dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The first factor, trigger , is the trigger selection efficiency, and is measured in data using electrons from the decay of Z bosons following a 'tag-and-probe' method  [34]. The tag electron is required to match an object reconstructed as an HLT electron, while the probe requirement is relaxed to pass the offline photon selection requirements and a photon HLT path. This efficiency factor is found to be consistent with 100% within its systematic uncertainty. The reconstruction efficiency, RECO , is measured using simulated events in a photon+jets sample generated with PYTHIA. The same sample is used to determine ID , the efficiency of the photon identification criteria apart from the pixel detector veto. The systematic uncertainty in the photon identification efficiency is determined from the differences between MC simulation and data by applying the nominal photon selection criteria to electrons in a Z-boson-enriched data sample.
In conclusion, events with at least one photon and one jet have been studied with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2. 14 fb -1 collected in proton-proton collisions at √ s = 7 TeV. The cross section is measured as a function of the transverse momentum of the photon for various configurations of the leading photon and the leading jet. These measurements are used to determine eight ratios of the triple-differential cross section d 3 σ/(dp γ T dη γ dη jet ). They provide measures of the relative cross sections for photon+jets production in different pseudorapidity regions and, thus, over a wide range of parton momentum fraction. Comparisons of the data to theoretical predictions from SHERPA and JETPHOX are also presented. Although predictions from SHERPA are observed to be lower than those from JET-PHOX, the measured cross sections are found to be consistent with both MC predictions within systematic uncertainties over most of the measured kinematic regions.
The NLO predictions in QCD and tree-level predictions of SHERPA both fail to describe the data for photons in the highest η and p T regions within expected variances of either theoretical scale or parton distribution functions. We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWF and FWF (Austria); Table  2 : The triple-differential cross sections d 3 σ/(dp γ T dη γ dη jet ) for photons located in the central region with statistical and systematic uncertainties, compared to predictions from JETPHOX and SHERPA.
Findings are supplemented with survey data from a small sample (n=15) of students with reported and unreported accommodation needs. We recognize that these data are not sufficient to generalize about the experience of students with disabilities, however, they do provide a sample to allow us to raise questions for future research. We undertook a case study in a Level II course in the Faculty of Social Sciences at McMaster University, entitled Canadian Children, which is offered as an evening course in a three-hour block. Because the course has no prerequisite, students enroll from all levels and all Faculties. The students are provided access to lecture captures in two stages through the learning management system (LMS). The audio and visual portion of the lecture are posted approximately 24 hours after the lecture, and then two to three days later the closed captioning (i.
Research participants (n=175; 32% response rate) were recruited from the Canadian Children course (N=542). In stage one, survey questions asked students about the utility of lecture capturing, academic accommodations or needs, and perceptions/experiences of lecture capturing. Stage two involved individual face-toface interviews with students (n=8) and a faculty member (n=1) selected from phase one. Key themes from stage one informed the development of the qualitative interview guide used to deepen our understanding of the perspectives and experiences of students who utilize lecture capture technologies. Students were also probed to expand upon the technical aspects of lecture capture, the need for systems and supports, and what measures were necessary to make courses more accessible. Survey data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
As part of her work with the Centre for Leadership in Learning, she collected and analyzed qualitative interview and focus group data related to teaching and learning in higher education. Nancy Fenton, PhD, is an Associate Research Professor in the School of Public Health and Health Systems at the University of Waterloo. Dr. Fenton is a qualitative health researcher; her primary research area focuses on the relationships between the environment and health as it relates to risk perceptions and the health literacy of children and youth. She has extensive experience teaching in higher education. Jacob Tarkowski, B. A. , is a multidisciplinary researcher who has experience working in pedagogy, natural resource management, and corporate sustainability. Various internships within the United Nations University network have supplemented his academic work.
