dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
g. , Amazon Fund, Congo Basin Forest Fund, Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative). In order to assess the impact of SOTR stations on the coverage of forest and AGB stocks in developing countries a list of current and potential REDD+ countries affected by these stations can be found as Supplementary Table  S2 ; in addition, a list of all developed countries affected by the SOTR stations is given in Supplementary Table  S3. Country limits were obtained from the Global Administrative Areas (GADM) database (v 2. 8; http://gadm. org/).
(For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article. ) indicated by the colour-bar, while occluded grid-cells are marked as grey. In areas with high temperatures and rainfall, which are mainly located in the tropics and correspond to high forest biomass, the SOTR stations have limited effect, since in most cases N75% of the pixels remain unaffected (Fig. 4B , for higher temperature and rainfall regimes). We used two measures to quantify these effects. Firstly, we calculated the percentage of forest biomass range left in each climate space bin after SOTR exclusion, with this estimated as the difference between percentiles 99. 5 and 0. 5 of the data inside each climate bin, preserving 99% of the data and eliminating some potential outliers (Fig.
, 2011) , where forest inventory data are scarce  (Schimel et al. , 2015). In boreal and temperate regions in 2007, the standard error in forest C stocks represents ~8% and ~5% of the total C stocks, respectively, whereas in tropical regions its value is ~20%  (Pan et al. , 2011). For North America, both the United States and Canada have been developing approaches to map forest AGB based on empirical relationships between forest inventory measurements and remote sensing data. The Woods Hole Research Centre recently generated the National Biomass and Carbon Dataset for the year 2000 (NBCD2000), a 30 m resolution baseline estimate of basal area-weighted canopy height, aboveground live dry biomass and standing carbon stock for the conterminous United States  (Kellndorfer et al. , 2012). The production of this dataset was based on empirical modelling that combined US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data with high-resolution Interferometric SAR data acquired from the 2000 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and optical remote sensing data acquired from the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM +) sensor.
Regional mapping approaches are also being developed across Canada, relying on empirical methods to combine hundreds of NFI measurements with airborne and orbital Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data to generate a map of forest AGB for the Canadian province of Québec in the early 2000s  (Boudreau et al. , 2008). Almost all European countries will suffer from complete or nearly complete loss of coverage due to restrictions imposed by the Fylingdales SOTR station in the UK. The European Union, having ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002 is responsible for submitting annually to the UNFCCC a compilation of the National Inventory Reports of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from its 28 member states. This includes the contribution of the land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector, and forest AGB values are included in those estimates.
, 2014). In conclusion, the SOTR restrictions currently imposed by the US DoD do not seriously compromise the main scientific objective of the BIOMASS mission, which is to provide biomass information in the tropics where the gaps are greatest and knowledge is most needed. Even in the SOTR exclusion zone, there are options to mitigate the loss of coverage. These include the use of NFI data in developed countries (North America and Europe), either alone or in combination with satellite data, to provide estimates of forest AGB. In particular, L-band radar is sensitive to AGB density, though saturates at biomass density values of ~80-100 Mg ha -1. Currently, the only L-band radar in orbit is ALOS-2 PALSAR-2  (Rosenqvist et al. , 2014) ; this provides dual-polarization mode (HH + HV) global acquisitions at least twice a year over all land masses (dual-season).
Acknowledgements We thank  Prof. Joachim Spatz  ( Dept. Biophysical Chemistry, Heidelberg University and Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg ) for his kind support and fruitful discussions,  Dr. Hugues Lortat-Jacob  ( IBS, Grenoble, France ) for providing HS and valuable feedback on the experiments;  Prof. Walter Sebald , ( Würzburg University, Germany ) for providing EHBMP-2. Aïseta Baradji  ( University of Liverpool, UK and CICbiomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain ) for helping with the SUV preparation;  Dr. Burcu Minsky  ( Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart ) for support on SE measurements and, of course, the  Cell Adhesion and Signalling group (Heidelberg University ). This project has received funding from:  European Union 's  Framework Program for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020  ( 2014-2020 ) under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant  Agreement No.
