dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Raw qPCR data were cleaned, and bacterial analysis was performed. Taxonomy distribution stacked bar plots of 20 key skin microbial species across different time points were generated based on relative abundance. Absolute abundance was also calculated for 20 bacteria, including S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and C. acnes strain subtypes I and II, using Sequential Smart Probe TM positive controls (Sequential Skin Ltd. , London, UK). To further investigate global bacterial diversity changes, we assessed the diversity. The Shannon-Simpson indices were calculated to account for the richness and evenness of communities (the higher the index values, the more diverse the skin microbiome).
, 2019; Zhao et al. , 2020) : lim dr→∞ R eff = bS 1 -p g + f + p g ' 2. 3. 2 Calculation of R t In the real-world, contact rates and transmissibility may vary over time, particularly with the implementation of control measures. therefore, we also used time-varying reproduction number (R t ) which represents the mean number of secondary cases that an infected individual would transmit in the time of t to quantify the transmissibility of SARS  (Cori et al. , 2013) , serial interval (SI = 8. 4 ± 3. 8) for symptom generations in each city  (Lipsitch et al. ) , and calculated R t values using seven days as a time range. Reference was made to Cori et al. (Cori et al. , 2013)  using EpiEstim package (version 2. 2. 4) in R software (version 4. 1) to calculate R t , which is calculated as follows: propagation is assumed to be constant over a time period of ½t -t + 1; t and is measured with R t,t I t e Possion(R t o t s=1 I t-s w s ) P(I t ? I 0 , :::, I (t-t) , w, R t ) = (R t L t ) It e RtLt I t ! L t = o t s=1 I t-s w s P(I t-t+1 , …, I t jI 0 , …, I t-t , w , R t,t ) = Y t s=t-t+1 (R t,t L s ) I s e -R t,t L s I s ! P(I t-t+1 , …, I t , R t,t j I 0 , …, I t-t , w ) = P(I t-t+1 , …, I t , R t,t j I 0 , …, I t-t , w, R t,t ) P(R t,t ).
Model simulation and statistical methods The model was simulated with Berkeley Madonna 8. 3. 18 software, and the differential equations were solved using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The output of the model-fitted data was determined based on the least root mean square (LRMS), and the optimal output was correlated by R version 4. 2. 1 (http:// www. sthda. com/english/wiki/correlation-test-between-twovariables-in-r) for correlation analysis The formula is as in (a), and the formula for the t-test statistic with the correlation coefficient r is as in (b), the closer correlation coefficient is to 1, the better the model fit is indicated by P< 0. 05. r = o (x -m z )(y -m y ) ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi o (x -m x ) 2 o (y -m y ) 2 q (a) t = r ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 -r 2 p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi n -2 p (b).
Statistical analysis To minimize the interference with noise and data validity of R t calculation due to centralized reporting and processing of WHOreported data, we adopted a sliding average method to process the number of reported cases per day. The transmissibility of an infectious disease was quantified by an effective reproduction number (R eff ). It has been proposed that in SEIAR model that includes population births and deaths, limitation of R eff could be estimated by excel, as in previous studies  (Huang et al. , 2019; Zhao et al. , 2020). We used the time-varying reproduction number (R t ) to quantify the transmissibility of SARS by R version 4. 2. 1. The model was simulated with Berkeley Madonna version 8. 3. 1, and the differential equations were solved using the fourth order Runge-Kotta method.
In this study, the statistical analysis in the number of infections between male and female, whether the R 0, R eff and R t were smoothed, comparison of R t of rising phase with R 0 , and comparison of R t in the decreasing phase with R eff were analyzed by IBM Statistic SPSS (version 13. 0, IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY, USA). We took P<0. 05 to be significant, P< 0. 001 to be statistically significant.
