dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements We thank all the participants in this study. We also thank  Sebastien Marchi  for his support of our research;  Pr Veronique Dupuis  for her approval to conduct the research; the PAQUID psychologists for presenting our study to the participants;  Rodolphe Thie  ´baut and  Karen Leffondre  ´for their methodological support;  Marie-He  ´lene Sage for making appointments with the participants;  Severine Martiren ,  Belinda Bastol  and  Catherine Maldonado  for managing the data and Aurelie Ablonet for her professional English editing of the manuscript. We acknowledge  Colgate Palmolive  for kindly providing each participant with Meridol toothpaste (20 mL) and a Meridol toothbrush.
| DISCUSSION To our knowledge, coexistence of triple teeth and double teeth in two different arches has never been reported. To address this issue, an extensive literature review was conducted to identify all reported cases of triple teeth in the English language. A search was performed on the PubMed database using keywords related to triple teeth and primary dentition according to the following equation search: (triplication OR "triple teeth" OR "triple tooth" OR "three teeth" OR triplicated OR "three tooth fusion") AND (primary OR decidual OR deciduous OR temporary). It was manually completed with the references of the selected articles and a search on Google Scholar in order to find nonindexed publications. Inclusion criteria were all types of articles reporting or discussing triple teeth in primary dentition, written in English language, published up to December 2019, and availability of the full text.
A table was created to collect details regarding age and sex of patients, teeth implicated, patient origin, familial history, medical context, diagnostic tools, radiographic interpretation, resorption trouble/delay of eruption, absence  of successional tooth, other dental anomalies, and treatment performed. All the articles are listed in Table  1. Our compilation corroborates with the literature data that females are less commonly affected (seven cases), and the maxillary and left side of the arch are more commonly affected. 9 Fusion of three normal teeth is rare (two cases),  13, 26  with only one case showing affected teeth on both right and left sides. 26 All other cases showed fusion with a supernumerary tooth or gemination. In addition, the association of triple teeth with double teeth is also rare (three cases) with respect to the same arch.
Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by  BPI-France  (23 rd call for R&D proposals of FUIgrant  DOS0056563/00 -SpineFlex project ), and the  COLCOM and Graftys companies. The authors greatly acknowledge the  Scanning Electron Microscopy  facility at the  Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN) laboratory , and particularly  Nicolas Stephant  for his technical support. The authors greatly acknowledge  Nathalie Guichard  from the  CEISAM laboratory  for his help for the data acquisition related to injectability, cohesion and mechanical properties.
Characteristics of the students Among the 280 medical students eligible, 20 refused to participate, and 18 were ineligible because of missing data during their first or second year assessments. A total of 242 (86%) students were included in the analysis, with 140 being in the intervention group (17 student groups). The remaining 102 were in the control group (15 student groups) (Fig. 2 ). Baseline characteristics of students are presented in Table  1. The Fleiss Kappa coefficient showed an important agreement between the tutors (0. 74 (95% CI: 0. 66-0. 82).
Faced with this observation, the evaluation and comparison of global protein profiles seem more relevant than the search for and identification of biomarkers in the periodontitis diagnosis. The existence of specific protein profiles could represent the signature of a periodontal disease. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) is a rapid and precise proteome profiling method that generates a characteristic spectrum for analytes in the sample. Profiling is a conventional approach that is widely used in bacterial identification by comparing spectra of unknown bacteria to databases that contain spectra of reference bacteria  [19] [20]. In this non-quantitative technique, intact cells can directly be mixed with MALDI matrix  [20]. La Scola & Raoult have shown that this method was efficient for direct routine identification of bacterial isolates in blood culture and may surpass the conventional diagnostic methods in speed and accuracy  [21].
Chaiyarit et al. analyzed salivary protein profiles in oral cancer, oral lichen planus, and chronic periodontitis and found that mass signals at 5,835. 73 and 9,801. 83 Da were significantly decreased in periodontitis patients compared to the two others oral diseases  [29]. More recently, in a small number of patients, changes in protein profiles in chronic periodontitis were reported in saliva, GCF and serum  [30]. The few studies identifying protein profiles changes were case-control studies, which described differences between periodontitis and healthy subjects, but there are no data available from blinded experiments. The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility and diagnostic contribution of protein profiling using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry applied to saliva, GCF and dental plaque from periodontitis and healthy subjects.