ENG is overexpressed in the vascular endothelium of solid tumors  (Bernabeu et al. , 2009; Miller et al. , 1999) , and functionally blocking antibodies to ENG can inhibit tumor growth via the ENG/BMP9/ALK1 pathway  (Lebrin et al. , 2004). Mutations in the ENG gene cause the autosomal dominant disorder hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1), a vascular dysplasia with life-threatening consequences that affects 1 in 10,000 individuals and is characterized by arteriovenous malformations, recurrent hemorrhages, and numerous sequelae  (Abdalla and Letarte, 2006; Bourdeau et al. , 1999; McAllister et al. , 1994). Over 500 human ENG gene variants linked to HHT1 are currently reported in the University of Utah Department of Pathology HHT and ENG Database (http://www. arup. utah. edu/database/ENG/ENG_welcome.
Structural Basis of HHT1 Mapping of almost 100 gene variants linked to HHT1  (Mallet et al. , 2015; Paquet et al. , 2001; Stenson et al. , 2014 ; University of Utah Department of Pathology HHT and ENG database, http://www. arup. utah. edu/database/ENG/ENG_welcome. php) onto the structure of ENG indicates that, with the exception of previously discussed OR1 residues S278 and F282 (Figures  2D  and 2E ), the majority of HHT1 missense mutations affect buried hydrophobic residues (Figure  S7 ). Fifteen representative mutation sites, ten in OR and five in ZP, are highlighted in Figures  6A  and 6B , respectively. The structure of ENG reveals that mutations L32R/H, G52D/V, L82H, V125D, L162R, L170P, L221P, I252T, L262P, I384T, residues; thus, these domains are much closer to each other than the corresponding domains of UMOD, which are separated by a long linker (red).
Protein Crystallization Crystallization experiments were carried out by hanging drop vapor diffusion at room temperature using a mosquito crystallization robot (TTP Labtech). Dropletshaped crystals of C-terminally 6His-tagged M OR (6 mg/mL) were obtained in 0. 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8. 5) and 30% (w/v) PEG1000 (Figure  S2A ) and directly flash-cooled in liquid nitrogen for data collection. Because of the pH sensitivity of the ENG-BMP9 interaction, BMP9 crystals fortuitously appeared in drops set up with the M OR-BMP9 complex (11 mg/mL) and a mother liquor consisting of 1. 0 M LiCl, 4% (w/v) PEG6000, and 0. 1 M Na-citrate (pH 3. 5). For cryocooling, BMP9 crystals were adjusted to 1. 0 M LiCl, 6% (w/v) PEG6000, 0. 1 M Na-citrate (pH 4. 0), and 30% (v/v) glycerol. Hexagonal bipyramidal crystals of N-terminally 6His-tagged M OR in complex with BMP9 ( M OR-BMP9, 6 mg/mL) grew in 1.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  A. Gregory  ( University of Toronto ) for initial work on this project,  K. Nishimura  ( Karolinska Institutet ) and  M. Selmer  ( Uppsala University ) for help with BMP9 expression and data collection,  A. Stsiapanava  ( Karolinska Institutet ) for comments, and the  European Synchrotron Radiation Facility  ( ESRF, Grenoble ) and  Diamond Light Source  ( DLS, Oxford ) for beamtime (ESRF, mx1639/mx1749; DLS, mx8492-34). We are also extremely grateful to  Edwin de Grijs  and  Tim Heiseler  ( PALL ForteBio ) for help with BLI measurements and  Christoph Albermann  and  Christian Ackerschott  ( Wyatt Technology Europe ) for SEC-MALS analysis. This work was supported by the  Karolinska Institutet , the  Center for Innovative Medicine, Swedish Research Council  grant  2012-5093 , the  Go ¨ran Gustafsson Foundation for Research in Natural Sciences and Medicine , the  Sven and Ebba-Christina Hagberg Foundation ; an  EMBO   Young Investigator award , and the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013) / ERC  grant agreement  260759  (to L.
