dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Moreover, a similar amount of ultrasonic vocalizations was recorded in the three cage types. This absence of difference in the amount of vocalizations detected suggests that even in the largest cages (square and round cages), where the microphone has to cover a large surface, the level of detection of ultrasonic vocalizations is not different from the smallest cage (rectangle cage). This indication of the recording surface of the ultrasonic microphone used will be helpful to design new recording cages for 24 h continuous recordings in complex environments, including more than two individuals. Such environments will have a more ethological design, more similar to burrows and tunnels, to allow a complete expression of the natural behavioral repertoire of mice  [28]. Continuous recordings using synchronized advanced technologies (RFID tracking, triangulation for audio recordings, 3D video recordings) will allow to gather data about spontaneous social communication in groups of mice, during daylight (presumably very reduced) and during nighttime (presumably much more complex than in the artificial classical laboratory settings).
This work was supported by the  Fondation de France ; by the  ANR FLEXNEURIM  [ ANR09BLAN034003 ]; by the  ANR  [ ANR-08-MNPS-037-01-SynGen ]; by  Neuron-ERANET (EUHF-AUTISM) ; by the  Fondation Orange ; by the  Fondation FondaMentale ; by the  Fondation Bettencourt-Schueller. The research leading to these results has also received support from the  Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking  under grant agreement no. 115300 , resources of which are composed of financial contribution from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013 ) and EFPIA companies' in kind contribution. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. partly funded by the  EFPIA  companies.
Search strategy A systematic literature search was conducted in five electronic databases (Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL with full text, PsycINFO and Web of Science) to detect studies investigating determinants of SB in youth (<18 year old) published between January 2000 and May 2014. The search strategy was based on four key elements (see Additional file 1): (a) SB and its synonyms (e. g. sedentariness); (b) determinants and its synonyms (e. g. correlates, factors); (c) types of SB (e. g. TV viewing, gaming); and (d) possible determinants of SB (e. g. environmental, behavioural). Terms referring to these four elements were used as MESH-headings and title or abstract words in all databases. The initial search was performed by one researcher (GOD) familiar with the principles of systematic reviewing and searching bibliographic databases for this purpose.
Details of the search strategy are shown in Additional file 1. After running the search strategy in each database, duplicates were identified and removed. Two independent reviewers (AS and SDL) screened studies by title and abstract to determine their eligibility for inclusion. In case of disagreement, a third reviewer (AK) was asked to reach a decision. Full texts were divided equally and screened by one of two researchers (AS and SDL). In addition, other experts in this research area were contacted to identify additional relevant determinant studies (e. g. articles from the author group working on determinants of SB in adults which appeared to belong to the children's results) and backward reference tracking was undertaken for the included articles (MDC). Articles obtained this way were subjected to the same selection process as the articles found initially.
Results The database search resulted in the selection of 2323 articles. Furthermore, 327 extra articles were received from the literature search of the other age groups which were wrongly classified. Three extra articles were added from personal bibliographies. Of these 2654 articles, 343 duplicates were removed. Title and abstract screening of the remaining 2311 articles were screened and resulted in the full texts screening of 393 articles. From these, 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. Backward reference tracking of these 30 studies resulted in the selection of 26 more articles of which seven were included. In total, the review comprises 37 articles (see flow chart in Fig. 1 ). In Table  2 , an overview of the included studies is presented.
Acknowledgments The preparation of this paper was supported by the  DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity (DEDIPAC)  knowledge hub. This work is supported by the  Joint Programming Initiative 'Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life'. The funding agencies supporting this work are (on alphabetical order of participating Member State):  Belgium: Research Foundation -Flanders ; France:  Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) ;  Germany: Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) ; Ireland: The  Health Research Board (HRB) ; The United Kingdom: The  Medical Research Council (MRC). Sara De Lepeleere  is a recipient of a PhD-scholarship from the  Flemish Agency for Care and Health  ( B/12732/01 ) and is supported by the  Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)  ( FWO14/ASP/066 ). Marieke De Craemer  is supported by the  Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)  ( FWO.
Procedure and Participants Data were collected by means of paper and pencil questionnaires. Informed consent was obtained from each subject of the research. Ethics committees of both an Italian and a Spanish university approved the study. In Italy, data were collected between September 2009 and February 2011 in eight medium/small-size organizations, comprising 13 different workplaces as part of a study exploring risk factors of negative acts at work. In each organization, participation was voluntary and confidential. Respondents were instructed to post the questionnaires in a blank envelope in a box at the organization's Human Resources department or the Occupational Health service. It was agreed with the organizations that no demographic data (except gender) would be collected in order to encourage participation and honesty.
