dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
75, À. 25,. 25,. 75 ] for [1, 2, 3, 6 repetitions] (FWE <. 05; extent ¼ 10 voxels). A final set of RFX analyses aimed to assess the extent to which the cortical effects of the experimental manipulations were accounted for by changes in within-sequence low-level dissimilarity across experimental conditions. The analysis strategy followed the pipeline described above for the unaltered fMRI data, with some notable exceptions concerning the first-level models. In general, the first-level models for both experiments aimed to produce residual condition-specific contrast images that did not contain variance explained by the low-level dissimilarities. For Experiment 1, an initial native-space first-level model was fit to the unsmoothed data with one single non-baseline experimental condition, and with the head motion parameters, the intercept term, and the high-pass filter.
Negative controls were performed by omitting the primary or the secondary antibodies during the staining procedure. All sections used for quantification were from the same anatomical region (bregma 1. 2 to 1. 4 mm). The CD68, CD11b, CD206, NF-kB and Iba-1 positive cells were separately counted using Image J software (NIH, USA) by 3 researchers who had no knowledge of the group assignment.
The percentages of CB 1 immunopositive mitochondria in CB 1 -WT and CB 1 -KO mice were calculated taking into account only particles (at least one) on mitochondrial membrane segments far away from other membranes (distance !80 nm). Image-J (version 1. 36) was used to measure this distance. Graphs and statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad software (version 5. 0). Results were expressed as means of independent data points AE S. E. M. Statistical significance between groups was tested using unpaired Student's t test (twosided); p < 0. 05.
Semi-quantification of mtCB 1 receptor immunostaining using DABeNi immunoperoxidase Hippocampal CA1 sections showing good and reproducible DABeNi immunoperoxidase staining were cut at 80 nm. Electron micrographs (18,000Â) were taken from grids containing DABeNi immunoperoxidase staining. As above, all of them showed a similar staining intensity and only ultrathin sections in the first 1. 5 mm from the surface of the tissue block were examined. Positive labeling was considered when DABeNi immunoprecipitation was observed inside or surrounding the membrane of mitochondria. Graphs and statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad software (version 5. 0). Results were expressed as means of independent data points AE S. E. M. Statistical significance between groups was tested using chi-square test; p < 0.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank  Delphine Gonzales ,  Nathalie Aubailly  and all the personnel of the  Animal Facility of the NeuroCentre Magendie  for mouse care and genotyping. We thank all the members of  Marsicano's lab  for useful discussions. Supported by  INSERM  (G. M. ),  EU-Fp7  (REPROBESITY,  HEALTH-F2-2008-223713 , G. M. ),  European Research Council  (ENDOFOOD, ERC-2010-StG-260515, G. M. ),  Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale  (G. M. ),  Region Aquitaine  (G. M. ),  BRAIN   ANR-10-LABX-0043  (G. M. ),  Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad  ( BFU2012-33334  P. G. ),The  Basque Government  ( IT764-13 , P. G. ),  Red de Trastornos Adictivos, RETICS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III  ( RD12/0028/0004 , P. G. ),The  Basque Country University  ( UFI11/41 , P. G. ), AFM trampoline grant  RAE13001GGA  (GB).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was partially supported by grant  MH045923  to  Eric R. Kandel ,  MH080745  to  Steven A. Siegelbaum  and a  NARSAD Young Investigator Award  to  Sebastien J. Thuault. We thank  Arjun Masukar  for his generous help in performing the non-parametric statistical tests. We thank  David Linden  for sharing unpublished data and  Albert Dahdah  for help with preparing the Trpm4 -/- mice.
In most cases, the currently available public databases (Allen Brain Atlas) providing gene products expression in the brain in mice and humans generally confirm that the "striatal markers" identified in the studies described above have preferential striatal expression. In general, the contrast of "striatal specificity" in comparison to the somatosensory and motor cerebral cortex is in the range of 3-10-fold enrichment. If we were to consider a lower contrast (a two-fold difference between cortex and striatum for example), the list of striatal markers would be much longer. In addition, it must be mentioned that some striatal gene products, although referenced as "striatal markers" can have stronger expression in other anatomically restricted brain regions such as the hippocampus or some thalamic nuclei.
