dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Monounsaturated fatty acid oxidation product quantification TLEs were silylated by dissolving them in 300 µl of a mixture of pyridine and BSTFA (Supelco; 2:1, v/v) and heating to 50°C (1 h). After evaporation to dryness under a stream of N 2 , the derivatized residue was dissolved in a mixture of hexane and BSTFA (to avoid desilylation) and analyzed by GC-MS/MS or GC-QTOF. Quantification of monounsaturated fatty acids and their oxidation photoproducts was achieved by comparison of individual GC-MS responses with those obtained from an external standard of oleic acid and its photoproducts of known concentration. Some of the palmitoleic acid (and its oxidation products) concentration data have been reported previously by  Rontani et al. (2016).
A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T brine salinity was also reduced in 2012 (37. 8) compared to 2015 (58. 6). These data suggest that the majority of the interstitial brine channels had already been flushed by percolation of downward flowing meltwater prior to the main sampling interval in 2012, while, in contrast, only modest changes within the sea ice brine network occurred during the sampling period in 2015. As such, the sea ice was in a more advanced melt state in 2012 compared to 2015. Finally, to ensure that our lipid analyses of sediment trap material collected during 2012 and 2015 could be attributed to ice algae and their attached bacteria, we also compiled some taxonomic information on the majority biota. In 2012, the main algal constituents were pennate diatoms such as Nitzschia frigida (25%), Navicula pelagica (6.
Acknowledgements This work was carried out in the framework of the transverse axis DEBAT ( DEgradation Biotique et Abiotique de  la maTière organique en milieu marin: processus et interactions) of the MIO. It was supported by the  MICROMAR  ( INSU -EC2CO-Microbien ) and GREENEDGE projects. The  GREENEDGE  project is funded by the  following French and Canadian programs and agencies: ANR  (Contract # 111112 ),  CNES  (project # 131425 ),  IPEV  (project # 1164 ),  CSA ,  Fondation Total, ArcticNet, LEFE  and the  French Arctic Initiative  ( GREENEDGE  project). This project would not have been possible without the support of the  Hamlet of Qikiqtarjuaq  and the members of the community as well as the  Inuksuit School and its Principal Jacqueline Arsenault. The project is conducted under the scientific coordination of the  Canada Excellence Research Chair on Remote sensing of Canada's new Arctic  frontier and the  CNRS & Université Laval Takuvik Joint International laboratory  ( UMI3376 ).
Illegal movement of live birds and their products The illegal transport of live animals and their products is of concern for disease transmission because of the lack of governmental oversight, the types of products being moved, and their country of origin and final destination. The U. S. Department of Homeland Security Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is primarily responsible for the confiscation of illegally imported products and specimens from domestic poultry species. Data provided by CBP depicts products and specimens from domestic poultry and birds that were confiscated in the cargo or express courier environment or via international mail facilities. Between calendar years 2012 and 2016, nearly 75 000 products and specimens derived from domestic poultry and other birds were confiscated by CBP.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Dr. Bettina Helm , the senior staff veterinarian for avian imports at the National Import Export Services, for answering countless questions and providing contact information for others in the field. Additionally, the supervisory veterinarians at each of the U. S. Animal Import Centers- Dr. Linda Anciano  ( Los Angeles ),  Dr. Micheal Burke  ( New York ), and  Dr. Laura Moya  (Miami)-provided data related to psittacine importation into the United States in recent years which was invaluable and greatly appreciated. It is important to note that many other federal personnel have provided additional data and resources from  USDA APHIS, USDOI U. S. Fish and Wildlife Services , and  USDHS Customs  and Border Protection-we are grateful for their assistance.
