dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
10h ), and the ANOVA indicates the rejection of the null hypothesis with 99 % level of confidence. In South Africa, the southernmost station in Simon's Town does not show significant anomalies in association with any WR (Fig. 10g ), and the ANOVA confirms that the WR classification is not able to characterise the AOD variability (p = 0. 09). The C2E characterisation performed using observed AOD data confirms the relationship between the WRs associated with midlatitude disturbances (ML1, 3 and 4) and the BBA transport above the AERONET continental stations and between SA-and the BBA transport above Ascension Island, as shown by the CAMS data (cf. Fig. 4 ). The comparison with the synoptic characterisation performed using a seven-cluster classification highlights that the latter is less robust, showing poorer ANOVA performances.
However, limited data availability in most of the stations prevents a robust statistical validation of the synoptic characterisation of observations at the regional scale. Results show that the occurrence of ML1 and 4 inhibits the BBA transport towards the continental stations (Gobabeb, Henties Bay, HESS and Upington), while ML3 favours the transport above the same locations. Along the Atlantic route, the occurrence of SA-limits the BBA transport towards Ascension Island. In situ observations in Bonanza and Simon's Town are not well characterised by the WR classification. The former likely because of its proximity to the source region, where emission is not strongly affected by the synoptic atmospheric circulation, and the latter possibly because of the poor data coverage. Overall, WR clustering shows to be a valuable tool in discriminating aerosol transport and concentrations over the South Atlantic and southern Africa at the short timescales (day-to-day and synoptic variability).
, 2003) ,  Stein et al. (2003)  found an association between the development of rivers of smoke heading towards the Indian Ocean and increased westerly waves and weaker continental high, concomitant with La Niña conditions (see also  Garstang et al. , 1996). These contrasting conclusions likely originate from the limited robustness of the analysis due to the shortness of the observation periods. Based on a longer dataset, the WR characterisation suggests a key role of the westerly waves in controlling the rivers of smoke, supporting the hypothesis of  Garstang et al. (1996) , although it remains inconclusive concerning the role of ENSO phases. This paper provides new insights into the understanding of the synoptic circulation in the South Atlantic and southern Africa, by characterising for the first time the dry season circulation and the associated rivers of smoke.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank  Brent Holben ,  Nichola Knox ,  Stuart Piketh ,  Gillian Maggs-Kollin ,  Derek Griffith ,  Willie Gunter  and their staff for establishing and maintaining the AERONET sites used in this study, as well as  Kerstin Schepanski  and  Fabien Waquet  for useful discussion. The  AEROCLO-sA  project would not have been successful without the endless efforts of all the research scientists and engineers involved in its preparation, often behind the scenes. Their support and enthusiasm are sincerely appreciated. The strong diplomatic assistance of the  French Embassy in Namibia , the administrative support of the  Service Partnership and Promotion of the CNRS Regional Delegation of Paris-Villejuif , and the cooperation of the  Namibian National Commission on Research, Science and Technology (NCRST)  were invaluable to make the project happen.
The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped in improving the quality of the article. Financial support. This work was supported by the  French National Research Agency  under grant agreement no. ANR-15-CE01-0014-01 ; the  French national programme LEFE/INSU ; the  Programme National de Télédetection Spatiale (PNTS) , grant no. PNTS-2016-14 ; the  French National Agency for Space Studies (CNES) , and the  South African National Research Foundation (NRF)  under grant  UID 105958. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union 's  7th Framework Programme  ( FP7/2014-2018 ) under EUFAR2 contract no. 312609. Airborne data was obtained using the aircraft managed by Safire, the  French facility  for airborne research, an infrastructure of the  French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) ,  Météo-France  and the  French National Center for Space Studies (CNES).
Data availability. CAMS data are freely available at the Copernicus Atmosphere Data Store (https://ads. atmosphere. copernicus. eu/ cdsapp#!/dataset/cams-global-reanalysis-eac4?tab=overview,  Inness et al. , 2019). AERONET station data are made freely available by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (https://aeronet. gsfc. nasa. gov/, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2021). The SAM daily index is made freely available by the NOAA Climate Prediction Center (https://www. cpc. ncep. noaa. gov/, NOAA Climate Prediction Center, 2021). ERA5 data are freely available at the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) (https://doi. org/10. 24381/cds. bd0915c6, Hersbach et al. , 2018). Supplement. The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi. org/10.
