dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Baseline Activity This unique dataset showed higher baseline activity (activity prechallenge) and baseline variation in activity in pigs kept in an enriched environment compared to a barren environment. In the literature, it has been found that pigs housed on straw bedding show higher activity  (Day et al. , 2008; Luo et al. , 2020b). Previously we mentioned an overestimation of distance moved by the tracking algorithm during inactive periods only. Therefore, during inactive periods we could not differentiate between actual movement or noise. During active periods, the tracking algorithm did not overestimate the distance moved. So in these periods, enriched pens were indeed more active than barren pens (Figure  4 ). During active periods, this (true) difference in activity between pigs in enriched and housing could be explained by the availability of bedding leading to increased exploration  (Bolhuis et al.
, 2018) , reported decreased activity between 3-5h and 3-4h, respectively, after LPS injection. Thus, these studies demonstrate a change in behavior or behavioral motivation that seems to start and end earlier than the dip in activity in this study. Munsterhjelm et al. (2019)  reported a dip in social and damaging behavior, like tail and ear biting, on the day of injection, and a tendency for lower activity, but did not specify during which hours of the day this was. Intriguingly, in the latter study, social and damaging behaviors reached levels above baseline from two days post-injection. This study observed sickness behavior later and for a longer period of time. The method to measure activity differs between our study and that of  Munsterhjelm et al. (2019). We used tracking data and applied a rolling mean with a 24-hour window to measure activity, whereas the previously mentioned study used scan sampling to observe the activity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank  Manon van Marwijk ,  Bjorge Laurenssen ,  Monique Ooms ,  Ilona van den Anker ,  Sandra van Iwaarden , and the caretakers of Carus, especially  Arjan van Dolderen , for the help during experimental work. In addition we would like to thank  Egbert van Nes  for his valuable input for this study.
Nonetheless it is a simple set of conservative assumptions to begin, and taking this approach may in some cases lead to an acceptable risk assessment outcome. As comprehensive survey data across the EU Cosmetics Industry in 2016 were available on real use levels and occurrence data of PP in cosmetic products, a higher tier probabilistic external dose exposure assessment was performed on the basis of real European consumers' habits & practices (H&P) data in the Creme Care and Exposure model (https://www. cremeglobal. com/; and as exemplified in  Tozer et al. , 2015  for zinc pyrithione and (in  Tozer et al. , 2019)  for vitamin A exposure. Moving to a probabilistic and subject-oriented model can provide refinement of the estimates of exposure. This probabilistic modelling also allowed for the use of statistical distributions to characterize substance concentrations and the use of product occurrence data to account for the presence of chemicals in some, but not all products.
Legacy in vivo data One approach to substantiate analogue(s) for the purposes of using a suitable human-relevant toxicological POD in a risk assessment is to source the available reproductive/developmental toxicity data, and assess the quality of the study and the confidence in the POD. The key in vivo reproductive/developmental toxicity studies on the three parabens (MP, EP and BP) and pHBA source chemicals (conducted prior to 2013) were reviewed and are presented in Table  3. In addition, in vivo screening studies such as the uterotrophic assay are summarised in Table  4. It has to be noted that the uterotrophic assay in either immature or ovariectomised rodents is a short-term screening assay on biological (oestrogenic) activity of the respective substance. The measured endpoint is an increase in uterus weight which presents no evidence of an endocrine-mediated adverse effect.
Existing in silico profiling data for parabens with a focus on reproductive toxicity and related endocrine activity In addition to the evaluation of physicochemical properties and available in vivo data, an analysis of in silico data with focus on the respective RAX endpoint is important in determining the similarity and suitability of analogues. In this case study, the in silico alerts relating to the reported weak in vivo endocrine activities were evaluated. Based on the working hypothesis that all analogues are converted to the same metabolite: pHBA and it's in silico alerts were also investigated. Firstly, the profilers that the OECD QSAR Toolbox highlights as pertinent for reproductive toxicityi. e. the DART scheme, Oestrogen Receptor Binding, Retinoic Acid Receptor Bindingand the rtER Expert System were evaluated to examine the similarity among the category members  (OECD, 2018).
