dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Societal platform funded by ITMO BSanté Publique^. The BRIF awareness survey was done in the context of Marie Curie fellowship IEF-GA-2010-276136 for HCH. Discussions about stakeholders' involvement and recognition were held in meetings and support research visiting mechanisms between the team in Toulouse and the team in Uppsala as part of the CHIP-ME Cost action IS1303; the ethical implications of BRIF has been supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 305444 (RD-Connect). This work was also facilitated by the COST Action IS1303 BCitizen's Health through public-private Initiatives: Public health, Market and Ethical perspectives^, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) (http://www. cost. eu).
Acknowledgements We thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped to improve this manuscript. The BRIF initiative was supported by funds from  BBMRI-LPC  project, grant agreement number  313010 , theme  FP7--INFRA-2012-1  and is part of the actions supported by  BBMRI-ADOPT  project and  BBMRI-ERIC. It also benefited from the support of  DIST-INIST CNRS  and from the help of the.
Genotoul Societal platform funded by ITMO BSanté Publique^. The BRIF awareness survey was done in the context of Marie Curie fellowship IEF-GA-2010-276136 for HCH. Discussions about stakeholders' involvement and recognition were held in meetings and support research visiting mechanisms between the team in Toulouse and the team in Uppsala as part of the CHIP-ME Cost action IS1303; the ethical implications of BRIF has been supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 305444 (RD-Connect). This work was also facilitated by the COST Action IS1303 BCitizen's Health through public-private Initiatives: Public health, Market and Ethical perspectives^, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) (http://www. cost. eu).
This work has been further ported into the INET framework for more advanced simulations. The simulation framework gives reproducible and consistent results with the input parameters related to energy consumption and latency obtained by experimental measurements. The scenario considered in the simulations is illustrated in figure  1. The WuR network is composed of a Base Station (BS) and N sensor nodes equipped with a WuRx. Data are requested by the BS through the WuC message, which triggers the WuRx for waking up the addressed node. An interferer network is added through WiFi devices, all of them sending data to the WiFi access point. Both networks are operating at 2. 45 GHz with a different modulation type, which is On-Off Keying (OOK) for the WuR system and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) for the WiFi devices.
Results and Analysis In order to evaluate the interference effects, four performance metrics are analysed here. First, the energy per bit is used to evaluate the energy-efficiency, and it is defined as the ratio of the total energy consumed by a node and the total number of correct bits received at the BS. Secondly, the average packet delivery ratio is used to evaluate the network reliability, which is calculated as the average number of packets received at the BS by the total number of requests (WuC messages) sent by the BS. Thirdly, the false alarm probability P (F A) directly quantifies the interference impact on the WuRx. It is defined as the probability of detecting a wake-up signal when there is no wake-up signal in the channel. Fourthly, the Bit Error Rate (BER) gives an indication of the data link at the BS.
Conclusion and Perspectives This paper shows the effect of in-band interference on the performance of a WSN equipped with our WuR system. In the worst case where the data traffic is much heavier in the WiFi network than in the WSN, the energy efficiency can be halved. The main reason is the energy spent by the WuRx to reject the interference. However, the energy per bit in such circumstances remains much lower than the order of magnitude of typical WSNs without WuR systems. The network is still working correctly since the average packet delivery ratio remains higher than 97,5 %. In future works, a more advanced WuR protocol or WuR system can be considered for avoiding or rejecting interference with less energy cost. The interference sources could also be exploited by the energy harvesting circuit for partially powering up the WuR system, or even totally if the harvested energy is sufficient.
Acknowledgements -We acknowledge useful discussions with  F. Flicker ,  B. Fregoso ,  K. Landsteiner ,  N. Nagaosa ,  T. Neupert ,  J. Orenstein ,  G. Refael ,  I. Souza  and  M. A. H. Vozmediano. This work was supported by the  Marie Curie Programme  under EC Grant agreements No. 653846  (AGG) and No. 705968  (FJ), by the  European Research Council  through Grant No. 290846  (FJ), by the  Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation's EPiQS Initiative Theory Center Grant (TM) , and  NSF   DMR-1507141  and a Simons Investigatorship (JEM).
