dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Since they derive from global data, imputation procedures based on among-species trait covariation or family-level averages should be equally valid in different regions. Procedures for extracting taxon-specific parameter estimates from (global) trait databases could also be used for new taxa or other models, which points to the possibility of sharing these procedures among developers, although the information available will differ widely depending on the target region. In contrast, empirical parameters obtained from forest inventory data are unlikely to be valid in different areas  (Thonicke et al. , 2020) , and the procedures to derive them may need to be tailored to idiosyncratic aspects of national forest inventories (e. g. , plot spatial arrangement and temporal replication, taxonomic treatment, field sampling protocols), unless harmonized forest inventory data are used.
6. 3 The value of trait-enabled models for the projection of forest dynamics at the regional level Mechanistic models are often regarded as having a larger degree of uncertainty than empirical models -due to their larger number of parameters  (Adams et al. , 2013) , but mechanistic models of vegetation dynamics can achieve good performance when calibrated for specific stands, and parameter estimates are carefully chosen for target species (de  Wergifosse et al. , 2022; Forrester et al. , 2021). In the case of mechanistic trait-enabled models, one can expect substantial biases with respect to the prediction of forest dynamics because key parameters of demographic processes are unlikely to be matched by available plant database traits. We achieved a relatively small bias in overall basal area changes by introducing key empirical elements in the model design and parameter estimation -annual relative growth rates, mortality rates, bioclimatic limits and probabilities of ingrowth -all of them estimated from SNFI data.
The accuracy of MED-FATE was similar to that of the IPM over Catalonia and to that reported in  Trasobares et al. (2022)  for an empirical forest projection system developed for the entire Spanish territory. This increases our confidence in MEDFATE for applications like projecting regional standing timber volume in the target region. However, this does not mean that MEDFATE should be preferred to more empirical approaches, which will be much faster, robust and equally predictive, when the purpose is to predict forest dynamics. Highly resolved models like MEDFATE can potentially better represent the effect of extreme climatic events on forest dynamics, but process and input data uncertainties can substantially increase prediction errors. The use of a global soil product for soil properties, as opposed to regional data sources, and the lack of information on rock content and the topographic context of forest inventory plots surely contributes to larger errors.
, 2021; Ruffault et al. , 2022). MEDFATE has some unique features (i. e. , the link between xylem cavitation and leaf defoliation, together with the need to build new sapwood tissue to recover water transport capacity) that make it suitable to study drought legacy effects. Overall, we think that MEDFATE is an attractive tool to study forest function and dynamics under projections of increased water limitations, such as those of Mediterranean climate. Besides the value of the model, we illustrated the process, challenges and potential strategies to determine parameter estimates for a large number of taxa by extensively using plant trait databases, which can be useful for the parametrization of other trait-enabled models. https://doi. org/10. 5194/gmd-16-3165-2023 Geosci. Model Dev. , 16, 3165-3201, 2023   and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) through the canopy follows Beer-Lambert's equation with parameters currently depending on leaf shape.
B2 Details of the estimation of transpiration and photosynthesis parameters of the basic sub-model Eight key parameters regulating transpiration (a Tmax and b Tmax from Eq. B2; extract and c extract from Eq. B3) and photosynthesis (WUE max , WUE PAR , WUE CO 2 and WUE VPD ; Eq. B4) in the basic sub-model could not be estimated from plant trait databases. Assuming that predictions of the advanced sub-model are more accurate than those of the basic sub-model, we adopted a meta-modeling approach to make transpiration (E), gross photosynthesis (A g ) and soil moisture predictions obtained by the basic sub-model as similar as possible to those produced by the advanced sub-model (both for present-day and projected climate). Increasing the similarity of the two sub-models was important because growth and senescence parameters were, later in the parametrization process, calibrated using simulations of the basic submodel only (see Sect.
