dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Delivery arrangements for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration. Coordination of care Care pathways -Improved pre-hospital trauma systems vs no # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 50 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 51 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR systems Henry 2012 Care pathways -Rapid response systems in hospitals vs no systems Maharaj 2015 Care pathways -Hospital clinical pathways vs usual care Rotter 2010 Case management -Children with pneumonia Theodoratou 2010 Case management -People living with HIV/AIDS Handford 2006 Communication between providers -Interactive communication between prima- # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 52 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 53 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 54 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 57 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 58 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 62 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 63 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 64 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 67 ∅ ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 55 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 56 ∅ # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 59 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 60 NR # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 65 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 66 NR NR NR NR NR NR ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 61 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ry care doctors and specialists vs usual care Foy 2010 70 Coordination of care to reduce rehospitali-sation NR ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 68 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR.
Delivery arrangements for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration. -Pre-/postdischarge interventions vs usual care ∅ ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 69 Hansen 2011 -Transition interventions vs usual care Hansen 2011 Discharge planning -Hospital discharge planning vs usual care Gonçalves-Bradley 2016 Integration -Adding a service to an existing service vs ser- NR NR ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 77 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 70 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 71 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 72 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 73 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 74 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 78 NR NR NR NR ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 75 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 76 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 79 vices with no addition Dudley 2011 -Integrated vs vertical delivery models Dudley 2011 ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊉ 80 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 81 ㊀ 82 83 # ㊉㊉㊉㊉ # ㊉㊉㊉ ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊉ 85 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊉ 84 NR NR NR NR NR NR Referral systems -Organisational interventions vs no interven-tion for referral from primary to secondary care Akbari 2008 NR NR # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 87 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 86 NR NR NR NR NR NR 71 Referral systems NR # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 88 ∅ ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 89 NR NR NR NR NR NR.
Delivery arrangements for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration. -Nurse vs physician triage systems in emer-gency departments Rowe 2011 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 90 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 91 Teams -Team midwifery vs standard care Butler 2011 Teams -Practice-based interventions to promote collaboration vs no intervention Reeves 2017 ∅ ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 92 NR # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊉ 93 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊉ 94 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 95 NR ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 96 ㊀ 97 ? ㊉㊀㊀ NR # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 98 NR NR NR NR NR ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 99 NR NR NR NR Where care is provided Site of service delivery -HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 100 at an optional location vs VCT at clinic Bateganya 2010 Site of service delivery 101 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR -Units dedicated to care for people living with HIV/AIDS Handford 2006 -Institutions managing a high volume of peo-ple living with HIV/AIDS # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 102 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 103 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Handford 2006 Site of service delivery -Intensive home-based care delivered by ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 104 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR # ㊉㊉㊉㊀ 109 72 nurses for people living with HIV/AIDS vs oth-er delivery options Young 2010 ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 105.
Delivery arrangements for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration. # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 106 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 107 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 108 Site of service delivery -Multi-professional team care in the home for ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 110 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR people living with HIV/AIDS vs usual care by primary care nurses Young 2010 Site of service delivery -Exercise at home for people living with HIV/ ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 111 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 112 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 113 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR AIDS vs no exercise at home Young 2010 Site of service delivery -Strategies for increasing ownership and use NR NR NR NS NS NR NR NR # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 114 of insecticide-treated bednets Augustincic 2015 ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 115 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 116 Site of service delivery -Home-or community-based management of malaria (presumptive treatment of children with symptoms) vs usual care Okwundu 2013 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 120 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 118 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 119 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 121 # ㊉ ㊉㊉㊀ 122 NR NR NR NR NR ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 123 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 117 NR 73.
Delivery arrangements for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration. Site of service delivery -Use of rapid diagnostic tests in home-or community-based programmes for treating malaria vs clinical diagnosis Okwundu 2013 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 124 ㊀ 125 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 127 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 126 NR NR NR NR NR ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 128 NR Site of service delivery -Home (different models) vs facility care for children with acute physical conditions Parker 2013 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 129 ㊀ 130 # ㊉㊉㊀ ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 131 NR ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 133 ## ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 132 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 134 NR NR ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀135 Site of service delivery NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS -Maternity waiting home vs no waiting homes for pregnant women Van Lonkhuijzen 2012 Site of service delivery -Community-based interventions for child-hood diarrhoea and pneumonia vs routine care Das 2013 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 136 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 137 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 139 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 138 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Site of service delivery -Early discharge from hospital for mothers ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 140 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 141 NR ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 142 NR NR NR NR NR and infants born at term vs standard dis- charge Brown 2011 Site of service delivery -Out-of-facility vs facility-based HIV and re-productive health services for youth NR # ㊉㊉㊉ # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 143 148 ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ NR NR 149 ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ NR NR NR Denno 2012 144 74 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀.
