dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Methods and analysis Four electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO) and three clinical trial registries (Clinical Trials, EU Trials, WHO ICTRP) were searched. All randomized controlled trials testing the combination of mindfulness-based interventions and non-invasive brain stimulation in humans will be included. As primary outcome, data on change in anxiety and depression symptoms from baseline, and, as secondary outcomes, other mental health outcomes data will be gathered. Data will be extracted independently by two authors using a predefined extraction form. Depending on the clinical heterogeneity of the included studies, the research team will decide whether a quantitative synthesis is appropriate for each of the predefined outcomes. If there is considerable statistical heterogeneity, subgroup analyses and meta-regression will be performed.
As for anxiety symptoms, they can consist of worrying, internal tension, fear, difficulty with concentration and memory, depressed mood, muscular symptoms such as pain and aches as well as sensory symptoms such as tinnitus and blurred vision, cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms such as palpitations, tachycardia and dyspnea, gastrointestinal symptoms with nausea, abdominal pain and lack of appetite, genitourinary symptoms with frequent micturition and loss of libido, and autonomic symptoms like dry mouth, flushing and sweating  [19]. Only psychometrically validated standardized scales for rating depression and anxiety symptoms will be eligible for our analysis. We will summarize and define the psychometric properties of all the scales that were used in the selected trials. As secondary outcomes, we will analyze the data related to stress, sleep quality, quality of life, problematic substance use, pain, and dispositional mindfulness.
It is thus logical to investigate whether a combined intervention demonstrates the same effect. Dispositional mindfulness is measured using standardized scales and questionnaires. We will explore data on adherence, adverse effects and acceptability to better report the benefit and harm of the studied interventions. Definitions of adherence, adverse effects and acceptability will be retrieved for each study, and quantitative data will be summarized if appropriate. Report characteristics. We will include studies in all languages, from all geographical areas, with no restrictions for year of publication. All types of RCT reports will be considered, including journal articles, conference abstracts, theses, book chapters, etc. If necessary, authors will be contacted to obtain supplementary information.
Search strategy We started our scoping searches in November 2022. Our literature search strategy used medical subject headings (MeSH), or equivalent when using Embase and PsycINFO, and text words related to the combination of MBI and NIBS. The Medline search strategy draft was created by a member of the research team with expertise in systematic review searches. This search strategy was pilot-tested and peer-reviewed by the research team members. No limits were included in our search strategy. The draft for the Medline search strategy is available as a (S1 File). For other electronic databases and registries, our Medline search formula was adapted to the syntax and subject headings of the information source. We did not use filters in any of the information sources.
Data management and study selection We implemented all entries in a reference management software, Zotero, and, after automatic double removal, we implemented those in the systematic review automation tool Rayyan QCRI  [28, 29]. The study eligibility form was created by A. D. and peer-reviewed by all members of the research team. It is available as a (S1 Fig). Two raters (A. D. and B. T. ) independently assessed titles and abstracts for inclusion criteria in blind mode. After unblinding, disagreements were resolved through discussion with a third rater (B. P. ) The full texts of the included articles were then reimplemented on Rayyan QCRI for blind full-text assessment by two raters (A. D. and B. T. ) This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol was finished and submitted before the end of the independent full-text selection process by two members of the team.
Then, we will adapt and apply the extraction form to all included publications. Data extraction will be independently performed by two authors (A. D. and B. T. ). The published data will be used, and, in case of missing information, corresponding authors will be contacted through their institutional email address (maximum 3 email attempts within a 30-day period). In case of discrepancies in extracted data, two other members of the research team will adjudicate disagreements. Our extraction form is available as a (S2 and S3 Files). In case of multiple reports of a single trial, they will be compared independently by two authors (A. D. and B. T. ) using author names, intervention characteristics, study locations, date and duration of the studies, and sample sizes at baseline, as recommended by the Cochrane Handbook  [30].
Data synthesis We will conduct a meta-analytical synthesis if the extracted data is found to be appropriate for a quantitative synthesis. The final decision on the trials and outcomes to include in the metaanalysis will be obtained through discussion with all members of the research team. This decision will depend on our evaluation of clinical heterogeneity in the trials included in our review. Clinical heterogeneity of the included studies will be assessed through the clinical, methodological, and technical differences between the studies. Clinical and methodological differences will be appraised through analysis of the included population (age, sex ratio, education, diagnosis), percentage of patients lost to follow-up, and trial designs. Technical differences will be evaluated by comparing different intervention and control characteristics (types, technical features, duration).
