dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
5 φ ⋆ 10 0. 4(α+1)(M ⋆ -M) exp(-10 0. 4(M ⋆ -M) ) (  5 ) We perform a Schechter fit to the LF in each field and find a faint-end slope α between -2. 0 and -2. 07 (cf. Eq. 5). We include in the fit the data points from  Bouwens et al. (2015b, black squares)  to constrain the bright-end of the LF. The faintest bin is reached in A2744 at M UV = -15. 25. There is a hint of a shallower slope at those magnitudes that could be the result of large uncertainties in the completeness estimate, which is typically less then 10% in this bin. As a matter of fact, a similar decline is observed in MACS0416 around M UV = -16. 25, whereas the slope is constantly steep at these magnitudes in A2744. It is clear that the constraints on the LF in MACS0717 are not as good as in the other cluster fields. This is likely the result of larger uncertainties on the lensing model due to the complex structure of the galaxy cluster.
For instance, the model prediction for image position has an rms error of ∼ 1. 9 arcsec, while it is is about 0. 7 to 0. 8 arcsec in MACS0416 and A2744. These kind of deviations in the LF data points can also be observed in A2744 when using an old model based on pre-HFF observations that similarly yielded large uncertainties. Nonetheless, the overall shape of the LF remains consistent with the other clusters' results. We now combine all the LF constraints from the lensed and parallel fields to compute the most robust UV LF  at z ∼ 7. The result is shown in Fig. 8. Together with our data points, we show the most recent results from the literature from the blank fields as described in the legend. We ran MCMC simulations with 10 6 realizations to find the best fit to the LF and estimate the uncertainties on the Schechter parameters.
In this paper we first present the international multidisciplinary research network Zoomathia, which aims at studying the transmission of zoological knowledge from Antiquity to Middle Ages through varied resources, and considers especially textual information, including compilation literature such as encyclopaedias. We then present a preliminary work in the context of Zoomathia consisting in (i) extracting pertinent knowledge from mediaeval texts using Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods, (ii) semantically enriching semi-structured zoological data and publishing it as an RDF dataset and its vocabulary, linked to other relevant Linked Data sources, and (iii) reasoning on this linked RDF data to help epistemologists, historians and philologists in their analysis of these ancient texts.
They focus on producing Cultural Heritage RDF datasets  [2, 5] , aligning these data and their vocabularies on the Linked Data cloud  [3, 9] , and exploring and searching among heterogenous semantic data stores  [4, 7, 8, 12]. In  [2, 3]  the authors describe how they created a five stars dataset for the entire collection of the Amsterdam Museum. They present an approach and a tool to create linked cultural datasets for Cultural Heritage institutes, based on the Europeana Data Model (EDM), and they stress on the prime importance of the vocabulary supporting the modeling and the reuse LOD vocabularies. The E-culture project investigates the use of Semantic Web technologies to integrate heterogenous cultural datasets from multiple museum collections and support the semantic annotation and exploration of these collections  [7, 12].
In addition, in  [4] , the authors address the problem of diversying search results when searching Cultural Heritage collections. The Pleiades 1  project aims to collaboratively create and share historical geographic information about the ancient world in digital form. It publishes geospatial data in RDF, aligned with the Geonames dataset  [5]. The SPAN 2  project addresses the problem of aligning existing datasets from the classical world on persons, names and person-like entities in Greco-Roman antiquity and publish it as Linked Data  [9]. The PELAGIOS 3  project aims to help introduce Linked Open Data into online resources that refer to places in the historic past, with the goal of providing new modes of discovery and visualization  [8]. The Linked Ancient World Data Institute (LAWDI) proceedings 4  are a survey of current initiatives or expressions of interest on the use of Linked Open Data (LOD) in the study of the ancient world.
Most of them consider the first step of making publicly available online the data of digital libraries or of projects working on ancient texts. The international research network Zoomathia 5  has been set up to address this challenge of adopting a LOD-based methodological approach in the area of History of Science. Zoomathia primarily focuses on the transmission of zoological knowledge from Antiquity to Middle Ages, through textual resources and considers compilation literature such as encyclopaedias. It aims to develop interconnected researches on History of Zoology in pre-modern times and to raise collaborative work involving philologists, historians, naturalists and researchers in Knowledge Engineering and Semantic Web. In this context, we conducted a preliminary work, first presented in  [13]  and updated and extended in this paper.