Delivery arrangements for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration. 145 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 146 ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ 147 Site of service delivery -Decentralised vs centralised HIV care for ini-tiation and maintenance of anti-retroviral therapy Kredo 2013 ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 152 153 ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 150 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 151 ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 156 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 154 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 155 NR # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 158 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 157 NR NR NR NR NR Site of service delivery -Workplace programmes for HIV and tuber-culosis diagnosis and treatment vs no pro-gramme Yassi 2013 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 159 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 160 ㊀ 161 # ㊉㊉㊀ NR NR NR NR NS NR # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 162 Information and communication technology E-Health -Mobile phone messaging for long-term ill- ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 163 ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 166 NR NR NR NR NR NR # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 170 nesses vs usual care De Jongh 2012 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 164 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 165 ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 167 169 ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ ㊀ 168 # ㊉㊉㊉ ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 171 75 E-Health NR # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 172 NR # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 175 NR NR NR NR NR.
Delivery arrangements for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration. -Mobile phone messaging reminders for at-tendance at healthcare appointments vs vari-ous other interventions Gurol-Urganci 2013 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 173 ∅ ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 174 E-Health -Mobile phone messaging to promote adher- 0 ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 176 NR # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊉ 177 NR NR NR NR NR NR ence to antiretroviral therapy vs usual care Mbuagbaw 2013 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 178 Health information systems -Women carrying their own case notes in pregnancy vs less detailed health cards Brown 2007 Patient reminder and recall systems -Interventions to improve childhood vacci-nation including reminders for routine child-hood vaccination vs usual care Oyo-Ita 2016 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 179 NR ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 180 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 181 #X ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 182 # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 189 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 188 #X ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 187 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 183 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 184 # ㊉㊉㊉㊀ 185 # ㊉㊉ ㊀㊀ 186 NR ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 190 # ㊉ ㊉㊀㊀ 191 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 192 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 193 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 194 76.
Delivery arrangements for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration. # ㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 195 Quality and safety systems Quality/safety monitoring and improve-ment systems ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 197 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR -Medication review for hospitalised adult pa-tients vs standard care Christensen 2016 196 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 198 Quality monitoring and improvement sys-tems # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 199 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 201 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 202 NR NR NR NR NR NR -Interventions to improve antibiotic prescrib-ing to hospital inpatients Davey 2013 ∅㊉㊉㊉ ㊀ 200 ∅㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 203 Quality monitoring and improvement sys-tems -Decision support to improve healthcare process and health outcomes for people liv-ing with HIV/AIDS ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 204 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 206 # ㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 205 207 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ NR NR NR NR NR NR Pasricha 2012 -Decision support with clinical information system to improve healthcare process and health outcomes for people living with HIV/ AIDS ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 208 ? ㊉㊀㊀ 210 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 209 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 211 NR NR NR NR NR ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ 212 Pasricha 2012 Clinical information systems to improve people living with HIV/AIDS Pasricha 2012 healthcare process and health outcomes for 213 # ㊉㊉㊉㊀ ㊀ 215 ? ㊉㊀㊀ # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 214 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 77 216Working conditions of health workers.
Delivery arrangements for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews (Review) Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration. Sta support -Managerial supervision to improve quality of primary health care Bosch-Capblanch 2011 NR ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 217 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 218 ? ㊉㊀㊀ ㊀ 219 ㊀ 220 ∅ ㊉㊉㊀ NR NR NR ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ 221 NR # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 222 ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ 223 ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ 224 Complex interventions cutting across delivery categories and across the other overviews Package of multiple interventions -Emergency obstetric referral interven-tions 112 ∅㊉㊉㊀ 226 ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ ㊀ 225 NR NS NR NR NR NR NR NR Hussein 2012 # ㊉㊉㊉㊀ 227 ? ㊉㊀㊀㊀ 228 # ㊉㊉㊀㊀ 229 #: a desirable effect, ∅: little or no effect, ?: an uncertain effect, #: an undesirable effect, NS: no included studies, NR: not reported.
Were the findings of the relevant studies combined (or not combined) appropriately rela- tive to the primary question the review addresses and the available data? Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Continued) _No mention of issue _Not applicable -no clustered trials or studies included Coding guide -check the answers above If narrative OR vote counting (where quantitative analyses would have been possible) OR inappropri- ate table, graph or meta-analyses OR unit of analyses errors not addressed (and should have been) the answer is likely NO. If appropriate table, graph or meta-analysis AND appropriate weights AND the extent of heterogene- _ Yes ity was taken into account, the answer is likely YES. _ Partially If no studies/no data: NOT APPLICABLE _ No If unsure: CAN'T TELL/PARTIALLY _ Not applicable (e.
