dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Research Concepts The AA database contains 6989 scientific publications with an increasing annual production that reached 509 publications in 2018. The main fields of research were analyzed in this section and compared with the overall European research. Figure  6  shows the number of scientific publications by research field within Europe. By comparing these research fields to those of the AA, Figure  9  highlights differences in the number of publications dealing with biofuels, health, cosmetics, agriculture, and highlights the most published research (on the left of the chart) and the least published (on the right of the chart) in the AA compared to the European research fields. The AA researchers were more interested in research topics such as biofuel (+55 publications), drug (+54), health (+44), and bioremediation (+31).
The four major publishing countries, with more than 300 publications, were Spain (374), Italy (325), Germany (322), and France (310), followed by Portugal, the Netherlands, the U. S. , Belgium, and the United Kingdom that have published each between 100 and 150 publications on microalgae high added-value molecules since 2017. The major AA cities working in this field are Wageningen, Paris, Rome, Lisbon, Barcelona, Almeria, and Nantes with 85, 66, 64, 63, 58, 57, and 50 publications including at least one co-author in the AA, respectively. As shown in Figure  11 , the main concepts emerging from this AA database are microalgae/biomass/growth/cell/concentration. By dismissing these ubiquitous concepts, a network of 18 clusters was created in which model, treatment, acid, lipid, chemical, energy, nutrient, cultivation, green and carbon were the dominant concepts (Figure  11 ).
3. 6. Main Species Studied in the AA Figure  16  shows the number of scientific publications by microalgae genus in the European AA. This figure can be compared with Figure  7  that shows comparable data at the European level. The most published and studied genus in the AA, as well as in the European database, was Chlorella genus, with 835 publications. This high citation index can be explained because it is a well-known GRAS alga, and this species has been commercialized worldwide since decades ago. Isochrysis sp. was the second most studied, with 233 total publications, whereas it ranked seventh at the European level. This difference may be explained by highest investments of the AA for aquaculture-related research and feeding of bivalve larvae, because of its proximity to the Atlantic coast.
Building the Bibliographic Database A bibliographic database was built through a literature search performed in February 2019 including all reports published to date. The use of the Scopus database was compulsory to obtain a format compatible with the bibliometric analysis using the Orbit Intellixir software. The keywords "microalgae" and "phytoplankton" were used to list world publications, European publications (including authors from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), and European publications including at at least one author from the Atlantic regions of Portugal, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, as defined in the interregional (Interreg) AA research programs (Figure  17 ).
Bibliometric Analysis: Data Extraction, Analysis, and Graphical Formatting The bibliographic database was last updated in February 2019 and it contained 79,020 publications, 111,975 authors, 4446 affiliations, and 931,299 concepts. These references are available on demand to the corresponding author. A "concept" designates a word (or group of words) present in the title, summary, or keywords of a publication that can be extracted and identified using a bibliometric software. The occurrence of a concept is the number of documents containing this concept, and co-occurrence the number of documents linking several concepts. The bibliographic database, including references without duplicates, was imported from Scopus (Editor Elsevier) into the Orbit Intellixir bibliometric software and analyzed to quantify the scientific production per year, country, organization, and annual evolution of publication rates.
Collaboration networks between countries; public and/or private organizations; as well as major, fading, and emerging research concepts, were graphically represented using the most relevant formats available in the Orbit Intellixir software. Data were analyzed to highlight the latest trends in research topics; identify the most explored research concepts; point out the most studied species; and highlight strengths, opportunities, and collaborations in the research organizations from the European AA. Emerging concepts were defined as concepts that showed the greatest increase in frequency of use in the database over the last 2 years. A manual selection of emerging concepts was performed, as some of them were relevant for our study (e. g. , name of molecules, application domains), whereas others were less (publisher name, etc.
