dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Prominences from the Kislovodsk Observatory Database The Kislovodsk Observatory database 14  is based on their detection in Hα  (Guseva et al. 2007). The catalog covers the full time interval of LASCO observations listing 33246 prominences from 1996 to 2017, but applying the height limit of 1. 2 R yielded only 42 events. However, the NoRH and Kislovodsk databases use different definitions of the height of the prominences, the former considers their center of mass whereas the latter, the highest part of the prominences. This led us to decrease the above limit and we adopted 1. 15 R instead, thus increasing the number of events to 187. Applying the same procedure as in the above Fig. 75  Distributions of the physical parameters of CMEs associated with a SDO/AIA filament eruption (red) compared with those of the global population of CMEs (black).
Prominences from the Meudon Observatory Database The Heliophysics Feature Catalogue (HFC) 15  lists the prominences detected by the CAII K3 Spectroheliograph of the Meudon Observatory. It covers 10. 5 years from January 2003 to July 2012 corresponding to the declining phase of SC 23, the following minimum, and the rising phase of SC 24 for a total of 27184 prominences to be compared with 10871 ARTEMIS CMEs detected during the same time interval. Applying the height limit of 1. 2 R restricted the data set to only 45 events and our standard procedure yielded 14 associations. There is no definition of the height in the HFC catalog so that we do not know  whether it would be justified to relax the above limit. Whatever the case and very much like the Kislovodsk data set, the number of associations is much too small to draw any statistically meaningful results.
Waiting Time The waiting time distribution of CMEs and its variation with the cycle are best explained in terms of CMEs occurring as a time-dependent Poisson process. The time varying occurrence rate of CMEs produces power-law tails despite the intrinsic exponential distribution that is characteristic of stationary Poisson processes. This has no unique interpretation, but the power-law index is indicative of the behaviour of the event rate. The ARTEMIS and SEEDS datasets agree in producing long power-law tails over a range of waiting times extending from 3 to 100 hr with very close power-law index γ ≈ -2. 2 for ARTEMIS and γ ≈ -2. 3 for SEEDS when calculated over the 23 years of observation. However, the power-law index exhibits significant variations with the solar cycle thus reflecting the temporal variability of the process of CME formation.
We confirmed past conclusions that CMEs associated with the X-and M-class flares have significantly larger mass, speed, kinetic energy, and width than the overall population of CMEs. This trend tends to decrease with decreasing flare flux and is independent of the solar cycle. Finally, we established linear relationships between the logarithm of both CME mass and kinetic energy with the logarithm of the flare flux. Using the NoRH database of microwave prominences, we found that 0. 33% of all CMEs were associated with an eruptive prominence (EP) and that 60% of all EPs were associated with a CME. The associated CMEs have larger mass and kinetic energy, both independent of the magnitude of the associated EPs. They have slightly larger speed than the overall population weakly correlated with that of the associated EPs.
The distribution of their width is rather flat, i. e. , without an excess of narrow CMEs contrary to the global population. The distributions of magnitude and speed of EPs and associated EPs are quite similar, but this prominently results from the fact the latter represent approximately two thirds of the EPs. However, when compared with the overall population of prominences, the magnitudes of the associated EPs are systematically larger than those of the overall population whereas this is not the case for the speeds. Using the SDO/AIA database of filament eruptions excluding confined and non-radial events, we found that 2. 6% of all CMEs (3. 5% of CMEs with a measured mass) were associated with an eruption whereas 50% of the filament eruptions were associated with a CME. The properties of the CMEs associated with filament eruptions differ from the global population of CMEs in a way similar to those of the CMEs associated with NoRH prominences, namely larger mass, kinetic energy, and width.
Acknowledgements We thank  Y. Boursier ,  A. Llebaria ,  J. Loirat , and  T. Podladchikova  for their contributions to an early phase of this study. We are grateful to  H. -M. Wang  for providing the total magnetic field data and to  M. Shimojo  for providing an updated list of NoRH prominences. We acknowledge fruitful discussions with  A. Zhukov  as well as several valuable comments. We thank the anonymous Reviewer for enlightening information on stealth CMEs. This work makes use of the following facilities and catalogs. The LASCO coronagraph was built by a consortium of the  Naval Research Laboratory, USA , the  Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (formerly Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale), France , the  Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (formerly Max Planck Institute für Aeronomie), Germany , and the  School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, UK.
