dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The supernatant was introduced into vials for GC analysis. The total lipid quota was determined from the sum of the areas of all peaks detected, translated into a concentration based on the ratio of the area to the known quantity of C15:0 introduced using internal standard addition. Uncertainty regarding the lipid content in the biomass was based on the standard deviation of replicates. When no replicate was available, a 11% relative error was assumed, based on the spread of the relative deviation observed from data with replicates.
Biomass Productivity Status Biomass photosynthetic productivity was measured by oximetry using the OX1LP-6 (Qubit™, Kingston, Ontario, Canada) set-up, maintained at 25 • C by a recirculatory water bath (Haake SC100-A10, Thermo Fisher Scientific™, Waltham, MA, USA). The culture sample was diluted in fresh medium to obtain a test solution of optical density approx. 0. 2-0. 3 (spectrophotometer Epoch 2, Biotek™, Winooski, VT, USA). The test solution was degassed by bubbling N 2 gas for approx. 30 s, and immediately introduced into the OX1LP-6 cell. The cells were kept in the dark for 10 min, also enabling the temperature in the tested volume to equilibrate at 25 • C ± 1 • C. The light intensity was set at 100 µmol•m -2 •s -1 in the constructor software. At time 0, data logging was started, to record dissolved-oxygen concentration variations during 10 min cycles, alternating 5 min in the dark and 5 min under light conditions.
(The first 5 min of the data logging were obtained in the dark. ) Three cycles were performed for each sample. The biomass rates of oxygen production and of respiration were computed by linear regression of the oxygen-concentration variation against time, under light and in the dark, respectively. Biomass photosynthetic-oxygen-productivity was computed as the average of the three rates of oxygen production, each being compensated by the respiration rate recorded in the same cycle (i. e. , during the dark phase and immediately prior to the illumination phase). Error regarding biomass photosynthetic-oxygen-productivity was computed as the standard deviation of the replicate obtained for each sample. The biomass O 2-productivity was analyzed in light of the light intensity received by the biomass.
Microtoxicity tests for determination of byproducts toxicity During the degradation of acetaminophen, many byproducts could be formed  77. In order to confirm or not the toxicity of these compounds, a bioluminescence toxicity study was carried out. This study is based on the measurements of the luminescence effect of marine bacteria. The bacteria used in this method was the strain Vibrio fischeri LCK 487. All measurements were conducted using Microtox® Model 500 Analyzer (Modern Water Inc. ; United Kingdom) coupled with MicrotoxOmni® software. First, the bacteria reconstitution was performed by adding 5mL of the reagent diluents at 5°C. Then 200 µL of the solution was transferred to the cuvettes, and the reagent was stabilized at 15°C for 15 min. In order to enhance the activity of Vibrio Fisheri bacteria, the samples were diluted at 81.
Acknowledgments This study was financially supported by the  French National Agency (ANR , program  MeNiNA - ANR-17-CE09-0049 ). The authors thank  Bruno Navarra  ( CNRS-IEM ) for his technical assistance on ALD. The authors would also like to acknowledge  Valérie Flaud  ( ICGM, France ) for XPS technical support. I. I. acknowledges the partial financial support from the  National Science Centre (NCN)  of Poland by the  SONATA-BIS  grant  2020/38/E/ST5/00176. 1.
Acknowledgements The  European Research Council (ERC , to GB, Contract No. 714102 ) as well as the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  ( Marie Skłodowska Curie Grant  No. 897555  to MS) are gratefully acknowledged for funding. PR-M thanks the  University of Oxford  for a  Glasstone Research Fellowship and Linacre College Oxford for a Junior Research Fellowship. The  University of Oxford Santander/Oxford Travel Awards  is gratefully acknowledged for supporting JG's research stay at the  University of Uppsala. The authors would also like to express their gratitude to  Dr James Birrell  for critical reading of the manuscript.
