dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful for the excellent technical assistance of the CEF (animal facility) team and their support with the animal care. The authors are also grateful to  Thorsten Berger  and  Tak W. Mak  ( University of Toronto, Canada ) for kindly sharing the Lcn2 KO mice. The authors are grateful to the following individuals for providing regular scientific advice and help:  Sylvie Dumont  and  Fatiha Merabtene  ( Histo-morphology Platform, Saint-Antoine Research Center ),  Helene Fohrer-Ting ,  Estelle Devevre , and  Christophe Klein  ( Cellular Imaging and Cytometry Center, Cordeliers Research Center ). This work was supported by  INSERM funding , the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  ( ANR-14-CE16-0010-01 ) and  SATT INNOV maturation  grant  494. VT Nguyen  was a recipient of a PhD grant from the  Vietnamese Government.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge  Kristen Beling , Director of the  Albert & Elaine Borchard Foundation  for facilitating the coordination of this meeting. Authors' contributions NAS and MLB conceived the meeting design, developed the structure of the manuscript and led the analysis of the meeting data. NAS, MLB, GAA, LB, LIBF, PD, TE, FJ, ASL, CP and AMSS each wrote their contributed presentation summary and reviewed several iterations of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Background: Organizational aspect is rarely considered in healthcare. However, it is gradually seen as one of the key aspects of the decision-making process as well as clinical and economic dimensions. Our primary objective was to identify criteria already used to assess the organizational impact of medical innovations. Our secondary objective was to structure them into an inventory to support decision-makers to select the relevant criteria for their complex decisionmaking issues. Materials and methods: A search using the Medline database was conducted in June 2019. The records published between January, 1990 and December, 2018 were identified. The publications cited by the authors of the included articles and the websites of health technology assessment agencies, units or learned societies identified during the search were also consulted.
First, a literature search using the Medline database (Pubmed, USA National Library of Medicine, the USA) was conducted in June 2019. Records published between January, 1990 and December, 2018 were retrieved. Indeed, HTA emerged in the 1990s. The following keywords were used to develop two search equations: "decision support tool ", " decision support model ", " decision support technique ", " decision-making " (Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) term and key word), " health technology assessment ", " HTA ", " criteria " and " systematic review " (Table  1 ). Second, the publications cited by the authors of the included articles were reviewed. Third, the websites of international, national or regional HTA agencies or units and HTA learned societies identified during the research were consulted.
Results After removal of duplicates and exclusion of articles whose full text was not available or not written in English or French, consulting the Medline database allowed us to identify 245 potential publications. After review of the abstract and/or full-text, 22 of these publications, that met inclusion criteria, were selected. References cited by the authors of these 22 publications as well as the websites of HTA agencies or units and HTA learned societies identified during the research were consulted to complete the data collection. Through this research strategy, 107 records were included (Figure  1 ). The origin, the type of publication, the content of the publication, and the level if the publication presented an HTA model or MCDA tool were collected (Table  2 ). The great majority of selected publications (n = 103) were published after the 2000s.
Discussion The construction of the search equation was complex due to the difficulty in finding the appropriate keywords and MeSH terms. Indeed, the keywords relating to the organizational aspect did not make it possible to identify a satisfactory number of publications and to retrieve the articles identified during the preliminary searches. One of the main reasons could be the low number of publications dealing with the assessment of the organizational aspect during health care decision-making. This is why we have used more general keywords such as 'criteria'. The completeness of the data collection can be discussed. This data collection was limited to publications that were referenced on a single database. In addition, only publications written in English or French were selected and only one reviewer made the screening.
online Supplementary Table  S1  provides detailed unit costs. A flat-rate estimate was considered in the analysis, reflecting the budget line allocated by French institutions to the HF experimentation over 2 years. Unit costs were estimated using data from the Organic Law on Finance, the French Ministry of justice and Health Ministries' hospital reimbursement reports and National tariffs (2016). Secondary outcomes -Housing stability: defined as the number of days in an independent house or flat, with (sub-) tenancy rights except those from the ETHOS classification (FEANTSA 2007), (online Supplementary Table  S2 ), determined using a residential timeline follow-back calendar. Total number of days stably housed over 2 years was assessed (range: 0-730 days). -Recovery: defined broadly as rehabilitation and growth after an illness and assessed using the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS)  (Girard et al.
