dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
3D seismic to design a geothermal doublet (or triplet) of boreholes The methodology is based on the latest petroleum techniques which have progressed significantly since 2010  [3]. Detailed seismic-reflection images of reservoirs are an essential pre-requisite to assess the feasibility of geothermal projects and to reduce the risk associated with expensive drilling programs  [4]. Specificity of deep geothermal programs, technical and economic at the same time, requires to customize and adapts acquisition, processing and interpretation of the 3D seismic dataset to the targets for:  d Inventorying all aquifer reservoirs of the sedimentary series between the topographic surface and the granitic basement. d Mapping the fault network (Fig. 8 ). d Characterizing each reservoir, whether carbonated or clastic, to know all the petrophysical characteristics (porosity, clay content, fracturing, etc.
The preferred onshore source is vibroseis, particularly for high-productivity operations on dense source grids  [9]. A new generation of high-sensitivity geophones (83 V/m/s vs. 20 V/m/s), is now available with a natural frequency of 5 Hz. These are specifically designed for single-sensor application and provide excellent low-frequency recording. Figure  7  (courtesy of PDO) shows an onshore example. It compares the three-octaves seismic of the 90's with the last generation six-octaves broadband seismic. Lowest two octaves (2-8 Hz) and the highest octave (64-128 Hz) give detailed geological information and improve greatly seismic imaging. Acquisition parameters must be determined finely to get the best 3D seismic dataset for several geothermal projects possible in the same area, from a shallow depth (800 m) to the top of basement (for EGS projects).
P-waves only or three-components registered in the dataset? The choice of the type of data which will be registered is a key decision: one (PP waves) or three (PS waves) components. Until now, P-waves are registered classically in 3D seismic dataset for oil exploration. And three-components (P-waves and S-waves) are seldom used to get petrophysical and mechanical parameters inside reservoirs. The benefits of PS-wave and converted-waves are numerous in exploration seismic:  Presently, new three components MEMS sensors allow to register P-waves and converted waves for a 3D-seismic acquisition. Whatever the estimation of fracture orientation and fracture density as well as understanding the stress state of the subsurface is of great importance in geothermal exploration, difficulties appear for each step of a 3D seismic: d Challenging field logistics (e.
g. , increased number of channels compared to 1-C surveys). d A different processing of converted waves compared to P-waves. Difficult registration of PS time (longer) into PP time (shorter). d Difficulties in interpreting the resultant PS-wave images  [12]. d And then, an additional cost. For geothermal projects, P-waves and PS-waves will be used at least in the pilot hole with a VSP profile to image the reservoir. Seismic attributes are used to visualize this information extracted from the 3D seismic dataset. They are quantities that can be derived from seismic data in order to extract structural and lithological information of the subsurface  [13, 14].
Structural information Figure  8  shows two examples of structural maps obtained from two different 3D seismic datasets: the first one is the result of the interpretation by picking horizons; the second is the result of a similarity attribute applied on seismic dataset along an interpreted horizon. This similarity map shows faults and fractures at different scales. This attribute can be applied to the whole volume of the reservoir. The network of small fractures can be appreciated to evaluate the hydraulic connectivity and the fracture permeability in the prospective zone. The knowledge of the fractures network allows to locate horizontal drains into the reservoir by proceeding in several steps: d Avoid faults, so that the two drains are in the same structural panel, if a hydraulic connectivity is desired.
