dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The computed ionic balances were below 5%. The SLRS-5 external standard was used for the analyses of elemental concentrations in water. Strontium concentrations were determined using ICP-mass spectrometry with a precision of ± 2% based on an In internal standard of 20 lg/L. The chemical separation of Sr was performed in a clean room, with a specific ion exchange resin (5RS-BS-S), based on the method of  Pin et al. (2003). Strontium isotope values were determined at the GIS laboratory (University of Nîmes) using a TRITON Ti thermal ionization mass spectrometer. The Sr data were normalized for isotope fractionation to an 86 Sr/ 88 Sr ratio of 0. 1194. For the entire chemical procedure, the Sr total blank was less than 1 ng. A typical internal precision of ± 0. 000005 (2r) was obtained on 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and was always better than 0.
After approximately 100 h of contact with a LKU bulk limestone, the Sr concentration in recharge water increased (Table  4 ) and the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio approached a value of 0. 707813 (Fig. 6a  and b ). Both results of batch experiments and observed data for groundwater with rapid recharge are reported for comparison on a Sr mixing diagram (Fig. 6c ) for comparison. Both mixing between rainwater and easily leached Sr (such as in the batch experiment) and between evaporated rainwater and easily leached Sr (such as in the aquifer) provide quite similar values of 0. 707813 and 0. 70784, respectively, for the leachable Sr end-member (Figs. 5  and 6c ). This Sr isotopic signature potentially results from radiogenic Sr in the clay minerals that are present in the host limestone matrix. While clay minerals in the scarce soils of the La Clape massif may also contribute.
Furthermore, contamination leads to Ca (and NO 3 ) excesses. The greater analytical capability of 36 Cl measurements has greatly improved the potential of this isotopic tracer to identify mixing processes. The Sr and Cl data (ionic and isotopic abundances) allow calculating the mixing ratios of deep saline water by considering binary mixing of shallow karst water and Balaruc type deep saline groundwater. Calculated mixing ratios are coherent for all the tracers that were used, and range from 3% and 16% for the group C waters and from 0% and 3% for the group B waters. For Sr isotope data, the assumption of mixing of fresh shallow karst water with evolved deep saline water (as identified first in the Balaruc region and now in the La Clape massif) can be extended to other coastal karst outcrops along the Gulf of Lion.
Acknowledgements M. Kaskha  is a recipient of a doctoral scholarship that was funded by the  University of Tichrine. In addition, this study was funded by the  University of Nîmes  within the  framework of its research program  '' Transdisciplinary approach of environmental risks '', which was partially supported by the  General Council of the Gard Department  and the  Greater Nîmes Metropole. The French AMS national facility ASTER (CEREGE, Aix en Provence) is supported by  INSU/CNRS , the  French Ministry of Research and Higher Education, IRD  and  CEA  we thank  Prof. Luc Aquilina  and the three anonymous reviewers for thoughful revisions of the manuscript and constructive comments. Analytical support and contributions by the  LHyGeS (R. Boutin)  laboratory regarding element analyses are greatly appreciated.
As the pH of a protein deviates from neutral conditions, the structure of the protein changes. Thus, the functional activity of the protein can drastically decrease  [46]. PFM imaging was performed directly after drying the sample. The measurement was repeated on a second transparent membrane, which confirmed the increase (1. 2 fold in this instance) in piezoelectric signal after neutralization (data not shown). Hence, based on these measurements, the magnitude of the shear piezoelectric response increases on average 1. 35 fold in the transparent membrane after adjustment from acidic to physiological pH. The second measurement was carried out over the course of two hours in order to exclude any changes in the observed piezoelectric signal due to changes in of the moisture content of the sample following the neutralization process.
Acknowledgements This publication has emanated from research conducted with the financial support of  Science Foundation Ireland  under grant number  SFI10/RFP/MTR2855  and was further facilitated by  SFI13/CW/B2538. The authors gratefully acknowledge insightful discussions with  A. Fertala , and COST action MP0904 for supporting training opportunities for early stage researchers. The authors also acknowledge the support of  NANOREMEDIES , which is funded by the  Programme for Research in Third Level Institutions , Cycle 5 and co-funded by the  European Regional Development Fund. The AFM used for this work was funded by  Science Foundation Ireland  ( SFI07/IN1/B931 ).
