dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
05. (B) Chunked baseline-corrected amplitude spectrum for each condition at the sum of the six oddball harmonics at the group level. The middle of the chunked segment represents the oddball response over the sum of harmonics. LOT channels are represented in red; ROT channels are in blue. Data underlying this figure are deposited on a Dryad repository: https://doi. org/10. 5061/dryad. m8t391m. EEG, electroencephalography; LOT, left occipito-temporal; ROI, region of interest; ROT, right occipito-temporal. https://doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pbio. 3000659. g004.
(B) Mean baseline-corrected amplitudes in μV at the sum of identity-oddball harmonics for the Face Name condition and the sum of the two control conditions Face Only and Name Only. Error bars indicate standard error from the mean. The asterisk indicates a significant difference at p < 0. 05. Data underlying this figure are deposited on a Dryad repository: https://doi. org/10. 5061/dryad. m8t391m. EEG, electroencephalography; FN, Face Name; FO, Face Only; NO, Name Only. https://doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pbio. 3000659. g005.
Data underlying this figure are deposited on a Dryad repository: https://doi. org/10. 5061/dryad. m8t391m. ATL, anterior temporal lobe; EEG, electroencephalography; LOT, left surrounding bins, divided by the standard deviation of amplitudes in the corresponding 22 surrounding bins). Data underlying this figure are deposited on a Dryad repository: https:// doi. org/10. 5061/dryad. m8t391m. ATL, anterior temporal lobe; EEG, electroencephalography; SEEG, stereo electroencephalography (TIF) S6 Fig. Spatial distribution of significant and nonsignificant intracerebral contacts in the Talairach space.
Data underlying this figure are deposited on a Dryad repository: https://doi. org/10. 5061/dryad. m8t391m. EEG, electroencephalography; SEEG, stereo electroencephalography; PTL, posterior temporal lobe. (TIF) S9 Fig. Illustration of the identification procedure of significant intracerebral contacts from the raw FFT spectrum. (A) The anatomical location of the contact that is illustrated in this example is shown in both coronal and sagittal views and indicated by a green dot. (B) Intracerebral frequency-domain responses recorded in this individual contact in the Face Name condition. Significant responses were determined by first segmenting the EEG frequency spectrum into 6 segments centered at the identity-oddball frequency and its harmonics. These 6 segments are illustrated by 6 gray bars on the x axis and correspond to the length of each frequency spectrum segment.
These segments were then summed, resulting in the green spectrum. As a consequence of the subtraction process, only the frequency of interest has a positive amplitude. The 0 mark represents the identity-change frequency. (H) Z-score transformation of the summed FFT spectrum. The dashed line indicates the threshold of 1. 65 (p < 0. 05) that was used in intracerebral EEG to detect significant responses at the subtraction [Face Name -(Face Only + Name Only)]. In this example, the Z-score at the identity-oddball frequency exceeds 1. 65, indicating that the face-name response is not only explained by the sum of modality-specific responses. Data underlying this figure are deposited on a Dryad repository: https://doi. org/10. 5061/dryad. m8t391m. EEG, electroencephalography; FFT, fast Fourier transform; FN, Face Name; FO, Face Only; NO, Name Only.
Interestingly, the oralaural character of textual transmission finds a reflex in the mediaeval world, where, for instance, certain kinds of texts were rooted in "a 'monastic present' in which the correct oral performance of liturgical and other texts was a crucial component of everyday life"  (Grotans 2010, 63). With regard to the preservation and circulation of texts, written transmission was vital. Key developments were the transition from roll to codex; the promotion of the written word through the foundation and expansion of libraries (e. g. under the Ptolemies in Alexandria and the early Empire); and the standardisation of texts by the Alexandrian scholars, for instance by Zenodotus of Ephesus (ca. 325-ca. 270 BC) and Aristophanes of  Byzantium (ca. 257-ca. 180 BC; Dickey 2007, 5). The text-critical efforts of the Alexandrine grammarians were important for establishing canonical written texts (see 2.
Ptolemy I, appreciative of learning just like Alexander, who had been taught by Aristotle himself, recruited the Peripatetic philosopher Demetrius of Phaleron, another disciple of the Stagirite, as administrative counsellor. The research centre, organised as a cult association with a priest as head and scholars as members, was financed by the state. In addition to the library, the Mouseion housed an observatory as well as zoological and botanical collections. The scope of the library was to make available the knowledge of the whole world, οἰκουμένη, in Greek and, when necessary, in translation (e. g. the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament; Glock 2006). Both editorial techniques (philology; Zenodotus of Ephesus, ca. 325-260 BC) and scholarly bibliography were developed, especially by Demetrius of Phaleron.
