dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Additionally, the systematic uncertainties are conservatively estimated and they are still smaller than the statistical errors. With the large Belle II dataset, the correlations will need to be taken into account. The precision with 5 (50) ab -1 is found to be 0. 07 (0. 03). These results are shown in the first horizontal block of Table  101 , alongside the NLO, NNLO, and NNLO+LD predictions (described in detail in Section 12. 3. 4), all in %. To isolate the effect of the all neutral mode, an additional fit is performed where only the K 0 π 0 measurements are scaled to the expectation at 50 ab -1. Clearly the precision is limited by K 0 π 0 , as displayed in Fig. 134 (left). The dependence on the precision of I Kπ is further demonstrated by a simplistic 2D comparison of I Kπ vs. A K 0 π 0 CP shown in Fig.
375/688 The large Belle II dataset will enable the study of additional three-body channels with neutral final state particles which may exhibit large local CP asymmetries, such as B 0 → K + K -K 0 S , B 0 → K + K -π 0 , B 0 → K + π 0 π 0 , B + → K 0 S π + π 0 , B + → K 0 S K 0 S K + and B + → K 0 S K 0 S π +.
Conclusions The large datasets collected by Belle, BaBar, and LHCb have enabled the study of many charmless hadronic B (s) decays and have allowed for a detailed comparison with theoretical predictions and models. Some tantalizing questions have emerged and await the large dataset of Belle II to be further understood. The expected precision in B → K 0 π 0 with 50 ab -1 of data will be sufficient for NP studies and may resolve the Kπ CP -puzzle. The analogous isospin sum rules for the multi-body πK * and ρK ( * ) decays are also promising avenues to resolve this puzzle, but are statistically limited and must be measured with high precision to reveal whether an anomalous pattern of direct CP violation is emerging. The study of B → V V decays requires large statistics to perform full angular analyses, and thus there remains enormous potential.
While the majority of analyses at Belle and BaBar were limited to only measuring the longitudinal polarisation fraction, full angular analyses will be possible for many V V channels at Belle II. Of particular interest are ρK * decays, where a polarisation analysis will reveal if there is an enhanced contribution proportional to electromagnetic penguins. Belle II will also be uniquely suited to search for CP asymmetries in B → 3h decays with multiple neutral particles in the final state, which will serve to complement related searches at LHCb, where the observation of large local CP asymmetries in multiple channels has generated enormous interest from the theoretical and phenomenological communities. A sizeable B s dataset will also be necessary to study rare decays such as the penguin dominated B s → φπ 0 , where an excess above the SM prediction would be a clear indication of NP, and, e.
Estimate of δA CP for D 0 → K 0 S K 0 S and D + → π + π 0. In this section we discuss two channels that have generated much theoretical interest: (1) D 0 → K 0 S K 0 S : CP violation may be as large as 1% in the SM; (2) D + → π + π 0 : no CP violation is expected in the SM. The first decay mode is a promising channel for obtaining first evidence of CP violation in the charm sector. The second decay mode is of particular interest in the search for NP contributions. Both  Belle [1024]  and LHCb [1040] have measured A CP for D 0 → K 0 S K 0 S decays using their full or current datasets (921 fb -1 and 3 fb -1 respectively). The statistical and systematic errors of the Belle measurement are significantly smaller than those of LHCb, and they will improve further at Belle II. The Belle result is A CP (D 0 → K 0 S K 0 S ) = (-0.
This latter process is dominant in the datasets collected above the Υ (4S) energy: Monte Carlo simulation of the Υ (6S) → ηh b (1P ) process show that more than 90% of the combinatorial background in the signal region is due to the continuum, even after applying a topological selection to suppress it based on the Fox-Wolfram moments. A strong commitment by the experimental community in finding better tools to further suppress the continuum contribution is therefore desirable and needed to improve the physics results on hadronic transitions of any run at Υ (4S), Υ (5S) and Υ (6S) energies. Inclusive radiative transitions, on the other hand, are even more problematic. Even though the combinatorial background is in some cases smaller and the reconstruction efficiency much higher than any hadronic transition, the activity in the calorimeter arising from the beam background, which scales approximately with the instantaneous luminosity, limits the photon energy resolution and adds a large background.