2] [3]  The ODYSSEY Phase 3 COMBO II (NCT01644188) trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of alirocumab versus ezetimibe in reducing LDL-C in patients at high risk of cardiovascular (CV) events on maximally tolerated statin dose (MTD, defined in the supplement) who were not at pre-specified LDL-C target levels. 4, 5 At 24 weeks, alirocumab reduced LDL-C by 51% (vs 21% with ezetimibe), corresponding to achieved LDL-C levels of 52 mg/dl and 83 mg/dl, respectively. 4 An important consideration is whether the number and nature of adverse events (AEs) change following long-term alirocumab exposure, considering the recent data on the variability in efficacy and AEs related to immunogenicity seen on treatment with bococizumab, another PCSK9 antibody. 6, 7 Here we report the final end-of-study efficacy and safety data from the COMBO II trial to evaluate whether the effect of alirocumab versus ezetimibe is sustained for up to 2 years.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the patients, their families, and all investigators involved in this study. The following people from the study sponsors provided editorial comments on the manuscript:  Jay Edelberg ,  Tu Nyugen ,  Michael Howard , and  L. Veronica Lee  (Sanofi), and  William J. Sasiela ,  Rita Samuel , and  Carol Hudson  ( Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ). Statistical analyses were performed by The American Journal of Cardiology (www. ajconline. org).
Statistical analyses Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla) or SAS release 9. 3 (SAS institute Inc. , Cary, North Carolina, USA). Unpaired T-test or Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for quantification of intraretinal vessel parameters was used. A value of p < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.
Eluted peptides were separated through a reverse-phase capillary column (75 μm i. d. x 250 mm) containing Symmetry C18 100 Å media (Waters) that was manufactured in-house using a high-pressure packing device (Proxeon Biosystems). The output from the column was sprayed directly into the nanospray ion source of the 4000 Q-Trap mass spectrometer. The three forms of the peptide containing the phosphorylation sites (ETTS) and a control peptide (corresponding to a different tryptic peptide from the GarA protein) were found to separate by retention time and be distinguishable by their fragmentation spectra (Table  2 ). Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) precursor/product ion transitions were chosen based on the fragmentation data and were used to produce standard curves for each peptide by injecting known amounts: 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 2000 fmol (S9 Fig).
(E) ΔpknG Ms formed clumps when glutamate was the sole carbon or nitrogen source. The photograph shows a microplate from growth curve (D) imaged at 60 hours. Growth of ΔgarA Ms complemented with phosphoablative GarA (EAAS) was equivalent to that of ΔpknG Ms complemented with truncated GarA in all tested conditions so only the dataset for truncated GarA is shown for clarity. https://doi. org/10. 1371/journal. ppat. 1006399. g002.
Acknowledgments pknG-disrupted strains were received as generous gifts:  ΔpknG Mt  from  Y Av-Gay ,  University of British Columbia  and pknG-disrupted M. bovis BCG from  J Pieters ,  University of Basel. Anti PknG  serum was a generous gift from  E Houben ,  VU Medical Center, Amsterdam  and  J Pieters. Anti GarA  serum was a generous gift from  I Rosenkrandts ,  Statens Seruminstitut ,  Denmark. Nathalie Barilone  and  Irene Nkumama  assisted with site-directed mutagenesis and photography of M. smegmatis. We acknowledge the  Centre for Core Biotechnology Services at the University of Leicester  for support with Containment Level 3 experiments. Advice on planning the murine model of TB was provided by the licence holder  Peter Andrew ,  University of Leicester.
We acknowledge financial support from the  BBSRC  ( BB/H007865/10 ) (HMO), the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (France)  grant  09 BLAN 0400 01  (RB) and the  European Commission 260872  ( MM4TB ) (MB and PMA). This research was, in part, funded by  EU   FP7  project  SysteMTb (MZ and US ). The funders had no role in study and provides an example of the close relationship between metabolism and virulence.
Weather conditions Weather parameters were recorded every 15 minutes at the Meteorological station in Ce. Spe. Vi. (long. 10° 54′ E, lat. 43° 56′ N, 60 m a. s. l. ) equipped with a CR10 data logger (Campbell Scientific Campbell Park, Shepshed, Leicestershire, UK) and sensors for the main parameters. Summer 2014 recorded 50% more rainfall than the longterm climatic average, with very short dry periods; in particular, July was the wettest month with 187. 6 mm of rain. The monthly mean temperature was around 23 °C from June to August whilst the maximum air temperatures were rarely above 35 °C, except in June (Fig. 1 ).