At the levels of exposure to parabens in cosmetics, the alcohols generated are not of concern toxicologically. iv) The rate and extent of ester hydrolysis is similar across parabens, resulting in similar exposures to the common metabolite pHBA, which is not toxic v) Chain length differences across the parabens may result in a predictable potency trend in observed effects across category members with increasing alkyl chain length e. g. in in vitro assays and uterotrophic assays etc. To investigate and support the hypothesis further and to explore biological similarity, US EPA ToxCast data were analysed.
Bioactivity in ToxCast (potential mode of action (MoA) of parabens) To explore biological activity and survey potential MoAs, efforts to find biological data for PP and similar chemicals were undertaken using ToxCast (US EPA). ToxCast data was of particular interest also to increase confidence in the similarities of the structurally related chemicals in the category. As PP was not tested in all ToxCast assays this approach cannot be considered to afford a comprehensive biological coverage; nonetheless, results from 656 assays can give some meaningful insights into MoA and potential similarities. Initially, a structure similarity search utilising Accelrys Isentris (v4. 0) was employed to identify molecules similar to PP, the target for read-across, that also had ToxCast data. Specifically, the structurally similar compounds were defined on the basis of 960 specific structural features pulled back from GRASP (Graphical Structure Project), a proprietary P&G platform, whereby the degree of structural similarity depends on the number of searchable keys that a stored structure has in common with the query, compared to the total number of searchable keys.
Based on this notion, the low binding alerts and binding activity of the parabens observed in the molecular docking and in silico profilers and the bioactivity (ToxCast) data already gathered, specific CALUX® transactivation assays (OECD 2016) were selected to examine the similarities and differences in the endocrine activity of parabens. As endocrine activities represent molecular initiating events rather than more downstream key events in some reproductive toxicity adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), evaluating endocrine activity is a way to survey many potential AOPs simultaneously. As such, interaction with receptors for oestrogen-, androgen-, thyroid signalling and steroidogenesis (EATS) are relevant to potential MoAs based on in vitro endocrine activity. A range of CALUX assays, complemented with specific assays to measure thyroid-and steroidogenesis interferences, was selected to create a complete EATS panel in which the parabens were evaluated.
Conclusion This case study for the target chemical propylparaben demonstrates the practical application of the 10-step RAX framework for NGRA, as described in  Alexander-White et al. (2022). This complements an accompanying case study for caffeine, which followed the same approach  (Bury et al. , 2020)  and has been reviewed by the OECD (2020). The data provided for parabens, illustrates how read-across can be used to fill the data gaps on reproductive/developmental toxicity as a suspected pivotal toxicity endpoint for the target chemical PP. Source chemicals MP, EP and BP were included in a category approach to evaluate chemical and biological similarity and explore relative potency trends across the category using in vitro assay data particularly related to oestrogenic activity, as suspected biological activity.
Prevalence and Phylogeny of Filaroids Overall, 22 (5. 1%, 95% CI) (1 horse and 21 donkeys) out of 429 equids were investigated and tested positive using pan-filarial qPCR. Filaroid DNA was successfully amplified from 16 out of the 22 qPCR-positive blood samples, and all (n = 4) retrieved worms using the 18S primers. Infection rates of 3. 7% (0. 3% in horse (1/320) and 13. 8% in donkeys (15/109)) were recorded. Likewise, all DNA amplicons were sequenced and grouped into three sequence groups according to BLAST analysis (Table  1 ): group i) amplified from five donkeys and one worm retrieved from a donkey's peritoneal cavity and showed 100% (739/739) and 99% (736/737) identity with S. digitata from the UK (GenBank DQ094175) and Egypt (GenBank MN728217), respectively. Group ii) amplified from a microfilaremic donkey and a worm from a donkey's peritoneal cavity and were 100% (739/739) identical with those of D.
repens previously detected in dog from Egypt (GenBank MN728215). Group iii) amplified from 10 blood samples (one horse and nine donkeys) and one worm retrieved from a donkey's peritoneal cavity and were 100% (1057/1057) identical to Mansonella sp. (genotype OM-2015, GenBank MT786947-49), which is detected in donkeys from Algeria (Table  1 ). Accordingly, the maximum likelihood phylogeny confirmed the BLAST results for the three filaroid species (Mansonella sp. , S. digitata and D. repens) with high bootstrap values (Figure  1 ). In addition, the ML phylogeny resolved the species identification of the Mansonella sp. herein isolated at the subgenus Tetrapetalonema (Figure  1 ).