Methods Design The ADEPT COPD study was a cross-sectional, observational noninterventional study of patients with COPD and healthy subjects run in North America, Germany, United Kingdom, Romania, and Denmark from 2012 to 2014. The study received institutional ethics approval at all sites. All subjects provided written informed consent (genomic testing was optional). The clinicaltrials. gov identifier is NCT01274507. The full study protocol is linked to this report. Men and women, aged 40 to 65 years, produced a valid sample of IS at screening and were fit for bronchoscopy, with a body mass index (BMI) <32 kg/m 2. Important inclusion and exclusion criteria are described below, and all criteria are in the protocol linked to this report. Healthy subjects. Recruitment of 30 healthy nonsmokers and 30 healthy asymptomatic smokers was planned, with no clinically significant abnormalities in medical history, vital signs, physical examination, routine laboratory analyses, and an electrocardiogram.
Statistical considerations Based on a priori hypotheses that current smoking status and ICS use would be major extrinsic factors affecting both clinical and molecular phenotypes, the primary analyses included comparisons among 4 COPD groups defined by smoking and ICS status and these groups to respective healthy control nonsmoker and currently smoking cohorts. The 4 COPD groups were as follows: ( No imputation was performed for missing data. For data with lognormal distributions (eg, FENO, blood differential counts), logarithm transformations were performed. Significance of differences among groups, and interactions between groups, was evaluated using General Linear Model analyses. To test for significance of difference in proportions between categorical variables, Fisher exact tests were used.
Correlations of disease characteristics with FEV 1 severity Postbronchodilator FEV 1 % predicted was used as the indicator of severity (see Table  3 , reporting significant correlations and supplement Table  E6  for the full variable list). There were several correlations of spirometric parameters with post-BD FEV 1 as expected and not called out here. Regarding post-BD plethysmography, RV/TLC (% predicted) moderately (r = -. 43) and FRC (% predicted) modestly (r = -. 29) were inversely correlated with post-BD FEV 1. Diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide (% predicted) was modestly inversely   1. 50 ± 0. 42 (15)   1. 59 ± 0. 53 (26). 8144 1. 77 ± 0. 18 (6)   1. 87 ± 0. 58 (20)   1. 71 ± 0. 39 (15)   1. 75 ± 0. 51 (26). a Spearman correlation tests were performed for the indicated variables vs baseline post-BD FEV 1 % predicted for the actual (unadjusted) values for all patients with COPD or after analysis of variance-based adjustment of the data set for smoking status and ICS use.
Discussion The major finding in a well-characterized cohort of COPD is that active smoking and/or ICS use were of greater impact in driving differences in PROs, lung volumes, and biomarkers than severity by post-BD FEV 1. Of note, the healthy control cohort was significantly younger than the COPD subjects, and age was a significant covariate in multiple biomarker analyses (data not shown). The healthy smokers had a significantly lower pre-BD FEV 1 % predicted (albeit within the normal range) compared with healthy control nonsmokers and significantly elevated blood neutrophil density. The possibility remains that this cohort included subjects with early COPD in keeping with Regan and colleagues,  14  who described acute exacerbations in smokers without COPD. The CHQ provided a more comprehensive insight into COPD history than the SGRQ and E-RS.
The number of subjects who had quality sputum samples available for analysis was approximately 2/3 for the screening and/or baseline visits despite considerable efforts to use experienced research sites and to train sites and subjects. The sputum success rate at the multiple sites in ADEPT was understandably lower than that achievable in highly specialized single centres. 25, 26 Based on our results here, together with a similar sputum success rate in the ADEPT asthma study,  6  it is unlikely that profiling COPD with sputum feasible in the routine clinical setting. Limitations of the ADEPT population are predominantly due to protocol-mandated restrictions. The healthy control cohort was significantly younger than the COPD subjects and this affected multiple biomarkers (data not shown). We set the lower limit for post-BD FEV 1 at 45% predicted due to the invasive procedures, thus not including very severe subjects.
