dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Background: Argos is a dedicated system for geo-localization and data collection of platform terminal transmitters (PTTs). The system exploits a constellation of polar-orbiting satellites recording the messages transmitted by the PTTs. The localization processing takes advantage of the Doppler effect on the carrier frequency of messages received by the satellites to estimate platform locations. It was recently demonstrated that the use of an Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) filter significantly increases the Argos location accuracy compared to the simple Least Square adjustment technique that had been used from the beginning of the Argos localization service in 1978. The accuracy gain is especially large in cases when the localization is performed from a small number of messages (n ≤ 3). The present paper shows how it is possible to further improve the Argos location accuracy if a processing delay is accepted.
Background The Argos system has been used since 1978 for geolocalization and data collection of platform terminal transmitters (PTTs) in the fields of wildlife tracking, oceanography and maritime safety. The system is based on a constellation of low-altitude polar-orbiting satellites, which record messages transmitted by the PTTs in a dedicated bandwidth around the 401. 650-MHz frequency. The Argos localization exploits the Doppler shift on the carrier frequency of the messages, induced by the relative motion of the satellite and the platform. When a message is received by a satellite, the shifted carrier frequency is measured before being transmitted to the Argos processing centers via a network of ground stations. All frequency measurements acquired during a satellite pass over a platform are used to estimate the platform's position.
Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank the  UNESCO Jakarta office  for being the focal point of this study on the ground in Indonesia, and in particular to  Ardito Kodijat  for the sharing of his great experience and networks in DRR in the country. We are most grateful to all those who gave their time for interview and shared their insight into DRR in Indonesia and in developing states in general. We acknowledge the support within the  Memorandum of Understanding between UNESCO-IHE  and the  Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment (Assistance for Disaster Risk Management  project). Edited by: M. Keiler Reviewed by:  R. Djalante  and one anonymous referee  References Agency for Research and Development, Ministry of Public Works , interview, 24  June 2013. Ardanaz ,  M. , Leiras M.
8, checked with the Snellen's scale). None of them had any neurological or serious somatic disease or had taken any narcotics or drugs affecting the CNS. Equipment. The experiments were conducted on a DELL Dimension 4600 computer. The whole experimental protocol was developed using MATLAB software (R2007a) by MathWorks and CRS VSG Toolbox for MATLAB. The visual stimuli were presented on a 20" 120 Hz CRT screen (resolution 800 Ã 600) with a visual stimulus generator ViSaGe (Visual Stimulus Generator, Cambridge Research Systems) which meant it was possible to control the contrast and exposure delays of the stimuli. Subjects had to put their head on a chin rest placed 1. 00 m from the screen. Each pixel on the screen represented an angular size of 0. 03°of visual angle, and the stimuli luminance was increased by steps of 8.
005). This effect contrasts with the 11 ms RT advantage observed in case of simultaneous primers when the primer-target asynchrony is 75 or 100+17 ms (p<. 005). Moreover, RTs observed when the primers are asynchronous and the target on the side of the first primer are slower by 10 ms than in the corresponding control condition with simultaneous primers (with 75 or 100+17 ms primer-target SOA, p<. 005), suggesting an impairment on the side of the first primer. On the other hand, RTs for asynchronous primers when the target is located on the side of the second primer, are faster by 11 ms than in the corresponding control condition with simultaneous primers (with a primer-target SOA of 75 or 100 ms, p<. 005), suggesting a facilitation effect on the side of the second primer. All data can be found in the datasets (S1 Dataset.
Dataset of Experiment 1). The control experiment was performed immediately after Experiment 1 by using the TOJ protocol with a primer-target SOA of 100 ms. We compared the subjects' correct response rate of temporal order judgment (TOJ) on asynchronous primers with the theoretical chance rate (50%). The t-test analysis showed no significant difference between the two rates (Mean TOJ on primers = 50. 45%; t-value = 0,36; p = 0. 72), meaning subjects did not distinguish the first from the second primer.