As for η b (1S), Belle  [1112]  measured m ηb(2S) = 9999. 0 ± 3. 5 +2. 8 -1. 9 MeV in the decay h b (2P ) → γη b (2S), after disconfirming  [1481]  an independent analysis of the CLEO dataset which found m ηb(2S) = (9974. 6 ± 2. 3 ± 2. 1) MeV  [1482]. Ultimately, the best way to produce η b states at Belle II could be via Υ (4S) decays. With 50 ab -1 of Υ (4S) data and B(Υ (4S) → ηh b (1P )) = (1. 83 ± 0. 16 ± 0. 17) × 10 -3 , ∼ 4M η b (1S) can be produced and reconstructed (accounting for efficiency and η branching ratios). An extended run of ∼2 ab -1 at Υ (5S) energy offers access to h b (1P, 2P ), potentially resulting in 0. 25M of both η b (1S, 2S) after efficiency and reconstruction. Given B(Υ (3S) → γη b (1S)) = (5. 1 ± 0. 7) × 10 -4  [77] , one expects roughly 0. 6M η b (1S) events if 300 fb -1 is collected at the Υ (3S).
The best limit for the suppressed M 1 transition, B(Υ (3S) → γη b (2S)) < 6. 2 × 10 -4  [1483] , implies less than 0. 5M η b (2S) events from a similar dataset. This last analysis would require a detailed understanding of nearby peaking contributions from χ b , Υ (1D), and initial-state radiation photon lines, and extraction of a signal above a large inclusive photon background. The ππ transitions from the Υ (5S) and the η transition from the Υ (4S) will allow the study of the η b → γγ transition with very little background in exclusive mode (ππ + 5γ or 5γ from the Υ (4S), and ππ + 3γ from the Υ (5S)). Very precise prediction is available in NRQCD  [1097, 1484]  for the two photon decays of both η b (1S) and η b (2S), as discussed in the theory section. Another potential unexplored pathway well-suited to the initial running conditions could be via Υ (3S) → γχ b0 (2P ) → γηη b (1S).
In the full Belle IIdataset, this would yield some tens of events for the 3 3 P 2 and 3 3 P 1 intermediate states but only O(1) event for the 3 3 P 0. This might be sufficient to resolve these states. Lattice QCD guidance on where 3 P states are located is not available yet (see Fig. 169 ). This is an even more challenging task as it would need to take into account also the effect of BB ( * ) threshold. Search for F-wave bottomonia. The lattice QCD predictions for these states are given in Fig. 169. These states are likely best accessed via radiative decays of Υ (2 3 D J ) (also yet to be discovered). Reaching Υ (2 3 D J ) could potentially be accomplished by two-photon transitions from Υ (4S), a dipion transition from Υ (6S), or direct production from initial state radiation or operation at the appropriate energy.
2σ, putting this observation within reach with approximately 5 times the Υ (3S) dataset. These hindered E1 transitions are both experimentally difficult to measure due to overlapping photon transition energies, and theoretically difficult to calculate due to the effects of higher-order corrections. While they have been measured by both CLEO  [1483, 1508]  and BaBar  [1505] , there remains some disagreement over the suppressed Υ (3S) → γχ b1 (1P ) transition. The hindered M1 transitions χ bJ (nP ) → γh b (mP ) and h b (nP ) → γχ bJ (mP ) with n > m are even more difficult to be measured. However, any observation of such transitions would be a clear hint at nontrivial coupled-channel effects due to light quarks [1387], and thus deserve to be searched for. The most promising processes are h b (2P ) → γχ bJ (1P ) and χ bJ (2P ) → γh b (1P )  [1387].
The former can be studied as part of the exclusive decay chain Υ (5S) → π + π -h b (2P ) → π + π -γχ bJ (1P ) → π + π -γγΥ (1S) , with Υ (1S) reconstructed in dimuon or di-electron decay. We expect roughly O(10) reconstructed events/ab -1 at the Υ (5S) energy, with a small or negligible background coming from radiative QED processes or other transitions among bottomonia. The latter transition can be studied using a large dataset collected at the Υ (3S) energy. In this case the analysis should be done inclusively, studying single and multi-photon recoil mass spectra in hadronic events, in search for either the Υ (3S) → γχ bJ (2P ) → γγh b (1P ) or the Υ (3S) → γχ bJ (2P ) → γγh b (1P ) → γγγη b (1S) cascade decays.
