dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
It lacks, however, details of food records and physical activity level. Recruitment was more difficult than expected and a consequence of this was that efficient matching was only possible for age and parity. For these reasons, mean values were tested using the unpaired t-test procedure adjusted for ethnicity and educational level. Some data had non normal distribution but this did not change the significance of the results. The leptin concentration was measured as a single assay point in this cross-sectional design. Measures repeated over time would have been interesting and added strength to the data set. However, we chose the endpoint of 1 month because breastfeeding prevalence in France falls after this period and it was the endpoint of our previous (less controlled) study where we found a difference in weight gain at 1 month  [2, 8].
Acknowledgments Special thanks to  Sonia Leroux ,  Elodie Rogeon  and  Pierre-Jean Saulnier  from  Inserm   CIC1402 , to  Helène Billard  from  INRA , to  Prof. Fabrice Pierre  and  Emmanuelle Descombes  from the maternity ward of the  Poitiers University Hospital , to  Alain Godard  and  Florence Compain  from the maternity ward of the  Chatellerault General Hospital , and to all the participating families.
Diet design The study consisted of assessing four diets which were based, as closely as possible, on French habits of food consumption. An average diet for a 15-day period (hereafter referred to as Average diet) was designed, consisting of 105 foods representing breakfast, lunch, and dinner, excluding alcohol. The Average diet was adapted from survey data from 2010 on Nutritional Behaviour and Food Consumption in France (Comportement et Consommation Alimentaire en France) to approximate food consumption of an adult French man  [21]. The Average diet was modified to obtain three diets complying with nutritional recommendations for macronutrients from the French National Programme for Nutrition and Health (Programme National Nutrition Santé, PNNS)  [22] : 1) PNNS, a diet consisting of the same foods as Average, but in different amounts; 2) PNNS without fish, similar to PNNS, but without fish; and 3) Vegetarian, similar to PNNS but without fish and meat.
[20] , and represent impacts associated with production, transformation, transport, distribution, storage, cooking (when applicable), losses throughout the supply chain and waste at home. Waste at home was classified and accounted for according to Quested, et al. [26] , who defined three waste types: avoidable, potentially avoidable and non-avoidable. In the Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI) phase, inputs from the environment (resources used) and outputs to the environment (emissions) associated with the product are listed. We used inventory data from the AGRIBALYSE database version 1. 1  [27]  and the ecoinvent database version 2. 2. Impacts were modelled using SimaPro 8. In the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) phase, inputs and outputs collected in the LCI phase are converted in impacts.
This study was funded by  ANR , the  French National Research Agency  (http://www. agencenationale-recherche. fr/). It was part of the  AGRALID  project  ANR-12-ALID-0003 , a multidisciplinary project which proposes sustainable dietary menus as an alternative to current practices and nutritional recommendations by considering nutritional, environmental and socio-economic dimensions. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
FM Standard immuno-FM and colocalization analyses. Cells were plated on Matrigel-coated coverslips, fixed with 3% PFA in Hank's buff-ered salt solution, labeled with primary and secondary antibodies and mounted using Vectashield H-1000 (Vector Laboratories). Cells were analyzed by epifluorescence microscopy on a DM IRBE or DMI 6000B microscope (Leica Biosystems) equipped with a 63× Plan Apochromat objective (1. 4 NA) and either a Retiga EXi Fast 1394 or a Hamamatsu Photonics ORCA-Flash4. 0 sCMOS digital camera. Images were acquired in z-stacks using a 0. 2-µm (DM IRBE) or 0. 19-µm (DMI 6000B) step size and deconvolved using either subtractive volume deconvolution with OpenLab (PerkinElmer) software or Gold's Method deconvolution with three iterations in LASX (Leica Biosystems) software.
Quantification of overlap between markers in melanosomes. Quantification of the area of overlap in the cell periphery between two fluorescent labels or a fluorescent label and pigmented melanosomes was performed using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health) on widefield fluorescence images using a method similar to that previously used with OpenLab software  (Setty et al. , 2007). In brief, images were cropped to contain a single cell with the nucleus and perinuclear area removed, and binary images of fluorescence were generated by subtracting the local background before thresholding using parameters of a rolling ball radius of 10 pixels with smoothing disabled. Binary images of pigment granules from BF imaging were generated by manual thresholding. The Image Calculator function was used to generate an image representing the area of overlap between channels by multiplying the binary images for each of the two channels.
