dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In addition, during the model validation process, a simulation study was carried out to assess if the simulated distribution of values generated by the model were in compliance with the observed values. To map the simulated abundance of Ae. albopictus females across the study area, we built a 250 m cell raster grid as a reference spatial layer in GRASS GIS 7  [48]. The grid was built to both best overlap the study area and match the EuroLST grid. The mean temperature of the warmest quarter was sampled for each cell of the grid. Then, we extracted the percentage of artificial areas for each grid cell from the LULC dataset. The percentage of artificial areas in each cell was defined as the number of pixels belonging to the level class 1 (according to the Corine Land Cover classification) over the total number of pixels in each grid cell.
Acknowledgments: We thank  Francesca Bussola ,  Sara Carlin ,  Sara Turchetto ,  Graziana Da Rold ,  Marco dal Pont ,  Nicola Ferro Milone ,  Luca Tripepi ,  Charlotte Lapère ,  Karolyne Blondel , and  Claudine Barategui  for mosquito collection and field assistance. We also thank  Maxime Alirand  for his help in modelling, and  Simone Marini ,  Entostudio snc , for providing historical monitoring information. We are grateful to anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. The  MOD11A1  and  MYD11A1  ( V5 ) products were retrieved from the online Data Pool, courtesy of the  NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) ,  USGS/Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center ,  Sioux Falls ,  South Dakota , https://lpdaac. usgs. gov/data_access/data_pool. This work was funded by the  Autonomous Province of Trento (Italy) ,  Research funds for Grandi Progetti ,  Project LExEM  ( Laboratory of  excellence for epidemiology and modelling, http://www.
Third, HIFU is mechanical waves, therefore there is no ionizing radiation. Treatment can be given more than once, as there is no upper limit of tissue tolerance to repeated ultrasound exposure. Finally, HIFU generates very few side effects, and serious adverse events are rare  [11]. In several centres worldwide, HIFU has been in clinical use for 5 to 10 years, sometimes in daily practice, to treat solid tumours (both malignant and benign), including those of the prostate  [12] , liver  [13, 14] , breast  [15]  and kidney  [16]. Current data are encouraging and the role of HIFU in oncology is likely to expand as devices become more widely available. However, several technical limitations of currently available HIFU devices have been raised, such as the long time needed to treat tumours of several cubic centimetres.
During the first 10 days after surgery, we will collect data on haemoglobin, platelets, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino-transferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), prothrombin time (PT) and total bilirubin values; the proportion of patients with malignant tumours who have a positive resection margin and patients with local recurrence (from randomization to M 6 ).
Data collection and follow-up Screening/baseline assessments include general demography and relevant medical history, including prior/concomitant therapies and tumour assessment within the 4 weeks before randomization; complete physical examination and laboratory tests within 7 days before randomization. The SPIRIT flowchart of the trial can be found in Fig. 2. Outcomes will be blindly assessed, except for intra-operative measures. All patients included will be followed up in accordance with the guidelines for patients operated on for CRC LM for up to 6 months post-surgery.
Sample size The study is powered to detect a clinically meaningful reduction in blood loss during hepatectomy in patients with LM. Assuming a blood loss of 7. 6 +/-3. 7 mL/cm 2 in arm B (data based on our own experience), the study will have 85% power to detect a twofold decrease of Signed and dated informed consent indicating that the patient has been informed of all aspects of the trial prior to enrolment blood loss in arm A using a Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank-sum test with a 0. 05 two-sided significance level. Twenty-one randomized patients per arm are required, corresponding to a sample size of 42 patients. Due to the occurrence of potential contraindications to hepatectomy between enrolment and randomization at the beginning of surgery, up to 8 patients may be enrolled in addition to the 42 planned.
Statistical analyses Qualitative variables will be described using frequency and percentage distributions. The number of missing data will be given, but will not be considered for the calculation of proportions. Quantitative data will be described using the number of observations, mean, standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum values. Patient characteristics and other baseline data (demographics, disease characteristics, clinical and biological data) will be summarized. The date of randomization will serve as a reference for calculation of durations unless otherwise indicated. All analyses will be performed using the SAS software v9. 1 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). The primary endpoint will be analysed for the ITT and PP populations. A Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) rank-sum test will be used to compare the normalized blood loss distribution between the two arms at a 5% level in a twosided situation.
