dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Conclusion and Future Work We contributed a new version of gym-saturation, which continued to be free and open-source software, easy to install and use while promising assistance in setting up experiments for RL research in the automated provers domain. In the new version, we enabled anyone interested to conduct experiments with RL algorithms independently of an underlying prover implementation. We also added the possibility of varying representations as external plug-ins for further experimentation. We hope that researchers having such an instrument can focus on more advanced questions, namely how to generate and prioritise training problems to better transfer search patterns learned on simpler theorems to harder ones. Our experience with adding Vampire and iProver support to gym-saturation shows that working tightly with corresponding prover developers is not mandatory, although it might help immensely.
We present the first version of the Ocean Circulation and Carbon Cycling (OC3) working group database, of oxygen and carbon stable isotope ratios from benthic foraminifera in deep ocean sediment cores from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 23-19 ky) to the Holocene (<10 ky) with a particular focus on the early last deglaciation (19-15 ky BP). It includes 287 globally distributed coring sites, with metadata, isotopic and chronostratigraphic information, and age models. A quality check was performed for all data and age models, and sites with at least millennial resolution were preferred. Deep water mass structure as well as differences between the early deglaciation and LGM are captured by the data, even though its coverage is still sparse in many regions. We find high correlations among time series calculated with different age models at sites that allow such analysis.
Continued For most sites, the depth-in-core scale is a quantity directly measured in the core. However, some records are based on spliced sections (mainly Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program/ International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) sites) of several nearby cores to generate a composite with a corresponding composite depth to define the seafloor referenced depth scale for the site. When available, these depth models are documented in the database, accompanied by archival depths that correspond to the original depth within each cored interval. To have a measure of the uncertainty in the timing of deglacial shifts in isotope time series, we include as many published age models associated with the data series as attainable. Only those age models that include information about how they were calculated are included.
We include age models for 44 sites from the original publication, with radiocarbon data calibrated to the IntCal13 21 curve, and age models for 48 sites from an update using the IntCal20 22 calibration curve. These age models are referred to as W13 and W20, respectively, hereafter. • From compilations by Jonkers et al. 23  and Repschläger et al. 18  we include age models from 151 sites (referred to as J + R hereafter). We combine these two compilations because they share Atlantic sites and methodologies. Most age models are based on AMS radiocarbon dates on planktic foraminifera using the software BACON  24  version 2. 3. 9. 1 within the data management toolbox PaleoDataView  25  and calibrated to the IntCal13 21 curve. Some additional age models in Repschläger et al. 18  were calculated using benthic foraminiferal δ  18  O stratigraphy or using automated alignment with a stacking method described in Lee et al.
26. The database includes several sets of age models calculated for this publication: • 41 new age models for Pacific sites calculated based on benthic foraminiferal δ  18  O stratigraphy aligned to the LR04 stack  27  between the LGM and the early Holocene. • 17 new age models calculated from AMS radiocarbon dates on planktic foraminifera calibrated to the Int-Cal13 21 curve with the software BACON 24 version 2. 3. 9. 1. All parameters are recorded in the database as age model text files. These age models were calculated before the release of the IntCal20 22 calibration curve. • 211 new age models calculated using the software BACON 24 version 2. 3. 9. 1 within the data management toolbox PaleoDataView  25. Radiocarbon data were calibrated using the IntCal20 calibration curve  22.
Data Records Data Availability. The database was developed by the OC3 community, following the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoparability, Reusability) guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship  30. Conforming to the accessibility principle (the "A") of the FAIR data standard, the database has been stored in the public repository Zenodo  31. This repository allows updates on the database after publication. Future additions of new sites and age models will be uploaded by the OC3 members.
Continued Database description. Sites included in Version 1. 0 of the OC3 database are listed in Tables  1 2 3 4 5 6 , with citations for isotope data and age models. They come from the global ocean and a water depth range between 200 and 5000 m (Fig. 1 , top). 98% of sites report stable isotope data from Cibicidoides spp. , and 74% correspond to Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (Fig. 1 , middle). We include some sites that report unpublished data obtained from other species, mostly Uvigerina spp. The number of isotope measurements at each site (Fig. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ). We include in Zenodo a table with the number of data points for the 23-19, 19-15, and 15-11 ky BP time slices at each site  31. Users may use that tables or software tools that accompany this publication  31  to discern, based on temporal resolution and region, which sites to include in their analyses.
