dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The future of technology development and process level science The synopsis of CAMP 2 Ex presented here shows that science and technology are maturing to the point where we can now quantify the environment and important aerosol-cloud interaction outcomes within a complex monsoonal environment. Ongoing CAMP 2 Ex based research is exploding ways to combine its extensive measurements, satellite retrievals, and model simulations to allow the community as a whole to make better use of the dataset. Sept 24, 2019 is a fitting concluding example of developing technologies to support future CAMP 2 Ex analyses. Figure  10  sampling  (Figure 10(d) ; thick arrow P-3, thin Learjet). Adding forward video shows how shortlived this population of congestus were, with turrets to 8 km developing over 30 minutes, and then evaporating over a similarly short time period.
Acknowledgments. This paper is dedicated to our dear friend and colleague Gemma Narisma, CAMP 2 Ex colead and director of the Manila Observatory, who passed away in 2021. CAMP 2 Ex could only be performed with her persistent effort and the cooperation of many Philippine entities including PAGASA, the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), Philippine Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Civil Aviation Authorities of the Philippines (CAAP), and Armed Forces Philippines (AFP). We are also grateful to the U. S. Embassy in Manila Economics and Science Department for shepherding the mission over many years of preparation. The CAMP 2 Ex deployment was an enormous logistical undertaking, and all team members are most appreciative to the Earth Science Project Office. Likewise, the complex task of integrating, deploying, and flying the P-3 fell upon Wallops Flight Facility with additional.
Data Availability Statement. The CAMP 2  Ex data doi is https://doi. org/10. 5067/Suborbital/CAMP2EX2018/DATA001 with access available at https://www-air. larc. nasa. gov/missions/camp2ex/index. html. Additional descriptive and satellite data can be found on the JPL data portal (https://camp2ex. jpl. nasa. gov/ ) and the University of Wisconsin geoworldview site (http://geoworldview. ssec. wisc. edu/). The PISTON dataset can also be found at the LaRC site (https://www-air. larc. nasa. gov/cgi-bin/ArcView/camp2ex?RV-SALLY-RIDE=1), with dois: 10. 5067/SUBORBITAL/PISTON2018-ONR-NOAA/RVTHOMPSON/DATA001 for 2018 and 10. 5067/SUBORBITAL/PISTON2019-ONR-NOAA/RVSALLYRIDE/DATA001 for 2019 as well as at the official mission site: https://onrpiston. colostate. edu/.
CAMP 2 Ex makes full use of and supports the global meteorological constellation of optical, radar, microwave, and scatterometer products. Of paramount importance was the cooperation of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) for expedited Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) data access, as well as the acquisition of 2. 5-min rapid scan data. The Japan Amazon Web Services node provided imagery and products at 15 minutes latency for integrating into real-time flight operations. Cloud and aerosol products were derived from this dataset by porting algorithms from NASA MODIS. CAMP 2 Ex supports the development of next-generation satellite products, including new geostationary algorithms, optical flow algorithms, aerosol and cloud polarimetric remote sensing for NASA's upcoming PACE and AOS missions, and the ESA Aeolus wind lidar (S.
jpl. nasa. gov/; last accessed March 2022; Hristova-Veleva et al. , 2020). The University of Wisconsin ported NASA Worldview to focus on even higher temporal resolution geostationary applications to the aircraft and Sally Ride (http://geoworldview. ssec. wisc. edu; last accessed March, 2022). To help introduce data users to the CAMP 2 Ex P-3 dataset, University of Illinois created a full flight data fusion dashboard for a single flight (Sept 16, 2019) where all instruments can be monitored (Di Girolamo et al. 2021; https://virdir. ncsa. illinois. edu/NCSAvis/camp2ex/public/deliverables_6-15-21/). All of these tools are designed to allow the broader community to engage with CAMP 2 Ex and PISTON science.
These features allow for short time scale studies of insect abundance, circadian rhythms, insect behaviors and the impacts of pesticide applications, to name a few. They also enable long-time scale studies of population dynamics, decline of insect abundance and the impacts of climate change or public policies. As previously demonstrated, the eBoss can estimate the mass of individual insects and derives the biomass density within the volume of air probed by the instrument. The results of this previous study have been published in A. Genoud et al. 29  , where additional details about the experimental setup, data processing and analysis are provided. The system presented in this contribution has been deployed for nine consecutive months from April to December 2022, during which the evolution of the aerial density and biomass density are measured throughout the season and studied with respect to atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, relative humidity and wind speed.
