dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Dr. St. Blancard  for his advice on anatomopathology and INSERM Unit 1004 for access to the experimental animal facilities. We also thank  Drs. Bey  and Bargues, heads of the plastic surgery department and the burn treatment unit, respectively, for their active collaboration. M. M. A. is supported by  Celogos  with funding from the  Direction Générale de l'Armement , which belongs to the  French Ministry of Defense , and from Association.
By substitution of equations (  11 ) and (  14 ) in (  13 ), one gets. _ U ¼ Q $C$ _ p G : (16) The above expression provides the kinematic constraints between the degrees of freedom corresponding to the sides of the unit-cell (i. e. , U) and the degrees of freedom of the fictitious node (i. e. , p G ). These nonlinear constraints are applied in the finite element software ABAQUS (ABAQUS, 2009) by use of the multipoint constraint user subroutine (MPC). Using the above definitions, we divide each cycle in four steps. In each step of each cycle, as shown in Fig. 4a , we control the average strain in the unit-cell, by setting uðtÞ=L≡p G 1 ðtÞ. 4 This quantity, u/L, initially increases from O to A (step 1), unloads from A to B (step 2), reversely loads from B to C (step 3) and unloads from C to D (step 4) defining thus an entire cycle.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the reviewers for the very instructive comments. The work of AM was supported by a  CNRS-INSIS  PhD fellowship. AC and KD greatfully acknowledge partial support by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  via the grant  INDiANA  ( ANR-12-RMNP-0011 ). KD also greatfully acknowledges partial support by the  French National Research Agency  (Grant  ANR-11-BS09-0008 , LOTERIE).
All elements in the fluorescence imaging setup were controlled and synchronized by freely available software (Winfluor, Strathclyde University). The parameters of acquisition of the CCD was controlled as well as the LED engine by the software and by an analog output from digital acquisition (DAQ) board (USB-6229-BNC, National Instruments). The calibration procedure was divided in two steps that occured simultaneously. Fig. 2  shows an example of the conversion of the fluorescence into temperature. For this calibration procedure, RhB was diluted in 2. 5 mL of water in a petri dish to a final concentration of 50 μM. The petri dish was placed in a metallic ring containing a resistive element and temperature controller (TC-E35, Bioscience Tools). The whole solution was heated from 23°C to 29°C by the heater element.
nsPEF delivery system To study the impact of nsPEFs on local temperature, the nsPEF delivery system replaced the infrared delivery system (Fig. 1 ). The nanosecond pulse generator (FID Technology, 10 kV maximum voltage, 50 Ohm output impedance, 10 ns pulse width) was triggered by a function generator (Agilent 33120A) controlled by a custom Labview program (Labview 7. 1, National Instruments). The trigger signal consisted of square pulses with a duty cycle of 10% and was recorded by the DAQ board during all experiments. The electric pulses delivered to electrodes by a high voltage cable. Bipolar electrodes were separated by a distance of 1. 5 mm and connected in parallel to a 50 Ohm resistor to impedance-match the nsPEF generator, as previously described  [33].
Acknowledgments This work was partly supported by the  Fondazione Banco di Sardegna  (grant  N° 2013. 1308 , 2014. 6035  to L. G. D. ), the  University of Sassari (Italy) , the  Sardinia Region  (grant N°  CRP-59720  to L. G. D. ), the  Gianfranco del Prete Association  "The future: medicine, biology and nanotechnology Award" to L. G. D. L. G. D. wishes to thank  Sardinia Region  for supporting an  Invited Professorship  to A. B. A. B. wishes to thank the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  through the  LabEx  project  Chemistry of Complex Systems  ( ANR-10-LABX-0026_CSC ).
Method and Materials All patient data files from 1971 to 2012 were reviewed for the diagnosis lymphoma. All files from the year 1971 to the year 2000 were checked manually, and the digital data files that were present as of the year 2000 were electronically searched with the search terms: lymphoma, NHL, B-cell, and T-cell. The inclusion criterion was the diagnosis of a lymphoma. Exclusion criteria were a previously known lymphoma and a missing histological verification of the lymphoma. Epidemiologic data were collected as well as the site of occurrence and the disease-specific symptoms described by the patient before the diagnosis was made. The student's t-test, the Chi-Square-test and the exact Fisher's test were used for statistical analysis. A p-value < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.
