dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data Synthesis A narrative synthesis will be conducted. We will analyze the data extracted using descriptive statistics (eg, frequencies and percentages). For instance, we will report the types of study designs, type of teledentistry interventions, countries where studies were conducted, and the study characteristics. We will synthesize and map the factors influencing teledentistry implementation in accordance with the theoretical domains of Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF)  [53]  and the context of information reported by the authors in order to allocate the factor to the appropriate theoretical domain. The likelihood is relatively low to miss a potential determinant of teledentistry implementation considering the wide range of factors considered within the TDF. We will report any new construct that is not considered in the TDF.
The first one, included in the law on public health policy of 9 August 2004, was implemented from 2005 to 2008. Currently, the third PNMR (2018-2022) is a continuation of the two previous ones. These plans have set up the rare disease expert centres and networks covering the entire territory to give access to care and expertise for all affected individuals. Their clinical and biological parameters are collected as shared information to pilot patient care and prevention at the national and eventually European level and provide databanks for research on rare diseases  [3]. One common denominator of all patients affected by a rare disease is the relevance of their oral condition  [4, 5]. Optimal oral health will limit the impact of nutritional disorders on their pathology and reduce the occurrence of microbial infection and inflammation.
Participants In the specific context of rare diseases, it is realistic to exploit the number of patients available in a study and reach the point of saturated data than rather define the number of patients needed a priori  [11]. Given the diversity and the number of diseases encountered by the study and the systematic non-overlap of the problems encountered by patients, about thirty patients, over a 6-month period, were included in the study to ensure a wide range of responses that covered the guiding themes. Data saturation was achieved with 29 patients. At the beginning of the planned care consultation, the practitioner and the researcher briefly but clearly explained the study and obtained the assent of the person taking part in the research, or that of his/her legal representative (Table  1 ).
Data collection Patients who met the inclusion criteria were recruited from the expertise centres or during their usual consultation, with their non-objection and that of their legal guardians if they were minors. Face-to-face, semi-structured lasting interviews were held by the first author (L. F), trained in qualitative sociological and anthropological interview methods. All interviews took place in Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, (Paris, France), in a dedicated room after a standard consultation. We used an interview guide, structured by the following six themes: "Access to dental care ", "Oral health related quality of life, " "Orality disorders", "Renouncement to dental care" and "School integration and daily life. " During these interviews, themes were discussed with the patients who were encouraged to talk freely.
Qualitative thematic analysis For the analysis of the qualitative data, all the recorded interviews were manually transcribed and then analyzed using a thematic data analysis software (NVIVO 12 on Windows). The thematic analysis of the questionnaires was carried out according to the following process and we are inspired in this analysis by the work of Vaismoradi, M. and all, who have been of great help to us and whom we thank  [11] [12] [13] : 1. Key themes, or big ideas, were identified by reading and re-reading the interview transcripts. 2. Phrases or blocks of words that correspond directly to the research question were highlighted. 3. These phrases were categorized so that they can be grouped together thematically. 4. These categories gave rise to sub-themes which were then examined and analyzed.
Data credibility and rigor Data credibility was established through a triangulation strategy, which uses a combination of specialized teams to review and evaluate the results. In addition to semistructured interviews, data credibility was ensured by note taking during the interviews. Data were verified by both peers outside the study and by research team members. The main findings were presented to some of the participants and their opinions, collected. In addition, the results were evaluated and verified on several occasions by supervisors  [14, 15]. Furthermore, all the authors of this article are trained in social epidemiology using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all participants for taking part in the study. The authors thank the physicians caring for the patients in the study for allowing them to be recruited and interviewed:  Drs Muriel Girard ,  Florence Lacaille ,  Célia Crétolle ,  Damien Bonnet ,  Véronique Rousseau ,  Manoelle Kossorotof ,  Marlène Rio ,  Geneviève Baujat. The authors would like to thank the clinical research team of the  Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital  and  Mrs Hélène Morel. The sponsor was  Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation).
