dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the  Max Planck Society (MPG)  and the  Max Planck Graduate School (MPGS). For the operation of the ATTO site, we acknowledge the support by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research  ( BMBF  contract  01LB1001A ) and the  Brazilian Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI/FINEP  contract  01. 11. 01248. 00 )as well as the  Amazon State University (UEA) ,  FAPEAM, LBA/INPA  and  SDS/CEUC/RDS-Uatumã. P. A. acknowledges support from  FAPESP -Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. J. S. is grateful for the PhD scholarship from the  Fundación Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho (Fundayacucho). This paper contains results of research conducted under the Technical/Scientific Cooperation Agreement between the  National Institute for Amazonian Research , the  State University of Amazonas , and the  Max-Planck-Gesellschaft  e.
We present the full public data release (PDR-2) of the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS), performed at the ESO VLT. We release redshifts, spectra, CFHTLS magnitudes and ancillary information (as masks and weights) for a complete sample of 86,775 galaxies (plus 4,732 other objects, including stars and serendipitous galaxies); we also include their full photometricallyselected parent catalogue. The sample is magnitude limited to i AB ≤ 22. 5, with an additional colour-colour pre-selection devised as to exclude galaxies at z < 0. 5. This practically doubles the effective sampling of the VIMOS spectrograph over the range 0. 5 < z < 1. 2 (reaching 47% on average), yielding a final median local galaxy density close to 5 × 10 -3 h 3 Mpc -3. The total area spanned by the final data set is 23.
For nine pointings, observations were repeated because the original observation was carried out under sub-optimal seeing and/or atmospheric conditions, while four pointings already observed before the VIMOS 2010 upgrade were re-observed as part of the related re-commissioning. Overall, observations were carried out starting in November 2008, and were completed by December 2014. For 23 pointings (6 in the W1 area, and 17 in the W4 one) some mask insertion problem prevented the acquisition of useful spectroscopic data in one of the four VIMOS quadrants, leaving some small "holes" in the survey sky coverage (see Fig. 2 ). These are termed "failed" quadrants. Airmass during the observations ranged from 1. 06 to 1. 44, with a median value of 1. 14, while the effective seeing (measured directly from the observed size of the reference objects used to align the VI-MOS masks) ranged from 0.
VIPERS spectroscopic masks The general layout of VIMOS is well known, but the precise geometry of each quadrant has to be specified carefully for each observation, in order to perform precise clustering measurements with the VIPERS data. For example, although it rarely hap-pens, a quadrant may be partly vignetted by the VLT guide probe arm; in addition, the size and geometry of each quadrant changed slightly between the pre-and post-refurbishment data (i. e. from mid-2010 on), due to the dismounting of the instrument and the technical features of the new CCDs. We therefore had to build our own extra mask for the spectroscopic data, accounting for all these aspects at any given point on the sky covered by the survey. The masks for the W1 and W4 data were constructed from the pre-imaging observations by running an image analysis routine that identifies 'good' regions within those images.
The differential distribution of each parameter is also plotted in each panel (dashed curve). photometry, has been quantified and discussed in  Guzzo et al. (2014). Using the data from the VVDS survey, the Colour Sampling Rate (CSR) was estimated as a function of redshift. This is shown in Fig. 4  [originally from  Guzzo et al. (2014) ], which we reproduce here for completeness: from this figure it is quite clear how the VIPERS catalogue is virtually 100% complete above z = 0. 6, when compared to a corresponding purely magnitudelimited sample.
Target Sampling Rate A Multi-Object Spectrograph (MOS) survey inevitably has to deal with the limitation of MOS slits creating a shadow effect in the targeting of potential sources that is strongly densitydependent. In practice the high-density peaks of the projected galaxy density field are under-sampled with respect to the lowdensity regions, because the MOS slit length imposes a minimum angular pair separation in the spectroscopic target selection. In VIPERS, this was performed using the SPOC algorithm  (Bottini et al. 2005 , within the VMMPS software distributed by ESO), which maximises the number of slits observed in each quadrant. As a result, (a) very close pairs below a certain scale are practically unobservable; (b) the angular distribution of slits is more uniform than the underlying galaxy distribution.
