dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The use of prophylactic NIV and reconnection to ventilators were implemented during the study period, but with the same rhythm for the two SBT practices studied here. The expected advantages of the PS ventilation were not observed, mainly because only patients who succeeded SBT were assessed for reintubation. Data regarding reasons for SBT failure were not recorded and consequently could not be compared between the two groups of patients. Aerosol-generating tubing disconnection was beyond the scope of the study.
Participants Forty-four German native speakers were initially recruited for the study. One participant did not finish the recording because she was feeling unwell. Two more participants had to be excluded because they repeatedly fell asleep during the experiment, leading to behavioural performance at chance level (hit rate < 60%). Consequently, the data of forty-one participants (24 females; mean age = 27; SD = 6. 8; range = 18 -45 years) was used for analysis. Forty participants were right-handed, and one was left-handed, according to the German version of the Oldfield Scale  (Oldfield, 1971). We only included participants who had neither current knowledge of French nor previous educational contact with this language (school subject, language course, etc. ), as reported by the participants themselves.
Apparatus The study was conducted in two labs. Auditory stimulation was sent via two loudspeakers (Bose Companion 2 series III Multimedia speaker system) placed at the left and the right side of a 53,5 cm x 30 cm computer screen. Stimuli were presented with an average loudness of 67. 5 dB SPL (measured with a Phonic PAA3 sound pressure meter from Phonic, Taiwan). We used Octave (Linux, Version 4. 4) and Psychtoolbox  (Version 3. 0. 15, Kleiner, Brainard, & Pelli, 2007)  to present the stimuli. Response buttons were connected with a RT-Box which provided precise response time measurements  (Li, Liang, Kleiner, & Lu, 2010). In one of the labs, we used an infrared eye-tracker (EyeLink Portable Duo, SR Research Ltd. , Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) to record the pupil diameter of both eyes. In the other lab, an EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker with chin and forehead rest (SR Research Ltd.
Pupil data processing We used Marchak and Steinhauer's (2011) method for the calibration of the pupil diameter digital counts, which we subsequently converted to millimetres. In order to remove blinks and saccades from the recording, we used the blink event marker provided by the eyetracker and an additional tailor-programmed function targeted at detecting partial blinks from the smoothed velocity time series. Using the latter, we removed pupil changes in diameter exceeding 20 mm/s in an interval ranging from 50 ms before the blink to 100 ms after it  (Merritt, Keegan, & Mercer, 1994). We computed the mean of the pupil diameter across both eyes interpolating data segments in one eye when only one of both eyes was closed (as suggested by Kret & Sjak-Shie, 2019). Recordings were cut in epochs of 2000 ms (including a pre-stimulus baseline of 200 ms).
Thereafter, we subtracted the mean amplitude of the pre-stimulus -200 to 0 ms baseline period from each epoch to implement baseline correction  (Bonmassar et al. , 2020; Merritt et al. , 1994; Widmann et al. , 2018). Lastly, we computed separate average pupil dilation responses (PDRs) per participant, sound type (deviant and standard) and language condition (German and French) from the mean of both eyes. PDRs were calculated for hit trials only in order to discard the involvement of error-related processes such as arousal increase after perceived errors. Also, we did not include trials where more than half of the epoch duration or the entire baseline duration for both eyes was not available. Data segments where data from both eyes were unavailable were excluded from averaging.
The Bayesian ANOVAs were implemented with the package BayesFactor  (Morey & Rouder, 2018). For informational purposes, we computed the corresponding classical frequentist repeated-measures ANOVAs with identical designs as the Bayesian ANOVAs. An alpha level of 0. 05 was defined for frequentist statistical tests. Generalized eta square (ηg 2 ) as an estimate of effect size for repeated measures designs is reported  (Olejnik & Algina, 2003). For the Bayesian ANOVAs, we report Bayes factor (BF10), where larger values suggest more evidence is provided by the data for model reflecting the alternative hypothesis or H1 (and lower for model reflecting the null hypothesis or H0). For interpretation, we followed the scale provided by  Lee and Wagenmakers (2013) , where BF10 values larger than 10 are considered as strong evidence in favour of the H1, and values between 3 and 10 can be interpreted as moderate evidence in the same direction.
