dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments We want to thank the  National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) of the Republic of the Sudan  for giving us the opportunity to analyse this unique assemblage. We particularly thank  Dr. Abd el-Rahman Ali , former director of NCAM;  Dr. El-Hassan Ahmed , director of excavations; and inspectors  Abd el-Magid Mahmud and Abd el-Hay Abd el-Sawy  for their help during the exportation procedures. Analytical research was supported by the  Michela Schiff Giorgini Foundation  and the  KU Leuven Centre for Archaeological Sciences. We are grateful to  Béatrice Blandin  and  Bernadette Rey-Bellet , curator and conservator at the  Musées d'art et d'histoire de Genève , for their assistance in sampling the casting spills and studying the Kerma artefacts held at the collection.
In order to do so in the most similar way, we made some adaptations: the absence of an EC attributed by each method corresponds to Grade A or 0 in Villotte's method, Grade 0 in the Coimbra method, and Grade 0 and 1 in Santana's. Asymmetry was also determined using for that only the entheses that could be analysed in both sides within an individual; so, the sample size was reduced because if one of the sides could not be recorded, the asymmetry was taken as a non-recordable (NR). The frequencies of asymmetry were calculated taking into account whether the two sides showed the same score of osseous changes (notbiased), whether the right side showed more EC score  (right-biased)  or the left side was the most developed (left-biased). In order to obtain some evidence of the agreement between the different methodologies, the unweighted Cohen's Kappa was applied using IBM SPSS version 24 software.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was partially funded by the  Prehistory Research Group  ( IT-1223-19 ) at the  University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)  and the  Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España (MINECO)  project  HAR2017-82483-C3-1-P. We would especially like to thank the  Arabako Arkeologia Museoa , and above all  Jaione Agirre García  and  Raúl Sánchez Rinc  on for facilitating access to the anthropological collection and for all their help. We would also like to thank the editors and the anonymous reviewers whose suggestions undoubtedly helped to improve this paper.
And just as in-person conferences usually have a theme around which many conversations and ideas turn, and which often give way to new research and ways of thinking, so too did the digital event have a planned and executed theme. The UPenn MS Codex 660 was the theme, and the edition below is the outcome of all the conversations we had and thought-work the scholarly-themed meeting inspired. Keeping in mind, however, the ephemeral nature of most computer-based scholarship, participants have also taken the step of archiving all the digital objects and data created for the event in the Medieval Studies online repository BodoArXiv  (Morreale et al. 2021). As with past transcription challenges, archiving followed the project cataloguing norms put forth in the Digital Documentation Process  (Fostano and Morreale 2019).
Acknowledgements The XXXIV edition of  Going Romance  was hosted, in its first digital edition, by the  UMR 7023 Formal Language Structures (CNRS / U. Paris 8 / U. Paris-Lumières, France) , on November  25-27 ,  2020. We wish to thank our Research Unit who gave financial support, as well as the numerous individuals who contributed to making  Going Romance  XXXIV a success with their stimulating research presentations and engaged discussions. We also wish to reiterate our gratitude to the scholars who helped us with the selection process, to the session chairs, to our co-organizers:  Patricia Cabredo Hofherr  and  Michela Russo , to the scientific committee:  Claire Beyssade ,  Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho ,  Carlo Cecchetto ,  Ora Matushansky ,  Léa Nash ,  Laurent Roussarie ,  Elena Soare ,  Carla Soares-Jesel ,  Francesc Torres-Tamarit ,  Sophie Wauquier , as well as to the students Zoom technical assistants,  Chang Liu ,  Timothée Premat ,  Xiaofang Zhou ,  Viktor Andreevski ,  Jimmy Josseron ,  Anthony Malhomme.
