dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data availability Data from the measuring stations are freely available from the web server of the Finnish Meteorological Institute http: //litdb. fmi. fi. Although the ESA CCI soil moisture data used in this study are not yet freely available to the public a previous version can already by accessed through http://www. esa-soilmoisture-cci. org/node/145. The ESA CCI data version (v02. 2) used in this study is scheduled for public release in January 2016. At the time of writing version v02. 2 data have gone through basic internal verification by the project consortium. Corine land cover data are freely available through The European Environment Agency (EEA) at http://www. eea. europa. eu/data-and-maps/. Finnish Quaternary deposits map data are available through the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) data distribution service; http://www.
Deglycosylation. Enzyme treatment to remove N-and O-linked carbohydrates from glycoproteins was performed as previously described  23  with modifications (see supplement information). Fluorescent In situ hybridization assays and Confocal Microscopy. were performed as previously described  38  with the modifications in supplement information. Co-localization analysis. We selected FISH images and their corresponding IF images for 18 biopsies. The co-localization of FISH and IF signals was identified and quantified using the free JACoP software  39  and detailed in supplement information.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the members of the  Laboratoire d'Histologie de la Timone  for help in obtaining specimens. We thank  A. Bernard ,  E. Prudent  and  P. Weber  for their helpful technical assistance, and  Dr. M. Kowalczewska  for the preparation of T. whipplei cultures. We are grateful to  Dr. C. Fraisier de Thoissey  for manuscript proofreading, suggestions as well as general encouragement. This work was supported by  Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) ,  Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS (France).
∧ β is estimated with iterative GMM, with a heteroskedasticity consistent covariance matrix  (Newey and West 1987)  and the validity of model is  (Hansen 1982 ). H 0 is that the model is valid. J-statistic is asymptotically Chi-squared with K -L degrees of freedom. 5 The data is collected from the World Bank's World Development Indicators database and International Monetary Fund sources. The regression data are annual as a percentage of GDP. The 26 countries employed are (in alphabetical order): Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. Regional criteria have been applied alongside data availability.
Therefore, we employ the first percentage difference. We purport that this also accounts for the dynamic character of the panel dataset we have employed and that it should be expected to be more correlated with changing expectations and thus with our measure of financial growth. In Europe, financial and political integrations have been very significant contributors to economic growth, and the foundation of this relationship rests upon capitalization of expectations. jei Financial and Economic Growth in Europe: Is the Euro Beneficial for All Countries? Optimism has been reflected in market valuations and thus in capital flows. This, in turn, has allowed a better mobilization of resources and consequently growth. However, this growth was externally financed and at some point, public borrowing was restricting rather than financing growth.
In wireless communications, where sensors operate on batteries, the energy consumption must be reduced while considering the communication range and data rate requirements. In this context we analyze and compare, in this study, the UWB and TR-UWB system in terms of the total energy consumption. So, for that, we develop an analytical model to estimate the energy consumption of a UWB system using a TR technique. We then compare the consumption of a TR-UWB system and a UWB system in two different propagation environments. We show that the TR-UWB system is more energy efficient than the UWB system in the chosen environments for LOS. However in case of NLOS, TR-UWB is more efficient when we use a bi-symbol modulation for different ranges of distance in both environments.
They concluded that TR is a suitable technique for "green communication". In the literature, to our knowledge, there are no analytical models for TR-UWB system to quantify the energy consumed according to the parameters of communication such as: Modulation and coding techniques. In the context of green communication, it is necessary to estimate the energy consumed according to the channel model and the constraint required by the application (data rates, range…). This paper is a contribution to this research activity. Its aim is to develop an analytical model that computes the total energy consumption of a TR-UWB system in a Nakagami-m channel. Molisch et al. (2004)  described the UWB IEEE 802. 15. 4a channel. The authors used the Nakagami-m distribution to model the channel amplitudes. In this study, total energy consumption means the transmission energy considered in  Cui et al.
