dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
43. Key elements of the research contract are clarity and transparency: all relevant aspects must be covered in a way that is understandable by all the parties concerned. 44. In cases where several parties interact in the study, a unique multipartite contract is preferred to support transparency and clarity on roles and responsibilities. In cases where several bipartite contracts need to be established for the same study, the terms of agreement should be communicated to the management entity of the study. 45. The research contract should indicate that the conduct of the study will follow the recommendations of the ADVANCE Code of Conduct and describe the following elements: scientific rationale, main objectives and brief description of the research to be carried out; the work to be undertaken and the tasks covered by the contract (with deliverables and milestones as appropriate and contingency plans if timelines cannot be met), as well as the roles and responsibilities of the different parties for their implementation; rights and obligations of each of the concerned entities communication plan for the scheduled progress and final reports; publication policy and authorship; intellectual property rights on the protocol and results; process for disclosure, update and management of potential conflicts of interests; transparency measures: which information will be made public, and how; provision regarding registration of the study and publication of the protocol; archiving of data, rights of data ownerships and access to data; storage and availability of analytical dataset and statistical programmes for regulatory audit and inspection; if relevant, provisions for meeting pharmacovigilance obligations, including the reporting of adverse reactions and other safety data by investigators, where applicable; the financial contributions/payment terms of the contract.
25mmary of the recommendations of the ADVANCE Code of conduct for collaborative vaccine studies. aprotocol is drafted as one of the first step in any research projects 18. The process for reaching an agreement on the design options of the study is agreed beforehand 17. Study protocol is developed by persons with relevant expertise 22. Detailed draft protocol undergoes independent scientific review 19. Protocol includes a section with ethical considerations involved and information on funding, affiliations, potential conflicts of interest, data protection and incentives to subjects. Protocol is approved by relevant research ethics committee 23. Protocol is registered in publicly accessible database before the start of data collection 20. Protocol includes description of each party to study design, protocol writing and work programme 21.
All study team members act in accordance with core values of honesty, accuracy and objectivity 3. Study team members adhere to IEA Good epidemiological practice and ISPE Good pharmacoepidemiological practices 2. Scientific 4. Study is conducted without undue influence of any financial, commercial, 5. Autonomy of members of study team for making scientific independence institutional or personal interest in a particular outcome of the study decisions in their organisation is documented 6. Scientific independence is safeguarded by clear and transparent roles and responsibilities, peer review process, transparency measures and disclosure of all funding sources 3. Transparency 7. Study is registered in a publicly accessible database before the start of data 11. Final study report or summary is uploaded in publicly collection or extraction accessible database where study is registered 8.
Research contract includes a conflicts description of the management of conflicts of interest. All DoI are made publicly available 5. Study protocol 16. A study 6. Study report 26. Set of principles are followed for reporting results including 27. STROBE statement and internationally agreed guidelines are documentation of important safety concerns and deviations from protocol or consulted when analysing and reporting data statistical analysis plan, sources affecting data quality, strengths and limitations, and sources of funding 28. Draft study report undergoes independent scientific review 29. Study report or summary of the results is included in the publicly accessible database 7. Publication 30. All study results are made publicly available. Authorship of publications 32. Preliminary or partial results of discontinued study are follows the rules of ICMJE reported and identified as such 31.
Data sharing will normally concern only the anonymised analytical dataset. 37. Data should be shared only after the study report has been finalised. 38. Sharing of study data must be based on a written request specifying the ground of the request, the nature of the data requested and a protocol on the analyses to be conducted. It is the responsibility of the study team to verify the compli- ance of the request with the data protection legislation and to seek approval or ask advice from concerned persons or committees, including, if relevant, the data controller, the data custodian and the ethics committee. 39. Requests for data sharing must be made on specific grounds with a justification based on public health interest, including: To corroborate the study results if there is evidence of conflicting results with different studies addressing the same research question, or in case of suspected method- ological issues which might impact on the study outcome (such as the statistical analysis performed); To perform additional research based on the data, such as a patient-based meta-analysis, sub-group analyses, accounting for confounding factors, use of alternative sta- tistical methods, or testing of new hypotheses with pub- lic health impact;.
