dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis. Statistical calculations were performed in MATLAB and Excel using Visual Basic for Applications. Normality was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk Test. P values for data sets that were normally distributed were calculated using a two-tailed Student's T-test; P values for data sets that were not normally distributed were calculated using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U test. Pearson correlation was utilized for correlation between variables. Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed to evaluate interrater selections of the articular areas. Ethics and means of dissemination. This work was conducted under University of Iowa's institutional review board approval (IRB# 201904825). Subjects signed an informed consent prior to inclusion.
This rapid review summarizes the most up to date evidence about the risk factors for severe food-induced allergic reactions. We searched three bibliographic databases for studies published between January 2010 and August 2021. We included 88 studies and synthesized the evidence narratively, undertaking meta-analysis where appropriate. Significant uncertainties remain with respect to the prediction of severe reactions, both anaphylaxis and/or severe anaphylaxis refractory to treatment. Prior anaphylaxis, an asthma diagnosis, IgE sensitization or basophil activation tests are not good predictors. Some molecular allergology markers may be helpful. Hospital presentations for anaphylaxis are highest in young children, yet this age group appears at lower risk of severe outcomes. Risk of severe outcomes is greatest in adolescence and young adulthood, but the contribution of risk taking behaviour in contributing to severe outcomes is unclear.
| ME THODS We systematically searched three bibliographic databases for studies relating to IgE-mediated food allergy or Food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), published between 1 January, 2010, and 31 August, 2021. We searched from 2010 because other reviews covered earlier literature. 3 We extracted data in duplicate, assessed the risk of bias and undertook meta-analysis where appropriate. The online supplement describes the methods in more detail and eligible studies (Tables  S1-S5 ). We included 88 studies (4 systematic reviews, 9 randomized controlled trials and 75 observational studies) and synthesized the evidence according to the categories in Table  1 , with an emphasis on modifiable risk factors which could be used to reduce risk.
| Evidence 2] [23] [24]  Asthma has therefore been assumed to be a risk factor-something not unreasonable given that the main mechanism of severe outcomes in food allergy involve respiratory compromise. 3 6] [27] [28]  As a result, and because fatal reactions are rare, 1 the value of asthma as a predictor for severe reactions is low. The vast majority (>99. 9%) of food-allergic individuals with asthma will never experience a truly life-threatening reaction. 3 [16] [17] [18]  Evidence for asthma as a risk factor was contradictory, even within the same dataset when severity is assessed using different criteria. 41, 42 To address this heterogeneity, we performed a meta-analysis using a random effects model. We found no consistent evidence that asthma is associated with increased severity of food-induced reactions (i.
| Key findings Twenty-five studies examined IgE-sensitization and/or basophil activation tests. Current evidence is that these do not adequately predict severity, although many studies report a correlation. For some foods, molecular allergology may be useful in predicting higher or lower risk of anaphylaxis, particularly when combined with other potential predictors. For tree nuts, IgE against 2S albumins has been reported to be associated with increased rate of any anaphylaxis. 49, 51, 57 r peanut, IgE-monosensitization to Ara h 8 is associated with a lower risk and usually implies pollen food allergy syndrome (PFAS). 58 P-sensitization in the absence of co-sensitization to pollens may imply higher risk in some regions. the occurrence of anaphylaxis at food challenge. 3 1, 57, 58, [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76]  This is clearly demonstrated in well-curated datasets such as the LEAP study cohort (Figure  2 ): even IgE to Ara h 2 was not predictive of anaphylaxis at challenge, a finding confirmed elsewhere.
41 Including BAT may further increase predictive utility, 70 because BAT reflects a more functional readout of the ability of IgE to trigger cellular degranulation-in much the same way that the mast cell activation test has also been shown to correlate with severity. 85 wever, till date, this has only been evaluated in predicting lifethreatening reactions in a cohort where only 12 children had severe reactions. 70 The extent and frequency of IgE binding (including for specific epitopes) have been reported to correlate with symptom severity at food challenge in some studies,  [86] [87] [88] [89] [90]  but including IgE avidity and diversity in a prediction model for any symptoms in peanutallergic individuals did not improve diagnostic utility compared to peanut components. 87 These data imply that a more complex integration of different allergen-antibody-effector cell interactions might confer better severity prediction, but larger and combined datasets reflecting different populations are needed to evaluate whether such models can be helpful in risk-stratifying patients.
8 This pattern has been reproduced elsewhere: that individuals often show a dose-response between symptoms and level of allergen exposure, at least for the occurrence of any anaphylaxis, but this may not be apparent in larger datasets. 9 In an analysis of 734 double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges from The Netherlands, dose predicted only 4. 4% of the variance in reaction severity  15  -in other words, dose was not an important factor. Within a population, there will be a mixture of different allergic phenotypes, with some individuals showing a dose-response but others not. 9 Most datasets show that severe reactions can occur at all levels of allergen exposure (which further obscures the dose-severity relationship in larger datasets),  29  although significant symptoms are very uncommon to sub-milligram levels of protein.