The energy of the TR-UWB transmitter is more sensitive to the transmission energy increase than the normal UWB one it is the reason why TR-UWB is less efficient (for NLOS). In the case of LOS, the most efficient constellation values for TR-UWB and UWB are M = 16 and M = 32 respectively. But the values are different in the case of NLOS, both systems consume the least amount of energy when M = 2. The optimal constellation is different for the two cases. The transmission energy is lower in the LOS case, hence an increase of the data rate decreases the total energy consumed until a certain value of M (32 for TR-UWB and 64 for UWB) where the total energy starts to increase. In Fig. 8  and 9, we represent the total energy consumption of the TR-UWB system and UWB system versus a range of distance d = [5 17] where P M = 10 -3 , d = 10 m, L TR = 4 and L R = 4 for LOS case and NLOS case respectively.
We first correlate KH-9 images acquired in 1974 with SPOT-2 satellite images acquired in 1991, and also modern high-resolution SPOT-6 data, to determine the horizontal displacements associated with the 1978 Tabas earthquake, from which we invert for the fault structure and earthquake slip. We also use six pre-earthquake aerial photographs acquired in 1956 and a post-earthquake SPOT-6 stereo data set acquired in 2013 to generate the pre-and post-earthquake topography respectively for one of the main fold segments (the same one as Copley (2014)). By differencing the preand post-earthquake topography, we measure the coseismic and postseismic height changes which allow us to better constrain the fault slip model. By reconciling our best-fit fault slip model with analysis of the long-term surface folding observed in the SPOT-6 topography, we constrain the 3D evolution of active thrust faulting in this region throughout the Late Quaternary.
Image processing To measure the surface displacement associated with the 1978 Tabas earthquake, we first obtained a KH-9 image acquired in 1974, six aerial photographs taken in 1956, a SPOT-2 image from 1991 and a SPOT-6 stereo data set from 2013 (listed in Table  1 ). Correlation of the KH-9 and SPOT-2 imagery provides information about the coseismic and relatively early postseismic horizontal motion, whereas the SPOT-2 and SPOT-6 imagery can be used to measure the horizontal motion in the later postseismic period. All correlations include some component of postseismic motion as the earliest post-earthquake imagery we use was acquired 13 years after the main shock. Furthermore, we use the aerial photographs to generate a pre-earthquake digital elevation model (DEM) from 1956 and the stereo SPOT-6 imagery to generate a post-earthquake DEM from 2013.
SPOT-6 images obtained in 2013 The SPOT-6 satellite was launched on the 9th September 2012, in a sun-synchronous orbit with a repeat cycle of 26 days  (Astrium, 2013). It can provide 1. 5 m resolution panchromatic and 6 m resolution multispectral images over a swath footprint of 60 km for high-resolution stereo mapping  (Astrium, 2013). We purchased one tri-stereo data set tasked on the 29th December 2013 over an area of 918 km 2 (Figure  1b ). Provided with the rational function models of the three SPOT-6 images, we processed the data using the Leica Photogrammetry Suite (LPS) with a pairwise pixel-by-pixel matching procedure (see Supplementary Material for details)  (Zhou et al. , 2015b). The point cloud extracted from the new automatic terrain extraction module (eATE) in LPS was filtered by averaging within a cell of 2 m and then gridded with a pixel spacing of 2 m (coordinate system: WGS84 UTM 40N).
g. ∼50 years  (Freed et al. , 2006) ). Hence, the variation in power law parameters provides information about the characteristic healing time of the fault  (Gratier et al. , 2014). In this study, we used the measurements of the postseismic afterslip following the 1978 earthquake to estimate the power law parameters. The 7 m slip in 1974-2013 involves both coseismic and postseismic motion, and we cannot separate these two periods directly due to a temporal lack of data coverage. The 1. 5 m vertical displacement measured by  Berberian (1979)  provides a constraint for the coseismic slip on the Tabas fold (which is 30% of the total vertical motion), though note that the 1. 5 m combines both 35 cm of primary slip, plus cumulative secondary bedding-plane slip. We estimated a maximum coseismic slip of 2.
