dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
However, these results did not meet our original expectation that geographic coverage would be selected for geographic measures and environmental tolerance for niche-based measures. Further, all the effects detected were opposite to our original expectations, indicating that envCD and envCD/envED were less supported when geographic coverage was high, and that CD and CD/ED were less supported with environmental niche tolerance was high (Table  2 , Fig. 3 ). We repeated the correlations and the meta-analyses and metaregressions using the restricted dataset, which only included density records estimated using comparable methodologies. As in the full dataset, the correlation coefficients were equally distributed around zero showing no clear support for any of the predictions (Supplementary material Appendix 1 Fig.
A3 , Table  A2 ). Consistently, the metaanalyses results did not provide any support to the abundantcentre hypothesis (Supplementary material Appendix 1 Table  A3 ). Only in CD, SUIT, envED and envCD/envED the sign of the summary effect size supported the expectations, but none of the test summary effect size was significant (Supplementary material Appendix 1 Table  A3 ). We then tested the effect of the three moderators, but only environmental niche tolerance was selected through AIC in the metaregression for ED and CD/ED. However, consistently with the results from the full dataset, their effects were opposite to our expectations (Supplementary material Appendix 1 Fig. A4 , Table  A4 ).
Acknowledgements The authors thank all the primary care physicians who participated in the nominal groups and the academic experts who participated in the Delphi procedure for their cooperation and strong commitment to the project. The authors also thank  Carolyn Daher  for reviewing the manuscript. Experts who participated in the Delphi procedure were (in alphabetical order):  Professor Claude Attali  ( Univerisity of Paris-Est-Creteil, France ),  Professor Jan Basile  ( University of South Carolina, USA ),  Professor Jean-Marc Boivin  ( University of Nancy, France ),  Dr Thierry Brillac  ( University of Toulouse, France ),  Dr Concepcion Carratala-Munuera  ( University of Alicante, Spain ), Assistant  Professor Matthew Crowley  ( Duke Clinical Research Institute, USA ),  Professor Didier Giet  ( University of Liege, Belgium ),  Professor Vicente Gil-Guillen  ( University of Alicante, Spain ),  Professor Jean-Michel Halimi  ( University of Tours, France ),  Professor Clovis Hoepfner  ( University of Joinville, Brasil ),  Dr Faline Howes  ( University of Tasmania, Australia ),  Dr Amanda Kennedy  ( University of Vermont, USA ),  Professor Lawrence Krakoff  ( Mount Sinai School of Medicine, USA ),  Professor Jean-Jacques Mourad  ( University of Paris 13-Bobigny, France ),  Dr Patrick O'Connor  ( HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, USA ),  Professor Lawrence Phillips  ( Emory University, Atlanta, USA ),  Professor Gerard Reach  ( University of Paris 13-Bobigny, France ),  Dr Monika Safford  ( University of Alabama at Birmingham and Cornell Medical College, New-York, USA ) and  Dr Frederic Villeneuve  ( Cardiovascular Prevention Institute, Paris, France ).
Instead of testing for a single specific behavior, such as altruistic pun ishment, another way to proceed would be to see whether groups ex periencing more intense intergroup competition exhibit evidence of more prosocial behavior. We attempt that here, in economic settings. We study individuals who vary in how much competition is ex perienced across the organizations in which they work. We test to see whether variation in crossgroup competitiveness affects a mea sure of the individuals' prosociality. We report on a variety of indi vidual data sources, both crosssectional and at panel (withinperson) level to do this. Before turning to the data, we clarify two key aspects: (i) the definition of relevant organizations or "groups" over which CGS may occur and over which competition is to be gauged and (ii) our measure of individual level prosociality.
We now augment this finding about firmlevel competition with information about individual generalized trust levels obtained from the GSS. As in the rest of this paper, we use a binary indicator of trust, but results are robust to alternatives, as discussed in the Supplementary Materials. Our dataset contains a total of 17,455 individuals in the 1973-1994 waves of the GSS. Leveraging that, we can observe state of residence of GSS respondents; the blueshaded squares report how the propensity to affirmatively answer the generalized trust question is affected by banking deregulation. The blueshaded squares again show no pretrend in statelevel trust that predicts or preempts the banking deregulation. At time zero, trust is largely unmoved and remains so for the first 3 years. At year 4 after deregulation, statelevel trust starts to track up, seemingly increasing hand in hand with the increase in new firm incorporations.
