dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data accessibility. Raw sequence data generated using Illumina HiSeq has been deposited in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) (SRP068147; http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/sra/SRP068147). Novel nucleotide sequence data for neuropeptide precursors have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. KT601705-KT601742). The datasets supporting this article have been uploaded as part of the electronic supplementary material.
(b) Alignment of GnRH-type precursors. Accession numbers for the corresponding precursor proteins are: Arub_GnRH1P, A. rubens GnRH-type precursor 1 [GenBank: KT601712]; Spur_GnRH1P, S. purpuratus GnRH-type precursor 1 [GI:390361802]; Arub_GnRH2P, A. rubens GnRH-type precursor 2 [GenBank: KT601713]; Spur_GnRH2P, S. purpuratus GnRH-type precursor 2 [GI:109403263].
1371/journal. pone. 0151356. t001 protein-rich foods, mixed meals, dairy foods and cheeses, sweets), but only data concerning vegetables are reported here. For the French version of the questionnaire, the list of foods was based on earlier research conducted in France  [29]. It was translated into German and adapted to German food patterns (and then back-translated to check there were no major discrepancies between the two versions). It was then tested with 20 mothers to ensure that the questions were well understood. Final versions were then prepared and administered. At 15 months, 36 different vegetables were listed for Aalen and 37 for Dijon (35 were common to Dijon and Aalen). At 3 years, the same 40 vegetables were listed for both regions. For each vegetable, the mother noted if, currently, the child (1) ate and liked it, (2) ate it but did not particularly like it, (3) had been offered it at least once but did not like it, (4) had been offered it but refused to taste it, or (5) had never been offered it.
It also allows correction for the slight difference in the number of vegetables listed in the French and in the German questionnaires at follow-up 1. Vegetable acceptance at follow-up 3. Children's vegetable acceptance during each laboratory session was assessed using liking rated by the child during phase 3, by intake (g) during phase 4, and by willingness to taste (i. e. , the number of vegetables that were at least tasted). Correlation analyses showed there was a significant positive association between motherreported and child-reported liking: r(73) = 0. 86, p < 0. 001, so only the latter ratings are reported here. The data for the two NEW vegetables were averaged as were data for the eight familiar vegetables and data for the two repeated measures for the initially disliked vegetable (DIS).
For each dependent variable an ANOVA was performed. The model included 3 main effects (type of milk feeding, early variety experience, and region) and the interaction between type of milk feeding and variety. When non-significant this interaction was removed in the final models. All data are presented as Least Square means (± SE) and the alpha value was set at 0. 05. All statistics were carried out with the SAS statistics software (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA).
Participants As noted above, not all the initial participants took part in the three follow-up studies. A series of χ 2 tests confirmed that at each follow-up, the proportion of children remaining in each group was not significantly different from the proportion in the initial study (S1 Table ). ANO-VAs carried out on the intake and liking data from the initial study but using only results from infants participating in the follow-up studies yielded similar patterns of results to the initial analysis on the complete data set, showing that, at each follow-up, the children who participated were representative samples of those who took part in the initial study (S1 Fig).
One problem with long-term follow-up studies is that there is inevitably some attrition among the participants. Here, the losses were considerable: 27% at 15 months; 35% at 3 years and 49% at 6 years. The proportion of losses, however, was similar in the different cells of the experimental design. An analysis of new vegetable intake and liking carried out on the initial data collected when the infants were weanlings, but using only those infants who later on participated in the follow-up studies, confirmed that the participants at each stage of follow-up were representative of the initial population in that their initial patterns of results were similar. As increased early variety increases acceptance of new foods, this may increase the size of the food repertoire and consequently the variety of the diet.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank the mothers and children who took part in these studies, the pediatricians,  Dr. Anita Wieser  and  Dr. Vincent Boggio , who helped recruit them, and assistants  Maria Manz ,  Véronique Traynard ,  Emilie Szleper  and  Valérie Feyen , who helped carry out the work. We also would like to thank  Sandrine Monnery-Patris  for her useful advice concerning the experiment conducted for the last follow-up and  Nicolas Pineau  and  Thorn Thaler  for their guidance on statistical analyses.
