dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
A large European multicenter study of drug resistant TB in the EU ten years ago identified the Beijing 1071-32 isolates and designated them as European resistant cluster ECDC_10  34. This additionally highlights the presence of Beijing 1071-32 MDR strains in the EU and, given its association with MDR-TB, the relevance of their tracing on a more global scale not limited to Russia and other FSU countries. Re-analysis of the different typing data available in our laboratory revealed that VNTR 1071-32 profile was detected in Russian strains isolated in 1996-1999 and these strains had a characteristic IS6110-RFLP profile designated as P0 in the in-house database  29  (Fig. S3 ). Although the former gold standard IS6110-RFLP typing is almost never used anymore, this knowledge may be helpful to trace these isolates in the historical collections with IS6110-RFLP profiles available, e.
g. RIVM database (Bilthoven, The Netherlands) or PHRI database (New Jersey, USA), thereby providing backward compatibility with more modern typing methods and WGS. We have also noticed that all Beijing 1071-32 isolates had 1 copy in the MIRU10 locus. This marker may serve for preliminary detection of these isolates among those assigned to the ancient sublineage of the Beijing genotype. A strategy to target a limited number of SNPs (at least two) was recommended and applied to identify specific strains or clones by PCR based assays  11, [35] [36] [37]  which definitely increases the robustness of identification. Thus, application of the entire set of the three targeted SNPs can be seen as the most robust method to detect the Beijing 1071-32-cluster. Nonetheless, detection of particular clusters/genotypes based on use of a single marker is an acceptable and parsimonious approach, provided that such marker was proven specific and sensitive in the validation studies and this concerns both detection of the particular clusters and families and the development of the SNP-barcode system  6, 9, 38, 39.
Geochronology Radiocarbon dating of 16 and 3 terrestrial plant macro-remains was performed by accelerator mass spectrometry at the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory (Poland) along cores NEG18-06 and NEG18-05 respectively in order to build an age-depth model using the R softwarepackage "clam" (R version 3. 6. 2, (R Core Team, 2019))  (Blaauw, 2010)  with the IntCal20 calibration curve  (Reimer et al. , 2020)  and smooth spline interpolation (degree of smoothing of 0. 4 and 0. 2 for cores NEG18-06 and NEG18-05 respectively). For the age-depth model of core NEG18-05, we used two additional 14C dates from core NEG18-06 thanks to core correlation based on XRF core-scanner data (Figure SI-1). The latter was complicated by accidental drying of the half core before XRF measurements, leading to several fractures that were artificially corrected (see  to obtain a continuous profile, albeit with higher uncertainties.
Chemical characterization The elemental composition of core NEG18-06 was investigated at high resolution (1 mm steps) with an Avaatech XRF core-scanner at EDYTEM laboratory. Because of its poor conservation, core NEG18-05 was analyzed every 5 mm. Light elements were measured with tube settings at 10 kV and 0. 175 mA for 15 s, and heavy elements (including U) at 30 kV and 0. 245 mA for 35 s. On core NEG18-06, the data noise was reduced with 3-point moving averages. Uncertainties (2 relative standard deviations -RSD) were calculated from 4-point replicates measured every 4 cm. In order to account for potential matrix effects, element ratios are expressed as logarithms (ln) of XRF counts ratios that are linearly related to the log ratios of corresponding absolute concentrations  (Weltje and Tjallingii, 2008).
Isotopic measurements In order to correct from instrumental and analytical mass biases, samples from core NEG18-06 were double-spiked with IRMM-3636a standard with a spike/sample ratio (236U/235U) of « 2-3, right after sample digestion. Following procedures detailed in  Lefebvre et al. (2021) , U was then separated from other dissolved elements using column chromatography with UTEVA resin (Eichrom Technologies, LLC). Isotopic ratios 234U/238U and 238U/235U were measured on the ThermoScientific Neptune Multi-Collector (MC) IPC-MS of the PARI platform (IPGP) with 1011-ohm amplifiers for 235U and 238U and a 1013-ohm amplifier for 234U. (234U/238U) activity ratios were calculated by multiplying isotopic ratios with the ratio of the respective radioactive decay constants. The 238U/235U ratios of the samples are presented in the delta-notation (ô238U, in %%) following Equation  3 : S238U = ( 238u/235u) sample (238ü/235ü) IRMM-184 x 1000 (3) The bracketing standard IRMM-184 was used for the delta-notion calculation and in order to refer our data to the internationally recognized ô-zero standard CRM-145/CRM-112a  (Andersen et al.
