dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In return, surface colonizers could impact microbial communities by modifying the spatial localization of the different energy sources and by probably releasing organic substrates. Table  S1  | Overview of some site features: localization, depth, sampled push cores, corresponding habitat, and analyses realized on each push core. Table  S2  | Fusion primers used for pyrosequencing analyses. Table  S3  | List of sequences included in our updated and supplemented reference database and associated details (NCBI accession numbers, reference publications, associated affiliations, and affiliations used in our database). Table  S4  | Oligonucleotide probes used for fluorescence in situ hybridization. Table  S5  | Taxonomic affiliation of pyrosequencing reads after filtering, using SILVA database (release 115).
Acknowledgments We are indebted to the crews of the research vessel  L'Atalante and the submersible Nautile of the cruise "BIG"  and the scientific team for their work on board. This cruise was funded by  IFREMER (France)  and has benefited from a work permit in Mexican waters ( DAPA/2/281009/3803 ,  28 Octobre 2009 ). We thank  Maxime Galan ,  Maria-Cristina Ciobanu ,  Jean-Yves Rasplus ,  Astrid Cruaud ,  Philippe Vandenkoornhuyse ,  Alexandra Dheilly  and  Sophie Coudouel  for helpful scientific discussions. This study was supported by a  Carnot Institute  funding and by an  IFREMER/Brittany region  PhD grant for PC.
EONS Synapse Model EONS (Elementary Objects of the Nervous System) is a synaptic parametric modeling platform available online at http://synapticmodeling. com  [43]. The diffusion and AMPA-R models are accessible on ModelDB website (Accession number: 184410). A parametric model is defined by a finite dimensional parameter space. This platform was developed to help better understand how changes in parameters of the elements of glutamatergic synapses, such as receptor distribution and density, relative position of postsynaptic receptors with respect to the release site, and ionic concentrations within the synaptic environment, influence synaptic responses. Fig  10  illustrates some of the mechanisms and elements that are incorporated in the current synaptic model: presynaptic calcium buffers, voltage-dependent calcium channels, a single vesicular release site for glutamate, glutamate diffusion in the synaptic cleft, Markov models of postsynaptic ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, which describe the dynamic behavior of receptors following glutamate binding.
AMPARs are responsible for fast synaptic transmission, while NMDARs generate an EPSC with slower kinetics. In addition to the complexity at the synaptic level, NMDARs are highly nonlinear, as their activity is influenced by changes in magnesium and glycine concentrations and membrane potential. Other second messenger mechanisms are triggered by activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), which leads to a cascade of calcium-mediated events, which play a major role in short and long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission. This simulation platform is implemented in JAVA, and a library of elementary models is available within the platform. Each elementary model was developed in SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language), using Cell Designer TM. Once tested and validated with several protocols, these elementary models were integrated into EONS, where they interact with each other, i.
Stable isotope analysis for nitrogen Cryo-milled muscle tissue samples were freeze-dried and analyzed raw. Baselines for d 15 N values, i. e. , trophic level (TL) = 1, refer to organic matter of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in rivers (available for 1-3 sampling years) or sediment (upper 1-2 cm layer) in Lake Belau (available for 2012). Sampling of SPM and sediment was performed by M. Ricking, Institute for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, based on protocols by  Schulze et al. (2007). It is assumed that the d 15 N values of these matrices approximate that of primary producers because their organic fractions are mostly composed of detritus. They also represent a mixture of the potential food sources available to primary consumers. TLs were computed using data of fish and SPM or sediment from overlapping sampling periods.
The recovery of this material was 107 ± 8% (n = 15). Analysis of MeHg was performed with SID-GC/ICP-MS (stable isotope dilution-gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry). Pooled muscle tissue samples were extracted by a microwave assisted procedure with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). After extraction, samples were derivatized with sodium tetrapropylborate. Volatile mercury species were then extracted in n-hexane and analyzed by SID-GC/ICP-MS. For details see  Davis et al. (2007)  and  Monperrus et al. (2004). The respective LOQs were in the range of 0. 02-0. 15 lg kg À1 (derived from blanks measured along with each set of samples). All data are reported on a wet weight (ww) basis. The recovery of certified reference material (DORM-4, 354 ± 31 ng MeHg g À1 ) was 99 ± 1% (n = 35).
