dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
75 Myr). This means that 92. 75 Myr forward time becomes 0 Ma backward time, and 0 Myr forward time becomes 92. 75 Ma backward time. We then use paths from the two thermo-mechanical models as thermal history input for forward modelling of lowtemperature thermochronology data using the software program QTQt  (Gallagher, 2012; v5. 7. 1). QTQt comprises a "forward model", which allows prediction of the expected data distribution for any given set or parameter values, i. e. any given thermal history. On a practical level, the "forward model" describes the evolution of a given instance of a thermochronometric system as a function of time and temperature assuming a particular starting arrangement and subsequent time-temperature history. These instances include concentration of daughter products that result from radioactive decay of parent isotopes ( 4 He nuclei; fission-tracks) and alteration or loss of these daughter products (alpha ejection; fission-track annealing/length reduction).
However, model AHe and AFT age patterns reveal some younging that is more pronounced for the hyperextended and the proximal domains (paths 10 and 14, respectively). Extremely younger AHe age Fig. 3. Thermochronometric modelling predictions for model of inverted rifted margins (Model A; Fig. 1A ). (A) Model thermochronological ages for the four low-temperature thermochronometers considered in this study. Low-temperature thermochronometers are apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe), apatite fission-track (AFT), zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) and zircon fission-track (ZFT) systems. Age predictions are plotted as boxplots against particle number and solid black squares represent model mean ages. PD: proximal domain, also margin; ND: necking domain; HE: hyperextended domain; EM: exhumed mantle domain. (B) Predicted chlorine content-dependent apatite and annealing model-dependent zircon mean track length data (MTL) plotted against model ages.
Error bars shown for predicted MTL represent the standard deviation SD calculated by the software program QTQt  (Gallagher, 2012; v5. 7. 1) and the colour scheme corresponds to margin domains as in (A) and Figure  1. Circles represent lower plate particles 1-8 and diamonds represent upper plate particles 9-14. For a given domain, colour shade allows differentiating particles from one another (for instance, regarding hyperextended domains, light purple corresponds to particle 6 while dark purple corresponds to particle 8). For each particle, four apatite age-MTL and three zircon age-MTL are predicted, depending on apatite chlorine content range and annealing model tested. In the AFT plot, point size increases with chlorine content. In the ZFT plot, small-sized points correspond to predictions obtained using the Yamada et al.
On the contrary, model ZHe and AFT age data sets for particles from the lower plate slightly stretched domain (paths 1-3) and its transition with the lower plate necking domain (path 4) show younging toward the orogen (Fig. 3A ). They also present the highest degree of age variability obtained for the ZHe and AFT systems in this study (15-218%), spanning a time interval of 70-80 Myrs that encompasses both the rifting and convergence phases. A careful analysis of the time-temperature paths of particles 1-4 (Fig. 3C ) reveals that the particles spent a significant amount of time in the ZHe partial retention (PRZ) and AFT partial annealing zones (PAZ) during and after rifting. In particular, each of the particles records heating in the last 40 Myrs. Timing and amount of heating are variable from one particle to another, as are timing and amount of sedimentary burial in the proforeland before final exhumation (Fig.
3C  and 4C ) that manifests by much younger (34-20 Ma compared to 47-52 Ma) and more dispersed model AFT ages (71-149% compared to 11-10%; Figs. 3A  and 4A ), as well as much shorter predicted apatite MTL (10-13 mm compared to 13-14 mm; Figs. 3B  and 4B ). Such a thermal effect is also observed in the lower plate necking domain where the cooling particle 5 enters the AFT closure window around 5 Myrs after the end of extension in Model B (Fig. 4C ), i. e. 35-40 Myrs earlier than it does in Model A (Fig. 3C ). We therefore infer that interpreting independently ZHe and AFT age data sets as standalone evidence for an early orogenic event can be fraught with pitfalls. AHe ages for Model B are all younger than predicted AFT ages, which is consistent with record of persisting regional postrift cooling by lower-temperature thermochronometers.
