dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Agriculturerelated emissions and opportunities for mitigation also occur in the supply chain (transport, processing fertilizer production, postharvest loss) and due to land-use change and consumption patterns (diet and food waste). One of the challenges of developing a sectoral mitigation target linked to the 2 °C goal is defining the boundaries of the sector. The tools and data available currently shape how global emissions reductions are allocated to the sector. Most models use 2 °C climate scenarios that focus only on non-CO 2 emissions in agriculture, as soil carbon is highly variable and involves assumptions related to organic matter inputs, carbonnitrogen ratios, depth and bulk density, and timing of saturation  (Powlson et al. , 2011). In addition, global data on carbon in biomass, such as agroforestry, are comparatively weak.
Acknowledgments Data are presented in the Supporting Information and available from authors upon request. Thank you to  Julianna White ,  Tapan Adhya ,  William Hohenstein ,  Tim Searchinger ,  Kitty Cardwell ,  Elise Golan , and several anonymous reviewers for their comments and contributions. This work was undertaken as part of the  CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) , which is a strategic partnership of  CGIAR  and  Future Earth. This research was carried out with funding by the  European Union (EU)  and technical support from the  International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The views expressed in the document cannot be taken to reflect the official opinions of  CGIAR ,  Future Earth , or donors.
Induction of Experimental FSE All procedures were approved by the University of Vermont and UC-Irvine animal care and use committee and conducted in accordance with guidelines from the National Institutes of Health. Sample size calculation was based on differences between the Cont and the FSE in phase preference of CA1 neurons during active avoidance. Using estimates of standard deviation from our preliminary data of phase preference, a sample size of 80 cells in the Cont and 30 cells in the FSE-L and FSE-NL has 90% power to detect a difference of 30°between means with a significance level (alpha) of 0. 05 (two-tailed). We therefore used 13 male Sprague-Dawley rats for the study. The animals were born and maintained in quiet facilities under controlled temperatures and light dark cycle. Their birth was timed within 12 h and the date of birth was considered postnatal day (P) 0.
Spatial Tuning of Pyramidal Cells and Phase Analysis Only units that were determined to be pyramidal cells  (Robbins et al. , 2013; Fox and Ranck, 1981)  were considered for analysis. Firing rate maps  (Muller et al. , 1987)  were used for the spatial analysis of cell activity from one recording session per animal. For inclusion in phase analysis, the firing fields of cells were required to meet the following criteria: 1) Firing rate: The number of spikes fired by the cell in the firing field divided by dwell-time in the field. Only cells with an average infield firing rate b 9 Hz were include in the data set. This threshold was set to avoid including putative interneurons in the dataset. 2) Firing field coherence: Coherence was calculated as previously described  (Barry and Muller, 2011)  and estimates the local smoothness of the spatial firing distribution from pixel to pixel.
Signal Processing of LFPs LFP signals were analyzed using the Matlab Signal Processing Toolbox (Mathworks, Inc. ) and the Chronux toolbox  (Mitra and Bokil, 2008). Spectrograms (1 s window, 1 s overlap,  [3, 5]  tapers, 1-140 Hz) computed from fast Fourier transforms were performed over time course of the recording sessions. Only segments where the animal's speed was equal or greater to 5 cm/sec were included in the analysis. The mean frequency and power (normalized by the sum of the spectrum) of the signal was calculated in theta (5-12 Hz) and slow gamma (25-50 Hz) bands. The relationship between these bands of interest post signal processing and foraging behavior on the stable arena can be seen in Sup. Fig. 2. The justification for studying these frequency bands is discussed in supplementary material.
The spectrogram was calculated for the first 10 min using the 'cohgramc' function (http://chronux. org) with tapers [3,5], a frequency range of 1-120 Hz and a time window of 1 sec advanced in 1 sec steps. We then computed Pearson's linear correlation coefficient between each electrode pair in each hippocampal field. Finally, a matrix of normalized correlation by frequency was generated for individual animals in each group. These matrices were then exported to SPSS software for statistical analysis. Comparisons against 0 were made for frequency correlations in each group and group by frequency comparisons were also carried out.