Acknowledgments: This work and J. R. 's post-doctoral grant were funded by the  Interreg Atlantic Area European Regional development fund , project Enhance Microalgae  EAPA_338/2016. J. R. and L. P. are partners of this project, in charge of Workpackage 4: Gaps and technical barriers to the microalgae sector development in the European Atlantic Area. We are grateful to  Annick Salaun  from  IFREMER Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer ,  Bibliothèque La Pérouse , Plouzané, for access and formation to the Orbit Intellixir software to perform the bibliometric analysis and help in graphical formatting of data.
identified in the microalgae scientific publications in the world database, the European database, and the AA database. Concepts in the WORLD GF Concepts in EUROPE GF Concepts in the AA GF Feed 11,192 Feed 3562 Feed 1007 Byproduct 7 Marine alga 12 Cell 13 Cell 7 Resource recovery 8 Bovine 5 Hypoxic conditions 7 Cell 5 Cattle 4 Body weight gain 6 Cell component 5 Fatty acid ester 4 Bio surfactant 5 Contaminants of emerging concerns 5 Marine alga 4 Contaminants of emerging concerns 5 Omics 5 Symbiodinium 4 CRISPR/CAS9 5 Bioplastics 4 Veterinary medicine 4 Marine oil snow 5 Biostimulants 4 Blue biotechnology 3 Mechanical pre treatment 5 EC10 4 Cell component 3 Recombinant enzyme 5 Genome editing 4 Circular economy 3 Transcription factor Nrf2 5 Surf zone 4 Cryptophytes 3 Tropical forest 4 Dietary exposure 3.
Life cycle inventory analysis For the inventory, literature data will be used for the beef tallow generation and experimental data for biodiesel production process. Ecoinvent database will be used  ( Rio et al. , 2019 ). Fig. 3  shows supplies requirements for biodiesel + diesel + alcohol blends in order to produce 1 GJ of energy. Inventory of biodiesel  is presented in terms of supplies for biodiesel production. For the different scenarios blends with 25% of biodiesel require approximately 5% more mass of blend to generate the same quantity of energy when 1-hexanol and 1-octanol are used as additives, this is due to the calorific value differences between diesel, biodiesel and additives. However, blends with 1-octanol as additive require 2% less mass of mixture in comparison with blends with 1-hexanol to obtain the functional unit value proposed.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  IEA Bioenergy Task 40  for their helpful comments throughout the writing of this paper. Particular thanks are extended to  Daniela Thrän ,  Fabian Schipfer ,  Olle Olsson , and  Lena Bruce. SF is supported by the  Environment Research and Technology Development Fund  ( 2-1702 ) of the  Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not reflect the positions of their institutions or governments.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is financially supported by the  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) , the  Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) ,  Centre Québécois sur les Materiaux Fonctionnels (CQMF) ,  Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) , and  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (Grant No. 21805064 ). SS acknowledges the  ECS-Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship. LD acknowledges the scholarship under the  International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program  by the  Office of China Postdoctoral Council  (Grant No. 20180072 ) and  FRQNT  for the Postdoctoral scholarship (V2, file number: 274384) in  Quebec Canada. ORCID Shuhui Sun  http://orcid. org/ 0000-0002-0508-2944.
, 2009; Aasen et al. , 2016). This has prompted genomic and transcriptomic studies  (Ma et al. , 2015; Liu et al. , 2016; Bi Z. -Q. et al. , 2018; Iwasaka et al. , 2018; Liang et al. , 2018; Seddiki et al. , 2018)  which provide today new databases for metabolic engineering purposes and for ecophysiological understanding as well. In a recent work, we investigated the ecophysiology of Aurantiochytrium limacinum zoospores and the triggers for their formation, settlement and maturation. Zoospores are released upon a transfer to a fresh nutrient-poor medium. They can swim for several days, relying on their energy storage for cell survival and motility  (Dellero et al. , 2018a). These observations raise questions about the nutritional factors that trigger a shift from a sedentary to a motile state, and about the associated transcriptional reprogramming and metabolic changes.
