dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The modules in AwareKit, can be rotated, touched and connected [. ]". Grosse-Puppendahl et al. [54] , concerning the design of objects for blind users, say that "The first object we realized is a plastic card with braille text", adding that: "As the behavior of each object is very specific, we implemented context-sensitive audio hints for each object by shaking it". Also in TANGerINE  [65]  rich outputs are provided: "The result is stored, sent and translated in visual feedback by activating the LEDs as explained in our previous work. We implemented also a vibra-motor based layer to provide tactile feedback to the user. " Finally, Molyneaux and Gellersen  [70]  elicit typical rich interactions that users can perform with their projected interfaces: "Direct manipulation of object (e. g. shaking ); Manipulation of object morphology; Manipulation of physical interaction components".
Limitations of this Study Although the purpose of a systematic literature review is including in the analysis all relevant work in a specific field of research, we are aware that some relevant works could be missing from the selected papers. In order to limit the number of papers that could be excluded from the analysis, we conducted the queries for the selected keywords on full-text rather than just on meta-data or on the abstracts. We also included a query for smart-object, since the IoT keyword could be missing in nonrecent relevant work. Unfortunately, after completing the analysis, we realized that a relevant paper that we already cited from the generic literature review was missing. Indeed, this paper was not among the 81 papers retrieved through the queries, although it do include the internet of things and tangible interaction keywords.
Land surface models (LSMs), used within earth system models, rely on numerous processes for describing carbon, water and energy budgets, often associated with highly uncertain parameters. Data assimilation (DA) is a useful approach for optimising the most critical parameters in order to improve model accuracy and refine future climate predictions. In this study, we compare two different DA methods for optimising the parameters of seven plant functional types (PFTs) of the ORCHIDEE land surface model using daily averaged eddy-covariance observations of net ecosystem exchange and latent heat flux at 78 sites across the globe. We perform a technical investigation of two classes of minimisation methodslocal gradient-based (the L-BFGS-B algorithm) and global random search (the genetic algorithm)by evaluating their relative performance in terms of the model-data fit and the difference in retrieved parameter values.
Assimilated data: carbon and water fluxes We use eddy covariance measurements of net surface CO 2 fluxes (referred as NEE) and latent heat flux (LE) from the FLUXNET global network (La Thuile database,  Baldocchi, 2001). We selected 78 sites, representing 7 PFTs of ORCHIDEE (from the total number of 13) with the number of sites in each PFT varying from 2 (temperate evergreen broadleaf forests (TempEBF)) to 24 (C3 grasses) and the length of each observation record varying from 1 to 10 years. We only kept sites where the main PFT represents at least 70% of the footprint of the flux tower so that we could restrict the optimisation to the parameters of one PFT per site. We disregarded sites that had a large discrepancy with respect to the prior ORCHIDEE simulation (in terms of seasonal cycle) which suggests large model structural errors that prevent meaningful parameter optimisations.
Acknowledgements This work used eddy covariance data acquired by the  FLUXNET community  and in particular by the following networks:  AmeriFlux (U. S. Department of Energy, Biological and Environmental Research, Terrestrial Carbon Program  ( DE-FG02-04ER63917  and  DE-FG02-04ER63911 )),  AfriFlux ,  AsiaFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada  (supported by  CFCAS ,  NSERC ,  BIOCAP, Environment Canada, and NRCan), GreenGrass, KoFlux, LBA, NECC, OzFlux, TCOS-Siberia, USCCC. We acknowledge the financial support to the eddy covariance data harmonisation provided by  CarboEuropeIP ,  FAO-GTOS-TCO, iLEAPS ,  Max Planck Institute for iogeochemistry, National Science Foundation ,  University of Tuscia, Université Laval, Environment Canada  and  US Department of Energy  and the database development and technical support from  Berkeley Water Center ,  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Microsoft Research eScience ,  Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of California -Berkeley  and the  University of Virginia.