It focuses on the fourth book of the late mediaeval encyclopaedia Hortus Sanitatis (15th century), written in Latin, which compiles ancient texts on fishes. Each chapter of this book is dedicated to one fish, with possible references to other fishes. In this work we aim at (i) automating information extraction from these texts, such as zoonyms, zoological sub-discipline (ethology, anatomy, medicinal properties, etc. ); (ii) building an RDF dataset and its vocabulary representing the extracted knowledge, and link them to the Linked Data; and finally, at (iii) reasoning on this linked data to produce new expert knowledge. We build upon the results of two previous French research projects on structuring mediaeval encyclopaedias in XML according to the TEI model and manualy annotating author sources (SourceEn-cyMe project  6  ) and zoonyms (Ichtya project  7  ).
This paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 presents the challenges addressed within Zoomathia and its general goals. Section 3 presents our work on knowledge extraction from the mediaeval encyclopaedia Hortus Sanitatis, while Sect. 4 describes the publication of a linked RDF dataset and its vocabularies. Section 5 presents preliminary work on the exploitation of these data to support the study of the history of pre-modern zoology, and Sect. 6 concludes the paper.
We focused on these seven topics: reproduction, fishing, therapeutic, cooking, anatomy, diet, longevity. The process consists in the following steps: For each sub-discipline, we constructed a list of semantically related terms based on EXtended WordNet Domains 8  (XWND) and BabelNet 9. WordNet 10  is a large lexical database in English, where nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets), each expressing a distinct concept; synsets are interlinked by conceptual and lexical relations. Word-Net Domains (WND) is a lexical resource where synsets have been semiautomatically annotated with one or more domain labels from a set of 170 hierarchically organized domains, thus reducing the problem of word polysemy. eXtended WordNet Domains (XWND)  [6]  is an ongoing work aiming to automatically improve WordNet Domains.
Zoomathia RDF Dataset An RDF dataset describing Hortus Sanitatis has been automatically generated by writing an XSL stylesheet to be applied to its XML annotation. Listing 1. 1 presents an extract of it describing quotation 4 of paragraph 3 of Chap. 20. It is a citation of Aristotle, refering to the crocodile zoonym and addressing the therapeutics and anatomy topics. <http : / / zoomathia. u n i c e. f r / H o r t u s S a n i t a t i s /FR. hs. 4   Thesaurus of Animal Properties. We built an RDFS vocabulary of zoologyrelated sub-disciplines and animal properties, based on the results of interviews with Historians and the properties extracted from texts. It comprises 49 classes and we chose seven of them for the topic detection. This is a preliminary modelisation which has to be further developed.
Reasoning on Historical Zoological RDF Data In order to exploit the extracted RDF knowledge base, we built a set of SPARQL queries enabling to answer questions such as "What are the zoonyms studied in this text?", "What are the topics covered in this text?", "Where can we find these topics?","What are the zoonym properties (in which chapter or paragraph or citation)?". Let us note that it is the semantics captured in the constructed vocabularies which make it possible to answer these queries: multiple labels associated with a taxon in the thesaurus of zoonyms, hierarchy of zoology-related sub-disciplines, denoted by various terms. We went a step further in the exploitation of the RDF dataset by writing SPARQL queries of the construct form to construct new RDF graphs capturing synthetic knowledge.
Conclusion and Future Work We presented a preliminary work conducted in the context of the Zoomathia network, on the zoological mediaeval encyclopaedia Hortus Sanitatis. This work combines NLP techniques to extract knowledge from texts, and knowledge engineering and semantic web methods to build a linked RDF dataset of zoological annotations of this scientific text. It exploits this dataset to support the analysis of the Ancient zoological knowledge compiled in the encyclopaedia. We are currently working on applying the knowledge extraction process presented in this paper on a classical Latin book on fishes (Pliny, Historia Naturalis, book 9, 1st century AD), which is a major, though indirect, source of the Hortus Sanitatis. We want to deal with the historical perspective of zoology, by comparing the knowledge extracted from these two texts, and appraising the density of the transmission and the evolution of the zoological knowledge on an epistemological point of view.