The 24-h postinfection cells were serum starved for 24 h followed by stimulation with 1 mM insulin for indicated times. Total protein extracts were analysed by immunoblotting with indicated antibodies. Immunoblot with anti-actin antibody served as a loading control. complex with class III PI3K (Fig. 3c, d  and Supplementary Fig. 3c ). Bioinformatic analysis by online resource ScanSite3 (ref. 42) suggests the presence in UVRAG and Vps15 of putative SH2-binding domains that recognize phospho-tyrosine. In addition, both UVRAG and Vps15 are identified as tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in independent phosphoproteome studies including those accessible in Phosphosite database  43. It is therefore possible a direct action of IR/IRS on UVRAGcontaining class III PI3K complexes, similar to the known effect on class I PI3K.
Confocal images were acquired with an optical slice of 0. 8 mm using a Â 40/0. 75 oil immersion objective using LSM 700 confocal microscope (Zeiss) and analysed using ZEN software (Zeiss). Fluorescence and light microscopy were performed using an inverted microscope (Eclipse Ti-S; Nikon) and Â 10/0. 30, Â 20/0. 50 or Â 40/0. 785 Plan Fluor objectives (Nikon). Images were captured using a Super high-definition cooled colour camera head DS-Ri1 (Nikon) and NIS Elements software (Nikon). All samples for microscopy were viewed at room temperature. For spinning disk microscopy, cells plated onto glass-bottom dishes and transfected with the indicated constructs were imaged for exposure times of 200 ms at 5-s intervals for 240 s using a spinning disk microscope (Andor) based on a CSU-W1 Yokogawa head mounted on the lateral port of an inverted IX-83 Olympus microscope equipped with a Â 60 objective lens and a 491 nm 100 mW laser (Andor) used at 40% of maximum power.
Mice were injected with 2 g kg À 1 of glucose and glycaemia measured at indicated times. Data are means±s. e. m. (n ¼ 6-9, *Po0. 05 versus Adeno-GFP, two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test). (c) Primary hepatocytes prepared from control or iLIRKO mutant mice were transduced with Adeno-GFP or Adeno-shRNA Vps15 vectors. The 24-h post-transduction cells were starved and then stimulated with 1 mM insulin (Ins) for 1 h. Activation of IR-signalling pathway was revealed by immunoblot analysis. (d) Immortalized TSC2 À / À ;p53 À / À and control TSC2 þ / þ ;p53 À / À MEFs were transduced with Adeno-GFP or Adeno-shRNA Vps15 vectors. Cells were kept in the media in presence of 10% serum and were collected for analysis 24 h postinfection. Total protein extracts were analysed by immunoblotting. (e) Immortalized TSC2 À / À ;p53 À / À and control TSC2 þ / þ ;p53 À / À MEFs were transduced with Adeno-GFP or Adeno-shRNA Vps15 vectors.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the members of  INSERM-U1151  for support, and to  Patrice Codogno  and  Owen Sansom  for helpful discussions and sharing reagents. We thank  Sophie Berissi  (Small animal histology and morphology platform) and  Sylvie Fabrega  (Viral vector and gene transfer platform) for excellent technical support. The mouse mutant line was established at the  Mouse Clinical Institute (Institute Clinique de la Souris ,  MCI/ICS)  in the Genetic Engineering and Model Validation Department. This work was supported by grants from the  European Research Council , from the  European 7th Framework MyoAge program , from  Fondation de la Recherche Medicale ), from  Fondation Schlumberger pour l'Education et la Recherche , from  European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes , from  Institut National du Cancer (INCa) , from  French Muscular Dystrophy Asscoiation (AFM)  to M.
P. ; from the  Agence nationale de la recherche  ( ANR-10-Wnt-Metaboliv ) and by the  Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (Labelisation Equipe)  to A. -F. B. ; from the  National Institutes of Health, U. S. A. ( GM51586 ) to K. L. G. G. P. was supported by  Fondation Tourre, EFSD  and  INCa. I. N. was supported by  EFSD ,  INCa  and  EMBO Short Term Fellowship. L. M. was supported by a PhD grant from the  French Ministry of Research. G. M. was supported by the  ATIP-Avenir Plan Cancer Programme.
