dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data Data were collected in two stages. The first one took place 4 days after the earthquake and was a field trip to prepare the interview stage. It enabled observations on participation to be made, authorities to be contacted and visual material (photographs and videos) to be produced in the immediate post-crisis period. The second stage was made 9 months after the event to carry out interviews. We carried out 20 interviews of Lorca residents using qualitative enquiries focusing on how people had reacted during the crisis  (Ruin et al. , 2013). As we already pointed out, other similar works are based on the same number of individuals  (Mishima et al. , 2014). In all we interviewed 8 men and 12 women aged 24 to 80, 9 of them with dependent children. We used snowball sampling techniques while seeking the widest possible diversity of spatial situations despite the limited number of respondents.
As in other studies, respondents were required to fulfil two conditions: to be residents of Lorca and to have been present in Lorca during the earthquake  (Prati et al. , 2012). The interviews enabled us to describe and map all the journeys each respondent made between the first shock (11 May 2011 at 17:05 LT, local time) and the evacuation of the city. A great deal of spatial parameters can influence people's behaviour, such as place of residence, workplace and the situation when the first and second shocks occurred. Following more conventional vulnerability parameters noted in the literature, we also attempted to obtain a diversity of respondents in terms of age and gender  (Cutter et al. , 2000). From this sample group we collected a database of 229 activities and 115 journeys which had occurred during the seismic crisis period.
To collect data we adapted an interview grid originally developed for the analysis of mobility behaviour during flash floods  (Ruin et al. , 2013). The grid was based on a chronological scale on which time is split into a succession of places or positions and journeys. For each of these we asked about a number of qualitative details linked to a precise space and time for each respondent. We thus collected addresses, timetables and details of the activities undertaken and with whom. For journeys we noted the means of transport, how and why itineraries may have been modified (such as a detour to see the state of a property) and abnormal characteristics of itineraries such as traffic jams. This grid allowed us to work with precise time schedules ("I remember calling my son at 08:14") or durations by default ("I don't know what time I got there but I usually do this trip in 15 min").
Acknowledgements. The authors thank the  Rhône-Alpes region , research cluster no. 6, Environment (2011)(2012)(2013), which funded this work. We also thank all the people we met during our field surveys and who gave their time to answer our questions. Finally many thanks to  J. -L. Pinel  who translated this document from  French into English , and  P. Fletcher  who revised the modified version. Edited by: O. Katz Reviewed by: two anonymous referees.
The atmospheric deposition of mercury (Hg) occurs via several mechanisms, including dry and wet scavenging by precipitation events. In an effort to understand the atmospheric cycling and seasonal depositional characteristics of Hg, wet deposition samples were collected for approximately 5 years at 17 selected GMOS monitoring sites located in the Northern and Southern hemispheres in the framework of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project. Total mercury (THg) exhibited annual and seasonal patterns in Hg wet deposition samples. Interannual differences in total wet deposition are mostly linked with precipitation volume, with the greatest deposition flux occurring in the wettest years. This data set provides a new insight into baseline concentrations of THg concentrations in precipitation worldwide, particularly in regions such as the Southern Hemisphere and tropical areas where wet deposition as.
, 2007; Selin, 2009; Zhang and Wright, 2009)  in several regions of the world. Although a number of monitoring stations have been in fact established to better understand the impact of Hg wet deposition on ecosystems in many countries in the Northern Hemisphere  (Wängberg et al. , 2007; Prestbo and Gay, 2009; Sanei et al. , 2010) , the tropical zone and the Southern Hemisphere were particularly lacking in wet deposition data available, in terms of concentrations and deposition Hg fluxes. To address this concern, seasonal and annual variations of Hg wet deposition and concentration at 17 ground-based sites in the Northern and Southern hemispheres were monitored as a part of GMOS (http://www. gmos. eu). Here, an overview of the seasonal/annual Hg wet deposition patterns across the 17 sites is presented, briefly examining meteorological/climatological conditions, as well as indicators of anthropogenic air mass sources and/or atmospheric chemical conditions in relation to Hg wet deposition results observed.
