dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
1) and Foundation AMD RPE & around 21 (Pat. 2) letters Trust & Pzifer 100,000 Reading speed cells improve from 1,7 to 82,8 words/min (Pat. 1) and from 0 to 47,8 words/ National Eye Dry AMD PLGA hiPSC- 4*2 mm 2 , On-going On- min (Pat. 2) On-going NCT04339764 [73] Trial on- Institute (Biodegradable) derived 10 μm thick going going RPE & around RIKEN Center Wet AMD No substrate hiPSC- 25,000 cells 1,3*3 mm 2 1 (77 yo) 4 years VFQ-25 score UMIN000011929 [65] [66,67] derived & around improved from (Japan) RPE 50,000 cells 48,8 to 58,3 in a year Abbreviations: RP: retinitis pigmentosa; hAM: human amniotic membrane; PET: polyethylene terephthalate; PLGA: poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid); ETDRS: Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Score; Pat: patient; VFQ-25: National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire; yo: years old.
Counting quantifiers and their semantics In the previous sections, we have seen that classical propositional formulae are naturally associated with measurable sets. Hence, a first intuitive way to introduce counting quantifiers could be by considering formulae of the form C q φ and D q φ, where q is a rational number between 0 and 1, intuitively expressing "μ(φ) ≥ q" and "μ(φ) < q", respectively. A typical counting problem that can be captured by such formulae is the problem MajSat, which asks whether a formula φ is satisfied by at least half of its valuations (and thus corresponds to checking the validity of C 1 2 A). The extension of classical propositional logic with such quantifiers has been developed in  [2] , and leads to a logical language whose validity problem can be solved by a Turing machine running in polynomial time, with an oracle for the SAT function (in other words, a problem in P SAT ).
Study population and sample and data collection We conducted a retrospective serological survey on sera provided from monitoring centers for PLWH in Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, and the Blood Transfusion Center at Gabriel Touré Hospital in Bamako, Mali and its surroundings. In total, 581 samples were collected, including 352 sera in Brazzaville from July to October 2019 and 229 in Bamako from November 2019 to January 2020. Although the use of these serum samples was circumstantial and the motivation was to study CCHFV seroprevalence in these two cities, the sample size for both capitals was appropriate for estimating the prevalence of exposure to CCHFV. The sera were stored at -80 • C before being transferred to the Virology Department of the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France for CCHFV serology.
Funding This work was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche sur le SIDA et les Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes (ANRS-MIE) ;  EMERGEN Consortium ; and  Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health  under the award number  Building  the  Next Generation of Researchers in TB/HIV Diagnostics in Mali (B-NextGen ) Mali  under Grant  D43TW010350.
Acknowledgement: Here, we thank the phyisicians who took care of the patients:  Dr. Choucair ,  Dr. Saada  ( hôpital Foch, Paris ),  Dr. Lhomme  ( CHU Rennes ),  Dr. Dallet ,  Dr. Porte ,  Dr. Rousset ,  Dr. Debard ,  Dr. Ruiz ,  Dr. Lauret ,  Dr. Sedkaoui ,  Dr. Garnier ,  Dr. Pontier ,  Dr. Beck  ( CHU Toulouse ),  Pr. Durrbach ,  Dr. Lopinto ,  Dr. Brin ,  Dr. Stehle ,  Dr Volle ,  Dr. Pouvaret ,  Dr. Tuffet ,  Dr. Badoual ,  Dr. Carlier ,  Dr. Chawki ,  Dr. Moyon ,  Dr. Judet ,  Dr. Zarrouk ,  Pr. Fieschi ,  Dr. Moncomble  ( Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris ),  Dr. Merrien ,  Dr Coudon ,  Dr. Guimard  ( CH Vendée La Roche sur Yon ),  Dr. Sellenet  ( Clinique Saint Jean ),  Dr. Brochard  ( CH Saint Nazaire ),  Dr. Stavris  ( Hopital Européen, Marseille ),  Dr. Guerveno  ( CH Albi ),  Dr.
