dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Quality Control Measures The Study Protocol established a common variable list for the PCSF dataset, described the process and security arrangements for data collection and transmission, outlined the cohort and case-control methods and lists of eligible conditions and their codes  [8]. The Study Protocol was intended to ensure that all data providers followed the same procedures. To provide practical advice and training to data providers in the cohort and case-control studies, including collection of satisfactory radiotherapy and chemotherapy information and secure data transfer, a one-day training meeting for data providers was held in 2012. As a result, the Study Protocol was extended by lengthy written documents to help data providers understand the acceptable types of cardiac disease and their validation, questionnaires for survivors, definitions of second malignancies, eligibility criteria for cases and controls, coding rules, lists of drugs and data collection forms.
Since most data providers were national cancer registries or hospitals, identification and evaluation of duplicate survivors was not necessary. However, the two Italian data sources had the potential for duplicate registration. The Italian population-based registry (AIRTUM, Associazione Italiana Registri Tumori. http://www. registri-tumori. it/cms/ ) consists of a pool of several registries, started at different time periods, at provincial or regional level. It now covers about 50% of the Italian population. The OTR (Off-Therapy Registry) is a multi-institutional hospital registry, run by AIEOP (Associazione Italiana di Hematologia e Oncologia Pediatrica. www. aieop. org) which registers survivors from all Italian regions. Duplicate cases registered both in OTR and AIRTUM were identified and then assigned only to the AIRTUM cohort before the data were submitted to the PCSF central database in Mainz.
Data Collection & Harmonization The tasks included establishing a privacy policy, methods for data protection and software design and implementation, validation of PCSF data, transfer and encryption, an audit trail, and security. Each data provider uploaded their own data in their chosen format, into a secure on-line container. As the data was received a series of specified plausibility checks was conducted. Ultimately each dataset was merged into the large PCSF single dataset required for all cohort studies. The datasets required for cohort studies were sent securely to Work Package Leaders for analysis  [8]. For the case-control studies, the basic PCSF cohort file was transferred to partner University of Birmingham (UBHAM), where cases were identified and controls selected. UBHAM requested from the data providers details of treatment variables and cardiac data.
Survey of cancer registries and clinical studies A second task ran in parallel with the formation of the PCSF cohort. This was to survey all 178 population-based European cancer registries to determine the availability and quantity of data on long-term childhood cancer survivors. Special emphasis was placed on collection of vital status, cause of death, and cardiac events. Also surveyed were 48 chairs of clinical trial studies and 1,700 members of SIOPE (the European branch of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology). The objective was to construct a virtual pan-European database of late effects to enable future access to retrospective and prospective data collection. Based on these efforts, WP1 created three databases, one each for cancer registry and clinical data and the third for the PCSF cohort data.
Cardiac disease Eight data providers (France, Hungary, Italy (2 cohorts), the Netherlands, Slovenia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom) could identify and validate symptomatic cardiac events in five-year survivors. Data for five cardiac events --symptomatic heart failure, ischemia, pericarditis, valvular disease and arrhythmia --were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events P a g e 11 | 29 (CTCAE; https://ctep. cancer. gov/protocoldevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcaev3. pdf). A method of validating CTCAE grades 3 and 4 was developed and published  [10]. Strategies used to identify cardiac events included record linkage to population/hospital or regional based databases, and patient-and general practitioner-based questionnaires. Additional information to validate the cardiac events came from questionnaires and telephone queries, hospital records and records from general practitioners, described in Feijen  (10).
Further information about ascertainment and sources of data will be provided in the forth-coming topic-specific papers, The nested case-control study provided more precise estimates of risk, incorporating extensive treatment information and radiation dosimetry. Cases were survivors with symptomatic (CTCAE Grade 3-5) cardiac disease. Controls were drawn for comparison from the remainder of the cohort who did not develop cardiac disease. For the radiation dosimetry studies, the anthropomorphic phantom was selected that most closely matched the survivor (both cases and controls) at the time of radiation treatment. The radiation therapy charts sent by data providers were interpreted using a locally-developed software programme which is an extension of a Treatment Planning System (TPS), Isogray®.
Second malignant neoplasms For studies of second malignancies in five-year survivors of cancer diagnosed before age 20 PanCareSurFup pooled individual patient data from both population-based cancer registries and major treatment centres for which there was complete ascertainment of further new primary cancers. Data was contributed by 13 institutions in 12 European countries --Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the.
The largest data providers were population-based registries; in these cases (the UK, Nordic countries) ascertainment of second malignancies was mainly by record linkage. Validation of all SPNs was undertaken principally using pathology reports, although occasionally other definitive diagnostic reports were used. To be included, SPNs had to be histologically different from the FPN and have a malignant behavior code Each case was matched to one control. For each case and control an attempt was made to locate the original cancer treatment records in each institution. For survivors treated with radiotherapy the data providers made extensive searches to obtain copies of the simulation files and radiation charts  [9]. The cumulative radiation dose to the site of the second tumour development for each case, and to the identical location within the matched control was individually estimated.
