dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Electronics and multi-parameter data acquisition system Signals from both NaI(Tl) and PIPSbox detector's preamplifier are shaped with a CAEN N968 spectroscopy amplifier and digitalized with a FAST ComTec 7070 analog to digital converter (ADC). Each ADC signal is recorded with a multiparameter data acquisition system from a FAST ComTec (MPA-3) unit. This MPA-3 has 4 inputs and is connected to a computer by a high-speed bus (PCI card). The MPANT software, used for signal acquisition and for spectra plotting, is recording the data from the MPA-3. This setup allows to simultaneously performing direct, coincidences and anticoincidences measurements. Each ADC used for electron and photon energy conversion can trigger an event by opening a coincidence window. For the radioxenons of interest, electron and photons are emitted within less than 10 ns (the largest time difference between coincidental emission of an electron and a photon related to radioxenon decays is for emission following the beta decay of 133 Xe to an excited state of 133 Cs, this state having a 6.
36 ns half-live time). Signal shaping time used are 6 ls for photons and 2 ls for electronic signals (sufficient to collect the complete charge) in order to reduce dead time of the electronic acquisition system while maximizing energy resolution. Based on these features, a coincidence window time set to 10 ls was used to record data leading to an appropriate compromise between signal loss and signal gain (random coincidences). For each analog signal larger than the ADC internal threshold (20 mV), the ADC sends a BUSY signal to the MPA-3. This BUSY signal triggers a counter waiting during the coincidence time window for BUSY signals from any ADCs. If two BUSY signals from two different ADCs are recorded during the coincidence time window, then the corresponding signals will be considered as coincident (or anti-coincident depending on the specification) and stored in a three dimensions spectrum.
Acknowledgments The authors have greatly appreciated the help of both Seibersdorf laboratories and Health Canada teams for providing high quality of radioactive isotopes of xenon standards and environmental samples (processed by the national Canadian noble gas station located in Ottawa), We also would like to particularly thank our colleagues  T. Schroettner ,  W. Hennig ,  K. Ungar  and  J. McIntyre  for fruitful discussions on new detection technologies in the frame of detection radioxenon monitoring. Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the  CTBTO Preparatory Commission. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
Given the paucity of published literature on the subject, the cross-cultural aspect of MSF mental health programming can provide important insights on responding to emergencies. Here we describe patients enrolled in 4 mental health programs in emergency contexts, their diagnoses and their clinical evolution. Some of the data have been published individually  [6, 21, 22]. In the context of this synthesis, we aim to show the results of brief psychological interventions in diverse emergency contexts, from areas experiencing chronic and acute violence as well as major natural disasters. Anonymized patient data were entered into Epidata (Odense, Denmark) and analyzed with STATA 10. 1 (College Station, Texas, USA). The program was authorized by local authorities and patients were informed about the use of data in research.
Acknowledgements We thank the many mental health professionals and volunteers who have contributed their time and expertise over many years in Wudu and  Beichuan, Tolima, Nablus and Gaza. Their dedication  to providing quality mental health services in the face of often difficult conditions made this article possible. We thank the public health authorities in  China, Colombia, Gaza and Nablus  for their support. We also recognize the important collaborations with our partner organizations, notably the  Chinese Academy of Science and Crisis Intervention Center in Wudu and Beichuan.
Ophthalmologic and orthoptic evaluation All subjects had normal values for ophthalmologic and orthoptic examination (Table  2  reports the clinical data obtained). The corrected visual acuity was normal ($20/20) for all subjects. All subjects had normal binocular vision (mean value 58. 16618. 34 s of arc), as evaluated with the TNO random dot test. The near point of convergence (NPC) was normal for all subjects (mean value 2. 0662. 31 cm). Heterophoria (i. e. the latent deviation of one covered eye when the other is not covered) measured by using the cover-uncover test at near distance (30 cm) was normal for all subjects (mean value 23. 2263. 62 pD). Fusional amplitudes of convergence (mean value 3768. 21 pD) and divergence (mean value 16. 7262. 96 pD) were measured at near distance (30 cm) by using a base-in and a base-out prism bar.
