dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The testing design consisted of 2 factors orthogonal to each other, feeding density in experiment 1 or feeding frequency in experiment 2 (fixed, three levels, HighFood, Medium-Food, and LowFood), temperature (fixed, two levels, 16˚C, and 20˚C), and their interaction. If the interaction was not significant, differences among feeding frequencies were retested for each temperature separately. For the PERMANOVA tests we used the package vegan  [29]  and significant terms in the model (α = 0. 05) had their means compared with a PERMANOVA pairwise a posteriori test  [30]  using the Bonferroni p-value adjustment method. For comparing survival, we used the package survival  [31, 32]  to do the Mantel-Cox test, and the results were represented using Kaplan-Meier curves done with the package survminer  [33].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The experiments were performed with the approval of the  Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute  (JASRI, Proposal Nos. 2019B8070  and  2021A8039 ). P. H. and H. J. L. were supported by the  DOE Office of Science, Fusion Energy Science , under FWP No. 100106. N. J. H. was funded by the  DOE Office of Science, Fusion Energy Science , under FWP No. 100182. R. W. F. acknowledges support from the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences , Award No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 , and  National Nuclear Security Administration , Award No. DE-NA0003842. I. I. gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI  (Grant Nos. 19K20604  and  22H03877 ). K. J. K. acknowledges the  Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange  for funding in the frame of the  Bekker programme  (No.
Sanger sequencing Amplicons from PCR (remaining 45 μL) were sent to the sequencing platform of the CHU de Québec Research Center (https:// sequences. ulaval. ca/murin/servseq. pageaccueil) for Sanger sequencing. An internal primer (Table  1 ) was used for polymerisation using the BigDye™ Terminator v3. 1. Sequences were analyzed with the EditR online program (https://moriaritylab. shinyapps. io/editr_ v10/)  (25)  to look for editing efficacy for point mutations or TIDE (Tracking of Indels by Decomposition) software to check the editing percentage for insertion and deletions (https://tide. nki. nl/) (26).
Deep sequencing analysis Deep sequencing samples were prepared following the PCR protocol described above with special primers containing a bar code sequence (BCS) for subsequent deep sequencing (Table  1 ). PCR samples of 300 bp amplicons' length were sent to Genome Quebec Innovation Centre at McGill University (https://cesgq. com/ en-services#en-sequencing) to sequence amplicons with the Illumina sequencer. Roughly 6,000-10,000 reads were obtained per sample. Illumina sequencing results were analyzed with the CRISPResso 2 online program (https://crispresso. pinellolab. partners. org/) according to the authors' guidelines  (27).
Western blot analysis Myotubes were detached directly from a culture plate with 400 μL of lysis buffer supplemented with protease inhibitors. Then, 1 μL of extracted proteins and different concentrations of BSA (used as standards) were placed on a nitrocellulose membrane and coloured with amido black 10B. The membrane was scanned by ChemiDoc XRS + system (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. , Hercules, CA) and quantified using Image Lab 6. 0. 1 software (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. ) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 20 μg of extracted protein samples were separated by SDS-PAGE 4-7% (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. ,) and transferred onto a Nitrocellulose membrane. A mouse monoclonal antibody against dystrophin (clone MANDYS8, ABNOVA Inc. , Taipei, China) was used for an immunoblotting analysis.
HRP conjugated goat anti-mouse (Thermo Scientific Inc. ) was used as a secondary antibody. The membrane was developed using Clarity™ Western ECL substrate (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. ) and scanned by ChemiDoc XRS + system (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. ). The results were analyzed using the Bio Rad image lab 6. 1 software (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. ). The percentage of dystrophin was extrapolated in a standard curve made of normalized dystrophin quantity from 20 μg of total protein decreasing in a ratio of 2 (Figure  3 ). Frontiers in Medicine 05 frontiersin. org.
