dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Several non-systematic reviews  [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]  summarized the potential of MRN in general and coverd advances in quantitative MRN to some extent. Particularly, Chen et al. [12]  provided a summary of the possible biomarkers ranging from pure MR parameters like T2 relaxation, diffusion tensor parameters, and magnetization transfer to indirect MR parameters like cross-sectional area extracted from weighted imaging. To identify conducted and ongoing systematic reviews or scoping reviews on quantitative MRN, a preliminary search of MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PROSPERO, and JBI Evidence Synthesis was conducted on 18 March 2022. Four conducted systematic reviews were identified. Wade et al. [16]  summarized diffusion tensor parameters of the brachial plexus of nine studies in a systematic review identifying normative values.
Descriptive studies of all types (e. g. , cross-sectional studies, case series, individual case reports) will be excluded due to the lack of a comparison group. Systematic reviews that meet the inclusion criteria will also be considered. Studies describing methodologies will be included without any restriction on study design. Unpublished and gray literature, conference abstracts, and non-systematic reviews will be excluded to avoid duplication of data and to ensure the feasibility of the review.
Search Strategy The search strategy will aim to identify all eligible studies. To initially identify studies on the topic, a limited search of MEDLINE (PubMed) was undertaken. A full search strategy was then developed for MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE (Ovid), Web of Science, and Scopus. The search terms of the full search strategy base on the text words contained in the titles and abstracts and the index terms used to describe relevant studies from the limited search. The search queries for all four databases are available online at https: //github. com/fabianbalsiger/qmrn-review (accessed on 28 April 2022). For MEDLINE (PubMed), the search query is also available in Supplementary Materials S2. We adapted the search strategy for all databases individually to the particularities of the used platform to access the database.
Data Extraction The data will be extracted from included studies by two or more independent reviewers. The reviewers will develop a tailored tool for the data extraction. Key information to be extracted will include the health condition, sample size, demographic parameters (age and sex), type of peripheral nerve imaged, MR scanner vendor, type, and field strength, MR sequence type and parameters, image reconstruction and processing setting/parameters, values and ranges of the measured MR parameters. The data extraction will differ depending on the type of MR parameter investigated (e. g. , the b-value will be extracted for diffusion tensor imaging but will not be available for T2 relaxometry). A draft of the data extraction is provided in Table  1. If necessary, the draft of the data extraction will be modified and revised during the data extraction.
Data Analysis and Presentation A basic descriptive analysis will be conducted (e. g. , count of studies per MR parameter, imaged peripheral nerves) to get a sense of the current state of research in quantitative MRN. We will present the extracted data in diagrammatic or tabular form, categorized by the measured MR parameter. To relate the extracted data to the review objective and questions, a narrative summary will be provided. Based on this summary, guidance on how to perform quantitative MRN nowadays will be given.
Animals and surgery. The data presented in this study were collected from 9 APP/PS1 mice and 8 their Wild Type (WT) littermates age of 8-9 months. These mice were housed in Bordeaux University animal facility (A33063099) under standard conditions (i. e. one animal per cage, temperature (22 ± 1 °C), humidity (50 ± 10%) 12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 0700), ad libitum access to food and water prior the experimental procedure). Such mice have been used previously by our group  20, 27. All mice were heterozygous for each transgene. The genotypes were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction of tail biopsy. After two weeks of habituation in the experimental animal facility mice underwent stereotaxic surgery under deep isoflurane anesthesia. Microelectrodes, consisting of insulated tungsten wire (diameter 35 μm, California Fine Wires), were implanted using stereotaxic coordinates into: the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) (AP: + 2.
