dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The five metapopulations are composed of 50 individuals with Southeast African Bantu ancestry (randomly selected from Kenyan Luhya, South African Bantu, and Swahili groups), East African (horn of Africa) ancestry (randomly selected from Oromo, Ethiopian from Somalia), Middle Eastern ancestry (randomly selected from Oman and Saudi Arabia), South Asia (randomly selected from Gujarat Brahmin), and Indonesian ancestry (randomly selected from Indonesian Banjar, Samihim, and Malay). Genotypes were then phased with SHAPEIT v. 2  (Delaneau et al. 2011 ) using the 1000 Genomes Project phased data  (Delaneau et al. 2014 ) as a reference panel and the HapMap phase II genetic map. To address specific questions regarding the ancestries of these three individuals, we performed ADMIXTURE analyses  (Alexander et al.
Acknowledgments We thank  Alexander Hu ¨bner ,  Enrico Macholdt , and  Roland Schro  ¨der for assistance with generating the mtDNA sequences. We acknowledge support from the  GenoToul bioinformatics facility of Genopole Toulouse Midi-Pyr en ees, France. We thank the CNRGH production team for genotyping data generation. This work was supported by  French Ministry of Research  grant  ANR-14-CE31-0013-01  (OCEOADAPTO) to F. -X. R, the  French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (French Archaeological Mission in Borneo (MAFBO)  to F. -X. R. ), and the  French Embassy in Indonesia through its Cultural and Cooperation Services (Institut Franc¸ais en Indon esie) ; a fellowship from the  Alexander von Humboldt Foundation  to M. P. C. ; funding from the  Max Planck Society  to M. S. ; and grants from  COMPETE   2020  and a Fundac¸ão para a Ciência e a Tecnologiafunded project ( POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016609 ) to V.
The paper addresses the issue of digitalization of the contemporary art market. It analyzes key features of today's online art market and discusses three technological innovations-cryptocurrency, blockchain, and artificial intelligence-that have the potential to contribute to the further development and growth of online art trade. The paper demonstrates that whereas cyberspace attracts new talent and great business ideas intended to make global art commerce more versatile and efficient, online art market players alongside with providers of online art market data and analytics offer interesting avenues of future research in this sector.
198). On the other hand, gradual diversification of online art market players and practices educates a new breed of art collectors who, instead of valuing artworks in the "traditional" terms of money, power, and beauty  (Findlay 2012) , "evaluate digital images, conduct price comparison surveys, and pay electronically from the comfort of home"  (Vickers 2005, p. 198). Besides, from a scholarly perspective, the digitalization of the contemporary art market has contributed to the emergence of Art History 2. 0 (Bailey and Gardiner 2010; Rodriguez-Ortega 2019) as a separate academic field. The acceptance of technological innovations as applied to online art market research has resulted in the creation of new methods of analysis and visualization of online art market data  (Bentkowska-Kafel et al.
Cryptocurrency and Blockchain There has recently been a noticeable increase in art-and-cryptocurrency/blockchain-related news in the mass media, and a number of conferences have been held for art professionals dedicated to the subject. For example, on 11-12 May 2018, the experimental software development company ConsenSys hosted the Ethereal Summit, an international conference about blockchain held annually in New York, that placed special emphasis on the contemporary art market, even concluding the event with a live charity auction for the benefit of The Foundation for Art & Blockchain. On 19 July 2018, the London-based auction house Christie's organized the Art + Tech Summit that discussed, among other topics, the potential of blockchain and cryptocurrency to create decentralized, secure, and trustworthy channels of online art market operations.
The code can be either directly encrypted in the artwork by the artist himself or can be purchased as a separate certificate. Presently, such ownership certificates generated through blockchain are offered by the online art platforms AllPublicArt and Seezart. In addition to the verification of the authenticity of art, blockchain has the potential to become an innovative methodological tool in provenance research. For example, the art startup Arte Questa applies blockchain to trace the provenance of artworks stolen from Jews during World War II. Like cryptocurrency, blockchain is an Internet-based technological innovation but can serve different commercial needs of both online and offline art market players. The growing presence of cryptocurrency and blockchain in the contemporary art market has several vital implications for art market research.
