dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
These should then be evaluated against the background of the procurement patterns attested in the neighbouring regions of northern Armenia and western Azerbaijan  (Chataigner and Gratuze, 2014b; Nishiaki et al. , 2019; Chataigner et al. , 2020). Additionally, further research is needed in order to achieve a reliable picture not only of obsidian circulation but also of human mobility in the region, of the interregional communication routes crossing this, and of other aspects of economy and material culture of the local groups. Accordingly, the main aim of this article is to present new data derived from the analysis of 107 additional obsidian samples from Eastern Georgia collected in the course of the archaeological investigations carried out from 2009 to 2019 by the Georgian-Italian expeditions in the provinces of Shida Kartli (Natsargora, Aradetis Orgora and Okherakhevi) and Kakheti (Tsiteli Gorebi 5).
Spot sizes were set to 100 μm. Blanks were run every 10 samples. Calibration was done by using 3 reference-standard glass materials: NIST610, Corning glass B and D, which were run periodically for correction in case of instrumental drift. 28 Si was used as internal standard to normalise the measured signal for each element, and the final percentage composition was calculated from the response coefficient (k) defined from the reference material  (Gratuze, 1999). Standard glass materials NIST612 was analysed independently of calibration, to provide comparative data and check for accuracy and precision. For the major elements, the analysed values were within 5% relative to all elements. Most trace elements were within 10%. Coefficients of variation for all major elements were < 5%. For the minor and trace elements, most were < 5% and all <10%.
Sites from which obsidian provenance analyses are available are still too few and, above all, too patchy in location and/or in date to allow the validation of these emerging patterns. In addition to densifying the network of analyses, a help in progressing with their interpretation may come from a more systematic correlation of obsidian provenance data with the evaluation of the sites' cultural orientation as inferred from similarities in pottery and other artefacts, or with other, less traditional indicators of human mobility, such as, for example, with the results of stable isotope analyses of human and animal bones. samples from Natsargora and Tsiteli Gorebi 5. Thanks are also due to dr. Chistine Chataigner, who first established the contact between the authors, to prof. Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati, who kindly revised the English text of the article, and to Francesco Bianchi, who prepared some of the illustrations.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  Georgian National Museum  in the persons of prof. David Lorkipanidze (General Director) and dr. Zurab Makharadze  (Director of the  Archaeological Centre ), the  National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia , the  Lagodekhi Regional Department of the Ministry of Culture , Sport and Youth and the  Lagodekhi Municipality  for the permission to undertake archaeological investigations and collect, export and analyse obsidian samples from the sites of  Natsargora, Okherakhevi ,  Aradetis Orgora  and  Tsiteli Gorebi 5 , as well as the Georgian co-directors of the joint archaeological expeditions: dr. Zurab Makharadze  and prof. Marina Puturidze  ( Natsargora, Okherakhevi ), prof. Iulon Gagshidze  ( Aradetis Orgora ) and  Mr. Davit Kvavadze  ( Tsiteli Gorebi  5).
Data Sources Two health sciences librarians developed and conducted the literature search (JMD and NS). An initial search for existing related systematic and scoping reviews or protocols was carried out on 24 August 2020. The keyword search strategy (art OR arts OR artistic OR artist OR artists) AND (wellbeing OR "wellbeing" OR "wellbeing") was used in BioMed Central Systematic Reviews, Campbell Collaboration Education Group, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Public Health Review Group, JBI Systematic Review Register, JBI Evidence Synthesis, and PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Most of the four related registrations from the previous 7 years focused on Australia or the United Kingdom; none focused solely on the United States. In addition, none of the reviews or protocols examined how the arts were being used to address wellbeing at a broad community-level.
Search Strategy The base search strategy for the full literature review was developed iteratively. This search was conducted in seven databases that focused either on the arts or health: PubMed; Web of Science; ProQuest's Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts; and EBSCOHost's Alt HealthWatch, Art and Architecture Source, CINAHL, and APAPsycINFO. On 31 August 2020, the final literature search exploited subject headings (when such headings were offered in a database) and keywords for each concept mentioned above in the Data Sources section, as well as terms for community (nonhealthcare facility) settings and geographic locations within the United States (though not specifically its territories and protectorates. ) When a database contained no relevant subject heading for a concept, the search consisted only of keywords for that concept.
