dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In this work, the atomic data were obtained in the DCA approach. Although this one is more accurate for high-Z elements, we have checked that this approximation is accurate enough for the plasma properties analyzed. In any case, in Sec. IV C we present calculations of the radiative power loss calculated both in DCA and DLA approaches in order to show the effect of the atomic description used in the theoretical calculation of the criteria of thermal instabilities. For the range of plasma conditions of interest in this work, with mass densities from 10 -6 to 10 -5 g cm -3 and electron temperatures between 10-15 eV, the ions of argon found are between Ar 3+ and Ar 10+. So, we have selected these ions to illustrate the atomic configurations included in this work in the DCA approach. For the former ion, the ground configuration is [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3 and the configurations included were 3(s,p) m 3d m (with m = 1 -5, m = 0 -4, m + m = 5), where (s,p) m denotes all the configurations that arise from all the possible distributions of the m electrons in subshells 3s and 3p, 3(s,p) 4 (nl) 1 , 3(s,p) 3 3d 1 (nl) 1 , 3(s,p) 2 3d 2 (nl) 1 (with n = 4-10 and l = 0,.
The average ionizations obtained in conjunction with the relative abundances of Ar and Al and the density of matter were used to compute a new electron density for the mixture. This one was sent back to the single element population kinetics model for obtaining a new set of level populations and average ionizations. This process continued until the relative differences between all the fractional populations of each atomic level of both Ar and Al of two consecutive steps of the iterative procedure are lower than a certain tolerance imposed. The atomic kinetic models used in this work to perform the numerical simulations of the radiative properties for monocomponent and multicomponent plasmas, both in LTE and NLTE regimes, are integrated in a numerical code named MIXKIP, an extension of a previous code ABAKO  [45, 46] , developed to model steady-and non-steady-state multicomponent plasmas.
C. Calculation of the plasma radiative properties Plasma radiative properties are calculated using the RAPCAL code  [46, 47]. The monochromatic emissivity and absorption are denoted in this work as j (ν) and κ(ν), respectively (where we have omitted the dependence on the position and time to simplify the notation) and both of them include the boundbound, bound-free, and free-free contributions j (ν) = j bb (ν) + j bf (ν) + j ff (ν), (6) κ(ν) = κ bb (ν) + κ bf (ν) + κ ff (ν), (7) where ν is the photon frequency. The bound-bound contribution to the emissivity is given by j bb (ν) = ζ i,j j ζj →ζ i (ν), (8) with j ζj →ζ i (ν) = hν 4π N ζj A ζj →ζ i φ ij (ν), (9) where A ζj →ζ i is the Einstein coefficient for spontaneous deexcitation between the bound states j,i of the ion ζ and h is the Planck's constant.
Data were collected on right/left upper limb in three experimental conditions: (1) at baseline, (2) after sham stimulation (20 min of sham stimulation), and (3) after tCCDCS. The rationale for this design baseline-sham-tDCS in cerebellar disorders has been explained elsewhere  (7). For sham and anodal stimulation of the cerebellum, the sponge electrode-size: 50 mm × 40 mm-was positioned at the level of the posterior fossa on the right side with the center of the sponge at about 3 cm to the right of the inion, in order to target the right cerebellar hemisphere, given the lateralized cerebellar functions for upper limbs  (16). The second sponge electrode-the cathode; same size than anode-was applied over the left motor cortex at the level of the hand representation. Electrodes were soaked with a solution of NaCl 0.
We performed the spectral analysis using fast Fourier transform as recommended using Matlab (MathWorks, USA)  (17, 18). The 30-s time series were segmented into 10 segments of 3 s. Autospectra of 10 sequential 3 s data epochs were averaged to produce smoothed auto-spectra, with mean removal and a Hamming window for each data segment  (17). The following spectral parameters were extracted, and means were computed for the three experimental conditions: maximal PSD, peak frequency of power spectra, center frequency (median value of the area below the power spectrum), and frequency dispersion (frequency width of the interval around the center frequency that contains 66% of the total power spectrum)  (19, 20). Composite data (square root of the sum of the accelerations squared for all three axes) were processed as reported earlier  (20, 21).
