dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Based on this, we conducted a second study, where we again found Complex Social Integration to be an important (and again positively related) predictor of Core Body Temperature. Because we had identified CSI as an important predictor of CBT in the pilot study, we also ran CRFs to identify predictors of CSI. This identified distance from the equator as a predictor of CSI. We then reused the second dataset and, with the now generated hypotheses, we cross-validated a mediation model generated in our training set in a hold-out set. After all, given the large sample size of our dataset, we could randomly split the whole dataset, explore a mediation model in the first half of data to identify variables that could predict protection from the cold, then we cross-validated the mediation model in the other half of the data  21.
In sum, this dataset includes demographic variables, body temperature, social network indices, people's self-reported health, seven widely-used psychological scales, local temperature information (humidity and temperature, distance from the equator), and newly developed questionnaires  32. Moreover, the questionnaires used in our study adapted into 9 languages via a standard translate-back-translate approach  33. Our descriptive analyses of the pilot study and the individual sites demonstrated that these questionnaires have mostly sufficient to good psychometric properties (Cronbach's alpha range from 0. 71 to 0. 98, except TAS-EOT with values as low as 0. 21; McDonald's omega range from 0. 62~0. 99, except TAS-EOT with a range of 0. 48~0. 76, see Online-only Table  1 ). Multi-site indices showed largely good psychometric properties (Cronbach's alpha range from 0.
The dataset also includes information about participants' sex ("sex"), height ("height"), weight ("weightkg"), and whether they used medication ("meds"). Finally, we looked up the minimum temperature ("mintemp") and average humidity of the day ("avghumidity") based on participants' IP address by using a weather history site (http://www. wunderground. com/history/), which bases weather on the nearest airport. At the end of the survey, participants were thanked for their participation and debriefed.
Cross-National Data Participants. The confirmatory dataset was collected in various countries (N = 12); 1536 participants finished the survey in 2016. We reviewed all pictures that participants uploaded to our Qualtrics platform, and made 193 (mostly small) corrections to the CBT values, based on pictures participants uploaded. When no picture was uploaded, we kept the participant in our dataset. When generic pictures or pictures that were irrelevant for our study were uploaded, we deleted the participant (N = 12). We also deleted participants from our dataset that had identical value and IP address as other participants (N = 1). Our final sample consisted of 1523 participants.
For privacy reason, in the open dataset, we didn't report longitude information ("longitude"). Two other exploratory questionnaires were also included: the Kama Muta Frequency Scale (KAMF), which measures the frequency of participant have the feeling of being moved (Kama Muta)  38  , and the Social Thermoregulation and Risk Avoidance Questionnaire (STRAQ-1)  32  , which included 57 items and were measure for exploring the relationship between physical need of thermoregulation and adult attachment. At the end of the survey, participants were thanked and debriefed for their participation. We again looked up the minimum temperature of that day and average humidity of that day through their IP address and the weather history site.
Data records All data records listed in this section are available from the Open Science Framework (OSF)  39  and can be downloaded without an OSF account. The datasets were anonymized to remove any information that can identify the participant responses, such as the identification number from Amazon's Mechanical Turk, weight, height, sexual orientation, medication, and longitude. The R script used for pre-processing the semi-raw data is also available. All Datasets. Location: Open Science Framework  39. File format: comma separated values file (. csv). These files contain: cleaned raw data, codebooks for each raw data. Questionnaires. Location: Open Science Framework  39. File format: Microsoft Word (. docx).
They advocated a "data-driven" approach, allowing one "to derive precise estimates of the variance accounted for by various predictor variables". As trait self-control score  28  was included in this dataset, we were able to test this proposition. Using the same supervised machine learning as in our main study, we found the distance from the equator to be a predictor of self-control but barely so: it was the 14 th predictor in our list and comparable to whether participants spoke Serbian or not  11. All-in-all, the current dataset, and a data-driven approach could thus be used to reject Van Lange et al. 's approach that distance from the equator is an important factor in shaping self-control. A third article was also written on items inserted in the dataset, again relying on split-half validation.
This article concerned the development of the Social Thermoregulation and Risk Avoidance Questionnaire (STRAQ-1)  32. The STRAQ-1 is another important step in discovering social-thermoregulation related principles in humans. Using a robust bootstrapping method, Vergara and colleagues identified 23 (out of 57) items in 4 subscales, which were named Social Thermoregulation (Omega = 0. 83), High Temperature Sensitivity (0. 83), Solitary Thermoregulation (0. 77), and Risk Avoidance (0. 57; see also Online-only Table  2 ). Because the dataset was rich in additional measures, it also allowed Vergara and colleagues to discover robust relationships between the STRAQ-1 and constructs often found to relate very closely with attachment (e. g. , self-control, alexithymia, stress, and health). These results suggested that social-thermoregulation and risk-avoidance related desires may be crucial for (mental) health.