Three endmembers appear necessary to describe the whole dataset, as reported previously in marine sediments from the Gulf of Mexico  (Gordon and Goni, 2003). We thus ran a three-endmember mixing model, involving autochthonous OM and two terrigenous OM sources corresponding to past environments: meadow-and heathland/forest-type soils. Terrigenous contributions were consequently obtained by summing both contributions. The endmember values intervals displayed in Figure  6c  were constrained both by literature data and by the sample values (see the discussion in SI). We took into account a range of endmember values (Table  SI-  Our results indicate that the organic matter of Lake Nègre sediments has been dominated (between 70 and 100 %) by terrigenous inputs -especially from meadow environments -over most of the Holocene before 2.
Acknowledgements We thank  Gilles Alcalde ,  Cyrielle Jardin ,  Mathilde Zebracki  and  Pascale Blanchart  (IRSN),  Emmanuel Malet  (EDYTEM),  Didier Jézéquel  and  Barthélémy Julien  ( IPGP ) for their help in sampling and chemical analyses. We thank  Thierry Allard  ( IMPMC ) for assistance in U-bearing samples handling at IMPMC. The  Parc National du Mercantour  is greatly acknowledged for having provided access and sampling authorizations to Lake Nègre. Funding: this work was supported by  IRSN  through collaborative research program n° LS 20942; by the  Programme National   EC2CO-BIOHEFECT/ECODYN (PUMA ); by  IPGP multidisciplinary program  PARI; and by  Paris-IdF Region  [ SESAME Grant  no. 12015908 ]. This study contributes to the  IdEx Université de Paris   ANR-18-IDEX-0001. This is PATERSON, the  IRSN 's mass spectrometry platform, contribution no.
Nevertheless, attempts to assign FTIR bands to structural changes of redox-sensitive polypeptide segments of cyt c have been undertaken, based on the assumption that changes in some side chain orientations of some residues as well as alteration of their hydrogen This is the author's peer reviewed, accepted manuscript. However, the online version of record will be different from this version once it has been copyedited and typeset. 35  However, recent crystal structures of horse heart cyt c obtained under similar crystallization conditions did not reveal such backbone rearrangements. 33  In the following, we first describe out attempts to interpret the electrochemically-induced FTIR and femtosecond 2D-IR spectroscopy data in light of the literature assignments. Crucially, it is found that the additional dimension in 2D-IR spectroscopy highlights inconsistencies in Fig.
Acknowledgements Y. E. K. thanks the  Alexander von Humboldt Foundation  for a  Humboldt Research Fellowship for Postdoctoral Researchers. J. B. thanks the  Alexander von Foundation  for a  Sofia Kovalevskaja Award. The authors thank the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  for funding (No. INST 161/722-1 FUGG ). We acknowledge  Dr. Andreas Roth  for building the potentiostat. We thank  Viktor Schäfer  for support on electronics. This research used resources of the  Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility  at the  Oak Ridge National Laboratory , which is supported by the  Office of Science of the U. S. Department of Energy  under Contract No. DE AC05 00OR22725.
, 2009). Candan et al. (2012)  used a less cognitively demanding methodology, but there was a high rate of missing data or non-responses in their youngest group (see  Franck & Lassotta, 2012  on the problem of missing data in the context of experiments relying on the weird word order paradigm,  Akhtar, 1999 and much related work). As already pointed out, the measures of  Candan et al. (2012)  were not consistent, with gazing measures differing from switches of attention. These seemingly contradictory results of the previous research reported motivate the present study. We address the question of comprehension of canonical SVO word order by Mandarin-speaking infants at an earlier period, using eye-tracking measures. In particular, we use the same experimental design as  Franck et al. (2013)  and  Gavarró et al.