Carbocyclic nucleosides like neplanocin A (Fig. 1c ), are promising anticancer and antiviral agents  [62, 63]. CLT is an adenosine derivative. The corresponding guanosine-like derivative was obtained by replacing the 6-amino group with a carbonyl group. The two anomers α/β of compound 5 have been synthesized but no biological data has been reported  [64]. Later, the aglycon moiety of CLT was N-substituted with acyclic phosphonates to replace the glycosyl unit. A series of compounds was proposed, including derivatives 6 and 7, but they showed little efficacy at protecting cultured cells against the cytopathic effects of HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates (EC 50 > 110 μM in all cases)  [65]. In the same way, the synthesis of acyl-CLT derivatives was reported. Compound 8 bearing a N-substituted 4′-hydroxybutyl side chain has shown a modest activity  against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (EC 50 = 0.
Through inhibition of NF-κB activation, CLT reverses P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance  [78]. The pharmacological effects are not specific to liver cancer because much the same data have been reported (by the same group of authors) using colorectal cancer cell lines, notably SW620, and LS411 N cells The antitumor effects of CLT are interesting but neither unique nor extraordinary. It is certainly the major antitumor phytochemical present in C. inversa and L. giganteus but there are other natural products with the similar three main properties: (i) reversal of P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance leading to chemosensitization, (ii) down-regulation and proteasome-dependent degradation of Mcl-1, and (iii) triggering of apoptosis via the mitochondrial and NF-κB signaling pathway (Fig. 8a ). The degradation of Mcl-1 or its cleavage by caspases can both impair its anti-apoptotic function  [81].
Drug design strategy shall be encouraged in this series. Second, the possible targeting of the kinase Akt with CLT warrants investigations. The hypothesis sounds good but experimental data are awaited to confirm this option, which would then open further studies to decipher the pathway leading to the antiproliferation action and perhaps the link with nonsensemediated mRNA degradation (NMD) activation. Third, the readthrough activity of CLT needs to be further investigated, notably to delineate structure-activity in this domain. Do potent AK inhibitors such as compounds 11 and 13 also possess a readthrough activity? Is it possible to design novel translational readthrough modulator based on CLT? Different questions which shall draw the attention of researchers. In broader terms, this review on CLT further underlines the potential benefit of mycomedicine to treat cancer and other human diseases  [99, 100].
Histology Histological data were collected from ultrasound-guided liver biopsies in tumoral and non-tumor livers to confirm tumor histology and the stage of surrounding liver fibrosis. A single pathologist with expertise in liver pathology specified the grade of differentiation (Edmondson-Steiner grading system): the rchitecture (trabecular, macrotrabecular, pseudoglandular), the tumor subtype (squirrelly, steatohepatic, massive macrotrabecular, fibrolamellar, clear cell), and the presence of microvascular and/or nervous invasion. All samples were reviewed according to the 2019 World Health Organization classification.
In addition, questions were asked about the perceived general health conditions and consultation with a health practitioner during this period. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety. Questions on lifestyle during lockdown, changes in diet during the period, weight change, and changes in the quantity and quality of their sleep were also asked. Comparisons of perceived health status, the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms at baseline and during the follow-up survey were made by MacNemar Chi 2 tests, as the data were repeated ones. The students were informed orally and in writing that their data would be entered anonymously into a computer and that they could have access to their data in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
Remerciements Pour mener ce travail, nous avons bénéficié de nombreux soutiens. Nous souhaitons remercier ici la  Fondation   Bettencourt Schueller  principal financeur,  la Fondation de France ,  le Fonds pour les soins palliatifs ,  le Défenseur des droits et le CHU de Besanc  ¸on. Nos remerciements vont aussi aux unités de soins palliatifs qui nous ont ouvert leurs portes et nous ont permis de rencontrer les personnes malades en fin de vie. Nous remercions très sincèrement le  Professeur Régis Aubry ,  Elodie Cretin et Lionel Pazart  à l'origine de ce travail ainsi que nos  collègues de la Maison médicale Jeanne Garnier , particulièrement  Danièle Leboul. Les entretiens réalisés avec les professionnels qui accompagnaient des patients en fin de vie et leurs proches ont permis d'écrire cet article.