irht. cnrs. fr). Accessibility is also enhanced through reproductions on paper, such as the volumes of the Catalogue de manuscrits datés, the oldest and still the most important project of the Comité international de paléographie latine, established in 1953, aiming at cataloguing, including reproductions, all manuscripts bearing the name of the scribe and/or date and/or place of copy (palaeographia. org/cipl/cipl. htm). The great media revolution was, however, that of digitisation during the last decade of the twentieth century and in the early twenty-first century. Not only were library catalogues transferred from paper and microfilm/microfiche to online platforms in the 1990s, but intensive digitisation campaigns completely changed the accessibility of all types of formats. On the one hand, digital publications by commercial publishing houses transformed the printed collections of libraries; on the other, non-copyrighted older books and, in the 2010s, entire manuscripts became available free of charge through such databases as Gallica (gallica.
fr; National Library of France), the digital library of the Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum (digitale-sammlungen. de; Bavarian State Library, Munich), the German database Manuscripta mediaevalia (manuscripta-mediaevalia. de), the Swiss database e-codices (e-codices. ch), the digitised manuscripts site of the Vatican Library (www. mss. vatlib. it/guii/scan/link. jsp), or the collaborative digitisation project of the Bodleian and Vatican Libraries funded by the Polonsky  Foundation (bav. bodleian. ox. ac. uk, 2012 Foundation (bav. bodleian. ox. ac. uk, -2017)). The "Europeana Regia" project (europeanaregia. eu, 2010-2012, run by a consortium of five important research libraries) digitised some 1,000 manuscripts from Carolingian libraries (eighth to ninth centuries), Charles V and his family (fourteenth to fifteenth centuries), and the Aragonese kings of Naples (fifteenth century).
Before presenting them, it may be useful to briefly summarise our knowledge and basis for the interpretation of printed texts today. First of all, our knowledge of the extension of printing between the second half of the fifteenth century, that is, in the decades after the invention of the printing press and the first publication of the Gutenberg Bible, and the end of the eighteenth century has consistently improved. New attempts to catalogue incunabula (i. e. prints from before AD 1501) and early modern prints have considerably increased our knowledge of the number of printed texts of a classical, patristic, or mediaeval work. Examples include the Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke (ge samt ka ta logderwiegendrucke. de), the Incunabula Short Title Catalogue (data. cerl. org/ istc), the Italian EDIT-16 database (edit16.
iccu. sbn. it), the Universal Short Title Catalogue (ustc. ac. uk), or the Medieval Evidence of Incunabula database (data. cerl. org/ mei/_search). Second, seminal research conducted, among others, by Andrew Pettegree, Lotte Hellinga, Anthony Grafton, and, more recently, Cristina Dondi and Angela Nuovo has shed more light on the history of the early modern printed book and the editorial and philological practices related to the preparation of a printed edition, its production, and its diffusion on the book market. The way in which editors of classical, patristic, and mediaeval texts have dealt with prints cannot be called coherent. Depending upon (i) the number of manuscripts preserved, their quality, and their antiquity; (ii) the type and the quality of the printed texts, and their connection with one or more branches of the manuscript tradition; (iii) the connection between recent (read: fifteenth-century) manuscripts and first (read: incunabulum) printed editions; and (iv) the renown or obscurity of the learned scholar who edited the text, modern editors have made different choices: for example, when dealing with Beatus Rhenanus' editions, they have stressed the historical value of the edition in question but not necessarily the philological one.
The dictionary enjoyed huge success during the Middle Ages (the FAMA database lists 146 manuscripts; see fama. irht. cnrs. fr/en/ oeuvre/254652), and was printed in Milan in 1476 (printer: Domenico da Vespolate) and in Venice in 1485 (printer: Andrea de Bonetti), 1491 (printer: Teodoro de rogationibus de Aula), and 1496 (printer: Filippo Pinzi). Other editions followed afterwards, but de Angelis's attention was attracted by the presence in the three editions following the princeps (1485, 1491, and 1496) of several interpolations, omissions, and changes indicating a departure from the manuscript tradition. In her introduction (de Angelis 1974, xviii-xxi), she discusses the innovations shown by the first and the last of those prints, and explains them in terms of a contamination of the tradition and in terms of the work of the humanist in charge of the edition, Bonino Mombrizio (or Mombricius -see Spanò Martinelli 2001; de Angelis 2011).