This may be related to our findings regarding the relatively high trophic position of bream at this site which would go along with the uptake of higher contaminated food (Table  1 ). For the reference site Lake Belau comparative bream data are available from the German ESB. Lepom et al. (2012)  report mean THg concentrations in bream of 30. 2 lg kg À1 ww for the years 1993-2009 which is in good agreement with our findings. All fish except those from Lake Belau in 2012 clearly exceeded the European EQS of 20 lg kg À1 ww for THg by factors of up to 12. For the most recent study year (2013) the THg concentrations in bream were 1. 2-9. 9 times higher than the EQS with especially high values in bream from the Western Scheldt, the Göta älv and the Rhône (Table  2 ). Accordingly, top predators in these areas are assumed to be at risk of secondary poisoning.
Acknowledgements The authors thank the  European Flame Retardant Association EFRA, the PlasticsEurope Association , and the  European Extruded Polystyrene Insulation Boards Association EXIBA  for the permission to use fractions of the samples collected during the project ' 'Environmental Monitoring of HBCD in Europe'' for the present study. The excellent technical assistance by  Sonja Uhlig ,  Martin Weingärtner  and  Diana Wilhelm  (all Fraunhofer IME) and  Gaël Guillou (LIENSs)  is gratefully acknowledged.
The sensing unit is usually operated in an opening and closing sequence. In order to reach the thermal radiation power equivalent, the exposer and closer time are dependent on the instrument structure itself. In general, one measurement takes at least 1 min. The high-frequency measurement is strictly limited by it. In order to study some typical events, like the solar oscillation modes, the solar eclipses, the solar white flares, and the transit of other planets, high sampling data are preferred. The BOS sensor is developed to meet such requirements. The absolute value of the solar irradiance was not requested a priori during the designing phase since the BOS was collocated to the DIARAD absolute radiometer, which is providing sound TSI measurement with rich space heritage  (Mekaoui et al.
Observations from space The BOS sensor onboard the PICARD microsatellite was switched on on 28 June 2010. It has been continuously recording since then with a 10 s cadence. The total duty cycle of BOS observation is 1278 days. The complete space-acquired level 2 data set in Wm -2 is plotted in Fig. 4a. The global data set is categorised according to the physical origin of the signal (Fig. 4b ). The complete full sampling data are published and accessible through the website: http://idoc-picard. ias. u-psud. fr/sitools/ client-user/Picard. The nominal mode represents the data when the sensor is only receiving the solar and terrestrial radiation at an altitude around 725 km. During satellite occultations, the BOS sensor looks through the upper atmosphere to the Sun until its vision is completely blocked by the Earth.
Lambertian performance The BOS has a hemispherical field of view (HFOV) and the detector is directly exposed to space without any optical or aperture accessories. In optics, Lambert's cosine law says that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the θ angle between the direction of the incident light and the surface normal  (Smith, 1966). The Lambertian performance is studied using the part of data obtained during MES, when the satellite is slowly turning away from the Sun-pointing axis to a star in deep space. We stacked all 17 MES records of descending phases; then, we removed the mean value and normalised the stacking results to unity (Fig. 7a ). A set of rotational angles was obtained by inverting the result with a cosine function.
The details about these higher-level products will be discussed in detail in the future works. We compared the variation of TSI with data of VIRGO/SOHO  (Frohlich et al. , 1997)  and TIM/SORCE  (Kopp et al. , 2011)  over the same period. TIM/SORCE flies at a LEO (low Earth orbit) at an altitude of 645 km with an inclination of 40 •. PICARD orbits the Earth at an SSO (sunsynchronous orbit) at an altitude of 725 km, and the inclination is 98 •. For radiometers onboard SORCE and PICARD, it receives the reflected visible and thermal radiation from the Earth, but since the absolute radiometer's main detector (black body) is in general installed at the bottom of a cavity, the terrestrial radiation contributions are maximally reduced. In addition, all cavities have a door to be operated in a sequence of opening and closing; the exposure time of the absolute radiometer is at least 50 % shorter than PICARD-BOS.
