dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
| Global patterns The assembled comprehensive dataset comprises 2209 records of primary detections of ANS (1442 unique species belonging to 17 phyla) across 49 aquatic ecosystems, including ten ecosystems found to have zero confirmed records during the period of study (Figure  1 ; Table  S1 ). Considering all regions combined, an annual mean of 43 (±16 SD) primary ANS detections occurred. S1 ). Most ANS were likely introduced as stowaways in ships' ballast water or biofouling, although direct evidence is typically absent, particularly for ballast water (direct evidence cited for 42/1468 ship fouling vs. 4/1595 ballast water records, respectively). The temporal trends for these two pathways were similar to or are largely responsible for the overall pattern of detections through time (Figure  2b ).
| D ISCUSS I ON Our analyses identified 2209 primary detection events of 1442 unique ANS over the past 50 years which, although confounded by time-lags between actual introduction and detection, likely is an underestimate of the actual number of introductions during this time period. It is widely recognized that ANS are frequently underreported due to limited search effort, uncertainty about historical biogeography and an insufficiency of taxonomic expertise  (Carlton & Fowler, 2018; Ojaveer et al. , 2017) , especially for smaller-bodied organisms  (Carlton, 2009; Lohan et al. , 2020). Our study also does not consider secondary introductions (spread) of ANS neither within an ecosystem nor between ecosystems, which will further contribute to this underestimation. Although our dataset represents an extensive collection of global detection records, it includes only ~73% of the world's large marine ecosystems, with very limited coverage of Africa, Central and South America and Asia.
Introductions of ANS have undoubtedly occurred in these areas; the cost of ANS surveys can be prohibitive in regions with limited resources and a dearth of expertise across many taxa, which could explain why data were not accessible for this study. The results of this study highlight a possible under-representation of taxa in global datasets of non-indigenous species: the 1442 unique species recorded here is more than ten-fold lower than the number of non-indigenous species (vascular plants, mammals, insects, birds, molluscs and fishes) observed in terrestrial ecosystems  (Seebens et al. , 2017). While land biodiversity is vastly higher than both marine and aquatic diversity combined  (Grosberg et al. , 2012; Vermeij & Grosberg, 2010) , and thus more NIS would be proportionally expected in terrestrial systems, the documentation of the diversity of invasions in marine, estuarine and freshwater habitats has significantly lagged behind similar research on land.
The high proportion of records with unknown population status (19. 9%) and low number of "failed" populations (5. 4%) in this study indicate a need to better design or implement surveillance programmes with repeated measures. Most detection events in this dataset are comprised of Arthropoda, Mollusca and Pisces. The reporting of certain taxa (such as Annelida, Rhodophyta, Bryozoa, Cnidaria and Tunicata) in only a subset of the studied ecosystems may reflect different active pathways (anthropogenic transport mechanisms and source regions of ANS) and species adaptations to different recipient conditions  (Cardeccia et al. , 2018). However, it is likely that the pattern is also heavily influenced by the availability of taxonomic specialists focusing on these groups and the different sampling methods used across studies.
g. Bolch & Hallegraeff, 1990; Hallegraeff et al. , 1988). The true rate of recent introductions (since 1965) is undoubtedly much greater than documented here for many small-bodied taxa. More specifically, the magnitude of organism transfer (both in abundance and species richness) is inversely proportional to body size, yet relatively few ANS are recognized for fungi, protists, parasitic and free-living flatworms, viruses and microbes, likely reflecting high uncertainty in taxonomic identification and geographic origin  (Lohan et al. , 2020). The investigation of lesser-studied and cryptogenic taxa will be a fruitful avenue of future research, particularly as molecular tools, reference databases and museum collections advance (e. g. Darling et al. , 2017) , noting that both conventional and molecular biological surveys are dependent on taxonomic expertise-a skill set rapidly diminishing without dedicated funding and training programmes  (Bik, 2017; Coleman, 2015; Costello et al.
ACK N OWLED G EM ENTSThe authors thank the joint Working Group on Ballast and Other Shipping Vectors (WGBOSV) of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) for facilitating this research and the ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms (WGITMO) for contributing to the AquaNIS database. Financial support was provided by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grants to SAB and NEM, a NSERC Visiting Fellowship at Fisheries and Oceans Canada to FTC and a National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31622011) to AZ. The Atlantic Canada contribution was partly supported by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Aquatic Invasive Species Science Program.
