dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
71 and. 75 respectively, p =. 60) or BNCSNC and BNCSC (non-cognate targets;. 17 and. 17 respectively, p =. 97), as expected. Thus, any difference between BCSNC and BCSC targets or between BNCSNC and BNCSC targets would be an index of morphological processing since they only vary in the suffix type of related primes. Like the primes, targets were matched across conditions in logarithmic frequency per million words, length, bigram frequency, orthographic neighbors, and phonological neighbors (all ps >. 12; see Table  1 ). They were also matched in word class (p =. 79). When considering the Portuguese translations of the English targets (e. g. , corretor [BROKER]), no differences were found across conditions in logarithmic frequency or length (all ps >. 87). These values were taken from the Procura-PALAvras [P-PAL] database  [72].
English targets were preceded by morphologically related primes (the English derived words; e. g. , brokerage-BROKER) or by unrelated primes (no relation in form or meaning; e. g. , attendant-BROKER). Most of them were nouns that also function as other word classes (71. 4%). Importantly, prime-target orthographic overlap was similar across conditions both when they were related (p =. 60) and unrelated (p =. 57). In addition, there were no differences across related conditions when it comes to prime-target phonological overlap (p =. 19 ). Related and unrelated prime words were matched in log frequency and length both in English (all ps >. 13) and Portuguese (all ps >. 15). The entire set of materials is presented in Appendix A. Due to the nature of the lexical decision task, 56 pseudowords were created from words selected from the same population as the experimental targets using the Wuggy software  [73].
This research was conducted at  Psychology Research Centre  ( UID/PSI/01662/ 2013 ),  University of Minho  and funded by the  FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology)  through the state budget, with reference  IF / 00784/2013 / CP1158 / CT0013. This has also been partially supported by the  FCT  and the  Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education  through national funds and co-financed by  FEDER  through  COMPETE2020  under the  PT2020 Partnership Agreement  ( POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653 ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Methods The study was cross-sectional. All consenting new adult prisoners incarcerated between 18/09/2013 and 31/12/ 2014 at the penitentiary centre of French Guiana at Cayenne were included. This is slightly different from the study on suicide risk factors  [9]  because the questionnaire and case record form used was modified after a test phase; we only used data collected with the finalized version of the data collection tool. Inmates with an assigned legal guardian were excluded in order not to compromise the incarceration procedures for our study because the presence of the legal guardian would have been logistically very difficult given the restricted access to the mental health ward  [9]. After incarceration, all new arrivals are seen for physical examination by a doctor of the "Unité de consultation et de soins ambulatoires (UCSA)", the ambulatory care unit of the prison and then by a psychiatrist or psychiatric nurse in the "Unité fonctionnelle de psychiatrie intra-carcérale (UFPI)" (the psychiatric ward).
When looking at the very high prevalence of psychiatric disorders observed in our sample, and when looking at the relative lack of psychiatric facilities, it is tempting to hypothesize that part of the problem can be explained by transinstitutionalization and the Penrose hypothesis  [21, 29]. At least, we hope these data will help fuel strategic debates in French Guiana. There are several limitations to our study: The cross sectional design and the use of declarative data in a context of incarceration may have led to biased estimates. The MINI scale is a validated screening tool but it may not always be sufficiently sensitive notably for certain borderline personality disorders which are associated with incarceration. Finally the inclusion of study participants directly after incarceration-a stressful periodmay have impacted responses to the questions.
Participants The corresponding groups of subjects took part in the two phases of the natural auditory texture experiment. In the active variant 18 volunteers (eight female, age: 30. 6 Ϯ 10. 1 years, mean Ϯ SEM, higher education, at least undergraduate) participated and in the passive paradigm we collected data from 18 subjects (nine female, age: 29. 7 Ϯ 10. 6 years, higher education, at least undergraduate). A subgroup of eight subjects participated in both paradigms, first in the active and then in the passive. The passive subgroups will be treated separately, denoted passive-aware (first active, then passive) and passivenaive (passive only). Only one subject from the active group was excluded, due to excessive noise in the EEG, such that N ϭ 17 subjects entered the active EEG analysis. All participants reported normal hearing and no neurologic or psychological disorders and absence of drug abuse and medication.
