dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
For obtaining those labels, we ran the voice activity detection in o -line mode on the whole NoXi database. In particular, for each session we analyzed the individual recorded audio streams coming from the close talk microphone. We implemented a nite state machine that a ributed the labels (NONE, NOVICE, EXPERT and BOTH) crossing the information about the voice activity that was detected. For the turn transitions we followed the ideas from  [22]. In the annotation schema, a turn transition is a change of the communicative state during the conversation that can result in a switch from speech to silence and vice-versa for the same speaker (i. e. within turn) or between the two speakers (i. e. between turns). erefore, the following turn transitions are annotated in two separate tiers for Expert and Novice in a given session.
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK In this paper we presented NoXi, a novel multi-lingual database of natural dyadic expert-novice interactions focused on unexpected situations (e. g. conversational interruptions) and adaptive behavior (e. g. engagement). NoXi o ers a rich set of audio-visual synchronized data recorded in screen-mediated interactions in the context of information exchange and retrieval. Audio-visual continuous and discrete descriptors are automatically and semi-automatically provided. ose range from low level social signals such as gestures and smiles, to higher level descriptors of interest and engagement. A web interface makes the whole set of NoXi's data and annotations publicly available for non-commercial purposes. In the short term we plan to add new annotations that will be available through the web interface.
III. CONTEXT We assume the typical setting for collaborative filtering: we have access to a n × m rating matrix R containing the ratings of n users on m items that can be either manga or anime: r ij represents the rating that user i gave to item j. In practice, since users only rate the few items that they have interacted with, the rating matrix R tend to be very sparse: in the dataset considered in this paper, less than 1% of the entries are known; other popular datasets in the field  (Aggarwal, 2016; Huazheng Wang, Wu, and Hongning Wang, 2016)  report similar levels of sparsity. Therefore, it is challenging to infer the missing entries of R. Another assumption is that the whole rating matrix can be explained by few latent profiles, i. e. each user rating vector can be decomposed as a combination of few latent vectors.
A. Illustration2Vec This block extracts tag information from the posters, such as "1girl" or "weapon". Such tags are associated with confidence weights that represent how likely a certain tag appears in a certain poster. Formally, from the poster database, we want to extract a m × t matrix T where m is the number of items and t is the number of possible tags, such that t jk ∈ [0, 1] represents how likely a tag k appears in the poster of item j. T is computed using Illustration2Vec  (Saito and Matsui, 2015) , a VGG-16 neural network  (Simonyan and Zisserman, 2014)  that predicts a variety of tags based on illustrations, pretrained on ImageNet and trained on manga illustrations labeled with tags from the community website Danbooru. We use the implementation provided by the authors, which is freely available.
A. Mangaki dataset Mangaki 4   (Vie, Laïly, and Pichereau, 2015)  is a website where people can rate items that represent either manga or anime, and receive recommendations based on their ratings. Mangaki can be seen as an open source version of Movielens  (Harper and Konstan, 2015)  for manga and anime. The Mangaki dataset is a 2079 × 9979 anonymized matrix of 334390 ratings from 2079 users on 9979 items. 80% of the items have a poster. Users can either rate an item with {favorite, like, neutral, dislike} if they watched it, or {willsee, wontsee} if they did not watch it, i. e. testify whether they want to watch it or not, based on the content presented: poster, possibly synopsis, or some statistics.
C. 5-fold cross validation We perform a 5-fold cross validation over the triplets (i, j, r ij ) of the database, keeping 30% of the train set as a validation set. Therefore, our data is split into a train set (56%), a validation set (24%) and a test set (20%). The vanilla models ALS and LASSO are trained on both the train set and the validation set. For BALSE, the ALS and LASSO blocks are first trained using the train set only, and the Steins gate parameters β and γ are trained using the validation set 6  , in order to prevent overfitting. For the final predictions of BALSE, blending is performed using the learned β and γ parameters, and the vanilla ALS and LASSO models. Finally, the root mean squared error (RMSE) is computed over the test set. We distinguish the performance of all three models on three sets: the whole test set, a set of little-known items that received less than 3 ratings in the train and validation set (that represents 1000 ratings, therefore 3% of the test set), and coldstart items, i.