Binning the data into 500-year time slices between 23 and 15 ky BP, yields 130 to 200 coring sites per time slice (Fig. 2 ), with a higher number in the ED. Geographically, 63% of sites correspond to the Atlantic, 28% are from the Pacific, and 9% correspond to the Indian Ocean. 12% sites lie in the Southern Ocean (south of 35 °S). Database structure. The database is organized in different folders, each named after and corresponding to a specific coring site. The folders contain comma separated value (csv) files (Fig. 3 ). The file format choice makes the files easily machine-readable on computers with different operating systems, conforming to the interoperability principle (the "I") of the FAIR data standard. It also makes them human-readable, which facilitates access and editing. Each site folder contains at least one of each of the following file types: • A metadata file, with ocean basin, site name, latitude, longitude, and seafloor depth.
• A depth model file with depth scale information. • An age data file, with measured age constraints (e. g. , radiocarbon) and/or tie points information, including type of age constraints and references. • Isotope data files, with δ 13 C and/or δ  18  O data on a depth scale, and measurement methodology, taxon, and reference. There can be more than one isotope data file, each corresponding to different taxa, or as new data is added to the site. The different isotope files are identified in their names with dates of addition to the database in year-month-day (yyyymmdd) format, author name, and/or taxon name. • Age model files, with depth scale and age determinations, and information on age model type and source. There can be more than one age model file, each corresponding to a different age model.
The different age model files are identified in their names with dates of addition to the database in year-month-day (yyyymmdd) format and/or author name. The csv files are accompanied by unformatted text files where additional information is documented. All files are identified with the same site name as in the database, to conform the findability principle (the "F") of the FAIR data standard. In addition to the raw data and age models, we include the reference and when available, name of the laboratory and methodology followed for analysis. For radiocarbon-based age models calculated with the software BACON, we include all parameters used in the calculation in separate age model text files included within each of the site folders. This aims to fulfill the reusability principle (the "R") of the FAIR data standard.
Site Taxon_flag: A number that identifies the species. See Table  7  for the list of taxon flags. Taxon_note: A note on the taxon. Taxon_note2: Space for notes on taxon or methodology. Taxon_note3: Space for notes on taxon or methodology. Additional_note: Note on methodology. Publication source: Publication from where data were obtained. Original reference: Original publication associated with the data. File name: File name in original repository. Data source: Publication where data is found. Usually a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). Quality control: 1 means that the data has been quality controlled as described in the data acquisition section. 0 means that the data were defined as an outlier or bad data in the quality control process. calendar_age_error_plus (y BP): Uncertainty of the calibration in the positive direction.
calendar_age_error_minus (y BP): Uncertainty of the calibration in the negative direction. calibration curve: Calibration curve used to calculate calendar ages (e. g. , IntCal13; IntCal20). note1: Unformatted information considered relevant. note2: Unformatted information considered relevant. original reference: Reference on the age data and/or the calibrated age. data doi: age data DOI and/or reference. • site_age_model_yyyymmdd. csv Site: Site as in metadata file. Sample Label: Label of individual sample. Fig. 3  Diagram of a general OC3 site folder, with its file structure as described in the text.
Age model type Flag Ash layers 1 Table  8. Age model flags associated with different methodologies included in the data base. (Right) Cibicidoides δ 13 C difference between a deglacial time slice (17-15 ky BP) and the LGM. In order to calculate differences between the time slices, all data were binned into a latitude-depth grid of 5°×200 m resolution. The most recent age model available at each site was used to make this plot. The lengths of the time slices were chosen such that both were 2000 y long. 8. age_model_note: Any note on the age model. age_model_collection. quality control: 1 means that the data has been quality controlled as described in the Data acquisition section. All file names begin with a string referring to the core site that matches the site name in the metadata files. Isotope data and age model files also include a date in their names, which corresponds to the date at which the information was added to the database, and it is written in yyyymmdd (year-month-day) format.
If more than one isotope data and/or age model is available for a particular site, separate files with different dates are created for each one. For sites that include isotope data and/or age models from other syntheses, additional isotope data, age model, and depth model files are included in the corresponding folders, with a distinctive string added to their names. In cases where more than one species was reported for a site, we keep the isotope data and age model associated with each species in separate files, with the species specified in the file names. The name structure and use of csv files in the database allows the user to make specific updates. New isotope data and age models can be easily added, using the date format described above.
technical Validation Time slice comparison. Despite its sparsity, the coverage of the database resolves the general structure of deep water masses in depth-latitude plots (Fig. 4 ). During the LGM, the North Atlantic shows high benthic foraminiferal δ 13 C values in the North Atlantic above 2500 m, associated to the glacial equivalent North Atlantic Deep Water 9 (NADW). Deeper Atlantic waters exhibit lower δ  13  C values related with a mixture of glacial NADW and Antarctic Bottom Water. In the Pacific, δ 13 C-depleted Pacific Deep Water can be distinguished, as well as shallower, δ  13  C-enriched waters in the Southern Ocean associated with the transport of Antarctic Intermediate Water. In the Atlantic, compared with the LGM, deglacial benthic foraminiferal δ  13  C values from the 17-15 ky time slice (Fig.
