dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
2016). Foreign research investments such as those made by the NIH and Wellcome Trust through H3Africa have given genomics research in Africa a major boost, but the funding is not infinite and research groups in African countries need to work towards long term research sustainability. As outlined above, one key challenge in data sharing relates to promoting fairness and equity. A crucially important aspect of ensuring fairness lies in empowering African researchers to take intellectual leadership roles in genomic research, which includes leading data analysis. The governance framework plays a critical role in ensuring conditions that allow African researchers a fair chance to analyze their data, first. The H3Africa Data Release Policy incorporates several elements to promote fairness, including for instance a lengthy period during which data will not be released (9 months before submission to EGA is required) and a further twelve month publication embargo for work on certain identified topics after data is released.
Whilst the efficacy of ensuring that such conditions promote equitable sharing remains to be proven (Bull 2016), the fact that they were developed with endorsement by both the NIH and the Wellcome Trust is a significant achievement for H3Africa researchers, and sets an important target for other, future genomic research initiatives that seek to use African samples. Since the first dataset from H3Africa has only recently been submitted to the EGA and other projects are just starting to analyze their own data, it is too early to tell what the impact of the policy will be, but the H3Africa consortium has already collectively published more than 70 papers since 2014. Although some of the other obstacles discussed in this paper cannot be overcome easily, and require improvements in basic infrastructure and service provision by local governments, H3Africa has had a large impact on the development of capacity for genomics research and data generation.
Acknowledgements H3ABioNet is supported by the  National Institutes of Health Common Fund  (grant number  U41HG006941 ). SNA and CAA are funded by  H3Africa's African Collaborative Center for Microbiome and Genomics Research (ACCME)  grant supported by the  National Institutes of Health  ( 1U54HG006947 ). OA, OA and MOO are funded by  H3Africa 's  Stroke Investigative Research and Educational Network  ( U54HG007479 ). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Objective: Partly inconsistent findings from previous reviews have fueled discussions on the impact of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on obesity development. The aim was to systematically review the recent evidence in children and adults. Methods: Data were retrieved from the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library for the period January 2013 to October 2015. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) relating SSBs to weight measures was conducted. Results: 30 publications met the inclusion criteria. Prospective cohort studies (96%; n = 26) showed a positive association between consumption of SSBs and weight/BMI in adults and children (n = 242,352), and only one cohort study in children showed no association. Findings from three RCTs in children demonstrated that SSB consumption had an effect on BMI/BMI z-score.
The latest published systematic review and meta-analysis examining the association between SSBs and body weight gain was published in 2013 and included studies from 1990 to 2012. Up to now, no systemic review considered studies from 2013 to 2015. However, for policymakers and also clinicians making evidence-based recommendations about SSBs, a systematic approach based on up-to-date data regarding the available evidence is required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically review the recent studies in children and adults in order to add consolidating evidence to that already published.
Search Strategy We identified relevant articles published between January 2013 and October 2015, which evaluated the association between SSBs and body weight measures in children and adults, by searching the following databases: MEDLINE (PubMed: www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed ), EMBASE ( www. ovid. com ), and the Cochrane library ( www. onlinelibrary. wiley. com/cochranelibrary ). The search strategy combined numerous terms relative to SSBs (e. g. sweetened beverages, soft drinks, carbonated beverages, sports drinks, fruit drinks), body weight (e. g. BMI, body weight, body fat, obesity), cardiometabolic outcomes (e. g. cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension), and study design or epidemiologic methods (e. g. cohorts, clinical trials, randomized). The terms of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and equivalent key words in titles and abstracts were used.
