dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
82 ms, repetition time (TR) 1535 ms, acquisition time 116. 66 s, flip angle 90 °, pixel bandwidth 740 Hz/Px, voxel size 0. 83 × 0. 83 × 1 mm 3 , and reconstructed matrix 480 × 480 × 300 mm 3. Focus was put on anatomical congruence between the gold standard (GS) CT and MR-only approaches to ensure comparability. Therefore, from the developed approaches, the unseen database of patients with prostate cancer, treated at the MR-Linac between August 2020 and December 2021, was analyzed on the anatomical correspondence between the CT and MRI. Of this database, a testing dataset of n = 20 was defined based on the best alignment of femoral and pelvic bones, bladder, prostate, rectum, and skin surface between the CT and MRI. The accuracy of congruence was assessed by visual inspection in the treatment planning system (TPS) Monaco (v.
Treatment Plan Generation MR-only workflows were investigated on their dosimetric impact in comparison to a gold standard (GS) CT-based dose calculation. In the first step, the uncertainty of the current clinical workflow at the Elekta MR-Linac system of assigning REDs from a corresponding patient-specific CT (PSCT) was evaluated as a baseline of clinical practice within MRgRT. In the second step, structure-specific REDs were derived out of a database of previously treated pelvic patients on the MR-Linac system and their corresponding mean densities used for a population-based bulk density (PBCT) approach. Finally, a generative adversarial neural network (GAN) for the generation of artificial intelligence-based pseudo-CTs was developed on the T2weighted MRIs of the MR-Linac system and used for a predictive AI-based pseudo-CT (AICT) generation on the independent testing dataset.
Population-Based CT A population-based approach was developed using n = 50 from testing independent datasets of patients treated at the MR-Linac. Median and interquartile range (IQR) with respect to age were calculated for the database, defining the IQR by the 75th and 25th percentiles. The structure-specific averaged mean REDs were then assigned to the respective structures within the tested MRI. The same structures as for the PSCT approach were used for assignment of population-based REDs.
Artificial Intelligence-Based CT In collaboration with TheraPanacea (TheraPanacea, Paris, France) a pseudo-CT AI-model was generated using end-toend ensembled self-supervised GANs endowed with cycle consistency on a to the test patients' unseen dataset of 42 patient with each one planning CTs and in average 5 T2w-MRIs. A two-phase learning pipeline involving three key steps was deployed: (i) cyclic generative adversarial deep learning-based unsupervised cross-modality image synthesis to generate pseudo-CT priors from MR images, (ii) alignment of CT to the MRI using weak priors via mono-modal multi-metric deformable registration with a combination of intensity-driven and intensity-agnostic metrics to generate paired data, (iii) pseudo-CT generation with the self-paired data using deep generative adversarial networks and image similarity metrics.
The gamma comparison was performed using VeriSoft (v. 8. 0, PTW Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany). Statistical testing of DVH parameters was executed with a paired Wilcoxon signed rank test in Python (v. 3. 8. 5). The results were considered significant when p ≤ 0. 05. Additionally, the resulting p values were corrected for multiple testing by the Bonferroni correction.
Population-Based CT The evaluated database consisted of 50 patients with a median age of 72 (IQR 62-77). The analysis showed an average mean RED of 1. 17/1. 17 for the right and left pelvis, 1. 22/1. 21 for the right and left femur, 1. 10 for the sacrum, 0. 95 for the rectum, 1. 01 for the bladder, and 0. 98 for the surrounding patient. Additional information on the distribution is given in Figure  1  and Table  5. The evaluation with a gamma comparison against the GS showed a median (range) pass rate of 98. 2% (95. 7-99. 4%) for the 2%/2 mm criterion and a median (range) pass rate of 99. 9% (98. 7-100. 0%) at the 3%/3 mm criterion. Additional information on the gamma pass rates is given in Table  3. The GS dose calculation was reproduced for the evaluated DVH criteria with a maximum median deviation of -0.
