dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
15, 16 Anesthesia or sedation are not required. 4, 5, 11 he aim of this review is to critically appraise the available data on the off-label use of Suprelorin 4. 7 mg and Suprelorin 9. 4 mg for the control of reproduction in male and female domestic cats, including both adult and prepubertal populations. Pivotal information used in this review has been obtained from scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals, 5,10-14,17-20 while supportive information has been sourced from meeting summaries and posters. 6, 7, 9, 15, 16, 21 E V I E W / Suprelorin (deslorelin) for fertility control in cats.
Through the generation of high-resolution datasets, new genetic and morphometric techniques are providing more powerful means of exploring the zooarchaeological record, making these questions more tractable. The traditionally accepted model for pigs is that local wild boar populations were domesticated independently in Eastern Anatolia during the ninth millennium BC  [1] [2] [3]  and in central China during the seventh millennium BC  [7, 8]. Domestic pigs then dispersed outwards from these regions as part of the spread of Neolithic farming cultures. An assessment of mitochondrial variation in modern Sus populations across the Old World identified at least six geographically constrained genetic signatures shared by both local wild boar and domestic pigs, an observation that was initially used to support multiple (independent) domestication centres  [9].
Although the first domestic pigs in Europe carried a mitochondrial signature (Y1) endemic to Anatolia, numerous pigs from later prehistoric sites possessed mtDNA haplotypes identical to those associated with ancient and modern European wild boar (E1-A and E1-C). In addition, the Y1 haplotype was completely replaced in Europe by at least 3900 cal BC  [10]. The limited power of mitochondrial datasets to discriminate between independent domestication and introgression, however, meant that the processes responsible for these observations remained uncertain. Two recent reviews have suggested that the role of longterm (continuous) gene flow between wild and domestic animals in the development of the genetic and phenotypic constitutions of both past and present domestic animal populations has been underappreciated, and pigs are no exception  [12, 13].
In addition, we obtained a phylogenetically informative ca 74 bp mtDNA fragment that captured a core set of variable nucleotide sites distinguishing the four major haplogroups (E1, E2, NE1 and NE2) previously identified among West Eurasian wild boar  [9] [10] [11]. Ancient genetic signatures were obtained from 45 specimens (39 of which were also typed using GMM). These samples were collected from 18 Romanian archaeological sites (electronic supplementary material, figure  1S  and text ) ranging from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age (electronic supplementary material, table  S1 ). We contrasted the GMM and aDNA results with previously published aDNA data from Romania  [10]  and lastly, obtained six direct accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates from key specimens (electronic supplementary material, text and table  S3 ).
In order to determine the wild or domestic status of all group 2L individuals, we compared them with the archaeological baseline domestic (group 1S) and wild (Mesolithic) datasets (see the electronic supplementary material, figure  S3  for shape differences between these two groups). The results of this analysis revealed that, though the majority (60%) of group 2L individuals possessed a wild tooth shape, a large proportion (40%) possessed a domestic shape (figure  1 ; electronic supplementary material, table S2 and text). Interestingly, those with a domestic tooth shape were on average smaller than those with a wild shape-a pattern consistent with the process of size reduction associated with the process of early domestication (electronic supplementary material, table  S5 ). Following the assessment of wild and domestic tooth shape, we tracked the temporal changes in both the molar size and shape (figure  2  and electronic supplementary material, figure  S4 ).
Wild specimens (n ¼ 6) from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic carried haplotypes E1-C and Y1, the latter likely the result of introgression from domestic stock brought to Europe from the Near East  [12]. Group 1S specimens dating to the Neolithic and Chalcolithic (figure  2  and electronic supplementary material, figure  S6 ) nearly exclusively (17/18) carried the Y1 haplotype (the sole exception possessed the Y2 haplotype). The group 2L pigs with domestic tooth shape (n ¼ 6) dating to these same periods (that yielded DNA results), however, possessed a variety of haplotypes (n ¼ 5; E1-C, E1-A, AS1, Y1 and Y2), suggesting significant diversity likely bolstered by a history of admixture with introduced domestic pigs. When placed in a more detailed cultural -temporal context, we find that the earliest appearance of the Y1 haplotype in our Romanian dataset dates to the Middle Neolithic (Va ˘dastra culture, directly dated to 5318-5206 cal BC/ 6260 + 34 BP) at the site of Ma ˘gura-Buduiasca  [38]  and was carried by group 1S domestic pigs.
