dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
First, VTE is a relatively rare condition in children with reported incidences being approximately 100 times lower than in adults, requiring large and expensive collaborative efforts to recruit even a low number of children  [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]. Second, young children with VTE represent a sick population since their VTE is often hospital acquired, largely due to more aggressive treatments of serious and life-threatening comorbidities  [9]. Third, international restrictions on blood volumes that can be drawn for purposes other than routine medical care, limit participation of those with a low bodyweight  [10]. Finally, parental consent is often difficult to obtain in young children with acute serious conditions in combination with a short decision window. The EINSTEIN-Jr phase III study (clinicaltrials.
gov NCT02234843) is a randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of bodyweight-adjusted rivaroxaban with standard anticoagulation for the treatment of acute VTE in children  [11]. The study started in 2014 with children aged 12-18 years and, in a staggered approach, continued with those aged 6-12 years, and 2-6 years. Study treatment is given for 3 months with the option to continue treatment in 3 months increments, up to a total duration of 12 months, with a repeat imaging test scheduled at month 3. During the last phase of the EINSTEIN-Jr. study, recruitment will be opened for neonates and infants younger than 2 years. In this retrospective analysis, we describe the presentation, therapeutic management, and outcomes observed in children younger than 2 years who received care for VTE in recent years.
Methods A group of EINSTEIN-Jr. investigators from 12 institutions in North America, Europe and Israel collected data from their institutions for the period 2011-2016 for children younger than 2 years with VTE and described the diagnosis of VTE at the time of presentation, if anticoagulant therapy was instituted, and the type of therapy. In addition, they assessed if children had developed recurrent VTE. The potential eligibility for the EINSTEIN-Jr study of children with VTE seen in 2016 was done by determining the proportion of children who would have passed the screen of inclusion and exclusion criteria, as proposed in the protocol (Table  1 ). Then, investigators indicated whether or not they would have considered each child for inclusion into the study. This question was intended to capture additional factors not specified by the eligibility criteria, such as the child being considered too ill, or because the child was discharged to a remote location.
Data that was collected from the records included year of diagnosis, site of venous thrombosis, gestational age and bodyweight at birth, age at diagnosis, type of anticoagulant treatment (if given), and occurrence of recurrent VTE. For the purposes of this study, short duration treatment was defined a priori as < 6 weeks for those CVC-VTE and < 3 months for those with non-CVC-VTE. In addition, other details available to address the set of eligibility criteria were collected. To better describe factors which may contribute to children being rendered ineligible for participation in EINSTEIN-Jr, the cumulative loss of children for the year 2016 is depicted in a funnel diagram. For the latter analysis, children for whom missing data was reported were assumed to have fulfilled criteria. The search strategies to identify children with VTE varied between the sites and consisted of review of anticoagulation prescription records from the hospital pharmacy database, the investigator's referral records, discharge letters, and department's patient records.
Neurological disability was assessed based on retrospective clinical chart information recorded at diagnosis, at commencement of miglustat therapy, and at miglustat discontinuation or last follow up, using a dedicated clinical disability scale  [8]  in its modified form  [39]. This measure evaluates patient ambulation (max. 5 points), manipulation (max. 4 points), language (max. 5 points), swallowing (max. 4 points), ocular motor movement (max. 3 points) and epilepsy (max. 3 points), with a maximal total score of 24 points. The zero point in all domains indicates no symptoms. Letters from the CRML (Paris, France) were sent to inform each patient about collection of data from their clinical charts, and included relevant contact details for provision of further information or for patients to refuse participation.
