dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The data Three experiments have provided these past 10 years DVCS data in the valence region which can lend themselves to a GPD interpretation. These are the Hall A and CLAS experiments from JLab (with a ≈ 6 GeV electron beam energy) and the HERMES experiment at DESY (with a ≈ 27 GeV electron or positron beam energy). The Hall A experiment measured the 4-fold beam-polarized and unpolarized differential cross sections d /dx B dQ 2 dtd, i. e. without any integration over an independent variable, as a function of (the angle between the leptonic and hadronic plane), for four -t values (0. 17, 0. 23, 0. 28 and 0. 33) at the average kinematics: < x B >= 0. 36 and < Q 2 >= 2. 3 GeV 2. The beam-polarized cross sections have also been measured at < Q 2 >= 1. 5 GeV 2 and < Q 2 >= 1. 9 GeV 2. The particular shape in of the unpolarized cross section (red curve in the upper panels of Fig.
2 ) is due to the Bethe-Heitler (BH) process. Indeed, the ep → ep reaction is not purely made of the DVCS process. The latter is accompanied by the BH process, in which the final state photon is radiated by the incoming or scattered electron and not by the nucleon itself. It therefore doesn't really contain any new information on the nucleon structure and the GPDs. It is however rather precisely calculable. In Fig. 2 , the difference between the red curve and the data is the contribution of the DVCS process and therefore of the GPDs. The CLAS collaboration uses a large acceptance spectrometer and has measured the Beam Spin Asymmetry (BSA) of the DVCS process over a broad phase space. Pioneering measurements of the longitudinally polarized target asymmetries (lTSA) have also been published by the CLAS collaboration.
6 ns coincidence timing peak. The fraction of random events increased from 1% at the lowest missing momentum measurement to 9% at the highest. The other cuts on the (e, e p) data were the nominal HRS phase-space cuts on momentum (|∆p/p| ≤ 0. 045) and angles (±60 mrad vertical, ±30 mrad horizontal). To reduce the random-coincidence background, a cut on the target-reconstructed vertex ensured that both the electron and the proton emerged from the same place within ±3 cm. The ∆(1232) excitation was excluded by a cut on the quasi elastic (e, e p) peak, as in Ref. [12]. For highly correlated pairs, the missing momentum of the A(e, e p) reaction is expected to be balanced almost entirely by a single recoiling nucleon. A large acceptance spectrometer (BigBite) followed by a neutron detector (HAND) with a matching solid angle was used to detect correlated recoiling protons or neutrons.
Method Simulations were performed using a new type of GCM, the Generic LMDZ, specifically developed for exoplanet and paleoclimate studies  (Wordsworth et al. , 2011 (Wordsworth et al. , , 2013;; Forget et al. , 2013; Leconte et al. , 2013; Charnay et al. , 2013). The radiative scheme was based on the correlated-k model, with the absorption data calculated directly from high resolution spectra computed by a line-by-line model from the HITRAN 2008 database  (Rothman et al. , 2009). Rayleigh scattering by N 2 is included, using the method described in  Hansen and Travis (1974) , and using the  Toon et al. (1989)  scheme to compute the radiative transfer. The N 2 -N 2 continuum from the HITRAN database, fundamental for this study, was included. We used 16 spectral bands in the thermal infrared and 18 at solar wavelengths.
Results and Discussion The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between genetic divergence and compatibility among wPip strains, motivated by our recent work showing a monophyletic origin of wPip strains and their organization into five genetic groups  [21]. We examined a large dataset of crosses between Cx. pipiens isofemale lines from different geographic origins, infected either with strains from the same wPip group (IntrawPip crosses) or with strains from different wPip groups (InterwPip crosses). All Wolbachia strains were unambiguously assigned to one wPip group using the PCR/RFLP assay on the two ankyrin-domain genes, ank2 and pk1 described in Dumas et al. [22]  (see Methods). We analyzed crosses of 72 isofemale lines infected with wPip strains from various groups and collected in 18 countries: 35 wPip-I from ten countries (Benin, Tunisia, Philippines, Greece, France [metropolitan, Reunion and Mayotte islands], Spain, Lebanon and Mauritius), four wPip-II from three countries (Australia, France and Cyprus), six wPip-III from three countries (California, New Mexico and France), 24 wPip-IV from five countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Italy and China) and three wPip-V from two countries (China and Philippines) (Table  S1  in File S1).