For the computation of the TSI, we have not included the data observed during the occultation period, because of the influence of the terrestrial radiation on the main detector of the BOS. VIRGO is a TSI composite from two absolute radiometers: the PMO6V and DIARAD from SOHO. The TIM/SORCE is another total solar irradiance measurement, which provides a new lower value of the solar constant. The variation of TSI is computed after removing the mean value of each individual data set. The sampling rate of VIRGO and TIM is linearly interpolated to 10 s to match the cadence of the BOS. Figure  8  shows the short-term variation of total solar irradiance from the three independent experiments. The crosscorrelation between VIRGO and TIM is 97. 5 %. The value for VIRGO-BOS is 60. 3 %, and TIM-BOS is 62.
Conclusions and discussions The BOS has worked in space for 3. 5 years. The sensibility of the absolute temperature measurements has been determined in the laboratory to be of the order of 10 -3. In-flight data rather suggest uncertainties of the order of 0. 1 K, which is 2 orders higher than the laboratory results. The 1σ value of flux determination is 1. 6 Wm -2 ; it is about 10 times that of laboratory results. The temperature of T 1 and T 2 was increased from 306 to 326 K and 301 to 322 K respectively since the beginning of the mission. The 20 K temperature rise was not sufficient to explain the disagreement in the error budget between the space observations and the laboratory experiment. The uncertainty in the short-term solar irradiance variation is ± 0. 45 Wm -2 after removing the terrestrial radiation  (Zhu et al.
Acknowledgements. We appreciate the discussion on the ground experiment given by referee M. Reina. The comments given by the anonymous reviewers have helped us to improve the quality of the paper. The PICARD mission is supported by  Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) , the  CNRS / INSU , the  Belgian Space Policy (BELSPO) , the  Swiss Space Office (SSO) , and the  European Space Agency (ESA). We would like to thank  Ali Ben Moussa.
Seljak et al. (2008)  consider the list of psyllids as nearly complete for Central Europe, but this is far from being true for Western Europe. However, a list of 169 species for France is available from the Fauna Europaea website  (Burckhardt 2004 ), and has served as our reference list for the psyllids of France, with a few exceptions mentioned in the text. Full synonymies are not given here, since all taxonomic information can be found in the Psyl'list online database  (Ouvrard 2014). Nine psyllid species have been previously reported from the Alpes-Maritimes department in previous publications: Camarotoscena speciosa  (Flor, 1861)  in  Cotte (1915) , Euphyllura olivina  (Costa, 1839)  in  Balachowsky & Mesnil (1935)  and  Peragallo (1881) , Livia junci  (Schrank, 1789)  and  Psylla alni (Linnaeus, 1758)  in Risso (1826), Psyllopsis fraxini  (Linnaeus, 1758)  in  Béguinot (2002)  and  Cotte (1915 ), Trichochermes walkeri (Foerster, 1848 ), Trioza centranthi (Vallot, 1829)  and  Trioza kiefferi Giard, 1902 in Béguinot (2002)  and Trioza rumicis Löw, 1880 in  Cotte (1915).
With the exception of two species in the online ATBI database (http://www. atbi. eu/mercantour-marittime/?q=node/481), namely Calophya rhois  (Löw, 1877)   and Trioza centranthi (Vallot, 1829) , no psyllids have been reported from the Mercantour National Park before, and only Livilla pyrenaea (Mink, 1859) has been reported from the Alpi Marittime National Park  (Conci & Tamanini 1988). The situation is different for the rest of the Alps, where many species are recorded from the Austrian  (Wagner & Franz 1961) , Swiss  (Burckhardt 1983; Burckhardt et al. 2007 : 47 species from a relatively small area in eastern Switzerland) and Italian  (Tamanini 1977; Rapisarda & Conci 1989; Conci et al. 1993 Conci et al. , 1996) )  parts. The full list of collected and identified psyllids is given, together with collecting data, a report of the known distribution of each species and comments concerning the available descriptions and elements of the biology (including hostplants) of each species.
