dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
5, indicating prediction by chance, to 1, indicating perfect prediction); (3) sensitivity, representing the rate of actual cases (i. e. students reporting STB) identi ed by the algorithm; and (4) the positive predictive value, describing the proportion of algorithm-predicted cases that are also actual cases. To prevent these performances to be over-tted and to increase the generalizability of the prediction model, we estimated these indices through cross-validation. We therefore split randomly the initial dataset into 10-folds, we created the model using 9 of the 10 folds and tested on the remaining fold. We repeated this process until all the folds were used as test sets. The prediction metrics were then obtained from every test set. All data presented as n (%) unless otherwise noted.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank:  the program  ' Invest for the future'  (reference  ANR-10-COHO-05 ), the  Nouvelle-Aquitaine Regional Council  ( Conseil Régional Nouvelle-Aquitaine ) (grant  N°4370420 ), the  Bordeaux 'Initiatives d'excellence' (IdEx) program  of the  University of Bordeaux  ( ANR-10-IDEX-03-02 ),  Public Health France (Santé Publique France) , the  National Cancer Institute (INCA) , and the  Medical Research Foundation  (FRM). M. Macalli was supported by a PhD grant of the  Nouvelle-Aquitaine Regional Council  (grant  N° 17 EURE-0019 ). M. Macalli et M. Navarro were supported by the  PhD Digital Public Health Graduate School Program  supported within the framework of the  PIA3 (Investment for the Future)  (project reference:  17-EURE-0019 ). The authors are grateful to the coordinating team of the i- Share  project:  Clothilde Pollet ,  Edwige Pereira ,  Marie Mougin ,  Elena Milesi ,  Aude Pouymayou  and  Garance Perret.
Conservationists can benefit from encompassing research, social, and economic aspects of conservation issues to produce holistic conservation guidelines. Pangolins have become a taxon of conservation eminence as they continue to be poached and trafficked to extinction, and have been mislabeled as potential intermediary hosts of SARS-CoV-2 which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying a systematic review approach, we extracted pangolin-related publications since 1865 from five research databases (814 publications), as well as data on 5296 patents, online news trends (43,176 articles) and societal interest (Google Trends and Wikipedia Pageviews). Although we detected a significant increase in pangolin-related publications through time, we observed glaring knowledge gaps in contextually important categories including immunology, education, and implications of trade or poaching to populations.
g. Masters et al. , 2020). For these reasons, we present an unprecedented systematic review on scientific knowledge of pangolins since 1865, build on our knowledge of their popularization, and delve, for the first time, into their commercialization in the form of patent production. We identify the research, commercial, and popularization trends, together with the major knowledge gaps in natural sciences, from which we propose timely, holistic recommendations that may help conserve pangolins and mitigate their trade. We found no evidence of a review of this nature from the query 'pangolin' in the Conservation Evidence (https://www. conservationevidence. com/) database (query results:  Heath and Coulson, 1997; Shepherd et al. , 2017). We hope these methods and insights may be useful for other species of conservation importance, particularly those affected by the illegal wildlife trade.
Pangolin scientific research database To conduct this study we followed systematic review guidelines of conservation literature (Collaboration for Environmental Evidence, 2018). Boolean search terms were used to broadly capture pangolin literature from five databases covering natural sciences, engineering, biomedical sciences, and humanities and social sciences. We extracted literature containing "pangolin" OR "scaly anteater" OR "spiny anteater" NOT "drosophila" (pangolin gene described in drosophila) NOT "Tachyglossus" (echidna genus, often referred to as "spiny anteater") in their titles, abstracts or keywords from Web of Science (n = 1033; extracted 14/11/2019 from "all databases"), Scopus (n = 431; extracted 14/11/2019), Engineering Village (n = 40; extracted 6/12/2019), Project MUSE (n = 11; extracted 23/12/2019), and a personal dataset of older scientific literature compiled by PG (n = 158; extracted 9/12/ 2019).
For the humanities and social science database (Project MUSE), the default was to search through all literature content rather than just titles, abstracts and keywords, whilst only articles were included due to limited access to most books. The five datasets were combined (n = 1631), and duplicated literature by title were deleted with sed and awk Linux commands followed by manual inspection. The resultant global database (n = 997) included books, book chapters, reports, conference and workshop proceedings, and scientific articles (Appendix A). Titles and abstracts of this database were manually reviewed with 183 pieces of literature (from herein: publications) being omitted due to no mention of pangolins, whilst the remaining 814 publications were assigned a "Focus" (n = 561) or "No Focus" (n = 253) tag.
