dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2018), introgression rate (α CRF ) and mean length (L CRF ) of the putative Neanderthalintrogressed segments inferred by a conditional random eld (CRF )  (Sankararaman et al. , 2014) , decay constant of the multisample ancestry-LD (T LD )  (Sankararaman et al. , 2012). The corresponding empirical estimates for these summary statistics were extracted from published literature for sampling designs that matched our simulation framework. See Notes S2 for a detailed description of how these empirical estimates were obtained. Note that for some summary statistics (related to S', CRF and ancestry-LD ), we applied a lter to our simulated genetic data (minor allele count ltering), in order to mimic the type of empirical data analyzed in the original studies (see Notes S1. 3. 2).
Run selection Among the 10,361 ltered runs, we retained a set of twenty simulations which were inferred to be the closest to the empirical data according to ten summary statistics (Notes S1. 4). We estimated the global distance of each simulation to the observed data by calculating D dened as: D = Ns a=1 w a • d a M AD(d a ) (1) where N s is the total number of statistics considered (N s = 10), d a is the Euclidean distance between the observed and simulated values of the (vectorial or scalar) statistics S a , w a is the weight of the statistics S a and M AD(•) is the mean absolute deviation. Note that for PSMC, d a is dened as the cross-correlation distance (Notes S1. 4. 1). Based on the twenty retained runs, we then simulated genetic data with larger genome sizes (600 Mbp) composed of twenty chromosomes of length 30 Mbp each.
Yet, given the great diversity of these published demographic models, a detailed description of each model (with visual representation) is provided in Notes S8 along with the simulation protocols and commands. For each published model (characterized by its parametric point estimates), we simulated 50 datasets by varying the mutation rates uniformly from 5Ö10 -9 to 5Ö10 -8 bp -1 g -1 and selected the twenty runs closest to the observed data, following the same procedure as above. We.
Acknowledgements We thank  Olivier Mazet ,  Simon Boitard ,  Barbara Parreira ,  Armando Arredondo  and members of the  Population and Conservation Genetic group  for their support and for useful discussions on this topic. We would like also to acknowledge the  Bioinformatic Unit  and the  Informatics Team of the IGC , as well as CALMIP (project  P23002 ) for their help and support with computational resources. We thank  Olivier Mazet  and  Simon Boitard  for their useful comments on the rst version of this manuscript. LC and RT were funded by  Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia  (ref. PTDC-BIA-EVL/30815/2017 ). This work was also supported by the  LABEX  entitled  TULIP  ( ANR-10-LABX-41  and  ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02 ) as well as the IRP  BEEG-B (International Research Project -Bioinformatics, Ecology, Evolution, Genomics and Behaviour ).
Semantically, the difference between (9a) and (9b) is that (9b) insists on the communicative relevance of the deictic meaning carried by ko [kó] as an adverb. Moreover, the loss of the original deictic semantics of the locative prepositions is evidenced both by bilingual texts and the reaction of consultants in elicitation. In bilingual texts such as the Tswana-English Glosbe Online Dictionary, in the majority of cases, the English equivalents of Tswana sentences including locative expressions introduced by prepositions are devoid of any indication of spatial deixis. Similarly, in elicitations sessions, consultants tend to systematically use the locative prepositions, even when asked to give the Tswana equivalents of English sentences including no indication of spatial deixis. To conclude, historical and synchronic data converge in supporting the conclusion that Tswana has spatial prepositions resulting from the grammaticalization of words that originally were demonstratives of locative genders also used as deictic spatial adverbs.
It is thus higher than the ceiling of the LRC I cave (51 m)  [50]. Residual undisturbed deposits observed inside the cave (LRC I) and around the entrance. The removal/quarring of sediment in 1846 and the excavation of the cave in 1912 removed a large fraction of the deposits in and around the cave, but remnants are still in situ. Implications regarding sealing of the LRC I cave. Although a large quantity of material was lost due to the excavation in 1846, the lithostratigraphic data described above make it possible to show that the entrance of the cave was gradually closed by sediment deposition. From a consideration of the LRC I (LRC I-a to -d) and LRC II sites, we deduce that: 1. -Some time after cave formation, the Loire River entered the cave during floods. The alluvial U4 unit deposited directly on the floor of the cave (LRC I) reduced the height of the passage to 60 cm.
e. , Turonian yellow tuff) whose wall was covered with a soft-surface coating, but not exactly similar to that at La Roche-Cotard (LRC I). The "operators" created marks on the wall of the Turonian tuff, using a variety of tools: flat fingers, edged fingers, bone, wood, antler, flint and metal points. One operator made the marks and an independent "observer" filled in the prepared form. Photogrammetry of the panels was carried out and measurements were made using CloudCompare. These data have also been statistically processed. The comparison of the results obtained with those drawn from the analysis of the traces observed in the cave allows us postulate hypotheses on the latter. In order to identify ancient marks, we have also compared the structural and physical characteristics of ten visually distinct marks on the LRC cave walls thought to be made with metal tools-and therefore recent-with those presumed to be Palaeolithic traces.
