dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Conclusion This work seeks to present a method to design the vibro-acoustic phenomena for a coupled acoustic-structural system. The optimized reliable design was obtained by taking into account uncertainties of the design variables. To make a trade-off between the structural mass, the plate displacement and the acoustic pressure, the multi-objective optimization (MOO) and multi-objective reliability-based design optimization (MORBDO) procedures are adopted. The latter aims to improve the structural performance of the coupled problem under probabilistic constraints related to the interior acoustic pressure. In order to minimize both the mass and the displacement of the structure while satisfying the probabilistic constraints that represent the reliability problem and the acoustic pressure, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) using the gamultiobj matlab toolbox is adopted to generate Pareto optimal fronts.
As concerns the continuous/discrete dichotomy, even within Theory of Computation, the proofs of abstract properties of discrete structures (see  (Kreisel, 1984)  for a discussion and references) or the analysis of today's computer networks may require a difficult use of geometric tools, in the continuous realm. The latter are indeed immersed in a relativistic space-time, which we better understand using continuity (cf. for example  (Goulbault, 2000)  for a relevant use of homotopy theory in Concurrency Theory in computer networks). As for the discreteness of Quantum Mechanics -which some could invoke as an ultimate discretization of the world -the phenomena of entanglement or of non-separability are at the opposite of the topological separations specific to discrete databases in which each point is isolated, well-separated from all others.
2, spatial resolution ∼ 0. 07 pc at 700 pc) at the APEX telescope. We used the clump-finding algorithm CuTEx to identify the compact submillimetre sources. We also used SIMBA (250 GHz) observations, and Herschel and WISE ancillary data. The association with WISE red sources allowed the protostellar and starless cores to be separated, whereas the Herschel dataset allowed the dust temperature to be derived for a fraction of cores. The protostellar and starless core mass functions (CMFs) were constructed following two different approaches, achieving a mass completeness limit of 3. 7 M ⊙. Results. We retrieved 549 submillimetre cores, 316 of which are starless and mostly gravitationally bound (therefore prestellar in nature). Both the protostellar and the starless CMFs are consistent with the shape of a Salpeter initial mass function in the high-mass part of the distribution.
IRS 31 IRS 31 is a young embedded cluster discovered by Massi et al. (2003). It is located in the northern part of Vela C (see Fig. 1 ) and, as can be seen in Fig. 4 , is associated with a strong submm source. Little is known about this cluster, whose most massive member is apparently a Class I source of intermediate mass  (Massi et al. (2003) ). The NIR counterpart of this object (#14 of Massi et al. (2003) ) lies ∼ 30 ′′ east of the submm peak. The dust emission peak appears off-centred compared to the star cluster, as in the RCW 36 region. No radio emission at 4. 85 GHz was detected by the Parkes-MIT-NRAO survey. The data were reduced using the BoA software 2 (Schuller (2012)), following the steps described in detail by Schuller et al. (2009). The two datasets were then stitched together during the data reduction, and emission from larger scales was iteratively recovered until convergence was reached after four iterations.
We retrieved 291 Vela C submm sources and 7 other submm sources towards RCW 34 (see Table  2 ). Following Massi et al. (2007) , we discarded another 104 CLUMPFIND detections with angular sizes (not deconvolved) smaller than the APEX beam size (see Table  2 ). However, similar detections in Vela D were classified as real faint sources by De Luca et al. (2007)  based on a crosscorrelation of databases spanning a wide range of wavelengths. A visual comparison of the CuTEx and CLUMPFIND outputs shows that most of the 291 CLUMPFIND sources are associated with one or more CuTEx source. There are only a few unmatched CLUMPFIND sources, but a significant number of unmatched CuTEx sources. Interestingly, many of these unmatched CuTEx sources nevertheless are associated with CLUMPFIND sources from the list of the 104 "unresolved" sources, confirming that the latter are mostly real submm cores.
Conclusions We studied the dust emission in a large-scale map of the GMC Vela C obtained at 345 GHz (0. 87 mm) with LABOCA at the APEX submm telescope. Using the algorithm CuTEx, we decomposed the emission into 549 compact submm sources (plus another 15 associated with the HII region RCW 34), with sizes ranging from less than half the APEX beam (0. 03 pc) to 0. 16 pc. The algorithm CLUMPFIND was also used for comparison purposes, retrieving 291 compact submm sources (plus another 104 with beam-convolved angular sizes smaller than the APEX beam size). CuTEx is more focused on detecting compact sources, so we have based our analysis on its output only. Here, the submm sources are referred to as dense cores, which is appropriate given the size range spanned. We used ancillary MIR (WISE) and FIR (Herschel) data to further separate starless and protostellar cores A&A proofs: manuscript no.