But in order to stay in the spirit of crowdsourcing data, the provider pledges to publicly release the decryption key, free of charge, after sufficient time has passed. Thus the mechanism is best suited for data with fast depreciation rates, with an interest to publish information publicly after a certain time in order to build a reputation and establish trust. To illustrate this, the protocol can be used to sell encrypted forex trade signals to clients. When these signals decay the key is publicly shared, and the information is available to everyone, and can be evaluated to establish reputation thus attracting future audience. In our implementation 1 we applied this to space debris positions which also lose precision over time. In this particular case, Trusat (ConsenSys-Space, 2020), a crowdsourcing project, aiming to store space debris and satellite observations to promote space safety can benefit from this Dapp.
After the revelation of the key by the provider, a certain delay is given to the client to potentially launch a dispute procedure in case of fraud. The Dapp verifies the exchanges and can reimburse the client. On the other hand, if no dispute was initiated, the smart contract allows the provider to retrieve his funds. Note that our system does not verify the quality of the transferred data or that the exchanged key allows the decryption of the message but it can be extended by a reputation system (such as the one developed in the Trusat project). With this kind of system, it is not in the best interest of the seller to sell wrong key or data because of the potential reputation repercussions.
The last point considered in the design of our protocol is the (possible) depreciative value of some data. Indeed, according to the type of data, their value can decrease more or less quickly. If we follow the example of Trusat data (ConsenSys-Space, 2020), the computation of the localization of a space debris -position and speed vector at a given date -lose accuracy over time, which may render old observations quickly obsolete depending on usage (e. g. in collision avoidance, accuracy is critical). This concept of perishable or depreciating data was recently studied in the context of Internet of Things  (Jiao et al. , 2018)  and in Algorithm 2: Dispute and refund protocol. (Xi et al. , 2019) , but these contexts focus mainly on the determination of the best price of the data. However, our proposal is a contribution to integrate the depreciating aspect of the data in the data exchange protocol.
Statistical Analysis All statistical analysis will be performed with the software at URC et CIC Paris Descartes Necker-Cochin. A Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP) will be written and finalized before study closure, i. e. , database closure. The SAP will provide full details of the analyses and data displays. Descriptive statistics will be presented for each treatment with mean, median, SD, standard error, quartiles, minimum, maximum, and the two-sided 95% confidence limits of mean and median. Frequency tables will be presented where applicable. All statistical tests will be two-sided with an alpha level set to 0. 05 and will be adjusted on the stratification variables used for randomization. The main analysis of the primary efficacy endpoint will be performed on the intention-to-treat population.
In addition, sensitivity analyses could be provided to explore different hypothesis regarding the handling of lost to follow-up patients. A cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed as a secondary endpoint. The aim of the economic evaluation is to assess the cost-effectiveness of continuous intravenous infusion of • The percent of patients with grade B or C postoperative pancreatic fistula at 90 days. • 90-day severe complication rate (grade 3-5) and mortality. We will compute and incremental cost per adverse outcome averted and an incremental cost per survivor. Baseline results will be presented as mean ± SD, median interquartile ranges (IQR), or as frequencies with percentages. Resource use data will be presented as means with standard error of the mean despite nonnormal distribution because they better represent per patient data than median values and compared using non-parametric testing.
AUTHOR'S NOTE All communications and scientific reports in relation to this trial will be under the principal investigator responsibility and supervision. Coauthors of all communications and scientific reports will be investigators and clinicians involved in patients' managements, according to the number of patients included, and the statistician in charge of the analysis. For the main publication of this trial, the first author will be the coordinating investigator and last author the investigator having included most of the patients. The FRENCH network will be listed in all publications. Publication rules will follow international recommendations 16. This research is registered under clinical trials no. NCT03000946.