Code availability The ORCHIDEE model code and the run environment are open source and available at http://orchidee. ipsl. fr. The tangent linear version of the ORCHIDEE model has been generated using commercial software (TAF; http://www. fastopt. com/products/taf), thus only the -forward‖ version of the ORCHIDEE model is available for sharing. The Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. , https://doi. org/10. 5194/gmd-2018-160 Manuscript under review for journal Geosci. Model Dev. Discussion started: 30 July 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4. 0 License.
Assessing sustainable FNS in the EU An assessment of sustainable FNS in the EU starts with a solid concept and evidence-base consisting of metrics, data and an understanding of causal factors or driving forces that drive FNS outcomes. This consists of a framework of concepts and causal relationships (Step 1 of Pillar 1, Figure  1 ), metrics and tools by which we measure, assess and monitor these (Step 2 of Pillar 1), which culminate in a database for the quantitative assessment of sustainable FNS in the EU (Step 3 of Pillar 1).
Database for a quantitative assessment of sustainable FNS The results of the measurement, assessment and monitoring of FNS in the EU along its various dimensions and for the actors involved, and of the food system in total, are stored in a database containing data for metrics, drivers and outcomes of past and current sustainable FNS, which covers the sub-regional diversity of European diets and food systems. These are essentially the results of expost analyses. Projections and assessments over time are stored as well, and come from the ex-ante modelling of future sustainable FNS with the SUSFANS toolbox, which is the topic of the next section.
SUSFANS Toolbox The coupling of the improved modelling tools, integrating micro-level diet and health analyses with macro-level agricultural, trade and environmental impact analyses, allows SUSFANS to move beyond the state-of-the art and create an innovative toolbox capable of assessing sustainable FNS in the EU (Box 2). The SUSFANS toolbox operationalises data and knowledge exchange between the various models, which enlarges the understanding of the driving forces and critical processes underlying shortand long-term dynamics of European and global food systems. The toolbox provides outcomes on indicators (metrics) on sustainable FNS for scenarios in a mutually consistent and coherent manner so as to signal whether EU diets become more or less food and nutrition secure and/or sustainable in the short-, medium-and long-term (monitoring) for use in foresight and policy analysis, which is the topic of the next section.
fish), land use, environmental externalities, farms and trade in the medium-to long-term. CAPRI has a detailed geographic disaggregation covering an agricultural economic supply module at the EU sub-regional level (NUTS 2 level or farm level) linked to biophysical grid-level information  (Leip et al, 2008; Leip et al. 2011a). CAPRI is able to provide detailed EU agricultural information to GLOBIOM (K) and crop responses to climate change, water availability and demand to the MAGNET model (E), with MAGNET providing information on 14 agricultural inputs, prices and the wider economy to GLOBIOM (D). GLOBIOM and CAPRI provide agricultural prices and environmental impacts of agriculture to the SHARP model (H, I). In the middle of Box 2, and at the core of the SUSFANS project, the SHARP model delivers options for sustainable FNS diets in the EU by combining real-life individual-level food intake data with sustainability metrics from SUSFANS, using Multiple Integer Linear Programming.
Acknowledgements The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union 's  H2020 Programme  under Grant Agreement number  633692  (SUSFANS). The authors only are responsible for any omissions or deficiencies. We are grateful to all members of the  SUSFANS  project and to participants of the 1st meeting of the  SUSFANS Stakeholder Core Group (Prague ,  30 October 2015 ), the 2nd Conference on global food security (Ithaca,  11-14 October 2015 ) and the  EAAE seminar "Does Europe  need a food policy?"(The Hague, 30 November 2015) for useful comments and suggestions.
