dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The latter one, observed finally at around 0. 53 Å, can be due to the separation of ions of the same charge. The subsequent heating brings opposite changes in the XRD pattern. However, when the temperature rises above T LL , the Bragg peaks indicating cold crystallization of [P 666,14 ][DCA] appear (see inset of Figure  2a ). These results correspond well with the DSC thermograms discussed above. Charge Transport Mechanism above and below the T LL. In the next step, dielectric measurements were performed to examine the charge transport mechanism across the LLT and near the liquid-glass transition. Two experimental protocols have been applied to realize this task. In the first one, the dielectric data were collected on cooling, which allowed for monitoring changes in ion dynamics during the transition from a simple liquid state to a nanostructured one.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the imaging facility of the  Institut de Biologie Paris Seine of Sorbonne University. We thank  Takafumi Miyamoto  for the plasmid Tom20-CR (Addgene plasmid # 171461). This work has been supported by the  European Research Council  ( ERC-2016-CoG-724705 FLUOSWITCH ), the  Institut Universitaire de France  and the  Dynamic Imaging program  of the  Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative DAF  (grant number  2023-321185 ), an advised fund of  Silicon Valley Community.
Live-cell fluorescence microscopy Confocal micrographs were acquired on a Zeiss LSM 980 Laser Scanning Microscope equipped with a plan apochromat 63´ /1. 4 NA oil immersion objective. ZEN software was used to collect the data. The images were analyzed using Icy (2. 4. 0. 0) or (Image J). To track fluorescence signal in a specific organelle, the organelle contour was determined by masking the signal in the ECFP channel with the plug-in HK-means with the following parameters: intensity class equals 100, min object size (px) equals 500, max object size (px) equals 1500-3000. The signal intensity of the ROI was tracked over the time for each channel by using plug-in Active Contours. The background signal was subtracted. Data were processed using GraphPad Prism v9. 3. 0. Formation of organelle junctions was assessed computing image correlation coefficient using Fisher's transform of Pearson's correlation coefficient as previously reported  28.
Acknowledgements CCC, PL, CYS, GM, ID, AT and CS acknowledge the financial support from the  bilateral France China exchange program CaiYuanPei  (ref. N°  38893VJ ). RVP and MLP thanks the  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)  for funding the projects  UIDB/04028/2020 & UIDP/04028/2020  ( CERENA ),  UIDB/00100/2020  and  UIDP/00100/2020  (CQE) and  LA/P/0056/2020  (IMS). RVP acknowledges  Colégio de Química, University of Lisbon , for the BAD grantID. ID, AT and CS thank  CNRS ,  ENS ,  ESPCI Paris  and  PSL university  for financial and administrative support as well as the  Paris region , through the  DIM Respore  priority project. Dr Debanjan Chakraborty  is acknowledged for his assistance to construct the main figures.
| Study design In this phase 2, 24-month, multicenter, open-label study (NCT02998879), children under the age of 6 years with a confirmed AM diagnosis were administered 1 mg/kg of VA IV once a week for at least 24 months. After 24 months, one child was moved to the rhLAMAN07 study, where they continued to receive VA. This study collected data for an additional 16 months until VA was approved and available in their country of residence. Children were screened for eligibility (À1 Visit [V]), then underwent a baseline visit (V0), weekly dosing visits (V1-V109 [V1-V171 for the child who received 40 months of treatment]), and evaluation visits (V26a, V52a, V78a, V104a, and V166a) every 6 months. An "end-of-trial" visit was also completed to confirm no additional safety concerns. Children were provided with the option to continue VA treatment in a commercial setting or a clinical setting (if VA was commercially unavailable in their country of residence).
14,15 PDMS-2 is indicated for children 0-5 years of age and MSEL is indicated for children 0-68 months of age; the tests were occasionally used out of range for some tests in some patients. Endurance/ physical functioning was measured with the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and 3-min stair climb test (3MSCT). 16, 17 It should be noted that Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) scores and 2-min walk test (2MWT) [data not shown] were included in the protocol, but data collection for these tests was not available at similar time points for each child. Hearing impairment was measured by automated auditory brainstem response (A-ABR). 18 QoL was assessed by parents' responses to the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) questionnaire. 19 he PK profile was determined by collecting plasma samples and measuring VA concentrations at the first VA dose (V1) and 6-month evaluation visit (V26a; steady state).
