dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2019)  and slice-specific RF shimming  (Wu et al. , 2019)  (one-spoke pulses), additional sets of simulations were performed in which the bipolar two-spoke design was replaced with the (simpler) one-spoke design (pulse duration 4520 μs), with otherwise identical design parameters as for the 2-spoke UPs): i) a set of 45 slice-specific universal RF-shims using the database of B þ 1 and B 0 offset maps and the UP objective, ii) a set of 45 slice-specific and subject-tailored  (Wu et al. , 2019)  RF-shims per subject, and iii) a global (d 0 → ∞) subject-tailored RF-shim over the whole head, per subject. The gain in robustness with respect to slice position and inclination provided by the weighted least-squares approach (see Equation (  4 )) was also tested through the following simulation. The 45-slice UP design for the MB-EPI protocol was repeated with a weighted-least squares soft threshold d 0 (see Equation (  3 )) of 1 mm (instead of 10 mm).
fMRI pre-processing and temporal SNR calculations The MB-EPI data were first motion-corrected using FSL McFLIRT  (Jenkinson et al. , 2002). The two 900-volume series (with AP and PA phase encoding directions) of each session were then distortion-corrected based on FSL Topup  (Andersson et al. , 2003). The temporal SNR was then calculated for each voxel, subject and session by taking the mean of the corresponding time-series divided by its standard deviation, after linear de-trending and removal of the first 10 vol to reject the transient spin evolution towards steady-state from the analysis. The tSNR maps were then registered to the Montreal Neurological Imaging (MNI152) template by using the FSL FLIRT affine registration tool with 12 degrees of freedom  (Jenkinson and Smith, 2001) , aided by the T 1 -weighted anatomical scan.
, 2013) , and in which the T 2 -weighted scan was not employed for registration and segmentation. However, for the HCP data analysis framework, the contrast uniformity enhancement enabled by UPs for the T 2 -weighted acquisition (see Fig. 1 ) could be beneficial to improve the quality of the segmentation. In this study, We found for instance that the registration to the MNI template using FSL (with default processing parameters) was more robust if the pTX-rather than the sTX-MPRAGE acquisition was selected as the input anatomical image. We shall note however that a more thorough and expert use of the software could have improved the robustness of the registration with the sTX-MPRAGE acquisition.
Acknowledgements The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Research Council  under the  European Unions Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2013-2018 ),  ERC  Grant Agreement n. 309674. BAP is funded by the  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research  ( NWO 016. Vidi. 178. 052 ) and the  National Institutes of Health  ( R01MH111444 , PI Feinberg). XW is supported by grants from  National Institutes of Health  ( U01 EB025144  and  P41 EB015894 ,  PI Ugurbil ). The authors wish to thank  Bertrand Thirion  and  Florent Meyniel  for valuable discussions regarding the resting-state fMRI analysis,  Alexandre Vignaud  for valuable discussions on dielectric padding,  Franck Mauconduit  for his contribution to the MPRAGE and SPACE sequences and for setting up the B þ 1 calibration protocol, and  Desmond Tse  for his contributions to the pTX MB-EPI sequence.
Western Blot and ELISA Cell extracts were obtained after lysis with RIPA buffer (0. 5% sodium deoxycholate, 50 mM Tris-HCl; pH 8, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP40, 0. 1% SDS) supplemented with protease and a phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Bäsel, Switzerland) and equal amounts of protein were loaded onto SDS-PAGE gels. After transfer onto nitrocellulose membrane, blots were incubated overnight at 4 • C with the appropriate antibody, followed by incubation with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1/2000, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA). Bands were visualized using the Clarity™ Western ECL substrate (BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA, USA) on Chemidoc systems  [58]. Protein expression was quantified by densitometric analysis of the immunoblots using Image Lab software developed by Bio-Rad.