All keyword searching for a concept involved truncated and phrase-searched terms in title and abstract fields. Where possible, results were limited to the United States (including specific states and some specific cities), publication dates 1 August 2013, onward, and English language full text (PubMed Search Terms, Supplementary Table  5 ). The 1,729 results were exported from the databases into EndNote and de-duplicated. In preparation for screening, the remaining 1,278 unique references were exported into Covidence. Subsequently, the project team hand-searched the following web archives and databases: National Organization for Arts in Health (NOAH), Alliance for the Arts in Research Universities (a2ru), American Art Therapy Association, American Music Therapy Association, the University of Florida Center for Arts in Medicine Research Database, and the National Endowment for the Arts.
Both Active and Receptive Participation This category included studies of activities that engaged people in both active art-making and observation of arts programming. Four studies containing both active and receptive mixed arts participation (e. g. , physically dancing and watching a dance performance) were included. Zitcer et al. (2016)  gathered qualitative and quantitative data in three adjacent West Philadelphia neighborhoods to determine the strategic value of arts/culture engagement upon community empowerment. In interviews study participants stated the importance of the arts, its value, and the contribution to improve their overall quality of life. Specifically, participants discussed how the arts improve the lives of children. They found that the arts engage children and provide outlets for youth and perceive that this improves the safety of their neighborhoods (Table  3 ).
Participants and data collection The results of 28 participants (14 female, 14 male) of the experiment, aged 33-79 (mean = 49, SD = 12. 3) at the time of the experiment, will be reported. 4 All are bilingual speakers of Risiangku Tamang and Nepali. We discarded the data of five additional participants who were unable to complete the task. The experiment was conducted using PsychoPy 2 (Peirce and MacAskill 2018). Participants were tested individually in a recording studio in Kathmandu, or a quiet room in the village of Risiangku. They wore a Sennheiser HD518 headphone and responded on a laptop computer. In each trial, an auditory stimulus was presented in two repetitions, and the participant was invited to select the most appropriate among four pictures displayed in the four corners of the screen (see Appendix A.
Classification tree analysis A classification tree analysis (CART) was conducted to further assess the relative importance of each cue in classifying high versus low tone categories, using the rpart package  (Therneau et al. 2019 ) in R. Note that this data classification method divides the data into two maximally homogeneous groups at each split, but does not say anything about how a listener makes decisions about a tone category. Figure  5  shows the classification tree, plotted by the rpart. plot package  (Milborrow 2019)  in R. F0 is used in the first split, with 138 Hz as cut-off. When F0 is above 138 Hz, PREVOICING is the best separator between the two response categories. When F0 is below 138 Hz, the prevoiced stimuli predict a low tone response, and unvoiced stimuli with a breathy voice also predict a low tone response.
Acknowledgments: We thank our Tamang consultants for their patient and enthusiastic collaboration,  Christian Dicanio  (Associate Editor) and two anonymous reviewers for valuable suggestions,  Nicolas Audibert  for his Praat script for resynthesizing prevoicing, the late  Isabelle Tellier  for her patient explanations on decision tree learning methods,  Boyd Michailovsky  for helpful comments,  Amrit Yoncan  for recording the instructions in Nepali, and  Claire Michailovsky  for drawing the pictures used for elicitation. Preliminary results have been reported at Atelier de Phonologie 2017, the  Edinburgh Symposium on Historical Phonology 2017 ,  Seoul International Conference on Speech Sciences 2017, Linguistic Society of Nepal 2018 , and LabPhon 2018. We thank the audiences for their feedback.
This study was conducted under the research strand "Evolutionary approaches to phonology", partly supported by a public grant overseen by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  as part of the program " Investissements d'Avenir " (reference:  ANR-10-LABX-0083 -LabEx EFL ). It contributes to the  IdEx Université de Paris  - ANR-18-IDEX-0001.
