dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
However, having participants divided into groups with different levels of inhibitory control allows further examination of the possibility that those with high levels of inhibitory control behave/react/function differently in some regard (e. g. , may report fewer involuntary past and future thoughts as investigated in one of our study  [16]  ) than participants with low inhibitory control capacity. Therefore, such an approach may open new avenues for research on the possible roles of the cognitive inhibitory control involved in many every-day cognitive phenomena. 2 Please note that in the present paper we use the term "online" in its main and direct meaning; namely, to indicate the fact that the data were collected by instructing participants to download on their own computer an Inquisit-web software letting them engage themselves in a given experimental tasks without any direct experimenter's supervision.
2) Links to all tasks were sent to participants' email addresses 3) When participants followed this link, they were provided with information about the tasks they would complete. They were asked to follow all the instructions and to perform the tasks as well as they could. Importantly, they were asked to start the study only when they were certain that their performance would not be disrupted by noise or other distractions. Participants were also given information about the need to install the Inquisit Software in order to start the tasks. Basic information about the program and a link to the Millisecond website were also provided. In total, the online session lasted about 30-40 min.
Acknowledgements The study was supported by a grant to  Krystian Barzykowski  from the  National Science center, Poland  ( 2015/19/D/HS6/00641 ). In addition, the writing of the present paper was supported by a grant to  Krystian Barzykowski  from the  National Science center, Poland  ( 2019/35/B/HS6/00528 ). Finally, the open access license and publishing fee of the publication was funded by the  Priority Research Area Society of the Future  under the program " Excellence Initiative -Research University " at the  Jagiellonian University in Krakow.
Operating technique and lead location The operating technique has been described elsewhere  [72]. Target localization was based on dedicated 3 Tesla MRI images  [73]. The entire operation was performed under general anaesthesia using a stereotactic robot (Rosa 1 , Medtech, Montpellier, France) coupled with intraoperative flat-panel CT device (O-arm 1 Surgical Imaging System, Medtronic). Neurophysiological recordings and clinical assessments (for side effects) were performed during surgery. Electrode location was checked by fusion of the postoperative CT image with the preoperative planning dataset. The STN's boundaries in all three planes were easily determined on the preoperative MRI, and fusion of the MRI and CT images enabled us to determine the exact positions of the electrode contacts in the STN  [74, 75].
Data acquisition Functional NIRS data were acquired under the various experimental conditions, in order to characterize and map the STN-DBS's acute effects on cortical surface networks. In order to synchronize the fNIRS analysis with the STN-DBS, 11-channel EEG electrodes were embedded in the high-density fNIRS cap; this enabled us to precisely monitor any STN-DBS-related artefacts on the scalp. The NIRS imaging system. Four multichannel, dual-wavelength (690 and 830 nm), frequency-domain fNIRS imaging systems (Imagent™, ISS, Champaign, IL, USA) were used to measure relative changes in [HbO] and [HbR] during the experimental protocol. Imagent™ is a frequency-domain tissue spectrometer in which dual-wavelength intensity-modulated laser diodes are coupled to optical fibres and gain-modulated photomultiplier tube detectors that separately record the signal at the two wavelengths.
Low-resolution EEG acquisition. To detect the DBS on-off timepoints in fNIRS measurements (i. e. electrical artifacts induced by DBS), continuous EEG recordings were simultaneously acquired from 14 Ag/AgCl scalp electrodes (ASA-Lab, ANT Neuro BV, Hengelo, The Netherlands) placed according to the international 10-20 system. The electrode positions are shown diagrammatically in Fig 1. Low-resolution EEG was referenced against the average of both mastoids (M1 and M2). Electrode impedances were maintained below 5 kO throughout the experiment. Raw EEG data were acquired at a sampling frequency of 1024 Hz and then band-pass filtered (0. 53-200 Hz) with an additional notch filter (50 Hz).
Data processing and visualization Determination of the processing time window, using the EEG artifacts induced by DBS. To detect the DBS periods in the fNIRS data, the EEG signal was band-pass-filtered  and DBS artifacts were marked (Fig  2 ). We started to monitor the haemodynamic response 10 s before the stimulation onset and stopped 10 s after the stimulation offset. The [HbR] and [HbO] signals were therefore segmented relative to the onset of each "DBS on" block. A linear detrend and a baseline correction for the [-10, 0] seconds preceding the onset of the stimulation were applied to each block. Relative changes in total haemoglobin ([HbT], i. e. [HbR] + [HbO]) were also reported. Spectroscopic signal processing. The fNIRS data were analyzed offline by using a combination of in-house MATLAB scripts and a custom MATLAB fNIRS data analysis program (HomER version 4.
