dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Setting The EDs recruited for this study participate in the French national acute syndrome-surveillance network (OSCOUR)  [26]. This network was created to be an early warning system for community-wide illnesses and outbreaks. It is composed of 245 adult and pediatric emergency departments distributed all over the country, among which 31 are located in Paris region and account for 60% of all patients visiting EDs in the region  [27]. Those EDs reflect the diversity of the French ED settings (academic, nonacademic, private, public departments). Each ED that participates in this network, daily transfers standardized information directly from the medical file of each patient into a centralized database. The data recorded in OSCOUR include demographics (age, sex), medical information (ICD10 diagnosis, severity score, reason for emergency admission), patient outcomes (transfer, admission, discharge) and real-time ED occupancy.
Data Collected Prior to and during the intervention, we collected data from each ED at two levels: the ED-level and the daily activity-level. ED-level data included the ED structural characteristics and data related to the intervention including staff attitudes and levels of training. The day-level data included data related to the ED's workload, which was mainly indicated by the patient flow, the proportion of seriously ill patients and the mean length of ED stay; the latter reflected the ability of EDs to manage their patient flow. ED-level explanatory variables. The EDs were categorized by their academic or nonacademic status, location within or outside of Paris, ED/hospital bed capacity and average staffing levels (e. g. , number of physicians, nurses or nursing assistants per 100 patients).
At the end of the sessions, each study investigator gave a mark between 1 (weak support) and 5 (full support) to the staffs based on their interest and belief in the rationale of the study. The support score was obtained by calculating the mean mark. We also documented the presence of a leader defined as a nurse or a physician who held a leadership position in the department and whose role was to promote the intervention and stimulate the staff throughout the six-week period. Data related to the staff training were collected. All the nurses were invited to participate in the training sessions, which were organized by the chief nurses. No specific sessions were planned for the physicians, who were allowed to participate in the nurses' sessions if they desired to. Therefore, we reported the level of training for the nurses as a percentage of attendance to training sessions, whereas we reported the physicians' participation in the training as a simple dichotomous variable (at least one physician or none).
Daily activity-level explanatory variables. The daily patient flow, the mean length of stay in hours and the proportion of seriously ill patients (emergency severity score ,3, corresponding to patients with unstable medical illness in the triage scale currently used in French EDs)  [28]  were extracted from the OSCOUR database. To account for the daily variation in patient flow within each site and its variability across sites, we considered each site's patient flow as a categorical variable using quartiles of distribution. We also separately analyzed weekend vs. weekdays. Finally, we hypothesized that the team attitudes toward the intervention might change during the 6-week intervention or after the occurrence of the first positive rapid test because it is a rare and serious event. Therefore, we included the time post the intervention beginning as a potential explanatory variable and dichotomized the study into two periods: either preceding or following the first positive HIV-RT.
We performed a multilevel logistic regression analysis using the SAS PROC GLIMMIX procedure (version 9. 3; SAS Institute, Inc. , Cary, NC) to analyze between and within EDs' variability in the offering and patient acceptance of HIV-RT. To calculate the variance partition coefficient (VPC) which indicates the proportion of variance accounted for by the ED level, we first modeled the ''empty'' model using a random intercept and no explanatory variables. Then we proceeded with the ''full'' model, including the effects of ED's characteristics. Measures of association were provided as multivariate odds ratios (OR). We assessed the proportional reduction in variance after adjusting for the ED's characteristics, which were significant in the bivariate analyses. We anticipated that the factors associated with the offering and acceptance of HIV-RT would be different depending on whether an additional staff (RA) was needed or not.
Our study has several limitations. First, the intervention lasted only 6 weeks in each ED. The determinants of the offering and acceptance of ED-based HIV screening might not have been the  same over a longer period or if HIV testing had been integrated into the EDs' routines. Second, these results apply to nontargeted HIV screening and should not be extrapolated to targeted HIV screening. Third, we were not able to include the patients' individual characteristics in the dataset used for the multilevel analyses because patients who were not proposed or who were not eligible were not asked to complete the study questionnaire. Finally, we did not compare the outcomes of the two operational models in this analysis. Indeed, it was not the first goal of our study and this point which has been previously addressed  [23, 24]  would have required a randomization in order to control for biases.