Off-target prediction The off-target prediction for the different Spacer sequences used where done using the CRISPOR software  (28). The spacer sequence used for the modifications at the splice acceptor of exon 51 (ref. Table  2A ) showed 15 off-targets prediction sites with 3 mismatches in the sequence. The spacer sequence used for the modifications at the splice donor of exon 51 (ref. Tables 2B-E ) showed 1 and 5 off-targets sites with 2 and 3 mismatches, respectively. The spacer sequence used for the modifications at the position +6 of the splice donor of exon 53 (ref. Tables 2I,F,H) showed 3 and 33 off-targets sites with 2 and 3 mismatches, respectively. The spacer sequence used for the modifications at the position +1 of the splice donor of exon 53 (ref. Tables 2G,H) showed 2 and 12 off-targets sites with 2 and 3 mismatches, respectively.
We therefore examined each of the sky fibers, identified ones with the lowest median flux 3  , and then reran the pipeline reductions using this subset. This re-reduction corrected the bulk of the problems with the sky subtraction. After the initial pipeline data reduction, the data were then processed through the redshift and stellar radial velocity/parameters pipelines. The initial catalog of redshifts was obtained with the Redrock package 4  (Bailey 2012, 2022) which estimates redshifts by fitting a set of eigenspectra to the DESI spectra. The eigenspectra are constructed from star, galaxy, and QSO templates and are optimized for determining the velocities of galaxies over a wide range in redshift (from -1100 km s -1 to z = 6). To determine the radial velocities and stellar parameters, we also used the Radial Velocity pipeline (RVS) that is built on the RVSpecFit code 5   (Koposov et al.
For the nominal effective exposure time of 90 min (achieved for tiles 82634 and 82635), the majority of the z < 21. 5 mag stars have velocity uncertainties σ V < 5 km s -1 (Figure  3 ). We expect that the estimates of [Fe/H] should be accurate to ∼ 0. 2 dex except for the faintest objects  (Cooper et al. 2022). The estimates of [α/Fe] are more uncertain and require better calibration datasets for comparison; the discussion of the [α/Fe] measurements is therefore postponed to a future study. Four of the authors (GM, JJZ, JN, AD) visually inspected 3,150 of the spectra using the "Prospect" spectral inspection (VI) tool. We inspected all spectra for which Redrock returned a SPECTYPE of GALAXY or QSO, found a redshift of z > 0. 001, or where the target was selected to be a QSO. In addition, we visually inspected the spectra of all targets selected from previous catalogs (i.
Digital versions of the complete tables are available online at https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 6977494. Note-Table  3  is published in its entirety in the machine-readable format. A portion is shown here for guidance regarding its form and content. Note-Table  4  is published in its entirety in the machine-readable format. A portion is shown here for guidance regarding its form and content. Galleti et al. (2007 Galleti et al. ( , 2014)). Note: 'GC' stands for "Galactic Cluster" candidate and does not distinguish between young and old clusters. The bulk of the literature radial velocities are foreground (Milky Way Galaxy) stars, and only 6,939 sources have radial velocities typical of M31 (< -100 km s -1 ). The bulk of these stars lie within the projected area of the M31 main disk and, unlike the DESI data, do not sample the M31 inner halo well.
Although here we identified shells by eye-which was appropriate given the limited data available-with higher density sampling, we can measure the shells more accurately. By combining these more precise measurements with a detailed dynamical model customized to M31, we can place better constraints on the orbit of the progenitor and the mass and shape of the gravitational potential of M31. Characterizing the metal-poor population will allow us to better determine the metallicity of the progenitor and constrain its star formation history and total mass, as well as explore the more virialized (dynamically older) halo of M31. Extending over a large fraction of the galaxy's volume, the delicate chevrons we observe are also sensitive to the gravitational perturbations from substructure within the M31 halo, such as satellites and dark matter subhaloes.