BF10 values lower than. 33 or than. 1 are considered as moderate or strong evidence in favour of H0, respectively. Finally, values ranging between. 33 and 3 can be interpreted as weak or "anecdotal" evidence  (Lee & Wagenmakers, 2013). We estimated BFs using 50 000 Monte-Carlo sampling iterations. Effect size of the priors for the fixed and the random effects were set to scaling factors of r =. 5 and r = 1, respectively. Note that these values correspond to default medium effect size for the fixed effects and to nuisance values for the random effects, according to the BayesFactor package (Rouder, Morey, Speckman, & Province, 2012). In addition, we evaluated main effects and interactions by comparing the models containing a main or interaction effect to the equivalent models stripped of the effect (Inclusion Bayes Factor based on matched models, reported as BFIncl; Mathôt, 2017).
Funding This work was supported by the  DFG  [ WE5026/1-2 ,  WE5026/4-1 ], the  CBBS Magdeburg  financed by the  European Regional Development Fund  [ ZS/ 2016/04/78120 ], the  Leibniz Association  [ P58/2017 ] and the  French National Research Agency  [ ANR-19-FRAL-0007-01 ].
Cell Viability Assay 3D NHBE cells viability was determined using the MTT assay 24 h of exposure to particles and repeated exposures to RSS particles. Brie y, after exposure, 50 µL of MTT reagent (5 mg/mL) was added to basal medium and incubated for 3h at 37°C. After incubation, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added on each transwell and mixed thoroughly. The optical density at 570 nm was measured with a microplate reader (SAFAS Xenius, Safas, Monaco). Results are expressed as % viability = (Absorbance in the sample / Absorbance in the control PBS) x 100. Data were expressed as mean value ± SD of at least three independent experiments.
Funding This was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche Française  ( ANR Astrid , Grant number:  ANR-15-ASTR-0023 ), and co-supported by the  Regional Council of Normandy  and the  European Union  in the framework of the  ERDF-ESF  ( CellSTEM  project). Violaine Martin de Lagarde  received a PhD fellowship co-funded by the  Agence de l'Innovation de Defense (AID)  and the  Regional Council of Normandy. We thank the  Direction Générale de l'Armement (DGA)  for technical assistance during use of pyrotechnic smokes and for support in carrying out the study.
Variables assessed The data collected for each patient included demographic information, such as age, gender, place of residence (home, nursing home), number of medications, and the Charlson's comorbidity score; biological data (an interval of more or less than 72 h was accepted), including creatinine clearance, according to the MDRD (modification of diet in renal disease), albumin, CRP (C-reactive protein), haemoglobin, and total bilirubin levels and leukocyte, platelet, and absolute neutrophil counts (ANC); and clinical data, such as SaO2 (oxygen saturation), oxygen flow and temperature, and systolic blood pressure. The prescription of thromboprophylaxis was also analysed. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether or not they received antibiotics. The characteristics of the antibiotics were collected along with the name, the beginning date and duration of antibiotic therapy.
The proportional hazard (PH) assumption was assessed using a statistical test based on scaled Schoenfeld residuals. Multicollinearity was detected using the variance inflation factor (VIF) and variables showing multicollinearity removed from the multivariable model. All tests were twosided, with a level of significance of 5%. Statistical analyses were performed using R software, version 4. 0. 1 ©2021 with tableone, survey, survival, and car packages.
Acknowledgments We thank all the healthcare staff who helped fighting against COVID-19 in our hospital. And specially  Abdallah Al-Salameh ,  Claire Andrejak ,  Hervé Dupont ,  Vincent Goeb ,  Maité Jaureguy ,  Sylvie Lion ,  Julien Maizel ,  Benoit Vaysse ,  Rachel Desailloud1 ,  Olivier Ganry  and  Jean-Daniel Lalau. Lastly, we are grateful to  Alex Edelman & Associates  for his English checking manuscript.