| Patient demographics and characteristics Six children diagnosed with AM under the age of 6 from five countries (Germany, Austria, France, Denmark, and Italy) were screened. Five children were enrolled and completed the study; one child was excluded at screening due to numerous ventricular extrasystoles. Enrollment was not based on disease severity. Individual baseline demographics and physical characteristics are presented in Table  1. The mean (SD) age was 4. 5 (0. 8) years, ranging from 3. 7 to 5. 9 years. Three (60%) children were male, and the four children with available data on race were identified as white. At baseline, mean (SD) weight was 18. 9 (2. 5) kg, head circumference was 51. 8 (3. 7) cm, height was 104. 16 (5. 4) cm, and body-mass index (BMI) was 17. 4 (1. 1) kg/m 2 (Table  1A ).
| Efficacy assessments VA efficacy was also preliminarily assessed for each patient using pharmacodynamic, functional, and QoL measures. Serum oligosaccharides were used as a surrogate marker of efficacy and were measured at baseline and over the VA treatment period (Figure  1 ). After 24 months of VA treatment, GlcNAc(Man)2 serum oligosaccharide concentrations decreased from baseline by 32% to 83% in the five children (Figure  1A ). GlcNAc(Man)3 (Figure  1B ) and GlcNAc(Man) 4 (Figure  1C ) serum concentrations also decreased compared to baseline, although data were limited for some children (Figure  1 ). GlcNAc(Man)5 and GlcNAc(Man)6 serum concentrations remained under the lower limit of quantification in all children at all evaluated visits. Although three children (patients 2, 3, and 4) developed nAbs (Figure  S1 ), their GlcNAc(Man)2 serum levels remained below baseline during treatment.
| Safety outcomes This is the first clinical investigation of the long-term safety profile of VA in children with AM under 6 years of age. While previous studies suggest that early treatment may provide greater clinical benefit to patients with AM F I G U R E 3 Endurance/physical functioning over VA treatment period (A) 6MWT and (B) 3MSCT. A lack of motivation was noted for patient 5, and data were only collected at the 12-month evaluation visit in (A) and at the 18-and 24-month evaluation visits in (B). 3MSCT, 3-minute stair climb test; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; VA, velmanase alfa than when treatment is started later, 9 studies focusing on the natural history of AM are limited. Recent reports utilize retrospective data to forecast AM severity and prognosis in young children. 21 Thus, the safety findings of this study in young children are both timely and relevant.
F I G U R E 5 Change in A-ABR audiometry from baseline by patient. Over the VA treatment period, hearing impairment improved numerically in each child. Auditory assessment at baseline was not performed for patient 1 (data not shown). Assessments were performed at unscheduled visits at approximately 9, 21, and 24 months after beginning VA treatment; after 24 months of treatment, an improvement in V wave thresholds was observed in both ears. Descriptors and hearing loss definitions were obtained from the American Academy of Audiology, Centers for Disease Control, and UCSF Audiology Otolaryngology. 26 A-ABR, automated auditory brainstem response; BL, baseline; CS, clinically significant; dB nHL, decibel above normal adult hearing level; mo, month; VA, velmanase alfa GlcNAc(Man2) and GlcNAc(Man3) (Figure  1 ) serum concentrations in 1 child (patient 4) showed an upward trend toward baseline levels that coincided with positive nAbs status at 24 months; other clinical measures, such as 6MWT, 3MSCT, and IgG concentration, remained relatively stable at 24 months compared to the prior assessment with a negative nAbs status.
Future studies should aim to elucidate whether VA treatment may delay AM-associated symptom progression, potentially improving the prognosis of patients' social dependence on caregivers and decreasing their likelihood of being wheelchair-bound later in life. The present study also assessed changes in the functional capacity and endurance/physical functioning of children treated with long-term VA. As these results were highly variable between children, age-independent and additional studies are needed to determine whether longterm VA treatment provides any clinically meaningful benefit in these areas. Specifically, more data are needed on whether changes in PDMS-2, MSEL, 6MWT, and 3MSCT are independent of their "normal development potential", such as from placebo-controlled or natural history studies of patients with AM.
