dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Health Factors and Vaccination The prevalence of overweighted and obese individuals is significantly lower in GrippeNet. fr population than in French population, for men (pv10 {6 ) and for women (respectively p~4: Ã 10 {6 and pv10 {6 ) (Table  1 ). No significant difference was found between GrippeNet. fr and French populations for diabetes prevalence in the age classes of  p~0:07 and of $75 (p~0:11), however no national data is available for comparison in individuals between 18 and 45 years old (see Table  2 ). Among GrippeNet. fr participants, 5. 9% (95% C. I. = 5. 1%-6. 7%) declared that they take regular medication for asthma, while the prevalence for asthma is 6% in French adults (non significant difference,p~0:8). Vaccination coverage to seasonal influenza in the 2011-2012 season was higher in our sample (Table  4 ) (pv10 {6 ).
The GrippeNet. fr population is characterized by a higher vaccination rate with respect to the French population, and it includes a larger number of at risk individuals in the ,65 class. We expect the same mechanism already discussed for the larger representativeness of the [60-69] age class to be at play. Surprisingly, the prevalence of other conditions, such as diabetes and asthma, is however not statistically different from the values observed in the French population. Given that at risk individuals under 65 years of age are defined by the presence of chronic pathologies, we expect that the overrepresentation of this category is due to other conditions different from asthma and diabetes. However no data at the national level is available to test this hypothesis. GrippeNet. fr participants are less frequently found to be overweight and obese than the French population, reflecting a higher concern in health-related issues, as well as a higher socioeducational level of participants  [39].
Limitations One of the potential limitations of the study is the possible lack of accuracy in the data reported by third parties. GrippeNet. fr indeed allows participants to include multiple individuals under the same account, where one person who is the account manager fills in the data for all other account members. This is very convenient in a family setting, for example, where one member of the family fills in the information for the other members, or to include respondents who have limited computer expertise or have no access to the Internet. It is not possible to directly explore the accuracy of the information reported for third parties, however we could in principle test the robustness of the results obtained from the whole sample with respect to the subsample of accounts with multiple memberships.
Conclusions The results of the pilot season confirm the feasibility of the introduction in France of participatory ILI surveillance based on online systems, with participation rates comparable to previous experiences in other countries. Once adjusted on age and gender, the GrippeNet. fr sample is statistically representative of the French population for diabetes and asthma prevalence. The classes of individuals at risk, vaccinated individuals, or with a higher level of education are however all oversampled. These results need to be taken into account to correctly interpret epidemic data and also to plan changes and updates in future seasons. Targeted strategies for communication and the organization of specific activities can be informed by the findings of this study to increase coverage and participation rates, as well as to improve physical accessibility and easiness of use of the platform.
This work is partly supported by the  EC-ICT  contract no. 231807  (EPIWORK), the  U707/InVS  partnership contract  nu12-N-MIP20-04 , and the  ANR  contract no. ANR-12-MONU-0018 (HARMSFLU ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
As a Background: Suicide rates are high among prisoners but little is known about the precise weight of each risk factor. Methods: We collected data on the periods of imprisonment of all adult males incarcerated in France between 1 January, 2006 and 15 July, 2009. We used survival analyses from the incarceration to its end, censored by the observation period. We calculated suicide rates and performed a Cox model to assess the link between prisoners' imprisonment characteristics and suicide risk. Results: Overall, 301,611 periods of imprisonment were observed and 353 suicides were recorded. The suicide rate was 17. 9 suicides per 10,000 person-years (95% CI: 16. 1-19. 9). The hazard ratio (HR) of suicide risk was high for placements in a disciplinary cell (15. 7, 95% CI: 10. 6-23. 5) and varied depending on the main offence (homicide: 7.
Study population In compliance with French regulations on individual data protection, the French penal administration provided us with data on the 312,595 periods of imprisonment of adult males observed between 1 January, 2006 and 15 July, 2009 in all French prisons. A total of 301,611 periods were analyzed (3. 5% were excluded due to missing information on the offence, penal status, date of final conviction or sentence length).
Data We selected the reliable and most significant information from among the many types of data available for each period: the inmate's year of birth and nationality; penal information (offence, date of incarceration, date of final conviction and length of prison sentence if any); precise dates of stays in disciplinary cells, hospitalizations (whatever the reason, the location and the duration but with subsequent return to cell) and visits from relatives or friends during the 3. 5-year-period of observation. Offences were ranked in five categories and, in cases of multiple offences, the first was selected as the main offence: (1) homicide; (2) rape; (3) other sexual assault; (4) other violent offence; and (5) other offence.
