dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Previous studies about DMTs in France were mainly effectiveness studies and came from clinical regional or national data with a lack of descriptive data about use of DMTs over time. In that context, the French health insurance database offers the opportunity to get a national populationbased overview, on a large number of patients without any risk of recruitment bias but with a lack of clinical data. The primary objective of this study was to describe therapeutic sequences in MS patients from the treatment initiation in 2010 to the end of follow-up in 2015. The secondary objective was to describe characteristics of treated and never-treated MS patients over the 6-year period.
Data source Data from the French national health data system (Systeme National des Donnees de Sante; SNDS)  [5]  was used which is an administrative database and covers about 97% of the general French population. It contains exhaustive individual data regarding the reimbursement of ambulatory healthcare procedures such as doctor consultations, biological tests and drug prescriptions. It also includes patient hospital activity (inpatient/outpatient visits), demographics data, general insurance coverage, universal health insurance plans (Couverture Maladie Universelle (CMU) which applies to specific low-income people) and medical characteristics such as longterm disease (LTD) which entitles a patient to 100% reimbursement for all medical costs. Individuals on the system are identified by a unique anonymized personal identifier.
Study population People with MS were identified from 2010 to 2015 using a three-criterion algorithm proposed by the French health insurance system  [6]. The date of MS identification was defined as the earliest date between the date of admission into LTD status for MS (potentially before 2010), the first date of hospitalization for MS or the first date of DMT prescription from 2010 to 2015  [8]. To estimate some study inclusion parameters, data was extracted for the years from 2007 to 2015. Firstly, the overall MS population was considered before focusing on MS patients who started a DMT in 2010 and had no associated with patient's age, long-term disease status, pregnancy occurrence, estimated level of disability, levels of care (visits to a neurologist, nurse and/or physiotherapist and hospital/rehabilitation stays) and occurrence of death.
Conclusions. -The exhaustive population-based dataset from the French national health data system gave the opportunity to provide a detailed description regarding the use of DMTs for MS at national level. The innovative method of state sequence analysis allowed obtaining four homogeneous groups of patients among thousands of longitudinal therapeutic sequences. The predominant place of first-line treatments was confirmed even if the type of first-line treatments has probably changed since 2015. # 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. r e v u e n e u r o l o g i q u e 1 7 7 ( 2 0 2 1 ) 1 2 5 0 -1 2 6 1 DMT prescription over the period from 2007 to 2009. This was done to ensure a six-year follow up for each patient over the period from 2010 to 2015 and to get the opportunity to explore their therapeutic patterns in a longitudinal way.
Data Patients were considered as treated if they had at least one delivery of beta-interferon, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, natalizumab, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, azathioprine, methotrexate or mycophenolate mofetil over the study period. Neither mitoxantrone, nor cyclophosphamide and alemtuzumab were considered since they were not available in the hospital data. DMTs were grouped according to their level in therapeutic strategy: first-line (glatiramer acetate, beta-interferon, teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate), second-line (natalizumab and fingolimod) and off-label use (mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate and azathioprine). Only DMT treatment cessation of at least six months was considered. The following patient characteristics were identified: gender, age at the start of the study (2010), region of residence, occurrence of death, insurance coverage (including CMU), LTD status and pregnancy occurrence.
Pregnancies were identified through their outcome based on the last hospital stay for birth or abortion (diagnosis and/or medical procedures) which were derived from hospital databases or the last reimbursement transaction for a non-hospital medical abortion  [9]. The Charlson Comorbidity Index, adapted for French administrative databases  [10] , was calculated based on data from the 12 months preceding the date of MS identification and categorized as a four-level score (0, 1-2, 3-4, 5). This score was found to predict the 1-year mortality  [11]  and was used here to approximate the general health status. Patients were classified as missing if 12 months of data were not available. In terms use of healthcare services, visits with general practitioners (GPs), neurologists, nurses and physiotherapists were considered.
