dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Liver Biopsy Biopsy specimens smaller than 10 mm in length were excluded from analysis unless cirrhosis was obvious. Each liver biopsy was read by 2 blinded and experienced liver pathologists from 2 different centers (B. T. and S. M. ). In the case of a discrepancy regarding fibrosis stage, both pathologists met to reach a consensus. Liver fibrosis was staged according to METAVIR score: F0, no fibrosis; F1, portal fibrosis; F2, mild extensive portal fibrosis (less than half of portal tracks have septa); F3, severe extensive portal fibrosis; and F4, cirrhosis. Patients with F3 and F4 fibrosis were considered to have cACLD. Other recorded data included biopsy length, percentage of steatosis, presence or absence of steatohepatitis, and hepatocyte ballooning or Mallory bodies. Perisinusoidal fibrosis (PF) was assessed using the Brunt classification  16  : PF 0, no; PF 1, mild (less than one third of zone III); PF 2, moderate (between one third and two thirds of zone III); and PF 3, severe (more than two thirds of zone III).
Statistical Analysis All analyses were performed for the per-protocol population, which comprised all patients with no major protocol deviations, valid TE, and biopsy. We summarized patient characteristics as medians and IQRs or numbers and percentages when appropriate. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9. 4 statistical software (SAS, Cary, NC), and P <. 05 was considered significant. We evaluated the accuracy of TE for the diagnosis of cACLD and cirrhosis by analyzing the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and the 95% CIs were calculated for 3 cut-off values: one to rule in the diagnosis (sensitivity, !95%), one to rule out the diagnosis (specificity, !95%), and the optimal cut-off value based on the highest Youden index.
Our patients represented a real-life group as found in primary care practices, hepatology clinics, or beginning specialized addiction care, for whom TE could enable the diagnosis of completely asymptomatic severe liver disease. Second, our histologic data were accurate, with a substantial median biopsy size and blinded interpretation by 2 experienced pathologists. This allowed us to verify that the distinction between F3 and F4 was somewhat difficult, and justified the choice of cACLD rather than cirrhosis as the primary objective of the study. Finally, histology, TE, and biochemistry were performed on the same day.
This project has led to the creation of the "Grenoble Battery Hub," launched in November 2021 by the ESRF, the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), and the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), in partnership with the European initiatives "BIGMAP," co-funded by the European Union's H2020 program, and BATTERY 2030+. It will open to the European battery R&D community to advance research in support of the European Green Deal, the UN Sustainable Develop-ment Goals, and the European Action Plan on Batteries. Looking to the future, the ESRF aims to develop these new access modes further, with the prime candidate for the next hub to be based on a new ESRF-developed scanning technique called hierarchical phase-contrast tomography (HiP-CT), which could revolutionize the study of human anatomy.
2013)  in its inclusion of a new package of parameterizations for turbulence, convection and clouds. The NEMO ocean model 125 comprises 3 components, i. e. ocean dynamics (NEMO-OPA), sea-ice dynamics and thermodynamics (NEMO-LIM) and https://doi. org/10. 5194/bg-2021-320 Preprint. Discussion started: 2 December 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4. 0 License. marine biogeochemistry (NEMO-PISCES). All of these ocean components have been updated from IPSL-CM5A-LR to IPSL-CM6A-LR, from version 3. 2 to version 3. 6 of NEMO  (Madec et al. , 2017; Rousset et al. , 2015; Aumont et al. , 2015). A detailed assessment of the key properties of the ocean and marine biogeochemical models as used in ESMs that have contributed to CMIP5 and CMIP6 (including IPSL models) is available in  Séférian et al. (2020) 130  These two versions from the IPSL climate model family qualify as Earth System Models as they include carbon cycle components for the land biosphere (ORCHIDEE) and the ocean (NEMO-PISCES).