We conclude in Sect. 6 by presenting an original, new research agenda forward in this field. • First: Identifying the main articles available on the subject in academic databases and considering the principal keywords related to the topic; • Second: Screening the articles found in the first step in order to eliminate articles outside the subject area; • Third: Developing and applying a classification system to identify central structures of the subject or topic considered; • Fourth: Providing a literature review using the classification system elaborated in the third step above; and • Fifth: Identifying gaps, opportunities and challenges regarding future research studies in this area. For our first step, the main articles about humanitarian logistics we identified during August and September 2016 contained the keywords of "Logistics", "Supply Chain Management" and "Humanitarian" in the academic databases of Scopus and Web of Science.
We chose the two databases because they both compile data about abstracts and citations of scientific journals, books and conference proceedings from fourteen of the largest publishers in the world. Here, we used different combinations of keywords to increase the scope and reach of our search. After this first step, we performed screening with the objective of identifying all articles outside of the scope of our identified topics. Consequently, our final database comprised 87 articles that, in turn, were classified based on the coding presented in Table  1 , and described in the following section. Finally, taking into account our proposed coding, a descriptive statistic was used to identify the main gaps remaining from the literature, as shown in Sect. 5.
Methods In this category, we identify the main research methods used in articles that address HLSCM. From our results presented in Table  2 , most of the relevant studies are conceptual (26. 44%), as shown in Fig. 3. However, when we analyse each category in isolation, in category 3A articles dealing with the topic using qualitative methods are the majority (19. 05%), whereas articles that approach the topic quantitatively (9. 52%), or those that use mixed qualitative and quantitative methods together (3. 17%), are very few. Consequently, it seems plausible to argue that there is a need for researchers in the HLSCM area to use more quantitative methods or mixed methodologies in their work. In order to do so, it is necessary that data on different aspects of disasters are collected and made available on an open access basis, such as The International Disaster Database.
This is because the more data or information regarding calamitous events are available, the greater the chances of developing a strategy of prevention or assistance to victims. Additionally, opening up databases on natural and man-made disasters could enable us to develop simulations of potential impacts, and to forecast potential disasters in order to develop efficient action plans regarding them. of actions. From the points above, we propose: GAP 3 Which barriers exist to make quantitative studies feasible in the field of HLSCM? How is big data being used in the context of HLSCM?.
The detectors were arranged in an array of rhombicuboctahedron geometry, providing the possibility to carry out very precise angular correlation and directional-polarization correlation measurements. The triggerless acquisition system allowed a signal collection rate of up to 6 × 10 5 Hz. The data allowed to set multi-fold coincidences to obtain decay schemes and in combination with the FATIMA array of LaBr 3 :(Ce) detectors to analyze half-lives of excited levels in the pico-to microsecond range. Precise energy and efficiency calibrations of EXILL were performed using standard calibration sources of 133 Ba, 60 Co and 152 Eu as well as data from the reactions 27 Al(n,γ) 28 Al and 35 Cl(n, γ) 36 Cl in the energy range from 30 keV up to 10 MeV.
Key performances The data taking was subdivided into short runs to produce files of about 2 Gbyte in size. Since the target quantity was chosen to yield a count rate of about 10-20 kHz per channel, each experiment was subdivided into time intervals of the order of 7-15 minutes, while each run had enough statistics to monitor the systems performances. In-between individual campaigns or changes of -14 -setup calibration runs with sources of 133 Ba, 60 Co and 152 Eu for lower energies and 35 Cl(n,γ) 36 Cl measurements for higher energies were carried out. During campaigns with open neutron beam, (n,γ) lines from the target backing and chamber material were also used for energy calibration monitoring. During the whole EXILL campaign, about 60 TB of data have been recorded. The data are available to the EXILL-collaboration via an irods server for download  [52].
We note that the triggerless data from EXILL allow the study of isomers also in a micro-second range. However, as explained in ref. [56]  specific corrections may be needed for long half lives (T 1/2 > 1 µs), due to the fact that reaction events occur randomly in time. This is illustrated in the left-hand side of figure  14  where we show a time-difference spectrum doubly gated on the prompt, 2223 keV line from the 1 H(n,γ) capture reaction, which was a very strong single line in all our measurements. The spectrum shows the time difference between two subsequent 1 H(n,γ) capture reactions, for which the 2223 keV line was registered by EXILL. It is clearly seen that events occuring randomly in time at high rate can produce a pronounced time "slope", which is related to the event rate. This applies also to pairs of γ-lines in coincidence.