Stratigraphic and sedimentological information Geometrical attributes are used in stratigraphic and sedimentological interpretation. They confirm the continuity of layers and locate unconformities and faults. They evaluate also dip, azimuth and curvature of the interpreted horizons. If the amplitude 3D seismic dataset is transformed in acoustic impedance (true or relative impedance) domain, geobodies and lithological limits are directly visualized. The sedimentological interpretation becomes easier because impedance changes are corresponding directly to the lithological interfaces. It's a way to better know the reservoir before drilling.
d Determine the type of clastic deposit (fluviatile, wind, marine, progradation, beach, delta, channels, etc. ). d Characterize each selected reservoir with a 3D mapping of the porosity and the clay content. d Check the hydraulic connectivity between two points in the survey area. The extension of sandstone deposits such as a fluvial system is visualized very well in a 3D seismic on the horizon-slices (Figs. 10  and 11a ), but more difficult on the vertical sections (Fig. 11b ). Figure  12  is an onshore example to show the anisotropy and the porosity at the base of a clastic reservoir (Nimr). Data are extracted from seismic dataset by stratigraphic inversion. The interest of this figure is to show that porosities distribution can be very different in two superposed reservoirs. Characterization of the sandstone reservoir will begin during the pilot-hole drilling with the complete coring of the reservoir.
15 ). The combination of 3D seismic and VSP will enable studying all high-potential geothermal aquifers, located between the topographic surface and the metamorphic and/or granitic basement. Each aquifer could be equipped with independent doublet of geothermal boreholes, using the same 3D seismic dataset. But also, to map big faults at the top of a granitic basement. Modern 3D seismic (Frequency spectrum: at least six octaves) offers a set of tools that allow the geothermal operator to have a much greater confidence on the properties of the geothermal site at the reservoir level than classical modelling and simple interpolation between wells. Applying the technique is worth the effort in order to reduce the risk before the large investments of drilling and surface installation. Modern 3D seismic gives the Design Office essential information to develop the project, including: d 3D network of faults with structural maps.
Recovery of existing sites The recovery of old doublets may be possible to preserve the initial investment: The recovery of old geothermal sites may need additional information on the reservoir to repair old boreholes or to locate new drains in best porous and permeable zones. A customized solution between a VSP and a small 3D seismic dataset to investigate around the site could be better and less expensive to understand the origin of the problems that led to the recovery of the project.
Design of the pilot-hole. d Drilling of the pilot-hole crossing the deepest objective reservoir. d Recording of logs and VSP in pilot-hole. d Time-depth conversion of the 3D seismic dataset. d 3D mapping of porosity by using the technique of inversion of acoustic impedance (with seismic 3D). d Design of the doublet of deviated boreholes with their horizontal drains in the most porous zones, by making sure of the hydraulic connectivity between the two drains, or of hydraulic barriers, depending of the thermal model used for the exploitation of the site.
d Design of the pilot-hole. d Drilling of the pilot-hole crossing the deepest objective reservoir. d Recording of logs and VSP in pilot-hole. d Time-depth conversion of the 3D seismic dataset. d 3D mapping of porosity by using the technique of inversion of acoustic impedance (with seismic 3D). d Design of the doublet of deviated boreholes with their horizontal drains in the most porous zones, by making sure of the hydraulic connectivity between the two drains, or of hydraulic barriers, depending of the thermal model used for the exploitation of the site.
The magnetic field at the cathode surface was simulated by using a finite element software (FEMM version 4. 2). The validity of the simulated magnetic flux density was confirmed by measuring the magnetic flux density along a straight line from the cathode center to the periphery with a gaussmeter (Lake Shore 421, Westerville, OH, USA) using a flat Hall probe. Plasma characterization was performed by optical emission spectrometry (OES) using a Mechelle 900 spectrometer (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, UK) connected to a SensiCam 12Bit CCD camera (PCO, Kelheim, Germany), having a spectral range between 330-1200 nm and a resolving power (λ/Δλ) of approximately 900  [29]. The OES signal was acquired from the outside of the vacuum chamber through a glass viewport using a collimator directed toward the cathode surface.