Data analysis Data analyses were mainly descriptive in nature based on observed data for all variables, with no imputation for missing data values. Kaplan-Meier time-to-event analyses were performed with SPSS® software version 21 for each key neurological manifestation. The time to event was defined as the period between overall 'neurological onset' and onset of the specific neurological manifestation of interest. For other tests, data analyses were conducted using SAS® software version 9. 3. Linear regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with change from baseline in total disability score and scores for each functional domain. Regression models were constructed using change in disability score as the dependent variable and delay from diagnosis to last follow up, duration of miglustat treatment, and clinical score at diagnosis as explicative variables.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Gérard Besson, MD  from the  Department of Neurology, Grenoble CHU, France , and  Claire Boutoleau Bretonniere (MD, PhD ) from the  Department of Neurology, Nantes CHU, France , for providing patient clinical follow up. We also thank  Cecilia Marelli, MD, PhD , from the  Department of Neurology, Montpellier CHU , for help with two patients' genotyping. Matthew Reilly PhD at InTouch Medical Communications Ltd. provided medical writing support in the preparation of this manuscript. Statistical analyses were performed by  Juan V. Torres Martin MSc. at  Syntax for Science SL, Mallorca, Spain. Actelion, Abbvie and Teva. ER received research support from  Merz-Pharma , Orkyn, Aguettant,  IP Santé ,  Ultragenix , and  UCB  pharma; served on scientific advisory boards for  Orkyn, Ultragenix, Retrophin and Merz-Pharma ; received speech honoraria from Orkyn, Aguettant,  Merz-Pharma  and Ultragenix; and received travel funding from the  Elivie , the  Dystonia Coalition , the  Dystonia Medical Research Foundation , the  Movement Disorders Society , the  European Academy of Neurology.
Data collection Clinical events, serum biochemistry data and information on the treatment of CKD patients were collected at the above fixed time points. The following data were retrieved: laboratory parameters [serum levels of C-reactive protein, phosphate, calcium, iPTH, alkaline phosphatase both total and bone-specific enzymes], 25hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], albumin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ferritin, transferrin saturation, blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, glycated Hb level, demographics, blood pressure, CV and valvular calcifications, current treatments {medications to control serum phosphate, vitamin D [oral or intravenous (IV) route], erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA), IV iron, hypolipidaemic drug, antihypertensive, oral anticoagulant and anticonvulsive}, history of parathyroidectomy, hospitalizations, bone fracture and CV events.
Patient status (on dialysis, dead, lost to follow-up, moved to another centre and kidney transplantation) was also recorded during follow-up. All laboratory evaluations were performed locally. Patients were prospectively enrolled between October 2010 and October 2012. Data were collected every 6 months between October 2010 and April 2013 and then lastly in April 2014. Therefore, seven data collections were available for some patients included in October 2010, whereas patients included in October 2012 had a maximum of three data collections. Data were entered in an electronic case report system (Photo-Graph TM software developed by Genzyme S. A. S. then Sanofi France). Data collected in each region were anonymized at each patient level and then centralized by regional coordinators. After regional data collection was completed, 19 regional electronic files were transferred after centre anonymization to the national coordinating centre for data processing.
Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using SAS/STAT 14. 1 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). Statistical analysis is at the patient level. Patients who discontinued the study after the baseline visit were excluded from all survival analyses. Patients who started dialysis therapy or were transplanted or lost to follow-up were included in analyses to the point of study discontinuation. Statistical analyses were independently performed in each population (CKD Stage 4 and CKD Stage 5) except survival analysis. Standard descriptive statistics were used for demographic, biological and clinical data, to determine mean and standard deviation for normally distributed data, and median and 25th and 75th percentile values for non-normally distributed data. No replacement of missing data was performed and, therefore, the number of patients with documented laboratory data may change according to the time point.
Clearly, more studies are needed in order to understand the reason why so many CKD patients failed to achieve the KDIGO targets and to find out how guideline compliance can be improved, or to realize that the guideline may not be appropriate for very advanced stages of CKD. Information obtained on 25(OH)D seems of interest. At inclusion, nearly 80% of CKD patients were assessed for serum concentration. However, the mean serum 25(OH)D was 60 ng/mL whatever the stage, quite below the 75 ng/mL minimal value, indicating that >60% of patients were vitamin D deficient. This is to be paralleled to the number of patients receiving a vitamin D supplement (50% at Stage 4 and 54% at Stage 5). Altogether, these data may suggest some improvement in care at these predialysis stages. The longitudinal analysis of CKD-MBD-directed therapy reported a decrease in most prescribed drugs (Table  5 ).