3. 1. 1. Comparison to Previous WorkM31 has been the target of several spectroscopic campaigns over many decades. A search of the SIMBAD database(Wenger et al. 2000)  resulted in a total of 139,078 entries (for 35,374 sources with unique names) within 5 • of M31, of which 73,090 (representing 14,617 unique sources) have reported radial velocities. In addition, the CFA Optical/Infrared Science Archive (Sanders et al. 2012;  Caldwell & Romanowsky 2016; Bhattacharya et al. 2019, and      references therein) consolidates the many years of MMT/Hectospec and Hectochelle campaigns in M31. Of the 10,322 sources in the Archive that are within 5 • of M31, 5064 have measured radial velocities and 2,099 are also included in the SIMBAD list. In summary, there are 17,582 sources with published radial velocities in this region.
AD and JN's research is also supported in part by Fellowships from the  John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation  and by the  Institute for Theory and Computation at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. JN also acknowledges support from the  Harvard Radcliffe Fellowship Program  of the  Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. JN, GM, and JJ-Z acknowledge support from the  Harvard University 's  Radcliffe Research Partners Program  of the  Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. EFB is grateful for support from the  National Science Foundation  through grant  NSF-AST 2007065. LBS acknowledges  NASA-ATP  award  80NSSC20K0509  and  Science Foundation AAG  grant  AST-2009122. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at  CDS, Strasbourg, France.
desi. lbl. gov/collaborating-institutions. The authors are honored to be permitted to conduct scientific research on Iolkam Du'ag ( Kitt Peak ), a mountain with particular significance to the  Tohono O'odham Nation. This work has made use of data from the  European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia  (https://www. cosmos. esa. int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www. cosmos. esa. int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This paper made use of the Whole Sky Database (wsdb) created by  Sergey Koposov  and maintained at the  Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge by Sergey Koposov ,  Vasily Belokurov  and  Wyn Evans  with financial support from the  Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC)  and the  European Research Council (ERC).
Quantification and Statistical analysis Image analysis was performed using Fiji image analysis software  (62). If not stated otherwise, data are presented as mean ± SD from at least two independent experiments. Graphs were generated through the Matplotlib graphic package  (63). Statistical analysis to assess differences among experimental groups was performed using a t-student test in Python's SciPy sub-package  (64). A significance level of P<0. 05 was considered significant and notation is as follows: P<0. 05 "*", P<0. 01 "**", P<0. 001 "***" , P<0. 0001 "****". ) showing the progression of organization at the edge. First cells migrate towards the dome (white arrow, top line) and proliferate with no particular direction (top). After they have reached the edge, they modify their direction of migration and move along the edge (yellow arrows, bottom line) and their proliferation follows the direction of the edge.
Acknowledgments Ana Ximena Monroy-Romero  conducted this study to fulfill the requirements of  Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , and received a doctoral scholarship from  Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías  ( 1004395 ). The authors are thankful to  Michaël Trichet  and  Alexis Canette  from the  IBPS electron microscopy core facility  and  France Lam  from the  IBPS microscopy core facility  ( Sorbonne-Université, CNRS ) for their support in imaging. Special thanks to  Pierre Emmanuel Rautou  for kindly providing the TSEC cell line and to him and his team for engaging in project discussions. We also thank  Marina Macías-Silva  for providing the TMNK-1 cell line. We extend our gratitude to  Benoit Ladoux ,  René Marc Mège  and  Sushil Dubey  for providing us access to the  Nikon BioStation  and for their continuous support in this project.
Such studies are, however, contingent on identifying large, high-quality real-world data sources (national clinical registries or reimbursement databases) from which these real-world data can be obtained. Several different gonadotropin products are currently reimbursed in France, including HP-hMG and r-hFSH products. In 2019, there were a total of 157,593 ART attempts in France, and 27,180 children were born following ART  [42]. Therefore, we carried out a non-interventional study based on data from the French National Health Database (Syst eme National des Donn ees de Sant e [SNDS]) to describe the ART pathway (in vitro fertilization [IVF] and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI] and fresh and freezeethaw embryo transfers) in France and to compare the effectiveness (live birth following fresh embryo transfer and cumulative live birth following fresh and/or frozen embryo transfers [FET]) of commonly used gonadotropin products used for OS.
