dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The most populated regions (St. Petersburg and Leningrad oblast) do not have the same degree of completeness. Several reasons could explain the lack of completeness. First is the less centralised cancer care system in both regions, where patients can choose several federal, regional, and private hospitals providing cancer care. Second, software transition resulted in database loss, and a lack of staff in the registry limited the up-to-date data collection in Leningrad Oblast. Third, St. Petersburg's population requires more cancer registry personnel to process all the cases. Several important recommendations should be drawn from this report. Additional sources for PBCR can be explored, for example, pathology laboratories and hospital registries. Automatic linkage with mortality data sources could also improve data quality, but it requires access for PBCR personnel to these data sources.
Finally, the national report would benefit from the additional time given to PBCR to collect the data. Considering other quality indicators (comparability and accuracy), cancer registry data from several PBCRs in Northwest Russia is sufficient for epidemiological research and monitoring cancer control programs. Our project has already improved some aspects of PBCR data collection in the Northwestern region. However, despite overall good completeness and validity, PBCRs have challenges in comparability due to non-standard practices and classifications. Therefore, further implementation of ICD-O-3 is one of the main goals for the near future. We also hope other Russian regions will conduct quality assessments and use data to assess cancer incidence and survival using individual-level data.
Acknowledgements We thank doctors, registrars, and other staff at all population-based registries, oncology hospitals, and pathology labs in the  Northwestern regions of Russia. In addition, we thank  Anton Ryzhov ,  Olga Dudkina ,  Vakhtang Merabishvili ,  Jaakko Nevalainen ,  Ahti Anttila  and  Anssi Auvinen  for supporting this project.
Region PBCR foundation year Current institution Database backup Linkage mortality data Active traceback of DCN cases Arkhangelsk Oblast 2000 Arkhangelsk Oblast Oncology Daily Semi-automatic, monthly Yes Dispensary Kaliningrad Oblast 1991 Kaliningrad Oblast Oncology Daily Manual and semi-automatic, No Center monthly Republic of Karelia 1996 Republic of Karelia Oncology Daily 1996-2015 -manual, monthly; Yes, 2-3 weeks after the death Dispensary since 2016 -semi-automatic, weekly Republic of Komi 1996 Republic of Komi Oncology Monthly Manual, monthly Yes, 2-3 months after the death Dispensary Leningrad Oblast 1998 Leningrad Oblast Oncology Weekly Manual, monthly No Dispensary Murmansk Oblast 1993 Murmansk Oblast Oncology Daily Semi-automatic, monthly Yes Dispensary Saint-Petersburg 1993 Medical Information and Ana- Daily Semi-automatic, monthly No lytical Center Novgorod Oblast 2003 Novgorod Oblast Oncology Every 3-months Semi-automatic, monthly Yes Dispensary Pskov Oblast 1995 Pskov Oblast Oncology Monthly Manual, monthly Yes Dispensary Vologda Oblast 2005 Vologda Oblast Oncology Daily Manual, monthly No Dispensary.
However, significant gaps exist in some of those tools  [20, [24] [25] [26] [27] , that need to be considered to improve their reliability. Recently, artificial intelligence algorithms have enabled remarkable advances in diverse, formerly challenging fields, such as language translation  [28, 29] , image and speech recognition  [30, 31] , and building acoustics  [22, 23]. Artificial intelligence methods are dedicated to learning from samples to improve predictive performance in different tasks. By providing large, diverse datasets, the predictive power of these algorithms can be significantly enhanced, particularly for artificial neural network models (ANN). ANN has been widely used in various applications, such as estimating acoustic properties of materials  [32] , evaluating interior vehicle noise  [33] , and modeling environmental noise  [34].
On-site acoustic measurements The database collection comprises 104 acoustic field measurements implemented on multi-layered CLT-based floor systems for different buildings in Europe (Fig. 2 ). The measurements consist of airborne and impact sound insulation in one-third-octave bands (50 Hz-5 kHz). Fifty-one of them are airborne insulation measurements, and fifty-three are impact curves. Measurements were carried out according to ISO 16283 (Part 1 & 2)  [46, 47]  and ISO 717 (Part 1 & 2)  [48, 49]. The floor structures contain two construction systems: wet and dry-rise solutions. A wet system can be identified as a CLT-based floor with a thin, lightweight concrete layer on the top as a floating panel (see the components of a wet floor in Fig. 3 ). A dry-rise solution is here referred to systems without a concrete topping, with boards on top of point supports with integrated resilient interlayers.