Doing comparative analyses on specific cognitive functions could become possible with the advent of increasingly automated test devices for measuring cognitive function to help build the sorts of across species datasets needed  (Steurer et al. , 2012; Morand-Ferron et al. , 2015b). A number of new directions using the comparative method have still not been sufficiently exploited. First and foremost, analyses should begin to compare specific regions of the brain, neural structure, or brain function rather than coarse measures of brain size. The increasing ease of using new technology (e. g. , MRI, PET) to measure brain structures, connectivity, and function that are frequently measured in cognitive neurosciences could provide new insights on the link between the evolution of cognitive processes and ecological or social factors that influence cognition.
Variation in space or time can also be examined by estimating alternative models with datasets that correspond to different scenarios (e. g. ,  Sih et al. , 2002) , thereby specifically examining how selection might fluctuate or differ between populations. Finally, researchers can test alternative path models to better understand the relationships between cognitive traits, behaviors, and fitness using both observational data and experiments  (Wootton, 1994; Sinervo and DeNardo, 1996). Indeed, manipulations (e. g. , behavior, hormones, or gene products/mRNA that influence the cognitive trait) are a very important tool in disentangling the links between traits and such results can be directly used in a path framework. Overall, structural equation modeling provides an important tool to understand the complex relationships we expect between cognition, behavior, and selection and how these relationships will influence the evolution of cognition.
POSITION CONTROL ALGORITHM In order to check the position response of the proposed head mechanism, the transfer functions already determined in Section 3 are used. These functions are included in a simulated model based on MATLAB-Simulink as shown in Figure  5. For the neck mechanism, the reference θ 1 for yaw and θ 2 for pitch are simulated as an input sine wave of frequency value equals to 1. 5 rad/s for the yaw motion and to 1 rad/s for the pitch one. These values are chosen in the range of the acceptable frequencies calculated in the previous Section 5. Therefore, vibration effects disturbing the response are avoided. The simulated results for the neck movements are detailed in the following sub-sections. The aim of the carried simulation is to determine the appropriate PID gains to apply to the mechanism.
Origin and timeline of the project The CATS project was set up in 2009 to answer FP7 call number  SST. 2008. 3. 1. 1  entitled "New mobility concepts for passengers ensuring accessibility for all". The winning consortium brought together eleven partners in five countries (France, Israel, Italy, Romania and Switzerland), including transportation systems manufacturers, research institutes, services providers and end users. The project began on 1st January 2010 and its initial objective was to promote the Cristal system, designed and operated by the French company Lohr Industrie. The initial phases of the CATS project included a mobility needs analysis on three cities: Strasbourg, France, Ploiesti, Romania and Formello, Italy. After a detailed user needs analysis (data not shown), Strasbourg was selected as the most suitable for a public demonstration.
The absence of a driver was not perceived as a problem by 78% of respondents. This important result may be correlated with the type of person likely to be found on the EPFL campus at any time including the summer holidays: often people interested in technology and innovation. The absence of true seating and the lack of window panes were experienced as a problem by some users. Open comments from users included suggestions to extend the service in various directions, especially towards the Metro station and towards the neighbouring University of Lausanne campus. Spontaneous comments included: "Very friendly and impressive idea", "Wonderful innovation, keep your research going!", "(is this) the place for an after-work drink?" or "You should think of adding music during the ride. " We interpreted these data and comments as a sign that Navya, while being taken seriously as a technological innovation and transport system, is also viewed as being fun.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by FP7 collaborative project grant number 231341. More information can be found here: http://cordis. europa. eu/project/rcn/93669_en. html. The authors wish to acknowledge the following people who were major participants in the conception and/or implementation of the CATS project: Philippe Vollichard, Sonia Lavadinho, Stéphanie Vincent-Geslin, Michaël Thémans, Michel Bierlaire, Raphaël Gindrat, Susana Limao Erik Bessmann, Isaline Chaumier, Philippe Dupuy, Fabienne Janin, Stéphane Laporte, Céline Oppenhauser, Delphine Krieger, Ronan Golias, Géraldine Lecocq, Jean-Marc Lasgouttes, Arnaud de La Fortelle, Thomas Liennard, Sami  Mahari, Shlomo Bekhor, Leonid Tartakovsky, Milena Mirkis, Adriano Alessandrini, Daniele Stam, Annarita Granata, Milena Perpelea, Jean-François Argence, Virginie Machado, Marie-José Navarre, Pierre Lefèvre and Frédéric Lenti.
