dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements This essay relies on material collected during various periods of fieldwork in New Caledonia. I thank the  Kanak women of Lifou , in particular of Drueulu, who once again have agreed to share with me their experience and their knowledge. I am particularly grateful to  Sélékè, Eseka and Ijane  for allowing me to learn from them. The robe mission has already been the focus of previous works (Paini 2002(Paini , 2003a) ) which only partially tackled the issues developed here, the result of further research on the topic. My long article in Italian ( 2009) begins to address Kanak women's recent engagement with entrepreneurship. A more recent contribution (Paini 2012) deals instead with the processes of naming the dress. Missionary correspondence was consulted in the Archives of the Marist Fathers in Rome.
Over the last few years, new approaches in lithic studies, better-defined chronologies and the discovery of new sites have helped us with the recognition of specific technological features. Recently some authors have proposed tracing the onset of some regional differentiation in the technological behavioural changes starting from the Lower Palaeolithic  [55, 56, 57]. This complex scenario has generated widespread debate about the definition of the chronological limits between the Lower and the Middle Palaeolithic as well as on the definition of the relevant archaeological data to be considered as the marker of these behavioural changes  [58, 12, 13, 59, 60, 61, 62]. If the evidence of technological variability during the Middle Palaeolithic is now commonly accepted, the causes of this variability are still in contention.
Possible reasons for the variability between the lithic assemblages of the two sites Current archaeological data show a great versatility in Neanderthal technological behaviour. As we discussed in the introduction, the archaeological literature has for decades reflected the difficulty of relating this diversity to clear general, regional or local cultural packages. Traditions, land use and mobility, types of activities, duration of occupation, and sometimes demography, have been proposed, alone or in various combinations, as possible explanations for this variability over space and time. Given that we have only a few sites of Early Middle Palaeolithic (EMP) age (from the end of MIS 8 to MIS 7) in southern France, we have no evidence of changes in local demography. However, we can, we can at least examine the raw material availability and modes of procurement (land use and mobility), and the subsistence strategies (including site use and activities) reflected in our site assemblages, in order to try to better understand the variability in human behaviour during this time period.
Background: Major depressive disorder is a common condition that often includes cognitive dysfunction. A systematic literature review of studies and a network meta-analysis were carried out to assess the relative effect of antidepressants on cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CDSR, and PsychINFO databases; clinical trial registries; and relevant conference abstracts were searched for randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of antidepressants/placebo on cognition. A network meta-analysis comparing antidepressants was conducted using a random effects model.
Results: The database search retrieved 11 337 citations, of which 72 randomized controlled trials from 103 publications met the inclusion criteria. The review identified 86 cognitive tests assessing the effect of antidepressants on cognitive functioning. However, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, which targets multiple domains of cognition and is recognized as being sensitive to change, was the only test that was used across 12 of the included randomized controlled trials and that allowed the construction of a stable network suitable for the network meta-analysis. The interventions assessed included selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and other non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. The network meta-analysis using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test showed that vortioxetine was the only antidepressant that improved cognitive dysfunction on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test vs placebo {standardized mean difference: 0.
Systematic Literature Review Studies that evaluated the effect of the interventions included in Table  1  were eligible for inclusion. A first-pass screening of each citation was conducted based on the abstracts. Citations that did not match the eligibility criteria and duplicates (due to overlap in the coverage of the databases) were excluded at the first-pass stage. Full-text copies of all included references were then assessed, and citations that did not match the eligibility criteria were excluded at the second-pass screening. During data extraction, publications describing the same trial were compiled into a single entry to avoid double counting of patients and studies. Data were extracted on methodological and clinical characteristics of the studies, including sample size, age, gender, race, disease duration, disease severity, interventions assessed, study duration, and assessment time points.
Both stages of screening and the data extraction were carried out by 2 independent reviewers, and any discrepancies between reviewers were reconciled by a third independent reviewer. Studies were critically appraised using comprehensive assessment criteria based on the recommendations in the NICE guidelines (NICE, 2013) according to 7 categories: (1) statistical analyses, (2) outcome selection and reporting, (3) withdrawals, (4) blinding, (5) baseline comparability, (6) allocation concealment, and (7) randomization.