Angular correlations The high symmetry of the EXILL germanium detector array (rhombicuboctahedron) allows for a very effective angular correlation measurement at four relative angles between the detectors, 0 Ge-detectors in the array taking into account the symmetry of angular correlation formulas with respect to 90 •. Here the EXOGAM Clovers, used in add-back mode, were considered as a single detector. In the following we discuss the angular-correlation analysis for three angles, only, using data from a subset of the EXILL array -the eight EXOGAM detectors placed in one plane in an octagonal geometry perpendicular to the neutron beam. We have chosen this option due to the fact that the eight EXOGAM detectors are very similar to each other, with almost identical efficiencies and geometrical properties, which lowers the need for possible instrumental corrections, while GASP and Lohengrin detectors had rather different properties.
The analysis of this very rich data set is presently in progress. The EXILL campaign has also been an important step forward towards the development of a future instrument at the ILL: the FIssion Product Prompt γ-ray Spectrometer (FIPPS)  [59]. The FIPPS setup will represent a permanent extension of the temporary EXILL campaign. It aims at combining a high-resolution, high-efficiency germanium array and a large acceptance recoil spectrometer for mass determination. The subsequent improvement in the overall resolving power will allow the identification of new, weak γ-rays. A variety of alternative targets for neutron-induced fission ( 233 U, 239 Pu, 242m Am, 243 Cm, 245 Cm, 247 Cm, 249 Cf, 251 Cf) can be exploited. This will considerably extend the number of nuclei accessible for nuclear structure studies.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  Didier Berruyer  (ILL),  Thomas Brenner  (ILL),  Mathieu Guigou  (ILL),  Norbert Laurens  (ILL) ,  Laurent Ménager  (GANIL),  Jean Ropert  (GANIL),  Johann Menu  (LPSC),  Sebastian Roudier  (LPSC),  Jean-Claude Malacour  (LPSC),  Sam Roni  (LPSC),  Calogero Geraci (LPSC)  for their support in the design, construction and setup of the experiment. We thank the  ILL IT-service, Catherine Biscarat (LPSC) and Bernard Boutherin (LPSC) , the CCIN2P3 in particular  Yonny Cardenas ,  Pascal Calvat  and  Jean-Yves Nief  for helping and providing support in data transfer and storage. A special thank goes to  Frank Rey ,  Emilio Ruez-Martinez ,  Silvain Sallaz-Damaz  for setting up the electronics. We thank  Franz M. Wagner  (MEDAPP instrument at  FRM2, Garching ) for providing the Gafchromic film for testing the neutron beam alignment.
1995; Jochum et al. 2004 ). However,  McCreary and Yu (1992) , using a nonlinear 2. 5-layer model, find that their surface-trapped instability is primarily frontal (baroclinic) instability. Grodsky et al. (2005)  suggest, from in situ data at 238W, that both processes are important, as do von  Schuckmann et al. (2008). These authors find that in the Southern Hemisphere, TIWs are forced only by baroclinic instabilities associated with the vertical shear of the SEC. In the Northern Hemisphere, baroclinic instability caused by the vertical shear of the nSEC and barotropic instabilities caused by horizontal shears of the EUC/nSEC and nSEC/NECC contribute. Some questions are still pending about their occurrence, their location, and the way they could interact with other phenomena. Valuable global datasets such as altimetry datasets have become precious allies for oceanic investigations from long and basinwide time series.
