dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In the scope of this paper, we focus on a classical processing pipeline for the semantic classification of 3D point cloud data. Thereby, we take into account that recent benchmark datasets for multi-class classification of densely sampled 3D point cloud data contain at least one class referring to vegetation  [1, 4, 53, 54]  and that the extraction of individual trees from densely sampled 3D point cloud data has become a topic of major interest  [13]. The latter has recently been addressed by an approach for point-wise classification with respect to "tree points" and "other points"  [14]. This approach focuses on defining a 2D probability matrix on a horizontally oriented plane, where each entry represents a probability value derived from the local point density. Tree trunks are expected to correspond to high probability values, and consequently, tree trunks are indicated by local maxima of the 2D probability matrix.
Separation of Individual Trees via Semantic Segmentation After the binary point-wise classification, we use the "tree points" and focus on a respective separation of these points into segments corresponding to individual trees. As a generic segmentation typically results in a high computational burden, we consider adaptations to retain an efficient approach for individual tree extraction, which is also scalable towards the processing of very large datasets, while still operating at point-level without requiring a voxelization of 3D space. More specifically, our approach mainly relies on insights gained in our previous investigations  [21, 78] , and it is given by successively applying a downsampling of the "tree points" (Section 3. 2. 1), a 2D projection of the downsampled "tree points" (Section 3.
Dataset To evaluate the performance of our framework, we use the IQPC'15 benchmark dataset  [13] , which has been acquired in the vicinity of the campus of TU Delft in the Netherlands with the Fugro DRIVE-MAP system. This system allows acquiring spatial 3D data in the form of a 3D point cloud as well as the corresponding reflectance and color information (see Figure  1 ). In total, the dataset corresponds to 26 tiles (each covering an area of 25 m × 25 m) and comprises 10,126,500 labeled 3D points, whereby the labeling distinguishes "tree points" from "other points" (see Figure  4 ). About 1. 78 M 3D points (17. 6%) are labeled as "tree points", and all remaining 3D points are labeled as "other points". The provided reference labeling allows performance evaluation for a binary semantic classification of 3D points with respect to "tree points" and "other points", whereas a separation of the "tree points" into clusters corresponding to individual trees has to be verified by visual inspection.
e. , the training set X comprises 2000 labeled 3D points and their corresponding feature vectors. The remaining labeled 3D points of the dataset and their corresponding feature vectors are used as test set Y. Furthermore, we perform a heuristic grid search to define the settings of the RF classifier. Thereby, the most important parameter is represented by the number N T of involved decision trees, and this parameter is respectively selected to N T = 100 for all considered feature sets. For performance evaluation, we consider the global evaluation metrics of overall accuracy (OA) and Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ). Furthermore, we consider the class-wise evaluation metrics of recall (R) and precision (P). To derive objective results allowing one to compare the suitability of each feature set, we perform 20 repetitions of the corresponding classification task and report the mean value as well as the standard deviation for each of the defined classification metrics.
• Edge effects: For some feature sets, misclassifications might occur at the boundaries of single tiles, which is due to the separate processing of different tiles  [21]. This can easily be solved by considering a small padding region around each tile so that those 3D points within the padding region are also used if they are within the local neighborhood of a 3D point within the considered tile  [5]. Due to these issues, most of the misclassifications might mainly be related to the characteristics of the considered dataset and less to the proposed methodology for a point-wise, binary semantic labeling of a given 3D point cloud with respect to "tree points" and "other points". Figure  12. Visualization of the failure cases in the form of misclassifications that particularly occur for trees and building facades (left: nadir view; right: side view): those 3D points that are correctly classified with respect to the provided labeling are colored in green, whereas those 3D points that are not correctly classified with respect to the provided labeling are colored in red (the classification result corresponds to an overall accuracy of 90.
Furthermore, we may conclude that the derived classification results as input are appropriate to achieve a meaningful segmentation with respect to individual trees (Figures  11  and 14 ), even if efficiency is significantly improved by applying crucial tasks only on a small subspace of the given data. A closer look at the derived segmentation results reveals that these are sufficiently accurate for the considered benchmark dataset, i. e. , almost all derived segments correspond to an individual tree in the scene when relying on a classification based on the feature set S 3D+2D , and there is only one of the detected segments that probably corresponds to a different object (Figure  9 ). When relying on a classification based on the feature set S FCBF , the derived segmentation results are still appropriate (Figure  10 ).
The results derived for a benchmark dataset clearly indicate that a point-wise semantic classification relying on geometric features is able to deliver an appropriate semantic labeling with respect to "tree points" and "other points", even for very few involved geometric features. Furthermore, the derived results indicate a reliable segmentation of individual trees from those 3D points that are classified as "tree points". Thereby, the high quality of the segmentation results mainly depends on the use of semantic rules involving segment-based features, since these rules allow discarding implausible segments and thus retaining only those segments that are likely to correspond to an individual tree. In future work, we plan to integrate parts of the proposed framework into the IQmulus platform  [86]  focusing on the processing of large geospatial data, where one of the defined showcases addresses large-scale scene analysis in the form of extracting individual trees from densely sampled MMS point cloud data.
