dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Usually the total cross sections in this energy region are obtained by tracing the experimental data available. For the other reaction channels, the Hauser-Feshbach model calculations are used for the evaluation, though the model codes employed are different. The CIELO-1 evaluation in the resonance region essentially adopts JENDL with a correction of a typo for one resonance, deletion of one spurious resonance at 59. 8 keV (pointed out by K. Guber), and modifications to the backgrounds below. Up to 4 MeV, the evaluated data for total, elastic cross sections and angular distributions, and inelastic scattering are based on measured data. At higher energies, EMPIRE nuclear model calculations played an important role, including the use of a soft-rotor optical model potential  [56, 57]. The resolved resonance range extends up to the first inelastic scattering level (847 keV).
Then, up to 2 MeV, capture cross sections were guided by the recent RPI experiment  [58]. Fig. 19  shows comparisons of the γ-yields from the 56 Fe(n,γ) reaction (comparisons for nat Fe are given in Ref. [4] ). The CIELO-1 representation matches the RPI data better than the earlier ENDF/B-VII. 1 evaluation. As in previous evaluations, "background" modifications to the cross sections above 400 keV were added by Trkov, to account for hypothesized missing pand d-wave resonances and to avoid an unphysically-low neutron capture cross section. This background is, however, about 50% lower than in ENDF/B-VII. 1 (see Fig. 20 ). In addition, a background was added in the 10 eV-100 keV region to extend the "1/v" dependence (see Fig. inelastic scattering followed by γ-ray emission. Compared to ENDF/B-VII.
E. 16 O Neutron Reactions The previous ENDF/B-VII. 1 database comes from a merging of R-matrix analyses by Hale of LANL above 3. 4 MeV, and by Lubitz and Caro of KAPL below 3. 4 MeV, together with higher energy data from measurements and model calculations by Young and Chadwick. This evaluation has been adopted by (or at least strongly influenced) many other evaluation projects, for example JEFF-3. 2, CENDL, and ROSFOND. But the CIELO-1 researchers recognized that some significant modifications are now warranted; for example, a previous renormalization of the (n, α) cross section downwards by 32% for ENDF/B-VII is now removed, as described below. We note that this conclusion differs from that summarized in our CIELO document at the beginning of the project three years ago  [1]  (our views changed).
), and we look forward to the publication of these data. 16 O(n,tot): The total 16 O(n,tot) cross section plays an important role in our understanding of neutron reactions in oxygen, in part because of its influence on the (n,α) reaction via unitarity. Historically there have been questions at the 3-4% level regarding the absolute normalization of this cross section: for example the Cierjacks 1968 data being discrepant with the high-resolution Cierjacks 1980 data. Danon et al. [67, 68]  have advanced our understanding here with a novel method in which the normalization of a measurement using a water target was made at 2. 3 MeV, where the oxygen "window" (where the total cross section falls to almost zero owing to a destructive interference effect) allows the normalization to be made to the very well known hydrogen standard value.
These new RPI data agree with Cierjacks 1968 to about 0. 04%. These measurements were also treated as blind validation data, and Fig. 24  shows they largely support the new Hale evaluation, which was done prior to the measurement. The Hale evaluation  [9]  agrees with the Danon RPI total cross section data to better than 1% over the energy range from 0. 2-9 MeV. It is now thought that the Cierjacks 1980 total cross section data need to be renormalized up by approximately 3. 2-3. 8%. 16.
O(n,elas): The other important change for oxygen is the lower total elastic scattering cross section adopted, from thermal to 10s of keV energies. An assessment by Kopecky and Plompen led to a recommendation of a low-energy value of 3. 765 b (CIELO-2); Hale's latest value of just un- !$ "!## $! ! ,QFLGHQW 1HXWURQ (QHUJ\ 0H9 &URVV 6HFWLRQ E FIG. 24. (Color online) 16 O(n,tot) total cross section in CIELO-1 from Hale, calculated prior to the measured RPI data from Danon. der 3. 8 barns in the CIELO-1 file -which was influenced also by the Schneider (1976) measurement -is about 1. 5% lower than the previous ENDF/B-VII. 1 evaluation (3. 852 b), Fig. 25. This seemingly-modest decrease has a significant impact on criticality applications (for example, the NDaST sensitivity tools indicate HST benchmarks are sensitive at the 100 pcm per % change in the elastic scattering cross section between 1 eV and 100 keV).
