dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
and  Phoebe Koundouri  for helpful comments and discussions. We acknowledge audiences at the 23rd conference of the  European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists  and at the 6th World Congress of Environmental and  Resource Economists  for their helpful comments. This research has received funding from  European Research Council  (grants  336703  and  670337 ) and from the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-17-CE03-0008-01 ). ;  RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment (EIEE) ,  Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)  and  Università Bocconi ,.
The solution is optimized subject to a set of linear constraints, including balancing the supply and demand equation at each node for each period, infrastructure capacity, and contractual restrictions. As is usual with this type of linear programming problem, the shadow variable associated with each node, at a given period, provides the marginal cost to supply gas at that node at that time. This marginal cost can be interpreted as the equilibrium price of natural gas that would prevail if the market were perfectly competitive at that time. The model is calibrated using Nexant's proprietary database, KAP-SARC data, and the authors' analysis of aspects of the Saudi Arabian and world energy system that typically determine the trajectory of future demand levels at the consuming nodes, the costs and capacities at the extraction nodes, and infrastructure characteristics.
Lacis et al. ,  [33]  at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) studied that Carbon Dioxide act like a thermostat and control the earth temperature. There is not only the observed concentration of GHGs, but also the observed changes in the climate, like rise in sea level, ice sheets melting and change in precipitation which suggest that the earth is warming. Source: The data from NOAA. Relationship between CO2 and Temperature.
Antarctic sea ice is also growing thinner and thinner  [93]. According to an estimate, there are total 168,331 number of glaciers with the total area of 726,258 with the total maximum mass of 191,879 in the world (Randolph Glacier Inventory, RGI)). The length of glaciers is continually decreasing in many regions of the world, including Alaska, Newzeland, Canada and USA and Antarctica. The RGI data reveal that the glaciers are also losings their area. Leclercq et al. ,  [94]  provided a detail analysis of mass loss of the glaciers. In many parts of the planet, the glaciers are losing area and mass. Gardner et al. ,  [95]  mention that Andes Tropical has lost mass rapidly since the 1980's  [96, 97]  and glaciers of Himalayan also loosing mass  [98]. The Greenland Ice sheet losing mass and increasing sea level for the year 1990  [99, 100, 101].
However, according to the CLiP database, this line also carried a second insertion (hereafter ins2) in gene Cre24. g755597. t1. 1, an insertion that was similarly confirmed by PCR analysis (Supplemental Fig. S1B ). To remove the second mutation and to test whether the state transition phenotype cosegregated with the pph1 mutation, the mutant line (pph1;ins2) was backcrossed twice to the parental strain CC5155 (Supplemental Fig. S1C ). From the first cross, 60 complete tetrads were analyzed for paromomycin resistance and for the presence of pph1 and ins2 insertions, both of which conferred paromomycin resistance. In eight of these tetrads where the two insertions segregated (non-parental ditypes with four paromomycinresistant colonies pph1/pph1/ins2/ins2), we found that altered state transitions cosegregated with the insertion in the pph1 gene (Supplemental Fig.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Jean-David Rochaix ,  Jean Alric ,  Bernard Genty , and  Gilles Peltier  for scientific advice;  Pascaline Auroy  for technical assistance;  Matteo Ballottari  for the plasmids expressing LHCBMs;  Francis-André Wollman  for antiserum against PETO;  Yuichiro Takahashi  for antisera against  CP29 ,  CP26 , and.
1 This work was supported by the  European Commission 's  Marie Curie Initial Training Network project  ( AccliPhot  grant no. PITN-GA-2012-316427 ); the  University of Geneva ; the  Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva ; the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (grant no. SNF-31003A-146300 ); the  European Commission 's European  FP6 program  ( SOLAR-H grant  no. STRP516510 ); the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  ( ChloroPaths grant  no. ANR-14-CE05-0041-01 ); and the  French Ministry of Science and Education.
