dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Our data shows that Ireland will be the most affected country, which is inline with a study delivered recently by the London School of Economics  [37]. From our worldwide set of 40 countries, we show that strengthening the relationship between Russia and the United States of America would negatively impact the importance of Ukraine worldwide, which is identical to the interpretation represented by Francis Fukuyama in a recent article  [18]. The paper is constructed as follows. At first we introduce the reduced Google matrix theory, together with a primer on Google Matrix and PageRank calculations. The reduced Google matrix is illustrated for both sets of 27 EU and 40 nations. Next, the methodology for our link sensitivity analysis is presented. A detailed analysis for the two groups of countries is given in the Results section that focuses on the sensitivity analysis of important relationships in the group.
Google Matrix analysis of Wikipedia networks Data Description Our study focuses on the networks representing 5 different Wikipedia editions 2  from the set of 24 analyzed in  [10] : EnWiki, ArWiki, RuWiki, DeWiki and FrWiki that contain 4. 212, 0. 203 , 0. 966, 1. 533 and 1. 353 millions of articles each. The selected countries are the 27 EU countries as of February 2013 3 and the 40 countries selected from the EnWiki network as the top 40 countries of the PageRank probability for the complete network. Countries that belong to the same region or having a common piece of history may probably exhibit stronger interactions in Wikipedia. For the set of 40 countries, we have created a color code that groups together countries that either belong to the same geographical region (e. g. Europe, South America, Middle East, North-East Asia, South-East Asia) or share a big part of history (former USSR; English speaking countries that are the legacy of the former British Empire)  [17].
On the other hand, EU countries are grouped upon their accession date to the union (e. g. Founder, 1973 Founder, , 1981 Founder, -1986 Founder, , 1995 Founder, , 2004 Founder, -2007)). Color code for EU countries can be seen in Fig 1. Color code for the worldwide set of 40 countries is available in Table  2. Google matrix, PageRank and CheiRank. It is convenient to describe the network of N Wikipedia articles by the Google matrix G constructed from the adjacency matrix A ij with elements 1 if article (node) j points to article (node) i and zero otherwise. In this case, elements of the Google matrix take the standard form  [5, 6]  G ij = αS ij + (1 -α)/N , (1) where S is the matrix of Markov transitions with elements S ij = A ij /k out (j), k out (j) = N i=1 A ij = 0 being the node j out-degree (number of outgoing links) and with S ij = 1/N if j has no outgoing links (dangling node).
Results: G R properties Reduced Google matrix of country networks Reduced Google matrix has been computed, together with its components G rr , G pr and G qr , for the English language edition of Wikipedia (EnWiki) and for the 2 selected sets of 27 and 40 countries listed in Tables  1  and 2. We recall that the 40 countries in the first set are the ones with top PageRank K in the network of EnWiki. Countries are ordered by increasing K value in all subsequent matrix representations. The weight of the three matrix components of G R are listed in Table  3. Predominant component is clearly G pr but as we will explain next, it is not the most meaningful. The meaning of G rr is clear as it is directly extracted from the global Google matrix G. It gives the direct links between the selected nodes and more specifically the probability G rr (i, j) for the surfer to go directly from column j country to line i country.
For the three EnWiki, FrWiki and DeWiki editions,  The information from hidden links between countries is provided by G qrnd. It shows, for the three selected languages editions, the strong hidden links connecting Finland to Sweden. Other interesting hidden links are between Ireland and United Kingdom in DeWiki or in EnWiki linking Luxembourg to France. The reduced Google matrix density plots for the network of 40 worldwide countries are to be found in reference  [17].
Politically, Slovenia relies on Italy to become a member of the principal UN, EU and NATO bodies  [41]. No doubt Slovenia would suffer if Italy decided to go away from it and increase its relationships with France. The 27 EU network exactly shows the negative impact of Italy increasing its link in G R with France: Slovenia is the nation with lowest sensitivity on Fig  7  and 8. Impact of Brexit  4  The United Kingdom has triggered article 50 on March 27, 2017 to leave the European Union as a consequence of the referendum of June 23rd, 2016  [36]. To understand its impact on EU countries with our dataset, we have reduced (and not increased as done in other studies) the G R transition probability UK towards France or Germany. We remind that our network is dated by 2013 but it captures the strong UK influence.
