dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
5 T samples). These mixtures show low intensity of the band at 1500 cm -1 indicating lower formation of this carbonate which means lower reaction with the atmosphere. Consequently, the thermal treatment at 600 and 750 °C induces partial decomposition of carbonates and the appearance of hydrogen carbonates. The decomposition of dolomite seems to be hindered by a kaolinite gangue. In order to obtain more accurate structural information about the mixtures based on calcite and dolomite, XRD characterization was performed. The XRD patterns are presented in Figure  6. For kaolin-calcite mixtures, after calcination at 600°C, kaolinite peaks disappear. However, the peaks of calcite persist. The same observation is noted at 750°C with the appearance of peaks related to CaO and Ca(OH)2. These data complete the results of TGA and FTIR analysis showing incomplete decomposition of calcite.
A major shrinkage of 9. 7 %, not accompanied by a weight loss, is observed between 800 and 1000°C and attributed to two phenomena i) the formation of a viscous flux and the ii) crystallization of crystalline phases from 900°C which can be wollastonite and leucite according to XRD data  [48]. A different shrinkage curve is observed in the case of Gca0. 5 600 sample with an expansion between 600°C to 800°C followed by a shrinkage of 5 % between 800 and 1000°C. The expansion is may be due to the decomposition of carbonates. In fact the corresponding TGA curve shows three weight losses of about 2. 6, 2. 9 and 8. 6% in the temperature ranges 500-550, 550-650 and 650-800°C, respectively. In order to identify the different weight losses, mass spectrometry coupled with thermal analysis was performed.
This chamber was filled with a 10% MHB growth medium with or without antibiotics depending on the testing condition. This assembly (see Figure  1 ) was set up on the Raman microspectrometer stage. Raman spectrum acquisitions were performed automatically on single bacteria over a period of 4 h. In one given experiment, a sample without antibiotics was systematically tested in parallel with samples containing antibiotics. The effect of antibiotics on cell viability was tested in parallel in a liquid broth format, starting from the same inoculum and reagents used for Raman experiments. Each experiment was replicated independently on different dates. Raman acquisitions were performed as described in the Supporting Information, SI6 section. Data Treatment and Analysis. Raw single-cell spectra were preprocessed to remove the background signal (mostly fluorescence) and glass signal (see details in the Supporting Information, SI7 section) to reduce the contribution of nonbiological and nonspecific signals.
44 The overall database contains 9429 spectra of single bacteria after data treatment. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was preferred to principal component analysis (PCA) for visualization purposes to determine the effect of specific test conditions or combinations thereof (species, resistance) on the spectra. Each of these conditions is referred to as a class. In brief, LDA is a supervised method that provides a representation of the spectra in a low dimension (twodimensional (2D) in our case). This representation is constructed to maximize the ratio between the interclass and intraclass variance, therefore allowing a good separation between the classes. In our particular case, LDA has been regularized to avoid artifacts linked to the fact that the data have a dimensionality (number of channels per spectrum) comparable to the number of instances (number of spectra).
Background: The primary aim was to identify patient and injury factors independently associated with humeral diaphyseal fracture nonunion after non-operative management. The secondary aim was to determine the effect of management (operative/non-operative) on nonunion. Methods: From 2008-2017, 734 humeral shaft fractures (732 consecutive skeletally-mature patients) were retrospectively identified from a trauma database. Follow-up was available for 663 fractures (662 patients, 90%) that formed the study cohort. Patient and injury characteristics were recorded. There were 523 patients (79%) managed non-operatively and 139 (21%) managed operatively. Outcome (union/nonunion) was determined from medical records and radiographs.
Study cohort In this retrospective cohort study, patients were identified from an established trauma database held at the study centre  49. All skeletally-mature patients (aged ≥16 years) sustaining a fracture of the humeral diaphysis -as defined by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen-Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO-OTA)  44  -between January 2008 and December 2017 were included. Other fracture patterns, re-fractures, pathological or periprosthetic fractures, non-residents and patients undergoing 'delayed' operative fixation (between six and 12 weeks post-injury) were excluded. Delayed procedures were rare (n=17) and not consistent with either primary operative fixation  4  or failed non-operative management. Over the study period, 734 consecutive fractures were identified in 732 patients.
