dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
For example, if we would like all LSMs to share the same historical and future maps in a model interco mparison project (e. g. using LUH2v2h data in CMIP6), annual ESA CCI data products should be cautiously harmonized con sidering the large differences between ESA CCI and LUH2v 2h  (Hurtt et al. , 2011). On the other hand, if we want to analyze recent carbon an d water budgets with LSMs, ESA CCI maps are definitely an appropriate choice. The detailed LC classes in ESA CCI products provide a valuable reference map for modellers to partition land covers into PFTs, e. g. separating the generic forest in LUH2v2h datas et  (Hurtt et al. , 2011)  into different forest PFTs (Table  S1 ). LSMs can also benefit fro m the 300m spatial resolution changes in ESA CCI p roducts.
and national forest area data fro m Houghton and Nassikas (2017). The cropland and pasture areas in LUH2v2h dataset are fro m HYDE3. 2 (Klein Go ldewijk et al. , 2016), in wh ich ESA CCI epoch LC map in 2010 (representing 2008 -2012) was used as a spatial reference map for the area allocation and the national cropland and grazing land were adjusted to match the FAO STAT data (FAOSTAT, 2015) as close as possible. The national forest areas fro m Houghton and Nassikas (2017) are based on FAO Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) data. Thus, these two additional sources of data, HYDE3. 2 (Klein Go ldewijk et al. , 2016) and FAO FRA (FAO, 2015), were not shown in the figures.
7". A protocol o f translating the original ESA CCI LC maps into PFT maps and an examp le of LC map and PFT map in 2000 used in this study can be downloaded from doi: https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 834229 Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. , https://doi. org/10. 5194/essd-2017for journal Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discussion started: 4 August 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC BY 4. 0 License.
in this region. However, the magnitudes of net forest loss fro m ESA CCI PFTs in other regions are generally s maller than those fro m Hansen et al. (2013). Net fo rest area change from Houghton and Nassikas (2017) also shows a stronger loss in all three tropical reg ions than that in other datasets, especially in South and Central A merica and tropical Africa. It should be noted that the net forest loss in South and Southeast Asia is consistent between LUH2v 2h (Hu rtt et al. , 2011), Hansen et al. (2013)  and Houghton and Nassikas (2017) , and all these datasets have much larger net forest area loss than ESA CCI data. All datasets demonstrate net forest gain in North A merica, except Hansen et al. (2013) , which has a strong forest loss. The forest area in LUH2v2h data (Hurtt et al. , 2011)  and inventorybased data fro m Houghton and Nassikas (2017)  shows a net increase in China region and western Europe.
Acknowledgements We are indebted to all the participants to the work reported here, in particular  Y. Fagot-Revurat ,  M. Klanjšek ,  M. Jeong ,  R. Blinder ,  M. Grbić ,  A. Orlova ,  M. Takigawa  and  R. Stern  for experiments in quantum spin-systems,  T. Wu ,  R. Zhou ,  M. Hirata ,  I. Vinograd ,  A. Reyes ,  P. Kuhns  for experiments in high T c superconductors and V. E. Mitrović ,  K. Miyagawa  and  K. Hiraki  for those performed in exotic superconductors. We also acknowledge  T. Giamarchi ,  F. Mila ,  N. Laflorencie  for their theoretical support. Most of the works presented here were supported by the  European Commission  Contracts No. RITA-CT-2003-505474  ( High Field  research),  RII3-CT-2004-506239  ( EuroMagNet)  and  FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-228043  ( EuroMagNet II ); by the  French ANR  Grants No.
ANR-06-BLAN-0111  ( NEMSICOM ),  ANR-12-BS04-0012  ( SUPERFIELD ) and  ANR-14-CE32-0018  (BOLODISS); by the  Laboratoire d'excellence LANEF in Grenoble  ( ANR  project No. 10-LABX-0051 ); and by the pôle SMINGUE of the  Université Grenoble Alpes.