The acquisition system is integrated to a regular desktop computer. The system is protected from wind, rain and snow by a tent on both emitter and receiver sides. The desktop is connected via a 4G LTE router to transfer control data and monitor the proper functioning of the system. Additionally, a weather station (WS-1002-WIFI, Ambient Weather, USA) is positioned about 15 m away from the receiver to monitor the meteorological conditions such as temperature, rain, relative humidity, wind speed and direction as well as UV radiation level. The eBoss was installed in a field within the city of Secaucus (Hudson County, NJ, USA), it is approximately 40 × 10 m with tall grass bordered by a roughly 1 ha woodlot. The instrument was deployed on April 20th, and data was collected until December 21st, 2022.
Results Aerial and biomass densities. Using the methodology described in Section "Data analysis", both the aerial density and biomass density have been measured throughout the season and the results are displayed in Fig. 4. Both metrics are displayed using a daily average ( T = 24 h ) along with the 7-day rolling average, the tem- perature and relative humidity. During the campaign, a total of 435,980 transits were recorded, of which 302,093 (69. 3%) were identified as insect events. The data collection was interrupted multiple times during the campaign because of multiple power outages, acquisition software or computer malfunctions, and realignment and routine checkups of the system. In addition, data collected during intense rain or snow events were removed. When the duration of the interruption remained below 6 h per day, both daily ρ a and ρ b were calculated by subtracting its duration to T.
Design of a fluorescent-quenching sensor reporting conformational changes at the ECD-TMD interface To generate a fluorescent sensor related to the activation process, we compared the structure of the zebrafish GlyRα1 in the resting-like apo state (PDB:6PXD) with the glycine-bound open-channel structure (PDB:6PM6)  19. Besides the well-documented contraction of the orthosteric site at the subunit-subunit interfaces in the ECD and the opening of the channel in the TMD, visual inspection also shows an expansion of the ECD-TMD interface, where the Cys-loop of each subunit moves away by nearly 3 Å from the pre-M1 region of the adjacent subunit (Fig. 1A, B ). In order to monitor this reorganization, we used the tryptophan quenching technique that can sense the relative place of two residues  34, 35.
Molecular dynamics simulations of a cryo-EM partial-agonist bound state recapitulate the pharmacological profile of the intermediate state(s) A recent cryo-EM analysis of the zebrafish GlyR  19  has revealed that the partial agonists taurine and GABA may stabilize a previously unseen closed-channel state (referred to as "tau-closed") characterized by a significant reorganization of the ECD compared to the apo state. We hypothesized that the intermediate conformation(s) illuminated by VCF is structurally similar to tau-closed. To explore this hypothesis, we carried out all-atom MD simulations of the zebrafish apo-closed (PDB:6PXD), tau-closed (PDB:6PM3), and tau-open (PDB:6PM2) structures embedded in a POPC bilayer. In addition, since strychnine nicely fits the orthosteric site of apo-closed, we performed MD simulations of the strychnine-closed (stry-closed) complex as well.
Two-electrode voltage-clamp on oocytes Oocytes expressing GlyR constructs are recorded in ND96 solution (96 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 5 mM HEPES, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1. 8 mM CaCl 2 , and pH adjusted at 7. 6 with NaOH). Molecules that are not fully soluble in an aqueous solution are first dissolved in DMSO and then diluted in ND96 to have a DMSO final concentration <0. 1%. Currents were recorded by a Warner OC-725C amplifier and digitized by Digidata 1550 A and Clampex 10 (Molecular Devices). Currents were sampled at 500 Hz and filtered at 100 Hz. The voltage-clamp is maintained at -60 mV at room temperature. Recording pipettes were made with Borosilicate glass with filament (BF150-110-7. 5, WPI) with a PC-10 dualstage glass micropipette puller to obtain pipettes of resistances comprised between 0. 2 and 2 MΩ.
