dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Seismicity catalogs In light of the network monitoring history, it seems impossible to rely on a single catalog to describe the instrumental seismicity of southwestern France. Indeed, the evolution of monitoring networks as well as the heterogeneity of their station density imposes a spatio-temporal division of this catalog, with in particular a separate treatment of the Pyrenean zone. For the period 1962-2009, a comprehensive synthesis work was carried out by  Cara et al. [2015]  at the scale of metropolitan France. The resulting catalog compiles the preferred locations of the various contributing organizations (including OMP), and introduces a new homogeneous Mw magnitude scale. Following a similar procedure, it has since been later completed by integrating the locations made using the data of the RéNaSS and CEA stations.
It will be referred to hereinafter as the "SIHEX-BCSF catalog", and covers the period from 1962 to 2019. On our study area, it counts 21,128 events. Because of the inhomogeneity in the spatial coverage of the observation networks, as well as their evolution in time, it cannot be used for fine studies. In addition, the location procedures of the different contributors are highly variable, which makes comparisons difficult. We will only use it to construct the most general, large-scale maps (Figures  4 to 7 ). Note that for the Lacq gas field area, the 1974-1997 database recorded by Strasbourg and Grenoble local networks has been homogeneously analyzed (including picking, localisation based on 3D velocity model, waveform analyses, focal mechanism-see Section 6. 3. 3). This subcatalog comprises 1721 events which are included in the "SIHEX-BCSF" catalog.
The qualities of the solutions were estimated in a qualitative way (labels A to D), similar to that of the HYPO71 procedure  [Lee and Lahr, 1975]. The magnitudes were aligned with those of the CEA, using linear regressions between magnitude scales. • From 1997, the redeployment of the OMP network on the whole French Pyrenees allows the assembled catalog to be considered homogeneous, at least on the French side and in Catalonia. This is less true on the Spanish side, in Navarra and Aragon, due to a sparser coverage. The procedure implemented consists, as for the 1989-1996 period, in collecting all the parametric data available from the different operators, and in relocating the earthquakes in the same way. Thus, the catalog obtained presents an optimal coherence over time. The data used are the arrival time picks and magnitudes from the CEA, ICGC, IGN, RéNaSS bulletins, as well as the pickings made by OMP.
The localization procedure is described in  Cara et al. [2015]. It involves multiple runs of the HYPO71 software, with different starting depths for the trial hypocenter. It adopts a unique 1D crustal model determined from seismic profiles  [Daignières et al. , 1981 , Njike-Kassala et al. , 1992]. The accuracy of the locations was evaluated by  Sylvander [2013]  and  Souriau et al. [2014] , comparing the results obtained by this procedure with reference locations of the Lourdes-Argelès seismic crisis, carried out in a local 3D model and with temporary stations at very short distances  [Sylvander et al. , 2008]. These authors allowed key parameters (distance to the nearest station, first azimuthal gap, number of P and S picks, crustal model) to vary in the localization procedure, simulating realistic configurations relevant for the whole catalog, and they examinated the resulting trends of the deviation to reference locations.
Northwestern clusters The clusters located in the northwestern part of the Pyrenees are mapped on Figure  10a , together with epicenters of the strongest historical earthquakes as picked from the SiSFrance database (https://sisfrance. irsn. fr). Clusters 01 and 02 are small structures located below the Arbailles Massif, a region where earthquake depths can exceed 20 km. Their activity is moderate. Cluster 02 is the deeper (15 km average depth), and the more irregular one (28% of events in 1st bin). It coincides quite well, in map and at depth, with the location of the so-called Arbailles earthquake of 06/01/1982 (ML = 4. 8, depth = 16 km) and its very short aftershock sequence, described by  Gallart et al. [1985]. However, the activity of cluster 02 during our observation period was dominated by a swarm-like sequence of about 50 events over a 1 month period at the end of 2007, with a maximum magnitude of 3.