All data of Experiment 2 can be found in the datasets (S2 Dataset. Dataset of Experiments 2 & 3). The control task was performed immediately after Experiment 2 using the same detection task protocol. Subjects were instructed to press on the side of the second primer. We compared the subjects' correct response rate in case of asynchronous primers with the theoretical chance rate (50%). The t-test analysis showed no significant difference between the two rates (Mean TOJ = 51. 41%; t-value = 0. 78; p = 0. 45), meaning subjects did not distinguish the first from the second primer.
Results of Experiment 3 The analysis of variance conducted on the results of the new group of subjects showed a significant interaction between experimental conditions and the type of primers (F[1, 11] = 8. 6, p<. 05, η² = 0. 44) (Fig  7 ). However, the Bonferroni post-hoc test did not show significant effects. Moreover, the analysis conducted to compare these results with those observed in Experiment 1 showed significant two-levels interactions (1) between experiments (1 vs. 3) and type of primers (simultaneous vs. asynchronous, F  [1, 22]    The Bonferroni post-hoc test conducted on the three-level interaction mainly confirms the results already described in Experiment 1, and the absence thereof in Experiment 3. All data of Experiment 3 can be found in the datasets (S2 Dataset. Dataset of Experiment 2 & 3).
005), thus suggesting a facilitation effect on the side of the second primer. All data of Experiment 4 can be found in the datasets (S3 Dataset. Dataset of Experiment 4). The control task was performed immediately after Experiment 2. Subjects were instructed to press on the side of the second primer. We compared the subjects' correct response rate for asynchronous primers with the theoretical chance rate (50%). The t-test analysis showed no significant difference between the two rates (Mean TOJ = 51. 83%; t-value = 1. 68; p = 0. 10), meaning subjects did not distinguish between the first and second primers.
Indeed, we employ a comprehensive dataset, which combines various measures of early mafia's diffusion across Sicilian municipalities with detailed information on natural resource endowments and a range of other geographical and socio-demographic characteristics. Third, in all our specifications we include area fixed effects, which allows us to identify our main effect from variations in sulfur endowment within small areas, which are plausibly homogeneous along several non-observable dimensions. Fourth, to account for possible spatial correlation in mafia's emergence, we replicate our analysis using spatial regression methods. Finally, following Acemoglu et al. (2012), we perform additional tests of our hypothesis based on the comparison of pairs of neighbouring municipalities with different sulfur endowment.
Mafia Our primary source of data on the early diffusion of the mafia in Sicily is represented by the work of Cutrera (1900). Former law-enforcement official and one of the major experts of the phenomenon of the time, Cutrera collected detailed information on the intensity of mafia activity in 285 Sicilian municipalities in the last decades of the XIX century. In particular, for each municipality, Cutrera assessed the intensity of mafia activity on a four-point scale ranging from none, to low, intermediate and high. Cutrera's data have been extensively used in previous historical and sociological studies on the Sicilian mafia, including Gambetta's seminal contribution (1993). An alternative source of information on the early incidence of mafia activity is represented by the Damiani-Jacini parliamentary enquiry (Damiani, 1885).
21 Relatedly, we also control for difference in elevation within a given area, a variable which has been identified in the literature as imposing significant limitations on both agriculture and breeding activities (Michalopoulos, 2012; Grigg, 1995; Lupo, 1993). In particular, we use data on the maximum difference in altitude in a given municipality available from the Italian Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). We are also interested in controlling for the suitability of local land for various types of crops, as this is likely to have affected the demand for protection of agricultural goods. In fact, while some low-value crops (i. e. cereals) were consumed locally, others (e. g. citrus fruits, olive, sumac) were high-value export goods which might demand a degree of protection similar to that of sulfur.
