dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The organic residue was sieved through a 10 mm mesh. Palynological slides were mounted in glycerin for palynofacies analysis and in silicon oil for palynomorph analysis. Microscopic analyses were performed using Olympus BH-2 and Leitz Aristoplan microscopes. Photomicrographs were taken using an AmScope TM camera adapter connected to the AmScope v. 3. 7 camera software and an Olympus DP25 camera connected to the Olympus Stream Motion software. The samples, organic residues and palynological slides were curated at the Department of Geology, Croatian Geological Survey, and at the Rock and Fluid Analysis, INA Oil Industry Plc. , Zagreb, Croatia. The calcareous nannoplankton distribution was studied in 25 samples from the Guşteriţa 4 section. Smear slides were prepared for all samples using standard procedures described by  Perch-Nielsen (1985)  and examined under a light microscope (cross and parallel nicols) with where R (t) is the measured 10 Be/ 9 Be isotopic ratio, R 0 the initial 10 Be/ 9 Be isotopic ratio, l the decay constant of 10 Be isotope (l = (4.
Purified samples were oxidised at 800°C and cathoded for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements of their 10 Be/ 9 Be ratio. AMS measurements were performed at the French national facility ASTER (CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France). The concentrations of 9 Be were determined by AAS in CEREGE (samples ODM and GUS1, 2, 3) and by ICP-MS in the laboratory of the Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia  (Šujan et al. , 2018; samples G01-G25). The comparability of both 9 Be measurement approaches was tested using replicated measurements. The 10 Be concentrations were corrected according to chemical processing blank values (Table  1 ). The weighted mean ages were calculated using the KDX software by  Spencer et al. (2017).
3e-j  and l ). The mollusc biostratigraphy of the offshore deposits of Lake Pannon is poorly developed. For the time being, only three biozones are distinguished: the Lymnocardium SQUID cryogenic (He-cooling) magnetometer, operating using the Cryo2Go software. Heating of samples took place in a magnetically shielded cylindrical metal oven, controlled by the Oven2Go software. The following temperature steps were applied:  20, 80, 120, 170, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 340 and 370°C. During heating, a conservative heating profile, 25°C linger time and 7°C T-tolerance were used. In order to avoid coil drift, samples were always placed in the same line-up. Then, a calibration phase with two blank measurements was executed with the empty sample holder. Every measurement was performed in two positions.
Acknowledgements Lilla Tőkés ,  Orsolya Sztanó ,  Soma Budai ,  Nikolett Csorvási ,  Ildikó Dávid  and  Zsuzsa Fülöp  ( Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary ) are thanked for field assistance. Ferenc Wanek  ( Sapientia -Hungarian University of Transylvania, Bosnakoff (Hvolsvöllur, Iceland ) for the advices regarding the fish fauna. We are grateful to  Wout Krijgsman  ( Paleomagnetic Laboratory Fort Hoofddijk, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands ), who kindly provided the equipment and staff of his laboratory, and to  Dan Palcu  for his great help in the laboratory, warm welcome and guidance during  Dániel Botka 's stay in Utrecht. Adrian Barbus , plant manager of the Wienerberger clay pit of  Gușteriţa, Sibiu, Romania , is acknowledged for the permission of sampling and collecting in the mining area.
Special thanks to  Wout Krijgsman  for his useful help and valuable suggestions regarding the palaeomagnetic chapter and to  Mathias Harzhauser  ( Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria ) and  Sorin Filipescu  ( Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania ) for their useful reviewer comments. Boglárka Deli  (Mezőhegyes, Hungary) helped to get the final shape of the manuscript. Georges Aumaître ,  Didier L. Bourlès  and  Karim Keddadouche  from  ASTER  are thanked for their valuable expertise in AMS. ASTER AMS national facility ( CEREGE, Aixen-Provence, France ) is supported by the  INSU/CNRS , the  ANR  through the  "Projets thématiques d'excellence" program for the "Equipements d'excellence" ASTER-CEREGE action  and  IRD. The research was funded by the  Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office  ( NKFIH -116618  project).
L'absence de standard quant à la documentation des données 3D ne garantit plus aujourd'hui la traçabilité nécessaire pour d'éventuelles réutilisations ni même pour leur archivage. Ce travail sur les métadonnées des ressources 3D s'inscrit également dans les développements des bases de données nationales référentes du ministère de la Culture (projet MédiHadoc), qui s'articulent autour de données de référence (iconographies, films…), décrites avec leurs métadonnées aux normes les mieux partagées à l'échelle nationale ou internationale quand elles existent  14.
