dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Conclusion Uncertainties during disasters like a pandemic can change customer behavior, significantly impacting SC management. There is an evident need for organizations to plan and invest in the tools to identify and manage misinformation. We present the MISCD model that can be used to analyze misinformation sharing in online platforms and its impact on SC. We analyzed the data from multiple news sources and user comments from numerous e-commerce websites across three studies for big data-driven computationally intensive theory building. Our findings indicated that the primary cause of this disruption is UIS on the internet amongst users, contributing to demand variation that disrupts the entire SC. We highlight how organizations should proactively manage misinformation in SC through monitoring SMP, collaborating with fact-checking organizations, and collaborating with SC partners.
As such, Ghana represents a new market untainted by crowdfunding experience, where crowdfunding carries specific promise in improving female participation in financial activity in an otherwise gender inequal social environment. Hence, we conduct our analyses based on survey data collected from 403 respondents at a Ghanaian university. Data analyses employed Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and a series of quality tests alleviating concerns with various potential biases. Our results show that females exhibit significantly higher levels of contribution intentions (hereafter 'CCI'), perceived risk, homophily, and prosocial orientation, as well as significantly lower levels of selfefficacy. Moreover, when examining how different aspects affect intentions differently in each gender group, we first find that self-efficacy has stronger effects on CCI in males.
Data collection and sample We collected data from postgraduate students at KNUST's (Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology) school of business during spring 2021, which has a population just over 1000 postgraduate students. We used in-class paper survey that was distributed to a total of 500 students after an in-class introduction to crowdfunding. This introduction was designed to be neutral, informative, and as a measure to ensure a common minimum understanding of the concept. We opted to sample postgraduate students as they better represent the working age adult public. The survey was conducted in English and was answered anonymously. A total of 456 respondents participated in the survey, of which returned surveys were useable. This number of observations was deemed sufficient, and surpassed the recommended minimum of respondents for structural equation modelling (SEM) analyses  [57].
Non-response bias Data was collected in different classes at different times, and students were also allowed to deliver the survey at later points in time, some responded earlier than others. To check for potential non-response bias, we followed a wave analysis  [6] , and tested for significant differences between early and late respondents. First, to ensure comparison between equally sized sub-samples, one observation from the male sample was randomly removed. Second, the early 101 male and 100 female respondents constituted the early response group, and the late 101 male and 100 female respondents constituted the late response group. Table  2  presents the analysis of mean differences between the groups with respect to age and general internet use patterns. Findings show no significant difference between the early and late respondents at 5% statistical significance.
Normality check We checked for both multivariate and univariate normality using the Mardia and Shapiro-Wilk tests. However, in both the male and the female samples, the Mardia test (p-value <0. 05) and the Shapiro-Wilk test (p-values <0. 05) indicate non-normal distribution in all items. Accordingly, we used the Satorra-Bentler rescaling method (robust maximum likelihood) for both measurement and structural models' estimations using the lavaan package in R-software  [93].
Measures As the factors in our models are not directly and objectively measurable, we used multi-item measures from earlier studies, while adjusting relevant wording to the crowdfunding context. All items were piloted and tested in an earlier study conducted in Finland as part of a larger research project and data collection effort  [99]. All items were adopted from relevant measures published earlier (see Table  3 ) and adjusted to the crowdfunding context. They were then subjected to review by twelve crowdfunding backers, and two platform managers. To further ensure clarity for the Ghanaian audience, they were also reviewed by two researchers of Ghanian origin. All items were assessed based on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "completely disagree" to 7 = "completely agree". Table  3  presents in detail the latent factors used, their items, and the sources from which they were adapted.
Accordingly, this may suggest that our findings differ due to the use of related yet different concepts when examining gender differences. Finally, we also find a weakly significant association between susceptibility to social influence in females, and non-significant association with CCI in males. Here, while technically we do find a non-significant gender difference in the extent to which susceptibility associates with CCI, the fact that the gender difference beta value is above 0. 1, and the association is weakly significant only in women, may suggest that such effect may still be evident and could be better captured through use of even larger datasets. This weak significance may be attributed to higher degrees of masculinity in Ghanian culture  [61] , which put premium on assertiveness and power  [60] , thereby constraining susceptibility to social influence in both genders.
Acknowledgments We thank the  Microscopy Platform-UMR7216 Epigenetic and Cell Fate center  for access to instruments and technical advice. We acknowledge the  ImagoSeine core facility  of the  Institut Jacques Monod , member of the  France BioImaging infrastructure  ( ANR-10-INBS-04 ) and  GIS-IBiSA  and the support of  La Ligue contre le Cancer  ( R03/75-79 ), in particular, we thank the Imagoseine cytometry platform,  Souganya Many  and  Daniil Korenkov  for technical assistance. We thank the cytometry platform of  St Louis Hospital-INSERM UMRS  976. We thank the animal facility of the  Jacques Monod Institute  and  Laetitia Pontoizeau  in particular, for taking good care of the Ftx KO colony for such a long time. We thank  Corinne Chureau  for her help in the generation of Ftx KO mice. We thank  Sophie Polo ,  Pierre-Antoine Defossez ,  Slimane Ait-Si-Ali  and  Jean-François Ouimette  for critical reading of the manuscript.