, 2018). A BLAST search on A. limacinum genome identified three genes of the creatine kinase family homologous to the P. infestans gene (estExt_fgenesh1_kg. C_140197, fgenesh1_kg. 3_231_isotig05435, fgenesh1_kg. 12_175_isotig10864) and up-regulated in zoospores, suggesting that a similar function may be hypothesized in A. limacinum. Recently, a differential expression analysis of the of P. infestans zoospores vs. mycelia, the vegetative dividing stage  (Ah-Fong et al. , 2017)  revealed that, like in A. limacinum, signal transduction and flagellar proteins were up-regulated, while many metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism were down-regulated. In contrast with results presented here, oomycete zoospores displayed a down-regulation of the β-oxidation and higher levels of transcripts involved in DNA replication.
RNA extraction and sequencing For RNA-seq experiments, a six-day-old culture was inoculated in triplicate in 50 mL of either R or P media, at an initial cell concentration of 5×10 5 cells•mL -1. After 24 hours 1. 5×10 7 cells were harvested by centrifugation, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80 °C until use. RNA was extracted using the TRI Reagent (Sigma Aldrich) as described by  Amato et al. (2017). RNA extracted from biological triplicates of R-and P-grown cultures were sent out for Illumina sequencing. Libraries were produced and processed following the manufacturer's instructions and sequenced on singleend 75 bp mode on NextSeq500 (Illumina, San Diego, CA). The CASAVA 1. 8. 2 version of the Illumina pipeline was used to process raw data for both format conversion and de-multiplexing.
Bioinformatics analyses of RNA-seq data Raw reads were processed with FASTQC (https://www. bioinformatics. babraham. ac. uk/projects/fastqc/) and BBDuk (https://jgi. doe. gov/data- 21 and-tools/bbtools/) in order to check quality and remove low quality bases and adapters. A minimum quality of 25 and a minimum read length of 35 are required. High quality reads were then mapped against the Aurantiochytrium limacinum ATCC® MYA1381™ reference genome (https://genome. jgi. doe. gov/Aurli1/Aurli1. home. html) with STAR  (Dobin et al. , 2012). FeatureCounts  (Liao et al. , 2013)  was used to perform read summarization at gene level, only reads with quality higher than 30 were used. In addition, strand-specific and paired-end mode are included. Statistical analyses and plots were generated with R software.
Lowly expressed genes were filtered out with the HTSFilter package  (Rau et al. , 2013) , then a differential expression analysis was performed using edgeR  (Robinson et al. , 2009). Genes with an FDR less than or equal to 0. 05 were considered significantly differentially expressed. The lists of up-and down-regulated genes were used to perform Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis  (Du et al. , 2010)  using in-house scripts. The assembled and annotated transcriptome was submitted to NCBI SRA with the accession number PRJNA590015.
Validation of RNA-seq data and differential gene expression analyses qRT-PCR validation of RNA-seq data was carried out on a completely independent experiment as described above for RNA-seq. RNA samples were reverse transcribed using the SuperScript IV VILO Mastermix with ezDNAse kit (ThermoFisher) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Reactions 22 were run in a final volume of 10 µL containing 10 ng of cDNA, 5 µL of Power SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, ThermoFisher) and 600 nM of each primer. Reactions were performed in a CFX ConnectTM Real-Time System (BioRad®) with the following program: initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 10 minutes; 40 denaturation-amplification-elongation cycles (95 °C, 10 s; 55 °C, 10 s; 72 °C, 30 s), followed by melting curve assessment (65 °C to 95 °C, with a 0.
Acknowledgments:  Morgane Michaud  is acknowledged for helpful discussions and informed advice. Véronique Collin-Faure  for technical assistance in the flow cytometry experiments. Authors were supported by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-10-LABEX-04 ,  GRAL Labex ;  ANR-11-BTBR-0008 ,  Océanomics ;  ANR-17-EURE-0003 ,  EUR CBS ) and by the  Trans'Alg Bpifrance   PSPC partnership.