Each sample generated 6 spectra from 6 deposits. Spectra were recorded in the positive linear mode at a laser frequency of 50 Hz within a mass range of 2-20 kDa. The acceleration voltage was 20 kV, and the extraction delay time was 200 ns. Each spectrum was obtained from 240 laser shots performed in 6 regions of the same spot and then automatically acquired using the AutoXecute acquisition control in FlexControl software 3. 0 (Bruker Daltonics). The spectra of the six spots for each sample were imported into the BioTyper-RTC TM version 3. 0 software (Bruker Daltonics GmbH). The calibration of the MS was fully automated and performed with a commercial solution (BTS: Bacterial standard test) and the procedure was completely automatic (BiotyperRTC user manual). For each analysis, the MALDI target was simultaneously tested with an inactivated strain of Escherichia coli as the positive control (objective score > 2,1) and with matrix solution alone as the negative control (objective score < 1,5).
All spectra were controlled using the Flexanalysis 1 v3. 4 software (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany). Quality criteria of the spectrum for global aspect and intensity were checked : intensity above 10 4 arbitrary units (AU), horizontal baseline curve and presence of visually identifiable peaks. Bioinformatics analysis. Spectra were analyzed using a homemade R program  [31]  including the supplementary libraries MALDIQuant  [32] , seriation  [33]  and binDA  [34]. A first step of spectra pre-processing included noisy spectra discarding using spectrum signal to noise ratio, smoothing (moving average with half window size 8), baseline correction.
We generated binary decision trees using Quinlan's C5. 0 algorithm, an extension of C4. 5  [36]. In a second step, an internal validation was processed with a 10-fold cross-validation in order to verify the classification ability of the generated models. Each group of samples was randomly partitioned into 10 equal-sized subsamples. One subsample was selected as the validation data for testing the diagnostic decision tree, while the other 9 subsamples were used as training data. The process was repeated 10 times with a rotation of the subsamples tested. The performance of the models of each sample was evaluated by sensitivity and specificity. Finally, a principal component analysis was carried out between the top 10 ranking peaks and the epidemiological data from the medical questionnaire (age, gender, current smokers, former smokers, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypothyroidism, arthritis, respiratory disease, anti-diabetic medication, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anticoagulants, thyroid hormone thyroxine, hormonal contraception and stress).
Relation between the peaks and the epidemiological data A principal component analysis was carried out between the 10 top ranking peaks and the epidemiological data from the medical questionnaire (age, gender, current smokers, former smokers, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypothyroidism, arthritis, respiratory disease, antidiabetic medication, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anticoagulants, thyroid hormone thyroxine, hormonal contraception and stress). The 10 top ranking peaks were found independent of the general risk factors for periodontal diseases, which means that these peaks are specific of the periodontal status.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  Professor Martine Bonnaure-Mallet ,  Doctors Alexandra Boyer ,  Elsa Solal ,  Lea Tholozan ,  Cathy Dumas ,  Sebastien Melloul ,  Mathias Faure-Brac ,  Camille Sadowski  and  Basheer Khadaroo  for their valuable assistance. English editing of the article was performed by American Journal Expert under ID:  Q2D3W36L.
Protein Identification Peptide identifications were carried out on the SearchGUI (version 3. 1. 3) [16]  and Peptideshaker software (version 1. 13. 6) [17]  using the using X!Tandem (version VENGEANCE, 2015. 12. 15) and the Open Mass Spectrometry Search Algorithm (OMSSA) (version 1. 0) with integrated false discovery rate (FDR) analysis function  [18]. All peptide identifications were performed in three biological replicates and three technical replicates. The data were searched against a protein sequence database downloaded from UniProtKB for C. albicans SC5314 on 20th Oct 2016 (total 9038 entries). The MS/MS spectra obtained were searched using the following user-defined search parameters: Digestion: Trypsin with maximum of 2 missed cleavages; 20. 0 ppm as MS1 and 0. 6 Da as MS2 tolerances; fixed modifications: carbamidomethyl c (+57.
021464 Da); variable modifications: oxidation of m (+15. 994915 Da), acetylation of protein n-term (+42. 010565 Da), pyro-cmc (-17. 026549 Da), pyro-glu from n-term e (-18. 010565 Da), and pyro-glu from n-term q (-17. 026549 Da). The MS/MS spectra were searched against a decoy database to estimate the false discovery rate (FDR) for peptide identification. The decoy database consisted of reversed protein sequences from the C. albicans database. Peptides and proteins were inferred from the spectrum identification results using PeptideShaker. Peptide spectrum matches, peptides, and proteins were validated at a 1. 0% false discovery rate estimated using the decoy hit distribution.
| Search strategy The search strategy (Figure  1 ) was developed from the research question "How is oral health professional education reported in Europe?". The search strategy encompassed published literature searches, internet searches and further searching of relevant documents from educational organisations, regulators and professional bodies. The specific search terms for each search undertaken can be seen in Table  1. In order to identify relevant published studies, both educational (Education Resources Information Center-ERIC) and scientific databases (PubMed) were used. As well as searching for published sources, a Google Scholar and two separate Google web searches were carried out. For the latter, the first 100 sources were considered. Finally, websites of known Educational Organisations, Regulators, Data Reporting Agencies, Professional Bodies and Health Agencies were hand-searched for further relevant sources.