Please note that the reliabilities of most questionnaires in our data were stable across the samples we tested in different countries. For those established psychological scales, all of them have a relatively low cross-sample variability on reliability (SD of omega <= 0. 08), except the Externally oriented thinking (EOT) subscale of Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)  30  (mean of omega = 0. 63, SD = 0. 1, from 0. 48~0. 71). This result, however, was consistent with a previous view that the TAS-20 should be used in combination with other instruments for clinical purpose  30. As for the newly developed scales, the Kama Muta Frequency Scale (KAMF)  38  has low cross-sample variability; while the STRAQ-1 has relatively high cross-nation variability for the Risk Avoidance subscale  32. Therefore, when re-using the dataset, researchers should be mindful of this the cross-sample variability.
In short, the data we reported already allowed the validation of various well-known scales, which will allow considerable reuse for the generation of novel hypotheses, while the translated questionnaires will also be of considerable use for other cross-country comparison studies. Together, the dataset and materials shared will provide an important source for researchers who are interested in cross-national, human-environment interaction studies more generally, and those interested in social network, perceived stress, trait self-control, nostalgia, home attachment, nomophobia, experiences in close relationships, alexithymia, social thermoregulation, and being moved (Kama Muta) more specifically. To promote the re-use of our dataset, we shared the summary data, the cleaned raw data, as well as the scripts used to go from raw to summary data, so that it is maximally useful for colleagues with different research goals.
Code Availability All the R scripts for calculating the reliability of the scales used in the current datasets were available on OSF  39. We licensed the data under an Attribution-NonCommercial 4. 0 International Creative Commons (CC BY-NC 4. 0) license. The R packages used for processing the data were version 3. 4. 0 (2017-04-21). The packages used in generating current results as following: "tidyverse" (https://www. tidyverse. org/), "psych" (https://personalityproject. org/r/psych/), and "foreign" (https://cran. r-project. org/package=foreign).
Acknowledgements ZWK and LA gratefully acknowledge funding from the  EU  7 th  Framework  project  Synpol  (Grant Number  311815 ). The research leading to these results has received funding from the  People Programme  ( Marie Curie Actions ) of the European Union's 7 th  Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under  REA  grant agreement n. PCOFUND-GA-2013-609102, through the  PRESTIGE programme  coordinated by  Campus France , awarded to ZWK ( PRESTIGE-2016-2-0008 ).
AbStrACt Objectives To assess the intention of using a Writing Aid software, which integrates four research reporting guidelines (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, Strengtheningthe Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology and STrengtheningthe Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-nutritional epidemiology) and their Elaboration & Explanation (E&E) documents during the write-up of research in Microsoft Word compared with current practices. Design Two-arms crossover randomised controlled trial with no blinding and no washout period. Setting Face-to-face or online sessions. Participants 54 (28 in arm 1 and 26 in arm 2) doctoral and postdoctoral researchers. Interventions Reporting guidelines and their E&E document were randomly administered as Writing Aid or as Word documents in a single 30 min to 1 hour session, with a short break before crossing over to the other study intervention.
Previous studies have focused on the completeness of reporting as an outcome measure, which is tailored differently to each reporting guideline,  9 10  rather than their usefulness. Perceived intention of use can give an indication of researchers' willingness to adhere to reporting guidelines. Long-term adherence to reporting guidelines will depend on how well they are integrated into day-to-day practices and workflows of researchers during the writing process. 11 In a survey conducted in 2012, among systematic review authors to test a PRISMA extension, authors recommended the integration of the reporting guideline elements into a systematic review software. 12 There have been initiatives attempting to develop new tools and test their impact on reporting guideline adherence. For example, the online COBWEB tool  9 13  guides authors on how to apply the CONSORT reporting guideline to their manuscript and Penelope, an automated online tool, generates automatic checks of manuscripts written in MS Word.
5] [16]  A recent study also developed a writing tool, and a template with the minimum amount of information to report regarding data handling of biomarkers in metabolomics. 17 Nevertheless, none of these efforts focuses on the uptake of several reporting guidelines during the writing process, using common offline writing platforms such as Microsoft Word. In recognition of these issues, we developed a Writing Aid tool that integrates the reporting guidelines and their E&E documents, in the form of an Add-in for Microsoft (MS) Word (V. 1. 0, Automaticals Consulting),  18  and assessed participants' intention to use it during the writing process, using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The TAM model has been validated and applied previously to test software in similar settings. It has been used in office environment operations (eg, text editor, voicemail), software application development (eg, software maintenance tool) and core business process software (eg, production control tools).