As unlicensed or off-label drugs are frequently prescribed in children, the European Pediatric Regulation came into force in 2007 to improve the safe use of medicinal products in the pediatric population. This present report analyzes the pediatric research trials over 23 years in a clinical research center dedicated to children and the impact of regulation. The database of trial characteristics from 1998 to 2020 was analyzed. We also searched for differences between two periods (1998-2006 and 2007-2020)   and between institutional and industrial sponsors during the whole period. A total of 379 pediatric trials were initiated at our center, corresponding to inclusion of 7955 subjects and 19448 on-site patient visits. The trials were predominantly drug evaluation trials (n = 278, 73%), sponsored by industries (n = 216, 57%) or government/non-profit institutions (n = 163, 43%).
All age groups and most subspecialties were concerned. We noted an important and regular increase in the number of trials conducted over the years, with an increased number of multinational, industrially sponsored trials. Based on the data presented, areas of improvement are discussed: (1) following ethical and regulatory approval depending on the sponsor, the mean time needed for administrative and financial agreement, validation of trial procedures allowing trial initiation at the level of the center was 6. 3 and 6. 5 months (periods 1 and 2, respectively) and should be reduced, (2) availability of expert research teams remain insufficient, time dedicated to research attributed to physicians should be organized and recognition of research nurses is required. The positive impact of the European Pediatric Regulation highlights the need to increase the availability of trained research teams, organized within identified multicenter international pediatric research networks.
Data Sources We accessed the data included in our in-house database of clinical trials conducted at the CIC-RDB. This database is maintained in a prospective manner by FL and includes all research projects conducted at our center since its opening. Data were verified by JA and whenever possible, missing data were retrieved in the original paper documents. The database contains information on the medical specialty and objectives of the trial, the type of trial and phase, subject age groups, the intended and actual number of participants included in the trial at our center, type of sponsor, whether the trial is a single-or multicenter trial, conducted on the national, European, or international level. In addition, information is collected on key dates such as the time required for trial initiation (i.
Data Analysis We performed a first analysis of all trials opened and conducted between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2020. We did not include the first 6 years of activity at CIC-RDB (1992-1997), corresponding to the first years of organization and training. In addition, data were compared between two time-periods: period 1 from January 1, 1998 to  December 31, 2006   Thirdly, we compared trial characteristics with respect to the type of sponsor of the trial. For this analysis we looked at all trials in our database from January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2020 and separated trials sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry and institutional sponsors. The second category included all governmental and not-for-profit organizations as well as all other non-industrial sponsors. Lastly, we analyzed the number of subject visits, the number of trial inclusions and the number of open trials by year.
Comparison of Trial Characteristics Between Period 1 (1998-2006) and Period 2 (2007-2020) A total of 113 and 266 trials opened during periods 1 and 2, respectively. This represents a 51% increase between the two periods with a mean of 12. 6 and 19. 0 trial initiations per year during periods 1 and 2, respectively. The proportion of trials sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry increased: they were 39% of all trials during period 1 (n = 44) and 65% of all trials in period 2 (n = 172) and assumed to be validated by a Pediatric Investigation Plan (although this item was not recorded in the database), 53% (n = 60) during period 1 focused on drug evaluation compared to 82% (n = 218) during period 2. The proportion of physiology or physio-pathology trials decreased accordingly from 47% during period 1 (n = 53) to 18% in period 2 (n = 48).
Data and their sources We used monthly facility-level data from the routine health management information system (HMIS) in the 24 districts where the PBF programme was rolled out, from January 2013 to September 2017. We excluded three districts with more than 80% of missing data (facility-month) on the first year (our preintervention period). Data from 21 districts were therefore included in the study: 10 districts where the PBF programme was implemented and 11 districts where it was not.
We followed a two-step procedure. First, we imputed mean values for deliveries and then used data including these imputed mean values as our independent variable to impute CS. Five rounds of imputations were done in Stata using the mi impute Poisson command  [25]  and the resulting average values were then used for analysis. Analyses were performed using Stata version 13. 0 software (Stata Corp. , College Station, TX, USA). Committee of the Burkina Faso Ministry of Health (approval number 2017-9-138). The Burkina Faso Ministry of Health granted written permission to download and use the data for the analysis.