On the other hand, cryptomoney may result in further consolidation of online art-based lending services around one single large tech company that would dominate cross-border digital art finance. Under such circumstances, online art financial services are likely to be expected to "boom in value and economic importance"  (MacDonald-Korth 2018, p. 20). The application of blockchain in art market operations, in turn, has created new sources for the study of art market history. In this respect, the information recorded in the blockchain-based registrar can be considered as both digital-born art market data and an Internet-generated archival database. With the development of new technologies, the data sources available to art market scholars have become ever more diversified. Prior to the advent of the digital age, most sources on art trade were available only in print and only in select research and museum libraries.
Furthermore, algorithm-produced art challenges the conventional phenomenon of the singularity of art  (Boden and Edmonds 2019) , hence leading to the emergence of the term "technological singularity of art" (Kurzweil 2005), which implies that a non-biological medium has a computational capacity to emulate the richness of human intelligence to detect and suggest new original ideas. Unlike AI-generated art, AI-based online art market practices turn art market data into actionable intelligence and contribute to the emergence of machine-learning driven art market analytics. Traditional art market analytics requires "heavy IT involvement" and generates "lots of data points" that are difficult for an average user "to navigate or contextualize" (MIT Technology Review Insights 2018, p. 2). As AI-driven art market analytics is still not applied in practice, we cannot characterize precisely its advantages and drawbacks.
REMOTE SENSING AND FIELD SURVEY METHODS The archaeological surveys have been the primary source of data for the MAFGS project. The survey of the Governorate of Soulaimaniah required a broad approach; thus, it combines the study of the archaeological sites themselves with landscape analysis in order to create the datasets allowing us to address major regional-scale questions about Mesopotamian history, as did previous research in the south  (Adams 1981). The MAFGS survey methods are mainly based on the methods of British landscape archaeology established by T. J. Wilkinson (1982 Wilkinson ( , 1989 Wilkinson ( , 2003;; Wilkinson and Tucker 1995)  in Syrian and Iraqi Jazirah, in which the study of the sites (intra-sites) and the "off-site" landscapes (inter-sites) are combined for a general understanding of the territory.
The Rania and Peshdar plains and the Bngrd district reflect this trend. However, as observed by the LoNAP survey  (Gavagnin et al. 2016)  and by the French mission at Qara Dagh  (Vallet et al. 2017: 79) , carinated casseroles and hammerhead bowls-the main Late Chalcolithic 3-4 hallmarks in Northern Syria 17 -are virtually absent east of the Tigris. Besides local materials used in chaff-faced ware, some mineral-tempered types of artefact (bevelled-rim bowls and some jars with irregular criss-cross incisions) from Southern Mesopotamia, indicate the first interactions with people from Southern Uruk. 18 Likewise, the so-called "grey ware", typical 17. See, for example, at Zeytinli Bahçe or Hacinebi phase B  (Pearce 2000: fig. 5a-e, 6c; Balossi Restelli 2006: fig. 9, 11-12). 18. See, in this sense, the stratified data from Kani Shaie, Girdi Qala, Logardan of the Nineveh North Uruk phase A (Late Chalcolithic 2-3) is recorded at Blil (no.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We warmly thank first of all the  Directorate of Antiquities of Iraqi Kurdistan , its former director,  Mala Awat  (Z. Abubaker), and its current director,  K. Ali , who have provided us with the authorisation to carry out all our field missions. In particular, we would like to thank the  Soulaimaniah Antiquities Department  and its director,  K. Rasheed , who has always been highly supportive, for resolving all administrative, logistical and political problems. We also wish to thank his team, in particular our colleagues and friends who worked with us during eight campaigns as well as during the preparation of this article:  A. Ameen ,  K. Aziz  and  S. Saber. We would also like to thank the newly created  Directorate of Antiquities of Raparin  and its director  B. Baiz  for his local diplomatic assistance.
