dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
g. ,  Schaum et al. , 2017; Uiterwaal & DeLong, 2019; Warkentin et al. , 2007). For respiration and net photosynthesis, replicates were 5 mL samples with no air bubbles in glass vials (SensorVial SV-PSt5-4mL, PreSens®) mounted on a Sensor Dish reader (PreSens®). Before tracking oxygen measurements (in mg O 2 L -1 ), we gave the samples 1 h at assay temperatures in the incubators for stabilization of the oxygen device. For respiration and photosynthesis, consumer replicates contained five starved adult daphnids in filtered media, and algal replicates consisted of 5 mL of nutrient-depleted algal cultures adjusted to set densities (see Methods S. 2 and Figure  S2  in Data S1) using a modified nutrient-free medium for dilution. Consumer and resource respiration rates were measured separately. For ingestion, we placed five starved adult daphnids in 5 mL of highly dense algal suspension from our clonal batch cultures (either C.
reinhardtii or Desmodesmus sp. taken at the exponential phase). Consumer ingestion was then measured as algal density removed from the media over 150 min in dark conditions to prevent any phototactic reaction of the daphnids, which could impact the consistency of ingestion measurements  (Serra et al. , 2019)  as well as respiration rates. Initial algal densities did not statistically differ between control and consumer treatments within temporal blocks (all Post-Hoc pairwise tests, p >. 05, Methods S. 4 in Data S1). We used flow cytometry (BD FACSCanto II high throughput sampler) to measure final algal densities of preserved algal samples from the algae respiration and net photosynthesis experiments, as well as at the beginning and the end of Daphnia ingestion experiments (see Methods S. 3 in Data S1).
e. , the optimum temperature, T opt , and maximal rate at optimum temperature, MRP, Figure  1 ). We evaluated the fit of unimodal rates for the 25 curves described by  Padfield et al. (2021). The selected modelthe Sharpe-Schoolfield model (Equation  1 )-best fit the majority of the rates and it offered the additional advantage of providing estimates of previously described TPC parameters. Bootstrapping using the case resampling method yielded confidence intervals for the TPC parameters (see Methods S. 4 in Data S1). Linear responses of ingestion rates with temperature were assessed with general linear models (GLM) after verifying that both data and model residuals complied with parametric assumptions. For ingestion rates, we independently fitted the data to linear regression models for each resource species and computed predicted ingestion to 0.
001°C precision. Ingestion rates of D. pulex feeding on Desmodesmus sp. showed no significant temperature dependence, hence to calculate predicted values of ingestion we fitted ingestion data to a linear regression with the slope constrained to a value of zero. Subsequently, we calculated species energetic balances as net photosynthesis-to-respiration ratio (P/R r ) for resources, or as ingestion-to-respiration ratio (I/R c ) for consumers, using predicted values of each per capita rate from either the TPC or GLM models. From individual energetic balances, we first identified the intraspecific thermal mismatches (intra-TM) for each species starting at those temperatures at which the balance declined with increasing temperature. Second, we inferred interspecific thermal mismatches (inter-TM) by comparing individual energetic balances for both consumer-resource pairs and identified the thermal mismatch regions (Figure  1 ), where: (1) trends of energetic balances contrast between the interacting species; and (2) both species reduce their energetic balance with increasing temperature.
Similar to consumer respiration rates, per capita raw ingestion rates (rI, cells mL -1 h -1 per Daphnia) were transformed into energy equivalents (rI E , J L -1 h -1 per Daphnia) to make them quantitatively comparable (see Methods S. 5 in Data S1). To account for imperfect assimilation, we then calculated final per capita ingestion rates, I E J L -1 h -1 per Daphnia, by multiplying per capita raw ingestion rates in energy units, rI E , by a unitless assimilation efficiency for each algal species. Assimilation efficiencies were assumed to be constant across temperatures set at 14% when D. pulex fed on C. reinhardtii and 10% when it instead fed on Desmodesmus sp. (see Methods S. 5 in Data S1). Adult experimental daphnids averaged 2. 08 ± 0. 1 mm in length (mean ± SD).