Computational Methods DFT calculations were performed, including spin-polarization, with the VASP package  36  using the PAW method  37  and the PBE  38  GGA exchange-correlation functional. The plane-wave energy cutoff was 520 eV, Fermi-Dirac smearing with kT = 0. 05 eV was set, and the D3(BJ) method  39  was used to account for dispersion interaction. The PBE functional has been shown to provide an accurate description of the electronic properties of IrO 2  40, 41  , with the density of states of bulk IrO 2 obtained from our calculations in good agreement, see Supplementary Information (SI) Figure  S1. Also the computed tetragonal lattice constants of the relaxed IrO 2 rutile structure (comp. : a = 4. 515 Å and c = 3. 182 Å) agree within less than 1% with experimental values  42  (exp. : a = 4.
505 Å and c = 3. 159 Å). Symmetric 5-layered IrO 2 (110) slabs were constructed from the relaxed bulk structure with the help of the pymatgen python package  43  , comprising the 2 × 1 surface cell of the (110) orientation with 4 iridium atoms per layer. Slab calculations were performed with a Γ-centered (3 × 3 × 1) k-point mesh. Atomic positions of all systems were relaxed with a convergence threshold of 0. 01 eV Å -1 for the forces, keeping the innermost IrO 2 layer frozen. Periodic slab images were separated by a 20 Å-wide interspace region that was filled with implicit water described by the polarizable continuum model in the VASPsol implementation 44 with a dielectric constant ε r = 78. 4 and using a critical density parameter n c = 0. 0025 Å -3 to define the implicit solvent boundary.
The dataset proposed two long term tests to evaluate the impact of the current ripples of the fuel cell durability. To be able to compare both degradations, the first ageing test is performed under steady-state conditions at constant current. This time series could be used as the durability reference. While the second long-term test is dedicated to degradation under rippled current with high frequency triangular perturbations, similar to the load imposed by a power converter. Thus, the second time series considers the actual degradation that could appear on an embedded system. Both tests are running on two fresh proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks composed of 5-cells during around 10 0 0 h, to make degradation comparable. An in-lab test bench is used to monitor all the fluidic, thermal and electric parameters thanks to a National Instruments acquisition device and an in-lab designed Labview software.
Subject Energy Engineering and Power Technology Specific subject area Long-term ageing tests performed on two PEMFC stacks supplying constant DC current and rippled current based on 1kW-test bench Type of data Table How the data were acquired The datasets were acquired thanks to a 1kW in-lab test bench using National Instruments acquisition cards combined with a Labview software. The polarization curves were implemented on the software too. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) have been performed through an in-lab plug in impedancemeter also based on National Instruments acquisition cards and a Labview software. Data format Raw Description of data collection All the electric, fluidic and thermal parameters were recorded with an acquisition frequency of 1 Hz. The EIS frequency range is comprised between 50 mHz and 10 kHz.
Fuel cell 1: long-term test under steady state with a nominal current density of 0. 7A/cm 2 Fuel cell 2: long-term test with high frequency triangular current ripples ( ±10% of the nominal current density @ 5 kHz). Data source location • Institution: FEMTO-ST Institute / FCLAB / Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté Instructions for accessing these data: The dataset is store and registered on an OpenData portal named "DataOSU/Dat@UBFC"  [1]. Please follow the direct URL or the DOI and Click Data access button on the top right of the webpage.
Value of the Data • Two datasets are available with two kinds of long-term tests (10 0 0 h for each) performed on two fresh PEMFC stacks: constant current and rippled current ageing. Periodic characterizations are included in with polarization curves and EIS that are the two main techniques to study ad evaluate the degradation mechanisms of the PEMFCs. The degradation trends could be compared depending on the load profile. • Researchers in fuel cell durability fields can benefit from these data. Besides, the datasets can be used to validate some prognostics approaches and evaluate the robustness and the accuracy of such forecasting models. The datasets could be used to build an effective model that can predict the evolution of degrading indicators and estimating the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of the PEMFCs.