Live-cell imaging Cells were seeded in Matrigel-coated 35-mm glass-bottom dishes and transiently transfected with indicated GFP-or mCh/mRFP-fusion proteins using Lipofectamine 2000. At indicated times after transfection, cells in riboflavin-free RPMI (US Biological) containing 10% FBS were imaged on a Axiovert 200 microscope (ZEI SS) equipped with a 63X Plan-Apo objective lens (NA 1. 4), an UltraVIEW ERS6 spinning-disk confocal scan head (PerkinElmer), an environmental chamber at 37°C, an Orca ER CCD camera (Hamamatsu Photonics) and Volocity (Perkin-Elmer) software for image acquisition. In some experiments, an ORCA-Flash4. 0 sCMOS camera was used instead. For imaging of cells expressing GFP-VAMP7 relative to melanosomes imaged by BF microscopy (Fig. 5, a-c ; and Fig. S2  i), we used an Olympus IX71 spinning-disk confocal microscope equipped with a 100× Plan-Apo objective (NA 1.
4), LCI Chamlide stagetop incubation chamber at 37°C/5% CO 2 , an ImageEM EM-CCD camera (Hamamatsu Photonics), and MetaMorph (Molecular Devices) software for image acquisition. Image sequences were further analyzed using ImageJ. All images were captured at ∼1 frames per second (fps) except for Video 9, which was captured at ∼1. 4 fps.
Acknowledgments We thank  A. Stout  ( Penn Cell and Developmental Biology Microscopy Core ) and  J. Burkhardt  for use of spinning-disc microscopes; the  Nikon Imaging Center at Institut Curie-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  and  The BioImaging Cell and Tissue Core Facility  ( PICT-IBiSA ), supported by the  CelTisPhyBio Labex  ( ANR-10-LBX-0038 ) and  IDEX Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University  ( ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 );  J. Bonifacino ,  A. Hume ,  A. Peden , and  P. Roche  for gifts of reagents; and  A. Mantegazza  and  D. Harper  for technical help.
Panelists Eighteen volunteers were recruited for panel 1 as well as 18 for the confirming panel. For panel 1 (one man and seventeen women), the average age was 50 ± 0. 2 years and the mean BMI was 22. 4 ± 0. 4 kg/m 2. For the confirming panel (five men and thirteen women), the average age was 50. 0 ± 0. 5 years and the mean BMI was 22. 7 ± 0. 1 kg/m 2. For p = 0. 05, r = 12 mm, D = 10 mm for the appetite score and a power level of 0. 9, we needed about 15 subjects (Jmp 10 software and  (Whitley & Ball, 2002) ). Therefore 18 subjects were recruited in order to retain enough subjects once the potential outliers had been removed. All panelists were members of sensory expert panels and are thus herein referred to as panelists or judges. Their fields of expertise were diverse. Some were specialized in the sensory evaluation of food products such as drinks, dairy products or cereal products, while others had extensive training in the evaluation of flavoring or cosmetics.
The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Aulnay. For p = 0. 05, r = 20 mm, D = 10 mm for the appetite score and a power level of 0. 9, we needed more than 50 subjects (Jump 10 software and  (Whitley & Ball, 2002) ). Therefore, enough subjects were recruited to assure a suitable number of subjects once the potential drop-out had been removed and to fit with the Latin square.
VAS ratings VAS were given to both the panelists and the naïve consumers in paper format with one question per page so that the panelists and the naïve consumers could not use a previous measurement of appetite as a reference to mark the next one  (Blundell et al. , 2010). For the trained panelists, the VAS were then scanned using specific software (Fizz v2. 40C) which makes automatic data capture possible via scanning (Fujitsu fi-6130). Panelists and naïve consumers completed VAS ratings for hunger, desire to eat, fullness and prospective consumption. These 4 scales were chosen because they are recommended primary scales for self-reported appetite in healthy adults  (Blundell et al. , 2010). At each point in time (Table  3 ), the test started with a set of ratings such as 'feel fine, calm, anxious, tired, nervous, nauseous and relaxed' presented at random, as described elsewhere in the literature  (Yeomans & Gray, 1997; Yeomans, Weinberg, & James, 2005).
Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using SAS for Windows (version 9. 1; SAS Institute, INC. , Cary, NC, USA). Descriptive data are expressed as means with their standard errors (SEM). Results were considered to be significant at the level of p < 0. 05. ANOVA for repeated measurements was performed to analyze the effects of product consumption on appetite scores and to assess the repeatability. Tukey's significant difference test was used for post hoc comparisons of general significant effects. A ''corr" procedure was used to perform a multiple correlation in order to compare the relationship between macronutrient content such as proteins, fibers, carbohydrates and fat content with the appetite score.
This could show that there was an improvement in the repeatability of the panel over the sessions. In conclusion, both panel 1 and the confirming panel were made up of 16 efficient judges. The average age for panel 1 was 49. 1 ± 0. 4 years. and the average BMI was 22. 2 ± 0. 2 kg/m 2. For the confirming panel, the average age was 49. 9 ± 0. 6 years and the average BMI was 22. 6 ± 0. 1 kg/m 2. Hence, data analysis will be presented for the 16 judges of panel 1 and the same number of judges for the confirming panel. 3. 2. Reproducibility of the methodology: intra-, inter-panel and compared to some references from the literature 3. 2. 1. Intra-panel measurement: s repeatability indicator in a given panel The repeatability of both panel 1 and the confirming panel were also assessed by comparing the standard deviation of each judge in the 4 sessions and considering the degree of freedom.
In addition, we show that the confirming panel had a significantly higher average appetite score after the apple puree than that obtained by panel 1. Apple puree and soft cakes might be hard to differentiate, depending on the expectations generated by these two foods. Hence, semisolid foods such as puree can sometimes appear as less satiating than more solid foods  (Haber, Heaton, Murphy, & Burroughs, 1977). Considering discrimination of the evaluated products on appetite sensations, delta above 10 mm were obtained between groups of products with different satiety powers for both panel 1 and the confirming panel. Therefore, this result confirms the performance of the panel trained in satiety assessment as the delta between two products expected to have different satiety powers is sometimes twice as much as the weakest required difference to consider two products as having different satiating power according to ISLI data  (Blundell et al.
Acknowledgements Research relating to this article was funded by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  within the framework of the  BISENS  project with  AgroParisTech ,  Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) -France ,  Mondele ¯z International Biscuit RD&Q , and  Polytech Paris-UMPC. We would like to acknowledge  Pierre Aymard ,  Camille Michon ,  Sophie Berland  and  Cindy Villemejane  for their involvement in the making of biscuits.
In the per-protocol (PP) analysis, eligibility of data was assessed on visit level, that is, a subject could be part of the PP population at baseline and visits 2 and 3, but excluded from the PP population at visits 4 and 5 if a protocol violation occurred after visit 3. In case of major protocol deviations, for example, if an inclusion criterion for birth weight was not met or lack of postbaseline visits, complete subjects were excluded from the PP dataset. Fecal composition data were evaluated using SigmaStat Statistical Analysis Software (Systat Software Inc. , San Jose, CA). If <30% of the values were below limit of detection (BLD) or-in case of the quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays-not quantifiable (NQ), the value BLD was replaced by (detection limit/2) and the value NQ was replaced by (detection limit þ limit of quantification)/2, after which WRs were performed.
Infant Growth Patterns In all comparisons of interest, the 2-sided 90% confidence interval (CI) of the mean lay well within the predefined equivalent Diaries were included in the analysis if product intake was recorded for at least 3 days. The data were analyzed using a t test for each comparison of interest. 15% FERM ¼ infant formula consisting of 15% fermented infant formula; 50% FERM ¼ infant formula consisting of 50% fermented infant formula; scGOS/lcFOS ¼ short-chain galacto-oligosaccarides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. margins (Fig. 2 ), demonstrating equivalence in weight gain for the PP population. Equivalence of weight gain per day for the same comparison groups was also confirmed for the ITT population (data not shown). Length gain, head circumference gain, and mid-upper arm circumference gain during the study period were not different between intervention groups in these 3 comparisons of interest (Table  4 ).
