dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The AMPA EPSCs were abolished by bath application of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione (NBQX, 10 M), a selective blocker of AMPARs (data not shown). The AMPA/NMDA ratio was measured in the same cell in the presence of picrotoxin but in the absence of NBQX. Plasticity induction protocol. After a control period (15 min), an HFS protocol was elicited in L2-3 of the PFC with theta-burst stimulation (3 trains of 13 bursts applied at 5 Hz frequency, each burst containing 4 pulses at 100 Hz, for a total duration of 2 min). Then, recording of current responses in pyramidal neurons were performed after the end of the HFS protocol to be compared with the control recording. The mean amplitude of NMDA and AMPA EPSCs was measured 30 min after HFS protocol induction. Confocal imaging of PFC acute slices.
After loading pyramidal cell in L5 with biocytin (1 mg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich) in the PFC, acute slice was fixed in 4% PFA overnight at 4°C. Fixed PFC slices from 1-month-old hGFAP-eGFP mice were examined with a confocal laser scanning microscope SP5 (Leica). To visualize the entire length of a pyramidal cell from L5 loaded with biocytin (1 mg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich) revealed by Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated steptavidin, 5 images covering L1-5 of the PFC were captured with a 20ϫ objective. Stacks of 30 consecutive confocal optical sections at 1 m intervals were acquired sequentially (with 2 lasers 488 and 560 nm) and Z projections were reconstructed using Leica confocal software. Then, one image was reconstructed using the photomerge function of Adobe Photoshop software. To visualize the morphology of one astrocyte expressing eGFP, a stack of 30 optical sections taken at 0.
Statistical analysis For each data group, results are expressed as mean Ϯ SEM and n refers to the number of independent experiments. Unpaired onetailed student test was used. Differences are considered significant at *p Ͻ 0. 05, **p Ͻ 0. 01, and ***p Ͻ 0. 001. GraphPad Prism 5 software was used for calculations. One-way variance analysis on ranks with Dunn's post test was used for multiple comparisons in the bar charts of Figure  5 , E and F.
Gap26 (red) suppressed all unitary opening events and shifted the activity distribution to the closed state (data from five different experiments). E, F, Average Q m data for voltage steps to ϩ50 mV (n ϭ 5). Asterisks indicate significant differences compared with the 50 nM [Ca 2ϩ ] i condition; hashtags indicate significant differences compared with the 200 nM [Ca 2ϩ ] i condition (one symbol p Ͻ 0. 05; two symbols p Ͻ 0. 01). All recordings were obtained from isolated replated primary culture of astrocytes (see Materials and Methods). significant LTP (15 Ϯ 3% compared with the LTP control, p Ͼ 0. 05 compared with HFS control, t test, n ϭ 7; Fig. 8A2, B ). Moreover, application of Gap26 did not result in any additive effect on NMDA current amplitude after HOAsp infusion within the astroglial network ( p Ͼ 0.
Interictal High Frequency Oscillations, (HFOs [30- 600 Hz]), recorded from intracerebral electroencephalo-graphy (iEEG) in epileptic brain, showed to be potential biomarkers of epilepsy. Hence, their automatic detection has become a subject of high interest. So far, all detection algorithms consisted of comparing HFOs energy, computed in bands of interest, to a threshold. In this paper, a sequential technique was investigated. Detection was based on a variant of the Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) test, the so-called Page-Hinkley algorithm showing optimal results for detecting abrupt changes in the mean of a normal random signal. Experiments on simulated and real datasets showed the good performance of the method in terms of sensitivity and false detection rate. Compared to the classical thresholding, Page-Hinkley showed better performance.
A. Experiments Two experiments were considered to compare detection algorithms. The first was conducted on simulated data sets described above. The percentage of ART/IES was set to 20% of inserted events on average. The objective of considering these simulated sets was to assess and compare both methods when the occurrence time and the category of EoIs were known a priori (ground truth). Another goal was to evaluate the robustness of the detection methods to EBR. The second experiment was conducted on human recordings to measure the efficiency of the method on real depth-EEG signals. In this case, the clinical reviews were considered as the ground truth. For both simulated and real data, iEEG signals were divided into a training set (70% of iEEG) and a testing set (30% of iEEG). The training set was used to select the parameters on a ROC curve ( , P P δ λ for Page-Hinkley algorithm and λ T for thresholding algorithm).
