dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
By inventorying and aggregating the audience in this way, it is possible to assign readers the capacity to valuate articles. Labels such as "highly accessed" or "most downloaded", frequently used on journal websites, make it possible to distinguish certain articles. The creation of online academic social networks (ResearchGate, Academia…) has trivialized this figure of the public. Researchers now take part in the dissemination of their own articles and are thus able to grasp the extent and diversity of their audiences. At the same time, other devices make visible the sharing of articles. First of all it is online bibliographic tools (CiteULike, Mendeley, Zotero…) which objectify the readers and taggers who introduce references and attached documents into their bibliographic databases. Without being citers themselves, these readers select publications by sharing lists of references the pertinence of which is notified by the use of "tags".
In this sense, an additional study performed in Lascaux Cave should be mentioned. Two clone libraries, based on the same rDNA regions, were also constructed to characterize the bacterial and fungal communities of one air sample collected the 21st September 2010 from the Passageway using a Coriolis sampler (data not shown). The molecular results showed a microbial diversity significantly higher than by culturing, especially for fungi. This difference could be due to the abundance of non-cultivable organisms and the high sensitivity of such molecular method. subterranean and indoor environments, respectively. The possible effect of these and other bacteria on the paintings is a topic not yet investigated. Finally, the data showed that the management of the climate system had a noticeable influence on the concentration and dispersion of airborne microorganisms and open the question on the benefit of having an adaptive system based on the existing climate system in operation after each human presence in the cave in order to reduce the microbial charge in the air.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the  Ministry of Culture and Communication, France , project " Ecologie microbienne de la grotte de Lascaux " and the  Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation , " Research Programme in Technologies for the Assessment and Conservation of Cultural Heritage ", TCP  CSD2007-00058. EP was supported by a  CSIC   JAE-Predoc grant. The collaboration and facilities of Lascaux staff, restoration team and DRAC Aquitaine are acknowledged.
6. Although Patrice Flichy does not formulate this question explicitly, we could wonder why amateurs would put aside heritage? Why suppose that they would not actively participate in the preservation of what constitutes one of their pastimes? We can already find numerous examples of this kind of practices outside the field of video games. In the case of comics, we can already find noteworthy websites such as the Grand Comics Database, 14 which lists around 900 000 comic books. The community that has gathered on this platform has also scanned and uploaded over 430 000 covers, so much so that it is now a reference website for all the researchers working on this type of publications. 15 In the same way, the Inducks 16 website lists all the Disney comics and pulp magazines project 17 all the so-called pulp magazines.
The paper introduces the COSCH Knowledge Representation (COSCH KR ) as an optimal framework to overcome those limitations of projects that are usually object-dependent and application-driven, leading to unshared and non-standardized results -providing an interdisciplinary framework for scientists and technicians (developers of measurement systems, software and technologies for a wide range of applications, as well as material scientists, physicists and chemists) and the heritage specialists (art historians, conservators, archaeologists, curators and others) to facilitate the exchange of interests, needs, capabilities, constraints, limits and perspectives.
STATE OF THE ART In any rational case, information generates knowledge and the generated knowledge shapes the attitude that leads to the behavior  (Kollmuss, 2002). Knowledge is an essential factor in every domain of activities to hold things together. The key factor is the use of existing knowledge in more than one situation or for more than one individual. This is the base purpose of any knowledge management system and its underlying models. Knowledge Management as a concept has existed for decades and is no longer a new research area  (Davenport, 1998). Formally, "Knowledge Management is a discipline that promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing all of an enterprise's information assets which may include documents, databases, policies, expertise and experiences (captured/uncaptured) in the individuals"  (Duhon, 2008).
Likewise project "The Museum Finland" uses seven different domain ontologies (artifacts, materials, actors, situations, locations, times, collections) that have been defined through analysis and incorporate national and local thesauri to integrate different CH databases of the country (Mantegari, 2009). Knowledge models have been traditionally used for content management and retrieval in cultural heritage. The "Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France" (C2RMF) manages its content through its customized Content Management System (CMS) EROS CMS. The metadata schema of EROS database system is mapped to CIDOC-CRM. The intention is to provide a suitable online platform through opensource interaction model mSpace (http://www. mspace. fm) to explore the C2RMF's content semantically  (Pillay, 2007).