493). Indeed, the possibility or otherwise of using measurements and other quantitative methods in palaeography was the topic of fierce debate in the 1990s due largely to a series of articles that were published in Scrittura e Civiltà  (Costamagna et al. 1995 (Costamagna et al. -1998)). Technical developments also continued to be used here, such as the development of (relatively) accessible colour printing, which led to the publication of colour facsimiles from the 1970s. Codicology also progressed significantly in this period, with key works including those by  Devreesse (1954 ), Gilissen (1977) ,  Lemaire (1989), and Maniaci (2002) ; this list and substantial further bibliography has been given by Touwaide in his survey  (2010, (307) (308) (309). Quantitative methods in codicology had considerably more success given that the material is much more suited to quantification and measurement, and also because the types of questions were different, focusing not on individual identification but rather on large-scale developments in book production, with perhaps the best-known work being Malachi Beit-Arié's SfarData database of mediaeval Hebrew manuscripts (sfardata.
nli. org. il). Moving into the present century, perhaps the biggest transformation in codicology and especially palaeography has been the advent of the so-called digital age, with near-universal access to personal computers among palaeographers, codicologists, and others working in related fields, along with increasing quantities of colour digital images of manuscript pages, catalogue descriptions, digital scholarly editions, and databases such as SfarData. Quantitative approaches to palaeography have taken on new life with the application of state-of-the-art techniques in machine vision and pattern recognition, and, at the time of writing, rapid progress is being made in the automatic treatment of handwritten text recognition, layout analysis, writer identification, and script classification (for one important discussion among many, see  Kestemont, Christlein, and Stutzmann 2017).
Access to images of manuscripts is also increasing enormously with the large-scale digitisation of entire repositories and with innovations such as the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF), meaning, on the one hand, that scholars now have images of handwriting of a scale and breadth that was never possible before, particularly for those based outside Europe, but also, on the other hand, that large-scale analyses of hundreds, thousands, or even millions of manuscripts, whether automatic, man-ual, or both, are now becoming feasible. Applications to codicology are less developed at this point, in part probably because existing technology is very advanced in the treatment of text and image but much less so for the intricate three-dimensional structures which form the basis of codicology, but nevertheless progress continues with codicological models, databases, and three-dimensional scanning and printing, including the increasing integration of codicological information into digital scholarly editions (a recent example being Stokes 2018b, esp.
Practically, these measurements based on 24-h periods can be repeated and used to calibrate acoustic models in order to simulate with the best accuracy the environmental noise propagation (from a road section scale to the whole agglomeration scale). For example, a part of the strategic noise map of Athens simulated on CadnaA software and calibrated with 24-h measurements is presented in Figure  3. Scientific papers published by several teams have shown comparison from real in situ L den 24-h measurements and the one simulated has a correlation index more than R > 0. 91  [5]  (see Figure  4 ). The measurement indices, therefore, can be simulated with high precision, and in its average, it resists the qualitative and quantitative variations of the yearly average traffic. Another word, with the above strategic noise map correlation methodology, measurements and simulations of the noise indices are energetically correct and express the quantity of noise than a monitoring station may record during the whole year at a specific point (something that is practically and financially impossible to do).
Smart tools for city development According to the European Directive, after the execution of SNM, appropriate noise action plans have been drawn in agreement with the existing and foreseen local policies. Those action plans as also the relevant SNMs are linked with geographical information system, so the smartness of the criteria is very much linked with its capacity to correlate the acoustic data with any data within the GIS database of the strategic noise maps and noise action plans, even if they are represented in two dimensions, with a common height level of 4 m. They are actually calculated in full three-dimensional geographical system in order to simulate properly the sound  propagation in a complex city 3D environment. Tools have been built in order to integrate the exact topography of the relevant study area and of course the influence of the built space on noise propagation (the building in its three dimensions including reflection characteristics).
In particular, within this methodology, two-wheeled noise and a new aircraft database were taken into account in the calculations, simulating noise events that in most urban situations are consisting of an acoustic degradation factor, by themselves  [8]. The annual average of the L den and L day indices tends to erase the noisy passage of two wheels or a specific aircraft near a receptor (front of a given building) not only in terms of sound energy received but rather on the impact of the average value to express (or not) an annoyance. In the same way also the other modes of transport as the railway have been also introduced in order to better take into account the specifics of each sound source. Thus, when Greece and Cyprus start implementing the European Directive 2002/49, the country was inspired by other European similar study cases and had also the capacity to move on several open discussions and innovative approaches.
This map actually regroups the results of the previous analysis (Figure  16 ). The creation of these mapping databases in correlation with the quantitative noise measurements allows in-depth analysis of the acoustic qualities and noise characteristics of a given neighborhood while they are not only clarifying the reasons for acoustic quality existence at the neighborhood scale but also annoyance problems. All the previous maps are fully correlated with the relevant noise action plan map of the area produced as per the European Directive guidelines (Figure  17 ). At the same time, they facilitate the decision-making in relation to the urban agglomeration planning (sources, propagation conditions, ground coverings, social    organization of the city, etc. ). All these overlapping maps consist for the authors a significant improvement of the available tools provided by the directive.