The matrix of substitution costs was estimated empirically using the transition rates observed in the dataset  [17, 18]. The dissimilarity matrix was used to cluster sequences and to create a typology of homogeneous patterns of DMT use with an agglomerative hierarchical clustering method using the Ward criterion  [19]. The optimal number of clusters was chosen using the fall in inertia. All grouped sequences were visually presented on an index plot  [19]. Once the clusters were obtained, they were described and compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test, a Pearson Chi 2 test, or a Fisher exact test, where appropriate. A multinomial logistic regression  [20]  was also performed. All computational and statistical analyses were performed with R v3. 4. 3 software  [21]. The sequence analysis and the clustering used the TraMineR library 2.
Moreover, although these patients were not treated during the six year study period, they may have received treatment earlier in the course of the disease, however data was unavailable before 2007. To our knowledge, there are very few studies conducted on the entire population of MS patients in France that provide such a detailed description of DMT usage. A recent study was conducted in France using the same administrative database to assess real-world use of first-line DMTs in naı ¨ve patients with RRMS. Between September 1, 2014 and August 31, 2016, 10,240 patients starting a first-line DMT for RRMS were identified. Two-thirds of patients were mainly treated with oral forms (teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate) and the other third with interferon and glatiramer acetate  [23]. Another study was carried out between 2013 and 2015 dedicated to self-employer workers (Regime Social des Independants, RSI) that represents 6% of the French population  [24].
They found a DMT utilization rate increased due to recently developed DMTs (teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate) while first-generation DMT (beta-interferon) utilization rate decreased. As in our study, they showed that DMT utilization significantly decreased with age and that there  r e v u e n e u r o l o g i q u e 1 7 7 ( 2 0 2 1 ) 1 2 5 0 -1 2 6 1 were significant variations according to French geographic regions. In our study, the population came from a nearly exhaustive database of the French general population (97% coverage) with systematic data collection provided by the national health insurance system. It should be noted that neither mitoxantrone, nor cyclophosphamide were available in the database which may lead to misclassification of some patients who started DMT in 2010, however, this should not strongly impact the results since they are rarely prescribed.
This populationbased data allowed avoiding any recruitment bias and the opportunity to get complete follow-up over the six-year period. This may represent a significant advantage over clinical series or regional databases that may not be population-based and recruitment through MS expert centers may led to more severe MS patients  [25]. However, the main limitation of the present study was the lack of clinical data, especially MS-related data such as EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale) scores, laboratory data or MRI results because the database was principally designed for administrative functions. Due to the absence of neurologist-based data collection, several assumptions were required to be made. The date of MS onset was approximated by the date of MS identification in the database.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) In vitro relaxivity experiments were carried out by recording T 1 and T 2 maps with a 7T MR micro imaging vertical spectrometer fitted with an ultra-shielded refrigerated magnet (300WB, Bruker, Avance II, Wissembourg, France) equipped with a nominative 200mT/m actively shielded gradient and a 40mm Bruker linear birdcage coil, at 273 K with the method described previously. 30 he T 1 and T 2 relaxation times of a set of 4 solutions of Gd-Au nanoparticles prepared at different concentrations (0, 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 5, 1 mM of Gd3+ in saline) were measured. Molar relaxivities r 1 , and r 2 in mM -1. s -  were obtained using the following: 1 T y ¼ r y Gd ½ � þ 1 T y;0 with y: 1 or 2 The relaxivity r i was determined by fitting the slope of the relaxation rate (R i , s-1) as a function of the Gd3+ concentration in mM using Excel software.
Cytotoxicity Tests For the cytotoxicity tests, cells were plated into 96-wells at 4000 cells per well in 100 µL of culture medium. They were maintained in a 5% CO 2 -humified. After 24 h, the medium was removed and replaced by new medium containing nanoparticles without and with 9 different concentrations of DOX: 1 µM, 0. 5 µM, 0. 25 µM, 0. 125 µM, 0. 0625 µM, 0. 03125 µM, 0. 0156 µM, 0. 0078 µM, 0. 0039 µM and 0 µM. The cytotoxicity was evaluated with two tests, resazurinAlamar blue and MTT. All analyses for IC50 calculations were computed using GraphPad Prism software.
