dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The discussion between the two groups helped largely to reach agreements for quality and accuracy of the different applications. The semantic aspect of the data becomes much more evident to both groups. Traditionally, Dutch 2D information models contain rich thematic semantics and this semantics was brought into the development of the IMGeo ADE. The 3D pilot contributed also to the definition of several use cases, used to identify needed objects, attributes, relationships and expected functionalities to be provided by 3D systems.
3D cadastre 3D cadastre is another application that increasingly needs 3D data. 3D cadastre is discussed in many countries (e. g. Australia, Norway, Russia, China, Israel) and several projects have been working on prototype systems. Cadastral objects (parcels) differ than topographic data. Typically the boundaries of the cadastral objects may not necessarily coincide with topographic boundaries. Furthermore, cadastral units need to be correct volumes. A pilot project for a 3D cadastre was achieved in the Russian federation  (2010) (2011)  as the goal was to develop a data model and propose a system architecture for management and visualisation of cadastral information  (van Oosterom et al. , 2012)   (Vandysheva et al. , 2012). The developments did not change much the existing data model, but many discussions were carried out on how to visualise the information on the Web.
The administrative properties of the cadastral units do not change at all and 3D geometries (polyhedron-based) also require no (or very little) changes to the geometric side of the database. The 3D polyhedrons do fit in Oracle spatial SDO_GEOMETRY type. Several different approaches were investigated for Web visualisation and all current 3D standards were taken into consideration  (Zlatanova et al. , 2012). CityGML was proposed as appropriate for the exchange of information and X3D as the standard for visualisation on the Web. A Web application was developed allowing visualisation of geometry and attributes, as well as simple interactions with the geometry. The application allows cadastral units to be shifted away from the main body of the building to better investigate individual units. This project has shown that various technical solutions can be applied to meet user requirements.
The majority of data transferred between stakeholders and Port of Rotterdam is encoded in proprietary files (such as, shapefile, dwg, dgn) that require the use of a large range of specialised applications and tools with a high total cost of ownership/operation. Based on initial studies on data exchange and processing, communication with clients and companies, and the needed data for management and maintenance of assets, it was concluded that a generic 3D model (or set of models) had to be envisaged to allow integration of different data sets in a single environment and for different department/client goals. This model aims at the alignment, harmonization and integration of existing spatial data models as well as the development of additional umbrella meta-models and missing domain models. Related to the model, two aspects require special attention: -The set of objects (features) which have to be included in the model considering their semantics, geometry, topology, appearance, granularity or levels of detail (LOD).
Currently, one real-world phenomenon might be represented in several department systems, having different attributes and sometimes even different geometric representations. Going to 3D, it should be also evaluated which concept BIM (e. g. IFC) or GIS (e. g. CityGML) would be more relevant for the generic model. In this relation, it should be investigated which new objects need to be defined. -The data structure that would be most appropriate to maintain the objects, their properties, and their relationships. At the present, individual departments maintain many data sets, though large parts of the information are managed centrally in a database management system (DBMS). A central management will facilitate consistency and will allow the re-use of information, but also requires a data model that serves the needs of all departments.
The starting point will be the investigation of 3D semantically rich standards as CityGML and IFC. All objects that may be found in other existing models (standards) will be reused. If needed, specialisations may be introduced following approaches similar to the one used in the development of IMGeo SDI. The specialisations may affect semantics (defining new classes), geometry (extending with 3D geometry), or attributes. It is very much possible that some applications may require a topological data structure to be introduced. The ultimate goal is to developed one 3D model (similar to the real situation) from which sections (even in 2D) can be made for different tasks performed at the Port of Rotterdam area by different types of users (Fig. 2 ).
There are many technical issues related to this type of enrichment: -How to ensure that a 3D city information model can be extended without losing compatibility with already existing data sets? The CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE) mechanism is a way to address this issue; -When there already exist a domain information model for the extension (e. g. a transportation information model), • How to transform a domain model into extension entities (new classes, attributes, etc. ) of the 3DCIM? • How to specify this transformation? -How to handle multiple competing domain models (e. g. several transportation models)? -How can we apply the ontology-based data integration techniques to 3D city models enrichment? -What are the relative merits of direct model extensions and ontology-based enrichment? -How to handle existing data: • How to map them to the enriched model? • How to specify the required data mappings? • Can we automatically deduce the data mapping functions from the information model mappings? -How to connect object-based models and computational models (e.