I am very sceptical about the usefulness of such a concept today. The main reason for scepticism is the intrinsically derogatory nature of the term: if one would like to defend the deficit model, she would never use the term 'deficit'. The use of such self-fulfilling terminology is mainly a way to satisfy academic or professional needs for defining a standpoint or a territory, while preventing deeper understanding of the real issues. In fact, in many science communication practices, what our community define as 'deficit model' describes in fact a very clear and non-ambiguous contract fully understood, chosen and assumed by all the parties involved, and in particular by the public. 2 Castelfranchi, Y. (2016 communication community, and Science Galleries do indeed represent a good example of 'grey area' approach, in particular through the 'lab in the gallery' initiative, in which a research need (such as gathering data for a cognitive science experiment) is the key driver of a scientific exhibition.
Sedimentary rocks and detrital minerals sample large areas of the continental crust, and they are increasingly seen as a reliable archive for its global evolution. This study presents two approaches to model the growth of the continental crust through the sedimentary archive. The first builds on the variations in U-Pb, Hf and O isotopes in global databases of detrital zircons. We show that uncertainty in the Hf isotope composition of the mantle reservoir from which new crust separated, in the 176 Lu/ 177 Hf ratio of that new crust, and in the contribution in the databases of zircons that experienced ancient Pb loss(es), adds some uncertainty to the individual Hf model ages, but not to the overall shape of the calculated continental growth curves. The second approach is based on the variation of Nd isotopes in 645 worldwide finegrained continental sedimentary rocks with different deposition ages, which requires a correction of the bias induced by preferential erosion of younger rocks through an erosion parameter referred to as K.
, 1984; Milliman and Syvitski, 1992). Ancient sediments deposited million to billions of years ago preserve information on the continental crust that has been destroyed and is no longer available for sampling through magmatic rocks  (McLennan and Taylor, 1982; O'Nions et al. , 1983; Allègre and Rousseau, 1984; Goldstein and Arndt, 1988; Goldstein and Jacobsen, 1988). As a consequence, the sedimentary record is increasingly seen as a reliable archive for the global evolution of the continental crust through time, and over the last decade there has been increasing interest in using the information available in the ever-growing databases of detrital zircons to model the growth of the continental crust  (Rino et al. , 2004; Condie et al. , 2005; Wang et al. , 2009 Wang et al. , , 2011;; Belousova et al.
Detrital zircon record 2. 1. Continental growth models based on the combination of U-Pb, Hf (and O) isotopes  Belousova et al. (2010)  were the first to model the growth of the continental crust on the basis of variations in the proportion of new relative to reworked crust, using a worldwide U-Pb and Hf isotopes database of over 13,000 zircons, largely of detrital origin. Their database was broken down into 45 time slices, each of 100 Ma duration. For each 100 Ma interval, the proportion of juvenile crust addition (X juv ) was calculated by counting the number of zircons with U-Pb ages (N U-Pb age ) in that interval, and the number of zircons with Hf model ages (N model age ) that range within the limits of the same period, using the following equation: A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T X juv = N model age / (N U-Pb age + N model age ).
, 2006; Vervoort and Kemp, 2016). To the extent that Hf isotope ratios of supracrustal zircons may represent mixtures, they will not record true periods of crustal growth  (Kemp et al. , 2006). A difficulty in developing models of continental growth based on zircons is therefore in evaluating the proportions of new crust formation ages and hybrid ages in large datasets A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T representative of the average continental crust, and for which O isotope data are not available  (Belousova et al. , 2010; Condie et al. , 2011; Voice et al. , 2011; Roberts and Spencer, 2015). N NC ages = N model ages (2. 894E-7 t 2 + 1. 085E-3 t + 1. 243) for t 0-3. 2 Ga ; (4) and N RC ages = number of reworked crust ages, calculated as the difference between the total number of U-Pb ages within a given time slice, and the number of zircons with similar U-Pb ages and Hf model ages within the same time slice.
Dhuime et al. (2012)  calculated the continental growth curve presented in Fig. 2 , from the cumulative proportions of juvenile crust addition through time. This curve suggests that by 3 Ga the volume of the continental crust was ~65% of the present volume, and that there was a decrease in the net rate of growth at that time. These features are not observed in growth A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T curves calculated from large U-Pb and Hf in zircon databases in the absence of O isotope data  (Belousova et al. , 2010; Roberts and Spencer, 2015).