We intend to systematically compare the two texts, with the aim of evaluating the loss, distortion or enrichment of information, and comparing the relative importance in the books of the different zoological perspectives (anatomical, ethological, geographical, etc. ) and of the different animal species. Reasoning on the extracted knowledge will enable to identifiy for both texts a "typological profile", shaped by the relative proportions of text devoted to each of the zoological specialities (or scientific perspectives). By extending the corpus this method will enable a progressive assess of the epistemological evolution of the zoological discourse. In a near future we will align the Zoomathia thesaurus of zoonyms with the TAXREF taxonomy specialized in Conservation Biology and integrating Archaeozoological data  13  , thus enabling to support the integration of heterogenous datasets in order to crosscheck the zoological evidences extracted from texts with archaeozoological and iconographical datasets.
We are currently working on the formalisation and publication of a SKOS thesaurus from the JSON output format of TAXREF  [1]. Given the extension of the corpus and its multilingualism (Greek, Latin and modern languages) a related issue of this investigation concerns historical semantics. This affects not only the theoretical concepts but also the distinction and clustering of the animals themselves. It implies to build up a vocabulary both saving the linguistic and historical meaning of concepts and linking them to the modern state of knowledge and common terminology.
Acknowledgments. We thank  Isabelle Draelants  and  Catherine Jacquemard  we interviewed to explicit philological and historical questions to be addressed when studying ancient and mediaeval texts. We thank  Irene Pajòn Leyra  for her participation to the manual evaluation of the automatic extraction process. Zoomathia is an  International Research Group (GDRI)  supported by the  French National Scientific Research Center (CNRS).
Acknowledgments We acknowledge  V. Blanchet  for experimental support and  E. Constant  and  E. Mével  for providing a key apparatus used in the experiment. We acknowledge  M. Perdrix ,  F. Lepetit  and  D. Guillaumet  from the  SLICteam at CEA-Saclay  for their support in providing beam time on the LUCA platform. This work has been supported by the  FP7 program, LASERLAB-EUROPE , Grant No. 284464 , by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  through the  "Laboratoire d'Excellence Physics Atoms Light Mater" (LabEx   PALMANR-10-LABX-0039-PALM ) and by the  ANR Attowave  ( ANR-09BLAN-0031-01 ) and  MISFITS ( ANR-14-CE32-0014 ). We also acknowledge financial support of the  Conseil Régional d'Aquitaine  ( 20091304003 ATTOMOL  and  COLA2 No. 2. 1. 3-09010502 )and the  European Union  ( EU-FP7-ATTOFEL ).
This work was supported by NIH R01CA136606 to XC; P30DK026743 to UCSF Liver Center; grant from Region Sardinia L. R. 7 2007 (grant number CRP-26489) to DFC; grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (grant number Ev168/2-1) to ME. Xiaolei Li was supported by the China Scholarship Council (contract 201306590021). The authors thank the Tumourotheque/ Plateforme des Ressources Biologiques of Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France.
Methods An electronic search was conducted in 4 databases (Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and Sportdiscus). Two independent investigators selected original studies assessing the impact of lifestyle interventions with PA components on anthropometric parameters, cardiometabolic risk factors (fat mass, blood pressure, lipid and glucose metabolism), behaviour modification (PA and nutritional changes), and quality of life in adults with body mass index (BMI)  35  kg/m 2. Estimates were pooled using a random-effect model (DerSimonian and Laird method). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by the Cochran's chi-square test and quantified through an estimation of the I ².
Information sources and study selection This systematic review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA)  [28]. The information sources and study selection methods were described elsewhere  [21]. Briefly, the research was completed on November 16 th , 2012 across 4 databases (Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and Sportdiscus) using specific keywords and Medical Subject Headings  [21]. Two independent reviewers screened all records according to titles and/or abstracts (AB and MMRF) and assessed selected full-text articles for inclusion and exclusion criteria (AB and MA). Disagreements were resolved by a third party (MFL) and reviewers' agreement was calculated using Cohen's kappa coefficient  [29].
