dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
We have also checked the evolution of the sea ice volume diagnosed by the system PSY4V3. The data assimilation scheme SAM produces an increment of sea ice concentration, which is the unique sea ice correction applied in the model using the incremental analysis update (IAU) method described in  Lellouche et al. (2013). The sea ice volume then adjusts to this correction considering a constant sea ice thickness. No sea ice thickness observations are assimilated in the system. The risk is therefore to obtain unrealistic drifts or trends of the unconstrained sea ice volume. Presently, sea ice volume retrievals from satellites are associated with large uncertainties  (Zygmuntowska et al. , 2014). Consequently, modeled sea ice volume is difficult to validate and one of the solutions is to compare modeled sea ice volume from several systems.
Currents The aim of this section is to use velocity observations that were not assimilated into the system to assess the level of performance of PSY4V3 compared to the previous PSY4V2 system. The mean currents are checked by comparing the model to velocity observations coming from Argo floats when they drift at the surface and in situ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) surface drifters. A paper by  Grodsky et al. (2011)  revealed that an anomaly in the drogue loss detection system of the Surface Velocity Program buoy had led to the presence of undetected undrogued data in the "drogued-only" dataset distributed by the Surface Drifter Data Assembly Center. Rio (2012) applied a simple procedure using altimeter and wind data to produce an updated dataset, including a drogue presence flag as well as a wind slippage correction.
Therefore, we used this new drogued-only surface drifter dataset coming from CMEMS in situ TAC  (Rio and Etienne, 2017)  to check mean model currents. Figure  29  represents zonal drift innovation for the PSY4V2 and PSY4V3 systems. Although some biases persist, mostly in the western tropical basins, significant improvements are obtained almost everywhere with the new system PSY4V3, particularly in the equatorial Pacific. The mean bias is reduced (from 0. 1 to 0. 08 m s -1 ), the South Equatorial Current is slower and there is also less noise in PSY4V3. Improvements are also obtained, to a lesser extent, for meridional drift (not shown). The velocities have been slightly improved in terms of velocity values but also in terms of current direction (angle between observed and modeled velocities).
However, some biases have been highlighted in ocean surface features as well as three-dimensional ocean structure at basin, subbasin and local scales. The simulation biases may be due to the initial state (especially in the deep layer for which historical observation data are rare), the atmospheric forcing uncertainties, the river runoff approximations, the efficiency of the assimilation scheme, and the model errors induced by unresolved or parameterized physical processes. Numerous projects have already been set up at Mercator Ocean to propose innovative solutions. The integration of the ingredients from these projects into the future CMEMS global highresolution system is planned for 2019. The improvement of numerical simulations could thus be carried out based on sensitivity experiments on some model parameters (e.
Another important issue is to use a shorter assimilation time window and a 4-D analysis in the assimilation scheme to better correct the fast-evolving processes. The next version of the global high-resolution system will also include seasonal errors for in situ vertical profiles already used in the CMEMS eddy-resolving 1992-2016 reanalysis GLO-RYS at 1/12 • horizontal resolution, which is based on the system PSY4V3 and appeared in the CMEMS catalogue in April 2018. Data availability. No datasets were used in this article. Author contributions. JML designed and wrote the paper. JML and OLG performed the numerical simulations. JML and EG carried out most of the analyses, with contributions from OLG, CR, MD, FG, OH and BL. GG worked on the precipitation correction. MB and CET (RBB) contributed to the development of the data assimilation (modeling) component.
Acknowledgements. This study has been conducted using  EU Copernicus Marine Service information. The authors thank  Luc Vandenbulcke  and the anonymous reviewer for their careful reading and for providing very constructive comments that improved the paper. Special thanks to our Mercator Ocean colleague  Jerôme Chanut  for his help answering questions regarding the specifics of the NEMO code. Edited by: Marilaure Grégoire Reviewed by:  Luc Vandenbulcke  and one anonymous referee.
