dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Interestingly, wind gusts provided by ERA5 seemed able to provide some proxy of local wind noise conditions despite the relative coarse 30-km horizontal resolution used for the IFS model to produce the reanalysis. Medicanes' infrasound was detected at distances of 250-600 km for Trudy and 600-1200 km for Ianos in both frequency ranges, and at distances of 850-1100 km for Zorbas (in the microbarom frequency range). PMCC back-azimuths were shown to correspond well to documented trajectories of the medicanes and the amplitudes of the detections are consistent with the evolution of the cyclones' location through time, decreasing or increasing accordingly. Additional datasets describing the presence of deep convection and lightning were used to discuss the sources at play. In favorable conditions (little wind noise, no perturbing source like the Etna) between 80% and 100% of the detections (upper estimates) can be explained by lightning.
In the former case, competing convective systems at similar distances from the station act as equivalent acoustic sources in a case where wind noise was increased. PMCC processing showed noisy detections in that case while the deep convection database and the lightning database clearly separated these sources. Improved detection and estimation algorithms would facilitate future attempts to track such hazards in real time in a more resilient way with respect to degraded conditions  [94]  as well as with respect to multi-source considerations  [95]. Similarly, different microbaroms sources were highlighted (North Atlantic swell in the 0. 1-0. 2 Hz, and medicane-related Mediterranean wave activity mainly above 0. 2 Hz). This highlights the need to consider different microbarom frequency bands when investigating this global source, especially for tracking maritime storms as medicanes.
Future investigations would benefit from the inclusion of additional infrasound stations from national networks in the Mediterranean basin as the average inter-station distance of the IMS network is ~2000 km and IS48 appears as the only IMS station allowing such a study. One could then easily discard volcanic sources like the Etna. One could also probably increase the database of medicanes that can be investigated with infrasound technology since propagation conditions of the middle atmosphere would be less limiting as in the present study. Additional stations would also allow for the consideration of localizing and tracking the mesocyclones, while better constraining the exact origin of the sources responsible for generating infrasound (lightning, deep convection, or other dynamics-related mechanisms), and also pointing at possible effects of microbaroms' (or higher frequency infrasound's) refraction caused by the vortex wind structure with the additional help of propagation simulations.
Data Availability Statement: ERA5 data were obtained through the Meteorological Archival and Retrieval System (MARS) of the ECMWF thanks to the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) API provided on the cds website. We wish to thank the World Wide Lightning Location Network (http://wwlln. net (accessed on 23 August 2022)), a collaboration among over 50 universities and institutions, for providing the lightning location data used in this paper. Meteosat data were retrieved from the Earth Observational Portal of EUMETSAT and the DC pixels data are available from the authors upon request. Satellite observations of convection were also obtained using the tool EUMeTrain (http://resources. eumetrain. org/ePort_MapViewer/index. html, accessed on 28 November 2022) where 10. 8 µm BTs are provided and where values of coordinates can be manually picked up.
The Thai Space Consortium aims at building capacities in space technologies and industries with the objective to develop satellites in Thailand. In this framework, the first Earth Observation satellite that will be developed by this consortium is called TSC-1. This satellite comprises a hyperspectral imager orbiting in a Sun-Synchronous Low-Earth Orbit at the altitude equal to 630 km. The optical payload is specified to provide data cubes with a Ground Sample Distance equal to 30 m, a swath equal to 30 km, a spectral resolution equal to 10 nm over the spectral domain from 400 nm to 1000 nm with a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) higher than 100. Firstly, we present the trade-off performed to select the design of the Front Telescope and the Spectrometer. Secondly, we describe the payload design and present the image quality, Modulation Transfer Function and distortion.
Introduction 1. TSC-1 Mission, Context and Impact on Technical Choices Thai Space Consortium (TSC) comprises twelve Thai national organizations led by the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT), the Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA), the Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI) and the King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTB). The long-term objective of the consortium is to elevate the capacities to design, develop and test space optical payloads in Thailand. In this context, the objective of the TSC-1 space mission is to send into space a satellite made of one platform, one optical payload dedicated to Earth observations, and one space weather payload. The optical payload would consist of hyperspectral imager pledge data cubes in the visible band.
