dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
To satisfy the assumption of the independence of stroke events, recurrent stroke events in a patient after randomization were not included in the analysis. Continuous variables [e. g. body mass index (BMI), ejection fraction, and creatinine level] were assessed by visual inspection of restricted cubic splines to identify potential non-linear effects. Uniand multivariable predictors of the risk for stroke were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis in patients without AF. Two separate multivariable analyses for stroke were created. First, an 'HF-PEF stroke model' was created using established predictors of ischaemic stroke  [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]  with the addition of variables that were significant (P < 0. 05) in univariable analysis of our dataset. The final list of variables included was age, sex, LVEF, NYHA class III/IV, BMI, creatinine level, systolic blood pressure, history of stroke, hypertension, and diabetes treated with insulin.
Second, we applied a recently published multivariable predictive model for stroke in patients with HF-REF (HF-REF stroke model) in our HF-PEF cohort. 7 The five variables included in this model were age, BMI, NYHA class, history of stroke, and diabetes treated with insulin. There were no data missing for the baseline variables used either model. We calculated the hazard ratio and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to express the hazard rate of stroke. The statistical contribution of each variable to the predicted risk of stroke was assessed by the v 2 statistic. In order to be consistent with our previous publication,  7  we compared each model's discrimination ability using estimates of overall c-index for the Cox regression models according to the method of Pencina and D'Agostino,  16  as outlined by Liu et al.
] [18]  Finally, we validated the preferred risk model in a third HF-PEF trial: the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) (NCT00094302). 21 OPCAT included patients aged !50 years with at least one symptom and sign of heart failure, an LVEF !45% and either a hospitalization with heart failure in the preceding 12 months or an elevated NT-proBNP or BNP. All analyses were undertaken using SAS version 9. 3 (SAS Institute, Inc. , Cary, NC, USA).
] [33]  A particular strength of this study is the validation of our predictive model in another dataset (TOPCAT). Consequently, our findings have clear clinical implications. With a small number of routinely collected clinical variables it is possible to identify patients with HF-PEF, but without AF, who may be at sufficiently high risk of stroke potentially to justify anticoagulation. Clearly, there is as yet no trial evidence to justify such treatment but our findings suggest a means of identifying patients for such a trial. Consistent with this hypothesis, prior trials in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction collectively suggest that anticoagulation can reduce the risk of stroke in patients in sinus rhythm. However, in the largest of these, the Warfarin vs. Aspirin in Reduced Cardiac Ejection Fraction trial (WARCEF), although warfarin was effective in reducing ischaemic stroke this benefit was offset by major bleeding.
A search for highly ionizing particles produced in proton-proton collisions at 8 TeV centerof-mass energy is performed by the ATLAS collaboration at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The dataset used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 7. 0 fb -1. A customized trigger significantly increases the sensitivity, permitting a search for such particles with charges and energies beyond what was previously accessible. No events were found in the signal region, leading to production cross section upper limits in the mass range 200-2500 GeV for magnetic monopoles with magnetic charge in the range 0. 5g D < |g| < 2. 0g D , where g D is the Dirac charge, and for stable particles with electric charge in the range 10 < |z| < 60. Model-dependent limits are presented in given pair-production scenarios, and model-independent limits are presented in fiducial regions of particle energy and pseudorapidity.
Beyond the EM calorimeter, in the barrel region, the ATLAS hadronic calorimeter is made of scintillator tiles and steel absorber plates. It comprises a barrel in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 1. 0 and an extended barrel in the range 0. 8 < |η| < 1. 7. Liquid-argon hadronic endcap calorimeters cover the range 1. 5 < |η| < 3. 2. The noise level in the hadronic calorimeter is typically 100 MeV or less. The ATLAS data were filtered by a three-level trigger system that reduced the rate from 20 MHz to ∼400 Hz. Level-1 is a hardware-based trigger that, for the purposes herein, identifies regions of interest 1 ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the center of the detector and the z-axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the center of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upward.
