dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Our dataset presents sufficient variability of estimated central spectroid to span the 3-10 Hz range (y axis in Fig 5B ), allowing us to test the latter hypothesis directly. We find that the hypothesized trend is well supported by data: if filter bandwidth is relatively independent of center frequency, the ratio between center frequency and bandwidth (Q) should scale with center frequency; consistent with this prediction, we measured a strong correlation between spectral centroid and Q for both early (r = 0. 89,p<10 -7 ) and late (r = 0. 9,p<10 -6 ) epochs (see tilted ovals in Fig  5B ). However, the specific values hypothesized for bandwidth (Q%2;  [16] ) are higher than suggested by relevant studies (Q%1;  [24, 25] ) and by some of the values we measured in this study (Fig  4B ). Our results indicate that, even when restricted to comparable regions of AM rates, aggregate Q values may span a 0.
This is not to say that our estimates are completely decoupled from the chosen stimulus/task parameters: by requiring observers to detect a specific signal, we are implicitly prompting them to calibrate their available perceptual resources in relation to the assigned task and signal  [92, 94] ; for example it is conceivable that, in extreme cases such as detection of very narrow AM pulses with a broad modulation spectrum, the measured filters may become broader reflecting stimulus characteristics  [93]. However, beyond the inevitable structure imposed by task instructions and signal specification on listeners' selection of perceptual resources, our measurements appear to reflect properties that are instrinsic to the perceptual process and informative of its inherent characteristics. Finally, targeted re-analysis of an earlier published dataset  [58]  exposed structure entirely consistent with the results reported here (S7 Fig), providing strong validation of our findings: due to numerous design differences between the two studies, it is not trivially expected that we should find similar overall characteristics.
A is plotted to the same conventions adopted in Fig 3A. B is plotted to the conventions adopted in the inset to Fig 5A. To make the early/late analysis comparable to the analysis used in Fig 5 , we defined the 'early' phase as spanning the first 2000 trials (from trial 1 to 2000) and the 'late' phase as spanning the second 2000 trials (from trial 2001 to 4000) for each of the 8 observers tested in the prior study (main two-tone condition). This analysis exposes structure in the previously published dataset consistent with the effects reported in the present study, further supporting their validity and applicability to other stimuli/tasks. (EPS).
This work was supported by:  ANR-10-LABX-0087  ( SAS, CL, PN ),  ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL Ã  ( SAS, CL, PN ),  ANR-14-CE30-0019-01  (CL) from  Agence nationale de la recherche  (http://www. agence-nationale-recherche. fr/);University Research surprising dynamic characteristic emphasizes the plastic nature of modulation analysis in sensory perception. Fellowship (PN) from the  Royal Society  (https:// royalsociety. org/); FP7-PEOPLE-2011-ITN (ERMJ)  from  Marie Curie foundation  (http://ec. europa. eu/research/mariecurieactions/);  NIH  grant  R01-DC005779  (SAS) and  Advanced ERC  grant  295603  (SAS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Apparatus EEG signals were acquired using a 64-channel NeuroScan Sy-nAmps2 system (Neuroscan Inc. )see below for acquisition and online/offline filtering parameters. The EEG data were recorded in a fully shielded and sound attenuated room. Two Dell Precision 380 workstations controlled stimulus presentation and data acquisition. Stimuli were displayed on a Hitachi 17 CRT monitor running at 1280 Â 1024 (32 bit colour depth) resolution. A standard QWERTY PC keyboard was used to acquire behavioural responses. The experiment was programmed and run using E-prime (v. 1. 1; www. pstnet. com/eprime).
Stimuli The stimuli comprised a total set of 48 CAD generated 3D surface rendered, four part, novel objects. This comprised 12 sets each composed of four different objects (see Fig. 1 ). Each object comprised four volumetric parts defined by variation among nonaccidental properties (NAPs): Edges (straight vs. curved), symmetry of the cross section, tapering (co-linearity) and aspect ratio  (Biederman, 1987). The use of novel object stimuli, rather than images of familiar common objects, allowed us to carefully control the geometric properties of the stimulus set, and reduce potential influences of pre-established visual-semantic associations. The models were designed in Strata 3D CX software (Strata Inc. USA) and rendered with shading over smooth surfaces in a mustard yellow colour  (RGB: 227, 190, 43).
