dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Based on a few high spatial resolution SPOT and Landsat images, we provided here a preliminary description of the fine-scale spatial distribution of SPM concentration in the Gironde and Loire estuaries during contrasted hydrological conditions. At the time we wrote the paper, the SPOT5 (Take5) experiment (April-August 2015) was currently under way, and the Sentinel-2 satellite has been successfully launched on 23 June 2015. It is expected that in a near future, the high spatial resolution (10 m) and high frequency (5 days) of the data provided by these two missions will make it possible to more systematically document SPM concentration changes in nearshore and estuarine areas, and to more accurately study the response of coastal ecosystems to environmental changes.
Acknowledgments We thank the  CESBIO, CNES  and  ESA  for the SPOT4 (Take5) experiment. The provision of atmospherically-corrected SPOT4 and Landsat data on the THEIA web portal was greatly appreciated. Part of this research was funded by the  GIPLE  and the  CNES  ( Rivercolor  project). We acknowledge the MAGEST and SYVEL network teams for the availability of automated in situ turbidity time series in the Gironde and Loire estuaries. We also thank the students of  Bordeaux Science Agro  who participated to the field campaigns dedicated to the analysis of SPM heterogeneity in the vicinity of MAGEST stations. We thank four anonymous reviewers for helpful comments.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  M. Bertolini ,  L. Di Pietro ,  M. Goodsell ,  A. Mariotti ,  F. Porri  and  T. Van Riet  for useful discussions. D. M. would like to thank also  A. Amoretti ,  F. Bigazzi ,  A. Braggio ,  D. Forcella ,  R. K. Gupta ,  N. Maggiore ,  N. Magnoli ,  A. Mezzalira ,  H. Raj  for both useful and nice discussions. The research of R. A. is supported in part by  IISN-Belgium  (conventions  4. 4511. 06,4. 4505. 86and 4. 4514. 08 ),by the  "Communauté Française de Belgique"  through the  ARC program  and by a  "Mandat d'Impulsion Scientifique" of the F. R. S. -FNRS. R. A. is a Senior Research Associate of the  Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-F. N. R. S. (Belgium). The research of D. R. is supported by the  ERC Higgs LHC. D. M. and D. R. would like to thank both  ULB  and the  Solvay Institutes  for the warm hospitality during part of this project.
The most protocols designed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been developed for an ideal environment represented by unit disc graph model (UDG) in which the data is considered as successfully received if the communicating nodes are within the transmission range of each other. However, these protocols do not take into account the fluctuations of radio signal that can happen in realistic environment. This paper aims to adapt LEACH protocol for realistic environment since LEACH is considered as the best cluster-based routing protocol in terms of energy consumption for WSNs. We have carried out an evaluation of LEACH based on two models; lognormal shadowing model (LNS) in which the probability of reception without error is calculated according to the Euclidian distance separating the communicating nodes and probabilistic model in which the probability of reception is generated randomly.
In both models, if the probability of successful reception is lower than a predefined threshold, a multi-hop communication is incorporated for forwarding data between cluster-heads (CHs) towards the base station instead of direct communication as in original version of LEACH. The main aims of this contribution are minimizing energy consumption and guaranteeing reliable data delivery to the base station. The simulation results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms the original LEACH for both models in terms of energy consumption and ratio of successful received packets.
In  [7] , the authors have proposed a multihop routing scheme with lower energy adaptive clustering hierarchy called MR-LEACH. In this scheme, the CHs are responsible to aggregate data sensed by their members and act as relay nodes for remote CHs from the base station. MR-LEACH increases network lifetime since it uses a multihop routing scheme. This protocol is performed in three phases: cluster formation at lowest level, cluster discovery at different levels and scheduling. At the beginning of each round, cluster formation phase is lunched to construct a table in which each node maintains the information about its neighbors (node identifier, residual energy and node status) by using a 'Hello' message. Then, CHs broadcast a HEAD-MSG message in its vicinity and each non-CH chooses its respective CH among those in its neighborhood based on the strength of RSSI.
