dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Inquiry on old cameras at Karnak After their proofing the photographs are uncalibrated but they bare EXIF from the camera used for reprography. To avoid miscalibration, we first had to remove these metadata. After the basic necessary development treatment of the photographs in Adobe Lightroom (invert negatives, reframing) the export were made in. tiff without metadata from camera and lens. One of our research hypothesis stands on the fact that if we were able to recover calibration data for the archives photographs, we could achieve better adjustments inside photogrammetry softwares. Thus, an extensive research has been carried out about the history of photography, photographers who came to Karnak (amateurs and professionals) and the equipment used by egyptologists and archeologists on the field.
We were able to make a list of plausible focal length and cameras. Then, the batch of historical photographs is copied as many times as we have hypothesis for the camera calibration. For example, if we have three lenses that were likely in use for a particular set of photographs, we make three new copies of the set of photographs and implement a different set of metadata. The metadata are implemented in the core of the digitized photographs. This is rendered feasible thanks to an open source plugin called LensTagger (developed by Dirk Essel) added to the software Adobe Lightroom. LensTagger allows us to implement any data we need about the analog photographs, as though we made them ourselves. Each copied set is saved with the new metadata, ready to be tested in photogrammetry softwares that will acknowledge the new EXIF.
Photogrammetry of the current state of the Chapel Alongside the work on archive photographs, the recording of the current state of the White Chapel has been conducted in the open air museum of Karnak. The dimensions and architecture of the Chapel (figure  4  & 5) required the installation of scaffoldings for the facades and the help of tripod and monopod to photograph the ceiling and the sixteen pillars inside. The camera used is a Fujifilm XT-3 with a 35mm lens f2. 8 (equivalent to a 50mm lens). The photogrammetry reconstruction is calculated with the commercial software Agisoft Metashape in high resolution. The photogrammetry serves several purposes in the case of the White Chapel: for comparisons with previous states, for future conservation reports and to help referencing for the historical photogrammetry reconstruction.
DATA PROCESSING FOR HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY At this stage of our research, trials have been conducted only in the software Agisoft Metashape, an SfM commercial software. We first tried a batch of 12 historical photographs from the Eastern and Northern facade (figure  6 ). They consist of five diapositives (24x36mm) and seven black and white photographs (two in 6x6cm and five in 6x7cm). Other problems can occur as we have different image scales and image resolution to identify points in the images  (Bevilacqua & at. , 2019). According to the inquiry about camera and lens, we decided to first try this batch without calibration and to make a second experiment with implemented EXIF. The first set of archives without EXIF will be run with automated calibration integrated within the software. Key markers must be added to help the alignment process, since overlapping between photographs is very low.
RESULTS AND FUTURE WORKS The purpose of the research presented in this paper was to build the first steps of the 3D reconstruction of how the White Chapel in Karnak looked like after its restoration in 1985, allowing it to be compared to its contemporary condition. Following historical research about history of photographyespecially in Karnak -and the recording of the archives photographs, we lead first tests for 3D reconstruction with the software Agisoft Metashape. We managed to obtain first views from the White Chapel as it was in 1985 based on its contemporary geometry in the photogrammetry. Implementing EXIF about cameras used might lead to a better calibration into photogrammetry softwares and we want to explore further their possibilities. The following steps in our research will be the trials of historical photogrammetry with the use of the software MicMac (developed by IGN France).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Archives photographs shown in this paper are property of the CFEETK. The contemporary map of Karnak temple is also a production from the  CFEETK  and we would like to thanks  Florie Pirou  for it. The architectural plans of the White Chapel are extracted from (Lacau P. , Chevrier H. , 1956). All other figures are by the authors. The authors also would like to thanks the  CFEEKT  for its help and support during this research. This work was supported by the  Paris Seine Graduate School Humanities, Creation, Heritage ,  Investissement d'avenir ANR-17-EURE-0021 -Foundation for Cultural Heritage Science ).