(4) The data captured by the Kinects were recorded for offline processing. For each sensor, saved data included a colour stream in an. avi video file (XVID codec) + timestamp for each image in an. xml file; a depth stream in  The IMI2S computational framework  33  was used to pre-process 3D skeleton data and, eventually, to extract behavioural features as described in ref. 25. From 2D+3D data and 3D space reconstruction, we extracted individual parameters (quantity of movement and Motion activity ratio for each partner) and dyadic parameters related to the dynamics of partners heads distance (contribution to heads distance), to the focus of mutual engagement (percentage of time spent face to face or oriented to the task), and to the dynamics of motion activity (synchrony ratio, overlap ratio, pause ratio).
This may have interesting applications in studies testing social interaction even if each scenario would have to select the pertinent parameters to be monitored as it is the case in imaging. Second, the current algorithms offer may help to develop automatic quantification of standardized assessments in the clinical setting. For example, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule is a time-consuming assessment that requires specific expertise for rating. 35 We suggest that interaction imaging might be of interest for providing automatic scoring if the assessment is recorded in an experimental room with the same sensors. Coupling with audio data would be warranted as ADOS includes language/communication assessment as well. Specific algorithm on audio speech turns are already available. 8 Third, by offering interaction quantitative parameters, the current method may help investigating more deeply, the biology of interaction whether it is related to early interaction, conflict interaction and stressful interaction.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-12-SAMA-006 ), the  Observatoire National de l'Enfance en Danger  and the  Groupement de Recherche en Psychiatrie  ( GDR-3557 ). The sponsors had no involvement in the study design, data analysis or interpretation of the results. This work was also partially performed within the  Labex SMART  ( ANR-11-LABX-65 ) supported by  French  state funds managed by the  ANR  within the  Investissements d'Avenir programme  under reference  ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02.
Native species recoveries Invasive mammalian predator eradication or control and associated habitat restoration (e. g. alien plant removal) have benefited 17 bird and 7 reptile species from WIO islands (Table  3 ). This has contributed to preventing the complete extinction of 14 of these species, and local extirpations of many more species (not detailed). This has ultimately led to the down-listing of eight species from the WIO region in the IUCN Red data list.
Acknowledgements Thanks to  Chris Hillman  and  Pete Carr  for data on the  British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos) ,  Ibrahim Yahaya  and  Ali Mohamed  for data on the  Union des Comores ,  Adrian Skerrett  for data on Seychelles,  Vikash Tatayah  for data on Mauritius, Alfred Begue for data on Rodrigues,  Philip Haupt  and  Nancy Bunbury  for data on Aldabra,  Steve Goodman  and  Voahangy Soarimalala  for discussion on Madagascar, and  Manu Kohout  for database assistance. Thanks to  Matthieu Le Corre  for extensive criticism of earlier drafts of the manuscript. This work was undertaken with a sabbatical grant-in-aid from the  University of Auckland  to  James Russell.