Experts in colposcopy were asked to evaluate if the quality of the pictures was sufficient to establish the diagnosis and to assess sharpness, focus and zoom. Results: The application use was simple and intuitive, and 208 pictures were automatically classified and recorded in the patient's file. The quality was judged as adequate for diagnosis in 93. 3% of cases. The interobserver agreement was κ =0. 45 (0. 23-0. 58), corresponding to a moderate agreement on the common scale of kappa values. Conclusion: This smartphone application allows the acquisition of good quality images for VIA/VILI diagnosis. The classification of images in a patient database makes them accessible to on-and off-site experts, and allows continuous clinical education. Smartphone applications may offer an alternative to colposcopy for CC screening in LMIC.
Registered as a Clinical Trial -NCT02693379). A total of 784 women were recruited in the study. Self-collected vaginal samples were promptly analyzed for HPV with the GeneXpert machine (GeneXpert ® IV Cepheid, 2015; Sunnyvale, CA, USA), and the results were given to the participants on the same day. The sample size was determined based on the hypothesis that the quality of smartphone images would be considered good in 85% of the cases, with a two-tailed α =0. 05 and 1-β =0. 80. Taking into consideration a population size of approximately 33,000 inhabitants and that three to four images would be taken for each women, we set the total sample size to 200 images. Thus, 56 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the smartphone study. They benefited from VIA/VILI assessment and further evaluation with the smartphone application, allowing the capture of 208 photos.
"exam", an m-Health application Pictures of the cervix were taken with a Samsung Galaxy S5 (Samsung, Seoul, South Korea) using an application named "Exam". It is an android application specifically designed to obtain high-quality images by the Signal Processing Laboratory of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland. This application's functioning is based on the fact that the changes of the cervical surface induced by the application of acetic acid and Lugol's iodine can be captured by inexpensive smartphone cameras simply by recording multiple sequential images of the cervix immediately after the application of each solution. The image capture, featured extraction and classification methods are implemented to run directly on an Android smartphone, using the Software Development Kit made available by Google to develop Android applications.
Data collection and image capture Consecutive images were captured for the respectively included patients without any selection or exclusion criteria. Patients were positioned in lithotomic position, the speculum was inserted and vaginal discharge was removed with a dry or saline solution-soaked cotton swab. The smartphone was held up at a 15 cm distance from the vulva using a tripod, whose position could be modified on three axes-height, depth and rotation-in order to ensure its maximum stability and to allow the acquisition of the best possible images in terms of quality. The tripod could be inclined in order to be as close as possible to the cervix (at a minimum distance of ~1. 5 cm from the speculum). Figure  2  illustrates the main components of the device, including the gynecological table, mobile phone and tripod.
In the same method, after Lugol's iodine was applied, the VILI picture was taken. Finally, Exam proposed to take a picture once treatment was performed, otherwise it allowed the user to close the program. Furthermore, it offered the possibility at each step to either take an extra photo ("picture more") or retake the same photo ("replace a picture"). If necessary, the tripod could be repositioned and adjusted between each step. The pictures were automatically saved and classified in the patient's file by date and type (native, VIA, VILI, posttreatment). Written comments could be added to each patient's visual file. Finally, the biopsy site was marked on the VIA picture with a cross mark. The VIA picture could also be viewed without the marked biopsy site. All the pictures collected by the smartphone application were sent to a central database.
For security and privacy, data transfer to the central database was accomplished using an encrypted key. Authentication was required to access the patients' file, and only the caregivers who received accreditation with a personal identifier and password could log into the smartphone application or the respective database. Access to patient data was only possible after scanning a bar code unique for each patient or by entering the patient's identification number and the date of the VIA/VILI assessment. This ensured patients' information to be protected.
A global score (sum of the four criteria) was then calculated for each picture based on the fulfillment of these four criteria. The indicator for judging the results of the co-assessment was the interrater agreement for the images' quality. What defines a good picture is the content of the picture, evaluated by diagnostic utility and sharpness, and technical characteristics assessed by focus and zoom. Thus, we judged each photo to be of good quality whenever at least two criteria were fulfilled. We then calculated the consensus when at least two physicians obtained the same score. Thus, kappa (κ) values were calculated for each physician in order to estimate the agreement between the physician's evaluation and that of the consensus. Statistical analyses were run with a statistical software package (Stata statistical software: release 14; StataCorp.
