dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
e. the modes that are the most distinguished from the modes of the null hypothesis. We may use the same approach, now in the time domain, to search for principal components associated with waves in the core, especially the torsional oscillations with about 6 years period  (Gillet et al. 2010 ). Let us focus on changes brought by Swarm mission and future work related to them: • In our tests, we found that we need a VO series of length at least 1. 67 year to retrieve the annual mode from Swarm [see also  Domingos et al. (2017)  for an example where the 11-year solar cycle is extracted from a 16. 5-year-long series]. Using the same ratio between the length of the time series and the period of the mode, we tentatively suggest that we need at least 10 years of high-quality data to retrieve the mode associated with torsional oscillations in the core, which is expected to reach amplitude of ∼ 2 nT/ year at Earth's surface  (Cox et al.
Funding This work has been carried out with financial support for JD by  CNES  ( Centre National d'Études Spatiales, France ) and " UC -Universidade de Coimbra  ( DPA-56-16-382 )". CITEUC is funded by  FCT -Foundation for Science and Technology  ( UID/Multi/00611/2013 ) and  COMPETE 2020 -Operational Programme Competitiveness and Internationalization  ( POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006922 ).
Breeding propensity analyses included only non-breeding and pre-recruiting females because females in RFG were already committed to laying. All samples were independent of each other. Although we attempted to collect as many variables from each female as possible, we were unable to obtain every variable from every female, therefore making our sample sizes across analyses variable. As such, each reproductive analysis required a different subset of individuals, making each data set unique and unaffected by issues of multiple testing. All results are reported as means ± SEM unless otherwise stated. Our analyses were run in JMP 12. 0. 1.
Spain continues its long-term commitment to Atlantic meridional and zonal sections, one of them with biennial occupancy. France and Spain contribute through a biennial line in the northern North Atlantic. Ireland led its first GO-SHIP cruise in the North Atlantic with participation from Germany, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Canada and Norway occupy annual lines at high northern latitudes in the Atlantic. The GO-SHIP cruises are completed by highly qualified and experienced observing teams. The observations meet the highest standards necessary ("climate quality 4  "), increasingly facilitated by use of certified reference materials (CRMs). The strict GO-SHIP data release policy is grounded on the premise that the data are a shared community resource and should be publicly available as soon as possible.
The use of high quality GO-SHIP in situ data continues to grow with the expanding use of autonomous ocean observing platforms, now including those that measure biogeochemical parameters and small physical changes in the deep ocean. GO-SHIP's high quality global data are essential and irreplaceable for global climatologies that are used for calibration and reference standards for these autonomous sensors, particularly given decadal changes in ocean properties. Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program comprises sections in three different categories, and measurements in three priority levels. The sections are categorized as follows: Decadal Full GO-SHIP (Reference or Core Lines) These are a series of zonal and meridional lines that go coast to coast (or ice edge) and full depth of the ocean (Figure  1 ) at a target spacing of 30 nautical miles, sometimes less in regions of strong property gradients.
Measurement Levels Measurements in GO-SHIP are prioritized based on the overall goals of the program. GO-SHIP ranks the measurements as Level 1, 2, or 3. Level 1 "core" measurements are the highest priority for the scientific objectives; Level 2 are desirable and often include measurements of high interest for the particular region; and Level 3 are ancillary measurements. Level 3 measurements may include new instrumentation and experimental techniques that benefit from validation using the core measurements. The parameters for Level 1 and some Level 2 can be found in Table  2  with a full list at http://www. go-ship. org/DatReq. html. The enduring legacy of GO-SHIP is dependent on ready access of the quality data. These yield the scientific and synthesis products, and discoveries. The value of easy access to a unified dataset for the global ocean, and recognition of the GO-SHIP contribution to these products, is important to sustain the GO-SHIP effort.
DATA PROCEDURES AND ACCESS Data Acquisition: Best Practices, Standards, and Data Consistency The acquisition of GO-SHIP data involves several steps. GO-SHIP data acquisition and laboratory analyses follow best practices, including providing standardized metadata and quality control. The quality-controlled (QC'd) data are submitted to central depositories in a timely fashion where they are checked and made available to the community at large. Coordination and assistance in these steps by the GO-SHIP science committee and JCOMMOPS coordinator are an important part of the program. Once collected and archived, GO-SHIP data form the basis for essential synthesis products and calibration of autonomous observations. The World Ocean Atlas (WOA) is a synthesized product based on the physical, oxygen, and nutrient data.