(b) Evidence for the tempo of phenotypic changes during domestication Early animal domestication was most likely a multi-generational, progressive process. As a result, intermediate forms between wild and domestic phenotypes should be present in the archaeological record, at least during the earliest phases  [42, 46]. Although little is known about the differential impact and tempo domestication had on individual teeth, studies on murine rodents have demonstrated that size and shape along the molar tooth row vary significantly-the third molar varying the most, likely the result of a combination of genotypic, developmental and functional constraints  [45]. Despite our small dataset, analyses of the 71 individuals that possessed both second and third molars hints at a differential tempo of shape change (at least on the two molars studied) as a result of domestication.
Lastly, two Middle Chalcolithic wild boar samples (from Bordus ¸ani) possessed the Y1 haplotype. Either this haplotype had a broader geographical range than previously thought, or, because all current data indicate an exclusive southwest Asian origin for the Y1 haplotype  [9] [10] [11] , its occurrence in group 2L specimens (with both domestic and wild tooth shape) is more likely the result of gene flow between introduced domestic pigs and local wild boar. Finally, the earliest group 1S pigs with European mtDNA ancestry do not appear in Romania until the Bronze Age (Rotbav, Wietenberg culture). All these pigs possessed the E1-A haplotype, which in Romania was previously only observed in a Mesolithic specimen from the site of Schela Cladovei  [10]. These data provide evidence for a domestic population turnover in Romania, similar and possibly linked to that previously reported from Anatolia and the Levant  [11, 47].
The presence of a European haplotype in the large specimens with domestic shapes could be explained by local management leading to domestication (without any influence from the introduced [near eastern] domestics). The temporal pattern of the genetic and morphometric signatures, combined with the existence of individuals possessing molars with conflicting wild and domestic identifications, suggests that the most parsimonious explanation is not independent domestication of European wild boar, but instead, reciprocal gene flow between local wild populations and introduced domestic stocks. By simultaneously investigating size, shape and mtDNA signatures in ancient pig specimens from the Mesolithic to Iron Age, our dataset has begun to reveal the shifting spatial and chronological complexity of phenotypic and genotypic signatures that resulted when non-endemic domestic pigs came into contact with the indigenous European wild boar.
Acknowledgements. Archaeozoological analyses conducted by  A. Ba  ˘la ˘s ¸escu were supported by three grants from the  Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS UEFISCDI  ( PN-II-RU-TE-20113-0146 ,  PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0982  and  PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-1015 ). We thank the archeologists  Ca ˘ta ˘lin Bem ,  Alexandru Dragoman ,  Valentin Dumitras ¸cu ,  Laura Dietrich ,  Raluca Koga ˘lniceanu ,  Cristian Micu ,  Sta ˘nica Pandrea ,  Valentin Parnic ,  George Trohani ,  Valentina Voinea  for the material they generously provided. We thank the many institutions and individuals that provided sample material and access to collections, especially the curators of the  Museum fu ¨r Naturkunde, Berlin; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve; Museum fu ¨r Haustierkunde, Halle; National Museum of Natural History, Washington ; The  Field Museum, Chicago and The American Museum of Natural History, New York ; The  Naturhistorisches Museum, Bern.