Chlorophyll a fluorescence Chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured with a PEA (Plant Efficiency Analyzer, Hansatech, Instruments Ltd. , King's Lynn, UK) at 10 a. m. , on a sample of 16 fully expanded leaves per substrate (two clips per plant), chosen from the third node from the apex of the central branches, on July 18, July 31, August 31. Leaves were dark-adapted for 25 min with leaf clips, and direct fluorescence was then detected during 5 s of exposure to actinic light. Data were downloaded using the Winpea 32 v. 1. 00 software (Hansatech, Instruments Ltd. , King's Lynn, UK) and processed in a Biolyzer 3. 0 (JIP-Test Analysis Program v. 3. 0, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, University of Geneva). The rising fluorescence transients were induced by red light (peak at 650 nm) of 3000 µmol photons m -2 s -1 provided by an array of six light emitting diodes; they were recorded for 1 s, starting from 50 μs after the onset of illumination, with 12-bit resolution.
Statistical analysis The statistical analysis was carried out using the software Statistica ver. 4. 5 (Stat-Soft Inc. , Tulsa, OK, USA). Departures from normality of the chemical properties of the three substrates, leaf gas exchanges, Chl a fluorescence parameters, plant biomass and growth parameters, and the resistance to penetration of the root ball in the three substrates were tested using the Shapiro-Wilk's test. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test for post-hoc comparison of means was then performed for identifying the statistical differences. Regarding the root ball assessment, classes of deformation and classes of rup-  ture in each substrate were determined by the calculation of the weighted average, on the basis of the number of occurrences of each class. For each plant, the average percentage of dead new thin roots was calculated and attributed to a percentage class.
Leaf gas exchanges (carbon absorption and water transpiration) that were measured in the morning (at lower evaporative demand compared to midday) also did not show differences between the three substrates. Leaf transpiration recorded the lowest values on August 31, though without changes in water use efficiency (data not shown). The ecological conditions in which the plants grow play an important role in the performance of the photosystem  (Murata et al. 2007 , Demmig-Adams et al. 2014). Indeed, it is known that high temperatures associated with water stress stimulate the photosystem efficiency through a quicker electron transport between PSII and PSI  (Bussotti et al. 2012). However, in this study, plants were watered, and in addition the season was particularly rainy. The photochemical efficiency of V.
Study 1 Methods We used both an experience sampling methodology (ESM) and a cross-sectional survey. ESM allows capture of data to examine short-term fluctuations in phenomena and within-person differences. A cross-sectional survey allows examination of data over longer term frames, between-person differences and places much less burden on participants. In both samples, scale scores were calculated by summing the scores for each item and dividing by the number of items in the scale.
Participants rated the previous hour's activities on 6-point fully anchored scales (1 = not at all, 6 = to a large extent). Each scale consisted of two items and scores calculated by summing item scores and dividing by two. CON-PROB and SUP-PROB were assessed with items developed by  Daniels and colleagues (Beesley, Cheyne, & Wimalasiri, 2008; Daniels et al. , 2009). If a participant reported no problem-solving demands in Purpose and enactment in job design 15 a given hour, data were excluded from the analyses for that hour. CON-PROB and SUP-PROB had good reliability (α =. 84 and α =. 88). Example items are "In the past hour, did you change your work objectives for the hour to solve the issues?" for CON-PROB and "In the past hour, did you discuss the issues to help you solve them?" for "discussing problems with others to solve problems" for SUP-PROB.