For each reaction, 1 ml of a 1:10 dilution of the RT product was used in a final volume of 10 ml and each sample was assayed in triplicate. PCR amplification was run on a StepOne Plus RealTime PCR System (Applied Biosystems) and the StepOne Gene Expression Software was used for gene expression analysis. Quantification was done using the comparative Ct method and Ppia was used for normalization.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the animal facility of the  CSGA ,  Rita Gerardy-Schahn  for fruitful discussion,  Christelle Boileau  for the editing of the manuscript,  Anne Lefranc  and  Michel Tavan  for their technical assistance. This work was funded by  CNRS ,  INRA , the  Région Bourgogne  ( FEDER 2010 O0431SGO003S03440 ), and  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-13-JSV1-0003-01 ).
The modified multiline (Mn 4 O 5 Sr, Mn 4 O 5 Ca-NH 3 ) displays 26 lines of altered intensity as compared to the native multiline signal with 24 lines. The Mn 4 O 5 Sr-NH 3 S 2 state yields essentially the same modified multiline signal; the simulation superimposing this data trace uses the parameters that fit the Mn 4 O 5 Sr dataset. Fig. 3B  shows the corresponding Q-band ESE-detected S 2 state multiline EPR signals of the Mn 4 O 5 Ca, Mn 4 O 5 Sr and Mn 4 O 5 Ca-NH 3 OEC forms. Pseudo-modulated (CW-like) spectra are shown in order to more clearly visualize differences in the hyperfine structures between the three forms. Compared to earlier published data by Cox et al. ,  33  the spectra are essentially free of contaminating hexaquo-Mn 2+ signals. Furthermore, there is a small difference of the centre positions of the multiline spectral envelopes, presumably due to inaccuracy in the microwave frequency calibration of this earlier study.
31 In contrast to the X-band CW EPR spectra described above (Fig. 3A ), the S 2 states of the native, Sr 2+ -substituted, NH 3 -annealed and doubly modified (not shown) OEC give rise to highly similar  55  Mn-ENDOR spectra. Five peaks are observed for all three sample types appearing at approximately the same frequency positions and of similar intensities. Small differences in the region of the largest peak (E115 MHz) may represent residual Mn 2+ contaminations. Importantly, no large difference is seen with regard to the total spectral breadth of the signal (E55 to E195 MHz). For the NH 3 -modified S 2 state, the results are nominally consistent with the earlier X-band ENDOR data of Peloquin et al. Spectral simulations of the complete EPR and  55  Mn-ENDOR datasets using the spin Hamiltonian formalism are also shown in Fig.
2, ESI †), consistent with the electron-nuclear interaction being dominated by the isotropic component of the hyperfine coupling as compared to the anisotropic part and the traceless NQI, as in ref. 122, 123 and 125. Thus, the orientation of the His332 imino-14 N hyperfine tensor relative to the G tensor cannot be determined from this dataset. Fitted spin Hamiltonian parameters derived from the simultaneous simulation of both the ESEEM and HYSCORE datasets are given in Table  3  together with BS-DFT estimates. To directly compare DFT values with experiment, the calculated site hyperfine tensor for the His332 was multiplied by the axial Mn D1 spin projection tensor described in Section 3. 3. All DFT models yield virtually the same hyperfine and quadrupole values. The calculated A iso underestimates experimental results by o20%, but the dipolar component A dip and the rhombicity A Z nominally agree with experiment.
2. While the orientation of the hyperfine tensor relative to the G tensor cannot be determined using ESEEM/HYSCORE at Q-band frequencies, it can be measured at W-band, e. g. using EDNMR. In our earlier study,  14  it was found that the hyperfine tensor is orientated such that its principal, i. e. the smallest component A 1 is aligned such that it is mid-way between G x , and G z. Importantly though, it is noted that the set of spin Hamiltonian parameters deduced from Q-band ESEEM/HYSCORE (Table  3 ) does not reproduce the W-band data sets (Section S8. 3, ESI †). This is not due to the inclusion/exclusion of the NQI term, which, for the W-band EDNMR data, mainly contributes to the spectral line width. To reproduce the field dependence of the 14 Nand  15  N-EDNMR signals (Fig. S8  and S9, ESI †), the values determined from Q-band ESEEM/HYSCORE needed to be scaled: A iso was decreased by 10%, whereas A dip was increased by a factor of two (Table  S2 , ESI †).
