dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Three such spot analyses were made for each sample to account for corrosion and inclusions. Small and/or corroded OM/XRF samples were carbon coated for analysis in a JEOL 7001F instrument, in order to establish the bulk composition of samples less 3 mm in diameter, those with intergranular corrosion, and to study any inclusions. Both secondary electron (SE) and backscattered electron (BSE) modes were used, using a 20 kV accelerating voltage, a 10 mm working distance with an Oxford Silicon Drift Detector, and processed using Oxford Instruments Aztec software. The detection limit was fixed at 0. 5 wt. % with a count rate of 4000/s (detection time of 40 s), which gave good spectral resolution with respect to background noise. We consider the relative quantification error (2 σ) is circa 10% of the measured value.
Complex networks analysis As this paper will evoke with examples from the internally-manageable Myanma LI datasets, manual LI interpretation is unsuited to detecting pertinent anthropological patterning in very large datasets. Therefore, the available LI data for all Bronze Age metal objects, ores and slags from MSEA and southern China were processed using a complex networks analysis approach termed 'community detection' (or modularity analysis). Previous applications in southeastern Europe used the 'Louvain' algorithm  (Radivojević & Grujić 2018)  as applied to elemental data but here we opted for an improved 'Leiden' algorithm  (Traag et al. 2019)  for our LI data, although both Louvain and Leiden algorithms present similar robustness on archaeological data (Grujić & Radivojević forthcoming).
Our application of complex networks analysis in this paper is novel and required substantial method development, which will be detailed in the discussion (and available at https://github. com/simoncarrignon/bronze-age-ssr). We do not consider our method definitive but do contest that it is offering reliable and archaeologically/geochemically-justified preliminary rationalisations of large datasets that merits dissemination at this juncture. Our current protocol requires a definition of 'consistency' for lead isotope ratios that takes into account Southeast Asia's and southern China's high geological diversity as well as the variability of known prehistoric copper production LI signatures. For each of the three 204 Pb-denominated ratios (those most geologically sensitive), the difference between any pair of artefacts' LI ratios must be as small or smaller than our production-defined thresholds in ordered to be considered potentially consistent -i.
e. subject to human evaluation of the algorithmic proposition. Applying this measure to the whole dataset allows us firstly to identify groups/modules of artefacts that exhibit the strongest connections within the group and weaker connections outside of it, as outlined by  Radivojević & Grujić (2018). Secondly we calculate the same strength/weakness of connectivity but now between sites/assemblages, using the principle that if a high density of artefacts from sites belong to the same module, those sites potentially share a meaningful link. Halin HLTP1 ring fragment bdl bdl 0,4 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,0 0,1 1,4 bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,1 97,1 bdl bdl 0,1 bdl 0,1 0,0 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 99,3 pXRF Low leaded copper Hammered/annealed 38 SEALIP/MY/MLW/1 Maliwan fragment bdl bdl 0,1 7,6 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,0 0,1 13,4 bdl 0,5 bdl bdl bdl 78,1 0,1 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,1 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 100,0 pXRF Low leaded bronze As cast 39 SEALIP/MY/MLW/2 Maliwan fragment bdl bdl 0,7 19,4 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,1 3,5 bdl 0,6 0,0 bdl bdl 75,0 0,1 0,1 0,4 bdl bdl bdl 0,1 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 100,1 pXRF Medium leaded bronze As cast 40 SEALIP/MY/MLW/3 Maliwan fragment bdl bdl bdl 0,1 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,0 0,7 0,0 bdl 0,0 bdl bdl bdl 98,4 bdl bdl 0,1 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,8 bdl bdl bdl bdl 100,0 pXRF Medium copper As cast 41 SEALIP/MY/BAW/1 Baw Mountain, Kyaukse Cu mineral 72,4 4,6 0,2 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,1 bdl 0,1 bdl bdl bdl 3,3 bdl bdl 0,3 0,1 bdl bdl bdl bdl 6,4 bdl bdl 12,3 bdl 99,7 pXRF Mineral 42 SEALIP/MY/BAW/2 Baw Mountain, Kyaukse Cu mineral 60,8 2,4 0,5 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,9 bdl 0,6 bdl bdl bdl 5,4 bdl bdl 0,7 bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,3 3,0 bdl bdl 24,9 bdl 99,7 pXRF Mineral 43 SEALIP/MY/BAW/3 Baw Mountain, Kyaukse Cu mineral 55,5 0,1 0,3 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,2 bdl bdl 0,5 1,4 bdl bdl 1,5 bdl bdl bdl bdl 0,3 5,8 bdl bdl 33,5 bdl 99,1 pXRF Mineral 44 SEALIP/MY/BWD/1 Bawdwin Cu mineral bdl bdl bdl 0,1 bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 42,9 bdl 3,6 bdl bdl 0,2 37,0 0,5 0,3 0,1 0,1 bdl bdl bdl bdl 13,2 bdl bdl Elemental & OM:.