, d, e ) clearly display an abrupt decrease in the number of stars between 900 and 1000 pc, like that in the nearest control field. By comparing with the farthest control field, we believe that this is caused by the shielding effect of the molecular gas. This means that stars behind the gas are so extincted that the number of stars bright enough to allow parallax determination decreases strongly. The Gaia data suggest a distance of ∼ 950 ± 50 pc. Interestingly, a shift from 900 to 1000 pc is evident from south to north, suggesting an extent of ∼ 100 pc along the line of sight, roughly comparable to the projected length of Vela C (∼ 36 pc). The fields towards RCW36 and the South-Nest also exhibit a plateau between 500 and 900 pc which is barely consistent with Poisson fluctuations. As we are observing along the local arm, a superposition of local clouds and stellar groups is expected.
Acknowledgements. This paper is based on data acquired with the  Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX). APEX is a collaboration between the  Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy , the  European Southern Observatory , and the  Onsala Space Observatory. The authors acknowledge the help and the support from the  APEX  staff and the observers for their contribution in obtaining this dataset. This publication makes use of data products from the  Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer , which is a joint project of the  University of California, Los Angeles , and the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology , funded by the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work is also based in part on observations made with the  Spitzer Space Telescope , which is operated by the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology  under a contract with  NASA.
Service utilization The Client Service Receipt Inventory (CSRI)  [33, 34]  scale will be used to evaluate the service utilization. This scale is an internationally used method for gathering data on service utilization and other domains relevant for economic analysis of mental health care. It has five sections: background client information, accommodation and living situation, employment history, earnings and benefits, a record of services usually used and information about informal caregiver support. The sections assessed will be consultations, admissions and visits in the last year, grouped into subsections according to hospital, specialist, primary or home care. Treatment related to hospital admissions or illness exacerbation will also be assessed. It's adaptability ensures it is compatible with the research aims, context, participants' likely circumstances, and the quantity and precision of information required.
Screening tools The Mini-Mental State Examination  [35]  will be used to assess the cognitive function of the PMCI/MD and determine their eligibility for participation. There is a great heterogeneity among studies regarding the cutoff scores for dementia and mild cognitive impairment. The most common scores are ranging 23 to 27, however, a person's age and educational level determines the accuracy of this cut-point. The Short Form of the Geriatric Depression Scale  [36]  will be used to rule out depressive pseudo-dementia which is considered a reversible form of cognitive deficit. PMCI/MD scoring over 11 will not be eligible for participation. Covariables Covariables will be Sociodemographic data (marital status, level of education, living arrangements and hobbies) and Medical history (smoking habit, disabilities, anthropometric data, cognitive impairment data, comorbidities and need for vital sign monitoring).
User-behaviour A user-behaviour analysis will be performed to assess how users interact with the platform and how their behaviour affects its effectiveness. We will assess and analyze the frequency of access to the platform itself and to each functionality and the length of each interaction. These data will be correlated with users' reminder schedules to explore differences between proactive and reactive use of the platform and will be followed up over time to understand how increasing familiarity with the platform affects user-behaviour. Additionally, interviews will be scheduled with 5% of randomly selected users after 12 months of using the platform to assess their user experience.
Usability evaluation The System Usability Scale (SUS)  [37, 38]  will be used to address how well patients learn and use TV-AssistDem. It is a simple, 10-item scale giving a global view of subjective usability. The respondent indicates the degree of agreement or disagreement with each statement on a 5-point Likert scale with a score range of 0 to 100. The SUS scale will be used after the patients have had an opportunity to use TV-AssistDem before any debriefing or discussion takes place at 6 and 12 months. The collected variables and data collection time are presented in Tables  1  and 2.
Intervention and control group Intervention group Intervention will consist in the use of TV-AssistDem: an interactive platform which offers remote assistive services through a device connected to the television. Patients and caregivers have been actively involved in designing the 6 main functionalities of this innovative technology. Adapting the functionalities and content to best fit PMCI/MD and their caregivers has been crucial. Focus groups have been carried out and valuable indications have been gathered for the platform development. The TV-AssistDem prototype will be validated through a pre-pilot feasibility study which will include a User acceptance report. The product consists of an Android software and hardware TV (a Digital TV Set Top Box with Android technology) designed to provide tele-care services at home using the TV.