F. 1 H Neutron reactions The n-p cross section is a primary standard in nuclear physics, featuring the lowest uncertainty of all measured cross sections. The n-p cross section plays an essential role in many neutronics simulations of transport and criticality for special nuclear materials (SNM) in solution systems and lattices, and is the ultimate standard for highaccuracy relative cross section measurements of neutroninduced reactions. The R-matrix analysis for the n-p cross section was performed by G. Hale and M. Paris of LANL as part of the IAEA standards project  [3] , and it was adopted into the most recent ENDF/B-VIII. 0 evaluation and also for CIELO-1 set. The earlier n-p standard  [70] , also from Hale, was previously adopted by ENDF/B-VII, JEFF, JENDL-4. 0 and ROSFOND. The changes in the n-p scattering cross section at energies below 20 MeV are quite small (and within the uncertainties of recent evaluations), resulting from including in the new evaluation nucleon-nucleon scattering data at energies up to 50 MeV.
G. Thermal Scattering Law for Liquid Light and Heavy Water New evaluations from the thermal scattering law (TSL) of neutrons scattered in liquid light and heavy water are very important in reactor applications. Significant efforts within the CIELO project addressed these data needs, coordinated by the Nuclear Energy Agency WPEC Subgroup 42, with a leading role played by the Argentinean group from the Centro Atómico Bariloche (CAB). TSL evaluations for light and heavy water were generated by Márquez Damián, Granada and Cantargi at CAB, in collaboration with Roubtsov from the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories. Evaluations were based on the CAB Model for Light/Heavy Water  [71]  and were prepared using NJOY99. 396 with updates to extend the calculation grids. Details of the model and its validation with experimental data can be found in Refs.
For the cases where the new CIELO evaluation choices disagree with the adjustment feedback, we are inclined to think that the CIELO changes are more likely to be correct, as they were generally guided by fundamental data measurements. This is not necessarily always true, but adjustment feedback often have suffered from the adjustment process having non-unique solutions, together with the deficiencies in the evaluated covariance data. For example, given the absence or the deficiency of covariance data for many angular and energy distributions in the evaluated data files, the adjustment process will tend to assume (incorrectly) that such distributions are perfectly known and thus not subject to change, and instead put the adjustments into other cross sections where covariance data are present.
g. , see Ref. [79] ), and compared with measured k-eff criticality, the overall Chi-squared value is seen to have been cut by almost a factor of two from near 4 (in ENDF/B-VII. 1) to near 2 (ENDF/B-VIII. 0 with CIELO-1). As can be seen in the figure, notable improvements were obtained in the modeling of the Jemima and Zeus assemblies. The reason that the overall chi-squared is not unity is that this comparison of MCNP6 R version 6 calculation versus measurement does not include any uncertainty in the calculated quantities, arising from nuclear cross section data uncertainties. Although such comparisons are valuable, one should remember that they can be strongly influenced by certain integral experiments where the quoted k-eff uncertainties are very small. We have simply adopted the recommended ICSBEP benchmark experiment uncertainties, even for cases where they are probably unrealistically small.
The overall effect is that simulations of HST highly-enriched solution thermal critical assemblies typically change by -100-200 pcm, whereas LCT low-enriched uranium thermal assemblies change by -150-200 pcm. Some heavy water benchmarks change by almost -300 pcm. As noted earlier, compared to ENDF/B-VII. 1, these reductions in criticality are compensated (in part at least) by other changes to the 235 U resonance and nubar data and the thermal PFNS. For plutonium solution thermal (PST) critical assemblies, previous ENDF/B-VII. 1 and earlier JEFF and JENDL libraries largely overcalculated the criticality, by ∼ 500 pcm on average. The adoption of WPEC Subgroup 34's plutonium resonances and nubar in CIELO removed about one half of this discrepancy. The aforementioned changes to oxygen further reduced the overprediction by 100-200 pcm with an average effect of about 150 pcm (of which about 3/5 was due to the reduced elastic channel, and 2/5 to the increased (n,α).