This process was repeated twice over with smaller subsets of data during the selection process. Focused, "natural sciences" literature (n = 467) were then manually reviewed to identify whether lead authors (i. e. first and/or last authors) were affiliated to range-states or not (n = 454), which species were under study (n = 466), and the range-states involved in the publications through study or specimen collection site (excluding museum collections) as a proxy (n = 335). The use of multiple databases allowed us to include literature from different domains, accessibility, and languages (51 languages are suggested to be covered between Scopus and Web of Science alone), however there is still likely a bias towards English literature  (Vera-Baceta et al. , 2019). There is also a possibility of missing publications, particularly from rare languages, grey literature sources, books, and novel or cryptic journals, while not all published studies have equal merit.
Online news and societal interest trends Daily global online news article counts (both subject count and total monitored article count in over 100 different languages) were collected from the Online News Summary dashboard in GDELT Project (Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone; https://www. gdeltproject. org/) with "(pangolin OR pangolins)" as the query, starting between 01/01/2017-31/03/2020. We obtained a relative daily value of pangolin articles by dividing daily pangolin article counts by the daily number of monitored articles. The aforementioned process was repeated with the "Raw Timeline" (non-normalized) output type in "Comparison Visualization" to compare global online news coverage of pangolin(s), elephant(s), and lion(s). We extracted the same monthly animal comparison data from Wikipedia's Pageviews Analysis (https://tools.
wmf labs. org/pageviews/) between 01/07/2015-31/03/2020. Monthly societal interest was collected in the same manner as that of online news articles, however we used the global "Web Search", "News Search" and "Image Search" in Google Trends (https://www. google. com/trends) of the "Animal" topic "pangolins" from 01/01/2008-31/03/2020. Whilst Wikipedia provides raw counts of page views, Google Trends uses a relative search count of all searches by the chosen region and period of interest  (Kämpf et al. , 2015). Although there may be a slight geographic or language-specific bias in these tools, Google is still the largest search engine globally while Wikipedia has pages in over 304 languages (htt ps://meta. wikimedia. org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias).
Data analyses Negative binomial generalized linear models (best fit model by AIC; see Appendix E) with package "mass"  (Ripley et al. , 2013)  were applied to investigate the total, focused and non-focused literature count trends through time. Due to some databases including literature for the beginning of 2020, this year was excluded for the aforementioned analyses as the incomplete count for this year would affect the trend. A likelihood ratio test with package "lmtest"  (Hothorn et al. , 2019)  was utilized in order to test whether focused and non-focused literature slopes were significantly different. A Chi-squared goodness-of-fit and Chi-squared multi-pairwise-comparison test with Bonferroni correction were run with package "RVAideMemoire"  (Hervé and Hervé, 2020)  to investigate whether domains (total literature) were significantly different from the expected equal distribution of literature count, and if so, which domains differed significantly from one another.
Heatmaps of literature count for species versus category and theme, species versus year of publication, and category versus year of publication were created through the packages "ComplexHeatmap"  (Gu, 2015)  and "RColorBrewer"  (Neuwirth, 2014). These heatmaps, along with all statistical analyses and their relevant assumptions, were considered or tested in the Rstudio interface of R v3. 6. 1 (Rstudio Inc. , Massachusetts, U. S. A; Appendix E). To gain further insight into pangolin scientific knowledge, focused "natural sciences" publications were scrutinized in VOSviewer v1. 6. 14 (van Eck and Waltman, 2010) by the program constructing cooccurrence networks of important terms mined from the titles and abstracts. Instead of a relevance threshold as determined by VOSviewer, we used a manually curated thesaurus file based upon an initial network of 353 terms (Appendix F).
) review database (Appendix A) can be used as a new proxy method. Since literature was only screened by title, abstract and keywords, it is likely that more checklist or monitoring literature is available. The third highest category, "volume or nature of trade and poaching", has a high count as a result of the illegal trade being the principal conservation concern for pangolins  (Challender et al. , 2014). The number of links noted in the trade cluster of the VOSviewer analyses also highlighted that China is frequently indicated in trade-related topics, likely as it is the main market driving demand  (Heinrich et al. , 2017). However, local consumption and bushmeat market trade is also a contributor to wild pangolin offtake and needs to be investigated further  (Ingram et al. , 2018). Tackling this illegal trade requires various approaches  (Akella and Allan, 2012) , one of which could be molecular forensic identification of species and geographic origins of illegally traded specimens, as noted in the VOSviewer linking words  (Gaubert et al.
, 2018; Zhang et al. , 2020a). Despite its potential reach, there is a lack of georeferenced population genetic/phylogeographic inferences to trace the trade and determine evolutionary significant units  (Zhang et al. , 2015) , while there are currently only two species with published full genomes  (Choo et al. , 2016; Hu et al. , 2020) , and limited development of population genetic markers (e. g. Aguillon et al. , 2020; Luo et al. , 2007). Forensic approaches (including stable isotopes and morphometrics) are a means of direct conservation interventions involving law enforcement and conservation organizations  (Kotze et al. , 2020 ; see also "forensic application" category in our database), and should be considered in more depth. Although certain evidence-based outputs played an important role in pangolins receiving their conservation icon status through their trade  (Heinrich et al.
