dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Observed and inferred migratory links We grouped all migration records by population (i. e. , conspecifics breeding in the same European country), and excluded from further analysis any populations with fewer than three migration records. For each population, we then identified one or more migratory links (between a European and a sub-Saharan country). Given the incompleteness of our dataset, these 'observed links' (derived from the migration records) certainly underestimate the true number existing for each population. Nevertheless, some missing links are predictable and can be inferred through interpolation between known links. For example, if for a given population breeding in European country A the migration records show connections to two African countries, B and C (through observed links A-B and A-C); This article is protected by copyright.
Species-level connectivity For each of the species in our dataset, we synthesized the connectivity between breeding and nonbreeding countries by plotting all migratory links for each population and estimating how representative each link is of the species' overall European population by weighting its strength relative to the percentage of the total European population breeding in each country. We then quantified the importance of each sub-Saharan country as a non-breeding destination for that particular species by summing the weighted values across all migratory links to each African country.
For example, the European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) breeds in Western Europe, with the subregional population distributed across seven countries: Spain (73. 8%), France (24. 9%), Portugal (0. 9%), UK (0. 2%), Belgium (0. 2%), the Netherlands (<0. 1%) and Luxemburg (<0. 1%). Our dataset includes migratory links for France and the UK (25. 1% of the sub-regional population), so we highlight the turtle dove in Spain as a priority for future tracking. Through this process, we obtained a set of unique species-country combinations, each highlighting a particular species that we consider a priority for tracking in a particular country, which we synthesized into a list to support future tracking initiatives in each country.
Results Tracking studies, migration records and migratory links From an initial set of 1496 unique studies found through Web of Science (776) and/or Google Scholar (928), plus 51 obtained through complementary searches, we retained a final list of 132, from which we gathered 1282 migration records (Appendices S3 & S4). The final dataset analyzed (excluding populations with < 3 migration records), comprised 1229 migration records covering 43.
Trends in knowledge The first study (and thus migratory link) in our dataset dates from 1996 and the cumulative number of studies and links has increased steadily since (Fig. 1 ). Studies up to 2010 focused almost exclusively on raptors, yet studies on landbirds have had a strong increase since 2010, corresponding to 48. 7% of the studies we analyzed (Fig. 1a ) and to 57. 2% of all links (Fig. 1b ).
g. , lesser kestrel (Fig. 3g ). The corresponding patterns vary substantially across species. For example, great reedwarblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) from the five populations represented in our dataset spread across 21 African countries, estimated to receive between <1% (Liberia) and 9. 3% (Sierra Leone) of the European population (Appendix S11). In turn, Montagu's harriers (Circus pygargus) from seven populations in Europe concentrate in nine African countries, estimated to receive between <1% (Ghana) and 23. 9% (Niger) of the European population (Appendix S11). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Discussion A wealth of data on the African-Eurasian flyway Our study sheds light on the wealth of data acquired from the tracking of thousands of African-Eurasian migratory landbirds and raptors from 1996 to 2021 (Appendix S4; Fig. 1a ). Synthesized into migratory links, these data reveal how migratory birds connect countries in breeding areas in Europe and non-breeding grounds in sub-Saharan Africa. Further synthesized per country (Appendix S10), per species (Appendix S11) and at the flyway scale  (Fig 4) , these data can inform international 15231739, ja, Downloaded from https://conbio. onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/cobi. 14002 by Cochrane France, Wiley Online Library on [29/10/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License cooperation efforts for conserving migratory birds, particularly for well-studied species and for wellsampled countries, and they highlight potential priorities for future tracking efforts.
Substantial knowledge gaps remain Our results also highlight that the currently existing tracking data are incomplete (Appendix S12). Indeed, across all 2565 populations (1982 of landbirds, 583 of raptors) of long-distance migratory landbirds and raptors in Europe (i. e. , 118 species across 43 countries), only 123 (4. 8%) have been tracked (3. 4% for landbirds, 9. 6% for raptors). Across the populations analyzed (i. e. , with at least three migration records), sample sizes were generally small (on average 11. 1 individuals for landbirds; 8. 6 for raptors), which means that for many of them the number of migratory links is likely to have been underestimated (Fig. 1c ). Among the species tracked, only a fraction of the total European population was represented in our dataset (19. 6% [range 0.