The method preserves mass, and approximates with spectral accuracy momentum and energy. Combining opportunely the FKS method with the fast spectral approach we have developed a method for solving the Boltzmann equation up to the six dimensional case for unsteady flows. In order to obtain such result we have constructed a parallel version of our algorithm taking advantages of Graphical-Processor-Unit (GPU) under CUDA language. The results presented in this work show that we are nowadays ready and able to use kinetic equations to simulate realistic multidimensional flows. Up to our knowledge this is one of the first examples in literature of solution of the full multidimensional Boltzmann equation by means of deterministic schemes. Our main limitation to run extensive simulations remains at the present moment the lack of memory capacity due to the use of shared memory machines.
This interaction step covers about 98% of the total cost of a 2D×2D simulation on a serial machine, see table 1. The situation is alike in the case of 3D×3D simulations, and, thus, results are not reported. From table 1 we deduce that the collision step is the part of the code which demands to be dealt with great attention if any gain in performance is expected. More precisely, if we give a closer look to the computational cost related to the computation of the collision term Q(f ) in one fixed spacial cell, the major cost (beyond 90%) is spent by the Fourier transform routines. In our implementation, the collision is performed without any communication with the local neighborhood. In other words, once the N values of the distribution functions f j,k , k = 1,. , N are stored then Q(f ) is computed locally.
We discuss now some aspects related to the parallelization strategy. The framework described is extremely well suited for parallelization. The strategy adopted is to divide the space domain in several subdomains because the interaction step, the most expensive one, does not demand any communication between spatial cells. Each cell can be therefore treated independently from the others. Then, the idea employed has been to use the OpenMP on shared memory systems and make each computational core responsible for a subset of a space mesh. This approach requires very little modification of a sequential code and gives strong scaling close to ideal as shown in  [24]  for the BGK case. A different possibility is to compute the collision kernel, and all the related Fast Fourier Transforms on a GPU. Even if, this involves substantial amount of slow communications between CPU and GPU, the computational complexity of this part is so large that the communication time does not play a fundamental role.
This approach requires more programming effort, compared to the OpenMP parallelization strategy as several routines have to be completely rewritten. In particular, the code has to be adapted to the Single Instruction, Multiple Threads (SIMT) parallel programming mode imposed by the GPU architecture. That is to say, parts of the code that can be run in parallel on large number of threads have to be identified and rewritten as so called CUDA kernels -functions that are executed multiple times in parallel by different CUDA threads. Moreover, the GPU-CPU memory data transfer has to be taken into account. The payoff is however higher and, at least for computations which does not require too large memory storage, this is probably the best choice. Unfortunately, when the number of points needed to perform a simulation grows in the case the Boltzmann operator is used, the above implementation strategies on shared memory systems are not sufficient any more.
Part 4. We test the SFKS method in the full three dimensional case in space and velocity for an unsteady test problem. The interaction of a flying object with the surrounding ambient gas is simulated. We compare the results obtained with the Boltzmann collisional operator with those given by a simpler # of points L 1 error L 2 error 8 2  6. 3 × 10 -3 3. 8 × 10 -3 16 2  5. 7 × 10 -4 2. 9 × 10 -4 32 2  6. 5 × 10 -5 7. 2 × 10 -5 BGK model. Moreover, we measure the cost of such a 3D×3D simulation in terms of CPU, cost per degree of freedom and scalability with respect to the number of cells. Some code profiling is also provided to measure the cost of the main components of the scheme. Finally, the ability of the whole numerical code to run on several parallel environments is tested: CPU (OpenMP, MPI) and GPU (CUDA) types of parallelism frameworks are considered.
The Open MP version of the code is run on 8 cores and the total CPU times on a laptop HP ZBook Intel Core i7-4940MX CPU @ 3. 10GHz×8 operated by Ubuntu 15. 10 64bits, are of the order CPU BGK 102s, and CPU Boltz 2008s. We split the code in several distinct and conceptually important parts which are denoted as Transport, ToConservative, ToPrimitive, and Collision. The first routine implements the transport phase, the last routine implement the collision phase, while the two routines in the middle reconstruct the conserved macroscopic and primitive variables from the kinetic distribution. These two routines are necessary for defining the Maxwellian distribution for performing the collision step in the BGK model, while they only serve to show the results for the Boltzmann model. Moreover, since the macroscopic quantities change only due to the transport phase, one can think to associate the cost of these routines to the transport part.