The data were mostly collected in urban zones of the capital in each country. Study 2 was based on a second data collection in Chile and Ecuador. The survey comprised measures of parental burnout, escape, suicidal ideations, parental neglect, and parental violence toward one's children. All participants completed the survey online using the Qualtrics platform. We implemented a snowball sampling technique. As in Study 1, the data were primarily collected in urban zones of the capital in each country. In the section "General Method" as well as in the "Method" sections of Study 1 and Study 2, we reported how we made sure that the statistical analyses were appropriate for the sample sizes in each participating country, all data inclusion criteria (all being established prior to data analysis), the measures used in the two studies, and all the statistical analyses we performed.
Should the CFI and TLI values reach 0. 90 or more, they are considered adequate, and values of RMSEA and SRMR ≤ 0. 8 are preferred  (Hu and Bentler, 1999). These analyses were executed with the software Mplus version 7  (Muthén and Muthén, 1998-2015). The fit indices do not report on the strength of the general factor. Thus, complementary indicators were implemented to evaluate the strength of the general factor, i. e. , the general hierarchical omega (ω h ;  Zinbarg et al. , 2006) , and the explained common variance (ECV;  Sijtsma, 2009). Values greater than 0. 70 and 0. 60, were respectively expected  (Reise et al. , 2013) , while values greater than 0. 30 for the hierarchical omega per dimension (ω hs ) meant the interpretability of the factors  (Smits et al. , 2015). When testing for measurement invariance, we used a set of models where constraints were incrementally introduced through a stepwise multiple group analysis (MG-ESEM).
STUDY 1 Participants The initial sample (N = 2,502) encompassed participants from Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Peru, Spain, and Uruguay. Of these, 1,869 (74. 7%) were women and 633 (25. 3%) were men. Their age ranged from 17 to 78 (M = 38. 03, SD = 8. 49). However, since one of the aims of the study is a multigroup analysis and due to the absence of convergence, three samples were excluded (Argentina, Cuba, and Uruguay after initial processing). Similarly, Ecuador's data from Study 1 were replaced by Study 2 due to the larger sample size. With this final sample (N = 1,979) the majority of participants were women (1,588, 80. 2%). Their age ranged from 17 to 78 years (M = 38. 43, SD = 8. 09). The number of children ranged from 1 to 9 (M = 1. 79, SD = 0. 88). Table  1  displays demographic information for participants in each country.
GENERAL DISCUSSION This research aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the PBA. We collected data in eight Spanish-speaking countries (i. e. , Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Peru, Spain, and Uruguay). In Study 1, we analyzed the internal structure of the PBA using the ESEM approach considered as the combination of the best components of CFA and conventional EFA. Previous research supported a general factor of the PBA through CFA and secondorder hierarchical factor modeling (e. g. ,  Matias et al. , 2020; Mousavi et al. , 2020; Sodi et al. , 2020; Szczygieł et al. , 2020; Roskam et al. , 2021). By means of bifactor modeling and ESEM, the findings hereby presented complements previous studies on the suitability of the Parental Burnout general score for accurately assessing parental burnout  (Canivez, 2016).
86 (7. 96) 9 (6. 2%) 69 (47. 3%) 68 (46. 6%) 1. 64 [1-5] (7. 51) Peru* 368 265 103 40. 22 38. 97 (9. 89) 43. 815 (12. 34) 99 (30. 6%) 144 (57. 8%) 125 (11. 6%) 1. 93 [1-5] (10. 84) Spain* 333 287 46 41. 10 40. 80 (7. 80) 42. 98 (8. 09) 104(32. 4%) 133 (43. 1%) 96 (24. 5%) 1. 74 [1-6] (7. 86) Uruguay 287 179 108 35. 02 34. 23 (5. 80) 36. 36 (7. 16) 150(50. 7%) 90 (33. 1%) 47 (16. 2%) 1. 60 [1-6] (6. 42) *Denotes data sets involved in study 1 and **For the case of Ecuador we used dataset of study 2.