As such, 1,500 questionnaires were distributed and 1,151 were returned (response rate 77%). Most participants were men (52. 2% vs. 47. 8% women). In Spain, the procedure was the same as in Italy. Data were collected between September 2009 and November 2010 in three large/medium-size organizations, comprising 15 different workplaces located in the Andalusia region in Spain. Response rates in all participating organizations yielded 70% and higher. Thus, 705 questionnaires could be used for this study. The majority of the respondents were men (63. 1% vs. 36. 9% women).
Finally, we theorized that the relationship between exposure to bullying behaviors and psychological well-being is mediated by job satisfaction, and this simple mediation model is moderated by the country (moderated mediation). In order to investigate the moderated mediation proposed, we used the PROCESS macro for SPSS  (Hayes, 2012). This macro allows simultaneous testing of complete models that integrate mediation and moderation to examine the conditional nature of indirect effects, as scholars recommend (e. g. ,  Edwards and Lambert, 2007; Preacher et al. , 2007). This approach also implies a bootstrap procedure for estimating indirect effects, which resamples the data multiple times and calculates the statistic of interest. A 95% confidence interval is next created through the bias-corrected percentile method, to test the significance of indirect effects and their difference.
Summary of findings Our results on the encoding and decoding of focus structures in German show the existence of interacting speaker-and listener-specific strategies� Specifically, (i) There is variation among speakers with respect to how phonetic cues are used to encode focus structures, both in terms of robustness (i� e� how many cues are employed) and partitioning (i� e� how many contrasts are expressed by a single cue); cf� 3�1�, Table  1�  (ii) Such variation makes the productions of some speakers more intelligible overall than the productions of other speakers; cf� 3�2�, Figure  6�  (iii) Listeners vary with respect to how reliable they are in correctly identifying focus structures as intended by speakers; cf� 3�2�, Figure  7�  (iv) On top of the overall trends in (ii) and (iii), we document an interaction between individual-specific strategies in production and perception� The same speaker can be more intelligible than average for one particular listener and less intelligible than average for another particular listener; cf� 3�3�, Figure  8�  Since subjects do not serve as both speakers and listeners in our dataset, we could not directly verify the hypothesis of a link between accuracy in production and precision in perception, as tested for example by Perkell et al� (2004a,b)� However, the result (iv) above seems to question the 2 As stated above (2�2�), subjects participating to the perception task reported normal hearing� A thorough exploration of listener-specific patterns would require ruling out hearing problems through audiometric tests� This was not possible for this study, since the materials used here were collected for independent studies, and subjects were not available for further testing� We could however perform a full audiometric test (using an Amplaid 200 audiometer) on a single listener involved in one of the crucial interactions discussed above (listener JK), and observed normal hearing for all frequency bands (i� e�, no hearing loss above the 15 dB threshold)� possibility of understanding accuracy (of production and perception) in absolute terms that is observing speakers or listeners individually, outside their dyadic interactions�.
Lack on commonly accepted approaches or techniques In addition to the difficulty related to speech not being a true (well-defined) biometric feature, there is a clear lack of scientifically accepted knowledge, approaches or techniques in the field of forensic speaker recognition� This is a consequence of the nature of the material studied -human language mediated through speech� As explained in the previous paragraph, the large number of open variables creates a real and complex difficulty in experimental assessment� Gathering experimental confirmation from a sample database with specific conditions will not allow the scientist to generalize the results to other conditions� Most often, the researchers will have to propose new hypotheses and do the experiments again with other conditions� The lack of commonly accepted methods in forensic speaker recognition is linked to this variability, as well as to the involvement of multiple scientific areas such as acoustic phonetics, signal processing, phonology and other linguistic disciplines�.
The speaker-specific information used by automatic speaker recognition systems Results for the experiment in  Kahn et al�( 2010)  are summarized in Figure 3� They show that it is not straightforward to know what information is used by automatic speaker recognition systems, even if the evaluated performances of these systems are high� Some other research work emphasizes this question� In  Matrouf et al� (2006)  and  Bonastre et al� (2007)  an artificial transformation 14 of the voice was proposed in order to spoof a speaker recognition system: after the voice transformation, the system should recognize an impostor's voice as coming from a targeted speaker� Note that only the automatic system was targeted in this spoofing experiment, not a human listener� In addition, the voice transformation should not be detected by a human listener� The targeted speaker was only described by a short speech sample of his/her voice (less than 2 minutes of speech), taken outside the evaluation dataset� The transformation was applied onto all the impostor trials of NIST SRE 2006 (restricted to the male trials)� Table  1  reports the results of this experiment: the false alarm rate increases from 0�8% to 49�72%� The ability of this non-audible transparent transformation technique to disrupt the speaker recognition system clearly questions the nature of the information used by the system� Several researchers  (Perrot et al�, 2007; Zhang and Tan, 2008; Alegre et al�, 2012; Wu et al�, 2012; Evans et al�, 2014)  have done similar experiments and explored other spoofing attacks (and countermeasures), with similar comments and conclusions  (Matrouf et al�, 2006; Bonastre et al�, 2007) �.
