dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Finally, additional and exhaustive information regarding deaths (date and cause of death) were obtained from the Centre d'épidémiologie sur les causes médicales de Décès (CépiDc) database. CVD and cancer cases were classified according to the International Chronic Diseases Classification, 10 th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10), and cases were ascertained through reviewing of the medical data by a specific committee of physicians. T2D cases were ascertained using a multi-source approach, i. e. T2D declaration during follow-up along with declaration of the use of T2D medication (or a reimbursement of T2D medication detected from SNIIRAM), or hyperglycaemia in the biological data along with one T2D medication use. All first incident cancers, CVDs, T2D and deaths occurring between the inclusion and February 2019 were considered as cases.
Statistical analysis To be included in the present work, participants needed to have provided at least 2 24-hour dietary records during the first 2 years of their follow-up. For each disease-specific analysis, prevalent cases of the corresponding disease were excluded. In the T2D track, prevalent and incident cases of type 1-diabetes were also excluded. Participants flow-chart is shown in Figure  1. For all covariates except physical activity, <5% of values were missing. These were therefore imputed to the modal value or to the median (for categorical or continuous variables, respectively). For physical activity however, the proportion of missing values was higher (14%), and a missing class was therefore introduced. Multiple imputation for missing data was also tested in sensitivity analyses using the MICE method  [43].
Observational studies comparing the microbiotas of adult omnivores to that of adult vegans or vegetarians somehow confirmed that hypothesis  [61;62]. Finally, mounting evidence suggests that the beneficial impact of DF could be mediated by the gut microbial production of SCFAs  [63] [64] [65] [66]. In addition to its prospective design, the main strength of our study pertained to the detailed nutritional phenotyping of a large sample size. The latter indeed allowed us to examine the associations between different types and sources of DF and a variety of chronic conditions. The dietary data we used was collected through validated repeated 24 hour-dietary records based on a detailed database comprising 3,300 food items. Additionally, we were able to investigate the cross-sectional associations between DF and gut microbiota composition for a subsample of participants.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank  Cédric Agaesse ,  Vristi Desan  and  Cynthia Perlin  (dietitians);  Younes Esseddik ,  Thi Hong Van Duong ,  Paul Flanzy ,  Régis Gatibelza ,  Jagatjit Mohinder  and  Aladi Timera  (computer scientists);  Fabien Szabo de Edelenyi, PhD ,  Nathalie Arnault ,  Julien Allegre , and  Laurent Bourhis  (data-manager/statisticians) for their technical contribution to the  NutriNet-Santé study. We thank all the volunteers of the NutriNet-Santé cohort.
FUNDING The  NutriNet-Santé study  was supported by the following  French public institutions: Ministère de la Santé ,  Santé Publique France ,  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ,  Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) ,  Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM)  and  Université Paris-XIII  Nord. The  Milieu Intérieur Consortium  was supported by  French Government 's  Investissement d'Avenir Program, Laboratoire d'Excellence  " Milieu Intérieur " Grant  ANR-10-LABX-69-01. Valentin Partula  was funded by  Ph. D. a grant from the  Labex Milieu Interieur , and is provided financial support from  École doctorale 474 Frontières de l'Innovation en Recherche et Education -Programme Bettencourt. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, or in the writing of the manuscript.
Statistical Analyses All measurements were described as mean values ± SEM. DHA recovery in the matrices was performed in triplicate. All the measures performed in the duodenal effluents used nine pigs (n = 9). Plasmatic DHA was measured in seven pigs (n = 7) due to blood sampling problems in two pigs. Time, matrix, and "time × matrix" effects on pH, protein concentration, protein hydrolysis, and base-line adjusted DHA concentration in the duodenal effluents, and on base-line adjusted DHA concentration in plasma were tested using a nonparametric analysis of repeated measures with the "f1. ld. f1" function of the package "nparLD"  [53]  in R 3. 1. 2 [54]. In case of a significant effect, the function "npar. t. test" of the package "nparcomp"  [55]  was used for each time point. Finally, the area under the curve (trapezoidal method) for each matrix was analyzed by a Friedman test.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the staff from  UE3P   INRAE :  A. Chauvin  and  F. Le Gouevec  for surgeries in pigs,  M. Génissel ,  J. Georges ,  R. Janvier , and  V. Piedvache  for animal care,  A. Leveau  for sampling and analytical help, and  C. Jaeger  for supervising the in vivo study. They also thank the company  ASL (Vichy, France)  for the gift of OVO-DHA ® , and  J. Thévenot  for supporting statistical data analysis.