Codesal: Conceptualization (equal); formal analysis (lead); investigation (lead); methodology (lead); writingoriginal draft (lead). Cara A. Faillace: Conceptualization (equal); methodology (supporting); supervision (equal); writing -review and editing (equal). Alexandre Garreau: Investigation (supporting); methodology (equal). Elvire Bestion: Formal analysis (supporting); writing -review and editing (equal). Alexis D. Synodinos: Writing -review and editing (equal). José M. Montoya: Conceptualization (lead); funding acquisition (lead); supervision (lead); writing -review and editing (equal). ACK N OWLED G M ENTSThis research is supported by the FRAGCLIM Consolidator Grant, funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement Number 726176).
56%-0. 93% yr -1. If this trend continued through the HIPPO and ATom time periods, we would expect to see a 4. 0%-6. 7% increase across the 7 years between these two missions. Applying the methodology to HIPPO alone, which covers 2009-2011, gives a value of 11. 2 ppm for the SCA of the curtain average versus 10. 7 ppm when using ATom alone, which covers 2016-2018. This corresponds to a more than 1% decrease contrary to the increase expected from Graven. However, this may not be accurate as there may not be enough data in either mission alone to fully constrain the seasonal cycle (Figure  S3  in Supporting Information S1) and account for interannual variability in CO 2 fluxes, which were shown by  Jin et al. (2021)  to be non-negligible. Despite any interannual variability, the expected increase in GSNF is not apparent when comparing the flight-based estimates to previous estimates.
97 Pg C yr -1. In contrast, the FLUXCOM product, based on upscaled observations from FLUXNET sites using various machine learning approaches  (Jung et al. , 2019) , estimated GPP north of 20°N averaged over 2009-2014 to be 48 Pg C yr -1. Our GSNF-constrained value of 56 ± 15 Pg C for GPP is consistent with both of these estimates, given the larger error bars on the emergent constraint approach, and indicates that GPP falls between these two estimates. The large value for GPP relative to FLUXCOM is interesting in light of the uncertainty in global GPP. The range in global mean GPP magnitudes for 2008-2010 from FLUXCOM members is 106-130 Pg C yr -1  (Jung et al. , 2020). This range covers the observation-based estimate of global mean GPP of 123 ± 8 Pg C yr -1 found using eddy covariance flux data and various diagnostic models  (Beer et al.
Conclusions ESMs disagree in their simulation of large-scale carbon fluxes, making it crucial to evaluate models to contextualize their climate predictions. We have presented an approach to constrain the seasonal land flux using aircraft data from the HIPPO and ATom flight campaigns. The northern extratropical GSNF of 5. 7 ± 0. 3 Pg C derived from these observations can be used to evaluate prognostic model fluxes for net flux directly and for component fluxes via an emergent constraint approach. We note that this constraint is tied to atmospheric transport models because the flux is bias corrected by comparing posterior mole fractions from inverse models with their fluxes. However, we found that at the hemispheric scale, the constraint is robust to the choice of atmospheric transport model since common transport errors tend to cancel out at this scale.
When compared to the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models, the inferred GSNF suggests a larger net flux and shorter growing season than those simulated in both model ensembles. This gives modelers an additional observation to target during model development and could be added to a benchmarking system such as the International Land Model Benchmarking (ILAMB) System  (Collier et al. , 2018). While there is decreased model spread between CMIP6 models, this benchmark also highlights some of the ways in which CMIP6 models have not improved from CMIP5, such as in simulating the start of the growing season. Correlations within the CMIP5 and CMIP6 ensembles allowed us to apply an emergent constraint approach to estimate northern hemisphere GPP, RH, and NPP. We found that the GSNF-constrained value for GPP is at the higher end of a range of estimates from FLUXCOM, a commonly used ensemble of data products of upscaled biosphere-atmosphere fluxes.
Data Availability Statement HIPPO data are available at the Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) HIPPO data archive at http://www. eol. ucar. edu/projects/hippo/. (http://doi. org/10. 3334/CDIAC/HIPPO_010). ATom data are available at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC at https://daa. ornl. gov/ATOM/campaign/ (https://doi. org/10. 3334/ ORNLDAAC/1925). CarbonTracker CT2019B results provided by NOAA ESRL, Boulder, Colorado, USA from the website at http://carbontracker. noaa. gov (https://doi. org/10. 25925/20201008). MIROC4-ACTM inversion results are available on Zenodo: https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 5776197. CAMS inversion results were provided by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, part of the European Union's Earth observation programme, from the website at https://ads. atmosphere.
