dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  French National Research Agency  through contract ORGANI' SO  ( ANR-15-CE09-0017 ). A. C. G. H. and J. C. thank  Laurence Magaud  for fruitful discussion about the simulation of the structure of the molecules. F. C. thanks  Sarah Benchabane  for fruitful discussion. C. S. S. , J. I. M. and J. A. M. G. acknowledge nancial support from  Spanish MINECO  ( MAT2017-85089-C2-1-R ,  RYC-2015-17730 ,  RYC-2018-024364-I ),  European Research Council (ERC)  under contract ( ERC-2013-SYG-610256 NANOCOSMOS ),  Comunidad de Madrid via Programa de Investigación Tecnologías 2018  ( FOTOART-CM S2018/NMT-4367 ), and the  innovation program  under grant agreements  785219  and  881603  (GrapheneCore2 and GrapheneCore3-Graphene-based disruptive technologies, respectively).
, 2011 , Jeong et al. , 2018). A chloroplast encoded SRP RNA is present in most, but not all diatom genomes sequenced to date  (Träger et al. , 2012 , Brembu et al. , 2014). Information from gene models available at NCBI and The Marine Microbial Eukaryote Meta/transcriptome Sequencing Project (MMETSP) database reveal that the CpSRP54, CpFTSY and ALB3 proteins are widespread in all algae, including red algae, haptophytes and the SAR (Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria) clade. The LTD and CpSRP43 related proteins are probably restricted to the green lineage, even though some CpSRP43-like ankyrin-repeat proteins can be found in red algae, haptophytes, and in several species within the SAR clade. The CpSRP43-like ankyrin-repeat proteins are missing in Bolidophyceae and diatoms. The function of ALB3b was recently investigated in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, where loss of the insertase caused a striking change in cell color from brown to green  (Nymark et al.
In plants, a conserved motif within the C-terminal region of the Mdomain, ARRKR, is known to be important for CpSRP43 binding  (Funke et al. , 2005 , Dünschede et al. , 2015). This motif is poorly conserved in diatom CpSRP54 proteins and in CpSRP54 from C. reinhardtii which does not bind CpSRP43 (Figure  1D )  (Dünschede et al. , 2015). These proteins contain a polybasic motif with two conserved arginines (the RR-motif in Figure  1A  and D ). The GTPase G1-G5 domains, the I-box, "ALL[DE]ADV", "D[SA]RGG", and "RILGMGD" motifs are all present in diatom CpSRP54 proteins. However, CpSRP54 proteins in diatoms have a 24 -26 amino acid insertion between the G1 and G2 domain (Figure  1B ). A model based on the crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana CpSRP54 and FTSY (PDB ID: 5L3R) using Swiss Model  (Waterhouse et al.
Effects on the photosynthetic apparatus Several FCPs involved in light harvesting were moderately affected in the cpsrp54 mutant lines after 6 h of ML exposure, but the regulation was in most cases found to go in opposite direction in cpsrp54-8 and cpsrp54-11 compared to WT, meaning that none of these FCP proteins fulfilled the criteria for being included in Table  2. The significantly, but moderately, regulated FCP proteins were in general expressed at a lower level than WT in cpsrp54-8 and at a higher level in cpsrp54-11 (Supplementary Dataset 1). After 6 h in ML, the diatoms will be in the process of downsizing their light harvesting antenna, and the results might reflect differences in acclimation status. Since the proteomics data recorded for the FCPs was inconclusive with regards to the effect of absence of CpSRP54, western blot analyses were additionally performed for a subgroup of FCPs, the LHCFs.
D2 was among the strongest downregulated PET chain subunits, whereas D1 was only significantly downregulated in one of the mutant lines (Supplementary Dataset 1). To get a better overview of the content of PSII RC proteins in cpsrp54 lines relative to WT, western blot analyses was performed on total protein extracts from LL-acclimated cells, cells exposed to 6 h ML and ML acclimated cells with antibodies specific to D1 and D2. The initial analysis of D1 and D2 supported a generally lower amount of D2 in the mutants compared to WT, whereas no clear effect on the relative abundance of D1 was observed at any light treatment (Figure  6A ). As for the LHCF proteins relative quantification of D1 and D2 levels in LL and ML was performed running additional western blots (Figures  S3-S4 ). Average relative abundance values for D1 and D2 are presented in Figure  6C-D.