Behavioral parameters. Total memory errors for each trial were defined as all visits to any arm of the maze that was not baited and repeated visits to arms that were previously baited in the ongoing trial. Reference memory errors were defined as the number of non-baited arms visited during trial. Working memory errors were defined as the number of revisits to baited arm during trial. Data acquisition. During experiment, the mouse head connector was linked to amplifiers by a soft cable allowing free motions of the animal. Video camera was used to monitor behavior in the home cage. Electrophysiological signals (LFP and EMG) were acquired at 40 kHz on 128-channel Plexon system and stored on a PC for off-line analysis. Data processing. Signals were filtered by means of Matlab 'cheby2' filter using 'filtfilt' function in order to prevent any filter-introduced phase distortions that could undermine the dDTF analysis.
Behavioral states of wakefulness, REM sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS) were scored visually by an experienced experimenter using LFP signals, EMG and video recordings. SWS was defined to be a period of high-amplitude activity in the delta band (0. 5-3 Hz), low theta activity (4-10 Hz) accompanied by behavioral immobility, as assessed using video recordings, with an absence or weak tonic muscle activity. The ripples were detected in CA1. Wideband signals were downsampled to 500 Hz using the Matlab procedure 'decimate'. Signals taken from the CA1 channel, filtered in the 100-250 Hz frequency band were used to detect episodes of SWRs. They were found automatically by thresholding the absolute value of the analytic form of the signals, obtained using Hilbert transform, The signal envelopes found in this way were then z-scored, and segments in which they crossed 2 standard deviations (SD), and reached 5 SD of reference signal values were considered to be ripple events.
The MVAR model assumes that X(t)-a sample of signal at a time t-can be expressed as a sum of p previous values of signals from the X(t) vector, weighted by the model coefficients A(m) plus a prediction error E(t). The MVAR coefficients are estimated using correlation matrix computed between all considered channels. In order to calculate MVAR coefficients we used ensemble averaging. The estimation of MVAR coefficients is based on computation of the correlation matrix R ij of k signals X i from multivariate set. First, for each animal we calculated the correlation matrix between channels for each epoch of N S points separately. Then we averaged correlation matrices over N T epochs. The resulting correlation matrix is defined by the equation: The averaging concerns correlation matrices; the data are not averaged in the process.
Factors associated with perceived stress in patients with vitiligo in the ComPaRe e-cohort To the Editor: Although published data suggest that stress can trigger the onset and progression of vitiligo, no study has specifically searched for factors associated with perceived stress on vitiligo. We conducted a cross-sectional study within the ComPaRe vitiligo e-cohort (www. compare. aphp. fr) to investigate factors associated with perceived stress in vitiligo. Patients were asked if vitiligo onset was triggered by stress ( yes/no) or if they had vitiligo worsened by stress ( yes/no). Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to identify factors associated with perceived stress at vitiligo onset and worsening. A total of 602 patients were invited to participate in the study, of whom 535 (397 females and 138 males; response rate, 89%) with a mean age of 46.
2 These 3 US-based journals were selected as they hold the highest h-index of influence over the past 10 years. Gender API (www. genderapi. com), a large online database linking known gender-name relationships, was used to predict binary gender ( female vs male) for each name. Results were reported as percent female first or last author (senior authorship) for all publications in the journal by year. Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way analysis of variance and covariate regression, with significance set at P value of \. 05. The results demonstrated that the percentage of female first authorship was consistent with that of their male counterparts for the past 10 years (Fig  1 ). However, the percentage of female senior authorship remained substantially lower than that of their male counterparts (Fig 2.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  Gianluigi Mongillo  for his comments and discussion regarding a previous version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the  UCAJEDI Investments  in the  Future  project ( ANR-15-IDEX-01 ), the  Convergence Institute ILCB  ( ANR-16-CONV-0002 ), the  Premilang2 ANR-project  (# ANR-13-BSH2-0002 ) and the  Chunked ANR-project  (# ANR-17-CE28-0013-02 ).