Discussion In the absence of a comprehensive comparative analysis of the transmissibility of the 2003 SARS epidemic in mainland China, we collected public and publicly available information from several Chinese provinces and regions, including Hong Kong and Taiwan, where the outbreak was particularly severe. We employed data smoothing techniques to restore the actual epidemic curves as accurately as possible, and applied both epidemiological models Sensitivity analysis of the key parameter k for model. and the R t to assess the transmissibility of these regions. We compared and analyzed the differences in results obtained from different methods, as well as the disparities in transmissibility among different regions. The SARS epidemic initially emerged in Guangdong and subsequently spread outward from the core areas, including Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Beijing.
Limitations The reported cases were collected from WHO over a long period of time, so the raw data were more concentrated, resulting in some errors in the onset times of the cases. In order to fit the model closer to the onset time of the actual cases, we averaged and smoothed the data, and the integral distribution of the processed data was more realistic and less noisy than the original data. According to the sensitivity analysis, this parameter k shows to affect the model, so the coefficient k values of asymptomatic individuals in the real world need to be obtained.
COVID-19 pre-pandemic-to-pandemic publication output in different neurological subspecialties For comparison purposes, we searched the PubMed database for the 2017-2022 number of publications/year on autonomic versus other main neurological disorders and subspecialties using the search terms reported in the Supplementary Material. The count included all types of manuscripts without language restrictions. The annual percentage change in the number of publications was plotted separately for each neurology subspecialty for visual comparison.
Statistical analysis Qualitative variables were summarized in frequencies (percentages) and compared using the chi-square or Fisher exact test. Quantitative variables were summarized in median values (25th; 75th percentile) or mean ± standard deviation. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for comparing non-normally distributed quantitative variables, the t test for normally distributed ones. Associations between variables were tested with the Spearman's correlation coefficient. All statistical analyses were performed with IBM-SPSS (version 25). Two-sided P values < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Firstly, we performed a descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the survey respondents and autonomic centers involved in autonomic education compared with those respondents who were not.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Ms. Lucia Pavlakova ,  Ms. Abigail Magno  ( EAN Scientific Department ),  Mr. Martin Dunzinger  ( EAN IT-Coordinator ) and  Mr. Peter Hofmann  ( EAN Registration Department ) for their excellent administrative support and the following collaborators of the  European Network of Neurological Autonomic Laboratories  for their thoughtful completion of the survey:  Ivan Adamec- Department of  Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia ;  Arnaud Aerts- Department of Cardiology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, Netherlands ;  Leo LR Canta- Department of Neurology, Catharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven, Netherlands ;  Robert Shane Delamont- Department of  Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK ;  Frederik   de Lange-Syncope Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands ;  Francesca Del Sorbo-Parkinson  and  Movement Disorders Unit ,  ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO ,  Milano, Italy ;  Grazia Devigili-Parkinson  and  Movement Disorder Unit ,  Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy ;  Rita Di Leo- Department of Neurology,  Ospedale San Giovanni e Paolo, Venezia, Italy ;  Trang Dinh- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands ;  Jacques-Olivier Fortrat -Explorations Fonctionnelles Vasculaires ,  Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France ;  Janne Gierthmühlen -Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany ;  Martin Hemels -Department of Cardiology, Rijnstate Hospital and Radboud University Medical Center, Arnhem-Nijmegen, Netherlands ;  Julia Köhn- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany ;  Thomas Krøigård -Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark ;  Axel Lipp -Department of Neurology, Park-Klinik Weißensee, Berlin, Germany ;  Andrea Maier- Department of Neurology, Outpatient Service for ANS Disorders, University Clinic RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany ;  Lucio Marinelli- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy ;  Anna Mazzeo- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease Unit, Messina, Italy ;  Ivan Milenkovic- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ;  Maciej Motyl -Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland ;  Maria Grazia Natali Sora- Department of Neurology,  Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy ;  Judith Navarro-Otano- Department of  Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain ;  Kristian Bernhard Nilsen- Department of  Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Norway ;  Mario Oliveira- Department of  Cardiology, Santa Marta Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal ;  Petter Moe Omland- Department of Neurology, Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, St.