012-100] for landbirds; 48. 8% [3. 34 -99. 2] for raptors). Moreover, coverage of tracked populations is biased towards just a few countries in western and central Europe, with 50% of the migration records we collated (translating into 44% of the migratory links) coming from birds tagged in just five countries (Spain, Sweden, Czech Republic, Germany and Italy; Appendix 10). Eastern European countries tend to be less studied, as testified by fewer links (Fig. 4b ,f; Appendix S10) and higher percentages of gap species (Fig. 5a, d ) per country. The paucity of tracking data from central Asian countries led us to exclude this region altogether. The incompleteness of, and biases in our dataset result in important caveats to the interpretation of our results. Estimates of relative strength of migratory links per population (Appendix S11) need to be interpreted as approximations, particularly for populations with small numbers of tracked birds.
4c, f ), and the high numbers of gap species in eastern Africa (Fig. 5a, d ). The flyway-level syntheses we present here (Fig. 4 ) thus need to be interpreted with caution: they reflect only those populations for which tracking data were available, and may not represent the broader European population, and even less so the overall flyway population. Our dataset is also taxonomically biased, covering only 32% of the landbirds analyzed compared with 52% of raptors for which we could find tracking records. Besides the number of species, body size plays a major role in this bias, as devices for tracking smaller species have only been developed recently and, even today, larger devices have many advantages such as reliability, battery life and remote data transmission  (Bridge et al. , 2011). This explains why raptors were tracked earlier than landbirds (Fig.
, 2021)  across species and populations. Repositories such as MOVEBANK or the Seabird Tracking Database (http://seabirdtracking. org/), already host billions of animal locations  (Kays et al. , 2021)  from across the globe in standardized formats, facilitating scientific collaborations (e. g. ,  Davidson et al. , 2020; Beal et al. , 2021a) , and providing a crucial link between scientists, practitioners and policymakers. We therefore encourage researchers in future to deposit all tracking data in appropriate repositories such as these.
Figure3. Mapping species-level connectivity, illustrated for the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni). (a -f) Connectivity between countries for each of the six populations of lesser kestrel in our dataset, each map corresponding to the set of birds that breed in a given European country (Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Greece and Bulgaria) with sample size of tracked individuals between parentheses. Lines represent the migratory links (full lines: observed; dotted lines: inferred), with their respective strength indicated alongside the map. (g) Importance of each country in sub-Saharan Africa as nonbreeding grounds for the European population of lesser kestrel, as revealed by the migration links (lines coded as in the other panels). Countries in sub-Saharan Africa are colored according to the percentage of the total European population they host during the non-breeding season.
Acknowledgments We thank all scientists, conservationists and enthusiasts for their persistence and long field hours involved in capturing and tracking the birds whose migration records we used to estimate migratory links, and all experts from EU Member States that contributed to the official reporting under Article 12 of the  EU's Birds Directive  (2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018) and those from European countries and territories outside the  EU , who provided data for the European Red List of Birds 2021. This study has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreement No. 766417. IC was supported by  Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)  contract  DL57/2016/CP1440/CT0023.
While the region between the linker middle and stem domains still acts as pivot point for the swing of linker top and middle domains towards the AAA+ ring, Rea1 D2915A-R2976A-D3042A did not show the rotation around the long linker axis that we consistently detected in all previous data sets (Figure  6B , movie S6). Consequently, the linker is not able to engage with the AAA+ ring. The inability of Rea1 Δ2916-2974 and Rea1 D2915A-R2976A-D3042A linker to correctly engage with the AAA+ ring in the presence of ATP also affects the ATPase activity of these constructs (Figure  6E ). These defects suggest that linker engagement with the AAA+ ring in Rea1 wt stimulates the ATPase activity. We also characterized Rea1 D2915A-R2976A-D3042A by cryoEM in the presence of ATP. We were able to obtain three reconstructions at medium to low resolution (Figure  6F  and supplementary figure  12 ).