Rests and naps are taken in the storage room, in reclining armchairs with the lights off. However, instruments that monitor the patients and give information to nurses for performing their tasks are located in the room and generate a constant level of noise. Data were collected during 20 night shifts. Five nursing positions to which sixteen nurses were assigned were studied (all volunteers). The number of night shifts per nurse ranged from 1 to 11. Therefore, 20 night shifts for 5 nursing positions resulted in 100 potential night observations and 200 potential break opportunities. Two observations (including 4 break opportunities) were excluded from the analysis because of one nurse's departure on one night due to operational and staffing demands. Ultimately, the data collected concerned 196 break opportunities.
The presence of a researcher was necessary to collect data during these night shifts. The duration and timing of the breaks taken by the nursing staff were identified by systematic observations recorded by the researcher and by means of sleep diaries. Breaks taken by nurses and recorded by the researcher's observations were labeled as "rest" or "nap", according to whether or not the nurse declared having slept (time and duration) in her sleep diary. Sleepiness ratings were obtained six times during the shift (0:30, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, and 6:45) using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale or KSS, which ranges from 1 (very alert) to 9 (very sleepy, fighting sleep, an effort to stay awake). An earlier KSS rating (20:45) was used as the reference state. Other KSS times were determined before the "lunch" break (0:30), before and after each break op-portunity (3:00 and 4:00 for the 3 a.
The interaction between the rest factor and the time of night was included in the model to detect a difference in sleepiness levels between the types of resting. The measures that were repeated during the night, and on different nights during the study, were included in the model as two random hierarchical effects, in order to take into account the correlation between these measures. One random effect was added for the night (several measures during the same night) and one random effect for the individual (several nights for the same individual). Data analyses were conducted using Stata statistical software (Version 11. 2, StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Table  1  details the distribution of each kind of break. We recorded 83 no rests, 81 rests and 32 naps in the 196 break opportunities.
Acknowledgements This work was funded by grants from the following organizations:  Direction Générale de la Santé (DGS) ,  Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés (CNAMTS) ,  Régime Social des Indépendants (RSI) , and  Caisse Nationale de Solidarité pour l'Autonomie (CNSA) , as part of the call for projects launched by the  Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique (IReSP)  in 2009. We thank  Allison Baubiat ,  Ludovic Gabet , and  Cécile Claveau  for their help with data collection. We also thank the hospital ward and all of the nurses and assistant nurses who participated in the study.
Cloning & constructs RNA extraction was performed using Tri-reagent (Sigma) according to the manufacturer's protocol, and cDNA synthesis was carried out using a reverse transcription kit (Qiagen). PCR was done with Platinum Taq Hifi (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Constructs used to prepare templates for in-situ hybridization were generated as follows: following agarose gel electrophoresis, PCR fragments of the expected sizes were extracted using a gel extraction kit (Qiagen) and cloned in pGEM-T easy vector (Promega); four to six positive clones were sequenced (MWG, United Kingdom), and the sequences deposited in GenBank (see below).
Calibrated Integrated OD measurements of gene expression in the SCN were performed using ImageJ software. Homologous probes used in this paper correspond to the following nucleotide position of Gen-Bank accession numbers: Avp nt 1-501 of NM_001126341, Vip nt 1-513 of NM_001126368, Grp nt 48-545 of NM_001009321, Per1 nt 1-456 of EF683160, Per2 nt 1-451 of EF583558, Bmal1 nt 1-836 of NM_001129734, Fbxl21 nt 342-709 of NM_001129738.
Acknowledgements We wish to thank the  CNRS  and  INTERREG POCTEFA ECTOPYR  for funding,  Tom Sarraude  for his help finetuning the testing protocols, and the numerous children, teachers and heads of schools involved in the study. We finally thank one anonymous referee for his constructive comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. This work is part of the  "Laboratoire d'Excellence" (LABEX)  entitled  TULIP  ( ANR-10-LABX-41 ).
Another limitation is the sample size ( = 70). Only highly motivated subjects referred by their general practitioner were enrolled. Spas are often located in small towns far from research centres. Moreover, the program required the patient to commit 3 whole weeks, a long period of constraint to the spa, limiting recruitment among subjects in active employment. Therefore, our results cannot be extrapolated to all patients with benzodiazepine addiction. The protocol is ongoing in French spa resorts. This will allow new analyses on a larger database and a confirmatory controlled study but finding a suitable control condition is not easy.