To account for this aspect, we include in our regressions measures of land suitability for the three most widespread crop categories in XIX century Sicily: i) citrus fruits, ii) cereals, and iii) olives. These measures are constructed using data on crop-specific agro-ecological suitability available from the IIASA-FAO Global Agro-Ecological Zones project (GAEZ). 22 The GAEZ data are in grid format, have a very high resolution (1'), and assign to each grid cell a value from 0 (totally unsuitable), to 100 (very suitable). To obtain suitability measures at the municipality level we average the individual suitability score of all the cells in a given munici-  21  The GLOBE data set has superseded the GTOP30 which, before the introduction of GLOBE, was considered the most accurate digital elevation data set and had been used, among others, by Nunn and Puga (2012).
22 More information on the FAO-GAEZ project can be found at http://www. gaez. iiasa. ac. at/. Data from FAO-GAEZ have been used extensively by economists in recent years to investigate a variety of topics. Examples include Nunn and Qian (2011), Michalopoulos (2012) and Durante (2009). pality. We focus on crop suitability -determined in large part by exogenous soil properties and climatic conditions -rather than on actual crop production to minimise concerns of possible reverse effects of mafia's presence on the prevalence of particular crops. 23 Given the importance of irrigation for several of the crops mentioned above, and in light of the accounts of various observers about the crucial role played by the mafia in controlling water supply, we also control for the relative scarcity of water in a given area using data on the presence of underground water basins available from the Sicilian Waters Observatory.
Conclusions Under weak institutions, a boom in the value of natural resources may raise both the demand for private protection and the opportunities for rent appropriation through extortion, thus favoring the emergence of mafia-type organizations, since they have a competitive advantage in such activities, and thus translating in a resource curse with potentially persistent consequences. We empirically investigate the validity of this argument for the specific case of the origins of the Sicilian mafia, which emerged in the mid XIX century, when the widespread power vacuum created by the collapse of the Bourbon Kingdom coincided with the soaring international demand for Sicilian sulfur. Our evidence, based on a newly collected municipality-level dataset, shows a significant and robust effect of sulfur endowments on early mafia activity.
This force is assumed to only vary due to a change in fabric thickness. Moreover, a rectangular slot in the aluminium support block restricts movement of the glass plates in the direction of the motor motion. The transverse force is measured by two load cells mounted on top of each motor and connected to the shear frame. The load cells (model MLP-10, Transducer Techniques) are connected through a full bridge strain gauge amplifier to a PC computer via a data acquisition device (NI USB-6009). The whole assembly is placed under an Olympus BX 51 M microscope equipped with a digital camera (Altra 20) with a resolution of 1196 × 1600 pixels in order to observe the deformation and sliding of the fabric specimen under transverse loading. With the lens of magnifi-cation×5 used in this study, each pixel has a side length of 1.
Imaging method To make use of the optical method presented in the Introduction to investigate the contact, one of the glass plates was covered with a semi-reflective coating (Tofico, France). The layer thickness of the semi-reflective coating must be adjusted depending on the reflectivity of the observed object to give the best colour contrast between the contact and non-contact areas. Since carbon fibre fabric is the object of our study, the optical coating thickness was adjusted to clearly observe carbon fibre contacts. A stack of one chromium and one silica coating layer was chosen to observe the smallest distances between the fabric fibres and the plate. The thicknesses of both layers were optimized for carbon fibre contact visualisation using TFcalc software [23] at the LTDS laboratory of the Ecole Centrale de Lyon in France.
Image analysis algorithm An example of the image of the carbon fibre fabric is shown in Fig. 3. The fibres in contact and the interference fringes along these fibres can be easily distinguished in Fig. 3(a) , indicating areas closer and farther from the contact. For the sake of this analysis, only the brightest areas which are in direct contact with the glass are considered. In order to detect these areas automatically, a Matlab [24] algorithm has been developed as presented in Fig. 4. The fibre contacts are detected with the aid of a filter scanning the original image searching for long and thin objects as described below. Before the main analysis, the microscope RGB image is converted to greyscale and the non-uniform background due to the light source is removed. Then, a square 41-by-41 pixel filter is created with ones in a 3-pixel-wide horizontal band in the middle and zeroes elsewhere.
