dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
These analyses were run with age in months (continuous variable) entered as covariate in order to control for the effect of the age while evaluating the potential mediation effects. We then became interested in testing whether these two simple mediation models could merge into a multiple mediation model. For this purpose, we used PROCESS macro for SPSS, Model 6  63  to perform a sequential mediation with two mediators (M1, emotion knowledge; M2, social behaviour) still controlling for the age in months (entered as covariate in the model) in order to better understand the relation between locomotor activity and academic-mathematic performance. In the end, it turned out that these analyses only revealed "partial mediation effects" (as argued by some experts) between our variables through the different models tested.
Research Procedure A qualitative approach was adopted for this study as it enabled the researcher to dig deeply into the different actors' views and practices towards sustainability. This study used semi-structured interviews to explore and discover unexpected concepts and ideas. According to  Moscarola (2015)   [36] , interviews should be conducted with knowledgeable individuals who speak about a specific topic in order to collect information. By conducting qualitative semi-structured interviews, data were collected at each stage of the value chain. Walking the chain allowed the researcher to understand the nature of the relationships between the different actors and to understand the extent of alignment or differences in terms of sustainable practices. The semi-structured interviews were based on an interview guide which was developed to extract information from each actor of the WVC.
Data Collection The data were collected through face-to-face and phone interviews. These in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted from August to October 2020. The interviews followed a semi-structured interview guide which was designed and developed in three versions, one for each type of actor in the WVC: wine grape growers and producers; distributors; and retailers. Interviews were conducted in a conversational manner, allowing interviewees to share their personal views on sustainability and the different practices they had adopted. These open-ended conversations allowed the researcher to go beyond the questions presented initially in the interview guide and helped generate broader discussions. The interviews were conducted in French, recorded as well as transcribed, and translated for the purpose of this research.
g. , 656 × 3241 µm in Fig. 4B, C ). The ultimate resolution of the Sensofar microscopes provides the appropriate vertical resolution (0. 64 µm/ pixel; 0. 31 µm optical resolution using the 20x lens) to capture the morphology of defects and perikymata as higher resolution images would be too large to analyze on most systems, while lower resolution images would not allow especially perikymata to be reliably measured. The type of light used to probe the surface should be selected based on the material properties of the epoxy replica, but here, white light (as opposed to blue, green, or red) produces the best quality scans. Within the proprietary software SensoSCAN, the confocal fusion algorithm   47, 48  where a transect is drawn from one occlusal shoulder to the other to extract 2D coordinates for analysis.
U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O F Image processing and measurement protocol. The resulting x, y, and z coordinates were saved in. dat file format and read into the Fiji distribution of ImageJ 47 using the XYZ2DEM plug-in  48. This plugin imports the coordinates and interpolates a digital elevation model or DEM using a Delaunay triangulation (Fig. 4D ). Scale information (i. e. , pixel length, scan area) is available within the SensoSCAN software and can be entered when loading the DEM, and by using the 'set scale' function in the 'analyze' menu. Once opened, the DEM appears in grey-scale format (Fig. 4E ), although shading or shadows can be applied to the DEM to increase contrast, if desired. As the orientation of the DEMs are flipped when they read into ImageJ, we used the transform tab of the menu to flip them vertically before analysis.
The line tool was used to draw a transect orthogonal to the feature(s) of interest, across the occlusal shoulders of defects (Fig. 4D ) or across several perikymata (Fig. 4B ). Due to curvature in both the mesiodistal and cuspo-cervical directions, each transect was drawn across the portion of the DEM that was orthogonal with the microscope during scanning, i. e. , level on either side of the defect or perikyma being measured, which is usually in the midline of the DEM. Once the transect was drawn and a 2D profile plotted, the FindPeaks plug-in was used to locate the Z-coordinate of the peak associated with the occlusal edge of the defect or perikyma ridge, as well as the coordinate for the deepest point within the defect floor or perikyma groove (Figs. 4E, 5C; package can be found within BAR, a collection of Broadly Applicable Routines)  49.
Depending on the length of the transect and the depth of features being targeted, the threshold for the FindPeaks parameters might need modification: for LEH defects, the default settings are usually sufficient (i. e. , defects are substantially deeper than any other nearby features like perikymata, and are therefore automatically identified by the software), but particularly when measuring shallow features, the minimum peak amplitude might need to be reduced (e. g. , to a value above median local perikymata depth to measure shallow defects, or to a value below median perikymata depth to measure perikymata). The longer the transect drawn within the DEM, the more likely that the default amplitude will need adjustment to identify the grooves. We measured maximum defect depth three times to calculate an average depth for each defect using three separate transects.
