dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
French mss are letters, we have decided to take into account the recommendations of the TEI Correspondence SIG  [Dumont et al. 2019]   Regarding named entities, we use as much as possible standardised identifiers. For places we use geoNames  [Wick 2005 ] because it is the most comprehensive database -until the completion of the promising World-Historical Gazetteer (WHG)  [Mostern 2016 ]. Regarding people, we have decided to use the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI)  [Smith-Yoshimura et al. 2020 ] rather than the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF). The ISNI is indeed the only persistent identifier while the VIAF, a sort of stock exchange for identifiers between libraries, focus on authority control  [Angjeli et al. 2014]. VIAF is therefore used as a secondary choice, as well as other resources such as ORCID [Butler 2012] for editors without an ISNI, or DATA.
Because our NMT-based normalised operates at the (sub)phrase level (to take the context into account), we have decided to add, in the very last step, another layer of information: based on the result of the lemmatisation and the POS tagging, we try to fetch the equivalent of each token in a lexicon of French inflected forms (Morphalou [ATILF-CNRS and Université de Lorraine 2019]) and offer a non-contextualised linguistic normalisation at the token level (cf. fig. 6 ). A degree of certainty (@cert) for the normalisation of each token is given: if the script finds one answer in Morphalou the level is high, if there are several answers the level is medium, and if it finds none the level is low (the token is just copied and pasted. ).
Lou Burnard ,  Christof Schoch , and Carolin Odebrecht. 2019. In search of comity: TEI for distant reading. In What is text, really?TEI and beyond. Graz, Austria. https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 3552489Lou Burnard and  C. Michael Sperberg-McQueen. 2012. TEI Lite: Encoding for Interchange: an introduction to the TEI. https://teic. org/release/doc/tei-p5-exemplars/html/tei_lite. doc. htmlDeclan Butler. 2012. Scientists: your number is up. Nature 485, 7400 (May 2012), 564. https://doi. org/10. 1038/485564aOzan Caglayan,  Mercedes García-Martínez ,  Adrien Bardet ,  Walid Aransa ,  Fethi Bougares , and  Loïc Barrault. 2017. NMTPY: A  Flexible Toolkit for Advanced Neural Machine Translation Systems. Prague Bull. Math. Linguistics 109  ( 2017 ),  15-28. https://doi. org/10. 1515/pralin-2017-0035Jean-Baptiste Camps.
2016. Geste: un corpus de chansons de geste. https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 1744918Jean- Baptiste Camps ,  Thibault Clérice , and  Ariane Pinche. 2019. Deucalion,  Modèle Ancien Francais  ( 0. 2. 0 ). École nationale des chartes. https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 3237455Jean- Baptiste Camps ,  Simon Gabay ,  Paul Fièvre ,  Thibault Clérice , and  Florian Cafiero. 2020. Corpus and Models for Lemmatisation and POS-tagging of Classical French Theatre. (2020). https://halshs. archives-ouvertes. fr/halshs-02591388working paper or preprint. Thibault Clérice ,  Julien Pilla ,  Jean-Baptiste Camps ,  Vincent Jolivet , and  Ariane Pinche. 2019. Pyrrha, A language independant post correction app for POS and lemmatization. École nationale des chartes. https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 2325427Benoît Crabbé and  Marie Candito.
Geographic distribution of the fluting method across the world Fluting in the New World. The fluting method has been widely studied by American archaeologists (e. g. [32, 33] ; see the recent volume:  [34] ; see also  [35, 36]  and the online Paleoindian Database of the Americas: http://pidba. utk. edu/). The first well-known discovery of fluted points was in 1926 near the town of Folsom, New Mexico. Found in association with the remains of extinct animals, the chipped stone projectile points included an example embedded in the ribs of an extinct species of bison  [37, 38]. Because other styles of 'Folsom points' were found in many parts of the New World, the term 'fluted point' was developed by Shetrone  [39] , who described bifacial points that had a longitudinal flute or groove extending from the base to a varying distance toward the tip on each face.