Key elements of syn-collisional cooling histories reflecting inherited rift architecture Figure  5  synthesizes our main results. While the highertemperature thermochronometer considered in this study (ZFT) documents the thermal history of particles during rifting, ZFT ages may reflect either crustal thinning in the lower plate necking and hyperextended domains (paths 5, 6 and 7) or postrift thermal relaxation in the more distal areas of the rifted margins (paths 8 and 9). In these latter distal areas, we also find that ZHe age predictions close in value to the timing of onset of convergence can reveal postrift cooling instead of collision initiation. Nevertheless, when model ZHe data are combined with AFT data that display strong signature contrasts between the suture zone and both margins, especially younger, more dispersed ages and shorter MTL (< 13 mm) in distal areas, we are able to diagnose unambiguously a control of postrift thermal relaxation onto the cooling history of particles.
Close-to-zero model AHe ages in these regions are additional indicators of pure postrift thermal relaxation. In contrast, near-identical model ZHe and AFT ages synchronous with early convergence in distal domains, along with narrow age variability in both data sets and long apatite MTL (> 13 mm), are indicative of tectonic inversion of the thin distal rifted margins. The older these ZHe and AFT age predictions, the closer the low-temperature thermochronology record to the timing of transition from extension to convergence and the location of particles to the upper plate. Although thermal signatures of particles in the lower plate necking and hyperextended domains are shown to correspond to distinct processes, predicted single-system age patterns skewing toward the lower plate, as displayed by both model ZHe and AFT data sets for our model of inverted rifted margins (Fig.
plate distal margin. This inference, based on our 2D thermallycoupled and dynamical modelling of low-temperature thermochronology data, is consistent with recently published preorogenic crustal architecture reconstructions for the Pyrenees  (Mouthereau et al. , 2014; Clerc et al. , 2016; Ford et al. , 2016; Teixell et al. , 2016 Teixell et al. , , 2018;; Vacherat et al. , 2016; Ternois et al. , 2019a; Ford and Vergés, 2021; Waldner et al. , 2021). In the core of the Pyrenean range that consists of southverging thrust sheets of Variscan metasediments and basement (the Axial Zone), all bedrock AFT and AHe age data from the northern Bethmale, Riberot and Marimana massifs are synorogenic (55-20 Ma) (Figs. 6  and 7 ). In contrast, both bedrock ZFT and ZHe data sets comprise a mixture of pre-and synorogenic ages (40-50 to 110-120 Ma).
As such, these natural low-temperature thermochronology data fit well with our age predictions for the necking and hyperextended domains of the lower plate in Model A (crustal thickness of less than 7-5 km at the end of rifting), where particles (paths 7-8) record intense crustal heating (up to 600 °C) but limited syn-orogenic burial (< 200 °C) (Figs. 1, 3  and 5 ). Both the Maladetta and Arties massifs, further south, have yielded ZFT and ZHe ages ranging 50-30 Ma and younger AFT and AHe ages (30-20 Ma) (Figs. 6  and 7 ). While younger ZHe ages are well reproduced in our model A for particles at the transition between the lower plate necking and hyperextended domains (paths 5 and 6; Figs. 1, 3 and 5), our modelling does not predict the young, syn-orogenic ZFT ages observed in the two Pyrenean basement massifs.
Conclusion In this study, we perform detailed forward modelling to predict age patterns across a model tectonically-inverted hyperextended rift system for four widely used thermochronologic systems in orogenic settings (apatite (U-Th)/He, apatite fission-track, zircon (U-Th)/He and zircon fission-track systems). Our numerical low-temperature thermochronology data modelling shows that a combination of zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) and apatite fission-track (AFT) data allows diagnostic investigation of model orogen tectonics and offers the most valuable source of thermochronological information for the reconstruction of the crustal architecture of the model inverted rifted margins. Altogether, ZHe and AFT age data document the time-temperature history of rocks in a relatively large temperature range (40-250 °C), thus providing a record from which to unravel orogenic processes, variably spaced in time.