Accordingly, a few studies have also suggested that cell aggregation correlates inversely with tension in the cytoskeleton  [6, 16]. Our cancer cells aggregation assay was also validated with breast tumor cell lines including the MCF-7 cell line and is currently being used to investigate the involvement of several other actors and regulatory pathways in this process using dedicated micro devices and time-lapse video microscopy approaches. We present in Figure  1  the effect of the inhibition or invalidation of E-Cadherin using antibodies and siRNA interference strategies. These data emphasize the central role played by E-Cadherin in the aggregation process in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Very recently a chemotaxis-driven model for aggregation of tumor cells has also been proposed  [17] , suggesting that paracrine cell-cell communications could also been involved in these process (Figure  1 ).
Acknowledgement We are grateful to the members of our group for their interest to this project. The support of the staff of the ITAV imaging facility is gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to acknowledge the  TRI-Genotoul  facilities. The work in our laboratory is financially supported by the  Région Midi-Pyrénées , the  Cancer Plan and la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer  ( Comité de la Haute-Garonne ).
This is remarkable given that the Phanerozoic data with long averaging times come exclusively from polar glaciations, Paleozoic Gondwana and Cenozoic Antarctica, whereas the Cryogenian data come from low to mid-paleolatitudes  (169). Representing a database of 242 Sturtian and 326 Marinoan measured sections-incomplete, poorly exposed, and zero-thickness sections excluded-the anomalous Cryogenian accumulation rates are most readily explained by the attenuated hydrologic cycle of the "hard" Snowball Earth  (169). In contrast, the sediment accumulation rate averaged over the short-lived (<350 ky), mid-latitude, 580-Ma Gaskiers glaciation (  247 ) is indistinguishable from that of Cenozoic glaciations (Fig. 6 ). The Cryogenian data (169) also allow for the possibility (to be discussed in the next section) that lowlatitude ice sheets on Snowball Earth may have receded well before the cryochron-ending deglaciation of the ocean  (100).
Acknowledgments: We thank  K. Hodges  for inviting and  B. Schoene  for editing this contribution in honor of geologist S. Bowring. We are grateful to  R. Pierrehumbert  and two anonymous reviewers for comments that materially improved the paper. Funding: G. R. was supported by  CNRS  funding through the  ECLIPSE program. B. E. J. R. was supported by  NSF  grant  AGS-1455071. A. V. was supported by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)  and  Research for Sustainable Development (FONA)  (www. fona. de)under grant  01LK1509A. S. G. W. was supported by  NSF  grant  ANT-1142963. Author contributions: P. F. H. conceived and wrote successive drafts of the manuscript, to which each co-author responded with corrections, discussions, and/or revised text. All authors approved the final text and figures.
5 ∼ 3 consistently for each individual device. The so far analysed power load database for ELM mitigation experiments from JET-EFCC and Kicks, MAST-RMP and AUG-RMP operation are found to be consistent with both the scaling and the introduced model, ie not showing a further reduction with respect to their pedestal pressure. The extrapolated ELM energy fluencies are compared to material limits in ITER and found to be of concern.
We focus solely on the peak of the ELM energy fluence profile as this quantity will define the operational range and compares directly to the material limits. The ELM energy fluence profile is the temporal integration of the ELM heat flux profiles over the ELM duration (typically between 0. 75 ms and 3 ms)  [5]. The numbers for the peak ELM energy fluence have to be complemented by knowledge on the timescale of the ELM heat loads. Various works have investigated the ELM time scales for power loads in JET, ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) and MAST  [6]. Here we will only summarize these findings as the database used for the new studies and presented in this paper are largely identical  [7]. The analysis uses a new approach that directly compares the pedestal top plasma quantities, relative ELM losses and peak ELM energy fluence on the outer divertor target plates.
A description of the experimental approach and the database is given in Section 2. In Section 3 the data will be used for regression studies. Equipped and motivated by the regression law for the ELM peak energy fluence, we introduce a simple model in Section 4 that explains the main characteristics of the newly found scaling, notably enabling not only the correct parametric dependence but also shows fair agreement with the absolute range of values. The major uncertainty of both the regression and the model is the variation of a factor ∼3 due to the ELM loss size which will be discussed in Section 5. Section 6 will briefly appl y the model prediction to a selected discharge with ELM mitigation. Section 7 will compare to the material limits in ITER and provide a more general discussion.
