dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
It was considered that the same structure might not be appropriate for the mother and the father. Step 1 New dimensions were identi ed from qualitative work carried out by the reduced committee. The 62 items were grouped into new dimensions consistent with the theory. Items or group of items deemed to be irrelevant for measuring attachment were removed and items which posed signi cant problems in terms of comprehension were also removed. Step 2 The oor and ceiling effects of responses to the items were taken into consideration in order to select discriminating items. If at least 80% of the sample size had the maximum or minimum response level for an item, it was discussed by the reduced committee and removed if it was not essential for measuring attachment styles. Step 3 Psychometric properties were analyzed using the development group data based on the structure proposed on step 1.
Results We tested 54 horses, of which five were excluded as they had problems with habituation (i. e. , restless, or afraid of the apparatus) and nine because they did not pass the pre-test. Furthermore, two horses were excluded from the analysis because they stood slightly to the right or left of the middle of the start point, which could bias their choices towards the left or right. Ultimately, we analysed the data from 38 horses who completed the test trial. In the test trial, 25 out of the 38 horses made the correct choice, that is, choosing the knower. Overall, there was a non-significant trend that the horses would make the correct choices following the knower's pointing (chance level: 0. 5; proportion of correct choice = 0. 658, exact binomial test, P = 0. 073, n = 38). Attention loss had a significantly negative effect on the horses' performance as determined using a generalised linear model (GLM) with binomial error structure and logit link function, conducted with a likelihood ratio test (Z = -2.
Acknowledgements We thank the CRANE riding school for allowing us to use their horses and facilities. We especially thank  Tomohiko Amaya ,  Yasuhiro Yokota ,  Mitsuhiko Ota ,  Yoshiki Okada , and  Kana Hashida  of the riding school for their support. We also thank  Tamao Maeda ,  Sakiho Ochi ,  Yuri Ogasawara ,  Pandora Pinto ,  Naoko Zushi , and  Madoka Ushio  for their great help in conducting the experiments, and  Renata Mendonça  for working as a second coder on the videos. This study was financially supported by  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research  from  MEXT  (KAKENHI No. 16H06283  to  Tetsuro Matsuzawa ), and by  JSPS  (KAKENHI No. 17H05862 ,  19H00629 ,  19H05736  to  Shinya Yamamoto , No. 18K18342  to  Monamie Ringhofer ) and the "SPIRITS" grant from  Kyoto University  to  Shinya Yamamoto.
Adults with ADHD experience mental restlessness, akin to racing thoughts, but data on this symptom in ADHD remain scarce. Our study aims at investigating self-reported racing thoughts in adults with ADHD, and its relationship with affective dysregulation and insomnia. We were also interested in whether racing thoughts may aid differential diagnosis with bipolar disorder (BD). 182 adults with ADHD, 30 ADHD+BD, 31 hypomanic BD, and 20 euthymic BD patients completed the Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire (RCTQ). ADHD, anxiety, insomnia and depression symptoms, as well as affective temperament were also assessed in ADHD and ADHD+BD subjects. Results show that RCTQ scores were higher in ADHD compared to hypomania and euthymia and were associated with cyclothymic traits and anxiety. Moreover, in ADHD and ADHD+BD, racing thoughts increased in the evening and at bedtime and were associated with insomnia severity.
Participants This study draws on secondary data from the Birth to Twenty Plus (BT20+) study, a prospective birth cohort based in Soweto, a historically informal settlement in Johannesburg, South Africa. 20 The cohort enrolled all singleton children born during a 7-week period in 1990, with the aim of describing the associations between rapid urbanization and the physical and psychosocial development of children. 20 Women were pregnant and gave birth during an extremely volatile and violent time in South Africa's history, both politically and socially. A sample of 3273 women was recruited, and they and their children have been followed up more than 22 times to offspring age 28 years (data collection from child's birth in 1990 to 2018). Data have been collected on social and economic circumstances, family relationships, growth and health outcomes, and schooling and employment.
