dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
4d. The SLP data were averaged over the winter (December-March) preceding the summer, as this is when the atmosphere forces the SST pattern seen in Fig. 4a   Data for Belize-City precipitation is from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, monthly Global Historical Climatology Network (http://www. ncdc. noaa. gov/ghcnm/). Simulated precipitation datasets. Time series of Yucatan precipitation covering the period 1700-2005 were obtained from an ensemble of climate model simulations from the repository of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5. For each model, the time series were created by merging the data from the lastmillennium simulation (past1000, which ends in 1849) with the corresponding data from one of the historical simulations (starting in 1850). Yucatan is defined as the area between 91°W and 87°W and between 16°N and 22°N (all model data were interpolated to a 2°Â 2°grid before selecting the region).
Acknowledgements A. W. thanks the  Swiss Federal Institute of Technology both  for hosting his sabbatical and for the analysis of the stable isotopes. A. W. also thanks Cluster of  Excellence CliSAP at the University of Hamburg  for sponsoring collaboration. Collection of GU-Xi-1 by T. M. was supported through a sabbatical granted by the  University of Puerto Rico  ( Mayagu ¨ez ) and the  National Geographic Society  Grant no. 3089-85  to T. M. partially supported survey of the cave and location of the stalagmite. The research was supported in part by the  National Science Foundation   ATM-1003502. Y. K. was also supported by grant  NA10OAR4310137  from the  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Climate Program Office. S. F. M. B. acknowledges financial support from the  Schweizer National Fond  Project  CRS122 132646/1.
The burden of data collection is considered by many to be a deterrent to routine use  [10] , however, and one study found that existing scoring systems were inadequate for this purpose  [9]. These studies were relatively small, though; the largest reported data on 163 patients only. Given the paucity of data on the association between trends in clinical variables during the early stages of intensive care unit (ICU) admission following surgical intervention for FP and outcomes, we used a large international database of patients with FP with the aim of analysing trends in all available clinical variables during the first week of ICU stay and their relationship to outcome. Intraabdominal infections, and in particular FP, although affecting all age groups, are conditions which typically affect the elderly.
Statistical analysis Clinical data of patients with FP recruited to GenOSept were collected on days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 of the ICU stay, including all variables required to calculate admission Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and daily Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores  [18, 19]. We used investigator-coded presence (or absence) of acute renal failure (ARF); the study was started before the international definitions of acute kidney injury (AKI) had been developed. Data extracted from the electronic case report form for the purposes of this analysis pertained to the first week of ICU admission. The trends were calculated as linear change over the first week (obtained by subtracting the value on day 1 from the value on day 7) as a prospectively chosen summary measure for the primary analysis.
The use of summary measures to combine data obtained at multiple time points for the same individual is a recommended statistical procedure. Use of such a measure allowed identification of a general trend over the first week of ICU stay while also avoiding common pitfalls in the analysis of serial measurements  [20]. The primary study outcome was 6-month mortality. Secondary endpoints were ICU, hospital and 28-day mortality. We also evaluated shorter-term trends by subtracting the values on day 1 from the values on days 2, 3 and 5. We analysed trends in all 35 variables where data were available for the first week of ICU stay. For each trend, Cox proportional hazards (PH) regression analyses adjusted for age and sex were performed for each endpoint. Trends found to be significant in these analyses, after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (P value <0.
00143 = 0. 05/35 to take account of the 35 variables tested), were entered into a multivariate Cox PH model to identify the factors independently associated with mortality, adjusting for potential confounding factors. The full list of variables whose trends were tested is provided in Additional file 1. Statistical analyses were performed using R version 2. 11. 1 (The R Project for Statistical Computing  [21] ) and STATA (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA)  [22]  statistical software.
Due to their proximity, high dark-matter content, and apparent absence of non-thermal processes, Milky Way dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies (dSphs) are excellent targets for the indirect detection of dark matter. Recently, eight new dSph candidates were discovered using the first year of data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We searched for gamma-ray emission coincident with the positions of these new objects in six years of Fermi Large Area Telescope data. We found no significant excesses of gamma-ray emission. Under the assumption that the DES candidates are dSphs with dark matter halo properties similar to the known dSphs, we computed individual and combined limits on the velocity-averaged dark matter annihilation cross section for these new targets. If the estimated dark-matter content of these dSph candidates is confirmed, they will constrain the annihilation cross section to lie below the thermal relic cross section for dark matter particles with masses < ∼ 20 GeV annihilating via the b b or τ + τ -channels.
