7 (2. 3) weeks GA; Mean (SD) Sepsis: 30. 5 (1. 73) weeks GA; 1110 (270) g 930 (217) g Median (IQR): 31 (27, 36) weeks GA; No LOS: 29. 5 (2. 1) weeks GA; 1135 No sepsis: 30. 4 (1. 64) weeks GA; 1120 (230) g (213) g 1581 (974, 2700) g Mean (SD): 28. 1 (2. 2) weeks GA; 1056 37-41 weeks GA; Median (IQR) Control: 3150 (2730-3300) g (292) g NR, VLBW Non-proven sepsis: 3000 (2700-3370) Median (IQR): 27. 9 (26. 9, 29. 3) weeks g GA; 1085 (931, 1292) g Proven sepsis: 3000 (2800-3120) g Mean (SD) Experimental group: 198 (34) days, 1227 (847) g Control: 196 (26) days; 1228 (760) g (Continues) (Continues) Number of patients n = 629 VLBW infants n = 202 Number of patients n = 45 infants <35 weeks GA = 1489 VLBW infants n n = 1372 (1211 analysed), No sepsis: n = 26 infants, n = 49, preterm born before sepsis: n = 40 infants 30 weeks GA n = 80 infants, 93% LBW Derivation cohort: n = 316, Validation cohort: n = 317 n = 618 n = 24 VLBW infants, of which 18 with sepsis n = 678 (320 VLBW) n = 73 extremely preterm infants, studied during first n = 566 VLBW infants 28 days of life n = 1022 infants, n = 458 VLBW n = 155 very preterm infants Testing: n = 434 infants (same patient population as Thakur 2019b) n = 337 infants n = 2989 VLBW Testing: n = 434 infants (same patient population as Thakur 2019a) n = 24 VLBW infants with LOS, n = 32 (16 with and 16 without sepsis) n = 22 controls without n = 676 infants LOS n = 118 VLBW infants n = 51 full-term infants (control: n = 11, non-proven n = 2989 VLBW infants sepsis: n = 26, proven n = 49 VLBW infants sepsis: n = 14) n = 108 infants with sepsis or SIRS episode(s), n = 50 controls Design Retrospective cohort study Prospective study Design (Algorithm development validation) (Algorithm development validation) Retrospective analysis of prospectively Retrospective study Prospective cohort study collected data (Algorithm development validation) (Algorithm development validation) (Algorithm development validation) Prospective cohort study Prospective cohort study (Algorithm testing) (Algorithm development validation) Prospective study (Algorithm development Prospective cohort study validation) (Algorithm development validation) Retrospective case-control study Retrospective study (Algorithm development (Algorithm testing) and validation) Prospective cohort study Retrospective review of infants enrolled in (Algorithm testing) birth cohort study Retrospective study (Algorithm testing) (Algorithm testing) Prospective cohort study (Algorithm testing) Nested case-control study Retrospective study on the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (Algorithm testing) (MIMIC III) dataset Prospective data collection, retrospective Randomised-controlled trial (Algorithm testing in clinical practice) identification of LOS (Algorithm development and validation) Retrospective study on the Medical (Algorithm testing) Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC III) dataset Retrospective study Selected patients from bigger retrospective cohort study (Algorithm testing) (Algorithm development and validation) (Algorithm development and validation) Prospective study (Algorithm development and validation) Prospective data collection, retrospective Prospective controlled study (Algorithm testing) identification of LOS Prospective study (Algorithm development and validation) (Algorithm testing) Retrospective study (Algorithm development validation) Retrospective study (Algorithm development validation) Funding and conflict of interest Funding: as described in Funding: NR Funding and conflict of interest manuscript COI: NR COI: NR Funding: as described in Funding: as described in Funding: as described in manuscript manuscript manuscript COI: as described in COI: NR COI: NR manuscript Funding: as described in Funding: as described in manuscript manuscript COI: NR COI: NR Funding: NR Funding: as described in COI: NR manuscript Funding: as described in COI: as described in manuscript manuscript COI: NR Funding: as described in manuscript COI: NR Funding: as described in Funding: as described in manuscript manuscript Funding: as described in COI: as described in COI: NR manuscript manuscript COI: as described in Funding: as described in manuscript manuscript Funding: NR COI: as described in COI: NR manuscript Funding: no funding described in manuscript Funding: as described in Funding: as described in manuscript manuscript COI: None COI: as described in COI: NR Funding: NR COI: NR manuscript Funding: NR Funding: NR COI: NR COI: None Funding: as described in manuscript COI: as described in Funding: NR Funding: as described in manuscript COI: None COI: None manuscript Funding: as described in manuscript COI: as described in Funding: NR manuscript COI: None Funding: as described in manuscript COI: as described in manuscript TA B L E 1 (Continued) TA B L E 1 (Continued) Study Country/setting Fairchild 2018 21a USA/single centre Kudawla 2007 33a India/single centre Study Country/setting Lake 2014 24b USA/single centre Patel 2016 26a USA/single centre Godoy 2014 32a Spain/single centre Griffin 2001 30 USA/single centre León 2020 34 France/Multicentre Singh 2003 35a India/single centre Griffin 2003 31b USA/multicentre Masino 2019 41 USA/single centre Stanculescu 2013 29 UK/single centre Griffin 2005a 44b USA/single centre Mithal 2016 42a USA/single centre Sullivan 2016 6 USA/single centre Griffin2005b 47b USA/multicentre Mithal 2018 5a USA/single centre Thakur 2019a 28 India/single centre Griffin 2007 45b USA/single centre Moorman 2011 38b USA/multicentre Thakur 2019b 27 India/Single centre Gur 2014 40a Israel/single centre Navarro 2015 25 France/single centre Xiao 2010 36b USA/single centre Gur 2015 46a Israel/Multicentre Nguyen 2017 48a Vietnam/single centre Zimmet 2020 37 USA/multicentre Joshi 2020 22 NL/single centre Kovatchev USA/single centre 2003 23a Abbreviations: COI, conflict of interest; EOS, early onset sepsis; g, grams; GA, gestational age; IQR, interquartile range; NEC: necrotising enterocolitis; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; NL, The Netherlands; NR, not reported; UK, United Kingdom; VLBW, very low birthweight (<1500 g).