dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to  Sapienza University, Rome , for hosting the meeting; the  German Embassy, Rome , for its support of the event; and the M8 Alliance-and, in particular,  Detlev Ganten -for instituting the first Expert Meeting of the Alliance, on the subject of migrants' and refugees' health. The authors thank the participants in the Expert Meeting for their contributions to the presentations and discussions, on which this article has drawn. They included the following:  Eugenio Gaudio ,  Detlev Ganten ,  Susanne Wasum-Rainer ,  Hinrich Thölken ,  Paolo Villari ,  Axel Pries ,  Vincenzo Vullo ,  Sebastiano Filetti ,  Massimo Volpe ,  Santino Severoni ,  Alexander Krämer ,  Joachim Seybold ,  Amirhossein Takian ,  Bahaüddin Çolakoğlu ,  Mustafa Oral ,  Valery Ridde ,  Christina Zarowsky ,  Duarte Nuno Vieira ,  Emanuele Mugnani ,  Clelia Clini ,  Maurizio Marceca ,  Anna Paola Massetti ,  Massimiliano Aragona ,  Giuseppe La Torre ,  Antoine Flahault ,  Francois Gemenne  and  Anneliese Depoux.
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Total RNA was isolated from frozen lung tissue using TriReagent as described previously  [14]. Two micrograms of RNA were reverse transcribed to synthesize cDNA using 0. 2 U of MMLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, USA) and random hexamers according to the manufacturer's instructions. Amplifications using 18S rRNA as an internal control (TaqMan Ribosomal RNA Control Reagents; Applied Biosystems, USA) were performed as described previously  [14]. The sequences of primers and probes used to analyze PPARα and PPARγ expression were selected using Primer3 Output program technology (MIT) and were as follows: for PPARα (126 bp length): forward primer 5'-CGTTTTCACAAGTGCCTGTCT-3', reverse primer 5'-CGAATCTTTCAGGTCGTGTTC-3' and probe 5'-GCAATTCGCTTTGGAAGAATGCCA3'; and for PPARγα (122 bp length): forward primer 5'-ACCCAATGGTTGCTGATTACA-3', reverse primer 5'-ATGAGGCCTGTTGTAGAGCTG-3' and probe 5'-TGAAGCTCCAAGAA TACCAAAGTGCGA-3'.
CftrΔF508 mice exhibited a growth delay which was corrected by (n-3) LC-PUFA in males At PN21, male and female CftrΔF508 mice fed control diet showed growth retardation compared to WT mice (-29%, P = 0. increased body mass in CftrΔF508 mice (+16. 3%, P = 0. 004 and +16. 6%, P = 0. 001 for males and females, respectively), which became similar to WT mice in males (P = NS) while females remained lighter (P = 0. 033). Together, these data show that (n-3) LC-PUFA significantly reduces growth retardation in CftrΔF508 mice. Lungs of CftrΔF508 mice are more susceptible to LPS challenge and (n-3) LC-PUFA diet shows slight improvement after LPS challenge Lung damage was evaluated in adult mice by two observers blinded to the genotype, diet and treatment, according to a homemade histologic score (see Methods).
Acknowledgments We thank  M. H. Gevaert  and  R. M. Siminski  ( Service Commun-Morphologie Cellulaire, UniversiteLille 2 ) for the slides,  D. Taillieu  and  J. Devassine  from the  Animal Core Facility ,  IFR 114 , and  R. Courcol  and  S. Herwegh  from the  Microbiology Department of the "Centre de Biologie-Pathologie Pierre-Marie Degand" (Lille Hospital ) for access to the Applied 7500 System.
General principles The present model is a dynamic population model which begins in 2005, i. e. when the most recent data on COPD prevalence in the general population aged 45 years or more was collected in France  [11]. This multi-state model projects the prevalence of COPD from 2005 to 2025 in the French population aged 45 years and more, using data on prevalence, incidence, mortality and progression of the GOLD-defined severity of airflow limitation. At the end of the first year (2005), the population was divided in one of three possible health states (COPD, no COPD, and Death) according to COPD prevalence and mortality rates. During all subsequent years, people moved between these states according to incidence and mortality rates. In addition to the initial 2005 population, new subjects entered the population each year: this entrant population corresponded to all persons who were aged 44 years during the previous year.
Data sources To generate hypotheses used in the reference and sensitivity analyses, a systematic review of published data was performed using Pubmed database (keywords: COPD, epidemiology, incidence, prevalence, population; languages: English or French). This literature search identified original research and previous systematic reviews published after year 2000 and provided estimates of the incidence and prevalence of COPD in France and in other industrialized countries around year 2005, when the reference prevalence data was collected in France. The literature search was limited to articles in which the diagnosis of COPD was confirmed by spirometry, excluding articles that used self-reported and/or physician-reported diagnosis. Retrieved articles were reviewed by all the authors to assess the methodology and describe the source population, COPD diagnostic criteria, and population characteristics regarding age, gender, smoking status, and severity distribution of identified COPD cases.
