dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The influence of the new substitutions on the biodistribution profile was evaluated in BALB/c nude mice xenografted with A431-CCK2R and A431-mock cells. At the moment, this transfected cell line seems most suitable to evaluate the targeting potential, since no natural cell line expressing human CCK2R is currently available. This mouse-xenograft-model also includes a mock-transfected negative control, allowing us to demonstrate the specificity of tumor binding and has already been used for the evaluation of a variety of CCK2R-targeting peptide analogues allowing for comparison with data generated by other groups. When comparing the influence of Pro substitution in the different N-terminal positions with data obtained for DOTA-MGS5, a similar biodistribution profile in terms of nonspecific organ uptake as well as uptake in kidneys and CCK2R-expressing organs, stomach and pancreas, was found.
The radiodetector was equipped with two different loops, a low-sensitivity loop of 5 μL and a high-sensitivity loop of 250 μL allowing for a better signal during analysis of samples with low activity obtained from stability studies in vivo. For matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) a Bruker microflex benchtop MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) was used in reflector acquisition mode with a positive-ion source and 200 shots per spot. MALDI samples were prepared on an α-cyano-4hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA) matrix using the dried droplet procedure. Flex Analysis 2. 4 software was used to analyze the recorded data. Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Compounds 1-3 were synthesized following a standard 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) protocol on Rink amide MBHA resin (Novabiochem, Hohenbrunn, Germany).
AR42J rat pancreatic tumor cells (ECACC, Salisbury, U. K. ), physiologically expressing the rat CCK2R were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium containing the same supplements as described above at 37 °C in a humidified 95% air/5% CO 2 atmosphere. Subculturing of the cells was performed three times a week when cells approached confluence in a ratio of 1:2-1:3 using a 10× trypsin (2. 5%) solution. Media and supplements were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Vienna, Austria). Characterization of the In Vitro Properties and Stability Studies in Different Media. First, in vitro characterizations of 1-3 were performed after  111  In-labeling to generate data comparable to previously investigated MG analogues presented by our group. In vitro stability studies characterizing the complex stability as well as the metabolic stability of the radiolabeled peptide analogues were carried out in PBS, fresh human serum, and rat liver and rat kidney homogenates.
After subtraction of mean Journal of Medicinal Chemistry fluorescence background, data were normalized taking as references the amplitudes measured after ejection of medium alone (0%, no selfeffect) or 10 -6 M pentagastrin (100%, maximum response). EC 50 values were calculated with the Prism 4. 0 software using a logistic equation. Results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) for at least three independent experiments in triplicate. Cell Uptake Studies. For internalization experiments, A431-CCK2R and A431-mock cells were seeded at a density of 1. 0 × 10 6 cells per well in six-well plates and grown for 48 h until reaching almost confluence. On the day of the experiment, the cells were washed twice with ice-cold internalization medium supplemented with 1% (v/v) fetal bovine serum.
i. and at a higher injected peptide amount of 150 pmol. Additional animal studies were performed for the  111  In-labeled conjugates. Percentage of injected activity per gram tissue (%IA/g), tumor-to-organ activity ratios, as well as whole body activity were calculated for each sample and statistical analysis using independent two-population t-test (significance level p < 0. 05) was performed using Origin software. For the comparison of more than two groups, data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) Holm-Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc analysis (significance level p < 0. 05) using Microsoft Excel 2010 software (Microsoft Excel 2010, Microsoft Corporation, WA). ■ ABBREVIATIONS ACN, acetonitrile; BSA, bovine serum albumin; BOC, tertbutyloxycarbonyl; CCK, cholecystokinin; CCK2R, cholecystokinin-2 receptors; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; DTPA, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; DOTA, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid; HATU, O-(7-azabenzotriazole-1-yl)-N,N,N′N′-tetramethyluronium hexa-fluorophosphate; HCCA, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; HOAt, 1-hydroxy-7-aza-benzotriazole; MTC, medullary thyroid carcinoma; MG, minigastrin; (N-Me)-Nle, N-methyl-norleucine; NMP, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; RCP, radiochemical purity; RT, room temperature; SPPS, solidphase peptide synthesis; SPE, solid-phase extraction; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid.