Voltage-clamp fluorometry on oocytes Injected oocytes are placed in a home-designed chamber with the animal pole turning toward the microscope objective. Currents were recorded by GeneClamp 500 voltage patch-clamp amplifier (Axon Instruments) and digitized by Axon Digidata 1400 A digitizer and Clampex 10. 6 software (Molecular Devices). TAMRA excitation is done by illumination with a 550 nm LED (pE-4000 CoolLED, 15-20% intensity) through an FF01-543_22 bandpass filter (Semrock). The fluorescence emission goes through an FF01-593_40 bandpass filter (Semrock) and is collected by a photo-multiplicator H10722 series (HAMAMATSU). Recording pipettes were the same as those prepared for TEVC. Currents were sampled at 2 kHz and filtered at 500 Hz. The voltage-clamp is maintained at -60 mV and at room temperature.
Voltage-clamp fluorometry data analysis For each construct, we performed the experiments at least on two different batches of oocytes (oocytes from different ovary fragments and different animals) to obtain at least n = 5. Data were analyzed by Clampfit software (Molecular Devices) and are filtered by a boxcar filter. The baseline was corrected from leaking currents and measurements were done to the peak of each response. Dose-response curves were fitted to the Hill equation by Prism GraphPad software, and the error bars represent the SEM values. Rise time and decaytime analysis were calculated in Clampfit by monoexponential fits of the onset and the offset of the recordings. Statistical analyses were done using a Student t-test in Prism Graphpad.
Outside-out recordings and analysis Recording currents are obtained with an RK-400 amplifier (BioLogic) using pClamp 10. 5 software, digitized with a 1550 digidata (Axon instruments). Recording pipettes were obtained from thick-wall borosilicate glass (1. 5 × 0. 75 mm × 7. 5 cm, Sutter Instrument) using a micropipettes puller (P-1000, Sutter Instrument) and fire-polished with a micro-forge (MF-830, Narishige) to be used at resistances between 7 and 15 MΩ. Micropipettes were filled with internal solution (that contain in mM: 152 NaCl, 1 MgCl 2 , 10 BAPTA, 10 HEPES; pH adjusted to 7. 3 with NaOH solution, osmolarity measured at 335 mOsm). Extracellular solution (in mM: 152 NaCl, 1 MgCl 2 , 10 HEPES; pH adjusted to 7. 3 with NaOH solution and osmolarity was adjusted to 340 mOsm with glucose) was delivered by an automated perfusion system (RSC-200, BioLogic).
Agonists' solutions are freshly made before sessions of recordings and are obtained with extracellular solution added with 1 to 100 µM of glycine (dissolved from a stock solution of 1 M in water). Acquisition of recordings was performed at the sampling of 20 kHz and low-pass filtered at 1 kHz (using the amplifier 5-pole Bessel filter). Openings are analyzed using Clampfit 10 software and currents were calculated by fitting the all-points histogram distributions of current amplitudes with the sum of two Gaussian curves. No further filtering is performed for the analysis.
Molecular dynamics simulations Molecular dynamics simulations of the zebrafish GlyR-α1 in four different conformational states were carried out: apo-closed (PDB:6PXD), Sy9-closed (PDB:6PXD with Sy9 docked), tau-closed (PDB:6PM3), and tau-open (PDB:6PM2). The zebrafish receptor shares more than 87% of sequence homology with the human receptor according to UNIPROT BLAST alignment. For all the studied systems, the protonation state at pH 7. 0 was predicted using the Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver 53 (PropKa) via the web server ("https://server. poissonboltzmann. org/pdb2pqr"). Predicted protonation probabilities differed depending on the structure. To homogenize the systems, the most frequent predictions were selected and imposed on all systems: GLU316 was unprotonated, HIS125 protonated in Nδ, HIS217 protonated in Nδ, HIS327 protonated in Nδ, and HIS231 protonated in Nε.
In all cases, the LINCS algorithm was used to constrain the H bonds and the PME served to treat the long-range Coulomb interactions. For each system, we produced 5 replicas generated with different initial velocities from the equilibration. MD simulations of the triple mutant used for the VCF experiments (K159W/Q235C/C57V, following the residue order in the PDB files) were also performed. Initial coordinates of the protein were extracted from the tau-closed (PDB: 6PM3) and tau-open (PDB: 6PM2) cryo-EM structures and the mutations were introduced using the CHARMM-GUI web server during preparation. The protocol followed to perform the simulations was the same as applied to the WT (see above).
