dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
As a result, the more an object is circular, the smaller the variance and thus the higher the circularity value. We considered liposomes with a circularity higher than 10 as spherical, representing ∼45% of the population of selected liposomes (62,408 events). To identify multilamellar and multivesicular liposomes within the spherical liposome population we used the IDEAS tool called "feature finder wizard". This tool assists the user at identifying the optimal features that best describe a particular phenotypic trait. To employ the wizard, one needs to first select individual event images (at least 25) for each of the phenotypes of interest. From this training data set, the software then suggests the appropriate features that best differentiate the predefined phenotype categories. We manually classified liposomes in two distinct categories, unilamellar and multilamellar, based on visual inspection of some images, and performed the automated analysis.
Utilization of the upgraded version of the IDEAS software provided with machine learning algorithms may solve this issue (see Discussion). We finally sought to classify nonspherical liposomes as rodshaped or doublets (two liposomes attached together) (Figure  3G ), and to quantify their abundance. To distribute liposomes in either of the two categories, we again employed the feature f inder wizard. The generated data are a scatter plot of the texture features H-entropy std and H-correlation std (Figure  3H ). When applied to the population of nonspherical liposomes, the analysis predicted that ∼15% of liposomes were rod-shaped and ∼69% were doublets (Figure  3I, K ). The results so far demonstrate the power of IFC in acquiring large collections of liposome images and providing statistical population analysis of morphological properties.
Next, we applied IFC capabilities for quantitative analysis of synthetic cell modules whose gene-encoded functionalities lead to distinct liposomal phenotypes. Lumen Localization Reporter of Transcription-Translation. A linear DNA encoding the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was expressed in liposomes. 13  The sample was run into ImageStream and liposomes were identified as described above. To select YFP-expressing liposomes, we generated a fitting mask and plotted the histogram of the intensity measured in the 488 nm channel (Figure  4A ). After applying an intensity threshold above which liposomes were classified as expressing, we found that ∼60% of liposomes (including nonspherical and multilamellar ones) exhibit YFP signal in their lumen. We estimate the lower limit of detection of freely diffusing YFP in the lumen by IFC to be ∼500 nM for accurate quantitation, similar as we observed with confocal imaging of glass surface-immobilized vesicles.
■ DISCUSSION We introduced IFC for high-throughput imaging of liposomes in laminar flow. The general applicability of IFC in synthetic cell research was demonstrated by assaying diverse populations of liposomes with gene-encoded functional modules. A comprehensive workflow was developed to collect and process up to one million of images of single vesicles, allowing for the evaluation of fluorescence and morphological parameters with statistical analysis of subpopulations, and for sample comparison with no selection bias. The commercial IDEAS software provides over 200 features, covering a wide range of liposome phenotypes that can be quantified. The capability to retrieve images of individual events from plotted data strongly reduces the risks to include false-positive or false-negative events in the analysis.
Furthermore, increased analysis power and workflow simplification on the IDEAS software are now possible with a new machine learning module (https://www. luminexcorp. com/ imagestreamx-mk-ii/#software). Many protocols for the formation of giant liposomes have been reported in the literature (we here limit the citations to articles, in which cell-free gene expression was demonstrated),  [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]  each laboratory often having its preferred method based on available equipment, experimental or biological constraints, inclination to microfluidic approaches or not, etc. It would however be relevant for the synthetic cell community to be offered some guidelines to choose the most appropriate methodology for liposome preparation (including lipid composition and other input parameters) on the basis of objective performance metrics with robust population statistics.
To assay DNA replication, dsGreen (Lumiprobe) dye was supplemented at a 1:100,000 dilution factor of the stock concentration. For PS detection, purified eGFP-LactC2 was added to a final concentration of 316 nM. Samples were incubated for 30-60 min at room temperature before loading into ImageStream. Acquisition and Analysis of IFC Data. All samples were analyzed with the Amnis ImageStream X Mk II and INSPIRE acquisition software (201. 1. 0. 724) (Luminex Corporation). The following laser power settings were used: • Morphology analysis, 150 for 488 nm/50 for 642 nm/3 for 785 nm. • YFP expression, 40 for 488 nm/50 for 642 nm/3 for 785 nm. • DNA replication, 15 for 488 nm/50 for 642 nm/3 for 785 nm. • Bacterial tubulin, 120 for 488 nm/40 for 642 nm. • Min system, 200 for 488 nm/50 for 642 nm/3 for 785 nm.