The results indicated that D2 protein levels in cpsrp54 mutants were lowered to around 70% of WT levels in both LL and ML conditions (Figure  6D ). The relative content of D1 in mutants compared to WT showed larger variation between experiments, but was close to WT levels on average (Figure  6C ; Figure  S3 ). A negative effect of loss of CpSRP54 on the amount of D1 could therefore neither be proven from the proteomics nor the western blot analyses. In contrast to PSII core proteins, the subunits comprising the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of PSII are mainly nucleus-encoded (except for PsbV). Of the OEC proteins detected by the proteomics data, PSBO, OEE3 and PsbV were unaffected by the loss of CpSRP54, whereas PSBP was slightly upregulated (Table  2 ). As for the PSII RC protein D1, the PSI RC proteins PsaA and PsaB were also only significantly downregulated in one of the lines, but the abundance of five other chloroplast-encoded PSI core subunits was found at lower levels in both mutant lines than in WT (Table  2 ; Supplementary Dataset 1).
Two ferredoxin NAPD(H) reductases (FNRs), both nuclear-encoded, were among the strongest upregulated proteins in the dataset. FNR mainly catalyzes the final step in linear electron transport, reducing NAPD + to NADPH, but in plants some isoforms might also be involved in cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI, resulting in ATP formation (Goss and Hanke, 2014). However, the contribution of CEF in ATP production in diatoms is negligible  (Bailleul et al. , 2015). The increased amount of FNR in cpsrp54 mutants might be an attempt to compensate for the lower amounts of electrons available for NADPH formation in the mutants (Figure  4C  and 4F ).
Up-regulation of chaperones and possible interaction partners Chloroplast-localized members of the four major families of ATP-dependent molecular chaperones (chaperonin/Cpn60, Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp100 families) and cofactors were detected by the proteomics analyses. Of these, the chloroplast chaperon annotated as DnaK (Hsp70, chloroplast genome), its co-chaperone DNAJ (Hsp40) and the Hsp100 chaperone CLPB were expressed at higher levels in both the investigated mutant lines than in WT, with DnaK being the most upregulated chloroplast protein in our dataset (Table  2 ). The functions of these chaperons are unknown in diatoms, but HSP70 (DnaK homologs)-and HSP40 (DNAJ homologs)-type chaperons are known to be part of a network of molecular chaperons important for co-translational folding in chloroplasts  (Ries et al.
LL to ML shift time-series experiments LL acclimated (0 h) cpsrp54 KO lines were exposed to ML for 0. 5, 6, 24, 48 h and 168 h. Three biological replicates were included for each line and time point. Cell concentrations were approx. 1 x 10 6 cells/mL at the day of harvesting. Harvested material was used for monitoring of the photophysiological state and pigment concentration per cell in LL and after the shift to ML. The timeseries experiment in the current study and in a previously published study characterizing the P. tricornutum alb3b mutant  (Nymark et al. , 2019)  were performed in parallel and the responses of the cpsrp54 and alb3b mutants were therefore compared to the same WT dataset.
Measurements of photosynthetic parameters Variable in vivo Chl a fluorescence was measured as described in Nymark et al. (Nymark et al. , 2019)  using a PhytoPAM (System I, Walz, Germany) equipped with a photomultiplier detector (PM-101P, Walz, Germany). The photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), the photosynthetic capacity (maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax), the maximum light utilization coefficient (α), the light saturation index (Ek=rETRmax/α) and NPQ were calculated as described previously  (Nymark et al. , 2009 , Nymark et al. , 2019). NPQ data was derived from light response curves from LL-acclimated cultures. All samples were incubated 3 min in darkness prior to performing measurements. A Peltier cell (US-T/S, Walz) kept the temperature at 15°C (±0. 2°C) during the measurements.
Then the robot executed the following protocol: picked up the comb tip, collected HILIC magnetic particles, equilibrated HILIC magnetic particles in Equilibration buffer, bound protein to HILIC magnetic particles, washed in high organic content twice, eluted from HILIC and digested protein with Trypsin at 37° for 4 hours, removed HILIC magnetic particles. BindIt Software 3. 3. 1 (Thermo Scientific) was used to prepare the robot protocol and to run it. Unless otherwise-stated, chemicals were from Sigma. Subsequently the digested peptides were transferred to new tubes, they were acidified by addition of 2 µl formic acid, then the tubes were spun-down (16,000g for 5 min) and 100 µl of supernatants were transferred to LC-MS vials. Analysis was performed on an EASY-nLC 1200 UHPLC system (Thermo Scientific) interfaced with an Q Exactive HF mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific) via a Nanospray Flex ion source (Thermo Scientific).