Base textures A specific set of natural texture sounds was prepared for the present study. We used the MATLAB toolbox provided by  (McDermott and Simoncelli, 2011)  to create different acoustic textures based on real sounds. Briefly, they were constructed by an iterative procedure which modifies a random noise signal until its statistics match the ones of the real signal (for details, see  McDermott and Simoncelli, 2011). We chose the textures based on the sound of rain, applause, and bubbles in water, as they fulfilled the criteria of being spectrally and temporally broad and dense (compared to, e. g. , random clock ticks or bandpass filtered sounds), and they were perceptually reasonably similar, thus distinguishing them was not trivial. We created multiple samples of each sound which agreed in statistics but differed in spectro-temporal detail.
Data analysis Data were preprocessed using Brain Vision Analyser 2 (BVA; Brain Products) and then exported to MATLAB for further analysis. First, noisy or missing channels were interpolated using the spline interpolation method (order: 4, degree: 10, : 10 Ϫ5 ). Independent component analysis  (Makeig et al. , 1996) , implemented in BrainVision Analyzer 2, was applied to correct blink artefacts. All signals were referenced offline to the common average. Next, signals were downsampled by a factor of 8 -128 Hz, low-pass filtered (4th order Butterworth, using the MATLAB function butter) at 30 Hz, and high-pass filtered (15th order Chebyshev filter, using the MATLAB function cheby2) at a very conservative 0. 1 Hz. Epochs were extracted for each stimulus condition, which continued coefficients between the first and the second texture).
2). In the late phases, a slow negative potential built up, which stayed negative for Ͼ1 s (for more details, see Fig. 8 ). This finding is in line with the N1-P2 acoustic change complex identified in response to change in periodicity  (Martin and Boothroyd, 1999). The height of the early component, measured as the potential w. r. t. baseline at the average peak time (Fig. 4E, F ; p ϭ 0. 084 and p ϭ 0. 980, respectively) did not reach statistical significance even for large changes in spectral ) is centered with a slight asymmetry toward the front. Since the different stimulus conditions are all matched at the onset, the data were averaged over all stimuli. The scalp topography in the passive-aware conditions mirrors the active potential (B). In the passive-naive conditions, the topography was still centered, but slightly broadened toward frontal locations, probably due to uncontrolled blinks (C).
Change-evoked potentials are composed of auditory, parietal, and frontal sources Scalp level potentials provide a direct and unbiased readout of cortical activity; however, they typically do not allow immediate insight into the underlying neural sources. We therefore performed source localization of the post-change potentials to estimate the source locations that generated the observed scalp potentials (Fig. 9 ). Despite the possible, well-known pitfalls of source analysis, we consider the results valuable for identifying target regions for neuron-level neurophysiological investigation. Source activations were estimated based on single subject trial-averaged data (for details, see Materials and Methods). The first activation in response to the change was localized in the more medial regions of auditory cortex, although latencies exceeded those observed for simple N1/P2 complexes at stimulus onset (compare Figs.
This work was supported by the  European Research Council ADAM Project and Agence Nationale pour la Recherche Grants   ANR-10-LABX-0087 IEC  and  ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL‫ء‬  (to Y. B. ); the  European Commission's Marie Curie  Grant  660328  (to B. E. ); and the  Polish National Science Centre  Award  UMO-2015/17/N/HS6/02760  and  UMO-2016/20/T/HS6/00233  (to U. G. ). Acknowledgements: We thank the  Psychophysiology Laboratory at the Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University  for the use of their EEG equipment and helpful discussions.
