dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In models motivated by Galileon theories and massive gravity, constraints have been put on the disformal interactions from studying gravitational lensing and the velocity dispersion of galaxies  [22, 23]. Further cosmological implications of disformal scalars have been considered in  [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]. We briefly review the models considered in this paper in section II. In section III we consider constraints on this class of models that arise from precision measurements at the Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP). Specifically, we compute the oblique corrections and investigate the impact of disformally coupled scalars on the Z boson line shape. Section IV is devoted to setting constraints from LHC measurements using the full run 1 data sets available from both ATLAS and CMS.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Nemanja Kaloper  and  David Seery  for very helpful discussions during the preparation of this work. PhB acknowledges partial support from the  European Union   FP7 ITN INVISIBLES (Marie Curie Actions ,  PITN-GA-2011-289442 ) and from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  under contract  ANR 2010 BLANC 0413 01. CB is supported by a  Royal Society University Research Fellowship. CE is supported in part by the  Associateship  programme and is grateful to the  Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics (MITP)  for its hospitality and partial support during the completion of this work.
Low background X-ray detectors The Micromegas detectors developed for the CAST experiment are the baseline technology for the X-ray detectors of IAXO. The levels achieved resulted from a global approach where the improvement has come from different fronts: from the manufacturing technique leading to highly intrinsically radiopure detectors with high performance, from the optimisation of the passive and. active shielding thanks to an understanding of the background and from the refinement of the selection algorithms. The detector installed in the 2014 CAST data taking campaign in the sunrise side coupled to the X-ray telescope achieved levels 0. 85 × 10 -6 counts keV -1 cm -2 s -1  [16]. It can be considered as the first Micromegas prototype for IAXO. Further improvements are still expected: • Use of segmented mesh microbulks  [14]  with auto-trigger electronics  [15] ; • more stringent radioactive requirements for the components of the detectors; • upgrade of the active muon and gamma shielding; • improvement of the selection algorithms.
Acknowledgments We acknowledge support from the  Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN)  under contract  FPA2008-03456  and  FPA2011-24058 , as well as under the  CPAN  project  CSD2007-00042  from the  Consolider-Ingenio2010 program  of the MICINN. Part of these grants are funded by the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER). We also acknowledge support from the  European Commission  under the  European Research Council T-REX Starting  Grant  ERC-2009-StG-240054  of the  IDEAS program  of the  7th EU Framework Program. Part of this work was performed under the auspices of the  U. S. Department of Energy  by  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  under Contract  DE-AC52-07NA27344  with support from the  LDRD program  through grant  10-SI-015. We also acknowledge support from the  CAST collaboration.
The design work on the magnet system was supported by  CERN ,  Physics Department  as well as the ATLAS Collabo-ration. Partial support by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Germany)  under grant  EXC-153  by the  MSES of Croatia  and the  Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR)  is also acknowledged. F. I. acknowledges the support from the  Eurotalents program.
A search for high-mass resonances decaying into τ + τ -final states using proton-proton collisions at √ s = 8 TeV produced by the Large Hadron Collider is presented. The data were recorded with the ATLAS detector and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19. 5-20. 3 fb -1. No statistically significant excess above the Standard Model expectation is observed; 95% credibility upper limits are set on the cross section times branching fraction of Z resonances decaying into τ + τ -pairs as a function of the resonance mass. As a result, Z bosons of the Sequential Standard Model with masses less than 2. 02 TeV are excluded at 95% credibility. The impact of the fermionic couplings on the Z acceptance is investigated and limits are also placed on a Z model that exhibits enhanced couplings to third-generation fermions.