Data entry and data management The sponsor (Centre Léon Bérard) will perform the study monitoring and will help the investigators to conduct the study in compliance with the clinical trial protocol, Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and local law requirements. Data will be entered by investigators on the case report form (CRF). All data will be computerised to detect missing, out-of-range and inconsistent data. Enquiries will be made in the case of erroneous and missing data. Query forms will be sent to the investigators and will be completed in compliance with source data, initialled, dated and sent back to the coordinating centre (Department of Clinical Research of our institution) in charge of data management. A patient file will be validated once no more inconsistency is detected by the program.
All database modifications will be recorded in the audit trail. The database will be submitted to quality control. Adverse events will be coded according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA®, MSSO, McLean, VA, USA). The database will be locked after all queries are solved, and after data review and final validation. Computerised management of collected data will be performed by the Department of Clinical Research, using specific tools developed by the Clininfo SA society (Lyon, France). The sponsor is the owner of all collected data and reports.
6 mL/cm 2 in the control arm) is in the upper limit of reported blood loss in the literature. It is based on personal data when measuring blood loss was determined by aspirated fluid and also by weighing all blood-soaked surgical mops, which is essential, otherwise blood loss might be underestimated. In the protocol outlined above, the risks are limited since the surgical procedure is identical to the one patients would undergo if not randomized to HIFU-AR. The only difference is that HIFU ablations are carried out on the section plane of the liver. These ablations will be performed only after final checking of the indication for them and immediately before the section phase. The duration of the HIFU ablations will last between 5 and 7 minutes. We consider that this minor increase in operative time will be compensated for by a major decrease in the time necessary to perform liver transection and haemostasis.
There has been some improved agreement by several groups, which enables the identification of the specific molecular/lattice motions corresponding to a resonance. These calculations are not yet sufficiently robust and accessible for routine use for database building. For biosensing based on net changes in the broad THz absorbance/refractive index with protein ligand binding and DNA hybridization, there need to be real tests with protein solution with an array of test ligands and concentrations to examine the reliability of THz binding detection. Measurements could be single frequency with high signal to noise and dynamic range with available sources and detectors. Ideally these measurements would be done with the simplest optics, such as a single frequency high power source and a THz camera.
The absolute broadband absorbance has been measured for protein solutions as a function of concentration and binding, but only qualitative modeling has been pursued. This could readily be pursued and would be a necessary first step towards identifying the narrow band resonances in the anisotropic THz data for aligned proteins. Concluding remarks. Immediately after the development of THz time domain spectroscopy there was a great rush to make startling claims about THz biomedical capabilities, with the unfortunate result that some deeply flawed results were published. These problematic studies have caused skepticism within the biomedical community. This skepticism is compounded with a natural mistrust of technology that is not familiar. This has meant that the necessary communication and collaboration between optical engineers and physicists with biologist and medical doctors has been limited.
e. mass, volume and power consumption, is consequently essential. Most distant applications are those associated with in situ planetary sounding and NEO rendezvous, e. g. Juno-MWR [166] and Rosetta-MIRO [167]. These deep space missions have very stringent payload resource limitations, with typically only a few tens of kilogrammes of mass and tens of Watts of power available per instrument, and often a requirement for multi-year periods of spacecraft hibernation prior to reaching the required destination. Past and present THz spaceborne payloads have therefore supported, and continue to support, wide-ranging scientific research, and are increasingly providing direct societal benefit and attracting commercial interest, for example via continuous weather monitoring that directly feeds THz sensor data into forecasting services.
In contrast, parameter extraction from FTS data is complicated, requiring specially prepared samples and measurements in both transmission and reflection geometries, and results in large uncertainties. Moreover, TDS systems can achieve (and typically demonstrate) much larger signal-tonoise ratio and dynamic range than FTS instruments. For that reason, TDS dominates measurements of optical constants of materials. FTS, on the other hand, is preferentially employed in measurements requiring ultra-wide bandwidth from sub-THz to mid-IR. Complementary to TDS and FTS, nonspectroscopic or narrow-band THz measurements, including imaging, have been performed using a variety of emitterdetector combinations, and are often employed in types of applications where metrological considerations are of secondary importance (see sections 6 and 13).