Measurements and data base for JET, MAST and ASDEX upgrade The work presented here uses measurements of the pedestal top density and electron temperature taken from ECE and TS for JET and TS solely for AUG and MAST. These profiles are fitted using the standard fitting techniques for pedestal profiles, e. g. see  [8] [9] [10]. All data are in Lower-Single-Null configurations with the ion BxGrad(B) drift direction downwards. Here we only use the pedestal top electron density and the pedestal top electron temperature in a time window just prior to the ELM. The relative ELM energy loss is calculated by using diamagnetic measurements for JET on the plasma stored energy at the beginning and the end of the ELM event. For AUG and MAST the W MHD is used from equilibrium reconstruction. Additionally only global discharge parameters like the toroidal and poloidal magnetic field at the outer mid plane and plasma geometry enter our analysis.
All data points correspond to the period between 75 and 95% of the ELM cycle. An extension towards single ELM analysis is not envisaged here due to the low temporal TS resolution for all devices. A survey of the discharge parameters and pedestal parameters is given in Table  1. We distinguish here between JET-C with carbon plasma facing components (PFCs), JET-ILW with ITER-like-wall (ILW) operation, AUG-C for ASDEX Upgrade operation with carbon wall (both divertor and first wall) and AUG-W for the operation with solely tungsten as PFCs. MAST operates only with carbon PFCs and provides a further benchmark to the model since it has (a) comparably low pedestal temperatures and (b) is a spherical tokamak. The time scales of the ELM heat load in the divertor were intensively studied by using the presented database  [5, 7].
The extrapolation to ITER conditions is summarized in Table  2  both for Q = 10 (15 MA/5. 3 T) and half field/half current (7. 5 MA/2. 65 T) parameters. As the pedestal values for ITER are discussed in this contribution, we only vary the relative ELM size, with the results summarized in Table  2. The relative ELM sizes chosen are the lowest, the mean and the highest values in the observed data set. We note that the squre-root dependence should be handled with care as outlined in more detail in Section 5. The ELM peak energy fluence values, when extrapolated to ITER, range from about 10 MJm -2 to 30 MJm -2 as estimated by both the regression studies as well as the model prediction. A typical conversion factor due to the inclination angle of the castellated JET-ILW divertor between parallel and target heat fluxes is 10-12.
Even under optimistic considerations using a conversion factor of 10 (as in JET-ILW) and small natural ELMs of 2%, a resulting 1 MJm -2 ELM peak energy fluence is found which is about twice the reported material limit of 0. 5 MJm -2. We further discuss the implications in Section 7. MAST has a significantly different aspect ratio than JET or AUG. This is in general a good way to get information on the dependence on R/a. Given this, it is striking that scaling with R geo ( Eq. (  2 )) and a geo ( Eq. (  3 )) are nearly identical in all parameters. It would be worthwhile to explore further which is the more relevant variable. When we exclude the MAST data from the regression we find no significant change of the presented scaling nor for the projected values in ITER. Surely a more sophisticated regression analysis is necessary including an adequate treatment of the number of available data and their uncertainties is required.
Model for the ELM peak energy fluence In the following section we construct a simple model for the peak ELM energy fluence. To be applicable to the presented database showing estimates from three different machines and 5 different divertor geometries, we choose a model for the energy fluence parallel to field lines. Basically all we are doing is a power balance for a toroidally uniform volume that spans a radial region of a small width d around the pedestal top position. We assume this volume to be connected along field lines due to ergodization to the divertor target plates. In such a situation, similar to the idea of the plug-in model by Janeschitz  [17]  , the energy in the affected volume will be emptied by parallel transport. The time scale of the energy arriving at the target plate will be given by the free-streaming-particle approach  [12, 13]  already mentioned in Section 2.
