dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The majority of participants belonged to the Gourmantché ethnic group, and only a few of the participants were Pulaar. When analyzing the results, no distinction was made between these two ethnicities, as very few data were obtained from Pulaar participants. Systematic focus groups were held in all of the villages belonging to the intervention group. Sixteen villages received cash transfers, and focus groups were held in eight of these villages every other month, from July to November 2013 and July to November 2014, corresponding to the cash transfer periods. Hence, at least two focus groups were carried out each year in each village benefiting from the transfers. In parallel, individual interviews were conducted in the intervention and control villages to obtain a more detailed understanding of the cash utilization and any unexpected and/or negative aspects associated with these transfers.
Focus groups and individual interviews Qualitative data were collected monthly during the cash transfer periods via focus group discussions and individual interviews conducted by two interviewers (one male and one female) each year, who were employed full time by the study. All interviewers were Gourmantché from  The numbers in parentheses represent the number of focus groups held by type of participants and per year the Eastern region of Burkina Faso, had at least completed the final year of high school, and had at least one year of professional experience conducting focus groups. During the second year of the project, one interviewer had a master's degree in sociology and had received a formal education in qualitative data collection. For both years of the study, the interviewers were trained for one week by skilled sociologists in qualitative data collection methods, and particularly in techniques used to conduct focus group discussions and individual interviews.
Data coding and analyses After participants gave verbal consent, the discussions were recorded, transcribed, and translated into French by a third person skilled in sociology. Due to the high illiteracy rate among women in this rural community, transcripts were not returned to them for comments. Observations made during the interviews were also reported by the interviewers and summarized in written documents. Data obtained from the focus groups and the individual interviews were coded using N-Vivo software (QSR internationalversion 10) and a written codebook. The coding was performed by combining a deductive approach based on pathways corresponding to the interview guide and the theoretical framework of action of cash transfers, and an inductive approach using an iterative method to integrate emerging pathways (open coding).
This enabled us to identify new factors of interest and perceived effects of the cash transfer. Specific attributes of the focus groups and individual interviews were also entered into the N-Vivo software program, such as the socioeconomic group that the participants belonged to (very poor versus poor, according to the Household Economy Approach  [9] ), marital status, and the type of interviewee. Medium, n(%) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0,1) A content data analysis was performed to analyze the results  [13]. Summary reports from the two years of data collection were written up based on the identified themes and pathways. The qualitative findings were organized around the main themes described above. Data are presented for all factors of interests, and related quotes are shown in Additional file 2: Tables  S1-S3.
Quantification of expenses All mothers in the intervention group were asked three times over the course of the two year project (during the quantitative data collection) how they spent the cash they received and how much they spent. These data were collected at different points during the project: 1/from December 2013 to March 2014, after the first five months of the cash transfer program; 2/from June 2014 to September 2014, during the second round of cash transfers; and 3/from October 2014 to January 2015, corresponding to the end of the second year of the cash transfer program. The interviewers used a questionnaire with seven yes-or-no questions, such as "Did you use the money you received from ACF to buy food for your household?" or "Did you use the money you received from ACF to invest in an income-generating activity?" When participants answered "yes" to a question, they were asked to state the approximate amount spent on this specific activity, using a proportional piling method.
From a methodological aspect, the semi-structured questionnaire ensured that accurate information was obtained, while leaving the interviewers and participants free to express their ideas. Desirability bias could be a limitation of the study. However, the significant number of focus groups and individual interviews that were carried out led to saturation: what participants stated in one focus group was generally corroborated by the following one, which suggests that the reported statements were of high quality. Moreover, the topics discussed during the focus groups were confirmed by the individual interviews. Care was also taken to emphasize the potential negative effects of the program, especially during the second year of the program. The data were collected by trained interviewers each year, although they were not sociologists.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all the participants for their involvement in the study, as well as the MAM'Out research staff that assisted with the qualitative data collection. We also would like to thank  Prof. Johan Pottier  from the  SOAS University of London ,  Prof. Jean Vincent  from  AgroParisTech , and  Ms. Chloe Milloz  from  Action Contre la Faim  for reading the paper and providing valuable advice on how to improve it.
Nutritional survey Dietary intake was assessed by using a 127-item food frequency questionnaire. The validation of this questionnaire with 7-day diary has been reported previously  [15]. For each of the food items, participants self-reported how often on average they had consumed a common unit or portion size in 1 of 9 categories during the previous year. To reduce misclassification, we used the data collected in 1991e1993 and 1997e1999, and calculated the average intake of each food and nutrient. Each food group was adjusted for energy intake using the density method.