In practice, it appears to the working group that the choice for recent ILD from SSc would now be MMF as first-line treatment, and intravenous cyclophosphamide as second-line or as first-line in rapidly progressing forms, or forms with poor prognosis (extended form according to the Goh classification) and rituximab as third-line treatment. The place of nintedanib still needs to be clarified, but it must undoubtedly be reserved for confirmed forms. It is recommended to restrict its indication to progressive forms. In early and severe forms, a combination of MMF + nintedanib could be eventually considered (to be discussed in MCM). Every therapeutic line must be assessed after 6 months of treatment based on clinical data (NYHA functional class, 6-min walk test) and PFT. A thoracic high-resolution CT scan should be conducted at the end of a therapeutic sequence and in case of clinical aggravation or PFT.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anterior communicating artery aneurysms treated between July 2012 and July 2020 with the WEB from an institutional review board-approved database were reviewed. A1 asymmetry was categorized as the following: absence of the A1 segment on 1 side (unilateral A1) versus bilateral A1. Univariate and multivariable analyses assessed independent predictors of adequate (WEB Occlusion Scale A, B, and C) and complete occlusion (WEB Occlusion Scale A and B). RESULTS: Forty-eight individual aneurysms (47 patients) were included in the final analysis, of which 16 (33%) were acutely ruptured. The mean size was 6. 5 (SD, 2. 2) mm. Adequate and complete occlusion was achieved in 33 (69%) and 30 (63%) cases, respectively. Unilateral A1 was associated with significantly higher rates of adequate (92% versus 60% for bilateral A1; P ¼.
Study Design In our tertiary care center (Neuri center, Bicêtre Hospital, France), we retrospectively queried the prospectively acquired database of patients with aneurysms treated with WEB devices between July 2012 and July 2020. Consecutive, ruptured or unruptured ACoA aneurysms treated with WEB were included. Patients were excluded under the following circumstances: No follow-up angiograms for at least 3 months after treatment were available; treatment with a WEB was used as a retreatment strategy in a recanalized coiled aneurysm; or the aneurysm was secondary to another vascular malformation (eg, brain arteriovenous malformation). The primary outcome was adequate angiographic occlusion, defined as a score on the WEB Occlusion Scale (WOS) of A, B or C. The secondary outcome was angiographic complete occlusion (WOS A or B).
WEB Indication and Selection The decision for WEB treatment of unruptured aneurysms was made by multidisciplinary consensus. For acutely ruptured aneurysms, selection of the treatment strategy was left to the operator. The main indication for using a WEB was a wide-neck bifurcation aneurysm. In our database, 5 generations of WEB devices were used,  15, 16  corresponding to the different evolutions of the WEB device. We separated the "previous generation" (ie, generations 1-4), from the "fifth generation" (newest generation available). We also reported WEB devices: Double-Layer (WEB-DL), Single-Layer (WEB-SL), or Single Layer Sphere (WEB-SLS) as chosen by the operator. Devices were delivered through VIA catheters (MicroVention): VIA-17 or 27 depending on the size, or VIA-21-33 for older procedures.
Bulk gas and noble gas isotopic data are reported in seeps from three regions: 1) the Rukwa Rift Basin (RRB), 2) the Lupa Hydrothermal System (LHS) and 3) the Rungwe Volcanic Province (RVP). Seep gases from the RRB are dominantly comprised of N 2 and He, with >90% N 2 concentrations, high 4 He concentrations (2. 4-6. 9%) and radiogenic He isotopes (0. 16-0. 20 R A ). Seeps in the LHS -located between RRB and RVP -are characterized by little-to-no N 2 , high CO 2 contents (72-84%), relatively low He contents (0. 008-0. 15%), and higher 3 He/ 4 He (0. 95-0. 99 R A ). RVP gases have high CO 2 (78%) and low 4 He (0. 0003%) and more mantle-like He isotopes (3. 27-4. 00 R A ) consistent with previous findings  (Pik et al. , 2006; Barry et al. , 2013). All neon isotopes can be explained by mixing between air, high O/F crust and depleted Mid Oceanic Ridge Basalt (MORB) mantle-like signatures.
