dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments RMQS soil sampling and physico-chemical analyses were supported by the  GIS Sol , which is a scientific group of interest on soils involving the  French Ministry for ecology and sustainable development , the  French Ministry of agriculture , the  French National institute for geographical and forest information (IGN) , the  French government agency  for environmental protection and energy management (ADEME), the  Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD , which is a French public research organization dedicated to southern countries) and the  Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture , l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE, which is a French public research organization dedicated to agriculture, food and environment). We thank all the people involved in sampling RMQS sites and in samples preparation.
Recoveries of both reference materials were within the 95 % confidence interval with RSDs <5 % (Supplementary Data Table  1 ). Measurements from the same stations that were sampled during several cruises were averaged together if they were within 15 km 2 for plotting and statistical analysis. Additionally, approximately 250 mg of dried homogenized sediment sample was digested in a 50 % v/v clean HNO 3 acid mixture using an Ultraclave  (Milestone). Samples were analyzed for Al, Fe, and trace elements (Li, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Cd, Pb) on an 8800 triple quadrupole ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies) using O 2 or H 2 as a reaction gas in MS/MS mode, depending on the element. Accuracy and precision of the method were determined using the certified reference materials MESS-4 (n = 3) and BCR-277R (n = 3), with all recoveries between 82 and 107 % (Supplementary Data Table  1 ).
As the best way to evaluate enrichment factors is to use background data from the specific survey area  (Abrahim and Parker, 2008) , background concentrations for all elements of interest were assessed by evaluating sediment core data from the MAREANO project in the Barents Sea  (Jensen et al. , 2022). The elemental ratio El b /Li b from the 10 cm core depth interval was averaged for 13 selected sediment cores above the 74 • N latitude line chosen from the MAREANO dataset. Based on sedimentation rate data from this shelf region, 0. 7 ± 0. 4 mm/yr  (Zaborska et al. , 2008) , the 10 cm depth interval represents an approximate preindustrial period of ~1850-1900. An EF > 1. 0 in surface sediments suggests enrichment compared to the background value and could indicate potential anthropogenic input.
Maps were created with the publicly available Ocean Data View (Schlitzer, 2021) using weighted-average gridding. Statistical processing was performed in SPSS software to evaluate Pearson correlations and Z-score normalization with Varimax rotation for principal component analysis (PCA). Two principal components (PC) were extracted. The viability of a PCA plot was assessed using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure for sampling adequacy and Bartlett's test for sphericity. Total Hg concentrations in all surface sediment samples (Fig. 2A ) ranged from 21 to 116 ng/g and were on average 65 ± 23 ng/g (1SD). Our observed Hg concentrations are within the range to those previously reported in the Arctic Basin as well as the surrounding Arctic shelf seas (Table  1 ). The highest Hg concentrations of 87 ± 20 ng/g (range: 63-116 ng/g, n = 8) were observed in the Eurasian Basin (bottom depth > 1000 m), with the maximum Hg values observed in the deepest part of the Nansen Basin at station P8.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the captain, crew, cruise leaders, and fellow scientists onboard  R/V Kronprins Haakon  on cruises  Q3 ,  Q4 ,  Q1 ,  Q2 , and  JC2-2 , as part of the  Nansen Legacy  Project (RCN# 276730 ). In particular, the authors wish to thank the Benthos teams ( B. Bluhm ,  T. Ciesielski ,  S. Hess ,  E. Jordà Molina ,  C. Lockwood-Ireland ,  B. Schuppe ,  A. Sen ,  A. Ziegler ) on each cruise for help in collecting the samples. The authors would also like to thank the captain, crew, and scientists involved ( A. Bambulyak ,  A. Deryabin ,  D. Moiseev ,  V. Savinov ) with the R/V Dalniye Zelentsy expedition from the  Murmansk Marine Biological Institute (MMBI)  for help in collecting and transporting the samples from the northeastern Barents Sea. Additional thanks are to  A.