165  [31] , Sherpa 1. 4. 1  [32] , MC@NLO 4. 01  [33] [34] [35] , AcerMC 3. 8  [36] , Herwig 6. 520  [37]  or PowHeg-Box 1. 0  [38] [39] [40] [41]. The most consistent set of available samples was chosen. The Z/γ * → τ τ process is generated at leading order so that the sample can also be reweighted to describe the Z signal. The combination of t t and single-top-quark production are referred to as top. In some cases the generators are interfaced to the following external software for parton showering, hadronisation and multiple parton interactions: Pythia 8, Pythia 6. 421  [42]  or Herwig (which is itself interfaced to Jimmy 4. 31  [43]  for multiple parton interactions). The tau lepton decay is performed by either Pythia 8, Sherpa or Tauola  [44]. For Pythia 8, the sophisticated tau decay option is used, which provides fully modelled hadronic currents with spin correlations for tau-lepton decays  [45].
The fake-factors are measured from data in a separate control region. Diboson, W +jets, t t, Z/γ * (→ )+jets, and singletop-quark production make minor contributions and are estimated using simulation. To improve the modelling of these background processes, events in the simulation that contain jets misidentified as hadronic tau decays are weighted by fake-rates measured in a W +jets control region in data (section 6. 3). The dominant background contributions in the τ lep τ had channels come from Z/γ * → τ τ , which is estimated using simulation, and from processes in which a jet is misidentified as a hadronic tau decay. The latter is mainly composed of W +jets events and is estimated using fake-factors to weight events in data where the tau candidate fails ID, similarly to the procedure in the τ had τ had channel (section 6.
The statistical combination of the channels employs a likelihood function constructed as the product of Poisson-distributed random numbers describing the total number of events observed in each channel. The probability in each channel is evaluated for the observed number of data events given the signal-plus-background expectation. Systematic Figure  6. The m tot T distribution after event selection in the (left) τ had τ had and (right) τ lep τ had channels. The estimated contributions from SM processes are stacked and appear in the same order as in the legend. The expected contributions from three Z SSM signals with masses of 750, 1250 and 1750 GeV are shown, stacked on the total SM expectation. The events observed in data are overlaid. The hatched area indicates the uncertainty on the total estimated background.
Acknowledgements We thank  CERN  for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of  ANPCyT , Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia;  ARC, Australia ;  BMWFW  and  FWF , Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus;  CNPq  and  FAPESP, Brazil ;  NSERC ,  NRC  and  CFI ,  Canada ; CERN;  CONICYT, Chile ;  CAS, MOST.
Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to referees for their relevant and constructive comments and suggestions. They acknowledge financial support from the  Università di Palermo. S. T. A. acknowledges a grant from the  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)  of  Canada , F. B. acknowledges support from  GNFM , J. P. G. thanks the CBPF and the  CNPq  for financial support and CBPF for hospitality.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  Alberto Zaffaroni ,  Francisco Morales ,  Jan Troost , and  Massimo Bianchi  for discussions and comments. A. A. is funded by the  European Research Council  (erc-2012-adg_20120216) and acknowledges support by anr grant  13-bs05-0001. D. F. is frs-fnrs Chargé de Recherches. He acknowledges support by the frs-fnrs, by iisn -Belgium through conventions  4. 4511. 06and 4. 4514. 08 ,by the  Communauté Francaise de Belgique  through the  arc program  and by the erc through the  SyDuGraM Advanced Grant. C. K. acknowledges support by anr grant  12-bs05-003-01  and by  Enhanced Eurotalents , which is co-funded by cea and the  European Commission. The work of S. R. is supported by the  Swiss National Science Foundation (snf)  under grant number  pp00p2_157571/1.
Acknowledgments Roberta Cecchi  is gratefully acknowledged for her editorial aid and construction of Table 1. This work was supported by grants to F. W. from  CNES ,  ANR-09-BLAN-0219-01 ,  CNRS-MI-2014 , and the  MASE  project [supported by  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013 ) under Grant Agreement n°607297], to K. C. from the  Marsden Fund (RSNZ) , to D. G. and K. C. from the  National Geographic Society , and to K. C. from a  LE STUDIUM Institute for Advanced Studies research fellowship. D. L. worked under the support of the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013)/ ERC Grant agreement n°280168. The authors thank  Norman Sleep  for his comments on the manuscript.