In addition to data collected at the nominal Υ (4S) energy for commissioning purposes, data collected at different centre-of-mass energies during Phase 3 represent an important opportunity for the Belle II experiment to have an early scientific impact. These opportunities largely lie in the realm of quarkonium and "new states" physics, as described previously in this chapter. 134  summarises recent data collected at the Υ resonances. Since existing Υ (4S) and Υ (5S) datasets cannot be matched during the early periods, this leaves the possibility for quick acquisition of uniquely large samples at Υ (1S), Υ (2S), Υ (3S), Υ (6S), off-resonance, and E CM scan points if sufficiently justified. One of the primary drivers of the physics will be the amount of integrated luminosity available during these early periods.
Other Belle results for decays to ππΥ may point to cross section enhancements indicative of these intermediate states for energies in the range of 10. 7 -10. 8 GeV, where only ∼ 2fb -1 of data have been collected  [1237]. Energies below Υ (4S) are useful for both the study of bottomonium states and their transitions, and physics Beyond the Standard Model in searches for the dark sector and light Higgs. Datasets in the > 200 fb -1 range during Phase 3 offer a chance to reach this type of physics from the Υ (3S). Another strategy could be an E cm scan of the expected Υ (1 3 D 1 ) and Υ (2 3 D 1 ) mass regions (10160 MeV and 10450 MeV, respectively) to discover these states directly in e + e -collisions. 14. 8. 2. Operating conditions. The majority of Phase 2 focused on accelerator commissioning, ultimately reaching an instantaneous luminosity of ∼ 0.
Introduction The enormous amount of e + e -collisions that are expected from the Belle II experiment features a unique environment for electroweak and QED studies: about 45 billion of both τ τ and µµ pairs are expected in the full dataset. The Belle II experiment will therefore offer fantastic possibilities to study τ physics and low multiplicity final states with high precision. The τ lepton is an extremely convenient probe to search for new physics (NP) beyond the Standard Model (BSM) because of the well-understood mechanisms that govern its production and decay in electroweak interactions. With its large mass, it is the only lepton that can decay into hadrons, thus providing a clean laboratory to study QCD effects in the 1 GeV energy region. The Belle II experiment will be well suited to study τ physics, in fact since the decays of τ leptons involve neutrinos in the final state their study is very difficult at hadron colliders such as LHC.
We reconstruct the signal in the mode τ → µγ, while the tag side is reconstructed from one non-µ charged track which is assumed to originate from a SM tau decay. The study is performed on 3 × 10 6 signal MC events and 10 8 ÷ 10 9 events for each process acting as a background to the analysis: τ → µνν, τ → eνν, τ → πν, e + e -→ µ + µ -(γ), e + e -→ e + e -(γ), e + e -→ qq (for each q = u, d, s, c), e + e -→ B + B -and e + e -→ B 0 B 0. The channels are subsequently rescaled to a luminosity of 1 ab -1 , equivalent to the full Belle dataset, for ease of comparison. The selection criteria applied are similar to the Belle analysis, with some changes due to differences in the Belle II detector. The criteria described in the preceding section on beam background studies are applied as a preselection.
The methodology published by BaBar  [1696]  can be used to estimate the precision reach of the Belle II dataset. The reduced centre-of-mass energy ( √ s ) spectrum of e + e -→ Xγ ISR events gives the cross section for the process e + e -→ X via dN XγISR d √ s = dL ef f ISR d √ s XγISR ( √ s )σ 0 X ( √ s ) ( 553 ) where XγISR is the detection efficiency estimated initially with Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, subsequently corrected with control sample studies using data, σ 0 X ( √ s ) is the 'bare' cross-section that excludes vacuum polarisation, and dL ef f ISR d √ s is the effective initial state radiation (ISR) luminosity. This ISR luminosity is obtained using e + e -→ µµ(γ)γ ISR events and Equation  553 , where the measured In essence, this is a precision measurement of the ratio σ(e + e -→ π + π -(γ))/σ(e + e -→ µ + µ -(γ)) as a function of the π + π -and µ + µ -invariant masses.
The advantage is that it removes large components of the systematic effects related to the detection of the initial state radiation and most higher-order theoretical uncertainties. Such cancellations are required as every systematic uncertainty must be kept at a few-per-mil level. The published BaBar measurement  [1696]  was performed using a sample of 232 fb -1 , which is approximately half of the entire BaBar dataset. That analysis selected e + e -→ π + π -(γ)γ ISR and e + e -→ µ + µ -(γ)γ ISR events where the muon and pion samples were separated using µ/π charged particle identification (PID). Backgrounds were suppressed using the χ 2 of kinematic fits to the e + e -→ Xγ ISR signal process that can allow for unmeasured photons radiated at small angles to the initial state electron and/or positron.
