dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Procedure This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles and code of conduct of the American Psychological Association (2017). Data collection was carried out in six senior centres (i. e. community centres attended by local older adults for social, leisure, and other activities) located in the same city and belonging to the same institution, thus having similar characteristics. All procedures were maintained identical across senior centres. Older adults attending these centres were invited to participate in a study about computer technology. Participants provided their informed consent before completing the baseline questionnaire. In each centre, after all participants completed the questionnaire, two tablet computers were made available for public use for one month. During this period, usage sessions were periodically delivered by trained centre personnel, so that participants could become familiar with the tablet computers until being able to use them by themselves.
Acknowledgements Study 1 was conducted as part of the European project  SIfo-rAGE -Social Innovation on Active  and  Healthy Ageing  for  Sustainable Economic Growth , which aimed to promote a positive vision of ageing for longer and better lives. Study 2 was conducted as part of the  Portuguese  project  TEConhecimento (TEKnowledge ), which aimed to promote technology acceptance and usage among older adults. We thank  Marta Clemente  for assisting with data collection in Study 1.
views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the  IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The  IZA Institute  based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the  Deutsche Post Foundation , IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. the financial support of the  Belgian French-Speaking Community  ( ARC  Project  15/19-063 ).
Study design and participants The case-control study design has been previously described  [17]. Briefly, cases and controls were selected from two different national databases. Cases were adults with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed between 14 February 2021 and 3 May 2021 and were identified through the database from the Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie À a national health insurance agency which receives notification of all SARS-CoV-2 infections in France. Potential cases for our study were all those diagnosed with COVID-19 and with an email address with the national health insurance agency (55% of the adult French population). Controls were adults with no documented recent SARS-CoV-2 infection selected at regular intervals from a representative panel from a database from Ipsos À a French market research and public opinion company.
Data collection Cases and controls were invited to participate in the study by email and received information online about the study before completing a questionnaire if they agreed to participate. The questionnaire covered sociodemographic characteristics, co-morbidities, results of recent SARS-CoV-2 testing for cases (date of test, result of test, SARS-CoV-2 virus identified and categorized as original virus, B. 1. 1. 7, B. 1. 351/P. 1 or "other variant"), recent exposure information, and history of COVID-19 vaccination (date of vaccination, vaccine manufacturer, number of doses received). Questionnaires covered the 10 days preceding symptom onset for cases, and the 10 days preceding inclusion for controls. Participants were asked about whether they had been infected in the past, at what date, and whether diagnosis had been made by RT-PCR or rapid antigen test, serology, or by clinician suspicion without virological or serological confirmation.
The recommended dose spacing was initially 3-4 weeks for the mRNA vaccines, which was extended to 6 weeks on 23 January 2021, and 9-12 weeks for the ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccine, which was extended to 12 weeks on 2 March 2021. As per the vaccine recommendations in France at the time of the study, individuals with documented past infection were given one vaccine dose only  [21]. By the end of the study period (1 May 2021), about 12% of the French population had been fully vaccinated. Information on the vaccination history of the participants was available for inclusion in our database from 13 January 2021, but information on the vaccine type was included only from 22 April 2021. Based on the dose spacing recommendations, no vaccinee should have received a second dose of ChA-dOx1 nCOV-19 prior to 6 May 2021, one week after the end of the study period.
Results From 18 February to 29 April 2021, 949 745 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection were contacted by email by the national health insurance agency, of which 67 760 (7. 1%) participated in the study. When compared to the 1 720 132 adult (20 years and older) patients registered in the national COVID-19 database during the period 14 February À 4 May 2021, cases in our study were more likely to be female (66% compared to 53% in the national database), in the age group 30-59 years (72% versus 57%), and less likely to be from the Ile-De-France region (27% versus 34%), and older than 69 years (2% versus 11%) (Table  S1 ). At regular intervals, controls were frequency-matched to the cases, with the result that among the 57 961 adults who were contacted as controls across the study period, 4 058 (7.
1. 351lineage),which translated to very high vaccine effectiveness (97%) against severe forms of COVID-19 following 14 days or more after two doses of BNT162b2 mRNAvaccine[16]. A further limitation is the information available on the vaccine type which prevented us from assessing vaccine effectiveness by type of mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273), vaccine effectiveness of one dose of mRNA vaccine or of one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. More specifically, we assumed that participants who received two doses had received mRNA vaccines since the recommended schedule did not allow second doses prior to 6 May 2021, i. e. , one week after the end of the study period. Looking at the national vaccine database, we observed that some individuals had received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine before 1 May 2021 despite the recommendations.