Australia's National Port Survey Program was funded through the CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests and individual port investments through Ports Australia; ongoing marine biosecurity surveillance is funded by State Governments. The Baltic Sea contribution was partly supported by the COMPLETE project (Completing management options in the Baltic Sea region to reduce risk of invasive species introduction by shipping), co-financed by the European Union's funding Programme Interreg Baltic Sea Region (European Regional Development Fund). The Gulf of Alaska contribution was partially supported by Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). New Zealand's marine biosecurity surveillance programmes were funded by Biosecurity New Zealand; GJI and KS were supported by the NZ Government's Strategic Science Investment Fund (SSIF) through NIWA Coasts & Oceans Programme 6.
256 scans were collected with an 90° impulsion time of 9. 29 μs, an acquisition time of 3. 28 s, a spectral window of 10000 Hz and 64K data points zero-filled to 128K before Fourier transformation with 0. 3 Hz line broadening. All NMR spectra were recorded at 300K and processed with Topspin version 2. 1.
1 μs, an acquisition time of 3. 3 s, a spectral window of 10000 Hz and 64K data points zero-filled to 128K before Fourier transformation with 0. 3 Hz line broadening. For 2D homonuclear (COSY TOCSY, JRES) and heteronuclear ( 1 H/ 13 C HSQC and HMBC) experiments were performed with quadrature phase detection in dimensions, using state-TPPI or QF detection mode in the indirect one. For each 512 (80 for JRES) increments in the indirect dimension, 2K data points (8K for JRES) were collected and performed during acquisition time for heteronuclear experiments. A π/2 shifted square sinebell function was applied in the two dimensions before Fourier transformation. Spectra were treated with Topspin version 3. 1. All NMR spectra were recorded at 300K.
Data extraction MS data were converted into NetCDF format and extracted to data matrix using XCMS package under R environment (v. 2. 15. 3). Briefly, after ion extraction (m/z), a retention time (RT) correction was performed before production of the matrix including for each ion (m/z@RT) the relative intensity (area) detected into each analytical sample. Finally, CAMERA package  (Kuhl et al. , 2012)  proposed a first annotation according to common adducts and natural isotopes. NMR data were binned using AMIX software (v. 3. 9. 10, Bruker) after alignment and baseline correction. Extraction process was chosen as follows: fixed bucketing of 0. 01 ppm, from 0. 13 to 10 ppm; solvent signal exclusion between 4. 7 and 4. 9 ppm; signals integration on the sum of intensities; normalization on total intensity.
Statistical analyses Multivariate analyses were performed using SIMCA-P+ (v. 12. 0. 1. 0, Umetrics) for nonsupervised (PCA) and supervised ((O)PLS-DA) methods. Two normalization methods were tested, univariate (UV) and pareto (PAR), in order to obtain the most robust statistical models. All statistical models were validated according to explanatory (R 2 ) and predictive (Q 2 ) values as well as with random permutations. Lists of signals (ions or buckets) were selected for each model according to VIP (variable importance in projection) scores (>1). For all valid models, a list of ions considered to be the most implicated was selected, according to VIP score. Univariate analyses were performed on Excel software (Windows) for ANOVA filtering on MS data. ANOVA multiway, with interaction, was performed in order to separate analytical effects from biological ones and to distinguish, when possible, age and infection metabolic effects.
Metabolite identification Identification of VIP ions was performed manually or using R script for data mining on several public metabolic databases (KEGG, MetaCyc, HMDB). MS-MS fragmentation features were compared to MassFrontier (v. 7; ThermoScientific) theoretical schemes and databases (MassBank, METLIN, HMDB, PRIMe). NMR VIP signals (buckets) were attributed manually using previously published data  (Fan, 1996; Nicholson et al. , 1995; Willker et al. , 1996)  and the human metabolome public database (HMDB).
NMR profiles and metabolite identification Each NMR spectrum was obtained from a pool of hemolymphs from three honeybees. Spectra analysis showed signal richness of both aliphatic and sugar zones, below 5 ppm (Suppl. Fig. 2 ). Using multivariate statistical analysis tools, we observed a strong effect of ageing with PCA and PLS-DA models (Figure  2 ). Similar to MS results, age had the strongest effect and no valid model was obtained when considering the infection parameter alone. Buckets were selected according to VIP score (above 0. 99). Eight biomarkers were clearly identified, according to spectral data and databases comparisons, and I/NI ratios were calculated at both D2 and D10 (Table  2 ). These biomarkers included four carbohydrates (fructose and glucose, both α and β forms), one amino acid (proline), a polyamine compound (spermidine) and two metabolites involved in lipid metabolism (choline and glycerophosphocholine).
