dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In this way, the verification step is reinforced. In MATHYS, the links and the interfaces between tools have also been verified. The coupled platforms developed in CEA (and MATHYS among them) solve the interface between codes using an API called ICoCo  [22]. This code enables function calls for every coupled code such as information transmission, time step iteration or process. store/retrieve operations. The order in which the functions are called is based on the coupling methodology explained in details in  [13] ; TrioCFD and TrioMC are coupled using the domain decomposition method whereas the coupling between CATHARE2 and TrioCFD-TrioMC uses the domain overlapping method  [13].
Validation step This step commonly relies on the numerical validation by comparison with reference tools and/or analytical solutions, and on experimental validation by comparison with experimental data. More recently, efforts have been made to support these multi-scale approach with a comprehensive validation database relying, as for TH codes at various scale, on experiments at the separate-effects, combinedeffect and integral scales. This experimental database consists of: -Separate Effect Tests (SETs) dedicated to the study of each physical phenomenon relevant to the final reactor application in representative conditions; -Integral Effect Tests (IETs), capable of reproducing interactions between these phenomena that may occur in the final reactor case; -System and Integral Tests (SITs), or reactor-scale integral tests where all phenomena may come into play.
This validation work is properly documented  [13, 23, 24]. The complexity of this validation arises from considering the case of a coupling between three existing codes, such as a system/ sub-assembly/CFD codes coupling, where each of the codes usually benefits from an existing validation database. Counter-intuitively, this individual validation is not sufficient to validate the coupled tool itself, as the introduction of interactions between scales may lead to new physical phenomena, or new interactions, which are not covered by the codes' individual validation matrices. For USBO transient, this interactions lead to, as already explained: pool stratification and heat transfer between pools on natural convection in the complete primary circuit; inter-wrapper flow heat removal (and more generally of radial heat transfers in the core) on hot pool thermalhydraulics and on overall natural convection.
Constructing a validation matrix for the multi-scale tool then requires identifying separate-effects, integral effects and integral tests suitable for validating these phenomena and their interactions during the considered USBO transient. However, it is important to underline that the experimental database for the validation of tools dedicated to SFR is far smaller than the one dedicated to PWR. Moreover, validating main TH phenomena at the system scale would require a high level of geometrical similarity, and thus adapted experiments for the studied new design. In contrast, the ability of CFD to simulate geometrical effects directly makes it easier to argue that experiments performed for other designs (and thus in different geometrical configurations) will provide a useful contribution for validating the new tool.
Thanks to these arguments, multi-scale/CFD tool may thus rely on a growing experimental database for validating coupled effects: for the effect of pool thermal-hydraulics on natural convection, TALL-3D  [25]  (SET), CIRCE-HERO  [26]  (IET) and E-SCAPE  [27]  (IET) may be considered; for the effect of inter-wrapper flow on S/A cooling, THEADES  [28]  (SET), PLANDTL-1  [29]  (IET) and PLANDTL-2  [30]  (IET) are available or will be in the near future; -CLEAR-S  [31]  (IET) will present an interesting case where it will be possible to validate the effect of pool TH and inter-wrapper flow on global natural convection at the same time; for integral validation, PHENIX  [24] , EBR-II  [32]  and FFTF  [33]  tests are or will be available in the short-term. These tests span two reactor types (loop for PLANDTL1/2 and FFTF, pool for all others) and two working fluids (sodium or Lead-bismuth eutectic) as well as several design types: nevertheless, thanks to the geometrical genericity of multi-scale/CFD tools, they may all contribute to validating the application of the MATHYS tool on the studied USBO domain of utilization.
The main scenario uncertainties have been selected through expert judgment of realistic transients, or bibliographic databases on past SFRs or sensitivity studies (see Tab. 5). Among them, we can notice the power level at the transient beginning, the main USBO transient feature; flow rate drop trigger value for the RBH rods is also important. The RBD rods are not considered in this list because, after several sensitivity studies, it happens that the sodium temperature at the top of the sub-assemblies never reaches the RBD triggering threshold during such transients. The final work in this section aims at quantifying the influential uncertainties associated with the physical MATHYS tool models. As already explained, determining the input uncertainty quantification on the physical models still requires further investigations in PWR framework where a far larger amount of experimental data than for SFR is available.
