dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Global Mean Vertical Profiles Figure  2  shows the climatology of global mean vertical profiles of the water isotopic composition along with their standard deviations. The vertical profile of H 2 O exhibits an irregular decrease with altitude in the lower stratosphere up to approximately 25 km, an increase from 25 km to 50 km, and then a decrease above 50 km. Similar profiles are obtained for HDO and H 2 18 O (not shown). Lossow et al. [35]  compared HDO data from MIPAS with that of Odin/SMR and ACE-FTS and demonstrated a high consistency in the structures above 20 km between all three instruments. Even where the MIPAS HDO retrieval reaches its limits (above 40 km), there is still good agreement between HDO from MIPAS and Odin/SMR, pointing to the fact that data from different satellites can complement each other to some extent.
Beside this, the Odin/SMR data also show more H 2 O produced during the boreal summer (JJA mean) than during the austral summer (DJF mean), which has not been observed in HALOE and MIPAS. The value of HDO over south polar region in austral summer is larger than that over north polar region; this situation is opposite to that of H 2 O. No significant inter-hemispheric difference is observed for H 2 18 O. Figure  5  shows that δD and δ 18 O have similar distributions to that of the water vapor mixing ratios, but there are some differences observed in the isotopic ratios. Figure  5  shows the large water isotopes depletion in the lower stratosphere, indicating that the vertical transport is associated with ascending air over the tropics and subtropics penetrating the cold tropopause. In the upper stratosphere water vapor is mostly produced during methane oxidation, and enriched heavy water means that this water is more abundant in the newly produced water vapor than in the old water, which was in the stratosphere before, and the water came from the troposphere.
The heavy isotopes are more enriched over the south polar region in the austral summer (Figure  5a, c ) than over the north polar region in boreal summer (Figure  5b, d ). This is mainly because H 2 O is produced more during boreal summer than austral summer. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 20 in the upper stratosphere was pushed down to the lower stratosphere by the winter polar vortex. Beside this, the Odin/SMR data also show more H2O produced during the boreal summer (JJA mean) than during the austral summer (DJF mean), which has not been observed in HALOE and MIPAS. The value of HDO over south polar region in austral summer is larger than that over north polar region; this situation is opposite to that of H2O. No significant inter-hemispheric difference is observed for H2 18 O.
We used the available Odin/SMR data to evaluate how well the models perform in simulating stratospheric stable water isotopes. At first, we select one of the SWING2 models, namely LMDZ4, for running sensitivity experiments in an attempt to better understand what controls the stratospheric SWIs. The LMDZ4 model was developed at the Laboratorie de Météorologie Dynamique  [27]  with water isotopes implementation, and can reproduce the spatial patterns of water isotopes in the troposphere reasonably well  [24, 47]. The model is the atmospheric component of the Insitut Pierre-Simon Laplace coupled model (IPSL-CM4)  [48]  used in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase3 (CMIP3). It is used here with a 2. 5 • × 3. 75 • latitude longitude resolution, and 39 vertical levels from the surface to near 65 km.
Discussion Since the retrieved Odin/SMR data reaches the stratopause, it provides a valuable tool to investigate how water isotopic structure can be used to evaluate the dehydration, the methane oxidation and the atmospheric transport in the stratosphere. The obtained tape recorder in the lower stratosphere over the tropics, demonstrating that the retrieved data, from a minimum distance of 20 km above the Earth's surface, have sufficient good quality to observe changes in mixing ratios caused by seasonal changes in tropics. The distributions of the seasonal and zonal mean isotopic ratios show that normal water vapor H2O is more abundant during boreal summer than austral summer. This feature does not show up in the HALOE or MIPAS, and we suggest that the process of methane oxidation is responsible for it.
Discussion Since the retrieved Odin/SMR data reaches the stratopause, it provides a valuable tool to investigate how water isotopic structure can be used to evaluate the dehydration, the methane oxidation and the atmospheric transport in the stratosphere. The obtained tape recorder in the lower stratosphere over the tropics, demonstrating that the retrieved data, from a minimum distance of 20 km above the Earth's surface, have sufficient good quality to observe changes in mixing ratios caused by seasonal changes in tropics. The distributions of the seasonal and zonal mean isotopic ratios show that normal water vapor H 2 O is more abundant during boreal summer than austral summer. This feature does not show up in the HALOE or MIPAS, and we suggest that the process of methane oxidation is responsible for it.