148 µm. That corresponds to 256 samples over the PSF at the wavelength equal to 400 nm. Secondly, we assumed that PSF (FOV1, λ1) was invariant over the considered area of width equal to 110 × 110 µm 2 , and we performed the convolution between PSF (FOV1, λ1) and the geometrical image of the target by using the MATLAB software. Thirdly, we normalized the irradiance distribution by the maximum value. Fourthly, we resampled the irradiance distribution over a grid of size still equal to 110 × 110 µm 2 , but of steps equal to 11 µm (same as pixel size) in both directions. The results correspond to the target image that would be provided by the TSC-1 optical payload in the theoretical case for the FOV1 and the wavelength λ1, including the effect of the diffraction and the optical aberrations as represented in Figure  14.
1 ) stands ~4-5 km high (relative to the lower areas of surrounding terrain) and spans ~150 km, and Piccard Mons (Supplementary Fig. 2 ) is ~7 km high at its tallest points and ~225 km wide. The inferred volume of the main topographic rise of Wright Mons alone is ~2. 4 x 10 4 km 3 (similar to the volume of Mauna Loa, see Supplementary Note 8). Wright Mons was imaged in sunlight but was also located near the terminator (transition from night to day) during New Horizons closest approach. Thus, the incoming sunlight is at a fairly low angle close to the surface (<30°elevation angle), and uni-directional (from the north-west) and this creates an effect where features perpendicular to the lighting direction (roughly NE-SW) are emphasized. Here we focus on features that can be verified with topographic data and can be seen in multiple image datasets with different lighting geometries.
Methods Pluto topography from stereogrammetry. Multiple stereo image pairs were available for the creation of several digital elevation models for the hemisphere of Pluto visible at encounter. These models were integrated into one final topography map product  36. The New Horizons images and the final integrated topography map product is available from the Planetary Data Systems Small Bodies Node located at https://pds-smallbodies. astro. umd. edu/data_sb/missions/newhorizons/ index. shtml, with the topography map in the subdirectory https://pdssmallbodies. astro. umd. edu/holdings/nh-p_psa-lorri_mvic-5-geophys-v1. 0/data/ dtm/. The production of this map is described in ref. 36  , and we also provide some additional details here. Image registration and creation of stereo pairs was completes using United State Geologic Survey planetary image processing software (https://doi.
org/10. 5281/zenodo. 3962369). To estimate a feature's height, its displacement or parallax is first determined using scene recognition. For this, a 3x3 pixel box size is used, thus the effective horizontal ground pixel scale of the resulting topography is ~3 times the pixel scale of the lowest resolution image in the stereo pair. The standard photogrammetric parallax equations  63  are then used to determine the distance to points on the body. Topography produced through stereogrammetry were also cross-checked with feature heights from shadow measurements where applicable and were found to be indistinguishable. The portion of the topographic map for Wright Mons and its surroundings was created with the following stereo pair: PELR_P_LEISA_HIRES image sequence (240 m px -1 ) and PEMV_P_ MVIC_ LORRI_CA image scan (315 m px -1 ), with an effective horizontal resolution of 945 m px -1 and vertical precision of ~90 m (see Supplementary Table  1  and also see Table  1  in ref.
Acknowledgements We thank  NASA's New Horizons mission for funding  (grant numbers  NASW-02008  and  NAS5-97271/TaskOrder30 ), and the  New Horizons team  for their hard work leading to a successful Pluto system flyby and subsequent return of the data. KNS additionally thanks  Dr. Michael Bland  for helpful discussions. BS acknowledges the  Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)  for its financial support through its " Système Solaire" program. A portion of this research was carried out at the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , under a contract with the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration  ( 80NM0018D0004 ).