Data processing To quantify the effect of visual tasks on the postural performance, several parameters of the platform recording were analyzed: the surface area, the length and the mean speed of the center of pressure (CoP). The surface area and the length permit efficient measurement of CoP spatial variability  [32]. The surface of CoP corresponds to an ellipse with 90% of CoP excursions. The length of CoP is the path of the center of pressure. These two postural parameters are uncorrelated; indeed the inner surface of the same length may be different  [33, 34]. The mean speed represents a good index of the amount of neuromuscular activity required to regulate postural control  [35, 36]. Eye movements from the dominant eye of each subject were analysed. During the fixation task, the number of saccades with amplitude $62u was counted.
It is well known that micro saccades are normally smaller than such amplitude  [37]. For each saccade recorded during the horizontal saccadic task, we examined the latency of the saccades in milliseconds (i. e. time needed to prepare and trigger the saccades). The MeyeAnalysisß software (provided with the eye tracker, see www. eye-brain. com) was used to determine automatically the onset and the end of each saccade by using a 'built-in saccade detection algorithm. ' All detected saccades are verified by the investigator and corrected or discarded as necessary  [26].
Data collection Participants were given a self-administered questionnaire to be completed in Vietnamese, documenting their socio-demographic characteristics, HIV knowledge, HIV risk behaviors and willingness to use the Internet to seek information on HIV prevention and care. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS was assessed using a mean score developed from seven questions regarding HIV transmission and concepts; this score was created specifically for the study, based on different score constructions derived from the literature  [38] ,  [39]. The list of different Internet tools providing informa-tion, listed in Table  1 , was defined based on previous studies documenting Internet use  [40] ,  [41] ,  [42].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to the support of the  "Agence National de Recherche" (France) , the  "Conseil Général du Loiret" (France) , the  "Fonds de Dotation pour la Recherche en Santé Respiratoire" (France) , and the  "Région Centre" (France). The authors also thank  George Dubyak  ( Cleveland, Ohio ) for excellent review of the manuscript.
Modality of respondent selection The computerized database of physicians' addresses, provided by the Cegedim® Company (Boulogne-Billancourt, France), comprises doctors' addresses, phone numbers and e-mail addresses collected primarily by pharmaceutical companies' representatives (17,000 representatives update their continental French client lists daily). This database contains information on 55,772 GPs in private practice, and is the most reliable and updated French GP database. All the randomly selected French GPs were informed of this inquiry and its objectives by a joint letter sent by the INPES and the Advisory Board of the National Order of French Physicians. The goal was to obtain a sample of about 2,000 interviews, i. e. , slightly more than 1 per 30 GPs. To achieve this number and taking into account those that could not be contacted, 3,892 telephone numbers were extracted.
Declared practices of the interviewed GPs Among GPs managing AD patients, 148 (15. 2%) used standard questionnaires to evaluate memory and cognitive disorders. Although 688 (70. 6%) systematically announced the diagnosis to the patient's family, only 80 (8. 2%) told the patient. Indeed, 310 (31. 8%) never disclosed the diagnosis to the patient. Male and younger GPs declared more often that they "usually" or "always" disclosed the diagnosis to the patient (Table  3 ). Notably, 566 (58. 1%) of the interviewed GPs admitted not being b SNIR (Système National Inter-Régimes: National System between Reimbursement Regimens) is an information database, managed by the health-insurance organizations, that collects all the professionals whose private-practice activities earned a reimbursement during the previous year.
In an earlier French study, only 19. 7% of the AD patients 80 years old were referred to a specialist  [37]. Two plausible and perhaps associated explanations can be advanced: an increased referral rate to a specialist between the Three-City Study inquiry period (1999-2004) and 2008, and GPs' overestimations of their referral rates. Turning towards medical-social services was less frequent (43. 5%) but, without individual data on the patients referred, it is difficult to know if it is a sign of good or difficult access to assistance.