The low-pass filter was a 3-order Butterworth filter with a 1 MHz cut-off frequency. Signal acquisition. The voltage signal was stored and analysed with a PicoScope 2205A digital oscilloscope with TA045 differential probe (Pico Technology Ltd. , Cambridgeshire, UK). The differential probe had a 500 kΩ input resistance and a 7 pF input capacitance. The signal was recorded with 12 bits amplitude resolution and 4 MHz sampling frequency. A PC with in-house software controlled the communication and synchronization between the stimulation and acquisition. The post processing of the acquired signal, including denoising, waveform extraction and amplitude measurement, was completed using MATLAB (MathWorks Inc. , Natick, MA, USA). For each of the 6 stimulating conditions and 20 stimulating electrodes, a scan consisting of 20 oscilloscope recordings was performed from the base to the apex of the array (i.
Anatomical model This study aimed to present representative data of the current distribution resulting from DAP. It was assessed by measuring the voltage across the implant's blocking capacitors that load/unload during a DAP stimulation. The implant design does not allow for such measurements in clinical situation (i. e. , in healthy CI patients), although it would have provided more samples for the tests and realistic conditions. In lieu of living patients, an ex-vivo human head was used. This was chosen to obtain relevant measures of current distribution over other models for several reasons. Although conduction models are interesting  [29] , they are commonly tuned or validated by real current measures. Since all electrodes are contributing to create the returning pattern of DAP, it was unclear whether current computational models could faithfully recreate such a complex and previously uncharacterised pattern.
With the COVID-19 pandemic, we have become used to wearing masks and have experienced how masks seem to impair emotion and speech recognition. While several studies have focused on facial emotion recognition by adding images of masks on photographs of emotional faces, we have created a video database with actors really wearing masks to test its effect in more ecological conditions. After validating the emotions displayed by the actors, we found that surgical mask impaired happiness and sadness recognition but not neutrality. Moreover, for happiness, this effect was specific to the mask and not to covering the lower part of the face, possibly due to a cognitive bias associated with the surgical mask. We also created videos with speech and tested the effect of mask on emotion and speech recognition when displayed in auditory, visual, or audiovisual modalities.
Consistently, a surgical mask appears to impact more the recognition of happiness than negative emotions  (Fitousi et al. , 2021; Marini et al. , 2021; Grenville and Dwyer, 2022; Levitan et al. , 2022; Ross and George, 2022) , except sadness for which mixed results are reported (e. g. ,  Marini et al. , 2021; Grenville and Dwyer, 2022; Ross and George, 2022). In most studies, authors artificially added masks on still face photographs from existing face databases. Although allowing a comparison of controlled and identical emotional content between masked and non-masked conditions, these protocols using retouched images do not fully investigate ecological facial emotion recognition. First, really worn facial masks do not completely mask important structural information  (Fitousi et al. , 2021) ; note that no differences between real-worn and artificially added mask on still photographs were observed  (Grenville and Dwyer, 2022).
, 2021). Using videos allows to investigate the effects of masks on audiovisual perception of both emotion and speech. This is important as in ecological context, faces are rarely seen in isolation and are often coupled with other cues. Audiovisual integration is particularly important in situation where the signal in one modality is degraded  (de Boer et al. , 2021) , as is the case when the face is masked, stressing the importance of testing recognition with audiovisual stimuli. Adding information, for example, body cues in a purely visual context, has been shown to decrease the impact of face masks on emotion recognition  (Ross and George, 2022). This study aimed to measure the effect of wearing a surgical mask on the recognition of (1) visual facial emotion, with respect to other face covering accessories; (2) emotion; and (3) speech in voices, faces, and audiovisual stimuli, using a video database developed exclusively for the study.
Participants Detailed information on the inclusion of participants can be found in Supplementary material. For subjective validation of stimuli without accessories, data from 124 participants who completed the task were used to ensure that the posed emotions were correctly recognized by the participants. For each recognition task independently, participants with performance outside three standard deviations from the mean were considered outliers and were excluded from the analysis. In the visual emotion recognition task, 133 participants who completed a minimum of 35 trials were considered for analysis. The final sample for statistical analysis included 122 (32 males, 90 females, Table  1 ) participants (11 outliers). These participants provided enough data to obtain a recognition score for each emotion × accessory category.