Negative-staining electron microscopy To observe self-assembled EmN and EmC proteins, with or without LamIgF WT or lamin B1 tail, protein samples containing 2% uranyl acetate were deposited on glowdischarged carbon-coated copper grids. Data collection was performed using a Tecnai Spirit transmission electron microscope (FEI) equipped with a LaB6 filament, operating at 100 keV. Images were recorded using a K2 Base camera (Gatan, 4k × 4k) at 15 000 magnification (at the level of the microscope) with a pixel size of 0. 25 nm at the specimen level.
Structure determination and refinement. The 3D structure of the complex was solved by molecular replacement using Molrep in CCP4  (29, 30). The coordinates of the BAF dimer with DNA (PDB entry: 2BZF), the coordinates of lamin A/C globular domain (PDB entry 1IFR) and the coordinates of the emerin LEM domain (PDB entry: 2ODC) were used as templates. The resulting model was rebuilt using PHENIX suite  (31) , manual correction was performed with Coot  (32) according to |F o | -|F c | and 2|F o | -|F c | electron density maps, and further refinement was carried out with phenix. refine. All structure figures were prepared using Py-MOL (Schr ödinger, LLC). Structure coordinates were deposited to the PDB, with entry 6GHD.
After cell fixation, cell permeabilisation and quenching (as above), pairs of primary antibodies, rabbit anti-FLAG 1:300 and mouse anti-GFP 1:200, were added on HeLa cells expressing GFP-BAF together with FLAG-lamin A, for 40 min at R. T. Next, Duolink PLA probe anti-rabbit plus, Duolink PLA probe anti-mouse minus and Duolink detection reagents orange (detected with a Cy3 filter) were used according to manufacturer's instructions (Olink, Bioscience). At last, cells were mounted in Duolink mounting medium with Dapi (Olink, Bioscience). Confocal microscopy image acquisition was performed using a LSM 700 Laser scanning microscope (Zeiss) at the imaging facility of the BFA institute. Quantitative analysis of PLA signals was done on images using Im-ageJ, as reported in  (33). Data were then analyzed by comparing median values for the total number of pixels showing a signal (Cy3) per nucleus.
FUNDING Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives,  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University Paris South  and  University Paris Diderot ;  French Infrastructure for Integrated Structural Biology  (https://www. structuralbiology. eu/networks/frisbi)[ ANR-10-INSB-05-01 ,  Acronym FRISBI ];  French Association against Myopathies (AFM)  [17243 and 20018 to S. Z. -J. and PhD fellowship number  18159  to C. S. ]. Funding for open access charge: Grant  20018  ( French Association against Myopathies ).
OBSERVATIONS & DATA REDUCTION The optical spectroscopic observations were carried out with the UVES mounted on the VLT, Chile [Programme ID: 082. A-0569]. The two arms of the instrument were operated with the beam splitter in the dichroic #2 mode (390+580 setting). The wavelength coverage extends from 3284 to 4521 Å on the blue CCD, and 4779 to 5759 Å and 5837 to 6812 Å on the two red CCDs, with a spectral resolution of ∼ 45,000 and FWHM ∼ 6. 6 km s - 1. Data reduction was performed using the UVES Common Pipeline Library data reduction pipeline release 4. 7. 8 1 , followed by wavelength calibration using ThAr emission lines. The spectrum was then corrected for the motion of the observatory around the barycentre of the Sun-Earth system. The air to vacuum wavelength conversion was carried out as per the formula given by  Edlén (1966).
