dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Thus, we obtained the model prediction by calculating the average rejection proportion of these new datasets in terms of two dilemmas for each subject, respectively. We tested to what degree the individual model prediction correlated with the actual rejection proportion using Pearson correlation. Based on the winning model and its parameter estimation, we derived the mean of the trial-wise SV for each option and defined the relative SV (rSV) by subtracting the SV of the non-chosen option from that of the chosen option (i. e. rSV = SV_chosen -SV_unchosen). These trial-wise rSVs were used as parametric modulators (PMs) for model-based fMRI analyses (see below for details).
fMRI data acquisition and analyses The imaging data were acquired on a 3-Tesla Siemens Trio MRI system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a 32-channel head coil at the Imaging Center of South China Normal University. Functional data were acquired using T2 * -weighted echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequences employing a BOLD contrast (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 30 ms; flip angle = 90 • ; slice thickness = 3. 5 mm, slice gap = 25%, matrix = 64 × 64, FoV = 224 × 224 mm 2 ) in 32 axial slices. Slices were axially oriented along the AC-PC plane and acquired in an ascending order. A high-resolution structural T 1 -weighted image was also collected for every participant using a 3D MRI sequence (TR = 1900 ms, TE = 2. 52 ms; flip angle = 9 • ; slice thickness = 1 mm, matrix = 256 × 256, FoV = 256 × 256 mm 2 ). Three participants were excluded from later analyses due to excessive head movements (>3 mm), thus leaving a total of 37 participants whose data were analyzed for the fMRI study (24 females; mean age ± SD = 19.
9 ± 2. 0 years, ranging from 18 to 27 years; two left handedness). Functional imaging data were analyzed using SPM12 (Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK). The preprocessing procedure followed the pipeline recommended by SPM12. In particular, functional images (EPI) were first realigned to the first volume to correct motion artifacts, unwarped and corrected for slice timing. Next, the structural T 1 image was segmented into white-matter, gray-matter and cerebrospinal fluid with the skull removed, and co-registered to the mean functional images. Then, all functional images were normalized to the MNI space, resampled with a 2 × 2 × 2 mm 3 resolution, based on parameters generated in the previous step. Last, the normalized functional images were smoothed using an 8-mm isotropic full width half maximum based on Gaussian kernel.
RSA. The RSA was carried out in Python 3. 6. 3 with the NLTools package (v. 0. 3. 6; http://github. com/ljchang/nltools), which aimed to further examine whether the neural patterns in vmPFC during value computation in the self-bad cause dilemma could mimic the one in the charity-bad cause dilemma. For each participant, we established a neural dissimilarity matrix (DM) within the vmPFC (defined based on the conjunction activation in two dilemmas; see Results for details) between value-related contrast maps in the self-bad cause dilemma and in the charitybad cause dilemma (i. e. the PM contrasts of rSV in GLM 1 in respective dilemmas). The neural DM was calculated by one minus the Pearson correlation between contrast value vectors of vmPFC pattern of two dilemmas. Next, we transformed the individual dissimilarity value back to the correlation coefficient, and then performed the Fisher's z transformation for statistical analyses.
To further characterize the inter-individual variance in differential modulatory effect of dilemma on immoral decisions, we computed an index of moral preference in the following way: moralpref = α charity-bad cause + β charity-bad cause -(α self-bad cause +β self-bad cause ) the higher the index is, the stronger the preference of participants to weight monetary gain for the charity higher than for themselves when controlling the weights of the moral cost in the two dilemmas, respectively. Notably, we standardized the original payoffs and re-fitted the winning model (i. e. m4) to the dataset. This made the parameter estimates capturing the weights of both the monetary gains and the moral costs comparable on the same scale. As a post-hoc check, we also observed a negative correlation between the moral preference and the total score of Machiavelli scale (Mach-IV; Pearson correlation: r (95% CI) = -0.