Analyse et description des données Pour mener à bien le projet « 3D et Grottes ornées », le CNP a mis à disposition un échantillon de base de données lié au corpus des grottes ornées, comprenant les ressources issues des numérisations 3D de huit grottes ou abris, opérées entre 1999 et 2014 par deux prestataires. Cet échantillon, en apparence relativement réduit, représente à lui seul près d'un téraoctet de données composé de plus de 26 000 fichiers et 1081 dossiers. Le travail s'est décomposé en plusieurs phases. Dans un premier temps, il s'est agi d'analyser ce corpus afin de distinguer les différents types de ressources (nuages de points issus de lasergrammétrie, maillages texturés, vidéos, photographies, applications interactives…) et d'en extraire une classification comprenant des descripteurs adaptés aux catégories identifiées.
Un corpus hétérogène à structurer L'analyse du corpus a révélé une grande hétérogénéité, que ce soit en matière de nomenclature, de structuration ou de contenus. De fait, l'importante quantité de fichiers, en comparaison avec le nombre relativement faible de sites concernés, nous révèle l'absence de standard quant à l'organisation des ressources de la base de données. Cette lacune s'avère un point décisif en ce qui concerne la lisibilité et incidemment, la traçabilité des données, puisqu'elle rend impossible une appréciation globale et cohérente des ressources disponibles. Ce constat a naturellement mené à une phase d'inventaire centrée sur les données 3D brutes. Bien que l'absence de toute forme de documentation des ressources ait rendu la démarche difficile, nous avons souhaité structurer cet inventaire autant que possible à partir des directives établies par le consortium européen 3D-ICONS  15  pour le schéma CARARE 16 et publiées dans ses rapports intermédiaires.
Ainsi, chaque fichier de la base de données est caractérisé par les initiales du site d'art pariétal auquel il se rapporte (par exemple « Cap-Blanc »), son type (par exemple « lasergrammétrie »), et son identifiant unique. Ces trois informations suffisent à retrouver sa position dans la base de données -et par conséquent, la liste complète des métadonnées le concernant -, mais également sa position sur le serveur. Par conséquent, ce fonctionnement garantit la possibilité d'accéder simultanément, à partir d'une requête SQL, au contenu d'un fichier 3D ainsi qu'aux informations nécessaires à sa compréhension.
Le prototype de diffusion web de données 3D Le prototype mis en oeuvre pour les données du CNP se présente sous la forme d'une interface web permettant l'envoi, la modification et la consultation de fichiers dans la base de données. Son développement se base majoritairement sur l'utilisation de langages et bibliothèques libres et open source. L'ambition du visualiseur 3D (ou « 3D viewer »), compris dans ce dispositif, n'est pas de se substituer aux logiciels de traitement de données 3D déjà utilisés au sein des différents champs d'expertise impliqués dans l'étude des grottes ornées mais bien de procurer aux utilisateurs des outils simples leur permettant de comprendre rapidement la nature des contenus manipulés.
Cette collaboration MAP-CNP a donc comporté alors deux aspects majeurs : 1-Analyse et description des données 3D de la base de données : menant à la production de métadonnées permettant de les accompagner d'indications claires quant à leur provenance, leur nature, et leur qualité ; 2-Harmonisation, diffusion et pérennisation des données 3D : menant au développement d'un prototype de plateforme web permettant leur visualisation et manipulation à travers une interface adaptative.
Tous ces travaux devraient converger vers une ontologie spécifique offrant aux nombreux acteurs la possibilité de croiser leurs regards sur cet objet d'étude d'exception. Perspectives La réalisation de cette plateforme s'inscrit dans une réflexion générale sur des problématiques variées concernant la traçabilité des numérisations patrimoniales, leur harmonisation, leur documentation, leur archivage mais aussi leur diffusion. À ce titre, elle demeure un prototype, qui soulève encore beaucoup d'interrogations. En premier lieu, les descripteurs employés sont encore insuffisamment exhaustifs, et doivent être actualisés au fil des évolutions technologiques concernant l'acquisition tridimensionnelle. Par ailleurs, ils ont été définis à partir des contenus 3D d'une base de données préexistante, qui n'est pas nécessairement représentative de la variété des méthodes actuelles, ni garante de leur pertinence.