Statistical methods All analyses were performed on an intent-to-treat basis. Statistical methods were employed for missing data according to their potential impact depending on nature and frequencies  (Sterne et al. , 2009). Missing data were addressed using multiple imputations (see Methods S1 for details). Imputation models were implemented using MICE by chained equations and mitools R packages. In a sensitivity analysis, the multiple imputation approach was compared to existing methods for handling missing data (complete case analysis, 'Last observation carried forward' (LOCF), imputed data using the mean and the worse-case scenario). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 12 for Windows (SPSS Inc. , IBM, NY, USA) and RStudio version 3. 2. 1 (RStudio, Inc. , Massachusetts, USA). Descriptive analyses for primary outcomes were presented as means and standard errors (SE).
Finally, the mortality results are concerning. We conducted a retrospective search of any proof of life or death among family and friends, social and medical institutions, and administrative databases, by linking participants to their provincial death registry when possible (a non-negligible proportion of the participants were born in a foreign country). The question remained open whether or not the difference in mortality between TAU and HF groups was due to the higher proportion of participants in the TAU group whose vital status was uncertain (9. 5% v. 0. 6%). Regarding the generalisability of our results, these most immediately apply to the French population of homeless people with SCZ/BP disorders. Although the ratio SCZ/BP did not differ between the HF and TAU groups, future research could focus on the effectiveness of HF in subgroups with severe psychotic disorders and identify ways to improve strategies.
The authors alone are responsible for the findings. Financial support. This work was funded by institutional grants from the 2011  Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique National  (PA, grant number  PHRC/DGOS/PF4/2010/24. 02 ), the  French Ministry of Health (Direction Générale de la Santé) , the  Fondation de France  and  Janssen Pharmaceutical Company. The funding sources had no role in the design or conduct of the study, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, preparation, review or approval of the manuscript or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The sponsor was represented by  Assistance Publique ,  Hôpitaux de Marseille  ( AP-HM ), France. Conflict of interest. All the authors have no conflicts of interest relating to this study. Ethical standards.
Data for direct costs Two principal sources of information can be used: administrative databases of health organisations or information reported by patients themselves through standardised self-questionnaires. In some countries, there is a large access to hospital, healthcare system or health insurance databases. When possible, it provides all the medical visits, biological or imaging workups and medication deliverance. The quantity of data is often substantial but their quality is of great value-with only minimal missing or incomplete dataand it enables robust estimates of health resource use. When the access to such data is not feasible, heath resource use is based on self-questionnaires, filled in by patients themselves. These questionnaires explore different items of the cost matrix 2 and have to be regularly administered to the patients, ranging from every day (patient diary) or monthly-with low memory bias, but high risk of missing data-or biannually or annually-with less missing data, but higher memory bias.
Data required for indirect costs The same two options are possible. The access to health insurance databases provides accurate information on the number of days off work in relation to a medical problem, either due to sick leave or Alternatively, specific questionnaires have been developed to assess the productivity loss associated with a specific medical. Some questionnaires are focused on absenteeism, that is, on days off work due to short-term sick leave or long-term disability status. 7 They are rather straightforward and are mainly limited by potential memory biases when the questionnaire addresses long period of time (as for health consumption data). The attribution of a sick leave to a specific health problem can be pointed out by the patient herself or himself, but it always remains questionable for health economists.
Valuation This step aims to input costs on health resource use and productivity losses incurred by the patients. This task can be simple and straightforward when data are extracted from health insurance databases in which data are always associated with reimbursement data, that is, costs covered by the insurance. In other cases, the task is more time consuming since there is a need to input cost values for every item, that is, consultations, biological or imaging workups, hospitalisation, medication or money compensation for sick leave.
Acknowledgements The authors want to thank the  French Society of Emergency Medicine. List of  EPIGER IRU-SFMU study group: Patrice Serre (Bourg en Bresse); Aurélie Arnaud (Montluçon ),  Edouard Dugat  (Moulins);  Céline Occelli (Nice) ;  Thomas Lanoux  ( Charleville-Mézières );  Edouard Jacquet (Foix) ;  Céline Moretto.
Empathy is the ability to share and understand another's 'state of mind' or emotion. It has been defined by Zinn as the process of understanding a person's subjective experience by vicariously sharing it while maintaining an observant distance  [11]. Both alexithymia and empathy may influence the interaction between the healthcare professionals and the patients, particularly in the demanding field of radiation oncology, with an ultimate impact on one's professional well-being. The PROject on Burn-Out in RadiatioN Oncology (PRO BONO) was set up to explore the professional quality of life amongst radiation oncology professionals and to explore the potential correlation with alexithymia and empathy  [12]. The present study reports on the data obtained from the population of RTTs.
