dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data quality was also guaranteed by the close field supervision of enumerators throughout the study. Data management was performed with R 3. 3. 2. , and data analysis was performed using Stata 14. 2. HAZs and stunting were computed using WHO's multicenter growth reference standards macro for R  [37]. All analyses were conducted using Stata's svy commands to account for the sampling design (clusters, strata, and sampling weights). Comparability of baseline characteristics and program coverage between arms. Comparability of the trial arms at baseline was tested on sociodemographic characteristics and anthropometric outcomes using linear regression models for continuous variables and logistic regression models for categorical variables. Using the same method, we also compared at endline the coverage of the BCC component between arms and provided a few descriptive statistics on the coverage of the CT component in the intervention arm.
Acknowledgments Our acknowledgments go to  Marie Ruel  and  Rahul Rawat  from the  International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) ,  Viviane Van Steirteghem  and  Christine Jaulmes  from  UNICEF , and  Patrick Eozenou  from the  World Bank  for their valuable inputs on the study protocol. We also thank  Albertine Azambo Aquitème ,  Benedicte Gnansa  from the  Ministry of Social Action  and  Emmanuel Ayayivi ,  Jean-Pierre Somana , and  Frederic Akakpo  from the  Ministry of Community Development , who facilitated our relationships with the local authorities in the field. We also acknowledge  Joseph Meunier  and  Pascaline Rollet  for their precious help on data management. We express our sincere gratitude to the field enumerators and supervisors for their dedicated work on data collection; a special thank goes to  Sara Tandandja , one of our field supervisors, who also helped in multiple tasks throughout the study.
The Cash Transfer component was funded by the  World Bank  through the  PDC-Plus Togo (Projet de Developpement Communautaire et Filets Sociaux) , and the Nutrition and Health components were funded by  UNICEF Togo. The research was funded by the  World Bank and Unicef Togo. JB received a PhD research grant from the  IDeX Bordeaux University excellency scholarship program  through the doctoral school  SP2  ( Societes, Politique, SantePublique, Bordeaux University ) which funded half of her PhD; the other half was funded by the research project, with a complement provided by the  Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. URL of each funder website: https://www. worldbank.
The distribution of actors' position in the dispute between heterodoxy and orthodoxy could be analyzed from this sample as being expressed at two levels that I describe below: in terms of the subjective expression of the actors in this field and in terms of the intercitation links that structure this dispute. To get to these results, I selected, from the bibliography of those 11 researchers,  5 industries turn" (see Appendix). While browsing through all these texts, I first systematically listed-with the help of the qualitative data analysis software ATLAS. ti-the parts of the literature through which the actors express themselves on their subjective position in the field: i. e. the way in which the researchers qualify the position of other researchers in the field and describe their own position in the field.
I then sought to systematically list all the mutual citations between researchers with the intention of modeling the network of this dispute. I identified and noted in Gephi-a network analysis and visualization software-all 183 mutual citations between these 11 authors. Still using the Gephi software, I configured three levels of intensity for those links, illustrating the theoretical proximity between these researchers. The levels of intensity have the effect of physically bringing the points of the network (i. e. the researchers) closer or further away (Fig. 1 ): • Low attraction (intensity 1) is when researcher A explicitly criticizes researcher B; • Neutral attraction (10 intensity) is when researcher A quotes researcher B; • High attraction (intensity 30) is when researcher A explicitly supports researcher B.
Materials and Methods This literature review covers 104 papers from 22 journals. This corpus was built on a combination of two methods. First, we searched the SCOPUS and WOS databases for all papers dealing with farmland preservation/protection in the face of urbanization. The words "protection" and "preservation" are both relevant. "Preservation" is more frequent where tools are incentive-based, while "protection" is used where the approach is regulatory. However, some papers use these terms interchangeably, sometimes even employing the term "conservation". We thus used the keywords "protection", "conservation", and "preservation" in association with "farmland" and "urban" 1. Taking into account that some papers were identified both in WOS and SCOPUS, this query resulted in a corpus of 200 unique references from 89 scientific journals, 60 of which contained only one reference.
| Data sources Interviews with mothers (caretakers) of children under the age of three were conducted in the capital, Phnom Penh (Russei Kaev district) and two north-eastern provinces, Kratie (Chitr Borie and Krong Kratie districts) and Ratanakiri  (Ou Chum, Krong Ban Lung and Bar Kaev districts)  as part of a longitudinal study under the project called MyHealth. The main objective of the project was to collect in-depth data over a 3-year period on the health and nutritional status of children under the age of 5 years and their mothers in selected districts in three provinces to better inform the government on progress that can be made with enhanced health monitoring. Study sites included urban, semiurban, rural, and remote areas. Russei Kaev district in Phnom Penh is situated on the boarder of the Mekong river and houses a large migrant and poor population from mixed ethnic origins.