Another important aspect is external validation using actual data from longitudinal or repeated surveys. In a recent manuscript, Molinari et al. used data from hospital databases in France and reported increased rates of hospitalization and related-mortality  [20]. Altogether, all models and surveys converge with our present study in demonstrating a high likelihood of further increase in COPD burden at a population level  [3]. The initial project was planned to rely only on data collected in France, since projections were to be made for this country only, at least as a first step of the model development. In addition, it was thought that epidemiological data would be more homogeneous when restricted to a single country. However, it appeared that only a limited number of epidemiological studies were available, some of which were ancient.
Thus, some of the input data were obtained using articles published in the same time frame in industrialized countries, which were available in a limited number of countries, resulting in some heterogeneity. In addition, methods of case recruitments were quite different: in one study, the studied population was recruited in health care prevention centers and results were adjusted to match the characteristics of the general population  [11]. In that study, an 8. 4% prevalence of COPD was found, which is consistent with the results of other epidemiological studies in developed countries. However, the proportion of patients with severe airflow obstruction was rather low, in contrast to what had been observed elsewhere  [7]. The authors hypothesized that this finding could be biased by the source of the sample, since patients visiting prevention centers for a general health check-up are supposed not to be managed for some severe illness.
Background: The terrorist attacks in Paris and Nice in 2015 and 2016 generated widespread emotional stress in France. Given that acute emotional stress is a well-known trigger for cardiovascular disease, we investigated whether these attacks had any short-term impact on hospitalizations for acute cardiovascular disease in France. Methods: Annual hospital discharge data from 2009 to 2016 were extracted from the French Hospital Discharge Database. All hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, or stroke were selected. Generalized additive Poisson models were used to differentiate "unusual" variations in daily hospitalization numbers in the 15 days following the attacks from the expected background hospitalization rate. Results: The average daily number of hospitalizations was 396.
Methods Hospital discharge data from 2009 to 2016 were obtained from the PMSI system ("Programme de médicalisation des systèmes d'information"), the French Hospital Discharge Database. PMSI collects anonymous medical and demographic information by means of a unique anonymous identifier allocated to each individual. The French public health agency is allowed to access these data by the French Commission on Individual Freedom and Data Storage ("Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés," CNIL, authorization n°902,167). We included all hospital discharge reports where one of the following codes, from the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), was recorded as primary diagnosis: • Acute coronary syndrome (ACS): I20. 0 and I21-23. • Heart failure (HF): I50, I11.
Discussion The increase in acute stress observed in the days following the terrorist attacks in 2015 and 2016 in France did not seem to have any major impact on the short-term onset of cardiovascular events in the Paris region, the Nice region, or in the rest of France. These results, based on large datasets, contrast with those reported at the local level in a clinic in Toulouse, which observed a 75% increase in hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease after the January 2015 attacks. 6 owever, the number of patients hospitalized in that health care facility was small, and findings were based on crude comparisons. In our study, crude significant relative differences in daily mean number of hospitalizations in the 15 days following each attack were observed. However, those differences were mainly related to upward long-term trends in hospitalization for those diseases during the 2009-2016 period and disappeared after adjustment for background rate.
Our results are in line with those reported by Chi et al 10 after the September 11, 2001, attacks. In that study, the authors did not find any significant association between hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease and the terrorist attacks. The hypothesis put forward was that watching events unfold on television, no matter how dramatic, was not a sufficiently potent trigger for cardiovascular disease, although it may have led to an increase in hospitalizations for stress or anxiety. In this study, we used exhaustive data from the French National hospitalization database. The PMSI system is a medico-administrative database used primarily for managing operating costs. Each patient stay comprised both demographic information (age, sex, postcode of the area of residence) and a medical part, indicating diagnosis and medical procedures.
PMSI database is widely used to provide relevant information on the burden of hospitalizations in France. The strengths of this database are its completeness and the reliability of the diagnoses. 13 A French study on ACS coding in those databases was conducted in 2011, and it was found that I20. 0 and I121-23 had good positive predictive value. 14 Moreover, a review of validation studies about acute myocardial infarction identification in administrative databases through the use of ICD-10 codes delivered satisfactory conclusions. Finally, according to a recent validation study of the PMSI for stroke, the positive predictive value of a stroke detection algorithm was approximately 90% in 2009-2010. 15 Nevertheless, patients who die before arriving at the hospital are not included in this database.