Their dynamical ages are <800 yr. In addition, for the first time, we reveal a highly collimated SiO jet (∼1 • ) with a projected length of ∼5200 au from the embedded protostar VLA15. Conclusions. Our study unveiled the previously unresolved filamentary structures as well as the shocks within OMC-2 FIR 4. The kinematics of the filamentary structures might be altered by external and/or internal mechanisms such as the wind from H II regions, the precessing jet from the protostellar source HOPS-370, or the jet from VLA 15. While the complexity of the region, coupled with the limited number of molecular lines in our dataset, makes any clear association with these mechanisms challenging, our study shows that multi-scale observations of these regions are crucial for understanding the accretion processes and flow of material that shape star formation.
2001 (Müller et al. , 2005)). ( b) The critical densities of CS and H 13 CN were obtained from  Shirley (2015)  at 50 K, and those of the other tracers were estimated at 50 K using the LAMDA database  (Schöier et al. 2005 ). ( c) The spectral channels of these spws were smoothed by a factor of 3 to gain in signal-to-noise ratio. ( d) H 13 CN and CCH consist of two hyperfine components in 0. 4 MHz interval. Those with the higher S i j µ 2  are reported here. RA (J2000) = 05 h 35 m 26. s 97, Dec (J2000) = -05 • 09 54. 50, and the systemic velocity was set to V LSR = 11. 4 km s - 1. The quasars J0510+1800 and J0522-3627 were used for bandpass and flux calibration, while J0607-0834 and J0501-0159 were used for phase calibration. The absolute flux calibration uncertainty is estimated to be <10%.
The data calibration was performed using the standard ALMA calibration pipeline with the Common Astronomy Software Applications package (CASA 1 ;  McMullin et al. 2007 ), while self-calibration, imaging, cleaning, and data analysis were performed using the IRAM-GILDAS software package 2. The continuum images were produced by averaging line-free channels from the wide spectral windows at 232 GHz and 246 GHz in the visibility plane. The resulting beam size and rms are (0. 28 × 0. 23 and 95. 7 µJy beam -1 ) and (0. 50 × 0. 27 and 91. 7 µJy beam -1 ). Phase self-calibration was performed on the continuum emission, and the gain solutions were applied to the line cubes. Continuum subtraction was performed on the cubes in the visibility plane before line imaging. The data were cleaned in GILDAS MAPPING using the Clark algorithm  (Clark 1980).
The resulting synthesised clean beam, velocity resolution, and channel rms for each spectral window are summarised in Table  1. The line identification was performed using the Cologne Database for Molecular Spectroscopy (CDMS 3  ;  Müller et al. 2001 Müller et al. , 2005)). The maps shown in the paper are not corrected for the primary beam attenuation because we are more interested in the structure morphology (rather than the flux) that was not affected by the primary beam attenuation. However, we took the correction into account in the spectra.
Hence, the western part of the protocluster is affected by the mass loss arriving from the north. Furthermore, SiO leaves a narrow-line imprint along the eastern ridge. This may be induced by one of the processes discussed in the previous section (i. e. gentle filament merging, winds from nearby H II regions, expanding shells, or stellar feedback). Alternatively, the jet from HOPS-370 may have also contributed to compress and shock the filamentary structures in the protocluster. Nonetheless, due to the limited number of molecular lines in our dataset, we were not able to prefer one of the two different scenarios. In this paragraph, we estimate the dynamical ages of the arc 1 and arc 2 bow-shocks. The jet is thought to lie close to the plane of the sky  (González-García et al. 2016; Tobin et al.
Acknowledgements. This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreement no. 811312  for the Project " Astro-Chemical Origin " (ACO). This paper makes use of the following ALMA data:  ADS/JAO. ALMA 2016. 1. 00376. S. ALMA is a partnership of  ESO  (representing its member states),  NSF (USA)  and  NINS (Japan) , together with  NRC (Canada) ,  MOST  and  ASIAA (Taiwan) , and  KASI (Republic of Korea) , in cooperation with the  Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by  ESO ,  AUI/NRAO  and  NAOJ. CCo and LP acknowledges the project  PRIN-INAF 2016 The Cradle of Life -GENESIS-SKA (General Conditions in Early Planetary Systems  for the rise of life with SKA), and the  PRIN-MUR   2020 MUR BEYOND-2p  (Astrochemistry beyond the second period elements, Prot.
