dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Quality of Input Suites for Nuclear Data Validation Validation is critical to nuclear data evaluation and performing automatic and Quality Assured (QA) validation is one of the most pressing topics in nuclear data. New initiatives have started under WPEC, as Subgroups 45 (the Validation of Nuclear Data Libraries (VaNDaL) project) and 47, to provide QA inputs for simulation codes and guidance documentation that can be integrated into automatic validation and feedback systems for nuclear data evaluation. Thousands of inputs have been shared from participants for two databases (ICSBEP  [15]  and SINBAD  [16]  for Subgroup 45 and 47, respectively) and have been migrated to the NEA GitLab where participants are designing software to compare and QA a set of inputs for various codes. These will ultimately be released to members for use in nuclear data validation and will also be submitted to the Technical Review Groups (TRGs) within the NEA Working Parties on Nuclear Criticality Safety (WP-NCS) and Reactor Systems (WPRS) that oversee these databases.
Covariance Data in General Purpose Nuclear Data Libraries New methods for quantifying, storing and propagating uncertainties have been engineered for virtually every area of neutron physics in the past 15 years and methods that are even more sophisticated are in development. The EG-GNDS is developing new formats to store these data, but an interface was required to bring the different communities (thermal scattering, resonances, fission yields, fast energies, etc. ) together, establish joint standards and ensure consistency. This was met with WPEC Subgroup 44 on "Covariance Data in General Purpose Nuclear Data Libraries", which is preparing a reference document that integrates their findings and provides guidance for evaluators in evaluating covariances, alongside a suite of example datasets in existing and new GNDS formats.
Fission Product Yield Evaluation WPEC has played a central role in fission product evaluation over decades, with a large number of datasets used by every member country coming directly from WPEC outputs. Several new experimental techniques were developed in the 2010s and, with new simulation and inferential statistics tools available in the past few years, improved fission product yield evaluations and first-of-a-kind correlated uncertainties have become feasible. The most recent Subgroup 37 brought together experimentalists, theoreticians and data scientists to create the first correlated uncertainties and new evaluations that have been used to propagate realistic uncertainties into applications. Outputs from this Subgroup have been directly adopted in new libraries, including the NEA Data Bank organised JEFF-3.
Acknowledgements This research has been financially supported by the  National Key R&D Program  ( 2017YFE0196200 ), the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 21911530230 ,  81761148028  and  21773026 ), the  Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality  ( 19XD1400100  and  19410740200 ), and the  Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities  ( CUSF-DH-D-2019073 ). S. M. and J. P. M. thank the  NSFC-CNRS  collaboration project (199675). J. R. , S. M. and X. S. acknowledge the support of  FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Base Fund   UIDB/00674/2020  and  Programmatic Fund   UIDP/00674/2020 ,  Portuguese Government Funds)  and  ARDITI-Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação  through the project  M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000005-CQM + (Madeira 14-20  Program), Portugal.
Images were obtained by an X-ray micro-tomography device (model EasyTom Nano, Rx Solutions) with a minimum X-ray beam power of 160 kW which is possible to scan with a precision of 50 µm. Each plate takes around 4 h of scanning, requiring later image post-processing (AVIZO and X-Act 2. 0 software was used). Tomography on aramid composites is a technique that has been rarely used, so it is a promising process of damage measurement with a wide range of applications in this material  [22, 24]. Some representative parameters used to scan the samples are presented in Table  2. In this work, the internal damage of aramid plates after impact has been analysed using the CT-scan technique. Images were obtained by an X-ray micro-tomography device (model EasyTom Nano, Rx Solutions) with a minimum X-ray beam power of 160 kW which is possible to scan with a precision of 50 μm.
Each plate takes around 4 h of scanning, requiring later image post-processing (AVIZO and X-Act 2. 0 software was used). Tomography on aramid composites is a technique that has been rarely used, so it is a promising process of damage measurement with a wide range of applications in this material  [22, 24]. Some representative parameters used to scan the samples are presented in Table  2. The surface damage and the local and global deformation measurements of the tested plate have been obtained using an HP brand scanner (model HP 3D Structured Light Scanner Pro S3, scanning volume 60-500 mm 3 and up to 0. 05 mm resolution). The minimum scan time for single image capture is 2 s. The equipment has two HP high definition cameras for stereoscopic image capturing combined with a structured light projector (ACER, model K132).