Behavioral Analysis Spatial sampling analyses that quantified the rat's movement in the arena during both foraging and avoidance contexts was carried out using Biosignal Tracker software (Biosignal, Brooklyn, USA) for all place cell recording sessions. The surface area of the arena was binned in 10°sections between 0 and 360°. The angle and length of the resultant vectors represent the proportion of time spent at each angle of the arena. Key variables of the behavioral analysis are described below: A) Dwell time: The arena surface was divided into an array of pixels and the sample time in each pixel was calculated. Dwell-time maps were created where black pixels indicate non-sampled regions and the blue to red color continuum indicates the least to most sampled locations on the arena surface.
General Estimating Equations (GEE) As the behavioral and place cell dataset contains data from multiple sessions in single animals and the LFP dataset contains data from up to 3 recording sessions from each animal, the assumptions of independence of observations are invalid. The observations for each of these measures within single animals are likely to be correlated, and these data can be represented as a cluster. In this case, the existence of a relationship between each measure of interest within an individual animal may then be assumed  (Ziegler et al. , 1998). In this study we used GEE (SPSS; Armonk, NY), a class of regression marginal model, for exploring multivariable relationships between clustered response data in Cont and FSE animals sorted by cognitive outcome in the active avoidance task.
92, Mean = 0. 02 ± 0. 01) and FSE-NL place cells (n = 128, Mean = 0. 01 ± 0. 007) (Sup. Fig. 7B ). The number of place cells from each group that were recorded in the foraging context that either shifted their location of firing or no longer meet field criteria in the avoidance context are shown in Sup. Table  3. The number of cells that do not meet field criteria in the foraging context but develop firing fields in the avoidance context are also shown. Analysis of the frequency distribution revealed no significant differences in the occurrence of each remapping type in each group (χ 2 = 8. 19, p = 0. 085). Examples of place cells of each remapping category between foraging and avoidance contexts are shown in Sup. Fig. 7C-D. Taken together with the behavioral data in Fig. 3 , the lack of firing field similarity between foraging and avoidance indicates that all animals were able to differentiate between both contexts in the same physical space.
Methodology To make our analysis, we need to know the different flood events that occurred in the case study territories, the prevention provisions that have been set up before 1995 (PSS, article R 111-3, PER) and after 1995 (PPR), the way the urban planning documents have taken into account the flood and which measures to decrease the vulnerability of the buildings have been implemented. The first step of our analysis consists in knowing whether the state public authorities quickly set up the prevention provision considering the frequent flood events. The information concerning the flood events and the prevention measures are listed in a public data base, GASPAR, elaborated by the Ministry of Ecology and freely available on the web. Concerning particularly the flood events, GASPAR contains data of the natural disaster interministerial decrees ³DUUrWpV de catastrophe QDWXUHOOH´.
The data are presented by departments and in each department by municipalities. For each municipality, the information concerning the interministerial decrees are: natural hazard, date of the beginning of the event, date of the end of the event, date of the decree, date of the publication in the Official Journal (Journal Officiel where are published all the French legal texts). So, we extract from this data base the information concerning the events that occurred in the three departments -Aude, Gard, and Var -and for the studied municipalities. The problem of this data base is that it contains partial information about the natural disasters that occurred in the past. This information concerns the natural events that have been legally recognised as ³QDWXral GLVDVWHUV´ by the interministerial decrees since 1982.
For the Gard department, we complete the information with data publicized by NOE, a website (http://www. noe. gard. fr/) of the Gard Departmental Council. NOE gives information of flood events, collected thanks to historical archives. The first listed event occurred in 1295. However, considering our study, we extract from NOE only the flood events from 1935 that is to say from the date of the first legal provision, the PSS. We also extract from GASPAR data about the prevention provisions concerning the case study territories: PSS, article R 111-3, PER and PPR. The information presents the type of prevention provisions, the date of the beginning of the procedure, the date of the public survey, the date of the prevention provision approval, the risk basin which is concerned by the prevention provision.
