dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
2003). Jünger et al. (2007)  explored multiprofessional working and palliative care, and reported the emphasis given to close communication between team members in producing co-operative working. The flexibility of roles of the team members is reported as a key aspect of the Midhurst Macmillan Specialist Palliative Care Service by patients, carers and staff themselves. Qualitative explorations of the experiences of patients and their caregivers suggest that carers particularly value accessibility and support that enables them to provide care at home  (Grande et al. 2004) , while patients give greater emphasis to psychosocial aspects such as communication and kindness  (Grande et al. 1996). Our data indicate that all these are present in the Midhurst Macmillan Specialist Palliative Care Service.
From our data we identified a number of factors that we believe have an impact on the success of the service. These are: the breadth of services that are delivered at home; role flexibility; and early referral. The breadth of services and the earlier referral provide the opportunity to develop a relationship of trust between the patient, carers, family members and the team. The Midhurst service's openness to accepting patients receiving ongoing treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy) allows early referral: consequently there are higher numbers of outpatient attendances than are seen in hospice patients. Relationships with other services were found to be sound, functional and supportive, and this was recognised by patients. The model of early referral to palliative care alongside oncological treatment has been the subject of a clinical trial indicating favourable outcomes in terms of quality of life and survival  (Temel et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We extend our thanks to all patients, carers, professionals and volunteers who provided data for the study. Our thanks also go to  Mrs Deirdre Revill  and  Mrs Jacquie Gath , of the  North Trent Cancer Network Consumer Research Panel , who provided advice throughout the study, and to  Macmillan Cancer Support  who funded the study. At the time of the study and reporting,  Ashley Woolmore  was a partner at Monitor Group, France;  Jane Melvin  and  Alison Bravington  were Senior Research Fellow and Research Assistant respectively in the Centre for  Applied Psychological Research, University of Huddersfield ; and  Philippa Hughes  and  Michelle Winslow  were Research Fellow and Research Associate respectively in the Academic Unit of Supportive Care,  Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield.
Data collection Interviews The main source of data in this study will be both individual and group interviewing techniques  [97]. Following a purposeful sampling rationale, participants in this investigation will always be academic family physicians. This being said, we will contemplate maximum variation sampling  [96]  with regard to variables such as age/sex, years of academic career and position occupied in the academic hierarchy. We plan to conduct a first round of individual interviews at the beginning of the fieldwork. Inspired by the conceptual framework adopted, the discussion with the participants will focus of the meaning of their professional identity, the awareness of image consistencies/discrepancies, their perceived need and motivations to adopt impression management strategies in order to reduce image discrepancies and enhance professional identity and reputation, and the description and rationale of impression management strategies effectively adopted.
We plan to carry out about 60 face-to-face, one-to-one interviews, i. e. 15 interviews per medical school. Based on our prior research experience in these academic centers, we estimate that this volume of individual interviews will allow us to reach data saturation. Interviews will be mostly conducted by members of our research team. Participants will have to sign a written consent form for the interview to be carried out. With their permission, conversations will be tape-recorded, and immediately transcribed and analyzed with the support of the qualitative software package HyperRESEARCH 3. 0. Further, we contemplate conducting a series of focus groups  [98] , also with academic family physicians, at least one year after having carried out individual interviews. Our aim with this technique will be to gather participants' convergent and divergent views with regard to the success or failure of impression management strategies adopted, as well as their intended and unintended consequences at the individual, interpersonal, group, and organizational levels.
We plan to conduct a total of 8-12 focus groups; that is 2-3 focus groups per medical schools. Focus groups will also be taperecorded, and then transcribed and analyzed with the support of the HyperRESEARCH 3. 0 package. They will be conducted by one of the three respective national researchers, with the support of the other two. In order to ensure validity of the data collected, debriefing meetings among the three members of the research team will take place immediately after each focus group.