For the unsupported Rea1 D2915A-R2976A-D3042A ATP grids, 3 μl at a concentration of 1800 nM in the buffer described above were used. All grids were plunge frozen with a Vitrobot Mark IV robot (FEI), maintained at 95% humidity and 10 °C. All data sets were collected on a FEI Titan Krios operating at 300 kV equipped with a Cs corrector and a Gatan K3-Summit detector using a slit width of 20 eV on a GIF-quantum energy filter (Gatan), except for the streptavidin affinity dataset, which was collected on a Thermo Fisher Glacios operating at 200 kV equipped with a K2-Summit direct electron detector (Gatan). In case of the carbon supported grids, two data sets where acquired at 0° and 30° tilt. All Krios datasets were acquired at 81kx magnification (0. 862 A/pix). The Glacios datasets were acquired at 45kx magnification (0.
901 A/pix). Acquisitions were performed semi-automatically, managed with Serial EM  [33]. Micrographs were processed with relion  [35]. The streptavidin crystal pattern in the micrographs of the streptavidin affinity grids was erased in Fourier space using python scripts described in  [36]. Particles were extracted with a binning of 4 times. The combined particles datasets were submitted to 2D classifications, stochastic gradient decent to create initial models and several rounds of 3D classification from which the straight linker conformation emerged as the only interpretable cryoEM map in the case of the Rea1 ΔAAA2H2α ATPγS data set. For the Rea1 D2915A-R2976A-D3042A ATP data set, three linker conformations (I-III) could be obtained with conformation I being highly similar to the straight linker conformation of Rea1 ΔAAA2H2α ATPγS cryoEM map.
The Rea1 ΔAAA2H2α ATPγS data set had 230k particles. The final map of the straight linker as shown in Figure  3A  consisted of 100k particles and refined to Nyquist spacing (7. 1 Å for a pixel size of 3. 45 Å/pixel). The Rea1 D2915A-R2976A-D3042A data set had 1035k particles. The final models for Rea1 D2915A-R2976A-D3042A ATP conformations I -III consisted of 300k, 250k and 240k particles and also refined to Nyquist spacing ( ≈ 7 Å for a pixel size 3. 45 Å/pixel). The Rea1 ΔAAA2H2α ATPγS and Rea1 D2915A-R2976A-D3042A ATP (conformation I, II, III) maps have been submitted to the electron microscopy data bank with access codes EMD-XXXX, EMB-XXXX, EMD-XXXX and EMD-XXXX.
In-house database for linear peptides identification was composed of 187 entries (Rea1 ΔAAA2H2α , common contaminants and reversed sequences), database for crosslinks identification was only composed of the Rea1 ΔAAA2H2α sequence (purified sample) to reduce the search space. For the consensus step, proteins identifications were controlled at a 1% FDR in the protein validator node. Out of the three replicates performed, cross-linking interactions were validated when seen in at least 2 out of 3 replicates. The XL-MS dataset has been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE51 partner repository with the dataset identifier PXDxxxxx.
light microscopy (Elvire Guiot, Erwan Grandgirard and Bertrand Vernay) and electron microscopy (Corinne Crucifix and Alexandre Durand) platforms. This work of the Interdisciplinary Thematic Institute IMCBio, as part of the ITI 2021-2028 program of the University of Strasbourg, CNRS and Inserm, was supported by IdEx Unistra (ANR-10-IDEX-0002), and by SFRI-STRAT'US project (ANR 20-SFRI-0012) and EUR IMCBio (ANR-17-EURE-0023) under the framework of the French Investments for the Future Program.
