dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
II. A. Main modeling assumptions and capabilities As regards material behavior modeling and laws, ALCYONE code modeling incorporates in particular fuel pellet creep and cracking (along with dish filling) and, as regards the cladding, gives the possibility to account for, alternatively or in combination when relevant: • some temperature and flux-dependent yield stress models such as the one available for irradiated Zy4 (Ref. under LOCA conditions, which contribution is activated beyond a limit temperature. Most of models in ALCYONE code are implemented using the open source MFront code generator developed by the CEA in the framework of the mechanical behaviors and material knowledge management strategy of the PLEIADES platform. 15 MFront provides a set of domain specific languages handling material properties, mechanical behaviors and simple material models.
The m, K and n parameters were adjusted on a database of around 40 laboratory test results (hoop tensile tests mainly, a few axial tensile tests and closed-end internal pressurization tests) mainly obtained from the PROMETRA program. 11, 12, 13 The model is able to account precisely for the impact of temperature, strain rate, and irradiation damage on the ultimate stress, on the strain hardening exponent (up to uniform elongation) and on the plastic anisotropy of the material. It is suitable for simulations of unfailed UO 2 -M5® rods. The assumed isotropic elastic deformation is described by Hooke's law assuming a temperature-dependent Young's modulus.
III. A. Coolant and outer clad surface maximum temperature The instrumentation device of the CABRI and the NSRR tests included thermocouples (TC) placed at several axial and azimuthal locations which were used to assess the quality of the heat radial and axial transfer in the fuel pellet -claddingcoolant system. Data of measured outer clad surface temperature are provided in Refs. 7 and 21. As shown on figure  2 , the coolant (REPNa-11 and CIP0-2, at 3 TC axial levels) or outer clad surface (RH-1 and RH-2) maximum temperature and its time of occurrence during the pulse are quite well reproduced by ALCYONE. The discrepancy on (pseudo)RH-2 case is obviously related to the outer clad surface temperature being badly measured during the film boiling due to some thermocouple fin effect. In particular, the temperature drop due to heat conduction along the thermocouple wire in the measurement of cladding surface maximum temperature has been shown to reach 200 -300 K (Refs.
The Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS) provides added value to published and reference data, enabling scientific research with the data through innovative services and tools. As a long standing data centre it is important to maintain and update the processes that have been developed over many years, in particular to manage the increasing volume of publications and data. CDS presentations at the LISA conference have highlighted these developments, and a poster supporting these presentations showed the current CDS user interfaces. Here we highlight how developments in the processes and underlying databases result in new features in the CDS user interfaces.
Introduction The Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS) is an astronomy reference data centre with the core role of providing added value to published and reference data, and enabling scientific research with the data through innovative services and tools. The processes for the ingestion of data into the CDS databases are constantly revised and adapted to new requirements and new technologies  [1]. At this LISA meeting we have reported on evolutions, improvements and updates in the areas of: • Cross-identification of astronomical objects for the SIMBAD database (Brunet) • The new CDS documentalist task of curating pixel data in HiPS format (Buga) • The VizieR associated data service for data (spectra, images etc. ) connected to a journal article (Ocvirk) • The certification of CDS services with the Data Seal of Approval (Landais) • Shared nomenclature and identifiers for telescopes and instruments (Perret) • The rapid development and future visions of technologies that facilitate the documentalits' work (Schaaff).
Organisation of CDS work The CDS work is carried out by an integrated team of scientists, software engineers and documentalists with a deep level of interaction and coordination between the different types of activities. Figure  1  provides an overview of all of the activities of the CDS. The reference services are: SIMBAD, the reference database for the nomenclature and bibliography of astronomical objects (outside the solar system)  [2]. VizieR, the reference service for astronomical catalogues including tables and data published in academic journals  [3] , the Aladin interactive sky atlas, the CDS X-Match large astronomical catalogue cross-correlation service  [4] , and a new integrated CDS Portal 1.
CDS Service Interfaces Astronomers use the CDS services via the various interfaces. The CDS web pages 2  provides the starting point for access to all of these interfaces, in particular the individual web interfaces of the different services. In addition to these web interfaces there are also many programmatic interfaces to CDS services that allow calls to these services by computer programs or scripts, which are often used by external services. For example, calls to the SIMBAD name resolver which is implemented in the search field of many observatory/mission archive services. Other examples include the access to CDS services via standard IVOA 3  protocols such as the TAP (Table  Access  Protocol) interfaces to SIMBAD and VizieR that enables complex queries of these databases using the ADQL language, and also the SSA (Simple Spectral Access) and SIA (Simple Image Access) interfaces to the VizierR associated data service.