Inclusion of children. The cohort includes children born after 1 January 1995 who had a first CT scan before the age of 10 years from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2010, and had no cancer diagnosis at the first scan. Scans took place in 21 French university hospitals-corresponding to 23 radiology departments with a high volume of paediatric patients-throughout the country, including one in an overseas district. Patients living outside the territory covered by the French national registry of childhood cancers (Registre National des Cancers de l'Enfant (RNCE)) (or who had a CT scan in the overseas department before 2004), even for a limited period, were excluded to ensure correct identification of cancer diagnoses. Data on CT exposure. Information about exposures to CT scans was retrieved through the electronic radiology information system (RIS) of each department.
In one hospital, that information was collected, however, from the hospital discharge database of the Programme de Medicalisation des Systemes d'Information Medicale (PMSI), which also furnished information for another facility to complete the exposure data for the last year of follow-up. Data were also extracted from the Picture Archiving and Communication System of a third hospital, which had not stored RIS data for the entire study period; agreement between the two sources of information was good for the 4 years of overlap. The following data were collected: patient identifiers, sex, birth date, postal code of birth place, postal code of residence (92% complete), date and type of examination (anatomical area explored, number of sequences of image acquisition for each body part). Linkage of patient identifiers through the different sources of information enabled identification of children who were examined in several departments.
Linkage with the RNCE enabled us to find diagnoses preceding the first CT scan (to exclude those children) and all incident cases to 31 December 2011. Patients with only a diagnosis of a second tumour recorded in the registry were systematically excluded from the study. For the children living in the overseas department, who were not covered by the national registry, cancer diagnoses were retrieved through the PMSI of the hospital (the only oncology department in the area; some data were available from 1995, with coverage exhaustive starting in 2004), each confirmed afterwards by checking the patients' medical records. Most of the cancer diagnoses for children who lived in this district were nevertheless registered in the RNCE after they were transferred to a hospital in metropolitan France for diagnostic confirmation and/or cancer treatment.
Cases of cancer were defined as malignant diseases or CNS tumours regardless of the histology. Topography codes 70-71, 722-729, 751-753 of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) for Oncology-3rd revision-defined CNS tumours; the morphology codes used for leukaemia (including myelodysplasia) and lymphoma are detailed in Supplementary Table  1. The RNCE also provided the time to diagnosis, defined as the time from the onset of the first symptoms reported by the parents and the date of diagnosis (histological confirmation)  (Dang-Tan and Franco, 2007). Identification of PFs. The list of syndromes or diseases predisposing children to CNS cancer, leukaemia, and lymphoma (Table  1 ) was determined by experts in paediatric oncology after a literature review. The PF of interest were retrieved among children hospitalised at least once in the hospitals involved in the study, from discharge diagnoses (coded according to ICD-10th revision) recorded in the hospitals' PMSI (discharge database).
Because very few protocols were available for spine and cervical region scans, median doses for all machines were used. Overall, for 86. 8% of the examinations, the doses were estimated according to the specific protocol used at examination. Data analysis. Analyses were restricted to the cancer sites for which we considered the number of incident cases as sufficient, that is, CNS cancer, leukaemia, and lymphoma. Potential risks of cancer were assessed, first, according to the presence of PF and, then, according to cumulative CT X-ray doses to the brain (for CNS cancer) and to the RBM (for leukaemia and lymphoma). The RBM dose here was considered as a surrogate for exposure to various haematopoietic tissues. For CNS tumours, the doseresponse analysis was conducted for two end points: the diagnosis confirmed by histology (the primary end point), and the onset of first signs or symptoms of cancer (the secondary end point).
For ERR estimates, (left biased) Wald CIs are presented here because of usual computational problems in defining LP-based CIs when the number of cases and the potential excess risk are small. We used SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, Version 9. 2) to build data sets with exact computation of person-years (PY) and Epicure software (HiroSoft International Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA, Version 1. 4, module AMFIT)  (Preston et al, 1993)  to perform risk analyses.