Consensual agreement on the phrasing of questions was reached when different languages were required, with isiZulu, Sesotho, and English being the most commonly used languages. From participants' age 15 years, data have been collected through audio-assisted computer methods and tablets. The sample in this study included 1087 participants with data on postnatal depression and offspring internalizing symptoms (Ն1 measure collected per participant from ages 14-28 years). Participants who had data on postnatal depression alone or offspring internalizing symptoms alone were excluded from analyses. Because the analytical sample differed from the original cohort on several variables (ie, maternal age, schooling, household crowding, and family assets), inverse probability weighting was used in all analyses.
Statistical Analysis We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify groups of children following distinct developmental trajectories of internalizing symptoms from adolescence to adulthood. 41 We modeled the probability of having high internalizing symptoms (ie, scoring in the top 20% of scores) at each point. The advantage of this method is that it allows one to identify individuals following trajectories of internalizing symptoms within a population without establishing arbitrary cutoffs. Additionally, this method relies on maximum likelihood estimation, enabling us to use all available information in the data instead of excluding participants with missing data. 41 We therefore used data from all participants who reported internalizing symptoms on at least 1 occasion. We also conducted sensitivity analyses in which trajectories were estimated for participants with data available in 2 of 3 assessments.
Richter. Administrative , technical, or material support:  Besharati, Ahun , Richter. Funding/Support: This study was supported by the  Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Human Development at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg , the  Republic of South Africa. This study was funded by a grant from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreement no. 793396  ( Dr Orri ). Dr Ahun  was funded by a  Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship  from the  Canada Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. The Birth to Twenty Plus sample has been funded by the  Wellcome Trust ,  South African Medical Research Council, Human Sciences Research Council , and  University  of the Witwatersrand, among others.
2% formic acid) and 5% solvent B (80% acetonitrile, 0. 2% formic acid) was performed and peptides were eluted during 105 min using a 5-50% solvent B gradient at a flow rate of 300 nL min-1. Survey scan MS spectra were acquired in the Orbitrap in the 300-2000 m/z range with resolution set to 60,000. For each survey scan, the 20 most intense ions were selected for further CID (collision-induced dissociation) fragmentation, and analysis in the linear trap. A dynamic exclusion within 60 s was used to avoid the repetitive selection of the peptides. Database search was performed in batch mode with on all the raw files acquired for each sample, using Mascot Daemon version 2. 5 (Matrix Science, London, UK). The Ex-tract_msn. exe macro of Xcalibur (version 2. 2 SP1. 48, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to extract peak lists from Wcalibur raw files, using the following set of parameters: (1) parent ions in the 400-500 mass range, (2) no grouping of MS/MS scans, (3) threshold fixed at 1000.
A peak list was generated for each analyzed gel band and Mascot search was performed for each band. Data were searched against all the entries of the Tenebrionidae 20,170,606 protein database and the genome assembly 130x_Tmol_Sep2019 (GenBank GCA_014282415. 1) for Tenebrio molitor, the genome assembly ASM15162v1 (RefSeq GCF_000151625. 1) for Bombyx mori, and the genome assembly LocusGenomeV1 (GenBank GCA_000516895. 1) for Locusta migratoria. Setings for Mascot search were as follow: (1) oxidation of Met and carbamidomethylation of Cys were set as variable modifications, (2) cleavage after Lys or Arg (except before Pro) for the specificity of trypsin digestion, and a single missed trypsin cleavage was allowed, (3) mass tolerance in MS and MS/MS set to 5 ppm and O. 8 Da, respectively, (4) ESI-Trap specified as intrument stetting.
Bioinformatics Multiple amino acid sequence alignments were carried out with CLUSTAL-X  [49]  using the stuctural Risler's matrix for homologous residues  [50]. Except for the three-dimensional structures of apolipophorin III from Locusta migratoria (protein data bank (PDB) code 1AEP  [51]  and 1LS4  [52] ), the chemosensory protein from Bombyx mori (PDB code 2JNT)  [53] , the 12 kDa hemolyph protein from Tenebrio molitor (PDB code 1C3Z)  [54]  and odorant-binding proteins from Apis mellifera (PDB code 3S0D)  [55]  and Bombyx mori (PDB code 2WCJ)  [56]  and (PDB code 1DQE)  [57] , and hexamerin from Bombyx mori (PDB code 4L37)  [58] , which are available at the Protein Data Bank (PDB)  [59] , other apolipophorins, chemosensory proteins (CSP), odorant-binding proteins (OBP) and hexamerins, were homology modelled with YASARA structure  [60] , using appropriate three-dimensional structures available at the PDB as templates.