Seasonal influenza represents a huge health burden, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. Following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, focus has been directed on the burden of influenza globally. Country and regional disease burden estimates play important roles in helping inform decisions on national influenza intervention programmes. Despite improvements in influenza surveillance following the 2009 pandemic, many opportunities remain unexplored in the Eastern Mediterranean and North African (EMNA) region, which has a high prevalence of patients with chronic disease and thus a population at high risk of influenza complications. We conducted a systematic literature review of Embase, Medline, Scopus and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1 January 1998 to 31 January 2020 covering the EMNA region with the aim to describe the epidemiology of influenza in the region and assess the influenza epidemiological surveillance research landscape.
Literature Search We conducted a comprehensive, systematic literature review of Embase, Medline, Scopus and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1 January 1998 to 31 January 2018 covering the EMNA region for the following countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. As 'Arab world' and 'Middle East' are often used as acronyms for some of the countries in this region, we included these strings along with 'North Africa', 'Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office of WHO' (EMRO) and 'Eastern Mediterranean' amongst others in our search. A full list of search strings is given in Supplementary Table  S1A. An updated search was conducted from 1 January 2018 through to 31 January 2020 for the same countries (Supplementary Table  S1B ).
Selection Criteria Articles included were: We excluded any articles: • Reporting on influenza infection as a secondary co-infection in the study population • Studies reporting data of avian influenza viruses • Epidemiological data and mortality estimated through mathematical modelling • Animal-only studies No relevant studies were identified through the assessment of grey literature. In addition, we performed a manual search of the bibliography included in other systematic reviews and meta-analyses of influenza epidemiology and surveillance in the EMNA region.
Influenza Reporting The data for influenza reporting for the studies conducted in the region are presented in Table  3. Overall, 314,058 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases were identified across all studies. Among surveillance studies, the percentage of positive cases reported ranged from 1%  [18]  through to 100%  [4, 19, 20]. Case definitions for influenza surveillance varied across the studies. The most commonly used definition was that of the WHO for ILI (n = 45, 40. 2%); other commonly used definitions included the WHO definition for SARI (n = 17, 15. 2%)  [21]  (three case definitions [2. 7%] included both ILI and SARI), laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza (n = 8, 7. 2%), patients diagnosed with acute respiratory infections (ARI), and those presenting with upper and acute lower respiratory tract infections (URLI and ALRI) (n = 10, 8.
Not all studies looked at specific age populations, some stratified by age group, whereas others looked at the general population (n = 69). Eight studies evaluated patients aged less than 5 years age (all laboratory-confirmed cases), eight evaluated patients aged less than 15 years (all but one were laboratory-confirmed cases), four evaluated patients aged less than 18 years (all laboratory-confirmed cases), 18 studies specified the population as adults (all but four were laboratory-confirmed cases) and five did not report the age groups evaluated (all but one were laboratory-confirmed cases). No studies reported data on disability-adjusted life year (DALY) or quality-adjusted life year (QALY) measures.
CONCLUSION We present here a comprehensive, systematic review of the published literature looking at the epidemiology of influenza in the EMNA region over the last 21 years (from 1998 through to 2020). We analysed data from 112 studies, 90 of which were conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 19 in Africa and three across both regions. Overall, data were reported on 314,058 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases, the majority (86%) of which were derived from surveillance systems. Over half the studies (62%) evaluated data from the general public (paediatric and adult populations combined, across a range of ages or where all age groups were included). Influenza A accounted for a median 67. 9% (IQR 41%-89%) of all influenza cases in our study, slightly lower than that reported by Caini et al.
, who assessed influenza surveillance data from the 2010-2016 from the WHO FluNet database and reported a median of 76. 5% (IQR 60. 4-90. 3%). Influenza B accounted for a similar proportion of positive cases in our study ) as that reported in Caini et al. [4]  (23. 5% [IQR 9. 7%-39. 6%]) of all influenza cases. In line with Caini et al. [4] , we also observed the H1N1 to be the most prominent circulating subtype. Typing was performed in approximately three-quarters and subtyping in only half of the studies we identified, with influenza B strain lineage characterisation only being performed in less than 5% of the studies we assessed, highlighting a gap for these data in the region. Identifying the virus strain and subtype circulating is important, in order to identify any possible vaccine mismatch, for implementing measures to inform public health interventions to ensure optimal protection of populations.
