dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Results visualisation The result of the flag analysis, stored in a dedicated table in the database, is the input for the visualisation interface presented in section 5. 2. 5. This feature displays all the vessels for which at least one flag have been raised on a map (Figure  9 ). The vessels are shown in different colours according to their vessel type and the user has several options, being able to display all the vessels in the neighbourhood of the selected vessel or the elements relative to the vessel itself. The user is also able to discard the vessel if he/she judges that the raising of the flag does not demonstrate a situation to look after. The corresponding entry in the database is not erased from the table, but is tagged as discarded and is not shown on the screen any longer. This interface aims at offering the people in charge of maritime monitoring a comprehensive overview of the maritime situation in their area of watch.
Experiments based on a dataset collected by our means showed the pertinence and the efficiency of the approach for solving simulated falsification cases, generated from reported real cases. A limitation of this logic-based approach is its deterministic nature. Indeed, the outcome of item assessment are logical True or False values, allowing a fast data processing and triggering of alerts but not taking into consideration the uncertain nature of some pieces of information. Beyond fuzzy logic, the use of probabilistic models would enable a more precise modelling of the understanding of the maritime picture. However, the implementation of such a probabilistic approach is not straightforward and would require further research work in this field, involving a quantity of domain experts. The main obstacle towards such a system is the very nature of cyberthreats, for which few cases are reported, and therefore the construction of a knowledge base using machine learning methods is hardly realisable.
This heterogeneous group of experts elaborated falsification cases which have been implemented and presented in this paper. Although the approach has been designed in an iterative way with professional domain expert, a limitation of this work is that no tests with operational personnel were performed, which would be necessary for an operational validation. However, this paper validated the approach in terms of performance or response quality, in which all inventoried falsification cases are linked to their corresponding detectors, enabling the assessment of the scenarios presented in Section 6. 1. The next step of this study will consist in the enhancement of this analysis with the notion of risk, and both the database and the program have been designed in foresight of this extension. Indeed, the various cases of problems pointed out by the system will end in different levels of risk and thus different levels of alerts to be set and presented to the operators, that will tend to change with respect to the type of vessel, the type of cargo, the location and the kinematics of the vessel and of the surrounding vessels, amongst other.
Description of the selected list of flags 6. 1. 2. Selected data Time slices of 6 hours have been chosen for data analysis. Data from seven consecutive days, covering a full week, has been randomly chosen, between Wednesday 14 th October to Tuesday 20 th October, 2015, for each day between 06:00 and 12:00 hours. For each of those seven periods, the corresponding historical data preceding the beginning of the analysed time bracket are added to the dataset. In order to avoid a time-demanding computation during the assessment phase, historical data have been limited to two full days (48 hours).
, 2019 (Liu et al. , , submitted in 2019)). Because of this, our team developed a new software, CIRCE, able to deal with such very complex situations. The code is described elsewhere  (Liu et al. , 2018). The group theory of UNIFAC  (Fredenslund et al. , 1977)  and the LCVM  (Boukouvalas et al. , 1994)  equation of state are used to implement as accurately as possible the influence of the non-idealities (activity coefficients, compressibility. ). The code can be used to find the thermodynamic equilibrium in various conditions, at constant temperature and pressure as done hereafter, but also in a variety of adiabatic conditions. It can also be used to calculate the evolution of the Gibbs energy of a given reaction ΔGreaction (P, T) as a function of T or P:. A-> b. B + c. C (1) where A, B C are chemicals products and a, b, c the stoichiometric molar ratios.
Elementary reactions Qi and al. (Liu et al. , submitted in 2018)  developed a simple method to identify, which reaction is possible as a function of the T, P conditions. To summarize this method, CIRCE can propose the list of all the potential stable products, which could be formed based on the atomic composition of the reactant. Note that radicals do not appear "naturally". In the present situation, radicals where ignored. Based on this product database, the balanced reaction can be built, starting from the raw molecules. The process is continued with the molecules resulting from this first step up to the smallest. Cyclic compounds are known to be very stable and difficult to decompose at low temperature. In particular, aromatic compounds, in which all ring atoms participate in a network of bonds, present an unusual stability.