Il y a enfin les cas de pseudopolyarthrite rhizomélique  [45, 46]  et d'artérite à cellules géantes (ACG)  [45, 47]. La physiopathologie est ici plus facilement compréhensible, du fait d'un stimulus direct de l'immunité innée via les Toll-like receptor (TLR) engendrée par la vaccination, favorisant une réponse cellulaire rapide et pouvant expliquer la forte représentation des cas de PPR postvaccination dans la littérature, avec un biais de suspicion d'imputabilité inhérent au rapport de cas. L'établissement d'un risque post-vaccinal de PPR et d'ACG a été exploré par Mettler et al. [48]  en tentant une comparaison avec la vaccination antigrippale et tous les autres médicaments à l'aide des données de VigiBase de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Ils ont pu mettre en évidence qu'il existe a priori un surrisque (intervalle de confiance 95 %) de PPR et d'ACG post-vaccination, comparé à tous les autres médicaments de la base de données de pharmacovigilance, de 2,3 (2,0 ;2,6) et 2,7 (2,3 ;3,2), respectivement.
Remerciements: Les auteurs tiennent à remercier le Pr Vincent Leroy, hépatologue au CHU Henri Mondor à Créteil pour les échanges scientifiques et ses précieux conseils ; Mesdames Mélanie Menara, Responsable Relations Scientifiques & Partenariats et Karine Gogat Marchant, Responsable Médical Sénior Onco-Hématologie, Pfizer Oncology France, pour leur soutien logistique et l'organisation de 2 réunions de travail ayant permis de rassembler les différents experts ; et M. Sylvain Verut, Directeur des Activités MedEd, Raison de Santé pour son aide rédactionnelle et bibliographique.
Remerciements Cet article est rédigé en français pour plusieurs raisons : (i) parce que la revue l'autorise. Qu'elle en soit ici remerciée ; (ii) parce que c'est la langue dans laquelle l'auteur a le plus de chances d'exprimer clairement sa pensée et d'éviter les ambiguïtés. (iii) parce qu'il n'y a pas de raison que ce soit toujours les mêmes qui soient frustrés ; (iv) parce que ce texte s'adresse en priorité à la communauté des mécaniciens français qui a joué un rôle important dans l' évolution des mécaniques de la rupture et de  l'endommagement. Parfois pour le meilleur, parfois pour le pire.
General considerations There is a somewhat quasi-parallel evolution-and co-fertilization-of EFD and CFD. In short, historically both methods start by exploring the mean quantities based on the observation or modelization of Reynolds (or Favre, if compressibility matters) averaged fluctuations. Unless direct visualizations were available for a while (from Da Vinci schematic views to turbulent boundary layers (TBL) by Falco  [5]  or mixing layers by Brown and Roshko  [6] ), quantitative measurements of fluctuating fields were essentially based on Hot Wire Anemometer (Comte-Bellot  [7] , Bruun  [8] , Tropea et al. for a review  [9] ). These experimental data have then been extensively used for the validation of CFD codes based on Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations (RANS) (Hanjalic and Launder  [10] ).
Some contribution of EFD to CFD In the following, we will discuss some inputs that experiments can provide to computations. As mentioned earlier, for a long time, experiments have provided only the mean values and averaged fluctuations (rms). These data are obviously of interest for all types of CFD for initial conditions and for the validation of the results. With the introduction of time-resolved apparatus such as Hot Wire Anemometry (HWA), the one point spectra and two (or more) time and space correlations are available to develop turbulence modelling and validate time-resolved CFD. Some CFD require implementing new quantities (such as higher-order moments for instance) that will often correspond to a complete reconsideration of the entire experimental work and data processing. As stated earlier, for a long time, flow visualizations have also been used for global investigations to better understand the flow physics; more recently, quantitative visualizations available from PIV in particular have become essential data for validation and improvements in computation.
Common tools, concepts or limitations For turbulent flows, CFD and EFD share several constraints and tools. For example, the specific data processing which are necessary to extract and characterize the Coherent Structures (CS) evoked before are common to both approaches. In addition, the data restitution (3D, coloured images, time evolutions) is a common challenge. The huge storage requirements that are well known for highly resolved CFD such as DNS are now shared by most of PIV experiments. For many purposes, the description of turbulent flows with low-order model is essential for stability analysis, physical interpretations and flow control. Such requirements are indeed shared by both numerical and experimental methods. Introduced by Berkooz et al. [35] , the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is a typical example of a low-order description.
Many other methods are now in use for such a purpose (Rowley and Dawson  [36] ). CFD can complement the missing data issued from experiments. Despite the progress in measurement methods, as shown earlier, the experimental results are still limited. Data assimilation techniques are developed allowing the recovery of mean flow fields that are solutions of RANS (Beneddine et al. [37] ). Among these approaches, the DNS simulations that include PIV/PTV in such hybrid DNS simulation sequentially updates the Navier-Stokes equation by forcing timeresolved PIV/PTV data with a synchronized time-step (Suzuki et al. [38, 39] ). This method assimilates the DNS solution into the PIV/PTV flow field and can simultaneously produce an unsteady hydrodynamic pressure field unavailable from experiments as shown on Figure  2.