6. In both rows of plots in that figure we show the SSR as a function of different observed photometric properties (blue solid curve), compared to the result of applying the SSR weight to correct for incompleteness (red solid curve) the total VIPERS sample. Restframe properties (galaxy luminosity and colour) in this case are computed on the basis of the galaxy photometric redshift, in order to enable their computation also for galaxies without a spectroscopic redshift measurement (that enter into the denominator of eq. 3). Photometric redshift estimates are taken from  Moutard et al. (2016a) , and have a typical accuracy of σ z ≤ 0. 04, with a fraction of catastrophic failures smaller than 2%. The SSR is computed adaptively using a nearest-neighbour algorithm. Depending on which parameters we want to use to parametrize the SSR, we build an N-dimensional dataset (with N = 1 when we use only the apparent magnitude, and N = 4 when we add also the rest-frame colour, the luminosity, and the quadrant quality); then, for each object in this N-dimensional space, we determine the distance R K to its K th nearest neighbour (we use K = 100).
Redshift quality flags The quality flag system adopted by the VIPERS survey has been inspired by and is in fact very close to those of other precursor surveys (e. g. Le  Fèvre et al. 2005; Lilly et al. 2009 ). The meaning of the various flags has been described in detail in  Garilli et al. (2014)  and  Guzzo et al. (2014) ; here we repeat the meaning of the flags for those objects released with PDR-2: -Flags 4. X and 3. X: highly secure redshift, with confidence > 99% -Flag 2. X: still fairly secure, > 95% confidence level -Flag 1. X: tentative redshift measurement, with ∼ 50% chance to be wrong -Flag 9. X: redshift based a single emission feature, usually [OII]3727 Å. With the PDR-1 data we showed that the confidence level of this class is ∼ 90% Fig. 9. Quality of the VIPERS redshift measurements for different redshifts.
The PDR-2 sample In total we have obtained spectra for 97,414 objects: 94,335 main survey targets (i. e. the objects selected on the basis of the colour-colour selection criterion discussed in Sect. 2. 1), 1,478 serendipitous targets in the slits, and 1,601 AGN candidates, originally selected on the basis of their colour. The total number of measured redshifts is 91,507 (quality flags 1 and above); of these, 86,775 make up the main galaxy survey, with the remaining ones belonging to stars and colour selected AGN. The galaxy sample with reliable redshift measurements (quality flag from 2. X to 9. X), contains 76,552 objects, with a median redshift of 0. 69, and with 90% of the objects located within the redshift range (0. 43, 1. 04). Fig. 12  shows the redshift distribution of the final data set, providing also the two separate distributions for the two survey areas W1 and W4.
Access to publicly released data The PDR-2 data release includes: the total reference photometric catalogue, including both the VIPERS parent photometric sample, the objects excluded from this sample on the basis of the colour-colour criterion described in Sect. 2. 1, and the objects classified as stars; the parameter classFlag is used in the catalogue to identify these categories (objects in the VIPERS parent photometric sample have classFlag=1 the photometric and spectroscopic masks described in Sect. 3. 1 and 3. 2, in the form of DS9 region files. the redshift catalogue with the parameters described in Sect. 4, and which includes the estimates of the Target Sampling Rate and Spectroscopic Success Rate described in Sect. 3. 4 and 3. 5. This catalogue includes all the available redshift measurements (quality flag ≥ 1), and not only those in the reliable redshift sample.