Patient background The median age at injury was 57 years (range 16 to 96) and 54. 2% (n=359/662) were female. NSAIDs included ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, COX-2 selective medications and highdose aspirin; low-dose aspirin (75mg) was not considered an NSAID  47. Smoking history and alcohol intake at the time of injury were recorded where this data was available from the medical record. Over one quarter (27. 8%, n=167/601) were current cigarette smokers, 62. 9% (n=344/547) consumed alcohol within recommended limits and 13. 5% (n=74/547) consumed excess alcohol  46. Height and weight were used to calculate BMI, which was categorised according to WHO guidelines  75. Median BMI was 26. 9kg/m 2 (15. 0 to 59. 7) and 30. 7% (n=142/463) were classified as obese. Social deprivation was assessed using the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2016  66.
Long-lasting luminescence in opto-electronic devices is highly sought after for applications in optical data storage and display technology. While in light-emitting diodes this was achieved by exploiting long afterglow organic materials as active components, such strategy was never pursued in light-emitting transistors, that are still rather unexplored and whose technological potential is yet to be demonstrated. Herein, we report on the fabrication of long afterglow organic light-emitting transistors (LAOLETs) whose operation relies on an unprecedented strategy based on a photo-induced synaptic effect in an inorganic indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) semiconducting channel layer, to power a persistent electroluminescence in organic light-emitting materials. Oxygen vacancies in the IGZO layer, produced by irradiation at λ=312 nm, free electrons in excess yielding to a channel conductance increase.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the  Labex  project  CSC  ( ANR-10-LABX-0026 CSC ) within the  Investissement d'Avenir program   ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02 , the  International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC) , the  Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)  and the  Chinese Scholarship Council. Received: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff)) Revised: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff)) Published online: ((will be filled in by the editorial staff)).
30 mmol/L, transaminases. 2. 5 times the upper normal limits); poor bone marrow (BM) reserves (as defined by ,1. 0 3 10 9 /L neutrophils or ,100 3 10 9 /L platelets, unless related to the lymphoma); or any history of other malignancy during the past 5 years. This study complied with all provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki and its current amendments and was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The protocol and consent forms were approved by an independent research ethics committee (CPP Ile de France IV). Patients were required to provide written informed consent before enrollment. The protocol is available online, and the study has been registered as NCT01553786.
45. This means that 43 of 78 (55%) patients are the prespecified minimum responses that would be considered a success for this trial. The sample size calculation was based on Simon's randomized phase 2 design. The first-stage analysis was performed after 37 evaluable patients had been included. Because 17 patients achieved a CR, the trial proceeded to the second stage, and we planned to recruit 70 evaluable patients for an estimated total of 80 included participants, given the expected dropout rate. Censored data are presented as Kaplan-Meier plots of time to first event and summary tables of Kaplan-Meier estimates for criterion rates at fixed timepoints, with 95% CIs. Patients who received at least 1 dose of the study treatment were included in the safety analysis, and those who received at least 1 cycle of treatment were included in the efficacy analysis.
Targeting the modification of the epigenome is an attractive option in this disease, which shows a high frequency of mutations that disrupt epigenetic regulator genes. Indeed, we and others have observed sustained responses with the hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine in refractory relapsed AITL patients. 32 The oral form of 5-azacytidine, CC-486, has been combined with romidepsin in a phase 1 study,  41  with promising results and is currently being tested as a single agent in R/R AITL in an international phase 3 trial (NCT03593018) or in combination with CHOP therapy in previously untreated patients (NCT03542266). Interestingly, although our results suggest the absence of the efficacy of lenalidomide in combination with chemotherapy, lenalidomide showed promising activity when combined with 5-azacytidine in high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome,  42  suggesting that combining lenalidomide and epigenetic-targeting drugs might be considered for treating AITL.