This study supported by the  ATIP/Avenir program  (to C. R. ) from the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  and from the  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medical (INSERM) , by  ERC  starting grant # 206875  (to C. R. ), by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)   ANR-nonCodiX-14-CE10-0017-01  (to C. R. ), by  La Ligue nationale contre le cancer  (to C. R. ).
Data collection lasted from March to September 2022. We collected qualitative unstructured data focused on managers employed by the firm at the time of research. Specifically, we concentrated on understanding how Generations X and Y managers frame digital environments and which mechanisms arise to cope with emerging tensions. Overall, the sample included 25 managers between 26 and 58 of age. Managerial profiles involve product managers, category managers, account managers, tender managers, middle managers, digital asset marketers, communication advisors, sales managers, interior architects, design managers, digital accelerators, global sales managers, and general senior managers. The sample is composed of 13 managers belonging to Generation X and 12 managers belonging to Generation Y.
B. Data Collection and Analysis We adopted a qualitative method based on semistructured interviews to develop our study. The semistructured interviews were conducted at the MNE's headquarters in The Netherlands. Each interview lasted about 60-90 min. In addition to the qualitative data from the interviews, we collected data from organizational documentation and the official website. In order to gain a more thorough and comprehensive understanding of the case study, we used a triangulation approach, incorporating data from various sources. This allowed us to capture a more nuanced and well-rounded view of the organizational practices we studied and to better align our findings with the realities within the organization. By using multiple sources of data, we were able to increase the validity and reliability of our findings, providing a more robust and accurate depiction of the case study.
The data collected for this study were processed using an iterative grounded theory coding process. This involved regularly reviewing and analyzing the data as well as relevant literature to allow categories and themes to emerge from the material  [29]. We started the analysis by examining publicly disclosed materials, mainly based on information retrieved from the official firm website, articles in the business press, magazines, and some informal conversations with industry experts  [29]. As prescribed by grounded theory methodology  [29] , we employed a three-step coding process that involved a constant cross check of inferred information. In the first step, we generated open codings based on the in vivo codes present in the terminology used by the interviewees. Then, we used these codes to identify patterns and create first-order indicators  [40].
FUNDING This study was partly supported by:  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  project  DATAREDUX  ( ANR-19-CE46-0008-03 ) to VC;  ANRS-Maladies Infectieuses Émergentes project EMERGEN  ( ANRS0151 ) to VC;  EU   Horizon 2020  grants  MOOD  ( H2020-874850 ) to VC;  Horizon Europe  grant  ESCAPE  ( 101095619 ) to VC.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS Mobile phone data are proprietary and confidential. We obtained access to these data from the Orange Business Service Flux Vision within the framework of the research project ANR EVALCOVID-19 (ANR-20-COVI-0007). Access to the mobility data can be requested from Orange on a contractual basis. Hospitalization data were obtained from the SIVIC dataset  57. Estimates for seasonal transmissibility were obtained from the authors of Ref. 29. Vaccination data are available from the French Government data hub (https://www. data. gouv. fr/en/datasets/donneesrelatives-aux-personnes-vaccinees-contre-la-covid-19-1/); the normalcy index is available from The Economist.
The ⍺ level was set at. 05. Significant interactions involving a numerical variable (e. g. number of lessons) were explored by computing linear trends by condition (function emtrends in emmeans). Significant interactions between categorical variables were explored by computing contrasts by condition (function emmeans 5  ). Holm's procedure was used to control for multiple comparisons when exploring interactions. Analyses scripts are available on the Github repository of the project: https://github. com/charlusb/Analyses_Eurekamaths.
Teaching phase Introduction to great circles. Participants were given a one-page document defining the "great circles" of a sphere as circles that have the same radius as the sphere on which they are drawn. This introduction also provided illustrations of great circles drawn at various orientations. A translated version of this document is accessible on the Github repository of the project (https://github. com/charlusb/Analyses_Eurekamaths). Lessons. Participants were given 1 to 7 lessons about straight lines in spherical geometry. The lessons used simple physical models to explain why great circles correspond to straight lines on the sphere, but smaller circles do not. These models were: rolling a toy car on a ball (the car can be rolled along a great circle, but not along a small circle; 2 lessons), applying scotch tape on a ball (the tape wrinkles if applied along a small circle, but remains smooth if applied along a great circle; 2 lessons), pinning a rubber band on a ball (the rubber band naturally aligns with a great circle; 2 lessons), and flight routes (flight routes seem curved when mapped on a planisphere, but prove to be the shortest route and a portion of a great circle when mapped on a globe; 1 lesson).