As an example, the three-dimensional structures of arylphorin from Antheraea pernyi (PDB code 3GWJ)  [61] , arylphorin from Bombyx mori (PDB code 4L37)  [58] , hemocyanin from Panulirus japonicus (PDB code 6L8S)  [62] , and hemocyanin from Limulus polyphemus (PDB code 1LL1) [to be published], were used as templates to build up to 25 different models for each of the modelled hexamerins from Apis mellifera, Galleria melonella, Locusta migratoria and Tenebrio molitor. Finally, hybrid models of hexamerins were built up from the different previous models. Similarly, the three-dimensional structures of odorant binding proteins (OBP) from Apis mellifera (PDB code 3S0D)  [55] , Anopheles gambiae (PDB code 3R1P)  [63] , AtraPBP1 from Amyelois transtyella (PDB code 4INW)  [64] , Antheraea polyphemus PBP1 (PDB code 2JPO)  [65] , Bombyx mori GOBP2 (PDB code 2WCJ)  [56]  and chemosensory protein 1 from Bombyx mori (PDB code 2JNT)  [53] ), were used as templates for the building of other OBP models from Locusta migratoria and Onthophagus taurus.
Discussion Using an appropriate combination of SDS-PAGE and nano-LC-MS/MS proteomic analyses of proteins extracts from various insect species including the crickets Acheta domesticus and Locus migratoria (Orthoptera), the silkworm Bombyx mori (Hymenoptera), and the mealworms Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio (Coleoptera), we have revealed the great variety of proteins occurring in insect extracts. Depending on the insect species, the number of identified proteins may vary considerably, from up to 314 distinct proteins for the Bombyx mori extract to only 42 proteins for the Rhynchophorus ferrugineus extract. These discrepancies observed in (2) the very limited availability of genome sequencing data for edible insects and, (3) possible variations in the protein content and isoform diversity among different insect species.
In this respect, the more complete protein data were obtained for the well known insects Bombyx mori (161 distinct proteins identified), Locusta migratoria (73 distinct proteins identified) and Tenebrio molitor (106 distinct proteins identified), for which the genome sequencing data are available. Insect allergens responsible for either contact allergies or food allergies, have been reviewed in detail by de Gier & Verhoeckx  [31]. By reference to this review, it appears that most of the potential edible insect allergens consist of pan-allergens widely distributed in other arthropods, acari, chelicerates (spiders) and crustaceans, mollusks and nematods. As such, they are far from being usable as probes to detect the occurrence of insect flour in food products, due to the lack of specificity.
Funding: This project was supported in part by the  Région Occitanie, European funds (Fonds Européens de Développement Régional, FEDER) ,  Toulouse Métropole , and by the  French Ministry of Research  with the  Investissement d'Avenir Infrastructures Nationales en Biologie et Santé program  ( ProFI, Proteomics French Infrastructure  project,  ANR-10-INBS-08 ).
Materials and methods Participants. A total of 21 healthy volunteers (age: mean = 21. 71, SD = 1. 42; 8 males; 19 right-handed) participated in the experiment with no history of neurological, neuropsychiatric, or visual/hearing impairments as indicated by self-report. All participants gave written informed consent and were paid for participation. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee at National Taiwan Normal University. Stimuli and procedures. Six sinusoidal tones were generated using Sound Forge Pro 10. 0 (Sony Creative Software Inc. ). The duration of each tone was 50 ms (including 5 ms rise/fall times). The frequency of each tone was within the range of 261. 63-987. 73 Hz, matching the absolute frequency of a series of 6 natural keys on a modern piano (i.
