dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
We employ routines from the open-source software naima to compute the synchrotron and IC interactions 12 (Zabalza 2015). Here, as in all of the models presented in this study, we did not use a minimisation strategy, such as that provided in the naima package, but rather, we performed a simple "eye-ball 12 A jupyter Python notebook describing how the routines from naima are used to compute the synchrotron and inverse Compton emission is available at https://github. com/Axelarbetengels/ Mrk421-2017-campaign-paper fit" where we tried to find a parameterisation with sensible model parameters that agreed with the broadband SED. Prior to fitting the model, we fix the Doppler factor, δ, to δ = 25. This is representative of the value typically found for HBLs  (Tavecchio et al. 2010). The size of the emitting region is constrained by the light crossing time R ≤ δt var c/(1 + z), where t var is the variability time scale in the observer frame.
2006; Tramacere et al. 2009 ). Several works have shown that such curved distributions may be produced through stochastic acceleration  (Kardashev 1962; Tramacere et al. 2009 Tramacere et al. , 2011) )  or via an energy-dependent acceleration probability process (EDAP;  Massaro et al. 2004b ). We found that a LPPL satisfactorily describes the four simultaneous MAGIC/NuSTAR/Swift observations, with very similar results as those obtained with a BPL EED. The curvature of the LPPL model was also in good agreement with the observed curvature in the synchrotron SED (as derived in Sect. 5). The data do not show a clear preference between the BPL and the LPPL model.
The butterfly from the Swift-BAT best-fit power-law model around MJD 57788. 7 is shown, which corresponds to the renewed activity in hard X-rays. As shown in Fig. 2 , no strictly simultaneous measurements are available at other wavebands. Finally, in blue markers we show the MAGIC SED measured on MJD 57789 (labeled as "post flare"), for which no simultaneous MWL data are available within less than a day. In each SED, the Fermi-LAT data are averaged over three days centred on the VHE observation. Optical data are not strictly simultaneous but are located less than a day away from the other wavebands. For comparison the typical state of Mrk 421  (Abdo et al. 2011)   The softness of the pre-flare X-ray spectrum (Swift-XRT power-law index of ≈2. 4) suggests a synchrotron peak fre-  [10 3 ] 1. 0 20 γ br [10 5 ] 1.
It can be seen from Fig. 2  that the SED on MJD 57788 lies in the decay phase of the flare. Fig. 16  includes the Swift-BAT butterfly a few hours later on MJD 57788. 7, during which a rapid renewed activity in the hard X-rays (15-50 keV) is observed. The best-fit power-law index is Γ = 1. 82 ± 0. 42, implying a synchrotron peak frequency roughly in the Swift-BAT pass-band. On MJD 57789, the measured Swift-BAT fluxes are very low (compatible with no signal), and the VHE flux is around 1. 5 C. U. Given the fast variability and the lack of strictly simultaneous MWL data during these two epochs, we do not model the emission. Article number, page 21 of 37 A&A proofs: manuscript no. Mrk421_2017_accepted_version.
But owing to the very tight correlation that Mrk 421 always shows between the X-ray and the VHE gammaray bands, it is reasonable to assume that, on that night with outstandingly large VHE gamma-ray activity, the X-rays and optical emission may have been positively correlated. On the other hand, when considering the few-week-long dataset from 2010 February, no correlation is observed between the X-ray and optical fluxes, in contrast to what was reported in  Lichti et al. (2008). Moreover, in 2013 April, during the second brightest VHE gamma-ray activity from Mrk 421 detected to date, which included several tens of hours of strictly simultaneous optical, X-ray and VHE gamma-ray observations, Mrk 421 did not show any correlation between X-ray and optical, despite showing large variability and a high degree of correlation between VHE and Xrays  (Acciari et al.