An additional drawback is the narrow distribution of patient age with a median value of 72 (IQR: 62-77) years in the database used for bulk density estimation (n = 50) and within the testing cohort of 74. 5 (IQR: 71. 5-78. 25) years. Hence, the bone densities within the cohort are quite similar and do not differ due to age differences, which should result in higher REDs for younger and lower REDs for older patients  [29]. However, dosimetric deviations due to the small, expected changes in RED over the course of life have not been investigated in this work and are outside the scope of this work. A greater potential deviation to the CT-based dose calculation on a CT may result from air gaps in the anatomical region of interest. The mean RED of a dataset of patients represents the most common rectum filling with little amount of air.
DISCUSSION The aim of this study was to develop CT-independent MR-only workflows for the online MR-guided radiotherapy and assess the corresponding uncertainties in comparison to a state-of-the-art dose calculation on a CT. All approaches reproduced the GS dose calculation with a minimal gamma criterion of over 98. 7% at 3%/ 3 mm, thus showing clinically acceptable deviation. Within the evaluation of DVH parameters, the AICT reproduced the targetrelated parameters with the smallest overall uncertainties, and all approaches reproduced the OAR-related parameters with a maximal median deviation of 0. 6%. The evaluation of REDs on an independent database of treated patients, as a basis for the PBCT approach, showed a maximal IQR range of 0. 09 RED for the rectum structure due to differences in air and with a mean IQR of 0.
Introduction The LHC accelerator at CERN provided an excellent performance since its start in 2009, delivering pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of up to 13 TeV and reaching an instantaneous luminosity of more than 2 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1. The High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) is planned to be put in place during the two long shutdowns "LS2, Phase-I" (ongoing) and "LS3, Phase-II" starting in 2025, before the High Luminosity run will begin in 2027. The goal will be to reach an instantaneous luminosity of L = 5 -7. 5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 , (5-7. 5 times the design luminosity of the LHC), which will allow to accumulate a dataset of 4000 f b -1 during ten years of data-taking. The price to pay for this increase in luminosity is that the running conditions around the interaction region will introduce severe constraints to the technologies used for the detectors, for the trackers in particular.
No side effect of the antibody injection were observed. The results (Figure  7A ) show that M2J-1 mAb administration led to a decrease in tumor size. After sacrificing the animals, we analyzed the tumors for mRNA expression of CSC and EMT markers. Of interest, the results (Figure  7B ) show that treatment with M2J-1 mAb led to a significant decrease in mRNA expression of Sox2 and Nanog CSC markers as well as Slug and Vimentin EMT markers compared to animals treated with IgG. In order to confirm these data in vivo, two series of experiments were performed in nude mice. In a first series, the effect of 500 μg/kg M2J-1 mAb was tested in a model of nude mice subcutaneously injected with CD146-high MDA-MB-231 cells, and tumor growth was estimated in comparison with animals receiving control IgG.
Along this line, the sorted cell populations of CD146-high and CD146-low cells showed that high CD146 expression was correlated with a higher proliferation, migration and invasion capacity. Of interest, soluble CD146 was able to reproduce these effects and it was able to increase many CSC and EMT markers expressed by the CD146-high cells. These results will have to be confirmed in other TNBC cell lines expressing high levels of CD146, such as SUM159PT, SUM1315MO2 or SUM149PT cells  [31]. In order to compare our results to the literature, we used public databases to estimate the influence of CD146 expression on properties of breast cancer cells and overall survival of patients. Figure  8A  shows that CD146 expression is significantly higher in TNBC compared with in other breast cancers, such as HER2 or luminal breast cancers.
Cell Invasion Assay Invasion assays were conducted in BioCoat Matrigel Invasion Chambers (24-well, 8-µm pore, BD Biosciences). In these experiments, the invasion chambers were coated with thin layer of Matrigel and incubated for 1 h in CO 2 incubator. Meanwhile, the sorted CD146-high and CD146-low cells were counted (approx. 15,000 cells each) and then plated on Matrigel coated invasion chambers. The wells of the 24-well plate were filled with RPMI-1640 media supplemented with 10% serum, acting as a chemoattractant for the invasion of cells. The cells were incubated for 24 h, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with crystal violet dye. The images were taken under Olympus BX50 microscope. The ability of cells to invade was estimated using image J software. In some experiments, the CD146-high cells were further studied by treating cells with sCD146 concomitantly with the monoclonal antibody targeting sCD146, M2J-1 mAb or with control IgG 1.