Since periodic structures similar to alternating opaque and translucent zones in dental cementum are widely used for age determination in sclerochronology for the interpretation of incremental structures such as scales, bones, fin rays, and otoliths  (Fablet & Le Josse, 2005; Fisher & Hunter, 2018) , we have chosen to take on board some of the developments successfully adopted in marine biology. The software platform selected for this work (Visilog-Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. , formerly Visualization Sciences Group, formerly Noesis) supported specific developments for age estimation in biology by the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)  (Troadec & Benzinou, 2002). To design this software to the requirements and challenges of dental histological micrographs, a specific cementochronology module has been developed in cooperation with engineers from Noesis.
| Histological preparation and counting phases To ensure that the performances of the semiautomated and manual approaches can be compared, each histological preparation was processed according the ISO-9001 certified protocol  (Bertrand, 2013; Colard et al. , 2015). Nondecalcified 100-μm cross-sections derived from 200 teeth of known age (five cross-sections per tooth in the middle third of the root) were observed under a light microscope using a Leica ® DMEP, and regions of interest showing acellular cementum layering structure were captured as 16-bit JPEG micrographs (1280 Â 1024) at 400Â magnification with a Leica ® DFC280 digital camera and using Leica Application Suite software. All crosssections were manually assigned an index graded on a five-point rating scale (0: Unreadable; 1: Considerable unreadability; 2: Reasonable readability; 3: Good readability; 4: Clear and unambiguous).
This index assesses the distinctness of acellular cementum structure and not preparation artifacts or taphonomic modifications. For the manual protocol, hand-operated counts performed by an operator on five cross-sections obtained from each tooth were tracked using the mouse click counter functionality in Adobe ® Photoshop CS5. This procedure traditionally adopted by cementochronology users has been repeated on each tooth. A total of 975 counts were manually performed. For software investigation, we selected one micrograph per individual according to the readability and favoring images graded with the best index. This methodological choice was motivated by  The image plot and counts were saved for future use. A command allowed the image to be reset to start plotting and processing again. Although the threshold parameters were automatically selected according to the image file quality, these parameters could be set manually to adjust detection through visual markers on the main segments.
| Validation of the semiautomated method The purpose of this section is to determine whether the algorithms implemented by the software can differentiate and count acellular cementum annuli with similar performances to the human expert. The whole dental sample (n = 200) was considered for this assessment, and the 101 annuli counts analyzed in Visilog on an ROI selected by the operator for each tooth (n = 20,200) were compared to the five annuli counts (n = 975) performed by the operator on the same teeth. In terms of absolute precision, the counting phase is characterized by a mean precision of 4. 85 annuli for an operator  (Bertrand et al. , 2019)  and 3. 58 for the software (Table  2 ). Similarly, the relative precision is also better for the software (7. 93%) than for the analyst (10. 13%).
Osteological material The entire sample was composed of tibias (right and left) from 93 individuals from the Belgian population. The acquisition of these tibias resulted from the Body Legacy Service of the Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis of the Université Libre de Bruxelles. They were collected after their respective dissections. These tibias were associated with information on the age, the sex and the stature at the time of death of the individuals. The stature was measured using an anthropometric measuring rod on the corpse in the dorsal decubitus position; the two rods of the measuring device were placed at the vertex and at the heel (the axis of the foot and the leg being 90 • ). The sample was composed of 44 males and 49 females. However, the absence of some data led to the creation of two subsamples in order to carry out the various analyses under study.
First of all, the number of individuals retained for the comparative study of real and estimated stature was 91 because two statures were missing, one for each sex. The average stature for the sample was 161. 6 cm and 169. 4 cm for males and 154. 6 cm for females. Then, in order to study the impact of the use of correction factors taking into account the age of the individual, a sub-sample of 70 individuals (36 females and 34 males) was selected, because 23 pieces of data were missing for age. The average age for the subsample was 81. 4 years; it was 78. 7 years for males and 84 years for females (Table  1 ). In addition, a summary of the numerical descriptive statistics for the tibia measurements used in the regression equations for the stature estimates is reported in Table  2  for the undifferentiated whole sample and for the female and male subsamples.