Cell Migration, Invasion And Proliferation This was performed in a continuous non-labeling method using xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA) technology (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). For the proliferation assay, exponentially growing cells were seeded in an E plate with control medium or adipocyte conditioned medium supplemented with 0. 25% SVF. Cell proliferation was assessed for 72 h. All data were recorded and analyzed by the TRCA software. The cell index (CI) value, which is directly influenced by cell spreading and/or proliferation, was used to measure the change in the electrical impedance divided by the background value. For cell migration and invasion, cells in serum-free medium were added to the upper well of the CIM plate, either uncoated (migration) or coated with a thin layer of Matrigel (Corning 60 µL/mL) basement membrane matrix.
Adipokine Array Serum-free conditioned media was applied to an adipokine antibody array membrane (R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, to detect relative levels of 58 adipokines. Images were acquired on Chemidoc system (BIO-RAD). Image Lab TM software v6. 0. 1 (BIO-RAD) was used for the densitometric analysis.
This data article describes the original data, the sample selection process and the variables used in Andreoli and Fusco  (Andreoli and Fusco, 2019)  to estimate gap curves for a sample of European countries. Raw data are from 2011 roaster of EU-SILC, crosssectional sample of module "intergenerational transmission of disadvantage". This article reports descriptive statistics of the using sample. It also discusses the algorithm adopted to estimate the main effects and details the content of additional Stata files stored on the online repository. These additional files contain raw estimates from bootstrapped samples, which form the basis for estimating gap curves and their variance-covariance matrices. The data article also reports representations of gap curves for all 16 selected countries.
sectional information on the socioeconomic background of origin of the individuals interviewed in EU-SILC, along with standard relevant measures of labour market outcomes. In particular, the 2011 module contains retrospective information about the parental background experienced by the respondents when aged between 12 and 16 (see  Atkinson et al. [3]  for pros and cons of retrospective data). This unique base provides (to a large extent) comparable data allowing similar definitions for variables measuring outcome and circumstances across countries and time. Base on raw EU-SILC 2011 module data (cross-section) data, this article extrapolates information for a subset of 16 countries: Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Germany (DE), Estonia (EE), Finland (FI), Hungary (HU), Ireland (IE), Iceland (IS), Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU), the Netherlands (NL), Norway (NO), Poland (PL), Sweden (SE), Slovakia (SK) and the United Kingdom (UK).
Descriptive statistics of the distribution of those variables are reported in Table  1  below. The data files are collected in the example_econletters. dta file in Stata format (optimized for Stata 13) available on the online repository. Figs. 1e16 in this article (see also  [1] ) are obtained from circumstances and earnings variables created from the raw data. Circumstances. The 2011 EU-SILC module contain retrospective information about parents' educational attainment, occupational status, labour market activity status, family composition as well as presence of financial difficulties during respondents' teenage years. We focus on the educational attainment of the father as the relevant circumstance. To construct circumstances, individuals are first partitioned in three types (or groups) according to their father's education.
8) Report estimates in the form of tables. The estimation procedure generates additional data, essentially estimates from the baseline specification of the econometric model, that are then elaborated to produce tables of results. Additional data are stored in the folder "youtput" of the data folder available in the repository. Notably, this folder contains the following datasets, all created from the resampling procedure: -bs_frale. dta: reports estimates of regression coefficients estimates for RIF regressions, by country (country), income decile (percentile) and bootstrapped replica (rep). -bs2_frale. dta: reports estimates of income deciles (pdf_pcty_X) and the corresponding type-specific pdf level (pdf_pcty_X) for each circumstance type X ¼  against unrestricted alternatives require to impose equality constraints on vectors of parameter estimates that are jointly normally distributed (by assumption).
Defining circumstances. gapcountry. dta,reshaped database, reports gap curves estimates by country (columns). dataiop. dta, reports the differences in gap curves of type X versus type Y across row country and column country Z, giving G_X_Y_cZ by country (country), income decile (percentile) and bootstrapped replica (rep). -iop. dta, for each pair of countries (country country2), produce t-tests for differences in average gaps across types X and Y (test_G_X_Y_c) alongside the number of cases where equality in average gaps is accepted or rejected. Moreover, the file reports test statistics for equality in gap curves (Chi2G_X_Y), ascertain if H IOp 0 is rejected or not for each comparison (accept_X) and then reports number of cases where H IOp 0 is rejected or accepted. -GO_bs. dta, reports estimates of GO index by country and of differences in GO index across countries.