So far, no evidence has invalidated the risk predictions extrapolated from studies at high doses under the linear dose-response assumption. The promotion of the optimisation of CT procedures and the use, as often as possible, of nonirradiating techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging must continue, especially in paediatrics. Verdier-Bondy). We also warmly thank E N'Guyen, N Simon, B Lacour and J Clavel (Registre National des Cancers de l'Enfant) for their valuable help in providing data about cancer diagnoses. The research leading to these results has received funding from La Ligue contre le cancer (PRE09/MOB), the French National Cancer Institute (INCa) (2011-1-PL-SHS-01-IRSN-1), and the European Union's Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under Grant Agreement No 269912-EPI-CT: epidemiological study to quantify risks for paediatric-computerised tomography and to optimise doses.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the radiologists, clinicians, physicists and administrators working in the participating hospitals who took so much of their time to provide us with the necessary radiology and clinical data:  N Andreu ,  F Cle  ´menceau,  D Loisel ,  B Ory ,  D Weil  ( CHU Angers ),  J-M Garcier ,  J Guersen ,  S Mangin  ( CHU Clermont-Ferrand ),  S Baron ,  J Charbonnier ,  C Gaborit ,  D Sirinelli  ( CHU Tours ),  J-M Chave ,  E Chirpaz ,  O Fels ,  JF Rouanet  ( CHU La Reunion ),  N Boutry ,  A Bruandet ,  G Potier  ( CHU Lille ),  D Defez ,  Perrot ,  M Teisseire  ( CHU Lyon ),  B Bourlie  `re,  P Petit ,  C Seyler  ( CHU Marseille ),  M Saguintaah  ( CHU Montpellier ),  M Balde ,  F Collignon ,  M-A Galloy ,  E Pozza ,  E Schmitt  ( CHU Nancy ),  B Dupas ,  T Lefranc¸ois ,  M Salaud ,  N Surer  ( CHU Nantes ),  C Barat ,  C Bertini ,  M Hajjar  ( CHU Bordeaux ),  N Baray ,  M-A Perrier ,  H Daubert ,  L Froment  ( CHU Rouen ),  S Dupont ,  B Giachetto ,  L Molinier ,  J Vial  ( CHU Toulouse ),  A Bouette ,  P Chambert  ( CHU Armand Trousseau-Paris ),  F Brunelle  ( CHU Necker-Enfants-Malades-Paris ),  E Dion  ( CHU Louis Mourier-Colombes ),  J Costa ,  G Sebag  ( CHU Robert Debre-Paris ),  G Khalifa  ( CHU Saint-Vincent de Paul-Paris ),  J Betout ,  E Maupu  ( APHP Sie  `ge),  D Musset  ( CHU Antoine Beclere-Clamart ),  C Adamsbaum ,  S Franchi ,  D Pariente  ( CHU Bicetre ),  N Sellier  ( CHU Jean This work is published under the standard license to publish agreement.
Data analysis The survey data were analysed with the assistance of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 18) and the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS version 9. 3). Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted. Information on demographic and social characteristics was obtained using descriptive statistics, means, medians and standard deviations for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables. Cross tabulations were conducted among variables. Scores were calculated for the WOC to summarise the extent to which each type of coping was used in a particular stressful episode. As the data were normally distributed parametric tests were used. Bivariate analyses (analysis of variance) were also conducted. The researchers used alpha (a) at 0. 05 and confidence interval of 95%.
Determinants of stress Analysis of the GHQ yielded that 41. 9% of respondents had a score. 5 which indicates significant psychological distress. The mean GHQ score was 4. 89 (SD55. 07) and the scores ranged from 0-28. The sources of this distress were varied but centred predominately on aspects of their studies and their financial, living and social pressures. Academic related stressors included exams (74. 4%), assignments (71. 0%), workload (67. 9%), practice placements (36. 7%), lectures (8. 3%) and lecturers/teachers (6. 6%). Other stressors included finances (51. 7%), commuting to college (13. 6%), being away from home (11. 0%), sharing accommodation (7. 2%) and making new friends (6. 7%). The qualitative data reflected these determinants of stress and during the interviews the students were quite forthcoming about how they experienced these stressors.