Acknowledgments The authors thank the  Lymphoma Academic Research Organization (LYSARC)  teams for their contribution to the management of various aspects of the trial; the patients, families, caregivers, and investigators of the LYSA who participated in the REVAIL clinical trial; and AJE for English editing. This work was supported by the  Celgene Corporation , the  Leukemia Lymphoma Society (SCOR  grant  LLS SCOR 7013-17 ), the ARTGIL association, and the  Federation pour la Recherche M édicale  ( N. DEQ20160334875 ). This trial was sponsored by  LYSARC  with financial support from  Celgene Corporation. The study was designed by LYSA investigators, and all logistical aspects were managed by the  LYSARC. All authors had full access to the data, and Celgene reviewed the manuscript before submission.
g. Zucca et al. , 2018) , but they can also form at larger distances, depending on the acceleration profile of CMEs  (Gopalswamy et al. , 2015). After formation, ISs propagate further in the solar wind and are easily distinguishable in situ because of typical jumps in the plasma and IMF parameters at the shock front (e. g. Richardson, 2011). The following catalogues of ISs observed by different spacecraft in the solar wind can be recommended for practical aims: https://www. cfa. harvard. edu/shocks/wi_ data/ (last access: 4 December 2021) and http://ipshocks. fi/ database (last access: 4 December 2021). Using the catalogues, one can find that ICME-driven fastforward ISs dominate over other types of shocks at 1 AU except for the solar minimum phase of the solar cycle, as shown by  Kilpua et al.
These necessitate continuous measurements of vector magnetic fields of solar active regions and exploration of which near-Sun properties determine eruptive potential. Machine learning techniques are beginning to be applied to these databased approaches. Computational approaches include datadriven coronal field modelling techniques that are becoming more complex and sophisticated with increasing computing power. Uncertainties remain in terms of (a) the underlying assumptions in dynamo models and differing predictions (e. g. solar cycle 24), (b) prediction of the timing and properties of solar eruptions and (c) seamlessly bridging different timescales. Solar cycle predictability beyond a decade also remains a major open question, and some studies indicate this is not possible. Will we have a solar cycle 25, or will there be an imminent slide to a Maunder Minimum-like phase? A critical comparative assessment of theoretical-computational models of solar activity, testing their underlying assumptions and confronting them with past data, may lead to transformative progress in understanding and predicting solar activity in the next decade.
Such advances would enable accurate, physics-based inputs from the Sun to global climate models. Assessing how solar activity models perform requires their testing with historical datasets. Reconstruction of past solar activity and long-term climate variations (across centuries) also opens up the possibility of separating natural and an-thropogenic causes of climate change. In the industrial and post-industrial era, anthropogenic forcing clearly dominates over natural climate drivers, and thus going back to the preindustrial era to establish the role of natural drivers is crucial. However, large uncertainties remain. There are information gaps, for example, for past solar spectral irradiance variations over millennial timescales and the floor of activity during the Maunder Minimum. Reconstructing long-term solar impacts on Earth's climate is also difficult.
Acknowledgements. The authors acknowledge the  International Space Science Institute , which provided support for two fora, one at  ISSI Beijing and one at ISSI Bern. Financial support. Loren C. Chang  was supported by grant no. 109-2636-M-008-004  from the  Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology. Nat Gopalswamy  is supported by  NASA 's Living with a Star programme. Olga V. Khabarova  was partially supported by  RFBR  grant no. 19-02-00957. Emilia Kilpua  acknowledges the Sol- MAG  project ( ERC-COG 724391 ), funded by the  European Research Council (ERC)  in the framework of the  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme , and the  Finnish Centre of Excellence in Research of Sustainable Space  ( Academy of Finland , grant no. 312390 ). Review statement. This paper was edited by  Dalia Buresova  and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
Articles Included In total, 115 abstracts were screened, and 70 titles were retained for full-paper screening. A total of 58 articles did not present enough data to meet the inclusion criteria. There were 12 articles included in our review (Figure  4 )  [4, [7] [8] [9] [10] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]. After noticing that some articles came from the same institution, we decided to renounce doing a meta-analysis because of the bias induced by duplicates between studies. According to the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment form for non-randomized studies, all studies were graded as fair (Table  2 ).