[41] ). Based on the DNS model free results, the different measurement limitations can be evaluated: better results for longitudinal velocity fluctuations from HWA (single wire operation), less at wall proximity for the other data from HWA (crossed wire operation) or PIV. The transition studies are also of crucial interest for most turbulent research. For experiments, transition is influenced by many parameters that are often difficult to control and sometimes difficult or impossible to precisely reproduce (wall smoothness, external perturbations including acoustic ones etc. ). In addition, the characterization of the transition fronts is quite delicate both for experiments and computations. These parameters are often easier to control when CFD is concerned but somewhat less easy to rely upon with the experimental conditions.
Then, EFD and CFD are strongly complementary for transition studies, and the development of the local correlation-based transition models (LCTM) will benefit from the detailed knowledge of the spatio-temporal characteristics of the background turbulence (as an example, see Rubino et al. [42] ). In unsteady flow configurations, both EFD and CFD provide huge quantities of data that are too often used only for the analysis of averaged characteristics. When unsteady phenomena are concerned, the interactions between different scales, including the dissipative ones, are relevant and should be used for better physical understanding of the turbulent phenomena. The dynamics of the tip vortex (Jacquin et al. [43] ) is a typical example in which the unsteadiness of the formation and the development of longitudinal eddies play an essential role in the aerodynamical phenomena.
Both EFD and CFD are subject to uncertainties. For experiments, as already mentioned, the HWA has limitations in spatial resolution, and frequency response (particularly for high-velocity flows). PIV uncertainties are related to the interrogation area, pixel resolution and, seeding bias dues to non-uniformity of seeding and particle lag effects. Both these experimental methods are also sensitive to data acquisition biases such as frequency sampling for time-resolved diagnostics or independence of samples for PIV. When high speed flows (from transonic to hypersonic) are concerned, both HWA and PIV suffer from limitations: shock wave in case of intrusive HWA and particle inertia (Knundsen Number) in case of shocked flows for PIV (Smits and Dussauge  [3] , Gatski and Bonnet  [4] ). A large panel of the different sources of uncertainties can be found in Tropea et al.
Several bibliographical references are available for best practices (Guertz  [44] ). Here also shocked flows are particularly delicate to compute via CFD  (Gatski and Bonnet [4] ). A concluding remark is that, for both EFD and CFD communities, it is essential to perform the studies while understanding the specific physics of the turbulent regimes. Due to the rapid evolution of the commercial simulation codes and PIV software, the user can potentially process data without any or with limited background in turbulence. Bonnet and Qin  [45]  evidence that a knowledge of the physics of turbulent phenomena is mandatory to adequately perform both experiments and computations.
Conclusion To conclude, it is obvious that EFD can no longer be seen uniquely as a CFD validation tool. In particular for turbulent flows, a growing recognition of the importance of organized motions opens new research areas. These unsteady and spatially organized motions embedded in the turbulent random field promote parallel developments of experimental as well as numerical approaches. Among them the PIV and LES generic popular methods appear as relevant. Associated mathematical and data processing tools are used by both communities. A quasi-parallel evolution of both methods benefits-and promotes-the evolution of hardware and software. Many methods, concepts and theories are shared by the two communities, including particularly the fundamental knowledge of turbulent phenomena. Quasi-real time EFD/CFD comparisons are now possible.
, 1998 , Kuypers et al. , 2002 , Okano et al. , 2008b]. The high abundance of archea-derived phytane in the samples of the Paquier Level explains the low Pr/Ph, which are the lowest of our dataset (Supplementary Table  1 ). The Paquier Level is also characterized by a high abundance of steranes, a high sterane/hopane ratio and the highest abundances of n-propyl cholestanes, indicative of a high flux of a diversified eukaryotic biomass. The relative abundance of dinosteroids is high, as indicated by the TADS values  [Ando et al. , 2017] , which can be related to the abundance of dinocysts in the palynofacies  [Tribovillard and Gorin, 1991, Kennedy et al. , 2000]. The chain length distribution of steranes in the Paquier Level is characterized by the dominance of the C 27 compounds, which we interpret as indicating high primary productivity.
