dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The first enrichment procedure performed on the lexical resource was the association of each of 4,586 word senses (belonging to 1,111 fundamental noun lemmas having the highest rank in frequency lists of Italian language and covering about 90% of all textual occurrences) to a unique ontological category. The experimentation was conducted by a group of graduate students of computational linguistics who worked separately on different sets of word senses and further discussed classification problems. The experimentation conducted using the Senso Comune platform was carried out in three phases: (I) Unsupervised common sense classification; (II) Revision of the classification (lead by Chiari, Vetere and Oltramari and four students) with the additional task of giving a confidence evaluation to the classification using three tags (accepted, controversial, not accepted) and discussion; (III) Final revision of consistency in classification actions.
TMEO is a classification system based on broad foundational distinctions from DOLCE-Spray, a simplified version of DOLCE  [12] , which can be implemented with a synoptic map (Figure  3 ) or with a sequential question answering procedure (Figure  4 ): it helps the user/editor to select the most adequate category of the reference ontology as the super-class of the given lexicalised concept: different answer paths lead to different mappings between the lexicon and the (hidden) ontological layer. After six months of experimentation with TMEO (including phase II revision), data were analysed to extract information about word sense distribution in ontological categories, classification problems, etc. A detailed discussion of the results is presented in  [12]. In summary, some ontological categories posed more association issues than other (from 68% to 81%).
THE ROLE OF COLLABORATIVE APPROACHES IN SENSO COMUNE As we have mentioned in previous sections, by separating the linguistic layer from the ontology, we allow language users to manifest their knowledge in a free, incremental, natural, collaborative and potentially conflicting way. As Wikipedia demonstrates, collaborative projects produce huge amount of knowledge, which is continuously updated, amended and extended by wiki-editors. We think that by applying a "crowdsourcing" approach to the collection of human commonsense and linguistic knowledge can also fit the "Semantic Web" paradigm. To build a semantic resource through a cooperative process, Senso Comune follows two main paths: a) axiomatized top-level ontological categories and relations are introduced and maintained by ontologists in order to constrain the formal interpretation of lexicalised concepts (top-down direction); b) users are asked to enrich the semantic resource with linguistic information through a collaborative approach (bottom-up direction).
A special tutoring system supports users by interacting with users on the basis of question-answering mechanisms (i. e. TMEO, §2. 4). In order to exploit the collaborative potential of environment after the acquisition of the basic linguistic resource and its modeling, Senso Comune has been extended through a Web-based cooperative platform. The platform shares a number of key features with wikis: Collaborative annotation is conceived within Senso Comune as a productive restructuring method for the overall architecture of the web-based environment, but also for the progressive refinement and reorganisation of the theoretical issues posed by the integration of the three main representation modules. Being annotation an interpretative task, it is a primary source for observing phenomena and re-planning links and relationships among layers.
The interannotator agreement (Cohen's kappa) among those 9 annotators is 0. 85 for the agreement on syntactic dependency category and 0. 63 for the agreement on the semantic role (the ontological category and the noun sense tagging were not included in this pilot experiment). Such values are considered respectively as good and acceptable for notoriously difficult semantic tasks on skewed data [15]. Actually, for the semantic role, the data is so skewed that 5 rare roles do not appear at all in the experiment corpus, and among those that are present, the most frequent appears about 50 times more than the least frequent.
The frequency of viewing full texts is somewhat higher among people searching the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews  [3] , but the same pattern is clear. After the title, the abstract is the most read part of a biomedical article. Abstracts can be useful for screening by study type  [4] ; facilitating quick assessment of validity  [4, 5] ; enabling efficient perusal of electronic search results  [4, 6] ; clarifying to which patients and settings the results apply  [4, 5] ; providing readers and peer reviewers with explicit summaries of results  [5] ; facilitating the pre-publication peer review process  [7] ; and increasing precision of computerised searches  [6, 7]. Structured abstracts were introduced in the medical literature about 25 years ago  [4] [5] [6]. They provide readers with a series of headings, generally about the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions of the report, and have been adopted by many journals and conferences.