We will then discuss the methodological features of the included trials, especially in terms of randomization process, blinding and choice of control condition. We will present the outcome data starting with the findings on primary outcomes (symptoms of depression and anxiety). Then we will present synthetized data on secondary outcomes. To account for temporal evolution of hypothesized effects, our outcome data will be structured around different endpoints, from immediate post-treatment to multiple-month follow-up. We will describe the risk of bias evaluation, confidence in cumulative evidence evaluation and will critically discuss the findings in light of these assessments. If a quantitative synthesis is possible, the results will be summarized for each outcome as means and standard deviations.
Statistical Analyses The study adopted a cross-sectional design. SPSS version 22. 0 (International Business Machines Corporation-IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to explore the sample's characteristics. Pearson's r correlation analyses were conducted to explore the associations between all the variables of interest (attachment security, emotion regulation strategies, and student burnout). In order to assess the reliability of the measurement tools, we employed Cronbach's alpha. Analyses aimed at investigating the gender differences were conducted through independent t tests. Multiple regressions were used to explore the relationship between the independent variable, mediating variables, and dependent variables. Jamovi version 2. 3. 18 (The jamovi project, Sydney, Australia) was employed to perform path analysis modeling in order to test the mediation model.
In the Brief Intervention step, the GP presented the patient with an information flyer and had a short discussion with them on the 'Savtember campaign'. GPs relied on their own knowledge for this conversation. The flyer was elaborated following the French National Authority for Health recommendations ('Elaboration d'un document écrit d'information à l'intention des patients et des usagers du système de santé. ', 2008)  and carried the pictograms of the French Cardiology Society. It was approved by the French national associations involved in first aid training (the French Red Cross and the Civil Protection Services). The flyer included: data on sudden death in sportspeople, the first aid message (alert emergency services, commence CPR, defibrillate), the contact number of the principal first aid training association and the cost and duration of the training course.
Data analysis and ethics The sports medical certificates of participating patients were collected by the principal investigator (MB). They were de-identified and then analysed to determine age, sex and sport type/intensity. Descriptive data were compiled in Excel © and were presented using numbers and percentages, and mean ± standard deviation (SD). Sports were categorised into three groups: low, moderate and high metabolic equivalent (MET), where basal MET was the metabolic equivalent of the oxygen consumption of a 40-year-old man at rest (MET = 1)  (Albert et al. , 2000). To assess the validity of the data, the number of sports certificates issued was compared with the number of days on which GPs received patients applying for a sports medical certificate (inclusion days). The appointment diaries for September of 20% of the participating GPs, chosen randomly, were analysed retrospectively to assess the quality of decisions to include patients, by comparing the number of appointments made to obtain a sports 2 Arnaud Maury et al.
Patients In total, 957 sports medical certificates were issued by the participating GPs. Analysis of a random sample of the appointment registers of GPs suggested a rate of inclusion of patients in the study that corresponded to 95% of all consultations for a sports medical certificate during the study period. Twenty-six patients were not included (and thus the certificate was not analysed) either because the GP forgot to include them or decided that the patient could not be included. Two certificates were excluded from the analysis because the patients were under the age of 18 years (Figure  1 ). The mean age of included patients was 43 years (±16) and 60% were women. In total, data from 929 individual sports medical certificates were analysed. The GPs recorded that 522 (56%) of these patients reported having already been trained in first aid/CPR, 342 (37%) were interested in the topic and received the flyer and brief intervention, and 65 (7%) were not interested (Figure  1 ).
Short sleep duration has been linked to adverse behavioral and cognitive outcomes in schoolchildren, but few studies examined this relation in preschoolers. We aimed to investigate the association between parent-reported sleep duration at 3. 5 years and behavioral and cognitive outcomes at 5 years in European children. We used harmonized data from five cohorts of the European Union Child Cohort Network: ALSPAC, SWS (UK); EDEN, ELFE (France); INMA (Spain). Associations were estimated through DataSHIELD using adjusted generalized linear regression models fitted separately for each cohort and pooled with random-effects meta-analysis. Behavior was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Language and non-verbal intelligence were assessed by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence or the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities.
Study design and study population Our study used harmonized data from an international crosscohort collaboration, the European Union Child Cohort Network established in the Horizon 2020 Project LifeCycle  [15] [16] [17]. A cohort was eligible for our study if it had harmonized preschool sleep at 2 to 4 years of age and behavior (internalizing, externalizing) or/and cognition data (language, non-verbal intelligence) from ages 4 to 6 years. Five cohorts participated: ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, United Kingdom, n = 4847 eligible children)  [18, 19] , EDEN (Étude des Déterminants pré et postnatals du développement et de la santé de l'Enfant, France, n = 1015 eligible children)  [20] , ELFE (Étude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance, France, n = 9100 eligible children)  [21] , INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente Project, Spain, n = 1348 eligible children)  [22]  and SWS (Southampton Women's Survey, United Kingdom, n = 134 eligible children)  [23].