VI. COVARIANCES The CIELO covariance data need continued attention. In the ENDF community, ENDF/B-VII. 1  [32]  had a focused effort on providing covariances for a large range of isotopes and reactions. Nevertheless, numerous questions remain regarding the quest to represent "credible" uncertainties, especially following comparisons of ENDF/B-VII. 1 uncertainty assessments with those in JENDL and JEFF files, and even when comparing uncertainties assessed in the resonance range versus those at energies slightly above the boundary for the fast range. The Nuclear Energy Agency WPEC Subgroup 39 has provided a valuable assessment of such questions and discrepancies, in a paper by Dr. Ishikawa  [80]. This paper pointed out that -even for very important reactions such as major actinide fission, capture, and inelastic scattering -differences in uncertainties as large as an order-of-magnitude are not uncommon for certain energy regimes, and as we will see below this situation has not changed significantly.
A cynic would note that this reflects the enduring difficulty in defining credible uncertainties in nuclear science (and other fields of research). The CIELO project includes work that will continue beyond this pilot project, with an aim of resolving some of these questions. Although work on CIELO covariances is currently inprogress, we provide a summary of some of the uncertainty data choices made in CIELO-1, in the Beta-5 version of the ENDF/B-VIII. 0 files. A focus here on 239 Pu and 235 U covariance data illuminates the current status of the work: the covariances for plutonium come from Talou and Neudecker (LANL), and for uranium isotopes come from Capote, Trkov, and Neudecker (IAEA, LANL), and also from the IAEA standards group for the fission cross sections. Examples of these uncertainties are given in Table  VI  for 239 Pu and Table VII for 235 U, for a typical neutron energy of 1 MeV for CIELO-1, ENDF/B-VII.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the  Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)  for technical secretariat support for the WPEC Subgroup 40 collaboration and for providing a venue for bringing the CIELO research members together, and the  IAEA Nuclear Data Section  for related collaborative support. We also thank  Dr. Pavel Obložinský  for valuable feedback on the paper. Our thanks to all colleagues who have worked on this project during the last five years. We are grateful to all participant laboratories for their assistance in the work and for their support, with special mention of experimental work by the n TOF collaboration at  CERN , and staff at  Los Alamos ,  RPI , and  JRC-Geel. Work at  Los Alamos National Laboratory  was carried out under the auspices of the  National Nuclear Security Agency of the U.
Gene expression changes in B cell precursors in aged mice Using multi-parameter flow cytometry analysis of the bone marrow B cell compartment, we found substantial changes in the B cell precursor pools in aged mice (Fig. 1 ). Our analysis revealed a roughly twofold reduction in pro-B (Fig. 1c ) and an almost threefold reduction in pre-B cell numbers (Fig. 1d ) in the bone marrow of aged (19-22 months) compared with young mice (three months), consistent with previous reports  [9, 16]. In contrast, we found an increase in recirculating mature B cells in the bone marrow of aged mice (Fig. 1e ). We sorted cells from pooled cohorts of male young and aged mice (12-15 mice per cohort) as shown in Fig. 1a  and generated transcriptome, chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq), histone modification (ChIP-seq), and chromosome conformation (Hi-C) datasets to identify changes associated with the aging phenotype (summary statistics for all datasets and replicates are provided in Additional file 1: Table  S1 ).
Two of the regions with reduced accessibility overlapped with the Irs1 promoter region and another one mapped close to the Irs1 transcription termination site (Fig. 4a ; Additional file 2: Figure  S7a ). Therefore, ATAC-seq revealed a limited number of changes in chromatin accessibility upon aging and implicated a role for chromatin remodeling in repressing the Irs1 locus in aged B cell precursors. Transcriptional regulation and chromatin accessibility are associated with changes in the binding of regulatory and architectural factors, as well as alterations in histone modifications. Therefore, we generated genome-wide profiles of histone modifications associated with active promoters (H3K4me3, H3K27ac), active enhancers (H3K27ac), and polycomb repressive complex binding (H3K27me3), as well as binding of the architectural protein CTCF in young and aged B cell precursors (summary statistics for all datasets are presented in Additional file 1: Table  S1 ).
Similar to the observation for the majority of upregulated genes, most of these changes were subtle, consistent with the relatively small fold changes in the expression of these genes (Fig. 2b ) and the binary nature of chromHMM (at a given genomic location, a peak for a specific chromatin feature is either present or absent). However, we observed substantial changes occurring over the Irs1 promoter, where the active state e Log2 fold change upon aging in median read counts (normalized to library size for each replicate) for ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq datasets over the PIRs of genes whose expression is significantly up-or downregulated in aged pre-B cells. Boxplots for upregulated genes comprise log2 fold changes over 322 PIRs from 16 genes, while for downregulated genes boxplots comprise 359 PIRs from 20 genes.
