dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
According the general description of complex susceptibility  [35] , the characteristic wavenumber associated to a conventional absorbance band is the inflection point as indicated in Fig  6  and S1a. Determination of these bands positions are obvious for narrow poles (inflexion point is straightforward) but not for broader features, especially if different contributions overlap. The intensity of the infrared light actually reflected depends on the absorption behaviour of the sample. For wavenumbers strongly absorbed, the reflected signal is more intense compared to non-absorbing spectral regions. Pseudo-absorbance spectra are calculated from SR spectra by applying the Kramers-Kronig Transformation (KKT) algorithm  [36]  included in the OPUS software. This transformation is performed in order to provide infrared signatures that are easier to compare with literature spectra conventionally recorded in transmission or ATR modes.
2  to 5 and S3, each of which refers to spectra recorded on different colours and hues after grouping by artists. Selected as-recorded reflectance spectra are shown in Fig. 6. For easier comparison with the existing databases and literature, chemical nature of the binder is first identified thanks to the KKT transformed spectra presented as pseudo-absorbance spectra. Despite the theoretical preconceptions constraining the efficiency of IR specular reflectance on "raw" surface, SR-FTIR spectra were successfully obtained for all the artefacts, regardless of whether they are more or less matt or glossy as well as flat or not (Table  1 , Fig. 2 to 6 ). The obtained reflectance spectra (Fig. 6 ) exhibit distorted patterns compared to traditional transmission FTIR or ATR spectra. In a first approach, SR-FTIR spectra were corrected with the Kramers-Kronig transformation (Fig.
search strategy PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase and PsycINFO were searched for both parts of the review. Trial registry websites (eg, clinicaltrials. gov and ISRTCN. com) were also searched to identify intervention studies. The search terms are detailed in box 1. The terms were searched in the abstract, keyword and title fields, mapped to Medical Subject Headings. Reference lists were searched manually for additional sources. Members of the FND-COM group were consulted for additional studies.
data extraction and management Initial screening of the titles and abstracts was conducted by one author (SPi), to exclude those not meeting basic eligibility criteria (ie, duplicates, not FND). The remaining titles, abstracts and/or full texts were screened independently by the lead author (SPi) and a second independent rater (TRN, SPo, RCK and ABW). Disparities were resolved by discussion or by a third independent rater. In part 1, the following were extracted: (1) lead author, (2) publication date, (3) name of instrument, (4) type of instrument (eg, self-report questionnaire and clinical evaluation), (5) content of measure, (6) validation sample and (7) measurement properties. For part 2, the data extracted were (1) the lead author, (2) publication date, (3) geographical location, (4) nature of intervention(s), (  5 ) design (eg, parallel and cross-over), (6) details of blinding (ie, participants and intervention deliverer), (7) FND symptoms, (8) sample size, (9) timescale, (10) outcome measures and (11) measurement properties.
Limitations While the studies indicated some sound measurement properties of these scales, there were limitations to the psychometric evaluations conducted, according to the recommended guidelines. 28 30 31 None of the measures were evaluated in more than one study by independent research teams, although additional data on the measurement properties of the PMDRS have been provided in subsequent intervention studies. Validity data were variable and often incomplete, most importantly for content/ face validity. No study included confirmatory factor analysis or item response theory and Rasch analyses to assess construct validity. 37 Similarly, none of the measures were validated crossculturally, and there was limited evidence relating to ecological   [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]  (S1 and S2) (Fobian NCT02801136).
Movement disorder (k=7) Core symptoms ► PMDRS (k=4) or other FMD clinician rating scale (k=1) (S5-S9). ► CGI-I (clinician) (k=1) (S10). Other ► Unspecified (k=1) (S11). Paralysis/weakness (k=4) Core symptoms ► Subjective symptom severity ratings (k=1) (S12) or CGI-I (patient) (k=1) (Nicholson ISRCTN51225587). ► Clinician-rated symptom severity (Chastan NCT01352910). ► Dynamometry (k=1) (S13). Life impact ► Disability (SF-12, MRS, k=1) (S12).
Measures of general (ie, social and occupational) functioning were included in 12 studies, most often with the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS, k=6)  59  or the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF, k=5). 60 ata for health economic/cost-utility analyses were also obtained in many trials. For example, healthcare resource use was monitored in a notable proportion (k=15). Four studies used a validated measure (Client Services Receipt Inventory, CSRI). [S24] A few studies provided data on quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) using the EQ-5D-5L.
Common measures of psychological symptoms included the HADS (k=5), the BAI, BDI (k=8), the HAM-D (k=5) and/or the HAM-A (k=3). In terms of life impact, quality of life and disability were measured in 19 studies, with the SF-36 being the most consistently adopted measure (k=11). Thirteen studies included measures of general functioning, including the WSAS (k=4) and GAF (k=3). A proportion of studies (k=7) monitored healthcare resource use or included other measures yielding data for health economic analyses. Illness beliefs were assessed in eight studies, again with the IPQ (or revised versions) in the majority (k=5). Three studies reported adverse events.
