dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Sphere permittivity The permittivity of the analogue objects was investigated via bistatic far-field electromagnetic scattering patterns of the test spheres (III)-(V) with a method based on the exploitation of the scattering pattern in the far field  [8, 31]. The experimental data were measured with a spherical setup in the anechoic chamber of the CCRM in Marseille. Table  4  shows the complex relative permittivity values and their averages over the measured frequency range 2-18 GHz. It also includes the measured loss angles, the attenuation (3) corresponding to the observed loss angle at 13 GHz frequency, and the 90% confidence intervals for the relative permittivities and the loss angles. As shown in the Table  4 , the average complex relative permittivity values of the spheres (III) and (IV) modelling the asteroid interior and the mantle were measured as 3.
Acknowledgement L-IS, MT and SP were supported by the  Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence in Inverse Modelling and Imaging  ( 2018-2025 , decision  336792 ), and  AoF  project  336151. L-IS was also supported by a young researcher's research grant by  Emil Aaltonen Foundation. The authors acknowledge the opportunity provided by the  Centre Commun de Ressources en Microondes (CCRM)  to use its fully equipped anechoic chamber. We thank  Tampere University's FabLab  for the free availability of its 3D printers and Fablab's personnel, especially  Mika Kiirikki , for extensive support and resiliance. We acknowledge the  Premix Group  for their support for permittivity controlled filaments.
Forward and reverse sequences were assembled and trimmed in CLC Main Workbench 7. 6. 4 (CLC Bio, Qiagen, Denmark) and checked for mixed infections  (Ferreira Junior et al. 2017). To identify lineages, the sequences were aligned with reference sequences deposited in MalAvi database  (Bensch et al. 2009 ) using BLASTN 2. 3. 0+ (Zhang et al. 2000). Sequences e X' is given when no information about the age was available f Woodpigeons were brought to the Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish in Giessen by the public are considered as distinct lineages if they differ by one or more nucleotides in the cyt b fragment  (Hellgren et al. 2004; Bensch et al. 2009). Lineages with no database records in MalAvi were considered novel. For novel lineages, PCR and sequencing were performed twice to verify the results.
Phylogenetic and statistical analyses Constructions of lineage networks, using the medium joining network method, were performed with PopART 1. 7  (Leigh and Bryant 2015). For phylogenetic tree reconstruction, in addition to newly found lineages, we downloaded one sequence from NCBI GenBank for each haemosporidian lineage (n = 148) shown to infect species of the order Columbiformes and deposited in MalAvi (MalAvi 2020). Some sequences (n = 45) were excluded due to insufficient sequence length or only partial coverage of the chosen 477 bp cyt b fragment. However, all lineages detected in the present study are represented in the phylogenetic analysis. The best-fit model of DNA sequence evolution was selected using jModeltest 2. 1. 7 (Darriba et al. 2012). According to the Akaike information criterion, we used the General Time Reversible model including invariable sites and variation among sites (GTR+I+G;  Gu et al.
Contrarily, seasonal variation in pooled Plasmodium prevalence was found in a population of blue tits with prevalence peaks in spring and autumn. However, this variation was present in pooled Plasmodium infections only, whereas P. relictum prevalence was more stable through the annual cycle  (Cosgrove et al. 2008). In garden warblers, Plasmodium infection peak was during the wintering stage. However, this pattern was not consistent for all lineages, and one of the most common Plasmodium lineages SGS1 showed no significant circannual variation  (Hellgren et al. 2013). To give a more accurate picture Newly discovered lineages are marked with '*'. Toxoplasma gondii (KM657812) was included as outgroup. GenBank accession numbers are given in Table  S1. Nodal support values indicate posterior clade probabilities.
