dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The phase-space integral fðE j Þ for allowed transitions is calculated as fðE j Þ ¼ Z E 0 0 F ðZ; A; E j Þp e ðE þ m e c 2 ÞðE 0 -EÞ 2 dE ð3Þ with E 0 ¼ Q β -E j the energy available in the transition (Q β , the total β-decay energy, is taken from NUBASE  [34] ), F ðZ; A; E j Þ the usual Fermi function for the daughter nucleus, and p e and E the lepton momentum and kinetic energy, respectively. Fermi transitions are neglected in this Letter because their strength is contained within a very narrow resonance located above the β --decay window for most of the fission fragments. The SM fully relies on the available data or models for the fission yields and for the β decay. As stated in previous studies  [2, 23, 24, 35, 36] , it suffers from the uncertainties or lack of data in the databases. Whereas fission yields for the two major actinides 235 U and 239 Pu are quite well known, the situation is different for β-decay data.
The evaluated nuclear structure data file (ENSDF) β --decay database  [37]  suffers from a lack of knowledge for the more unstable isotopes, and when they are known, some transition intensities are affected by the pandemonium effect  [38]. It results in an underestimation of the total number of electrons and antineutrinos per fission and an overestimation of the high-energy part of the reconstructed energy spectra  [2]. To circumvent this problem, the most sophisticated summation model  [35, 36]  integrates experimental data from calorimetric measurements and the Gross theory to complete the database at high excitation energy. Unfortunately, the calorimetric measurements do not cover all the fission fragments that need to be corrected, and the problem of missing transitions may still persist to some extent.
To overcome this problem, we have developed a β-decay strength model to generate missing transitions for all fission fragments. As explained previously, only Gamow-Teller (G-T) transitions are considered. The G-T model is based on an exhaustive analysis of the experimental strength functions extracted from the low-resolution total absorption gamma spectrometry (TAGS) measurements  [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44]  using Eq. (  2 ) (see Ref. [45]  for more details on the model). The 66 nuclei, from 84 Br to 158 Eu, present in the dataset are considered to be representative of β decays of fission fragments. From these data, we derived a universal feature for the β strength as a function of the excitation energy: a discrete domain at low energy and a continuous domain, with a resonance structure, at higher energy.
In our model, the data for the discrete transitions (energy levels and relative beta feedings) are taken from the ENSDF beta-decay database, in priority. When no data exists (for about 3. 5% of the total fission fragments activity for 235 U), discrete transitions are randomly generated with a simple model that uses level densities to draw fictitious level schemes and imposes that the intensities are normalized to one. In both cases, the continuous domain is filled with random resonances whose properties (spacing, width, and amplitude) are extracted from the TAGS strength. The resonance spacings vary between 0. 1 and 1 MeV with a mean spacing centered around 340 keV. The resonance widths depend slightly on the excitation energy and vary between 20 and 100 keV. The resonance amplitudes are contained within an envelope for which the upper limit follows the trend of the nuclear level density.
At each iteration, a new strength function is generated for each isotope, and the intensities of the transitions are calculated using Eq. (  2 ). The strength model was first validated by comparing the electron energy spectra calculated with our summation method with existing measured energy spectra from Rudstam et al. [48]. An example is shown in Fig. 1  (top) for 90 Br, a large Q β isotope with a major contribution from missing transitions. Three values of α are plotted, defining a range of physical meaning for the model. The improvement of the G-T strength model over ENSDF inputs is clearly visible. The free parameter α is used to adjust the induced correction for an optimal agreement between our prediction and the experimental spectrum, here obtained for α ∼ 0. 7. This value allows a reasonable overall agreement with most of the measured spectra and is within the range of corrections to be applied on the HFB calculations provided in the RIPL3 database.
[26]. Only the antineutrino spectrum shows significant deviations of about 5% in the  [5] [6]  MeV range whereas it is limited for electrons. Therefore, introducing first-forbidden transitions in our model would probably reinforce the deviation to HM on the antineutrino side, without affecting the electron side. This would favor another value of α, between 0. 6 and 0. 7, but would not change the conclusions of this Letter. In summary, we have presented a phenomenological Gamow-Teller strength model able to simulate β --decay transition intensities for fission fragments and to correct for the pandemonium effect and missing transitions in the ENSDF database. Despite the model's simplicity, the main features and divergences observed in antineutrino experiments with respect to the Huber-Mueller model can be reproduced when used in a well-elaborated summation model.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank  SITC  staff including  Sam Million-Weaver, PhD  for medical writing support and  Claire Griffiths, MD, MPH ,  Angela Kilbert , and  Nichole Larson  for project management and editorial assistance. Additionally, the authors thank  SITC  for supporting the manuscript development. Contributors JN, LCC and CM served as chairs of the  SITC irAEs Terminology Definitions Consensus Panel  and led the initial outline development, survey creation, and consensus meeting facilitation and thus are listed as first, final, and second author, respectively. All other authors participated equally in the consensus development process as well as provided critical review and conceptual feedback on manuscript drafts and thus are listed alphabetically.
