dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Numerical experiments In this numerical experiments section, we first compare the performance of optimal memoryless and history-dependent policies for POMDP with finite horizon. We also highlight the tractability of our MILP formulation. We then evaluate the performances of our SMF policy on the benchmark instances, and we compare it with SARSOP policy. All the mathematical programs have been written in Julia  [6]  with the JuMP  [10]  interface and solved using Gurobi 9. 0. [13]  with the default settings. All the state-of-theart POMDP solvers against which we compare our approach are implemented in the Julia library POMDPs. jl of Egorov et al. [12]. Experiments have been run on a server with 192Gb of RAM and 32 cores at 3. 30GHz. The code enabling to run the experiments is available online.
Machine learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can use data, whether self-report or physiological markers, to create algorithms to better understand pain, assess changes to pain, and potentially predict treatment outcomes  (8). Digital therapeutics (DTx) are a type of digital health intervention created using bespoke software and relevant technology to assess, manage and treat medical diseases  (18). Best practice, and arguably a gold standard in research, is for digital therapeutics to be evidence-based, and regulator approved  (19, 13). (This of course pre-supposes a regulatory or policy model implemented for digital health). Digital therapies may be of two types (or both together): a tracking and monitoring type, and a therapy delivery type. In essence, they include mobile applications, software, digital sensors, and other technology that can monitor certain physiological markers and feed the data back to an algorithm or database to interpret.
Fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes Fluorescence quantum yields were determined using a C11347 absolute photoluminescence quantum yield spectrometer from Hamamatsu Photonics K. K. , Japan. The same solutions as prepared for the uorescence measurements were used. A wavelength of 460 nm was chosen for excitation of the samples and the analysis was performed using the tools provided with the data acquisition soware. Fluorescence lifetime measurements were carried out using a FluoTime 100 uorescence lifetime spectrometer from Picoquant GmbH, Germany. The samples were excited at 470 nm and the scattering light from the excitation source was cut off with the help of a long-pass lter placed in the detection path. The instrument response function was collected (without any lters) using a solution of LUDOX® (colloidal silica) in distilled water.
Singlet oxygen is generated by reaction of molecular triplet states with triplet oxygen dissolved in the solution. The IR light emitted by 1 O 2 was collected at 90°using a collimating lens and a back mirror both with a focal length of 50 mm. It passes an interference lter from Spectrogon adapted to the wavelength of 1270 nm before the signal is detected by an IR photomultiplier (Hamamatsu H10330-45) and recorded using a transient digitiser. A total of 256 averages were collected for each sample. The quenching of singlet oxygen is followed by monitoring the transient signal of 1 O 2 and the intensity maximum of the signal aer laser excitation allows the determination of the singlet oxygen quantum yield by comparison to the behaviour of a known system measured under identical conditions. The data were referenced against 2,6-diiodo-1,3,5,7tetramethyl-8-phenyl-BODIPY purchased from BLDpharm (CAS No.
During the measurement, the sample was kept at a constant temperature of 80 K using an Oxford Instruments nitrogen gas-ow cryostat (CF 935). The samples were excited through the front window of the cryostat and resonator with depolarised light at 515 nm. The excitation energy was ∼1 mJ at a repetition rate of 50 Hz (pulse duration ∼5 ns). The transient EPR spectra were acquired in direct detection mode using the transient recorder and a microwave power of 1. 5 mW (20 dB). Any positive signals thus corresponds to an absorptive transition and any negative signals to an emissive one. Typically, for every magnetic eld value, a time trace with 4096 points was recorded using a time base of 4 ns. Aer data acquisition, the 2D spectra were baseline-corrected in both dimensions using a lab-written MATLAB routine.
Compared to the reference BODIPY compound, the uorescence quantum yields of the para and meta eTEMPO-compounds are reduced from 50% to 25% and 15%, respectively. However, when a further xylene spacer is added in BODIPY-xy-eTEMPO, the original uorescence of 50% is found to recover. The same trend is reected in the uorescence lifetimes. The excited state decay times measured by timecorrelated single photon counting amount to 2. 83 ns for BODIPY-biph and 2. 89 ns for BODIPY-xy-eTEMPO, while for BODIPY-p-eTEMPO and BODIPY-m-eTEMPO we obtained S 1 state decay time constants of 1. 54 ns and 0. 88 ns, respectively. The experimental data can be found in Fig. S3  † in the ESI. To estimate the triplet formation (i. e. EISC) yields of the compounds, measurements of the singlet oxygen quantum yields were carried out.
