dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Special issue statement. This article is part of the special issue "Surface emissions for atmospheric chemistry and air quality modelling". It is not associated with a conference. Acknowledgements. The research leading to these results has received funding from the ECMWF CAMS_81 Global and Regional Emission project coordinated by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS; Claire Granier) and by the TNO (Hugo Denier van der Gon). Special thanks go to the group of Alex Guenther (Biosphere-Atmosphere Interaction group, University of California, Irvine) for development and provision of the MEGAN model code and data. We also acknowledge the colleagues who kindly provided their emission inventories for the data comparison in this study. Financial support. This research has been supported by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), which is implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) on behalf of the European Commission (grant no.
072, 0. 074, and 0. 076 in Ersa, Barcelona, and Lampedusa, respectively), or the frequency of monthly mean values above 0. 04 (27 %, 31 %, and 34 %, respectively). The months with POLDER-3 mean derived FMF greater than 50 % represent a frequency of 10 % over the whole monthly data set in Barcelona (Fig. 5d ) and 0 % in Lampedusa (Fig. 6d ). Compared to their frequency in Ersa (17 %, Fig. 4d ), POLDER-3 retrievals suggest that the influence of fine particles is more frequent in Ersa, possibly due to the transport of polluted air masses from highly industrialized regions (Po Valley, Marseille-Fos-Berre, for example) in the northern part of the basin  (Mallet et al. , 2016). These features could also reflect the high influence of desert dust at Lampedusa and to less extent at Barcelona, which may partly hide the possible influence of fine aerosols of anthropogenic origin at these two sites.
(2016). Our results strongly support the significant improvement in air quality for the fine-mode aerosol component over the Western Mediterranean region, with much less evidence of such a large-scale evolution for the coarse fraction. POLDER-3 analysis shows that aerosol year-to-year evolution over the period 2005-2013 is marked by significant positive trends of occurrences of clean conditions in terms of fine particles (classified as AOD F 865 nm below 0. 05), between +2 % yr -1 and +4 % yr -1 over the whole region. In Barcelona, for instance, clean conditions recorded by POLDER-3 AOD F were as frequent as 75 % in the period 2010-2013. Overall, our analysis contributes to emphasize the capacity of evolved aerosol dedicated satellite data set in distinguishing multi-influenced pluriannual evolutions in regions undergoing complex aerosol contributions, as in the Mediter-ranean basin.
Acknowledgements. This work is part of the  ChArMEx  project supported by  CNRS-INSU ,  ADEME ,  Météo-France , and  CEA  in the framework of the multidisciplinary program  MISTRALS (Mediterranean Integrated Studies aT Regional And Local Scales ; https: //programmes. insu. cnrs. fr/en/mistrals-en/,last access:  19 August 2021 ). It has been supported by the  French National Program of Spatial Teledetection  (PNTS, https://programmes. insu. cnrs. fr/transverse/pnts/, last access:  19 August 2021 , project no. PNTS-2015-03 ). Lydie Mbemba Kabuiku was granted by the  French Envi-ronment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME)  and  National Center of Space Studies (CNES). LOA participates in the  CaPPA (Chemical and Physical Properties of the Atmosphere)  project funded by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  through the  PIA (Programme d'Investissement d'Avenir)  under contract  ANR-11-LABX-0005-01 , the  Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" and the "European Funds for Regional Economic Development (FEDER) ".
We would like to thank  Marc Mallet  and  Pierre Nabat  ( CNRM-Toulouse, France ) for fruitful discussions about the results of this paper. Financial support. This research has been supported by the  Institut national des sciences de l'Univers  (grant no. PNTS-2015-03 ). Review statement. This paper was edited by  Evangelos Gerasopoulos  and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
Overall, the study was conducted in >420 universities or HEIs (96% in France), the largest recruitment coming from the universities of Bordeaux, Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and Nice-Sophia-Antipolis. The MRi-Share ancillary study is a brain imaging study embedded within the i-Share cohort, which entails a brain MRI and a battery of cognitive tests  (13). The objectives of MRi-Share are (i) to characterize morphological and functional variability of the brain in young adults by building a database of morphological and functional MRI images, (ii) to describe the anatomical and functional brain architecture in this population, and (iii) to characterize brain connectivity and its relation with cognitive skills. To participate in MRi-Share, i-Share participants had to be aged between 18 and 35 years, to be registered in a University or HEI in the Bordeaux area, to have completed the i-Share baseline self-administered online questionnaire, and signed an informed consent.