Conclusion A search for magnetic monopoles and exotic stable particles with high electric charge was performed with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using 7. 0 fb -1 of 8 TeV pp collision data using a signature of a highly ionizing particle stopping in the EM calorimeter. Candidates were selected by exploiting the measured ionization in the TRT detector and the shape of the energy deposition in the EM calorimeter. No events were observed in data in the signal region. Upper limits on the production cross section were set for mass and charge points to which the search proves sensitive. A model-independent upper limit Table  3 : Lower mass limits (in GeV) at 95% confidence level in models of spin-1/2 (top) and spin-0 (bottom) DY HIP pair production. These limits are based upon leading-order models, since the production mechanism is of a highly nonperturbative nature.
Acknowledgments We thank  CERN  for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We thank  R. Koniuk  for useful contributions. We acknowledge the support of  ANPCyT , Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia;  ARC, Australia ;  BMWFW  and  FWF , Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus;  CNPq  and  FAPESP, Brazil ;  NSERC ,  NRC  and  CFI ,  Canada ; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS,  MOST  and  NSFC, China ;  COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR  and  VSC CR, Czech Republic ;  DNRF  and  DNSRC, Denmark ;  IN2P3-CNRS ,  CEA-DSM/IRFU , France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF,  HGF , and  MPG, Germany ;  GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China ;  ISF, I-CORE  and  Benoziyo Center , Israel; INFN, Italy;  MEXT  and  JSPS, Japan ; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and  NWO, Netherlands ;  RCN, Norway ;  MNiSW  and  NCN , Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania;  MES of Russia  and  NRC KI , Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain;  SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ;  SERI ,  SNSF  and  Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan ;  TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom ;  DOE  and  NSF ,  United States of America.
In addition, individual groups and members have received support from  BCKDF , the  Canada Council, CANARIE ,  CRC ,  Compute Canada, FQRNT , and the  Ontario Innovation Trust ,  Canada ;  EPLANET ,  ERC ,  FP7 ,  Horizon 2020  and  Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions ,  European Union ;  Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex ,  ANR ,  Région Auvergne  and  Fondation Partager le Savoir, France ;  DFG and AvH Foundation ,  Germany; Herakleitos ,  Thales  and  Aristeia  programmes co-financed by  EU-ESF  and the  Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF  and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; the  Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust ,  United Kingdom.
RGE Scale Connection and Direct Detection Rates The Wilson coefficients in Eq. (  4 ) are generated at the cutoff Λ by integrating out heavy degrees of freedom, while LHC data bound their values at the typical collider scale. In order to perform a consistent EFT analysis, we would have to RG evolve the interactions down to LHC scales before putting limits. As we will show shortly, these corrections turn out to be inconsequential. Nevertheless, our EFT looks very different at energy scale of the order of ∼ 1 GeV, where nuclear matrix elements are evaluated to compute DD rates. This procedure can significantly affect DD rates, as pointed out for several cases in Refs. [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]. The only SM fields accessible at such a low-energy scale and relevant for DD observables are light quarks, gluons, and photons.
The gluon fusion regime is again consistent with data if we only have the coupling c BB , whereas the case with only c W W is excluded by LHC bounds. As done before, in the bottom panels of Figs. 3  and 4  we further explore the (c W W , c BB ) plane for the opposite photon (left) and gluon (right) fusion regimes. Not surprisingly, the allowed values are c W W c BB up to c W W c BB.
Acknowledgments We thank  Lawrence Hall ,  Gordan Krnjaic ,  Marco Nardecchia ,  Duccio Pappadopulo ,  Diego Redigolo ,  Alessandro Strumia ,  Tim Tait  for useful discussions. This work was supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy  grant number  DE-SC0010107  (FD) and the  Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)  through a  VENI grant  (JdV). P. P. acknowledges support of the  European Research Council  project  267117  hosted by  Université Pierre et Marie Curie -Paris 6,  PI J. Silk.