-Videoconference: Allows bidirectional communication between patients and their caregivers or researches. Researches connect to the platform from a remote station for health monitoring and remote assistance and support, as well as distance health learning. Caregivers connect to the platform from a mobile device App or PC for social interaction. Service-oriented applications The set of service-oriented applications is composed by more specific functionalities that aim at stimulating cognition, accessing personal media and useful healthcare information. -Cognitive stimulation: Includes specific software, Stimulus©, with a series of interactive exercises that train different cognitive processes  [39]. These activities (+ 50) are classified around ten functional areas: attention, visual and auditory perception, working memory, long-term memory, calculation, reasoning, executive functions, visuomotor functions, language and processing speed.
Methods to ensure validity and quality of data Accurate and reliable data collection will be assured by verification and cross-check of the case report form (CRF) against the researcher's records (source document verification). Source document verification will be conducted for 5% of data in subjects. A comprehensive validation check program utilizing front-end checks in the CRF will verify these data. Discrepancies and queries will be generated accordingly in the CRF for online resolution by the researcher at the site. In addition, the CRF data will be reviewed on an ongoing basis for medical and scientific plausibility.
The Simulation procedure Simulation experiments are performed using Compare-run tool of Anylogic Software  (Multimethod Software, 2015). AnyLogic is a multi-approach simulator, equipped with a rich and easy-to-master toolbox, that allows to effectively combine the various simulation techniques (agent based simulation, discrete-event simulation and system dynamics). Anylogic is used in this paper for the analysis, the collection and the comparison of results as well as for extension, visualization and experimentation of simulation, which allows us to considerably reduces the time of developing the simulation model. The simulation procedure starts by generating a simple path , , … , , each element of this path represents one replication of the simulation experiment. Each replication defines one possible scenario generated on concordance with the distribution probability of the uncertain parameters.
Numerical experiments In this section several numerical experiments are executed to evaluate the performance of our developed SO-based ACO approach. First, the selection of the best parameters for both the ACO algorithm and the simulation procedure is investigated. Then, the performance of the proposed Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization (HACO) procedure (i. e. the ACO with the VND algorithm), is tested on the well-known data of Kim and Park under deterministic environment. In the stochastic case, two Gaps are recorded to compare the performance of the SO approach using both the EST and LWL strategies. All experiments are carried out on an Intel(R) Core (TM) i5-3337U, 1. 80 GHz PC with 6. 00 GB of RAM.
Ant Colony parameters In general, efficiency of any meta-heuristic depend on its parameters setting since a good tuning can allow a fast convergence to solutions with high quality well a random choice can cause bed performances. The IRACE package  (López-Ibáñez et al. , 2016)  is used in this section to select good combination of parameters used in the ACO algorithm. IRACE package performs an automatic algorithm tuning, which starts by generating a finite set of possible configurations. Then, compare their performance on a set of training instances. Elite configurations are then used to generate more good potential configurations of the parameters in next iterations. The procedure is repeated until the tuning budget, which is given by the maximal number of configurations to be examined, is reached.
Number of replications in the Simulation Compare-run tool of Anylogic Software provides a Parameter Variation Experiment that stops the Simulation procedure after a minimum number of replications, when the confidence level is reached. If the confidence level is not met, the Parameter Variation Experiment ends when the maximum number of replications has been exceeded. The confidence level was fixed at 95% and the error percentage was set as 0. 5. The minimum and maximum number of replications were set as 10 and 500, respectively.
2015) , all of which must be considered if researchers are to answer the research questions they seek to address. Many systematic methods can be used to ensure high levels of data quality, such as designing standard protocols adapted to participant's skills and research questions, participant training, cross-checking, validation of observations and identifications by experts or other participants, systematic screening for aberrant contributions, technological help (automatic sorting or identification), and others  (Wiggins et al. 2011; Freitag, Meyer, and Whiteman 2016). Data quality is also linked to participant's engagement through two mechanisms. First, engaged participants may contribute more observations and be more involved in the long-term: Collectively, overall quality of the dataset gathered thus increases and allows investigation of more complex (including temporal) questions.
Second, as a citizen scientist continues to participate in a monitoring program, skills and knowledge may improve and resulting quality of individual data may be heightened  (Deguines et al. 2018). Successfully engaging people in citizen science programs thus represent a critical challenge. In this study, we compared methodologies of two citizen science programs launched in France and South Korea. The data collected are used to address conservation and research questions related to pollinator distribution, richness, community composition, and community stability, and to understand how these characteristics are influenced by landscape composition, connectivity, and management from a long-term perspective. These objectives require standardized protocols allowing collection of many data about the presence of all the species observed on different types of landscapes over multiple years.