Statistical analysis We performed survival analyses from the incarceration start-date to end-date (due to suicide or another event, i. e. release, escape or death from another cause). Data were censored for periods of imprisonment already begun on 1 January, 2006 and those not ended on 15 July, 2009 (Fig. 1 ). We calculated the mean observed duration of the imprisonment periods and the prison suicide rates, and we identified the association between characteristics and suicide risk using a Cox proportional hazard model. The model fit was tested with the Schoenfeld residuals method  [26].
Our study has several limitations, however. First, the 353 suicides included all the deaths resulting from suicidal acts committed by persons registered as prisoners. Whatever the context, in prison or in the general population, the intentionality of deaths from external causes (injuries, homicides and suicides) is not always clearly determined. In the French population for instance, this uncertainty leads to an underestimation of suicide mortality (around 10%)  [31] , but data were not available to address this question in French prisons. Records of stays in punishment cell may also be under-reported in the database. As the analysis was focused on differentials, these two limitations should not have an impact, however. Second, the data we used are from administrative files and were not collected specifically for this study.
In theory, wide-ranging data were available, such as marital status, number of children or educational level. However, as they are declarativenoted down by the clerk at the time of prison entry -they were of poor quality. For this reason, we selected the most reliable data: those related to prisoner management. Third, it has been shown that a strong association exists between mental disorders, alcohol or drug addiction, suicidal behaviour and suicide  [7, 10, 11, 13, 14, [22] [23] [24] [25]. Health information is not available and suicide attempts are not systematically notified in the administrative files. A single characteristic, hospitalizations (whatever the reason, the location and the duration but with subsequent return to cell), served as a proxy for health status and, even though it does not specifically characterize mental health disorders, it clearly showed a strong association with suicide.
We present PolemicTweet a system with an encompassing, economic, and engaging approach to video tagging and analysis. Annotating and tagging videos manually is a boring and time-consuming process. Yet, in the last couple of years the audiences of events-such as academic conferences-have begun to produce unexploited metadata in the form of micropost activities. With PolemicTweet we explore the use of tagged microposts for both video annotation and browsing aid. PolemicTweet is a system 1) to crowd source conference video tagging with structured sentiment metadata, 2) to engage audiences in a tagging process, and 3) to visualize these annotations for browsing and analyzing a video. We describe the the system and its components as well as the results from a one-year live deployment in 27 different events.
After this internal annotation process, the video recordings were published online on a web platform displaying the same annotation interface as "Ligne de temps". In addition to the first set of annotations, the attendees of the event were allowed to add further annotations. However, the participation remained low: the interface for annotation was complex and did not entice the public participation we had wished for. From these past experiences, we wanted to redesign this process with new tools that took advantage of the micropost data produced by the audiences of our events. The resulting system, PolemicTweet, was, thus, motivated by three goals: 1. Engage the audience to tweet for crowdsourced video annotation and tagging, 2. Provide a visual backchannel to incite people to tag their tweets with predefined tags and thus provide structured annotations, 3.
The reported accuracy rate was achieved on an English tweet corpus of the most popular queries on Twitter (Obama, Google, iPad, Lakers, Lady Gaga), and on a clearly targeted subject. We did not take advantage of this approach as it only works for English tweets, it is complex to set up, and has only been tested on a topic-limited tweet corpus. Instead, for PT  [34] , we needed to find a solution that would work in multiple and mixed languages, was simple to deploy, and would work on a variety of specialized corpora like philosophy, aesthetics, or design. Diakopoulos and Shamma  [15]  used another approach for sentiment classification: they used Amazon Mechanical Turk to perform hand-annotated sentiment classification on tweets. Turkers were compensated $0. 05 per ten tweets analyzed. Turkers were asked to tag four types of sentiments: negative, positive, mixed, and "other.
Video Analysis Support Mackay's EVA  [5] , was one of the earliest systems on video annotation, tagging, and analysis. Mackay synchronized records of metadata with her video records, such as the movements of a mouse on a screen. Nowadays recorded metadata is often taken from real-time web social services like chat or microblogging. PT relates to this trend but asks Twitter users to tag their own tweets for structured annotation. Another solution to aid in the process of video analysis has been to support multiple analysts in parallel. Cockburn and Dale  [8] , for example, designed and developed CEVA a synchronous collaborative video annotation system that focuses on supporting parallel analysis. Parallel analysis is based on the idea that multiple video analysts (five in their prototype) share their analyses in real-time for distributing the workload.
Data Collection To study the use of PT we gathered three types of data: all tweets using the various conference's hashtags, logs from the usage of the PT MetadaPlayer and the backchannel interface, and two questionnaires sent to various users of PT, either as designers, organizers, speakers, or audience participants. We used Google Analytics to log the website pages and a custom logging system to collect low-level traces of user interactions on the video player that Google Analytics could not provide. On the backchannel interface, we recorded usage logs only via Google Analytics to give us information about where users came from (direct access, twitter, devices, others) and where the users were physically located (inside or outside the conference room). This last information does not take into account attendees not using the provided free Wifi connection (e.
