dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The material from NMB mentioned by  van der Made (2010, p. 110)  shows a sagittal crest which is, to us, not significantly higher than that of Nguruwe namibense (10 mm, GT 52'05,  Pickford, 2008, plate 2). Dental nomenclature follows that of  Orliac et al. (2011) , mostly based on  Boisserie et al. (2010) ; it also includes some terms adapted from  van der Made (1996b). Dimensions are in mm. To investigate the morphology of the molar roots, before restoration of the fragmentary cranium n° SMT-1, a portion of the left upper molar row (broken apart) was scanned in the coronal plane using the high-resolution in vivo micro-tomograph SkyScan 1076 at the Université of Montpellier, France. The scans resulted in 1157 slices with a resolution of 36 µm. AVIZO 6. 3 (Visualization Sciences Group) software was used for visualization, segmentation, and 3D rendering.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to  A. Lethiers  ( UPMC ) for drawing of the map and stratigraphic column, to  A. -L. Charruault  ( ISE-M ) for the restauration of the SMT-1 specimen and to  R. Lebrun  ( ISE-M ) for its help in data acquisition (CT scan). Many thanks to  M. Pickford  ( Collège de France ) for providing access to cast of the sanitheriid milk teeth from Chios, Greece. Data presented in this work were produced through the technical facilities of the  MRI platform and of the labEx CeMEB. This is ISE-M Publication ISEM 2015-084 SUD.
Scyliorhinus canicula Collagen Clones Plasmids containing partial or complete collagen cDNA sequences were obtained through screening of a cDNA library of embryo RNA extracts  (Oulion et al. , 2010). Specific clones were identified by BLAST as Scyliorhinus canicula (Sc-) Collagen1a1 gene (Sc-Col1a1, NCBI accession numbers EU241868. 1 and KT261785), Collagen1a2 gene (Sc-Col1a2, NCBI accession numbers EU241869. 1 and KT261784), and Collagen2a1 gene (Sc-Col2a1, NCBI accession number EU241867. 1). The sequences and details of the clones are provided in the Data Sheet 1. The phylogenetic relationships between proteic sequences were inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Le_Gascuel_2008 model  (Le and Gascuel, 2008). Initial tree(s) for the heuristic search were obtained by applying the Neighbor-Joining method to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using a JTT model.
Skeletal Expression of the Major Fibrillar Collagen Genes in Scyliorhinus canicula Fins and Jaws The Sc-Col1a1, Sc-Col1a2, and Sc-Col2a1 protein sequences were unambiguously associated to their respective orthology groups by phylogenetic analyses (Data Sheets 4, 5). We examined calcification patterns by Alizarin red, Alcian blue, and HES stainings as well as the expression of Sc-Col1a1, Sc-Col1a2, and Sc-Col2a1 in developing S. c. fins and jaws (Figure  1 ). Alizarin red is specific for high levels of calcium ions and will therefore stain calcified extracellular matrix, while Alcian blue has a strong affinity for glycosaminoglycans of the cartilage matrix. The HES staining classically allows the location of nuclei (dark purple), cytoplasms (pink), and densely organized collagen fibers (orange-pink).
Acknowledgments We are grateful to both reviewers for their constructive comments that improved the quality of the present manuscript. We thank  Isabelle Germon ,  Marie-Ka Tilak  and  Fabienne Justy  for help with molecular biology. This research was funded by a  FONDECYT  grant  1151196  to SM and by  PEPS ExoMOD  to MDT. This is ISEM contribution #  ISEM 2015-146.
Size distribution SOA number size distributions between 14 and 505 nm were monitored using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS; DMA Model 3080, CPC Model 3010; TSI) operated at flow rates of 3/0. 3 Lpm (sheath flow/aerosol sample flow). Instrument calibration was conducted using polystyrene latex spheres (PSL) (Duke Scientific). Since the PSL diameters measured during calibration were ∼ 10 % larger than the certified PSL diameters (for 100 nm PSL samples), a correction factor was applied to all measurements. Corrections for particle loss by diffusion in the SMPS tubing and the contribution of multiply charged particles were made using the SMPS software (Aerosol Instrument Manager, version 9, TSI). The number size distribution was used to obtain SOA mass concentrations, assuming homogeneous spherical particles and an effective density of 1.