Arriving here, we note that the extra factor of 3 seen in the data possibly arises for large ELMs because then the reconnected flux tube snakes for up to three turns poloidally. This naive reasoning needs to be checked, of course, with sophisticated modelling attempts such as using the JOREK code. Fig. 3  shows a comparison of the database with the model prediction using Eq. (  8 ). In the figure we draw an additional line showing a 3 times larger estimate (3:1) than the model predicts (1:1) and find that all data falls within these 1:1 and 3:1 lines. Thus we identify also a factor of three as found in the empirical scaling law. Note that the model is an absolute prediction. It gives a good description of the lower boundary of the data range for all three devices ranging more than a factor of 100 in ε II.
Finally we clarify that the width d of the flux tube is not believed to be significantly changed at the outer mid plane region due to an ergodic process, as such a process is the result of very small changes in the radial magnetic field of the order B radial /B tor ∼ 10 -3. Table  1  shows the results of the model applied for the two ITER cases. Comparing to the regression value we see that the lower (1:1) and upper model boundaries (3:1) are similar to the regression values for the largest and smallest ELMs in the database.
Remaining uncertainty due to the relative ELM size Here we present some more details on the remaining factor of three and its correlation to the relative ELM size. The relative ELM size is defined as the ELM loss energy normalized to the plasma stored energy E = E loss /W plasma. The regression studies give a square root dependence on E. The remaining uncertainty of the regression values when applied to the database is slightly less than a factor of 3. The model prediction does not account for the actual ELM loss energy but gives a lower value for all observed data, notably also leaving an uncertainty of a factor of about 3. Fig. 4  shows the measured ε II normalized to the model prediction ε II,model versus the relative ELM size. It can be seen that the distribution of the ELM sizes versus the normalized parallel ELM energy densities is unequally filled.
The database from the unmitigated discharges in ASDEX Upgrade, MAST and JET are shown for comparison. It is seen that both cases with and without external magnetic perturbation are captured within the prediction of the model. The observed reduction of the ELM energy fluence in the presence of external magnetic perturbations is explained largely by a reduction in pedestal pressure. Therefore, studies for ELM mitigation should report on any reduction of the pedestal pressure and assess the extent to which the ELM peak energy fluence is reduced in comparison to the reduction of the pedestal top pressure. An important result when assessing ELM mitigation (an increase of the ELM frequency and a reduction of the ELM loss size) by our novel method is that the observed correlation of the ELM energy fluence to the pedestal pressure holds for all analysed mitigated discharges that were investigated so far including data with RMP in AUG and JET-EFCC.
In addition, any asymmetries between the inner and outer divertor ELM loading would also lower the allowed ELM energy drop. In fact, the database presented here is currently being extended to include data from the inner divertor region for all three devices currently contributing to the scaling. Very first results from AUG using some newer, dedicated IR systems were already included in Fig. 4  and are in line with the prediction of the parallel ELM parallel peak energy fluence onto the outer divertor. It is finally important to note that material studies in which ITER-grade tungsten is subjected in electron beam facilities to large numbers of fast, low amplitude transients indicate that fatigue generated surface cracking can occur far below any melting threshold  [26]. Ultimately, it is such mechanical limits, which may set the allowable W ELM.
In relation to the need reduce ELM target energy densities, new measurements we have performed so far during ELM mitigation experiments are also found to follow the same scaling as for the uncontrolled ELMs. The observed reduction of the ELM energy fluence in the presence of external magnetic perturbation compared to the situation without the perturbation is explained mostly by a reduction in pedestal pressure due to the application of the fields. To refine the scaling and better understand the controlling physics beyond the first result presented here, a better understanding of ε ∼ E α (with α being between 0 and 1) is mandatory. This is particularly important in the sense that the new scaling predicts peak energy densities for high performance burning plasmas which, for the smallest ELMs in the database, are not too far above the limits dictated by surface melting.
Acknowledgement This work has been part funded by the  RCUK   Energy Programme  [grant number  EP/P012450/1  ]. This work has been carried out within the framework of the  EUROfusion Consortium  and has received funding from the  Euratom  research and training programme  2014-2018  under grant agreement No  633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the  European Commission. The authors thank  R. A. Pitts  from  IO  for fruitful discussions.