, 2016) , a variant that works well for few samples, many features. We also to integrate more side 7 Serafuku means "Japanese school uniform". information, for instance the drawing style of the image, or tags coming from open databases such as AniDB 8 or AniList 9 , in order to improve the explanation of the users' preferences. For the sake of simplicity, we mapped the categorical ratings like, dislike, etc. to ad-hoc values, but we could instead use ordinal regression methods  (Pedregosa, Bach, and Gramfort, 2017). However, they require more computation to be trained properly. Ensemble methods that blend more than two models could be considered  (Sill et al. , 2009) , or that rely not also on the number of ratings provided for a certain item, but on the number of ratings provided by a certain user, or the number of works that contain a certain tag.
Here, we mitigated the problem of item cold-start recommendation through the use of extra information on the item side. Obviously, similar results could be obtained for the user cold-start problem, provided enough data is available to describe the users. Using BALSE, recommender systems can automatically replenish their database, where new items go through the tag prediction track and the explainable model in order to justify the recommendations for their first users, and automatically go to the main track when sufficient ratings have been collected.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was carried out while  Florian Yger  was a visiting researcher at  RIKEN Center for AIP , and  Kévin Cocchi  and  Thomas Chalumeau  were interns at Mangaki. We would like to thank  Nicolas Hug  and  Étienne Simon  for their helpful comments and  Solène Pichereau  for kindly providing the example illustration of Figure 2.
Fruit color evaluation The red skin color was evaluated for at least one and at most 25 years depending on the genotype. For evaluation, two well-colored fruits per genotype were harvested when the fruit ground color at the calyx end turned to a yellowish-green or yellow, as described by  Kunihisa et al. (2014). Then, the fruit over color (OC) and percent of fruit surface that was red (i. e. , percent over color; POC) were evaluated by an ordinal scale (1-5; Online Resource 2), which gave an average score for one genotype. The year effect was calculated by the ''effect'' command in the R package ''Effect,'' then the adjusted mean was calculated from adjusted yearly data. Because of this adjustment, some data points exceeded the value 5. The overall color intensity (OCI) assumed that the total amount of anthocyanin in fruit skin was determined by the following formula, OCI i ¼ OC i Â POC i where OCI i , OC i and POC i are fruit coloration scores of ith genotype.
Apple 20K array detection and GWAS AS was genotyped using the 20K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array for apples  (Bianco et al. 2014). Data trimming and imputation were performed as described by  Moriya et al. (2016). Finally, a dataset of 16,010 SNPs was used for downstream analyses. The markers were aligned according to the apple genome version 2 available from the array information  (Bianco et al. 2014)  when we visualized the results. Markers aligned to only ''scaffold'' in the array information and thus lacking positional information were tentatively placed to a fictive chromosome, named chromosome ''unanchored''. A linkage disequilibrium (LD) estimation was performed as described by  Moriya et al. (2016). Calculation of r 2 was performed using only those markers that showed a minor allele frequency of more than 0.
05. The GWA analysis was performed using a mixed model  (Yu et al. 2006 ) in MLMM software  (Segura et al. 2012 ) implemented in R (R Core Team 2016). We included Mdo. chr9. 4 into the GWAS scored as the dose of the Mdo. chr9. 4-R 0 allele (see Results for allele naming). We placed Mdo. chr9. 4 at the end of unanchored chromosome. To investigate the appropriate number of principal components (PCs) to include in the GWAS in order to control the population structure, a model selection analysis using GAPIT software  (Lipka et al. 2012 ) was performed. To select the best number of SNP cofactors in the MLMM, extended Bayesian information content (eBIC) was applied. The proportion of variation explained by SNP, kinship, and residual was obtained by the ''mlmm'' command in MLMM software.
Phenotypic assessment The mean tested years for one genotype was 7. 14 in AS (Online Resource 1), whereas it was 1. 34 in FS (data not shown). The distribution of OCIs in the two datasets showed two peaks, one corresponding to nonred fruit-skinned individuals and the other to red fruitskinned individuals (Fig. 1 ; Online Resource 1). The first peak consisted of individuals with dose 0 of Mdo. chr9. 4-R 0 , whereas the other consisted of those with dose 1 and 2 (Fig. 1 ). The OC and POC scores were significantly correlated (P \ 2. 2 9 10 -16 ); i. e. , r = 0. 85 and 0. 75 in AS and FSs, respectively (Fig. 2 ).