For carbon and other biogeochemical analysis, the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a major bottle data synthesis product involving extensive additional quality control in the form of cross-over adjustments. A tool to facilitate primary QC and coherent submission of bottle data was recently published 5. The most recent complete version is GLODAPv2  (Olsen et al. , 2016)  with an update in 2019, GLODAPv2. 2019 (Olsen et al. , 2019). Calibrated GO-SHIP CTD data are an important input for autonomous observations such as Argo floats. Climatologies of physical and biogeochemical parameters are produced by several national data centers, incorporating GO-SHIP data. The process of acquiring quality oceanographic data commences with cruise planning and follows a multi-step process to final product.
Full documentation of these steps and easy access to the procedures at sites such as the online International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) best practices depository 6  facilitate the process. This documentation is very useful to new participants in the program and when considering the inclusion of new measurements. The "how to" information is regularly reviewed to provide information and incorporate new procedures relevant to the planning and running of GO-SHIP sections. Measurement techniques for all Level 1 and some Level 2 parameters are described in the GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines, often referred to as the GO-SHIP hydro manual  (Hood et al. , 2010). Chapters of the manual and other pertinent best practices related to GO-SHIP can be found at https://www.
oceanbestpractices. net/handle/11329/371. As requirements change, parameters are included or deleted as Level 1 measurements. For example, currently the required transient tracer variables are under discussion. The CFCs, which are currently Level 1, are analyzed by only a limited number of laboratories; moreover the atmospheric inputs have changed over time, with CFC-11, and CFC-12 concentrations leveling off in the atmosphere, reducing their usefulness as transient tracers. However, SF 6 , which is included in CFCs and measured from the same samples, continues to increase in the atmosphere and this variable is becoming more useful in meeting the GO-SHIP science objectives. At present, GO-SHIP requires the following data-release timelines  (Talley et al. , 2016)   7  : • Preliminary datasets for all Level 1 and Level 2 ship-based measurements released within 5 weeks of the cruise • Final datasets for all Level 1 and Level 2 ship-based measurements released within 6 months of the cruise • Final datasets within 24 months for all Level 3 data The relatively rapid release of data is motivated by their usefulness for climate studies and the observed rapid change in the ocean, which are of increasing societal importance.
The GO-SHIP data policy is stringent and geared toward rapid, open dissemination, with a clear structure for all data to undergo quality control, and to be sent to and available from recognized data centers. All data collected as part of the program need to be submitted to a designated data management structure for quality control and dissemination for syntheses. As indicated in the recommendations, this is an ongoing effort. The GO-SHIP suite of observations includes a significant number of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and some are Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), reflecting their importance, spanning the physical, biogeochemical, and biological/ecosystem ocean (Table  2 ). These variables are collected by various national laboratories and universities, and rely on the international ocean research community to collaborate to collect and analyze samples following a suggested procedure and accuracy  (Hood et al.
, 2010). Standardized collection and analysis procedures to ensure consistency of observations amongst the nations involved in the program are of utmost importance. Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program actively supports efforts to improve the standard and consistency amongst the research community involved in collection. In recent years, GO-SHIP has endorsed two Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) working groups: Toward comparability of global oceanic nutrient data (COMPONUT), and Integration of Plankton-Observing Sensor System to existing global sampling programs (P-OBS). These working groups bring together an international group of experts to develop agreed standards and procedures required to review and develop commonly agreed methodologies. GO-SHIP relies on these groups of experts to revise its hydrographic manual and update Best Practices.
Bottle measurements have been declining significantly on high frequency and associate GO-SHIP cruises, and on non-GO-SHIP cruises, which typically have much less chemistry, but which all include CTD profiles. Column 5 of Table  2  indicates the priority variables in need of reference materials. The research vessels used in GO-SHIP cruises are equipped with a number of (often semi-automatic) instruments. Seawater is pumped into the vessel through an intake, usually 1-8 m below the draft line. Temperature, salinity, and other parameters including dissolved oxygen and pCO 2 in this intake water are continuously measured and reported. The intake temperature data have been used in the calibration of satellite SST (e. g. ,  Reynolds, 1988). Sea surface salinities are obtained from thermosalinograph and stored in the GOSUD database.
Data Repositories and Accessibility Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program collects a large suite of measurements across multiple ocean disciplines. Thus there are multiple types of GO-SHIP datasets, including hydrographic, velocity, underway, and meteorological data, and the data therefore flow into different data centers and archives (Table  2 ). Development of a central data portal tracking and linking all component data sets is essential, including formal agreements on depositories, interoperability, and exchange, that extend beyond the vertical CTD and rosette-sample chemistry profile data for which there is a long-standing GO-SHIP archive. Several nations contributing to GO-SHIP provide concise links to all data types collected during each cruise (e. g. , United States GO-SHIP's cruise data tracker), but there is no parallel international structure.