Statistical analysis Data were analyzed with a repeated measure ANOVA within the general linear model (GLM) framework using Statistica. Gender was never included due to the strong imbalance in our sample. First, as our population age range was large and age is known to have an emotion-dependent effect on emotion recognition (e. g. ,  West et al. , 2012) , the GLM included age as a categorical factor (five levels) to make sure data could be pooled across age range. If no effect was found, a final model was run without it. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied for data sphericity when needed, and analyses were completed with Bonferroni post-hoc. In the visual emotion recognition task, the GLM included emotion (three levels: happiness, neutral, and sadness) and accessory (four levels: none, sunglasses, scarf, and mask) as within-subject factors.
The Gal4 expression pattern, which is expected to reflect the endogenous transcription patterns of the gene, was assessed with a UAS-mCD8-RFP reporter. Our results show that both Sln and Chk are expressed in neurons and cortex glia, as a red fluorescent protein signal could be detected in both the neuropil and the cortical region of the central brain (Extended Data Fig. 1d, e  for Sln and Chk). While Sln was strongly expressed in MB neurons with clear labelling of the MB neuropil (nc82 co-staining panel in Extended Data Fig. 1d ) and only partially overlapped with cortex glia labelling (WRAPPER co-staining panel in Extended Data Fig. 1d ), Chk expression was clearly detected in cortex glia cells (WRAPPER co-staining panel in Extended Data Fig. 1e ) and presented a more diffuse staining in the entire brain neuropil (nc82 co-staining panel in Extended Data Fig.
To assess that the Chk function in KB export to support K-AM was specific to this MCT, we tested the effect of Sln downregulation in cortex glia on K-AM. Downregulation of Sln in cortex glia did not affect K-AM (Extended Data Fig. 5c ). To reinforce our results pointing to Chk as the KB transporter in cortex glia during starvation, we assessed the LD content of fly brains in which.
We observed a strong K-AM impairment when the expression of AMPKα, the catalytic subunit of AMPK, was downregulated in adult cortex glia, whereas memory after massed training in fed flies was normal (Fig. 4a ). Additionally, K-AM was normal in the absence of RNAi induction, and AMPKα was not required in cortex glia for LTM (Extended Data Fig. 6a ; see Supplementary Table  4  for sensory controls and also Extended Data Fig. 6b  obtained with a second non-overlapping RNAi targeting AMPKα). These data show that AMPK is specifically required in cortex glia during starvation to sustain K-AM. We then assessed the involvement of AMPK in FA mobilization from LDs. This first step in KB production is under the control of Bmm (Fig. 2 ), a known target of AMPK. In the fed condition, expression of AMPKα RNAi in cortex glia did not change the mean area of LDs observed in the brain region of cortex glia (Fig.
Image analysis was performed using a custom-written MATLAB script  64. Regions of interest (ROIs) were delimited by hand around each visible region of Kenyon cell somas or in the cortex glia in the proximity of the MB calyx. The average intensity levels of mTFP and Venus channels over each ROI were calculated over time after background subtraction. The FRET Laconic ratio was calculated by dividing mTFP intensity by Venus intensity. In addition, for lactate saturation experiments, lactate traces with sodium azide treatment were normalized to the final plateau value (defined as the 100-s-long time window starting 180 s after sodium azide application), which corresponds to a fully bound (that is, saturated) state of the sensor. The baseline lactate concentration was then estimated as the average Laconic ratio level during the baseline recording before acquisition.