The Lyman-α emission peak of the QSO is located at redshift, z em ∼ 2. 083. This corresponds to a velocity shift of ∼ 2710 km s -1 from the nearest component of the DLA. The wavelength coverage of the UVES spectrum prevents us from detecting transitions associated with the DLA having rest wavelengths lower than λ 1075, causing us to miss out on quite a few H 2 transitions at the blue end of the spectrum. To compensate for this, we also include in the Voigt profile analysis, the clean low-wavelength H 2 transitions from the HIRES spectrum of this sightline (PI: Prochaska, August 2006) obtained through the Keck Observatory Database of Ionized Absorption toward Quasars (KODIAQ)  (Jorgenson et al. 2010; Lehner et al. 2014; O'Meara et al. 2015 O'Meara et al. , 2017)). The HIRES spectrum has spectral resolution similar to the UVES spectrum, but its signal-to-noise ratio is lower.
224 towards PSS 1443+27, [Fe/H] = -1. 096 and [C/Fe] > -0. 642  (Prochaska et al. , 2001; Howk, Wolfe & Prochaska 2005). We note here, that the DLAs in their database have [Fe/H] ≤ -1, and the values obtained for [C/Fe] are only lower limits. We estimate the dust-to-gas ratio, κ for the entire DLA and for the individual components, using the depletion from the observed values of [Fe/Zn]. We study the variation in the component-wise values and provide a comparison with the value of κ constrained from the H 2 models. The mean κ from these models agrees with the observational estimate of 0. 34±0. 07 for the entire DLA. For most of the components, the observed value of κ varies closely around the mean value over the entire DLA. But, as already mentioned in Section 4. 1, the observed [Fe/Zn] is super-solar in components 3 and 4.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work makes use of spectra observed with the Ultraviolet & Visual Echelle Spectrograph on the  Very Large Telescope at Cerro Paranal, Chile  ( Programme ID 082. A-0569 ), and with the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer on the  Keck I Telescope at Maunakea, Hawaii  (PI: Prochaska). The Keck Telescope data presented in this work have been obtained from the  Keck Observatory Database of Ionized Absorbers toward QSOs (KODIAQ) , which was funded through  NASA   ADAP grant   NNX10AE84G. The authors are thankful to  Vikram Khaire  for providing the metagalactic background. GS acknowledges support from the  DST  projects (D. O. No. SR/FTP/PS-133/2011  and  SR/WOS-A/PM-9/2017 ). KR is grateful to IUCAA for hospitality during academic visits lated to this work. The authors wish to thank the anonymous referee for insightful comments which have led to significant improvement in the quality of the manuscript.
As expected, almost all of these cells (∼98%) were negative for TuJ1 (Figure  3C ). Combining data from multiple embryos (four per genotype per age) showed significant reductions by ∼8-10% in the proportions of cells in G1 at both ages in Pax6 -/-embryos (Figures  3G, H ). For phases other than G1, the only significant differences were in S and G2 at E14. 5 (Figures  3G, H ), where mean values were higher in mutants in both cases. We estimated the lengths of each phase in hours under different conditions by multiplying the proportion of cells in that phase by the corresponding Tc derived from calculations above. These estimations gave values for G1 of 9. 3 h in Pax6 +/+ cortex and 7. 7 h in Pax6 -/-cortex at E12. 5. At E14. 5, values for G1 were 14. 8 h in Pax6 +/+ cortex and 11. 5 h in Pax6 -/-cortex.
By using an appropriate sensor deployment, a suitable resistivity meter, and advanced data processing routines, the derived 3D resistivity model is in good agreement with the independent observations. This shows that despite the challenges, ERT can be used as a non-invasive tool to obtain information on the stone properties prior to extraction. This will help in guiding quarry operations and will allow for a targeted, safe, and efficient extraction of high quality stone, thereby increasing sustainability and economical competitiveness.
g. , at fractures or joints  [5, [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]. Depending on the chosen operating frequency, GPR can achieve high resolution (a few cm) to a depth of a few metres, as attenuation of the electromagnetic waves is comparably small in highly resistive hard rock environments. Here we consider another potentially useful geophysical exploration technique, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). ERT is frequently used in imaging subsurface structures and processes  [12, 13]. It has been successfully applied in soft rock exploration  [14] [15] [16] , where ERT data allowed for a detailed characterization of the deposits, superior to what could have been achieved using conventional tools, and hence improved resource estimates. However, its application in hard rock exploration has been limited so far due to the difficulty of achieving good galvanic coupling of electrodes with very resistive surface materials.