EEG-ERP acquisition EEG signals were sampled at 1024 Hz from 64 Ag/AgCl electrodes referenced to Cz and placed according to the extended 10-20 convention (American Electroencephalographic Society, 1991: TP7, FT7, AF7, FCz, AF8, FT8, TP8, C5, F5, AF3, CPz, AF4, F6, C6, CP3, C1, FC3, POz, FC4, C2, CP4, TP9, PO7, P5, Oz, P6, PO8, TP10, P1, PO3, PO4, P2, FT9, F7, Fp1, AFz, Fp2, F8, FT10, T7, FC5, F3, Fz, F4, FC6, T8, CP5, C3, FC1, Pz, FC2, C4, CP6, P7, P3, CP1, O1, CP2, P4, P8, Iz, PO9, O2, PO10). Impedances were below 9 kΩ. Signals were filtered online between 0. 01 and 100 Hz, data was filtered off line using a 30 Hz low pass filter with a slope of 12 db/oct. Ocular artifacts were mathematically corrected using Scan 4. 3 software (Neuroscan, Inc. ) based on an algorithm developed by  Gratton et al.
(1983). Remaining artifacts were manually rejected upon visual inspection. EEG epochs ranging from À 100 (prior to S2 onset) to 1000 ms relative to stimulus onset were baseline corrected in reference to pre-stimulus activity before ERP averaging. Finally, ERPs were re-referenced to the global average reference. Peak detection was carried out automatically, time-locked to the latency of the peak at the electrode of maximal amplitude on the grand average ERP  (Picton et al. , 2000). Triggers were recorded during EEG data acquisition marking the onset of S1 and S2, stimulus condition and response accuracy.
Stimuli were displayed by a video projector (NEC NP1250) set to run with 70 Hz refresh rate at 800 × 600 pixels resolution. The experiment was controlled by the Psychophysics Toolbox extensions version 3. 0  19, 20  installed on Matlab ® R2011 software, running on an Intel Core i5 based computer. A video-based binocular eye tracker (Eye Link 1000 desktop) placed 35 cm in front of the participants was used to record the movements of both the left and right eyes at 1 kHz per eye during the experiment.
For each subject and each of the 4 experimental conditions detailed in Fig. 1c , the mean peak velocity, mean promptness values and mean amplitudes were computed, with their 95% confidence intervals obtained through bootstrapping. These parameters were analyzed following the 2 by 2 factorial design illustrated in Fig. 1c , through 2-way repeated measures ANOVA. Within-subject differences in onsets, durations and offsets were also computed separately for the pro-and anti-saccades and these differences were submitted to Student's t-tests. The significance threshold was set at 1%. All the analyses were performed with Matlab ® and its Statistical toolbox ®.
Quantitative PCR RNA from cortex and isolated neuron cells were isolated using Absolutely RNA miniprep kit (Agilent # 400800). RNA concentration was determined using a NanoDrop spectro photometer (ND-1000). Reverse transcription was performed with the Affinity script qPCR cDNA synthesis kit (Agilent # 600559) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Gene specific primers for the different STIM and Orai murine genes were designed according to the primer software Primer-Blast. The designed primers are given in Table  1. Quantitative PCR was performed with Brilliant II SYBR green qPCR master mix1 (Agilent # 600828) using primers at 200 nM. PCR reaction mixtures (10 µl) were placed in a Cfx96 instrument (Bio-Rad) where they underwent the following cycling program, optimized for a 96-well block: 95 • C for 15 min, immediately followed by 40 cycles of 10 s at 95 • C and 30 s at 60 • C.
1%. Images were acquired at room temperature at a frequency of 0. 2 Hz with a CCD CoolSnap HQ2 camera (Princeton Instruments, Roper Scientific, France) placed on an inverted Axio Observer A1 microscope (Carl Zeiss, France) having a Fluar 40× oil immersion objective lens (1. 3 NA, Carl Zeiss, France). A DG-4 wavelength switcher (Princeton Instruments, Roper Scientific, France) was used. The excitation light for Fluo-4 was filtered through a 470-495 nm excitation filter and the light was collected through a 525 nm filter. Data acquisition and off-line analysis were conducted with MetaFluor (version 7. 0, Universal Imaging, Roper Scientific, France). All of the live cell Ca 2+ imaging experiments were conducted on cultured neurons at 2-3 days in vitro. Changes in [Ca 2+ ] i in RBL-2H3 cells were monitored using the Fura-2 technique as previously described  (Schleifer et al.