Statistical analysis For statistical processing and data editing, R studio software (macOS Mavericks 10. 9. 4 identifies itself as "Darwin Kernel Version 20. 1. 0: Sat Then, different statistical analyses were conducted for the analysis of the sample, with the calculations of the mean, standard deviation, quartiles (1st and 3rd), median and range (minimum and maximum) for quantitative variables. The reproducibility of the measurements was investigated and evaluated by comparing the readings of two different observers on the same material (the first reading was taken in 2014  [25]  and the second in 2020) using "Lin's concordance correlation coefficient"  [26]. The result obtained will be interpreted following the interpretation of Partik et al. [27]. Repeatability could not be performed due to the health context that impacted the year 2020, preventing any further consultation of the sample.
Discussion In the first instance, before proceeding to the methodological analysis of stature estimation, the different measurements were analyzed from the point of view of reproducibility. The collection of osteometric data from the tibia revealed the existence of a disparity between certain measurements. This finding highlighted the technical nature of certain handlings or reflects a poor understanding of the operator with respect to these measurements. Then, the best correlation scores obtained between measurements and stature were held by those related to bone length, this result is consistent with data from the literature. This finding supported the important relationship of proportionality existing between long bones and stature  [15]. Maximum (M1a) and total (M1) length should therefore be preferred, when possible, for the estimation of an individual's stature.
953 + 2. 891 × M1 Female: 80. 108 + 2. 351 × M1 [18] America Anthropology in United States: DFAUX Forensic Data Bank: FDB Albanese et al. United States of Terry Collection Total length of tibia (M1) Male: 78. 999 + 2. 44 × M1 Female: 73. 985 + 2. 44 × 2016 [19] America; Portugal Lisbonne Collection M1 Undetermined sex: 59. 745 + 2. 89 × M1 Forensic Data Bank: FDB Nikita et al. 2017 Greece Greek Collection Total length of tibia (M1) Male: 64. 06 + 2. 71 × M1 Female: 57. 55 + 2. 81 × [20] M1 Undetermined sex: 46. 4 + 3. 16 × M1 Physiological length or length of Male: 72. 26 + 2. 6 × M1b Female: 54. 49 + 3 × tibia (M1b) M1b Undetermined sex: 48. 71 + 3. 23 × M1b Morphological length or Male: 66. 83 + 2. 68 × M1a Female: 54. 28 + 2. 94 × maximum length of tibia (M1a) M1a Undetermined sex: 46. 21 + 3.
Four fragments stand out from the rest of the assemblage, and their identification with a type is problematic. One vessel wall fragment made of colorless glass is decorated with a thick blue thread forming a festoon (CF 71) (Figure  7B ). Similarly applied decorations were common in Venice but also in Tuscany after the introduction of productions à la façon de Venise. The second is a minute fragment belonging to a mold-blown baluster (CF 113) (Figure  7D ). Its transparent turquoise color is typical of the Muranese productions, where similar balusters are documented for stemmed cups, salt cellars (Barovier Mentasti and Tonini 2021), and stemmed vases used as reliquaries similar to specimens preserved in the collections of the Corning Museum of Glass (see, for instance, the object 2009. 3. 94, published in the CMoG online collection database).
Acknowledgments The Caesar's  Forum Excavation  Project is conducted as a collaboration between the  Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali in Rome (concession holder, Claudio Parisi Presicce) , the  Danish Institute in Rome (DIR) , directed by  Charlotte Bundgaard  from  2019-present , and the  Danish National Research Foundation's Centre of Excellence ,  Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet) at Aarhus University , directed by  Rubina Raja. The project has been funded since 2017 by the  Carlsberg Foundation  (grant held by  Marianne Pade ,  2017-2021 , and  Charlotte Bundgaard , 2021-present) and, since 2019, by the  Aarhus University Research Foundation  through a  flagship grant  (held by  Rubina Raja ). Further support comes from the  Centre for Urban Network Evolutions  under the grant  DNRF119.