Simulating the chemical equilibrium To simulate the chemical equilibrium, an isothermal reaction implying 10 mmol of NB (1. 23 g) dissolved in 55 mL (55 g, 3 moles) of water and mixed with 6 g of carbon in a constant 100 mL vessel is considered to mimic the experimental conditions. The reaction temperature is varied in the range of 250°C -300°C. The calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium can be done with the CIRCE software. (Liu et al. , submitted in 2019)  From the preceding analysis, the selected final products are gases (H2O, H2, O2, CO, CO2, C6H7N, C6H7NO, C6H5NO2, C6H5NO, C12H10N2O, C12H10N2, C12H12N2), liquids (H2O, C6H7N, C6H7NO, C6H5NO, C12H10N2O, C12H10N2, C12H12N2) and solid carbon (to mimic the char which contains more than 90% m/m fixed carbon). Clearly, the simulation results look very different from the experimental results, although the list of products, as mentioned above, is reasonable (Figure  10 ).
It is known that chemical equilibrium calculations using the Gibbs method provide the best possible yield of a reactive medium. If experimental results are "better" than simulated, it means that products are lacking in the database or too much of them are present. The second option is investigated here, remembering that activated carbons are porous. The larger molecules such as C12H10N2O are nanometers large so that they may hardly move or even be created in the micro-meso pores constituting most of the reactive surface of activated carbons. For this reason, it can be assumed that the direct reaction path would be favored (C6H5NO2->C6H5NO->C6H7NO->C6H7N). The simulations were reprocessed after removing all the C12 molecules (Figure  10 ). The considered products are gases (H2O, H2, CO, CO2, C6H7N, C6H7NO, C6H5NO2, C6H5NO), liquids (H2O C6H7N, C6H7NO, C6H5NO2, C6H5NO) and solid (C).
Conclusion The synthesis of AN by reducing NB is studied numerically, and the results are compared to experimental values in view of interpreting the results. The novelty of this synthesis path is that no added hydrogen, nor catalyst are used but the reduction is obtained using carbon and subcritical water. The latter reactants are supposed to produce hydrogen in situ, which is used to perform the reduction. Note that porous activated carbon is used. To do the simulations, the in-house developed software CIRCE was used. CIRCE  (LIU et al. , submitted in 2018)  is capable of providing the list of all products of a reaction (from the atomic composition of the reactants) and can calculate the multiphase chemical equilibrium. The thermodynamic analysis or the elementary reactions suggests that the Haber reaction mechanism is only partly possible involving a direct path involving only C6 molecules and an indirect path involving C12 molecules.
7 beta, June 2020). The dissociation channels of the prechemical stage (Table  A1 ) and the chemical reactions are declared and initialized in the chemistry class constructor b G4EmDNAChemistry_option3, which includes the list of molecular chemical species, chemical reactions and their type. The set of reactions implemented are those listed for the RITRACKS software elsewhere 3 , see appendix A. a A C++ class is a user-defined concrete representation of a concept (i. e. a type), designed to provide a new type that has no direct counterpart among the built-in C++ types. 67 b A constructor is a function with the explicit purpose of initializing objects (i. e. construct) of a give type. 67 Provisions are made within the class constructor to facilitate activating or deactivating individual reactions in Geant4-DNA applications.