The major strength of this study is that to our knowledge, it is the first to assess the EDs' characteristics associated with the implementation and outcomes of an ED-based HIV screening intervention in a large sample of EDs at a region-wide scale. The use of the OSCOUR database provided a wide range of harmonized variables which roles were assessed through a multilevel analysis that considered the hierarchical structure of our data. In summary, patients' acceptance of HIV screening is high in all EDs, confirming the acceptability of provider-initiated testing in the French general population  [38] : when nurses are willing and able to propose HIV testing, the offering is introduced in a manner that allows patients to accept or decline it, based on their individual perceptions, behaviors and readiness.
e. Temperature and air condition) were mostly stable. To identify noisy areas, noise survey was conducted within Recovery Section, and it was divided to 6 ×6 m stations. The sample sizes were selected based on the recovery section area. Noise measurement was done in centre of each station at 2 meter height. The measurement was done with a sound level meter model TES 52A on slow response and A-filter. The sound level meter was held at arm's length. The sound level meter had also been calibrated before and after each use. The calibrator model was TES-1356, and calibration was done in 1000 Hz frequency and 94 dB sound level. After collection and normalization of data (Logarithmic method), kriging and IDW methods of interpolation were used. Finally, the best method of interpolation was selected using cross-validation.
The Geocap study  (Sermage-Faure et al, 2013) , however, comes within the framework of the Draper study by using a quite comparable surrogate. Despite the care that the authors have taken for reconstituting the subjects' distance from power lines, this surrogate involves inaccuracies, leading to MF exposure classification errors. The 32,779 subjects (2779 cases and 30 000 controls) of the Geocap study are automatically placed in relation to the HV and VHV lines network at their date of inclusion in the study, by geocoding their postal addresses. 'Depending on whether the databases enabled location of the home directly or by extrapolation from the nearest or more distant neighbours,' the precision of 'automatic' postal address geocoding varies from 20 m to 4500 m (Table  1  in  Sermage-Faure et al, 2013).
Only 70% of the cases and 77. 2% of controls have a postal address geocoded with an uncertainty of 20 m, and 419% of cases and nearly 15% of controls have it geocoded with an uncertainty of at least 300 m. Table  5  of the article (Sermage-Faure et al, 2013) provides some insight: among the 1258 subjects -92 cases and 1166 controls -considered as living within 200 m of a line, only 68 cases and 863 controls have a geocoded address with an uncertainty of 20 m. In addition, uncertainty in geocoding of cases is greater than that of controls. Acknowledging the weakness of this automatic location, the authors completed their study with a further pinpointing using photographic views of the residential building from several sources (Streetview and Geoportail databases, French cadaster) for the 1258 subjects considered as living within 200 m of a line.
Randomization is stratified by site and a computergenerated, randomized list is created using a permuted block design. Quantitative data are collected during face-to-face interviews by the trained research assistants at five different points in time: at randomization (baseline; T0) and then at 6 (T1), 12 (T2), 18 (T3) and 24 months (T4) after randomization. All data are collected using netbook (small inexpensive laptop computers) computer-assisted interviewing and transferred to a highly secure central database without using internet (EpiConcept®) http://www. epiconcept. fr/. The qualitative approach is based on a generalizable study design (that is, to determine whether the Housing First model evaluated in this study may be transposed to other real-life settings in the French context)  [37]  using validated methods for assessing health care including observational data from participants, interviews and focus groups  [38, 39].