Lacq The seismological history of the Lacq area began on 24th November 1969 with a first earthquake felt by the local population. This event occurred 18 years after Lacq gas field discovery and 12 years after its industrial exploitation. For 20 years   the link between the observed seismicity and the gas field exploitation but were only focused on problematics related to seismic hazard  [Grasso and Wittlinger, 1990, Grasso and Feignier, 1990]. Thanks to an improved 3-D local velocity model  [Guyoton et al. , 1992]  and a new approach in the waveform analysis  [Bardainne et al. , 2006] , an overall reanalysis of the 1721 events of the 1974-1997 database has been performed in the early 2000s  [Bardainne et al. , 2008]. Such a detailed analysis resulted in an homogeneous database in terms of localization and magnitude.
Acknowledgments We thank the editors for the opportunity to contribute to this special issue, and for careful handling of the manuscript. We are grateful to all those who, whatever the monitoring operator, whatever the era, have contributed, through their field, observatory or administrative work, to gathering the raw material for this work, the data. This work has been funded over time by too many organisms at the local, regional, national and European levels to thank them all. The most recent flag that can be planted on this data collection and the subsequent work is that of the  Résif-Epos consortium  (https://www. resif. fr/en/,http://dx. doi. org/10. 15778/RESIF. FR). Résif-Epos is a Research Infrastructure (RI) managed by  CNRS-Insu. Inscribed on the roadmap of the  Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation , the  Résif-Epos IR  is a consortium of eighteen French research organizations and institutions.
They are therefore ideal for a techno-morpho-functional analysis. Use-wear traces confirm on-site butchery. Our results also confirm that plants were worked at the site, whereas technological traces, rarely observed on lithics from this age, can also be seen on a number of specimens. Whereas both retouched and unretouched tools contribute significantly to the MAR-1 toolkit, shapes are varied, and at this phase of the study do not appear morphologically or technologically standardized. However, backing (natural or retouched) opposite to a sharp edge can be observed on numerous specimens. When compared to the sparse functional data available on small tools from Lower Paleolithic Europe and the Levant, small flake tools include a wide variety of techno-functional types. To fully begin to understand this diversity, lithic toolkits must be considered in relation to the rest of the assemblage and the accompanying contextual.
Moreover, it is the only known butchery site in the Southern Balkans  (Panagopoulou et al. 2018; Tourloukis & Harvati 2018). The unique lithic assemblage and context of MAR-1 provide a rare opportunity to document hominin behaviors in this region. The MAR-1 lithics are almost exclusively composed of small tools, which provide the opportunity to investigate small tool functions in a reliable framework and to compare functional results with other data obtained on the site, such as archaeozoological, technological and palaeoenvironmental data. Technological studies on MAR-1 provide numerous data on technological behaviors but questions remain about tool use and site function: for example, it has yet to be investigated if both unretouched and retouched flakes exhibit use-wear traces; what are the patterns in the morphology of used tool edges; and whether the tools were hafted or hand-held.
Implications for Marathousa 1 MAR-1 is currently the only Middle Pleistocene assemblage in Greece where a functional analysis can be investigated in a reliable framework. While only a limited number of lithics have been studied, the preliminary use-wear analysis provides promising results. Nearly half of the studied pieces (N=6 out of 13) exhibit traces of human activity (use-wear or technological traces), which is rare for an assemblage of this age  (Beyries 1990; 1993). Traceological data confirm and complement the information already available from the lithic and faunal remains of MAR-1 by providing data on taphonomy, tool function, morphology and site function. First, the taphonomical analysis on radiolarite and flint artifacts confirms the exceptional state of preservation of the site.
In turn, this data supports the arguments about an autochthonous origin of the find-horizon and the taphonomic integrity of the site  (Giusti et al. 2018) , as well as the hypothesis that the finds did not remain exposed to subaerial elements for any considerable time-span  (Giusti et al. 2018; Karkanas et al. 2018; Konidaris et al. 2018; Tourloukis et al. 2018b)  Secondly, this preliminary use-wear analysis provides new data about potential associations between blank morphology and tool function in the MAR-1 toolkit. As of yet, tools with use-wear traces do not show any significant standardization in terms of blank shape Journal of Lithic Studies (2022) vol. 9, nr. 1, 29 p. DOI: https://doi. org/10. 2218/jls. 5553 or form (Table  4 ). The most recurrent characteristics are the length of the active part (often around 20 to 25mm), the unretouched active edge with a straight delineation and the occasional presence of a natural or retouched back opposite the active edge (Table  4 ).
