dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Exclusion: patients with acute decompensated heart failure. All 277 patients with heart failure from a dataset of 83,895 hospitalised patients in Iran. Unpublished dataset. All outpatients $21 y of age with new or previously diagnosed heart failure. Exclusion: patients with acute decompensated heart failure. All outpatients $21 y of age with new or previously diagnosed heart failure. Exclusion: patients with acute decompensated heart failure. First presentation to Agha Khan University Hospital in Karachi with the diagnosis of new-onset congestive heart failure that met the Boston criteria. Exclusion: LVEF$40%, prior diagnosis of systolic heart failure dating back 3 mo, underlying disease with expected survival of less than 6 months, known primary valvular heart disease (rheumatic or nonrheumatic), patient died in-hospital, or no follow-up available after discharge.
These areas were deforested prior to fires and their ownership is often contested by the local government. The detection of two excavators by the UAV preparing land for planting in the burned areas one month after fire suggests fires were associated with agriculture (lower inset in Fig. 2b ). We estimate that the June 2013 fires released 172 6 59 Tg CO 2 -eq of GHG into the atmosphere during the week of 18-24 June in the study area (Table  1 ; Methods and Supplementary methods). Carbon emissions were 31 6 12 Tg C. Uncertainties were around 39% and 35% of total C and total GHG emissions, respectively. These emissions represent 5-10% of Indonesia's reported annual GHG emissions for 2000-2005  16  and 26% of average annual C emissions from fires in tropical Asia (-10 to 10N, 60-190E) between 2003-2008 modelled using the Global Fire Emission Database (GFED)  17.
To allow comparison for the whole time series (1997-2013) we used the 24-hr maximum PSI recorded at 4 pm when multiple values were available. Sumatra-wide fire activity. The MODIS satellites have been recording the rate of thermal electromagnetic energy released by fire (Fire Radiative Power, FRP) since year 2002. We combined monthly fire radiative power (FRP) from TERRA and AQUA satellites (MOD14CMH 1 MYD14CMH datasets  27  ) to capture fire activity four times a day at 10:30 am and 10:30pm (TERRA) and at 1:30 pm and 1:30 am (AQUA). Both datasets are gridded statistical summary of MODIS fire pixel information at 0. 5 arc-deg spatial resolution. We estimated the area that had burned across Sumatra, using 500-m spatial resolution MODIS data, and specifically the MCD65A1 dataset  27. The burned area detection method used in the MCD65A1 product was preferred over the alternative MODIS MCD45A1 burned area product (v5.
2a ). Pink areas reveal unburned areas with exposed soils. Burned areas appear dark red. The most severely burned areas are generally the darkest. Burned, unburned areas and pre-fire vegetation were mapped using a tree-based supervised classification algorithm. Burned areas underneath haze or clouds were digitized using visual interpretation after applying a local contrast enhancement. In the pre-fire LANDSAT imagery, forest, non-forest, Acacia forest industrial plantations, and clouds were mapped. We used a tree-based supervised classification method (See5 module) in the ERDAS Imagine v8. 6 remote sensing program to extract the burned areas and pre-fire vegetation from the LANDSAT imagery. We collected high-resolution imagery (10-cm) with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or ''drone'' (Skywalker Aero model with a camera Canon S100) between 28 July and 02 August 2013 to: (i) evaluate the accuracy of our LANDSAT-based maps (See Supplementary results); and (ii) characterise the vegetation types of the broad LANDSAT-based 'non-forest' class.
This comparison was only performed in the portions of UAV imagery identified as 'unburned' (567 ha). The error bar is calculated as 61 Standard Deviation, (n5 7 UAV transects). To evaluate the accuracy of the LANDSAT-based 'burned area' map, we randomly sampled 2,088 validation points each being at least 100 m from each other. For each point, a 30 m 3 30 m area, approximating a single LANDSAT pixel was visually interpreted as either 'burned' or 'unburned' in the UAV photos at 151,000 scale, burned areas being easily discernable (Supplementary Fig. 4 ). A confusion matrix determined the frequency of class agreement between our reference UAV imagery and our LANDSAT-based burned area map, as determined by overall accuracy (i. e. , '% correct'), user's and producer's accuracy. We also identified the level of correspondence between our LANDSAT-based burned area map and the MODIS fire hotspots data by calculating the percentage of fire hotspots that fell within the burned areas or that were within 500 meters of the burned areas.