LAT ANALYSIS To search for gamma-ray emission from these new dSph candidates, we used six years of LAT data (2008 August 4 to 2014 August 5) passing the P8R2 SOURCE event class selections from 500 MeV to 500 GeV. The low-energy bound of 500 MeV is selected to mitigate the impact of leakage from the bright limb of the Earth because the point spread function broadens considerably below that energy. The high-energy bound of 500 GeV is chosen to mitigate the effect of the increasing residual chargedparticle background at higher energies  [32]. Compared to the previous iteration of the LAT event-level analysis, Pass 8 provides significant improvements in all areas of LAT analysis; specifically the differential point-source sensitivity improves by 30%-50% in P8R2 SOURCE V6 relative to P7REP SOURCE V15  [33].
The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number AST-1138766. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MINECO under grants AYA2012-39559, ESP2013-48274, FPA2013-47986, and Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa SEV-2012-0234, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Enérgeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University.
ACR acknowledges financial support provided by the PAPDRJ CAPES/FAPERJ Fellowship. AAP was supported by DOE grant DE-AC02-98CH10886 and by JPL, run by Caltech under a contract for NASA. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We would like to thank the anonomous referee for many helpful comments. Facilities: Blanco, Fermi-LAT.
For example, SOAP-based clients deployed on Mac, Windows, and Linux machines can seamlessly access a SOAP-based Web Service deployed on a Windows server. However, a SOAP-based client cannot access a RESTful Web Service. Furthermore, the evolving application requirements lead to a continuous update of existing middleware tools and the emergence of new approaches. For example, SOAP has long been the protocol of choice to interface Web services but RESTful Web services are somehow prevailing nowadays. As a result, application developers have to juggle with a myriad of technologies and tools, and include ad hoc glue code whenever it is necessary to integrate applications implemented using different middleware. Middleware interoperability solutions  [3]  facilitate this task, either by providing an infrastructure to translate messages into a common intermediary protocol, as is the case for Enterprise Service Buses  [4] , or by proposing a Domain Specific Language (DSL) to describe the translation logic and to generate corresponding bridges  [5].
In this paper, we define a unified approach to deal with interoperability at both the application and middleware layers. We focus on client-service systems which are functionally-compatible, that is at some high level of abstraction the client requires a functionality that is provided by the service but is unable to interact successfully with it due to mismatching interfaces and behaviours. Our key contribution stems from the systematic and rigorous approach to generate complex message translators and their seamless integration with application-layer mediation techniques in order to manage cross-layer data dependencies. More specifically, we make the following contributions: • Composite Cross-Layer (CCL) message translators. We devise an approach to automate the composition of message translators, called CCL message translators, that are able to process messages sent or received by software components implemented using different middleware solutions.
• Implementation and experimentation with a realworld scenario. To validate our approach, we implemented a prototype tool and experimented it with heterogeneous conference management systems. Conference management systems provide various services such as ticketing, attendee management, and payment to organise events like conferences, seminars and concerts. Nevertheless, it is sometimes necessary to interact with different conference management systems. This is the case of Ambientic (http://www. ambientic. com/en/), which develops mobile software in the domain of Event Management (expos, trade shows, exhibitions, conferences). Depending on the event, organisers may choose to rely on different conference management systems. Our solution helps Ambientic integrate with different conference management systems transparently.
The granularity and sequencing of operations is also very important. For example, the GetEvents operation of Regonline returns a list of conferences with the corresponding information. To get the same result in Amiando, two operations need to be performed. Middleware-layer mismatches. Amiando is based on REST while Regonline is based on SOAP. Messages generated by both systems are incompatible and must be translated to allow them to interoperate. Moreover, the mechanisms provided by each middleware to describe the application interface are different: while SOAP-based Web Services rely on a standard interface description language (WSDL) to describe operations, there is no standard description language for RESTful services, although JSON is widely used, and in particular by Amiando. Cross-layer data mismatches.
CFG-based generation of parsers. An efficient alternative to implementing custom-made parsers is provided by parser generators (e. g. , Yacc, Bison, ANTLR). Parser generators transform a user-provided Context-Free Grammar (CFG) into an executable component, which parses an input according to the specification given. While parser generators allow the extensible or even incremental  [22]  generation of parsers, they lack the ability of integrating and composing already existing parser implementations. The problem of parser composition in the context of CFGbased generators has already been addressed by Schwerdfeger et al. [23, 24]  with a precise focus on extensible programming languages. Combinatory parsing  [25]  offers a set of primitive operations for modular parser composition. These operations can define parser composition with respect to the parser's input e.