, 2008). Secondly, with a very large amount of metabolic signals, data treatments and statistics are required to filter and reveal significant elements before any identification efforts  (Monnerie et al. , 2019). In our study, combining LC-MS and NMR metabolomics datasets improved coverage of the metabolome. Processing workflows (R packages;  (Giacomoni et al. , 2015)  are time consuming but ensure data reproducibility and comparability. The differences in the metabolome profiles were deciphered using multivariate statistics (PLS-DA). Many statistical tools are able to manage such datasets, but multidimensional representations permit maintenance of data integrity and complexity. Such approach reveals, at the same time, the variability of the complete dataset and the group of signals that are most relevant considering the scientific hypothesis  (Boccard and Rudaz, 2014).
Analytical redundancy (e. g. hexosamine in MS; Choline and spermidine in NMR) and metabolic interaction are keys for the explanation of such statistical effects and reinforce the identification of biomarkers. Finally, LC-MS-MS as well as 2D-NMR enhanced the identification of biomarkers. They are low throughput experiments, mostly targeted on the few signals of interest, but increase the quality of the identification. Data mining should be time consuming depending on what kind of metabolite is highlighted. The well-known primary metabolite is quickly identified; those less documented will take time to be identified with certainty. But guessing for "de novo" identification (no information in databases) requires high resolution analytical experiments to succeed.
Acknowledgement: This work was funded by grants from the French National Research Agency (ANR, grant number ANR-12-BSV3-0020) and received support from PIA METABOHUB (ANR-AA-INSB-0010) and TGIR-RMN (IR-RMN-THC Fr3050 CNRS). PC1 (44,8%) and PC2 (14,1%); Hotelling T2 (ellipse) = 95%.
Remerciements Nous tenons à remercier profondément le CUESiM ( Hôpital Virtuel de Lorraine ) pour la mise à disposition du matériel et l'aide à la préparation de la formation, et notamment  Mme Hind Hani  et  M. Benjamin Varoqui. Nous souhaitons également remercier le  Dr. Bruno Toussaint  pour sa participation à l'encadrement des séances, et l'ensemble des participants ORL.
Ce traitement était relativement bien toléré sans effets indésirables graves notables. Cette étude a été la première à apporter la preuve de concept clinique de l'efficacité possible d'un traitement anti-androgène dans les tumeurs triple négatives RA-positives. Il faut préciser qu'il n'y a pas eu de réponse objective de noter dans cet essai mais uniquement des stabilités. À la suite de cette étude un cas de réponse complète persistant au moins 12 mois sous traitement par bicalutamide a été rapporté sous forme d'un case report  (41). Des données de tolérance de l'essai bicalutamide associé au palbociclib ont été présentées dernièrement sous forme de poster démontrant un bon profil de tolérance (phase I/II, NCT02605486, San Antonio Breast cancer Symposium 2017). Un essai de phase 2 muticentrique a été réalisé incluant 118 patientes avec tumeurs triple négatives, RA>0% (population en intention de traiter) dont 78 présentaient un RA ≥10 % et au moins une évaluation scannographique (population évaluable).
(E) qPCR analysis of Heph mRNA levels in the duodenum of 2 week-vs 3-month old mice. (F) qPCR analysis of HIF2-target genes in the duodenum of 3-month-old animals. The qPCR data in (D) to (F) display transcript levels as percentage of control (ie, Dmt1 IRE+/+ ) after calibration to Actb (similar results were obtained after calibration on Gapdh and/or Tubb5, not shown). (G) Duodenal scrapings from 3-month old mice were resolved through linear 10% to 50% sucrose density gradients and fractions were collected with constant UV recording (top). Fractions corresponding to untranslated mRNA (mRNP: messenger ribonucleoprotein), monosomes (80S), as well as light and heavy polysomes were collected. (Fig. 1G ). In contrast to suckling pups, 3 month-old Dmt1 IRED/D males exhibit high serum iron and transferrin saturation values (Fig.
(F) qPCR analysis of HIF2-target genes in the duodenum of 3-month-old animals. The qPCR data in (D) to (F) display transcript levels as percentage of control (ie, Dmt1 IRE+/+ ) after calibration to Actb (similar results were obtained after calibration on Gapdh and/or Tubb5, not shown). (G) Duodenal scrapings from 3-month old mice were resolved through linear 10% to 50% sucrose density gradients and fractions were collected with constant UV recording (top). Fractions corresponding to untranslated mRNA (mRNP: messenger ribonucleoprotein), monosomes (80S), as well as light and heavy polysomes were collected. The amount of Dmt1 (IRE and non-IRE isoforms) and Actb mRNAs in those fractions was determined by qPCR. The histograms (bottom) represent mRNA levels across the fractions as a percentage (mean ± SEM, n = 7-8) of the sum of all fractions.