SLR Figure  1  shows the flow of studies through the systematic review process. Searching of literature databases yielded 11 337 references. Due to the overlap of coverage between the databases, 1676 abstracts were found to be duplicates and were removed. First-stage screening of the citations identified 1425 potentially relevant references based on their titles/abstracts. Full-text reports of these citations were obtained for more detailed evaluation, following which 190 references remained. Hand-searching identified 20 additional relevant citations, resulting in a total of 210 publications prior to extraction. The review focused on RCTs assessing pharmacological interventions, as RCTs are considered the gold standard of clinical evidence and they minimize the risk of confounding factors.
Of the 210 references screened, 72 RCTs from 103 publications were identified based on prespecified eligibility criteria and included for data extraction. The interventions assessed across the studies included SSRIs (citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, or fluvoxamine), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (duloxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, or levomilnacipran), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (phenelzine or tranylcypromine), tricyclic antidepressants (desipramine, amitriptyline, imipramine, trimipramine, or tianeptine), tetracyclic antidepressants (mianserin or mirtazapine), or non-SSRI/ SNRI antidepressants (agomelatine, bupropion, reboxetine, or vortioxetine).
Parameter Inclusion/exclusion criteria in current review Patient population • Age: adult patients (≥18 years of age) • Gender: any • Race: any • Disease: major depressive disorder Study design • RCTs (irrespective of blinding status) • Comparative controlled trials (including nonrandomized studies, retrospective and prospective controlled cohort studies) will be included during screening stage to supplement the RCTs in case of limited evidence Intervention Pharmacological interventions • Other antidepressants • SSRIs (citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, o Bupropion sertraline) o Reboxetine • SNRIs (desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, venlafaxine, milnacipran, levomilnacipran) o Viloxazine • TCAs (desipramine, imipramine, clomipramine, nortriptyline, tianeptine, o Trazodone dothiepin, opipramol, trimipramine, lofepramine, dibenzepin, amitriptyline, o Vortioxetine protriptyline, doxepin, melitracen, butriptyline, dimetacrine, quinupramine) o Etoperidone • TeCA (mirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, amoxapine) o Nefazodone • MAOI (moclobemide, isocarboxazid, tranylcypromine, phenelzine, toloxatone) o Bifemelane Nonpharmacological interventions o Agomelatine • Cognitive therapy/remediation therapy o Vilazodone • Exercise therapy Alternative therapy • Diet therapy • S-adenosylmethionine • Vitamins • Omega 3 fatty acid • Tryptophan • 5-hydroxytryptophan • Hypericum perforatum Effect on cognition and cognitive impact assessment • Studies evaluating the effect of above listed interventions on cognition in MDD patients were included • Studies that assess the impact of cognitive dysfunction on patient's daily functioning, work productivity, and quality of life were also of interest in the review Comparator • Any of the above included interventions • Placebo/best supportive care • Any other pharmacological/nonpharmacological therapy Publication timeframe • From database inception till 13 November 2014 Language • English language articles Abbreviations: MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SNRI, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant; TeCA, tetracyclic antidepressant.
The volume is based on  Solomiac's (2007)  dissertation of the same name, completed at Université Lumière Lyon 2 under the direction of Denis Creissels. I was surprised to find that the published version was in fact shortened compared to the dissertation, a point I will return to later in the review. The description is based on over twenty years' work on the language, with a resulting lexical database of around 2500 entries and over 100 texts. There is thus a good deal of maturity and certainty to the analysis that inspires confidence in the reader. Nearly all of the examples are drawn from the texts and naturalistic; this is laudable and consistent with current best practices in descriptive and documentary linguistics, but I wished at times (particularly in the early chapters) for some simpler examples.