The Cambridge Respiratory Innovations Limited "N-Tidal C" Capnometer Cambridge Respiratory Innovations Limited (CRiL), a UK-based company, has developed a novel infrared III-V light-emitting diode capnometer that is intended for use by patients at home to monitor their breathing condition. The N-Tidal C data collector device is a class 1, Conformité Européene marked, handheld device that measures the amount of CO 2 in the user's breath during normal tidal breathing. The device consists of the main unit and a disposable mouthpiece. The device takes approximately 2 min to self-calibrate. The patient then breathes normally through the mouthpiece until the device gives an auditory and visual signal that the reading is complete (75 seconds). The device records the full dataset of exhaled CO 2 for the duration of use, and the data can be downloaded periodically.
Data are analyzed using algorithms developed by CRiL to produce waveforms and can be viewed graphically. It has already been successfully used in a longitudinal clinical study with 30 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. This has resulted in the collection of over 2600 75-second breath records containing over 50,000 individual TBCO 2 waveforms. This research demonstrated a clear differentiation in TBCO 2 waveforms between stable COPD and during a COPD exacerbation  [16]. It has also identified the early changes to TBCO 2 waveform, indicating an ability to predict COPD exacerbations  [16]. We aim to establish a substantial TBCO 2 waveform database in multiple different conditions that cause breathlessness. This study will determine whether this form of capnography can be used as a tool for diagnosis of various respiratory and cardiac conditions by comparing waveforms in different medical conditions with healthy controls.
Sampling and Sample Size As this is an observational, proof-of-concept study, there is no formal statistical justification of the sample size, as the purpose of this planned investigation is to gather data on TBCO 2 waveform using the N-Tidal C device. If 70 participants use the device 2 times daily over a period of 6 months, the database should include up to 25,000 detailed 75-second respiration records, which will allow time series analysis, comparisons, and correlation with other measures of disease monitoring. This study has been funded by a competitive grant awarded by Innovate UK, and the number of participants recruited into each patient cohort has been restricted by the number of available devices built by CRiL based on the amount of grant funding.
Schedule The N-Tidal C capnometer will be explained to the patients, and they will be trained how to use it. Patients will be asked to use the device at home over a period of 6 months for the asthma, BPD, HF, MND, and healthy control cohorts and a period of 2 months for the pneumonia cohort. Participants will be asked to use the device at home 2 times per day (morning and evening), or up to 6 times per day if they feel that they are starting an exacerbation or deterioration of their condition. Hospitalized inpatients will also use the device 2 times per day as inpatients and will then continue with the monitoring after discharge from hospital. All patients will have a clinical examination and medical history recorded appropriate to their condition. Additional disease-specific data such as lung or cardiac function tests will be collected at baseline, 2, 4, and 6 months and at point of exacerbation, depending on the underlying condition.
The study nurse will check that the patient is using the device correctly and will provide additional training if needed. The TBCO 2 waveform data will be downloaded from the device, and the study nurse will confirm that the mouthpieces have been appropriately replaced at the required time intervals Any AEs and any adverse device effects will be recorded. If the patient feels that their condition is deteriorating and or they are experiencing an exacerbation at any point throughout the study, they will contact the study team, and, if appropriate, make an appointment to be assessed as soon as mutually convenient. The diagnosis of an exacerbation will be made by the assessing clinician and appropriate treatment started. If the patient has been diagnosed as having an exacerbation of their disease by a different health care professional (eg, general practitioner, GP, or practice nurse), they will be advised to contact the study team as soon as possible to arrange an exacerbation assessment.
Supply, Packaging, and Storage The company has manufactured a batch of 70 N-Tidal C data collector capnometers, and each device will be allocated a unique serial number, allowing full tracking and traceability. The device history record will reference details of all major components and materials used in its manufacture. CRiL will supply sufficient N-Tidal C devices to the investigative site for each participant to have use of a single device. CRiL will also supply the replacement mouthpieces to the site for use by the study participants. Each participant will be supplied with six mouthpieces. The study site will be supplied with additional devices and mouthpieces for staff training and demonstration and as additional stock. The N-Tidal C devices and mouthpieces should be stored in a secure location at room temperature (10°C-30°C).
