dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic coverage Description: This data paper covers the Gastrotricha content of Fauna Europaea, including 4 families, 214 species, 5 subspecies and 199 species synonyms of Chaetonotida and one species incertae sedis of Macrodasyida (Fig. 1 , Table  1 ). Not all the species described to date are included in the current version of the Fauna Europaea database. The next version of the Fauna Europaea database will be updated with the most recent records. The placement of the genus Marinellina, the only one freshwater European Macrodasyida, is uncertain. In the database it was considered as a member of the family Turbanellidae in the order Macrodasyida  Remane, 1925 (Rao and Clausen 1970) , but since the taxonomic position of this genus is now actively debated, it is here reported as 'incertae sedis' according to the recent literature.
These numbers include 8 new species and a single new record for Europe that have been reported after the release of the Fauna Europaea database in January 2011. Tenpin-like or bottle-shaped body, 75-291 µm in length (caudal spines excluded). Caudal furca absent: rounded or truncated caudal end with 2 lobes bearing bristles or 2 to few long spines. Two cephalic ciliary tufts and a transversal band extending from ventral to dorsal side. Cuticle smooth, rarely with few faint scales. Ventrolateral spines short to very long, simple or more often barbed, isolated or in groups, inserted on the trunk region and sometimes movable. Few oblique ciliary locomotory series or tufts, rarely 2 bands (Haltidytes). Pharynx cylindrical with1-2 ulbs. Parthenogenic; rudimentary testes or aberrant spermatozoa recorded in several species.
Funding:  Fauna Europaea  was funded by the  European Commission  under the  Fifth Framework Programme  and contributed to the  Support for Research Infrastructures work programme with Thematic Priority Biodiversity  ( EVR1-1999-20001 ) for a period of four years (1 March 2000 -1 March 2004), including a short 'NAS extension', allowing  EU  candidate accession countries to participate. Follow-up support was given by the  EC-FP6   EDIT  project ( GCE 018340 ), by the  EC-FP7   PESI  project ( RI-223806 ) and by the  EC-FP7   ViBRANT  project ( RI-261532 ). Continuing management and hosting of the Fauna Europaea services was supported by  University of Amsterdam  ( Zoological Museum Amsterdam ) and  SARA/Vancis. Recently the hosting of  Fauna Europaea  was taken over by the  Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin , supported by the  EC-FP7  EU  BON  project (grant agreement  №308454 ).
faunaeur. org/full_results. php?id=11241 Number of data sets: 2 Data set name: Fauna Europaea -Gastrotricha version 2. 6. 2 -species Character set: UTF-8 Data format: CSV Column label Column description datasetName The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived (http:// rs. tdwg. org/dwc/terms/datasetName). version Release version of data set. versionIssued Issue data of data set version. rights Information about rights held in and over the resource (http://purl. org/dc/terms/ rights). rightsHolder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource (http:// purl. org/dc/terms/rightsHolder). accessRights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status (http://purl. org/dc/terms/accessRights). taxonID An identifier for the set of taxon information (http://rs.
tdwg. org/dwc/terms/genus). subgenus The full scientific name of the subgenus in which the taxon is classified. Values include the genus to avoid homonym confusion (http://rs. tdwg. org/dwc/terms/ subgenus). scientificNameAuthorship). authorName Author name information namePublishedInYear The four-digit year in which the scientificName was published (http://rs. tdwg. org/ dwc/terms/namePublishedInYear). Brackets Annotation if authorship should be put between parentheses. Character set: UTF-8 Data format: CSV Column label Column description datasetName The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived (http:// rs. tdwg. org/dwc/terms/datasetName). version Release version of data set. IP rights notes: Data resources Download URL: http://www. faunaeur. org/Data_papers/FaEu_Gastrotricha_2.
5 A similar pattern has also been observed in Europe, with declining mortality trends since the early 1980s and 1990s for men and women, respectively. 6 7 hese studies also highlighted important disparities between countries, particularly between northwest Europe (where the earliest and largest declines were observed) and the rest of Europe. In this study, we analysed data on colorectal cancer mortality from 34 European countries between 1970 and 2011 by age and sex. Following the lead of previous articles that focused on major European countries,  6  our aim was to expand on their findings and provide up to date, long term temporal trends of colorectal cancer mortality for all European countries. We also examined recent mortality trends in relation to levels in 1989-91, before the advent of more efficient patient management.