Procedures This study is part of a sequential mixed-method research aiming at documenting psychotic-like experiences, care utilization and helpseeking behaviors among an indigents' population. The research includes a cross-sectional design and an applied qualitative design. In February 2017, a phase of exploratory quantitative data collection was carried out in 10 randomly selected villages in the Di ebougou region (Fig. 1 ) where 424 indigents were interviewed regarding their mental health status. Of these 424 people, 58 reported at least one of the four psychotic-like experiences examined in this survey: seeing things or people that other people cannot see, hearing voices or noises that other people cannot hear, feeling on a mission that others cannot understand, and feeling that the mind is controlled by supernatural forces or that the body is possessed by a spirit.
The duration and frequency of these experiences, as well as help-seeking behaviors were also assessed. In complement to this quantitative study, to gather information on explanatory models of these manifestations, two methods were deployed: individual interviews (II) with indigents and focus group discussions (FGD) with community members. In May 2017, four investigators (master students in sociology) who had been involved in the quantitative data collection, who spoke the main local language (Dioula), who had tacit knowledge of the sociocultural dynamics and who were familiar with vernacular expressions, attended a three-day training. This training covered theoretical foundations of explanatory models of the illness  (Kleinman, 1980) , guidelines for conducting FGD and semi-structured qualitative interviews, and appropriation of the interview canvas.
Data analysis During fieldwork, a debriefing was done daily to highlight the salient impressions, non-verbal and contextual observations, as well as the difficulties encountered in data collection. II and FGD were audio-recorded and translated into French during transcription process by the interviewers. An immersion phase with the material first took place during which the members of the research team read the verbatims, noted their first impressions and discussed them as a team. In this phase of analysis, segments of the verbatims where we identified misunderstandings from participants, were excluded from the analysis. The data were then organized according to an inductive descriptive thematic analysis (Paill e and Mucchielli, 2016) with the support of NVivo12 software. We first coded the II segments.
The material from the FGD was then coded and integrated in the analysis to add depth or contrast to the individual narratives. Since the material from the FGD did not focus much on concrete situations, the statements were less precise regarding the interpretations of the different psychotic-like experiences. The observation notes were then integrated to nuance some results. Triangulation of the data made it possible to integrate the recurrent themes and subthemes identified in all data sources. Three distinct meanings of psychotic-like experiences emerged from this analysis. The themes and subthemes were then recoded for each of these meanings according to an inter-judge agreement based on their association with the following rubrics: etiologies, meanings, manifestations, and consequences.
Financial support This work was supported by the  Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) , which funded the program ( ROH-115213s ) " Community research studies and interventions for health equity in Burkina Faso". CRediT authorship contribution statement Pigeon-Gagn e Emilie: Conceptualization, Investigation , Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing -original draft, Writing -review & editing. Teodora Vigu: Formal analysis, Writingreview & editing, Visualization. Kadidiatou Kadio: Conceptualization, Writing -review & editing. Emmanuel Bonnet: Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing -review & editing. Val ery Ridde: Project administration, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing -original draft, Writing -review & editing.
Ethical note Children's participation in the creation of this database was on a voluntary basis and was subject to school approval and parental consent. The photographer, Gilles Porte, was given help and permission from Non-Governmental Organizations and the UNESCO to approach certain populations. We have respected the license of this database insofar which was strictly used for research purposes at the Hubert Curien Pluridisciplinary Institute (CNRS), a state-recognized research institute. The database was solely used to discuss the pictorial development of children, with no individual psychological or psychoanalytic interpretation. The ethical rules of this database have therefore been respected.
, 2001; Nomoto, 2007; Cohn, 2014) , we then noted the number of human figures present in each drawing (for one individual, see Figures  E, F ; for several individuals see Figures  3D, G, H ) and the presence (and the number) of sensory organs in the human figures (eyes, nose, mouth, ear, and hand). Considering proportion of the human figures in the drawings, we measured the size of each head and body drawn by children using the GIMP 2. 10. 22 software  (Peck, 2006). The precision of measurements was improved through the use of a 10 × 10 grid  (Casti, 2016)  as well as compass and selection tools. GIMP was also used to determine the minimum convex polygons (MCP) which is the smallest polygon that can be drawn around the extreme location points, and which has angles that all measure less than 180 degrees.