, 2016; Rabbani, Khan, Yusuf, & Adams, 2016). The concentration index can be computed as twice the covariance of the health variable under study and a person's relative rank in terms of economic status, divided by the health variable mean. The person's relative rank ri = i/N is a fractional rank of individual i in the living standards distribution, with i = 1 for the poorest and i = N for the richest. The value of this index ranges from -1 to +1: Its negative values imply that the variable is concentrated among disadvantaged people whereas its positive value implies the opposite. In the case of no inequality, the concentration index is equal zero. All analyses were performed using STATA software version 13. 1 (College Station, TX: StataCorp) and R software version 3. 4. 0.
At that stage, criticizing marriage became more complicated, as it seemed to play into the hands of those opposed to recognition of same-sex couples and families. Same-sex marriage has been or is in process of being adopted in several European countries, but its place in the process of recognizing homosexuality and same-sex parenthood is worth investigating. First of all, we should remember a rarely mentioned fact: although marriage is often regarded as a fairly homogeneous, universal reality, it is actually a different social and legal reality in different countries. (Even scientific studies that make international comparisons often fail to ask about the content of what is being compared). The LawsAndFamilies database  (Waaldijk et al. 2017) , which records the legal consequences of different forms of union in some 20 European countries, and Kees Waaldijk's analyses of it, reveal some of these aspects.
They offer many possibilities, including creating detailed categories that are particularly relevant to the situations observed but would be difficult to use in a broader survey. For example, it might be important for the study to know whether a child arrived by previous heterosexual union, adoption, insemination with a known or unknown donor, surrogacy, joint parenthood with a single homosexual or heterosexual person, or joint parenthood with a couple, etc. They also make it possible to record details of the legal status of the adults in the family (legally recognized parent, parent by adoption with or without annulment of the biological parents' rights, etc. ), to introduce a range of parental roles or to ask about the desire for children. 13 When data are gathered by self-administered questionnaire, as in censuses, a mistake in filling in the form can turn an opposite-sex couple into a same-sex couple.
Data Analysis To reduce the chances of obtaining false-positive results (type I errors), since multiple pair wise tests were performed on a single set of data, the Bonferroni correction was used  (Bonferroni, 1936). Because six outcome measures were tested against one hypothesised predictor in first and fourth years, a Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of 0. 0042 was calculated to account for the increased possibility of type-I error. Accordingly, the authors used the Bonferroni correction to adjust the p value for each hypothesis to 0. 0042 to neutralise this risk. In this study, the participants served as their own control. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 13 was used for data analyses. Normally distributed data was expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
Incomplete datasets on the pre-post measures of attitudinal change also limited the statistical power of these findings. As this study used a student sample from one regional university in Australia, and a survey which was specific to the specific curriculum content of this setting, the generalisability of the findings is limited. This study comprised of one group for the pre-and post-test, with no control group, therefore the effects of potential confounding factors could not be analysed. Nevertheless, a significant change in student perceptions was found, suggesting that these types of workshops were effective in achieving self-perceived attitudinal change in many areas. Finally, it is unknown to what effect the participants' own cultural background had on their cultural knowledge and attitudes.
Image segmentation. At the first step of our procedure, each image s i ∈ S is partitioned in k i segments, i. e. , coherent sets of pixels. Each segment of image s i will then correspond to a node in layer l i ; note that the segmentation of each image is performed independently, i. e. , the number of nodes in each layer may be different. In our example, for efficiency and scalability reasons, we used Felsenszwalbs image segmentation  [1]  in its Scikit-Image python implementation 1 , but any other image segmentation algorithm may be used in its place. Interlayer edges insertion. The second step includes the insertion of the edges connecting nodes in different layers. In other cases (e. g. , multiplex networks) only coupling interlayer edges may be allowed, i. e. , connecting nodes which represent different instances of the same entity.
Participants View of Dropping Out of School as Wrong or Not A one way ANOVA using IBM SPSS 22 (see Table  2  for scale inter-correlations and descriptive statistics) made it clear that participants considered it wrong to drop out from college irrelevant of education, F (1,128) = 1. 16, p = 0. 28, partial η 2 = 0. 01. Interestingly, they saw dropping out from the vocational education as slightly more wrong than from a general education (M = 4. 28, SD = 1. 67 and M = 3. 97, SD = 1. 54, respectively).