We examined the δD-δ 18 O relationships in simulations of two SWING2 models with high model tops (reaching the stratopause), LMDZ4 and GISS. We found that the slope in the troposphere is 7. 2 in both models, but it is 9. 4 and 4. 6 in LMDZ4 and GISS, respectively, in the stratosphere. Though there is uncertainty in the first retrieved H 2 18 O data, we still believe that the relationship between δD and δ 18 O in the stratosphere is not the same as in the surface precipitation or troposphere. This may be further explored in the future by assimilating satellite data or other sounding observations. Regarding the simulation of SWIs, most models that contributed to SWING2 fail to simulate the stratospheric features of SWIs. The evidence we have from the model simulations strongly suggests that this failure is partly due to the lack of consideration of some key stratospheric processes (e.
Conclusions To summarize, we have explored eight years of measurements obtained from Odin/SMR, by investigating the climatological features of stratospheric SWIs. The satellite dataset captures the expected characteristic features of stratospheric SWIs. Spatially, SWIs increase with altitude due to the methane oxidation occurring in the stratosphere. From a zonally-averaged sense, the three SWIs are quasi-symmetrical with respect to the equator, with more heavy water over high latitudes and less heavy water over the tropics, corresponding to the large-scale condensation that occurs in the tropical region. At high latitudes, large mixing ratios of SWIs are found in the upper stratosphere  (35-50 km) , and these tend to be transported from summer to winter hemisphere via the BDC. More H 2 O is produced over summer in the Northern Hemisphere and HDO is produced more over summer in the Southern Hemisphere.
Acknowledgments: This work is supported by the  Swedish National Space  Board project Dnr  88/11  "Atmospheric modelling using space-based observations of stable water isotopes" and  Swedish Research Council VR for the Swedish-French  project " Greenland in a warming Arctic ". The authors would like to acknowledge  Qiang Li  for assistance in data preparation. We would like to thank four reviewers for their insightful comments that improved the manuscript. The LMDZ4 simulations were run on the Ada supercomputer at the IDRIS computing center under  GENCI  project  0292. The Odin/SMR data are available at http://odin. rss. chalmers. se,contact person Donal Murtagh (donal. murtagh@chalmers. se).
0] [21] [22]  , the phonon gap is, on a more general ground, a universal feature of disordered systems where a symmetry breaking, like for example the SO(3), is caused by a symmetric anharmonic coupling. Consequently, the phonon gap is expected to appear also in the low temperature gel phase of the lipid membrane, although over a different energy and wave-vector region. The scenario of the collective excitations in lipid bilayer is, therefore, far from being thoroughly understood. New and targeted experiments are mandatory to provide the best possible description of this complex landscape where dynamical coupling between different modes is expected, with a potential impact on biological functions of membrane. Here, we report on the results of a novel and integrated approach of data analysis, where the data of a new Brillouin INS experiment and those of the recent IXS 1 measurement of coherent excitations of phospholipid bilayers are jointly analysed under the condition of being described simultaneously by the same dynamical model.
By analysing INS and IXS data as a unique set, we provide straight evidence for the presence of at least three, mutually interacting, excitations, namely two acoustic and one optic mode. Further, the excitations coupling leads to avoided-crossing of the dispersion relations, and activates an energy transfer mechanism between the longitudinal-acoustic and the optic mode. Notably, the mode interaction revealed by the combined INS and IXS data analysis extends over a wide reciprocal space region, which likely plays a major role in the energy transfer processes in these biomolecules. Neutron measurements were carried out on both the gel and liquid phases of 1,2-dimyristoylsn-glycero-3-phoshatidylcholine (DMPC) lipid bilayers, which are directly comparable with those of the DPPC bilayers investigated in Ref.