In this paper, we will focus on elements of the flow above and around canopies of direct relevance to the resource assessment community. These are the modulus of the mean wind speed, \U\, and mean turbulent kinetic energy (fe). In order to provide an extensive validation database, experiments have been conducted in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel to investigate the wake around a stand of 100  architectural model trees. Subsequently, canopy morphology data were captured using photographic analysis software and a series of CFD simulations were conducted in which increasing levels of detail were gradually introduced. By analysing the quality of these simulations, we have investigated whether a detailed understanding of the canopy structure is beneficial when modelling flow around a forest canopy for the purpose of wind resource assessment.
In order to acquire the required images, two POWERVIEW Plus 4M cameras (model 630059, 2048 x 2048 pixel resolution) were positioned to capture a stereoscopic view of the illuminated flow field. Both cameras and lasers were synchronised by use of a LASERPULSE module (model 610035) with a sampling frequency of 7 Hz, the maximum allowable by the equipment. Signal acquisition and processing of raw data were then performed using Insight software, provided by TSI, to produce a three dimensional flow field for the plane under investigation. The setting of the stereo-PIV was performed by using the TSI Dual Plane/Dual Sided calibration target. A total of 2000 images were captured for each of a series of concatenated 360 mm wide x 350 mm high measurement planes. An overlap of 60 mm was used between planes in order to improve the merging of data through linear interpolation.
Determining the morphology In this study, canopy morphology is taken to be comprised of LAD data and also geometry data such as the canopy height, crown diameter and location of individual trees. These geometry data have been obtained by recording the placement of each tree within the forest and by taking detailed measurements of each individual tree using a digital calliper. The required LAD data were acquired using the method discussed below. The LAD is a convenient metric for describing canopy density which is commonly used in the forestry community. It is calculated within a horizontal section through the forest at some height and is defined as the total one-sided leaf area within that section divided by its volume. By taking a series of horizontal sections at a number of different heights, a height-varying LAD profile can be defined which gives an appreciation of the vertical canopy structure.
As discussed in Section 1, there are a number of different methods of determining this LAD profile for forest canopies. In this study, we have used a method which required eight photographs to be taken of each model tree using a digital camera. These images were then converted into black and white bitmaps which were used by the software Tree Analyser  (Phattaralerphong and Sinoquet, 2005)  to compute the LAD profile. The finest accuracy settings were used for the analysis which resulted in each profile taking approximately 6 hours to produce using the Tree Analyser software. This was in order that the results were of a sufficient level of detail to be analogous to a full LiDAR survey of an actual canopy where a resolution of 30 mm is recommended  (Seidel et al. , 2012). A full explanation of the calculations performed by the software can be found in  Phattaralerphong and Sinoquet (2005).
Description of the CFD model The commercially available CFD software ANSYS CFX 14. 0 was used for this study. CFX contains a coupled solver for mass and momentum which allows the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) forms of the governing equations to be solved for a user defined node-centred grid using an algebraic multi-grid algorithm for convergence acceleration. This is a generalised numerical fluid dynamics solver and requires user modification in order to simulate flows within the atmospheric boundary layer. The inlet velocity profile for the neutrally stratified boundary layer is described by Eqs. (  1 ) and (  2 ). The aerodynamic roughness length z 0 is converted to the equivalent sand grain roughness length, e s , using Eq. (  5 )  (McCormick et al. , 2012) : e s =z 0 x exp(8. 48?c) (5) This value is then applied to the floor of the CFD model domain.
As can be seen in Fig. 20 , there is good agreement between the fully developed canopy profile simulated in the present study and the characteristic profiles presented in the literature. The simulated profile follows measurements in the WT Wheat data particularly well, except for the speed up simulated close to the surface. This speed up, which is also observed in the Bordeaux data set, is referred to as the sub-canopy jet and has been observed in canopy studies as early as  Shaw (1977). The sub-canopy jet is expected in canopies with a sparse trunk space and is characterised by a sharp peak in velocity above the floor at the windward edge of the obstruction. This peak then reduces exponentially as the flow moves through the canopy. In the present study, this initial peak and subsequent decay is observed within the trunk space at a distance of approximately 5 mm above the tunnel floor.
