dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Due to its simplicity, the CES-D scale can be easily administered as a self-report questionnaire. In particular, it can be easily used in large cohort studies. However, the presence of incomplete observations is a major issue that can create biased estimates or spurious associations. Missing values (MVs) in the CES-D scale are often passed over in the medical literature. Observations of patients with more than four MVs are commonly excluded, even though this cut-off of four is not based on any statistical criterion, while observations with less than four MVs are imputed to the person-mean, even when there is a large proportion of incomplete responders  [5]. These types of analyses on complete cases or after single imputation have been repeatedly proved to be biased  [6]. Although there is an abundance of statistical literature about missing data, reports of epidemiologic studies dealing with missing data in the context of self-rated psychopathological symptoms are rare  [7].
Study design and inclusion criteria This study was performed on the French E3N prospective cohort  [14]  (Etude Epidémiologique auprès des femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale). In 1990, the E3N cohort included 98,995 women born between 1925 and 1950 and covered by a national health plan, covering mostly teachers. Participants were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires every two years addressing medical history, history of hormonal phases, and a variety of lifestyle characteristics. Informed consent was obtained from each participant at the beginning of the study after thorough explanation of the objectives of this study. The study was approved by the French National Commission for Personal Data Protection. Each questionnaire collected data about depression and psychological disorders, and three of them collected data about psychotropic drug use.
Covariates to impute MVs in the CES-D scale The following 17 variables from the E3N database were selected as candidate risk factors of DS according to a literature review  [10] [11] [12]. Sociodemographic characteristics were age, marital status, employment status, level of education, pregnancy history, menopausal status, inability to complete the eighth questionnaire alone. Psychopathological characteristics included history of depression or psychological disorder requiring treatment (collected for all questionnaires), current depression or psychological disorder requiring treatment, psychotropic drug use (collected at the fourth, sixth and seventh questionnaires), depression, anxiety or tears at menopause. Lifestyle characteristics known to be associated with DS were included: alcohol intake (in grams per day, g/d) extracted from a dietary questionnaire  [15] , smoking (current, former, or nonsmoker at time of the questionnaire) and sleep duration.
MVs were then imputed using either single imputation (person-mean approach, each MV is replaced by the mean score for the subject) or multiple imputation (pmm and polyreg methods). Descriptive indicators were measured on the various data sets defined by the number of MVs and the imputation method, i. e. (i) mean and variance of the CES-D score, (ii) standard error of the mean CES-D score, (iii) prevalence of hDS. CES-D score and prevalence of hDS under the ignorable MVs hypothesis Complete case analysis, single and multiple imputation  [8]  approaches were performed. Three single imputation approaches were used and were denoted: minimum (each MV is imputed to 0), maximum (each MV is imputed to 3) and person-mean. We compared the results of these different approaches by using estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the CES-D score, standard error of the mean CES-D score and the prevalence of hDS.
The scenarios were based on the assumption that nonresponders were more likely to present DS. Different sizes of variation were explored. Some scenarios proposed larger size of variation for positive items than for negative items as they are less difficult to answer than the negative ones, especially when considering the highest of the four response categories  [20]. All analyses were performed using R software  [21] , multiple imputation was performed using the mice R package  [22] , and multiple imputation under MNAR hypothesis was performed using the SensMice R package  [19].
Discussion Many population-based studies have been conducted to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders based on self-rated scales or to investigate associations with these disorders. Few of these studies have assessed the impact of missing data on the accuracy of estimates. The present study investigated MVs in the CES-D scale, a validated and easy-to-use tool, commonly used to identify DS. A qualitative study showed that none of the women contacted declared that they were reluctant to answer the questions of the CES-D scale, suggesting that the missingness mechanism could be ignorable. Multiple imputation is then an adequate approach to handle missing data. An imputation model including the CES-D items and various covariates was shown to have the same predictive properties as a model using the CES-D items only.