Barsebäck features in this research since Danish and Swedish activists cooperated in the annual protest marches against the plant from 1976 onwards. They invoked a spirit of Nordic unity (see also the posters on p. 14 and cover of this volume), even if participation was stronger on the Danish side, for whom the plant seemed a greater threat  (Buns, 2016; Buns, 2017). Social scientist Ragnar Löfstedt used the border location to compare the effectiveness of the risk communication strategies of the NPP operators in the case of two severe incidents in 1992 and 1993. Applying the History of Nuclear  Energy and Society (HoNESt). This project has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement N°662268. This financial support notwithstanding, the views expressed here are entirely the responsibility of the authors, as well as any errors and/or omissions.
Item 11a 'If done, who was blinded after assignment to interventions (for example, participants, care providers, those assessing outcomes) and how'. The initial phrase 'if done' may have caused confusion about whether or not the authors have to report what groups of individuals involved in the trial were unblinded. To avoid authors not disclosing the lack of blinding if the trial was unmasked, we suggest that future versions of the CONSORT checklist delete the phrase 'if done'. The misinterpretation of CONSORT is a major concern, as it means that essential information regarding study conduct is miscommunicated. This is particularly relevant for item 11a, as according to PRISMA item 19  [11] , when assessing the risk of bias of a study it is necessary to know whether or not patients, health care providers, data collectors and outcome assessors are blinded.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Sylvia Serfaty for her useful comments on this work. 2. Proof of Theorem 1. 1 2. 1. Core of the proof. We now give a proof of Theorem 1. 1 up to technical lemmas. We postpone their proofs to the next subsection. The starting point is the Kantorovich-Rubinstein dual representation (1. 15) of the Wasserstein W 1 metric, namely W 1 (µ, ν) = sup f Lip ≤1 f (x)(µ -ν)(dx). A theorem due to Rademacher states that if f Lip < ∞ then f is differentiable almost everywhere and f Lip = ∇f ∞ , where • ∞ stands for the L ∞ norm. The following lemma shows that we can localize the functions in the supremum, provided the measures are supported in a compact set. Lemma 2. 1 (Localization). For any D ⊂ R d compact, there exists a compact set D + ⊂ R d such that: (a) D ⊂ D + (b) vol(D + ) > 0 (c) for every µ, ν ∈ P(R d ) supported in D, W 1 (µ, ν) = sup f ∈C(D + ) f Lip ≤1 f (x)(µ -ν)(dx), (2.
This is due to the high consumption in computing huge viscosity variations  (Moresi and Solomatov, 1995). We aim to improve the setup of the initial model (e. g. , more realistic spatial-relationship of pre-existing faults, dating the timing of main structures in the study area) under the assistance of more field works in the future. In addition, we only concerned here the D2 deformation stage occurred in the Sefwi terrane of SW Ghana. We installed the initial model according to the geological data estimated at the end of the D1 deformation stage (P, T and crustal thickness based on the metamorphic estimates performed by  Block et al. (2015)  and  McFarlane et al. (2016) ). In particular, the variation in the distribution of the Moho depth  (Jessell et al. , 2016)  resulting from the D1 compression stage was not taken into considerations for modelling.
Data Sources and Research Strategy We searched into the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, COCHRANE library, and Cairn. info databases primary articles published between 1 January 2012 and 15 December 2016. The research keywords were: (("homeless") AND ("primary health care" OR "health services accessibility" OR "general practice" OR "general practitioner" OR "primary care" OR "family physician" OR "family doctor")) on MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and COCHRANE. "Homeless AND primary health care", "homeless AND general practice", "homeless AND primary care", "homeless AND family physician", "homeless AND health services accessibility", "homeless AND general practitioner", "homeless AND family doctor" or the same terms in French, on cairn. info. We also performed a grey literature search, and we added relative articles as we read the references of the selected articles.
