dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
2014 ). In addition, in the absence of a unified global patent dataset, this study has used the USPTO, the most representative dataset. Although that has, to some extent, biased the results of our analysis towards US organizations, patenting in the US market is still important for foreign countries in order to protect areas of competitive advantage, and US patenting activity by foreign organizations remains a good measure of the technological capabilities of foreign countries  (Pavitt, 1985). The second set of limitations relate to patents as measure of innovation. It is very well known that the extent of innovative activity is not fully revealed by patenting activity because many patents never reach the market. Most importantly for our analysis, patents are often used for strategic objectives, and patent strategies differ both over time and across organizations, even within the same industry or technological area  (Hall and Ziedonis, 2001).
However, this result is, to some extent, overestimated due to the bias of the USPTO dataset toward US organizations (see section 3). If we look at the other top countries, we observe that, not surprisingly, Japan and Germany come soon after the US, with a percentage of 10. 51% and 9. 23% out of all SC patents, respectively. The total share of European countries ranked among the top 20 countries amounts to 20. 89%. This makes European countries important players in SC research. Emerging or latecomer countries -Korea, India, Taiwan and China -own a negligible share of SC patents. This is also confirmed by the country distribution of patents granted in the most recent years. As showed in Table  3 , even if the share of patents owned by emerging countries has increased in the last 10 (available) years, their role remains relatively minor.
In general, the share of patents owned by public organizations remains very important: in 2006, its peak, it was 23. 22% of total SC patents (it was 2. 5% in 1971), and the average value over the whole period is 14. 83%. This confirms the important role played by universities, research centers and government agencies in the development of  SC (Nameroff et al. 2004). Table  4  shows the geographical distribution of patents granted to public organizations. We can see that most of the public organizations are based in the US. Even if this result is to some extent biased by the limitations of our dataset discussed above, still European universities seem to be less active than their international counterparts, in particular German organizations, which only own 1. 90% of total patents granted to public organization.
These areas can be detected by using the Island algorithm, which, as mentioned in section 3, identifies the main clusters of innovations in the entire research space of SC. We therefore detected all Technological Islands of size between 2 and 250 in our dataset, and found 2331 clusters, which include 8622 patents of the dataset. Table  8  provides information on the Technological Islands with size equal or greater than 20 vertices. We observe two large Islands (including 249 and 246 patents, respectively) and a few Islands with more than 100 patents. Then, the Islands' size declines very rapidly. The Islands' size frequency distribution is presented in a log- 11 It was a German chemicals then life-sciences company that became Aventis Deutschland after its merger with the French Rhône-Poulenc in 1999.
With the new company's 2004 merger with Sanofi-Synthélabo, it became a subsidiary of the resulting Sanofi-Aventis pharmaceuticals group. 12 Isolated vertices represent patents that are not citing other patents in the dataset and that are not cited by other patents in the dataset. log scale in Fig  5 , confirming the presence of a few large Islands and a great number of small or very small Islands. We extracted the Islands reported in Table  8  and, with the assistance of an expert, analyzed the topic of the patents involved, as well as the characteristics of the organizations that have been granted of these patents. The first Island relates to the development of biodegradable materials to make environmentally degradable articles. These materials are based on natural polymers extracted from biomass (biopolymers) and can be used to replace conventional materials like plastics, which are hardly degradable.
Conclusion By building an original dataset of patents and using a clustering algorithm, this paper has provided, for the first time, a quantitative analysis of the eco-innovation dynamics in the chemical sector. After having overviewed the main Sustainable Chemistry (SC) technologies, we have defined, with the assistance of experts, a dataset of 27355 patents granted by the USPTO from 1971 to 2011. We have analyzed trends emerging from patent statistics and citation network analysis. Patent statistics show a progressive increase of SC patents since the end of the 1980s and an exponential growth since 2008. This suggests that only in the very recent years private companies seem to have considerably intensified their innovative efforts in the field of SC. Moreover, SC patents still represent a relatively low share of total chemical patents.
