dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The lack of any significant deviation away for V m E is markedly different from previous reports of the excess molar volume of binary mixtures containing ADN and [EMIm][TFSI], in which relatively large negative deviations were observed. 11 However, although the same anion was present here, the aromatic imidazolium cation would be expected to interact with the solvent differently and strongly through π-π interactions in the solution. 3. 3. Viscosity. The viscosity of the pure components and all mixtures was measured at atmospheric pressure from (293. 15-333. 15) K and the resulting data is presented in Tables  6 7 8. The viscosity of electrolytes is an important feature, linked to the diffusivity of the components, for energy storage devices. This is particularly true for EDLCs where high currents and high power capabilities relate to the ability of ions to move quickly to and from the electrode interface.
As such, the temperature of the measurements, 305 ± 1 K, was dictated by the internal glovebox atmosphere. The conductivities, σ, of the three binary mixtures are presented as a function of molar fraction, x[Pyrr 14 ][TFSI], and the concentration, c[Pyrr 14 ][TFSI], of the IL in Figure  4. The concentration of the individual points was estimated from the molar fraction data using a polynomial fit for the variation of density as a function of molar fraction of each of the three respective solvents. The concentration of pure [Pyrr 14 ][TFSI] is approximately 3. 29 mol•dm -3 at this temperature. As expected, the results show that addition of the nitrile solvents to the neat IL result in a promotion of the exhibited conductivity. This is in accordance with the observed reduction in viscosity, and an associated increase in the mobility of the ionic charge carrying species, relative to the neat IL.
* S Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10. 1021/acs. jced. 6b00718. Additional supporting data are openly available on Queen's University Research Portal: http://pure. qub. ac. uk/portal/en/ datasets/search. html. NMR spectra of IL and intermediate; DSC thermograms of the IL/BTN and IL/ADN mixtures; density of the three binary mixtures as functions of the sample temperature and the linear fitting coefficients of the density-temperature relationship; calculated values for the V m E of the binary mixtures and coefficients of the Redlich-Kister correlation of V m E data for IL/GLN and IL/ADN mixtures; VTF and Arrhenius parameters for the correlation of the temperature dependence of viscosities; calculated values for Δη and ΔG E *, and the respective coefficients of the Redlich-Kister correlation, for all three IL/nitrile binary mixtures; raw conductivity data, and the respective VTF parameters, for the σ max formulations of the three binary mixtures; percentage deviations of the experimental density, viscosity, and conductivity from literature values for the neat components; Walden plot of the three binary mixtures given as a function of formulation (PDF).
N. parisii and N. ausubeli are commonly found in Caenorhabditis nematodes Molecular sequences of microsporidia in ten wild C. elegans strains and four C. briggsae strains showed ! 99% SSU rDNA and ! 97% β-tubulin sequence identities to N. parisii sequences in   [22]  d Note that a recent article describes a new species for this strain based on genome divergence  [28]. GenBank. In the global phylogenetic analysis of microsporidia, these 14 sequences form a group with previously reported sequences of N. parisii strains ERTm1, ERTm3 and ERTm5  [26]  (Fig  2 ). The N. parisii isolates were all found in Europe (note however that the sampling is highly biased towards Europe, especially France), with the exception of the previously reported ERTm5 (JUm2055), isolated from a C. briggsae strain sampled in Hawaii (Fig 1B; Table  1A )  [29].
Note that a recent article assigns this strain to a new species based on genome divergence  [28]. Eight other microsporidian strains showed ! 99% SSU rDNA and ! 95% β-tubulin sequence identities to the corresponding genes of the unnamed Nematocida sp. 1 in GenBank (Table  1B ), previously reported in C. briggsae  [22, 30]. This N. sp. 1 group is most closely related to N. parisii in the microsporidian phylogeny and the sequences of both SSU and βtubulin genes gave the same grouping (Figs  2  and 3 ; S2 Fig; Table  3 ). Because of these new samples of N. sp. 1 and their phylogenetic difference and genetic distance to the N. parisii group, here we describe N. sp. 1 as Nematocida ausubeli n. sp. (see Taxonomy section after the Discussion). Whereas N. ausubeli was so far only reported from C. briggsae (India, Cape Verde  [30] ), we also found it in C.