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank all the families participating in the study, and all participating pediatricians from  Ireland  ( Dr Perry ,  Dr Harrington ,  Dr Forde ,  Dr Murphy , and  Dr Belton ),  France  ( Dr Morville ,  Dr Thiriez , and  Dr Logre ) and  Belgium  ( Dr Alliet ,  Dr Franckx ,  Dr Jespers ,  Dr Logghe ,  Dr Peeters ,  Dr Van Eldere ,  Dr Vandeputte ,  Dr Verlinde , and  Dr Vertruyen ) and their research staff for their contribution to the FIPS study. We would like to thank  Stefanie Schoen  from  Nutricia Research  for her contribution to the FIPS study. Nutricia Research, The Netherlands, provided the funding to conduct the study. The funder contributed to the design of the study, interpretation of the findings, and writing of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  Bial Foundation  through grant  PT/FB/BL-2014-343  (to CMG), by the Fundacão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through grant  PTDC/QUI-BIQ/ 117789/2010  (to CMG), PhD fellowship  SFRH/BD/101171/2014  (to JSC), and grant  UID/MULTI/04046/2013  from  FCT/ MCTES/PIDDAC  (to BioISI). CMG is a recipient of a Consolidation Level Investigator FCT, also from the Fundacão para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ( IF/01046/2014 ).
Difenacoum analysis by HPLC Analysis of cis-and trans-difenacoum was determined by HPLC. Brodifacoum was used as internal standard. The HPLC system (JASCO LC-Net II/ADC ®) consists of a PU2089 JASCO pump, an AS2051 sampler, a UV2075 detector (258 nm), and a LACHROM start software ® (VWR International, Strasbourg, France). 50μl of extracted sample or standard solution were injected in a LIChrospher ® 100RP18 encapped column (5μm particle size, 250×4. 6mm) (VWR International, Strasbourg, France). A gradient elution system was used with a flow rate of 1 ml/min as follows: from 60% acetonitrile/40% water acidified with 0. 2% H 3 PO 4 to 80% acetonitrile/20% water acidified with 0. 2% H 3 PO 4 at 5 min. The method was fully validated according to the guideline on Bioanalytical Method Validation published by the European Medicines Agency (  2011 ) with respect to specificity, carry-over, Limit Of Detection (LOD)  (i.
The three models were drawn using Berkeley Madonna Software. Statistical analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters and prothrombin time were done using GraphPad Prism 6 software (CA, USA). A Mann-Withney test was used with α<0. 01 in order to compare statistically the results between the two groups. For kinetic analysis of the VKOR activity, data were fitted by non-linear regression to the noncompetitive or competitive inhibition model using GraphPad Prism 6. The choice of the best model was based on the Corrected Akaike Information Criterion.
2 mg. kg -1 of difenacoum (ratio 57/43) in warfarin-susceptible rats. The results of each time are the mean ± SD of three rats per time. The total difenacoum is the sum of concentration of cis-and trans-isomers of difenacoum at each times. Modellings of the experimental points corresponding to the cis-isomers (modelling cis-isomers), to trans-isomers (modelling transisomers) and total difenacoum (modelling total difenacoum) were obtained using a monocompartmentally model (with the software Berkeley Madonna). The different times are  1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 72, 120, 168, 240, 336, and     The experimental results were fitted by non-linear regression using the non-competitive inhibition model Fig. 7  Prothrombin time after single or multiple oral administrations of cis-or trans-isomers of difenacoum in warfarin-susceptible rats.
Study Population and Sampling Framework Data for this study were drawn from a national cross-sectional study conducted among a representative sample of children (4-18 years) and their mothers in Lebanon. A stratified cluster sampling strategy was followed, whereby the strata were the six Lebanese governorates and the clusters were selected further at the level of districts. Each district was divided into clusters comprised of 100-150 households. Households constituted the primary sampling unit within this national study. Within the cluster, households were selected by systematic sampling, based on probability proportional to size technique using the Lebanese Central Administration of Statistics as a reference  [23]. For a household to be eligible, children and their mothers had to be present at the time of the interview.
