dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The great Gatsby-of translation-of-among Murakami-of-TOP very popular is 'Among the translations of 'The Great Gatsby', the one from Murakami is very popular. ' (52) Roma-ni-wa sekaiisan-ga takusan aru. Rome-in-TOP world heritage sites-NOM many are 'There are many world heritage sites in Rome. ' What these pieces of data suggest is that a topic phrase can exploit a licensing mechanism that is in competition with structural case assignment. If the ultimate reason that motivates the need for Case is visibility  (Chomsky 1986) , one is led to conclude that a dislocated nominal can remain case-less because it gets visible by receiving the informational structure status of a topic. An independent piece of evidence suggesting that topics do not receive structural case is the pattern observed in languages with a nominative/absolutive alignment system, like Berber and Cushitic varieties  (Comrie 2013).
, 2022). In 2014, we published the first findings from the late Early Pleistocene open-air site of Barranc de la Boella (Tarragona, Spain;  Vallverdú et al. , 2014a). We presented geological, faunal, and lithic data from the same stratigraphic Unit II at three different excavated localities. The evidence, dated to 0. 99-0. 78 Ma, included traces of hominin activity in a rich fluvial-deltaic ecosystem, including a single butchery event of one mammoth (Mammuthus meridionalis) carcass (Pit 1), as well as more sparse associations of stone tools and anthropogenic bone breakage at other localities (La Mina and El Forn). Among the stone tool collection dominated by cores and flakes, we reported isolated large cutting tools (a pick and a cleaverlike tool) that, combined with some features of the knapping methods, lead us to support an Acheulean designation  (Vallverdú et al.
In this article, we provide new data on a sample of artifacts that help us to technologically characterize the assemblage. These are the large shaped tools, including the groups of heavy-duty tools and large cutting tools (sensu  Isaac, 1977) , as well as a few but characteristic large flakes (>100 mm). These data allow us to back up our previous interpretations and support our original claim of Early Acheulean evidence in Western Europe around 1 Ma ago. We are aware that such evidence is so far scarce for that time period and geographical area, as other supposedly Iberian examples of this early presence of the Acheulean techno-complex are based on still limited information and debatable interpretations  (Scott and Gibert, 2009; Walker et al. , 2020). Consequently, the uniqueness of Barranc de la Boella justifies the need for this update.
In the current scenario involving a small number of sites that represent little more than isolated snapshots of hominin occupation  (Moncel et al. , 2018) , any robust input can be crucial for valuable reconstructions  (Key and Ashton, 2022). Thus, Barranc de la Boella contributes relevant data for reconstructing the first phases of hominin settlement in Western Europe. In technological terms, it could shed light on the apparent technological gap between the earliest (Mode 1) and later Acheulean hominin populations, as well as provide clues to addressing wider technological questions, such as the origin of the Acheulean in Europe in terms of local evolution (innovation), out-of-Africa dispersal events, and convergence phenomena.
Materials and methods This study analyzes the whole lithic assemblage of Unit II from Barranc de la Boella updated to the 2022 fieldwork season, which amounts to 966 elements. Table  1  compiles aggregate data on assemblage composition by raw materials, technological groups, and localities. However, the numbers provided cannot be taken as definitive because most of the levels of Unit II are still being actively excavated. For Pit 1, we included the materials from level 2 at Unit II (n = 427), which has a high archaeo-stratigraphic uniformity. Additionally, we have also included a schist cleaver recovered when building the protection structure; it is highly likely that this artifact comes from Unit II. Excavation in the La Mina locality has so far revealed less dense archaeological concentrations, and some of the five levels distinguished in the previous test pits have not been reached by the ongoing works.
