dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Age of the system One of the goals of the future ESA PLATO mission  (Rauer et al. 2014 ) is to provide ages of solar-like MS stars hosting exoplanets with an accuracy of 10 %. Many papers dealing with stellar physics report ages arising from stellar evolution codes with a similar precision, especially when asteroseismic measurements are available. With this paper, we could have run a single stellar evolution code and provided an age with a relatively low uncertainty. We decided to let four different modelers estimate the age in an independent fashion. We obtain 4. 9 ± 0. 9 Gyr with PARAM, 3. 43 +0. 62  -0. 16 Gyr with MESA, 4. 5 ± 0. 2 Gyr with YaPSI, and 4. 5 ± 0. 2 Gyr with Lightcurvefactory, that is 18. 4, 22. 7, 4. 4, and 4. 4 % respectively. Both the YaPSI and Lightcurvefactory estimates have a better precision likely because the three components of the system are included into the optimization process.
Evolution of the system In the short term, we have shown that the inner binary components eclipse each other over a period of about 7. 3 years, and stop eclipsing for the next 11. 9 years. The RG will never eclipse the inner binary as seen from the Earth. This is why we were able to study the eclipses of the inner binary from the Kepler data and that we are not able to do so with TESS. The eclipses should be visible again during the ESA PLATO mission, whose nominal operations should happen between 2027 and 2031. The PLATO observations will certainly help fine-tune the model of the system. Over the long term and in general, stars are likely to merge in close multiple-star systems when the most massive component reaches the tip of the RG branch. This is especially true for low-mass stars that ignite helium only at the tip of the red giant branch, after reaching very large radii (∼ 200 R ).
Acknowledgements. This paper includes data collected by the Kepler mission. Funding for the Kepler mission is provided by the  NASA Science Mission directorate. Some of the data presented in this paper were obtained from the  Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the  Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. , under  NASA  contract  NAS5-26555. This work is also based on observations obtained with the  Apache Point Observatory 3. 5-meter telescope, which is owned and operated by the  Astrophysical Research Consortium. Part of our spectroscopic observations were done at the  Observatoire de Haute-Provence. We acknowledge the technical team for their onsite support as well as the  "Programme National de Physique Stellaire" (PNPS)  of  CNRS/INSU  for their financial support.
Introduction In the rst two and a half years after the successful touchdown of the InSight lander  (Banerdt et al. 2020) , 63 low-frequency and broadband marsquakes were detected and recorded by the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) seismometer  (Lognonné, et al. , 2019; Clinton et al. , 2021 ; InSight Marsquake Service, 2022). However, all the marsquakes with known epicentral distance occurred within a distance of fewer than 100 degrees  (Horleston et al. , 2022) , and most of them are clustered at epicentral distances of about 30 degrees, i. e. 1700 km, to the east of the InSight landing site, near Cerberus Fossae (Fig  1c ). Various seismological methods have been applied to those datasets to constrain the crustal structure. Although the methods employed above were effective at providing the rst seismic model of the Martian crust, all those seismic studies re ect structure beneath the InSight landing site.
1c ), the largest canyon system in the solar system  (Yin, 2012)  to the east of the Tharsis region. At such large epicentral distances, the direct body waves (i. e. , P-and S-waves) are blocked by the core since its radius is estimated at about 1855 km  (Stähler et al. , 2021). However, PP and SS phases, which bounce off the free surface of the planet between the quake and the instrument, can be identi ed on the seismograms (Fig. 2a  and b ). These are the waveform data (InSight SEIS data service, 2019) we used in this analysis. The SS phase arrives 1847 s after the origin time on the tangential component (Fig. 2a ). With a polarization ltering technique  (Montalbetti and Kanasewich, 1970) , which enhances the linearly polarized signals (see Online Methods), all wave trains arriving before the SS phase are suppressed except for one signal at about -18.
For example, using the P-to-s receiver function, Knapmeyer-Endrun et al. (2021) obtained two sets of possible crustal models beneath the InSight landing site: a two-layer model with a Moho depth of 20 ± 5 km and a three-layer model with a crustal thickness of 39 ± 8 km, though with a weaker wave-speed contrast across this possible deeper Moho. Subsequent studies from Kim et al. (2021) and Durán et al. (2022) based on more comprehensive datasets and different methods con rmed the existence of the top two layers and favored the existence of the third layer. Results from ambient noise auto-correlation (Compaire et al. , 2021; Schimmel et al. , 2021) have also revealed a discontinuity at about 21 km depth, consistent with the second layer of the receiver function studies. In addition, by combining receiver function results and SH-wave re ection observations, Li et al.