Data analyses Following  Franck et al. (2013) , only infants whose detected signal was more than 55% were taken into account. The number of participants analyzed was 17. To provide an overview of the eye movement data, linear mixed-effects models were applied using the lme4 package  (Bates et al. , 2014)  from R (v3. 5. 2, R Development Core Team, 2015). We computed generalized linear mixed models with proportions of fixations to the transitive video (calculated over total looking time to the transitive and reflexive videos) as dependent variable and regions of interest (ROIs, Baseline, Sentence 1, Sentence 2, Sentence 3) and Condition (Well-formed, Deviant) as fixed effects with random intercept and slope for participants and items. We explored the effect of age and vocabulary on proportions of fixations to the transitive video using generalized linear models on two ROIs that showed a significant effect of Condition, with the proportion of looks to the transitive video as dependent variable and Condition, Vocabulary (as continuous variable) and Age (as continuous variable) as factors.
Method Participants -Eighteen native Mandarin-speaking adults (age range = 24-53, mean age = 29, SD = 7. 7) participated in our study. They were recruited in Guiyang and Barcelona. Materials, procedure and data analyses -The materials and procedure used were the same as those for infants. We adopted the same analysis for adults' data as had been adopted for the infant data. For all the adults tested, the detected signal was more than 75%.
Acknowledgements. We are grateful to  Roberta Golinkoff  for pointing out the age issue in relation to Experiment 1, and to  Aoju Chen  and  Maria del Mar Vanrell  for discussion and help with the intonation of Mandarin. The work reported received the funding of projects  FFI2017-87699-P  and  2017 SGR 634. Many thanks are due to the infants and adults who agreed to participate in the experiments reported. Many thanks are also due to two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This contribution arose from a workshop at the 2nd IMBeR Open Science meeting in Brest France in 2019. This article was conceived and developed while RS was visiting researcher at  CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere in Hobart. We appreciate the contribution from  David VanderZwaag. AJ  gratefully acknowledges funding by the  South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation , through grant No. 65238. EA was supported by the  Nippon Foundation's Ocean Nexus Program at EarthLab, University of Washington  and the CGIAR research program on fish in agrifood systems.
Sex, age, Body Mass Index (BMI), type of diabetes (type 1 (TD1), type 2 (TD2) or type 3 (TD3)), diabetes duration, HbA1c, CAC value, presence of hypertension treated or not, retinopathy and nephropathy (microalbuminuria between 20-200 mg/ml, renal failure measured by creatinemia and CKD formula <60ml/min/ m2), treatment by insulin and smoking quantified in Pack-Years (PY), active or weaned, were collected in electronic medical records, with a high completeness (98% of data collected). Type 3 diabetic patients included secondary diabetes (post pancreatic surgery, hemochromatosis, post pancreatitis, pancreatic neoplasia), and monogenic diabetes. Data were fully anonymized before statistical analysis. The patient's medical records were accessed between January 2018 and December 2018. This study was performed after agreement of the ethics committee of our hospital (Hospices Civils de Lyon, N˚19-111).
CAC assessment A MDCT Brillance 64 (Philips Healthcare) was used for data acquisition. The scanning protocol acquired images prospectively (pitch N/A) with ECG-triggering, at 120 Kvp, appropriate mAs adapted to the patient size (80-160 mAs) with a 0. 33-millisecond gantry rotation time, an individual detector width of 64 mm with a reconstructed section width of 2. 5 mm, and temporal resolution of 0. 33 milliseconds. Contiguous 0. 9 mm-thick sections were reconstructed using iterative reconstruction (I dose level 3) half-scan interpolation from the left mainstem bronchus to the cardiac apex during peak inspiration with a 25 cm field of view. Agatston scores were quantified on CT Philips workstations (Heartbeat-CS, Philips Healthcare) and were expressed in Agatston units (AU). The obtained images encompassed some parts of the lungs (one half to two-thirds), the superior one-third of the liver, the superior one-quarter of the spleen, the mediastinum, and the inferior one-quarter of the trachea.