, 2012). Cells grown on coverslips at a confluency of 50-60% were incubated in a saline consisting of (in mM): 136 NaCl, 5 KCl, 2 CaCl 2 , 1 MgCl 2 , 10 HEPES, 10 glucose, pH 7. 4 (NaOH) supplemented with 2 µM Fura-2 AM for 40 min at room temperature in the dark. After the incubation period, cells were washed twice with saline and left to equilibrate for at least 20 min. The coverslip was then mounted in a perfusion chamber on an inverted microscope (Olympus IX71) and perfused with different solutions at room temperature. During the recordings using Live Acquisition 2. 5 software (FEI, Germany), cells were excited alternately at 340 and 380 nm using an Oligochrome excitation system (FEI, Germany) and fluorescent images were captured at 510 nm every 1. 2 s with an ORCA-03G digital CCD camera (Hamamatsu, Germany).
Statistics Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), with n being the number of cell bodies analyzed. Unless otherwise indicated, these cells originate from ≥3 distinct cell cultures. SigmaPlot (version 10. 0, Systat Software) was used for plotting graphs and statistical analysis was performed using SigmaStat (version 3. 5, Systat Software). The solid line shown in Figure  4B  was obtained by a non-linear regression analysis using a sigmoid dose-response curve model. A Student's t-test was used to assess the differences between two groups. Differences resulting in p < 0. 05 were regarded as statistically significant.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  for its support. They also wish to thank  Dr Malcolm Begg  (GlaxoSmithKline) and  Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland  for the gifts of hyperforin,  GSK-7975A , and  SAR7334 , respectively. We also thank  L. Macari  for her help with the cell cultures. LJ was funded by a  University of   Florida studentship  ( Howard Hughes Medical Institute Science for Life extramural award ).
The drain current was measured using a National Instrument PXIe-1062Q system. The OECT was biased with a PXIe-4145 source measure unit (SMU) (at V D = 0 V) that was simultaneously recording the drain current with a sampling rate of 1 kHz. The pulses at the LEDs were generated by a National Instrument USB-6259. Both LED pulses and drain current measurements were internally triggered by the PXIe system. The acquisition system was monitored by custom-made LabVIEW software. Figure  1  presents a simplified analogy of the proposed device and the orientation selectivity in the visual system. In the case of the visual system, the optical information that is projected on the retina, is transmitted through optical nerves of the thalamus, into a group of Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) cells, which is also known as the receptive field.
Stimuli and apparatus Participants viewed a CRT display (1024 3 768, 100 Hz), through an adjustable mirror stereoscope attached to a chin rest at a distance of 57 cm. MATLAB and Psychtoolbox 3  (Brainard, 1997; Kleiner, Brainard, & Pelli, 2007; Pelli, 1997)  were used to control stimuli presentation. A black and white dashed frame (9. 758 3 9. 758) was presented on a gray screen to both eyes to facilitate binocular fusion. Each participant selected 18 faces (half male and half female) that he or she could easily recognize from a set of 60 famous faces (actors, politicians, singers). In addition, 18 unknown faces that were famous faces from another country (Israel), were used. Subjects confirmed not recognizing these faces. This constituted a stimuli bank of 18 famous and 18 unknown faces for each subject, based on his or her own preferences.
Acknowledgments This research was supported by The  G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation. H. G. S. was supported by the  Human Frontier Science Program ,  Marie Curie individual fellowship , the  Weizmann Institute of Science- National Postdoctoral Award Program for Advancing Women in Science, and L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Program. N. F. was supported by the  Fyssen Foundation. L. M. was supported by the  Human Frontier Science Program  to the  Weizmann Institute of Science-National Postdoctoral Award Program for Advancing Women in Science, and Marie Curie individual fellowship. We thank  Caitlin Duncan  for help with data acquisition.
To test this hypothesis, females were first submitted to a discrimination task involving neutral odors, which revealed that virgins, mothers and stressed mothers were similarly capable of neutral odor discrimination. We then analyzed their odor memory performances and found that gestational stress totally abolished the beneficial effect of motherhood as stressed mothers were unable to restitute olfactory information with a 6 hours delay. When the delay was decreased to 2 hours, they performed as well as virgins, indicating that gestational stress may lead to deficits in odor memory consolidation or recall but spare memory trace encoding. Although this dataset indicates a deficit in odor processing, we cannot exclude the possibility that maternal stress also impairs the emotional value attributed to pup odors.