Audio description formats. The text-based AD creation method (visioning the film and writing the AD text in a separate text file) is still used in Germany, even if digital tools like Frazier  (Pajonczek & David, 2019 ) "make it faster and easier to create ADs", as mentioned on the web page Audio Description of Visual Information  (Henry, 2019). In contrast to  Matamala (2019)  who concentrates on the multimodal aspects of the creation of an audio description corpus, our paper focuses on text-based ADs, subsequently referred to as AD scripts, which are less subject to copyright issues than media-based ADs. This choice is also motivated by our intention to understand the consequences of the use of technology on the formal features of AD scripts during the AD creation process. This paper continues with two sections on corpus-based AD script research and on variation, the presentation of our corpus, and a basic description of the corpus tool TXM  (Heiden, 2010)  and the text editor ATOM (ATOM -A Hackable Text Editor for the 21st Century, 2020).
Dealing with variation AD scripts not only vary with respect to their different sections, but also on the formatting level. Such variational characteristics make corpus creation a challenging task, as explained in the introduction to a volume of the CORPUS journal dedicated to variation in oral corpora  (Dugua & Kanaan-Caillol, 2021). In our paper, the AD scripts of 69 episodes from the German television show Neues aus Büttenwarder  (Eberlein, 1997)  are used to develop a method to prepare AD script data in text format for corpus processing. Even if one seeks to let the original data as intact as possible, a posture which  Pincemin (2011)  calls "faithfulness to the text", the intention to implement them into a given corpus tool-in our case TXM-implies the transformation the word files into plain text files and a certain number of pre-processing treatments (check, normalise, and sometimes even modify the data), failing which the query results will not be reliable enough, especially in the case of "less homogenous language varieties"  (Schneider, 2020).
Buettenwarder Corpus The first edition of the Buettenwarder corpus was created during a one month's bachelor internship linked to the French and German research project xxx. Implemented into TXM, this corpus contains 227,070 tokens, including word forms and punctuation marks. Its creation served as a test of our corpus pre-processing procedures before applying them to a larger body of AD scripts. The content was provided by the German broadcast company Polyphon Film-und Fernsehgesellschaft, Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR). We were granted the right to use the AD scripts of 69 episodes (out of 73 in total) of the TV show Neues aus Büttenwarder  (Eberlein, 1997)  for research and teaching purposes and to deposit the annotated dataset in an open corpus repository. In the Internet Movie Data base (IMDb), this TV show is described as follows (Neues aus Büttenwarder (TV Series 1997-) -IMDb, 2001): Translating as "News from Büttenwarder", the series recounts the modern-day trials and tribulations of a small, out-of-the way north German village.
It generally focuses on the hairbrained schemes of farmer Kurt Brakelmann and his best friend Adsche Tönnsen to improve their lot. The action usually revolves around the village pub "Unter den Linden" and its cast of regular drinkers. Events are often precipitated by the arrival of outsiders with modern ideas which are sometimes met with suspicion but more often with overenthusiastic interest, especially if it might mean some revenue for the impoverished residents. Our metadata file contains the episode numbers and titles of episodes 1-73 as well as the names of the AD script authors, the publication date (if available) of each text file and their size (in words). Table  1  lists the metadata of episodes 70-72.
Corpus processing tool TXM As described on the TXM wiki website (TXM -TEIWiki, 2019), TXM is a "free and open-source XML & TEI compatible textual corpus analysis framework and graphical client based on the CQP search engine and the R statistical software". This tool suite can be used for any language and is available as a desktop software for Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X. When downloading the data into TXM, part-of-speech (POS) tags are added automatically with the help of the associated TreeTagger  (Schmid, 1994). In addition to well-known corpus-tool functions (frequency lists, concordances, word pattern progression graphics), TXM offers functions which help compare the specific features of subcorpora, like FCA (Factorial Correspondence Analysis) and specific word pattern analysis.
In Table  2 , "id" corresponds to the episode number. For space reasons, the text only appears in its English translation. 2  presents a selection of varying dialogue prompts and speaker parts. Time indications also vary throughout the files: they only indicate the start time of an information gap, or they also mention its end time, and some of them even include its length (this is the case in the sample above). This range of variation is partly due to the fact that the different episodes are written by varying authors or author teams over a period of six years  (2011) (2012) (2013) (2014) (2015) (2016). Our in-depth manual analysis of the 69 files proves this statement: the thirteen AD script authors or author teams of our dataset do not all have the same formatting habits. Table  3  presents the variations identified in the time indications and the speaker parts.
