dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Open access projects In 2013, INIST made freely available its bibliographic records of the Répertoire d'Art et d'Archéologie  (1972) (1973) (1974) (1975) (1976) (1977) (1978) (1979) (1980) (1981) (1982) (1983) (1984) (1985) (1986) (1987) (1988) (1989)  and of the Bibliography of Art database co-produced with the Getty  Foundation (1990 Foundation ( -2008)). Today, 559,750 records in the history of art and archaeology 9/16 are disseminated on the OA platform OpenBibArt 30 , covering nearly four decades of international publications. In 2013, in reaction to the controversial debate about INIST document delivery, RefDoc has been linked to other OA repositories. The French institutional archives HAL 31 , Persée 32 , Revue. org 33 and Orbi 34 , and an archive at the University of Liege, are harvested on a daily basis and linked with references already on RefDoc.
The Korean Institute of Science and Technology Informaton (KISTI) The Korean Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) 37 has been providing STI services since 1962 together with R&D in the field of scientific communication. KISTI hosts the Korean STI portal called the National Digital Science Links (NDSL) 38 with more than 80 million items, mostly journal articles and patent information including grey literature, such as conference proceedings, technical reports or trend analyses for the corporate and scientific sectors, although there are no theses or dissertations; this grey litersture is 10% of the total ingest in 2009,  (Yoo, 2010). Moreover, NDSL contains links to more than 4. 5 million scientific datasets, mainly in life sciences and chemistry. The document delivery service run by KISTI (NIDS) supplies items from KISTI's own holdings (83%), from Korean libraries (6%) or from international suppliers (11%).
, harvested from 23 institutional repositories and OA journals  (Hwang et al. 2014). The impact on the collection of grey literature n/a The impact on document supply n/a The impact on the bibliographic control of grey literature n/a The impact on the information system KISTI built infrastructures for dissertations, reports, datasets (Hub of Large Scale Test Data Centre, launched in September 2010) and open access journals (XML full text workbench).
Open access The five institutions continue to expand their open access strategies. Just as in 2004 and 2008, these strategies are specific and reflect institutional and national choices rather than global approaches. Yet, their strategies share two or three common or comparable projects, such as PubMed Central (BL and KM), national repositories (KM and KISTI), or attribution of DOIs to datasets, dissertations and other objects (BL, KM, INIST, TIB; KISTI is an affiliated member of DataCite).
Document supply for corporate customers tends to become a B2B service 14/16 while the delivery for the public sector relies more than before on resource sharing and networking with academic and public libraries. Except perhaps for the TIB Hannover, the declining importance of grey literature points towards the changing role of these institutions mentioned above. Less intermediation, less acquisition and collection development; more high value services, more dissemination and preservation capacities designed for the scientific community needs (research excellence, open access, data management etc. ). In the short term, this may not be satisfying for the nonconventional grey literature, because of problems with metadata, referencing, preservation and broken links. In the mid-and long-term, the semantic web, content mining tools and institutional repositories connected to current research information systems may provide a solution for grey literature.
A growing number of papers now explore quantitatively the behavior of large business groups through network metrics analyzed from their ownership or financial structure, compared to various behavioral criteria  [48] [49] [50]. Using network analysis, we analyzed the ownership structures of a few Southeast Asian transnationals. We determined the topology of their network of subsidiaries, and compared it to their uptake of certification, as a proxy indicator of their environmental commitment. Our hypothesis is that the topology of their ownership structure might be as important for their environmental commitment as other external market factors. Next section describes the collection of data on transnationals, their selection and the analysis of their audited accounts. It explains the use of network analysis on the web of subsidiaries and shareholders, and the use eco-certification as a proxy of environmental commitment.
Network Analysis To analyze this data, we applied network analysis that quantifies and qualifies the relationships among the players, according to their number, direction, intensity, and with respect to the rest of the players of a group, their own interactions, and the structure of the whole system  [47]. Specific software exists to compute social analysis and network metrics, such as Pajek, Gephi, and Cytoscape. [45, 55, 56]. We used Cytoscape here  [56]  for its data handling capabilities, which makes it convenient to transfer financial and ownership information from our data set. Cytoscape also has good visualization capabilities. There is usually a separation between ownership and real control in Southeast Asian transnationals  [25]. Within the complexity of cross-shareholdings of a transnational, it might be difficult to identify the ultimate controlling shareholders.