For the usual operating conditions of PTR-MS and GC instrumentation, the two main ISOPOOH isomers [specifically, (1-OH, 2-OOH)-ISOPOOH, hereafter (1, 2)-ISOPOOH, and (4-OH, 3-OOH)-ISOPOOH, hereafter (4, 3)-ISOPOOH] decompose on the hot metal surfaces inside both types of instruments  (13). The (1, 2)-ISOPOOH and (4, 3)-ISOPOOH decompose to MVK and MACR, respectively. In this case, MVK and MACR concentrations reported in the literature can be expected to be upper limits, rather than best estimates, for regions of Earth where the HO 2 pathway is important for the fate of ISOPOO radicals. On a planetary scale, the contribution of the HO 2 pathway has been modeled as 60% larger than that of the NO pathway  (10). The need for corrections to MVK and MACR data sets could be widespread. In light of these issues, the present study was undertaken to measure the sum of (1, 2)-ISOPOOH and (4, 3)-ISOPOOH concentrations (hereafter, ISOPOOH concentration), in comparison with the sum of MVK and MACR concentrations.
Observations Data sets were collected at the T3 site of GoAmazon2014/5 in the wet season during an 8-week intensive operating period (SI Appendix). Concentrations of ISOPOOH and MVK + MACR were measured using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). ISOPOOH and MVK + MACR, both detected as the C 4 H 7 O + ion by the PTR-TOF-MS, were discriminated by use of an upstream cold trap. ISOPOOH, having a lower volatility than does MVK or MACR, was selectively removed by the cold trap  (11, 30).
The conclusions for this polluted afternoon are that the NO pathway dominated over the HO 2 pathway for the fate of ISOPOO radicals and that the C 4 H 7 O + intensity predominantly arose from MVK and MACR, without any contribution by ISOPOOH. Fluctuations are apparent in the data sets of Fig. 1A  at several time points throughout the day. The fluctuations at 1600 UTC arose from a 45-min shift in the local winds from polluted easterlies to background southerlies associated with a local convective cell (SI Appendix, Fig. S2 ). Atmospheric concentrations of the measured species decreased because of a combination of wet deposition and convective mixing with clean air. The precipitous drops in the data sets at 1745 UTC were associated with rainfall. At other times, small fluctuations reflected variations in the amounts of Manaus pollution that reached the measurement site during the course of the observations.
Materials and Methods Measurements were made at the T3 site of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment  (25). A PTR-TOF-MS (Ionicon Analytik) equipped with a cold trap was used to measure ISOPOOH and MVK + MACR concentrations. The approach was to collect data for a period with the trap in line to quantify MVK+MACR followed by a period in bypass to quantify MVK+MACR+ISOPOOH. Detailed additional information about the measurements and associated modeling is provided in SI Appendix.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank  John Crounse  and  Paul Wennberg  for supporting GEOS-Chem simulations. We thank  Ronald Cohen  and  Yi Li  for helpful discussions. Institutional support was provided by the  Central Office of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) , the  National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) , and  Amazonas State University (UEA). We acknowledge the  Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility , a user facility of the  United States Department of Energy, Office of Science , sponsored by the  Office of Biological and Environmental Research , and support from the  Atmospheric System Research (ASR) program  of that office. Funding was obtained from the  United States Department of Energy (DOE) , the  Amazonas State Research Foundation (FAPEAM) , the  São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) , the  Brazilian Scientific Mobility Program (CsF/CAPES) , and the  United States National Science Foundation (NSF).
(2011) , only the measurements were kept which pass the filters proposed by  Lefèvre et al. (2013)  to retain reliable clear-sky instants. Finally, only are kept clear-sky instants for which measurements are valid for the three stations simultaneously. The number of samples is 19 849 for each station. This last constraint was imposed in order to be able to compare correlation coefficients computed for data sets, whether measurements or estimates, for two stations. The three stations are fairly close to each other (Fig. 1 ). Beer Sheva is 40 km north of Sede Boqer and Yotvata is 120 km south of Sede Boqer. McClear estimates of G, D, B and B N for 10 min duration were obtained from the SoDa web site (www. soda-pro. com) for these same instants and for each location. It may be of interest here to underline that the McClear model computes G and B N , then B, and that D is deduced from G-B.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank the  Israel Meteorological Service , the operators of the  BSRN Sede Boqer station  for their valuable measurements and the  Alfred-Wegener Institute  for hosting the BSRN website. They also thank the anonymous referees whose comments helped in improving this paper. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Programme  ( H2020/2014-2020 ) under grant agreement no. 633081  ( MACC-III  project) and from the  European Union's Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Edited by: S. -E. Gryning Reviewed by: two anonymous referees.