Acknowledgments J. L. and C. B. were supported by  NASA   InSight PSP  grant # 80NSSC18K1679. Funding support for French activities, including data curation, was provided by  Centre National des Études Spatiales (CNES)  and  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-19-CE31-0008-08   MAGIS ,  ANR-18-IDEX-0001 IdEx Université Paris Cité ). This is InSight Contribution Number  ICN 246.
This work aims to determine the cross sections of nuclear reactions induced by deuterons on nat Dy in the 12. 5-32-5 MeV energetic range of the incident beam, with particular attention to the production of 155,161 Tb and their long lived contaminants. At present, only one study has been done by Tàrkànyi et al. [21]  investigating the same reactions up to 50 MeV. The goal of the present experiment is to verify the nuclear data that are present in the literature and to provide more dense dataset to better estimate the Thick Target Yield (TTY).
During the irradiation, the beam current stability was monitored using a beam dump combined with a current integrator. The integrated charge and the beam energy were verified by comparing the experimental cross sections of the monitor reactions nat Ti(d,x) 48 V and nat Al(d,x) 24 Na with the IAEA recommended ones  [23]. The results are reported in Figs. 1  and 2. The agreement between the experimental data and the recommended curves is high. In particular, there is low or no discrepancy between various irradiation sessions, increasing the reliability of the obtained results. 2 Na. The experimental results are compared with the IAEA recommended curve  [23] , dashed line corresponds to the IAEA uncertainty band. There is major agreement between the experimental data and the recommended curve.
Measurements The activity measurements of the targets were performed without any chemical processing at the LASA Laboratory (INFN and Physics Department of University of Milano, Segrate, MI) employing high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors. Each detector was calibrated in energy and efficiency with certified 152 Eu and 133 Ba sources (CercaLEA, France and Amersham, UK). 133 Ba point source has been used in order to determine the efficiency at low energy exploiting the 53. 162 keV (I γ =2. 14%), 80. 99 keV (I γ =32. 9%) and 160. 61 keV (I γ =0. 638%) gamma-ray lines. The measurements started two days after the bombardments and continued for about 3 -4 months, in order to collect a large set of data to reduce the uncertainties on the quantities of interest. The duration of the measurements ranged between 30 min -2 d.
Two correction factors are used, namely the decay factor D(RT) that corrects for the decay during RT, and the growing factor G(t irr ) that takes into account the decay during t irr. Those two dimensionless factors are defined as: D(RT ) λ • RT 1 -e -λ•RT (2) and G(t irr ) λ • t irr 1 -e -λ•t irr. ( 3 ) The factors that contribute to the uncertainty budget are reported by Manenti et al. [25]. In particular, the uncertainty on the NCounts γ has been kept lower than 7%, with a overall uncertainty of (3 -10)% depending on the radionuclide. The experimental excitation functions are reported in Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, compared with a previous nuclear dataset from Tàrkànyi et al. [21]. The numerical results are listed in Tables  3  and 4. Theoretical simulations with default options were performed with EMPIRE-3.
58 keV (I γ =26. 1%) and the 879. 383 keV (I γ =30. 1%) γ -ray emissions has been used to calculate the activity. The cross section is presented in Fig. 5. It is in agreement with the results of Tàrkànyi et al. [21] , but the simulation codes does not reproduce correctly the experimental data. In particular EMPIRE 3. 2. 3 code overestimate the experimental results and cannot be seen in the graph for energy higher than 13 MeV. The only γ -ray emission associated with the decay of 161 Tb that can be efficiently detected by a p-type HPGe detector is the one at 74. 56711 keV (I γ =10. 2%). The experimental results are reported in Fig. 6. They are compatible with the existing dataset  [21] , while the agreement with the TALYS 1. 96 simulation is low. In the inset of Fig. 6 , there is the same graph with a different scale that permits to appreciate the large overestimation that the EMPIRE 3.
