dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Definitions and selection of neoplastic and NDBE images For our data sets, we included WLE images from treatment naïve patients. Images were selected based on image quality. Parameters for inclusion included both content-independent quality (e. g. , sufficient contrast and sharpness and absence of blur) and content-dependent quality (e. g. , adequate esophageal expansion, illumination and mucosal cleanliness in terms of absence of blood and bubbles, thereby enabling circumferential evaluation of mucosal surface). For neoplastic images, we employed the following additional selection criteria: (1) a visible neoplastic lesion within the image, and (2) high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or early adenocarcinoma (EAC) in biopsies or endoscopic resection specimens. For NDBE images, we imposed the following additional selection criteria: (1) no visible abnormalities within the endoscopic image, and (2) absence of any degree of dysplasia in all tissue samples.
Second, GastroNet was used for domain-specific pretraining. This data set has been described before and contains 494. 364 general endoscopic images obtained from the endoscopic archives of the Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center. 12 A subset of 3. 743 images were manually labeled by two experts into five categories: the esophagus, stomach, small intestines, colon, and others. The remaining images were classified into the same five categories as part of this pretraining method. 13 The rationale for domain-specific pretraining was to familiarize the CADe system with the basic features of endoscopic imagery, thereby enhancing the pretraining process. After pretraining, a third data set was used for domain-specific training of the CADe system. This data set contained 4.
420 Barrett-specific WLE images derived from 1. 229 patients (1. 713 neoplastic images from 564 patients and 2. 707 NDBE images from 665 patients), which were all retrospectively collected in 10 participating centers. All images were obtained using Olympus CV-190 processors using GIF-H180 and GIF-HQ190 endoscopes. A subset of this training data set was subtracted prior to training, and therefore not used in the training data set. This subset was used for validation of the CADe system. Based on the results of this subset, the (hyper)parameters of the trained CADe system were optimized and the threshold for differentiating neoplastic from NDBE images was determined. This subset contained 233 neoplastic images (129 unique patients) and 374 NDBE images (73 unique patients). The images were carefully selected based on the subtlety score of the neoplastic images to create a subset comparable to the test set (see below) and to optimize the CADe system toward its intended application.
Data sets for testing the Computer Aided Detection system To test the performance of the CADe system, three independent test sets were created (Table  1 , Figure  2 ). The images in these test sets were not used during pretraining, training, or validation of the CADe system and a patient-split was maintained between all data sets. Test set 1 contained 200 retrospectively collected images: 50 neoplastic images derived from 50 patients and 150 NDBE images derived from 150 patients. A ratio of 1:3 neoplasia/NDBE was used since this better reflects clinical practice than a 1:1 split as was used in our previous studies. 12, 14 This first test set was artificially enriched with subtle neoplastic lesions (based on preselection of cases with a likelihood-of-detection-score <50 followed by independent further selection by two experts), mimicking a clinical setting during surveillance endoscopy where recognition of early neoplasia might be at stake.
Data set showed similar findings with adjusted specificity of 88% and 87%, respectively. We anticipate that a significant proportion of falsepositive detections on a flat-type mucosa of NDBE will be easily dismissed after more detailed inspection with optical chromoscopy techniques. We have recently reported on a computer-assisted characterization algorithm using narrow-band imaging (NBI-CADx)  13  that could be used for such a purpose. In test set 2, all neoplastic lesions were detected (sensitivity 100%). This test set was created to represent the normal variety of neoplastic lesions encountered in daily practice and was not artificially enriched with subtle neoplasia, explaining the difference in sensitivity in test sets 1 and 2. These results suggest that in daily practice, the CADe system should be able to detect virtually all early neoplastic lesions encountered during Barrett surveillance endoscopy.
-33 In test set 3, the CADe system was tested on images obtained using the Olympus X1 processor and the latest generation EZ1500gastroscopes. The results of this prospective test set are compared to those of test set 1 (sensitivity 88% vs. 84%, specificity 64% vs. were obtained from 11 participating centers in Europe. The heterogeneity of the data sets used in the development and evaluation of the CADe system increases the robustness of the results. All neoplastic images were delineated by at least two out of 14 international expert endoscopists to create the optimal ground truth for training and testing. This approach ensures improved heterogeneity and robustness over our previous CADe system. 12, 14 is study also has some limitations. First, only retrospective data were used for the development of this CADe system.