Recorded TEM micrographs were analyzed with the Gatan DigitalMicrograph TM software (version 3. 4). A PANalytical X'Pert PRO X-ray diffractometer (Almelo, The Netherlands) operated in Bragg-Brentano θ/2θ configuration and using Cu-Kα radiation (0. 154 nm) was used for phase determination of (Ti,Al)N powder samples. The powder samples were obtained by dissolving the iron foil substrates in concentrated (37%) hydrochloric acid. The coating flakes were recovered from the solution, washed with deionized water, and manually ground to a fine powder using mortar and pestle. The residual stress of (Ti,Al)N coatings on WC-Co substrates was evaluated using the sin 2 ψ method  [36]  of the 200 diffraction peak. An elastic modulus of 427 GPa and Poisson's ratio of 0. 25  [37]  were used for the stress analysis.
Acknowledgments: A. B. B. C. acknowledges the support from the  European Union's Erasmus Mundus doctoral program in Materials Science and Engineering (DocMASE)  and the  Roberto Rocca Doctorate Fellowship. We thank  M. Ahlgrén ,  M. Saraiva  and  K. Edlund  for the help with coating depositions,  L. Karlsson  and  Gied Rutten  for the OES acquisitions, and  N. Ghafoor  for the TEM operation.
Taxon concepts are complex, dynamic representations of the real world that are labelled with scientific names designating them. While names, taxa and classifications should be managed separately in databases  (Bourgoin et al. 2019 , Gallut et al. 2005) , students may have difficulty comprehending the dynamic nature of the link between the three entities because taxa circumscriptions are complex to apprehend through textual representation and because names are independently ruled by nomenclatural codes. Exploring, reporting and training users about taxonomic knowledge are complex challenges that could be alleviated through development of efficient visualization tools. We propose here a tool that generates a graphical representation visualizing the successive concepts of a taxon accepted as valid with its different names and positions in classifications, including its synonyms, homonyms, chresonyms, and other related taxonomic and nomenclatural issues during its lifetime.
In the database FLOW, Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web,  (Bourgoin 2019) , the tool creates a graphical translation of the referenced nomenclatural and classificatory story of a taxon such as the one presented in Table  1. 1. Elicaini Melichar, 1915 transferred from [Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea, Lophopidae, Lophopinae]  to  [Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea, Nogodinidae]  according to  Fennah (1978 ): 118 2. Elicaini Melichar, 1915 incorrect original spelling of Elicini Melichar, 1915 emended by Fennah (1978 ): 118 3. Gaetuliina Fennah, 1978 transferred from [Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea, Nogodinidae, Bladinini]  to  [Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea, Tropiduchidae]  as Gaetuliini status novo according to  Gnezdilov (2007 ): 296 4. Gaetuliina Fennah, 1978 transferred from [Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea, Nogodinidae, Bladinini]  to  [Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea, Tropiduchidae]  as Gaetuliini status novo according to Gnezdilov (2007): 296 5.
Elicina  Melichar, 1915 [Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea, Nogodinidae, Bladinini]  previous rank of Elicini  Melichar, 1915 [Fulgoromorpha, Fulgoroidea, Tropiduchidae, Elicinae]  according to Gnezdilov (  2013  Thanks to a dedicated editor, the textual/html chronological account of the nomenclatural history of the taxon is displayed on the taxon page of the taxon Elicini. A javascript code reinterprets the chronological account displaying the corresponding graphical view as shown in Fig. 1. Table  1. Textual chronology of the names and classifications for the tribal taxon Elicini (Insecta, Hemiptera, Tropiduchidae) as reported in the FLOW database. Graphical display of taxon concepts in their respective classifications, names, and nomenclatural acts related to the taxon Elicini (Insecta, Hemiptera, Tropiduchidae) as reported in FLOW, according to Table  1.
Data collection and management Each corresponding author of the selected articles was contacted and invited to provide IPD for the following variables: patient characteristics (i. e. , age, height, weight, BMI, sex, AHI, nadir oxygen saturation [SaO2min], treated hypertension) and CPET data (i. e. , type of protocol, VO2peak [in mL. kg -1. min -1 ], resting and peak HR, HRR-1, peak systolic blood pressure  [SBP]  and DBP). In case of non-reply, corresponding authors were contacted a second time and alternative email contact was searched. For studies whose corresponding authors did not provide IPD, the following AD were collected from relevant studies: first author's name, year of publication, journal, number of participants, percentage of males, type of sleep recording, OSA threshold, CPET modality (ergocycle or treadmill) and type of protocol, mean age, body mass index (BMI), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and CPET data available with standard deviations for OSA patients and controls.