Several questions remain open and need to be addressed in the future, including questions about the type of blank selected for tool use, whether there is a preferred tool type or edge morphology for specific activities, and whether the recurring presence of a backing is associated with hafting, or instead, it reflects choices aimed at facilitating precision gripping. Thirdly, functional data serve as an independent line of evidence to confirm the zooarchaeological assessment that butchering activities took place at both excavation areas  (Konidaris et al. 2018). Palaeoenvironmental data demonstrate that plant resources were abundant and in close vicinity to the site, but do not provide direct evidence for the on-site use of plants  (Field et al. 2018). Here, we demonstrate that plants were exploited by hominins at MAR-1, even though it is not possible to precisely characterize the nature of these activities.
Plant processing includes a relatively broad array of possible activities, such as gathering and food preparation, or the production of wooden tools and weapons such as spears. The traceological evidence for plant processing supports the inference that the activities carried out at MAR-1 involved a broader range of tasks than originally hypothesized, and were not restricted solely to the butchering of carcasses. In summary, considering all data from MAR-1, it appears that a group of hominins produced tools on local materials and utilized them to process vegetal and animal resources before discarding them. Combined with existing knowledge about the context of the site (see  Panagopoulou et al. 2018 and references therein) , this new data on the use of the MAR-1 lithics raises new questions about site-function.
Implication for the discussion on small tools during the Lower Paleolithic Functional data on small tool assemblages are scarce for the Lower Paleolithic. Use-wear analyses on small blanks and tools have been performed on assemblages from fewer than ten sites in total (Supplementary file 2). Similar to MAR-1, the small tools are typically the dominant component in these assemblages. One of the most striking features is the relatively high number of small blanks with use-wear traces in the analyzed samples, which suggests that small flakes were the intended blanks. Even though few studies have been able to demonstrate the deliberate production of small flakes (e. g. ,  Zaidner 2013) , this hypothesis can be indirectly supported by considering some arguments: 1) Lower Paleolithic small flakes are produced with local raw materials or not (even of low quality) as in Qesem cave, which indicates that their production was not related to the absence of large blocks in the vicinity of the site to produce larger tools and 2) cores are at times heavily reduced and exhausted; however, it is not always clear whether these are formal cores or tools.
Currently, at MAR-1, the active edge is typically unretouched. However, functional analyses on small flakes need to continue to better understand hominin preferences for tool morphologies. One of the most recurring questions about small tools is the mode of prehension. Small flakes from Revadim, La Polledrara di Cecanibbio and Schöningen exhibit prehension traces, whereas they were possibly wrapped (in a sheath, vegetable or leather, to facilitate gripping or before being mounted on a handle; Rots 2002: 54) at Qesem Cave  (Lemorini 2018; Venditti 2019: 97-142; Venditti et al. 2019a; 2019b). With the current functional data on tools from MAR-1, there is no evidence to determine if they were hand-held, hafted or wrapped. For the Lower Paleolithic small tools, the question of prehension is still unresolved, primarily because of the lack of functional studies, and secondly, because we do not fully understand the motor and cognitive skills of various hominin groups  (Beyries 1990 ).
The pilot techno-morpho-functional study presented here is part of this broader reassessment, which begins with well-dated, wellpreserved and well-documented sites, as a solid chronostratigraphic and contextual framework constitutes a prerequisite for conducting reliable techno-morpho-functional analyses. MAR-1 meets these prerequisites and the further development of a use-wear dataset from this site is essential in order to advance the identification of activities that have taken place on-site, and to better characterize tool use during the Middle Pleistocene. (Konidaris et al. 2018). Il porte des traces de découpe et est associé à une faible densité de vestiges lithiques. L'aire B présente une quantité plus élevée d'artefacts lithiques ainsi que des ossements de différentes espèces, attestant de modifications d'origine anthropique.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the  Wiener Laboratory  and the  American School of Classical Studies at Athens  for welcoming us and for providing us with the optical equipment to conduct this study. We especially thank  Dr. P. Karkanas ,  Dr. D. Michailidis  ( Wiener Laboratory, ASCSA ),  Dr. G. Tsartsidou  ( Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology and Speleology, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports ) and  Dr. P. Fernandes  ( UMR 5199 PACEA and Paléotime ) for their assistance in the traceological analysis and meaningful discussions. We are grateful to the  Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology and Speleology of Greece  for granting us the permit to conduct this study. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped improve the manuscript. This work has been supported by the  French government , through the " Université Côte d'Azur UCA JEDI Investments in the Future " project managed by the  National Research Agency (ANR)  with the reference number  ANR-15-IDEX-01.