Inclusion criteria for children included: (1) Lebanese nationality; (2) child's age between 4 and 18 years; (2) not suffering from any chronic disease; and (3) not taking any medications that may interfere with his/her dietary intake or body weight. Of the 4076 households that were contacted, 3147 accepted to participate in the study (response rate = 77%). Of these, 3147 households, 1221 met the eligibility criteria and 1209 completed the study. The main reasons for refusing to participate in the study were time constraints and lack of interest. For the purpose of the present study, data for children aged 4-13 years were considered (n = 752). Since the evaluation of the TWI amongst 4-13-year-old children and the identification of the proportion of children meeting (or failing to meet) the water intake recommendations were among the main objectives of the national study, sample size calculations were conducted as follows: a minimum of 638 participants were needed to provide 95% confidence interval to estimate a prevalence of water adequacy of 30% with ±3.
Data Collection The survey was conducted over approximately one calendar year, between December 2014 and November 2015, covering weekdays and weekends. Face-to-face interviews with children and their mothers were conducted within their household setting by trained dietitians using a multi-component questionnaire. The questionnaire included information on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, and physical activity levels of participating children. Mothers served as proxy respondents for children under the age of 10 years and the interviews lasted on average 45 min per household. Demographic characteristics included sex and age of the child. Indicators of the household's socioeconomic status (SES) included parents' highest educational level (intermediate level or less, high school or technical diploma, university degree or more), employment status (employed or unemployed) and household's income (reported as <1 million Lebanese pounds (LBP)-662 US dollars equivalent, 1-1,999,999 million LBP, and ≥2 million LBP).
Water and Energy Intake and Beverage Classifications Daily water and EI from all foods and beverages reported in the FFQ were computed using the food composition database of the Nutritionist Pro software (version 5. 1. 0, 2014, SR 24, First Data Bank, Nutritionist Pro, Axxya Systems, San Bruno, CA, USA). The food composition database within this software is based on the USDA nutrient database  [36] ; however it was further expanded by adding analyses of traditional Lebanese foods and recipes reported among participating children using local food composition databases  [37]. The present study focused on TWI from all foods and beverages. Results were reported as mL of water content from all foods and beverages, foods only, beverages only, and from specific beverages. Beverages were classified into 8 main groups with subcategories as follows: (1) plain water (bottled and tap); (2) milk and milk alternatives (milk shakes, yoghurt-plain or flavored-and hot chocolate prepared with milk); (3) sodas (regular and diet); (4) fruit juices (fresh fruit juice-100% natural, bottled fruit juice (without sugar), and bottled fruit juice with sugar (fruit drink); (5) vegetable juice; (6) hot beverages (coffee and tea); (7) sports and energy drinks; and (8) alcoholic beverages.
EI from beverages were evaluated for the same beverage categories. TWI from all food and beverages (mL/day) were compared to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and EFSA water intake recommendations for each age and gender group to assess the shortfall in water consumption and the proportion of children who met or failed to meet the adequate water intake levels  [7]. Using the same calculated daily TWI, in conjunction with total EI; water per calorie ratio was calculated and presented as mean (L/1000 kcal) by age and gender. Water intake data estimated by the present study were compared to those reported by studies conducted in other countries, on similar age groups. Dietary assessment methods varied across countries, with the 24-hour recall data being adopted in Mexico and the US  [9, 11] , and the 7-day food record being used in France  [17].
In addition, the mean daily intake of energy (kcal) from all foods and beverages, from caloric beverages, and from each beverage type were calculated and presented as means ± SE and as proportions (percent of total EI). Differences between 4-8-and 9-13-year-old children in terms of mean EI from each beverage type and the contribution of beverages to total EI were conducted using student t-tests. Using the IOM age and gender-specific water recommendations, the proportion of children who met or did not meet the DRIs for water intake, the total shortfall in water consumption, and mean ratio of water per calorie (L/1000 kcal) were calculated. Similar calculations were conducted to compare the average TWI of children in the study sample with EFSA water intake recommendations by age and gender. All data analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social and Sciences statistical software package (SPSS) version 22 with p-values of < 0.