Funding This research has benefited from the financial support of IDEX-LYON from  Université de Lyon  (project  INDEPTH ) within the  Programme Investissements d'Avenir  ( ANR-16-IDEX-0005 ) and of the  LABEX CORTEX  ( ANR-11-LABX-0042 ) of  Université de Lyon , within the  program Investissements d'Avenir  ( ANR-11-IDEX-007 ) operated by the  French National Research Agency. J. -C. D. was funded by the grant ' ANR-NSF CRCNS "SOCIAL_POMDP " no. 16-NEUC '. Q. C. was funded by the  Program for National Science Foundation of China  ( 31470995 ).
Past measurements of R(D) and R(D * ) R D and R D * are defined as the ratios of the semileptonic decay width of B d and B u meson to a τ lepton and its associated neutrino ν τ over the B decay width to a light lepton. A summary of the currently available measurements of R D and R D * is presented in Table  2. 2, showing the yield of B signal and B normalization decays and the stated uncertainties. The data were collected by the BaBar and Belle experiments at e + e -colliders operating at the Υ (4S) resonance, which decays exclusively to pairs of B + B -or B 0 B0 mesons. The LHCb experiment operates at the high energy pp collider at CERN at total energies of 7 and 8 TeV, where pairs of b-hadrons (mesons or baryons) along with a large number of other charged and neutral particles are produced.
Outlook for R(D) and R(D * ) Belle II and the upgraded LHCb are expected to collect large data samples with considerably improved detector performances. This should lead to much reduced detector related uncertainties, higher signal fractions, and opportunities to measure many related processes. The goal is to push the sensitivity of many measurements of critical variables and distributions beyond theory uncertainties and thereby increase the sensitivity to non-Standard Model processes. Currently there are only two measurements of the ratio R D , one each by BaBar and Belle, based on two distinct samples of hadronic tagged B B events for the signal B → Dτ ν τ and B → D * τ ν τ decays. The decay B → Dτ ν τ is dominated by a P-wave, whereas in the B → D * τ ν τ S, P, and D waves contribute and the impact for contributions from new physics processes is expected to be smaller.
A contribution of a hypothetical charged Higgs would result in an S-wave for B → Dτ ν τ , and a P-wave for B → D * τ ν τ , thus measurements of the angular distributions and the polarization of the τ lepton or D and D * mesons will be important. Such measurements would of course also serve as tests of other hypotheses, for instance contributions from leptoquarks. The studies for many decay modes, the detailed kinematics of the signal events, the four-momentum transfer q 2 , the lepton momentum, the angles and momenta of D and D * and the τ spin should be extended to perform tests for potential new physics contributions. Belle II will benefit from major upgrades to all detector components, except for the barrel sections of the calorimeter and the muon detector. In addition, a new data acquisition and analysis software are being developed to benefit from the very high data rates and improved detector performance.
The systematic uncertainty on the R D * measurement of 11% is dominated by the hadronic B decay composition of 7% and the size of the MC sample  [63]. The measured transverse τ polarization of P τ = -0. 38±0. 51 +0. 21 -0. 16 is totally statistics dominated, and implies P τ < 0. 5 at 90% C. L. Among the many other measurements Belle II is planning, ratios R for both inclusive and inclusive semileptonic B decays are of interest, for instance in addition to R D , R D * , and R D * * also R X c , as well as R π and R X u , which rely on unique capabilities of Belle II. The LHCb detector is currently undergoing a major upgrade with the goal to switch to an all software trigger and to be able to select and record data up to rates of 100kHz. Replacements of all tracking devices are planned, ranging from radiation hard pixel detector near interaction region to scintillation fibers downstream.
Improvements to electron and muon detection and reduction in pion misidentification will be critical for the suppression of backgrounds, and should also allow rate comparison for decays involving electron or muons. LHCb relies on large data samples rather than MC simulation to assess signal efficiencies and most importantly the many sources of backgrounds and their suppression. Several analyses are underway based on Run 1 and Run 2 data samples, and are benefiting from improved trigger capabilities. The first analysis based on 3-prong τ decays showed a clear separation of the τ decay vertex from both the D and the proton interaction point, improving the signal purity to about 11%, compared to 4. 4% for the purely leptonic 1-prong τ decay. This may therefore be the favored τ decay mode, and should also be tried for B + → D 0 τ + ν τ.