The 4TB of high resolution and high dynamic range imaging which include X-Ray, Infrared, visible light among them are to be shared through the platform. Limited knowledge models has also been researched on managing techniques and technologies in cultural heritage. (De Luca, 2013)  presents a synthesis on existing research works on structuring heterogeneous data and their semantically enriched 3D models of cultural heritage from different contexts. Today, ontology based knowledge models are used to bridge gaps between different data providers working strictly in cultural heritage domains or to add structured semantics to data, in order to improve or facilitate its use. Existing knowledge models like CIDOC-CRM or Europeana promote data interoperability. However comprehensive, they do not address techniques and technologies that are vital in any conservation and restoration activities.
Views and expectations on single particular terms or events can be interpreted completely differently by these two different expert communities. One of the major objectives of "the Semantic Web" framework is to plug these differences through semantically mapping them together. COSCH KR follows the same in conceptually mapping both previously perceived as differing datasets within the one graph. The top-level class Expert_Views (see Fig. 1 ) intends to provide the framework where experts from different domains (especially from those two expert communities) define different aspects from their point of view. The model maps them semantically together to give satisfactory answers for both communities.
Users (has It is about the spatial/geometric documentation of a quite large object, which is permanently installed in a museum exhibition. In contrast to the vase example in 5. 2 we are not aiming at such a high resolution; for the virtual museum and archeological documentation we are satisfied with an absolute point accuracy of less than 1 cm (maximum error) for signalized points and a point density of 1 per cm². Another condition is that the time available for the data acquisition is limited to minimize impact on museum visitors. The COSCH KR system will come to the conclusion that a classical close range photogrammetry or structure from motion technique (sfm) in combination with a dense matching approach might be best suitable for this kind of object. The user of the COSCH KR also will be informed that a camera pre-calibration is an integral part of the photogrammetric workflow, so no special attention needs to be put on this, given that the accuracy requirements permit an on-the-job-calibration.
We acknowledge fruitful discussions with  J. Maze ,  M. Grinolds ,  C. dal Savio ,  K. Karrai ,  A. Thi -aville, and  S. Rohart. This work was supported by the European project  Diadems. VJ acknowledges financial support from C'Nano Ile-de-France (projects Nanomag ) and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (project  Diamag ). PM gratefully acknowledges financial support through the  NCCR QSIT , a competence center funded by the  Swiss NSF , and through  SNF  Grant No. 200021_143697/1.
Acknowledgments We thank  Prof. J. Flouquet  for useful discussions. This work was supported, in part, by  European IRSES program SIMTECH  (contract n. 246937),  French ANR project "ElectoVortex", NanoSC COST Action   MP1201 , the  Russian Foundation for Basic Research, FTP Scientific  and educational personnel of innovative Russia in 2009-2013, and the  Russian president foundation  ( SP-1491. 2012. 5 ).
Crystals were selected, coated in perfluoropolyether oil, and mounted on glass fibers. Data were collected on a Bruker SMART CCD 6000 diffractometer utilizing Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0. 71073 Å) at 120 K. The crystal structures were integrated using Bruker SAINT and solved and refined using Olex. solve and Olex. refine of the Olex2 software package. [48] All non-hydrogen atom positions were located from the Fourier maps and refined anisotropically. Hydrogen atom positions were calculated using a riding model in geometric positions and refined isotropically.