Acknowledgments The  CMIP6  project at IPSL used the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocations  2016-A0030107732 ,  2017-R0040110492 , and  2018-R0040110492  (project  gencmip6 ) provided by  GENCI  ( Grand Équipement National de Calcul 505 Intensif). This study benefited from the  ESPRI (Ensemble de Services Pour la Recherche  l'IPSL) computing and data center (https://mesocentre. ipsl. fr)which is supported by  CNRS ,  Sorbonne Université ,  École Polytechnique , and  CNES  and through national and international grants. All authors acknowledge support from the  French ANR  project  CIGOEF  (grant  ANR-17-CE32-0008-01 ). The authors also acknowledge support from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs CRESCENDO  (grant agreement No  641816 ),  COMFORT  (grant agreement No  820989 ),  4C  (grant agreement No  510 821003 ) and  ESM2025  (grant agreement No  101003536 ).
Previous investigations based on LiSard-array data have been limited, so far, to few surface-wave studies on Sardinian and Corsican crust and lithospheric mantle (i. e. ,  Boschi et al. , 2019 Boschi et al. , , 2020;; Magrini et al. , 2020b). Here, we join the LiSard data with all the publicly available seismograms recorded across the central-western Mediterranean between 1990 and 2018 (Figure  2 ). To obtain seismic images of the study area, we rely on Rayleigh and Love waves generated by both teleseismic events and seismic ambient noise (henceforth AN). Earthquake-based (EQ) and AN data contain complementary information, and their joint use results in a data set sensitive to a broad depth range (e. g. ,  Ritzwoller et al. , 2011; Zhou et al. , 2012). Based on pairs of receivers, we first use these recordings to compute Rayleigh and Love fundamental-mode phase velocities in the period range ∼5-200 s (Section 2).
Correction of the Systematic Bias Between AN and EQ Before translating the dispersion curves to maps, we made a selection of the phase velocities to exclude from the AN and EQ data sets those measurements which we do not consider robust. To do that, we restricted the span of the period range of the dispersion curves: in light of the considerations above, we discarded AN phase velocities at periods >50 s and EQ measurements at periods <15 s. In other words, in the inversion to phase-velocity maps, AN and EQ dispersion curves are used jointly only in the period range 15-50 s, characterized by relatively small velocity differences (Figure  3c ). We then applied a correction to each measurement falling in this period range, based on the average velocity difference between the two data sets (calculated through the station pairs for which both EQ and AN dispersion curves are available); this is done to further reduce the observed bias between EQ and AN, as illustrated in Figure  4.
At each period, the relative amount of the correction is determined by a weighting function w(ω) and by the average velocity difference μ(ω) (black) between the two data sets, calculated through the station pairs for which both EQ and AN dispersion curves are available (as v EQv AN ). (right) Distribution of the phase-velocity differences between EQ and AN at different periods (15, 21, 28, and 40 s) before applying the correction (gray histograms) and after the correction (red). Within each subpanel, mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) of the distributions are reported on the left. Note the significant decrease of the bias between EQ and AN after application of the correction. confidence of the measurements, with AN being more "reliable" at 15 s and EQ being more "reliable" at 50 s. We carried out the above procedure for Rayleigh and Love dispersion curves separately.
The inversion is regularized using a roughness damping constraint, weighted by the scalar μ that we chose, at each period, via L-curve analysis (e. g. ,  Hansen, 1999). To ensure that the different data sets (e. g. , AN-radial, AN-vertical, EQ) contribute equally in determining the result of the inversion at a given period, different weights are attributed to their dispersion curves; this is achieved by multiplying both sides of the forward-problem equation by a weight vector w. Specifically, w is defined by setting the weight of the largest data set to 1, while the others are given a higher weight in proportion to their size with respect to the largest. In addition, we downweighted the AN-radial measurements by 25% at all periods, because of the greater noisiness that typically characterizes the waveforms recorded on the radial components compared to the vertical (e.
Acknowledgments We thank the  University of Twente  for funding the installation and maintenance of the LiSard stations. The Grant to the  Department of Science, Roma Tre University (MIUR-Italy Dipartimenti di Eccellenza , ARTICOLO 1, COMMI  314-337 LEGGE 232/2016 ) is gratefully acknowledged. A. E. acknowledges funding from the  German Academic Exchange Service  ( DAAD, Grant   57030312 ). Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Funded by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG -German Research Foundation ) under the Individual Research Project:  SI 1748/4-1.
