dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments: We thank  Jean-Marie Desjobert  ( UCPP ) for GC-MS assistance,  Nicolas Vidal  ( Yelen S. A. ) for bioluminescence material supports and technical assistance in ATP measurements, and  Joseph Casanova  for RMN analyses. We also thank  Paul-Georges Rossi  and  Jean Panighi  for technical assistance and  Mrunal Patil  for carefully improving the English writing of the manuscript.
Posterior distribution In the Bayesian framework, the prior distribution is updated into a posterior distribution, that writes  (Robert, 2007, p. 22 ) p(φ | y) = p(φ) p(y | φ) p(y) , where φ denotes the vector of model parameters, y the vector of observations, p(φ) the prior distribution of φ, p(y | φ) the likelihood and p(y) the marginal distribution of y. This posterior distribution cannot be calculated explicitly for our model but it can be estimated using Markov Chain and Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Such methods simulate values of φ according to a Markov chain that converges in distribution to p(φ | y)  (Robert, 2007, p. 302). MCMC methods are here implemented using the R package rjags  (Plummer, 2016; R Core Team, 2018). Details on our implementation of MCMC methods are given in Supplementary material B and a script showing how to implement the methods in R is given in Supplementary material C.
Data The ability of the developed method to infer evolutionary parameters in heterogeneous environments was assessed using simulations. Data were simulated for experimental set-ups similar to that of the wheat application (Section 5). There were T consecutive generations and 10 locations, with 10 populations per location. At each generation, 20 individuals were sampled in each population and their trait was measured. Data were simulated for two quantitative traits using the model of Section 2. For the first (respectively second) trait, parameter values were similar to those of spike weight (respectively plant height) (Section 5). The initial genetic means were equal to µ Gij0 = µ G0 -δ, j = 1,. , 5, µ Gij0 = µ G0 + δ, j = 6,. , 10, for i = 1,. , 10. Four experimental set-ups, defined by the combinations of two two-level factors, were considered.
Data A participatory plant breeding programme on bread wheat was set up in France by farmers and facilitators from the Réseau Semences Paysannes 1  and researchers from INRA (GQE -le Moulon) to develop heterogeneous populations adapted to farmers' local conditions, practices and objectives  (Dawson et al. , 2011). Some of these populations were exchanged among farmers. They then evolved several years in the same farms in Table  1 : Wheat data. The number of years corresponds to the mean number of consecutive years a population is sown in a farm, while a trial is defined as a farm x year combination. field trials and sometimes underwent farmers' mass selection. Whenever populations were cultivated on-farm, some characters such as plant height, spike length and spike weight were measured on several individuals per population (10 to 50).
The data used for this analysis consisted of a subset of the data gathered since the beginning of the project in 2006 (Tab. 1). Two variables were analysed: spike weight and plant height. The populations selected (i) evolved for at least three years in a given farm, (ii) were measured for at least three consecutive years, (iii) had at least 10 observations per year and (iv) were not subjected to mass selection. We studied the selective pressures undergone by these populations grown in different environments and the influence of natural selection on their evolution. In this application, locations were farms, trials were farm x year combinations and on average populations were sown and measured for 3. 5 and 4. 3 consecutive years for spike weight and plant height respectively. Measurement errors, that were neglected in our model, were likely to be smaller for spike weight than for plant height, since the former was measured in the laboratory while the latter was measured in the field.
Our model is univariate and is not able to distinguish between real or apparent selections. The targets of selection could be better studied by measuring many traits and by developing multivariate models allowing for the correlations between traits  (Lande and Arnold, 1983; Troth et al. , 2018). However this approach can hardly measure all the traits that are under real selection. In principle, selection may affect both fecundity and survival. Here it is assumed to affect fecundity only to adapt the model to the available data. As our data are collected on adults, they provide more information on the selective pressures occurring during reproduction than during growth. In addition it is difficult to separate the selective pressures occurring during these phases using a single observation time per generation.
Alternatively, additional information may be introduced in the analysis by collecting more data  (Carlin and Louis, 2008, p. 181). For the sake of simplicity, the significance of estimated selection strengths are here assessed by examining if HPD credible intervals contain low values. Testing if these parameters vanish formally is difficult because zero is the boundary of the parameter space  (Müller et al. , 2013; Baey et al. , 2019). More work is needed to provide rigorous tests of selection strengths. Environmental effects. In our model, environmental effects are decomposed into between-and within-population effects, with standard deviations σ A , σ B and σ Cijt. Both effects appear present in the wheat application. The standard deviation of local effects σ Cijt is allowed to vary between generations to take account of environmental stochasticity  (Caswell, 2001, Chap.