Proposed Scheme In WSNs, LEACH is considered one of the best protocols in terms of energy efficiency. Several proposed protocols compare its effectiveness to LEACH and a lot of improved versions of LEACH have been proposed to reduce its limitations but they cannot guarantee its functionalities in a realistic environment. Our proposed algorithm aims to minimize energy consumption and ensures reliable delivery to the base station in a realistic environment based on lognormal shadowing model and probabilistic model. We have proposed a multihop scheme instead of direct communication scheme between clusterheads and the base station to overcome the limitations of LEACH, such as when a CH aggregates data received from its members it computes the probability of reception without error of its packet to the base station.
Acknowledgment The authors would like to acknowledge the personnel of both research farms for the acquisition of the experimental data. Especially Ségolène Leurent-Colette ,  Adèle Lemercier  and  Loic Leloup  for the French experimental farm data;  Brendan Horan ,  Brian McCarthy  and  Adian Brennan  for the Irish experimental farm data. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the  FP7 GreenHouseMilk Marie Curie project ,  SAC  for co-hosting and funding from the  Research Stimulus Fund  2011 administered by the  Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food  (Project  11/S/132 ).
An electronic portable weighing scale with the Winweigh software package (Tru-test Limited, Auckland, New Zealand) was used to record BW. Body condition was scored by one experienced independent observer on a scale from 1 to 5 (where 1 = emaciated, 5 = extremely fat) with 0. 25 increments  (Lowman et al. , 1976). Intake estimation. Individual grass dry matter intake (GDMI) was estimated four times during the experiment (week 5 of P1, week 5 of P2, weeks 5 and 15 of P3) using the n-alkane technique  (Dillon and Stakelum, 1989). All cows were dosed twice daily for 12 days before both the morning and evening milking with a paper pellet (Carl Roth, GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) containing 500 mg of dotriacontane (C 32 -alkane). From day 7 to 12 of dosing, the majority of faeces samples were collected opportunistically from each cow twice daily in the paddock or the collecting yard before the morning and evening milking and stored at -20°C.
Energy balance (EB). The net energy value required for maintenance, growth and milk production (expressed as Unité Fourragère Lait -UFL; one UFL is defined as the energy contained in 1 kg of air dry standard barley) was calculated for each individual cow at each measurement period according to the equations described by  Faverdin et al. (2011). A UFL requirement for growth was included in the calculation for cows <40-months old. The UFL of the feed was calculated using the OMD values of the herbage offered (Beaumont et al. , 2007). EB was estimated as the difference between energy intake and energy required. Statistical analyses. All statistical analyses were carried out using SAS 9. 3  (SAS Institute, 2006). Milk production, GDMI and sward parameters were analysed as three individual periods P1, P2 and P3.
Herbage data from P1 and P2 were analysed by ANOVA. The model included terms for treatment (PGSH 1 to 2), week and their interaction, as well as residual error terms. In P2, the interaction between P1 and P2 was tested. The analysis of P3 aimed to investigate the carryover effects of P1 and P2 treatments on P3 sward characteristics. The following model was used: Y ijkl ¼ μ + P12 i + P3 ij + W ijk + P12 i P3 ij À Á + P3 ij W ijk À Á + e ijkl where μ is the mean; P12 the P1 and P2 grazing treatment (i = 1 to 4), P3 the P3 grazing treatment (j = 1 to 4); W l the week (k = 1 to 27); P12 × P3 = the interaction between P1 and P2 treatment and P3 treatment, P3 × W the interaction between P3 and week, and e ijkl the residual error term. The animal data (n = 80) were analysed using a repeated measures model in PROC MIXED  (SAS Institute, 2006)  with Crosse, O'Donovan, Boland, Delaby, Ganche and Kennedy experimental week included as a repeated effect.
