dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data simulations and analysis In order to test CTA capabilities to analyse and extract the expected scientific results of the future KSPs, a set of in-depth Monte Carlo simulations of the first three years of observations of CTA was generated in what has been called the first CTA science data challenge (DC-1). High-level science data (observatory products comprised of selected gamma-like events, instrument response tables, and calibration data) of the existing TeV and GeV sky, as well as extrapolations of measured fluxes to higher and lower energies, based on population models, were produced. The event lists were simulated from high-level instrument response functions that correspond to an ideal CTA with good and stable atmosphere and instrument conditions; only zenith angles of 20 degrees and 40 degrees were simulated.
Acknowledgements The Authors would like to acknowledge  Francois Brisset  ( ICMMO, Université Paris-Sud ) for his support in electron microscopy. The Author's (JB and PD) acknowledge financial support from the  US Department of Defense   High Energy Laser Joint Technology Office (HEL JTO ). ML and BP would like to thank  CNRS Défi Instrumention aux limites -UltraBraggfor  financing this work.
Bonding quality The adhesion of coatings after weathering was assessed according to the ASTM D-3359 (  2007 ) standard. The results were reported in Table  4. The data showed a good adhesion for solvent-based coatings whatever the substrate, SRT or LRT, heated or unheated, since in all cases, the percentage of detachment was very low around less than 5% of area removed (4B). Conversely the adhesion of water-based coatings on heated or unheated was very bad both on SRT (1B /35-65% of area removed) and LRT (2B /15-35% of area removed). Surface layer of water-based coating had poor properties against aggressive factors, merely water during the condensation and water spray steps in weathering device. Indeed, water-based coatings contain hydrophilic substances that can be lixiviated hence a decrease of cohesiveness of the films and a loss of adherence.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge to the  Ministry of Education and Culture (KEMENDIKBUD)  and  RISTEK-DIKTI  for research work. EA 4370 LERMAB is supported by a grant overseen by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  as part of the  "Investissements d'Avenir" program  ( ANR-11-LABX-0002-01 ,  Lab of Excellence ARBRE ).
Questions: Can people referred to pulmonary rehabilitation easily learn to use a system for remote transmission of oximetry data? Do they consider remote transmission of oximetry data to be satisfactory? Are the transmitted data valid compared with locally stored data? Design: Multicentre, prospective, observational study. Participants: One hundred and five adults with chronic respiratory disease who were referred to pulmonary rehabilitation. Intervention: At an initial session, participants were taught to record and transmit their oximetry data to a remote server. At subsequent testing session(s), participants were requested to independently activate and use the oximetry monitoring system for a period of exercise on a cycle ergometer, until autonomy with the system was demonstrated. A subgroup of five participants undertook five 45-minute training sessions to generate a dataset to assess whether the transmitted data were valid compared with the locally stored data.
Design This was a multicentre, prospective, observational study. People who were referred to pulmonary rehabilitation were recruited. Before commencing the program, they underwent some baseline assessments and were taught to use a system for recording and transmitting their pulse oximetry data. Each participant then undertook a prescribed exercise session on a cycle ergometer with the oximeter in situ. At a subsequent session, participants were requested to independently activate and use the oximetry monitoring system for another cycling session. If they did not successfully transmit the data, the instructions were repeated and subsequent sessions were undertaken until they were successful. Participants were questioned about their satisfaction with the system. A subgroup of participants undertook five 45-minute exercise sessions over 10 days with their oximetry data recorded locally and also transmitted to a remote server using the same system.
Telemonitoring system The monitoring system consisted of a Bluetooth pulse oximeter a that recorded heart rate and SpO 2 at a frequency of 1 Hz. This information was saved into a database stored locally on a computer, constituting Database 1. At the same time, the data were transmitted to an acquisition and transmission device b and sent over the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) to a remote monitoring platform c outside the hospital. These data were stored in Database 2 on a remote secure server. The recordings were then retrieved and downloaded by the therapist for comparison with the local data extracted from the oximeter (Figure  1 ). (A photograph of the oximeter in situ is presented in Figure  2  on the eAddenda. ).
Validity of the telemonitored data The five first participants included in the study formed a subgroup that participated in five 45-minute exercise sessions, each at least 24 hours apart, over a period of 10 days. Sessions were continuously monitored with the telemonitoring device, allowing direct comparison of the data stored on Database 1 and Database 2. At this stage, measurements were performed by the investigator physiotherapist for the initiation session and according to the participant's autonomy for the subsequent sessions. Moreover, the rate of data successfully retrieved from the transmission device b server was calculated as the number of sessions successfully retrieved divided by the total number of sessions performed.
