dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Apart from the theorems, schemes and definitions, the database stores also additional information extracted from the abstracts. That includes presentation related data of new notations (defining synonyms or antonyms for previously defined objects), but also automation, i. e. registrations  8  , as well as term reductions and identifications. Especially the registrations are heavily used in Mizar, see Table  6  (term reductions and identifications are also syntactically represented as registrations). Since the formalization library imitates to some extent the cumulation of informal mathematical papers, it is interesting to measure the ratio of the number of proved theorems to the number of introduced definitions (cf. [14] ). Taking into account only Mizar statements syntactically represented as theorems and schemes, one obtains a ratio of 4.
95, see Table  7. However, various forms of Mizar registrations and properties also correspond to theorem statements in informal mathematics. If we also consider them as theorems, the ratio grows to 6. 15, see Tables  5  and 6. Importing all the aforementioned information from the database to the environment of new articles is done with the help of a set of designated directives in the Mizar language  [34]. A first group of directives enables formulating and disambiguating formal Mizar texts considering overloaded notations i. e. vocabularies, constructors, notations, and partially also registrations and requirements (because of the overloading, the order of used notations is important  [66] ). Another group of directives concerns encoding proofs, i. e. specifying their skeletons (definitions) and conducting reasoning steps to justify a given goal (theorems and schemes).
The rest of import directives influence the way in which the Mizar proof checker uses its built in automation procedures that offer shorter justifications of selected proof steps. This includes the directives requirements, registrations (also importing term identifications and reductions), expansions, and equalities (that automatically provide references to the definitions of used atomic formulas and terms, respectively)  [26]. Various independently processed import directives in the Mizar language allow controlling the amount of imported information and accessing only the necessary items from the database. Thanks to this approach, processing information from the database should be similarly timeconsuming, despite the level of complexity of the formalization environment.
As far as developing formalizations of more comprehensive pieces of mathematics is concerned, the most notable example was the project of translating A Compendium of Continuous Lattices (CCL)  [23]  to the Mizar language. It was considered as an important challenge in the spirit of the QED Manifesto  [81]. In the introduction to its second edition, Continuous Lattices and Domains  [24] , the authors wrote: This is also the place to report on an activity of the Mizar project group located primarily at the University of Bialystok, Poland, the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and the Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan. It is the aim of the Mizar project to codify mathematical knowledge in a database. The codification means the formalization of concepts and proofs mechanically checked for logical correctness.
The Mizar language is a formal language derived from the mathematical vernacular. The principal idea was to design a language that is readable by mathematicians, and simultaneously, is sufficiently rigorous to enable processing and verifying by computer software. Our monograph A Compendium of Continuous Lattices was chosen by the Mizar group for testing their system. Since 1995, the Compendium has been translated piece by piece into the language Mizar. As of August 2002, sixteen authors have worked on this specific project; they have produced fifty-seven Mizar articles. That project stimulated an extensive development of lattice theory, both in algebraic and topological sense, together with relevant category theory results (compare the position of lattice theory in the list in Tables  8  and 9 ).
On the other hand, a formalization of this size, carried out by an international collaborating group of developers, greatly influenced the development of the Mizar system  [13]. The system had to efficiently cope with importing multiple theories, the users had to learn how to routinely work with and share a local database, some mechanisms were developed to deal with various representations of related objects in different formalisms (e. g. lattices as algebraic structures and as ordered sets)  [28, 32]. Moreover, these developments created the possibility of formalizing selected papers from current research frontier in that field. For example, the well-developed theory of ordered sets served as a basis for translating a paper on better-quasi-ordering countable series-parallel orders (cf. [82]  and  [74] ).