The Aladin sky atlas has two main interfaces, one a desktop application, and the other called Aladin Lite  [5]  which is a javascript widget that can be embedded in web pages. Recently CDS has released a new CDS Portal, which is an integrated interface to CDS databases, allowing uses to search across multiples services from a single query box. This has allowed us to explore and test new ideas for the interfaces, and to benefit from many improvements in the underlying database infrastructure and metadata. Figure  2  shows the result of query for information on the galaxy NGC 1365. Reference data from SIMBAD (and also NED) are provided with links to more details. The image section makes use of the new HiPS network of all-sky images  [6] , and its implementation in Aladin Lite. The metadata about the surveys allows for filtering of the hundreds of such surveys.
In addition,  Webby (2004a)  summarized the patterns provided for every single fossil group, but he (and indeed subsequent authors) did not compile the different curves into a single diagram. Following  Sepkoski (1995) ,  Webby (2004a)  considered that the pelagic and benthic realms were possibly decoupled. Webby (2004a)  noted that the timing of the major Ordovician radiations of the level-bottom and the reef communities were markedly different  (Sheehan 1985 , Webby 2002) ; the first diversified after the Early-Middle Ordovician boundary interval, the second only after the Middle-Late Ordovician boundary. Sepkoski was not able to include in his datasets all the planktonic groups, because data for some groups (including the phytoplankton) were not yet available. However, it is now evident, that in addition to the level-bottom and reef communities, there was a major diversification within the plankton much earlier than the Middle and Late Ordovician, with the possible onset of a plankton radiation as early as the late Cambrian, bolstered by a massive diversification of plankton communities after the Cambrian-Early Ordovician boundary  (Servais et al.
g. Sprinkle & Guensburg 2004). Blastozoan echinoderms, for example, show a more continuous slow increase between the late Cambrian and the Late Ordovician  (Nardin & Lefebvre 2010). Crinozoans (crinoids), however, only diversified, substantially, during the Katian (Late Ordovician). For many other benthic groups, the datasets are not complete or not up to date (see also  Servais et al. 2010) , but it appears that the 'major pulse' of diversification of level-bottom communities was observed during the Middle Ordovician, and this major pulse was considered by some authors as the GOBE (see below).
Duration of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) Classically, the 'Ordovician Radiation' (sensu Sepkoski) succeeded the Cambrian Explosion. The 'Great Ordovician Diversification Event,' as described by  Webby (2004a) , clearly spans the entire Ordovician, but usage of the term is not consistent. Previously published and most recent compilations of datasets indicate that diversity increased during the Early and Middle Ordovician, culminating in the peak diversity during the (early and middle parts) of the Late Ordovician (e. g. Kröger & Lintulaakso 2017). Following the middle Late Ordovician, global diversity declined. This decline was not as abrupt as previously assumed (with a rapid and dramatic extinction at the end of the Ordovician), but occurred over several myr, possibly due to long-term cooling associated with emerging icehouse conditions that started long before the Hirnantian (e.
2016 , Servais et al. 2016 ) and/or increasing sea-levels (Fig. 6 ), and possibly by an oxygenation event  (Saltzman et al. 2011 ), but it is so far not understood why planktonic organisms suddenly diversified during the late Cambrian -Early Ordovician. The massive increase in the diversity of level-bottom benthic organisms, clearly visible in the datasets, appearing somewhat later (with major pulses in the Darriwilian), similarly requires explanation. Tectonic or oceanic triggers or biological factors have been proposed. Stable isotope excursions (Fig. 6 ) have been introduced in the debate as well (e. g. Munnecke et al. 2010; Algeo et al. 2016)  as proxies for environmental change. Was it the presence of (phytoplankton) food that became available that fuelled the diversification of the benthos (e.
g. Bambach 1993; Martin 2003; Martin et al. 2008)  or did primary production and the biomass in the ocean increase and, if so, to what extent (e. g. Payne & Finnegan 2006, Pohl et al. this volume) ? Were the changing palaeo-oceanographic conditions (e. g. Servais et al. 2014 , Pohl et al. 2016)  or a general global cooling responsible for the radiation (e. g. Trotter et al. 2008; Nardin et al. 2011; Rasmussen et al. 2016) , possibly triggered by the appearance of land plants and the resulting decrease of pCO 2 (e. g. Lenton et al. 2012 )? Significantly, land-plant organisms are usually not integrated in current datasets and diversity trends that are typically limited to marine invertebrates (but see also  Masuda & Ezaki 2009). Nevertheless, major changes within the terrestrial ecosystems took place during the Ordovician (e.