The dry-rise system separates the toppings and the CLT panel with an insulation layer in between ; see Fig. 3. The measurements are related to 19 different projects that are related to 15 wooden buildings. Five of the buildings use a wet floor system, and the rest (ten) have a dry-rise system, see Fig. 2. Overall, 38 acoustic measurements are conducted on wet-floor systems (21 curves are airborne, and 17 impact curves). Moreover, 66 measurements are carried out on the dry-rise system (30 measurements are airborne, and 36 are impact curves). The database includes several structural parameters of the measured floors, surrounded walls, and specific information about linked junctions. For each acoustic measurement, the structural materials of each floor and wall and their installation orders, thickness, densities, floor construction system, wall type, junction type, and visco-elastic interlayer thickness are considered in the modeling.
Inspiratory resistive load and work of breathing (WOB) added by the device The maximal change between inspiratory and expiratory airway pressure was measured, and expressed as peak-to-peak airway pressure (P-P)  [12]. For each CPAP device, the relative change in WOB was calculated and expressed as a percentage of the WOB measured with the ICU ventilator. Additionally, dynamic Pmus-volume curves were used to assess the increase in the simulated patient's WOB required to maintain the targeted tidal volume. Each device was connected to the ASL 5000 test lung to quantify the device-related inspiratory resistive load during two simulated efforts. Pmus, Paw and volume signals were recorded from the ASL 5000 software at 512 Hz. Two respiratory demands were tested: moderate with R RS = 6 cm H 2 O/L/s, C RS = 60 mL/cm H 2 O, respiratory rate = 20 cpm with a Pmus adapted to each device to reach a tidal volume around 300 mL and high with R RS = 6 cm H 2 O/L/s, C RS = 30 mL/cm H 2 O, respiratory rate = 30 cpm with a Pmus adapted to reach a tidal volume around 500 mL.
Statistics Quantitative data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) depending on whether the distribution is normal or not. Normality of the distribution was assessed using the Shapiro Wilk test. In the bench study, where variables were normally distributed, comparisons between devices were made using the one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. In the clinical study, where variables were non normally distributed, paired quantitative data were compared by a Wilcoxon test. Qualitative data were compared by a Chi-2 test or Fisher's exact test. Tests were two-tailed and a value of P <0. 05 was considered statistically signi cant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Base 29 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).
Search strategy and selection criteria We conducted a structured literature review based on PRISMA guidelines to identify information about COVID-19 and undocumented migrants. We searched peer-reviewed journals indexed through PubMed from January 2020 to September 2022 with the following combination of search terms: (undocumented migrant OR migrant) AND (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2) AND (health system) AND (vaccine OR vaccination OR immunization). Articles published in peer-reviewed journals were supplemented through grey literature and the authors' own files. Papers published in English, French, Spanish, Italian, and German were reviewed. The final reference list was generated based on relevance to the scope of this Personal View and comprised of total 48 items, including: 23 peer-reviewed articles; 4 international/national legal texts; 4 state-of-the-art technical guidance reports and toolkits by WHO and UNICEF on COVID-19 vaccination demand, health systems frameworks, and integration of migrant data into health information systems; 2 technical reports by national health authorities; 13 technical reports and communications from academia and third sector actors; and 1 newspaper article.
Switzerland The Swiss HMIS is decentralized at canton level and heterogeneous in terms of indicators collected except for communicable diseases. No specific variable allows to identify migrants at risk of poorer health status, such as rejected asylum seeker and undocumented migrants. This important information currently only originates from institutional databases (usually from public hospitals) and research projects. The lack of disaggregation by residence and migration status in the national/subnational HMIS posed a significant challenge in monitoring COVID-19 infection and immunization coverage rates among marginalized population groups. Local surveys conducted in ad-hoc and relatively small samples of undocumented migrants were the only available sources of information to guide pandemic response actions, but likely failed to capture the actual situation in an accurate and timely manner.
| Analytic approach Chi-square and t tests evaluated categorical and continuous factors, respectively associated with past CGM use and requests for and receipts of prescriptions as well as new device uptake. Paired t tests were used to compare diabetes distress at follow-ups with baseline levels of distress. All analyses were conducted in SPSS version 27 using pairwise deletion to handle missing data. Power analyses revealed that the current sample was statistically powered to detect even a small (d = 0. 33) effect size.
Study design and setting This retrospective observational study was conducted using data from four parasitology labs in four referral centres for tropical medicine: Bicêtre Hospital, Avicenne Hospital and Bichat Hospital in the greater Paris region and Rennes Teaching Hospital in Brittany, Western France. These laboratories analysed samples from inpatients and outpatients followed up in 7 hospitals and 36 wards that recruit cases of schistosomiasis and immigrant-related diseases. We followed the STROBE guidelines for observational studies.