Acknowledgments We thank  Yann Heuzé ,  Alain Queffelec ,  Éric Pubert ,  William Rendu ,  Margaret Stanton , Horst and  Uwe Kierdorf  and the  University of Hildesheim ,  Christopher Knüsel ,  Ottmar Kullmer  and the  Senckenberg Museum , the  Domarchäologie Hildesheim  and the  Çatalhöyük Research Project  for their guidance, helpful discussions, and access to dental replicas for this project.
Finally, a cross-sectional study in the US and Canada involved 776 community-dwelling individuals who completed a daily diary tracing for positive and negative affect and stress symptoms during 7 days of the epidemic period  (13). The results show those aged 60 and over compared with younger (18-39) and middle-aged adults (40-59) had less negative affect and more positive affect. Older adults also reported more positive daily events than the younger ones, despite similar level of perceived stress. Therefore, as Vahia et al. underline in their review, older adults as a group may be to a certain extent more resilient than the younger populations to the anxiety, depression, and stressrelated mental health disorders of the COVID-19 pandemic, or at least during its initial phase  (14). However, there are important caveats to consider about the data published so far.
The population-based studies include a wide range of participants in terms of education, socioeconomic status, living areas (rural/urban), and health status. As all participants were at least 80 years-old and over, the population was considered as part of the oldest-old age group. To facilitate the participation of the oldest persons, socially isolated individuals, those with bad health status, as well as participants who do not have access to the internet, the survey consisted in a twowave telephone survey carried out during (wave 1), and after the lockdown (wave 2) addressing the following issues: 1) What are the attitudes, psychological, and social experiences of the older persons with regard to the COVID-19 crisis and the lockdown measures? 2) To what extent do such experiences have an impact on mortality and health events related and unrelated to COVID-19? The present article reports the data referring to attitudes, psychological, and social experiences of older persons with regard to the pandemic and lockdown measures (i.
Previously Collected Information Socio-demographics data [age, gender, and education considered in five categories (no or elementary education without diploma, elementary education validated by the primary school diploma, secondary level, long secondary level, university level)] were available in the ongoing cohort studies. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score  (19)  as well as the diagnosis of dementia available at the previous followup visit were considered. Previous information concerning subjective and mentalhealth measures, such as specific items from the CES-D scale ("Have you felt sad/depressed/lonely")  (20) , and the STAI scale for anxiety symptoms were used to compare PACOVID measures to measures collected before the pandemic  (21). For the CES-D questions, the answers provided by the participants at the previous follow-up visit (or when not available, at the preceding follow-up) were considered.
FUNDING This work was supported by the  National Agency Research Agence Nationale de la Recherche  and  Fondation de France  ( ANR-20-COVI-0010-01 ). The sponsor had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the preparation of the manuscript; or in the review or approval of the manuscript. VH-R was supported by the  National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT)  in Mexico.
Method and data This study uses multiple case studies to develop theory  (Eisenhardt and Graebner, 2007). The first phase of research involved a literature review. Online research, mainly using the official websites and blogs of various communities and the GEN, provided further information. The final dataset was obtained from guided visits, simple observations of each site, and semi-structured interviews. The research was based on the triangulation of interviews, secondary data, and direct observations. We studied four settlements or projects in southeastern France. These case studies were chosen because of their similar cultures and aims (i. e. , moving towards a more sustainable way of living, focusing on environmental preservation and eco-reversibility, creating a healthy lifestyle and community redevelopment, and achieving self-sufficiency and autonomy).
The four settlements are located at different levels of the mountain foothills. They are at different altitudes, ranging from 200 meters (Hameau des Buis), to 399 meters (Montbrison-Forez), 827 meters (Karma Ling Institute) and 980 meters (Éourres). This makes a difference in terms of accessibility, proximity to resources (wood, water, food, shelter), and weather conditions between the four locations. In each case, we observed the physical location in detail before and after carrying out semistructured interviews (with the exception of the Montbrison-Forez case, which we were unable to visit before the interview). It was important to visit the location before the interview in order to collect information without having any preconceived ideas. Postinterview visits were conducted to confirm the observational data collected.
A total of 160 farmers, from small to medium farms, were surveyed in 2013 and 2014. Additionally, 15 farmers representing large farms were interviewed in 2014 to consider the diversity of farming systems. The final sample included 175 farmers  (Juanes et al. , 2020). We developed and applied a semi-open-ended questionnaire for use at the farm level  (Juanes et al. , 2020). We explored three components in the farm survey: (1) family and house descriptions to assess family living conditions, (2) descriptions of the land and cropping systems used, including use of organic and mineral fertilizers, and (3) livestock structure and management, i. e. , feeding system, animal movements (entries and exits), and animal performances. For this paper, we selected the small and medium farms and removed two farms with incomplete datasets for crop management practices.