A clear description of these allows the readers to assess the applicability of the systematic review findings  [11]. Study eligibility characteristics are likely to include the study questions (PICOS)-types of participants included in the studies (often based on a common clinical diagnosis), the intervention of prime interest and possibly the specific comparison intervention, the main outcome(s) being assessed-and acceptable study designs (examples 3a and 3b). Eligibility criteria for reports may also include the language of publication, the publication status (e. g. , whether to include unpublished materials and abstracts) and the year of publication (example 3d). This is important as inclusion, or not, of studies published in languages other than English (examples 3c and 3d), unpublished data, or older data can influence the estimates of effect or association in meta-analyses  [17, 18]   4b ).
We recommend that if there are three or fewer databases, list them all; otherwise list the three that provided the majority of included studies. Item 5: Risk of bias assessment. Methods for assessing risk of bias. Example: 5a. ''Risk of bias was assessed regarding randomisation, allocation sequence concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other biases. '' Explanation: Problems in the design and conduct of individual studies can raise questions about the validity of their findings  [19]. For example, reports of randomised trials with inadequate allocation sequence concealment are more likely to show exaggerated treatment effects  [20]. And non-blinded assessors of subjective outcomes generate substantially biased effect estimates  [21, 22]. It is therefore an important part of a systematic review to assess the validity of individual studies, and the risk that they will overestimate the true intervention effect.
Acknowledgments We dedicate this paper to the memory of  Alessandro Liberati  who, among many important achievements, was instrumental in the development and implementation of the PRISMA Statement, and had many thoughtful insights to offer at the PRISMA for Abstracts consensus meeting. We are grateful to the other participants of the consensus meeting for their time and interest:  Martin Burton ,  UK Cochrane Centre, UK ;  Trish Groves, BMJ, UK ;  Alessandro Liberati ,  Italian Cochrane Centre, Italy ;  Cynthia Mulrow , Annals of Internal Medicine,  USA ;  Melissa Norton ,  PLOS Medicine, UK ;  Elizabeth Wager , Sideview, UK; and to everyone who responded to the PRISMA for Abstracts survey.
Item 4: Information sources. Key databases searched and date of last search. Examples: 4a. ''PubMed, ERIC and Cochrane Reviews databases from January 1980 to November 2007 were searched for studies…'' 4b. ''We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), other trial registries and product information sheets through June 2008. '' Explanation: The abstract should briefly indicate how thorough and up-to-date the search was by listing key databases searched, and the date range (example 4a) or date of last search (example.
METHODS 3. Eligibility criteria: Study and report characteristics used as criteria for inclusion. 4. Information sources: Key databases searched and search dates. 5. Risk of bias: Methods of assessing risk of bias. RESULTS 6. Included studies: Number and type of included studies and participants and relevant characteristics of studies. 7. Synthesis of results: 10. Interpretation: General interpretation of the results and important implications. OTHER 11. Funding: Primary source of funding for the review. 12. Registration: Registration number and registry name. doi:10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1001419. t001.
6. 0. 1  44. Compaction corrected deposition rates have been computed between the intercepts of adjacent AMS  14  C ages. The age of each sample was calculated by interpolation. Archaeological and historical data. Archaeological and historical data for urban development derive from 40 years of excavation at the ancient site of Tel Akko (since the work of M. Dothan) and in the ''old city'', especially the crusader town (since the surveys of the British Mandate Authorities). Pollen analyses. A total of 70 samples were prepared for pollen analysis using the standard palynological procedure for clay samples. Pollen grains were counted at 3400 and 31000 magnification using an Olympus microscope. Pollen frequencies (%) are based on the terrestrial pollen sum excluding local hygrophytes and spores of non-vascular cryptogams.