B3 Details of the calibration of growth and senescence parameters The tree ring data set used for the calibration exercise was sampled in 75 SNFI plots, located in pure stands whose dominant species are F. sylvatica, P. halepensis, P. nigra, P. sylvestris or Q. pubescens, and selected to encompass a range of climatic aridity  (Rosas et al. , 2019). Tree ring series were available for five trees per plot, with samples taken in December 2015. More information on tree-ring methods can be found in  Serra-Maluquer et al. (2018)  and González de  Andrés et al. (2021). We took annual basal area increments of each tree as the observations to be matched by model predictions of sapwood growth. Simulations were performed using the basic sub-model (with parameter values issued from the meta-modeling exercise) and daily weather data for each target plot for the 2001-2015 period.
We calibrated the three target parameters for the dominant species and rock fragment content in each plot using a genetic algorithm implemented in the R package "GA"  (Scrucca, 2013). The objective function to be minimized was the average, across cohorts with tree ring data, of the relative mean absolute error resulting from comparing observed and predicted annual BAI series. Population size for the genetic algorithm was set to 40 individuals, a maximum of 25 iterations were allowed, and the procedure stopped if the best parameter combination did not change during 5 consecutive iterations. The distribution of final values of the objective function is shown in Fig. B3. We did not find significant correlations between pairs of calibrated parameters (Table  B3 ). Estimates for RER sapwood and RGR cambiummax were not statistically different across species, whereas SR sapwood was slightly significant (Table  B4 ; Fig.
B4 ). In contrast, we found the calibrated rock fraction to strongly differ across tree species, indicating differences in soil characteristics of the habitat where the species grow. To obtain growth parameter estimates for all tree species in the region, we examined the relationship between calibrated values and the mean annual growth rates relative to tree perimeter, a variable that is easy to derive using data from permanent plots. The relationship turned out to be strongly significant for RGR cambiummax (Table  B4 ; Fig. 2 ). Since the calibration exercise had been conducted using the basic sub-model, it is expected that growth simulations with the advanced sub-model have larger error rates and, potentially, larger bias. To check this, we repeated growth simulations using the advanced sub-model, with the calibrated parameters specific to each plot.
Acknowledgements. We thank the  Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET)  and  Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya (SMC)  for providing daily weather station data. Financial support. This research has been supported by the  Spanish "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación"  ( MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033 ) and the  European Union 's  Next Generation EU/PRTR  (grant nos. CGL2017-89149-C2-2-R ,  PID2021-126679OB-I00  and  CEX-2018-000828-S ). Review statement. This paper was edited by  Sam Rabin  and reviewed by  Harald Bugmann  and  Nikolaos Fyllas.
Code availability. Core model functions are coded in C++ and linked to an R user interface. MEDFATE is distributed via the R package "medfate", which is available at CRAN (https://cran. r-project. org/package=medfate, last access: 30 May 2023). The model code to run MEDFATE (version 2. 9. 3) is available at https: //doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 7695331 (De Cáceres et al. , 2022). Data availability. Weather simulation data of simulation model used in this study are available from the EURO-CORDEX initiative at https://www. euro-cordex. net/index. php. en (Kotlarski et al. , 2014) for noncommercial research and educational purposes. Spanish forest inventory data are available at https://www. miteco. gob. es/es/biodiversidad/temas/ inventarios-nacionales/inventario-forestal-nacional/ (Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca and Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, 2017).
3. Exploiter les bases de données issues de mesures générales sur la consommation électrique depuis des années et de mesures réparties sur le bâtiment depuis plusieurs mois. Faciliter un suivi de consommation par les usagers, par exemple avec une synthèse hebdomadaire comparative, pour situer le bâtiment en terme de réduction de consommation et inciter aux bonnes pratiques. 4. Elaborer et mettre en oeuvre une communication visant à sensibiliser les usagers du bâtiment et les impliquer à court-terme puis de manière durable dans la réduction de son impact environnemental. Des idées ont été proposées, tels des flyers de sensibilisation aux éco-gestes, par affiches ou/et pages web ou autre format numérique ; newsletter d'information ; challenge interne via une application téléphonique de suivi de consommation « personnelle ».