Another explanation for these variations could be the lack of a binding set of AD script writing conventions in German-speaking countries. In Germany, the AD creation recommendations on which several broadcast companies have agreed (Norddeutscher Rundfunk, 2019) only mention content requirements. Anke Nicolai, a German audio describer and trainer, provided us with a list specifying speech direction conventions (translated by us into English). Table  4  juxtaposes her codes to those identified in the Buettenwarder AD scripts. Anke Nicolai uses asterisks instead of hash signs to indicate scenery changes. Three of her conventions (<s+>, <. >, and <:>) do not appear at all in the Buettenwarder dataset; two of them concern tone directions.
Pre-processing treatment During our first upload test of the Buettenwarder dataset into TXM, going along with automatic partof-speech tagging, a certain number of annotation errors occurred. They mainly concern dots, double dashes, and other signs or symbols. These errors mischaracterise the distribution of parts of speech in our dataset. As illustrated in Figure  2 , the TreeTagger analysed multiple dots as numbers, regular nouns, truncated nouns, or foreign words. Figure  2. Erroneous labels for multiple dots. To enable consistent and valid TXM queries in our AD script dataset, we decided to normalise single and double quotation marks, commas, multiple dots, dashes, and hyphens. We also deleted unnecessary spaces and line spacing. All typos identified in the data (typo-like commas included) were corrected, e.
Time indications In our dataset, time indications appear in six different configurations (without considering the scenery number mentioned in Table  3 ): • beginning • beginning, end • beginning, length • beginning, end, length • beginning, length, end • length, beginning, end Based on the assumption that the beginning of a time indication corresponds to the end point of the previous one, we decided to only keep the start times. This corresponds to the choice made by the AD authors in the last 20 episodes of our dataset (in total in 22 episodes; see Table  3 ). The simplification of the time indications (except of the combination "length, beginning, end") was executed with the Find and replace all function of the text editor ATOM by using the following regular expression: :[0-9]+\t[0-9]+(:[0-9]+){3}\t[0-9]+:[0-9]+ For each line with a time indication following the order <beginning, end, length>, this expression looks for whole lines starting from the first milliseconds indication.
Scenery changes Four out of the sixty-nine Buettenwarder episodes were missing the scenery change symbol <#>. Since audio description expert Anke Nicolai finds this information essential, we introduced the hash sign into the files in which it was missing by manually checking the corresponding audio-described videos. They can be accessed for free on the website Büttenwarder von Anfang an (NDR, nd) until a set date, depending on the episode. We observed that in our dataset, the scenery change symbol is never used between two subsequent audio description texts nor within a sentence, even if a scenery change takes place at that time. That is why we mostly introduced the hash sign between two subsequent sentences. With the help of the AD time indication, we checked the different audiodescribed parts and inserted the hash sign in the positions of the AD script concerned by a scenery change.
Speaker modes Speaker modes are used to specify the recording speed of an audio description. The voice talent must read the AD aloud either at normal speed, quickly, or very quickly, so as not to override dialogues nor important sounds. The abbreviations used in our German dataset are respectively 
 (schnell sprechen) [speak quickly], <ss> (sehr schnell sprechen) [speak very quickly], and <n> (wieder in normalem Tempo sprechen) [speak again at normal speed]. The code <n> only appears in the header of episodes 72 and 73. We identified two more codes: the first one, <ss:>, is the only speaker mode used in episodes 40 and 41. The second one, <ss+>, alternates with the codes 
 and <ss> in episodes 69, 70, and 71. In some of the files, all speaker modes are surrounded by round brackets; we decided to delete them with help of ATOM's Find and replace all function.
First annotation steps After pre-processing our Buettenwarder data, we surrounded four of the AD sections (time, speaker mode, stage directions, and dialogue prompts) with XML-TEI (P5) tags (TEI Consortium, 2020) and implemented the dataset into TXM. This will enable us to do various text analysis on the data, e. g. explore the specific vocabulary of the stage directions subcorpus (see Figure  3 ). Figure  3.