The maximum postseismic slip (red dots) would be 6. 5 m in the time interval  1978-1991, and 7. 0 m in 1978-2013 , assuming no coseismic motion. It is difficult to distinguish between different exponents in the range of 0. 02-0. 25 due to the noise level of our measurements and a lack of data in the early stage (0-5 years in particular). Dashed lines indicate an afterslip of 0. 015 m (5 mm/yr×3 years) in 1996-1999 estimated by  Copley (2014) , which was used as a constraint for determining the power law parameters. Combining the InSAR estimate and assuming it is very accurate, the postseismic afterslip can be best-fitted with a power law exponent of ∼0. 02. (b) A close-up view (from Bing Maps, http://www. bing. com/mapspreview) of bedding plane slip. We did not find any frontal scarps from the imagery.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  University of Oxford  through a  PAG scholarship  to  Yu Zhou , the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (No. 41204027 ) to  Xiaogang Song , and the  Natural Environment Research Council  through the Looking into the Continents from  Space (LiCS)  large grant ( NE/K011006/1 ) and the  Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported mainly by the  Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC)  to C. G. ( MFAG-13521 ). C. G. is supported also by the  Italian Ministry of Health  and local funds from the  University of Ferrara. P. P. is grateful to  Camilla degli Scrovegni  for continuous support and his lab is supported by  Telethon  ( GGP15219/B ),  AIRC  ( IG-14442 ), the  Italian Cystic Fibrosis Research Foundation  ( 19/2014 ), the  Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research  (COFIN no. 20129JLHSY_002 , FIRB no. RBAP11FXBC_002 , and Futuro in Ricerca no. RBFR10EGVP_001 ), local funds from the  University of Ferrara  and the  Italian Ministry of Health. S. P. was supported by a research fellowship  FISM-Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla-cod. 2014/B/3.
Identifying the Relevant Sources For collecting guidelines from literature effectively, we use some keywords when searching, such as "website guideline", "guideline for website", "guideline security web application" in title and content of document, from main electronic libraries and databases in computer science: IEEE Xplore, Springer, ScienceDirect, ACM, and DBLP. As an example, based on the keywords "web" and "guideline", we have 1273 results from IEEE, 273 results from ScienceDirect and 168 results from DBLP. With Springer and ACM, we have much more results in many domains, so we had to refine the results and choose results with high relevance (as computed by the search engines). Then we defined inclusion criteria for selecting sources (primary studies) and rejecting the other ones. The inclusion criteria are presented in the table below (Table  1 ).
RESEARCH QUESTION From the mid of 1990s, methods and approaches have been created for helping developers to build web applications more easily and constructively. The Object-Oriented Hypermedia Design Method (OOHDM) was one of the first methods proposing a rigorous process from requirements elicitation to implementation including navigational and interface design  (Schwabe, 1995). The method relies on objectoriented principle and proposes notation mainly derived from UML. The transition from models to specification is not supported and thus requires a considerable effort. The Web Modelling Language (WebML) is a model driven web engineering method dedicated to data-intensive web applications  (Ceri, 2000). WebML is one of the most used web engineering methodologies. It is supported by a development framework, Ratio5  (Acerbis, 2005)  that is fully integrated to the Eclipse framework.
subtilis  [28, 31]. The enzymatic activity of recombinant ExoA has been previously characterized: ExoA is a multifunctional AP endonuclease  [29]. However, the possible presence of the NIR function in Bacillus AP endonucleases has not been studied. Here, we have analyzed the DNA substrate specificity of ExoA in more detail including its NIR activity and we determined its crystal structure at 1. 84 Å resolution. According to the structural comparison of B. subtilis ExoA with E. coli Xth (PDB code 1AKO), human APE1 (PDB code 1DEW), and with archaeal Mth212 (PDB code 3G00), four single amino acid residues in APE1 were substituted with homologous ones identified in Xth. The resulting APE1 mutants were characterized for their DNA substrate specificity. Strikingly, we found that substitution of T268 (an amino acid residue located outside the active site, and involved in DNA contact) had a dramatic effect on the NIR function and Mg 2þ dependence.
Crystals were flash-frozen in a cryo-protectant solution (mother solution supplemented with 22% or 25% PEG 400 for PEG condition) or directly for MPD conditions. Data-collection experiments were carried out at 100 K on the PROXIMA 1 beamline at SOLEIL synchrotron (Saint Aubin, France) for ExoA crystals and on PROXIMA 2 beamline for APE1 crystals. Diffraction intensities were integrated with the program XDS  [35]. Structure determination was performed by molecular replacement with PHASER  [36]  using the coordinates of human APE1 (PDB code 1BIX  [37] ), as a search model. Co-crystals of APE1-DNA were finally DNA-free APE1 from two crystals forms (form I corresponding to PDB code 1BIX and form II corresponding to 4LND). Refinement was performed with BUSTER-2. 10 [38]. Electron density map was evaluated using COOT  [39].
