dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Jones 2007 {published data only} prospective randomized intervention trial. Neonatology Jones AE, Fiechtl JF, Brown MD, Ballew JJ, Kline JA. 2010;97(2):165-74. Procalcitonin test in the diagnosis of bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2007;50(1):34-41. Tang 2007 {published data only} Tang BM, Eslick GD, Craig JC, McLean AS. Accuracy of Kook 2012 {published data only} procalcitonin for sepsis diagnosis in critically ill patients: Kook JL, Chao SR, Le J, Robinson PA. Impact of the use of procalcitonin assay in hospitalised patients with pneumonia at systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2007;7(3):210-7. a community care hospital. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2012;33(4):424-6.
Liu BH, Li HF, Lei Y, Zhao SX, Sun ML. Clinical significance of dynamic monitoring of procalcitonin in guiding the use of antibiotics in patients with sepsis in ICU. Zhonghua Wei Zhong References to ongoing studies Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2013;25(11):690-3. NCT02130986 {unpublished data only} Qu 2012 {published data only} Qu R, Ji Y, Ling Y, Ye CY, Yang SM, Liu YY, et al. Procalcitonin is a good tool to guide duration of antibiotic therapy in * NCT02130986. Procalcitonin Antibiotic Consensus Trial (ProACT). clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02130986 First received: May 1, 2014. patients with severe acute pancreatitis. A randomized NCT02261610 {unpublished data only} prospective single-center controlled trial. Saudi Medical Journal 2012;33(4):382-7. * NCT02261610. Pulmonary Embolism and PCT.
PE-PCT Study. clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT02261610 First received: Saeed 2011 {published data only} September 5, 2014. Saeed K, Dryden M, Bourne S, Paget C, Proud A. Reduction in NCT02332577 {unpublished data only} antibiotic use through procalcitonin testing in patients in the medical admission unit or intensive care unit with suspicion of infection. Journal of Hospital Infection 2011;78(4):289-92. * NCT02332577. Study to compare the e icacy of pristinamycin (Pyostacine) versus amoxicillin in the treatment of acute community acquired pneumonia. clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/ Schuetz 2010 {published data only} NCT02332577 First received: January 5, 2015. Schuetz P, Batschwaro M, Dusemund F, Albrich W, Burgi U, NCT02440828 {unpublished data only} Maurer M, et al. E ectiveness of a procalcitonin algorithm to guide antibiotic therapy in respiratory tract infections outside of study conditions: a post-study survey.
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2010;29(3):269-77. * NCT02440828. Addition of tobramycin inhalation in the treatment of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAPORISE). clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT02440828 First received: March 13, 2015. Simmonds 2005 {published data only} NCT02787603 {unpublished data only} Simmonds MC, Higgins JP, Stewart LA, Tierney JF, Clarke MJ, Thompson SG. Meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials: a review of methods used in practice. Clinical Trials 2005;2(3):209-17. * NCT02787603. Procalcitonin in Early Antibiotic Interruption in Patient With Bacterial Pulmonary infeCtion and Acute Heart Failure (EPICAD). clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT02787603 First received: May 25, 2016. Simon 2004 {published data only} NCT02862314 {unpublished data only} Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK, Saint-Louis P, Lacroix J.
Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004;39(2):206-17. * NCT02862314. PROcalcitonin Pneumonia/Pneumonitis Associated With ASPIration (PROPASPI). clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/ show/NCT02862314 First received: July 29, 2016. Stocker 2010 {published data only} Stocker M, Fontana M, el Helou S, Wegscheider K, Berger TM. Use of procalcitonin-guided decision-making to shorten antibiotic therapy in suspected neonatal early-onset sepsis: NCT02931409 {unpublished data only} * NCT02931409. Intraoperative PEEP optimization: e ects on postoperative pulmonary complications and inflammatory response. clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT02931409 First received: October 5, 2016.
Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Additional references Albrich 2012 GRADE Working Group, McMaster University. GRADEpro GDT. Version (accessed April 2017). Hamilton (ON): GRADE Working Group, McMaster University, 2014. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzla J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(10):e1-34. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Liberati 2009a Albrich WC, Dusemund F, Bucher B, Meyer S, Thomann R, Kuhn F, et al. E ectiveness and safety of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy in lower respiratory tract infections in "real life": an international, multicenter post-study survey (ProREAL).
Archives of Internal Medicine 2012;172(9):715-22. Higgins 2003 Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60. Arnold 2005 Arnold SR, Straus SE. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. [DOI: 10. 1002/14651858. CD003539. pub2] Higgins 2011 Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5. 1. 0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook. cochrane. org. Atkins 2004 Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al. GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and Hoare 2006 Hoare Z, Lim WS. Pneumonia: update on diagnosis and management.
Doan 2014 Doan Q, Enarson P, Kissoon N, Klassen TP, Johnson DW. Rapid viral diagnosis for acute febrile respiratory illness in children in the Emergency Department. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 9. [DOI: 10. 1002/14651858. CD006452. pub4]Drozdov2015Drozdov D, Schwarz S, Kutz A, Grolimund E, Rast AC, Steiner D, et al. Procalcitonin and pyuria-based algorithm reduces antibiotic use in urinary tract infections: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine 2015;13(1):104. Evans 2002 Evans AT, Husain S, Durairaj L, Sadowski LS, Charles-Damte M, Wang Y. Azithromycin for acute bronchitis: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359(9318):1648-54. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet 2005;365(9435):579-87.
References to other published versions of this review Schuetz 2008 Schuetz P, Chiappa V, Briel M, Greenwald JL. Procalcitonin algorithms for antibiotic therapy decisions: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and recommendations for clinical algorithms. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(15):1322-31. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews procalcitonin concentrations in addition to symptoms and signs to predict pneumonia in patients presenting to primary care with acute cough: diagnostic study. BMJ 2013;346:f2450. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Schuetz 2011a Wacker 2013 Wacker C, Prkno A, Brunkhorst FM, Schlattmann P. Procalcitonin Schuetz 2011 as a diagnostic marker for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2013;13(5):426-35.
Schuetz 2015 Schuetz P, Chiappa V, Briel M, Greenwald JL. Procalcitonin algorithms for antibiotic therapy decisions: a systematic Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care. Cochrane Zaas 2014 Zaas AK, Garner BH, Tsalik EL, Burke T, Woods CW, Ginsburg GS. The current epidemiology and clinical decisions surrounding Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: acute respiratory infections. Trends in Molecular Medicine 10. 1002/14651858. CD000022. pub3] 2014;20(10):579-88. Manzano 2010 Schuetz P, Aujesky D, Muller C, Muller B. Biomarker-guided personalised emergency medicine for all -hope for another hype?. Swiss Medical Weekly 2015;145:w14079. review of randomized controlled trials and recommendations for clinical algorithms.
Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(15):1322-31. Schuetz 2016 Schuetz 2012 Schuetz P, Daniels LB, Kulkarni P, Anker SD, Mueller B. Schuetz P, Muller B, Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Tamm M, Procalcitonin: a new biomarker for the cardiologist. Bouadma L, et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue Manzano S, Bailey B, Girodias JB, Galetto-Lacour A, International Journal of Cardiology 2016;223:390-7. [DOI: antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Cousineau J, Delvin E. Impact of procalcitonin on the 10. 1016/j. ijcard. 2016. 08. 204] Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. [DOI: management of children aged 1 to 36 months presenting with fever without source: a randomized controlled trial. American Schuetz 2017 10. 1002/14651858. CD007498. pub2] Journal of Emergency Medicine 2010;28(6):647-53.