In both tagged and un-tagged measurements the exclusive B0 → π + -ν signal is fitted in bins of q 2 to determine the partial branching fraction in each bin. These measurements together with LQCD and LCSR predictions can be used as constraints to simultaneously fit the form factors of decays and determine the parameter |V ub |. HFLAV performed a fit for |V ub | the B0 → π + -ν form factor, f + (q 2 ), under a BCL parametrisation utilising BaBar and Belle tagged and untaggged datasets and state of the art theory predictions  [68]. This resulted in the most precise determination of |V ub | to date, |V ub | = 3. 67 ± 0. 09(exp) ± 0. 12(theo), which has a total uncertainty of 4%. Untagged and tagged measurements of |V ub | from B0 → π + -ν decays at Belle II will significantly improve the precision on |V ub |.
In order to project the reduction in uncertainty both tagged and untagged analyses were performed on simulated Belle II Monte Carlo. The expected uncertainty on |V ub | was determined for a given luminosity by extracting the partial branching fractions from pseudodatasets generated from Monto Carlo expectations and fitting these together with LQCD predictions. With 50 ab -1 and future expected improvements in LQCD predictions the projected uncertainties on |V ub | from B0 → π + -ν decays were 1. 7% (tagged) and 1. 3% (untagged). The dominant systematic for the tagged analysis is the calibration of the tagging efficiency which is assumed irreducible at 1% on |V ub |. For the untagged analysis the dominant systematic uncertainty results from the uncertainty on the number of B B pairs which is assumed irreducible at 0.
It is foreseen to perform the measurement in few q 2 bins so that the use of different calculations of form factors will be possible. Larger data samples, accumulated during the LHCb Upgrade period will allow a differential measurement in finer q 2 bins. Purely leptonic B -→ µ -ν decays are not accessible at LHCb. An alternate way has been tested, searching for the decay B -→ µ -νµ + µ -where an hard photon is irradiated from the initial state and materializes into two muons. This decay has the experimental advantage of the presence of additional particles in the final state and of a larger branching fraction, due to the removal of the helicity suppression. An upper limit on the branching fraction of 1. 6 × 10 -8 has been determined with 4. 7 fb -1 of integrated luminosity  [4] , making it a possible candidate for a |V ub | measurement in the LHCb Upgrade period  [231].
05 ± 0. 51 , (3. 7) which can in turn be compared to the SM prediction of Refs. [181, 233]  of R π = 0. 641 ± 0. 016. (3. 8) Although the current precision is very limited, this result can already exclude the model parameter space of new physics models e. g. charged Higgs bosons, cf. Ref. [233]. Albeit a challenging signature, the final state with a charged pion has excellent prospects to be discovered in the large future Belle II data set. A naive extrapolation of Eq. 3. 7 using assuming SM couplings results in evidence with 4 ab -1 and discovery with 11 ab -1 of integrated luminosity. The theoretical precision in R π will further increase with progress in lattice and with combined light lepton and lattice fits (the measured spectra can constrain the low q 2 region, which the lattice has difficulties in predicting reliably).
65 GeV. The most recent analysis is the one of hadronic mass M (X c ) moments, which are determined using a data sample of 232 million Υ (4S) → B B events  [341]. The experimental method is similar to the Belle analysis discussed previously, i. e. , one B meson is fully reconstructed in a hadronic mode and a charged lepton with momentum above 0. 8 GeV in the B meson frame identifies the semileptonic decays of the second B. The remaining particles in the event are combined to reconstruct the hadronic system X. The resolution in M (X c ) is improved by a kinematic fit to the whole event, taking into account 4-momentum conservation and constraining the missing mass to zero. To derive the true moments from the reconstructed ones, BaBar applies a set of linear corrections. These corrections depend on the charged particle multiplicity of the X system, the normalized missing mass, E miss -p miss , and the lepton momentum.
This challenging analysis was affected by the large statistical uncertainties and limited by the knowledge on the B → X c background components and the signal composition available when it was published. Exploiting the full datasets collected, both Belle  [400]  and BaBar  [401]  published measurements of B → X u ν partial branching fraction, performing a fit in M X and q 2 , and requiring only p > 1 GeV. BaBar determined also the partial branching fractions in other several restricted regions of the phase space.
