dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
5% BSA in PBS overnight at 4 • C. After washing in PBS, the sections were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with rabbit anti-rabbit and anti-mouse antibodies to horseradish peroxidase in 0. 5% BSA in PBS and incubated for 10 min in SIGMAFAST ™ DAB assembled with EntellanÒ. These tissue samples were analysed on an Axioskop field light microscope and images were obtained with a DFC 490 (Leica) camera, which transformed them into inverted images and 8-bit files. The intensity of protein staining corresponds to the level of expression of COX-2 and iNOS. The level of iNOS or COX2 staining was quantitatively evaluated by determining the percentage of tissue area that was stained with brown staining, using ImageJ (Fiji Is Just) software, version 1. 47 (National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA).
Statistical Analysis All data is communicated as mean ± S. D. One-factorial ANOVA test was applied to all results to compare these. A Bonferroni's post hoc test was performed afterwards. The software GraphPad Prism 5. 0 (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA) was used. A Kaplan-Meyer analysis was performed to assess the differences in the onset of mortality, followed by a Mantel-Cox Test. p-values lower than 0. 05 were considered to be statistically significant. In the in vitro assay with HT-29 cells and gelatinolytic activities, all tests were performed in triplicate, at least three different times, with the results being communicated as the mean ± S. D. SigmaPlot software (version 12. 5, Systat Software Inc. (SSI), San Jose, CA, USA) was applied so as to match different handlings, using one-way or two-way ANOVA.
The paw oedema analysis was mainly done to assess the acute anti-inflammatory action of the spearmint. In comparison to the sham group, sub plantar injection of carrageenan in rats led to a noteworthy increase of paw volume after 6 h. Paw oedema volume in the group treated with spearmint was reduced by 36%, when compared to the carrageenan group. This data is in accordance with preceding works from this team, where the administration of extracts with an enriched phenolic fraction, at the same animal dose levels, presented similar results on the paw oedema assay  [36]. With regard to the positive controls (indomethacin, trolox and tempol) their results show a similar effect in comparison with spearmint. Indomethacin is a first-generation non-steroid inflammatory drug that acts through a non-selective inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 isozymes  [64].
Trial Registration Clinicaltrials. gov NCT02602678 6 Viral bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract illness and the leading cause of hospital admission in infants and young children  (1). Viral bronchiolitis leads to small airway inflammation with edema, epithelium necrosis, and alveolar damage, that causes partial or total bronchial obstruction with hyperinflation, atelectasis, and ventilation perfusion mismatch resulting in higher work of breathing and hypoxemia  (2). Between 5 and 22% of all cases require respiratory support in an intensive care unit  (3, 4)  and management of infants with bronchiolitis remains heterogeneous  (3, 5). Prone positioning has been proposed in children with severe bronchiolitis but without supportive evidence  (6, 7). The prone position (PP) is easy to perform in small children  (8)  and is commonly used in neonatal and pediatric intensive care.
METHODS: We conducted a prospective randomi ed crossover physiological study in a -bed pediatric intensive care unit (P U) of a tertiary university hospital (H pital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon University Hospital, Bron, France). The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board (CPP SUD-EST3 -n° 2015-057B) and by the national medicines authority (ANSM-151048B-32). This clinical trial was recorded in the National Library of Medicine registry ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT 02602678).
The position of both catheters was verified after each position change. The bed was set at 30° inclination from the horizontal plane during the entire procedure. Airway pressure, flow, and electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) were recorded using the SERVO-I ventilator through a RS232 serial port continuously and simultaneously with Peso and Pga using an analogical/numerical data acquisition system and transferred to a laptop (Neurovent. inc, Toronto, ON, Canada). All data were analyzed offline. Only breaths with available signals for all measures (flow, airway pressure, Pga, Peso, and EAdi) were analyzed. Time cursors were placed at the beginning of neural inspiration, the maximal inspiratory EAdi value (EAdi max), the end of neural inspiration, and at the end of neural expiration (Figure  1 ; available at www.
Study design The randomization sequence was generated by the clinical investigation center of the Hospices Civils de Lyon, France. Infants were randomized using an online data management software (Clinsigh, Ennov, Paris, France) to receive SP then PP, or the converse. They were placed for 1 hour in the first position with nCPAP, followed by a 15-min wash-out period (in SP under spontaneous breathing with oxygen therapy but no CPAP), and then they were moved to the second position for 1 hour with resumption of nCPAP. Double circuit with heated humidifier and infant nasal masks (Fisher and Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, New Zealand) were used with the non-invasive CPAP mode of the SERVO-I ventilator set at +7 cmH 2 O for all infants. Airway pressure, flow, EAdi, Peso, and Pga from 50 consecutive breaths during the first 5-10 minutes (initial values) and from 100 breaths during the last 50-55 min (end values) of each period were analyzed.