Thomas Berger: Dr. Berger has participated in meetings sponsored by and received honoraria (lectures, advisory boards, consultations) from pharmaceutical companies marketing treatments for MS: Allergan, Bayer, Biogen, Bionorica, BMS/Celgene, GSK, GWD/Jazz Pharma, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, MedDay, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. His institution has received financial support in the past 12 months by unrestricted research grants (Biogen, Bayer, BMS/Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi Aventis, Teva) and for participation in clinical trials in multiple sclerosis and related disorders sponsored by Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, BMS/ Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Octapharma, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, outside of the present work. Elena Moro: Dr. Moro reports honoraria from Medtronic and research grant from Abbott, Ipsen, and France Parkinson, outside the present work.
However, constraints can be put on the processes that most likely contributed to the formation of these surface features through observations across multiple datasets and integration of geomorphological observations with the local and regional context. Thus, we will use a non-genetic term, "branched ridges", for these landforms throughout the observation sections of the manuscript. After a description of the utilized datasets, we present the geological context of the Antoniadi basin, then describe the geological units and landforms, and focus on both their relative and absolute ages. A specific focus on the geometry of the branching ridges is provided before discussing their origin.
Datasets Geomorphological interpretations are made using images in visible and near infrared wavelengths from the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS,  Thomas et al. , 2017)  onboard Trace Gas Orbiter of ExoMars, the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC,  Neukum et al. , 2004)  onboard the Mars Express probe, from both the Context Camera (CTX,  Malin et al. , 2007)  and the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment  (HiRISE, McEwen et al. , 2007)  onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS,  Christensen et al. , 2004)  instrument onboard Mars Odyssey. CaSSIS data provide color/multispectral information, which can be used to put some general constraints on the composition of the surface  (Thomas et al. , 2017; Tornabene et al. , 2018a).
The estimated band centers for the four CaSSIS broadband filters (as reported in the latest data release image headers and based on radiometric calibration v1. 2) are: 495 (blue-green color, BLU), 678 nm (a broader "panchromatic" red filter, PAN), 836 nm (named RED, although in the infrared) and 939 nm (for the nearinfrared, NIR)  (Thomas et al. , 2017). The two first bands, BLU and PAN are close to the first two bands used by HiRISE ensuring a consistent use of colors between the CaSSIS and HiRISE datasets; the two other CaSSIS filters, RED and NIR, split the HiRISE IR filter (~900 nm) into two filters designed, and have since been demonstrated  (Tornabene et al. , 2018a) , to better discriminate between Fe-bearing phases, such as ferrous iron Fe 2+ (mafic minerals) or ferric iron Fe 3+ (hematite, etc.
). Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA,  Smith et al. , 2001 ) gridded data were used to extract regional topography. For local observations, a DEM was constructed using HiRISE stereo image pairs on the branched ridges. This DEM was produced by stereophotogrammetry using USGS ISIS3 and BAE SocetSet software, with a spatial gridding of 1 m/pixel and an estimated vertical precision of 0. 35 m  (Kirk et al. , 2003 (Kirk et al. , , 2008)). This DEM is available on the PDS and from the HiRISE web page (htt ps://www. uahirise. org/dtm/dtm. php?ID=ESP_057678_2015).
This is in agreement with the rubbly surface of cohesive blocks on the ridges as compared to that of the plains, which are smooth at the resolution of HiRISE data, although we cannot fully rule out that their elevated inertia may be attributed to less dust cover or cementation/ induration relative to their surroundings. This conclusion is consistent with the THEMIS daytime data (Fig. 14b ) in which the ridges are darker, thus colder than the smooth plains that may be more dusty/less rocky in the first centimeters than the branched ridges. Thermal inertia has been computed from THEMIS data  (Fergason et al. , 2006 ) (Fig. 14c ). Although many branched ridges are too narrow to be clearly visible at the scale of this map (100 m/pixel), values on the largest ridges, such as the E-W wide ridge scatter from 350 to 500 tiu (thermal inertia unit) compared to100-200 tiu for the underlying plains.