General Methodology We performed a retrospective observational study in a tertiary care teaching hospital between April 2007 and December 2012. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (no. 2013-09-05). We collected clinical and laboratory data for children 16 years old with community-onset invasive ESBL-PE infection who visited the emergency department or were hospitalized. Cases were identified retrospectively by using the microbiological laboratory informatics system. Data for demographic characteristics, medication use, comorbid medical conditions, and current medical history were extracted from the patient medical record.
Cryo-EM analysis indicated the nanotube width to be approximately 40-60 nm. Consistently, estimations based on noncoated high-magnification HR-SEM samples (R3100,000) showed the tube width to range from 50 to 70 nm (data not shown). These measurements fall within the range of our previous estimations based on gold-coated samples (30-120 nm;  Dubey and Ben-Yehuda, 2011). As judged by cryo-EM, at constricted sites nanotube width was reduced to 20 nm, while the length of individual nanotube segments, as defined by two constriction sites, was 100 nm.
System control and image processing were performed with MetaMorph 7. 7. 5 software (Molecular Devices). For TIRF-SIM visualization, cells were incubated as described above. Images were acquired using a Nikon nSIM microscope equipped with a TIRF module in 2D mode. For each super-resolution image, nine images were taken and examined for presence of grid pattern. The final image was reconstructed using NIS-Elements software (Nikon).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to  I. Popov ,  E. Blayvas ,  A. Radko ,  S. Eliav ,  G. Chechelnitsky ,  M. Saidian ,  V. Gutkin  ( NanoCentre, Hebrew University ), and the  Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis , ( Zurich University ) for technical support. We are indebted to members of the  Ben-Yehuda laboratory ,  G. Bachrach ,  I. Rosenshine ,  A. Taraboulos  and  J. Thrissur  ( Hebrew University ),  A. K. Tiwari  (IISER), and  B. Rosenberg  ( MIT ) for help and valuable discussions. This work is supported by the  ERC-Advance  Grant (  339984 ) and the  Israel Science Foundation (ISF)  ( 327/11 ) awarded to S. B. -Y. , the  Marie Sk1odowska-Curie  actions of the  European Commission  ( 321993 ) and the  ISF  ( 1937/13 ) awarded to E. S. , the  ERC-Starting  Grant (337713) and  ISF  ( 843/11 ) awarded to D.
Introduction Occupational slips, trips and falls on the same level (STFL) are a serious problem, with substantial injury and economic consequences reported worldwide. Although the scale of the problem has been recognised over several decades  (Strandberg and Lanshammar 1981; Buck and Colman 1985; Leamon and Murphy 1995; Kemmlert and Lundholm 1998;  European Agency for Safety and Health at Work  (EU-OSHA) 2001; European Commission 2008; Nenonen 2013; Yeoh, Lockart, and Wu 2013) , STFL persist as a major source of workplace injuries. The most recent data from the Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index, for example, showed that the direct cost of disabling workplace injuries in 2012 due to falls on the same level in the US was estimated to be approximately US$9. 19 billion or 15. 4% of total injury cost (Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety 2014).
6 accidents/1000 employees between  1987 and 2011 (CNAMTS 1988 , 2012)). For injuries triggered by a slip, trip or any other movement disturbance, excluding falls from height, however, the reduction was only 1 accident/1000 employees. Similarly, analysis of Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index data revealed that the cost of falls on the same level increased by 42. 3% between 1998 and 2010, after adjusting for inflation, while the overall costs of disabling workplace injuries decreased 4. 7% over the same period (Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety 2012). There is a broad indication that, although there has been much success with wider workplace injury prevention, the prevention actions have not addressed STFL as effectively as other accidents at work.