This latter suggestion would also explain why the G tensors inferred from W-band measurements on PSII single crystals  116, 117  differ from those inferred from our multifrequency measurements on frozen solution PSII samples. The lack of agreement between the two  14  N datasets brings into question whether the W-band 14 N/ 15 N-EDNMR signals can be used to assign the exchangeable m-oxo bridge  17  O signal based on the relative orientations of the 14 N and  17  O hyperfine tensors, as suggested by Rapatskiy et al. 14  Thus, further experimental results, particularly from single crystals of PSII, are needed to test this proposal (see Section 3. 6). Table  3  Fitted and calculated effective/projected 14 N hyperfine and NQI tensors in MHz for the electron-nuclear couplings of the His332 imino-N and of NH 3 with the various cluster forms studied in the S 2 state in PSII from T.
Acknowledgements Financial support was provided by the  Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , the '' Bioenergie'' program  of the  Commissariat al'E ´nergie Atomique et aux E ´nergies Alternatives , the  French Infrastructure for Integrated Structural Biology (FRISBI)   ANR-10-INSB-05-01 program , and the  EU/Energy Network  project  SOLAR-H2  ( FP7  contract  212508 ). T. L. was supported by the  Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF)  in the framework of the  Bio - H2  project ( 03SF0355C ). M. P. N. acknowledges support from the  Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad  ( MAT 2008-03461 ).
Mn nuclei. Simulations superimposed on the SrNH 3 spectra are those fitted to the Sr dataset. The optimized parameter sets are listed in Table1. (A) X-band CW EPR. In the Ca and Sr samples, Y D had been replaced by a phenylalanine, removing the Y D signal from the spectra, 112  which were taken from Cox et al. 33  The CaNH 3 spectrum was originally published in ref. 44. Experimental parameters: microwave frequencies: 9. 4097 GHz (Ca), 9. 4213 GHz (Sr), 9. 4075 GHz (CaNH 3 ), 9. 4970 GHz (SrNH 3 ); microwave power: 20 mW; modulation amplitude: 25 G; time constant: 82 ms; temperature: 8. 6 K. (B) Q-band ESE-detected EPR. The experimental data are presented as pseudo-modulated, derivative-shaped spectra. Experimental parameters: microwave frequencies: 34. 0368 GHz (Ca), 34. 0430 GHz (Sr), 34.
Eye movement tasks All participants were seated in a quiet room. Eye movements were recorded using video-oculography techniques based on the corneal reflection of infra-red light. We used an ASL EYE-TRAC 6 system (ASL -Bedford, MA. ) with a H6 optic camera mounted in a chin rest for stabilizing the head position. This system permits to capture data with good temporal (sampling at 120 Hz) and spatial resolution (accuracy of 0. 1u of the visual angle). The device was calibrated for each participant at the beginning of the experimental sessions. The standard calibration of Eye-Track 6 User Interface Program (Version 1. 62. 1. 0) with 363 calibration points was initially used. This was followed by an auto-calibration procedure, the 9 green points appearing one after another when the device automatically detected the subject's eye.
The number of target eccentricity levels for the antisaccade task was limited in order to reduce its duration (4u; 8u). There were 4 trials in each condition of dot presentation. The central dot and the peripheral dot diameters each subtended a visual angle of 0. 6u. Pictures were presented on a 21-in. LCD screen (ASUS LCD Monitor VH 196, 32 bits color, 1024 by 768 pixels screen resolution, refresh rate of 70 Hz) at a distance of 70 cm from the participants. The images subtended a visual angle of 32. 6u. Inquisit software (Millisecond Software, Version 3. 0. 3. 2, Seattle, WA) was used to create the different tasks.
Eye Movement data analysis Analyses were performed using the ASL-Result software. Fixations, total duration of fixation, and RT were computed on the basis of fixation detection criteria. Periods during which the eye did not vary from more than 1u of visual angle during at least 100 ms were considered as fixations. Accuracy zones around the red dot measured 1. 8u. Prosaccade. Recorded data were the RT (i. e. , the time between the appearance of the peripheral target and the start of the correct subsequent saccade), the gain corresponding to the ratio of the saccade amplitude divided by the target step amplitude. A gain of ,1 indicated that the saccade was hypometric and a gain of. 1 indicated that the saccade was hypermetric. Antisaccade. The RT, the ER (i. e. , percentage of trials with initial incorrect saccade corresponding to a saccade toward the peripheral target), and the correction factor (CF) (i.