Diversity of Nematocida species Of the remaining 19 microsporidian strains, nine had a Nematocida species as their top blast hit in GenBank, with similarity between 81% ~86% of SSU rDNA and 74% ~84% of β-tubulin genes. In terms of host and geographical ranges, these microsporidia were found in two C. briggsae strains (Thailand and Guadeloupe), one C. tropicalis strain (Guadeloupe), one C. sp. 42 strain (NIC1041 from French Guiana), three Oscheius tipulae strains (France, Czech Republic, and Armenia), one Rhabditella typhae strain (Portugal) and one Procephalobus sp. strain (JU2895 from Spain). In the phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA, the corresponding sequences formed a single clade with N. parisii and N. ausubeli, with Ovavesicula popilliae as sister group within Clade II of the microsporidian phylum (see Fig  2 )  [34].
ranarum and C. coronatus). Sequences were aligned using Geneious v7. 1. 7 with default parameters and further aligned manually and concatenated if available. The alignments were imported to MEGA 6  [55]  to estimate the best DNA evolution models and compute mean genetic distances (1000 bootstrap replicates). Bayesian inference phylogenies were constructed using Mesquite v3. 04  [56]  and MrBayes v3. 2. 2  [57] , with the same DNA models as above  [58]  and refined by FigTree v1. 4. 2 (http:// tree. bio. ed. ac. uk/software/figtree/).
Spore size measurements Spore size was measured as described  [22]. Briefly, infected nematodes were photographed by Nomarski optics and spores were measured using the Image J software  [60]. We only took into account spores with a clear outline within the focal plane. In species with two spore size classes, large spores are less numerous than small ones and they are found in groups. When measuring, the spores were first assigned to a size class, in part based on the spatial clustering of large spores. 20 spores were measured for each spore type; except N. ausubeli, for which 42 small ones and 40 large ones were measures.
atcc. org) as PRA-371 and PRA-372, respectively. The type host is Caenorhabditis briggsae  [64, 65] , strain JU1348, which was isolated from a mixed sample of decaying vegetal matter (rotting fruits, leaf litter, soil, bark, flowers). The type locality is Periyar Natural Preserve, Kerala, India. The species was also found in C. briggsae in Germany and Cape Verde, and Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis remanei in Europe. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession JH604648. The genome of the reference strain has been sequenced  [39]  (accession AERB01000000). The spores are ovoid and measure 2. The type strain is JUm2507. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at ATCC and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www.
justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Caenorhabditis briggsae  [64, 65] , strain JU2507, isolated from rotting figs. The type locality is Khao Sok National Park, Thailand. The species was also found in Guadeloupe in C. briggsae and Caenorhabditis tropicalis. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360148. The spores are ovoid and measure 3. 4 x 1. 2 μm (ranges 2. 9-3. 8 x 0. 8-1. 6) for the large class and 2. 3 x 0. 54 μm (ranges 1. 8-2. 7 x 0. 41-0. 77) for the small class. Infection is localized to the host intestinal cells. Transmission is horizontal, presumably via the oral-fecal route. The species is named after the large size of its spores. Nematocida minor n. sp. Zhang & Felix 2016. LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:646590B-C-E5A8-4FD5-9026-96B276A4D159 The type strain is JUm1510.
The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at ATCC and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http:// www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Oscheius tipulae  [66] , strain JU1510, isolated from compost. The type locality is Hluboka nad Vlatavou near Budweis, Czech Republic. The species was also found in O. tipulae in Armenia. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360147. The spores are ovoid and measure 1. 9 x 0. 83 μm (ranges 1. 5-2. 2 x 0. 5-1. 1) for the large class and 1. The type strain is JUm1504. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at ATCC and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Oscheius tipulae  [66] , strain JU1504, isolated from a rotting Arum stem.