[S9, S15, S30, S32-S34] In two studies, 30%-48% of the active intervention groups reported improvements,[S10, S20] whereas in one study, only average scores were reported. [S7] Average reported patient-rated and clinician-rated CGI-I scores were in the minimally to much improved range. [S7, S31, S33, S35] Significant treatment effects in patient-rated and clinician-rated CGI-I scores were observed,[43, S2, S19, S20] although not consistently. [42, S6, S10] Effect sizes varied from small to large. [43, S2, S10, S20] These findings suggest that the CGI-I scale has adequate responsiveness in patients with FND, but more data are needed for different symptom types and treatment modalities.
health economics and cost-utility Healthcare resource use A proportion of studies reported data on healthcare resource use. The most common way to measure this was to obtain a frequency count of healthcare contacts (eg, total healthcare contacts, emergency department, inpatient hospital days, outpatient contacts and mental health contacts), either by self-report or obtained from clinical records. No data were available for validity and reliability and few significant differences were noted following treatment in these FND samples. In patients with functional seizures, significant post-treatment reductions in emergency department visits and overall healthcare use [S2, S41] and greater probability of contact with a mental health professional [S3] were reported in a few studies. In patients with mixed FND symptoms, Aybek et al[S51] observed reduced postintervention medical follow-up, and Hubschmid et al[S19] reported fewer postintervention inpatient hospital days.
Quality-adjusted life years A minority of studies reported data on QALYs (k=3). Nielsen et al[S15, S34] calculated QALY utility scores from the EQ-5D-5L, reporting post-treatment gains of 0. 125 and 0. 08. One study reported the average cost per QALY as £12 087. [S15] Reuber and colleagues reported QALY data derived from the SF-36, reporting post-treatment gains of 0. 04 and an average cost per QALY of £5328. [S49] More data are needed on QALYs and their associated costs for different FND treatments.
Psychological symptoms Many studies included one or more measures of psychological symptoms, most often depression and/or anxiety, measured by the HADS or BDI and BAI (patient-rated) or HAM-A and HAM-D (clinician-rated). There are several advantages of using the HADS, including its brevity, combined anxiety and depression subscales in a single measure, and the omission of physical manifestations, reducing the likelihood of confounding physical with psychological symptoms. The measurement properties of the HADS in FND samples are not well described and more data are needed. However, the HADS has shown good measurement properties across other physical and mental health diagnoses and crossculturally. [S69-S74] Evidence for the reliability and validity of the BDI (BDI-II) and BAI in FND was lacking in the FND intervention studies reviewed.
Health economics and cost-utility Health economic data were primarily derived from healthcare resource use frequency, with the CSRI or study-specific questions about healthcare contacts being the most common methods. The CSRI was developed in the UK, so it requires adaptation to local regions and is a relatively lengthy measure to administer; therefore, it is unlikely to be appropriate for widespread international use. Instead, specific questions about healthcare contacts (eg, emergency department or outpatient visits, inpatient hospital admissions and inpatient days) appear to be more generalisable methods. The EQ-5D-5L and SF-36 allow the derivation of QALYs and associated costs. [S83, S84] Future research is needed to compare the relative cost-utility of treatment modalities for different subgroups of patients with FND.
Future directions This review highlighted several directions for future research and development. First, FND experts should convene to discuss further the need for new FND-specific outcome measures for use across all symptom types and additional tools for individual symptom types. Additional measures could include patientrated, clinician-rated, caregiver-rated and/or objective measures. If deemed appropriate, the development and validation of such scales should be prioritised. Consideration of content and face validity should be given during the design and development of any new scales. Second, future FND intervention studies should aim to present data on the measurement properties of the outcome measures included (where possible), to strengthen the evidence base for the use of specific measures in FND.
AJe received grant support from the National institutes of Health (NiH) and the Michael J Fox Foundation. LHG reported salary support from the UK National institute for Health Research (NiHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. TRN and SPi were also funded by an NiHR clinician scientist fellowship. GN also received funding from the NiHR. RCK received an NiHR Academic Clinical Fellowship in General Adult Psychiatry and a Royal College of Psychiatrists Gosling Fellowship. She also received PhD funding from King's College London and a King's institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (ioPPN) Clinician investigator Scholarship. MH was supported by the National institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke intramural Programme (NiH, USA).