In a pilot experiment using virgin C57Bl/6 J females, five intervals were tested and we found that females were able to recognize a previously encountered odor up to 4 h later, but that after 6 h this ability was lost in most individuals (data not shown). We thus selected a 6 h-delay to test the hypothesis that mothers would display an enhanced memory for odors. To assess the specificity of odor recognition, two control tests were subsequently performed on different batches of mice: different odors (Odor A and Odor B: cardamom, 10 -3 M) were presented with a 6 h delay, or the same odor A was presented with a 2 h-delay. Chloro-2′desoxyuridine injections. On the 7 th day of gestation (GD7), all mice from batch 3 (Fig. 1 ) received two injections of 5-chloro-2′ desoxyuridine (CldU, Sigma, 85.
We have previously shown that sampling of every fifth (which increases the number of sections) rather than every tenth section did not have any effect in the number of counted cells  22. CldU-IR cells and DCX-IR cells were counted in the olfactory bulb using 50 × 50 μ m and 30 × 30 μ m counting frames, respectively, and at evenly spaced intervals of 300 × 300 μ m, and 350 × 350 μ m, respectively for CldU and DCX with an exclusion guard zone of 2 μ m (Stereo Investigator software, MicroBrightField, VT, USA). All pH3-IR cells were counted in the left SVZ. Quantification of double-labeled CldU-NeuN cells. Double labeling was determined on 7 mice per experimental group using a confocal microscope (Leica DMR TCS SP2 AOBS) equipped with a 40x oil immersion objective, a Green225 Helium-Neon laser (543 nm), and a Red Helium-Neon laser (633 nm).
Acknowledgements The help of  Cedric Dupuy  for excellent animal care is greatly acknowledged. Confocal microscopy was done in the Bordeaux Imaging Center a service unit of the  CNRS-INSERM and Bordeaux University , member of the national infrastructure  France BioImaging. The help of  Philip Legros  and  Christel Poujol  is acknowledged. Support for this study was provided by  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ,  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (MK) ,  University of Bordeaux ,  Région Aquitaine ,  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  (MemoNeuro  ANR2010-BLAN-1408-01  to DNA). L. B. was a recipient of a "La  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale Aquitaine " fellowship.
Slides were mounted in ProLong antifade reagent (Invitrogen) and imaged on an Olympus FlowView FV10i confocal laser scanning microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The FV10-ASW sofware (Olympus) was employed for imagen processing and analysis. The FSHR fluorescence signal intensity across the plane of the cells was analyzed using ImageJ 3D and Plot Profile analysis (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; https://imagej. nih. gov/ij/), which displays the intensity of pixels over the whole image surface or along a line as a 2-dimensional graph. Lines were traced over the images obtained by confocal microscopy to obtain the intensity values using the Plot Profile plug-in. The values so obtained were plotted using the Prism 6 software (GraphPad Inc. , CA, USA).
Statistical Analysis Differences between means from ≥2 groups were analyzed employing either the unpaired Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc t-tests with Bonferroni correction. To analyze differences between the responses yielded by the internalization and recycling experiments, the areas under the curves (AUC) were calculated using GraphPad PRISM 4. 0 (GraphPad Software, Inc. , La Jolla, CA, USA) and the corresponding means compared as described above. Values and graphs shown are the means ± SD from three to five independent experiments. Probabilities of p < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant.
For TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotide transferasemediated dUTP-biotin nickend labelling) experiments, cells were pelleted and then suspended in 100 µl of labeling solution (TUNEL-TMR red, Roche) at room temperature for 30 min. Cells were washed once in PBS at ambient temperature for 10 min. For cell cycle analysis, cells were suspended in 250 µl PBS/4% BSA/0,1% Triton ×100 with Ribonuclease A (200 µg/ml) and incubated at room temperature for 15 min. After addition of 250 µl of PBS containing 30 µg/ml of propidium iodide, cells were further incubated at room temperature for 30 min to 1 hour. Data were analyzed with Flow Jo software (version 8. 7).