3  are the three solutions ωj (Q) of the secular equation (Eq. 2), with their low-Q trend obtained by a smooth extrapolation to Q = 0 of the bare frequencies. A signature of the dressed energies, which is revealed in Fig. 3 , is the avoided-crossing between the longitudinal acoustic branch (j = 1) and the optic-like (j = 3) mode over the dynamic range 0. 6 Å-1 to 12 meV. We remark that this key feature became apparent thanks to the combined use of the two INS and IXS sets of data and partly to the more extended INS experimental range. The mode-mode interaction underlying the avoided-crossing implies an oscillator strength transfer between the two modes (j = 1 and j = 3), with the consequent exchange and mixture of their character. This is why the high-energy mode at Q ≥ 0. 8 Å-1 can be attributed to longitudinal fluctuations, with an associated high-frequency velocity c ∞ = 3330 ± 150 m s -1 in gel and c ∞ = 3490 ± 150 m s -1 in liquid phase.
3. A direct and complete characterization of the phonon gap in the gel phase is, however, limited by the minimum useful Q value that is accessible by both INS and IXS experiments. The coupled analysis of two independent INS and IXS data sets gives a more solid experimental ground to the interpretation of the origin of the transverse phonon gap. We note that the peculiar dispersion of the j = 2 mode is straightly obtained from the present data analysis without resorting to the use of the intensity of the rather weak low-energy mode, which is also very close to the strong elastic peak 1. The trend of this branch firmly confirms that in the fluid phase the phonon gap prevents the low-energy modes to propagate over a significant distance, a behaviour that has been linked to the formation of local short-lived and nanometer-sized lipid clusters, which in turn underlie the mechanisms of passive transport in membranes  1.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  M. Cè ,  L. Mazza , and  R. Rota  for fruitful discussions. We acknowledge the  CINECA award  under the  ISCRA initiative , for the availability of high performance computing resources and support. AB and CC acknowledge support from  ERC  ( via Consolidator Grant  CORPHO No. 616233 ). RF acknowledges support by  EU-QUIC, CRF ,  Singapore Ministry of Education, CPR-QSYNC ,  SNS-Fondi interni 2014 , and the  Oxford Martin School. JJ acknowledges support from the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  No. 11605022 ,  Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province  No. 2015020110 , and the  Xinghai Scholar Cultivation Plan  and the  Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. OV thanks Fundación Rafael del Pino, Fundación Ramón Areces  and  RCC Harvard.
Purpose Along with a number of other malignancies, the term "oligometastatic" prostate cancer has recently emerged. It represents an attempt to define a subtype of cancer with a limited metastatic load that might perform more favorably than a distinctly disseminated disease, or even one that may be managed in a potentially curative way. Since there is currently a knowledge gap of what imaging modalities should be utilized to classify patients as having this type of tumor, we aimed to shed light on the role of conventional and marker-based imaging in the setting of synchronous oligometastatic prostate cancer as well as summarize the available evidence for its clinical application. Methods A literature search on December 15th 2017 was conducted using the Pubmed database. Results Functional imaging techniques like 68 Ga PSMA.
In the systematic review of Perera  [40]  the pooled percentage of positive 68 Ga PSMA PET-CT was 40% (95% confidence interval 19-64%) in the primary staging. Of all studies, 24% showed only oligometastases (≤ 3), and 62. 5% of these concerned a solitary lesion. Moreover, a high rate of incidental extra-pelvic disease (41%) was observed  [46]. Recently, another systematic review on the currently available data on 68 Ga PSMA PET-CT in the primary staging of high-risk PCa was published  [57]. A high variation in sensitivity (range 33-99%) was seen across the studies but with consistently high specificity (> 90%). Twelve studies were included but only five could be classified as high quality because they correlated imaging findings with histopathology. The lack of histologic correlation with positive (and indeed negative) PSMA PET-CT results makes it unclear as to the true accuracy of this novel imaging modality.
Clinical implications The rationale for using local treatment, as the first step in the management of de novo metastatic PCa, such as radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy is based on: a potential benefit in terms of improved local control, removal of the primary source for metastasis and (possibly) improved response to systemic treatments  [58]. To this day, only retrospective population-based data, from different cancer registries such as Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER), National Cancer Database and several institutional data, support these assumptions. Despite the lack of level 1 evidence, approximately 75% of the panelists from the Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference (APCCC) 2017 agreed that there is a need for some form of local treatment in men with oligometastatic disease  [59].