Summary We have reported on a dense MWL observing campaign of Mrk 421 carried out between 2016 December and 2017 June. The MWL dataset comprises more than 10 instruments, providing information from radio (with OVRO, Medicina and Metsähovi) to VHE gamma rays (with FACT and MAGIC), and including various instruments covering the optical and UV bands (e. g. GASP-WEBT and Swift-UVOT), X-ray bands (Swift-XRT and Swift-BAT and NuSTAR) and GeV gamma rays (with Fermi-LAT). Owing to the inclusion of NuSTAR data, we obtained a precise characterisation of the hard X-ray emission thought to originate from the high-energy tail of the same population of electrons dominating the VHE gamma-ray emission. This helped us to interpret the measurements within a standard SSC scenario. The fractional variability versus energy showed the typical double-bump structure, observed in other campaigns.
Acknowledgements. The journal referee is gratefully acknowledged for a constructive list of remarks that helped us improve the contents and clarity of the manuscript. The MAGIC Collaboration would like to thank the  Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias  for the excellent working conditions at the  Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma. The financial support of the Ger-Article number, page 25 of 37 A&A proofs: manuscript no. Mrk421_2017_accepted_version man BMBF, MPG and HGF; the  Italian INFN  and  INAF ; the  Swiss National Fund SNF ; the  ERDF  under the  Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)  ( FPA2017-87859-P, FPA2017-85668-P, FPA2017-82729-C6-5-R, FPA2017-90566-REDC ,  PID2019-104114RB-C31 ,  PID2019-104114RB-C32 ,  PID2019-105510GB-C31 , PID2019-107847RB-C41 ,  PID2019-107847RB-C42 ,  PID2019-107847RB-C44 ,  PID2019-107988GB-C22 ); the  Indian Department of Atomic Energy ; the  Japanese ICRR , the  University of Tokyo ,  JSPS , and MEXT; the  Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National RI   Roadmap  Project  DO1-268/16.
This research was partially supported by the  Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science  under grants  KP-06-H28/3 (2018 ),  KP-06-H38/4 (2019 ) and  KP-06-KITAJ/2 (2020 ). We acknowledge support by  Bulgarian National Science Fund  under grant  DN18-10/2017  and  National RI Roadmap  Projects  DO1-277/16. 12. 2019  and  DO1-268/16. 12. 2019  of the  Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria. This research was supported by the  Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia  (contract No  451-03-68/2020-14/200002 ). GD acknowledges observing grant support from the  Institute of Astronomy and Rozhen NAO BAS  through the  bilateral joint research project  " Gaia Celestial Reference  Frame (CRF) and fast variable astronomical objects" ( 2020-2022 , head -G.
Abdo et al. (2011) four simultaneous MAGIC/NuSTAR/Swift observations(MJD 57757, MJD 57785, MJD 57813, MJD 57840). The data points and obtained one-zone SSC models are plotted with brown markers and orange lines, respectively. The parameters of the one-zone SSC models are shown in Table5. For comparison purposes, the one-zone SSC model of the first pointing (MJD 57757) is plotted with black dotted lines in all the other subplots. The Compton dominance parameter A C determined from the model is indicated on each panel. Archival data representing the typical Mrk 421 state fromAbdo et al. (2011)are shown in grey. A&A proofs: manuscript no. Mrk421_2017_accepted_version 10 3 10 0 10 3 E [eV] 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 3 10 0 10 3 E [eV] 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 10 10 10 F [erg/cm 2 /s] 10 12 10 11 F [erg/cm 2 /s] 10 12 10 11 10 13 MJD 57757 4th Jan 2017 A C = 0.
Quantitative analyses The epidemiological data from this study comprise the cumulative number of daily cases of COVID-19, the daily number of deaths and the number of tests performed. The study period is from 28 February 2020, the date of the first case detected in west africa (Nigeria), to 1 October 2020. The epidemic curves were constructed to describe and compare the trends in each country and a 7-day moving average was applied. The data are dynamically mapped to visualize the distribution of cases and deaths, using a Json program developed by our team that allows the publication, in cartographic form, of country data entered into a shared database. Spatial analyses in the form of bivariate maps  [27]  and spatiotemporal analyses complement the dynamic maps available at Covid19Afrique. com.