D. Guifi-Community-Distro and cloud services The cloud infrastructure service of the Community-Lab management software (see Section II-C) provides users with a set of virtual machines. The Guifi-Community-Distro is the operating system image that we have prepared to be placed on each virtual machines. The Guifi-Community-Distro is a Debian-based distribution that has been equiped with a set of basice platform services and applications. Some of these services are common with other Guifi. net devices, such as the graph server and the proxy service. Other services, such as Avahi  4  and Tahoe-LAFS  5  , have been explicitly added to the Guifi-Community-Distro as cloud platform and application service, respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by the  European Community   Framework Programme 7 FIRE Initiative projects CLOM-MUNITY ,  FP7-317879 , and  Community Networks Testbed for the Future Internet (CONFINE) ,  FP7-288535. Support is also provided by the  Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTECH  and the  Spanish Government  through the  Delfin  project  TIN2010-20140-C03-01.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  U. Danielsson ,  A. Tomasiello ,  D. Tsimpis ,  T. Wrase  and  A. Zaffaroni  for useful discussions. TVR is supported by a  Pegasus Marie Curie fellowship  of the FWO. MP would like to thank the  Theory Group at Imperial College  for the kind hospitality during the final part of this project.
Acknowledgements We thank the following colleagues for facilitating access to fossil collections under their care:  B. Simpson  ( FMNH ),  A. Kramarz  ( MACN ),  M. Reguero  and  S. Bargo  ( MLP ),  C. Argot ,  C. de Muizon , and  P. Tassy  ( MNHN ), and  N. Valencia  ( MUSM ). Special thanks to  D. Brandoni  ( CICYTTP-CONICET ) for information on Middle Miocene Megatheriinae from Argentina,  C. I. Montalvo  ( UNLPAM ) who allowed us to mention and present the GHUNLPAM 8010 specimen from  La Pampa , and  G. De Iuliis  ( ROM ) for pictures of La Venta specimens. M. Superina  ( IMBECU ,  CCT-CONICET-Mendoza ) improved linguistic aspects of the text. We thank  C. de Muizon  and an anonymous reviewer for their interesting comments and suggestions which helped improve the manuscript. This research project was possible thanks to the IRD-Perupetro S.
A search for a Higgs boson decaying into a Z boson and a photon is described. The analysis is performed using proton-proton collision datasets recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC. Events were collected at center-of-mass energies of 7 TeV and 8 TeV, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 5. 0 fb -1 and 19. 6 fb -1 , respectively. The selected events are required to have opposite-sign electron or muon pairs. No excess above standard model predictions has been found in the 120-160 GeV mass range and the first limits on the Higgs boson production cross section times the H → Zγ branching fraction at the LHC have been derived. The observed limits are between about 4 and 25 times the standard model cross section times the branching fraction. The observed and expected limits for m γ at 125 GeV are within one order of magnitude of the standard model prediction.
Summary A search has been performed for a Higgs boson decaying into a Z boson and a photon. The analysis used a dataset from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 and 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5. 0 and 19. 6 fb -1 , respectively. No excess above standard model predictions has been found and the first limits on the Higgs boson production cross section times the H → Zγ branching fraction at the LHC have been derived. The expected exclusion limits at 95% confidence level are between 5 and 16 times the standard model cross section in the 120-160 GeV mass range and the observed limit ranges between about 4 and 25 times the standard model cross section. The observed and expected limits for m γ at 125 GeV are within one order of magnitude of the standard model prediction.
RNA isolation and microarray procedures Tissues were frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen and disrupted using a mortar and pestle. Samples were homogenized in lysis buffer using a syringe and needle. Total RNA was prepared using the RNeasy ® Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, United States). The integrity of the RNA was assessed for each sample using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent, Palo Alto, CA, United States). Double-stranded complementary DNA (cDNA) and labeled complementary RNA were synthesized from the total RNA and hybridized to the Affymetrix Human U133 plus 2 gene chips (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, United States). The chips were further processed and scanned according to the manufacturer's protocol. The arrays were scanned with a laser scanner and the data was visualized and normalized using the MAS 5.