Furthermore, we intend to test our framework for the extension of the IQPC'15 benchmark dataset by 483 additional tiles that are unlabeled  [13]  as well as for a dataset corresponding to about 10 km of streets acquired in the city of Toulouse, France. Finally, it might be worth addressing planned benchmarks on tree detection and tree species classification relying on the TorontoCity dataset  [87] , for which airborne and ground-based acquisition systems have been used to collect different types of data for an area of about 712 km 2.
Experimental protocol An experimental protocol is established and correlates the three aspects of data collection: • An identification of some urban configurations where the safety of senior pedestrians is endangered, • A selection of a target population which will experience the study's identified field by carrying out commented walks. We will also track their stress level during these experiments via a biosensor which maps their electrodermal activity. • A change detection approach of the stressful sound scene recorded via audio-visual texture transformation. This original approach was defined according to the exploration of the audio texturebased approach's limits and merits as well as its ability to characterize urban sonic ambiances  (Hussein, 2012).
We can define a prototypical scenario as a standard accident process corresponding to a group of accidents displaying overall similarity in terms of events sequence and causal links, throughout the successive stages leading to the collision. In the context of Tunisia, we need similar databases to apply and experiment the protocol we developed and choose our fields of study. Nonetheless, for reasons of confidentiality, several administrative bodies denied us access to databases such as injury reports. These bodies are controlled by the Ministry of Home Affairs which refuses to disclose any data related to accidents as they might reflect poorly on government policies, attesting to their effectiveness or ineffectiveness in terms of road safety. Due to this unexpected difficulty, we decided to base the investigations on detailed analysis of accident cases involving senior pedestrians in Nantes  (between 2000 and 2008)  4.
ABSTRACTS Within a universal context of an aging population along with an increasing consciousness regarding senior pedestrians' safe access to the city, we examine the case of seniors affected by presbycusis, specifically their altered perceptions of the urban sonic ambiances during their daily journeys through the city. In this study, we present the urban configurations in which alarming situations were encountered by senior pedestrians suffering from presbycusis. We then construct an experimental protocol correlating collected data including audio signals, commented walks and physiological measurements of stress level generated while crossing the urban configurations previously identified. This cross-analysis process may provide urban planners with two-dimensional graphic representations intended to detect hazardous situations in order to anticipate them and minimize their effects.
The ANTARES view of the Southern Sky, its exposure towards the Galactic centre region and its very good angular resolution makes it well suited to either detect the neutrino flux predicted by the reference models over several decades in energy, or place competitive upper limits on the flux normalisation. In order to fully exploit the particular morphology of the expected signal, as well as the angular dependency of the energy spectrum, a maximum likelihood analysis is performed assuming the signal events have the angular and energy distributions obtained from the reference models. With this technique, a new stringent upper limit is obtained on the neutrino flux over three decades in energy based on 9 years of data taking. The paper is structured as follows: A description of the detector and the dataset is provided, followed by a description of the maximum likelihood analysis and then a discussion on the results.
A Monte Carlo simulation of electron and muon neutrinos and antineutrinos has been used in this analysis. The contribution of tau neutrinos has been estimated by scaling up in a consistent manner the number of electron and muon neutrinos. The data used in this search was recorded between the 29 th of January 2007 and the 31 st of December 2015 for a total livetime of 2423. 6 days. Monte Carlo simulations reproduce the time variability of the detector conditions according to a "run-by-run" approach  [24]. The background consists of atmospheric neutrinos and downward-going muons created by CR-induced atmospheric air showers. While atmospheric neutrinos cannot be distinguished on an event-by-event basis from cosmic neutrinos, the event selection aims at suppressing events from downward-going muons by selecting events reconstructed as upward-going.
These events must also be reconstructed as upward-going. The dataset consists of 7300 tracks and 208 showers events. The median angular resolution for tracks and showers is 0. 6 • and 2. 7 • respectively, when considering the reference model with the 5 PeV cut-off. For the reference model with the 50 PeV cut-off, the median angular resolution for tracks improves to 0. 5 • whereas the one for showers does not change significantly.