Data Extraction and Evaluation We collected data about the general characteristics of studies (year, country where the study was performed, the kind of primary care concerned, and the kind of homelessness concerned), the method of studies, the description of the primary care programs, the outcomes for evaluation, and relative results. We separated the primary care programs between organizations (describing primary care structures, or models, taking care for homeless people) and interventions (specific interventions for homeless people led on primary care teams or with primary care providers). We described the main characteristics of the interventions and organizations presented in the selected articles. Then we classified these characteristics in main categories, as a descriptive thematic analysis.
An anticipated consequence of ongoing global warming is the intensification of the rainfall regimes meaning longer dry spells and heavier precipitation when it rains, with potentially high hydrological and socio-economic impacts. The semi-arid regions of the intertropical band, such as the Sahel, are facing particularly serious challenges in this respect since their population is strongly vulnerable to extreme climatic events. Detecting long term trends in the Sahelian rainfall regime is thus of great societal importance, while being scientifically challenging because datasets allowing for such detection studies are rare in this region. This study addresses this challenge by making use of a large set of daily rain gauge data covering the Sahel (defined in this study as extending from 20 • W-10 • E and from 11 • N-18 • N) since 1950, combined with an unparalleled 5 minute rainfall observations available since 1990 over the AMMA-CATCH Niger observatory.
The analysis of the daily data leads to the assertion that a hydro-climatic intensification is actually taking place in the Sahel, with an increasing mean intensity of rainy days associated with a higher frequency of heavy rainfall. This leads in turn to highlight that the return to wetter annual rainfall conditions since the beginning of the 2000s-succeeding the 1970-2000 drought-is by no mean a recovery towards the much smoother regime that prevailed during the 1950s and 1960s. It also provides a vision of the contrasts existing between the West Sahel and the East Sahel, the East Sahel experiencing a stronger increase of extreme rainfall. This regional vision is complemented by a local study at sub-daily timescales carried out thanks to the 5 minute rainfall series of the AMMA-CATCH Niger observatory (12000 km 2 ).
Rainfall regime changes at sub-daily timescales The rainfall observations used here to investigate rainfall intensification at sub-daily timescales started in Niger in 1990  (Lebel et al 1992)  and have since continued as part of the AMMA-CATCH Niger (ACN) observatory (inset in figure  1(d )), providing continuous series of 5 m in rainfall at 30 recording sites  (Cappelaere et al 2009). This constitutes a unique set of in situ rainfall data with no other of its kind in tropical Africa, covering the period of rainfall intensification detected on daily series. The ACN box is located right in the center of the East Sahel (ES) box (figure 1(d)); despite their large difference in surface area, both boxes display comparable average rainfall climatologies over 1990-2014 (table  2 ). These similar statistics are all the most significant since there are no station in common between the ACN dataset and the ES dataset.
The series of the main annual statistics describing the rainfall regime at daily scale (annual totals, mean intensity of rainy days and number of rainy days) are reasonably well correlated, accounting for the important spatial rainfall variability in this region (table  2 ). Further investigating whether the climatology of the ACN box may be considered as representative of the climatology of the ES box at daily scale, figure  3  represents the year to year cofluctuation of the parameters describing the intensification of the rainfall regime at daily scale as detected in the previous section over the three sub-regional boxes. The long term trends of these parameters are well captured by the ACN dataset, with comparable values: 4% per decade for ACN against 5% for ES when considering the mean intensity of rainy days; and 7% per decade against 8% when considering the share of the annual total produced by extreme rainfall.
While daily rain gauge data will therefore remain for long an indispensable source of information, sub-daily timescales are even more critical to consider, when it comes to the hydrological and agricultural impacts. In this respect this study has proved the great asset of a long term hydro-meteorological observatory, such as AMMA-CATCH, dedicated to documenting the evolution of the West African environment in relation with global changes. Since the transient state of the Earth climate is far from being over and since the largest impacts of global warming on the rainfall regimes are still to come, it is especially important to promote a consistent policy for documenting the intensification of the rainfall regime in regions that are both very sensitive (as the tropical semi-arid regions) and deprived of the ground networks required for such a documentation.