This is a contribution to the IGCP Project 653 'The onset of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event'. This work is also a contribution to the CPER research project CLIMIBIO (we acknowledge the Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, the Hauts de France Region and the European Funds for Regional Economic Development for their financial support for this project). Part of TS's contribution for this manuscript was written whilst a Visiting Fellow at the Institute of Advanced Study (IAS), Durham University, UK. DATH acknowledges receipt of a Leverhulme Fellowship and support from the Wenner-Gren Foundation (Sweden). Bottjer et al. (2000) ,  Servais et al. (2008 Servais et al. ( , 2010)) , and  Klug et al. (2010)  respectively. The 'Furongian gap' is the late Cambrian interval with low diversities of fossil marine invertebrates between the Cambrian Explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.
Many different diversity curves have been drawn for the Ordovician. Such curves are either focused on individual fossil groups, different ecological groups or on different palaeogeographical areas ('palaeocontinents'). A few publications display global curves including all marine invertebrates (e. g. Sepkoski 1995, fig. 1; Webby 2004a, fig. 1. 1. B). One of the most recent compilations, based on the Paleobiology Database (PBDB), illustrates the Ordovician genus-level diversity trend of occurrence data, compiled by.
During 1997-2002, the members of the International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) 410 'The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Implications for Global Correlation and Resources' mostly focused on the datasets and the diversity trends of individual fossil groups. It was the following project 503 'Ordovician Palaeogeography and Palaeoclimate' (2004-2009) that attempted to find the triggers of the GOBE (Harper et al. 2011), while project 653 'The onset of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event' (2016-2020) sought the beginning of the radiation.
Human rabies surveillance and diagnosis Human rabies is a disease that has been subject to mandatory notification in France since 1952. Data from all cases of human rabies diagnosed from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2016 in France were retrieved from NRCR (database in accordance with the French Act 78-17 on Data Processing, Data Files and Individual Liberties n°1248768, 14/9/2007). Cases were defined as individuals whose infection was laboratory-confirmed and who were resident in France. The laboratory techniques used for intra-vitam diagnosis of human rabies in the NRCR were those recommended by WHO: heminested and real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-hnPCR and RT-qPCR, respectively) and virus genotyping by Sanger sequencing in saliva, skin biopsy or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and potentially, detection of rabies antibodies by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) or ELISA test (Platelia Rabies II Kit, Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, United States (US)) in serum or CSF  [25] [26] [27] [28].
Post-exposure prophylaxis surveillance In France, primary healthcare management of individuals seeking care after a potential rabies exposure is delivered through an official national network of 70 clinics distributed throughout the country  [23]. Since 1994, 80% to 95% of these centres (depending on year of study) have completed online standardised report forms for all outpatients (Vaccilab/Voozanoo, Epiconcept, Paris, France), accessible only to the members of the network, using individual logins and passwords. Aggregated data concerning PEP are prospectively collected and analysed by the NRCR and published annually  [30]. We considered all data concerning individuals seeking PEP in France from 1995 to 2016. Data included patient demographics, animal characteristics, exposure details and information about PEP if administered.
Acknowledgements The authors particularly thank  Alexandra Mailles , from  Santé publique France  (the  French National Public Health Agency ), for her review of the manuscript and her helpful suggestions. The authors also thank all personnel from the  French network of antirabies clinics , who collected and sent their data to the National Reference Center for Rabies and all the employees of the National Reference Center for Rabies for their contribution. Finally, the authors thank  Santé publique France , the  French Directorate General for Health  and the  Pasteur Institute  for their financial support.
Reducing environmental health inequalities has become a major focus of public health efforts in France, as evidenced by the French action plans for health and the environment. To evaluate environmental inequalities, routine monitoring networks provide a valuable source of data on environmental contamination, which can be used in integrated assessments, to identify overexposed populations and prioritize actions. However, available databases generally do not meet sufficient spatial representativeness to characterize population exposure, as they are usually not assembled for this specific purpose. The aim of this study was to develop geoprocessing procedures and statistical methods to build spatial environmental variables (water, air, soil, and food pollutant concentrations) at a fine resolution, and provide appropriate input for the exposure modelling.
The analysis of spatial environmental data to assess exposure, is a fundamental element that first requires different scientific limitations to be overcome, such as the linkage of the several databases to describe the global source-effect chain  [1]. Some studies integrate georeferenced measure monitoring or modelling data to estimate the exposure dose, and may include studies on various single environmental media, such as soil  [2] , water  [3] , and air  [4]. In the context of mapping the environmental inequalities, additional requirements are needed in the exposure assessment processes:.