Strengths and Limitations Strengths of our review include the large number of studies included which provide an epidemiological overview of influenza research over the last 21 years across the EMNA region. Furthermore, we systematically searched multiple databases, beyond those reported in the WHO's FluNet, to look for epidemiological data. Our study also relies on peer-reviewed and published data which provides more reliability and confidence on the data and findings, in comparison to other databases such as FluNet. However, it is possible that we may have not captured some data with the search strategy we implemented. Such databases tend to focus on virological surveillance data in the Eastern Mediterranean and African region WHO regions (though some countries also report the burden of disease data), and the aim of this review was to provide an overview of the epidemiology and burden of influenza disease.
In addition, differences in clinical assessment, application of case definitions and laboratory assessment of influenza testing (including sampling methods) make data comparisons across countries difficult to perform. Furthermore, FluNet is limited by the quality of the data submitted (as a consequence of adherence to and robustness of the methods used by the reporting country or centre), underreporting and misclassification are not uncommon, and the large variability in reporting between years by some countries may mean influenza estimates are based on limited data. Mixed-season influenza activity may mean data are oversimplified in large and geographically diverse countries where influenza activity is summarised countrywide  [41]. In recent years, the epidemiology of influenza and disease burden has been assessed in single countries in the EMNA region  [13] [14] [15] ; however, studies across the whole region are lacking.
We did not undertake a meta-analysis to estimate prevalence rate in our study owing to the large heterogeneity in methodology across studies. Unlike Moghoofei et al. , we did not restrict our searches to influenza A and thus our review provides a broader picture of the influenza landscape across the EMNA region, including reporting for the influenza B strain. A summary of the epidemiological and characterisation of H1N1 and H3N2 strains of the influenza virus circulating in the EMNA region from 2009 to 2017 was also recently published by Al Khatib et al. [16]. Using virological surveillance data available from the FluNet database, the authors assessed data from 16 countries within the region; Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Libya were not included as data were not available. In line with that reported by Moghoofei et al.
[43]  and our own results, Al Khatib et al. also reported that the influenza strain A H1N1 was, in general, the dominant subtype reported across the region. The study also estimated the epidemiology of influenza type B in the region, which accounted for 20. 5% of influenza cases, higher than the 17. 2% reported in our study. This difference may have been a result of Al Khatib et al. , assessing data from FluNet, whereas our study looked at data from published studies only. In line with the results reported in our study for the EMNA region, analysis of data at both the global and regional levels shows a predominance of influenza A compared to influenza B  [44] [45] [46]. For instance, reports from the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network show a predominance of influenza A with a prevalence greater than 60% and influenza B accounting for 21-34% between 2014 and 2017  [46, 47].
A systematic review by Tokars et al. [45]  estimated the incidence of influenza A and B from surveillance data of the general population in the USA and Canada between 2010 and 2017 to be 7. 1% (95% CI 6. 1-8. 1), which is in broad agreement with the incidence data presented in this review. A large epidemiological study conducted in 31 countries looking at epidemiological characteristics, pattern of circulation and geographical distribution of influenza B viruses using data from the Global Influenza B Study showed that they accounted for a median of 23. 4% of total influenza cases between 2000 and 2018  [44] , higher than that reported in our study. Again, this may be a result of our study looking at published data only, whereas the data from the Global Influenza B Study were database-derived.