It was shown that the observed flow field and the recovery of the wake are similar to the characteristic canopy flows presented in the literature. This would indicate that the architectural model trees are a good candidate for wind tunnel experimentation of heterogeneous canopy flows. In addition, the use of the Tree Analyser software to capture the required LAD data allowed accurate simulation of the flow without the need to tune the CFD model. This is encouraging for cross-model validation and may allow other features of the flow field, such as the turbulent structures, to be investigated using LES and other unsteady CFD models. Results indicate that the inclusion of accurate LAD profile data can significantly improve simulation quality without incurring additional computational expense.
Participants The inclusion criteria were men and women: a) who were 18 years of age or older; b) who had been diagnosed with upper or lower limb SLC for a minimum of 3 months prior to data collection; c) who were in the management phase of SLC treatment at the time of enrolment; d) were English speaking; and e) were willing to be audio recorded (for qualitative interviews). The ages of the 13 participants (11 women, 2 men) ranged from 31 to 77. Eight of the 13 participants lived in urban areas. Five participants were working full-time. Participants had been diagnosed with cancer from 2 to 34 years (mean 10 years) prior to being interviewed. Six participants had breast cancer, four had melanoma, and three had reproductive cancers. Participants had been diagnosed with SLC from less than 1 year to 11 years post-cancer diagnoses (mean 8.
Interviews A brief questionnaire was administered at the beginning of the interviews in order to obtain data about socio-demographics, cancer and SLC diagnoses, and treatment. Next, our use of a semistructured interview guide asked participants to discuss symptoms of SLC, its impact on various aspects of their lives (e. g. , paid work, leisure, family). While topics were somewhat defined, they are influenced by other more open-ended guides used in other projects with people living with SLC and topics that those participants raised as significant  (Thomas-MacLean & Miedema, 2005a; 2005b , Thomas-MacLean et al. , 2009). Next, participants were asked how they conceptualized hope and what provided them with hope while living with SLC.
More specifically, the research associates who completed the interviews met with the authors after each interview to identify issues with the interview guide and additional questions that might be asked. The research associates also highlighted key findings within the transcripts linked to the interviews they had completed (e. g. , moments when participants became particularly emotional; ideas that participants themselves had highlighted as being important). As these tentative themes were identified, the lead authors had several discussions with the research associates and with each other in order to produce preliminary thematic categories. Prior to developing a tentative, coding framework within the software program, NVivo 10, all transcripts were printed. Handwritten memos and text highlights helped the authors generate the coding framework in NVivo, then, all of the interview transcripts were coded line by line by one of the authors after modifications to the framework (i.
She and her daughter searched for information, located a SLC care provider and arranged for participation in her province's assistive devices program in order to cover some of the costs associated with her compression garments. 1  Another participant said that she found support from a physiotherapist, but The doctors are very, um, I don't know if they're unhelpful or ignorant but they don't regard lymphedema as anything which requires treatment. It's a cosmetic thing from their point of view, not something which needs to be treated. (P091906, FEM, ARM). Although participants with upper limb SLC described the invisibility of their condition in the health care system, participants with SLC in their lower limbs felt that arm SLC was more recognized or visible than their own experiences. This sentiment is supported by the fact that some SLC programs in Canada are funded by breast cancer organizations, so they are limited to women with arm morbidity.