Detailed information on the trap locations and geographic coordinates, the sampling periods and the main vegetation present at the sampling sites are given in Table  1. The codes and corresponding dates of the successive sampling periods for each sampling site are given in Table  2. In addition, the third author (CC) has made several collecting trips to the Mercantour National Park  (June 1994, 2 and 4 July 2008; 9, 13, 16-23 July 2009; 8-15 July 2011). A few specimens collected in 2012 by Jean-Claude Streito (INRA, Montpellier) are also reported, as well as specimens collected by Igor  Malenovský (Moravian Museum, Brno, Czech Republic) between 1994 and 1996. All specimens were caught by sweeping low vegetation or beating branches of bushes and trees. In addition to the reference list of Fauna Europaea, the present data have been cross-checked with the dataset of the "Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel" (INPN: http:// inpn.
CoMMents Description in  Hodkinson & White (1979a ), Vondráček (1957) ,  Burckhardt (2010). Biology in  Conci et al. (1993). Host-plants: several species of Sorbus (Rosaceae). Cacopsylla ambigua (Foerster, 1848) distribution. -Fauna Europaea: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy (mainland + Sardinia + Sicily), Moldova, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; INPN: no data; additional data from Psyl'list: Greenland, Hungary, Japan, Slovenia.
Cacopsylla breviantennata (Flor, 1861) Psylla breviantennata Flor, 1861: 375. MAteriAl exAMined. -France. Alpes-Maritimes, Saint-Dalmas-le-Selvage, M09-SES1400-T2-M2, 1♀ (MNHN); same locality, M09-SES1400-T8-IN, 1♀ (BMHN); Alpes-Maritimes, Saorge, M10-CAI1400-T6-M1, 1♂ (MNHN); same locality, M10-CAI2000-T7-M1, 1♂(MNHN); Alpes-Maritimes, Saint-Martin-Vésubie, M09-BOR1400-T1-M1, 1♂ (BMNH). distribution. -Fauna Europaea: Austria, Baleares, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Romania, Switzerland; INPN: no data; additional data from Psyl'list: Greenland, Hungary, Japan, Slovenia.
CoMMents Description in  Burckhardt & Hodkinson (1986). Biology in  Conci et al. (1993). Host-plants: several species of Pyrus (Rosaeae). Cacopsylla picta  (Foerster, 1848)  Psylla picta Foerster, 1848: 81. MAteriAl exAMined. -France. Alpes-Maritimes, Saorge, M10-CAI1400-T5-M2, 1♂ (MNHN). distribution. -Fauna Europaea: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Moldova, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; INPN: no data; additional data from Psyl'list: Bulgaria, Great Britain, Slovenia.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to  Isabelle Meusnier  and  Antonin David  (both  CBGP, Montpellier, France ) for processing molecular analyses (unpublished), and to  Pavel Lauterer  ( Moravian Museum, Brno, Czech Republic ) for confirming identifications. Special thanks to  Igor Malenovský  ( Moravian Museum and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic ) for helpful review of this manuscript and for allowing us to add his own specimen data from the Mercantour.
The coccolithophore database is strongly biased in favour of experiments with the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (E. huxleyi; 82 % of database entries), and more experiments with other species are needed to understand whether these observations can be extended to coccolithophores in general. I introduce a simple model that simulates the growth rate and the size of cells forced by nitrate and phosphate concentrations. By considering a simple rule that allocates the energy flow from nutrient acquisition to cell structure (biomass) and cell maturity (biological complexity, eventually leading to cell division), the model is able to reproduce the covariation of growth rate and cell size observed in laboratory experiments with E. huxleyi when these nutrients become limiting. These results support ongoing efforts to interpret coccosphere and coccolith size measurements in the context of climate change.
, 2014; Young et al. , 2014). To take advantage of the physiological and environmental information carried by coccosphere and coccolith size, two steps need to be taken: first, the effect of single environmental parameters on coccosphere and coccolith size has to be systematically observed in the laboratory and, second, an understanding of the biological reasons behind cell-size changes needs to be  developed. In this paper I explore the available laboratory data of coccolithophore metabolic rates and cell size. The metabolic rates considered are the growth rate (in units of day -1 ), the rate of photosynthesis (in units of pgC cell -1 day -1 ) and the rate of calcification (in units of pgC cell -1 day -1 ). First, I investigate how coccolithophore metabolic rates scale with cell size in five species of coccolithophores, and how this scaling compares to that of other phytoplankton groups.