Methodology The E3N cohort study The E3N (Etude Epidémiologique de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN)) cohort study was set up in 1990, and included 98,995 women born between 1925 and 1950 and affiliated to the MGEN, a health insurance plan for workers in the education system and their spouses. The objective was to identify risk factors for cancer and chronic conditions in women. At baseline, women signed an informed consent form in accordance to the French National Commission for Data Protection and Privacy. This study is the French component of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)  [13]. Participants were asked every 2-3 years to complete self-administered questionnaires to provide and update medical events and lifestyle. Between 1993 and 1995, 74, 520 participants answered the third follow-up questionnaire that included a validated self-administrated diet history questionnaire  [14].
Dietary data and dairy product assessment In 1993, a 208-item dietary history questionnaire was sent to all cohort women to evaluate the habitual diet of the previous year. Women were asked to answer questions about quantities and frequencies of consumption of food groups. Eleven possible responses were available, never or less than once a month; 1 to 3 times a month, and 1 to 7 times a week. A photo booklet was added to help estimate portion sizes  [15]. The questionnaire included 34 items on dairy products: milk (whole, semi skimmed, skimmed, concentrated, or powdered); yogurt (unsweetened, flavored, or with fruit; whole-milk or skimmed; and with natural or artificial sweetener); cottage cheese (same as for yoghurt); and six types of cheese (i. e. soft, processed, blue, semi-hard, hard, and goat cheese).
Consumptions of butter, cream, and ice cream were not included, considering butter and cream as added fats, and ice cream, which is not systematically dairy-based, as a dessert. Dietary data was converted to energy and nutrient intakes multiplying the intake frequency by the serving size of each item. We used food composition from the French food composition table of the French Information Center on Food Quality  [16]. The validity and reproducibility of the questionnaire was previously evaluated in a subsample of 120 women similar to the E3N study, correlation between diet history and 12 24 h recalls was 0. 67 for all dairy products  [14] , 0. 51 for cheese, 0. 63 for yoghurt, 0. 39 for cottage cheese and 0. 12 for milk (due to a large number of non-consumers in the recall study). We used weekly servings for each dairy item and we defined total dairy consumption as the sum of servings of milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, and other cheese.
Hypertension assessment Participants reported diagnosis of hypertension, date of diagnosis, and use of antihypertensive treatments at baseline (1993 questionnaire) and in each of the followup questionnaires  (1995, 1997, 2000, 2005, and 2008 questionnaires). The majority (69%) of participants reported both month and year of any diagnosis. For the 14% of cases who only reported the year of diagnosis, the month was imputed to June. The median time between the date of diagnosis and the date of response to the first questionnaire after diagnosis was 12 months. Thus, when the date of diagnosis was missing (17%), we assigned the date of diagnosis to be 12 months before the date hypertension was self-reported. In 2004, a claims database became available for all participants. For cases identified after 2004, we used either the selfreported date of diagnosis or the first date of drug reimbursement for anti-hypertensive medications [diuretics, b-blockers, calcium, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System codes C02, C03, C07,C08, and C09), with whatever happened first as the date of diagnosis.
In addition, the claims database enabled us to evaluate the validity of self-reports. In women who were alive in January 2004 and up to their response to the last questionnaire in 2008, we observed a positive predictive value of 82% of self-reported hypertension when we compared the self-report to a drug reimbursement that corresponded to any of the previously specified codes. We previously evaluated the validity of self-reported hypertension using insurance claims data and found a positive predictive value of 82%  [17].
Smoking status was considered as nonsmoker, former smoker, and current smoker. The 1993 questionnaire included items on weekly hours spent walking, cycling, performing light and heavy household chores, and recreational activities (e. g. , tennis and swimming) and the daily number of flights of stairs climbed. Weekly METs (metabolic equivalents) were estimated multiplying the reported activity duration by the yearly average METs for each item based on values from the Compendium of Physical Activities  [20]. Education was self-reported; two categories were used: with high school diploma and without high school diploma. The dietary questionnaire (1993) was used to estimate the habitual intakes of energy, alcohol, fruit and vegetables, processed meat, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. A Western diet score was determined from dietary data using principal component analysis, as previously described  [16].
Funding The E3N cohort is being carried out with the financial support of the  "Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale" (MGEN) ;  European Community ;  French League against Cancer (LNCC) ;  Gustave Roussy Institute (IGR) ;  French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM). P Villaverde  was in part supported by  CONACyT Mixed scholarships and SEP-CONACYT-ANUIES ECOS Francia  ( M13S02 ). The present study was also supported by the  French Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche)  via an  "Investissement d'Avenir" grant (investment for the future grant ,  ANR-10-COHO-0006 ). The present work was supported by a grant from the  French Foundation  for research in hypertension. CJM is funded by the  Fédération Française de Cardiologie.
exposure and are therefore not able to inform policy makers which early life periods are particularly critical for health development. In this paper, we used data from the French prospective cohort study E3N including ca. 100,000 women born between 1925 and 1950 to investigate the effects of exposure to World War II (WWII)-related under-nutrition during childhood and adolescence on the probability of suffering from hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity later in life while considering potential confounders. In contrast to most existing studies, we used objectively measured health outcomes and also studied the relationship between food-deprivation and subsequent health-affecting behaviours (later-life sleep duration, tobacco consumption, and diet in terms of carbohydrate, lipid, protein and calorie intake) to explore potential indirect effects on health.