A translated version of the lessons can be found on the Github repository of the project: https://github. com/charlusb/Analyses_Eurekamaths). For each teaching condition, different orders of presentation were created to ensure that each lesson appeared in each position, and that a given lesson was not always followed or preceded by the same lesson. To encourage the participants to study the lessons in depth, we asked them to write a summary of each lesson just after reading it. We also asked them to rate whether they found the lesson convincing, on a scale graded from 0 to 10. These judgments of convincingness were collected twice: a first time after reading each lesson, and a second time for all lessons together (except for the group who received only one lesson to read, as this would have resulted in asking the exact same question twice in a row).
Acknowledgements This study was funded by an  ANR  grant to  VI (JCJC Geometries ,  ANR-17-CE28-0011-01 ), and a doctoral grant from  Sorbonne Université  to CB. We thank  Valeria Giardino ,  Arnaud Viarouge ,  Andrew Shtulman ,  Emmanuel Sander ,  Jérôme Sackur ,  Claire Sergent ,  Franck Ramus ,  Olivier Mascaro ,  Laurianne Cabrera ,  Lola de Hevia ,  Judith Vergne ,  Timothé Bonhoure  and  T. R. Virgil  for useful discussions.
Background: This study aims to describe the attractiveness of surgical specialties and the evolution of the male-female distribution among French medical graduates (FMG) from 2017 to 2022. Methods: Our database included the candidates' ranking, sex and choice of specialty from 2017 to 2022. It included all French medical graduates from 2017 to 2022 and all French medical schools. A linear regression was performed to predict future trends. Dependent variables were median and mean rankings and the percentage of women. The independent variable was year of application. A Pearson correlation was performed to examine any relationship with mean workweek. Results: A total number of 5,270 residents chose a surgical programme between 2017 and 2022. The number of residents who were assigned their desired surgical programme held stable at 878±10 surgical residents per year.
05 (two-sided) was considered signi cant. Additionally, we thought it interesting to correlate the mean AI of each subspecialty with the mean workweek (in hours per week) of each subspecialty with a Pearson correlator(r). We used SPSS version 25 for all analyses (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY, US) and Prism database (GraphPad Prism 5; Graph Pad Software, San Diego, California) for gures.
2%) are female and 350 (47. 3%) are URMs (21. 6% Black, 11. 2% Asian, 8. 5% Hispanic/Latino, and 5. 3% other). Rutherford classification is distributed differently between sexes (P ¼. 019). Treatment indication differs among race/ethnicity groups (P ¼. 003). Chronic limb-threatening ischemia was higher for Black (38. 3%) and Hispanic/Latino (28. 1%) patients compared with non-Hispanic White (21. 8%) and Asian patients (21. 4%). De-novo stenosis was higher in Asian patients (92. 3%) compared with Black, non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic/Latino patients (72. 2%, 68. 7%, and 77. 8%, respectively; P <. 001). Mean lesion length was longest for Black patients (162. 7 mm), then non-Hispanic White (135. 2 mm), Asian (134. 8 mm), and Hispanic/Latino patients (128. 1 mm; P ¼. 008). Conclusions: Analyses of data from the ELEGANCE registry show that differences exist in baseline disease characteristics by sex and race/ethnicity; these may be the result of other underlying factors, including time to diagnosis, burden of undermanaged comorbidities, and access to care.
12  One hypothesized barrier includes hesitancy to participate in clinical research in populations disproportionately affected by PAD who have historically had reason to mistrust the medical establishment. Furthermore, the study designs used in many clinical trials have helped to reinforce these disparities in trial participation. Study planning teams, steering committees, site investigators, and research teams lack diversity in racial, ethnic, and sex composition. This lack of demographic concordance between personnel and providers recruiting into PAD studies may reinforce mistrust and hesitancy and may even be a cause of systemic bias in even offering trial enrollment. [13] [14] [15] [16]  The ELEGANCE Registry (Drug-Eluting Registry: Real-World Treatment of Lesions in the Peripheral Vasculature, clinicaltrials.
gov identifier: NCT04674969) is a prospective registry aiming to enroll up to 5000 patients with PAD treated with any commercially available Boston Scientific drug-eluting device (DED) marketed for the treatment of lesions in the peripheral vasculature (ELUVIA drug-eluting vascular stent system and/or Ranger paclitaxel-coated percutaneous transluminal angioplasty balloon catheter; Boston Scientific Corporation) and follow them for 5 years. The study aims to enroll at least 40% women and 40% URMs across the entire registry, with the empowerment of the study steering committee to intentionally include study design components which will help achieve these enrollment goals. Presented here are the strategies ELEGANCE is using to support increased enrollment of women and URMs as well as the baseline characteristics of the first 750 enrolled patients.