In contrast, remote shows may increase pairs' confidence due to the possibility of cheating by accessing external information. Our framework delivers two simple predictions on the probability of participating in the final round given past performance. These performance-based participation probabilities are related to social image effects and pairs' confidence. First, keeping constant social image effects, a difference in confidence between in-person and remote pairs induces a monotonic difference in their performance-based participation probabilities. Second, keeping constant pair's confidence effects, a difference between in-person and remote pairs regarding their social image concern leads to nonuniform changes in their performance-based participation probabilities. We estimate these two predictions using a dataset of 1,742 pairs of contestants.
Data and Context of the Game The data used in this paper were taken from the "1000 Euro Game" broadcast between June 2011 and July 2022. There are 1,742 total games and 3,484 unique subjects. Created in 1958, this game is the oldest French radio quiz show that is still on air. 10  Traditionally, the show is recorded in person and travels around France during the year. Episodes are then broadcast a few days later. Of the in-person shows, 76% were recorded in urban areas, versus 24% in rural areas. At one point during the COVID-19 pandemic the show had to switch to an all-remote format. The remote episodes represent 5. 5% of all shows. In this context, the radio shows were broadcast live and the contestants had to perform remotely from home with only audio contact. Our pre-COVID-19 period extends from June 20, 2011, to March 12, 2020, which corresponds to the date of President Emmanuel Macron's speech on the first wave of the COVID-19 crisis in France.
They therefore participate in the SB as long as their past performance is below I >. The increasing curve pI ( ) indicates that the social image A I ( ) decreases with. The difference between R and I can thus be decomposed into a pair or confidence effect (from R to ) and an audience or social image effect (from to I ). The confidence effect leaves the probability threshold unchanged, at pR , while the social image effect decreases the probability threshold. Model Implications -Figure  2  illustrates the participation decision of a given pair. We want to derive implications based on the heterogeneity between pairs in our dataset. For instance, differences in risk aversion between pairs, captured by the concavity of U j , affect the participation probability in the SB and the threshold levels R , and I.
16× and 6. 15×, respectively (Table  1 ). Sequence data from both individuals showed characteristic patterns of postmortem damage and fragmentation expected from endogenous ancient DNA (aDNA) molecules  25  (Fig. S1 ). We used four different methods to estimate contamination at the mitochondrial  25, 26  , autosomal  27  and X-chromosome  28  levels and all four methods confirmed low levels of contamination (<5%, Table  S2 ). Two biological sex inference methods  29, 30  identified syr005 to be a male and syr013 a female. Individuals syr005 and syr013 were determined to carry mitochondrial haplogroups J2a2a1a1 and R0a2, respectively. Both haplogroups are common in the Arabian Peninsula, Near East and parts of Africa  31, 32  in concordance with the broad geographical location of the samples.
Compared to the pseudohaploid data available for the other ancient individuals, these diploid genotypes allowed for a more fine scale analysis of the relationship between syr013 and modern populations. We used Beagle 4. 1  37  to analyze sharing of tracts of identity by descent (IBD) between syr013 and present-day populations. Consistent with other results, the highest number and total length of IBD tracts was shared with multiple Bedouin B individuals and a single Saudi individual in the Human Origins 2. 0 dataset (Fig. 5a ). This confirms the connection between the UEB individuals and nomadic Levantines as well as to the Arabian peninsula. We then tested different scenarios to investigate the most likely population affinities between the sequenced UEB samples and modern regional populations, performing D statistics of the form D(UEB, A; X, Mbuti) testing whether 'X' is an outgroup with respect to the group constituted by UEB individuals and 'A' or if there is an excess of allele sharing between 'A' and 'X' or the UEB individuals and 'X'.
For three-sources, NA implies that that source was not used in the model. Values are shown along with standard errors, with infeasible models pointed out along with the target population. Outgroups used: Mbuti, Sweden Hunter-Gatherers (SHG), Kostenki14, Ust-Ishim, Central Hunter-Gatherers (CHG) and Neolithic Anatolia. UEB_dmg indicates models run with data from the UEB individuals restricted to damaged sites. homozygosity (ROH) to determine the extent of inbreeding. In the syr013 individual, we observe both high numbers and cumulative lengths of ROH segments in syr013 compared to other Middle Eastern populations (Fig. 5b ). Consistent with CND results, this suggests that syr013 was part of a small and/or inbred population. To ensure that the results were not affected considerably by missing sites, we also ran the analysis with the Simons Genome Diversity Panel (SGDP)  46  restricting the analysis to the sites covered for syr013 and found a similar pattern (Fig.
