dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Funding KHW and CH are supported by  Cancer Research UK  [grant number  RCCPDF\100007 ]. GR is supported by  Cancer Research UK  [grant number  C18281/A29019 ]. RCT is supported by the  Horizon 2020 Framework Programme  of the  European Union  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  grant agreement No  796216 , and by the  Instituto de Salud Carlos III  through the  Miguel Servet Program   CP21/00058. JR is funded by  KU Leuven, VIB  and the  Rega Institute. NJT is a Wellcome Trust Investigator ( 202802/Z/16/Z ), is the  PI of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children  ( MRC & WT 217065/Z/19/Z ), is supported by the  University of Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre  ( BRC-1215-2001 ), the  MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit  ( MC_UU_00011/1 ) and works within the  CRUK Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme  ( C18281/A29019 ).
Few studies investigated sex-related differences in care consumption after dialysis initiation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the care trajectory in the first year after dialysis start between men and women by taking into account the context of dialysis initiation. All patients who started dialysis in France in 2015 were included. Clinical data of patients and context of dialysis initiation were extracted from the Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (REIN) registry. Data on care consumption in the first year after dialysis start came from the French national health data system (SNDS): hospital stays <24h, hospital stays to prepare or maintain vascular access, hospital stays >24h for kidney problems and hospital stays >24h for other problems, and consultations with a general practitioner.
Study population The patients included in this retrospective study were adults with end-stage renal disease who initiated dialysis in France in 2015. Data were extracted from the Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (REIN) registry that collects data on all patients who initiate KRT in France  [18, 19] , and from the French national health data system (SNDS) that contains care consumption data. The restrictions due to French Personal data protection regulation (CNIL) prohibit the authors from making the minimal data set publicly available. The French REIN registry that received the agreement by the CNIL (Commission Nationale de l'Information et des Libertes) in 2010 (agreement number: 903188 Version 3). All involved subjects received an information leaflet before giving their verbal consent to participate.
This procedure was approved by the ethics committee. ii. As the REIN registry does not contain post-dialysis care consumption data, the French National Health Data System (SNDS) database was used. The SNDS contains the detailed care consumption data of 99% of the French population. Patients who initiated dialysis in 2015 and identified in the REIN registry were matched with data in the SNDS database using a previously described deterministic matching method  [20, 21]. Variables extracted from the SNDS database to describe care consumption in the first year after dialysis initiation were: consultations with a general practitioner (GP), hospital stays of >24 hours for kidney-related (S1 Table ) or other problems based on the International Classification of Diseases Codes, hospital stays to prepare or maintain vascular access, and hospital stays <24 hours (all diagnoses).
Description of the study population at dialysis initiation In 2015, 10,667 patients started dialysis in France, and 8,856 of them were included in this study after exclusion of patients without matching between the REIN and SNDS databases (90% could be matched) and without data on dialysis initiation context  [21]. The mean age of the included patients was 68 years, and 36% were women. Thirteen percent of patients have died in the year after dialysis initiation. Comparison of the sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics (Table  1 ) between sexes showed that men were more frequently smokers and former smokers, but they were more active and had better mobility than women. At dialysis initiation, men had more comorbidities (chronic respiratory disease, cirrhosis, active cancer, and cardiovascular disease), whereas women had more behavioral disorders (Table  2 ).
Comparison of post-dialysis care consumption by sex Among the 8,856 patients included in the study, 7,899 patients had at least one hospital stay in the year after dialysis initiation. Among the 42,106 hospital stays extracted from the SNDS database for these patients, 34% concerned women. Overall, 51% were hospital stays <24h, 4% were hospital stays >24h for kidney problems, 38% were hospital stays >24h for kidney-unrelated problems, and 11% were hospital stays to prepare or maintain the vascular access. In the first year after dialysis initiation, women had fewer hospital stays <24h and hospital stays >24h for kidney-unrelated problems compared with men (S3 Table ). Comparison of the number of consultations with a GP and hospital stays (any type) per person-year did not highlight any difference between sexes (Table  3 ).
These comorbidities can be easily controlled once dialysis has started. Conversely, women had more behavioral disorders and were less autonomous (more undernutrition, more incapacity to walk). These comorbidities cannot be controlled by starting dialysis, and this may explain the need of more frequent GP consultations. Moreover, reduced autonomy is a factor that may extend hospital stay duration. One of the principal strengths of this study is the use of data from the SNDS database and REIN registry. This allowed obtaining clinical and laboratory data at dialysis initiation and also information on the post-dialysis care trajectory, particularly consultations with a GP and hospital stays (causes and duration). Moreover, almost all patients who started dialysis in France in 2015 could be included.