RVP neon isotope seep data potentially suggest a solar-like deep mantle contribution, consistent with findings in rocks from the area  (Halldórsson et al. , 2014) , however we note that this signal is difficult to discern from mass dependent fractionation (MDF). The largest 40 Ar/ 36 Ar anomalies occur in RRB, with resolvable excess 40 Ar derived from radiogenic production in the crust. Using a noble gas solubility model, we calculate volumetric gas to water ratios (V g /V w ) and show that V g /V w values are low for RRB (0. 1), consistent with longer migration distances, whereas V g /V w are higher for LHS (V g /V w = 0. 1-10) and RVP (V g /V w = 3-12), suggesting a more direct conduit for volatiles from source to surface. In summary, these data demonstrate interaction between two distinct helium sources, one of which is crustal in origin (most prominent in RRB) and the other being mantle-derived (enriched in RVP).
2. CO 2 -4 He-3 He Ternary plot for the RRB, RVP and LHS seeps. Endmember mantle compositions (yellow stars) and expected trends (dashed lines/arrows) are shown. 1 sigma errors are within the symbol size. Samples from the RRB hydrothermal system plot close to the 4 He apex due to the fact that these samples are extremely He-rich, whereas RVP data plot nearer to the CO 2 apex reflecting the increased mantle volatile contribution. Previously published compositional data from the RVP  (Barry et al. , 2013)  are plotted for reference and are in agreement with the new RVP data  (Kimani et al. , 2021). Helium data in this figure were analyzed from samples collected in copper tubes for noble gas isotopes (Section 3. 2) while CO 2 data were analyzed for bulk gas geochemistry using a field-portable mass spectrometry system (Section 3.
Radiogenic 4 He is likely sourced from the Mbozi basement rock (i. e. , metamorphosed granitic rock, rich in radioelements U and Th) and high 4 He concentrations in RRB gases are likely facilitated by thick rock seals (i. e. , lake beds) which allow crustal gases to accumulate (analogous to the way hydrocarbons accumulate in sedimentary basins). Seismic data shows a decrease in lake bed (effective seal) thickness from RRB (>4 km) towards RVP (~2 km), which may result in variable 4 He contributions to the system and low accumulation of 4 He in regions without effective seals  (Wescott et al. , 1991; Kilembe and Rosendahl, 1992; Morley et al. , 2000). The observed high N 2 in RRB (compared to LHS and RVP) is thought to be influenced by low grade metamorphism of basement rocks, N 2 -rich cratonic material and/or thick meta-sediments within RRB.
Fig. 3. Air corrected helium isotope ratios as a function of helium concentration. A clear negative correlation is evident, showing that the highest 4 He content samples are associated with the lowest He isotope ratios. 1 sigma error bars in the data are shown, where absent errors are within symbol size. RVP data (green symbols) are from  Kimani et al. (2021). Black squares represent data from  Barry et al. , (2013). All data in this figure were analyzed from samples collected in copper-tubes for noble gas isotopic measurements. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article. ) included a significant lateral component in the subsurface (Fig. 8 ). Similar migration patterns have been previously observed in related volcanic systems, including at Yellowstone National Park  (Kharaka et al.
, 1989; Ballentine et al. , 1994; Reiners, 2005). This could be attributed to the accelerated cooling of the system across the Lupa Border fault or a shallow crustal source at the Fig. 4. Neon three isotope ( 20 Ne, 21 Ne and 22 Ne) plot illustrating mixing between air and solar  (Sarda et al. , 1988) , air and MORB  (Ballentine and Holland, 2008) , air and high O/F crust (Archean)  (Lippmann-Pipke et al. , 2011)  and air and average crust  (Kennedy et al. , 1990). Also shown is a broken line denoting the line along which mass dependent fractionation would occur (MFL). Errors are calculated at the 1 sigma level. All data in this figure were analyzed from samples collected in copper-tubes for noble gas isotopic measurements at Oxford University. edge of the Tanzania craton  (Elliot et al. , 1993).