3 (±10. 4), although other baseline characteristics might partly account for this result. 21 he observational study LUMINOUS (NCT01318941) designed to observe the effectiveness and safety of ranibizumab, as well as the OCEAN study (NCT02194803) on ranibizumab treatment patterns and real-life ophthalmic monitoring, may help clarify the relevance of this plateau to routine clinical practice. M-CM is an employee of Novartis Ireland Limited, Dublin, Ireland. AW, PM, and RH are employees of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. PM is a board member of Novartis and Allergan and is a consultant for Novartis, Allergan, Alimera, and Bayer. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.
Acknowledgments This work was presented previously at the 30th  Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology Congress, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China , on April 1-4, 2015, and the 14th  European School for Advanced Studies in Ophthalmology Congress, Istanbul, Turkey , on November  14-15 ,  2014. This study was supported by  Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
Membrane permeability to dyes The uptake of ethidium (Etd + ) was evaluated by using time lapse measurements. Human myotubes plated onto glass cover slips were washed twice with Krebs-buffer solution. For time lapse measurements myotubes were incubated in Krebs buffer solution containing 5 μM Etd + bromide. Etd + fluorescence was recorded in regions of interest located in nuclei of the myofibers. An epifluorescence Nikon Ti microscope was used. Images were captured with a Clara camera (Andor) every 30 s. Image processing was performed off-line with ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, USA).
Data collection Data were collected through a questionnaire addressed in 2006 to Tunisian firms certified or undergoing certification according to ISO 9001: 2000, since we are interested in the QM model according to this standard. The design of the items was made on the basis of the literature  (Saraph and al. 1991; Wruck and Jensen, 1994, Solis and al. 1997; Fahmi, 2000; Pytlak, 2002). Finally, the questionnaire was sent to 115 companies and we have received 47 usable returns (a response rate of 40. 87%). Industrial companies present 83% of our sample; the majorities are chemical (25. 53%) and electrical (21. 27%) companies. The percentage of service companies is much lower (17%) as there are still a minority of Tunisian companies in this sector that are engaged in a quality management process.
open-jim. org 162 A pproach, Continual Improvement, Factual A pproach to Decision Making and Mutually Beneficial Supplier Relationships) which shows the validity of our factor analysis. We used these constructed variables to determine the factors explaining their level of implementation in Tunisian companies. On the other hand, based on the literature and our research hypotheses, we considered the following firm's internal and external attributes as determinants of the QM implementation degree: For the model specification explaining the adoption of each QM practice, we conducted a stepwise forward multivariate regression (Stata software). In fact, the difficulty in multivariate regression is to construct a regression model with high explanatory power and at the same time having the smallest number of explanatory variables as possible.
General Guidelines for NP Management and Treatment Approaches Effective pain management in elderly patients begins with a comprehensive and accurate evaluation to be able to select the most appropriate treatment strategy, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches  [19]. Treatment efficacy and adverse events should then be evaluated and reevaluated. Pharmacological treatment is usually the first-line treatment for NP, but non-pharmacological approaches should be added when possible. NP treatment guidelines in the elderly are generally based on international recommendations  [19]. Drug treatments have been reported to have limited efficacy in the elderly, but data and studies specifically for elderly patients are lacking. NP should be tackled within the specific setting of the geriatric patient, and the choice of medication will depend on their clinical situation, comorbidities, renal function, other medications, and cognitive status (Fig.
Ideally, datasets resulting from intact-brain mapping should be linkable to molecular information on the types of cells and synapses that are imaged structurally and even to dynamical information on natural activity pattern history (in these same circuits) known to be causally relevant to animal behavior. Suitable light-based imaging approaches, combined with specific genetic or histochemical molecular labeling methods, have emerged as important tools to visualize the structural, molecular and functional architecture of biological tissues, with a particularly vital role to play in emerging brainwide, high-resolution neuroanatomy. Confocal methods revolutionized light microscopy by enabling optical sectioning in thick (tens of micrometers) fluorescently labeled samples, thereby allowing 3D reconstruction without the need for ultrathin physical sectioning  (Conchello and Lichtman 2005).