Enfin, les fichiers peuvent être rendus disponibles au téléchargement par les administrateurs de la base de données, à tout ou partie des utilisateurs, et ce dans différents niveaux de définition. Dans ce cas, des liens de téléchargement apparaissent directement sous la fenêtre de visualisation 3D. Ainsi, l'interface agit comme un outil de prévisualisation précédant d'éventuelles manipulations à l'aide de logiciels experts.
Mais la masse est devenue telle que les instruments traditionnels ne suffisent plus. Dès 1988 fut constituée une base de données informatique nommée BAOBAB, qui permettait une consultation multiforme des textes publiés ; je l'ai décrite dans un article paru dans Akkadica en 1992 Claroscuro No. 18 Vol. 2 / 2019 Dossier 2. 2. 2 Les répertoires L'équipe de Mari a eu depuis les origines le souci de fournir aux lecteurs des instruments de travail: ARM XV fut en son temps (1954) un outil remar- quable, forgé par J. Les Archives Royales. 27 Charpin.
80 ; j'aurais voulu Charpin Un site en ligne: ARCHIBAB Si l'on en revient aux instruments de travail, on a pu voir que la situation dans le courant des années 2000 était devenue intenable. C'est la raison pour laquelle le programme ARCHIBAB a été lancé en 2008, avec le soutien de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). Après une année de mise en route, la base de donnée a été accessible sur la toile début 2010, avec des fonctionnalités étendues progressivement 111. 2. 2. 6. 1 Les problèmes à résoudreLe premier problème à résoudre était celui des republications et joints. On peut prendre comme exemple une lettre prophétique célèbre, puisque la première à avoir été publiée. La notice de catalogue d'ARCHIBAB permet de voir que le texte a d'abord été connu par le fragment A. 1121, publié par A.
Remerciements Nous remercions les deux relecteurs anonymes pour leurs pertinentes suggestions et corrections, ainsi que  Kevin Padian  pour sa relecture de l'anglais. Nous adressons nos sincères remerciements à  Aurélie Jalouneix , conservateur des collections du musée du Gévaudan pour les discussions et l'accès aux spécimens. Les travaux de microscopie électronique ont été réalisés au CT, Centre technique des microstructures de l'université Lyon-1, dont nous remercions le personnel.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work used samples and data provided by the  International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). The manuscript benefited from thorough and helpful reviews by  B. E. John  and  D. K. Blackman  with editorship by  D. Saffer  and  A. Koppers. We thank the  USIO teams and JOIDES Resolution crews  for their invaluable assistance and outstanding work during IODP expeditions. This work was supported by a research grant awarded to K. M. by the  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  ( Kiban-S 16H06347 ) and  Japan Drilling Earth Science Consortium (J-DESC ).
craig. fr/). The Li-DAR comes from two datasets, that of the city of Clermont-Ferrand (5 m spacing), and from the Li-dArverne campaign (0. 5 m spacing). Paleomagnetic data are a valuable complement to structural data, with which we expected to provide information on the rotation of parts of the dome after cooling. Thus, while mapping the dome we also collected drill core samples for paleomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility analysis (unfortunately these latter AMS data are inconclusive, but are included as an annex for completeness). While the motivation for this study was initially to study the complexities of the growth of the Puy de Dôme and to compare these observations and data with other domes studied around the world [e. g. Carrasco-Núñez and Riggs 2008; Duffield et al.
Field and Remote Sensing Methods All sides of the Puy de Dôme were mapped in detail including all the geomorphological and the structural features, such as foliation, fractures, faults, and alteration. The geomorphology was also studied using detailed topographic maps and the LiDAR data, openly available from the CRAIG database ('LidArverne' data set: https://www. craig. fr/). Eight to ten drill core samples were collected at each of seventeen sites (Figures  6  and 10 ) across the Puy de Dôme using a modified Echo 280E gasoline-powered drill with a non-magnetic diamond tip drill bit. All samples were oriented using a magnetic and, when possible, a sun compass. Drill site locations were precisely located using a 62st Garmin GPS. All core samples were cut into 2. 2 × 2. 5 cm cylindrical specimens, using a diamond tipped, non-magnetic saw blade with up to three specimens per core sample obtained at New Mexico Highlands University's Rock Processing laboratory.
