dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Given our selection criteria, we only extracted and analyzed data from the training phase. Results from  Horton and Spieler (2007)  are discussed below with the question of normal aging. Yoon and Brown-Schmidt (2014 , 2018 , 2019)  used the number of words, the dysfluencies-hedges (latency before the utterance, use of try markers, lengthening on the definite article), and the reconceptualization (use of different descriptive words across trials) to assess common ground. These studies illustrated how speakers can distinguish the different common ground they share with different partners, and how they tend to adapt utterances to the least-knowledgeable partner when they engage in multiparty conversations. Overall, the common ground measures showed a pattern of results similar to that obtained in the standard matching tasks.
Immunochromatographic assay The malaria RDT used in the study was PALUTOP ® + 4 OPTIMA (Biosynex, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France), which detects three antigens of human malaria, Pf HRP-2 (histidine rich protein-2) specific to P. falciparum, pLDH (lactate dehydrogenase) specific to P. vivax, and Pan-pLDH common to all Plasmodium species (pan species). Test strips were extracted for quantitative reading using the FUSION FX chemiluminescent imaging system and the ImageQuant TL software (Witec AG, Sursee, Switzerland). The possible result scenarios described by the supplier are the following: the test is considered as invalid if the internal control band remains negative. In the presence of a positive internal control band, the test result is considered as negative if all the other bands are negative.
The data fitting procedure has been already used in previous papers  [15, 16]. After recording the raw data with ELIO, the spectra files were opened in the Artax 7. 4. 0. 0 (Bruker, AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) software. For the data treatment process, the studied objects were considered as infinitely thick samples. Before evaluating the analysis data, all of the spectra were imported, and a new method file was created via "Method Editor" of Artax for an applied voltage of 50 kV and current of 80 µA. The corresponding major (e. g. , K, Ca), minor (e. g. , Fe, Ti, Co, As), and trace elements (e. g. , Ag, Bi, etc. ) were added to the Periodic Table. For the correction, escape and background options were selected in the Method Editor, and 10 cycles of iteration were selected, starting from 0.
Then, these normalized data were plotted in the ternary scattering plots drawn for the interpretation and discussion of the results with the software Statistica 13. 5. 0. 17 (TIBCO Software Inc. , Palo Alto, CA, USA). The choice of representing our results with ternary diagrams results in the fact that they allow us to compare, by associations of elements, certain characteristics of the enamels such as their silicate matrix and their colorants used by the craftsmen. The interest in visualizing the distribution of data in ternary diagrams is twofold. Firstly, it allows us to observe potential clusters of points and thus to associate one or more samples with each other. Secondly, these clusters, depending on their distribution within a ternary diagram, can be associated with a type of composition, a recipe/technique, or even a source depending on the elements being compared.
For example, the Pb-Ca-K ternary diagram combines the major fluxes analyzed by pXRF and will thus allow us to define the different types of silicate matrices used in the enamels. In addition, the determination of a concentration %wt (which can be done by the ARTAX software) does not make sense because the enamel decoration is very heterogeneous (superposition of layers of variable thickness between a few tens and hundreds of µm containing variable distributions of pigments and coloring agent). This problem has been discussed in previous works  [15, 16, 69]  and the repeatability measurements on reference shards showed that the variability was primarily a function of the intrinsic multi-scale heterogeneity (from micron to cm) of the painted decorations  [70]. The data fitting procedure has been already used in previous papers  [15, 16].
After recording the raw data with ELIO, the spectra files were opened in the Artax 7. 4. 0. 0 (Bruker, AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) software. For the data treatment process, the studied objects were considered as infinitely thick samples. Before evaluating the analysis data, all of the spectra were imported, and a new method file was created via "Method Editor" of Artax for an applied voltage of 50 kV and current of 80 µA. The corresponding major (e. g. , K, Ca), minor (e. g. , Fe, Ti, Co, As), and trace elements (e. g. , Ag, Bi, etc. ) were added to the Periodic Table. For the correction, escape and background options were selected in the Method Editor, and 10 cycles of iteration were selected, start-   1  for details).