Heterogeneity was assessed by the I 2 test and Cochran's Q test. To check for publication bias, funnel plots of effect size and standard error were constructed. The presence of asymmetry in the funnel plot was assessed using Egger's test  [45]. To investigate the heterogeneity, a sensitivity analysis was performed using sub-groups according to OSA definition based on the AHI threshold chosen by authors. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics version 24. 0 for Macintosh (IMB Corp. , Armonk, N. Y. , USA) for the stage 1 statistics and with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (V. 3. 3. 070 -November 2014, Biostat: Englewood, USA) for the stage 2 analysis. A p-value of less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant, except for the Cochran's Q and Egger's tests in which the p-value was set at 0.
Characteristics of the included studies A total of 666 studies were identified (140 from PubMed, 323 from Embase, and 203 from Web of Science) (Fig. 1 ). Among them, 17 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Data from the screening of the EXESAS study (ClinicalTrials. gov: NCT02463890), which focused on the benefit of exercise in obstructive sleep apnea  [46] , were also added. Thus, IPD were sought for 18 studies (N=894) and obtained from five studies (28% of all studies; N=289). Reasons for why IPD were not provided IPD are detailed in Fig. 1. For the 13 studies for which IPD were not provided, AD were available for the primary outcome and used in sensitivity analyses (N=605). Two studies included in the IPD meta-analysis were conducted in the United States  [30, 33] , two in Brazil [32, 34] and one in Europe  [46].
Moreover, one study was not included  [50]  since the ClinicalTrials number was identical to a study already included in the meta-analysis  [23]  and another study was excluded  [51]  since the population characteristics were similar to those from a study previously published by the same author the same year  [36]. In addition, three studies not reported by  Mendelson et al. were  included in the present meta-analysis  [35, 36, 49]. Despite no evident publication bias was experienced on the funnel plot, the high level of inconsistency assessed though I 2 and Cochran's Q test reported and the absence of adjustment for confounders in statistical analyses reduces the confidence of these results  [52, 53]. When pooling the AD results (n=13 studies) with the IPD results (n=5 studies), the overall meta-analysis documented significantly lower VO2peak in OSA patients compared to controls, and heterogeneity remained high (I 2 > 75%).
lww. com/HS/ A35). These cases were selected from local archives for the presence of canonical (n = 12) or pathological (n = 7) TRGJP rearrangements previously identified with in-house multiplex TRG PCR assays including a TRGJP primer. As expected, all cases displayed pathological or canonical TRGJP rearrangements that were not detected by the initial TRG-1T-2F PCR (data not shown), demonstrating the lack of cross-amplification of TRGJP.
PCR reactions using the IVS-1T-1F assay were performed according to the manufacturer's recommendations. For all systems, PCR products were analyzed by GeneScan profiling according to the EuroClonality recommendations (www. euroclonality. org). 16 Briefly, cases were called clonal when displaying 1 or 2 dominant peaks with no or weak polyclonal background, and oligoclonal when there were 3 or more peaks. They were considered as displaying minor clonal or minor oligoclonal profiles when clonal peaks (respectively 1-2, or 3 or more) were observed on a polyclonal background, but with a clonal peak height a least twice that of the polyclonal background. 34 Results were reported according to EuroClonality guidelines. 15 ganization of the workflow and review of data A total of 10 molecular diagnostic laboratories from 6 European countries participated in the validation study.