FTS, however, is less well suited to such measurements, because derivation of these optical constants from intensity data is problematic. Design, performance and parameter extraction using far-IR FTS are thoroughly reviewed in numerous books on the subject, e. g. [207, 208]. TDS, as the newest and least mature spectroscopic technique encounters metrological challenges specific to this modality. Similarly to other instrumental platforms, these are of three types: device configuration and performance; sample effects; and parameter extraction algorithms. One of the most important papers in THz metrology was the analysis of the limits placed on the spectral bandwidth of a TDS by its dynamic range in frequency domain  [209]. Similarly, the dynamic range of a TDS in time domain was shown to limit its frequency resolution  [210].
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was financially supported by the  ERC  project  SUPRAFUNCTION  ( GA-257305 ), the  EC Marie-Curie projects ITN iSwitch  (GA no. 642196 ), the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  through the  LabEx  project  Chemistry of Complex Systems  ( ANR-10-LABX-0026_CSC ), the  International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC) ,  National Science Centre  (Grant no. 2015/18/E/ST5/00188 ),  National Center for Research and Development  ( LIDER -024/ 391/L-5/13/NCBR/2014 ),  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: IUVENTUS PLUS  ( 0446/IP3/2015/73 ), and Grant no. 0111/DIA/2012/41  in the frame of  "Diamond Grant" program  and the  PL-Grid Infrastructure. A. G. is a scholarship holder: (i) funded by the  Polish National Science Center  (Grant no. 2016/20/T/ST5/00187 ) in the frame of  ETIUDA program , (ii) within the project "Scholarship support for Ph.
This notion is consistent with work from the Pavletich lab  19  wherein it was proposed that the regulation of Tor kinase activity is mediated largely by controlling access of substrates to the active site cleft. Yang et al. 19  also proposed that the FRB serves as a docking site for mTORC1 substrates. Our data suggest that this cannot be the case in TORC2 as the FRB domain is occluded by Avo3. This conclusion also calls into question previous proposals that mTORC2 activity is regulated through binding of phosphatidic acid to the FRB domain of mTOR  24, 42, 43. Taken together, the kinase active site cleft of TORC2 is surprisingly different from Km Tor-Lst8 and mTORC1. TORC2's active site is shaped by Avo1 and Avo3, which both restrict access to the active-site cleft. These TORC2 subunits are thus perfectly positioned to mediate and control selection and access of TORC2 substrates.
5 mM DTT), TORC2 was released from the beads by incubation with TEV protease (1 h at 18 °C). Cryo-EM grid preparation. Holey carbon grids (Quantifoil, type R2/2 300 mesh) were coated with a thin continuous carbon foil on top. Glow-discharged grids were incubated onto drops of 10-15 μl of TORC2 at 4 °C in order to increase the particle concentration on the grid. After 10 min incubation, the grids were blotted for 2-3 s at 4 °C and 100% relative humidity inside a Vitrobot Mark IV chamber (FEI, Eindhoven) and subsequently plunge-frozen in liquid ethane. Data collection and image processing. Single-particle cryo-EM data were collected using a FEI TITAN Krios microscope operated at 300 kV at EMBL Heidelberg. The data were recorded on a FEI Falcon II DED using automated data acquisition software (FEI EPU).
35 Å. The movie frames from the Falcon II DED were aligned, dose-filtered and summed in Unblur1. 0. 2  45. The individual movie frames from the K2 Summit detector were gain-corrected, aligned with the "patch" option, dose-weighted and summed using the MotionCor2 program  46. The CTF parameters for both data sets were estimated from CTFFIND4  47  , integrated in Relion1. 4  48. Automated particle picking was carried out in e2boxer. py from EMAN2  49  with Gauss option with the box size of 320 pixels. All automatically picked particles were subjected to two rounds of 2D classification in Relion resulting in a pool of 111,196 good quality particles for data set 1 (from Falcon II). The TORC2 negative stain reconstruction (EMDB: 2990; ref. 24  ) was filtered to 60 Å and used as initial reference for 3D classification.