Serial procalcitonin predicts mortality in severe sepsis patients: results from the multicenter procalcitonin monitoring sepsis (MOSES) study. Critical Care Medicine 2017;45(5):781-9. Spurling 2010 Spurling GKP, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Foxlee R. Delayed antibiotics for respiratory infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. [DOI: 10. 1002/14651858. CD004417. pub3] Stata 12. 1 [Computer program] StataCorp LP. Stata Statistical So ware: Release 12. 1. College Station (TX): StataCorp LP, 2005. Stewart 2015 Stewart LA, Clarke M, Rovers M, Riley RD, Simmonds M, Stewart G, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses of individual participant data: the PRISMA-IPD Statement. JAMA 2015;313(16):1657-65. Stojanovic 2017 Stojanovic I, Schneider JE, Wei L, Hong Z, Keane C, Schuetz P.
Economic evaluation of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy in acute respiratory infections: a Chinese hospital system perspective. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2017;55(4):561-70. Thompson 2001 Thompson SG, Turner RM, Warn DE. Multilevel models for metaanalysis, and their application to absolute risk di erences. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 2001;10(6):375-92. van Vugt 2013 van Vugt SF, Broekhuizen BD, Lammens C, Zuitho NP, de Jong PA, Coenen S, et al. Use of serum C reactive protein and Schuetz P, Briel M, Christ-Crain M, Wolbers M, Stolz D, Tamm M, et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or withhold antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 10. [DOI: 10. 1002/14651858. CD007498] Schuetz 2010a Schuetz P, Albrich W, Christ-Crain M, Chastre J, Mueller B.
Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Bloos 2016 (Continued) Bouadma 2010 (Continued) Branche 2015 (Continued) Branche 2015 (Continued) Blinding of participants and personnel (perfor-mance bias) All outcomes Blinding of outcome as-sessment (detection bias) All outcomes Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes Notes Interventions Methods Risk of bias Bias Random sequence genera-tion (selection bias) couraged). Outcomes Unclear risk High risk Low risk Guiding antibiotic decisions in hospitalised patients with respiratory infections Due to the study design, blinding of physicians was not feasible. Procalcitonin values were only available in participants with study intervention No blinding of outcome assessment was mentioned in study Postrandomisation exclusions were about even among intervention arms with a very low dropout rate for mortality Algorithm used in this study: In the intervention group serum PCT and viral/atypical pathogen PCR Small sample size Funding: Follow-up: Fixed period of 60 days for mortality testing were performed on admission (in addition to all standard-of-care diagnostic tests).
Antibiotic decisions were made based on a PCT algorithm (for PCT values of ≤ 0. 1 ng/mL, initiation of antibiotic Randomised clinical trial, multicentre in 53 primary care practices in northwest Switzerland Registration: NCT00472667 Authors' judgement Support for judgement Low risk Independent, centralised, computer-generated randomisation sequence (CleanWEB, Telemedicine Technologies, Boulogne, France) treatment is strongly discouraged; for values of 0. 11 to 0. 24 ng/mL, initiation is discouraged; for values of 0. 25 to 0. 49 ng/mL, initiation is encouraged; and for values of ≥ 0. 5 ng/ mL, initiation is strongly en-• duration of antibiotic therapy Participants Inclusion criteria: Included in this analysis: 458 out of 458 randomised participants Selective reporting (re-Allocation concealment (selection bias) Interventions Low risk Low risk • length of hospital stay Outcomes correspond to trial registration (NCT00832039) Centralised randomisation • respiratory complications Guiding antibiotic decisions in primary care with repeated measurements porting bias) • ICU care Blinding of participants Unclear risk • death Open-label trial where physicians knew to which group participants had been Other bias and personnel (perfor-mance bias) Unclear risk • healthcare utilisation Overruling of the PCT algorithm was very high (adherence was lower than 50%) assigned and where PCT levels were only communicated in the intervention arm.