• PS synthesis, 200 for 488 nm/160 for 642 nm/3 for 785 nm. The 60× magnification objective was employed, focus was set to automatic mode, and fluidics were set to low speed and high sensitivity. One million events were collected for each sample, which corresponds to an estimated volume of 40 to 50 μL of the diluted liposome suspension. All data were analyzed and displayed with Amnis IDEAS 6. 2 analysis software (Luminex). The shown images are representative of the whole sample. Scatterplots are from 100,000 recorded items, as we analyzed 1 million events by opening them in sequential batch mode.
They are based on experimental data that are still not extensively available. However, in gradually completing the databases, the scientific community will rapidly have the means to make increasingly reliable modeling chain conformations and bulk morphology. In another way, and in the majority of cases, current research is essentially turned towards the synthesis and investigation of a champion polymer or molecule. When the latter is a donor (or an acceptor), a series of parent materials are synthesized and generally all tested with a common acceptor (or donor) material. This strategy therefore consists of independently optimizing one class of material. There should be growing impetus for this strategy to evolve through simultaneous and joint molecular engineering of both donor/acceptor materials, in order to multiply the number of promising D/A pairs.
Catalysts characterization The comparison of the powder XRD patterns of the as-cast and annealed samples confirms the formation of the main phase RScSi after annealing, with the presence of a few amount of the secondary phase Sc 5 Si 3 (less than 4 wt %). The SmScSi sample also has a small amount of Sm 5 Si 3 (approx. 3 wt %), and the GdScSi sample contains approximately 6 wt % of Gd 2. 45 Sc 2. 55 Si 3 solid solution. All patterns were indexed with the tetragonal space group I4/mmm with unit cell parameters in agreement with previous published data (gathered in Table  1 ). [14, 17] he ruthenium loadings in the studied materials, obtained from ICP analysis, are between 1. 3 wt % and 1. 7 wt % (Table  2 ). The ruthenium particle sizes were determined by TEM-EDX analysis. Histograms of the size distributions of Ru particles show irregular morphology (Figure  S1  in the Supplementary Information file, and also illustred in Figure  3A  for Ru 1.
Characterization X-ray diffraction. The samples were analyzed after melting, annealing, and catalytic activity test by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The data were collected at room temperature (RT) on a PANalitycal X'pert PRO MPD diffractometer in Bragg-Brentano θ-θ geometry equipped with a secondary monochromator and X'Celerator multi-strip detector. Each measurement was made within an angular range of 2θ = 8-80°and lasted for 87 minutes. The CuÀ Kα radiation was generated at 45 kV and 40 mA (λ = 1. 5418 Å). Powder XRD patterns were analyzed using the Fullprof Suite program and the unit cell parameters were determined through full-pattern matching. [27] Rietveld method was also used to estimate the relative proportion of each phase when both pristine and hydride phases were present in the sample.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Micrographs were recorded on JEOL 2100 instrument operated at 200 kV with a LaB 6 source and equipped with a Gatan Ultra scan camera. EDX spectroscopy was carried out with a Hypernine (Premium) detector (active area: 30 mm 2 ) using the software SM-JED 2300T for data acquisition and treatment. EDX analysis zone was defined on the particle, and it was generally ranging from 5 to 15 nm. Ru dispersion was averaged over both spherical metal particles and hexagonal close packed particles (hcp) model to cover a wide range of particle sizes. [28] rface Area and Porosimetry. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were recorded at À 196 °C, using a Tristar 3000 Micromeritics apparatus. Prior to the measurement, the samples were pretreated at 250 °C under vacuum for 8 h.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the support of  DFG (German Science Foundation ) within the  SFB 917 (Nanoswitches ). The authors acknowledge the computational resources granted from  RWTH Aachen University  under project p0020115, as well as  JARA0229  and  JARA0236. Y. Y. acknowledges the financial support under the  Excellence Strategy of the Federal Government  and the Länder within the  ERS RWTH Start-Up  grant (Grant No. StUpPD_392-21 ). C. Z. acknowledges the financial support from  Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University  ( D5000220051 ). T. G. acknowledges a postdoctoral fellowship from the  Alexander von Humboldt foundation. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
By summation of the total elastic strain energy for all elements, a simple energy-based response can be created and used as an objective function for the optimization problem. The objective function F(DV 1. n ) for cure-induced distortion can then be described by equation 1: where DV 1. n = n is the design variables, z is the total number of nodes in model, and i i is the elastic strain energy in i = 1, 2, 3, DOF. (1) Abaqus is used as an FE solver in the current work. These elements are referred to as 'spring-to-ground' within the documentation (Dassault Systemes 2019) and implemented using the keyword *SPRING1. The elastic strain energy (ELSE) for all SPRING1 elements for all degrees of freedom in the entire model is summed during post-processing with a python script. A very low spring stiffness is used, obtained from a convergence study, such that the springs do not impede the global deformation.