2d ). During post-processing, the volume was corrected for the modulation transfer function of the detector and the effect of mask was checked by phase randomization  51. The final map was sharpened with a B-factor value of -130 Å 2. The local resolution analysis of the map was carried out using the program ResMap  52. Focused classification and refinement of Avo1 density. The final, combined set of 26,853 particles was used for 3D classification without any alignment to two classes based on the molecular shape mask covering only the Lst8 and Avo1 part of the map. The classification converged with one volume populated with 94. 6% of the particles and a featureless second volume from the residual data. Threedimensional auto refinement using the 94. 6% particles of first volume did not yield an improved map.
7 ). The refined model was used for all the interpretation. The figures were prepared in Chimera  56  and PyMol (http://www. pymol. org/) (DeLano Scientific, San Carlos, CA, USA). Data availability. The cryo-EM map is available from the Electron Microscopy Data Band with accession code EMD-3896. The partial atomic model has been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with the accession code 6EMK. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. 58. Brown, A. et.
Acknowledgements We are very grateful to  W. Hagen  ( EMBL Heidelberg ) for data collection and  Y. Vegunta  for comments on the manuscript. The platforms of the Grenoble Instruct Center (ISBG:  UMS 3518 CNRS-CEA-UJF-EMBL ) with support from  FRISBI  ( ANR-10-INSB-05-02 ) and  GRAL  ( ANR-10-LABX-49-01 ) within the  Grenoble Partnership for Structural Biology  (PSB) were used for grid freezing and screening. The electron microscope facility is supported by the  Rhône-Alpes Region , the  Fondation Recherche Medicale (FRM) , the fonds  FEDER , the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , the  CEA , the  University of Grenoble, EMBL , and the  GIS-Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie (IBISA). T. M. O. was supported by a fellowship of the  Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC).
26 km in the cavity. The reference cross sections (σ) were generated by convoluting high-resolution literature absorption cross sections with a Gaussian line shape (FWHM = 0. 68 nm) to represent the instrument function of the CCD spectrometer. The reference cross sections used for the spectral retrievals lie in the spectral range of 435 -490 nm and are shown in Fig. 2. The highresolution cross sections were those of Volkamer et al. [42]  for CHOCHO (spectral resolution of 0. 001 nm, 296 K), Vandaele et al. [43]  for NO 2 (resolution of 0. 1 cm -1 , 294 K), Thalman et al. [44]  for the O 2 -O 2 collision pairs (O 4 ) at 293 K, and Meller et al. [45]  for methylglyoxal (CH 3 COOCHO) with a resolution of 0. 07 nm at 296 K. These data can be accessed from the MPI-Mainz UV/VIS spectral atlas database  [46].
The high-resolution H 2 O absorption was calculated with the SpectraPlot program  [47]  based on the HITRAN2012 database at atmospheric pressure (with a mixing ratio of 1% and a 1 cm absorption path)  [48]. The convolved optical depth of H 2 O absorption is shown in Fig. 2. As a demonstration of the simultaneous measurement of CHOCHO and NO 2 , a mixture of these two species was introduced to the instrument. A representative measured spectrum and fitted spectrum between 440 nm and 480 nm is shown in Fig. 3. The total acquisition time for each spectrum was 3 s (20 ms integration time and 50 spectra averaging, with 1 s additional compensation time for data processing). The detection sensitivity was estimated to be 5. 9 × 10 -9 cm -1 based on the 1σ standard deviation of the spectral fit residual.
Ambient measurement Ambient measurement of CHOCHO and NO 2 was carried out at a suburban site over the period 1 to 3 August 2017. The instrument was located on the seventh floor of a building at the Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (31°54′18"N, 117°9′42"E)  [24]. The site, which is on a peninsula and surrounded by water on three sides, is about 15 km west of the downtown center of Hefei city. Metropolitan Hefei has a population of 5. 0 million. The instrument was installed in a temperature-controlled room maintained at 25 °C with a sample inlet about 1. 5 m above the roof. Ambient air was directly sampled through a FEP tube (6 m long with an inner diameter of 1 cm) at a flow rate of 20 L min -1. A fraction of the sample (1. 5 L min -1 ) was used for the BBCES measurement. The total acquisition time for each measurement was 21 s (for 20 ms integration time and 500 spectra averaging, and a 1 s data processing time).