In addition, the VRML viewing library Pocket Cortona is available for MobileWindows, as is Direct3D Mobile. Photorealistic 3D cities from C3 Technologies, the leading provider of 3D mapping solutions, are now available on Ovi Maps, Nokia's free mapping and location service: (http://europe. nokia. com/support/product-support/ maps-support/compatibility-and-download) 1. Nokia Corporation has licensed C3 photorealistic 3D cities for Ovi Maps, Nokia's free mapping and location services. The first release includes 20 major cities around the world as well as 3D street views for some European cities, including Copenhagen and London. "Today, Nokia is adding a new dimension to the way people experience maps on the web," said Mattias Åström, C3 Technologies CEO. C3's Metro database of more than 100 cities in 3D is available as a platform for new social and commercial applications serving local search, real estate, travel, tourism, media, and entertainment, as well as uses in civil government, utilities, and telecommunications.
and modelling techniques to develop an interactive "virtual helicopter. " The tool renders GIS (geographic information system) and transportation infrastructure data combined with traffic sensor, transit, and accident data. The prototype system interacts with real-time traffic databases to show animations of traffic, incident, and weather data. With the virtual helicopter, users can travel through the region to inspect conditions from different angles, at different distances. Users can monitor and interact with traffic control devices such as dynamic message signs, closed-circuit TV feeds, and traffic sensors. They can even track and view fleets of ground or air vehicles equipped with GPS transponders.
, 1999)  and tasks  (Limbourg and Vanderdonckt, 2003). The authors defined a formal representation of usability evaluation for enriched 3D city models in two steps: a first step to classify evaluation methods and identify their metrics; a second step to take into account the context and tasks of the evaluation. The authors also showed how this ontology can be used for computational reasoning and help for the selection of visualisation techniques by checking if a technique is compatible with a dataset to display or to a technique already selected and used in the same scene.
WG 2 contributions WG 2 focused its work on integration and interoperability issues that arise when adding semantic information to 3D city models, or when combining 3D city models with semantic data models. In this context, WG2 pursued two main goals: to explore and evaluate the usability of ontology-based approaches; to find out how integration issues were addressed in existing applications and models. The enrichment of a 3D city model with semantic information (e. g. information about the nature of the objects represented in the 3D geometry, their non-geometric properties, their semantic relationships, or their use) can be seen as an interconnection problem. The 3D city model, expressed in CityGML or in another formalism must be connected with the semantic information represented in data files, databases, or other sources.
This technique essentially consists in automatically aligning the studied ontology with the Urbamet thesaurus (with an appropriate alignment algorithm) and evaluating which parts of Urbamet are covered, • a representation of the CityGML model as a formal ontology, expressed in the OWL ontology language. Since CityGML contains semantic (nongeometric) information, it can serve as reference ontology for interconnecting other semantic resources. However, its current representation as an XML schema is incompatible with formal logical reasoning. The OWL version 2  of CityGML forms a solid basis to either interconnect CityGML with other models or to define semantic extensions of CityGML. Members of WG 2 also developed a technique to enrich 3D city models with documents  (Tardy et al. , 2012). This technique relies on the CityGML/OWL ontology.
To find out how semantic enrichment and integration have been practically achieved in existing applications the WG 2 members organized several meetings to define a questionnaire to be filled by people or organizations that developed such applications. One of the goals of the questionnaire is to determine the type of integration that was performed. For this purpose WG 2 developed a classification scheme that comprises: • implicit integration: the application directly uses several models/datasets without any explicit integration phase, • ontology mapping: the (local) ontologies/schemata and data have been mapped and explicit mapping records have been created, • common ontology creation: in addition to mappings, a common global ontology has been created. Several versions of the questionnaire have been tested by application developers to arrive at a final usable version.
For example: the coordinates of the object to preserve are (X: 32,234, Y: 24. 310, Z: 8,987); logging out of Second Life and into OpenSim; preservation and re-import of the contents using the TXML file. When it is impossible to preserve the totality of the work (including the interaction scripts, scenery and sound architecture,. oar file), we try to retrieve part of the data: although this does not offer a total experience of the original work, it allows the spectator to approach it at a given moment. When none of these contents is available, another preservation method consists in presenting a documented testimony to the spectator, including texts, images and videos. This data is then stored on a local server. Part of it will also be uploaded onto the Immaterial Art Stock website. 14 This website is designed as a platform on which to post these preservation initiatives and theoretical corpus.
Although most academic research agrees that 'interactivity' can be considered one of the decisive affordances of digital, non-linear or (questionably) so-called newmedia, there are numerous different theoretical concepts underlying this 'buzzword. ' Thus, interactivity is mutually or simultaneously used as an attribute of technological systems, of communicational processesand of user practices and experiences. 11 In the following, I propose to define 'interactive' media as an overarching main category that comprises interactivity (in the narrower sense), interaction, participation and collaborative networking. Interactivity (in a narrower sense) takes place in the form of feedback-loops between the user and the system database or digital artefact. Interaction is based on a 'communicational process'thus requiring other (human) inter-actors.