We repeated this validation procedure using the portions of UAV imagery identified as 'unburned' (567 ha) to validate the pre-fire LANDSAT-based vegetation cover (forest, Acacia, non-forest). Mapping deforestation in the study area. We combined published LANDSATbased datasets  32, 33  to map the loss of species rich dipterocarp forests in the study area from 1990 until 2012, and extended the analysis to May 2013 (one month before fire) using two pre-fire LANDSAT images described above. The combination of datasets involved discarding 'tree cover loss' pixels generated by the first dataset  33  that fell outside of remaining forest areas in year 2000 in the second dataset  32  to remove areas where tree loss included clearing of industrial plantations (e. g. oil palm and Acacia) and mixed traditional gardens (e.
Acknowledgments We thank the  National Environment Agency of Singapore  for providing PSI records and the governments of Indonesia with all the respective departments and other agencies for supporting our research. PRECL Precipitation data provided by the  NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD. This work was funded by the  CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry. MW's contribution was funded by the  NERC National Centre for Earth Observation  and by  NERC  Grant  NE/J010502/1.
Invasive mold infections represent an increasing source of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Whereas there is a large literature regarding invasive molds infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplants, data in solid organ transplants are scarcer. In this comprehensive review, we focused on invasive mold infection in the specific population of solid organ transplant. We highlighted epidemiology and specific risk factors for these infections and we assessed the main clinical and imaging findings by fungi and by type of solid organ transplant. Finally, we attempted to summarize the diagnostic strategy for detection of these fungi and tried to give an overview of the current prophylaxis treatments and outcomes of these infections in solid organ transplant recipients.
Other Molds. Data regarding epidemiology of hyalohyphomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis are scarcer. Among 162 S. prolificans infections cases retrieved from literature, 8. 6% had received solid organ transplantation  [32]. Among 73 patients with invasive fusariosis identified through the voriconazole clinical database and the French National Reference Center for Mycoses and Antifungals database, only one was a SOT recipient (kidney)  [33]. 12-month cumulative scedosporiosis and fusariosis incidence among SOT were 0. 024 and 0. 012%, respectively, in the TRANSNET study  [25]. In a retrospective analysis of 101 cases of primary central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis, 15% had received a solid organ transplant  [34]. A 0. 7% overall incidence of phaeohyphomycosis among SOT has been recently reported in a retrospective single-center study in New Orleans, USA  [8].
Treatment Without adequate therapy, IMIs will almost always progress to dissemination to the CNS and/or other critical organs and ultimately relentless fatal disease. Because of the potential progression of these infections, empiric antifungal therapy should be initiated early in SOT patients with high suspicion of IMIs while diagnostic evaluation is undertaken. In lung transplant recipients, colonization with Aspergillus sp. must be treated to prevent invasive disease, with nebulized liposomal amphotericin B plus removal of the debris by repeated bronchoscopies. With the exception of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, where guidelines rely on randomized controlled trials among patients mainly with hematological diseases  [83] , no solid recommendations can be provided for antifungal treatments, given the scarcity of data and the potential publication bias.
In a retrospective study, combination therapy with an amphotericin B formulation and caspofungin has been described as successful in a limited number of predominantly diabetic patients with rhinocerebral mucormycosis  [107]. Preclinical data indicate that the combination of a lipid formulation of amphotericin B and posaconazole is unlikely to be effective  [108]. The duration of acute phase treatment is not defined. Minimum treatment duration should be 6-8 weeks or until resolution of all associated symptoms and findings. Maintenance therapy has to be considered in persistently immunocompromised transplant recipients. After the infection has stabilized, the standard treatment recommendation is oral posaconazole (800 mg/day)  [71]. For salvage treatment posaconazole 200 mg four times daily, yielding the highest exposure, is strongly recommended, with response rate ranging from 60 to 80%  [109, 110].