Acknowledgements Thanks are due to the many landowners who allowed access to their land for bird catching, to helpers in the field (among others:  Hervé Bidault ,  Hagen Deutschmann ,  Steffen Koschkar ,  Elisabeth Navarrete ,  Marcel Rivière ,  Luc Tison ,  Lennart Wegner ) and to  Marco Alvarez-Alvarez  and  Jennifer Greiner  who assisted with the laboratory work. We acknowledge for supporting the field work at  Lake Nasser Ramadan Fox  and his boat crews, the  'Lake Nasser Adventure' company ,  Steven Mayor  and  Hartmut Meyer  from Bartmeise travel, ProRing e. V. , and the expedition team. Samples from the Chizé forest were collected in the  Biological Reserve of 'Sylve d'Argenson " with the permission of  Office National des Forêts (ONF). We gratefully acknowledge the support of  Dr. Sara Riello  and all volunteers operating the ringing station of Ventotene and we warmly thank the  Riserva Naturale Statale "Isole di Ventotene e S.
Stefano"  for logistic and financial support to ringing activity. Results of the  Progetto Piccole Isole ISPRA : paper n. 74. This is contribution No. 29  from the  Antikythira Bird Observatory, Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece. Moreover, we thank the staff of the  Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish of Justus Liebig University Giessen  for sampling of admitted patient birds and the association to support avian medicine  Giessen  ( Verein zur Foerderung der Vogelmedizin in Giessen e. V. ) for support. JFM work was partly funded by the  Hessen State Ministry for Higher Education, Research and the Arts, Germany , as part of the  LOEWE priority project Nature 4. 0 -Sensing Biodiversity.
93e -08 , p = 1. 00). Female and male body size was not included in all final analyses because its effect was always found not to be significant (p >. 05). Pairwise comparisons among least squares means for levels of factors were performed with Tukey's test by using the "lsmeans" package  (Lenth, 2016). All analyses were performed using the R software version 3. 3. 0 (R Core Team, 2016). Given that the proportion of TF, TM, and TS decreased significantly with the reduction in the brood size (Appendix S2, Table  S3b -d), we tested the effect of temperature on these descriptors by taking into account the effect of brood size, using the same procedure adopted for the proportion of TT. Specifically, we extracted the regression residuals from B-GLMMs between each descriptor and brood size.
was supported by the University of Palermo. This work was realized with the financial support of a NSERC Discovery grant (RGPIN-2020-05627), a FRQNT New University Researchers Start Up Program grant (No. 199173), and the Université du Québec à Rimouski Fond Institutionnelle de Recherche grants all awarded to PC, and was cofunded by EU through the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Post-doctoral Fellowship (No. 659359) to GMN. PC is a member of the FRQNTfunded research excellence networks Québec-Océan. Conceptualization (Lead); data curation (lead); formal analysis (lead); funding acquisition (equal); investigation (lead); methodology (lead); project administration (equal); writingoriginal draft (lead). Gloria Massamba N'Siala: Conceptualization (supporting); data curation (supporting); formal analysis (supporting); investigation (supporting); methodology (supporting).
Acknowledgements We are indebted to  Odile Poncy  and  Serge Muller  (MNHN) and the  Programme Flores du MNHN , supported by the  Fondation Franklinia ,  2019-2022 , for funding and facilitation of our studies. IRD and MNHN provided access to the collections in the framework of the  RECOLNAT national Research Infrastructure  ( ANR-11-INBS-0004 ). Important field observations and pictures were made during a field trip in 2011 supported by the  Idaho Botanical Foundation , special thanks to  Chris Davidson  and  Sharon Christoph. Technical  and assistance with herbarium specimens was provided by  P, NOU  and  MPU , thanks notably to  Grégoire Flament & Mathieu Donnat (P) ,  Jacqueline Fambart-Tinel (NOU)  and  Caroline Loup (MPU). Valuable field information was provided by  Vanessa Hequet. Thanks for Marie-Louise Dabome ,  Vanessa Tchoeaoua  et  Jenny Kowi  for collecting precious flowers of Cryptocarya ovoidea, sp.