2017). The choices of algorithm within the software are limited to response surface-based approaches, or genetic algorithms. Several of the available algorithms within HyperStudy were evaluated during the work, and particular success was achieved with the so-called global response search method (GRSM). The decision to rely on commercially available software with a partially 'black box' nature was taken actively, as it is the more industrially relevant approach. The aim of the work is not to present a new optimization algorithm per se, but rather to demonstrate a novel parametrization and modelling approach that captures the cure distortion phenomena.
The case study problem A case study is presented here to demonstrate the method described thus far. The selected structure as modelled in CAD can be seen in Fig. 5. It is a generic-stiffened panel consistent with a section of an aircraft wing skin which is reinforced with I-beam stringers. Within this method, the CAD software (Catia V5) has been included in the optimization loop using a fully parameterized CAD model to regenerate the geometry for each iteration, thus, keeping the native CAD model updated.
Results Two optimization studies were performed, the first a single-objective optimization focused on the curing distortion alone, and the second a multi-objective optimization to simultaneously minimize the curing distortion and the mass of the panel. For the first case, the objective function was minimization of the elastic strain energy of the *SPRING1 elements. For the second case, the mass of the structure based on the total element volume was calculated and also minimized. Model geometry was generated for each iteration by updating and exporting the native Catia v5 model. An FE mesh was created in Altair HyperMesh. The FEA was performed in Abaqus 2019. The entire process of geometry and stack updating, model creation, analysis, and post-processing was automated with own scripts in Python (for Abaqus) and TCL programming language (for Altair HyperMesh).
Fig. 8b  and 8c  show the absorbance of water and CO2 (respectively) in the spectral bands highlighted in fig. 8a , as retrieved from the measured spectrum (in blue) and from the HITRAN database (red)  [42]. We can notice that, in the case of CO2, we obtain the double branch absorption spectrum typical of roto-vibrational modes in linear molecules  [41]. In the case of water, which is not a linear molecule, the absorption lines have a more complex pattern. The absorbance A is defined as: 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 ( 𝐼 0 𝐼 ) where  0 is the initial intensity (at the output of the waveguide) and  is the intensity of the recorded spectrum after a 55 cm long path in free space. To calculate  0 , we numerically smoothed the recorded spectrum by calculating the first order derivative, and removing the points with magnitude greater than 0.
01. The absorbance from the HITRAN database was calculated multiplying the line-by-line intensity data, which give the absorption intensity for a single molecule per unit volume, by the number of molecules per unit volume and the interaction volume (air path length times beam area). By considering a concentration (in percentage by volume) of 2. 7% for water vapor and 0. 18% for carbon dioxide we obtain a good match between the absorbance retrieved from experiments and HITRAN (fig. 8 b, c ). These values are slightly higher than what we would expect in a non-ventilated environment, meaning that our measurements might slightly overestimate the concentration of the two gases. In the case of CO2, the absorption lines appear broader than those from HITRAN, due to the limited resolution of our OSA.
