dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In conclusion, the relationship between the vocalic and the consonantal slot within V-to-V intervals, though present in the data, was found to be weak to moderate, and unable to account for a large part of the durational variability of segments. Our data neither lent clear support to the alternative hypothesis of rhythmic differences exclusively associated to the opposition between open and closed syllables, though. In particular, in the case of open syllables followed by tautosyllabic onset clusters (Corpus A), the duration of the V in the first syllable was found to be inversely correlated to the duration of the onset of the subsequent syllable. This effect cannot be explained by referring to the phonological syllable as the primary timing unit in Italian. The fact that, in the case of heterosyllabic clusters, V duration was correlated (though moderately) with the duration of the entire C interval, rather than with the duration of the coda C, equally lent support to the notion of rhythmical syllable as the fundamental timing unit  (Farnetani & Kori 1986).
18. This sample served as a reference to assess the potential of collagen preservation in the cave and likely comes from gelatinised bone or skin (see Discussion). In addition, the Py-GC/MS data for this reference sample, shown in SI (Table  S2  and Fig. S4A ), revealed products of proline-and hydroxyproline-containing structural moieties from collagen proteins comprising pyrroline, pyrrole, diketopyrrole, and the 2,5-diketopiperazine derivatives (cyclic compounds of two amino acids) of Pro-Ala, Pro-Gly, Pro-Lys, and Pro-Pro. The predominance of these compounds supports a mostly pure collagen origin, and presence of peptides. Of the four residue samples analysed these compounds were found only in basket sample NH2826 (Fig. S4C ), but in lower relative quantities if compared to NH2824. A decrease in the relative quantity of these dimerization products has been associated with a disruption of the polymer chains or collagen degradation  23.
Proteomics data files were searched using Mascot v2. 2. 06 (Matrix Science) against the publicly available UniProt (Universal Protein Resource) database (www. uniprot. org). Standard searches were carried out using two missed cleavages, error tolerances of 0. 5 m/z units (MS and MS/MS) and variable oxidation of methionine and hydroxylation of proline and lysine and deamidation of asparagines and glutamine modifications. Raw files have been made available on PeptideAtlas (http://www. peptideatlas. org/PASS/PASS00915).
Acknowledgements We thank  Prof. Z. Ammar ,  Prof. M. Kislev  ( Bar Ilan University ) and  Prof. A. Dafni  ( Haifa University ) for kindly providing the resin of S. officinalis,  A. Lobstein  ( Strasbourg University ) and  Dr. Frédéric Bonté  ( LVMH Research ) for the resin of L. orientalis,  P. Wehrung  and  E. Motsch  ( Strasbourg University ) for the mass spectrometry analyses. The proteomics and py-GC/MS work was supported by a  Royal Society University Research Fellowship  ( University of Manchester ), and by a  Burch Fellowship in Theoretical Medicine and Affiliated Sciences (Smithsonian Institution ). The amino acid analyses were supported by the  Leverhulme Trust.
Study design This was a multi-centre, prospective observational cohort study of 1554 adult schizophrenia patients who were initiated to risperidone LAI treatment 5 to 7 months before the beginning of the study (Fig. 1 ). Data was communicated by 381 French psychiatrists, between July and December 2008. The study was sponsored by Janssen Cilag (Issy les Moulineaux, France). C2R (Paris, France) was in charge of the setting-up of the study and provided access to the TVF database of CEGEDIM (Centre de gestion et de Documentation de l'Information Médicale; Management and documentation centre of medical information, Boulogne-Billancourt, France). STATITEC (Labege, France) was in charge of the statistical analysis. The study was declared to the CNIL (Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés; National Committee of informatics and Freedom) and authorized by the CCTIRS (Comité Consultatif pour le Traitement de l'Information en matière de Recherche dans le domaine de la Santé; Advisory Committee for the Evaluation of Information in the field of Health Research)  [16].