MRI Protocol The MRI acquisition protocol for MRi-Share (13) was designed to emulate that of the UK biobank (UKB) MR imaging study  (14)  as much as possible, to enable combined analyses of the two databases, since early adulthood is currently not covered by the UKB design. MRIs were performed on a Siemens 3T Prisma scanner (Erlangen, Germany) with a 64-channel head coil (gradients: 80 mT/m-200 T/m/s), between November 2015 and November 2017 at the Bordeaux Institute of BIOimaging. The acquisition lasted about 45 min and included the following five sequences: T1-weighted (T1w) structural imaging (3D MPRAGE, sagittal acquisition, TR/TE/TI = 2,000/2. 0/880 ms, repeat × 2, 1 mm 3 isotropic, 192 × 256 × 256); T2weighted (T2w) FLAIR structural imaging (3D SPACE, sagittal acquisition, TR/TE/TI = 5,000/394/1800 ms, repeat ×2, 1 mm 3 isotropic, 192 × 256 × 256); Diffusion Weighted Imaging [DWI, axial acquisition, echoplanar imaging, TR/TE = 3,540/75.
Statistical Analyses To assess whether MRi-Share participants were representative of i-Share participants at large, we compared characteristics of i-Share participants recruited at universities or other HEIs in the Bordeaux area with respect to their participation in MRi-Share. We first conducted univariate analyses (analysis of covariance for continuous variables, chi-square or Fisher exact test for categorical variables). Second, we performed multivariable logistic regression including all variables associated with MRi-Share participation in univariate analyses with a p ≤ 0. 05 in the model. Third, we compared MRi-Share participants' characteristics according to the presence or absence of IFs. Finally, we extracted data from radiological and medical reports to give descriptive statistics: number and proportion of participants with IFs (any, referred, PSIFs) with their corresponding 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) when appropriate: overall, by type of diagnosis and severity; number of IFs.
Despite growing research and clinical interest in RIS, its epidemiology remains unclear. Data on its diagnosis in various settings and populations, its natural course, and predictors are sorely needed. Over half of RIS patients were recently shown to develop MS over 10 years of follow-up in the largest international series  (29). Whether to treat persons with RIS using MS DMT is debated and currently assessed in clinical trials (NCT02739542, NCT03122652), but clinical followup is strongly recommended to initiate treatment early if clinical symptoms arise. In terms of frequency, a systematic review based on autopsy studies and clinical registries of MRI data found a cumulative incidence of RIS of ∼0. 1%  (30). Hospital-based studies estimated a prevalence of 0. 05% in the broad age group of 0-90 years (0.
What This Study Adds and Future Directions To our knowledge this is the largest study on IFs in young adults in a research setting and the first that used a standardized protocol, optimized through consultations with ethics advisors, with two independent radiological readings of IFs. It is also the first to report on the management and severity of IFs in young adults. Moreover, although our results remain primarily descriptive, as in most of the literature on incidental findings, the fact that we used the same type of MRI scanner, the same image acquisition protocol, and the same IF definitions as in the UK biobank dataset, allows a qualitative comparison of findings. Our results provide novel insight into the frequency and severity of precisely defined IFs in young adults, and also shed new light on the nature of these IFs, which appears to differ notably from that in older adults.
CONCLUSION Our study provides some guidance on the expected frequency and severity of IFs on brain MRI in young healthy adults participating in research, an understudied group, and shows that the etiological pattern of these IFs is distinct from patterns described in older adults. White matter lesions revealing MS or RIS were the most common potentially serious IFs detected in our study. Altogether, our data may inform IF detection and management protocols in future research studies involving brain MRIs of young adults. Given the growing frequency of brain imaging research, with increasingly large samples and high resolution, our findings also highlight the need for expert guidelines on brain MRI IFs management. independent ethics advisory board of the i-Share study. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank members of the i-Share ethics council ( Dr. Annick Alpérovitch ,  Prof. Ali Benmakhlouf ,  Prof. Diane Purper-Ouakil ,  Dr. Pierre Chauvin , and  Dr. France Filiatrault ) and  Prof. Yann Joly  for their advice. The authors are indebted to the following individuals for their invaluable contribution to the  MRi-Share  project:  Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer ,  Sabrina Schilling ,  Serge Anandra ,  Amandine André ,  Christophe Bernard ,  Aurore Capelli ,  Claire Cardona ,  Arnaud Chaussé ,  Christophe Delalande ,  Vincent Durand ,  Louise Knafo ,  Maylis Melin ,  Caroline Roussillon ,  Nicolas Vinuesa , and the i-Share relay students. The authors also thank  Dr. Cécile Marchal ,  Dr. Guillaume Penchet ,  Dr. Cécile Dulau ,  Prof. Igor Sibon ,  Dr. Sabrina Debruxelles ,  Dr.