Acknowledgements We sincerely thank all the contributors to the platformhttps://www. covid1 9afrique. com/(https://www. covid19afrique. com) and the people who kindly shared documents and data that made this article possible. In particular, we thank Oriane Bodson (Benin), Chiarella Mattern (Madagascar), Isidore Sieleunou (Cameroon), Abdouramane Coulibaly (Mali), Anne Bekelynck (RCI), Frédéric Le Marcis (Guinea), Flore-Apoline Roy (Senegal), Aloys Zongo (Niger), IRD Representatives in West and Central Africa, François Parenty (France), Fondation Paul Ango Ela (Cameroon), Marie Morelle (Cameroon), Ibrahim Sana (Burkina Faso), Cloudly Yours (France, Accommodation), Florence Fournet (Côte d'Ivoire), Florence Boyer (Niger), Marjorie Le Bars (Mali), Dahab Manoufi (Chad), Sebastien Segniagbeto (Togo), Ousmane Koita (Mali), Gilles Salaun (France), Fatoumata Binetou Diongue Lopes (Senegal), Philippe Tous (Mauritania), Séverine Carillon (Senegal).
Funding The platform https://www. covid19afrique. com was designed and developed by the Institute for Research on Sustainable Development (IRD) researchers. IRD has financed its hosting and updating since the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic. Frédéric Le Marcis receives funding from the action research project in support of the African response to the Covid-19 epidemic funded by the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) as part of the "Covid-19 -Health in Common" initiative and from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No. 800176. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Association.
Acknowledgments We thank  Nicolas Gendron  and  Aurélien Philippe  for their helpful contribution to sample collection. Financial support. D. P. is supported by the  Vaccine Research Institute. D. V. and H. P. are funded by  IDEX AAP EMERGENCE-Université de Paris  ( EMER-VEYER  project) and  Mécénat COVID APHP-CUP. Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: no reported conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the  ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed. Patient consent. The patients' written consent was obtained. The design of the work was approved by the local ethical committee (institutional review board registration # 00011928 ).
Sample collection and identi cation The data were collected in a public secondary referral hospital in Mexico. The HGQ covers different medical and surgical specialties and has an ICU; it is an 85-bed public hospital serving a population of 1,405,992 inhabitants in the metropolitan area of Querétaro city, Mexico. A prospective study was aimed on Candida infection in ICU. The authors con rm that the ethical policies have been conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to Ethical and Investigation Committee of Servicios de Salud del Estado de Queretaro which reviewed and approved the implementation of this study (09-28-2019/ 11110/UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE QUERETARO) in the HGQ and O cial Mexican Standard NOM-024-SSA3-2012 was followed. Patients hospitalized medical/post-operative admitted to ICU for >24 h that requiring intensive post-operative monitoring or undergoing therapy for one or more acute organ system failure was included from January 2019 through January 2020.
Clinical and demographic data were recorded prospectively and analyzed (age, gender, comorbidities, and risk factors). Patients with clinical evidence of yeast infection and with positive cultures obtained from different clinical samples as: bloodstream, bronchial aspirate, catheter tip, cerebrospinal uid, peritoneal uid, skin and soft tissue and urine were studied. All samples were collected and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) (Bioxon®, Mexico) supplemented with chloramphenicol (50 mg/L) (Sigma®) to prevent Bacteria growth, for 24-72 h at 37°C. Positive cultures were cultured in CHROMagar Candida™ (BD®, US) for 24 h at 37°C. Macroscopic characteristics of the cultures were observed directly on solid medium. Axenic isolates were identi ed by two methods. Using Vitek 2k system (bioMérieux, Lyon, France), based on the manufacturer's instructions  [17]  and by molecular identi cation based on method described by Calvillo-Medina et al  [19].
Brie y DNA was obtained using cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-based method (Sigma®), the fungal barcode nrDNA ITS (ITS), was ampli ed using primers ITS1f and ITS4r  [20]  in a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Thermo Fisher Scienti c). PCR products were sent to Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, Korea) for standard-seq single DNA sequencing (Sanger sequencing). Sequences were compared via BLAST with ITS Candida species and genera related sequences from NCBI database (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/genbank/).