-a reorganization of the library-it involves changing the order of article processing used for (re-)creating the Mizar database-the ordering is stored in a special file mml. lar distributed with each MML version. In 2001, a significant reorganization was implemented  [78]. Its purpose was to group together all the articles which did not depend on the notion of a structure and place their identifiers at the beginning of the mml. lar list. Two MML parts were respectively named as: • concrete, which does not use the notion of structure (set theory, relations, functions, arithmetic and so on); • abstract, i. e. the article STRUCT_0 and its descendants, all of them directly or indirectly using Mizar structures. Obviously, these two parts were not meant to be completely independent-the concrete part could be used in the abstract one, but not vice versa.
Apart from that, it turned out to be convenient to also separate a part of the articles in which Random Access Turing Machines were modeled (named "SCM part"). Isolating these articles and placing them at the end of the mml. lar list enabled frequent revisions avoiding the need to constantly update the rest of the library. Another part of the library was later distinguished as "Addenda". Initially it comprised technical articles created in order to prove the correctness of the formal construction of real numbers, previously available as axioms only. This aimed at a gradual reduction of the axiomatic foundations of the Mizar library. Later, this part was extended with auxiliary notions and generalized parts extracted from various articles to enable better reuse of facts within the library. We can mention here the introduction of two big hierarchies of Mizar structures defined retrospectively in a more general way to gain better representation of ordinary mathematical practice  [27] : introducing common formal frameworks for both saved 38,649 out of total 447,511 lines of code (LOC), i.
Urban's prototype of a hammer  [86]  for the MML, called Mizar Proof Advisor, was primarily developed to serve as an assistant for authoring Mizar articles. The fast MoMM (Most of Mizar Matches) tool for fetching matching theorems  [87] , hence existing duplications can be detected and deleted from the MML  [29]. Another popular software, MML CVS-the usual concurrent version system for the MML was active for quite some time, but then was postponed, because the changes were too cryptic for the reader due to the lack of proper marking of items. Actually, one of the most general problems is that there are no absolute names for MML items and the changes are sometimes too massive to find out what really matters; hence the usefulness of the tools of this type is very limited.
Other Applications of the MML The size and the diversity of the MML makes it not only an indispensable standard library for Mizar users, but also an important resource for various projects related to processing mathematical knowledge. Among the main activities based on the content of the MML, we can mention the development of representations of formal mathematics in human readable L A T E X form (e. g. the Formalized Mathematics journal  [12] ), XML-based semantically-linked web pages  [85, 90] , more semantic variants of the Mizar language (e. g. WS-Mizar  [61] ), or general semanticallyrich formats like OMDoc  [37]. The library's content available under an open source license  [4]  was also used as a test bed for developing formal wikis  [3]. Moreover, it is worthwhile that the development of first MML-based semantically-linked presentations of mathematical content in the form of the on-line Journal of Formalized Mathematics 11  active in years 1995-2004 predated the advent of Wikipedia and other on-line maths journals and services popular today.
Acknowledgements  A. Naumowicz 's work on this paper was partially supported by the project  N • 2017/01/X/ST6/00012  financed by the  National Science Center, Poland. K. Pa  ˛k's work was supported by the resources of the Polish National Science Center granted by  decision N •   DEC-2015/19/D/ST6/01473. The English version of  Formalized Mathematics  was financed under agreement  548/P-DUN/2016  with the funds from the  Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education for the dissemination of science. The processing and analysis of the Mizar library has been performed using the infrastructure of the  University of Bialystok High Performance Computing Center  (http://uco. uwb. edu. pl). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http://creativecommons.
VDP software and parameters In order to compare different monitoring strategies, we developed a Virtual Deposition Process algorithm  [15]. This software simulates the main error sources of a monitoring system and processes the signals in an identical way. The deposition rate of the two materials is set to 0. 1 nm/s. Assuming a substrates holder rotation of 60 rotations per minute, the Virtual Deposition Process generates a discontinuous signal incremented every second, which corresponds to a 0. 1 nm increase of the layer thickness. This configuration is then a realistic simulation of a classic optical system performed on a peripheral monitoring test glass. For the first layer, at each acquisition time, the theoretical signal is calculated using thin films theory and then slightly modified adding a Gaussian noise with standard deviation  Transmittance = 0.