Apparatus Participants sat at a distance of 0. 6 m from the screen of a laptop (Dell XPS M1730). The screen was 0. 36 m wide and 0. 24 m high, offering a 36. 3 by 26. 2˚field of view. Participants held an aviation-game joystick (Saitek AV8R) in their preferred hand. The data from the joystick were sent to the laptop via a USB port. These data controlled the elevators of the simulated Cessna 172P. The flight simulator JSBSim  [20]  was used to compute the flight parameters (pitch, angle of attack, horizontal and vertical position, etc. ). The force exerted by the propeller, also controlled by the simulator, was computed so as to propel the airplane at 43. 7 m/s when flying parallel to the ground, taking into account the airplane model (e. g. , engine number and position, wingspan) and flight conditions (e.
g. , remaining fuel). The used engine power and the flap settings (no flap extension) led to relatively fast descents. The minimum and maximum speeds registered in the experimental trials were 43. 5 and 58. 0 m/s, respectively. This means that the airspeed was always above the stalling speed (which, depending on circumstances, is around 25 m/s) and below the maximal structural cruising speed (around 64 m/s). The visual scene was rendered on the laptop screen with ICE (Imagine, Create, & Experiment). ICE is a software package developed at the Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille. The visual scene was updated at a rate of 60 frames/s.
Analysis The analyses addressed the flight altitudes and the approach angles that were computed from the flight altitudes. All analyses were run on the individual averages per experimental condition. In other words, for each participant we averaged the flight altitudes and approach angles over the 20 control trials and over the 4 experimental trials with the increase and decrease in eye height, respectively. The flight altitudes in the individual trials can be found in the supporting information (S1 Dataset). Huynh-Feldt adjustments of p values and of degrees of freedom were reported whenever the sphericity assumption was violated in analyses of variance (ANOVAs).
Data collection and profile of respondents An online questionnaire was created and hosted on the professional online survey website Sojump (www. sojump. com), which is very popular in China. The link to the questionnaire hyperlink was sent to smartphone users through some popular smartphone online forums, such as cnmo. com, which is the largest integrated smartphone forum in China, and imobile. com. cn which is the largest smartphone website in China, gfan. com, which is the largest Android smartphone online forum in China, and weiphone. com, which is the largest iOS online forum in China. After a period of one month a total of 357 questionnaires were collected, however 36 questionnaires were removed from the dataset because not being filled properly or due to missing data, which gives 321 usable questionnaires.
Data analysis Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to estimate the model. PLS-SEM is a suitable technique for prediction-oriented research  (Henseler, Ringle, & Sinkovics, 2009) , because its objective is to maximize the explained variance of the dependent constructs  (Hair, Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2011). Moreover, PLS-SEM has the advantage of not holding the distributional assumption of normality, making less demand on measurement scales, being able to work with much smaller as well as much larger samples  (Hair et al. , 2011). The software application used in this study is Smart PLS3. 0.
Consequently, some families and/or individuals were not inclined to share all requested information, and the grid (see below) could not be fully informed immediately and for all individuals. Similarly, consent could not be obtained at first contact. However, for the research dataset, individuals (and their parents, in the case of minors) signed a consent form for the anonymous use of the data for research at some point during follow-up (FU). Design of the study. The current study is a prospective observational and interventional study about a new phenomenon with societal and forensic complexities. The design mixes qualitative and quantitative approaches. Based on case-by-case interactions with CPDSI professionals who were responsible for monitoring these young people, the team collected information by conducting semi-structured individual interviews with the young people and/ or their families or group therapy sessions.