Acknowledgements This work was granted access to the HPC resources of CINES under the allocation 2011-[c2011085087] and of IDRIS under the allocation 2012-[x2012080649] made by  GENCI  ( Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif ). L. J. thanks the  Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)  for a Scholarship to study in the UK. R. M. E. thanks  Durham University  for the award of a  Durham Doctoral Fellowship  and the  Alexander von Humboldt Foundation  for a  Humboldt Research Fellowship for Postdoctoral Researchers. T. B. M. thanks the  Royal Society  for a Wolfson Merit Award. Part of this work was carried out within the Durham-Rennes PICS and LEA projects, for which support from the  CNRS and Durham University  is gratefully acknowledged. Generous financial support by the  Bavarian State Ministry of Science, Research, and the Arts for the Collaborative Research Network "Solar Technologies go Hybrid " is also gratefully acknowledged.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the  French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  for the support of their research activities concerning tendon and ligament tissue engineering ( ANR Blanc TELiTeR 2007-2012 ). Authors also thank  Jean-Yves Morel  (mechanical design),  Timothée Baudequin  (imaging) and  M Ghyslaine Cauchois  (cell culture) for their precious assistance.
Numerical implementation The second gradient of the displacement necessitates the use of C 1 elements in a finite element code. This is avoided by introducing a new field of unknowns v ij imposed to be equal to the gradient of the displacements using Lagrange multipliers λ ij  [39, 44]. The new weak formulation of the problem then becomes Z Ω σ ij ∂u ⋆ i ∂x j þ Σ ijk v ⋆ ij;k dΩ À Z Ω λ ij ∂u ⋆ i ∂x j À v ⋆ ij dΩ ¼ Z Γ ðp i u ⋆ i þ P i Du ⋆ i Þ dΓ; ð12Þ Z Ω λ ⋆ ij ∂u i ∂x j À v ij dΩ ¼ 0: ð13Þ The problem is discretized using a nine (9) nodes finite element, where eight (8) nodes are used for the variables u i , four (4) for v ij and one (1) node at the centre for the Lagrange multiplier λ ij , see Fig. 1. This element has been implemented in the finite element code LAGAMINE (University of Liège) and the problem is solved using the classical Newton-Raphson method  [44].
Objectivity of the results The objectivity of the numerical results obtained with a second gradient model has been discussed in the past using constitutive laws for soils based on the mathematical theory of plasticity  [37] [38] [39]. We study hereafter numerically the objectivity of the results for concrete specimens using constitutive laws based on damage mechanics. Let us consider the case of one-dimensional traction applied on a concrete specimen. Fig. 2  shows the boundary conditions adopted for the 2d second gradient finite element mesh introduced into the code LAGAMINE. In order to avoid possible 2d effects, the vertical displacements u 2 are considered to be equal to zero at the upper and lower boundaries along the specimen. The section is considered to be equal to 0. 1 Â 1m 2 and the length 1 m.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  ANR MEFISTO (Maitrise durable de la fissuration des infrastructures en béton , projet  ANR   2008 Sustainable Cities Program , Project number:  VD08 323065, 2011 ) and the  ANR GEOBRIGDE (Geobridge -Failure  of cohesive geomaterials: bridging the scales, Projet  ANR-09-BLAN-0096 ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank to  Pasi Heikkilä  and the  Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki , for the use of the electron probe microanalyzer. We are grateful to  Mikko Hakala ,  Marco Grioni  and  Eugenio Coronado  for invaluable discussions. We acknowledge financial support from the  European Research Council Advanced Grant DYNamo  ( ERC-2010-AdG-267374 ), Spanish grant ( 2010-21282-C02-01 ),  Grupos Consolidados UPV/EHU del Gobierno Vasco  ( IT578-13 ),  European Commission  project  CRONOS  (Grant No. 280879-2 ). This research was also supported by a  Marie Curie   FP7 Integration Grant  within the  7th European Union Framework Programme , and by  Generalidad Valenciana  ( ISIC Nano program ). Computational time was granted by  GENCI  (Project No.
