dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
To this end, PK modeling of TF2 serum concentration kinetics, IMP288 serum activity kinetics (adjusted to the physical half-life of lutetium-177 to allow comparisons), and of IMP288 activities measured by SPECT in WB and regions of interest corresponding to major tissues and tumors was performed using a population PK modeling software developed in our laboratory (available upon request) that allowed for simultaneous multicompartment and multitissue analyses. The population approach allowed a more consistent modeling of data, ensuring convergence of parameter estimations even in cases where the number of data points was small due to assay sensitivity (TF2) or number of imaging sessions. In addition, the population approach allowed us to confirm that calculating individual TF2 or hapten doses on the basis of BSA reduced the variability of circulating TF2 concentrations and also allowed us to define a relationship between circulating TF2 concentrations at the time of hapten administration and the kinetics of the hapten.
FiGUrE1| Pharmacokinetics of the bispecific antibody TF2. Each patient received two infusions of TF2 at 7 or 8 days intervals (except patient 5). Blood samples were collected at selected time intervals during and after each infusion and centrifuges. TF2 concentrations were measured using a specific ELISA. The pharmacokinetics was then modeled using a two-compartment model and a population approach. Data collected after both infusions were fitted using a single set of parameters. Results (open squares) are plotted as a semilog plot with the population (dashed lines) and individual (solid lines) fitted curves.
aCKnOWlEDGMEnTS This work has been supported in part by grants from the  French National Agency for Research , called " Investissements d' Avenir "  IRON Labex  no  ANR-11-LABX-0018-01  and  ArronaxPlus Equipex  no  ANR-11-EQPX-0004 ; the proprietary TF2 and IMP288 reagents were provided by  Immunomedics, Inc. , and  IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Conclusions A search is performed for the Λ 0 b → Λη and Λ 0 b → Λη decays in the full dataset recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb -1. No significant signal is observed above background for the Λ 0 b → Λη decay, and some evidence is seen for the Λ 0 b → Λη at the level of 3σ. The B 0 → K 0 η decay is used as a normalisation channel, so that a limit is placed on the ratio of Λ 0 b → Λη ( ) branching fractions with respect to the B 0 → K 0 η branching fraction using the unified approach. With the known value of the B 0 → K 0 η branching fraction, the upper limit on the absolute branching fraction of the Λ 0 b → Λη decay is B(Λ 0 b → Λη ) < 3. 1 × 10 -6 at 90% CL. The branching fraction of the Λ 0 b → Λη decay is B(Λ 0 b → Λη) = (9.
After the experimental period of 28 days the animals were sacrificied and the tumors dissected. Erlangen, Germany) using a low radiation-dose protocol (29 s, 65 kV). MNP distribution and volume were analyzed with the Imalytics Research Software (Philips Technologie, Aachen, Germany). Using these data, the AMF power was controlled individually to reach 43°C in tumor areas farthest away from MNP deposits.
Acknowledgements The described work was carried out within the project,  Multifunctional Nanoparticles  for the  Selective Detection and Treatment of Cancer (Multifun) , which is funded by the  European Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement number  262943. We thank  Dr Vijay Patel  and  Liquids Research Ltd (Mentec, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales, UK ,) for the supply of MF66 MNP. We gratefully acknowledge  Julia Göring  and  Susann Burgold  for technical assistance in carrying out in vivo experiments and  Yvonne Ozegowski  for animal handling. We thank  Francisco J. Teran  ( Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología CNB-CSIC & IMDEA Nanociencia, Madrid ) for helpful discussions. AS and ALC acknowledge financial support from  Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad  (grants:  SAF-15440  and  BIO2012-34835 ) and IMDEA Nanociencia.