It projects a beam of black/white line patterns on the object (structured light) with different orientations. The object to scan is positioned on an automatic 360° rotating platform while the cameras capture the light reflected on the object. The images of the object taken during the process need to be aligned for the final shape representation. As part of the post-processing of the scan, final shape representation is exported to the GeoMagic Control X TM software that allows the display and quantification of dimensions, superficial defects, wear and tear compared with the no tested specimen, among others. In our case, it allows us  The surface damage and the local and global deformation measurements of the tested plate have been obtained using an HP brand scanner (model HP 3D Structured Light Scanner Pro S3, scanning volume 60-500 mm 3 and up to 0.
05 mm resolution). The minimum scan time for single image capture is 2 s. The equipment has two HP high definition cameras for stereoscopic image capturing combined with a structured light projector (ACER, model K132). It projects a beam of black/white line patterns on the object (structured light) with different orientations. The object to scan is positioned on an automatic 360 • rotating platform while the cameras capture the light reflected on the object. The images of the object taken during the process need to be aligned for the final shape representation. As part of the post-processing of the scan, final shape representation is exported to the GeoMagic Control X TM software that allows the display and quantification of dimensions, superficial defects, wear and tear compared with the no tested specimen, among others.
For a particular impact velocity, the larger area of deformation is obtained with the blunt projectile (marked with the continuous black line built thanks to by the GeoMagic Control XTM software), being very close to the encastred boundary. conical projectile. However, in the case of the blunt projectile, fibre breakage of the first two layers is caused by pure shearing. This statement is commonly observed in the literature  [18]  due to the geometry of the projectile. Crushing of the fibres along the generatrix of the tip cone is caused by the conical projectile. For the blunt projectile, Figure  10b , compression and crushing of the layers in the impact zone along the thickness of the specimen is found. For the case of conical shape, a thickness reduction of 54% was observed due to penetration and compressing action of the projectile.
For a particular impact velocity, the larger area of deformation is obtained with the blunt projectile (marked with the continuous black line built thanks to by the GeoMagic Control XTM software), being very close to the encastred boundary. The 3D scanner allows analysing any virtual cut section of the specimen through the thickness. In particular, virtual sections by the dotted line (through thickness plane) sketched in Figure  11  are presented in Figure  12  for a better comparison. It can be observed that the specimen impacted with a blunt projectile has a lower displacement gradient and a more permanent deformation than the The 3D scanner allows analysing any virtual cut section of the specimen through the thickness. In particular, virtual sections by the dotted line (through thickness plane) sketched in Figure  11  are presented in Figure  12  for a better comparison.
Characterization The morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a Helios NanoLab 450S DualBeam microscope (FEI). The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were collected using an X'Pert PRO diffractometer (PANalytical) set at 45 kV and 40 mA and equipped with CuK a radiation and a PIXcel detector. The XRD patterns were matched to the International Centre for Diffraction Data database PDF-4+ (ICDD): 04-020-9373 using HighScore soware package (PANalytical). High-angle annular dark-eld scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in STEM mode (STEM-EDX) were performed using a JEM-ARM200F cold FEG probe and image aberration corrected microscope, operated at 200 kV and equipped with a large-angle CENTURIO EDX detector.
Computational details We performed ab initio calculations for computing the electronic properties of the bulk Bi 2 Te 2. 7 Se 0. 3. The electronic structure was calculated using the Siesta DFT package. 39 The core electrons were modelled using norm-conserving fullyrelativistic pseudopotentials from the PseudoDojo online database,  40  while valence electrons from s, p, and semi-core d orbitals were modelled using the TZP basis set during geometry optimization. For band structure calculations, basis sets were tted to reproduce semiconductor band structures from more rigorous plane wave calculations. 41 The exchange and correlation terms were modelled using Perdew-Wang 91 functional  42  and the reciprocal space was sampled using Monkhorst-Pack grid up to 71 Â 71 Â 15 k-points. 43 Spin-orbit coupling was modelled within on-site approximation of Ferrer.