Participation/collaboration expands the idea of symbolic or communicational acting (as in interaction) by the fact that it is aimed at the (creative) production of new contenteither in an accumulative way (i. e. participation, for example by uploading one's own video production to a shared database) or by coordinating communal action (i. e. collaboration, in form of crowd-sourcing, collaborative interface design or activist use of flash-mobs etc. ). 12 With regard to 'new media' documentariesthe one emerging genre that I am going to analyse as a case study -there are similar issues with regard to its taxonomy. Although the terms 'web-documentary,' 'interactive documentary' and 'transmedia documentary' are often used synonymously, there are essential differences between these 'sub-types' of the 'documentary family.
' In order to differentiate among these different 'family-members,' I will use the term 'webdocumentary' for non-fiction audiovisual material that can (only) be accessed online. This digital material may or may not be interactive: it is presented on the Web as a broadcast platform and ranges from traditional linear documentaries to highly interactive content with large paratextual components. Interactive documentary, in contrast does not necessarily have to be web-basedthe first i-docs were in fact sold on DVD or were part of museum installations. Their non-linear narrative results from the i-doc's database structure, which is based on feedback loops and 'dialoguing' with user/interactant. Their main characteristics are modularity and variabilityi. e. two of the essential features of the 'language of new media,' in Manovich's sense of the word.
Narrative content that is designed to be distributed across multiple platforms (digital as well as non-digital) qualifies as transmedia documentary. Most often, these type of documentaries contain interactive components, and almost always the Internet is one of the media involved in the expansion of their (non-fictional) narration. However, one has to admit that numerous projects exist as hybrids. As O'Flynn rightly states, an i-doc for example "can be web-based or created as a physical installation, but it is a discrete contained work encountered on a single platform, and in earlier examples tends to function as a closed database. A transmedia documentary distributes a narrative across more than one platform, it can be participatory or not, can invite audience generated content or not, tends to be open and evolving, though not always.
2 F r o m T e m p o r a l M o n t a g e t o S p a t i a l M o n t a g e A further impact of 'converging screens' on contemporary aesthetic tendencies is certainly the remediation of so called 'database-logics. ' As Manovich 31 demonstrates, we are moving from temporal montage to spatial montage, meaning that films and TV programmes are trying to evoke the impression of a navigable interface: web-browsers and multi-windowed computer-or tablet-screens, (animated) 'pop up' inserts on our TV screens and split-screens have become more or less established features of not only news or other factual programmes, but also of fiction and semi-fiction productions. 32.
In this essay "Click, Think, Link: Interval and Affective Narrative," Miles appropriates Deleuze's application of Bergson's sensory motor schema to describe the user experience of database narratives "via the cinematic interval. " Understanding database cinema (and television, one might add) as an "assemblage", i. e. a system that enables the "production of affect" through various forms of media practice, he suggests that linear, temporal narrative has probably already lost its status as a unique and dominant form within media narration. Accessible online at: http://www. dnaanthology. com/anvc/dna/click-think-linkinterval-and-affective-narrative, last visited 22 September 2014 To sum it up, it can be stated that on both 'traditional screens' and 'new screens', we find altered aesthetic strategies which are aimed at addressing differentnew (?)audiences (e.
CLIMBER-2 standard model The CLIMBER-2 model  (Petoukhov et al. , 2000; Ganopolski et al. , 2001)  consists of a statistical-dynamical atmosphere, a three-basin averaged dynamical ocean model with 21 vertical uneven layers and a dynamic global vegetation model, VECODE  (Brovkin et al. , 1997). The model version we use is as  Bouttes et al. (2012)  and  Brovkin et al. (2007). The model can simulate around 20 kyr in 10 h (on a 2. 5 GHz processor) and so is particularly suited to paleoclimate and long-timescale fully coupled modelling studies. The version of CLIMBER-2 we use  (Bouttes et al. , 2009 (Bouttes et al. , , 2012) )  is equipped with a carbon-13 tracer, ice sheets and deep sea sediments (allowing the representation of carbonate compensation) in the ocean  (Brovkin et al. , 2007)  as well as ocean biogeochemistry.
Calculating permafrost extent In order to obtain a relationship between calculated frost index and the permafrost fraction of a grid cell, measurement and ground data for frost index and permafrost location were used. For present-day mean daily surface air temperatures, the freeze and thaw indices values on a 0. 5 • global grid were obtained from the National Snow and Ice Data Centre (NSIDC) database  (Zhang, 1998). Using these values for freeze and thaw index, a global frost-index data set on a 0. 5 • grid scale was created using Eq. (  4 ). The presentday estimates of land area underlain by permafrost are provided by  Zhang et al. (2000) , using the definition of zones: "continuous" as 90-100 % underlain by permafrost, "discon- where the total fraction of land vs. ocean in the grid cell is small (land is less than 25 % of the grid cell) and ocean temperatures pull frost index lower (warmer).