Statistical analysies and sample size Qualitative variables are reported as count and percentage, and quantitative variables are reported as median with interquartile range [1 st ; 3 rd quartiles]. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests was used to assess data distribution. It was calculated that 14 infants were required for a reduction of 25% of the PTPeso per min in PP as compared with SP, assuming an alpha error of 5% and targeting a power of 90%. To take into account technical difficulties in recording physiological measures, a total of 16 patients were included. Clinical and physiological measures were expressed as absolute value and as relative difference over time (100*(End value -Initial value) / Initial value). The non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare paired samples. The Fisher exact test was used to compare qualitative variables.
RESULTS Patients were enrolled between November 2015 and January 2016. Sixteen patients were included in the study and 2 patients were excluded from the analysis owing to a technical problem with the data acquisition system (no EAdi data for 1 patient and no flow data for the other). No patient received sedative drugs before or during the study, and 2 patients had received caffeine sulfate before admission to the PICU. The main characteristics of the 14 patients included in the analysis are reported in Table  I. The median age of infants was 33 days [25; 58], 9 were boys (64%), and respiratory syncytial virus was found in all of them. Half of the patients received PP first. No adverse event was reported in the study.
Second, it was not possible to test the hypothesis of lower intrinsic PEEP in response to a decrease of respiratory airway resistance and dynamic hyperinflation. Third, the change in pressure signals in PP may potentially relate to a change in mediastinal pressure transmission or a positioning against the wall of the structure. Position of catheter was checked at the beginning of each recording. Furthermore, esophageal pressure measurement remains the reference for pleural pressure evaluation and has been used in several recent studies investigating in PP  (44, 45). Fourth, the sleeping state that may impact the neural drive and the use of accessory muscles was not recorded. In addition, all patients were already treated by nCPAP and the level of PEEP for both positions was chosen based on previous data in bronchiolitis in SP  (14, 46).
Supported by a grant from the  Fondation du Souffle et le Fonds de Dotation "Recherche en Santé Respiratoire ," by a grant from the  Association Lyonnaise de Logistique Post Hospitalière (ALLP) , and by a grant from the the  Groupe Francophone d'Urgence et de Réanimation Pédiatrique (GFRUP). Additional conflict of interest information is available at www. jpeds. com. annual meetings of the  French Intensive Care Society , << >>, 2017, Paris, France, and the  European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care , F. B. received speaking fees and non-financial support from  Maquet Critical Care. G. E. s research program is supported by a research grant from the  Fonds de recherche en santé du Québec  and recently conducted a feasibility study of a new ventilator, for which costs were supported by  Maquet Critical Care.
27). In conducting our study, we followed a 'systematic combining' -an 'abductive approach' to case research, which is a nonlinear, path-dependent process of combining efforts to match theory and reality  (Dubois & Gadde, 2002). Systematic combining is suitable for studying a new or under-researched phenomenon while also paying attention to existing theories around the topic  (Schreiner, 2016). Data were collected between March and November 2015, focusing on the first two years of the new venture's development. While the first 18 months of the start-up's evolution is an ex-post reconstruction, the remaining eight months were followed 'in real time,' through regular monthly contacts. The main source of data was 11 open-ended interviews lasting 60-90 minutes each, with two founders of the new venture and its two main direct suppliers.
They were invited to report on how these have been perceived and handled and in which ways they might have influenced the evolution of their respective businesses. The interview guidelines are reported in Appendix A. To ensure validity, we followed  Perkmann and Walsh (2009) , asking for facts to reduce cognitive bias and to limit impression management. Each interview was recorded and transcribed. We have also employed secondary data, such as the DIS business plan and other internal documents as well as information retrieved from DIS and competitors' websites to enrich the case study. In the initial phase of data collection we used written documents and screening of relevant websites to get background information on DIS and the context in which it operates. These data sources have been useful in generating questions to be submitted to our interviewees.
The idea was that customers could 'design their own' pair of shoes combining different options. E-Xstrategy consultancy was hired to develop the web site, the '3D configurator,' and the ecommerce platform, which allows customers to purchase online. The partners defined the platform design and components while the platform software was developed by e-Xstrategy. Marco C. started to work on the shoe styles and models and their customization and personalization in terms of form, materials, colors, fittings, and the like. Luca C. , who is familiar with the district, started to approach a number of shoemakers in the area to map the company's production and price ranges. He identified some 40 producers that both brothers visited to see if they were willing to produce 'customized' shoes for a private label like DIS.