g. ,  Ollé et al. , 2013; de Lombera-Hermida et al. , 2020) , which was complemented with different techno-typological, volumetric, and geometric morphometrical analyses  (Lombao et al. , 2020; Lombao et al. , 2022; García-Medrano et al. , 2022; García-Medrano et al. , 2023). Detailed graphic information is provided by means of systematic photography and 3D scanning with diacritic interpretation. All the tools were photographed using a Nikon D600 digital camera (AF-S DX Micro NIKKOR 40 mm lens) and scanned using the Artec Space Spider 3DScan (Artec Studio v15 software) and the Breuckmann smartSCAN3D-HE Scanner with a 250-mm field of view (Breuckmann Optocat 2012 R2-2206 software). Regarding the functional analysis of the large shaped tools from Barranc de la Boella, a residue and microwear study has been launched following a multi-technique approach that combines reflected light, 3D digital, and scanning electron microscopy (Martín-Viveros and Ollé, 2020).
g. ,  Kleindienst, 1962; Leakey, 1971; Isaac, 1977; Schick and Toth, 1993; Chavaillon and Piperno, 2004 ), using "bifacial chopper" to refer to tools with two faces flaked, rather than its equivalent "chopping tool" (e. g. ,  Movius, 1948; Bordes, 1961). Additionally, we applied 3D geometric morphometrics to analyze tool shape variation. The 3D models were processed using AGMT3-D software v. 3. 1  (Herzlinger and Grosman, 2018; Herzlinger and Goren-Inbar, 2020). This consists of a dataacquisition procedure for automatically positioning 3D models in space and fitting them with grids of 3D semi-landmarks. Each point of the grid consists of two semi-landmarks, one placed on each face of the artifact, so that a 50 × 50 grid provides 5,000 landmarks. The multivariate outline data were projected in two dimensions so that the underlying shape variables could be qualitatively examined and compared.
The alpha level for significance was determined as p < 0. 05. The landmark data were used to calculate the degree of deviation from perfect bilateral and bifacial symmetries, as well as the edge section regularity of each item in the sample  (Herzlinger and Goren-Inbar, 2020). The bilateral symmetry analysis was conducted by measuring the mean 3D Euclidean distance between a mirror reflection of the landmarks placed on one lateral half of each tool and the corresponding landmarks on the other half. The same procedure was performed for bifacial symmetry but on the two opposing faces. In a perfect bilaterally or bifacially symmetrical tool, the value of these indices is 0, with increasing values indicating less symmetrical tools.
Although the two main localities at Barranc de la Boella, Pit 1 and La Mina, are still under excavation in layers containing these assemblages, at this time, we have enough solid data to adequately depict a fluvial-deltaic landscape, to report on its paleoenvironmental features, and to identify the impact that early hominins had on it. Research conducted so far enabled us to document hot spots of activity in that landscape, which vary in spatial and temporal resolution. They include high archaeological (so behavioral) resolution records like Pit 1, together with illustrations of cumulative palimpsests indicating scarce but considerable human activity as an accumulator or a modifying agent (the El Forn and La Mina localities). At Pit 1, preliminary spatial observations enabled us to distinguish a close relationship between the faunal remains and the scatter of lithics (Figure  2 ).
As presented in the results section, the predominant types in the Barranc de la Boella assemblage are choppers and picks, both classed by these authors as heavy-duty tools, while the types they consider as LCTs are scarcer. Unifacial choppers are present in all Barranc de la Boella localities, mainly made of different varieties of schist and, in one case, of granite. They are made on flat cobbles variable in size and show primarily distal or latero-distal shaping, with only two cases of pointed morphology. The absence of recurrence in their flaking, the absence of products resulting from their knapping, the flatness of most of the blanks, and the preliminary functional data derived from macroscopic observation and primary microscopic screening are proxies that make us assume that these elements are real tools and not cores or the by-product of flake production.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to all the researchers and students involved in the excavation, preparation, and study of the archaeological record from the  Barranc de la Boella  site. The authors thank  Ajuntament de la Canonja  and  Diputació de Tarragona  for their ongoing assistance with the fieldwork, research, and dissemination efforts. The authors also thank  J. Oriol Cortés  and the  Hotel Mas La Boella  landowners for their ongoing support of the archaeological project. The photographic recording of the items received essential professional support from  Maria D. Guillén. Dr. Eudald Carbonell , the architect of the scientific framework that made the project possible, was instrumental in its inception and has continued to be involved in its progress. The authors also thank  Dr.