These threshold values were chosen as being on the limit of credibility when compared with the visual check. Averaging the fibre length calculated over 72 images, there was negligible difference for the change in filter length, and a +13 and -20 % change in fibre length for changes in brightness threshold. These results are considered acceptable, representing extreme ranges for the estimated fibre contact length and demonstrating the robustness of the algorithm. Additional data related to this publication is available at the Cambridge University data repository (http://www. repository. cam. ac. uk/handle/1810/247243). Although the length of linear contact of all fibres can be measured by this algorithm rather accurately, the width of the contact patches cannot be measured due to limitations of image resolution.
Acknowledgments The authors are very grateful to  Nazario Morgado  and  Dr Juliette Cayer-Barrioz  from the  LTDS laboratory in Lyon (France)  for the calculations of the optical properties of semi reflective coatings, and to the  Tribology Group of Imperial College London  for help with these coatings. We also acknowledge the contribution of our industrial partners  Jaguar Land Rover  and  Granta Design Ltd , as well as the academic partners from the  Composites group at the University of Nottingham. This work was funded by an  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council  grant (reference  EP/K032798/1 ). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/),which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
The method used to prepare these recommendations was expert consensus because of the lack of literature data, or data with a low level of evidence. It had for advantage to synthesize information to define the degree of agreement within the group of selected experts. It also allowed determining the level of agreement among experts and identifying and selecting non-consensual points. The recommendations were thus drafted and classified according to the available literature and after agreement of experts. The text on the management of patients in the acute stage was written by the experts, based primarily on the special chikungunya file published in 2008 by the National Institute for Prevention and Health Education (INPES) (http://www. inpes. sante. fr/CFESBases/catalogue/pdf/1126. pdf). This document was written in 2006 by a group of Reunion healthcare professionals, in collaboration with the Regional Directorate for Health and Social Affairs, the interregional epidemiology board, and the Reunion island Regional Union of private practitioners, the French Ministry of Health, the French Agency for the Safety of Health Products (French acronym AFS-SAPS), the Institute for Public Health, and the INPES; it was updated in 2008 by the same group and experts of the concerned regions.
Effective tocolysis can delay delivery beyond the viremic phase, and decrease the risk of neonatal transmission; its indication is also valid in case of suspected maternal sepsis that may compromise the maternal or fetal prognosis. The CHIKIVIG-01 clinical trial is ongoing, in the South-American French departments, to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of intravenous hyper immune anti-CHIKV immunoglobulins to prevent neonatal CHIK virus infection in neonates of viremic mothers (No. ClinicalTrial. gov NCT02230163). 1. 4. 4. 4. Neonates, children. Prolonged 7-day monitoring of neonates is implemented when the mother delivers and is suspected to be infected. If positive viremia confirmed in the mother, the neonate is born with an undetectable viral load and must be monitored for at least 5 days in the maternity unit.
gov NCT02230163). 2. 4. 4. 4. Nouveau-nés, enfants. Chez le nouveau-né, une surveillance néonatale prolongée de sept jours est mise en place lorsque la mère accouche dans un contexte évocateur. En cas de virémie positive confirmée chez la mère, le nouveau-né naît avec une virémie indétectable et doit bénéficier d'une surveillance d'au moins 5 jours en maternité. Les éléments cliniques à surveiller chez le nouveau-né sont la température corporelle, la qualité de la tétée, la douleur, l'état cutané (exanthème, oedème des extrémités), l'état d'hydratation. Les formes classiques de l'enfant sont traitées symptomatiquement comme chez l'adulte, sans utilisation d'AINS chez les nourrissons de moins de 3 mois, ni avant 10 jours d'évolution ; on rappelle que la codéine est déconseillée avant 12 ans et réservée aux cas réfractaires au paracétamol au-delà.