• These datasets could be used to study the fuel cell ageing phenomenon. Moreover, they could help to design a new ageing protocol with more dynamics to accelerate the ageing or to study the impact of the current ripples by using sinus or square current ripples instead of triangles. • The datasets could be reused for prediction way to determine or estimate the RUL as in the PHM Data Challenge 2014  [2] [3] [4]. In this challenge, participants could train their algorithm on the steady state time series or on the dynamic ones to forecast the end-oflife on the dedicated dataset but it is also possible to train the forecasting algorithm on the reference time series to estimate the remaining useful lifetime of the second ones. This is possible because it is the same stack, provide by the same manufacturer with the same specifications and coming from the same supply chain.
(a) Raw data There are three excel data files for the durability test dataset #1 which was recording during the test period. The dataset #1 files are named according to the experiment time: • "FC1_Ageing_part1. csv" recorded data from 0 to 497 h; • "FC1_Ageing_part2. csv" recorded data from 497 to 1046 h; • "FC1_Ageing_part3. csv" recorded data from 1046 to 1154 h. With an acquisition frequency of 1 Hz. Table  1  presents all the parameters gathered during the durability test; the explicit physical meaning of the parameters was introduced. The ageing time is recorded in the time column. The current is set and controlled by a TDI Dynaload active load. The inlet gas temperatures are set at 28 °C and 42 °C for Hydrogen and Air, respectively. The regulation is based on inlet values. The outlet temperature of the water cooling is considered the stack temperature and is maintained to 55 °C.
(c) Polarization curves The polarization curves are recorded in files named "FC1_Pola_Txxx. csv" were "xxx" is corresponding to the ageing time (i. e. , the polarization curve performed after 48 h of running is recorded in the file named "FC1_Pola_T048. csv"). It exists 8 polarization files. For the polarization files, only the 5-cell voltages, the stack voltage, the current and the current density are recorded. (2) Dataset #2 -Rippled current conditions "FC2_With_Ripples_Excel" fold is dedicated to the rippled current durability test including triangular current ripples at a frequency of 5kHz with a magnitude of ±10% of the DC current. This folder contains 34 excel format files.
(a) Raw Data There is two excel data files for the durability test dataset #2 which was recording during the test period. The dataset #1 files are named according to the experiment time: • "FC2_Ageing_part1. csv" recorded data from 0 to 505h; • "FC2_Ageing_part2. csv" recorded data from 505 to 1,020h; with an acquisition frequency of 1Hz. The parameters gathered during the durability test are the same as such recorded for the dataset #1 summed up in Table  1. The operating conditions are also the same.
Experimental Design, Materials and Methods (1) Experimental setup used (a) Test bench specifications The test bench ( Fig. 2  ) is designed for a 1 kW-PEMFC. All the fluidic, thermal and electrical parameters are monitored and recorded via National Instruments acquisition system. Thanks to the developed Labview software, the users can control and operate: • stack temperature; • air and hydrogen relative humidity rates; • inlet and outlet flows (of hydrogen, air, and cooling water); • inlet and outlet pressures (of hydrogen and air); • temperatures (of incoming and outlet hydrogen, air, and cooling water); • single cell and stack voltages; • current Table  2  gives the maximal operating ranges that could be achieved for each parameter, on this test bench. All these parameters can be monitored using an in-house interface developed with Labview.
The average groundwater persistence rate  43  (GPR), defined as the number of days during which soil was saturated with water, divided by the number of days in a year, was calculated (Fig. 4 ) based on the data of groundwater from both automatic and manual measurement within 1 year (May 2018-May 2019). GPR was equal to 100% at all soil depths > 120 cm. Groundwater depths varied between a minimum of less than 15 cm between June and September and a maximum of 175 cm at the end of the dry season (May). GPR was at least 99% in the 130-290 cm depth range where the highest concentrations of B. pseudomallei were measured.
BD measured along the soil profile varied substantially from soil surface to the depth of 290 cm. There was a strong negative correlation between B. pseudomallei counts and soil bulk density, indicating that B. pseudomallei occurred preferentially in parts of the soil that had a higher porosity (i. e. , void/solid ratio). Soil density dropped abruptly from values of about 1. 6 Mg m -3 to values of about 1. 3 Mg m -3 between 110 and 130 cm, which, quite strikingly, coincides with the depth where both B. pseudomallei dramatically increases and where the groundwater persistence rate reaches 100%. Additionally, we found a significant correlation between B. pseudomallei counts and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). Together with data of soil texture, bulk density and groundwater persistence rate, the correlation between B.
