2. 8 Molecular imaging • Biomarkers: biomarker studies connect clinical outcomes with a biological variable; knowledge about the type may rely on extensive bioinformatics processing of raw data • Understanding of different systems of staging in each tumour type, Lugano Classification for lymphoma, the of biomarkers that can be studied: (1) prognostic versus predictive; (2) single versus multiplex biomarkers; (3) • Awareness that molecular features may be heterogeneous in different areas of the same tumour lesion and Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) Classification for colorectal cancer, staging system for small-cell clinical trials of biomarkers (hypothesis-generating versus hypothesis-driven, observational, interventional) may differ between the primary tumour and the corresponding distant metastases, and between the latter lung cancer, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages for gynaecological tumours • Data analysis and public databases: knowledge of statistical analyses; knowledge of when to look for help in ones, which underlines the need for 'liquid biopsies' and functional target imaging • Understanding of the correlation between stage and prognosis statistics and the need for statistical planning prior to initiation of translational studies; knowledge that scientific • Recognition that molecular characterisation of a tumour in patients should not only focus on the tumour cells • Understanding of the differences in treatment choice based on staging databases already exist and how to identify such databases and the basic methods of data mining • Transitioning results of translational research to clinical practice: knowledge about the necessity and basic methods of validating the findings/biomarkers/molecular targets in additional clinical trials but also involve characterisation of the microenvironment, including the tumour stroma, angiogenesis and Skills • Ability to choose the adequate procedures such as physical examinations, imaging studies, laboratory tests tumour-host immune interactions and pathological or cytological examinations • Ability to recognise when the molecular result is considered the most important and definitive finding, as opposed to being just one piece of information that goes into determination of: diagnosis (where it is Skills Knowledge • Understanding of the critical importance of prospective biobanking of tumour (frozen and paraffin-embedded • Ability to find useful information on biomedical research on the internet; the collection of sites provided herein is a good start for translational research material) and corresponding normal samples (normal tissue, normal genomic DNA) for research purposes and subordinate to haematoxylin & eosin (H&E) histology); prognosis (where it is subordinate to or may have to be integrated with other staging information); and prediction (where expression of a drug's target does not necessarily mean that the drug will work and provide clinical response or clinical benefit) • Ability to identify that different molecular changes are relevant in different clinical situations: point mutations, different types of samples that are tested using different techniques Molecular assays 1.