All dates were calibrated using the Marine13 calibration curve  (Reimer et al. , 2013)  and R = 140 ± 30 years. previously been used in an earlier version of the age model  (Caron et al. , 2018) , and our revised age model includes seven additional levels of radiocarbon dates measured at the ETH Laboratory, Ion Beam Physics, in Zurich (see Table  1  and Supplement for further details on the method). These latter samples are based on either pure benthic or pure planktonic species; for four of the levels we could date both samples based on benthic and on planktonic specimens, where only the samples with benthic species were used in the age model. All conventional radiocarbon ages were calibrated using the Marine13 radiocarbon calibration curve  (Reimer et al. , 2013)  with the OxCal v4. 3 software  (Ramsey, 2008).
X-ray fluorescence The non-destructive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method allows the measurement of changes in the bulk geochemical elemental compositions of the core to be made without disturbing the sediment. The core was scanned and logged in 5 mm steps using an Avaatech scanner at the EPOC laboratory in Bordeaux, France. The scan was conducted with generator settings of 10, 30, and 50 kV using a rhodium (Rh) tube in order to get the full elemental spectra from Al to Ba. Data have previously been presented by  Giraudeau et al. (2020).
Acknowledgements. We are grateful to the captain, crew and scientific party of the CCGS Amundsen 2014 expedition for their work in retrieval of sediment core  AMD14-204C  with financial support by the  Fondation Total , the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( GreenEdge  project), the  Network of Centres of Excellence ArcticNet , and the  ERC STG ICEPROXY 203441. We also thank  Guillaume Massé  for the opportunity to work on the marine sediment core  AMD14-204C. We also wish to thank  Eleanor Georgiadis ,  Philippe Martinez , and  Isabelle Billy  for running the X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of the core at the  EPOC laboratory in Bordeaux , and for composing these data sets. We also thank  Myriam Caron  for the dinocyst, IRD, and grain size data sets. Financial support. This research has been supported by the  Danish Council for Independent Research  (grant no.
Data availability. Benthic foraminiferal abundance data can be accessed at PANGAEA or by corresponding with Katrine Elnegaard Hansen (katrine. elnegaard@geo. au. dk) or Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz (mss@geo. au. dk). Supplement. The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi. org/10. 5194/cp-16-1075-2020-supplement.
I would also like to offer a special expression of gratitude to the Administrator of the Center during those years, Beth Googins, who was always a source of unwavering support and friendship, as well as sage advice. I thank all of you, as well as all of those who were my fellow graduate students in the OWAA at the time  (Ramona Romero, Jill Baker, Crispin Goulet, Angela Murdock, Spencer Pope, Michael Zimmerman, Erin Christiensen, and Lisa Anderson). Those were good years! x This dissertation began with a data set from the Brown University Petra Great Temple Excavation, which was generously provided for the study by the project's director, and my advisor, Martha S. Joukowsky, to whom I am forever indebtedwithout this seed the present study would never have borne any fruit! Many other people working on this project also provided invaluable collaboration and assistance.
In particular, I would like to thank Artemis A. W. Joukowsky for his support, wisdom, and encouragement during my years as a graduate student at Brown and while working on the Petra Great Temple excavation. Wending my way through the numerous excavation reports and the artifact database generated by the project  (1993) (1994) (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006)  would not have been easily accomplished without the aid of the project's cataloger, Deirdre Barrett. I am especially grateful for her advice, patience, humor, and knowledge, as well as her own research. I would also like to thank all of the excavation team members during the years that we worked together on the project. The second and largest data set for this study was provided by Patricia M.
I xii also owe a large debt of gratitude to my dear friend and colleague, Qeis Tweissi, who spent innumerable hours working with me to photograph and draw many of the objects, as well as for his efforts in helping me with the mechanical characteristic experiments. The initial research for this dissertation began while I was living in Israel, where the third data set for this study was offered to me. For this material I am indebted especially to Dr. Tali Erickson-Gini, Southern District Archaeological Inspector for the Israel Antiquities Authority. I very grateful to her for helping me identify the materials from the Negev excavation sites and then gain access to them. More importantly, however, I am thankful for her friendship, tireless encouragement, wit, wisdom, and boundless energy! I also owe special thanks to Dr.
Oftentimes, examples from all of the coroplastic object types have even gone unrecognized because of the lack of an organized corpus of comparative materials. This dissertation was undertaken to accomplish several goals in order to improve our understanding of the Nabataean coroplastic arts. The first goal was to expand the corpus of known objects by processing and analysing several unpublished data sets from various excavations at sites throughout the former Nabataean kingdom; this study includes 299 unpublished artifacts from three excavation projects at Petra in Jordan and from five Nabataean sites in the Negev desert in Israel. The second goal was to identify and subsequently define the range of coroplastic object types that the Nabataeans produced; this was undertaken using both the data from the unpublished artifacts in this study as well as from those which are included in the available excavation publications.