Example of application: the quasar 3C273 The model has been successfully applied to the quasar 3C273 giving a very good description of its broadband emission from radio to very-high energies. The resulting SED is given in figure  2. s -1 ] log(ν) 10 R s < Z < 1e3 R s 1e3 R s < Z < 1e5 R s 1e5 R s < Z < 1e7 R s 1e7 R s < Z < 1e9 R s Total emission Data from  Turler et al (1999)  Figure  2 : SED of 3C 273 -modeling compared to data from  [25]. In blue the synchrotron emission, in green the SSC and in purple the external Compton. In red is the torus emission and in orange is the multicolor accretion disc completed with a power-law describing the hot corona emission between 0. 02 and 200 keV. Different emission zones in the jet are represented with different dotted lines. As one can see the different processes and different altitudes explain different parts of the observed SED and the complete jet is required to explain the whole emission.
, 1996; Mohapatra and Nau 2005). The cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 seems to play an antiinflammatory and analgesic role via the inhibition of TRPV1 by dephosphorylating the T144 and T370 sites in a Ca 2+ / calcineurin-dependent manner, reducing the release of CGRP  (Patwardhan et al. , 2006; Jeske et al. , 2006). These data show the potential effects of calcineurin inhibitors on TRPV1 desensitization and suggest cannabinoids as new therapeutic drugs for CNI, hyperalgesia, itching, and pain.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the  Uriage Dermatological Laboratories, Courbevoie, France. The authors wish to thank the entire team of the  Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest  ( EA4685 ). O. G. has received research grants from  Uriage. NL has received research grants from  BASF ,  Johnson & Johnson. C. L. G. I. has received research grants from  Beiersdorf ,  Clarins ,  L'Oréal, Natura, Pierre Fabre. L. L. has worked for Uriage. L. M. has received research grants from  Almirall ,  BASF, Beiersdorf, Bioderma, Celgene, Clarins, Expanscience, Galderma, Johnson & Johnson, L'Oréal, Natura, Pierre Fabre, Sofibel, Solabia, Uriage.
S32 The American Journal of Medicine, Vol 130, No 6S, June 2017 agents all act by stimulating tissue glucose uptake. If recent data that indicate metformin acts mainly in the intestine are correct,  46  this would suggest that metformin (which is generally considered cardioprotective  47  ) may also act to relieve glucose toxicity, albeit to a lesser extent than SGLT2 inhibitors, by a mechanism that is not yet understood. Decreases in glucose flux associated with SGLT2 inhibitors could also modulate inflammatory processes that may contribute to cardiovascular disease. For example, inflammatory M1 macrophages preferentially utilize glucose through the glycolysis pathway. Thus, SGLT2 inhibitor treatment could act to dampen the inflammatory response, possibly affecting processes in vascular endothelial cells that could contribute to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.
This work was supported by  Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Writing support was provided by  Debra Brocksmith ,  MB ChB, PhD , of  Envision Scientific Solutions , which was contracted and funded by  Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The author received no direct or indirect compensation related to the development of the manuscript. , was involved at all stages of manuscript development, and approved the final version that reflects the author's interpretation and conclusions. Boehringer Ingelheim was given the opportunity to review the manuscript for.
Acknowledgments We thank  Jean-Michel Morel  and the anonymous reviewers for valuable suggestions. Work partly founded by  BPIFrance  and  Région Ile de France , in the framework of the  FUI 18 Plein Phare project , the  European Research Council  (advanced grant Twelve Labours n. 246961), the  Office of Naval research (ONR  grant  N00014-14-1-0023 ),  ANR - DGA  project  ANR-12-ASTR-0035 ,  Duke University  and  CCDT of Universidad de la República.
