dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The Botanical Conservatories have important databases on occurrences of plant species and habitats. This information is freely available in a grossly aggregated form. In this aggregated form, these data are not usable to inform management plans or even regional scale environmental strategies. More detailed information can be obtained by signing a memorandum of understanding (MOU) specifying that the data cannot be used outside the specific scope of the project for which the MOU was established, and various requirements designed to prevent misuses of the data. A similar approach could be implemented for many databases mentioned here, so as to impose requirements to take account of knowledge gaps and uncertainties in data analyses. In the case of the ZNIEFF data, for example, access to detailed spatial data could be conditioned by making explicit analyzes and explanations of data gaps and uncertainties, and their implications.
Acknowledgements We thank  C. Dehais ,  V. Devictor ,  M. Lelièvre ,  M. Martin  and  G. Thébaud  for their comments on earlier versions of this manuscript, and  R. Delarze ,  A. van Hase ,  J. -J. Lazare ,  C. Pinto Gomez ,  J. -P. Theurillat  and the experts of the  European Topic Center on Biological Diversity.
, Clément, J. C. , Gaillard, J. , Gaucherand, S. ,Isselin-Nondedeu, F. , Poinsot, C. , Quétier, F. , 2018a. Wetlandassessment in France: lessons learned from the development, validation and application of a new functions-based method. in: Dorney, J. , Savage, R. , Tiner, R. , Adamus, P. (Eds), Wetland and Stream Rapid Assessments: Development, Validation, and Application, Elsevier, pp. 582. Gayet, G. , Baptist, F. , Maciejewski, L. , Poncet, R. , Bensettiti, F. 2018b. Guide de détermination des habitats terrestres et marins de la typologie EUNIS. Agence Française pour la Biodiversité. ATEN, 2018. (accessed 1 December 2018). Beck, J. , Böller, M. , Erhardt, A. , Schwanghart, W. , 2014. Spatial bias in the GBIF database and its effect on modeling species' geographic distributions. Ecol. Inform.
Information about allergen-specific and nonspecific CD4+ T cells, transcriptomic profile, plasma proteome, nasal proteome, allergen-specific memory Treg cells, CRTH2+ CD4+ T cells was collected. The analysis of the 3rd year data is currently ongoing and will yield potential biomarkers of AIT (personal statement: Akdis CA, FASIT 2019). At baseline, before immunotherapy, outside of pollen season, allergen-specific CD4+ T cells and Treg cells were more frequent in patients as compared to controls, but displayed profound gene and protein downregulation of immune response and cell activation pathways except type 2 immunity, TCR signalling, fatty acid and prostaglandin metabolism (Figure  2 ). Plasma and nasal untargeted and targeted proteome reflected specific cellular signatures with upregulation of proteins leading to lymphocyte proliferation, T-cell differentiation and fatty acid metabolism and downregulation of several anti-inflammatory pathways.
Frequent quality deficiencies of TAO products are lack of comparability of the drug due to extensive changes in the manufacturing process during the clinical development programme; insufficient or missing stability data and process validation, analytical methods not or insufficiently validated; internal reference preparations (IHRP) not suitable for ensuring consistent quality and strength of the medicinal product and specifications and/or in-process controls inadequate or not in concordance with applicable requirements. Twenty-eight clinical studies are completed for TAO allergens, 16 dose-response finding studies (DRF), 7 phase III studies and 25 study reports have been submitted to the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI). In the DRF studies, the market dose showed positive benefit/risk balance but was not always the "optimal" dose.