Recruitment of participants General practitioners exercising in Yvelines (one of the eight departments of the Île-de-France region, France) and internship supervisor at the Faculty of Health Sciences of Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest invited their patients to take part in the study. The patients were recruited according to their age and gender, as well as the location of their physician's practice, in order to obtain a great diversity. The participants should be aged 18 to 70 but we deliberately did not include minor patients (<18 year old) due to ethical issues and interview feasibility (a written agreement of both parents would have been required). A HIV-positive status already known by their attending physicians was an exclusion criterion. The number of interviews was not set in advance. The objective was to achieve data saturation, defined in our study as the lack of any new theme raised during three consecutive interviews.
Data analysis Several steps were followed to realize an inductive analysis of thematic content, with category construction based on analysis of the participants' opinions. The inductive approach is a systematic procedure to analyze qualitative data in which the identified themes are a cluster of meaning like connected categories. Its primary purpose is to allow research findings to rise from the frequent, dominant or significant themes inherent in raw data. All the interviews were led by a resident in general practice, lasting from 3 to 15 minutes. Each individual interview was audio-recorded using two digital voice recorders, then transcribed into a computer file (Word). The recordings were destroyed after analysis out of respect for medical confidentiality and the private nature of the recorded data.
Disturbances in different forms and increased concern about the after effects as a result of exposure are two examples. Since the three components are not completely separable, an adding up of the three would mean an overestimation of the social cost. While the first two components, Resource costs and Opportunity costs, the sum of which is usually termed "Cost of illness" (COI) in health economics literature, may be estimated with existing market prices, there are no directly observable market prices for Dis-utility. Dis-utility is therefore estimated by means of the WTP approach, an approach that is usually divided into two main groups depending on what information is used. Preference estimates based on market data and hypothetical market situations are called "revealed preferences" (RP) and "stated preferences" (SP), where the notations show whether the actual or hypothetical choice is used.
04). Being sociable or organized acted as protective factors. negative % values increases in ORs. The contribution was calculated only if OR1 was significant. Next, similar analysis was made for different age groups in order to assess the role of occupational factors and the contribution of personal factors in those age groups. Association between each occupational factor and each personal factor was measured with crude odds ratios. The analyses were performed using the Stata program (Texas: Stata Corporation, 2007).
Design Between July 2006 and June 2009, the ANRS VIHVO study enrolled 268 HIV1-infected native sub-Saharan African migrants living in France. Inclusion criteria were as follows: aged at least 18 years, having the current plasma HIV viral load (pVL) less than 200 copies/mL, and unchanged combination ART regimen for at least 3 months prior to enrollment. The ART included a minimum of 3 antiretroviral (ARV) drugs with at least 1 NNRTI or 1 PI. Patients were enrolled only if they planned to visit a sub-Saharan country for a period of between 2 weeks and 6 months, within the next 8 weeks. Medical and social data were collected at enrollment (ie, during the 8 weeks preceding the trip) and also during the week following their return to France. We selected stays longer than 2 weeks in order to exclude touristic trips that do not pose great problems for HIV physicians in terms of care.
The 6-month limit was chosen for 2 reasons: first to ensure that participants would return to France before the study ends and second because it was not possible for pharmacies to dispense more than 6 months of ART on one occasion when authorized by the prescribing physician. In this way, we were sure that the participants had the possibility to leave France, taking the whole treatment stock required for the full duration of their trip. Patients were excluded if the pVL at the enrollment visit was more than 200 copies/mL. Patients were enrolled from 24 French university outpatient clinics after they signed a letter of informed consent to participate. Medical and social data were collected at enrollment and during the week following their return to France. Demographic, social, clinical, and immunovirological data were retrieved from the medical records of the patients.