XRD measurements for random powder analysis were performed on the Bruker D2 diffractometer (Cu-Kα radiation, Brag Brentano theta/theta setup, 2°-80°) after crushing the total fraction in an agate mortar. X-ray diffraction measurements were made on the clay granulometric fraction (0-2 µm) from oriented samples for 6 selected samples (at 10, 30, 90, 170, 210 and 250 cm depth) and were performed using D8 Advance (www. bruker. com) diffractometers (Cu-Kα radiation, Brag Brentano theta/theta setup, 2°-30°). Diffraction patterns of powder samples were interpreted with reference to the ICDD database (PDF-2 TCM ) and COD databases using EVA software (Bruker). Exchangeable Ca 2+ (Ca_e), Mg 2+ (Mg_e), Na + (Na_e) and K + (K_e) concentrations of soil were estimated using the 1 N ammonium acetate method  78.
thailandensis is positive). No BTCV were found. Groundwater level monitoring and hydrodynamic properties of soil. Groundwater was monitored using a 210 cm deep piezometer installed in the field within less than 5 m of the location where the soil core has been collected. A water level pressure sensor (CTD-Diver datalogger), submerged at the base of the piezometer, was used to automatically record the pressure at 15-min intervals during one year, starting from early May 2018. Water levels were derived from these measurements after correcting the variations in atmospheric pressure using data from a barometric probe (Baro-Diver datalogger) installed next to the piezometer. Manual groundwater level measurements were also taken using this piezometer, monthly and bi-monthly during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively (Fig.
Data analysis. As some datasets were not normally distributed, a Spearman's rank-order correlation, also known as a non-parametric measure of rank correlation, was applied (XLSTAT Premium version 20. 1. 1. ) for all data analysis and test putative interactions between semi-quantitative estimates of B. pseudomallei in samples with measured soil properties. We conducted a Partial Least Square Regression (PLS-R) analysis using the natural logarithm of the semiquantitative colony forming unit (CFU) counts of B. pseudomallei, and physico-chemical parameters determined at all sampled soil depths along the 300-cm deep profile (XLSTAT Premium version 20. 1. 1. ). PLS-R is well-suited to the analysis of a dataset with few observations and many variables such as that corresponding to the 300-cm soil profile studied in this work.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge financial support from  French national grant CNRS/INSU EC2CO-Biohefect/Ecodyn//Dril/MicrobiEen (BurLuMic ) and the  IRD International Joint Laboratory LUSES. Essential support with microbiological analyses was provided by the  Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit (LOMWRU), Vientiane, Lao PDR , funded by the  Wellcome Trust  [Grant number  106698/Z/14/Z ]. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. The  Department of Agricultural Land Management (DALaM)  of the  Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Lao PDR  facilitated access to the field and provided invaluable support with soil analyses. IRD staff in Laos would like to sincerely thank  Mr Outhong Sengouthai , owner of the paddy field as well as village authorities to have permitted us to make field measurements in Ban Nabone.
Case study The preliminary study was conducted considering residential electricity and domestic hot water production by a photovoltaic-thermal system integrated with thermal and electrical storages. The hourly demand profiles with   [25]  daily average demands of 24. 6 kWh and 7. 5 kWh for electricity and thermal energy, respectively, were used. The study was conducted under meteorological conditions of Strasbourg, France. To this purpose, the dynamic system model was built into Matlab/Simulink environment and a multi-objective optimization with genetic algorithm was performed. The aim of the optimization was to find a Pareto optimal set of system designs to maximize selfconsumption and autonomy of the system over year with the minimum initial investment costs. The considered system is presented in Fig.