, 1995; UNI, 2010) , where it also has been highlighted that utilizing clean handling and analysis technique is equivalent to using a wet-only sampler in remote areas, and/or areas not subject to large amounts of anthropogenic emission sources, as is the case in most of the GMOS groundbased sites. Within GMOS, special attention was paid with respect to protocol harmonization, data quality collection, and data management in order to assure a full comparability of site-specific observational data sets. During the imple-F. Sprovieri et al. :  Five-year records of mercury wet deposition flux at GMOS sites mentation stage of the GMOS global network, harmonized standard operating procedures (SOPs) as well as common quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) protocols have been addressed  (Munthe et al.
e. , Ny-Ålesund -NYA, Norway; Pallas -PAL, Finland) to south in the Northern Hemisphere (i. e. , Råö -RAO, Sweden; Mace Head -MHE, Ireland; Listvyanka -LIS, Russia; Col Margherita -CMA, Italy; Longobucco -LON, Italy). At the Chinese sites, as well as at lower latitude (i. e. , tropical area and Southern Hemisphere), no northsouth spatial trend has been observed. However, it is important to point out that the sites in the Southern Hemisphere are limited in number compared to those in the Northern Hemisphere and the data coverage is less complete for each year considered. This makes detailed evaluation of spatial trends at the southern sites difficult. In addition, apart from CPT, no historical records of THg deposition exist for the new stations established in the GMOS project. The geographical trend observed at the European stations with higher deposition of Hg in southern sites than in the north is in line with emission patterns with the main source areas in central and eastern Europe.
Chinese stations China has been regarded as one of the largest atmospheric Hg emission sources region in the world  (Streets et al. , 2005; Wu et al. , 2006). However, limited monitoring sites and data are available to understand Hg deposition patterns in China. Few previous measurements of THg deposition in China have been conducted in remote areas like Mt. Fanjing  (Xiao et al. , 1998) , Mt. Leigong  (Fu et al. , 2010) , Wujiang River basin  (Guo et al. , 2008) , and Mt. Gongga  (Fu et al. , 2008 (Fu et al. , , 2010) )  in southwestern China, as well as at MCH  (Wan et al. , 2009)  in northeastern China. In order to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of THg at the three GMOS Asian stations, all measurements performed from 2011 to 2014 at MCH, MWA, and MAL were grouped by season and by site.
At BAR, the highest precipitation amounts in 2014 and 2015 were collected during the fall and winter seasons and decreased in spring when the highest THg concentrations occurred (see Figs. 12  and 14 ). Therefore, the seasonal THg wet deposition peaked in spring and decreased during the cold seasons (Fig. 13 ). It is necessary to point out, however, that in both 2014 and 2015 at BAR very few samples have been recorded in fall and summer (Tables  S1-S4 ). This means that further measurements and studies are needed to draw any conclusion and improve our understanding of deposition processes and oxidation mech- anisms in this region. There are very few previous observations of Hg wet deposition in the Southern Hemisphere, and this makes difficult any comparison of data recorded during GMOS. The results observed at the four southern GMOS sites highlighted that the magnitude of wet deposition is affected by two main factors: amount of precipitation and the THg concentration in precipitation influenced by soluble Hg species (oxidized Hg) in the atmosphere.
Conclusions Mercury deposition measurements are critical for constructing an accurate global Hg budget and modeling the benefits or consequences of changes in Hg emissions, for example, as prescribed by the Minamata Convention. The scarce availability of long-term wet Hg deposition data for calibration or validation of models could cause uncertainties in modeling applications to assess the influence of local emission sources. A synthesis of available Hg measurements in precipitation from selected GMOS ground-based sites is presented, including trends and seasonal cycles. Wet deposition samples were collected for approximately 5 years, from 2011 to 2015, at 17 selected GMOS monitoring sites located in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, as well as in the tropical area. In the Northern Hemisphere, and specifically at the European stations, a geographical trend with an increase in THg wet deposition from north to south has been observed.