In addition to studying existing influenza virus strains, it is extremely important to be alert to any new emerging subtypes as well possible changes in virulence or transmission of new infections to the region; for instance, Egypt and Oman are the first countries outside of eastern and southern Asia to report human infection of H9N2  [49]. Finally, for the purposes of this review, we evaluated the literature up to and including January 2020 and did not evaluate the literature beyond this date in order to avoid potential implications on epidemiology as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current influenza surveillance data will be confounded, to varying extents, by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented by most countries to suppress COVID-19 transmission, including social distancing, hand hygiene and wearing of face masks, all of which may impact the circulation or transmission of influenza.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding. This study was funded by  Sanofi Pasteur , who are also funding the journal's  Rapid Service Fees. Medical Writing Assistance. The authors would like to thank  Aneela Majid, PhD , from  HealthCare21 Communications Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire ,  SK10 2XA, UK , a  Lucid Group agency , for providing medical writing support which was funded by  Sanofi Pasteur. Authorship. All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published. Author Contributions. AA and SS performed the literature search and data analysis. GD was also involved in the analysis and interpretation of data. S Soudani ,  A Mafi ,  Z Al Mayahi  ,  S Al Balushi  ,  G Dbaibo ,  S Al Awaidy  and  A Amiche  drafted and/or critically revised the work.
The mid-Maastrichtian carbon isotope event (MME), dated at ~69 Ma, reflects a perturbation of the global carbon cycle that, in part, correlates with the enigmatic global extinction of 'true' (i. e. , non-tegulated) inoceramid bivalves. The mechanisms of this extinction event are still debated. While both the inoceramid extirpation and MME have been recorded in a variety of deep-sea sites, little is known about their expression in epicontinental chalk seas. In order to study the shallow-marine signature of the MME in this epicontinental shelf sea, we have generated quantitative foraminiferal assemblage data for two quarries (Hallembaye, NE Belgium; ENCI, SE Netherlands) in the Maastrichtian type area, complemented by a species-specific benthic δ 13 C record. In contrast to deep-sea records, no significant changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblages and benthic foraminiferal accumulation rates are observed across the MME in the type-Maastrichtian area.
At the Hallembaye quarry, samples covering the interval between 20 to 2 m below the base of the MME contain some keeled trochospiral planktic foraminifers (e. g. Globotruncanita), consistent with data presented by  Robaszynski et al. (1985). At the ENCI quarry, some weakly keeled planktic specimens (e. g. Globotruncanita and Globotruncanella) were found in samples covering the uppermost metre of sediment of the Lixhe 3 Member and the lowest 5 m of the overlying Lanaye Member. BFN and BFAR range between 23 and 1584 g -1 and 50-7887 cm -2 ky -1 , respectively (Fig. 6 ; supplementary files). During MME3, BFAR shows a general rise, followed by an order of magnitude increase in BFAR above the event, reaching values of 1873-4377 cm -2 ky -1 in the Lanaye Member (Fig. 6 ). The relative abundances of the most common taxa are shown in Figs.
Conclusions Quantitative benthic foraminiferal assemblage data and a speciesspecific benthic stable carbon isotope record have been generated across the MME and the extinction event of non-tegulated inoceramid bivalves in the Maastrichtian type area. For this, the Maastrichtian chalk successions exposed at the Hallembaye quarry (NE Belgium) and ENCI quarry (SE Netherlands) were studied. While in deep-sea sites the MME is marked by substantial changes in benthic and planktic foraminiferal assemblages, benthic δ 18 O values and vertical δ 13 C gradients  (Frank et al. , 2005; MacLeod et al. , 2005; Jung et al. , 2013) , the MME did not affect the epicontinental chalk sea of the type-Maastrichtian. The high and nearly constant species evenness (E) across both the MME and the While there are no clear changes in the data across the MME and the inoceramid extinction, there is an order of magnitude increase in the BFAR well after the MME.
On this basis, we assessed the possibility to design at the technical level oligonucleotides allowing to specifically target the single variation point. In addition, using publicly available data related to the natural distribution of the single variation point, we assessed and discussed the discrimination power of this single variation in order to specifically identify the gene-edited rice line from all other lines, cultivars, varieties and species. Second, in agreement with the "Minimum Performance Requirements for Analytical Methods of  GMO Testing" (ENGL, 2015; ENGL, 2021; ISO 20395; Pecoraro et al. , 2019) , the performance of the developed PCR-based method are evaluated in terms of specificity (inclusivity and exclusivity) and sensitivity. In addition, the applicability of the validated PCR-based method was investigated using different mixtures.