Acknowledgments. We are grateful to  Dr. Ianik Plante  from  NASA  for his invaluable discussion on the sampling methodologies. To  Prof. Mehran Mostafavi  from  CNRS/Université Paris-Sud  for providing with the latest references of measured Gvalues. To  Prof. Jay LaVerne  from  University of Notre Dame  for his invaluable discussion and motivation of the current work. JRM acknowledges funding from a  UCSF Medical School Bridge Funding  grant and  NIH   R01 CA187003  (TOPAS-nBio). NDK is a doctoral student from  Programa de Doctorado en Física Aplicada ,  Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP)  and received national fellowship from  CONACYT. WGS and SI thank the  University of Bordeaux Initiative of Excellence International Doctorates program  in the framework of the "France- Korea Particle Physics Laboratory" International Associated Laboratory  ( 2017-2020 ), as well as  CNRS/ IN2P3  for the "MOVI" Master Project structuring action.
DEAR EDITOR, Cis-regulatory elements play an important role in the development of traits and disease in organisms  (Ma et al. , 2020; Woolfe et al. , 2005)  and their annotation could facilitate genetic studies. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE)  (Davis et al. , 2018)  and Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes (FAANG)  (FAANG Consortium et al. , 2015)  offer pioneering data on regulatory elements in several species. Currently, however, regulatory element annotation data remain limited for most organisms. In this study, we developed a tool (OrthReg) for annotating conserved orthologous cis-regulatory elements in targeted genomes using an annotated reference genome. Cross-species validation of this annotation tool using human and mouse ENCODE data confirmed the robustness of this strategy.
regulatory elements in the mouse genome, with the predicted results then validated by the mouse ENCODE data. To avoid the influence of data from different experimental assays and tissues, 64 matched datasets representing the same ChIP-seq experiments and tissues were selected in both species, resulting in a coverage of 12 tissues and 11 ChIP-seq assays (Supplementary Table  S1 ). Generally, OrthReg showed good predictive performance for most ChIP-seq signals and tissue types. On average, the precision of the predicted regulatory elements for mice was 47. 67% (sequence similarity >0. 5) (Figure  1A ), consistent with earlier observations on promoter sequence conservation between humans and rodents  (Dermitzakis & Clark, 2002). The highest precision was 90. 85% for H3K4me3 in the lung and the lowest was 1.
12% for H3K9me3 in the lung (sequence similarity >0. 5). The 64 matched datasets included five H3K9me3 datasets, which were all found in the bottom seven predictions with lowest precision (Figure  1A ). H3K9me3 is enriched in repeat-rich regions of constitutive heterochromatin  (Nakayama et al. , 2001) , and the low precision in our prediction may have resulted from less functional conservation of such sequences between humans and mice. In addition, reproductive-(testis and placenta) and immune-related (thymus and spleen) tissues showed relatively low precision of predictions compared to the lung, liver, heart, and kidney (Supplementary Figure  S1A, C ). If the H3K9me3 and reproductive/immunerelated tissues were excluded, the average precision (for 38 datasets) increased to 60. 28%. Discovery ratio analysis also revealed a weak prediction robustness in the H3K9me3 and reproductive/immune-related tissues (Figure  1B  and Supplementary Figure  S1B, D ).
Our results indicated that OrthReg could provide considerably reliable predictions, except for the reproductive and immune-related tissues and H3K9me3 signals. In addition, we found that a higher level of sequence identity resulted in higher precision and discovery ratio (Figure  1A , B), consistent with higher functional constraints on ultra-conserved non-coding sequences. To demonstrate the efficiency of OrthReg, regulatory annotation of the pig genome was conducted using the human ENCODE data as a reference, as pigs show high levels of sequence identity with humans. A total of 28 190 886 putative regulatory annotations in the pig genome were obtained. Classification of the putative regulatory elements and their chromosomal distribution statistics are shown in Supplementary Table  S2. A density variation was observed among chromosomes when the predicted regulatory sequences were counted in 10 kb non-overlapping sliding windows (Supplementary Figure  S2 ).