Although both programs relied on similar protocols to monitor pollinators using photographs, there were a few differences in terms of methods and management. We assessed how the two approaches influenced (1) data quality and (2) participant's engagement. Multiple metrics were used to assess data quality and level of participant engagement of both programs based on criteria both published  (Lewandowski and Specht 2015; Ponciano and Brasileiro 2014)  and developed by us. We discuss how differences in metrics between the two programs may arise from their functioning and methodology. From the critical assessment of the advantages and limits of these two case studies, we aim to emphasize key methodological choices in the development of citizen science programs using digital tools.
The Photographic Survey of Flower Visitors, Spipoll The Photographic Survey of Flower Visitors, hereafter called Spipoll, was launched in France in 2010  (Deguines et al. 2012). The program was established by the National Museum of Natural History of Paris (France) in partnership with the Office for insects and their environment (Opie, an entomological society). A website especially developed for the program provides information about the critical roles of pollinators for ecosystem functioning and the importance of long-term monitoring in scientific investigations (http://www. spipoll. org). The standard protocol asks participants to choose a flowering plant species and to take pictures of all invertebrates landing on its flowers during a 20-minute period. The observations can be done on an area of 10 m², as long as all of the pictures were taken on the flowers belonging to the same plant species.
The Korean Photographic Survey of Pollinators, K-Spipoll In 2017, the Korean Photographic Survey of Pollinators (hereafter abbreviated "K-Spipoll") was launched in partnership with a publishing company (Donga Science) which proposed to its subscribers to participate in ecological surveys on different taxa (plants, cicadas, birds, treefrogs). This program, called "The Earth Lovers Explorers," is the first initiative of citizen science in South Korea and was established in partnership with researchers from Ewha Womans University to address research questions in ecology and conservation biology. The protocol of K-Spipoll was the same as that of Spipoll, except that participants were asked to conduct the survey on a 15-minute period. The following metadata were collected with pictures: Date, time of day, GPS coordinates, and environmental conditions.
The data were collected through a dedicated cellphone application developed by Donga Science. This digital application was open only to its subscribers. Consequently, the targeted observers were the readers of the magazine (i. e. , children and their parents). Identification of the insects was not asked of observers of the K-Spipoll. The pictures were uploaded on the website and identified by professionals of Ewha Womans University, scientific partners of the company, and amateur entomologists. Identifications were validated by an entomology expert, Dr. Lee Heung-Sik from Plant Quarantine Technology Center. The publishing company and Ewha Womans University organized training events for K-Spipoll participants. Six training sessions (in which participation was optional) were organized between April and May 2017 in several parks of Seoul; 60% of the first-year participants came to one of these sessions, and 83% of those who came uploaded data.
e. , richness of pollinators and community composition observed in a given time, is necessary to address the research questions. We considered the protocol to have been violated when a session was not georeferenced, included pictures taken on different plant species or on leaves, because pictures across multiple plant species cannot be assumed to represent community or abundance of insects using a single plant species over a fixed temporal period. Likewise, photos of leaves cannot be assumed to represent the community or abundance of pollinators associated with flowers. Furthermore, we also considered sessions containing only a single insect picture as violating the protocol. The probability to observe only one species in 15 or 20 minutes is low (see Supplementary File); instead, this likely occurred if a participant did not observe during the 15 minute or 20 minute period or if there were a misunderstanding in the data that required uploading (e.
g. , upload one photo of an insect observed during the session). This violation would lead to an underestimation of the pollinator's richness and would introduce a bias when analyzing variations in pollinator communities, because the observation effort would not be standardized and thus comparable between the sessions. For the rest of our analysis, the sessions considered as "strict violation of protocol" were removed from the dataset because they were not exploitable with regard to plant-pollinator ecology nor our analysis. Our second metric, "Consistency in protocol relative to volume of sessions contributed by an individual," was measured by comparing the proportion of single-species sessions according to participation; i. e. , between participants having done one session, from two to 10 sessions, and more than 10 sessions.
This metric assessed the point at which participation leads to a better understanding of the protocol, thanks to, for instance, the social networks created around the programs. Our third metric, "Spatial representation of data," was assessed by using two metrics of different spatial scales: Overall dataset level and participant's level. First, we evaluated whether participation within administrative regions of France and South Korea were proportional to population size. Such a spatial distribution appears as a reasonable objective for citizen science programs, corresponding to collecting data primarily from where people live. Through geographical data processing or focusing on densely populated ecosystems, such dataset were shown to be scientifically valuable, especially to study the relationship between land use and biodiversity  (Deguines et al.