2. 3 code introduces. 3. 5 nat Dy(d,x) 155 Dy (cum) The cross section of the reaction nat Dy(d,x) 155 Dy, cumulated with the contribution of the decay of the co-produced 155 Ho, is reported in Fig. 7. 155 Dy decays ec, β + (100%) with a half-life of 9. 9 h. The γ -ray used to evaluate the activity has energy E γ =226. 928 keV (I γ =65. 4%). The results are compatible with the cross section measured in the previous dataset  [21] , taking into accounting the error bars, and with the calculation of EMPIRE-3. 2. 3. The accordance of the simulation performed with TALYS 1. 96 is low. Moiseeva et al. [29]  demonstrated that 155 Dy can be employed as a generator for 155 Tb. However, this production pathway ( nat Dy+d) gives rise to the co-production of other radioisotopes of Dy as 157 Dy that decays with a similar half-life (8.
2. 3 code simulation with default options Fig. 7  Cumulative cross section of the reaction nat Dy(d,x) 155 Dy. The experimental results are compared with the data of Tàrkànyi et al. [21]  and with the theoretical simulations. An eye-guideline (solid line) has been added to easily visualise the data Fig. 8  Cumulative cross section of the reaction nat Dy(d,x) 157 Dy (cum). The experimental results are compared with the data of Tàrkànyi et al. [21]  and with the theoretical simulations. An eye-guideline (solid line) has been added to easily visualise the data. The agreement of the previous dataset and the simulation with the experimental data at energy higher than 24 MeV is low Fig. 8. The compatibility with the other experimental data and with the simulations is high at low energies, while at energies higher than 24 MeV the results of the present experiment show a different behaviour.
Conclusion The possibility to produce two of the four theranostic relevant radioisotopes of terbium via deuterons irradiation of natural dysprosium targets has been discussed in this paper. The cross section of the nuclear reactions nat Dy(d,x) 155,161 Tb in the energetic range of 12. 5 -32 MeV has been measured, and the coproduction of terbium and dysprosium contaminants ( 156,160 Tb and 155,157,159 Dy) has been evaluated too. The experimental excitation functions have been compared to a previous dataset by Tàrkànyi et al. [21]  resulting in a general agreement with some exceptions for 155 Tb and 157 Dy. The accordance with the theoretical simulation performed with EMPIRE 3. 2. 3 and with TALYS 1. 96 using default options is for the most part insufficient. The TTY, in condition of total absorption and with the entrance beam energy of 32 MeV, is generally low: it has been estimated to be 5.
Acknowledgements This work was funded in the framework of the research project REMIX by  INFN (Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics ,  CSN5 ). The ARRONAX cyclotron is a project promoted by the  Regional Council of Pays de la Loire  financed by local authorities, the  French government , and the  European Union. This work has been, in part, supported by a grant from the  French National Agency for Research called "Investissements d'Avenir", Equipex Arronax-Plus  No. ANR-11-EQPX-0004  and  Labex  No. ANR-11-LABX-0018-01. It has been also supported partly through a funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  101008571  (PRISMAP). Funding Open access funding provided by  Università degli Studi di Milano  within the  CRUI-CARE Agreement.
Vector boson production and neutrino deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) data are crucial for constraining the strange quark parton distribution function (PDF) and more generally for flavor decomposition in PDF extractions. We extend the nCTEQ15 nuclear PDFs (nPDFs) by adding the recent W and Z production data from the LHC in a global nPDF fit. The new nPDF set, referred to as nCTEQ15WZ, is used as a starting point for a follow-up study in which we assess the compatibility of neutrino DIS data with charged lepton DIS data. Specifically, we re-analyze neutrino DIS data from NuTeV, Chorus, and CDHSW, as well as dimuon data from CCFR and NuTeV. To scrutinize the level of compatibility, different kinematic regions of the neutrino data are investigated. Fits to the neutrino data alone and a preliminary global fit are performed and compared to nCTEQ15WZ.
Introduction Nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) are key inputs for any factorization-based theory prediction that involve a nucleus in the initial state  [1] [2] [3]. Due to their non-perturbative nature, nPDFs are determined from a QCD global analysis of various nuclear data, such as charged lepton or neutrino deep-inelastic scattering (DIS), or Drell-Yan (DY) lepton pair production data. Most of these data are sensitive particularly to (anti-)up and (anti-)down quark nPDFs, while the strange quark and gluon nPDFs are traditionally the least constrained and thus have larger uncertainties. It has been shown in a reweighting study  [4]  that the recent W and Z boson production data from the LHC  [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]  provide better constraints on the strange and gluon nPDFs.