Our study includes data from the follow-up questionnaires until 2014. The follow-up questionnaire response rate remained stable over the whole study period at approximately 80%  25. Due to active and passive follow-up (through the transfer of information on addresses, hospitalisations, vital status, reimbursed drugs from the files of the insurer MGEN who insures teachers and their families), the overall loss to follow-up was less than 3%. We used the entire E3N study population for which we have non-missing data on at least one of the health outcomes (diabetes, hypertension, obesity defined as BMI > 30 or overweight defined as BMI > 25) which resulted in a population of 90,226 women. All E3N study participants signed a written informed consent letter and the study protocol was reviewed and approved by the French National Commission for Data Protection and Privacy (ClinicalTrials.
gov Identifier: NCT03285230). Hypertension and type 2 diabetes assessment. Before 2004, all potential cases of type 2 diabetes were identified through follow-up questionnaires that included questions on the diagnosis of diabetes, diabetes-specific diet, diabetes drugs, and hospitalisations for diabetes. All potential cases were then contacted and asked to answer a diabetes-specific questionnaire that included questions on the circumstances of diagnosis (year of diagnosis, symptoms, biological exams, and fasting or random glucose concentration at diagnosis), diabetes therapy (prescription of anti-diabetic diet or physical activity, list of all used glucose-lowering drugs along time), and the most recent concentrations of fasting glucose and HbA1c. In order to be considered as validated, a potential case must have reported at least one of the following: (1) fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.
0 mmol/l or random glucose ≥ 11. 1 mmol/l at diagnosis; (2) use of a glucose-lowering medication; (3) most recent values of fasting glucose or HbA1c concentrations ≥ 7. 0 mmol/l or ≥ 7%, in the diabetes-specific questionnaire. After 2004, cases were identified through the drug reimbursement insurance database. The validation algorithm used in the E3N cohort to assess type 2 diabetes cases has been largely accepted and used in several previous publications (e. g. Mancini et al. 26  ). All women who were reimbursed at least twice for any glucose-lowering medications during one year were considered to be validated cases of diabetes  27. Participants were asked to report whether they had hypertension at baseline and in each follow-up questionnaire sent every 2-3 year, the date of diagnosis, and the use of anti-hypertensive treatments.
The month and year of diagnosis were provided for most cases (69%). For individuals who were missing the month of diagnosis (14% of cases), it was imputed to June of the year of diagnosis. The median time between the date of diagnosis and the date of response to the first questionnaire after diagnosis was 12 months. Thus, for the cases (n = 17%) with no year of diagnosis, we assigned it to be 12 months before they reported hypertension in a questionnaire. In 2004, a drug reimbursement database became available for 97. 6% of participants. We used the self-reported date of diagnosis or the first date of drug reimbursement for anti-hypertensive medications (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System codes C02, C03, C07, C08, and C09) whatever happened first, as the date of diagnosis for cases identified after 2004.
In addition, using the information of the MGEN health insurance plan drug claim database, we assessed the validity of self-reported hypertension within the E3N cohort. We compared hypertension self-report to anti-hypertensive drug reimbursement (any of the above specified codes). A positive predictive value of 82% was observed among women alive in January 2004 and followed up to their response to the last considered questionnaire in 2008  28. To gain statistical power for some of the regression analyses, we grouped the health outcome indicator variables into a new dichotomous variable equal to one if the individual was affected by any of the health conditions and zero otherwise. Cofactors assessment. The E3N data provide information on a wide range of individual characteristics. Besides the date and place of birth, educational achievement, weight and height, a measure for the level of stress at work, and marital status, the data included information on early childhood conditions such as preterm birth, birth weight and height, age of the mother and father at birth, indicator variables for the individual's and her father's socioprofessional category, whether the individual lived on a farm, number of siblings, and information on the presence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension in the family.