2] [3] [4] [5] [6]  Organic molecules offer new technological possibilities concerning small and effective data storage devices. Single molecule magnets (SMMs) are predestined for such very small devices because of their magnetic hysteresis without the need for long range ordering and have been the subject of intense studies over the last two decades. Most of the SMMs consist of several magnetic ions, e. g. Mn 12 complexes,  [7] [8] [9]  while in bis-( phthalocyaninato) lanthanide complexes (LnPc 2 ) there is only a single Ln ion (Dy 3+ , Tb 3+ ) centered at the molecule between two phthalocyanine (Pc) rings (Fig. 1c ). 1] [12]  Both molecules show uniaxial anisotropy, with the energy barriers of TbPc 2 being much higher than that of the DyPc 2 molecule. Spin and charge dynamics of powder samples of these two molecules were studied by Branzoli et al.
Nevertheless, the opening of the magnetization curve is clearly visible for the black magnetization curve, demonstrating the long relaxation times at this low temperature. The remanent magnetization is also verified by the XMCD signal (Fig. 2b , inset) B = 0 T. However, at T = 2 K (red line), no remanent magnetization is visible, confirming the lower blocking temperature of DyPc 2 compared to TbPc 2. To make a quantitative statement about the relaxation time of the DyPc 2 magnetization, we measured the time-dependent magnetization without an applied magnetic field (Fig. 3 ). Each triangle in this figure represents the normalized difference μ + -μ -at the maximum XMCD intensity of 1295. 1 eV. Approximately one data point was recorded every 90 seconds. The functional correlation between the XMCD intensity and time was fitted with a simple exponential function, while the maximum at the beginning was normalized to 1.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  Royal Society  [Grant No. UF080745 ],  Czech Science Foundation  [project No. 14-25639S ] and by  European Union  funding under the 7th  Framework Programme [project NOTEDEV]. Fabrication of THz  near-field probes was performed, in part, at the  Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies , an  Office of Science User Facility  operated for the  U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science. Sandia National Laboratories  is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by  Sandia Corporation , a wholly owned subsidiary of  Lockheed Martin Corporation , for the  U. S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration  under Contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000.
THE DESIGN OF KWANT As explained in the introduction, we have designed Kwant for performance and interoperability on the one hand, and flexibility and ease of use on the other. Combining all of these requirements is a nontrivial task since flexibility and ease of use can be best achieved using features of a high-level language (Python in our case), while performance and interoperability require a universal low-level language interface as well as simple data structures. This apparent contradiction is resolved once we notice that while the time necessary for defining the tight-binding Hamiltonian will scale linearly with system size (if implemented efficiently), solving the scattering problem or applying any other relatively complicated numerical algorithm will scale less well. This allows us to separate the work into two phases: During the first the tight-binding Hamiltonian is constructed in Python using concepts that are natural in physics such as lattices, shapes, and functions of coordinates (e.
To accommodate this, Kwant allows the values of a Hamiltonian to be given by program subroutines that are evaluated at a later stage. The final feature of Builder that we are going to discuss is symmetry support. In order to reduce the amount of bookkeeping, Kwant enforces the Hermiticity of tight-binding sys-tems: H r r rr r r = H † r r r r r r. In addition, tight-binding systems in Kwant are allowed to have a certain real space symmetry that is automatically enforced. Builders with a translational symmetry may be attached to other builders, thereby forming the leads in a scattering geometry, as described in Sec. 2. 2. The details of the Builder interface are described in Appendix A.
A low-level system may be created from a Builder by finalizing it. In the case where Kwant is interfaced with an external package, which performs e. g. a DFT calculation, a low-level system may also be defined directly by the other package, fully avoiding the usage of Kwant or even Python for defining the system. Once a low-level system has been created, it can be used to perform numerical calculations. Kwant uses low-level systems as an input to quantum transport solvers that calculate various quantities of interest for tight-binding systems with multiple attached semi-infinite leads. Kwant contains efficient implementations of algorithms for computing the scattering matrix, the retarded Green's function, the scattering wave functions, modes in the leads, and the local density of states. Since low-level system is an universal format, any computation with tight-binding Hamiltonians can be trivially adapted to use Kwant low-level systems as input.