Another strategy, called NNVub and explored in  [411]  for the GGOU approach, employs artificial neural networks as unbiased interpolants for the SFs, in a way similar to what the NNPDF Collaboration do in fitting for Parton Distribution Functions  [412]. This method allows for unbiased estimates of the SFs functional form uncertainty, and for a straightforward implementation of new experimental data, including B → X s γ and B → X u ν spectra and other inputs on quark masses and OPE matrix elements. Both SIMBA and NNVub appear well posed to analyse the Belle II data in a model independent and efficient way.
The new tagging algorithm developed for Belle II can perform better than the old neural network method used in the previous Belle publications with about 3 times higher efficiency  [235]. With a larger data set, the systematic uncertainties counted for reconstruction efficiencies, fake leptons and continuum background knowledge are expected to improve for this measurement. The projections for inclusive |V ub | are summarized in Table  6. 1. We have summarized our main results in Sec. 1. In this final Section, we would like to look at the prospects of our field over the next five years. What can we expect for semileptonic b decays at the two main experiments? What kind of progress can we reasonably anticipate in lattice QCD and continuum calculations? Belle II has started data taking with a complete detector in March 2019 and recorded about 10/fb in its first year of operation.
By introducing the crab waist scheme at the collision point, SuperKEKB achieved the world's highest instantaneous luminosity of 2. 4 × 10 34 /cm 2 /s in June 2020 with acceptable background conditions for Belle II to take data. In total 64/fb of Υ (4S) data were recorded in the spring 2020 run, bringing the total to 74/fb. Data taking will resume in October 2020 with the goal to reach a total integrated luminosity of more than 100/fb before the end of the year break. Belle II plans to accumulate a data set equivalent to the Belle luminosity of about 1/ab by the end of 2021. In 2022 the experiment will enter a long shutdown to install the second pixel detector layer and replace the silicon photomultipliers in the barrel particle identification device. Data taking will resume in 2023 and by 2025 Belle II expects to have recorded a data sample exceeding 10/ab.
Given these luminosity prospects, competitive Belle II results for semileptonic B decays can be expected in the years to follow. In addition, a three times more efficient hadronic tag and better low momentum tracking of the slow pion from the D * decay will further benefit semileptonic analyses in particular. This will allow to take a fresh look at the CKM matrix element magnitudes |V cb | and |V ub | and to improve measurements which are still statistically limited, such as R(D) and R(D * ). The The LHCb experiment is at present undergoing a major upgrade of the detector. The construction and commissioning should end in 2021, when LHC will resume the activity. The upgrade will allow to collect data at higher instantaneous luminosity, so about five pp collisions per bunch crossing are foreseen, to be compared with about one-two pp collisions in Run1 and Run2.
To handle the higher occupancy expected in the detector, besides the improvements in the various subdetectors, a full software L0 trigger will be employed. The software L0 trigger will add flexibility to the data taking, allowing to reduce the thresholds for muon and hadron trigger decisions, enlarging in this way the physics capabilities. The analyses of semileptonic decays with taus and electrons will benefit from the lower trigger thresholds in terms of signal efficiencies. With this upgraded detector, LHCb is planning to integrate a luminosity of 23/fb by 2024, and to collect a total sample of 50/fb by 2028-2029, after LHC will have switched to higher luminosity. By now, lattice QCD is the tool of choice for the form factors describing semileptonic decays of b-hadrons. At present, the most urgent need is the q 2 (or, equivalently, w) dependence of the form factors of B → D * lν, both to see how the form-factor slopes affect the |V cb | determination and to solidify the SM prediction of R(D * ).
The inclusive determination of |V cb | will benefit from the calculation of new higher order effects, such as the O(α 3 s ) contributions to the total width, and from a reassessment of QED effects. However, the next frontier is represented by the integration with lattice QCD calculations to improve the determination of HQE matrix elements, and eventually by the calculation of the inclusive rates directly on the lattice. For what concerns inclusive charmless decays, the general theoretical framework appears solid but needs to be updated in the light of recent higher order calculations and should be extensively validated by experimental data which will become available at Belle II. In particular, the measurement of the lepton energy and hadronic invariant mass distributions will provide important information on the Shape Functions, while the q 2 distribution will allow us to constrain and possibly avoid the effect of Weak Annihilation.