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON ADULT HEALTH Risk assessment The concentration of PM 2. 5 is an important metric to evaluate HAP risk, although studies have demonstrated significant variation in HAP-PM 2. 5 concentrations at household, community, and country levels. The global risk due to HAP exposure is needed, as financial and resource constraints render it difficult to monitor exposures in all relevant areas. 52 Bayesian, hierarchical HAP-PM 2. 5 global exposure model was developed using female HAP-PM 2. 5 kitchen exposure in peer-reviewed studies from an updated WHO Global HAP database. This approach generates unique HAP-PM 2. 5 kitchen concentrations and personal exposure estimates for all countries, including those with little to no available quantitative HAP-PM 2. 5 exposure data. The global exposure model can add specificity and reduce exposure misclassification to enable an improved global HAP risk assessment.
In the RIXS map such states thus get the shape of a V, with the tip corresponding to the equilibrium distance in the core excited state. Predictions using the simple model where the potential of the final state is assumed to be linear in the Franck-Condon region are shown in Fig. 4(c ). The agreement with the observations is striking, giving credibility to the simple model. From the agreement we can also conclude that the lifetime width of the final state does not contribute much to the width of spectral features. We also note an asymmetry in the V shaped structure which is not predicted by the simple theory [Fig. 4(c) ]. Including LVI also in this model, as described in Ref. [38] , reproduces an asymmetry and improves the agreement with the observations [Fig. 4(b) ]. To account for the data we have used the final state potential U f (r) = U 0 + Sr, where the slope S = -24 ± 2 eV/Å, U 0 = 48 ± 3 eV, r is the internuclear distance, and the errors are estimated by varying the parameters to the limits where the agreement with the experimental data significantly degrades.
Acknowledgements This project has received funding from the  European Union 's Horizon 2020-The  EU   Framework Programme for Research and Innovation  under grant agreement no. 646142. This publication has also emanated from research undertaken with the financial support of  Science Foundation Ireland (SFI)  and is co-funded under the  European Regional Development Fund  under Grant Number  13/RC/2073  and  13/RC/ 2073_P2. The authors also want to thank  Mr. Maciej Doczyk  for his help with the graphic illustrations. Mr. Anthony Sloan  ( Technical Writer-English ) acknowledged for his thorough assistance in finalizing the manuscript edits.
Methods Proxies of climate-driven energy demand for heating and cooling buildings. Surface temperatures used to be monitored at a daily time step before the digitization of meteorological data. Consequently, methods to estimate energy demand have also been based on temperature data with a daily time step. The Degree-Days methodology has long been used to estimate heating and cooling energy demand  12  , and relies on the link between human discomfort sensation and temperature variability  13, 14. The main assumption of the Degree-Days methodology is that the annual cumulative temperature above a temperature threshold (called base temperature, Tbase) of the daily mean temperature only (that we refer to as US calculation, Table  2 ), or in combination with daily minimum and maximum temperatures (that we refer to as UK calculation, Table  1 ), is a good proxy of the climate-driven energy demand for heating and cooling buildings  12, 15.
Although only inhabited land areas are relevant for heating and cooling, we include all land and ocean areas in the analysis to better understand the underlying global climate patterns, and because they are relevant for islands. Our general methodology is described in the following five steps. Each step is applied to all grid cells: 1. Daily HDD and CDD are calculated with the UK Met Office equations (Table  1 ). 2. Annual sums of HDD and of CDD are calculated. 3. For the three 20-year time periods, the annual sums of HDD and CDD are averaged for each simulation at the native spatial resolution of the model. 4. All HDD and CDD 20-year means are interpolated spatially to a 1°by 1°g rid. Python interpolation tools with a cubic method (using the function scipy. interpolate. interp2d) are used to avoid abrupt changes from one grid cell to another.
