dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The use of the SEM is coupled to the possibility to iteratively section the block as in the serial block face-SEM (SBF-SEM), or to mill out small portions of its surface (focused ion beam-SEM or FIB-SEM) in the SEM chamber. An alternative approach still taking advantage of the SEM backscattered electrons is represented by the array tomography in which long series of ultrathin sections collected on different substrates (coated glass slides, silicon wafers or tapes) are visualized under the SEM electron beam. These methods allow the experimenters, by analyzing three-dimensional vEM datasets, to obtain information on tissues and cells ultrastructure on the x, y, and z axes. These different techniques, although having different spatial resolution (indeed they generate near TEM-quality ultrastructural data but still they do not reach TEM spatial resolution in the x, y axes) produce datasets from large volumes of tissue allowing for the segmentation and reconstruction of the structure under investigation  (Titze and Genoud, 2016; Kubota et al.
, 2018; Peddie et al. , 2022). Even if we recently reported that some relevant aspects of the postsynapse architecture can be faithfully evaluated from TEM bidimensional projections  (Colombo et al. , 2021) , measures from reconstructed SEM-based vEM stacks proved to be the favorite choice when dealing with the analysis of postsynaptic organization and its structural plasticity. The major limitations of these vEM approaches are represented by the large amount of time and computational work needed to analyze volumetric dataset and the paucity of tools able to recognize and segment the object of interest in a fully automated manner.
Postsynaptic density, synaptic apposition surface (SAS) and axon spine interface (ASI) In recent years, vEM confirmed an observation about the geometry of the PSD that was already reported from TEM analyses of central synapses  (Toni et al. , 2001; Morales et al. , 2011 and references therein) ; the PSD is not always a simple discoidal structure whose shape can be simply described with length, thickness and volume, but instead it can undergo morphological changes, which reflect different functional states of the synapse  (Hering and Sheng, 2001). To use the geometry of this important component of the postsynapse to quantitatively characterize neuronal connectivity across large portions of the neuropil, huge vEM dataset were generated, and the need to analyze this large amount of data led to the development of automatic software for the segmentation and reconstruction  (Morales et al.
, 2011; Cardona et al. , 2012; Berg et al. , 2019; Zumbado-Corrales and Esquivel-Rodríguez, 2021) , which, in some cases reduced the spatial accuracy of the analysis. Through FIB-SEM studies several aspects of synapse architecture were defined on reconstructed volumetric datasets. Among those parameters, the synaptic apposition surface (SAS) was defined as the area of close apposition between the membrane of the presynaptic AZ and the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron covering the PSD  (Morales et al. , 2013). The SAS was introduced as a method to overcome the intrinsic difficulties in identifying, in an automated manner, individual AZs and PSDs that in EM bi-dimensional projections can be sectioned in unfavorable planes (i. e. , not perpendicular to the synapse major axis). Since then, the size of the SAS, obtained from vEM datasets, has been considered as a direct indicator of the function and the strength of a synapse since it takes into account features of the pre-and the postsynaptic compartments (i.
In those datasets it was often challenging to distinguish between the synaptic and non-synaptic portions of the postsynaptic membrane and so it was necessary to introduce new parameters to define synapse geometry. These limitations in lateral resolution can affect to different extent SBF-SEM and FIB-SEM images and indeed it was demonstrated that in FIB-SEM datasets measuring the SAS was easier and more reliable than measuring PSD surfaces  (Morales et al. , 2013). Importantly, these newly introduced elements describing subsynaptic portions that differ from the PSD itself, were demonstrated to be good predictors of synapse strength and activity  (Bellesi et al. , 2015; Miyamoto et al. , 2021).
Numerical Model The present study is based on a transient three-dimensional CFD simulation. The geometry of the urban wind turbine was created using ANSYS 2020 R2 DesignModeler© software. The numerical method used in this work was developed in a previous study  [7]. The system involves rotating parts and fixed parts which is a challenge in CFD simulations. Techniques such as MRF (mixed reference frame) are computationally reasonable but cannot predict the average torque through a single revolution. The sliding mesh method is adapted to that application but is very expensive in terms of resources and time. The number of cases and turbine rotational velocities per deflector required a thorough study on the computational time requirements. The whole domain is divided into a stationary fixed domain which contains the deflector and a rotating one.