Evidence Acquisition We performed a non-systematic, narrative review on the role of novel ultrasound-based techniques for the characterization of renal masses. A search of the Pubmed/MEDLINE database was conducted to identify original studies and review articles related to the use of ultrasound-based techniques in the evaluation of renal masses. Keywords included "kidney neoplasm", "renal tumor", "elastography", "contrast-enhanced ultrasound", "ultrasound" and "ultrasonography", along with free-text or related and derivative terms. The search was conducted on 1 November 2021. In order to focus on innovative and modern techniques and applications, we initially included articles published in the last 10 years. Subsequently, additional manuscripts of interest were identified through a manual search of the reference lists of the retrieved articles.
Methods The acquired information on this site came mainly from fieldwork (imaging, digging, on-site sedimentary analysis), including the use of various temperature data loggers that could run for several years. These were HOBO Pro v2 waterproof loggers with 12-bit resolution (operation range: -40 • C to +70 • C, accuracy ±0. 21 • C) at multiple depths  (10, 20, 35, 60 cm). Shallow ground temperatures were registered hourly and the loggers were read out using USB connection in every second years. The information gained in the field were completed with remote sensing based images and topographic datasets. The range of the outcomes presented here provide examples on how various disciplines could support synergistic results at this Mars analogue site. Aeolian grain collecting was done at three locations using wind traps (Fig.
The acquired grains were analysed by Malvern Morphologi G3 ID, a high-resolution analytical instrument, that was used in the laboratory for the shape analysis of large (>10,000) number of grains with a built-in statistical software, that yielded relevant morphometric parameters. The dispersed grains were scanned and the morphometrical parameters were determined. Histograms were created to represent this data, and also to select specific groups for more detailed analysis. The instrument is capable of providing various statistical parameters of the grains, including diameter, length, width, perimeter, major axis, area, volume, circularity, convexity, aspect ratio and elongation for particles. The measurement covers the size range of 1-1000 μm with a spatial resolution of optical data 1 μm. At some locations drilled holes for sample cores by hand forced simple cylindrical auger was acquired.
Subsurface borehole scanning and laboratory analysis The presented data of this subsection was recorded at the salty plain of Laguna Santa Rosa, which is an about 1. 6 km 2 large area, linked to Salar de Maricunga by a 100-500 m wide and about 12 km long elongated trench, mainly filled with evaporates. The surveyed area has a smooth, bright, salty surface with small undulations and polygonal ridges of 1-2 cm height. Liquid water coverage occurs at about 15-20% of this area at the southern edge, called Laguna Santa Rosa. Drilling was realized for sample acquisition to produce 3 cm in diameter and 20 cm deep holes. The drilled and excavated material was inspected in a laboratory at the home institute using FTIR infrared spectroscopy for compositional analysis. The IR spectra are visible in Fig.
Acknowledgement The research work realized at the Ojos del Salado region was supported by the following projects and funds: The travel to the area was supported by the  COOP_NN_116927  project, the drilling was supported by the  ESA   EXODRILTECH  project, and the support from  NKFIH  for the  Size and Shape Laboratory. Part of the field technology and facilities supported by the  Hungarian Astronomical Non-profit Ltd. The logistical support is acknowledged from the  Földgömb az Expedíciós Kutatásért Alapítvány , acknowledged from the  Földgömb Foundation , and also from the helpful staff members of the  Embassy of Hungary in Santiago , especially from  Ambassador Ms. Verónica Chachin  ( Embassy of Chile in Hungary ) and  Ambassador Miklós Deák  ( Embassy of Hungary in Santiago de Chile ).
5-week study (Clini calTr ials. gov NCT03457857). Inclusion and exclusion criteria are provided in Table Of 38 participants enrolled in the study, 32 were included in the efficacy analysis and 30 completed the study (Figure  S1 ). Mean (±SD) age was 4. 0 (±1. 2) months (Table  S3 ). Microbiome richness increased for both groups during the period of the study compared with baseline and was maintained during regression (Figure  1A ). Microbiome richness was statistically higher for the wash + lotion group compared with the wash-only group on Day 28, showing that adding lotion to a skincare regimen can positively affect the infant skin microbiome. Increased richness is the first step toward increased diversity, which is associated with healthy skin. The relative abundance profile of the microbiome was similar in both groups (Figure  1B ), and microbiome diversity remained statistically unchanged throughout the study (Figure  S2 ).