( 57 ) The results are shown for the temperature and the density in Figure  20  while the discrepancies between the two in Figure  21. From the analysis of such results it clearly emerge a difference in the profiles of the macroscopic quantities between the two models. We now analyze the performances. This test case was run on the EOS supercomputer at CALMIP, Toulouse France (https://www. calmip. univ-toulouse. fr/). The supercomputer is equipped with 612 computational nodes, each of them containing two Intel R Ivybridge 2. 8GHz 10 core CPUs and 64 GB of RAM. Each CPU is equipped with 25MB of cache memory. The code          was compiled with gcc-5. 3. 0 and executed on 90 computational nodes. That is to say, on 1800 computational cores in parallel. In the case of the Boltzmann collision operator the Fast Fourier Transforms were computed by means of the fftw library, version 3.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thanks  Professor Francis Filbet  from the  University of Toulouse III ,  Professor Rémi Abgrall  and  Dott. Tulin Kaman  from the  institute of mathematics in Zürich, Switzerland  for their suggestions and help. This work has been supported by the  Galileo  project  G14  ( Fast Asymptotic-Preserving  and semi-Lagrangian schemes for High Performance Computing : applications to plasmas) from the  Franco-Italian University  and by the  ANR  project  MOONRISE  (MOdels, Oscillations and NumeRIcal SchEmes, 2015-2019). Thomas Rey was partially funded by  Labex CEMPI  ( ANR-11-LABX-0007-01 ). This work was granted access to the HPC resources of CALMIP supercomputing center under the allocation  2016-P1542  and the authors acknowledge the help from CALMIP.
In designing an intervention, BCTs are chosen to match the specific behaviour change targeted, and the choice should promote the development of more effective and replicable interventions  [25]. According to the BCW, relevant functions must be selected, and then specific BCTs chosen to match them. Previous work in areas such as smoking  [28]  and excessive alcohol consumption  [29]  shows typically that a combination of BCTs is needed for each targeted behaviour change. It is currently unclear which BCTs would be relevant for promoting the use of a PtDA in the context of DS prenatal screening. However, the Delanoë study developed a rich database of information about pregnant women's intentions to use a PtDA for prenatal screening coded to the TDF domains. This database is an important source of evidence about potentially effective BCTs.
Studies suggest that parity may influence prenatal screening decisions  [39, 40]. Eligibility criteria included: a) age at least 18 years, b) not less than 16 weeks pregnant or having just given birth, c) having already decided about DS prenatal screening for the current pregnancy, and d) able to speak French. We excluded women who had participated in previous phases of the PEGASUS project related to SDM  [16, 33] , who presented a high-risk pregnancy (e. g. preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, multiple pregnancy), or whose delivery date was close to the data collection dates. An experienced research assistant and the first author (TTA) met pregnant women in waiting rooms at their prenatal care appointment and invited eligible women to participate in the study.
Participants suggested that the PtDA be included in the information package they receive during the first consultation. They did not see the need to state how long it would take to read the PtDA. Several participants said they typically read all the documents given them, however long, because they wanted to be as informed as possible about their pregnancy and their child's health. Many participants suggested that after receiving the PtDA, they would need a follow-up discussion with their health professional before making a decision. This was considered a strong motivator to reading the PtDA and would give the tool importance (Table  2 ). Category 3: Learning None of our participants felt they needed to be taught how to use the PtDA, or needed a demonstration. However, they said a demonstration would be useful if women had questions or particular needs (e.
A customized SWENSE solver is developed with the open source CFD package Open-FOAM. An improvement in accuracy and stability is observed in wave simulations compared with conventional two-phase VOF solvers. The horizontal force on a vertical cylinder in regular waves is also calculated. First results show a good agreement with the experiment on the first harmonic component. NOMENCLATURE u Velocity Field p Pressure Field α Volume of Fluid (VOF) Field χ Variables without subscript represent the total solution χ I Subscript I represents the incident wave solution χ C Subscript C represents the complementary solution.