EPR spectroscopy To determine their magnetic properties, the three BODIPY-eTEMPO dyads were characterised by EPR spectroscopy with and without photoexcitation. Simulations reveal that the BODIPY triplet state EPR spectrum can be reproduced well assuming zero-eld splitting parameters of D T = 2980 MHz, E T = -660 MHz, and an isotropic g value of 2. 0068 (see Fig. S9 † ). These triplet state parameters, as well as the g tensor of the eTEMPO building block, were then  kept xed for the simulation of the trEPR spectra of the BOD-IPY-eTEMPO dyads. Although this simulation strategy leaves very little degrees of freedom, we were able to obtain good ts to the experimental data which conrms the quartet nature of the dyad spectra. The trEPR spectra of all three dyads can be simulated with almost the same set of parameters and only minor differences in the quartet state populations as visualised in Fig.
The CONRAD computer code is being developed by the nuclear data group of CEA Cadarache since mid-2000. It was originally designed to analyse neutron-induced reactions in the resonance energy range and then, was extended to higher energies (several MeV) treatment with inclusion of charged-particles penetration factor. In the thermal energy range, a procedure was implemented to manage the so-called Thermal Neutron Constants, especially devoted to the 239 Pu, 241 Pu, 233 U and 235 U nuclei. In the resonance range, nuclear models implemented in the CONRAD program rely on R-matrix model fits with in particular, improved treatment of the fission penetration factor and fluctuations of the prompt neutron multiplicity via a two-step (n,γf) process. Above the resonance range, the neutron continuum energy region of the observed cross sections can be analysed either with the TALYS code or with an in-house optical model code named CCCP that is followed by Hauser-Feshbach calculations according to the compound nucleus deexcitation channels.
Introduction The CONRAD code is an object-oriented software tool developed at CEA since 2005  [1]. It aims at providing nuclear reaction model calculations, data assimilation procedures based on Bayesian inference and a proper framework to treat all uncertainties involved in the nuclear data evaluation process. In the resonance range of the neutron cross sections, the models relies on the R-Matrix formalism. For example, CONRAD can handle the Multi-Level Breit-Wigner and Reich-Moore approximations with the LRF7 format and Brune parametrization. Many evaluations were produced with the CONRAD code. Results obtained for 235 U, 238 U, 239 Pu, 243 Am, 240 Pu and 242 Pu are used to illustrate the performances of the code. An overview of the cross section models is presented in section 2. Section 3 shows effects of the Doppler broadening, response function of the facility and multiple scattering correction.
Presentation of the CONRAD code CONRAD can produce evaluated nuclear data over a wide neutron energy range. The interface for the cross section models allows using existing implementations, external codes or new models that can be introduced by users according to specific development rules. Another option al- lows testing miscellaneous models before their implementation in CONRAD. This option was used to generate covariance matrices for thermal scattering laws, to evaluate Thermal Neutron Constants and to performed non-model fit of high neutron cross sections. The covariances between the model parameters can be calculated by Monte-Carlo or via an analytical marginalization procedure  [2]. A concise method for storing and communicating large covariance matrix was implemented in the CONRAD code.
Experimental corrections Resonance parameters are extracted from data measured by the time-of-flight technique, for which experimental models are needed to accurately reproduce the experimental conditions. The three main corrections, which are routinely used in an evaluation work, are the Doppler effect, the response function of the facility and the multiple scattering correction. The Doppler effect is related to the vibrations of the atoms due to the temperature. The free gas model is the most popular Doppler model. However, many studies on 238 U demonstrated that this simple model fails to reproduce the temperature effects observed in the low neutron energy resonances. Fig. 3  shows that the asymmetry of the first resonance of 238 U can only be reproduced with a crystal lattice model that accounts for the phonon density of states associated to the UO 2 molecule.
Results on minor actinides In this section, the performances of the CONRAD code are illustrated with evaluation works performed on minor actinides of interest for spent nuclear fuel applications. The longstanding underestimation of the 244 Cm build up in UOX and MOX fuels as a function of Burn Up by the international neutron libraries motivated the revision of the capture cross sections of 240 Pu, 242 Pu and 243 Am. The evaluation of the resonance parameters were undertaken thanks to data retrieved from the EXFOR data base  [6]. Figures  6  and 7  compares the theoretical curves with the selected data sets. For the first resonance of 240 Pu, close to 1. 06 eV, we have used 239 Pu transmission data measured by Spencer (L=18 m, 1987) and Harvey (L=18 m, 1985-1988) in which 240 Pu is an impurity (Fig.
6 ). Two transmission data from Kolar (L= 100 m, 1968) and a fission cross section from Weston (1984) were also included in the fitting procedure. Prior resonance parameters up to 5. 7 keV were taken from the work of Bouland et al. [7]. The results leads to a thermal capture cross section σ 0 =285. 6 barns and an increase of +4. 1% of the capture resonance integral compared to JEFF-3. 1. 1 (I 0 =8829 barns). For 242 Pu, the parameters of the first resonance at 2. 67 eV were derived from the total cross section of Young  (1970) (1971). Above 10 eV, the resonance parameters were determined with the capture yield of Lerendegui (L=185 m, 2018) and fission cross sections reported by Bergen (L=214 m, 1971) and Auchampaugh (L=245 m, 1971). The set of resonance parameters determined up to 1. 5 keV leads to a thermal capture cross section σ 0 =18.