Movers across industries in the German Socioeconomic Panel We use the three waves of the German Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP) asking a trust question and including information on industry of employment: 2003, 2008, and 2013. The SOEP is representative of the German population; however, our sample only contains indi viduals who were employed in at least two consecutive waves of the survey. The sample contains 9103 observations from 6447 unique individuals employed across 50 different industries. Mean trust levels are higher than in the United States: 65% of respondents indicate a positive response on trust, meaning that they totally or slightly agree that "on the whole, one can trust people. " The SOEP reports employed individual's industry of work-which we match to a HerfindahlHirschman index (HHI) measure of com petition obtained from the Orbis database (see the Supplementary Materials for further details).
It is also not evidence of reciprocal be havior (as groups were drawn afresh each round), nor a warm glow (as it increased the likelihood of losing the competition). It is, however, consistent with one dynamic selection channel of CGS: mimicry of the actions or norms in successful groups leading to diffusion of those norms into the broader population. Individuals form new groups and contribute more heavily when experiencing competing groups able to obtain higher contributions in the past. Moreover, this is not a general feature of the competitive treatment: Subjects experiencing competitors who contributed low amounts, on average, tended to lower their own contributions in newly formed groups subsequently, so it was not competition per se that did it. We next checked whether the association between competition and trust found in the three survey datasets we analyzed also held in our experiment.
The results have been qualitatively cross-checked with independent tools. For example, the magnetic field calculations, electron tracking and energy loss by the synchrotron radiation have been compared to the results of the software PartOpt  [31]. Table  1. Main design parameters of the KATRIN superconducting magnets. WGTS magnets are separated in three current circuits with WGTS-R, WGTS-C, and WGTS-F (figure  5 ). PM: persistent current mode, DM: driven mode, PSHTR: persistent switch heater; "yes" means that a PSHTR is installed, "no" for not-installed. B max : maximum magnetic flux density at the centre of the magnet technically designed for test, B d : designed magnetic flux density at the centre of the magnet for the experiment, ∆B/B d (%/m. ): stability of magnetic flux density in %/month, I d : design current for B d , L: total inductance of the magnet group, E: stored magnetic energy of the group, J: current density on main coil, t r : duration of magnet ramping to B d , N modules : number of modules  In driven mode (DM) the coil current is driven by an external power supply unit (PSU) through the current leads (CL) (left).
The chain of the KATRIN superconducting magnets was finally built with ten short single magnets (section 3. 2, 3. 4, 3. 6, and 3. 8) and two large complex magnet systems: the 16-m-long WGTS (section 3. 3) and the 7-m-long CPS (section 3. 5). All superconducting coils were wound with low temperature superconductor Cu/NbTi round wires with twisted multi-filaments and with bare diameters from 0. 64 mm to 1. 42 mm. This type of superconducting wire is usually used for high magnetic field applications, such as NMR and MRI magnets. They were selected by the manufacturers, having a safety margin against quench between 10% and 30% along the load lines  [34]. The main data of the superconducting magnets are summarized in table 1. In the following subsections we describe each magnet in detail.
The calculation shows that TMPs for the isolation vacuum of the cryostat can be positioned in low field areas below 3 mT. However, 21 TMPs installed at the beam tube pumping ports and 6 small TMPs on the tritium re-cycling loops need magnetic shielding. The design of the shielding, located inside the secondary containment, was carried out by using finite element analysis software, for example, FEMM  [52]  for simple 2D-axisymmetric cases or Opera FEA of COBHAM  [53]  by an external consultant3 for complicated 3D-analyses, also considering magnetic fringe field changes in case of coil quenches. As a result, ferritic steel ST37 with a thickness of 5 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm is used for shielding of the TMPs at different positions. The third point is related to quenches either in its own system or an adjacent magnet.