Mortality data The number of deaths from colorectal cancer was obtained from the World Health Organization mortality database for 34 European countries and the USA for the period 1970-2011. 8 The WHO mortality database provides annual data on mortality statistics by age, sex, and cause of death as obtained by national registration systems. A detailed assessment of data completeness and quality has been conducted by Mathers and colleagues. 9 etween 1970 and 2011, data on cause of death was classified by use of three versions of the international classification of diseases (ICD, 8th to 10th revisions). We defined colorectal cancer mortality as any death with an ICD-8 code of A048-A049, ICD-9 code of B093-B094, or ICD-10 code of C18-C21. We also included any death with an ICD code for cancers of the anus or anal canal because it was unclear from the database how some countries used the different ICD coding schemes to classify cancers into the various subsites of colorectal cancer: "colon," "recto-sigmoid junction," "rectum," "anus," and "anal canal.
statistical analyses We used the direct method and age specific population estimates from the WHO mortality database  8  to compute age adjusted mortality rates of colorectal cancer, according to the age distribution of the standard European population. 11 Joinpoint regression analysis was performed over the whole period to identify years when significant changes in mortality rates occurred. We then calculated annual percent changes (relative change) for each country, by fitting a regression line to the natural logarithm of the rates on the period 1989-2011 and over the last five years of available data (2007-2011). Because of missing data, regression was fitted over the periods 1992-2010 for Slovakia and 1991-2010 for Macedonia. Based on the underlying joinpoint model, overall percent changes were then derived for the period 1989-2011.
Contributors: PA, EN, and HB were responsible for the concept of the study. DAO, CP, MB, and MM collected data. DAO, CP, MatB, and MarB analysed the data. DAO, CP, MagB, and MM were responsible for drawing the graphics. Article writing and editing: DAO, MAJ, and PA wrote and edited the article. All the coauthors contributed to the discussion. All authors, external and internal, had full access to all of the data (including statistical reports and tables) in the study and can take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. PA is the study guarantor.
a b s t r a c t This paper focuses on an analysis of planted forests data from the 2015 Forests Resources Assessment of the U. N. Food and Agriculture Organisation  (FRA 2015). It forms one of a series of papers in the FRA 2015 special issue of this journal. While total forest area decreased from 4. 28 billion hectares to 3. 99 billion hectares from 1990 to 2015, with percent global forest cover dropping from 31. 85% to 30. 85%, the area of planted forests increased from 167. 5 to 277. 9 million hectares or 4. 06% to 6. 95% of total forest area. Increase was most rapid in the temperate zone, and regionally in East Asia, followed by Europe, North America, and Southern and Southeast Asia. However the annualised rate of increase in area of planted forests slowed in the 2010-2015 period to 1. 2%, below the 2.
Regional perspectives indicated that expansion of planted forests varies regionally as do issues affecting them. Africa for example has challenges regarding governance, and the opportunity to expand farm forests and woodlots. In contrast, Asia is constrained in its ability to further expand its commercial planted forest area and will need to increase production from existing forests. The availability of a new comprehensive dataset from FAO's Forest Resources Assessment 2015 project provided the opportunity to explore some of the issues emerging from the 3rd International Congress on Planted Forests in more detail both at the global and regional scale. The FRA 2015 dataset covers all forests and the period 1990 to 2015 (www. fao. org/forestry/ FRA2015/database). For this study, one of a series commissioned by FAO, we concentrate on planted forests and interrogate the latest available data on planted forests in the context of current and future climate and population pressures.
FRA dataset and analysis The FRA 2015 dataset contains a number of variables  (FAO, 2012)  directly related to planted forests that allowed us to explore various aspects of trends in planted forests over the period 1990 to 2015. Other variables were derived from the core variables. From these data we analysed trends globally, sub-regionally and by climate domain in: 1. Planted forest area; 2. Proportion of total forest area made up of planted forests; 3. Proportion of exotic and natural species within the planted forest resource; and 4. The relationship between population trends and planted forest area. A second stage of the analysis focussed on planted forest area at the country level. This focussed on the top 20 countries and evaluated areas, species mix, and population relationships. Overall the planted forest data formed a small subset of the full FRA database, and in a number of instances it was not possible to view planted forest attributes of a specific variable.
Jürgensen et al. (2014) roundwood study To investigate timber production from planted forests we utilised data gathered as part of an FAO study  (Jürgensen et al. , 2014). This allowed us to investigate levels and trends of production in planted forests. The FAO analysis focussed on industrial roundwood production from forest plantations in 78 countries and information on roundwood production from the semi natural and planted forest (SNPF) category from only 17 countries as many countries could not provide information on roundwood production for this category. We present 2012 data for the proportion of roundwood sources from natural and planted forests (SNPF and plantations combined); regional production levels in planted forests; and production levels from the top 20 country producers of planted forest roundwood.