Acknowledgements S. P. is thankful to the  Council of Scientic and Industrial Research (CSIR) ,  New Delhi, CEFIPRA, New Delhi  in form of  Raman-Charpak  for nancial support. L. F. is thankful for the support from the  Vicerectorate for Research -University of Innsbruck  via  P7440-035-011 , and the  Institut de Physique Nucleáire de Lyon. The crucial computing support from  CC-IN2P3 (France)  is acknowledged gratefully. The authors gratefully acknowledge  Ian Walker ,  Waters Corporation , for his technical expertise.
The MHPM initially contains deionised water. The tracer used in the experiments is composed of deionised water supplemented with NaCl at C 0 = 0. 1 Mol/l. A constant discharge (7. 5 l/h) of this salty water is prescribed at the upstream boundary by a peristaltic pump (Gilson MP3) and is equally distributed between the four inlets. The tracer exits the column through the four outlets that converge in a unique one after which the concentration is measured using a conductimeter (WTW TetraCon 325). Measurements are saved on a data logger (Campbell CR1000) every 5 s until the outlet concentration C(t) stabilizes to C 0 (t). The duration T max for one MHPM of 15 cm length is about 15 minutes. To study the periodical effect on solute transport in heterogeneous media, 12 of the MHPM presented in  [7]  were used and experiments were conducted with n = 1 to 6 MHPM placed in series.
An important difference with  [7]  stems in the in-between MHPM connection. Indeed, after each MHPM a convergence flow outlet is followed by a divergence inlet for the next MHPM. The period of the periodic heterogeneous porous media is thus defined by one MHPM. Figure  2  represents the general sketch of the experimental setup with an example of a series of n = 4 MHPM. At the end of the setup, the cumulative outlet volume V is measured by weighting the effluent every 5 s and is also saved on the data logger. To avoid possible biases arising from asymmetry in the column, four replicates of each experiment were conducted after a 90 o rotation of the column. Using different combinations of the 12 MHPM enabled from 8 to 48 replicates depending on the value of n, and thus a total of 116 experiments.
The minimum and maximum statistical variation for the different replicates is represented by the grey envelop and the black line is the mean breakthrough curve deduced from all the replicates. It is worth mentioning the very high number of data points in comparison with other works found in the literature. This enables to draw conclusions that are not biased by a too sparse database. Results show that for n = 1 (only one MHPM), the breakthrough curve is far from the classical 'S' shape of a homogeneous porous medium. As expected however, the more the periodicity increases, the more we recover this shape. The behaviour for n = 1 stems from the high contrast in porosity between the cylindrical cavity (100%) and its surrounding medium (40%). The salty water thus flow preferentially through this cavity, bypassing the granular medium.
In the present work, the model was calibrated in D and u against the six experiments (n = 1 to 6) simultaneously. The aim being to reproduce every breakthrough curves with the same set of parameters. Result that best fits the six curves is obtained with D = 4. 25 • 10 -5 m 2 s -1 and u = 7. 6 • 10 -4 ms -1 (see Figure  4 ). As expected, this model fails to reproduce the curves for small values of n. The high quality database presented in this study, will be used in forthcoming work to perform reliable calibration of several other models, that may be more prone to reproduce atypical behaviours of breakthrough curves in strongly heterogeneous porous media.
PoS(ICHEP2016)225 DarkSide-50 is a direct dark matter search experiment operating underground at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. It is based on a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) that contains 50 kg of liquid argon; the TPC cryostat sits inside an active neutron veto based on a boron-loaded organic scintillator, which is in turn installed inside a water Cherenkov muon veto. The experiment started acquiring data in Nov 2013 filled with atmospheric argon. In April 2015 it commissioned the low-radioactivity argon from underground sources and has been running in a stable manner since then. We report the current status of the detector and the latest results, including the measurement of the radioactivity of the underground argon and the most sensitive dark matter search performed with an argon target.