Structural Equation Modeling: Explaining Direction of Anger In order to explain anger directed at the pupil and anger directed at others, we specified a latent model using Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS 22 software. Mirroring the two conditions, we used effect coding (vocational education drop out = +1 and general education drop out = -1) in order to trace the main effects of the experimental conditions (represented with a manifest variable) on our two main dependent variables; anger directed at the self and anger directed at others. Since we expected a concern for the family's self-image and concerns for the family's social-image to explain the relationship with anger, we allowed them to mediate the relationship between the experimental conditions and the two anger variables (see Figure  1 ).
These findings and predictions direct our attention to age-related variation in foraging skill in human societies. To the extent that foraging complexity underlies the evolution of human life history traits, we anticipate protracted mastery of foraging tasks across the life span. Here, we focus on age as a predictor of harvests in the largest yet assembled database of hunting returns (Fig. 1 ). We focus on subsistence hunting for multiple reasons. First, because hunting returns are evident at the conclusion of an excursion; the modeling of hunting inputs and outputs generally requires fewer assumptions than the analogous analysis of agricultural or pastoralist returns. Second, increased hunting is often cited as an adaptive shift that coincides with other distinguishing features of the genus Homo  (8).
As opposed to a canalized human life history strategy, this study suggests potential developmental plasticity in traits associated with hunting skill, which manifest not only in contemporary settings but also potentially in ancestral settings. These results further imply that singular study sites can rarely be viewed as straightforward analogs for evolutionarily relevant environments  (13). Within the respective study sites, the model brings new attention to the variation in skill among individual hunters. What explains this variation? Data and theory suggest that physical strength and stamina, accumulated knowledge, and motivation all plausibly contribute to age-related variation  (14, 15). In most empirical datasets, however, only data on the hunters' ages are available as predictors, not other attributes of the individuals.
It would have been possible to estimate separate, correlated individual-level and site-level skill functions for the Bernoulli and gamma functions, respectively. Our modeling approach instead assumes that increases in skill have comparable effects in terms of reducing the probability of unsuccessful excursions and increases in the amount of meat acquired on successful outings. This assumption receives support from an earlier analysis of the Aché dataset, which suggests that there is a positive correlation (and no evident tradeoff) between hunters' probabilities of acquiring something and the amounts that are harvested on successful trips  (10). In addition to the varying effects on the skill parameters, the model also allows the parameters for labor inputs and covariates in the linear model to vary across study sites.
We fit our model using a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampling algorithm in the Rstan package, version 2. 16. 1  (31). We implemented the model both as a forward simulation and as a statistical model. The forward simulation validates that the statistical model can recover parameters from data with known values. The statistical model, estimated from 10 chains of 500 iterations, exhibits efficient mixing and adequate diagnostics. The data and convenience functions are included as part of the cchunts R package, which is available alongside the model posterior, coding scripts, and accompanying information about the Open Science Framework (https://osf. io/2kzb6/).
The K+S model by Dosi et al. ( ) emphasizes the interaction of Keynesian demand factors with innovation (the Schumpeterian dimension) modeled as endogenous R&D to understand growth and business cycles. It has been the stepping stone for macroeconomic models which extend to new parts of the economic system and are more and more complete. Dosi et al. ( ) summarized recent work carried out with a labor market module. The labor market is decentralised but remains centered on hires and fires as far as flows are concerned. The focus is again on comparing alternative regimes, namely a Fordist and a Competitive regime. In the Fordist regime, fires are allowed only when losses are incurred as is the case in WorkSim (before the El Khomry law studied below) and more flexible firing rules are studied in the Competitive regime.
Institutional Framework. Moreover, it also includes one institutional module. One distinctive feature of the WorkSim model is to integrate a fairly complete and flexible institutional framework that includes ( ) the necessary elements of the French labor Law, featuring two types of contracts -Fixed-Term contracts (denoted F T C) and open ended contracts (OEC), but also dismissals on personal and fires on economic grounds, redundancy payments, etc. and ( ) government decisions (minimum wages, welfare benefits, etc. ). This institutional framework is described in more detail in Appendix B.
Demographic module (step -in Figure ) Household dynamics. In Worksim, an individual can be in three di erent household states:. Child in a household, meaning that he stays with his parents. He can be in the labor market or not (when he is a student for example). Single person (with or without children). In couple (with or without children). At each turn, the individuals change their household state according to transition probabilities deriving from real demographic data measured by the French national institute of statistics (INSEE). A simulation evolves over time with a stable population, therefore the agents marry each other and have children that can enter later in the labor market. These children can leave their household in order to create a new household.
e. , CAB, AP, USA423, Turkish network). Actually, this inspiration has been only to get the idea on the range of input parameters such as flow and cost. In addition, the transportation time between each pair of nodes has been calculated based on the distance between cities. On the other hand, since the CAB, AP and other data sets do not contain other parameter that our model requires, these parameters have been generated randomly but based on real assumption. For example, hubs with higher fixed cost have higher performance when serving the arrival flow. Therefore, the CAB, AP and other data sets could not be used directly in the proposed model. Finally, we consider that αC = 0. 75, αT = 0. 70, C =1 and N =2. It is obvious the performance of an algorithm is significantly affected by the value of its parameters.