Conclusions Evaluations works on actinides performed with the CON-RAD code demonstrate that the code is mature to handle a large variety of time-of-flight data measured in various facilities. It allows handling the main experimental corrections needed to analyse these type of data, such as Doppler effect, response function of the facility and multiple scattering correction. Examples focused on 240 Pu, 242 Pu and 243 Am highlight the needed revision of the minor actinides in the international libraries in view of predicting composition of spent nuclear fuel. The latest theoretical developments in the CONRAD code, connected with the fission process, evidence the limits of the evaluated nuclear data format which does not allow to introduce theoretical ingredients such as the two step (n,γf) reaction.
Acknowledgements G. Ch. , C. Q. , and G. Co. acknowledge funding from  CNRS  through  PEPS Mécanique du  futur. G. Co. acknowledges funding from  Labex Tec 21  for an outgoing grant. T. S. acknowledges financial support of the  Max-Planck Center Twente. Simulations were performed at the  Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH) at TU Dresden. B. vE. acknowledges financial support from  NWO BUBBLE-X & ULTRA-X-TREME.
Key aspects with relevance and applications to other plasma systems The importance of multi-scale perspectives of reconnection has been indicated by recent multi-point in-situ measurements and integration with state-of-the-art numerical simulations. Each section introduces the topic that has drawn wide attention among the magnetospheric community, what is currently known, and what remains elusive about the topic. We highlight what advancements have been achieved by the high time-resolution dataset from the four Magnetospheric Multi-scale (MMS) satellites of inter-spacecraft spacing down to electron scales. We address how these findings can be a key to connect the missing links in the multi-scale reconnection process that is applicable to other heliospheric or astrophysical systems.
Acknowledgements The authors thank the  International Space Science Institute (ISSI)  for hosting the team and relevant meetings. K. -J. H. , S. F, and K. D. were supported by  NASA 's  MMS  project at SwRI. K. -J. H and K. D. were supported by  NASA   80NSSC23K0417  and  80NSSC18K1337. J. E. and H. H were supported by  UKRI/STFC   ST/W001071/1  and  JSPS Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research   KAKENHI 21K03504 , respectively.
Such potential was one of the topics of an important COST Action (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) project  (Bock et al. 2018). Essential questions follow: Are we, as a geodetic community, ready to contribute to climate? Are time series of GNSS-generated tropospheric parameters, ZTD, zenith wet delay (ZWD) and gradients good representation of longterms for climate studies? Are there defined models and procedures for a dedicated estimation of such parameters? Are there established mechanisms for quality control? A reminder that VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) technique, even though not continuous, started earlier than GNSS. This paper discusses the methodology and data sets used in the study currently going on within IAG JWG C. 2: Quality control methods for climate applications of geodetic tropospheric parameters, as well as presents an early result based on station ALBH.
Climate normals can be computed in different ways  (WMO 2011)  but the data needs to go through stringent quality control and be made "selfhomogeneous. " To be sure (from a statistical viewpoint) that a small trend is valid, one might need even more than 30 years  (Alshawaf et al. 2018). Figure  2  shows a climograph. A climograph is a graphical representation of climatic parameters, such as monthly average temperature and precipitation, at a certain location. It is used for a quick view of the climate of a location. This climograph for station Addison, in Alabama, US, shows monthly normal values of precipitation, and temperature (minimum, medium and maximum). Considering that the IGS started in 1994, in 2024 it will be 30 years. Are we ready?.
The choice of using ZTD solutions resulting from REPRO3 brings a few challenges. The first one is that not all Analysis Centers provided ZTD, which narrowed down the number of ZTD time series to six. Another issue is that the Analysis Centers apply different strategies to their data processing. And, finally, their ZTD output rate is also different. Besides REPRO3 ZTD estimates, we also used ERA-5 extracted ZTD, serving as a trustful independent reference. We plan to include the IGS ZTD product into the analysis as well, but it is not part of this paper. We have selected a total of thirty-nine stations with longterm GNSS time series. They are distributed around the world to cover different climatic regimes. Some stations are relatively close to provide some extra level of comparison. Figure  3  present the location of the chosen stations.
The table shows the trends (mm/decade), the annual amplitudes (mm), the annual phases (degrees), as well as the number of points involved in each solution. The last column indicates that the number of points are different, as the data collected at this particular station ended up being used differently by each Analysis Center. This difference may be the explanation of the large variation seen among the solutions based on different Analysis Centers. The inter-Analysis Center scatter is 1. 25 mm/decade for the trends, 0. 73 mm for the annual amplitudes and 1. 99 ı for the annual phase. Table  3  is like Table  2  with a major difference. The trends were computed only using the common epochs between all Analysis Centers, which caused the ZTD time series from ESA and JPL to be disregarded. The inter-Analysis Center scatter decreased to 0.