The presence of Mg 2þ ion in APE1 crystal structures The structural mechanism of NIR function of exonuclease IIIrelated AP endonucleases is not well understood due to the absence of a published crystal structure of an enzyme complexed with NIR substrates. Therefore, we attempted to obtain the crystal structures of ExoA (see below) as well as the WT APE1 and APE1-D210 N mutant in complex with a 15-mer adA-DNA or DHU-DNA. We obtained either DNA crystals or crystals of APE1 in complex with a truncated DNA duplex due to the exonuclease activity of APE1  [43] , and/or a DNA-free enzyme. The DNA-free WT APE1 crystals were obtained in two crystal forms depending on the crystallization conditions. The form at pH 6. 5 (form I), which was solved at high resolution (1. 8 Å), is that of the first deposited structure with PDB code 1BIX  [37]  obtained at pH 6.
2 with Sm 2þ consisting of one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The second form obtained at pH 7. 5 (form II), which was solved at 2. 7 Å resolution, is that of the deposited structure with PDB code 4LND obtained at pH 6. 5, and at 1. 92 Å resolution consists of three molecules per asymmetric unit  [44]. Although the crystallization conditions (70% MPD and 100 mM Hepes-KOH pH 7. 5) of form II and the storage buffer (20 mM Hepes-KOH pH 7. 5 and 50 mM KCl) of the purified APE1 were devoid of metal ions, the form II structure showed a single Mg 2þ in the active site indicating that the enzyme has acquired an endogenous metal ion during the production of the enzyme in E. coli. We found that the Mg 2þ ion interacts only with the side chains of D70 and E96. The lack of complete coordination may be due to the low metal occupancy because APE1 has trapped metal ions during its production in E.
coli. Form I was solved under crystallization conditions including 200 mM of magnesium acetate. The resulting structure showed a single Mg 2þ ion in the active site with remarkable coordination of ideal octahedral geometry formed by the two carboxylate groups D70 and E96 and four water molecules at distances of 1. 9e2. 1 Å, which are typical for Mg-oxygen bonds (Fig. S3 ). A similar octahedral metal coordination has been reported elsewhere in the same binding site referred as the "A" site in the three molecules of the asymmetric unit of the form II crystal (PDB code 4LND) and more recently in the single molecule of the asymmetric unit of a new crystal form obtained with the C138A-APE1 point mutant (PDB code 4QH9)  [18, 44]. A Mn 2þ ion, instead of a Mg 2þ , occupies the metal-binding site in 4QH9  [18].
S3 ). We next determined the crystal structure of the ExoA protein at 1. 84 Å resolution by molecular replacement using the coordinates of human APE1 (PDB code 1BIX  [37] ) as a search model. Data collection and processing statistics are given in Table  1. We could not obtain the crystals of ExoA as a NIR complex. Structural comparison of ExoA with all other PDB entries using SSM-EBI (http:// www. ebi. ac. uk/msd-srv/ssm)  [46]  indicated that ExoA has, as expected, the AP endonuclease fold derived from the E. coli ExoIII family. The structures most similar to our ExoA structure are the human APE1 (PDB code 1DEW) and archaeal Mth212 (PDB code 3G00) with a root mean square deviation (rmsd) ~1 Å over 245 and 250 Ca atoms, respectively. Its superposition with E. coli Xth yielded a rmsd of 1. 6 Å (PDB code 1AKO) with 33% sequence identity.
