dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
They are shown on Figure  1. During this time interval, the spacecraft travelled from 50. 4 R to 35. 6 R , with the spacecraft perihelion on April 5, 10:40 UT at 35. 6 R. We used the time provided by the plasma QTN spectrum measured by RFS/FIELDS (electron densities and temperatures  (Moncuquet et al. 2020 ) as a reference (most of the time, QTN data are provided every 7 seconds). We interpolated the magnetic field (FIELDS) and proton (SCP) data, all averaged on 1 second intervals, to the QTN time using the closest value approach. We manually selected time intervals with no magnetic field switchbacks, based on the selection of long-enough time intervals (i. e. more than 30 minutes) without strong variation of the radial component of the magnetic field. These intervals were determined by visual inspection of the magnetic field data.
For this to be noted, animal health authorities must be aware of the epidemiologic distribution of the diseases circulating in the country and the region. This includes information on the temporal, geographic and host distribution of pathogens and toxins as well as their characteristics such as antigenic variants and genetic sequencing (29,30,32). However, countries may not have enough resources to regularly collect data on all animal pathogens and toxins. A commonly used method to prioritize efforts is to focus on a list of pathogens and toxins of concern for agro-terrorism and agro-crime based on the country's context and threat landscape that is regularly reviewed and updated. Examples include the List of Select Agents and Toxins of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Australia Group Common Control List of Human and Animal Pathogens and Toxins (36,37).
Acknowledgments We thank all experts who dedicated their time to review the  SET Biothreat Detection Module  shared their expertise with authors to ensure the development of a quality tool, namely  Alessandro Ripani ,  Armin Elbers ,  Fee Zimmermann ,  Gary Flory ,  Gary Vroegindewey ,  Jacqueline Soares ,  Julie Sinclair ,  Julio Gouvea Carvalho ,  Mirza Qakhon Hatoqay ,  Rickard Knutsson ,  Sean Shadomy ,  Steve Papagiotas  and  Zalini Yunis. We also thank in advance our FAO, OIE and INTERPOL eld colleagues and the national animal health and law enforcement counterparts of the bene ciary countries and regions who will support us in the piloting and implementation of the  SET Biothreat Detection Module. We would like to give special thanks to colleagues in the FAO Regional O ce for the Near East and  North Africa  without whom the piloting of the module would not be possible.
Code availability. The SHERPA interface developed by the European Commission (EC-JRC) is available at https://aqm. jrc. ec. europa. eu/sherpa. aspx (last access: 24 November 2021), and its code is available at https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 5770956 (Pisoni, 2021a). The EMEP code developed by Met. No is available at https://github. com/metno/emep-ctm (Met. No, 2021). Data availability. The PM 2. 5 atlas data for 150 cities, produced by the European Commission (EC-JRC), are available at https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 5770975 (Pisoni, 2021b). Author contributions. PT developed the methodological aspects and wrote most of the text. AC contributed to the methodological aspects and contributed to the writing on this. EP and AdM prepared data, including specific simulations, and contributed to the text.
We have considered a multilayered system consisting of 30×30×30 fcc cells with periodic boundary conditions. We assumed that there are no size differences between RE and TM atoms. Only exchange with the 12 nearest neighbors is taken into account. A schematic of the atom distribution is shown in Fig. S1  in the Supplementary data file. The local uniaxial anisotropy, the effective magnetic moment of Co and Tb sub-lattices and the interatomic exchange interactions values were taken from Moreno et al. , which reports atomistic calculation of TIMS in Tb x Co 1-x alloys. The values of various parameters are listed in Table  1. The magnetic moment as well as the intra-lattice exchange correspond to the bulk value of pure Co respectively Tb. Normally, it is expected that these parameters are sample dependent since the precise composition (number of multilayers, defects), the nature of the substrate, material deposition technique as well as annealing condition may influence the precise arrangement of magnetic moments in the lattice.