After three washes in 1× PBS, brains were incubated for 30 min with 1 μM BODIPY 493/503 in the dark. After three washes in 1× PBS, brains were mounted using Prolong Mounting Medium (Life Technologies, P36965). Mounting and image acquisition were carried out on the same day. Next, 1,024 × 1,024 images were acquired with a Nikon A1R confocal microscope equipped with a ×100/1. 40 oil-immersion objective in the cortex region, in the proximity of the MB calyx. Confocal excitation of BODIPY was achieved using a laser tuned to 488 nm. Confocal z-stacks of LDs were imported into Fiji (ImageJ 1. 52p)  65  and CellProfiler 3. 1. 9 Analyst software 66 for further analyses. Briefly, a single plane in the cortex region was selected and converted into an 8-bit greyscale image. A specific rectangular area (84 × 80 μm) in close proximity to the calyx was selected for analysis.
Articles NAturE MEtABOlISM Articles NAturE MEtABOlISM Articles NAturE MEtABOlISM Articles NAturE MEtABOlISM Extended Data Fig. 2  | Control experiments for KB uptake by MB neurons. (a) MCT switches to the other side of the membrane at a higher rate when a substrate is bound (MCT -L; k2) than when no substrate is bound (MCT; k1), with k1<k2. Trans-acceleration occurs because the conformational switch of MCT across the cell membrane is facilitated when an adequate substrate such as KB is bound. Lactate efflux can be monitored indirectly by an intracellular Laconic FRET sensor that is sensitive to lactate concentration. When KB is applied, the high concentration of KB in the extracellular media increases the rate of lactate transport in the opposite direction, corresponding here to lactate efflux.
Acknowledgements We thank the  TRiP consortium at Harvard Medical School  ( National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences ,  R01-GM084947 ) for providing transgenic RNAi fly stocks. We thank  J. Sierralta  for providing the Chk-Gal4 MI15450 line. This work was funded by the  European Research Council  ( ERC Advanced Grant EnergyMemo  no. 741550 , to T. P. ). B. S. was funded by a doctoral fellowship from the  École des Neurosciences de Paris  and a postdoctoral fellowship from  Labex MemoLife.
On the contrary, most systems that operate on the Internet today produce bottom-up, emergent hierarchies, such as the hierarchy of websites displayed after a Google Search query. Next, cybernetics is about recursive feedback. This relates to the way cybernetics understands time, how networked systems operate and give rise to a particular temporality  (Hui 2019). Recursive feedback allows systems to have a 'memory' of the past and to 'predict' a future. This process is often likened to forms of reflective learning, similar to how a child learns a language. The notion of recursive feedback refers to a movement between a system and its environment, whereby inputs received from the environment are processed and fed back into the system as new inputs. This is not a mechanical process of mere repetition, like the mechanical movement of a clock, but a movement of adaptation.
2020). The data gathered by the Hangzhou City Brain project comes from public departments datasets, private companies that partnered with the project, and data voluntarily provided by citizens. Today, the scope of the Hangzhou City Brain extends over nearly every aspect of city management. The system is designed to track, evaluate and provide constant feedback on social management, economic regulation, market supervision, public service, environmental protection, and government operation. Because of its focus on prediction and anticipation, the City Brain has allegedly successfully resolved the traffic problem in Hangzhou  (Chen 2019 ) and further enhanced the efficiency of the police force  (Qiu et al. 2019). Third, when it comes to the informatisation aspect of the SCS, the system evaluates citizens based on their behaviours, which are benchmarked according to quantifiable metrics and data points.
Results : I. AQP2-DEX interaction site First, to find a putative interaction site for dexamethasone in AQP2, we used the X-ray structure of the mouse agonist glucocorticoids receptor interacting with dexamethasone (PDB code: 3mne  44  ) as a reference (figure  2. A). From this structure, we can notice the protein residues of the interaction site complement very well the amphipathic nature of the dexamethasone. Indeed, we find both polar or charged residues such as asparagine, glutamine or arginine and hydrophobic ones such as isoleucine or tryptophane (figure  2. A). Tryptophane though can also act as an hydrogen bond donor and is hence able to accommodate both polar or hydrophobic parts of the dexamethasone. When we compared this interaction site with the extra-cellular vestibules of AQP2, we found the above mentioned features were conserved.