If, for example, one is interested in the eigenstates of a quantum system, the full Hamiltonian matrix can be requested from the low-level system for a specific set of parameters and passed on to a standard eigenstate calculation routine as provided for example by ARPACK  [19]  (bundled for Python by SciPy  [20] ). On the other hand, the fact that the Hamiltonian values are implemented as functions allows to naturally integrate Kwant with a Poisson solver, and implement Hatree-Fock mean field calculations. The solving phase and low-level systems are described in more detail in Appendix B.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER QUANTUM TRANSPORT PACKAGES The quantum transport problem appears in many physical settings, and hence it is not surprising that it is addressed by various software packages from different domains. In particular, there are quite a few packages, including commercial ones, for computing transport in molecular junctions. Examples of these packages are TranSiesta/Atomistix Toolkit  [4] , SMEAGOL  [5] , OpenMX  [6]  or nanodcal/nanodsim  [7]. These combine density functional theory (DFT) with the non-equilibrium Green's function technique. Another group of codes that deal with the transport problem is mainly geared towards the simulation of transistors on the nano-scale. It includes NEMO5  [8] , nextnano  [9] , or NanoTCAD Vides  [10] , and TB_Sim  [21]. These packages focus on more complicated physical effects, and often go beyond the scope of Kwant by including phonon effects, Boltzmann transport, or self-consistent electrostatic potential calculation.
ILLUSTRATION OF KWANT USAGE: UNIVERSAL CONDUCTANCE FLUCTUATIONS IN A QUANTUM BILLIARD In order to illustrate how various aspects of Kwant work together when applied to a scattering problem we turn to the classic example of deterministic chaos in a stadium billiard. Despite their regular shape, stadium billiards are not integrable, showing an irregular density of states inside the scattering region, and universal conductance fluctuations. Thanks to Kwant's expressiveness, the Python program that defines the billiard system, performs numerical calculations, and creates two figures is less than 30 lines long. In the following the complete program is presented together with explanations. The first step is to make Kwant's functionality available within Python, import kwant As described in Sec. 3.
Apart from native Kwant features, the present example also benefits from the fact that Kwant is a Python package and as such can be easily embedded and extended by custom code. For example, the functionality for connecting the cubic lattice leads with their graphene substrate is not included in Kwant and must be custom-coded by the user. This is easily achieved by combining coordinate information provided by Kwant with a kd-tree (a data structure designed to find the nearest lattice point) provided by the SciPy package  [20]. Also, the calculation of the non-local resistance requires solving a 3 × 3 linear equation, which is done in one line of code using a call to the NumPy package  [28]. Finally, a few additional lines of code allow to parallelize the script for a multi-core workstation or cluster.
BENCHMARK We now show a comparison of the performance of Kwant with a C implementation of the RGF algorithm applied to a prototypical quantum transport problem: the calculation of the conductance of a square tight-binding system. The system consists of L × L single-orbital sites that belong to a square lattice. On two opposite sides leads of width L are attached. The energy was kept fixed, so that the number of propagating modes in the leads was proportional to L. The measurements were performed on a computer with an Intel i5-2520M 64-bit processor and 8 GiB of main memory running a variant of GNU/Linux with single-threaded OpenBLAS  [29]. Figure  6  shows the dependence of the running time on L and compares Kwant with an alternative code written entirely in C (using the same BLAS and LAPACK) that implements the RGF method.
One can see that for large system sizes, Kwant with the MUMPS-based solver is up to ten times faster than the C RGF code. For small systems the situation is inverted but less dramatic, the cross-over occurs around L = 50. It is evident that for small systems Kwant's construction step takes up a considerable fraction of the total time. The much simpler RGF code only supports quasi-1-d geometries and therefore requires no system construction in the sense of Kwant. Construction is typically performed considerably less often (one time per geometry) than solving (once per geometry and set of parameters). Figure  7  compares the memory footprint of Kwant's MUMPS-based solver with that of an RGF solver implemented in C. Evidently, increased memory usage is the price for the superior speed of Kwant's solver.