7 MA 2 s and the temperature of the bus bars can increase only up to around 270 K. If there is a risk of overheating the bus bars or the current leads, they have to be protected by additionally triggering the activation of the quench heaters to quickly discharge the affected magnet. Furthermore, because of non-negligible inductive coupling due to short distances between the magnet modules, the distinct quench detection is rather complicated, especially for the WGTS and the CPS. The mutual magnetic coupling coefficients k i j between i-th and j-th coils is defined by k i j = M i j / L i L j , (4. 4) where M i j is the mutual inductance between i-th and j-th coils, and L i and L j are the self-inductances of the coils. The inductance matrix of the magnets was analytically calculated in MathCAD  [54]  according to the algorithm reported in  [55].
Magnets with driven mode The magnetic field stabilities of the magnets with driven mode (DM) are analysed with the data of each DC current transducer in the stabilized power supply units (PSU). Figure  19  shows the current instabilities at 70% of the design currents for the magnets operated in the DM mode during Run 3. The PSUs of the WGTS take a few hours to regulate the set current within 0. 01% after first reaching the set currents. Their current fluctuations are below 0. 002% for long-term operation. However, the WGTS currents show a small drift of < 0. 02% in 30-days, as indicated by the linear fits on the WGTS data (figure  19a ), while a very small drift of the CPS current with time is negligible. After operating the WGTS at 50% for one day and re-charging it back to 70%, the current of the WGTS magnets met the set point within a tolerance of 0.
Acknowledgments We acknowledge the support of  Helmholtz Association (HGF), Ministry for Education and Research BMBF  ( 05A17PM3 ,  05A17PX3 ,  05A17VK2 , and  05A17WO3 ),  Helmholtz Alliance  for  Astroparti-cle Physics (HAP) , and  Helmholtz Young Investigator Group  ( VH-NG-1055 ) in Germany;  Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport  ( CANAM-LM2011019 ), cooperation with the JINR Dubna (3+3 grants) 2017-2019 in the Czech Republic; and the  Department of Energy  through grants  DE-FG02-97ER41020 ,  DE-FG02-94ER40818 ,  DE-SC0004036 ,  DE-FG02-97ER41033 ,  DE-FG02-97ER41041 ,  DE-AC02-05CH11231 , and  DE-SC0011091  in the United States. The authors would like to thank  D. Hagedorn  from  CERN  and  A. Hervé  from the  University of Wisconsin  for their valuable consultations and  R. Gehring  and  M.
Dedicated coastal experiments based in Greenland  [15]  firstly investigated polarimetric responses of GNSS reflection off sea ice  [16]  and the trackability of the electromagnetic carrier phase after sea ice reflections, enabling precise phase-delay altimetry of the coastal ice  [17]. Mid latitude snow properties were found to be characterized from reflected signals unintentionally captured in groundbased geodetic GNSS stations (e. g. [18] -  [20] ), while the interaction of GNSS signals with the dry snow in polar ice sheets was theoretically tackled in  [21]  and experimentally investigated  [22]. Penetration depths down to a few hundred meters were reported in Antarctica ice sheet. More recently, new sets of GNSS-R data have enabled to test some of these polar remote sensing concepts from spaceborne scenarios.
g. , by altering the Bowen ratio) that in turn impact the transport and distribution of methane emitted from wetlands? A. OBSERVATIONAL REQUIREMENTS The observational requirements of G-TERN are driven by the primary objectives. To properly contribute answering the primary scientific questions, G-TERN will measure key parameters of the sea ice, the oceans and the atmosphere with frequent and dense coverage over polar areas, becoming a 'dynamic mapper' of the ice conditions, ice production and loss in multiple time and space scales, and surrounding environment. Frequent mapping is very important for better observing and understanding multi-scale interaction processes. For example, the causes and effects of deformation events on changes of the sea ice mass balance. Global interactions and their impacts will also be explored through generating global datasets of ocean and atmospheric observations suitable for assimilation in numerical models.