However, the comparable performance on test set 3 suggests robustness for prospective data. Second, due to the setup of the current benchmarking study, it is not possible to report the additive value of the CADe system. This would require a two-phase assessment in which assessors first assess images without CADe assistance, followed by a second assessment in which the same images are evaluated with CADe assistance. Third, all images used in this study were recorded by expert endoscopists, resulting in high-quality images with proper mucosal cleaning and a well-expanded esophagus. This might differ from the eventual application in the current surveillance setting. In future studies, we are planning to include more heterogenous and prospective data to increase the robustness of the CADe system.
advanced, ALK-positive NSCLC in the ongoing phase 3 CROWN study (NCT03052608). Methods: Molecular responses were calculated using mean variant allele frequency (VAF), longitudinal mean change in VAF (dVAF), and ratio to baseline. Efficacy assessments (progression-free survival [PFS] and objective response rate) were paired with individual patient ctDNA and analyzed for association. Results: Compared with baseline, mean VAF at week 4 was decreased in both treatment arms. Considering all detected somatic variants, a reduction in dVAF ( 0) was associated with a longer PFS in the lorlatinib arm. The hazard ratio (HR) for a dVAF less than or equal to 0 versus more than 0 was 0. 50 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0. 23-1. 12) in the lorlatinib arm. A similar association was not observed for crizotinib (HR ¼ 1.
Introduction Lorlatinib is a highly potent, brain-penetrant, thirdgeneration ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that was found to have broad activity against ALK resistance mutations compared with other ALK inhibitors. 1, 2 In a global phase 1/2 study (NCT01970865), lorlatinib was found to have clinically meaningful antitumor activity after failure of previous ALK inhibitor therapy, either first generation, second generation, or both. 3, 4 Lorlatinib has also resulted in clinically meaningful improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) and a higher frequency of intracranial response versus crizotinib in patients with treatmentnaive, advanced, ALK-positive NSCLC in the randomized, global, phase 3 CROWN study (NCT03052608), leading to approval of lorlatinib for this indication by the U. S.
Analysis Population The data cutoff was March 20, 2020. Plasma samples for analysis in this study were available from 263 of 291 treated patients (90. 4%) at baseline; samples from 20 patients enrolled in the People's Republic of China were not available at the time of this analysis, and eight patients did not provide baseline samples. Of the 263 patients included in the current analysis, 134 were enrolled in the lorlatinib arm and 129 in the crizotinib arm. Nevertheless, five patients in the lorlatinib arm and four in the crizotinib arm had baseline samples that failed the analysis (e. g. , were uninformative, not analyzed); the failure rate of plasma genotyping was 3. 4%. Paired samples (baseline and wk 4 or 24) were available for most of the patients (235 of 263 [89. 4%] at wk 4 and 183 [69.
Acknowledgments This study was sponsored by  Pfizer. The authors thank the participating patients and their families, investigators, subinvestigators, research nurses, study coordinators, and operations staff. Editorial and medical writing support was provided by  Meredith Rogers, MS, CMPP , and  Laura George, PhD , CMPP, of  CMC AFFINITY, McCann Health Medical Communications  and by  Long Dao, PhD , of  ClinicalThinking, Inc. , and was funded by  Pfizer.
Fig. 1  shows two intense dust storms over Iraq; the first one occurred on 16 May and the second on 23 May. The dust fronts are seen to propagate downstream into the southeastern Arabian Peninsula on the days following initial emission (17 and 24 May, respectively). In this work, the triggers and impacts of two May 2022 severe dust storms in the Middle East are investigated with reanalysis, satellite-derived and insitu data. The mechanisms behind the dust lifting in Iraq, and why it occurred twice in one week in the same region are highlighted. Additionally, we take advantage of unique observational measurements in the UAE during the two dust events to gain further insight into the vertical distribution of dust aerosols and their radiative forcing. This paper is structured as follows. Details regarding the observational and reanalysis datasets and the methodology considered in this study are given in section 2.