CaSSIS spectral channels We have performed a spectral analysis of the branched ridges and light-toned terrains using the available filters (3-4 filter combinations are possible) of the CaSSIS data that currently covers the site. There is one CRISM cube covering part of the area 2 containing branched ridges, but we do not present it because the corresponding spectra are dominated by dust at the CRISM spatial scale and do not enable us clear mineralogical identification beyond what has been done using CaSSIS data. The branched ridges appear as a distinct dark blue in all CaSSIS NIR-PAN-BLU (NPB) color-infrared images with slight variations toward lighter colors that may be related to local dust-cover. A color band ratio composite (CBRC) using CASSIS NIR/PAN, PAN/BLU and PAN/NIR in R-G-B (i. e.
Another CaSSIS image, MY36_016771_020_0, which lies east of area 1 in Fig. 3 , was taken with all 4 filters and offers a good DS correction, but only provides spectra from units Sp1 and Sp2; despite this, the DScorrected spectra extracted from MY36_016771_020_0 for these two units shows similar spectral characteristics to the Sp1 and Sp2 spectra from 3-filter MY35_010430_024_0. The consistency between the two provides support for the previous interpretations of the MY35_010430_024_0 results. Overall, the dark color in panchromatic images and dark blue color in color composites from CaSSIS data support the presence of mafic minerals in all the branched ridges (Sp2r unit) and the dark-toned plains unit (Sp2). Smooth plains Sp1 with intermediary tone also display signatures consistent with the presence of mafic minerals but the lightertoned areas of Sp1 suggest a predominance of ferric component, rather than mafic mineral signature.
Conclusion Antoniadi basin displays dark-toned dendritic ridges that could represent important examples of late-stage fluvial landforms if formed as inverted channels. However, careful observations of these branched ridges utilizing multiple datasets, providing morphologic, morphometric, thermophysical and color/multispectral constraints, show that they do not have characteristics consistent with fluvial channels. The pattern of ridges in Antoniadi basin lack downstream widening and, unlike contributory systems, have connected branch terminations, permissible in a distributary system. Furthermore, the dark ridges exhibit no evidence of layering suggestive of sedimentary deposition. Instead, they are dark, blue in color, have a rubbly texture and higher thermal inertia relative to their surroundings.
Acknowledgments The data (CaSSIS, HRSC, CTX,  HiRISE , MOLA) that support the findings of this study were obtained freely from the Planetary Data System (PDS) and Planetary Science Archive (PSA) and are publicly available online, respectively at https://pds. nasa. gov/index. shtml and https://archives. esac. esa. int/psa/. The authors wish to thank  CaSSIS , MRO and  HRSC science  and instrument teams for data planning. NM, AG, SJC, and AN are supported by the  French  space agency  CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ). LLT wishes to personally acknowledge funding and support from the  Canadian NSERC   Discovery Grant programme  ( RGPIN 2020-06418 ) and the  Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Planetary  and  Astronomy Missions Co-Investigator programme  ( 22EXPCOI3 ). Peter Fawdon  is currently supported by the  UK Space Agency on UK Space Agency  grant  ST/W002736/1  and was supported by  The UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) , by the  British Geological Survey BUFI  case studentship.
Methods and Organisation of the Paper For all genera, material at BM, K and P was seen, including many early BSIP (British Solomon Islands Protectorate) collections at K, plus some material from CANB, G, L, LAE, and NOU. For Pterophylla and Schizomeria, the herbaria consulted were given in the revisions cited. Images in the following online databases were also reviewed: Harvard University Herbaria (A), Bishop Museum (BISH), Naturalis (L, U), Linnean Collections -Smith Herbarium (LINN-SH), Tropicos (MO), C. V. Starr Virtual Herbarium (NY), Muséum National d'Histore Naturelle (P), Flora of Solomon Islands (TNM, only includes material from their recent expeditions), Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (TAIF), and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan (TNS). Some additional types were seen in Jstor Global Plants (online).