Climate change is a major global threat to biodiversity with widespread impacts on ecological communities. Evidence for beneficial impacts on populations is perceived to be stronger and more plentiful than that for negative impacts, but few studies have investigated this apparent disparity, or how ecological factors affect population responses to climatic change. We examined the strength of the relationship between species-specific regional population changes and climate suitability trends (CST), using 30-year datasets of population change for 525 breeding bird species in Europe and the USA. These data indicate a consistent positive relationship between population trend and CST across the two continents. Importantly, we found no evidence that this positive relationship differs between species expected to be negatively and positively impacted across the entire taxonomic group, suggesting that climate change is causing equally strong, quantifiable population increases and declines.
In this paper, we address these two issues-the apparent difference in response between species expected to benefit or be negatively impacted by climate change, and the role of ecological traits in influencing the relationship of population change to climate suitability trend. First, we examine the strength of the relationship between species-and region-specific population trends and trends in climate suitability using two of the best global datasets of recent long-term population changes for 525 bird species from Europe and the USA. Second, we investigate how species' responses to changing climatic suitability vary with ecological traits, specifically body mass, migratory behaviour and habitat association. We hypothesise that, should all three trait variables be upheld as important, we might expect to see a more positive mean annual population trend (r) vs.
Bird population trends We obtained information on changes over time in breeding bird population size in Europe during the period 1980-2009 for 145 common species in 20 nation states (termed 'states' henceforward) from the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS 2012; Online Resources 1 and 2). For the USA, information on changes in breeding population size during the same period was obtained for 380 bird species in the 48 states of the contiguous USA (also termed 'states') from the US Breeding Bird Survey  (Sauer and Link 2011; Online Resources 3 and 4). For a given species, the information consisted of annual indices of population in the state derived from counts conducted annually using comparable methods at survey sites in all European or all US states. The methods used to derive the annual population indices from the count data are given by PECBMS (2012) and  Sauer and Link (2011)  for Europe and the USA respectively.
The number of species for which annual indices was available for a given state ranged from 36 to 104 species (Europe, Online Resource 2) and from 66 to 215 species (USA, Online Resource 4). The duration of the time period of the data series used to calculate a population trend ranged from 10 to 30 years, depending on state and species  (Online Resource 5, PECBMS 2012; Sauer and Link 2011). Datasets were checked to eliminate state-level trends for species that (i) were of limited temporal extent or (ii) displayed anomalously large inter-annual population fluctuations, possibly indicative of extensive population movements among states or of less robust population estimates. To do this, we applied the following rules. First, state-wide indices of abundance for any species were included only if that species had been monitored since 2000 at the latest.
Ecological traits In examining the relationship between bird population trends and trends in climate suitability, we wished to account for ecological traits of species. We used information on three traits previously reported as important predictors of population trends and for which data could be summarised with a high level of confidence at the state-level for both European and North American species: mean body mass, breeding-season habitat association and migratory behaviour  (Angert et al. 2011; Buckley and Kingsolver 2012). These traits are correlated with drivers of population trend (e. g. land-use change;  Sanderson et al. 2006) , and may act as proxies for other ecological traits (e. g. diet, clutch size, brain size, degree of habitat specialisation;  Millien et al. 2006). Body mass was obtained as the mean of the mean masses of male and female birds (g), or of unsexed birds where sex-specific information was not available.
Mass data came from  Cramp et al. (1977 Cramp et al. ( -1994) )  for European species, and from BirdLife International's World Bird Database for US species (BirdLife-International 2014). We used the natural logarithm of this mean body mass (Lmass) in analyses (Online Resources 1 and 3). Species were assigned to one of four breeding-season habitat categories (HAB; Online Resources 1 and 3). For Europe, species were assigned a primary breeding habitat, based on information from PECBMS (2012),  Gregory et al. (2009) ,  Tucker and Evans (1997)  and expert opinion. For the USA, broad habitat use could not be differentiated at state level, so continent-wide habitat preferences were obtained from BirdLife-International (2014) and  Poole (2005). Species were allocated to habitat categories if more than 50% of the population in each state used that particular habitat during the breeding season  (Gregory et al.
Blocks comprised spatially disaggregated sampling units consisting of whole or partial global ecoregions (www. worldwildlife. org/science/data). SDMs were fitted to data from nine blocks, excluding each block in turn, with the fitted SDM from each of the ten iterations of this procedure being used, together with grid-cell-specific values of the 1961-1990 bioclimate data to calculate the probability of occupancy for each cell in the left-out block. These predicted probabilities of occupancy were then assembled for the entire area. Full details of model fitting methods, outcomes and measures of goodness-of-fit are presented in  Stephens et al. (2016).
Calculating CST for 1980-2009 For a given species and area (Europe or the USA), the ten models fitted using each SDM approach (i. e. the cross-validation models fitted with each block omitted) were applied to annual bioclimate data from all focal states for each of the years 1980-2009. The climatic data used for this were as described for the SDM fitting, but annual values of the bioclimate variables were used, in combination with the SDMs, to calculate annual values of expected probability of species occurrence for each grid cell. Predicted probabilities of occurrence were averaged across the ten models for each cell to give the probability of occurrence for that cell in that year from the given SDM method. Probability of occurrence for each cell was then averaged across the four SDM approaches to give an ensemble probability of occurrence for the given cell in the given year.