Acknowledgments The AMMA-CATCH regional observing system (www. amma-catch. org)was set up thanks to an incentive funding of the  French Ministry of Research  that allowed pooling together various pre-existing small scale observing setups. The continuity and long term perenity of the measurements are made possible by an undisrupted IRD funding since 1990 and by a continuous CNRS-INSU funding since 2005. The research leading to these results received funding from the  UK's National Environment Research Council (NERC)/Department for International Development (DFID)   Future Climate For Africa programme , under the  AMMA-2050  project (grant number  NE/M020428/1 ). This work was also supported by the  French national programme EC2CO-LEFE  ' Recent evolution of hydro-climatic hazards in the Sahel: detection and attribution '.
Interpretation of the Terms of Reference EFSA is requested to evaluate the scientific data submitted by the applicant in accordance with Article 16(3) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. On the basis of that evaluation, EFSA will issue an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to: xanthohumol in XERME ® , a xanthohumol-enriched roasted malt extract, and protection of DNA from oxidative damage. The present opinion does not constitute, and cannot be construed as, an authorisation for the marketing of xanthohumol in XERME ® , a xanthohumol-enriched roasted malt extract, a positive assessment of their safety, nor a decision on whether xanthohumol in XERME ® , a xanthohumolenriched roasted malt extract, is, or is not, classified as a foodstuff. It should be noted that such an assessment is not foreseen in the framework of Regulation (EC)  No 1924 No /2006.
Methodologies The general approach of the NDA Panel for the evaluation of health claims applications is outlined in the EFSA general guidance for stakeholders on health claim applications (EFSA NDA Panel, 2016). The scientific requirements for health claims related to antioxidants, oxidative damage and cardiovascular health are outlined in a specific EFSA guidance  (EFSA NDA Panel, 2018). The application contains data claimed as confidential: starting materials, specifications, product analysis, manufacturing process and information on stability and bioavailability of XERME product and study report for the unpublished human intervention study (specified in details in Confidentiality Decision).
Oxidative damage to DNA was evaluated by the standard comet assay both in PBMC and in whole blood, and the modified comet assay with FPG in lymphocytes. The Panel notes that only the modified comet assay with FPG in lymphocytes directly reflects oxidative damage to DNA within cells. In statistical analysis, at each treatment dose (6, 12 and 24 mg/day), data were analysed as repeated measures in time design using general linear mixed model (PROC MIXED). Fixed effects in the model were treatment group, gender, age group (19-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years), sampling time (before period 1, after period 1, before period 2, after period 2), and the interaction between treatment group and sampling time. Repeated measures within subjects were modelled using an unstructured variancecovariance structure.
Abstract. Summary. 1. Introduction. 1. 1. Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor. 1. 2. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference. 2. Data and methodologies. 2. 1. Data. 2. 2. Methodologies. 3. Assessment. 3. 1. Characterisation of the food/constituent. 3. 2. Relevance of the claimed effect to human health. 3. 3. Scientific substantiation of the claimed effect. 4. Conclusions. Steps taken by EFSA. References. Abbreviations.
In this way, we presented the extended kinematic model of the robot ROMEO as a kinematic model of the human. The modified Denavit-Hartenberg convention  26  is used to define the extended kinematic model of the robot upper body. The marker-based advanced real-time tracking (ART) motion capture system is used for the human motion recording. 27 The sampling frequency for the acquisition data is set to 100 Hz. The dimensions of the robot segments are not exactly the same as the dimensions of the actor's segments. In order to have joint motions of the robot with all characteristics of human motion, the upper body kinematic model of the robot should be scaled to the dimensions of the human (see Figure  2(b) ), obtained from the motion capture system for each actor separately. The dimensions of human segments are calculated by taking the mean Euclidean distance between two adjacent joints and using several data samples taken from the recorded data during the initial configuration.
