dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The rats fed with HEM-Ca also had decreased levels of butyrate, propionate, acetate, succinate, and several carbohydrates, such as αand β-glucose, β-arabinose, and β-xylose. Metabolomic data were statistically merged with previously described physiological traits (metadata including permeability, peroxidation, and genotoxicity) using rCCA to unravel specific correlations between the two datasets (Fig. 4a ; Additional file 2: Figure  S3 ). We observed that faecal haem and lipoperoxidation product (DHN-MA and TBARs) levels positively correlated mainly with the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs: acetate, propionate, and butyrate), caprylate, and 5-aminovalerate and negatively correlated with hypoxanthine. The addition of calcium carbonate to the HEM diet significantly counteracted the haem-induced levels of these metabolites (Fig.
Identification of taxa that covariated with lipoperoxidation status By performing a two-factor analysis, we sorted 12 taxa significantly altered by haem and calcium (the interaction term, padj < 0. 01), for which haem-induced alterations were restored by the HEM-Ca diet (Figs. 6c  and 7a;  Additional file 1: Table  S3b ). Using supervised approaches allowing to integrate multi-datasets, correlations between these 12 taxa, the previously described physiological traits and metabolites were maximised in order to reconstruct taxa-associated network (Fig. 7b, c ; Additional file 2: Figure  S6 ): Haem iron bioavailability in faecal water ("Haem") was significantly associated with the relative increased abundance of two members of Proteobacteria (Escherichia coli and Desulfovibrio spp. ) and two taxa belonging to Bacteroidales order (unclassified species of Parabacteroides and Bacteroides massiliensis) (Fig.
7b ). In contrast, relative abundances of Lactobacillus at the genus level (two taxa), of a member of Coriobacteriaceae (UCG-002), and of three taxa belonging to Ruminococcaceae (Candidatus Soleaferrea, Clostridium methylpentosum, and unclassified species of Ruminoclostridium) were negatively associated with haem iron in faecal waters (Fig. 7b ). As expected, stronger correlations between microbial taxa and physiological metadata obtained through rCCA refer to lipoperoxidation status (DHN-MA, TBARs, COX-2, HO-1, and GCLM), but also to DNA damage (genotoxicity), inflammatory status (colonic MPO and CRP in serum), and a lesser extent barrier function (permeability: ZO-1, Cl5, and JAM-A) (Fig. 7b ). Similarly, additional integration of the metabolomic dataset through DIABLO framework allows to confirm that the closest interconnections refer mainly to haem and lipoperoxidation status and are strongly associated with host-bacterial co-metabolic products related mainly to medium-and short-chain fatty acids, products of protein degradation pathways, and hypoxanthine (Fig.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the  Get-PlaGe platform (Toulouse)  for 16S rRNA gene libraries and sequencing and to the  Genotoul bioinformatics platform Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées and Sigenae group  for providing help and storage resources thanks to Galaxy instance (https://galaxy-workbench. toulouse. inra. fr). This work was performed in the framework of the  French network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe network ; http://www. inra. fr/nacre).
Statistical Analyses The mean of steno-occlusion score and MMV score, and standard deviation (±) per hemisphere were calculated. Since moyamoya syndrome could be unilateral, if a hemisphere did not have steno-occlusion or MMV, i. e. , considered as normal and therefore with a score of 0, it was excluded for the calculation of the mean score per hemisphere. Comparison of clinical data between patients with unilateral steno-occlusion and those with bilateral steno-occlusion was evaluated by Friedman tests. Correlation between steno-occlusion score and MMV score was evaluated with Pearson's test (Graphpad; Prism); P < 0. 05 defined significance.