5‰ and -19. 2‰; δ 15 N + 11. 5‰ and +13. 1‰) with high animal protein intake. Consumption of food from an arid location or where manuring was practiced are also possible explanations for the high nitrogen values. Without comparative faunal or human data from the period and location, it is difficult to ascertain the extent of these effects. We contextualised our data with human stable isotope regional datasets from historical/proto-historical periods (e. g. from Lebanon, Jerusalem, Northern Jordan, Syria [albeit Northern], including Early and Late Roman, Parthian, Byzantine, Medieval and some modern data  [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]  (see Table  S14  and Fig. S6 ). In addition, we have compared this data with those obtained from Bedouin tombs from Jordan dating between the 13th and 19th centuries  56    community of St Stephens tends to have higher nitrogen values than the other datasets δ 15 N (7.
3-12. 6‰ and 6 individuals of the 68 as high or higher than 11. 5‰). The high nitrogen values for this site have been attributed to animal protein consumption  51. The Bedouin dataset has comparable (and higher) nitrogen isotope ratios to our two individuals (δ 15 N 10-17. 3‰), however, less negative δ 13 C values. The high nitrogen values of the Bedouin are attributed to 'considerable amounts of animal protein' including blood, milk (products) and meat, and the high δ 13 C ratios are attributed to the habitation of and resource exploitation of predominantly C 4 or mixed C 4 -C 3 ecosystems  56. Compound specific amino acid carbon isotope values were obtained  57, 58  to investigate whether the high nitrogen values were influenced by the intake of aquatic resources. The δ 13 C GLY -δ  13  C PHE values for the individuals are between 10 and 13‰ 59 , δ 13 C VAL -δ  13  C PHE values around 0 to 1‰  59, 60  and the δ 13 C LEU -δ  13  C PHE values are negative (Table  S15 ); these values are consistent with a terrestrial diet without significant input from aquatic resources  58, 61.
We conclude that the Tell Qarassa individual's isotope values can best be explained as diets with high levels of animal product consumption (i. e. pastoral food acquisitionlike the Bedouin dataset), but obtained from an almost exclusively C3 ecosystem (like the other regional datasets). The majority of stable isotope data discussed herein were measured from collagen samples extracted from cortical long bone and ribs, with the exception of four samples taken from molars  53  and the data from refs. 11, 12, 52 , who, like us, used petrous bone. Jørkov et al. 62  have argued that the isotope signal from petrous bone reflects some childhood diet, reporting slightly lower δ 13 C values (<0. 3‰) and slightly higher δ 15 N values (<0. 8‰) in petrous bone compared to those of rib and femur samples (at a population level).
Even if this offset applies to our dataset, these differences would not affect the dietary interpretation of the two individuals from Tell Qarassa. This dietary interpretation is intriguingly consistent with the Bedouin ancestry components of the individuals and the presence of the lactase persistence variant in syr013. Dietary stable isotope studies of ancient Islamic individuals have been widely studied in Iberia (and the Balearic Islands), but less extensively elsewhere. Lopez-Costas and Alexander  63  conclude that there is no strong evidence that Islamic diet has a distinct isotopic signal that distinguishes it from contemporary Christian diets (e. g. ref. 64  ), despite some well-known cultural differences (e. g. the prohibition of pork in Islam, fasting and fish-eating in Christianity).
We have been able to infer that the two Umayyad Era individuals buried on top of a prehistoric site represent individuals that were genetically close (while not identical) to a subgroup of modern-day Bedouins ('Bedouin B') from the Negev desert in Israel as well as Saudi from the Arabian peninsula in the Human Origins 2. 0 dataset. Several sources document the existence of historical nomadic groups that either occupied the Tell Qarassa region and/or migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to Syria during the Umayyad Era  69, 70. However, the absence of contemporary genetic data from this period limits resolution on finer substructure among such groups. Additionally, while genomic methods are a powerful tool to analyse an individual's ancestry and infer past demography and population dynamics, genetic datasets often use regional, cultural and/or archaeological affiliations for genotyped individuals.