Chemical composition SOA chemical composition was analyzed using a highresolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS, Aerodyne)  (DeCarlo et al. , 2006). Instrumental and data treatment details are given in our companion paper  (Denjean et al. , 2014b) , and thus will be described only briefly here. The HR-ToF-AMS was used under standard conditions (vaporizer at 600 • C and electron ionization at 70 eV). The instrument was switched between two modalities: a single-reflectron configuration (V-mode), which offers higher sensitivity but lower resolving power (up to ∼ 2100 at m/z 200), and a double-reflectron configuration (W-mode), which provides a higher resolving power (up to ∼ 4300 at m/z 200) but a lower sensitivity  (De Carlo et al. , 2006). Default collection efficiencies (CEs) and relative ionization efficiencies (RIEs) were used for quantification of SOA composition.
High-resolution analysis was performed using Vmode data, by integrating each C x H y O z ion in the mass range 12-180 m/z; W-mode data were used only to check for possible interferences. The method is based on the RIEs of molecules containing C, H and O atoms. The sum of the ion signal intensities from all fragments was used to estimate the O : C ratio of the SOA, and thus its degree of oxidation. Air interferences were removed by adjusting the fragmenta-tion table  (Aiken et al. , 2007; Allan et al. , 2004). Additional modification of the fragmentation table was made for organic H 2 O + as suggested by  Chen et al. (2011). The default fragmentation table derives the contribution from fragmentation of organic compounds (dehydration) to the ion H 2 O + as organic H 2 O + = 0. 225 * CO + 2 , considering that the measured excess is due to the interference of water.
Optical properties SOA optical properties were characterized by combining data obtained from an integrating nephelometer (Model M9003, Ecotech), a spectral aethalometer (Model AE31, Magee Scientific) and the SMPS described above. The integrating nephelometer measured the scattering coefficient (σ scatt ) of 525 nm wavelength, as well as the temperature and relative humidity of the incoming airflow, and was calibrated prior to the experiments using filtered air and CO 2. The nephelometer collected light only from particles at scattering angles between 10 • and 170 •. Measured scattering coefficients were corrected for this angular truncation using Mie calculations, which were performed using the measured SMPS size distribution. The aethalometer measured the SOA ab-sorption coefficient at 7 wavelengths  (370, 470, 520, 590, 660, 880 and 950 nm)  by measuring the increase in attenuation of transmitted light through its quartz fiber filter as a function of particle exposure time.
(2009). Finally,  Warren et al. (2009)  showed that the GF of SOAs decreased with decreasing temperature from 27 • C to 5 • C. These disagreements with the present study may be attributable to two differences in experimental conditions. First, in the present study, the long timescale of the experiments (20 h) allows for stability in the chemical composition of the semi-volatile component of SOAs before processing. On the contrary, in the previous studies, SOA volatility was measured only several minutes after its formation. Since the chemical composi- Here, the experimental data (filled circles) are compared with results obtained using the MCM (solid lines) and the GECKO-A (dashed lines) models. The blue points refer to the control experiment (E160411), the yellow points refer to an experiment in which SOA was exposed to light under controlled temperature conditions (E060512), and the red and brown points refer to experiments in which SOA was exposed to light and increasing temperature (E200411; E120312).