Acknowledgements. We acknowledge the crucial contribution of the  ESO  staff for the management of service observations. In particular, we are deeply grateful to  M. Hilker  for his constant help and support of this program. Italian participation to VIPERS has been funded by  INAF  through  PRIN 2008 ,  2010 , and 2014 programs. LG, JB and BRG acknowledge support from the  European Research Council  through grant n. 291521. OLF acknowledges support from the  European Research Council  through grant n. 268107. JAP acknowledges support of the  European Research Council  through grant n. 67093. WJP and RT acknowledge financial support from the  European Research Council  through grant n. 202686. AP, KM, and JK have been supported by the  National Science Centre  (grants  UMO-2012/07/B/ST9/04425  and  UMO-2013/09/D/ST9/04030 ).
WJP is also grateful for support from the  UK Science and Technology Facilities Council  through the grant  ST/I001204/1. EB, FM and LM acknowledge the support from grants  ASI-INAF I/023/12/0  and  PRIN MIUR 2010-2011. LM also acknowledges financial support from  PRIN INAF 2012. YM acknowledges support from  CNRS/INSU (Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers). TM and SA acknowledge financial support from the  ANR Spin(e)  through the french grant  ANR-13-BS05-0005. CM is grateful for support from specific project funding of the  Institut Universitaire de France. SDLT and CM acknowledge the support of the  OCEVU Labex  ( ANR-11-LABX-0060 ) and the A* MIDEX  project ( ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ) funded by the " Investissements d'Avenir" French government program  managed by the  ANR. and the  Programme National Galaxies et Cosmologie (PNCG).
The 'open approach' is rooted in the open-source and free-software movements. Its application has spread to more fields than computer engineering. Product design is impacted as well: we observe new stakeholders and practices challenging current structured design processes and leading to industrial successes. Open-design appears to be promising yet disruptive. Moreover, its distinctive features remain unclear. This paper aims to popularize this new concept, as well as to give both researchers and practitioners an overview of current research on open-design, and its consequences on design. For this, we conducted a systematic quantitative bibliometric analysis of 624 entries corresponding to the keyword 'open-design' in the Scopus database. This supports a qualitative synthesis of scientific literature, enabling us to summarize practices falling under the umbrella term 'open-design'.
g. , GNU/Linux is an operating system on which two thirds of web servers were run in 2017 (W3Techs 2017). It is sold by Red Hat (among others) -a company that generated more that USD 2bn of revenue in 2016 (Business Wire 2016). Further, the Apache HTTP Server powers one half of web servers worldwide; Docker Inc. has been valued at USD 1bn in 2015; etc. These features of F/LOSS have also brought about new practices: iterated and decentralized development, asynchronous bottom-up contributions, flat-hierarchy and meritocratic project structuring, active involvement of end user in the development, etc. This phenomenon has long been limited to the software industry. However, due to global digitization and the spread of efficient and low-cost Internet access, it has spread to other industrial fields.
Therefore, we have provided an extended systematic state of the art review on open-design, backing up a typology of current practices. This paper aims to be a cornerstone for future research on open-design, as well as to enable both researchers and practitioners to better grasp this recent and growing phenomenon. Section 2 discusses how the meeting of product design and the open approach led to the concept of open-design. It recalls the context in which open-design arose, and makes it intelligible to the widest possible base. Section 3 presents the results of our systematic analysis, conducted on entries matching the keyword 'open-design' within the Scopus bibliographic database. This review embraces the largest possible scope in order to report on all accounts of open-design, even if it has a restricted distribution.
e. , restraining software copying, keeping secret a competitive advantage, etc. ) and de facto to retain users, the release of only a binary version of the source code of purchased software became the norm  (Stallman 2010). Reacting against this 'liberty privation' (as it was not -legally or technicallypossible anymore for users to modify software and to adapt it to their needs), the free-software 8  movement appeared, notably boosted by Stallman's GNU manifesto  (Stallman 1985). This political movement  (Stallman 2008 ) is now structured within the Free Software Foundation (FSF). Its outcomes mainly rely on the GNU project and the General Public License (GPL -Free Software Foundation (  2007 )). This movement promotes four liberties for the user of a piece of software  (Weber 2004 ; Free Software Foundation 2014): (1) to run the software without any restriction; (2) to be able to study and modify its functioning; (3) to have the right to redistribute original copies of the software; (4) to have the right to redistribute modified copies of the software.