Acknowledgments This research was partially supported by the  Reducing Uncertainties in Biogeochemical Interactions through Synthesis and Computation (RUBISCO) Science Focus Area , which is sponsored by the  Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA)  activity of the  Earth & Environmental Systems Modeling (EESM) Program in the Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences Division (EESSD) of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER)  in the  US Department of Energy Office of Science. This material is based upon work supported by the  National Center for Atmospheric Research , which is a major facility sponsored by the  National Science Foundation  under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977. The HIPPO data were collected using NSF's Lower Atmosphere Observing Facilities, which are managed and operated by  NCAR's Earth Observing Laboratory.
Funding This work received financial support from the research project " MaSCoET" (Maintien du Stock de Coquillages en lien avec la problématique des Efflorescences Toxiques ) financed by  France Filière Pêche  and  Brest Métropole. JVM was financed by  Actiris international European Youth Mobility Program. JLGC is recipient of a doctorate fellowship from  CONACyT ,  Mexico  (REF:  2019-000025-01EXTF-00067 ). MD is recipient of a doctorate fellowship from  Region Bretagne ARED.
To address these hypotheses, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of OVA-specific FoxP3 regulatory T cells as well as MHC class I, PD-L1, and PD-1 expression would be required. Our data show that the ADDomer is well suited to mount an efficient anti-tumoral response. Genetic insertion of epitopes directly in the ADDomer loops is based on single-particle expression but limited to short epitopes, thus restricting its use to personalized medicine or stratified patients. Display of large antigen required expression of ADD-ST and the large cargo fused to the SC. Because of the autocatalytic reaction, simple addition of both components resulted in "ready-to-use" immunotherapy applicable to a large population. With this latter strategy, a mosaic vaccine displaying several different antigens at once can be produced,  37, 38  paving the way for next-generation products with a broader immunological spectrum for off-the shelf cancer immunotherapy.
ADD-Blov complex formation for characterization and mouse immunization experiments Covalent complex formation was obtained by incubation of purified ADD-ST with purified Blov protein fused to SC (Blov-SC). Incubation was performed at 25 C under agitation on a Thermomixer at 300 rpm. The Blov-SC ratio per ADD-ST was fixed to 1:4 (1 Blov-SC for 4 monomers) to avoid steric hindrance between the Blov-SC proteins on the ADDomer surface. For immunization experiments, a ratio of 3 copies of Blov-SC per ADD-ST was chosen to leave minimal free Blov-SC. This ratio was calculated on SDS-PAGE using ImageLab software (Bio-Rad). The integrity of ADD-Blov was checked by negative-stain electron microscopy. B16-OVA culture and preparation for tumor challenge in mice B16 melanoma cells stably expressing chicken OVA (B16-OVA) were provided by Dr.
Statistical analyses Because percentages and absolute numbers of CD8 + dextramer OT-I + T lymphocytes datasets followed a non-normal, heteroscedastic distribution, a non-parametric test was used for comparison of the different groups. Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed, followed by a Dunn's multiple comparison test for each figure. Differences were considered significant when the p value was below 0. 05. Statistics were performed using GraphPad software v. 8. FEDER, and the GIS-Infrastructures en Biologie Sante et Agronomie (IBISA).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Jean Paufique  and  Brigitte Closs  from the  Fondation d'Entreprise SILAB for scientific  and financial support, which enabled us to perform this work. We are grateful to  Daphna Fenel  and  Guy Schoehn  for electron microscopy. We are indebted to  Emilie Stermann ,  Marie-Claire Dagher ,  Christopher Chevillard ,  Axelle Amen ,  Pascal Poignard , and  Laurence Chaperot  for help and advice. We thank the zootechnicians of the PHTA facility for animal housing and care. This work was supported by  Fondation d'Entreprise SILAB -Jean PAUFIQUE. S. B. was the recipient of the SILAB price  2020-2022  dedicated to skin cancer research. S. B was granted by a "bourse doctorale" from the  Université Grenoble Alpes. D. H. is supported by  GEFLUC Dauphiné-Savoie, Ligue Contre le Cancer Comité Isère, Ligue Contre le Cancer Comité Savoie, Université Grenoble Alpes IDEX Initiatives de Recherche Stratégiques , and  Fondation du Souffle-Fonds de Recherche en Santé Respiratoire (FdS-FRSR ).