Trajectory analysis The generated trajectories were analyzed using MDanalysis 58 through Python scripts. Notably, we computed the RMSD of the backbone atoms in the ECD, the TMD, and the structural core (i. e. , the inner and outer beta-sheets in ECD, and the M1-M3 helices in TMD) relative to the initial coordinates from cryo-EM. Additionally, we computed the RMSF decomposed per residue and averaged over the 5 subunits of the receptor. Analyses of the blooming and twisting angles  10  were carried out using WORDOM software (https://sourceforge. net/p/wordom/ codehg/ci/default/tree/). For these calculations, only a subset of residues was considered, referred to as the core, which is more relevant to monitor the quaternary structure of the receptor. The selected core residues are 54-69, 73-86, 113-125, 142-154, 165-175, and 207-214 for the ECD and residues 225-234, 241-258, 265-288, and 297-322 for the TMD.
Docking To explore strychnine binding to the various conformational states of the receptor, i. e. , apo-closed, tau-closed, and tau-open, we extracted 1 snapshot per nanosecond from the trajectory generated by molecular dynamics. By doing so, we ended up with 5 (replica) × 100 (ns) = 500 (snapshots) for each system. The molecular docking of strychnine was then executed using QuickVina 2. 1  61  with an exhaustiveness of 8 and a box of dimension 15 × 15 × 15 Å centered on the previously defined binding sites. For this purpose, we prepared the PDBQT inputs of the receptor using prepare_receptort4. py script from MGLTools  62. Then, the positions of the 5 orthosteric binding sites of a given structure were computed on the fly as the center-ofmass of residues PHE223 of the (+)-subunit and PHE79 of the (-)-subunit using MDanalysis.
Acknowledgements The work was supported by the  ERC  (Grant no. 788974 , Dynacotine), by the  "Agence Nationale de la Recherche " (Grant  ANR-18-CE11-0015-01 , Pentacontrol), Specific Grant Agreement No. 945539  ( Human Brain Project SGA3 ), the doctoral school ED3C and the  Foundation pour la Recherche Médicale  (to  Solène N. Lefebvre ). The authors would like to thank  Antoine Taly  for their help in data interpretation, and  Alexandre Mourot  for critical reading of the manuscript.
Methods A scoping review was carried out in July 2023 to overview country-specific classifications of digital health technologies (focusing on EU) and international practices on public financing and HTA of digital health technologies. The review was performed according to the PRISMA guideline  (16). The study protocol specified the main objectives of the study, the search strategy, the eligibility criteria, the selection of sources of evidence, and the method of the analysis. The literature search was performed on PubMed, Google Scholar and Embase databases using the following keywords: digital health or digital health technologies or digital health technology or digital health application or e-health or ehealth or mhealth or m-health and financing or finance or health technology assessment or reimbursement or public reimbursement or HTA.
ti software. Three research team members did the coding in parallel, and the entire team interpreted the results and formulated recommendations for Hungary. The HTA practices of digital health technologies of the countries under review were assessed according to the following five criteria: the assessment framework, the public reimbursement; the types of technologies funded; the assessment criteria; and the clinical evidence criteria. In order to describe the current practice of technology assessment and financing of DHTs in Hungary, another literature review was conducted. The literature search was performed on PubMed, the Hungarian Official Gazette, the Hungarian Periodicals Table of Contents Database, and Google Scholar databases using the Hungarian equivalents of the above-mentioned keywords.
The evaluation criteria is drawn up in two major categories; (1) General criteria, including security, functionality, quality, patient safety, interoperability, data security amongst others and (2) positive healthcare effects. Positive care effects are defined either as (a) a medical benefit (e. g. , an improved health status or a shorter disease duration) or (b) a patient-relevant improvement of structure and processes (e. g. , improved patient autonomy, increase in health literacy, facilitated access to care or disease coping strategies). To prove a DiGA's positive healthcare effect, manufacturers must provide quantitative results of a comparative study conducted in Germany as part of their application. This study needs to demonstrate the superiority of using the DiGA over not using it in terms of at least one claimed positive healthcare effect  (9).