All outcomes Blinding of outcome as- Low risk sessment (detection bias) Bouadma 2010 All outcomes Registration: NCT01907659 Risk of bias Incomplete outcome data Bias Low risk Authors' judgement Support for judgement Follow-up for mortality: 393/394 (100%) (attrition bias) Random sequence genera-All outcomes tion (selection bias) Low risk Participants were stratified by the presence of COPD and were randomly as-signed at a ratio of 1:1, using blocks of 4, to receive standard care or the inter- Selective reporting (re- Low risk Outcomes correspond to study protocol. Trial registered (NCT00472667). vention. porting bias) Allocation concealment Low risk Small block size (4) for randomisation Other bias (selection bias) Unclear risk Low adherence to PCT algorithm in PCT group (47%) Blinding of participants Unclear risk Blinding was not feasible due to the study design.
Low risk Outcomes correspond to study protocol. Trial registered (NCT01907659). porting bias) Allocation concealment (selection bias) Other bias High risk Low overall adherence to the PCT algorithm (64%) • 90-day all-cause mortality • mean total SOFA score and its sub scores • duration of ICU and hospital stay • ventilator-, vasopressor-, and dialysis-free days until day 90 • duration and costs of antimicrobial therapy • duration until change of antimicrobial therapy • antimicrobial exposure days • days free of antimicrobial therapy • frequency of surgical source control • frequency of diagnostic procedures for localisation of the infection focus • clinical and microbiologic treatment response • secondary infections • emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria Notes Funding: The study infrastructure was partially funded by grant 01 KI 0106 from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
Biosyn (Germany) and Thermo Fisher (Germany) provided study medication and financial support via unrestricted grants. Follow-up: 90 days Trial registration: NCT00832039 Low risk quote "Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, we randomly assigned patients to receive intravenous sodium selenite or placebo as well as antimicrobial therapy guided by a PCT algorithm or conventional antimicrobial therapy without Bloos 2016 (Continued) Methods Randomised, multicentre clinical trial in 9 French ICUs Participants Inclusion criteria: Patients with suspected bacterial infections during ICU stay without prior AB (> 24 h) Exclusion criteria: Aged under 18 years; known pregnancy; expected stay in the ICU of less than 3 days; bone marrow transplant or chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (< 500 neutrophils per mL); infections for which long-term antibiotic treatment is strongly recommended (i.
5 μg/L was reached. •SOFAscore(days 1, 7, 14, and 28)• length of stay in the ICU and hospital Quote: "Although treatment assignments were not masked, all investigators were unaware of aggregate outcomes during the study and primary endpoints were strictly defined and not patient-reported. "Quote:"Anadjudicationcommitteecomprised of 4 specialists in infectious diseases and critical care medicine who were masked to the randomisation assignment reviewed and validated all infectious episode classifications by consensus. "Patientswhohadconditions known to increase PCT levels (i. e. trauma, renal failure, and pancreatitis) or who had received antibiotics prior to admission were also excluded. Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsIncluded in this study:NotesFunding: This work was supported by Rochester General Hospital (KIDD Fund); the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (contract HHSN27220120005C); and BioFire (FilmArray respiratory panel instrument).
Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant 3300C0-107772) and Association for the Promotion of Science and Postgraduate Training of the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland. B•R•A•H•M•S, Germany provided assay and kit material related to the study. the respiratory tract within the first 14 days according to self assessment • revisit to the physician's office with a respiratory tract infection within 28 days • number of days with antibiotic-induced side effects Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Briel 2008 (Continued) Burkhardt 2010 (Continued) Allocation concealment Risk of bias Low risk Centralised randomisation communicated by phone to physician.