Remerciements Nos remerciements s'adressent aux co-responsables  du programme international « Prehistoire de Casablanca », menepar Abderrahim Mohib et David Lefevre, aux co-responsables du projet international Djebel Irhoud, menepar Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer et Jean-Jacques Hublin et ala societePaleotime qui a faciliteles missions de Paul Fernandes et Mathieu Rue. Ces travaux ont etemenes et soutenus par l'Institut National des Sciences de l'Archeologie et du Patrimoine (INSAP) du ministe  ` re de la Culture, de la Jeunesse et des Sports/Departement de la Culture du Royaume du Maroc ,  le ministere de l'Europe et des Affaires etrangeres de France et le Laboratoire d'Excellence Archimede -Programme Investissements d'Avenir   ANR-11-LABX-0032-01  -dans le cadre du nouveau projet Origines. Ils ont egalement beneficiedu soutien.
NOTE DE L'AUTEUR Nous tenons à remercier tout particulièrement les membres de l'équipe PAPRIKA (ANR-09-CEP-005-05/PAPRIKA) qui ont permis ces interactions disciplinaires et suscité la rencontre et les échanges entre la géographie et l'hydrologie, puis ceux du projet PRESHINE (ANR 13-SENV-0005-01 et ANR-13-SENV-0005-02) durant lequel ils ont perduré. De même, un immense merci aux Népalais qui nous ont accompagnés sur les missions de terrain tout au long du programme, notamment au chercheur hydrologue Devesh Koirala ainsi qu'à nos assistants de terrain Harka Bahadur Majhi et Dawa Nuru Sherpa. Enfin, une pensée particulière pour tous les villageois de Pangboche qui nous ont chaleureusement ouvert leurs portes et qui ont partagé leur ressenti malgré les réticences du début.
Données en hydrologie : mesurées, spatialisées ou simulées 9 En hydrologie, les données quantitatives préparées pour la comparaison diffèrent selon leur mode d'acquisition qui relève de trois catégories : données observées à un nombre réduit de stations de terrain ; données spatialisées issues de grilles spatiales régulières fournies par des bases de données internationales ; données simulées qui sont les résultats du modèle HDSM (Hydrological Distributed Snow Model)  (Savéan et al. , 2015). Les données observées de précipitations analysées dans cet article sont issues de la station locale (fig. 1 ) de Pyramid (5035 m ; 2000-2016) et de la station plus éloignée d'Okhaldunga (1720 m) à une cinquantaine de kilomètres au sud-ouest de la zone d'étude (fig. 1B ) qui offre une série temporelle plus longue (1977-2012) 2.
Remerciements Nous souhaitons remercier vivement le relecteur pour ces commentaires qui nous ont permis d'améliorer sensiblement cet article. DB remercie également le ministère des siciences, de l'innovation et de l'université du gouvernement espagnol (MICINN-FEDER) code  CGL2016-80975-P , Agence de gestion et d'aides universitaires et de recherches (AGAUR) code 2017 SGR 859 et le  CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya.
Remerciements Ce travail est spécialement dédié à la mémoire d'amis et collègues qui ont travaillé aussi sur l'étude des outils de percussion : Iluminada Ortega, Mathieu Duplessis et Sandrine Duplessis, qui nous ont inspiré des idées et des réflexions ici développées. Nous voulons remercier le Professeur Javier Baena qui nous a aidé durant la phase initiale de collecte des données de ce travail de thèse à l'origine  (Cuartero 2014). Nous remercions aussi spécialement Andion Arteaga, Dr Andreu Ollé, Dr Paula García-Medrano et Dr Marina Mosquera pour leur aide à l'attribution des outils de percussion des différents assemblages de la Sierra de Atapuerca. Nous exprimons aussi notre gratitude au Dr Manuel Alcaraz, pour ses commentaires précieux sur la version préliminaire de cet article. Nous remercions également l'éditeur associé, Marcel Otte, et les commentaires et suggestion du reviewer anonyme, qui ont enrichi et amélioré quelques aspects du texte.