Databases for the national herbaria of Papua New Guinea (LAE)  (Conn et al. 2004 onwards)  and Vanuatu (PVNH) (Flora of Vanuatu online; and see Vanuaflora online) list some additional collections but lack images. The National Herbarium of the Solomon Islands (BSIP) does not currently have an online database. Within genera and sections, species are treated alphabetically irrespective of island group. The format for each genus varies according to what has been published elsewhere but for most taxa, only a synopsis is given. Except for basionyms, synonyms are listed only if the type is from the present region. When information on types is repeated from previous publications, herbarium barcodes have been added. All material cited has been seen, either in the herbarium or as an image, unless indicated "n.
v. ". Dimensions of leaves and other vegetative characters are taken primarily from fertile shoots; leaves on sterile collections are generally more variable in size, shape and indumentum. For species with unisexual flowers, m. = male, f. = female. When indicating the Map outlines were made using Simplemappr (Shorthouse 2010, online). Under vernacular names, the local name has been taken from specimen field notes. This name is followed by the name of the language or tribal group, if known, in parentheses, and finally the collector's name and number of the specimen from which the information came.
Second, data on the distribution of less common species may not be comprehensive because of under-collecting on some islands. Third, local knowledge about the current extent of habitat loss and the ability of species to persist in secondary and logged forests is needed to make more meaningful assessments. Some Cunoniaceae have weedy tendencies and selective logging and small-scale habitat disturbance could result in population increases, though this is unlikely to be true in all cases. Bougainville has been less affected by deforestation than many other parts of the region, partly because of its involvement in a civil war from 1988 to 1998, but several logging operations are planned or in progress (e. g. PNGexposed Blog 2014; Papua New Guinea Mine Watch 2018). The degree to which any Cunoniaceae are affected by this activity will depend on the type, extent and elevation of the logging.
Petiole and rachis segments very narrowly winged………………………………………………………………………3 2'. Petiole and rachis segments not winged………………………………………………………………………………4 CONSERVATION STATUS. Overall LC (Least Concern); in the Solomon Islands, DD (Data Deficient). Despite the high level of logging in the Solomon Islands, the wide distribution of this species and the relatively large number of collections over its entire range suggest that it may not be threatened. It demonstrates weedy tendencies in Borneo, sometimes growing abundantly in roadside cuttings  (Hopkins & Bradford pers. obs. 1996)  and so can probably regenerate in gaps when forest is selectively logged. NOTES. The most widespread species of Pterophylla in Malesia and the Solomon Islands, P. fraxinea was reported by  Whitmore (1966a,  as Weinmannia blumei Planch.
Pterophylla ysabelensis (L. M. Perry) Pillon & H. C. Hopkins (in DISTRIBUTION. Solomon Islands (Santa Isabel), known only from the type. HABITAT. Occurs in montane forest at 600 m and described as common. CONSERVATION STATUS. DD (Data Deficient). Further information is needed on distribution and abundance, as well as on its relationship with Pterophylla fraxinea. Large parts of Santa Isabel have been logged  (Katovai et al. 2015: fig. 4) , which is likely to have reduced the habitat available. NOTES. Pterophylla ysabelensis is similar to P. fraxinea but has much smaller leaflets. Although  Whitmore (1966a)  included them as two separate taxa in his key, he went on to imply they might be synonymous. Until we have more material from Santa Isabel, P. ysabelensis is maintained as distinct. sect.
Acknowledgements We thank the following herbaria for access to specimens: BM,  G, K, L, MO , NOU and  P , plus CANB (especially  Brendan Lepschi ) and LAE (especially  Robert Kiapranis ) for supplying images of specimens. Greg Plunkett  was very helpful regarding recent collections from Vanuatu. We thank  Andrew Brown  for the beautiful line drawings and we are grateful to  Aleck Yang  and the  National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan (TNM ) for the image of Geissois pentaphylla, and also to  Tian-Chuan Hsu  ( TFRI ) for his assistance. Photographs of plants in the field were kindly made available to us by  Odile Poncy  and  Michael J. Balick. Some photographs by JCB were previously published (in B&W) in  Flora Malesiana. HCFH thanks  Ian Turner  for advice on types and  Odile Poncy  for hospitality during visits to P.