The flow cytometry data were quality checked using the automated method in FlowAI  [63]  and low-quality events were filtered out. Lymphocytes, singlets, and B220 positive cells were gated using FlowJo V10. 1 software (FlowJo, LLC) and all compensated parameters were exported for subsequent analysis. Target populations were also manually gated and exported. A tSNE plot was constructed using the Rtsne package with default parameters  [64]. To identify populations of interest, manual gates were projected onto the tSNE plot.
RNA-seq analysis RNA-seq reads were aligned to the GRCm38 reference genome using HISAT2  [68]. Seqmonk version 1. 39  [69]  was used for quality control, visualization, and quantification. For this, BAM files were imported into Seqmonk as paired-end RNA-seq data and reads with a mapping quality score < 30 were filtered out. Gene and mRNA annotations were filtered to exclude unannotated genes or genes annotated only as a predicted gene, Riken transcripts, pseudogenes, non-functional transcripts, and ribosomal protein subunits. Raw read counts were generated over genes using the RNA quantitation pipeline (total RNA) or counted over mRNA with merged isoforms using the active transcription pipeline, which counts reads only over introns (nuclear RNA), in both cases assuming opposing strand specificity.
MiRNA analysis MiRNA annotations from Ensembl and miRBase were merged and deduplicated. Reads were mapped to genome build GRCm38 using Bowtie 2  [73]  and strand-specific raw read counts were generated using Seqmonk. DESeq2 was then used for differential expression analysis with default parameters and an adjusted p value threshold of 0. 05. Complete-linkage hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed miRNAs was performed based on the Euclidean distance between the Pearson correlation coefficients between expression patterns for each replicate. Target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were identified using mouse mirTarBase v7 database, released in 2017  [74]. Only functionally validated target genes have been considered. The identified target genes for each class have been used for KEGG pathway analysis using DAVID v6.
Fold change correlation analyses for chromatin datasets Overlapping peaks between all pairwise combinations of ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq data within a given cell type (pro-B or pre-B), and between pro-B and pre-B cells for a given chromatin feature, were first defined. These were filtered such that if a single peak in one dataset overlapped with multiple peaks in the second, one of the peaks from the second dataset was selected at random. Pearson correlation coefficients comparing the age-related log2 fold changes in enrichment for overlapping peaks from each pairwise combination were then calculated and displayed as heatmaps. To reduce the influence of stochastic variation in peaks that are unchanged upon aging, peaks from each dataset were then ranked based on their uncorrected p values from the DESeq2 differential enrichment analysis (see above), with the smallest (most significant) p value ranked highest.
Acknowledgments We thank  Olga Mielczarek ,  Amanda Baizan-Edge ,  Bryony A. Stubbs , and  Keith M. Porter  for their help in collecting cells and  Kristina Tabbada ,  Babraham Sequencing Facility , and  Arthur Davis ,  Flow Facility , for their invaluable assistance. We thank all staff in the  Biological Support Unit  for their outstanding care of our aging mouse colony. We thank  Simon Andrews ,  Felix Krueger , and  Anne Segonds-Pichon ,  Babraham Bioinformatics Group , for advice and assistance with bioinformatic and statistical analyses. We thank  Martin Turner  for critical reading of the manuscript. We wish to thank those who reviewed the manuscript for their constructive comments (Additional file 5).
Material and Methods Between February 2012 and September 2015, the data of 32 consecutive patients with high-risk and very high-risk prostate carcinoma who were treated with IMRT plus regional hyperthermia were retrospectively analyzed. The total planned dose of IMRT was 76 Gy for all patients, with a fractional dose of 2. 0 Gy. Hyperthermia was applied once a week, using an 8 MHz radiofrequency capacitive device immediately after IMRT. Both the upper and lower electrodes measured 30 cm in diameter and were placed on opposite sides of the pelvis, with the patient in the prone position. The treatment goal was at least 30 min of continuous heating after the radiofrequency output was increased to the patient's tolerance threshold. Intrarectal temperatures at the prostate level were measured using a four-point microthermocouple sensor to evaluate the thermal dose during the heating sessions.