The test data corresponds to the rest of the welded joint, and has been obtained by a third tomography. Accordingly, the data in the two sets are not randomly drawn from a collection of defects, but instead are obtained from different sources, as would be expected in industrial applications. Our results are shown in Fig. (7)  for the Grassman distance as well as the two shape distances. The points cloud representation in three dimensions is obtained by multidimensional scaling  [60]. Partly-overlapping clusters on this representation may actually be separated when additional dimensions are considered. In this view with reduced dimension, the data form a continuous cloud of points. The medoids (right) exhibit spherical, oblate and non-convex shapes. The amount of information contained in the multidimensional scaling is plotted as a function of the dimension in Fig.
Cases will be enrolled to this study after informed consent has been obtained. Pseudonymized data will be collected using a standardized clinical research form (CRF), consisting of demographic, clinical and laboratory data. Samples will be screened for EV and/or PeV RNA with the PCR method already routinely performed in participating laboratories. Ideally, the method should have been evaluated through an external quality assessment program, such as the RNA transcript controls program described above  [28]. EV-and PeV-positive samples will be genotyped either in the participating laboratories or at the corresponding reference laboratory. However, EV and PeV typing is also possible via another ENPEN laboratory if required. The overall incidence of EV and PeV infections will be calculated for participating sites, countries and the whole region; similarly, the specific incidences will also be calculated for certain EV and PeV types (i.
e. , for the most frequent genotypes and for genotypes related to more severe outcomes). Risk factors of disease severity and complications by EV and PeV subtype will also be assessed. Data on EV and PeV type and sequence will also be collected for molecular epidemiology purposes. Collated scientific data will be published and used by the professional and scientific community as evidence-based information to support the development of guidelines for case management, laboratory diagnostics, surveillance and other public health recommendations in Europe and beyond.
Data collection Study site information includes denominator data for population size covered by study site, number of patients overall and with neurological infections by study site and over study period. Laboratory information includes data on methodology used. Patient information including demographics, clinical and virological information. All data will be collected on standardized forms and in anonymized format. Data collection consists of 3 parts: (1) participation form will be collected at the start of the study, (2) clinical research form will be collected after the initial investigations, and 3 and 6 months after diagnosis and (3) aggregated data on number of individuals attending hospital and tested for EV. All data will be collected on standardized forms and in anonymized format.
e. , asthma or COPD), or influenza-like illness or severe acute respiratory infection based on currently used definitions at participating sites. In order to fulfil the case definition for EV respiratory infection, EV has to be detected in a respiratory tract specimen. Data on co-infections will be collected as available. Incidence will be calculated by geographical parameters (site/country/region), by age groups and by gender. Incidence rates will be estimated based on detected cases of the EV subtypes per time period divided by the size of the population at risk. Additional data with regard to EV-D68, an enterovirus associated with acute flaccid myelitis in recent years, will be collected through a questionnaire follow-up at 3 and 6 months post-infection, in order to determine the longer-term consequences of this infection.
All data will be collected on standardized forms and in anonymized format. Incidence will be calculated overall (EV or PeV detected from all cases with neurological syndromes), for separate EV and PeV type-associated neurological syndromes (meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, sepsis-like syndrome, AFP and AFM) and stratified by demographic (age, gender) and geographical determinants. Additional objectives of the study are (1) to describe risk factors and conditions associated with neurological EV and PeV infections, (2) to identify unfavourable outcomes of these infections, (3) to describe the seasonal and geographical distribution of EVs and PeVs involved in neurological syndromes and (4) to collect data for estimation of the economic burden of neurological EV and PeV infections due to hospitalization and clinical management of severe EV/PeV-associated CNS diseases.