It is given by the anti-cumulative probability density function of Q with no injected signal (Figure  2 ). Upper limits at a given confidence level are set according to the corresponding distributions with injected signal events. For the model with the 5 PeV cut-off, 90% of signal events are in the energy range [3. 5 • 10 -1 ,1. 3 • 10 2 ] TeV for track-like events and between [2. 0,1. 5 • 10 2 ] TeV for shower-like events. For the 50 PeV cut-off, these energy ranges are [4. 0 • 10 -1 ,2. 3 • 10 2 ] TeV for the tracks and [2. 2,2. 6 • 10 2 ] TeV for the showers. To avoid biasing the analysis, the data have been blinded by time-scrambling. Both the sensitivity and the discovery power of the analysis are derived from this blinded dataset. The sensitivity, defined as the average upper limit at 90% confidence level, is 1.
Conclusions The study reported here is based on nine years of ANTARES data collected from 2007 to 2015. It uses a like-Table  1 : Results of the presented analysis for the two reference models corresponding to different energy cut-offs. The number of expected signal events, µ * , is shown, as well as σ * , the standard deviation of the distribution of the difference between the number of fitted events and the number of injected events in the pseudo-experiment. For the data sample, the numbers of fitted shower-like events, µ sh data , and track-like events, µ tr data , are reported with the p-values and the upper limits at 90% confidence level. Using neutrinos of all flavours as well as a larger amount of data leads to an improvement in the sensitivity and more stringent upper limits with respect to the previous ANTARES analysis  [32].
The new upper limits do not extend above ∼200 TeV due to the significant softening of the spectrum. The additional gain in sensitivity below 3 TeV with respect to the previous analysis results from the usage of a new unbinned method that uses spatial and energy information. At low energies, the limit obtained from this analysis reaches almost the high-energy tail of the Fermi-LAT sensitivity. Noticing the enhanced Galactic hadronic emission predicted by the reference models with respect to a conventional scenario, the obtained limits represent a strong constraint on a possible diffuse neutrino emission from the Galactic plane. Considering the flux upper limit with 90% confidence level shown in Table  1  for the 50 PeV cut-off, at most 18% of the cosmic neutrino events measured by IceCube with the HESE dataset can originate from diffuse Galactic CR interaction.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies:  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ,  Commissariat  à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA),  Commission Européenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program) ,  Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ,  IdEx program and Uni-vEarthS Labex program  at  Sorbonne Paris Cité  ( ANR-10-LABX-0023  and  ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ),  Labex OCEVU  ( ANR-11-LABX-0060 ) and the A* MIDEX  project ( ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ),  Région Île-de-France (DIM-ACAV) ,  Région Alsace  (contrat CPER),  Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Département du Var and Ville de La Seynesur-Mer, France ;  Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) ,  Germany ;  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy ;  Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) ,  Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) , the  Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation  for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants,  Russia ;  National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS) ,  Romania ;  Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) :  Plan Estatal de Investigación  (refs.
Acknowledgements This work is partly based on a talk delivered during Corfu summer institute 2016 School and workshops on elementary particle physics and gravity. It relies on works which are published or will appear in collaboration with  J. Gath ,  C. Marteau  and  A. Mukhopadhyay. We would like to thank them, together with  M. Appels ,  R. Balian ,  G. Barnich ,  Q. Bonnefoy ,  S. Detournay ,  P. Kovtun ,  R. Leigh ,  O. Miskovic  and  R. Olea  for useful correspondence and valuable discussions. Marios Petropoulos  would like to thank the  Università di Torino , the  Universidad Andrés Bello de Santiago de Chile  and the  Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso , where parts of the present work were also presented. We thank each others home institutions for hospitality and financial support.
CoRoT-9b is one of the rare long-period (P = 95. 3 days) transiting giant planets with a measured mass known to date. We present a new analysis of the CoRoT-9 system based on five years of radial-velocity (RV) monitoring with HARPS and three new space-based transits observed with CoRoT and Spitzer. Combining our new data with already published measurements we redetermine the CoRoT-9 system parameters and find good agreement with the published values. We uncover a higher significance for the small but non-zero eccentricity of CoRoT-9b (e = 0. 133 +0. 042 -0. 037 ) and find no evidence for additional planets in the system. We use simulations of planet-planet scattering to show that the eccentricity of CoRoT-9b may have been generated by an instability in which a ∼ 50 M ⊕ planet was ejected from the system.
Acknowledgements. This work is based in part on observations made with the  Spitzer Space Telescope , which is operated by the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology  under a contract with  NASA. A. S. B. acknowledges funding from the  European Union Seventh Framework programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement No. 313014  (ETAEARTH). G. H. and A. L. acknowledge the support by the  CNES  and the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) , under programme  ANR-12-BS05-0012  " Exo-Atmos ". S. N. R. and A. I. thank the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  for support via grant  ANR-13-BS05-0003-01  (project  MOJO ). A. I. also thanks partial financial support from  FAPESP (Proc. 16/12686-2  and  16/19556-7 ). R. A. acknowledges the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO)  for the financial support under the  Ramón y Cajal programme   RYC-2010-06519 , and under the programme  RETOS ESP2014-57495-C2-1-R  and  ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R.