Results Demographic, psychiatric and neuropsychological data of the two groups are presented in table 1. There was no significant differences in age (depressed mean = 70. 4, SD = 9. 62; control mean = 66. 72, SD = 5. 48; W 67 = 0. 81, p = 0. 41), gender (x 2 (1) = 1. 10, p = 0. 29) or educational level (x 2 (3) = 5. 25, p = 0. 21) between patients and controls. Scores on the MADRS were significantly higher in the patient group (MADRS: W 67 = 6. 36, p, 0. 001). Though patients with depression performed significantly worse than controls on most neuropsychological tests (Table  1 ), none of them had cognitive impairment sufficiently severe to constitute early dementia. As mentioned earlier, ANCOVAs were applied in order to control potential effects of neuropsychological performances on eye movements.
Analysis of confounding variables (ANCOVA) Due to the significant disparity in cognitive performances of the depressed patients and controls, we reanalyzed the eye movement performances explored in the two tasks using neuropsychological tests as predictor variables. All RAPID neuropsychological scores, MMSE, memory scores, information processing scores and executive function scores were not found to be significant predictors for eye movement performance differences (F s. 0. 01; p s. 0. 05). With a MADRS score of 31. 7 for the depressed patients and 2. 3 for the healthy controls, our data were reanalyzed using MADRS as a predictor variable of eye movement differences. As reported above, a mixed ANOVA had indicated that depressed patients had significantly lower eye movements performances than controls except for prosaccade gain and antisaccade CF.
Principles of Monkey Meta-analysis We evaluated, from the literature, the location of reported outcome or feedback-related single-unit activity in relation to CMAr representations. To do this, we performed a meta-analysis of published neurophysiological and neuroanatomical data obtained in monkeys. Our aim was to co-register, using the same anatomical reference framework, data from unit recordings, microstimulation mappings, and neuroanatomical tract tracing, and to investigate whether outcome-related activity was likely to come from recordings in CMAr/face region. Data from 26 articles were used (see Supplementary Material). Reconstructions of recording sites were based on the data available in those published articles. For unit recordings, the selection of articles was based on whether the investigators reported outcome-, feedback-, or more generally juicerelated changes in single-unit activity and also on whether there was sufficient information to reconstruct the recording zone.
When stereotaxic coordinates were provided but the location of ArcGen was absent we realigned data on the average ArcGen location obtained from a database of 11 monkey MRIs. This average was AP + 24 (SD 2. 6). The average location for the genu of corpus callosum (32. 69 mm) was also used in some cases (on average 8. 67 mm between ArcGen and Ccgen).
To evaluate this overlap, we compared the activation coordinates obtained for tongue movements in  Amiez and Petrides (2014)  and for juice feedback  (Amiez et al. 2013)  provided in Figure  2B. We chose to represent only the anterior activation peak because of its consistency in 100% of subjects bilaterally. In the explore/exploit task, activation of RCZp was obtained only in 50% of subjects and is not considered further. The single-subject data reported on individual morphology for hemispheres with and without a paracingulate sulcus, and in relation to the extent of the 3 cingulate motor zones as described by  Amiez and Petrides (2014)  reveal that both activations for juice feedback in exploration and for tongue movements are located in RCZa and are associated with the paracingulate sulcus when this sulcus is present.
Monkey Meta-analysis If the orofacial representation in human aMCC processes feedback provided by juice, then can we find the same correspondence in monkeys? If so this would converge towards a clear anatomical and functional homology between human and monkey performance monitoring systems, in particular regarding the aMCC/RCZa subregion. Most unit recording experiments in monkeys reported data acquired close to or just anterior to CMAr in the dorsal bank and fundus of the cingulate sulcus, a region often referred to as the dACC. Because an eye/face representation exists anterior to the hand representation of CMAr, we re-evaluated from the literature the location of outcome or feedback-related activity relative to CMAr representations. We performed a meta-analysis of published data acquired in macaques (see Materials and Methods).