Moreover, transportation and industry must also be taken into consideration regarding CO 2 emissions  [59]. This document proposes an air quality supervision system based on IoT for ELE. The proposed method incorporates a cyber-physical system for air quality monitoring and applies mobile computing technologies to measure and map the air quality levels taking into account the spatial-temporal information. The proposed architecture incorporates a data acquisition prototype and provides a mobile application for data consulting. This cyber-physical system incorporates an ESP32 microcontroller as the processing and communication unit and uses an MH-Z14 CO 2 sensor. The collected data are transmitted to a smartphone through BLE, which collects the GPS data and uploads all the information to a backend application.
However, these methods do not provide a portable solution to monitor air quality inside vehicles and do not correlate the air quality levels with geographic coordinates. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a low-cost IoT method to monitor air quality which can be easily installed and configured to supervise vehicles on the move and store the collected values in a structured database, for supporting decision making on possible interventions to promote public health. The main objectives of the manuscript were to present the design and development of a portable real-time data acquisition system for air quality measurement and mapping and to test the proposed IoT approach and system architecture. Furthermore, another relevant objective was to create a reliable stream of air quality data to assist the decision making on possible interventions for ELE and to support the clinical evaluation by correlating the patient health conditions with the air quality data of their living environment.
Numerous open-source IoT methodologies for air-quality sensing incorporate cost-effective sensors for data collection and mobile applications for data access anywhere and anytime, are proposed by research studies available in the literature. A real-time CO 2 monitoring system composed of a cyber-physical system for ambient data acquisition and web and mobile software compatibility for data consulting is proposed by  [64]. This system is a modular, scalable, and low-cost monitoring system which can be wirelessly connected to the Internet using Wi-Fi. The principal purpose of the proposed method is to provide an effective IAQ assessment to anticipate technical interventions for enhanced health and well-being. The iAir is an IoT system for real-time IAQ supervision based on the ESP8266 microcontroller, which is used as a communication and processing unit  [63].
The smartwatch application provides pervasive and ubiquitous access to real-time notifications. The AirPlus is a real-time indoor environmental quality monitoring system which incorporates mobile computing software for data consulting and notifications  [80]. The system sensor unit is composed of a PMS5003ST sensor that can monitor formaldehyde (CH 2 O), temperature, relative humidity and PM. The proposed architecture incorporates an acquisition system for data sensing purposes and wireless communication and smartphone application for data visualization and analytics. The main goal is to provide an efficient dataset to plan interventions to improve residents' productivity and health. Moreover, this dataset can be accessed to associate occupants' health symptoms with their indoor living conditions.
Materials and Methods Air quality is a fundamental challenge for public health and well-being as it is accountable for several health symptoms  [91]. Air pollution depends on the concentration of numerous chemical components such as, radon decay products, CO, CH 2 O, NO 2 , and aeroallergens which are correlated to health complications  [92]. Therefore, air quality must be measured in real-time to provide a spatial-temporal dataset for enhanced data analytics and visualization. On the one hand, temperature and humidity monitoring systems are already integrated into our daily routine as they are incorporated both in outdoor spaces and in the cabin of vehicles as people are more sensitive to these types of parameters. Poor thermal comfort conditions are easily detected by people  [93]. On the other hand, poor air quality scenarios are only detected by people under extreme conditions.
The hardware prototype does the data collection and they are sent by BLE to the mobile phone, which is responsible for the communication of the data to a backend. NET application for data storage using an MS SQL Server database. For data consulting, a mobile application was created using the Swift programming language (Figure  1 ). This solution provides a dataset of CO2 concentration in real-time which can aid the city or building manager in providing an efficient air quality assessment regarding the detailed spatialtemporal information of indoor or outdoor spaces, as well as in the projection of strategies and policies to increase people's health and well-being. The system is distributed into three segments: the cyber-physical system, which is responsible for data collection, a mobile computing system which supports the data upload, and a backend application which is responsible for data storage.