• The DAI (Dental Aesthetic Index). These indices allowed us to classify the dental models into three levels of difficulty: • Easy: anterior crowding only with contact point shift of 1 to 2 mm and without arch shape anomaly (normal inter-canine and inter-molar distances) or dental anomaly; • Medium: anterior crowding resulting in a contact point shift of 2 to 4 mm with rotation or ectopia of one tooth per sector, asymmetry of less than 2 mm, and/or pathological arch shape; • Difficult: anterior and medium crowding resulting in contact point shifts of more than 4 mm and/or ectopic positions and rotations of several teeth per sector, asymmetry greater than 2 mm, and/or pathological arch form. The mandibular models selected were taken from the clinical database of an orthodontic practice in Bergerac (24100).
After pre-selection, 64 files were selected, and each case was classified as easy, medium, or difficult. For each level of difficulty, two models were selected for their clinical interest (six models in total). The virtual models were obtained by scanning the mandibular arch directly on the patients using a 3Shape Trios ® 3 intra-oral camera. The plaster models were obtained by printing virtual models with a NextDent 5100 ® DLP (Digital Light Processing) printer using Sprint Basic ® (2020. 12) 3D software and then making alginate impressions of these printed plastic models. The Figure  1  shows examples of a real mandibular model (Figure  1a ) and a virtual model (Figure  1b ). Diagnostics 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 13 • Medium: anterior crowding resulting in a contact point shift of 2 to 4 mm with rotation or ectopia of one tooth per sector, asymmetry of less than 2 mm, and/or pathological arch shape; • Difficult: anterior and medium crowding resulting in contact point shifts of more than 4 mm and/or ectopic positions and rotations of several teeth per sector, asymmetry greater than 2 mm, and/or pathological arch form.
The mandibular models selected were taken from the clinical database of an orthodontic practice in Bergerac (24100). After pre-selection, 64 files were selected, and each case was classified as easy, medium, or difficult. For each level of difficulty, two models were selected for their clinical interest (six models in total). The virtual models were obtained by scanning the mandibular arch directly on the patients using a 3Shape Trios ® 3 intra-oral camera. The plaster models were obtained by printing virtual models with a NextDent 5100 ® DLP (Digital Light Processing) printer using Sprint Basic ® (2020. 12) 3D software and then making alginate impressions of these printed plastic models. The Figure  1  shows examples of a real mandibular model (Figure  1a ) and a virtual model (Figure  1b ).
80 GHz) without a 3D stereo image. The participants were able to manipulate them using a 2D mouse on OrthoViewer ® (2021. 1) software. The plaster models were presented on a white desk and could be manipulated by hand by the participants. After each model was presented, the participants were asked to complete the NASA-TLX questionnaire. They completed the questionnaire six times. For each model, the three distances to be estimated were mandibular crowding, intercanine distance, and inter-molar distance.
The inter-molar distance, on the other hand, is a control condition that is never estimated in practice by professionals. It is important to note that the objective measurements (using the measuring instruments) of these three distances (mandibular crowding, inter-canine distance, and inter- The first two estimates (mandibular crowding and inter-canine distance) are part of the diagnoses classically made by professionals. The inter-molar distance, on the other hand, is a control condition that is never estimated in practice by professionals. It is important to note that the objective measurements (using the measuring instruments) of these three distances (mandibular crowding, inter-canine distance, and intermolar distance) were made with Ortho Analyzer ® software for the digital models and using a foot with a digital slide and a brass wire (traditional measurement) for the plaster models.
Methods This narrative review was guided using information derived from the focus meeting (December 2020) and a subsequent search of the PubMed database (January 2021). This was not a systematic review, nor was it intended to be exhaustive; instead, we hoped to gain an understanding of current practice in nursing homes, investigate the resulting limitations and challenges, and identify whether the use of PVP-I might permit improvements in infection control. For the literature review, search terms were chosen based on discussions during the focus meeting. No date restrictions were included in the searches. Various combinations of the following key terms were used for the literature searches: 'nursing home'; 'povidone-iodine (PVPeI)'; 'chlorhexidine (CHG)'; 'polyhexanide (PHMB)'; 'silver'; 'meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus'; 'mupirocin'; 'decolonization'; 'chronic wounds'; 'infection'; 'biofilm'; 'resistance'; 'oral care'; 'periodontitis'; 'severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)'.