However, this excludes most digital health technologies, which typically fall into lower risk categories. The impact of other regulations including the proposal on the European Health Data Space, Data Act or the Artificial Intelligence Act are equally important but remain unclear. The study has the following limitations. Our literature review did not cover all relevant countries' financing and HTA practices of DHTs. We only looked at a few pioneering EU countries, but several non-European countries are also at an advanced stage of regulating DHTs such as USA, Canada, Australia, South Korea. As the field under study is evolving quite dynamically, the individual systems may look different at the time of publication of this article compared to the manuscript. Nevertheless, we have tried to balance the breadth of the scope of the subject and the depth of the analysis.
Funding The study was funded by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office in Hungary (RRF-2. 3. 1-21-2022-00006, Data-Driven Health Division of National Laboratory for Health Security). Project no. KDP-14-3/PALY-2021 has been implemented with the support provided by the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, financed under the KDP-2020 funding scheme under grant agreement N°1012597.
5° and a scan speed of 0. 014°/s over the range 3°-70°2θ for the whole soil composition. The uncertainty was estimated to be ±5%. The interpretations of the data obtained were performed using the DIFFRAC EVA v4. 2 (©Bruker AXS) software. Proctor test was performed to observe the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of soil as optimum moisture content of the soil is essential to achieve maximum densification of soil and increase its load-bearing capacity. Compaction of soil in building materials increases the compressive and tensile strength of building composites. The optimum moisture content of soil samples was determined with a modified Proctor test  [37]  by applying compaction energy of 600 kN. m/m 3 to achieve the maximum dry density. XRD analyses were carried out to identify and determine the mineral phases.
The analyses were performed by using a D8-Advance Bruker-AXS diffractometer with a Ni-filtered CuKα radiation at 40 kV and 40 mA. Quantitative phase analysis based on reference intensity ratio values was performed on randomly oriented soil powders with a step length of 0. 5 • and a scan speed of 0. 014 • /s over the range 3 • -70 • 2θ for the whole soil composition. The uncertainty was estimated to be ±5%. The interpretations of the data obtained were performed using the DIFFRAC EVA v4. 2 (©Bruker AXS) software.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  (Grant agreement no. 692637  to D. S. ), and  ANCESMAG ANR  project ( ANR-20-CE92-0050 ) to D. S. and C. T. L. We thank  Dr. Ralf Braun  ( Department of Cell Biology, University of Bayreuth ) for providing the pAG416Gal-ccdB plasmid. D. S. and R. P. A. conceived and designed research; R. P. A. and C. T. L. performed research; R. P. A. and D. S. analyzed data and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. We declare no competing interest.
Aberrant anatomical brain connections in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are reported inconsistently across diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) studies. Based on a pre-registered protocol (Prospero: CRD42021259192), we searched PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Knowledge until 26/03/2022 to conduct a systematic review of DWI studies. We performed a quality assessment based on imaging acquisition, preprocessing, and analysis. Using signed differential mapping, we meta-analyzed a subset of the retrieved studies amenable to quantitative evidence synthesis, i. e. , tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) studies, in individuals of any age and, separately, in children, adults, and high-quality datasets. Finally, we conducted meta-regressions to test the effect of age, sex, and medication-naïvety.
We included 129 studies (6739 ADHD participants and 6476 controls), of which 25 TBSS studies provided peak coordinates for case-control differences in fractional anisotropy (FA)(32 datasets) and 18 in mean diffusivity (MD)(23 datasets). The systematic review highlighted white matter alterations (especially reduced FA) in projection, commissural and association pathways of individuals with ADHD, which were associated with symptom severity and cognitive deficits. The metaanalysis showed a consistent reduced FA in the splenium and body of the corpus callosum, extending to the cingulum. Lower FA was related to older age, and case-control differences did not survive in the pediatric meta-analysis. About 68% of studies were of low quality, mainly due to acquisitions with non-isotropic voxels or lack of motion correction; and the sensitivity analysis in highquality datasets yielded no significant results.