dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Micro tomography Rat vertebra was placed in an EasyTom 150 kV micro computed tomography (µCT) with an Xact software interface (RX Solution, Chavanod, France). The whole vertebra was placed in the hold sample, in the air. A 1 mm aluminum filter was placed in front of the X-ray source. The voltage used was 71 kV, with an intensity of 70 μA and a tube power of 4. 68 W. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio, 4 images were recorded and averaged, and the gain reached 5, with an angular step of 0. 25 degrees. A total of 2880 radiography-type images were collected over approximately one hour, and the reconstruction algorithm was performed by X-act software. Scanning time was around 30 min. A total of 2150 16-bit Tiff images were reconstructed in gray shades, with a voxel size of 5. 9 µm. Ring artifacts and beam hardening corrections were not used here to avoid loss of information.
Treatment of Raman data Raman based images were reconstructed using a sum filter: a peak of interest was selected; for each point of the scanned zone area under the peak was measured. Using look up tables, each value could be connected to a hue and used to reconstruct a chemical mapping intensity. 960 cm -1 Phosphate peak intensity, 1660 cm -1 Amide I and 2950 cm -1 CH peak intensity were reconstructed for each sample. Also, the ratio image between 960 cm -1 and 1660 cm -1 peak intensity was reconstructed. Kmean cluster analysis was performed with Witec project 5. 2 software. Kmean cluster analysis can be used to create an arbitrary number of groups of spectra, based on proximity/similarity. User chose the number of clusters to find the division of the image in the zone connected to phase, and centroid spectra of each zone is extracted.
Using the software Spectragryph v1. 2. 15, spectra were cropped in the region of interest, from 400 to 3200 cm -1. To eliminate background fluorescence, we used the adaptive algorithm, with a coarseness of 10%. To measure the ratio between peaks to avoid artifacts due to surface roughness or laser state, we normalized spectra with the most intense peak (Phosphate PO but on the relative intensity of the peak.
Acknowledgments Authors thank  Renaud Lebrun  ( Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier -ISEM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS ) for his assistance in microtomography data acquisition. 3D data acquisitions were performed using the micro-CT facilities of the MRI platform member of the national infrastructure France-BioImaging supported by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-10-INBS-04 , "  Investments for the future  "), and of the  Labex CEMEB  ( ANR-10-LABX-0004 ) and  NUMEV  ( ANR-10-LABX-0020 ). Thanks to  Maxime Bedez  for his expertise in back scattered mode of scanning electron microscopy on bone.
Research data Micro tomography raw data are downloadable at: https://data. mendeley. com/datasets/xtdrxjxccv/draft? a¼ 83f567fb-11f4-42e7-8844-b302b8fb3abb. Raman raw data are downloadable at: https://data. mendeley. com/datasets/f6t82979np/draft? a¼d656e7ad-7687-4721-8b55-f5166cb0c014. SEM/EDX raw data are downloadable at: https://data. mendeley. com/datasets/5j22kfstnp/draft? a¼f5e8870b-48ce-4867-ab23-096d49bbb107.
| Development and printing of tooth models parts The printed tooths were designed to fit the Frasaco AG-3 jaw model. Teeth 36 and 35 of the AG-3 jaw model were scanned using the Trios 3 (3Shape) intraoral scanner to obtain STL files of the teeth. Next, a crown preparation was performed to remove the area generally composed of enamel (but avoiding any undercuts) on both 36 and 35. The teeth were then scanned again with Trios 3. The two STL files obtained for each tooth were edited with the free software Meshmixer (Autodesk) to get the final STL models. These models are composed of two parts: the first to simulate the dentin core and the second to simulate the enamel shell. The dentin part contains an internal cavity to simulate the pulp chamber, and carious lesions cavities were designed to involve both enamel and dentin (Figure  1 ).
Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) pain is a persistent clinical problem, which is a common condition known to affect patients' quality of life (QoL), but no treatment has ever been agreed upon. Calcium phosphates, available in different forms, have properties that allow sealing the dentinal tubules, which may relieve dentin hypersensitivity. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the ability of different formulations of calcium phosphate to reduce dentin hypersensitivity pain level in clinical studies. The inclusion criterion was as follows: clinical randomized controlled studies using calcium phosphates in treating dentin hypersensitivity. In December 2022, three electronic databases (Pubmed, Cochrane and Embase) were searched. The search strategy was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
The bias assessment risks results were carried out using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. A total of 20 articles were included and analyzed in this systematic review. The results show that calcium phosphates have properties that reduce DH-associated pain. Data compilation showed a statistically significant difference in DH pain level between T0 and 4 weeks. This VAS level reduction is estimated at about -2. 5 compared to the initial level. The biomimetic and non-toxic characteristics of these materials make them a major asset in treating dentin hypersensitivity.
Search Strategy Three databases (PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE) were searched using relevant keywords to identify articles published until December 2022, with no language restriction, as shown in Table  1. Additionally, bibliographies of all selected articles, specialized journals, and other related publications, including reviews and metaanalyses, were also searched to identify further relevant articles. The records obtained from this extensive literature search were transferred to an EndNote ® library, and duplicates were removed.
Data Extraction When available, the data of included studies were extracted by both reviewers (M. M and S. M) and verified and confirmed by two other authors (O. N. B. and E. R). An Excel file was previously established to provide support for collecting demographic data (name of first author, year and country of publication, number of participants, and mean age), study methodology (study design, number and characteristics of the participating groups, number of follow-up visits, method of measuring dentin hypersensitivity, composition, concentration and use of calcium phosphate as a desensitizing agent for dentine hypersensitivity), and main results. All these extracted data were listed in Table  2.
Quality Assessment The same two authors (M. M. and S. M. ) assessed the risk of bias in the included studies using Cochrane's Collaboration tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized controlled trials  [50]. Disagreements were resolved via discussion, and a third researcher (E. R. ) was approached when necessary. This evaluation concerned the generation of the randomization sequence (selection bias), concealment of the allocation (reporting bias), blinding of the investigator and the participant (confusion bias), blind evaluation of the results (performance bias), management of missing data (attrition bias), selection of the reporter, and other types of bias. From these criteria, the bias risk level was determined to be low, unclear, or high.
Synthesis of Results A qualitative and quantitative synthesis of the results of the included studies, structured around different outcomes, was performed. The data from these different studies were extracted, and the results are summarized in Table  3. For studies in which the authors reported results as medians and interquartile ranges, the values were converted to means and SDs using the formula (q1 + median + q3)/3, where q1 indicates the 25th percentile and q3 the 75th percentile. An approximation of the standard deviation was obtained by applying this formula (q3 -q1)/1. 35. Analysis groups between baseline and 4 weeks of follow-up were formed according to the method of assessment of dental hypersensitivity to determine whether calcium phosphates are effective in reducing pain associated with dental hypersensitivity associated pain.
Study Selection The initial search of all sources yielded 10,019 records. Of these, 2435 duplicated studies were removed using the reference manager EndNote ®. A total of 7515 articles were excluded after reading titles and/or abstracts, 12 records were excluded since reports were not retrieved, 57 records from database registers and 18 identified through other methods were read and analyzed in their full-text, and 55 records were excluded for reasons such as not good drugs tested (n = 34), in vitro studies (n = 11), or study on tooth decay (n = 10), as shown in Figure  1. Twenty records met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review: Poliakova et al   [45] ,  Porciani et al. , 2014 [46] ,  Vano et al. , 2014 [47] ,  Ghassemi et al. , 2009 [48] , and  Geiger et al. , 2003 [49].
Micro-Computed Tomography-µCT In the first experiment, all the animals were been killed after 26 days with CO 2. After dissection and fixation in formalin (10% buffered), the whole femurs were scanned using a high-resolution µCT scanner (Skyscan 1173, Synergie4, Evry, France) as described previously  [34]. The DataViewer software (1. 5. 6. 2 version, Bruker microCT, Billerica, MA, USA) and the CT Analyser software (1. 17. 7. 2 + version, Bruker microCT, Billerica, MA, USA) were used to define the region of interest, to observe the shape and to measure the thickness of newly formed bone. Furthermore, a numerical scoring was used to analyze bone shape following Table  2  indications. The Matlab software (R2017b version, The MathWorks Inc. , Natick, MA, USA) was used to quantify the newly formed mineral.