Analysis In this section we report on the analysis of our data according to three main questions: 1) Is the system sufficiently engaging to collect data for crowd sourced video tagging? 2) Does the visual backchannel incite people to tag their tweets and thus provide annotation structure? 3) Is the video web player with annotations useful? Is the system sufficiently engaging? Through our live deployment of PT, we found that engagement in the crowdsourced video tagging was highly diverse. We recorded from 0. 20 to 7. 94 tweets per minute (mean at 1. 47, median at 0. 89), with 0. 12 to 2. 13 tags per minute (mean 0. 47, median 0. 32). Averaged across all events, tweets were tagged using our syntax 40% of the time. Considering tagging a tweet as an additional cost, we conclude that the system provided enough tagging incentive on average.
In this highly dynamic context, the multimedia database systems security becomes a critical issue. Many application domains (e. g. , medical, military, video surveillance) may contain sensitive information which should not be or could only partially be accessed by general users. Therefore, it is essential to support security management of multimedia systems and design security models accordingly. On top of that, we have to consider also that the users are more and more mobile and they need to access the system from anywhere, in real time. There are some cases when the user's context and situation are important, and in order to accomplish a certain task the user must have access to the information. A definition of system security is provided by  [1] : "a computing system is secure, if and only if it satisfies the intended purposes without violating relevant informational (or other) rights".
Thus, a solution to this privacy and security problem has to be found in order to provide the user with some contents without breaking the system's security. In this paper, we present a new access control layer on top of the distributed architecture proposed by the LINDO project  1  , which considers the user's context and situation within the privacy and security management process. The project's objective was to build a distributed system for multimedia content management, and to ensure effective indexing and storage of data acquired in real time, while considering the resource consumption optimization. The project did not address the issues linked to data privacy and security. The users have full access to all contents after an authentication. Our objective is to include, within the LINDO framework, the access control in order to attain a pervasive accessibility that enables the user to access multimedia contents at anytime, from anywhere, without breaking the system's security.
Multimedia Access Control Many solutions have been proposed in order to secure the access to multimedia databases and systems. While some authors were interested in the security of the connection to the systems and of the distribution of the contents  [16] , others were focused on the content-based multimedia access control with fine-grain restrictions at a specific level of the multimedia data  [17]. [18]  proposes a framework that addresses multi-level multimedia access control by adopting RBAC, XML and Object-Relational Databases. The authors associated roles to users, IP addresses, objects and time periods. All multimedia contents handled by their system have to be segmented. Only the objects which have roles associated to are extracted from the multimedia contents. [19] studied the confidentiality and privacy issues in the context of a video surveillance system.
Each user request passes through this module, thus if between two requests the user's context changes his profile could change also. • the Access Control Module was added. In this module were included the Query Interpreter, the Sensitivity Analyzer and the Similarity provider. All information that is sent to the user passes through this module in order to apply a possible access control adaptation. • the Terminal Interface was modified in order to capture the user's context and situation. • a database with RBAC roles, rules and users' profiles was included into the Metadata Engine. It contains also information on the access adaptation. • the Query Analyzer was integrated into the Request Processor. • on the Remote Server, only the Access Manager was modified. In fact, a new functionality was added to this module: the execution of an indexing algorithm.
• the user launching the request in the "subject" tag, in bold in the figure • the situation at which the user has launched the access request in the "environment" tag, in blue in the figure. The importance level of the situation will determine the level of adaptation. As the adaptive querying mode is triggered, the query processing mechanism will change to ensure the success of the search by providing a variety of adaptive solutions in correspondence with the situation's sensitivity level. The adaptation process in this scenario will follow another scheme since the lost object situation is judged to be of higher importance (Level=1). Hence, the Similarity Provider component will be replaced by an Adaptive Solutions Provider. This component will provide some predefined solutions that could bypass the access control challenge or would assist the user in adapting and reformulating his query by pointing out the access challenge and offering him adaptive solutions that would suit his context, the solutions are often saved in a predefined database.
The socio-economic data we use comes from the UK 2001 census. This data includes the Census Area Statistics (CAS) Ward level information on population, unemployment rates and number of people aged 65 and over for the electoral wards in the studied regions. This data has been obtained from NOMIS, a service of the Office of National Statistics (ONS). 1  Although somewhat out of date, the data is adequate for our current purposes which are to demonstrate the methodology and provide broad insight. The geographic spatial data on centroid coordinates, boundaries (used to compute the contiguity graph) and areas of studied electoral wards has been accessed through EDINA UKBORDERS and is available only for 2003 CAS wards. Due to the merger of a few wards in 2002, there are some differences between the datasets, and we have performed the reconciliation manually.