This included nine of 11 Big Ten football teams, the National Football League, Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, championship auto racing teams, and the US Olympic women's hockey team  [23]. Consequently, by 2017, 7,400 high schools and over 1,000 colleges were reportedly using the ImPACT assessment battery by ImPACT Applications, Inc. Among the institutions that use ImPACT, 27. 8% reported that both an athletic trainer and a physician interpret ImPACT results, while 18. 1% reported that an athletic trainer alone interprets the test. It was reported that 10. 8% of tests were interpreted by a physician alone, and 6. 8% of tests were interpreted by a neuropsychologist alone  [8]. Athletic trainers who examine the ImPACT data reported a workshop attendance rate of 26. 4%, demonstrating its ease of use  [8].
Data from ImPACT yielded 94. 6% sensitivity and 97. 3% specificity among asymptomatic athletes suspected of hiding their concussion. Therefore, Schatz and Sandel concluded that the online version of ImPACT is a valid measure of neurocognitive performance at the acute stages of a concussion. It has high levels of sensitivity and specificity, even when athletes appear to be denying post-concussion symptoms. By attempting to hide the symptoms of a concussion or otherwise look good on the ImPACT test, athletes displayed more variable behavior and paradoxically distinguished themselves from matched controls. This allowed the test to identify their neurocognitive deficits  [23]. Those athletes who were more forthcoming with symptom data displayed more normal ranges of behavior, thus overlapping with more normal controls.
This resulted in decreased specificity. The Pediatric ImPACT was developed as a computerized assessment battery for children aged five to 12 years in order to provide developmentally appropriate stimuli and task instructions, factor-derived composite scores, empirically-based clinical algorithms, and comprehensive normative data sets. The six Pediatric ImPACT neurocognitive subtests are based upon the original measure with adaptations of task instructions, cognitive demands, stimuli, and format to make them appropriate for younger children. The reliability and usefulness of the ImPACT test battery as a valid instrument in the evaluation of a sports-related concussion have been confirmed by several sources  [16, 23, 25]. In August 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration permitted marketing of the two devices to assess a patient's cognitive function immediately after a suspected brain injury or concussion: The Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) and ImPACT Pediatric.
It can usually be given in less than two minutes  [12]. Specifically, the KD test requires athletes to read single digit numbers from a series of three cards. The numbers on each card are uniquely arranged and spaced, with a progressive increase in difficulty with each successive card. The athlete holds the cards at a self-chosen comfortable distance and reads the numbers from left to right and top to bottom, as quickly as possible without making an error. The athlete is permitted three attempts to complete each card, and the fastest time without an error is recorded for each card. Each of the best times is summed for a total time. Tjarks, et al. examined the utility of the KD test by comparing its longitudinal data with PCSS measures and the four composite scores from ImPACT in recently concussed patients.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Y. Bai ,  V. Barger ,  J. Berger  and  M. Frigerio  for useful comments and correspondence, and are grateful to the  Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics (MITP)  for its hospitality and its partial support during the initial stages of this project. TFs work was supported by the  Basic Science Research Program  through the  National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)  funded by the  ministry of Education, Science  and.
Background Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) deficiency is an autosomalrecessive disorder due to deficiency of LAL, the enzyme that hydrolyzes cholesteryl esters and triglycerides (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man® database #278000)  [1]. The enzyme deficiency is due to LIPA mutations and leads to lysosomal lipid accumulation in many types of cells and tissues  [2, 3]. Like other lysosomal storage diseases, this disease presents across an age continuum from infancy to adulthood  [4]. The most rapidly progressive presentation of LAL deficiency occurs in infants (in infants, LAL deficiency has historically been known as Wolman disease  [5, 6] ), and usually leads to death before 6 months of age  [2, 7]. Affected infants show evidence of the disease within the first few months of life, with diarrhea, marked failure to thrive, abdominal distension, massive hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and rapidly progressive liver dysfunction.