wPip groups globally displayed fewer resc than mod abilities, wPip-II being an extreme case with a single resc and all different mod abilities. Theory predicts that the evolution of mod functions should be more constrained by selection than the evolution of resc functions  [46]. Indeed, changing a resc function is counter-selected because it renders the mutant unable to ensure its transmission. On the contrary, changing a mod function only makes infected males incompatible with resident strains, which is neutral in a panmictic population because males do not transmit the infection. Consistent with this view, we observed a larger polymorphism of the mod than the resc function in the data set. The 4RCTs were not randomly distributed between the wPip groups (Fisher's exact test, P,0. 001): ten 4RCTs were specific to a single group (for example 4RCTs I and XI are specific to wPip-I and wPip-IV, respectively), while four 4RCTs were shared by several groups, such as the 4RCT V shared by wPip-I, wPip-II and wPip-V.
Conclusion In this study, we show a clear correlation between genetic divergence of Wolbachia strains infecting Cx. pipiens mosquitos and crossing relationships: crosses within same genetic groups were mostly compatible and showed no bi-directional CI. Future investigations using theoretical models like parsimony inference models  [18, 19]  should help addressing how mod and resc determinants in each wPip group may interplay to explain the observed phenotypes. This is a critical issue for the development of new control strategies of arthropod disease-vector and pest populations, for which Wolbachia are now considered as promising tools  [51]. The large database of CI relationships in the Cx. pipiens complex described here should help identifying candidate genes responsible for CI properties by testing their correlation with distinct mod and resc abilities groups.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Luc Darmé  for discussions and comments on the manuscript. We like to thank the CERN theory unit where part of this work was done. Y. O. would like to thank  Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies and Ecole Normale Supérieure , snd G. P. the  University of Tel Aviv , for their hospitality. This work is supported in part by the  Israeli Science Foundation Center of Excellence , and by the  I-CORE program of Planning and Budgeting Committee  and the  Israel Science Foundation  (grant number  1937/12 ) and in part by  French  state funds managed by the  ANR   Within the Investissements d'Avenir programme  under reference  ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge financial support from the  Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales  through the project  SHYRO  ( Action R & T-R-S10/LN-0001-004/DA:10076201 ) and from the  Région de Franche-Comté. They also acknowledge financial support from the  European Research Council  through the project  NextPhase  ( ERC StG 278616 ).
Acknowledgments The CUORE Collaboration thanks the directors and staff of the  Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso  and the tech-nical staff of our laboratories. This work was supported by the  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; the Director,  Office of Science, of the U. S. Department of Energy  under Contract Nos. DE-AC02-05CH11231  and  DE-AC52-07NA27344 ; the  DOE Office of Nuclear Physics  under Contract Nos. DE-FG02-08ER41551  and  DE-FG03-00ER41138 ; the  National Science Foundation  under Grant Nos. NSF-PHY-0605119 ,  NSF-PHY-0500337 ,  NSF-PHY-0855314 ,  NSF-PHY-0902171 , and  NSF-PHY-0969852 ; the  Alfred P. Sloan Foundation ; the  University of Wisconsin Foundation ; and  Yale University. This work was partially supported by  ERC  ( FP7/20072013 ) under project  Lucifer , grant agreement n.
Chemical measurements "POC and PON analyses have been previously described in  Rembauville et al. (2014). " POC and PON data have already been presented in the companion paper and there-C7898 fore shouldn t be presented as part of the results of this manuscript. The abstract should also be corrected accordingly. 2. 3 Diatom identification, fluxes and biomass ". thereby facilitating the observation of diatom frustules. " The word "frustules" should be replaced by "valves". "Diatom enumeration and identification was made from one quarter to one half of the counting chamber (depending on cell abundance) following the taxonomic description in  Hasle and Syvertsen (1997). " How many diatoms per sample were counted? 300? 400? Why was this number chosen? With the magnification used in this study (especially with x200) it can be quite hard to differentiate an empty complete frustule (i.