Digital images do not represent anatomy, they are just a reliable translation from a full-colored and three-dimensional physical world to a grayscale and two dimensions image domain. As a consequence of the imaging technologies disruption in the medical field, a vertiginous "race to see" had been seeking higher definitions. This process got closer and even exceed human naked-eye resolution and the human brain skills to decode grayscale bidimensional pictures. In the diagnostic field, as a result, the last decade showed important technological advances addressing this issue and computer-aided detection and diagnosis emerged to complement and enhance radiologist frameworks. In this new era methodologies designed to extract more information from images are a must. Radiomics addressed this item using images as datasets, focusing in the region of interest and extracting features, allowing reproducibility, and finally introducing radiology into the quantitative sciences.
As the innovation in the mobility industry, if H. Ford had focused his efforts in customer's needs and demands, he would have sought the way to rise faster horses instead of boosting and shaping the automotive industry. MI does not escape the information age and, paraphrasing Ford, if the focus is on customers and users, they will probably ask for more resolution and higher definition equipment, able to provide sharper and colored pictures. The migration from the traditional conception of images as pictures to the new trend of conceiving them as datasets is facing a big challenge, and an entire brand new industry needs to be developed.
In a nutshell • Defined as the conception of IGS's images as datasets, able to be used to perform multi-dimensional data analyzes and improve surgical planning and support the execution of IGS procedures. • Comes from IGS, but is potentially applicable to a wide range of minimally invasive and surgical disciplines. • Works as a meeting point between different imaging techniques (ultrasound [US], CT, MRI, PET, etc. ). • Tools developed can help clinical work on a daily basis, and image-guided (IG) surgeons can play a pivotal role in continuously building the databases that are to be used for future spinoffs. • Features have the potential to uncover surgical procedures characteristics that usually are operator dependent. • Images features contemplate the micro and macro-environment, minding not just the internal structures, but the hybrid OR's ones, sensors, and wearables.
Framework & workflow The process throughout the determination of the surgeOmics signature has three main phases: the surgical planning, followed by the execution phase and, finally the post-procedure control and follow-up (Table  1 ). Each of them attending four aspects: 1. The patient 2. The disease 3. The equipment 4. The procedure itself Surgical planning A wide range of patient data can be gathered and included in the multi-dimensional analysis, among the most important ones are demographic (age, sex, ethnicity, etc. ), morphological (height, weight, etc. ) and, biochemical data (lab results). Related to the disease, semantic and agnostic features (see features section) can be extracted in this step, focusing on the tumor (disease-centered) and also its habitat, aiming to examine local and regional important structures or anomalies that can provide valuable information and modify therapeutic decisions.
Power calculations and proposed sample sizes Power calculations were made for urinary Cr to identify the sample sizes needed to detect meaningful differences between the workers and controls. Calculations were done by using ClinCalc Sample Size Calculator  (Kane, 2018) , which determines the minimum number of subjects for adequate study power. Study group design was one study group vs. population, primary endpoint was continuous (means), alpha was 0. 05, and power was either 80% or 95%. Mean (GM) and standard deviation (SD) of a known population were used in calculations. Urinary total Cr was selected for power calculations because there are background data available for the general population. For other matrixes the data are scarce. A problem with existing urinary Cr data is that in most of the published general population studies no SD data is given.
Data protection, analysis and interpretation All collected data will be pseudo-anonymized before any treatment, by replacing participant and company names with a code and protecting all electronic and paper records from unauthorized access, in accordance with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GPDR Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (http://data. europa. eu/eli/reg/2016/679/ oj). Any information will be presented in a pseudo-anonymous format so that no external person will be able to identify any person or company who took part in the study. Data analyses will be done for HBM biomarker variables and some main accompanying variables (e. g. age, sex). Data analysis plans for each specific biomarker include the definition and harmonization of the variables (codebook), the statistical test to be applied, specific exclusion/partitioning criteria for calculation of reference values, uncertainty analysis, data descriptions, and visualizations.