Participants We selected all cases of schistosomiasis diagnosed by these laboratories from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. The main inclusion criteria were (i) age ≥18 years at the time of diagnosis and (ii) diagnosis of schistosomiasis by at least one positive Schistosoma-specific test among the following: Western blot (WB) detection of anti-Schistosoma antibodies, microscopic Schistosoma spp. egg identification in urine, stool or histopathological samples. The exclusion criteria were (i) diagnosis of schistosomiasis before 2016, (ii) cases of acute schistosomiasis (based on the review of medical files), (iii) cases with missing clinical data and (iv) lack of consent. The diagnosis was defined as confirmed (positive microscopic analysis) or probable (positive WB assay). Patients with clinical symptoms compatible with schistosomiasis and/or a positive urine strip test for blood or leucocytes were categorized as symptomatic.
Variables and data sources We collected inclusion criteria, demographic and clinical data (gender, age, country of origin or endemic regions visited, clinical symptoms), the results of imaging studies when performed, and biological data (serology, microscopic examination, and eosinophil count), as well as anti-schistosomiasis treatment and follow-up. All the data were collected anonymously in a password-protected Excel file. All medical records were reviewed by 2 infectious and tropical diseases specialists (E. O. and S. J. ).
Ethical statement This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethical Committee of Paris-Saclay University (CER-Paris-Saclay-2020-092). In line with French legislation, it was also registered under the direction of the Clinical Research Department of APHP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), reference 201071, and on ClinicalTrials. gov under the number NCT04810741. No individual written consent was sought, but an information letter was sent to all patients with the option of withdrawing from the study.
Diagnosis We analysed the data of 532 patients (Fig. 1 ). There was no significant difference between patients included and those excluded due to missing data (Supplementary Table  1 ). Patient characteristics, comorbidities and countries of origin are displayed in Table  1  and Supplementary Figure  1. There were 405/532 (76. 1 %) probable cases and 127/532 (23. 9 %) confirmed cases. Anti-Schistosoma antibody detection was performed for 499/532 (93. 8 %) patients. Different serological methods were used: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for 491/532 (92. 3 %) patients, haemagglutination for 317/532 (59. 6 %) patients and WB for 497/532 (93. 4 %) patients. The positivity rates for ELISA and haemagglutination tests were 457/491 (93. 1 %) and 138/317 (43. 5 %), respectively. Western blot was positive for 493/497 (98.
From a medico-economic point of view, a recent study highlighted that presumptive treatment of all immigrants from endemic countries was an effective alternative in terms of costs, survival and sequelae  [39]. However, this attitude prevents morbidity assessment, which is essential to detect preclinical lesions (such as carcinoma) and implement follow-up. The distinction between different nosological frameworks, such as newly arrived and more-symptomatic immigrants compared to older immigrants, may help clinicians choose the best strategy of diagnosis and treatment. Our data suggest that imaging studies should be systematically performed when schistosomiasis is diagnosed, whether or not the patient has compatible symptoms or eggs identified on microscopic examination. Treatment options such as the repetition of praziquantel doses should be discussed thoroughly to implement new guidelines.
DIFFERENTIATION OF DWS BY INCOME LEVEL The DW for DDH was assessed through three different methods: ordinal preference ranking with a fixed ranklist, a time-trade-off approach and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The adopted approach to the preference ranking in the underlying dataset uses a fixed reference framework of pre-established DWs. The participant is asked to rank DDH among an ordinal list of diseases with DWs drawn from the 2013 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. 3 This allows direct derivation of a DW for DDH based on the diseases' DWs above and below DDH's allocated position in the ranklist by participants. A time-trade-off method asks participants to choose between 80 years with DDH or X number of years in A VAS asks the participant to point a value on a 10 cm line where the end points are anchored as 'perfect health' and 'death'.
Valuing disability without considering context or one's own experiences has proven to be very difficult, as shown by our data and previous studies by Salomon et al  26   BMJ Global Health et al. 27  Additionally, the utility weight, an entity considering utility and impact and used in QALY calculations to assess loss of quality of life, has been widely accepted as a context-dependent entity. The calculation of utility weights differs in terms of the methods applied. Preference ranking as used in our dataset and vignette techniques as used by the GBD research team are not used. Utility weights are generally based on a combination of timetrade-off methodologies or VAS. 20 For many diseases, the DW approaches 1-(utility weight),  5 28  meaning that they assess the same entity and that disability clearly cannot be assessed without considering utility and impact.
Our data for DDH and previous data collected by Salomon et al  26  have shown that for mobility issues, there is relative agreement across settings on how certain mobility-related diseases are valued against each other. We find, though, that the functional result of these same issues differs markedly among HIC versus LMIC populations. Additionally, Murray feared that the value placed on a certain disability might become dependent on the diseases circulating in the entire community when DWs would be allowed to fluctuate by context and setting. This fear is most likely valid; however, priority setting for disease investment is a community-based exercise and should balance protecting the rights of an individual while considering the broader community's needs. It should also be noted that the approach of treating 'like events'-as-'like'-approach may be equally harmful to those it aims to protect.