Acknowledgment This research was partially supported by the structure fédérative de recherche NAP MOSAIC of the  University Sorbonne Paris Nord. The MRI experiments were performed at the  LIOPA/MRI imaging facility of the consortium Plateformesd'Imageries du Vivant of Paris Descartes , PIV and UTCBS/SEISAD/ENSCP team. The  IDEX SPC Sorbonne Paris Cité IDV Imageries du Vivant  is also acknowledged. We also thank  la Ligue Contre le Cancer  for financing MK's thesis, and the  EcoleDoctorale of Université PSL ,  U406  for financing SB's thesis.
During this prosperous period of activity, Massimo was able to forge a strong and wide network of partnerships and friendships. The feedback from the divergence and operation of SUPER-PHENIX, the most powerful Fast Reactor ever built, has been very rich for reactor physics  [13, 14]. Massimo, with his international aura and as head of the reactor physics and fuel cycle section, brought together an international team of more than ten people permanently in CEA-Cadarache to analyze the results obtained. Two major results can be highlighted: the predictive capacity of the developed methods, related codes, and nuclear data for calculating the reactivity of the reactor core was confirmed, while the calculation of the control rods worth exhibited discrepancies when compared to measurements. This discrepancy motivated the extension of an experimental program (BALZAC  [15, 16] ) in the MASURCA zero-power reactor and refinements in calculation methods and schemes  [17, 18].
The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) has always played a major role through its fundamental mission of facilitating international collaboration. Its nuclear science committee and the Data Bank, well beyond a mere forum for discussion, have enabled essential tangible achievements. The nuclear data activities carried out under the NEA sponsorship are an emblematic example of these achievements. Since the 1960s, the NEA has provided the framework for progress in this field and has continued its role until today by developing and distributing to the entire scientific community the only existing international nuclear data base: the JEFF nuclear data library  [19]. Massimo, guided by his mentor Jacques Bouchard, aware of the strength and essential role of the NEA, has been heavily involved in the work of the NEA, without interruption for nearly 40 years.
Because of his role as chairman of the Science Committee or of the JEFF project, he earned such respect, prestige and notoriety that many actual international collaborations were established from and thanks to the NEA. In addition, he participated in several expertise and scientific evaluation committees for the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland or for the IRMM, which focus is in measurements of nuclear data in Belgium. Fast Reactors development is an eternal succession of missed opportunities. The shortage of uranium expected at the end of the last century did not occur, for lack of a worldwide deployment of nuclear energy, based on water reactors, handicapped by the Chernobyl accident which encouraged many countries to refuse the contribution of nuclear power or reduce its importance.
EBSD was used to investigate the local deformation and the strain distribution in the austenitic matrix, adjacent and beneath the wear track. The measurements were performed at an acceleration voltage of 20 kV and a beam current of 11 nA, using a field emission gun in the FE-SEM workstation equipped with an EDAX Hikari EBSD camera. Kernel average misorientation (KAM) measurements were carried out to extract orientation data within the deformed regions. Owing to the very small step size (30-50 nm), 2 nd neighbour KAM with a 5° threshold was considered for the analysis. Additionally, grain reference orientation deviation (GROD) analysis was performed within the austenitic regions to obtain the orientational variation, with increasing cross-sectional depth. The EBSD data was analysed using the Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM TM v.
7) Data Analysis software by EDAX Inc. Furthermore, the hardness of the austenitic matrix adjacent and underneath the wear track, was determined using the Vickers method. A Struers Dura Scan 50 microhardness tester (Struers Inc. , Cleveland, OH, USA) with a load of 0. 09807 N (HV 0. 01) was used for this purpose. During the testing, the dwell time was 15 s and an average of 15-20 readings were considered. The load was chosen such that the surrounding entities are not participating in the evaluation of the matrix hardness and the indentation mark was clearly resolvable using the optical microscope. Wear quantification was described in terms of wear rate, and it was proceeded by calculating the volume loss encountered in each track, using the LEXT software. The entire wear track, including the ends were considered in the calculations, and Eq.