The figures were composed with Adobe Illustrator CC 2019 and Adobe Photoshop CS19 software. All specimens are housed in the Palaeontological collection of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris (MNHN. F). We follow the open nomenclature framework  (Matthews 1973)  to express uncertainty in fossil classification. This framework uses question marks after the genus name to denote uncertain genus affiliation and expressions like "incertae familiae", "incertae sedis" and so on for higher-level classification. An uncertain subfamily placement would thus be indicated by "incertae subfamiliae" (e. g. ,  Spasojevic et al. 2018a Spasojevic et al. , 2018b)). This can be very useful if subfamily affiliation is indeed mostly unknown or if only a handful of subfamilies exist within a family. However, as Ichneumonidae consists of 42 extant and six extinct subfamilies, we deem it important to also be able to express an uncertain placement within one particular subfamily, for instance in cases when all characters seen in a fossil are consistent with such a placement, but the unique synapomorphies of the group are not visible.
2021). We estimate that an even higher percentage of those characters (around 70%) could be scored for our fossils from Oise amber. In contrast, the amount of missing data in compression fossils is often so big that the fossils must be labelled as incertae subfamiliae  (Spasojevic et. al 2018a, b; Klopfstein and Spasojevic 2019) , which suggests that characters for identifying new subfamilies might be rarely preserved. Not only the amount of missing data is different in amber compared to compression fossils, but also the type of the preserved characters varies  (Grimaldi et al. 1994). Due to the chitinous exoskeleton, we usually do not see any inner structures in ichneumonid compression fossils. However, in amber, the remains of insects can become translucent, revealing inner structures. As this is often happening in Oise amber we were, for example, able to see inside the head of P.
Acknowledgements We thank  André Nel  ( MNHN ) for providing access to the collection of unidentified Oise amber pieces and  Olivier Bethoux  ( MNHN ) for allowing us to study the type of Palaeometopius eocenicus. Lars Vilhelmsen  ( Natural History Museum of Denmark ) provided information about the taxonomic composition of their Ichneumonoidea in Baltic amber, and  Istvan Miko  ( University of New Hampshire ) helped interpret some visible internal structures. We thank  Gavin Broad  ( Natural History Museum London ) for his valuable opinion about the systematic placement of Pappous trichomatius and  Andrew Bennett  ( Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematods ) for his elaborate comments on the systematic placement.
| INTRODUCTION [6] [7]  Despite the high prevalence of comorbid chronic conditions and functional impairment in older patients hospitalized for MI, there are relatively limited contemporary data describing the interrelationships between age, multimorbidity, and impairment in function and their association with clinical outcomes. A better understanding of such relationships would not only be useful to stratify patient risk, but also to identify vulnerable populations who may benefit from closer follow-up, as well as transitional care and multimodality physical function interventions that have been shown to improve outcomes in such patients. 8 The long-Term rIsk, clinical manaGement, and healthcare Resource utilization of stable coronary artery dISease in post-myocardial infarction patients (TIGRIS) registry presents an opportunity to determine the prevalence of comorbid chronic conditions and functional impairment among older patients with MI.
| Statistical analysis Continuous variables are reported as medians with 25th and 75th percentiles and compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Categorical variables are presented as proportions and compared using the χ 2 test. Baseline characteristics, index-hospital management, and medical therapy at study enrollment was compared between patients 65-75 and ≥75 years of age, between patients with no, mild, moderate, and severe functional impairment, and between patients with 0-1, 2-3, and ≥4 comorbidities. These data are available as Supporting Information: Tables. Previous TIGRIS publications have demonstrated that clinical outcomes in TIGRIS accumulate steadily over time. 11, 12 Therefore, the association of each of the categories of age, number of comorbid conditions, and degree of functional impairment with the 2-year incidence of CV outcomes composite that included CV death, MI, stroke, and unstable angina was determined using Poisson regression analysis adjusting for the other two factors, respectively.
