dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Results The averaged relative phases by subjects are within S1 Dataset. The results showed that the geometry of the drawn shapes was noticeably distorted by elliptical kinematics conveyed by both visual and auditory modalities (see Table  1 ). More precisely a main effect of the visual kinematics (F(1,16) = 147. 22, p <. 001) as well as a main effect of the auditory kinematics (F(1,16) = 12. 83, p <. 01) on the flatness, characterized by the relative phase of the reproduced shape was revealed, meaning that circles are reproduced flattened (i. e. elliptical) when the visual kinematics (F V = 45°) as well as auditory kinematics (F A = 45°) are elliptical. However, the interaction between visual and auditory kinematics was not significant (F(1,16) = 0. 01, p = 0. 96; Fig  3  and Figs  3  and 4  show that even in the consistent situation when both auditory and visual kinematics are circular, the reproduced circles were distorted into a more elliptical shape (F drawn = 77°).
This work was funded by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  under the MetaSon:  Métaphores Sonores (Sound Metaphors) project  ( ANR-10-CORD-0003 ) in the CONTINT 2010 framework and the  SoniMove Project  ( ANR-14-CE24-0018 ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Moreover, data revealed a strong inversion effect in the WS group relative to both the ASD and typical control groups, suggesting that individuals with WS process faces holistically, even though studies have frequently reported a local bias in visual processing. The WS group performed better than the ASD group when the emotional expression varied between stimulus and target. Riby and Hancock 105 used eyetracking techniques to investigate how individuals with ASD and WS view scenes containing people. Participants were 18 young individuals with WS, aged between 8 years 9 months, and 28 years, and 20 young individuals with ASD, aged between 6 years and 4 months, and 18 years 4 months. They were shown 20 photographs, and the authors explored their gaze behavior. Results indicated that the two groups differed both from each other and from the typically developing controls.
Data analysis consisted of consolidating the testimony of participants and independently comparing the data collected during the focus groups and interviews  [39]. The analysis consisted of constructing an inventory of the volunteers' observations regarding wellbeing and health aspects associated with hydration. Construction of individual items was based on the criteria of Moriyama  [40]. Based on the findings of this stage, the final design of the WIRWI was determined with assistance of a scientific advisory board with expertise in hydration and psychometric analysis.
Fifty-five items were selected based on this pilot study and expert opinion S1 Table. In the second stage, content validation and face validation were assessed. This fifty-five item instrument was reviewed by the outside experts on development and validation of psychometric instruments who evaluated and classified the items based on their physical and mental dimensions. The experts ruled on the relevance of each item and offered recommendations. The study population for subsequent stages consisted of adults with the same characteristics as participants in the qualitative study. In the third stage, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted with data from 682 participants. Variables with factor loadings !0. 4 or with high contrast between dimensions were evaluated and different rotations were tested.
A reliability analysis was done for the general model and for each dimension identified, with Cronbach's alpha set at !0. 80. In this stage, we evaluated the contribution of each item to the wellbeing construct eliminating those with poor contribution or those explaining other dimensions. In the fourth stage, a confirmatory factor analysis was done with the data from 415 participants using the statistical criteria of Boomsma  (31)  and McDonald and Ho  [42, 43]  to select the best model. In the fifth stage, data from 315 persons (173 not recruited and 142 recruited), who participated in an eight week long clinical trial of a water consumption intervention designed to assess perception of wellbeing associated with hydration were analyzed (Clinical Trial NCT01982981, US National Institutes of Health).
Concurrent validity was evaluated by correlation of the global score and using the following measures: 1) the dimension of Physical Health Composite Score (PCS) and Mental Health Composite Score (MCS) as assessed by the SF-36 instrument  [44] [45] [46] , 2) 24-hour Urine Osmolality (UO) and 24-hour urine total volume 3) total consumption of fluids from beverage intake and plain water (fluids from foods were not considered). In addition, concurrent validity was evaluated comparing the mean differences of the WIRWI score by osmolality tertiles. Sensitivity to change was evaluated by measuring the effect of the intervention on perception of wellbeing, compared to changes observed using the SF-36. Statistical analysis was conducted using the software packages Stata v. 12. 0 and EQS v. 6. 1  [47].
Cronbach's alpha for the general model was 0. 86. The final model fit was evaluated using the following estimations: Satorra-Bentler test (χ 2 = 115. 4, p = 0. 344), Bentler-Bonett Normed Fit Index (0. 925); Bentler-Bonett Nonnormed Fit Index (0. 995), Comparative Fit Index (0. 996), McDonald Fit Index (0. 996) and Root Mean-Square Error of Approximation (0. 011, 90% CI 0. 01, 0. 28) (Fig  2 ). The final version of WIRWI consists of 17 items Table  3  (WIRWI in original Spanish language is shown in S2 Table ). Metric Proposed for the WIRWI. All items in the WIRWI had the same relationship to wellbeing, where 0 = poor wellbeing and 4 = optimal wellbeing. The highest possible score is 68 points and the lowest is 0. The raw score obtained is transformed into a percent where the highest value (68 points) equals 100% and the lowest value is 0%.