Internalizing and externalizing behavior problems Data on behavior was available in three cohorts: ALSPAC, EDEN and ELFE. All cohorts used the parent version of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to measure internalizing and externalizing problems in children. The SDQ is a standardized questionnaire for children from 4 to 16 years with 25 items assessed on a three-point Likert scale  [24]. The questionnaire covers five scales: emotional symptoms, peer problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity and prosocial behavior, ranging from 0 to 10 each  [24]. The emotional and peer problems subscales were combined into the internalizing score, while the externalizing score includes the scales conduct and hyperactivity problems, as suggested for analyses in low-risk samples in the general population  [25].
Language and non-verbal intelligence Data on language and non-verbal intelligence were available in four cohorts: ALSPAC, EDEN, INMA and SWS. In ALSPAC, EDEN and SWS, language and non-verbal intelligence were assessed by trained psychologists using the verbal and performance intelligence scale of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). The WPPSI is an intelligence test for children aged 2 to 7 years that provides subtests on verbal and performance intelligence domains  [27]. The verbal score includes the subtests Information, Vocabulary and Word Reasoning, while the performance score includes the subtests Block Design, Matrix Reasoning and Picture Concepts. In INMA, language and non-verbal intelligence were assessed by a psychologist using the verbal and perceptual-performance domains of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA)  [28].
Statistical analyses Analyses were performed in R (version 3. 5. 2) using DataSH-IELD (version 6. 1. 0), a data analysis platform that enables federated analysis of data from different cohorts without physically sharing individual-level data  [38] [39] [40]. We performed complete case analysis, including only participants with data on sleep, the specific outcome, and all covariates (Fig. 1 ). Of the 35,093 eligible children, 34. 0% (11,920) had complete data for behavioral analyses, ranging from 20. 0% in ALSPAC to 46. 1% in EDEN. Of the 22,253 eligible children, 13. 4% (2979-2981) had complete data for cognitive analyses, ranging from 3. 5% in SWS to 60. 2% in INMA. We used two-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis to study the associations of sleep duration at age 3. 5 years with behavioral and cognitive outcomes in children aged 5 years.
This potential loss of information leads to loss of statistical power and increases the uncertainty of the estimates. Complete case analysis assumes that the chance of being a complete case is independent of the outcome after adjusting for covariates  [50]. We acknowledge that with the amount of missing data and the demonstrated differences between those included and not, it is plausible that selection bias has had some influence on our findings. Sleep duration was based on parental reports in all cohorts. Studies have shown the tendency of parents to overestimate their child's real sleep duration compared to device-based measured sleep  [51, 52]. While questions used to measure sleep duration were different across cohorts, the mean sleep duration in our study was similar to values in a meta-analysis of preschoolers (mean 11h54min)  [53]  and is within the range of 10 to 13 h recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine for children aged 3 to 5 years  [3] , suggesting that it is rather cultural background that might play an important role in the specific country differences.
Conclusion Using IPD from five European cohorts, we showed that longer sleep duration at 3. 5 years of age was associated with both lower internalizing and externalizing problem behavior scores at 5 years of age, while the evidence of an association of sleep duration with either language or non-verbal intelligence was imprecise. Our results suggest that longer sleep duration at early preschool ages may be important for later behavioral outcomes. These findings could be due to confounding or reverse causality and need replication. DEAL. This research (LifeCycle Project ID: ECCNLC201914) was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement N: 733206, LifeCycle project. Kathrin Guerlich was granted a LifeCycle Fellowship (Grant Agreement N: 733206, LifeCycle project).
Berthold Koletzko is the Else Kröner Seniorprofessor of Paediatrics at LMU -University of Munich, financially supported by Else Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation, LMU Medical Faculty and LMU University Hospital. Deborah A Lawlor and Ahmed Elhakeem work in a Unit that receives support from the University of Bristol and UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/6). Deborah A Lawlor is a British Heart Foundation Chair (CH/F/20/90003) and a National Institute of Health Research Senior Investigator (NF-0616-10102). Mònica Guxens is funded by a Miguel Servet II fellowship (CPII18/00018) awarded by the Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III. Jordi Julvez holds Miguel Servet-II contract (CPII19/00015) awarded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Co-funded by European Social Fund "Investing in your future").
Data availability The data used in the analysis is not freely available as access is managed by each individual cohort. Researchers who want to use data from the EU Child Cohort Network can send a request to lifecycle@erasmusmc. nl (more information under https:// lifec ycleproje ct. eu/). Code availability Statistical analysis was performed in R (version 3. 5. 2) using DataSHIELD (version 6. 1. 0).