Acknowledgments We acknowledge the  General Organization for Antiquities and Museums in Yemen  for their permission and assistance to undertake research in  Wadi Sana  and the  Ministry of Heritage and Culture in Oman  for permissions and logistical support along the coasts of Dhofar. We thank all the participants of the archaeological operations in Oman and  Yemen. Previously  unpublished lithic drawings from Ad-Dahariz 2,  Laugerie Haute , and Suwayh 1 were finalized by  Gauthier Devilder  (CNRS). We are grateful to  Jean-Jacques Cleyet-Merle , director of the  Musee National de Prehistoire at Les Eyzies, France , for authorizing access to the  Laugerie Haute collections. We thank colleagues for discussions and/or reading previous drafts of this paper, particularly Frederic Abbès,  Pierre Bodu ,  Julien Espagne ,  YamanduHilbert ,  Jacques Pelegrin ,  Sabrina Sholts ,  Boris Valentin  and  Philip J.
Evaluation: To evaluate the impact of TPE on the people with ADRD and the caregivers, three types of tools were used: quantitative evaluation by standardized scales filled out before and after TPE, qualitative evaluation and educative evaluation. For quantitative evaluation, the standardized scales used were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD)  (7) , the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale (QOL-AD) Socio-demographic characteristics of participants were described by frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables and by means and standard deviation for continuous variables. To compare quantitative variables between before and after TPE on continuous data (HAD scores, QOL-AD scores, ZBI-22 scores), paired samples Wilcoxon tests were used. All analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows 25.
3. 2: Individual educational assessment The assessment was performed before TPE, individually for the people with ADRD based on an interview and questionnaires. The caregivers were also assessed individually with the same tools. During the interviews, the participants expressed spontaneously their needs and requests, whereas questionnaires were used to collect data on predetermined information items. The assessment of individual educational needs was used as baseline to guide the TPE program and at the end of the program to determine whether the participant's skills had progressed. Each participant could express one or more requests (Figure  2 ). Family caregivers generally expressed more requests than people with ADRD, who could have reduced capacities to express themselves due to their disorders.
The statistical combination is reported in Fig. 2. The ages of the three samples are consistent according to the statistical χ² test of the OxCal 4. 3 software (T = 2. 1 (5% 6. 0))  30, 31. The presence of a green copper-based pigment, probably copper acetate (verdigris) in addition to lead white in the sample GERM02 does not seem to significantly influence the result. As verdigris was produced in the same way as lead white (see the recipe of Pierre de Saint Audemar, in the Discussion section), we assume that this green pigment also contains carbon of organic origin. Table  2. Radiocarbon measurements of modern lead white pigments prepared according to different production processes. The combination of the dates gives the interval 1297-1400 AD with three periods of higher probability at around 1315, 1355 and 1390 years AD.
• AMS Radiocarbon measurement Carbon isotopes were measured with the AMS LMC14/ARTEMIS facility (Saclay, France)  43, 49. The spectrometer was adjusted according to the carbon mass. For small samples, the number of runs was increased but the duration of each was reduced  50. Oxalic acid II was used for normalization, international intercomparison samples (FIRI H and FIRI I) for calibration, and C1 for blanks. The data were calibrated with INTCAL13 30 using OxCal 4. 3 software 31.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge  Matthieu Pinette , the owner of the  Château de Germolles, Burgundy, France  and the  Service Archéologique de l'État de Fribourg, Switzerland  for sample collection permission and thanks the  ARTEMIS  staff for AMS operating. The LMC14 is funded by five French organizations: CEA,  CNRS ,  IRD ,  IRSN , and  Ministry of Culture. This is LSCE contribution number  6951.
It was then ground, sieved at 100-200 µm fraction and split into 10 aliquots used for ESR measurements. Nine of them were irradiated with a calibrated  60  Co gamma-ray panoramic source (LABRA, CEA, Saclay, France) from 160 to 11700 Gy. ESR measurements were performed in a Paris lab at room temperature on an EMX-6 Bruker spectrometer (X band, 9. 82 GHz) with a microwave power of 1 mW and with a modulation amplitude of 0. 1 mT. A scan range of 10 mT and a scan time of two minutes with a modulation frequency of 100 kHz were used for each spectrum. Each ESR measurement was repeated four times for each dose over different days. ESR intensities were extracted using the Bruker WINEPR System software from the asymmetric ESR signal between the T1-B2 signal at g = 2. 0018  113. ESR intensities were fitted by an exponential plus linear function (EXPLIN) using Origin Pro8 software (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, USA) to determine the equivalent dose (DE).