Funding The study was funded by  Institut Pasteur and Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases (REACTing). AF's laboratory receives support from the  Labex IBEID  ( ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID ) and the  INCEPTION  project ( PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005 ) for studies on emerging viruses. TC is funded by the  Fondation de France (Alliance "Tous unis contre le virus"). SW's laboratory receives support from  Institut Pasteur ,  CNRS ,  Universit e de Paris, Sant e publique France ,  Labex IBEID  ( ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID ), REACTing (Research & Action Emerging Infectious Diseases), and by the  H2020  project  101003589  (RECOVER).
The Action Plan for the Ocean we propose requires coordinated international development and generation of new approaches to assessing risk and the pre-emptive provision of adaptation options for decision makers to respond to future change. New organizational structures are not required, instead effort is needed to bring together existing initiatives and bodies with free and open sharing of datasets, information, and assessment, in a trusted format. This will require engagement with a wide range of ocean science and societal stakeholders in the development, planning, support and implementation of the action plan and to ensure it becomes an embedded long-term process in ocean science and management. IMBeR aims to develop the approach and will scope opportunities to elaborate the concept and present plans at a range of forthcoming international scientific and ocean-policy meetings.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The manuscript developed through the  IMBeR -Integrated Marine Biosphere Research Project. The authors acknowledge all the current and past members of the  IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee and the wider IMBeR community , the activities of which inspired this article. We also acknowledge the  United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021-2030  for its leadership and call to action which has galvanized our thinking and that of the community. We thank the reviewers and editor for their comments on the paper.
Acknowledgments: The research carried out in the laboratory of JC Guéry benefits from the support of the  Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) , the  French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS) ,  SIDACTION ,  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  ( DEQ20180339187 ), the  CSL Behring Research Funds , the  Arthritis Foundation , the  ARSEP Foundation , the  FOREUM Foundation  and the  Occitanie Region. Ali Youness  receives study assistance from the  Fondation des Treilles  and from the  "Association de la Charité des jeunes de Kafarsir (Liban).
Acoustic analyses For each sentence spoken by the child, we extracted the mean fundamental frequency (F0) and the centre frequencies of the first four formants (F1-F4) using a custom batch-processing script (see electronic supplementary material 1) that was written using PRAAT software  [28]. For each recording, the script overlaid the computed F0 and formant values on narrow band spectrograms, which allowed the researcher to manually correct for erroneous estimates (values departing from visually estimated fundamental and formant frequencies). The parameters for F0 were set as: pitch floor 100Hz, pitch ceiling 450Hz, time step 0. 01s. The parameters for formant analysis were set as: number of formants 6, max formant 8000, and dynamic range 30 dB. Given that the frequency of each individual formant is related to formant spacing (∆F) by equation (  1  We derived ∆F by plotting mean formant frequencies for sentence against the expected increments of formant spacing [(2i-1)/2], where ∆F is equal to the slope of the linear regression line with an intercept set to 0, as in  [29].
Confidence intervals on the means for the Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons were determined by bootstrap resampling 1000 times  [31]. LMMs and GLMMs were run in R Studio (analysis script as electronic supplementary materials 3, 4)  [32]. audience effects on children's voice 7 Finally, we investigated whether frequency shifts in F0 and ∆F between the two audience groups were significantly associated with the choice of sentences that would most ingratiate them to the given audience (H3), using SPSS v. 24  [33]. For each speaker, we first calculated the average difference in F0 and ∆F between the sentences spoken to the ballet and rugby clubs, by averaging, respectively, F0 and ∆F across all sentences addressed to the ballet club and subtracting the averaged F0 and ∆F across all sentences addressed to the rugby club.
Funding: This work is a contribution to the  FutureHealthSEA project (Predictive scenarios of health in Southeast Asia: linking land use and climate changes to infectious diseases ) funded by the  French ANR  (grant number  ANR 17 CE35-0003 ). (http://www. agence-nationale-recherche. fr / Project -ANR-17-CE35-0003 )(accessed on  13 April 2021 ).
Attempts to construct GLCM's probably cannot rely on statistical testing or model selection techniques but instead will be validated through a confrontation with the "body of known facts" as emerges from the social-demographic nomological net. So, if we know from several datasets and survival analysis that fertility histories are affected by gender and education, then estimated HMMs with gender and education as covariates, should produce the same effects. If this would not be the case, these HMMs would be incompatible with the nomological net of social demography and thus cannot be valid renderings of family formation. Therefore, we can use the social-demographic nomological net to look for covariates and test the HMMs to see whether or not these models reproduce known effects. This exactly what we will demonstrate in the next section with an application of HMMs to family formation trajectories.