For two years, he was Advanced Program Director with the Memscap Company, France, for the development of RF-MEMS, then with the CEA-LETI in 2002 as a Coordinator of silicon photonic projects until 2012. Under a larger research partnership, he works on many technological aspects on photonics on CMOS (Si rib and stripe waveguides, a-Si waveguides, slot waveguides), Si modulators, Ge photodetectors, and InP integrated sources on Si. He has been participating in different European projects such as EPIXFAB for MPW circuit fabrication and has coordinated the FP7 PLAT4M project on Silicon Photonics Platform. In 2014, he has moved to sensing activities with photonics, and he was the Technical Manager of the H2020 MIRPHAB pilot line on liquid and gas systems sensors. His H factor is around 35 with more than 200 publications and 50 patents.
* This work was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  (Grant No. MIRSiCOMB ,  ANR-17-CE24-0028 ), the  H2020 European Research Council (ERC)  (Grant No. GRAPHICS,  648546 ), the  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA)  ( ECLAUSion , grant agreement No  801512 ). We acknowledge Lynred® for lending us the mid-infrared camera and the support of the  International Associated Laboratory in Photonics between France and Australia (LIA ALPhFA ).
For the sake of clarity, it may well be necessary to standardize the production methods of PDA films and to adopt their nomenclature to the used oxidant and deposition method. Indeed, owing to the data gathered in Table  1 , there may be as many kinds of different PDA films as used oxidants or deposition methods. From this point of view, researchers interested in the applications of PDA films may need to know the merits and shortcomings of their different synthesis methods of PDA, which are summarized in Table  2. Another fundamental point to be addressed is the comparison between PDA obtained as a precipitate from the solution and PDA deposited at interfaces. For sensitivity reasons, investigations by NMR spectroscopy can only be performed on PDA obtained from a precipitate (or from dried PDA nanoparticles).
A. Related Works and Proposed Contribution Surveys on the general SLAM problem can be found in  [11] ,  [13] , which provide an overview of various techniques, including FastSLAM, GraphSLAM, and belief propagation SLAM  [15] ,  [26] -  [28]. Initially, R-SLAM was predominantly employed in radar and automotive niche applications  [29] -  [31]. For instance, in  [29] , an algorithm utilizing the iterative closest point (ICP) graph method is presented, which matches consecutive scans obtained from a frequency-modulated continuouswave (FMCW) radar along with odometry information. It exhibits a mean translational error as low as 0. 62 m using a real-world dataset at millimeter waves collected in large outdoor areas. A similar graph-based approach is used in  [31]  to perform outdoor SLAM under diverse weather conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work has been partially funded by the  HORIZON-JU-SNS-2022   EU  project  TIMES  (Grant Agreement Number:  101096307 ), the  H2020  Project  LOCUS  (Grant Agreement Number:  871249 ), the  European Union  under the  Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) of NextGener-ationEU , partnership on " Telecommunications of the Future" (PE00000001 -program  " RESTART "), by "SoBigData. it-Strengthening the  Italian RI for Social Mining and Big Data Analytics " (Prot. IR0000013), and the  French ANR  Project  S2LAM.
This processing step is usually part of space agencies ground segment production lines, and relies on an AC processor, such as MAJA, an open-source software which performs both the cloud-screening and the atmospheric correction for high-resolution fixed-orbit satellite sensors (  [2] ). MAJA is operated by CNES to provide SR products for Sentinel-2, Venµs and Landsat-8 to the community through the THEIA data catalogue (https://www. theia-land. fr, accessed on 15 May 2023). Other AC processors include, e. g. , ATCOR3 (  [3] ), FORCE (  [4] ), LaSRC (  [5] ), or sen2cor (  [6] ). The surface reflectances made available by AC processor production lines, commonly identified as Level 2A Earth Observation products, address the needs of a broad community of users in demand for Analysis Ready Data (ARD), i.