This article provides an exhaustive description of a new short computerized test to assess on a secondto-second basis the ability of individuals to « stay on task », that is, to apply selectively and repeatedly task-relevant cognitive processes. The task (Bron/Lyon Attention Stability Test, or BLAST) lasts around one minute, and measures repeatedly the time to find a target letter in a two-by-two letter array, with an update of all letters every new trial across thirty trials. Several innovative psychometric measures of attention stability are proposed based on the instantaneous fluctuations of reaction times throughout the task, and normative data stratified over a wide range of age are provided by a large (>6000) dataset of participants aged 8 to 70. We also detail the large-scale brain dynamics supporting the task from an in-depth study of 32 participants with direct electrophysiological cortical recordings (intracranial EEG) to prove that BLAST involves critically large-scale executive attention networks, with a marked activation of the dorsal attention network and a deactivation of the default-mode network.
Behavioral study Behavioral data were collected in schools (SCHOOL database) from 859 participants (446 females, 103 left-handers), aged 8 to 18, all free of psychiatric/neurological disorders and with an appropriate behavior during the test (silent, showing no obvious lack of motivation). Participants performed the task on iPads wearing headphones and facing a wall with no view of each other, in groups of one to four, in a large classroom. Sessions lasted one hour to include BLAST, plus several variants of the main task (see tasks description). The study was approved by a national ethical committee (IRB00003888 -FWA00005831). In addition, a larger normative sample was collected within a science exhibit (« expo cerveau » -cité des sciences de la Villette, Paris) where BLAST was proposed as an interactive test to evaluate the visitors' ability to resist endogenous distractions.
Signals were visually inspected with an in-house, freely downloadable software package for electrophysiological analysis (ELAN-pack)  (Aguera et al. , 2011)  to reject leads with epileptiform activity. High-Frequency Activity [50-150 Hz], or "high-gamma activity", was extracted with in-house scripts in Matlab (the Mathworks, inc) following our usual procedure  (Ossandón et al. , 2012). That procedure can be summarized as follows: bipolar iEEG signals are first bandpass-filtered in ten consecutive 10-Hzwide frequency bands  (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) (59) (60) (60) (61) (62) (63) (64) (65) (66) (67) (68) (69) (70) …, (140) (141) (142) (143) (144) (145) (146) (147) (148) (149) (150). Each of those ten bandpass-filtered signal is then transformed into its envelope using a standard Hilbert transform and each envelope is then expressed in % of its mean value (as calculated across the entire experiment).
Variations of BLAST: adding and removing cognitive components Participants of the MUSEUM database performed BLAST after a separate training phase of 10 trials. Participants of the SCHOOL database were tested during a one-hour session which included BLAST, plus several additional tasks (C-BLAST, S-BLAST and 8-BLAST, Table. 1) defined as follows (Fig. 1  and Table  1 ): C-BLAST ("Color-BLAST") was a simplified version of BLAST, with no memory or visual search component: the Target letter was displayed in red in the Array to pop out when it was present (other letters were black). The instruction was simply to indicate manually if one of the letters in the Array was red (« no » with the dominant hand, and « yes » with the other hand, as in BLAST). S-BLAST ("Side-BLAST") pushed the simplification one step further, with a direct stimulus-response contingency: a singleton red Target was present in all Arrays and participants simply had to touch the screen on the same side as the Target (simple reaction task).
Behavioral results We tested several major predictions: i) that the ability to stay-on-task would increase from children to teenagers and adults, with a plateau in the early twenties at the end of the maturation of the prefrontal cortex and the executive system  (Gogtay et al. , 2004; Toga et al. , 2006)  ; ii) that children and teenagers with high inattention scores (according to the ADHD questionnaire) would perform worse than participants matched in age with lower inattention scores, and iii) that attention might be affected negatively or positively by extra-curricular activities (TV and video-games, art, sport) and by sociodemographic factors (e. g. , education level of the parents). The SCHOOL database was designed to test those predictions, as it combined BLAST behavioral measures with questionnaires filled by parents.