Acknowledgements Medical writing and editorial support for the development of this review article, under the direction of the authors, was provided by  J. Murphy, PhD ,  A. Briggs , BA,  M. Macpherson, BSc , and  B. Nicholson, PhD , of  Ashfield MedComms , an  Inizio company , and funded by  Meda Pharma S. p. A. , a Viatris company.
Methods Nephrodent is a one-year prospective study (Clinical Trials NCT02114281) focused on the dental health of patients with non-dialysis CKD or kidney transplant recipients. All participants were recruited in the Nephrology Unit of the University Hospital of Bordeaux (France). Eligible participants were patients older than 18 years, with no dental care within the past 6 months (recent dental care represented bias of interpretation) and treated in the unit for non-dialysis CKD stages 2 to 5. Pregnant women, patients with a current law affair or unable to make informed choices on their own, and those suffering from psychosis or severe mental impairment were excluded from this study. The protocol was approved by the Consultative Committee for the Protection of Persons participating in December 2013 (N • 2013-A01548-37).
| The simulator and exercises The Simodont® haptic simulator (Nissin Dental Products Inc) consists of a PC-type computer with a touch-screen control, a pair of 3D glasses for viewing the 3D scene, a metal contra-angled handpiece connected to force feedback arm device to transcribe the tactile sensations of drill, a connected mirror to work in indirect vision and a foot pedal to start the virtual handpiece (Figure  1 ). The Simodont® software (Nissin Dental Products Inc) simulate preclinical cases allowing the learning of restorative and prosthetic the green surface bordering on its periphery. Finally, a last beige surface, bordering the green surface, should not be touched. The first exercise presented a line shape (Figure  2A ), the second presented the same shape but its realization can only be done in indirect vision (Figure  2B ).
| Statistical analysis Analyses were made possible through the GraphPad® Prism software (GraphPad Software). The results are expressed as median ± standard deviation of the median (x ± SD). Data were ana- During the first semester (September and January results), the results showed that the third-year dental student profiles was between the first-and fifth-year dental student profiles. However, this first exercise was not enough discriminating due to its ease. Effectively, third-year dental students did not show any significant difference with first-year students during the second semester (April and July results).
Fabrication of RP scaffolds For the fabrication of 3D printed cylindrical Si-CAOP scaffolds 6 mm in height and 5 mm in diameter binder-jet 3D powder bed printing was utilized employing an ExOne ™ 3D printer of the R1Series (ExOne LLC, North Huntingdon, PA, United States), as described and depicted in detail elsewhere  (Adel-Khattab et al. , 2018). In short, Solid Edge CAD-software was used to generate the STL file for the 3D printing of scaffolds which displayed channels that passed through the scaffolds both horizontally and vertically. For the binder jet 3D powder bed printing process Si-CAOP powder with a grain size of 45-90 µm was generated employing fluidized bed granulation. Binder jet 3D printing was carried out at a resolution of 100 µm employing an aqueous binder and a printing head with a nozzle size of 63 µm.
Angio-micro-computed tomography analysis A high energy micro-computed tomography (microCT) system (µCT 1,173, Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) was utilized for scanning the entire decalcified femora with the following setting: spatial resolution-7. 1 μm isotropic voxel side length, no filter, 4-fold frame averaging, 0. 2 °rotation steps. The tube voltage was -130 kVp, and the tube current -60 μA. A Feldkamp algorithm was applied for generating images with an 8-bit gray-scale resolution from the projection data (Figure  3 ). CTAn CT analyzer software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) was employed for carrying out the various measurements and analyses. Image stacks for the defect area 6 mm in length were selected within the decalcified femora based on the distance between the two fixation screws adjacent to the defect margins.