Study code/Publication Year Phase of study Tested dose/No. of patients Results primary endpoints Results secondary endpoints; clinical parameters AL0301rP 41 2002-2003 II Placebo n = 28 SMS (FAS) ↔ SMS (PP) ↑ Active (40 µg) n = 29 RQLQ ↑ CPT ↔ AL0403rP 2004-2006 III Placebo n = 98 SMS (FAS) ↓ VRS ↔ Active (40 µg) n = 103 AL0701rP 38 2007-2008 II Placebo n = 10 Safety: all doses CPT ↔ Active (20 µg) n = 10 well tolerated Active (40 µg) n = 10 Active (80 µg) n = 10 Active (120 µg) n = 10 AL0704rP 2008-2012 III Placebo n = 84 RC-SMS (FAS; CPT 80 µg ↔; 120 µg ↑ Study report EudraCT Active (80 µg) n = 86 2nd year) RQLQ 1st year 80 µg ↑; 120 µg 2007-003208-37 Active (120 µg) n = 86 80 µg ↓; ↑ 120 µg ↔ RQLQ 2nd year 80 µg ↔; 120 µg ↑ Well days 80 µg ↔; 120 µg ↔ AL0906rP 2010-2013 III Placebo n = 102 ma-RC-SS (FAS; CPT ↑ Study report EudraCT Active (120 µg) n = 90 2nd year) ↔ ma-RC-SS (2nd year; adults) ↑ 2009-011504-36 RC-SS (2nd year) ↔ TA B L E 5 Overview on clinical results in studies conducted by Allergopharma with a recombinant 5 Phleum allergens cocktail (Nandy A, FASIT 2019) SMS: Symptom medication score; RC: Rhinoconjunctivitis; ma-RC-SS: Medication adjusted RC-Symptom Score; CPT: Conjunctival provocation test; RQLQ: Rhinitis quality of life questionnaire; VRS: Visual rating scale; PP: Per protocol set; FAS: Full analysis set.
Pt100 temperature sensors and humidity probes are positioned near resistivity sensors. Temperature sensors are used for the compensation of thermal effects on resistivity measurements. They have also been used to determine the mechanical strength of in situ concrete using the maturity method. Position of these sensors are presented in Figure  3. Data acquisition for temperature and humidity sensors is carried out with a NI cDAQ-9133 acquisition unit. The whole installation (batteries, electronics, central unit, wires for resistivity measurement) allowing data acquisition has been integrated into waterproof boxes to protect it from external aggressions (wind, rain, tide, etc. ). The boxes are positioned at the downstream end of the platform as shown in Figure  1.
The latter are those made with the electrodes at the ends of the sensor. This means that FE modelling does not correctly predict the propagation of current near the lateral edges of the sensor with this geometric configuration. Consequently, in the rest of the study, in order to avoid misinterpretations this measures were removed from the database. Finally 117 measurement will be kept (129 minus 12 measurements, i. e. two measurements at each end of the sensor for a given spacing, considering 6 different spacings).
Compressive strength To determine the activation energy, following equation (1), data are analyzed at the end of the first day, since during 24 hours all specimens have been stored at the same temperature. Figure  20  shows the influence of the curing temperature on the compressive strength and Figure  21  shows the time-temperature transformation based on the calculation of equivalent age. The bars on the graph represent the standard deviation of three experimental measurements. The value of activation energy E a deduced from the superposition method was 24. 4 kJ/mol. This value was used to assess equivalent time τ(t; T, T re f ) with T re f = 20 • C for the specimens cured at T = 10 • C and T = 45 • C and then the equivalent age τ(t; T, T re f ) of the in situ concrete as well as the value of in situ concrete strength f c (t; T, T re f ) (see Figure  21 ).
Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank all the partners of iMAREO2 project: Keops Automation ( D. Follut ,  D. Olivier ),  Université de Nantes (M. Roche), Nantes -Saint Nazaire Port (P. Lijour, M. Labegorre) and Bouygues Construction (the teams of Bouygues Travaux Publics Régions France ). The authors would like to thank the  Pays de la Loire region  for its financial support.
However, their large scale implementation in the clinics is still far from becoming a reality for a number of factors, beyond just technical challenges, including, high average selling cost and long path to regulatory approval  [35]. Cardiovascular diseases account for approximately 47 % of deaths in Europe and an associated cost of €200 billion per year to the European economy, thus making them a pressing concern for healthcare research  [36]. Making the most of a multidisciplinary team including industry, clinic and academic research partners, the NanoAthero consortium, funded by the European Union FP7, is focused on the development of nanomedicine applications for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Fucoidan can act as a ligand of p-selectin, which is expressed in activated platelets and acts on leukocyte recruitment, therefore being present in structures such as blood clots  [35].