Patients were informed about the study by the participant psychiatrists and gave consent to communicate data. The study also agreed with the Helsinki Declaration (1975, revised 1983) (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: http:// www. wma. net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/index. html). The number of French psychiatrists practicing in a public or private structures for management of psychotic patients, including patients with schizophrenia, was estimated at 5500  [17]. A list of 1500 physicians, balanced and stratified by region, was selected at random by using the TVF database to obtain a representative sample at the national level. This database, which is commonly used by French Health Services, is under the control of the CNIL. The psychiatrists interested in participating were contacted by regular mail to obtain a written agreement to take part in the study and certify their knowledge in safety procedures concerning serious adverse events.
Results The study included 1491 patients at M0 (security safety analysis set). One patient was excluded because of a major protocol deviation (no PANSS or GAF data available from M0 or M6). Of the remaining 1490 patients, 1408 (94. 5 %) and 1354 (90. 9 %) were seen again at M3 and M6, respectively. The main reason for discontinuation was patients' decision (68. 6 %). Follow-up time was 5. 6 ± 1. 0 (mean ± SD).
RSWG criteria include: a ≤ 3 for the 8 items of the PANSS scale maintained for at least 6 months. This time criterion could not be evaluated at M0 due to the lack of data before inclusion. However, PANSS score was first evaluated at M0 and then 6 months later at M6, so it was possible to evaluate the proportion of patients who met the RSWG criteria at M6 long-acting antipsychotic treatment for ensuring a continuity of symptomatic and functional remission. Risperidone LAI should be investigated for other recovery aspects of schizophrenia, since patients in RSWGremission have a better cognitive outcome  [19, 20]  and quality of life  [21, 22] , but may perceive a decreased sense of wellbeing  [23]. In addition, Rocca et al. [24]  reported that second generation antipsychotic use predicts better social functioning and better executive functions.
Data analyses To unravel the genetic affinities of two ancient population samples from Sagalassos (Roman and Middle Byzantine) and the modern sample from A glasun to present-day populations, we generated an in-house database with more than 11 000 concatenated HVS-1 and HVS-2 mtDNA sequences of contemporary populations from the literature (electronic supplementary material, table  S7 ). We used ARLEQUIN v. 3. 5  [16]  to compute pairwise F ST genetic distances. The Slatkin's linearized F ST values were represented in a two-dimensional multidimensional scaling plot with STATISTICA v. 8 (Statsoft) and for Sagalassos and A glasun they were plotted on a geographical map with SURFER v. 6 (Golden Software) using the Kriging method. The relative frequencies of haplotypes from Sagalassos and A glasun (excluded CRS haplotypes) shared with the modern populations were estimated with ARLEQUIN and displayed on a geographical map with SURFER.
A median-joining network  [17]  of concatenated HVS1-HVS2 haplotypes from Sagalassos and A glasun was created with NETWORK v. 4. 6 (www. fluxus-engineering. com). To include a larger number of populations and ancient samples from the literature, a second database of more than 17 000 HVS-1 sequences was used for F ST genetic distances analyses (electronic supplementary material, table  S8 ). Haplogroup frequencies from more than 180 ancient and modern populations were used for a principal component analysis (PCA) and represented in a two-dimensional plot with STATISTICA (electronic supplementary material, table  S9 ). Detailed information about the statistical methods and the databases is given in the electronic supplementary material.
Simulation analyses In order to identify the major events that took place during the history of Sagalassos, we first built demographic models (figure  1 ) involving either no change in population size or a population size change during one of the known catastrophic events that took place (plague, earthquake, abandonment). To compare the different models and identify those that best explain the data, we used an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework  [18, 19]  and implemented it together with the Bayesian serial SIMCOAL software  [20, 21] , a program that simulates ancient and modern mtDNA data with sample sizes and dates identical to the real data. We also applied two different methods to test for continuity versus discontinuity between the two ancient samples from Sagalassos (Roman and Middle Byzantine) and Aglasun (electronic supplementary material, text and figure  S8 ).