Feasibility of the application Among the images taken by the application, there were 55 natives, 56 VIA, 55 VILI, 16 posttreatment and 26 extra pictures. Due to a sudden crash of Exam during the clinical visit, two pictures (1 native, 1 VILI) were registered under the wrong name and were therefore excluded from the analysis. All pictures were saved in the phone's memory card and classified by date and type (native, VIA, VILI, posttreatment and extra) in the patient's image file, thus creating a database for both on-and off-site patient information retrieval. For each examination, since the examiner could choose to replace a picture or to take an extra picture if he/she was disappointed with the first picture, a mean of 4. 8 photographs was necessary in order to obtain satisfying images. Once the pictures were saved on the computer, they were classified in the same way as they were on the smartphone: by the patient's identification number, by the date of the VIA/VILI assessment and by the picture type.
By comparing the diagnoses of health care providers and their supervisor(s), this co-assessment approach ensures quality control of the screening and treatment decision-making process. Furthermore, this m-Health application is able to easily classify the photos, which facilitates their retrieval while guaranteeing the correct match between the image file and the patient's identity. The application generates a picture database containing the images of all patients who underwent VIA/VILI assessment, while guaranteeing the absence of data loss. The images are automatically classified in the sequence of native, VIA, VILI and posttreatment, which corresponds to the order in which these colposcopy steps are taken in the everyday practice, thereby respecting the sequential logic of the original examination.
Due to the smartphone efficiency and ease of handling, the database is readily accessible, regardless of the presence of the computer. The application saves all images on the smartphone's memory card, which makes them easily transferable onto a computer using a USB cable allowing, therefore, to quickly create a backup database. This smartphone application currently has some limitations that need to be addressed. Throughout the visit, the application does not allow the user to go back and forth between the different images if the sequence is not yet complete, thus possibly reducing the added benefit to the clinical decision. The proposed solution is to add a "gallery" icon on the screen that would allow the examiner to compare side by side the photos acquired during the ongoing procedure. This aspect is currently being evaluated by the Federal Institute of Technology located in Lausanne, Switzerland.
In contrast, CD34 + HSC cells highly expressed genes involved in the broader development of diverse hematopoietic lineages, including ID1, GATA1, GATA2 and MYB (Figure  2D  and S2B) as well as cytokine receptors for myeloid lineages (CSF3R, CSF2RB, FLT3). Compared to HSC, CD117 + ILC express high 8/37 levels of TF that have been shown to be essential for murine ILC development, including ID2, GATA3, TOX and TCF7. We did not detect transcripts characteristic of T and B cells development, such as RAG1, RAG2, EBF1, CD3E, BCL11A or LMO2 in CD117 + ILC although some of these genes are expressed by CD34 + HSC (Figure  S2B ). As both transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses of CD117 + ILC identified strong lymphoid signatures, we intersected these datasets in order to gain insights into the developmental status and potential of CD117 + ILC.
Acknowledgements We thank all the members of  Innate Immunity Unit  for helpful discussions, the  Centre de Recherche Translationnelle ,  F. Pala  and  O. Fiquet  ( Institut Pasteur ), and  A. Sparaneo  ( Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza ) for technical assistance. AIL is a scholar in Pasteur- Paris University (PPU) International PhD program  and supported by  FP7  under grant agreement n°317057 (HOMIN) and the  Fondation ARC. RS was supported by  EMBO  ( ALTF 1201-2014 ) and  Marie Curie  ( H2020-MSCA-IF-2014 ). Supported by grants from the  Institut Pasteur ,  Inserm ,  Laboratoire d'Excellence REVIVE ,  ANR  and  FP7  under grant agreements n°305578 (PathCO) and n°317057 (HOMIN). James Di Santo  is a founder of  AXENIS (Paris, France ) and a member of its advisory board. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.