We note that the Bronze Age axes from HL29 and HL29-1 were also as cast or too corroded to tell, whether they were produced in copper or bronze, which suggests they were never thermomechanically-treated for use as tools or weapons, nor work-hardened through use, and were thus possibly produced explicitly for funerary rites (as per Bronze Age Ban Non Wat axes, Pryce 2011). Surprisingly, the only artefacts to present evidence of thermal and/or mechanical treatments are an Iron Age copper bell or rattle from HL28 and a selection of Bronze Age bronze bangles and rings from HL29-1, as well as two Bagan period leaded copper rings from HL29-1 and HLTP-1. The three Maliwan artefacts were as cast but as they are fragmentary we cannot evaluate their original use. The Halin elemental results exhibit a low variability when compared with other Myanmar copperbase metal datasets, which reveal six alloy types: two Bronze Age fragments from the Oakaie area approach the threshold of 'arsenical bronze'; one Iron Age bangle from Kokkokhahla composed of arsenical copper; 18 Bronze and Iron Age ornament and tool fragments made from bronze, 17 Iron Age wires and pseudo-spearheads made from copper; one Iron Age high-tin bronze bowl fragment from Supan; one Bronze Age socketed small spearhead or large arrowhead from Nyaung'gan in leaded copper  (Pryce et al.
The other minor alloying constituent apparently absent from Halin is that of arsenic, which we will come back to in light of lead isotope data. Lead Isotope Analysis: Our presentation and interpretation of these data proceeds in stages, from new Myanmar artefact data, all Myanmar artefact data, the addition of Myanmar mineral data, comparison with regional (MSEA and Yunnan) production, and finally Bronze Age consumption data to assess potential evidence for proto-SSR interactions. This layering is intended to make our interpretative process more transparent, as is our use of simple double biplots that capture all possible isotope variation, and the provision of full tabulated raw data (Table  4 ). To remind the reader, for artefacts to have lead isotope consistency, they must plot together on both graphs.
2020). SEALIP/MY/HL28/13 & 14 are not C6 members as they are incompatible in their 207 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios. We do not consider SEALIP/MY/NYG/1 a C6 member, despite its high isotopic consistency, as it is a leaded alloy and C6 is a copper signature. Having now assessed the Halin (and Maliwan) data with respect to: 1. themselves, 2. all Myanmar artefacts, 3. Myanmar minerals, and 4. MSEA and southwestern Chinese production systems, the next logical step would be 5. MSEA and southern Chinese consumption data. Our recent investigations of northern MSEA/southern Chinese exchange systems have attempted this stage manually, with reasonable results for the existence of late 2 nd through 1 st millennium BC networks running from Yunnan to Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar  (Pryce et al. 2022a; 2022b). Our substantial new Myanmar dataset, which covers over two millennia, offers the possibility to   Yang 2004 ).
Manual processing of Myanmar data with regards to the 'late 2 nd /early 1 st millennium BC interaction arc between Mainland Southeast Asia and Southwest China' identified in  Pryce et al. (2022b)  indicates:  The present study's group C1 is compatible with SEALIP/CH/HBS/4, a 800-600 BC (Mid Bronze Age) flat copper fragment from Hebosuo on Lake Dian in Yunnan. This does not necessarily mean the C1 source is in the Dian area but that its product was accessible to communities in north-central Myanmar and Yunnan. As C1 samples are mostly mid-late 1 st millennium BC, we can thus draw our proto-SSR network closer to the above-depicted historical SSR.  C2, which is highly consistent with the Vilabouly Complex copper production signature, is also compatible with SEALIP/TH/BC/1 & 4, a bronze socketed spearhead and O-section bangle from Bronze Age Ban Chiang in northeast Thailand.