This is the case when protocols represent/encode data using an extensible serialisation (e. g, JSON, YAML) or encoding format (e. g. , ASN. 1 -syntactical--BER -lexical-, XSD -syntactical--XML -lexical-) [1]. For this case to be applicable in a protocol mediation scenario, we obviously require a set of Concrete Message Samples that are used as input for type inference. In our experimental implementation, we rely on the tool Trang (http://www. thaiopensource. com/ relaxng/trang. html) that can infer a schema from XML, JSON or other similar serialisation formats. Based on this schema, we automatically generate the corresponding syntactical parsers. In the above, we make the assumption that parsers output ASTs using a uniform format that can be manipulated. In our implementation, we reduce the scope to object-oriented parser implementations.
This is because AST instances represented as Objects may be examined or even manipulated at runtime using reflection and bytecode manipulation and may be easily serialised to other formats, like XML. Assuming that all necessary Atomic message translators (either inferred, generated or off-the-shelf) for the mediated applications are available we generate a set of CCL message translators corresponding to the set of message types exchanged. In the Amiando client to Regonline service scenario, the set of Atomic message translators contains: a) legacy message translators for HTTP and SOAP, b) custom XML parsers generated from the WSDL/XSD description provided by Regonline and c) custom JSON [2] parsers for Amiando inferred using a set of pre-collected Concrete Message Samples.
Implementation and Validation We have implemented a prototype tool of the proposed mediation framework using Java, following the architecture described in Figure  8. The third-party tool and library dependencies for each component are mentioned between parentheses. The Mediator Engine implements the interfaces necessary to interact with the artefacts generated by the Composite Message Translator Generator and Application-layer Mediator Synthesis (MICS). In the case of the CCL Message Translator Generator, Legacy and Generated Atomic message translators are chained, transformed and refined using the bytecode manipulation library Javassist (http://www. csg. is. titech. ac. jp/ ~chiba/javassist/). To express richer constraints on the syntactic structure of ASTs beyond the basic means provided by Java Type definitions, we use the standard Java Architecture for XML Binding.
Patients and treatment The analysis of HOTAIRM1 expression was performed in diagnostic samples from 241 patients diagnosed with de novo AML from the Cooperative Spanish group CETLAM. According to the MRC classification  [2] , 215 were IR-AML. The main characteristics of all patients are summarized in Table  3. In addition, mRNA from bone marrow samples from four healthy individuals was included in the study. All patients and controls provided their written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Ethics Committee of Hospital Clinic of Barcelona approved the study. All 215 IR-AML patients were treated from 1994 to 2009 in three consecutive CETLAM trials of intensive chemotherapy for fit patients: AML-94 (n = 10); AML-99 (n = 31) (NCT01716793); AML-03 (n = 174) (NCT01723657).
Clinical endpoints and statistical methods Overall survival (OS) was calculated from diagnosis to death and leukemia-free survival (LFS) from CR to relapse or death. Both OS and LFS were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and comparisons among subgroups of patients were performed using the logrank test. Relapse risk (RR) was calculated from CR to relapse and estimated using the cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) method computed with the cmprsk package for R 2. 12 software. The competing event in the RR analysis was death without relapse. Comparison of RR between groups of patients was performed using the Gray test  [50]. Characteristics between groups were compared using the χ 2 test and Fisher's exact test, when applicable, for categorical variables, and the t-test for continuous variables.
Multivariate analyses for OS and LFS were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model including age (10-year intervals), gender, white blood cell count (WBC; 50 × 10 9 /L increments) at diagnosis, mutational status of NPM1 and FLT3-ITD, and HOTAIRM1 expression level. A multivariate analysis for CIR was performed using the subdistribution regression model of Fine and Gray  [51]  with the cmprsk package. The proportional hazard assumption was tested for each variable by analyzing the Schoenfeld residuals. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were then drawn for HOTAIRM1 expression predicted to show a survival risk either above or below average risk, using the cutoff points of HOTAIRM1 expression levels identified by MaxStat package of R software. All analyses were performed with SPSS v. 20 or R software version 2.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Marina Díaz-Beyá  is supported by  ISCII  ( Rio Hortega   CM13/00205 ). This research was in part supported by  Fundación Española de Hematologia y Hemoterapia  (beca de investigación MDB). This research is also supported by grants from  Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias/Instituto de Salud Carlos   III PI13/00999  (IP: Dr. Jordi Esteve ),  RETICS RD12/0036/0010  (JE;MDB) and SDCSD from  School of Medicine, University of Barcelona ,  AECC-Catalunya 2013  (AN) (sponsored by Mat Holding). Anna Cordeiro  is an APIF fellow of the  University of Barcelona.