BLAST scores and ADHD rating scale A standard ADHD-questionnaire was collected from 692 participants (SCHOOL database), with nine questions related to inattention specifically and nine questions related to hyperactivity  (DuPaul et al. , 1998). Parents were asked to rate each statement between 0 and 3 (from 0 -« almost never » -to 3 -« very often"), leading to a global inattention score (for nine questions, from 0 to 27), a global hyperactivity score (0 to 27) and a global ADHD score (the sum of the two). We tested for relationships between each global score and each individual question, and all behavioral indices. A more detailed question-by-question analysis revealed a finer pattern. Since each question was associated with a rating between 0 and 3, we tested for an effect of that rating on normalized BLAST measures (Z-score, relative to age-group, as described in the methods section).
Normative data and age and sex effects Normative data were computed from the MUSEUM database and displayed graphically for all behavioral indices in Fig. 4  in a form that reveals a clear effect of age. All performance indices were affected by age, including all measures of attention (Kruskal-Wallis, p< 10 -22 for all), with a systematic increase of performance with age for participants younger than 25. Participants also reported their gender, and we found significant differences between the two genders on several behavioral indices (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0. 005 for INTENSITY, PCT_ERRORS an MEAN_DURATION), even when considering normalized scores (relative to same-age participants, see methods). Females outperformed males with a more stable attention and less errors. The pervasive influence of age led us to compute and display nine quantiles (10 to 90%, by step of 10%) as a function of age, with a one-year stratification between 8 and 18.
A neuropsychologist using the graphs to interpret BLAST scores, should identify the age of the participant on the y-axis and her score on the x-axis, then use the color-code to evaluate immediately the proportion of participants of the same age with a higher score (90,80,70 % …). Supplementary Fig. 1  also show polynomial functions modelling the age effect, where the dependence of quantile values on age was nicely fitted by thirdorder polynomial functions q(age) = a. y3 + by2 + cy + d, where y = log(age) (polynomial fitting in MATLAB interface, the Mathworks, inc. ). It is worth noticing that none of the distributions is bimodal, for any age group. The distributions of all behavioral indices have only one peak, and any attempt to define a cutoff score to identify impairment ("high" vs "low" attention scores) would be arbitrary and debatable.
Test-Retest Test-retest reliability was evaluated from data of 122 participants who performed BLAST twice, using two measures: the Pearson's correlation coefficient (Rho) and the intraclass correlation coefficient -(icc; irr package of R with parameters: 'oneway' and 'consistency'). Data are shown in Table  2 ; unsurprisingly, the most reliable measure is the median reaction time (Pearson Rho = 0. 93, icc = 0. 90), while most measures reach 0. 6 or higher with both methods, with a maximum reliability for INTENSITY (Rho = 0. 8, icc = 0. 81) and a minimum reliability for MEAN_DURATION (Rho = 0. 49, icc = 0. 49). These values are in line with test-retest reliability measures of standard tests of executive functions  (Lowe and Rabbitt, 1998). (Wechsler, 2003 (Wechsler, , 2008)). CODE consists in matching symbols to numbers as quickly as possible during two minutes, according to written instructions.
We found significant correlations between CODE (number of correct responses) and most behavioral indices of BLAST: INTENSITY (Spearman Rho Correlation Coefficient = 0. 57, p = 0. 0002); STABILITY (Rho = 0. 48, p = 0. 002); MEAN_DURATION (Rho = -0. 59, p < 1e-5: participants better at CODE were faster at BLAST); FOCUS (Rho = 0. 61, p < 1e-5); MEDIAN_RT (Rho = -0. 55, p = 0. 0004); PCT_ERRORS (Rho = -0. 39, p < 0. 05 -less errors at BLAST for higher scores at CODE). Icc.