Acknowledgements I would like to thank  Enrico Burello  for providing a major contribution to the definition of the patent dataset and to the identification of technological clusters. I gratefully acknowledge help from  Prof. Henri Cramail ,  Vanessa Oltra  and  Maider Saint-Jean  during the review of the literature and the construction of the patent dataset. I thank  Julien Penin  and  Moritz Mueller , as well the participants at the  BETA seminars in Nancy and Strasbourg , for their important and stimulating suggestions. Thanks are also due to  Valerio Sterzi , who greatly helped me in the construction of the citation network. This work has received financial support by the project " ECO-CHIM" (Aquitaine Region  and  University of Bordeaux IV)  and by the project " IDEX: Creative economies and knowledge flow" (University of Strasbourg ).
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the  Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)  under projects with reference  UID/EMS/00285/2013 ,  PTDC/EMS-TEC/0702/2014  ( POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016779 ) and  PTDC/EMS-TEC/6400/2014  ( POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016876 ) by  UE/FEDER  through the program  COMPETE2020. The first author is also grateful to the  FCT  for the Postdoctoral grant  SFRH/BPD/101334/2014.
We introduce SharpViSu, an interactive open-source software with a graphical user interface, which allows performing processing steps for localization data in an integrated manner. This includes common features and new tools such as correction of chromatic aberrations, drift correction based on iterative cross-correlation calculations, selection of localization events, reconstruction of 2D and 3D datasets in different representations, estimation of resolution by Fourier ring correlation, clustering analysis based on Voronoi diagrams and Ripley's functions. SharpViSu is optimized to work with eventlist tables exported from most popular localization software. We show applications of these on single and double-labelled super-resolution data.
Results and discussion We have developed the SharpViSu software that combines the most important steps from our experience that are required for the treatment of localization data, namely: (i) multi-step correction of sample drift by cross-correlation with or without fiducial markers The functionality of SharpViSu is extendable via plugins, such as ClusterViSu for comprehensive cluster analysis of SMLM data (Fig. 1E-I ). It includes tools such as calculations of Voronoi and Ripley statistics  (Owen et al. , 2010)  with Monte-Carlo simulations, different modes of reconstruction (e. g. based on Gaussian blur or Ripley's functions) and segmentation of density maps, retrieval of geometrical properties of detected clusters, segmentation based on Voronoi tessellation  (Andronov et al. , 2016; Levet et al.
Funding This work was supported by  CNRS , the  European Research Council  ( ERC Starting Grant   243296 ),  Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC) ,  Universitede Strasbourg and Investissement d'Avenir (IDEX) ,  Institut National du Cancer (INCa) , the  French Infrastructure for Integrated Structural Biology (FRISBI)  [ ANR-10-INSB-05-01 ], Instruct as part of the  European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI)  and  IGBMC  facilities.
Codes and subcodes were supported by quotations derived from the interviews. GG, MWL, MMGL and PB met at regular intervals throughout the analysis phase to discuss emergent issues and themes until consensus was reached on how data should be interpreted. Brief summaries and representative quotes for each category were abstracted from the transcripts for reporting purposes to illustrate typical responses and/or the diversity of views expressed. An audit trail was maintained throughout the study to document all reasons behind decisions taken from start to finish of this study. Participants did not provide feedback on the findings. We used the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ): a 32-item checklist  16  to ensure our study meets the recommended standards of qualitative data reporting.
The land phase is solved at HRU level, which determines water flow and nutrient load outputs; these outputs are routed through the subbasin and subsequently, in the water phase, through the stream network till the watershed outlet. SWAT set-up for the Upper Danube Basin comprised several sources: (a) Digital Elevation Map (DEM) of 100 × 100 m, obtained from the Catchment Characterization Modeling version 2 (CCM2) DEM  [37] ; (b) soil map of 1 × 1 km, obtained from the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD)  [38] ; (c) watershed and stream delineation, based on the CCM2 database for continental Europe  [37] ; and (d) EFAS-METEO climate data including daily precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and relative humidity with spatial resolution of 25 km  [39]. A land use map of 1 × 1 km for year 2000 was built from the combination of databases  [40] [41] [42] [43].