Datamining and Annotation Exhaustive and expert annotation was performed as following to discard prediction errors inherent to automatic annotations  (Fawal et al. 2014 ). First, BLASTP was performed between the whole E. grandis proteome and the already annotated sequences from P. trichocarpa. The obtained protein batches corresponding to the different protein families were manually analyzed based on the presence of the characteristic domain of each family. Alternative transcript variants and redundant sequences were discarded to prevent artifacts during phylogenetic analysis. Partial gene models were verified based on gene structures, presences of conserved domains and EST (expressed sequence tag) supports. These corrected sets of proteins were used to determine the corresponding chromosomal positions, gene structures, and coding sequences using the spliced alignment program Scipio  (Keller et al.
2008 ). New paralogous sequences, initially not annotated, were found thanks to this method and integrated in the final batch of proteins. Each gene has been numbered as following: Egr, followed by the protein abbreviation and by a number representing the order of the position on the chromosomes. Regarding the gene families from A. thaliana, P. trichocarpa, and V. vinifera, data were obtained from literature when available. For the DNAj family, since no exhaustive data were available, the annotation has been done for the four organisms.
3 ). However, five EgrAUX were mapped on 4 of the 11 chromosomes without any TDs. Interestingly, the "short" PINs have been shown to be predominantly targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they regulate subcellular auxin compartmentalization and homeostasis. The number of manually annotated sequences due to bad and partial prediction, lack of prediction, or withdrawal of accession between two successive Phytozome versions. c Theoretical translation or pseudogene is noted in the bracket. As some genes annotated as pseudogenes contain undetermined residues, they may turn into true genes with a future sequence release. NOTE. -The data from E. grandis were obtained from predicted proteome and the manual annotations of the predictions. When not found in the literature, data from A. thaliana, P.
Acknowledgments The work was supported by the  Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3 University  and the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Q. L. and H. Y. were supported by PhD grants from the  China Scholarship council. P. B. C. was supported by PhD grant from the  governmental Scholarship of Vietnam. Finally , the authors acknowledge the Eucagene consortium led by  A. Myburg  and the  Department of the Environment (USA)  for making available the E. grandis genome and  Mark Webber  for the English proofreading.
In order to annotate gene functions, the 32 128 sequences were compared to the UNiRef 100 database using BLASTP, which produced 14 389 matches to proteins with annotated functions. ‡ The majority of transcript sequences identified therefore show no match to any previously reported protein sequence from any organism. Of the sequences that can be annotated, 12 020 were classified into 157 Gene Ontology classifications, covering the full spectrum of functions that one might expect in a complex eukaryotic organism (Fig. 2 ). The distribution of the top BLASTP hits shows a distribution across the kingdoms of life, highlighting the diversity of possible origins of genetic material present in the Euglena genome, which have been integrated through its complex phenotypic and genotypic history. 27.
Carbohydrate-active enzymes Euglena is not reported to have a carbohydrate-based cell wall but it is known to utilise a b-1,3-glucan carbohydrate storage polymer and it can become encased in a carbohydrate sheath, forming cysts. 38 Although the exact nature of the surface glycan(s) is not known, it is thought to be highly complex, containing glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, xylose, rhamnose and at least one hexosamine. 39 The anticipated variety of glycans and the metabolic versatility displayed by Euglena make this a potentially attractive organism in which to study carbohydrate metabolism. This notion is supported by the wealth of carbohydrate-active enzymes that are evident from transcriptome data (Table  2 ). With around 230 glycosyltransferases (GTs) (depending upon the stringency used in annotation), Euglena is rich in GTs like Homo sapiens or Caenorhabditis elegans and much richer than the red alga Porphyridium purpureum, the green algae Micromonas sp, the basal alga Cyanophora paradoxa, the cryptophyte Guillardia theta and the chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans (data from the CAZy database  40  ).