Conclusions In this paper, a renewable multi-source microgrid associated with a hybrid energy storage system is studied. The energy sources combined WT-DFIG with a PV generator and a Fuel cell. Whereas, the hybrid energy storage is composed of batteries bank energy storage system (BBESS) associated with an electrolyzer system, which is a hydrogen generator. The simulation model of the overall hybrid MG system has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The system configuration and the characteristics of the main components in the system are given, and the overall control and power management strategy for the proposed hybrid energy system is presented. The WT-DFIG and PV generation systems are the main power generation devices and the electrolyzer-BB act as a dump load using any excess power available to BB charging and produce H 2.
Like many scientific communities, plant science has moved to a new era with the rise of quantitative approaches. This is not merely about high-resolution quantification methods or the generation of massive datasets through omics; the quantitative revolution is much deeper because it unfolds the rich complexity behind plant life. As researchers, we have two main missions: to identify good questions and to develop the right strategies to address them. A lot of attention and energy have been spent on the latter one. For instance, we now have robust protocols to perform functional genetics, and even to understand the larger interactions in a cell, an organ or a population. However, by collecting more and more of such data, there is a risk of documenting plant biology, rather than understanding its fundamental rules.
For instance, in my area, one of them is 'how do organs know when to stop growing?' We have collected millions of data on organ growth, yet, we are still missing a coherent picture. What Quantitative Plant Biology hopes to accomplish is to embrace the current revolution in plant science to ask and address such simple questions with complex answers. To do so, we chose three main angles. First, as new tools are developed to generate massive datasets, be it biochemical, morphological or biophysical, processing the quantified parameters also opens the door to more distant or counterintuitive ideas to test. For instance, how does the variability of cell growth impact shape robustness? Could such fluctuations, through a feedback on growth variability or metabolic modularity, act as an instructive cue to channel morphogenesis? Is this feedback itself regulated, fuelled or dampened by specific pathways? And if so, have these pathways been actively selected during evolution, and how many times? Quantitative Plant Biology is opening the Pandora's box of plant science, and we hope that you, as authors, will shake-up our views on plants.
Last, the current quantitative revolution is not restricted to a few elite labs. In fact, massive datasets are collected by citizens all over the world, notably in relation with plant biodiversity or agronomy. Because such data are intrinsically heterogeneous, they also challenge the way plant science works. They are more difficult to handle than data obtained in controlled conditions, but they are likely much more representative of a natural plant environment. Back to research, citizen science challenges our questions, by putting the focus on the societal relevance of our work, as a community. Quantitative Plant Biology also aims at being the main platform for this emerging field, notably through the 'citizen science' article format. This ethics translates into the journal itself. Quantitative Plant Biology is open access and is supported by not-for-profit institutions (Cambridge University Press and the John Innes Centre).
The principal objective of this paper is to alleviate these drawbacks using a proposed integral backstepping sliding mode controller (IBSMC). This controller is based on a combination of an integral backstepping and a discontinuous classical sliding mode controller. The proposed controller has been verified firstly by simulation tests using Matlab/Simulink software, in order to evaluate the ability of this controller to respond under fast irradiation condition changing, robustness and performance. Secondly, the performances of this controller (IBSMC) have been compared experimentally with traditional sliding mode in terms of reducing the steady-state error and the chattering phenomenon. The scheme of the global studied system is shown in Fig. 1. 4 L C pv S D C2 PWM V pv d i pv.
Simulation results and discussions In order to prove the performances of the proposed controller, Matlab / SIMULINK is used to perform the system dynamic responses. Our main objective is to analyze and compare the performances of two nonlinear controllers (IBSMC and classical SMC) in order to track the MPP of PV panel under the same conditions of the weather. The studied system consists of a boost converter circuit feeding a resistor load. A PV panel that contains commercial PV modules "BISOLP V M onocrystalline/BM O300W c"whose parameters panel are mentioned in Table. 1. Moreover, Table. 2 summarized the IBSMC controller parameters and the boost converter design. In order to compare the performances of the two controllers for MPP searching, two cases of the irradiation are considered (1000W/m 2 and 728W/m 2 ) with a fixed temperature value of 25C 0 (see Table  2 ).