Permission was granted from both the MOHE and the deans of the business schools/faculties to administer the survey to MBA students during class sessions. Students were briefed and questionnaires distributed during break time or shortly after class commencement. As an MBA is generally associated with business schools  (Antunes & Thomas, 2007) , core MBA modules were targeted in the four schools to maximize participation and response since most of these schools offered similar programs. Data was collected over a 3-month period. The total samples for all four schools are 558. This includes 261 male and 292 female respondents (plus five other missing answers to the gender question), which comprised 261 from School A; 137 from School B, 85 from School C and 75 from School D. The distributions are in line with the MBA population of each school.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the  European Research Council  ( StG 203239 NOMAD ),  Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca  ( 2009 SGR 695 ),  Spanish MINECO  (Grants No. MAT2009-10040 , No. MAT2010-15659 , and No. MAT2012-31309 ),  Gobierno de Aragón  (Grant No. E81 ),  Fondo Social Europeo , and the  Swiss Competence Centre for Materials Science and Technology (CCMX). The computer resources used at the cluster "Memento" within the  National Center of Supercomputation , Project No. QCM-2013-2-0031 , and assistance provided by  A. Giner  and  G. Losilla  of the BIFI at the  University of Zaragoza  are thankfully acknowledged.
Statistical analysis of intra-annual (seasonal) patterns To control for temporal autocorrelation, we fitted an autoregressive time series model to the weekly female mosquito abundance data for each mosquito species, selecting the complexity with a model selection procedure based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). With the order of the autoregressive time series, we fitted an ARIMA model to each female mosquito abundance time series. We extracted the residuals of the ARIMA that were used as the response variable for the intra-annual models. The explanatory variables were mean, maximum and minimum temperature, tide height, mean and total rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, evapotranspiration and photoperiod (daylight hours). Given that a time lag operates for the effects of climatic variables on larval abundance (and therefore on adult mosquito abundance), it is important to use aggregated climatic variables to detect biological relationships  [40].
Accumulated tide variables were only analysed in relation to the salt-marsh mosquitoes Ochlerotatus caspius and Oc. detritus, two species that use larval habitats that depend on tidal patterns. Given that the photoperiod is an important variable with a close collinearity to temperature, we performed a GLMM analysis for all species that only included photoperiod. For Cx. theileri, Cx. modestus and An. atroparvus we only used data from Palacio since in the two other localities these species were absent or only present in very low numbers. To model relationships between female mosquito abundance (residuals of the temporal autocorrelation model) and climatic covariates we performed a GLMM with Gaussian error. We fitted the models by pseudo-likelihood  [43]  and the minimal models were chosen using AICs for each variables and a forward stepwise model selection procedure  [44].
Statistical analysis of inter-annual patterns The effects of environmental variables on the estimates of annual average female mosquito abundances (2003-2012) in the commonest captured species were analyzed using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs). Given that the count data presented a significant overdispersion, the model was fitted using a negative binomial distributed error and a logarithm link  [45]. The average number of  female mosquitoes was used as the response variable for each of the seven commonest species. The explanatory variables were as follows: average annual maximum temperature, annual mean temperature, average annual minimum temperature, annual rainfall and winter rainfall. Winter rainfall was calculated as the accumulated rainfall between September (week 40) and March of the following year (week 10).
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Juani Moreno  and  Antonio Magallanes  from the  Mosquito Control Service, Huelva, Spain , as well as  Esmeralda Perez Morueta ,  Isidro Román  and  Pilar Bayon  from the  Estación Biológica de Doñana, Seville, Spain , for their help and technical support. This work was partially supported by projects  P07-RNM-02511 ,  RNM118  and  RNM157  of the  Junta de Andalucía ,  Plan Nacional  of the  Spanish Ministry of Science  ( CGL2009-11445 ), and the  European Commission   EDEN FP6 ,  EuroWestnile EU  grant  HEALTH. 2010. 2. 3. 3-3Project 261391  and EDENext  FP7  project.