This issue could be partially overcome by using monitoring networks that provide good quality data for the characterization of exposure pathways. The multimedia exposure model MODUL'ERS was initially developed by INERIS (French Institute for industrial Environment and Risks)  [11, 12]  to assess the transfer of contaminants from the environment (air, soil, and water), through the local food chain, to individual exposure. This study has added a spatial dimension to the model using Geographic Information System (GIS) and has been adapted to the French regional and national monitoring available databases. At a regional scale and fine resolution, the direct use of environmental quality measurements is not appropriate for assessing the exposure levels of a contaminant, over a continuous area, as it can lead to inappropriate exposure characterization.
To reduce this problem, several more sophisticated methods of spatial analysis have been developed, to improve the data resolution and characterize the associated uncertainty  [13, 14]. Geostatistical approaches are often employed to spatialize environmental monitoring data. To obtain spatially exhaustive data, when sampling density is limited, information from the auxiliary variables can be included to avoid exposure media contribution distortion, in the total exposure  [15] [16] [17]. Another ubiquitous issue in using environmental databases is the presence of values, under the limit of detection. The need to address this issue has been previously highlighted  [3, 18]. Usual approaches to treat observations under the detection limit (DL) or quantification limit (QL), include substitution of the missing values with a constant such as: 0, DL/2,.
Data Description and Exposure Model No statewide data were available to provide direct information on exposure. Exposure generally involves transfer of chemicals from a source through the environment (air, water, soil, and food) to an individual or population. Environmental concentrations of B[a]P were obtained from available monitoring databases. Overlaying data from several sources were selected, according to the availability, spatial coverage, and their relevancy in the framework of exposure evaluation and environmental health inequalities (Table  1 ).
Topsoil concentration Grid 16 × 16 km RMQS  [23]  (French soil monitoring network) for year 2010. To be interpolated using residual kriging. Polluted sites 788 points BASOL (National database of polluted or potential polluted soils). To be used as an auxiliary variable in spatializing topsoil concentrations. 14 Soil properties Grid 3 × 3 km INRA. To be used as auxiliary variables in spatializing topsoil concentrations. For the purposes of the study, data related to pollutant sources, releases, and environmental concentrations were used to build indicators of potential human exposures to pollutants. Statistical and geostatistical methods were developed to spatialize annual or annual average concentrations of B[a]P in France, in the three environmental compartments (air, water, and soil) on a referent grid (9 km 2 grid).
Water Compartment The presence of PAH substances in drinking water is observed either due to the raw water composition or due to the coating of the drinking water distribution pipes. As drinking water is an important factor of human exposure to potentially toxic substances, characterizing its quality is an essential step when estimating the total exposure to various substances. The concentration measurements of PAH substances in drinking water in France were analyzed from the French regulatory monitoring database, SISE'Eaux (Water Environmental Health Information System)  [24]. Data were collected in the framework of monitoring and evaluating the quality of the distributed water by the French Ministry of Health. The concentrations were measured in the 24,655 distribution units (UDI) that serve all 36,000 municipalities, constituting the water distribution network in France.
The latter was constructed in such way that a single distribution unit could serve more than one municipality and one municipality could be served by more than one unit. In total, 8 PAH substances were included in the database-anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthen, benzo[k]fluoranthen, fluoranthen, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyren, and napthalen. The measurements were collected during the years 2000 and 2012, with no periodicity. Moreover, the total number of observations for each substance varied, since not all substances were measured with the same frequency in the different distribution units. As often observed in environmental measurements, the rate of observations, under the detection limit, was quite high. Specifically, the measurements under the detection limit for B[a]P accounted for 88.
The database contains concentrations of 16 PAH substances in the topsoil (0-30 cm), for 1710 sample locations in a systematic 16 × 16 km regular grid, across the 550,000 km 2 of the French metropolitan territory. The number of measurements under the detection limit accounted, on average, for 67, 8% of the total observations. Localization of the polluted sites, in France, are available from the BASOL database (Potentially Contaminated Soil Database, French Ministry in charge of the environment) and are used for the construction of an auxiliary variable. This database constitutes an inventory of the contaminated sites, to orientate preventive or curative actions of the administrative authorities, and it contains information on substances present in the contaminated sites. To map the PAH substances content in soil, at a final resolution, we implemented a digital soil mapping approach  [17].
Air Compartment Ambient air contamination occurs mainly due to incomplete combustion processes, in the environment, of various sources (industry, road traffic, wood burning, etc. ). PAHs are more persistent in urban and highly industrialized areas, but their presence in the air can also be due to atmospheric long-range transport  [10, 26]. PAH concentration data in the air compartment were available from the French air quality database, in which data collected in each French region, in the context of regulatory surveillance, were collected. They consist of annual mean concentrations aggregated from daily or weekly data, for the years 2010-2011. The seventy-six monitoring stations were categorized according to their location (defined as rural, suburban, or urban) and the type of influence they were submitted to (background, traffic, industrial).