This algorithm is very efficient for separating automatically (without any a priori cutoff period) the amplitude-and frequency-modulated high-and low-frequency components of the signals. Here, we apply our EMD-based algorithm to altimetric data in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean in order to improve our knowledge of wave and propagating feature dynamics. The purpose of this paper will be therefore to determinate with more precision the intra-annual characteristics of the northwestern Atlantic tropical eddies (as, for instance, the number of eddies per year and per season) and the TIW, as well as their timevarying lengths, modulations, interactions, and spatial distributions. The paper is organized as follows: In section 2 we describe the altimetry [sea level anomalies (SLA)] data and the mathematical methods used.
Data and methods The altimetry data used in this study were downloaded from the AVISO data center (http://www. aviso. oceanobs. com). They consist of SSALTO/DUACS SLA merged products. The data from all altimeter missions (Jason-1 and Jason-2, TOPEX/Poseidon, Environmental Satellite (Envisat), Geosat Follow-On, ERS-1 and ERS-2, and Geosat) are processed by the SSALTO/DUACS system in order to provide a consistent and homogeneous catalog of products for varied applications, both for near-realtime applications and offline studies (see http://www. aviso. oceanobs. com/fr/donnees/informations-sur-lesproduits/duacs/index. html for more information). We use the new multimission altimeter dataset reprocessing DUACS DT2014  (Pujol et al. 2016) , whose main priority was to improve the monitoring of the mesoscales in the global ocean.
a. Empirical mode decomposition (Hilbert-Huang transform) The fundamental part of the Hilbert-Huang transform is the EMD. Using the EMD method, any complicated dataset can be decomposed into a finite and often small number of components, which is a collection of intrinsic mode functions (IMF). An IMF represents a generally simple oscillatory mode. By definition, an IMF is any function with the same number of extrema and zero crossings, with its envelopes being symmetric with respect to zero. The definition of an IMF guarantees a well-behaved HT of the IMF. Therefore, the IMF is an asymptotic signal and we can extract its real and imaginary parts, amplitude (modulus or envelope), and frequency. The EMD decomposes the signal into IMFs by a shifting process as follows: 1) For the signal x(t), let m 1 be the mean of its upper and lower envelopes as determined from a cubic-spline interpolation of local maxima and minima.
91 days) and the ground track separation at the equator (315 km). The gridded products not only consider the abovementioned missions but missions such as the U. S. Geosat and the European ERS-1 and Envisat-2/Envisat with other characteristics (17 days and 150 km; 35 days and 80 km, respectively). This merging follows the conclusions of the ''altimetry'' community that at least two altimetry satellites are required to map the ocean and monitor its movements precisely at scales of 100-300 km (mesoscale). The main priority of the new multimission altimeter dataset reprocessing DUACS DT2014 was to improve the monitoring the mesoscales in the global ocean. It benefitted from climate standards and corrections that do not degrade the mesoscale signals. The parameters used for the mapping procedure-a compromise between the characteristics of the physical field focused on and the altimeter constellation sampling capabilities-were refined, especially the use of better defined correlation scales of the signal to map.
Acknowledgments. The EMD program used here is available online (http://perso. ens-lyon. fr/patrick. flandrin/emd. html). This study was funded by the  Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)  and the  Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). SSALTO/DUACS altimeter products were produced by SSALTO/DUACS and distributed by AVISO, with support from  CNES  (http://www. aviso. oceanobs. com/duacs/). J. L. Mélice  and  S. Arnault  are supported by  IRD.
Another incentive concerned the lack of reference process against which to compare new propositions, notably in terms of nutritional composition. The nutritional data for processed F&Veg, probably because of the many potential causes for variability, is poorly documented, with very abundant data for certain nutrients in certain F&Vegs, but almost none for the same nutrients in other products. Construction of a holistic database on nutrient composition thus appears to be needed. Concerning the incorporation of new technologies in F&Veg processing, two points can be considered: the acceptance of new technologies by consumers and the demand of consumers for more local and low scale technologies, which is often in contradiction with efficiency. Clearly, there are challenges concerning the modularity and versatility of equipment and decreasing energy and water use.