Introduction Logics and automata for unordered trees were studied in the last twenty years mostly for querying XML documents  [12, 3, 18]  and more recently for querying NOSQL databases  [1]. They were already studied earlier, for modeling feature structures in computational linguistics  [15]  and records in programming languages  [16, 9, 10]. In this paper, we shall consider unordered unranked data trees whose edges are labeled with strings over a finite alphabet, so that there are infinitely many such data values. For instance, we can consider a directory of a Linux file system as an unordered tree (when ignoring symbolic links and multiple hard links to files) given in JSON (the JavaScript Object Notation  [11] ), as for instance in Figure  1. This is a recent language-independent format for nested key-value stores, which already found much interest in Web browsers and for NOSQL databases such IBM's JAQL  [2].
A second notion of horizontal determinism can be obtained by imposing a fixed order on the horizontal evaluation, globally for all automata in the class. Depending on the choice of the order, we obtain different classes of automata but all of them have the same expressiveness, which is that of CMSO. We show that this leads to polynomial time membership, emptiness, universality, emptiness of binary intersections, equivalence, and inclusion problems. Outline In Section 2, we recall the notions of automata for ranked ordered trees, unordered data trees, and Presburger formulae. In Section 3, we introduce a general framework for defining classes of bottom-up automata for unordered trees. In Section 4, we instantiate our framework for introducing alternating Presburger tree automata, In Section 5, we discuss alternating tree automata with horizontal rewriting, and in Section 6 the restriction to confluent rewriting.
Back Close Full cumulation dataset is available in Adélie Land and long-term stake measurements are still performed along a 150 km stake line  (Agosta et al. , 2012)  and in erosion areas  (Favier et al. , 2011; Genthon et al. , 2007). These data give access to the annual SMB in the area. Several meteorological campaigns including aeolian snow transport measurements have already been performed in Adélie Land with mechanical traps  (Garcia, 1960; Lorius, 1962; Madigan, 1929)  or optical particle counter sensors  (Wendler, 1989). However, none of the measurements in Adélie Land or elsewhere in Antarctica fulfils all the requirements for an in-depth evaluation of regional climate models. A new aeolian snow transport observation campaign, started in 2009, was designed to optimally evaluate models to the extent possible considering logistical difficulties and limitations  (Trouvilliez et al.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  L. Di Pietro  and  Z. Komargodski  for constructive comments on a first draft of this paper. We are also grateful to  C. Closset ,  S. Cremonesi ,  J. Gomis ,  M. Porrati  and  P. West  for interesting discussions. B. A. and D. M. are supported by the  ERC Starting  Grant  N. 304806 , "The  Gauge/Gravity Duality and Geometry in String Theory ". D. C. is supported by an  European   Commission Marie Curie Fellowship  under the contract  PIEF-GA-2013-627243. D. C. acknowledges previous support by the  STFC  grant  ST/J002798/1  while he was a  Research Associate at King's College London , where part of this work was done. D. C. would like to thank  CERN , and also the  CERN-Korea Theory Collaboration  funded by  National Research Foundation (Korea) , for hospitality and support during the.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by Grants provided by the  Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Tunisia)  and the  Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA, France). MK is supported by  Iraq government doctoral BioMed Research International  fellowship. Authors would like to thank  Teddy Castillo  for his contribution for assessing the dynamic of Pi transport and  Sandrine Chay  for helping with Zn content measurement.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge valuable discussions with  Atish Dabholkar ,  Jan de Boer ,  Bernard de Wit ,  Jan Manschot ,  Thomas Mohaupt ,  Sameer Murthy ,  Nicolas Orantin ,  Alvaro Osorio ,  Sara Pasquetti ,  Jan Troost  and  Marcel Vonk. The work of G. L. C. and M. C. is partially supported by the  Center for Mathematical Analysis, Geometry and Dynamical Systems (IST/Portugal) , a unit of the  LARSyS laboratory , as well as by  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT/Portugal)  through grants  CERN/FP/116386/2010  and  PTDC/MAT/119689/2010  and  EXCL/MAT-GEO/0222/2012. R. J. gratefully acknowledges the support of the  Gulbenkian Foundation  through the  scholarship program  Programa Talentos em Matemática 2011-12. M. C. is also supported by the by  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT/Portugal)  via the  Ciência2008 program.