19 alomon et al showed the need to for age-weighting and differentiation of severity levels in one of his earlier works. 26 People from the general population across several countries were asked to rank a number of diseases and health states relating to mobility issues in terms of severity. There was strong agreement across countries and participants on the ordinal order of severity, however, when participants were asked to allocate a cardinal value for the severity of the diseases in question the allocated values differed based on participants' age and level of mobility. 26 Furthermore, the allocated values, also differed significantly across countries,  26  an observation not previously considered as an adjustment factor in DW or DALY calculations. In our dataset, we observe a clear difference across countries when comparing health system indicators in relation to DWs (figure  1C-F ).
LIMITATIONS Critical thinkers may raise the issue of the representativity of our data, regarding the number of people surveyed in certain countries and the fact that the data were collected surveying health professionals instead of the general population. It is correct that we consider the voice of a small group of respondents in LMICs representative of their entire country. Even though reality on the ground will be more nuanced than what a handful of voices can convey, their views remain infinitely more valuable and representative than any data modelled using HIC data or opinions. By showing that local voices matter and are heard in global health research we also believe local research initiatives will be strengthened, leading to more representative studies and data samples over time.
Data recorded The questionnaire was created using the study by Oettinger et al. [12]. as a model. The first section recorded the characteristics of the participating parent: year of birth, gender, level of education, socioprofessional category, type of health insurance, whether they had previously addressed their child's BMI with their general practitioner (GP) or via another source of information, and the parent's ability to explain BMI. The second section comprised a set of five questions exploring the parent's understanding of BMI, using the BMI curve without color coding (Fig. 1 ), and another set of similar questions using the BMI curve with color coding (Fig. 2 ). The questions relating to the BMI curves were similar in both questionnaires to enable comparison, but not identical so as to limit the learning effect: The order of the questions, the position of the points on the curves, and the first names used in the examples were different between the two curves.
Statistical analysis The sample size was calculated using SAS version 9. 4 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA), based on the following hypotheses: an expected proportion of parents with fully correct responses of 65% using the BMI curves without color coding; 85% of parents with fully correct responses using the BMI with color coding  [17] ; an alpha risk of 5%, power of 90%, and two-sided paired tests. We calculated that a total of 200 participants would be necessary. To this end, 32 schools were randomly selected (eight in each department). Quantitative data are described as mean §standard deviation (SD) and discrete variables as number and percentage. Comparisons of endpoints between the color-coded and non-color-coded curve were performed using the McNemar test. Factors associated with the primary endpoint, notably the use of color coding, were investigated by univariable analysis using a mixed logistic regression model with the subject as a random effect.
Multivariable mixed logistic regression was performed including the subject as a random effect, and including variables that yielded a value of p<0. 20 in univariable analysis. Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), as effect size. All tests were two-sided, and a value of p<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9. 4.
Ethical considerationsA database was created and maintained in a secure manner via the LimeSurvey Ò platform by the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne. All the data recorded were anonymous. Data management was performed in compliance with French and European legislation regarding data privacy (notably the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union in force since May 25, 2018, and the French law on informatics and liberties dated January 6, 1978 and updated in 2018). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the National College of Teaching for GPs (Comit e d' Ethique du Coll ege National des G en eralistes Enseignants) under the number 060521267.
Overall, 15% of health professionals were at high risk of burnout, with a large disparity, particularly according to profession: 22. 6% among physicians and 11. 6% among nurses. 9  view of these data and the large number of vacant positions in French neonatal units, the French Society of Neonatology performed an assessment of the working conditions and quality of life at work of French neonatologists. The perceived work condition and quality of life were compared by satisfaction status to assess the most important contributing elements.
Search and sampling strategy The search was conducted in September-October 2021, using Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus. A further check for recent literature was performed on the same three databases in June 2022, and no additional articles were found. Inclusion criteria required publications to report on the projects and programs that aimed to improve the intake or status of selected micronutrients through both dietary diversification and fortification interventions in one or more LMICs, published in peer-reviewed journals in English or French. Initially, no limits were placed on the date of publication, or on the age and gender of target populations. We included reviews, reviews of reviews, descriptive and inferential analyses, and both quantitative and qualitative research findings.
In conclusion, our view is that integrated food-based approaches should be context specific to deliver the maximum impact on nutrition and health. All approaches to enhance the micronutrient status of populations should consider local settings, sociocultural influences, and environmental conditions. There is a need for more accurate and regular data on micronutrient deficiencies to better design integrated food-based approaches, avoid health risks from potential overlap, and a need for further research on their outcomes to inform effective interventions in diverse settings. JdB, and VG conducted full-text screening. AB and JdB extracted data from primary research articles, and AA and JdB for reviews. JdB and AB developed figures with inputs from all authors. AB prepared the first draft of the manuscript and worked on subsequent drafts to produce a final manuscript.