(d) Temperature In ART laboratories, the temperature of CO 2 incubators has traditionally been adjusted to 37 • C to mimic in vivo conditions. However, reliance on the accuracy of temperature solely on the external display of the incubators is considered incorrect. For example, the internal temperature of bench top incubators may be 37 • C, while the display shows a higher temperature  [109]. Large incubators also show internal temperature variations of around ±0. 3 • C  [110]. Since temperature of the incubators and heating plates is almost never a reflection of the temperature of the media, temperatures should be measured directly in the embryo culture medium during an ART-like procedure. These controls are to be done regularly with metrologically qualified thermometers. Despite several studies comparing culture at 37 • C versus 36 • C, there is currently insufficient data to suggest that incubation at a more physiological, cooler temperature improves pregnancy rates  [111, 112].
| Data collection Clinical and demographic characteristics were collected from the patients' medical electronic records. Two groups of patients were defined: with diabetes and without diabetes. We assessed the presence of diabetes by reviewing the patient's medical history in the medical file or by the presence of one or several antidiabetic treatments in the patient's usual treatment. Regarding chemotherapy cycles, treatment characteristics were also collected. In particular, data on the occurrence of severe AEs  We also collected data on hospitalization in the year following the start of chemotherapy, time of occurrence in days and reason for hospitalization, which included general alteration conditions, as well as cardiac, digestive, infectious, endocrine and neurological reasons or others.
Methods: An online survey addressed to healthcare professionals and patients' representatives active in the field of rCTDs was integrated by an extensive database search in order to build a mapping of existing registries for rCTDs. Findings: A total of registries were found, of which include multiple diseases. No disease-specific registry was identified for relapsing polychondritis, mixed connective tissue disease and undi erentiated connective tissue disease. Discussion: This overview on the existing registries for rCTDs provides a useful starting point to identify the gaps and the strengths of registries on the coverage of rCTDs, and to develop a common data set and data collection approach for the establishment of the TogethERN ReCONNET Infrastructure. KEYWORDS rare and complex connective tissue diseases, registries, ERN ReCONNET, TogethERN ReCONNET, European Reference Networks.
Key messages -Registries produce a real-world picture of diseases in all their aspects and may play a crucial role in supporting health care professionals in clinical practice and healthcare planning. Therefore, registries and databases constitute a key opportunity to enhance further medical research in a very challenging field. -Recently, the ERN ReCONNET launched the first European Registry Infrastructure (TogethERN ReCONNET) with the aim to plan, upgrade and link registries for rare and complex connective tissue diseases (rCTDs), with the final goal to promote a harmonized data collection approach all over Europe for rCTDs. -The present work, conducted in the framework of the ERN ReCONNET, was aimed at performing a mapping of all the existing registries for rCTDs and it was done by an extensive and systematic search.
A total of 140 registries were found, 38 of which include multiple diseases. No disease-specific registry was identified for relapsing polychondritis, mixed connective tissue disease and undifferentiated connective tissue disease. -This overview provides the starting point to identify the gaps and the strengths of registries on the coverage of rCTDs, and to develop a common data set and data collection approach for the establishment of the TogethERN ReCONNET Infrastructure. -Collecting more evidence on some neglected rCTDs might surely have a big impact not only in clinical practice but also in the future health planning processes of policy makers.
The main goals of ERN ReCONNET include not only the increase of knowledge and the improvement of the management of rCTDs, but also the facilitation of data sharing and harmonization of data collection across borders. To accomplish these goals, special support to research initiatives is needed, due to the low number of patients and high phenotype diversity of rCTDs. In fact, evidence published to date offers precious but still incomplete understanding of these conditions in terms of natural history, manifestations and outcomes, revealing how clinical research in this field remains challenging. Part of this challenge can be efficiently addressed through a systematic collection of clinical, epidemiological, genetic and biologic data in the form of patient registries. As defined by the European Medicine Agency "Patient registries are organised systems that use observational methods to collect uniform data on a population defined by a particular disease, condition or exposure, and that is followed over time".
Above all else, registries and databases constitute a key opportunity to enhance further medical research in the field of rare diseases. Indeed, they offer the ideal recruitment platform to launch studies with an adequate sample size and they also provide outcome results that may be generalizable for a wide range of patients, as data collected reflect real-world experience  (3, 4). In many European countries clinicians collect patients' data for rCTDs in hundreds of local and regional/national registries, as part of their routine clinical practice. As stated before, these heterogeneous and fragmented data are likely to complement each other and to provide a unique opportunity to better understand epidemiological and clinical features of these conditions. For this reason, the European Commission decided to set up a European Platform on Rare Disease Registration (EU RD Platform), to promote the interoperability of data in rare diseases registries, providing the standards and the tools on an EU-level for data collection and exchange in rare diseases covered by each ERN.