Data presented in Section "Results" are mean ± SD of the three recordings performed in each experimental condition. We did not assess kinetic tremor because it was much more variable in our patient as compared to the steady postural tremor. We also assessed the effects of tCCDCS on dysmetria of the wrist using the haptic technology as reported previously  (16). Sets of 10 fast flexion pointing movements were recorded for three targets (0. 2, 0. 3, and 0. 4 rad; sampling rate for the position signal: 2,048 Hz). We recorded the surface EMG activities of the flexor carpi radialis (agonist) and extensor carpi radialis (antagonist) muscles (amplification: 1,000, filter settings: 20-500 Hz; Delsys surface electrodes, USA). We averaged each set of 10 movements both for wrist angle data and rectified EMG data.
We extracted the mean amplitudes of movements and the onset latencies of antagonist EMG activities  (16). Kinematic and EMG data were compared with those obtained previously in a control group using the same experimental conditions (n = 8 right-handed healthy subjects, mean age ± SD: 34. 8 ± 10. 2 years; three women)  (22). Values of this control group were used to compute z scores in the three experimental conditions as follows: z x = - ( )/ µ SD where x is the mean kinematic (or EMG) data for a given target (0. 2, 0. 3, or 0. 4 rad) in the patient, μ is the corresponding mean value in the control group, and SD is the standard deviation of the corresponding parameter in the control group. At the end of the recording session, we asked the patient whether she could identify the order of stimulation (sham versus anodal).
Spectra analysis All MS spectra from bloody WFPs with crushed abdomens from mosquitoes fed on human, sheep, rat, rabbit, dog and chicken blood collected at 12 hours after feeding were viewed and analyzed using Flex analysis v. 3. 3 software. To determine reproducibility and specificity, the bloody WFP MS spectra from the preliminary and secondary phases of this study were aligned with homologous MS spectra of intact abdomens available in the database. The alignment was performed by Flex analysis and using ClinProTools 2. 2 (Bruker Daltonics) software. We performed a comparison of MS spectra obtained from our previous work using intact engorged mosquito abdomens with those obtained in this study from abdomens crushed on WFPs to determine the MS spectrum stability of bloody WFPs. The software (Bruker Daltonics) was used to compare the average spectra obtained from the four spectra of each sample.
Blind tests MALDI-TOF MS spectra obtained from engorged mosquito abdomens crushed on WFPs were evaluated against our home-made arthropod database. This database has been upgraded since our proof-of-concept report  [12]. The database includes the spectra obtained from (i) the intact abdomens of mosquitoes engorged on 17 host bloods (Homo sapiens, Equus caballus, Ovis aries, rabbit, Balb/C mouse, Rattus norvegicus, Canis familiaris, Bos taurus, Capra hircus, Gallus gallus, Equus asinus, Tapirus indicus, Tapirus terrestris, Carollia perspicillata, Thraupis episcopus, Erythrocebus patas and Callithrix pygmaea), (ii) bloody WFPs obtained from mosquito abdomens crushed after feeding on human or sheep blood, and (iii) various sections from 30 mosquito species (Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzi, An. funestus, An.
vCOI positive PCR products were purified using the NucleoFast 96 PCR plate (Machery-Nagel EURL, France), and sequenced using the same primers with the BigDye version 1-1 Cycle Ready Reaction Sequencing mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and an ABI 3100 automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems) to control the amplified products. The sequences were assembled and analyzed using the ChromasPro software (version 1. 34) (Technelysium Pty. Ltd. , Tewantin, Australia) and BLAST website (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; http://blast. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov).
Bloody WFP MALDI-TOF MS analysis set up The MS spectra from WFPs with and without blood from crushed abdomens were visually analyzed using Flex analysis software (Fig  1 ). The spectrum of blood-free WFPs had no peaks. The organic buffer and WFPs used as negative controls did not generate any peaks. The comparison of the MS spectra obtained from bloody (human and sheep) WFPs and those obtained from Anopheles engorged abdomens (human and sheep) showed many similar peaks for the same host blood source (Fig  1 ). The MS spectra of bloody WFPs from specimens fed on human and sheep blood were also compared using the elution method (protocol 1 and protocol 2). The representative spectra of the two bloody WFPs processed with protein elution methods revealed high peak intensities (Fig  1 ). All MALDI-TOF MS profiles from bloody mosquito WFPs using Flex analysis software clearly showed a reproducible spectrum by blood meal origin (Fig  1 ).