Such an analysis conducted with a large Belle II dataset with a focus on further reducing the other classes of systematic errors reported by BaBar  [1696]  has a reasonable chance of reducing the total hadron vacuum polarisation error to below the experimental error on a µ expected from the FERMILAB and J-PARC experiments. 15. 6. 2. Monte Carlo generator. The measurement of the e + e -→ π + π -cross section requires very precise Monte Carlo Event generators. The Monte Carlo generator PHOKHARA, the most accurate generator to date, has an accuracy of the ISR radiator function of 0. 5%  [1707]. This should be improved. The PHOKHARA group is planning to include NNLO corrections to ISR emissions in the leading logarithmic approximation. This should, according to estimates, allow for a reduction of the error originating from this source to the level of (0.
Conclusions Belle II offers exciting opportunities to explore dark sector physics both in scattering processes and in decays of Υ mesons in the MeV to GeV range. Unique triggers will be available already during the early running of Belle II that will allow to collect events with a single photon in the final state. The better hermiticity of the Belle II detector compared to BaBar make these searches competitive with even smaller datasets. With the final dataset the sensitivity of existing limits can be improved by almost an order of magnitude since these searches are generally not limited by systematics. where ∆m 2 ν is a difference of squared neutrino masses. Furthermore, SM flavour-changing transitions involve only left-handed fermion fields. This feature leads to a chirality suppression of leptonic and radiative decays.
• Flavio has already been used in numerous publications  77. Examples include fits of Wilson coefficients in radiative B decays  [493] , model-independent analysis of new physics in b → s transitions  [611, 2135]  and an analysis of new physics in b → c ν transitions  [262]. The installation instructions and online manual can be found on the flavio web site, https://flav-io. github. io. The public source code repository can be found at https://github. com/flav-io/flavio, where also code contributions can be submitted. (Contributing author: Ayan Paul) HEPfit is a computational tool for the combination of indirect and direct constraints on High Energy Physics models. The code is built in a modular structure so that one can select observables and models of interest. It can be used to build customised models and customised observables.
This allows to test the SM and to connect direct and indirect constraints. The main features of SUSY FLAVOR are: • Routines which calculate the observables summarised in Table  164. • The code implements the fullz general structure of the MSSM, assuming only R-parity conservation. The implementation has no limitations on the size of complex phases or flavour violating entries of the soft term matrices. In addition, it takes into account the non-vanishing non-holomorphic trilinear soft terms (cf. [2149, 2150]): L nh = A l H † u LE + A d H † u QD + A u H † d QU • The program is able to perform resummation of the chirally enhanced corrections arising in the regime of large tan β and/or large trilinear SUSY breaking. The resummation is 642/688 In summary, EOS is a multi-purpose software framework (https://github.
Typically only a handful of Wilson coefficients are studied in one fit but in order to fully account for theory uncertainties, it is necessary to include a number of nuisance parameters relating to, for example, quark masses, the CKM matrix, form factors, or non-perturbative corrections. Both the marginal posterior and the evidence have to be computed numerically, which requires integration of the posterior over some (marginal) or all (evidence) parameters in the respective model. Evaluating the posterior can take up to seconds if many observables need to be predicted so an algorithm is preferred that produces samples from the posterior and estimates the evidence while exploiting a cluster of CPUs. Implementing a toolbox of such algorithms was the motivation to create pypmc, an open-source python package https://github.
Summary The Belle II detector will provide a major step forward in precision heavy flavour physics, quarkonium and exotic states, searches for dark sectors, and many other areas. The sensitivity to a large number of key observables can be improved by about an order of magnitude compared to the current measurements, and up to two orders in very clean search measurements. This increase in statistical precision arises not only due to the increased luminosity, but also from improved detector efficiency and precision for many channels. Many of the most interesting observables tend to have very small theoretical uncertainties that will therefore not limit the physics reach. This book presented many new ideas for measurements, both to elucidate the nature of current anomalies seen in flavour, and to search for new phenomena in a plethora of observables that will become accessible with the Belle II dataset.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the following funding sources:  Australian Research Council  and research grant Nos. DP180102629 ,  DP170102389 ,  DP170102204 ,  DP150103061 ,  FT130100303 ,  FT130100018 ;  Austrian Academy of Sciences ,  Austrian Science Fund  No. P 31361-N36 , and  New Frontiers Program ;  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Compute Canada ;  Chinese Academy of Sciences  and research grant Nos. QYZDB-SSW-SYS013  and  QYZDJ-SSW-SLH011  and  National Natural Science Foundation of China  and research grant Nos. CRC 110  " Symmetries ",  PHY-1414345 ,  PHY-1520966 ,  PHY-1714253 ,  PHY-1720252 ,  11521505 ,  11575017 ,  11675166 ,  11621131001  "the  Emergence of Structure in QCD ",  11761141009 ,  11475187 ,  11621131001 ,  11705209  and  11747601 ; the  Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic  under Contract No.