Acknowledgements The work of the first author is funded by the  German Research Foundation Excellence Initiative at the University of Cologne  (Emerging Group: Dynamic Structuring in Language and Communication)� We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and  Roger Mundry  ( Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig ) for support with the statistical analysis of speaker-listener interaction� Earlier versions of this study received useful feedback at the 4 th Summer School on Speech Production and Perception -Speaker-specific behaviour (Aixen-Provence, October 2013) and at the 14 th  Conference on Laboratory Phonology (Tachikawa, July 2014 )�.
Acknowledgements Earlier version of this work was presented at the 4 th International Summer School 2013 on Speech Production and Perception:  Speaker-Specific Behavior , the 27 th Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing (2014, Columbus,  Ohio, USA) , the 38 th Annual Penn Linguistics Conference in 2014, and the 36 th Annual Meeting of the  Cognitive Science Society  ( 2014 ,  Quebec City, Quebec, Canada )� We thank the audience members for their valuable comments and suggestions� Thanks also go to the  USC Language Processing Lab group  for feedback during the development of this project� Last but not least, we thank the editors of this book and three anonymous reviewers, whose comments and suggestions greatly enhanced this chapter�.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)  ( 01UG0711 ) and two  German Research Council Grants  ( SI 743/6-1,2 ) awarded to Adrian Simpson� I am grateful to the  Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS) in Berlin particularly  for its financial support regarding the publication of the loop paper, to  Jörg Dreyer  for technical support with the twin recordings, to the  Dept� of Linguistics, University of Potsdam  and  Adamantios Gafos ,  Christian Geng  and  Jana Brunner  for help with the gender recordings� Many thanks to the two reviewers of this chapter, the editors of this book, and of course the participating subjects� Thanks also to my marvelous co-authors involved in these studies  Leonardo Lancia ,  Jana Brunner ,  Susanne Fuchs  and  Adrian Simpson� All  mistakes are my own�.
Recording Apparatus Motion capture of the whole body kinematics has been realized through a VICON system (VICON Motion Systems Inc. , Los Angeles, 13 cameras, 120 Hz). Participants wore a tight black suit allowing to stick the VICON markers as close to the participant's body as needed. The 43 markers were placed according to the "Plug-in Gait" model of the VICON system (VICON, V-1. 7). To approximate the position of the head, four additional markers were located over the right and left temples on the back and at the front of the head. The positions of the markers were recorded, reconstructed, and labeled using VICON iQ software. The recording of eye movements has been performed thanks to a head-mounted video eye-tracker (Mocaplab, Paris, 50 Hz). The camera was located under the participant's right eye, but not obscuring a too important part of the participant's field of vision (Figure  1A ).
Data Analysis Data analysis has been performed with Matlab © (Mathworks, Natick, US-MA). Statistical analyzes have been carried out with Matlab © and Statistica © (StatSoft, Tulsa, US-OK). We defined the beginning and the end of the trajectories with a speed threshold and a number-of-steps criterion: if the pelvis speed was less than 0. 1 m/s, the participant was considered stopped; if the detected trial comprised less than five steps, it was rejected. The detected start and stop times have been further checked manually.
, 2002; Meulemans & Seron, 2004 , Seron & Van der Linden, 2000). In order to the lack of available tools for operationally evaluating daily memory compensation,  Dixon, de Frias and Bäckman (2001)  developed a reliable and comprehensive self-report tool to collect information on the nature and the extent of memory compensation use. Two advantages of the MCQ are that it includes questions that are specific to everydaylife memory-related behaviors and that memory compensation is measured as a multifaceted construct through multiple understandable questions pertaining to related but separate domains of the construct. Thus, in this paper, we establish a French version of the MCQ and evaluate its psychometric properties in a lifespan perspective. Indeed, no French translation and normative data currently exist for the MCQ while English-, Dutch-and Spanish versions are available for clinical practice and research dealing with aging.
Those covariates define contexts in which compensation may or not occur  (Dixon et al. , 2008; Garrett et al. , 2010). For that reason, we studied in this work the influence of perceived stress, anxiety and locus of control as factors that may influence compensation perception. In summary, the main goals of the present study are to (a) establish a French version of the MCQ and to evaluate its psychometric properties (i. e. , construct validity and reliability), and (b) to establish demographically-corrected French normative data in a life span perspective. Previous works have shown that demographic (and other) variables affected several of the MCQ scale scores  (de Frias et al. , 2003; Dixon & de Frias, 2007 , Van der Elst et al. , 2011). Thus, we also evaluated the effects of age, gender, and level of education on the scale scores of the French version of the MCQ, so that the normative data could be appropriately corrected for the relevant demographic influences.