These protocols aim to provide technical support to veterinarians for identifying the causes of abortions, considering the direct financial losses for farmers. Diagnostic tests based on these protocols are partly funded by the GDS in some départements. Training courses and information for veterinarians on abortion diagnoses are supported by GTVs (Groupement technique vétérinaire, a technical veterinary association found in each département). Although there is a GDS and a GTV in each département, due to historical considerations, the proportion of GDS members is not far from 100 % whereas only about 43 % of veterinary practices who carry out regulatory interventions in cattle herds are GTV members. However, despite national regulations and the importance for farmers themselves in preventing public and animal health risks related to brucellosis and other abortive diseases, the under-reporting of abortions is a major limitation to the brucellosis event-driven surveillance system  [2].
Data sources and study population For every cattle farm, information about the location (département), animals (identification number, birth date, sex and breed), and animal movements (herd identification number, date, reason for entry and exit) were extracted from the French National Cattle Register. Abortion notifications and data on veterinarians were extracted from the French national animal health information database (SIGAL, Système d'information de la Direction générale de l' alimentation). Due to administrative reasons (the veterinary services reimburse veterinarians' visits in the event of abortion to veterinary practices and not to veterinarians themselves), data on veterinarians refer to veterinary practices and not to individual veterinarians. The study focused on abortions reported from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012.
The clientele size was calculated as the mean number of females over 24 months of age per week recorded in farms where a veterinary practice carried out regulatory interventions. A département was characterized by its proportion of GTV members (i. e. the ratio of the number of veterinary practices being a GTV member to the total number of veterinary practices carrying out regulatory interventions in cattle herds). In accordance with national regulations, personal data on farmers and veterinarians are collected through the bovine brucellosis surveillance system. The data used in this study are not freely available because of legal restrictions. Their access was authorised by the French Ministry of Agriculture in the context of this study, provided the results remain anonymous.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolates. The isolates evaluated were recovered from patients with mostly five types of infection: rhinocerebral, pulmonary, skin, bone, cerebral (sometimes both cerebral and cutaneous or pulmonary and cutaneous), and abdominal. The most common clinical specimens were nasal or palate biopsy specimens, aspirates, swabs, or scrapes; pulmonary secretions; pleural fluids; computed tomography-guided fine-needle aspirates; and bronchoalveolar lavage and endotracheal aspirates. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to the CLSI broth microdilution method (M38-A2) at the following medical centers   1, 2 , and 3). Although some laboratories submitted separate data for two varieties of R. microsporus, ITS sequencing of the varieties of this species has indicated that they are identical (4); therefore, we pooled all these MICs under R.
In other words, the ECV is the critical drug concentration that may identify those strains with decreased susceptibility to the agent being evaluated or the non-WT isolates harboring resistant mechanisms  (14, 16, 17). Data analysis. The MIC distribution of each species-agent combination from each laboratory was listed in an Excel spreadsheet; the MIC data were reviewed for obvious outlier results and abnormalities, e. g. , skewed distributions ("truncated" [mode at the lowest concentration tested] or bimodal distributions within an apparent wild type). These abnormal distributions were not included in the analysis, and outliers were not observed. Next, the presumptive WT modal MICs were determined for each species-agent combination and laboratory followed by obtaining the pooled MIC distributions for each antifungal agent and Mucorales species with the qualifying data.
The MIC in the first study was determined at 48 h instead of 24 h. Mechanisms of resistance were not evaluated in any of those strains, because as mentioned above, the molecular biology of the Mucorales is not as developed as that of Candida and Aspergillus. In conclusion, we propose species-specific amphotericin B ECVs comprising Ն95% of the modeled populations of 1 g/ml (L. corymbifera and M. circinelloides) to 2 g/ml (R. arrhizus and R. microsporus), posaconazole ECVs of 1 g/ml (L. corymbifera, R. arrhizus, and R. microsporus) to 4 g/ml (M. circinelloides), and an itraconazole ECV of 2 g/ml for R. arrhizus. ECVs were mostly one dilution higher when Ն97. 5% of the modeled populations was used. Our results cover amphotericin B and its lipid formulations because their MIC data have been comparable  (29).