Not previously identified potential groupings include:  SEALIP/MY/HL28/14, an Iron Age bronze bell, is compatible with SEALIP/TH/NPW/11, a late 2 nd millennium BC Early Bronze Age bronze axe from Non Pa Wai in central Thailand, thus spanning the Bronze and Iron Ages and potentially abutting SSR networks.  SEALIP/MY/HL29-1/5, a Bronze Age bronze axe, is consistent with SEALIP/TH/BC/2 & 3, bronze O-section bangles from Bronze Age Ban Chiang, thus not adjoining the historical SSR period. Therefore, of the eight potential groups, three offer chronological contiguity with the SSR. Manual processing of the above datasets is not too problematic but their presentation already becomes difficult due to the density of data points: hence the lack of a figure provided here. These issues are massively compounded if we attempt to add the full regional datasets for Bronze and Iron Age and Historical samples.
The resulting mass of overlapping multi-coloured symbols over three ratios makes the identification of individual samples and groups very difficult. 'Zooming in' only obscures potential clusters and disguises the overall diversity of the dataset. Likewise, one can process one site versus another one at a time, but this discounts the possibility of clusters only being detectable across multiple sites. Furthermore, sites are not always the appropriate scale of analysis, if we are interested in a particular period, alloy or typology for example. While the lead author has long prided himself in using simple biplots of raw data (e. g. Pryce et al. 2011b:    ), easily intelligible to the non-specialist reader, we have reached a point when a data processing evolution is required to more objectively evaluate the combined datasets for proto-SSR evidence.
Discussion on the potential for a Bronze Age SSR Thus far, and in all but one previous SEALIP-BROGLASEA publication, attributions of 'consistency' between LI signatures for copper/lead-base metal consumption or between those of consumption and production, were decided by Mk1 Eyeballing of the data cloud. Subjectivity does not necessarily imply these interpretations were liberal. Indeed, our previous application of an 'objective' measure, Kernel Density Estimates  (Pryce et al. 2011b ), gave such broad compatibility, at 10% confidence increments, that the lead author was deeply dissatisfied by their historical likelihood. Wary of the LI archaeology interpretative pitfalls of yesteryear in the Mediterranean arena (summarised in Pollard 2009), Pryce resorted to excessive conservatism in Southeast Asia: requiring that a metal artefact plot within the data cloud of a well-defined production signature before suggesting consistency, or giving only effusive estimates of potential proximity between consumption signatures.
2020) , we conducted complex network analysis in two steps (as outlined in methods). First we used the LI data to estimate the number of groups with high densities of consistency. These groups represent artefacts sharing consistent isotopic signatures and thus potentially sharing same supply routes/networks: sources of raw materials, market places, producers, merchants, mediators etc; theoretically copper for unleaded copper or unleaded bronze, or lead for leaded copper or leaded bronze. In the second step, we linked sites / geographic areas where these artefacts were found, with the number of shared consistent artefacts as a measure of potential relatedness between two sites/areas, creating a network between them and, still following the approach from Radivojević & Grujić (2018), extracting communities using the Leiden Algorithm  (Traag et al.
2019). Since Radivojević & Grujić (2018) used the Louvain algorithm, which exhibited satisfactory computing prowess and robustness, a novel and improved method appeared, Leiden algorithm, which guaranteed faster computing and enhanced precision. While both algorithms present excellent results when applied to the same dataset (Grujić & Radivojević forthcoming), we opted for the most recent one (Leiden). The Leiden algorithm operates by partitioning the network into clusters of spatial areas that maximize the number of links between areas within the same cluster (or modules), while minimizing the number of links between areas not in the same cluster. In other words, it extracts communities of areas that share consistent artefacts and splits into different communities of areas sharing fewer elements.