Late mortality Late mortality data was contributed by population-based registries (Italy-population-based, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, and Slovenia), from registries of 5-year survivors of childhood cancer (France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the UK) and from the Italian Off-Therapy Register. Only simple treatment data was available. Due to the wide time span of observation the causes of death were classified according to different versions of ICD. The underlying cause of death and up to nine contributing causes were captured, when available. Validation of the causes of death was done on a sample using death certificates, hospital records and autopsy reports. Background death rates were obtained from mortality. org.
Of the responders 75% would require some dedicated funding for collection of these data, amounting to an estimated €38 million as an initial investment with €1. 2 million annual running costs. From among the clinical recipients of the questionnaire, 35 surveys were completed from 20 European countries and Israel. Their databases held between 27 and 30,000 survivors (mean 3,350) each. Twelve data providers sent a total of 2,481 radiation therapy records of survivors who had been treated with radiotherapy for inclusion in the cardiac case-control studies. After application of eligibility criteria, the PanCareSurFup cardiac cohort consisted of 59,915 5-year childhood cancer survivors whose first malignancies were diagnosed between 1940 and 2009 and classified according to ICCC-3  [11]. Twelve data providers sent a total of 2,481 radiation therapy records of survivors for inclusion in the cardiac case-control studies.
Discussion This paper has outlined the design and some results of the PanCareSurFup consortium. The design of PCSF addresses the long-standing problem of studies that include large numbers of cancer survivors with little clinical information versus studies that have detailed clinical data but on a relatively small number of survivors. By assembling the largest number of survivors to date, and inclusion of casecontrol studies with detailed treatment data and radiation dosimetry, PCSF's design overcomes this problem. PCSF offers opportunities to evaluate time trends and dose-response effects and to assess outcomes of treatments on specific small subsets of survivors. PanCareSurFup has demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a complex data-retrieval exercise across Europe. Cardiac disease is an outcome not routinely collected by cancer registries; yet PCSF has shown that it is possible to collect these complex data in a standardized fashion, and on a large number of survivors.
The PCSF Consortium has already had the very positive effects of raising standards for clinical longterm follow-up, and has spurred the establishment of clinical databases by partners for future use. Another result of this collaboration is the production of the Survivor Passport, now adopted by a number of European governments https://www. siope. eu/activities/joint-projects/survivorshippassport/). It also provides a structure on which to build future studies of new agents with currently unknown outcomes. The coverage of PCSF within Europe approximates a population-based study, since the majority of the data was derived from national cancer registries, thus reducing selection Wide adoption of these guidelines will help reduce inequalities in access to care across Europe and within countries.
The PCSF Consortium was limited to a small number of serious outcomes, while studying these in detail. Future studies (e. g. , PanCareLIFE; www. pancarelife. eu) will be required to extend these methods to other outcomes. Potential biases may exist, for instance, extensive treatment data and radiation dosimetry is only available for survivors enrolled within the case-control studies of second malignancies and cardiac disease. Thus, results of the cohort analyses are limited to the available data in the cancer registries. The information gathered for the PCSF cohort is a valuable resource which will help in future approaches to assemble large consortia using the existing PanCare network.
Acknowledgements The members of the  Ethical and Scientific Board of PanCareSurFup --Jörn Beck ,  Gerlind Bode ,  Peter Inskip  and Meriel Jenney --are gratefully acknowledged for their unfailing support and advice during the project. We gratefully acknowledge the permission from survivors to provide their data for research and for PanCareSurFup. We thank  Claudia Bremensdorfer ,  Claudia Spix , and  Thomas Ziegler  from the  German Childhood Cancer Registry in Mainz ;  Murielle Colombet  from the  International Agency for Research on Cancer ; also  Helena J. van der Pal ,  Marry van den Heuvel-Eibrink ,  Andrica de Vries ,  Sebastian Neggers ,  Eline van Dulmen-den Broeder ,  Jacqueline Loonen ,  Wim Tissing ,  Dorine Bresters ,  Birgitta Versluis ,  Judith Kok ,  Jop Teepen  and  Margriet van der Heiden  from DCOG LATER; also  Vera Mitter ,  Shelagh Redmond  and  Elisabeth Kiraly  from the  Swiss Childhood Cancer registry ; also the centres of the  Italian Association of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology  and the  Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group  (SPOG, www.