, emergency shelters, transition shelters, stabilization shelters, supportive housing, and hostels) and experience of violence. In the cost analysis, direct and indirect costs are measured during the 24-month follow-up period. Direct costs comprise the costs related to medical/health, legal, housing, and social services (that is, hospital days; emergency department visits; outpatient visits; use of substance abuse treatment centers; legal services, including days detained in jails and prisons; days in respite, shelter, and other housing; and case management) and indirect costs mainly related to loss of productivity  [51, 52]. Data are collected using national administrative, social and medical databases; medical records; structured interviews with research participants and the standardized Short Form-Health and Labor questionnaire (SF-H&L)  [53].
Statistical analysis The data will be summarized using the mean, median, standard deviation and range for quantitative data and counts and frequencies for categorical data. The analyses on the primary and secondary criteria will be performed on the intent-to-treat population (that is, comparison of patients in the group to which they were originally randomly assigned). We will conduct analyses for each of the outcomes separately (that is, number of hospital admissions and number of emergency department visits). In addition, complementary per protocol analyses will be performed (that is, comparison of patients who completed the treatment originally allocated). Finally, missing data will be handled where possible (for example, quality of life and recovery) using multiple imputations; sensitivity analysis will be conducted.
Cost analysis An economic evaluation will be carried out from a societal perspective and according to the French guidelines for costing in economic evaluations  [55, 56]. Direct costs will be calculated by weighing the use of health, legal, housing, and social services by unit cost estimates obtained from French national data sets and reports, for example, from the national database for outpatient visits and Health Ministry hospital reimbursement reports for inpatient care and day-clinic treatment. Two methods of calculating indirect costs will be examined: the traditional human capital approach and the developed friction cost method  [57, 58]. Benefits will be assessed in terms of recovery (RAS)  [59]  and health status (EuroQoL 5D). Efficiency will be evaluated using the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER), defined as cost per recovery point or QALY gained with 'Housing First' versus 'Treatment-As-Usual.
Qualitative analysis Analysis will be essentially based on a taxonomic process. Content analysis of interviews and focus groups will be performed by sociologists who are skilled in textual analysis, complemented by a computerized textual analysis. Data will be sorted to give coherent categories of experience, drawing not only on the initial theoretical framework but also on theoretical concepts that emerge from the data. Special attention will be given to the evaluation of the institutional and political dynamics involved in traditional rehabilitation approaches, the trajectories and energies in interplay in the recovery-based Housing First program, the relationship between citizenship and processes of rehabilitation and recovery and, finally, the conditions for implementing the program on a larger scale should the results prove positive.
Acknowledgements This work is supported by institutional grants from the 2011  Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique National , the  French Ministry of Health  ( Direction Générale de la Santé ), as well as grants from  Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies  and the  Fondation de France. The sponsor is represented by  Assistance Publique ,  Hôpitaux de Marseille , France; its role was to control the appropriateness of ethical and legal considerations. The authors would like to thank:  Amandine Albisson ,  Pierre Allenou ,  Karine Baumstarck ,  Emma Beetlestone ,  Julien Billard ,  Philippe Birmes ,  Raphaël Bouloudnine ,  Emmanuelle Bourlier ,  Tomas Bossetti ,  Jean-Marc Colucci ,  Thierry Danel ,  Jacques Debieve ,  Achille Djiena ,  Pascale Estecahandy ,  David Flahaut ,  Géraldine Guétière ,  Pascale Hérédia-Rodier ,  Emmanuelle Jouet ,  Patrick Le Cardinal ,  Jean-Marc Legagneux ,  Emilie Labeyrie ,  Jean Mantovani ,  Alain Mercuel ,  Delphine Moreau ,  Jean Naudin ,  Fanny Olive ,  Stefano Rampa ,  Elodie Requier ,  Jean-Luc Roelandt ,  Eglantine Simonnet ,  Guillaume Suderie ,  Aurélien Troisoeufs ,  Pierre-Pascal Vandini  and  René Wulfman.