Prognosis and Outcomes While not as high as among patients with neutropenia, twelve-week overall mortality in SOT with IMIs remains significant and ranges from 29. 4% to 35. 6% (compared to 46% among patients with neutropenia  [63] ) according to large available PATH, SAIF, or TRANSNET studies  [14, 15, 124]. Furthermore, fungal species, disease extension, type of transplant procedure, time to IMIs, underlying organ damage, and treatment highly impacted mortality rate. The overall mortality rate among SOT recipients with mucormycosis is generally 38%-48%  [22, 44]. In the PATH alliance database, mucormycosis was associated with the worst IMIs outcome, with more than 55% mortality rate by 12 weeks. In a review of 20 cases of fusariosis among SOT recipients, 8 (40%) died. Finally, the outcome of S.
Context: The focus of care in disorders of sex development (DSD) is often directed to issues related to sex and gender development. In addition, the molecular etiology remains unclear in the majority of cases. Objective: To report the range of associated conditions identified in the international DSD (I-DSD) Registry. Design, Setting, and Patients: Anonymized data were extracted from the I-DSD Registry for diagnosis, karyotype, sex of rearing, genetic investigations, and associated anomalies. If necessary, clarification was sought from the reporting clinician. Results: Of 649 accessible cases, associated conditions occurred in 168 (26%); 103 (61%) cases had one condition, 31 (18%) had two conditions, 20 (12%) had three conditions, and 14 (8%) had four or more conditions. Karyotypes with most frequently reported associations included 45,X with 6 of 8 affected cases (75%), 45,X/46,XY with 19 of 42 cases (45%), 46,XY with 112 of 460 cases (24%), and 46,XX with 27 of 121 cases (22%).
Given the rarity of DSD, it has been difficult to ascertain the frequency and nature of associated anomalies in these cases. The Consensus Guidelines on DSD published in 2006 stressed the need for the creation and maintenance of a database in centers of expertise  (9). Such databases do exist in many regional and national centers and have provided valuable insights into many aspects of DSD, including epidemiology (1), etiology  (10, 11) , variation of disease expression  (12) , initial adjustment of parents to their affected child's condition  (13) , and long-term outcome  (14). However, as these databases and registries lacked uniformity, an international DSD (I-DSD) registry that collects information on cases with a range of conditions has now been in operation to overcome these issues  (15).
The I-DSD Registry is approved by the National Research Ethics Service of the United Kingdom. The terminology used within the Registry is based on the nomenclature initially developed at the Chicago consensus meeting and which has continued to evolve subsequently  (9, 15). In addition to details of diagnosis, the I-DSD Registry collects simple information on physical conditions that affect systems other than the reproductive system, as well as the occurrence of conditions such as small for gestational age (SGA), and short stature. See Supplemental Tables  1 2 3 4 , published on The Endocrine Society's Journals Online web site at http://jcem. endojournals. org, for details of the data fields in the Registry. At the time of the study in September 2012, there were 1050 cases submitted by registered clinicians from 20 centers in 14 different countries.
Reporting clinicians for cases represented a range of specialties, including pediatric endocrinology, adult endocrinology, clinical genetics and biochemistry, and their countries of origin, are outlined in Supplemental Table  5. On analyzing the extracted data, 649 (62%) cases had a sufficient level of consent to allow sharing of suitable information. Anonymized data were obtained from the Registry regarding diagnosis, karyotype, sex of rearing, clinical center, genetic investigations, and any associated anomalies. Until September 2012, the field that captures "associated conditions" was labeled as "associated malformations. " The field does not seek any further information on whether the associated condition is early onset, late onset, or acquired. Short stature in congenital adrenal hyperplasia was excluded from the analysis because this is a condition that is acquired as a consequence of the management of the disorder.