Although the results confirm the feasibility of cytoreductive RP, it is still unclear who would benefit from resection of the primary tumor. The ideal candidate might be a fit patient with ≤ T3 stage, Gleason score ≤ 7, low-volume metastatic disease, no visceral metastases and a low PSA nadir after 6 months of systemic therapy. Furthermore, imaging might be of use for selecting these candidates. The ongoing prospective randomized trials such as TRoMBone (ISRCTN15704862) and g-RAMPP (NCT02454543) will provide level 1 evidence regarding the role of surgery in patients with synchronous oligometastatic disease  [60, 61]. A clinical decision based on the available data should be taken with caution due to significant limitations of these studies and unknown confounders: limited to no information regarding the associated comorbidities, different definitions of the oligometastatic state, different endpoints and unavailable data regarding the imaging techniques used for detection of distant lesions.
Acknowledgements We thank  Maggie Lee  of  Hong Kong Alzheimer's Disease Association  for discussion input;  Prof Claudia Lai  of the  School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  for research coordination;  Prof Terry Lum  and  Dr Gloria Wong  of the  Sau Po Centre on Ageing, The University of Hong Kong  for discussion input about non-pharmacological interventions for Alzheimer's disease; and  Ms Polly Chan ,  Ms Connie Leung ,  Mr Nelson Li , and  Ms Rebecca Shiu  of  Yan Oi Tong  for valuable discussion about the potential roles of nongovernmental organisations/charities in Alzheimer's disease research.
There are two studies that assessed the composition of DM [27d,28], while the methods and data slightly differ. Salters and Stracke [27d] report a F abundance (11 ± 5 mg g À1 ), which is derived from an estimate of another better constrained element P, and an F/P ¼ 0. 27 ± 0. 11, a ratio found to be nearly constant among mantle-derived magmas. The application of the F/P ratio to the P abundance by Workman and Hart  [28]  gives F ¼ 22 ± 9 mg g À1 , a value higher by factor of 2. However, Workman et al. [29]  advocate use of another ratio, F/Nd ¼ 20. 1 ± 5. 8, finding a F abundance of 12 ± 3 mg g À1. Recently, the variability of F content in DM is assessed through new studies. On the basis of the new Nd isotope study, F abundance in DM is possibly slightly lower, ranging from 6 to 12 mg g À1  [30].
A significant increase in the size of the whole rock xenolith database in the future could lead to independent constraints on the F abundance in the mantle. Rare types of mantle-derived magmas, carbonatites from Ol Doinyo Lengai, Tanzania, contain between 1. 2 and 3. 5 wt% of F  [34] , which takes the form of an immiscible halide melt  [35]. Halide melt inclusions are also found in magmatic minerals from an intrusive carbonatite from Saint-Honor e, Quebec, Canada  [36]. Similarly, F-rich micas and amphiboles are reported from various mantle nodules. For example, up to 8 wt % F is reported for phlogopite found in peridotite xenoliths from ultrapotassic lavas  [37]. Fluorine contents of 0. 05e0. 4 wt % have been reported in amphibole and mica in xenoliths from Kerguelen Island  [38]. Furthermore, fluoride melt has been reported in peridotite xenoliths  [39].
Acknowledgments This manuscript was a result of the organizers' effort in bringing in broader community to the " Colloque Français de Chimie du Fluor ". The authors would like to thank the committee led by  Professor M. Dubois  for this initiative to organize a cross-disciplinary workshop under the banner of fluorine chemistry. This research was financed by the  French Government Laboratory of Excellence initiative  no. ANR-10-LABX-0006 , the  R egion Auvergne , and the  European Regional Development Fund. This is Laboratory of  Excellence ClerVolc  (contribution number  287 ).
Molecular stories from the herbiary When data are available, comparison of assertions made about particular plant species with information provided by genetic diversity analyses of the same species can be enlightening. Let's have a look at some species from our herbiary that have been studied in this way. The genetic diversity of Pando, our large aspen clone, was studied with microsatellite markers, and  Mock et al. (2008)  showed that over 256 ramets analyzed, only 6 different variants were exhibited, suggesting that the clone, albeit covering a large surface, had an origin too re- open access -ptpbio. org cent to harbor many somatic mutations. In a broader zone, a large number of different genotypes was revealed. The hypothesis of a predominantly clonal evolution of the population did not fit with the observations.