Participants and samples We included all patients with a lesion diagnosed by their hospital radiologist as an intramuscular hemangioma, with at least MRI images (T1, T2, T1-injected sequences) available. Because of no current gold standard for diagnosing ICTH, an adjudication group of experts was constituted to establish the diagnosis by taking into account a range of arguments (imaging and pathological data). All eligible cases were reviewed by the adjudication committee, consisting of a pathologist (MW), 2 radiologists (AB, GB), 1 surgeon (AJ) and 2 dermatologists (OB, AM) who reviewed US reports, MRI images, CT-scan and angiogram images when available and pathological reports. Criteria for inclusion in the final cohort of ICTH patients were that all experts agreed with the diagnosis of ICTH on the basis of data compatible with their knowledge and experience of the entity and agreed with one another.
The purpose of this article is to provide an up-to-date review of the performance and potential uses of [ 18 F]FDG-PET in the management of bladder cancer, and to discuss possible future developments in the field. We have searched in the database of MEDLINE using the key words of "PET" and "bladder cancer". The literature essentially covers papers published after 2010. All authors participated in selecting the papers, thanks to their experience in the field.
A similar approach is used in some other European centers, such as the Foch Hospital (Suresnes, France) where most cN0M0 PET patients do not receive NAC. Although there is no literature data on the subject yet, it is possible that [ 18 F]FDG-PET/CI is less sensitive for some histological variants of urothelial carcinomas, like plasmacytoid UC. In addition, it should be noted that other factors like Ki-67 index on TURBT specimens or circulating tumor cells could be used to guide the management of patients more precisely. In any case, [ 18 F]FDG-PET/CT can be decisive in the management of oligometastatic MIBC, as highlighted by recent EAU-ESMO consensus guidelines  [2]. In this field, the prospective phase II study EFFORT-MIBC (NCT04724928) is currently ongoing  [52]. In this study, patients with a negative standard work-up are divided into three groups according to [ 18 F]FDG-PET/CT results: non-metastatic patients are treated according to the current guidelines, polymetastatic patients are treated with the current standard of care and immunotherapy, and oligometastatic patients with three or fewer metastases seen on [ 18 F]FDG-PET/CT are treated according to the current standard of care and additional metastasis-directed therapy  [52].
Artificial Intelligence In medical imaging, Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used in image processing, medical database retrieval, artificial neural networks (ANN) to classify images automatically, and computer vision. Moreover, AI can improve the accuracy of abnormality detection, dosage calculations, and the interpretation of findings  [71]. AI can be helpful in pathology prediction, detection, the prediction of early metastatic disease, survival estimation, and post-therapeutic evaluation  [72]. Furthermore, AI can enhance [ 18 F]FDG PET imaging quality by improving the attenuated correction even with structural imaging  [72]. However, AI in PET has its limitations. First, AI requires massive interpreted data for development and learning, making it less reliable for small datasets. Second, the reliability and reproducibility of AI algorithms are needed.
Acknowledgements The study is a part of the ongoing work within the  COST  ( European Cooperation in Science and Technology)   Action ENOVAT (European Network for Optimization of Veterinary Antimicrobial Treatment) , which was established in 2019 (Reference:  CA18217 ). COST  ( European Cooperation in Science and Technology)  is a funding agency for research and innovation networks. Our Actions help connect research initiatives across Europe and enable scientists to grow their ideas by sharing them with their peers. This boosts their research, career and innovation. The overall aim of ENOVAT is to optimize veterinary antimicrobial use with special emphasis on the development of antimicrobial treatment guidelines and refinement of microbiological diagnostic procedures. The authors would like to thank ENOVAT country representatives and other members for both their support and help with translation and dissemination of the survey.
Patients having cardiac arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, right ventricular dysfunction, intracardiac shunt, air leakage through chest drains, intra-abdominal hypertension, and pregnancy or urgently requiring a fluid bolus were excluded. This study was approved by the Zhongda Hospital Ethics Committee (Southeast University, Nanjing, China, approval ID: 2020ZDSYLL274-P01). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient or their legal representative prior to enrollment in this study. Our study was registered in ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT04802668, the current study was part of the registered trial).