In addition, the data set also associates to each company its various network metrics with their economic meaning, as well as the country of origin of the transnational, the eventual ethnic character of the management of the transnational, and the transnational financial specificities such as its diversification and investment strategy, as deduced from audited accounts. Independently of a possible normative criticism of the quality of the existing eco-certificates to assess the environmental commitment, this data set allows us to explore if some ownership structure mechanism, or other economic factors, can be linked, at least to some degree, to nominal environmental commitment. We used FactoMineR, a package of the statistical software R, in order to conduct supervised and unsupervised statistical explorations of the links between these factors, and to determine if some specific factors have more influence over the uptake of eco-certification.
The case studies were carried out between May 2009 and May 2012 with an average duration of 2. 5 months each. The primary source of field information was the in-depth interviews. A total of 43 interviews (average duration of one hour each) were made with the entrepreneurs and a selection of employees. Content analysis supported by the software package Nvivo9® enabled, at the completion of the case studies, to constitute a set of presence signals of the variables determining the formation of OSC.
Modelling and corroboration cases 1. The "Evamed" Modelling case Our third case study implemented a model that influences the variables in the formation of OSC. On this occasion, we have retained a TBME located in Caen (France). Moving to another country was not a deliberate decision. However, we have respected the characteristics of the studied population that is the TBME. "Evamed" SAS is a TBME that was created in 2005. This company developed a specialized software in the evaluation of the quality of medical devices. It was the winner of the National Competition for Companies using Innovative Technologies, organized by the Ministry of Higher  Education and Research, in 2005 and 2006. To develop its product, the company made significant investments in R&D. It started performing activities within the project "Normandie Incubation.
III. PATTERNS FOR DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION Architectural patterns provide a high level view of a system architecture and define rules to support software construction with well-defined properties. According to  [5] : Architectural patterns capture important structure, practice, and technique that are key competencies in a given field. Due to the increased complexity of SoS (compared to regular systems), the use of architectural patterns is mandatory to help architects understanding and documenting the behavior and structure of the SoS  [6]. Existing projects such as COM-PASS  [7]  and DANSE  [8]  study how existing patterns in the literature may be applied in a SoS architecture. Constant evolution is a key feature of a SoS, but this topic is not fully addressed in classical architectural patterns.
IV. RELATED WORK Some major European projects gave some ideas to deal with reconfiguration of SoS (COMPASS and DANSE european project). COMPASS addresses the problem of emergent property dependences against dynamicity (changes in SoS configuration) and evolution (changes in the behaviours of SoS). This dependability relies on a contract approach  [11] , to specify CSs behaviors, and a framework to model and reason about fault tolerance. This project also proposes a collection of architectural patterns  [12]  extracted from literature (software system and engineering) which adress particular needs of a SoS. Another European project named DANSE  [8]  proposes an approach of development process for architectures based on architectural patterns. It demonstrates the usefulness of architectural patterns in SoS enginering (modeling, analysis, dealing with complexity).
This work deals with a facility location problem in which location and allocation (transportation) policy is defined in two stages such that a first-stage solution should be robust against the possible realizations (scenarios) of the input data that can only be revealed in a second stage. This solution should be robust enough so that it can be recovered promptly and at low cost in the second stage. In contrast to some related modeling approaches from the literature, this new recoverable robust model is more general in terms of the considered data uncertainty; it can address situations in which uncertainty may be present in any of the following four categories: provider-side uncertainty, receiver-side uncertainty, uncertainty in-between, and uncertainty with respect to the cost parameters. For this novel problem, a sophisticated branch-and-cut framework based on Benders decomposition is designed and complemented by several non-trivial enhancements, including scenario sorting, dual lifting, branching priorities, matheuristics and zero-half cuts.
One of the possibilities in the 2SRO framework is Recoverable Robustness [see 36]. Recalling our practical motivation, assume that the facility location and allocation policy is defined in two stages such that we are required to find a first-stage solution that should be robust against the possible realizations (scenarios) of the input data in a second stage. This means that the first-stage solution is expected to perform reasonably well, in terms of feasibility and/or optimality, for any possible realization of the uncertain parameters. An essential element of this approach is the possibility of recovering the solution built in the first stage (i. e. , to modify the previously defined location-allocation policy in order to render it feasible and/or cheaper) once the uncertainty is resolved in a second stage.
Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge research assistance from  Thomas Bleeckx  in all stages of the empirical survey work,  Charles-Hubert Born  and  Christine Farcy  for their discussions on the research protocol and analysis, and  Jean-Paul Ledant  and  Thierri Walot  for their comments on the manuscript. We also gratefully acknowledge cofunding from the  ERA-NET   BiodivERSA  project  INVALUABLE  (2011 European joint calls, national funder BELSPO: http:// www. biodiversa. or/118#),the  EU   FP7-projects GENCOMMONS  ( ERC grant  agreement  284 ),  BIOMOT  (grant agreement  282625 ) and co-funding from the  Belgian National Science Foundation FRS-FNRS  ( MIS Incentive Grant on Governing Global Science Commons ). We also thank the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful review comments.