LHCb experiment has shown great capabilities with the results on R(D * ), |V ub |/|V cb | with Λ b decays, and |V cb | with B s decays. These measurements are based on the data collected in 2011 and 2012 (Run 1), corresponding at 3/fb of integrated luminosity. The data collected in 2015-2018 (Run 2) at pp collision energy of √ s = 13 TeV, correspond to about 6/fb of integrated luminosity. There are various ongoing analyses on the full dataset. Most of the measurements are limited by systematic uncertainties, among which the largest ones are generally due to external inputs from other experiments and to the limited available samples of Monte Carlo simulations. Nevertheless the large dataset available is going to be fully exploited.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics (MITP) of the Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+  (Project  ID   39083149 ) which hosted the workshop. We acknowledge the friendly effectiveness of its staff and thank the scientific coordinator  Tobias Hurth  and director  Matthias Neubert  for their encouragement. We are grateful to  G. Caria ,  B. Dey ,  A. Greljo ,  B. Grinstein ,  N. Gubernari ,  G. Herdoiza ,  Y. Kwon ,  H. Meyer ,  R. Laha ,  W. Lee ,  P. Owen ,  S. Stefkova ,  P. Urquijo , who also participated in the workshop. F. Bernlochner  and  L. Cao  were supported by the  DFG Emmy-Noether  Grant No. BE 6075/1-1. C. Davies was supported by the  UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. A. El-Khadra  was supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics  under Award Number  DE-SC0015655  and by the  Fermilab Distinguished Scholars Program.
P. Gambino  and  M. Jung  were supported by the  Italian Ministry of Research (MIUR)  under grant  PRIN 20172LNEEZ. S. Hashimoto  was supported by  JSPS KAK-ENHI  Grant Number  JP26247043  and by the Post-K and Fugaku supercomputer project through the  Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science (JICFuS). The work of  A. Khodjamirian  and  T. Mannel  was supported by the  DFG (German Research Foundation ) under grant  396021762 -TRR 257  "Particle Physics Phenomenology after the Higgs Discovery". Z. Ligeti was supported in part by the  Office of High Energy Physics of the U. S. Department of Energy  under contract  DE-AC02-05CH11231. S. Meinel was supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics  under Award Number  DE-SC0009913. G. Paz  was supported by the  U.
S. Department of Energy  grant  DE-SC0007983  and by a  Career Development Chair award  from  Wayne State University. S. Schacht was supported by a  DFG Forschungsstipendium  under contract No. SCHA 2125/1-1. A. Vaquero was supported by the  U. S. National Science Foundation  under grants  PHY14-14614  and  PHY17-19626. This manuscript has been authored by  Fermi Research Alliance, LLC  under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359  with the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.
5. We studied the two models and deduced that the system of LTSs given by the Strict strategy splits the traces into several LTSs in which less states have been merged in comparison to the number of states merged in the LTS given by kTail. As a consequence, the system of LTSs is less general. This is why it rejects more traces. Whatever the configuration, the models inferred by the two last strategies of COnfECt accept more correct behaviours than the models of kTail. This increase of accepted traces is a consequence of allowing repetitive component calls in the LTSs. Unsurprisingly, the Strong strategy provides the models that give the highest rates of accepted traces (between 90 and 100 %). The LTSs are here callable-complete and encode the call of any component from any state. After having studied the models given by the Strong strategy, we deduced that it provides more general models that are correct in the context of IoT devices.
Threat to Validity There are many application and system contexts, but this preliminary experimental evaluation is only applied on an IoT device, initialised with different configurations. This is a threat to external validity, in the sense that the results about the component detection and the model accuracy cannot be generalised to all software systems. This is why the experiments deliberately avoid drawing any general conclusion. We chose to concentrate our experimentations on one system that we implemented to be able to appraise the capability of COnfECt of returning correct models. This threat is somewhat mitigated by the fact that we used HTTP traces as inputs, which can be collected from numerous Web applications. In addition, one of the components of the IoT device is a small Web server running a classical Web site.