Acknowledgements We are indebted to all women of the E3N cohort who regularly provide detailed individual data. We would like to thank  Céline Kernaleguen  for coordinating data management of all data extraction, and  Dr Saul  for English editing of the manuscript. We thank  Anne Bredard  for traininig NR on semidirective interviews. We finally are grateful to  Ian White  for his detailed comments and questions that led to significantly improve the quality of the manuscript. The E3N-EPIC cohort is being carried out with the financial support of the  Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN) , the  European Community  and the  Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC). This work was partially supported by a grant from the  Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC)  and the  French NCI (INCa).
A policy that intends to increase children's education should consider all these aspects of children's life, which influence the well being and the quality of future life. The three aspects, education, health and work, reflect household decisions that are made while taking into account preferences, costs and benefits that result from resource allocation inside the household. So far the literature has generally focused on two of these three aspects. A large literature exists on child labor and education (Barros et al, 2001; Barros et al,   1996;  Barros and Lam, 1993; Carvalho, 2000; Emerson and Souza, 2000; Kassouf, 4  In 1996 and 1997, reference years of our database, the compulsory age to enter elementary school in Brazil was 7 years old. Elementary education takes 8 years. Since 2005, Law # 11.
Data information The data come from LSMS Brazilian Survey -1996/1997 (Pesquisa de Padrões de Vida -PPV), conducted in the Northeast and Southeast of Brazil 7. We use a sample of 3,087 children aged 7 to 14 years old 8. Our database provides anthropometric measurements, 9 such as weight and height. Using these anthropometric measures, we construct the health indicator Height for Age z-score (HAZ). 10 As recommended by WHO (2005), HAZ is the result of the transformation of the child's height into a normal, standardized variable, considering a "healthy" reference population for comparison. This indicator reflects cumulative linear growth, and its deficit indicates past or chronic nutritional inadequacies and/or chronic or frequent illness. Low height for age z-scores relative to a child of the same sex and age in the reference population are referred to as "shortness".
Descriptive analysis The mean HAZ is always negative, so there are average deficits in height per age concerning a reference population in all Brazilian regions (Table  1 ). This indicates that children aged 7 to 14 years old have past or chronic nutritional inadequacies. This phenomenon is aggravated in the poorest locations, such as in rural areas (-0. 84) and in the Northeast region (-0. 57). Table 1 also shows that 30% of the children aged 7 to 14 years old were classified as suffering from malnutrition (HAZ < 1): 43% in rural areas and 34% in the Northeast region. Table  1  shows that 65% of children attended school in the last 30 days. This percentage increases for children living in the Southeast (68. 5%) and in urban areas (68. 3%). Looking at our database, we find that 21% of children in the poorest income class work.
School Absenteism (%) How many days were you absent? = All regions Northeast Southeast Rural Urban (a) Sample # obs. 1762 1325 928 2159 3087 WORK # work 264 92 240 116 356 % work 14,98 6,94 25,86 5,37 11,53 30 3,35 1,36 1,29 3,01 2,49 < 30 and >= 20 1,25 0,91 0,86 1,20 1,10 < 20 and >=10 2,67 1,06 2,48 1,76 1,98 < 10 and >=1 21,06 22,87 22,20 21,68 21,83 zero 63,00 68,53 58,41 68,36 65,37 % not enrolled 8,68 5,28 14,76 3,98 7,22 Health HAZ mean -0,57 -0,21 -0,84 -0,22 -0,41 HAZ < -1 (%) 34,11 24,45 43,21 24,27 29,96 HAZ < -2 (%) 10,90 8,53 15,09 7,64 9,88 HAZ < -3 (%) 2,27 3,55 3,34 2,59 2,82 (b) Rural and urban areas incorporate southeast and northeast regions Source: Tabulation made from the 1996/1997 PPV database. Notes: (a) All regions and rural and urban areas together.
