dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Asimismo, el equipo ejecutivo está dispuesto a aprovechar las oportunidades de ejecución disponibles a través de los programas y los recursos internacionales existentes como el Programa de la OMS sobre las Enfermedades Cardiovasculares y en cada país con los líderes comunitarios locales y las organizaciones pertinentes  (  • Legislar en favor de una validación independiente obligatoria de los dispositivos de presión arterial según la norma ISO antes de su aprobación de venta • Estipular que los estudios de validación de los dispositivos de presión arterial se registren en un repositorio aceptado antes de la aprobación de venta • Regular el cumplimiento de la norma ISO • Vigilar la conformidad con la norma ISO • Iniciativas de la OMS de apoyo a la aplicación de las resoluciones de la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud con el fin de garantizar un uso efectivo de los dispositivos de presión arterial y el fortalecimiento de los sistemas regulatorios ‡ Organizaciones no gubernamentales (por ejemplo, las sociedades de hipertensión, los grupos de defensa frente a las enfermedades cardiovasculares) • Crear repositorios para el registro de los estudios de validación de los dispositivos de presión arterial que se llevan a cabo en todo el mundo (un concepto similar a ClinicalTrials.
Methodology and definitions The sample of 116 languages assembled for this study covers the four language families of Mainland East and Southeast Asia in as representative a way as possible, shaped to some extent by the availability of reliable data. It was clearly not our goal to assemble a balanced sample for statistical purposes, in the technical sense of this term. Both fieldwork data from a large number of informants are used, as well as data from reference grammars in which we were able to find the full paradigms for the four semantic domains and their constructions. All the verb forms are provided in Table  5 , found in the Appendix, while the entire set of language examples may be consulted at https://doi. org/10. 5281/ zenodo. 5762053. A second smaller sample of 18 languages has also been compiled for the purposes of comparison, bringing the total to 134 languages in the expanded sample.
However, our data from Liancheng Hakka and Shangyou Hakka varieties do not show the expected Type II, but rather the Type IV pattern. Notably, both Hakka varieties are outside the Yue-speaking areas of Guangdong province. There are, nonetheless, some striking exceptions to these two main patterns of Type II and Type IV within Sinitic, these being Linxia Central Plains Mandarin, Dabu Hakka and Haikou Southern Min. Located at a great distance from one another in China, they have just two forms, one coding only the copular verb, ʂʅ 55 , hei 51 and ti 33 respectively, and the other uniting the locative, existential and possessive functions: jɯ 55 , ʐiu 44 and u 33 /ʔdu 33 respectively (see Map 1 for locations and the website indicated for sentence examples). In other words, these three languages belong to Type III [(V COP ); (V LOC = V EX = V POSS )], a type which is geographically discontinuous since most of the Type III languages in our sample are Tibeto-Burman languages located much further away in the west and southwest.
In sum, there are two main patterns of polysemy evident in our data for Sinitic languages: While they belong predominantly to Type IV with three distinct forms [(V LOC ); (V COP ); (V EX = V POSS )], among which the polysemous or shared form is for the existential and possessive meanings, there is a subset of Type II Sinitic languages that possess only two forms with a binary split for locative/copular and existential/possessive verbs: [(V COP = V LOC ); (V EX = V POSS )]. This concerns, above all, a group of languages that belong mainly to the Hui, Wu and Yue branches of Sinitic as well as Xianghua (unclassified Sinitic) and Hmongic. In addition, there are sporadic examples of Sinitic languages belonging to Type III. As is already evident, unlike the existential and possessive verbs, there is much greater variety found for the locative forms in Sinitic, and to a lesser extent for the copula.
Kra-Dai The Kra-Dai or Tai-Kadai languages are found in Thailand, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Vietnam and southern China, particularly in Guangxi, where the Zhuang languages are situated  (Diller 2008; Ostipirat 2000). The family is generally divided into the three main branches of Hlai, Kra (or Geyang) and Kam-Tai, to whose Southwestern branch belong Standard Thai and Lao. In our representative sample, we have included data from languages in these three primary divisions. Kra-Dai languages, like Sinitic and Hmong-Mien, largely belong to the Type IV pattern for the four semantic domains in our study, this being the case for 15/16 languages. Only Nùng belongs to Type II. Hence, the Kra-Dai languages which we surveyed are coded by three forms: once more, the possessive and existential verbs share the same form but not the same syntactic frames, while the locative and copular verbs are coded by distinct forms and occur in distinct constructions.