Mitochondrial DNA genetic pool in Sagalassos across time Authentic aDNA sequences were obtained for 22 Roman and two Early Byzantine individuals (electronic supplementary material, table  S2 ), which were pooled in one population sample addressed here as Roman. Haplogroup frequencies in Roman and Middle Byzantine Sagalassos and A glasun (table  1 ) show overlapping 95% Bayesian credible intervals except for macro-haplogroup M in Middle Byzantine Sagalassos and A glasun. The high diversity of mtDNA lineages observed in Sagalassos and A glasun is exhibited by the network (electronic supplementary material, figure  S2 ). In several instances, haplotypes of the three samples (haplogroups W, K1, T2, U5a, H) differ by one or two mutational steps. When compared with haplotypes of the database, Sagalassos shows a lower fraction of unique haplotypes (43% and 41%, respectively, in the Roman and Middle Byzantine samples) than A glasun (57%) and overall the haplotypes shared with present-day populations have a West Eurasian distribution (electronic supplementary material, figure  S3  and tables S5-S6).
Acknowledgements. We thank  Prof. Marc Waelkens , the founding director of the  Sagalassos  Project, for having initiated this type of interdisciplinary research and continuing to support the project, the  Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey , its  Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü gü , its annual representatives, and the  Burdur Museum  for the excavation and sampling permissions, support and most appreciated aid during the fieldwork campaigns. We also thank  Reyhan Yaka ,  METU University of Ankara , for useful assistance in the laboratory work. This research used the  ALICE High Performance Computing Facility at the University of Leicester.
Data accessibility. The DNA sequences generated in this study are available in GenBank (accession number KT892706- KT892729). Authors' contributions. C. O. , R. D. and J. P. conceived the study. C. O. , R. R. , L. C. , J. P. and R. W. designed the demographic scenarios and R. R. performed the simulations analyses. C. O. carried out the molecular laboratory work and the statistical analyses. K. V. V. collected the archaeological samples. J. C. , P. T. and J. P. conducted archaeological research at Sagalassos. C. O. and R. R. drafted the manuscript. All authors revised the manuscript and gave final approval for publication.
9 The reconstitution of nearly 12,000 feature film programmes in the fifteen cinemas in the six "communes" of the area produced a database allowing various internal comparisons between cinema theatres and externally with the national box offices of some films. 10   As a tool allowing the testing of the common sociological hypothesis of a complete difference of content and meaning of the film consumption according to the class status of the consumer this database has played a crucial role in the understanding of the mechanisms and the evolution of the local film market in Longwy and, by extension, of a national film market. First, it allowed the recognition of the body of old and new films circulating each year within this local film market during the 1950s, as opposed to the handful of quality films or forgotten "popular" hits commonly used by scholars to characterise French film consumption during that period.
The sociological differentiation of this consumption, made by Bourdieu in Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, combined these two common positions by allocating different types of films to different classes of individuals according to their taste (upper middle class, middle class, working class), and to their practical use of the cinema as an opportunity for aesthetic judgment, as a quest of distinction or as a ritual of consumption. The two assumptions were immediately contradicted in Longwy, by studying the database and by the testimonies of some of the local informants remembering precisely their past consumption. It revealed the impossibility of attributing one type of film exclusively to one kind of social attendance, treating the success of a commercial hit as being independent of the location of the cinema where it was screened, and attaching "popular" patrons to the use of the cinema as a simple ritual of consumption, many of whom recalled their movement between cinemas, with the help of public transport, in search of a quality programme.
In short, it showed that, contrary to an elitist vision of aesthetic perception, the regular consumption of commercial releases was sufficient for anyone to learn how to recognise the qualities of a film and to improve his or her awareness of its artistic value. Moreover, examination of the database against the recollections of this group of 1950s filmgoers quickly made clear that they had not only acquired, through their cinemagoing habit, a predilection for American "films noirs", which were widely released in France after 1945, they had also acquired, by intuitively comparing the aesthetic efficiency of the series of films they discovered each week, personal tools of judgment-the actors' performance, the emotional efficacy of the scenarios-allowing them to identify with accuracy the same masterworks that were recognised as milestones by critics and historians retrospectively evaluating these artistic works.