G-TERN operating for a period of five years would provide a large data set obtained during potential critical years of the evolution of the Arctic, 2025-2030, when sea ice reduction is projected towards nearly sea ice-free Summers, and it would also acquire sufficient information to enhance our understanding of the Southern Ocean trends and mechanisms. Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s  [77] ,  [78] , with some studies pointing that this might happen before 2030 (during G-TERN nominal lifetime)  [79]. Other analysis predict the transition later on, from mid 2030s to before 2050  [80] ,  [81]. Extending the mission timelife to ten years would increase the chances to explore this transition and its potential associated tipping point -a point beyond which the system abruptly changes into a different climatic state.
A case study done with carrier phase data from CHAMP also presented altimetric retrievals over the Greenland ice sheet and sea ice  [12]. The derived surface heights had 0. 7 m precision in 0. 2 second averaging. Coherent phase delay GNSS-R altimetry is applied within a radio occultation like geometry and is therefore highly synergistic with GNSS-RO measurements, which in parallel provide atmospheric/ ionospheric information for the offset reduction/elimination of the coherent GNSS-R measurements itself. Phase altimetric simulations have been performed for ocean application to prepare for measurements from Low Earth Orbiting Satellites within the GEROS-ISS related scientific study GARCA  [34] ,  [123]. The simulation results show that phase altimetric retrievals are sensitive to anomalies of the ocean topography and that an altimetric precision of 10 cm in 1 second observation is possible in this respect  [124].
The figure clearly shows two separate regions, for sea water and for ice. Actual measurements are also affected by the textures of the roughness, the purity of the transmitted signals and the receiver instrumental response. These ideas were tested during an ESA field campaign conducted between November 2008 and May 2009 from a 700 m cliff overlooking Disko Bay, Greenland (ESA's GPS-SIDS campaign). Despite the polarimetric ports were not calibrated, signatures consistent with the sea ice concentration were found (Figure  7 -right). The ideas on polarimetric response of water/ice surfaces were also tested in a shipborne experiment, conducted 2016 in Fram Strait, which provided reflectometry data during drift and fast ice periods  [148]  in two orthogonal polarizations for reflections at slant elevation angles (5 • -30 • ) (Figure  8 ).
This procedure supposes an ideal behavior of phase shifters. Compensation of unwanted parasitic effects, which would degrade the beam steering, is another task of the instrument control by means of compensating the effect via the control of one attenuator per RF path. The pointing angles used to select azimuth and elevation indexes shall be calculated on board using the relative positions between  The coherent and non-coherent integration times are also configurable via the Spacewire interface. Also each correlator allows the use of clean replica codes to be processed together with the down-looking signal for radio occultation purposes. The main components of the board are sketched in Figure  13. The SPU boards are clocked by the G-TERN master clock of 153. 6MHz (TBC). The clock distribution ensures that the skew between all ADC and the PACO are so that correct sampling of the data is guaranteed.
Furthermore, it offers several optional features to adapt to different mission-specific and payload-specific constraints, for example in terms of power generation and storage, payload data handling and transmission. The platform can comply with both uncontrolled and controlled re-entries. Due to its cost-effectiveness and modular decoupled design, providing separation between payload and platform modules and resulting in programmatic savings, the platform is the perfect candidate for the G-TERN mission in the frame of Earth Explorer 9 programme. The platform is designed to fit either in the lower or upper position -depending on the payload -of the 'extended' VESPA (+500mm) of VEGA, for dual launch. In Figure  14 , the spacecraft is depicted, fitting within the useable envelope of Vega upper position.
Blocks 1 to 3 are presented in Section VI-A. Given that GEROS-ISS mission went through industrial and scientific feasibility studies (Phase-A) and these sort of exercises were done and compiled for Ocean applications in  [123] , we limit these simulations to sea ice scattering conditions, and will use the outcome of  [123]  for sea surface altimetric performances. 4) To simulate phase-delay synthetic data and its retrieved altitudes to estimate the 1-second equivalent phasedelay accuracy (Section VI-B). 5) To simulate the location of the specular points that a G-TERN system would collect in 3 days, at 1 second sampling over polar areas (here defined as |lat| > 60.
