dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Seismic Survey The SYSIF (SYstème SIsmique Fond de mer) is a deep-towed seismic system designed by Ifremer for high (HR: 250 -1000 Hz) to very high resolution (VHR: 650 -2000 Hz) near-bottom marine seismic surveys  (Marsset et al. , 2010). The penetration depth below the seabed is inversely proportional to the resolution quality and depends on the type of the penetrated sediment. Its altitude above the seabed is set at 100 m to reduce the Fresnel area where the pressure field is very irregular, which improves the lateral resolution with respect to the surface  (Ker et al. , 2012). In the study area, several perpendicular SYSIF profiles have been acquired through pockmark A and C, which were used to correlate the acoustic/geotechnical data and the geomorphology of the pockmarks. This allowed understanding the distribution of GH and free gas within the pockmarks.
Additionally, sub-bottom profiles were acquired every 4 meters using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) in pockmark A with an average penetration depth of around 70 meters. The AUV system produces pulses of 2-16 kHz, which are continuously narrowed in order to get a constant resolution with increasing depth. These pulses are then correlated with the recorded seismic data allowing enhancing the vertical resolution. The system is efficiently designed to minimize the survey time and maintain the same measuring speed  (George and Cauquil, 2007) ; thus, resulting in an evenly dispersed data. This eventually allowed creating a 3D seismic data cube of the pockmark bathymetry and the GHOZ occupying this pockmark.
For some sites, XRF and XRD tests could not be carried out because of the absence of cores or the disturbance of the sediment due to coring/drilling processes or GH dissociation upon core recovery. The first step was to correlate all significant peaks and patterns of the in-situ compressional wave velocity, the attenuation and the applied load profiles of the GH bearing site in question (Figure  6 ). Based on earlier observations, the attenuation profile correlates best with that of calcite. Then, the attenuation profile of the investigated site can be compared and correlated with that of a reference site without GH, where XRF/XRD tests have been performed and the mineralogy profile determined. To improve correlation between profiles, data have been first adimensionalised (Figure  7 ) using the following equation: C = &̅ & E F (4) Where, C is the value that will be made dimensionless (i.
For sediment with GH GH were quantified at all sites where Vp data were available and after definition of the mineralogy profile of the sediment in question, which was mostly done by correlating acoustic data (attenuation profile) of GH bearing sites with that of reference sites. This is because, in most cases, recovered cores from GH bearing sites are highly disturbed due to GH dissociation during their recovery. Quantification results obtained from the EMT were compared to pore-water chloride analysis and pictures of nearby recovered cores, which allowed carrying out a more reliable investigation of GH bearing sediments. Figure  9  presents the Vp, the signal attenuation and the applied load at site GMPFV03S03 (site 2 in Figure  1 ). The positive and simultaneous increases of all three parameters confirms the presence of GH at this site.
Using the EMT, maximum GH content were estimated to occur at 4mbsf with values of 25% for #$ and 70% for %&. At 4. 3 mbsf, the GH content estimated from chloride concentration anomalies measured on MeBo core GMMB06 reaches 34%. Figure  11  presents the Vp, the signal attenuation and applied load profiles obtained at site GMPFV10S04 together with estimates of GH content (site 4 in Figure  1 ). The presence of GH can be confirmed due to simultaneous increases of in-situ acoustic parameters (Figure  11 ) and negative thermal anomalies of the nearby core GMMB12  (Wei et al. , 2015). While missing data is observed in the P-wave velocity and attenuation profiles between 11 mbsf and 12 mbsf, the applied load profile suggests that GH were touched at 11 mbsf. This was confirmed by the pore-water chloride data from which GH content as high as 57.