Fission-track length distributions and intrasample age variability are as many additional constraints on the thermal history of a sample. Our modelling also demonstrates the need for caution when interpreting thermochronological ages as the evidence of exhumation. Overall, the upper plate margin is predicted to preserve a clear rifting-related cooling signal in its proximal domains and early convergence cooling in its distal part. Postrift thermal relaxation is shown not to be sufficient for both the ZHe and AFT clocks to start during early convergence, clarifying the contribution of tectonic inversion to early convergence cooling of the upper plate distal margin. In contrast, thermal overprint due to later collision is expected within the lower plate margin. In this case, only ZFT data can provide constraints on the precollisional history but these will immutably document thermal histories during rifting.
Acknowledgments. This work was funded by the  OROGEN research project  ( Total-BRGM-CNRS INSU ). This manuscript greatly benefited from scientific discussion with the OROGEN team. We thank an anonymous reviewer and  BSGF -Earth Science Bulletin Guest Editor  O. Lacombe and Associate Editor  P. Yamato  for their constructive feedback and remarks. The authors, in particular ST, express gratitude to  K. Gallagher  for assistance with modelling, helpful insights and efforts put purposely into daily improvements of the software program QTQt.
Statistical analysis Simple Block Randomization was obtained using the "Adaptative Randomization" software (University of Texas) to reach a good number balance between the two groups. To reach a good allocation concealment we used a centralized service to rule all the partecipanting centers. To avoid any outcome bias blinding of the participants was ensured for the duration of hospitalization (they actually did not know which surgical technique was used for their enucleation) and data were never analyzed by one of the operating surgeons. A statistical analysis was carried out to assess patients' data and outcomes. All of the reported P-values were obtained with the two-sided exact method at the conventional 5 % significance level. Data were analyzed with the April 2016 by R software v. 3. 2.
Acknowledgements Our abstracts " Thulium laser enucleation (ThULEP) versus Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HolEP): A two institution trial to compare intra and early postoperative outcomes " ( EAU 2019 ) and "Thulium laser enucleation (thULEP) versus Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: a two institution trial to compare intra and early postoperative outcomes" (WCET19) were published.
(  2 ) : Water uptake ( % ) = [ ( m w -m d ) / m d ] × 100 (2) The number average molecular weight between cross-links M c was determined as described previously through swelling measurement in toluene up to the swelling equilibrium  [18]. The scaffold hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity was determined through water contact angle measurement using a Digidrop Model DS GBX apparatus and Windrop ++ software. The scaffold morphology was monitored using a Keyence digital microscope VHX-60 0 0. Finally, scaffolds were characterized by Fourier-Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR Nicolet 380 -Thermo Scientific) in an attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR -Smart Omni Sampler) within the range 50 0-40 0 0 cm -1 with a resolution of 4 cm -1. Baseline correction and normalization was applied to scale the spectra into a similar range.
Mechanical analysis of scaffolds aged at 90 °C PEUU scaffolds (18 mm in diameter, 8 mm or 16 mm in height) were totally immersed in the degradation medium composed of DMEM/Pen (100 IU/mL)/Strep (100 μg/mL)/Fz (2. 5 μg/mL) and aged at 90 °C up to 15 days. The effective modulus of elasticity E 1 * was assessed by compression test in the axial direction to the foam rise (8 mm in height) with a 500 N force range, 7 mm displacement range and 5 mm/min testing speed. The stress/strain relation was computer recorded and processed using Realview 3. 0 software. The effective modulus of elasticity E 1 * of the porous scaffold was obtained from the linear regression at the beginning of the stress/strain curve. Compression set measurements were carried out based on ASTM D395 and ASTM D1056 standards to determine the scaffold ability to return to its original thickness after prolonged compressive stresses under constant deflection.
The hydrolysis kinetics were evaluated through the evolution as a function of incubation time of the ratio between the absorbance intensity of the ester stretching vibrations at 1164 cm -1 (A 1164 ) and the absorbance intensity of the band at 1255 cm -1 associated to the -CN stretching and -NH bending of the urethane bond (A 1255 ), which was chosen as reference due to relative constant intensity. This ratio is denoted A 1164 /A 1255. As expected, the absorbance intensity ratio decreased with rising incubation time and temperature ( Fig. 5 A ). The dependence of ester group cleavage on time of incubation was determined by regression analysis. The  linearity of the data over time suggests that the reaction rate k for ester hydrolysis at a given temperature, which is proportional to the slope of the least-squared, is constant.