Acknowledgments Financial support from  Eurostat , the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Ordineq  grant  ANR-16-CE41-0005-01 ) and the  Luxembourg Fonds National de la Recherche  ( IMCHILD grant   INTER/NOR-FACE/16/11333934 ,  PREFERME CORE  grant  C17/SC/11715898  and  IMeRSe CORE  grant  C15/SC/ 10266168 ) is gratefully acknowledged. Fusco also thanks the  World Bank Development Research Group  for its hospitality.
They can be accessed through Eurostat upon request, see Microdata Access Workflow Tool. An anonymized using sample is made available: Repository name: Mendeley Data Data identification number: 10. 17632/4fyym7dhxg. 1 Direct URL to data: https://data. mendeley. com/datasets/4fyym7dhxg/1 Related research article Francesco Andreoli, Alessio Fusco Robust cross-country analysis of inequality of opportunity Economics Letters https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. econlet. 2019. 06. 005 Value of the data EU-SILC data represent the baseline survey introduced by the European Commission and managed by Eurostat to monitor and compare standard of living across European countries. Data are highly harmonized across countries, and collected by central statistical institutes. This guarantees a high degree of comparability of countries in terms of the main variables we consider to define earnings opportunities and parental circumstances.
Subjects Data acquired over a 7-year period (2008-2016) were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 18 patients who underwent surgery and in whom primary spinal cord tumor was histologically confirmed were enrolled in the study. The mean age of all patients at the time of diagnosis was 34. 8 years (ranging from 20 to 49 years) and for sex there was a slight female predominance  (11:7). Detailed information on all 18 patients is provided in Table  1. One patient with a histologically confirmed spinal cord metastasis and four with a hemangioblastoma were excluded from the analysis, as well as one patient with an acute demyelinating process and one with cord ischemia diagnosed during further clinical follow-up. Based on the histological results subjects were divided into two groups: those with infiltrating (IT; 6 patients), and those with non-infiltrating tumors (NIT; 12 patients).
Analysis The trace and anisotropy are two common measures of the diffusion tensor  [9]. The trace of the tensor (TRACE) or sum of the diagonal elements of the diffusion coefficient, measures the magnitude of diffusion and is rotationally invariant. The mean diffusivity, often called the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), is the trace divided by three, equivalent to the average of the eigenvalues. The degree to which the diffusivities are a function of the diffusionweighted encoding direction is represented by measures of diffusion anisotropy  [9]. The most widely used invariant measure of anisotropy is fractional anisotropy (FA)  [10]. For calculation of FA, TRACE and ADC maps the imaging software Syngo. via (Siemens, Germany) was used. Regions of interest (ROIs) of a fixed small size (0.
Statistical Analysis The results were compared between the two groups of tumors using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test with statistical significance established at p < 0. 05. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed for each parameter (FA, TRACE, and ADC) on each level. Optimal thresholds for separating the IT and NIT were determined by maximizing the sum of specificity and sensitivity (i. e. the Youden index). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc Statistical Software (Ostend, Belgium) by one of the authors (WSz).
Number of patients needed The sample size calculation is based on a previous study that investigated tetracosactide in PDPH  (39)  and, retrospectively, on observational data from our hospital database. The primary endpoint is the rate of blood patch in the two groups. We de ned the e cacy of tetracosactide as a decrease in blood patch use by 30% in the tetracosactide group, a clinically relevant difference reducing the need for invasive treatment and replacing it with an easily administered treatment that has a known safety pro le. In our center, 90% of patients with PDPH after epidural analgesia receive a blood patch. The study reported by  Hakim (39)  found a greater than 50% decrease in PDPH incidence and blood patch use after prophylactic treatment with tetracosactide, in a context of epidural analgesia.
