dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was financially supported by ' Stichting De Eik' and 'De Koninklijke Nederlandse Jagersvereniging '. The collection of samples from Russia was supported by  The Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education  (Project No. AAAA-A19-119022190168-8 ). LI received funding from the  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action  (Grant Agreement no. 656697 ). BP acknowledges the financial support from the  Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food  of the Republic of Slovenia and the  Slovenian Research Agency  (project  V4-1825 ; programme group  P4-0107 ). NŠ acknowledges the financial support by the  Croatian Science Foundation , project IP  2019-04-4096  "The role of hunting related activities in the range expansion of recently established wild ungulate populations in the Mediterranean".
The usability and functionality of the filter function in databases are particularly important as it offers users structured access to selected information. For example, there are only three studies in the current literature that discussed building an online data pool and methodology for the development of data and learning from existing NBS  (Dushkova and Haase, 2020; Baills et al. , 2021; Schroeter et al. , 2021). For instance,  Dushkova and Haase (2020)  reviewed and developed the conceptual and methodological context and techniques for constructing a novel data and knowledge base that will systematically support the process of NBS monitoring and assessment for the CONNECTING Nature project. Baills et al. (2021)  presented the structure of the PHUSICOS platform applications, which dealt with the risks triggered by HMHs and environmental issues in mountain landscapes.
Case studies selection strategy We formulated a search and appraisal protocol based on 16 metadata elements to ensure a comprehensive overview of existing NBS case studies. Our approach employed a systematic review methodology, known for its rigorousness, comprehensive search strategy, and critical evaluation of included studies  (Snyder, 2019; Dushkova and Haase, 2020). This approach enhanced the reliability, comprehensiveness, and value of the collected NBS case studies for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in the field of DRR and CCA. Our methodology consisted of five main stages: (1) NBS case study identification, (2) quality check and analysis, (3) systematic analysis of contents, (4) charting/ collating data, and (5) summarising and reporting results. Fig. 1  illustrates these stages, which involved a systematic online search to gather case studies from grey and peer-reviewed literature, databases, and platforms.
We followed these stages to collect and select case studies focusing on single and multifunctional NBS, ensuring that the following criteria were fulfilled: (a) NBS addressed one or more HMHs as a main goal or co-benefit, (b) case studies provided clear information on the type, scale, intervention, geographical location, ecosystem of the NBS, societal challenges targeted by NBS, start and end dates of implementation, and original source/reference(s) of the NBS case study, (c) case studies were collected from the original source to eliminate duplication across databases and literature, and (d) the original or translated language of the case studies was English. These criteria were implemented to prevent the inclusion of duplicate case studies in databases/ platforms such as PANORAMA and Oppla.
Collection and selection of case studies The paper's methodological approach (Fig. 1 ) is based on a five-step linear analysis. The research documentation search was through four databases, including Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, to ensure better coverage (Fig. 1 ). For the database, platform, and literature search, we first conducted primary searches using the four databases utilising the following title/abstract/keywords search query to ensure better coverage. The keywords "nature-based solutions database" AND/OR "platforms", "nature-based solutions" AND "database" AND/OR hydro-meteorological hazard/risk OR "climate change", "Ecosystem-based Adaptation" OR "Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction" were included in the search and publishing year was chosen between 2008 and 2022 in all databases used.
In the first step, using the search term the literature, databases, and platforms that recorded NBS case studies were identified. This involved identifying relevant online sources and evaluating their suitability based on predetermined criteria presented in Fig. 1  and carefully selected for step two. Furthermore, searching for relevant information on NBS case studies using Google Scholar yielded a large number of papers, making it challenging to review all the search results. To filter and obtain a comprehensive range of available evidence on NBS case studies, we searched through the first tens of pages. As we progressed through the search results, the relevance of the studies decreased, and hence we ceased our search after reaching 20 pages. This approach was taken to filter and gather as wide a range of available evidence on NBS case studies as possible while maintaining accuracy.
In the second step, a quality check and analysis of the content was conducted based on the hazards, attributes, and NBS interventions not fitting the scope. In the third step, a systematic analysis of the content was conducted to assess both the quantity and quality of the data available, as well as the extent of the content covered. This involved reviewing the information provided by each database/platform, and papers and evaluating its reliability and relevance against the followed criteria (Fig. 1 ). In the fourth step, the full-text screening process, data from each database and platform, and paper were extracted and stored under 16 different metadata elements in an Excel database. Following the metadata elements, the following variables were mapped: (1) name of the case studies (e. g.