The perceived usefulness outcome was constructed from four questions. Participants were asked to rate the reporting guideline usefulness (using the Writing Aid and Word Document) based on the tool's ability to improve completeness of reporting, increase productivity, enhance effectiveness and usefulness. The perceived ease of use outcome was also constructed from four questions. Participants were asked to rate the ease of using the reporting guidelines (using the Writing Aid and Word Document) based on how flexible, easy to use, easy to provide guidance, clear and understandable it was to interact with. The study was conceived by authors of STROBE-nut, as an approach to improve its uptake. However, during the study set up, and the software development, it became clear that the intention of use and the software developed are relevant for other reporting guidelines.
MethODOlOgy Study design and participants We performed a randomised controlled crossover trial comparing two ways (tools) of administering research reporting guidelines and their E&E documents; that is, using the traditional Word checklists and documentation (Control: Word Document) versus using the Writing Aid software V. 1. 0 (intervention: Writing Aid). Due to the crossover nature of the study design, each participant tested both tools in one of the two alternative sequences representing the two study arms. Arm 1 participants received the Writing Aid first followed by the Word Document and arm 2 participants received the Word Document first followed by Writing Aid. Participants were assigned to one of the two study arms randomly. For this Open access purpose, at the start of the study, the lead investigator (DH) generated a randomisation list using Microsoft Excel, where numbers from 1 to 100 were randomised into either arm 1 or arm 2.
Writing Aid The Writing Aid software was developed as a Microsoft Word Add-in in Visual Basic and it works offline on all versions of Microsoft Office, operating on a Windows system (Writing Aid software V. 1. 0, Automaticals Consulting). 18 For each checklist, the tool generates a specific checklist table, dropdown menu options containing the reporting requirements, and an information box that contains the text of the E&E manuscript for each checklist. The tool has the following functionalities: 1. Users can select a checklist applicable to their manuscript. Once selected, a reporting table is automatically added at the end of the manuscript.
Survey instruments Study outcomes and measurement The primary study outcome was subjects' intention of using the reporting guideline as Writing Aid and Writing Document. Secondary outcome measures included subjects' perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of the two tools. Self-administered structured questionnaires applied via Qualtrics (Qualtrics XM, Provo, Utah, USAT) were used to collect data on study outcome measures and other relevant variables. All questionnaires were piloted by the primary investigators (DH, MKS and CL) for clarity. The study outcomes, that is, intention of use, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, were measured using validated instruments adapted from the TAM. 26 27 n addition to the three outcomes based on the TAM instrument, the respondents' preferred tool for later use and the occurrence of technical errors encountered were assessed.
Statistical methods Data cleaning and analysis were conducted using Stata V. 14. 1 (StataCorp). All analyses were two-sided and statistical significance was considered at alpha <0. 05. Data were checked for consistency, missing values, outliers and normality prior to analysis. Descriptive statistics were reported using percentage and mean with SD. For the main analysis of the intervention effects on the outcome variables intention of use, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, we analysed the data according to the two period crossover trial design. Prior to testing the treatment effect, we confirmed the absence of any potential sequence or period effect using independentsample t-test and paired-sample t-test, respectively. The intervention effect was estimated by looking at the average of the treatment difference for each period using paired-sample t-test.
DISCuSSIOn This study attempted to test the intention to use of a novel Writing Aid software vs the traditional Word Document version of several widely used reporting guidelines. This paper extends prior knowledge by using an intervention to test the uptake of reporting guidelines in a real-life writing process, using all sections of a paper. In the present study, participants indicated no significant difference in intention of use, and perceived usefulness between the two tools. This can be explained by the fact that the two applied interventions contained the same recommendations for reporting. However, participants perceived the Writing Aid to be easier to use than the Word Document with a significant effect. This can be attributed to the difference in application characteristics Open access (integrated software vs a MS Word document).
34 Earlier introduction of reporting guidelines as a Writing Aid could become a formative process, where researchers are continuously exposed to and reminded of the content and use of the reporting guidelines items, leading to more complete research papers. Moreover, writing is an iterative process, thus repeated exposures to guidelines within and throughout the process may result in the greatest benefits to adherence. In addition, a digital ecosystem of software is increasingly being used to do research (eg, reference management software), and integrated tools such as the Writing Aid can be of added value. Furthermore, a user friendly system of applying the reporting guidelines can enhance self-efficacy towards their use. 35 Authors are generally unaware of the value of reporting guidelines and those responding to peer reviewers have problems adhering to reporting guidelines.