This water presents a low mineralization level (electrical conductivity (EC) around 50 lS cm À1 ) and its chemical compo-sition did not interfere with the artificial tracing experiments. The natural background concentration of the tracers used during the experiment was estimated using data collected bi-weekly over a three year period (2011-2013) before the two experiments. TDR sensors were used to measure the soil volumetric water content (VWC), before, during and after the sprinkling events. Changes in soil moisture and movements of the wetting front were estimated with 5 water content reflectometers (WCR -CS616,  Campbell Scientific, 2011 Ltd. ). The sensors were installed horizontally at 10 cm depth and vertically between 50 and 80 cm depth (Fig. 2 ). Additionally, a multi-parameter WCR sensor (CS650, Campbell Scientifics Ltd.
Estimating celerity from MICS Wetting front celerities were calculated from the depths of the infiltration delimited with MICS and for each of the 4 grouping criteria (Section 3. 2. 2). Celerities were computed considering the topographic position of the three VWC profiles (positions corresponding to S1, S2 and S3 in Fig. 2 ) at different times. MICS celerity was computed at the correspondent location in the ERT profile. The maximum depth reached is divided by the elapsed time, corresponding to the time interval of the three ERT data sets, recorded respectively 70, 175 and 280 min after start of salt sprinkling.
Acknowledgments Research funded by  National Research Fund of Luxemburg (FNR)  core project  ECSTREAM  ( C12/SR/40/8854 ) and the  Luxembourg Institute for Science and Technology (LIST). The authors would like to thank all the colleagues that helped during the long field campaigns:  Jean François Iffly ,  Giovanni Corato ,  Jay Frentress ,  Cristina Moragues Quiroga ,  Michael Schwab ,  Carlos Eduardo Wetzel ,  Núria Martínez Carreras ,  Marta Antonelli ,  Olivier Faber ,  Renaud Hostache ,  Jerôme Juilleret  and  Aina Martínez Useros. François Barnich  and  Delphine Collard  are thanked for the chemical analysis. Jay Frentress  and  Rémi Clement  are thanked for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
1987 , Bayer & Kubitzki 2003 , Morat & Chalopin 2003 , 2005 , 2007). Its monophyly appears confirmed by phylogenetic data  (Wilkie et al. 2006) , although this study included only two accessions of Acropogon, A. bullatus  (Pancher & Sebert 1874 : 214) Morat (1986 publ. 1987: 361) , and A. dzumacensis  (Guillaumin 1920 : 122) Morat (1986 publ. 1987: 361). Material of an undescribed species of Acropogon was recently collected in mesic forests of the southwestern Grande-Terre. In this paper, we describe this imposingly tall, new Acropogon species as a further example of the overlooked richness of this threatened habitat type. We provide a risk of extinction assessment based on the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2012), along with line drawings and color photos, a comparison of its morphological features to the most similar members of the genus, A.
Acknowledgements We thank  Thomas le Borgne  who made important collections and observations, and allowed us to use his photographs of the new species, Daniel and  Irène Létocart ,  Jacqueline Ounémoa ,  Dominique Fleurot ,  Vaimoana Fogliani ,  Marc Deschamps ,  Laure Barrab  and  Nicolas Anger  for enthusiastic help in the field,  Jean-François Butaud  for his picture of A. veillonii and for data related to this species. We are grateful to the team at the  NOU herbarium (IRD, Nouméa) Sophie Van Ganse & Jacqueline Tinel ,  Giliane Karnadi-Abdelkader  at  IAC  herbarium for mounting and computerizing the specimens, MEL for providing scans, P for access to collections,  MPU  for facilities, and to  Laurence Ramon  for providing the fine illustration. Thanks to  Christian Mille  and  Thierry Salesne  for insect identification, and to  Fabrice Brescia ,  Guillaume Lannuzel  and  Philippe Morat  for their personal communications.