During the development of new therapies, a vast amount of preclinical and clinical information is produced, with part of it being publicly available in several databases, allowing for the meta-analysis of different therapeutic agents and their efficacy when translated to the clinic  [45, 46]. Such is the case with nanotherapeutics designed for the delivery of anti-tumour drugs, which despite showing a great potential, have failed to translate successfully in most cases to clinic (e. g. Opaxio™, PCNU16614™ and PNU166945™)  [47, 48]. Many of these systems have fallen short of showing an enhanced anti-cancer effectiveness when compared to the administration of the correspondent free drugs  [49]. This can severely compromise the credibility for this type of research, due to the lack of in vitro to in vivo correlations, highlighting the need for more reliable pathophysiological models.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the:  European Commission Horizon 2020 ,  Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions ,  Innovative Training Networks 2015, Tendon Therapy Train project , under the grant agreement number  676338 ;  Science Foundation Ireland, Career Development Award , under the grant agreement number  15/CDA/3629 ;  Science Foundation Ireland  and the  European Regional Development Fund , under grant agreement number  13/RC/2073.
The electroneurogram data (ENG) were digitized at 20 kHz using a custom-made software written under Labview 2011 (National Instruments. USA). Each time a bunch of fibers has been isolated, the balloon in the duodenum was inflated to verify the location of the receptive field of the axon under scrutiny. More precisely, we verified with the ENG whether the distension of the stomach produces APs in those fibers. The inflation procedure was computer controlled to maintain a 20 mmHg pressure within the balloon. If, during the inflation, we had no evoked AP at the cervical level, we changed the fiber to record until we found a duodenal one. Otherwise, we proceeded with the stimulation protocol.
Data analysis Evoked APs were processed using Matlab (Mathworks, USA). The recorded ENG were sorted and counted. For each fiber and waveform, the threshold for activation was determined. We defined a threshold stability criteria (T SC) as the minimal amplitude for which AP was evoked for at least 3 out of the 6 stimulus repetitions. When comparing 2 waveforms, n was the number of fibers that passed the common threshold stability criteria (CTSC) common to both waveforms and noted: n for CT SC. The charge at the activation threshold (Q th ) delivered by the stimulator was determined by the formula 1. Statistical analysis was performed on Q th data using R software (R Core Team, Austria). Data were tested for normality with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The comparison of Q th was first performed with a two way repeated measures ANOVA with factors animal and waveforms.
9 mm diameter). A physiological saline layer (50 µm thickness) was modeled between the Cuff electrode and the epineurium. The cuff electrode was modeled according to the same characteristics as described in the experimental section on porcine model (Sec. 2. 2. 3). A two part process was used to determine fiber activation. The first step was the computing of the step response of the potential fields through the volume conductor model -as a result of electrode stimulation -using COMSOL multiphysics. The second step was to determine the response of a myelinated nerve fiber to the field set up by the cuff electrode system (emission of an AP). Models of mammalian myelinated fibers with 71 Nodes of Ranvier (NoR) were implemented on Matlab (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts). To be consistent with diameter of B-fibers, a 2 µm myelinated axon was modeled, located at 1 mm from the cathode.
Acknowledgment MD, PM, CP, and DG drafted the manuscript and all co-authors revised the manuscript. CHM, PM, OR and DG designed the stimulation protocols. CHM designed and performed the surgical approach on porcine subjects. PM and CP acquired and pre-processed experimental data. CP, PM and MD performed statistical analyses. MD and DG defined the numerical implementation of models and algorithms and processed the simulated data. This work was supported by the  INTENSE  project with a grant from  BPI France  within the  Investments for the Future program  in France.
MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a globally-distributed survey for well-preserved latestage paleochannels with catchments of known area, aided by a global database of Mars alluvial fans and deltas  (16)  and including many previously reported sites. In addition to image data, our survey (see the Supplementary Materials) made use of 39 High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) DTMs and numerous Context Camera (CTX) DTMs, with 30 newly constructed HiRISE DTMs used for this project (table  S1 )  (17). Measurements were carried out on orthoimages with a typical resolution of 0. 5 m per pixel, and typical channel widths in our database are 50 to 100 m; therefore, features are well resolved (>100 pixels per width) (figs. S1 and S2). Although many channels are too eroded for reliable measurements, hundreds of channels and channel deposits are well preserved in map view.
To prevent the single-thread channels from widening to form braided rivers, a bank-strengthening agent (e. g. , clay) was required  (22). To focus on channels whose dimensions are a proxy for past climate, we excluded channels likely formed by release of subsurface water, channels formed by single floods, and almost all channels downstream of lake-overflow breaches. The database is biased toward late-stage deposits (Late Hesperian and earliest Amazonian, 3. 4 to 2 Ga; see the Supplementary Materials for chronology discussion). This is mainly because only well-preserved channels are included, and preservation quality decreases with increasing age. We found well-preserved latestage paleochannels that are globally distributed, spanning elevations of +2 to -5 km and latitudes of 41°S to 52°N (Fig.