In 2007, at the 2nd Africa-EU Summit, the development and implementation of earth observation based services to support sustainable development in Africa was agreed. A joint Africa-EU strategy created a framework for cooperation to this end called GMES & Africa. This cooperation aims to produce products and services relevant to the needs of Africans and implemented by African institutions. It is based in particular on the European Copernicus program. The themes covered by the cooperation include natural resource management, marine and coastal areas, water resource management, climate variability and change, disaster risk reduction and food security. Building on its early involvement in the previous projects, the Joint Research Centre has developed an operational and distributable open-source data processing tool, called eStation.
Ray et al. [5]  analyse crop yield evolution for ten crop types-barley, cassava, maize, oil palm, rapeseed, rice, sorghum, soybean, sugar cane and wheat and highlight significant negative trends observed in several regions in the world such as over Southern Africa. Despite a large number of scientific publications and of datasets (including satellite and ground observations and atmospheric models) publicly available, many decision-makers and institutions are hampered by a lack of access to context-specific climate information. This is due to several obstacles and challenges that causes limitations to access to this information and its use in decision-making processes. These obstacles include: • the high complexity of the available datasets, • the basic computer skills of the users, • some technical aspects of the results (understanding of the uncertainties, probabilistic forecasts), • lack of relevant and usable information, • the adequacy of climate information (e.
Because of political and economic reasons, there is a large diversity of users within sectors and among researchers and practitioners in some regions  [11] , such as West Africa. Moreover, the political and economic constraints may prevent user needs from being translated into action  [12]. Over most of the African regions, climate services are in the early stages of development, with focus on ensuring appropriate data management and fully operational provision of monitoring and forecasting data  [13, 14]. Over this region, persistent lags are still present that require specific development for climate services to fulfill the needs of end users. Firstly, there is a potential gap between the spatial scales of most of the products and the needs, for both observational and forecast datasets. In particular, there are often needs to downscale the forecast on agriculture yields to fit with the scale of the local farmers.
There are also some challenges to provide robust long-term climatological datasets, or climate data records. The gaps in historical records must be filled by merging different sources of datasets, which is already done in some cases for precipitation products. In addition, because of the economical restriction, the access to these datasets is also a challenge and freely available products is important. The building capacity is also an important element to strengthen, and it is of crucial importance to increase the sharing of knowledge of international organisations to local users by organizing training, and cross fertilizations, i. e. , sharing the methodologies and best practices amongst the users. Recently, the study of  [15]  confirm the great need for supports from providers to users in order to solve the many issues related to current climate services particularly in West Africa.
The intra-ACP CS initiative builds on the achievements of a series of EU funded programs in the field of the application of EO to weather and environmental monitoring, being the PUMA (Preparation for the Use of Meteosat in Africa), AMESD (African Monitoring of Environment for Sustainable Development), MESA (Monitoring Environment and Security in Africa) and the ongoing GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) & Africa, the most relevant ones. AMESD and MESA are considered the forerunners to the ongoing Pan-African GMES & Africa  [18] , by building and strengthening capacities in Africa to receive, process, analyze and exploit Earth Observation (EO) data for environmental management.
GMES & Africa and the eStation The GMES & Africa process was launched during the 2nd EU-Africa Summit (Lisbon, December 2007), as a long-term and strategic cooperation to address the growing needs of African countries to access EO data for implementation of sustainable development policies at continental, regional and national level. This process confirmed the commitment to avail the Copernicus European infrastructure to African countries, and will enable the two continents to jointly face and address global challenges and attain overarching development goals, including the AU Agenda 2063 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The GMES & Africa initiative focuses on three specific topics; the Long-Term Management of Natural Resources, Marine and Coastal Areas and Water Resources Management.
The eStation is an EO processing application. It stands for the application for data acquisition, processing a visualization developed by JRC (i. e. , the software component) that can be run using a "MESA station" that is the physical infrastructure composed by 3 PCS, two of which hosting the eStation. The eStation automatically retrieves data from different sources; e. g. , the EUMETSAT Broadcasting System, the Copernicus services and other data providers. Then the software derives added-value indicators such as climatological anomalies, standardized indices or filtered datasets that are currently used and requested by the partners. The software allows the analysis and generation of information to be included in bulletins and communications for the final users, both decision makers in mandated institutions and the local society  [19].