e. , "the minimum level required to support time series analysis and data interoperability" (https://ceos. org/ard, accessed on 15 May 2023). Such data are a pre-requisite for downstream derived products describing, e. g. , the land cover, the snow cover, or the state of the vegetation, which are essential inputs for thematic studies and land surface monitoring (e. g. ,  [7, 8] ). The quality of these derived products is closely linked to the quality of the level 2A surface reflectances, and it is, therefore, essential to accurately quantify the uncertainties associated with the AC processor in use, raising the need for high-quality validation datasets (  [9] ). Acquiring adequate high-quality in situ spectral reflectances for validation is all but straightforward. It requires both incoming and reflected radiances measurements that match the spectral sampling, spatial footprint, and the time of acquisition of the satellite product under consideration, either at the nadir if the surface Bi-Directional Reflectance Function (BRDF) is known, or at comparable angles of observation.
The motivation behind this study is to provide the readers with MAJA performances metrics that could not be published under  [18] , and to broaden the view of the quality of the MAJA level-2 using reference values from i. surface reflectances computed from Sentinel-2 Top-of-Atmosphere reflectance products spread over a large variety of areas worldwide, combining state-of-the-art algorithm and accurate measurements of the state of the atmosphere, which will hereafter refer to the AERONET-based approach; and ii. ground measurements of land surface reflectances acquired by ROSAS stations, with only three observation sites but with continuous time-series of up to five years.
The absorption-corrected TOA reflectances are then converted to ground surface reflectance ρ S λ using pre-processed Look-up Tables (LUT) computed using the Successive Order of Scattering (SOS) radiative transfer code (  [22] ) expressing ρ S λ along sun and viewer angular configuration at the centre of the image, ground surface altitude, ρ TOA λ , and τ. Since MAJA version 3. 3, a set of LUTs is provided to optionally benefit from the aerosol composition products from CAMS COPERNICUS (  [23, 24] ) in place of the standard continental atmosphere. The CAMS global atmospheric composition forecasts are then used to account for the contribution of 7 hydrophobic and hydrophylic aerosols species (only 5 species before July 2019), given their respective proportion to the total atmospheric optical depth (  [25] ).
S,Re f λ ). This led to a collection of 3266 products over 127 sites worldwide, ranging from August 2017 to September 2018. When comparing surface reflectances obtained from a given AC processor to such a reference dataset, it is expected that most of the uncertainties will come from the discrepancies in the estimation of atmospheric quantities. However, as mentioned by  [18] , AC processors that do not rely on 6SV could be at a disadvantage with this validation criterion, as any difference with 6SV in the calculation of the radiative transfer is interpreted as an error. CESBIO and CNES submitted the corresponding MAJA's ground reflectance, but since they were corrected for adjacency and topographic effects while the ACIX-II ones were not, the AC performance metrics were not reflecting the actual quality of the atmospheric correction.
Therefore, it was decided to remove them from the ACIX-II exercise. The first part of this study fills this gap with a recomputed MAJA dataset comparable to the ACIX-II one, and presents inter-comparison results following the ACIX metrics. It is worth mentioning that ACIX-II also included results from RadCalNet data, but for a significantly narrower time interval as compared to this study. This first validation exposed in this paper relies on the one adopted in the frame of the ACIX-II Land exercise, and was required to recompute MAJA surface reflectances matching the entire collection of 3266 products over 127 sites worldwide provided within ACIX-II, without the default adjacency and topographic corrections. The obtained MAJA ground reflectances of each valid pixel i, hereafter ρ S MAJ A i,λ , rely on simulation conditions similar to the ACIX-II reference reflectances computed from 6SV, hereafter ρ S REF i,λ , and are as such comparable.
It is worth mentioning that, by design, MAJA requires time series of ortho-rectified TOA reflectance (hereafter L1C) products as input to express its full potential, and performs in a degraded, multi-spectral mode only, for a single product. MAJA's strategy to process a time series with an adequate cloud mask and surface reflectance composite from the first L1C is to start in reverse chronological order (backward mode), from the 8th to the 1st product, to then start in chronological order (forward mode) with proper initialisation values. Moreover, the code is intended to ingest an entire L1C product together with its metadata, and not a subset for a given region of interest. Therefore, the entire processing encompasses more L1C than initially provided by ACIX-II, to allow for a proper use of the backward mode.