Observational and reanalysis datasets A combination of ten observational and one reanalysis datasets are used in this study. Five satellite-derived products are considered. Dust plumes are identified using satellite images, both visible from the Moderate Resolution Spectral Radiometer (MODIS;  Kaufman et al. , 1997; Kaufman et al. , 2002)  instrument onboard the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA's) Terra and Aqua satellites, and false colour from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI;  Schmetz et al. , 2002; Banks et al. , 2019)  instrument onboard the Meteosat Second Generation spacecraft. MODIS images are available daily on NASA's Worldview application  (Boller, 2022). SEVI-RI's brightness temperature measurements at 8. 7, 10. 8 and 12 μm, available on a 0.
, 1996)  dataset. Satellite-derived infrared brightness temperature, available every 30 min on a 4 km grid, are used to check for the presence of clouds, with a threshold value of 280 K used as per  Reddy and Rao (2018). Five in-situ measurement datasets are analyzed in this work. Hourly air temperature, wind direction, speed, and horizontal visibility at the Sulaimaniyah International Airport in northeastern Iraq (plus sign in Fig. 1c ) and at the Abadan Ayatollah Jami International Airport in southwestern Iran (circle in Fig. 1c ) are extracted from Meteorological Aerodrome Reports (METAR) data  (Leslie and Jones-Bateman, 2022)  to quantify the effects of dust on the near-surface environment and investigate the duration of dust episodes for two sites adjacent to the source region. Sounding temperature profiles, as measured by radiosondes launched twice daily at Abu Dhabi's International Airport  (Oolman, 2022)  are used to explore the dust impact on the tropospheric temperature.
Conclusions In this work, a newly identified atmospheric trigger for dust emission in the spring season over the Middle East, namely atmospheric rivers from the tropics combined to cold drops from mid-latitudes and the associated convective-driven density currents, is presented. The largescale circulation that promoted the occurrence of the cold-drops over the Middle East is also analyzed. Finally, the spatio-temporal characteristics of the May 2022 Middle East dust storms and their impact on the environment and the radiative budget are discussed based on a unique dataset acquired recently over southern Arabian Peninsula. A wavenumber 5 pattern in the atmospheric circulation over the Northern Hemisphere conceived two deep troughs over north Africa and western Russia with a stationary ridge between them over Europe.
Acknowledgements We wish to acknowledge the contribution of  Khalifa University 's high-performance computing and research computing facilities and support team to the results of this research. We are also grateful to the  Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation  (FANR; https://www. fanr. gov. ae/en) and the  Nawah Energy Company  (https://www. nawah. ae/) for their invaluable support and assistance in the deployment of the instruments at Barakah site. This research work was supported by  FANR  through the research project  Modeling of Radionuclides Dispersion in the UAE Environment (MORAD ). The AEROIASI product is supported by the  Centre National des Etudes Spatiales (CNES)  through the  IASI  project ( Terre Océan Surface Continentale Atmosphère ). We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their several insightful comments/suggestions that helped to substantially improve the quality of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the  Region Reunion , the  CNRS ,  Météo France  and the  Université de la Réunion  for support and contribution within the research infrastructure  OPAR  ( Observatoire de Physique de l'Atmosphère à la Réunion ). We also sincerely want to thank all the individuals for their contribution during the campaign to help with the measurements:  J. -P. Cammas ,  E. Golubic ,  Y. Hello ,  P. Hernandez ,  T. Portafaix ,  M. Ranaivombola. We also acknowledge the  French Centre for Spatial Studies (CNES)  for providing a research grant to the first author.
Data Availability Statement The data used in this study are publicly accessible via this webpage: https://geosur. osureunion. fr/geonetwork/srv/ eng/catalog. search#/metadata/f2c35798-47b7-433c-8927-46cf7babca83. The L2 ready-to-use data set in netCDF format is available through this link: https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 7790283.