» Un tel imaginaire entérine une séparation franche entre terre et mer, et débouche immanquablement sur le constat d'une spécificité des mondes maritimes pour lesquels les catégories descriptives et analytiques produites à partir de l'étude des sociétés « terrestres » seraient inopérantes  (Dufour, 1987). Or, même si l'Océan est encore loin d'être scientifiquement épuisé, il existe néanmoins un grand nombre de travaux, y compris en sciences sociales, qui participent à sa connaissance, et aux rapports que les sociétés humaines entretiennent avec lui. C'est ainsi qu'une exploration des principales bases de données scientifiques 3 fait ressortir avec force les travaux dédiés à l'exploitation des ressources maritimes, des activités les plus traditionnelles comme la pêche  (McEvoy, 1986 ; Locher, 2020)  aux pratiques industrielles les plus récentes, comme les énergies marines renouvelables  (Wright, 2015)  ou l'industrie extractive  (Sparenberg, 2019 ; Hallgren & Hansson, 2021).
Observing that this was not a valuable alternative but only a degraded solution, the other distance metric that we proposed allowed to discriminate such case. Although similar ideas were discussed in a more operations research context  [33, 34] , we still think these ideas are not common in conservation biology. Practically, one of the contribution comes from the developments of these two recursive procedures that allow to guarantee the generation of alternatives different not only from the optimal solution but also from each other. These procedures occasioned the formulation of mixed integer linear programs solved using exact methods. Another important contribution is the comparative analysis of these two procedures in terms of solutions quality and difference. The code related to this work is open, free and available 3.
We used Gurobi solver called through a code developed in Julia language  [39, 40]  using the JuMP optimisation library  [41]. Gurobi is a commercial solver available under a free academic licence. We could have also solved the problem with the free and open-source integer programming solver Cbc  [42]. The developed methods were numerically tested on the real example of Fernando de Noronha Brazilian archipelago in the tropical Atlantic composed of 3 conservation features and 756 planning units. We also assessed the generality of the approach by considering generated test cases. In brief, we proposed a methodology using exact solving methods to build a range of near-optimal solutions which are explicitly different from each other. This way, we hope to build alternative solutions that better fill unmodeled objectives in real-world conservation planning problems.
Yet, it can be expressed as an integer linear program (see Appendix A for the linearised model) and known solvers (like Gurobi or CbC) can solve it for realistic instances in a reasonable time. In the following, we denoted x and z respectively the optimal solution and the associated objective value of the original minimum set cover problem P 0. Let γ = (z -z )/z be the algebraic relative variation of score z with respect to z.
We only summarize the main characteristics of the dataset below. The geographical area was discretised according to a rectangular grid made of N=36×21=756 planning units with longitude and latitude respectively in [32. 65°W, 32. 30°W] and [3. 95°S, 3. 75°S] ranges. Planning units taking place in Fernando de Noronha land and harbour were a priori excluded from potential reserve site candidates. The scenario feeding the nominal optimisation problem P 0 through this work then considered three conservation features: fish biomass, continental shelf and shelf break habitats. Each feature was given a targeted protection level of 50%. The cost layer was made of the fishing pressure intensity. The compactness parameter considered was β = 1. We show in Figure  4  the details of the input data involved in the case study.
To get the cost and conservation features, the values of fish biomass was first estimated as the sum of fish echoes in nautical area back-scattering strength, i. e. , s A , over the water column. Interpolating between sample data allowed producing a continuous fish distribution within the sampling area. Outside this area, values were set to 0, although the actual fish distribution over there was unknown. Ocean depths were obtained from GEBCO online platform  6 and used as a surrogate of two suitable fish habitats, expressed as binary conservation features: the continental shelf and shelf break habitats, defined by specific ocean depth intervals. Finally, a segmentation model was applied to fisher GPS trajectories to derive one behavioural state for every measured location: fishing or travelling.