Study design and participants EDITION 1, 2 and 3 (ClinicalTrials. gov: NCT01499082, NCT01499095, and NCT01676220, respectively) were multicentre, randomised, open-label, two-arm, parallel-group, phase 3a studies in people with T2DM  [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]. The studies comprised a 6-month main treatment phase and a 6-month safety extension period. In EDITION 1, participants had established (! 1 year) basal and mealtime insulin therapy with or without metformin [20], EDITION 2 participants had at least 6 months' prior basal insulin treatment in combination with other oral anti-hyperglycaemic agents  [22] , and in EDITION 3, participants were insulin naı ¨ve but used other anti-hyperglycaemic agents prior to screening  [23]. The key inclusion criteria of the EDITION studies were: 1) participants aged ! 18 years with T2DM, 2) HbA 1c ! 7.
In reality, 399 older adults comprise a heterogeneous population and clinical 400 decisions should be made based on factors such as functional 401 status, comorbidities, frailty  [14]. Notwithstanding these limita-402 tions, this analysis provides valuable information regarding the 403 safety and efficacy of basal insulins in an older group of individuals 404 who are often excluded from clinical trials. SENIOR 405 (NCT02320721), is a dedicated randomised controlled trial 406 investigating the safety and efficacy of basal insulins (Gla-300 407 versus Gla-100) in older adults (! 65 years of age), which may 408 address many of the limitations of this post hoc analysis 409  [31]. Furthermore, SENIOR was designed such that 20% of enrolled 410 participants were ! 75 years of age, thereby enabling adequate 411 power to detect statistical differences between treatments in this 412 population  [31].
Region of interest (ROI) was manually drawn on reconstructed images using the Nucline software (v1. 02) on several organs (MCF-7 tumors, lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, stomach, brain, bones, and muscle) at each time point, and data were expressed as percentage of injected activity per volume of tissue (%IA/ mm 3 ). SPECT and CT dicom files were fused using PMOD v3. 5 (PMOD Technologies Ltd. , Switzerland).
Acknowledgements We thank the technical staff members of the  AIFIRA  facility  P. Alfaurt  and  S. Sorieul. We thank  G. Devegraves ,  H. Seznec , and  P. Barberet  for their help during the sample preparation and data analysis. Imaging of samples for PIXE experiments was performed on the  Bordeaux Imaging Center , member of the  France-BioImaging national infrastructure  ( ANR-10-INBS-04 ). Authors also thank  Prof B. Guillet  ( CERIMED, Aix Marseille-University ) and  E. Gontier  ( University of Bordeaux ) for their support.
98). In contrast to the emerging agreement on the definition of disaster risk, it is still not possible to find consensus on how disaster is defined. Disaster is usually defined in accordance with damage intensity levels. According to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED 2015), a disaster corresponds to any event exceeding 10 fatalities and/or 100 affected individuals. This definition is highly challenged because it differs depending on the disaster inventory database used  (Lopez-Pelaez and Pigeon 2011; Menoni and Margottini 2011; UNISDR 2015). Shi and Kasperson (2014, p. 3) consider that ''disaster losses and damages are consequences of the interactions of hazards (H), exposures (S) and the environment system (E) in which disasters occur,'' and they do not give any quantitative threshold for the definition of a disaster based on the intensities of damages experienced during an event.
Acknowledgements This article highlights the results of two different research projects: (1) the  GeoRisCA  project (Contract No. SD/ RI/02A ) financed by the  program ''Science for Sustainable Development'' of the Belgian Science Policy ; and (2) the  SF INTERREG program  ( Swiss-French interregional cooperation programme ) cofinanced by the  European Union  and the  Swiss Confederation. Special acknowledgment to  Clarisse Baligamire ,  Toussaint Mugaruka Bibentyo ,  Antoine Dille ,  Christian Kalikone Buzera ,  Sylvain Kulimushi Matabaro ,  Elise Monsieurs  for their helpful discussions.