Characteristics of included reviews Who receives care and when Queuing strategies Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Continued) (Continued) Interven-tions Settings Study de-signs and that could increase the capacity Communities searched for of health professional training in-stitutions; reduce the loss of stu-dents (and increase the likelihood Randomised trials of standardised or individualised programmes of Bangladesh (6 studies), India (6 studies), Pakistan (4 studies), Malawi (2 studies), Tanzania (1 study), Ghana (1 study), Nepal (1 study), Zambia (1 study), China (1 17 randomised trials.
What the review authors searched for What the review authors found Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Continued) (Continued) Date of most recent search: January 2016 hol abuse (2 studies), schizophrenia (1 study), substance abuse (1 study), epilep-sy (1 study), child developmental disorders (1 study) Limitations: this is well-conducted systematic review with only minor limitations. Settings Rural or urban settings in low-and 15 studies from 7 low-income countries and 23 from 15 middle-income coun- Role expansion or task shifting middle-income countries tries. 16 studies in rural settings, 23 in urban settings, and 5 in refugee camps symptoms, psychosocial function-Clinical officers/non-physician clinicians/associate clinicians vs physician for caesarean section Outcomes Primary outcomes: improvement in Patient health and psychosocial functioning indicators, caregiver outcomes Wilson 2011 ing, or quality of life Secondary outcomes: patient sat-Review objective: to determine whether key outcomes of caesarean section differ between non-physician clinicians and medical doc-isfaction/behaviour, adverse clini-tors.
targeted at healthcare professionals. All the included studies compared pharmacist-provided services with usual care. Process outcomes (4 studies), rate of hospitalisation (2 studies), number of visits to private clinics or outpatient clinics and emergency rooms in hospitals (1 study), medication costs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma (1 study), the number of visits to general practitioners (2 studies), clinical and humanistic outcomes (11 studies), patient outcomes (7 studies), asthma score (1 study) Date of most recent search: March 2010 Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Continued) Interven- cine compounding and dispensing, tions and excluding other services such as the selling of cosmetics or oth- er non-pharmaceutical products) evaluated in a randomised trial, non-randomised trial, controlled before-after study, or interrupted time series study.
All-cause mortality of children with pneumonia; treatment failure rates; length of hospitalisation, time to resolution of severe illness, lethargy, inability to eat, low oxygen saturation, chest indrawing and tachypnoea Date of most recent search: August 2008 Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Continued) India; Mexico; Pakistan; South Africa; Vietnam; Zambia; India; Bangladesh; Ecuador; Mexico; Yemen, Fiji and China Outcomes Mortality, morbidity and health- care utilisation patients Hospitalised adults (21 studies) and children (8 studies) Settings Hospitals Academic teaching hospitals (22 studies) and community hospitals (6 studies) in the USA (11 studies), Australia (7 studies), Canada (3 studies), the UK (2 stud- ies), Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Sweden, the Netherlands (1 each) Outcomes Hospital mortality (primary out- Hospital mortality (27 studies), cardiopulmonary arrests (26 studies), intensive come); non-intensive care unit care unit admissions (10 studies) cardiopulmonary arrest, and in- tensive care unit admissions (sec- ondary outcomes) Date of most recent search: December 2013 Limitations: this is a well-conducted systematic review with only minor limitations.
Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Continued) Study de- Intervention studies with con- 11 randomised trials (6 cluster and 5 patient-level), 1 non-randomised trial, 3 signs and current comparison groups (ran- controlled before-after studies, and 8 uncontrolled before-after studies Interven- domised and non-randomised tri- tions als and controlled before-after studies) and without concurrent comparison groups (time-series analyses), as well as uncontrolled before-after designs Partici-pants 18 studies of Coordination of care to reduce rehospitalisation Primary care physicians and spe-cialists who work collaborative-ly as individuals or within clinical teams in psychiatry, endocrinolo-gy, and oncology Pre-/postdischarge interventions vs usual care/transition interventions vs usual care Hansen 2011.
Number of primary care visits, referral rates, appropriateness of referrals, case mix of referrals, appropriateness of specialist investigations, costs of prescriptions Date of most recent search: October 2007 Limitations: this is a well-conducted systematic review with only minor limitations. Review objective: to estimate the effectiveness of triage systems in reducing emergency department (ED) overcrowding. Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Continued) (Continued) doctors, family physicians, family practitioners, and other physicians working in primary healthcare set- tings, who fulfil primary healthcare tasks Specialist physicians working in hospitals or community outpatient settings Settings Primary care and hospitals Studies conducted in the UK (12 studies), the USA (2 studies), and 1 each in the Netherlands, Palestine, and Finland Outcomes Objectively measured provider performance in a healthcare set- ting (for example, referral rates or appropriateness of referral) or health outcomes.