| Selection of sources of evidence (Screening) The title and abstracts of all sources identified from the searches were retrieved and screened by two authors (JD, JF). Sources were included in the scoping review if they reported on oral health professional education in Europe, regardless of the level of reporting, study type or subject matter. The EHEA definition of Europe was used to determine the inclusion of relevant articles. If the source did not have an abstract or if the data reported were unclear from the abstract, the full-text document was retrieved and screened by both authors concurrently. Equally, if a unanimous agreement could not be established from the abstract, the full-text document was retrieved to determine its inclusion in the scoping review. If there was disagreement when screening, the issue was discussed further with the other authors in order to reach a consensus.
| Data charting process All final sources included in the scoping review were read in full text and subsequently recorded in the charting form-an example of which can be seen in Figure  2. The data recorded included the following: author(s), year of publication, title, journal or publisher name, study type, location, and the subject matter reported. This form allowed for the appropriate organisation of included sources and for a standardised extraction of data relevant to the scoping review. The decision on which variables were used to extract data from each source was based on the research question. It was not within the scope of the review to report the full research findings of each study; instead, any data relating to how oral health professional education was provided or delivered in Europe was recorded in the charting form.
| Characteristics of sources of evidence The individual characteristics of all the included sources, as well as a summary of the data extracted (using the charting form Figure  2 ) from each source, are presented in Table  3. The table also describes the search in which the source was found, as well as the reporting theme. A summary of the most common characteristics of the whole dataset can be seen in Table  4. The mean year of publication for all included sources was 2007. The majority of sources were published in a journal dedicated to dental education (48%), with discipline-specific journals also being relatively common (29%). Surveys represented the most common source type (55%), with narrative reports, guidelines and literature reviews also being frequent (26% combined). 57% of sources reported across Europe, a combined 25% for either individual countries or select regions within Europe and 18% globally.
| Other oral health professional education The majority of the data reported for oral health professional education focused on dental hygienist education,  28, 35, 39, 62, 64, 71, 86  with some reporting on both dental hygiene and therapy (DH&T) education. 73, 79, 85, 87, 90 None of the reports found in the searches reported on dental nurse or dental technology education, and this may be due to the fact that these programmes are still often delivered as vocational or further education programmes, outside of the usual higher education setting. Such a trend may also be expected considering that many countries are increasingly focusing on training dental hygienists and therapists to meet the oral health needs of their population. Nonetheless, the data available regarding dental hygiene education provide a significantly more comprehensive programme review across multiple countries and institutions in Europe, than the data for dentistry.
Study design We designed a one single centre, 1:1 two-parallel arms, prospective, placebo-controlled doubleblind trial comparing ropivacaine (7. 5mg/mL) versus placebo (0. 9% saline solution) regional anaesthesia. Patients were followed for 3 months. According to the French law, the official Institutional Review Board approved the study (Comité Protection Personne, Sud Méditerranée III, 2012, Hôpital Universitaire de Nîmes, France, Chairman: Pr Thierry Lavabre Bertrand and registered at EudraCT: 2011-004972-13). Prior to first patient enrollment, the study was registered at ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT01541059; 29 feb. 2012, principal investigator: Pr Jacques Ripart, see author). 9 A written informed consent was obtained for every participant before inclusion, this study followed the guidelines of Helsinki declaration for human investigation.
Data collection 9 Before surgery, patient information was collected (age, weight, height, sex), physical status was scored according to the ASA score, and ease of intubation was scored in consultation by Mallampati score. Patient's VAS was recorded at anaesthesia consultation and the morning of intervention. In addition, each patient had to complete the DNA survey composed of four questions and 10 items which generates a score between 0 and 10. The surgeon was asked to anticipate the difficulty of the operation according to the Pederson Difficulty Index (0-10 scale) pre-operatively and then to rate the difficulty encountered on the same scale post-operatively. During surgery, modified Cormack-Lehane score, times of induction, infiltration, incision-end of surgery, end of anaesthesia, consumption of propofol and remifentanil and use of anti-emetics were collected.
Sample size and randomization Sample size was determined based on the results of a prospective pilot study from our team. Pain was evaluated by VAS until 5. 5 hours post-surgery, we found that patients treated with ropivacaine (n=18) had an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0. 28±0. 31 compared to 0. 52 ± 35 in placebo patients (n=11). In order to detect a superiority of ropivacaine with an alpha risk of 10 0. 05 and a power of 0. 9, we required 33 patients in each group. To account for potential 20% missing data for the primary outcome and approximation of estimations, a total of 50 patients per group were required. The randomization list was computer generated using SAS Software version 9. 4 (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, USA) by the methodologist of the Biostatistics Department of Nimes University Hospital appointed to the study and not involved in-group allocation.
