dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2020). We therefore stress the benefit of such types of vegetation indicators linked to species' response to the environment also in other ecological condition assessments. Future development of indicators based on bird, insect and vegetation monitoring will include indicators linked to the EBV class community composition (potentially also species traits through indirect estimations, e. g. by using trait databases), whereas genetic composition most likely will remain unrepresented (Tables  2  and 3 ). These indicators will logically also increase the representativity of the ECT class compositional state. Species-based indicators like these were in the case study represented by mammal and bird species indicators in the alpine Table  3  Cross-comparison of the indicators used in the IBECA case study (including their allocation to ecosystem characteristics, and indicators that are suggested for the next update of the IBECA) and the EBV and ECT classifications, respectively, for the alpine ecosystem.
: Abiotic ecosystem characteristics (A), Biotic ecosystem characteristics (B) and Landscape and seascape characteristics (L). Shaded × = indicators used in the case study, non-shaded × = suggested future indicators, (x) = potential connection to indicator class. ecosystem, and mammal and plant species in the forest ecosystem, and mainly represent species directly or indirectly regulated by harvesting. The proposed future indicators of plant, insect and bird communities will represent other aspects of biodiversity, not directly affected by harvesting, and hence improve analyses on the effects of different pressures on ecological condition across indicators. Development of new indicators based on remote sensing will mainly contribute to the ECT classes structural state and landscape characteristic and the EBV classes ecosystem function and ecosystem structure, hence filling important gaps in the IBECA case study dataset in relation to ECT and EBV (Tables.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank  K. Austnes ,  N. E. Eide ,  E. Nilsen ,  G. R. Rauset ,  E. Solberg  and the  Norwegian National Forest Inventory  for contributing with data to this project,  L. Tingstad ,  A. H. Abaz ,  K. Daugstad ,  S. Grenne ,  A. Often ,  A. Staverløkk  and  P. Thorvaldsen  for field data collection. The authors also thank  M. Grainger  and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on the manuscript. The case study project was financially supported by the  Norwegian Environment Agency  (ref. 17040074).
Clinical Data In all 4 participating centers, patients' general data are stored in dedicated databases. The following information was gathered for the current analysis: age, gender, country of birth, native language(s), educational level, working status, cause of end-stage kidney disease, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), date of start of dialysis, dialysis vintage, previous transplantation, type of dialysis, and number of dialysis sessions per week (hemodialysis) or of daily exchanges in peritoneal dialysis.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS, version 14 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA), and JASP, version 0. 11. 1 (JASP Team, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Descriptive analysis was conducted as appropriate; the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality distribution of the data, and the Leven test was used to verify homoscedasticity. Depending on distribution of the data, the unpaired t test was used to compare 2 groups (eg, acceptance vs nonacceptance of vaccination), whereas the analysis of variance was used to compare $3 groups (eg, comparing the study centers). Otherwise, the Mann-Whitney test was applied to compare 2 groups, whereas the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for additional comparisons. Categorial results were presented as size with a percentage and compared with the chi-squared test or the Fisher exact test for small subgroups.
Univariate logistic regressions were performed to test the outcome of refusal to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in comparison to baseline data and answers to questions on the questionnaire. receiver operating characteristic curves, together with the Youden index, were used to identify the best cutoff point for the continuous items associated with the outcome (age only). The outcome "refusal to be vaccinated against COVID-19" was tested in a multivariate logistical regression analysis. The explanatory variables were chosen according to their clinical relevance or to the significance in the univariate analysis. At baseline, they were the following: age (dichotomized at Youden index, 64 years), gender (female or male), and country (Italy or France). As for the questionnaire entries, because of the high degree of correlation between questions inquiring about a specific aspect of vaccine hesitancy (fear of the disease or acknowledgement of its severity, confidence in the health care system and scientists, information received, concerns about safety, trust in the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine and vaccines in general, and previous vaccination against influenza), 1 sample question was chosen on the basis of its higher statistical hazard ratio or clinical relevance.
Earlier, an ASEAN Economic Community Scorecard was designed to monitor the implementation of the measures agreed to build the economic community ( ASEAN, 2010 ). 5  More ambitious proposals for more encompassing indicator systems had been formulated previously. The objective of the Dennis and Yusof proposal, for example, was to assess "the progress towards economic integration of the 10 ASEAN nations in the context of the aim to move towards an ASEAN Economic Community "  ( Dennis and Yusof, 2003 ). 6 The proposal consisted of building a large dataset and computing a large set of indicators covering aspects such as: trade in goods and services (including financial services), e-business, investment, infrastructure, customs, standards, mutual recognition and conformity assessment, intellectual property, small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
Ye and Mikic ( Ye and Mikic, 2016 )  proposed an Index of Regional Integration Effort. Initially, an index of de facto regional integration in the social and economic spheres is calculated. The index quantifies the 'closeness' of individual Asian economies to the region as a whole. Two dimensions (sub-indices) are considered: a social dimension (4 indicators) and an economic dimension (8 indicators). The index was calculated for 37 countries (out of 58), based on data availability. The calculation of the integration index is further accompanied by the derivation of 'integration effort', using panel regression analysis to separate integration effort from structural factors that determine regional integration [  ( Ye and Mikic, 2016 ), pp. 154-160]. The Ye and Mikic proposal did not lead to the implementation of a systematic indicator system.