Statistical Analysis In order to estimate the impact of individual characteristics and of ART adherence failure during the trip in previously adherent participants-defined as switching from adherence (either highly or moderately) to nonadherence-a logistic regression was used. Selection criteria for data analysis included the patients adherent to ART before traveling (pre-travel visit) and who also had a complete assessment of adherence at the posttravel visit. Potential correlates considered for the analysis were social status (literacy level, employment, type of housing, and marital status), perception about treatment efficacy and toxicity, HIV status disclosure and variables related to the travel: region of destination (Central Africa versus others), locations visited (urban, rural, or both), period of traveling (during the Ramadan fasting period, respecting the fast or not), use of other medicine (ie, traditional) during the stay, illness leading to a medical consultation, unexpected traumatic events during the stay including political, natural, accidental (road injury, theft), familial (bereavement, constraints, conflicts) troubles during the stay, and, finally, trip extension.
Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of all clinical investigators of the VIHVO study:  Michele Bentata ,  Fatima Touam ,  Sophie Abgrall ,  Nathalie Lele ,  Olivier Bouchaud ,  Chakib Alloui  ( CHU Avicenne, Bobigny, France );  Agnes Uludag, Agnes Lefort ,  Bruno Fantin  ( CHU Beaujon, Clichy, France );  Cecile Goujard  ( CHU Bicetre, Le.
Safety Compliance was measured at the site by using vial counts, diary cards and information provided by the parent and/or subject; subjects were considered compliant if they received ≥80% of planned ETN doses. Adverse events (AEs), including infections, injection site reactions (ISRs), serious AEs (SAEs), including serious infections, laboratory analyses and vital signs measurements were recorded throughout the study (MedDRA V. 14. 0 dictionary). To assess immunogenicity, serum samples at baseline, week 12, or upon early withdrawal, were analysed for the presence of ETN antibodies and neutralising antibodies. Figure  1  Subject disposition. Adverse events include infections. All subjects who discontinued ETN continued to be monitored for safety. *One PsA subject withdrew early but had assessment data for Week 12; therefore, analyses were performed on n = 29 subjects.
Statistical methods The sample size was determined by the 100 subjects anticipated to be enrolled in the study. It was expected that the half-width of the 95% CI would be no more than 10% for estimation of the JIA ACR 30 response rate. All efficacy analyses were based on the modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population defined as all subjects who received ≥1 dose of ETN. For the overall population, and for each of the JIA categories, the analysis was based on the observed cases (OC) data. Descriptive summary statistics for observed data were provided. Logistic regression analysis was used to compare the JIA ACR 30 data with historical placebo data and historical active control data: ORs and corresponding 95% CI were computed for the overall population and for each of the JIA categories. Safety analyses were based on the mITT population.
4 Our study was specifically designed with the aim to investigate the effect of ETN treatment on three specific JIA categories: eoJIA, ERA and PsA. Although a limited number of eoJIA patients were included in the publication by Lovell et al 12 using the previous classification criteria of JRA, further study of this patient population was determined to be of medical interest by the sponsor and the regulatory agency due to the paucity of ETN data in eoJIA patients. Considering the existing information on the efficacy of ETN in polyarticular course JIA, it was deemed unethical to have a placebo arm in this paediatric study. Therefore, placebo data based on a meta-analysis from previous JIA studies were used as one of the prespecified comparators. The JIA ACR 30 response rates overall and for each category were significantly higher than the placebo historical control.
Acknowledgements We wish to thank all additional members of  PRINTO  network who participated as investigators in the study, and whose enthusiastic effort made this work possible: (Australia)  Jonathan Akikusa, MD ,  Jeffrey Chaitow, MD; (Belgium) Bernard Lauwerys, MD, Carine Wouters, MD; (Colombia) Juan Jose Jaller Raad, MD, William Jose Otero Escalante, MD, Patricia Julieta Velez, MD; (Czech Republic) Katerina Jarosova, MD, Marie Macku, MD; (France) Pierre Quartier, MD, Brigitte Bader-Meunier, MD; (Germany) Hans-Iko Huppertz, MD, Ralf Trauzeddel, MD; (Norway) Berit Flato, MD; (Poland) Bogna Dobrzyniecka, MD, Lidia Rutkowska Sak, MD; (Russia) Evgeny Nasonov, MD; (Slovakia) Elena Koskova, MD; (Slovenia) Tadej Avcin, MD; (Spain) Inmaculada Calvo Penades, MD ,  Maria Luz Gamir, MD ,  Jordi Anton Lopez, MD.