11435013 , No. 11475187 , No. 11521505 , No. 11575017 , No. 11675166 , No. 11705209 ;  Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Grant No. QYZDJ-SSW-SLH011 ; the  CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP) ; the  Shanghai Pujiang Program  under Grant No. 18PJ1401000 ; the  Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic  under Contract No. LTT17020 ; the  Carl Zeiss Foundation , the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft , the  Excellence Cluster Universe , and the  VolkswagenStiftung ; the  Department of Science and Technology of India ; the  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare of Italy; National Research Foundation (NRF)  of Korea Grant Nos. 2016R1D1A1B01010135 ,  2016R1D1A1B-02012900 ,  2018R1A2B3003643 ,  2018R1A6A1A06024970 ,  2018R1D1A1B07047294 ,  2019K1A3A7A09033840 ,  2019R1I1A3A01058933 ,  2019R1A6A3A01096585 ;  Ra-diation Science Research Institute, Foreign Large-size Research Facility Application Supporting project , the  Global Science Experimental Data Hub Center  of the  Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and KREONET/GLORIAD ; the  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education  and the National Science Center; the  Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation ,  Agreement 14.
Statistical Analysis All data collected during the study were assessed separately (pre-fatigue and performance session) with a repeated measures ANOVA according to the subject, with condition (HA vs. TA) as the between-factor and period as the within-factor (T-0, T-10, T-20, T-30 for the pre-fatigue period; and T-0, T-5, T-10 for the performance period). Depending on the frequency of data acquisition, we performed statistical analyses on periods (e. g. , T-10-T-20 min vs. T-20-T-30 min), which are symbolized with squared brackets in the figures, or time points (e. g. , T-10 min vs. T-20 min). If a dataset did not fit the normality law (Shapiro-Wilk test) and homogeneity characteristics (Levene test), the data were corrected with Box-Cox transformation. Holm-Sidak post-hoc tests were performed to determine the detected effects with a α threshold at p = 0.
Methods: The dynamic nature of large-scale and long-term malaria heterogeneity across Brazilian Amazon basin were explored by (1) exploratory analysis of Brazil's rich clinical malaria reporting database from 2004 to 2018, and (2) adapting Gini coefficient to study the distribution of malaria cases in the region. Results: As transmission declined, heterogeneity increased with cases clustering into smaller subpopulations across the territory. In 2004, the 1% of health units with the greatest number of cases accounted for 46% of all reported Plasmodium vivax cases, whereas in 2018 52% of P. vivax cases occurred in the top 1% of health units. Plasmodium falciparum had lower levels of transmission than P. vivax, and also had greater levels of heterogeneity with 75% of cases occurring in the top 1% of health units.
These epidemiological trends have been dependent on socio-economic development, and sustained effective case management, largely based on intensive passive case detection (PCD)  [3]. In Brazil, treatment is provided publicly and free of charge in government-run Health Units, including hospitals and mobile healthcare workers in both urban and rural communities  [6]. From these Health Units, data on treated cases are digitally recorded in the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP) database. Containing digitized data on almost 6 million malaria cases with individual level covariates, the Brazilian SIVEP database is one of the most detailed health systems databases ever assembled in a malaria endemic country, covering the entire endemic region and resulting in virtually no underreporting  [7, 8].