1 ). Regions poleward of 60° in both the northern and southern hemispheres were excluded from the analysis because they have been resurfaced by glacial and periglacial processes. Because most slopes are <2° (fig. S3 ), the ~3. 6 to 2 Ga water-carved paleochannels are easily distinguished from steep , <10-million-year-old (Ma) gullies, which terminate on >10° slopes, are usually smaller in scale, and which may result from dry processes  (23). On the basis of geologic context and examination of high-resolution images, 87% of channels in our database modify sedimentary deposits, and the remaining 13% rework ancient crustal materials of unknown origin (table  S2 ). We reduced the data using a procedure modified after  (24)  (see the Supplementary Materials for details). Sinuous channel centerlines were traced in triplicate.
Rivers on Mars were wider than rivers on modern Earth Paleochannel widths for Mars (Fig. 2 ) plot at or above the upper limit of the envelope of the largest available database of bankfull widths and catchment areas for Earth's rivers [the U. S. compilation of  (25) ]. This Earth database spans a wide range of climate zones and tectonic environments. In the 10 2 to 10 3 km 2 catchment area range for which we have the most data, the Mars paleochannels are >2× wider than are the Earth channels. The existence of inverted channels provides an internal cross-check on these measurements (fig. S2 ). Because dry-era erosion narrows the flat-topped ridges that preserve inverted channels but widens negative relief channels, the true paleochannel widths are probably more than the widths of the inverted channels but less than the widths of the negative relief channels (consistent with data; Fig.
S4 ); and nor by excluding any one geographic region from the fit. Because our DTMs and anaglyphs have vertical precision of ~1 m or even better, we were able to avoid measuring strath terraces and multistory channel sandbodies, but we cannot rule out the possibility that some of our inverted channel widths correspond to channel amalgamations (not paleochannels). Nevertheless, the insensitivity of the fit to the preservation quality "cut," and the agreement of the meander wavelengths with typical width/wavelength ratios on Earth, implies that such mismeasurements are not a severe problem. Most of the channels in our database are not steep enough to be debris-flow chutes (fig. S3 ). Karst-like widening of paleochannels cannot explain large meander wavelengths nor wide inverted channels. Inverted relief channels, for a given catchment area, are about twice as wide as Earth rivers.
For example, if grain size on Mars was at the low end of our D 50 range, then modest river depths could transport sediment, so discharge could be small for a given river width. [Fine grain size is likely to be the explanation for the exceptionally high runoff production inferred for A < 3 km 2. Catchments with A < 3 km 2 in our database are all located in the Southwest Melas canyon interior, region 2 in Fig. 1 , whose geologic history suggests that rivers reworked fine-grained airfall deposits  (36) ]. Moreover, the preferred orientation of alluvial fan alcoves (  16 ) suggests a runoff production mechanism that responds to insolation, such as seasonal melting  (37). Therefore, we express the implications of our runoff production constraint for climate evolution models (Fig. 4 ; our plot aggregates all runoff production estimates from our database) in terms of surface energy balance for snow/ice at the melting point.
The day-averaged absorbed solar energy at 20°S on 3 Ga Mars did not exceed 200 W/m 2 , according to standard solar models. The large size of the rivers in our database, and the need to overcome snowpack "cold content" to allow infiltrating meltwater to produce runoff without refreezing  (39) , indicates that the runoff was not restricted to ephemeral noontime melting but was instead associated with day-averaged temperatures close to or above the freezing point, as on Earth. The need for a strong greenhouse effect is clear. However, this challenge is not met by most existing models of Mars' planetary climate evolution (see Discussion).