Participants Between 28 August 2020 and 5 January 2022, 993 patients were screened in 15 medical wards at 12 hospitals. Originally, 20 wards were scheduled to participate in the study, but 5 did not enrol any patient and stopped participating in the study. A total of 268 patients were randomised (Fig. 1 ). One patient withdrew consent, so data for 267 patients (135 in the intervention group and 132 in the usual care group) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Characteristics of patients at inclusion were similar between groups (Table  1 ). The mean [SD] age was 59  [11. 5]  years, 71% of patients were male, and the mean [SD] body mass index was 28. 6  [4. 4]. The median SpO 2 was 96% [IQR, 94-98] at inclusion, and the mean flow of supplemental oxygen used was 3 L/min [IQR, 2-5] for 252 patients; 12 patients were receiving nasal high-flow oxygen on inclusion (median fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO 2 ] 0.
The FiO 2 range was from 0. 4 to 1. 0 in the prone position plus usual care group and from 0. 8 to 1. 0 in the usual care alone group e Blood gases were those sampled within 24 h before inclusion; data were missing for 11 and 8 patients in the intervention and usual care groups f The FiO 2 was estimated according to Wettstein et al. [23].
Similar results were found in the as randomized population. Conclusions: This trial suggests that there is an economic advantage to using the YEARS rule combined with the PERC rule and the age-adjusted D-dimer threshold in PERC-positive patients, as this strategy is non-inferior and less costly than the standard diagnostic strategy. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials. gov Identi er: NCT04032769; July 25, 2019 * YEARS score ranges from zero to three, 1 point per item: PE is the most likely diagnostic, hemoptysis, and clinical sign of deep vein thrombosis. ** One patient in the control group had CTPA and [V˙/Q˙] scan.
Cost-effectiveness analysis We followed a detailed health economics analysis plan developed before the end of the trial and last modi ed before the freezing of the trial database. We chose a cost-effectiveness analysis instead of a cost minimization procedure, with a non-inferiority margin of 1. 35%, as described in the published study protocol  (9). This economic evaluation of the innovative diagnostic strategy of PE followed the recommendations from the French national health authority and the reporting follows the CHEERS statement for single trial-based studies  (10). All data necessary for the economic analysis, including those covering medical resource use and major events, were collected prospectively within the MODIGLIA-NI trial. The primary medical outcome was the percentage of patients without diagnostic failure (de ned as venous thromboembolism (VTE) diagnosis at 3months after exclusion of PE during the initial ED visit).
Resource use and costs Resource use was collected prospectively in the electronic Case Record Form (eCRF) developed for the MODIGLIA-NI trial on the Cleanweb™ ® software, completed at the initial ED visit and for all hospitalizations at a three-months horizon. During the initial ED visit, data related to laboratory tests including D-dimer use, CTPA use, ventilation-perfusion [V/Q] scan use, and technical charges (for equipment and maintenance) were collected. The total length of stay of VTE related hospitalizations and discharge information (using the severity adjusted diagnostic related groups or DRGs) were extracted from the hospital information system for the index admission and subsequent admissions during the three-month follow-up period. The cost of laboratory tests was estimated from the French national tariffs of D-dimer testing, CTPA, [V/Q] scan and technical charges (Table  S1  in the Supplementary material).
The hospitalization costs were estimated from the French National Cost Study that collects yearly data at the patient level from a sample of public or not-for-pro t hospitals and estimates an average cost of production per DRG with 95% con dence intervals  (12). These costs include medical and related procedures, nursing care, treatments (except speci c expensive drugs), food and accommodation, and investment costs. Only direct medical costs were considered (13). The DRG-speci c costs were adjusted for actual length of stay of the study patients. Resource use collected for Spanish patients was standardized to French unit costs. Table  S1  in the supplementary material presents the calculation method, data sources and type of unit costs used.
Statistical analysis Analysis was conducted in both the per-protocol and as randomized populations. The per-protocol population excluded patients who did not meet all inclusion and non-inclusion criteria, were not treated using the strategy allocated to the ED, had a missing value for the primary end point, or had any other major protocol deviation identi ed during the data review just before the database was frozen. In the as randomized population, patients with missing values for the primary endpoint were classi ed as having a VTE. Baseline patient characteristics were described overall and for each group using the number (percentage) for categorical variables and the mean (SD) according to distribution for quantitative variables. Differences in costs and frequency of VTE were estimated using linear-regression mixed models, while adjusting for type of strategy, period, and strategy-by-period interaction as xed effects and cluster at the hospital-level as a random effect.