GWAS for color traits The LD decay in AS (Online Resource 5) suggested that our diversity panel had a similar LD pattern to that of  Moriya et al. (2016). All accessions used in  Moriya et al. (2016)  were common to the present study. To clarify the genomic regions that affected red skin color intensity and estimate their contribution, we performed a GWAS for OCI. The model selection analysis based on the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) calculated using GAPIT software revealed that including no PC in the analysis model was the best. Thus, we performed GWA without PCs but under the control of familial relatedness by kinship matrix as was seen in  Kumar et al. (2013)  who suggests relatedness was sufficient to account for population structure in apple. At first, the SNP RosBREEDSN P_SNP_GT_33056483_Lg9_01200_MAF50_MDP00 00254312_exon19 (rs267612505, at chr9:29,696kbp, according to the apple genome version 1) was identified as the most significant marker (data not shown).
However, this SNP showed only two classes, i. e. , only AA and AB genotypes existed. The comparison of genotypes between this SNP and Mdo. chr9. 4 revealed that AA genotypes comprised the Mdo. chr9. 4-R 0 dose 0 accessions, and AB genotypes comprised those of dose 1 and 2, suggesting that the association was overestimated for this SNP, since it neglected the allelic composition nature of MdMYB1. Thus, we excluded this SNP from the dataset and analyzed GWA again. A revised GWA analysis identified one association on unanchored chromosome (Fig. 3 ). The most significant marker was Mdo. chr9. 4, scored as the dose of Mdo. chr9. 4-R 0. Mdo. chr9. 4 explained 52. 0% of the phenotypic variation. To elucidate the dose effect of Mdo. chr9. 4-R 0 , the relationship of the dose of Mdo. chr9. 4-R 0 and OCI was investigated using both AS and FSs.
Significant differences in OCI were identified in all dose pairs (0-1, 0-2, and 1-2) in the two datasets (Fig. 1 ). The comparisons within FS found that the dose 0-1 and 0-2 differences were always significant, whereas the dose 1-2 differences were significant in two ('Hatsuaki' 9 'Megumi' and 'Sensyu' 9 'Kotaro') out of the five FSs (Table  2 ). However, average, minimum, and maximum OCIs were all higher in dose 2 subgroups than in dose 1 in all the FSs. Quantitative effect calculation resulted in detection of semidominant effect of MdMYB1-1 for OCI in both AS and FSs, i. e. , D/A were 0. 74 and 0. 56 in AS and FSs, respectively. The GWAS for OC and POC identified one association for each (Online Resource 6). Mdo. chr9. 4 explained 55. 1% of the phenotypic variation and SNP_FB_0819307 (rs796058851, at  MDC004836.
The non-significant difference for the POC between Mdo. chr9. 4-R 0 dose 1 and 2 individuals in AS was probably explained by the influence of selection for skin color in the breeding process. Our AS mainly consisted of modern Japanese elite apple cultivars that have been intensively selected for their red skin. The selection resulted in the elimination of apples showing moderate coloration in terms of POC, causing a different distribution compared to non-selected FSs (Fig. 1 ). Concerning the FS dataset that was not selected for skin color, the existence of low POC individuals in the dose 1 and 2 subgroups and the significant difference of POC between the dose 1 and 2 subgroups supported this hypothesis. These results suggested that, in addition to individuals with dose 2, individuals with dose 1 could be favorable to breed new cultivars showing a high adaptability to a global warming climate in terms of red skin coloration.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the breeding sections of the following institutes for kindly providing plant materials of domestic cultivars; Akita Fruit Tree Experiment Station,  Apple Research Institute of the Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Fukushima Agricultural Technology Center, Gunma Agricultural Technology Center, Hokkaido Research Organization Agriculture Research Department, Ishikawa Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Iwate Agricultural Research Center, Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture ,  Nagano Fruit Tree Experiment Station and Yamagata Prefectural Horticultural Experiment Station. We also thank  Dr. Charles-Eric Durel  ( IRHS, INRA, France ) for providing valuable suggestions for data interpretation. This study was supported by grants from the  Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan for ''Genomics based Technology for Agricultural Improvement, NGB-2007 ''.