7 versus Im C NP 7. Fig. 233 : 7 versus Im C NP 7. Fig. 234 : 7723377234 Fig. 233: In the two-dimensional scans of pairs of Wilson coefficients, the current average (not filled) as well as the extrapolations to future sensitivities (filled) of LHCb at milestones I, II and III (exclusive) and Belle II at milestones I and II (inclusive and exclusive) are given and are progressively overlaid. The central values of the extrapolations have been evaluated in the NP scenarios listed in Table 162. The future projections at milestones I, II and III are given by the filled contours The contours correspond to 1σ uncertainty bands. The Standard Model point (black dot) with the 1σ, 3σ, 5σ and 7σ exclusion contours with a combined sensitivity of Belle II's 50 ab -1 and LHCb's 50 fb -1 datasets is indicated in light grey.
Important physics For our work, the collision phase of the impact between two asteroids is modelled with a 3D smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code that models shock propagation in elastic solids. It is typically found that in the impact energy regimes experienced by asteroids, the target is fully damaged by the end of these simulations. However, new work  (El Mir, Ramesh & Richardson 2018 ) using a material point method has shown that there are some scenarios in which the target is not fully damaged. Following the impact phase of the simulation, essentially once fragmentation ceases, the simulations are handed off to the code pkdgrav  (Richardson et al. 2000; Stadel 2001; Leinhardt et al. 2002)  for the N-body gravitational phase modelling. pkdgrav is a parallelized hierarchical tree code, which has been modified to detect and resolve low-speed collisions between particles.
2014 (Ballouz et al. , 2015) )  regimes. In SSDEM, particles are allowed to slightly overlap in order for their collisions to be treated by a spring and dashpot model  (Cundall & Strack 1979 ) that can account for frictional contact forces. Recent work by  Schwartz et al. (2018)  demonstrated that an N-body code with SSDEM for collisionhandling can reproduce the shapes of bilobate comets. However, before an SSDEM implementation can be properly used for an asteroid reaccumulation simulation, a few issues in the handoff from the SPH simulation need to be resolved: (i) Large overlaps: At the end of a typical hydrodynamics simulation of an asteroid collision there are significant overlaps between particles. In the SPH formulation, state variables such as pressure are smoothed over neighbouring particles so that the discrete approach mimics more continuum-like behaviour of the fluid.
The particles therefore typically overlap, sometimes strongly. For a scheme that hands off the end-state of an SPH simulation to an N-body code, this is highly problematic. For a HSDEM code overlaps are unphysical and by default stop the integration. In SSDEM, large overlaps result in unrealistically strong restoring forces. Typical methods to resolve this issue for the handoff are particle mergers and/or shrinking particle radii. Decreasing particle radii for the handoff leads to unphysically high particle density (over 10 grams per cubic cm in some cases), and eliminating particles to make space leads to loss of linear and angular momentum. Somehow the state of the system -mass density and velocity field -needs to be maintained and represented with individual and roughly similarly sized particles with only minimal (1 per cent) overlaps.
2001 (Michel et al. , 2003 (Michel et al. , 2004)). With our new technique, we show that we can reconfigure the output of SPH simulations in order to: (1) use a SSDEM code to more accurately model particle collisions and (2) compute the longer reaccumulation process more efficiently. The handoff is necessary for modelling both the gravitational dynamics and granular physics involved for the less-energetic reaccumulation process compared to the hypervelocity collision. By using SSDEM, we can begin to use the shapes and spins of asteroids as factors for discriminating the collision scenarios in asteroid family formation  (Walsh et al. 2018 ) and also infer material and internal properties of asteroid families. For example, the Sylvia family has a parent body that is in a triple system, and was observed to have a distinct bean shape  (Marchis et al.