2. It should also be noted that the simulation time was almost 3 times longer with a 4 million cell mesh, which was clearly not feasible in the frame of the study. The selected mesh was therefore a compromise between computational cost and accuracy. The unstructured mesh was generated using ANSYS 2020 R2 meshing software. It consists of about 2. 5 million tetrahedral cells regardless of the case studied. was almost 3 times longer with a 4 million cell mesh, which was clearly not feasible in the frame of the study. The selected mesh was therefore a compromise between computational cost and accuracy. The unstructured mesh was generated using ANSYS 2020 R2 meshing software. It consists of about 2. 5 million tetrahedral cells regardless of the case studied. Downstream of the rotor, the mesh was refined to capture wake vortices (see Figure  2a ).
Beyond state policies and urban programs, the digital turn is visible in various public and private forms. Citizen engagement takes place through Twitter and Facebook, WhatsApp groups are used for political and bureaucratic communication, and civil society organizations like the Internet Freedom Foundation 7 contribute to debates on internet and data governance, surveillance and digital activism. Even as we grapple with inequalities of digital literacy, the digital turn is an inevitable feature of contemporary citizenship. This introductory article will proceed as follows. We first offer a brief review of the increasingly vast literature on digitalization as transformation, with a focus on two opposing perspectives that one could sum up as techno-optimism (sometimes bordering on techno-fetishism) and techno-pessimism; we also highlight the many points of convergence between the issues addressed by digital studies and governance studies respectively.
Examining what digitalization does to urban governance therefore involves revisiting issues of participation, transparency and accountability. How does digitalization affect the existing weakness of political representation in urban local bodies (ULBs)? What role do citizens play in digitalized urban governance, and what are their experiences in accessing the city and its services? We also need to consider other political values that are at stake in digitalization, such as privacy and digital sovereignty. After all, while digitalization results in big data acquisition and improves the organization of municipal records, we must remember that this happens in a context where regulatory laws are weak, and data protection is inexistent. 15.
IV. e-governance infrastructures The next two papers delve into the functioning of digital infrastructures on the scale of a city (Bhubaneswar) or of a sector (solid waste management). Khaliq Parkar's paper considers the impact of an e-governance infrastructure on the scale of a city, studying how algorithms and data reshape municipal institutions. On the basis of interviews and observations in the capital city of Odisha, his analysis goes well beyond the techno-managerial discourse on the benefits of platforms, as he looks at how platforms concretely impact on people's (municipal staff, councilors, citizens) lives. Contrasting with the "solutionism"  (Morozov 2014 ) that pervades corporate (and now, government) story-telling about the benefits of "algorithmic governance"  (Gurumurthy and Bharthur 2018) , Parkar shows that the three platforms under study suffer from the same problems for which they seemed to have solutions; indeed, understaffing and a lack of technical capacity are some of the reasons for the limited usage of these systems.
Introduction. The Digitalization of Urban Governance in India South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, 30 | 2023 effects on existing forms of urban governance. To put it differently, digitalization affects the political, economic 17 and social dimensions of urban governance by bringing in different kinds of stakeholders and decision-makers. The papers bring to light the new digital infrastructures that are shaping India's cities, their politics and their governance. These infrastructures range from commercial communication platforms like WhatsApp and Twitter, government platforms for service delivery and optimization, potential community platforms for AQI, to the wide array of sensors, algorithms and databases that generate and collect big urban data. Many papers also discuss the different ways in which this data is regulated, utilized, and to what extent it drives governance.