Topographic map. The high spatial density afforded by our recording montage was used to generate surface-projected maps of functional brain activity. Co-registration of NIRS and MR anatomical data was performed according to the following steps. Firstly, the location of each optode (source and detector) was digitized in three dimensions with respect to three fiducial points (located on the nasion and the left and right pre-auricular points) for each individual subject, using a three-dimensional magnetic space digitizer (Fastrak1, Polhemus, Colchester, VT, USA). Secondly, standard structural MRI was used to co-register optode positions on the anatomical MR image comprising the fiducial points. Data were combined and visualized across channels by means of in-house MATLAB scripts and the optodes' digitized locations.
The script allowed us to select channels on the basis of the standard error of phase variations across blocks; this eliminates "noisy" channels for which the source-detector distance is too large to detect high levels of illumination. The in-house MATLAB scripts also enabled us to calculate z-scores over time and for the patients as a whole. After averaging in each condition (DBS at rest, and left-hand and right-hand movements with and without DBS), images of haemodynamic activations superimposed on the probe geometry were constructed using back-projection methods. For details, please refer to the HomER User's Guide at http:// www. nmr. mgh. harvard. edu/PMI/.
Statistical analysis In order to reduce multiple comparisons, we used a region of interest (ROI) approach for our statistical analysis and quantification. The ROI corresponded to the surface projections of Brodmann areas 4-6 (the motor-PM cortex) and 8-9 (the DLPFC), as defined by a higher zscore activation (z-score >2 or <-2). Only data within this ROI were analyzed. To assess the overall haemodynamic response, the area under the curve (AUC) was compared during the stimulation period (0-20 s), while reducing the number of measurements to 4 ROIs for each condition. The haemodynamic response was characterized by the amplitude and the duration. Computation of the AUC provides information on the cumulative variation of the chromophore (e. g. [HbO]) concentration over the entire stimulation period.
Experimental procedures The fNIRS data were acquired 12 months after surgery. Before the fNIRS acquisition, we checked that each patient had understand the task procedure and was able to perform the motor task in the OFF-stim condition. The therapeutic contacts and stimulation parameters used were those selected by the expert neurologist, based on the documented therapeutic effects. In the OFF-drug condition, all patients were evaluated by fNIRS throughout the entire experimental procedure. During the experiment, the subject was seated comfortably in a quiet, dark room. The chair was placed 1 meter from the computer screen displaying the task procedure. Task 1: The resting condition, with alternating ON-stim and OFF-stim modes. We initially characterized the acute cortical effects of STN-DBS by evaluating the relative changes in [HbO] and [HbR] during alternating OFF-stim and ON-stim conditions at rest.
I. INTRODUCTION The labour market lacks qualified cybersecurity professionals. This fact is stated in official reports, unofficial surveys among employers and easily visible in job databases. For instance, the cybersecurity Workforce Study 2019  [16]  estimates that there is a shortfall of 4. 07 million cybersecurity experts. Moreover, ENISA  [13]  affirms that current training courses do not sufficiently address different cybersecurity sub-sectors such as the critical infrastructures and the implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). One solution to these problems is to enhance cybersecurity education and training so that more cybersecurity experts can fill in the vacancies. Indeed, many curricula focused on cybersecurity are currently emerging. However, these new degrees are often viewed as an add-on to computer science ones and fail to realize the critical importance of the interdisciplinary nature of this area  [12].
Our idea is that by using the same framework, the universities will share the same taxonomy of courses and the common procedure for selecting Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSA) required for particular work roles, i. e. , positions on the job market, at which graduates are aiming. We further support our methodology by proposing a web application, called Curricula Designer, to assist with the creation of study programs (Section V-C). Its main feature is to simplify the design of a study program composed of courses that match particular cybersecurity work roles requirements. By providing a unified approach for designing the curricula, showing the good-practice curricula and developing a practical software tool usable for curricula design, we hope to boost new cybersecurity study programs at universities and training institutions while emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of cybersecurity.
A. OUR CONTRIBUTION Our contribution is threefold. Firstly, this article revises the existing curricular recommendations from renowned institutions dealing with cybersecurity training and education. Secondly, using the SPARTA Cybersecurity Skills Framework (CSF) we have linked the cybersecurity skills to work roles recognized on a job market. The established links enable us to analyze a sample of 89 study programs and provide an overview of the current cybersecurity education status. Finally, our analyses are an instrument and a stimulus for designing higher-education study programs in cybersecurity through a cybersecurity curricula designer tool. Moreover, the collected data are visualized in a dynamic web application to help students search for a cybersecurity study program. The rest of the paper is organized as follows.