Acquisition of gray-scale image sets of the regions of interest (ROI) (Figure  3B ) was followed by binarization employing a locally adaptive binarization technique in order to identify the vasculature (Figures  3C, D ). Analysis of vascularity excluded areas with high-density gray values which represented metal particle artifacts originating from metal particles (Figure  3D ). The contralateral untreated femora served as reference. The following morphometry parameters were measured using the CTAn CT analyzer software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium): The vascular volume fraction (blood vessel volume %) was calculated using the following equation: Vascular volume f raction VVF 3D TCAV 3D TTV *100% The sum of all pixels marked as contrast agent subsequent to thresholding yields the TCAV (total (contrast agent volume), TCAS (total contrast agent surface) denotes the surface of the binarized objects and TTV (total tissue volume) represents the sum of all pixels within the ROI  (Kampschulte et al.
Funding The authors gratefully acknowledge funding by the German Research Foundation (DFG Grant KN 377/8-1) and support by the Charité Foundation in form of the Berlin Institute of Health visiting professorship (Contract No. BIH_PRO_605). Open Access funding was provided by the Open Access Publishing Fund of the Philipps-University Marburg with support of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG).
Recent studies have been mainly devoted to cultivating the gut microbiota and studies on the oral microbiota remain very limited. The oral microbiome is highly diverse. Approximately 774 indigenous species are present in the oral cavity, including 54% cultivated and named species, 14% cultivated but not yet named species, and 32% remaining uncultivated phylotypes  [6]  (the Human Oral Microbiome Database, https://www. homd. org/; accessed on 23 January 2023). Recently, molecular-based studies have demonstrated that the oral microbiota is more diverse and complex and plays a vital role in the pathogenesis and development of many oral and systemic diseases  [22, 23]. In this literature review we review new strategies that have been developed to improve the culture and isolation of microbes from the human microbiota that can be applied to cultivate the oral microbiota, as well as their field of application.
Indeed, to date, more than 2770 different species, including 800 new species, have been isolated by culturomics from human specimens from different sites including: human gut, skin, urinary tract, vaginal and respiratory microbiota  [31]. Various studies throughout the world have shown the interest of diversifying culture media and conditions to broaden the scope of culture, in addition to the use of specific media and targeted approaches (Table  1 ). Indeed, the use of selective and non-selective media has allowed a continuous progression of knowledge concerning the diversity of the human microbiota  [32]. The oral microbiota is undoubtedly very diverse, as shown by the Human Oral Microbiome Data Base (https://www. homd. org/; accessed on 23 January 2023), which currently contains more than 774 different species (https://www.
wordle. net; accessed on 23 January 2023); the size of the name of each phylum is proportional to the number of species it contains. The phylogenetic tree was created using MEGA software. Figure  1  was built according to data collected from the Human Oral Microbiome Database; https://www. homd. org/; accessed on 23 January 2023. The illustration on the left of the figure was made using the online tool wordle (www. wordle. net; accessed on 23 January 2023); the size of the name of each phylum is proportional to the number of species it contains. The phylogenetic tree was created using MEGA software. Figure  1  was built according to data collected from the Human Oral Microbiome Database; https://www. homd. org/; accessed on 23 January 2023. The oral cavity is the main entrance and an obligatory passage for colonising microbes ending their journey in the digestive tract.
Handling and curing time In order to determine a single time point, at which assessment of the mechanical strength of the sawbone/adhesive cement/implant assemblies would be suitable, a time series was performed. Here, the torque-out values were determined at different time points, relative to initiating the mixing of the adhesive cement. Additionally, a series of experiments were included to investigate the potential for extending the handling time of the material, by performing the same time series with samples where the water fraction was replaced by a solution of 15% (w/v) trisodium citrate in water. The data from the time series is presented in Fig. 3. From the data, the dependence of the curing time on the mechanical strength of the material is evident. For the formulation without trisodium citrate, at 2 the material appears solid to the touch; however, the full strength has not been developed.