However, alteration of this rock mass due to weathering, fracturing, or dissolution can change these properties significantly  [31] [32] [33]. The technique considered here, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), is used to reconstruct the subsurface electrical resistivity distribution through measurements of electrical potentials at discrete locations caused by the application of electrical currents. This is usually realized using linear arrays of electrodes, typically stainless-steel spikes driven into the subsurface, which are connected to a resistivity meter via multi-core cables. Modern resistivity meters are computer/micro-controller controlled to collect data autonomously at pre-defined pairs of current and potential electrodes. By using multiple receiver channels, a number of potentials can be measured at the same time, reducing the measurement time considerably.
A full set of reciprocal data was acquired for each line, where the reciprocal data set includes the same electrode positions as the forward measurement, but with swapped current and potential dipoles. The measured data are defined as the mean of these two measurements and the measurement error as the percentage standard error in the mean. During the course of the survey, 37,146 measurements were made, equaling 18,573 reciprocal pairs of measurements. This survey design was chosen in order to cover the majority of the active extraction area with a resolution sufficient to image fractures observed at the quarry walls and to investigate the void that was observed on the quarry floor. As these fractures and voids were clay and water covered, they were expected to have resistivities orders of magnitude smaller than the surrounding host rock.
Thus, it was expected that features, which were significantly smaller than the electrode spacing, could be imaged. Commonly, ERT employs stainless steel pins that are driven into the subsurface. In the case of a marble environment, this would require shallow drilling and destroy a significant volume of an economic resource, particularly considering the high density of electrode location. Hence, we followed an approach commonly used in archaeology for non-invasively examining ancient constructions, where instead of pins, steel plates are used  [38]. As well as allowing non-destructive data acquisition, plates also have a larger surface area than pins, which is advantageous for reducing contact resistances. In this study, we used square, stainless steel plates with a size of 0. 1 × 0. 1 m, and improved their ground coupling by applying bentonite slurry to each electrode location.
Given their separation of 0. 75 m, a point-pole approximation for the data analysis is valid  [39]. Several ground penetrating radar (GPR) datasets were also collected to provide an additional source of ground truth data for further validation of the ERT results. These data were acquired prior to the ERT survey (before the extraction of the lower floor). The data were acquired using a GSSI SIR 3000 instrument with a 200 MHz antenna along three profiles (Figure  3 ). Processing of the data was limited and comprised system gain removal, background removal, band-pass filtering, and applying a gain function.
Conventional resistivity meters are limited in the voltage V tx they can apply. Hence, to overcome the resistance, the injection current I tx needs to be lowered. At the study site, contact resistances were measured for each of the 843 electrode locations. Despite using sensors with a large surface area and treating every single electrode location with bentonite slurry to lower contact resistance, they ranged from about 1 kΩ to >100 kΩ, with a median of 15. 7 kΩ, and followed a lognormal distribution (Figure  4a ). Split up into the two separate floors, the upper floor had a mean contact resistance of 35. 27 kΩ, while the lower floor had a mean contact resistance of 12. 37 kΩ. This was due to heavy rain and thus wetter conditions during data acquisition of the lower floor data set. Assuming a resistivity of the marble of about 50 kΩ•m  [40] , and a maximum transmitter voltage of 500 V, the median maximum transmitter current would be 6.
1 mA. However, significantly larger contact resistances were measured and depending on its condition the marble could be of higher resistivity as well, maximum injection currents of 0. 1 mA were expected. This has adverse effects on the measured data in two ways: (1) small injection currents are difficult to measure, and (2) the signal-to-noise ratio at the potential dipole deteriorates causing additional measurement errors due to unstable current injection  [41, 42]. Recently,  Parsekian et al. (2017)   [41]  compared data of different commercially available resistivity meters. They focused on different makes and their performance regarding measurement error. More important for this study is a comparison of different systems employing different measurement principles, i. e. , whether the source provides a constant current or a constant voltage.