Study design and patients This is an ongoing, global, phase 2/3, open-label, repeatdose, intrapatient dose-escalation study of the efficacy and safety of sebelipase alfa in infants (VITAL, Survival of LAL-D Infants Treated With Sebelipase Alfa; NCT01371825)  [19]. Twelve centers in nine countries are participating (Additional file 1, eStudy centers), with initiation on April 11, 2011. Patients were enrolled over a 2. 5-year period and the data cut-off date for analysis of survival to 12 months of age (primary endpoint) was June 10, 2014. All surviving patients continue to receive sebelipase alfa treatment in an ongoing extension study; the cut-off date for analysis of survival to 24 months of age was January 26, 2016. Patients received sebelipase alfa, with treatment initiated at 0. 35 mg/kg once weekly and escalation up to 3 mg/kg based on clinical response (Additional file 1, eDose adjustment based on clinical response).
Adverse events data are being collected and analyzed on an ongoing basis. Exploratory objectives included the effects of sebelipase alfa on serum lipid levels (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol). The Denver II Developmental Screening Test  [22]  for evaluating fine motor-adaptive, gross motor, language, and personal-social skills (performance-based and parent-reported) was also included. Results for each of the four assessment categories of the test were interpreted by the evaluator as "normal", "suspect", or "untestable". Safety was assessed by ascertainment of adverse events, discontinuations, deaths, infusion-associated reactions (IARs; Additional file 1, eDefinition of infusion-associated reaction), ADAs, clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, physical examinations, and electrocardiograms.
Statistical analysis The primary efficacy set was defined as patients in the full analysis set who were 8 months of age or younger on the date of their first infusion (n = 9). Survival was compared to survival in a historical cohort of untreated infants with confirmed diagnosis of LAL deficiency, who had similar clinical characteristics (data on file, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. )  [7]. All hematological, liver biochemical, and lipid analyses were performed by local laboratories, and assessed using age-and gender-specific normal values at the time of the test. Details of planned statistical methods including sample size are described in Additional file 1 (eStatistical methods and determination of sample size).
The hypertension, which existed prior to enrollment in the study, was thought to be associated with fluid overload and was being treated with furosemide, amlodipine, and clonidine. Elevated levels of renin and aldosterone were observed; however, renal size (measured by ultrasound) was within the upper limit of the normal range. Postmortem findings included evidence of early cirrhosis in the liver. The lungs and intestine showed xanthomatous changes; also spleen and bone marrow showed widespread lipid vacuoles and lipid-laden macrophages, consistent with underlying disease. Results of Kaplan-Meier survival analyses are shown in Fig. 2  for the patients receiving sebelipase alfa and for untreated patients with growth failure in the historical control group (data on file, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
)  [7]. The historical control group is from a natural history study intended to characterize LAL deficiency and disease progression, and to inform future clinical trial design. Inherent variability of the dataset was consistent with the small number of patients from diverse geographical areas who were diagnosed over a broad period of time. Nevertheless, these data provided valuable information on commonalities in the presentation and disease course of LAL deficiency that were confirmed by the findings of the present study. The clinical presentation and laboratory abnormalities were consistent with those reported in the literature, with early onset and prominent failure to thrive and severe hepatic disease as evidenced by massive hepatomegaly, elevation of transaminases, hyperbilirubinemia, coagulopathy, and hypoalbuminemia  [26, 27].
Acknowledgments We acknowledge the  Manchester/National Institute for Health Research Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility ; the staff at the  Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit (Manchester, UK) , especially  Dr Catherine Breen  and  Mrs Fiona White ;  Dr David Grevent ,  Dr Christine Broissand ,  Ms Kenza Lahcene ,  Ms Rachel Grybek Bendahmane ,  Dr Coraline Grisel , and  Professor Pascale de Lonlay  at  Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France ;  Professor Ed Wraith  (deceased) of the  Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital , Manchester, UK;  Dr Isabelle Pin  at the  Investigational Clinical Pediatric Centre of Grenoble, France ; and  Dr Yijun Yang  formerly of  Synageva BioPharma Corp , for their contributions. Editorial and medical writing support was provided by  Elizabeth Daro-Kaftan, PhD  and  Michael Morren ,  MBA, RPh of Peloton Advantage, LLC, Parsippany, NJ, USA.