Statistical Analyses We compared the number of chicks hatched out of the fertile eggs using chi-square tests. The mass of chicks was analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures (age) with treatment and sex as main factors and post hoc protected least significant difference Fisher tests. Behavioral data did not follow a normal pattern of distribution; therefore, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used for intergroup comparisons. Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used for intra-group comparisons. We evaluated the intra-individual consistency to approach novel foods and the correlation between novel foods and novel object tests. Therefore we used Spearman rank correlations to correlate the latencies to eat in the different tests. Sex effects are mentioned only when significant. Data are presented as the mean ˘standard error (SE).
The set of reads obtained from the two different sequencing methods were assembled with the Mira assembler v3. 2. [16]. The resulting contigs were combined using Opera software v1. 2  [17]  in tandem with GapFiller V1. 10 [18]  to reduce the dataset. Finally, manual refinements were made using CLC Genomics software (CLC bio, Aarhus, Denmark) and homemade tools. These two newly-sequenced genomes were deposited at EMBL-EBI under accession number CDJH00000000 for K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and CDOT00000000 for K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis. For the annotation process, assembled DNA sequences of the new draft genomes were run through various annotation applications including RNAmmer  [19] , Prodigal  [20] , ARA-GORN  [21] , Rfam  [22] , Pfam  [23] , and Infernal  [24].
Genome sequence comparison and pan-genome analysis We retrieved from NCBI the genome sequences of five strains of K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae including K. pneumoniae pneumoniae HS11286 [Genbank: CP003200]  [   1 ). To functionally annotate protein sequences, we used the WebMGA function prediction workflow  [35]  and the NCBI COG database for prokaryotic proteins  [36]. All hits below the default RPSBLAST e-value of 1e-03 were reported  [37]. We performed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for all K. pneumoniae strains of the COG content using the R package (http://CRAN. R-project. org). We assigned KEGG orthology (KO) to the studied protein sequences using the KEGG automatic-annotation server (KAAS)  [38]  and mapped the KO-assigned genes to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional modules  [39].
We determined the pan-genome composition of the six K. pneumoniae strains with and without including one of the other studied genomes K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae or K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis or K. variicola or K. oxytoca. Therefore, TBLASTN was performed to search the translated nucleotide database constituted of the different studied genomes using the proteomes as queries  [37]. For each query, the query bit score was divided by the maximum bit score for all genomes in order to calculate the Blast Score Ratio (BSR)  [40] [41] [42] [43]  allowing the conservation of peptides in each genome to be defined. Genes with a value of BSR ≥ 0. 4 (equivalent to a ≥ 40 % protein identity over 100 % of the protein length) were considered to belong to core. This algorithm allows comparative analysis of multiple proteomes and nucleotide sequence to be performed simultaneously.
ozaenae with the six other strains of K. pneumoniae using MAUVE software  [52]  showed a large rearrangement of K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae with different inversion and deletions events (data not show). These findings strongly suggested the separation of K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae from the other K. pneumoniae strains and its recognition as a distinctive species. When compared to the other strains of K. pneumonia, K. pneumonia subsp. ozaenae had fewer annotated proteins in all COG categories (4,572 proteins vs. 5,006 proteins on average) (Additional file 2). K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae lacked 202 genes (Additional file 3) that were present in all other Klebsiella strains and possessed 62 genes (Additional file 4) that were absent from all other strains. The missing genes from K. pneumoniae subsp.
Reproductive success and semen features Data on previous breeding records for the different stallions were made available by the National studs. Hence, we could calculate two reproductive success scores for all stallions  [35] : Insemination Success (IS = number of embryos alive after 16 days / number of artificial inseminations) and Survival Success (SS = number of pregnant mares at the end of the gestation / number of embryos alive after 16 days). This was based on 294 ± 176 artificial inseminations per stallion performed between 2007 and 2012. Spermograms by stud farms between 2006 and 2012 for all stallions (except horse # S1 for which spectrograms were not available) enabled the scoring of sperm mobility at 0h (M0), 24h (M24) and 48h (M48) after ejaculation, as well as the percentage of spermatozoa presenting physical abnormalities in the mid-piece in particular (SpM), or in all parts (SpO).