Acknowledgements B. T. acknowledges support from the  Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, CNCS-UEFISCDI , project no. PN-III-P1-1. 1-PD-2019-0236 , within  PNCDI III  and the  Brandeis MRSEC NSF   DMR-2011846. D. V. and S. P. acknowledge countless discussions with  S. Roux  on mesoscopic models of amorphous plasticity and their connections with atomistic simulations.
"Paradigm shift": a concept that facilitates change In the second half of the 20th century, the physicist and philosopher  Kuhn [1970]  introduced the concept of "paradigm shift". The paradigm shift may concern a minor modification, such as the use of an instrument. It can also concern a major change, requiring a new mode of narration, which is what we are exploring here in the face of the Anthropocene. The depth of change brought by this concept can be substantiated in several ways. First, this concept appears today as necessary to the scientific community which uses it widely. For example, this expression has an occurrence of more than 400 per year since 2017 in titles of documents referenced in the "Web of Science" database. 5 n essence, this concept encourages a rethink. It is no longer a value judgment of what true science is.
Recent growth of citizen science To take into account the knowledge of the inhabitants of a particular location is nothing new. Empirical sciences from the 16th to the 19th centuries (botany, entomology, zoology, or astronomy) incorporated this knowledge into their corpora and datasets  [Houllier et al. , 2017]. At that time, they did not necessarily take into consideration the framework in which this knowledge was produced and mobilized, nor the full extent of its functions in the societies in question. More recently, social sciences have made individuals and societies their object of study. They have developed methods and protocols to encourage interaction and exchange with populations in order to apprehend this knowledge and to better understand its position, its representation, its use, and its practice in the social sphere.
The typical order of the polynomial is either N = 4 for large separations (>200 mas) or 6 for smaller separations. So that we can estimate C SCIENCE (t 2 ) from the equation: C SCIENCE (t 2 ) = C FT (t 2 ) • C SCIENCE (t 1 ) exp(-j NCP t 1 ) C FT (t 1 ) exp(-j NCP t 2 ) ρ exp 2π j - → B • -→ αβ λ + N i =0 (u i,dit,baseline )λ i. ( 16 ) The least square solution can then be calculated, over the full dataset, obtained for various wavelengths, integration times and baselines: χ 2 = λ,dit,baseline C SCIENCE -C SCIENCE σ λ,dit,baseline 2. ( 17 ) C SCIENCE in Equation (  16 ) is linear as a function of ρ and u i,dit,baseline. Hence a fast weighted linear regression can be used to find the minimum χ 2 for a given -→ αβ. Therefore, the data reduction consists in producing 2 dimensional χ 2 maps as a function of the right ascension and declination of -→ αβ.
The χ 2 maps obtained on the HD 95086 b dataset are shown in Figure  3. The data acquired on the exoplanet is made of 3 exposures, with 16 DITs of 30 s, with the 2 polarisations. Each polarisation was analysed separately, resulting into 6 data cubes. For each data cubes, the position of the minimum χ 2 is estimated (purple dots in Figure  2 ). It is interesting to see the multiple minima in the χ 2 maps, which can correspond to real detections, but with an error of 10 mas in the detected position. These minima reflect the fact that each baseline yields a degenerated answer in the right ascension and declination space. The four upper plots correspond to the χ 2 maps, minimized over the linear parameters ρ and u i,dit,baseline for a single baseline. We can see that for a given pair of telescopes, the measurements are constrained mostly along one axis, modulo a 2π in phase.
Prospects of improvement Astrometry with optical interferometers is currently limited to 10 to 100 µas, depending on the brightness of the source. In the context of the implementation of GRAVITY+  [10] , several ameliorations are currently implemented to increase the accuracy of the astrometry of exoplanets. For faint planets the astrometry is limited by the faintness of the signal (like HD95086 b). [22]. The sizes of the systems are quite different, with parallaxes of 8. 8, 24. 2, 51, and 24. 5 mas for PDS 70, HR 8799, Beta Pictoris, and HD 206893 respectively. It was possible to predict the orbital parameters (period, eccentricity) quite accurately, with only a few GRAV-ITY astrometric measurements, covering less than 3 years of orbital motion. The orbital trajectories were adjusted using the Orbitize! software  [23].