dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data analyses and software used In figures, the geometric means of viral loads were shown. The geometric mean indicates the central tendency of a set of numbers by using the product of their values. Mathematically, the geometric mean calculates the arithmetic mean of a log-transformed data. Since viral loads followed a logarithmic distribution as determined by D'Agostina-Pearson Omnibus test (K2) after logarithmic transformation, we chose geometric mean to represent their central tendency. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Dunnett's test or unpaired T-test were used to test differences in gene expression and log10-transformed gRNA copies. Normal distribution of logtransformed viral loads (gRNA) was confirmed by K2 test. These analyses were done using GraphPad Prism 5. Z-score was used to test differences in infection rate with www.
Cet article traite de la géographie de la consommation du vin de Porto en France et cherche à comprendre l'émergence et le caractère original de ce marché tout en s'interrogeant sur son avenir. Les matériaux mobilisés pour l'écriture de cet article sont principalement de trois types : [1] les archives, données statistiques et rapports d'activité de l'Institut du Vin de Porto (IVP), de l'Institut des Vins du Douro et de Porto (IVDP) ainsi que du groupe français de vins et spiritueux La Martiniquaise (propriétaire de la marque Porto Cruz) ; [2] le Journal officiel de la République française ; [3] une base de données personnelle, constituée au milieu des années 2010, rassemblant les réponses de près de 200 consommateurs français à une enquête 3 portant sur leurs pratiques de consommation et leurs connaissances du vin de Porto (annexes 1 et 2).
Environmental data Daily rainfall estimates were obtained from 1983 to 2017 from the database of Tropical Applications of Meteorology using SATellite data and ground-based observations (TAMSAT, www. tamsat. org. uk/data/ archive)  (Maidment et al. , 2014). Day and night land surface temperatures (LSTday and LSTnight), vegetation indices (Enhanced Vegetation Index [EVI] and NDVI) from 2000 to 2017 were extracted from version 6 MODIS MOD11A1 product  (Wan et al. , 2015)  and from version 6 MODIS MOD13A1  (Didan, 2015)  for each site location and sample date. Hourly climatic data, including 2-m temperature, 2-m dewpoint temperature, surface pressure, 10-m u-component of wind, and 10-m v-component of wind were extracted for 2016 and 2017 from the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) of the global climate  (Dee et al.
conditions during the collection years (2016 and 2017) were described by comparing 2016 and 2017 monthly minimum and maximum temperatures (MODIS LSTday and LSTnight), and 2016 and 2017 total rainfall (TAMSAT database) to the average of temperatures from 2000 to 2015 and rainfall from 1986 to 2015. Revue d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 2020, 73 (1) : 37-46.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the owner of the farms where 2016-2017 collections were carried out. The fieldwork was carried out as part of the  VectorNet  project of the  European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)  and the  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)  through  Framework Service  Contract  OC/EFSA/ AHAW/2013/02-FWC1. M. Bourquia was granted by  PHC Toubkal  (Toubkal/17/38 campus France  36867VH ) and the  Centre national pour la recherche scientifique et technique (CNRST).
Chronology The chronology of the Leopard Cave shelter strati-graphic sequence has been determined, based on 18 radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples. Table 2 lists all of these radiocarbon dates and provides information about their location at the site. Radio-carbon ages were calibrated using the OxCal 4. 3 software (Bronk Ramsey 2009) with the SHCal13 calibration curve  (Hogg et al. 2013). The infilling was deposited between 13,600 ± 230 cal. BP (com-plex III, layer m) and 2,000 ± 150 cal. BP (complex I, layers c-e). The chronology tends to point to the existence of three significant periods of human occupations in complex I: between 5,700 and 3,200 cal BP (layer g), around 2,300-2,500 cal BP (layer f), and after 2,100 cal BP (layers c-e). Three dates obtained for samples SacA51308, SacA51309, and SacA51311 appear to be out of the chronological range of the site occupation.