The main goal of the application is to overcome the technical complexity in the EO processing, and streamline their exploitation by the thematic experts. It is a customizable system, tailored to the needs and requirements of the end-users, as identified in the previous programs and through a continuous interaction with the beneficiaries. This climate service provides relevant information for the different identified sectors with tailored and other requested variables from the beneficiaries. When available and necessary, several datasets are used to provide a set of the same variable (SST or rainfall for example). This allows to assess the potential uncertainties in between the datasets and so of the observed variable. The eStation is accessible thanks to different ways: a) d) c) b) e) f) g) h) j) i) k) l) 1.
the linux-based MESA stations, delivered to more than 120 Institutions in the framework of MESA program (Figure  2 ) 2. be installed on a single MS-Windows computer 3. accessed a web-client on Joint Research Centre infrastructure During all the GMES & Africa project, the collaborations were close with the beneficiaries, which are defined as the institutions that received the eStation in their premises and identified in the formulation of the MESA project, and with the final users, corresponding to the institutions/persons receiving the final tailored products. Nevertheless, there were still open questions regarding the evaluation of several aspects of the use of eStation. For example, despite the constant collaboration between eStation developers and users to resolve technical issues, there was no quantitative assessment of eStation access for our users.
In addition, the usability of the software and the quality and adequacy of the data proposed were not assessed at the project level. Before the end of the GMES & Africa phase 1, a large online survey has been sent to all. Such surveys are now common tools to interact with users of a specific device or service, to know their needs and to collect their feedbacks  [20]. This study first proposes a framework of dialogue with the users in Africa. It also exposes the lessons learned from the survey and highlights the current use of the eStation, the strength and weakness of the platform and how to improve it in the future. It is presented as follows; after this introduction, the methodology of the survey (Section 2) and the GMES & Africa project (Section 3) are presented. In Section 4, the main results of the survey are exposed.
The questionnaire was written in English and French as these are the main languages used for communications within the project and in the continent. The survey is divided in 7 categories to cover different topics: (i) general information,(ii) access to the eStation and the MESA station, (iii) operational use, (iv) ergonomics, evaluation, (v) data, (vi) trainings and (vii) future of the eStation. Overall, 42 questions were asked, 5 of them being open-ended questions in order to collect general feedback and points that were not addressed. The remaining 37 questions were therefore close-ended (13 of them gave the possibility to specify an additional field if needed). Some additional rules were set up to avoid misinterpretation of the results. Hence, most of the answers required an answer to go through and it was mandatory to finish the survey before to send it.
The main technical issues (question 7 and 8) are due to electrical resources and computer failures (53%), followed by other technical problems, related to the software (40%) or related to the antenna and reception (38%). Data and product issues are less common, with the absence of the desired product representing 35% of them and lack of understanding of the products 12%. Users were also able to report other issues (about ten) such as the lack of human resources, UPS failure, missing datasets, and delay in data availability.
Usability The results on the usability (i. e. , efficiency in adopting appropriate solutions for the use of a product and assessing the adequacy to the user's capacities) of the eStation (questions 19 to 31) are based on the feedbacks from our partners and also from their users (82% of our partners have regular or occasional feedback from their users). There is an overall good evaluation of the usability of the software. Indeed, 50% have a good or very good opinion, 36% are neutral and 14% have an unfavourable or very unfavourable opinion. Only 28% of them reported errors or problems in the provided products. Feedback on these points are: malfunctioning, recommendation of other products in the eStation, lack of precision on local data, too many missing data, need for additional features (e.
Global Strength and Weakness of the eStation The answers related to the strength and weakness of the eStation (question 23 and 24) provide an overall evaluation of the software and allow to prioritize the issues the user's needs but also highlight the positive points. 47. 7% of the partners consider that the eStation supports decision making at the highest level (Figure  4 ) while only 9% consider it to be low. This is accompanied by a good level of user satisfaction, with 70% of respondents considering themselves highly satisfied or satisfied. These results show the strong demand from partners and the interest in maintaining the eStation. These positive scores are mostly related to the access to data without the need for internet (i. e. , through the MESA station, 64%), the extension of the data catalogue (61%), the easy generation of derived products (57%), the quality of information and visualization as well as the technical and scientific support (both at 52%).
Preferred Datasets The main data used are in line with the proposals of the eStation project, since they are mainly related to rainfall data (75% of the users), used for agricultural yield, water resources and natural risk (floods) issues, and vegetation data (70. 5%), for agricultural yield issues and monitoring of ecosystems and forests (Figure  7 , question 32). This is followed by the use of fire (36. 4%) and oceanographic products (34. 1%), including fisheries data, and physical variables. In order to compare current data to climatological references, to build anomaly indicators and/or to build a complete climatology of past events, 52. 3% of users use the complete time series or a long series (10 years). The other type of query is rather about a specific period, especially in the case of extreme events (drought, flooding).