Materials and methods PRO BONO was developed within the Young European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (yESTRO) Committee, to answer the research questions whether personality traits, such as alexithymia and empathy, may have an influence on the perceived professional well-being in the field of radiation oncology. Participants were invited to participate on voluntary basis via email, social media and other ESTRO communication channels. Data were collected between May and October 2018. The questionnaire was administered to the participants through an online survey software (SurveyMonkey Inc. , San Mateo, California, USA; www. surveymonkey. com), intrinsically protecting anonymity of the respondents. Socio-demographic and professional information were also collected. In order to assess alexithymia, empathy and burnout, we used the following validated instruments: Alexithymia.
Study design Clinical and neuropsychological evaluations were done by a psychiatrist and a neuropsychologist, respectively, who received training on the COGMED® program. Two assessment sessions were planned: the first at inclusion (baseline visit) within two weeks before the intervention started, and the second (post-treatment visit) between four and six weeks after the intervention completion. At both visits, sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, medication use, and neuropsychological performances were recorded. The study was approved by the Montpellier University Hospital ethics committee (CPP Sud Mediterranée IV) and was registered at clinicaltrials. gov (identifier NCT02988518). All participants gave their written informed consent.
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was carried out using "IBM SPSS STATISTICS version 21". The primary outcome was the change of total FAST score between the baseline and posttreatment visit. Secondary outcomes were changes in the MARS, SF-36, and Mac Nair scores and in neuropsychological functions (executive functions, WM, information processing speed, and attention capacity). The convergent validity of the tests used to evaluate WM was analyzed using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rho). The strength of the correlation was considered high (rho > 0. 7), moderate (0. 4 to 0. 7), or low (<0. 4). The assumption of normality was tested before all comparisons. The paired sample Student's t-test was used if data were normally distributed, and the non-parametrical Wilcoxon signedrank test in all other cases.
Fifth, we need a robust regulatory system and financial support to help employers and businesses make their facilities safe, and to ensure that facilities meet the necessary safety standards to remain open. 9 Occupational safety regulations need to be supported by anti-racism and equality laws robustly applied to employers. This will require the restoration of an adequate health and safety inspectorate. Sixth, we need coordination across the UK and with continental Europe. The regional governments of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have attempted to lead with more effective responses but have been hampered by poor national strategy. We need a joint strategy with Europe, including coordinated travel restrictions, data sharing, interoperability of COVID-19 tracing apps, and use of EU passenger locator forms.
Data processing: Filtering the reads, dereplication and clustering. Paired end fastq files were assembled using FLASH  [20]. A total of 7518258 joined reads were filtered and then analyzed in QIIME by choosing chimera slayer for removing chimera and Uclust  [16, 20]  for Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) extraction as described previously  [18, 19]. All reads were clustered with a threshold of 97% identity to obtain OTU. Extracted OTUs were blasted against SILVA123 SSU database  [21]  of release and taxonomy were assigned to a species if they matched one with at least 97% identity, as previously described  [22, 23]. Briefly, for each OTU, representative sequences were extracted and were searched against the reference database. For each unique representative sequence, we extracted the best matches from the reference database and sorted them by decreasing percentage of similarity rounded to the nearest integer.
We used the reference sequences with >97% similarity (or the highest available) for taxonomic assignments into species. When multiple matches with the same percentage of similarity were present, the taxonomy of each rank was obtained by consensus  [16, 24]. OTU not assigned to any species were considered "unidentified". As several OTUs matched identical species, the total number of identified species and the number of unidentified OTU was expected to be smaller than the total number of OTUs. Statistical analysis. A non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used with an adjustment for multiple comparisons using the post hoc Benjamini-Hochberg correction from the OMICS package in XLSTAT V. 2016. 02 (Addinsoft, Paris, France). After normalization, an exploratory Pearson principal component analysis was first performed using the relative abundance at the bacterial phyla and general level as an active variable and age, sex, and coffee consumption, smoking and bread consumption as supplementary elements using XLSTAT v2014.
Participants Inclusion criteria were previously described  [42] : (i) age between 18 to 65 years, (ii) diagnosis of axSpA according to ASAS/EULAR criteria  [43]  or ankylosing spondylitis according to Van der Linden et al. [44] , (iii) ability to walk 180 m without technical help, and (iv) stable treatment for at least 12 months. All participants signed informed consent and approved to participate in the FOLOMI study (Function, Locomotion, Measurement and Inflammation), a prospective longitudinal study  [42]. The study was approved by local ethic committee (CPP Ile De France 1, RCB: 2017-A03468-45, date of agreement: 17 July 2018, Last version: V6. 0, 17 June 2020) and is registered in Clinical trials (NCT03761212). The present study respects the GRRAS guidelines regarding psychometric studies  [45].