Survey instrument The data used to examine our hypotheses were collected in ten countries in Europe and North America (Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States of America) through an online survey questionnaire about purchasing priorities, purchasing practices, and purchasing performance, using constructs derived from the literature. The survey was developed iteratively through a number of phases. Initially, an English language draft was discussed with academics within and outside of the group. The refined survey was then translated into different languages following the TRAPD (Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pre-testing and Documentation) procedure to maximise construct and measurement equivalence  (Bensaou et al. , 1999; Hult et al.
After the data collection process, each country cleaned its own data in accordance with a common agreement to build a shared international database. The core part of the survey focuses on a single purchasing category, autonomously selected by the respondent. This choice is due to the fact that companies frequently buy differently by category (i. e. , a specific group of items, also known as a "purchasing group" or "commodity"). As such, strategies are never truly implemented until they are integrated at the category or product family level  (Handfield et al. , 2005)  and these different categories often adopt different managerial approaches  (Gelderman & Van Weele, 2005). For instance, differences are noted between direct and indirect goods and among categories that are positioned differently within the Kraljic matrix.
Measures To examine our hypotheses, five constructs were operationalised -commitment to sustainability, intra-firm collaborative capabilities, inter-firm collaborative capabilities, environmental and social performance, and cost performance. All questions and items used to measure these constructs are shown in our appendix. Furthermore, each construct used in our conceptual model is described below. These constructs were measured from the perspective of the senior procurement executives and as such do not capture the perceptions of other functions (in relation to intra-firm collaborative capabilities) and suppliers (in relation to inter-firm collaborative capabilities). Whilst it was decided that running the project at the supply network level was impractical, the lack of dyadic data is clearly a limitation of our work.
We then examined box-plots to check for identified outliers for each variable. Unless it is evident that an outlier is unrepresentative of any observation within a population, it should remain in the data set as the improvement in multivariate analysis may come at the cost of generalisability  (Hair et al. 2009). Given the low level of outlier scores for our respondents, all data were retained prior to further analysis. Non-respondent bias was tested by comparing early and later respondents using two tailed t-statistics across survey items  (Armstrong & Overton, 1977). No statistically significant differences among the variables were identified between the two groups. We controlled for common method bias through both the survey design and statistical assessment. Regarding survey design, the project was labelled as a broad overview of purchasing and supply management, with no explicit reference to the intention to examine sustainability commitment, execution, or performance.
Web services are an industry effort to provide platform-independent SOA using interoperable interface descriptions, protocols, and data communication  [44]. In the software development activity, the decision was made to use web services architecture to implement the CIS. The main reason is that web services architecture can support the business activities while removing NVA activities identified in all the "As-is" business process models obtained in the requirements specification. The software development activity was realized using. NET Web Services implemented using the Microsoft. NET platform  [45].
Populations Characteristics On December 31, 2012; 177,000 (51%) of the 347,396 inhabitants of the western suburbs of Paris with social insurance matching the age and sex requirements had already received a form inviting them to a free medical visit in one of the participating centers. A total of 30,646 answers were obtained and 23,643 social insured presented to the medical visit. Data were complete for 20,324 participants (S1 Table ) of whom 14,709 did not receive any antihypertensive or lipid-lowering agents or drug treatment for diabetes. Fig  1  shows the selection of the study populations (flow chart). The characteristics of population A are summarized in Table  1  and the characteristics of population B are shown in Table  2. In population A, the sex ratio (male/female) was 0. 89 and the mean age was 51.
Acknowledgments CARVAR 92 Study Centers Antony, France :  Ioannis Vouldoukis ,  Rabea Khedim Asnières sur Seine, France: Chantal Charles ,  Faouzia Djebbarri Bagneux , France: Véronique Solano ,  Joseph Daccache Boulogne Billancourt, France: Hassan Sahraie Chatenay Malabry, France: Georges Siffredi Châtillon, France: Christine Brultey Colombes, France :  Delphine Fleurance Gennevilliers , France:  Alain Tyrode ,  Catherine Guéna Issy les Moulineaux, France: Michèle Orbach Roulière, Chantal Thomas Dardenne Le Plessis Robinson, France :  Michel Barré ,  Chantal Rosati Montrouge , France:  Hubert Martin ,  Pierre Leroux Nanterre , France:  Hélène Colombani Neuilly Courbevoie, France :  Gilbert Pochmalicki ,  Annabelle Achor ,  Camille Botella Suresnes , France:  Philippe Cotard ,  Hervé Gallois Local Health Insurance, Nanterre, France :  Dominique Chabod ,  Christophe Rodon.