| DISCUSSION The data from the international TIGRIS registry provide a unique perspective on the prevalence of multimorbidity and functional impairment in older patients 1-3 years post-MI and their association with clinical outcomes including mortality. Unsurprisingly, older age is associated with a greater number of comorbidities and functional impairment; however, after adjustment for these comorbidities and functional impairment, increasing age was associated with non-CV but not CV mortality. On the contrary, the number of comorbidities was more strongly associated with CV than non-CV mortality. The functional impairment was equally associated with CV and non-CV mortality. These novel findings highlight the importance of screening patients not only for their comorbidities but also for functional impairment and suggest the need for tailored management of chronic conditions and functional impairment to optimize both CV and non-CV outcomes in older patients post-MI.
gov (clinical trial identifier NCT01866904). A standardized electronic case report form was used for data entry. Baseline data included relevant medical history, demographics, details regarding the index MI before enrollment, variables from routine physical examination, and laboratory testing, where available. Patients were contacted every 6 months for a follow-up period of 2 years either by a phone call or personal visit. All outcome events were confirmed by the treating physician or hospital, including determination of the final diagnosis, primary cause of hospitalization, duration of hospital stay, procedures, and interventions. If a death occurred, efforts were made to identify the cause (CV or non-CV related) based on the death certificate, if available, or through relatives, physicians, or hospitals.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request. Baseline patient characteristics and data on long-term oral antiplatelet use and event rates in the TIGRIS registry have been published elsewhere (DOIs: 10. 1002/clc. 22837, 10. 1016/j. ijcard. 2017. 02. 062, and 10. 1002/clc. 23283).
A further optimization of the mirror surfaces was carried out with the aid of commercial ray-tracing software (Zemax, 1  figure  8 ) to improve the diffraction-limited field-of-view. The design is close to telecentric (within approximately -3 • to +10 • over the focal plane). The cold HWP and polarizer are placed in front of the sky-facing horns. A dichroic filter, placed between the secondary mirror and the focal plane, transmits the 150-GHz band and reflects the 220-GHz band onto a separate focal plane. Each focal plane is tiled with 1024 NbSi TESs (32 of which are "dark" pixels that are outside the focal plane and are used for calibration), in four quadrants, cooled to 320 mK and read out with time-domain multiplexing  [29].
Component sizes Minimum component and aperture sizes are calculated by PO propagation of beams to different planes in the instrument using either the industry-standard software GRASP 2  or our in-house software MODAL  [30]. We then use footprint diagrams (e. g. figure  9 ) at the component of interest or reconstruct three-dimensional beams from their edges calculated at a series of planes throughout the instrument (figure  10 , and see also Gayer et al. [31] ). The JCAP04(2022)041  edge is defined as either the points at which the beam intensity has dropped to a certain level or, for the more complex beam shapes close to focus or for the multimode beams in the higher band, we use encircled energy. The beam edges can be imported into a CAD model of the system to aid in its design. The wider beams in the lower band determined the minimum component sizes.
Synthesized beam and PSF modelling The initial design and final optimisation of the dual-reflector design was carried out using ray-tracing in order to take advantage of the speed and optimisation routines available in the commercial software package Zemax. However, for a detailed analysis at the operating frequencies, where component sizes are not very large compared with the wavelength of radiation, techniques that include the effects of diffraction were used. Our most accurate models use PO to propagate beams through the combiner (e. g. using the software package GRASP) and electromagnetic mode-matching to model coupling to, and the beam patterns from, the back-to-back feedhorn array. When compared with the analysis of an ideal system in section 5. 1, this PO analysis includes the exact shape of the horn beam pattern as well as any truncation, aberration or cross-polarisation introduced by the real components of the combiner.
Manufacturing of the mirrors The mirror surfaces that were designed as presented in section 5. 2 were the surfaces required at the cryogenic operating temperature of 1 K. In order to manufacture the mirrors at 300 K, the designs were modified using the software CATIA 3  assuming a linear thermal expansion, integrated over the range 1 K -300 K, of ∆L/L = -0. 004348, to give what we name the "nominal design" at 300 K. The aluminium alloy 6082-T6 was selected for the mirrors because of its excellent thermal and mechanical performance. For the purpose of both modelling and manufacturing, the surfaces are described by a quadric: Ax 2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + Dxy + Exz + F yz + Gx + Hy + Iz + J = 0 (5. 2) with parameters appropriate for both mirrors and for two temperatures: 1 K (design and operation temperature) and 300 K (manufacturing temperature).