Laboratory Methods To identify magnetic mineral phases and the overall ability of these rocks to faithfully record an ambient magnetic field, we conducted a suite of laboratory experiments to characterise their magnetic remanence and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). These data are summarized in A. Equipment used included an AGICO JR6A dual-speed spinner magnetometer, homebuilt and ASC Scientific (Model IM-10-30) static impulse magnets capable of 1 to 3 Tesla peak fields, and a Quantum Design 7 Tesla magnetic properties measurement system. All susceptibility and Curie Point experiments were measured with an AGICO MFK1-A kappabridge susceptibility meter with a CS4 high temperature attachment at the New Mexico Highlands University Paleomagnetic -Rock Magnetic laboratory.
Paleomagnetic Methods Remanent magnetizations of all samples were measured using an AGICO JR6A dual-speed spinner magnetometer at the New Mexico Highlands University Paleomagnetic-Rock Magnetic laboratory. Specimens were progressively demagnetized in an alternating field (AF), typically in 10 to 25 steps, to a maximum field of 120 mT using an ASC Scientific D-TECH 2000 AF-demagnetizer. Samples with high coercivity were treated with thermal demagnetization (TH) up to a maximum of 630 • C, yet most sampleswere fully demagnetized below 580 • C. Thermal demagnetization experiments on replicate specimens, to compare with AF behavior, were conducted with an ASC Scientific TD48 thermal demagnetizer. Principal component analysis (PCA; Kirschvink  [1980] ) was used to determine the best-fit line through selected demagnetization data points for each sample using Remasoft 3.
Acknowledgements This work was funded by  New Mexico Highlands University Faculty Research funds, National Geographic  Grant # 8887-11  awarded to Petronis and  Lindline ,  National Science Foundation  Grant # 1423396  awarded to Petronis and Lindline, and  National Science Foundation  Grant  DMR-1523611  (PREM) awarded to  Tatiana Timofeeva. A special thanks to  Dr. Linda LaGrange  for her support of faculty and student research at  New Mexico Highlands University. A very special thank you to F. van  Wyk de Vries  for editing the manuscript. Tatum Miko Herrero ,  Giachino Roberti ,  Delphine Sourisseau  assisted with the field sampling. Thanks also to  Didier Miallier  and  Pierre Boivin  for comments. Permission of sampling came from the  Grande Site du Puy de Dôme , the  Conseil Departmental du Puy de Dôme  and the  Train du Puy de Dôme as well as the commune of Ceyssat.
3 64. 2 5. 7 α95 4. 0 2. 7 1. 5 9. 9 2. 8 4. 6 2. 6 3. 0 8. 2 Age Plat VGP Position Plong 1. 0 Ma 81. 0 227. 0 10. 130 Ka ±0. 350 Ka 82. 8 81. 8 10. 240 Ka ± 0. 120 Ka 79. 3 352. 7 ∼12. 700 Ka 70. 2 153. 4 10. 676 Ka ± 0. 038 Ka 75. 5 335. 0 10. 850 Ka ± 0. 060 Ka 78. 6 330. 1 0 Ma-10 Ma 86. 3 172. 0 0 Ma-5 Ma 86. 7 178. 7 89. 3 320. 9 Rock Name River Volga Sediments, Central Europe Shoshone Ice Caves, ID Pronghorn Reservior Flows, COM, ID Horse Caves flows, MLV, CA Giant Cartor precurcr flows, MLV, CA Valentine Cave basalt flow, MLV, CA Synthetic VGP Poles 10 Myr sliding Window Synthetic VGP Poles 5 Myr sliding Window Mean Calculated Expected Direction a extracted from the Global Paleomagnetic Database.
Given profiles of temperature, moisture, and other absorbers (most relevantly oxygen and ozone) line-by-line models first compute the atmospheric transmittance for each layer. From these, the up-and down-looking radiances and brightness temperatures are computed, as well as the full atmospheric transmittance at any given frequency. Conversely, fast RTMs use parameterized transmittance, trained with statistical fit against lineby-line transmittance for diverse atmospheres and for specific instrument characteristics. NWP applications require fast parameterized RTMs, and their evaluation is a prerequisite before operational deployment. Underlying most of the RTMs used by the atmospheric science community is a combination of the high-resolution transmission molecular absorption (HITRAN) line database and lines as in Atmospheric and Environmental Research's MonoRTM  (Clough et al.
