dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Injection of the liquid embolic agent can be performed in a live fashion under the condition of image fusion of MR and 3D RA. The opacity of the overlay can be modified to increase the visibility of the embolic agent, and alteration of the anterior plane position can provide various incidences to refine the understanding of its deposition inside the vascular bed and especially venous outflow. As all superselective angiograms are stored on our PACS, we are able to retrospectively analyze these datasets for refining our understanding of the complex angioarchitecture of the AVM nidus core,  26 27  and scrutinize the presence of intranidal aneurysms or analyze the compartments of the AVM. Acquisitions under the condition of 3D-Roadmap navigation allow the use of advanced coregistration with other imaging techniques, such as 3D MRI for multimodal analysis of the AVM angioarchitecture.
33 In the follow-up of treated AVMs, superselective angiographic exploration could help clarify the dysplastic vessels visualized around the treated AVM that might result in further bleeding. 34 owever, the technique has some limitations. During microcatheterization, because of microcatheter rigidity, distortion of the course of the artery can occur on 3D images. Nonetheless, in our experience, alteration in the shape of the artery does not preclude safe catheterization and analysis of the targeted pedicle, and dedicated software is under development to address this issue. The registration technique is not fully automated and thus could be improved for better reproducibility by developing further algorithms for registration. Landmarks used for registration were mostly osseous landmarks for the 3D RA datasets, and osseous landmarks are less on the MR technique.
All the interaction energy terms are calculated consistently in the dimer-centered basis set and are therefore free from the basis set superposition error due to the full counterpoise correction. 25 The dispersion energy was also calculated directly by applying the expression for the second-order energy ε disp  (20). The atomic charges were computed using natural bond orbital (NBO). 26 he geometry optimization calculations at MP2 and DFT/ B3LYP were carried out using the Gaussian-09 code. 27 The interaction energy decomposition scheme implemented in the GAMESS code  28  was used for energy partitioning. 29 The molecular graphics have been generated using Jmol software. 30 SULTS AND DISCUSSION a. Be 3 Bonding Properties. The Be 2 dimer is a weak complex due to interactions of closed 2s valence-shells of Be atoms.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work has been supported by the  PREM  (Award No. DMR-1205194 ) and  ONR  (Award No. N00014-13-1-0501 ) grants. S. R. acknowledges the financial support by a statutory activity subsidy from the  Polish Ministry of Science and Technology of Higher Education for the Faculty of Chemistry of Wroclaw University of Technology  and  NCN  grant No. 2012/07/B/ST4/01584. We also thank the  Mississippi Center for Supercomputing Research, Wroclaw and Poznan Centers for Networking and Supercomputing, and Interdisciplinary Center for Mathematical Modeling of Warsaw University  for providing generous computer time.
The number of ions reaching the MCP is relatively low (roughly of the order of a few hundreds) because of the very small angular acceptance of the detector. To gain an insight into the mechanism of ion acceleration, we carry out a numerical study of the interaction process via particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, performed using the fully electromagnetic PIC code Calder-Circ  [32]. In this code, Maxwell equations are solved by projecting over a basis of Fourier modes. Few modes are enough to accurately describe the laser evolution and the wakefield, resulting in simulations needing much less computational resources than fully 3D simulations. The modelling of the acceleration process requires the inclusion in the simulation box of the whole gas jet, and the continuation of the simulations far beyond the wakefield decay time, precluding the use of too many numerically expensive Cartesian 3D simulations.
e. velocity and pressure. The computational model has been implemented in an enhanced version of the finite element software COMET, developed by the authors at the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE). Two numerical examples have been considered. The first one deals with the numerical simulation of a coupled thermomechanical flow in a 2D rectangular domain. Steady-state and transient components or scales: the finite-element component and the sub-grid scale or subscale component. The subscales represent the component of the exact continuous solution which cannot be captured by the finite element partition. The particular approximation used for these sub-grid scales defines the numerical model. Within the CFD framework, VMS methods have been used by  Codina (1998)  [37] for the diffusion-convection reaction problem,  Codina (2000)  [39] to stabilize incompressibility and convection through orthogonal subscales, first introducing the Orthogonal Sub-grid Scale (OSGS) method, Codina (  2001 ) [41] for generalized stationary incompressible flows, Codina (2002) [42] for transient incompressible flows using dynamic orthogonal subscales, Hughes et al.