The cost of converting the abstract answer (yes or no) into a motor response (S-BLAST to C-BLAST) was 90 ms. 4. 1. 8. One minute or ten minutes ? Considering that BLAST lasts only about one minute -in its thirty-trials version -one might question its validity to assess the ability to stay on task for longer durations, over segments of ten minutes for instance. One might argue that individuals who can remain sharply focused for one minute are not necessarily the same who can perform steadily for ten minutes. We addressed this question with a database of 121 participants aged 10-12 (65 males) performing a 200 trials version of BLAST (separate from the SCHOOL and MUSEUM datasets and participants). We computed our main indices over the first 30 trials and correlated their values with the same indices measured over the entire session (200 trials), Table  3  contains the result, as well as the same correlation analysis when considering the first 40, 50 and 60 trials.
We evaluate the implications of LHC and LEP/SLC measurements for the electro-weak couplings of the top and bottom quarks. We derive global bounds on the Wilson coefficients of ten two-fermion operators in an effective field theory description. The combination of hadron collider data with Z-pole measurements is found to yield tight limits on the operator coefficients that modify the left-handed couplings of the bottom and top quark to the Z boson. We also present projections for the high-luminosity phase of the LHC and for future electron-positron colliders. The bounds on the operator coefficients are expected to improve substantially during the remaining LHC programme, by factors of 1 to 5 if systematic uncertainties are scaled as statistical ones. The operation of an e + e - collider at a center-of-mass energy above the top-quark pair production threshold is expected to further improve the bounds by one to two orders of magnitude.
An effective field theory (EFT) is employed to parameterize the effects of new physics arising at scales higher than that of the considered measurements. The ten CP-conserving operator coefficients modifying t tZ, b bZ, t bW and t tH interactions are simultaneously constrained in a global analysis of LHC and LEP/SLC data. Our results apply to newphysics models in which deviations to the measurements considered are dominated by these ten parameters. Other contributions are sometimes already well constrained. Those of four-fermion operators are notably not tightly bound yet, but inclusion of the effect of all dimension-six operators in a fully global analysis is beyond the scope of this work. The fitting code, publicly available  [7] , is implemented in the HEPfit  [8]  package which uses a Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo implementation based on the Bayesian Analysis Toolkit  [9].
This study represents the most complete characterization of the EW interactions of the bottom and top quarks to date. Our fit yields more stringent constraints than previous work  [18] [19] [20]. We moreover present the first comparison of the HL-LHC and ILC  [11]  potential for precision measurements that constrain the top and bottom-quark EW couplings. This paper is organized as follows. The effective-field-theory and fitting frameworks are presented in section 2. The measurements at the LHC and LEP/SLC that are included in the fit are introduced in section 3. The results from the fit to existing data are presented in section 4. Projections for the potential of the HL-LHC and the ILC are presented in section 5. The results and prospects for the extraction of the top-quark Yukawa coupling are discussed in section 6.
Implementation of the fit The fit to data is performed using the open source HEPfit package  [34, 35]. HEPfit is a general tool designed to combine direct and indirect constraints, in EFTs or particular SM extensions. Its flexibility allows to easily implement any BSM model or observable. HEPfit is available under the GNU General Public License. The developers' version can be downloaded at  [7]. The fit is performed as a Bayesian statistical analysis of the model. HEPfit includes a Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo implementation provided by the Bayesian Analysis Toolkit  [9]  to explore the parameter space. Similar fits using the HEPfit package have been performed for different models  [36, 37]  and for effective field theories  [38, 39]. The results in this paper were verified with an independent fitting code based on the Minuit minimization package in ROOT  [40].
Indirect constraints For reference, we collect here several observables that can be used to derive indirect constraints to top-quark couplings. A more complete discussion can be found in appendix A of Ref. [21]. • Data from B-factories can provide stringent bounds. For instance, the rare meson decays B s → µ + µ -and K → πν ν give access to the t tZ vertex  [64]  and yield constraints on the coefficients of the O 3 ϕQ , O 1 ϕQ and O ϕt operators. The b → sγ decays give access to the t tγ vertex  [65]  and bounds on C tW and C tB are derived from the B → X s γ decay rate measured by the BaBar, Belle and CLEO experiments. B-meson decays are used in Ref. [66, 67]  to access the W tb vertex and FCNC interactions in Ref. [68]. Dimension-six operators involving top quark are also studied in the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT) matching onto Weak Effective Theory (WET) for ∆F = 1  [69] , ∆F = 0  [70] , ∆F = 2  [71].