Influence of ancient Pb loss(es) on the calculation of crust formation ages The calculation of zircon Hf model ages of crust formation critically relies on good estimates of the U-Pb crystallisation age of the zircon, as well as on the Hf isotope ratio of the zircon at the time of crystallisation. Greater confidence in the accuracy of the crystallisation ages can in principle be achieved by filtering discordant U-Pb analyses (e. g. , analyses with a discordancy greater than 5-10%) in zircon databases, however some uncertainty remains over the crystallisation ages of detrital zircons with ancient (typically Archaean) concordant U-Pb ages A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T if the zircons have experienced ancient Pb loss(es). The effect of ancient Pb losses in the calculation of initial Hf isotope ratios and model ages of crust formation has been discussed in a number of studies (e.
g. ,  Kemp and Whitehouse, 2010; Guitreau and Blichert-Toft, 2014; Claesson et al. , 2015; Vervoort and Kemp, 2016) , and a graphical summary is given in Fig. 5A. The proportion of detrital zircons that have experienced ancient Pb losses remains difficult to address in large datasets, and the extent to which analyses affected by Pb loss(es) may affect the shape of continental growth curve remains unclear. One simple test is to select grains with Archaean ages in large U-Pb and Hf detrital zircons databases, then subtract a random amount of time from their crystallisation ages to simulate Pb loss, and use the altered/modified database to recalculate a continental growth curve. The  Dhuime et al. (2012)  dataset was selected, random amounts of time between 0-500 Ma were subtracted from the crystallisation ages of Archaean grains using an in-house Excel spreadsheet (the average reduction was ~250 Ma), and a new continental growth curve was calculated from the altered database (Fig.
Influence of the nature and the size of zircon databases on continental growth models The sampling strategy, and more specifically the extent to which specific sets of data best record the global evolution of the continental crust, is a key issue in continental growth studies. Belousova et al. (2010)  used a database of over 13,000 zircons sampled worldwide. This database contains zircons of both magmatic and detrital origin, but it is dominated by detrital zircons, both from ancient and younger sediments. 2010 ) and the  Roberts and Spencer (2015)  databases may also reflect an underestimation of the proportions of juvenile crust at that time, which can be predicted in datasets that include ancient rocks and sediments (see equation (  1 )).
Summary Difficulties in establishing the initial Hf isotope ratios of new crust, the 176 Lu/ 177 Hf of that new crust, and in the numbers of zircons that experienced ancient Pb loss(es) in the databases, adds some uncertainty to the individual model ages, but not to the overall shape of the continental growth curves being modelled (Figs. 2 3 4 5 ). The shape varies slightly depending on which U-Pb and Hf sets of data are used in the calculations (Fig. 6 ), but overall the conservation of the global aspect of the continental growth curves is reassuring as it strengthens approaches based on the combination of U-Pb ages and Hf model ages in large zircon databases.
These results contrast with the model proposed by  Dhuime et al. (2012)  from the zircon record (Fig. 2 ), in which the volume of continental crust present by 3 Ga is ~65% of the present volume. In the following sections we explore ways in which the  Allègre and Rousseau (1984)  model might be reconciled with models in which large volumes of crust were present early in Earth's history (e. g. , Fig. 1 ). These include (i) variations in the value of the erosion parameter K; (ii) extension of the initial Nd isotope data of  Allègre and Rousseau (1984)  on eight Australian shales to a worldwide dataset of 645 finegrained continental sedimentary rocks considered to be more representative of the continental crust, and (iii) other ways in which continental growth models might be developed from the variations in Nd isotopes in fine-grained sediments.
Continental growth from the Nd isotope record of fine-grained sediments worldwide The original growth model developed by  Allègre and Rousseau (1984)  was established from the analysis of a restricted number of sedimentary rock samples (i. e. , eight shales) from the Australian continent. The question remains as to whether this dataset can be taken as representative of the crust, or whether other sets of data should be considered  (Allègre and Rousseau, 1984; Michard et al. , 1985; Dia et al. , 1990a). To address this issue, analyses of 645 fine-grained continental sedimentary rocks sampled worldwide were compiled from the literature, and the variation of the Nd model age as a function of the deposition ages of these.