Gait assessment data analysis All data analyses were performed off-line. Both sides were assessed in stroke participants and the side of control participants was randomly chosen. Foot switches and EMG signals were analyzed during each trial in the middle of the walkway, i. e. , 2 m after the start line and 2 m before the finish line to avoid acceleration and deceleration bias. Three gait cycles were determined for each leg using the moment of heel strike on both sides. Each gait cycle selected was further subdivided into swing phase, stance phase, first (DS1) and second (DS2) double-support phases and single-support phase (SS) for each leg according to switch signals on both sides. Prior to analysis, all digital EMG signals were first filtered using a zero-phase shift fourth-order digital Butterworth band-pass filter (0-125 Hz) in order to reduce high frequency noise.
Modulation data analysis Assessments of the heteronymous modulation were all performed off-line. For each trial, Sol EMG was fullwave rectified from 100 ms before to 80 ms after FN stimulation. Latency of changes in Sol EMG were expressed in terms of zero central delay, i. e. , when the fastest FN Ia volley was expected to arrive at the segmental level of the soleus motoneuron (MN) pool. This zero central delay was calculated for each participant based on latency Sol H reflex and the difference in afferent conduction times between homonymous and heteronymous Ia pathways for each leg tested  [29, 43]. Early facilitation was found to peak within 6 ms after zero central delay in both healthy and stroke participants tested in this study. Early facilitation reached a maximal duration of 12 ms in healthy controls and 36 ms in some severely affected stroke participants.
Shared patterns of activation among different muscle groups have been identified in the paretic lower limb during gait using EMG data analyses based on factorization procedures  [19, 20]. Accordingly, a shared pattern of activation was observed between ankle extensors and knee extensors (RF and VM) throughout the stance phase of the paretic leg but not among controls  [20]. All PAIs measured in the present study were at least two times shorter on the paretic side compared to those measured in the control group. PAI values on the nonparetic side also tended to be shorter than the values recorded for control participants. Lower PAI values are essentially attributable to the earlier activation and rapid increase in ankle extensor activity which leads to increased temporal co-activation of leg extensors in hemiparetic gait.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the participants for their cooperation and wish to express their gratitude to  M. Goyette  and  D. Marineau  for their technical assistance. The research team of the  Laboratoire de Pathokinésiologie of the Institut de réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay de Montréal (IRGLM)  has to be acknowledged for providing access to the laboratory's equipment and technical assistance. Joseph-Omer Dyer  was supported by a grant from the  Fonds de Recherche en Santé du Québec (FRSQ). Eric Maupas was supported by a grant from  IPSEN-SOFMER  and  REPAR. Sibele de Andrade Melo  was supported by the  CRIR. Daniel Bourbonnais ,  Sylvie Nadeau  and  Robert Forget  were supported by the  FRSQ.
doi:10. 1371/journal. pntd. 0002865. t002 Finally, in terms of YLDs, important ''newcomers'' on the GBD scene were the food-borne trematodiases, cysticercosis, and echinococcosis, which must now be recognized as important causes of global disability. Still, no deaths were ascribed to either clonorchiasis or opisthorchiasis (two of the key food-borne trematode infections) in the GBD 2010, despite the strong evidence base linking these liver fluke infections to cholangiocarcinoma in Southeast Asia and elsewhere  [36, 37]. Similarly, the YLLs from cysticercosis are most likely underestimated. Indeed, a recent systematic review of the literature showed the proportion of neurocysticercosis patients under care who died during their follow-up could vary from 0. 9% to 18. 5%  [27]. Mostly due to a lack of available data on a global scale, the current estimate for cysticercosis is limited to its role in epilepsy in endemic countries and does not yet include the role of this infection in causing severe chronic headaches and hydrocephalus, depressive disorders, stroke, gliomas, and other neurological sequelae  [24].
Trends Figure  2  depicts the ranking of the different NTDs in 1990 as compared to 2010. Although the estimates for both years stem from GBD 2010 and are therefore extrapolated by using the same methodology, they must be interpreted with great care given that the accuracy of the underlying data may have changed through time, with more accurate diagnostic tests becoming available in recent years. The survey locations for frequency data may also have varied between the two periods. As shown in Figure  2 , ascariasis exhibited the largest decrease in DALYs, possibly as a consequence of deworming and socioeconomic development, although it could also reflect the fact that many follow-up studies may have been conducted in areas where such control programs took place. In addition, ascariasis exhibited the greatest decrease in rank, whereas the rankings for trichuriasis and hookworm disease remained constant.