Time domain-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (TM-FLIM) For live-cell imaging, cells were placed on 35 mm glass bottom dishes (MatTek Corporation, USA), filled with L-15 medium without phenol red (Life technologies), and incubated at 37°C in a thermostatic chamber (Life Imaging Services, Switzerland). D1ER  [48]  and 4mtD3cpv  [49]  Cameleon biosensors were transfected in LNCaP C4-2b cells and used for determining calcium free concentration in either ER or mitochondria. FLIM was performed with a Leica TCS SP5 X confocal head (Leica Microsystems, Germany) with a pulsed diode laser, PDL 800-B (Pico Quant GMBH, Germany), delivered 40 MHz repetitive rate pulses at 405nm. Photons were detected by a TCSPC detector (HydraHarp 400; Pico Quant GMBH, Germany). Arrival time of single photons was measured with Sym PhoTime software (Pico Quant GMBH, Germany) while image were taken with LAS AF software (Leica Microsystems, Germany).
Fluorescence lifetime of the donor of fluorescence was determined by the Phasor plot method using a homemade software: MAPI  [50]. Since fluorescence lifetime is independent of the concentration of the fluorescence emitter, the FRET-FLIM measurement of a biosensor limits artifacts due to the variation of concentration in a single cell or between different cells. FRET efficiency value, namely E (FRET) , was Figured out from eq(1) Eq(1) E (FRET) = 1-(τ DA /τ D ) and directly correlates to the proportion of Ca 2+ -bound Cameleon, then it consequently correlates to steady-state [Ca 2+ ].
As can be seen in Fig. 2C , the firing rate recorded in the cell-attached electrode correlated strongly with change in fluorescence recorded by the calcium imaging. Remarkably, this correlation was obvious both for individual cells as well as between cells, indicating that somatic calcium alone is an excellent reporter of simple-spike firing rate changes. Furthermore these data indicate that individual simple-spikes trigger similar magnitudes of Ca 2+ entry into the soma of different Purkinje cells. A potential problem with using somatic calcium as a reporter of simple spike activity in Purkinje cells is that these cells also receive a climbing fiber input that produces large calcium transients. We therefore measured the relative effect of simple vs complex spikes on somatic calcium. In Fig.
The number of pairs recorded at each distance is indicated above each bar. C Firing rate (median and mean) recorded with cell-attached electrodes in control conditions and after washing 5 µM gabazine into the bath. As in D, boxes represent recordings made at 34 • C and circles represent recordings made at room temperature; open symbols represent the averages for each condition. D Rate of transitions to and from pauses in control conditions and in the presence of 5 µM gabazine. Gabazine significantly reduced the frequency of transitions (P = 0. 0001). Electrophysiology data shown in black and imaging data shown in green were not significantly different in control conditions nor in the presence of gabazine (P >0. 05). E Transitions to and from pauses lasting longer than 3 times the median inter-spike interval recorded in loose cell-attached recordings plotted versus spontaneous IPSC frequency recorded in subsequent whole-cell recordings from the same cells (n = 9 cells).
Electrophysiological Recordings The recording chamber was continuously perfused at a rate of 1-2 mL/min with the same ACSF (and in the presence of 10 µM gabazine when indicated below). Recordings were made at room temperature. The Purkinje cell layer and the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex were visualized using an Axioskop microscope (Zeiss) equipped with a 63X/0. 9 water immersion objective. Signals were recorded with an EPC-10 amplifier (HEKA Elektronik) with Patchmaster software v2. 32. All cell-attached recordings were made in voltage clamp mode with ACSF in the pipette and 0 mV holding potential. Internal solution was prepared form a stock solution containing (in mM) 165 K-gluconate, 2. 4 MgCl 2 , 10 HEPES, 1 EGTA, 0. 1 CaCl 2 , 2 Na 2 -ATP, 0. 4 Na-GTP pH to 7. 4 with KOH, 327 mOsm/KgH 2 O and 50 -100 µM OGB1 was added (diluting the solution by 10%).
5 Hz with 30 ms exposures. Changes in average fluorescence were analyzed off-line in Igor Pro (Wavemetrics) with ROIs hand-drawn around the soma using custom functions. ∆F/F 0 for pauses in simple spiking were calculated by fitting a single exponential to the decay at the beginning of pauses and the asymptote of the fitted exponential was used as F 0. Correlation analysis of imaging data 20 second long acquisitions were analyzed for each correlation. Average fluorescence within a region of interest (ROI) drawn surrounding each soma was computed individually for each ROI in each frame. The average fluorescence from each ROI was plotted vs time and smoothed using a binomial smoothing (10 -50 operations depending on noise in the signal; see the "smooth" function in Igor Pro version 6. 1). The first and second derivatives were computed for the smoothed data.