Data were weighted by 1/I2. US-ESR age calculations were carried out with the ESR-DATA program  114  which uses an alpha efficiency of 0. 13 ± 0. 02  115  and Monte-Carlo beta attenuation factors  116  based on the thickness of tooth enamel and after the removal of the outer layers. The age of some samples exhibiting weak uranium leaching were calculated using AU-ESR model  107. The water content was estimated to be 7 ± 3% in the dentine and 12 ± 5% in the sediment (dry weight versus wet sediment in an oven at 35 °C). No water content was taken into account in the enamel. Gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements were performed using a high purity low-background Ge detector to determine specific activity of radioisotopes (U, Th, K) in the sediments including the samples. In situ measurements were performed using a γ-ray portable spectrometer Inspector 1000 Canberra with NaI detector.
Acknowledgements We thank  Mohamed El Hajraoui  who co-directed the 1991 excavation and  Fatima-Zohra Sbihi-Alaoui  who co-directed the successive excavations and the  Casablanca Program  with JPR until 2010. The  Casablanca France-Morocco research program  is jointly conducted and supported by the  Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine (INSAP) of the Ministère de la Culture, de la Jeunesse et des Sports/Département de la Culture of the Kingdom of Morocco , the  Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires Étrangères of France , and the Paul of the  Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany  and the  LabEx Archimede  ( ANR-11-LABX-0032-01 ). It has received funding from the  Aquitaine Region through the Origines projects , the  Collège de France , the  Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris , and the  University of Bordeaux (France).
One week after the trainings were finished, children were re-measured on ToM through the RMET-G (T3). All classes, whether they participated in experimental or control groups, were conducted in the exact same manner: Each class was randomized in order to divide them by group, but times of measurement for ToM were carried on, each time with the whole class. For collaborative behavior, a booklet was followed in order to avoid bias, and thus instructions were given in the exact same way for all classes, groups, and schools. One researcher of the team conducted both the workshops and assessments following a rigorous booklet in order to avoid bias as much as possible. Other researchers of the team who didn't have direct contact with children were implicated in data analysis.
PIXE data were processed using the GUPIXWIN calculation engine  [13]  coupled to the homemade TRAUPIXE software  [14]. The composition of the target obtained from the LE and the HE detectors can be combined by using iron as the pivot element, which means that it contributes to both types of X-rays. The quantitative composition of the analyzed materials is obtained for matrix and trace elements. For the results presented here, only elements quantified as being above the detection limit were considered. RBS measurements were performed with a particle detector collecting backscattered protons set at 130° with respect to the incident beam. RBS data were processed using the SIMNRA software V6. 05  [15]. Imaging of the silver leaves surfaces was performed using a scanning electron microscope with a field emission gun (SEM-FEG) at 4 kV and a working distance of 6 mm.
Analysis of the composition of silver leaves IBA measurements in ancient gilt leathers were carried out as much as possible away from pictorial layers, therefore the chemical elements detected are expected to come from the combination of the varnish, the silver, the glue and the leather. For each object, an analysis was also performed on the leather on its own, either from the front, if accessible, or from the back of the object, and the data were compared (Table  1 ). In all the decors analyzed, only silver leaves are encountered and their composition is relatively pure in silver (with over 98 at%). Variability in the quantification of chemical elements is sometimes observed in a single sample and this may be associated with the surrounding components of the decor. Many elements were detected in the leaves in different proportions but none of these could be directly correlated with the object provenance.