174 10. 487 AK025181 Intestine-specific homeobox ISX 3. 968 10. 487 AB007899 Neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4-like NEDD4L 8. 2 10. 487 NM_001873 Carboxypeptidase E CPE 4. 845 10. 487 NM_014479 ADAM-like, decysin 1 ADAMDEC1 2. 56 10. 487 BF195709 Calpain 5 CAPN5 2. 601 10. 487 NM_014456 Programmed cell death 4 PDCD4 2. 931 10. 787 AW971415 cDNA clone IMAGE:5745639 - 2. 787 10. 787 NM_005173 ATPase, Ca++ transporting, ubiquitous ATP2A3 Down-regulated genes 0. 265 8. 58 AI378647 Coagulation factor Ⅱ (thrombin) receptor-like 2 F2RL2 0. 356 8. 58 BG200951 Pvt1 oncogene homolog, MYC activator PVT1 0. 322 10. 787 AL109839 Poly(A) binding protein, cytoplasmic 1-like PABPC1L 0. 356 10. 787 NM_005978 S100 calcium binding protein A2 S100A2 0. 373 10. 787 AL041761 Transcribed locus - 0.
The production of electroweak bosons (photons, W and Z particles) in PbPb collisions at a centreof-mass energy per nucleon pair of 2. 76 TeV has been measured with the CMS detector at the LHC. Direct photons are selected by applying isolation criteria, while W and Z bosons are reconstructed through their muonic decay. The production rates in PbPb data are studied as a function of the collision centrality and compared to that in pp interactions (or next-to-leading-order calculations), once normalised by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon interactions. Apart from an expected asymmetry between W + and W -due to the different quark content of protons and Pb nuclei, no deviation from binary-scaled production is observed. The isolated-photon energy is further used as a reference for away-side jets, which are found to be less energetic in PbPb than in pp collisions.
The amount of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM; 1000 to 0. 45 mm in size) was expressed as preserved volume (mL) after decantation in graduated test-tubes  [12]. Finally, percentages of total incident radiation (IR) above the bromeliads were calculated using hemispherical photographs and an image processing software (Gap Light Analyzer 2. 0;  [26] ), as described in  [23]. In this study, we consider that all bromeliads with an IR below 50% were located in partially shaded areas or forested environments while higher percentages defined sun-exposed areas.
The samples were preserved in the field in 4% (final concentration) formalin. Invertebrates were sorted in the laboratory and preserved in 70% ethanol. They were identified to genus, species or morphospecies and enumerated (species lists in  [21, 24] ). Species abundance data (individuals per plant) were used to calculate evenness (Simpson index) and entropy (Shannon-Weaver index) for each invertebrate community. The Simpson index was calculated as D = S p i 2. The Shannon-Weaver index (hereafter Shannon index) was defined as H = 2S p i log(b) p i , where p i is the proportional abundance of species i and b is the base of the logarithm (natural logarithm in this case). Species richness and abundance being components of these two indices, they were not considered alone in subsequent modeling.
In the literature, two measures of the connectance are widely used: connectance and normalized connectance. Both refer to the proportion of all possible interactions that are realized, but normalized connectance is rather used for food webs comprising less than 20 species  [1]. However, in this study, the two measures were strongly correlated (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0. 966, p,0. 0001) and we therefore used the connectance as defined by  [31] : C~2 |Links Species|(Species{1) Linkage density was calculated as the ratio between the number of links and the number of species. Levels of nestedness were expressed as matrix temperatures, with values ranging from 0 (perfectly nested) to 100 (see  [32] ) were calculated from the 365 interaction matrices (binary data) using the BINMATNEST3 program  [33].
Then, for a selected random factor (the remaining random effects being dropped from the model), the relationship between dependent and independent variables were explored using a stepwise backwards removal procedure and only the final models containing significant variables were presented. Departures from homoscedasticity and the normality of the residual errors were evaluated graphically for each final model. All statistical analyses were evaluated under a 95% confidence level and were conducted using R software V. 2. 14. 1  [34]  and the associated packages for Linear Mixed Effect Modeling (nlme, lmer4).
Acknowledgments We are grateful to the members of the  Laboratoire Environnement de Petit Saut (HYDRECO)  and to the members of the  Nouragues Research Station  for technical support and the use of their facilities. The English text was proofread by  Andrea Yockey-Dejean  and  Kurtis Trzcinski. Two anonymous reviewers provided insightful comments on earlier version of this paper.