These findings are in good agreement with the geographical distribution of atmospheric Hg data obtained during the same period within the GMOS network with a downward gradient from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere. At the other GMOS monitoring sites in the Northern Hemisphere (i. e. , Chinese sites), as well as those at lower latitude (i. e. , tropical area and Southern Hemisphere) no north-south spatial trend has conversely been observed. Annual and seasonal patterns in Hg wet deposition are clearly evident at all GMOS sites, implying a significant dependence on meteorological conditions throughout the years. Most of the ground-based sites report, in particular, Hg deposition strongly influenced by the precipitation amounts. In the Northern Hemisphere, interannual differences in THg wet deposition are mostly linked with precipitation volume, with the greatest deposition flux occurring in the wettest years, whereas at the sites located at lower latitude and in the Southern Hemisphere the relationship between precipitation amount and deposition was not as evident as in the north.
It is however necessary to point out the need to expand the global network particularly in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere regions in order to provide more information throughout long-term monitoring activities. As a starting point of a global network, these results provide a set of data for modeling applications to fully understand THg wet deposition patterns as well as the transformation and deposition mechanisms of atmospheric Hg. With broad geographic coverage, including background and remote sites as well as local or regional sources, GMOS's observation network gives important insights to modeling applications to evaluate future Hg trends and their fate and transport on a global scale. The results of THg wet deposition carried out in this study open the way for new avenues in future modeling studies as well as highlight the need for additional and integrated measurements in ambient air and rainwater samples to improve our understanding of deposition processes and oxidation mechanisms.
Acknowledgements. This work was funded by the  FP7  (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project. We thank all GMOS external partners for providing high-quality controlled wet deposition measurements as well as all the site operators for the GMOS global network. Aurélien Dommergue ,  Olivier Magand , and  Helene Angot  thank the  French Polar Institute IPEV  (program 1028, GMOStral), the  LEFE CNRS/INSU  (program SAMOA), and the overwintering crew at Amsterdam Island. The  CNR-IIA  research staff also thanks  F. Cofone ,  A. Servidio , and  A. Rosselli  for their technical support for the laboratory work carried out on the samples from  AMS, LON, CMA , and the Mexican stations. Edited by: A. Dastoor Reviewed by:  M. Cohen  and two anonymous referees.
The material investigated herein mostly belongs to several very old collections (e. g. , de Ryckholt, de Koninck, and Dewalque), of which the exact provenance is rarely known as is also the case for the stratigraphic level, although it is possible to constrain it with recent data (information are provided below). It is the reason for which we only indicate 'Tournai area' for the type locality of new species based on material from these old collections (see comment below). The material from Tournai is from the Tournai Formation of Tournaisian age comprising dark, thin-bedded, siliceous, and argillaceous limestones with shaly and marly intercalations and with abundant chert nodules at some levels (Figure  4 ). Most of the specimens from Tournai were collected in pocket solutions in which the specimens were silicified, but precise location and stratigraphic levels are generally lacking (see discussion in  Demanet, 1958).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The SEM images of the brachiopods were taken at the  Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences at Brussels  by  J. Cillis. We thank  N. Monaghan  and  M. A. Parkes  who provided access to the collections of the  National Museum of Ireland (Dublin). V. Fischer  is thanked for the loan of the material curated at the  University of Liège. The manuscript benefited from the thorough reviews of  F. Alvarez  and an anonymous reviewer, and from the editiorial help of  C. Haug.
During the earlier 'dithering phase', the density increases marginally and T e ped cools down, degrading the pedestal pressure and leading to a reduction of the confinement and of the stored energy. Shortly before the H-L back transition during the late dithers a strong altering of the stored energy as well as a density drop by 15% have been observed, followed by the l -mode phase. The duration of the dithering phase varies between the discharges in the database from 0. 1 s to over 0. 5 s. Systematically the dithering cycles, which replaced the type I ELMs, have been observed in the configurations with both strike points on the vertical targets, where the sequence of H-L-H transitions followed the type I ELMs phase, and only occasionally or with very short duration of the dithering phases in the configuration with the outer strike point positioned on the horizontal divertor plate.