Assessment of MALDI-TOF MS using bloody WFPs from Anopheles gambiae Giles fed on combination host blood meals After the above set-up was complete, 40 bloody WFPs from engorged Anopheles gambiae Giles fed on rabbit, dog, rat and chicken blood were submitted for MALDI-TOF MS analysis. As the bloody WFP MS spectra were previously reported to be stable, comparison of the 40 bloody WFP MS spectra by Flex analysis software indicated a high reproducibility and specificity by blood meal origin (Fig  2 ). The bloody WFPs from crushed engorged mosquito abdomens fed on the same host were perfectly superimposable. When we tested the MALDI-TOF MS spectra obtained from the 40 bloody WFP abdomens against our MALDI-TOF MS database, the blind test revealed a 100% correct identification of the host blood source in all mosquitoes tested.
The log score values (LSVs) ranged from 1. 918 to 2. 841 (Table  2 ). A comparison of the MS spectra of crushed abdomen bloody WFPs with those of intact engorged mosquito abdomens loaded in our database indicated great similarity for mosquitoes which were fed on the blood of the same animal. The alignment reveals intra-species reproducibility and inter-species specificity (Fig  2 ).
Whatman filter storage method for mosquito blood meal identification When five bloody WFPs per storage method (-20˚C, + 4˚C and room temperature) were processed with MALDI TOF MS analysis at a given time point  (7, 14, 30 , 60 and 90 days), the blind test performed against the database reliably and correctly identified 100% of the bloody WFP (n = 150) mosquitoes tested up to three months. The log score values (LSVs) for these MS bloody WFPs ranged from 1. 612 to 2. 481 (with 134/150 > 1. 8) (Fig  3 ). Visually, the MS spectra from the stored BWFPs remained stable up to 90 days post-collection (Fig  3 ). To this end, MS spectra comparison by Flex analysis software between the three storage methods indicated similar profiles quality following these storing modes.
Identification of field mosquito blood meals A total of 216 mosquitoes collected in Comoros were morphologically identified as: 93 An. gambiae s. l. and 123 An. funestus s. l. A total of 77 females were found to be engorged, including 54 An. gambiae s. l. and 23 An. funestus s. l. The engorged female abdomens were crushed on WFPs. Twelve months later, in Marseille, the bloody WFPs were submitted for MALDI-TOF MS analysis to identify the blood meals. The 77 MS spectra obtained from the bloody WFPs were queried against our MALDI-TOF MS database. The blind test reveals that 70/77 MS spectra from Comoros submitted for MALDI TOF analysis matched human blood with high LSV scores (1. 818-2. 690) (Table  3 ). The seven remaining MS spectra from Comoros were too low and or of too poor quality to be identified by MALDI-TOF MS.
Discussion The major advantages of MALDI-TOF MS technology include the rapidity, accuracy and low cost of analyses (under US$1 per sample)  [25, 26]. This may revolutionize the entomological domain. All mosquitoes were collected 12 hours post-feeding to crushing in the whatman filter (a) Into brackets were indicated the number of MS spectrum tested against the database with a LSVs upper 1. 8 considered significative https://doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pone. 0183238. t001 Limitations of this method of specimen identification include the cost of the device and database comprehensiveness. However, when the MALDI TOF device is bought for clinical microbiology purposes, it can also be used for medical entomology at no additional cost. This is what has happened in Dakar, Senegal, where the Hopital Principal de Dakar laboratory is now equipped with MALDI-TOF devices for clinical microbiology purposes  [27] , and entomological applications have already been developed, with MALDI-TOF identification of Culicoides  [28].
Having previously reported the proof-of-concept for MALDI-TOF's ability to identify the blood meals of mosquitoes by analyzing their engorged abdomens, here we report another promising application in the field of entomology. WFPs are the most common way of collecting and preserving mosquito blood meals in the field. Since a database of several animal blood spectra obtained from engorged mosquitoes has already been created, in this study we used the Whatman filter as a as standard technique for field sample storing and transport during entomological investigations. All mosquitoes were collected 12 hours post-feeding to crushing in the whatman filter (a) Into brackets were indicated the number of MS spectrum tested against the database with a LSVs upper 1. 8 considered significative https://doi.