4% of these genes are expressed in, but not specific for, the RPE/ choroid, supporting a role for these genes at the disease site. Consulting the gene ontology database showed that several of the genes within AMD loci are involved in the complement system, lipid metabolism and extracellular matrix remodeling  (Fritsche et al. , 2016). AMD-associated genetic variants in the lipid metabolism were identified in or near the ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1), APOE, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and hepatic lipase C (LIPC) genes (Table  1 )  (Fritsche et al. , 2016). One intronic variant (rs2740488) in the ABCA1 gene is protective for AMD, with a modest effect size (OR 0. 89). Two variants in or near the LIPC gene are independently associated with AMD. The first variant (rs2043085) is located 21 kb upstream of the LIPC gene and is associated with an increased risk for AMD, however, with a modest effect size (OR 1.
Acknowledgements The work was supported by the  Eye-Risk  project funded from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  634479. The authors would like to thank  Soufiane Ajana ,  Blanca Arango-Gonzalez ,  Angela Armento ,  Verena Arndt ,  Vaibhav Bhatia ,  Shomi S. Bhattacharya ,  Anna Borrell ,  Sebastian Bühren ,  Sofia M. Calado ,  Berta De la Cerda ,  Francisco J. Diaz-Corrales ,  Sigrid Diether ,  Tanja Endermann ,  Lucia L. Ferraro ,  Míriam Garcia ,  Thomas J. Heesterbeek ,  Sabina Honisch ,  Carel B. Hoyng ,  Ellen Kilger ,  Elod Kortvely ,  Hanno Langen ,  Cyrille Maugeais ,  Jordi Monés ,  Tunde Peto ,  Karl U. Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt ,  Vassil, Vassilev ,  Timo Verzijden ,  Markus Zumbansen  for invaluable comments during the preparation of this manuscript.
The precise knowledge of its value is important for the understanding of the structure of the nucleon and deuteron in the theory of strong interactions (QCD) as well as in the spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen and deuterium. Recently, the determination of the proton r c with muonic atoms lead to the so-called proton radius puzzle. Experiments on muonic hydrogen by laser spectroscopy measurements lead to the following result on the proton charge radius: r c = 0. 84087(39) fm  [3]. It is one order of magnitude more precise but smaller by seven standard deviations compared to the average value r c = 0. 8775(51) fm which is recommended by the 2010-CODATA review  [4]. The CODATA value is obtained coherently from hydrogen atom spectroscopy and electron-proton elastic scattering measurements. While the corrections to the laser spectroscopy experiments seem well under control in the frame of QED and may be estimated with a precision better than 0.
The ALCYONE multidimensional fuel performance code co-developed by the CEA, EDF and AREVA NP within the PLEIADES software environment models the behavior of fuel rods during irradiation in commercial Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs), power ramps in experimental reactors or accidental conditions such as Loss Of Coolant Accidents (LOCAs) or Reactivity-Initiated Accidents (RIAs). As regards the latter case of transient in particular, ALCYONE is intended to predictively simulate the response of a fuel rod by taking account of mechanisms as close to physics as possible, encompassing all possible stages of the transient as well as various fuel/cladding material types and irradiation conditions of interest. On the way to complying with these objectives, its development and validation shall include tests on PWR-UO 2 fuel rods with advanced claddings such as M5® under "low pressure-low temperature" or "high pressure-high temperature" water coolant conditions.
I. INTRODUCTION ALCYONE is a multi-dimensional finite element-based nuclear fuel performance code co-developed within the PLEIADES software environment by the CEA, EDF and AREVA NP. Dedicated to pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel rod behavior, it solves fully-coupled equations of thermo-mechanics and chemical-physics under irradiation for three different schemes: a 1. 5D scheme to model the complete fuel rod, a 3D scheme to model the behavior of a pellet fragment with the overlying cladding, a 2D(r,θ) scheme to model the mid-pellet plane of a pellet fragment. 1 LCYONE is capable of steady state and transient fuel performance modeling. 2 The simulation of reactivity-initiated accident (RIA) experiments falls in particular within its scope and has been given increasing interest and resources in recent years.