Data Analysis Data analysis occurred iteratively using a thematic qualitative inductive content analysis process  [28]. This approach was selected to allow novel themes to emerge from the data independent from any preconceived categories. The knowledge generated was based on the FG participants' unique viewpoints grounded in the qualitative data. Two reviewers from the research team read through the FG transcripts separately to identify provisional themes and then convened to discuss the findings and arrive at definitions for the agreed-upon themes. The researchers then separately coded all FG transcripts according to the identified themes, after which they met to discuss and resolve any discrepancies. Coding was accomplished using NVivo (QSR International)  [29].
Again, this is really going to have to be at the point of GISAID or GenBank or any other place that has a repository, but with set definitions, there could be a metadata field that has a dropdown menu perhaps that allows you to say "outbreak investigation," "vaccine breakthrough," etc. Whenever you are targeting samples for sequencing, aside from just general surveillance, you could indicate the justification for outside groups who may be interested in pulling your [sequence] data for use in their own analyses. [FG3, ME researcher] Some of the participants imagined where this system could be housed:.
Participants also mentioned the key types of data that would ideally be attached to the genomic sequences to permit more in-depth analyses. The majority of participants agreed that phylodynamics will remain critical to answer key fundamental questions about virus transmissibility and immune evasion. They also imagined that public health responses could be tailored to a specific variant and that phylodynamic tools could be used to monitor pockets of outbreaks as the disease transitions from an epidemic to an endemic state. There are a few instances of phylogenetic data being used to inform COVID-19 public health decisions in real time that are documented in the published literature. A study in Wales used phylogeographic methods to demonstrate the impact of travel restrictions on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, subsequently leading to their reinstatement  [34].
Acknowledgments We wish to acknowledge focus group (FG) attendees  Rebecca Smith  and  Emma Spencer , as well as the other unnamed participants, for their contributions to the FG discussions. This work was supported by the  National Science Foundation Division of Environmental Biology  ( RAPID Award :  2028221 ). JMIR Form Res 2023 | vol. 7 | e39409 | p. 10  https://formative. jmir. org/ 2023/1/e39409.
RenderXmany participants. One participant further expanded to consider the implications of how easily accessible some phylodynamic tools have become, giving people access to more phylogenetic data than ever before: JMIR FORMATIVE RESEARCH Rich et al XSL • FO JMIR Form Res 2023 | vol. 7 | e39409 | p. 5 https://formative. jmir. org/2023/1/e39409 (page number not for citation purposes).
The ESI settings were as follows: capillary tension, 4500 V; end plate offset, 500 V; drying gas (N 2 ) flow rate, 9. 0 L/min; drying gas temperature, 200 C; nebulizer pressure, 280 kPa. For MS/MS experiments, nitrogen was used at collision cell energy of 7. 0 eV and collision radio-frequency of 200 Vpp. Two collision energies, 10 and 50 V, were used for the compounds eluting in the range of 0e14 min and 14e28 min, respectively. The operating software was micrOTOF 3. 0, combined with Hystar 3. 2 and the data analysis software was Compass Data Analysis 4. 0 (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany). Mass spectrometer calibration was performed over a mass range of m/z 100e1000 using a sodium formate solution.
Selection of the extraction solvent The efficiency of six solvents (water, acidified water, 70% MeOH, 70% EtOH, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) to extract antioxidants from AEL was assessed using the ORAC and TEAC assays. In the ORAC assay, the decrease in fluorescence from the damage to fluorescein by peroxyl radicals produced by AAPH was monitored. This translates the RSA of an antioxidant via hydrogen atom transfer. The presence of antioxidants protects fluorescein from oxidative damage, resulting in an extended fluorescence time  [23]. On the other hand, the TEAC assay is based on electron transfer and measures the ability of an antioxidant to scavenge ABTS $þ radicals, which leads to a decrease in color intensity  [23]. The obtained data showed that the observed antioxidant activity of the AEL extracts was highly dependent on the polarity of the extraction solvent (Fig.
1 ). The antioxidant activity of extracts obtained using 70% MeOH and 70% EtOH was approximately 1. 4 and 5 times higher than that of those obtained using water and acidified water, and chloroform and ethyl acetate, respectively. Consistent results were obtained using both the ORAC and TEAC assays. The antioxidant activity observed for AEL extracts is not surprising, because such activity has also been reported in other Astragalus species in previous studies  [24e26]. Our data indicated that the antioxidant activity of AEL could mainly be attributed to polar compounds. EtOH/water and MeOH/water mixtures showed similar efficiencies in extracting antioxidant molecules from AEL. Therefore, the hydroethanolic mixture was selected for further investigation of the antioxidant potential of AEL extracts.