SYSTEMATICS Family Lauraceae Juss. Genus Cryptocarya R. Br. Cryptocarya conduplicata Munzinger & McPherson, sp. nov. (Figs 1; 2) From Cryptocarya aristata, which it resembles in its typically numerous lenticels and oblate fruit, C. conduplicata, sp. nov. differs most noticeably in its leaf blades often at least partly folded longitudinally Morat (2010)013;Munzinger et al. 2018)d images of specimens at Z were consulted online at http://www. herbarien. uzh. ch/index_en. html. In addition, we studied the virtual collections of the Global Plants initiative (https://plants. jstor. org/)andused the RECOLNAT infrastructure (https://www. recolnat. org/fr/). Plant terminology followsHarris & Harris (2001). Maps were made using herbarium specimens and occurrences identified by JM in the NC-PIPPN database(Ibanez et al.
Linkage Analysis and Genetic Mapping The two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy implemented for genetic mapping from progenies resulting from crosses between two heterozygous parents  (Ritter et al. , 1990)  and used in previous high density mapping studies in citrus  [54] [55] [56] [57]  was applied to establish 'Fortune' and 'Ellendale' genetic maps. For each map, SNP markers were selected according to their respective heterozygosity for the mapped parent and homozygosity for the other one. Each set of data for the 167 hybrids was filtered to retain markers and hybrids with less than 15% of missing data. Linkage analysis and genetic mapping were then performed using JoinMap5 (https: //www. kyazma. nl/index. php/JoinMap/; accessed on 21 April 2021). Linkage mapping was performed in the « Hap » option for both 'Fortune' mandarin and 'Ellendale' tangor.
Markers were grouped using the independence LOD score. Phases (coupling and repulsion) of the linked marker loci were automatically detected by the software. Map distances were estimated in centiMorgan (cM) using the regression mapping algorithm. After a first mapping round, singletons, i. e. , an individual genotype that suggests recombination with its two flanking markers, were identified. On the high-density map, the probability of having two successive cross-overs within a small genomic area is very low, while genotyping errors strongly affect the estimation of genetic distances that erroneously expand the genetic linkage groups. Therefore, as recommended by Van Os et al. [58] , we replaced singletons with missing data using a homemade excel page routine and performed a second mapping round.
[64]. Local haplotyping in the genomic region surrounding the S locus was performed using the same approach for accessions included in the clementine parenthood network. The relationships between haplotypes were then analyzed by neighbor-joining using DARwin software version 6. 0 (https://darwin. cirad. fr/; accessed on 21 April 2021). The analyses were based on the Manhattan index: D i-j = 1/K ∑ K 1 x ik -x jk (1) where i and j are the two individuals, k is the locus, K is the total number of loci and x ik is the frequency of the alternative allele at locus k for the individual i.
Funding: This work received financial support from the European Regional Development Fund under the framework PO FEDER-FSE Corse 2014-2020 number 247SAEUFEDER1A, project called Innov'Agrumes (ARR-18/517 CE, synergie number: CO 0009083). GBS analyses were funded by the project France Genomique "Dynamo". We thank also the Collectivité de Corse for the grant of DA (number ARR-15. 036680. SR).
Dendritic habitats, such as river ecosystems, promote the persistence of species by favouring spatial asynchronous dynamics among branches. Yet, our understanding of how network topology influences metapopulation synchrony in these ecosystems remains limited. Here, we introduce the concept of fluvial synchrogram to formulate and test expectations regarding the geography of metapopulation synchrony across watersheds. By combining theoretical simulations and an extensive fish population time-series dataset across Europe, we provide evidence that fish metapopulations can be buffered against synchronous dynamics as a direct consequence of network connectivity and branching complexity. Synchrony was higher between populations connected by direct water flow and decayed faster with distance over the Euclidean than the watercourse dimension.
2014; Anderson & Hayes 2018). The metacommunity model corresponds to a food chain composed of a basal resource (e. g. algae) supported by nutrients, an herbivore (e. g. macroinvertebrate) and a fish predator, where fish and herbivores are able to disperse between patches of a river network generated with optimal channel network methods, implemented in R by the OCNet package  (Carraro et al. 2020). Using metacommunity simulations allowed us to explore the extent to which spatial patterns of synchrony could emerge directly from dispersal and the unique structure of dendritic river networks (see Appendix S1 in Supplementary Information for description of the metacommunity model). We further derive expectations on how synchrograms are likely to vary within stream networksfrom headwater to mainstem reachesand between networks of different branching complexity.