This altered layer is missing over large areas for various reasons, e. g. rubbing by animal fur in the lower and middle parts of the wall and especially in the upper parts, water condensation and drip erosion. The eight main panels containing the anthropic engravings appear on the upper part of the wall, and with two exceptions (panels g and h, Fig  9 ) are all composed of finger flutings. The Measurements made on the marks found in LRC I on the four surfaces: triangular (TRI), circular (CIR), rectangular (REC) and with Ursus claw marks (CLA), and on experimental mark groups, made with fingers (FING), bones (BONE), wood (WOOV), antler (WOOA) and flint (FLIN). See S3 Text for the R Code used and statistical data processing. The 1 st column gives the trace ID for the diagrams, the 2 nd gives the type, the 3 rd indicates location of the measured section on the trace.
Acknowledgments We sincerely thank  S. Re  ´villion,  C. Verjux ,  R. Angevin  ( Ministry of Culture ), and  R. Nespoulet  ( Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle ) for their monitoring of the work on the site. We would like to thank the  GeoHydrosystèmes continentaux (GeHCo) laboratory of the University of Tours , the  Geology laboratory of the Paul Valery University in Montpellier , the  IRA-MATs of Orleans and Bordeaux , the  Indre-et-Loire Archaeology Service  and the  Grand-Pressigny Departmental Museum of Prehistory  for their help with various works. We would like to thank  H. Guillemot  for preparing the figures in the article and formatting the text;  P. Paillet  and  E. Paillet-Man-Estier  for their expertise on the traces engraved in the cave;  S. Rodrigues ,  F. Epaud ,  D. Morleghem ,  G.
The present review is based on the paper version. With 14 chapters of very different lengths, the grammar has a fairly flat hierarchical structure. The chapters concentrate either on a subdomain of the grammar (e. g. phonology, clause linkage) or on a word class (e. g. pronouns, adjectives). With the exception of §6 on space, movement and deixis, and part of §12 on information structure, the chapters generally adopt a semasiological approach. Across the book, ample cross-references are made between complementary sections. The appendix (p. 340-387) includes a selection of transcribed, glossed and translated proverbs and riddles, five folktales and a testimonial. These texts and other spontaneous and elicited data were collected during Tosco's fieldwork in the years 2000-2010. Tosco worked predominately from Arba Minch, a regional town outside the Gawwada area, but undertook frequent trips to the Gawwada villages about 130 km to the southwest.
The vast majority of examples presented in the grammar come from recorded folktales and conversations. The recordings and annotations of three of the appended texts plus another four texts from which examples are cited are accessible, following registration, in the CorpOrAn corpus. The introduction ( §1) provides information on the classification of the language, language contact issues, the fieldwork setting, and earlier studies on Gawwada and the Dullay dialect cluster, and closes with a summary of salient grammatical features of the language. Importantly, for a reader who has lost track of the ever-changing glossonyms in Ethiopia, it clarifies how the terms "Gawwada", "Dullay" and "ʕale ('Ale)" relate to each other. The culturally and politically motivated term "ʕale" refers to Dullay-speaking agriculturalists in the highlands and excludes the Ts'amay pastoralist lowlanders (who are speakers of Ts'amakko).
To the best of my knowledge, languages of the Highland branch have neither a dedicated linker between imperative and declarative clauses (p. 325), nor an l-based root for 'have' (p. 115), nor, most importantly, the typical verbal complex in which pronominal elements and adpositional clitics are concentrated before the inflected verb (p. 283). The author is to be lauded for the database of natural speech on which this work is based, for highlighting typological and genetic rarities in the grammar of Gawwada and for providing a comprehensive account covering all grammatical domains from phonology to information structure, which does not find many parallels in Cushitic grammaticography. However, I strongly believe that peer review and proof-reading would have helped to improve the quality and clarity of the description, strengthen the arguments and make it more accessible both to a Cushitist and to a typological readership.
Acknowledgments: This article owes much to the insights of  Benny Delpada  and  Amos Sir , who as native speakers of, respectively, Abui and Teiwa significantly expanded the datasets I had to work with for those two languages. Amos Sir passed away suddenly in April 2023 before this article could be published. He was a powerful advocate for the indigenous languages of Alor and Pantar; he will be greatly missed. Additional thanks also go to  Rachel Hendery ,  David Gil ,  Malcolm Ross  and two anonymous reviewers for the commentaries and discussions they provided. Research funding came from the  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research VENI  project "The  evolution of the lexicon. Explorations in lexical stability ,  semantic shift and borrowing in a Papuan language family ", the  Australian Research Council  project (ARC,  DP180100893 ) " Waves of words ", and the  European Research Council   "OUTOFPAPUA" project  (grant agreement no.