Weighting and aggregation For the calculation of composite indices, various options lay open: equal weights, expert weights, or statistical weights (e. g. derived from principal components analysis (PCA)). In the case of ESCWA two basic types of composite indices are proposed: an 'integration index' and a 'dependency index'. They are based on a limited subset of indicators (reflecting trade, FDI flows, and remittances) and are calculated using simple arithmetic averages of the normalized values of the individual indicators ( UNESCWA, 2015 , UNESCWA, 2020 ). In the cases of ADB and DOC, two-step principal component analysis (PCA) was preferred for the determination of the weights of the distinct dimensions and indicators within dimensions within the aggregation process. As is well known, this method has advantages (mainly the fact that additional information extracted from the variance of the indicators is taken into account) but also disadvantages, the latter including the fact that when expanding the indicator system with new annual data the weights must be re-calculated for the whole panel, which leads to a re-calculation of indices and rankings for previous years.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  STFC  (Grant No. ST/J000140/1 ) and gratefully acknowledge that the research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  under Grant Agreement No. 262010  (ENSAR). The GANIL facility is thanked for the delivery of the beams and the beamline preparation. ECT* Trento  has supported this work and this infrastructure is part of a project that has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  824093.
Molecular and Phylogenetic Analyses of HHV-8 High molecular weight DNA was extracted from frozen peripheral blood leucocytes (buffy coat) of all 1020 participants using the QIAmp DNA blood mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) or from KS frozen biopsies using the QIAmp DNA mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). After quantification, the extracted DNA was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The human β-globin gene was first targeted to assess the amplifiability of the DNA. Then, HHV-8 infection was determined by nested PCR to obtain a 737-nt long fragment of the K1 gene (ORF-K1) using K1AG75s/K1AG1200  [38]  and VR1s/VR2as1  [54]  primer sets. Following electrophoresis, PCR products were purified and sequenced on both strands. The ClustalW algorithm in MacVector 6. 5 software (Oxford Molecular, Hunt Valley, MD, USA) was implemented to align forward and reverse sequences of each segment to obtain a consensus sequence of the full K1 gene.
Statistical Analyses Seroprevalences obtained at each dilution and the detection rate of HHV-8 infection, determined by PCR, were calculated with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Univariate analysis was performed accordingly using chi-squared tests or chi-squared tests for trends to compare HHV-8 seroprevalence and percentage of PCR positive rates between sex, ethnic group, age groups and among the different provinces. Age was compared between Pygmy and Bantu ethnic groups using Student's t-test. All analyses were performed using STATA 15. 0 software (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).
HHV-8 Genotype Distribution: Search Strategy and Data Extraction We conducted a review of published articles from African countries on HHV-8 genotypes. All study types (case reports, retrospective, prospective and observational) were included whenever the data from these studies analyzed the full or partial K1 gene. Electronic search databases such as Medline and Web of Science were analyzed for relevant data published between 1999 and 2020. The search terms used were: ("K1" OR "K1 gene" OR "genotype" OR "genotypic" OR "genotype distribution" OR "genetic variability" OR "genetic diversity" OR "genetic polymorphism" OR "genetic characterization" OR "molecular epidemiology" OR "phylogenetic analysis" OR "sequence analysis") AND ("HHV8" OR "HHV-8" OR "KSHV" OR "herpesvirus 8, human" OR "human herpesvirus 8" OR "Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus" OR "Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus" OR "Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus" OR "Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus").
It is therefore questionable whether such a geographical restriction may exist among HHV-8 genotypes present on the African continent, the largest HHV-8 endemic area. As an example, such a viral restriction has been well demonstrated in West and North Africa for the cosmopolitan genotype of HTLV-1  [73]. To try to answer this question, we have listed and analyzed almost all HHV-8 viral strains of African origin for which the K1 region (or a fragment of it) was available in the databases. Although there is a clear lack of data for many countries from North and West Africa, the following main conclusions can be drawn on the basis of these still very preliminary data: (1) The majority of the viral strains, present in sub-Saharan Africa, belong primarily to clade B and secondly to A5; indeed, if we consider the 7 countries (Cameroon, Gabon, South Africa, Malawi, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe) for which more than 30 strains have been analyzed, in 4 cases (Gabon, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe) the genotype B is in the majority, ranging from 57 to 77% of all strains; (2) The genotype A5 represents around 38% of the strains, ranging from 14% to 42%; (3) In North Africa, (at least in Morocco) genotype C is the predominant clade  [42] ; (4) Other genotypes are much rarer, represented by some F strains present, e.