Acknowledgements We thank  Sandro Altamura  ( University of Heidelberg, Germany ) for fruitful discussions. We are grateful to the staff of the  DKFZ animal facility  for their dedicated care of the animals. We thank the  "Plateforme de Biochimie" at the "Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation" (Paris, France)  for their measurement of serum parameters. This work was supported by the  Howard Hughes Medical Institute (NCA)  and a grant from the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  to B. G. ( GA2075/5-1 ).
(E) qPCR analysis of Heph mRNA levels in the duodenum of 2 week-vs 3-month old mice. (F) qPCR analysis of HIF2-target genes in the duodenum of 3-month-old animals. The qPCR data in (D) to (F) display transcript levels as percentage of control (ie, Dmt1 IRE+/+ ) after calibration to Actb (similar results were obtained after calibration on Gapdh and/or Tubb5, not shown). (G) Duodenal scrapings from 3-month old mice were resolved through linear 10% to 50% sucrose density gradients and fractions were collected with constant UV recording (top). Fractions corresponding to untranslated mRNA (mRNP: messenger ribonucleoprotein), monosomes (80S), as well as light and heavy polysomes were collected. The amount of Dmt1 (IRE and non-IRE isoforms) and Actb mRNAs in those fractions was determined by qPCR.
Méthodes statistiques Les calculs statistiques ont été réalisés avec le logiciel Excel TM (Microsoft, Redmond, USA) et Addinsoft (2019) XLSTAT TM statistical and data analysis solution (Long Island, NY, USA). Les résultats ont été décrits par des moyennes ± écart type associées aux valeurs extrêmes pour les variables quantitatives ou médiane et quartiles pour les données dont la répartition n'est pas normale. La normalité de la distribution a été vérifiée par test de Shapiro & Wilk puis la significativité des différences de moyenne a été testée par test de Student en cas de normalité sinon par test non paramétrique de Wilcoxon. Les comparaisons de fréquences ont été effectuées par test de Fisher exact ou Chi 2 le cas échéant. Les corrélations ont été calculées par coefficient de Pearson. Nous n'avions pas de donnée manquante, tous les résumés ont été analysés.
Propriétés des volumes du disque La détection et la segmentation automatique des DIV sur IRM demeure non totalement résolue malgré des progrès effectifs  [12, 13]. Le procédé utilisé impliquait un logiciel de traitement d'image Biomechlab® précédemment validé par des études cliniques  [5, 6, 14] , développé dans l'environnement Matlab (Mathworks ®). Apres décodage automatique des images DICOM, les propriétés des volumes du disque étaient extrapolées en utilisant une détection semi-automatique des contours externes de AF et NP. Le protocole était répété sur chaque coupe sagittale par un chirurgien spécialiste. Chaque disque était représenté sur 10 coupes adjacentes en moyenne. La segmentation et la reconstruction 3D des DIV à partir de l'IRM sont représentées en figure  1. Les disques T12-L1 à L5-S1 ont été explorés.
Les acquisitions étaient généralement faites le matin pour éviter l'influence des activités quotidiennes. Cependant ce paramètre non contrôlé peut être considéré comme une randomisation favorable à la fiabilité des résultats. Toutes les données concernant nos patients n'ont pas pu être récupérées, notamment les données morphologiques telles que la cyphose, la lordose ou l'incidence pelvienne propre à chaque patient  [19, 20]. La maturité ainsi que le statut pubertaire restaient inconnus. Malgré ces limites, la taille de cette cohorte (98 examens), est acceptable, compte tenu des difficultés à la création d'une base de données pédiatriques.
V -Conclusion La description des propriétés d'hydratation des DIV dans une population pédiatrique sans pathologie du rachis durant le pic de croissance est originale. Un groupe contrôle est proposé pour les études cliniques pour la première fois à notre connaissance. Le modèle générique établi en fonction du sexe, de l'âge et du niveau de segment était au coeur de l'étude. Il pourrait représenter une base de données contrôle pour l'étude du rôle des DIV dans l'évolutivité des courbures et la stabilité du rachis chez des adolescents atteints de SIA.