NUMERICAL DATA CHAIN FOR HYBRID MANUFACTURING: INTERESTS OF STEP-NC APPROACH Implementing hybrid manufacturing raises challenges not only about the optimal processes combination to use. CAD/CAM/CNC data chains, and the associated numerical environment have also to evolve as well. Actually, product manufacturing usually involves several processes. Most of them are integrated in a conventional numerical chain, also called CAx manufacturing chain. The Computer Aided Design (CAD) system creates a digital model of the part. Then, manufacturing experts translate this global geometry into a group of machining features well adapted to a defined machining process, relying on their own experience. Even if a CAD file is only containing a global geometry, the choice of a process to machine an area of the component leads to use machining features.
A lot of factors can inflect the selection of the best machining process: feasibility of the part, respect of the tolerances, availability of the process in the factory, knowledge of a qualified subcontractor, price, cost, manufacturing time, etc. but also some more subjective criteria linked to the experience of the experts, which are difficult to capture. The model information is then exported to Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software. The CAM software enables the user to add manufacturing data linked to the selected process. For HSM, data such as machine tool, cutting strategies, tools, operation sequence are used to generate the tool paths that apply to the features. These object oriented information is stored in a proprietary CAM format. Today there is no standard to exchange manufacturing data between the CAM software of different companies.
Other tests have been carried out in a conclusive way. It highlights the interest of coupling simulation approaches with monitored data into the digital twin of the component with the selected manufacturing process. Fig. 16. Comparison of expected and compensated toolpaths for a curved sheet metal  [3]  4. CONCLUSION Additive Manufacturing processes offer new opportunities for large scale components manufacturing and this paper discussed two approaches to implement them. In addition to specific know-how and expertise, it is essential to fit AM in the global manufacturing process chain, and the development of hybrid approaches is of great use. The challenges lies not only at process implementation level but it is also essential to base on high level CAD/CAM/CNC environment to handle the associated complexity.
Materials and Methods A retrospective study on patients who received spinal anaesthesia for total knee or hip surgery during the years 2020-2021 in a French regional referral centre was performed. Through the institutional health records system, we identified patients who received spinal anaesthesia with chloroprocaine for elective primary knee or hip arthroplasty. For that, we solicited an Institutional Review Board and sent all identified patients an informed consent form. According to French legislation, if there was no negative response to the use of data for the research, patients were included in the analysed cohort. We extracted demographic data (age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status, prostate hypertrophy history), perioperative data (time from spinal anaesthesia to incision, surgical time, blood loss, surgical incidents, the tourniquet use), anaesthesia-related data (level of spinal puncture, sensitive bloc level, time to the motor block, intraoperative need for sedation, bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 per minute), hypotension (mean blood pressure less than 60 or the use of vasopressors)), postoperative data (duration of motor block, the need of supplementary analgesia in post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU), the incidence of moderate to severe pain in PACU, the length of stay (LOS) in PACU, the incidence of postoperative urinary retention and nausea/vomiting in first 24 h), and failure to initiate physical therapy at day 0.
Ethics Consideration Our work received the approval of the institutional ethic committee, CSE-HCL-IRB 00013204, with the reference number 22-729, 25 January 2022, and communicated to the French National Commission on Informatics and Liberty (CNIL), report N 22-5729. All patients included in this study received informed consent for their medical data use. In accordance with French legislation, a written patient's agreement was not required for any part of the study.
Results From 2020 through 2021, sixty-eight patients who received chloroprocaine for THA/TKA/UKA were identified. One month after informed consent was sent, two patients expressed their unwillingness to participate. Medical data for 66 patients were extracted; in one patient spinal anaesthesia failed before the surgery due to a technical problem; finally, 65 patients were included and analysed. Table  1  illustrates patients' characteristics, principal and supplementary anaesthesia techniques used before the surgery, the onset of anaesthesia, surgical timing, and blood loss.
Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the  Declaration of Helsinki , reviewed by the  Institutional Ethics Committee of the Hospices Civils de Lyon ,  CSE-HCL-IRB 00013204 , with the reference number  22-729 ,  25 January 2022 , communicated to the  French National Commission on Informatics and Liberty (CNIL) , report N  22-5729 , and registered with ClinicalTrials. gov( NCT05365074 ).
Results OsK2. 2 encodes a Shaker K + channel harboring an unusually short C-terminus OsK2. 2 (LOC_Os01g55200) was identi ed in the rice genome database (Rice Genome Annotation Project, http://rice. plantbiology. msu. edu) as a Shaker channel gene encoding a short polypeptide without any of the regions identi ed in typical plant Shaker channels downstream of the cNBD (Fig. 1a ). The name OsK2. 2 assigned to this sequence results from analyses of the structure of the plant Shaker family, which identi ed ve subfamilies, this Shaker belonging to the subfamily #2 ( 15 , Fig. 1 ). The deduced OsK2. 2 polypeptide (502 amino acids) displays the classical hydrophobic core of Shaker K + channel built of six conserved transmembrane segments (named S1 to S6) (Fig. 1a ), the hallmark pore-forming motif TxGYGD between S5 and S6 and the cNBD downstream the hydrophobic core  29, 39  (see Introduction).
When compared with C1, C2 contains a series of ankyrin repeats since OsAKT1, like AtAKT1, harbors an Anky domain in contrast to KAT1 (Fig. 1a ). A typical K HA domain, long of ca. 70 amino acids, is present in both C1 and C2 in the distal C-terminus region of these polypeptides. The fact that the identi ed OsK2. 2 coding sequence corresponds to a complete cDNA was rst validated by high-delity PCR ampli cation (Supplementary Fig. 1 ). When using rice cDNA and genomic DNA as templates, fragments of 1509 bp (lane 1) and 2665 bp (lane 2) were respectively obtained with the primer pair anking the 5'-ATG and 3'-stop codon. These two fragments were exactly identical in size and sequence to those annotated in the rice genome database. Then, taking advantage of the poly(A) tail of mature mRNAs, a further PCR experiment using the primer pair 5'-ATG/3'-oligo(dT) 30 and rice cDNA templates yielded a ~1.
5 kb fragment (lane 3) containing the exact open reading frame (veri ed by sequencing) coding for 502 amino acids. Thus, although displaying an unusually short C-terminal sequence, innately without any region downstream of the cNBD, OsK2. 2 is a complete protein. To our knowledge, OsK2. 2 represents the shortest Shaker K + channel characterized in plants so far. In silico searches were then carried out in order to take stock of such short Shaker channels in other plant species. The Shaker subfamily #2 proteins AtKAT1, AtAKT1, OsK2. 2, BdK2. 2 and ZmK2. 2  4  were used to identify their homologues (with BLASTP and an expect threshold of 1e-30)  41  in all Viridiplantae species (taxid:33090) whose genomes are sequenced and annotated (NCBI refseq_protein database; September 2021). This yielded 1920 sequences, among which 1482 were annotated as belonging to a dicot species (the corresponding total number of dicot species being of 97), 332 were annotated as belonging to a monocot species (total number of monocot species: 21), and 83 simply identi ed as " owering plants".
Then, Prosite  42  and CD-Search  43  were used to check the presence/absence within each of these 1920 sequences of a full length transmembrane hydrophobic core (cl37996; Ion_Trans domain), of a cNBD domain (PS50042 domain; cNMP_binding domain), of an Anky domain (PS50088 or PS50271) and of a K HA domain (PS51490). A total of 61 sequences were then retained as displaying a cNBD domain but neither an Anky nor a K HA domain. These 61 sequences corresponded to 36 dicot sequences, for a total of 21 different dicot species, 24 monocot sequences for a total of 14 monocot species, and 1 archaic angiosperm. Then, with further investigation of these 61 sequences, the encoding genes were identi ed, which revealed that the initial pool of 61 sequences corresponded to 47 different genes. For each of these genes, all the variants present in the NCBI database were identi ed and analyzed in order to check the presence/absence of an Anky and/or a K HA domain in the longest variants.