Cement gap size The correlation between gap size and removal torque was examined by preparing simulated osteotomies of varying sizes, yielding gaps of either 0. 5, 1, 1. 5, or 3 mm. The data presented in Fig. 5  was obtained using the formulation without trisodium citrate, after 15 min of curing. For the different gap sizes, no significant differences were found; however, for gap sizes ≥ 1 mm, a larger spread of the data is observed.
Influence of implant geometry The data obtained from the experiments using implants with different geometrical designs is presented in Fig. 6A. Again, the experiment was performed using the pure water formulation and torque-out was performed following 15 min of curing. The predominant factors affecting the removal torque was found to be the endosteal surface area and the implant  Generally, it appears increasing diameter leads to higher median torque values; however, this comes at the cost of an increased spread of the data.
Identification Isolates were subcultured from frozen stocks on 7H11 agar at 37 °C for 7 days, and colony morphology was determined. Isolates with a smooth morphotype were shiny with a dome shape, ∼2 mm in diameter and buttery texture; isolates with a rough morphotype had large flat colonies ∼4-5 mm with an undulate edge and a waxy texture. An intermediate morphology was noted in which the colony had the appearance of a rough morphotype, but the texture was that of a smooth morphotype. M. abscessus subspecies was determined by whole genome sequencing, using an Illumina NextSeq 550 to generate 150 bp paired end reads at an estimated depth of 80 × coverage. An average of ∼3 million paired end reads were sequenced from each isolate. Quality filtered, paired reads were aligned to a custom NTM database, including reference isolates for each of the subspecies, using Kraken  [21].
abscessus treatment. b Plates incubated at 37 °C for 3 days followed by further 24 h incubation with almarBlue and Tween. M. abscessus has two colony morphology variants. It has been suggested that rough morphotypes are more likely to be hypervirulent and associated with more severe disease  [27]. As our CFderived isolates were obtained from the prospective Australian CF NTM study biobank, we had data on smooth vs. rough morphotype for these isolates but not for those from people without CF. Nine (21%) of the CF isolates had a rough morphology, all of which were macrolide-resistant M. abscessus. Other than a higher likelihood of macrolide susceptibility with smooth phenotypes (34% macrolide susceptible), there was no clear difference in resistance rates between smooth and rough morphotypes.
Data acquisition Data were collected using individual electronic nests developed by Novogen. Floor pens were equipped with 80-120 electronic nests (Table  1 ) divided into two rows (top and bottom). Radio-frequency identification was used to identify individual hens when they visited the nests, based on a transponder attached to one leg of each hen. The electronic nests identified the individual hen, the location of the nest, and the times of entry into and exit from the nest. Oviposition time was recorded using an egg sensor located behind each nest. The hens gradually adapted to using the nests from 17 to 23 weeks of age. Data were collected daily for 40 weeks, when the hens were 24-64 weeks of age, except for the 2018-2019 batch of RIR, for which data collection was terminated at 58 weeks of age due to an infection (Table  1 ).
Traits Traits were calculated using the electronic nest records during the 40-week data collection period. Only hens that survived for at least half of the period were analyzed (Table  1 ). Egg production was defined as the laying rate in the nests (LRN): LRN, CN, MOT, and nest acceptance for laying (NAL) were calculated as described by  [18]. In short, LRN phenotypes were kept for hens with LRN ≥ 50%, since low LRN can be caused by a variety of factors (e. g. , preference for laying floor eggs, molting, repeated pauses) that make interpreting LRN more difficult. Phenotypes for CN were calculated as the number of pauses + 1. When a hen did not lay in a nest for a period of 1 to 4 days, she was either pausing or laying floor eggs. In such cases, the  difference between the 24-h time on the day of the last nest visit before such a period and the 24-h time on the day of the first visit after the period was calculated (i.