Classification of NBS case studies To design the NBS platform, an in-depth review of 12 existing databases and platforms and 120 papers was carried out to design the NBS platform. Through this process, we collected 547 NBS case studies which were then classified to meet the following requirements: (1) NBS are implemented as suitable approaches for reducing vulnerability and risk of social-ecological systems to HMHs, and (2) simultaneously intended to deliver environmental, social, and economic co-benefits. The metadata model adopted in the OPERANDUM (OPEn-air laboRAtories for Nature baseD solUtions to Manage hydro-meteo risks) (OPERANDUM, 2023) project geo-catalogue consists of 16 different metadata elements (five key elements and 11 attributes), which encompass all different dimensions of NBS (e.
The majority of collected case studies (~82 %) were retrieved from 12 databases/platforms while the rest (~19 %) were obtained from scientific databases. Of HMH families, the majority of NBS case studies (~45 %) were used to tackle hydrological/geological, followed by meteorological/climatological (~30 %), environmental hazards (~24  %), and fire (~1 %) hazards, respectively. Of the total case studies (n = 547), ~78 % were specifically designed to address one or more natural hazards, CCA, and resilience, while ~21 % (n = 116) were implemented to address other societal challenges such as loss of biodiversity, water, and air quality (Fig. S2 ). The distribution of the selected case studies (n = 547) by the type of NBS revealed that ~33 % of the case studies report green, ~31 % hybrid (green-blue-grey), ~27 % mixed (green-blue), and ~10 % blue approaches.
NBS case studies addressing single hazard The case studies collected from the database and literature addressed a wide range of HMH impacts. These NBS case studies were implemented in response to different HMHs (Fig. 7a ). It was found that most of the NBS was enacted in response to floods (~42 % of case studies implemented to manage fluvial floods, flash floods, urban floods, and coastal floods), erosion (~21 %), droughts (~11 %) (including agricultural, hydrological, meteorological, and socio-economic droughts), heatwaves (~8 %), followed by lesser traded storm surge (~5 %), eutrophication (~4 %), and landslides (~3 %) hazards, whereas wildfire, seawater intrusion, strong wind, wildfire, snow avalanche, cold wave (in total ~4 %) being the least focussed and addressed ones. This should be majorly due to the variation in the intensity of the damage caused by different HMHs, which points towards floods, heatwaves, and drought being the most severe while nature-based interventions are poorly utilised against seawater intrusion, strong wind, drought, wildfire, snow avalanches, and cold waves (4 % in total).
Type of interventions implemented by the case studies The type of NBS intervention varied following the type of challenge, location, approach, and type of NBS (green, blue, etc. ). Most of the case studies (around one-fourth, ~25 %) in our database accounted for the restoration of water bodies such as rivers, streams, etc. The parent interventions included stream restoration or river restoration (~25 %), soil water conservation practices (#232-14 %), green built environment (~14 %), forestry: planting trees and shrubs (~13 %), Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) (9 %), infiltration and biofiltration structures (~8 %) comprised a total of ~84 % of total interventions. While others, such as groundwater storage, blue-green space creation, streambank and slope stabilisation techniques, and coastal management strategies covered ~16 % (in total, Fig.
Location and distribution of NBS case studies Fig. 6a  shows the global distribution of case studies examining the benefit of NBS to address ~22 HMHs and ~26 societal challenges. The dots represent the location of the case studies and the NBS types used against ~22 HMHs and ~26 societal challenges. These NBS evidence were collected from seven continents with a concentration of case studies from Europe (~60 %), Asia (~13 %), North America (~11 %), Africa (~10 %), South America (~5 %) and Australia (~2 %; Fig. 6c ). Europe, although being the second smallest continent, has encouraged the maximum number of NBS case studies. This may be due to the fact that several databases and case studies are part of Horizon 2020 projects. In addition, the EC launched a special program for NBS in rural and urban areas and is promoting the concept and the wider uptake in general.
Additionally, there are challenges related to data availability and accessibility, as well as potential variations in data quality from different sources. Despite efforts to examine comprehensive databases and platforms, further research is needed to address these limitations. This can be achieved by enhancing the quality of data for NBS case studies. It is important to note that the reliability and accuracy of the data collected for NBS case studies depend on the quality and consistency of the original sources. There may be variations in the quality, depth, and detail of the data across different sources. Furthermore, funding sources can also influence the implementation of NBS case studies and the origin of associated databases/platforms.
Recommendations Based on the analysis and findings reported in this paper, the following recommendations can be provided for future research: • The establishment of a global NBS database that encompasses diverse case studies and best practices is crucial for both research and implementation purposes. This is particularly important in addressing the limitation of the current Europe-concentrated NBS databases, such as GeoIKP, Oppla, Climate-Adapt, and NBS Evidence Platform. By incorporating case studies and best practices from various regions including Asia, North America, Africa, South America, and Australia, a more comprehensive understanding of NBS effectiveness worldwide can be achieved. Having a global NBS database can facilitate the dissemination and implementation of NBS under different climate and socio-economic conditions.