The countries involved in the study reflect different parts of Europe; southern (Italy and Portugal), eastern (Poland), mid (France, Netherlands and Belgium) and northern parts (UK and Finland), and the study will also include a range from microsized companies and SMEs to large industries. Since a number of different companies (~40 companies) will be engaged in this study and detailed contextual information will be collected by the questionnaire, we will have biomonitoring data linked to different conditions and different RMMs. This way, data can be collected on the used RMMs and it will be possible to identify the best practices. In case of reinvestment or renovation of equipment this information may allow informed decisions to adapt the best available technology. Hexavalent chromium has been a target for recent legislative actions in EU.
Acknowledgements The  HBM4EU  project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement No  733032  and received co-funding from the author's organizations and/or Ministries. All the experts that have provided their comments and were involved jn the preparation and translation of the information material and different SOPs for this study are acknowledged and greatly appreciated by the (co-)authors of this manuscript.
Monte-Carlo Simulation To account for the great dispersion encountered in the determination of the rupture stress, the Monte-Carlo simulation could be used. In practice this method is used to compare several mean values of the strength. Hence, for a given gage length, say L i , and knowing the probability of failure P f , the rupture stress is given by Equation (  7 ) derived from the modified Weibull model (Equation (  2 )) as: σ = σ 0 L 0 L α ln 1 1 -P f 1 m. ( 7 ) The random failure strength σ can be obtained by generating a uniform random number P f in the interval [0,1]. A Matlab script was used herein to randomly produce 40 (as in the experiments) P f values in the interval [0,1], to estimate the ultimate stress. An average strength value was computed from each set of 40 random numbers.
Test data were fitted to various probabilistic models from the XLStat software for the determination of mean values using the Kolmogorov Smirnov criteria that revealed the Log-normal distribution function as the best fitting model. Table  1  summarizes the derived values (stress, strain, and Young's modulus), per cross-head speed and gage length. In addition, for the same gage length, a considerable effect of the cross-head speed on the fibers was observed, characterized by variable strains. Two trends could be reported from the test results: cross-head speeds 0. 05, 0. 5, and 1 mm•min -1 exhibited a bilinear behavior at the beginning of the curve, marked by a two-slope pace, while the cross-head speed of 5 mm•min -1 had a non-linear behavior, marked by a three-slope pace. Once again, the non-linear zone is often ascribed to the reorientation of cellulose microfibrils about the axis of the fiber.
However, it could also originate from the viscous behavior of the fiber under tension. In fact, these assumptions were also confirmed by coupled X-ray diffraction and micro-tensile tests on hemp fibers by Placet et al. [37] , modelling works by Charlet et al. [38]  and Nilsson and Gustafsson  [39]  on flax and hemp fibers. Florent  [40]  suggested that the non-linear zone could be explained by existing non preconstrained fibers in the bundle. Thus, the stiffness of the observed bundle was characterized by a straightening of the fibers under tension. Test data were fitted to various probabilistic models from the XLStat software for the determination of mean values using the Kolmogorov Smirnov criteria that revealed the Log-normal distribution function as the best fitting model. Table  1  summarizes the derived values (stress, strain, and Young's modulus), per cross-head speed and gage length.
Monte-Carlo Simulation Results of the Tensile Strength Table  4  summarizes the average values of the tensile strength obtained from a Matlab script. From Equation (  7 ) the parameters estimated by the modified Weibull model (Table  3 ) were used to simulate the average values of the tensile strength. Forty P f random numbers were generated in the interval [0, 1] and 100 simulations were implemented. The tensile strength mean values calculated were estimated from a modified Weibull model (Equation (  3 )). The objective of this section is to compare the mean tensile strength results obtained from both methods used herein. It was found that the modified Weibull model gave better results than the standard model  [15, 21, 22 ] in evaluating the strength distribution of fibers at different gage lengths.