Moreover, active centrosomes (associated with MT foci) always contained Moe (Figure  7A ) even in anaphase, contributing to abnormal chromosome segregation. We then analyzed the consequences of lowering Moe levels in PCM recruitment using a strong hypomorphic mutation, Moe G0323. As described previously, low Moe levels resulted in the formation of bipolar spindles that showed defects in spindle positioning  [26]. Importantly, characterization of Moe G0323 showed a clear defect in Cnn recruitment or maintenance in about 50% of mitotic cells (data not shown). Interestingly, an improvement of certain centrosomes during metaphase could be seen (Figure  7D ). To better characterize this defect, we imaged wing discs expressing Cnn-RFP. Cnn is the major PCM component in Drosophila and plays essential roles in mitotic centrosome MT nucleation  [38, 39].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  B. Baum ,  R. Karess ,  J. Raff ,  C. Lehner , and  F. Payre  for reagents;  L. Dumont ,  P. Tran ,  B. Baum ,  D. Lallemand ,  S. Godinho ,  M. Rujano ,  V. Marthiens , and  Z. Storchova  for helpful discussions and comments on the manuscript;  L. Sengmanivong  and  F. Waharte  for assistance at the Nikon imaging platform; and the  Bloomington Stock Center and the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank University of Iowa  for reagents. This work was supported by  ERC  starting grant (Centrostemcancer  242598 ),  Institut Curie, CNRS , an  FRM installation grant ,  ATIP grant  and  La Ligue  contre le Cancer (M. N. ). Our lab is a member of the CelTisPhyBio labex.
1 µbar) from Pluto's center, while also providing constraints on Pluto's radius. As Pluto's atmospheric pressure is dominated by the vapor equilibrium pressure at its surface, it is very sensitive to tiny changes of temperature and the available amount of exposed ice. This induces strong seasonal effects over the plutonian year  (Hansen and Paige 1996)  that can be monitored and analyzed through stellar occultations  (Young 2013). In that context, our data reveal a small, but significant increase of pressure between 2012 and 2013, which can be used for constraining current Pluto seasonal models, see  Olkin et al. (2015)  for a detailed analysis. Our results are obtained in the context of the forthcoming flyby of the dwarf planet by the NASA New Horizons spacecraft in July 2015. Consequently, they can be used as a basis of comparison with the New Horizons findings.
2 ). Consequently, the 2013 occultation light-curves provide a better constraint for r 1 , or equivalently, for the absolute vertical scale of the atmospheric model, than those of 2012. (3) Fixing r 1 to its value found in step (2), we turn back to the 18 July 2012 data set and simultaneously fit the five corresponding light-curves, varying Pluto's shadow center and p 1,275. The procedure is then resumed at point (1). It is a converging process that provides consistent solutions for the shape of the profile T (r), the absolute vertical scale for T (r), the centers of Pluto's shadow for both events, and the two boundary conditions p 1,275 for the 18 July 2012 and 04 May 2013 events. This fitting procedure has a total of twelve free parameters: the nine coefficients c 1 ,. c 9 , the two coordinates that define Pluto's shadow center, and the pressure p 1,275.
For the NACO light-curve, we find r 0 = 1, 565 km, corresponding to a pressure level of about 14 nbar. Although a satisfactory fit to all the data used here is provided by a unique model, there are two slight, but significant departures from this global model. They are now discussed in turn. Pressure increase between 2012 and 2013. In the frame of our model (i. e. assuming a constant temperature profile), we detect a significant 6% pressure increase (at the 6-σ level) during the ∼9. 5 months separating the two events under study. This means that Pluto's atmosphere was still expanding at that time, confirming the work of  Olkin et al. (2015) , which compiles and analyzes pressure measurements between 1988 and 2013. Ingress/egress asymmetry of lower temperature profiles. Fig. 7  shows that the stellar flux decreased from 2.