For the air temperature as variable, the two approaches show a similar response. For higher frost index the soil carbon concentration increases, with the sub-grid method showing slightly more sensitivity than the remixing model. The variables of permafrost fraction, frost index and mean annual temperature are interrelated, and covary. The relationships between these variables are shown in Fig. A2a. For permafrost fraction to frost index, the relationship is defined as that determined in the main text for the CLIMBER-2 grid scale in Sect. 3. 2. When the effect of NPP is included, the equilibrium total carbon contents are scaled according to the relationship between NPP and permafrost fraction. Figure  A2b  shows MODIS data for NPP plotted against frost index (calculated from data from  Zhang (1998)  for freeze (DDF) and thaw (DDT) values to be used in Eq.
(  4 ) from the main text). These data are upscaled to the CLIMBER-2 grid and plotted against permafrost fraction (calculated from the frost-index value). The values are only for NPP in the high northern latitudes. To compare the model to data, it is assumed that 40 % of total soil column carbon is located in the top 1 m for permafrost soils  (Tarnocai et al. , 2009). To convert SOCC (top 1 m) to full column, the SOCC data are multiplied by (2. 5• permafrost_fraction). This soil carbon content is plotted against calculated permafrost fraction; that is, using the model from Sect. 3. 2 to get permafrost fraction from frostindex data. These SOCC data are then binned into 0. 1 increases in permafrost fraction and the mean value is shown with ±1 sigma in Fig. 7  (main text).
Acknowledgements. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP7 2007-2013) under Grant  238366  ( GREENCYCLES II ) and under grant  GA282700  ( PAGE21 ,  2011 ( PAGE21 , -2015)). D. M. Roche  is supported by  INSU-CNRS  and by  NWO  under project no. 864. 09. 013. Edited by:  A. Stenke.
FeynRules is a Mathematica-based package which addresses the implementation of particle physics models, which are given in the form of a list of fields, parameters and a Lagrangian, into high-energy physics tools. It calculates the underlying Feynman rules and outputs them to a form appropriate for various programs such as CalcHep, FeynArts, MadGraph, Sherpa and Whizard. Since the original version, many new features have been added: support for two-component fermions, spin-3/2 and spin-2 fields, superspace notation and calculations, automatic mass diagonalization, completely general FeynArts output, a new universal FeynRules output interface, a new Whizard interface, automatic 1 → 2 decay width calculation, improved speed and efficiency, new guidelines for validation and a new web-based validation package.
It is currently supported by MadGraph 5, MadAnalysis  [45]  and GoSam  [46] , and will be used in the future by Her-wig++  [23]. See Section 6. 7 for further details. A new export interface to Whizard was written  [47]  that allows the output of models in the native format of Whizard. One highlight of this interface is that it not only supports unitary and Feynman gauge, but will automatically generate R ξ gauge model files from a model implemented in Feynman gauge. The resulting output was tested between gauges and with CalcHep and MadGraph for the SM, MSSM and 3-Site model. In conjunction with these validations, the first phenomenological study with this interface was performed  [48]. See Section 6. 8 for further details. A module for automatically computing the 1 → 2 widths was added  [40, 49].
Section 4 describes how to run FeynRules in a Mathematica session. Section 5 gives a simple example of a model implementation. Section 6 describes the use of the export interfaces to generate code that can be run by one of the Feynman diagram calculators. Section 7 discusses the speed and efficiency improvements. Section 8 discusses the web based validation package and its use to improve the accuracy of the models built with FeynRules. In Section 9, we conclude.
Implementing superfields in FeynRules Supersymmetric theories can usually be written in a very compact form when using superfields, which are the natural objects to describe fields in supersymmetry. Feynman diagram calculators usually require a model to be implemented in terms of the component fields, i. e. , the standard fields of particle physics. FeynRules allows the user to implement the model in terms of superfields, and the code then takes care of deriving internally the component field Lagrangian  [41]. Most of the phenomenologically relevant supersymmetric theories can be entirely built in terms of chiral and vector superfields 4. Superfields are declared in FeynRules in a way similar to ordinary fields, M$Superfields = { superfield1[1] == { options1 }, superfield2[2] == { options2 },.
As long as the user consistently provides definitions for each set of representation matrices that he/she wants to use, there is no limitation on those that can be used within FeynRules. However, care must be taken when exporting the model to a specific Monte Carlo generator as it in general has specific restrictions on the supported gauge groups and representations. Typically, these can be satisfied by fully expanding the vertices in terms of the component fields of the new gauge group. In addition, the FeynRules package comes with internal definitions for the most common SU(3) representations for which we refer to Section 6. 1. 5 for more information. At this stage we have to make a comment about how FeynRules deals with group representations. As should be apparent from the previous definition, FeynRules does not make any distinction between a representation and its complex conjugate.