POC delivery to freshwater ecosystems was calculated from ocean POC delivery with downscaled global ratio of 0. 75 for sedimentation. POC from coastal erosion is the sum of  Vonk et al (2012)  and  McGuire et al (2009). Considerable uncertainty remains around many of these estimates. temperature, we asked experts to consider all accompanying direct climate effects (e. g. temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO 2 ) and indirect effects (e. g. vegetation shifts, permafrost degradation, invasive species, and disturbance). Experts were encouraged to consider all available formal and informal information when generating their estimates including published and unpublished modeled and empirical data as well as professional judgment. Participants listed the major sources of uncertainty in their estimates, self-rated their confidence and expertise for each question, described rationale for their estimates, and provided background information (table  1  and S1 ).
Analysis and calculations We calculated basic summary statistics, using median values to estimate center and interquartile ranges (IQR) to estimate spread. To calculate the portion of permafrost carbon release offset by biomass accumulation, we combined estimates from this study with reanalyzed data from  Schuur et al (2013). The low IQR for carbon release offset by biomass growth was calculated by dividing the low IQR of uptake by the upper IQR of carbon release and conversely for the high IQR (figure  3 ). All analyses were performed in R 3. 0. 2. The complete dataset of quantitative estimates and comments from survey participants stripped of personal identifiers is available at www. aoncadis. org/ dataset/Permafrost_carbon_balance_survey. html.
6 and 10%-90% for RCP8. 5. Because of these contrasting responses to increased warming, tundra accounted for 40% of total biomass gain by 2300 for RCP8. 5, though it currently constitutes less than 10% of total permafrost region biomass (based on median values in figures 2, 3(a) and table  2 ). Estimates of boreal biomass were generally symmetrically distributed while tundra biomass estimates were right-skewed, and most datasets had 1-4 estimates beyond 1. 5 times the interquartile range (figure  S2 ). Self-rated confidence was higher for tundra than for boreal forest, but was below 3 (moderately confident) in both cases (table  S1 ), highlighting considerable uncertainty of individual estimates in addition to variability among respondents. Experts projected major shifts in both fire and hydrologic carbon regimes, with up to a 75% increase of riverine organic carbon flux to the ocean and a fourfold increase in fire emissions by 2100 for RCP8.
Furthermore, because experts are likely to base projections on the study areas with which they are most familiar, regional differences could be a source of bias. Fundamental differences among regions in the response of DOC flux and fire-regime to warming have been observed (Kicklighter et al 2013, de Groot et al 2013; supplementary information system summaries). Asia, which represents more than half of the total permafrost region, was under-represented in all three surveys, particularly wildfire (table 1). However, the regional bias in this study may not be greater than that of model projections, which depend on observational and experimental data that are not evenly distributed throughout the permafrost region.
Acknowledgments Peter J Fix  provided valuable input on the methods and manuscript. This work was supported by the  National Science Foundation ARCSS program and Vulnerability of Permafrost Carbon Research Coordination Network  (grants  OPP-0806465 ,  OPP-0806394 , and 955713) with additional funding from  SITES (Swedish Science Foundation), Future Forest (Mistra) , and a  Marie Curie International Reintegration Grant  ( TOMCAR-Permafrost #277059 ) within the  7th European Community Framework Programme. This work complies with the  US HHS Policy for Protection of Human Research Subjects. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the  US Government.
Acknowledgment-The authors would like to thank the  Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)  for organizing the Pellston 1 workshop "Improving the usability of ecotoxicology in regulatory decision-making. " Disclaimer-This paper is the work of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the view or opinions of their institutions. The peer-review process for this manuscript was handled by the  Editorial Board  without the involvement of  T Brock. The authors have no competing financial interests to declare. Data availability-All data is available in the manuscript.