Individual contributions of the authors are the following: A. M. -O. , J. -B. L. -D. and A. G. conceptualized the manuscript and/or acquired funding; A. I. M. , D. D. D. , A. M. -O. and A. M. collected biological samples; A. I. M. , J. -L. R. , P. V. A. , O. C. and A. G. performed the formal analysis; A. G. , O. C. , J. -L. R. and P. V. A. analyzed the literature and wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This study was supported by the Institut Pasteur in Paris and the "Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville" (CIRMF) in Gabon (A. I. M. ), the CNRS (UMR 3569) (A. G. ), the Institut Pasteur, France (A. G. ) and through the "Investissement d'Avenir" as part of a "Laboratoire d'Excellence" (LabEx) French research program: Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (ANR10-LBX-62 IBEID) (A.
Author Contributions: Individual contributions of the authors are the following: A. M. -O. , J. -B. L. -D. and A. G. conceptualized the manuscript and/or acquired funding; A. I. M. , D. D. D. , A. M. -O. and A. M. collected biological samples; A. I. M. , J. -L. R. , P. V. A. , O. C. and A. G. performed the formal analysis; A. G. , O. C. , J. -L. R. and P. V. A. analyzed the literature and wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This study was supported by the Institut Pasteur in Paris and the "Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville" (CIRMF) in Gabon (A. I. M. ), the CNRS (UMR 3569) (A. G. ), the Institut Pasteur, France (A. G. ) and through the "Investissement d'Avenir" as part of a "Laboratoire d'Excellence" (LabEx) French research program: Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (ANR10-LBX-62 IBEID) (A.
This technology allows sequencing a whole exome (22,000 coding genes) within a single day, while the classical Sanger technique would require months or years. The NGS has many advantages over conventional techniques. Firstly, it allows the detection of all mutations but also single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNIPs) in a given cell population without the need to define a priori the target genes. Then, this technique has a high sensibility allowing sequencing even very small cellular subpopulations. Finally, the cost of whole genome sequencing is admittedly expensive, but much cheaper (less than 1000 dollars) than previous technologies. Nonetheless, NGS technology has some disadvantages. First, NGS requires a dedicated technologic platform with potent bioinformatics systems, since raw data cannot be directly used due to their huge amount (mega-datasets).
Introduction Patients with end-stage renal disease are at higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, a risk mediated in part by increased aortic stiffness. Arterial stiffness is assessed at different anatomical locations (central elastic or peripheral muscular arteries) using a variety of mechanical biomarkers. However, little is known on the robustness of each of these mechanical biomarkers following a haemodynamic stress caused by a single haemodialysis (HD) session. Methods and analysis A systematic review has been designed and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols. A targeted search strategy applicable in key databases (PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and grey literature) is constructed to search articles and reviews from inception to 16 October 2020.
Search strategy Our search strategy includes bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science), references lists of eligible studies and review articles, trials registers and grey literature from inception to 16 October 2020. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms will be used to target articles relevant to the research question. Our proposed literature search strategy is outlined in online supplemental appendix 1. Manual screening of the reference list will be conducted based on predefined criteria listed in table 1. No language restrictions or publication period will be imposed on the initial searches; however, our final analysis will be limited to articles originally reported in English, French,.
Study screening and exclusions An iterative process of study selection will be conducted using the inclusion and exclusion criteria detailed in table 1. The study selection will be done by two pairs of independent reviewers, each pair screening half of the records. In case of a disagreement between individual judgement, a third reviewer will decide. Decisions will be recorded in an Excel spreadsheet. First, citations will be screened by title and abstract. After this first round of selection, materials and methods sections of the selected articles will be screened to confirm the appropriateness of the study design and of the arterial stiffness assessment method relative to the review question. Before data extraction, another round of selection will be performed by both reviewers at the full-text level.
Data extraction A data extraction form will be prepared a priori with consensus among the investigators. Extracted data will include (1) study characteristics, design and methods: title, first and last author, journal and year of publication, research team or country where research was based, language of publication, sources of funding, study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, time point measurements, type of arterial stiffness instrumentation, method used to identify the foot of the pulse wave when applicable, position of subjects during measurements; (2) sample characteristics: age at the time of measurement, sex distribution, HD vintage, comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, smoking status, prior history of cardiovascular disease), HD session duration, electrolyte concentration of dialysate (calcium, magnesium), dialysis filter, volume overload; (3) outcomes: peridialytic and intradialytic changes in arterial stiffness based on the above-mentioned methods (carotidfemoral PWV, carotid-radial PWV, brachial-ankle PWV, femoral-tibial PWV, aortic and central pulse wave analysis (Augmentation Index and central pulse pressure), Stiffness Index and local vascular distensibility, compliance and incremental elastic modulus, heart rate and arterial pressure.