Clearly, there remains important questions to address regarding these data sets. In this analysis, we review the impact of including W and Z boson production data from LHC on the fitted nPDFs (referred to as nCTEQ15WZ); additional details can be found in  [20]. We include neutrino data from NuTeV  [21] , CDHSW  [22] , and Chorus  [23] , as well as charm dimuon data from CCFR and NuTeV  [24]. We first analyze the neutrino data separately and then perform a global fit combining all the data sets used in the nCTEQ15WZ analysis with the neutrino data.
Theoretical Framework and Data Sets In all our fits, the same nCTEQ15 fitting framework is employed. In particular, the PDFs of a proton in the nuclear medium are parametrized in a polynomial form  [1] , and the mass number (A) dependence is parametrized at the level of the PDF parameters. All theory calculations are performed at next-to-leading order (NLO) in perturbative QCD. The ACOT scheme  [25, 26]  is used for the treatment of heavy quarks. To minimize higher twist effects and avoid the resonance region, we apply the standard kinematic cuts of Q > 2 GeV and W > 3. 5 GeV for all the DIS data, including the neutrino sets. After these kinematic cuts, the remaining number of data points in the nCTEQ15WZ set is 853, plus 2366 from NuTeV, 929 from CDHSW, 824 from Chorus, and 174 from the charm dimuon data.
The nCTEQ15WZ fit To study the impact of the LHC data on the extracted nPDFs, we performed a global analysis with the nCTEQ15WZ data set. In addition to varying 19 PDF parameters, we also fit three normalization parameters for the LHC W /Z data sets, specifically for i) CMS Run I data, Figure  1 : χ 2  /pt for the nCTEQ15WZ fit. The data IDs are defined in  [20] , and the number of data points is indicated on top of each bar. For each process, the corresponding χ 2 /pt value is shown in the legend. ii) CMS Run 2 data, and iii) ATLAS data. The result of the fit, in terms of the χ 2 values per number of data points, is reported in Fig. 1. The figure shows that an excellent overall fit was obtained, and good descriptions of the data was observed for all experiments  [20]   1. The LHC data is well described and no significant tension was observed with the charged lepton DIS and DY data.
Considering the fact that the LHC W /Z data involves inclusive cross sections of both charged and neutral current processes, this suggests the existence of universal nPDFs that can explain both charged and neutral current processes, at least for this data subset. In light of the compatibility of the above data sets, it will be especially insightful to perform a combined fit of the neutrino data and the data used in the nCTEQ15WZ fit. Recall that the analysis of Ref. [14]  found significant tension between these data. We revisit these issues in Sec. 4. In Fig. 2 , we show the strange quark and gluon PDFs from the nCTEQ15WZ fit and selected global fits in the literature: nNNPDF2. 0 [3] , EPPS16  [2] , and nCTEQ15. For the strange quark PDF, nCTEQ15WZ yields a higher distribution at low x, suggesting an elevated strange sea ratio, R s ≡ (s + s)/(ū + d).
Interestingly, a similar effect was also observed for the proton PDF using LHC W /Z proton data  [27]. Still, the nPDF sets from the different groups agree well within their respective uncertainties. Note that the nCTEQ15WZ s(x) uncertainty band is larger compared to nCTEQ15 because the latter fit constrained the strange quark to be a fixed fraction of ū + d at the input scale. The nCTEQ15WZ fit made no such assumption, and thus it is a more accurate representation of the true s(x) uncertainty. Examining the gluon PDF, we can see a smaller error band compared to nCTEQ15. The improved sensitivity to the gluon PDF can be explained by the high scale of the LHC W /Z data, which probe small x values and F C C 2 = (F νA 2 + F νA 2 )/2. For the charged lepton case we compare with BCDMS  [28, 29]  and SLAC  [30]  data, and for the neutrino case we compare with NuTeV data  [21].