44 lectronic structure calculations were performed on a conventional unit cell of hexagonal crystalline lattice. The starting coordinates of atoms and lattice vectors were taken from experimental measurements for Bi 2 Te 2. 7 Se 0. 3. 45 Atomic positions were relaxed until forces per atom were below 0. 01 eV ÅÀ1. Doping with Se was modelled within a virtual crystal approximation. 46 To implement it within Siesta, we placed virtual atoms, equivalent to a 9 : 1 Te/Se ratio, at all Te sites. The pseudopotential corresponding to the virtual atom was constructed by mixing pseudopotentials of Te and Se using the Mixps tool of Siesta distribution. To account for thermal expansion, electronic structure calculations were performed for a unit cell, and corrected using polynomial ts for expansion coefficients to experimental data for pure Bi 2 Te 3 as a major component.
385 Å, c ¼ 30. 509 Å, a ¼ b ¼ 90 , and g ¼ 120 , which are quite similar to those of the initial plate-like particles above. The average crystallite sizes of the chemically synthesized Bi 2 Te 2. 7 Se 0. 3 particles (z20 nm) and sintered BTS samples (z24 nm), quantitatively assessed using XRD data employing the Williamson-Hall method (Table  1 ), indicate that nominal growth occurred during sintering. The relative density of the obtained disk-shaped pellet was measured to be z95%, which is close to the theoretical density. Such a high value may be attributed to an increased interface density within the densely packed microstructure by deterrent grain growth and densication at very fast heating and cooling rates. Next, we aimed to understand the transport properties of the resultant SPS-sintered BTS materials.
2 ). 62  The lattice thermal conductivity was calculated using the equation k L ¼ k À k e and is presented along with k in Fig. 4e. The k L is signicantly suppressed at lower temperature, which can be attributed to grain boundary scattering resulting from bulk nanostructuring in the SPSsintered BTS. 63  The nanosized features specically target the scattering of low frequency phonons with a long mean free path, as observed in the synthesized bulk nanostructured BTS. Additionally, alloy scattering supplemented by mass uctuation due to isoelectronic Se substitution synergistically contribute towards the enhancement of phonon scattering. 64 4] [65]  In the k estimation particularly at higher temperatures, the uncertainty in the absolute magnitude of C p measurements of systems, especially those having substantial latent heats (e.
Acknowledgements We thank the members of the  Nanochemistry Research Group  (http://nanochemgroup. org) at  INL  for insightful discussions and support. This work was supported by  Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (FCT)  under the  UT-BORN-PT project  ( UTAP-EXPL/CTE/0050/2017 ). B. A. K. acknowledges funding of this work by the  Robert A. Welch Foundation  (grant no. F-1464 ). The authors acknowledge the  Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) at The University of Texas at Austin  for providing HPC resources that have contributed to the research results reported within this paper. URL: http://www. tacc. utexas. edu.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  J. -L. Rodriguez-Lopez  and  H. Silva at IPiCYT ,  San Luis Potosi, Mexico , for TEM measurements. HRSTEM-EDX study was carried out within the MATMECA consortium, supported by the  ANR-10-EQPX-37  contract and has benefited from the facilities of the  Laboratory MSSMat, UMR 8579 CNRS, CentraleSupelec ,  Université Paris-Saclay.
All animals were assessed 4 weeks after treatment. Interestingly, we did not observe a similar cardioprotection following a direct intramyocardial injection of free chemicals CHIR with or without FGF1 (Figure  2, A-E ); i. e. , cardiac function (Figure  2, A-C ) and infarct size (Figure  2, D  and E ) between MI-only and MI plus chemical-treated mice were not significantly different. These data suggest that a prolonged release of these chemicals is important for them to exert their cardioprotective effects. Assessment of NP-induced cardiomyocyte proliferation and apoptosis in MI mice. To probe the cellular mechanisms whereby the CHIR-FGF1-NPs mediated cardioprotection, we determined the cardiomyocyte cell cycle in infarcted hearts. To our surprise, cardiomyocyte cell cycle was negligible in either nontreated or CHIR-FGF1-NP-treated hearts (data not shown), which is in contrast to our observation that these NPs promoted cell cycle in cultured hiPSC-CMs (Supplemental Figure  1 ).