006 corresponding to the noise level measured at 600 nm on the monochromatic optical system developed in our facility  [16]. Then, when a predetermined trigger value (POEM) or a turning point (TPM) is obtained, the virtual deposition process determines the corresponding thickness. At layer achievement, the thickness of first layer which may differ from the theoretical value is recorded in Virtual Deposition Process and used for the following calculation. The transmitted signal simulating the deposition of the second layer is calculated using this thickness value, and then the Gaussian noise is added to the theoretical signal as previously explained. In these new conditions and based on the expected signal of the initial structure, the software dynamically determines the stopping time of layer number 2.
TPM was calculated using the method presented in  [18]. At each acquisition, the stopping time is evaluated using an a priori information, the second derivative of transmittance at the turning point and a fitting parameter that minimizes a linear fit of the derivative of transmittance versus time on the 10 last evaluated points. The simulation of monitoring is only active inside a range of thickness of ± 10 nm centered on the nominal thickness. Imposing such boundaries is quite usual on TPM systems to prevent false stops. TPM should be avoided for layers where signal dynamics is weak as it could lead to inaccurate and inconsistent stopping time. The Virtual Deposition Process software allows simulating a quartz microbalance system monitoring for these specific layers with a Gaussian distribution of thickness.
The quartz standard deviation is chosen to  thickness = 2 nm. Finally, for the calculation of the best POEM wavelength, or the best set of wavelengths if required, we developed a specific module on the Virtual Deposition Process software that allows determining them by minimizing several constraints including cumulative effect of thickness errors, a minimal amplitude of the signal variation inside a layer and a minimum distance between the trigger point and the next turning point  [19]. The choice between all the wavelengths following these constraints is made by the optimization of a merit function defined by the sum of all the signal derivative (or dynamics) at the end of each layer [19].
In conclusion, TPM strategy allows achieving high accuracy close to the bandpass region but results in large discrepancies far from these regions (as shown by the unacceptable large dispersion values of the four spectral parameters λ min1 , λ min2 , λ a and λ b ). We then analyzed the result of a single cavity Fabry-Perot filter when using POEM strategy. In order to achieve best result for production, the proper choice of the monitoring wavelength is critical. Optimal wavelength for a monochromatic POEM strategy, respecting various constraints and maximizing a merit function as described in section 2. 1, was calculated by the Virtual Deposition Process dedicated module to be 493 nm. However, it can be shown that when using single monitoring wavelength, the stopping criteria of the last two layers are critically approaching a TPM, making single wavelength POEM strategy a nonoptimal technique.
Coalescence is the rupture of a film between two adjacent bubbles in any type of liquid foam and has pronounced influence on the development of its macrostructure after solidification, mostly leading to larger pores and a wider size distribution. Foamable AlSi6Cu4 + 0. 5 wt % TiH 2 precursors made following the powder metallurgical route were foamed in a gas-tight X-ray transparent furnace under 500 kPa (5 bar) pressure with subsequent pressure release. Coalescence was investigated by fast X-ray radioscopy at a frame rate of 1250 Hz and an effective pixel size of 9 µm at the beamline ID-19, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France. A self-developed program yielded the temporal and spatial detection of coalescence events in the acquired radioscopies. We observed the occurrence of film ruptures in a short temporal and spatial distance and we will refer to these phenomena as "avalanches".
Coalescence Detection in Radioscopies To analyze coalescences, it is crucial to measure their spatial and temporal occurrence. In recent years, programs have been developed to detect film ruptures in evolving metal foams automatically  [17, 22]. They are suitable for frame rates around 1 Hz. Unfortunately, they are not useful for radioscopies with higher frame rates, since the applied frame rate of the radioscopies lies in the same temporal range as the rupture of a film. As the process of a single rupture would exist across several frames, current software solutions record the resulting rupture as a series of several independent ruptures at the same locus. A self-written program in Python simplifies the temporal and spatial detection of coalescences in evolving metal foams by calculating intensity (grey scale value) different images between two subsequent images, allowing one to identify single rupture events over several images.