(selection bias) Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement Blinding of participants Unclear risk Open-label trial where physicians knew to which group participants had been and personnel (perfor-Random sequence genera-Briel 2008 mance bias) All outcomes tion (selection bias) Low risk assigned and where PCT levels were only communicated in the intervention Computer-generated arm Quote: "Baseline adaptive randomisation was realised through a web-based randomisation data bank (IOMTech GmbH, Berlin, Germany), which had been Blinding of outcome as- Low risk Blinded medical students performed interviews with participants at 14 and 28 programmed specifically for that purpose. " sessment (detection bias) days. All outcomes Allocation concealment Low risk Central randomisation Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) (selection bias) Low risk Quote: "In the central laboratory, the web-based randomisation of the patient Follow-up for mortality: 454/458 (99%) into the PCT group or the control group took place.
tion (selection bias) Follow-up: Fixed period of 28 days Registration: NCT00827060 and NCT00688610 MethodsRandomised clinical trial, multicentre in 15 primary care practices in the Hanover, Germany area Participants Inclusion criteria: Adults with upper or lower ARIs in primary care Exclusion criteria: Treatment with antibiotics during the previous 2 weeks, chronic liver disease, major surgery that had required hospitalisation during the last 4 weeks, autoimmune or systemic disorders, dialysis, medullary C-cell carcinoma and other inflammatory diseases Included in this analysis: 550 out of 571 randomised participants; 21 post randomisation exclusions (2 withdrew consent, 1 due to loss of sample, 15 with autoimmune, inflammatory, or systemic disease, 2 with advanced liver disease, 1 with prior use of antibiotics) Interventions Guiding antibiotic decisions in primary care with initial measurement only Algorithm used in this study: PCT value < 0.
PCT levels were reassessed after 4, 6, and 8 d. Antibiotics were discontinued on the basis of the PCT cut-o s defined above. In participants with very high PCT values on admission (e. g. greater than 10 µg/L), discontinuation of ABs was encouraged if levels decreased to less than 10% of the initial value (e. g. 1 µg/L, instead of less than 0. 25 µg/L). Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Christ-Crain 2004 (Continued) Outcomes • antibiotic use Included in this analysis: 302 out of 302 randomised participants Interventions • all-cause mortality Guiding antibiotic decisions in emergency department patients with CAP with repeated PCT measure-• ICU admission ments • frequency and length of hospital admission • quality of life • rate of re-exacerbation in COPD patients Notes Funding: Freiwillige Akademische Gesellscha Basel, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine and the Divisions of Endocrinology and Pneumology, University Hospital Basel; B•R•A•H•M•S AG, Ger- many and Orgenium Laboratories, Finland, provided assay material and partial support of the investi- gator-initiated study.
weeks Registration: ISRCTN04176397 Risk of bias Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Christ-Crain 2006 (Continued) Christ-Crain 2006 (Continued) All outcomes Incomplete outcome data Low risk Follow-up for mortality: 300/302 (99%) (attrition bias) All outcomes Selective reporting (re- Low risk Outcomes correspond to study protocol. porting bias) Other bias Low risk 87% adherence to PCT algorithm in PCT group Methods Randomised, single-centre clinical trial in an ED of a university hospital in Denmark Random sequence genera- Low risk Independent statistician created randomisation list. tion (selection bias) Allocation concealment Unclear risk Quote: "On admission, patients were randomly assigned to one of the two (selection bias) groups by sealed, opaque envelopes.
Follow-up: 28 days Registration: NCT01950936 Risk of bias Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Corti 2016 (Continued) All outcomes Blinding of outcome as- High risk No mentioning of blinding sessment (detection bias) All outcomes Incomplete outcome data Low risk Follow-up for mortality: 120/120 (100%) (attrition bias) All outcomes Selective reporting (re- Low risk Outcomes correspond to study protocol. Trial registered (NCT01950936) porting bias) Corti 2016 Other bias High risk Moderate adherence to the PCT algorithm in PCT group (61. 1%) Random sequence genera- Low risk Participants were allocated according to the random part of the civil registra- tion (selection bias) tion number in Denmark Allocation concealment Low risk The randomisation algorithm was concealed to treating clinicians and partici- (selection bias) pants Blinding of participants Unclear risk Blinding was not feasible, but PCT was only measured in the intervention arm and personnel (perfor- mance bias) • length of hospital stay • adverse events (composite endpoint of mortality, readmission, ICU admission all within 28 days Notes Funding: Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA, and bioMérieux Denmark ApS supported the study non-financially.