Development of a geothermal system classification In this work, the geothermal systems in the six areas of interest are classified using a combination of different criteria, such as the geological setting, the potential geothermal reservoir temperature and the dominant physical state of the fluids. The data in published literature were reviewed, and the following steps were followed to establish the geothermal system classification. 1. The first step consisted of characterizing the geological environment by highlighting the tectonic and structural settings at the regional scale in each area. The analysis of tectonic data was based on up-to-date geological maps and the available literature for the tectono-metamorphic domains of Madagascar (Fig. 1 ). This information was then used to infer the dominant geologic control on fluid flow or the heat migration pathway, geothermal play type and heat source.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  Canadian Francophonie Scholarship Program  that supported the first author with a scholarship. The  UNESCO International Geoscience Program  is acknowledged for providing a framework to enhance collaboration amongst members of the IGCP-636 group who are interested in geothermal research and who participated as co-authors. We thank  Juliet Newson  of the  Iceland School of Energy  for her helpful discussions and pertinent remarks that improved the conceptual models.
Scientific Community To fully explore the ocean and its biota, the current screening and/or cultivation approaches of marine organisms of interest for biotechnological applications need to be optimized (Figure  2 ). High-throughput techniques produce vast amounts of data and can uncover the biodiversity and the metabolic potential of marine organisms. Hence, knowledge on data management, processing and data analysis to maximize the quality and quantity of resulting information needs to be advanced. Experts from the field of statistics, bioinformatics and chemometrics are essential in biotechnology research groups nowadays and their pipelines and databases should be integrated, harmonized and publicly available to prevent duplication of efforts, reduce the overall costs and support the discovery process.
HOW WILL Ocean4Biotech FOSTER ADVANCES IN THE FIELD OF MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY? There are five general objectives within the Ocean4Biotech COST Action: (1) Description of marine biodiversity. Knowledge of marine biodiversity is still limited. Moreover, there is a large interregional variability in species distribution and in their taxonomic knowledge. The lack of experts in marine species taxonomy, duplicates/redundancies/inconsistencies in the primary nucleotide databases, lack of type species and polyphyly of traditionally established taxa result in many misidentified or unidentified species/strains (many of which hold great potential for biotechnological applications). These are also important challenges to marine natural product programs. Hence, human resources, research effort, time and cost-efficient methods are needed to overcome the current gap in knowledge on biological and chemical diversity in marine ecosystems.
By offering multidisciplinary skills, this strategy will avoid the risk of training a marine-related workforce that the market may not absorb (EuroMarine Working Group, 2019). (5) Knowledge co-creation and integration. (i) The Action will be geographically inclusive as it will produce an open-access database of exploitable species for marine biotechnology in the Ocean4Biotech participating countries. In addition to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS 9 ), this Action participants will focus on those species with putative biotechnological potential. (ii) The Action will be inclusive in the biological sense and include species regardless of the kingdom (from bacteria and algae to zooplankton and other species that are suitable for exploitation). (iii) Methodologically, the participants will integrate all levels of the biotechnological pipeline; from bioprospecting to cultivation, biological screening, compound isolation and optimization of the isolation process, and structure elucidation.
Literature review A literature review was performed aiming to identify the relevant scientific papers published in the past years on LCA teaching. The review did not collect all possible types of documentation and material from the numerous LCA courses taught around the world (many of them are not publicly accessible). It rather aimed at summarizing the current state of research on teaching LCA in higher education. Hence, the literature review covered databases of scientific research (JSTOR, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate) using the keywords "teaching", "higher education" and "learning" combined with "Life Cycle Assessment", "Life Cycle Analysis", "LCA", or "lifecycle" (with different spelling).