Validity of the transmitted data Several methods were used to compare the data in Databases 1 and 2. These included the percentage of usable data, mean absolute difference, percentage exact agreement, percentage similar agreement, and the Bland and Altman limits of agreement method. The percentage of usable data was calculated by removing the data identified as measurement artefacts from Database 1 and Database 2 and comparing the number of remaining data points in Databases 1 and 2. Measurement artefacts were identified as values. 250 beats/minute for HR and 100% for SpO 2. The mean absolute difference was calculated as the mean of the magnitude of the difference (ie, the amount of error introduced by transmission) in paired data between Databases 1 and 2. Percentage exact agreement was calculated based on the two values being identical.
Percentage similar agreement was calculated based on SpO 2 values being within 6 3% (absolute) and within 6 3 beats/minute for HR. In the clinical experience of the authors, these thresholds were considered to represent acceptable error between the two data points. Furthermore, the threshold of 3% has also been used by other authors as an acceptable error for SpO 2 because it is adequate precision for determining hypoxaemia in remote monitoring,  35  and the threshold of 3 beats/minute for HR is equivalent to the accuracy of the device a according to the manufacturer. The limits of agreement method enabled quantification of the agreement between the two databases. Specifically, it provided the upper and lower bounds with 95% CI (ie, mean 6 1. 96 3 SD). For this method, data were averaged every 10 seconds and the means were compared between databases.
Percentage of usable data In total, 238 sessions were performed: 104 teaching sessions, 102 baseline testing sessions, 14 repeat testing sessions required to reach autonomy (including two sessions for one participant in the subgroup), and 18 further sessions for the subgroup (ie, five participants who performed four additional sessions after their baseline testing session minus two sessions already included in the repeat testing session required to reach autonomy). Among these, 234 sessions were successfully retrieved from the transmission device b server, which equated to 98% of sessions having usable data (95% CI 96 to 100). Data were typically available a few minutes after removal of the pulse oximeter. In some rare cases (related to GSM network disturbance), the information was stored in the transmission device and transmitted as soon as the network worked properly.
If the information was not transmitted within a day, it was never transmitted; this accounted for the 2% of sessions having unusable data. From the subgroup of five participants who performed five sessions, all 25 of these sessions were successfully retrieved and used to assess the validity of the data. The mean duration of these transmissions was 49 minutes (SD 1). Artefacts identified in either Database 1 or Database 2 were filtered from both sets of data, which resulted in a mean of 99. 1% of usable paired data (SD 0. 6) within these 25 sessions. This generated over 65 000 pairs of data points for comparison between the local oximeter and the remote database.
Mean absolute difference and Bland-Altman limits of agreement The mean absolute difference and the limits of agreement between the data stored locally in the oximeter memory (Database 1) and the transmitted data (Database 2) are presented in Table  5. Corresponding Bland-Altman plots are presented for HR and for SpO 2 in Figure  6  and Figure  7. (For individual participant data see Table  6  on the eAddenda and for the statistical analysis file, see Appendix 1 on the eAddenda. ).
44 urthermore, it could be used in a hybrid approach, where the oximeter readings were turned to face the camera during supervised exercise, but the therapist still would have access to the transmitted HR and SpO 2 data from exercise sessions undertaken at other times. Telerehabilitation is often discussed in relation to people living in rural and remote locations, but there are other populations that may benefit. These include: patients without transport to local centrebased pulmonary rehabilitation programs, patients living near hospitals that do not have staff skilled in pulmonary rehabilitation, and patients who cannot leave home due to carer duties. This study had some strengths and limitations. A large cohort of participants was used to assess feasibility and acceptability of a telerehabilitation intervention.
Acknowledgements: We thank  ADIR Assistance ,  Asten group ,  Gwenaëlle Leteurtre  and  Juliette Adam  for support during data collection,  Johanna Robertson  for revision of the English and  Kernel Biomedical  for statistical analysis. Provenance: Not invited. Peer reviewed. Correspondence:  Tristan Bonnevie , ADIR Association,  Rouen University Hospital, France. Email: rehabilitation@adirhautenormandie. com.
Seawater warming is impacting marine ecosystems, but proper evaluation of change requires the availability of long-term biological data series. Mesco Reef (Ligurian Sea, Italy) offers one of the longest Mediterranean data series on sessile epibenthic communities, based on underwater photographic surveys. Photographs taken in four stations between 20 m and 40 m depth allowed calculating the percent cover of conspicuous species in 1961, 1990, 1996, 2008, and 2017. Multivariate analysis evidenced an abrupt compositional change between 1990 and 1996. A parallel change was observed in Ligurian Sea temperatures. Two invasive macroalgae (Caulerpa cylindracea and Womersleyella setacea) became dominant after 1996. Community diversity was low in 1961 to 1996, rapidly increased between 1996 and 2008, and exhibited distinctly higher values in 2008-2017.