Non-supervised exercise programs corresponded to interventions with individualized exercise plans without supervision. PA recommendations category corresponds to interventions that provide only general PA advices or studies that did not provide enough details about the intervention. Means with standard deviation (SD) of baseline, different evaluation time, post-intervention and follow-up outcomes of interest and p-values were reported. Missing baseline characteristic for subgroups or final sample were replaced by the initial whole baseline population characteristics means. Only results from intention-to-treat analyses were extracted, when completers' data were also available. All extracted data were double checked by another reviewer (KBV). Disagreements were resolved by a third party (MFL).
Statistical analyses Although some of included studies were controlled studies, for the present meta-analysis there were not enough "true" control groups to pool only randomized controlled trials. For this reason, all study groups were included in a longitudinal meta-analysis. Studies of weak quality were not included in the meta-analysis  [32] , as well as studies with only follow-up results or missing result data  [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]. Subgroups analyses were performed according to the intervention lengths: short-term (<6 months), intermediate-term (6-11. 9 months) and long-term (12 months)  [15]. Studies with variable length of intervention for each subject  [38]  and no exact length of intervention  [39]  were excluded from the subgroup analysis. Baseline data and postintervention outcomes were reported as absolute change in mean and the standard error of means (SEM).
Effects of lifestyle interventions on behaviors Fifteen studies of high and moderate quality assessed the effect of interventions on PA level and 8 on nutritional behavior changes. No meta-analysis was carried out given the heterogeneity of outcome assessment tools (questionnaire, interview, diary, pedometer) and reported data units (kcal/week, steps/day, categorical data, minutes, METs, fruits/vegetables consumed per day). Nine uncontrolled studies and one high quality RCT found significant positive impacts of 6 to 12-month lifestyle interventions on PA level  [38, 55, 58, [63] [64] [65] 69, 71, 72, 76] , and five uncontrolled studies on nutritional behaviors  [47, 58, 65, 71, 76]. However, one RCT showed that the increase in steps/day after 4. 5 months of intervention was not significantly different between the walking promotion group meetings and standard support groups (p = 0.
Since then, the situation has reversed and ordered characters have been used only in a minority of recent studies  (Grand et al. , 2013). The assumptions underlying the 3ta are less well known and probably need to be presented briefly. Initially described as a 'more precise use of parsimony'  (Nelson and Platnick, 1991) , the three-taxon analysis can be understood as a completely different method  (Nelson et al. , 2003; Cao et al. , 2007; Zaragüeta and Bourdon, 2007; Zaragüeta et al. , 2012). The method is available in LisBeth  (Zaragüeta et al. , 2012) , but can be performed using any parsimony software after the parsimony matrix has been converted into a three-taxon statements (3ts) matrix, an operation that is automated in LisBeth. Within 3ta, characters are represented as hierarchies  (Cao et al.
This debate has mostly relied on theoretical considerations and contrived examples based on very small datasets  (Farris and Kluge, 1998; Farris, 2012; Harvey, 1992; Nelson and Ladiges, 1996; Platnick et al. , 1996; Zaragüeta and Bourdon, 2007) , although a few studies have compared the methods with empirical datasets  (Patterson and Johnson, 1995; Udovicic et al. , 1995; Williams, 1996; Bourdon, 2006; Corvez, 2012). Recently,  Grand et al. (2013)  studied the relative merits of 3ta and parsimony with ordered and unordered states through simulations (100 matrices of six characters and eight taxa each) and two empirical examples. Their results suggested that 3ta has a greater efficiency to retrieve correct relationships (resolving power) than ordered parsimony, but that it also yields more incorrect relationships (artefactual resolution).