Data synthesis and analysis plan All studies fulfilling the eligibility criteria will be included in quantitative and qualitative synthesis. Study characteristics will be presented as means and SD or median and IQRs for continuous variables and numbers and percentages for categorical variables. For continuous data, an inverse variance method with random effect models will be used to pool the mean difference or standardised mean difference if studies reported different scales for the assessment of the same outcome. Dichotomous variables will be extracted from individual studies and combined using Mantel-Haenszel method with random effects models to pool relative risks. All analyses will be performed with RevMan V. 5. 3 (computer program, V. 5. 3 Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014).
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EXERCISE, HUMAN MICROBIOTA AND HEALTH In endurance sports, both an acute bout of exercise and a long training period can have an effect on microbiota and health. Acute bouts of exercise can be separated into moderate and intense exercise. In the following section, intense exercise will refer to all physical exercises performed at a high intensity (>70% VO 2max ). Moderate exercise will refer to all other types of exercise (<70% VO 2max ). This review will include data on a wide range of participants: from overweight or diabetic subjects to elite athletes. This wide range of participants will make it possible to compare the different responses observed and to discuss the presence or absence of a continuum between all these populations (Figure  1 )  (40).
At the genus level, the top 4 biomarkers increased after the race were Pseudobutyrivibrio, Coprococcus 2, Collinsella, and Mitsuokella while Bacteroides coprophilus was the most decreased bacterial clade. Regrettably, no dietary questionnaire and no Bristol score that would indicate any gastrointestinal discomfort or bowel transit time difference were performed during this study. When omics methods were used, such as shotgun metagenomics and metabolomics, modest changes in gut microbial gene composition and functions were reported following increased physical activity  (44). These data from two studies indicate that exercise can modify the gut microbial composition and production of SCFAs and thus fecal metabolites produced in the gut environment. Intense (>70% VO 2max ) exercise sessions also exert beneficial effects on health.
Common protocols for microbiome should be used. Defined bio-informatics pipelines (microbial OTUs picking tools, metagenomes reads' mapping on existing datasets and on available bacterial genomes) and common statistical comparisons should be used in order to compare results between studies. Panels of metabolic energy and immune pathways in the host, and key metabolites for human health could be targeted. Tools such as microarrays, qPCR for specific genes could be monitored at high throughput. Metabolites that are produced by the microbiota or by human cells can be monitored using the same mass spectrometry methods (NMR, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS). Food questionnaire. Personalized applications regarding food intake are now available on smartphones and should be tailored toward athletes. The intake could then be correlated to blood and urine markers but also to microbiome composition.
Promote short chain fatty acids production through the EMP pathways od anaerobic digestion: SCFAs + CO 2 + H 2 , CH 4. Glycosyl Hydrolases description and classification in the CAZymes database. http://www. cazy. org/. GH, glycosyl hydrolase; PL, pectin and pectate lyase; RS, resistant starch; SCFA, short chain fatty acids. Reported effects of probiotic ingestion by athletes or subjects practicing moderate physical exercise.
Promote short chain fatty acids production through the EMP pathways od anaerobic digestion: SCFAs + CO 2 + H 2 , CH 4. Glycosyl Hydrolases description and classification in the CAZymes database. http://www. cazy. org/. GH, glycosyl hydrolase; PL, pectin and pectate lyase; RS, resistant starch; SCFA, short chain fatty acids. Reported effects of probiotic ingestion by athletes or subjects practicing moderate physical exercise. Frontiers in Nutrition | www. frontiersin. org Insoluble Found naturally in flax, rye, and some vegetables. Short-chain fatty acids. Mucilage, beta-glucans Soluble Naturally found in oats, oat bran, beans, peas, barley, flaxseed, berries, soybeans, bananas, oranges, apples, carrots. Pectin and gums Soluble (some pectins can Naturally found in fruits, berries, and seeds.
RST were also used to simulate the evolution of permafrost temperature at depth by a heat conduction model  (Hipp et al. 2014). Time series of daily RST for sensor C3 were reconstructed by fitting a linear regression model between the RST measured by the sensor and the local air temperature long-time records (data from Météo France). We tested the fit of the model with air temperature records at Chamonix (1,042 m a. s. l. ) and at the Aiguille du Midi (3,842 m a. s. l. ). The best correlation between the measured daily RST and the daily air temperature was obtained with the Aiguille du Midi time series (Correlation coefficient of 0. 9 versus 0. 8 for the Chamonix time series). We therefore used the air temperature time series of the Aiguille du Midi for the period August 2003 to May 2020. This time series was then used to force a MATLAB diffusive transient thermal model, the CRYOGRID2 model  (Westerman et al.