Data analysis All analyses were conducted following the intent-to-treat (ITT) principle. Studied parameters were expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD), or medians with interquartile, or in frequencies and percentages when appropriate. Analysis of unbalanced percentages when appropriate. The group differences were not subjected to statistical tests due to the randomization principle (CONSORT guidelines). 10 Comparisons for pain (for primary or secondary endpoints) were one-sided and a p-value of <0. 05 was required to exclude the null hypothesis. Other comparisons were two-sided with the same p-value threshold. For the primary endpoint, area under curve (AUC) was estimated using the trapezoidal method. AUC were estimated using VAS evaluation at 0, 1. 5, 3 and 4 hours after awakening.
Evaluation of pain at 24 hours was compared by a Wilcoxon test. For both these elements of the primary endpoint, potential covariates (identified when comparing groups) were tested in univariate analysis and a multivariate general linear regression model with appropriate distribution was realized. For secondary endpoints, 11 comparisons between groups were performed using unpaired Student's t-tests, Wilcoxon tests and chi-square tests ± Fischer exact tests when appropriate. To estimate the time until tramadol request, a survival analysis was performed and the comparison was made with a log-rank test. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS (release 9. 4; SAS institute, Cary, USA).
MATERIAL AND METHODS The patient-intervention-control-outcome (PICO) question in this systematic review was "Is intraoral digital scanning a clinically acceptable technique for complete-arch implant-supported prostheses?" Medline(Pubmed), Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published in the past decade (Table  1 ). The references cited in the articles included were verified. Inclusion criteria were clinical studies using digital scanning for complete-arch implantsupported (conventional or immediate) restorations that reported the related outcomes. All studies were original articles published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. Experimental studies of digital scanning for complete-arch implant restorations on edentulous models were also included. Literature reviews, case reports, abstracts, and articles that described digital scanning for partially edentulous situations or orthodontic use were excluded.
Two reviewers (C. W. , A. N. ) performed the literature search independently until March 2019. All titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles were analyzed and selected in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Papers meeting the inclusion criteria or presenting insufficient data in the title and the abstract for a decision were selected for full analysis. The 2 reviewers assessed the full-text articles independently. Any disagreement on the eligibility of studies was resolved by discussion and consensus. The reviewers tabulated selected data from the included articles according to the number of implants, the arch (maxilla or mandible), the implant angulation, the accuracy results, the control (use of conventional impression as control, conventional impression technique), measurement strategies, and calibration.
RESULTS After database screening and the removal of duplicates, 208 articles were retrieved (Fig. 1 );reports for 70 studies remained after title screening and 32 after examining abstracts. The full texts of the 32 studies were further assessed for eligibility. 5] [26] [27] [28] [29]  One study was excluded because it described physical impressions only  30  and another because it was a clinical report. 31 A total of 20 studies published after 2008 were analyzed. 2] [43]  Photogrammetry relies on photographic images to record the geometrical properties of 3D objects (optical targets) and their interrelated spatial positions. 44 ly 5 clinical studies were retrieved: 1 pilot study,  16  1 prospective study,  45  and 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs),  40, 41, 46  with a follow-up of 1 to 2 years.
However, in the pilot study, digital clinical measurements were compared with measurements performed on conventional casts that had previously served for soldered bar fabrications. 16 The authors were dissatisfied with the precision of the intra-oral scanner. [35] [36] [37]  Coordinate measurement machines are considered the gold standard, with an accuracy of 1 µm, whereas extra-oral scanners reach 6-µm accuracy. 34 st authors agreed on the definition of trueness, accuracy, and precision. 50 Trueness is defined as the comparison between a control dataset and a test dataset. The measured deviations between the control dataset and test dataset determined the accuracy. Precision resulted from a comparison among different datasets obtained with the same scanner. However, results were conveyed with different outcomes: trueness and precision,  20  general and local trueness and precision,  33, 35  linear and angular deviation,  37  root mean square error of superimposition,  19, 36  average measurement error,  42  and bias error value.
Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the potential interest of parathyroid hormone (PTH) as an adjunct to periodontal treatment based on studies performed in rodents. Materials & methods: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science) were searched up to December 2019. Studies assessing the impact of PTH administration in experimental periodontitis in rodents have been identified. Results: Amongst the 247 identified articles, 10 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Experimental periodontitis was mainly induced by ligature placement or surgically with a dental bur. All studies considered bone healing after PTH administration at different frequencies as primary outcome. Results showed that an intermittent administration of PTH promoted bone healing and neovascularization.