Hemodynamic variables before and after fluid challenge were compared using paired t-tests or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test after normality test. We first employed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to assess the capacity of PPV to predict FR. The ROC data were presented as the areas under the ROC curve (AUROC) value (with a 95% confidence interval), sensitivity (with a 95% confidence interval), and specificity (with a 95% confidence interval). The optimal cut-off value of PPV was determined by the Youden Index (sensitivity + specificity -1). Additionally, we also use a two-step gray zone approach to evaluate the predictive ability of PPV, which was reported elsewhere  [10]. The gray zone indicated two cut-offs between which the diagnosis of FR remained uncertain, and was defined as the values presenting with either sensitivity less than 90% or specificity less than 90%  [18].
| Human subjects research and data collection and management This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Johns Hopkins University and was conducted in accordance with institutional standards. Families included in this research study provided oral consent for participating in the study and written consent to review the clinical medical records. The study participants included the clinical individuals diagnosed with YHFS and seen for initial or ongoing care within the medical genetics clinic at Johns Hopkins and individuals referred by their physicians from other institutions in the United States and other countries. Further recruitment was done through GeneDx, a large commercial laboratory, which contacted the submitters of samples found to harbor pathogenic variants TELO2 and connected us with the physicians/families who were interested to be part of the study.
Later, we included affected individuals whose families learned about the study through peer recruiting and were interested to be part of the research study. Inclusion criteria for this study required the presence of biallelic pathogenic variants in TELO2 for individuals at any age who were diagnosed with YHFS. The study is a retrospective and cross-sectional description of the phenotype. The clinical information was collected by interviewing families and reviewing the clinical medical records of the individuals. We designed our own comprehensive data collection form (available upon request from the authors) and we collected and stored the data in a REDCAP database administered by the Data Informatics Services Core (DISC) of the Johns Hopkins Biostatistics Center  (Harris et al. , 2009   (Frankenburg, 1992 (Frankenburg, & 1992)).
The focus will be on evaluating medical, dosimetric, and technical data related to diagnosis and treatment. A questionnaire will be used to guide collection of the study data, which will then be entered into a purpose-built online database. After all data have been collected and entered into the database, the auditing team will prepare a report and meet with the audited institution to discuss the results. A series of meetings will be held to discuss the findings and to reach a consensus on harmonising the radiotherapy procedures and processes.
The patients with a positive PET/CT finding proceeded to two additional cycles of EP for a total of four cycles. After median follow-up of 34. 4 mo, only eight patients experienced relapse (two in the 4Â EP group and six in the carboplatin group). The 2-yr PFS rate was 93. 7% in the carboplatin group and 92. 9%in the EP group. These data are considered practice-changing by the authors and patients are now routinely treated according to SEMITEP in France. Another recent phase 2 trial (SAKK 01/10) tested a single dose of carboplatin followed by involved-node radiotherapy as curative treatment for stage IIA/B seminoma  [11]. Overall, 120 patients from 20 centers were recruited. The trial achieved 3-yr PFS rates of 95. 2% (90% CI 85. 5-98. 5%) among patients with stage IIA and 92. 6% (90% CI 85.
This white paper aims to provide guidance to space physics and astrophysics communities to enhance Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI), especially for historically marginalized groups. These suggestions are based on the lessons learned  (Keesee et al. 2022 ) from the continued and successful efforts of the Nomination Task Force (NTF) for Space Physics and Aeronomy (SPA) section of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in the last five years. We present (1) data on the demographics of the SPA section highlighting different historically marginalized groups (2) an Overview of NTF's progress and success in significantly enhancing the nominations of historically marginalized groups for AGU honor and awards, (3) best practices and challenges faced by NTF, and (4) recommendations for continuing to improve the nomination process for different societies, agencies, universities, and other institutions.
While we do not have quantitative data from prior years, this trend is likely to have existed for much longer given the total number of women and underrepresented individuals who became fellows prior to 2014. In the 2021 Fellows nomination cycle, one AGU section chose not to select any nomination packages to forward to the Union Fellows committee due to the lack of diversity in their nomination submissions  Harvey (2022). There have been numerous ensuing calls for action to improve this situation within AGU and other scientific professional societies. One barrier to improving the situation, particularly for the most eminent prizes such as the Nobel prize, is the lack of transparency and data on nominations  Blunier (2022). While the AGU nomination process has more transparency, the data collection is limited to identity categories that are assumed, such as binary gender identity.
In 2017, a grass-roots group within SPA noticed a lack of diversity in its Fellow nomination pool and created a Nomination Task Force (NTF) to support nomination packages for scientists that identify in historically marginalized groups. An initial report on the NTF was published in AGU's science news magazine, EoS  (Jaynes et al. 2020). Now that the NTF has participated in five nomination cycles (with data available for four), we present results and lessons learned to share our best practices and success stories with a broad audience to help others build upon the work of the NTF and to adapt these practices to their own institutions and professional organizations. We emphasize that the goal of the NTF is not to change the criteria for selection of AGU Fellows and other honors and awards; it is to increase the nomination rate of scientists from historically marginalized groups to a level that is more representative of the overall community membership.