Peptides were injected onto an Acclaim PepMap100 C18 trap column (75 μm i. d. , 2 cm long, 3 μm, 100 Å, Thermo Scientific) and further separated on an Acclaim PepMap100 C18 analytical column (75 μm i. d. , 50 cm long, 2 μm, 100 Å, Thermo Scientific) at 250 nl/min using a 180-minute gradient (145 min 5%-35% B, 15 min 35%-100% B, 20 min 100% B; where A is 0. 1 % formic acid and B is 0. 1 % formic acid, 80% acetonitrile). Unless otherwise-stated, chemicals were from Fisher Scientific. Peptide ions were analysed in positive ion mode under data dependent acquisition using the following parameters: Electrospray voltage 1. 9 kV, HCD fragmentation with normalized collision energy 27. Each MS scan (200 to 2000 m/z, 3e6 AGC target, profile) was acquired at a resolution of 60,000 Maximum cell divisions per day during the exponential phase were calculated from three biological replicates of WT and cpsrp54 KO lines acclimated to LL (35 µmol photons m -2 s -1 ), ML (200 µmol photons m -2 s -1 ) and HL (1000 µmol photons m -2 s -1 ).
Acknowledgements We wish to thank  Kjersti Andresen  for assistance with the HPLC analyses and  Professor Claudia 26 Büchel  for kindly providing LHCF antibodies. The authors would also like to thank  Stoyan Stoychev  at  ReSyn Bioscience  for helpful discussions on the HILIC sample preparation protocol, and  Felicity Ashcroft  for help with statistical analyses.
Data availability statement A complete submission of proteomics data including raw data (raw), peak-list (mzML), identifications (mzID), workflow (pdAnalysis) and annotated results (xlsx) has been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE  (Perez-Riverol et al. , 2019)  partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD020167 and 10. 6019/PXD020167. All other relevant information can be found within the manuscript and its supporting information.
EXAFS Data collection. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) measurements of Fe were implemented at the wiggler beamline I811 at MAX-lab, Lund University, Sweden. The beamline was equipped with a Si  [111]  double crystal monochromator, and operated at 1. 5 GeV (MAX-II ring) and a maximum current of 250 mA. Iron K-edge EXAFS spectra were collected in fluorescence mode using a Lytle detector. Iron metal foil was used as an energy calibration reference and was run simultaneously with the samples in absorption mode. Higher-order harmonics were reduced by detuning the maximum intensity of the second monochromator crystal by 50%. A Mn filter was used to reduce Fe fluorescence and scattering contributions. Spectra for standard oxides were collected separately at the same beamline.
The airdried samples were mounted on aluminium frame holders using kapton tape and fixed at ca 48 angle to avoid XRD peaks in the scans. All measurements were carried out at ambient-room temperature. Five to ten scans were collected per sample. Data analysis. The collected XANES data were processed using Athena software  (Ravel, 2008)  including data normalization based on the Cromer-Liberman calculations, background removal using the AUTOBK algorithm, alignment and merge of scans. Linear combination fitting (LCF) in k-space between 3 and 12 Å was performed using the same software, showing R factors below 0. 01 for all fittings. The following minerals were used for LCF in all spectra analysis (chemical formulas are provided in Table  S1 ): metallic Fe, goethite, hematite, clinochlore, augite, vermiculite, hornblende, biotite, phlogopite, iron(II) sulphide, pyrite, iron oxalate, nontronite (ferrosmectite), siderite, magnetite and vivianite.
Acknowledgements The La Combe de Saut experiment was funded by  ADEME  and the  LIFE  project  DIFPOLMINE. The Reppel experiment was set up under the  EU FP5   Phytorehab  project. Experiments in Sweden were financed by the  Swedish Research Council FORMAS  and  European Union   Structural Funds and New Objective 1 ,  North Sweden Soil Remediation Center (MarksaneringsCentrum Norr e MCN). Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource  is acknowledged for granting our beamtime proposal (4663) under which X-Ray absorption measurements presented in this work were performed.