Acknowledgments This study was supported by  Danone Waters  (research grant  EUA-4729-GD ) through the  National Institute of Public Health, Mexico  ( CINYS917 ). IB is an employee and HRL a consultant of the funding center ( Danone Research Daniel Carasso Center, France ). The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the 'author contributions' section. The authors thank the exceptional support and valuable comments by  Liliana Jimenez, PhD ,  Gloria Cervantes, MS ,  Sabine Boesen, PhD  and  Erika Fricke , MS.
Both adults and children -by the time they are 2-3 years old-have a general ability to recode information to increase memory efficiency. This paper aims to evaluate the ability of untrained children aged 6-10 years old to deploy such a recoding process in immediate memory. A large sample of 374 children were given a task of immediate serial report based on SIMON , a classic memory game made of four colored buttons (red, green, yellow, blue) requiring players to reproduce a sequence of colors within which repetitions eventually occur. It was hypothesized that a primitive ability across all ages (since theoretically already available in toddlers) to detect redundancies allows the span to increase whenever information can be recoded on the fly. The chunkable condition prompted the formation of chunks based on the perceived structure of color repetition within to-be-recalled sequences of colors.
This literature suggests that an automatic process is available to children to recode information, which will serve as a working hypothesis in the present study to test if children have a general ability to recode information to increase memory efficiency regardless of age. To extend these previous studies, our goal was also to examine how information in working memory can be reorganized on the fly using a recoding process that can rely on external visual cues rather than internally stored knowledge. Because conceptualizations of older children are more robust, we thought that reducing previously acquired knowledge would be best for studying how limited-capacity memory can be expanded by mentally organizing stimuli in working memory. The present study therefore investigates how working memory capacity is enhanced with the development of chunking abilities using a novel approach based on an old game (SIMON ).
Data Scoring and Data Analysis The span was calculated using the all-or-nothing method  (Conway et al. , 2005) , in which credit was given to completely correct recalled sequences when both the items and the positions were correctly recalled (0. 5 point per sequence correctly recalled; The Simple condition induces the formation of chunks, while the Complex condition corresponds to less chunkable sequences. The conditions were not limited to seven items but continued until reaching the stop criterion. 1 point was automatically granted before starting the experiment for the virtual correct recall of one color). We also used the highest span method to measure the maximum level attained by the participant before failing. For instance, a participant was credited with a span of 1. 5 when only one (out of two) sequence of two items was not correctly recalled, and when no other longer sequences were correctly recalled.
The visual stimuli were presented on two 17 00 -screens (resolution 1280 Â 1024 pixel, refresh rate 60 Hz). In the individual blocks and in the 'hidden' condition, an opaque black cardboard (70 Â 100 cm) between participants prevented co-actors from seeing each other's screens, mouse cursors and hand movements. The experiment was run on two Dell OptiPlex computers connected through a null-modem cable to enable online data exchange. Two gaming computer mouse devices (Logitech G500; automatic acceleration turned off) sampled participants' movements at 100 Hz. Matlab 2012a was used for controlling the experiment and for data preparation.
Coordination accuracy was computed as mean absolute asynchrony of target arrival times. Trials in which participants' TT was more than 1600 ms or in which they touched an obstacle were excluded (1. 2% of all trials). In order to not inflate statistical power, dependent variables from the remaining trials were first aggregated on an individual participant level and then averaged over the two members of a pair 2. All dependent variables (TT, AUC, asynchrony; reported in Table  1 ) were normalized by dividing data from each joint condition by the 'individual (pre)' condition acquired in the beginning of the experiment. Normalized performance in the 'hidden' and 'visible' conditions were compared with pair-wise t-tests and also tested with one-sample t-tests against 1 to detect differences to baseline performance ('individual (pre)').
Acknowledgement The research reported in this article was supported by the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Program  (FP7/2007-2013)/ ERC  ( European Research Council ) grant agreement  609819 ,  SOMICS  ( Constructing Social Minds: Coordination, Communication, and Cultural Transmission ), and by  ERC  grant agreement  616072 , JAXPERTISE. We thank  Veronika Herendy  and  Annamaria Lisincki  for their help with data collection.