The recording of cultural heritage objects' data and information is constructed throughout the registration of different media items, which function as an anchor of the original object in digital space. The article investigates the application of a theoretical framework for the organization of information related to the visual works, on the base of the identity of their single constituent elements. The framework is, then, used for the formalization of an ontology which is constructed as an extension of CIDOC-CRM. The result is tested with information gathered over the Asinou Church in Cyprus, expressed throughout an ontology for recording propositions over the iconographical attributes and the characteristic of images.
While exposing the Zeri Photo the authors developed two ontologies (F Entry ontology and OA ontology) to map data coming from two Italian standards developedbythe Istituto Centrale perilCatalogoe la Documentazione (or Central Institute for the Cat-aloguing and Documentation in English), the Scheda di Fotografia (or Photography Entry in English), and Scheda Opera d' Arte (or Work of Art Entry in English). The two ontologies were mapped with CIDOC-CRM, as well as Historical Context Ontology (HiCO)  (Daquino & Tomasi, 2015) , Publishing Roles Ontology (PRO)  (Peroni, Shotton, & Vitali, 2012) , and FRBRaligned Bibliographic Ontology (FaBIO)  (Per-oni & Shotton, 2012) , which guarantee the possibility to add information related to respectively the prove-nance of assertions, the roles of the agents dealing with the artworks and the position of the object in rela-tion to the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) model.
Their link to a specific character would help define his identity in a specific time/space on the base of the recorded elements. The name of the elements itself should be chosen by a prescribed source. The iconological interpretation would be instead done by the researcher using the data aggregated thanks to the type of schema which result from our work. For being functional, the above theoretical stance needstobetranslatedintoanontologicalmodelthat would ensure its applicability on a diverse range of object/situations. In order to make it compatible to the diversity of semantic resources already available, it was structured as an extension of CIDOC-CRM (2015;  Doerr, 2003) , a standard ontology in the cultural heritage domain. CIDOC-CRM is an empirically defined ontology focused on the cultural heritage domain, functioning as a framework for data integration within several cultural organizations.
Case study: Panagia Phorbiotissa, Cyprus A real-world scenario, the church of Panagia Phorbiotissa in Cyprus, would be used for testing the validity of this ontological work. The testing would rely on the collection of data gathered during the analysis of the church. This church (Figure  2 ) appearstobe,in fact, a perfect case-study for such work. Known also by the appellation of Asinou it is as rich in paintings in the interior as it is humble on the exterior. The interior walls (Figure  3 ) are covered by frescoes that range from 12th (foundation) to early 17th century, displaying a wide abundance in themes and details, which reflect the history of the country itself. This same richness allows an exploration not only of the artworks but also on the relation to the frescoes with other mural programs in Cyprus, highlighting the dialogue within the Byzantine imagery in the country, as well as abroad.
Population study From December 2015 to March 2016, all patients who had colonoscopy whatever the indication, in the university hospital of Saint-Etienne (France), were eligible for the study. Demographic data (age, sex, Tobacco status) were collected, in addition to the clinical context related to the individual risk for colorectal adenomas (sporadic, personal or familial history of CRC, inflammatory bowel disease, Lynch syndrom). A data anonymization was performed. A signed consent was required for the inclusion of each patient. This study was approved by our local ethic committee (1849323 v 0). Patients who did not accept to participate in study were excluded, as those who had history of colectomy, or a severe coagulation dysfunction. The lengthening endoscopic procedure time, related to the study, should not exceed few minutes.
Several lesions could be biopsied in the same patient. In case of small lesion (< 10 mm), removal piece was accepted for histologic and immunohistological examination related to the study. In group 2, one biopsy was performed in the right side (assay N°1) and the left side of the colon (assay N°2). The macroscopic aspect (inflammatory or normal) of the mucosa was reported by operator in the data collection set.