Acknowledgements: We are indebted to the following colleagues for generously providing us with their language data and explanations:  Meixiang Chang  ( Jishui Gan ),  Weirong Chen  (Hui'an  Southern Min ),  Yujie Chen  ( Shangshui Central Plains Mandarin ),  Huy-Linh Dao  (Vietnamese),  Danh Thành Do-Hurinville (Vietnamese) ,  Hilário De Sousa  ( Nanning Pinghua ),  Lisha HE  (Rucheng),  San San Hnin Tun and Mathias Jenny (Burmese) ,  Yunfan Lai  ( Wobzi Khroskyabs ),  Milena Lazzaretti  (Rui'an  Wenzhou Wu ),  Huichi Lee  ( Wenchang Southern Min ),  Hao Li  ( Linxia Central Plains Mandarin ),  Xuping Li  ( Yichun Gan ),  Boyang Liu  ( Jilin Northeastern Mandarin ),  Meiyan Lu  (Tujia),  Yanjuan Mu  (Naxi),  Alexandra Sing Ngai  ( Shaowu Min and Hong Kong Cantonese ),  Daxingwang Peng  ( Pingjiang Gan ),  Min Rao  (Guiqiong),  Adam Sposato  (Xong),  Jian Wang  ( Jixi Hui ) and  Shuya Zhang  (Brag-bar).
Libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 4000. Transcriptome libraries were mapped to a Danio rerio reference genome constructed from the zebrafish GRCz11 genome assembly. Briefly, reporter gene coding sequences were fused to the Ensembl 96 gtf file and the reference genome was built using the cellranger mkref software. Single cell RNA sequences, with associated UMIs, were aligned to this amended reference genome using Cell Ranger v2. 1. 0 Single-Cell Software Suite from 10X Genomics. The resultant datasets were analysed using the Seurat R package v2. 4. 3  [32]  as per the clustering workflow. Briefly, genes expressed in fewer than three cells or cells expressing fewer than 200 genes or mitochondrial gene content > 30% of the total UMI count were excluded. We normalized using the global-scaling "LogNormalize" transformation.
Cell dissociation and FACs sorting Zebrafish kidneys were initially treated with a cocktail of enzymes, including cold activated protease, at 6°C. This dissociated the kidney sufficiently to release glomeruli, which were dissociated further by transferring the mixture to 28°C. The two-stage dissociation protocol minimised exposure of podocytes to a higher temperature and thus limited cell damage prior to FAC sorting (for typical run see Supplementary Fig. S1 ). Eight adult kidneys yielded sufficient numbers of podocytes for the generation of a 10X scRNA-seq library. Cell Ranger v2. 1. 0 Single-Cell Software Suite yielded information on approximately 2,200 cells.
These again show that podocin is highly expressed across podocytes, while GCaMP6s and LifeActRFP show lower levels of steady state transcription under the podocin promoter. It should be noted that cells were sorted using RFP fluorescence, and that podocin is a marker of mature podocytes. The scRNA-seq data provide a snapshot of the genes that were actively transcribed at the time of processing. Although the fluorescent protein was present in the cell during FAC sorting, this plot suggests that the GCaMP6s and LifeAct-RFP genes were not very actively transcribed, or that the transcripts are less stable than the endogenous podocin transcript (Fig. 3b, c ). scRNAseq data is deposited at Edinburgh Datashare (https://doi. org/10. 7488/ds/3021).
Comparisons with Gene Expression in alternative species The gene transcription profile of podocytes identified in our zebrafish scRNA-seq dataset was compared with corresponding transcription profiles from human  [34]  and mouse  [35, 36]  podocytes. We found very few markers designated 'early' from human data apart from the monocarboxylate transporter, slc16a1a, which was transcribed in a small subset of cluster 0 cells (Fig. 4a ) and the 'early' transcription factor, lmx1bb, though this was more widely distributed through clusters 0, 1 and 2, suggesting it is retained in more mature podocytes. Additional transcription factors identified were foxd2 and foxc1a (Fig. 4b ) and mafba (data not shown). This probably reflects the fact that we FAC sorted podocin-expressing cells, and podocin is not expressed very early in podocyte development.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge  Dr Charlotte Buckley ,  Mr Finn Bruton  and  Mr Aryan Kaveh  for assistance with SPIM;  Dr Cass Li  and  Dr John Wilson-Kanamori  for assistance with bioinformatics analysis, and  Dr Alessandro Brombin  for assistance with construction of the zebrafish reference genome. For the movie shown in Supplementary Movie 1 we thank  Eugene Katrukha  ( Utrecht University ) and  Lachlan Whitehead  ( WEHI ) for their zoom macro. We also acknowledge  Dr Carl Tucker  and staff at the zebrafish facility. Fig. 1 was created using Mind the  Graph platform and BioRender. com.