Aquatic taxa frequencies were calculated by adding the local hygrophytes-hydrophytes to the terrestrial pollen sum. Numerical analyses. Biological data were analysed using Cluster analysis (CA), Kernel density-2D, Matrix, and Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The CA is a technique for hierarchical clustering, finding ranked groupings in multivariate data sets. Here, it is based on pollen-type time-series (presence/absence and abundance). The CA (Supplementary Fig. S2 ) was used to compute the lengths of branches of a tree, using branches as ecological distances between groups of taxa. CA was computed using Paired group as algorithm and Spearman's Rho (r value of the ranks) as similarity measure. The pollen-types from each cluster were summed to create nine pollen-derived ecosystems (Supplementary Table  S1 ).
Verification is done on 11 modern spectra from the southeast Mediterranean region with modern top core available (four from this study, seven from the European Pollen Database). We have calculated the rootmean-square error (RMSE) and the bias (Supplementary Table  S4 ). It appears that the RMSE is high for the mean temperature of the coldest month and the annual temperature. This is due to a large bias, i. e. a strong underestimation of the winter temperatures, because several tree taxa cannot be unequivocally assigned to cool or warm conifer plant types  52  ; then they are assigned to both. The reconstructed variables are corrected by subtracting the bias, and the corrected biases are more acceptable. They are inferior or equal to the 90% confidence intervals of the reconstructions. That means that, after correction for the respective biases, the modern climate reconstructed by pollen and inverse modelling is not significantly different from the modern climate.
Acknowledgments Support was provided by the  Institut Universitaire de France , CLIMSORIENT and Geoarchaeology of ancient Black Sea harbours programs, the  UniversitePaul Sabatier , the  Mistrals-ENVIMED-GEOISRAEL program , and by the  Hatter Laboratory, Recananti Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa. This work is also a contribution to the  Labex OT-Med  ( ANR-11-LABEX-0061 ) funded by the =Investissements d'Avenir?,  French Government program  of the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  through the A* Midex  project ( ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ).
Data preparation We used the corpus of contemporary Russian texts prepared at Uppsala University,  Lönngren (1993) , representing about one million tokens as the body of data used to test our hypotheses. At the time the research was carried out this was the most suitable corpus of Russian as far as scope and design were concerned, as it covered a range of texts within a 25-year time period  2. See  Maier (1994)  for more information on the Uppsala corpus. Preparation of the data was carried out as follows. Nouns were taken from the corpus and marked for semantic, morphosyntactic, and frequency information. The dataset contains 5,450 noun and pronoun lexemes, occurring five or more times, with morphosyntactic and frequency information about their 243,466 word forms. This includes first and second person pronouns, but excludes third person pronouns.
The third person deserves a separate study; there are around 29,000 examples of third person pronouns in the corpus. We used the concordance tool 'WordSmith' (Oxford University Press) to extract the nouns from the corpus and we indexed them according to position on the Smith-Stark hierarchy, and recorded number information, i. e. , the distribution of singulars and plurals. This information was formatted in Microsoft Excel and encoded in such a way so as to facilitate statistical analysis. In particular we noted for each lexeme the proportion of plural forms being used. Numerical values were given for all information on semantics, case and number. The statistical software package used for data analysis was Splus. The dataset resulting from our study has been made available on our web site as a downloadable file at (http://www.
Statistical model A number of differing modelling approaches were used for the analysis. The non-parametric bootstrap, see  Efron and Tibshirani (1993) , was used to test if there was a significant difference between the median values of plural usage between groups, while the two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test  Conover (1971)  was used to test for differences in distributions of the plural usage, again across pairs of groups defined by the hierarchy. The results from non-parametric approaches were checked using a parametric approach using the log-likelihood for inference. The Splus code for this model and explanatory text has been made available at the Surrey Morphology Group website http://www. surrey. ac. uk/englishandlanguages/research/smg/files/statisticalmodel. pdf. Since the results for the parametric method were qualitatively the same as the non-parametric only the non-parametric results are reported here.