Acknowledgements R. D. acknowledges  ANR  for funding through the  ODYCE  project (grant agreement number  ANR-14-OHRI-0003-01 ). J. L. acknowledges  CEA  for funding through a  CFR  PhD grant. R. D. acknowledges the  European Research Council (ERC)  for funding. This work was partially funded under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant agreement number  832606 ; project  PISCO ). E. P. acknowledges the  ICIQ  and  ICREA  for nancial support. R. D. acknowledges the  LABEX Laboratoire d'Alliances Nanosciences-Energies du Futur  ( LANEF ,  ANR-10-LABX-51-44001 ) for funding and the  Hybriden Facility at CEA-Grenoble. C. A. acknowledges the  UGA and EDCSV for funding. G. O. acknowledges funding from  Conacyt  under grant number  CB_2017-2018_A1-S-21018.
In high vacuum The emissivity in high vacuum up to 1300 K was measured for all the alloys to have a reference data for non-oxidized materials. Fig. 4  presents the results and Table  2  gives the coefficients a and b of the linear regression: ε = a. T+ b. When the alloys are compared, the results show that except the data for the 617 at 1300 K, the alloys follow nearly the same trend concerning the total hemispherical emissivity versus temperature with a slight decrease when the temperature increases (Fig. 4 ). The emissivity goes almost from 0. 35 to 0. 40 around 1100 K down to 0. 25 at 1300 K. Only the alloy 617 still keeps a constant behavior with a total emissivity comprised between 0. 30 and 0. 35. In fact, the emissivity decreases when the temperature increases due to the smoothing of the surface at high temperature, this being in relation with the coarsening of the grains.
Acknowledgments The  Polyphem  project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement n  • 764048. The authors want to also thank the  programme "Investissements d'Avenir" (Investment for the Future)  of the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (National Agency for Research) of the French State  under award number  ANR-10-EQPX-49-SOCRATE.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the  National Science Foundation  (grants  CHE-1507321  and  CHE-1905238 ), the  American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund  (grant  56375-ND4 ), the  Roenigk Family Foundation and Ohio University  for their continuing nancial support. NK thanks the  University of Strasbourg  and the  CNRS  for nancial support. HB is also supported by a fellowship from the  Alfonso Martin Escudero Foundation.
The names of the selected countries were also included in the search terms. The three following precepts were applied: (i) Scientific papers published in peer-reviewed journals in English language and reports published in English and French languages from recognized organizations were selected for this review. (ii) A particular attention was dedicated to identify and select works for the relevance of their data (notably for sector/ techno-economic reports), for the quality of the analysis and insights provided (notably for the reviews), or for the identified high potential of the presented practices/technologies (in the case of more technical scientific articles related to the anaerobic digestion). (iii) Finally, a priority was given to most recent works. Thus, 85% of the literature provided in this review (93 references) were published between 2017 and 2020.
To examine the effects of solar concentration ratio and sun irradiation on the thermal and electrical performance of the hybrid system, a set of nonlinear equations were developed and coded in MATLAB software (R2015a). The power output and electrical efficiency of the tubular thermoelectric generator, the overall efficiency and net power as well as hot water storage of the hybrid systems were separately presented and discussed for all three solar concentration ratios and ten sun irradiation values. To validate the predicted results of the numerical model, two available research works have been used. The comparison of results obtained with results of the exact solution indicates a good agreement. The novel integration technique shows major improvements in thermal and electrical performance of both hybrid systems.
The power produced by the TTEG is mainly used to energize the system's pumps, while the remaining part of electrical energy is stored in a battery in order to use it again in other applications. Two thermal models of the mentioned hybrid systems are separately presented and numerically validated. A set of nonlinear equations were coded in the MATLAB software (R2015a) based on the finite difference method in order to analyze the thermal and electrical performance of both hybrid systems for all solar concentration and sun irradiation values.
(  17 ) and (  18 ) helps to obtain the numerical model of each SPTC systems. The numerical model of both hybrid systems is clearly presented in Appendix ((A. 1)-(A. 32)). Thus, to simulate the obtained numerical models, a set of discretized equations were coded in the MATLAB software (R2015a) based on the calculation steps presented in Fig. 4. The numerical simulations were performed on June 21, 2018 based on the weather data of Mohammedia city (33 • 41'23'' north, 7 • 23'23'' west) as clearly shown in Fig. 5   (Elamim et al. , 2017). Also, Inputs to the computer numerical model comprise: the physical proprieties of the SPTC/Therminol VP1 and SPTC/Water systems, time and spatial steps, direct sun irradiation, ambient temperature, initial temperature of all design components and cold water flow rate.