| Limitations Taken together, the present study provides critical insights into AM disease progression in the younger pediatric population, although conclusions are limited due to the small sample size and lack of a randomized control arm. This study included functional assessments, including the PDMS, 6MWT, and 3MSCT, which can be challenging to administer to children of a young age since these evaluations rely on participant cooperation. Additionally, these evaluations can be associated with high variability at baseline and may have inherent limitations to age-related validation. Inherently, alpha-mannosidosis is associated with heterogeneous disease manifestations that vary across patients and can make comparisons difficult among participants. While this study includes data collected up to 3 years, there is limited information available at some timepoints for certain children, including serum oligosaccharide evaluations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the children and their families for participating in the study. Medical writing support was provided by  Keri Small, PhD , and  Keith Olson, PhD , of  Oxford PharmaGenesis, Newtown, PA , and was funded by  Chiesi Farmaceutici S. p. A. Several  of the authors of this publication are members of the European Reference Network for Rare Hereditary Metabolic Disorders (MetabERN)-Project  ID No 739543.
Although any clear-cut quantitative conclusion on the functional group loading of samples 5-8 remains hard to be drawn, all data taken together appear coherent and confirm the existence of a functionalization trend. 8 is the most functionalized (benzoic acid) material, followed by 5 with an intermediate loading of phenolic pendant arms and by 6-7 (ketones and ethers) with the lowest functionalization degree. Two representative samples from this series (i. e. , pristine MWCNTs and 8 with the higher surface functionalization degree) were analyzed through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm the non-invasive character of the functionalization path. Except for a superior CNTs bundle disaggregation in the functionalized sample 8, both materials showed virtually unchanged morphological properties (length and diameter) (Figure  S1  vs.
5°. An EtOH suspension of each sample was dropcasted on a slab of Bismuth foil. Samples were then kept under vacuum in the introduction chamber for at least 12 h in order to remove all adsorbed volatiles before acquiring XPS spectra in a fixed analyzer transmission mode with pass energy of 44. 0 eV. The spectra were elaborated using the CasaXPS software. Shirley functions have been used to subtract the background. The deconvolution of the XPS spectra has been carried out employing a mixed Gaussian and Lorentzian function and the Binding energies (B. E. ) were calibrated upon fixing the C1s sp 2 component at 284. 8 eV. [52, 56] The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area (SSA) values were recorded on an ASAP 2020 Micromeritics instrument at À 196 °C with liquid N 2 as adsorbent. All samples were activated at 120 °C for 24 h before measurements.
Acknowledgements G. G. and C. P. -H. thank the  TRAINER  project  (Catalysts for Transition to Renewable Energy Future ) of the " Make our Planet Great Again" program  ( Ref. ANR-17-MPGA-0017 ) for support. G. G. and G. T. would also like to thank the  Italian MIUR  through the  PRIN 2017 Project Multi-e  ( 20179337R7 ) "Multielectron transfer for the conversion of small molecules: an enabling technology for the chemical use of renewable energy" for financial support to this work. Y. L. and G. G. finally thank the  CAS President's International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) program  for support. We also thank  B. Cortigiani  for his assistance in using  MatchLab Interdepartmental Research Unit (Univ. of Florence).
General information for organic synthesis Melting points were determined on a Kofler melting point apparatus and were uncorrected. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was accomplished on 0. 2-mm precoated plates of silica gel 60F-254 (Merck). Visualization was made with ultraviolet light (254 and 365 nm) or with a fluorescence indicator. 1 H NMR spectra were recorded on BRUKER AC 400 Avance III (400 MHz) spectrometer, 13 C NMR spectra on BRUKER AC 400 Avance III (100 MHz) spectrometer using CDCl 3 with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as internal reference. Chemical shifts are expressed in parts per million downfield from TMS. Data are given in the following order: δ value, multiplicity (s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; br, broad), number of protons, coupling constants J is given in Hertz.
HPLC analysis for bioavaibility study Apparatus used HPLC analysis linked to bioavaibility study: Agilent 1260, Agilent Technologies, Germany. The HPLC system comprising a vacuum degasser, an autosampler and a binary pump with a maximum pressure of 400 bar. The HPLC apparatus was equipped with a reversed phase C18 analytical column of 4. 6 × 100 mm and 3. 5 μm particle size (Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18). The DAD detector was set to a scanning range of 200-400 nm. Column temperature was maintained at 25 • C. The injected sample volume was 2 μL and the flow-rate of mobile phase was 0. 4 mL/min. for each data of Fig. 9. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of MeOH/water 8:2 (v/v).