To model the nominal mirror designs at both temperatures, we imported them into the Zemax and GRASP software packages as STP-type files with clouds of points representing their surfaces. In this way we could optically model the ideal as-designed instrument. The same STP files were used as the blueprints for the milling machine control software. The mirrors for the TD were manufactured in the Milano-Bicocca University machine workshop using a three-axis GB Ferrari milling machine. The manufacturing process included cycles of thermal treatments between 70 K and 610 K to relieve internal stress. The FI mirrors were manufactured by 3C S. r. l. 4  using a FIDIA gantry-type high-speed milling machine. In figure  15  the two mirrors of the FI are shown before the last polishing procedure.
Mirror metrology 3D metrology on both TD mirrors was performed in a temperature-controlled room at the Sezione INFN machine workshop in Rome using a Poli Galaxy Diamond measuring machine with a ruby probe. Measurements were repeated several days, testing both the mechanical stresses imposed by the rigid mounting structure and the capability of the machine to correctly map the surfaces in the presence of arbitrary tilts and displacements of the entire mirror surface. The data produced by this 3D metrology (ANSI and STP file types) were then used to check the manufactured mirror profiles against the 300 K nominal design that were also described by a cloud of points in an STP file. ANSYS R14. 5  5  software was used to model the contraction of the measured surfaces down to the cryogenic temperature of 1 K.
Acknowledgments QUBIC is funded by the following agencies. France:  ANR  ( Agence Nationale de la Recherche ) 2012 and 2014, DIM-ACAV ( Domaine d'Intérêt Majeur-Astronomie et Conditions d'Apparition de la Vie ),  CNRS/IN2P3  ( Centre national de la recherche scientifique/Institut  national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules),  CNRS/INSU  ( Centre national de la recherche scientifique/Institut national et al. de sciences de l'univers ). Italy:  CNR/PNRA  ( Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche/Programma Nazionale Ricerche in Antartide ) until 2016,  INFN  ( Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare ) since 2017. Argentina:  MIN-CyT  ( Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación ),  CNEA  ( Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica ),  CONICET  ( Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas).
The first retrievals from actual data  (Horvath and Davis, 2001)  were consistent with the prelaunch error estimates of ±3 m/s and ±400 m for winds and heights, respectively. These retrievals were obtained for the first time from the polar orbiting spacecraft Terra. The main limitations of their method is the fact that vertical cloud motion is neglected and a constant horizontal cloud advection over the domain is assumed which under intense convection, for instance, may lead to unreliable retrieved winds. Similarly cloud top heights and winds, retrieved from the Meteosat geostationary satellites  (Seiz et al. , 2007)  via stereo imaging, were tested against retrievals from MISR and MODIS observations. One of the main drawbacks in this case is the time difference between Meteosat satellites which significantly affect matching accuracy.
The end to end simulator: methodology In order to carry out this work, while no real C3IEL data yet exist, we had to rely on simulations. A flow diagram of the methodology used (the end-to-end CLOUD simulator) for the retrieval of cloud development velocity is given in Fig. 3. The physical parameters (from the MESO-NH model for the deep convective case and from The System for Atmospheric Modeling (SAM) for the cumulus case), were converted into optical properties which are then fed to the radiative transfer model, 3DMCPOL  (Cornet et al. 2010)  for the deep convective case and to the image renderer Mitsuba for the cumulus case (Wenzel, 2010), for radiance rendering. Simulations were obtained for perspective projection cameras. The geometry of the external cloud envelope (stereo (ST) cloud) is retrieved for each acquisition from image pairs or triplets and tested against the GT cloud envelope, to which we will refer to as Ground Truth (GT) cloud envelope, obtained from the cloud physical properties (extinction coefficient or liquid water content) input to the radiance renderers.