Device Use The test will be performed as per the CRiL instructions. Participants will use the N Tidal C data collector device twice daily (morning and evening) and up to 6 times per day if the patient feels their condition is deteriorating or they are having an exacerbation. The capnometer recordings will be stored in the device until they are downloaded periodically throughout the study by the study staff. Participants will hold the device and breathe at their normal, relaxed rate of breathing into a disposable mouthpiece for 75 seconds. They will be asked to do this twice a day for the study period (until 6 months for all participants apart from those with pneumonia, who will cease follow-up at 2 months). The mouthpiece should be changed each month. It should not be used in crowded rooms, near a vehicle exhaust, open flames, cigarettes, immediately after drinking a hot beverage or a fizzy drink, or where there is a strong breeze.
Noninvasive Ventilator and Cough Assist Data Only participants in the MND cohort who are established on home noninvasive ventilation will have their home ventilator data recorded on the CRF at their routine 3-monthly clinic appointment. This will include inspiratory positive airways pressure, expiratory positive airways pressure, average tidal volumes, hours of use of noninvasive ventilation, mask leak, and type of interface used (nasal or full face mask). These data will be taken off the ventilator and, if applicable, cough assist machine, and therefore will not include any additional testing for participants.
Primary Analysis To establish our primary objective, CRiL will be using a variety of advanced analytic techniques to isolate the key characteristics in the capnogram that can identify each specific medical condition under investigation and to determine whether there is a difference between the different conditions. The team has developed algorithms to analyze specifics of the TBCO 2 waveform using modern computing technology. We will use an expert in machine learning to analyze the large dataset this study will produce. Specifically, we will analyze all components of the TBCO 2 waveform. The TBCO 2 waveform is made up of successive phases; phase 1 is a latency phase representing baseline inspired gas from the ventilatory dead space. Phase 2 is a rapid upward curving slope representing expired mixed air containing CO 2.
This paper presents how Pycom, Waspmote and Raspberry Pi devices meet low power requirements as part of Internet of Things (IoT). These technologies improve scalability, efficiency and optimize the structure responding to known IoT drawbacks such as low energy, resources and slow information processing. They are part of applications included in Smart City, Smart Home, Smart Grid, mainly telemetry. Libelium technology, including the Waspmote devices, are presented in this paper. Pycom has a variate set of devices: Pysense having five integrated sensors: temperature, humidity, altitude, pressure and light, LoPy, LoPy4 microcontrollers, Pytrack, SiPy, FiPy, GPy, WiPy, expansion boards. Raspberry Pi is known for being a single board-computer which is running its own operating system (OS). It consumes more power, unless running processes are prioritized for lowering the consumption, which requires a vast Linux knowledge.
95 W and maximum 1. 4 W for a high traffic. The variance on WiFi is low  [8]. For saving battery power, the WiFi module needs to be as fast as possible on Libelium, Raspberry Pi or Pycom devices  [7]. The graph from Fig. 2  shows how much power WiFi connection consumes in a given duration of 1 hour. Bluetooth and WiFi present no considerable increases of current draw when the other devices in the same network or bandwidth or when the transmission rate is altered.
A. Grafana The data recorded by sensors using Raspberry pi are sent to Grafana [10], as presented in Fig. 6. The monitoring of transmission of data to Grafana is done using mqtt-spy  [11]. In the above image is presented two graphs representing the data collected from the temperature sensor. The data are recorded within 6 hours. The data are in Celsius degrees and are recorded at 5 minutes. Such platforms can be used for measuring energy efficiency of large scale systems  [12].