In total, our final sample was 158 farms. Our sample was reduced to 154 farms for the calculation of agronomic indicators due to a lack of data on manuring practices on four farms. Additionally, we conducted complementary interviews with Bedouin pastoralists around Tiba to understand the herds' contribution to manure provision and N supply for sedentary farms in the area (see Supplemental Material c). This fieldwork involved open-ended interviews with 10 Bedouin herders operating in the Tiba area. Each interview was composed of three parts: (1) history of the farmers and their family in the zone, (2) herd composition and the calendar of grazing per month over the previous year, and (3) arrangements and grazing costs. This research revealed the social and environmental links between the settled farms and Bedouin livestock systems by analyzing grazing practices and contracts at a territory level.
In total, we chose 37 variables classified into six thematic groups to understand the diversity of structure and functioning of the farm systems (Table  1 ). The variables of land tenure and district were projected as supplemental variables. The MFA approach allow us to calculate a series of scores that expressed similarities and differences between families. These scores were used to construct a hierarchy of partitions through agglomerative hierarchical classification (AHC)  (Manly, 1994). All calculations were performed using the ADE4 package  (Thioulouse et al. , 1997)  in R software (R Core Team, 2014) and resulted in clusters that characterize the prevailing farming systems in the entire zone.
Overview of the Diversity of Farming Systems in the NRL The description of farming system diversity resulted from the MFA and clustering analysis to identify farm types from the farm survey database. The first analysis of variance shows a well-structured configuration based on the first two axes, representing 70% of the total variance (Figure  3 ). We observed a clear differentiation of the family farming systems according to land access on the first axis (37% of the Eigenvalue) and the tree vs. livestock orientated systems on the second axis (33. 8% of the Eigenvalue). The agglomerative hierarchical classification allowed us to identify six clusters of family farm systems that were projected on the first factorial plan (F1 * F2) in Figure  3. Four of the six farm systems are considered as mixed crop-livestock systems from the Old NRLs (Groups G3 & G4 in Figure  3 ) and New NRLs (groups G1&G2, Figure  3 ).
2); 3) The manure supply from the grazing flock is estimated by the total flock multiplied by the daily manure production divided by the number of grazing-days on the plots; Based on the N content by kg of fresh matter of manure, it is estimated the total N supply by the grazing flock per ha, and this is reported to the total N farm inputs estimated in this location;4) the grazing balance is the difference between the N supply and N exit from the grazing activity although the N balance at the territorial level is the difference between the total N input and output based on the farm and grazing practices. N/ha/year. This N balance explains why the N balance at the territory level (ranging from 190 to 223 kg N/ha/year depending on the village) is lower than the N balance at the farm level (ranging from 221 to 257 kg N/ha/year depending on the farm type); the crop area in the current database corresponded to the cropping system in 2013-2014.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The material presented here has been collected in the framework of two collaborative research projects named CLIMED on The future of Mediterranean Livestock Farming Systems: Opportunity and efficiency of Crops-Livestock Integration, within the research program ARIMnet (2012-2016) and NARS on Collective action and agricultural productivity in Egypt's New Lands (Nasr canal command area), within the AIRD (Agence inter-établissements de recherche pour le développement) research program in Egypt. These two projects associated CIRAD (Center International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement), ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas), and Animal Production Research Institute, Egypt (APRI). We especially thank all the researchers from CIRAD and APRI for their active participation in data collection and management and all the farmers and stakeholders in the studied areas.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their careful feedback and valuable advice, as well as the guest editor,  Bertrand Valiorgue , for his availability and recommendations that greatly contributed to enhancing the quality of this article. They also thank  Aurélien Acquier ,  Valentina Carbone ,  David Massé  and  Bertrand Valiorgue , the organizers of the  ST-AIMS 'Collaborative Economy and Platforms ' at the 2018 AIMS conference in Montpellier, the participants of the  EGOS 2020 track 'Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence: Reshaping Professional Service Firms ,  Professions , and  Expert Work' , as well as  Franck Aggeri  and  Thomas Roulet , for their encouragement and suggested perspectives. Finally, they thank the members of the strategy team of  IAE Lille , especially  Alain Desreumaux  for the quality of his proofreading and  Benoit Demil  for his availability, the accuracy of his advice and his support.