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 20. 0, SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL). The level of significance was 2 sided and set at 5% (p<0. 05). To test the normal distribution of quantitative variables, a Shapiro-Wilk's test was used (p>0. 05). All variables, with the exception of coronary artery score, were normally distributed. Quantitative variables are expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) and categorical variables were expressed as number (n) and percentage. When the distribution was not normal, quantitative variables were expressed as median and interquartile range [IQR]. To compare subject characteristics and MDCT data, Chi2 test or Fisher's exact tests were used for categorical variables and ANOVA for quantitative variables. When the distribution was not normal, a Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the median of quantitative variables.
Acknowledgments FOO and RS acknowledge financial support from the  University of Tuebingen  and the  German Research Foundation DFG  (Grant  SCHO1071/11-1 ). The  National Research Foundation of South Africa  is thanked by  AH  (Grant  75892 ). Participation by AB was supported by  Discovery and Accelerator Grants  from the  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). SWP acknowledges support from a  Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award.
However, several challenges must be addressed for their application in operando mode, particularly the extraction of relevant information from the large volume of data generated and the design of adapted cells allowing nanoscale resolution. Neutron techniques (Figure  3 ) generally have lower time resolutions, but they have crucial advantages, for example, neutrons are less intrusive than high-energy X-rays and isotopic exchange can be used to tag elements or achieve contrast match conditions. For instance,  6  Li and  7  Li have significantly distinct neutron absorption cross-sections, permitting their differentiation, whereas this is impossible with X-rays. Similarly, 1 H/ 2 D isotopic exchange can be used, as hydrogen is often present in batteries (electrolyte/separator/binder). [35] Neutron powder diffraction (NPD) has a long and successful track record in battery characterization, although great care must be taken in cell design to optimize signal-to-noise ratio.
[38] Copyright 2020, The Authors. Datasets are shown. The x-axis shows the typical length scale probed (Å, nm, µm), whereas the y-axis indicates the possibility to achieve 1D, 2D, or 3D property mapping, respectively. In this representation, a 1D property or parameter is typically a mean value averaged over the volume of the probed material, while 2D indicates the possibility to scan across the thickness of a material and spatially resolve the property distribution along one dimension. 3D indicates that the full volume (zone of interest) is resolved and voxel-type information is obtained. Moreover, the colors indicate to what extent the specific existing cells represent realistic (i. e. , electrochemical performance is comparable to commercial cells, blue) and/or commercial cells, as opposed to model cell designs (orange), and whether operando mode is available (green contour).
Isolated Datasets and Fragmented Knowledge Investigations performed at LSF have already produced a colossal amount of data in the field of battery, as illustrated in Figure  4  where a selection of recent synchrotron investigations of silicon-based anodes is presented. In this family of materials (including nanostructured silicon, SiO x , Si/C composites, etc. ), the alloying lithiation process induces large volume expansions and the continuous formation of the SEI, which results in morphological ageing at the level of particles and electrodes after long-term cycling. XRD was used to evaluate the strain in crystalline particles and characterize the coreshell mechanism during initial battery cycling (Figure  4a ). [86] ombined, operando SAXS/WAXS was applied to investigate the sequential lithiation mechanism in graphite-silicon composites (Figure  4g ), the correlation between dimensional changes of silicon in the Si-FeSi 2 phase, and electrochemical performance during initial cycles, as well as their evolution after more than 300 cycles.
Individually, these techniques provide invaluable, unique datasets, all of which are necessary to understand the correlations between silicon-based anodes design, durability, cyclability, and microscopic-scale features. However, it is almost impossible to post-process the gathered knowledge and integrate all observed phenomena into a full, consistent, multi-scale picture. Experiments are often performed by different groups, using a range of probes/cells at several beamlines under varying conditions, consequently making any comparison/correlation extremely challenging and ultimately only providing fragmented knowledge. Hence, in the absence of standardization (materials, cells, protocols, etc. ), single-shot experiments may only satisfy specific short-term objectives, underscoring the need for a more holistic approach in the near-future to support the rapid development of an advanced battery technology.