EMA data can be captured, for example, via mobile devices such as smart phones, where participants are periodically asked to fill in short questionnaires. Psychological research has established that recollected effect may diverge from actual experience because it is influenced by errors in recollection, recall biases, focusing illusions and salient memory heuristics  [18]. This "memory-experience gap" between life as it is remembered and life as it is experienced may be important to the processes through which the past impacts on future behaviour. Moreover, effects resulting from interventions with nutrients may not be noticeable after acute administrations commonly applied in laboratory settings, but may give rise to improved wellbeing over time, especially if the intervention has other benefits such as cardiovascular health.
Apparatus The experiment was conducted in an experimental room at the SCA-Lab laboratory and run on a PC using Windows 2000 operating system. The experiment was programmed on Matlab using the Psychophysics Toolbox extension. Subjects were seated on a chair at around 60 cm from the monitor. The US was reduction in the time taken to complete the experiment (Darcheville, Prével, & Rivière; unpublished results): the experiment began with the computer screen displaying a timer on which was written "180. 00" (time in minutes). The timer was placed in the top right-hand corner of the computer monitor and started counting down when the experiment begun. The timer was shown throughout the experiment. Subjects were instructed that the experiment finished when timer value was "0. 00" and their purpose was to earn time, reducing the timer and leading them to finish the experiment faster.
001). Lindsey and colleagues also report data for Somali and English observers as control groups. Somali observers (Figure  1 (f) in  Lindsey et al. , 2015)  also showed positive correlations between saturation and the two color naming measures (consensus and nameability), even though these correlations were less pronounced than for the Hadza (r ¼ 0. 39 and r ¼ 0. 41, both p ¼. 03 in a one-tailed t test). Nameability of English observers was at ceiling (cf. green bars in Figure  1 (g) in  Lindsey et al. , 2015) , which prevented the calculation of sensible correlations. Still, the consensus of English observers was also highly correlated with contrast (r ¼ 0. 57, p ¼. 004). These correlations suggest that the motifs Lindsey and colleagues observed in the Hadzane color lexicon are possibly due to a peculiarity of the stimulus set rather than reflecting universal constraints on color term evolution.
De-noised echo planar images were co-registered with their anatomical MPRAGE data and normalized to a standard Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template. Spatial smoothing was performed with a Gaussian kernel full-width half-maximum = 6 mm, except for baseline mapping of STN connectivity, which was left unsmoothed. First, baseline functional connectivity between ventral striatum and posterior putamen, as well as cortical regions, with STN was examined to dissociate functionally distinct STN regions. We used functionally-defined prefrontal cortical regions for regions of interest which we had previously used to define fronto-striatal circuitry  (Morris et al. , 2016b)  and which paralleled primate anterograde tract tracing studies demonstrating known hyperdirect projections to STN  (Haynes and Haber, 2013)  {e.
g. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [dlPFC; Brodmann area (BA) 9 and 46]; dorsal cingulate (dACC; BA 24); pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA; Rrostral BA 6); SMA (caudal BA 6) and M1 (BA4)}. Functional connectivity was computed using a seed-driven approach using the CONN-fMRI Functional Connectivity toolbox (Whitfield-Gabrieli and Nieto-Castanon, 2012) for SPM. Functional data were temporally band-pass filtered (0. 008 5 f 5 0. 09 Hz) and significant principle components of white matter and CSF were removed. Significance was assessed with small volume corrected (SVC) for STN, family wise error (FWE) P 5 0. 05. Secondly, to assess the relationship between anterior and posterior STN with the behavioural measures, anterior STN was dissociated based on ventral striatal and dlPFC connectivity with whole STN.
Study 2 Baseline STN connectivity Resting state functional MRI data were collected from 154 healthy volunteers (71 female; age = 31. 3 AE 12. 842 years). We replicate previous findings  (Morris et al. , 2016a)  of limbic and associative anterior and motor posterior subregions of STN, based on ventral striatum and posterior putamen functional connectivity, respectively (Figs  3  and 4 ). The peak values for the ventral striatum, dlPFC and dorsal ACC connectivity to STN were more anterior bilaterally (y = À11) whereas SMA and M1 were more posterior bilaterally (y = À14 to À16) (the peak connectivity within the right STN are plotted on a 3D axis for visualization in Fig. 4 ). In particular, we show that ventral striatum had right-sided unilateral connectivity with STN, with a unilateral peak in ventromedial anterior right STN (right STN: Z = 2.
The study protocol included an invitation to participate transmitted to parents and guardians (April 2010) and data were collected (May-June 2010) using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire over a one-hour teaching period under research-team supervision. Respondents could ask the two research-team members if they did not understand a question, but team members had been instructed not to influence the response (the adolescents rarely asked questions). Adolescents placed the completed questionnaires in a sealed envelope and then into a closed box. Two students refused to participate and 89 (5. 3%) were absent when the data collection was carried out (for motives independent of the survey). In total, 1575 adolescents completed the questionnaires; among which 10 were of unknown gender or age, and 6 were not completed appropriately, leaving 1559 questionnaires (94%) for analysis.