Cell spheroid concentration determination SUM1315 cell concentrations ranging from 50 to 10000 cells per well were cultured in the presence of 2% Geltrex® added after cell seeding at Day 1 (Figure  2A ). Spheroid diameters were monitored every day from Day 0 (control) to Day 14 with light microscopy, using ToupView® software. Results showed that for 50, 2000 and 10000 cells per well, spheroid diameters were 299±54 μm, 1198±45 μm and 2149±50 μm at Day 0 and decreased to 89±16 μm, 320±21 μm and 570±21 μm at Day 1, respectively. SUM1315 spheroid diameters and shapes remained constant until Day 14 for concentrations of 200 to 2000 cells per well (313±14 μm for 2000 cells per well), and decreased for concentrations of 5000 and 10000 cells per well (401±31 μm for 10000 cells, p<0. 00001) (Figure  2A, 2B ).
Cell spheroid concentration determination For this cell line, as previously, spheroid diameters obtained with MDA-MB-231 cell concentrations from 50 to 10000 cells per well were measured every day from Day 0 to Day 14 with light microscopy using ToupView® Software (Figure  3A, 3B ). At Day 0 for 50, 2000 and 10000 cells per well, diameters were 254±50 μm, 1203±100 μm and 2246±84 μm respectively. In contrast, spheroid diameters decreased significantly Several Geltrex® concentrations from 0. 25 to 6% were used. Two conditioning regimens of Geltrex® were tested: addition of Geltrex® (i) in the microplates just after cell seeding (corresponding to Day 0) and (ii) 24h after cell seeding and aggregate formation (corresponding to Day 1). after adding Geltrex®. At Day 1, diameters were 134±23 μm (p<0.
SUM1315 spheroid diameters were then measured with ToupView® software. The results showed similar diameters between 0. 01 and 0. 1 μM cisplatin treated spheroids (264±10 μm, p=0. 14 and 264±12 μm, p=0. 17, respectively) compared to controls (267±11 μm) after 5 days of treatment (Figure  7Ab ). Nevertheless, a decrease in spheroid diameters was detected after treatment with 1 and 10 μM cisplatin (223±11 μm, p<0. 00001 and 204±12 μm, p<0. 00001, respectively). Live/Dead® kit analysis of viability and mortality of 3D cell cultures showed similar cell viability of spheroids treated with 0. 01 to 10 μM cisplatin to control spheroids (Figure  7Ac ). For the MDA-MB-231 cell line, analysis of the ratio of the quantity of resorufin formed in DMSO 0. 1% treated     cells in comparison with untreated control cells showed no impact of DMSO at this concentration, with 98±5% for 2D (p=0.
Liquid overlay 3D cell culture Cells were seeded in "Ultra-Low-Attachment" round bottom microplates (Corning®) in order to prevent cellular adhesion to the support. After 24h of incubation, Geltrex® was deposited on aggregated cells, and microplates were agitated on a microplate shaker at 185 rpm for 20 min. Spheroid formation and diameter measurements were assessed with a light microscope (CFM-BDS-200 Realux Cofemo) associated with a camera (Industrial Digital Camera, UCMOS05100KPA) and ToupView® software.
CASE STUDY SYSTEM To achieve time synchronization over the network, our case used the NTP. As a time source, the Global Positioning System (GPS) is used for central clock synchronization. Although GPS time signals are accurate, clock skew still introduces time stamp issues into database records. The more computers involved in a system, the more likely that skew will be reflected in the data. Specifically, in the emergency response system that we studied, the call center consists of a few (6-14) workstations taking calls and logging them into a system. The workstations at the call center are physically in a different location than the corresponding servers for data entry. The workstations and data entry servers are separated by a set of firewalls and connected via a Virtual Private Network (VPN), these two end points may incur delay in synchronizing their time.