Acknowledgements This study was performed under the scope of the  CORDOBA  project, funded by the  Fondation des Sciences du Patrimoine (LabEx PATRIMA ), and as part of the  New AGLAE  project (grant  ANR-10-EQPX-22 ). The authors are grateful to  Eric Laval  for the SEM-FEG analyses at  C2RMF , to  Mariabianca Paris  and  Marcella Ioele  ( ISCR Roma ) and to all the owners of the collections for providing the samples of gilt leathers.
Objective Cognitive Measures We used a computer-based neuropsychological battery, Zimmermann and Fimm (31)'s attention test battery (Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung-TAP) to evaluate executive and attentional processes. This well-validated test battery provides normative data for adults. The task consists of simple, easily distinguishable stimuli to which the patient's motor response is recorded. A button box with millisecond accuracy was used to capture reaction times (RTs) and record responses (false alarms and/or omissions). Several subscales of the TAP were used and administered in random order: the 2-Back Task (Updating), the Go/No-Go Task (Inhibition), the Flexibility Task (Shifting), the Divided Attention Task (Dual task coordination), and the Vigilance Task (Vigilance) to assess executive and attentional processes.
Statistical Analyses All statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS software version 24. 0. The continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables as frequency and percentage. Prior to analysis, all data were examined for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Shapiro-Wilk tests revealed non-normal distributions for executive and attentional processes (p < 0. 05). Therefore, the Kruskal-Wallis test was chosen as a non-parametric alternative to the analysis of variance tests. The median RT for all executive and attentional processes, the number of omission errors and commission errors for divided attention and the phasic alertness index were examined using H tests. Post hoc analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test to determine the directions of the significant H test results.
20 ± 5. 13, p <. 001) and SZ Low CC groups (M = 13. 25 ± 9. 53, p = 0. 04). However, SZ Low CC and controls did not differ. The comparison analyses were therefore controlled for depressive symptoms. Table  3  displays clinical data for SZ High CC and SZ Low CC groups. SZ High CC and SZ Low CC groups differed in terms of age (t = -2,77, p= 0. 01), disease's duration (t = -4,39, p < 0. 001), and severity of depressive symptoms (t = -2. 04, p = 0. 04).
Results In this study, 54 loaves of bread were produced, to which were added the loaves made during the repetitions of the protocols (i. e. actions and steps) for which no measurements were recorded. For all these experiments, only 100% bran black emmer was tested. The use of grain from the correct species, produced organically, was critical to the experimentation. After testing two protocols based on the classical interpretation of historical data (Experiments Series 1 and 2), it was necessary to review the archaeological and iconographic evidences. A new chain of operations for baking bread for the early Middle Kingdom could be proposed: -The inside of the conical bread moulds is covered with a layer of fine sandy clay for every re-use of the mould. -The moulds are then placed horizontally and without any particular arrangement in an open fireplace made of many ashes and coals.
Similarly, on the Liverpool Stele E31, the baker is shown handling the ceramics using two pokers to clamp the moulds filled with bread dough. These experiments also shed light on several technical elements of archaeological bread moulds: the conical shape allowing a flat staggered arrangement, the role of the coating often consisting of several layers, and traces of fire. Far from being complete, this research nevertheless shows the importance of crosschecking data and comparing hypotheses with practice. These experiments should be replicated with other emmer cultivars (red and white), with common barley or with mixed flours. Further work, carried out jointly with ceramologists, archaeobotanists and archaeometers is also to be hoped for.
Credits: The experiments presented in this article were carried out as part of a doctoral dissertation defended at the Sorbonne University, Faculty of Arts and Humanities on 17 December 2019, under the direction of Pierre Tallet and Juan Carlos Moreno García. These experiments benefited from the financial support of the team Mondes Pharaoniques (CNRS, UMR 8167, Orient & Méditerranée), directed by Pierre Tallet, and the French-Egyptian archaeological mission of Ain Sukhna (Egypt) directed by Claire Somaglino (Sorbonne University) and Mahmoud Abd el-Raziq (University of the Suez Canal). The mission is supported by the French Institute of Archaeological Research in Cairo-Ifao, CNRS and Sorbonne University, and takes place thanks to the authorization of the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities and help of the Inspectorate of Suez.