Sequences produced in this study have been deposited at EMBL and accession numbers are listed in Table  1. Phylogenetic relationships between species were inferred using our sequences and 15 sequences of Agariciidae downloaded from GenBank based on  Luck et al. (2013)  in order to define the position of Pachyseris inattesa sp. n. with respect to the genus Leptoseris. Moreover, in order to root the mtDNA phylogeny, we selected Siderastrea radians  (Pallas, 1776 ) (clade IX sensu Fukami et al. 2008)  as outgroup based on the phylogeny proposed by  Fukami et al. (2008). Sequences were viewed, edited, and assembled using CodonCode Aligner 4. 2. 5 (CodonCode Corporation, Dedham, MA, USA) and manually checked using BioEdit 7. 2. 5 (Hall 1999). Multiple alignments were carried out using the E-INS-i option in MAFFT 7.
3  (Posada and Crandall 1998)  in conjunction with PAUP 4. 0b10  (Swofford 2003). AIC identified the General Time Reversible (GTR) model with gamma distributed rate variation among sites (+Γ) (Γ = 1. 02) as the most suitable model. Bayesian Inference analyses consisted of four parallel Markov Chains Monte Carlo (MCMC) implemented for 1,000,000 generations, saving a tree every 100 generations and discarding the first 2,501 trees as burn-in. Bayesian Inference analysis was stopped when the standard deviations of split frequencies were <0. 01. As an additional tool, the software Tracer 1. 5  (Drummond and Rambaut 2007)  was used to verify the convergence of parameters and correctly estimate the burn-in. Finally, clade support was assessed based on posterior probability. The Best Maximum Likelihood tree was reconstructed with PhyML using the default parameters and 1,000 bootstrap replicates to verify the robustness of the internal branches of the tree.
1 ± 0. 1 % for P. speciosa, 0. 7 ± 0. 4 % for P. rugosa, and 0. 1 ± 0. 1 % for P. inattesa sp. n. The genetic distances between the three clades are higher, 10 ± 2. 2 % between P. speciosa and P. rugosa, 16. 5 ± 2. 4 % between P. speciosa and P. inattesa sp. n. , and 18. 2 ± 2. 8 % between P. rugosa and P. inattesa sp. n. The two sequences of L. foliosa were found in clade VII together with the other agariciid sequences from GenBank. In particular, L. foliosa is closely related to L. papyracea (Figure  9 ) and highly divergent from P. inattesa sp. n. , a result supported by the genetic distance between the two species, 42. 3 ± 3. 1 %. Likewise, the genetic distance between P. inattesa sp. n. and L. mycetoseroides is also high, 42. 3 ± 3. 1 %.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  P. Saenz-Agudelo ,  J. D. DiBattista ,  M. A. Priest ,  T. Sinclair-Tylor , and  E. C. Giles  for their assistance at  KAUST , and  A. H. Baird  ( ARC ) for fruitful discussions. We wish to thank the captain and crew of the MV  Dream-Master  and the  KAUST Coastal and Marine Resources Core Lab  for fieldwork logistics. Sampling in New Caledonia was possible thanks to the support of the  Institut de Recherche pour le Développement  and to  C. Payri ,  J. Butscher ,  A. Arnaud , and  E. Folcher. We are grateful to the  Province Sud of New Caledonia  for sampling permits in Prony Bay. Sampling in Semporna was done during the Semporna Marine Ecological Expedition 2010 with research permission from the  Economic Planning Unit, Malaysia, Sabah Parks and Department of Fisheries Sabah.
Mass spectra were analyzed in a m/z range of 2,000 to 20,000. The MALDI Biotyper library version 3. 0 and MALDI Biotyper software version 3. 1 were used for bacterial identification. Based on previous studies  [11]  cut-off scores for identification were: $1,5 for genus level, $1,7 for species-level. A score ,1,5 was considered as resulting in no reliable identification. A minimum difference of 10% between the top and next closest score was required for a different genus or species  [11].
However, genus level identification remained equivalent  [10]. In our experience the reduction in identification score required for species level and the direct on plate testing using formic acid, allows to identify the most commonly GPR isolated in the clinical microbiology laboratory today. To conclude, this study demonstrates the accuracy of Bruker MALDI-TOF MS system as an identification method for clinical GPR using direct colony extraction method. Our study clearly expose that the MALDI-TOF MS database has a wide range of different spectrum allowing the identification of most of the clinical genera and species recovered in the clinical settings. However, since new pathogens are emerging continuously, revision and addition of new spectra to the database must be considered.