The background contribution from a related process, γγ → τ + τ -, was modelled using STARlight v2. 0 interfaced with Pythia 8. 212  [40]  for the simulation of τ -lepton decays. Events for the ALP signal were generated using STARlight v2. 0 for ALP masses (m a ) ranging between 5 and 100 GeV. A mass spacing of 1 GeV was used for 5 < m a < 30 GeV, while for m a > 30 GeV a 10 GeV mass spacing was used. The width of the simulated ALP resonance is well below the detector resolution in all simulated samples. All generated events were passed through a detector simulation  [41]  based on GEANT4  [42]  and are reconstructed with the standard ATLAS reconstruction software. -5 -.
JHEP03(2021)243 4 Event selection Candidate diphoton events were recorded using a dedicated trigger for events with moderate activity in the calorimeter but little additional activity in the entire detector. The trigger strategies for the 2015 and 2018 data sets were different. In particular, the latter aimed at improving the trigger efficiency at low photon transverse energy, E T , values. At Level-1 in 2015, the total E T registered in the calorimeter after noise suppression was required to be between 5 and 200 GeV. In 2018, a logical OR of two Level-1 conditions was required: (1) at least one EM cluster with E T > 1 GeV in coincidence with total E T registered in the calorimeter between 4-200 GeV, or (2) at least two EM clusters with E T > 1 GeV with total E T registered in the calorimeter below 50 GeV.
The background contributions are subtracted from data prior to unfolding. The statistical uncertainty of the data is estimated using 1000 Poisson-distributed pseudo-data sets, constructed by smearing the observed number of events in each bin of the detector-level distribution. The root mean square of the differences between the resulting unfolded distributions and the unfolded data is taken as the statistical uncertainty in each bin. In the measurement of differential fiducial cross sections, the full set of experimental systematic uncertainties described in section 7 is considered. In addition, uncertainties due to the unfolding procedure and the modelling of the signal process are considered by repeating the cross-section extraction with modified inputs  [61]. The distributions are reweighted at generator level to obtain better agreement between data and simulation after event reconstruction.
Acknowledgments We thank  CERN  for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of  ANPCyT , Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia;  ARC, Australia ;  BMWFW  and  FWF , Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus;  CNPq  and  FAPESP, Brazil ;  NSERC ,  NRC  and  CFI ,  Canada ; CERN;  ANID, Chile ;  CAS ,  MOST  and  NSFC , China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech -22 -JHEP03(2021)243 Republic; DNRF and  DNSRC, Denmark ;  IN2P3-CNRS  and  CEA-DRF/IRFU , France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF,  HGF  and  MPG , Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC and  Hong Kong SAR, China ;  ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel ;  INFN, Italy ;  MEXT  and  JSPS, Japan ; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway;  MNiSW  and  NCN , Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR;  MES of Russia  and  NRC KI , Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain;  SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ;  SERI ,  SNSF  and  Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan ;  TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom ;  DOE  and  NSF ,  United States of America.
In addition, individual groups and members have received support from  BCKDF ,  CANARIE, Compute Canada ,  CRC  and  IVADO ,  Canada ;  Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, China ;  COST ,  ERC ,  ERDF ,  Horizon 2020  and  Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions ,  European Union ;  Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex  and  ANR, France ;  DFG and AvH Foundation ,  Germany; Herakleitos ,  Thales  and  Aristeia  programmes co-financed by  EU-ESF  and the  Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF  and GIF, Israel;  La Caixa Banking Foundation ,  CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden ;  The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust ,  United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from  CERN , the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at  TRIUMF (Canada) ,  NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) ,  CC-IN2P3  (France),  KIT/GridKA (Germany) ,  INFN-CNAF (Italy) ,  NL-T1  (Netherlands),  PIC (Spain) ,  ASGC (Taiwan) ,  RAL (U.