The temperature effects on the viscosity were neglected. Dong et al. (2001)   [53]  developed a simplified model for the numerical simulation of FSW processes, taking into account both the friction heating and plastic work in the modelling of the heat flow phenomena, predicting the development of a plastic strain around the weld zone in the initial stage of welding. However, they did not consider the longitudinal movement of the tool. Xu et al. (2001)   [79]  and  Xu and Deng (2003,2004)   [80, 81]  developed a 3D finite element procedure to simulate the FSW process using the commercial Finite Element Method (FEM) software ABAQUS, focusing on the velocity field, the material flow characteristics and the equivalent plastic strain distribution. The authors used an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation with adaptive meshing and consider large elasto-plastic deformations and temperature-dependent material properties.
However, the authors did not perform a fully coupled thermo-mechanical simulation, superimposing the temperature map obtained from the experiments as a prescribed temperature field to perform the mechanical analysis. The numerical results were compared to experimental data available, showing a reasonable good correlation between the equivalent plastic strain distributions and the distribution of the microstructure zones in the weld. Ulysse (2002)   [78]  presented a fully coupled 3D FEM visco-plastic model for FSW of thick aluminium plates using the commercial FEM code FIDAP. The author investigated the effect of tool speeds on the process parameters. It was found that a higher translational speed leads to a higher welding force, while increasing the rotation speed has the opposite effect.
Reasonable agreement between the predicted and the measured temperature was obtained and the discrepancies were explained by an inadequate representation of the constitutive behavior of the material for the wide ranges of strain-rate, temperatures and strains typically found during FSW. Askari et al. (2003)  [13] used the CTH hydrocode coupled to an advection-diffusion solver for the energy balance equation. The CTH code, developed by Sandia National Laboratories, uses the finite volume method to discretize the domain. The elastic response was taken into account in this case. The results proved encouraging with respect to gaining an understanding of the material flow around the tool. However, simplified friction conditions were used. Chen and Kovacevic (2003)  [28]  developed a 3D FEM model to study the thermal history and thermo-mechanical phenomena in the butt-welding of aluminium alloy AA-6061-T6 using the commercial FEM code ANSYS.
Their model incorporated the mechanical reaction between the tool and the weld material. Experiments were conducted and an X-ray diffraction technique was used to measure the residual stress in the welded plate. The welding tool (i. e. the shoulder and pin) in the FEM model was modeled as a heat source, with the nodes moved forward at each computational time step. This simple model severely limited the accuracy of the stress and force predictions. Colegrove et al. (2000 Colegrove et al. ( ,2004) )   [46, 47]  used the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT for a 2D and 3D numerical investigation on the influence of pin geometry during FSW, comparing different pin shapes in terms of material flow and welding forces on the basis of both a stick and a slip boundary condition at the tool/work-piece interface.
In spite of the good obtained results, the accuracy of the analysis was limited by the assumption of isothermal conditions. Seidel and Reynolds (2003)  [73] also used the CFD commercial software FLUENT to model the 2D steady-state flow around a cylindrical tool. Schmidt and Hattel (2004)   [72]  presented the development of a 3D fully coupled thermo mechanical finite element model in ABAQUS/Explicit using the ALE formulation. The flexibility of the FSW machine was taken into account by connecting the rigid tool to a spring. The work-piece was modeled as a cylindrical volume with inlet and outlet boundary conditions. A rigid back-plate was used. The contact forces were modeled using a Coulomb friction law, and the surface was allowed to separate. Heat generated by friction and plastic deformation was considered.
The model uses an analytical velocity field and considers heat input from the tool shoulder and plastic strain of the bulk material. Trajectories, temperature, strain, strain rate fields and micro-hardness in various weld zones were computed and compared to experimental results obtained on an AA 2024-T351 alloy FSW joint. Buffa et al. (2006)   [18]  using the commercial finite element software DEFORM-3D, proposed a 3D Lagrangian, implicit, coupled thermo-mechanical numerical model for the simulation of FSW processes, using a rigid-viscoplastic material description and a continuum assumption for the weld seam. The proposed model is able to predict the effect of process parameters on process variables, such as the temperature, strain and strain rate fields, as well as material flow and forces.