Th e insertion technique is easy to learn, as we used cadaver training and experienced instructors. One intensivist and one nurse operating the controller system are needed, leading to catheter insertion times <2 minutes. Complications related to insertion of the PL catheter were not seen in our patients. Th e results demonstrate an extremely rapid (<30 minutes after induction), safe and feasible way of applying MTH in a controlled ICU setting. Currently, a randomized pilot trial is initiated to evaluate the PL system in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (ClinicalTrials. gov:NCT01655433). We believe that, with respect to the benefi t/risk ratio, the use of an endovascular device  [5]  is not superior to the use of the PL system. However, randomized trials are warranted to confi rm this hypothesis.
Subjects were then switched-over to one modality of ClearVoice, defined by the group they belonged to, with the Advanced Bionics SoundWave 2. 0 software. The fitting parameters were kept the same as those of the baseline program HiRes 120, except for the most comfortable levels (M-levels) and the threshold levels (T-levels), which were adjusted according to the feedback of the child. This program was immediately assessed with speech testing in quiet and in noise, providing a measure of the ClearVoice acute condition. The first ClearVoice program was then used for one month by the child in their daily life. At the second session, children were first tested with the ClearVoice program they had been using for the previous month with the test battery outlined in Table  2. This provided a measure for the ClearVoice chronic condition.
Statistical analysis Analyses were performed with the Statistica 9. 0 software (Statsoft Inc. , Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States). The threshold of statistical significance was set at P=0. 05. Statistical analysis to compare speech tests results (in quiet and noise) across and within sessions and the questionnaire outcomes with the three programs was performed using a non-parametric Friedman ANOVA when comparing more than two samples, and a Wilcoxon matched pairs test when only two samples were compared. When significance was reached when performing a Friedman ANOVA, post hoc testing using the average ranks was conducted in order to define which sample was significantly different from the other.
Materials The study was conducted in a virtual environment using the 3D VIDIA VIRTOOLS software (Dassault Systèmes). It comprised a 4  4 regular grid of streets lined with high brick walls (see Figure  1  for a map of the VE). This space was surrounded by distant landscapes providing no distinctive cues. Three buildings and 17 landmarks were located in different places of the space. The buildings were a "railway station" (A), a "store" (B), and an "apartment building" (C) 1. The three buildings were not visible from each other. The landmarks were a railing, a bus shelter, a streetlight, an old car, a fountain, a bench, a slide, a bin, a white car, a tree, a dog, a billboard, a statue, a road sign, a bicycle, a pedestrian, a traffic light. 1 These buildings were extracted from a virtual environment designed by  (Gyselinck, Picucci, Nicolas, & Piolino, 2006)  During familiarization and the first two phases (memory for landmarks and route learning), the VE was presented such that the participants could not explore the whole space.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the  Fondation Jérôme Lejeune (France)  and the  ANR-ESRC research program  ( ANR-FRBR-035 ELSTRAD ). Thanks go to  Vincent Sockeel  for programming the VE and to  Hursula Mengue-Topio  for her advice regarding the experimental procedure. We also wish to thank all the participants for taking part in the study.
They also require adequate information concerning crucial aspects of RCTs if they are to make an informed decision. 5] [6] [7]  Furthermore, most of the available paediatric data on the information process in the context of phase 3 trials in oncology are related to research for newly diagnosed acute leukaemia  [8] [9] [10]  ; few data are available that reflect the full spectrum of paediatric oncology clinical research, including children with solid or brain tumours. The primary aim of this study was to analyse parental understanding of oral and written information in RCTs including children with varied solid tumours. The secondary aim was to assess the parents' statements in order to identify parental needs for decision-making.
Chappuy H, Bouazza N, Minard-Colin V, et al. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002733. doi:10. 1136/bmjopen-2013-002733of comprehension. We evaluated the influence of the covariates on the percentage of the elements understood by the parents. A mixed effects model taking into account the subject and items as crossed random effects was used to assess the stability of parental comprehension between the two interviews at M1 and M6. The data collected were put into an Access database. The results are expressed as percentages, means and standard deviations, medians and ranges. χ 2 tests were carried out to compare qualitative values, t tests were used to compare quantitative values (normality assumption was checked by quantile-quantile plots and Shapiro-Wilks' test) and logistic regression analyses were carried out to assess the influence of covariates.