A Neuroscan Synamps 2 amplifier (Compumedics Neuroscan, USA) was used to amplify and online filter (0. 1-100 Hz) all signals, which were recorded at a 500 Hz sampling rate. EEG data were processed using EEGLAB 59 v2021. 0 running under MATLAB R2020a (Mathworks, Navick, MA). Images depicting the ERP waveforms and the topographic distribution of voltage were obtained using the same software. Pre-processing was performed as follows. EEG data were re-referenced offline to linked mastoids. Data were filtered using a 0. 1-Hz high-pass and 45-Hz low-pass windowed sinc finite impulse response filter (hamming window, filter order 8250 [high pass] and 166 [low pass])  60. Bad channels were then identified by visual inspection and excluded from processing. On average, 0. 52 ± 0. 73 channels were removed.
64 SD) in the both predictions fulfilled condition, and 78. 64 (± 1. 49 SD) in all the other conditions. EEG data were then transformed using a surface Laplacian filter (smoothing = 10 -5 , number of iterations = 10, spherical spline order = 4) to reduce volume conduction effects in EEG electrode space using the CSD Toolbox  64. Finally, channels that were deemed bad were reintroduced by interpolating data between neighbouring electrodes using spherical spline interpolation  65. EEG analyses. ERP analyses were performed on ICA-corrected CSD-transformed epochs time-locked to the onset of each target (-200 to + 1000 ms). To minimize the influence of individual differences in topographies as well as the effects of performing multiple statistical comparisons, the analyses of the ERP components were performed on different ROIs of relevant sites, selected on the basis of both the grand average visual detection of the maximal peak electrodes and the topographical distribution of the activity on the scalp (see Figs.
Statistical analyses. Results were analysed with a Bayesian linear mixed-model (LMM) analysis using the package brms  69  , a high-level interface on Stan 70 in R  71. Plots were made using brms and ggplot2  72. An advantage of LMMs over traditional approaches such as repeated measures ANOVA and paired sample t-tests is that a single model can take all sources of variance into account simultaneously. Furthermore, comparisons between conditions can easily be implemented in a single model. LMMs (of which t-tests and ANOVA are specific examples) allow for modelling complex data structures and taking correlations in data structures into account. Bayesian LMMs do so in a more powerful way than maximum likelihood models, even with small sample sizes. With weakly informative priors, Bayesian analysis gives insight in the range of possible effect sizes, reduces possible overinterpretation of sampling error, and allows for direct comparison of effect sizes.
In this scenario, one would expect the distribution of amplitudes across trials to differ between conditions, being more widespread or perhaps bimodal in the conditions in which only one prediction is violated compared to those in which both predictions were either fulfilled or violated. In order to rule out this possibility, we ran the Levene's test for homogeneity of variances on the amplitudes of the four ERP components in which significant effects were found, defining variance as absolute differences from the median. Medians and credible intervals (95%) of planned pairwise comparisons of condition estimates, calculated with the function 'hypothesis' in the R package 'brms' , for components in which significant effects were observed. Intervals that do not include zero have the denoted probability to be a true effect, i.
Figure6. Medians and credible intervals (95%) of planned pairwise comparisons of condition estimates, calculated with the function 'hypothesis' in the R package 'brms' , for components in which significant effects were observed. Intervals that do not include zero have the denoted probability to be a true effect, i. e. , differences between the indicated factors to be significant. Note that the labels have been simplified for the sake of simplicity, so that sensory fulfilled refers to the sensory fulfilled/intention violated condition, and intention fulfilled to the sensory violated/intention fulfilled condition.
Acknowledgements This research was funded by the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  within the  Programme francoallemand en Sciences humains et  sociales (FRAL) 2016. PROJECT  ID :  ANR-16-FRAL-0008. This research was partly supported by  IdEx Université de Paris   ANR-18-IDEX-0001. This work was supported by  Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology  (Grant Numbers  MOST109-2636-H-003-001  and  MOST110-2636-h-003-001 ) to YFH. We thank  Miss S-H Lee  and  Mr C-A Tu  for assistance with data collection.