Conclusion The effects of sun irradiation and solar concentration ratio on the thermal and electrical performance of the combined SPTC/Therminol VP1 and SPTC/Water systems were presented and discussed. Also, the temperature adjustment principle was used and analyzed in this paper. The feasibility study of each hybrid system was performed in Matlab software based on the finite difference method. To this effect, a 1-D thermal model was extracted and presented. Different parameters were analyzed based on the temperature adjustment principle, namely, the overall efficiency, storage of Therminol VP1 and hot water, Produced and net power. The major results of the present research are listed as below: • The use of optical concentrator leads to improve the thermal and electrical performance of the SPTC/Therminol VP1 and SPTC/Water systems.
Acknowledgement. We gratefully acknowledge  CNRS  for funding of the project  NADP/H 2. We also thank  Neus Vilà  ( LCPME ) for help in the rhodium complex synthesis,  Steve Pontvianne  and  Xavier Framboisier (LRGP)  for development of the HPLC analytical method and  Olivier Fabre  at the  LCPM laboratory  for the NMR measurements. Supporting Information. Cyclic voltammetry of electrochemical reduction of NAD + in the presence of various concentrations of [ Cp*Rh (bpy)Cl] + ; an example of non-complete conversion; validation of the flow enzymatic reactor with short discussion of the reported data, illustration of optimal LDH quantity for the bioconversion of pyruvate, control experiments regarding NADH regeneration and stability, 1H NMR analysis of NADH and lactate.
Biocrude Composition The bio-oil (toluene soluble) and solid fractions were analyzed by TGA. The used temperature programs allowed for distinguishing light (150-540 • C) and heavy fractions (<540 • C) of bio-oil samples. For the solid sample, the analysis allowed for distinguishing the light polar fraction (100-950 • C) that evaporated under N 2 , the coke fraction that burned under oxygen, and the inorganic fraction that remained at the end of the analysis. These results, combined with the bio-oil yield, gave the composition of each biocrude (Table  4 ). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the data gathered in Table  4  for the 15 samples (Figure  7 ). PC1 explained 63. 1% of the sample variance, which mainly depended on the solubility in toluene of the biocrude, whereby the toluene-soluble fraction contributed negatively and the toluene-insoluble fraction contributed positively.
This work has been partially supported by  University of Rouen Normandy ,  INSA Rouen Normandy , the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ,  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ,  Labex SynOrg  ( ANR-11-LABX-0029 ),  Carnot Insitut I2C , the  graduate school for research Xl-Chem  ( ANR-18-EURE-0020 XL CHEM ), by  Region Normandie  and  ADEME  for  VASCO2  project funding. J. M. thanks the  European Research Council  for funding via the  ERC   PrimChem  project (grant agreement No. 636829 ) and access to a CNRS FTICR research infrastructure ( FR3624 ).
Acknowledgements The work at  Rice University  was supported by  ARO   STIR  project  N-mensional interfaces , grant  W911NF-19-1-0353. The work at  Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)  was supported by the  LANL Laboratory Directed Research and Development Funds (LDRD) program. This work was done in part at the  Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS)  and the  Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT) , a  U. S. Department of Energy and Office of Basic Energy Sciences  user facility, at  LANL. This research used resources provided by the  LANL Institutional Computing Program. Los Alamos National Laboratory  is operated by  Triad National Security, LLC , for the  National Nuclear Security Administration of the U. S. Department of Energy  (Contract No. 89233218NCA000001 ). J. E. acknowledges the financial support from the  Institut Universitaire de France.
| Data We collect daily zero-coupon yields of Treasury securities with maturities from 1 to 30 years to estimate the yield curve factors for the United States. The zero-coupon bond yields are based on the work of  Gürkaynak, Sack, and Wright (2007) , and are retrieved from the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) at https://www. federalreserve. gov/data/nominal-yield-curve. htm. This article makes available to researchers and practitioners a long history of high-frequency yield curve estimates of the FRB at a daily frequency. The authors use a simple and well-known smoothing technique that fits the data well, with the resulting estimates employed to calculate bond yields for any horizons. In order to compute oil demand-and supply-side shocks as well as risk shocks, following  Ready (2018)  this study uses daily price of the World Integrated Oil and Gas Producer Index (WIOGPI), 4 the volatility index (VIX) from the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) light sweet crude oil futures contract prices at the nearest maturity.