Our experimental configuration is different. The magnetic field is rotated in a way to keep the magnetic field, B, and charge current, j, perpendicular to each other and the transverse magnetoresistance is measured. In this configuration, the macroscopic Lorentz force between B and j, is constant. If the mobility were a scalar, no angular variation would arise. Large angular oscillations are visible even at room temperature and in fields as small as 0. 7T in bismuth  [13] , because carriers have drastically anisotropic mobilities. Our results provide an opportunity to test the semiclassic transport theory in a particularly constraining format. Since the structure of the three electron ellipsoids and the single hole ellipsoid in bismuth are well-known, one can attempt to fit the experimental data by assuming reasonable values for the components of the mobility tensors of electrons and holes and establish their temperature and field-dependence.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported in France by the QUAN-THERM and SUPERFIELD projects funded by  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  and a grant attributed by the  Ile de France regional council. Support by  France-Japan Sakura  and  France-Korea  STAR collaboration programs is also acknowledges. W. K. is supported by the  NRF  grants funded by the  Korea Government (MSIP)  (No. 2015-001948  and No. 2010-00453 ).
During the maturation process and subsequent evolution of the pore structure, the establishment of hydrogen bonds was probed as a function of time. In order to access the evolution of the microstructure of GIC during the hydration process, the elastic intensity from the QENS measurements was followed for the first 24 h and assessed again at the 5 th day. As the material sets, more hydrogen bonds are formed and thus the amount of immobile hydrogen increases. Therefore, the immobile hydrogen index (IHI) can be directly related to the cement setting. At the ns time-scale, the mobility of the slower and longer polyacid chains in the materials' structure was assessed using the high-resolution backscattering spectrometer IN10. From this data we observed that the setting is faster for the less viscous cement (Aqua) during the first 24 h of hydration.
Interestingly, the IHI index is almost the same at the 5 th day (Figure  3a ). This agrees with previous work, which identified the crosslinking process during setting to be mainly completed in one day  29. To assess the mobility of the faster and smaller water molecules in the materials' structure at the ps time-scale, the backscattering spectrometer IRIS was used. Our data revealed that a larger amount of water molecules is incorporated into the structure of the more viscous material (Poly) already after 10 min (Figure  3b ). After 5 days, the IHI remains higher for the Poly at the ps time-scale, but this process has not yet reached a plateau for either of the cements. This corroborates previous work, which demonstrates that the hydration process lasts several months  20, 45. Proton mobility was also assessed as a function of temperature by following the elastic signal of the GIC from 2 K (liquid Helium temperature), when all motions are frozen, until body temperature (Figure  4 , see supplementary information online for details).
A neutron flux density of 10 7 per cm 2 /s at a beam collimation (L/D, where L is the pinhole to sample distance and D is the diameter of the pinhole) of 350 reached the sample. For each tomography 600 projections on a range of 360u were obtained. Three images were recorded and median filtered for each projection on a CCD detector of 6. 4 mm pixel size. The similar pixel size of the X-ray and the neutron instruments allowed assessing pores larger than 7 mm. All images acquired using X-rays and neutrons were reconstructed using the software Octopus (inCT, Belgium) and analysed with the software VG Studio Max (Volume Graphics GmbH, Germany). Additionally, pore analysis from the X-ray tomography data was performed using the software Avizo (FEI Visualization Sciences Group, United States). The resolution of the X-ray mCT allowed assessing pores larger than 7 mm.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the support of  Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, ISIS Facility and Institut Laue-Langevin  by providing the neutron research facilities used in this work. A. R. B. , J. J. and H. N. B. thank  Victoria Garcia-Sakai  for useful input during the experiments performed using IRIS. Work at the HZB was financed through the  NMI3 program  and at ISIS by Danscatt. J. J. and H. N. B. research was partially funded by the  European Spallation Source. The investigated cements were donated by  VOCO GmbH.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  Iosif Bena  for useful discussions and comments on the manuscript. S. M. would like to thank the  Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge  and the organizers of the workshop " Supersymmetry Breaking in String Theory " for hospitality while part of this work was completed. A. P. would like to thank the  Aspen Center for Physics  for hospitality in the final stage of this work. The work of S. M. is supported by the  ERC  Advanced Grant 32004 -Strings and Gravity. The work of A. P. is supported by the  National Science Foundation  Grant No. PHY12-05500. The work of G. P. is supported in part by the  ERC Starting  Grant  240210 ,  String-QCD-BH  and by the Templeton Grant 48222: " String Theory and the Anthropic Universe ".