2018 ), which will be used in the operational exploitation of ICI data. AMSUTRAN is currently undergoing significant redevelopment with a focus above 200 GHz. This potentially includes the addition of more lines including ozone, updated line parameters, and a new water vapor continuum parameterization. Line-by-line RTMs such as Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS;  Buehler et al. 2018)  and Passive and Active Microwave Transfer model (PAMTRA; http://github. com/igmk/pamtra/) offer different selections of absorption models with line parameters and continuum parameterizations, which is required for characterization of modeling uncertainties and for flexibility when performing comparisons between simulation tools. An intercomparison of different options for line and continuum parameters showed encouraging results for down-looking satellite simulations, with differences lower than 0.
Further, the choice of atmospheric constituents included in the model is important: apart from oxygen and water vapor, ozone lines have a nonnegligible impact, and need to be included. New laboratory measurements aiming at refining the values and uncertainties of spectroscopy parameters are highly desirable. It is recommended that spectroscopists provide full uncertainty on the parameters including possible correlations with other relevant parameters. It was proposed to collate a carefully selected database of different observations for further intercomparison studies of those models. There is a need for consistency: across frequencies, up-and downlooking, ground-based (including data from radio telescopes), and space-based observations. Also, it was noted that radiosonde uncertainty is now carefully quantified within the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) efforts.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The authors thank SreerekhaThonipparambil for verifying the contents of this meeting summary. The workshop was hosted by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Darmstadt, Germany. Maria Cadeddu is supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of ES294 DECEMBER 2019 | Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/21/21 08:36 AM UTC.
The ice flow velocities have been calculated and averaged over three time periods  (1997-2004, 2009-2011, 2016-2017). The theodolite-based field methods used to obtain surface velocity and surface topography data before 2000 have been fully described by  Vincent et al. (1997). After 2000, geodetic measurements were performed with a Leica 1200 differential GPS (DGPS) unit running with dual frequencies. Occupation times were typically 1 min with 1 s sampling and the number of visible satellites (NAVSTAR and GLONASS) was greater than seven. The distance between the fixed receiver and the mobile receiver was less than 500 m. The DGPS positions have an intrinsic accuracy of ±0. 01 m. However, because of the slope and creep of snow, some stakes tilt with time and, depending on the tilt of the stakes (generally less than 10 • ), the stake horizontal and vertical positions have a maximum uncertainty of ±0.
Mass balance and meteorological data In addition to the observations performed at Col du Dome, glaciological and meteorological observations carried out in the Mont Blanc area have been used in this study. As part of the GLACIOCLIM observation facility (https://glacioclim. osug. fr/, last access: February 2020), winter and summer surface mass balances have been measured each year on two glaciers in the vicinity of Col du Dome since 1995 (Argentière and Mer de Glace), using the glaciological method  (Cuffey and Paterson, 2010). Winter surface mass balances used in this study are located in the accumulation zone of the glaciers (> 3000 m) and are measured at the end of April using snow cores and density measurements. We also used annual and winter precipitation data from the SAFRAN reanalysis (Système d'Analyse Fournissant des Renseignements Adaptés à la Nivologie, System of analysis for the provision of information for the science of snow).
8. Note that between the surface and a depth of 20 m, the englacial temperature is affected by seasonal fluctuations  (Gilbert et al. , 2014a). At depths between 50 and 55 m, the englacial temperature changes are about +1. 5 • C over the www. the-cryosphere. net/14/925/2020/ The Cryosphere, 14, 925-934, 2020 From numerical modelling,  Gilbert et al. (2014a)  showed that near-surface temperature warming can be explained by increasing surface melting event duration. They successfully modelled the temperature evolution up to 2010 using Lyon-Bron meteorological daily data (Météo-France station located 200 km west of the glacier) to force their model. The steady-state profile was computed from a steady-state surface temperature and is used as the initial profile in 1907 for the model. The steady surface temperature was tuned to produce the temperature measured in 1994  (Gilbert and Vincent, 2013).
In the future, near-surface temperature warming should continue to propagate down into the glacier. This warming could affect the stability of cold alpine hanging glaciers located on steep slopes and currently frozen to their bed. The progressive changes in thermal regime of these highelevation glaciers cannot be detected from the surface. For hanging glaciers with basal ice temperatures close to the melting point, ice flow velocity monitoring is recommended, particularly when glacier collapse could jeopardize life and property in the valley below. Data availability. The englacial temperature data and DEM data can be accessed upon request by contacting Christian Vincent (christian. vincent@univ-grenoble-alpes. fr) or directly from the GLACIOCLIM database (https://glacioclim. osug. fr). Supplement.