Nominal group technique for conducting expert panels The development of the framework and the categorization of LCA contents and activities are results of expert panels. Expert panels or stakeholder workshops are commonly used ways to discuss and develop consensus in complex subjects from medical practice to specific resource efficiency topics. In the field of LCA, expert panels have been used to build consensus on the development of guiding principles for LCA databases (e. g. Pennington et al. 2010) , definition of impact assessment indicators (e. g. Frischknecht et al. 2016)  or weighting factors (e. g. Pizzol et al. 2017). In this study, expert panels were conducted based on the five-step nominal group technique as described in  Potter et al. (2004)  and  Harvey and Holmes (2012)  to build stepwise consensus on the learning outcomes and achievable competencies in higher education on LCA.
Application of the framework in higher education The substantial differences in learning outcomes and envisioned professional LCA competencies do not only require distinct workloads and tailored study program integration, but also result in a large spectrum of LCA teaching activities, materials, and content. Therefore, this section showcases the use of the framework in higher education. Based on the expert panel research, we decided to focus on three broad types of LCA teaching: lecturing and similar activities, case studies and project work, and LCA software and database use. The latter is mostly part of case studies and project work and of particular relevance for LCA teaching in higher education. The three types resemble Atkins and Brown's continuum of teaching methods (  2002 ) where lectures represent one end of the continuum with a high degree of engagement and control by the lecturer.
Instead of just reading and interpreting elements of case studies or doing guided exercises on simplified case study material, students at levels 3 and above start to interpret and compare "full" LCA case studies and can also plan and execute full-fledged LCA studies by themselves including some parts of data collection and system modeling in LCA software. As a step further, student groups can conduct these LCA studies on real-life cases in collaboration with external partners (e. g. companies, municipalities), where they can experience challenges (e. g. data collection) and benefits (e. g. interactions and communication with engaged stakeholders) of real-life application of LCA. Finkbeiner (2016)  3-5 (focus on special LCA types)  Frischknecht (2020)  2-5 (only in German)  Fullana and Puig (1994)  2-5 (only in Spanish)  Grisel and Osset (2004)  2-5 (only in French  Guinée (2002)  2-5  Hauschild and Huijbregts (2015)  3-5 (focus on LCIA)  Hauschild et al.
Spreadsheet, software and database use IT applications form an important part of LCA teaching and are often used to handle the quantity of data needed for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). While IT support can increase the understanding of LCA applications and better prepare the students for potential future careers as LCA practitioners, it also bears the risks of replacing or complicating the comprehension and critical questioning of LCA methodology. Defining the right dose of software use is hence an important part of LCA teaching. Besides the use of specialized LCA software and databases, spreadsheet exercises are a common part of LCA teaching. Spreadsheet exercises or by hand calculations enable first small LCA computations and help to illustrate LCA methods, which otherwise run automatically and therefore hidden in specialized software and database solutions.
LCA teachers are hence encouraged to use LCA software to ensure that the mechanics behind LCA computations are well understood by the students, e. g. by small exercises with spreadsheets to mimic the computations of the LCA software at a lower scale (see  Cosme et al. 2019  for an example). Four types of LCA software for teaching purposes can be distinguished. Spreadsheet exercises (type 1) allow simple case studies or LCA calculations by displaying LCA results from simple LCI data multiplied by pre-calculated emission factors. Streamlined software applications (type 2) usually focus on one application (such as eco-design or footprinting), limited boundaries (e. g. , cradle-to-gate) or limited sectors (e. g. , buildings). Professional LCA software packages (type 3, e. g. , SimaPro (PRé Consultants 2020), openLCA (GreenDelta 2020), GaBi  (Sphera 2020) , or Umberto (ifu Hamburg 2020) enable modelling of the life cycle of any products and calculate the associated environmental impacts based on several possible LCI databases for the background system and on several already implemented LCIA methods.