Second, I discuss how metabolic rates and coccosphere size of a given coccolithophore species are affected by changes in environmental culture conditions. The laboratory changes in E. huxleyi coccosphere size are compared to coccosphere-size changes observed in the modern ocean across gradients of environmental change. Finally, I propose a simple model that explains why metabolic rates and cell size covary, with the hope that a few basic principles may be used in the future to extract environmental and metabolic information from coccosphere and coccolith measurements obtained in the field. This paper is based on a database of published results of culture experiments with coccolithophores -the next section introduces this database.
A database of coccolithophore metabolism and cell size The database (   ity). The salinity and the concentration of magnesium are similar to that of seawater. The database reports measured values of growth rate µ, in units of day -1 ; the particular organic (POC) and inorganic (PIC) carbon quota, in units of pgC cell -1 ; and the cell-specific rates of photosynthesis (RPh) and calcification (RCa), in units of pgC cell -1 day -1. These quantities are interrelated according to the following expressions: RPh = µ × POC (1) and RCa = µ × PIC. (2) Equations (  1 ) and (  2 ) were used to complete the database when only two out of three of growth rate, carbon content and cell-specific metabolic rates are presented in a given literature source. When possible, the DIC system data have been converted to the total pH scale so that pCO 2 can be compared across the data set.
The database includes 120 measurements of coccosphere size carried out with Coulter counters, flow cytometers and optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). Some consideration of growth rate measurements in conditions of nutrient limitation is necessary. In nutrient-limited batch cultures, the growth rate decreases with time as nutrients are depleted, so that determining growth rates via cell counts yields erroneous results  (Langer et al. , 2013). Reliable growth rates in conditions of nutrient limitation can be obtained in chemostats, where the growth rate is controlled by setting the dilution rate of the medium and the cell population is continuously renovated  (Langer et al. , 2013). An alternative are semi-continuous cultures where cells are periodically harvested and inoculated into a new medium, allowing relatively constant growth conditions  (LaRoche et al.
Normalized cell carbon quotas The organic carbon quota (POC) is positively related to cell volume. To compare POC across the database, a large bias introduced by the sampling strategy needs to be considered. Specifically, in experiments with a light-dark cycle, POC increases during the day as small cells formed during nighttime division assimilate carbon and increase in size  (Linschooten et al. , 1991; Muller et al. , 2008; Vanbleijswijk et al. , 1994; Zondervan et al. , 2002). Typically, sampling for POC measurements is carried out at different times during the light period in different experiments. This introduces variability in the POC data that is not related to the experimental growth conditions. When the time of sampling in the light cycle is reported, POC data have been normalized with respect to the time of sampling using the following equation (the derivation of this equation is given in Appendix A1): POC(t) = L • POC (S T ) L + S T • 1 + t L , ( 4 ) where L is the length (in hours) of the light period, S T is the sampling time in hours after the beginning of the light period, POC(S T ) is the POC measured in the experiment at µmol kg -1 PO 4 µmol kg -1 Experimental Organic C quota (POC) pg C cell -1 results Inorganic C quota (PIC) pg C cell -1 Growth rate day -1 Photosynthesis rate (RPh) pgC cell -1 day -1 Calcification rate (RCa) pgC cell -1 day -1 Coccosphere diameter µm time S T and t is the time at which the corrected POC value is calculated.
Estimating cell and coccosphere size from carbon quota Coccosphere size data are reported only in a third of the experiments included in the data set (of which more than 80 % of measurements are for E. huxleyi), while no cell-size measurements are included in the database. To take advantage of the full set of metabolic measurements available, cell size and coccosphere size were estimated from the particulate organic (POC) and inorganic (PIC) carbon content per cell with the following expression (the full derivation is given in Appendix A2): V Sphere = 1. 8 × POC d POM • 1 + f CY 1 -f CY + 100 12 • PIC d CaCO 3 • 1 + f Sh 1 -f Sh , ( 7 ) where V Sphere is the volume of the coccosphere (Fig. 1 ) -the volume of the cell and shield are equal to the first and second term on the right in Eq. (  7 ), respectivelyd POM (in g cm -3 ) is the density of organic matter; d CaCO 3 (equal to 2.