Wear rate and friction behaviour The average wear volume (mm 3 ) calculated using the LEXT software and the wear rate, computed using Eq. (  3 ), for each load is presented in Fig. 13. As expected, increasing the load led to an increase in the wear volume and consequently, the wear rate. The increased load led to increased plastic deformation, dislocation activity, and the subsequent Fig. 13  Average wear volume and wear rate for each load. activation of multiple slip systems resulting in a harder austenitic matrix, as evidenced from the hardness values adjacent to the wear track. Moreover, given that the hardness of the counter-body used is higher than the M7C3 EC, carbide micro-cracking ensued, leading to eventual ejection from the surface  [25, 26]. This, in conjunction with the inability of the deformed, harder austenitic matrix to mechanically support the broken carbide fragments proved deleterious thereby, increasing the wear rate of the system.
Alcohol Challenge Test All subjects fasted for at least 12 h before the start of the trial and were asked to consume the same standard diet (low-fat diet) on the morning of the day of the clinical study. The standard diet is made up of brown rice, Chinese cabbage soup, side dishes (Korean beef stew, egg roll, and seasoned mung bean jelly salad, seasoned spinach), and sliced radish kimchi. The standard diet has about 700 Kcal. Nutritional information for the standard diet was analyzed using CAN-Pro 4. 0 ® software (The Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul, Korea). Subjects took test products (either Duolac Pro AP4 or placebo) 30 min after eating a standard meal. During the alcohol challenge test, participants had a meal (standard diet) with alcohol (40% v/v, Absolut Vodka, The Absolut Company AB, Stockholm, Sweden).
Fragmentor voltage and collision voltage were set at 100 V and 10 V. Detection of the ions was carried out with MRM by monitoring the transition pairs of m/z 225. 1 → 208. 3 (aldehyde-DNPH). Data acquisition was performed with the MassHunter Software (Version B. 04. 00, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). At the same time point, expiratory alcohol concentration was measured by Lion SD-400 Breath Alcohol Analyser (Lion Laboratories, Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, UK). Maximum plasma concentration (C max ), the time to reach it C max (T max ), and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) were calculated using the concentrations of alcohol and acetaldehyde in the blood, and trapezoidal method was used for calculating the iAUC used  [13].
Evaluation of Diet and Physical Activity Three-day food and physical activity records were collected at each visit to evaluate the usual diet and physical activity patterns of the participants. Dietary intake was analyzed by the same dietitian using CAN-pro 4. 0 software (The Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul, Korea), and physical activity was assessed using a metabolic equivalent task (MET) assessment using the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) developed by the World Health Organization  [15].
Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS version 9. 4 (SAS Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA). Analyses were performed according to intention-to-treat principles. For each variable, participants were grouped according to the sequence of intervention (Duolac ProAP4, then placebo or placebo, then Duolac ProAP4). The student's paired t-test was used for continuous measurements to assess differences between before and after the 15-day intervention period. Fixed effects included treatment group, treatment visit, and the interaction between treatment group and visit. Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). A p-value less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.
We achieve this through wrapping existing FHE implementations in Python, providing one-click installation and convenience in addition to a significantly higher-level API. In contrast to other similar works, Pyfhel goes beyond merely exposing the underlying API, adding a carefully designed abstraction layer that feels at home in Python. In this paper, we present Pyfhel, introduce its design and usage, and highlight how its unique support for accessing low-level features through a high-level API makes it an ideal teaching tool for lectures on FHE.
