dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Similarly, two of the datasets (Sudan and Nepal) were from RCTs of vitamin A supplementation, and we did not adjust for the treatment group in the analysis of these datasets. In the Sudan trial, vitamin A supplementation did not have an effect on child growth or mortality; therefore, it is unlikely that this variable would influence the association between anthropometric deficits and mortality in a substantial way. However, in the Nepal trial, vitamin A significantly reduced the risk of mortality; thus, the exclusion of this variable from our analysis of this dataset may have led to RR estimates that underestimate the risk between anthropometric deficits and mortality. Finally, the generalisability of the results may be reduced based on the age of the studies, the majority of which were conducted >25 years ago.
Acknowledgements Acknowledgements: The authors thank the principal investigators of the original cohort studies for providing permission for the use of their data for this analysis. The authors would also like to thank the full membership of the wasting and stunting technical interest group for contributing to discussions on the content of this analysis and  Stephanie Wrottesley  for reviewing the original cohort papers for information on loss to follow-up. Financial support: This paper is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the  United States Agency for International Development (USAID)  (Award No's  720FDA18GROO290  and  720BHA23CA00001 ) and of  Irish Aid  (Grant No's  HQPU/2021/ENN  and  HQPCR/ 2022/ENN ). The ideas, opinions and comments herein are entirely the responsibility of its authors and do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government or Irish Aid or the  Irish Government.
Data collection procedures and monitoring Sociodemographic, clinical, and anthropometric data were collected by MoH staff supervised by a project manager using the national program individual outpatient record. A specific form was used for hospitalization data. The staff involved in data collection were trained on the study protocol before participant's enrollment. The child's weight, MUAC, temperature, clinical symptoms and amount of RUTF ration were recorded at each weekly visit. Children's length was measured at admission and once a month thereafter. Weight was measured to the nearest 100 g with a Salter scale, and length was measured to the nearest 0•5 cm on a height board with the child in a supine position (or standing if taller than 85 cm). MUAC was measured to the nearest mm with a MUAC bracelet demarcated in 1 mm increments.
At each visit, supervisors ensured that scales were correctly calibrated and MUAC bracelets and height boards were in good condition. All collected data was then anonymized before being entered into a database created, managed, and monitored by a binational research team based in France and Cote d'Ivoire. An external monitoring visit was carried out by the team at both study sites. Whether a child received SQ-LNS before inclusion was reported by the caretaker without specifying the duration of supplementation.
Data analysis Children who had no visits beyond initial inclusion were excluded from analysis. Baseline characteristics of children included in the analysis were described at baseline by MUAC category at admission. Continuous variables were described in terms of mean (standard deviation, sd). Categorical variables were described in terms of frequency. Study outcomes (program indicators, as described above) were described overall and stratified by MUAC category at admission with their 95%CI, and considered at least as effective as the international SPHERE standards if the lower limit of the 95%CI was greater than or equal to the reference value  (28). The association between hospitalization and the other variables was analyzed using logistic regression based on the Hosmer and Lemeshow test.
All variables in univariate analysis with a value of p ≤0. 25 were included in the multivariate analysis and variables with a value of p <0. 05 were considered as statistically significant in the final model. The adherence to the OptiMA RUTF dosage table was evaluated by the difference between weekly RUTF ration provided to the child and the theoretical ration as calculated by the OptiMA dosage table. MUAC gain was calculated in mm/day and weight gain was calculated in g/kg/day. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9. 3 (SAS Institute Inc. ).
Testing this hypothesis in a context with a high burden of kwashiorkor would be a valuable future study. There were two main limitations to this study. First, even though the percent positive for a rapid diagnostic test for malaria at inclusion is known, no data was collected on clinical diagnoses of malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia, or other co-morbidities such as HIV or tuberculosis during treatment. Adjusting the model with such variables could impact the association of SQ-LNS with reduced hospitalizations. Second, stratification of SAM and MAM according to the WHO definition does not reflect the burden of SAM and MAM according this definition but only among children included with MUAC <125 mm or edema. One strength of this study is the robust data collection and monitoring conducted in a program setting that led to a high-quality individualized database.