Reliable information is valuable to those planning health services, and in determining public health priorities. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends in low-income countries standardized collection of data on the risk factors for NCDs according to a stepwise approach. Step 1 involves behavioral factors. The next two include anthropometric (Step 2) and biological (Step 3) factors, all of which are adaptable depending on resources  [12]. In Benin, a lack of information on risk factors common to the NCDs in the population prompted a national survey in 2008, conducted according to The WHO Stepwise approach to surveillance of NCDs risk factors. The investigation was supported by the health ministry and WHO. To date, this is the only extended database available in Benin on risk factors common to NCDs.
Differences in the prevalences of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) have been reported between rural and urban areas in several tropical countries. Higher prevalences of obesity and raised blood glucose have been described in urban compared to rural areas  [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]. Regarding HBP, differences between rural and urban settings varied between studies  [19] [20] [21] [22]. In Benin, data are limited on the variation of these risk factors between the urban and rural populations. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the prevalences of CVRF in Benin between urban and rural populations, using the Steps survey database.
The number of subjects investigated by village or neighborhood was proportional to population size. The data were collected from 1 July to 24 August 2008. A French version of the WHO Steps survey tool was adapted and printed for the purpose. It included sociodemographic and behavioral variables, health history and questions on medication for HBP and diabetes mellitus (S1 Text). Use of medication focused on the two weeks preceding the day of the interview. Oral translations were made in the four main local languages (Fon, Yoruba, Bariba and Dendi) and were validated by professional local translators. Interviewers, who administered the questionnaire in either French of local languages of the areas, were trained in questionnaire administration. In Step 1, a structured interview was conducted by the investigator with the participant.
Data management and statistical analysis Steps data have been managed using Epi-data 3. 1. Double entry data have been obtained. For this study, the Benin Steps database was exported in ACESS 2010 software, including only current study variables. The completeness and consistency of this database was verified. Subjects for whom there were missing anthropometric data or BP were excluded from the analysis. A weight was assigned to each individual that corresponded to the inverse of the probability of inclusion in the sample using the method described by Bennett  [28]. A weighted analysis of the data was performed using the survey procedure of SAS software 9. 3. The Wilk-Shapiro test was performed in addition to the QQ plots to check whether the quantitative variables were normally distributed.
Light to moderate consumption should reduce risk of atherosclerosis vascular diseases while heavy consumption may increase them  [41] [42] [43] [44]. Interventions to reduce excessive alcohol consumption could be assessed in rural communities for cardiovascular health promotion. With regard to the prevention of HBP in this country, it would be interesting to have data on the sodium consumption of the populations studied. Interventions to reduce excessive consumption of salt in food could be assessed in these communities if necessary. The magnitude of the CVRF in Benin supports the hypothesis of a significant frequency of CVD in the Beninese population. Sufficient data on cardiovascular disease epidemiology could confirm this hypothesis.
This way, clusters are more intuitively related to business / market mentality, that tends to consider cases (e. g. , customers) and not procedural behaviors. The second contribution is about delivering an exploratory tool. Since the methodology is able to exhibit the most informative features that control the flow, users can explore the process without needing to make any hypotheses. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: In the next section we review related works. After presenting our methodology in Section 3, we evaluate our approach by comparing it against other approaches over simulated data and then we demonstrate its potentials over a real dataset. Finally, a brief discussion concludes the paper.
Variable Selection with Classification Trees After applying the model similarity algorithm of the previous section, we are able to identify the most dissimilar models. Then we can subset the dataset by keeping just the cases that are members of the population that correspond to those models. The clustering membership label can act the role of the dependent variable in a supervised learning approach (the characteristics will be the independent variables). In this work, we propose to use a tree-based method. The basic reason that favored this choice is that non-experts more easily interpret tree-based methods. However, a drawback of trees is their accuracy level, since they suffer from high variance. Therefore, in order to create a more powerful model, we propose to use Random Forests (RF)  [23].
The basic idea of Random Forests is that they grow a number of decision trees on bootstrapped training samples. During the creation of every tree, and every time a split is considered, a random set of characteristics (a. k. a. predictors) is used. There are a number of reasons why Random Forests are expected to deliver better results. First of all, since the new dataset is only a subset, it is likely that the number of records it contains is small. RF are more suitable for this kind of problems (small number of records with respect to the number of predictors). Then, by considering different characteristics for every split, RF can deal with high-order interactions and correlated characteristics  [24]. Moreover, through RF, it is possible to obtain a distance = w n * f n + w e * f e + w g * f g w n + w e + w g summary of the importance of each characteristic (how significant it is for the classification decision) using the Gini index.