See Table  2  for intrumental details ("SP" refers to San Pedro de Atacama and acronyms refer to telescope used in that station. ). Note that the Leoncito, Danish and SP light-curves duplicate the observations of the Cerro Burek, La Silla TRAPPIST and Caisey telescopes, respectively. Due to the significantly cold temperatures above ∼1300 km, HCN is limited by saturation throughout the atmosphere, except in a limited region at 1210-1270 km for an assumed q HCN = 10 -7. The blue curve shows the hypothetical case of a uniform (i. e. non-limited by saturation) 5 × 10 -5 uniform HCN mixing ratio. (r 1 , ν 1 = ν(r 1 )) is a boundary condition. The integration is performed numerically by taking ν(r) = ν(r 1 ) + N i=1 (dν/dr)(r i ) • ∆r, where ∆r is the spatial sampling of the data (i. e. ∆r = the star velocity perpendicular to the limb multiplied by the exposure time).
Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and spread of avian influenza viruses. However, surveillance for these viruses in wild birds is sporadic, geographically biased, and often limited to the last outbreak virus. To identify opportunities to optimize wild bird surveillance for understanding viral diversity, we reviewed responses to a World Organisation for Animal Health-administered survey, government reports to this organization, articles on Web of Knowledge, and the Influenza Research Database. At least 119 countries conducted avian influenza virus surveillance in wild birds during 2008-2013, but coordination and standardization was lacking among surveillance efforts, and most focused on limited subsets of influenza viruses. Given high financial and public health burdens of recent avian influenza outbreaks, we call for sustained, cost-effective investments in locations with high avian influenza diversity in wild birds and efforts to promote standardized sampling, testing, and reporting methods, including full-genome sequencing and sharing of isolates with the scientific community.
Sequence data are needed to effectively track viral diversity, spread, and evolution. The third trend was that critical data are deficient in most reporting systems. Measures of sampling effort are often absent. None of the data sources reviewed confirmed that a country did not conduct surveillance, which confounded analyses of negative findings. Approximate location or date of positive and negative findings is often missing, which hinders spatiotemporal risk analyses. Because positive findings are commonly reported without denominator data, especially for H5 and H7 subtype viruses, relative risk for spillover is difficult to assess. Only the Influenza Research Database (18) enables aggregation of full genetic sequences. Finally, analysis of which types of samples yielded more positive results (e.
Reporting Systems Despite benefits of international sharing of avian influenza viruses, regardless of their pathogenicity, there is no standardized and comprehensive reporting requirement beyond highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and H5 and H7 subtypes of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, nor adequate reporting incentives. Scientific journals and online databases enable sharing of information from research projects, as well as from official government surveillance, but these sources inherently underreport negative findings, and the lack of standardization among studies reduces value to authorities responsible for prevention and control. Online databases, such as the Influenza Research Database and GenBank, provide forums for detailed and consistent reporting, including sequence data.
We urge avian influenza virus surveillance funders to require reporting of results to the Influenza Research Database to drive sharing of metadata and genetic sequence information. This sharing would expand the utility of local-and national-level data to feed into global data analysis. The limited current comparability of data can inform database directors on the need to harmonize data deposition requirements, improve interoperability, and encourage full reporting of negative and positive results to optimize tracking potential for avian influenza viruses. Ongoing discussions between coordinating bodies, such as OFF-LU, database designers, and funders, might help improve efficiency and refinement of reporting systems and also ensure resource alignment across high-priority surveillance and reporting.
g. , data from the World Animal Health Information Data Interface [WAHID] was specific for wild species but did not distinguish by setting, which might show different dynamics for avian influenza viruses). Articles reporting surveillance from the Web of Knowledge were reviewed for specific parameters (e. g. , time frame, wild bird species), but this method excluded papers not explicitly reporting this information. Additional relevant papers were likely available through other databases. Non-reporting does not indicate lack of surveillance and likely increases the number of countries actually conducting surveillance. We also recognize that reports of surveillance are not always verified for accuracy, and surveillance at one time point might not indicate current capacity. We included sampling effort reported that occurred during 2008-2013, but not all data sources spanned that time frame (e.