Materials Rice (Oryza sativa L. Nipponbare) seeds from a gene-edited line and its parental line were used. The gene-edited rice line, carrying a single nucleotide (adenosine) insertion in OsMADS26 (locus: Os08g02070), was generated using CRISPR/Cas9 (Fig. 1 , Table  1 )  (Meunier A. C. et al. , unpublished). This single nucleotide insertion was introduced in the coding region close to the codon start between genomic position 679646 and 679647 from the chromosome 8. This frameshift mutation is expected to inactivate the gene, thereby putatively increasing the biotic resistance and biotic stress tolerance of the gene-edited rice line as previously described  (Khong et al. , 2015). Third generation seeds of the gene-edited rice line with homozygous A insertion and devoid of T-DNA were used. Using Rice SNP-Seek Database (a core collection of more than 3000 rice accessions), neither single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) nor indel polymorphism were found in the 679641-679663 region (CCGTCGCATCGAGAACCCGGTTC) targeted by the gRNA in the natural diversity of rice  (Wang et al.
Development and validation of the 2-plex ddPCR method Using the software Primer3, two primers (OsMADS26 -Forward primer and OsMADS26 -Reverse primer) were designed, covering 113 bp of the gene-edited rice line and 112 bp of the parental rice line (Fig. 1 , Table  1 ). In addition, two hybridization probes labelled with a different dye (FAM or HEX) were designed to anneal on the single variation point, allowing to target either the gene-edited rice line (Mutant rice -Probe) or its parental rice line (Wild-type rice -Probe).
Specificity 2. 3. 1. 1. In silico assessment. First, to investigate the natural distribution of the OsMADS26 gene (locus: Os08g02070), its sequence was blasted against the NCBI nucleotide collection (nr/nt) with megablast/nblast default parameters (Supplementary data 1A). The NCBI nucleotide collection (nr/nt) consists of GenBank + EMBL + DDBJ + PDB + RefSeq sequences, but excludes EST, STS, GSS, WGS, TSA, patent sequences as well as phase 0, 1 and 2 HTGS sequences and sequences longer than 100 Mb. The database is non-redundant. Identical sequences have been merged into one entry, while preserving the accession, GI, title and taxonomy information for each entry. The NCBI nucleotide collection (nr/nt) contained 76,336,016 sequences, including 385,132 items belonging to Oryza sativa. Second, the natural distribution of the single variation point of interest was investigated by blasting the amplicon sequences from the gene-edited rice line and its parental line generated by the developed 2-plex ddPCR method against the NCBI nucleotide collection (nr/nt) with megablast default parameters (Supplementary.
8% a,b 2261 - - GA21-4. 29% a,b 2475 - - MON810-9. 9% a,b 2885 - - MON863-9. 86% a 2275 - - (continued on next page) data 1B). A multiple sequence alignment analysis was then performed with these sequences using the Clustal Omega software with default parameters (Supplementary data 1C).
In vitro assessment. First, the presence of the sequences targeted by the developed 2-plex ddPCR method was experimentally investigated in transgenic and wild-type rice materials by conventional PCR followed by sequencing (Supplementary data 2). Using the software Primer3, a couple of primers (Forward: CCGGAGCTATCGATCATCA; Reverse: TGATGATGCCGATGTCGG) was designed to amplify a part of OsMADS26 containing the amplicons targeted by the developed 2-plex ddPCR method. Each PCR assay was composed of a standard 25 μl reaction volume was applied containing 1X Green DreamTaq PCR Master Mix (ThermoFisher Scientific), 400 nM of each primer (Eurogentec) and 10 ng of DNA. The PCR run was performed on a Swift MaxPro Thermal Cycler (Esco) with a PCR program consisting of a single cycle of 1 min at 95 • C (initial denaturation) followed by 35 amplification cycles of 30 s at 95 • C (denaturation), 30 s at 60 • C (annealing) and 1 min at 72 • C (extension) and finishing by a single cycle of 5 min at 72 • C (final extension).