Towards a Semi-Quantitative Comparison We underlined in the experimental part the problem of the variability of the depth probed by the X-ray photons according to their energy  [68, 69] , penetration depth being able to be much lower (light elements) or much higher (heavy elements) than the thickness of the layer of colored enamel  [69]. Only for the transition metals are the characteristic peaks located in an energy range inducing a penetration of the same order of magnitude as the standard painted enamel layer (100-200 µm)  [10, 31]. In addition, by nature, a painted enamel decoration is heterogeneous in a chromophore in the three directions of the colored layer and this for lower scales or of the order of magnitude of visual acuity (a few microns)  [67]. Unlike 'solid' glass objects (crockery, stained glass) or thick 'monochrome' enamel layers-a layer of celadon enamel can exceed several millimeters  [19, 59] -the concept of composition therefore makes no sense for painted enamels and we have proposed a particular procedure for comparing enameling techniques, the comparison of the localization of the characteristic signals of the different chemical elements (after correction of the continuous background as possible for example with the Artax data processing software) in ternary diagrams relevant to the raw material composition and ceramic process  [15, 16].
It is difficult to know if the distribution towards the Cu at the top is caused by the contribution of the metallic substrate for the artifacts R958 and R975. The two groups identified in Figure  6  for the Sr diagram normalized by Rb, Y and Zr are found and the alignment of the data showing the defined Y/Sr ratio is clear, the golden and white colors being richer in Rb while the enamels of objects R1045, R1048, R1175, R1177 and TH487 (all of the Yongzheng period) are 'richer' in yttrium. characterized by a higher optical index than that of the silicate matrix; these phases must be very chemically stable so as not to be attacked, dissolved by the enamel in fusion during firing), or forming on cooling from the saturation of certain elements of the molten enamel. We will first consider the ternary diagrams regarding elements having the role of a flux, that is to say lowering the melting point, controlling the viscosity, etc.
Enameling Technology The Pb-K-Ca diagram normalized to the Si signal and the Y-Rb-Sr diagram illustrate that the high temperature underglaze decorations are concentrated towards the Ca/Si apex (Ming and Yuan) and the lead-rich enamels towards the apex Pb/Si (essentially Qing enamels). Added to this is a number of enamels of objects from the mnaa-Guimet collection, roughly aligned along a similar K/Ca ratio. This might indicate glazes prepared with mixed Pb-Ca-K fluxes, glazes of variable thickness, the measurement of lead being made on a high thickness, or the effect of the pollution of the surface of the glazes during the firing of the overglaze explaining why all the underglaze marks appear in the lower part of the diagram. We find a similar configuration for the Y-Rb-Sr diagram. On this diagram, we have also plotted the data for French soft-paste porcelain decorations  [30].
However, mirror-image studies have generally enrolled small study populations (46-850 patients) from a single center or database  [6] [7] [8] [9]. Nationwide cohort studies carried out in Finland and Sweden have tried to address these limitations and have shown that LAIs enhance compliance and improve clinical outcomes and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia  [11] [12] [13] [14]. As a consequence, many guidelines advocate LAIs for improving adherence to AP medication  [15, 16]. These recommendations are challenged by a persistent medication non-adherence rate of approximately 50% attested by recent studies  [17, 18] , leading to an increased risk of relapse and hospitalization with consequent increases in healthcare resource utilization and costs, and adverse effects on patient quality of life  [6, 19, 20].
We present results from a study combining the advantages of a population-based database and a mirror-image design (to our knowledge, the first population-based study of its kind). This study aimed to evaluate the real-life effectiveness of firstand secondgeneration LAIs in reducing psychiatric hospitalizations and ED admissions in patients with schizophrenia. Our secondary objectives were to determine whether LAIs are more effective than oral forms in all age classes, in both genders and in noncompliant and compliant patients. We hypothesized that second-generation LAIs would outperform oral APs in reducing psychiatric hospitalizations and ED admissions, especially in non-compliant patients.