A total of 15 interviews were carried out with respondents including NTP (3), WHO (4), USAID (2), Italian Cooperation (2), JICA (1), CIDA  (1)  and TB patient association  (2). All invited respondents agreed to participate in the study. Interviews were held in the office of the respective respondents. Objectives of the study were explained to all the respondents before conducting the interview. Manual note-taking as well as digital voice recording of the discussions was done with the permission from the respondents. All but one of the respondents agreed to digital recording; only manual note-taking was done in that case. Transcripts of discussions were undertaken by combining the information from the digital recordings and manual notes. These final transcripts were treated as the data for analysis of the discussions.
This was again followed by expiratory manoeuvres for 1. 5 min. The entire regimen was followed by 40 min rest  4b) and is a term used by some disciplines, particularly surgery, and includes, for example, preoperative assessment, optimisation, type of anaesthesia, and perioperative and postoperative care, along with details of the actual surgical procedure used (example 4a). Examples of processes or activities include referral, screening, case finding, assessment, education, treatment sessions (example 4c), telephone contacts (example 4d), etc. Some interventions, particularly complex ones, might require additional activities to enable or support the intervention to occur (in some disciplines these are known as implementation activities), and these should also be described (example 4e Explanation-In some studies the intervention can be delivered in the same location where participants were recruited and/or data were collected and details might therefore already be included in the primary paper (for example, as in item 4b of CONSORT 2010 statement if reporting a trial).
These tapes were drawn from both early and late phases of therapy and included participants from each year of recruitment • 11c. Adherence to trial medication was assessed by means of self reported pill counts collected during follow-up telephone calls. These data were categorised as no pills taken, hardly any taken (1-24% of prescribed doses), some taken (25-49%), most taken (50-74%), or all taken (75-100%) • 11d. Training will be delivered independently in each of the three regional study centres. All trainers will adhere to a single training protocol to ensure standardised delivery of the training across centres. Training delivery will be planned and rehearsed jointly by all trainers using role play and peer review techniques. In addition, the project manager will act as an observer during the first two training sessions in each centre and will provide feedback to trainers with a view to further standardising the training [note, this example is from a protocol] Explanation-Fidelity refers to the degree to which an intervention happened in the way the investigators intended it to  20  and can affect the success of an intervention.
Funding: There was no explicit funding for the development of this checklist and guide. The consensus meeting in March 2013 was partially funded by a  NIHR Senior Investigator Award  held by PPG. TCH is supported by a  National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) / Primary Health Care Research Evaluation  and  Development Career Development Fellowship  ( 1033038 ) with funding provided by the  Australian Department of Health and Ageing. PPG is supported by a  NHMRC Australia Fellowship  ( 527500 ). DGA is supported by a programme grant from  Cancer Research UK  ( C5529 ). MDW is supported by a  Wellcome Trust   Senior Investigator award  ( WT097899MA ).
MATeRIALS AnD MeThoDS A review of the literature was performed. Articles were sought from medical databases, Medline ® and from the journal of the Spanish Society of Maritime Medicine "Medicina Maritima" (Fig. 1 ). Research was conducted in 3 languages: English, French and Spanish. Research in English used the keywords: "Behavior Addictive" [Mesh], "Substance-Related Disorders" [Mesh]; "Ships /manpower" [Mesh]. The words "mariner" and its synonyms were each attached to these keywords with the "AND" function. Research in French used the keywords: «drogue», «addiction», «dépendance», «alcool», «tabagisme», «marins», «pêcheurs». Research in Spanish used: «adicción», «droga», «marino», «pescador». An additional literature search was conducted from the bibliographies of each article selected. Criteria for inclusion were the study of prevalence of use of at least one drug in articles published between 01.