2014). As a final comment for future work, we note that very large datasets result from this new capability for high-speed imaging of large tissue volumes at high resolution, and extensive innovation will be needed in image analysis and data management (for example, if the intact 0. 3 cm 3 mouse brain is represented by 0. 5 Â 0. 5 Â 0. 5 cubic-micron 16-bit voxels, at least 4. 8 terabytes of raw data result). Fortunately, big-data and high-performance computing have led to advanced image-compression technologies such as JPEG 2000 3D, increased computational capacity with GPU parallel computation technology, and cloud infrastructures (such as Amazon S3) for data storage and sharing. We expect that the integration and application of these methods to CLARITY  (Tomer et al. 2014)  will allow increasingly complete access to, and understanding of, the molecular and structural organization of large intact tissues.
Acknowledgments We thank the entire  Deisseroth lab  for helpful discussions. K. D. is supported by the  DARPA Neuro-FAST program ,  NIMH ,  NSF ,  NIDA , the  Simons Foundation , and the  Wiegers Family Fund. All tools and methods described are distributed and supported freely (optogenetics. org,clarityresourcecenter. org,http://wiki. claritytechniques. org)and discussed in an open forum (forum. claritytechniques. org). Text and figures were taken from our in-press papers (Gunaydin et al. 2014;Tomer et al. 2014), and I am grateful to my collaborators and co-authors on these papers:  Lisa Gunaydin ,  Logan Grosenick ,  Joel Finkelstein ,  Isaac Kauvar ,  Lief Fenno ,  Avishek Adhikari ,  Stephan Lammel ,  Julie Mirzabekov ,  Raag Airan ,  Kay Tye ,  Polina Anikeeva ,  Rob Malenka ,  Raju Tomer ,  Li Ye , and  Brian Hsueh.
In this paper we provide a systematic and comprehensive set of modeling principles for representing etymological data in digital dictionaries using TEI. The purpose is to integrate in one coherent framework both digital representations of legacy dictionaries and born-digital lexical databases that are constructed manually or semi-automatically. We provide examples from many different types of etymological phenomena from traditional lexicographic practice, as well as analytical approaches from functional and cognitive linguistics such as metaphor, metonymy and grammaticalization, which in many lexicographical and formal linguistic circles have not often been treated as truly etymological in nature, and have thus been largely left out of etymological dictionaries. In order to fully and accurately express the phenomena and their structures, we have made several proposals for expanding and amending some aspects of the existing TEI framework.
Introduction This paper aims to provide a comprehensive modeling and representation of etymological data in digital dictionaries. The purpose is to integrate in one coherent framework both digital representations of legacy dictionaries and born-digital lexical databases that are constructed manually or semi-automatically. We propose a systematic and coherent set of modeling principles for a variety of etymological phenomena that may contribute to the creation of a continuum between existing and future lexical constructs, so that anyone interested in tracing the history of words and their meanings will be able to seamlessly query lexical resources. Instead of designing an ad hoc model and representation language for digital etymological data, we will focus on identifying all the possibilities offered by the TEI Guidelines for the representation of lexical information.
This will lead usto systematize some existing constructs offered by the existing TEI framework, in particular the use of citation (<cit>) for representing etymons in replacement to <mentioned> and referencing constructs(<pRef> and <oRef>) for linking etymological information to existing or putative lexical entries. We also suggest some amendments to the TEI guidelines that may improve the representation of etymological information, as well as lexical entries at large (for instance, deprecation of <oVar> and <pVar>) 1. Since its initial design in the 1990's  (Ide and Véronis 1994; Ide and Véronis 1995) , the TEI -Dictionaries‖ 2 chapter has been the basis for a large number of dictionary projects. It has shown its capacity to take into account a variety of perspectives on lexical content, whether one wants to closely follow the original structure of the source material (so called editorial view), or abstract away from it to go closer to a real lexical database  (lexical view).