Recent and frequently updated data are requested for inland water data (31. 8%) mostly to assess the water resources. Within the available products, users generally use more than 3 different datasets (72% of them) and only 4. 5% use a single dataset. This can be explained by the complementary nature of the products to better identify derived products and the need to estimate uncertainties in products in regions that may be poorly instrumented. Then, latest monthly (11. 4%) or weekly (11. 4%) data are requested for monitoring products such as vegetation or fisheries. Daily data are also very much in the minority (4. 5%). It was found that the level of knowledge of the partners on the satellite products available on the eStation (Sentinel, SPOT, MODIS, LANDSAT) is high or very high for 28% of the partners.
and low or very low for 23% of them. Results are similar for other derivative products that are integrated into the eStation. In recent years, only 5% of the partners surveyed replied that they had not participated in training courses, while 25% said they had attended at least three. These past training courses mainly provided participants with knowledge on the installation and use of the station (83%) and on optimising the eStation in an operational context (51%). Training on better use/optimization of the software and products and on a better understanding of the products and indices developed represent only 34% each of the training courses perceived. In this context, there appears to be a strong demand and need for additional training, as requested by 95% of the participants. Although the use and optimisation of the tools of the eStation is still in demand (69%) there is also a strong demand linked to the limited knowledge of the products to thematic training (91%).
Technical Issues A significant number of requests concern the resolution of technical problems related to the MESA Station (36% of the comments on this point). These problems can be grouped into several themes: • issues related to the installation and the software update of the station • improvement and support for technical equipment • power supply problems • problems with the functioning of the computers, and namely data reception • issues in accessing to the online website These points should be taken into account in the framework of the current phase of GMES & Africa, and the following one, which includes some maintenance activities to be performed in co-operation with the institutional partners of the project, as well as in the intra-ACP project. JRC believes that a correct planning of the maintenance of the stations is essential for the robust and reliable access to EO data, which is a key element for implementing both environmental monitoring and climate services.
Improved Features Users also suggested some specific improvements to the eStation software, in different areas, ranging from the updates in data management to facilitate the reception of additional datasets, the possibility to manage their own shape files and geometries in data analysis, improved data accessibility and the implementation of certain new technologies. All the indicated points have been included by JRC in the planned development of the future version of the eStation. In particular, the Climate Station will implement an API for simple data download from ECMWF Climate Data Store and other data providers, will include additional software components implemented by partner teams for higher resolution data visualization (IMPACT, for forest monitoring and LC-LCC) and product intercomparison and fitness-for-purposes analysis (C3S F4P).
Data With regard to data, and in line with previous comments, the issue of resolution has been regularly raised, with the request of providing higher resolution datasets, namely Landsat and Sentinel-2 that are key for some environmental monitoring applications, like forest degradation and wetlands monitoring, but also coastal erosion. Another common request is for access to additional datasets (new satellite products or additional derived products) and more tailored products and indicators to be derived from them. Another common request coming from beneficiary institutions and local partners is for access to additional datasets and more tailored products. For example they request more observational data to ensure higher quality products, to assess uncertainties and to validate models and satellite data.
Future of the eStation Since the initiation of the climate stations, there is a constant evolution of the data and their characteristics (resolutions) to fit with the user needs and to adapt to the data available (e. g. , change of satellite platform). Thanks to this survey strength and weakness of the technical equipment, tools and datasets have been identified and priorities for the future developments have been highlighted. Some of these recommendations will be integrated in the future. Nevertheless, some aspects, mostly related to technical equipment, are beyond the objective of the climate service and can not be satisfied. This is, for example, the power supply issues that are recurrent in West Africa and that need to be taken into account for the development of climate services in that area.
Conclusions This survey provides a precise overview of the use of the eStation by local partners in an operational context. The added value of the products, the strengths and weaknesses of the station and the uses are discussed and evaluated. Overall, users have a positive opinion of the eStation with adapted functionalities and relevant databases: 70% of the members think the users have a very of fairly level of satisfaction and 80% of them think that the eStation strongly or modarately support decision making at highest level, which is online with the high potential added value of EO data in Africa  [21]. As underlined in other studies on weather and climate services in Africa  [15] , training is essential and, although a large number of partners have already attended one or more training sessions, they are still in great demand for improving the proper functioning of the eStation and a good understanding of the products offered.