The third goal was to develop and implement a systematic, empirical method for studying the coroplastic objects; since many of these object types have not been handled consistently in previous publications, the creation of such a methodology was essential in order to begin a standarization process for how such objects can be classified and analyzed systematically, both now and in future studies. The fourth goal was to devise an analytic model that would permit us to begin theorizing about the cognitive and interpretive aspects of the diverse object types represented in the corpus of Nabataean coroplastic artifacts. This final goal was not set at achieving definitive answers about the functions and meanings of the objects, since this may never be possible due to a variety of data limitations as well as the fundamental normative issues associated with interpreting ancient material cultures.
Rather, this fourth goal was to create a standard analytic tool that would aid the process of narrowing the range of plausible functions and meanings specific to each of the different object types, To accomplish these four goals, this dissertation is presented in seven chapters, with an accompanying bibliography. The subject of each chapter is summarized here. Chapter 1 presents information on a number of contextual issues related to this study. The first section provides a brief overview of the historical context (1. 1) of the Nabataeans and their kingdom. The second section is an historiographic review (1. 2) of the previous studies that have addressed some of the types of Nabataean coroplastics. The third section includes introductory summaries about the site contexts (1. 3) of the excavation projects from which the unpublished data sets presented in this study derive.
The chapter begins with an introduction (4. 1) that explains the scope of the data (777 objects) and the classification processes used during the development of the typology. The new typology is then presented in an outline format  (4. 2). The remainder of the chapter is devoted to definitions and application parameters for each of the type and subtype classifications  (4. 3) used in the typology. Each of the type and subtype entries also provide statistical summaries of their prevalence in the various data sets. The chapter concludes with a series of 12 statistical charts. These provide numeric and statistical summaries of the object types and subtypes; the data is subdivided into separate charts for the catalog of unpublished objects (Charts 1-4), the published artifacts (Charts 5-8), and the corpus combining these two data sets (Charts 9-12).
A table summarizing the functional and interpretive possibilities for each object type is given at the end of the chapter (Table  1 ). The fourth section of the chapter then includes discussions on several conceptual and normative issues (5. 4) that arose in the course of applying the new interpretive analytic model to the corpus. These discussions are presented to assist future studies in further defining the possible functions and meanings of the Nabataean coroplastics. Chapter 6 presents a summary of the conclusions that were elucidated by this dissertation. The implications of these conclusions for defining the directions and goals of future studies are then outlined. Chapter 7 is a presentation of the data used in this study. It includes the catalog entries of the 299 unpublished objects, as well as a table that summarizes the information about comparative parallels and any previous publication citations (Table  2 ).
A second Introduction The purpose of this opening chapter is to provide the reader with a general overview of the different contexts relevant to this study. The second section outlines some basic information about the Nabataeans and their kingdom (1. 2), in order to situate the artifacts chosen for this study in their original historical context. The previous literature that has attempted studies of the Nabataean coroplastic objects is then reviewed and summarized (1. 3). Finally, the specific sites from which the unpublished data sets derive are introduced with short descriptions, maps, and plans (1. 4).
S. El-Khouri (2002) , which is the published form of her dissertation for Mannheim University in Germany. This book represents the first attempt to conduct a thorough study of examples for all the known types of Nabataean figurines, plaques, and zoomorphic vessel fragments. For her study, El-Khouri was granted unparalleled access to museum stores in Jordan, which permitted her to select both published and unpublished objects for her catalog. This fact alone makes her book indispensable for all future studies of Nabataean coroplastics, as it represents the most thorough compilation of data yet available. In her study, El-Khouri organized the selected data into a basic typology by general type. She then presents informative discussions of the different object types, including potential parallels from various regional and temporal settings which may have influenced the Nabataean artifacts.
The study ends with additional short discussions on the thematic topics of manufacturing, chronology, stylistic development, and religious usage. The volume includes photographs of all the objects, as well as drawings for a selection of the catalog entries. Every object in the catalog is provided with a short text entry which gives a brief, interpretive description of the main imagery details, as well as basic empirical and provenance information. A useful table is also provided which summarizes the provenience data, ware, date (if available), and selected previous bibliographic citations for each object in the catalog. 42 El-Khouri's study has played a significant role in the present work due primarily to its usefulness as a centralized compilation of data (see Chapter 7, Tables  2  and 3 ).
Many of the elements employed in her general typological classifications were continued in the new typology presented in this dissertation; however, some of her subtype divisions were eliminated, or downplayed, as a result of the new data included in the present study. 43  Although the catalog entries she provided lack the extent of formal analysis details used in this dissertation, the descriptions were still helpful for subdividing many of the artifacts into the object types, subtypes, and classes presented here in the new typology. The discussions on contextuality and interpretation that were included by El-Khouri throughout her study were also useful for the application of the new interpretive analytic model introduced here in Chapter 5.