The recent emergence of EV-A71 and CVA6 associated with an upsurge of severe neurological conditions and with (atypical) HFMD outbreaks in Europe justifies closer monitoring of this disease. The HFMD study will focus on children < 16 years old presenting with HFMD (Table  1 ). HMFD is defined by papular or vesicular rash in at least two of the following sites: palms, soles, buttocks, elbows/knees (external part), oral (or perioral) mucosa. Atypical HFMD will be defined as HFMD associated with papular or vesicular eruption on other sites. Neurological complications of HFMD will be defined as occurrence of clinical signs of central nervous system involvement (WHO guidelines)  [30]. An estimation of the incidence will be calculated by participating centers by comparison of numerator data (HFMDpresenting children per month) to denominator data (total number of children attending per month/residing in the hospital catchment area).
Ethical Considerations and Data Collection Tools Local hospitals or other relevant ethics committees need to be informed of this study, and according to country-specific advice, either verbal or written consent needs to be obtained from each participant. Each participant will be provided with an information leaflet which describes the benefits of their participation. Data will be collected in an anonymized format, and only aggregated data will be shared between countries. Each participating site should be able to demonstrate that they are compliant with the general data protection regulations (GDPR). Discussions are still pending regarding the data collection tool most adapted to the sharing of both clinical and sequence data and suitable to assess the compliance with GDPR rules. This section may be divided by subheadings.
Two years later, a third of European countries were known to routinely screen for this infection. Identification of EV-D68-associated severe neurological infections (i. e. , AFM) is currently also challenging as only eight European countries are known to perform acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance  [11]. In general, these infections are underreported, although EV-D68 is known to circulate in Europe. Active case findings led to the identification of 29 AFM cases in Europe in 2016  [22] , whereas an EV-D68 task force established in Wales identified over 40 severe infections in Wales alone  [36]. As the ENPEN surveillance strands will be linked, data on the progression of respiratory infection to severe neurological infection, such as AFM, can be collected. Similarly, HFMD surveillance has been established only in one European country thus far  [11, 17].
Discussion and conclusion During the ageing process electromagnetic properties of human tissues vary influencing electromagnetic power absorption and resulting heating in the human body. Previous studies investigated the effect of age at lower microwave frequencies (up to 5. 6 GHz), demonstrating that the exposure levels in children can exceed those in adults  14, 16, 17. In this study, we used measured anatomical data available in the literature to model the impact of age variations on the dissipated power and resulting heating at 26 GHz and 60 GHz, frequencies upcoming for 5G and future generations of wireless communication systems. Fundamental electromagnetic and thermal quantities, such as the power transmission coefficient, the absorbed/epithelial power density, the peak SAR, and the temperature elevation were analytically calculated and numerically computed using a multilayer model of near surface biological tissues.
Clues from Recent Population Studies Two recent observational results have shed new light on the question of the nature of sub-Neptune exoplanets. The first is the identification of a drop in the frequency of planets between 1. 5 and 2. 0 R ⊕ in the planet radius distribution using data from the Kepler mission -see Figure  2   (Fulton et al. , 2017; Fulton & Petigura, 2018; Van Eylen et al. , 2018). Kepler used the transit technique to discover thousands of planets smaller than Neptune around Sun-like stars, thus enabling the first precise statistics of the frequency of close-in planets down to the size of the Earth. The primary observable from the transit technique is the ratio of the planet and host star radii (although note that the stellar density can also be constrained directly from transit data;  Seager & Mallén-Ornelas, 2003) , thus knowledge of the host star properties are needed to convert Kepler's measured transit depths into planetary radii.
Acknowledgments The data underling the previously published figures (Figures 1, 2, 4, 5, & 8) are available in the corresponding publications. A comprehensive database of exoplanet parameters can be found at the  NASA Exoplanet Archive  (https://exoplanetarchive. ipac. caltech. edu). Data from this archive was used to create Figure 6. JLB acknowledges generous support over the years from  NASA , the  NSF , the  David and Lucile Packard Foundation , the  Heising-Simons Foundation , and the  Sloan Foundation. SNR thanks the  PNP program  of the CNRS as well as the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  for funding of many of the ideas presented here (grant  ANR-13-BS05-0003-002 ) and is grateful to all his colleagues involved in the  MOJO  project. JEO is supported by a  Royal Society University Research Fellowship  and a 2019  ERC starting grant  ( PE-VAP ).