Within this approach, a Lagrangian formulation was used for the pin, an ALE formulation was used at the stir zone of the work-piece, and an Eulerian formulation was used in the remaining part of the work-piece. The stir zone was defined as a circular domain close to the pin. The finite element mesh in the stir zone was rotating attached to the pin. The resulting apropos kinematic setting efficiently permitted to treat arbitrary pin geometries and facilitates the application of boundary conditions. The formulation was implemented in an enhanced version of the finite element code COMET  [21]  developed by the authors at the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE). Bussetta et al. (2013)   [19, 20]  compared a fluid approach using an apropos kinematic framework, developed by  Chiumenti et al.
Two representative numerical examples are shown in Section 5. The first one is a numerical simulation of a coupled thermomechanical flow in a 2D rectangular domain. Steadystate and transient conditions are considered. An assessment of the ASGS and OSGS stabilization methods implemented is performed. The second example shows a 3D numerical simulation of a FSW process. Numerical results are compared with the experimental results provided by  Zhu and Chao (2004)   [83]. Calculations are performed using an enhanced version of the finite element program COMET  [21]  developed by the authors at the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) in Barcelona. Pre-and post-processing is done with GiD  [54] , also developed at CIMNE. Finally some concluding remarks are drawn. 2 Sub-grid scale stabilized mixed formulation.
ASGS (GLS for the pressure equation and SUPG for the temperature equation) and OSGS (both for the pressure and the temperature equations) stabilization methods are used. The Newton-Raphson method, combined with a line search procedure, is used to solve the nonlinear equations emanating from the fully discrete stabilized variational equations. Calculations are performed with an enhanced version of the finite element code COMET  [21]  developed by the authors at the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) in Barcelona. Pre-and post-processing is done with GiD  [54] , also developed at CIMNE.
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the  European Commission  under the  STREP  project of the  VI Framework Programme "Detailed Multi-Physics Modeling of Frictional Stir Welding" (DEEPWELD) , the  European Research Council  under the Advanced Grant:  ERC-2009-AdG  " Real Time Computational Mechanics Techniques for Multi-Fluid Problems ", the  Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia  under the  PROFIT  project  CIT-020400-2007-82 : " Nuevas Herramientas para Optimizar el Proceso de Soldadura por Fricción" (FSWNET)  and the project of the  Plan Nacional de I+D+I  ( 2004-2007 ) " Simulación Numérica del Proceso de Soldadura Mediante Batido por Fricción" (FSW).
Acknowledgements We thank  N. Boulanger ,  M. Henneaux ,  K. Mkrtchyan  and  E. Skvortsov  for useful discussions. We performed various computations with xAct [69] and xTras [70] pagkages for Mathematica, and we are grateful to  T. Nutma  for his advices. We also acknowledge the GGI, Florence workshop on "Higher spins, Strings and Duality" where the present work was developed.
Statistical Analysis Statistical procedures were done using SPSS for Windows ® , version 17. 0. Descriptive analyses (frequency, means and standard-deviation) were carried out to characterize the sample. The normal distribution of the data was verified by the test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and homogeneity of variances was assured by test of Levene. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the values of the performance indexes, concerning tactical actions and its errors and setting. The chi-square ( ) with a significance level of p<0. 05 was used verify the association between the frequency of the principles performed by the players  [6]. The Kappa of Cohen coefficient was used to check inter-and intra-observers reliability.
2005 ) located at Mount Wilson Observatory (California, USA). The CHARA array consists of six telescopes of 1 meter in diameter, configured in a Y shape, which offers 15 different baselines from 34 meters to 331 meters. These baselines can achieve a spatial resolution up to 0. 3 mas in the visible which is necessary in order to resolve early-type stars. Early-type stars are very small in terms of angular diameter and can be affected by several physical phenomena, like fast rotation, winds, and environment, which can potentially bias the interferometric measurements. This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 is devoted to a description of the stars in our sample. In Section 3, we present the data reduction process and the method used to derive the angular diameters. Section 4 is dedicated to the calibration of the SBC relation, and we discuss our results in Section 5.