Data A detailed description of the data can be found in  (Savean et al. , submitted) , only an outline is given here. Forcings and discharges data at Rabuwabazar from 2001 to 2006 are used in this study, at a daily time step. The discharge time series are provided by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) of Nepal. The daily precipitation time series are computed from rain gauges measurement provided by DHM and EV-K2 CNR network, using a cokriging interpolation method. They are corrected by a piecewise constant multiplication factor that is adjusted for each hydrological year so as to preserve the annual hydrological balance. The underlying assumption of this correction is that the annual storage variations over the catchment are negligible compared to the integral of the uxes. The daily spatial air temperature, the net radiation, the relative humidity and the wind velocity time series are computed from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data using a disaggregation procedure based on elevation.
Simulation results As in the previous application, Years 1-2 in the time series are used for model warm-up, Years 3-4 serve calibration purposes and Year 5 is used for model validation. Table  2  gives an overview of the calibration and validation results for the four models. Figures 12 to 15 show the simulated time series. It should be stressed that calibrating and validating a model against the Durzon data set is an extremely challenging task. The calibration period (0 ≤ t ≤ 730) includes 4 moderately increasing discharge peaks triggered by moderate rainfall events, followed by a steadily decreasing discharge over a long period (almost 18 months), despite rather regularly spaced rainfall inputs. In contrast, the validation period (t > 730) includes an unusually high ow peak triggered by a very mild rainfall episode.
The appearance of large geolocated communication datasets has recently increased our understanding of how social networks relate to their physical space. However, many recurrently reported properties, such as the spatial clustering of network communities, have not yet been systematically tested at different scales. In this work we analyze the social network structure of over 25 million phone users from three countries at three different scales: country, provinces and cities. We consistently find that this last urban scenario presents significant differences to common knowledge about social networks. First, the emergence of a giant component in the network seems to be controlled by whether or not the network spans over the entire urban border, almost independently of the population or geographic extension of the city.
Degree distributions for all three networks are shown in Fig. 2a  (details about power-law fitting can be found in Table  S1 ). We note the existence of hubs (nodes with very high number of connections) in all three networks. In order to measure geographic proximity between individuals we need to assign a location to each of them. In our study, users are located in their billing zip code (Spain) or their most used tower (France and Portugal). Spain zip codes are geolocated according to geonames database, available at http://downloads. geonames. org/export/zip, and grouped according to latitude and longitude since some zip codes have identical coordinates. Towers coordinates were provided by the carrier. In total 8, 928 different locations are available in Spain, 17, 475 in France and 2, 209 in Portugal.
Data We analyze phone records for a six months period in three countries: France, Portugal, and Spain. In total 7 billion phone interactions are considered. In order to build social networks from this data, only links with at least one communication per direction are included. This is a common technique in the literature  [7, 42, 48]  to avoid both marketing callers and misled numbers. The resulting social networks have 18. 7, 1. 2, and 5. 9 million users, for France, Portugal, and Spain respectively. Further details are provided in the SI.
Acknowledgments This work was partially funded by  New England UTC   Year 23 grant , the  Center for Complex Engineering Systems (CCES)  at  KACST  under the co-direction of  Anas Alfaris  and the  MIT-Accenture  alliance. CHY and PJZ acknowledge support from  Orange Spain  ( France Telecom Group ), PJZ from  MTM2010-15102  of  Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion  and  Q10 0930-144  of the  UPM , and RMB from  Fundación Caja Madrid (Spain)  and project grant  MINECO-Spain MTM2012-39101.
Estimating fish diversity and density To estimate fish diversity and density, we faithfully replicated the method of  Bell & Galzin (1984). At each site, along one of the transects laid for coral assessment, we recorded the number of each species of reef fish within 2. 5 m on either side of the transect line. Data were collected once by each of two observers at a 5 min interval. We did deviate from  Bell & Galzin (1984)  by surveying fish on each of the other two transects laid for coral cover assessment. Each observer surveyed one of these two additional transects.