IDENTIFICATION OF HISTORICALLY MARGINALIZED GROUPS FROM AGU SPA SECTION MEMBER DEMOGRAPHICS We first present data on the demographics of the AGU SPA Section to identify different historically marginalized groups. We have categorized the data based on gender distributions for AGU SPA section in 2021 as a function of job location (Figure  1 ), career-level (Figure  2 ), and sub-section (Figure  3 ). The developed and developing countries are based on World Bank data. In Figure  1 , we show that AGU SPA membership is largely (∼73% of the total membership) based in the United States with the second largest (∼23%) members from the institution located in developed countries. On the other hand, the membership from developing countries is very low (∼7%) and clearly represents a historically marginalized group.
This brings to an important realization that the space physics community should understand the challenges and issues, and help to uplift the space physics community working in these institutions. The gender distributions in all three location-based categories are almost the same highlighting the gender imbalance in the space physics community with a female representation of less than 25%. There also exists another marginalized group that identifies as non-binary and transgender etc. SPA members in this group disclosed gender either as non-binary or as unknown/prefer not to answer category. This marginalized group makes up < 4% in the individual and overall category. The data also provides insights into the gender-based distribution of career levels within SPA memberships. We note that the most significant space physics community within AGU is about equally distributed among early, experienced, and mid-career levels with about 30%, 28%, and 24% each of the total membership.
OVERVIEW OF AGU FELLOWS NOMINATION IN THE SPA SECTION FOR YEARS 2014-2021 The data for the AGU Fellows nominations for the SPA section for the years 2014-2021 is shown in Figure  4  which highlights the under-representation of women in AGU Fellow nominations with less than 25%. It is important to note that women's representation is significantly less in the years 2014-2017 with no nominations put forward for the years 2015-2017. However, the overall as well of women's nominations significantly increased after 2017. This is the time when NTF came into existence and significantly increased not only the overall nominations but also the women's nominations (see the next section for more details). It is also important to note that the international representation in AGU Fellows nominations for the SPA section varies between 13% to 33% over these years.
However, we need more data to further investigate the under-representation of developing countries. The AGU Fellows are mostly nominated from the experienced level category with very few nominations from the mid-career level. The total representation of membership, in the year 2021, in these two career level related to AGU Fellow awards are about 52% of the total membership ( with men 42% and women 10%) and women representation in these both career levels is 25% and 14%, respectively (see Figure  2 ). The total nominations for AGU Fellows in the year 2021 (see Figure  4 ) were 0. 6% of the total membership of mid and experienced career levels and obviously, it is even lesser for women nominations.
Acknowledgements The Latin America and the  Caribbean Code Against Cancer  project was co-funded by the  Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein (HIAE)  / amigo_h ( Amigos Einstein da Oncologia e Hematologia), Brazil  (Grant number:  DCA-ENV-2020-01 ), and the  International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), France. The systematic reviews have been conducted by the  Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre/ Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)  from Spain. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this manuscript. Where authors are identified as personnel of the  International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization , the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the  International Agency for Research on Cancer /World Health.
Acknowledgments We thank  Miguel Echevarría  for helpful discussions and feedback. This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No. 824093  ( STRONG 2020 ) and is part of its JRA4-TMD-neXt  Work-Package. This  project has also received funding from the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche  via the grant  ANR-20-CE31-0015  (" PrecisOnium ") and was also partly supported by the  French CNRS  via the  IN2P3  project  GLUE@NLO. C. P. also acknowledges financial support by  Fondazione di Sardegna  under the project " Proton tomography at the LHC ", project number  F72F20000220007  ( University of Cagliari ). This project has also received funding from the  LDRD program  of  LBNL , and the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics , under contract numbers  DE-AC02-05CH11231.
5 ). The efficacy of both inhibitors was studied in K562 cells expressing U2AF1 S34F mutations. Cells incubated with IRAK1/4-Inh exhibited inhibited growth, which was dependent upon the deactivation of NF-κB signalling, while primary cells derived from AML or MDS patients with U2AF1 mutations incubated with CA-4948 underwent myeloid and erythroid differentiation. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that U2AF1 (S34F) malignant haematopoietic cells are sensitive to concentrations of IRAK4 inhibitors  (89). Thus, inhibiting IRAK4 may be effective in diseases linked to U2AF1 S34F mutations. Therapies targeting U2AF1 in clinical trials. At present, only a few relevant U2AF1 clinical studies have been included in clinical trials, namely, NCT04447651, NCT04278768 and NCT02060409. Of these clinical trials, NCT04278768   II ).