GH detection and quantification In this paper, GH contents have been estimated from in-situ Vp measurements as well as from pore water chloride analyses carried out on adjacent cores. The presence of GH in clayey sediments was inferred from increases in P-wave velocity as well as from negative anomalies in the chlorinity and temperature profiles. Furthermore, positive anomalies in the attenuation and applied load profiles were also taken as an indicator of the presence of GH. The quantification process required the use of a petrophysical model allowing sites lacking mineralogical input data to be correlated with reference sites, where background velocity profiles and mineralogy are well defined. Using the EMT, a maximum GH content of 26. 5% #$ was estimated at a Vp of 2035 m/s. It is arguable that relying on the assumption that GH contribute to the stiffness of their host sediment is not suitable for the case of clayey sediments, which is characterised by the presence of grain-displacing hydrates.
By contrast with that of the study area, pockmarks in Kouilou did not exhibit gas venting features. This suggests that pockmarks in the study area are probably more active with respect to free gas flux, compared to the Kouilou pockmarks; or that the last one is probably in an earlier phase of GH formation. Additionally,  Riboulot et al. (2016)  have correlated geophysical, sedimentological and geotechnical data in order to obtain insight into the inner architecture of pockmarks situated in the eastern Niger submarine delta. The study showed that the pathway through which the free gas is migrating and feeding the GHOZ is located beneath the central part of the studied pockmark. This is in line with this work, since the highest GH contents were identified in the central part of pockmark A (at sites 14, 15 and 16 in Figure  15.
a and sites 25, 26 and 27 in Figure  15. b). Furthermore, the GHOZ (Figure  14 ) has a similar geometry as the 3D bathymetry of pockmark A showing the influence of GH presence on the formation of the pockmark. All these findings confirm that GH content and distribution play an important role in shaping and forming of some pockmarks. Therefore, complex seafloor morphologies, such as pockmarks, can be an indicator of the presence of GH  (Riboulot et al. , 2016)  and must be considered as a potential source of geohazard particularly for industrial seabed developments (i. e. offshore operations, pipeline installations and well drilling). The correlations between in-situ acoustic and geotechnical measurements with the seismic data have indeed allowed understanding the link between the morphology of pockmark A and that of GH.
Conclusion This paper aims to study the effect of GH content, distribution and morphology on the geomorphology and the actual state of the pockmarks present in the study area. This work mainly focused on pockmarks A and C in the Gulf of Guinea, where in-situ acoustic, coring and drilling data as well as seismic sections were acquired from different oceanographic campaigns. GH contents in the marine sediment were estimated using the Effective Medium Theory (EMT), which requires an accurate definition of the mineralogy profile. In cases, where the recovered cores were undisturbed, the mineral proportions were defined using the XRD and XRF techniques. In cases where the recovered cores were significantly disturbed due to GH dissociation, a petrophysical model based on the acoustic data of the site in question was developed and allowed determining the mineral proportions.
The correlations and analysis of this unique database has led to the following conclusions: 1. Positive Vp anomalies along with simultaneous increase of the attenuation and applied load profiles are an indicator of the presence of GH. 2. A maximum GH content of 26. 5% was estimated for a Vp of 2035 m/s using the EMT. 7. The morphology of a given pockmark in the study area might be an indication that can be used to confirm the presence of GH, determine an interval of GH content and identify different GH morphologies.
Acknowledgments Data used in the present paper are covered by a confidentiality agreement between Total, Ifremer, and  Marum  that restrict access; interested readers can contact the authors for more information. We The authors would like to thank  Natalia Vazquez Riveiros  for help in providing the photos of the forams. The authors would like to express their great appreciation to the  French National Research Agency  for funding the present study, which is part of the project  HYDRE "Mechanical behaviour of gashydrate-bearing sediments " - ANR-15-CE06-0008.
We have measured the γ-rays following neutron capture on 240 Pu and 244 Cm at the n_TOF facility at CERN with the Total Absorption Calorimeter (TAC) and with C 6 D 6 organic scintillators. The TAC is made of 40 BaF 2 crystals operating in coincidence and covering almost the entire solid angle. This allows to obtain information concerning the energy spectra and the multiplicity of the measured capture γ-ray cascades. Additional information is also obtained from the C 6 D 6 detectors. We have analyzed the measured data in order to draw conclusions about the Photon Strength Functions (PSFs) of 241 Pu and 245 Cm below their neutron separation energies. The analysis has been performed by fitting the PSFs to the experimental results, using the differential evolution method, in order to find neutron capture cascades capable of reproducing at the same time a great variety of deposited energy spectra.