Study design, sampling and ethical approval This was a multi-national, cross-sectional study. Researchers from six countries with the highest COVID-19 case numbers in Europe were approached  (Loades et al. , 2020). Of these, the Russian Federation, Spain, Italy, Germany, and France agreed to participate. England refused to take part as they had their own national dataset  (Sport England, 2020). Researchers from six less affected countries were also invited, and they were all interested to contribute (Belgium (Flemish Region), Portugal, Romania, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia). Data collection methods were standardised across all countries. Due to time constraints and feasibility considerations, it was not possible to generate a representative sample within each country. Target recruitment was a minimum of 200 children per country collected via convenience sampling.
Treatment of data and analysis Survey data were obtained from the online platforms, pooled, cleaned and imported for analysis using R language for statistical computing (R version 3. 6. 1; R Core Team, Vienna, Austria). Data from Belgium were not used in this analysis as the target number of 200 respondents was not achieved. Children were classified as meeting the physical activity recommendation based on the single-item 60-minute MVPA question. As no international benchmark exists for school-aged children for total screen time, authors used the 'no more than 2 hours/day' cut off from the American Academy of Pediatrics. (Council on Communications and Media, 2016) Based on the accessibility of public spaces, sports and recreational facilities, and the state of school closures, countries were categorised into three groups: (1) strict control measures (the Russian Federation), (2) lifting of the first phase of restrictions (Spain, Italy, Poland, Romania, Hungary), and (3) lifting of the second phase of restrictions (Slovenia, Germany, France, Portugal).
, 2013). Consequently, education policies should aim to mandate online P. E. be delivered by schools if remote learning is taking place. As schools build their remote teaching capacity, P. E. should be made a priority. Where schools are sending home lesson plans for math and grammar, they should also send home lesson plans for P. E. For schools or teachers who have the capacity, P. E. classes should be streamed online. The number of P. E. lessons should be at least the same as under non-pandemic conditions. There were a number of limitations present in this study that should be considered when interpreting the findings. First, self-and parent-reported instruments were used to assess time spent in physical activity. Self-reported data are heavily prone to recall bias and social desirability  (Ekelund, Tomkinson, & Armstrong, 2011).
Acknowledgements We thank the children and parents who generously volunteered and participated in this survey. We are also grateful for the participating institutes for supporting the field work in the countries. In particular, we thank the Belgium partners around  Herman Van Driessche , for their efforts in distributing the questionnaire, and we regret that we had to exclude the Belgium data from the final analysis. We gratefully acknowledge the technical help of  Dr. Joao Breda  and  Stephen Whiting  from the  WHO European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases  in setting up the survey team. The study was co-funded by the  Slovenian Research Agency  within the research program Bio-psychosocial context of kinesiology ( P5-0142 ).
Research in Context Evidence before this study Prior to conducting our study, we monitored journals in the fields of vaccines, infectious diseases, and childhood diseases. We also sought information from publications by and the websites of relevant bodies and networks including the World Health Organization, the Vaccine Alliance  (Gavi) , the US Centers for Disease Control, and the IMmunising PRegnant women and Infants NeTwork (IMPRINT). One systematic review has been published on this topic, but for Asia and the Pacific the review only reported publications from Pakistan. Data on COVID-19-induced disruption to routine vaccinations were sparse, particularly in terms of coverage for the South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions (SEAR/WPR), and did not explore impact by age, sub-national disruption, or sector.
, and 'not applicable' 0. Solutions to reduce disruptions were categorised and summarised narratively. Thematic analysis of the solutions by three independent reviewers identified nine common themes. Each theme was evaluated using an adapted Ng and de Colombani framework  [26]  for assessing best practices in public health. Each theme was scored independently by five reviewers (Supplementary Table  2 ), with a maximum score of 15 representing best practice. The number of countries already implementing relevant measures was recorded by theme. Data cleaning and analysis for the impact on immunisation were conducted in R (version 3. 6. 3) and reasons for disruption and solutions were analysed in Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Office 365 Pro Plus). Results are reported as median (interquartile range [IQR]) unless otherwise specified.
A third WHO survey up to July 2020 asked respondents from 91 countries in five WHO regions to report disruptions to immunisation services as none, partial or severe. Disruptions were reported to outreach immunisation services in 70% of countries (severe disruption in 18%) and facility-based services in 61% (severe disruption in 10%)  [10]. These data included but were not limited to SEAR/WPR. The first WHO pulse survey reported on the number of countries in SEAR/WPR affected for routine immunisation by antigen as follows: eight countries with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) disruption, seven OPV, one IPV and tetanus, and no MenA or typhoid disruptions at 29 April 2020, with MMR disruptions revised to four countries in the June 2020 pulse survey  [ 8 , 9 ]. In contrast, our results indicated that MMR was disrupted in 16 countries in the SEAR/WPR region, IPV and tetanus in 17, OPV in 12, MenA (either single or ACWY vaccine) in 13, and typhoid in three.