Funding The Barranc de la Boella fieldwork was supported by Ajuntament de la Canonja and by Departament de Cultura of Generalitat de Catalunya (CLT009/22/000024). Research was developed within the frame of the projects PID 2021-122355NB-C32 (Spanish MICINN-FEDER), SGR 2021-01239, SGR 2021-01237, and SGR 2021-01238 (Catalan AGAUR), and 2022PFR-URV-64 (URV). Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA) received financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the "María de Maeztu" program for Units of Excellence (CEX 2019-000945-M). DL was supported by a postdoctoral Xunta de Galicia grant (ED481B-2022-048). LA was the beneficiary of a H2020-MSCA-IF-2020 grant (101028232). PG-M was supported by a Beatriu de Pinós MSCA-COFUND (AGAUR) (2019 BP 00094).
AA was supported by the MICINN "María de Maeztu" excellence accreditation. JF-M was the beneficiary of a post-doctoral contract Margarita Salas from MIU, funded by the Next-Generation EU fund and by "Plan de recuperación, transformación y resiliencia". GY was supported by a MICINN grant (PRE2021-098328). AP was supported by the LATEUROPE (101052653), ERC, and European Union's HORIZON1. 1. research program. AR, AG-T, and DF were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN/FEDER): PID2021-122356NBI00. DF was supported by the MICINN FPU program (FPU20/03389).
Bioinformatic treatment of Illumina sequence data For each of the three datasets (i. e. bacterial 16S rRNA genes, archaeal 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS2), paired-end reads were demultiplexed in the different samples according to exact match adaptors (subsequently removed). The reads obtained were merged using Fast Length Adjustment of Short reads (FLASh)  [27] , based on a maximum of 10% mismatches in the overlap region. Denoising was carried out by discarding reads without the expected 200-500 bp length or that displayed ambiguous bases (N). Once sequence dereplication was done, clusterization was performed using SWARM  [28] , based on a local clustering threshold (rather than a global threshold) and an aggregation distance of 3 for identification of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Chimeric OTUs were discarded using VSEARCH  [29]  and sequences of low abundance were filtered at 0.
005% of all sequences  [30]. OTU affiliation was carried out with both RDP Classifier and BLASTn  [31]  against the 138. 1 SILVA database  [32]  for bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes and the 8. 2 UNITE database for fungal ITS markers  [33] , which was automated in the FROGS pipeline  [34]. Contaminant OTUs identified from the negative controls (blanks) samples were removed. Normalization for sample comparison was implemented by randomly resampling down to 13,467 and 12,753 sequences in the bacterial and fungal datasets, respectively, whereas the archaeal dataset was not normalized due to very low numbers of reads in dark zones.
Definition of dark zone reference criteria based on Apse data For the three domains of life, a range of criteria were defined for subsequent quantification of similarity level with the Apse's dark zones. First, genus-centered criteria were computed for Bacteria and Fungi, as follows. For the Apse's dark zone and control, the mean numbers of reads for individual genera were log transformed, and the variation in relative abundance between limestone (control) and dark zone was calculated as Δlog = log(control)log(dark zone). All taxa with a Δlog value > 1 or < -1 (arbitrarily-chosen thresholds) were selected as reference criteria, making 41 reference taxa. Second, the number of reads for Archaea were logtransformed, and the variation between control and dark zone was calculated as Δlog = log(control)log(dark zone).