5D-G ). For six out of these nine trees, all terminal and internal branch lengths of the ingroup were set to one, and the outgroup branch was set at zero, one, three, five, six tenths, or the full tree depth (Fig. 5D ). Three out of the nine trees (Fig. 5E-G ) were generated by modifying the ingroup branch lengths on the equiprobable tree with the outgroup branch set at zero length (actual ancestor). Simulated matrices. From each of the nine reference trees illustrated in Fig. 5A-C , 100 matrices of 100 characters × 10 states were simulated (i. e. , a total of 900 matrices). Similarly, 100 matrices of 100 characters × 10 states were simulated for each of the nine paleontological trees illustrated in Fig. 5  D-G (i. e. , a total of 900 paleontological matrices). We thus simulated a total of 1800 matrices, which were produced using Mesquite and the scripts in Supplementary Online Materials 1 (S1) on data that were discretized using Excel spreadsheets (S2 for parsimony; S3 for 3ta) and that were compiled into S4 (which are the matrices in the parsimony format).
g. birds as a differentiated taxon nested in Dinosauria) but not for parts (e. g. feathers as a modified part, nested in scales). In this context, reversal as a loss is perfectly acceptable. However, reversal as synapomorphy is viewed as pointless. All this suggests that irreversible characters  (Nopcsa, 1923; Goldberg and Igić, 2008; Kohlsdorf et al. , 2010)  are 'more compatible' with 3ta. Further work should be done to compare resolving power and artefactual resolution yielded by parsimony and 3ta when an irreversible evolution model is used (which can be understood as hierarchic). Another interesting field of research consists in developing methods that better simulate Darwinian evolution applied to digital life forms, as in the software Avida  (Adami and Brown, 1994)  to understand better the behaviour of parsimony and 3ta.
This result highlights the information content of character ordering schemes  (Wilkinson, 1992) , and we infer that coding continuous characters as fully unordered significantly decreases resolving power and increases artefactual resolution in empirical datasets. We also quantified the differences in resolving power between ordered parsimony and 3ta, which differ in the way they handle reversals as evidence for the support of a clade (among others). These differences vary between 1. 3% (non-significant) and 6. 3% (Table  1 ) for the resolving power, and between 0. 0% (non-significant) and 9. 4% for the artefactual resolution. We also have quantified resolving power when polarization errors, produced by varying outgroup branch length, are introduced (i. e. , when polarization is based on an outgroup including a variable proportion of plesiomorphies).
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  Jérémy Tissier ,  Laetitia Carrive  and  Eduardo Ascarrunz  for fruitful discussions. We also thank  Jacques Ducasse  who developed modules of the  LisBeth program  (on which the 3ta analyses were ran) according to our needs, and to  Régine Vignes-Lebbe  who thought of more efficient algorithms to store and compare sets of 3ts deduced from the 3ta characters. Comments by  Mark Wilkinson  and an anonymous referees improved this paper. This work was financially supported by the  UMR 7207 CR2P.
7] [18]  Similar approaches on the 3D reconstruction of magnetic fields outlined and demonstrated its foundations for both off-axis holography  19  and in-line holography. 20, 21 Recently, electromagnetic stray fields around Co 2 FeGa Heusler NWs have been revealed successfully. 22 Very recently, a 3D observation of magnetic vortex cores in stacked ferromagnetic discs using EHT was reported. 23 The work describes in a condensed manner how existing programs such as the IMOD package  24  are used to reconstruct the 3D magnetic induction map. However, the 3D reconstruction of the corresponding electric potential mandatory to clearly correlate the material composition of the stacked sample with its magnetic configuration is not presented. Indeed, EHT is a very challenging technique: There are stringent requirements for the TEM specimen; the object of interest should be completely visible in every projection without being shadowed by the holder during the tilt series.
In order to perform the crucial separation of electric and magnetic phase shifts, we acquire a tilt series over 360°(instead of 180°sufficient for the electric potential) using a dedicated tomography TEM sample holder. The acquisition has been performed semiautomatically with THOMAS,  26  an inhouse developed software package dedicated for efficient acquisition of holographic tilt series. Amplitude and phase images were reconstructed from the electron holograms by Fourier techniques incorporating empty holograms for correction of imaging artifacts, such as distortions of camera and projective lenses. 27 We then identified pairs consisting of a phase image from the first 180°interval and its 180°tilted counterpart, to separate the electric and magnetic phase shift. Prior to the separation, the phase images were aligned by affine image registration methods (see the methods section) in order to minimize artifacts in the magnetic phase shifts, especially toward the boundaries of the NW.