Specific indices of culture As our study aimed to observe the influence of socioeconomic and cultural conditions on drawing behavior of children, data for three specific indices were collected to categorize each country. The first is the Individualism Index  Value (IDV), which assesses the links between individuals and the members of their community as a degree measured on a scale of 0-100. A high IDV value indicates that the society can be considered more individualistic (i. e. , an independent strategy), while a low value indicates a more communitybased society (i. e. , an interdependent strategy) (for details about factors included into this metric, see  Hofstede, 2010). The second is the Urban Development Index (UDI) which corresponds to the percentage of the population living in urban areas compared to the total population of a country  (Molinaro et al.
Statistical analyses Once collected for each drawing, our 13 variables were grouped into interpretable dimensions via principal component analysis (PCA) performed with the R FactoMineR package  (Lê et al. , 2008). PCA is used to extract and visualize important information contained in a multivariate data table by combining metrics to form a biologically or psychologically significant dimension. Here, we aimed and expected metrics to be combined and form dimensions that correspond to cultural (CSC groups) or biological (i. e. , age and gender) aspects of the drawing and show performance or aestheticism in the drawing  (Dissanayake, 2001; Matthews, 2003). The dimensions obtained were used as response variables, and the coordinates of each drawing in each dimension allowed us to compare the drawings according to the age, gender, IHDI-IDV-UDI, and CSC group of the children.
For this, we removed some missing values of our data set (27 drawings from Roma community because the living country of the children were undetermined, four drawings for which gender was not known, and four drawings for which age was not known). In order to test the potential effect of our multiple independent variables (gender-age-CSCgroup-IHDI-IDV-UDI), we performed a multivariate linear regression model for each dimension of our PCA using the lm() function from the R car package  (Fox and Weisberg, 2019). The potential collinearity between our predictor variables was tested by calculating the variance inflation factor (VIF) of the car package  (Fox and Weisberg, 2019). This calculation enabled us to remove the IHDI variable that was too strongly correlated with the CSC group variable (VIF > 11) and confirm the absence of problematic (multi) collinearity with other variables (VIF < 4).
Our models thus included two factors, namely gender (2 levels) and CSC group (6 levels), and 3 numerical variables, i. e. , age, IDV, and UDI. Interaction between age and gender was tested but was not found to be significant and was therefore excluded from the model (0. 3 < p < 0. 99). Given the absence of a normal distribution and homogeneity in our values, we decided to carry out non-parametric tests. The preconditions for these tests were met by our numeric dependent variables, our balanced samples and weakly correlated predictor variables. The p-value was then calculated by sampling, performing a Monte-Carlo test with 1,000 permutations for each model with the PermTest() of the R pgirmess package  (Giraudoux et al. , 2018). Tests were run three times to check the statistical stability.
Results Out of a total n = 958 drawings analyzed, 33% showed environmental elements as well as the self-portrait. Amongst these, 54% contained natural elements (9. 5% of which had been personified), 12% showed animals, 13. 5% man-made objects, 10% supplementary human figures, 4% symbols, et 3% letters or numbers. On average, the children drew on 35 ± 20% of the total paper sheet. Human figures took up an average 16 ± 20% of the drawing space and 87% of these figures included facial elements, with an average of 2. 9 ± 1. 5 facial details included per drawing. Five dimensions were retained from the 13 variables for our PCA, with eigenvalues of at least 1. These dimensions explained 63% of the total data variance (dimension 1 = 18. 8%, dimension 2 = 15. 4%, dimension 3 = 11. 4%, dimension 4 = 9.
e. , the importance that children attribute to what they are, built on their own experience and in relation with others, or at least the relative importance of the self and of objects. Of course, this interpretation of the dimensions are quite subjective and we come up to this later in the discussion. Following the removal of the 35 missing value lines from our dataset, n = 923 drawings were considered in our analyses based on the use of 10 variables (i. e. , the five PCA dimensions; the gender; the age; the CSC group; the IDV; and the UDI). Three prediction variables were found to significantly influence the values of dimension 1: Age, CSC group, and the UDI (gender p = 0. 129; age p < 0. 001; culture p < 0. 001; IDV p = 0. 885; and UDI p = 0. 024). However, pairwise comparisons revealed that there was no significant difference between countries groups (p > 0.