Funding This work was supported by a grant from  Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique -PHRC 2017 (French Ministry of Health). The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. The trial was sponsored by the  Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris [APHP] ;  Paris, France). The  Paris-East  ( URCEST ,  DRCI-APHP ) clinical research unit monitored the study by conducting on-site visits and handled the collection, storage, and analysis of the study data. ClinicalTrials. gov Identi er: NCT04032769 July 25, 2019.
Research needs on the intercomparison and tissue conductivity assignment are listed in the research agenda published by international standardization bodies  [6] ,  [7]. To resolve these issues, the Subcommittee 6 of IEEE ICES Technical Committee 95 launched a working group on a novel modeling technique for LF dosimetry. One goal of the working group is to conduct intercomparison studies using these novel learning-based models to provide scientific data used for deriving the exposure limits. Seven groups from organizations worldwide participated in this intercomparison study. Five human head models were developed using CondNet  [31]  and shared to all participants. Induced electric fields were computed by each group using their own developed computational codes. The averaged electric field in the skin, gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM) was reported for the comparison.
A. MODELS MRIs of five subjects from the Brain Multimodality Dataset  [33]  were used to develop voxel-based head models with a resolution of 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm. CondNet  [31]  was used for the automatic generation of the nonuniform models. CondNet is a deep learning convolutional neural network that enables the estimation of voxel dielectric properties, such as conductivity and permittivity, directly from MRI scans without segmentation. The network is designed to map the input anatomical images to conductivity maps of the human head. The network is trained using a standard data processing pipeline that considers the segmentation of several subjects to generate a training dataset, and then new subjects can be directly developed from MRI scans. In TABLE 1, the tissue conductivities used for training the network are listed  [8].
However, we fully agree that repeating the study with a larger sample size (n > 1000) as well as with appropriate sampling method would yield results that are more generalizable. The study was secondary analysis of data gathered during clinical trials  [3] [4] [5]. For this reason, we only included participants who were seeking online psychological interventions. However, as acknowledged in our study limitations, this population may not be a good representation of the clinical population that we see as well as all those who experience tinnitus. For this reason, the study results must be viewed with caution. We also agree that future research on this topic should be performed on clinical sample. The study was conducted completely online without any in-person consultation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Participants Participants included in the study were due to receive an invitation to the nationally organized Colo-Rectal Cancer (CRC) screening during the study period. Invitation is by an administrative letter sent every two years to those aged between 50 and 74 by a screening management structure. Invitations sent by the structure encourage people to consult their General Practitioner (GP) so that he delivers them the screening test, which is made at home and sent for analysis by mail to the laboratory. Results are sent back to the GP and the screening management structure, where the data were collected. Study participants were men and women aged from 50 to 74, invited to participate in the CRC screening. The inclusion criteria were: to be between 50 and 74 years old at the time of selection, to be covered by health insurance, to have their postal address located within the IRIS zone concerned, and to be included in the register of persons eligible for organised colorectal cancer screening.
Being included in this register led to an automatic invitation to screening every 2 years. The exclusion criteria were not being included in the registry because of a change of residence, lack of insurance coverage, or ineligibility for screening (history of colorectal cancer, or at high or very high risk of colorectal cancer, and therefore followed up elsewhere). Data on participation in screening in the 2 years prior to the start of the study were collected retrospectively from the screening management structures for all participants. Participants were followed prospectively for 2 years after the implementation of the intervention. 1 year during which the navigators carried out their intervention and 1 year for the collection of screening data.
Ethnographic study In order to capture the context influence on the PN mode of operation a qualitative analysis was performed by an ethnographer. Participants were the five navigators, and people targeted by the Colonav PN intervention, met by the navigator during the survey (3 days spent in immersion with the PN). This survey was based on qualitative methods: Observations were ethnographic in nature. These observations consisted on the one hand of semidirective interviews and on the other hand of on-site observations. The latter were participatory in the sense that the researcher is not external to the action but interacts with the actors involved. Local involvement of the researcher was preferred to exteriority of vision. The data from on-site observations were recorded, in the most exhaustive way possible, in a field journal by the researcher.
Introduction: Climate change (CC) has been identified as the biggest global health threat of the 21st century. Although health care facilities (HCF) play a central role in the care of populations, there has been no comprehensive assessment of the impact of CC on HCF. The objective of our study was to highlight the components of HCFs affected by CC through a mapping review of the literature. Methods: To meet our objective, we first assessed the place of HCFs in relation to CC in the scientific literature and in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. Bibliometric data from the PubMed database were analyzed between 1979 and 2021 to assess the penetration of keywords on CC alone, and in relation to health and HCF in particular. Second, we analyzed the changes in HCF keywords in the IPCC reports.