In the subbasins with dominant arable land, the crops were distributed according to the EUROSTAT  [44]  crop statistics at district level (NUTS 2) using an ad hoc land use assignation routine. The Upper Danube was discretized into 753 subbasins ranging in size from 3 ha to 1011 km 2 , with an average area of 143 km 2. From the combination of land use, soils and slopes, 822 HRUs were defined, 75 of which were urban areas  [45]. Point sources were defined in 533 sub-basins (more than 70% of all subbasins) using the European waste water treatment database WWTPD  [46]  (Figure  1 ). In the SWAT model only one single point source can be defined per subbasin; hence a point source represents all the point sources comprised in the subbasin. Crop management operations were based on the heat units approach that were calculated at regional level as detailed in Wriedt et al.
[47]. Fertilization was based on outputs from the CAPRI model  [40]. All arable land (291 HRUs) was fertilized, however the main fertilized crops were annual row crops, winter and summer cereals, and managed pastures (Table  1 ). Fertilization management practices (type and schedule) were based on SWAT literature and SWAT database of fertilizers  [28]  adapted to the European context  [48]. Figure  2  shows the applied fertilization patterns used in the BLS scenario. The irrigated area covers only around 700 km 2 ; the auto irrigation option was selected using the irrigated areas from national statistics. Since the irrigated land in the region was small, irrigation management practices were not further considered in the case study. practices (type and schedule) were based on SWAT literature and SWAT database of fertilizers  [28]  adapted to the European context  [48].
With reference to the calibrated dataset, streamflow simulation at more than 50% of stations had an average percent bias (PBIAS%,  [50] ) of 11% and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE,  [50] ) of 0. 57. For the validation dataset, the PBIAS% was satisfactory for more than 60% of gauged stations (average values of 9. 7%) and for these the average Nash Sutcliffe was around 0. 53. More details about the model setup and the calibration procedure can be found in Malagó et al. [45]. Mean monthly N-NO 3 concentration was calibrated manually at the only station for which data was available at the time of the study, i. e. , at the watershed outlet for the period 1995-2009, by changing two basin parameters: the denitrification exponential rate coefficient (CDN) was set at 0. 6 and the fraction of field capacity water content above which denitrification occurs (SDNCO) was set to 1.
However, given that sensitive crop management inputs  [49]  such as planting and harvesting time, fertilizer and irrigation water inputs were generalized for application in the large Basin rather than be locally defined, calibration of crop yields was considered satisfactory. Monthly streamflow was calibrated in 98 gauged stations for the period 1995-2006, and validated in 150 gauged stations for the period 1995-2009. With reference to the calibrated dataset, streamflow simulation at more than 50% of stations had an average percent bias (PBIAS%,  [50] ) of 11% and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE,  [50] ) of 0. 57. For the validation dataset, the PBIAS% was satisfactory for more than 60% of gauged stations (average values of 9. 7%) and for these the average Nash Sutcliffe was around 0. 53. More details about the model setup and the calibration procedure can be found in Malagó et al.
) containing different forms and percentages of the elements. The total cost of the fertilization was estimated based on the quantity (kg) of elementary N, P and K present in the applied fertilizers. The cost per kg of N, P and K was estimated from annual data from 2000 to 2013  [53]. The resulting prices were 1. 21 € per kg of Nitrogen, 2. 8 € per kg of Phosphorus and 0. 97 € per kg of Potassium and the summary cost per fertilizer is showed in Table  4.