The Cobas ® EGFR V2 test analysis 46 EGFR mutation at DNA level was performed following the company's instructions. For both the MTP and GRO cohorts, molecular testing for Cobas ® were performed in the ISO15189-accredited laboratory of molecular pathology. Cobas ® test results were retrieved from the pathological molecular diagnostics archives or biobank database. Plasma samples were collected in cell-free DNA blood collection tubes (BCTs) (Streck, Omaha, NE, USA), except for 33 samples collected in EDTA tubes in the MTP cohort. Cell-free DNA BCTs were processed within 24 hours and EDTA samples within 4 hours after blood collection. Samples were centrifuged at 1600× g (Streck and EDTA) for 10 minutes to separate lymphocytes from plasma. The supernatant was subsequently centrifuged for 10 minutes at 16,000× g to remove the remaining debris.
Dataset Datasets are only composed of images. Unlike recent aerial campaigns, no information about their exposure time nor the camera * Corresponding author. calibration is provided with images, yet it is here assumed that they were shot with the same camera and following the same acquisition pattern  (Abdullah et al. , 2013)  which consists on several stripes, with overlaps to ensure stereoscopic analysis. Geometric processing of these images have been done using MicMac photogrammetric software (ENSG, 2016)  (Rupnik et al. , 2017) : images are oriented and orthorectified, making it possible to generate raw orthophotomosaic renderings as shown on Figure  1. There are many ways of mosaicking per image orthophotos, some using more advanced blending methods than others. Yet, in order to focus this work on image radiometric corrections, it was decided to consider only two very simple rendering solutions: using the overlaps (Figure  1a ) where each pixel is the mean of the different contributing images or choosing the contribution of only one image per pixel, usually the one which the centre is the closest to the considered pixel, which leads to a Voronoi cells partition (Figure  1b ).
PERSPECTIVES Compared to existing radiometric equalization methods, without any context information, the proposed simple approach gives better visual results. Yet, this method is only limited to panchromatic images. Applying it directly to colour images (separately on red, green and blue bands) leads to some drab and unsightly results shown in Appendix B. The colour approach should be considered in a different way, typically by first avoiding using fixed global mean and standard deviation as it is done in this work. Another perspective would be to perform the method directly on "raw" images (e. g. before orthorectification) and see its influence on the photogrammetric process leading to final product as digital terrain model and orthorectified images. Eventually, the last step would consist on testing our method on larger datasets, like for example a region or a whole country in order to discuss it possible limits.
Data and Methods The data analyzed in this paper is taken from the SITAF Corpus, which was collected at Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3 by Céline Horgues and Sylwia Scheuer  (Horgues & Scheuer 2015). It comprises 21 dyadic face-to-face interactions between native and non-native speakers of French and in English (aged 17-22) in control (L1-L1) and tandem (L1-L2) settings. The participants (undergraduate students) were recruited on a voluntary basis, and were recorded twice during a three-month interval, once following their first encounter at the beginning of the Spring semester, and the second time near the end. They were encouraged to meet regularly between the recording sessions and during the academic year. During the recording sessions, the participants took part in three communicative tasks, first in English and then in French: (1) "Liar, liar", a storytelling task in which one participant had to tell about their last vacation and insert three lies in the story that was later identified by the tandem partner; (2) "Like Minds" an argumentative task in which the two partners had to discuss a controversial topic and decide on their level of agreement; (3) a reading task during which the participants were asked to read a small text written in their second language, first with the help of their tandem partner, and a second time on their own.
The tasks were video-recorded using three different cameras (one recording each participant, and one filming both of them in the frame). The two sequences analyzed in this paper are taken from a selection of the data used in previous studies conducted on (dis)fluencies  (Kosmala et al. 2019)  which comprises 12 dyadic interactions (6 in French, 6 in English) from the argumentative task (total duration of 55 minutes). Several researchers have explored the multimodal quality of the SITAF Corpus and worked on various topics, such as corrective feedback  (Horgues & Scheuer, 2015, Debras et al. in press ) miscommunication (Horgues and Scheuer 2017) chains of reference  (Debras & Beaupoil-Hourdel, 2019)  and hesitation disfluency  (Kosmala & Morgenstern 2017, Kosmala et al; 2019; Kosmala, forthcoming).