Electron Densities One of the characteristics of the kind of current sheets, discussed in this paper, is that the ion and electron density increases inside the sheet while the magnetic field strength decreases, like in the current sheet of the Earth's magnetotail [see, e. g. ,  Harris, 1962; McComas et al. , 1986; Runov et al. , 2005]. In Figures 4 (left panel) and 5 (left panel) the electron density as measured by MIP (black dots) and LAP (red dots) are shown. For the electron density estimates on 5 June, the LAP and MIP instruments complement each other. In the mode used here, MIP has a lower plasma density threshold of about 200 cm -3 , so no MIP data are available at lower densities. For LAP the limiting factor is the spacecraft potential. When this is very negative, LAP cannot access the full electron distribution, and so it underestimates the plasma density.
Propagated Solar Wind As there is, unfortunately, no upstream solar wind monitor at comet 67P/CG, propagation models for the solar wind are used to estimate the local conditions. Therefore, the OMNI database is used as a starting point, and the solar wind parameters are traced back from the Earth's bow shock toward the Sun and then back outward again toward comet 67P/CG, where it is assumed that the solar wind does not change during the rotation in order to reach the starting point on the surface of the Sun to reach the comet. In Figure  7  the propagated solar wind from the so-called Tao model is shown  [Tao et al. , 2005]. Clearly, comet 67P/CG is encountering many fast solar wind conditions during the 3 month interval from May to July 2015. The dashed lines in Figure  7  show the intervals for which the draping was shown in Figure  3.
5 and |ΔB| > 2 where  is the standard deviation at either side of the discontinuity  [Tsurutani and Smith, 1979]  and second, a directional change  = cos -1 (B 1 ⋅ B 2 )∕|B 1 ||B 2 | ≥ 30°where B 1 and B 2 are vectors upstream and downstream of the discontinuity  [Lepping and Behannon, 1986]. This selection was performed on 1 min average magnetic field data and at vectors 2 min apart, whereby the first criterion is less stringent than the second. It was found that the rate of occurrence of interplanetary discontinuities in the equatorial plane decreases with radial distance r from the Sun as N 1 = 38 exp{-(r -1)∕5} and N 2 = 17 exp{-(r -1)∕4} for 1 ≤ r ≤ 5 AU. In order to study the nested draping and associated current sheets in the cometary coma, the relatively "well behaved" data from June 2015 were used.
Path Planning The prediction of paths along which specific criteria (e. g. , time, energy, data collected, and/or safety) are optimized is called path planning. Traditionally, path planning has been developed for robots in complex but mostly static environments. Most planning methods are based on graphs and dynamic programming, fast marching schemes, wave front expansions, potential fields, nonlinear programming, nonlinear optimization, evolutionary algorithms, case-based reasoning, or dynamics-based approaches. Some of these methods consider uncertainties in the ocean estimates, usually by computing the deterministic plan for an ensemble of realizations. However, because ocean currents can be both highly dynamic and strong when compared to ALPS nominal speeds, many methods provide inaccurate solutions or are too expensive for real-time use with ALPS systems.
Other methods with limited or no linearizations utilize breeding, ensemble subspaces, ensemble transforms, mixed-integer programming, potential functions, or genetic algorithms. Reviews are provided in  Lermusiaux (2007)  and  Lermusiaux et al. (in press). Note that in their present usage, these methods neglect the non-Gaussian properties of the dynamics. We recently formulated a novel and rigorous framework by combining uncertainty quantification, Bayesian data assimilation, and information theory. For uncertainty predictions, we employ the variance-optimal reduced-order stochastic dynamically orthogonal (DO) equations  (Sapsis and Lermusiaux, 2009; Ueckermann et al. , 2013; Feppon and Lermusiaux, in press ). To exploit the non-Gaussian statistics, we utilize the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)-DO filter  (Sondergaard and Lermusiaux, 2013a,b)  and smoother  (Lolla and Lermusiaux, 2017a,b).