A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T (2012) for a two-stage evolution of the continental crust based on inferred changes in the rates of continental growth. The net growth rates calculated from the different curves plotted in Fig. 11  during Stage 1 (>4 Ga to ~3 Ga) range from 2. 9-3. 4 km 3 yr -1 , and they drop to 0. 6-0. 9 km 3 yr -1 on average during Stage 2 (~3 Ga to the present day). The zircon curve of  Dhuime et al. (2012)  was built from a database of ~7000 detrital zircons with 'young' deposition ages ranging from the late Palaeozoic to the present day. This curve gives the lowest estimate for the volume of crust present at 3 Ga (~65%). For K 2s = 1, i. e. , if no preferential erosion is applied to the Nd in continental sediments Model 2 curves, a similar volume of 3 Ga crust is obtained.
, 2015; Fischer and Gerya, 2016; Honing and Spohn, 2016; Rozel et al. , 2017; Walzer and Hendel, 2017). The integration in such models of the expanding large geochemical databases, including those available through online platforms (e. g. , GEOROC: http://georoc. mpch-mainz. gwdg. de/georoc/; EarthChem: http://www. earthchem. org/portal), should give the opportunity to initiate more accurate global models that take account of the inter-relationship and the linked variations between plate tectonics, magmatic activity, continental growth, the oxygenation of the atmosphere, and the development and the evolution of life on Earth (e. g. ,  Arndt and Nisbet, 2012; Philippot et al. , 2012; Cawood and Hawkesworth, 2014; Lee et al. , 2016; Stern, 2016; Duncan and Dasgupta, 2017). (Hamilton et al. , 1983; O'Nions et al.
Dhuime et al. (2012)  used a smaller database of ~7000 zircons for their model, containing only detrital zircons with deposition ages ranging from the late Palaeozoic to the present. Their choice was driven by A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T the assumption that since 'young' sediments typically contain zircons with a wide range of ages, they may provide records that are more representative of the entire magmatic history of the crust than zircons in igneous rocks or in old sediments. More recently Roberts and Spencer (2015) compiled the U-Pb and Hf data for magmatic and detrital zircons available in the literature ultimately to add nearly 30,000 analyses to the Belousova et al. (2010) database. In order to test the sensitivity of the Dhuime et al. (2012) continental growth model to the use of other databases, the equations of Dhuime et al.
(2012) (see Section 2. 1) were applied to both the Belousova et al. (2010) and the Roberts and Spencer (2015) databases to build the continental growth curves presented in Fig. 6A and 6B, respectively. These curves point towards slightly lower volume of ancient crust, as for instance the volume of >3 Ga crust is ~60% of the present volume in Fig. 6A and 6B, compared with ~65% in Fig. 2. Despite these differences, these curves can be considered as similar, especially in comparison with the range of growth curves in Fig. 1. Lower volumes of Archaean crust obtained from the Belousova et al. (.
Dhuime et al. (2012)explored the extent to which the variations between Hf model ages and δ 18 O in zircons for which such data are available might be parameterised in order to better correct for the bias induced by the presence of zircons with hybrid Hf model ages in datasets with no O isotope data. They found, using a global U-Pb, Hf and O isotope database of 1376 zircons analyses, that the proportion of 'true' crust formation to hybrid Hf model ages calculated for every 100 Ma time slice is ~0. 73 between the Hadean and 3. 2 Ga. After 3. 2 Ga.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  Natural Environment Research Council  [ NERC grant   NE/K008862/1 ], the  Leverhulme Trust  [grant  RPG-2015-422 ], and the  Australian Research Council  [grant  FL160100168 ]. We thank  Nick Arndt ,  Bob Stern  and  Jasper Knight  for their thorough and constructive comments, which have greatly helped in the final preparation of this paper.
Dhuime et al. (2012)explored the extent to which the variations between Hf model ages and δ 18 O in zircons for which such data are available might be parameterised in order to better correct for the bias induced by the presence of zircons with hybrid Hf model ages in datasets with no O isotope data. They found, using a global U-Pb, Hf and O isotope database of 1376 zircons analyses, that the proportion of 'true' crust formation to hybrid Hf model ages calculated for every 100 Ma time slice is ~0. 73 between the Hadean and 3. 2 Ga. After 3. 2 Ga Dhuime et al. (2012)ually decreases to ~0. 2 at 2 Ga, then increases to ~1 at present, following a second-order polynomial relationship with an R 2 = 0. 91 (Fig. 2, inset). Dhuime et al. (2012)used this relationship to correct for the contribution of hybrid Hf model ages in a worldwide database of 6972 U-Pb and Hf analyses of zircons from young sediments.