Study Design, Period, and Population In this study involving an ecological design (with TU as the study unit), we assessed the relative change in TB CNRs within the Axshya TUs (n = 36) when compared with the non-Axshya TUs (n = 7). We analyzed quarterly TU-level aggregate data in all the 43 TUs under the 15 Axshya districts in the state of Jharkhand (Figure  1 ) over 16 time periods from quarter 1 (Jan-Mar) 2012 to quarter 4 (Oct-Dec) 2015. The baseline period was from quarter 1 (Jan-Mar) 2012 to quarter 1 (Jan-Mar) 2013 in both Axshya and non-Axshya TUs.
Variables, Source of Data, and Data Collection Source of data was the published RNTCP quarterly performance reports. The following variables were collected quarter-wise in long form in an Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) sheet: district name; name of TU; unique identifier of TU (serial number 1-43); Axshya implementation status of TU; quarter of the year (first, second, third, or fourth); time period (1-16); number of patients with presumptive TB examined for sputum microscopy; number of new sputum-positive TB; number of sputum-positive TB; number of all forms of TB; and population of the TU. The number of new sputum-positive TB, sputum-positive TB, and all forms of TB included patients who were registered under the program (at TU) for treatment. Sputum-positive TB included 'new' as well as 'previously treated' TB.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors sincerely acknowledge the contribution of subrecipients of Project  Axshya for the implementation of project Axshya in Jharkhand, India: Population Services International (PSI ), India; The  Catholic Health Association of India (CHAI) ; and  Emanuel Hospital Association (EHA)  and the staff from project management unit, The Union South-East Asia Office for the supervision of the implementation ( Anand Das , currently MDR-TB and HIV specialist,  Ministry of Health ,  Timor Leste  and  ER Babu , currently working as Senior Manager, Plan International:  India Chapter ). We thank all the District Coordinators and Interpersonal Communication Coordinator of Project Axshya that were involved in implementation of the project in 15 Axshya districts during 2013-15. We also acknowledge the support received from  Liji Mohandas , The Union South-East Asia Office, in coordinating the meeting of project staff for data extraction.
RESEARCH DATA Dataset (Stata and MS Excel format) and program file (Stata DO file) used for analysis (S1 Annex) have been provided as supplementary material and can be accessed using this link https://doi. org/10. 6084/ m9. figshare. c. 4465757. These are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). The program file contains the commands for calculation of population-weighted mean TB indicators and commands related to multilevel model development.
Study Methodology We conducted participatory health studies using a CBPR approach and epidemiologic methods in three towns. Specifically, we conducted two cross-sectional health surveys of geographically-determined systematic random samples  [15]. Our first sample (data collected in 2015) was drawn from two towns (Fos-sur-Mer and Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône) located in the heart of the industrial zone of the Étang de Berre region. Our second sample (data collected in 2018) was in Saint-Martin-de-Crau, a heavy logistics (trucking) and agricultural town, about 15 miles away and on the periphery of the industrial zone. In Fos-sur-Mer and Port-Saint-Louis, we surveyed 816 respondents, and in Saint-Martin-de-Crau, there were 439 respondents, representing approximately 3% of the population in each town.
Collaborative Analyses of Data in Focus Groups Between June and December 2016, we conducted 28 focus groups in Fos-sur-Mer and Port-Saint-Louis, with two to four occurring each week (focus groups were led by Lees and colleagues). The number of attendees varied from 1-10. All survey participants and other interested residents who voluntarily gave us their email address or cell phone number (collected and stored completely independently from any health data) were invited to the collaborative workshops. Additionally, we announced the workshops on our website  [20]  and to all key informants and civic environmental associations who worked with us leading up to the survey. We had a mailing list of more than 800 contacts. Each week we sent by email or text message the day, time, and address of the focus groups.