Proactive vessel register In 2012, ISSF created the Proactive Vessel Register (PVR) which enabled tuna vessel owners to identify themselves as active participants in meaningful sustainability efforts, such as implementing specific best practices. Participating vessels are regularly audited by independent accredited consultants (e. g. , MRAG-Americas) to verify these sustainable actions. Tuna purchasers and other stakeholders can easily check the freely available online PVR information on hundreds of vessels worldwide (https://iss-foundation. org/knowledge-tools/databases/proactivevessel-register/) and make informed decisions for sustainable tuna sourcing. For example, tuna traders and processor members of the International Seafood Sustainability Association (ISSA) committed to purchasing tuna only from vessels that comply with certain ISSF Conservation Measures and the PVR is a platform that tracks whether vessels are complying with them.
To assess improvements in the application of vulnerable species bycatch release practices, whether manual or BDR-assisted, in recent years high quality observer data should be carefully collected. Preliminary observer data analysis for some fleets seem to indicate improvements in bycatch release times from deck in recent years  (Grande et al. , 2019) , but this can be species or size specific  (Maufroy et al. , 2020). Therefore, this is still work in progress and multi-ocean fleet trends should be evaluated in more detail. Furthermore, the evolution in the condition at release and survival rates of sharks and mobulids (e. g. , using vitality indexes, lactate levels or with pop-up satellite tagging) should be examined by scientists over time to measure the efficiency of different release methods in purse seiners  (Filmalter et al.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all the purse seine fishers and companies that have participated in the ISSF Skippers Workshops and associated research activities. Several scientists including  Ben Ashigbui ,  Sven Blackenhorn ,  Jose Maria Ferarios ,  Fabien Forget ,  Maitane Grande ,  Federico Iriarte ,  Papa Kebe ,  Jon Lopez ,  Berry Muller ,  Tatsuki Oshima ,  Marlon Roman ,  Mariana Tolotti ,  Ignatius Tri ,  Anung Widodo  and  Dai Xiaojie  assisted in the coordination and delivery of the workshops. Fleet association managers and members including  Kwame Adomako ,  Luigi Benincasa ,  John Farmer ,  Zhao Gang ,  William Gibbons-Fly ,  Michel Goujon ,  Marko Kamber ,  Guillermo Moran ,  Julio Moron ,  Anertz Muniategi , and  Rendra Purdiansa  also greatly helped with workshop organization.
A combination of physical (temperature and horizontal current, vertical mixing) and biogeochemical (primary and secondary production-small and large phytoplankton, small and large zooplankton-detritus, light and oxygen) from our PISCES simulations are used to force the APECOSM simulations. In these experiments, PISCES and APECOSM were not fully coupled, meaning that feedbacks between upper trophic levels on nutrient cycling and lower trophic levels were neglected as they likely only have a minor effect on NPP and the carbon cycle  (Dupont et al. , 2023). EEZ boundaries are defined using the Sea Around Us data set (http://www. seaar oundus. org) that subdivides the EEZs of 198 coastal states into a total of 280 EEZ regions.
the high-performance computing facilities at the University of Liverpool, UK. AT was supported by the NERC award NE/ S013547/1 and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 724289). BST was supported by funding from the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment. OM and NB acknowledge the Pôle de Calcul et de Données Marines (PCDM, http://www. ifrem er. fr/pcdm) for providing DATARMOR computational resources for running the APECOSM 4. 0. 1. model. OM and NB also acknowledge support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 grant agreement No. 817578 (TRIATLAS). Model output is available from: https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 8060053.
These promising results have motivated a subsequent trial specifically directed to address this point (ClinicalTrials. gov, Trial identifier: NCT04661358). If the results of this ongoing study confirm these preliminary data, oral fenofibrate could be considered an option in pediatric age even though long term effects of these drug should be further explored. Topical administration of eyedrops is also being investigated with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic agents  [91]. Some of the evaluated drugs are Alpha-2-agonists like brimonidine alone (brimonidine 0. 1 %)  [92]  or combined with somatostatin (brimonidine 0. 2 % + somatostatin 0. 1 %)  [93, 94] , citicoline with vitamin B12 (citicoline 2 % + cyanocobalamin 0. 05 %)  [95] , F2-alphablockers associated to NSAID (latanoprost + diclofenac)  [96] , carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (dorzolamide)  [97] , or selective integrin inhibitors  [98].