The Hansen J test was used to test the over-identifying restrictions i. e. the validity of the instrumental variables  [35]. A rejection of the null hypothesis implies that the instruments are not satisfying the orthogonality conditions required for their employment (i. e. they are uncorrelated with the error term of the estimated equation). The predictions of the model have been tested on DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) household members data from Uganda (2009) aggregated at the community/village level. Note that DHS are generally not longitudinal surveys. Unfortunately, the selected clusters or individuals within a same country generally change from one survey to another. To date, MIS (Malaria Indicator Surveys), that provide at the same time malaria infection prevalence (through Paracheck tests) and ITNs use for children under five, are extremely recent and cover only five African countries  [41] : Liberia (2008-2009) Angola (  2006 ), Senegal  (2008) (2009) , Uganda (2009) and Tanzania  (2007) (2008) , hence Ugandan data were used  [23].
Discussion By developing economic and econometric approaches on the basis of an epidemiological model, the poverty related-malaria trap has been formally determined. The combination of these three relations between protection, malaria and extreme poverty is, therefore, plausible and can lead to a malaria trap. Figure  2  illustrates the linear predictions of the relationship between malaria and poverty from Uganda dataset, solving partially the three-equations system (structural Equation (  20 )) to take into account the endogeneity of protection. It highlights three results with respect to possible traps. First, for a poverty incidence equal to 0, malaria is persisting. Second, malaria can only converge to a medium or high equilibrium. Third, the intersection point between the x-axis and the poverty curve (as a function of malaria) is significantly higher (p < 0.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Measure DHS ORC Macro  for providing the DHS data, the editor and the anonymous referees for their comments. OKD is supported by grants from,  NIAID/NIH , EDTCP/WANETAM,  Foundation Mérieux ,  UMI3189. This work benefited from the support of the  French National Research Agency , as part of the  program « Investissements d'avenir »  ( ANR-10-LABX-14-01 ). The authors remain solely responsible for any errors.
These are virtually all surface sites, which have seen only cursory study. The presence of PPNA or PPNB technologies in the Arabian desert is only described in tentative notes  [51]. We present here the first discovery of morphologically typical Levantine-like PPNA/PPNB stone tools, comprised mainly of diagnostic arrowheads, in the southern part of the Nefud Desert of northern Saudi Arabia. The recent discoveries at Jebel Qattar 101, Jubbah, represent the first clear occurrence of PPN lithic technologies in northern Arabia, about 500 kilometres south of the previously known distribution of PPN assemblages. Figure  2  shows how the distribution of putatively Neolithic sites in northern Arabia corresponds to the network of palaeolakes and palaeorivers in the region. The palaeodrainage in Figure  2  is derived from the HydroSHEDs dataset  [55] , as detailed in the supporting information for Petraglia et al.
Archaeological site locations calculated from survey data of the 'Comprehensive Archaeological Survey Programme', more information is provided in Groucutt and Petraglia  [111]. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0068061. g002 of Jebel Qattar  [60] , resulting in the discovery of JQ-101. The JQ-101 site is so far a unique discovery, and notable for the large number of lithic artefacts distributed across a large surface area, measuring approximately 2506120 m, or 30,000 m 2. JQ-101 (28u01906. 31 N, 41u03945. 38 E) is located at the base of the north-eastern side of a small but distinctive cone-shaped mountain, Jebel Qattar, which reaches a maximum height of 905 m above sea level (a. s. l. ). JQ-101 is in a small depression, at 810-820 m a. s. l. The site is surrounded by sand dunes to the north, east and west, with the jebel representing the southern boundary (Figure  3 ).