In this sense, wide area surveys, such as BoRG  (Trenti et al. 2011) , are indeed well suited to help constrain the brighter part of the LF  (Bradley et al. 2012; Schmidt et al. 2014). Second, the lack of very accurate lensing models for some of these clusters, mostly due to the low number of multiple images available to constrain the mass distribution, also thwarts the construction of a reliable LF. The Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) project aims at overcoming these two major limitations by obtaining deep multi-wavelength observations of six massive galaxy clusters that act as cosmic lenses. The HFF include the deepest optical and near-infrared observations of lensing clusters using HST director discretionary time, which are complemented by a wealth of data including ALMA, Spitzer, Chandra, XMM, VLA, as well as HST and ground-based imaging and spectroscopic follow-up (e.
g. Owers et al. 2011; Ebeling et al. 2014; Rawle et al. 2015; Karman et al. 2015; Richard et al. 2015; Medezinski et al. 2015; Rodney et al. 2015; Zitrin et al. 2015; Schirmer et al. 2015; Grillo et al. 2015; Treu et al. 2015; Ogrean et al. 2015). Based on the full HFF dataset of the first cluster A2744,  Atek et al. (2015)  presented the first constraints on the UV LF at z ∼ 7 and z ∼ 8 (see also  Ishigaki et al. 2015a ). The key result was the steep faint-end slope of α ∼ -2. 01 that extends down to M UV = -15. 5 AB. However, large uncertainties arising from small sample size, lensing models, and cosmic variance still prevent strong conclusions on the total UV luminosity density of galaxies at the epoch of reionization. In this paper, we combine the complete dataset of the three lensing clusters A2744, MACS0416, and MACS0717, and their respective parallel fields to search for high-redshift dropout galaxies and put stronger constraints on the UV LF at z > 6.
For the ACS bands we used the "self calibrated" mosaics, which contain additional corrections applied by the STScI team to better account for charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) effects. Similarly, the WFC3 bands were also corrected for a time-variable IR background. We refer the reader to a detailed explanation of the data reduction performed by STScI 14  (Koekemoer et al. in prep). For the fields that have been observed prior to the HFF program, we combine all the available data using the weight maps included in the HFF data release. Table  4  summarizes the exposure times and the depth achieved in each filter for each of the fields. The limiting magnitude in each fitter was calculated using 0. 4 ′′ diameter apertures randomly distributed in the image to sample the sky variance before fitting the resulting distribution.
The quoted depth is given at the 3-σ level. We constructed the photometric catalogs in each field using the SExtractor software  (Bertin & Arnouts 1996). We first matched all the images to the same point spread function (PSF) using a model based on the largest PSF derived with TinyTim  (Krist et al. 2011). In order to increase the sensitivity to faint sources, we created deep images by using inverse variance (IVM) weight maps to combine all IR frames for z ∼ 7 sources and F125W, F140W and F160W for z ∼ 8 sources, respectively. This deep image is used for source detection in the SExtractor dual image mode, while individual images are used for photometry, weighted by the individual IVM images.
However, we have excluded any source that has a SExtractor stellarity parameter greater than 0. 8 to minimize point-like objects in our sample. Also, the number density of cool stars ranges from 0. 02 to 0. 05 arcmin 2 derived from observations with similar or better depths  (Bouwens et al. 2015b ). This translates to about 1 contaminant in the entire z ∼ 7 and z ∼ 8 galaxy samples. We also consider transient events as possible contaminants. Because observations are taken at two different epochs (cf. Table  4 ), a supernova explosion may appear in IR images and not in the optical ones and could be selected as a dropout candidates. Similar colors can also be obtained in the case where the IR data were taken first and the supernova faded until the optical images. Again, different reasons point toward a negligible contamination level from transient sources.
The mass modeling of the third cluster MACS0717 will be presented in details in  Limousin et al. (2015). The mass reconstruction of each of the clusters is explained in the publications listed above. Here we briefly describe the key points of the mass modeling procedure. The CATS HFF mass models are built using the Lenstool 16 software  (Kneib 1993; Jullo et al. 2007; Jullo & Kneib 2009). For the strong-lensing analysis, we are using a parametric approach that consists of modeling the cluster mass distribution using both cluster-scale and galaxy-scale halos. Galaxy-scale halos are important in the mass modeling, as multiple image configurations are impacted by their location. Indeed if a multiple image is close to a cluster galaxy, then the distortion created by the lensing effect will be a combination of both the cluster potential itself, as well as a galaxy-galaxy lensing effect due to the potential of the cluster member.