0, 150 mM KCl made with D 2 O) and an equal volume of precipitant (2. 25 M Li 2 SO 4 , 0. 1 M HEPES pH 8. 3 -8. 9 made with D 2 O). The drop was allowed to equilibrate with 700 μl of precipitant. Crystals appeared in 2 -14 days. Once the crystals were fully grown, the crystals were transferred and kept in the mother liquor with D 2 O until needed. Formation of the ferric APX-ascorbate complex was achieved by soaking the APX crystals in 50 mM ascorbate solution made with D 2 O mother liquor for 10 minutes at 4 °C and then cryo-cooling crystals in liquid nitrogen. Successful formation of the complex was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The ferric APX-ascorbate complex is stable and non-catalytic in the absence of peroxide  (42). X-ray data collection. The X-ray structure of the ferric APX-ascorbate complex was solved by merging the first 10° of data from ten different crystals to avoid photoreduction effects in the X-ray beam.
The datasets were collected in-house at 100 K using CuKα radiation (λ = 1. 5418 Å) from a Rigaku MicroMax 007HF generator. Crystals of ferric APX soaked with ascorbate as above and 20 images of 0. 5° oscillation with 1 s exposure per image were recorded on a Rigaku Saturn 944+ detector to a resolution of 1. 8 Å from each crystal. Data were indexed using iMOSFLM (43) then scaled and merged using AIMLESS as part of the CCP4 suite  (44). The statistics for the X-ray data collection are shown in Table  S1. Neutron data collection of ferric APX. Data were collected on a perdeuterated APX crystal at the LADI-III beamline at Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble. For data collection cold neutrons with wavelengths from 2. 87-3. 4 Å were used. Quasi-Laue neutron diffraction data extending to 2. 2 Å resolution were collected at 100 K.
The neutron data were processed using the program LAUEGEN modified to account for the cylindrical geometry of the detector  (45). The program LSCALE  (46)  was used to determine the wavelength-normalisation curve using the intensities of symmetry-equivalent reflections measured at different wavelengths. No explicit absorption corrections were applied. These data were then merged in SCALA  (44). The statistics for the neutron data collection are shown in Table  S1. Neutron data collection of ferric APX-ascorbate complex. Data were collected at the BIODIFF beamline at the FRM II research reactor. A large single crystal of perdeuterated APX was soaked with ascorbate as above, to form the APX-ascorbate complex, and was then directly cryo-cooled to 100 K in a N 2 gas cryo-stream and stored in liquid nitrogen prior to data collection.
Monochromatic neutron diffraction data were collected to 2. 1 Å resolution at 100 K. The diffraction data were indexed and integrated using HKL2000_v705b and scaled using SCALEPACK  (47). The statistics for the neutron data collection are shown in Table  S1. Joint structure refinement. For the ferric APX structure, crystals used for the data collection were isomorphous with the previously published APX X-ray structure (PDB ID: 1OAG). All solvent molecules and ligand were removed from 1OAG which was then used as the starting model. For the ferric APX-ascorbate complex, the low-dose X-ray structure was solved and refined first, then used as a starting model for the structure of the APX-ascorbate complex. For both structures, the joint X-ray and neutron refinements were carried out with PHENIX  (48).