Introduction Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWNe) are magnetized clouds of relativistic particles thought to be accelerated by a pulsar, that may be found in the inner regions of a supernova remnant (SNR). The composite SNR MSH 15-52 and the central compact object that has been identified as the pulsar PSR B1509-58 have been observed in X-rays and also in radio wavelengths. In 2005, VHE γ-ray emission was discovered by the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H. E. S. S. ), using 22. 1h of data, and the emission morphology was described as an elliptical Gaussian  [1]. In this proceeding, we use a larger dataset of H. E. S. S. observations, from 2004 until 2014, consisting of the H. E. S. S. phase I era where events are reconstructed from an array of four 12-m sized Cherenkov telescopes. We have more than twice the statistics of the discovery paper, in order to disentangle the morphology of MSH 15-52.
Model v1R+G : X-ray template × R α + Gaussian component As seen in Fig. 2  (middle column), the positive residuals between the v1R model and the dataset indicate strongly that one needs to take into account another component in the model, hinting that it should be located around the southern part of the PWN in MSH 15-52. Therefore, we added a geometrical component to our previous model : a symmetrical Gaussian component. We also explored the possibility to add other types of components such as a shell or a disk. The results of the fitting procedures indicate that the Gaussian component better suits our data. This model will be mentioned as the "v1R+G" model for the rest of the discussion.
Conclusion In this proceeding we have discussed the morphology of the composite SNR MSH 15-52 in the VHE band using H. E. S. S. I data (Sect. 2. 1). We also used a synchrotron X-ray template in the [4 -7] keV band in order to track the emission in γ-rays via IC scattering (Sect. 2. 2). We have found that our best model for adequately fitting the shape of the source, is the model "v1R+G" (see Sect. 3. 1. 3 and Table  1 ), in which the X-ray emission is linked to the assumption on the magnetic field depending on the projected distance as something similar to B ∝ R -1 2 and the more extended γ-ray emission is modelled by an added Gaussian of σ ∼ 7 , bearing 65% of the total flux. Furthermore we present some scenarios regarding the behaviour on the leptonic population of the system, based on the characteristic age, size and shape of the SNR MSH 15-52 and the pulsar PSR B1509-58 within.
Surgical therapy Beyond establishing a histological diagnosis, the goal of surgery is to remove as much of the tumor as is safely possible with the goal of improving neurological function. Microsurgical techniques are standard. Several tools including surgical navigation systems housing functional MRI datasets, intraoperative MRI, ultrasound, intraoperative functional monitoring and the fluorescent dye, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), to visualize tumor tissue  14  help increase the extent of resection while keeping the risk of new neurological deficits low. The use of evoked potentials, electromyography or mapping in awake patients under local anesthesia to monitor and preserve language and cognition should support resections in eloquent areas. Preventing new permanent neurological deficits is more important than extent of resection because gliomas are not cured by surgery: this is precluded by tumor cell infiltration far beyond the lesion as delineated by neuroimaging and network-like growth, hallmarks of diffuse gliomas.
27 olecular marker studies in the CATNON trial are pending. A retrospective study of pooled datasets indicated that specifically patients with IDH-wildtype tumors with MGMT promoter methylation benefit from alkylating agent chemotherapy. 28 rst-line therapy informs on the choices of treatment in the recurrent setting. An indication for second surgery should be explored. For patients relapsing after radiotherapy re-irradiation is an option with a minimum in the range of 12 months interval since the end of the first RT course. However, size and patterns of recurrence limit the options of re-RT, and the overall efficacy remains uncertain; randomized data are lacking. Alkylating agent chemotherapy should be considered for chemo-naive patients who progress after RT, TMZ and nitrosoureas probably being equally effective.
Important questions remain: whether long-term survivors treated with RT plus PCV experience preserved cognitive function and quality of life  74  and whether the same improvement in OS could be achieved with TMZ/RT→TMZ. Long-term results from the NOA-04 show that chemotherapy alone is not superior to RT alone in either IDH-mutant and 1p/19qcodeleted anaplastic oligodendroglioma or IDH-mutant anaplastic astrocytoma, indicating that alkylating agent chemotherapy alone is unlikely to achieve the same outcome as RT combined with PCV. Whether TMZ/RT →TMZ is similarly effective as RT followed by PCV is explored in the modified CODEL trial (NCT00887146). Treatment at progression is influenced by type of and response to first-line treatment. If neither RT nor alkylating agents are options because they failed or because of intolerance, bevacizumab has been used,  75, 76  but is of unknown efficacy as controlled studies are lacking.