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis was performed on a spectrometer Optima 2000 DV (PerkinElmer). Raman spectroscopy was performed on a HORIBA Jobin Yvon LabRam HR800UV Raman spectrometer (λ = 659. 55 nm) and data were analyzed using pseudo-Voigt functions (LabSpec 5 software). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization was performed on a Thermo Electron ESCALAB 250 spectrometer equipped with a monochromatic radiation source Al Mono (Al kα = 1486. 6 eV) operating at 15 kV and 6 mA (survey at a step of 1 eV for transition energy of 150 eV and high-resolution at 0. 1 eV for transition energy of 20 eV). The binding energies were corrected on the basis of the energy of C1s at 284. 4 eV by using the AVANTAGE software for peaks fitting. The quantification was carried out from the peak area after correction with a suitable sensitivity factor.
Effect of the Thermal Stabilization The thermal treatment of carbon-based polymers at temperatures of about 200-300 • C in air is routine and is the so-called "reticulation step" for the electrospun polyacrylonitrile materials  (Wu et al. , 2012; Both Engel et al. , 2013). To investigate the potential thermal stabilization effect on the electrocatalytic properties, we began a systematic investigation by examining PANI-Ni, PANI-Ni-TS290, PANI-Ni-TS290-TC1000, and PANI-Ni-TC1000. From Figures  2A, B  (extended data in Supplementary Figures  S4-S6 ), it is obvious that the number of active sites associated with the redox peaks of NiO(OH)/Ni(OH) 2 between 1. 25 and 1. 55 V vs. RHE and the catalytic activity toward HER increase gradually after each thermal step. Since it was found that the thermal stabilization at 290 • C is of high importance together with calcination at 1,000 • C, we scrutinized lower and higher stabilization temperatures of 250 and 350 • C to find out the best condition.
The color removal efficiency was calculated according to the following equation: % color removal = 100 x ((C0-Ct)/C0) (1) Where C0 and Ct are the concentration of RhB solution before the electrolysis and at each time "t" during the electrolysis, respectively. The photoluminescence experiments were performed by using a Horiba JobinYvon LabRam HR800 spectrometer. This later is equipped with an argon-ionized laser as a source of excitation with a wavelength of 633 nm (1. 95 eV) and whose power was fixed at 5μW. The control and acquisition of spectra was achieved using LabSpec software. The measurements were recorded in the spectral range between 400 and 1200 nm with an acquisition time of the spectra of 5 seconds.
Y is the degradation efficiency of RhB; Xi and Xj are coded values of the factors (i and j range from 1 to k); b0 is the intercept coefficient of model; bj, bii, and bij are interaction coefficients of linear, quadratic, and the second-order terms, respectively; n is the number of independent parameters (n=4 in this study). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed in order to determine the individual linear, quadratic and interaction regression coefficient, this was performed using NONEMROD 2007 software. The quality of the fit of polynomial model was expressed by the value of correlation coefficient (R 2 ) and adjusted coefficient of determination (R 2 adj) as well as the ANOVA results  [28].
Optical properties and conductivity type UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the synthesized samples was performed to monitor the optical response of the synthesized SrP-BaP thin film. The results are shown in Fig. 4a. The optical band gap energy was calculated by Tauc plots of (αhυ) 2 versus hυ  [31, 32] , the estimated band gap of the obtained films was found to be 3. 85 eV. The results were in a good agreement with literature data  [25, 33]. The Mott-Schottky analysis was performed to identify the type of conductivity for SrP/BaP (Fig. 4b ). Indeed, linear region of 1/C 2 (C is the capacitance) relative to the applied potential was fitted with the Mott-Schottky equation. The positive slope of the line suggests n-type conductivity of SrP/BaP anode  [34]. The corresponding intercept to the x-axis provides the flat-band potential, which can be taken as a reference for Fermi level of the semiconductor.