Study design, data sources and population This was a nationwide mirror-image study of patients with schizophrenia treated with LAIs enrolled in the French National Health Data System (SNDS) between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2017. Within this study duration, a mirror-image analysis was performed to compare endpoints during a minimum follow-up period of one year before and one year after LAI initiation (1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016) using matched data for each patient (i. e. , each individual acted as their own control). The SNDS contains comprehensive, individualized and anonymized data on health spending reimbursements for most individuals living in France  [24]. The SNDS includes beneficiary data on sociodemographic, medical, hospital admissions and treatment delivery data from the French Health Insurance Database (SNIIRAM) and the Programme pour la Médicalisation du Système d'Information/Program for the Medicalization of the Information System (PMSI)  [24] [25] [26].
Inclusion criteria. Eligible patients were identified in a four-stage selection process as the identification of patients solely based on treatment is not sufficient to distinguish between schizophrenia and other conditions for which APs may have been administered. In the initial selection stage, patients with schizophrenia were identified based on the criteria of an active long-term disorder during the study with an international classification of diseases -10th revision (ICD-10) diagnostic code of F2. X for schizophrenia (and related disorders) (Table  S1 ); and/or at least one hospital stay in the Medical/Surgical/Gynaecological-Obstetrics (MCO; subsequently referred to as non-psychiatric hospitalization) sector with a main diagnosis (MD) or related diagnosis indicative of schizophrenia; and/ or at least one hospital stay with an MD or associated diagnosis indicative of schizophrenia in the Psychiatric Hospital Discharge Database (RIM-P; classified as part-time, full-time or outpatient status); and at least 3 deliveries (on different dates; between 2012 and 2017) of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/ATC class N05A 'antipsychotic agents' (except N05AN/lithium).
In the second stage, patients with schizophrenia identified at initial selection were eligible for inclusion in the study if they had started LAI therapy between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2016 (to allow assessment of the patient in the year preceding starting LAI therapy and at least one year follow-up). Initiation of a LAI treatment was specified by no reimbursement for any LAI in the 3 years preceding the delivery of the given LAI. The index date was defined as the first date on which the LAI was dispensed. The third stage involved selection of patients with schizophrenia who were alive and with ≥1 year of data before and after the index date. Only patients aged ≥18 years were included in the final selection stage. Exclusion criteria. Patients who were under 18 years of age at the index date and insufficiently recognizable as an individual (e.
Data collection Data relating to sociodemographic characteristics (age classes: 18-34, 35-49 and ≥50 years; gender; low socio-economic level (defined by the additional French Universal Health Cover (Couverture maladie universelle/ CMU) that is provided for the poorest 10% of households in France  [27] ); comorbidities (smoking, alcohol, or substance addiction, Charlson Comorbidity score: 0, 1-2, ≥3); characteristics of hospital stay (origin of the patient: home, transfer from other hospital, emergency ward); category of care; and initiation of LAIs were extracted from the SNDS database.
In 2017, the proportion of incident LAI users among the French population in the SNDS was estimated to be between 31,400 and 42,000 (for all indications including schizophrenia and bipolar disorders). The four-stage selection process for eligibility described above was applied to this population of incident LAI users to arrive at a finalized sample. Analyses were performed using the software SAS® Enterprise Guide v7. 4 (SAS Institute North Carolina, USA).