Identifying the nature of the ochre used to perform the rock paintings could bring new insights regarding rock art production at Leopard Cave and the surrounding area. However, several other uses should be considered for ochre at Leopard Cave, given the presence of red residues on a wide range of archaeological materials. For example, the red residues present on the beads could have resulted from contact with body paintings, a well-known practice for both social and technical reasons in Southern Africa  (How 1962; Rifkin 2012; Rifkin et al. 2015a, b; Rudner 1982) ; ochred strings on which beads were glued; ochred strings on which the beads were arranged; or clothes on which ochred strings/beads were sewn  (Dayet et al. 2017; Vanhaeren et al. 2013). Ethno-graphic data about the ornaments used by !Kung huntergatherers from Botswana attest to the extensive use of OES beads, adhesive, and strings to form complex ornaments  (Marshall 1976).
Acknowledgments The authors are very grateful to Ms. and  Mr. Rust  and their family for their kind permission to access and excavate the archaeological site of  Leopard Cave , located on their farm. This research was supported by grants from the  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs  through the project " MANAM: Mis-sion Archéologique en NAMibie ," the  LaBex BCDiv (Biological and Cultural Diversity)  for the project " Dynamique des peuples en Namibie à l'Holocène -NAMIBIE (Windhoek, Erongo )" both directed by D. P. , the  Observatoire des Patrimoines de Sorbonnes universités (OPUS)  through the project " APaNam: Art rupestre et Patrimoine en Namibie " directed by M. L. Research by G. M. was funded by the  Chaire Polyre of Sorbonne Universités. Permission  to conduct research was granted by the  National Heritage Council of Namibia  (permit 11/2015 and permit renewal 04/2017 given to D.
g. ,  Tatar et al. , 2004; Kavak et al. , 2009). Because these near-primary basalts are restricted spatially to zones associated with the A 3 triple junction, this magmatism provides an opportunity to study melt generation within an actively developing continental plate boundary. Modern-day geophysical methods provide insight into physical heterogeneities within the Earth's crust and mantle at depths where magmas are sourced, and this insight is particularly useful for characterizing the generation of recently erupted near-primary melts (e. g. ,  Plank and Forsyth, 2016; Reid et al. , 2019). The integration of geochemical and geophysical datasets furthers understanding of the chemical, thermal, and physical evolution of tectonically active regions. New data from the US NSF Continental Dynamics-Central Anatolian Tectonics (CD-CAT) seismic deployment (e.
In this study, we present rock compositions, high-precision 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology, and radiogenic isotope geochemistry (including some of the first Hf and Pb isotope data) of Quaternary basalts from two volcanic fields proximal to transform fault segments of the A 3 triple junction alongside a compilation of published results, and compare the integrated dataset with seismic images of the uppermost mantle. We demonstrate that the geochemical and geophysical data support magma generation at two distinct depth intervals, consistent with melting of both lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle sources. When placed within the tectonic context of the region, the ascent of these basaltic magmas is likely facilitated by plate boundary "leaky" transform faults. These results have implications for the timing and position of the developing triple junction, evolution of plate boundary faults, and tectonic escape of the Anatolian microplate.
Following data acquisition of 10 minutes, time zero intercepts were fit to the data (using parabolic and/or linear best fits) and corrected for backgrounds, detector inter-calibrations, and nucleogenic interferences. The mass spectrometer computer program written by A. Deino of the Berkeley Geochronology Center was used for data acquisition, age calculations, and plotting. All 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages reported in Table  2  are referenced to an age of 28. 201 ± 0. 046 Ma for the Fish Canyon sanidine  (Kuiper et al. , 2008) , the decay constants of  Min et al. (2000) , and an atmospheric 40 Ar/ 36 Ar ratio of 298. 56 ± 0. 31  (Lee et al. , 2006). Laser fusion of >10 individual Fish Canyon Tuff sanidine crystals at each closely monitored position within the irradiation package resulted in neutron flux ratios reproducible to ≤ 0.
Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the first detailed and complete global geodatabase concerning the distribution of karstifiable rocks (carbonates and evaporites) representing potential karst aquifers. This study presents a statistical evaluation of WOKAM, focusing entirely on karst in carbonate rocks and addressing four main aspects: (1) global occurrence and geographic distribution of karst; (2) karst in various topographic settings and coastal areas; (3) karst in different climatic zones; and (4) populations living on karst. According to the analysis, 15. 2% of the global ice-free continental surface is characterized by the presence of karstifiable carbonate rock. The largest percentage is in Europe (21.
According to an often-cited estimation by  Ford and Williams (2007) , about 25% of the global population is partly or entirely supplied by freshwater from karst. More recently,  Stevanovic (2019)  estimated that the number of karst water consumers in 2016 was 678 million or 9. 2% of the world's population. The study by Stevanovic is based on a more detailed global database and a more elaborate analysis. Therefore, this recent estimation is probably more realistic. Against this background, the World Karst Aquifer Mapping project was established in 2012. The general workflow, the legend and a draft karst aquifer map of Europe was published by  Chen et al. (2017a). The final World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) and geodatabase was completed in 2017  (Chen et al. 2017b). The present paper is the first detailed statistical evaluation of WOKAM at global scale, focusing on carbonate rock aquifers, because they are far more relevant in terms of water resources and regionally far more widespread than evaporite rocks.
Analyze the relations between karst and population by quantifying the number and percentage of people living on karst, globally and for all continents. All analyses presented in this paper focus entirely on carbonate rocks, because they are the most important rock type in terms of karst hydrogeology. The underlying WOKAM map and database, however, also includes evaporitic rocks. During their long and often complex geologic and hydro-climatic history, most carbonate rocks have experienced at least some degree of karstification; therefore, it is safe to assume that all carbonate rocks are karstified unless proven otherwise. Thus, more precisely, this paper refers to carbonate rocks as representing potential karst aquifers. The World Karst Aquifer Map offers many more opportunities for a wide range of scientific and practical analyses and evaluations at different scales, some of which were highlighted in the first paragraph of the introduction.
Materials and methods For the analyses, the data and information from the WOKAM digital map and database  (Chen et al. 2017b)  were combined with a wide range of publicly available global online datasets. All analyses were done using Arc GIS Desktop by ESRI (version 10. 4. 1). As WOKAM is part of the World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP), the same data sets/shapefiles concerning continent boundaries, state boundaries, ice sheets, and lakes were used than for all other products of the WHYMAP series. These data were obtained from the WHYMAP team at BGR and are essentially based on data from the online collection of data and maps for ArcGIS (ArcGIS online, ESRI) and from the UN Geospatial Information Section. National population estimations come from the United Nations Population Prospects 2017 Revision (UN 2017).
Global landforms were obtained from  Sayre et al. (2014). The global climatic zones come from an updated version of the conventional Köppen-Geiger climate classification at 1-km resolution  (Beck et al. 2018). Global population densities were obtained from "Center for International Earth Science Information Network" (CIESIN) and "Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical" (CIAT)  (CIESIN and CIAT 2005a, b). The coastline was obtained from Natural Earth Data. Global precipitation data were taken from  Meyer-Christopher et al. (2015). The analyses focus on the continental ice-free land surface. This excludes Antarctica, as it is mostly covered by glacier ice, but includes the ice-free parts of Greenland, as a part of North America.
The Global Lithological Map (GLiM) was an important data source for WOKAM  (Hartmann and Moosdorf 2012) , but many other regional maps at different scales were also used, according to a well-defined and consistent workflow that was described by  Chen et al. (2017a). Evaluation by an international network of regional experts was an important part of this process. The full-scale WOKAM map and database also include 201 selected karst water sources, including 162 continental freshwater springs, 16 submarine springs, 8 thermal springs and 15 water abstraction structures, as well as 93 selected cave systems. The detailed map section in Fig. 2  also illustrates how these karst water sources and caves are shown on the full-scale map. Tables  1  and 2  present details. The selection criteria for springs and caves include regional relevance, size and discharge (details in  Chen et al.