Acknowledgments: We thank  Jörg Weise  and  Marco Haesche  from  IFAM Bremen  for the thixocast samples. Research is supported by the  European Space Agency ESA  (MAP grant number  AO-99-075 : C14308/00/NL/SH ) and  German Research Foundation DFG  (grants number  BA 1170/35-1  and  GA 1304/5-1 ) Acknowledgments: We thank  Jörg Weise  and  Marco Haesche  from  IFAM Bremen  for the thixocast samples. Research is supported by the  European Space Agency ESA  (MAP grant number  AO-99-075 : C14308/00/NL/SH ) and  German Research Foundation DFG  (grants number  BA 1170/35-1  and  GA 1304/5-1 ). Author Contributions:  Francisco García-Moreno  conceived and designed the experiments;  Francisco García-Moreno  and Alexander Rack performed the experiments;  Marlen Paeplow  and  Aaron Joseph Meagher  analyzed the data;  Marlen Paeplow ,  Francisco García-Moreno , and  John Banhart  wrote the paper.
Concluding remarks The first test experiment of the TOF-MIEZE technique with a VCN beam was performed at the PF2 at ILL towards a high-resolution spectrometer. We observed a TOF-MIEZE signal with an effective frequency of 50 kHz for a wavelength band of 4-6 nm. The maximum Fourier time was estimated to be 70 ns for the direct beam without a sample. With proper data accumulation, the TOF-MIEZE signals were reproduced from the raw data in which each time channel has insufficient event statistics. Fine binning of time channels is required to observe a high-frequency MIEZE signal and the fine binning involves low statistics in each time bin even with an intense pulsed neutron source. The present study indicates the need for this type of data processing in future TOF-MIEZE measurements. The TOF-MIEZE technique can offer an optimized wavelength accumulation range for the required resolution of momentum transfer, ∆Q/Q, because the TOF resolution to define Q-value required in most NSE experiments are larger than multiple periods of MIEZE signal with practical frequencies ( 10 kHz).
Acknowledgment The authors are grateful to  T. Brenner  at  PF2  of  ILL  for his technical support. This work was supported by  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI  Grant Nos. JP23360428  and  JP15K13405. Certain device developments were supported by the program of  Development of System and Technology for Advanced Measurement Analysis (SENTAN) ,  JST , and the  Neutron Scattering Program Advisory Committee of IMSS, KEK  (Proposal Nos. 2009S07  and  2014S07 ). T. O. acknowledges the financial support by  Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows. H. F. is supported by the  Austrian Science Fund FWF  under the Doctoral Program W1252-N27 Particles and Interactions and under grant  P26781-N20.
Here, we illustrate the usefulness and accuracy of BIS2Analyzer on other proteins (see Table  1  for their characteristics), coming from either species or viral populations. We highlight predictions of direct correlations between pairs of residues or of networks of residues, within and between proteins. These residues need not be in physical proximity within crystallographic structures, but may come close to each other upon conformational changes taking place along the life of the protein. Therefore, BIS 2 aims at finding signals that are possibly different than direct contacts, in contrast to many existing co-evolution analysis methods, especially designed to predict 3D contacts. Finally, we suggest a new computational strategy to analyze large datasets of diverged sequences with BIS2Analyzer.
Details on the input data BIS2Analyzer accepts as input a MSA in FASTA format, either copy-pasted or uploaded as a file. Sequences must contain only upper case characters, dashes and dots. There is no restriction for sequence names. Once the job is submitted, based on a randomly generated jobID, a web link is provided allowing the user to access the data at a later time. Optionally, an e-mail address can be provided; job queuing, beginning and completion are notified. The mail reports a mnemonic jobname chosen by the user or generated otherwise.