Advanced use of LCA software through coding or programming (type 4) such as (i) stand-alone programming framework (e. g. , Brightway2  (Mutel 2017) ) and (ii) COM-interface to automatically run LCA software from a third-party application of programming language. As presented in Table  3 , types 1,2 and 3 software are used as a support for LCA classes and for doing exercises or conducting student projects. Type 4 are mostly used at PhD levels. However, the development of programming classes in curricula might foster the use of type 4 software in LCA classes at competency levels 3 and 4. When designing an LCA class and selecting an LCA software, several aspects need to be considered, including financial feasibility ("cost range"), the product or activity to be studied ("applicability"), the ease-of-use during the learning process ("usability"), the different functionalities available in the software ("versatility"), the time dedicated to learn and use the software, the need to conduct a partial or full LCA, the need to use several LCI databases and/or several LCIA methods, the level of the class concerning LCA (according to Table  4 ), and the associated competencies to be learned.
To systematize this diversity of LCA teaching content, the expert panels conflated the LCA learning and competency levels from Table  4 , their workshops' collection of teaching topics, and the three types of LCA teaching approaches from previous sections. Subsequently, the expert panels assigned    6. Table  6  illustrates the increasing diversity of teaching approaches with a high degree of student participation and independence as the learning and competency levels increase (for competency levels, see Chapter 3. 2). Case study and project work as well as software and database use form larger portions of the overall workload, increasing from about a quarter of the total workload on levels 1 and 2 to more than half of the workload at level 4.
• Students can use the overview to compare their course descriptions and contents with the competency levels listed in Table  4  in order to self-assess their own capabilities and they can manage their expectations on which time investment will lead to what level of competency in LCA. • LCA-software providers and LCI database providers can profit from the overview of skills listed for different competency levels to create suitable services for each level. • Prospective employers who want to recruit a person with an LCA background can use the framework to better determine the actual qualifications that they expect from their candidates. Future research might enhance the framework by triangulating its results further, e. g. through conducting empirical surveys to gather the knowledge and experience of LCA teachers in higher education and beyond globally, using a bottom-up approach instead of the top down approach applied in this paper.
Chemosensitizing effect In order to evaluate the ability of fucoxanthin to sensitize A2058 cells to chemotherapy, several concentrations (1 -100 µM) of vemurafenib (BRAF inhibitor, Selleckchem ® , France) and dacarbazine (DNA alkylating agent, Sigma-Aldrich ® , France) were tested alone or combined with fucoxanthin at its ½IC50 (7. 5 µM). After 72h of treatment, cell viability was measured by the MTT assay and results were expressed as IC50. The combination index (CI) were calculated according to the Chou-Talalay method  [30] , using the free software CompuSyn ® (version 1. 0). Briefly, CI < 1. 0 indicates synergism, CI > 1. 0 indicates antagonism and CI ≅ 1. 0 indicates an additive effect.
Acknowledgements and conflicts of interest This work was funded by the  Interreg Atlantic Area European regional development fund , project Enhance Microalgae  EAPA_338/2016. RGDOJ 's PhD grant was supported by the  French Ministry for Superior Education and Research. We are grateful to the  French cancer league (Comité 17 de la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer)  for financial support and thank the " Cancéropôle Grand Ouest , axis  Marine Molecules ,  Metabolism  and  Cancer"  for scientific support. The authors also thank the  Platform  for the High Resolution Analysis of Biomolecules.
This study deals with a numerical investigation to assess and compare the thermal and economic performance of two solar tower power systems. It concerns the Molten Salt (MS) and Direct Steam Generation (DSG) technologies used as heat carrier and storage. For this purpose, a 50 MWe solar tower plant without thermal energy storage under the climatic conditions of the eastern Moroccan region is simulated with the System Advisor Model (SAM) software. The meteorological data has been collected via a high precision meteorological station located in Oujda city(34°40'53'' N 1°54'30. 9'' W). The results are presented in terms of monthly energy production, annual energy output, and Levelized Electricity Cost (LEC). From these findings, it can be concluded that, for an amount annual Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) of 1989.