, S. digitata and D. repens. The infection rate of Mansonella was 0. 3% (1/320) in horses from Cairo and 8. 3% (9/109) in donkeys from Beni Suef and Al-Faiyum. Phylogenetically, this species clustered together with Mansonella sp. OM-2015 genotype and belongs to the Tetrapetalonema subgenus within Mansonella (T. ) atelensis (GenBank: MT336173). According to GenBank entries, the Mansonella sp. OM-2015 genotype was identified either in donkeys from Algeria using 18S, ITS1, cox1 and 5S sequencing (genotype OM-2015, MT786947-49; MT786950-51, 55-58; MT791217 and MT795713, 15-17, respectively), and from Senegal using ITS1 sequencing (genotype OM-2015, MT786952), in horses from Senegal using ITS1 and 5S sequencing (genotype OM-2015, MT786953-54 and MT795714, respectively) or in biting midges Culicoid esenderleini from Senegal using generic ITS1 sequencing (genotype OM-2015, KR080175).
Phylogenetic Analyses Molecular sequences obtained via 18S PCR sequencing from worms and filaroidpositive samples were aligned against the representative members of the five Onchocercidae clades retrieved from the GenBank database using MAFFT v7. 490 [60], with adjustment to the direction of the first sequence. Bioedit software (Bioedit version 7. 2. 5) was used to manually refine the multisequence alignment  [61]. The maximum likelihood phylogeny was performed using IQTREE (IQ-TREE multicore version 1. 6. 12 for Mac OS X 64-bit) software  [62] , under 1000 Ultra-Fast bootstrap replications  [63]. The K2P + R2 model was selected by ModelFinder before computing the tree  [64]. DNA sequences of Ascaris sp. (GenBank accession number: JN256985), Toxascaris leonine (GenBank accession number: JN256984), Abbreviata caucasica (GenBank accession number: MN956825) and Gongylonema nepalensis (GenBank accession number: LC278392) were used as out-groups to root the tree.
Immunological Study Commercially available sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay kits using biotin-streptav idin chemistry (Genorise Scientific, INC. , Glen Mills, PA, USA) were used to quantify the level of serum INF-gamma, IL-5 and IL-10 according to the manufacturer's instructions. Optical density was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm. To compare the amount of circulating interleukins, the slope of regression "b" of the log dose response curves (n = 5) was obtained from a respective standard preparation, calculated according to the method described by Spiegel  [66]. In addition, the correlation of the level of circulating INF-gamma to IL-5 and IL-10 in control and filaroid-positive equids was statistically performed using the Minitap programme version 21. Finally, data from each cytokine concentration were presented as mean ± and standard errors (SE).
Funding: This research was funded by the  Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF) ,  InstitutFrancaisd'Egypte (IFE)  (ID:  30652 ) and the  Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection , the  National Research Agency  under the program " Investissements d'avenir ", reference  ANR-10-IAHU-03 , the  Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and European funding FEDER PRIMI. Institutional Review Board Statement: This study was approved by the  Medical and Veterinary Research Ethics Committee at the National Research Centre, Egypt  under No. 20147 , dated 1 October 2020). Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Animal Hosts (no. ) No. of Filaroid-Positive Animals (%) Species Name (Acc. No. , Size bps) 100% Identical Sequences from GenBank Horses (320) 1 (0. 3) Mansonella (T. ) sp. (MN728216) Mansonella sp. (MT786947-49) Total 1 (0. 3) 9 (8. 3) Mansonella (T. ) sp. (MN728182, MN728181 *) Mansonella sp. (MT786947-49) Donkeys (109) 5 (4. 6) Setaria digitata (MN728184, MN728183 **) S. digitata (DQ094175) 1 (0. 9) Dirofilaria repens (MN728180, MN728180 *) D. repens (MN728215) Total 15 (13. 8) * and ** indicate accession numbers of sequence of the filaroid worms from one infected donkey or two infected donkeys, respectively.