13 Self-reporting of a confirmed positive reverse transcriptase PCR or antibody test result was used as an indicator of a COVID-19 diagnosis. In the other study, similar results were obtained with a longitudinal design using self-reported measures of COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 serologic test results were also available but solely for a small subset and, thus, only allowed exploratory analyses, which revealed no association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and mental health outcome. 14 In the context of these mixed findings from the literature, a recent systematic review highlighted the need for high-quality longitudinal studies with adequate design in this area. 15  this study, we aimed to investigate the associations between self-reported COVID-19-like symptoms or SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent depression or anxiety using data from a large, randomly selected, national population-based cohort on SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in France, the EpiCoV (Epidémiologie et Conditions de Vie) study.
Study Data On May 2, 2020, a letter was sent to a random sample of 371 000 people 15 years or older drawn from the national administrative and tax database (covering 96. 4% of the population in France), with an intentional overrepresentation of individuals living in a household below the poverty level. The sampling design is described in detail in Warszawski et al. 16  Individuals living in a residential care home for the elderly or in prison were excluded. From May 2 to June 2, 2020 (baseline), individuals were invited to answer a questionnaire to collect information on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health status (including symptoms potentially linked to COVID-19), and living conditions online or by telephone using a concurrent mixed-mode design (eFigure in Supplement 1).
23, 24 variates with the absolute standardized mean difference between the matched exposed and nonexposed participants below 10% were considered to be well balanced (eFigures 2-20 in Supplement 1). 25  Participants with missing data for variables of interest or outcome measures were excluded from the analyses. Missing data for covariates (up to 4. 7%) were imputed using the R package MICE, and all the analyses were performed on each of the 5 imputed data sets and pooled using the pool function of the MatchThem package. 26  respect the Bradford Hill criterion  27  for causation concerning the temporal sequence, we studied the association between the variables of interest described above and the presence of depression or anxiety 8 months later (ie, at the second follow-up) for participants with no history of depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder at the first follow-up who declared no COVID-19-like symptoms and no positive antigenic or PCR test between the first and second follow-ups.
Limitations This study has several limitations. One of the limitations was the low response rate to the blood selfsampling for serologic testing; however, data from the national tax database used to randomly select individuals at baseline allowed the use of weighting for nonresponse and thus reduced the potential selection phenomenon. Another limitation was the retrospective assessment of COVID-19-like symptoms, their duration, and the timing of occurrence, which could have resulted in potential recall bias. However, at the time of assessment in November 2020, the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis was less than 9 months earlier, and the exceptional nature of the context may have reinforced the ability of participants to remember events related to this crisis.
Results The data for 78 same-sex dyads of participants (N = 26 in all groups) were collected and analysed. Following outliers' analysis (see "Methods" section for further details), 75 participants were retained for the both actors and observers' datasets analysis. First, we analysed the actors' performance in order to confirm previous findings about the effect of biasing the rewards distribution on the exploitation and representation of PPS  41, 42. Then, we focused on the observers' performance in order to test our research hypotheses. Actor performance. Effect of the biased distribution of reward-yielding stimuli on the actor's PPS representation. As concerns the reachability-judgment task, means, standard deviations and 95% confidence intervals for the reachability thresholds (relative values according to arm-length) obtained in the pretest and posttest sessions for the three groups are presented in Table  1.
05), which indicated that a sample of 23 participants per each condition would be required. In order to reach this goal, we decided to recruit 26 participants in each group, which allowed us to account for a possible attrition rate of 5% on all groups considered together (i. e. , 3 participants to be excluded in a dataset). Apparatus, stimuli and procedure. Experimental setting, paradigm and procedure were based on  41, 42  studies. The experimental apparatus (see Fig. 5 ) consisted in a 40″ touch-screen table (Samsung SUR40, 109. 5 × 70. 74 cm), placed in the middle of a steel structure supporting a 30 cm × 100 cm horizontal rectangular mirror and a 200 × 150 cm horizontal translucent screen. In each experimental session, two participants sat face to face on each side of the touch-screen table.
They performed a reachability-judgment task and a stimuliselection task. Depending on the task, the stimuli were displayed by the touch-screen table (stimuli-selection task) or by a video-projector (reachability-judgment task) on the mirror, which displayed the stimuli as if they were located on the touch-screen table. The tasks were implemented using MATLAB software (R2017a). Reachability-judgment task. In the reachability-judgment task, the stimuli consisted of 51 grey dots (1 cm diameter) on a black background projected on the mirror by the video-projector (Infocus 3926D) and through the During the reachability-judgment task, the video-projector projected an image on the mirror, through a translucent screen (which improved the sharpness of the image). This generated an optical projection effect, increasing the depth of the visual field and making the stimuli appear at the level of the touch-screen table.