Micro-Computed Tomography-µCT In the first experiment, all the animals were been killed after 26 days with CO2. After dissection and fixation in formalin (10% buffered), the whole femurs were scanned using a high-resolution µ CT scanner (Skyscan 1173, Synergie4, Evry, France) as described previously  [34]. The DataViewer software (1. 5. 6. 2 version, Bruker microCT, Billerica, MA, USA) and the CT Analyser software (1. 17. 7. 2 + version, Bruker microCT, Billerica, MA, USA) were used to define the region of interest, to observe the shape and to measure the thickness of newly formed bone. Furthermore, a numerical scoring was used to analyze bone shape following Table  2  indications. The Matlab software (R2017b version, The MathWorks Inc. , Natick, MA, USA) was used to quantify the newly formed mineral.
The specimen under analysis was placed under an Olympus BX 41 microscope (Olympus Europa SE & CO, Hamburg, Germany) and the focused at a long distance ×50 objective with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0. 750, providing a lateral resolution of 1. 03 µm (=1. 22 × λ/NA) and an axial resolution of 4. 5 µm (=4 × λ/NA 2 ). Punctual analyses were made along a line starting at the opening of the bone defect, at the place of apposition of the ACC patch, denoted by a depth level Z = 0, up to a depth of 800 µm with data points recorded every 200 µm. For the sake of comparison, the spectral signature of the native cortical bone opposite to the defect was also analyzed. To control the positioning of the analyzed domain, an XYZ motorized table (Märzhäuser GMBH & Co. , Wetzlar, Germany) with an accuracy of 0.
1 µm was employed. The use of an autofocus system whose amplitude range was optimized to the roughness of the area studied allowed us to adjust the focus of the laser. A silicon standard enabled the equipment to be frequency-calibrated using the 1st order line of silicon at 520. 7 cm -1 with an accuracy of ±1 cm -1. The spectrum of each point was acquired using a 600 gr/mm grating with a spectral resolution of 1 cm -1 , and collected with a quantum well detector cooled to -60 • C by double Pelletier effect (CCD Synapse). Each spectrum was acquired with a 30 s time and 3 accumulations. Data processing was performed using the Labspec 6 software.
Additionally, at 6 months post-surgery, histological analyses were performed on several key organs, namely the brain, heart, lungs, kidney, liver and spleen, after fixation in 10% buffered formalin. These organs were cut into small cubes of 5 mm and embedded in paraffin. For each cube, between 8 and 12 sections of 7 µm were made, stained with HE and scanned. Using the HALO Image Analysis Platform (Indica Labs, Albuquerque, NM, USA), we trained the classifier module using artificial intelligence to segment carbon features versus tissue regions on control slides. The trained algorithm was then run on all the slide sections to detect the presence of carbon debris. Resolution was estimated to be below 1 µm (Figure  S1 ).
This strongly suggests that the bone formed in contact with the strontium-doped patches has a larger porous structure than that of the bone formed in the other two groups. Additionally, at 6 months post-surgery, histological analyses were performed o eral key organs, namely the brain, heart, lungs, kidney, liver and spleen, after fixat 10% buffered formalin. These organs were cut into small cubes of 5 mm and embedd paraffin. For each cube, between 8 and 12 sections of 7 µ m were made, stained wi and scanned. Using the HALO Image Analysis Platform (Indica Labs, Albuquerque USA), we trained the classifier module using artificial intelligence to segment carbo tures versus tissue regions on control slides. The trained algorithm was then run on a slide sections to detect the presence of carbon debris.
More precisely, in the presence of ACC/10Sr-CDA, 5 out of 12 femurs had reached a native bone shape compared to 3/12 in the ACC/CDA group and 2/12 in the control group (Figure  2D ). The physicochemical quality of the newly formed bone was studied in detail by implementing Raman microspectroscopy analyses on a characteristic explant (ACC/10Sr-CDA group) for which the reconstruction was completed. Figure  3A  shows the typical spectrum of the native cortical bone opposite the bone defect, along with the assignment of the main spectral contributions either relative to the mineral or to the organic components. Figure  3B  shows the positioning of the data points analyzed, which gave rise to the corresponding spectra, normalized with reference to the apatite peak denoted "ν 1 (PO 4 )" at 960. 2 ± 0.