The inflation was not considered in the case study. The Matlab function called gamultiobj of the Global Optimization Toolbox was applied to create a set of optimal solutions in the space of decision variables on the Pareto front. The function uses a controlled, elitist genetic algorithm, which is a variant of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). The detailed description of the algorithm is presented by  Deb (2001)  in  [31]. Table  3  presents the selected decision variables to be optimized by minimizing the objective functions with NSGA-II optimization algorithm. The bounds of the variables were selected based on the previous research on the PVT collectors  [28]  and on the market availability of the components for residential buildings. Table  4  present the estimated prices of the system components used in the optimization.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the  NMBP-01-2016 Program  of the European Union's  Horizon 2020 Framework Program  under the grant agreement no. 720996  ( H-CCAT  project) and the  FWO  ( G0F2320N  and  G0D0518N ) for financial support. F. M. W. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG , grant number  WI 4721/3-1 ) and from the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  through  Momentum 2018 excellence grant. A. L. B. acknowledge the RFBR Grant # 19-32-60083  for funding XANES/EXAFS investigation. O. A. U. acknowledge the  President's Grant   MK-2554. 2019. 2 (Agreement No. 075-15-2019-1096 ) for travel support. We acknowledge the  European Synchrotron Radiation Facility  for providing the beamtime at  BM23  and  K.
The substitution of sulfur by selenium was also evaluated. The analysis of diffraction data allows the conclusion that the structures of the materials TMA 2 Sn 3 S 7 and TMA 2 Sn 3 Se 7 are identical. However, an increase in lattice was observed due to the larger size of the selenium comparing to sulfur. It is also possible to obtain the SnS-1 structure from tris-2-aminoethylamine  [144, 145]  or 1-(2-aminoethyl) piperidine  [145] , thus showing the flexibility of this structure to accommodate different molecules into their interlayer space. Qi et al. [146]  continued to study the ion-exchange properties of SnS-1. After exchanging with Cs þ or Sr 2+ , the material maintains its crystalline structure. Switching to selenium-based materials, Han et al. [147] obtained 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional materials with the Sn 3 Se 4 semicube cluster, using the alcohol C 2 H 5 OH as a solvent.
Hydrogen production efficiency is 74% for SMR, 64% for ammonia production and about 67% for methanol. When renewable energy sources are used for fuel production in the future, they will be able to achieve 100% energy efficiency, which will greatly increase their competitiveness compared to natural gas. In the liquefaction step, methanol and ammonia are liquid after production, so only hydrogen and natural gas are considered in this stage. The liquefaction system is assessed in terms of coefficient of performance (COP) in this study. Table  6  summarizes the findings. When the exergy efficiency is 40%, the COP of the hydrogen liquefaction system is 0. 131 lower than 0. 336 of natural gas, which prove that more energy is needed to liquefy hydrogen. According to the data from Fig. 2 (c ) and (d), it is clear that liquefaction requires a lot of energy, for hydrogen it takes about 30 MJ/kg to liquefy from room temperature to boiling point, this is close to the values previously reported in the literature  ( Aasadnia and Mehrpooya, 2018 ).
Acknowledgements This work received funding from the  French National Research Agency (Labex ARCANE ,  CBH-EUR-GS ,  ANR-17-EURE-0003 ), the  European Research Council and European Commission 's  Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement no. 306398  (project  PhotocatH 2 ode ), the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program  under grant agreement no. 765376  (eSCALED  Marie Curie ITN  project). C-B. L. acknowledges support from the  Chinese Scientic Council  for a post-doctoral scholarship.
The images were collected with an acceleration voltage of 30 kV. The amount of copper incorporated in the framework was determined by iCE 3000 series atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) by digesting the catalyst in aqua regia and hydrofluoric acid (HF) solutions (more details in SI). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were carried out on an Versaprobe electron spectrometer (ULVAC-PHI) with base vacuum in the analysis chamber in the order of 10 -8 Pa. The samples are irradiated with monochromatized Al Kα radiation with photon energy of 1486. 6 eV. The resolution measured by the FWHM of Ag 3d5/2 line is 0. 6 eV for the setting used during acquisitions. Energy calibration was performed on the C 1s line of adventitious carbon at 284. 8 eV. CasaXPS is used for data treatment Advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was carried out on an aberration probe, and image corrected JEM ARM200F cold FEG microscope operated at 200 kV equipped with a CENTURIO EDX detector and GIF Quantum spectrometer.