According to González et al. [1] , Pfaller and Diekema  [30]  and Corzo-Leon et al. [17] , and based on our results, the use of FLC should not be continued for prophylaxis or in patients with recurrent yeast infections. The limitations our study are, rst some epidemiological data (such as previous infection, transfers between hospitals or previous exposure to antifungals) was not always available. Second the isolates were collected and analyzed for one year, the duration of the study could be extended. Third we did not collected samples from the hospital environment or health care workers, information that will help to understand the source and spread of infections. Finally, we could not be allowed to implement the therapy with the susceptible antifungals to each patient. In conclusion is important to improve the identi cation and antifungal test (identi cation by PCR or susceptibility to echinocandins) of no albicans Candida species in ICU patients in Mexico.
V. PROMISING APPLICATIONS FOR FUSION RESEARCH As follows from the discussions in Secs. II-IV, for almost any mixed plasma, including D-T, one can find a corresponding three-ion ICRF scenario for a specific task. This section describes practical applications of these novel ICRF scenarios beyond plasma heating and fastion generation, which have a promising potential for fusion research, but are still largely under development. A. A tool for the fast-ion driven MHD modes and turbulence studies Dominant core electron heating from fusion-born alphas will be the main source of plasma heating in future D-T experiments. Recent theoretical studies highlight that alpha particles can significantly stabilize ITG turbulence and reduce heat transport in ITER. 66 Thus, developing heating scenarios in present-day tokamaks that closely mimic the conditions of fast-ion electron heating representative for ITER plasmas is very important to obtain a deeper understanding of the expected impact of the fusion-born alphas in D-T plasmas and validate existing state-of-the-art microturbulence codes with the data obtained.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that allowed us to improve the paper,  I. Voitsekhovitch  for her valuable comments and suggestions during the paper preparation, and to  H. Meyer  and  J. Faustin  for fruitful discussions. We thank the  ITPA Energetic Particle Physics Topical Group  for its support. This work has been carried out within the framework of the  EUROfusion Consortium  and has received funding from the  Euratom  research and training programme 2014-2018 and  2019-2020  under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the  European Commission. Part of this work was also carried out in the framework of projects done for the  ITER Scientist Fellow Network (ISFN).
Data and specimen collection After obtaining informed consent from parents or guardians, the child was interviewed by a trained field worker. Several socio-demographic variables were recorded, such as, age, sex, place of residence, and the community and ethnic group of the child and his/her parents. The different communities were malagasy, comorian, caucasian, indo-pakistanese or Chinese. Malagasy children were divided into20 ethnic groups. After the interview, blood (5 ml) was collected by venipuncture into an EDTA coated tube as well as in an additive-free tube. Samples were transported at +4˚C in a cool-box to the Pasteur Institute in Antananarivo (IPM), Madagascar where they were kept frozen at -20˚C until analysis. The analysis were performed in 2008. All samples were de-identified.
Limitations This is a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren from seven sites in the four different biotopes of Madagascar. The samples were collected 13 years ago. It may be suspected that risk factors have changed. However, according to Word Bank data (accessed 12/21/2020): GDP per capita (current USD) decreased from 536 to 523 USD. Assuming that the risk factors are associated with poverty and haven't significantly changed, the obtained data may be extrapolated to the current years. The main limitations of our study are the lack of clinical data and risk factors associated with cysticercosis. • The blood samples were collected in the framework of a malaria study. Therefore, factors recorded were not specific to cysticercosis. Further and updated studies should rely on prospective studies focusing on social, behavioural, sanitary, economic determinants and the Taeniasis/Cysticercosis risk factors that may play a role in the spread of the disease and explain the differences between sites.
The last 24 ns of each simulation were used for further analysis. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out using the NAMD package  [33]. The collvar technique of NAMD was applied to carry on potential mean force calculations  [32, 34]. The CHARMM all atom force-field  [35, 36]  and TIP3P  [37]  water model were employed. Langevin thermostat with a damping parameter equal to 5 ps was applied. Van der Waals interactions were disregarded for mutual separation higher than 1. 2 nm; to omit discontinuity the potential was smoothed starting at 1. 0 nm. Long-range electrostatic interactions were computed by the particle-mesh Ewald algorithm  [38].