This stage overlaps with stage 2, as long term hydrogeological cycles are required for basin-scale migration to occur. Our data show that the highest concentrations of helium are found in areas with the lowest gas to water volume ratio (V g /V w ) (Section 5. 2. 2), which are inferred from their high air-derived noble gas ( 20 Ne, 36 Ar) concentrations in these samples. In section 5. 3. 3, we further constrain these areas (RRB) to have high crustal 4 He flux (Q C He ) with an upper limit up to 6. 2 × 10 5 WC, which decreases systematically moving from LHS (~100 WC) to RVP (~1. 9 WC). These observations suggest a longer migration distance in the RRB compared to the LHS and RVP, as well as a relatively more rapid degassing of trapped 4 He. Nearly all seeps in this study are associated with fault systems, suggesting that subsurface structure exerts a significant control over volatile migration.
Introduction Considerable progress has been made in advanced cutaneous melanoma treatment over the past decade and more recently with new adjuvant therapies in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage III or IV totally resected melanoma. These adjuvant therapies have demonstrated benefit in reducing the risk of recurrence in these patients. Thus, the latest version of AJCC melanoma staging now distinguishes 4 sub-stages of stage III, from IIIA to IIID, with 5-and 10-year survival rates for melanoma of 93% and 88% respectively for stage IIIA and 32% and 24% respectively for stage IIID  [1]. However, a recent European study has reported less favourable overall survival rates over the entire stage III (particularly for stages IIIA and IIIB) than reported in the AJCC report and suggests incomplete reporting of outcomes in the database used  [2].
23 (97. 5% CI 0. 12-0. 45; P < 0. 0001) and for the nivolumab group versus placebo group was 0. 56 (0. 33-0. 94; P = 0. 011). Treatment-related adverse events of any grade led to treatment discontinuation in 34 (62%) of 55 patients in the nivolumab plus ipilimumab group and seven (13%) of 56 in the nivolumab group. Other clinical trials are currently ongoing (NCT02656706 and NCT03068455).
Instrument and datasets This section gives an overview of the measurement principle of ALADIN followed by a description of the instrument's telescope and its thermal control. Finally, the Aeolus data products and variables necessary for this study are presented. For more detailed information about the instrument, please refer to  ESA (2008) ,  Reitebuch et al. (2018a) ,  Reitebuch (2012a)  or  Lux et al. (2021).
This dataset is derived from observations from imagers on-board several geostationary satellites such as the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HISR) instrument on-board the NOAA19 satellite and provides daily averages of global OLR measurements  (Lee and NOAA CDR Program, 2011). OLR measurements from 1 October 2019 were collocated with Aeolus measurements from the same day and averaged along the Aeolus orbit for 60 observations (720 s) resulting in 1388 collocations. It has to be noted that the relationship was found to be not perfectly linear (depicted by the red line in Figure  6 ) and for other days the non-linearity seems to be stronger. But due to the response of the thermal control of the telescope to the changing environment and the fact that short wave radiation is not considered in the regression analysis, no perfectly linear relation is expected.
The first reprocessed dataset from June 2019 to December 2019 also includes this improvement. For the following analysis of the dependency of the wind bias on the M1 temperatures, a representative average O-B value "( -)" is calculated from the L2B O-B values. As mentioned above, the O-B values are available for each L2B wind https://doi. org/10. 5194/amt-2021-171 Preprint. Discussion started: 23 June 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4. 0 License. result. However, to decrease the variance of the bias, the O-B values are horizontally averaged to the L1B observation granularity (12 s temporal and 86. 4 km horizontal resolution). Afterwards, the O-B values are averaged over all range gates which is justified by the lack of altitude dependency of the M1 bias effect to yield the ( -) value. Figure 3 shows the typical distribution of the centre-of-gravity altitudes of the L2B Mie cloudy and Rayleigh clear wind results.
Acknowledgements. The authors acknowledge the Aeolus Space and Ground Segment Operations teams, the Aeolus Data Innovation and  Science Cluster  as well as the technology centres at  Airbus Defence and Space  and  ESA  for their innovative spirit. The authors thank  Gerhard Ehret  for the internal review of this manuscript. https://doi. org/10. 5194/amt-2021-171Preprint. Discussion started: 23 June 2021 c Author(s)  2021. CC BY 4. 0 License.