4 , right) is lower in northern-component waters (above 2500 m) and higher in most sites in regions of southern-component waters. This is in agreement with previous reconstructions  19, 33, 34  , and consistent with Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation shallowing and accumulation of respired carbon in deep waters  35. Fig. 6  (Left) Time series of Cibicidoides δ 13 C values calculated with age models from different compilations, as indicated. Age uncertainty bars are included. (Right) Age models as a function of depth in core. Shadings correspond to the reported age uncertainties, based on 95 % confidence intervals. Two example sites from the database are displayed: (top) MD07-3076Q and (bottom) SO82-5-2. Plots for the rest of the sites are included in the Zenodo repository  31. Age models labeled as "calculated by Stefan Mulitza" were calculated for this work from radiocaron dates with the IntCal20 calibration curve, as explained in the Methods section (OC320 age models in Tables  1 2 3 4 5 6 ).
Age model comparisons. The OC3 database includes sites with more than one age model (Tables  1 2 3 4 5 6 ), allowing an evaluation of the sensitivity of the reconstructed time evolution of benthic foraminiferal δ  13  C and δ  18  O values with respect to different age models. Such analysis gives insights into the bias associated with age model uncertainties and enables us to investigate the robustness of leads and lags between deglacial stable isotope records. We include in the Zenodo repository  31  plots of benthic foraminiferal δ 13 C and δ  18  O values versus age of all sites. The lags between age models are not constant through the LGM and ED (e. g. , South Atlantic site MD07-3076Q in Fig. 6 ) with lags generally comprised between 0 and 1 ky. Even for sites where lags of the order of 2 ky exist (e.
We repeated the analysis for the single 17-15 ky BP time slice, without calculating a time slice difference (Fig. 9 ). In that case we get correlation coefficients higher than 0. 9 for the three Cibicidoides δ 13 C time slice comparisons, and RMSE′s lower than 0. 20 permil. The result reflects that Cibicidoides δ 13 C in single time slices may be less dependent on the age model approach than the difference between Cibicidoides δ 13 C values from different time slices. The above analyses illustrate that the OC3 database coverage is sufficient to resolve deep ocean water mass features through time. The number of sites in the Pacific and Indian Oceans is still considerably lower than in the Atlantic Ocean, and future versions of the database will focus on improving the coverage for those basins.
An analysis of stable isotope distributions through the LGM and ED, whose time dimension were calculated from different age model approaches, shows that the direction of changes may be captured, irrespective of the age model approach used, but the magnitude of those changes differs among age model approaches. The database features allow to construct a four-dimensional picture of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes through the LGM and last deglacial periods. The included software tools  31  allow quick calculations and the selection of sites for data analysis or model-data comparisons.
Usage Notes The choice of csv format for the OC3 database allows accessibility from a wide variety of computer software, and very light computational needs. In order to facilitate analysis, we have created a number of python programming language scripts that perform tasks for users. Because the scripts are equipped with simple user interfaces, no knowledge of python is required. The python scripts are included in the repository Zenodo, in the same location of the dataset  31. They are simultaneously compiled and run by entering, in the command line (Windows systems) or terminal (UNIX systems), "python scriptname. py", where scriptname refers to the name of the chosen python script. The minimum python version required is 3. 6. The scripts run locally. In order to retrieve OC3 data, the entire or parts of the   1 2 3 4 5 6 ) age models at sites where both OC320 and J + R age models are available.
Left(right) plot shows the time slice calculated with OC320(J + R) age models. Second(third) row of plots: Same as top plots but for OC320 and W20(P) age models. Data were binned to the same grid than in Fig. 3. Correlation coefficients and RMSE are (OC320 and J + R comparison) 0. 83, 0. 20 permil; (OC320 and W20 comparison) 0. 75, 0. 19 permil; (OC320 and P comparisons) 0. 90, 0. 13 permil, respectively. OC3 database needs to be downloaded to the local system. In order to run, the scripts need a number of python packages to be installed. The packages needed for each script are listed in the repository  31. The scripts provided for analyzing the OC3 database are as follows: • list_positions. py: This script retrieves the position and site name metadata of a region of interest (defined by longitude, latitude and depth ranges) and lists them in a single csv file.