From a political to a pragmatic approach Practical consequences of the FSF's political programs spread as a more pragmatic approach. The free-software movement is now widely spread within the IT sector: the GNU/Linux OS , as well as PHP , or Apache software, on which most web servers in the world run  (Warger 2002) , have been developed based on this approach. However, the whole software community does not share the same vision about how to spread this model. This is the reason why a pragmatic version of the free-software movement appeared in 1998 with the Open-Source Initiative (OSI). It focuses on the practical consequences of the open-source principles, rather than on related values  (OSI 2006). Free-software (responding to the four previously enumerated liberties) can thus be considered as a subset of open-source software (meeting the 10 criteria of OSI's definition (OSI 2015)) that is itself a subset of software with an open source code.
Design data sharing Open-source hardware means that the design files of developed products are openly accessible. However, a fundamental difference remains between opensource software and hardware: the matter (i. e. , shifting from bits to atoms), which implies a non-zero marginal cost for duplicating an object. In the case of OSH, sources are not source code -that is, to some extent, directly runnable on a computer -there are plans (technical drawings), digital files (such as a 3D model file, e. g. , the. stl files, or a vector graphic enabling laser cutting), or mounting instructions  (Tincq & Benichou 2014; Macul & Rozenfeld 2015)  for an object that still needs to be actually manufactured. Lapeyre (2014)  showed that sharing of design information is not completely new, using the example of the industrial cooperation within the silk industrial community in Lyon (France) in the 18th century.
Method We have listed all references matching with the research term 'open-design' using the Scopus 18 database integrated research tool. We looked for this keyword in the fields title, abstract, and keywords (author and journal ones). We did not set boundaries for subject areas. However, in order to make our research reproducible, we limited the results to the most exhaustive but complete corpus at the date of writing, that is, publication prior to 2016. Therefore, our query was TITLE-ABS-KEY('open-design') AND PUBYEAR < 2016. We accepted all document types except patents. We chose the Scopus database since it is one of the largest ones, and because it covers the majority of journals in engineering and design. The fact that the reference lists are only indexed consistently from 1996 onwards is not a major bias since open-design is a recent notion (cf.
Next, we ran descriptive statistics using R (R Core Team 2015) to determine whether any correlations were present in the gathered data and produce trend analysis. Correlations were also tested using the Apriori algorithm  (Hahsler, Gruen & Hornik 2005). This algorithm tests every directed association between two or more characteristics of an entry (e. g. , development. r epor t ⇒ digital) and weights them according to their veracity and representativeness  (Agrawal et al. 1994). After having quantitatively analyzed the true positive corpus, we read and analyzed listed entries in order to synthesize their content. This synthesis enabled us to gave create a typology of open-design families. Both of these steps were executed with numerous iterations via discussions between authors, in order to reach a common agreement on the synthesis and the typology derived from it.
e. , all publications from 2014 and 2015), since a similar drop is observed in the global database. Count of entries, according to their type, the type of product they mention, and the subject of openness. (Top: the criteria used to spread entries into columns -see the label of each column at the bottom of the graph. Left: the criteria used to spread entries, within a single column, using a color chart -see the color chart at the end of the row. ) Silve). Similarly, only two journals among the 91 listed (Design Journal and Lecture Notes in Computer Science) published more than five referenced entries (Table  8 ). We also analyzed keywords given by authors (Table  10 ) and journals (Table  9 ). The count of entries tagged according to their type, the type of product they refer to, as well as the type of open-design is found in Figure  5.