Both interviewers have significant experience generating qualitative insights on patients' lived experiences. The interviews were audio-recorded and lasted 60-75 min. Participant information sheets were sent to interviewees and informed consent was recorded prior to the start of the interviews. Key ethical considerations included ensuring that individuals were aware that their participation was entirely voluntary -not coerced in anyway and that they had all the information necessary to fully consider taking part (e. g. purpose, sponsor, time required, complaints procedure with contact details provided). This was clarified in the participant information sheet and then again before starting the interview itself, with another opportunity to ask questions. The other consideration was about the data provided by participants.
Statistical analysis The data were collected and analyzed on the SURVEYMONKEY Ò platform. Categorical variables were expressed in percentages and compared by Z test. The independence of the compared variables was tested by x2 test. The association of variables was regarded as significant when p<0. 05. The results to the knowledge questions were expressed with a percentage of correct answers +/-confidence interval (CI) and compared by Mann-Whitney's test. Results were considered as statistically significant with p<0,05. The analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 8 Ò and XLSTAT analysis softwares.
The 3D printed model has been extracted from the original CBCT with Slicer 3D (Fig. 3 ), a free software able to read DICOM files and to target specific tissues by manually selecting them or by switching with density gradient. Thanks to the open digital workflow, the individualized included germ is now ready for digital post treatment using Slicer 3D surfacing option of exporting the file with Meshmixer. Once the surface is satisfying, it is printed in medical use resin by stereolithography before being disinfected in multiple antiseptic baths in compensation of not having the possibility to sterilize it by autoclave standard procedure. The 3D printed model was fitted in the remaining alveolar site which had to be reworked to permit a slightly loose fitting. This model also helped us to apprehend the transplant morphology and its optimal insertion axis in the formed tooth socket limiting the fitting attempts.
Data collection All interviews were conducted by phone. The principal investigator (PI), a chiropractor, was trained by an experienced qualitative researcher and conducted all the semistructured interviews. The interviews were guided by a list of open-ended questions, including related probes (Appendix A). Saturation may be achieved with as few as 6 to 8 patients or up to 12 to 30 patients when looking for disconfirming evidence or trying to achieve maximum variation  [32, 33]. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The PI reviewed the transcribed interviews to ensure their accuracy. The PI then contacted participants if they wanted to review their transcript, and edit their responses (member checking). Patients were able to modify their transcripts and/or withdraw from the study.
Search Strategy This review involved a systematic search of the electronic databases including MEDLINE/ PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, SciELO, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, conducted by three independent authors (C. CH. E. , JM. P. G. , and M. M. Y. ), identifying articles published between January 1971 and January 2020 on the use of different stapler devices in pharyngeal closure following TL. Studies were screened if they had database abstracts, available full texts, or titles referring to the condition. The following keywords were used: ''laryngectomy''; ''total laryngectomy''; ''surgical stapler''; ''pharyngocutaneous fistula''; ''stapler closure''; ''pharyngeal closure''. The grey literature was not included.
Study population and data We analysed data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 18 Sub-Saharan African countries (based on data availability as of November 2020). The country sample was a convenience sample based, and slightly extended, from an earlier research project  [9]. The sample included Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. DHS are nationally representative surveys based on a multistage design with households as sampling units. They collect a wide range of demographic and reproduction health indicators among consenting adults that are interviewed face-to-face by trained interviewers using standardized questionnaires  [12].
The collected data notably include age and gender, as well as specific data on HIV/AIDS. In particular, some DHS include an HIV serological survey, for which participants are asked to consent to be tested for HIV (anonymously in most of the surveys included here). Household wealth was assessed using the DHS wealth index, a composite measure of living standards that is based on the household's assets (e. g. refrigerators) and characteristics (e. g. , sanitation facilities)  [13]. All DHS were conducted by national central statistics agencies or research institutes. The institutions that approved, implemented, or provided funding for the surveys were responsible for ethical clearance, which guaranteed informed consent and confidentiality of participant's information.