In this mechanism, both the parent and children populations of a generation are combined, and the combined solutions are sorted according to their quality measured in terms of their convergence and diversity. Then, the first 50% of the best solutions are extracted from the combined population for forming a new population for the next generation. This mechanism guarantees that, even if no good solution is generated at a generation, the GA never moves opposite to the optimum from the current position. The proposed GA procedure is coded in C programming language. All computations are performed on a Dell Latitude 120L with an Intel Ò Celeron Ò chip (1. 5 GHz) and 256 MB of memory, running on Linux Environment (Debian Release 5. 0. 4). The resulting maps are plotted by the ArcGIS 10 software.
Acknowledgements This work uses data provided through EDINA UKBORDERS with the support of the  ESRC  and  JISC. Boundary data used is from  National Statistics/Ordnance Survey  and is Ó Crown Copyright 2006. Extracts are  Crown Copyright  and may only be reproduced by permission. Socio-economic and census data are made available by the  Office for National Statistics  through the NOMIS website. Maps were generated using the ARCGIS software. The work is carried out partially under  DD's post-doctoral research grant  ( SFRH/BPD/ 34482/2006 ) offered by  FCT , the  Portugese Science Foundation. AM and JF are grateful to the  British Council and Council of Rectors of Portugese Universities  for a travel grant, and AM would like to thank the  Instituto Superior Técnico in Lisbon  for their hospitality over several visits.
To determine the coat color pattern, we performed ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis from tooth and bones remains of 68 different canids (66 animals displaying a dog-morphotype and 2 animals displaying a wolf-morphotype) from Upper Palaeolithic (ca. 12 000 cal. BP) to Bronze Age (ca. 4000 cal. BP), from 28 different archeological sites, throughout Asia and Europe (Table  S2 ). Mitochondrial DNA of these samples had been successfully amplified by PCR as part of a previous project (  [12] ; data not shown), indicating that endogenous DNA was preserved in these specimens.
Conversely, in this macro-region, the two amplified sequences from samples from animals displaying a wolfmorphotype did not bear this mutation (at Torgashinskaya cave ca. 15000 to ca. 12000 cal. BP in an Upper Palaeolithic context and at Ulug Depe ca. 5550-ca. 4000 cal. BP in a Bronze Age context). Our results highlight the presence of R301C as early as approximately 11 000 cal. BP in dogs of Asia (Siberia) and South-Eastern Europe (Figure  1 ). While it has not been described in canids, we found R301C present in the Genbank database on sequences of present-day dogs belonging to two arctic breeds (Siberian Husky and Alaskan Malamute), whereas it was absent in the Boxer, Saluki and Afghan Hound. To further investigate the presence of this mutation in a larger dataset of present-day wolves and dog breeds we amplified the almost complete Mc1r coding sequence, consisting of a single exon, in 6 wolves and 41 dogs from 13 breeds (deposited in the GenBank Data Library under accession numbers JX273571 to JX273640).
This can suggest either that: (i) this individual is an early product of the domestication process and the presence of a mutated allele at locus K reflects a concurrent relaxation of selection pressures; (ii) this individual is a hybrid from a (black) dog and a wolf, as hybridization between wild and domestic populations is observed  [31]. Our results suggest that the K B allele was present in European dogs as early as the Mesolithic 11 000 to 8 000 cal. BP (a remain from an homozygote dog-morphotype specimen has been found in Icoana, Romania, Table  1 ). To our knowledge there is no earlier evidence of ''black'' dogs (nor wolves) in Eurasia. Our experimental data obtained from aDNA analysis firmly set an ante quem at 11 000-8 000 cal. BP (Icoana calibrated radiocarbon date) for the first occurrence of this mutation in Eurasia.
Mutation Analysis 454 data products were sorted using the public Galaxy web interface (http://www. galaxy. psu. edu/, [36] [37] [38] ) through a dedicated pipeline. For each sample and gene, the reads obtained by 454-sequencing or sequences of present-day dogs and wolves that were cloned were aligned with SEAVIEW software (http://pbil. univ-lyon1. fr/software/seaview. html,  [39] ) and compared to reference sequences of the gene to detect SNPs (delivered by the Broad Institute -http://genome. cse. ucsc. edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway). As we studied nuclear DNA, individuals can be heterozygous or homozygous at a given locus. Thus we computed the frequency of each of the SNPs (number of reads or clones) for each individual and locus (Table  S4 , Table  S5 ). The heterozygous or homozygous status was ascertained for ancient samples by considering independent amplicons and high coverage of reads.