Comparing her SRRS's at two data points (see Figs. 1,  2), whereas early in her course her resource system was relatively 'simple' and unstructured (outlining selected human resources, e. g. , parents, pupils, colleagues) and websites (e. g. , enrich website; matematikk. org; PRI-MAS), after the PRIMAS course she had developed a more sophisticated system of resources, with arrows clearly indicating her aims and directions concerning how to prepare for her teaching. She also included more websites and articles for preparing her 'new self- Several years During the PD sessions and at home, or in discussion with colleagues How is the design evaluated? Evaluation during PD sessions and by PRIMAS users/teachers Evaluation by designated PRIMAS evaluation By teachers and multiplier/s in their PD sessions made activity or task' (see Fig.
Epidemiological field data The different models were fitted to a previously published epidemiological dataset from two neighbor rural settlements (El Palmar and Las Leonas) located in the Chaco Province of Argentina, where vector-borne transmission is still active  [37]. Prevalence data and frequencies of mixed infections measured between 2008 and 2010 are presented in Table  2 , and were used as initial conditions to run the models. The prevalence in 276 vectors (Triatoma infestans) captured from houses was determined by detection of the parasite in the bug faeces under microscopic observation. Model fitting by using a hybrid genetic algorithm. We implemented a hybrid genetic algorithm in order to fit each model to the observed prevalences: P H , P V and F mix. A genetic algorithm (GA) is a global optimization method based on the idea of natural evolution in order to select the combination of parameter values that maximizes a fitness function.
The potential solution of a problem is encoded on an ordered data structure called chromosome, and the algorithm works on a population of several chromosomes  [49]. Here, the population size was set to 50 chromosomes and the combinations of parameters values bear by each of those chromosomes were randomly generated by using a Latin hypercube sampling. Each chromosome was evaluated for their fitness using simulated likelihood calculated as follow. Average predictions for P H , P V and F mix were obtained from 1,000 simulations of the ABM ran with the parameter values bear by the chromosome. The probability mass function of the binomial distribution was then used to estimate the likelihood of such predicted values conditioned on the observed values in the host and vector populations. For example, the likelihood of the predicted P H is calculated by using probability mass function with the observed number of infected people (number of successes), the population size (number of trials) and P H (probability of success) as parameters of the function.
Although those epidemiological studies were based on sound statistical comparisons between individuals with different levels of exposure to vectors, none of them provided estimates of the actual level of vector-human contacts and its associated number of reinfection events per person. Fitting our model of T. cruzi transmission to eco-epidemiological data collected in two villages of Chaco, we provided the first estimate of the frequency of human reinfection. We indeed showed that 3% (0. 8%-5%), 14% (4%-18%) and 60% (21%-70%) of individuals are reinfected after 1, 5 and 30 years of the chronic stage of the disease. Those quantitative figures are partially explained by the very low probability of stercorarian transmission of T. cruzi. Our estimation of such probability of transmission (4. 9 x 10 -4 for the PF model) is highly consistent with the rare estimates present in the literature  [39, 40].
Historically, CD146 was discovered in 1987 by Professor J. P. Jonhson for the first time. It was identified as a marker of melanoma progression. These data were obtained by using an antibody generated by mouse immunization with a cell lysate of metastasizing melanoma. This antibody (MUC18) allowed the identification of a 113 kDa transmembrane protein. MCAM (melanoma cell adhesion molecule) described as a marker of metastasizing melanoma  [1]. In 1991, the team of Professor. F. Dignat-George identified Sendo-1 antigen as a marker of circulating endothelial cells in the blood by flow cytometry. This was made possible through the generation of a mouse monoclonal antibody named Sendo -1  [2]  obtained by mice immunization with a HUVEC cell lysate. Sendo-1 was able to stain the human endothelium whatever the vessel size and its anatomical location within the vascular tree  [3, 4].