Instead of DICEBOX or DEGEN, we have used NuDEX  [23]  for the generation of the capture cascades. This code, which has been developed recently, works in a very similar way as the aforementioned codes do. We have used the experimental data from the TAC to perform the fit since we assumed that its response function is more sensitive to the shape of the cascade than the ones from the C 6 D 6 s. We have used the same Geant4 application as in previous works  [19]. For the comparison with the experimental results, we have evaluated at the same time the reduced chi-squared of several different deposited energy spectra. The FOM has been defined as a linear combination of the resulting values. For the fitting process, we have used the differential evolution algorithm  [24] [25] [26] , which presents numerous advantages for the problem we want to solve: it does not use derivatives, it is robust, easy to implement, and it can be easily used in parallel computing.
05. Figure  2  shows the results of the fit, in which the fitted M1-PSF is two order of magnitude larger than the one from RIPL-3. This PSF probably does not correspond to reality, since it is expected that E1 transitions dominate over M1 transitions, and also because it will lead to a too large Γ γ , but it allows reproducing a large number of deposited experimental spectra. More work will be done in the future to study whether there are other solutions capable of reproducing the experimental spectra. The same electromagnetic cascades fitted with the TAC spectra have been simulated in the C 6 D 6 experimental setup. The comparison with the experimental data is presented in Figure  3. There we see how the cascades fitted to reproduce the TAC response to 244 Cm(n,γ) cascades perfectly reproduce the deposited energy spectra in the C 6 D 6 detectors as well.
Patients Patients included in this study were identified via MelBase, a French clinical database with a biobank dedicated to the prospective follow-up of adult patients with advanced melanoma. This observational cohort included standardized questionnaires completed prospectively by the investigator at inclusion and throughout disease course. The MelBase protocol was approved by French ethics committee (CPP Ile-de-france XI, n • 12027, 2012) and registered in the NIH clinical trials database (NCT02828202, https://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT02828202). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. All patients within Melbase followed up at Saint-Louis University Hospital and diagnosed with LM between December 2013 and February 2020 were included. For each patient with LM from melanoma identified via Melbase, a central review by dermato-oncologist and neuro-oncologist experts was performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Data Collection Data were collected retrospectively, including: sex, age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), serum lactate dehydrogenase level (LDH), BRAF and NRAS mutation status, primary melanoma site, presence of MBM, number and volume (< or >2 cm diameter) of MBM, use of corticosteroids, neurological symptoms at LM diagnosis, number of previous systemic treatment lines, CSF results, date of LM diagnosis, date of metastatic melanoma diagnosis, date of primary melanoma diagnosis, therapies received before and after LM diagnosis (including systemic therapies and radiotherapy), and date of death or last follow-up. Patients were classified in two groups independently of systemic treatment received: receiving combined radiotherapy (cRT group) or not (no-cRT group). RT was considered combined if delivered from 30 days before the first systemic therapy dose to treat LM until 30 days after the first dose of the same therapy line.
We are aware that our study has some limitations. The small number of patients and the retrospective analysis of data will generate hypotheses to be tested in larger prospective studies. This study provides evidence of the urgent need for more effective therapies for patients with LM from melanoma. Multiple clinical trials have shown encouraging results in MBM patients treated with immunotherapy and targeted therapy  [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]. However, all these trials excluded patients with LM due to the overall poor prognosis. Survival data described in this study in the era of modern therapies and the identification of long-term survivors, support the rationale for therapeutic trials in this under-studied population. A phase I trial investigating concurrent intravenous and intrathecal nivolumab in melanoma patients with LM is currently ongoing (NCT03025256, https://clinicaltrials.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) The surface morphology of the PffBT4T-2OD: fullerene thin films was imaged using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping mode. AFM measurements were performed using a Molecular Imaging PicoLE AFM in contact mode and several scans were imaged in flattened mode data to remove the background slope. The scan size of topographic images was 5 × 5 µm in all experiments.