B. Results and discussions Mean and standard deviation of sensitivity and FDR were reported in Table  I , for Page-Hinkley and thresholding algorithms. Results on simulated data showed that, for EBRs close to real iEEG ones (above 0 dB), Page-Hinkley performance were competitive. Indeed, sensitivities were greater than 0. 924 (0. 026) with FDRs equal to the amount of ART/IES inserted. When EBR was low, sensitivities decreased to reach 0. 430 (0. 014) at its lowest value. Besides, FDRs increased. We can deduce that background activities introduce false detections together with the inserted ART/IES. These results seem coherent with visual detections. Indeed, for low EBR (0 and -5 dB), events were visually undetectable and the amplitude of background activity was prominent. When comparing Page-Hinkley to thresholding, we notice that, for all EBRs, Page-Hinkley sensitivities were higher than thresholding ones with smaller FDRs.
To sum up, Page-Hinkley showed better performance than thresholding on both real data, and simulated data with EBR close to real iEEG ones. Actually, we zoomed in some performance computed on iEEGs signals with high EBR. We found that for a sensitivity of 1, computed on 25 minutes of signals presenting mainly Rs oscillations together with IES, FDRs were of 0. 384 for Page-Hinkley and 0. 529 for thresholding. Finally, to compare Page-Hinkley performance to thresholding ones, we can cite results of a comparative study  [19]. This latter reported sensitivities ranging from 87. 6 (21) and 97. 6  (10)  and their corresponding FDRs of 70. 9 (26) and 75. 7 (24). As for complexity, both algorithms are easy to implement and tune. Although Page-Hinkley efficiency depends on two parameters, while thresholding performance depends on only one parameter, its optimality was theoretically proved in a normal random process  [12]  and experimentally illustrated in this study.
In the current context of the continued increase in automation, it is crucial to understand the sources of human-system interaction difficulties. Although the OOTL performance problem represents a key challenge for system designers, it remains difficult to characterize and quantify after decades of research  (Bainbridge, 1983; Baxter et al. , 2012). Some researchers have pointed out vigilance failure as a key component of OOTL situations  (Sarter and Woods, 1995b; Amalberti, 1999). Reports of incidents in aviation have notably illustrated the role of vigilance failure in human error. For example,  Mosier et al. (1994)  examined NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database and found that 77% of the incidents in which over-reliance on automation was suspected involved a probable vigilance failure.
, 2014). Cabon et al. (1993)  gathered data from ECG put on long range aircrews and train drivers with the device attached on the seatbelts. Boucsein et al. (2007)  recorded the same information-with a more invasive system-to design a flight simulator interface using adaptive automation. Their system could accurately react to varying levels of vigilance. However, the acceptability-which is defined as the capacity of the system to fulfill user's needs and be accepted for a regular use-was not evaluated during the experiment. Still, these results demonstrate the possibility of building better human-machine interfaces, which could potentially prevent many vigilance related accidents.
Materials and methods Network model. The basic model structure and the parameter settings are the same as in  Kumar et al. (2011). Briefly, the model includes 1000 excitatory STN neurons, and 2000 inhibitory GPe neurons. Neurons were implemented as leaky integrate-and-fire neurons. Synaptic input was modeled as transient exponential conductance changes. All model neurons receive uncorrelated Poisson spike trains as inputs so as to achieve previously reported baseline activities for STN (15 Hz) and for GPe (45 Hz;  Bergman et al. , 1994; Raz et al. , 2000). All network simulations were written in python using pyNN as an interface to the simulation environment NEST  (Gewaltig and Diesmann, 2007). Analysis of the simulation results and the LFP and single unit data were performed using MATLAB R2013b (version 8.
First, we computed the corresponding covariance matrix of all normalized zero-mean firing rates. and then performed eigendecomposition on the covariance matrix using the eig function of MATLAB. The projection p of each normalized zeromean average firing rate r to the first eigenvector (corresponding to the maximum eigenvalue) was then computed as the normalized dot product: p i = r i , v 1 /λ 1 , where i is the unit index and v 1 the eigenvector with the largest eigenvalue λ 1. This yielded one projection value p i for each recorded unit. As the first eigenvector had a positive ramp over time, positive and negative projection values corresponded to positive and negative activity ramps of a recorded unit over time, respectively. The standard deviation of the projection distribution from a random covariance matrix is 1/ √ n  (Anderson, 2003) , with n being the number of units.