Deriving empirical fluvial synchrograms We compared theoretical synchrograms to the geography of fish metapopulation synchrony within 58 river basins throughout Europe (Fig. 3a ) using long-term stream fish time-series (≥ 10 years;  Comte et al. 2021). Surveys used standardised protocols through time, and sampling occurred during low flow periods (summer-autumn). The basins were selected to include at least eight sites (i. e. stream reaches; median = 16; range = 8-63). Only species occurring in at least 80% of sampling events (median = 7 species/basin; range = 1-23 species/ basin) were included to limit the influence of zeros and low means when calculating synchrony (e. g. Chevalier et al. 2014). Overall, the dataset contained 1150 sites, 48 species and > 34000 pairs of fish population time series.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank all the researchers and monitoring programs who collected, maintained, and shared the datasets, without which our study would not have been possible. This paper is a joint effort of the international working group sYNGEO -The  geography of synchrony in dendritic networks kindly supported by sDiv , the  Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig , funded by the  German Research Foundation  ( FZT 118 ). SL was also supported by funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Skøodowska-Curie Grant  Agreement No. 748969. Several constructive comments from the Editor and three anonymous reviewers greatly improved the quality of the manuscript.
Data supporting the results are available in Figshare at https://figshare. com/s/9013dce8314e2cec6937. Moreover, raw fish time-series data are described in the data paper Comte et al 2020; DOI: 10. 1111/geb. 13210, and are publicly available through the iDiv data portal at https://doi. org/10. 25829/idiv. 1873-10-4000.
This low automation level strongly increased task complexity and instrument visual scanning effort  [52]. Flight crews were required to fly in compliance with the flight crew operating manual and operator requirements regarding stabilization criteria. If stabilization was not met during the approach (more than one dot of deviation on the lateral and vertical deviations scales), pilots would perform a go-around. Feedback on the position of the aircraft during the landing was also provided by a Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) on the left side of the runway. In this paper, analyses were focused on the approach phase, from 2500 to 250 ft. Pilots also performed four other flight scenarios with varying automation levels. These data will be presented in a subsequent paper. Experiments were conducted in a full-flight Airbus 320 simulator (Thomson) provided by Air France group.
Eye-Tracking Measurements 2. 5. 1. Pre-Training Session Two 50 Hz Pertech head-mounted eye trackers (0. 25 • of accuracy) were used to record the eye movements of the two pilots for the duration of the entire flight scenario, from thrust application during the take-off up until the roll-out after landing (when aircraft speed diminishes to below 50 knots). The two eye trackers' clocks were synchronized. An eight-point calibration was performed before the first flight scenario. The quality of the calibration was checked at the very start of the experiment and between each flight scenario by asking the participants to look at a series of instruments while the experimenter visually checked that this corresponded well with the focus of attention displayed by the system. Eye-tracking data were collected via the EyeTechpilot software from Pertech.
Eye-tracking videos (the visual scene with the point of fixation in superimposition) were also recorded since it was to be an essential part of the training material for the subsequent post-training session. The post-processing head-motion correction was conducted via the EyeTechMotion software, and eye movement analysis was conducted with EyeTechLab software, both provided by Pertech. Head-motion correction eliminates head-motion from the eye movement data, allowing automatic world-referenced analysis. Estimated horizontal and vertical head movements are subtracted from corresponding pupil positions. This step is performed by EyeTechMotion via an image processing of the eye-tracking video, facilitated by small infrared LEDs attached to the cockpit. Each participant's head motion correction was successful for at least 98% of the data points.
We analyzed PFs' visual scanning patterns using a homemade algorithm coded with the MATLAB software (MathWorks); the script is available in Supplementary Material. Below this altitude, the approach phase is completed, and visual flare is initiated. A visual scanning pattern was defined as a set of at least one transition from an AOI to another AOI. We considered the visual scanning pattern "over" when the same AOI was fixated more than two times consecutively. At first, the algorithm computes the smallest scanning patterns (number of transitions = 1, e. g. , A-B). After each iteration, the algorithm searches for a higher number of transitions (n + 1) (e. g. , A-B-A). We did not distinguish different visual scanning patterns when the same set of AOIs was gazed at in an opposite order. Indeed, the variation of the primary flight parameters (at the core of the manual piloting) are highly cross-coupled (i.