, 2021). Additionally, our choice to group the 35 countries together to observe the major cultural influences ruled out the possibility of considering the diversity of cultural practices and educational methods between countries of the same group and between regions of the same country, which could affect drawing behavior differently. It would therefore be interesting to make more specific comparisons. The dataset being limited for some age and countries categories, it should be also important to increase the number of drawings, per age, per country but also per cities vs. villages to increase the statistical power of analyses and so the rigor of our explanations. Continuing our research would allow us to discover the wealth of information contained in children's works in greater depth. Our methodology could be applied to examine psychological and emotional traits measured through questionnaire  (Kallitsoglou et al.
Methods The Border Cave 1 cranium was scanned at the microfocus X-ray tomography facility of the Palaeosciences Centre at the University The virtual brain endocasts were extracted from the BC 1, OH 9, Bodo and Cro-Magnon crania by using Endex software  (Subsol et al. , 2010 ; http://liris. cnrs. fr/gilles. gesquiere/wiki/doku. php? id¼endex). Sulcal and vascular imprints were automatically detected using a method for the detection of topographic variation in 3D meshes  (Yoshizawa et al. , 2007 (Yoshizawa et al. , , 2008;; Beaudet et al. , 2016 Beaudet et al. , , 2019;; de Jager et al. , 2019; Dumoncel et al. , 2021). The 3D surface of Border Cave 1 was also registered with the 3D surface of Cro-Magnon 1 for further comparison using the 'Align' module of Avizo v9. 0 software (Visualization Sciences Group Inc.
) To investigate topographic cranial vault thickness distributions in BC 1, a 3D colour map was generated using the 'Surface Distance' module of Avizo v9. 0. This module automatically calculates distances between the inner and the outer cranial surfaces. The colour map was rendered on the outer surface using a colour scale ranging from dark blue ('thinner') to red ('thicker')  (Beaudet et al. , 2018). The bony labyrinth morphology was reconstructed using Avizo v9. 0 software. In this study we focused primarily on the semicircular canals. Measurements were taken in Avizo v2002. 3. 1 (Thermo Fischer Scientific), following the protocols of  Gunz et al. (2012)  and  Uhl et al. (2021) , which consists of identifying the midpoint of the lumen in order to pinpoint landmarks defining the height and width of the labyrinth semicircular canals  (Spoor, 1997; Spoor and Zonneveld, 1995).
Raw measurements were transformed into shape indices, retaining variables that maximized the number of fossil samples that could be included for comparison. In total, seven indices were used, including those conveying the arc of each semicircular canal (ASCh/w, PSCh/w, and LSCh/w), the sagittal labyrinth index (SLI), and the radius of curvature of each semicircular canal relative to the total canal radii (ASC%R, PSC%R, and LSC%R). These variables were used to explore shape affinities in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), performed using PAST software (v4. 05, Hammer et al. , 2011). BC 1 was treated as an unknown specimen and projected onto the PCA space comprising the comparative sample.
Acknowledgements We thank the  Fossil Access Advisory Panel  and the  Evolutionary Studies Institute  ( University of the Witwatersrand ) for access to Border Cave 1, and  Gideon Chinamatira  for X-ray microtomographic acquisitions. We sincerely thank the  Digital Archive of Fossil Hominoids team  (https://www. virtual-anthropology. com/)and the  Rising Star team (MorphoSource project  ' Rising Star '  ID 00000C124 ) for sharing data. We are grateful to the following institutions for their financial support:  Bordeaux University, Centre  for  Early Sapiens Behaviour ,  DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences (Genus)  ( CEOOP 2020-1 ),  National Geographic Society  ( NGS-54810R-19 ),  Grand Programme de Recherche 'Human Past' of the University of Bordeaux Initiative d'Excellence, National Research Foundation of South Africa  (# 129336 ),  University of Bordeaux Programme Talents  (Grant No.