It can provide a broader perspective on the effectiveness of NBS globally. To enhance the connection between NBS and global policy, it is recommended to integrate such a global database with existing EU-funded project databases. This integration would create a unified platform that serves as a central hub for NBS case studies, enabling the cataloguing of information, leveraging best practices, and long-term monitoring of NBS effectiveness across continents. • NBS indicators play a crucial role in evaluating the effectiveness in climate adaptation from a social-ecological perspective. However, there is currently a lack of standardised indicators that can be used to assess the effectiveness of NBS across different scales and dimensions. As a result, it is necessary to develop context-specific indicators that are tailored to the specific circumstances in order to ensure the usability, scalability, and transferability of NBS.
Acknowledgements This work has been carried out under the framework of  OPER-ANDUM  ( OPEn-air laboRAtories for Nature baseD solUtions to Manage hydro-meteo risks) project , which is funded by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 -Research and Innovation Framework Programme  under the Grant Agreement No:  776848. PK acknowledges the support received through the  UKRI-funded RECLAIM Network Plus  (Grant No. EP/W034034/1 ) and  Greencities  project ( NE/X002799/1 ). We also thank the  Hereon  teams for insightful discussion and suggestions on various topic areas covered in the article, and Surrey's GCARE team members ( Dr Ana Paula Mendes Emygdio  and  Dr Gopinath Kalaiarasan ) for proofreading the manuscript.
studied the knowledge transfer potential of online databases and platforms for implementing and upscaling NBS by comparing 21 online databases and platforms, presenting NBS case studies in terms of topics, availability, and quality of information on nature-based interventions. However, none of these or previous studies has comprehensively addressed the following topics that are the focus of this paper: (1) a thorough synthesis of the policies and legislations on which an NBS project depends; (2) a global review and analysis of NBS case studies for 22 HMHs and 26 societal challenges based on comprehensive metadata structure (presented in Section 2. 5); (3) extensive classification of parent and sub interventions used by NBS; ( 4 ) systematic mapping of the contributions of NBS to Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi Targets; and (5) harmonisation of more than 400 case studies that included NBS examples for all main types of HMHs and societal challenges.
Implemented to NBS module in the GeoIKP module NBS case studies collection y d u t s n o i Systematic literature review (SLR) approach Google search engine e s a c S B N t a c i f i t n e d I • Science Direct • Scopus • Web of Science • Google Scholar • Total papers=120 • Total case studies =150 • Online databases • Online platforms • Total database/platform = 12 • Total case studies = 1683 d n a k c Number of NBS case studies after duplicates removed (n =1833) e h c y t i l a u Q analysis Number of cases screened manually (Title, objective, hazards, approach) for relevance (n = 1133 ) Number of records excluded (n = 700) are not fitting Reasons for exclusion: Hazards, attributes, NBS interventions s i s y l a n a c i t a m e t s y S s t n e t n o c e h t f o Full case studies assessed for eligibility (n = 1133) Number of case studies excluded (n = 586) Reasons for eliminating of full database, platform and articles, reports from entry into NBS catalogue because they did not fulfil the following criteria: • NBS has to addressed one or more HMHs either as main goal or co-benefit; • The case study has to have a clear information on at least the type, scale, intervention, and g n i t a l l o c / g n i t r a h C the data Full-case studies were deemed to be relevant to implement (n = 547) • Grey, peer-reviewed literature (n = 117) • From 12 databases/platforms (n = 430) ecosystem of the NBS; • Lack of focus on NBS/scope and related benefits; • Repetition (case studies documented in more than one databases/platform); • Language of the case studies.
Literature review and analysis SHEA hired a consultant medical librarian (J. Waters), who developed a comprehensive search strategy for PubMed and Embase (January 2012-July 2019, updated to August 2021). Articles' abstracts were reviewed by panel members. Each abstract was reviewed by at least 2 reviewers using the abstract management software Covidence (Melbourne, Australia), and selected abstracts were reviewed as full text. In July 2021, the Compendium Lead Authors group voted to update the literature findings, and the librarian reran the search to update it to August 2021. Panel members screened the articles yielded by the search via Covidence and incorporated relevant references (see Executive Summary Supplementary Materials online). Author Panel members for each Compendium section met as needed via video conference to develop and discuss recommendations; to rank of the quality of evidence for these recommendations; and to classify the recommendations as essential practices, additional approaches, practices that should not be a routine part of prevention, or unresolved issues.