Again, we present only the former here but the additional results can be found in the online supplement (Figs. S1B  and S1C ). To examine differences in fish assemblages between years, we ran a permutation-based, non-parametric multivariate analysis of similarity (ANOSIM;  Clarke, 1993)  using PRIMER (v. 1. 0. 3; Clarke & Gorley, 2006). Abundance matrices (species by site) were compiled for 1981 and 2012, and the data were square-root-transformed to reduce the influence of very abundant species. Bray-Curtis similarity coefficients were computed between pairs of pools  (Clarke & Warwick, 2001). The ANOSIM procedure was carried out on the similarity matrix. ANOSIM generates an R statistic, which varies between 0 (similarities within and between samples are the same) and 1 (all samples within groups are more similar to each other than to any sample across groups) and is tested for difference from zero with a permutation test (in this study, N = 999 permutations).
Association between live coral cover and fish community We investigated variation in the relationships between live coral cover and fish species richness and density by fitting linear regressions between these variables for 1981 and separately for 2012. Combining the datasets would have violated the assumption of independence of data points since the same sites were sampled 31 years apart. Other assumptions of parametric testing were met. We again assumed that coral cover in Bell and Galzin's highest coral category was 20%. Finally, we further examined the association between live coral and fish by comparing the magnitude of changes in density from 1981 to 2012 between fish species that rely heavily on live coral and those that do not. We categorised fish species as reliant on coral if (1) they use specific coral species as shelter or were described as exclusively associated with coral-rich areas, or (2) they commonly consume coral polyps, as stated on Fishbase  (Froese & Pauly, 2014 ; see Table  S1 ).
, 2010 Villanova et al. , , 2013)). In this work we investigate a component of an SOFC sample through m-LT measurements, in order to evaluate the technique's capability to resolve local strain and crystalline phases of a few micrometres in size in a highly X-ray absorbent polycrystalline multiphase material. Owing to the complexity of the heterogeneous structure of the investigated material, the analysis has been carried out by using an alternative geometrical approach that we have developed for the Laue data analysis. A small monocrystalline Ge sample attached to the investigated SOFC sample was also analyzed through m-Laue tomography. These results were used for the experiment calibration and to explore the cutting-edge sensitivity achievable through this technique.
Germanium The analysis of the Ge Laue pattern data was done employing the LaueTools software  (Micha & Robach, 2014)  to calculate the orientation and the deviatoric strain components of the Ge crystal. The sum of the intensities of all the diffracted Ge spots was calculated for each respective Laue image, and the Ge fluorescence intensities were collected at each sample position. With those intensities, origrams were constructed. These are analogous to the sinograms obtained from absorption contrast tomography  (Hofmann et al. , 2012). As described by  Sanchez et al. (2014) , with these calculated origrams the simultaneous inverse Radon transform (SIRT) algorithm can be applied to recover the Ge crystalline phase and Ge chemical-elemental depth-resolved two-dimensional distribution, as shown in Figs.
SOFC On average, about 400 diffracted spots were measured for each SOFC Laue pattern, as exemplified in Fig. 4 (a) by a typical measured Laue image. The measured diffraction patterns correspond to several small grains of NiO and 8YSZ (ZrO 2 with Y 3 O 2 ). Therefore, the analysis through the indexing procedure becomes complex and hardly reliable. For this reason, in order to identify the grains' size, shape, spatial position and lattice distortion, the SOFC Laue data were analyzed through a geometrical approach  (Sanchez et al. , 2014) , without the need of a priori knowledge of the crystal structure of the materials present in the sample. The employed geometrical approach consists in analysing the intensity of individual spots. For a given sample orientation, spots that are detected at the same two-dimensional detector position (i.
Also, a smaller spot size can already be achieved at the BM32 beamline, for example  (Ulrich et al. , 2011) , down to 0. 5 Â 0. 5 mm, which would enable us to get a better resolution by performing the scan with smaller position steps. This work was supported by the French 'Recherche Technologie de Base' (RTB) program, the ANR-10-NANO-0015 called 'AMOS' and the CATRENE project entitled MASTER3D. The authors acknowledge access to the nanocharacterization platform (PFNC) at the Minatec Campus in Grenoble. We acknowledge the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility for provision of synchrotron radiation facilities.