The restraints file for Arg38 was modified to accommodate the observed neutral guanidine form in the ferric APX-ascorbate complex. D 2 O molecules were added based on a neutron F o -F c map. The model building was completed with Crystallographic Object-Oriented Toolkit (COOT) software  (49). Determination of the identity and the position of heme ligand were based on neutron data only. Joint X-ray/neutron structural refinement statistics are given in Table  S1. Atomic coordinates have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession codes 6XV4 (APX-ascorbate complex) and 6TAE (ferric APX). Computational Methods. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using NAMD  (50)  and the CHARMM36 forcefield  (51)  with additional parameters as described in the Supporting Information.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge beam time allocation, awarded from the BIODIFF beam line at FRM II and the  LADI-III at ILL. This work was funded by  BBSRC  (grant  BB/N015940/1  to PCEM and ER, and  BB/M026280/1  to MWvdK),  EPSRC  through the  UK Catalysis Hub  ( EP/M013219/1  to RS, MWvdK, AJM). Computational resources were provided by the  Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol  (http://www. bristol. ac. uk/acrc) and the  ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service  (http://www. archer. ac. uk) via HECBioSim (grant  EP/L000253/1 ). We are grateful to an anonymous reviewer for pointing out possible comparisons with other proton channels, and to  Peter Rich  ( University College, London ) for helpful discussions on cytochrome c oxidase.
e. unearned income) and preferences on work conditions, we face two major difficulties. First, we need to find a good proxy for outside employment opportunities. Unfortunately, the French LFS does not contain information allowing for the precise computation of the value of leisure, home production or the amount of unemployment benefits (UB) that were previously received by currently employed workers. We propose, then, three alternative indicators that proxy outside employment opportunities. The first indicator is home ownership. According to the Household Wealth and Debt Survey 2016 5 The department is the geographical administrative unit immediately below region in France and it can be assimilated to a commuting zone. 6 There is no publicly available data before this date. 3 of the euro area, in France home ownership accounts on average for 75% of total assets owned by French households.
While with data available in the French LFS it is not possible to know the individual's race, there is information on many other demographic characteristics. We propose then a counterfactual weight approach consisting of imposing for every year identical gender, age, education, civil status (i. e. married or not) and children composition to immigrants and natives. In this way, we eliminate the part of the immigrant-native gap in work conditions explained by differences in preferences driven by demographic composition. The empirical analysis allows us to draw three major conclusions which are consistent with predictions from the theoretical framework. First, the average immigrant-native gap in work conditions is larger in the presence of rigid wages. Second, high unearned income is associated with better work conditions.
, 2019)  but these studies ignore the full cost of introducing or increasing the minimum wage since they neglect the impact on work conditions. For minimum wage earners, work conditions become the only adjustment variable, implying an increased inequality in work conditions across individuals differing in their reservation wage. Because immigrants on average have a lower reservation wage than natives, their relative work conditions should be worse when paid at the minimum wage. Our paper suggests then that policymakers should consider the loss in workplace safety (and how much that costs) when weighing the costs and benefits of raising the minimum wage. The paper is organized as follows. The theoretical framework and its predictions are ex-plained in Section 2. Section 3 describes our databases and the merging procedure between the LFS, activity branch data, O*Net and data coming from the rental housing directory.
Because the O*NET database does not provide information on workers, we are unable to monitor the evolution of task requirements within a given occupation 20 but any change in the task content of an occupation will affect both immigrants and natives, implying that this limitation should not impede our analysis. We apply the strategy of  Autor et al. (2008)  and  Autor and Dorn (2013)   Survey" to build occupational task indices that they apply to the French professional classification of occupations. They take as a starting point the estimations of  Tidjens et al. (2011)  who, working with 8 European countries (including Germany and France), find that occupational tasks performed in these countries are similar. Laffineur and Mouhoud (2015)  show that differences between estimates using the German "Qualification and Career Survey" and those using O*NET cannot be attributed to differences in the task content of occupations between the U.
S. and Germany (and thus France). They use estimates from the O*NET index since the O*NET provides more details on task intensity over a wider range of tasks. 19 The EurOccupations project was aimed at building a publicly available database containing the most common occupations in a multi-country data collection. The database includes a source list of 1,594 distinct occupational titles within the ISCO-08 classification, country-specific translations and a search tree to navigate through the database. It also provides a mapping table between the EurOccupations classification and the ISCO-08 classification, as well as a French translation of these occupations. We are very grateful to Professor Kea Tijdens for providing this database. 20 This is done in  Atalay et al. (2018)  where there are important biases due to the endogenous attrition.