These data suggest that cell cycle regulation may be different between humans and lower mammalian hearts. CHIR is well known for its function in promoting cardiomyocyte differentiation  (10). To our knowledge, there is no report about the effects of CHIR on cardiomyocyte apoptosis. However, FGF1 is well known for protecting cardiomyocytes from apoptosis  (11). Therefore, we assessed cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the periinfarct border zone. To this end, ventricular sections in this area were subjected to TUNEL assay 3 days after the infarct. At this time point, the combined CHIR + FGF1-NP group was associated with a significantly lower number of apoptotic cells compared with all other (treated and control) groups (Figure  3, A  and B ), suggesting the synergistic effects of CHIR and FGF1 in cardiac cell sparing.
The infarct size was quantified as the ratio of the scar area to the total surface area of the left ventricle and expressed as a percentage, for day 28 samples (G). At day 28, the CHIR + FGF1-NP treatment group showed significant reduction in infarct size compared with other NP treatment groups or the untreated control MI animals. Scale bar: 1 mm (panels in F). Data are given as means ± SEM. There were 10-12 animals per group. Statistical analysis: 1-way ANOVA with Dunn's multiple comparisons test. *P < 0. 01 vs. MI; † P < 0. 01 vs. empty NP; ‡ P < 0. 01 vs. CHIR-NP; § P < 0. 01 vs. FGF1-NP. but still lower than in healthy controls. In the BZ, the vascular densities were comparable between CHIR + FGF1-NP treatment and control groups and higher than in the untreated IR. In the RZ, no significant difference in vascular densities was observed between groups.
Measurement of the sizes of PLGA NPs was performed using a Quanta scanning electron microscope (Quanta FEG 650). The quantification of particle diameter was performed using NIH ImageJ software. The release kinetics was determined by Slide-A-Lyzer MINI Dialysis Devices, 20K molecular weight cutoffs, 0. 5 mL (Thermo Fisher Scientific), suspending the generated CHIR-or FGF1-NPs in the release medium, consisting of DPBS with 0. 1% BSA and 0. 02% sodium azide. The suspensions were incubated at 37°C under constant shaking, followed by withdrawing and replacing 14. 5 mL of the medium at the defined time points. To measure CHIR and FGF1 levels, the collected samples were analyzed using NanoDrop via UV/Vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, for CHIR) or an ELISA (Thermo Fisher Scientific) (for FGF1), respectively.
In brief, cells were plated onto a T75 flask and expanded to 70% to 80%, using appropriate culture media. Then, the cells were rinsed twice with DPBS (pH 7. 4) and incubated with appropriate serum-free culture medium for 24 hours. After 24 hours, they were exposed to CHIR, FGF1, or CHIR + FGF1 for 24 hours and cultured in appropriate complete medium. Finally, the cultures were terminated, and the collected samples were subjected to immunofluorescence staining for cell cycle markers and/or TUNEL assay; for HUVECs, next-generation RNA-Seq was also performed. The data have been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's Gene Expression Omnibus database and the accession number is GSE138837. BrdU labeling and detection by immunofluorescence. In brief, cell cycle-synchronized HUVEC or HVSMC cultures that were treated with CHIR, FGF1, or CHIR + FGF1 were incubated with the S phase marker, BrdU (10 μmol), in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 at 37°C for 12 hours.
The cyclin D1 (CCND1), cyclin D2 (CCND2), CDK1, CDK4, catenin-β 1 (CTNNB1), MYC proto-oncogene, BHLH transcription factor (c-Myc), and GAPDH primers were designed using a web-based software, synthesized commercially (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and evaluated for a range of annealing temperature, 58°C to 61°C, for all the primer pairs, as shown in Supplemental Table  1. All reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCRs (RT-qPCRs) were carried out using Fast SYBR Green Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) in a QuantStudio 3 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific), and threshold cycle values were computed using QuantStudio Design and Analysis Software (v1. 4. 3). The PCR protocol was performed with the primer sequences listed in Supplemental Table  1  and consisted of 40 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 15 seconds, annealing at 60°C for 15 seconds, and extension at 72°C for 1 minute, followed by a single 7-minute extension period at 72°C.