Both groups carried out baseline evaluations and followup after six weeks. In the IG, the second evaluation was performed 48 hours after the final intervention to minimize the residual effects of the final exercise session  [12]. e evaluations always followed the same order. e participants came to the laboratory at 7 am having fasted for at least 8 hours and without using the medication they normally take in the morning. Moreover, all patients abstained from medication for at least 12 hours before evaluation to minimize possible acute effects. ey were instructed to bring the medication to the laboratory. Soon after blood collection had been carried out, a standardized snack was offered, and the medication was ingested. Initially, personal and sociodemographic data were collected on the evaluation form, in addition to complete medical history, medications in use, and information on living habits.
Strengths and Limitations We highlight as strength the methodological quality because our work obtained a score of 8 in 10 points in the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale (PEDro scale)  [47]. It is noteworthy that the items not reached in the total score (blinding of the subjects and therapist who administered the therapy) do not apply to studies with WBVT. Although patients in both groups were instructed to abstain from using medication for 12 hours before experimental procedures, the possible chronic effect of medication intake on blood BDNF levels cannot be excluded, especially that of antidepressants  [48]. However, surprisingly, the use of antidepressants was more common in the CG. Another limitation was that we only analysed blood BDNF levels as biomarker. us, despite the contribution of blood BDNF levels to the circulating total, they are considerably lower than those of serum, so this small fraction of unbound BDNF represents a bioavailable pool that is free to associate with TrkB or p75 receptors  [39, 49].
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM)  for institutional support and  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) (CNPq) ,  Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) (CAPES) , and  Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Research Support Foundation for the State of Minas Gerais) (FAPEMIG)  for support and grants.
Arithmetic fact retrieval has been suggested to recruit a left-lateralized network comprising perisylvian language areas, parietal areas such as the angular gyrus (AG), and subcortical structures such as the hippocampus. However, the underlying white matter connectivity of these areas has not been evaluated systematically so far. Using simple multiplication problems, we evaluated how disconnections in parietal brain areas affected arithmetic fact retrieval following stroke. We derived disconnectivity measures by jointly considering data from n=73 patients with acute unilateral lesions in either hemisphere and a white-matter tractography atlas (HCP-842) using the Lesion Quantification Toolbox (LQT). Whole-brain voxel-based analysis indicated a left-hemispheric cluster of white matter fibers connecting the AG and superior temporal areas to be associated with a fact retrieval deficit.
Participants We used the existing patient data set from  Mihulowicz et al. (2014)  and added 28 new patients for the present analyses. In total, 73 native German-speaking acute stroke patients participated in the study. All of them were patients consecutively admitted to the Center of Neurology at Tübingen University Hospital over 33 months (cf. Mihulowicz et al. , 2014)  plus another 18 months. Among these, 38 patients presented left hemisphere damage (LHD) and 35 patients right hemisphere damage (RHD). Patients were only included when they presented an MR-or CT-documented cerebral stroke, not more than 14 days post-stroke. We did not include patients with previous lesions, other neurological or psychiatric diseases, substantial micro-angiopathy or white matter alterations. Patients or their relatives gave their informed consent to participate in the study.
Subsequently, we further analyzed these continuous disconnectivity maps using massunivariate General Linear Models in 'NiiStat' (https://github. com/neurolabusc/NiiStat). Only voxels with a disconnection in at least five patients were considered in the analysis. Tests were performed one-sided at p<0. 05 and corrected for family-wise errors. The family-wise error rate was corrected using 5000 permutations with maximum statistic permutation  (Nichols & Holmes, 2002). This disconnectivity topography mapping thus identified voxels for which disconnection is associated with a more severe deficit in multiplication.
We subjected these matrices to a massunivariate analysis to identify associations between disconnection and the deficit using custom scripting in MATLAB R2020a. Following the strategy of the topographical analysis of brainwide disconnectivity maps described above, we employed mass-univariate general linear models with a family-wise error correction by maximum statistic permutation  (Nichols & Holmes, 2002). We loaded disconnection matrices into MATLAB and removed the diagonal and redundant elements below it. Many ROI-to-ROI disconnections were rarely or never present in the data, likely either because the sample's lesion anatomy did not include damage to the connection or because the connection was physiologically non-existent. Therefore, we identified the sum of all patients with a disconnection present (i.