Finally, as a control plot that represented general light levels Recalculated from the data analyzed in  Yasuoka (2006a Yasuoka ( , 2009a)). Dp. cumminsii is a plant that has yam-like edible tubers Fig. 2  Routes and camps of the molongo from Feb. 17 to Apr. 27, 2002  (Yasuoka 2006a)  in the forest, photographs were taken on a 10 m grid in a quadrat of 50×50 m 2 set at a distance of 200 m from the Jalope site (36 points). Photographs were taken with a Nikon digital camera (COOLPIX 4500) with a Nikon fisheye lens (FC-E8). The camera was positioned horizontally at 1 m height, and underexposed photographs were taken. CanopOn2 software (http://takenaka-akio. cool. ne. jp/etc. /canopon2/) was used to compute the proportion of diffuse solar radiation reaching a given location relative to a location in the open.
Acknowledgments This research was supported by  JSPS   Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad  (Hosted by  Dr. Edmond Dounias ),  JSPS KAKENHI  No. 24710296 , and  JST/JICA SATREPS   FOSAS  project. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
Anne Baillot and Sabine Seifert, on the other hand, focus on the role that digital editions of handwritten sources from Berlin intellectuals in the early 19th century play within a comprehensive research project that ranges from deep analyses of conceptual networks to employing related digital humanities methods in teaching activities. The next two papers provide a more global view on the role of TEI-based documents within larger infrastructural projects. First, Matija Ogrin, Jan Jona Javoršek, and Tomaž Erjavec show how the TEI's module for manuscript description (msDesc) can be used as a foundation for representing large-scale registries of early modern Slovenian manuscripts. While describing specific issues related to the documentation of manuscripts in their chronological and spatial contexts, the authors additionally describe a Fedora-based online portal to access data relating to these manuscripts.
Second, Brian L. Pytlik Zillig reports on the experience of the MONK (Metadata Offer New Knowledge) project to transform legacy TEI-documents from a variety of heterogeneous sources into one unified TEI P5 subset employing a full XSLT-based architecture. In particular, Pytlik Zillig demonstrates how this architecture can be used to assess the operations that have been undertaken during these transformations. Two papers providing technical insights into specific requirements for handling TEI documents conclude this issue of the Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative. Joel Fredell, Charles Borchers IV, and Terri Ilgen describe a method to deliver embedded fonts for encoded texts with special characters not provided by Unicode. While demonstrating the universal validity of their solution, they make a plea for a better integration of data presented as HTML with their TEI sources.
By assuming a uniform magnetic field in ALADIN, the magnetic rigity of each fragment can be inferred using a geometrical approach that depends only on the positions of each fragment before and after ALADIN and their incoming angles. To simulate our mass resolution, we applied this approach in an adapted version of the CONFID code  (Schmidt , 2011). According to our preliminary results, we fixed in the code the following conditions: fully-separated nuclear charges Z, a 200 μm FWHM position resolution upstream of ALADIN, a 300 μm FWHM position resolution downstream from ALADIN and a 40 ps FWHM ToF resolution. We used the fission fragment yields provided by the GEF code  (Schmidt et al. , 2013)  as input of the CONFID code to infer the expected mass distributions, see Fig. 5. Angular straggling and energy loss in the different layer of matter in the experiment are taken into account.
On the other hand, their "affective" impact, and their pragmatic uses seem prone to great cultural variation. In this paper, I will draw comparisons between l utari's uses of these techniques and the data currently available in the aforementioned studies. Additional data, from other musical traditions, would allow, no doubt, to refine the picture. my argument is based on field ethnography with l utari, customers and occasionally sound engineers in Romania. 2 I will refer primarily to live springs of plates. Actual echo was achieved by playing back with a slight delay two or more magnetic tapes bearing the same content. Nowadays virtually all artificial reverberations and echoes rely on electronic sound processing. 2 From 2001 to 2006 I carried several fieldworks in rural areas and small urban settings in the moldavian region, around the village Zece Pr jini, with the help of a grant from the université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense.