The contribution of each set of covariates to the explanation of the association between SI and being immigrant was estimated by the change in the odds ratio after its inclusion in the model, i. e. , explained fraction calculated by the formula: (OR model1 -OR extended model )/(OR model1 -1)  [43]. Similar analyses were made for SA but using Cox regression models to compute hazard ratios (HR). In these Cox regression models, various school, behavior, and health-related difficulties were considered only when they started before SA. All the analyses were performed using the Stata program (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA, 2007).
The groups remained unchanged throughout the duration of session. Before the session, both men and women provided a saliva sample for testosterone assays (although only men samples were analysed) and socio-demographic data such as relationship status (single versus in a couple, either married or not), age and socio-economic status. Because a wide range of evidence showed that several behavioural and personality traits, including cooperativeness and competitiveness, differ between men and women  16, 35  , two potentially simultaneous effects had to be distinguished: (i) the intrinsic effect of the players' sex (contributions to the public good could vary between our five types of groups because men's and women's cooperativeness differ and their proportions in these groups are different) and (ii) the effect of knowing the sex of other group members (our main interest here).
Methods The methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. The protocols used to recruit participants and to collect data were approved by the French national committee of informatics and liberties (CNIL declaration # 1321739). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Protocol. The experiment was conducted in 2012 at the LEEM, the experimental laboratory of the LAMETA (Department of Economics, University of Montpellier, France). The participants were recruited from a pool of 7000 volunteers from various fields of study at the University of Montpellier in France. None of them had ever participated in a public goods game experiment. The experiment was run on a computer network (the program has been developed using LE2M -Software for the Economic Experiments of Montpellier developed by D.
They were also informed about the total number of tokens contributed by their group to the common account in the current round. At any time, subjects could also access a history screen that displayed a table reporting the following information for the past periods: the period number, the player's contribution to the private account and to the common account, the total amount contributed by his/her group to the common account, his/her payoff for the corresponding period, and his/her cumulative payoff since the beginning of the game. Subjects were aware that the game would end after the 20 th round and that their accumulated payoff would be converted into euros according to the conversion rate 1 euro for 30 points. Each subject was paid in private. Demographic data. After the final round, socio-demographic data was collected for each participant: age, socio-economic status and relationship status (single versus in a couple, either married or not).
Acknowledgements We are grateful to all of the participants in our study. Supports through the  ANR -Labex IAST , the  CNRS of France  (www. cnrs. fr), the  Region Languedoc-Roussillon  ' Chercheur(se)s d' Avenir ' (no. :  DGA3/DESR/2012/ Q159 ), and the  Institut Universitaire de France  are gratefully acknowledged. This is contribution ISEM  2016-126  of the  Institute of Evolutionary Sciences in Montpellier.
As the number of undergraduates in mathematics courses who use two or more languages increases, the need also increases for both student and instructor awareness of how crucial the context of production of a notation is for its adequate under-standing and use. Such awareness would benefit instruction in both multilingual and monolingual contexts. An example of work that supports such awareness is a report  (Libbrecht et al. , 2011)  on an initiative to collaboratively observe the diverging mathematical notations across cultures and languages, create a census of mathematical notations, and develop a collaborative database  (Libbrecht et al. , 2011, p. 166). In addition, the undergraduate education phase of students coincides with a phase of independence where fetching knowledge from arbitrary sources is becoming a common practice and, often, a requirement.
This challenge of searching for mathematical information in multiple languages is well illustrated by the rich online service Wolfram|Alpha. 4  For it to speak another language, it should, for example, also index datasets present in other cultures (e. g. , nutrition information in some cultures of that language, which is far from transformable faithfully to US food facts). As well it should present the formula codifi ed appropriately in the target language, and it should also introduce parsing rules for that language. This might weaken the fi ne tolerance currently available. For example, the input triangle rectangle is understood in English as two fi gure names and thus displays information comparing these two fi gures side by side (as in the query, triangle vs rectangle ). However if French was fully supported, it would be understood as the query for rightangled triangle.
She concludes that: For minority students, the act of taking a standardized test may work to invoke stereotypes about performance even without an explicit reminder because phenomena like the achievement gap are so widely accepted as real. Thus, the achievement gap works in two ways […] First, its acceptance as a real phenomenon impacts student performance on tests, and second, the tests then go on to produce evidence, in the form of test scores, that the phenomenon is, in fact, real. That's power/knowledge. (p. 16) In our analysis we chose to concentrate on one document that builds on the dominant framing of many large-scale quantitative studies on achievement gaps: the OECD's report on the failure of immigrants on the grounds of the PISA 2003 dataset, "Where immigrant students succeed: A comparative review of performance and engagement in  PISA 2003 " (OECD, 2006 ).