Entry content analysis After analysis of the entries listed, we observe that the typical entry in our database is the development report of a digital system in which only the plan is open. These results are close to the situation of free software in its early stages. A reason is that some funding agencies (e. g. , in the European Horizon 2020 19 It should be noted that, because of our methodology, we considered only the entries referenced by Scopus. Since the archiving is not immediate nor fully exhaustive, some contributions might be missing. Thus, to nuance our analysis, we must make a reference to Open Source Innovation, a collective book edited by  Herstatt & Ehls (2015). It is not listed in our database, but gathers first results on 'open-source innovation' , that is, (cf. supra In first place comes software.
Limitations An issue we faced during the tagging of entries in our database was the following: how to distinguish between open as a true positive and open as in the case of a system that allows inputs and outputs or interaction with the external environment. For example, one abstract states the following. ' Archangel98 uses the latest software design concepts allowing a very open-design process, working with virtually all other applications'  (Bilbija & Biezad 1998). 'Open design process' here refers -as made explicit by the context of the paper -to a broad interoperability of the system with other ones. We could have said that it matches our previously coined definition of open, since this ability of the software enables others to use or implement this system with low technological barriers.
However, this level of openness of the plan remains low since there is no legal guarantee that this is allowed, and the development process of the cited software is standard. Similarly,  Barrett et al. (2005)  states the following. 'The database has a flexible and open design that allows the submission, storage and retrieval of many data types. ' We thus tagged papers according to the context, notably considering whether the openness of the structure was a sought asset of the developed system or not. However, we do agree that this categorization is somehow subjective, even if its impact on previous results is limited, since only nine papers of the true positive category are in this situation. We consider journal and author keyword homogeneity (cf. 9 and Table  10 ) as a validation of our manual tagging.
Despite the contingent nature of the evidence gleaned from the qualitative analysis of the literature, we did our best to provide an unbiased synthesis approved by a collegial consensus among authors. Similarly, the typology we have created is contingent on entries referenced as a result of our query to the Scopus database. One must note that we considered the design of tangible goods only, as detailed above. This does not allow us to generalize our results to product-service systems. We also acknowledge that this typology is subjective, because it has been created based on our synthesis results. However, we checked that we were able to assign each entry to a type we defined. This argues in favor of the relevance of our typology. This literature review aimed to be exhaustive. We used the largest database available for this purpose.
4). This approach is, however, recent and little reported in the scientific literature. We find it necessary to propose to researchers and practitioners an overview of the current state of the art in order to offer a basis for future work on the topic. This will enable researchers to target homogeneous sets of practices in order to develop relevant tools and methods for practitioners. This paper details the quantitative and qualitative analyses of the scientific literature on open-design that we led. These analyses are based on a systematic review of works prior to 2016 referenced under the term 'open-design' in the Scopus database. It appears that the openness of a design project can be assessed over two continuous and independent axes representing the process of design itself and its output.
The food enzyme considered in this opinion is an endo-1,4-b-xylanase (4-b-D-xylan xylanohydrolase; EC 3. 2. 1. 8) produced from the genetically modified Bacillus subtilis strain LMG S-27588 by the company Puratos N. V. The production strain was not detected in the food enzyme. The endo-1,4-b-xylanase is intended to be used in baking processes. Based on the maximum use levels recommended and individual consumption data from the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database, dietary exposure to the food enzyme-total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0. 325 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests with the food enzyme indicated no genotoxic concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rodents.
Chemical parameters The endo-1,4-b-xylanase produced from the genetically modified B. subtilis strain LMG S-27588 consists of a , including a signal peptide of , which is cleaved off during secretion of the enzyme protein. The molecular mass of the mature protein of was calculated based on the amino acid sequence. The protein homogeneity status of the food enzyme was investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. The apparent molecular mass based on the SDS-PAGE pattern is about. The gels presented showed one main protein band and some minor protein bands of higher molecular mass. The food enzyme did not show protease activity and very low alpha-amylase activity. No other enzymatic activities have been reported by the applicant. Data on the chemical parameters of the food enzyme were provided for six food enzyme batches, three batches to be used for commercialisation and three batches used for the toxicological tests (Table  1 ).