Acknowledgements. This research work has been supported by the  European Community  within the  seventh Framework Program Eurochamp-2  ( EU-FP7  grant agreement no. 228335 ). We also acknowledge the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  through the  CUMULUS  project. We thank  Frank Siekmann  and  Sylvain Ravier  ( Aix-Marseille Université, France ) for their help in calibrating the AMS during the measurement campaign. We thank  Sarah Styler  ( Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Germany ) for helpful revision of the manuscript. Edited by:  A. Virtanen.
transition takes place at higher pressures  18  , but the powder x-ray diffraction data were of insufficient quality for a structural characterization of the high-pressure phase  17. Recently, we have developed a methodology of accurate single-crystal x-ray diffraction studies of complex oxychlorides structures at high pressures  19  , and demonstrated its efficiency particularly in an investigation of the fourfold superstructure of FeOCl up to 35 GPa  20. We have now measured single-crystal x-ray diffraction of CrOCl up to a pressure of 57 GPa, employing synchrotron radiation at beamline ID09A of the ESRF (on compression) and at beamline P02. 2 of PETRA at DESY (on decompression). Analysis of these data has provided an accurate description of the pressure dependence of the crystal structures of CrOCl (Fig.
The crystal structures were obtained within the superspace approach through refinements against the measured diffraction data at each pressure (see Methods). The occurrence of a normal-to-incommensurate phase transition can be explained by the collapse of the Van der Waals gap. It was shown for a number of organic and organometallic compounds, that increasing pressure primarily reduces the lengths of the weak intermolecular Van der Waals bonds. However, when these distances reach a lower limit, initially weak interactions approach a strongly repulsive region of the interatomic potential. A further increase of pressure then induces a phase transition, which results in a redistribution of these contacts and thus diminishes the free energy  21. It was noticed that the lower limit can be estimated as the shortest distance in ambient-pressure structures, e.
g. as they can be found in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD)  22, 23. For inter-molecular Cl???Cl contacts, the three shortest distances in the CSD (version November 2013) are 2. 961 A ˚(CEBFEV 24 ), 3. 027 A ˚(LENDEP 25 ) and 3. 028 A ˚(YUHNIY  26  ). Thus, a phase transition may be expected when Cl???Cl distances in MOCl reach a limit of about 3. 0 A ˚. Interlayer Cl???Cl Van der Waals contacts become the shortest Cl???Cl distances above ,11 GPa (Fig. 3 ). At 12. 95 GPa (the highest pressure below the phase transition at which diffraction was measured) this distance is 3. 069 A ˚, close to the limit of 3. 0 A ˚. The observation of a phase transition at 15. 9 6 0. 6 GPa thus is in complete agreement with the behaviour of molecular crystals. It is demonstrated below, that the incommensurate crystal structure allows for a further compression of the compound without the need to shorten the Cl???Cl contacts significantly.
414 and 0. 290 A ˚respectively. The diffraction data were collected in a sequence of 1u oscillations over a total scan range of 80u around the vertical (v) axis. Diffracted intensities were collected with Mar555 flat panel and PerkinElmer XRD 1621 area detectors. Data analysis. Lattice parameters, components of the q-vector and integrated intensities were obtained from the measured images using the computer program CrysAlisPro  28. Bragg reflections overlapping with reflections from the diamonds or the pressure-transmitting medium were excluded from the data integration procedure. Outliers were removed (usually 1-2 per data set) according to procedures recently implemented in Jana2006 29. Crystal structures. Crystal structures were obtained within the superspace approach using the superspace group Pmmn(s 1 , 0, 1 2 )00s.
Acknowledgments Crystals of CrOCl have been grown by  Alfred Suttner at the Lab. of Crystallography in Bayreuth. Financial support has been obtained from the  German Science Foundation (DFG)  under project No. Sm55/15-2. Parts of this research were carried out at the light source PETRAIII (beamline  P02. 2 ) at  DESY , a member of the  Helmholtz Association (HGF). We are grateful to the  European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)  for providing us with the beam time at ID09A.
The filters were prebaked at 450 C for 6 h to remove organic contaminants before usage. They were conditioned for 24 h (40% RH, 22 C) before and after sampling, and weighed on a microbalance (Sartorius BP211D, resolution of 10 mg). OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) were determined by a thermal-optical aerosol analyzer (Sunset Laboratory Inc. , Forest Grove, OR) based on the thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) method with a modified NIOSH-5040 (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) protocol. Water-soluble organic acids and ionic species including The quality of the data was confirmed by standard calibration, recovery and operational blank correction. CH 3 COOH, MSA, C 2 H 2 O 4 , HCOOH, Cl À , SO 4 2À , NO 3 À , K þ , NH 4 þ , To obtain the morphology and mixing state changes of individual particles, fresh and 4 h aged smoke particles at 45%e55% RH were collected onto the 300-mesh copper grids coated with carbon films using a single-stage cascade impactor with a 0.