, Did he view the world as an unfair environment?), expression of need for justice (e. g. , Did he feel guilty over doing nothing to help the oppressed?), searching for heroism (e. g. , Did he think he needed to prove that he is a man?), interest in the army and weapons (e. g. , Was he attracted to weapons?), in search of an ideal husband/love (e. g. , Has she always idealized romantic relationships, e. g. , waiting for Prince Charming?), history of recent loss (e. g. , Had he been confronted with the recent death of a loved one?) and history of abuse (e. g. , Did she experience sexual abuse or physical abuse?). This grid was completed retrospectively for the first 200 cases and then prospectively for the remaining cases. The dataset was updated with additional information during FU. From these 104 items listing many motives for radicalization that appear to be qualitatively different for males and females, LB and DB proposed to distinguish 8 motivational profiles that they named using mythological metaphors:(1) "Zeus" usually a male interested in violence and showing megalomania; (2) "Para-suicidal" usually an individual showing depression, suicidal behavior and risktaking behaviors; (3) "Savior" usually a male in need of saving the world and in search of a better world; (4) "Daeschland" usually a female in search of a better world and showing feeling of injustice; (5) "Mother Theresa" usually a female in need of saving the world and in search of a better world; (6) "Lancelot" usually a male in need for justice and showing heroism, interest in the army and weapons; (7) "Fortress" usually a male with intense sexual fantasies and activity, fear of sexuality and access to violence; (8) "Sleeping beauty" usually a female in search of an ideal husband/ love, and with a frequent history of abuse (Martin and  Bouzar, 2016; Bouzar, 2017.
Participants. For the current study, we kept all individuals with less than 5% of missing data who contacted the CDPSI between January 2014 and December 2015. FU was available until December 2016. A total of 150 individuals were included (mean age: 19. 82 years (±5. 28) [range:13-40]; 101 (67. 3%) females; 100 (67%) convert Muslims). To assess the representability of the sample, we compared the sociodemographic characteristics of our sample with that of all individuals registered for radicalization from the French Home Office during the same period (Fig. 1 ). Apparently, we included individuals mainly from the Paris area and South-Eastern France. Additionally, our sample included more females, more individuals who were convert Muslims, and more minors. However, the proportion of individuals who reached Syria or Iraq despite intervention was similar (10%).
The characteristics of the sample are summarized in Table  1. Statistical analysis. We performed two different analyses. First, we aimed to explore whether the 8 motive profiles that were obtained through a qualitative approach  (Bouzar and Martin, 2016; Bouzar, 2017)  could be confirmed via a quantitative approach. To do so, we conducted a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) using the 104 motive items (see Table  S1 ). MCA is a statistical method of data reduction that can be used as an equivalent to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) when a dataset has categorical variables. Each motive item was coded as yes (present) or no (absent) in the dataset. The optimal number of statistical factors (i. e. , the lowest number of factors still explaining a good percentage of the variability of the data) was determined by visual inspection of the MCA scree plot.
Data The 2010 'Health Barometer' is a nationwide French survey that used a two-stage random sampling frame (household/ individual) to measure health perceptions and behaviours of the general population  [20]. This investigation was approved by the French Commission on Individual Data Protection and Public Liberties (the Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés (CNIL)), and all data collected were anonymous and self-reported. The response rate was 61%. Survey weights were obtained through a calibration procedure considering phone type, age, educational level and region of residence to match the distribution of the last national Labor Force Survey. The initial sample of respondents comprised 27,653 individuals aged 15-85 years having answered questions about their migration and smoking histories.
Measures The outcome is the daily tobacco smoking, defined as a current smoking of tobacco (whatever the type of product), excluding the electronic cigarette. Immigrants were categorized based on six items of information: place of birth and nationality at birth and mothers's and father's place of birth and nationality. Due to confidentiality and legal data protection constraints, the places of birth were collected during interview but immediately aggregated into large regions of birth. Given this loss of information, immigrants belonging to the oldest waves from southern Europe could not be separated from those originating from other European countries, and those from south-east Asia were not large enough to constitute a distinct group. Immigrants from North Africa were subdivided into repatriates (French nationals born in the former colonies of North Africa) and natives from those colonies born without the French nationality, who are referred to hereinafter as the Maghrebins.
Statistical analyses Multivariate dichotomous logistic regressions modelling the smoking status at the time of the survey were run, adjusting for group of origin, ridit, age and age-squared. The regressions were conducted separately for men and women, except for the estimation of the male-to-female prevalence ratio. All analyses were conducted with SAS 9. 4; the sampling design and survey weights were taken into account with the SURVEY procedures.