Results and Discussion Several C 60 and C 70 fulleropyrrolidines were synthesized following the Prato methodology  [48]  where the appropriate azomethine ylide precursors are generated using N-methyl glycine (sarcosine) and the corresponding aldehyde, in this case thiophene and carbazole moieties (Figure  1 ). The surface morphology of the PffBT4T-2OD: fullerene thin films was imaged using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping mode. AFM measurements were performed using a Molecular Imaging PicoLE AFM in contact mode and several scans were imaged in flattened mode data to remove the background slope. The scan size of topographic images was 5 × 5 μm in all experiments. These precursors react readily with C 60 and C 70 providing fulleropyrrolidines containing substituted thiophene and carbazole moieties.
Funding: This work was financially supported by:  Base Funding-UIDB/00511/2020 of the Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy-LEPABE- funded by national funds through the  FCT/MCTES  (PIDDAC). This work was partially funded within the scope of the project  i3N ,  UIDB/50025/2020 & UIDP/50025/2020 , financed by national funds through the  FCT/MEC. Thanks are also due to  FCT/MEC  for the financial support to QOPNA ( FCT UID/QUI/00062/2019 ),  CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials  ( UIDB/50011/2020 & UIDP/50011/2020 ),  CQE  ( FCT UIDB/00100/2020 ), and  CIQUP  ( FCT UID/QUI/UI0081/2019 ) research units, through national funds and where applicable co-financed by the  FEDER , within the  PT2020 Partnership Agreement. H. G. thanks  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)  for his PhD scholarship ( SFRH/BD/103009/2014 ).
Breaking a hip or pneumonia do not share pathophysiologic features, but they are both acute events with important long-term consequences. Consequently, hip fracture might serve as a useful comparator for highlighting the life-threatening consequences of acute respiratory infection in the elderly. Our subjective impression is that the news of an elderly relative breaking a hip tends to raise more concern from the family than news of a pneumonia diagnosis. The objective of the study was to compare 2-year outcomes for elderly (aged ⩾80 years) patients after hospitalisation for acute respiratory infection or hip fracture. A 2009-2015 population-based cohort study was performed in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France (2. 5 million inhabitants), using medico-administrative data collected from the national hospital discharge databases.
We defined cases of patients aged ⩾80 years who were hospitalised for at least one night for acute respiratory infection or hip fracture using ICD-10 and current procedural terminology algorithms  [2, 7]. For each patient, the following data were extracted: age, sex, primary diagnosis, comorbidities and hospital frailty risk at admission (according to  [8, 9] ). The reuse of already recorded and anonymised data falls within the scope of the French Reference Methodology MR-005 (2016-41 law) which require neither information nor non-opposition of the included individuals. Access to linked anonymous file in the PMSI databases was approved by the French National Commission for Data Protection and Liberties (CNIL MR-005 number 4116221019). The main outcome was the 2-year mortality of the two patient groups, referring to the mortality in hospital, which was defined as death during one readmission over the 2-year follow-up.
1) (figure  1 ). Importantly, even after adjusting for the confounding factors of comorbid conditions and Frailty Score (as well as age and sex), the global risk of death at 2 years for elderly patients hospitalised for respiratory infection compared to the hip fracture was significantly elevated (HR 1. 8, 95% CI 1. 7-2. 0). If breaking a hip feels like a concern for the elderly, then getting pneumonia should be twice as concerning. Our study had limitations. The use of administrative hospital databases introduced an inherent bias that should be taken into consideration. The strengths and limitations of using healthcare databases for epidemiological purposes have already been extensively discussed  [2, 11, 12]. Healthcare provided for elderly patients varies across diverse health systems, thus our results should be extrapolated with caution in relation to other systems.