Inclusive data samples A summary of the 41 data sets used in the combination is presented in Table  1. From 1994 onwards, HERA was operated with an electron beam energy of E e 27. 5 GeV. In the first years, until 1997, the proton beam energy, E p , was set to 820 GeV. In 1998, it was increased to 920 GeV. In 2007, it was lowered to 575 GeV and 460 GeV. The values for the centre-of-mass energies given in Table  1  are those for which the cross sections are quoted in the individual publications. The two collaborations did not always choose the same reference values for √ s for the same E p. The methods of reconstruction used by H1 and ZEUS for the individual data sets are also given in the table. The integrated luminosities for a given period as provided by the collaborations can be different.
One reason is the fact that H1 quotes luminosities for the data within the Z -vertex acceptance and ZEUS luminosities are given without any acceptance cut. The very low-Q 2 region is covered by data from both experiments taken during the HERA I period. The lowest, Q 2 ≥ 0. 045 GeV 2 , data come from measurements with the ZEUS detector using special tagging devices. They are named ZEUS BPT in Table  1. During the course of this analysis, it was discovered that in the HERA I analysis  [2] , values given for F 2 were erroneously treated as reduced cross sections. This was corrected for the analysis presented in this paper. All other individual data sets from HERA I were used in the new combination exactly as in the previously published combination  [2]. The Q 2 range from 0. 2 to 1. 5 GeV 2 was covered using special HERA I runs, in which the interaction vertex position was shifted forward, bringing backward scattered electrons with small scattering angles into the acceptance of the detectors  [3, 13, 74].
The lowest-Q 2 values for these shifted-vertex data were reached using events in which the electron energy was reduced by initial-state radiation  [3]. The Q 2 ≥ 1. 5 GeV 2 range was covered by HERA I and HERA II data in various configurations. The high-statistics HERA II data sets increase the accuracy at high Q 2 , particularly for e -p scattering, for which the integrated luminosity for HERA I was very limited. The 2007 running periods with lowered proton energies  [9, 10, 24]  were included in the combination and provide data with reduced √ s and Q 2 up to 800 GeV 2. These data were originally taken to measure F L.
The HERA II H1 publication provides inclusive-jet, dijet and trijet cross sections normalised to the inclusive NC DIS cross sections in the respective Q 2 range. This largely reduces the Table  1  The 41 data sets from H1 and ZEUS used for the combination. The marker  [2]  in the column "Data Set" indicates that the data are treated as two data sets in the analysis. The markers 1. 5 p and 1. 5  in the column "Data Set" indicate that the data were already used for HERAPDF1. 5, see Appendix A. The p in 1. 5 p denotes that the crosssections measurements were preliminary at that time. The markers * y. 5   and * y in the column "Data Set" are explained in Sect. 4. 1. The marker 1 for  [8]  indicates that published cross section were scaled by a factor of 1. 018  [65]. Integrated luminosities are quoted as given by the collaborations.
The equations used for the reconstruction of x Bj and Q 2 are given in Sect. HERA II E p = 920 GeV data sets H1 NC correlations with the H1 inclusive DIS reduced cross sections. The HERA I H1 high-Q 2 jet data are similarly normalised. The other ZEUS and H1 jet data sets are small subsamples of the respective inclusive sample; correlations are small and are thus ignored. For the heavy-quark and jet data sets used, the statistical, uncorrelated systematic and correlated systematic uncertainties were used as published.