5, 6 In the Removable Partial Denture domain (RPD), learning framework design is challenging and lack of knowledge in this area could lead to many clinical consequences. 7 No dedicated digital teaching procedure is yet available. RPD design software packages are available and are being used by commercial prosthetic laboratories, especially related to 3D printing of 'resin patterns' or the metal framework itself. However, this software was not developed for educational purpose, and it became obvious that a web application for teaching framework design needed to be developed. Therefore, the Clermont Auvergne University has been conceiving in recent years a specific educational application, METACIEL, from which the first available version is used within the prosthesis teaching framework. The development of METACIEL followed the steps outlined by Johnson and Schleyer 8 in 2003 for the development of quality educational software: (1) ANALYSIS: during this step, the project objectives, information sources, and requirements were defined.
It was only recently that the first CAD/CAM system designed for removable prosthesis was put into use and enabled a virtual framework conception by computer design using specialized software. The virtual data are then transferred to a tool machine that enables production of the frame. METACIEL application is not designed to produce metal frame and cannot be used as a CAD/CAM technology, but it follows, in a very simplified way, the modelling steps from the CAD/CAM software. METACIEL is thus innovative educational web application as it integrates the learning of CAD/CAM technology within the dentistry curriculum. At the end of its cursus, a student should be able to handle the complete digital system: taking a digital impression, designing the virtual framework and shipping online to the dental technician.
Methods: We analyzed data from a longitudinal cohort study with n = 591 young adults from Zurich, Switzerland, prospectively followed from 1979 (age 20/21 years) to 2008 (age 49/50 years). Twelve-month prevalence of various mental disorders, socio-environmental confounders and sleep problems were carefully assessed with semi-structured interviews at 7 assessment waves spanning overall a 30-year observation period. Interviews were conducted with the "Structured Psychopathological Interview and Rating of the Social Consequences of Psychological Disturbances for Epidemiology" (SPIKE). The 12-month prevalence of sleep problems was graded according to frequency and associated distress of reported symptoms. 12-month prevalence of suicidality was classified as either mild (transient suicidal ideation) or severe (self-harm, suicide attempts).
However, irrespective of the control variables included in the model (see model 1-3), only mild suicidality prospectively predicted sleep problems, but not severe suicidality. We additionally ran sensitivity analyses where we used disturbed sleep initiation (coded as present vs. absent) instead of broad sleep problems (coded according to severity). The bi-directional associations were substantial and almost identical to those reported in Table  1  (data upon request). The prospective effect of disturbed sleep initiation on subsequent suicidality was significant in both the unadjusted crude model and when adjusted for socio-demographics and concomitant mental disorders (Table  3 ). Moreover, consistent with the findings concerning broad sleep problems detailed above, mild suicidality, but not severe suicidality, prospectively related to subsequent disturbed sleep initiation (Table  4 ).
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria In this manuscript, the term "smartphones" refers to mobile phones that have an internet data communication system and a digital camera (compared to mobile phones that would not have these two specific devices). The inclusion criteria for the studies included in this review were as follows: (1) photographs concerning pigmented suspicious lesions, (2) photographs taken or analyzed using a smartphone, (3) patients older than 18 years, (4) studies written in French or English, and (5) abstracts available. The exclusion criteria were (1) no use of a smartphone, (2) the research area was not related to melanoma early detection, (3) dermatology teleconsultation in the form of a videoconference, (4) study based on histology, (5) studies consisting of assessing patients or caregivers' preferences through interviews or surveys, and (6) an editorial or a letter to the editor.
Automated Smartphone Apps A total of 12 studies assessed the performance of automated smartphone apps  [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]  (Table  2 ), that is, 1 study compared the conclusions of an automated app with the conclusions of a dermatologist who conducted a face-to-face examination  [51] , 1 study compared the conclusions of an automated app with the conclusions of a teledermatologist  [52] , 7 studies analyzed the images of an already classified data bank  [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] , and the 3 last ones compared the conclusion of an automated app, both with the pathological report (after excision of the lesion) and with the conclusion of teledermatologists  [50, 53, 54]. Among the 5 studies based on taking a photograph  [51] [52] [53] [54] , 4 tested iPhones  [51] [52] [53] [54] , 1 tested other brands of telephones  [52] , and the brand of the telephone was not specified in the last study  [50].
The photographer was a dermatologist  [53, 54]  or another professional  [50] [51] [52]. Participants who were recruited in studies assessing automated smartphone apps were highly selected. Among the 8 studies based on photographs issued from a database, the proportion of melanoma ranged from 26. 7%  [44]  to 100%  [45]. Among the 5 studies based on taking a photograph, 2 studies included patients from a primary-care setting recruited during an opportunistic screening campaign conducted in general practice  [53, 54]. For the other 3 studies that included patients, the patients had already consulted a dermatologist  [50] [51] [52]. The prevalence of melanomas in the related populations ranged from 1. 8%  [52, 54]  to 28. 1%  [50]. The performance of the automated smartphone apps were assessed by referring either to their capacity to classify the lesions at risk  [43, 45, 47, [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] , or to their diagnostic capacity  [44, 46, 48]  (Table  2 ).