A crosssectional view of the region of the target showing the moderators, inner shielding and beam extraction openings is shown in figure  10. The HIBEAM experiment will use the upper moderator. By the time the experiment starts, it is expected that the Mark II moderator ('butterfly-1'), optimized for maximum cold brightness to all the instruments, will be in place. This moderator's main characteristic is its reduced height (3 cm) compared to its lateral dimensions (∼24 cm), which was found to deliver maximum brightness to the sample areas across the instrument suite  [183, 184]. A design study, termed HighNESS, has just began for a new cold neutron source and associated instruments at the ESS, including NNBAR. This is funded as a Research and Innovation Action within the EU Horizon 2020 program under Grant Agreement 951782  [185, 186].
The energy of the reaction products do not provide any useful information about the originating neutron, therefore only the number of neutrons detected would be recorded in the data stream. The use of coincidence criteria with neighboring detector cells will also be investigated, to avoid double counting when nuclear fragments leak into neighboring cells. If the individual counting of neutrons is not necessary, an integration of the released charge in the detector material gives a measurement proportional to the number of incoming neutrons. After proper calibration, such current integration is less sensitive to the actual rate of neutrons. It should also be mentioned that, in view of the shortage of 3 He, much R & D is done for scattering experiments on other methods for cold neutron detection.
Triggering. A trigger to catch energy deposits of more than 67. 5 MeV for one of the gammas from a neutral pion decay is straightforward to implement in hardware as a signal threshold that will catch 90% of the annihilations. If taken in anticoincidence with the CR shield, the trigger should be easy to handle by modern data acquisition systems. With modern computational approaches and powerful signal processing on the detector, online data reduction can be powerful enough to take data without hardware triggering, as with the upgrade of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. In addition to a trigger on electromagnetic energy in the calorimeter, a track trigger can be implemented with the timing detectors (plastic scintillators or RPC) as described above. The lack of a point defined by a known collision vertex makes it necessary to allow large directional freedom in the track matching of the track trigger.
For this comparison, updated brightness data was considered, indicating that the cold brightness of the ILL moderators is about three times larger than the official data  [198]. Even with this correction, it was found that an optimized ESS lower moderator together with the upper 'butterfly' moderator would deliver a higher intensity, larger than the HCS used for the ILL search. The expected gain is due to several factors, including an optimal beam extraction (aiming at viewing the full surface of the moderator) and an optimization of the moderator specifically for the NNBAR experiment.
Acknowledgments D Milstead  gratefully acknowledges support from the  Swedish Research Council. The work of  Z Berezhiani  is supported in part by  CETEMPs  at the  University di L'Aquila. The work of  Y Kamyshkov  was supported in part by  US DOE  Grant  DE-SC0014558. The work of  S Girmohanta  and  R Shrock  is supported in part by  US NSF  Grant  NSF-PHY-1915093. The work of  L Varriano  is supported by a  US National Science Foundation (NSF)   Graduate Research Fellowship  under Grant No. DGE-1746045. B Kerbikov  is supported by  RSF  Grant  16-12-10414. Rabrindra Mohapatra  gratefully acknowledges support from the  NSF  via the Grant:  PHY-1914631. B Kopeliovich  and  I Potashnikova  acknowledge Grants  ANID-Chile FONDECYT 1170319 , and  ANID PIA/APOYO AFB180002. A Young  is supported by the  NSF  Grant  PHY-1914133  and the  DOE  Grant  DE-FG02-ER41042.