Compatibility Test We now assess the compatibility of the nCTEQ15WZ data set (S) with the individual neutrino data sets ( S) using the hypothesis-testing method. Data sets S and S are compatible if the following two conditions are satisfied: i) When the new data set ( S) is included, the χ 2 increase of the original nCTEQ15WZ data set (∆χ 2 S ) is less than some tolerance T. ii) The combined fit can describe all the data (both S and S) within the 90% confidence level. For the first condition, we choose a tolerance of T =45 which correspond to the 90% χ 2 percentile of S. The second condition can be checked by examining the percentile p S. Table  1  shows the result of individually including each new data set ( S) into the fit with the nCTEQ15WZ data (S). We observe that all the neutrino data sets lead to a noticeable χ 2 increase for the nCTEQ15WZ data (∆χ 2 S ), and only the Chorus and CDHSW data marginally satisfy our compatibility criteria.
The Combined Fit Having identified the region that generates the tension between data sets, we perform a global nPDF fit including all the data sets (nCTEQ15WZ, dimuon, and neutrino, referred to as BaseD-imuNeu). To see the impact of low x neutrino data, we also perform another fit with all the above data, but impose a x ≥ 0. 1 cut on the neutrino data (referred to as BaseDimuNeuX). The results of these fits are displayed in Fig. 4  for the strange quark and gluon PDFs, as these are most impacted by the new data. For the strange quark PDF, we see that both the nCTEQ15WZ and BaseDimuNeu fits yield comparably large distributions in the small x region. In contrast, both the BaseDimu and BaseDimuNeuX fits prefer a smaller strange PDF at low x. The comparison of BaseDimuNeu and BaseDimuNeuX clearly highlights the impact of the low x (x ≤ 0.
Conclusion We have presented the results from our recent PDF analysis (nCTEQ15WZ), which includes W and Z boson production data from the LHC, and have extended this fit to include new data from neutrino DIS experiments. Specifically, our extended analysis includes inclusive cross section data from NuTeV, CDHSW, and Chorus, as well as charm dimuon data from CCFR and NuTeV. Both LHC W/Z data and the neutrino data impose strong constraints on the strange quark and gluon PDFs. We are able to obtain good fits to the data sets as measured by their χ 2 values. However, there are some tensions that are most evident by comparing fits (BaseDimuNeu and BaseDimuNeuX) with and without the low x (x ≤ 0. 1) neutrino data. This difference is mostly reflected in the resulting strange PDF at low x values. We have conducted this study examining the χ 2 for individual data and individual processes (Fig.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Alberto Accardi ,  Nasim Derakhshanian ,  Cynthia Keppel ,  Chloé Leger ,  Florian Lyonnet , and  Peter Risse  for useful discussions. The work of M. K. , K. K. and K. F. M. was funded by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation ) through the  Research Training Group GRK 2149. P. D. , M. K. and K. K. also acknowledge the support of the  DFG  through project-id 273811115 -SFB 1225. A. K. and R. R. acknowledge the support of  Narodowe Centrum Nauki  under Grant No  2019/34/E/ST2/00186. The work of T. J. was supported by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation ) under grant  396021762 -TRR 257. F. O. acknowledges support through  US DOE  grant No. DE-SC0010129  and the  National Science Foundation  under Grant No.
The authors would like to thank  S. R. Stroberg  for the imsrg++ code [56] used to perform VS-IMSRG calculations and  J. Lassen  and the laser ion source group at  TRIUMF  for their development of the Fe laser scheme. This work was supported by the  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)  of  Canada  under grants  SAPIN-2018-00027  and  RGPAS-2018-522453 , and by the  National Research Council (NRC)  of  Canada  through  TRIUMF , the  Polish National Science Centre  under Contract No. 2016/21/B/ST2/01227 , the  Polish-French   COPIN-IN2P3  collaboration agreement under project numbers  04-113  and  05-119  and  COPIGAL 2020 , the  UKRI Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)  grant No. ST/P004008/1 , the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics  under grant  DE-FG02-93ER40789 , and the  German Research Foundation (DFG) , grant No.
In WEST experimental campaign C5, the divertor pumping capability has been improved by sealing the space between the divertor outer baffle and the vacuum vessel. It is expected that the degree of baffle leakage influences the transport of neutral particles inside the main chamber, which affects the detachment onset. Knowing the exact impacts of leakage and understanding the physical processes behind it are helpful for the study and control of plasma detachment. We investigate the impact of leakage by performing transport simulations through SOLEDGE-EIRENE code considering several cases with different leakage levels. Starting from the basic simulation case, non-constant radial transport coefficients obtained by the feedback control method are applied to achieve a better match with the experimental one (#54903) in L-mode.