2011). Some major results obtained from these studies are, for example, that there is a relation between the rate of star formation and the amount of dense gas in molecular clouds  (Lada et al. 2010) , that a universal threshold in visual extinction of A v ≈ 6 mag for the formation of stars could exist  (Froebrich & Rowles 2010) , and that there are characteristic size scales in molecular clouds, indicating the dissipation and injection scales of turbulence  (Schneider et al. 2011 ). The large-scale far-infrared dust emission photometric observations of Herschel 1   (Pilbratt et al. 2010)  allow us now to make column density maps with a very wide dynamic range N(H 2 ) ∼ 10 20 cm -2 to a few hundred 10 23 cm -2 at an angular resolution of ∼25 to ∼36 that provide an exceptional database to better understand the composition and structure of the interstellar medium.
Acknowledgements. N. S. , S. B. , and P. A. acknowledge support by the  ANR-11-BS56-010  project " STARFICH ". V. O. , N. S. , P. G. , and R. S. K. acknowledge subsidies from the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ,  priority program  1573 (" Physics of the Interstellar Medium "). R. S. K. acknowledges support by the collaborative research project  SFB 881 ("The Milky Way System ", subprojects  B1 ,  B2 , and  B5 ), and support from the  European Research Council  under the  European Communities Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013 ) via the  ERC Advanced Grant STARLIGHT  (project number  339177 ). C. F. acknowledges funding provided by the  Australian Research Council's Discovery Projects  (grants  DP130102078  and  DP150104329 ). T. Cs. acknowledges financial support from the  ERC Advanced Grant GLOSTAR  under contract No.
imprinting-disorders. eu), which, for the first time, draws together researchers of all eight known human IDs in an interdisciplinary activity, working to advance understanding of the pathophysiology with the major aim of translating this knowledge to improvement of diagnostic and clinical management for the benefit of the patients and their families. The Action will harmonise a common system for clinical and molecular classification as well as nomenclature of IDs, develop guidelines for treatment through consensus, create standard operating procedures (SOPs) for diagnosis based on best current practice, coordinate databases held in different countries to make them compatible and useful as a springboard for collective research initiatives, identify new imprinting disorders through collaborative effort, educate researchers and stimulate translational exchange.
Objectives of EUCID. net The objectives of the network will be realised in five working groups (WGs) described below. The activities will run in three interdependent directions: (a) Clinical experts are undertaking the challenging task of standardisation and harmonisation of clinical phenotyping and medical management of IDs, providing guidelines for IDs' clinical assessment and management across Europe. (b) Experts in molecular diagnosis are undertaking the standardisation of molecular diagnosis of IDs and development of consistent reproducible molecular testing. (c) A coordinated European infrastructure of data sharing (clinical and molecular data) and samples for genetic and epigenetic study of IDs will be created (with the possibility to link clinical, genetic and epigenetic data). This will be an important step towards improving the standard of care for IDs in Europe and uncovering the genetic/epigenetic bases of the disorders.
Study Population The study population was selected using similar criteria as reported in the original cohort  [18]. We included all patients who received a first allogeneic HCT from a related or unrelated donor (URD) including umbilical cord blood for acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, or myelodysplastic syndrome between 2005 and 2007; were diagnosed with CGVHD within one year of transplantation; and reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR). All surviving recipients who received transplantations from URDs included in this analysis were retrospectively contacted and provided informed consent for participation in the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) research program. Informed consent for retrospective data analysis was waived by the NMDP institutional review board for all deceased patients.
Surviving patients who did not provide signed informed consent to allow analysis of their clinical data were excluded. To adjust for potential bias introduced by the exclusion of nonconsenting surviving patients, a corrective action plan modeling process randomly excluded approximately the same percentage of deceased patients using a biased coin randomization with exclusion probabilities based on characteristics associated with not providing consent for use of data in survivors. The study cohort included a total of 1128 HCT recipients with CGVHD.