1 (when |Δfold change| was between eight and nine tenths of the Δlog value for the Apse) and 0 (when |Δfold change| was above nine tenths of the Δlog value for the Apse) (Fig. 2 ). The comparisons were implemented using a script in Python version 3. 10. 1  [49]. Second, the same approach was followed with the number of archaeal reads. Third, for the criterion based on the Bray-Curtis distance (computed with 'vegdist' package in R  [39] ), a measurement of the difference between the Apse and each of the other situations studied was done, by computing (i) ⍺ = Bray-Curtis distance between the controls in the Apse and the controls in the other sampling areas, (ii) β = Bray-Curtis distance between the dark zones in the Apse and the dark zones in the other sampling areas, and (iii) (β-⍺)/⍺ representing the differential dark zone evolution between the Apse and the other sampling areas.
To understand the organization of the spatial occupation at Saqqara from the Predynastic period to the end of the Old Kingdom, a project called SIGSaqqara was launched in July 2016, supported by LabEx ArcHiMedE of Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3 University in France. 1 To carry out this study, a geographic information system (gis) linked to a database, including forms for recording semantic data, is used. Data concerning the monuments and also the owners of the tombs are recorded to better understand the necropolis and to try to grasp the factors which determined the locations chosen for construction of its various features. After careful investigation and because we believe the data should be made available, an online publication is planned for the larger public, students and researchers, which we believe will lead to further developments in analysis of this material.
Project Genesis During my PhD entitled Analyse spatiale à Saqqâra des origines à la fin de l' Ancien Empire. Les exemples des complexes funéraires de Netjerikhet et de Sekhemkhet,2 I treated the Saqqara spatial organization and I used the exam-noc ples of two circumscribed spaces: the funerary complexes of Netjerikhet and of Sekhemkhet. To understand the organization of space and its layout, I recorded the data with tools specifically created for my study: a geographic information system (gis) linked to a database. In order to analyze these funerary complexes, I recorded all the archaeological remains: structures, accesses, material, decoration and inscriptions both on architecture and on material, and human and faunal remains. Moreover, to find the information sources, a table for bibliographic references was created and another one for the pictures enabling the user to visualize the artifacts.
Issue, Aim and Main Purposes While Saqqara is the subject of many studies, paradoxically there is no global examination of the entire site to understand its spatial organization. Indeed, the main difficulty is that there is no archaeological map, namely a single map of the entire site with all the monuments identified. There are several reasons for that. 4 The SIGSaqqâra project aims to know more about the spatial organization of the site of Saqqara from the Predynastic to the end of the Old Kingdom. To address this problem and to better understand the space and its development during this period, the SIGSaqqâra project has three main purposes. The first is scientific: it is necessary to identify all the monuments present during the period studied in order to record them precisely in a database and to georeference them in a gis, from the publications (monographs, articles, reports, etc.
Tools and Methods Archaeology and Egyptology have appropriated it and are developing digital tools such as databases and gis. Indeed, these tools can be used to meet several needs in the framework of different studies, including research on networks,5 on landscapes6 or work on endangered heritage and sites or monuments with risks,7 for example. Office for the Environment in the ambit of the environmental programme of application of the neap which, for the part concerning the safeguarding of the cultural heritage, has the sca (Supreme Council for Antiquities) as its operative counterpart"  (Ago, Bresciani, GIammarusti 2003, 76). The aims of this project was to create a "computer model as a support to analysis and for proposals for the minimization of the environmental degradation which is impoverishing Egyptian archaeological sites", to aid the "sca to improve the archaeological sites' management" and to create "an integrated system of support and development of Egyptian civil In order to carry out this study, my work uses the digital tools-database and gis-created during my PhD.
Some criteria were considered to choose the software. For different reasons,8 I chose Microsoft Access9 and ArcGIS. 10 One of the reasons for choosing this software is that they are complementary and compatible. Indeed, thanks to the personal geodatabase in ArcGIS, the information recorded in one of these tools is directly visible in the other one. To gather the documentation and thus record the data, I chose to create a database with a database management software. I did so because a database management software makes it possible to create forms which allow better ergonomics for the recording of data but also for their management: editing, deleting or simply for consultation. Each entity is identified by a unique identifier. Furthermore, in a database, it is possible to record entities that could not be represented in the gis for various reasons such as the fact that the location is lost.