Inversions de température en France -Partie B : variations spatiales. La base de données étudiée comprend les températures minimales et maximales quotidiennes observées sur 10 ans dans 859 paires de stations météorologiques réparties sur toute la France. Chaque paire associe une station basse et une station haute. L'influence de six prédicteurs sur l'intensité, la fréquence et la durée des inversions de température est mesurée par des régressions linéaires. Cinq prédicteurs sont tirés d'un MNT à 250 m de résolution : l'altitude, la profondeur de la vallée où sont situées les stations basses, l'amplitude du relief positif (crête, collines), le gradient de la pente des reliefs et l'amplitude altitudinale entre la station haute et la station basse. Le sixième descripteur utilisé est la distance à la mer ou à l'océan le plus proche.
Introduction 1 Since the International Decade for Natural Disaster  Reduction -1990 to 1999 -(UNDP, 2004) , the issue of populations' vulnerability has remained at the heart of the international community's preoccupations  (Kouassi et al. , 2010; Lhomme, Laganier, Diab, Serre, 2013). Indeed, the recurrence of natural disasters and their impact have driven states to take action to help populations to adapt and reduce risks. Worldwide, "in 2015, natural disasters led to economic losses of 92 billion dollars, and average losses of disasters were estimated at over 300 billion dollars per year"  (Hallegate, Vogt-Schilb, Rozenberg, 2016). According to CRED's EM-DAT database  (CRED, 2020) , flooding constitutes the primary risk of natural disasters in the world when one considers the number of events and individuals affected.
Material and methods The analysis of the relative social vulnerability of the inhabitants of Ouagadougou was carried out in this article by adapting the methodology proposed by  Rufat (2013)  1. Survey data were used in the process instead of the census or report data used in the Rufat method. Indeed, the census data present several constraints that are particularly important in the context of our study. Census or report data are usually incomplete or on a scale that is inappropriate for urban studies, especially in West Africa. Moreover, when they are available, these data are generally from different sources that may have collected and published them at different times, which may compromise the selection of variables. Indeed, these variables may not correspond to social indicators from comparable periods.
Calculation of a wealth index: principal component analysis (PCA) The wealth index is a composite measure of a household's standard. It was used to understand the socio-economic status of households through a number of variables related to the goods they possess (number of television sets, refrigerators etc. ). This is an interesting driver that has a definite impact on the level of social vulnerability of a territory  (Fischer, Chhatre, 2016). The method proposed by the World Food Programme (2017) to establish this index consists, with SPSS software, in assigning a standardized weight or score to each selected quantitative variable through a principal component analysis (PCA). Individuals are then classified according to their score. The sample is finally divided into population quintiles.
Identification of clusters: Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) It was conducted using the R software employing the FactoMineR package in accordance with Ward's method and Euclidean distance matrix. It consists in dividing the populations into different clusters, based on the MCA results. The advantage of this technique is that the largest possible group of similar individuals can be grouped within the same cluster (cross-cluster homogeneity) and to define the most dissimilar cluster (cross-cluster heterogeneity)  (Rérolle, Faisant, Telmon, Saint-Martin, 2015). Along with the inspection of the dendrogram and the analysing of statistics of inertia gain, we also determined the number of clusters retained using the Ratkowsky and Dunn indices. This number is the one that maximizes each of the indices.
Introduction After several research projects on urban climatology in Toulouse (see  Dumas, 2021  for a comprehensive summary), several challenges have arisen concerning the cartographic representation of the urban climate in Toulouse for urban planing purposes. Concerning urban climate mapping, there is a whole line of international work initiated by German researchers and disseminated throughout the world  (Ng and Chao, 2015). This dissemination process was greatly pushed by the dynamism of the Asian research teams, especially in Japan and then in China. As part of the french  ANR-MApUCE (2014 -2019)  and  ADEME-PAENDORA (2017 -2019)  projects, we have tested different cartographic approaches. First of all, an approach which consists in characterizing the urban surface from the microclimatic point of view (inspired by the German and Asian approaches) based on climatopes  (Xi et al.