Acknowledgements The authors would thank the members of REFCORpath and the following pathologists:  Arnaud Franc  ßois,  Anne-Catherine Baglin ,  Marion Classe ,  Colette Guillaubey ,  Philippe Texier , Fr ed eric Bonnafous,  Franc ßois Le Pelletier de Glatigny ,  Emma Norkowski ,  Arnaud Gauthier ,  Sophie El-Zein ,  Herv e Hainry ,  Laure Bondoin ,  Carole Bonneau ,  Yves Grignon ,  Christelle Pouliquen ,  Agathe Coeugnet ,  Samia Gonzalez ,  Philippe Denis ,  Alice Boyez ,  Jean-Michel Doumecq-Lacoste ,  Marie-Laure Chambonni ere Simon ,  Michel Le Pahun ,  St ephane Chanel ,  Agathe R egnier ,  Caroline Shaar-Chneker ,  Abdoulaye Diedhiou ,  Eva Comperat ,  Claire Glaser ,  Genevi eve Herv e, Laurent Tisseau, Khalil Barhoum, Franc ßoise Voulat, Franc ßois Le Gall ,  Pascaline Arrivets ,  C ecilia Rousselot-Denis ,  Felix Lerintiu ,  Eric Stephanov ,  Liana Veresezan ,  Charles Andr  e,  Daniela Dumitra ,  Sebastian Costa ,  Anne Gentil Perret , Marine Ó 2023 The Authors.
Data acquisition For the Soprocare camera, and in this study, the image acquisition will be in 'intraoral' setting allowing to see one to five teeth and in daylight mode. It will be connected to a computer by USB (Universal Serial Bus) 2. 0 with the proprietary software. For the second camera called 'consumer' camera (six-LED Xiaocui Digital Micro-Check Camera), it is a USB plug and play and does not require any proprietary software. The two cameras will be connected to the Covotem software, which will store the data on a secure server and manage the data of each patient. It will also provide the information system necessary for data transfer, the secure identification of the various participants and the production of a report for each patient.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The data will be collected and analysed anonymously. Patient consent is required for such a study, and will be collected, according to the French legislation. This study is conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. It is an interventional research with minimal risks and minimal burden. So, the experimental protocol (ONE-1) has been approved by the French ethics committee (CPP Nord-Ouest IV in June 2021 and in November 2022). It was registered on the ClinicalTrials. gov platform (NCT05089214). All methods were applied in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. In this French regional study, consent to participate is required, as approved by the CPP. The consent of all study subjects will be collected after all clear, appropriate, and fair information on the objectives of the study and their right to refuse to participate has Open access been provided (and to the legal representative if necessary).
Statistical analyses All data (BIC; BS/TS 0. 5 mm) were summarized/ presented in mean ± standard-deviation. Results were interpreted by a blinded observer. The results obtained from the test and control groups were compared thanks to an unpaired student's t test performed using BiostaTGV online statistical software (https://biostatgv. sentiweb. fr); the level of significance was set at 0. 05. More specifically, the BIC and BS/TS histomorphometric measurements were compared, as well as the level of osseointegration and whether or not fibrointegration or inflammation were observed.
Methodology A scientific literature search performed during January 1967 and June 2023,was done using several databases (Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Pubmed). The literature search included the following topics: actinic keratosis (affecting the lips), actinic cheilitis and lip squamous cell carcinoma. Review articles linked to these topics contributed to the structure of the current review. Embracing a consensus mapping methodology, the overall management of Actinic cheilites was proposed by Guy's and St Thomas' institution team and then disseminated to other authors from the multiple Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine units in Europe. Consequently, the multiple principles were narrowed, reaching an overall consensus.
Methods The following electronic databases were used for the search: Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science, including Web of Science Core Collection -WoS, Korean Journal Database -KJD, Russian Science Citation Index -RSCI, SciELO Citation Index -SCIELO, Scopus, and PubMed (including MEDLINE). Furthermore, to identify relevant unpublished manuscripts, conference papers, doctoral dissertations, and other grey literature, OpenGrey (http://www. opengrey. eu), Google Scholar (first 100 returns), and other available digital repositories (e. g. , Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (http://www. ndltd. org), Open Access Theses and Dissertations (https://oatd. org), DART-Europe E-theses Portal -DEEP (https://www. dart-europe. org/basic-search. php), Open access to UK theses -EThOS (https://ethos.