Dealing with extreme scale Earth-system models is challenging from the computer science perspective, as the required computing power and storage capacity are steadily increasing. Scientists perform runs with growing resolution or aggregate results from many similar smaller-scale runs with slightly different initial conditions (the so-called ensemble runs). In the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), the produced datasets require more than three Petabytes of storage and the compute and storage requirements are increasing significantly for CMIP6. Climate scientists across the globe are developing next-generation models based on improved numerical formulation leading to grids that are discretized in alternative forms such as an icosahedral (geodesic) grid. The developers of these models face similar problems in scaling, maintaining and optimizing code.
Domain-Specific Languages DSLs represent an important approach to provide performance portability and support model development. A DSL is always developed having a particular domain in mind. Some approaches support multiple layers of abstraction. A high-level abstraction for the finite element method is provided with Firedrake  [45]. The ExaStencils pipeline generally addresses stencil codes and their operations  [19, 34]  and many research works introduce sophisticated schemes for the optimization of stencils  [10, 12]. One of the first DSLs which were developed to support atmospheric modeling is Atmol  [3]. Atmol provided a DSL to allow scientists to describe their models using partial differential equations operators. Later, Liszt  [15]  provided a DSL for constructing mesh-based PDE solvers targeting heterogeneous systems.
Multi-target support was also provided by Physis  [43]. Physis is a C-based DSL which allows developing models using structured grids. Another form of DSL is Icon DSL  [51]. Icon DSL was developed to apply index interchanges based on described swapping on Fortran-based models. Further work based on C++ constructs and generic programming to improve performance portability is Stella  [24]  and later GridTools  [2]. Computations are specified with a C++-based DSL and the tools generate code for CPUs or GPUs. GridTools are used to port some kernels from the NICAM model in our project AIMES to evaluate using existing DSLs. Although C++ provides strong features through generic programming allowing to avoid performance portability issues, scientists are reluctant to utilize alternative programming languages as the existing codes are huge.
Methods: The application of lossy techniques to scientific (floating-point) datasets is discussed in  [14, 40, 39, 28, 23, 41]. A statistical method to predict characteristics (such as proportions of file types and compression ratio) of stored data based on representative samples was introduced in  [35]  and the corresponding tool in  [36]. It can be used to determine compression ratio by scanning a fraction of the data, thus reducing costs. Efforts for determination of appropriate levels of precision for lossy compression methods for climate and weather data were presented in  [7]  and in  [6]. The basic idea is to compare the statistics derived from the data before and after applying lossy compression schemes; if the scientific conclusions drawn from the data are similar and indistinguishable without the compression, the loss of precision is acceptable.
They use their experience to generate code that uses the machine's resources, and write the configurations that serve the purpose of optimal use of that specific machine to run the selected model. Our approach offers separation of concerns between the parties. Scientific work is done by scientists and optimization is done by scientific programmers. The concept of the approach is illustrated in fig. 2. For the icosahedral models, a single intermediate domain language is derived that can be adjusted for the needs of each model individually (dialects). From this single source various code representations (back-ends) could be generated according to configuration, e. g. , MPI+OpenMP or GASPI.
Extensions and Domain-Specific Concepts The General Grid Definition and Manipulation Language (GGDML) language extensions provide a set of constructs for: -Grid definition -Declaration of fields over grids -Field access and update -Grid traversal to apply stencils -Stencil reduction expressions GGDML code provides an abstraction including the order of the computation of elementary operators. Therefore, optimizations can result in minor changes of the computed result of floatingpoint operations; this is intentional as bit-reproducibility constraints the optimization potential. In code that is written with GGDML, scientists can specify the name of the grid that should be traversed when applying a stencil. The definitions of the grids are provided globally through the configuration files. GGDML allows to specify a modified set of grid points rather than the whole set of grid points as provided through the grid definition grid, e.
One configuration section is used to allow to specify cache blocking information. The default when this section is missing in a configuration file is to not apply cache blocking. An example kernel using GGDML in the C programming language is shown in Listing 1. 3. Memory Layout Another important point to optimize memory bandwidth is to optimize the data layout in memory. The temporal and spacial locality of data should lead to access of data in complete cache lines such that it can be prefetched and cached effectively. Thus, data that is accessed in short time frames should be stored closer in memory. To exploit such possibilities, our translation tool provides a flexible layout transformation procedure. The DSL itself abstracts from data placement, however, the translation process generates the actual data accesses.
Listing 1. 7 shows the resulting code when the two kernels are merged. Utilizing Distributed Memory Beyond parallelization on the node resources, our techniques allow scaling the same source code that uses GGDML over multiple nodes utilizing distributed memory. This is essential to run modern models on modern supercomputer machines. The GGDML code is unaware of underlying hardware, and does not need to be modified to run on multiple nodes. Rather, configuration files are prepared to translate the GGDML code into code that is ready to be run on multiple nodes. Configuration files allow domain decomposition to distribute the data and the computation over the nodes. Necessary communication of halo regions is also enabled through configuration files. Scientific programmers can generate simple parallelization schemes, e.