Study design This was a multi-cohort, comparative, non-interventional study based on secondary use of the SNDS data. The SNDS, which has been described elsewhere  [43, 44] , is the largest claims database in France. It contains individual data linked anonymously to an individual's social security number (Num ero d'Inscription au R epertoire [NIR]) for all healthcare expenditures reimbursed by the French National Health Insurance, including billing and reimbursement of outpatient healthcare consumption and data from the national hospital discharge database, representing data on >99% of the French population. Specifically, the SNDS contains socio-demographic data (age, sex, and region), information on all healthcare expenses reimbursed by the national healthcare public system, including outpatient visits, medication (including gonadotropins and ART-associated treatment), medical procedures, laboratory tests, hospital admission and procedures (including hospital-based management of births, miscarriages, ectopic pregnancies, and OHSS), with their corresponding care dates and date of death, all linked to create a longitudinal record of outpatient health encounters, hospital diagnoses, and drug dispensing  [43].
However, clinical and biological information (such as ovarian reserve or number of oocytes retrieved) is not recorded and, therefore, could not be used in this study. The comprehensive nature and the quasi-exhaustivity of the database make it a valuable resource for a real-world observational study of globally important medicalescientific questions related to fertility treatment outcomes d ART procedures in France are covered at 100% by health insurance (up to a maximum of six artificial inseminations and four IVF attempts), after prior agreement from the health insurance fund, in women up to the age of 43 years  [45].
Study registration and ethics approval This study is registered on the Health Data Hub website (T50770420190523). In accordance with current regulations, the study protocol was submitted to the committee for research, studies, and evaluations in the field of health (Comit e d'Expertise pour les Recherches, les Etudes et les Evaluations dans le domaine de la Sant e [CEREES]) for approval and was authorized by the French data protection authority (Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libert es  [CNIL] , which protects personal data, supports innovation, and preserves individual liberties [CNIL authorization number MR:920,437]).
Exclusion criteria Women who had OS for ART treatment under the following scenarios were excluded: as part of oocyte donation (stimulations with a hospital stay for oocyte donation within 60 days after index date); for chemotherapy for oncology or autoimmune diseases (delivered within 7 months after the index date); using Elonva® (Corifollitropin alfa; N. V. Organon, The Netherlands  [50] ) in addition to one of the gonadotropins of interest (6 months before and/or 30 days after the index date); using two different international non-proprietary name (INN) gonadotropins (including recombinant) during the same cycle (6 months before and/or 30 days after the index date) except hCG for triggering; women <18 years old or >43 years; women with no reimbursement record in the SNDS database for at least 18 months during the study period (as information on women who are lost to follow-up is not recorded in the database); in adult women who are themselves twins or triplets (in this scenario, it is not possible to link the health record to the patient owing to the potential evolution of pseudo-NIR numbers for twin/triplet patients throughout their lifetime); and women with fictive identifiers, as linking the health record to the patient was not possible.
For our study, the relevant covariates included in the statistical models were chosen by the clinician co-authors, based firstly on variables that have been reported/validated to predict either live birth or cumulative live birth after ovarian stimulation for ART treatment [53e55] and secondly on the data that were routinely available in the SNDS database, either before or at the index date. The predefined covariates (Supplementary Table  3 ) were age, center type (i. e. , private or public), pretreatment (contraceptives, estrogen, and progesterone), number of previous intrauterine inseminations, number of previous OPU, year of OPU, presence of previous miscarriages linked to hospitalization, presence of previous evolutive pregnancies, and presence of previous childbirth. Data on the use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog to avoid premature ovulation, ovulation trigger, and luteal phase support were extracted but not included as covariates in the main analyses because this was not reported for a substantial number of cases in the SNDS; however, a sensitivity analysis, including the use of a GnRH analog to avoid premature ovulation as a covariate in the adjustment model, was also performed on stimulations with available information on GnRH analog use.