The  Jürgensen et al. (2014)  study covers most of the important planted forest countries. However, they missed some countries and we have filled in these gaps using the FRA database for 2010 industrial roundwood production for total forest. We assumed in these cases that the wood comes from natural forest. So the overall roundwood estimates for planted forests will therefore be somewhat conservative. We also calculated 2012 roundwood per unit of planted area in 1990 as a crude estimate of productivity across the climate domains and sub regions.
FAO planted forests thematic study The FRA dataset apportions forests depending on their proposed use; production, multi-use, and protection categories. These statistics are for all forests combined. The intended use of planted forests is important to know when looking at future timber supply so we sourced data from the thematic study of planted forests  (Del Lungo et al. , 2006)  where 61 countries were surveyed in detail as to their planted forests. We used this dataset to analyse the proportion of planted forests intended for production vs protection use on the 2015 top 20 planted forest countries (see Section 2. 1) identified. 2. 4. Outlook analysis: climate, population pressure, and forest health An aim of this paper was to present an outlook for planted forests that relates to the two key global drivers -climate and population change.
Another aspect that is hard to extract from the FRA dataset is forest health status but one that is very important to consider. Population data are well covered in the FRA dataset and we analysed various planted forests variables in relation to population trends. However climate trends are not covered in the FRA dataset. To evaluate the impact of climate on the planted forest outlook we utilised two sources on information: 1. The IPCC 5th Assessment report  (IPCC, 2014) ; and 2. The Germanwatch climate risk index  (Kreft and Eckstein, 2013). The IPCC 5th Assessment report outlines climate related drivers e. g. warming trends, drying trends, extreme precipitation; and associated key risks e. g. drought, storm and flood damage, decreased crop production. We mapped these drivers and risks to the FAO subregions.
The Germanwatch risk index is developed from historic data analyses regarding the extent to which countries have been affected by the impacts of weather-related loss events (storms, floods, heat waves, etc. ). The 2014 index is based on data from 1993 to 2012. It provides a country level index which we compiled to give a population weighted average for each of the FAO subregions. It serves to provide an indication of past impacts that may be extrapolated to the future where these climate impacts will remain the same or worsen under climate change. The subregional range was from 40 (highest risk) to 111 (lowest risk). Forest health data in the FRA dataset shows area affected by the 10 most important extensive pest and disease impacts/outbreaks for each country. We summed the total area affected and calculated percentage of total forest area affected and averaged this by region.
Temporal trends in roundwood supply 1990-2015 The FRA 2015 dataset showed an overall increase in roundwood production from 1990 to 2015 though data was sparse. The time-series data on the industrial roundwood production from 17 countries reported in the Jürgensen et al. (  2014 ) study showed that for many countries in Latin America and Asia (Chile, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Uruguay and Vietnam), the production had increased considerably since 2000; while in Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America, production had been increasing at a considerably slower pace. In European countries (Portugal, Spain, and Turkey) and in South Africa, the trend in industrial roundwood production had basically been stagnant since 2000, with some noticeable ups and downs during this period.
Outlook The FRA 2015 data analysed in this study suggest that in planted forests, a new timber resource is continuing to be created and that it will contribute significantly not only to future wood and energy supplies but can also meet a range of wider social and environmental benefits (ecosystem services). Planted forests are likely to continue to supply an increasing proportion of the world's wood requirements; the trend is supported by this new dataset. The ability of planted forests to increase supply will depend on global and    (Freer-Smith and Carnus, 2008). The FRA dataset has allowed us to develop a global and regional picture of the extent and trends in a number of planted forests variables over the period 1990 to 2015. Overall planted forests are playing a very significant role in 2015.
Observations show that glaciers around the world are in retreat and losing mass. Internationally coordinated for over a century, glacier monitoring activities provide an unprecedented dataset of glacier observations from ground, air and space. Glacier studies generally select specific parts of these datasets to obtain optimal assessments of the mass-balance data relating to the impact that glaciers exercise on global sea-level fluctuations or on regional runoff. In this study we provide an overview and analysis of the main observational datasets compiled by the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS). The dataset on glacier front variations (�42 000 since 1600) delivers clear evidence that centennial glacier retreat is a global phenomenon. Intermittent readvance periods at regional and decadal scale are normally restricted to a subsample of glaciers and have not come close to achieving the maximum positions of the Little Ice Age (or Holocene).
This was achieved by combining traditional observations with satellite altimetry and gravimetry as a way of filling regional gaps and obtaining global coverage  (Gardner and others, 2013). However, the analysis was possible only during a short time period; additional datasets are needed to detect climatic trends and to compare current change rates with earlier ones. In this study we present a joint analysis of data compiled by the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS, 2008a, and references therein) and its National Correspondents in order to provide the scientific community with an in-depth summary of changes in glacier length, volume and mass. For this purpose we apply the observational dataset in its full richness for a comprehensive assessment of decadal glacier changes at global and regional levels.