The inclusion of these bounds in a fully global analysis remains to be done. Indirect bounds on a single coefficient, or small systems of a few coefficients, are often competitive in comparison with the individual, direct bounds from direct LHC data that we present in section 4. With the inclusion of prospects for top-quark pair production at future electron-positron colliders of section 5, the bounds become less relevant. A global fit including these results requires consideration of an extended set of operator coefficients and is beyond the scope of the current work. We therefore do not consider indirect measurements in the fit.
This is not the case for C tW , for which the bound is dominated by the measurements of the helicity fractions in top-quark decay and of the single top-quark production cross section. For the bottom-quark dipole operators C bW , C bB as well as for C ϕtb , the interferences with SM amplitudes vanish in the m b = 0 approximation. The fit based only on Λ -2 terms can therefore not bound these operators. 2. The 68% probability intervals on the dimension-six operator coefficients in units of TeV -2. These results are obtained with a fit to LHC and LEP/SLC data for two parameterizations of the dependence of the observables on dimension-six operator coefficients. The first column lists the results from the fit based on the nominal parameterization, which includes terms proportional to Λ -2 and Λ -4 terms.
Global fit on prospects In Figure  4 , we present the global fit results for the future collider scenarios introduced in the previous sections. The complete covariance matrices for all the fits are provided in Appendix C. 2. In Figure  4  the uncertainty ∆C i on the operator coefficients is shown. This uncertainty is estimated as half of the 68% probability interval. In order to compare all projects on an equal footing, the central value of all measurements, including the existing LHC and LEP/SLC results, is set to the SM value. For each Wilson coefficient, the first vertical bar represents the current data. In the second and third bars, the measurements envisaged in the S1 or S2 scenario for the HL-LHC are added. The fourth bar includes the LEP/SLC data, the data of the HL-LHC S2 scenario and the ILC run at √ s = 250 GeV.
HL-LHC prospects The fit is repeated on projections to assess the expected precision after the complete data set collected during the high-luminosity phase of the LHC. As before, we focus on the S2 scenario, based on an integrated luminosity of 3 ab -1 at √ s = 14 TeV. In this scenario, the statistical uncertainty on the t tH cross section becomes negligible and the precision is primarily limited by the precision of the theory prediction (currently 8% and assumed to improve to 4%). The precision of the global fit improves considerably, reducing the 68% probability interval to  [-0. 55, +0. 55]. This result agrees with the S2 prospects in Ref. [82].
Conclusions We have performed a fit to existing data of the dimension-six two-fermion operator coefficients affecting the electro-weak couplings of the bottom and top quarks. We combine LEP/SLC data on bottom-quark production at the Z pole with LHC data on top-quark pair production in association with bosons, on single top-quark production and on W -boson helicity fraction in top-quark decay. The results of the fit are given in Table  2. All 68% probability intervals include the Standard Model prediction. The bound is well below 1 TeV -2 for the coefficient of the top-quark electro-weak dipole operator C tW /Λ 2 that is constrained by charged-current interactions. Very tight bounds are also obtained for the coefficients C 1 ϕQ /Λ 2 and C 3 ϕQ /Λ 2 that modify the left-handed couplings of the bottom and top quark to the Z boson.
The combination of LHC data with that of LEP and SLC is very powerful to disentangle these operator coefficients that affect both top and bottom-quark physics. We are therefore able to present the tightest constraints on these operators to date. The LHC has limited sensitivity to the operator coefficient C ϕt that modifies the righthanded coupling of the top quark to the Z boson and coefficients of order 10 1 are still allowed. The same is true for the electro-weak dipole operators C tB /Λ 2 and C bB /Λ 2. Inclusion of measurements of the B s → µ + µ -and b → sγ decay rates may help to improve those bounds. For some operator coefficients, we moreover note that the fit results depend strongly on the presence of the terms proportional to Λ -4 (due to the contribution of dimension-six operators squared).