Conclusions Our results show the correct identification of anopheles vector blood meal sources (field catch and laboratory reared) by MALDI-TOF MS using WFPs. The future use of MALDI TOF in mosquito studies may include to identify the mosquito from legs  [13]  and the blood meal from the abdomen, and also detect Plasmodium from the cephalothoraxes  [39]. Our database could subsequently be shared and open access could be granted for routine arthropod identification either for entomological diagnosis or arthropod monitoring. Other future developments in the field of blood meals include identifying the blood meal mixture, parity status and mosquito age.
Samples tested location Morphological identification of mosquito Vertebrate species of blood origin Number of correct matching High LSVs from blind tests database Date of collect Anjouan 1 outdoor Anopheles funestus Human 1 2. 614 01/08/ (Chirove) 2015 Total 77 70 https://doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pone. 0183238. t003.
Statistical analyses. We first evaluated whether our classification of the six species as specialists or generalists based on the reported number of host plant families they attack is robust for our community of Tephritidae (because some generalist species may show differences at the population-level in number of hosts attacked, i. e. level of specialisation  40, 63  ). We did this by calculating the alpha diversity, which represents the diversity of host plants in the preference and performance of each tephritid species, using our own oviposition and survival data. This also allowed us to move beyond the dichotomous assignment into one category or the other, providing a measure of the degree of specialisation. We calculated the alpha diversity as numbers equivalents of Shannon entropy using the VEGETARIAN package  64.
Acknowledgements We thank  Jim Payet  and  Serge Glénac  for the rearing of the Tephritidae species. We also thank  Sarah Baldy ,  Sameline Richem ,  Laura Boissinot ,  Thomas Brequigny  and  Jim Payet  for their assistance on the preference or performance experiments. We are grateful to  Virginie Ravigné  for the insightful discussions on the ideas of this paper. We are thankful to  Ruth Hufbauer  for fruitful discussions, help in analyses and revising the English. We also thank  Frederic Chiroleu  for his help in statistics. This work was funded by the  European Union :  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) , by the  Conseil Régional de La Réunion  and by the  Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD). MCM was awarded a PhD grant by the  Ecole Doctorale Sciences Technologie Santé  ( Université de La Réunion ).
2 , along with FTIR spectra collected for Woodford, Marcellus, and Mancos kerogen samples. Based on the measurements of hydrogen index (HC/TOC), oxygen index (CO 2 /TOC) and vitinite reflectance, we have determined that the Woodford shale organic content is overwhelmingly composed of type-II kerogen, with a vitrinite reflectance value of 0. 63%R 0. The Mancos sample is a gas-prone, type-III kerogen (humic origin), with a vitrinite reflectance of 0. 65%R 0. The Marcellus sample is composed of mainly Type-II kerogen, with an estimated vitrinite reflectance value of 2. 51%R 0. While the simulated frequencies and intensities vary in general from experimental values, agreement between DFPT results and experimental data is generally slightly better using the type-I model than with its type-II counterpart.
Acknowledgements Sandia National Laboratories  is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by  Sandia Corporation , a wholly owned subsidiary of  Lockheed Martin Corporation , for the  U. S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration  under contract  DE-AC04-94AL85000. This work was supported by the  National Energy Technology Laboratory  (NETL) and by  Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD)  funding (both to  Y. Wang ) from  Sandia National Laboratories. This work was supported by the  X-Shale project enabled through MIT's Energy Initiative in collaboration with Shell and Schlumberger. Additional support was provided by the  ICoME2 Labex  ( ANR-11-LABX-0053 ) and the  A*MIDEX  projects ( ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ) co-funded by the  French programme Investissements d' Avenir managed  by  ANR , the  French National Research Agency.
Generation and characterization of HUMAMICE Based on the background of Sure-L1 mice (HLA-A2 +/+ /DR1 +/+ /H-2-β 2 m -/-/IAβ -/-mice), we generated the humanized mice "HUMAMICE". This was achieved by several rounds of intercrossing between Sure-L1 mice with Rag2 -/-mice, IL2rγ -/-mice and Perf -/-mice. The resulting homozygote HUMAMICE (HLA-A2 +/+ /DR1 +/+ /H-2-β 2 m -/-/IAβ -/-/Rag2 -/-/IL2rγ -/-/ Perf -/-) were determined by both specific PCR molecular genotyping and FACS analysis after specific immune-labelling (data not shown). We confirmed the immuno-deficiency characteristics of HUMAMICE by flow cytometry. Highly immuno-deficient mice such as NOG/NSG mice are characterized by the lack of almost the entire mouse-derived immune system, including murine B cells, T cells, and NK cells. Comparative cell analysis by flow cytometry between splenocytes from immuno-deficient HUMAMICE and immuno-competent C57BL/6 mice were shown in Fig 1.