Data collection Data were collected retrospectively, between November 2012 and February 2014, into the MCRF which structured the dataset for use in tool development. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were represented as individual items in the analysis. The collection term direct bilirubinaemia was used to reflect a finding of direct hyperbilirubinaemia. The term cognitive decline was used for data collection, but was not considered appropriate for use in this patient population, with mental regression being preferred by the authors. The term mental regression was therefore used during tool development. It was also acknowledged that mental regression should be considered as a CNS sign rather than a psychiatric sign, and was therefore included alongside other CNS signs in the subsequent analyses (Additional file 1: Figure  S1  and Additional file 2: Table  S1 ).
Statistical analysis Data were summarised descriptively for NP-C cases, NP-C non-cases and controls. For data analysis, the variables were the individual signs and symptoms outlined in Additional file 2: Table  S1. The relationship between a variable and the likelihood of NP-C was modelled via univariate logistic regression using NP-C cases as a reference group in two models: 1. versus NP-C non cases; 2. versus controls. No variable selection procedure was used in the modelling as all collected variables were considered to be important when screening patients aged ≤4 years for NP-C. All statistical analyses were conducted with Statistical Analysis System (SAS) v9. 3.
Patient characteristics In total, 200 patients were included (106 NP-C cases; 31 NP-C non-cases; 63 controls) from nine expert centres in seven countries. Median age at diagnosis for NP-C cases was lower versus NP-C non-cases (16. 5 and 33. 0 months, respectively) and similar to controls (23. 0 months). Three patients aged greater than 48 months were included in the analysis to improve the accuracy of data collected at the upper boundary of the age range (Table  1 ).
Key symptomatology The key clinical symptoms of NP-C in this patient cohort, defined as those observed in ≥5 % of NP-C cases, are detailed in Table  1 , and the data for all symptoms are shown in Additional file 3: Table  S2. Visceral symptoms were highly suggestive of NP-C, including splenomegaly (78 % of NP-C cases versus 58 % of NP-C non-cases and 37 % of controls), hepatomegaly (70 % of NP-C cases versus 58 % of NP-C non-cases and 49 % of controls), and prolonged jaundice (56 % of NP-C cases versus 45 % of NP-C noncases and 24 % of controls). Direct bilirubinaemia was similar in NP-C cases and NP-C non cases (42 % in each), but was less common in controls (17 %). Overall, CNS symptoms were reported at a lower frequency than visceral signs, but many distinguished NP-C cases from NP-C non-cases and controls, including gelastic cataplexy, VSGP and mental regression.
Materials & Methods Participants Seventeen right-handed subjects (2 women; M = 28. 5 years, SD = 8 years) participated in the experiment. All subjects provided their consent prior to the study and were naive as to the specific purpose of the experiment. At the time the experiment was designed and conducted (winter 2012-2013), no ethics approval was required from the Aix-Marseille University for behavioral studies such as those reported in this manuscript. The local Ethics board at the Aix-Marseille University subsequently approved highly similar experiments conducted in the same Institute two years later the experiment reported in this manuscript was conducted. Neither of the experiments involved deception or stressful procedures. Participants were informed that they were free to leave the experiment at any time, and that their data would have been treated anonymously.
The statistical design contained 2 Visual Kinematics (VK) x 2 Auditory Kinematics (AK). Repeated measures ANOVA was performed with Statistica software to evaluate the effects of each experimental factor on the motor performance described by the relative phase F drawn. The normality and the homogeneity of the distributions were assessed with a Lilliefors test and a O'Brien test respectively. The distortion between the reproduced shapes and the circular geometry of the visual motion in terms of flatness was performed by means of a one-sample two-tailed t-test between the relative phase F drawn and the mean F V = 90°in the four audiovisual conditions. The significance level of the p-value was set to 0. 05 for all analyses.