Data reduction and methodology The first step is to calibrate the visibility measurements of our targets using observations of reference stars. These calibrators (Table  3 ) were selected using the SearchCal 1 software developed by the Jean-Marie Mariotti Center (JMMC)  (Bonneau et al. 2006 ). The way this calibration is done is shown in Fig. 1  in the case of γ Lyr (data obtained on June 21, 2012, with the E1E2W2 three-telescope configuration). We used the standard sequence C6-S-C6 in which S is the target and C6 is the reference star. The light blue dots are the raw visibilities obtained on the science star for the three corresponding baselines: E2E1 (upper panel), E2W2 (middle panel), and E1W2 (bottom panel). Our VEGA measurements are typically divided into 30 blocks of observations, and each block contains 1000 images with an exposure time of 15 milliseconds.
Moreover, for all the datasets we have considered, we have recalculated the (V -K) 0 and A V values in a similar way as for the VEGA objects (see  Sect. 4. 1). More than ten years later, Di Benedetto (1998) made a careful compilation of 22 stars (with A, F, G, K spectral types) for which angular diameters were available in the literature and calibrated the SBC relation. Moreover, the direct application of the SBC relation to Cepheids was done by  Fouque & Gieren (1997)  and  Di Benedetto (1998). Later, 27 stars were measured by NPOI and Mark III optical interferometers and the derived high precision angular diameters were published by  Nordgren et al. (2001)  and  Mozurkewich et al. (2003) , respectively. Finally, using a compilation of 29 dwarfs and subgiant (including the sun) in the 0. 0 ≤ (V -K) 0 ≤ 6.
Conclusions Taking advantage of the unique VEGA/CHARA capabilities in terms of spatial resolution, we determined the angular diameters of eight bright early-type stars in the visible with a precision of about 1. 5%. By combining these data with previous angular diameter determinations, we provide for the very first time a SBC relation for early-type stars with a precision of about 0. 16 magnitude, which means that this SBC relation can be used to derive the angular diameter of early-type stars with a precision of 7. 3%. This relation is a powerful tool for the distance scale calibration as it can be used to derive the individual angular diameters of detached, early-type, and thus bright eclipsing binary systems. It will be used in the course of the Araucaria Project  (Gieren et al. 2005)  to derive the distance of different galaxies in the Local Group, for exemple M33.
Acknowledgements. This research has made use of the SIMBAD and VIZIER 1 databases at  CDS, Strasbourg (France) , and of the  Jean-Marie Mariotti Center Aspro service 2 and of electronic bibliography  maintained by the  NASA /ADS system. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  under Grant Agreement  312430  and financial support from the  Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR) -Tunisia. The  CHARA Array  is funded by the  National Science Foundation  through  NSF  grants  AST-0606958  and  AST-0908253  and by  Georgia State University  through the  College of Arts and Sciences , as well as the  W. M. Keck Foundation. WG gratefully acknowledges financial support for this work from the  BASAL Centro de Astrofisica y Tecnologias Afines (CATA)   PFB-06/2007 , and from the  Millenium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS) of the Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio del Ministerio de Economia ,  Fomento y Turismo de Chile , project  IC120009.
Litter size (LS) in sheep is determined mainly by ovulation rate (OR). Several polymorphisms have been identified in the growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) gene that result in an increase in OR and prolificacy of sheep. Screening the databank of the Brazilian Sheep Breeders Association for triplet delivery, we identified flocks of prolific Ile de France ewes. After resequencing of GDF9, a point mutation (c. 943C>T) was identified, resulting in a nonconservative amino acid change (p. Arg315Cys) in the cleavage site of the propeptide. This new allele was called Vacaria (FecG v ). A flock of half-sib ewes was evaluated for OR in the first three breeding seasons, and Vacaria heterozygotes had higher OR (P < 0. 001), averaging 2. 1 AE 0. 1 when compared to 1. 2 AE 0. 1 in wild-type ewes. The OR was also influenced by age, increasing in the second and third breeding seasons (P < 0.
Identification of prolific families The databank of the Brazilian Sheep Breeders Association (ARCO) was screened to identify flocks with triplet deliveries from 2005 to 2009. Upon the identification of such flocks, the owners were contacted and the use of hormonal preparations in the ewes investigated. Only flocks that used natural mating were accepted for the study, and the lambing record of each breeding ewe was obtained and a blood sample collected. Once the prolific families with recurrent multiple lambing were identified, an investigation was made on the progeny of each ewe with a history of triplet birth delivery. All animal procedures were approved by the Local Ethics Committee prior to the initiation of the studies.