We designed two pairs of sgRNAs targeting both extremities of the 37. 2 kb region containing the Cbs gene (for sequence details see Supplementary Table  1  and Supplementary Data S1). Injection conditions and genotyping results are synthetized in Table  1. Given that DNA duplications, deletions, and inversions have two junctions, we designed two pairs of specific PCR primers near the cleavage sites of the Cas9 to identify upstream and downstream DSB (Fig. 2B ). We used different combinations to identify inversion, deletion, and duplication junctions to make sure we would detect any event (Fig. 2A  and B ). Twenty-four F0 founder rats were born and screened by PCR at 4 weeks for the whole variety of potential alleles. We detected 12 F0 founders (50%; 12 out of 24) with a deletion of the whole Cbs gene (for details see Fig.
2C  and Supplementary Data S1). Interestingly, five F0 founders showed two deletion on two alleles, of distinct sizes and intensity, which were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. For instance, rat founder F0-278 had two different deleted alleles (close and large arrows on Fig. 1B ; see also Supplementary Data S1) that went germline. The deletion annotated by the faint arrow occurred frequently (12/25 F1 pups) while the other deletion was only detected in one F1 pups (1/25). Inversion events were less frequent (7 F0 rats; 29%) but still abundant. Only one F0 founder had detectable tandem duplication (4. 2%) (F0-264; Fig. 2D ). This duplication was transmitted to the F1 (3/14 pups). The inverted allele observed in the same founder (Fig. 2D  and Supplementary Data S1) was also transmitted to the germ line at lower frequency (3/21 pups).
Generation of large regions structural variant ranging from 3. 6 Mb to 24. 4 Mb in rat. We wanted to assess if larger chromosomic rearrangements are also possible. We targeted the rat 3. 6 Mb region spanning from Umodl1 (ENSRNOG00000001157) to Prmt2 (ENSRNOG00000001297) located on RNO20 and encompassing the most telomeric part of the HSA21. This region is the second larger syntenic region to HSA21 (see Fig. 1 ). Two sgRNA pairs targeting the 5′ region of Umodl1 at the most telomeric part (sgRNA95 and sgRNA91) and the 3′ region of Prmt2 (sgRNA86 and sgRNA61) were synthesized (Fig. 3A ; Supplementary Table  1  and Supplementary Data S3A). Injection conditions are described in Table  1. We observed 5% (2 out of 40 pups) pups showing a 3. 6 Mb deletion (Fig. 2B ). The experiment showed that manipulation of large genomic sequence is feasible.
No germ line transmission was achieved. Another set of experiments with two different sgRNA pairs was performed (Fig. 3C ; Supplementary Table  1  and Supplementary Data S3C ). Rat pups born after microinjection were screened by ddPCR (Fig. 3D ) and junction PCR. One copy of Cbs (gene located in the region) was clearly   detected in F0-782 whereas 1. 7 and 1. 8 copies were counted in F0-801 and F0-802 (Fig. 3D , left panel). No PCR products were obtained with junction PCRs. These 3 founders were bred in order to analyse their offspring. Germ line transmission of both the duplication and deletion was obtained from F0-802 (Fig. 3D , right panel). Both junctions were determined by junction PCR and sequencing (Fig. 3F  and E and Supplementary Data S3). Nine different ddPCRs were performed on different gene present on the 3.
Materials and Methods All experiments were carried out in accordance with" relevant guidelines and regulations. Animal experiments were approved by the Com'Eth N°17 and accredited by the French Ministry for Superior Education and Research ("MESR", MESR 00130 & MESR 01639), and were supervised by M. C. B. and YH who are qualified in compliance with the European Community guidelines for laboratory animal care and use (2010/63/UE) in our animal facility (Agreement C67-218-40). In vitro transcription of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNAs. We used the CRISPOR software (http://tefor. net/crispor/crispor. cgi), developed by the French TEFOR infrastructure, to select sgRNAs. Each sgRNA name refers to the specificity score given by the software. The Cas9 vector (T7-Cas9 wt cloned in pUC57) with T7 promoter was first linearized with AccI for use as a template for in vitro transcription with T7 polymerase.