A new method to evaluate archaeological wetland sites in a more objective way was tested. Different wetland environments have been sampled in areas of a nature reserve and their macroremain content analysed to build a modern analogue dataset. This dataset was then used to characterise archaeological samples from a navigation channel from the Roman port city Lattara. In the modern analogue samples, the different wetland types (saline/brackish or fresh water) could be differentiated in the correspondence analysis. Within these groups, the sampled area of the littoral (submerged, shoreline, unsubmerged) could also be differentiated. This dataset can therefore provide a basis for the interpretation of the nature and degree of aquatic influence and layer formation processes in archaeobotanical records of coastal sites.
For micro-remains (pollen and phytoliths), studies of modern analogue data were generally more often integrated into archaeological interpretations than for macro-remains  [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]. [27]  compared modern analogue phytolith assemblages of different types of rice fields and carried out modern ethnographic studies in order to inform the interpretation of archaeological phytolith assemblages  [28]. Modern analogue data on seed banks, standing vegetation or a combination thereof have previously been compared with fossil (but non-anthropogenic) assemblages  [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]. Modern analogue seed bank studies from wetland environments were also used for the interpretation of archaeobotanical data of Roman and medieval samples  [34]  as well as Neolithic lakeshore sites  [35, 36,  based on a dataset  by 37].
Modern analogue samples (MAS) Study sites for the modern analogue botanical macroremain database were mainly based in the naturally protected areas of the Grande Camargue in the beginning of March 2018 (Fig  2 ). The modern analogue samples were taken in transects perpendicular to the shoreline along moisture gradients. The lengths of the transects and number of samples were adapted to conditions at the different sites and roughly followed plant communities on the shoreline. The water salinity as well as the local vegetation were recorded (see S1 Table, sheet 'sample information', for salinity, classification into fresh, brackish and saline water, and recorded species). Some additional individual samples were taken in the area of Lattes, at approx. 1. 5 km distance to where the archaeological site is located, in the middle of July 2018 (Fig  3 ).
The site is being excavated and interdisciplinarily investigated over thirty years, leading to a rich pool of data from a multitude of different fields: archaeology, palynology, archaeobotany, archaeozoology, anthracology, geoarchaeology, stable isotopes (e. g. [74]  and articles therein;  [52, [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] ). The past natural surroundings evidenced in the above mentioned studies include oak and riparian forests, close-canopy forests, as well as fresh, brackish and saline water environments. Open spaces like meadows and pastures, ruderal and disturbed areas as well as cultivated land are also well-documented (see references mentioned above). For this article, a very restricted number of archaeological samples from this site were used. Samples were only included if they contained waterlogged material and were not dried out before analysis, resulting in only 10 samples (out of >200) as a basis of comparison in this study.
It was not possible to determine all plant remains to the species level due to missing seed reference material (some plant species cannot be determined by using photos only). If possible, missing reference material was collected in the field, but due to different ripening times of diaspores and the rarity of some occurring plants, this was not feasible for every plant family. ArboDat  [101]  was used to record the samples. By using this archaeobotanically widely used software, the modern analogue data can be reused and distributed among colleagues.
Nomenclature follows  [108]. Analysis of the data was performed using correspondence analysis (based on density of a species within ecological groupings) in the program PAST 3. 16  [112]. Three samples from water sources that were completely dried out during sampling were excluded, but checked as supplementary variables using the AnalyseSHS tool of the Pantheon-Sorbonne University automatically running an R script (http://analyse. univ-paris1. fr/). They were eventually not included as they did not add value to the results (the drying out had affected the samples in an unpredictable way). The analysis was done based on ecological groupings of aquatic and wetland plants, although individual aquatic and wetland plant species were tested separately as well and gave very similar results. Our expectation concerning the correspondence analysis was to get indicative groups of the modern analogue samples that can be used to classify the archaeological samples.
The samples of small fresh water channels did not group with the fresh water samples (from big rivers), but rather with samples from saline and brackish water lagoons (L-T5-P1,  Fig 9). The same applies to the two samples from the small fresh water river Lironde. However, the Lironde as well as one of the small fresh water channels were dried out during sample extraction and the results therefore might not be reliable, which is why those three samples were excluded from the final MAS database (they were tested as supplementary variables before exclusion). The comparative samples around Lattes could not be extracted at the same time of year as the ones from the Camargue, as they were not foreseen in the beginning of the project (with a duration of only one year). It remains to be tested whether these samples would have given better comparable results if they had been taken in the same season or at least during a time when the streams and channels were not dried out.