The case definition was any male breast cancer (ICD 10: C50)  (35)  reported via a cancer registry, medical record, death certificate, or self-report. Cancers were required to be incident (i. e. , diagnosed after exposure ascertainment) for cohort studies, and with exposure ascertainment near cancer ascertainment for case-control studies. To maximize the number of cases, we included all male breast cancers, regardless of whether they were diagnosed as a first cancer or not. For cohort studies, we attempted to create nested case-control datasets with a 40:1 control-to-case ratio using incidence-density matching to retain balance between analytic efficiency and strong statistical power, especially for analyses of less common exposures  (36). For these selected sets, controls were matched to cases on sex (male), race (study-specific categories), study center (for multicenter cohorts), date of birth (+/-1 year), date of entry (+/-1 year), and exit date (date last known alive and free of cancer [excluding non-melanoma skin cancer]) ≥ date of diagnosis of case.
"Recent" was during the past year for most studies, but longer for a few other studies; for example, the European Multi-center Study (21) asked about alcohol consumption five years ago, while the U. S. National Follow-up Back Survey  (14)  and U. S. Multi-center Study (5) only had average consumption across the lifetime. All cut-points for categorization of exposures and covariates were based on the exposure distribution of control subjects combined across studies that were included in the analytic dataset for this study, except for the "high exposure" alcohol categorization.
We assessed whether tobacco smoking adjusted or stratified for alcohol consumption-and vice versa-affected the estimates attained. Using a pooled dataset that included both studies of case-control and cohort designs, we tested for interaction between tobacco smoking status (never/former/current) and recent alcohol consumption (categorical) in relation to male breast cancer risk. P values for heterogeneity were estimated using the likelihood ratio test comparing a base model to the same model with inclusion of an interaction term of exposure*study, within each of the pooled analyses of case-control studies and of cohort studies. Additional sensitivity analyses included stratification of the main results by median age of diagnosis; stratification of the main results by BMI (tertiles and WHO categories); re-analysis of all exposures with exclusion of the National Mortality Follow-back Survey (NMFS)  (14) , since age was age at death rather than at breast cancer diagnosis; and analyses focusing only on male breast cancers occurring as a first primary cancer.
This research was funded, in part, by the  Intramural Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. JH Lubin ,  LA Brinton ,  MB Cook , and RT Falk were supported by the  Intramural Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. S Van Den Eeden  and  LA Habel  were supported by the  Kaiser Foundation Research Institute. Follow-up and maintenance of the Cancer Prevention Study-II  was supported by the  American Cancer Society. Participants of the  European Rare Cancer Study Group included Noemia Afonso, Study  was funded by  Breakthrough Breast Cancer  grant  BBC066  awarded to to  A Swerdlow  and  A Ashworth. In addition, the  Institute of Cancer Research acknowledges National Health Service  funding to the  National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre.
The excitation laser and fluorescence signal were filtered by 800 nm bandpass and 820 nm longpass filters (Semrock), respectively. The filtered fluorescence was then coupled to a single-mode fibre and guided to the entrance slit of a spectrometer (Princeton Instrument SP2500). After being dispersed by a grating, the fluorescence was diverted to a second exit port of the spectrometer (B1. 5 nm bandwidth) and collected by a fast-timing avalanche photodiode (APD-PDM, Micro Photon Device). A TCSPC module (PicoHarp 300) with a time bin of 4 ps was used to analyse the number of photons as a function of time, when they arrived at the photodiode. Final lifetimes were obtained from fits to the data deconvolved with the instrument response function  32. Numerical simulations of lasing emission. The active gain medium (dye molecules) was modelled as a four-level quantum system, and the interactions between the dye molecules and the electromagnetic fields were simulated by solving the net macroscopic polarization equation for the absorption and emission transitions, the rate equations and the Maxwell's equations using an in-house three-dimensional FDTD code  14, 20  (Supplementary Note 1).
Finite-difference time-domain simulations. FDTD calculations based on commercial software (FDTD solution, Lumerical Inc. , Vancouver, Canada) were used to simulate the linear properties of Au NPs. The optical constants of Au were taken from Johnson and Christy 33 (450-950 nm). A uniform mesh size of 2 nm (x, y and z directions) was used. The size of Au NPs was diameter d ¼ 120 nm, spacing a 0 ¼ 600 nm and height h ¼ 50 nm.