Materials and Methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed literature using the PubMed database was performed. The search date was limited to 31 December 2019-17 November 2020. For the literature search, each of the following terms was used, always in combinations with "SARS-CoV-2" or "COVID-19": "ophthalmology", "cataract", "cataract surgery", "cataract extraction", "recommendations", "telemedicine". Two reviewers (R. G. and A. L. V. ) independently evaluated the list of articles in terms of titles and abstracts (if available) to identify relevant articles to the topic (key points and burdens for resuming elective cataract surgery during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic). The full texts and associated reference lists of relevant articles underwent further evaluation for eligibility by the same reviewers.
Any disagreement was assessed by consensus and a third reviewer (M. D. T. ) was consulted when necessary. Only English language articles were selected. Review articles, original research, and letters presenting original data were included. Articles reporting experiences from other specialties or dealing with children and young patients were excluded. For recommendations and guidelines analysis, publicly-available data displayed on the official websites of some national and international scientific ophthalmologic societies and international healthcare institutions were extracted, translated into English when applicable, and summarized by a working group comprised of expert ophthalmic surgeons coming from nine different European countries  [9, 18]. The group (EUROCOVCAT) was born with the purpose of sharing skills, experience, perspectives, and proposals that emerged during the troubling time of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Results The search identified a total of 887 unique articles. After the two reviewers completed screening, 714 were excluded because the contents in the title and/or abstract were not relevant for this review. The remaining 173 full text articles were assessed for eligibility. Subsequently, 91 articles were removed after a full-text review. Finally, 82 unique articles were included in qualitative analysis. For the guidelines and recommendations analysis, data from the following societies and institutions were included: The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth), Società Oftalmologica Italiana (SOI), Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Société Française d'Ophthalmologie (SFO), World Health Organization (WHO), and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).
Appropriateness and Prioritization Tools for Cataract Surgery COVID-19-related backlog on cataract waiting lists has once again placed attention on an unsolved problem: The need for measurement instruments for assessing appropriateness and prioritization for cataract surgery. In the context of the current pandemic, the need to integrate the assessment of patient readiness and aspects of quality of life into clinical practice has become even more pronounced than before  [57, 65]. If fully implemented, this could mean an important step forward for value-based healthcare  [66, 67]. Different tools for the prioritization of cataract patients have been proposed in several countries (i. e. , Canada, UK, Sweden, Spain, and New Zealand)  [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75]. Some of them combine clinical data (visual acuity and symptoms) with the social impact of the disease (self-care, driving)  [67].
The Western Canada Waiting List Project (WCWLP) is one of the most successfully validated systems and has been used as the basis for developing other systems. It is currently used by Alberta Health Services in Canada. Many other examples of measurement instruments have been reported, although reliability for some of them have not yet been tested. The RCOphth has proposed a tool combining ocular and systemic clinical data with a subjective measure of visual disability assessed through six simple questions  [67]. Starting from the chronological order, patients' willingness for surgery should be re-checked  [76]. When considering age, different aspects should be evaluated. Although priority might be given to younger patients because of working needs, a further delay of surgery might have a negative impact for the elderly in terms of life expectancy.
Data including perioperative complications, ocular comorbidities, scheduled and unscheduled visits, and the need for a surgical or medical intervention were collected regarding the first 5 years of follow up. They found no issues attributable to the lack of a 1-month check-up during the follow up, with only 0. 5% of patients in the 2006 cohort, and 0. 3% of patients in the 2009 cohort requiring hospital referral. The authors concluded that a postoperative check-up visit might not be required in most cases with the exception of the presence of comorbidities and/or complicated cases  [122]. For routine cases, an option could be a 1-day post-operative telephone consultation followed by a 4-week post-operative visit performed in cooperation with a patient's primary eye care and community ophthalmology services  [67, 103, [123] [124] [125].