Jena The structural MR data were collected on a Siemens Magnetom Trio 3T whole body system equipped with a 64-element head matrix coil (TIM System 3T). Highresolution, whole-brain T1-weighted acquisition were collected using a MPRAGE sequence with repetition time/echo time/flip angle = 2300/3. 03 ms/9°, and a base resolution of 256 × 256, with 1 mm³ isotropic voxels. All scans were inspected for motion artefacts and a neuroradiologist confirmed absence of gross pathological findings.
Meta-analysis Data sources A review of literature until June 20th, 2017 was conducted on PubMed using the following entry terms: (magnetic resonance imaging OR diffusion magnetic resonance imaging OR magnetic resonance spectroscopy OR tomography, emission-computed OR positronemission tomography OR tomography, emission-computed, single-photon) AND (suicide OR suicide, attempted OR suicidal ideation). This search yielded 599 results. An additional manual search through the references of extracted papers and existing reviews was conducted and twenty-two references were added.
Data analyses 6] [27] [28]. This program uses published peak voxel coordinates (when necessary, Talairach coordinates were transformed into MNI). Based on these coordinates, the program identifies commonly activated regions across subject groups. This analysis is driven by foci reported in the data sets and the manner in which they are grouped together. A Gaussian probability map of activation (called modeled activation maps) is computed using a mask, the foci reported for a given study and a Gaussian blur with a Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) empirically derived from the size of the sample. The Gaussian maps are then used to generate a p-valued image. We first conducted analyses with an uncorrected p < 0. 0001 to identify weak clusters. We then conducted analyses using a cluster-level inference p < 0.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by a grant from the  American Foundation for Suicide Prevention-AFSP  (#  SRG-0-10-302 ), and an operating grant from the  Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR)  to  Dr. F. Jollant. Dr. F. Jollant  held a  "chercheur-boursier clinicien" salary grant  from the  Fond de Recherche du Québec-Santé (FRQS)  and  Dr. S. Richard-Devantoy  a  CIHR  fellowship grant at the time of this study.
based morphometry or no report of coordinates or no whole-brain analyses or no group comparison : and our Records identified through Pubmed Additional records identified through IdenƟficaƟon database searching (n=599) other sources (n=22) Records after duplicates removed (n=621) Screening Records screened (n=621) Records excluded from review (n=504) : -Not in Article excluded from meta-analysis (n=103) Methods : English/French/German -MRI T2 (n=7) -patients with brain lesions -functional PET/SPECT (n=8) -case reports -diffusion tensor imaging (n=4) Eligibility Full-text articles assessed for eligibility and reported in Supplemental Table -off topic -review of literature -task-based BOLD MRI (n=15) -pharmacological PET/SPECT (n=19) -spectroscopy MRI (n=2) -near-infrared spectroscopy (n=2) (n=117) -magnetization transfert ratio (n=1) -trancranial sonography (n=1) Included Two studies reported in the present paper (n=16) Articles included in GingerALE meta-analyses : T1 MRI studies Not voxel--MRI resting state (n=4) -MRI T1 (n=22) -MRI DTI (n=8) -MRI task-based (n=11) Heterogenous measures : -MRI resting state (n=4) Population : Suicide ideators (n=6).
Emergency episode practice Data were collected in the three main hospital wards throughout the study period. When patients are admittedeither new or recurring -they must go through a centralised administrative system. Staff were informed regarding the study and recorded agitated episodes even when the researcher was not present, thus alerting him to the need for data acquisition. No episode was missed within the study period. The researcher filled out the form by obtaining patients' case files and re-recording the treatments given during and after agitated episodes. If the patient continued having agitated episodes during the day, one form covered the period until the situation was tranquil. If the patient had one agitated episode and became tranquil but if it seemed as a new agitated episode occurred, this was considered a separate episode with one form per episode.