Analysis Hypotheses 1a and 1b were examined using CFA. Because of the nested nature of the ESM data (observations nested in people), Hypotheses 1a and 1b were examined using multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (ML-CFA) to separate within-from between-person variance. Maximum likelihood estimators can encounter problems with small numbers at the between-person level, especially where models are complex. These problems can be addressed Purpose and enactment in job design 18 with Weighted Least Squares Estimators  (Hox, Maas & Brinkhuis, 2010)  and Bayesian estimation  (Muthén, 2010). For Weighted Least Squares estimation, we used the WLSMV estimator. The WLSMV does provides conventional CFA fit statistics, and we used the Confirmatory Fit Index (CFI) and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation to assess model fit (RMSEA), as recommended by  Williams, Vandenberg and Edwards (2009).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge the valuable assistance of  Patrice Jousse  for editing the MR imaging pictures and drawings. We also thank  Dr Louise Ball  for critically editing the manuscript. Disclosures:  Arnaud Attye-RELATED : Grant: Guerbet SA, Comments: The  MRI for Healthy Subjects  was funded by  Guerbet SA*. Christophe Chiquet-UNRELATED : Board Membership: Allergan, Thea, ABBVIE. *Money paid to the institution.
7 against MWI/ICI and by 3 against SSMI/S. A number of tests have been performed to examine the robustness of the above results. The most informative channels on solid hydrometeors remain the same over land and over ocean surfaces. On the other hand, the database is not large enough to produce robust results over land surfaces for liquid hydrometeors. The sensitivity of the results to the microphysical properties of frozen hydrometeors has been investigated. It appears that a change in size distribution and scattering properties can move the large information content of the channels at 664 and 874 GHz from cloud ice to solid precipitation.
, 2008; Geer and Baordo, 2014; Eriksson et al. , 2015). Finally, given the wide variety of cloud and precipitation types present in nature, a very large database of atmospheric profiles should in principle be considered. For a number of practical reasons explained afterwards, this will not be the case in the present study. Despite the above limitations of the linear optimal theory to get information content on hydrometeors, it has been used here following a number of previous studies  (Bauer et al. , 2005, DMB2006). Indeed, they have produced results that were sound enough to be used for the preparation of future microwave instruments by space agencies  (Bauer and Di Michele, 2007). Moreover, in a recent study,  Martinet et al. (2014)  have compared a channel selection of IASI radiances in cloudy conditions obtained through the DFS method and compared it with a non-linear one (but being more empirical in terms of perturbation size and iterative process) with rather similar results.
Radiative transfer model A set of brightness temperatures from 6. 9 GHz to 874 GHz has been simulated with the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS)  (Buehler et al. , 2005; Eriksson et al. , 2011). ARTS was originally developed to simulate the millimeter and sub-millimeter spectral range, but the current version also covers the complete thermal infrared spectral range  (Buehler et al. , 2006). It is a free open-source software program. ARTS solves the radiative transfer equation in terms of Stokes vector and the absorption coefficients are obtained by a combination of line-by-line calculation and various continua from the current literature. For efficiency, the line-by-line absorption cross-sections are stored in a lookup table that can be reused for batch calculations  (Buehler et al.
, 2011). For this study, the included gas species were H 2 O, O 3 , O 2 , and N 2. Species H 2 O and O 2 are the main target lines for humidity and temperature observations, and species N 2 is included for its continuum. Species O 3 is relevant, because it has absorption lines throughout this spectral range, and thus can lead to significant errors if ignored in the simulation, as shown by  John and Buehler (2004)  for the case of the AMSU-B sensor near 183 GHz. The gas absorption model is based on the High-resolution TRANsmission molecular absorption database (HITRAN)  (Rothman et al. , 2013)  for the spectral lines and the four gas absorption species (H 2 O, O 2 , O 3 ), combined with the continua absorption model of H 2 O, N 2 and O 2 MT-CKD model  (Mlawer et al. , 2012). The Kuntz approximation of the Voigt line shape is used  (Kuntz and Höpfner, 1999)  in combination with the form factor of the Van Vleck and Huber line shape  (Van Vleck and Huber, 1977).
Atmospheric profiles and background error statistics The atmospheric profiles have been taken from short range forecasts of the ECMWF model (CY32R3) that has been run with a T799 spectral truncation (25 km) and 91 vertical levels from July 2006 to June 2007. Forecasts are relative to 42, 48, 54 and 60 hours of day 1, 10 and 20 of every month. The database is rather similar to the one from  Chevallier et al. (2006)  in order to sample, with a reduced set of profiles, a large variability of atmospheric parameters: temperature, specific humidity, fractional cloud cover, cloud liquid water, cloud ice water, liquid precipitation flux, and solid precipitation flux. Model outputs contain additional information necessary to compute background error statistics for hydrometeor contents such as physical tendencies from dynamical processes and surface fluxes.