Hunger, and  Mohammad Mohagheghi Nejad  for useful comments and discussion. This work was supported by  BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence  funded by the  German Research Foundation  (DFG, grant number:  EXC 1086 ) and the  University of Sheffield. We also acknowledge support by the state of  Baden-Württemberg  through bwHPC and the  German Research Foundation (DFG)  through grant no  INST   39/963-1 FUGG.
The protocol then continued with a visually guided saccade task (VGST), an antisaccade task (AST) and a smooth pursuit task (SPT). In the VGST, subjects were asked to follow as quickly and as accurately as possible a visual target stepping from a central to a 13° lateral right or corresponding left position. A minimum of 16 trials in each direction was recorded for each subject during each task. A 200 ms blank interval (gap) occurred between central fixation offset and lateral target onset. VGST was also performed with 13° vertical targets. Saccade latency was determined (Eyebrain software). Saccades with latencies below 90 ms or perturbed by blinks were manually discarded. Horizontal saccade latencies with values above the control group mean + 2 SD were considered as increased. Velocity and gain (ratio of initial saccade amplitude on target step), were determined when possible (Eyebrain software) but qualitatively assessed when important background activity (such as nystagmus), resulting in calibration difficulties prevented quantification.
These patients were not investigated for AOA1, AOA2 and AT mutations. Statistical analysis. Patients' data were analyzed using the statistical software package Statistical Analysis System (SAS) for Windows, release 9. 3 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA) and GraphPad Prism software, release 6. 0 (Supplementary Methods). Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients (or the parents of minors), before blood sampling and genetic analyses. The study was approved by local ethics committees from the institution APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France and University Hospital of Strasbourg, France. All protocols were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Literature Review. The NIH PubMed database was scanned from June 1995 up to June 2016 for reports in English containing oculographic recordings of molecularly confirmed AT, AOA1 or AOA2 patients.
Results We tested our model with the different instances of the FLE conditions and manipulated the parameters of the static (flashed) and moving stimuli in order to explore the advantages of motion-based position coding with respect to previous models. The dMBP model was implemented with a particle filter method which has been previously detailed in  [16]. An extensive parameter scan for simulations was performed on a cluster of Linux nodes (Debian Wheezy) using python (version 3. 5. 0) and numpy (version 1. 10. 1). The code written to produce all figures and supplementary materials is available on the corresponding author's website at http:// invibe. net/LaurentPerrinet/Publications/KhoeiMassonPerrinet17. On a standard laptop computer (early 2015 MacBook pro Retina with 3,1 GHz Intel Core i7 and 16 GB DDR3 memory), a video of resolution 256 × 256 at 100 frames per second is approximately processed at half real time such that reproducing all the figures presented herein takes approximately one hour of processing.
Finally, the parameters of the visual stimulation were the speed and length of the moving dot trajectory, as well as the position and duration of the flash (see Table  2 ). To efficiently titrate the role of these parameters, we built a computational framework to test different Table 1. Model's parameters. The model is implemented using the same paradigm as detailed in  [16]  while the extrapolation uses the same formalism as in  [17]. We used a similar set of parameters and controlled by a set of iPython notebooks that are available on the corresponding author's website. Note that the speed and diffusion parameters are given relative to one spatio-temporal period.
Name Value Role Range Stimuli are generated on a space defined in absolute values (ranging arbitrarily from -1 to 1) and time defined from t = 0 to t = T (in seconds). As such, stimulus parameters are defined in these units. To avoid border effects, the spatio-temporal domain is defined as a 3-dimensional torus (that is the cartesian product of the periodic real spaces R=2Z R=2Z R=TZ). By convention, a speed of 1 is defined as a motion of one spatial period in one temporal period. parameters ranges. This code is available as a collection of iPython notebooks which allow to reproduce each figure of this paper but also to track the role of each respective parameter. In particular, results with different FLE conditions (i. e. short flashes, dot visibility after motion stop. ) were qualitatively similar.