Methods The study was cross-sectional and monocentric. The target population were the bene ciaries of the Médecins du Monde healthcare centre in Paris. Inclusion criteria included age over 18 years old, foreign nationality, having transited Libya and having arrived in Europe from 2017. Participants were excluded if they presented a risk of psychiatric decompensation. Recruitment was systematic until achieving the sample size. Estimated sample size according to an estimated proportion of 95% migrants suffering violence, a margin of error of 5% (estimated proportion ± 5% = con dence interval), and an con dence interval (CI) of 95% was 72 individuals. The data collection tool was a questionnaire ah-hoc in online format (Kobo Collect application). Data were automatically integrated into a secure database.
T-Student tests were used for continuous variables and the Chi2 tests for categorical variables. Stata v. 15 software was used for statistical analysis. Main Findings 98 people were recruited and 72 were interviewed from February to Mai 2019 (17 refused to participate and 9 were excluded because of psychological decompensation). Table  1  describes the population and the episodes of different types of violence. 72 people were interviewed (55 men and 17 women). Mean age was 31. 9 years (32. 5 y/o for men and 30. 2 y/o for women), 76. 4% had primary studies, 66. 6% came from Ivory Coast (followed by Mali 23. 6%). 59. 7% of the participants left their country due to security reasons (59. 7%) followed by economic reasons (22. 2%). 69. 4% of participants travelled alone and 29. 4% of women were pregnant at some stage of the travel.
, 2016; Pennington, 2010; Shane & Albert, 2008). Digital technologies have been developed to support autism in areas such as social skills and social interaction (for reviews see  Camargo et al. , 2014; Grossard et al. , 2017; Ramdoss et al. , 2011; Schlosser & Wendt, 2008)  and emotion recognition (for review see  Berggren et al. , 2018). Digital technology, both in school and home settings, is being used in a variety of supportive ways such as increasing autonomy, reducing anxiety and increasing social opportunities for autistic people  (Hedges et al. , 2018) , encapsulated by the term 'digital support'. To get an idea of how profuse development in this area is, one curated database of autism apps (http://www. appyautism. com/en/) lists over 400 apps for the iOS format alone. Digital supports aim to facilitate a wide range of outcomes for autistic people, across a wide variety of ages  (Wong et al.
Purpose -Drawing on the social exchange perspective, we explore the roles of satisfaction over material rewards, perceived organizational politics, and career ambition in the relationship between harmonious workplace climate and employee altruistic behavior in the context of British public sector. Design/methodology/approach -We employed SPSS software to estimate ordinary leastsquares models to test our hypotheses by analyzing data from 161 supervisor-employee dyads from a UK local government. Findings -Satisfaction over material rewards mediates the relationship between harmonious workplace climate and employee altruistic behavior. Both perceived organizational politics and career ambition moderate the mediated effect of harmonious workplace climate on employee altruistic behavior via satisfaction over material rewards.
We test our hypotheses using data collected from 161 supervisoremployee dyads from a local government in the UK. Our study makes several contributions. First, we contribute to advancing social exchange theory within the human resource management domain by exploring the exchange processes whereby workplace climate affects EAB. Specifically, we introduce a new type of workplace climate -HWCthat remains unexplored in the prior studies and reveal such workplace climate does not automatically lead to EAB. The presence of HWC will trigger the exchange processes by affecting employees' SPPO, which, in turn, foster EAB. Second, we also develop social exchange theory by differentiating two types of motivations for self-serving behaviorperceived organizational politics and career ambitionthat can affect exchange processes  (Ferris and Kacmar, 1992).
Data Collection and Measurement To reduce possible research bias, we collected data from different sources, including employees and their direct line managers, of a local government department in the UK. The employees completed a questionnaire containing questions related to HWC, SPPO, perceived organizational politics, and career ambition, while their line managers completed a survey on their EAB. The population of a local government chosen for the study was approximately 600. The sample itself was initially identified through cluster sampling, in which the population was divided into certain groups, namely their unit of work  (Saunders et al. , 2000). Once the six groups had been identified, simple random sampling from within each group was used to identify the actual sample itself. This sampling technique was to minimize the bias so that the sample could be deemed to be representative of the population  (Saunders et al.