We adopted the same scoring scheme as for PSIBLAST, namely, we use BLOSUM62 matrix for match-mismatch scores and assign penalties of -11 and -1 to gap opening and gap extension, respectively. A match/mismatch between nonstandard amino acids is scored with 1 for a match and -4 for a mismatch. Gaps at the beginning or at the end of the alignment are scored 0, so that the sequence provided can be much shorter or longer than the length of the MSA. Mapping on a reference structure (Figure  1C ) is done by providing a PDB file or PDB ID, possibly containing multiple chains. Chains can be enabled/disabled for display. A residue mapping on the MSA is done by retrieving the sequences of each chain of the PDB and by aligning each of them independently on the MSA consensus. An alignment score cut-off is set (at 0) and chains that align against the consensus of the MSA with a score lower than the cutoff are not considered.
Universitaire de France; French Governement Funds, at UPMC, for HPC resources ['Equip@Meso project -ANR-10-EQPX-29-01']; French Governement--Excellence Program 'Investissement d'Avenir' in Bioinformatics ['MAPPING project-ANR-11-BINF-0003']. Funding for open access charge: French Governement--Excellence Program 'Investissement d'Avenir' in Bioinformatics ['MAPPING project-ANR-11-BINF-0003']. Conflict of interest statement. None declared.
Institut Universitaire de France; French Governement Funds, at UPMC, for HPC resources ['Equip@Meso project -ANR-10-EQPX-29-01']; French Governement--Excellence Program 'Investissement d'Avenir' in Bioinformatics ['MAPPING project-ANR-11-BINF-0003']. Funding for open access charge: French Governement--Excellence Program 'Investissement d'Avenir' in Bioinformatics ['MAPPING project-ANR-11-BINF-0003']. Conflict of interest statement. None declared.
*ContactMap built a MSA of 73 sequences and 27% API for amyloid ␤ peptide and a dataset of 56 sequences and 40% API for B domain/protein A. All other methods are run on the MSA described in Table1, unless specified differently. a MSA for amyloid ␤ peptide: 919 sequences (NCBI PF03494 entry), 90% API; B domain/protein A: 11116 sequences (NCBI PF02216 entry), 74% API. b MSA for amyloid ␤ peptide: 273 sequences (Uniprot PF03494 entry), 87% API (PSICOV output is empty on this sequence set); B domain/protein A: 919 sequences (Uniprot PF02216 entry), 87% API.
The malicious insider threat is often listed as one of the most dangerous cloud threats. Considering this threat, the main difference between a cloud computing scenario and a traditional IT infrastructure, is that once perpetrated, it could damage other clients due to the multi-tenancy and virtual environment cloud features. One of the related challenges concerns the fact that this threat domain is highly dependent on human behavior characteristics as opposed to the more purely technical domains of network data generation. In this paper, we focus on the derivation and validation of the dataset for cloud-based malicious insider threat. Accordingly, we outline the design of synthetic data, while discussing cloud-based indicators, and socio-technical human factors. As a proof of concept, we test our model on an airline scheduling application provided by a flight operator, together with proposing realistic threat scenarios for its future detection.
Additionally, addressing malicious activities also presents challenges since they vary according to the cloud service model, CSC characteristics such as services used, job types and organizational hierarchy. All considerations described entail that it is sometimes preferable to proceed with synthetic data. This schema allows more extensible benchmarks as experiments are controllable and repeatable  (Ringberg et al. , 2008; Wright et al. , 2010) , even though synthetic data will only be realistic in a limited number of dimensions  (Brian et al. , 2014). Despite the significant dataset contributions  (Kholidy and Baiardi, 2012; Brian et al. , 2014)  in the insider threat domain, their ability to consider realistic cloud-based environments against current and evolving scenarios, is a practical concern.