Real-time frequency stabilization/adjustment was switched off when appropriate. Sixty scanners repeated the protocol for a second dataset. In addition, a three-hour post-fMRI MRS acquisition was performed at one site to observe change of gradient temperature and drift rate. Spectral analysis was performed using MATLAB. Frequency drift in pre-fMRI PRESS data were compared with the first 5:20 minutes and the full 30:00 minutes of data after fMRI. Median (interquartile range) drifts were measured and showed in violin plot. Paired t-tests were performed to compare frequency drift pre-and post-fMRI. A simulated in vivo spectrum was generated using FID-A to visualize the effect of the observed frequency drifts. The simulated spectrum was convolved with the frequency trace for the most extreme cases.
In this study, a standardized protocol was developed and shared across different sites with scanners from various vendors to study the impact of gradientinduced frequency drift and the consistency of drift within scanner. The aim of the standardized protocol was to reduce the number of confounding variables, allowing objective analysis of how EPI scanning influences frequency drift and how this may impact MR spectral analysis. By collecting data from a large number of sites worldwide, we aimed to establish a benchmark of the 'typical' levels of drift and to assess the need for real-time field-frequency locking  ( Henry et al. , 1999 ). Each acquired dataset consisted of two sets of PRESS scans immediately before and after an EPI acquisition to characterize the B 0 field drift.
Scanner details Site recruitment was initiated from previous multi-site studies involving imaging centers focusing on neurological and psychological research with 3T scanners worldwide  ( Mikkelsen et al. , 2017 ; Mikkelsen et al. , 2019 ) , and subsequently extended through advertising on social media. Eighty sites with 99 scanners were recruited (GE = 22, Philips = 30, Siemens = 47) and supplied data, of which 60 sites submitted two datasets acquired on separate days. Four sites with PET/MR scanners participated. See Table  1  for details.
Data acquisition Sites were instructed to use a spherical or cylindrical water-dominant phantom, and a phased-array head or head-and-neck RF coil (between 8 and 64 channels). Scanning was performed following a period of at least 6h of scanner idle time (ideally the first scan of the day) to avoid any  drift confounds due to unintended heating effects from prior scanning. Phantoms were acclimatized in the scan room for the same period and positioned in the isocenter. Each site was required to submit a minimum of one dataset and suggested to repeat the protocol on a different day for a second dataset if possible. Phantom data files were shared securely and analyzed by the co-authors at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine with local IRB approval. Raw data were exported in GE P-file (.
Scanning protocol Unsuppressed water data were acquired from the phantom, using PRESS localization with real-time frequency stabilization/adjustment switched off, before and after a BOLD-weighted fMRI sequence. Standardized protocols were generated for GE, Philips and Siemens scanners consisting of: 1) minimal preparatory imaging; 2) pre-fMRI PRESS (TR/TE = 5000/35 ms; FA = 90 °; 64 transients; no water suppression; voxel size = 2 × 2 × 2 cm 3 ; second-order shim; scan duration = 5:20 min); 3) BOLD-weighted EPI based on the ADNI-3 protocol  ( Weiner et al. , 2017 )  (TR/TE = 3000/30 ms; 197 dynamics; EPI factor/echo train length = 31/64, Inter-echo times (echo spacing) 0. 5 ms (GE and Philips) / 0. 72 ms (Siemens) and FOV = 217 ×217 mm 2 (Philips and Siemens) / 220 ×220 mm 2 (GE), duration = 10 min); and 4) post-fMRI PRESS (same parameters as for pre-fMRI PRESS except 360 transients and duration = 30 min).
Data analysis Data analyses were performed using MATLAB (R2020b, MathWorks, Natick, USA), including eddy-current correction  ( Klose, 1990 )  using the first acquired transient as a reference, zero-filling to yield an apparent spectral resolution of 0. 24 Hz/point and Fourier transformation. The unsuppressed water peak in each transient of the pre-and post-fMRI PRESS spectra was modeled in the frequency domain using a Voigt lineshape function  ( Marshall et al. , 1997 )  with a linear baseline to extract the water peak center frequency from each transient. Full-width halfmaximum (FWHM) and the integral of the water signal were measured and reported to assess the change of lineshape. To compare frequency drift before and after fMRI, the mean absolute water peak frequency offset was calculated for each acquisition.