Results A total of 7870 participants completed the medical examination in 1997e1999, the baseline of this study. Of these, 7495 individuals participated in at least one of the three cognitive function assessments over the following 10 years. Of these, 4678 (62. 4%) contributed to all 3 phases, 1670 (22. 3%) to 2 phases, and 1147 (15. 3%) to a single phase. Participants with missing diet assessment data in 1991e1993 and 1997e1999 (n ¼ 2303), and participants with implausible total energy intake (<600 or > 4200 kcal/day for men and <600 or > 4000 kcal/day for women) (n ¼ 109) were excluded, such that 5083 participants remained in the analysis (Fig. 1 ). The mean age of the participants at the baseline was 56 years, and the proportion of women was 28. 7%. The prevalence of diabetes and hypertension at baseline was 4.
Acknowledgments We thank all the participating civil service departments and their welfare, personnel, and establishment officers; the  British Occupational Health  and Safety Agency; the  British Council of Civil Service Unions ; all participating civil servants in the Whitehall II study; and all members of the Whitehall II study team. The authors would like to thank  UNESCO-L'Oreal foundation  for the scholarship. We also thank  Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders  for their financial support. Mika Kivimaki  was supported by the  Medical Research Council  ( K013351 ), the  Economic and Social Research Council  and the  National Institutes of Health  ( R01 AG034454 ). Whitehall II data, protocols, and other metadata are available to bona fide researchers for research purposes.
Background: The establishment of staff canteens is expected to improve the nutritional situation of Cambodian garment workers. The objective of this study is to assess the nutritive value of low-price model lunch sets provided at a garment factory in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Methods: Exemplary lunch sets were served to female workers through a temporary canteen at a garment factory in Phnom Penh. Dish samples were collected repeatedly to examine mean serving sizes of individual ingredients. Food composition tables and NutriSurvey software were used to assess mean amounts and contributions to recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) or adequate intake of energy, macronutrients, dietary fiber, vitamin C (VitC), iron, vitamin A (VitA), folate and vitamin B12 (VitB12). Results: On average, lunch sets provided roughly one third of RDA or adequate intake of energy, carbohydrates, fat and dietary fiber.
In composite dishes, all measurable ingredients were weighed individually. The amount of broth, if present, was determined by thoroughly decanting samples through a sieve. Weight data were double entered into Excel spreadsheets and of each ingredient in every individual dish the mean and corresponding standard deviation were calculated (Excel 2013, Microsoft Corp. , Redmond, Washington, WA, USA). Mean weights of the daily side item and of the six single fruit desserts are based on the overall number of samples taken in both menu weeks, A and B. Ingredients with a mean weight of ≤1. 5 g were not considered in further analysis. Due to non-edible parts (skin or shell and seeds), a 30% weight loss was taken into account for two fruit desserts (banana and longan fruit) before further evaluation (based on the mean percentage of non-edible parts determined by weighing among 10 servings of each).
All other fruit desserts were served peeled or peeled and seedless. The proportion of ingredients in the omelet dish was roughly estimated to be 80% egg and 20% climbing wattle (shoots of Acacia pennata, a shrub-like plant native to South/Southeast Asia). Mean weights were used to estimate the nutritive value of all twelve lunch sets via NutriSurvey software (Version 29 October 2007, SEAMEO-TROPMED RCCN, University of Jakarta, Indonesia). For this purpose, food composition data for all 57 individual ingredients (data generally available as fresh/raw condition) were inserted into the NutriSurvey database, mainly from Cambodian and ASEAN food composition tables  [19, 20]. Vietnamese and USDA food composition tables were used for 10 ingredients which were not listed in the Cambodian nor ASEAN database  [21, 22].
Composition data for pitaya (dragon fruit) were found elsewhere  [23]. Due to the limited data among the food composition tables, the nutritive value of lunch sets could only be estimated for energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamin C (VitC), iron, VitA, and VitB12. Folate was included as well, although information on folate in the Asian databases was missing for 15 ingredients. Where possible, missing data on the folate content of these ingredients were completed with USDA data  [22]. Table  4  shows the corresponding RDAs to calculate each lunch set's contribution towards the RDAs among non-pregnant women aged 19-30 years old. 1 Based on a body weight of 50 kg; 2 Based on providing 55% of total energy intake; 3 Based on providing 22. 5% of total energy intake; 4 Adjusted for 80% protein quality; 5 Adequate intake; 6 Adjusted for 10% bioavailability; RAE: Retinol activity equivalent.
Ethics The LUPROGAR trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine at Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany (14 November 2014) and the National Ethics Committee for Health Research at the Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (29 December 2014). Written informed consent was collected from all study participants prior to enrolment by signature or fingerprint. Both ethical committees approved the consent format prior to data collection. The study was registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (9 January 2015, Identifier: DRKS00007666).