The type locality is Le Blanc (Indre), France. The species was also found in the nematode Rhabditella typhae in Portugal. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360153. The spores are ovoid and measure 2. 0 x 0. 72 μm (ranges 1. 7-2. 7 x 0. 56-0. 94). Infection is localized to the host intestinal cells. Transmission is horizontal, presumably via the oral-fecal route. The species is named after the single class of spore size that can be observed in the host. Nematocida ciargi n. sp. Zhang & Felix 2016. LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:77EF241F-463D-443A-819D-C32B1BC49332 The type strain is JUm2895. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at ATCC and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index.
php). The type host is Procephalobus sp. strain JU2895 (Cephalobina), isolated from rotting citrus fruits. The type locality is Barcelona, Spain. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360152. The spores are ovoid and 1. 4 x 0. 59 μm (ranges 1. 5-2. 2 x 0. 41-0. 84). Infection is localized to the host intestinal cells. Transmission is horizontal, presumably via the oral-fecal route. The species is named after its type locality, close to the Centre de RegulacioGenòmica in Barcelona, Spain. The type strain is JUm408. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at ATCC and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Oscheius sp. 3  [21] , strain JU408, isolated from a soil sample.
The type locality is the Botanical garden of Reykjavik, Iceland. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360142. The spores have the shape of a long and thin rod, measuring 3. 8 x 0. 49 μm (ranges 3. 1-5. 0 x 0. 35-0. 68). The polar tube makes one turn at the posterior part of the spore; one or two polar tube sections can be seen in transmission electron microscopy when the spore is cut transversally. Infection is observed in the host epidermis and does not affect the intestinal cells. The spores do not seem to be enclosed as groups of spores in a vesicle. Transmission is horizontal, presumably via the oral-fecal route. The species is named after the long size of its spores. Enteropsectra breve n. sp. Zhang & Felix 2016. LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:236607CA-8C44-414D-916C-802C7C67600D The type strain is JUm2551.
The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at ATCC and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Oscheius tipulae  [66] , strain JU2551, isolated from a rotting apple. The type locality is an apple orchard in Orsay (Essonne), France. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360145. The spores are ovoid and measure 1. 8 x 0. 66 μm (ranges 1. 3-2. 1 x 0. 42-0. 90). Infection is observed in the host intestine and does not affect the intestinal cells. Transmission is horizontal, presumably via the oral-fecal route. The species is named after the short size of the spores. The type strain is JUm1505. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at ATCC and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www.
justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Oscheius tipulae  [66] , strain JU1505, isolated from a rotting peach. The type locality is Le Blanc (Indre), France. The species was also found in O. tipulae in other locations in France. The ribosomal DNA sequence is deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360131. The spores have the shape of a long and thin rod, measuring 3. The type strain is JUm1396. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at ATCC and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Caenorhabditis brenneri. The type locality is a private garden in the vicinity of Medellin, Colombia. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX424959. The spores are ovoid and measure 3.
For this DA algorithm, the optimal state is the average of an ensemble of states weighted according to their proximity to the observations following the Bayes rule. However, in presence of bias, the particle filter only provides a sub-optimal estimation. In this work, a DA-based downscaling approach has been used to enhance the spatial resolution of Meteosat 8 SEVIRI LST time series over the Crau-Camargue region in Southeastern France. The DA approach is based on a genetic particle smoother (GPS) which has been implemented into the SETHYS LSM  [10, 11, 26, 27]. Previous studies have also dealt with the problem of assimilating coarse Earth Observation data and the need to disaggregate these (e. g. ,  [19] ). A step further is presented here, by evaluating the proposed method over larger time/space scales in real conditions using remote sensing products at various spatial and temporal resolutions.
Methodology and Data This study focuses on the application and evaluation of our GPS downscaling approach over the Crau-Camargue region in Southeastern France. The period under analysis spans from March 2009 to September 2009 and the original observations are LST time series provided by the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis (LSA-SAF), http://landsaf. ipma. pt/ [28] , derived from SEVIRI thermal infrared observations on-board Meteosat 8 (the first of the second-generation Meteosat satellites). The evaluation of the downscaling is performed quantitatively at both 1 km and 60 m spatial resolutions using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) LST products and Landsat 7 thermal infrared data, respectively. The study region and the various datasets used are described further in Section 2.