8 mm; digital depth resolution, approximately 3. 5 lm per pixel; optical depth resolution, 7 lm; lateral optical resolution, 14 lm). The Spectralis software allows averaging a variable number of single images in real time (ART [Automatic Real Time] Module; Heidelberg Engineering) by means of automated eye tracking and image alignment based on cSLO images. The SD-OCT minimum acquisition protocol included 19 horizontal lines, each composed of nine averaged OCT B-scans (1024 A scans per line) at 240-lm intervals, covering a 6 3 6-mm area. Moreover, high-resolution 6 to 9-mm single B-scans (each composed of up to 100 averaged enhanced depth imaging [EDI] OCT B-scans)  9  guided from GA areas, and 25 to 97 sections (each composed of 9 averaged EDI OCT B-scans) at 238-to 28-lm intervals within a 158 3 108 to 208 3 208 rectangle to encompass the GA area, were obtained.
e. , Sattler and Haller). A 30lm section was used from 60 to 90 lm below the RPE for visualizing the Sattler layer and from 90 to 120 lm below the RPE for the Haller layer. Qualitative descriptions for consecutively collected cSLO (including MultiColor, IR, FA, and ICGA) and OCT (including Bscan, en face and OCT-A) images were performed by two retinal specialists (GQ and EHS). The same retinal specialists also measured the choroidal thickness manually as the distance between the RPE-Bruch's membrane complex and the chorioscleral border at the fovea and at the regions affected by choroidal caverns, and the choroidal caverns greatest linear dimensions and areas on SD-OCT images using the Heidelberg Eye Explorer software (version 1. 9. 10. 0; Heidelberg Engineering). In each study eye, Region Finder (Region Finder, version 2.
5. 8. 0; Heidelberg Engineering) was performed on FAF images to quantify GA. Region Finderis a recently described and validated software  23  embedded in Spectralis (Spectralis HRA-OCT; Heidelberg Engineering) that performs semiautomated identification and quantification of atrophic areas on FAF images. The statistical analysis included descriptive statistics for demographic data and main clinical features (Wilcoxon's test was used to compare continuous variables and Fisher's Exact was used to compare binary variables), an estimation of the prevalence of the choroidal caverns in atrophic areas among patients with GA with 95% confidence intervals (CI), qualitative descriptions of the findings. Interobserver reproducibility were evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC; 95% CI) and coefficients of variation (CV).
As IR and MultiColor images revealed refractile hyperreflective material apparently originating from choroidal caverns (due to absence of overlying residual outer retina and RPE overlying the cavities), another possible explanation for the punctate/linear hyperreflectivities detected on OCT could be the presence of calcific material migrating from the Bruch's membrane to the cavities. Choroidal caverns were always detected in GA areas, as a relatively infrequent finding (12. 5 % estimated prevalence [6. 5-18. 5, 95% CI]), not associated with specific retinal findings of AMD. On the other hand, all eyes presented various combination of drusen, reticular pseudodrusen, and regressing calcific drusen. Given that the choroidal thickness and GA extension (quantified by semiautomated Region Finder software) were similar in eyes with and without choroidal caverns, in the current study we were neither able to identify the prognostic value of choroidal caverns, nor to explain why some eyes do develop the cavities while some others do not.
Acknowledgments The authors thank  Karl Anders Knutsson, MD , for his precious help in editing the manuscript. Disclosure:  G. Querques ,  Allergan, Inc. (C, S) ,  Novartis  (C, S),  Alimera Sciences, Inc. (C) ,  Bayer Schering Pharma (C, S) ,  Bausch & Lomb (C) ,  Heidelberg (C) ,  Zeiss (C) ;  E. Costanzo , None;  A. Miere , None;  V. Capuano , None;  E. H. Souied ,  Allergan, Inc. (C) ,  Novartis (C) ,  Bayer Schering Pharma (C) ,  Thea Pharma  (C) This study has been presented in part at the 39th Annual Macula Society Meeting,  United States of America ,  Miami Beach , February  24-27 ,  2016.