CSEC2017 is organized around the idea of Knowledge Areas (KAs). Collectively, KAs represent the full body of knowledge within the field of cybersecurity. Thus, the goal is that essential concepts of each KA capture the cybersecurity proficiency that every student needs to achieve. KAs are structured in Knowledge Units (KUs), e. g. thematic groupings of related topics. The thematic topics do not cover the actual content of a course but they must be instantiated to the specific material that the course wants to cover. For example, in the Data Security KA there is a KU about Access Control that reports several types of controls. The specific system to be presented in the course is left to the course designer. Furthermore, KUs do not necessarily correspond to courses or course units, but courses typically contain topics from multiple KUs.
Moreover, it gives more importance to mathematical models, therefore the main area is mathematics. In Figure  4 , 0. 25 point is assigned to both cryptography and security, while 0. 5 is assigned to mathematics. The sum of the values per row has to be 1 for each subject. This document also states whether a subject is mandatory and, therefore, considered of main importance for a cybersecurity study program by the university. Moreover, it also shows if practical lectures (laboratories) are offered during the courses. For instance, the "Data Science Toolbox" subject is marked as practical (as reflected by the 1 in the Practical Lecture column in Figure  4 ) since it requires the use of particular languages like R and Python and software like Hadoop and Spark. Finally, the University Template Document synthesizes the main information about the university and the related study program that was collected from the web page of each university: • the study program language, • its ECTS credits, • its cost.
V. METHODOLOGY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON CREATING CYBERSECURITY CURRICULA In this section, we describe the methodology for designing higher-education study programs in cybersecurity, provide sample study programs for bachelor's and master's degree and give recommendations on creating curricula. These guidelines are aimed to support universities in creating their own cybersecurity study programs and serve as a good practice for such activities. Furthermore, the outputs include the SPARTA Curricula Designer Tool, a software that enables universities to adapt and build their own customized study programs in cybersecurity and evaluate their validity with respect to the requirements of specific cybersecurity work roles.
C. CURRICULA DESIGNER To make the design of cybersecurity curricula easier, a dynamic web application for the individual study curricula was developed within the SPARTA project. The web application allows users to add their own study courses and then, using the drag and drop method, compose the curricula of a Bachelor's degree program. Besides the study program composition, the application provides statistical data about the coverage of SPARTA Topics and, more importantly, about the work roles supported by the study program. Using the tool and its internal evaluation methods based on the SPARTA tal for a cybersecurity carrier. Moreover, it permits comparing existing study programs, improving them, and producing guidelines for the creation of new cybersecurity curricula. Indeed, a sample of 89 cybersecurity study programs was analyzed in order to produce an overview of cybersecurity disciplines and topics.
The analyses show that 23% of the curricula are taught jointly and involve multiple faculties. This collaboration is due to the interdisciplinary nature of cybersecurity. Furthermore, we have argued that there is a lack of Bachelor's study programs focused on cybersecurity (just 19 of the 89 courses we have considered). In order to train more cybersecurity experts, a more significant number of students need to have the possibility to study cybersecurity subjects from the first year of their careers. Moreover, a tool for visualizing the collected data in an interactive map has been developed. Our dynamic web application can help students when looking for a cybersecurity study program. Finally, related program analysis, SPARTA CSF, and curricula recommendations are used to design good-practice higher-education study programs in cybersecurity and propose a cybersecurity curricula designer tool.
The tool automatically analyses curricula and discovers missing topics and/or unsupported work roles and thus helps program administrators to design study programs reflecting the cybersecurity job market requirements. In the future, we would like to continue to update the SPARTA CSF to reflect new trends and directions in cybersecurity. A batch of new competencies will be added to reflect also interdisciplinary aspects. Furthermore, we plan to extend the tools, and specifically the Curricula Designer, to support more Cybersecurity Skills Frameworks (hopefully the EU CSF when it is ready) and to add functionality for professional training design. LETTERIO GALLETTA is Assistant Professor at IMT School for Advanced Studies and a member of CINI National Laboratory for Cybersecurity. Previously, he was a postdoc at the Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa.
Introduction National action plans and other policy documents are important processes to aid states in their implementation of human rights policies and other norms related to the prevention of domestic violence and the protection of its victims. This policy development module aims to make the policy planning process more structured and inclusive. The checklist and manual developed during the IMPRODOVA research and innovation project form together a tool designed for policy drafters, decision makers and other key professionals responsible for planning the policy's feedback cycle on both national and local levels. At first sight, the tool may appear quite general and even simplistic. This impression is due to its cross-border and intra-national adaptability. The tool is, however, scalable and can be modified and adapted to different national or local needs, be it the drafting of a national action plan or local directions for a single profession.