In the last years the method of cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) has gained popularity among soil hydrologists, physicists, and land-surface modelers. The sensor provides continuous soil moisture data, averaged over several hectares and tens of decimeters depth. However, the signal still may contain unidentified features of hydrological processes, and many calibration datasets are often required in order to find reliable relations between neutrons and water dynamics. Recent insights into environmental neutrons accurately described the spatial sensitivity of the sensor and thus allowed to quantify the contribution of individual sample locations to the CRNS signal. Consequently, data points of calibration and validation datasets are suggested to be averaged using a more physically-based weighting approach.
In this work, a revised sensitivity function is used to calculate weighted averages of point data. The approach is extensively tested with two calibration and four time series datasets from a variety of sites and conditions. In all cases, the revised averaging method robustly improved the performance of the CRNS product and even helped to reveal otherwise hidden hydrological processes. The presented approach increases the overall accuracy of CRNS products and will have impact on all their applications in agriculture, hydrology, and modeling.
Introduction Field-scale soil moisture is an important variable to drive and evaluate agricultural, hydrological, and land-surface models  (Vereecken et al. , 2008; Robinson et al. , 2008). Knowledge about soil moisture states at relevant scales would have direct implications for flood risk assessment  (Norbiato et al. , 2008) , real-time estimation of water deficit in agriculture  (Smith et al. ,  simple exponential decrease of sensitivity as was reported by  Zreda et al. (2008)  and  Desilets and Zreda (2013). This revision has since changed the way how CRNS measurements are interpreted. Their findings extensively describe the footprint volume in which soil water content is measured, and can now be used to develop new weighting approaches and to revisit previous data analysis. Heidbüchel et al.
(2016)  were the first to test the impact of the revised spatial sensitivity function on the performance of their calibration data. Encouraged by their promising results, the present study has hypothesized that this new theory could enable an improved performance of CRNS calibration and validation campaigns for a huge variety of sites and conditions. We further hypothesize that the initially published relation between neutrons and water equivalent  (Desilets et al. , 2010 ) might be widely applicable without the need to calibrate all of its parameters on site-specific conditions. Eventually, an over-all improvement of the CRNS data could help to identify hydrological effects more accurately (such as precipitation, ponding, evapotranspiration, and infiltration proccesses). The paper is structured as follows: Firstly, we present the equally weighted, the conventional, and the revised formulation of the spatial sensitivity function (also called weighting function).
We then provide a procedure to generate a weighted average of point measurements that can be compared with the CRNS product. The assumptions and uncertainties of this approach are then discussed, followed by a short description of measures used to evaluate the calibration and validation performance, and short descriptions of the studied sites. In the results section we present and discuss the sensor performance using the equal, conventional and the revised weighting approaches for calibration campaigns at two different sites, and for time series data at four sites.
(2010)  suggested the following theoretical relation: θ(N ) = 0. 0808 N/N 0 -0. 372 -0. 115 ,  (Desilets et al. 2010)  (1) where N 0 is a site-specific calibration parameter. It is determined once for each dataset by comparing the CRNS product, θ(N ), with the actual soil moisture condition in the field. However, neutrons are sensitive to all kinds of hydrogen in the footprint, hence the variable θ denotes not only soil moisture, θ sm , but is rather assumed to also include lattice water, θ lw , as well as water equivalent from soil organic carbon, θ org , and biomass, θ bio : θ = θ sm + θ lw + θ org + θ bio. For calibration and validation purposes, the water equivalent in the footprint volume is typically determined independently by an average of point measurements, for example from gravimetric samples or data from soil moisture monitoring networks.