Acknowledgments We thank the caregivers and children who participated in the study. We also thank the  ALIMA operational team in Niger  who managed the trial and the nutrition program on a day-to-day basis. We thank the  Ministry of Health of Niger. This study was developed as part of the  Clinical and Operational Research Alliance (CORAL). The aim of this research platform is to develop high-quality innovative and transformative research programs through a partnership between scientists from the research institute  INSERM  ( Institut National   de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale, Bordeaux, France , and  Abidjan ,  Côte d'Ivoire)  and the humanitarian organization  ALIMA (Paris, France , and  Dakar, Senegal) , primarily on improving maternal and child health outcomes. The CORAL research platform meets annually with an external scientific advisory board to review projects and strategic orientation.
Funding This study was primarily funded by the  European Commission  through the  European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO, Brussels, Belgium). This Article covers humanitarian aid activities implemented with the financial assistance of the EU. The views expressed herein should not be taken, in any way, to reflect the official opinion of the EU, and the  European Commission  is not responsible for any use that might be made of the information it contains. UNICEF  provided the ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) for the study.
Parameter and assumptions We defined our models' assumptions based on existing published literature, local surveys or observations and discussions with two UAV manufacturers (Table  1 ). Healthcare data. Healthcare data were collected through local surveys or observations and published literature. The mother's arrival time at the health centre was collected using data on women's attendance at two health centres (one hospital and one health centre) in Conakry (Appendix 3). Waiting times in the health centre before being seen in consultation was obtained from 5 studies conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa (Appendix 4). Mothers were assumed to receive the results the same day if the lab test results were delivered both (i) before the average work departure time of healthcare workers in postnatal services, and (ii) before the maximum waiting time of the mothers.
The maximum waiting time of mothers were obtained by conducting a local survey among 82 women (Appendix 5). When the test result was not received the same day, we created a probabilistic function to estimate the number of days before returning to get the results using data from 5 studies conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa (Appendix 6). We assume that HIV-infected infants whose mothers do not receive the test results during the first year do not initiate ART elsewhere. For infants not having initiated ART or whose mothers were not aware of their status during the first year, we computed a probabilistic function of initiating ART at a later age (Appendix 6). Motorcycle related data were collected from local dealerships such as CFAO motors (Conarky, Guinea) and local market observations. The motorcycle model chosen was the Suzuki TF125 for its robustness and its ability to ride on rough or unpaved road.
Travel time. As we assumed both the UAV and the motorcycle were stationed at the central laboratory, travel times represent a return journey. We assumed that a phone call would be made from the laboratory to the health centre to inform the clinic about the test result and save additional travel times for result delivery. Travel times by motorcycles between the central laboratory and the health centres were estimated using Google Maps data (maps. google. co. uk). These estimations account for travel times variability depending on months, day, time slots and travel directions (Appendix 10). After timing several travels by motorcycle between the central laboratory and the health centres, we found that the Google Maps "optimistic" estimations were closest to real-life travel times (Appendix 9).
In case of breakdown or accident, we assume blood samples delivered to the laboratory the same day but related results available the following day. Travel times by UAV were estimated using vertical and horizontal speeds as well as preparation times. We consider the UAV cruise speed to allow best speed/autonomy ratio. Given the low weight of a blood sample and its associated container (less than 50 grams), we considered its impact on the UAV speed negligible. All UAV assumptions were based on our discussion with DeltaQuad, Drone Volt and from field observations during a pilot study. Weather conditions. Meteoblue website (www. meteoblue. com) was used to collect wind We considered light rain (<2. 5 mm/h) as the limit of use for the UAV and moderate rain (<7. 6 mm/h) for the motorcycle. We ignored the wind strength; data shows that it has not exceeded the maximum airworthiness limit of the UAV during the last 20 years.