We identified genome-wide the chromatin occupancy of ANRIL in HEK293 cells by applying the ChIRP-seq approach and found that ANRIL associates with 3227 binding sites mostly composed of G/A residues. By crossing the ChIRP-seq with transcriptomic data from ANRIL knocked-down cells, we established a list of 188 genes corresponding to the potential primary trans-targets of ANRIL, since they were both contacted by ANRIL and affected in terms of expression. Among them, 123 and 65 genes were negatively and positively regulated by ANRIL, respectively. Our data not only support dual-activities of ANRIL but importantly are in favor of mechanisms distinct from those previously described. In silico approaches highlighted the presence of multiple classes of TEs throughout ANRIL exons. In particular, 70% of the longest Exon8 is made up of ERVL elements.
We investigated its putative role in ANRIL's trans-activity. We showed that its presence is required for the efficient association of ANRIL to the chromatin, since Exon8 deletion resulted in a significant reduction of ANRIL's genomic occupancy. By applying stringent criteria, we accurately identified 9 out of the 123 potential trans-silenced genes of ANRIL, which expression depends explicitly on the presence of Exon8. By further in silico, in cellulo and in vitro characterization, we showed that Exon8 is likely to contribute to the ANRIL's recognition of the FIRRE, TPD52L1 and IGFBP3 genes and subsequently to their repression by modulating H3K27me3 deposition. We also brought data in favor of a recognition mode for the FIRRE and TPD52L1 genes involving direct DNA/DNA:RNA complex formation.
The signal obtained was normalized using the SST-RMA method and the annotation of the probe sets was done using the 'Clariom D Human. r1. na36. hg38. a1. transcript. csv' annotation file obtained from Affymetrix. Differential expression was calculated using the 'Limma' package (takes into consideration the low sample numbers) and the P-value was adjusted using the eBayes correction. Differentially expressed RNAs between condition and control were identified based on fold change and FDR.
05. Peaks located in blacklisted regions of the genome identified by ENCODE were discarded. Finally, only common peaks between both replicates were kept and considered as 'True Peaks'. The true peaks were annotated using the ChIPseeker package in R  (40). Peak distribution was calculated by normalizing the total length of peaks per chromosome by the size of their respective chromosome. Validation of several peaks was performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) using the ViiA-7 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems). The qPCR primers were used at 1 M final concentration. The qPCR primers used in this study can be found in Supplementary Table  S6.
Motif analysis The MEME package from MEME Suite was used to identify consensus DNA motifs enriched in the ANRIL ChIRPseq peaks identified above  (41, 42). Default parameters were used as such: 1. The width of the expected motif was set between 6 and 50. 2. The expected occurrence per sequence was set to zero or one (zoops). 3. The maximum number of motifs to search for was 5. FIMO package from MEME suite was also used to scan for the presence of the identified motif 1 within the ANRIL sequence using the default parameters.
We therefore compared the two lists of the 1474 upregulated and 1144 downregulated genes with the ANRIL ChIRP-seq data. This identified 188 genes fulfilling conditions to be directly regulated (Figure  2E  and Supplementary Tables  S1  and S2 ). From the 188 potential direct targets, 123 (P < 6. 714e-12) were silenced while 65 (P <0. 02) were activated by ANRIL. Gene ontology analysis did not reveal any enriched pathways in the list of the 123 potential direct trans-silenced genes. In contrast, five pathways mainly involved in signal transduction were significantly enriched in the potential direct trans-activated genes dataset (Supplementary Figure  S3B ). Altogether, we concluded that ANRIL activities encompass repressive and activating functions on a small subset of genes compared to the number of ChIRP peaks.
Since it was documented that ANRIL associates with the PcG to silence genes, we postulated that it might repress a significant number out of the 123 potential direct trans-silenced targets through a similar mechanism  (12, 13, 21). Crossing publicly available H3K27me3 ChIP-seq data performed in HEK293 cells  (46)  with the list of these genes showed an overlap of only 17% (P < 5. 795e-05) (Figure  2F ). This suggested that ANRIL is likely to silence genes by both PcG-dependent and independent mechanisms. In the same line, it was described that ANRIL may associate with YY1 to modulate positively gene expression in HU-VEC cells  (47). To determine the overlap between ANRIL and YY1 targets, we intersected ChIP-seq data of YY1 in HEK293 cells (GEO:GSE127598) with the list of the 65 potential ANRIL activated-primary targets  (48).