(Grant No. DCOG2011-5027  and  UVA2012-5517 ),  Netherlands ;  Fondazione Magica Cleme Onlus  ( P. IVA 94594620158 ), Italy;  Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung , Germany; , Italy;  Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma, Italy ; The  Irish Cancer Society, Ireland. This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no  257505  (PanCareSurFup). The material presented, and views expressed here are the responsibility of the author(s) only. The  EU Commission  takes no responsibility for any use made of the information set out.
Atomic percentage (±1 %) of constituting elements (S, As) was extracted exploiting K and L line of S and As, respectively, working at 5 kV. The thickness profile of the film was obtained from the analysis of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) data measured using an ellipsometer with automatic rotating analyzer (J. A. Woollam Co. , Inc. ). The measurement parameters are as follows: spectral region 500 -1700 nm with 10 nm steps, angle of incidence 70°. VASE data were recorded as x-y maps with 0. 5 cm steps. Resulting data sets were analyzed with Cauchy dispersion formula.
The case of As2S3 thin film Using the previous relations, the thickness profile of As2S3 amorphous film was analysed. This film was deposited during custom PLD experiment setup that is commonly used for most applications. The irradiated target was rotating and each point of the resulting spot circle was in average hit by 70 laser pulses during this experiment. In order to obtain approximate values of the parameters K, b, and p, the measured thickness values extracted from VASE data were firstly fitted using Eq. (  2 ) that does not include plume deflection angle dependence. The (1) describing one-dimensional thickness profile in x axis and it was exclusively considered for determination of thickness profile distributions of various materials  [11]. The plume deflection phenomenon was observed for silicon targets  [13, 14].
To detect and localize subsurface objects, their position in space must be estimated from the data. Depth information can be retrieved when reflection arrival times can be determined from the data. Velocity profiles can be obtained from multiple-offset or common-midpoint (CMP), technique originated from seismic refraction  [21, 22, 24, 25]. In the CMP configuration, this stacking velocity field is extracted from normal move-out (NMO) velocities, or amplitude move-out (AVO), deduced from standard seismic reflections analysis applied to radar waves. Migration processing is another commonly used approach to reconstruct images from a defined velocity, or velocity profile  [26]. Grasmueck  [27]  and Grasmueck et al. [28]  studied the 3D-migration for GPR data defining what requirements and expected resolution function of frequency, for the sake of an accurate image reconstruction.
The first project SENSO, tested more than 10 ND techniques on a large configuration of concrete mixtures to study their relative sensitivity to indicators such as: porosity, E-modulus, water content, chloride content and depth of carbonation. From the large database, relationships between NDT measurements and indicators were built. Then, a procedure of data fusion was developed to merge the data collected from several NDT methods  [221]. following projects (EVA-DEOS and ACDC) tend to adapt these calibration relationships from laboratory mixtures, to real structures for one, and to integrate the notion of spatial variability of NDT measurements on a concrete structure to the other one  [222]. In that framework, the perspectives of NDT researches, including GPR ones, are oriented to the estimation of gradients of intrusive agents versus depth, and data fusion of complementary NDT presenting similar depth penetration.
Method validation and accreditation A major reason of the 'failure' cases is the lack of well-trained expertise in the service providers 'S", standardized work procedure 'W' and appropriate use/calibration of instrument 'I'. All of which are somehow related to human factors and errors which can be, at least partially solved by method validation and accreditation. Material 'M' in the complex underground also plays a major role in the 'X' case. It is less likely to be human factor but is in fact limitation of the technology in a particular scenario, like soil with high clay content or mapping of objects underneath heavily reinforced concrete. For 'S", 'W', 'I' and 'M' in any civil engineering problems using GPR, it is important to establish particular validation experiments and dataset for fingerprinting the dataset from site work, and follow the validation procedure below: 1.
standardize GPR data acquisition, processing and imaging procedures in a particular civil engineering problem (e. g. mapping thickness of tunnel liners, or void under pavement, or corrosion in concrete, etc) through numerical simulation, laboratory scale-down experiment and/or previous ground-truthing field work, 2. carry out numerical modelling/lab experiments, or refer to previous GPR results with ground-truthing to establish validation dataset, and then carry out actual field work, 3. compare the B-scan and C-scan patterns between the validation dataset and field dataset, 4. quantify the effects of different variables (antenna frequencies, depth of target, target characteristics and covered material properties) to estimate accuracies using error propagation models such as Guideline of Uncertainty Measurement (GUM)  [255] , 5.