Material and Methods We identified all patients who received postoperative radiotherapy (66 Gy in 33 fractions) after radical prostatectomy, had no nodal or distant metastases and at least one follow-up visit. In those treated between 2008 and 2013, no RB was applied whereas between 2014 and 2016, a RB was routinely applied. All patients were followed with the same set of questionnaires and outpatient visits. Results where compared and analysed by Chi²-Test (SPSS 23. 0).
These relationships can be viewed as an axis that links the structure of the nuclear lamina and chromatin state to the activity of the nuclear transport machinery (Figure  1a ). To explore the relationships in the axis, we first tested whether reducing the expression of HMTs linked to heterochromatin formation had an impact on Ran distribution. As expected, siRNA depletion of the HMTs G9a and GLP, which have fundamental roles in heterochromatin formation by acting as mono-and dimethylases, reduced the nuclear levels of H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 in normal human fibroblasts detected by immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy (Figure  1b ; Figure  S1a-c ). Depletion of the HMTs reduced the N:C distribution of endogenous Ran, also detected by IF microscopy. These data provide evidence that chromatin can act upstream of Ran distribution in mammalian cells.
, 2016). In WT cells, Gsp1 forms an N:C gradient of ~3:1; however, the ratio is reduced to ~2:1 with loss of H3K36me3 (Figure  1c , d; Figure  S1d ). Thus, the epigenetic state of chromatin can influence the interphase Ran distribution in a simple eukaryote as well. We next tested whether RCC1 can bind heterochromatin in mammalian cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). We transfected 293 T cells with Flag-RCC1 and used anti-Flag antibody to prepare RCC1-chromatin samples. After reversal of the crosslinks, the samples were analyzed by immunoblotting with antibodies specific for Histone H3 marked with H3K4me3, H3K9me3, and H3K27me3. We observed statistically significant RCC1-dependent recovery of heterochromatin marked by H3K9me3 (p = 0. 0169) and H3K27me3 (p = 0. 0168), but minimal binding of open chromatin marked by H3K4me3 (Figure  1e ,f; data pooled from three experiments).
, 2016). It has also been established that the Ran gradient is susceptible to disruption by various cell stresses  (Kelley & Paschal, 2007; Yasuda, Miyamoto, Saiwaki, & Yoneda, 2006). Some of the biological effects of stress signaling that occur in normal aging might, therefore, be transduced through changes in the Ran system. imaging was performed at ∼24°C. Nuclear and cytoplasmic signal was measured as described  (Kelley & Paschal, 2007; Kelley et al. , 2011)  using appropriate statistical tests (Student's t-test and Spearman's correlation) and calculated using Prism (GraphPad Software).
2010). In this study, we use displacement data from the most active zone of the landslide, that is, those acquired by extensometer 13 (Fig. 1 ). We investigate lengthening values that have been collected every day by the extensometer 13 from 2003 December 1 to 2015 December 31 for a total of 4337 recordings. The Vizille weather station (latitude: 45. 0802 • N; longitude: 5. 7694 • E; elevation: 290 m) maintained by Sébastien Pierart (ROMMA association) is located about 3. 5 km NW of the landslide and operated on the whole time period. It is also sampled at a daily rate. Several authors  (Durville et al. 2009; Chanut et al. 2013; Vallet et al. 2013)  raised the importance of the sampling rate for the analysis of the Séchilienne data. Durville et al. (2009) , for example, performed analyses for annual, monthly, 10 d and daily data, respectively.
This is confirmed in an Event Coincidence Analysis performed using the CoinCalc R package  (Siegmund et al. 2017). We do not fail to reject at the 0. 05 level (the p-value for the precursor/trigger coincidence significance test, from randomly shuffled series, is 0. 001) the null hypothesis that the observed number of coincidences between displacement breakpoints and heavy rainfall can be explained by two independent series of randomly distributed events (Fig. 12 ). The coincidence of the starts of displacement phases S2, S3 and S4 with heavy rainfall events is unquestionable (Fig. 12 ). At any rate, our result are conclusive, as being able to quantitatively define stages in an apparent continuous divergence of the cumulative displacement. The ability to define stages in the 10 yr duration of the acceleration of Séchilienne rock avalanche displacement (from 2004 to 2014) demonstrates the process is still susceptible to external forcing (e.