The proposed roadmap stems from the implementation plan of a three-year research project on traditional craft preservation funded by the European Commission under the Horizon Europe Programme called Craeft, named after the old English term that means art, force, and skill. The purpose of this work is three-fold. First, it provides an overview of objectives and activities that exhibit the potential to contribute to craft preservation. Second, it contributes to policy and decision-making and provides product authentication and material provenance. Third, it serves as a resource for individuals or organizations interested in craft preservation by exposing the proposed approach, methodology, and techniques to criticism by the scientific and heritage communities, as well as to avoiding duplication of efforts by other peers.
A special case of endurants is information carriers such as books and manuscripts. Their primary digitization is photographic. Subsequent analysis regards the extraction of their verbal content conventionally through pattern recognition (OCR) as well as more advanced methods targeting manuscripts  [24, 25]. In the digitization of intangible cultural heritage, efforts tend to focus on phenomenological digitization, targeting the recording of kinetic or vocal activities  [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]. Cinematographic and 3D motion digitization enable the recording of performing arts in multiple media and formats, exhibiting immersive qualities and interactive experiences  [32, 33]  similar to musical content  [34]. MoCap and Computer Vision are used to capture articulated human motion in 3D, documenting body motion in dance and theater  [35, 36].
Indirect descriptions can be based on data that reveal human effort, such as facial expressions, posture, or even sweat. Training datasets are recommended to associate the semantic representation of actions with the recordings of their material expression (practitioner force and motion, tool manipulation, artefact appearance and geometry, material transformation, and perceptual annotations). The purpose is to bring the semantic and visual representations closer so that similar examples can be associated but also to create semantically annotated datasets from which the computer can learn action representation.
Cognitive and Embodied Properties Capturing and conveying the practitioner's viewpoint call for the identification of the perceptual and action elements of crafting actions. Plans are also entities of interest and include the execution of cognitive actions such as prediction and judgement. Cognitive events are not directly observable; thus, their digitization is not simple. Attention to environmental and somatosensory stimuli is an integral part of craft education and training. Environmental stimuli can be recorded in conventional ways, as we can record pertinent events from the environment using the aforementioned techniques. Environmental stimuli can reveal details about crafting actions, such as sound in material processing or inspection. For this reason, data collection should capture environmental stimuli that relate to the use of sensory perception in crafting actions.
Craft-Specific Simulators Archetypal simulators are instantiated into craft-specific simulators by estimating the relevant range action parameters and predicting the results. Craft-specific simulators visualize techniques, enable modulation of action parameters, space, and time, offer inventories of tools, and predict the results of the action on the material. An example of a subtractive operation is illustrated in Figure  3. Two approaches are evaluated for the implementation of refining archetypal simulators into craft-specific simulators. The first is to model physical and mechanical laws using finite elements. The action parameters and material properties for the instantiation of an archetypal simulator will then be provided from the data collection task (see Section 3. 1). The second is to use machine learning to simulate actions from annotated datasets.
Generative learning methods, such as variational autoencoders and generative adversarial networks [116-119], create novel text, images, and videos from training data. In crafts, estimators for articulated hand motion for hands that manipulate objects use annotated datasets to create simulators that can be refined with additional data for similar actions on diverse materials [120-122] to realistically decompose and simulate pose, shape, texture, and lighting. Simulation developers can practice their techniques, experiment with different materials and tools, and refine their skills without the risk of damaging physical objects or wasting resources. They can explore different design possibilities, evaluate material choices, and visualize the outcome of their actions. By digitally recreating the crafting process and understanding the material properties involved, conservationists and restorers can develop appropriate conservation strategies.
Implementation The software that will host the design of simulators will be called Craft Studio and will be used to instantiate craft-specific simulators from archetypal simulators. Craeft Studio will be an authoring platform where action simulators will be combined into process Two approaches are evaluated for the implementation of refining archetypal simulators into craft-specific simulators. The first is to model physical and mechanical laws using finite elements. The action parameters and material properties for the instantiation of an archetypal simulator will then be provided from the data collection task (see Section 3. 1). The second is to use machine learning to simulate actions from annotated datasets. Generative learning methods, such as variational autoencoders and generative adversarial networks [116-119], create novel text, images, and videos from training data.