Geologic history of Mars' river runoff Regional variations in channel width and wavelength can mostly be explained by regional variations in the catchment area (fig. S6 ). Unexpectedly, there is no evidence for a trend in peak runoff production with geologic age (Fig. 5A ). Overall, runoff production in our mainly Late Hesperian and Amazonian dataset is comparable to the runoff production inferred previously for rivers that formed around the Noachian/Hesperian boundary (fig. S7 )  (15). Those Noachian/ Hesperian boundary rivers were also precipitation fed  (40). Moreover, the youngest region in our database (region 8, the <1 Ga rivers interior to Lyot) (41) plots above the trend line (Fig. 5A  and fig. S6 ). We infer that climate-driven runoff that was both intense and globally distributed persisted late in the history of the drying out of Mars (Fig.
Study population We retrospectively analyzed the institutional databases of eight academic ICUs where comatose CA survivors (i. e. , a Glasgow Coma Scale < 9 at hospital admission) were admitted over the study period (January 2007 to December 2014). Among patients who died prior to hospital discharge, DAA was defined as a patient who was able to obey commands and open his/her eyes during the ICU stay but eventually died before hospital discharge for any reason, including a new neurological event. The local ethical committees in each country approved the study and waived the need for informed consent because of its retrospective nature.
Data collection For each patient with DAA, demographics (including age, gender) and comorbid diseases (i. e. , NYHA III-IV heart disease, COPD/asthma, diabetes, chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis, liver cirrhosis, immunosuppression, previous neurological diseases such as cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, or seizures) were recorded. Cardiac arrest variables according to the Utstein style (i. e. , witnessed status, bystander CPR, location, time from arrest to ROSC, cardiac vs. non-cardiac causes of CA, initial rhythm) were collected  [9, 10]. Time from arrest to neurological recovery as well as time from neurological recovery to death was recorded. Death was defined post hoc as "early" if it occurred within 9 days from arrest, according to the median time from arrest to awakening (see the "Results" section).
Sepsis-associated CA, in particular after IHCA, is a relatively common complication, which is associated with very low survival rates  [17]. CA itself is considered a "sepsis-like" syndrome with a high degree of inflammation, organ dysfunction, and microcirculatory abnormalities that can significantly contribute to post-resuscitation mortality  [18, 19]. In the TTM study, 500 out of 939 patients (53%) developed pneumonia, severe sepsis, or septic shock, which was associated with an increased mortality in a multivariate analysis  [20]. In the Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) database, 43% of all CA patients (n = 469) developed an infection during the ICU stay and 28% were in septic shock  [8] ; in the multivariable analysis, sepsis was also an independent predictor of ICU mortality. The occurrence of ARDS is a less common event after CA; 3 to 7% of patients presented this complication in a database including 812 resuscitated patients from 1998 to 2010  [21].
A. DATA ACQUISITION AND FEATURE EXTRACTION In order to accurately estimate the model of sEMG-force, force and sEMG signals are sampled from a variety of hand grip strength. We sampled 10 times (cases 1-10) for the sEMG signals and force signal with two healthy human subjects (2 males, age from 20-30 years old). The force average values of 10 cases is presented in Table  1. The applied force of the human subject is F h and the feedback force of sensor is F s , respectively. The force analysis is showed in Figure  4 , it has 2   The interactive force F s 3 is represented as F s = F h (4) F s = [f x , f y , f z ] T ( 5 ) where f i , i = x, y, z. represents the interactive force in X-Y-Z coordinate axis.
The second challenge refers to the completeness and accuracy of geographical information. Specimen records in biodiversity databases often lack GPS coordinates. Consequently we need to accurately infer the latitude and longitude from place names. Other frequent inaccuracies include erroneous georeferencing, imprecision and/or error in the location of a record  (Soberón and Peterson 2004). Integration of data on the basis of taxon names and their geographic information is a major challenge that either results in excluding a significant number of records, or in merging incompatible records, leading to erroneous outcomes. Therefore, we have developed WF. ACTIAS, a computational workflow that gathers data from several sources and provides the user with tools to make objective and reproducible decisions to assign records to a consensus species name, while detecting and correcting geographical inconsistencies.
Sources of Funding F. Antigny receives funding from the  Fondation du Souffle et Fonds de Dotation Recherche en Santé Respiratoire  from the  Fondation Lefoulon-Delalande  and from the  Fondation Legs Poix. He also received funding from the  National Funding Agency for Research :  ANR-18-CE14-0023. F. Perros received funding from  Fondation  maladies rares in the frame of the small-animal models and rare diseases program to generate the Kcnk3-mutant rats. M. Lambert is supported by  Therapeutic Innovation Doctoral School  ( ED569 ).