However, RNA extraction from chromatin performed on Exon8 cells revealed a significant reduction by 60% in chromatin association of ANRIL, but not for RplpO which was used as a negative control (Figure  3E ). These results strongly suggest that Exon8 containing-ERVL is involved, at least partially, in the genomic association of ANRIL. To evaluate the global impact of the absence of Exon8 on gene expression, transcriptome analysis was performed on Exon8 HEK293 cells using the Clariom D microarrays from Affymetrix. Interestingly, 450 genes showed changes in expression in mutated cells when compared to HEK293 WT (279 upregulated and 171 downregulated with an FDR <0. 05, log 2 FC > |0. 6|) (Figure  4A ). By intersecting these Exon8 up-and down-regulated genes with the ANRIL LNA knockdown and ChIRP-seq datasets, we identified nine common genes (P < 5.
This may reflect the fact that, our ChIRPseq experiments were done using tiling probes hybridizing to all ANRIL exons. Therefore, they capture as a whole the genomic sites of the full set of ANRIL variants. Unfortunately, due to the limited abundance of some of the ANRIL isoforms, we could not evaluate their individual genomic occupancy using the dChIRP approach (data not shown)  (79). We also observed that most of the ANRIL binding sites are located in non-coding areas such as introns and intergenic regions. This location is in agreement with the modulator roles of lncRNAs on enhancers activity, alternative splicing and chromatin organization  (36, (80) (81) (82) (83). For instance, the contribution of lncRNAs on splicing was exemplified by the regulatory activity of the lncRNA asFGFR2 on the alternative splicing of the FGFR2 transcript  (83).
Remarkably, 40. 3% of the ANRIL sites are intronic suggesting a possible role of ANRIL as a splicing regulator (Figure  7 ). Moreover, we found that 24% of the genes contacted by ANRIL are affected in terms of alternative splicing upon ANRIL knockdown (data not shown). More in-depth investigations are required to better understand the possible role of ANRIL as a splicing regulator. Finally, we observed that the ANRIL binding sites within the genome are enriched in G/A nucleotides (motif 1) (Figure  7 ). This property was also observed for the HOTAIR, MEG3, TERRA and NEAT1 lncRNAs  (36, 44, 52, 82, 84). This supports the emergent idea that G/A-rich sequences might serve as anchoring motifs to direct lncRNAs toward specific genomic loci  (85, 86). We can speculate that such composition may favor triplex formation since G/A residues promote the most stable Hoogsteen base-pairing formation  (87).
The use of publicly available CLIP-seq data did not provide any evidences of direct hnRNP U binding to ANRIL  (89) , which suggests that ANRIL/chromatin association is most probably not dependent on hnRNP U. Another mechanism relies on the direct interaction of the lncRNA with the DNA molecule via RNA-DNA hybrid duplexes formed by canonical Watson-Crick base-pairing. The resulting hybrid is named R-loop  (80, 90). The FIMO analysis we performed to scan for the presence of motif 1 within the ANRIL sequence identified 6 sequences located in Exon1, 8 and 21 that might hybridize to the negative strand of the motif 1 (Supplementary Figure  S9 ). This may indicate that ANRIL contains sequence elements compatible with R-loop formation with the motif 1. Even though this observation helps to better understand how ANRIL as-sociates with thousands of genomic loci, further investigations are needed to demonstrate genome-wide the existence of R-loops formed between ANRIL and the motif 1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank members of the ' RNA-RNP  team' for critical reading of the manuscript. Author contributions: Conceptualization, S. M. , I. B. -A. , and C. A. ; Methodology, S. M. , I. B. -A. , C. A. , Y. M. and C. B. ; Investigation, S. M. , I. B. -A. , C. A. , A. S. , R. R. , Q. T. , V. I. -B. , V. M. and Y. M. ; Writing -Original Draft, S. M. , I. B. -A. and C. A. ; Writing -Review & Editing, S. M. , I. B. -A. , C. A. , C. B. , Y. M. and V. M. ; Funding Acquisition, S. M. , I. B. -A. and C. B. ; Supervision, S. M. and I. B. -A.
FUNDING French  PIA  project " Lorraine Université d'Excellence " [ ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE , in part];  PIA RHU program FIGHT-HF  [ ANR-15-RHU-004 ];  CNRS-UL  and the FR3209 (renamed UMS2008-IBSLor) in the context of  Action de Site Mirabelle  and PEPS initiatives, respectively.