METHODS Study design. ELEGANCE is a prospective global, nonrandomized, open-label, multi-center registry initiated with the objective of collecting real-world data on clinical outcomes following endovascular treatment of PAD-associated lesions with DEDs, with an emphasis on enrolling $40% women and $40% URMs, globally. For the purposes of the ELEGANCE registry, URM is defined as anyone identifying as other than non-Hispanic White (can include multiracial individuals). This definition of URM is applied across the entire registry, regardless of the country in which a patient is enrolled. The registry will enroll up to 5000 patients, with an initial target of 1500 patients. Up to 100 sites may be included worldwide; each investigational center's institutional review board/ethics committee must approve the protocol prior to enrolling patients.
ELUVIA and Ranger are indicated for use in the superficial femoral arteries and proximal popliteal arteries, and Boston Scientific Corporation only recommends use of these devices in the specified arteries; however, it is important to note that some physicians use these devices off-label for lesions in the common femoral and iliac arteries at their discretion. Given the real-world ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS d Type of Research: Interim analyses of the multicenter prospective Drug-Eluting Registry: Real-World Treatment of Lesions in the Peripheral Vasculature (ELEGANCE) data nature of ELEGANCE, data regarding use of these devices in the treatment of both indicated and off-label lesions is being collected. The exclusion criterion is life expectancy <1 year. In cases where patients have had multiple lesions treated, every lesion treated with a Boston Scientific Corporation DED during the index procedure is considered a target lesion.
Index procedure. Patients enrolled in the study are instructed to be treated per their physician and institution's standard of care. The index procedure will use diagnostic angiography with standard techniques for the lower extremities. Device preparation and placement should follow the device instructions for use. Lesions not treated by any of the study devices are considered as concomitant lesions. Data were not collected on concomitant lesions unless treated with a non-study paclitaxel-containing device. Follow-up protocol. All patients will be evaluated per their local standard of care for up to 5 years; as enrollment is anticipated to be completed in 24 to 48 months, the total study duration is estimated to be 7 to 9 years. Timepoints for data collection are at baseline/procedure, 30 days (patient preference survey only), 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months, per each region and/or institution's standard of care; of those, the 6-, 12-, and 24-month visits should be in-office, while those thereafter may be inoffice or remote (Supplementary Table  I , online only).
Information regarding medical therapy administered post-treatment is collected as part of these appointments; however, compliance with such regimens is not collected. The study will be considered complete after all patients have completed the 60-month follow-up visit, discontinued prior to the 60-month follow-up visit, have died, or the follow-up visit window is closed. Patients withdrawn from the study for any reason will be asked to continue to participate in such a capacity as their medical status allows to confirm survival (ie, telephone contact or medical chart review). Study data collected prior to withdrawal may be consulted or used prior to or after withdrawal. Outcome measures. Outcome measures for the clinical cohort are detailed in Table  I. Briefly, outcomes measures being evaluated for clinical cohort patients include changes from baseline assessments of disease and lesion characteristics, target lesion revascularization, major adverse events, adverse device effects, and deaths (Table  I ).
2% and 46. 7% enrolled, respectively. In this interim analysis, significant differences were found in baseline data at both the patient and lesion level across these sociodemographic subgroups, supporting the importance of this novel registry for improving care for under-represented patients. There is an overall lack of robust data regarding PAD in women, as many studies have not reported results by sex. 4  Among the first 750 patients enrolled in ELEGANCE, significant differences were found by sex with regard to smoking history and severity of disease (specifically, distribution of Rutherford classification). Women had a lower rate of prior smoking compared with men; this is in line with what has been reported previously. 4, [22] [23] [24]  Furthermore, women in this analysis had a significantly higher rate of Rutherford class 4 disease at presentation, as compared with their male counterparts.
Mean lesion length was significantly longer for Black/African heritage patients than for other race/ethnicity subgroups. These findings parallel results from smaller studies and likely explain prior reports of worse longterm limb outcomes among minority patients, in particular, Black patients. [5] [6] [7]  One strength of the ELEGANCE registry study is the targeted study design aimed at increasing representation of women and URMs who have previously not been included as often in clinical PAD research. These methods include, but are not limited to, creating a diverse steering committee, careful site and site investigator selection, and extensive patient education. Additional strengths of the ELEGANCE registry include the large international sample size, the comprehensive nature of the data collection (including social determinants of health), and the prospective nature and follow-up schedule.