This work used the platforms of the Grenoble Instruct-ERIC Centerre (ISBG;  UAR 3518 CNRS-CEA-UGA-EMBL ) within the  Grenoble Partnership for Structural Biology  (PSB), supported by  FRISBI  ( ANR-10-INBS-05-02 ) and GRAL, financed within the  Université Grenoble Alpes graduate school (Ecoles Universitaires de Recherche)   CBH-EUR-GS  ( ANR-17-EURE-0003 ). The electron microscope facility is supported by the  Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region , the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) , the  Fonds.
However, the characteristic root is not preserved, thus a distinct identification on genus level is not possible. The other nine fragments possess the typical lower jaw tooth morphology, comprising a crown with a rather straight and strongly inclined main cusp, typical for lower jaw teeth of Etmopteridae. -F, I-P ) and eleven upper jaw teeth (Figs. 6A-U ); See Supplementary material 1 for detailed inventory numbers. Etymology. In honour of Bernhard Beaury for his help during fieldwork. Diagnosis. Small somniosid teeth with a marked dignathic and gradient monognathic heterodonty. Sigmoidal and distally inclined upper anterior teeth with lanceolate-shaped cusp and labiolingually compressed root. Crown with flat labial face, convex lingual face, and sharp cutting edges not reaching the basal crown edge.
Acknowledgements We thank  Bernhard Beaury ,  Gerhard Wanzenb€  ock, Lukas, David, Andrea and  Erwin Fuchs ,  Julia Schwab , and  Wolfgang Feichtinger  for their help during sampling and the  Mayr-Melnhof Holding  for the permission for fieldwork. Alex Festi  and  David Giritzer  (both  University of Vienna ) are thanked for their assistance for rock processing and we are grateful to  Wencke Wegner  ( Central Research Laboratories NHM Vienna ) for her assistance during SEM photography. We also thank  Lilian Caze  and  Alan Pradel  ( NHM Paris ) for the photographs of the holotype of C. adonis and the  Geological Survey of Austria  for the permission to use the palaeogeographic map of Fig. 1 (modified after  Rocky Austria ). The authors acknowledge the financial support by the  University of Graz.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles DEVRIES ET AL. 10. 1029/2023GB007780 3 of 32  (Hall et al. , 2002; Khatiwala et al. , 2009; McNeil et al. , 2003; Waugh et al. , 2006). At the same time, a growing database of surface ocean seawater pCO 2 led to the development of methods that could estimate the contemporary ocean carbon sink at a global scale by scaling pCO 2 observations to a reference year and using a bulk formulation for air-sea CO 2 exchange  (Takahashi et al. , 1997 (Takahashi et al. , , 2002 (Takahashi et al. , , 2009)). This early work formed the basis for the ocean contribution to the first REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP), an international effort to quantify regional and global carbon fluxes and to better understand the processes governing the global sinks for anthropogenic CO 2  (Canadell et al.
, 2011). The RECCAP global ocean carbon sink assessment focused on the global ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon  (Khatiwala et al. , 2013)  (hereafter, K2013) and on the magnitude, variability, and trends of air-sea CO 2 fluxes in the global ocean  (Wanninkhof et al. , 2013. The synthesis by K2013 focused on DIC inventory changes in the ocean, and provided an estimate of the total ocean anthropogenic carbon uptake since the start of the industrial revolution based on six observation-based approaches (including DIC-based approaches and tracer-constrained ocean mixing models), four versions of the Community Climate System Model GOBM, and a tracer-constrained global ocean data assimilation model (ECCO). W2013 focused on estimates of air-sea CO 2 fluxes derived from nine GOBMs, an empirical pCO 2 -observation based approach  (Park et al.
, 1996; Sabine et al. , 2004) , is here replaced by the extended multilinear regression method applied to the C* tracer to determine the anthropogenic carbon increase over the period  1994 -2007 (Gruber et al. , 2019a , 2019b)). These improved models and data products allow better quantification of the global ocean carbon sink, and an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms contributing to its magnitude, variability and trends. It should be noted that the RECCAP2 project is distinct from but complements the Global Carbon Budget (GCB) project  (Friedlingstein et al. , 2022) , which focuses only on the anthropogenically perturbed surface CO 2 fluxes from a global budgeting perspective. Also of note is that some of the approaches that were included as part of RECCAP are not considered for this RECCAP2 global assessment, such as estimates based on atmospheric CO 2 inversions (e.