Data management, ethical considerations Data were compiled in an excel spreadsheet and analyzed using Epi info 7. 0 software (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, USA) and considering a 95% confidence level. Figures were transposed into Excel 2016 spreadsheet. Percentages were compared using the chi-square test and logistic regression bivariate analyzes have been done with a considered margin of error of 5%. Thus, significant associations where considered when the P-value was less than or equal to 0. 05. An ethical approval from the institutional Ethics Committee of the University of Douala (N° 3070CEI-Udo/05/2022/M) and all subsequent administrative authorizations were obtained notably from the sub-divisional officers and Mayors of the concerned towns, and villages. Free and informed consent of respondents were obtained before each interview.
Discussion In order to contribute in the prevention and the control of the current COVID-19 pandemic and increase the adherence of the population to the vaccination, the present study has been conducted in order to determine the epidemiology of the acceptance of vaccine against Covid-19 in Cameroon urban and rural areas. To carry out this study, we collected data with a structured, pretested and language adapted questionnaire. Our sample were consisted of 1053 individuals. From the applied methodology, it resulted that out of 1053 participants, a preponderance was noted toward females (84. 81%), <30years old respondents (69. 52%), single respondents (61. 73%), resourceful respondents (56. 60%), primary level respondents (41. 41%), and Christians (93. 73%). This globally describes the most frequent socio-demographics in Cameroon.
Being completely engrossed in one's work and experiencing a sense of purpose can be defined as dedication. Absorption is defined as being completely absorbed and content with one's activities, with time passing fast and separation becoming impossible. "At work, I am brimming with enthusiasm", "I find the work that I perform full of meaning and purpose", and "When I am working, I forget everything else around me" are few items from the scale. As per, Claypool (2017) business success is predicted to be fueled by employee engagement, which has been heralded as the next big thing. This enables committed employees to ensure their efficiency at work. Happiness has been cited as one of the factors that boost employee engagement. Employee engagement and happiness are positively associated, according to the data collected.
Research methodology To test the link between exogenous (independent) and endogenous (dependent) variables, we used the Smart PLS V 3. 2. 7 software program. 5. 3 Data collection 5. 3. 1 Instrument used in the study. A thorough investigation of the literature review reveals the numerous scales that have been used to conduct research on the variables mentioned. However UWES  (Schaufeli and Bakker, 2003)  is the most commonly used self-reporting questionnaire to measure work engagement. It includes items to assess the three types of engagement dimensions: vigor, devotion and absorption. According to the validity and reliability scores assigned to these studies, the internal consistency of all the constructs was demonstrated to be satisfactory. The draft instrument was sent to five researchers for face and content validity testing and three academicians from human resource management domain and two practicing executives working as HR managers in IT organizations in India).
This was a fully voluntary endeavor, and the experts received no compensation for their opinion. Experts were briefed about the study's aims and the reasoning for choosing specific variables. Following the expert's advice, appropriate revisions to the draft instrument were made, and it was distributed to the targeted samples after being converted into an online questionnaire. 5. 4 Data analysis 5. 4. 1 Demographics of the sample respondents (n 5 104). The sample size for pilot study was selected keeping in mind that, it would help in presenting target population. Data were collected from 104 respondents from an Indian IT industry. Out of the total respondents, 61. 04% are male and 38. 96 are female respondents, out of which 89. 08% fall in the age group of 21-35. 55. 83% respondents reported that they are never married and 70.
5 V for an initial period of 4 days, termed as MFC4d. After this 4-day interval, the polarization in the MFC4d was terminated, and the external circuit was completed with a resistance of 1000 ohms. For comparative analysis, a standard MFC, devoid of the initial polarization and equipped with an external resistance of 1000 ohms, was designated as the control (CtrlMFC). Both CtrlMFC and MFC4d were initiated simultaneously to ensure consistent experimental conditions and comparability between the two setups. After the initial period of 4 days, voltage evolutions in both MFC configurations were diligently recorded at 30-min intervals over a span of 20 days, utilizing a Hewlett Packard 3456 A Digital Voltmeter (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. , Spring, TX, USA) in conjunction with an Agilent 34970 A Data Acquisition/Switch Unit (Keysight, Santa Rosa, CA, USA).