B. Graphite To view the data from the temperature and gas sensor we used Graphite [13], which is a suite of software used for storing, collecting, and presenting time data. For efficient performance, it is necessary to collect and transfer data through other applications that retransmit data in the format supported by Graphite. Graphite is used by customers to track the performance of sites, applications, services, and servers. Graphite has been an innovation with regard to monitoring tools, making it easier to store, retrieve, share, and view data at certain time intervals. Many companies have implemented Graphite, which helps monitor the production of e-commerce services and the expansion plan. In Fig. 7  we present temperature graphs while in Fig. 8  we present gas measurements during an hour, while the battery level showed an average decrease to 5%.
C. Adafruit Pymakr package was installed using Atom compiler. In the project folder main. py, boot. py and mqtt. py along with the /lib folder are added. In /lib the user needs to place the libraries for sensors, pysense. py and pycoproc. py. The board connects to adafruit. io in order to send data. To find the MAC address of the device, the user must write the following instructions in the Pymakr's console, when the board is connected: -import network -network. WLAN(). mac() -import ubinascii -ubinascii. hexlify(network. WLAN(). mac(),':'). decode() First, a dashboard is created where feeds will be placed. Adafruit IO uses 'feeds' to describe separate sets of data. For displaying graphs, the user creates a feed for each Pysense sensor. In Fig. 12  we present the battery level of the device, measured and displayed using Grafana.
III. NUMERICAL RESULTS In the present work, the open-source code sphturb, developed by our group, 48,49 is chosen for implement the different formulas of pressure term. One advantage of using sphturb is to avoid additional artificial treatments, which exist in many kinds of commercial SPH software and may confuse the results. We perform four 3D calculations in a periodic cube with size 1 × 1 × 1, as shown in Fig. 3. This cubic is initially composed by two different phases which are represented by red and blue SPH particles (the density of blue fluid is 3 and that of red fluid is 17). The bi-phase flow interfaces are initially parallel to the surface yOz. The axe X is the normal direction to the interfaces, while the other two directions are denoted as Y, Z, respectively. At initial instant, the pressures in bi-phase flow are the same.
, 2010). Strikingly, while the removal of H3K27me3 repressive marks and the deposition of H3K27ac active marks on the Gata6 promoter were similar in both WT and Ago2_KO cells after conversion (Figures  4F  and S4C ), we observed a reduction of H3K27ac activation marks and an increase in H3K27me3 repression marks on the Gata4, Sox17, and Foxa2 promoters in Ago2_KO compared with WT cXENs (Figures  4F  and S4C ). These observations suggest a post-transcriptional regulation of Gata6 expression that leads to an impaired transcriptional induction of the secondary ExEn genes during conversion. Taken together, our data indicate that Ago2_KO cells fail to transcriptionally activate the proper cXEN gene expression program downstream of Gata6. They incorrectly engage in a different cell fate where Gata6 post-transcriptional regulation might be mediated by multiple miRNAs (Figure  S4D ), suggesting a complex cell-type-dependent combinatorial regulation.
See also Figure  S4. 20% of the transcripts were misregulated: 2,514 genes were significantly up-and 2,821 downregulated in Ago2_KO compared with WT cXENs (Figure  5B ). In accordance with our previous results (Figure  4C ), pluripotency markers were strongly downregulated in both WT and Ago2_KO cXENs, while ExEn markers were highly induced only in WT cXENs (Figure  5C ). Although both mesodermal and trophectodermal markers were not induced in Ago2_KO cXENs, we noted an induction of mesenchymal markers, ectodermal, and fibroblast-related markers  (Figures 5D and S5B). This highly divergent gene expression profile is also translated at the level of several signaling pathways such as WNT, TGF-beta, MAPK, or HEDGEHOG pathways (Figures  5E  and S5C  and Table S5 ), critical for regulation of the cell-fate choice during early development  (Frum and Ralston, 2015).
, 2010). This impaired differentiation of Ago2_KO cells into a different cell lineage is also illustrated by their inconsistent response to the FGF/ERK pathway inhibitors on NANOG and GATA6 expression (Figures  S6E  and S6F ). Although they exit pluripotency during conversion, Ago2_KO cells fail to properly express GATA6 protein levels and consequently to activate the ExEn gene expression program downstream of GATA6. Importantly, we were able to bypass this defective regulation by ectopically expressing Gata6 cDNA deprived of its 3 0 UTR in Ago2_KO cells. Ago2_KO fibroblast-like cells have distinctive mRNA and miRNA expression profiles compared with WT XEN cells. Some of the upregulated miRNAs are loaded into AGO1 and can target the Gata6 3 0 UTR, potentially explaining the downregulation of GATA6 protein.