5  This community detection or modularity F o r P e e r R e v i e w 31 approach allowed us to model communities of places that may have had interacting populations; whether by means of direct or indirect material culture exchanges, complete or incomplete technological transmissions, or the actual movement of people -as individuals, groups or en masse. While evaluation of these options requires detailed assessment of chronology, typology, alloy type, production methods and socioeconomic ascribed values, our approach does give us a means of rationalising a large and unwieldy database that is otherwise underexploited. Figure  15 : Biplots of LI data from regional Bronze Age assemblages, as processed by our defined consistency thresholds to identify groups of artefacts. From a regional dataset of 281 Bronze Age (or southern Chinese equivalent) samples, a total of 29 'groups' (GPE, sample level patterning) were computed using the Leiden algorithm (Figure  15 ).
done using igraph package  (Csárdi & Nepusz 2006). The communities have been detected using the Leiden algorithm  (Traag et al 2019). Following from groups (samples), we moved on to detecting communities (or modules), which allowed us to assess the presence and degree of connectivity between groups (and hence the sites and areas they originated from). Our schematic representation is non-geographic but shows the three main communities of sites with metal assemblages comprised of artefacts with algorithmically-consistent LI signatures (Figure  16 ). The lines drawn between the sites shows that two sites share at least one sample from the same group. The thickness of those lines is a function of the number of artefacts from similar groups shared by two sites, normalised by the total number of samples a site has.
The lack of an Indian connection at this juncture may be real, as current archaeological data indicate such interactions effloresced from the mid-1 st millennium BC  (Bellina 2014; Bellina et al. 2019; Dussubieux & Pryce 2016 ) but these cultural exchanges could well have precedents. As concerns China, there is a dearth of archaeometallurgical data from Guangxi, Guangdong and Sichuan, the other provinces close to MSEA, though prehistoric metal assemblages there are plentiful. We acknowledge our lack of familiarity with Chinese archaeology and geology -though we hope interested Chinese colleagues pursue the idea (as they now are for general Neolithic and Bronze Age research, see  Ma et al. 2022; Yao et al. 2020). In summary, we postulate that the geographical extent of our Bronze Age metal exchange network is equivalent to the historical SSR routes from Yunnan and possibly Guangxi, south into Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar.
Acknowledgments We offer our particular thanks to  Daw Kalayar Myat Myat Htwe , who has longstanding interests in Myanmar archaeometallurgy and who helped us obtain the geological samples for this study, and also  Daw Cherry Thin , who allowed us access to previously excavated material in the  Halin National Musem. The freshly excavated samples came from the fieldwork of the  Mission Archéologique Française au Myanmar , which was funded by the  Commission Consultative de Fouilles of the Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires Etrangères  during the period 2013-2020. The analytical data in this paper derive from the  Agence National de Recherche -funded project ' BROGLASEA ' (https://anr. fr/Project -ANR-16-CE27-0011 ). The statistical processing of BROGLASEA data was conducted under the auspices of the  Fondation Fyssen -funded project, ' Network Analysis for Archaeometallurgy, and Beyond ' (NAAMB).
Materials and methods We performed a single-center retrospective study of a cohort of consecutive patients with LC-ILD managed between April 2015 and December 2021 in the Department of Thoracic Oncology and Radiation Oncology in Marseille. LC-ILD patients were identified through electronic patients' records. We enrolled patients with histologically or cytologically proven LC or with a high probability of LC (evolving nodule, PET-CT hypermetabolism) but a high risk of complication after biopsy as defined by multidisciplinary board discussion according to European guidelines  [12]. Demographic, clinical and treatment (radiotherapy modality, total dose, total treatment time, number of fractions and dose per fraction, V20, V12. 5 and mean lung dose (MLD)) data were collected retrospectively. We performed ILD-GAP index when indicated.
Because of the limited sample size, we could not perform statistical analysis to identify parameters involved in early death or grade III-IV respiratory AEs. OS was defined as the time from Day 1 of SBRT to patient death from any cause. DFS was defined as the time from Day 1 of SBRT and disease progression or death from any cause. Data were censored at the end of the study (December 2021). Kaplan Meier curves were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20. 0 (IBM Corp. , Armonk, N. Y. , USA). In accordance with French regulation on retrospective observational studies, no objection to the use of anonymously retrospective data was identified. The study was registered at RGPD/AP-HM (registration number #2021-52) and approved by local Institutional Review Board.