It is noteworthy that those films were thus the vehicle of a feminine sociability through not only their viewing on the screen but through their adaptation by weekly photo-romances, which were passed, once read, from hand to hand. Combined with the oral archives, the examination of the database of a local film market during the 1950s can thus contribute to the construction of an alternative view of the female consumer to the one suggested by the contemptuous definition of the melodrama as a "woman's film" (Leveratto, "Genre cinématographique"). The implementation of a cinema history granting the expertise of the ordinary consumer its full place in the evolution of the film industry is also an efficient means for accurately exploring the role of ethnic origin in the choice of films as well as the building of "ethnic quality" in the framework of film consumption.
To take into account the expertise of the layperson offers a middle ground between the professional interest in scientific rigour of the historian, who is eager to chase every kind of naïve belief in any kind of Volksgeist, and the critical vigilance of the sociologist against any discrimination. The Longwy database signals a slight overrepresentation of Italian films in the box office of the greater Longwy area as compared to the national box office (Montebello, "Classe ouvrière" 365), 12 which is obviously a symptom of the demographic weight of families of Italian ascendance in the local population. From this point of view, the database provides a good vantage point for the reality of the diaspora of different populations-what Arjun Appadurai calls the emergence of "diasporic public spheres" (21) especially through the consumption of Egyptian films boosted in Longwy by the significant presence of North African immigrants (Montebello, "Films égyptiens").
At the same time, a careful scrutiny not only of the films classified as Italian in the database, but also of the films cited as Italian in the recollection of the local population, reveals the reorganisation by immigrants of their experience and the redefinition of their identity as a function of the local interaction allowed by the school and other social spaces. In Longwy, for example, the singular success of The Little World of Don Camillo (Don Camillo / Le petit monde de Don Camillo, Julien Duvivier) in 1952, which was bigger than at the national level, is obviously linked to its function of mediation between the children of immigrants and those of French origin-the film, a French-Italian coproduction, being an aesthetic hybrid, mixing the two cultures through its use of location, actors and accents  (Montebello, 2001).
It will help to return the films to their place at the heart of the study of film consumption by building the database needed to gain a real understanding of cinematographic experience, which is always locally situated. Lastly, it will help to restore to ordinary consumers their aesthetic judgment, their ethical convictions, and their sense of justice, which have contributed to the shaping of the cinema as a universal form of entertainment. Notes 1 The last survey of Pierre Bourdieu, The Weight of the World, uses, among others, interviews made in Longwy. Specifically on working class film consumption see Montebello, ("Hollywood Films" and Classe ouvrière); Kasprowicz; and Leveratto (Cinéma). 6 Notably, their box office in Paris and in the provinces. Simon Simsi's guide is a useful tool of comparison.
Participants The participants were contacted individually on the campus, in libraries and in the cafeteria of a university in Northern France. Of those solicited (almost 150), 81 -13 men and 68 women (aged from 18 to 35 years, M = 21, SD = 2. 5)volunteered to take part in this study and completed the questionnaire, which was provided in such a way that the collected data were exploitable (i. e. questionnaires of participants who were capable of answering our request -see below -and questionnaires that were fully completed).
The paper was inspired by a working group at the department of Economics I The authors bene…tted from these discussion. The help of  Sergio Faria  is gratefully acknowledged. The …rst author acknowledges the support of the  Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad  under project  ECO2012-31346 , and of the  Departamento de Educación, Política Lingüística y Cultura  from the  Basque Government  (Research Group  IT568-13 ). The second author acknowledges …nancial support from  IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , through a  Research Fellowship , and is grateful to  Fundamentos de Análisis Económico I department at UPV/EHU  for their hospitality and great research atmosphere. The third author acknowledges the support of the Advanced Grant  NUMERIWAVES/FP7-246775  of the  European Research Council Executive Agency , the  BERC 2014-2017 program  of the  Basque Government , the  FA9550-15-1-0027  of  AFOSR , the  MTM2014-52347  and  MTM2011-29306  Grants and the  Severo Ochoa program   SEV-2013-0323  of the  MINECO , and a  Humboldt Award  at the  University of Erlangen-Nürnberg.