Data collection and post-processing were conducted via the Tobii Pro Lab software. Head-motion correction was performed using this software and did not require any infrared markers with this eye tracker. Each participant's head-motion correction was successful for at least 98% of the data points. We visually checked the results of the head-motion correction rigorously to ensure that no abnormal shift of the fixation point was introduced during this step. Fixations were identified using the Tobii Pro Lab built-in algorithm. The detection threshold that defined a fixation was set to 100 ms. The same metrics were analyzed as during the pre-training session (dwell times and visual scanning patterns) from 2500 to 250 ft (average duration = 106. 02 s), and the same cockpit AOIs were defined. Again, our analyses were focused on the PF.
Data Availability Statement: Flight data and eye-tracking data are confidential. An example of a full-flight eye-tracking video from a pilot during the post-training session is available from Zenodo (https://zenodo. org/record/4724863#. YIlPPd2xWpp, accessed on 7 October 2021). In Supplementary Material, we provide the full training material, individual eye-tracking data (fixation times, percentage of fixations times, and percentage of efficient scanning patterns), and the Matlab script created to identify the visual scanning patterns.
Changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which have the potential to drive societally-important climate impacts, have traditionally been linked to the strength of deep water formation in the subpolar North Atlantic. Yet there is neither clear observational evidence nor agreement among models about how changes in deep water formation influence overturning. Here, we use data from a trans-basin mooring array (OSNAP-Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program) to show that winter convection during 2014-2018 in the interior basin had minimal impact on density changes in the deep western boundary currents in the subpolar basins. Contrary to previous modeling studies, we find no discernable relationship between western boundary changes and subpolar overturning variability over the observational time scales.
Thus, in this study we use the extended OSNAP data between August 2014 and May 2018 (46  available to further examine the linkage between wintertime convection and MOC variability. Namely, we first assess the impact of subpolar convection on western boundary density anomalies and then, in turn, quantify the impact of those western boundary anomalies on the subpolar MOC variability. We analyze OSNAP array observations to assess this variability on monthly to interannual time scales and define the MOC as the maximum of the overturning stream function in density (σ θ ) space (Supplementary Fig. 1 ). Details of the OSNAP array design and calculations can be found in Methods.
A calculation of OSNAP West MOC based only on LC and WGC velocity and density fields captures ~70% of the MOC variance calculated using data across the full OSNAP West section (r 2 % 0:7; Methods). It is consistent with the importance of the boundary region for the Labrador Sea overturning  21, 38. To further separate the contributions from the LC and WGC boundaries, we compute the MOC using time-varying fields at one boundary array and time-mean fields at the other, and then vice versa. Although variance in the OSNAP West MOC produced by changes in the LC and WGC individually (~6 Sv 2 ) exceeds the actual OSNAP West MOC variance (~2 Sv 2 ), changes occurring on either side can explain no more than ~10% of the actual OSNAP West MOC variance (Fig. 4a ). Furthermore, neither the anomalies in the individual boundary currents nor their combined effects have a statistically significant impact on the strength of the full subpolar MOC, as expected since the OSNAP West MOC contributes weakly to the full MOC.
Inclusion of the data from three RREX moorings. Three tall moorings that were part of the RREX array  48  were deployed in the summer of 2015 right on the OSNAP line in the eastern Irminger basin (Fig. 1 ). They had been continuously measuring temperature, salinity and velocity throughout the water column for 2 years (from 29-Jun-2015 to 26-Jul-2017). The RREX moorings are situated between four existing OSNAP moorings, designed to capture the property and velocity structures of the northward-flowing Irminger Current (IC) above the western flank of the Reykjanes Ridge. The RREX mooring data were retrieved in the summer of 2017 and thus none of them were included in our first 21-month OSNAP time series. In the current calculations, we have incorporated the RREX mooring data in the property and velocity interpolations in the region whenever they are available.