Acknowledgment This work is financially supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (Nos. 21077025 ,  21527814 ),  Cyrus Tang Foundation  (No. CTF-FD2014001 ),  Shanghai Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality  (Nos. 13XD1400700 ,  12DJ1400100 ),  Ministry of Science and Technology of China  ( 2014BAC22B01 ),  Priority Fields for Ph. D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China  (No. 20110071130003 ),  Strategic Priority Research Program  of the  Chinese Academy of Sciences  (Grant No. XDB05010200 ) and  FP7  ( PIRSES-GA-2011 ).
In order to obtain the most accurate transition frequencies, different settings on the FT-instrument are used in combination with the various measurement configurations. The free-jet and room temperature spectra are both recorded by taking 1978 kilo-samples of data over the 0 to 40 mm optical path difference within the interferometer, yielding an instrumental resolution of 0. 075 cm -1 , corresponding to the ultimate resolving power of the instrument. For the hot cell spectra, because of the increased Doppler broadening of about 0. 28 cm -1 , constraints on the  instrumental resolution are relaxed to 0. 27 cm -1 by taking 1024 kilo-samples of interferometric data to save recording time, which permits more averaging, thus increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The absolute calibration for all the FT spectra is obtained from on-line recording of a xenon line at 68 045.
The quantum number in brackets J ′′ represents the total angular momentum of the ground state. The left-superscripts Q, S, R, O and P denote the total angular momentum excluding spin of the perturber states, according to the notation in Ref. [17]. The subscripts e and f indicate the electronic symmetry of the upper state. The superscripts b and w indicate blended and weak transitions, respectively. We performed a perturbation analysis on CO A 1 Π-X 1 Σ + (2, 0), (3, 0) and (4, 0) bands using the Pgopher software  [21] , where the same effective Hamiltonian model as Ref. [10]  was used, retaining their symbols for the various molecular constants (see Table  6  of Ref. [10] ). The unweighted residuals of the fits are dominated by the uncertainties in the literature data. The mean weighted residuals of the fits on the transition energies of the A 1 Π-X 1 Σ + (2, 0), (3, 0) and (4, 0) bands, including relevant literature data are 0.
It is then possible to widen considerably the chronology of cyclones. On the other hand, the experts are categorical in declaring that there is a low confidence for the evolution of tropical cyclone frequency over the long term. This paper presents a new historical dataset of tropical cyclones in the French Antilles -since 1635 -collected directly from French archives situated in mainland France or on the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. This work differs from previous researches because the majority of the works realized in the past 60 years, even the most recent, are satisfied with reconstructing long term series of cyclones in the Caribbean basin from second hand sources generally written in the 19th century  (Poey, 1856; Melero, 1870; Romer, 1932). So, the majority of them use compiled historical data, often recopied with errors and without really checking their sources  (Millas, 1968; Caviedes, 1991).
The method of reconstruction The French archives contain very rich information concerning the damage engendered by cyclones. This "damage" data enable an extremely reliable evaluation of the severity of a cyclone according to the SSHWS, even for very old events. This is not the case for documents consulted by other researchers over the past 20 years. They have therefore had much more difficulty distinguishing between the severity of of different cyclones, in particular distinguishing between major hurricanes of categories 4 and 5 and other hurricanes of category 3  (Chenoweth and Divine, 2008). Historical data collected in archives have been grouped in a database. In a first phase, a chronology of hurricanes since the 1630s has been created then classified according to the severity of every event.