It is essential to test more samples from smaller streams in the future in order to see whether they can be differentiated or not, and in the meantime, it is important to know that channels and smaller streams most likely cannot be differentiated in the current modern analogue dataset. A more detailed identification of Amaranthaceae and Characeae could probably further improve the results, if the necessary reference material can be collected and compared in the future. Also, no replicate sampling was possible in this study, and it is therefore not clear how well one sample represents a habitat. It would be good to test this in studies as well. The Rhone delta is fully embanked since the middle of the 19 th century with intensive water management and the presence of exotic species shows some influence of human activities on the vegetation.
g. Rubus ulmifolius in the Rubus fruticosus aggregate) could have been used as food plants at the archaeological site as well and were therefore not considered in the evaluation of archaeological samples. The problematic of robust diaspores of consumed plants with fruits containing many small seeds often found in samples from rivers should be looked at in more detail in the future (in MAS, diaspores of Actinidia sp. and Ficus carica also often appeared, compare to  [34, 40] ). As mentioned in section 4. 2, it is possible that samples from smaller fresh water streams or fresh water channels cannot be well separated, an additional factor as to why the influence of fresh water sources in the archaeological samples cannot be excluded based on the current database of MAS. Some samples from within the navigation channel did group towards MAS from riparian contexts and close to the sample from a fresh water channel near Saint-Sauveur.
In samples from a navigation channel of the Gallo-Roman port city of Lattara, small-scale differences through space and time could be tracked by using the modern analogue dataset. The tested archaeological samples from the currently excavated navigation channel were sedimented under changing water levels in an environment that was not directly influenced by the Lez but might have resembled the smaller channels that can be found today in the area of the site. They were formed in a fresh water environment rather that a salt marsh. In accordance with geomorphological results, it was shown that the navigation channel clogged rapidly and lost its freshwater supply over a short period of time (approx. 100 years). In the future, new samples from this site can be compared with the current dataset in order to get an idea about the type and degree of water influence and also to define palaeoecological characteristics of Lattara's environment.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Hugo Fontes  for help in the field and with collecting reference material and the  Parc Naturel Regional de Camargue as well as the Reserve Naturelle Nationale de Camargue  for allowing the taking of samples from their territories, especially  Claire Tetrel ,  Francois Lescuyer  and  Anaïs Cheiron. We also thank  E ´milie Delbois  for the identifications of the 2017 samples and  Ferran Antolı  ´n as well as two editors and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript.
This research was funded by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (http://www. snf. ch/;early postdoc mobility grant to BLS, project nr. P2BSP1_178658 ) and supported by the  LabEx ARCHIMEDE  from " Investissement d'Avenir" program   ANR-11-LABX-0032-01  (https:// archimede. cnrs. fr/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The measurements were performed on the finely powdered samples between room temperature and 1200 • C, with heating rates of 10 • C/min in static air. All DSC measurements were carried out on approximately 20. 0-25. 0 mg samples against an empty Pt-Rh crucible. Being aware that the finesse of the powder affects the thermal events, we carefully ground all the specimens to achieve the same final grain size  [38]. Multicomponent Liner Regression (MLR) was adopted to probe the variations of independent variables (oxides content in wt%) on the dependent variables (Tg) with the aim to determine which one has a significant impact. According to the relationship between the dataset, a straight-line regression was used  [39]. X-ray diffraction was conducted on the finely powdered glass and frontally loaded on a Si sample holder.
Acknowledgments: We wish to thank  Cecilia Rossi  and  Massimo Tonelli  ( CIGS-Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia ) for their assistance during the XRD analyses and  Paola Miselli  ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria "Enzo Ferrari", Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia ) for her assistance during the DSC analyses.
The most direct proxies of the RWP are archaeological testimonies. Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) testifies that, contrary to what had been the custom in earlier centuries, vines and olive trees were cultivated farther north in Italy. Ptolemy of Alexandria (100-168 CE) noticed that, around 140 CE, it rained every month of the year except August. McCormick et al. (2012)  developed an online database referencing archaeological evidence of climate conditions during the Roman Period. Although the RWP has been intensively studied in the European record, its climate characteristics remain unclear. Most of the studies of continental western Europe (essentially Spain, France and Italy) suggest a warm (e. g. McDermott et al. , 2001; Roberts et al. , 2001; Desprat et al. , 2003; Holzhauser et al. , 2005; Frisia et al.
No climatic reconstruction coming from human or animal bones is available so far for this period. This study aims to present stable isotope proxy records of Mean Air Temperature (MAT) inferred from vertebrate remains. Samples have been collected from an archaeological site, well constrained in space and time, which is located in the North of France where an especially important lack of data has been noticed. The studied population belongs to the Gallic civilization. The Gauls, who came from Celtic populations, occupied most of Western Europe during the Iron Age (800 BCE-50 BCE). Between the 2nd and 1st century BCE, the Roman Empire was involved in territorial conquests from minor Asia through Northern Africa and Greece to Western Europe, which include Gallic territories. Therefore, the study of Gallic archaeological sites may bring information dealing with the transition from the Iron Age Cold Epoch and the RWP or the first part of the RWP, until ≈0 AD when all populations are expected to have been under the control of the Roman Empire.