Library amplifications were performed as in  85  using indexed primers  84  and 4-11 cycles (11 and 10 cycles for syr005; 4 and 6 cycles for syr013). All extraction and library preparation steps were conducted at the dedicated ancient DNA facility at Stockholm University. A total of four DNA libraries were shotgun sequenced on a HiSeq X10 sequencing platform (150 bp paired-end reads) at the NGI Stockholm. NGS data processing. Sequenced reads were mapped to the human reference genome build 37 (hs37d5) using BWA aln 86 with non-default parameters -l 16500 -n 0. 01 -o 2. Data were merged at the library level using samtools v1. 5  87. PCR duplicates were collapsed using a modified version of FilterUniqSAMCons_cc. py  44, 88. Different libraries for one individual were then merged into one bam file using samtools v1.
Uniparental haplogroups. Mitochondrial haplogroups were identified using Haplofind  89  and HaploGrep 90 , two web-based applications that use the Human Phylogenetic Tree  91  to identify the Y-haplotype of sample syr005, reads mapping to the Y chromosome with minimum base and mapping quality of 30 were compared to biallelic substitution SNPs from the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG, https://isogg. org/). We excluded A/T and G/C SNPs to avoid strand misidentification and C/T and A/G SNPs to avoid post-mortem damages. Population genetic analyses. For population genetic analyses, we merged the ancient samples with modern genotype data of the Human Origins 2. 0 dataset 1 as well as 272 published ancient individuals from the Levant, Europe, Caucasus, North and sub-Saharan Africa  1, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] 12, 39, 40, [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98]  , resulting in a total of 2854 individuals and 541300 SNPs that passed quality control filters from the Human Origins dataset.
ADMIXTURE. We used ADMIXTURE 34 for model-based clustering analysis. All data were haploidized by randomly picking one allele per individual at each SNP. Next, the dataset was thinned by pruning out SNPs in linkage disequilibrium using PLINK v1. 9  100  with a window size of 200 kb, a step-size of 25 and a squared correlation (r 2 ) threshold of 0. 4. Following this step, 59509 of 541300 variants were removed. ADMIXTURE was run for ten iterations with different random starting seeds, five-fold cross validation and the number of ancestral populations (K) was varied from 2 to 10. Results of admixture were visualised using Pong  101. We ran unsupervised analyses to study the assignment of genetic clusters in the larger set of 73 modern populations from Europe, Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, North Africa and Caucasus and the ancient individuals grouped into 28 population labels determined from their respective studies (N = 1321).
qpAdm. We used qpAdm 102 from the ADMIXTOOLS 35 package with the options allsnps: YES, details: YES and summary: YES to run various modelling scenarios for ancient and modern Levantine groups. First, we modelled the UEB individuals, other ancient and modern Levantine groups as a mixture of four basal ancient populations, namely Neolithic Levant, Neolithic Iran, Western European Hunter-Gatherers and Mota (a 4500-year-old individual from Ethiopia 39 ) and their subsets. Secondly, we modelled the UEB individuals as a mixture from ancient Levantines more proximate in time (i. e. Iron/Bronze Age and later periods) along with Mota from Africa  39. Thirdly, we modelled modern Middle Eastern groups as a mixture of the UEB individuals and Mota. Finally, all models that involve UEB individuals were also run by restricting the models to damaged reads.
Standard errors were estimated using a weighted block jackknife procedure. Conditional nucleotide diversity. To estimate genetic diversity in our data, we used conditional nucleotide diversity (CND)  42. CND is a measure of genetic diversity within a population based on a comparison of nucleotide differences between two individuals. We used transversion sites that are polymorphic in the Human Origins 2. 0 SNP array. Standard errors were estimated using a block jackknife procedure. Analysis of genetic kinship. Commonly used approaches for estimating a degree of genetic relationship requires some type of reference data to set a baseline for relatedness. This is usually obtained either by using allele frequencies from modern populations or pairs of unrelated individuals from the same population  109.