In this paper, we describe the methods used for that analysis. The data consisted of a number of temporal scans, each lasting approximately 30 min, in which the ion-TOF signal was measured as a function of the delay between pump and probe pulses, and these scans had poor signal-to-noise ratios. Simply averaging them did not give good results, probably because some of them suffered from poor FEL conditions or poor alignment of the pump and probe pulses. One should reject those scans that do not contribute significant signal, while avoiding human bias. A possible approach is to exploit the difference between signal and noise with respect to auto-and cross-correlation. This is an instance of the more general concept of "matched filter", i. e. , the linear filter maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a measured noisy sample  [3].
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the X-ray  Free Electron Laser Priority Strategy Program  of the  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (MEXT) ; by  JSPS  and  CNR  under the Japan - Italy Research Cooperative Program ; by the  Grant-in-Aid  for the  Global COE Program  'the  Next Generation of Physics, Spun from Universality and Emergence ' from the MEXT; by the  Grants-in-Aid  (No. 20310055  and No. 21244062 ) from the  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) ; by the  JSPS KAKENHI  Grant Number  JP 16J02270 ; by the  Swedish Research Council  and the  Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research ; by the  ERC   Starting Research Grant  UDYNI No. 307964 ; by the  European Union   Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No.
Statistical Methods All analyses were conducted on the intention-to-treat (ITT) population, comprising subjects who were randomized and received at least one dose of study drug; data were analyzed on the randomly assigned treatment group. Differences between treatment groups for baseline characteristics and demographics were tested using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Fisher's exact test. Changes between baseline and post-baseline visits on continuous measures were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis model. The association between a set of subjects' baseline demographics and disease characteristics and the incidence of edema was evaluated using a logistic regression model.
Conflict of interest DJW is a consultant for AbbVie and has been a member of the independent data monitoring boards for the SONAR (Study Of diabetic Nephropathy with AtRasentan) and RADAR (Reducing residual Albuminuria in subjects with Diabetes and nephropathy With AtRasentan) clinical trials. RB serves on the speakers' bureau of AbbVie, Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novo Nordisk, Daiichi Sankyo, Takeda, Eli Lilly, and Sanofi. PP is a consultant for AbbVie. DdZ is a consultant for and receives honoraria (to employer) from AbbVie, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Chemocentryx, J&J, Hemocue, Novartis, Reata, Takeda, and Vitae. RC-R has consultancy agreements with Roche, AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim; in the last 2 years he has served on the speakers' bureau of Amgen, Roche, and Sanofi, and received grant support from Fibrogen and Janssen.
The differential production cross sections of B ± mesons are measured via the exclusive decay channels B ± → J/ψ K ± → µ + µ -K ± as a function of transverse momentum in pp and PbPb collisions at a center-of-mass energy √ s NN = 5. 02 TeV per nucleon pair with the CMS detector at the LHC. The pp (PbPb) dataset used for this analysis corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 28. 0 pb -1 (351 µb -1 ). The measurement is performed in the B ± meson transverse momentum range of 7 to 50 GeV/c, in the rapidity interval |y| < 2. 4. In this kinematic range, a strong suppression of the production cross section by about a factor of two is observed in the PbPb system in comparison to the expectation from pp reference data. These results are found to be roughly compatible with theoretical calculations incorporating beauty quark diffusion and energy loss in a quark-gluon plasma.
The decay of the B mesons is modeled with the EVTGEN 1. 3. 0 [32] , and final-state photon radiation in the B decays is simulated with PHOTOS 2. 0  [33]. For the PbPb MC samples, each PYTHIA 8 event is embedded into a PbPb collision event generated with HY-DJET 1. 8  [34] , which is tuned to reproduce global event properties, such as the charged-hadron p T spectrum and particle multiplicity. Events were collected with the same trigger during the pp and PbPb data taking, requiring the presence of two muon candidates, with no explicit momentum threshold. For the offline analysis, events have to pass a set of selection criteria designed to reject events from background processes (beam-gas collisions and beam scraping events) as described in Ref. [35]. Events are required to have at least one reconstructed primary interaction vertex with a distance from the center of the nominal interaction region of less than 15 cm along the beam axis.
In PbPb collisions, the shapes of the clusters in the pixel detector have to be compatible with those expected from particles produced by a PbPb collision  [36]. The PbPb collision event is also required to have at least three towers in each of the HF detectors with energy deposits of more than 3 GeV per tower. These criteria select (99 ± 2)% of inelastic hadronic PbPb collisions. Selection efficiencies higher than 100% are possible, reflecting the possible presence of ultra-peripheral (i. e. nonhadronic) collisions in the selected event sample. The PbPb sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of approximately 351 µb -1. This value is indicative only, as the PbPb yield is normalized by the total number of minimum-bias events sampled, N MB. The pp data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 28.