R. ) of several behavioural items using the focal sampling method. We calculated the occurrence frequencies of 'turn head towards High/Low pitched side' (orientation of the head by more than 45°towards the loudspeaker) and of 'turn body towards High/Low pitched side'. We recorded the total duration spent in each corridor of the setup as well as the first head orientation towards each loudspeaker. Data were coded blind as videos were scored in a random order with the sound off.
Statistical analyses Nonparametric Wilcoxon tests compared behavioural data of females from respectively groups A, B and C in relation to pitch of stimulus (Low vs High). Mann-Whitney tests compared total numbers of head and body orientations (regardless of side), as well as total durations in both corridors were between females oestrus and anoestrus states. We estimated the strength of preference for type of voice by calculating the following ratio: number of head orientations towards the Low-pitched voice / number of head orientations towards the high-pitched voice. We compared the ratio of mares in oestrus vs anoestrus states (Experiment 1) and tall vs short mares (Experiment 2) with Mann-Whitney tests. Statistics were run on Statistica 8. 0 (Statsoft) with a significance threshold of 0.
For this reason, there is the need to develop transparent, objective and consistent ITS tools to support reliable hazard and risk assessments. These are the core conceptual ITS requirements formulated in  Jaworska and Hoffmann (2010)  and later reiterated by  Hartung et al. (2013a). Regarding ITS, there are still many open questions: -What are the selection criteria for in vitro and in silico methods and the combination criteria of the methodologies for constructing ITS? -Which statistical and/or mathematical tools are available for relevant integration of data from different sources? -Can we adopt standards for statistical evaluation? -How should the predictive performance of ITS be assessed and validated? -How should the outcome of ITS be evaluated for regulatory use? To answer these questions, a group of experts was convened, coming from many different areas of expertise and organizations, including regulatory, validation and government bodies (EFSA, EURL ECVAM, US NICEATM, US FDA) and scientific associations (CEFIC, EPAA, ESTIV) (Box 1).
ufz. de/osiris). Within the scope of REACH, WoE can be defined as the organization of existing information while the set up of an ITS is the decision process that leads to performing new tests. A vast number of chemicals have been registered within the REACH program and if each of them were tested in vivo then the costs in terms of animal lives and economic resources would be enormous  (Hartung and Rovida, 2009; Rovida and Hartung, 2009). Mid 2014, about 12,500 individual substances had been registered within the scope of REACH and most of the data are available in a public database accessible from the ECHA website (http://echa. europa. eu/information-onchemicals/registered-substances). This database represents a vast resource of structured information that may feed models as well as offering the possibility to check the outcome of various predictions.
The results were used to create computational models to predict endpoints such as developmental and reproductive toxicity  (Martin et al. , 2011; Kleinstreuer et al. , 2011; Knudsen, 2012). Phase II and Phase III vastly expanded the chemical libraries to cover many untested compounds, providing the opportunity to validate the predictive signatures and prioritize environmental chemicals for potential hazards (http:// epa. gov/ncct/toxcast/data. html). The work program of OECD, the umbrella organization for chemical testing harmonization representing 34 countries worldwide, is also relevant in this context. OECD work on test  Altex 32(1), 2015  29 the different pathways of toxicity (PoT) and modes of action (MoA) in humans. Testing is supposed to produce data that must be interpreted and then compared to a threshold determination for adversity.
This approach is different from the European idea of first studying in detail the mode of action and then developing tests that mimic each step of the process. A constructive way to compare and combine the two approaches may lie in testing a common set of chemicals, such as the OECD reference chemicals developed for various test guidelines, and the ToxCast library. The ECHA database (http:// echa. europa. eu/web/guest/information-on-chemicals/registered-substances) is particularly useful because it contains data about all registered substances within the scope of the REACH program. Provided the data are well prepared and reliable, this will facilitate a better understanding of the applicability domain of the relevant assays.