Acknowledgement We thank  Andrew Carter  for providing a plasmid harbouring the SRS-dynein MTBD construct. This work was supported by the collaborative  ANR   PRC grant  " Rea1Com " to H. S. and A. H. This study was further supported by the grant  ANR-10-LABX-0030-INRT , a  French State  fund managed by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  under the  frame program Investissements d'Avenir   ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02. The authors acknowledge the support and the use of resources of the  French Infrastructure for Integrated Structural Biology (FRISBI)   ANR-10-INBS-05  and of Instruct-ERIC. We also thank the IGBMC.
Human and rat IL-33 proteins are predicted to exhibit a similar 3D structure, including the evolutionary conserved N-terminal CBM hairpin structure (human, https://alphafold. ebi. ac. uk/entry/O95760; rat, https://alphafold. ebi. ac. uk/entry/Q66H70). Experimentally determined NMR and/or X-ray crystallography structures are available for the C-terminal IL-1 like cytokine domains of human and mouse IL-33 proteins (Protein Data Bank ID: 2kll, 4kc3, 5vi4). cytokine by a DNA tumor virus  [18]. The central 'protease sensor' domain of IL-33 (aa 66 to 111 in humans)  [10]  is a cleavage and activation platform for a large number of proteases, both endogenous inflammatory proteases  [19, 20]  and exogenous allergen proteases  [10, 21].
Species-specific differences could exist. Immune cells, such as macrophages, mast cells, DCs, were suggested as important cellular sources of IL-33 protein in vivo  [52] [53] [54]. However, single-cell RNA-seq databases (see for instance the Single Cell Portal at https://singlecell. broadinstitute. org/single_cell) clearly show that tissue-derived cells (including endothelial, epithelial and stromal cells), rather than immune cells, are the major cellular sources of IL-33 in human and mouse tissues, both at steady state and during various disease processes (inflammation, infection, cancer). Small numbers of immune cells were weakly positive in studies using Il33 promoter-driven citrine, GFP or mCherry reporters  [29, 42, 45]. However, Il33 promoterdriven reporters measure activity of Il33 promoter, not expression of IL-33 protein, and although Il33 mRNA is detectable in CD45 + immune cells, its levels remain considerably lower than those found in structural cells and tissues  [38, 42, 44, 55].
The use of nonspecific tools in the absence of appropriate controls leads to unnecessary controversy and a significant waste of resources. We thus think it is time to sound the alarm even louder than in our previous reviews. Our final words: 'Please include specificity controls in your future IL-33 studies. This will have at least two benefits. First, and most importantly, you will get reliable results, and second, you will validate tools or models that may be useful to others working in this field. '. contributions to the discoveries we have made on the IL-33 topic in the past 20 years. We are also grateful to our collaborators and to all our colleagues in different parts of the world for their great contributions to the field. Work on the IL-33 topic in the Girard laboratory is supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France (ANR-12-BSV3-0005-01, ANR-16-CE15-0009-01, ANR-20-CE44-0003, ANR-20-CE14-0045).
This survey included 275 patients from the Brittany region (4 départements, a French administrative area equivalent to a county) and 120 from the two counties concerned for the Pays de la Loire region. For the Lorraine cohort (more than 2 million inhabitants in 4 counties), patients were identified from the population based Lorraine MS registry (ReLSEP). This registry holds accreditation from the national registries committee and its data are held at the Clinical Epidemiology Center of Nancy University Hospital  [16]. In total, 332 patients met the inclusion criteria for our study. The incidence of MS in this region is known to be higher than that in the regions of western France  [17].
Data collection Data for the 48 indicators were collected retrospectively for a period of 10 years of disease from the onset of the first symptoms. The data were collected between 2012 and 2013. In addition to the data required for calculation of all the indicators, the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and other items of health information were included, such as the occurrence of pregnancy or a concomitant pathological condition. All data were collected from the medical records of the patients stored in both hospitals and private practice offices, on paper or in electronic form. We also used data from the EDMUS database and the Lorraine MS registry  [19]. Data collection was partially automated (for data from the EDMUS database and the Lorraine MS registry), but mostly performed by clinical research assistants and the principal investigator of the study extracting information directly from each patient file.