This allows users to quickly visualize the position and basin information of all sites in a chosen region. • time_series_d13c. py and time_series_d18o. py: These scripts retrieve the data and age models from the OC3 database location and create time series plots (encapsulated postscript (eps) files) of benthic foraminiferal δ  13  C and δ 18 O values, respectively, with all age models available for each of the sites. The name of the site and the benthic foraminifera species are displayed in the time series images. Age model uncertainties are displayed as error bars when available. • merge_cores_files_database. py: This script grabs the isotope data from the OC3 location, and lets the user choose one of the available age models to linearly interpolate to the isotope data's depth-in-core scale.
Once the age model is chosen, the script generates a folder of merged csv files with position, age, isotope data, and taxon information for each site. The number of rows of all columns in each generated file is the same, in order to facilitate access with any data analysis software. The following python scripts included with the database make use of the merged csv files generated with this scirpt: • list_time_resolution. py: This script lists the number of data points at each site inside a predefined time slice. The result is saved in a csv file. • time_slice. py: This script lets the user define a taxon group (Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, any Cibicidoides, or all taxa), a time interval, and a region of interest (defined by longitude, latitude and depth ranges), and calculates the time mean of the benthic foraminiferal δ 13 C and δ  18  O data for all sites that include data in the defined time interval and region.
The result is saved in a csv file, and plotted in longitude-latitude, latitude-depth, and longitude-depth two dimensional scatter plots. The images are saved as eps files. • compare_time_slices. py: This script lets the user define a taxon group as in the previous script and two time intervals. It plots, in latitude-depth sections for each basin, the benthic foraminiferal δ 13 C or δ  18  O data from the first time slice (left panels), and the benthic foraminiferal δ 13 C or δ  18  O difference between the second and first time slices (right panels). The images are saved as eps files. In order to calculate the differences and visualize, the scripts bins the data positions into a regular 5°×200 m grid. For authors who are not familiar with running python scripts, we also include in Zenodo  31  merged files (in csv format) that contain metadata, depth, age model, and isotope data for all sites.
29Prior to calibration and BACON age modeling, a local reservoir age simulated with the Large Scale Geostrophic ocean general circulation model28over the last 55 ky29was subtracted. To produce local time series of the total radiocarbon age versus reservoir age, we added the modelled reservoir ages to the IntCal20 radiocarbon ages (by associating the modeled and IntCal20 calendar ages). For each measured radiocarbon age we then selected the corresponding local reservoir age. Specifically, the surface (0-50 m) reservoir age range corresponding to the measured radiocarbon age range from the nearest gridbox in the simulated data were extracted. The downcore age model and its uncertainties is based on 1000 BACON age-depth realizations. All parameters are recorded in the database as age model text files.
Loose hierarchies: Delegation of the decision-making power to the subordinates with the bottom-up process, where the managers and leaders approve the final decisions. Free market principle: Internal trade of the ideas and decisions in the large-scale involvement. Today, democracy is often equated in people's minds with the practice of elected officials making public decisions, executed by unelected bureaucracies, in which the mass of citizens has limited power beyond voting periodically -"uploading one bit of data every four years," as Taiwan's Digital Minister Audrey Tang puts it -and voicing their opinions, which have no binding force in the public debate, with the excuse that large-scale participation justifies a limited form of representation and delegation of power. CI designs can be applied to many forms of power distribution and use the frameworks laid out by political theorist Robert  Dahl (2020)  to strengthen democracy's five essential principles: Effective participation: In an ideal democracy, before a policy is adopted by the association of citizens, all its members must have equal and effective opportunities for making their views known to the other members as to what the policy should be.
Third, there is Cyber Ba (also known as "Systemizing Ba") as a virtual space in which explicit knowledge is shared and combined in systematic ways. Technologies such as online networks, groupware, and databases provide collaborative environments suitable for the facilitation of this information and knowledge sharing. Wikipedia is an example of Cyber Ba. The fourth type, Exercising Ba, is a space where new knowledge is absorbed through an internalization process. During this, explicit knowledge is converted into tacit knowledge. Unlike Dialoguing/Interacting Ba (which emphasizes knowledge sharing through thought), Exercising Ba emphasizes action and learning-by-doing. Here, individuals use the explicit knowledge made available to them to translate knowledge into action. An example of this is seminars hosted by public institutions to train citizens in certain behavior, such as becoming collectively intelligent citizens through dialogic processes.
Messages being communicated between neurons in the brain are similar to electrical impulses or "activation" being transmitted between neurons via their connecting synapses. The links between agents -such as "friend" or "follower" links on social media, routing directions between computers, or hyperlinks between web pages -play the role of these synapses. This "neural network" thereby learns new knowledge when consolidated information is registered in a shared database or linking patterns  (Beigi and Heylighen, 2021). For example, it could be linking patterns on Twitter that can produce a trending page. Trending topics on Twitter are determined by the collective intelligence and can develop into collective consciousness as people become more at peace and unified in a common set up of beliefs.