We assumed that health centre staff were trained during one half-day on loading and unloading the UAV as well as security procedures. We exclude import duty and licensing costs for UAV as Guinea, like many African country, waive licensing costs for equipment and vehicles used in public health program. Because of the latter, we assumed that air navigation fees would be waived. ART cost was determined from the ART regimens prescribed and their annual cost. In Guinea, data from several paediatric HIV care specialists show that ART regimens prescribed was estimated from another study conducted in the sub-Saharan context  (28).
Acknowledgements The study received funding from the  Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les hépatites virales/ Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes-ANRS-MIE  (grant number:  ANRS 12407 ). In addition, we would like to thank the following persons for their valuable contribution. Dr Valériane Leroy  and  Karen Malateste  for providing survival data from IeDEA West Africa.
data and take responsibility for the integrity of the data as well as the accuracy of the data analysis. MI wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All Data and code availability: Analyses were conducted using the software R version 4. 0. 2. (R Core Team. Vienna, Austria). All the study data and code related to the analysis are publicly available on the GitLab repository: https://gitlab. com/air-pop/air-pop_article. git Competing interest statement: All authors declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisation that might have an interest.
g. UAV deployment 4 Point estimate DeltaQuad and Field (min) observations Weather inoperability 2. 6% Point estimate Meteoblue (Appendix 8) UAV loss rates 0. 0% [0. 00-0. 01] Point estimate (23), Drone Volt, DeltaQuad Motorcycle Motorcycle Price $3,238 Point estimate CFAO motors Guinea Lifespan (en Km) 55,000 [30,000 - Beta PERT (10) 70,000] Breakdown rate (per 10,000km) 0. 6 Point estimate (10) Minor accident rate (per 100,000km) 1. 65 Point estimate (10) Major accident rate (per 100,000km) 0. 43 Point estimate (10) Weather inoperability 0. 2% Point estimate Meteoblue (Appendix 8) CFAO: Corporation For Africa & Overseas; IeDEA; International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS; PCR: polymerase chain reaction ; SD: standard deviation; Solthis: Solidarité Thérapeutique et Initiatives pour la Santé; UAV : unmanned aerial vehicles ¥ routine data collected in Conakry, Guinea, by the National Program for HIV and hepatitis (Programme National de Lutte contre Le VIH/Sida et les Hepatites) in 2021 among 881 HIV-exposed children in public health centres and tested at 6 weeks (68 positive results).
Methods To establish the current knowledge on "-biotics" in infant milk, a literature search was conducted until December 2022 using PubMed ® databases with a combination of keywords: "prebiotic", "probiotic", "synbiotic", "postbiotic", or "human milk oligosaccharides", and "infant milk" or "formula". The researched article types were "randomized controlled trial" and "clinical trial". Articles mainly published over the last 10 years (since 2012) were evaluated based on their title and abstract, checking for the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We focused only on primary and secondary outcomes at a nonclinical level regarding the microbiota, digestive metabolites, and intestinal immunity; at a biological level, including serum immune biomarkers; and finally, clinical outcomes, such as infection, inflammation, atopy, and allergy in infancy (Figure  1 ).
2. 1 1. 3. Canada 2. 1. 3. 1. Québec Heart Database Kosmopoulos et al. (48) used REDUCE-IT-derived, US FDA IPE package insert, and Health Canada IPE label selection criteria to determine IPE eligibility in the secondary prevention setting among 12,641 patients from the Québec Heart Database who underwent CABG surgery between 2006 and 2016. Overall, 21. 9% (n = 2,769) of patients were eligible for IPE per the REDUCE-IT criteria.
8% eligible per REDUCE-IT surveys (47) year criteria United States NHANES Age ≥40 year who 2,729 7. 8% a or 6. 8% b per 2019 surveys (59) participated in laboratory National Lipid Association component of survey United States VA health care ASCVD and age ≥45 year REDUCE-IT: TG, 150-499 mg/dl, LDL-C, 1,695,750 14. 5% with established ASCVD cohorts (42) Diabetes mellitus without 40-100 mg/dl, and ≥1 ASCVD risk factor eligible based on REDUCE-IT ASCVD and age >50 year for patients in the diabetes cohort criteria Exclusion criteria: History of systolic heart 17. 1% with diabetes mellitus failure, active liver disease/hepatic eligible based on REDUCE-IT dysfunction, glycated hemoglobin >10% criteria Canada Québec Heart History of CABG surgery REDUCE-IT: Statin treatment; age ≥45 12,641 21. 9% eligible based on Database (48) year; TG, 135-500 mg/dl; LDL-C, 41- REDUCE-IT criteria 100 mg/dl 33.