Acknowledgments We thank  His Royal Highness Prince Sultan bin Salman, President of the General Commission for Tourism and Antiquities , and  Prof. Ali Ghabban ,  Vice President  of  SCTA , for permission to carry out this study. We wish to thank our Saudi colleagues from the  SCTA , especially  Jamal Omar ,  Habeeb Turki  and the people of Jubbah for their support and assistance with the field investigations. All lithic drawings were produced by  RC  and  Gauthier Devilder  ( CNRS Lyon, France ) and lithic macro-photography by  RC  and  Sylvain Bauvais  ( CNRS Saclay, France ). All Near-East original maps are courtesy of  Olivier Barge  ( CNRS Archeorient Jales, France ). We thank  Yasaman Jafari  for OSL sample preparation. We owe particular gratitude to numerous scholars for discussions on the archaeological material and on previous drafts on this paper: Frederic Abbes,  Olivier Aurenche ,  Omry Barzilai ,  Didier Binder ,  Pierre Bodu ,  Jwana Chahoud ,  Vincent Charpentier ,  Eric Coqueuniot ,  Philipp Drechsler ,  Steve Rosen ,  Daniele Stordeur ,  Jacob Verdi  and  George Willcox.
Thematic channels Thematic channels France 3, France 5, i>TELE and BFM derive their strong performance from their specificity. The two public thematic channels -France 3 and France 5 -benefit from the dynamics of France Télévisions in terms of technical innovation, but have also innovated in specific areas according to their editorial needs. France 3 -the regional channel -has a naturally close rapport with its viewers -a proximity that has led it to develop innovative solutions in terms of program support on the Internet. The channel ranks first in terms of the presence of additional online content. Many of its programs also have special forums or websites. Finally, France 3 is one of the channels with the widest range of programs available on catch-up. An educational channel, France 5 has adopted a path of innovation similar to that of ARTE, by taking advantage of new broadcasting tools to further it in its mission to disseminate knowledge.
France 5 was among the first channels to put its content on the Internet following broadcast. It has also developed a relatively large program offering specifically for this media. While ARTE focuses on web series, France 5 gives priority to web documentaries, and is active in terms of interactivity and community building around its programs. Again, it is similar to ARTE in this area, as both channels share the desire to interact with viewers. Despite these similarities, France 5 proves less innovative than ARTE on most criteria. Unlike France 5, ARTE is not dependent on the overall strategy of a channel group and, more importantly, has a much larger annual budget than does France 5. Continuous news channels as information sources are in direct competition with other media, such as the press, radio and, of course, websites.
This methodology allowed us to objectify the analysis between traditional channels (which are more prone to innovation and act as precursors, especially with respect to programming) and new general interest channels (owned by large broadcasting groups that play the role of followers in terms of innovation). While "showcase" channels of large traditional broadcasting groups are in advance in terms of program enrichment and access to content (TF1, France 2, Canal +, M6 and ARTE), the latter, generally speaking, are not very innovative (W9, TMC and NT1 France 4). In addition, this typology allows us to go beyond the precursor vs. follower dichotomy because of the level of detail for indicators of innovation. More specifically, a third group of channels stands out. These channels, which are neither always among the most innovative nor consistently among the followers, are highly innovative in a specific area and have more of a wait-and-see attitude.
Organization of agritourism sub-sector The global organization of agritourism in France is following (the data are drawn from Perret et Marcelpoil 2001): -The consular chambers of agriculture are responsible for 1-advising all the farmers in their activity and for their projects, 2-representing them in so far as their specific agritourism activity is recognized as belonging to the agricultural sector. They created a brand and a network for enhancing this role, and especially in the domain of marketing (Bienvenue à la ferme). In the year 2000, for whole France, this brand covered 3. 800 services to offer. -Other networks gather farmers in relation with agritourism: "Accueil Paysan" is specialized in agritourism, but not linked with the Chambers, "CIVAM" is more generally active in rural development.
This provides developers with a development framework to implement trust-aware and selfadaptive applications, where software entities can reason about reconfiguration decisions in terms of their trust relationships and their reputation, enhancing the security of these applications. The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 presents some works that can be related to ours. An introduction to models@runtime paradigm and the Kevoree platform is given in Section 3. A brief discussion on trust and reputation is presented in Section 4, whereas Section 5 discusses the approach for a trustaware and self-adaptive framework. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.