The limbs that underwent one or multiple FT as defined above were included in this study, but data regarding which cases received multiple FT as well as their respective results and joints tested were also not retained among these selected retrospective cases and subsequently evaluated with those patients that only received one FT. Indeed, as defined in the selection criteria of this study, the medical imaging results provide a definitive diagnosis by describing a lesion as being the most relevant finding within this limb. Therefore, the FT result could be compared to the diagnostic findings for the considered joint. The FT method applied was previously described in the literature  (23) : first, the initial gait at presentation was evaluated by the same observer on a hard and even surface of 15 m, recorded, and scored on the four points visual analog scale (VAS) described by Brunnberg (not lame, mild, moderate or severe lameness; Table  1 )  (25) ; second, on the dog in a standing position, only the affected joint of interest was flexed to maximum range of motion in an isolated manner and held in this position for 1 min (timed with a chronometer) by the observer according to the previously published guidelines  (23) ; third, the dog was walked again on the same hard and even surface of 15 m taking the first steps into account.
We observed a significant decrease of parasite prevalence with increasing age of cats, with cats aged ≤ 6 months having a higher prevalence (OR: 2. 46, 95% CI: 1. 18-5. 15) and cats aged > 24 months having a lower prevalence (OR: 0. 21, 95% CI: 0. 09-0. 45) compared to cats aged 6-24 months. Cats with access to the outdoors in both city and countryside areas had a higher prevalence of parasites compared to cats without access to the outdoors (OR: 3. 89, 95% CI: 1. 50-9. 96 and OR: 5. 30, 95% CI: 2. 64-11. 26, respectively), and no differences were observed between cats with access to the outdoors in either city or countryside areas (Wald test, Z = 0. 72, P = 0. 468). Using a data subset that included the previously selected variables in the multivariate model (age and living environment/lifestyle) and only cats aged > 6 months (n = 367), we tested the influence of the neutered/spayed status on parasite prevalence.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the investigators ( Drs. Marx Dominique ,  Cauchy Alexandre ,  Arthur Labarre ,  Autenne Stéphanie ,  Roche Laurent ,  Christophe Soyer ,  Delphine Othenin ,  Olivier Reineau ,  Vincent Pouillaude ,  Mathilde Prévot ,  Lange Claire ,  Vaubourdolle Philippe ,  Melin Matthieu ,  Peyrac Pierre-Alain ,  Champeyroux Eric ,  Nello Cassandre ,  Garcia Julie ), the technicians of parasitology laboratories ( Slimania Benabed ,  Christiane Espie ,  Marie-Thérèse Poirel  and  Cecile Roux ), the veterinarians of the preventive medicine service of  VetAgro Sup  ( Drs. Lionel Zenner ,  Marie Abitbol ,  Florence Ayral ,  Ludovic Freyburger ,  Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont ,  Angéli Kodjo ,  Maria-Halima Laaberki ,  Michel Pépin ,  Germain Rives ) and  Drs Gilles Bourdoiseau  and  Michel Franc , for their participation in the study.
For each bird, the following information was recorded (see details in Supplementary Table  S2 ): species, behaviour and direct environment (location, type of perch or ground, proximity of less than 1 m from a domestic duck). If a bird could not be identified to the species level, all birds of the same genus or family were grouped together in the database. The observer also recorded the following environmental information: date, time, weather, presence and number of domestic ducks.
Description of wild bird population diversity and behaviours. For each observation session, the maximum number of individuals observed per species during a single screening (i. e. at the same time) was recorded. This number was used as an estimation of the minimum number of individuals per species and per session. All sessions of the same month were then grouped together to calculate the monthly means of minimum number of individuals per species on the farm. The Shannon and Simpson diversity indices, and Piélou evenness index  32, 33  were calculated based on the monthly means rounded to the upper integer, using the "diversity" function of the "vegan" package on R software version 4. 0. 5  34. The three indices were defined by the following formulae: where p i is the proportion of individual birds in the species i, and S is the species richness (number of species), so that S i=1 p i = 1.
According to these definitions, the Shannon index represents the entropy in the population, i. e. the uncertainty in identifying the species of a random individual in the population. The Simpson index represents the diversity, i. e. the probability for two random individuals to belong to the same species. This second diversity index is less sensitive to rare species than the first one, so it is more suitable to compare populations from different contexts  32. The Piélou index represents the equitability of species abundances, that is the evenness of distribution of individuals among the different species  32, 33. H = exp - S i=1 p i ln p i (Shannon); The data subset of observations in presence of ducks on the area (for either more than 2 weeks or recently introduced, counting for 34 out of the 87 sessions) were used to quantify behaviours allowing contacts (direct or indirect) between wild birds and domestic ducks.