) For example, we found that some scientists suggest that atmospheric pollutants have a role in triggering adult-onset asthma  [21]. A retired general practitioner physician living in Port-Saint-Louis also hypothesized that the local climate and vegetation form a strong allergenic background noise, which amplifies the impacts of concentrated industrial air pollution in the towns. Other focus groups were interested in the spatial distribution of cumulative asthma in the towns. We had collected our data linked to a map, with collection districts roughly correlated with the neighborhoods in each town. In presenting a map of the relative prevalence of asthma in the towns to the Fos-sur-Mer groups, two neighborhoods in their town stood out. While the prevalence of asthma in adults in Fos was higher everywhere than the French prevalence, two non-contiguous neighborhoods exceeded 20% prevalence.
From Collaborative Analysis to Final Report During the focus groups, participants were given the space to make sense of the epidemiological data from the perspective of their own lives and observations. Their observations and discussions, sometimes with medical professionals, were taken seriously and recorded by a team member. A few days after each focus group, a one-page synthesis of the group deliberations was emailed to all the participants who had attended at least once. All syntheses were immediately posted on the project's public website  [20]  so that all residents, medical professionals, local officials, and anyone else who was interested had access. The syntheses were often referred to in successive groups to enable quick uptake of previous discussions. This led to further observations of living with pollution and illness and deeply contextualizing the data in terms of lived experience.
Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the other members of the EPSEAL research team, including surveyor  Marlene Lecour  (for phase 2), surveyor (for phases 1 and 2) and project manager/focus group leader (for phase 1)  Yolaine Ferrier , and focus group assistant David Francfort (for phase 2). We also thank all of the residents and community stakeholders who participated in our study. Virginia Tech Ph. D. candidate,  Kian Lua , also provided useful assistance in preparing the manuscript. Additionally, the  Virginia Tech Open Access Subvention Fund  provided support for publication.
FUNDING This research was developed as part of the  George Washington University  initiative on PIRE:  Promoting Urban Sustainability in the Arctic  supported by the  U. S. National Science Foundation (NSF) , grant  PLR-1545913 , and as part of the " HIARC: Anthropogenic Heat Islands in the Arctic-Windows to the Future of the Regional Climates, Ecosystems and Society " project coordinated by the  Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center  and funded by the  Belmont Forum  and the  National Science Foundation.
Several mathematical models have been used to estimate the long-term impact of these strategies. Granich et al. demonstrated that annual screening with immediate treatment in heterosexual men in South Africa would reduce HIV incidence within 10 years  (8). More recently, the impact of TasP on estimated future HIV prevalence and incidence was evaluated in a high income country setting, Australia. Clinical and biological data were used to predict the number and age distribution of MSM living with HIV in the future. Simulation of increasing ART usage estimated that 90% ART enrollment could reduce HIV prevalence  (9).
Study design This study was performed on a cohort of French HIV-infected patients. It was a multicentric study. Socio-demographic variables, clinic and laboratory data were collected in an electronic medical database (Nadis® -available for the patients cohort since 2005) during the follow-up of HIV-infected patients and were extracted for a descriptive analysis. Data from patients previously monitored (since 1985) were implemented when the database was created. The diagnosis refers to new infections or unknown older infection and was obtained either by symptomatic suspicion, or by periodic screening or during medical care. Data were recorded for sex, each mode of transmission, country of birth and treatment status. The number of people living with HIV each year was estimated from diagnoses up to that year, minus background mortality as well as AIDS deaths (Figure  1A ).