Some, but not all, GOBMs represent the net land-sea carbon fluxes (f land-sea ) with carbon input from rivers and burial of carbon in marine sediments. For all simulations, model output is provided from 1980 to 2018 at monthly resolution for surface data such as air-sea CO 2 fluxes, and at annual resolution for interior data such as DIC concentrations, after re-gridding the model output to the regular RECCAP2 grid (1° × 1° horizontal resolution and fixed depth levels). See Table  S1  in Supporting Information S1 for further details. Each modeling group performed at least two and up to four model simulations over the period 1980-2018, where the influence of surface forcing and atmospheric CO 2 are analyzed either in isolation or combination. These simulations are labeled A-D (Table  1 ). In Simulation A (performed by all models), both the atmospheric CO 2 concentration and surface forcing are varied throughout the simulation period, providing an estimate of the oceanic CO 2 sink under time-evolving climatic conditions and atmospheric CO 2.
Data Assimilation Models In addition to the 12 GOBMs, we also use three different data assimilation models. Here, we use the term "data assimilation" to refer to models that assimilate oceanographic tracer observations in order to improve their representation of ocean processes. In the "assimilation" phase, the circulation or biogeochemistry of these models is adjusted in order to improve the fit of the model to the observations. Two of these data assimilation models are different versions of the OCIM  (DeVries, 2014 (DeVries, , 2022)). The OCIM assimilates observations of potential temperature, salinity, radiocarbon, and CFCs, as well as estimates of sea-surface height and air-sea heat and freshwater fluxes, into a steady-state ocean circulation model. This ocean circulation model is then used as the physical transport model in an abiotic ocean carbon cycle model coupled with rising atmospheric CO 2 levels to estimate air-sea CO 2 fluxes over the period 1780-2018.
No data assimilation takes place during this phase. The two OCIM versions, OCIMv2014 (DeVries, 2014) and OCIMv2021 (DeVries, 2022), differ in that OCIMv2021 has a higher vertical resolution, a shallower surface mixed layer, includes a tidal mixing scheme, and assimilates δ 3 He observations in addition to the other tracers listed above  (Holzer et al. , 2021). OCIMv2014 performed simulations A and B only and used an annual time-step for the carbon cycle model, while OCIMv2021 performed simulations A, B, and C and used a monthly time-step for the carbon cycle model. Because of the constant circulation of the OCIM models, their simulation A does not include a representation of the circulation-driven CO 2 fluxes and transports that the GOBMs do. In the case of OCIM-v2021, simulation A includes variable sea surface temperatures and gas transfer velocities, while in OCIM-v2014 these are held constant, making simulation A equivalent to simulation C in that version.
Surface Ocean pCO 2 -Observation Products We use a variety of products that estimate global air-sea CO 2 fluxes based on sea surface pCO 2 observations. The bulk of the seawater pCO 2 observations used by these approaches are contained in the Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT) data product  (Bakker et al. , 2016). SOCAT compiles and quality-controls pCO 2 observations from research cruises, ships of opportunity, moorings (e. g. ,  Sutton et al. , 2019) , and autonomous platforms (e. g. ,  Nickford et al. , 2022). Various approaches have been devised to fill the gaps in this database to create near-global and temporally complete maps of seawater pCO 2 for nearly the entire open ocean and, for RECCAP2, at monthly.
Many farmland birds, such as the Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata; here in after Curlew), are in steep decline. So far, decreased reproduction and, hence, an insufficient number of offspring to compensate for adult mortality has been considered the main driver of the recent population collapse. However, despite extensive conservation measures in most breeding areas, there are no signs of a general reversal of the population trend. Accordingly, conservation has to focus on decreasing adult mortality outside the breeding areas as well. For Curlews breeding in NW Germany, ring recoveries suggest that the main wintering areas are the coastlines of western France and southern England. However, such data are often biased in space and time. Here, we used GPS tracking to investigate the wintering areas and post-breeding migration of Curlews of the main German breeding population based on large sample size.