Temperature Data As no time series of temperature data exist for Punta Mesco, we used the longest dataset available for the Ligurian Sea, i. e. , that of Villefranche-sur-Mer, where measures of sea water temperature have been collected fortnightly in the water column between 0 m and 75 m depth since 1958  [44, 45]. We took into account the data coming from 20 m and 40 m depth, where biological data also came, and from 0 m depth, to verify congruence with Ligurian sea surface temperature (SST) Fieldwork in 2017  [38]  consisted in photographic surveys as already done in 1961  [36] , 1990  [39] , 1996  [40, 41] , and 2008  [42, 43] , always in summer. The original photostations of 1961 were relocated on the basis of published descriptions  [35, 36]  and the personal detailed knowledge of Mesco Reef by one of the authors (AP).
Temperature Data As no time series of temperature data exist for Punta Mesco, we used the longest dataset available for the Ligurian Sea, i. e. , that of Villefranche-sur-Mer, where measures of sea water temperature have been collected fortnightly in the water column between 0 m and 75 m depth since 1958  [44, 45]. We took into account the data coming from 20 m and 40 m depth, where biological data also came, and from 0 m depth, to verify congruence with Ligurian sea surface temperature (SST) data derived from NOAA (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) satellite records and freely available at www. esrl. noaa. gov/psd/cgi-bin/data/timeseries/timeseries1. pl [46].
Data Management Yearly means of sea water temperature were calculated independently for each of the depths selected (0 m, 20 m, and 40 m). Time trends between 1960 and 2018, to cover the periods of biological data, were explored by smoothing yearly means with moving averages over seven-year periods  [47]. Water temperature data measured at 0 m off Villefranche-sur-Mer were almost superimposable to SST data from satellite records, indicating that they can be an acceptable proxy of sea water temperatures at Mesco. From the photoquadrats, the percent cover of all the sessile epibenthic conspicuous species was obtained. To assure comparability with the earliest study, cover data were transformed into the following indices: 0. 1 = cover negligible (<0. 5%); 1 = less than 5% of the surface; 2 = between 5% and 25% of the surface; 3 = between 25% and 50% of the surface; 4 = between 50% and 75% of the surface; 5 = more than 75% of the surface  [36].
Finally, the average (± standard error) Coefficient of Variation (CV%) of Euclidean distances was calculated for each year, lower CV values indicating biotic homogenization  [48, 49]. Change in community structure was analysed using primarily the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, computed with the natural logarithm ln. However, as no single index adequately summarizes the diversity of a species assemblage, we also measured species richness, with Margalef index, and evenness, with Simpson index  [50]. To assess the relative importance of richness and evenness in determining overall diversity, a graphical display was produced where each year was represented by its mean value (± standard error) in the richness-equitability plane  [51]. All analyses were performed using the free software PaSt  [52].
Species and Species Groups A total of 62 epibenthic sessile species was found (Supplementary Material Table  S1 ). The 23 species that were recorded in a single year only have been excluded from any subsequent analysis to avoid noise and to reduce the number of zeros in the dataset (Supplementary Material Table  S2 ). These 23 species are not to be considered "rare", as all of them are common in Ligurian Sea subtidal reefs; rather, they are species that have been undersampled with the methodology adopted in this study. The remaining 39 species have been arranged in four groups by cluster analysis (Figure  3 ). Groups were apparently related to change over time of individual species cover. A group of 14 species increased or newly appeared after 1990 and were therefore named 'winners' (Figure  4a ); beside a number of native species (e.
What happened at Mesco Reef was apparently a Riou effect along a temporal gradient. Updating the historical data series of Mesco Reef confirmed the trend in community composition already observed in previous analyses  [33]. A hitherto unexplored aspect was structural change, in terms of community diversity. A phase shift was apparent also in this case, although the discontinuity was not between 1990 and 1996 but rather between 1996 and 2008. Why community structure responded with such a lag time to compositional change is unclear. In addition, it has been surprising to observe that the new community emerging from the regime shift of the 1990s was both richer and more equitable, notwithstanding reduced variability among photoquadrats. Although counterintuitive, the parallel increase in diversity and biotic homogenization after dramatic change in species composition may not be paradoxical  [59].
Recent analyses of Ligurian Sea temperature suggest that another phase of rapid warming is occurring, 2014 to 2018 having been the warmest years on records  [28, 46] , thus conforming to the expected further rapid warming over the whole Mediterranean Sea  [71, 72]. Only continued monitoring will help envisaging the possibility for a reversal of the present phase shift or for further directional transformations driven by sea water warming and other components of global change. The accumulation of data for nearly 50 years represents a precious heritage: long-term monitoring effort on Mesco Reef is a multi-generational deal and requires commitments by institutions that persist beyond the working lives of individuals  [73]. We recommend MPA administrators and environmental managers to keep investigating Mesco Reef community in the years to come.
recruitment, allocation, randomisation and blinding A participant flow diagram is shown in figure  2. Participants will be recruited through antenatal care visits, as well as through consultation with local village chiefs, elders and health centre staff. Pregnant women will be Open access advised and provided with a general overview of the research study, and then the names and contact information of interested women will be shared with the research assistants, who follow up after delivery to screen for eligibility, obtain consent and enrol women. Recruitment will continue on a rolling basis until 320 women are enrolled. Women will be randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups as described in table  1. Participants, research assistants, study investigators and data analysts will be blinded to the randomised groups.