Acknowledgements This work was supported primarily by the  National Science Foundation (NSF)  under  DMR-1306514  (C. D. , G. C. S. and T. W. O. ) and  DMR-1121262  (A. Y. , M. D. , G. C. S. and T. W. O. ). T. B. H. and M. H. M. acknowledge support from the  Lord Foundation of North Carolina. This work made use of the  NUANCE Center facilities , which are supported by  NSF - MRSEC ,  NSF-NSC  and the  Keck Foundation , and the  Materials Processing and Microfabrication Facility , which is supported by the  MRSEC program  of the  NSF  (Grant  DMR-1121262 ). This research was supported in part through the computational resources and staff contributions provided for the Quest high-performance computing facility at  Northwestern University , which is jointly supported by the  Office of the Provost , the  Office for Research and Northwestern University Information Technology.
Statistical analyses. Results are presented as average values per litter for each parameter monitored and obtained from values of animals from the same litter. For each litter one to two animals were used for neuroanatomical studies and two to four animals were analyzed for behavior. Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism5 ® software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Data were compared using a non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test with a Dunn's post-test. Behavioral parameters were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA test with a Bonferroni post-test. A Friedman test was used for intragroup comparisons (trial number effect). A Chi-square test was used to compare frequencies. Differences were considered significant for p-value < 0. 05. Data presented in the histograms are means ± Standard Error of the Mean (SEM).
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  grant  NEED  (# AF08CES 011 ). Mr Derouiche  is a Ph. D. student supported by the  French MESR. We thank  Mr. Cahier  and  Ms. Crespin  and  Ms. Cirot  for the care of the animals at the  Experimental unit PAO n°1297  ( EU0028 ),  INRA Centre Val-de-Loire , and the  INRA  PRC hormonal assay platform for testosterone assays. We are grateful to  Dr Fouchécourt  for the discussion on the hCG injection protocol,  Dr Martini  for her participation in testing mouse behavior and  Ms. Torchy  for the kisspeptin study.
Statistics All statistical analysis was conducted in MATLAB (Mathworks Inc. ). We used a MATLAB toolbox for Circular Statistics to analyze the data on the bats' roosting positions  [35]. The upper rim of the basket was divided into 72 equal sectors marked by holes, which allowed us to determine the angle of the bats' roosting orientation with 5 degrees accuracy. The magnetic north in the natural geomagnetic field was defined as zero degree, marked by the letter "N" on the rim of the basket. In all trials, the position of the basket did not change, including during the polarity reversals. Due to their highly social nature, the bats usually clustered together when roosting. The angular value of their roosting position was obtained by determining the angle at the center of the cluster. If the bats happened to form more than 1 cluster by splitting up into several (no more than 3) groups, which occurred only very rarely, the average angular value was derived by vector calculation.
The data were discarded, however, if the bats were distributed over more or less the entire surface of the basket or if they were continuously moving. The data of the roosting position of the bat cluster was collected at 30 min intervals during the experimental time. The daily session was ended by 30 min break for feeding and watering, since the tested bats were removed from the experimental field, exposed to natural magnetic field for 30 min, and the bats had to re-determine the orientation of the magnetic field after being returned to the tested magnetic field condition (see Methods above). Therefore, we considered the daily data set obtained for each magnetic field condition as 10 independent repetitions. We determined the distribution of the bats in the basket as circular means, which were expressed as vector mean values, not the classic arithmetic mean value  [35].
HFF OBSERVATIONS These HST observations are part of the HFF program (GO/DD 13495) and include NIR and optical data centered on the cluster A2744 at RA=00:14:21. 2, DEC= -30:23:50. 1. NIR imaging includes the four bands F105W, F125W, F140W, and F160W, and was obtained during October and November 2013 for a total of 24, 12, 10, and 24 orbits, respectively. The second epoch observations of A2744 started in May 2014 to obtain ACS imaging in F435W, F606W, and F814W filters for a total of 18, 10, and 42 orbits, respectively. The observational details are summarized in Table  1. The reduced and calibrated mosaics used here were obtained from the HFF science data products release 1. 0 12. Basic reductions were handled by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) who also performed additional calibrations before the final combination, such as a correction for the sky background variations in the NIR images and charge transfer inefficiency residuals in the optical frames.