Background and Objectives: The global architecture for providing development assistance for health (DAH) has become increasing complex in the last decade, with many new funding agencies entering the health sector. This study presents a detailed picture of European Union (EU) and EU member state originating DAH between 2006 and 2009; with a specific focus on assessing the extent of complementarity of development assistance sourced from the EU. Design: We use a combination of internal EU reporting systems, OECD-DAC creditor reporting system data and other data sources to estimate DAH flows. Our method uses a line by line project assessment in order to identify and categorise DAH flows. Results and conclusions: Our findings show a complex picture of DAH flows Á from source, to channel of assistance, to channel of implementation Á that is hard to track at the global level, and rarely comprehensively and regularly tracked at the country level.
Data sources The data for this study was obtained from a variety of different sources. We used internal financial reporting systems to estimate the amount of aid sourced and channelled by the EU. We were provided with a raw dataset of all EU projects. In addition we had direct access to internal project management records, financial systems and documents: the CRIS system Á Common External Relations Information System of the European Commission. For non-EU expenditures we used primarily used the OECD-DAC creditor reporting system (OECD-CRS). There have been concerns about the comprehensiveness of reporting by the various aid agencies reporting to OECD-CRS. In order to check the completeness of the OECD-CRS system, we compared the total amounts reported by the DAC annual aggregates database to the amounts in the OECD-CRS (coverage ratio).
This comparison (and some further checks with bilateral sources) revealed that bilateral reporting was sufficiently comprehensive during the period 2006Á9. For MLs, our initial review of the OECD dataset revealed some gaps Á and therefore in some cases we used other sources of development assistance reporting. For the health sector we accessed the dataset on the subject produced by the IHME (1). We included IHME data for those MLs who did not report any data to OECD-CRS (Asian Development Bank, Pan-American Health Organisation). IHME also provides estimates of aid from US based NGOs and these were also included in our dataset. For non-OECD-DAC members we sourced our data primarily from the AidData database. 1 This database tracks expenditure by scanning project tenders. It does not capture all non-OECD aid flows, most notably development assistance from China.
While we identified some data sources on aid from China (e. g. the China statistical yearbook), these could not be validated and were therefore excluded from our estimates. We also included some data on European NGO expenditure. We were not able to find one comprehensive source for European development NGOs, so we therefore limited our work in this area to an 'NGO scoping exercise'. We drew up a list of 30 NGOs in each sector across the EU Member States, consulting/contacting NGO funding bodies and a variety of development professionals from several member states. We then searched NGO websites and official publications to identify any health and education disbursements. A key challenge in reporting NGOs development assistance is double counting Á so where possible we excluded any financing reported by the channels of assistance in the OECD-CRS dataset.
For example, the OECD-DAC guidelines suggest that a project such as the 'construction of a tuberculosis clinic' should be coded under 'infectious disease control' rather than 'basic health service infrastructure'. The type of disease is therefore deemed more important than aspects such as construction or training, for instance. Finally, each project record includes a project title and a descriptive text, which provide additional details on the specific focus of project expenditure, which helps when classifying expenditure. Moreover, previous attempts to identify health and education sector development assistance have shown that there are high numbers of straightforward coding errors in the OECD-CRS database  (16). Taking into account the above issues, and our available time and resources, we took the following approach to clean and categorise the data from each data source to arrive at our final estimates for total DAH.