Modelling Family Formation and HMM: An Application For this application (for details, see  Han et al. 2020)  we used data from the Generations and Gender Programme  (Fokkema et al. 2016) , a longitudinal survey among 18-79 year olds in nineteen countries. We selected 1900 French subjects (56% female, 19% higher educated), born between 1956 and 1965 and constructed fertility histories (0, 1, 2 or more children), partnership histories (living single, in cohabitation or married) and a binary trajectory for having or not having left the parental home. Second Demographic Transition Theory (SDT, see e. g. Lesthaeghe 1995) predicts that, after or upon leaving the parental home, people consider family formation trajectories that either do or do not involve cohabiting. Hence, family formation would involve at least three and at most five decisions, as tabulated in Table  7.
The advantage of using this model over more detailed network descriptions is that we obtain a single parameter estimate, f that is easily compared across animal species and environments. Each dataset provides the number of interactions that were observed between pairs of individuals. We assume that the system is closed, and that the total network size (N) is equal to the number of individuals observed in at least one interaction. To estimate social fluidity, we find the value of f that minimizes P i ½k i À kðs i ; f; NÞ 2 ; the total squared squared error between the observed degrees and their expectation given by the model. Uncertainty is displayed using the 2. 5th and 97. 5th percentile of the distribution of f computed on a set of 1000 'bootstrap' samples, created by sampling N data points, fk i ; s i g, with replacement, from the observed data.
, 2017). We therefore consider the model to be applicable to the data analysed in this study, but advise caution when applying this approach to other data sources. If the duration of a study allows for substantial developments in the group structure, for example, then a model of edge formation and dissolution may be preferred. Finally, we do not know the extent to which an interaction, as defined for each network, is capable of transmission which can depend on the pathogen's transmission mode and the infectious dose required. Furthermore, the transmission probability is unlikely to be the same for all interactions within the group since, for example, the duration of contact is known to be important for disease spread  (Stehleet al. , 2011b). We did not include explicitly the duration of each contact in our model as this information was only available in a fraction of the datasets  (Barrat et al.
Python libraries Mean clustering coefficients were computed using the networkx Python library. To evaluate the hypergeometric function in (3) we used the hyp2f1 function from the scipy. special Python library. Numerical solutions to Equation (4) using the fsolve function from the scipy. optimize Python library. Adjusted mutual information was computed using adjusted mutual info score from the sklearn. metrics library. All scripts, data, and documentation used in this study are available through https:// github. com/EwanColman/Social-Fluidity (Colman, 2021 , copy archived at swh:1:rev: 90b27e1b84ce4417633885cd260c89bbf1b07eac).
Data handling Only freely available downloadable sources of data have been used for this study. Details of the experimentation and data collection, including how the interaction type is defined, can be found through their respective publications. Here, we note some additional processes we have applied for our study. Each human contact dataset lists the identities of the people in contact, as well as the 20 s interval of detection  (Isella et al. , 2011; Vanhems et al. , 2013; Stehleet al. , 2011a; Mastrandrea et al. , 2015; Genois et al. , 2015). Any sequence of consecutive time intervals for which contact is detected between two individuals is considered to be one interaction. To exclude contacts detected while participants momentarily walked past one another, only contacts detected in at least two consecutive intervals are considered interactions.
, 2016; Sailer and Gaulin, 1984; Mourier et al. , 2017)  and typically recorded over multiple days or weeks. We construct networks from these data by recording an interaction when two individuals were seen to be in the same group during one round of observation. The shark data were divided into six datasets, each one constructed from 10 consecutive observation bouts, and spread out evenly through the 46-day period over which the data were collected. For the grooming data  (Butovskaya et al. , 1994; Sade, 1972) , if one animal was grooming another during one round of observations then this would be recorded as a directed interaction. Similarly for aggressive interactions  (Parker, 1974; Takahata, 1991; Hass, 1991; Lott, 1979; Schein and Fohrman, 1955; Hobson and DeDeo, 2015). These data are typically collected over a period of days or weeks.
Disease simulation Simulations of disease spread were executed using the contacts provided by the datasets. The the bat network was omitted from this part since these data were collected over a series of independent experiments carried out at different times and under different experimental treatments. In one run of the simulation, one seed node is randomly chosen from the network and, at a randomly selected point in time during the duration of the data, transitions to the infectious state. The duration for which they remain infectious is a random variable drawn from an exponential distribution with mean 1=g. During this time, any contact they have with other individuals who have not previously been infected will cause an infection with probability b. The simulation runs until all individuals who were infected at the second generation of the disease, that is those infected by those infected by the seed, have recovered.