DATA REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS We took spectra of NGC104, NGC6121 and NGC6218 from the library of  Schiavon (2005). The long-slit spectra of the other three clusters (NGC6205, NGC6838 and NGC 7078) were obtained during our observations with the CARELEC spectrograph of the 1. 93-m telescope in the Haute Provence Observatory in July 2010. We used a grating with 300 grooves/mm and the slit width 2". The seeing during our observations was 2. 5 -3 ′′. The spectral range was 3700 -6800 Å. Each GC was observed using several fixed slit orientations centred at the core of the cluster with exposures of 1200 ÷ 1800 sec. Thus we were able to remove background and foreground objects from the two-dimensional spectra. This would not be possible in the case of scanning the clusters with a moving, or rotating slit  (Schiavon et al.
, 2005). A detailed description of the observational process and instrumental conditions was published by  Khamidullina et al. (2014). The mean spectral resolution in the middle of the spectral range was FWHM∼ 5 Å. The primary reduction of the 1. 93-m telescope data was done using the  MIDAS Banse et al. (1983)  and IRAF 1  software packages. We consider spectroscopic and photometric observational data and theoretical model capable to explain them. The method is based on the comparison of the observed spectra to the theoretical ones computed using synthetic spectra of stars of different masses, log g and T ef f. The stellar parameters were set by the best isochrone fitting of the cluster CMD. We used the isochrones of Bertelli et al. ,  2009 2 , because these models contain the Horizontal branch (HB) and Asymptotic branch (AGB) stages of evolution and a wide range of model parameters (metallicity, α-element ratio, age and helium content).
We used deep stellar photometry data from  Piotto et al. (2002)  and  Sarajedini et al. (2007)  to be compared with the isochrones. A number of stars of a particular mass bin was computed according to the Chabrier mass function  (Chabrier, 2005). Ages and abundances of different chemical elements were derived via fitting of the observed spectra to computed theoretical ones. The synthetic spectra were computed using the SPECTR software package  (Shimansky et al. 2003 ) by interpolating the model grid of  Castelli & Kurucz (2003)  (see  Shimansky et al. 2003 and Sharina et al. 2014  for a full description of the programs and atomic constants). Plane-parallel, hydrostatic model stellar atmospheres were calculated for a given set of parameters (T ef f , log g, [M/H]) with and without atomic and molecular lines.
07 dex. We emphasize that the analysis of medium-resolution spectra permits to use only wide blends of lines and molecular bands with widths ∆λ ≥ 5 Å, but not individual lines of chemical elements. Thus, to reach reliable results one has to consider high signal-to-noise spectra (S/N ≥ 100) containing several absorption line features of the element in a wide spectral range. Setting the continuum level represents the major difficulty in the process of fitting synthetic spectra to low resolution spectra. We fitted the pseudo-continuum to the whole spectrum using the ULySS program 3   (Koleva et al. 2009 ). Multiplicative and additive polynomials were applied to the observed spectrum to bring it in agreement with the model one. After the procedure, there were still uncorrected high-frequency variations of the pseudo-continuum.
3 dex. The resonance lines of N a are strongly distorted by the interstellar extinction and should be included in the last group. It is worth noting that considerable differences between our abundances and the literature ones may arise for some elements with weak absorption lines due to strong statistical noise in some parts of our spectra influenced by sky emission and absorptions lines, or by cosmic particles. It is surprising that, in the case of NGC 7078, the iron and magnesium abundances differ strongly from the literature ones. This effect exists whether we use our spectrum or the data from the library of  Schiavon et al. (2005). It is possible also that a bright star with a velocity close to that of NGC 7078, but a different chemical composition is projected on the centre of the cluster.