The thermal perturbation, i. e. the flash, is created by an another laser: an Ytterbium fibre laser (redPOWER Qube 2 kW, SPI Lasers), which has a central wavelength of 1080 nm with a bandwidth < 4 nm, with a maximum output power of 2000 W. The temporal evolution of the temperature of the back face is obtained by a two-colors (channel 1 : 1,65 -1,8 µm and channel 2 : 1,45 -1,65 µm) pyrometer (Metis H322, Sensortherm GmbH), which has a response time of 80 µs. The simulations are conducted with the commercial software COMSOL which is based on the Finite Element Method in axisymmetric configuration, with a 2 dimensional meshing. The heat transfer model relies on several assumptions. First, the graphite is considered homogeneous and isotropic. Second we take into account the heat transfers by conduction combined with thermal radiation to take into account losses at the surface (convection is neglected).
Non-thermal radio emissions from Saturn, known as Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR), are analyzed for the Faraday rotation effect detected in Cassini RPWS High Frequency Receiver (HFR) observations. This phenomenon, which mainly affects the lower-frequency part of SKR below 200 kHz, is characterized by a rotation of the semi-major axis of the SKR polarization ellipse as a function of frequency during wave propagation through a birefringent plasma medium. Faraday rotation is found in 4. 1% of all HFR data recorded by Cassini above 20 degrees northern and southern magnetic latitude, from mid-2004 to late 2017. A statistical visibility analysis shows that elliptically polarized SKR from the dawn source regions, when beamed toward high latitudes into the noon and afternoon local time sectors, is most likely to experience Faraday rotation along the ray path.
The ellipticity corresponds to the ratio of semi-minor to semi-major axis of the polarization ellipse, and its sign specifies right-handed (> 0) or left-handed (< 0). Equal powers of R-mode and L-mode will result in a linearly polarized wave (ellipticity = 0; white color). In order to get RH-polarized X-mode SKR, the R-mode needs to be stronger than the Lmode upon superposition. Fig. 1c  demonstrates that the rotation angle   is only a function of phase shift, but not of relative power. Thus, Eqs. (  1 ) and (  2 ) can be directly applied to the elliptically polarized scenario as well. First detections of Faraday rotation in SKR have been noted by  Lecacheux (2011). The present work constitutes the first comprehensive analysis in this context. In Section 2, the Cassini instruments and relevant data products are briefly discussed.
Dataset and methodology The Cassini spacecraft is equipped with three 10 m long electric monopole antennas named ,  and. The tri-axial antenna system, together with a set of different receivers, forms the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) investigation  (Gurnett et al. , 2004)  for analyzing SKR across its entire frequency range. We will focus our analysis on data obtained by the High Frequency Receiver (HFR) system  (Cecconi et al. , 2017a). The RPWS instrument can either be operated in a 2antenna mode (survey mode) or a 3-antenna mode (goniopolarimetric mode). In the 2-antenna mode, the voltages   and   , which are measured along the  and the  antenna, respectively, are combined to a virtual dipole   =   -  which provides better sensitivity and improved noise characteristics. The signal   from the -antenna is always available.
Time and frequency Statistical results on the time and frequency behavior of FREs are presented in Fig. 3. The entire spectral region covered by SKR emission is indicated by a gray shaded area in Fig. 3a , and parts affected by Faraday rotation are highlighted by colored horizontal lines (the fringes). For each event, its duration  , its instantaneous frequency bandwidth  and its instantaneous middle frequency   are recorded. These three parameters characterize the spectral area covered by Faraday fringes. One event yields one value for  but many values for  and   at each instant in time. In order to account for different temporal resolutions used for HFR recordings throughout the Cassini mission, scanned values across all events are interpolated to a common time axis with 6 s resolution, which is lower than the best possible resolution of 8 s found in our dataset.