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the project No. 2012/07/B/ ST5/00890  from the  Polish National Science Centre. Calculations were performed at Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, on the  PL-Grid infrastructure at ACK CYFRONET within the framework of the ''HPC Infrastructure for Grand Challenges of Science  and Engineering" project. The technical assistance of  Małgorzata Kuniewicz  and  Eliza Kachnic  is gratefully acknowledged.
4. 4. The interaction between the valence electrons and ionic cores was described by the projector augmented wave method  64, 65. The plane wave energy cut-off was set to 400 eV. We then optimized the geometry until the residual forces fell <0. 01 eV/Å. The calculated STM images were produced using the Tersoff-Hamann method  66  and the p4vasp software package with an STM tip placed 2. 05 Å above the position of a phosphorus atom.
Acknowledgements W. Z. would like to thank the  Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)  for the PhD financial support (scholarship). A. K. acknowledge partial support from the  US Department of Energy Basic Energy Science  under Contract No. DE-FG02-11ER16243. This research used resources of the  National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) , which is supported by the  Office of Science of the U. S. Department of Energy.
In TITAN and TITAN II the echo core laboratory pre-screened patients and excluded patients with 1+ SMR. REDUCE FMR was designed as a pragmatic trial and local investigators decided upon eligibility. Blinded core echocardiography laboratory analysis was undertaken only at study end, revealing that several enrolled patients actually had 1+ SMR. Additional inclusion criteria for all trials were LV enlargement defined as >5. 5 cm LV end-diastolic diameter and reduced ejection fraction (<40% in TITAN and TITAN II; <50% in REDUCE FMR). Independent core laboratories read echocardiograms for quantitative parameters blinded to allocation (for REDUCE-FMR) and visit date (TITAN, TITAN II and REDUCE FMR). MR grading was based upon American Society of Echocardiography recommendations. 7 ] [6]  The pooled dataset included baseline patient characteristics and secondary, echocardiographic, and vital status results at 1 year of follow-up.
Results The pooled dataset of the three studies included 68 patients treated with percutaneous mitral annuloplasty (52 of whom had been part of REDUCE FMR, 7 had been in TITAN and 9 in TITAN II). Of these patients, 25 had mild and 43 moderate SMR. This represented 51% of device-treated patients enrolled in these trials. The mean patient age was 69 ± 9 years, 75% were male, and HFrEF was predominantly of ischaemic aetiology (68%). All patients were classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II (35%) or III (65%). The mean LV ejection fraction at baseline was 32 ± 8% and LV end-diastolic diameter was 6. 5 ± 0. 8 cm (Table  1 ). Table  1  also shows medical therapy at baseline which was commensurate with guidelines for medical therapy for HFrEF at the time of studies. Patients with moderate SMR had confirmatory quantitative echocardiographic evidence of higher regurgitant volume (P < 0.
01) (online supplementary Table  S2 ). LV structural and secondary changes are shown in Figure  1B-D. In the present dataset, survival was not significantly different between those with mild SMR (95. 8%) and moderate SMR (85. 6%) (log-rank P = 0. 22) (Figure  3 ). Progression-free survival (survival at 1 year without an increase in MR grade), was 70% overall; 82% in those with mild SMR and 63% in those with moderate SMR (P = 0. 16). Freedom from heart failure hospitalization was 73. 3% over 1 year with no significant differences between the mild and moderate SMR groups (86. 5% vs. 66. 0%; log-rank P = 0. 07). The number of patients with any heart failure hospitalization in the 12-month period following device implant was significantly lower than those experiencing a heart failure hospitalization in the 12 months prior to the procedure (29.
Whether a diagnosis of mild or moderate MR warrants transcatheter or surgical treatment is a topic of debate. What is clear is that early medical and cardiac implantable electronic device treatments demonstrate accumulating benefits over time, principally in a slowing of progression in patients when treated early,  [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]  which suggests that early treatment for SMR deserves careful study as well. A key question is to identify those patients in whom SMR is likely to contribute to longer-term deterioration. This will require carefully collected large longitudinal observational datasets, as well as evidence that early treatment is feasible, safe, and delays deterioration. This is therefore the first dataset to explore this hypothesis of the potential benefits of targeted early treatment prior to clinical deterioration.