As a consequence, our model should be considered as an effort in understanding why phenomena such as the FLE should emerge. An utterly important question remains as to how this is achieved. Such attempts were advanced in several studies using a single paradigm for the different variants of the FLE  [11]. Further modeling accounts were proposed to show that such a function could be implemented using asymmetric traveling waves  [62]  (see  [15]  for a more formal account). Our model offers to bridge and unify these different theories beyond the existing debate between proponents of differential latency and motion extrapolation. In particular, we propose an architecture which is parameterized by an anisotropic pattern of connectivity (see Fig  2-C ). Key in that endeavor is a more precise knowledge as to how neural activity can dynamically code or decode a probabilistic representation of motion.
Apparatus Frames were rendered using dedicated GLSL shaders in the Gratin system  (Vergne, Ciaudo, & Barla, 2014) , and movies were displayed on a CRT monitor (HP P1230, 22 in. , 1,024 3 1,280 resolution, 60 Hz) using a custom software written with Psychtoolbox v3. 0. 11 routines  (Brainard, 1997; Kleiner, Brainard, & Pelli, 2007; Pelli, 1997). Observers viewed the monitor binocularly at a distance of 57 cm where their heads were stabilized with a chin rest. They pressed left and right arrow keys on a keyboard to indicate their response for the first or second object, respectively.
Employing also an analysis of variance (ANOVA), we investigated the effects of surface material (specular, mixed, matte textured) and rotation axis (horizontal, vertical, viewing axis) and task type (bumpier, flatter) on bumpiness discrimination ability (slopes and intercepts of the proportion data). We expected significant interactions between surface material and rotation axis. All analyses were conducted in Matlab (MATLAB, 2014) and SPSS  (IBM Corp. , 2010).
Acknowledgments DND, PB, and KD were supported by an  EU   Marie Curie Initial Training Network ''PRISM''  ( FP7 -PEOPLE-2012-ITN, Grant Agreement 316746 ). DND was also supported by a  TUBITAK BIDEB 2232 Postdoctoral Reintegration Fellowship  ( 21514107-232. 01-9150 ) and KD by a grant of the  Scientific and Technological Research council of Turkey  ( TUBITAK 1001  Grant  112K069 ) and a  Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA)   GEBIP Award for Young Scientists. KD was also supported by a  Sofja Kovalevskaja Award  from the  Alexander von Humboldt Foundation , endowed by the  German Ministry of Education. Support for OBS was provided in part by the  Israel Science Foundation  (ISF individual grant no. 259/12  and  BIKURA  grant  1274/11 ) and by the  Frankel Fund , the  ABC Robotics initiative , and the  Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience at Ben-Gurion University.
Data collection We collected press articles dealing with ADHD in four major French national daily newspapers (La Croix, Le Figaro, Le Monde and Libération), three weekly newspapers (L'Express, Le Nouvel Observateur and Le Point) and two major regional dailies (Le Progrès and Sud Ouest). We selected national journals on the basis of their circulation ranking, after exclusion of specialized journals such as L'Equipe (sport), Les Echos (economy) or TV Magazine (TV programmes). We selected two regional dailies that widely differ regarding their distribution area. We used the EUROPRESSE database (www. europresse. com) to collect all articles published from January 1995 to December 2015 in these nine newspapers and containing the keyword "hyperactivity/hyperactive". We used this keyword rather than the French translation of ADHD (TDAH) because it is much less common in the French media than "hyperactivity".
FUNDING Research in the Gaspar laboratory is supported by the  Fondation de la Recherche Médicale  and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-11-0004-02 ;  ANR-15-0179 ,  ANR-16-0162 ), the  INSERM , and  Université Pierre et Marie Curie. The team is part of the  Ecole des Neurosciences de Paris training network  supported by the  Investissements d'Avenir program , managed by the  ANR  under the reference  ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02.
Diagnostic assessment Data provided by physicians to the CJD National Reference Centre register and to the neuropathologists for autopsy request were analysed (ND-L, J-PB, J-JH), distinguishing between possible and probable cases according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (Table  1 ). For EEG data (available for 1,266 cases: 888 sCJD and 378 non-CJD), periodic (or pseudo-periodic) sharp wave complexes considered to be typical of CJD by the referring physicians, were recorded (EEGs were not systematically reviewed). CSF 14-3-3 protein immunoreactivity was available in 1,123 cases (749 sCJD and 374 other diagnoses). Analysis for the prion protein gene (PRNP) was performed in 871 cases (705 sCJD and 166 non-CJD).