Discussion The present paper provides information on the caloric, macronutrient and micronutrient content of twelve low-price model lunch sets served to female garment workers in Cambodia. The assessment of the nutritive value is based on actual serving sizes determined during a six-month period in collaboration with an established commercial caterer. Food samples for analysis were obtained directly from the serving counter. The caloric content of lunch sets accounted for about one-third of the recommended daily energy intake on average (697 of 2115 kcal/day), matching well the initially targeted goal for caloric value. It was estimated that ~61% of calories were provided by carbohydrates, ~23% by fat and ~13% by protein (data not shown here), which corresponds with FAO/WHO recommendations for sources of energy intake  [27].
On average, the sets contained 0. 7 µg of VitB12 (29% of RDA). This amount appears to be adequate, since VitB12 deficiency among female workers was not found at LUPROGAR's baseline survey, nor in national representative data among women of reproductive age  [5, 42]. Variations in VitB12 content were noted for different types of animal source foods. In lunch sets including fish, more VitB12 was found than in lunch sets with chicken or pork meat. The low VitB12 content in Set A6 was mainly related to the low quantity of meat in the corresponding soup dish. The loss of VitB12 from fish by various cooking methods seems to be low (2-15%); however, VitB12 bioavailability might be slightly lower than from flesh meats  [43]. Unlike various flesh meats, fish is an affordable and widely consumed food, even among the socioeconomically disadvantaged populations in Cambodia  [18, 35].
Acknowledgments: The LUPROGAR study was conducted with financial support from the  German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development. Costs  to publish in open access were covered by the open access publication fund of the  Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. We thank  Khov Chhay  (Managing Director) and the management of  Apsara Garment Co. Ltd. , Phnom Penh, Cambodia , for their unrestricted help to implement the study;  Rapytha Bonamy  (Managing Director) and the staff of  Hagar Catering  and  Facilities Management Ltd. , Phnom Penh, Cambodia , for the collaboration in establishing and operating the canteen; staff at the  Department of Fisheries Post-Harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fisheries Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries ,  Phnom Penh ,  Cambodia , and  Hanna Friedrich  and  Natalie Becker , MSc students at  Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany , for their collaboration.
Differences have been observed in children across Europe  [14]  or between those raised in rural and urban environments  [19] , likely due to differences in neonatal care. The aim of this study was to analyze and quantify the establishment and development of the intestinal microbiota in Lebanese PTI using culture-independent techniques (i. e. real time PCR (qPCR) and TTGE), in the absence of relevant data on the country and Middle East region. A group of full-term infants (FTI) was included as there is no literature on bacterial establishment in Lebanese FTI.
Preterm and full-term infants PTI were recruited among patients admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital (Beirut, Lebanon) from January 2013 to December 2014. Enrolled PTI were born at a gestational GA of <37 weeks and had no congenital malformations (e. g. gastrochisis, atresias) and/or metabolic diseases. NEC cases were also excluded from this study. Signed and written consent was obtained from parents before inclusion of PTI to this protocol, approved by the ethics committee of Saint Joseph University of Lebanon (CEHDF 426). Clinical data for all PTI were registered on a special form which included: gender, GA, delivery mode, birth weight, length, head circumference, APGAR score, antepartum and intrapartum antibiotics and steroids, maternal infections and diseases, neonatal infections, type of feeding, days of life at the start of enteral feeding, antibiotic courses <72 h, intubation, transfusions, and parenteral feedings.
The fluorescent product was detected at the last step of each cycle. Standard curves were obtained from serial dilutions of a known concentration of plasmid DNA containing a 16S rRNA gene insert from each species or group. The plasmid concentration was determined by spectrophotometry and the quantity of target gene in a sample was determined using these standard curves. Samples were analyzed in duplicate in at least two independent PCR runs. The bacterial concentration in each sample was calculated by comparing the Ct values obtained from standard curves. Results were converted to log 10 CFU/g of feces after taking into account the number of 16S rRNA operons (Ribosome Database Project) in each genus or family. The detection limit depended on the bacterial groups and ranged between 10 4 and 10 6 CFU/g.
Temperature temporal gel electrophoresis analysis Primers Eub339F and Eub788R were used to amplify the V3 to V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes, as previously described  [20]. Samples were amplified in an eppendorf master-cycler (Eppendorf AG, New-York, USA) using the following program: 94 C for 10 min; 30 cycles of 96 C for 15 s, 55 C for 1 min, 72 C for 4 min; and finally 72 C for 15 min. A Dcode™ universal mutation detection system (Bio-rad) was used for sequence specific separation of the PCR products. Electrophoresis was performed as previously described  [20]. The ladder consisted of the following organisms in order of migration: Bacteroides sp. , Prevotella sp. , Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Bifidobacterium longum. After electrophoresis, the gels were analyzed using Diversity Database Software 2.