Acknowledgments We thank the country delegates who responded to the survey administered by the OIE, as well as the Influenza Research Database team for their guidance. The concept of this study was developed by W. B. K. , C. C. M. , S. M. E. , and  K. M. S. in collaboration with K. H. C. C. M. reviewed the literature base, influenza research database, and WAHID reports. S. M. E. reviewed the OIE survey. C. C. M. , S. M. E. , and W. B. K. drafted the paper. W. B. K. provided technical guidance throughout the data review process. S. F. and K. B. J. designed and disseminated the survey to OIE delegates and designed and collected data from WAHID. D. E. S. , R. J. W. , and E. M. provide oversight and editing on surveillance and virology aspects. J. A. K. M. , N. G. , W. B. K, and P. D. contributed to ecology and field techniques interpretation and recommendations.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the  GRANIT collaboration  for providing excellent possibilities for discussions and exchange. P. C. acknowledges the support by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (grant  PZ00P2 132059 ) and  ETH Zurich  (grant  ETH-47-12-1 ) and the very useful discussions with  F. Merkt ,  C. Seiler ,  D. A. Cooke  and  D. J. Murtagh.
After 24 days, mice were sacrificed and their tumors and tissues were collected. Shown are average values from all fully imaged tumor sections from indicated numbers (n) of mice after staining of mitotic cells (C). In the orthotopic experiments, the stable PC-3 cells were allowed to grow in the prostates for three weeks. Thereafter mitotic cells (brown) were analysed from sample images (D), while metastases (indicated by arrows) were counted from prostate-draining lymph nodes and lungs (E). doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0130340. g001 ). However, slightly curved tails and enlarged pericardiac sacs were observed in embryos treated with 10 μM DHPCC-9 (S3 Fig), suggesting that proper Pim activity is needed for normal embryonal development. Yet these data did not allow for reliable conclusions on the safety of the inhibitors in adult organisms.
Migration assays Cells were plated on 24-well plates (100 000 cells/well). After 24 or 48 hours, confluent cell layers were scratched with 10 μl pipette tips. Thereafter, the cells were treated with 10 μM DHPCC-9 or BA-1a or control-treated with DMSO (0. 1%). Images were taken by 20× magnification at indicated time-points. The width of the wound was analysed by ImageJ software (1. 37v, Wayne Rasband, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) by manually drawing the wound lines and analysing the wound area in square pixels.
In addition, sections were counterstained by dipping them for 5-10 s in Mayer's hematoxylin, after which samples were washed in water and dehydrated. As a negative staining control, primary antibody was replaced by PBS or TBS in each sample. Stable PC-3/ pcDNA3. 1-VEGF-C tumor tissue  [26]  was used as a negative control for V5 staining. To analyse the stainings representative images were taken by Leica DMRXA microscope (Leica Microsystems CMS GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and ISCapture V2. 6. software (Xintu Photonics Co. , Ltd, Tucsen, Fuzhou, China), while whole tumor scans were performed either by Olympus BX51 microscope with DotSlide software (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) or the Pannoramic 250 slide scanner with Pannoramic Viewer (3DHistech Ltd. , Budapest, Hungary). Images were further analysed by ImageJ.
Western blotting Cells were washed once with PBS and resuspended in 2x Laemmli Sample Buffer. Samples were vortexed for 5 s and heated at 95°C for 5 min. Protein samples were then separated by SDS-PAGE, immobilized onto PVDF-membrane (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and incubated with primary antibodies (S6 Table ). Signal was created using mouse (#7076, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:5000) or rabbit (#7074, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:5000) HRP-linked secondary antibodies and Amersham ECL Plus or Prime (GE Healthcare, Fairfield, CT, USA) or Pierce ECL (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. ) chemiluminescence reagents. In addition, for analysing the phospho-CXCR4 levels, the signal intensities were calculated by ChemiDoc MP System with Image Lab software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. , Hercules, CA, USA).
Statistical analyses Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA variance analyses with LSD post hoc multiple comparison tests (IBM SPSS Statistics 22, Chicago, Illinois, USA). In addition, Microsoft Excel data analysis tool t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances was used in the supplementary assays. Pearson's correlations were determined by Microsoft Excel data analysis tools and interpreted according to common quidelines  [36]. The mean differences of 0. 05 were considered significant. The graphs with means and standard deviations have been produced by Microsoft Excel.
Acknowledgments We thank  S. Jussila ,  J. Kujala ,  H. Rantanen ,  J. Sandholm  and  L. Shumskaya  from the  University of Turku ,  A. Kiriazis  and  M. Varjosalo  from the  University of Helsinki , and  A. Luostarinen  and  J. Seppänen  from the  Pharmatest Services Ltd  for reagents or technical assistance. We also thank the  Laboratory of Animal Physiology  and the  Turku Central Animal laboratory unit  for.