Confirm the existence of a common database. Build an accessible database of the reports gathered. National: The Ministry of Foreign affairs (or equivalent), who is responsible for the reporting internationally, should uphold a database of the national report cycles and their reports. Local: Individuals responsible for local reporting should be made aware of the national database and how to utilize it in their own reporting. When compiling local reports, ideally, they also should be gathered in a database, i. e. , that of the municipality.
Domestic violence risk assessment integration module 'RAIMO' To address some of the shortcomings in the risk assessment of DV, the IMPRODOVA project developed a Risk Assessment Integration Module 'RAIMO'. The overall purpose of RAIMO is to bridge the gaps between different risk assessment tools and professional perspectives and thereby to enhance the shared understanding of risk assessment in multi-professional and cooperative contexts. Previous research has shown that different FLRs operate within their organisational frames, but effective collaboration requires more flexibility, overcoming professionspecific perspectives and increased awareness of the common purpose  (Notko et al. , 2021). The development of RAIMO was based on extensive empirical data gathered from the different frontline responders working in the police, social work or health care in eight partner countries of the IMPRODOVA consortium.
2011). Moreover, every fifth woman experiences abuse by her spouse or companion (see  Kapella et al. , 2011). The prevalence study from the European Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) on Violence against women, an EU-wide survey (2014) covers the whole 28 Member States and considered the situation of 42. 000 women in total (aged between 18 to 74 years). In Austria, they conducted a total of 1. 500 interviews with women, which also validated the well-known fact that every fifth woman experiences a form of violence (see  FRA study, 2014). The main police database on DV incidents is the annually produced security report and crime statistics "Polizeileiche Kriminalstatistik Österreich" (PKS) provided by the Bundeskriminalamt (  2016 ). The detailed annual security report is prepared and published by the Ministry of Interior (BMI) together with the Ministry of Justice (BMJ).
NGO as main stakeholders in responding to high impact domestic violence NGOs are at the forefront of the fight against DV, and thanks to their activities the phenomenon is starting to be taken seriously. They are also the main providers of services, training and analysis related to DV. NGOs working on domestic violence issues keep well-updated databases of relevant information and advice for DV victims, as well as current methodologies and surveys for use by professionals in the field. The functioning of NGOs is largely based on European grants, which focus on partnership projects. Victims should first turn to NGOs such as Animus, Bulgarian Lawyers for Human Rights, etc. to receive psychological, moral and material support, as well as shelter. In this way, cases can be registered so that there is evidence of systematic violence.
Over the course of the project, the Animus Association Foundation developed an innovative programme for prevention and risk management related to the social exclusion of domestic violence victims -specialised work with families and couples. The Animus Association Foundation offers a 24/24 helpline that is the most popular and accessible programme for survivors of violence. For many clients, the helpline offers the only opportunity they have for emotional support and understanding while retaining their anonymity. This service is for women who live in a situation of violence but are not ready to take the steps required to change it; women who have noticed the first signs of domestic violence and need consultation; women victims of violence who need assistance to make a decision. The helpline has a specialised assistance database that women can take advantage of when facing specific difficulties.
It has a database of all persons -victims or perpetrators of domestic violence -who have used its services. The data is collected by means of forms filled in each time a person is received by the Foundation. As the Foundation has been developing its activities for more than twenty years, these data are sufficiently complete to represent an operational tool at regional level. In the best of cases, it allows us to quickly identify people who are at risk and to evaluate the strategies to be adopted in order to shelter them in case of reported violence. If, on the other hand, the person in question is not known to the Foundation, the latter can contact the regional police to broaden its search. The first contact with DV victims is quick and effective. PULSE Foundation operates his hotline (+359 7660 1010), it can be contacted also via e-mail.
In such a hostile environment, the work of frontline responders to DV is made difficult by several reasons. The lack of a national data base of registered cases of domestic violence is seen by police authorities as substantially hampering their work in the area. There are local exceptions where the police establish their own database but the benefits remain limited. Another difficulty comes from the lack of structures of safe accommodation in specialized women's shelters. At the national level, only six crisis centers managed by NGOs are operational. On the national level NGOs working in the area of protecting and assisting victims of domestic violence, make several recommendations: -Awareness raising and education should be done among all stakeholders, including police and courts, about the specificities of domestic violence and their own powers in protecting its victims; -Swift communication should be existing among institutions, preceding official correspondence, so that timely co-ordination takes place; -Directors of local Social Protection Directorates should use their powers to initiate proceedings for issuing protection orders for each case of domestic violence against children, persons under legal guardianship and persons with disabilities; -When urgent reaction is needed, especially regarding children victimized by domestic violence, the specific law on domestic violence should have priority over other legislation, because it allows for a swift protection procedure, while long-term measures can be devised later; -It is sufficient that there has been at least one previous case of violence to initiate criminal proceedings.