Africa is also comparatively less populated, has a lower GDP per capita, higher incidence of poverty and civil war due to political instability, and lacks research resources  (Elbadawi and Sambanis, 2000; UN, 2019). These influence its research and conservation potential, suggesting that increased pangolin research, collaboration and funding effort in Africa is required. The high GDP, human population, and illegal pangolin trade may explain why China (main trafficking import country), India, and Nigeria (major trafficking source country) have the highest research output of all range-states  (Heinrich et al. , 2017; Meijaard et al. , 2015). The two Asian countries are also the most populated countries in the world, whilst Nigeria is the most populated country in Africa  (UN, 2019). Due to the large distribution of pangolins, we did not analyze the species and category publication count per range-state trends in this review, however our database (Appendix A) provides the means to do so for future, localized reviews (region/country).
Conclusion of a holistic review on pangolins for their conservation In this study, we provide a curated pangolin research database (Appendix A) which could be used as a source of information for researchers and practitioners alike. From our in-depth review of pangolin research dynamics combined with an updated overview of public interest (as explored in:  Harrington et al. , 2018; Thomson and Fletcher, 2020)  and an unprecedented assessment of patents, we provide a series of recommendations to fill the knowledge gaps on pangolins for the benefit of their conservation (Table  1 ). Although a multitude of conservation issues surround pangolins, the illegal poaching and trade is a major problem. Tackling this issue will require knowledge from a multitude of aspects (popularization, commercialization, and research) as well as conservation actions  (Akella and Allan, 2012).
Acknowledgments This work and S. P⋅H are supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-17-CE02-0001 PANGO-GO ). We thank  J. Murienne  and  LA. Poissonnier  ( Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique ) for providing fruitful comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to three anonymous reviewers and V. Devictor (Editor-in-chief) for improving the first draft of this manuscript.
We take a narrative approach in our review for a number of reasons. By drawing on a diverse body of literature that extends beyond animal personality research, there is the risk that differences in terminology across disciplines would bias the quantitative results from a systematic-or meta-analysis, leading to spurious conclusions seemingly based on rigorous data  (Westgate & Lindenmayer, 2017). In addition to studies we were aware of, and those that they cite and are cited by, we did conduct extensive searches on Web of Science to ensure coverage of the literature, using search terms such as 'sociability AND oxytocin'. From the search results, we selected studies for inclusion in the review as illustrative examples of trends to include, and with the aim where possible of covering a wide range of taxonomic groups using a wide range of methodological approaches.
Qualitative approaches, including narrative, are valuable in increasing our understanding of the relations between traumatic event, child-parent interaction, and post-traumatic symptoms. Radjack et al. developed a research-action program aiming to transmit cultural know-how to social workers who provide care for migrant youths traveling without their parents. Based on a transcultural approach, the program aims to assist these migrant youths in developing, through narrative, their bicultural adolescences. Klein et al. tackle the complex issue of how to deal with underage children, born or taken by their parents to jihadist group operation areas, when they return to France. In both articles, the authors resort to structuring narratives in their approaches. Finally, Roques et al. present a protocol where interviews and quantitative data will be collected from psychological tests to explore the complex links between bullying and PTSD in adolescence.
Materials The questionnaires and discounting task were presented using Qualtrics (https://www. qualtrics. com). Socio-economic status. We included two measures of socio-economic status: an objective measure and a subjective measure. Objective socio-economic status refers to income and education. We asked respondents about their personal income rather than their household overall income, because studies have shown that questions about household income induce lower response rates and produce lower quality data  [39]. Participants were asked to report their personal monthly income in a free-text box in order to avoid unintentional priming effects that come with the use of income brackets  [40]. Moreover, in order to minimize reporting mistakes such as reporting yearly instead of monthly income, or unintentionally typing an additional zero, we calculated their annual income based on the monthly income they reported and asked them to confirm that it corresponded to their actual earnings.
Data treatment All data treatment and analyses were carried out in R. They were all pre-registered (see: https://osf. io/ pyj24). The only deviation from the pre-registration plan is that the exclusion for reaction times was applied at the single-trial level. In what follows, we focus on the mediation analyses. Exclusion of participants. Participants were excluded from all analyses if they failed one or more catch trials in the temporal discounting task. They were also excluded if they responded too fast (less than 500 ms) or too slowly (greater than 2 min) to single question screens or if they responded too fast royalsocietypublishing. org/journal/rsos R. Soc. Open Sci. 8: 202104 (less than 3 s) or too slowly (greater than 5 min) to the other survey pages (with more than one question per screen).