Funding: This study is part of the Ph. D. thesis of the first author  Julie Soulard  ( University Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, France & Grenoble Alps University Hospital, Grenoble, France ). Part of the results of this study was presented at the World congress for neurorehabilitation jointly with the congress of the French society of physical and rehabilitation medicine (7-11 October 2020). This work is supported by the  French Ministry of Health and Solidarity  with the "Nursing and  Paramedical Hospital Research Program " year 2016 ( PHRIP-16-0528 ) and by the  French National Research Agency  in the framework of the " Investissements d'avenir" program  ( ANR-10-AIRT-05  and  ANR-15-IDEX-02 ). The sponsors had no involvement in the design of the study, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript.
Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were conducted with STATISTICA® 6. 1 software (StatSoft Inc. ). All the quantitative variables were described by their mean and standard error of the mean. The main variable was the I²/Q ratio, and a Pearson correlation analysis was conducted between I²/Q ratio and the clinical experience of the students to verify the main hypothesis. In order to explore the reproducibility of the I²/Q ratio, the quotation of I²/Q ratio was compared between the experimenters by the intraclass correlation coefficient. The other variables were analysed with Pearson correlations or Mann & Whitney tests when deemed appropriate.
Study sample and data collection The study sample consisted of video-recorded medical student consultations with standardized patients. All 218 medical students were invited to participate as part of the 4-year competency-based communication curriculum. They were allocated in consecutive alphabetical order based on their surname to the 1 st or 2 nd semester sessions that took place in October 2017 and April 2018, respectively. Standardized patients were 20 actors recruited at the Department of Performing Arts in Grenoble Alpes University. Seven standardized medical consultation scenarios were developed and combined with nine personality types or character traits. The actors were instructed on each medical consultation scenario by two clinicians during 2-h sessions. Then they were trained by their improvisation instructor on each personality type or character trait.
They underwent a training session, which consisted in independently coding five video-recorded consultations with the 4-HCS and subsequently discussing these ratings. After completing the training, the raters independently rated consultations, with each consultation being rated by at least three different raters. Additionally, two of the raters evaluated each video-recorded medical student consultation twice, with the two ratings 2 months apart, in order to quantify intra-rater reliability. Data for both the cross-cultural adaptation of the 4-HCS and the physician-patient relationship competence assessment scale were captured using an electronic case report form. The completion of each item was mandatory, so there were no missing values.
Discussion The use of validated standardized instruments is advocated for assessing physicians' interpersonal skills  [8]. Indeed, validated instruments are likely to accurately reflect the concept to be measured while standardized instruments allow large-scale comparisons of physicians' communication skills across studies  [30, 35]. The 4-HCS was therefore developed and validated from over 1,025 video-recorded medical consultations across various settings in the US and Western Europe (Table  6 ). Yet, our study was the first to examine the underlying factor structure of the 4-HCS and to report on its cross-cultural adaptation into French. Each of the 200 video-recorded medical consultations in this study was rated without missing data by three out of four different raters, reflecting the acceptability and feasibility of the French version of the 4-HCS.
Exploratory analysis resulted in two dimensions, with the merging of three conceptually related habits (Invest in the beginning, Elicit the patient's perspective, Demonstrate empathy) in a single dimension. Additionally, substantial cross-loading was observed for 15 out of 23 items, suggesting that the underlying factor structure of the French version of the 4-HCS was questionable. These findings do not necessarily invalidate the postulated structure of the 4-HCS. Indeed, factor analysis can only discriminate uncorrelated constructs in a data set  [36]. That three habits were correlated with each other in the present study sample does not imply that these scales measure the same concept  [36]. The medical students participating in the current study were not trained with the Four Habit Model before their communication skills were assessed using the 4-HCS.
Acknowledgments The authors are indebted to  Pauline Bouchet  and  Ariane Martinez ,  Grenoble Alpes University , for their collaboration in setting up simulated medical consultations with standardized patients, ´mie  Kaladzeand Alexis Dechosal, Grenoble Alpes University , for rating videorecorded medical consultations. authors thank  Alison Foote ,  Grenoble Alpes University Hospital , and  Linda Northrup  for their help in editing the manuscript in English.
Design and participants This is a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, and controlled study. The main inclusion criterion is to be a fourth-or fifth-year medical student. Exclusion criteria include: current depressive episode and/or panic disorder according to the DSM-5 diagnostic classification  [23] , and refusal to participate. The study protocol was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials. gov; number NCT04026594, July 18, 2019) and was authorized by the French Health Ministry (ANSM, September 13, 2019), and approved by the French Est I Ethics Committee for the Protection of Patients (June 20, 2019). Figure  1  summarizes the study design.