The references used could be either the histology results in 5 studies  [43, 45, [47] [48] [49] , the teledermatologist's conclusion in 2 studies  [50, 52] , or the dermatologist (face-to-face) conclusion in 3 studies  [51, 53, 54]. For 2 studies, the authors referred to histology-based diagnosis without describing how they obtained the histopathological conclusion  [44, 46]. A total of 5 studies assessed the apps used in real conditions  [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]. In 4 studies, the images came from medical  [43, 45, 49]  or commercial  [47, 48]  data banks, whereas no details on the photograph data banks were provided for 2 studies  [44, 46]. The sensitivity ranged from 7% to 87%  [48, 49] , and the specificity ranged from 9% to 100%  [50, 52]. Only 2 studies described the area under the curve  [44, 48] , providing a better comparison of results.
The notion of encrypting data was not approached systematically. Following individual contact, 2 authors  [52] [53] [54]  reported encryption of the data, either through the app or through anonymity. The analysis of bias is provided in Table  4. For studies based on photographs from databank, references were unknown and the risks of bias for patient selection were high. Applicability related to the patient selection was highly concerning. Automated apps had no information on the diagnosis so that the risk of bias related to the test index was low. In 3 studies, pictures were modified before intervention so that the applicability related to the index test was not good. All the photographs were not analyzed so that the risk of bias related to flow and timing was high.
The authors acknowledge that some indicators require building new tools to capture them reliably and systematically. For quality, one needs to select standards that may be different per field/design and this requires some consensus within the field. There is no wide-coverage automated database currently for assessing reproducibility, sharing, and translation, but proposals are made on how this could be done systematically and who might curate such efforts. Focusing on the top, most influential publications may also help streamline the process. (Continued) With the perverse 'publish or perish' mantra, the authors argue that authors may feel compelled to fabricate their results and undermine the integrity of science and scientists. 'With flexible analysis options, we are more likely to find the one that produces a more publishable pattern of results to be more reasonable and defensible than others'.
US The editors of eLife are concerned about the 'widespread perception that research assessment is dominated by a single metric, the journal impact factor (JIF)'. They are interested in reforming these evaluations using different metrics. The editors state, 'The focus on publication in a high impact-factor journal as the prize also distracts attention from other important responsibilities of researchers-such as teaching, mentoring and a host of other activities (including the review of manuscripts for journals!). For the sake of science, the emphasis needs to change'. To help counter these problems, the editors discuss several options, such as repositories for sharing information: Dryad for datasets; Figshare for primary research, figures, and datasets; and Slideshare for presentations. Altmetric.
The S-index is in essence an H-index for publications that uses scientists' shared data but does not include those researchers as authors. focus, whereas the Metric Tide  [21]  was commissioned by the UK government (operating independently) and is more focused on the UK academic marketplace. The Leiden Manifesto authors felt that research evaluation should positively support the development of science and its interactions with society. It proposes 10 best practices, for example, that expert qualitative assessment should take precedence, supported by the quantitative evaluation of a researcher using multiple indices. Several universities have recently pledged to adopt these practices  [39]. The San Francisco DORA, which is also gaining momentum [40-42], was first developed by editors and publishers and focuses almost exclusively on the misuse of the JIF.
Several new 'responsible indicators for assessing scientists' (RIAS's) were proposed and discussed. These include assessing registration (including registered reports); sharing results of research; reproducible research reporting; contributions to peer review; alternative metrics (e. g. , uptake of research by social media and print media) assessed by several providers, such as Altmetric. com; and sharing of datasets and software assessed through Impact Story  [54] ). Such indicators should be measured objectively and accurately, as publication and citation tools do currently. Some assessment items, such as reference letters from colleagues and stakeholders affected by the research, cannot be converted into objective measurements, but one may still formally investigate their value  [55]. As with any new measures, RIAS characteristics need to be studied in terms of ease of collection, their frequencies and distributions in different fields and institutions, the kind of systems needed to implement them, and their usefulness in both evaluation and modifying researcher behaviours and the extent to which each may be gamed.
A comparison of whether the OA papers have a wider reach to the local community, and more broadly (more citations, Altmetrics), could also be evaluated. Prior to such an implementation, the university would need to expand its OA fund for faculty use. This could be achieved through use of endowment funds. Some responsible indicators are new and data are needed as to whether they are robust and informative ways to assess faculty. Academic institutions and funders need to support such efforts. Additional measures of scientific value when assessing faculty should be elicited from faculty. Academic institutions may still use bibliometrics indices to assess their faculty, with appropriate understanding of their strengths and limitations. Evidence from scientometrics on bibliometric indicators is far stronger than for any of the new RIAS, and such evidence should be used to pick the most appropriate bibliometric indicators.