Results Data from 1,572 autopsies, performed between January 1992 and December 2009, were studied. This corresponds to 11. 8% of the 13,384 patients referred to the CJD surveillance network. Excluding genetic (n=96), iatrogenic (n=55), and variant CJD (vCJD) (n=18), there were 920 sCJD cases and 483 cases of non-prion diseases (Figure  1 ). Among these cases there were 230 patients with neurodegenerative diseases (47. 6%). As detailed in Table  2 , these were mainly Alzheimer's disease (74. 8%), Lewy body dementia and Parkinson's disease (14. 8%). and fronto-temporal lobar degeneration (5. 7%). There were 47 cases of non-prion anoxic/metabolic/toxic encephalopathy (9. 7%), 45 cases of vascular dementia (9. 3%), 39 cases of cancer-related disorder (8. 1%), 30 cases of encephalitis (6. 2%) and 19 cases of nonconvulsive status epilepticus with no cause found at autopsy (3.
An increase in the use of CSF 14-3-3 and in the percentage of probable sCJD solely with positive CSF 14-3-3 is not specific to France, however, as shown by the study of national databases of 11 members of EUROCJD-Consortium, including nine European countries, Australia and Canada during the period 1993-2002  [14]. The 14-3-3 proteins are a group of 30-kDa proteins involved in signal transduction and apoptosis and are normally expressed by brain neurons. Their detection in CSF is regarded as a marker of subacute neuronal suffering. It thus can be observed in various neurological diseases including epilepsy, cancer, and paraneoplastic encephalitis. In our series, during the 1998-2009 period, when performed, 14-3-3 protein was detected in 15/18 cases of epilepsy, 15/37 cases of cancer and 7/28 cases with encephalitis, all potentially treatable diseases.
Acknowledgements We thank all members of the  Cellule nationale de référence de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob , and the  French neuropathology network of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: H Sevestre (Amiens) ,  F Dubas †, F Letournel  (Angers),  G Viennet  (Besançon),  A Vital, C Vital (Bordeaux), F Chapon (Caen), JL Kémény (Clermont-Ferrand), F Labrousse, JM Vallat (Limoges), CA Maurage, MM Ruchoux (Lille) ,  A Jouvet ,  N Kopp ,  D Meyronnet ,  N Streichenberger ,  F Thivolet-Béjui  (Lyon),  D Figarella-Branger ,  A Maues de Paula ,  JF Pellissier  ( Marseille) ,  J Floquet ,  JM Vignaud (Nancy) ,  JF Michiels, F Vandebost (Nice) ,  A Heitzmann  (Orléans),  F Gray ,  D Hénin ,  C Lacroix-Jousselin ,  J Mikol  (Paris),  P Baldet ,  V Rigau  (Montpellier),  P Levillain  (Poitiers),  MD Diébold ,  P Fornes ,  M Pluot  (Reims),  D Chiforeanu ,  N Rioux-Leclerc ,  S Saikaili  (Rennes),  A Laquerrièrre  ( Rouen) ,  M Prévost  ( Saint-Pierre, La Réunion ),  J-P Bellocq ,  B Lannes ,  M Mohr  (Strasbourg),  B Delisle ,  E Uro-Coste  ( Toulouse ) for providing the clinical data and sections, and all physicians who notified the cases to the  Surveillance Register.
Cohort Track-On HD (2012)  [Kloppel et al. , 2015]  and  Track-HD (2011)   [Tabrizi et al. , 2009]  cohorts were included in this study. The structure-function analysis was performed in the Track-On HD cohort and the structural replication analysis was performed in the Track-HD cohort. The Track-On HD fMRI cohort included 186 participants (92 preHD and 94 controls) (see Supporting Information table  S1 ). Baltimore selfreported apathy data was missing from 3 preHD subjects from the fMRI cohort. The diffusion MRI cohort included 151 (70 preHD and 81 controls) (see Supporting Information table  S2 ). The replication analysis included 96 participants with diffusion MRI data only (50 preHD and 46 controls) (see Supporting Information table  S3 ). Of the participants in Track-On HD, 31 preHD and 29 controls had previously participated in Track-HD.