Understanding how thousands of such microepidemiological patterns combine to produce the macro-epidemiology of malaria in Brazil is a challenging problem. Data aggregation across multiple levels is a more general problem encountered in many fields. In economics, there are many statistical tools for quantifying the relationship between micro-economic and macro-economic phenomena. An important example is the Gini coefficient, an index which quantifies wealth inequality between individuals on a national level. Recent advances in health systems databases allow for conceptual parallels between economic and epidemiological phenomena to be exploited  [16]. For example, statistical tools originally designed for the analysis of wealth inequality can be repurposed to provide insight into malaria heterogeneity.
Epidemiological database Anonymized malaria case notifications were obtained from the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP) reported between January 2003 and December 2018. SIVEP is specific for the Brazilian Amazon Basin consisting of seven states in the north region plus two state in the northeast: Acre (AC), Amapá (AP), Amazonas (AM), Maranhão (MA), Mato Grosso (MG), Pará (PA), Rondônia (RO), Roraima (RR) and Tocantins (TO). Data on notified malaria cases from the first year of SIVEP, 2003, were excluded because of uncertainties related to the roll out of the system. Cases were organized by malaria type: P. vivax, P. falciparum and mixed infection. Other types of malaria were excluded. Mixed infections were counted as both P. vivax and P. falciparum. SIVEP also provides information on whether the notification is a passive case detection, active case detection or cure verification thick smear.
Demographic database The annual population size for each of 5570 municipalities was obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), based on data from the 2010 census, with modelled population estimates for other years  [17]. For ten newly created municipalities between 2003 and 2013, missing population sizes were estimated using spline interpolation. Since health units were discretized into urban and rural zones but the catchment population was unknown, we inferred the population size by using the 2010 census. For all years, the urban and rural zone populations for each municipality were estimated by inferring from the ratio reported in the census and the estimated population size per year. For each year, the number of active urban and rural health units per municipality were counted from the health unit database and divided the rural and urban municipality population size by the total number of active rural and urban health units.
For example, Acre contains three municipalities (Cruzeiro do Sul, Mâncio Lima and Rodrigues Alves), which constitute one of the most intense pockets of malaria endemicity in the Americas  [21]. In 2018, these municipalities reported incidence of 149, 413, and 172 cases per 1000 inhabitants, respectively. This perspective from the SIVEP database is supported by local epidemiological data from Mâncio Lima where fishponds built near households have been reported to drive peri-domestic transmission  [22]. In Amapá, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Rondônia and Roraima states, peaks of cases in working-age males (16 to 65 years old) indicate occupational exposure. In all states, the age and gender distribution of cases was relatively stable over time suggesting very little change in the underlying exposure patterns (Additional file 1: Fig.
Characterizing the decline of malaria cases The decline of malaria in the Amazon Basin has been a long-term epidemiological trend since 1960, subject to short-term fluctuations. This retreat of malaria into the western part of the Amazon Basin has been well characterized previously  [9, 10] , and is captured in the SIVEP database  [18] , with low numbers of notified cases in the states of Mato Grosso, Maranhão, and Tocantins (Additional file 1: Fig. S4 ). As regions progress towards elimination, a distinctive path is followed, with the remaining malaria cases more likely to be in adult males, imported, and caused by P. vivax (Fig. 5 ). For malaria cases notified in high transmission settings, on average 62% were in males, 63% were in adults, 20% were imported, and 77% were due to P. vivax.
Conclusion The Brazilian SIVEP database provides an important example to be used in malaria control programmes as subsidy for analytical studies to evaluating strategies for malaria elimination. The Gini coefficient proved to be a powerful index to evaluate heterogeneity i. e. how few municipalities concentrate the majority of malaria cases. Control programmes might suffer setbacks over time, even unexpectedly. In early 2020, with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 virus, States in the Amazon basin have been severely affected  [37] , which can impact on local malaria control due to shortage of human resources, diverted attention in controlling transmission, less capacity in health systems, and loss of funding  [38]. Results here show that, despite an unequal concentration of cases, efforts need to be sustained over time in order to continue on the path to malaria elimination.