At the beginning of each measurement, the LED was switched off and the dark spectrum of the CCD spectrometer was recorded for later subtraction from the sample spectra. The cavity was flushed with dry zero air every 20 min and the I 0 (λ) spectrum was acquired. An example time series of the transmitted intensity for single data pixels at 460 nm is shown in Fig. 5. With a 20 ms integration time, the dark intensity was about -92 counts, which contributed about 0. 5% to the cavity transmission (~17200 counts). The ~0. 1% I 0 intensity fluctuation within a single zero measurement indicated the high stability of the instrument; successive zero measurements had I 0 intensity changes of less than 100 counts, which were negligible contributions to the measurement uncertainty. A typical BBCES spectrum and the data retrieval of ambient air with 8.
In appendix A we briefly review the main features of the NLSP decay to the gravitino and a SM state. In this paper we focus on NLSP masses around or below the TeV scale (within the reach of LHC) and we take two benchmark datasets for high and low messenger scale gauge mediation, with respectively M mess = 10 15 GeV and M mess = 10 7 GeV. In the former case, we assume that Planck-suppressed contributions from gravity mediation are small compared to those from the gauge mediation sector. (For a discussion of gauge-gravity hybrid models, see for instance  [64, 65]. ) As we will see, the phenomenology of these two benchmarks differs greatly. 1 These sum rules are typically broken in extensions of GGM with extra yukawa-like interactions involving the MSSM Higgs fields  and also if D-tadpoles are present in the messenger sector  [13, 62].
In the region where the left-handed slepton is the lightest slepton (m Q 3 m U 3 ) the NLSP is always the neutral ντ since the charged states of the L doublet are always pushed upwards by a small but irreducible D-term contribution of the form m ˜ -m ν m 2 W sin 2 β m ˜ + m ν. (2. 5) The splitting between the slepton and the sneutrino is usually around 10 -30 GeV and it decreases with increasing sneutrino mass. Direct production of slepton pairs will therefore lead to soft leptons in association with missing energy. The snutau NLSP behaves mostly like a neutralino NLSP, and the only bound on its direct production comes from LEP  [75]. However, since some fine tuning is involved in order to get the sneutrino light, it is very atypical to get it within the reach of LEP experiments (practically speaking its mass never goes below ∼ 150 GeV in our dataset).
7 ), in which case the situation is considerably more complicated, as cascade decays now occur frequently. A very large variety of final states is possible for this topology. We show the branching ratios of some important channels in fig. 7 , but we do not attempt a proper recasting and combination in this paper. Instead we simply stick with m tL , bL 850 GeV and m tL , bL 1400 GeV as a crude estimates of the current and projected limits respectively. With the current data, the right-handed squarks are only accessible in a small part of the parameter space, however this is no longer true with the HL-LHC data set. At this point a set of analogous simplified topologies with the right-handed squarks will be come relevant, in addition to those discussed in this section.
5, 9 and 16) which span nearly all of the accessible parameter space. We employed those handful of topologies to estimate the limits and asymptotic reach for each NLSP type in figs. 4, 8, 13 and 15. Fig. 19  gives an indication of the relative impact of the various datasets on the full GGM parameter space, where we marginalized over all NLSP types. In this figure the upper bound on the Higgsino mass is apparent by the presence of a meaningful limit from LEP, even for stop masses which are far outside of the reach of the experiment. For M mess = 10 7 GeV, the limits on the electroweakinos remain more important than the squark limits, even at the HL-LHC. The HL-LHC reach on the squark masses is therefore greater than one would expect from direct squark searches alone. This is no longer the case for high messenger scales (M mess = 10 15 GeV), where the direct squark bounds determine the reach of the HL-LHC.