Registry users can also choose the extent of data sharing with other users for each individual case and this sharing may depend on the patient's or clinician's preference. Based on the access level of the investigators, only 60% of the cases in the Registry could be accessed for this study and this may have also introduced some selection bias. However, the similarities between our results and the findings of a national study suggest that the prevalence figure of 25% for associated conditions probably is representative of the true prevalence  (18). In particular, cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia may be underrepresented in the Registry due to reporting methods, given that the incidence in the general population is estimated at around 1 in 15 000 live births  (34). The incidence of AIS was described in a Danish population registry as 1 in 20 400  (35) , whereas MRKH is estimated as occurring in 1 in 4500 females  (36).
However, the Registry does not necessarily represent the population prevalence of these disorders because it relies on clinician reporting rather that population screening. All data are self-recorded by the clinician, with little recourse to source verification of entered data, and it can be difficult in such a registry to be clear that all users have the same understanding of an associated condition that is congenital. It is also possible that some congenital conditions may not be manifested until a later age. Until recently, the data collection form asked investigators to enter data on "associated malformations," which implies congenital conditions. More recently, the term "malformations" has been replaced by the term "conditions. " It would be beneficial in future revisions of the Registry to provide some explanatory data to ensure that conditions that are considered to be of congenital and those considered to be acquired are captured separately and there may be additional value in assessing the age of onset of the manifestation of the condition.
However, the use of an international registry of such rare conditions in such a large group of cases has, nevertheless, pointed to some new associations in DSD and the study highlights the strength of a global effort to collect data in rare diseases, which will encourage reporting of more cases of DSD with associated condi-tions. In conclusion, we have found that, in this cohort of cases, associated anomalies are reported in around a quarter of cases of DSD. The prevalence of associated conditions is much greater in disorders of gonadal development and nonspecific 46,XY DSD. In 46,XY DSD, the largest group of cases in the Registry, the commonest associated conditions included SGA, cardiac, and CNS. In many cases of DSD the etiology remains obscure and the current findings may lead to new research targets as well as improved care of those affected by these disorders.
Acknowledgments Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to:  Professor S. Faisal Ahmed ,  Child Health ,  School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill , Glasgow  G3 8SJ. E-mail: faisal. ahmed@glasgow. ac. uk. K. C. and M. R. are supported by the  University of Glasgow  and the  Yorkhill Children's Foundation. S. F. A. , J. B. , J. J. , M. R. , and R. O. S. are also supported by  Medical Research Council   Partnership Grant Ref. G1100236. The Registry was initiated and built under a grant from the  seventh European Union framework program  (Grant No. 201444 ). Disclosure Summary: The authors have nothing to disclose.
Safety Profile The clinical safety profile of pirfenidone in patients with IPF has been demonstrated in large randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials  [14, 15, 24] , as well as in an ongoing long-term open-label extension trial [RECAP (Clinicaltrials. gov #NCT00662038)]. Pirfenidone's safety profile has been evaluated in a well-defined cohort of 789 patients exposed to treatment for up to 8 years (long-term safety pooling)  [27]. In the CAPACITY studies, treatment with pirfenidone was generally well tolerated. Treatment discontinuation due to AEs was more common among pirfenidone 2,403 mg/day patients (15%) compared with placebo patients (9%); relative risk of 1. 85 (95% CI 1. 28-2. 67, P = 0. 001)  [15, 28]. Based on observations from the Japanese trials  [14, 24] , proactive protocol-defined strategies including dose modification guidelines were implemented in the CAPACITY studies to minimize the incidence and severity of selected AEs (such as GI and skin-related AEs) and encourage patients to continue treatment.
Concomitant administration of mosapride at 3 and 10 mg/kg resulted in significant amelioration in the decrease in gastric emptying rate induced by 100 mg/kg pirfenidone, while 1 mg/kg mosapride or greater ameliorated the decreased small intestinal transit rate  [29]. Furthermore, GI effects in animals were observed following subcutaneous injection, indicating that systemic exposure is required for pirfenidone's gastric motility effects (InterMune data on file). The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone has previously been examined in healthy adult subjects. It was demonstrated that co-administration with food decreased the peak concentration of pirfenidone (area under the curve was unchanged), with data also suggesting that food intake reduces the risk of GI-related AEs, thereby improving overall tolerability  [22].