The data also included information on health behaviours, such as tobacco smoking, average hours of sleep per night, and dietary intake (used here as carbohydrate, protein, fat, and total calorie intakes). Exposure to WWII-related food deprivation during childhood and adolescence. In the first questionnaire, the participants were asked how much they suffered from food deprivation related to WWII. The wording of the question was as follows: "How did you suffer from the food deprivations of the last World War?". The possible answers were "not born at the time", "not at all or little suffering", "moderate suffering", "a lot (continuous hunger)", "enormously (deportation)". Albeit subjective, this variable can be considered as a proxy measure of the intensity of the individual's experience of hardship during WWII.
Discussion We exploited data on 90,226 women from the French prospective cohort study E3N to estimate the long-run effects of exposure to World War II-related food deprivation during early life on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity at adulthood, while considering potential confounders. We also investigated whether the effects depended on the individual's age at exposure. Finally, we examined the relationship between food-deprivation and subsequent health-affecting behaviours to explore potential indirect effects on health of severe food-deprivation. We found that the experience of WWII-related food deprivation during early life was linked to a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (+0. 7%, 95% CI: 0. 073-1. 37%) and hypertension (+2. 6%, 95% CI: 0. 81-4. 45%) in   All models includes birth-year and department fixed effects, indicator variables for whether the individual lives with a spouse, achieved higher education, has been born preterm, lived on a farm for more than 3 months during childhood and whether the individual or her father is of high socioeconomic status, the age of the individual's mother and father at her birth, the number of siblings, the level of physical and mental stress experienced at work, an index of deprivation for the individual's current area of residence and history of disease in the family.
Chronic disease may be the long-term outcome of childhood conditions and experiences combined with cumulative exposures across adulthood  41. Susceptibility to diseases is embedded in individuals' biological makeup, but diseases are expressed and maintained in particular social, economic, and cultural environments  2, 42, 43. Our findings are compatible with both the predictions of the latency and pathway models. We found a direct association between early-life exposure and later-life risk of diabetes and hypertension, which appears to persist when adjusting for health determinants recorded in E3N (i. e. education and health-affecting behaviours). We also found that exposure was linked to differences in these health determinants which, in turn, are likely to influence health  18, 44, 45. We investigated associations between early-life exposure to hunger and later life risk of diabetes and hypertension using verified data on health as opposed to self-declared data which is most commonly used in the literature.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to all participants for providing the data used in the E3N cohort study. The E3N cohort is being carried out with the financial support of the  "Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale", European Community ,  French League against Cancer, Gustave Roussy , and  French Institute of Health and Medical Research. This present study was also supported by the  French Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche)  via an  "Investissement d' Avenir" grant (investment for the future grant ,  ANR-10-COHO-0006 ) that supports the E4N study and by the  Strategic Research Initiative NutriPerso  from the  University Paris-Saclay. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of this manuscript.
Study design and study population The Research Ethics Committee of Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt, approved the study protocol. Dietary data from women aged 19-30 y (n = 130) were extracted from a descriptive, crosssectional survey conducted between November 2016 and March 2017 in males and females (age range: 1-50 y; n = 860) living in 4 urban areas in Egypt (Greater Cairo, Alexandria, Delta, and Upper Egypt), representing SECs A to D in the urban population  (21). A door-todoor random-sampling methodology with a screening questionnaire was used to reach quotas for age, gender, social class, and region in order to obtain a representative sample. Interviewers randomly selected households, and 1 individual per household (selected according to age and gender quotas) was invited to participate in the study and received the study documents in Arabic, including a consent form, an information sheet, a sociodemographic questionnaire, and a 4-d food diary.
A photographic food atlas of portion sizes was used to estimate portion size based on pictures of typical dishes. Quality-control checks related to food-intake data were routinely performed during data collection, and final data quality checks were done on the complete database. In addition to routine checks, 10% of data coded were cross-checked to identify and resolve discrepancies. Any issues regarding diary completeness, portion sizes, and energy and nutrient intakes were discussed among research team members to reach a consensus. Missing data, outliers, and out-of-range values were identified with energy and nutrient distributions. Among the 860 people surveyed, 144 were women aged 19-30 y, of whom 14 were excluded [due to having implausible daily energy intakes defined as being below the 5th or above the 95th percentiles  (24) ], leading to a study sample of 130 women, with 4 d of the diary completed (Figure  1 ).
Creation of a composite food-composition database The 378 foods consumed by the subjects (n = 130) were classified into 15 main food groups and 52 subgroups, as detailed in Supplemental Table  2. This classification was based on the classification used in Optifood, a diet-modeling software program developed to design population-specific, food-based recommendations  (25). Egyptian foodcomposition tables  (26)  were complemented with Turkish and Serbian food-composition tables  (27, 28). The nutritional composition of foods such as lentils was adapted from the global food-composition table for pulses  (29)  and that of spices and some other foods was adapted from recently published Indian food-composition data  (30). At the time of the study, the only fortification program in place in Egypt was salt iodization.