3 ). Note that the figure reports several specific points regarding each study, including the effectors used to respond in single-unit recording studies (see also Supplementary Material). This information is provided because the effector might be a key factor in determining the functional organization of CMAr. The raw data show that the eye/face representation clearly overlaps with the recordings reporting outcome-related activity. These 2 regions are somewhat anterior to the forelimb representation in CMAr. Most recordings were performed in the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus, and most neuroanatomical data regarding CMAr were in the dorsal bank with some extensions in the ventral bank (see Supplementary Material). We calculated the overall rostrocaudal distributions of reported regions of interest, and display them in Figure  4A  on a flat map reporting the main anatomical landmarks on a macaque brain.
1995; Amiez and Petrides 2014). To clarify this point further, future studies will have to combine neural recordings during reward-based decision tasks and control sensorimotor tasks, in both the arm and face representations of CMAs. Ideally such experiments would include microstimulation and neuroanatomical tracing as performed in the study by  Shima and Tanji (1998)  on voluntary arm movement selection. Interestingly, these authors mentioned anatomical and microstimulation data supporting a location of recordings in the forelimb representation of CMAr. Their report of cingulate activity selectively modulated by changing arm movement after a reward decrease suggests that the arm representation would be involved Figure  3. Database for meta-analysis in monkeys. Rostrocaudal extent of (top) recording sites in studies reporting feedback/outcome-related activity, (middle) regions with face-related effects of microstimulations and regions with anatomical connections with face-related areas and nuclei, and (bottom) regions with arm-related effects of microstimulations and regions with connections with arm-related areas and spinal levels.
Funding This work was supported by  Agence National de la Recherche , project  ANR-11-BSV4-0006 LU2 , and by the labex CORTEX  ANR-11-LABX-0042 ,  Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)  grant  FRN 37753  (M. P. ), and  Fondation Neurodis  (C. A. ). CREW is funded by a  Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship  ( PIEF-GA-2010-273790 ). F. M. S. is funded by  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  and  ANR   DECCA  project  ANR-10-SVSE4-1441. M. C. M. F. is funded by  Ministère de l'Education Nationale, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. E. P. and C. A. are employed by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Longer exposures were routinely collected from each sample before and after exchange experiments to collect high signal-to-noise diffraction patterns and to ensure sample integrity; during exchange experiments, the intensity of the strong second-order reflection was sufficient to obtain time-resolved data. For most exchange experiments, we positioned the detector so that it could detect a range in q from À0. 11 to 0. 37 A ˚À1 , which included the direct beam and each of the two second-order reflections near AE0. 07 A ˚À1 (PNS) or AE0. 08 A ˚À1 (CNS). This allowed improved counting statistics at low exposure times through the integration of the pair of unique second-order reflections. Our addition of a neutron-translucent, 250 mm thick, cadmium beamstop to attenuate the transmitted direct beam enabled us to collect sample transmissions during each data acquisition, so that the observed intensities at each time point in an exchange experiment could be properly corrected for transmission (which continuously changes during H 2 O-D 2 O exchange) and background.
Neutron data refinement All data refinement was performed using the ILL inhouse software LAMP (http://www. ill. eu/instruments-support/ computing-for-science/data-analysis). Firstly, the diffraction patterns were normalized to the incident neutron beam flux to account for variations in beam intensity and exposure time between samples. Secondly, they were normalized to a detector-calibration file containing the flat incoherent signal from water, which was used to correct the observed intensities for pixel efficiency and solid angle. Thirdly, they were corrected for the attenuation of the direct beam by the sample (transmission). Finally, background patterns from empty quartz capillaries or EPR tubes were collected and subtracted from each sample pattern. The corrected patterns were integrated along the fibre axis in either a window or azimuthally, depending on the sample type, to produce one-dimensional diffraction patterns.
These resulting patterns were analyzed using either LAMP or PeakFit (Systat Software Inc. ). The background was subtracted using local regression with Gaussian weighting. Reflections were fitted using asymmetric logistic peaks. The myelin period (d) was calculated from Bragg's Law, d ¼ h 2sin ; ð1Þ where h is the Bragg order for the observed reflection, is the neutron wavelength and is half of the scattering angle. The scattering vector q was calculated using q ¼ 2 d : ð2Þ For samples analyzed at !43% D 2 O, the integrated intensity (I h ) of the fourth-order reflection was reduced by I 2 2 /I 0 to remove the contribution of the doubly scattered strong second-order reflection  (Kirschner et al. , 1976). In our experiments, the second-order intensity in 100% D 2 O was <0. 1% that of the incident beam.