The cyberphysical system prototype is represented in Figure  2. This solution provides a dataset of CO 2 concentration in real-time which can aid the city or building manager in providing an efficient air quality assessment regarding the detailed spatial-temporal information of indoor or outdoor spaces, as well as in the projection of strategies and policies to increase people's health and well-being. The system is distributed into three segments: the cyber-physical system, which is responsible for data collection, a mobile computing system which supports the data upload, and a backend application which is responsible for data storage. The cyber-physical system prototype is represented in Figure  2. This solution provides a dataset of CO2 concentration in real-time which can aid the city or building manager in providing an efficient air quality assessment regarding the detailed spatialtemporal information of indoor or outdoor spaces, as well as in the projection of strategies and policies to increase people's health and well-being.
More important than the accuracy properties is to provide a portable solution for IAQ monitoring, which can map and measure the CO 2 levels in both indoor and outdoor environments. The cyber-physical system firmware was developed using the Arduino Core which is an open-source framework which offers Arduino functions and libraries support for the ESP32 microcontroller. This hardware is responsible for data acquisition and uses built-in BLE technology to communicate with a smartphone. The smartphone is responsible for GPS data handling. Moreover, the mobile application uses web services for data transmission and storage on an MS SQL Server. The proposed method records the CO 2 levels every 120 seconds (Figure  3 ). For testing proposes, a smartphone application was created using Swift programming language and Xcode Integrated Development Environment.
This mobile application supports iOS 12 and above. This app, named AirSensingMobile, offers real-time data access and turns possible to check the location where this data is recorded. Sensors 2020, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 20 In particular scenarios and applications, there is no significant need for high accuracy solutions because a qualitative assessment is sufficient to promote health and well-being. However, the proposed system incorporates a reliable CO2 sensor to address the applications where accuracy is relevant. More important than the accuracy properties is to provide a portable solution for IAQ monitoring, which can map and measure the CO2 levels in both indoor and outdoor environments. The cyber-physical system firmware was developed using the Arduino Core which is an open-source framework which offers Arduino functions and libraries support for the ESP32 microcontroller.
This hardware is responsible for data acquisition and uses built-in BLE technology to communicate with a smartphone. The smartphone is responsible for GPS data handling. Moreover, the mobile application uses web services for data transmission and storage on an MS SQL Server. The proposed method records the CO2 levels every 120 seconds (Figure  3 ). For testing proposes, a smartphone application was created using Swift programming language and Xcode Integrated Development Environment. This mobile application supports iOS 12 and above. This app, named AirSensingMobile, offers real-time data access and turns possible to check the location where this data is recorded. BLE is a wireless communication technology developed for battery-powered systems  [116]. BLE uses the 2. 4 GHz radio frequency band and consumes less power than ZigBee  [117, 118].
Results and Discussion The proposed solution was developed to provide air quality sensing in both indoor and outdoor environments. The mobile application offers data consulting in terms of geographic location. For testing purposes, the cyber-physical system was powered using a 5V 10,000 mA power bank. Real-time air quality supervision must be considered as a relevant tool to support decision-making not only to plan behavioural changes inside buildings but also to ensure healthy outdoor conditions through the correct planning and flow of traffic. Usually, the outdoor air quality levels are not measured in real-time using mobile air pollution monitoring technologies. The outdoor air quality is typically monitored by stationary monitoring units with a fixed location. These monitoring units have a high cost of installation and operation  [88].
Therefore, a mobile application was proposed to provide an effective method for the user to carry their air quality sensing data for continuous use. Figure  4a  presents the last data collected by the system. Thus, the user can consult the CO 2 data collected but also check the BLE RSSI from the connection between the cyber-physical system and the smartphone. Figure  4b  shows the corresponding location from the data collected. Using this method, it is possible to measure and map the air quality sensing in real-time for ELE in smart cities. Sensors 2020, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 20 only to plan behavioural changes inside buildings but also to ensure healthy outdoor conditions through the correct planning and flow of traffic. Usually, the outdoor air quality levels are not measured in real-time using mobile air pollution monitoring technologies.