Study Area and Forcing Data The study area is located in Southeastern France  (43. 53 N 4. 66 E, see Figure  1 ). The climate is typically Mediterranean, with strong winds and irregular rainfall (long dry periods in spring and summer). This region is characterized by a wide range of land cover types and various irrigation practices. Micro-meteorological forcing data at half-hourly time steps, weekly vegetation measurements (Leaf Area Index (LAI) and vegetation height), and half-hourly soil moisture measurements necessary to initialize and force the SETHYS model, were provided from the "Crau-Camargue" database acquired by the EMMAH team over 2009 for several agricultural fields (the micro-meteorological stations specifically designed to sample the main land cover classes of the region, are presented with red location markers in Figure  1 , upper panel).
LAI and vegetation height, needed as inputs of SETHYS, were estimated for each of these classes, respectively, from NDVI data derived from the Landsat 7-TM reflectance data (at 30 m spatial resolution) and expert knowledge for some specific classes (tree cover, crops) over the studied period. Empirical relationships proposed by  [34, 35]  and calibrated by  [36]  over part of the study area in 2006 have been used to infer LAI from Landsat 7 NDVI measurements over the year 2009. Daily values were finally interpolated after a careful merge with the available irregular field observations. Seasonal variations of the vegetation height were also estimated from experimental data and phased with the mean average seasonal variations of LAI per class.
Meteosat 8 SEVIRI Data The Land Surface Analysis Satellite Application Facility (LSA-SAF) provided the low spatial resolution LST data that have been downscaled in this work. The LST product  [27]  was obtained with a generalized split-window algorithm (  [37] ) from top of atmosphere brightness temperatures measured in the thermal infrared, namely in Meteosat 8 channels IR 10. 8 μm and IR 12. 0 μm. The LSA-SAF LST is produced at full Meteosat 8 spatial and temporal resolutions, with a 15 min Land cover was derived from a former image classification of Landsat 7 images (Courault, D. , personal communication) in eight classes and validated against ground surveys. This classification was revised for this work in order to group the orchards and woods classes, which present the same soil and vegetation hydro-thermal parameters regarding the SETHYS model.
After that step, seven classes were defined as follows: "Bare soil", "Water" (representing salt marches and swamplands), "Tree cover" (grouping orchards and woods), "Irrigated grasslands", "Summer crops (grouping sunflower, maize and sorghum), "Winter crops (grouping winter wheat and barley)", and "Rice" (see Figure  1 , lower panel). LAI and vegetation height, needed as inputs of SETHYS, were estimated for each of these classes, respectively, from NDVI data derived from the Landsat 7-TM reflectance data (at 30 m spatial resolution) and expert knowledge for some specific classes (tree cover, crops) over the studied period. Empirical relationships proposed by  [34, 35]  and calibrated by  [36]  over part of the study area in 2006 have been used to infer LAI from Landsat 7 NDVI measurements over the year 2009.
Meteosat 8 SEVIRI Data The Land Surface Analysis Satellite Application Facility (LSA-SAF) provided the low spatial resolution LST data that have been downscaled in this work. The LST product  [27]  was obtained with a generalized split-window algorithm (  [37] ) from top of atmosphere brightness temperatures measured in the thermal infrared, namely in Meteosat 8 channels IR 10. 8 µm and IR 12. 0 µm. The LSA-SAF LST is produced at full Meteosat 8 spatial and temporal resolutions, with a 15 min sampling interval and a spatial resolution of about 3 km ˆ5 km on our region (3 km ˆ3 km at the sub-satellite point). The product is provided over land within the Meteosat 8 disk in clear sky conditions along with uncertainty estimation. An automatic quality control (QC) is performed on LST data, and the quality information is provided on a pixel-by-pixel basis.
The LST confidence level was defined based on the following parameters: viewing angle, atmospheric characteristics (mostly column water vapor), and land surface emissivity (EM). The three considered levels of confidence (above nominal, nominal and below nominal) correspond to estimated uncertainties of LST values (respectively, less than 1 K, between 1 and 2 K, and above 2 K) and with an uncertainty threshold of 4 K. More details are provided in the product user manual available at http://landsaf. ipma. pt/algorithms. This uncertainty dataset was used to generate the observation error statistics required by the GPS. The LST time series processed spans from March to October 2009.