W M Snow  acknowledges support from  US National Science Foundation  Grant  PHY-1914405  and the  Indiana University Center for Spacetime Symmetries. J L Barrow 's work was supported by the  US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists, Office of Science Graduate Student Research (SCGSR) program. The SCGSR program is administered by the  Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education for the DOE  under Contract No. DESC0014664. J L Barrow  was also partially supported in part by the  Visiting Scholars Award Program  of the  Universities Research Association. The work of  P S B Dev  is supported in part by the  US Department of Energy  under Grant No. DE-SC0017987 , by the  Neutrino Theory Network Program  Grant No. DE-AC02-07CHI11359 , and by a  Fermilab Intensity Frontier Fellowship.
Duality of Interest. J. -L. C. reports investigatordriven grants from Bioprojet Pharma, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics outside the submitted work. J. -C. L. has received speaking fees and honoraria from Roche. M. C. has received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi, and Astra-Zeneca and speaker honoraria from Sanofi. In the last 5 years, F. G. received for his institution fees from Portola Pharmaceuticals for central reading of ultrasound records, Neurochlore for Data and Safety Monitoring Board coordination, EryTech Pharma for modeling projects from RCTs, and Stève Consultants for exploring the French social security database. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported. Author Contributions. G. G. and S. Me. performed the literature search.
Study Population 5] [16] [17]  The design of the individual patient data meta-analysis has been described in detail elsewhere. 18 Briefly, we performed a literature search to identify trials that randomized antiplatelet therapy in the subacute or chronic phase after a noncardioembolic TIA or stroke. Details of studies included in the IPD metaanalysis (recruitment period, details of antiplatelet regimens, inclusion criteria, sample size) are presented in Table  1. For the current analysis, we excluded patients with a possible cardioembolic origin of their stroke (patients with a history of atrial fibrillation or TOAST [Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment] classification of cardioembolic stroke) and patients randomized to dipyridamole only or placebo. Patients were followed up at regular intervals according to the trial protocols.
Median followup ranged from 1. 4 to 3. 5 years. The trials were approved by the ethics committee or institutional review board at each participating center and all patients gave written informed consent. The outcome of interest for benefit of antiplatelet treatment was a recurrent ischemic event, defined as a recurrent ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death from nonhemorrhagic cause. For evaluating harms of antiplatelet treatment we focused on major bleeding. Trial specific definitions for major bleeding were used (Table  I  in the Data Supplement). Major bleeds included bleeds that were fatal, intracranial, significantly disabling, or requiring hospital admission. Hemorrhagic strokes were counted as major bleedings, not as recurrent strokes. Hemorrhagic transformations of ischemic strokes were counted as ischemic strokes.
Statistical Analysis We calculated predicted risk of major bleeding for each patient with the S 2 TOP-BLEED score. 19 This score comprises ten variables (age, sex, smoking, modified Rankin Scale score, hypertension, diabetes, prior stroke, Asian ethnicity, BMI, and type of antiplatelet treatment; Table  II  in the Data Supplement) and was derived from the same individual patient data. External validation of the score in a trial cohort and population based cohort confirmed the robustness of the model. 19, 20 Seven thousand nine hundred thirty-one patients (18%) had missing values on one of the items of the S 2 TOP-BLEED score, almost entirely due to the fact that 2 variables (modified Rankin Scale score and body mass index) were not measured in one trial each. For the development of the score, multiple imputation was performed.
For the current analysis, we used a single imputed dataset. In the present study, we did not assign points for type of antiplatelet treatment as we were interested in the effect of this treatment. We investigated benefits and risks of antiplatelet treatment for 4 different scenarios that we considered most relevant for clinical practice: (1) aspirin monotherapy, (2) enhanced dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin-clopidogrel) versus monotherapy to assess if a specific subgroup might benefit from long-term dual therapy, (3) aspirin-dipyridamole versus clopidogrel, and (4) aspirin versus clopidogrel, to assess whether there is a preference for one of these guideline recommended treatments depending on the absolute bleeding risk.