PHOTOMETRIC CATALOGS Using a point spread function (PSF) model derived with Tiny Tim  (Krist et al. 2011) , we first matched all the images to same PSF of the F160W image. Then we created a deep IR image by combining the four IR frames weighted by the inverse variance map (IVM). Similarly, we created a deep optical image combining the F435W and F606W images and a deep ACS image combining the three optical filters in order to ensure that the z ∼ 7 and 8 candidates are not detected in the blue bands (cf. Sect. 5). We used the same procedure as in  Atek et al. (2014b)  for source extraction. Using the SExtractor software  (Bertin & Arnouts 1996)  we performed the source detection in the deep image and measured the photometry in each of the bands in an isophotal aperture (ISO). The ISO magnitude is used for color-color selection.
Indeed, the relatively smooth continua, mostly flat or blue, in our candidates indicates that strong line emitters are not a concern in our sample. Moreover, as demonstrated by  Atek et al. (2011) , given the depth of the ACS images, most of such interlopers would be detected in the optical bands where the continuum is not affected by emission lines Another possible source of contamination in our sample are transient objects. The ACS observations were taken several months after the WFC3 ones which can lead to a detection of a supernova explosion for instance in the IR filter which fades out later in the optical bands leading to a fake continuum break. We compared the four epochs of IR data taken over a five week period to check the consistency of the photometry and identify bright transients.
Using our magnification map, we derive the amplification at the position of each object. The shape of galaxies is now distorted and their flux amplified according the cluster lens model  (Jauzac et al. 2014a; Richard et al. 2014a). The apparent magnitudes are then computed by convolving the galaxy SEDs with the throughput curves of the ACS and WFC3 filters. Finally, we run SExtractor on all images to construct photometric catalogs and apply the same color-color selection procedure we applied to select the real candidates from the HFF dataset. The comparison with the input catalogs thus provides the completeness function as function of the different galaxy and lensing parameters described above. In Figure  6  we present the result of the completeness calculations as a function of the intrinsic absolute magnitude, where the shaded blue region represents 68% confidence intervals.
CONCLUSION Using the complete HST dataset of the first Hubble Frontier Fields cluster A2744, we present new constraints on the faint-end of the UV galaxy luminosity function at redshift z ∼ 7 and z ∼ 8 in this work. This is the first of a series of six clusters that will ultimately be observed by HST and other telescopes to study the distant Universe to unprecedented level of depth and detail. Thanks to the boost offered by gravitational lensing of these massive galaxy clusters, one can reach the most feeble background galaxies at high redshift. In the present study, we uncovered the faintest galaxies known to date at z ∼ 7 and 8, reaching down to absolute magnitudes of M UV ∼ -15. 5. The flux of the background galaxies in our sample is amplified by factors up to 30, while the total survey area is reduced to ∼ 0.
Within the set of viable management strategies, the viability algorithm extracted the strategies that maximised the harvested grass indicator that reflected the production objectives of the farmer. For each simulation, the performance indicators (grassland production, farm self-sufficiency and bird population) were computed. Dynamics showed periodic patterns after 1 year of regime establishment: Viab t + 12 = Viab t , constant values of p, 12-month periodicity for u and B and a monotonous trend for N. Long-term dynamics were only sensitive to N 0 that was parameterised at N 0 = 100 for both bird species. Given this dependency on initial conditions, the ecological indicators were expressed in relative terms (i. e. relative to N 0 ). All computations were performed using Scilab 4. 1. 2 software (http://www.