In order to examine the information content for cloudy and rainy profiles, we have taken a set of profiles from the 48 h forecast starting at 12 UTC on the 10 July 2006 over ocean and land surfaces, with a simple description of surface emissivity. For this forecast range, a set of 613 profiles has been selected by S. Di Michele (personal communication), and we have chosen 25 of them that are sampled over contrasted regions over the globe (Fig. 1 ). Indeed, the computation of the Jacobians with the ARTS model, being done in finite differences, is rather time consuming. Figure  2  shows the mean profiles of temperature, water vapour, cloud liquid water, cloud ice water, rain and snow and their associated variability (represented by the standard deviation over the set of 25 profiles). It appears that despite the reduced size of the database, the variability of these parameters shows that they cover a wide range of contrasted situations.
Jacobians of radiative transfer model The elements of the matrix H have been computed for the 25 profiles of the database and the six variables of interest. An example of Jacobians over ocean surface is illustrated in Fig. 5  for the 251 line channels corresponding to the selected profile (Fig. 2 ) with respect to temperature @T b =@T (a), specific humidity @T b =@q (b), cloud liquid water @T b =@q l (c), cloud ice water @T b =@q i (d), rain water content @T b =@q r (e), and snow water content @T b =@q s (f). The Jacobians have been scaled by a perturbation δx taken equal to 10% of the profile value (except for temperature where a 1 K value is chosen) in order to produce a sensitivity in Kelvins (change in T b ): δT b ¼ @T b @x Â δx ( 10 ) where x is either T, q, q l , q i , q r or q s. This allows the comparison of Jacobians for the different variables that would otherwise have different units.
Comparison between ARTS and RTTOV Jacobians In order to gain confidence on the Jacobians of ARTS that have been computed in finite differences for the hydrometeors, they are compared for the profile displayed in Fig. 3  (13 th profile of the database) to the Jacobians from the RTTOV-SCATT radiative transfer model obtained through an analytical derivation of the numerical code (adjoint technique) as explained in  Bauer et al. (2006a). We have used the version 11 of RTTOV-SCATT, and chosen the SSMI/S F18 radiometer that has a set of 24 window and sounding channels between 19 and 183 GHz. The geometry is set with an incidence angle of 53°and the surface emissivity is specified to a value of 0. 6. The scattering processes are accounted for differently by the two models: with the Delta-Eddington approximation for RTTOV-SCATT and with the DOIT scheme for ARTS.
(2007). Given the fact that the snow particles are ice spheres in the ARTS simulations, we have selected in the database of  Liu (2008)  the particule with similar shape and density: the block hexagonal column. A set of 18 channels from SSMI/S for which it is possible to find rather close ones from the 276 HYMS channels (named hereafter 'SSMIS surrogate') has been selected. In practice we have discarded the six mesospheric channels around the 63. 28 and 60. 792 GHz absorption bands. Since HYMS is a single-side band radiometer, it means that individual brightness temperatures on each side of absorption lines are computed with the SSMIS surrogate whereas an average value is given for the SSMI/S channels simulated with RTTOV-SCATT. As before, we compare scaled Jacobians. As expected for the T and q channels (not shown) there is good level of agreement in terms of size and shape of the Jacobians between ARTS and RTTOV-SCATT.
Experimenal set-up with low frequencies Before presenting results for a HYMS instrument, we have setup a preliminary methodology similar to the one proposed by DMB2006 where they have examined the information content of channels between 1 and 200 GHz. Here we also restrict the information content to channels from HYMS below 200 GHz (211 channels). We have specified observation errors as proposed by DMB2006 to 1. 5 K for all channels. In the clear-sky study of  Mahfouf et al. (2015)  it has been possible to prescribe more realistic errors based on innovation statistics from the global Météo-France data assimilation system. In cloudy situations, the use of innovation statistics is more difficult since they are dominated by displacement errors, leading to rather large values, whereas it should include only measurement and radiative transfer errors.