Remerciements Nous remercions la Sofcot (France) pour la bourse attribuée à  Manon Bolzinger  et la  Fondation Cotrel  ( Institut de France ) pour son support constant à la recherche sur la scoliose idiopathique. Nous remercions également  Jérôme Briot PhD , développeur du logiciel de traitement d'image Biomechlab®, pour son soutien efficace.
Méthode Les articles correspondants aux termes « central neurocytoma » et « radiotherapy » ont été recherchés dans la base de données Medline, au moyen du moteur de recherche PubMed (https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed). Les études rapportant des séries de cas publiées en anglais ou en franc ais ont été incluses. Ces études ne devaient rapporter que des cas de neurocytomes centraux et devaient inclure l'irradiation comme une des modalités de traitement. Aucune date limite de publication n'a été instituée pour le début de la recherche. Nous avons clôturé celle-ci au 30/09/2019. Par ailleurs, seules les séries de cas comportant au moins six patients ont été retenues pour l'analyse. Dans chaque étude, nous avons récupéré le nombre de patients traités, les données démographiques, les symptômes cliniques, la qualité de l'exérèse lorsqu'elle avait été réalisée, le nombre de récidives, le nombre de patients irradiés, la technique de radiothérapie utilisée, la dose administrée, le temps de suivi ainsi que les taux contrôle local et de survie globale ou sans progression.
L'objectif était de fournir à chaque médecin un outil lui permettant de faire un choix éclairé en tenant compte d'un éventuel risque environnemental. Ce livret n'est plus disponible, il a été remplacé par une base de données interrogeable par nom du PA 1. Les académies françaises de médecine, de pharmacie et vétérinaires ont été saisies par la Direction générale de la santé en 2015 pour émettre un avis concernant cette initiative. L'expertise a précisé que si, sur le principe, une telle base de données est intéressante, son contenu doit, avant approbation et diffusion, être validé par un comité d'expertise européen indépendant. Sur 765 PA, un seul était associé à un risque élevé et huit à un risque modéré quand environ 50 % des substances ne pouvaient être classées faute de données  [16]. TEG1 Dans les Vosges, l'Association pour l'optimisation de la qualité des soins, qui réunit des pharmaciens, des vétérinaires et des médecins, a mis en place un programme appelé "Écoprescription" visant à réduire localement la pollution par les RdM.
On a alors s 1 ≃ 0,323 et s 2 ≃ 0,677. On peut vérifier numériquement que la condition (9) est vérifiée. Prenons par ailleurs T = 1000, m = 3 et s 0 = 0,25. La figure  1  représente la solution du système (3)-(  4 ) avec la condition initiale x 1 (0) = x 2 (0) = 0. D'un point de vue numérique, on a utilisé le logiciel Scilab et résolu le système vérifié par log(1x 1 (s)) et log(1x 2 (s)) avant de revenir aux variables initiales. On a également tracé la fonction constante égale à 1 et les courbes  (5). Notons les choses suivantes : -au voisinage de s = 0, les courbes sont presque verticales (non visible sur les figures) ; -les solutions x 1 (s) et x 2 (s) tendent à devenir périodique ; -x 1 (s) et x 2 (s) sont alors très proches de 1 non seulement pour les valeurs de s telles que Λ(s 0 + m -s) < 0, notamment pour s ∈]s 0 + 1 -s 2 , s 0 + 1 -s 1 [, mais aussi pour s ∈]s 0 + 1 -s 1 , s 0 + 1 -s * [ avec s 2 -1 < s * < s 1 , où Λ(s 0 + m -s) > 0 (il y a un « canard »).
Objectifs. -L'objectif de ce travail est de faire la revue des troubles urinaires et sexuels associés au syndrome d'apnée obstructive du sommeil (SAOS) aussi bien en termes de physiopathologie que de traitement potentiel. Méthodes. -La recherche a été réalisée selon la stratégie PRISMA en utilisant la base de données Pubmed et les termes MeSH : sleep apnea, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, sexuality. Tous les articles publiés jusqu'à 2020, en francais ou en anglais, ont été examinés sans restriction temporelle. Résultats. -La recherche a identifié 240 articles desquels 30 ont été utiles. La revue des listes des références a permis l'inclusion de 26 articles supplémentaires. Les troubles identifiés sont la nycturie, l'hyperactivité vésicale (HAV) et la dysfonction érectile (DE). L'augmentation des taux des facteurs natriurétique est responsable de la nycturie.