99%, and Co, Aldrich, 99. 99%) followed by an annealing at 1150 °C in evacuated sealed silica tubes for six weeks. Due to difficulties in reducing the inhomogeneities related to the solidification in the Re-richer sample at this temperature, this sample was submitted to a first annealing treatment at 1500 °C under argon for 8 h in an induction furnace before the annealing at 1150 °C. The EPMA measurement was carried with a Cameca SX 100 apparatus using Kα lines for Cr and Co and Lα line for Re. In the present study, devoted to site reversal, it is obviously of primary importance to be able to experimentally obtain the site occupancies of the three atoms on the different sites of the crystal structure as a function of composition. X-ray or neutron diffraction alone cannot be used to solve this type of problem since, from one diffraction dataset, one can obtain only one occupancy parameter per site to match the average scattering density.
If one has to obtain, on each site, the two site occupancies necessary to define the structure when three elements are present together at the same position, one has to use two diffraction datasets in which the diffraction contrast is different. Ternary site occupancies can therefore be obtained in many cases by combined Rietveld refinement of neutron (ND) and X-ray (XRD) diffraction data. This is illustrated in Figure  3  in the case of the Mo-Re-Ni system. The red lines show the locus of compositions giving the same neutron scattering density at a given site. All the site compositions on the line would give the same agreement with the diffraction data in a structure refinement if the neutron diffraction only was used. The same lines can be drawn for X-ray and it is evident that only one composition can result in a good refinement of both XRD and ND data.
The powder sample (typically 6-8 g, <63 μm) was placed in a vanadium cylinder (diameter 6 mm) and the measurement was performed at room temperature with Debye-Scherrer geometry in the presence of five detectors. For each pattern, data were recorded in the angular range 5° ≤ 2θ ≤ 121° with a step size of 0. 05° using neutrons of wavelength 1. 2253 Å. The X-ray measurements were done on a Bruker D8 Advance apparatus working in the Bragg-Brentano geometry in the θ-θ mode with Cu Kα radiation and a graphite monochromator in the diffracted beam. The usual conditions for the measurements are 5-120° (2θ), step 0. 04°, time per step 20-60 s. To determine site occupancies, the combined Rietveld analysis of XRD and ND data was conducted using the FULLPROF program in the multipattern mode (joint refinement).
For refinement, the background was either interpolated between the peaks or refined with a polynomial. The pseudo-Voigt function was used to define the peak shape in both XRD and ND patterns. Because Re and Co present a non-negligible absorption coefficient for neutrons, an absorption correction was also applied by calculating the values of the absorption coefficient (μr) for each composition. To calculate the absorption coefficient, the density of non-compacted powders was estimated to be ~40% of the density of the material. Also, micro-absorption for the flat-plate geometry of X-ray measurements was taken into account in particular in order to be able to describe both XRD and ND data with a unique structural model including unique displacement parameters. The site occupancies are refined using a composition constraint and maintaining full occupancy at each site.
Above six sites, the computation time may become prohibitive due to the increase in both the number of configurations and the complexity of the structure; simplifications should be adopted, such as merging different crystallographic sites. The presented calculations are based on the density functional theory (DFT) and were carried out using the VASP package  [7, 8]. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) was used with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange and correlation energy functional  [9, 10]. An energy cutoff of 400 eV was used for the plane wave basis set, and a dense grid of k-points was used with the sampling generated by the Monkhorst-Pack procedure  [11]. For each ordered configuration, both the internal atomic coordinates and the lattice parameters were fully relaxed using successive steps, keeping the original cell structure.
They were studied by both XRD and ND. The compositions are shown on the phase diagram in Figure  14. The site occupancy results obtained by joint Rietveld refinement are shown together with binary data obtained by XRD or ND only  [20, 26]  in Figure  15. On the same figure are presented the results of calculations from the DFT, as explained above. Both spin polarized and non-spin polarized calculations have been used. The difference is slight between both calculations but the non-spin polarized calculation seems to slightly better reproduce the experimental data. This phenomenon was also observed for the σ phase of another magnetic system (Re-Fe  [28] ). Though the uncertainty of the experimental results is larger than in the case of Mo-Re-Ni system since the relative XRD and ND contrasts are much less favorable, the reversal of Cr site occupancies is evident from both experiments and calculation.