[107]  in the context of the determination of the oblique parameters, which encode new physics corrections to propagators of the electroweak gauge bosons. It turns out that the effect of the oblique parameters W and Y  [11]  on the high invariant-mass tail of dσ(pp→ℓ + ℓ -) dm ℓℓ also grows with E (as opposed to that of the more familiar S and T parameters  [102] ). The current LHC constraint on W and Y are already competitive with those obtained from low-energy precision experiments, and will become more accurate with the full run-2 dataset at √ s ≈ 13-14 TeV  [107]. In the SMEFT framework, W and Y correspond to a particular pattern of vertex corrections and 4fermion operators  [44, 103] , cf. Eq. (4. 13). Therefore we expect that similar arguments apply, and that competitive bounds on the LLQQ operators can be extracted from ATLAS and CMS measurements of dσ(pp→ℓ + ℓ -) dm ℓℓ.
We also separately show the constraints obtained when the m ℓℓ ∈ [0. 5-1. 0] TeV (LHC 1. 0 ) and m ℓℓ ∈ [0. 5-0. 7] TeV (LHC 0. 7 ) data range is used. operators the two are indeed similarly sensitive. For the chirality conserving (µµ)(qq) operators the low-energy bounds are relatively weaker, especially for the operators that do not affect the muon neutrino couplings. With the exception of [O ℓq ] 2211 probed by the flavor observables, the LHC sensitivity is superior by at least an order of magnitude. Therefore in these directions in the parameter space of dimension-6 SMEFT the LHC is in a completely uncharted territory. The situation is quite opposite for the chirality-violating (ee)(qq) and (µµ)(qq) operators. There the light quark transitions offer a superior sensitivity with which the LHC cannot compete in most cases.
Acknowledgements We thank  Jens Erler ,  Jorge de Blas , and  Miko laj Misiak  for enlightening discussions and correspondence. AF is supported by the  ERC  Advanced Grant Higgs@LHC. M. G. -A. is grateful to the  LABEX Lyon Institute of Origins  ( ANR-10-LABX-0066 ) of the  Université de Lyon  for its financial support within the program  ANR-11-IDEX-0007  of the  French government. This research project has been supported by a  Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship  of the  European Commission 's  Horizon 2020 Programme  under contract number  745954  Tau-SYNERGIES.
The polarity of the dipole magnet is reversed periodically throughout data taking. The configuration with the magnetic field vertically upwards (downwards) bends positively (negatively) charged particles in the horizontal plane towards the centre of the LHC. The tracking system provides a measurement of momentum, p, of charged particles with a relative uncertainty that varies from 0. 5% at low momentum to 1. 0% at 200 GeV/c. The minimum distance of a track to a primary vertex (PV), the impact parameter (IP), is measured with a resolution of (15 + 29/p T ) µm, where p T is the component of the momentum transverse to the beam, in GeV/c. Different types of charged hadrons are distinguished using information from two ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors. Photons, electrons and hadrons are identified by a calorimeter system consisting of scintillating-pad and preshower detectors, an electromagnetic calorimeter and a hadronic calorimeter.
Further experimental constraints on Q Our estimate for the error on Q (eq. (  109 )) was based on a general order of magnitude assumption on the size of the NNLO corrections to the four leading polynomial parameters. More precise information on the size of these corrections can be derived by making use of the precise experimental results on the energy dependence across the Dalitz region, imposing that the dispersive amplitude reproduces these via a least-squares fit. Not all the four leading polynomial parameters can get independently constrained in this way since a ratio of amplitudes is involved. We will make the simple choice to fix one of them, α 0 , from its chiral value and to perform a variation of the three others β 0 , γ 0 , β 1. We will use the latest KLOE experimental data  [16]  which consist of a set of amplitudes squared, |T exp (X i , Y i )| 2 , measured over 371 energy bins in the Dalitz region and satisfying the normalisation condition |T exp (0, 0.