The length of exposure is not representative of the whole writing procedure, which is a lengthy process that contains several iterations between coauthors. Third, we did not assess actual reporting completeness or correct filling of the checklist. Most manuscripts were still in draft form and were not collected as a part of the study. Fourth, purposive sampling was used. The majority (80%) of the participants were PhD students, which might be unrepresentative for other authors. Further assessment in authors with more seniority is required. Fifth, intention of use, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were all collected at the same time, thus not allowing enough time for participants to experiment with the tools and assess the intention of use and actual use correctly. We consider the present study as a first step to assess the usefulness of our Writing Aid, whereas assessing reporting completeness was neither relevant, nor realistic at this stage.
The Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) is a tool for selfassessing the cognitive and emotional components of empathy. A study showed that a two-factor model fits the data of patients with schizophrenia, whereas other reports on healthy subjects have suggested a five-factor decomposition. We aimed to replicate the model of Horan et al. in a French population with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (i. e. , schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders) participating in the EVACO Study (NCT02901015). In total, 133 patients were assessed with the QCAE, the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP), and the Self rating Quality of Life Scale (S-QoL). The twofactor model demonstrated an adequate fit with the data, comparable to that reported by Horan et al.
The Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) gathers relevant items from other tools, including the IRI, and provides measures of both cognitive (i. e. , perspective taking and online simulation) and affective (i. e. , emotion contagion, proximal responsivity, and peripheral responsivity) components (4). Psychometric evaluations of the English (4), Portuguese (5), Chinese  (6) , Italian  (7) , and French (8) versions of the QCAE in healthy populations suggest a five-factor structure. However, confirmatory factor analysis in patients with schizophrenia failed to replicate this finding and showed that only a two-factor structure achieved a correct fit after a comprehensive reorganization of item parcels  (9). Noting the paucity of information on the properties of social cognition instruments in clinical populations across different languages and cultures, we provide psychometric validation data for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders using the French version of the QCAE (Supplementary Material 1).
MATERIALS AND METHODS We report data from adult volunteers with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder) referred to the Centers of Expertise for Schizophrenia (Foundation FondaMental) and included into the EVACO Study which is subordinated to the ongoing FACE-SZ Cohort  (10). The local medical ethics committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes Ile-de-France XI, decision 2012-A00387-36) approved the study (EVACO, PHRC AOM11233). The patients were diagnosed using a Structured Clinical Interview for assessing DSM-IV-R criteria. The study included only patients with clinically stable schizophrenia (no admission or treatment change in the past 4 weeks). Each participant received a complete description of the study in oral and written forms, gave written informed consent, and received monetary compensation.
Symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale  (11). Outcome measures, such as functioning and quality of life, were evaluated using the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP)  (12)  and the Self rating Quality of Life Scale (S-QoL)  (13) , respectively. QCAE items were parcelled following the various procedures proposed by  Reniers et al. (2011)  and  Horan et al. (2015). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were then conducted using the R Lavaan package  (14)  to compute the robust fit indices of three models (Figure  1 ): 1) a five-factor first-order structure (perspective taking, online simulation, emotion contagion, proximal responsivity, and peripheral responsivity) (4), 2) a unique-factor first-order model with the revised item parcellation proposed by  (9) , and 3) a two-factor first-order structure with affective and cognitive factors from the same revised parcellation.
Demographic Data and Clinical Assessment In total, 105 males and 28 females were recruited. Ninety-seven were diagnosed with schizophrenia and 36 with schizoaffective disorders. Their mean age was 31. 6 ± 7. 8 years. Their mean scores by the PANSS were 19. 3 ± 7. 6 for negative symptoms, 14. 3 ± 5. 5 for positive symptoms, and 33. 4 ± 9. 6 for general psychopathology.
FUNDING The study was supported by the  Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France  and the  Fondation FondaMental , Créteil, France; and funded by the  Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique  ( AOM11233 ); the  Investissements d' Avenir program  managed by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02  and  ANR-10-COHO-10-01 ); and the  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale.
X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) Elemental analyzes were carried out using an Elio portable X-Ray fluorescence spectrometer developed by XGLAB. This system is composed of a X-ray source based on a Rh anode operating at a voltage between 10-50 kV and a current up to 200 µA for a maximal power of 4 W, and a Silicon Drift Detector with an active area of 25 mm². The source emission is collimated creating an analysis spot diameter of 1. 2 mm on the sample at a working distance of 1. 4 cm. Analyzes were performed at 40 kV and 100 µA, with an accumulation time of 300 s. Spectra were treated using PyMca software to calculate elemental concentrations from fundamental parameters  (Solé, et al. , 2007). Before being applied to DPK material, this treatment was tested on international geostandards from SARM (CRPG UMR 7358 CNRS-UL) to determine the accuracy of elemental concentrations calculated.