The method is implemented in a two-phase solver based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method using the open-source CFD package OpenFOAM  [9]. The method is tested with two cases. The first concerns the propagation of regular waves in a 2D wave tank. The second test deals with the calculation of the wave forces on a vertical cylinder. The paper is organized as follows. In the first part, we introduce briefly the SWENSE method in its original single-phase form. The extension to two-phase solver is presented in detail in the second part and is followed by its implementation in Open-FOAM. Lastly, the two test cases are shown with discussions.
IMPLEMENTATION IN TWO-PHASE VOF SOLVER The proposed two-phase SWENSE method is implemented in a two-phase VOF solver using the open-source CFD package OpenFOAM. OpenFOAM uses finite volume method with unstructured polyhedral meshes. Its native solver for incompressible twophase flow, interFoam, adopts VOF method and MULES algorithm to keep the boundedness of VOF field and the sharpness of the interface. The PIMPLE algorithm is used to obtain converged results of the velocity-pressure-VOF coupling at each time step. Based on this solver, various software packages for water wave modeling have been developed by the community of Open-FOAM, including waves2Foam  [10] , foamStar  [11] , etc. These packages use interFoam as the core solver and extend it with various wave theories and methods to generate and absorb waves at the inlet and outlet of the computational domain.
Results and Discussion The time history of the horizontal force on the cylinder is firstly recorded and analyzed by the moving window harmonic analysis. The amplitude of the first harmonic component is extracted and compared with the experimental data  [16]  in Fig. 7. The non-dimensional first harmonic amplitude is defined as follows. F ′ 1 = F 1 ρgR 3 • ( R A ) (25) The first order amplitudes at steady state are extracted. The In terms of the accuracy, the results show a good agreement with the experimental data. The relative differences compared with the experimental data are -2. 71%, -0. 48% and 0. 64% for the coarsest to the finest resolution. Regarding the efficiency, the necessary number of cells is relatively small compared with conventional two-phase VOF solvers  [11]  where the recommended mesh is Cartesian with at least 60 cells per wave length  [17].
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work has been performed in the framework of the  Chaire Hydrodynamique et Structure Marines CENTRALE NANTES -BUREAU VERITAS. The authors acknowledge  Mr. YoungMyung Choi  from  Ecole Centrale de Nantes  and  Dr. Vuko Vukcević  from  University of Zagreb  for their help with the post-processing of the test cases' results. The first author acknowledges the financial support of  China Scholarship Council (CSC)  for his PhD study.
In the framework of the Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) project, the tropospheric chemical composition in large cities along the Gulf of Guinea is studied using the Weather and Research Forecast and CHIMERE regional models. Simulations are performed for the May-July 2014 period, without and with biomass burning emissions. Model results are compared to satellite data and surface measurements. Using numerical tracer release experiments, it is shown that the biomass burning emissions in Central Africa are impacting the surface aerosol and gaseous species concentrations in Gulf of Guinea cities such as Lagos (Nigeria) and Abidjan (Ivory Coast). Depending on the altitude of the injection of these emissions, the pollutants follow different pathways: directly along the coast or over land towards the Sahel before being vertically mixed in the convective boundary layer and transported to the south-west and over the cities.
Observations Data from very different sources were used to conduct this study. They were obtained from space-borne platforms and ground-based stations. Satellite data provide information on the horizontal and vertical distributions and therefore on the long-range transport. Other measurements are available at specific locations, such as the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and surface concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 µm (PM 10 ). If the AOD measurements may be relative to any kind of aerosol source, the PM 10 values are here related to measurements taken close to mineral dust sources only and are thus presented in the Appendix. Also note that for chemistry, there is a lack of in situ surface measurements for this region and during the studied period.