Financial support for this study was provided by the  Programme Amazonie II  of the  French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  (Project  2ID ), and the  Programme Convergence 2007-2013 (Region Guyane ) from the  European Community  (Project  DEGA ). This work has benefited from an '' Investissement d'Avenir '' grant managed by  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (CEBA, ref. ANR-10-LABX-0025 ). OD's financial support was provided by a  PhD fellowship  from the  CNRS  and the  FSE (Fond Social Europeen). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
7µm PAH emission ratios, ≥ 0. 04, indicating excitation above that expected from UV heating  (Ogle et al. 2010). In this paper we focus on the excited H 2 properties of a sample of 74 HCG galaxies, in particular those that show H 2 -enhancement as defined for a MOHEG. A subsequent paper will focus on the cold molecular gas properties of H 2 -enhanced systems through IRAM CO observations and comparisons of the cold versus warm H 2 masses (and temperatures of the excited H 2 ). The paper is organised as follows: in Section 2 we outline the sample chosen for this study, in Section 3 we summarise the observations and data reduction procedures, and in Section 4 present results of the excited H 2 line emission survey. Section 5 explores potential sources of H 2 excitation and in Section 6 we discuss possible links to evolution within compact groups.
Spectra were extracted for all but 4 galaxies in the sample (HCG 6A, 6C, 6D and 79C) where no signal above the noise was detected. Spectra were converted to flux densities (mJy) using the extraction areas, and SL scaled to LL to match continuum levels in cases that required it (see Table  8 ). This accounts for beam resolution differences between the long and short order; here we make the assumption that the emission in each slit is uniform. The scaling of spectra is further discussed in Section A of the Appendix. PAHFIT was used to characterize our spectra, but each visually inspected one by one to determine which lines were detected reliably and which were marginal detections ( <2. 5σ). PAHFIT is a spectral decomposition package  (Smith et al. 2007b ) that fits emission lines, bands and dust continua to stitched LL and SL spectra.
Spitzer IRAC and MIPS Photometry The Spitzer IRAC  (Fazio et al. 2004 ) and MIPS  (Rieke et al. 2004 ) instruments were used to obtain imaging at 3. 6, 4. 5, 5. 8 and 8. 0µm, and 24µm, respectively, of our sample and observed as part of PID 50764 (P. I. Appleton), PID 40459 (P. I. Le Floc'h), PID 631 (P. I. Mazzarella) and PID 101 (P. I. Kennicutt). IRAC photometric measurements (to obtain colours) for 21 galaxies in our sample are taken from  Bitsakis et al. (2011)  as indicated in Table  4. Fluxes for the remainder of galaxies were carefully measured to improve the deblending systematics where contamination from nearby stars and galaxies may affect the photometry. For these systems, the data was reduced using the SSC science pipeline version S18. 5. 0 and 18. 7. 0. Galaxy photometry was performed using a matched elliptical aperture, determined by the 1σ isophote in IRAC 3.
1 and find 5 out of 8 have detections, but all with relatively low luminosities. The highest Xray luminosity system is HCG 82 with a luminosity of 1. 9×10 42 erg s -1 , whereas the typical luminosity is closer to ∼ 10 41 erg s -1 ). To investigate X-ray heating within the galaxies themselves, we use archival Chandra and XM M data available for 9 out of 14 MOHEGs (HCG 15A, 15D, 40B, 56B, 56C, 57A, 68A, 68B and 68C; Appendix D. 2). The X-ray emission is insufficient to excite the amount of warm H 2 we observe and we conclude that it is unlikely to be a significant heating mechanism. The available radio data (see section D. 2) suggests that H 2 excitation due to cosmic rays in these systems, by analogy with SQ  (Guillard et al. 2009 ) and the Taffy galaxies  (Peterson et al. 2012) , is unlikely.
X-ray Emission within Group Members Several galaxies appear to have nuclear enhancements in their X-ray data. Searching the archives for suitable coverage of the HCG MOHEGs, we have determined that HCG 6B, 25B, 82B and 95C have not been covered by Chandra/XMM and were not detected by ROSAT. All other available measurements (from the literature and data, as specified) are listed in Table  12. We include the radius of the measurement and the luminosity of the H 2 in relation to the X-ray. In addition, archival radio data is presented. The galaxies are listed in order of decreasing H 2 /7. 7µm PAH. H 2 heating by X-rays via photoelectrons in XDR models leads to ∼2% of the total gas cooling via the pure rotational lines of H 2  (Maloney et al. 1996). Assuming all of the X-ray flux is absorbed by an XDR, the maximum L(H 2 0-0 S(0)-S(3))/L X (2-10 keV) ratio is 0.