Antioxidant activity measured by DPPH assay The DPPH assay, a well-established method for the assessment of free RSA through hydrogen transfer  [27] , was applied to AEL extracts. The assay was performed using BHT as a positive control and the results were expressed as IC 50 values, with lower values indicating higher antioxidant activity. It was shown that the AEL extracts exhibited significant RSA with an IC 50 of 102 ± 4. 4 mg/mL, as calculated from data in Table  1. The IC 50 of BHT was determined to be 18. 5 ± 2. 0 mg/mL. Adigüzel et al. [24]  used the same assay to evaluate the antiradical activity of MeOH extracts from the aerial parts of 13 Astragalus species. The obtained IC 50 values ranged between 68. 8 and 400. 4 mg/mL with an IC 50 of 19. 8 mg/mL for BHT as the positive control.
To identify the antioxidants and other compounds extracted from AEL, the 30% EtOH extract was subjected to UHPLC-DAD-HRMS. Molecular identification was achieved based on comparing UV, MS, and MS/MS spectra with databases in literature, and if possible, with data obtained from analyzing available authentic standards  [32]. As shown in Fig. 5 , the obtained UV (325 nm) chromatographic profile was similar to that observed from the HPLC-ABTS $þ assay (Fig. 4 ), although the retention time and retention time intervals were different. As a result, the peaks observed from the HPLC-ABTS $þ assay corresponding to the antioxidant compounds were easily identified by UHPLC-DAD-HRMS chromatography. Compounds corresponding to peaks 1e5, 7e9, 13, 15, 16, and 18 showed UV absorption spectra with characteristics of two hydroxycinnamic acids: caffeic or ferulic acid (l max 325e328 and ca.
Conclusions This study demonstrated the antioxidant activity of extracts from aerial parts of AEL using different assays, i. e. , TEAC, ORAC, DPPH, and online HPLC-ABTS $þ. Approximately 40 compounds belonging to two families of compounds, hydroxycinnamate and flavonoid derivatives, were identified or tentatively identified by UHPLC-DAD-HRMS. Among these compounds, caffeic acid derivatives and quercetin glycosides showed strong antioxidant activities, with the catechol moiety being the key structural feature for the observation. The reported data indicate that AEL is a potential source of natural antioxidants. However, further investigations are needed to assess the biological activity of this plant in relation to its use in traditional medicine.
Data Collection A clinical observation checklist was first validated by research teams at the six maternity units to ensure data quality and homogeneity. Next, a local physician and/or research midwife at each maternity unit extracted the required data, including epidemiological, clinical, biological, maternal, and neonatal outcomes. We collected the following data: maternal age (<35 years, 35-40 years or >40 years), parity (nullipara or multipara), singleton or multiple pregnancies, body mass index (underweight (<18 kg/m 2 ), normal weight (18-25 kg/m 2 ), overweight (>25-30 kg/m 2 ), or obese (>30 kg/m 2 )), tobacco use (yes or no), gestational age at delivery (based on routine first-trimester ultrasound), diabetes requiring insulin therapy (gestational diabetes or preexisting diabetes), and hypertensive disorder (preeclampsia, superimposed preeclampsia, or preexisting).
Numerical Simulations The goal of this section is to demonstrate through numerical simulations some of the many factors that affect the trajectory and terminus of the magnetization vector on the Bloch sphere. We have endeavoured to present a sufficient variety of examples that will highlight the main consequences of the breakdown of the RWA. Parameter space is very large, however, and we stress that one should always employ simulations of their own to guide their particular applications. We ignore the effects of relaxation and diffusion, here, and the resulting Bloch equation Ṁ (t) = γM (t) × (B ẑ + B 1 (t) x) (12) was solved via numerical integration with in-house code (compiled C or Mathematica) to give the magnetization vector M (t) in the laboratory frame. For all simulations, we assumed γ > 0.