VII. CONCLUSIONS This study summarizes the main aspects of the GNSS Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg system (G-TERN), a mission proposal submitted in 2017 in response to the ESA Earth Explorer 9 (Revised Call). The mission is foreseen to implement the interferometric GNSS reflectometry technique to address key scientific questions on the inter-relationship between the cryosphere and other main components of the climate system, in view of the global warming. The main focus of G-TERN is set on the sea ice, its dynamic variations and how they both module and are modulated by its surrounding environment, the global atmospheric and ocean circulations as well as extreme weather systems. The G-TERN satellite should provide altimetric, scatterometric and polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometry based geophysical data products, characterizing the sea ice, oceans, ice sheets and land surface, covering the poles in grids of 30 km × 30 km cells in just 3 days, and the rest of the globe in 10 days over grids of 0.
5 • × 0. 5 • cells. The foreseen observation techniques of G-TERN and their preliminary implementation have been introduced. The technical concept is substantially different from other recent GNSS-R missions and includes several novelties and innovation aspects. We highlight in this context: (1) interferometric GNSS reflectometry from space, which provides finer horizontal resolution and higher altimetric accuracy; (2) parallel provision of altimetric, scatterometric and polarimetric GNSS-R data products; (3) twelve simultaneous GNSS-R high-gain beams electronically synthesized and steered to enable observations with unprecedented coverage; (4) combination of slant phase-delay observations and near-nadir group-delay measurements for ice/ocean altimetry with high accuracy; and (5) symbiotic use of GNSS reflectometry and radio-occultation for combined monitoring of the Earth surface and atmosphere/ionosphere.
The G-TERN measurements are also expected to prove a set of secondary mission goals, which include the provision of currently not available innovative cryosphere and wetland related data products. These observations would represent a breakthrough in their irrespective science fields. The G-TERN, with its versatile mission scope and unique payload may act as a forerunner for a potential next generation of 'low cost' Earth Observation Systems. JAVIER BENITO received the degree in telecommunication engineer from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, in 1989. Since 1989, he has been with EADS CASA Espacio, where he is currently a part of Airbus Defence and Space, where he was involved in technological areas and departments of the company. From 1990 to 1992, he was with MATRA-Marconi, Toulouse, France, where he was involved in the integration and test campaign of the telecommunication satellite (HISPASAT 1A) and also with Kourou, (French Guiana), where he was involved in the launch campaign.
He has been participating as a Project/Study Manager in multitude of ESA and Spanish projects related with space payloads and satellites MINISAT, COPLAS (communication payload for a LEO satellite), CESAR&MINISOB (observation small satellites), SMOS, SMOSops, SuperMIRAS, PARIS, or GEROS-ISS. He is also a Project Manager of PROBA-3 Project in Airbus. BERTRAND CHAPRON received the Ph. D. degree in fluid mechanics from Aix-Marseille II, Marseille, France, in 1988. He is currently the Head of the Space Oceanography Laboratory, Institut Franais de Recherche Pour l'exploitation de la Mer, Paris, France, where he is responsible for the Centre Exploitation and Research for Satellite Data. He has broad background in the use of satellite data for ocean remote sensing and oceanography in general and participates in numerous related national and international satellite and research projects.
He has authored over 100 papers in refereed journals on applied mathematics, physical oceanography, electromagnetic wave theory, and its applications to ocean remote sensing, data processing, and management. SEAN HEALY has been involved in the applications of GNSS radio occultation (GNSS-RO) measurements since 1996, starting with the validation of GPS-MET temperature retrievals. He subsequently co-developed the first ''1D-Var'' retrieval codes for GNSS-RO measurements and performed early information content studies. He designed and implemented the GNSS-RO refractivity assimilation system used operationally for NWP at the Met Office until 2010 and the bending angle assimilation system used operationally at ECMWF. He was involved in assimilating GNSS-RO measurements in the ERA-interim reanalysis, climate applications of GNSS-RO measurements, the sensitivity to the empirical refractivity coefficients, and the retrieval of surface pressure information from GNSS-RO.