Study sites and data collection The Farafenni Health and Demographic Surveillance System (FHDSS) in the North Bank Region of The Gambia was established in 1981  [21]. The details of FHDSS have been described in elsewhere  [21]. Briefly, the FHDSS covered all residents living in Farafenni town and surrounding villages located in North Bank Region of The Gambia. In 2012, the FHDSS covered a population of 50,455. Trained field workers visit each household every four months to collect demographic data (e. g. births, deaths, in and out migrations). Vaccination status of children under 5 years of age is collected from their infant welfare cards. If this is not available, children are considered unvaccinated. They constitute no more than 2% of children under 5 years of age  [22]. For the purposes of this study, we divided the area covered by the FHDSS into four regions reflecting the catchment areas of the respective health facilities that serve the FHDSS population.
These are rural west  (11 villages) , the catchment area of Illiasa Minor Health Centre; rural east (31 villages) served by Ngaiyen Sanjal and Sarakunda Minor Health Centres in the north and south respectively; and peri-urban (23 villages located between 5 and 10 km from the central point of the urban area) and urban areas (49 blocks) (Fig. 1 ). The peri-urban and urban regions access health care from a major health centre and a regional hospital located in Farafenni town. The urban area is divided into residential blocks with roughly similar number of inhabitants. The vaccine data were collected prospectively since mid-2003 as part of routine FHDSS data collection. Socio-economic data were collected in two surveys conducted in 2007 and 2013. Place of birth is collected prospectively since January 2014, as well as other birth information such as birth weight and assistance at delivery.
Statistical analysis We defined the "Birth dose" of vaccine as vaccination at the day of birth or the day after (day 0 or day 1). Vaccination coverage for the first dose of HBV vaccine, BCG and OPV at the different time points [at birth (day 0-1), day 7, day 28, 6 months and 1 year] were calculated for each year by dividing the number of vaccinated children by the number of live births. The trend of vaccine coverage over the study year was tested by trend test. Using the data from January 2011 and December 2014, factors associated with the timely administration of the first dose of vaccine [defined as vaccination at birth (day 0-1) and day 7 after birth] were identified by computing odds ratio using logistic regression. p-Value was tested using likelihood ratio tests. Children born between 2004 and 2010 were excluded from this analysis because socio-economic status (SES) was missing.
The exposures of interest were area of residence (west-rural, east-rural, peri-urban and urban) and distance to vaccination delivery point (i. e. health centre or outreach clinic). We also assessed the association between the timely administration and other variables [year of birth, sex, ethnicity, season of birth, maternal age, birth spacing, presence of elder sibling(s), maternal education levels and SES]. The factors found to be associated in the univariable analysis (p < 0. 2) were included in a multivariable logistic regression model. The impact of the place of birth and category of delivery assistant on vaccine coverage at birth was examined using the 2014 data as information on place of birth only collected from January 2014. All the analyses were performed using STATA 12. 0. SES index were created using asset ownership and household material by principal component analysis and divided into five categories  [25].
Further research is therefore needed in SSA to establish the most suitable intervention in the continent. The strength of this study is the use of population-based data collected over a period of more than 10 years. Vaccination dates were collected prospectively from infant welfare cards, which were mostly available, minimizing selection bias, and did not rely on mother's recall. A limitation of this study is vaccine coverage may have been overestimated, as children dying during the early neonatal period, less likely to have been vaccinated, may not have been registered in the FHDSS. However, neonatal mortality is a relatively rare event, epidemiologically speaking. The direct distance from the residence to the vaccination delivery point is only a surrogate marker for distance. Although vaccine coverage may differ in different areas within the country, previous data from a smaller study in Sibanor show a similar low coverage of birth vaccines during the early neonatal period.
Agricultural Application We applied our approach on a grassland based dairy production system using a prototype software named PaturMata. PaturMata comes from the combination of the two words paturage (which is a french word meaning pasture) and automata. In this context the main issues are to maintain the dairy production at a desired level while limiting the nitrogen fertilization used to increase the grass growth which is known for its environmental damages. PaturMata 1 is a decision support system that models the grass growth under different climate condition, grass consumption by the herd and some agricultural activities like  We carried out one experiment on 100 similar paddock configurations. 50 of them are used to generate fertilization strategy and the other 50 are used to test the strategy.