Data analysis All the available data were described with the usual descriptive statistics: frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables and means, standard deviations, medians, and interquartile range for quantitative variables. Missing data were not replaced, being, by their nature, an indicator of the nontraceability of information. Calculations of the time taken to reach an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≥ 3 and for a secondarily progressive form to appear were calculated according to the nonparametric Kaplan-Meier method. The results are expressed as the median time to the occurrence of these events since the start of follow-up for the included patients. Each indicator was then calculated according to the definition validated by the experts 13. The form of MS was determined if necessary.
The Kaplan-Meier median time taken to reach an EDSS score of 3 was 8. 78 years (95% CI: 8. 15 -10. 94 years) for the other 236 patients, and 3. 82 years (95% CI: 0. 20 -6. 33 years) for the 10 patients presenting a progressive form from onset. 3  and 4)  The indicators were calculated for the entire study population, regardless of the form of the disease, provided they were considered relevant for patient management. We were able to collect the necessary data for calculation of the indicators during the first 10 years of disease for more than 80% of the patients in the cohort (587/699). The other 112 patients were followed up less completely, and for a mean duration of 5. 4 years (standard deviation 3. 1). The reasons for this partial follow-up were the patient moving to another region without indicating his or her new medical team for 28 patients, death for 13 patients, and loss-to-follow-up for the other 71 patients (10.
Access to care during follow-up and according to disease progression The results for the indicators calculated in this domain are presented in Table  4. The etiological assessment (inflammatory test, brain MRI, cerebro-spinal fluid) based on the initial symptoms was performed during the 12 th month after the first neurological consultation for a minority of patients (82/699 or 11. 7%). Data about inflammatory test were available only for 200 patients due to lack of traceability in the source files. This assessment complied with guidelines for three quarters of the patients concerned, versus less than one quarter for the other patients. One third of the patients presenting an initial form of the remitting type (N = 489) were able to consult a neurologist within 30 days of the appearance of the first symptoms, but one third did not see a neurologist until more than one year later (Figure  1 ).
Thus, among the messages of this study for all professionals involved in the care and management of these patients, the issue of the traceability of essential information to improve feedback to teams concerning their application of the guidelines in practice is undoubtedly the most important. The formalization of shared and standardized databases, such as that of the EDMUS network, could be helpful in this respect. Indeed, we observed that the patients followed within the framework of the MS registry in Lorraine benefited from the traceability of their EDSS score, which was clearly superior to that for other patients. The other major limitation of this study concerned the interpretation and use of results corresponding to the period from 2000 to 2011 in the context of current practices and organization.
A laser sheet of about 8 mm thick was realized using a Nd-Yag Laser with an energy of 400 mJ per pulse. The laser reflection on the wall was reduced using a rhodamine paint developed by ONERA (Office National de Recherches en Aérospatiales) applied along the laser sheet position. The time separation between two laser pulses is fixed at ∆t = 80 µs to minimize the out-of-plane motion, considering the laser sheet thickness. A free-stream displacement of about 6-7 pixels is estimated for the present experiment. PIV images were acquired at 4 Hz and processed using an in-house software (adapted by Cuvier et al. [11]  from the MatPIV 1. 6. 1 toolbox written by J. K. Sveen) using standard multi-grid/multipass cross-correlations algorithm with a final spatial resolution of 1. 5 × 1. 5 mm 2. One pass with a 64 × 64 px 2 interrogation window and three passes with a 32 × 32 px 2 interrogation window were performed, with a overlapping of about 70%.
Acknowledgments The present work is supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  through the french  ANR  project  SePaCode  ( ANR-11-BS09-0018 ) and by the  CISIT International Campus  through the  Contraéro  project. The authors are indebted J. P. Richard ,  A. Polyakov  and  D. Efimov  ( INRIA-CRIStAL ) for technical discussions about closed-loop control,  M. Stanislas  ( LMFL ) for scientific discussions about the physics of turbulence control,  C. Cuvier  ( LMFL ) for his help during the experiments and for the data processing.