Background, data compilation and dissemination Internationally coordinated glacier monitoring began in 1894 and the periodic publication of compiled information on glacier fluctuations started 1 year later  (Forel, 1895). In the beginning, glacier monitoring focused mainly on glacier fluctuations, particularly on the collection and publication of front variation data (commonly referred to as length changes), and after the late 1940s the focus was on glacierwide mass-balance measurements  (Haeberli, 1998). Beginning with the introduction of the 'Fluctuations of Glaciers' series in the late 1960s  (PSFG, 1967; WGMS, 2012, and volumes in between) , standardized data on changes in glacier length, area, volume and mass have been published at pentadal intervals. Since the late 1980s, glacier fluctuation data have been organized in a relational database and made available in electronic form  (Hoelzle and Trindler, 1998).
In the 1990s, an international glacier monitoring strategy was conceived to provide quantitative, comprehensive and easily understandable information relating to questions about process understanding, change detection, model validation and environmental impacts with an interdisciplinary knowledge transfer to the scientific community as well as to policymakers, the media and the public  (Haeberli, 1998; Haeberli and others, 2000). Based on this strategy, the monitoring of glaciers has been internationally coordinated within the framework of the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (http://www. gtn-g. org) under the Global Climate Observing System in support of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  (Bojinski and others, 2014). For data compilation, the WGMS and its predecessor organizations have been organizing periodical calls-for-data through an international scientific collaboration network with National Correspondents for, currently, 36 countries and thousands of contributing observers around the world.
With the most recent data report  (WGMS, 2012) , the global dataset was extended substantially by adding the latest observations from the measurement period 2005-10 and by supplementing earlier periods  (WGMS 2008b , and earlier issues) with additional records from the literature (Fig. 1 ). The corresponding increase in mass-balance data from glaciological and geodetic methods is shown in Figure  1a , while the gain in front variation from observation and reconstruction records is seen in Figure  1b. The full dataset is available from the WGMS website and can be explored using a map-based browser (http://www. wgms. ch). A look at the entire data samples in Figure  1  (joint area in dark and pale blue) reveals that the glaciological sample has been increasing whereas the geodetic and the two front variation samples have been decreasing over the past 25 years.
The increase found in the glaciological sample reflects the successful efforts of the observers to continue and extend their monitoring programmes as well as of the WGMS to compile these results through its collaboration network. The decline in the geodetic sample has to do with the normal post-processing character of geodetic surveys. Another reason is the stronger reluctance with regard to data sharing; it appears that the cost to the relevant research community in terms of the extra effort required to submit data (beyond a journal publication of the main results) is considerable compared with the benefit gained from increased visibility through data sharing. As a consequence, the recent increase in the dataset (pale blue) mainly derives from an extensive literature research. In the case of the observational front variation sample, the decrease is reported to be caused mainly by the abandonment of in situ programmes without remote-sensing compensation.
It is recommended to periodically validate and calibrate annual glaciological mass-balance series with decadal geodetic balances in order to detect and remove systematic biases. For climate change assessments, ongoing mass-balance series with >30 observation years are of special value and, hence, labelled as 'reference' glaciers  (Zemp and others, 2009). The glaciological dataset currently contains 37 glaciers that fulfil these criteria. A list of these 'reference' glaciers as well as related principal investigators and sponsoring agencies is given in WGMS (2013).
Front variation data (length changes) Direct observations of glacier front positions extend back into the 19th century  (WGMS, 2008a). This data sample has been extended in space based on remotely sensed length change observations (e. g. Cook and others, 2005; Gordon and others, 2008; Citterio and others, 2009)  and continued back in time by front variations reconstructed from clearly dated historical documents  (Zemp and others, 2011, and references therein). Overall, the database contains �42 000 observations which allow the front variations of �2000 glaciers to be illustrated and quantified back into the 19th century. Additional reconstruction series from �30 glaciers in the European Alps, Scandinavia and the southern Andes extend as far back as the Little Ice Age (LIA) period, i. e. to the 16th century  (Zemp and others, 2011).
Global distribution of glacier fluctuation records Approximately 47 000 observations from 2300 glaciers are available worldwide, some of them going back as far as the 16th century (Table  1 ). Glacier front variation data make up the largest proportion with respect to the number of glaciers and observations, with 78% and 89%, respectively. This dataset consists mainly of annual observations of frontal position changes supplemented by some thousands of multiannual and decadal length change observations. These direct observations go back as far as the 19th century. Reconstructions based on historical documents, geomorphological evidence and archaeological findings allow the temporal coverage of glaciers in the European Alps, Scandinavia and the Southern Andes to be extended into the LIA (e. g.