Besides, the European Commission has also launched a call to support the development of rare disease (RD) registries for the ERNs, and in 2020 ERN ReCONNET launched the first European Registry Infrastructure for rCTDs, called TogethERN ReCONNET, with the aim to plan, upgrade and link registries of rCTDs. The final goal of TogethERN is to promote a harmonized data collection approach of rCTDs all over Europe. The first activity of TogethERN ReCONNET was the creation of a working group consisting of expert clinicians, researchers, fellows of the network and patients' representatives, to co-design and perform a mapping of the existing registries of rCTDs. Accordingly, this paper aims to outline the current scenario of rCTDs registries across Europe, in an attempt to provide a starting point for the development of TogethERN Infrastructure.
Methods The study was co-designed with the TogethERN ReCONNET Working Group dedicated to this task. The study included a total of 3 phases. In Phase 1, an on-line anonymous survey was codesigned with the support of the Working Group. The main objective of the survey was to identify any existing registries, exploring the profile of the respondent (age, country, involvement in ERN ReCONNET, etc. ) and the awareness of the respondents of any existing rCTDs registry. Different details of the registries were also asked for, e. g. , the disease(s) covered by the registry, the geographical coverage, collection of the minimum data set for rare diseases developed by the Joint Research Centre, etc. (5, 6). The Survey was uploaded in the EU Survey Platform (7) and launched across the rCTDs community of healthcare professionals and patients' organizations both via email and via social media (Facebook and Twitter).
In Phase 2, two fellows belonging to the centers involved in the Working Group performed an extensive research on other registries that were not reported by the survey. The references for this review were identified through searches in PubMed (8), Orphanet (9) and RDConnect (10, 11). Registries were found using the search terms "registry" and the name of each specific disease from the ERN ReCONNET rare and complex connective tissue diseases list. Additional searches were conducted to find additional data on registries found within websites and informal sources. The third phase of the study included the analysis of the survey results as well as the incorporation of the.
Data about name, website, date of launch, disease scope and geographic coverage of each registry were collected. Participants were asked to fill in information regarding reference publications or reports/websites in which the registry was mentioned or related to work done through that registry's data. The total number of replies was 41, with replies from 15 different European countries (Figure  2 ), a majority from Italy (14. 63%), Spain (12. 20%), Portugal (12. 20%), Germany (12. 20%) and France (9. 76%). In terms of the profile of respondents, clinicians, researchers or other types of experts on rCTDs gave most replies (73%) followed by patients and patient representatives (22%). Most respondents (83%) were directly involved in ERN ReCONNET, either as an expert of an ERN ReCONNET center (71%) or as an ePAG advocate (12%), with 15% of the participants unaffiliated to ERN ReCONNET (Figure  3 ).
Discussion This work shows that several registries are currently available for some rCTDs across Europe, yet still significant gaps were identified, specifically in the coverage of diseases with the lowest prevalence. At present, no disease-specific registry was identified for UCTD, MCTD and RP, likely reflecting the lower awareness and research activities concerning these rare conditions. On the other hand, most of the existing registries reported in our mapping exercise cover multiple connective tissue diseases. This trend might reflect the growing need of physicians and researchers to connect, share and integrate data on conditions that belong to a common field, with the purpose of enhancing research and build a comprehensive knowledge base on these rare and complex diseases. In fact, TogethERN ReCONNET aims to meet this need by offering the tools and setting the standards to promote a synergic cooperation between networks and their registries.
While several sources are defending that international registries should be the gold standard, only a limited number of disease-specific registries included in this overview are international. In addition, many registries from extra-EU countries (North America, Australia, Korea, etc. ) were included, covering primarily IIM, SSc and multiple diseases. However, the presence of local and national registries for a rare connective tissue disease is a valuable resource as it might pave the way toward the development of a common dataset for a further international registry or collaborative publications in a specific area, which can be facilitated by the TogethERN Infrastructure  (12). Moreover, it is important to notice that most of the registries identified and reported in this publication collect epidemiological and clinical data, making them adequate tools for assessing epidemiology and disease course of rCTDs across Europe.
On the other hand, TogethERN infrastructure is expected to fill the gaps of those diseases not covered by any specific-disease registry, also with the aim to reach appropriate evidence on epidemiology and clinical course of the rarest connective tissue diseases. Research in this field is enhanced when data from patient registries are integrated with other data, such as biologic and imaging information, looking for biomarkers. In fact, biomarkers are important components of rCTDs, since they may be related to risk, exposure, prognosis, prediction of treatment outcome and etiological mechanisms. Unfortunately, very few biomarkers are available for rCTDs, so the existing registries for these conditions should aim at collecting biological samples  (3, 13). In this regard, twenty registries were included in our mapping of rCTDs registries classified also as biobanks.