Most of those observations are now gathered in the International Atomic Energy Agency Fukushima Monitoring database  (IAEA, 2012). The measurements include those of the Chiba monitoring station  (Nagaoka et al. , 2012) , which is the only station that measured the dose rate of each radionuclide. This station provides considerable useful information, as it detected many releases during the accident. The radionuclides measured are therefore fairly representative of the radionuclides released during the FD-NPP accident. The measurements indicate that most of the dose rate signal is due to 134 Cs, 137 Cs, 136 Cs, 137m Ba, 131 I, 132 I, 132 Te, and 133 Xe. We therefore try to assess the release rate of these eight radionuclides. All of the noble gases emitted during the accident are grouped and are estimated as 133 Xe emissions.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank  H. Bonneville ,  D. Corbin  and  J. Denis  for providing their expertise in the knowledge of the state and the events of the FD-NPP which led to releases in the atmosphere. We are grateful for helpful discussions with  I. Korsakissok ,  J. Groell  and  J. P. Benoit. We would like to thank  Météo-France  for providing the meteorological data. Edited by:  A. Stohl.
Data recordings In both the main and pilot experiment, the movements were performed on a force-plate (AMTI, 60*60 cm, OR-6). Only the kinetic data related to the main experiment will be reported in the present study. Mediolateral (ML) centre of gravity acceleration was obtained from the ground reaction forces according to Newton's second law. ML centre of gravity velocity and position were obtained through successive integrations of the acceleration signal  [21] ,  [26] ,  [27] ,  [28]. The centre of pressure position along the ML direction (yP) was obtained with the ratio [moment along the anteroposterior axis/vertical ground reaction force]. To detect the onset of swing heel-off in both the main and the pilot experiment (this instant corresponded to the onset of the voluntary lower limb movement in both paired movements  [21] ,  [26] ,  [27] ,  [28] ), the heel of the swing leg made contact with a metal plate connected to a custom-made circuit; a simple disruption of the contact between the skin and the plate produced a clear Transistor-Transistor-Logic (TTL) signal, varying in an all-or-nothing fashion from 0 to 5 Volts (0 Volt corresponded to the output when the skin was in contact with the plate; 5 Volts corresponded to the output when that contact was broken, i.
e. when the swing heel left the ground). This system provided an instantaneous signal avoiding the mechanical delays found in conventional switches. The participants grasped a similar system between the index and the thumb of the ipsilateral hand to detect the onset of voluntary finger extension (Figure  1 ). Both of the TTL signals (from the fingers and the swing heel) were recorded simultaneously on a PC equipped with an A/D card (Computer Boards TM, model CIO-DAS1602) with a time resolution set at 1 ms. Data acquisition and stimulus display were controlled by a custom-made program written in Matlab TM (R11). Force-plate signals were recorded with a sampling rate of 250 Hz. Signals from the switches were sampled at 1000 Hz.
Then, we subtracted the EMGi post-from the EMGi pre-platform acceleration (i. e. , DEMGi). Positive values of the computation would indicate increased EMG activity due to platform motion. In this case, the translation would not only stimulate cutaneous receptors but also muscular receptors (e. g. muscle spindles). The Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test was used to provide data about skin sensitivity to mechanical stimuli of each foot. The test was carried out on the three areas of each sole that normally make contact with the ground during gait initiation (Fig. 1B ): the big toe, the head of the first metatarsal innervated by the medial plantar nerve and the heel innervated by the medial calcaneal branch of tibial nerve. The test consisted of applying a series of a standardized set of hairs, all of constant length but varying in diameter, at a 90u angle against the skin, up until the point where it begins to bend.