Assuming an E max dose-response curve, the precision of the estimated dose is ±1. 29 mg/d (ie, the 95% CI for the estimated dose will be within ±1. 29 mg/d of the point estimate). data and sample management and security Participants will be given a unique alpha-numeric study ID code, not derived from personal identifiers; this code will link all data collected from this individual. All data will be collected directly on tablets using structured forms designed specifically for this study. Data will be reviewed daily by the research assistant and field supervisor before secure download and integration with the larger database. Data management and security procedures, including assurance of confidentiality, adhere to the Canadian Tri-Council Policy Statement on Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS2 CORE) guidelines, and are outlined in full in the protocol at clinicaltrials.
gov (NCT03616288). data analysis plan A full statistical analysis plan is published in the clinicaltrials. gov entry (NCT03616288). The primary analyses will be performed on an 'intention to treat' basis, where all participants will be analysed according to their allocated treatment group regardless of compliance. A secondary 'per-protocol' analysis will be performed on the subset of women who consumed ≥80% capsules over the study period. The parameters of the E max dose-response curves will be estimated using non-linear least squares models. Separate curves will be fitted for outcomes measured at 4 weeks, 12 weeks and 24 weeks postnatal. The dose where Open access additional maternal intake of thiamine no longer meaningfully increases milk thiamine concentration, defined as the dose that achieves 90% of the maximum concentration, will be estimated from the fitted curve with SE estimated by bootstrapping for calculating 95% CI.
Comparisons between treatment groups will be performed using linear mixed-effects models to account for repeated measurements and adjusted for randomisation strata and levels at 2 weeks postnatal. Interaction tests will be performed to assess whether treatment effects depend on genetic haemoglobin disorder. Missing data will be addressed using multiple imputation to create 100 complete data sets for analysis, with a sensitivity analysis performed on the raw (unimputed) data. 52 hics and dissemination Approvals were obtained. This study is registered at clinicaltrials. gov ( ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier NCT03616288 (7 August 2018); Protocol version 2. 1 (24 July 2018)). Updates on the study will be shared at the monthly Cambodian Nutrition Working Group meetings, attended by researchers and non-governmental organisations (NGO) engaging in nutrition research and programming in Cambodia.
Acknowledgements We thank the members of the study's  Scientific Advisory Board  for valuable input on the study protocol (alphabetical order):  Drs. Megan Bourassa ,  Levente Diosady ,  Lisa Houghton ,  Arnaud Laillou  and  Annie Wesley. We thank  Dr. Ken Brown  for assistance and insight during study conception,  Dr. Geraldine Richmond  for her role in early protocol development and  Keith Porter  for early input on project feasibility and implementation. We acknowledge  USANA  ( Salt Lake City, Utah, USA ) for the generous provision of laboratory analysis for study capsule thiamine hydrochloride content.
Collection and Production of WJ-MSC Umbilical cords were collected at the Maternity Hospital of Nancy after pregnant mothers had signed an informed consent form in compliance with the French national legislation regarding human sample collection, manipulation, and personal data protection. This collection was approved by the Nancy Hospital ethics committee and French ministry of research (No. DC-2014-2114). All the WJ-MSC productions were performed in GMP conditions with α-MEM culture medium (Macopharma, France) enriched with 5% of Platelet lysate (Macopharma, France). Briefly, the umbilical cords were immersed for 1 h at room temperature in an antibiotic-antifungal solution composed of αMEM, Amphotericin B (0. 05 g/L); Vancomycin (1 g/L); and Amoxicillin (1 g/L). The cord was then cut into thin sections of 5 cm and the amniotic membrane was broken by gently passing the scalpel along the cord.
Study population: From 2004 to 2016, all patients who underwent CR resection were selected from the hospital electronic database. Research was made with keywords "rib resection" and "thoracic outlet syndrome" and all operative reports were reviewed. In this analysis, we included all patients with FRRS who required complementary CR resection. We excluded from this study cases of FFRS without CR resection. Demographic and clinical data such as gender, age at the time of surgery, medical history, active smoking, pre-operative symptoms, and the orthopedic history of the upper limb, medical therapy, professional activity and occupational disability were collected. The Roos or elevated arm stress test (EAST) was performed as part of the clinical examination before the procedure and 1 month after the procedure  [10].