Among the various thermodynamic solar concentrator technologies such as Parabolic trough, linear Fresnel reflector, solar power were then used as input to the System Advisor Model (SAM) software to perform the parametric simulation. (Xu et al, 2011)  modeled a solar power tower plant (Dahan with 1 MWe) from mathematical models. The heliostat and superheater cavity receiver models were developed for all of the working conditions using the modular modeling method. The static and dynamic characteristics of the power plant are then analyzed. They obtained and discussed the variation in power output, steam pressure, steam temperature and steam flow. The mathematical model of the Steam Generation System of Solar two power tower plant with lumped parameter method is developed by  Zhang et al. (2019).
A transient simulation results of a hybrid solar tower power plant with an open volumetric receiver technology for different cities in China presented by  Latzke et al. (2015). The open volumetric receiver uses air as a Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF). The meteorological data from these sites was extracted from the Meteonorm software with a time resolution of one hour. They used the simulation environment MATLAB/Simulink as a numerical tool in their study. The results indicate that the highest solar share of about 15 % is achieved for Alxa Zuoqi in Inner Mongolia while the solar share for Taiyuan city is 6 % lower. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies are part of the most advanced and rapidly growing renewable energies to face the challenges of climate change and improve durability. In another study,  Abbas et al.
Site geographical location The proposed photovoltaic plants using molten salt technology or DSG are located near the Oujda city in Morocco Northeast. This city is at 34. 68 ° north latitude and -1. 9 ° longitude (34°40'53'' N 1°54'30. 9'' W). It should be noted that Oujda had a population of over 490,000 in 2014. One year of meteorological data (8760 hours) has been collected via a high-precision meteorological station (SOLYS 2) installed at the University of Oujda, which is composed by a several components such as: • The direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) in W/m² measured with K&Z CHP1 Pyrheliometer.
• The wind direction in °N (to East), measured with NRG 200 wind Direction Sensor. Then, a file TMY3 (DNI, GHI, DHI, wind speed and ambient temperature, etc. ) has been used as input data for the SAM software to perform the targeted simulation. The monthly Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI) for a typical year of the Oujda site is shown in Figure  2. From the figure, it is obvious that the highest DNI of the year is always between 10 am and 2 pm. The maximum is reached in almost all months of the year (except March and November) with more than 950 W/m 2. According to the 2012 weather file, the daily average of DNI is 5. 45 kWh / m 2 / day while the annual average is 1989. 9 kWh/m 2 /yr in Oujda. Note that Spain and the United States are the two countries where the CSPs use is the most widespread.
System Advisor Model software In our study, the SAM software has been employed to simulate and analyze the two configurations of solar. Note that such software has been developed by the National Laboratory of Renewable Energies (NREL) in collaboration with Sandia National Laboratories  (NREL, 2013). Its development consists in studying the technical performance and economic evaluation of different renewable energy systems, such as CSP systems, PV systems and biomass systems based on hourly meteorological data in a specific location. The SAM performance models are based, for each numerical simulation, on the TRNSYS code  (Dobos et al. , 2013; Fares et al. , 2018). Concerning the solar tower technology, the model simulation equations involve, mainly the equations based on the energy balance, the physical and mechanical phenomena of the different subsystems of the power plant  (Neises et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CMC is grateful for financial support from the  Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)  and the  Paris Ile-de-France Region -DIM "Respore". S. N. thanks financial support by the  Fundación Ramón Areces  ( XVIII Concurso Nacional para la Adjudicación de Ayudas a la Investigación en Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia ,  2016 ),  Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades   RTI2018-099482-A-I00  project  and Generalitat Valenciana grupos de investigación consolidables 2019  ( AICO/2019/214 ) project. H. G. thanks financial support to the  Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Severo Ochoa  and  RTI2018-098237-CO2-1 ) and  Generalitat Valenciana  ( Prometeo2017/083 ).
2. Four thermocouples with a calibrated accuracy of have been placed inside the system to measure the transient temperature distribution. They were placed on the same horizontal line ( ); one on the hotplate, one in the film of the liquid near the plate, one in the PCM and finally one in the liquid film to the left of the PCM. All thermocouples were connected to the computer through a data logger (KEITHLEY 3706) to record temperature.