Statistical analysis Unblinding occurs at the end of the study and once the database has been frozen. Analyses will be carried out on an intention-to-treat (ITT) basis. If data is missing from visits, we will carry forward the last value. This considers that the pain (and others symptoms) has not improved, which is the most pessimistic scenario in this condition (which we know is improving spontaneously). Blood patch can only be performed at the hospital, and it is therefore very unlikely that there will be missing data regarding for the primary endpoint. If a patient does not receive full treatment, she will be included in the group to which she was randomized for the ITT analysis. Statistical analyses will be performed using IBM SPSS statistics for windows (IBM corp. , Armonk, NY, USA) and R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
Ethical approval This trial is conducted in accordance with the protocol and in compliance with the moral, ethical, and scienti c principles governing clinical research as set out in the Declaration of  Helsinki (1989)  and Good Clinical Practice (GCP). It is also conducted in accordance with French legislation (Public Health Code; Act No. 2004-806 of  August 9, 2004). It is registered in Clinical Trial Protocol Registration and Results System: NCT02813655 (registration date: June 24, 2016). An ethics committee (comité de protection des personnes sud Est V, CPP) has approved the study for both participating sites on April 6, 2016. The national drugs authority (Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de santé, ANSM) authorized this trial (authorization date: April 18, 2016).
Methodology FFR was expressed as a function of pressure loss coefficient, aortic pressure and hyperemic coronary microvascular resistance. The FFR-CFR relationship was also demonstrated mathematically and was shown to be exclusively dependent upon the coronary microvascular resistances. The equations were validated in a first series of 199 lesions whose pressures and distal velocities were monitored. A second dataset of 75 lesions with pre-and post-PCI measures of FFR and CFR was also analyzed to investigate the clinical impact of our hemodynamic reasoning.
Coronary hyperemia was induced by intracoronary administration of adenosine (20-40 μg). From the recorded pressure and velocity waveforms, FFR was calculated as the ratio of averaged distal to aortic pressure during maximum hyperemia; BMR (HMR) was determined by the ratio of averaged distal coronary pressure to averaged distal velocity during basal (hyperemic) conditions; z L was estimated by the ratio between averaged trans-stenotic pressure difference and distal kinetic energy (see Eq 1) during maximum hyperemia; CFR was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to basal averaged peak velocities. The procedures were approved by the medical ethical committee of the Academic Medical Center (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and all patients gave written informed consent. To validate Eq (6) and investigate the clinical value of combined CFR and FFR, a second dataset of 75 lesions in 67 anonymized patients was reanalyzed retrospectively.
This dataset included coronary pressure and velocity measurements before and after PCI  [21]. The latter were obtained simultaneously using a dual sensor-equipped guide wire (ComboWire, Volcano, San Diego, USA). Adenosine was administered by intravenous continuous infusion in 43 stenoses (140 μg/kg per minute) and by intracoronary bolus in 32 stenoses (60 μg). The same dose was used before and after intervention. Coronary intervention was performed at the operator's discretion based on usual clinical care, including angiographic and noninvasive findings. Measurements were repeated after angioplasty at the same location as pre-angioplasty. At the end of each recording, the pressure sensor was returned to the catheter tip to avoid any pressure drift. The measurements were repeated when drift was identified.
Data analysis A first series of analyses was carried out using the first dataset (299 lesions). FFR variations around 0. 8 (ΔFFR) were estimated from Eq (5) and compared with the measured FFR variations using a Bland-Altman analysis. This analysis was performed around the critical value 0. 8, using the subpopulation whose FFR ranged between 0. 7 and 0. 9 (N = 168). The relative variations of P a , z L and HMR (2 nd term of Eq 5) were calculated as Δx/x = (xmedian(x))/x, with x being P a , z L or HMR. The actual ΔFFR was determined by (FFR -0. 8). To point up the respective impacts of coronary microvascular resistance and stenosis severity on FFR, FFR was also displayed in a scatter diagram as a function of HMR and log(z L ), assuming a mean aortic pressure of 95 mmHg. CFR was finally estimated from FFR and basal (BMR) and hyperemic (HMR) coronary microvascular resistances (Eq 6).