i. To validate plasmatocyte depletion by clodrosome injection, water-and clodrosomeinjected crq> ds-Red flies were mounted in Washable Clear Glue (Elmer's) between a slide and a coverslip 24h after injection. Whole flies were imaged using an IX-83 microscope (Olympus) with a 10x objective. Acquisitions were performed using CellSens software and images were reconstituted in 3D using IMARIS software (Bitplane). Plasmatocyte isolation and observation were performed on 5-7 days old female flies of hml-Gal4; UAS-eGFP genotype that were individually infected with 500 CFU of M. abscessus Td-Tomato. 6-8 flies were dissected as described previously  [68]. Circulating and sessile hemocytes were collected in 100 μL of PBS containing 1% Hoechst (Invitrogen Hoechst 33342, USA) at 30 minutes, 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h p.
i. 10 μL of the solution were placed between a glass slide and a coverslip and observed under a Leica SP8 X laser scanning confocal microscope. The acquired images were treated with ImageJ software (NIH). qRT-PCR. Total RNA was extracted from 20 female flies per condition using TRIzol reagent (TRI reagent, ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA), chloroform, and isopropanol. Genomic DNA was removed from the extracted RNA using a Turbo DNA-free kit (Invitrogen AM1907, Invitrogen, USA), and cDNA was generated using Superscript III (Invitrogen 18080051, Invitrogen, CA, USA), following the manufacturer's instructions. qPCR was performed using Maxima SYBR Green Master Mix (ThermoFisher K0221, ThermoFisher, USA), 100 ng of cDNA as a template and 10 μM of target gene-specific primers. Primers used are listed in Table  1.
abscessus Td-Tomato (multiplicity of infection of 0. 1) (37˚C, 5% CO 2 for 3h). Infected cells were treated for 1h with amikacin (250 μg/mL) to kill extracellular bacteria and then maintained with a lower dose of antibiotic (50 μg/mL) throughout the experiment. Purified NK cells were added to the M. abscessus infected CD11b + cells at a ratio of 1:2. At days 1 and 2 p. i. , cells were labelled, first with LIVE/ DEAD staining (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), followed by Pacific Blue conjugated antimouse CD11b + (M1/70, BioLegend USA) and FITC-conjugated anti-mouse NK1. 1 (clone NKRP1A, BD Biosciences, USA). Acquisitions were performed on LSR III Fortessa flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, USA) and data were analyzed using FlowJo software version 10. 6. 2. Biostatistical analysis. All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9.
Acknowledgments We thank  Dr N. Doisne  and  Dr E. Balse  ( UMR-S 1166 ) for forging the capillaries for microinjections,  Dr F. Le Guern  for polystyrene microbeads,  YN Phung  (master student),  O. Piedallu  (bachelor student),  M. Fages ,  M. Hoareau  and  Dr V. Dubois  (graduate students) for the assistance in the laboratory. We thank  Dr M. Crozatier ,  Dr B. Lemaitre  and  Dr H. Richardson  for generously giving us fly lines and the  Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (BDSC)  for fly stocks.
23 Mycobacterium smegmatis (strain mc2 155) American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 700084 Critical commercial assays anti-CD11b microbeads Miltenyi Biotec 130-049-601 RPMI 1640 media Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#11875085 Collagenase D Roche Diagnostics 11088866001 amikacin Mylan laboratories Inc. Cat#B1022 LIVE/DEAD Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#65-0865-14 clodronate liposomes (Clodrosome) Encapsula CLD-8901 TRIzol reagent ThermoFisher 15596026 Turbo DNA-free kit Invitrogen AM1907 Superscript III Invitrogen 18080051 Maxima SYBR green master mix ThermoFisher K0221 Pierce BCA protein assay kit ThermoFisher Caspase-3 substrate Ac-DEVD-AFC VWR ALX-260-031 Experimental models: Organisms Drosophila melanogaster w[*];P{w[+mC] = He-GAL4. Z}85 Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (BDSC) 8699 y[1] w[*];P{w[+mC] = crq-GAL4}2 Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (BDSC) 25041 y[1] w[*];Mi{Trojan-GAL4.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the  French National Research Agency  programme  'Investissements d'avenir'  (  ANR-15-IDEX-02  ) and in the  CNRS/INSU/EC2CO  project  CACAO. H. B. and G. S. are part of the  Labex OSUG  (  ANR10 LABX56  ). H. B. , G. S. , and M. W. are members of the  COST Action   CA19116  PLANTMETALS (  COST, European Cooperation in Science and Technology , www. cost. eu ). We thank  Marc Hanikenne ,  Adrien Vezinet  ,  Olivier Proux , and  Jean-Louis Hazemann  for helpful discussions.