Back Close Full shown in Table  4 , the historical series of  Caviedes (1991)  and  Chenoweth (2006)  coincide little with that of the French Antilles. In his very exhaustive chronology of the Lesser Antilles,  Chenoweth (2006)  quotes only 10 events for Martinique and for Guadeloupe out of a total of 118 cyclones between 1700 and 1855. In terms of chronological concordance, only 20. 3 % of cyclones listed by Caviedes correspond to a French event. On the other hand, in the historic series of Chenoweth 2006, 69. 2 % cyclones having affected Lesser Antilles also appear in our French series. The French archives contain very rich information concerning the damage engendered by cyclones. This "damage" data enable an extremely reliable evaluation of the severity of a cyclone according to the HHWS, even for very old events.
Historical data have strategic relevance because they describe the demographic and material consequences of these extreme events and underline the historical extent of territories at risk of cyclone damage before the massive urbanization of the Antilles. Better still, they reveal the weaknesses but also the strategies of impact resilience developed by the former societies in the areas of architecture, land settlement and alarm systems. Finally, these social data can constitute an excellent tool of mediation to facilitate the dialogue between policy-makers and local populations and the implementation of consensual measures of adaptation. The increase of calibration data resulting from historical archives researches is used to strengthen the models. The historical chronology is used to estimate occurrence probability based on long-term period analysis.
Study design This context analysis follows an ecological design which combines knowledge discovery (standard description of service provision) and implementation (use for health planning). It has been carried out in eight European Union countries that encompass cases of different mental health care systems in Europe including Scandinavia, Central Europe, UK, Mediterranean and Eastern European countries. Nine countries participated in the general REFINEMENT project: Austria, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Italy, Norway, Romania and Spain (Catalonia). Data from Estonia could not be double checked and were incomplete so this country was not included in the REMAST study.
Five types of information are required for each service: Service basic information (4 items); Location and Geographical information about the service (3 items); Useful information and contacts (4 items); Service data (12 items); and Evaluator information  [23]. The Service data information allows for a detailed description of each service through the collection of data on staff, availability and contacts. Definitions of technical terms are provided in the REFINEMENT glossary (www. refinementproject. eu). The core of the Services Inventory is represented by a validated tool on its own, the "description and evaluation of services and directories in Europe for long-term care" (DESDE-LTC) that provides the information needed to complete the MHSI. DESDE-LTC is the extended version of the European service mapping schedule (ESMS-I) for the assessment of services in adult mental health care  [22].
Analysing the social and demographic characteristics of service areas may reveal populations with unmet needs. Mapping of service provision (care availability, placement capacity, workforce capacity and accessibility) in each study area according to their main types of care. Rates and ratios on services availability (opening hours and days), and places (e. g. , beds) describe the utilisation of the services of each study area. For instance, the ratio between the number of beds in mapped services and the adult population of each area multiplied by 100,000 is calculated and represented in the Atlas. Mapping of utilisation of mental health-related services in each study area by analysing available data sets (for instance, hospital discharge rates, mean length of stay, mean number of outpatient visits from the Mental Health Service Inventory).
Procedure The REMAST study was jointly coordinated by the University of Verona (Italy) and PSICOST and Loyola University (Spain) within the Refinement group. A formal partnership with official agencies was established with the Mental Health unit at the Department of Health in Catalonia (Spain) and with the Department of Health in Finland. Data collected in the eight REFINEMENT study areas refer to the years from 2008 to 2011. A flowchart describing the procedure followed in REMAST is included in Figure  3. Step 1 -Training on REMAST: In the first Steering Committee in Verona (1-3 February 2011), different checklists and inventories and tools were reviewed to be used in the study (SES, WHO AIMS, GIS, etc. ). Then, the DESDE-LTC approach to service assessment was presented and discussed by the REFINEMENT group.
000-1. 500. 000 inhabitants. The study areas selected are detailed in Figure  3. Step 3 -Local data gathering: Identification of information available in databases and health agencies as well as direct contact with local services. The health-related services providing care for people with mental disorders were identified and described together with social and demographic characteristics and other relevant context information into an ad hoc database from the following sources: Mental Health Information Systems (e. g. , social insurance and administrative databases, psychiatric case registers); data sets from institutes for statistics; Social Care questionnaires adapted from Health Care ones; interviews to both medical and administrative staff; previous reports; and official and reliable websites.