Based on lipid profiles and existing therapies, 7. 8% (11. 6 million US adults) would benefit from IPE, including 29. 2% (6. 1 million US adults) of patients with ASCVD and 35. 6% (8. 9 million US adults) of patients with diabetes. Assuming maximal escalation of statins and addition of ezetimibe, 6. 8% (10. 2 million) of patients would benefit from IPE, including 26. 0% (5. 4 million) with ASCVD and 31. 4% (7. 8 million) with diabetes. Eligibility for IPE in this study was relatively higher than reported in other studies partly because the 2019 statement from the National Lipid Association did not include LDL-C criteria. Overall, the study underscored that use of lipid-lowering therapies is suboptimal (59). 2. 1. 2. 2. NHANES 1996-2016 Using the NHANES dataset from 1999 to 2016 involving 53,348 US adults, Wong et al.
The taxonomic assignment was performed by BLAST against SILVA 132 database to determine bacterial profiles from phylum to genus, and when reachable to species level. The following filters were applied: amplicons with a length below 350 nt or a length above 500 nt were removed and OTUs with abundance lower than 0. 005% were removed. Alpha and beta diversity analyses were conducted on the OTU table. The functional metagenome was inferred from the clustered 16S sequences using the PICRUSt software (version 1. 0. 0) as per the instructions provided for the Genome Prediction Tutorial for PICRUSt 1  with recommended scripts and default settings  (25). As described in the PICRUSt tutorial, the sequences previously grouped into OTUs were processed through the QIIME closed reference OTUs picking tool with a 97% similarity threshold to obtain a set of OTUs IDs from the Greengenes reference collection (gg_otus_13_5.
tar. gz) as input for prediction of corresponding metagenomes by PICRUSt. Through this inference process, the abundance values of each OTU were normalized to their respective predicted 16S rRNA gene copy numbers and then multiplied by the respective gene counts for metagenome prediction. PICRUSt was also used to calculate the nearest sequenced taxon index (NSTI) to quantify dissimilarity between reference genomes and the predicted metagenomes. The resulting core output was a list of Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) orthologues and predicted gene count data for each sample. We used in house scripts to parse the output into KEGG module categories for functional pathways and structural complex hierarchies using the KEGG database. 2 The output matrix containing the relative abundance of KEGG orthologous groups (KO) per sample was processed with the online Galaxy interface for linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) using an alpha parameter significance threshold for the Kruskal-Wallis test among classes set to 0.
Statistical analysis Microbiome analysis: Significant variations in alpha diversity were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Multidimensional scaling analyses were performed on beta diversity distance matrices and differences between groups were assessed using PERMANOVA and PERMDISP analyses (2,000 permutations). LEfSe analyses were used to determine significant differences in taxa relative abundance between groups (27) using default parameters (alpha parameter significance threshold set to 0. 05 and the logarithmic LDA score cutoff set to 2. 0). Other analyses: After a normality test (D'agostino and Pearson), data were analyzed with either an unpaired Mann-Whitney test or a paired Wilcoxon test for paired analysis. Unpaired Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon tests, and Linear correlation tests were performed using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, USA).
Acknowledgments We thank  Pascaline Delaby  ( Lesieur company ) and  Cindy Le Bourgot  (Tereos company) members of the  HumanFATaste2 consortium  for fruitful discussions. We are grateful to  Vincent Azalbert  ( UMR 1297 INSERM/Univ Toulouse 2 ) for management of oral microbiota samples before sequencing.