Inaccurancy is defined as the mean of the average absolute error. Bias and inaccuracy of each method were calculated. Inaccuracy is estimated as follows: |estimated age-chronological age|/(number of individuals). Bias is defined as follows: (estimated age-chronological age)/(number of individuals) and therefore indicates over or underestimation. Data were grouped into two categories, children with age equal or under 2 years old and children with age over 2 years old (n = 74, 78. 7%, and n = 20, 21. 3%, respectively). The above categorization of age was performed because the Anderson and Demirjian methods are applied only on the group of over 2-year-old subjects, as requested by the age limits of estimation of both methods. Statistical Agreement between age and the methods used to estimate age was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
These dependent ICCs were compared via a likelihood ratio test  [19]. The nonparametric Wilcoxon test for paired samples was used in order to compare the methods. Additionally, Bonferroni adjustments were applied for multiple comparisons. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software (version 9. 1). A p-value of less than 0. 05 (two-tailed) was considered to indicate statistical significance. Ethics approval was provided by Montpellier University Hospital, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique (PHRC) 2000, ref PROM 7634 in the context of a broader research program concerning child abuse. All the procedures performed in this study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.
3D printing and sterilization Scaffolds were designed using RegenHu proprietary software Shaper. Cylinders 5 mm in diameter and 1 mm in height were imported into Shaper as the global shape of the desired scaffolds. Three different lling architectures were considered as arrangements of 250 µm cylindrical struts (Fig. 1 ): 1. A "triangular" arrangement (T), where the orientation of linear struts was shifted 60° between each layer 2. A "rectilinear" arrangement (R), where the orientation of linear struts was shifted 90° between each layer 3. A "gyroid-like" arrangement (G), where a wavy strut pattern evolved in shape and orientation at each layer. Scaffolds were printed on glass slides in a clean, nonsterile environment via a pneumatic stand dispenser (PSD) equipped with a 25G nozzle (R-Gen 200, RegenHU, Switzerland).
Phase characterization Raw inorganic materials, cement precursors and scaffolds before and after autoclaving were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Prior to analysis, scaffolds were nely ground with an agate mortar and pestle. XRD analyses were performed with a D8 Advance Serie II diffractometer (Cu Kα, LinxEye 1D Si detector, Ge [1 1 1] monochromator) with an 8-90 θ/2θ angular range (step size 0. 01°, counting time 0. 2 s per step). Crystalline phases were identi ed with HighScore (Malvern Panalytical) using the Crystallography Open Database (COD). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was carried out using a Magna IR-550 spectrometer equipped with a diamond ATR module. Spectra were obtained as an average of 64 scans from 4000 to 400 cm - 1 with a 2 cm - 1 resolution.
Morphological analyses of scaffolds Information about scaffold macro-to meso-architecture was obtained by microcomputed tomography (µCT, SkyScan 1272, Bruker, USA). Acquisitions were performed with a voxel resolution of 10. 7 µm, a rotation step of 0. 35 (over 360°), a 70 kV tension and 142 µA intensity (0. 5 Al lter) and frame averaging of 3. NRecon software (SkyScan, Bruker) allowed for the 3D reconstructions, with optimized misalignment compensation, ring artifact reduction and beam hardening correction for each sample. Micro-and nanoarchitectures were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM, GeminiSEM 460, Zeiss) after printing and autoclaving followed by 1, 3 or 7 days of immersion in phosphate buffer saline (PBS 1X) solution at 37°C. Prior to analyses, scaffolds were coated with approximately 10 nm of gold (Quorum Q150R ES, UK).
Scanning electron microscopy. Resin-embedded samples were mirror polished and then coated with 10 nm of gold palladium (Desk V, Denton Vacuum, USA) for SEM analyses (GeminiSEM 300, Zeiss, Germany). Imaging was performed in back scattering electron (BSE) with a 15 kB voltage (aperture 60 µm) at a magni cation of x80 (scanning speed 7). SmartStich software was used to merge local images into a single high-resolution image of the whole sample. Image segmentation was performed with a deep-learning routine, as described in section 2. 9.