, 2010; Thomsen et al. , 2015a). mission in September 2017. Histograms for FRE occurrence are separated with regard to the hemisphere of observation, i. e. , with regard to the hemisphere of the corresponding SKR source region. The histogram for northern hemisphere data is shown in blue color, and southern hemisphere data are in red. As already pointed out earlier, there is a clear correspondence between the visibility of FREs and Cassini's magnetic latitude. The latter is included in Fig. 5a  in gray color. There are four major episodes of high-latitude excursions visible, and Faraday rotation has been observed during all of them. The histogram for the northern hemisphere indicates more FREs before equinox (August 11, 2009; dashed vertical line), i. e. , during northern winter. After equinox, the situation seems to reverse, with FREs detected more frequently in the southern hemisphere.
5b. Data from two intervals of increased FRE occurrence are picked: the interval from the end of 2007 until the middle of 2009, which is before/at equinox (blue shades), and the interval from the middle of 2012 until the beginning of 2015, which is after equinox (yellow/orange/red shades). As can be seen, a higher occurrence rate of FREs in the northern hemisphere before equinox is linked to a dominant coverage of the noon/afternoon LT-sector with high northern latitudinal positions of Cassini. On the other hand, southern hemisphere observations are performed inside the dawn LT-sector, where FREs are rare. After equinox, the geometry of Cassini's orbits has been gradually changing, so that after 2012, the afternoon sector was predominantly observed from high southern latitudes. Consequently, the occurrence rate of FREs for southern hemisphere observations is increasing.
Goniopolarimetric analysis -a case study Faraday rotation is not only found in RPWS 2-antenna mode data, as already demonstrated in Fig. 2 , but also when signals from all three antennas are processed simultaneously. From the 611 identified FREs, 383 were recorded in 2-antenna mode, 113 in 3-antenna mode, and 115 are a mixture of both modes. The 3-antenna mode sometimes provides less spectral resolution, but it allows for a determination of the direction of incidence of the radiation as well as a determination of all four 2D Stokes parameters by using an analytical inversion technique  (Cecconi and Zarka, 2005). It should be noted that the inversion used here is operating in a slightly different coordinate system than proposed in  Cecconi and Zarka (2005) , but we verified that our results agree with the N3b data set which is directly accessible from the Meudon data server  (Cecconi et al.
Acknowledgments The Cassini/RPWS/HFR LESIA/Kronos  N2  (level 2) data collection has been produced by  B. Cecconi ,  L. Lamy & P. Zarka , from the  Observatoire de Paris/LESIA  Cassini-RPWS team, with the support of  CNRS  and  CNES  (Cecconi et al. , 2017a). Cassini trajectory data are provided by the  Cassini RPWS Team page  at http://cassini. physics. uiowa. edu/cassini/team/team. html and by the Cassini/RPWS/HFR LESIA/Kronos data repository at https://lesia. obspm. fr/kronos/data/. A list of all identified Faraday rotation events can be accessed at https://doi. org/10. 25935/R11G-6J63  (Taubenschuss et al. , 2021). This work has been done partly within the LABEX PLAS@ PAR  project, and received financial state aid managed by the '' Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France '', as part of the '' Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir''  under the reference  ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02.
2) MICROSTRUCTURE DATA Along the same transects as the CTD/LADCP sections, profiles of turbulent microstructure were acquired with a Rockland Scientific International (RSI) Vertical Microstructure Profiler 6000. These profiles spanned nearly the full water column, ending approximately 50 m from the seabed. A limited number of profiles sampled within the bottom 50 m, providing information on turbulent parameters very close to the seabed. The rates of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and of temperature variance were calculated using standard methods from  Oakey (1982)  (see Naveira  Garabato et al. 2019). A correction for the attenuated high-frequency, greater than 15 Hz, portions of the temperature spectra was applied, using the Kraichnan spectrum  (Bogucki et al. 2012).
Daily averages are calculated both for this velocity, and for temperatures, salinities and pressures of each instrument. In cases where pressure is not measured, it is interpolated from surrounding instruments, based on the deployment depths of the instruments. For each instrument that does not measure conductivity but does measure temperature, a salinity is calculated as a linear function of temperature, using the two nearest instruments with salinity data, if these are both within 150 m of the instrument. If this is not possible, they are calculated using all measured temperature and salinity data from the pertinent deployment. For each day, the rotated current speed, temperature, and salinity are interpolated bilinearly onto a regular grid at an approximate resolution of 345 m horizontally and 8 m vertically.