Statistical analyses and visualization were performed in R (R Core Team, 2019). SoA. SoA (i. e. , self-attributing the VH's movement) was analyzed by comparing a series of logistic mixed-effects regressions implemented in the 'lme4' package  (Bates et al. , 2014). Following  Barr et al. , (2013) , we attempted to include maximal random effects that also allow for model convergence. Models were compared using the differences of their Bayesian Information Criteria (i. e. , Δ BIC, see  Schwarz, 1978) , with values between 2 and 6, between 6 and 10 and > 10 considered as positive, strong and very strong evidence respectively for the model with the lower value  (Kass & Raftery, 1995; Wagenmakers, 2007). The winning model's fixed parameters' significance were derived using the Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom approximation and type III error implemented in the 'lmerTest' package  (Kuznetsova et al.
Discussion Employing an ecological VR paradigm, we examined embodied SoA and associated confidence ratings in healthy and psychosis patient populations. Our results revealed several important findings. First, psychosis participants showed an extensive deficit in SoA, and were impaired in discriminating self from externally altered actions for both temporal and spatial alterations. Second, psychosis patients' metacognition of SoA was impaired, and their confidence ratings did not track the accuracy of their SoA judgments. Finally, using a data driven approach to classify psychosis patients based on their embodied SoA task performance yielded high classification rates, suggesting that our task may be clinically useful in the detection and monitoring of psychotic states. Psychosis patients showed a considerable deficit in their ability to judge whether the movement of the VH was identical to their actual movement or altered.
github. com/amitrekru/SoA_Metacognition_Psychosis. Methods Schizophrenia (17) 30. 6 (7. 2) 14. 6 (3. 1) 16. 6 (4. 7) 64. 3 (12. 4) Schizoaffective disorder (5) 35 (13. 5) 15. 2 (2. 6) 9. 4 (2. 4) 52. 8 (7. 5) Participants Psychosis Active psychosis (4) Paranoid schizophrenia (2) 29. 3 (8. 8) 28. 5 (2. 1) 17. 3 (4. 3) 12 (1. 4) 16. 5 (6. 8) 16 (4. 2) 67. 5 (13. 4) 59 (9. 9) Healthy controls (HC). Thirty-four control participants that self-reported no psychiatric 69. 5 (19) 13. 5 (6. 3) 18 (0) 28 (8. 5) Bipolar Disorder (2) or neurological history from Bar-Ilan University participated in the experiment. Four 62. 8 (12. 4) 15. 2 (5. 2) 15. 1 (3. 2) 30. 9 (8. 3) Mean Control None (30) 24. 4 (3) - participants were excluded from the analysis (see pre-registration and supplementary material section A for criteria and details) leaving a total of 30 healthy participants (mean age: 24.
The IEB, directed by Wickliffe Rose, was created by the Rockefeller Foundation for financing traveling grants for young scientists and supporting the creation or the maintenance of scientific institutions. An admirer of Poincaré, Birkhoff used his stay to connect with French mathematicians. During an informal dinner, Birkhoff and Borel discussed the need to develop interactions between mathematicians and physicists in Paris to strengthen both groups. They suggested creating an institute, which Borel wanted to be located on the rue Pierre Curie, close to the Institut du Radium (directed by Marie Curie), the Laboratory of physical chemistry (directed by Jean Perrin), and the École normale supérieure. Borel, supported by Birkhoff, started discussions with Trowbridge in may 1926 in order to obtain financial support from the IEB to create an institute of mathematics and mathematical physics, as well as to construct a modest building for the mathematics department.