Types of What the review authors searched for What the review authors found Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews HIV and/or TB, and analytical studies if none of the previous designs was found. OutcomesIncidence of infection, absenteeism, worker retention, uptake of voluntary counselling and testing, uptake of treatment, morbidity, mortality, working conditions, cost (or cost-benefit), discrimination or stigma, job loss, services to the community Mortality, active TB cases, adverse effects of medicines, uptake of HIV testing and appropriate treatment, adoption of HIV-preventative behaviours, knowledge and attitudes about HIV, stigma and morale Date of most recent search: 2009 Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. (Continued) trial, 2 interrupted time series, 4 qualitative/quantitative descrip- tive studies) Partici- Health workers and employees in any sector (in- Health workers at hospitals and medical centres.
As such, these services include data, information and knowledge that support adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk management (DRM)". In Europe, a climate services system, Climate Change Services for Copernicus (C3S) will be operated by ECMWF on behalf of the European Union with the aim ''to support European adaptation and mitigation policies in a number of sectors". The climate services discussion both globally and in Europe is emphasizing the usefulness of these services for a broad range of users, often emphasizing their relevance for decision making. Their development is very much framed from a climate data provider point of view and the proposed implementation appears very much centred around the development of digital data or information portals  (Capela Lourenço et al. , 2015). The development and maintenance of these generic tools require less resources compared to intensive, tailored face-to-face information brokering for multiple users and can reach an increasing number of institutions and individuals around the world who have access to digital information.
Over the last decade, different public and private institutions, programmes and projects have developed information systems (portals, platforms) that provide access to an ever increasing amount and diversity of climate and climate impact data and sometimes tools to interpret and process these. In addition to portals that provide access to climate data, also portals are developed that more specifically aim at supporting adaptation to climate change  (Street et al. , 2015). Most of these systems try to take into account ''user requirements" or ''user needs". But to what extent are these systems actually providing the services that ''users" need? And who are these users? And do they actually know what they want and how to use it? Users may have specific information needs that go unmet, or may not be aware of the existence of potentially useful information  (McNie, 2007).
CLIPC (http://www. clipc. eu/) is a European research project that has developed a portal facilitating access to climate information of direct relevance to a wide variety of users, from scientists to policy makers and private sector decision makers. Information includes data from satellite and in-situ observations, climate models and re-analyses, transformed data products to enable assessments of climate change and impacts. Copernicus is the large European Programme for the establishment of a European capacity for Earth Observation. The Copernicus Climate Change Services (C3S) form the climate component of this programme. CLIPC is one of the so-called pre-operational components for these services, focusing on the development of a ''one-stop-shop'' with datasets which provide information on climate variability and change on decadal to centennial time scales from observed and projected climate change impacts in Europe.
It also provides a toolbox to generate, combine, compare and rank climate change impact indicators. Expanding climate data volumes are supported with a distributed, scalable system, based on international standards. Metadata and guidance on the quality and limitations of data products and tools is provided. An on-going user consultation process feeds back into all the products developed within the project. Components of CLIPC are currently also considered to be integrated into the European information system on climate change adaptation Climate-ADAPT, managed by the European Environment Agency (http://climate-adapt. eea. europa. eu/). The CLIPC consortium brings together the key institutions in Europe developing and making available datasets from climate observations, modelling and climate change impact analysis.
The limited availability of information about socio-economic impacts of climate change (tier 3) may as yet constrain the relevance of climate services for many societal end users. The results of the survey and qualitative interviews and observation of breakout sessions during the final CLIPC workshop, as well as experiences of the authors in a decade of working on projects related to climate services suggest that differences can be expected when mapping the four user categories and their interests in the type of information captured in the various tiers. Climate scientists would focus on tier 1 data, requiring a high level of detail and little post-processing functionalities (raw data). Climate impact researchers are expected to focus on both tier 1 and 2 data and appreciate access to post-processed data.
Knowledge purveyors would be interested in all tiers, post-processed data and/or functionalities or tools to post-process data themselves. They would also need information about do's and don'ts in relation to selection and transformation of data. Societal end-users (decision-makers) would be interested in all three tiers but require to be presented with the information in a clear and concise fashion requiring little technical skills. In CLIPC, based on these earlier experiences, an on-line user survey was designed and conducted to capture user requirements for climate and climate impacts data and information, meta data, uncertainty assessment and communication tools. The purpose of the online survey was twofold: 1) perform a quick scan of information requirements and 2) identify users' interest in participating in the development of the portal.