Briefly, tryptic peptides underwent chromatographic separation over 22 h with escalating pulses (0-500 mM) of ammonium acetate, followed by a 2 h transition from aqueous to organic solvent. The LTQ operated in a data-dependent mode, encompassing: MS/MS on the top five ions identified in the full scan, dual microscans for both full and MS/MS scans, centroid data acquisition for all scans, and a dynamic exclusion parameter set to 1. Protein quantification was expressed in terms of the normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF). NSAF calculations are grounded on spectral counts associated with peptides of a specific protein. A correction factor is applied to account for the higher probability of detecting a longer protein (due to it yielding more peptides) and is normalized to total spectral count for the run.
2. 5. Sequence Analyses 2. 5. 1. 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicon Sequence Analysis Sequences were joined using Pandaseq  [35]  ensuring a minimum overlap of 50 bp and a resultant sequence length ranging from 500 to 600 bp. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were delineated at a 97% identity threshold using QIIME  [36]  via the pick closed reference. py script. Taxonomy was assigned referencing the Greengene database. To ensure uniformity, all samples were normalized to the sequence count of the smallest sample. The Shannon index was computed at a pseudo-genus level using Equation (  3 ): H = -∑ p i •ln(p i ) (3) where p i is the proportion of the OTUi considered to belong exclusively to the annotated genus. The relative abundance of the major genus present in the samples was analyzed. Based on the research conducted by C.
Metagenomic and Metaproteomic Sequence Analysis Metagenomic DNA sequences were annotated against the non-redundant protein (nr) database from NCBI using BLASTx facilitated by Diamond software (v2. 1. 8). For metaproteomic analysis, only proteins correlating with metagenomic sequences from the MFCs were retained, a process executed using R software (v3. 5. 3) and the seqinr package. Metaproteomic sequences were annotated against the specific MFC database using BLASTp via Diamond software  [37] , retaining only matches with an identity exceeding 40%. The most optimal assignments were retained for each sequence, and the NSAF values were aggregated for each assignment. Data interpretation was conducted using Megan software (v6. 13. 1)  [11]  and STAMP (v2. 1. 3)  [38]. The gi map facilitated taxonomic structure analysis, while the SEED classification with the RefSeq map was employed for functional gene analysis.
To discern the relative abundance of genes and proteins integral to intracellular and extracellular electron transfer, datasets were BLASTed against specialized functional databases. These databases, curated from the Bacteria RefSeq database of NCBI using keyword searches, encompassed proteins linked to functions such as cytochrome, hydrogenase, shuttles, acetate, and adhesion. These databases are accessible at genomenviron. org (accessed on 1 April 2018). Matches with an identity above 40% were retained, and the optimal assignment was selected for each sequence. Subsequently, the sequence count and relative abundance for each assignment were computed. To evaluate functional diversity, a Shannon index was calculated using the RefSeq protein identifier as the unit for both metagenomic and metaproteomic data.
Comparison of Functional Gene Expression Metagenomic analysis was conducted on DNA samples extracted from both CtrlMFC and MFC4d by utilizing 454 pyrosequencing. The resultant sequence counts were 251,718 for CtrlMFC (average sequence length: 239. 79 ± 37. 30 bp) and 201,041 for MFC4d (average sequence length: 239. 42 ± 41. 57 bp). Concurrently, metaproteomic analysis of protein extracts from both samples was performed using LC MS/MS. The CtrlMFC sample yielded 3443 unique peptide sequences (average sequence length: 77. 08 ± 12. 06 amino acids), while the MFC4d sample produced 2348 unique peptide sequences (average sequence length: 77. 54 ± 13. 22 amino acids) (Refer to Figure  S3 ). Subsequent BLAST analysis of these metagenomic and metaproteomic sequences against the non-redundant protein database from NCBI was performed.