Additionally, other nationwide studies conducted in Finland, Sweden, Korea and the USA have also reported benefits of first-generation or second-generation (olanzapine, risperidone or paliperidone) LAIs on healthcare resource utilization outcomes, which reported 22-64% lower risks of rehospitalization with LAIs than with oral APs  [17, 32, 33]. It should be noted that most of these studies (except  [6, 8, 30] ) were conducted in an earlier dataset (pre-2013) that predated aripiprazole LAI approval. Overall, nationwide studies seem to report lower effectiveness of LAI initiation compared with clinical trials, probably due to less stringent selection criteria. However, LAIs remain effective in reducing psychiatric acute care utilization, which is a priority to reduce the burden of schizophrenia for the patients, their relatives and for the healthcare professionals.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was sponsored by  Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization Inc. and H. Lundbeck A/S. The sponsors were involved in the design of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing and reviewing of the article, and the decision to submit the article for publication. The authors take full responsibility for the content of this paper. Writing support was provided by  Martin Gilmour  of  Empowering Strategic Performance (ESP) Ltd, Crowthorne, UK  and funded by  Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization Inc. and  H. Lundbeck , in accordance with Good Publication Practice 3 (GPP3) guidance. The authors thank the  Caisse Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie (CNAM, Demex team)  for SNDS data extraction and provision.
The results demonstrate that the proposed modeling method facilitates the formalization and validation of the reconstruction problem and increases solutions performances. As result, we present a digital twin framework application ranging from acquisition to data processing that informs a successful hybrid reconstruction hypothesis. A scientific action for the restoration of Notre-Dame. April 15th, 2019: Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris was burning, the spire collapsed on the last two spans of the nave and most of the timber roof was gone above the vaulted ceilings (Fig. 1 ). The day after the Notre-Dame fire, the rebuilding work of the cathedral was organized separately from the scientific research on Notre-Dame: at stake was the gathering of new data in the field while allowing the work of rebuilding and restoration to be done in the shortest time frame.
By highlighting the potential and the limits of a digital twin driven approach within the framework of the architectural heritage restoration, this paper documents the results of a collaborative experiment between the Digital Data and Stone working groups to address the reconstruction of a collapsed part of the nave vaulted ceiling to the pre-disaster state. The uniqueness of the reconstruction question of the Notre-Dame transverse arch lies in the particular case where most of the voussoir elements of the transverse arch are available for study. Surprisingly enough, most of them were not destroyed during the fire or their fall. Hence, if the reconstruction can be compared to a jigsaw puzzle, in this case, only few puzzle pieces are missing. From the total of 79 fallen voussoir elements, 76 are identified from the remains, and 71 have been analyzed at the time of this paper's publication (Fig.
The digital twin has progressively been built following the development of the expert processes for the reconstruction in 4 methodological facets: physical anastylosis, reverse engineering, spatiotemporal annotation of remains, and operational research (Fig. 3 ). In the course of the cultural heritage building full lifecycle (Fig. 4 ), these facets emerged and were assembled  8  , the links between the physical and digital assets  have been created at every step to strengthen the digital twin consistency. The knowledge continuity is sustained over the lifecycle with a graph database driven by a core ontology and pattern oriented. Below, we outline the methods that we used to address the reconstruction question: the heritage digital twin application experiment allows us to mimic the design of the voussoir components and of the building, as well as their interaction in the digital realm (section "Iterative digital twin modeling in cultural heritage in unpredictable context").
This hybrid hypothesis is only possible thanks to the knowledge continuity in the digital twin application framework (section "Knowledge continuity, data modeling and management"). Then we will then present the results of the digital twin experimentation and the hybrid hypothesis reconstruction (section "From physical anastylosis empirical predicates to operational research decision making"). We present the methodological reconstruction facets of the digital twin experiment through the operational research lense and propose an analysis of the final results. We conclude with a discussion on the use of digital twins for case studies in cultural heritage (sections "Discussion" and "Conclusion"). Although our digital twin is specific to our reconstruction research question in Notre-Dame, we discuss the potential use of digital twin application for building knowledge in heritage science.
e. a core ontology. We outline the capacity of the latter to describe data provenance, physical and digital entities, and different granularities of spatio-temporal relations. We use the CIDOC CRM, a standard core ontology applicable for cultural heritage documentation  40. Pattern making is a bottom-up modeling approach centered on the data and events, webbing a cohesive cluster of information around it and maintaining loose links with the existing clusters in the graph. Three mechanisms of extension allows flexibility and instantiation of the pattern as a data structure: (a) instantiation of the classes of the core ontology using a poly-hierarchy of types from a controlled vocabulary structured in SKOS; (b) opportunist insertion of domain ontology classes to specify the semantics of a data mapped to the core ontology; (c) ontological extensions and profile application such as CRMsci, CRMdig, CRMcr for CIDOC CRM.