Western blot signals were measured by densitometry and were analyzed using software (AlphaView SA software 3. 4, ProteinSimple). The housekeeping protein, GAPDH, was used for Western blot normalization. Optimization of the concentration of CHIR and FGF1. To determine the optimal concentration of CHIR and FGF1 for the activation, proliferation, and cell cycle progression of HUVECs, the cell cycle-synchronized in vitro HUVEC cultures were treated with various concentrations of CHIR (0. 5 μM, 5 μM, or 50 μM) or FGF1 (10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL, or 1000 ng/mL) for 24 hours and assessed by immunostaining and fluorescent microscopic analyses for BrdU (S phase marker) incorporation patterns (Supplemental Figure  10, A  and B ). Quantification of the percentage of CD31 + (red, CD31) HUVECs showed that the incorporation of BrdU was significantly higher in the 5 μM CHIR-treated group than in the 0.
Data are given as means ± SEM. There were 10-12 animals per group. Statistical analysis: 2-way ANOVA with Dunn's multiple comparisons test. *P < 0. 01 vs. sham; † P < 0. 01 vs. MI; ‡ P < 0. 05 vs. empty NPs; § P < 0. 05 vs. CHIR-NPs, || P < 0. 01 vs. FGF1-NPs. SiriusRed/Fast Green histochemical staining revealing areas of infarcted (red, nonviable) and noninfarcted (green, viable) zones in post-MI day 28 ventricular tissue sections (F). The infarct size was quantified as the ratio of the scar area to the total surface area of the left ventricle and expressed as a percentage, for day 28 samples (G). At day 28, the CHIR + FGF1-NP treatment group showed significant reduction in infarct size compared with other NP treatment groups or the untreated control MI animals. Scale bar: 1 mm (panels in F).
Acknowledgments We would also like to thank  Mary Flowers Braswell  for her donation of the "Echocardiographic Imaging System," for research purposes. This work was supported by  NIH  grants ( NHLBI R01  grants:  HL095077 ,  HL114120 ,  HL131017 ,  HL142627 , and  U01 HL134764 ) and by an  American Heart Association-National Scientist Development grant  ( 16SDG30410018 ).
First, tuning the concentration of the molecule is undertaken to nd the adequate conditions to have unique events, witnessing the insertion of one channel in the lipid membrane. We studied the interactions between 1 and the lipid membrane depending on the concentration of 1, ranging from 29 mM to 20 nM, until discrete and reproducible current signals were obtained. 5] [46] [47]  It is worth mentioning that each experiment was performed at the same sampling frequency and the data analysis was performed at the same lter frequency. The molecules 1 and 3 were both solubilised in THF and added in the chambers of the  BLM set-up, in order to overcome the potential detrimental effect of a change of solvents. Fig. 7  gives a representative example of the current versus time trace and the corresponding current distribution, obtained with a concentration of 1 and KCl of 29 mM and 1 M, respectively, and an applied voltage of À100 mV.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the  CNRS  and the  University of Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines. We thank the  French Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche  for funding (RP). This work was supported by the  French National Research Agency  under the Program Investing in the  Future Grant  no. ANR-10-IDEX-0003-02  for a PhD fellowship to HB, and by  CHARMMMAT   ANR-11-LABX-0039-grant  for a post-doctoral fellowship to SP. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of CINES under the allocation 2019-A0060810812 made by  GENCI. The authors wish to thank the CLIO team ( J. M. Ortega ,  C. Six ,  G. Perilhous ,  J. P. Berthet ) as well as  P. Maître  and  V. Steinmetz  for their support during the experiments.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from  ANR  ( ANR-15-GRFL-0001-05 ) ( G-IMMUNOMICS  project). This work was partly supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  through the  LabEx  project  Chemistry of Complex Systems  ( ANR-10-LABX-0026_CSC ). M. A. L. is grateful to the  Graphene Flagship  for receiving a Mobility Grant to Japan. G. A. thanks the financial support from the  Spanish MINECO (Unit of Excellence "Maria de Maeztu "  MDM-2015-0538 ), the  Generalitat Valenciana  ( CIDEGENT/2018/001  grant). E. M. thanks the  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI   Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)  (no. 19H00857 ) and (B) [no. 16H03834 ], and the  KAKENHI Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research  (no. 16KK0117 ).