Information Sources and Search Strategy Utilizing the Medline Database up to October 2022, a literature search was conducted. Three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were utilized to find all pertinent studies regardless of language, publication date, or publishing status (Table  2 ). In addition, we thoroughly combed through the cited works in order to identify more studies. Excluded were studies that were not comparable, reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.
Risk of Bias The findings of the evaluation of the risk of bias are reported in Table  4. Five studies were judged to have a high risk of bias  [12, 32, [34] [35] [36] , and two were judged to have an unclear risk of bias  [31, 33]. Concerning the order of allocation, five of them were found to have a high risk of bias, while the rest had an unclear risk of bias. Considering allocation concealment and assessors' blinding, the majority of the trials had an unclear risk of bias. Information on the randomization of animal housing was also unclear. The risk of bias connected to the animal random selection for the outcome evaluation was assessed to be unclear for all of them as well. Regarding the processing of incomplete data and the reporting of selective outcomes, the risk of bias was graded as unclear for all of them.
Design overview, setting, and participants Non-hospitalized adults ≥ 18 years old with laboratory-confirmed mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and at least one risk factor for progression to severe disease were included in the phase 3 component of MOVe-OUT (ClinicalTrials. gov NCT04575597). Participants were randomized within 5 days of onset of COVID-19 signs or symptoms and received molnupiravir 800 mg every 12 h or matching placebo for 5 days. Nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were collected at baseline on Day 1 and on Days 3, 5, 10, 15, and 29. MOVe-OUT was conducted in accordance with local and/or national regulations (including all applicable data protection laws and regulations), International Council for Harmonization-Good Clinical Practice, and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki regarding independent ethics committee review, informed consent, and the protection of human participants in biomedical research.
Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics were used to summarize efficacy, safety, and virologic data. For categorical variables, frequency and proportions were calculated using the number of participants with available data as the denominator. Differences in the proportion of participants who experienced hospitalization or death through Day 29 were estimated based on the Miettinen & Nurminen method  [22]. Differences in least square means were used to characterize the changes from baseline in SARS-CoV-2 RNA titers over time.
In this study, one intensive care unit admission, and no deaths occurred within 30 days in individuals who received molnupiravir, while there were three intensive care unit admissions and three deaths among individuals who did not receive outpatient therapy  [28]. While the study population in this real-world evidence report, the majority of whom had received at least one dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and were infected during the Omicron B. 1. 1. 529 surge, differed from the immunocompromised participants identified in phase 3 of MOVe-OUT, these real-world data align with our findings and support the use of molnupiravir in immunocompromised patients with COVID-19. A strength of this analysis is the scope of virologic data that were evaluated in this cohort of immunocompromised participants, with analyses performed on nasopharyngeal samples that were prospectively collected at multiple timepoints in phase 3 of the MOVe-OUT trial.
These data add to the very limited literature on outcomes in immunocompromised individuals treated for COVID-19 since they are usually excluded from clinical trials. Our analysis was limited by the small sample of non-hospitalized immunocompromised participants, most of whom had active cancer or wellcontrolled HIV; therefore, this cohort is not representative of all immunocompromised individuals, for example, patients with depleted T-cells due to uncontrolled HIV or recipients of T-cell depleting agents (i. e. , antithymocyte globulin, alemtuzumab)  [31] [32] [33]. Also, detailed information about cancer type and treatment was not prospectively collected in the trial database, thus the degree of immunosuppression for some participants with active cancer was not clear. Additionally, participants in MOVe-OUT were not vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2; however, recent real-world data suggest there are clinical benefits of molnupiravir therapy in vaccinated solid organ transplant recipients  [28].