Resequencing of GDF9 and BMP15 Primers were designed based on the genomic GenBank sequence of sheep GDF9 (AF078545) and BMP15 (AF236078 and AF236079). The designed primers (Table  1 ), homologous to the intronic regions flanking exons 1 and 2 of both genes, were used in PCR amplification and sequencing. For sequencing of the GDF9 coding region, PCRs were performed using at least 100 ng of genomic DNA with oligos GX1S and GX2A, with high-fidelity Pfu polymerase (Herculase II Fusion Enzyme, Stratagene Europe) as instructed by the manufacturer. PCR conditions were as follows: denaturation at 95 °C for 2 min followed by 30 cycles of denaturation 95 °C for 20 s, annealing at 59 °C for 20 s, extension at 72 °C for 90 s and the final extension at 72 °C for 3 min, which generated an amplicon of 2609 base pairs (bp).
The purified amplicons were quantified using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer, and the preparations along with oligos BX1S and BX1A oligos for exon 1 and BX2S, B5F, B7R and BX2A for exon 2 were also sent to the sequencing service. The chromatograms obtained were evaluated for their quality using 4PEAKS software (mekentosj. com, the Netherlands Cancer Institute). The sequences generated were aligned using CLC SEQUENCE VIEWER 6. 3 software (www. clcbio. com), and the presence of polymorphisms was investigated. Table  1  Oligonucleotide primers used for PCR and sequencing BMP15 and GDF9.
Gene Oligonucleotide Sequence 5 0 -3 0 BMP15 BX1S GCGTTATCCTTTGGGCTTTT BMP15 BX1A GCAATGTGAAGCCTGACAGA BMP15 BX2S GCTTTGCTCTTGTTCCCTCTT BMP15 BX2A TGCACCTTTGCCGTCAC BMP15 B5F CATCAGCTTCACCTAACTCATTC BMP15 B7R GAACTCAAGAACCTCACTACC GDF9 GX1S CGAGGCTCTTCCTGGTTTTT GDF9 GX1A CAGCACTCTTCCCAGGTTTT GDF9 GX2S GGGGAGAAAAGGGACAGAAG GDF9 GX2A TACACTGGCCAGGACACTCA GDF9 G11R GGAGAGTGCCAGCTCTGAATT GDF9 G15R CGGAAGACCAGCTGCAGCAT GDF9 G16F AATGGATGGAGATTGATGTGACG GDF9 G19F GAACGACACAAGTGCTCAGG Bioinformatic tools available on the Internet were used to predict the effect of the amino acid changes on protein structure and function. PANTHER 8. 1 software (http:// www. pantherdb. org/tools/csnpScoreForm. jsp) calculates the subPSEC score (position of substitution and particular evolutionary conservation) based on an alignment of evolutionarily related proteins  (Thomas & Kejariwal 2004).
SubPSEC scores are continuous values of 0 (neutral) to about À10 (most likely to be harmful), and SNPs scoring lower than À3 are predicted to have a deleterious effect on protein function. PROVEAN 1. 1 online software (http://prov ean. jcvi. org/seq_submit. php) also predicts whether a protein sequence variation affects protein function based on alignment of clusters of closely related sequences generating a PROVEAN score. If the PROVEAN score is equal to or less than a predefined threshold (e. g. À2. 5), the protein variant is predicted to have a deleterious effect  (Choi et al. 2012).
Genotyping of the Vacaria SNP A rapid test for genotyping the Vacaria mutation based on the methodology tetra-primer ARMS PCR was developed  (Ye et al. 2001). Specific primers were designed with PRIMER1 online software (http://primer1. soton. ac. uk/ primer1. html) using the GDF9 exon 2 sequence as a template. PCR amplification was performed in reactions containing 100 ng of genomic DNA, 2. 5 ll of 109 buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8. 5; 500 mM KCl), 200 lM of dNTPs, 1. 5 mM MgCl 2 , 25 pM of inner primers: FIP (C allele) 5 0 -AGCTGCT GAGGGTGTAAGATCGTACC-3 0 and RIP (T allele) 5 0 -GCACT CTCCTGGTCTCTGCGGTGCCA-3 0 , 2. 5 pM of the outer primers: FOP 5 0 -ACTCTTCTCGTAGCGCCCTCACTGCTTT-3 0 and ROP 5 0 -GGATGATGTTCTGCACCATGGTGTGAA-3 0 , 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Ludwig Biotecnologia Ltda) and sterile water to bring the total volume to 25 ll.