Data from each city covered at least 3 consecutive years during 2001-2010. Daily PM 2. 5 , PM 10 , and gaseous pollut ant data [sulfur dioxide (SO 2 , 24 hr), nitro gen dioxide (NO 2 , 24 hr), and ozone (O 3 , 8 hr)] were provided by monitoring networks in each participating city. All measurements were made using the gravimetric method or an equivalent method (betaattenuation), except for measurements made using the tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) method in Marseille. Because the focus of the analysis was on fine (PM 2. 5 ) and coarse (PM 2. 5-10 ) particles, and because PM 2. 5-10 was estimated as the difference between PM 10 and PM 2. 5 , the study period was selected based on the availability and completeness of PM 2. 5 concentration data. These data were obtained from urban or suburban background sites or, when appropriate as a measure of the exposure of nearby population, from fixed monitors located near traffic.
5-10. On average, PM 2. 5 and PM 2. 5-10 data were missing on 4% of days during the study (ranging from 0% in Thessaloniki to 12% in Marseille), and PM 10 data were missing for 2% of study days (ranging from 0% in Thessaloniki to 5% in Bologna). Missing data were at ran dom, as confirmed by local authorities and by data inspection because there were no patterns observed. Timeseries data on daily temperature (degrees Celsius, daily mean) were used to control for the potential confounding effects of weather. External information on influenza epidemics was also collected, if available from hospital admissions records. Methods. We used a hierarchical model ing approach. First, we fit separate regression models for each city to allow locationspecific control for seasonal effects, weather, and other potential confounders.
We used penalized regression splines as implemented by  Wood (2000)  in R, with natural cubic splines as basis functions. We chose k = 50 basis func tions and eight effective degrees of freedom (edfs) per year of available data to control for seasonality and obtain conservative estimates of effect  (Katsouyanni et al. 2009; Samoli et al. 2008). To control for weather, the timeseries models included smooth terms for temperature on the day of death and the day before death in using a natural spline with 3 df  (Katsouyanni et al. 2009). We also included dummy variables for the day of the week, holi days, and influenza epidemics, represented by the vector X in Equation 1. In cities with no influenza data available, we included a dummy variable that was assigned the value of 1 when the 7day moving average of respiratory mor tality was greater than the 90th percentile of the cityspecific distribution.
Statement of principal findings To our knowledge, this paper describes the first study that uses the identification of the individual characteristics of GPs to explain their decision to enroll or not in a voluntary P4P scheme. Our database is a representative sample of more than 1,000 French GPs in terms of age (53 vs. 52 years), sex ratio (more than 75% of males), installation rates in group practices (60% vs. 54%)  [16]  and rates of P4P adherence  [17]. Our findings identify two profiles of GPs: those perceiving ethical risks as low and agreeing to sign (31. 7%) versus those perceiving such risks as rather high and deciding not to sign (68. 3%). The lack of patient information regarding the status of their physicians is the main perceived risk reported by non-signatories. Other ethical risks associated with non-adherence include the occurrence of new conflicts of interest, the perception by patients of a breach of professional ethics and the possibility of excluding the most vulnerable patients.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank the Prospere group including  E Bernard ,  P Boisnault ,  Y Bourgueil ,  T Cartier ,  P Clerc ,  D Duhot ,  C Fournier ,  N Krucien ,  P Le Fur ,  M Le Vaillant ,  J Mousques ,  M Naidich ,  N Pelletier-Fleury , and  P Szidon  for their useful contribution in the discussion of the study results. We would also like to thank all the GPs from the  OMG  and the  Pr Christian Herve.