Statistical analysis The results were analyzed using SPSS software 21. 0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). The normality of distribution of the continuous variables was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Because variables were not normally distributed, non-parametric tests were used. Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare bacterial levels between the PTI and FTI groups. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare bacterial levels between the different time points in PTI and FTI. The association between bacterial colonization and perinatal factors (GA, delivery mode, type of feeding, and antibiotic treatment) were studied using the Chi square test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. All associates were considered to be significant when p values were less than 0. 05. For microbiota, an arbitrary value of 2 log 10 colony-forming units per gram of fecal content (log 10 CFU) was used when species or targeted taxonomic groups were not detected.
Infant C66 showed initial colonization by E. faecium and S. epidermidis and a typical delay in the colonization by Bifidobacterium during the first weeks of life due to broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (imipenem) from day 1 to day 10 of life. Cluster analysis of TTGE profiles of PTI and FTI at week1 and weeks 2e3 (referred to as week 2. 5 on the cluster analysis shown in Fig. 5 ) was performed using the UPGMA method based on the Dice similarity coefficient using Diversity Database software (Bio-Rad). Comparison of stool samples of PTI reveal no particular clusterization, showing that the samples were diverse at week 1 and weeks 2e3. However, microbiota of FTI at week 1 and weeks 2e3 formed mainly two clusters (Fig. 5 ), depending on the sampling time, with very few exceptions. Each cluster presents many common species, the first one (cluster 1) consists mainly of FTI infants at weeks 2e3 and the second (cluster 2) mainly of FTI infants at week 1.
Dietary intake and dietary pattern analysis Food consumption was measured by dieticians using three non-consecutive telephone 24-hour dietary recalls. Where possible, the three recalls were made within a seven day period: two days of data were collected on a weekday and 1 day on a Sunday (recalls were made on Monday for practical reasons). Portion sizes were assessed using household measures, e. g. bowls, cups, spoons. The data was entered directly by the dietician into a web-based tool developed for nutritional epidemiological studies by Medical Expert Systems (MXS, Paris, France). This program was linked directly to a comprehensive French food composition database containing nutritional information on almost 5000 items. Mean food and nutrient intakes were calculated for each subject according to the number of days of dietary data available (in 22 of the 308 subjects analyzed only 2 days of data were available) and group means were generated from these values.
Nutrient intakes are based on the consumption of foods only and exclude nutrient intakes from dietary supplements. Cluster analysis was employed to derive dietary patterns from the data. All food categories were recorded and entered in grams, were standardized to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 in order to ensure that quantities consumed were comparable across different categories. A comparison of clustering methods for use with dietary data (Ward's Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering and k-means clustering method) was undertaken prior to this work and has been described elsewhere. 27 K-means was found to be the most appropriate method according to three statistical parameters including the pseudo-F statistic which measures the separation among the clusters at the current level, Sarles cubic clustering criterion (CCC) which tests the hypothesis that the data has been sampled from a uniform distribution on a (hyper) box and the all approximate expected R-squared which measures the variance proportion explained by the clusters.
Statistical analysis Data was analyzed using SAS® 9. 2 and SAS® Enterprise Guide® 4. 2 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). All values are expressed as mean ± SD. A p value of less than 0. 05 was considered as significant unless specified otherwise, for example where Bonferroni correction was used. Food and nutrient data were not normally distributed and therefore Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests were used to test for differences between the clusters (unless specified otherwise), while Mann-Whitney tests were used to test for differences between each pair of clusters. The Chi-squared (χ 2 ) test was used for categorical variables to test for dependence between categories and clusters. The Bonferroni adjustment was applied to the data where multiple comparisons were made for the food consumption and nutrient analyses.
Subject characteristics and identification of dietary patterns 380 subjects were recruited into the study, 324 completed the clinical trial, 16 subjects were removed from the analysis because they had less than 2 days of dietary data (12 subjects) or they were identified during the quality control checks as having implausible intakes for particular foods (4 subjects). Implausible intakes were identified using quality control checks to detect weights so extreme that a recording error was implied. Data for 308 subjects were therefore analysed (81% of subjects recruited and 95% of subjects who completed the study). Based on the food consumption of subjects, the optimal statistical parameters and the number of subjects in each cluster (see Methods), four clusters of dietary patterns (Cluster 1, n=58; Cluster 2, n=94; Cluster 3, n=100, Cluster 4, n=56) were identified (Figure  1 ).
| DNA mutation screening assay The Vkorc1 exons 1, 2, and 3 from the 250 mouse samples were sequenced (Biofidal, Lyon, France). The sequences were read with BioEdit software, analyzed using clc sequence viewer 7 software and compared to published M. musculus domesticus sequences published in GenBank in order to detect the homozygous mutations. The heterozygous mutations were confirmed by attentive examination of the sequencing electropherograms.