Patient Collective The cohort used in this study included 272 primary BC tissues fixed in formalin and paraffin that were collected from patients operated on in the period 2000-2002 at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany. Out of a total of 272 patients (Table  1 ), analyses of immuno-histochemical staining could be obtained in 249 cases due to the floated nature of tissue. After a follow-up period of up to 13 years, DFS, 10-year survival, and OS were statistically analyzed, and these follow-up data were extracted from the Munich Cancer Registry. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from randomization (date of surgery) to death. All patients who were not followed up or still alive at the time of assessment were censored. Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as the time from randomization (date of surgery) to evidence of disease recurrence.
Ethical Approval Tissue samples used in this study comprised material leftover after diagnosis was completed and sourced from the Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany. All patients consented to participate in this study. All patient data and clinical information sourced from the Munich Cancer Registry were fully anonymized and coded for statistical analysis. The study was conducted in accordance with the standards of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany (approval number 048-08). The authors were blinded to clinical information during the experimental analysis.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistic v26. 0 Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). Collected results were inserted into the SPSS database in an implicit manner and constructed a TC. The chi-square test was used to assess the distribution of clinico-pathologic variables. Correlations between immuno-histochemical staining results were determined via Spearman's analysis. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test for differences in cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of TRα, TRα1, and TRα2 in respect to the assigned prognostic markers. Life expectancy (in years), 10-year survival (in years), and disease-free survival (DFS) (in years) were compared using the Kaplan-Meier plot, and differences in patient survival times were tested for significance using the chi-square log-rank test statistic.
Institutional Review Board Statement: The tissue samples used in this study comprised material left over after all diagnostics had been completed and were retrieved from the archive of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany. All patients gave their consent to participate in the study. All patient data were fully anonymized; the study was performed according to the standards set in the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. The current study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany (approval number 048-08). Authors were blinded from the clinical information during experimental analysis. Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
In order to isolate, as much as possible, the experimental set-up from external disturbances, the latter one is mounted on a breadboard. The vibratory response of the beam is recorded using a JAI SP-12000M-CXP4 fast camera that directly records images within the RAM of the host computer. This camera, equipped with a macro lens from Zeiss (DISTAGON T 2/35 ZF-I), is set above the beam by means of a gantry mounted on the same breadboard at a distance such that the whole beam is observed within the width of the field of view. The frame rate of the image acquisition is limited by the internal data processing of the camera and the speed of the bus that transfers them to the host computer. At full definition (4096 × 3072 px 2 ), it reaches 190 frames per second (fps). However, such a definition is useless for a slender structure such as our beam.
The acquisition of the frames is therefore performed at this sampling frequency. This allows us to record sequences of typically 10 to 15 thousand images, from which displacement data need to be extracted. In addition, ten accelerometers are installed on the beam in order to compare the results of the modal analysis performed using the DIC measurements with those obtained with such more conventional sensors. Data acquisition of the accelerometers and the force sensor is carried out using NI CompactDAQ equipment (housing 9174 with three modules 9234). For this system, the sampling frequency is chosen equal to 10,240 Hz so as, on one hand, to investigate the presence of other modes beyond the range of frequencies studied by the optical system [0-4500] Hz and, on the other hand, to quantify precisely the loading sequence.
DIC Post-Processing The DIC method consists in determining a displacement field by comparing a distorted image to a reference one, which can be chosen arbitrarily among all the images of the sequence. In practice, the reference image is recorded before the shock. The images are considered as gray level functions, f for the reference image and g for the distorted one, spatially discretized over the pixels of the camera and taking integer values within the dynamic range of the digitisation provided by the camera (here 8 bits). Numerous formulations and implementations of DIC are available, a short review of which can be found in  [14]. For the present study, the in-house software CMV has been used. This software has initially been specifically developed for micromechanical applications using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images or images recorded with optical microscopes (see, e.
This proves that the DIC errors in our experiments are identical to those occurring when purely rigid translations are considered, i. e. , DIC errors are governed by the so-called ultimate error regime  [14]. It is then of primary importance to consider the parameters that govern the accuracy in this regime: the quality of the speckle pattern, image noise, window size, and gray level interpolation used in the DIC formulation. The latter is central to the evaluation of displacement with subpixel accuracy, as it allows us to compute g(Φ 0 (u)) for integer pixel positions u in the reference image, even when Φ 0 is a subpixel translation. The CMV software provides several options for the interpolation of gray levels, which have been compared. It turns out that an interpolation with bi-quintic splines provides the best results here.