The H. E. S. S. collaboration recently published its Galactic Plane Survey, which is a deep survey of half of the Milky Way in TeV gamma-rays, using almost 10 years of observations  [1]. It contains 78 sources, including 16 new sources. On the other hand, the HAWC collaboration also published its 2HWC catalogue based on 507 days of data  [3]. It is the result of the first source search performed with the complete HAWC detector, covering two thirds of the sky. In this search, 39 sources have been reported, amongst them 16 detected for the first time at TeV energies. The HAWC data set doubled since then, revealing 10 more sources. Both instruments are very different in terms of conception, observation and regarding event analysis and reconstruction, but they operate at a similar energy range.
E. S. S. point-source sensitivity. It looks much less homogeneous than the HAWC sensitivity curve because H. E. S. S. is a pointing instrument with a defined field of view of 5°, working only during clear and moonless nights. Hence, it has large differences from a region to another in terms of observation time as well as observation quality due to the evolution of the instrument throughout the survey and to the varying observation conditions from an observation run to another. From the HGPS data set, events above 1 TeV are selected to match the HAWC energy range. They are reconstructed using ImPACT  [4]  because of its better performance at the highest energies than the standard reconstruction method using Hillas parameters, used for the HGPS.
Here, the amount of injected charge is determined from measured currents. Of equal importance, measurements performed after allowing the the capillary to discharge for a wide range of times provide information about the rates for discharging the capillary. This information is used to test the recent model of Giglio et al. [26] , which attributes the guiding properties to the electric field produced by the dynamic behavior of the charge patches produced on the interior of the capillary when charged particles are injected. We show that applying this model to data measured for a wide range of discharge conditions and injected currents compresses all the measured data to a single curve of the guiding probability as a function of patch charge. Details of the theoretical model are provided in Sec.
D. Capillary charging and discharging times obtained experimentally To obtain information about the capillary charging and discharging times, the transmitted beam was monitored until it maximized and remained constant. Then the beam was prohibited from entering for varying lengths of time (5 to 1000+ s) after which it was readmitted and time scans were recorded. During the time the beam was absent, the capillary charge flowed from its deposition region along the capillary surface and through the bulk, thus decreasing the guiding field. When the beam was readmitted, any remaining charge led to some amount of initial ion guiding. Examples of these data for a larger and smaller beam intensity, I inject ∼ 12 and 0. 26 pA, are shown in Fig. 7. Data are also shown for a small injected beam intensity but where the "discharge geometry" has been altered by reversing the capillary such that the entrance surface is now an uncovered insulator while the exit has a conductive surface that is not connected to the ground.
By measuring the guiding probabilities as a function of time following different amounts of time when the beam was prohibited from entering the capillary, information about the capillary charging and discharging times was obtained. These data were used to test a recent theoretical model where the surface charge patches, produced when charge particles are injected into the capillary, are predicted to decay as a sum of exponential functions, where the function stands for the monopole, dipole, and quadrupole angular moments of the charge patch. The time constants of the exponential functions were predicted by the model and shown to decrease with higher angular moment. The present guiding data obtained for a wide range of experimental conditions were found to be in excellent agreement with this theoretical model and, although obtained for a wide variety of conditions, were all consistent with a single curve of the guiding probability as a function of the surface charge patch intensity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the  Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH)  Grant No. KH126886  and by the  Bilateral relationships between France and Hungary in Science and Technology  under Project No. 2017-2. 2. 5-TÉT-FR-2017-00008. This work was also supported by  Project International de Coopération Scientifique Hongrie 2018  Grant No. 245 358  and by the  Hubert Curien (P. H. C. ) Balaton 2018 program , Projects No. 40301VK  and No. NKM-116/2018.
Patient Population Between July 2016 and March 2017, our MRI database was retrospectively queried to identify all women who had undergone breast MRI (n=520). Four hundred patients were excluded for the following reasons: negative exams (n=364), exams performed to guide an MRI procedure (n=20); no contrast administration (n=6), no HTR-DCE sequence (n=5), biopsy-proven lesions without enhancement on MRI (n=3), problem related to the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) (n=1), lesions of uncertain nature in women who underwent MRI for breast cancer follow-up with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n=1). The final population consisted of 120 women (mean age: 56 years, range 28-88) with 179 lesions (Figure  1 ), of whom 63% were menopausal (75/120). Of these, 18/120 (15%) were at high risk; 29/120 (24%) had been treated for breast cancer; 32/120 (27%) reported a family history of breast cancer; 30/120 (25%) had a personal history of benign breast biopsy; and 11/120 (9%) had no previous breast cancer history.