Population trend vs. CST relationships for species-states expected to be positively or negatively impacted by climate change To test whether responses to climate change differ between species-state combinations in which populations were expected to benefit from recent observed climate change (i. e. all species with a positive CST [CST+, Online Resources 1-4]) and those expected to be adversely affected (i. e. all species with a negative CST [CST-, Online Resources 1-4]), we compared the slope of the regression of r on CST for these two species-state groups separately through piecewise regression, assuming that the slope of the relationship would change at CST = 0. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were fitted using the lme4 package in R (Bates and Maechler 2009; R Core Team 2013) for Europe and the USA separately, incorporating the crossed random effects of species and state, thus accounting for the non-independence of trends among states within species, and among species within states.
2016). This is reflected in the lower mean values of population trend at a given value of CST in Europe compared to the USA evident in Fig. 1. These different patterns could be related to the proportion of rare species included in population monitoring data for the two continents. In Europe, rarer species have been faring better than more common species  (Inger et al. 2015)  but our European dataset is focussed on common birds (PECBMS 2012). Differences in land-use change on the two continents  (Clavero et al. 2011; Kampichler et al. 2012) , both in terms of current rates of change and levels of historical conversion, might also have a bearing on mean population trajectories. Another explanation for why CST+ species may not be responding as positively in terms of population trend in Europe is if they are following the pattern of increasing climate suitability into an ecological trap due to changing land use and intensity patterns  (Herrando et al.
2012 ), so we expected that smaller species would respond more positively to warming climate and associated range changes. In accord with this hypothesis, we found that species with smaller body mass had a more positive population trend to CST relationship, but only in Europe. In the USA, we found the opposite effect of body mass on the population trend to CST relationship, with larger species apparently having more positive population trend vs. CST relationships. This relationship was not supported when we considered equivalent mass ranges (10-100 g) of species on both continents however, suggesting that it is driven by strong responses to climate change among the very largest species in the USA. The reasons for this finding are unclear but could be explained by the inclusion of large bodied wetland species in our US dataset, which, as discussed below, appear to be more responsive to environmental change.
Acknowledgements The data used are held by individual institutes and collated by the  United States Geological Survey and European Bird Census Council. We acknowledge the tremendous fieldwork effort made by volunteers on both continents in gathering bird data, and thank all PECBMS national data providers. Stuart Butchart  ( Birdlife International ) provided valuable comments on the manuscript. Funding information This work was part-funded by the  Royal Society for the Protection of Birds , the  European Environment Agency , the  European Commission , and  Durham University Grevillea Trust.
Overview This study had two components. Part one developed an inventory of items for the audit; conducted expert, cognitive, and pilot tests to revise the audit. VENDing was field tested at a convenience sample of college campuses in the Northeast, Midwest, and Southern United States. For part two, the developed tool (i. e. , VENDing) was validated via comparison to Nutrition Environment Measures Survey-Vending (NEMS-V)  [45]. Data were collected in 2016 and analyzed in 2018. Institutional Review Board approved this project as exempt given this was an environmental assessment.
Nutrient-density scores were computed by analyzing existing nutrient information for 228 snacks and 123 beverages vended products  [37]. Reviewing the distribution of nutrient-density scores, none of the 228 snacks evaluated scored greater than "7" for nutrient-density, therefore healthfulness classification was divided into tertiles. Snacks classified as healthy scored ≥ 5 for nutrient-density. Somewhat healthy snacks scored 3 or 4 for nutrient-density. Unhealthy snacks scored ≤ 2 for nutrient-density  [25]. Healthy beverages scored nutrient-density score of 2. Somewhat healthy scored 1 for nutrient-density. Unhealthy beverages scored 0 for nutrient-density  [25]. The VENDing Audit was designed to evaluate individual vending snack or beverage machines. Qualtrics survey software (Qualtrics, Provo, UT, USA) was used to administer the VENDing Audit online.
Auditors recorded the total number of snack/beverage slots, filled slots, and the number of different products. Within the Quatrics survey, snacks/beverages were categorized by their nutrient-density score. To determine a snack/beverages nutrient-density score, an auditor referred to the master snack/beverage nutrient-density list to easily identify a product by name, brand, and package weight. All snacks/beverages within a score category (0, 1, etc. ) were listed alphabetically, so the number of each found snack/beverage could be entered. Should a vended snack or beverage item be missing from the master list of scored vended products, auditors can submit the product name, serving size and cost information for up to eight items on the Qualtrics survey. These new vended items are regularly used to update the master list of scored vended products.