A volume of 70 μ L of droplet generation oil (Bio-Rad) was loaded into the oil well for each channel. The cartridge was placed into the droplet generator (Bio-Rad). The cartridge was removed from the droplet generator, where the droplets that collected in the droplet well were then manually transferred with a multichannel pipet to a 96-well PCR plate. The plate was heat-sealed with a foil seal and then placed on a conventional thermal cycler and amplified to the end-point as follow: 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 20 s and 58. 2 °C for 60 s, 1 cycle of 98 °C for 10 min and ending at 12 °C. After PCR, the 96-well PCR plate was loaded on the droplet reader (Bio-Rad), which automatically reads the droplets from each well of the plate (32 wells/h). Analysis of the ddPCR data and CNV were performed with QuantaSoft analysis software (Bio-Rad) that accompanied the droplet reader.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) , the  French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) , the  University of Strasbourg (UDS) , the  "Centre Européen de Recherche en Biologie et en Médecine ". This study also received support from  French state funds through the "Agence Nationale de la Recherche " under the  frame programme Investissements d' Avenir labelled   ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02 ,  ANR-10-LABX-0030-INRT ,  ANR-10-INBS-07 PHENOMIN , and the  Fondation Jérôme Lejeune  (grant # 1166 ) and the  Fondation Bettencourt-Schueller  to Y. H. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We are grateful to  G. Prevost  for caring our rats,  J-V Figerolle  and  C Kujath  for mouse injection,  D Ali-Hadji  and her team for caring for the animals, and  P Reilly  for critical reading of the manuscript.
Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) aims to support service providers to deploy various services in a more agile and cost-effective way. However, the softwarization and cloudification of network functions can result in severe congestion and low network performance. In this paper, we propose a solution to address this issue. We analyze and solve the online load balancing problem using multipath routing in NFV to optimize network performance in response to the dynamic changes of user demands. In particular, we first formulate the optimization problem of load balancing as a mixed integer linear program for achieving the optimal solution. We then develop the ORBIT algorithm that solves the online load balancing problem. The performance guarantee of ORBIT is analytically proved in comparison with the optimal offline solution.
The second important contribution is the ORBIT algorithm that provides an efficient solution for the online load balancing problem. The performance guarantee of ORBIT is analytically proved in comparison with the optimal offline solution. We evaluated our load balancing solution using two realworld datasets. The results show that ORBIT can provide a solution that is close to optimal. Specially, our algorithm performs more efficiently in a large-scale NFVI under high traffic load conditions. Our solution can be deployed in a SDN network controller where the forwarding rules can be distributed to the forwarding plane of a network switch by using OpenFlow  [6]. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II reviews the related work. Section III describes the load balancing problem across multiple paths and formulates the optimization problem as a MILP model.
In  [10] , the authors provide the SDN controller's design for load-balanced network resources usage. In their design, if a switch is considered overloaded, the orchestrator redirects the active data delivery paths to other switches. In  [13] ,  Leivadeas et al. propose a heuristic algorithm for dynamic traffic steering across single paths in SDN enabled data centers. Our work is different as it considers the problem of load balancing using multiple paths. A closely related study to ours is the one conducted by Zhang et al. [11]. However, the authors only consider issues of load balancing specific to multicast, and ignore several important features of NFV. The key difference of our work compared to previous studies on the traffic engineering problem in NFV is that we take into account ECMP routing and the fundamental features of NFV such as SFC and virtualization capacity at both NFVI nodes and links.
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION Network Functions Virtualization is based on virtualization technologies such as those used in cloud computing. A NFV framework includes three components which are VNF, NFVI and NFV management system  [2]. In the NFVI, the network functions can be deployed as software that can run in virtual machines on the standard multi-core microprocessor architecture ×86 to handle the data flow. One service demand of NFV may require a network service including many VNFs, in which the VNFs can be processed in a given sequence (e. g. , NAT is required to be processed after the firewall function). When processing a service demand, the NFV management system determines the location required to deploy a VNF based on resources available on NFVI. Unlike single-path routing schemes, load balancing strategies split traffic among several paths in order to avoid congestion.