LVM is funded by Grant  AYA2008-06181-C02  and  AYA2011-30491-C02-01 , co-financed by  MICINN  and  FEDER  funds, and the  Junta de Andaluca (Spain)  grants  P08-FQM-4205  and  TIC-114. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , under contract with the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of data obtained from the  Chandra Source Catalog , provided by the  Chandra X-ray Center (CXC)  as part of the Chandra Data Archive.
Initial analyses of such individuals suggested that all or most phenotypic manifestations of DS were due to a short critical region  (McCormick et al. 1989; Rahmani et al. 1989 ), but more recent analysis refutes this and suggests that loci determining the DS phenotype are scattered across HSA21  (Lyle et al. 2004; Korbel et al. 2009 ). This analysis had not been undertaken specifically for the OM phenotype, but given the rarity of partial trisomy HSA21 and the lack of a large database of genotype-phenotype correlation for aneuploidies, such analysis is difficult at present. Readouts of the transcriptome of HSA21 have also been used to define critical genes. Data from human (Ait  Yahya-Graison et al. 2007 ) and mouse  (Lyle et al. 2004)  show that only around a third of the genes on HSA21 are transcribed at more than the theoretical 1.
Acknowledgments  M. Bhutta  was funded by a  Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Fellowship. Y. E. Yu was supported by the  NIH  ( R01HL091519  and  R01NS066072 ). We thank  Frances Wiseman  ( UCL Institute of Neurology ) for the gift of Ts65Dn tissue. We thank the pathology and histology teams at  MRC Harwell  for producing the histology sections for review. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
The tomato mutant collection used was an EMS mutant population generated in the miniature cultivar Micro-Tom by our group  (Rothan and Causse, 2007; Just et al. , 2013). The collection comprises approximately 3,500 highly mutagenized mutant families thoroughly phenotyped (12 plants per M2 families) for approximately 150 plant and fruit phenotypic criteria ranged in categories and subcategories. All of the phenotypic data are compiled and stored in a dedicated web-searchable database called the MicroTom Mutant Database. Selection of fruit brightness mutants was done using requests centered on the fruit (category: fruit; subcategories: color, epidermis, and brightness [i. e. fruit glossier or duller than the wild-type control]). Strong fruit cuticle/ color mutants, such as the slcyp86a9 cuticle synthesis mutant recently identified from the same 'Micro-Tom' mutant collection  (Shi et al.
We next screened the chromosomal region of interest for candidate genes with known implication in cutin synthesis or regulation. Among these were genes identified as specifically expressed in the outer epidermis of tomato by laser microdissection of various tomato pericarp tissues followed by RNA sequencing analysis  (Matas et al. , 2011). Two genes (Solyc11g007540 and Solyc11g006250; Sol Genomics Network [SGN] database, http://solgenomics. net/) were localized between the markers of interest on chromosome 11. The first presents a strong homology with an Arabidopsis gene (AT5GO4660. 1) encoding a CYP77A4 cytochrome P450 oxidase catalyzing the epoxidation of free fatty acids  (Sauveplane et al. , 2009). No mutation in this gene was detected upon sequencing. The second encodes an acyl-transferase of the GDSL esterase/lipase protein family recently shown to be involved in the extracellular deposition of cutin in tomato fruit  (Girard et al.
, 2012; Yeats et al. , 2012b). The current locus name of Solyc11g006250 (1,004,368 to 1,006,899 nucleotides on chromosome 11) in the Solanaceae SGN database is GDSL2, whereas its given names were previously SlGDSL1  (Girard et al. , 2012)  and cutin synthase CD1  (Yeats et al. , 2012b). In agreement with SGN, the gene was herein named SlGDSL2. Sequencing the SlGDSL2 (Solyc11g006250) gene from the wild type and P15C12 plants revealed an A to T mutation disrupting the 39 splice site of intron 4 (Fig. 7B ). Because a mutated allele of SlGDSL2 was already described in tomato  (Yeats et al. , 2012b) , the P15C12 mutant is thereafter named gdsl2-b. As in other introns belonging to the major class of introns processed by the U2 spliceosome, the splice site sequences of intron 4 from SlGDSL2 gene fit the canonical GT-AG consensus borders, where the nearly invariant GT dinucleotide is at the 59 end and the AG dinucleotide at the 39 end of the intron.