To conclude, a focal stenosis should be assessed by taking its surrounding environment into account, and its functional assessment should preferentially be based on both CFR and FFR (Fig  10 ). This strategy should be investigated in a prospective outcome study. Interestingly, an ongoing prospective multicenter trial (DEFINE-FLOW, NCT02328820) is evaluating the prognostic value of combined pressure and flow measurements in coronary stenosis. DEFINE-FLOW aims at investigating whether revascularization in low-FFR high-CFR lesions can be deferred. The hypothesis is that lesions with an intact CFR (� 2. 0) can be reasonably treated with medical therapy despite a reduced FFR (� 0. 8). Lesions with preserved CFR and reduced FFR will thus receive optimal medical therapy. Only lesions with a reduction in both CFR and FFR will be treated with PCI.
Optimization approach for an explicit reference set of states As already mentioned, the problem studied in this paper is motivated by the necessity of dealing with the degradation of the FSO data transmission caused by weather conditions. A solution is to control the current signal MCS applied at the transmitter of the affected FSO link to secure correct data transmission. This, however, results in decreasing effective transmission data rates. In the sequel, the fraction of the maximal attainable (i. e. , nominal) link capacity (bit-rate) lost due to a change of its MCS is called link degradation ratio. As discussed in  [3] , weather conditions may have an significant impact on link capacity, in particular they may even cause network disconnection. This may occur in severe cases approximately in 10 -15% of hourly states during a one year period.
Paris Metropolitan Area network In this section we will study of a realistic FSO network instance with 12 nodes and 21 links, depicted in Figure  1. We call this instance PMAN (Paris Metropolitan Area network) since it was created using the real data for the Paris Metropolitan Area. It should be noted that although all the data used to construct the PMAN instance are real, the instance itself does not exist in reality and was elaborated only for our own purpose. A full characterization of PMAN is available in  [3]. We examined the weather conditions in Paris Metropolitan Area observed during one year period from January 1, 2016 until December 31, 2016 available in  [21]  and extracted a set W of all 366 × 24 = 8784 hourly weather states. Then we translated each such obtained weather state to the corresponding link degradation states.
Acknowledgement: The work of the authors from  Université de technologie de Compiègne  was carried out in the framework of the Labex  MS2T  funded by the  French Government  through the program "Investments for the future" managed by the  National Agency for Research [Reference   ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ] and was partially financed by the  PGMO Project -Programme Gaspard Monge. The work of the Polish authors was supported by the  National Science Centre, Poland , grant number  2015/17/B/ST7/03910  "Logical tunnel capacity control -a traffic routing and protection strategy for communication networks with variable link capacity".
e. the UDI and the communication module) were also filtered out. Third, counting the number of different UDIs associated with each "communication module" sequence, allowed for counting the number of droplets containing this particular sequence, so its occurrence. Finally, occurrence frequency of each sequence was computed and used to compute the enrichment factor (defined as the ratio of the occurrence frequency of the sequence after a given round over that in the starting library) of each sequence. All fastq files containing raw sequencing data generated in this study are available in the EMBL-EBI European Nucleotide Archive [ENA: PRJEB31612]: http://www. ebi. ac. uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB31612.
High-throughput sequence analysis Upon Illumina sequencing (MiSeq, V3-150 chemistry) of the different libraries (the starting library and the 5 enriched ones), reads were QC-filtered using a custom-made Python pipeline (Fig. S3 ). This process allowed to compute the enrichment of each sequence throughout the whole screening process (Fig. S6 ). This analysis allowed us to confirm that the starting library was properly randomized at each position since each nucleotide was found present at an equivalent frequency at each position (Fig. S7 ). After the first round of positive selection, more than 97 % of the sequence diversity was lost (diversity reduced from 65,536 to 1715 sequences, Fig. 3A ), highlighting the great selection efficient of our microfluidic screening. This diversity kept on decreasing along the four next rounds to finally reach 151 different sequences (0.