Site Contexts This section presents short overviews of the excavation projects that recovered the unpublished data sets used in this dissertation. Each excavation site is briefly described and citations to existing publications are provided. More detailed discussions about each site and the related excavation projects can be found in the references cited. Maps and plans are included when available. The central focus of the excavated area was the extensive precinct surrounding a large tetrastyle in antis structure, which has been variously termed the "Great Temple," the "Southern Temple," and the "Great Southern Temple. " This precinct itself covers some 7,560 m 2 of the city center; it is bounded on the north by the colonnaded street, on the south by the lower slopes of the ez-Zantur hill, and on the east by the Petra Garden and Pool Complex.
6  Plan of the Oboda/Avdat Residential Quarter Excavations  (Erickson-Gini 2008 , 1984)  The single object (Cat. # 110) from this project included in this study was found in one of the extant rooms from the large Nabataean structure on the northeastern edg the excavation site (areas 28, 27, 44, and 24 on the plan). Due to its context, the excav has dated the object to the first or early second centuries CE. Khan  [Caravanserai]  e of ator  Between 1975 and 1977, Dr. Rudolf Cohen and Dr. Avraham Negev undertook a series of excavations around Oboda/Avdat. Amongst their target sites was the structure that had been identified as a khan/caravanserai. Although short discussions using data obtained from their excavations appeared in subsequent articles by both excavators  (Cohen 1982, 46-46; Negev 1996) , 50  the final reports were never published.
CE can be posited for the fragment. More specific data must await the final processing of the excavation material. 1. 4. 2d Mez ad Be'er Menuh  a (Dr. Rudolf Cohen) The site of Mez ad Be'er Menuh  a is situated near a well (Bir Muleiha 16274/96873) in the south-central of the portion of the Wadi 'Arabah that lies today in Israel. 55  The first modern mention of the site was in an article by B. Rothenberg in which he interpreted some of the results from his 1960 survey of the region  (Rothenberg 1971, 217). In this article, he described the ruins as a being of a Nabataean tower, and concluded that the site was probably an important stop along the trade route between the Red Sea and Gaza. The well at Be'er Menuh  a had been visited earlier in the century by. Musil and F. Frank, but neither trave fort  (Cohen 1983, 68).
Nabataean Coroplastic Database One of the first projects should be the creation of a database that gathers all of the known Nabataean coroplastic objects into a single, cross-referenced, electronic resource to be used by excavators and other researchers. The groundwork for such a project has already been laid as a result of this dissertation, which offers a comprehensive methodology for both classification and analysis of these objects. The electronic database of objects used in this study can also serve as the seed for a more comprehensive resource. Efforts are already underway to secure access to artifacts that were not available for inclusion in this present study with the same level of detail achieved for the unpublished objects.
44 1. 4. 1 4441 Petra, JordanThree of the data sets employed in this study originate from excavation projects in the city center of Petra, Jordan, the ancient capital city of the Nabataean kingdom. These were the Brown University Petra Great Temple project, the American Center of Oriental Research (ACOR) Petra North Ridge project, and the Petra Garden and Pool Complex project; the locations of these different excavations are shown on Map 2. Short introductions to these excavation projects are provided below, along with any relevant maps and plans. Map 2 Petra City Center (Joukowsky 2007, Fig. 1. 1 with original legend and caption). 1. 4. 1a Petra Great Temple (Dr. Martha S. Joukowsky)The Brown University Petra Great Temple excavation project has been conducted under the direction of Dr. Martha S.
Immunization Activities During 1970-2005, rubella vaccination in 11 WPR countries § focused on preventing CRS by vaccinating adolescent females; this strategy did not prevent all CRS cases, and countries adopted universal infant immunization (Table  1 ). By 2000, 16 (44%) of the 36 WPR countries that report immunization data to WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) included RCV1 in the routine immunization schedule; by 2015, all 36 had introduced it. By 2019, 34 (94%) countries had included a second dose of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV2). WHO and UNICEF estimate national RCV1 coverage for 27 countries in the region, using annual government-reported survey and administrative data; for the remaining nine countries, ¶ coverage data reported by the immunization program are used.
Abbreviations: CH = China; FR = France; NA = not applicable; NR = not reported; NZ = New Zealand; RCV1 = first RCV dose; RCV2 = second RCV dose; RI = routine immunization; UNICEF = United Nations Children's Fund; US = United States. * Based on data from WHO-UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage, WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form, or WHO Western Pacific Regional Office databases. https://www. who. int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/en. † Includes cases confirmed by laboratory testing or epidemiologic linkage, as reported in the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form or other WHO Western Pacific Regional Office databases or reports. https://www. who. int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/en. § Per million population. ¶ 2019 data are as of May 14, 2020; for countries without RCV1 and RCV2 estimates by this date, 2018 coverage values are used.