MODIS LST Data The MODIS sensor onboard the Terra and Aqua platforms, offers a view of the Earth's surface within 36 spectral bands (0. 4 µm, 14. 4 µm). The MODIS (Terra/Aqua) Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST/E) level 3 product (MOD11A1/MYD11A1) is a daily tile-based and gridded (sinusoidal projection) product at 1 km spatial resolution. The equatorial passing times for Terra and Aqua are, respectively, 10:30 a. m. /p. m. and 1:30 a. m. /p. m. leading to a minimum number of four observations per day  [38]  at the equator (more images can be acquired in the northern hemisphere because of the polar orbit). In this work MYD11A1 and MOD11A1 Collection 5 LST/E products were acquired over the study area for the same observation period (from 1 March 2009 to 30 September 2009) to evaluate the downscaling results at 1 km spatial resolution.
More details are provided at http://modis-land. gsfc. nasa. gov/temp. html. For simplicity, we will use in the following term 'MODIS' to refer to 'MYD/MOD11A1 Collection 5 1 LST/E products. As the MODIS LST product can merge different orbits, the acquisition time and viewing angles can be different from one pixel to the next. Thus, a pre-processing step of co-registration with Meteosat has been applied in order to compare observations acquired at similar time and to mask remaining cloudy pixels. For that purpose, only MODIS LST data with acquisition time-lag less than 10 min towards Meteosat data were kept, leading to 23 clear-sky MODIS LST dates kept for the evaluation process.
Landsat 7 Data The Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) on board Landsat 7 satellite acquires images of the Earth since July 1999 with a revisit frequency of 16 days. Landsat ETM+ has eight spectral bands (six bands in the visible, one thermal band, and one panchromatic band). An ETM+ scene has an instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of 30 m ˆ30 m in bands 1-5 and 7, while the thermal band 6 has an IFOV of 60 m ˆ60 m. The equatorial crossing time is nominally 10:00 a. m. ˘15 min. In collaboration with the French National Center for Space studies (CNES), clear sky images have been extracted over 2009 from the USGS website (http://edcsns17. cr. usgs. gov/NewEarthExplorer/) over the study area and georeferenced according to the Lambert 3 projection. Atmospheric corrections have been performed to estimate LST from top of the atmosphere radiances using the MODTRAN5 radiative transfer model (  [39] ) and comparison with ground measurements showed good agreement (see  [40] ).
More quantitatively, Table  3  presents the statistics calculated between the GPS estimations and the observations, on the whole set of MODIS data (23 images) and for the four downscaling experiments. The prior model values, as well as the efficiencies, are also indicated to assess the contribution of the GPS. The efficiency (Eff) is defined as 1 minus the ratio of the posterior to prior RMSEs and is expressed as a percent. The maximum value is, therefore, equal to 1 and positive values indicate the benefits of the DA to lessen prior error statistics. First, the results show that the prior model simulations present a negative bias of -2. 3 K (model cooler than the MODIS observations), that has been partly corrected with the data assimilation. The root-mean-square errors (RMSE) are also much improved in all of the experiments by more than 1 K.
A slight improvement of 0. 1 K is obtained compared to the other experiments where no uncertainty on the forcing data has been prescribed. The efficiencies are all positive and range between 27. 5% and 32. 5%). This result is quite important because it proves the robustness of the downscaling method towards forcing uncertainties. It also shows that such perturbations may have a positive impact on the downscaling results when the model variability is poor. In fact, the later point can be explained by the fact that perturbing the input parameters enlarges the spread of the ensemble simulations and improves the finding of the sub-optimal solutions by increasing the degrees of freedom and consequently enriching the particles' ensemble. To better analyze the GPS contribution, we propose to compute the prior and posterior GPS errors on the most homogeneous MODIS pixels of the images in terms of land cover, in order to assess the class temperature errors.