Acknowledgments I thank  Thomas Pradeu ,  Jérôme Santolini ,  Jean-Paul Soularue ,  Thibault Leroy ,  Charles Wolfe ,  Maureen O'Malley , and  Quentin Hiernaux. I thank the anonymous referees for their feedback, and I am grateful to the invaluable publication companionship offered by the PTPBio editor,  Chris Eliot.
g. ,  Oziolor, Bickham, & Matson, 2017; Reid et al. , 2016 Reid et al. , , 2017 ) that allow the unraveling of complex "toxic pathways", linking EOF exposure to its consequences, and that can deal with large datasets, may readily enable such studies. When candidate genes are already identified, population genetics can help in revealing their association with adaptations to EOF exposure. In the flounder Platichthys flesus, a study on the polymorphism of the known tumor suppressor gene p53 across populations living in highly EOF-contaminated versus reference estuaries showed a significantly higher diversity in polluted sites  (Marchand et al. , 2010). More powerful techniques such as restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) allow screening the genome of individuals from EOF-adapted and control populations to highlight polygenic selection.
These chemical possibilities are, however, important to remember because they underscore the fact that exploration of the huge microbiota datasets presently available remains open to discoveries. For example, 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl group transfer is widespread in eukaryotes as a modification of 18S ribosomal rRNA by ribosome biogenesis factor Tsr3  (Meyer et al. , 2016). Homologues of Tsr3 (DUF367 family proteins) are widespread in archaea and present in some bacteria as well (Burroughs and Aravind, 2014). In the same way, synthesis of the modified histidine residue diphthamide in archaeal and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) uses transfer of this group in a non-standard radical reaction  (Dong et al. , 2017a). It may also be worth investigating whether there exist protein modifications (or modifications of metabolites other than polyamines) that use aminopropyl rather than methyl groups.
12 Long-term outcomes of Auto-HSCT and Allo-HSCT in Patients Relapsed/Refractory cHL (EBMT Database, with Permission) 100 Overall survival % 80 60 40 20 2000-2004 2005-2009 2011-2014 p<0. 001 0 0 6 1 2 1 8 2 4 3 0 3 6 4 2 4 8 5 4 6 0 Months after auto SCT No, at risk 2000-2004 1699 1469 1322 1217 1118 1047 960 914 857 816 2005-2009 2560 2189 1912 1756 1631 1507 1386 1291 1211 1124 2011-2014 2571 2095 1819 1603 1382 1161 933 763 570 418 100 Overall survival Probability, % 80 60 40 20 2000-2004 2005-2009 2011-2014 p<0. 001 0 0 6 1 2 1 8 2 4 3 0 3 6 4 2 4 8 5 4 6 0 No, at risk Months after auto SCT 2000-2004 242 196 175 153 136 127 115 105 94 87 2005-2009 550 447 386 344 297 281 260 238 224 211 2011-2014 729 631 550 477 417 343 271 211 162 104 OS of auto-HSCT in relapsed/refractory cHL over time OS of allo-HSCT in relapsed/refractory cHL over time.
At the LD sites, we also conducted biodegradation experiments to determine bacterial growth efficiency (BGE), along with enrichment experiments to explore the factors limiting BP. In addition to the measurements of chlorophyll a, BP, PP, T DIP and DOC described below, other data presented in this paper include hydrographic properties, nutrients and N 2 fix, for which detailed protocols of analysis and considerations for methodology are available in  Moutin et al. (2017 Moutin et al. ( , 2018) )  and  Bonnet et al. (2018). Briefly, DIP and nitrate concentrations were measured using standard colorimetric procedures on a AA3 AutoAnalyzer (Seal-Analytical). The quan-tification limits were 0. 05 µM for both nutrients. N 2 fixation rates were measured using the 15 N 2 tracer method in 4. 5 L polycarbonate bottles inoculated with 5 mL of 15 N 2 gas (99 atom % 15 N, Eurisotop).
61). This is due to the heterogeneity at the time of sampling and the nature of the populations present, i. e. , essentially different fluorescence yields over depth and species  (Neveux et al. , 2010). Thus in vivo fluorescence was used only to track high-frequency variability at the LD sites, the shape of a vertical profile's distributions and the location of the dcm, as well as longitudinal trends. Fluorometric discrete data (Chl a) were used for calculating and comparing integrated Chl a stocks.