Conclusion The capacity to recover from a traumatic event for a cultural heritage monument is a crucial point for its conservation. This paper showed that an application of the digital twin framework for cultural heritage can solve the related reconstruction questions and support reactive monitoring. This contributed to a dynamic shift from static information management to an adaptive workflow following the information production. It first identified valid conceptual basis (digital twin) to base upon an iterative modeling method. Then we detailed the harmonization of 4 complementary viewpoints on the reconstruction problem-as a representation, as a hierarchical system, as data provenance, as an optimisation problem-in a hybrid hypothesis. We obtained a quantitative and uncertainty ascertained solution for the reconstruction of the transverse arch of the nave of Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral from its fallen and fragmented components with more than 73% of confidence.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the project  Repérage  and funded by the  Fondation des Sciences du Patrimoine, France. The authors wish to acknowledge the help and collaborative support from: the chief architects of historical monuments in charge,  Philippe Villeneuve ,  Pascal Prunet  and  Rémi Fromont , the  Établissement public chargé de la conservation et de la restauration de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris (RNDP) , and the heritage conservators. The authors thank the numerous scientific partners and collaborators, with special recognition for the Stone and Digital Data workgroups; particularly,  Véronique Vergès-Belmin  from the  Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques ,  Dorothée Chaoui-Derieux  from the  Service Régional d' Archéologie of the Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles d'Île de France ,  Cédric Moulis  from the HisCant-MA laboratory,  Violette Abergel  from the  MAP-ARIA , and  Marco Callieri  at VCL of  CNR-ISTI.
With the largest genomic dataset to date of Bantu-speaking populations, including newly generated data of modern-day and ancient DNA from previously unsampled regions in Africa, we shed fresh light on the expansion of peoples speaking Bantu languages that started ~4000 years ago in western Africa. We have genotyped 1,740 participants, including 1,487 Bantu speakers from 143 populations across 14 African countries, and generated whole-genome sequences from 12 Late Iron Age individuals. Our results show that Bantu speakers received significant gene-flow from local groups in regions they expanded into. We show for the first time that genetic diversity amongst Bantu-speaking populations declines with distance from western Africa, with current-day Zambia and the DRC as possible crossroads of interaction.
A better representation of populations across the landscape is needed to make in-depth inferences about the routes and modalities of their large spread. To investigate the demographic history, migration patterns, and admixture dynamics of BSP in detail, we have generated a novel genome-wide genotype dataset of 1,740 individuals (Table. S 1), encompassing 1,487 Bantu-speaking individuals and 253 other African individuals, from 143 populations spanning 14 sub-Saharan African countries (Fig. 1a , Fig. S  1. 2). The genotyped dataset includes 117 populations that to our knowledge were not included in previous genomic studies. Our dataset encompasses populations speaking languages belonging to most major branches of the Bantu language family 14 : north-western (2 NW-BSP), west-western (7 WW-BSP), south-western (13 SW-BSP plus the Damara, a Khoe-Kwadi speaking population from Namibia with a genetic profile shared with BSP), and eastern (44 E-BSP) group.
In addition, we have generated genomic data for 12 ancient individuals from Late Iron Age sites of south-central and southern Africa (present-day Zambia and South Africa), spanning 97-688 years before present (BP). This dataset provides a comprehensive representation of sub-Saharan Africa's genetic landscape. We have used allele-frequency and haplotype-based methods, genetic diversity summary statistics, and spatial modeling to gain a better understanding of the demographic history of BSP and to shed new light on complex patterns of migration, admixture and human history in Africa.