Up to 10 data sets were available for a given process. The vast majority of grid points accumulated data from both H1 and ZEUS measure- The latter grid has a finer binning in x Bj in accordance with its special structure in y ments; the typical case is six measurements from six different data sets. However, 22 % of all grid points have only one measurement, predominantly at low Q 2. For Q 2 above 3. 5 GeV 2 , only 13 % of the grid points have only one measurement. For the translation of the cross-section values, predictions for the ratios of the double-differential cross section at the (x Bj , Q 2 ) and √ s where the measurements took place, and the (x Bj,grid , Q 2 grid ) to which they were translated, were needed. These predictions, T grid , were obtained from the data themselves by performing fits to the data using the HER-AFitter  [26, 27]  tool.
123 an orthogonal transformation which is also used to determine γ i j  [2]. The ratio of χ 2 min and the number of degrees of freedom, χ 2 min /d. o. f. , is a measure of the consistency of the data sets. The number d. o. f. is the difference between the total number of measurements and the number of averaged points N M. Some systematic uncertainties γ i j , which were treated as having point-to-point correlations, may be common for several data sets. A full table of the correlations of the systematic uncertainties across the data sets can be found elsewhere  [79]. The systematic uncertainties were in general treated as independent between H1 and ZEUS. However, an overall normalisation uncertainty of 0. 5 %, due to uncertainties on higherorder corrections to the Bethe-Heitler cross-section calculations, was assumed for all data sets which were normalised with data from the luminosity monitors.
Correlations between systematic uncertainties on different data sets Similar methods were often used to calibrate different data sets obtained by one or by both collaborations. In addition, the same Monte Carlo simulation packages were used to analyse different data sets. These similar approaches might have led to correlations between data sets from one or both collaborations. This was investigated in depth for the combination of HERA I data  [2]. The important correlations for this period were found to be related to the background from photoproduction and the hadronic energy scales. The correlations for the HERA I period were taken into account as before  [2]. The correlations between the experiments for the HERA II period were considered much less important, because both experiments developed different methods to address calibration and normalisation.
In the case of H1, some potential correlations between the data from the HERA I and HERA II periods were identified. In the case of ZEUS, no such correlations were found; this is due to significant changes in the detector and in the data processing. b NC e + p for 3. 5 < Q 2 ≤ 100 GeV 2 ; c NC e + p for 100 < Q 2 ≤ 50,000 GeV 2 ; d NC e -p for 60 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 50,000 GeV 2 ; e CC e + p for 300 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 30,000 GeV 2 ; and f CC e -p for 300 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 30,000 GeV 2. There are no entries outside the histogram ranges. The root mean square, RMS, of each distribution is given The differences between the nominal combination and the combinations, in which systematic sources for the photoproduction background and hadronic energy scale were taken as correlated across data sets, were defined as additional signed procedural uncertainties δ γ p and δ had.
Pull distribution of correlated systematic uncertainties There are in total 162 sources of correlated systematic uncertainty including global normalisations characterising the separate data sets. In the procedure applied, all these sources were assumed to be fully point-to-point correlated. None of these sources was shifted by more than 2. 4 σ from its nominal value in the combination procedure. The pull on any such source j is defined as p j = b j /(1 -2 b j ) 1/2 , where b j is the uncertainty on the source j after the averaging. The distribution of p j is shown in Fig. 3. Some large values for |p j | are observed. They are connected to small relative uncertain-ties, below 1 %, for which there is only a small reduction in the uncertainty. Such cases are, for example, expected if the point-to-point correlation within a data set is not 100 % as was assumed.
low-Q 2 data from HERA II with lowered proton beam energies (10 uncertainties); The normalisation related uncertainties were also found to be correlated to some of the uncertainties in the other groups but they were kept separate. Signed procedural uncertainties δ  (1, 2, 3, 4)  were assigned to the four groups by scaling the uncertainties within each group by a factor of two and taking the difference between the result of this combination and that of the nominal combination as the uncertainty. Such cross correlations as observed here between different systematic uncertainties are not unexpected, even though different methods were used for different regions of phase space by two different experiments. Both experiments contribute about equally to the 40 sources discussed. Since H1 and ZEUS used, as described for example in Sect.