The data were further processed and visualized using Megan and STAMP software v2. 1. 3 tools (See Figure  S4  and Table  S1 ). To home in on the electron transfer function, the sequences were also BLASTed against specialized databases with results presented in Figures  4 5 6. Comprehensive data sets are accessible at www. genomenviron. org (accessed on 1 April 2018). metagenomic and metaproteomic sequences against the non-redundant protein database from NCBI was performed. The data were further processed and visualized using Megan and STAMP software v2. 1. 3 tools (See Figure  S4  and Table  S1 ). To home in on the electron transfer function, the sequences were also BLASTed against specialized databases with results presented in Figures  4 5 6. Comprehensive data sets are accessible at www.
genomenviron. org (accessed on 1 April 2018). 77. 54 ± 13. 22 amino acids) (Refer to Figure  S3 ). Subsequent BLAST analysis of these metagenomic and metaproteomic sequences against the non-redundant protein database from NCBI was performed. The data were further processed and visualized using Megan and STAMP software v2. 1. 3 tools (See Figure  S4  and Table  S1 ). To home in on the electron transfer function, the sequences were also BLASTed against specialized databases with results presented in Figures  4 5 6. Comprehensive data sets are accessible at www. genomenviron. org (accessed on 1 April 2018). Hydrogenases and proteins associated with acetate and linked to electron donors and cytochrome c oxidase were the proteins considered to be related to direct electron transfer mechanisms. Geobacter proteins were more abundant in MFC4d than CtrlMFC for each of these functions.
Advantages and Limits of Metaproteomic Analysis Metaproteomic methodologies seemingly offer a more comprehensive assessment of microbial community activity compared to solely metagenomic strategies. This approach is employed to determine the functional roles of various microorganisms in ecosystems  [31]. The LC MS/MS technique boasts superior sensitivity in detecting and identifying proteins compared to 2D-page analysis  [46]. Nonetheless, the quantity of sequences identified through this method was considerably lower than those present in the metagenomic dataset and reduced the completeness of the comparative analysis between metagenomic and metaproteomic data. While this study utilized the comparison of protein relative abundance to gene relative abundance as an indicator of gene expression, this is not the same as direct measurement of gene expression.
Furthermore, the protein annotation procedure is inherently more intricate than its metagenomic counterpart and renders generic metagenomic databases unsuitable for protein assignment. By annotating proteins based on the metagenomic dataset of the same samples as we did here, identification errors can be minimized. However, the accuracy of identification diminishes as the complexity of the environmental sample increases. Given that MFCs exhibit lower diversity compared to certain environments, such as soils, they present a useful environment to study functional expression and establish connections between function and taxonomy within microbial ecosystems. A significant challenge in exploring the functional expression of electron transfer in MFCs is the pervasive nature of the functions under investigation.
The expression of miR-17-5p mimics, but not control mimics, induced a drastic decrease in luciferase activity (Figure  4H ). In contrast, transfection with miR-17-5p mimics had no effect on luciferase activity in HEK293T cells co-transfected with a control sensor plasmid lacking miR-17-5p binding sites (Figure  4H ). These data showed that the designed miR-17-5p sponge functionally binds to mouse miR-17-5p. Next, we assessed the effect of functional knockdown of miR-17-5p on CC development. The miR-17-5p sponge sequence was cloned under the control of the neurogenic differentiation 6 promoter to drive its expression in postmitotic neurons. The sponge construct or control (empty) construct was delivered together with a tdTomato fluorescent reporter plasmid to CPNs by in utero electroporation of the somatosensory cortex on E15.
5. Contralateral projections were first analyzed at postnatal cortex and segmented into 16 equidistant bins. Bins 1-7 correspond to the motor cortex and bins 8-16 to the somatosensory cortex. The magenta and green arrows indicate the cortical regions homotopic to the injection sites of CTB-AF647 and CTB-AF555, respectively. (B) Quantification of the distribution of CTB-AF647 + and CTB-AF555 + neurons along the mediolateral axis of the cortex of control and PAE mice. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 9 control mice from 3 litters, 18 sections, and n = 9 PAE mice from 3 litters, 18 sections. CTB-AF647 + cells in bins 4 and 5: PAE vs. control, p < 0. 0001 and p < 0. 01, respectively (two-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] with the Sidak multiple comparisons test). CTB-AF555 + cells in bin 11: PAE vs.