Finally, we conducted a mapping review in five databases, of the international scientific literature published between 1979 and 2019, and identified the components of HCF affected by CC using the Ishikawa diagram. Results: From the 2000s, the number of publications on CC and HCF increased gradually with 137 articles in 2005, and even more sharply since 2008 with 358 articles published and 813 in 2021. Even though CC is only recently present in the biomedical literature, all climatic events (warming and heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, storms, hurricanes and cyclones, floods and sea-level rise, and other indirect effects) have had an impact on at least one component of HCF. Conclusion: HCFs are already impacted, in all their components, by CC. By enhancing our understanding of the impacts of CC on HCF, this work could contribute to the engagement of health professionals in the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions, thereby limiting the consequences of CC on patient care.
Study design To meet the objective of our study, we proceeded in three stages. First, bibliometric data from the PubMed database between 1979 and 2021 were analyzed to assess the penetration of keywords on CC alone, and in relation to health and HCFs. Second, we analyzed changes in HCF keywords in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. Finally, we conducted a mapping review in five databases, of international scientific literature published between 1979 and 2019, and identified the HCF components affected by CC using the Ishikawa diagram, a validated risk analysis method  (Picarillo, 2018; Nathan and Kaplan, 2017).
Search strategy and selection criteria to assess the penetration of keywords on CC alone, and in relation to health and HCF We compared, the number of articles published in the PubMed database between 1979, when the first World Climate Conference was held in Geneva (Switzerland), and 2021, based on the three themes of: CC alone, CC and health, and CC and HCF. Regarding CC, we used the keywords "climate change", "global warming", "climate variability", and "greenhouse effect", and for CC and health, the same keywords were used with the addition of "health", "disease", "mortality", and "morbidity", based on a previous study  (Verner et al. , 2016). Finally, the keywords used for the topic of CC and HCFs are those detailed in the PubMed database section in Table  1. In the search equation, MeSH terms were used, and we consequently added an additional column in Table  1  to indicate the keywords included in the searches we conducted (e.
Selection of databases and articles Databases including PubMed (medical), Scopus (life sciences), Science Direct (health), Cairn (humanities and social sciences) and GreenFile (environment) were used to retrieve papers published between January  1, 1979, and December 31, 2019. By adapting to the specifics of each database, keywords were sought out in several Englishlanguage reference medical dictionaries by a reviewer (JG) and selected by the team members (JG, VM and SAT) once a consensus had been reached, after a series of pilot tests. Search equations for each database are detailed in Table  1. To complete the research, grey literature including reports from international organizations (WHO, World Meteorological Organization, and IPCC) and learned societies were screened. We did not restrict our scope to a specific health facility.
Results The number of articles published in PubMed database between and 2021 on CC, CC and health, and CC and HCFs, and contextualized with major international conferences, decisions, and reports are summarized in Fig. 1. For CC, the number of scientific articles published was stable at less than 10 per year until 1987. Since 1988, when the IPCC was created, the number of published articles gradually increased until (108 articles), and more pronouncedly until 2021 (10,304 articles). Concerning CC and health, it was only in 1989 that more than 5 articles were published after which the number continued to increase, with an acceleration publications in the mid-2000s (458 articles in 2008 and 3731 in 2021). Finally, regarding CC and HCFs, the number of articles published was much lower (59 articles in 2005), but then increased (216 articles in 2013 and 323 in 2020).
The milestone of 300 articles published per year was reached for CC, CC and health, and CC and HCFs in 2001, 2008 and 2019 respectively. The number of scientific publications related to CC and HCF found in the databases searched between 1979 and 2021 are detailed in Fig. 2. In 1979, 24 articles were published. During the 16 years that followed, the number of articles per year never exceeded this number. For example, in 1988, when the IPCC was established, the number of articles published was 12 and in 1992, when the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was negotiated and signed, 23 articles were published. From the 2000s, the number of publications increased gradually with 137 articles in 2005, when the Kyoto Protocol came into force, and even more sharply since 2008 (358 articles published) and in 2021 (813).
Discussion To our knowledge, for the first time, this study has identified the HCF components affected by CC through a mapping review of the literature, between 1979 and 2019. In addition, we compared the level of penetration of keywords of CC alone and linked to health and HCF in a medical database between 1979 and 2021, and in the IPCC reports. The subject of CC was long absent from the PubMed medical database. It was not until the early 2000s that the subject gained in visibility. This increase took place a few years after the initiation of the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World, adopted following the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction in 1994, which  provided landmark guidance on disaster risk reduction (International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, 1994).