Network of between-species co-occurrences. To analyse the co-occurrence patterns (as a proxy for indirect contacts) between wild bird species and domestic ducks, data of observations on the 87 sessions with or without ducks on the area were used. An undirected weighted network was built, considering bird species (wild bird species or groups of species, and domestic ducks) as nodes, and two different bird species recorded during the same observation session (i. e. , co-occurrence) as an edge. Edges were then weighted by the frequency at which a given pair of bird species was recorded. Each node was characterised by its degree, representing the number of other nodes (i. e. , species) connected to it. Communities of more densely connected species  38  were defined by a walktrap algorithm based on a random walk through the edges  39  using the "cluster_walktrap" function of "igraph" package  40  , with a four-step walk selected as giving the most synthetic and biologically accurate result  39.
nb" function from "lme4" package  43, 44. Variable selection within the multivariate analysis was based on automated selection based on AIC using the function "dredge" from package "MuMIn"  45  , starting from a full model with all interactions between explanatory variables. Among minimal ranked models in a range of two units above the lowest AIC, the most parsimonious one was selected as the final model. The regression coefficients for the final model were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and its goodness of fit was estimated by the trigamma conditional R 246 using the "rsquared" function from package "piecewiseSEM"  47, 48.
(2) Our two stimuli may also be "integrated/interpreted" differently by each individual, inducing distinct behavioural profile. This phenomenon is more difficult to demonstrate. It would however be instructive to find out whether there are other embryonic responses to both stimuli including physiological and behavioural markers. For example, cardiac responses, movements or vocal responses of embryos could be evaluated to determine whether they differ following the AS and NS stimuli. Data concerning these traits would help to decide between these two hypotheses. To sum up, over-stimulation caused by natural and artificial stimuli could possibly have over-stimulated embryos' auditory system. The functions of these prenatal stimuli have long been studied by Gottlieb who identified three potential functions of early prenatal experiences: "maintenance"; "induction" and "facilitation"  (Gottlieb, 1981; 1971; 1976a; Gottlieb, 2003).
However, previous studies have suggested a positive effect of mixed doses of Glu and Gln during the pre-and post-weaning phases (0. 88% of 50% of Glu:Gln ratio  21  ) and later in the piglets' life  16. In addition, Liu et al. 22  observed that both Glu and Gln dietary supplementation (1%) increased the level of RNA in the skeletal muscle of piglets at first week post-weaning, suggesting that these AAs can sustain the protein synthesis in muscles and improve growth performance under stressful conditions. In the present study, the faecal score and the complete blood cell formula were analysed to investigate the effect of Glu and Gln on the health of piglets. Overall, both the faecal score and the blood cell formula data suggested that the piglets did not suffer from severe illness. Moreover, the increase in the faecal score could have been due to greater water secretion in the small intestine, derived from the alteration of the osmotic gradients and not from a pathogen infection which could be linked to secretory or osmotic diarrhoea  23.
Material and methods. At weaning (d0), 120 piglets (24 ± 2 days of age; initial BW 6. 96 kg ± 0. 11 kg) were moved to the experimental facility of the University of Bologna. The in vivo trial was carried out in two consecutive batches of 60 piglets each. The piglets were assigned to one of the six experimental diets (10 replicates per diet, 2 piglets/each replicate) based on the litter of origin and BW: (1) standard diet (CO); (2) CO plus 6 kg/Ton Glu (100Glu); (3) CO plus 4. 5 kg/Ton Glu and 1. 5 kg/Ton Gln (75Glu + 25Gln); (4) CO plus 3 kg/Ton Glu plus 3 kg/Ton Gln (50Glu + 50Gln); (5) CO plus 1. 5 kg/Ton Glu and 4. 5 kg/Ton Gln (25Glu + 75Gln); (6) CO plus 6 kg/Ton Gln (100Gln). The diets did not include antimicrobials, zinc oxide or growth promoters. To design the diets, the nutrient values were estimated using EvaPig® software (v.