Assessing these attributes requires defining metrics and placing monitors to measure their parameters. Finally, trust is assessed at runtime based on the trustor's criteria and is automatically maintained. Herrmann and Krumm  [8]  propose using security wrappers to monitor components. The intensity of the monitoring activity by these wrappers is ruled by the component's reputation. This scheme was enhanced by Herrmann  [9]  in order to take the reputation of components' users into account so as to prevent deliberate false feedbacks. 3 Kevoree: A Models@Runtime Development Platform Models@runtime  [1]  referes to model-driven approaches that aim to tame the complexity of software and system dynamic adaptation, pushing the idea of reflection one step further. Kevoree  [4]  is an open-source dynamic component model that relies on models at runtime to properly support the design and dynamic adaptation of distributed systems.
Seven concepts constitute the basis of the Kevoree component metamodel, as shown in Figure  1. A node models a device on which software components can be deployed, whereas a group defines a set of nodes that share the same representation of the reflecting architectural model. A port represents an operation that a component provides or requires. A binding represents the communication between a port and a channel, which in turn models the semantics of communication. The core library of Kevoree implements these concepts for several platforms such as Java, Android or Arduino.
g. Android) and the group will inform the rest of nodes about the new joint node through gossip or paxos algorithms. Finally, the adaptation engine executes applies these abstract primitives. If an action fails, the adaptation engine rollbacks the configuration to ensure system consistency. Up to now, Kevoree platform does not support reasoning over qualitative or security related concerns, and therefore any architectural element such as a node or a software component can join the system without further checks. Also, there is no criteria to guide the runtime changes. Our goal, as further explained in Section 5, is to provide these architectural elements with trust and reputation capabilities in order to allow better decision-making on reconfiguration.
Towards a Trust-Aware Self-Adaptive Development Framework The goal that we pursue is to provide developers with a development framework to build trust-aware and self-adaptive applications. This way, self-adaptability can also be guided by the trust relationships and entities reputation, increasing the security of the developed applications. The approach proposed to achieve these goals is depicted in Figure  2. At design-time, the developer uses the trust API that encapsulates some of the trust-related concepts discussed in the previous section. This API provides ways to easily indicate that certain Kevoree type (e. g. node, component, channel, etc) is trust-aware by means of annotations, in the same way as Kevoree API does. For example, the following code snippet declares a class that is both a Kevoree software component and a trust-aware entity with a default reputation value.
There would be other annotations to cover other aspects, such as the repand trust engines, which the developer should implement for each ap-plication. For example, the following code snippet declares that a Kevoree component is a trust engine that is to be applied to all the trust relationships with the trustees of the entity 'HelloWorldComponent'. Retriever and Pusher are interfaces provided by the Trust API, and their code is generated by the trust framework at building time. Once the developer has annotated the classes with both Kevoree and trust information, maven 4  is used to call both the Kevoree and the trust frameworks. These frameworks generate code according to the annotation information passed to them by the Maven Kevoree and Maven Trust plugins  5. Some of the duties of the trust framework consist of setting appropriate listeners to the Kevoree runtime model, in such a way that when two trust-aware nodes are linked through a channel, a trust relationship is initialized between them.
The generated code by the trust framework is also in charge of knowing how to push and retrieve variables information to and from a trust context model that extends the Kevoree model with trust-related information. The developer can then implement reconfiguration components, also by means of annotations, which take trust and reputation issues into account in order to make decisions. These reconfiguration components use Kevscript 6  to change the current configuration in response to some trust events. The developer could specify that if a trust relationship falls below a certain threshold, the channel between the trustor and the trustee should be removed at runtime. Another example is to remove a node in case that its reputation falls drastically. Also, when a new node tries to join the system, it could be demanded to deploy certain trustaware components to allow the rest of nodes to monitor its reputation and trust relationships.