Burgoa et al. , 2001). There is a large body of scientific literature on adverse health effects associated with excess or deficient levels of Mn. The toxicity of Mn due to excess or deficiency has been documented in diverse studies including case reports, epidemiological studies of occupational and environmental exposure to Mn, experimental studies in a range of animal models, and in vitro toxicity tests. Krewski et al. (2010)  describe an approach to incorporation of data from a diverse collection of studies of this nature based on categorical regression of severity scores assigned to the different health outcomes seen in these studies; the utility of this approach was demonstrated by application to a database on copper toxicity, similar to the manganese database (MnDB) developed here. This copper database (CuDB) was subsequently analyzed by  Chambers et al.
(2010)  to describe the U-shaped exposure response curve for Cu, which, like Mn, is an essential element. Further analyses of the CuDB were recently undertaken by  Milton et al. (2016) , where they employed new approaches to categorical regression analysis of U-shaped exposure-response curves. In conducting this work, the available data on Cu toxicity due to both excess and deficiency was entered into a computerized database designed to accommodate the collection of information on continuous, dichotomous, categorical or ordinal data which supports both traditional as well as new methods for exposure-response assessment. Further motivation for the use of a systematic approach to the identification and recording of relevant data on Cu toxicity is to avoid unnecessary repetition of reviews of the same literature: without a validated toxicological data storage system, changing regulatory requirements, updating risk assessments, and employing new methods for exposure-response assessment would likely involve unnecessary re-reviews of the same body of literature  (Guth and Raymond, 1996).
, 2008   2010 ) used CatReg to perform an exposure-response analysis on the copper database previously described, creating separate excess and deficiency exposure-response models for oral intake. The authors spliced the excess and deficiency curves together to create a U-Shaped curve, then estimated the exposure level at the trough of the curve. Other CatReg applications include hydrogen sulfide  (Strickland and Foureman, 2002; Brown and Strickland, 2003; Brown and Foureman, 2005) , phosgene  (Gift et al. , 2008) , and acrylamide  (Allen et al. , 2005) , where excess exposure-toxicity curves were fit to exposure-response data. Chambers et al. (2010)  as a platform to propose a new method for defining U-Shaped exposure-response curves based on categorical regression. The authors applied their methods to the copper (Cu) toxicity database and obtained a smooth, continuous U-Shaped exposure-response curve that achieves balance between Cu excess and deficiency.
Milton et al. (2016a) used the work by These new approaches to categorical regression modeling developed by Milton et al (2016a) will be used in the manganese exposure-response assessment. The foundation of categorical regression modeling is the establishment of ordered response categories corresponding to increasingly severe adverse health outcomes and the availability of a comprehensive database which summarizes ordered response categories for manganese toxicity from deficiency or excess. The purpose of this paper is to: 1) describe the development of the computerized Mn database (MnDB) to support the application of categorical regression of Mn toxicity due to excess and deficiency from oral studies; 2) to summarize the development of the severity scoring system for Mn toxicity; 3) to apply the severity scoring system to the scientific literature collected on Mn health effects; and 4) describe the characteristics of the final MnDB and its use in categorical regression (Figure  1 ).
Methods The development of the categorical regression database took place over the course of two years (2010-2012). Exclusion criteria were defined and relevant scientific publications were identified using a systematic literature search and reviewed to ensure the exclusion criteria were satisfied. A total of 181 eligible studies described in 218 articles were identified (Appendix A). Detailed information including animal species, route of exposure, Mn species, age, sex, study design, dose and duration of exposure, and health outcome was abstracted from these articles and stored in the database. If a study involved different exposure scenarios (e. g. , different exposure routes and pathways, different doses and concentrations, different exposure durations, different Mn compounds and basal diets, animal species and strains, sex (male and female subjects)), data for each combination of these parameters were entered as a separate experiment.