The datasets are 'looped' to ensure that the timeframe of the data collection does not influence the outcome. In other words, immediately after the latest interaction, the interactions are repeated exactly as they were originally. This continues to happen until the termination criteria is met. We set the parameters to normalise for the variation in contacts rates between networks. To achieve this, we consider a hypothetical counterpart to each network in which the strength of every node is the same, but each interaction occurs between a pair of individuals who have not previously interacted. This is equivalent to f ! ¥. Under these conditions x jji ¼ 1=ðN À 1Þ for all pairs i; j. It follows that Equation (  5 ) becomes T i!j » s i b=gt ðN À 1Þ, then rðs i Þ » s i b=gt , and, since k i ¼ s i for all nodes i, Equation (  7 The value of R ¥ 0 can be chosen arbitrarily.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank:  Jeffrey Arsham , an American scientific translator, for having reviewed the English-language text. The  French National Study Group for Efficiency and Quality of Emergency Departments :  Celestin Alexis Agbessi ,  Laurence Arrouy ,  Jean Christophe Baille ,  David Blondeel ,  Marie Breffa Corinne Cortes ,  Sophie Dambrine ,  Henri Delelis ,  Swanie Gigot ,  Marlene Lachcar ,  Gilles Moalic ,  Didier Nasalan ,  Odyle Oxybel ,  Pierre Andre Poutout ,  Jean Dominique Risser ,  Mathieu Violeau , and  Pierre Visintini.
a b s t r a c t The present dataset consists of metadata for 36 examples of publicly available multi-issue climate change adaptation plans of small and mid-size urban communities in France and the United States. Compiled by Lioubimtseva and da Cunha  [1]  as a pilot sample for a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system developed by the authors, the complete dataset comprises assessment results based on 24 criteria of the plans' structure, content, and development process. To protect information about quality scores of individual planning documents, this published part of our dataset is limited to the essential information about the cities' profiles and their adaptation plans, with plan assessment results presented in Boolean format instead of actual rating scores, and the highlights of the strong points of each plan (instead of the actual quantitative scores generated in our study).
Value of the Data • The data provide a sample collection of 36 first-generation climate change adaptation plans developed by small and mid-size urban communities in France and the United States, including the metadata and some key attributes of the plans based on the assessment by Lioubimtseva and da Cunha  [1]. It provides highlights of strong points of case studies, along with plan access information that can be used for future analysis or as examples for development of future climate change adaptation plans. • This dataset is primarily intended to help small urban communities, planning professionals, and local governments, interested to tap into the recent experience of their peers, both at home and internationally. • The dataset compiles location, population, basic climate data, and plan access data for 36 representative urban communities with population between 50 0 0 and 30 0,0 0 0 people selected by the authors.
Data Description The number of local climate adaptation plans is growing in many countries. Nevertheless, the monitoring of these plans and their strengths and weaknesses has been very limited. Planners, environmental organizations, and especially s local communities urgently need comparable data about existing planning effort s, cross-national knowledge sharing, collaboration, peer-learning, and transfer of successful planning practices The complete dataset consists of 1) metadata for 36 first-generation multi-issue climate adaptation plans, developed by small and mid-size urban communities in 2007-2017 (20 in the United States (U. S. ) and 16 in France); 2) assessment results based on 24 criteria derived from climate adaptation literature in English and in French; and 3) a word cloud, based on the plans review.
The complete dataset can be found as Mendeley Data  [2]. The dataset consists of record cards providing the key geographic information about each city and the results of our assessment of its climate change adaptation plan ( Table  1  ). Two data files (Record_cards_US_Plans. pdf and Record_cards_French_Plans. pdf) display record cards for the U. S. and French cities, spatially linked in the GIS to the geographic coordinates on the respective national maps (Fig. 1A  and B  in  [1]  ). We describe the sections of Table  1  below. Place: name and location of the community served by the climate adaptation plan. Latitude and longitude : geographic coordinates of the place of the plan as decimal fractions. Population: The last national census data from the US Census 2010  [3]  and INSEE 2015  [2].
The criteria field is highlighted in blue if the score is 4 (excellent). Scores 1-3. 99 are coded as Yes, Scores 0-0. 99 are coded as No. The criteria ranked as 4 are highlighted in the dataset as exemplary strong points to guide users to the most relevant examples. Complete analysis of the actual scores can be found in Lioubimtseva and da Cunha  [1]. • Table  1  offers the definition of local administrative divisions in France reflected in the names of PCAETs. • Table  2  is a geographic and bibliographic locator of climate adaptation plans for small and mid-size urban communities in France and the United States. • Table  3  provides an overview of the structure of the record cards displayed as supplementary material. It includes the key geographic information about each city and provides a full bibliographic record and assessment summary of their climate adaptation plans.