Stimulations All analyses were performed per ovarian stimulation leading to OPU as the unit of analysis. Continuous variables were summarized using descriptive statistical measures (mean, standard deviation [SD], median, minimum, maximum, and interquartile range [Q1, Q3]). All statistical tests were twosided and used a 5% significance level. All confidence intervals represent the 95% limits and are twosided. The statistical analyses were performed with SAS software (SAS Institute, NC, USA; version 9. 4).
Sensitivity analyses A sensitivity analysis was performed on a subgroup of women undergoing their first ART cycle within the study period (naïve stimulation from rank 1) using 1:1 propensity score matching. The covariates were then individually assessed for the selection into the propensity score using a logistic regression model, and a greedy algorithm with caliper (defined at 0. 2 of variance of the logit of the propensity score) without replacement was applied. We considered covariates to be balanced if the absolute value of the standardized mean difference was <0. 1  [57, 58]. Only cumulative live birth rates were calculated and compared in this analysis. A sensitivity analysis was also performed for cumulative live birth on a subgroup of stimulations leading to OPU (full population) for which data on GnRH analog use were recorded.
This is the first study to assess the effectiveness of gonadotropins in France, in a nationwide claims database, reflecting the real-world routine national clinical practice. A particular strength of this study is that it used the SNDS database as the data source. The SNDS database contains individual data used for billing and reimbursement of outpatient healthcare consumption and data from the national hospital discharge database, covering 99% of the French population. Thus, owing to the comprehensiveness of the coverage of the SNDS, it provides a valuable opportunity for a real-world study of this globally important medicalescientific question by providing representative data on the overall routine clinical care for ART in France in both the private and public hospital settings during the period 2013e2018 (and follow-up to 2019).
By using this national database, there are no sampling issues and Fig. 5. Cumulative live birth rate according to stratified analyses: age categories and ART strategy (with or without freeze-all). (A) Biosimilars versus originator r-hFSH alfa. (B) Urinaries versus originator r-hFSH alfa (AnderseneGill model analysis adjusting for covariates listed in the footnote). Interaction test age and type of gonadotropin, p ¼ 0. 0487; interaction test freeze-all and type of gonadotropin, p ¼ 0. 13. HR were calculated using the AnderseneGill model using time from stimulation. The covariates used for the adjustment were age, center type (i. e. , private or public), pretreatment (contraceptives, estrogen, and progesterone), number of previous intrauterine inseminations, number of previous OPU, year of OPU, presence of previous miscarriages linked to hospitalization, presence of previous evolutive pregnancies, and presence of previous childbirth.
Cumulative live birth is increasingly reported when assessing reproductive outcome after ART treatment as it also includes the outcomes of FET cycles associated with OS leading to OPU; furthermore, FET cycles increasingly contribute to cumulative live birth outcomes after ART treatment in light of the advancements in vitrification/warming technology  [66]. In addition to the strengths of this study, we also acknowledge some limitations. However, as these limitations are applicable to all cohorts, we do not anticipate them to have a differential effect on the results of the study. Firstly, although we highlight the benefits of using real-world evidence, this study was not an RCT, and the results might still be subject to unmeasured confounding or other biases. To mitigate the effect of this, the analyses were adjusted for covariates that are known to affect live birth outcomes, which were identified from the published literature and were available in the SNDS database (as explained in the '"Materials and methods" section).
Furthermore, matching with 1:1 propensity score analyses minimized the risk of biased associations when comparing treatment outcomes. Secondly, as mentioned already, there is a lack of detailed clinical and biological information in the SNDS (such as ovarian reserve or number of oocytes retrieved), and some medical data are either underreported or not reported (e. g. , the number and morphology of transferred embryos or causes of infertility, which aredin combination with agedstrongly related to ART outcomes). A third limitation of using the SNDS is that it records the date when the medication was dispensed, rather than the date when the medication was administered: in practice, a gonadotropin medication could be dispensed several months before a woman starts ART. Coding inconsistencies on the use of tests for ovulation control and induction of ovulation prevented the accurate estimation of the exact gonadotropin start dates (or exposure dates) or of the dosage actually injected.