However, such products are often processed in ways that render morphological identification impossible. Considering that such processing (cooking, salting, drying, marinating) may significantly degrade DNA, early molecular studies targeted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), amplifying relatively short diagnostic fragments (150-500 bp) of the control region or cytochrome b (cytb) gene to identify taxa and to estimate geographical provenience  [28, 29]  (figure  2a ). By comparing the resulting sequences to a databank of known species and populations, it is possible to evaluate the relationships between known and unknown samples by parsimony or maximum-likelihood criteria, with the reliability of phylogenetic relationships analysed by bootstrapping procedures  [30]. Tree-based approaches, however, can be problematic in situations where relationships among interbreeding organisms are not hierarchical, or where species are polyphyletic  [31].
In these cases, taxonomic identifications may be more robust when sequences are analysed using vector-or distancebased clustering methods to evaluate distribution of derived character states  [31, 32]. In the 1990s, genetic databases were limited in the number of type species and populations represented, and thus taxonomic identifications and/or phylogeographic analyses were often tentative  [29]. Over the last two decades, follow-on studies in cetacean systematics and phylogeography  [33, 34] , the development of comprehensive wildlife DNA registers  [35]  and validated reference sequence databanks (e. g. DNA surveillance  [36] ) have significantly enhanced the ability to 'barcode' morphologically ambiguous cetacean remains, not only in markets but also animals caught as fisheries bycatch or derived from strandings.
Future perspectives: high-throughput methods The need for accurate molecular identifications, coupled with the large proportion of unidentified archaeological and palaeontological remains, emphasizes the importance of high-throughput methods in future cetacean barcoding projects. Traditional mtDNA barcoding approaches are well established, and typically provide robust species identifications (with the exception of cross-species hybrids  [39] ) for modern, degraded and ancient samples. However, the need for careful sample preparation, clean-room extraction and replicability when working with ancient remains can significantly increase the laboratory time and associated costs when working with many hundreds of remains. ZooMS, on the other hand, can more easily be scaled up for large datasets: using a plate approach, up to 96 samples can be processed at one time  [74] , potentially allowing for up to 1000 samples to be analysed per week  [75].
(a) Next-generation sequencing methods The advent of high-throughput or NGS methods has revolutionized the application of ancient genetics, massively enhancing the ability to recover ancient DNA templates from degraded remains. Although whole-genome 'shotgun' approaches have been attempted for species identification (most notably to refine the systematics of ancient hominids  [76, 77] ), this approach is limited by the generally low percentage of endogenous DNA in ancient remains and the lack of nuclear reference genomes in public databases like GenBank or Ensembl  [78]. Until comprehensive genome databases are available, mitochondrial genes and genomes and informative nuclear genes will primarily be the markers of choice for ancient cetacean identification, with DNA target enrichment followed by NGS as the most feasible high-throughput method for data acquisition  [79].
Conclusion Molecular methods are already proving crucial to our understanding of the past distribution and abundance of whale species and much scope remains to expand their application to existing zooarchaeological collections. With further refinement of these methods and the augmentation of cetacean genomic reference datasets, we will be able to obtain increasingly fine-grained identifications to the subspecies, ecotype and population levels. The systematic integration of welldated archaeological and palaeontological remains with high-throughput molecular analysis methods will reveal changes in habitat, genetic diversity and population abundance associated with climatic and anthropogenic factors through millennial timescales  [101, 106].
Acknowledgements. We thank the following colleagues for supplying us with information and unpublished material:  L. Pernet  and  M. Marco  from the  Musee site Lattara at Lattes (France) ;  E. Gailledrat  and  P. Garmy , archaeologists at Lattara;  C. Sanchez  and  G. Dupeyrron , archaeologists at Saint Martin Gruissan. We are also grateful for the input of the two anonymous reviewers, which significantly improved the quality of the manuscript.