In crafts, estimators for articulated hand motion for hands that manipulate objects use annotated datasets to create simulators that can be refined with additional data for similar actions on diverse materials [120-122] to realistically decompose and simulate pose, shape, texture, and lighting. Simulation developers can practice their techniques, experiment with different materials and tools, and refine their skills without the risk of damaging physical objects or wasting resources. They can explore different design possibilities, evaluate material choices, and visualize the outcome of their actions. By digitally recreating the crafting process and understanding the material properties involved, conservationists and restorers can develop appropriate conservation strategies. Simulators can be utilized in the design process to explore different variations and possibilities, aiding in the creation of innovative craft products or techniques.
Implementation The software that will host the design of simulators will be called Craft Studio and will be used to instantiate craft-specific simulators from archetypal simulators. Craeft Studio will be an authoring platform where action simulators will be combined into process simulators, organizing actions and bringing together partial results, considering fabrication constraints (e. g. , order, concurrency, and decision points) and spatial constraints of the workshop. In this context, state-of-the-art methods for the simulation of dynamic environments incorporate differentiable physics for actions on non-rigid objects and longhorizon tasks  [123, 124]. Craeft Studio will be used to provide simulation analytics that log the material quantity used or wasted and the energy and time spent.
Training Mastery, tacit or embodied knowledge [127], and perception are recognized as the skills to "move work as quickly as possible with a minimum of physical errors"  [2]. The way people master skills is through repeated practice. Central to the development of dexterity are the experience of performing motor actions and learning interpretations of stimuli. The main interface for training exercises will be an immersive software environment called "Apprentice Studio". Apprentice Studio will provide experiences that comprise craftspecific interactive educational materials. Visual immersive interfaces will include AR and VR. Various haptic feedback actuators will simulate the sensations created from the interaction of tools with materials across combinations of physical and virtual instantiations.
Development To support the design process of craft products, an authoring environment that enables the design of crafting workflows, the testing of new ideas, and the fabrication of material aids is proposed. The software that will implement this is called Design Studio and will employ computer-aided digital design and fabrication. The goal is to conserve practitioner time and to reduce energy and material consumption through the development of workflows and designs. In this context, we recall that the design and fabrication processes are interwoven; thus, Design Studio will support practitioners in exploring workflows that lead to the fabrications of an incepted or given design.
Moreover, the obtained semantic representation conforms with the standards of the CH community, namely the CIDOC-CRM and EDM data models, making it extensible for future researchers to amend. In this context, this work identifies challenges faced in the preservation of crafts and proposes preservation approaches that are generic to the type of craft and material through the provision of an abstractive and generative approach to the modeling and simulation of crafting actions, as well as ways to motivate the craft practice continuation through the diversification of practitioner income streams, digitally fabricated manufacturing aids, and resource economization. Moreover, the importance of long-term sustainability to craft preservation is stressed. This involves considering the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of craft practices.
The method used is a corpus-driven collocational and syntactic analysis of the have the N to collostruction (lexicogrammatical pattern) using in the COHA. Collocational behavior and lexicogrammatical patterns have been shown to be instrumental for identifying patterns of usage  (Gries and Stefanowitch 2004; Perek 2020). From a diachronic perspective, tracking these behaviors over time for the period 1820 to 2010 will provide some data regarding the extensibility of the pattern, and hence evidence of the onomasiological productivity of the low-level lexico grammatical pattern. From there, we discuss how to assess the representativeness of individual fillers, using the collocate analysis to assess the proportion of usage corresponding to the insolence pragmeme.
Activation energy based on DP and zero-span tensile strength Paper samples were aged at different temperatures and for various durations, their physico-chemical properties were measured, which allowed to determine their activation energy (E a ) in the Arrhenius equation. More precisely, E a was determined based on two properties: the DP of cellulose and the zerospan breaking length (BL) of the paper. All the experimental data can be found in Table  S1  (SI). The rst interesting result was that whether calculated using DP or BL, the E a were similar within 1-7% (r 2 = 0. 999 (Table  1 ). E a (DP) will be used in the following and abbreviated E a. The values of E a of all the papers tested were in the range of 93 to 130 kJ mol - 1. Considering the papers' pH, all the papers with an alkaline reserve (4-10%) had E a above 120 kJ mol - 1.
Some examples are given in (  18 )-(  20 ), in question answer contexts (for simplicity, in the glosses we indicate only the morphological agreement between past participle and the internal argument). ( The answers in (18-20) are interpreted as declarative clauses, as such they are legitimate answers to the questions preceding them. However, they are very reduced, the only overt elements being the past participle and its internal argument, which, crucially, is a bare NP. Neither the auxiliary nor the external argument are overtly expressed. Notice that the recipient arguments in (  30 ) is not a bare NP, but a regular a DP, and that this goes with the presence of a preposition assigning Case. Overall, these data confirm that BARE NOUN REDUCED have all the properties associated to full bare VPs.