2017a ). The map in Fig. 3  and the associated Table  3  present a small selection of the largest and most important karst springs on all continents, selected on the basis of discharge and on regional distribution and significance. Recently, a World Karst Spring Hydrograph Database (WOKAS) has been prepared  (Olarinoye et al. 2020) , complementing the data included in the WOKAM database. WOKAM also indicates permafrost boundaries (areal percentage > 50%), because karst development and karst aquifer behavior is very different and limited under permafrost conditions  (Ford 1987).
Conclusions and outlook This study presents the first comprehensive statistical analysis of WOKAM and was achieved by combining the WOKAM geodatabase with a variety of other publicly available global datasets. Although WOKAM includes both carbonate and evaporite rocks, all analyses presented in this paper focus entirely on carbonate rocks, because they are far more important in terms of water resources and more widespread on all continents and in all climatic zones than evaporite rocks. The major finding and conclusions can be summarized as in the following paragraphs. Globally, 15. 2% of the ice-free land surface is characterized by the presence of carbonate rock, which can be further divided into continuous (9. 4%) and discontinuous (5. 8%) karst regions. The highest percentage of karst is in Europe (21.
Acknowledgements The WOKAM project was part of the  World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP)  executed under the umbrella of the  UNESCO International Hydrological Programme (UNESCO-IHP). A network of 80 regional experts delivered data and helped to check and improve the map. A full list is available on the WOKAM website at BGR. We thank all colleagues for their valuable contributions. Special thanks to  Bob Gulden  for his highly useful online lists of the world's longest and deepest caves. We also thank  Alice Aureli  and  Aurélien Dumont  ( UNESCO ) for friendly support and cooperation during the project. The statistical analyses presented in this paper were done after completion of the  WOKAM  project in 2017, without external funding, and are beyond the project's initial scope.
2011; Cazenave et al. 2019) , while the patella from Chancelade 1 was scanned in 2007 at the analytical platform set at the University of Poitiers, France, by a Viscom X8050-16 AG system at an isotropic spatial resolution of 53. 2 µm. The comparative extant human sample from the Pretoria Bone Collection was scanned in 2016 at the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), Pelindaba, using a Nikon XTH 225 ST equipment with an isotropic voxel size ranging from 24. 0 µm to 50. 0 μm, while the archaeological specimens from Velia were imaged in 2012 at the ICTP at an isotropic voxel size ranging from 25. 0 µm to 30. 0 μm. Following the acquisitions, a virtual transformation of each dataset was necessary to coherently orient all specimens by using Avizo v. 8. 0. 0. (Visualization Sciences Group Inc.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The  Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie du Périgord, Périgueux (France ), kindly granted access for study and scanning to the patellae of Regourdou 1 and Chancelade 1; for this, R. M. is deeply indebted to  F. Couturas ,  G. Marchesseau  and  V. Merlin-Anglade. For collaboration during their scanning at the  ESRF beamline ID 17, Grenoble (France) , we thank  A. Bravin ,  C. Nemoz ,  P. Tafforeau  and especially  A. Mazurier. Scanning of the patella from Krapina stored at the  Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb (Croatia ), was granted by  J. Radovčić  and performed at the  Multidisciplinary Laboratory of the ICTP, Trieste (Italy ), thanks to the collaboration provided by  C. Tuniz ,  F. Bernardini  and  C. Zanolli. For access to the extant human specimens from the  Pretoria Bone Collection  ( South Africa ) and for collaboration during scanning at The  South African Nuclear Energy Corporation SOC Ltd.
Remerciements Nous remercions particulièrement toutes les personnes en charge de la conservation des oeuvres que nous avons étudiées pour leur accueil, leur aide et les permissions exceptionnelles de prélèvement qu'elles ont bien voulu nous accorder :  Laurent Barrenechea , Conservateur régional des Monuments historiques (CRMH) d'Occitanie ;  Jean-Bernard Mathon , Conservateur des antiquités et objets d'art du département des Pyrénées-Orientales ;  Monsieur le maire de Corneilla-de-Conflent  ;  François Amigues, Conservateur des antiquités et objets d'art de l'Aude ; Laurent Hugues et Philippe Hertel, Conservateurs du patrimoine à la CRMH  d'Occitanie, pôle Montpellier ;  Marie-Noëlle Maynard , Conservateur en chef du musée des beaux-arts de la  Ville de Carcassonne  ;  Christophe Niedziocha ,  Conservateur du patrimoine référent pour les collections du Centre des Monuments Nationaux ; Laure Barthet, Directrice des musées et des monuments historiques de la Ville de Narbonne  ;  Charlotte Riou ,  Conservateur chargé des sculptures du Musée des Augustins à Toulouse.