Proper names are numerous in many sorts of texts, and will be more and more numerous in monitor corpora: 'In some large lexical databases, aiming at full coverage of a language, over 70% of the lexical entries already are proper names, and this percentage continues to increase' (35). They cannot be neglected, because they carry information, real-world knowledge that is part of the competence in a language, and future lexicographers, Hanks argues, will have to include more of them and describe them more fully. This is not pursued in the rest of the book. Chapter 3, 'Do word meanings exist' (19 pages), is a new version of a paper published in Computers and the Humanities in 2000 that has been widely regarded as an important contribution to the literature. Hanks argues that words do not have meanings in isolation, that they only have meaning potentials, and that these potentials are activated when the words are used.
But for him the objective of the general dictionary is clear: it is first of all to record common, frequent, normal usages. Most modern lexicographers will agree, not only in England: in the age of the electronic corpus, that is what they want to do, and that is what a dictionary is for, they say. Perhaps, but the users need most help on the marginal usages that are found in the work of past and present fiction writers, poets or journalists and in the discourse of specialists of a science or a technique. In fact, one wonders, apart from foreign students and the specialists of lexical databases and their various applications, who needs the more common entries in a dictionary. What does Hanks think? Can the same dictionary attain the two objectives, or do we need two types of general dictionary? Not to mention a third objective, telling the users not how most people speak and write but how people should speak and write, or how the best users, the élite, speak and write.
Who could now envisage exploring and describing word meaning in the traditional way? Lexical Analysis makes us all want to try TNE, and no doubt many have already tried. Every semanticist, every lexicologist, every lexicographer will want to know how far the theory applies to his/her discipline and to his/her own language. It will be interesting to see how TNE influences semantics and how it changes the dictionaries and lexical databases of English and other languages in the near future.
Acknowledgments For very helpful comments on earlier dra s of this paper, I would like to thank  Jiri Benovsky ,  Fabrice Correia ,  Filipe Drapeau Vieira Contim ,  Ghislain Guigon , omas  Jacobi ,  Nicolas Liabeuf ,  Pierre Joray ,  Sylvain Roudaut ,  Kusaku Yui , anonymous referees as well as the participants of the SOPHA Conference in Paris.
Using data recorded in multiparty formal ameworks, the analysis will focus on the situated use of fi rst names to select the next speaker, and examine how he/she situatedly becomes the addressee of the question asked by the teacher or host. By this explicit addressing practice, the action making a next turn-at-talk relevant -a question -is contextualized as being addressed to this particular participant. The teacher or the studio host in the extracts analyzed here sequentially organize the course of their actions with the use of the name of the selected participant, either by preposing the term of address as: [fi rst name] [pause]  [turn-at-talk] , or by postposing it as: [turn-at-talk] [pause/hesitation] [fi rst name]. In the following we will fi rst provide an account of next-speaker selection in institutional settings, and then the paper focuses on the interplay of gaze, fi rst name addressing and its prosodic realization in the two classroom situations we have analyzed.
3. Ten Have (2007: 79) distinguishes several categories of recordings of "naturally occurring" interaction that can be useful for "doing conversation analysis". The data of the TV-program CULT are part of the strategy of "copying radio and TV broadcasts" while the classroom data are part of "making one's own recordings" (another strategy would be to use existing recordings). These video data were collected a er having obtained participants' consent and offi cial authorization. Dimitri Voilmy et Mari Wiklund directed is the recipient, the addressee , whose turn-taking is expected according to the current-selects-next technique. However, in most technologically mediated communications, like this particular type of visiophony, mutual gazing is not possible 4. In the same way, though classroom situations are characterized by co-presence, they involve multiple body orientations and commitments of participants.