Once raw acquisition is simulated, the user can also test image processings such as color correction, denoising or demosaicking. Most of image sensors produced around the world are designed for color application, they are usually based on CMOS technology using silicon as photodetection material. Spectrally, the silicon absorption range covers visible and a part of nearinfrared (VIS-NIR) domains, between 400 nm and 1100 nm. For photography purpose, the unwanted near infrared part of the spectrum is filtered out. However, this last part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in various applications like de-hazing and low light imaging, or depth measurement with active illumination  [1]. Multispectral image dataset covering both the visible and the NIR ranges are then very useful during the development phase of such image sensors.
The main motivation of the present work is to publish a new set of multispectral images to supplement the few ones already available  [2][3][4]  over the VIS-NIR spectrum. This paper is structured as follow: first we present the acquisition setup. In the next section, we detail the data acquisition, image pre-processing and extraction of scene reflectance procedures. Then, before summarizing our work, the structure of the dataset is described including file format and some sample images.
In a simple form, the sampling of reflectance data (denoted R) and its corresponding Fourier transform can be written as in equation 3 ( * is a convolution), F denotes the fast Fourier transform operator. So measuring function acts like a low pass filter in terms of variation frequencies, we perform a pre-study over known reflectance data to verify if the frequency content of potential target reflectances will be cut or not. Rx,y = R x,y * M F ( Rx,y ) = F (R x,y ). F (M) (3) Numerous examples of reflectance data that have been acquired using high resolution spectrophotometers are provided by the U. S Geological Survey [10]. This spectral dataset includes various materials such as vegetations, soils, minerals, artificial materials, etc. Additionally, we measured reflectance spectra of the X-Rite ColorChecker Passport with a high resolution spectrophotometer Agilent cary 7000 (see figure  7a ).
Results and dataset We built up the dataset using the procedure described above, each multispectral image is composed of a data cube (size 1280 × 1024 × 14) containing reflectance on the third dimension. The dataset is constituted of indoor images that mainly contain common life objects with different colors and textures. It is freely available as a single zip file on PerSCiDO platform: http:// dx. doi. org/10. 18709/perscido. 2020. 01. ds289. This file contains 22 datacubes in hdf5 format (structure described below) and 22 images in png format to facilitate the image identification.
Summary We presented in this paper a dataset of multispectral reflectance images covering the visible and a part of the nearinfrared spectrum corresponding to the absorption range of the silicon. This set intends to supplement the already available datasets and was generated to provide useful images for sensor simulation (daily life objects). We included in all images an X-Rite ColorChecker chart for color correction implementation and we took a great care to image acquisition and pre-processing to limit the noise and uncertainties in the data. The dataset (called ReDFISh) with spectral sampling every 50nm between 400nm and 1050nm is freely available for download at http://dx.
Only granite was procured in a modern stone workshop due to limitations in the procurement of the stone. Petrographic analysis by means of thin section permitted to control raw material variability within the experimental tool database. The selected granite is the hardest material due to the high composition of quartz and good cohesion, followed by the non-porous andesite, and finally the sandstone. Sandstone can be characterized by a lower resistance to friction and a lower surface roughness  (Delgado-Rack et al. 2009) , which are key aspects for grinding purposes. The experimental protocol included the manufacture of 6 tool pairs (quern and handstone) from each of the three raw materials (sandstone, andesite and granite), and five extra pairs of tools of the same types and size (in total: 40 artefacts).
Data recording, grinding sequences, cleaning procedure and sampling Every experimental sequence in Experiments 1 and 2 was developed during 5h, divided in three stages: _a (60 min), _b (120 min) and _c (120 min). Sequences in Experiment 3 were 10h, and 8h in Experiment 4. The sequences were all performed by two grinders. With regards to the tool feeding, the users noted the time invested in processing every 200 g of grain in each experimental stage. At the end of each grinding sequence, the ground product was weighted, and the microbotanical sampling (for starch and phytolith analysis) was carried out, prior to the washing of the grinding tools and the use-wear analysis. Regarding the grinders and tools position during the experiments, seating on the knees was selected for being the most widespread position according to ethnographic data and archaeological evidence for the Neolithic period.