To avoid the problem of time-consuming and high-impact dates turning into "dark data"-data not carefully indexed, stored, or visible to the outside scientific community that have a strong potential to be lost  (Heidorn, 2008) -the future of geochronology is FAIR data that are easily readable by both humans and computers. Full 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data sets must be published in consistent, well-documented tabular formats (e. g. , CSV, XLS) or structured machine-readable formats (e. g. , JSON/XML); it is inadvisable to publish these data sets in supplements as a nonstructured PDF file, which greatly inhibit indexing and reuse. For two examples of appropriately formatted 40 Ar/ 39 Ar metadata files (J. Ross, 2020, personal commun. ; Rose and Koppers, 2019)  archived via FAIR principles, see the Supplemental Materials.
1 Another alternative to publishing the full suite of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar metadata in the supplements of papers is to make that data open source and freely available via an online repository (e. g. , github. com/NMGRL-Data/KvAges). A key barrier to the widespread adoption of FAIR practices in geochronology is the lack of cyberinfrastructure to support this new emphasis on consistent, interoperable, and discoverable data products. Community-wide discoverability is crucial for data reuse; it is a precondition for envisioned large-scale, data-mining efforts, which can or plan to build aggregate age models from geochronology measurements (e. g. , Macrostrat;  Peters et al. , 2018; MagIC; EarthRef. org Digital Archive [ERDA] ; Paleobiology Database  [PBDB] ). However, geochronologic data often end up stored on local laboratory hard drives and only exposed to the scientific community through publication.
The National Science Foundation-funded community archive for geochronologic data, the Geochron database (http://www. geochron. org/),was created as an effort to improve to the availability and interdisciplinary usage of geochronologic data. Yet, the centralized architecture of Geochron (and most traditional databases) relies on researchers themselves to manually import data in a strict format for it to be used and discoverable, a significant workflow hurdle that has caused the resource to remain underutilized. New tools are needed to ensure that laboratories can make their data available without adding additional steps to already complex workflows. The public availability of machine-readable data products can be supported by forward-looking and automated laboratory data management practices.
As such, we strongly recommend that editors and reviewers use Table  4  as a checklist to ensure that future 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data sets contain this required information prior to publication (Supplemental Material, see footnote 1). The suggestion to reclassify some values previously regarded as nonessential to required items in Table  4  follows the FAIR initiative. 1 Supplemental Material. Fillable PDF checklist of minimum and recommended data to report with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates for author, reviewer, and editor guidance. Two examples (XLS and JSON) of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data sets archived via FAIR data principles. Please visit https://doi. org/10. 1130/GSAB. S. 12302417 to access the supplemental material, and contact editing@ geosociety. org with any questions. The most notable example is the final model 40 Ar/ 39 Ar date.
Data Corrections and Factors Contributing to Uncertainties During noble-gas mass spectrometry, Ar isotope ion currents are measured over regular time intervals for a duration of a few minutes. The signal intensity changes systematically during the analysis due to the competing effects of gas consumption by the filament and degassing of additional Ar from the internal surfaces of the instrument (the "memory" effect). By convention, all calculations use the isotopic values and associated uncertainties of the intercepts that are determined via regression to "time zero" (t 0 ). The definition of t 0 varies amongst laboratories and software packages; the most common is the time of gas introduction into the mass spectrometer, but some laboratories use two thirds of the gas-equilibration time. In the following section, we describe each of the factors contributing to 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age uncertainties: (1) Baseline measurement and correction: Voltage or current measurements on Faraday collectors have two parts: a baseline and an "on-peak" measurement.