Characterization and structure of Au(III) -allyl complexes Complexes 3, 6 and 11 were unambiguously authenticated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. [8, 9, 11]  Complexes 3 and 6 were also characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In the case of 6, connectivity was established, but twinning and disorder in the crystals led to poor data quality, thus the optimized structure for complex 6 will be used herein when comparing with the other -allyl complexes. The ancillary ligands employed in complexes 3, 6 and 11 have major differences in their electronic properties with the (P,C) ligand being close to electronically symmetric, whereas the (N,C) and (P,N) ligands are highly asymmetric due to P and C being significantly more donating than N. This difference is reflected in the bonding of the π-allyl moiety and thus the stability of the ensuing complexes (Table  1 ).
Acknowledgements Financial support from the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , the  Université de Toulouse  and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-19-CE07-0037 ) is gratefully acknowledged. This study is a part of the  FRINATEK  project  315004  funded by the  Research Council of Norway  (stipend to M. H. ). Special gratitude is expressed to  Karinne Miqueu  for all computational studies and extremely stimulating collaboration. The following research associates are also warmly thanked for their invaluable contribution:  J. Rodríguez ,  A. Tabey ,  G. Szalóki ,  E. Daiann Sosa Carrizo ,  Y. García-Rodeja ,  P. Lavedan ,  N. Saffon-Merceron  and  S. Mallet-Ladeira.
RT-qPCR reactions were performed on QuantStudio 12K Flex Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) and analyzed using QuantStudio 12K Flex Applied Biosystems software v1. 2. 3. Primers and probe sequences, which target SARS-CoV-2 N gene, were: Fw: GGCCGCAAATTGCACAAT; rev: CCAATGCGCGACATTCC; probe: FAM-CCCCCAGCGCTTCAGCGTTCT-BHQ1. For the evaluation of the 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC 50 ), the same culture conditions as for the determination of the EC 50 were used, without addition of the virus, and cell viability was measured using CellTiter Blue® (Promega) following manufacturer's instructions. The 50% effective and cytotoxic concentrations EC 50 and CC 50 were determined using logarithmic interpolation as previously described. 36  All data obtained were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 9 software (Graphpad software).
Antimalarial and cytotoxicity assays Antimalarial proliferative assay (IC 50 evaluation) and cytotoxicity assay (CC 50 evaluation) were performed as previously described. 37  Briefly, for each experiment, extemporaneous solutions of compounds were prepared in DMSO. The antimalarial activity of compounds was evaluated on the F32-ART artemisinin-resistant strain of P. falciparum. Parasites were treated with doses of compounds ranging from 50 nM to 50 µM (with 0. 5 vol% of final DMSO concentration) and their viability, related with DNA degradation, was measured using the SYBR Green fluorescence-based method after 48 h of incubation at 37 °C. The molecule concentration able to inhibit the parasite growth by 50% (IC 50 value) was determined from the dose-inhibition curves drawn with GraphPad Prism software.
Acknowledgements This work has been financially supported by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) France , the  Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) France , the  Fondation pour la recherche médicale  (FRM, "Équipe  EQU202103012596 "), and by the  University of Technology of Guangdong (GDUT), China. Y. Li  is indebted for a scholarship from the  Department of Education of Guangdong Province. The mass spectrometry facilities of the  Institute of Chemistry of Toulouse (ICT , UAR 2599,  Catherine Claparols ), and  Christian Bijani  ( LCC-CNRS ) and  Isabelle Fabing  ( UMR 5068 CNRS-University of Toulouse, PICT, IBiSA ) are acknowledged for technical assistance with MS, NMR and chiral HPLC analyses, respectively.
Molecular fluorescence in the visible proved to be a powerful technique for the identification of the dye source and also of the formulation  [21]. Nevertheless, it requires an extensive database of references and is usually used in synergy with other techniques, such as SERS or HPLC. Not many techniques provide as many insights into each chromophore as highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Coupled with diode-array detection and mass spectrometry, it is a very robust technique for the identification of organic colourants  [22]  and is still the most used technique for the study of historical textiles. It allows for the characterisation of all the chromophores present and of new compounds (with mass spectrometry), enabling the identification of the source material. Because of the possibility of the quantification of the chromophores, HPLC could help us understand the influence of certain ingredients on the final composition of theswatches.