The active site of ExoA contains one well-defined Ca 2þ ion coming from the crystallization conditions. The low B-factor of the metal (16. 9 Å 2 ) implies full occupancy. The metal position and ligands were found to be essentially the same as those for the metal ion in APE1: N9 and E36 (equivalent to APE1 residues D70 and E96) and four water molecules (Fig. S3 ). Therefore, the metal ion bound in a single site is a common feature in exonuclease III family of AP endonucleases. Both archaeal Mth212 and human APE1 have highly efficient NIR activities, whereas bacterial ExoA and Xth show weak and no NIR activities, respectively. In order to identify the residues responsible for the gain of NIR activity by APE1 and its absence in Xth, we superimposed and compared the three structures of human APE1 (PDB code 1DEW), archaeal Mth212 (PDB code 3G00), and ExoA with that of E.
coli Xth (PDB code 1AKO) using COOT  [39]  and performed a structure-based sequence alignment with manual editing from a CLUSTAL alignment (Fig. 3A ). As shown in Table  2 , comparative analysis of the alignments revealed several amino acid residues involved in the active and DNA-binding sites that differ between NIR-proficient and NIR-deficient AP endonucleases. Among the nonconserved residues between Xth and the three other AP endonucleases, we focused on residues of the active site as well as those implicated in DNA binding, which are potentially important for the NIR activity. We identified four residues: N174 and G231 located in the active site pocket and another two involved in DNA binding: Y128 and T268 (APE1 numbering, Fig. 3B  and S4 ). The equivalent residues of the two conserved residues N174 and G231 from the active site of NIR AP endonucleases are the bulkier residues Q112 and S178, respectively in Xth, making the active site pocket of Xth smaller than that of the three other AP enzymes; this  situation should prevent a flipped out damaged base from being accommodated into the active site pocket.
The finding of a very wellcoordinated metal in form I just as in PDB codes 4LND (form II with Mg 2þ ), 4QH9 (form III with Mn 2þ ), and 4QHE (form III with Mg 2þ ), correlates with diffraction at very high resolution (below 2 Å) and a role of a metal in protein stabilization. The presence of the single metal ion in the active site of APE1 regardless of pH is also validated by our two crystal structures. The 4QH9 structure shows two partially occupied Mg 2þ sites that are 0. 7 Å apart: one involving coordination primarily with E96 (A site, 0. 35 occupancy) and the second involving coordination with both D70 and E96 (B site, 0. 65 occupancy). The designations of A and B in this context refer to alternate positions of the Mg 2þ cation. The presence of two partial sites for metal indicates that the metal can be mobile just as the E96 side chain for which three conformations have been observed  [18].
Acknowledgments We acknowledge SOLEIL for provision of synchrotron radiation facilities for use of beamlines Proxima I (proposal ID 20110613) and Proxima II (proposal ID 20130869). In addition, we wish to thank  Dr. Olga Lavrik  for the recombinant Tdp1 protein. This work has benefited from the I2BC crystallization platform, supported by  FRISBI   ANR-10-INSB-05-01  and grants from  la Ligue Nationale Française Contre le Cancer « Equipe LNCC 2016 » and Electricit e de France   RB 2016-17  to M. S. ,  Fondation de France   2012-00029161  and  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique   PRC CNRS-RFBR REDOBER 16-54-150004 ) to A. A. I. ,  Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan ,  Program 0212/PTF-14-OT  and grant  3755/GF4  to B. T. M. M. R.
What has been measured? For the retrospective phase of the mortality cohort study, we collected the annual number of workers and data on exposures, deaths and causes of death between 2001 and 2010. The annual number of workers had been collected from the Department of Human Resources and Center of Retirees Management of the JNMC. We collected occupational exposure, demographic, mortality and employment information from different departments of the JNMC. The qualitative exposures data included processes, tasks and activities where workers might be exposed to metals, likely levels of exposure, existing control measures, job location and duration of employment in a different workplace. The causes of death were based on death certificates which came from the Worker's Hospital, Medical Insurance Center, Public Security Bureau and labour union of secondary units.
Further samples in the form of plasma and serum have been cryopreserved at -80 C. The samples in the form of haemocytes, blood clots and urine samples have been cryopreserved at -40 C. All the cryopreserved blood samples and urine samples were stored in 1. 8-ml cryogenic tubes for future genetic and gene-environment interaction study. The interview data were entered by trained investigators into the computer twice, using EpiData software. The data of physical examinations and clinical laboratory-based tests were derived from the Hospital Biochemical Data Management System. All bio samples were tracked though an electronic database. We used the SAS software to establish and manage the Jinchang cohort database which is a multiple database (including interview dataset, biochemical dataset and biosample dataset).