The same as Fig. 1  but for climatevolcano impacts affecting syn-eruptive processes update of glacial isostatic adjustment and melt productivity models in volcanic areas  (Schmidt et al. , 2013). The advancement of spaceborne and in-situ volcanic gas and aerosol measurements (e. g. Carn et al. 2018; Theys et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2020)  will also help to rigorously quantify SO 2 budgets during eruptions to assess the efficiency with which SO 2 , water and ash are dispersed to the atmosphere under different environmental conditions (e. g. Sigmarsson et al. , 2013; Legrande et al. , 2016; Lopez et al. , 2020). Experimental studies should further explore how SO 2 interacts with ash and hydrometeors across a parameter space of temperature, pressure and humidity. Databases gathering both volcanological and climate information are also being developed (e.
g. the IVESPA database,  Aubry et al. 2021b ) and will advance our understanding of, for example, how meteorological conditions affect plume rise. Beyond direct observations, volcanic records and climate proxy records are also improving (e. g. Baldini et al. 2015; Lin et al. 2022; Sigl et al. 2021; Büntgen et al. 2021). A better time resolution of these records may for example help clarify the mechanisms and time lags associated with the impacts of changes in ice load or sea-level on magmatic processes. This would in turn promote an understanding of the mechanisms' responses to climate change and the timescales on which those responses would act. Improvements in numerical models will also be required to better understand climate-volcano impacts. Thermomechanical models studying the effect of climate change on magma plumbing systems should integrate the complex rheology associated with the new vision of trans-crustal magmatic systems  (Cashman et al, 2017).
Funding T. J. A. acknowledges support from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreement No  835939 , and from the  Sidney Sussex college  through a  Junior Research Fellowship. C. R. R. was funded through an  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)   Discovery grant  to  A. M. Jellinek. P. O. H. is supported by a  Birmingham Fellowship. D. M. P. is supported by the  UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tectonics (COMET). A. S. was funded by  NERC  grants  NE/S000887/1  (VOL-CLIM) and  NE/S00436X/1  (V-PLUS). The efforts of J. Fasullo were supported by  NASA  Award  80NSSC17K0565 , by  NSF  Award # AGS-1419571 , and by the Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA) component of the Earth and  Environmental System Modeling Program  of the  US Department of Energy's Office of Biological & Environmental Research (BER)  via  National Science Foundation   IA 1947282.
Remerciements Je tiens à remercier les organisatrices et organisateurs de la session "Humanité(s) : définition(s), diversités et limites"  des Journées 2021 de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris pour leur invitation  à rédiger un article issu de ma participation à cette session. Je tiens également à exprimer toute ma gratitude aux deux relecteurs anonymes pour leurs remarques et questions qui m'ont permis d'améliorer la qualité du manuscrit. Ce travail a bénéficié d'une aide de l' État au titre du Programme d'investissements d'avenir (PIA) IdEx Université de Bordeaux/GPR Human Past.
, 2019; IPCC, 2013). The extent of permafrost is already decreasing and 40% of the global permafrost is predicted to thaw within the next decades even with a limited global mean annual temperature increase of 2 • C  (Biskaborn et al. , 2019; Camill, 2005; Chadburn et al. , 2017). Due to altered hydrology and plant productivity, enhanced microbial SOC decomposition and ultimately increased greenhouse gas production, permafrost thaw could further accelerate global climate change  (Chen et al. , 2021; Schädel et al. , 2016; Schuur et al. , 2015; Turetsky et al. , 2020). In the contexts of high latitude soils, climate warming and permafrost thaw, the present and future quantity and quality of SOC in mineral boreal forest soils is uncertain. Northern SOC data of mineral soils are poorly represented in global databases of soil carbon, particularly from carbon-rich boreal forest soils  (Batjes et al.