Acknowledgments: Fulgent Coritico (CMUH) and  Ilse Silberbauer-Gottsberger  ( ULM ) are acknowledged for technical assistance with the herbarium specimens. Cristopher Nulo Salem  is acknowledged for assistance during the exploration of  Mount Hibok-Hibok. All local guides are acknowledged for making the exploration of the different mountains possible. DENRs X and XI provided gratuitous access permits. François S. Mey likes to thank  Mark Rouse  for providing additional in situ photographs of N. justinae and N. mindanaoensis and an anonymous friend for helpful criticism and advice about Nepenthes taxonomy and biodiversity in the Philippines. Eline Nuytemans  kindly made the botanical illustration of N. aenigma. David Marwinski  provided linguistic proofreading.
Coroutines The concept of coroutine is usually attributed to Conway  [9]  who introduced it to describe the interaction between a lexer and a parser inside a compiler. They were also used by Knuth  [34]  (Section 1. 4. 2, p. 193) who saw them as a mechanism that generalizes subroutines (procedures without parameters). Coroutines first appeared in a mainstream language in Simula-67  [17]  and a formal framework for proving the correctness of simple Simula programs containing coroutines has even been developed  [8]. Coroutine mechanisms were later introduced in several programming languages, for instance in Modula-2  [59] , and more recently in the functional language Lua  [41, 42]. Marlin's thesis  [38] , which is cited as a reference for coroutines implementations  [41] , summarizes the characteristics of a coroutine as follows: 1.
Acknowledgments. I would like to thank  Nuria Brede  for numerous discussions on the "safe" λ µcalculus and useful comments on earlier versions of this work. I am also very grateful to  Olivier Danvy  and  Ugo de'Liguoro  for giving me the opportunity to present these results at WoC 2015, and for their work as editors of this special issue. Finally, I would like to thank anonymous referees for their very constructive comments, which helped me to substantially improve the manuscript.
Given these difficulties, we chose to apply an anthropocentric approach to defining and sequencing orthologous regions of the MSY in great apes. Previously  (Batini et al. 2015; Hallast et al. 2015) , we used targeted sequence-capture to obtain and sequence 4. 43 Mb of MSY in each of 448 human males at a mean coverage of 44×. In the same experiments, we included 19 great ape males, capturing MSY sequences efficiently based on a human reference sequence design and providing useful ancestral state information for our 13,261 human MSY SNPs. Here, we focus on these great ape sequences, which include species-specific deletions and duplications, but retain between 2. 61 and 3. 80 Mb (depending on species) of human-orthologous MSY material for analysis. We combine these data with MSY sequences extracted from the published whole genomes of 24 other great ape males  (Prado-Martinez et al.
Characteristics of great ape MSY sequences Following mapping of sequence reads to the human reference and filtering (see Methods), we obtained orthologous MSY sequence data for all 19 great ape males. Despite the anthropocentric design, sequence capture worked well for all species, although orangutans show lower read depths than other species (Fig. 1B ), possibly reflecting reduced capture efficiency due to the relatively high sequence divergence from the human reference. As expected, the final extent of orthologous MSY sequence is reduced in the great ape species compared to humans, most likely as a result of deletions in the great ape lineages (Fig. 1B ). Bonobos show the greatest MSY-orthologous sequence content (3. 80 Mb), whereas most chimpanzees ("Ptr1" in Fig. 1B ) show a somewhat lower level (3.
bioinformatics. babraham. ac. uk/projects/fastqc/). Reads were mapped to the human genome reference (GRCh37) using Stampy v1. 0. 20  (Lunter and Goodson 2011). Remapping reads to the newer GRCh38 assembly is unlikely to alter our conclusions since the MSY sequence remains essentially unchanged between assemblies. Local realignment was done using The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) v2. 6-5 (DePristo et al. 2011), followed by duplicate read marking with Picard v1. 86 (http://picard. sourceforge. net/) and base quality score recalibration with GATK. In order to determine if mapping to the human reference led to bias, we also mapped chimpanzee data to the chimpanzee genome reference (PanTro4) (see Supplemental Table  S2 ; Supplemental Figs. S5, S7 ). The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) was amplified as two overlapping PCR fragments using published  (Thalmann et al.