HIV diagnoses from the database were grouped by exposure group (restricted, to MSM, heterosexual men, and women, plus the country of birth: France, Other or unknown NR), 5-year age group , and year of diagnosis. Other groups were excluded due to the small size of the compartment. The number of HIV infected individuals alive at year + 1 for the age group and exposure group , ( + 1, , ), was assumed equal to the number alive at year minus those who died from AIDS in year , ( , , ), or from non-AIDS causes at rate ( , ), plus those newly diagnosed ( , , ). Because we group individuals into 5-year age groups, we assume 1/5 th will age into the next age group each year. This gives the formula ( + 1, , ) = 1 5 1 -( -1, ) ( , -1, ) -( , -1, ) + 4 5 1 -( , ) ( , , ) -( , , ) + ( , , ) Correlations between numbers of HIV diagnoses and the estimated number of individuals living with HIV in each year, determined for exposure groups, were calculated and these correlations used to predict future HIV incidence, with HIV prevalence being updated through the formula above.
e. country of origin). Indeed, the Nadis database was available since 2005 and previous data related to patient follow-up have been implemented retrospectively. Because we did not include age in predictions, we used the death rate of Goehringer et al. of 0. 89% per year in future prevalence estimations, which was a higher death rate than the mean death rate from these patients over the last 5 years (of approximately 0. 26% per year)  (10, 25). Regardless of which of these rates we used, HIV prevalence was expected to increase in the future, despite eliminating new infections with increased ART, because these averaged death rates are low. Finally, no assessment of the undiagnosed group of patients was included in the model, and so diagnoses are used as representative of the size of new infections.
(6) To gauge whether this condition is empirically relevant in our context, we use data from the Labor Force survey to estimate the distribution of productivities of young unskilled North African and French males, conditional on education, labor market experience, family situation and region of residence. It is assumed that wages are determined according to equation (1) and that productivity distributions are log normal. 28 Figure  4  displays the probability density functions, the cumulative distribution functions, the French -North African reverse hazard rates difference and the weighted reverse hazard rates (i. e. the function within the integral of equations (  4 ) and (  5 )) for North African and French applicants. It emerges clearly that the productivity distribution of French reverse hazard rate dominates and first-order stochastically dominates that of North Africans.
The database has been complemented so as to survey a sufficiently high number of employers. Around 24% of the surveyed sample is composed of recruiters from our correspondence study. To ensure comparability of the recruiters interviewed in the survey with those involved in the correspondence study, we relied on the quota method, applied to the following criteria: public-private sector, sector of activity, number of employees and region. We checked that the sub-sample of respondents to the survey involved in the correspondence studies and the sample of all the recruiters who responded to the survey are comparable to the sample of all recruiters involved in the correspondence study. Table  A2  provides a comparison between these samples. To the extent that the survey touched upon possible sensitive issues about discriminatory attitudes, the interviewers started the interviews with the following claim: "Hello, I am M XXX of Viavoice institute.
In order to do so, we use data on the Parisian housing market between 2013 and 2019 provided by "MeilleursAgents. com" (hereafter "MA") an online real estate companies which helps potential sellers to find real estate agents in their neighborhood. Each client of their website (a potential seller) is put in relationships with agents who estimate the value of the property that the client wishes to sell, and may then act as a broker to this client. More precisely, regarding one of the main offer of MA called Liberty that will serve as benchmark in the following, each seller is put in relationships with two agents. After receiving their separate estimates, he may then decide to sign a mandate with zero, one or both real estate agents. In the case where the client signs a mandate with at least one agent, we observe a listing price, whether the property is sold and the selling price.
The core empirical results are obtained on real estate brokers' estimation of housing value. Subsequent analyzes are then conducted on the remaining data downstream of the sales process: selected listing price when a mandate is granted by the client, time on the market and sale price. We acknowledge potential endogeneity problems regarding the sources of variation used as a proxy of collusion : clients decide on the process (Liberty or Serenity) and influence the choice of times of visit. Somehow, even if important characteristics of clients (such as "bargaining skills" or "loss aversion") are impossible to observe, we are able to control for hedonic housing characteristics as well as for particularities stated by clients (such as "reasons to sell"). We run also additional tests, in particular by controlling with the purchase price of the apartment for sale, and by removing sales prospect that are interrupted by the seller (when no contract is signed with one of the brokers).