This concept was conceived by Rivest et al. in the 1970s, but it remained unrealized until Craig Gentry presented a first feasible FHE scheme in 2009. Since then, FHE has gone from theoretical breakthrough to practical deployment, dropping the initial 30 minutes required to compute a multiplication between two encrypted values down to less than 20 milliseconds. Even then, FHE multiplications are still around seven orders of magnitude slower than native CPU integer multiplication instructions. Therefore, FHE requires, like other secure computation solutions, that applications be specifically adapted and optimized. FHE is starting to be deployed in widely used mainstream software. For example, Microsoft's Edge browser uses FHE in its privacypreserving password monitor  [8, 9, 23] , which compares users' login information to known leaks without revealing users' sensitive information to the service.
Additionally, these wrappers should ideally abstract away the sometimes complex installation process of these libraries. Most existing FHE implementations require, or strongly benefit from, dependencies which need to be installed through properly configured toolchains to make the library work properly. Wrappers that handle this setup and provide an automatic one-click installation greatly improve the practical accessibility of FHE. Contributions. With Pyfhel, we provide a Python wrapper for the Microsoft SEAL  [30]  library, extendable to other C++ libraries, that goes beyond merely exposing the underlying API by adding a carefully designed abstraction layer that feels at home in Python. Pyfhel offers (i) one-click installation, including the underlying libraries, (ii) a high-level Python-first abstraction layer that makes working with FHE significantly easier, including (iii) high-level APIs for low-level functionalities not generally exposed.
We show how Pyfhel can not only assist developers in exploring FHE, but also how it is specifically well suited to use in FHE education. Related Work. There already exists a plethora of Python wrappers for FHE libraries, many of them unmaintained and outdated. Most rely on automatic C++ wrapping tools like pybind11  [2, 32]  or Boost. Python  [27] , which requires large parts of the wrapper logic to be written in C++ to preserve performance. PySEAL  [32]  is such a no-longer-maintained pybind11 wrapper. Many require the user to compile the underlying library themselves, using a Unix-only toolchain, like the more recent SEAL-Python  [22]. TenSEAL  [2] , which appeared several years after the initial release of Pyfhel, shows the most promise. It is pybind11-based and features a oneclick setup, but focuses mostly on high level Machine Learning and tensor operations.
Other approaches (e. g. , pyFHE  [17] ) implement schemes directly in Python, at the cost of significantly slower operations. Finally, FHE libraries have also experimented with Python interfaces, including PALISADE  [27] , and the EVA compiler  [15]  for SEAL. However, both still require non-Python build toolchains. While TenSEAL and EVA are great for novice users, they do not offer proper access to the underlying data structures, which is required to, e. g. , understand ciphertext maintenance in educational settings. We argue that, just as a healthy FHE ecosystem requires different libraries implementing the same schemes, it also benefits from different ways to expose this functionality.
DESIGN 3. 1 Design principles The design of Pyfhel adheres to several key principles. In terms of programming language we rely on C++ to preserve the high efficiency of backend libraries, and Cython  [1]  (a superset of C/C++ and Python) to bridge the gap with Python, fusing C/C++ performance with Python-like expressiveness and dynamic typing. Pyfhel features a one-click setup that automatically installs all backends with the library, requiring no knowledge on compilation toolchains: pip install Pyfhel # Backends inside ! At a high level we opt for a centralized approach (Figure  1 (top)) , where a single central class holds most of the functionalities and keeps track of the objects that rarely change after setup, including contexts and keys. Whereas the functional approach (Figure  1  (bottom)) common in FHE implementations requires the user to manually understand and keep track of the appropriate context and order of API calls, the centralized design style of Pyfhel understands and watches the global state of the FHE scheme and can raise informative errors to guide users towards the proper way to use the library, or even infer the missing pieces (e.
Encryption & Decryption In order to encrypt messages, the values must first be encoded into plaintext objects (PyPtxt). Similar, after decryption, the resulting plaintext must be decoded. Both BFV and CKKS internally feature vector-like plaintext spaces. Pyfhel is able to encode a variety of different datatypes, including lists/numpy arrays and single values, where Pyfhel repeats the value until all slots are filled.