Of the 124 studied accessions, a set of 14 internationally known cultivars was used as reference. The accessions from the PFNC Collection were added in order to compare the genetic resources of Slovenian plum with a sample representing a large diversity within the species. This collection has been well described morphologically in INRAE multispecies integrative information system dedicated to plant and fungi pests (GnpIS, https://urgi. versailles. inra. fr/gnpis), as well as studied with molecular markers by different authors  (Horvath et al. , 2011; Urrestarazu et al. , 2018; Zhebentyayeva et al. , 2019). Prior to analysis, all accessions were classified into three different species groups (P. domestica, P. cerasifera or P. spinosa) based on data from the existing collections and our morphological descriptions.
PCR-RFLP analyses Three universal primers were used for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) analyses [i. e. HK, K1K2  (Demesure et al. , 1995)  and VL  (Dumolin-Lapegue et al. , 1997) ]. These primers were previously used in Prunus sp. (Bouhadida et al. , 2007; Horvath et al. , 2008; Horvath et al. , 2011). Amplified fragments were digested with three primer pairrestriction enzyme combinations for K1K2 (Hinf I, Taq I, Alu I) and with two for VL and HK (Hinf I, Taq I). Analyses were performed by BioGEVES platform (GEVES, Beaucouze, France) following the protocol described by  Horvath et al. (2011). The size of each fragment was evaluated and scored as binary data (presence/ absence). Bands were coded as unique combinations of letters (A, B, C, D) and assigned to a specific haplotype. Restriction fragment data were transformed into a binary matrix and the Unweighted Neighbor-Joining dendrogram was created using DARwin 6.
For each run, 100. 000 burn-in periods followed by 750. 000 MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) replicates, were performed. The most relevant number of clusters (K) for the analysed data was estimated by calculating DK based on the method of Evanno  (Evanno et al. , 2005)  implemented in the Structure Harvester V0. 6. 94 application  (Earl and von Holdt, 2012). The threshold of 90% was chosen to assign a given individual to a population. The raw data (Q-matrix) obtained with the STRUCTURE software were used as a basis for the R package 'tidyverse' to visualise the results in the form of bar plots. In a second step, the Structure software was applied to a separate data set of P. domestica accessions with the same parameters. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) was used to confirm the genetic structure of the three studied species and independently of the P.
The calculated dissimilarity was transformed into Euclidean distance using the 0. 5 power transformation, and the graphical representation of the PCoA results was complemented using the by R package 'scatterplot3d'. In addition, the calculated dissimilarity was used to estimate the genetic relationships among P. domestica accessions. Unweighted Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method was used to generate a tree with DARwin 6. 0. 21 software  (Perrier and Jacquemoud-Collet, 2006). This method has been successfully used in similar studies  (Campoy et al. , 2016).
For example, Bluish plum accessions forming two distinct populations were collected within a radius of about 100 km. It would be interesting to cover a wider area, and try to collect different genotypes and study in depth a larger variability of this local population. Another traditionally important group that could be included in a more comprehensive study is the common prunes. Moreover, this type of research could be a next step for a comprehensive evaluation of plant genetic resources in the Balkan Peninsula, which harbors potentially valuable and unique plum genotypes. Finally, the obtained molecular data and the characterization of the collected material will be crucial in order to understand the diversity of Slovenian germplasm, to improve the conservation process, to recover local genotypes and to enrich the current SPGB collection.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the  INRAE's 'Prunus Juglans Biological Resources Centre' of the Fruit Tree Experimental Unit of INRAE-Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux  ( UE0393 ),  Slovene Plant Gene Bank , the  Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna , the  Botanical Garden of the Karl-Franzens University of Graz , the  Botanical Garden of the University of Ljubljana , the  Botanical garden of the University of Maribor , Sadjarstvo Mirosan d. o. o and Versuchsstation Obst-und  Weinbau Haidegg  for providing valuable genetic material used in this study. We would like to express our gratitude to  Borut Bohanec  and  Ester Stajičfrom the Biotechnical Faculty  ( University of Ljubljana ) for their assistance in determining the ploidy level.