Each DNA sample was tested with the 3 PCR systems by 2 different laboratories. Each paired laboratory received the same 50 to 55 DNA samples to mimic duplicate analysis. Data were first compared between paired laboratories. Some discrepant results, due to sample inversion, different instrument settings or divergent interpretation were solved at this stage. All of the revised data including GeneScan profiles and scoring sheets were then collected in one center (Paris-Pitié) and reanalyzed. When agreement could not be obtained between the paired laboratories regarding the molecular profile for a given PCR assay, the sample was sent to Paris-Pitié laboratory for a third evaluation with the discordant PCR assay. Thus, the final interpretation for these cases included similar duplicate results from at least 2 of the 3 laboratories, which was considered to be the consensus profile.
The next step of the data review concerned the inter-assay discrepancies per sample. Discrepant results between PCR systems could lead to change of conclusion. Each time, the outlier PCR system was reported. Inter-assay discrepancies could also be consequence-free, that is, when a clonal population was found to have a mono-allelic rearrangement with one PCR and bi-allelic rearrangements with another, or when a minor clone was found in addition to a strong clonal rearrangement with one PCR while only the major clone was seen with another PCR.
In the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study (CASES) admission hyperglycaemia (>144 mg/dl) was independently associated with poor outcomes following IVT administration in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients  (9) , while in the Safe Implementation of Treatments in Stroke International Stroke Thrombolysis Register (SITS-ISTR) admission hyperglycaemia was only associated with a higher risk of SICH and mortality in patients without a history of diabetes mellitus, but not in diabetic patients  (10). In view of these discrepant findings we sought to assess the association of hyperglycaemia with early outcomes of AIS patients treated with IVT, stratified by the history of DM, using propensity score matched (PSM) data from the SITS-ISTR registry.
Methods We analyzed prospectively collected data from the SITS-ISTR registry from participating centers treating AIS patients with IVT using the IVT register platform, as previously described  (11). We included all IVT-treated AIS patients registered in the SITS-ISTR standard dataset between January 2010 and December 2017 if they had available data regarding: 1. the history of diabetes mellitus, 2. baseline plasma glucose values, 3. disability prior to stroke onset [modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores more than 1], 4. three-month functional outcome assessment using the mRS-score. Patients who have had endovascular treatment, alone or following administration of tissue plasminongen activator (tPA), were excluded from the present analysis. We also excluded patients enrolled in the SITS-ISTR register before January 2010, since data of these patients have been included in a previous studies investigating the association of admission hyperglycaemia with outcomes in AIS patients treated with IVT  (10).
In univariable models of all baseline characteristics a threshold of p<0. 1 was used to identify candidate variables for inclusion in the multivariate regression models that tested statistical significance hypothesis at a significance level of 0. 05. All statistical analyses were performed with RStudio: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria)  (16) , with the use of the "MatchIt" package (Matching software for causal inference) for matching patients across the two groups  (17) , and the Stata Statistical Software Release 13 (College Station, TX,.
Additionally, we are the first to provide PSM analyses on the association of baseline plasma glucose with outcomes separately for diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Despite these strengths, some limitations of the current report also need to be acknowledged. First, selection and reporting biases cannot be excluded in this retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a multinational registry with selfreported safety and effectiveness outcomes and no central adjudication of imaging and clinical outcomes. It should also be noted that the history of diabetes mellitus was recorded according to the relevant information provided in the registry, while glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values were not available. Therefore, the possibility that some patients with either undiagnosed diabetes or with unrecorded (in the charts) history of diabetes being falsely allocated to the group of non-diabetic subjects cannot be excluded.
PS: performed critical revision of the manuscript, MC: performed critical revision of the manuscript, MN: performed critical revision of the manuscript, DT: performed critical revision of the manuscript, NA: performed critical revision of the manuscript, supervised the study. Dr. Georgios Tsivgoulis is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. GT reports no disclosures, AHK reports no disclosures, DM reports no disclosures, VL reports no disclosures, CR reports no disclosures, MJM reports no disclosures, PS reports no disclosures, MC reports no disclosures, MN reports no disclosures, DT reports no disclosures, NA reports no disclosures. We thank all SITS-ISTR investigators and their centers for their participation.