Detuning was typically achieved through a shift δB in the static field, but rf frequency shifts were sometimes applied. Working with fixed rf frequency was found to be imperative when using tuned coils as well as convenient for NMR sequence programming, as timings could be set based on a fixed rf period. When laser-polarized 3 He gas was used, tip angles close to zero or π hardly reduced the magnitude of the prepared longitudinal magnetization, and many tip angle measurements could be performed sequentially before the gas needed to be polarized again. When a water sample was used, the much lower available magnetization made operation at higher field more convenient and signal averaging mandatory. Data reduction -Recorded FID signals were processed for each recording to determine the following: initial magnitudes, from which tip angles θ were assessed; initial phases; and beat frequencies, from which differences ∆f between rf and Larmor frequencies were inferred.
Data acquisition The building blocks of all NMR measurements used here to determine flip angles are highlighted in Fig. S. 2 with examples of recorded signals from laser-polarized gas and thermally-polarized water samples. Detuning was typically achieved through a shift δB in the static field, but shifts of the rf frequency f were sometimes applied. Working with fixed rf frequency (the former method) is imperative when using tuned coils. We also found this approach to be convenient for NMR sequence programming, as timings could be set based on a fixed rf period. The difference ∆f between the transmitted rf field frequency and the observed free precession frequency provides an accurate measurement of the detuning. For simplicity it is always reported here in units of Hertz, regardless of how the experiment was performed.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the  University of Trieste, INSTM , the  Italian Ministry of Education MIUR (Cofin Prot. 2017PBXPN4 ) and the  Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Program  from the  Spanish State Research Agency  (Grant No. MDM-2017-0720 ). The authors acknowledge financial support from the  EC  through the  Graphene Flagship Core 3 project  ( GA-881603 ) and the  ERC  project  SUPRA2DMAT  ( GA-833707 ), the  Interdisciplinary Thematic Institute SysChem via the IdEx Unistra  ( ANR-10-IDEX-0002 ) within the  program Investissement d'Avenir program , the  International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry  and the  Institut Universitaire de France (IUF). M. P. is  AXA Chair of Bionanotechnology. A. C. thanks  MINECO  and  Xunta de Galicia  for his research grants (Ramon y Cajal No.
RYC2020-030183-I , and  Atracción de Talento  No. ED431H 2020/17 , respectively). H. -L. H. thanks  MINECO  for his research grant ( Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion /No. IJC-2018-037396-I ). Open access funding provided by  Universita degli Studi di Trieste  within the  CRUI-CARE Agreement.
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION The syntheses and macroscopic characterizations of the four A 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 2. 7 (AFe series) and four A 4 [Cr(CN) 6 ] 2. 7 (ACr series) PBAs are presented in reference 28. TM K-edge XAS. Cr (5989 eV) and Fe (7112 eV) K-edge X-ray absorption spectra were recorded for, respectively, the ACr and AFe series on the SAMBA beamline  42  at SOLEIL synchrotron (Gif sur Yvette, France). Room-temperature spectra were recorded up to 500-1000 eV above the edge (depending on the PBA) on pellets in the transmission mode, using the continuous mode of the Si(220) monochromator. No radiation damage occurred. We used the ATHENA software  43  to perform the energy calibration and conventionally normalize the spectra. TM K-edge XMCD. Cr and Fe K-edges X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra and XMCD signals were recorded in the transmission mode using the dispersive setup of the ODE  44  beamline at SOLEIL synchrotron (Gif sur Yvette, France).
Complementarity of Macroscopic SQUID and Local TM K-edge XAS and XMCD Data Toward a Better Understanding of the Magnetic Properties of PBAs. The investigation of the macroscopic magnetic properties of the ACr and AFe series of PBAs is presented in reference 28. The magnetic ordering temperatures were determined from the derivative of the FC magnetization curves. The Curie constant and the Weiss temperature were determined from the temperature dependence of the inverse of the molar magnetic susceptibility. 28 The magnetic ordering temperature and the sign of the Weiss temperature have already been well explained by an orbital approach,  55  and the Curie constant can be related to the total spin of the ions with possible orbital contribution depending on the ground state. 28 If these magnetic data are well understood,  55  questions remain on the magnetic field dependence of the magnetization curves below the magnetic ordering temperature.