To date, it takes approximately more than 6 months between proposal acceptance and further data collection, and more than 1. 5 years on average before data interpretation/publication of the collected data. Moreover, correlations with modeling, databases, and artificial intelligence (AI) are usually limited to the very early (design of an experiment) or the very final (discussion about output parameters) stage of the linear sequential process. Finally, the realization and interpretation of one experiment usually implies decisionmaking operators, advanced human expertise, and manual operations, because data acquisition and its subsequent analysis/ interpretation is seldom automatized. In order to progress beyond single-parameter and/or single-scale investigations, some synchrotron beamlines   [86]  Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
g. , both morphological and chemical information) and/or covering the multiple length-scales of interest (Figure  5b ). However, as the situation stands today, most multi-technique studies generally rely on the sequential access to different instruments (Figure  5c ). These experimental workflows are still subject to those bot-tlenecks encountered in single-technique experiments. Additionally, the timeframe may even be extended due to the difficulty in developing multi-technique-compatible sample preparation procedures, coordinating access to several instruments, the collection/processing/storage of several datasets, and their subsequent correlative analysis -a process requiring relatively recent, non-trivial solutions and mostly limited to statistical and/or qualitative combinations. Therefore, the coupling/correlation and/or combination of LSF experiments remains uncommon, and multi-technique methodologies and 5.
Current LSF experimental workflows based on the linear succession of key steps: sample, method, data acquisition, data analysis, and dissemination. a) Single-technique experiment aiming at characterizing one type of battery cell to obtain one type of information by performing one specific operando experiment. b) Progresses toward a multi-technique workflow enabled by multi-technique beamlines/instrumentation and subsequent direct correlative analysis or c) indirect correlative data analysis applied to datasets obtained on different beamlines/instruments. In all cases, modeling and databases are usually employed to decide/apply method and analysis steps. Advanced AI-techniques (ML, DL) are possibly employed to accelerate data analysis. The main time-limiting steps are the proposal submission/evaluation by peer-review, the scheduling of experiment at selected instrument(s), and the analysis of big data generated by operando measurements, as well as handling, storage, formatting, and analysis of multiple data sets for coupled experiments.
The automatization and standardization of multi-technique correlative experiments is fundamental to meeting these challenges. Accelerating 1) and 2) requires the implementation of modern tools such as active learning and DL/ML modules, as well as on-the-fly diagnostic and fast feed-back loops, ultimately enabling the on-line control of data acquisition and experimental set-up selection. Accelerating 2) and 4) requires expert databases/repositories, centralized platforms and apps, new software capable to handle multidimensional datasets and perform autonomous correlative data analysis. Accelerating 1) and 5) requires new access modes to enable fast, reactive, and flexible beamtime allocation, scheduling and use, ultimately leading to the coordination of multi-site experiments carried out on the same material/device and under the same operational conditions, which implies the development of standardized cell designs and operating procedures, as well as new infrastructures.
The development of bespoke cells is becoming even more critical for coupled and correlative experiments as reconfigurable and/or versatile, multi-techniques standardized designs are requested. Since the 90s, a variety of casing, dimensions, and geometries have been adapted to neutron or synchrotron set-ups, specifically designed to investigate different categories of materials (solids, liquids, thin films). Figure  7a  shows some of the cells developed during the last 10 years. Currently, there are very few cells compatible for more than one technique, or indeed for use with both neutrons to X-rays. Nevertheless, using the same cell on several beamlines would be an important step in achieving the goal of direct comparison of (operando) battery behavior by providing chemical, electronic, structural, and morphological datasets acquired in the same conditions.
Standardization of experimental cell designs is one of the principal challenges of the Battery 2030 + /BIG-MAP project, together with standardization of data acquisition modes (including coordinated workflows) and (big) data analysis procedures. The BIG-MAP vision is to develop a modular, closed-loop infrastructure and methodology to bridge physical insights and data-driven approaches, by cohesively integrating machine learning, computer simulations, AI-orchestrated experiments, and synthesis, in order to accelerate battery materials discovery and optimization. [93] ne key pillar of this vision is the development of a European multi-modal characterization platform for battery technology, including operando characterization at LSF, and thus ideally positioned for the coordination of multi-technique experiments to acquire and exploit multi-scale/multi-fidelity data.