The Abbreviated protocol (FAST + HTR-DCE) The readers were first asked to state if a lesion was visible on the HTR-DCE (= DISCO) sequence and to determine in which of the 11 ranks the lesion first became visible. For semi-quantitative analysis, they were then asked independently to draw two 2Dregion-of-interest (ROI) on the HTR-DCE (DISCO) sequence for each lesion detected: a whole-lesion-ROI and a hotspot-ROI. If the trajectory of the biopsy was visible within the lesion, or if a necrotic or cystic part was identified, care was taken to draw the 2D ROI on a slice that did not reveal any cystic or post-biopsy changes. The hotspot-ROI was selected in the region with the most intense enhancement on the parametric PEI map derived from the HTR-DCE sequence. Enhancement curves were extracted from AW server software by a research engineer (GE, Milwaukee, USA).
Statistical analysis Analysis was performed on statistics software MedCalc (Ostend, Belgium), version 2018. Descriptive analysis was performed using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test for noncontinuous variables. To determine whether "continuous values" could differentiate malignant from benign lesions, thresholds were determined by constructing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We calculated odds ratios (OR) for predicting malignancy with 95% confidence intervals and p-values for each of the predictor variables for malignancy. The Results section is based on the senior reading. Quadratic κ coefficients were calculated to assess the reproducibility for lesion characterization between the two protocols (FAST and Full protocol), according to morphological criteria. Quadratic κ coefficients were calculated to assess interobserver agreements with a junior reader for enhancement rank determination on the HTR-DCE MRI sequences and for BI-RADS classification on the different reading protocols.
We thus calculated a positive likelihood ratio for malignancy, which was not influenced by the high prevalence in contrast with positive predictive values. Second, due to the design of the study, all lesions were sampled by percutaneous biopsy and no BI-RADS 1 or 2 were present in our study. This may explain the very low specificity of the different protocols relative to the very low number or true negatives (only represented by BI-RADS 3 lesions). Third, reading time was not recorded in our study because a second BI-RADS classification was performed using the TTE. Finally, our cut-off malignancy parameter (TTE < 31 sec) was retrospectively determined in our study without any validation data set. Thus, further prospective studies are necessary to validate this criterion. In conclusion, an abbreviated breast MRI protocol combining a FAST protocol and HTR-DCE acquisition is an effective diagnostic approach that could lead to better availability of MRI by increased throughput while reducing the costs of a breast MRI scan.
The outcome has improved significantly for both sJIA and AOSD with the use of targeted treatment over the past decade  [35, 58]. In conclusion we, as well as others, have suggested positioning sJIA and AOSD as equivalent parts of the same disease continuum. From clinical practice and a research point of view, and for optimization of treatment paradigms, there is a clear need and growing support for harmonization of paediatric and adult classification criteria, which is supported by recent research data  [59, 60].
Review of available data on anakinra treatment in Still's disease Literature search A literature search in Embase and MEDLINE with 13 March 2019 as a cut-off was performed to collect all literature on anakinra and Still's disease (including both sJIA and AOSD). The search strategy was disease and treatment specific, but sufficiently broad to minimize the risk of missing relevant published studies. Relevant literature was selected manually based on publications in English in a peer-reviewed journal and the presence of efficacy data from a minimum of five individual patients with Still's disease treated with anakinra. See supplementary material, section Literature Search, Supplementary Fig. S1  and Supplementary Table  S1 , available at Rheumatology online, for additional details on the literature search.