Two replicates are represented before (ESC) and after differentiation (cXEN). The expression levels are represented as RPKM values (reads per kilobase of transcript per million reads mapped). (E) Bar graph representing the proportion of genes significantly misregulated in Ago2_KO compared with WT cells after 5 days of cXEN conversion. The represented genes are related to mESC-relevant signaling pathways. The gene list was extracted from the KEGG database (Hedgehog, WNT, TGF-beta, RAS, PI3K-AKT, JAK-STAT, MAPK, and pluripotency). See also Figure S5.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the  ETH Phenomics Center (EPIC)  for the blastocyst injections. We are thankful to  Professor A. Wutz  and  Drs. T. Beyer ,  E. Girardi ,  S. Bessonnard , and  J. Artus  for helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. We thank  Dr. R. Freiman  for single-cell sorting. We acknowledge the  Functional Genomics Center Zurich (FGCZ)  for technical support. We thank  Dr. D. O'Carroll  for the gift of Ago2 plasmids and all the  Ciaudo lab members  for their help and assistance. This work was supported by a  Swiss National Science Foundation  grant ( 31003A_153220 ), the  Helmut Horten Stiftung foundation  to C. C. , and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-10-LABX-73-01   REVIVE  and  ANR-14CE11-0017 PrEpiSpec ) to M. C. -T. D. C. -S. is supported by a post-doctoral fellowship from the  Peter and Traudl Foundation.
Introduction It is not so usual to associate prosody, especially prosodic segmentation, with the analysis of grammatical relations, but as previous work has shown  (METTOUCHI, 2013 (METTOUCHI, , 2015 (METTOUCHI, , 2018 (METTOUCHI, [2011]] ), considering prosodic cues as formal means with as much structuring potential as linear ordering or morphological marking actually allows the discovery of constructions in the domain of grammatical relations (and other domains too, such as information structure). Within an empirical, and corpus-based approach, my purpose in this paper is to provide evidence for the existence, in Kabyle, of the grammatical role 'Direct Object', different from the semantic role 'Referential undergoer', and to define the Direct Object function in a non-aprioristic and language-internal perspective.
I show that prosodic boundaries are crucial for the definition of Direct Object function in Kabyle, and that prosodic disfluencies provide evidence for the fact that the verb and its direct object form a constituent. The paper first provides background information about Kabyle, prosodic units, and grammatical relations. The encoding of grammatical and semantic relations on bound pronouns is then analyzed, and I show that so-called 'direct object pronouns' in fact code 'referential undergoer role', a function different from direct object. In a third part, noun phrases coreferent to those bound pronouns are characterized, taking into account prosodic boundaries, and I show that their function is within the domain of referent activation, not grammatical relations. In a fourth part, the only noun phrase not coreferent with a bound pronoun, the direct object, is formally defined using syntactic, morphological and prosodic criteria.
Preliminaries 1. 1 Kabyle Berber languages are spoken in northern Africa, in a zone delimited bythe Atlantic Ocean to the West, the Mediterranean to the North, the oasisof Siwa (Egypt) to the East, and the southern borders of Mali and Niger tothe South. Those languages constitute a family within the Afroasiaticphylum. Well-known members of the family are, among others, Kabyle (spoken innorthern Algeria), Tashelhiyt (Shilha) (spoken in southern Morocco), and Tamashek and Tahaggart (also called Tuareg), spoken in southern Sahara. Kabyle has about four million speakers in the north of Algeria. The variety investigated in this paper is a Western one, spoken in the village of Ait Ikhlef, close to the town of Bouzeguene. I collected all the data on fieldwork between 2007 and 2011. In Kabyle, as in all Berber languages, a minimal predication consists either of a verb and its bound personal pronoun, or of a nonverbal predicate.