Method Participants We contacted local councils and seniors associations in order to propose participation on a voluntary basis. Volunteers were invited to talk about the study to their friends and family. In return, a member of our laboratory held a conference on aging memory thanking them for their work. All participants were recruited for the study between January and April 2012. They all received a cover letter or email that detailed the aim and procedure of the study. In total, N = 932 finalized the complete questionnaire (34 % response rate). Participants were not invited to participate if they reported a known neurological disease or cognitive loss following medical conditions (e. g. , epilepsy, stroke, brain injury or cancer). Participants were all free of motor impairments. These data were based on the self-report of the participants since medical records were not available for review.
To further screen for cognitive impairment, the clock-drawing test was administered. Moreover, we excluded respondents: (a) if their age was unknown or could not be established (e. g. , some participants self-reported the year of the study instead of their birth year, n= 72), (b) if they did not complete or scored below their age and gender corrected threshold on the clockdrawing test following the scoring rules outlined by the authors (n = 44)  (Paganini-Hill & Clark, 2007; Paganini-Hill, Clark, Henderson, & Birge, 2001) , and (c) if they did not complete four or more items on the MCQ (n = 73). The data of the total sample of N= 749 were analyzed in the present study. There were about 70 % female and 30 % male participants. The mean age of participants was 43. 5 years (range, 18 -92. 2 years, SD = 19.
Normative Data for the External Scale Stratified by Gender and Age. The raw scores that correspond to the percentiles 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 80, 90, 95 and 99 are presented. Internal Scale 99 14. 1 13. 2 12. 9 12. 0 11. 8 11. 8 11. 7 11. 8 11. 9 12. 9 13. 1 14. 0 14. 7 15. 2 14. 9 14. 6 14. 0 13. 9 13. 8 13. 8 13. 9 14. 0 14. 5 14. Normative Data for the Time Scale Stratified by Gender and Age. The raw scores that correspond to the percentiles 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 80, 90, 95 and 99 are presented. Time Scale 99 14. 7 14. 4 14. 2 14. 0 13. 9 13. 8 13. 8 13. 8 13. 9 14. 0 14. 2 14. 5 14. 8 14. 0 13. 7 13. 5 13. 3 13. 2 13. 1 13. Normative Data for the Effort Scale Stratified by Gender and Age. The raw scores that correspond to the percentiles 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 80, 90, 95 and 99 are presented. 13. 7 13.
Selected Textural Stimuli The visual texture database of stimuli used in our experiment consists of 151 selected high-resolution textural images, which are also the experiment materials used in SynTex project. This database is the Supplementary Material of the paper published by  Thumfart et al. ,  in the proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns (CAIP 2009)  (Thumfart et al. , 2009). The project SynTex is by far outdated and the link that provides the visual texture database has been closed. The used visual textures for our study can be sent to readers upon request via email or dropbox exchange. Readers can contact us by using the email addresses given in the affiliations. It includes natural, artificial, regular and stochastic textures in the textural stimuli, which were selected from various texture databases.
In detail, 73 textures were chosen from the Brodatz texture album, 69 from the Outex texture database, 25 from the UIUCTex database, 12 from the USC-SIPI image database, and 64 from the VisTex database. Since the original sizes of the textures selected from different database varied, they were resized to a resolution of 480 × 480 pixels. Some examples of visual textures from the SynTex database are shown in Figure  1. In the SynTex database, some textures are artificial and synthetic, some others are natural. So a nice diversity of different sorts and types of textures is given.
Tamura Texture Features In color emotion research, an object usually has a uniform color. However, this is rarely the case for real-life objects. Therefore, the effect of texture on color emotion should be extended. Tamura, Mori, and Yamawaki found in psychological studies that humans respond best to coarseness, contrast, and directionality, and to lesser degrees to line-likeness, regularity, and roughness  (Tamura et al. , 1978). In most cases, only the first three Tamura features capture the high-level perceptual attributes of a texture well and are useful in visual art appreciation  (Castelli and Bergman, 2002). Thus, in contrast to statistical data measures, Tamura texture features seem well suited to capture the emotional perception of visual textures. In our experiment, coarseness, contrast, and directionality were calculated as characteristics that represent the psychological responses to visual perception.
Visualization of the Selected Features The magnitudes of the features extracted using the algorithms mentioned in Section Materials and Methods are different. In Figure  3 , the feature set after normalizing to the interval [-1, 1] using feature scaling method is visualized. In our experiment, 151 selected visual textures are used and 106 features are calculated for each visual texture. So, the size of the feature database is 151 × 106. In Figure  3 , one color represents each type of features that locate in each dimensionality. We can find that the majority of the feature values compactly locates at the bottom of the space and only a few sparsely scatter among the concentrated feature stripes. One possible conclusion is that the features extracted using the algorithms mentioned in Section Materials and Methods are highly redundant, correlative and there is a quite low diversity of the features.