Six hundred monuments were surveyed and the information about them was organized in a Microsoft Access database in which environmental, archaeological, tourism and conservation data could be recorded. These monuments were then located on a georeferenced map, in a gis under Esri ArcView. The second phase aimed to assess the vulnerability and dangers that Saqqara and its monuments can withstand. Finally, the third phase was the actual analysis of the different risks experienced by the North Saqqara site through the exploitation and development of the gis  (Ago, Bresciani, GIammarusti 2003, 90-96). More recently, the eamena project focuses on the Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East & North Africa, including Roman military sites in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. "eamena's primary aim is to rapidly record and evaluate the status of the archaeological landscape of the mena region in order to create an accessible body of data which can be used by national and international heritage professionals to target those sites most in danger and better plan and implement the preservation and protection of this heritage" (https://eamena.
Semantic Data In the database, the data are classified by type of entities. These are the tables. In each table, fields are created to record all the data useful for analysis. For this project, I wanted to record the monuments with the numbers attributed by the discoverers, the types of tombs and the materials, among others. The owners are also considered with their names and titles written on the walls of the monuments. The hypotheses about the filiation are also recorded. Images are also visible with their names, for example. Finally, to find the sources of the information, the bibliographic references are also still recorded in the table "Bibliography" with its own fields. These semantic data are linked to the geometrical data in the gis, thanks to the unique identifier of each entity.
In order to understand the organization of the monuments, the site topography can be taken into account thanks to a dtm. After a work on contour lines, a tool contained in the gis software generates the dtm. The colors range from blue for the lowest places to red for the highest places  (Figure 15. 11). It allows us to better visualize the topography of the site and to know which monuments are built on more or less high ground compared to other monuments. By crossing the dtm data with the attribute data on the architecture and the dating: the monuments with a palace-façade motif dating from the First Dynasty, the result appears directly in the software. The result is quick and easy to obtain. Moreover, the visual aspect of the result: a map with the location of the selected tombs on a background with different colors according to the terrain levels makes it easy to see and understand the situation.
Geographical Data The geographical data, which means the location of the tombs in the space, can be examined too. Indeed, it is, for example, possible to query the data to know which monuments are at a distance of less than 75 meters from a royal funerary complex (Figure  15. 12). noc The result provides 96 monuments. Then, it is possible to query the status of the owners of these tombs. In the database, 744 individuals are listed. I recorded titles for only 138 of them buried in 127 different monuments, some individuals being buried in the same tomb. In the gis, 112 out of these 127 monuments containing deceased persons whose titles are recorded, are represented (Figure  15. 13). These monuments host 123 individuals. Afterwards, the analysis can be refined. If the 96 monuments located at a distance of less than 75 meters from royal complexes (Figure  15.
14) are queried on the titles of their owners, it is striking to note that 25 monuments host 27 individuals bearing the title of smḥr wʿty (Figure  15. 15), which means more than a quarter of the monuments. It is also very important to remember that the titles of all the persons buried in these 96 tombs have not been recorded in the database. Therefore, it is possible that there are more individuals bearing this title of smḥr wʿty and therefore more monuments concerned. In total, there are 33 monuments drawn in the gis hosting 36 persons bearing the title of smḥr wʿty  (Figure 15. 16). With recording being in progress, the results are incomplete. But some serious avenues of reflection and work are emerging. The tools provided by the gis software, make it possible to test some hypotheses and to produce documents that can help to make decisions and help research.
Online Publishing After the data analyses, the data are planned to be published online to disseminate the data to the scientific community and the general public. Several options are possible in order to share, present, query, store and keep the data to save them. However, some questions about the accessibility of the information must be studied because the information is sensitive due to the georeferencing of the data. A lot of options were considered in order to choose the most appropriate format and to plan accessibility, given that the data must be fair (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable). In order to collect the opinion of the future users and to know what they expect, I elaborated and conducted a survey. 19 The survey was carried out on different publics: researchers, students, Egyptophiles and the general public to know more precisely about their needs and expectations.