A low-pass filter (fifth-order Chebyshev Type I with 400-m cutoff wavelength) is then applied to the data in the vertical. Any data interpolated farther than the distance between two adjacent moorings are removed, and data are extended to the seabed (using the dataset of Abrahamsen 2019), by repeating the deepest data point. Neutral densities are then calculated using the code from  Jackett and McDougall (1997). For those positions where the shallowest measurements are less dense than g 5 28. 26 kg m 23 , the density profiles are extrapolated upward up to this value based on neutral density gradients from CTD casts. The shallowest current measurements are repeated to bring them up to this level.
The volume transport within a density bin of width Dg centered on g is given by C lat 5 ðð g1(Dg/2) g2(Dg/2) U across ›z ›x, (17) where U across is the velocity normal to the section, with positive flow toward the Scotia Sea. This transport is evaluated by interpolating the CTD/LADCP profiles of neutral density and horizontal velocity onto a grid with horizontal and vertical spacings of 250 and 2 m. First, each individual profile is averaged in 2-m vertical bins. Prior to horizontal interpolation, the velocity in bottom triangles between profiles is dealt with by extending the bottom velocity in each profile. The data are then horizontally linearly interpolated between the profiles and grid positions deeper than the local topography, given by a merged swath and General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) product  (Abrahamsen 2019) , are removed.
This buoyancy flux can be compared to the TKE dissipation rate from the microstructure shear observations to estimate the dissipation ratio [Eq. (  8 )]. We conduct this calculation for the deep-water layers in the Orkney Deep, using 200-m vertical bins. Additionally, we exclude regions where the temperaturesalinity diagram is not linear or exhibits large spread, so as to avoid the scenario in which the temperature variance budget is substantially modified by isoneutral stirring. This selection was performed using visual inspection, and yielded a total of 85 estimates of the dissipation ratio. The buoyancy flux diagnosed from the microstructure data spans several orders of magnitude, from B f 5 10 211 to 10 27 W kg 21 (Fig. 7b ). The same range is also seen in the TKE dissipation rate averaged in the same bins.
For example, considering the ALR dataset around the downstream end of the Orkney Deep, there is a region to the east of 42812 0 W in which TKE dissipation (and thus buoyancy flux) increases, from 5 10 29 to 10 27 W kg 21 , on the shallower isobaths (Fig. 9b ). This results in a cross-slope gradient in the buoyancy flux that maps onto the gradient in near-bottom neutral density, from g 5 28. 28 kg m 23 at a depth of 2000 m to g 5 28. 33 kg m 23 at 3000 m (Fig. 9a ). Substituting these gradients in (7) implies an upwelling velocity of w mix 5 24 3 10 24 m s 21. If we now assume that this process acts on a 500-m-thick layer (Fig. 2 ) along the 200-km-long southern flank of the Orkney Deep, a lightening of G mix 5 20. 04 Sv is obtained. This is weaker than the transformation associated with the curvature of isoneutrals, but is similar in magnitude to the effects of bottomintensified mixing and hypsometry.
Acknowledgments. CS, ACNG, AF, and EFW were supported by the  U. K. Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)  Grant  NE/K013181/1. ACNG was supported by the  Royal Society and Wolfson Foundation. EPA and CEB were supported by  NERC  Grant  NE/K012843/1. CEB was funded by an  MSCA  grant (No. 798319 ) from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 program. EPA was supported by  NERC  Grant  NE/N018095/1. SL and KP were supported by  U. S. National Science Foundation  Grants  OCE-1536453  and  OCE-1536779. SL acknowledges support of Award  NA18OAR4320123  from the  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , or the  U.
generalized concern about the precarious state of society, has arisen. Literature shows that collectively experienced situations can motivate people to help each other. Since societal discontent is conceptualized as a collective phenomenon, we argue that it could influence intention to help others, particularly those who suffer from coronavirus. Thus, in the present study, we aimed (a) to explore the relationship between societal discontent and intention to help at the individual level and (b) to investigate a possible moderating effect of societal discontent at the country level on this relationship. To fulfil our purposes, we used data collected in 42 countries (N = 61,734) from the PsyCorona Survey, a cross-national longitudinal study. Results of multilevel analysis showed that, when societal discontent is experienced by the entire community, individuals dissatisfied with society are more prone to help others.