It is very important to say that 5 patients had respiratory AE but fortunately none of them experienced grade III or IV events. Therapeutic management (by antibiotics, diuretics or corticosteroids) of pulmonary AEs was assessed in our study, but these data are questionable as reports may be missing especially for outpatient management. ILD is considered as a risk factor for severe radiation pneumonitis after conventional 3D conforming radiotherapy: subclinical ILD was associated to grade II to V radiation pneumonitis in previously reported studies  [9]. Four of the patients who died in a Korean retrospective study had diffuse interstitial change in pre-RT CT-scan  [14]. Standard radiotherapy is therefore contra-indicated in current guidelines for patients with ILD. SBRT may spare healthy lung, but some studies also identified pre-existing ILD as a risk factor of radiation-induced pneumonitis: pre-existing interstitial pneumonitis shadow, on CT-scan was well correlated to severe radiation pneumonitis (1-year cumulative incidence of 57% with existing interstitial pneumonitis shadow versus 2% without) in Yamashita study  [15].
This suggests the importance of performing the same analysis for non-Japanese patients and determine whether the results are similar. In our study, radiological patterns were reviewed by expert radiologist and all patients had Multidisciplinary discussion, Heterogeneity of ILD patterns, function status and types of treatments is another important issue for further studies. An effort should be made for accurate collection of these data in order to identify the best predictive model. As already studied before surgery, the role of preventive anti-inflammatory or antifibrotic therapy and the identification of the potential target population has to be studied in this setting. Here we studied the role of SBRT, but a literature review of different treatments  [19]  identified that the weighted proportion of treatment-related mortality (and ILD-specific toxicity) depended on the type of treatment: 2.
Panelist answers were recorded and transcribed verbatim, to form the primary dataset for this development context. In order to develop a more complete and well-rounded understanding of conflict and SD trajectories, we augmented the four primary data accounts from the forum with secondary data obtained from Chilean popular press articles, and press releases from core actors and interest groups, that presented perspectives on the Patagonia National Parks Network  (Stake 2003; Boblin et al. 2013 ). We obtained an initial set of results by employing the Google Search Engine, with custom search settings for time frame (2017-2019) and type of result (news). From the initial list, we reviewed place of publication, titles, and summary paragraphs for all results, maintaining those that were published in Chilean outlets, and offered new perspectives and opinions of the initiative.
If multiple articles shared the same basic information and outlook, only one was maintained. A total of 17 articles were added to the dataset in this manner. For each article, we reviewed the full text and extracted all of the relevant meaning units within. These meaning units included: "words, sentences, paragraphs, graphs, maps, illustrations, and other graphical alternatives to text, which are related through content and context"  (Gale et al. 2019, p. 12). Meaning units from the 17 articles were added to the existing dataset obtained from the forum transcripts. For the HidroAysén and Río Cuervo projects, in-depth interviews were conducted with various NBT and conservation stakeholders, representatives of the energy projects, and public sector employees, between 2012 and 2018. In total, 33 accounts were collected.
Then, they were asked to visualize and describe the compatibility of NBT with other economic sectors, like the hydroelectric sector. Participants also reflected on the role of the NBT sector in the environmental tensions and conflicts provoked by the hydroelectric project. Finally, participants were asked to share their perceptions of the process and outcomes reached between and the energy sector, the NBT sector, and the environmental sector. We also complemented the primary data with secondary data in these two contexts; using a similar search process related to conflicts occurring between 2012 and 2018, and the following search strings: HidroAysén and Río Cuervo  (Stake 2003; Boblin et al. 2013). As before, we reviewed the full text and extracted all of the relevant meaning units from the 15 secondary sources that were included through this process, adding these to the existing dataset obtained from the forum transcripts.
Data Processing and Analysis For data processing and analysis, we sought an approach that would permit us to integrate data across the three case contexts, opting for a combination of directed content analysis  (Gale et al. 2019 ) and inductive coding methods. Although interviews and events occurred in different contexts and timeframes, the Spanish audio recordings and participant-observer notes were transcribed and joined within a master database, to form a unique dataset for this study. For the first research question, we sought to understand the underlying meaning, or latent context, within the dataset, with respect to tensions and conflicts regarding the development contexts. We began with an open coding process that resulted in 12 sub-themes, grouped into two primary categories. This stage was followed by triangulation and member-checking, to resolve points of confusion and ensure the consistency of the final themes and categories.