Acknowledgments We thank  Martha Evonuk, PhD , from  Evonuk Scientific Editing  (http://evonukscientificediting. com) for editing a draft of this manuscript. Acero, J. A. , Arrizabalaga,  J. , Kupski ,  S. , Fernandez , J. G. , Katzschner, L. , 2012,, " Analyzing urban heat island in Bilbao (Spain ), a coastal region. " In 8th International Conference on Urban Climate and 10th Symposium on the Urban Environment. International Association for Urban Climate and American Meteorological Society , Dublin,.
Data collection Sixty-six mahouts were interviewed in Xayabury province, 37 in Thongmyxay district and 29 in ECC (Xayabury district), of which 13 were also from Thongmyxay, bringing the total number of mahouts interviewed from this district to 50, with the remainder from other districts of Xayabury province (Xayabury district: 7; Piang: 4; Paklai: 3), with the exception of one mahout from Houeyxay province. Fifty-four of these mahouts are from a mahout lineage and 40 are still active. All of them are males (as mahoutship in Laos is a male orientated occupation) of the Tai Lao ethnic group. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted on elephant management practices and diet, health problems, their needs, the possible care provided to them, and observations regarding the response elephants give to their health problems.
Mahouts were also asked whether they use or know about uses of elephant by-products. We carried out an inventory of plants which the mahouts indicated were consumed by elephants, specifying the parts consumed and the context in which they were taken (seasonality, physiological condition etc). Four traditional healers were interviewed and asked which species from this inventory they used for therapeutic purposes. Local vernacular names associated with photos of the specimens on which we had collected samples for identification were used to carry these interviews. The data was complemented by interviews with a specialist in elephant rituals (mo sang) and a specialist (mo phon) practising the su kwan ritual. Ethical approval was obtained from the National Ethics Committee for Health Research (NECHR) under the supervision of the Ministry of Health of the Lao PDR (0894NIOPH/ NECHR).
The authors warmly thank all the people interviewed in Thongmyxay district and at the  Elephant Conservation Center -Sayaboury Province, Laos  for their precious cooperation. This work was funded by the  Ekhagastiftelsen (Sweden)  and  Ensemble (France)  foundations and supported by the  Savoirs & Biodiversité association. We are also grateful to  Jasmine Dubost  for her proofreading and correction of the English manuscript.
Un autre défaut déjà signalé est le déterminisme caché de certains algorithmes, là où on s'attendrait à un comportement aléatoire en raison de l'absence de signal dans les données. Ainsi, une branche de longueur nulle ou quasi-nulle, donc supportée par aucune mutation, induit une trifurcation dont la résolution aléatoire devrait recevoir un support bootstrap d'environ 1/3. Trois branches ont des longueurs quasi-nulles pour ce jeu de données et pour les trois logiciels. Elles obtiennent bien des supports de ~1/3 avec PhyML qui randomise l'ordre des séquences pour chaque échantillon bootstrap, mais des supports bien plus élevés avec les bootstraps rapides de RAxML et iQTree (respectivement ~0. 55 et ~0. 65, en moyenne). Ce déterminisme caché explique vraisemblablement les supports bootstrap très élevés de iQTree, et dans une moindre mesure ceux de RAxML.
Ce guide a été développé dans le cadre du projet Tosca MISE-IDS (Mesure des impacts socio-économiques des infrastructures de données spatiales) financé par le CNES (Centre national d'études spatiales) en 2018 et 2019. Ce travail a aussi bénéficié d'une aide de l'État gérée par l'Agence nationale de la recherche au titre du Programme d'investissements d'avenir, projet Equipex Geosud portant la référence ANR-10-EQPX-20 et qui s'est déroulé de 2010 à 2020. Les auteurs tiennent à adresser tous leurs remerciements aux différentes personnes qui ont répondu aux enquêtes (entretiens semi-directifs, questionnaires) pour l'évaluation d'infrastructures de données spatiales (Geosud, pôle Theia) et de produits associés (cartographie des coupes rases en forêt, cartes d'occupation des sols) dont certains résultats sont repris dans ce guide.