Statistical analyses Correlational mediation model. Our first main hypothesis (H1) is that the relationship between social trust and socio-economic status is mediated by individual discount rates. To test the mediation model, we used the causal-steps procedure described by Baron & Kenny  [54]. Following recommendations from Miller et al. [55]  and Aguinis et al. [56] , we tested the significance of the indirect pathway with the R mediation package  [57]  using the function mediate. Despite the name of this package: 'R package for causal mediation analysis', the mediation analysis described in this section is not causal because it is not based on a treatment but only on observational data. In the present case, the treatment variable (i. e. the 'treat' argument in the mediate function) is socio-economic status (alternatively objective or subjective).
Data treatment All data treatment and analyses were carried out in R and were pre-registered (see pre-registration of study 1 https://osf. io/pyj24 and replication pre-registration: https://osf. io/4cjkh). As in study 1, the only deviation from the pre-registered analysis plan is that the exclusion for reaction times was applied at the single-trial level. As in study 1, we focus on the mediation analyses. Exclusion of participants. The same criteria were applied as those in study 1. This left a sample of 1130 participants with 585 women, 543 men and two others. Ages ranged 19-87, M = 45. 56, s. d. =15. 31. Temporal discounting. To calculate individual temporal discount rates, we followed the same method as in study 1. Social trust. As in study 1, the answers obtained to the three questions about social trust were z-scored and summed to obtain a single index capturing participants' beliefs on others' level of prosociality.
Statistical analyses Correlational mediation model. Our main hypothesis (H1) is that the relationship between social trust and socio-economic status is mediated by individual discount rates. To test this hypothesis, we conducted regression analyses relying on the causal-steps procedure set forth by  Baron    royalsocietypublishing. org/journal/rsos R. Soc. Open Sci. 8: 202104  [54]  to detect a mediation effect, following recommendations from Miller et al. [55]  and Aguinis et al. [56]. We tested the significance of the indirect pathway with R mediation package  [57]  using the function mediate. As in study 1, we set two values (control. value and treat. value) of the treatment to make the contrast.
Results For descriptive statistics, see table  1. Correlational mediation model. To test our main hypothesis (H1), we conducted regression analyses relying on the causal-steps procedure set forth by  Baron & Kenny [54]  to detect a mediation effect. The results suggest a partial mediation: the effect size of both objective and subjective socio-economic status is lowered by the addition of temporal discounting in the model (table  5 ). To test the significance of the mediation pathway, we used R mediation package  [57]  using the function mediate. We tested again two mediation pathways: one with objective socio-economic status and one with subjective socio-economic status. In both cases, the positive effect of socio-economic status on social trust is partially mediated by temporal discounting (with objective socio-economic status: average causal mediating effect of temporal discounting: β = 0.
If an efficient treatment is found to shift people's perception of relative affluence or temporal discounting and if this consequently impacts social trust, the results would be of interest for policy makers when designing interventions to promote prosocial behaviours. Ethics. The experimental protocol was approved by the local Ethical Committee (Conseil d'Évaluation Éthique pour les recherches en santé-CERES no. 201659) and is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2008). Moreover, before beginning our online experiments, participants had to give their informed consent. royalsocietypublishing. org/journal/rsos R. Soc. Open Sci. 8: 202104 Data accessibility. All data and R scripts are available at https://osf. io/xucgw/. Competing interests. We declare we have no competing interests.
New technologies can be defined as the use of mechanical or electromechanical procedures that increase productivity and reduce or eliminate manual operations or operations performed by older technologies  (24). They include mobile phones, video recording equipment, robotics, computers etc. The interest for the analysis of FEEs is multiple  (25). First, the advent of automated facial expression analysis software and resultant reductions in analysis time allows researchers to obtain larger samples of individuals with ASD and collect in-depth information through real-time analysis of multiple and complex relevant characteristics. Second, the data obtained are recorded automatically, which makes distinguishing differences between participant groups more objective than those obtained with human observers and raters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS This review focuses on the use of automated facial recognition technology to analyze facial expression in ASD subjects. We have not included either studies that examined only facial emotional recognition (FER) or other non-affective facial processing, nor studies based on observer rating of facial expressions or EMG monitoring (so called "traditional studies or literature"), but rather have focused uniquely on the automated evaluation of emotional facial expressions based on new technologies. This review is in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement  (27). The data bases used were: PubMed database for medical sciences, the IEEE Xplore database for new technologies, computer science and engineering, and the Web of Science database using a combination of the following MESH terms or keywords: (asd OR Autism OR Asperger) AND (facial OR face) AND (emotion OR emotion expression OR emotion recognition OR expression OR production) AND (software OR technology OR comput * OR automat * OR technology-based intervention).