Acknowledgments. The Compendium Partners thank the authors for their dedication to this work, including maintaining adherence to the rigorous process for the development of the Compendium: 2022 Updates, involving but not limited to, screening of thousands of articles; achieving multilevel consensus; and consideration of, response to, and incorporation of many organizations' feedback and comments. We acknowledge these efforts especially because they occurred as the authors handled the demands of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the authors thank  Janet Waters, MLS, BSN, RN , for her expertise in developing the strategies used for the literature searches that informed this manuscript. The authors thank the many individuals and organizations who gave of their time and expertise to review and provide comments on the Compendium: 2022 Updates, including members of the SHEA Guidelines Committee from years 2018-2023, which also helped oversee the planning for the Compendium: 2022 Updates, the SHEA Publications Committee, and the  SHEA Board of Trustees ; the  IDSA Standards  and Practice Guidelines Committee and the  IDSA Board of Directors ; members of the  National Foundation of Infectious Diseases (NFID)   Sara E.
fr>, tel: 00 33 6 07 49 82 13), who was one of the AFB presidents during the study period and who is still vice president. All data can be available when also contacting the head of the health AFB committee using this email address (<santeboxerafb@gmail. com>). According to the official protocol, Boxer dogs had to be at least 12 months old, free of medication, and non-anesthetized for the procedure. Pedigrees and implanted microchips were checked and registered by operators involved in the program and both were re-checked by the French Boxer club. Dogs had to be examined by doctors in veterinary medicine (DVM), either board-certified specialists or general practitioners. As the latter were not cardiology specialists, in order to ensure data quality, all examinations were then reviewed and validated by one single board-certified specialist, i.
Statistical analysis For each screened Boxer dog, data of interest, i. e. , main epidemiological features (age, body weight, sex), clinical (auscultation abnormalities), ECG findings, and Doppler variables (peak flow velocities and corresponding ΔP) were reported by the official reviewer in a spreadsheet (one per year). All spreadsheets (n = 17) were then gathered in one single file for the present study. All statistics were performed by using a computer software (Addinsoft XLSTAT: statistical and data analysis solution, version 2020). Quantitative data were reported as median (interquartile range (IQR); minimal and maximal values) and percentage (%) when relevant. A Chisquared test with Yates correction was used for qualitative variables. For all these analyses, the level of significance was set at P < 0.
Epidemiological features A total of 3126 Boxer dogs underwent the cardiovascular screening program between April 2005 and December 2021. After a final review, 54 dogs screened in 2005 and 71 in 2006 were excluded from further analysis owing to lack of clinical and echocardiographic data reported in the spreadsheets. Therefore, the study sample consisted of 3001 screened Boxer dogs (median age [IQR; minimum-maximum] = 1. 6 years [1. 2-2. 1; 1. 0-10. 0] and body weight = 28. 2 kg [26. 0-32. 0; 19. 0-48. 0]). Gender was known for 2945 out of the 3001 recruited Boxer dogs, i. e. , 2036 females and 909 males corresponding to a female:male sex ratio of 2. 2.
Firstly, the official board-certified specialist in charge of the program could not validate data from physical examination and owing to the large number of general practitioners involved in the screening, the proportion of dogs with soft heart murmurs may have been underestimated. For the same reasons, the proportion of other CHD than AS and PS (e. g. , mitral valve dysplasia and atrial septal defect) may also have been underestimated. Additionally, left and right ventricular free wall thicknesses were used by the official board-certified specialist in charge of the program to validate echocardiographic and Doppler examinations. However, these imaging variables were not included in the data base and therefore were not available for the present retrospective study. Lastly, the board-certified official reviewer could not conclude to a definitive cardiac status owing to poor to medium quality of Doppler examinations.
Antibody panels, staining and flow cytometry analysis. Immunophenotypic studies were performed on frozen samples, using up to 23-colours flow cytometry panels. See extended Tables 4-6 for antibody panel information. The list of mAbs used are detailed in gating strategy we used to identify the immune cell subtypes and their respective subsets are represented in extended data Fig. 1. Antibody titration was performed to choose the concentration that provided the maximal brightness of the positive cell population and the lowest signal for the negative cell population. Approximately 1 × 10 6 to 5 × 10 6 frozen PBMCs were used per patient per stain. Staining was performed as described previously  (20). Cells were acquired on Cytek Aurora flow cytometer. Data were analysed using FlowJo software (FlowJo, LLC).
Unsupervised analyses were performed using cytobank software and R studio software. Composite cell phenotypic alteration score. We generate a cumulative phenotypic score for each T-cell subsets. The frequency of the following markers was used to calculate the score: CD25 -, CD26 -; HLA-DR + , CD38 + , CTLA-4 + , CD28 -, PD1 + and CD39 +. It is calculated as the sum of the ratio of the expression level of each marker to the average expression level of the corresponding marker in the HD. Cytokines quantification. Serum IFN and IFN2 levels were determined using Simoa cytokine assays (references 100860 and 101419 respectively). Van der Sluis et al showing that HIV infection of co-cultures of CD4+ T cells and pDCs enhanced mRNA expression of IFNλ2 and not IFNλ1 or IFNλ3, we focused only on serum IFNλ2 levels  (39).