Gastrointestinal Adverse Events In addition to current recommendations to take pirfenidone during or after a meal  [23] , we suggest further practical considerations in patients experiencing tolerability challenges from GI AEs, such as taking each of the three capsules separately throughout the meal, rather than simultaneously. If the meal consists of several courses, each capsule could be taken between courses. In support for this recommendation, preclinical studies have shown that splitting pirfenidone doses partially alleviates pirfenidone's inhibitory effect on gastric motility in animal models (InterMune data on file). This is further supported by a real-world study in which patients were encouraged to take pirfenidone at the start, middle, and end of a meal to help minimize side-effects  [32].
To further improve pirfenidone's tolerability, we suggest that a longer initial dosing titration scheme-for example, starting with one capsule three times a day and titrating up to the full dose (three capsules three times a day) over a period of 4 weeks instead of 2 weeks-may be Fig. 3  Stepwise approach to the prevention and management of pirfenidone-related AEs. AE adverse event employed. This approach is currently under investigation in a setting (Clincialtrials. gov #NCT01933334)  [33].
Skin-Related Adverse Events Preclinical studies have shown that pirfenidone-induced photosensitivity reactions reflect the drug's pharmacokinetic profile and are proportional to sunlight exposure, decreasing with the use of higher sun protection factor (SPF) sunscreens. Therefore, sun exposure should be avoided for a few hours following pirfenidone intake, to allow the drug's plasma concentration to decrease. Animal studies have suggested that the extent of phototoxicity is linked to pirfenidone's plasma concentration (InterMune data on file). The standard approach for preventing and managing skin AEs as recommended in the SmPC  [23]  includes avoiding exposure to direct sunlight (including sunlamps), use of sunscreen active against both UVA and UVB, use of protective clothing, and avoidance of other medicinal products known to cause photosensitivity.
Study selection All published studies investigating the effect of various types of GES on obesity were included. Either an abstract or a full text of each study was manually assessed based on the following exclusion criteria: (1) Language of the article is not English; (2) GES was used for diseases other than obesity (e. g. , gastroparesis); (3) Nongastric stimulation (i. e. , stimulation in other areas such as intestine); (4) Animal or experimental study; (5)  amount of information on quantitative data. From the studies that remained after the exclusion process, only clinical trials on human subjects were included for data extraction and analysis.
Study selection The literature database search yielded 289 records, including duplicates. After removing duplicate records (n = 105), 184 articles were collected from various combinations of search terms and databases outlined in Table  1. These records were screened manually to identify further relevant articles and as a result, 37 additional studies were added by cross-referencing. Out of a pool of 221 abstracts and full-text articles, 167 articles were excluded. In a total of 54 articles, 30 clinical trials on human subjects were identified and were included for data extraction. The other 24 studies including reviews, reports, and editorials were excluded from the data analysis but were used for qualitative synthesis, as reported in Figure  1.
Identification Records identified through database searching n = 289 Screening Records after duplicates removal n = 184 Additional records identified through cross-referencing n = 37 Eligibility Abstracts and full texts assessed for eligibility n = 221 Excluded records n = 167 Included Records included for qualitative synthesis n = 54 Records included for quantitative analysis n = 30 WJGE|www. wjgnet. com 421 September 16, 2014|Volume 6|Issue 9|.
Follow-up Patients in complete remission at 8 weeks should be evaluated every 3-6 months for a period of 2 years, and 6-12 monthly until 5 years, with clinical examination including DRE and palpation of the inguinal lymph nodes. Anoscopy or proctoscopy is an additional option, but is sometimes poorly tolerated and too painful following CRT. Some recommend MRI on a 6 monthly basis for 3 years. Suspicious progressing lesions should be biopsied. Data from ACT II suggest very few (<1%) relapses occur after 3 years, so extended imaging surveillance after this time is not recommended. Patients tend to relapse loco-regionally rather than at distant sites. Regular CT scans for metastatic surveillance outside trials remains controversial, as the evidence for benefit of resection of metastases as performed in colorectal cancer is lacking, although anecdotally, salvage is achieved in some cases.