Plotting different data sets on same scale produces reasonable data correlation and integration. Hugenschmidt and 400, 900 and Geneva, motorway Retaining wall Yes The use of 400 MHz GPR does not penetrate Kalogeropoulos 1500 MHz Switzerland deeper because of the abundance of rebar; (2009) [136] the fusion of datasets obtained from different orientations reduce the directionality of radar data. It is not possible to decide whether the anomalous reflectors are related to rock anchors or not, based on radar data alone. Li et al. (2011) [139] 900 MHz Long Hai Tunnel, tunnel Liner thickness No Lining interfaces are automatically identified China by peak value criterion method. Compared to artificial recognition, automatic recognition offers coarseness of lining layer. Yu et al. (2016) 800 MHz Nanchang, China Metro Grouting layer thickness; No Thickness is measured 30 cm; damages like [135] presence and distribution of low density, voids, crack and fissure were any damage observed.
Results Thirty-three subjects were included: 10 men and 23 women with a mean age of 40 years (18-64 years). One subject was lost of follow up after 1 week. Thus, 32 subjects completed the study: 22 with irritant contact dermatitis and 10 with climatic dermatitis. One subject did not answer all of the questions of the DLQI after 1 week, thus invalidating the corresponding data for the DLQI at D7.
Subjects used the barrier cream more frequently because the cream was very well tolerated and because discomfort was soothed. Low treatment satisfaction in dermatological patients leads to poor compliance and thus poor treatment outcome. 47, 48 A randomized and controlled study performed on metalworkers with occupational HE confirmed the critical importance of application compliance. 49 urthermore, the product benefited from extensive clinical evaluations (data not shown). Its safety was objectively assessed by repeated open application tests (ROAT) first on healthy skin, then on damaged skin as well as by the human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT). Cutaneous tolerance was very good in all tests. The efficacy and acceptability of the cream were tested on subjects with sensitive skin on the hands, and the water resistance and reparative character were also demonstrated on sodium lauryl sulfate-damaged skin.
Acknowledgments This study was funded by  Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France. E Mielewczyk  was paid as a consultant, and  A Sirvent  is an employee of the Dermscan group, which is a contract research organization that received funding from  Pierre Fabre Laboratories  to conduct the study. The authors would like to thank the  Dermscan  staff who recruited subjects for this study, for their professionalism and support during study development, and  Rachida Bahassou-Benamri  (paid as a consultant) for writing assistance, as well as editing and proofreading the manuscript.
g. hospitals or general practices) and not by patients. As part of the 2016 AF Guidelines, the ESC in collaboration with the CATCH ME consortium have developed smartphone and tablet apps for patients and health care professionals (freely available from Google Play, Amazon, and Apple Appstores). 40 The patient app offers information and education about AF, encourages active selfmanagement, and also allows transfer of information to health care professionals. The health care professional app includes a patient register, in which risk factors, co-morbidities, and treatments can be prefilled by patients, and is designed as an interactive management tool incorporating the new ESC AF Guidelines. Other apps and websites are also available, for example educational aids available in numerous languages by cardiovascular and AF-specific charities such as the British Heart Foundation (https://www.
Further trials, such as OCEAN (Optimal Anticoagulation for Higher Risk Patients Post-Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Trial; NCT02168829) need to report their outcomes before this 'safety-first' practice can change. Similarly, the role of new digital technologies that can obtain frequent (or even continuous) rhythm monitoring needs to be studied in the context of stroke rates, also considering the low risk of major complications from contemporary oral anticoagulation. Another important area where anticoagulation is often discontinued is 'reversible' or 'transient' AF, terms used to describe bouts of AF related to the postoperative state or an acute illness (e. g. sepsis or metabolic disturbances). 61, 62 Although some patients may have truly self-limiting AF, many are at longer-term risk of AF recurrence (and therefore stroke).
In parallel, the laboratory studies of Martian meteorites  [18, 19]  give us some clues of Martian surface, but a suite of inorganic reference targets is a necessary complement to available Raman spectral databases. These targets should be well adapted to the scientific questions addressed by mobile instruments in general. [20] On the one hand, Raman spectroscopy is very useful to characterize targets used as calibrators for others analytic techniques. On the other hand, the same individual targets could be references for the Raman instrument itself. For future space missions engaging Raman spectroscopy, we have tested flash sintering by spark plasma sintering (SPS) as a technique to synthesize reference targets for the SuperCam instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Mars 2020 rover.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The  Raman facility in Lyon (France)  is supported by the  Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU)  and the " Programme National de Planétologie ". It is a contribution of the  LABEX Lyon Institute of Origins  ( ANR-10-LABX-0066 ), within the program " Investissements d'Avenir"  ( ANR-11-IDEX-0007 ) at  Université de Lyon. The authors thank the  SuperCam instrument team of the Mars 2020 NASA mission  for all the fruitful discussions. Our study is an original work carried out for SuperCam onboard calibration of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The authors acknowledge the constructive comments by the reviewers that helped in improving the manuscript. ORCID G. Montagnac http://orcid. org/ 0000-0001-9938-0282A. Cousin http://orcid. org/ 0000-0001-7823-7794.