In addition to providing a centralized link to the component datasets from each GO-SHIP cruise, providing stable locations for submission and retrieval of some of the GO-SHIP data types is essential. Examples are the Level 1 shipboard acoustic Doppler profiler (S-ADCP) and lowered acoustic Doppler profiler (L-ADCP) velocity data, and underway data sets including Level 1 continuous sampling of temperature, salinity and pCO 2 as well as Level 2 discrete surface chemistry collected in conjunction with the continuous underway sampling. There is increased recognition of the importance of data storage, and the need of exposure of the data and ease of retrieval in order to sustain and increase use of GO-SHIP data. However, funding for such activities has been lagging. Not having a clear unified strategy and resources to address data issues in global oceanography has hampered oceanographic data dissemination, in general.
That is, there is no dedicated data center or depository for all of the different types of international GO-SHIP data nor is there an international GO-SHIP requirement to submit data to a specific data center or link to a specific portal. However, GO-SHIP has identified and endorsed data centers for each type of GO-SHIP data (e. g. , Table  2 ) and strongly recommends that data be sent to these data centers within the agreed data submission timelines (see section "Data Acquisition: Best Practices, Standards, and Data Consistency"). For several national efforts, the data submission requirements and timelines are mandated. Full water column hydrographic profiles (CTD and discrete chemistry sampling) comprise the core data set for GO-SHIP. The most commonly used center for these data is the CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office (CCHDO).
The mission of CCHDO is to deliver the highest possible quality global CTD and hydrographic data to users. These physical and biogeochemical data include observations carried out during numerous other past and ongoing oceanographic research programs. For GO-SHIP, the CCHDO captures the Level 1 processed CTD data, all Level 1 bottle data, and as much Level 2 and 3 bottle data as possible. The GO-SHIP JCOMMOPS-based project officer and CCHDO have close interactions and exchange information regarding voyage status and data submission. These links need to be strengthened further to ensure that each GO-SHIP cruise data set is available to the community. A challenge is that there is currently no international requirement or structure to ensure that all of the completed data sets are available from a central source.
The permanent repository for hydrographic data is at NOAA National Center of Environmental Information (NCEI) and routine connection between NCEI and CCHDO assure that the permanent archive is regularly updated. CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office data managers work with GO-SHIP principal investigators and GO-SHIP committee members to ensure the open and timely availability of all the high quality repeat hydrography data to the international science community. GO-SHIP and CCHDO have established a strong working relationship. This is highlighted by the recent addition of an interactive map of GO-SHIP sections on the CCHDO website and direct links to data from the GO-SHIP web site. This has greatly enhanced data searching and access. GO-SHIP, JCOMMOPS and CCHDO have undertaken an audit of GO-SHIP Data Availability at CCHDO.
This essential cooperative effort will be further enhanced through the JCOMMOPS Ship Coordinator, partly (but currently ad-hocly) funded by (multi) national GO-SHIP funding sources such as AtlantOS, CSIRO, and NOAA. GO-SHIP envisages that communication between the ship coordinator and CCHDO will allow for increased tracking of the international collection of CTD and bottle data and pursuit and submission of data to CCHDO. While bottle and CTD data are well managed through CCHDO, data management efforts for several other GO-SHIP measurements as less advanced. Level 1 velocity data for GO-SHIP are collected using S-ADCP and L-ADCP instrumentation. The S-ADCP and L-ADCP data acquired during GO-SHIP cruises can now be submitted to the Hawaii Currents group (Table  2 ). Establishing and maintaining a long-term data archive for all GO-SHIP velocity data, extending back through the CLIVAR and WOCE surveys that preceded it, is highly desirable, and a recommendation is to establish a routine data management system subscribed to by all GO-SHIP operators.
These include, for example, the British Oceanographic Data Centre, which is the United Kingdom facility for preserving and distributing marine data, the data center PANGAEA, NCEI, which is the United States archive for hydrographic data, and JODC, which is the Japanese archive. These data centers often do not have an efficient way to retrieve data for programs such as GO-SHIP but rather are parameter focused. In the United States there are additional centers that house specific United States GO-SHIP datasets such as the SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS), which is the publicly shared archive of in situ oceanographic and atmospheric data maintained by the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG), and the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) that serve data online from research projects funded by the oceanography programs at the United States National Science Foundation 10.
A GO-SHIP Data Assembly Center (DAC) using modern data management and interoperability procedures would facilitate a means to submit and access data in the various repositories. The existing data assembly and archive centers need support to develop new tools and centers to manage the increasing variety of properties observed on hydrographic lines, to coordinate data management activities with programs such as Argo and OceanSITES, and to improve technology and data policies to release data in a timely manner. Linking datasets seamlessly through Global Data assembly centers (GDACs) such as proposed for marine biogeochemistry (GDAC-BGC) at the Bjerknes Climate Data Centre would aid access and discovery. GO-SHIP endorses a central portal and a logical query system where all the data obtained in GO-SHIP can be acquired.
Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program will continue to focus on acquiring the highest quality, documented and referenced data. There is a need for clear documentation of practical information for cruise activities in an updated GO-SHIP manual and easily accessible voyage reports. 9 http://www. rvdata. us/ 10 www. bco-dmo. org/ This includes rosette sampling order of parameters, sample storage protocols, and cleaning and maintenance procedures for sampling bottles (Niskins). A protocol and recommendation for citation of GO-SHIP data should be developed and provided in prominent locations including all portals for GO-SHIP data, such that it is clearly referenced when used in publications or as reference data in calibration/validation of data from other observing systems such as Argo.
, 2018; Lombard et al. , 2019). Additional areas and variables that are being considered to be elevated to Level 1 or 2 for GO-SHIP include: observations of air-sea fluxes and marine aerosols properties; additional biogeochemical EOVs such as N 2 O (currently a Level 2 measurement); NCP (e. g. , using in-line O 2 -Ar Massspectroscopy), and observations of turbulence (currently a Level 3 measurement). Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is routinely measured from bottle samples on United States GO-SHIP by the CFC groups using similar instrumentation and protocols as for CFC analyses. There is also a need for near real-time data transmission of observations, in particular surface salinity and temperature from underway measurements and profile data from the CTD, for operational services. Currently, CTD profiles are transmitted from the United Kingdom GO-SHIP sections and retrieved by the United Kingdom MET service.
The Coriolis data center is used by French and German ships for real-time CTD data transmission http://www. coriolis. eu. org/Data-Products/Submitdata. It is necessary to develop protocols to distinguish this nearreal time (NRT) data from the delayed-mode calibrated data used for the detection of decadal scale trends that is the core mission of GO-SHIP and the current procedures in Argo are being scrutinized as an effective example. Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program cruises are also useful for development and validation of new observing techniques. For example, GO-SHIP voyages have supported the validation of pH sensor measurements in underway systems  (Takeshita et al. , 2018) , and turbulent mixing observations using CTD-chipods  (Pickering et al. , 2016). Given the range of variables observed on GO-SHIP, and the facilities on research vessels in comparison to autonomous platforms, or ships of opportunity, GO-SHIP cruises can be used to an even larger extent for validation and calibration of new sensors, sampling schemes, and analytical techniques.
Autonomous Ocean Networks and Sensor Development Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program contributes substantially to autonomous ocean observing networks in several ways. GO-SHIP  (Talley et al. , 2016)  provides a variety of high-quality data required for calibration and validation of sensors on autonomous oceanographic platforms such as floats, gliders, and marine mammal tag CTDs. Importantly, GO-SHIP provides the highest-quality reference standard data of salinity for the core Argo array as well as those of oxygen, pH, nitrate, and other biogeochemical data for emerging BGC Argo profiling float program. Now that Deep Argo  (Johnson et al. , 2015; Jayne et al. , 2017)  has begun sampling the full ocean depth, GO-SHIP data are crucial for ensuring the high precision and accuracy needed for deep ocean temperature and salinity analyses.
High Quality Reference Data for Sensor Calibration High quality salinity data are essential in understanding the variability and changes in ocean circulation and hydrological cycle. High quality and deep salinity profiles (reaching slightly below the 2000 dbar limit of standard Argo floats) from shipboard CTDs calibrated with bottle samples referenced to the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO) Standard Seawater are essential to delayedmode scientific quality control of Argo float salinity data  (Wong et al. , 2003). Conductivity sensors on Argo float CTDs are calibrated at the manufacturer prior to deployment, but a variety of factors can introduce biases into the reported salinities once the floats is deployed. Float CTD conductivity cells are occasionally subject to fouling after calibration but prior to deployment, initially biasing reported salinities fresh of actual salinities.
Float CTD conductivity cells can also foul owing to biological activity, and become fresh with time. Float CTD salinity data have also sometimes exhibited a salty drift (e. g. , Figure  3 ), very recently hypothesized to result from the separation of the protective jackets from the exterior of the cells, increasing the conductivity measured. CTD data that have been calibrated to bottle salinity data referenced to an international standard (IAPSO Standard Seawater) are essential for validating, and calibrating when necessary, Argo CTD salinity data. Profiles deep enough to sample water masses with relatively temporally stable and laterally homogeneous temperature-salinity relations (such as North Pacific and North Indian Deep Water, or Circumpolar Deep Water) are vital. Profiles contemporaneous and co-located with float deployments are also useful.