dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In tasks that presented either trustworthy or untrustworthy pre-rated faces, patients with WS gave both face types high ratings of approachability  (Bellugi et al. , 1999). The absence of any correlation between these measures and levels of intelligence or visuo-spatial ability supports the argument for the presence of a selective deficit in the social domain. Notably, patients with WS ranked faces according to their approachability along typical lines: that is trustworthy faces were rated as more approachable than untrustworthy faces. In a similar design,  Frigerio (2006)  extended these findings using emotionally expressive face stimuli from the  Ekman and Friesen database (1976). Patients with WS were asked to rate the approachability of photographs with clearly different facial expressions  (happy, angry, disgusted, fearful, sad, neutral) , as previously rated by adult control participants.
Methods: Participants Twenty-two patients with a diagnosis of WS were matched for sex and chronological age with 21 TD participants (See supplementary results 1 for person-by-person matching results). We recruited participants through national advertisements from WS associations and from the Reference for Rare Diseases GenoPsy Center (Vinatier hospital, Lyon). Table  1  shows demographic characteristics and neuropsychological data participants. Each patient received a diagnosis of WS following genetic assessment by the psychiatrist (Prof. C. Demily) involved in the study (deletion at 7q11. 23)  (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). We recruited TD participants through advertisements in local newspapers, local schools and via the internet. A critical aspect in such experiments is to identify independent variables that can bias results yielded by the measured variable and to assess how this bias can influence any subsequent interpretations that we make.
Spontaneous preference and explicit decision Stimuli and setup. Stimuli used in the experiment consisted of 48 computer-generated male faces obtained with FaceGen software (Singular Inversions, Toronto, Canada) and selected from the imaging database provided by  Todorov et al (2013). All faces were bald and Caucasian. The trustworthiness stimuli set was composed of facial identities varying on 7 levels of trustworthiness  (Todorov et al. 2013 ). Todorov et al's work has previously demonstrated that human explicit judgments of trustworthiness match the predictions of the model (  2013 ). For the current study, we selected the two most extreme versions from the 24 identities (-3 SD and +3 SD), resulting in 24 couples. Stimuli were displayed on a 17-inch computer screen at a resolution of 1280 x 1024 pixels using Presentation® software (Version 14.
9, www. neurobs. com). The viewing distance from participants' eyes to the screen was 73cm where stimuli subtending 7. 8° x 12. 5° of visual angle (377 x 604 pixels) were displayed. We recorded the eye movements positions of participants using an infrared video-based tracker (Tobii 1750) at a 60-Hz sampling rate. We recorded online eye-gaze data with Clearview software (2. 7. 0),. The two systems were synchronized using Presentation software (scenarios and stimuli are accessible here: https://osf. io/rkweh/?view_only=1a6a3769d19148e0ad5897deabbaad3e Procedure First, we assessed the performance of participants on a series of cognitive subtests. These included the Weschler Intelligence (WISC and WAIS,  Weschler, 2005 Weschler, , 2011) )  Matrices and Similarities and Neuropsychological assessment for children (NEPSY,  Korkman, Kirk and Kemp, 2012)  arrows.
Third, participants were asked to find pictures of two children expressing the same feeling among several pictures of other children. We recorded the number of correct responses for each participant. Errors were also computed for the following facial expressions: joy, fear, anger, disgust and neutral. For each participant, we converted the score obtained across the five emotion categories into a seven point scale. This was achieved by taking each participants rank within the percentile distribution of normative data into account (1:<2th pc; 2:2-5 th pc; 3: 6-10 th pc; 4: 11-25 th pc; 5:26-50 th pc; 6: 51-75 th pc; 7: >75 th pc).
Statistical Analysis Eye-tracking: Pre-processing. Eye movements data was filtered with ClearView software (with a visual angle of 1° and duration of 100ms) and processed with an in-house Matlab script. In order to quantify allocation of attention to faces, we manually defined the regions of interest (ROI) for each stimulus corresponding to a rectangle surrounding the face within the screen. Mean looking-time: For each participant and for each trial, we calculated mean looking-time computed as the average of the total time spent within each ROI during a trial. For each participant, we averaged results obtained in each task across trials. Were excluded participants who obtained looking-time scores with 3SD above the group mean (1 WS patient, 1 control). For each group (TD vs WS) and for each task (spontaneous/decision), we assessed whether participants presented spontaneous preferences for trustworthy vs untrustworthy faces.
This is based on the assumption that the same experimenter remains the same across both conditions. Thus we could expect that, on average, she performed the task with a constant reaction time. When normality assumption was violated, we performed a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test to compare reaction times across groups (WS and TD). When the normality assumption was violated in the WS group, differences between the WS group and the TD group in individual eye tracking behaviour were assessed using Z-scores. To test if individual eye tracking behaviour in the WS group was significantly different from that observed in the TD group, we computed individual corrected Z-score for each WS patient both in the spontaneous and in the decision trust detection task using singlim_ES. exe software  (Crawford, Garthwaite and Howell, 2009).
This method addressed the question of whether patient may exhibit a statistically significant deficit. This method has the advantage of controlling for Type I error rate regardless of the size of the control sample. This direct comparison across groups allowed us to draw conclusions about the main effect of the group (TD vs WS). To provide evidence for a significant dissociation between spontaneous and decision tasks, we computed individual Z-score differences (Z-DCC) for each Williams participant using the Dissocs_ES. exe software  (Crawford, Howell and Garthwaite, 1998). By revealing task dissociations in the two groups, this direct comparison allowed us to draw conclusions about the group and task interactions. One principal aim of this formula was to attempt to establish the presence of behavioural dissociations.
Dissociation across tasks In the TD group, we found a positive correlation between spontaneous and explicit decision tasks with respect to preferences in looking-time for trustworthy faces over the untrustworthy faces (r=0. 408; p=0. 033). Given that the normality assumption was violated in the patient group, we further tested whether WS patients' behaviour was consistent between the two tasks using Dissocs_ES. exe software  (Crawford, Howell and Garthwaite, 1998). This method estimates the rarity of an observed discrepancy between performances in two tasks by considering the typical population as a reference and the correlation scores among the same tasks in the typical population. In this way, we determined the presence of any dissociations among tasks. We observed that looking time behaviour for more than a half of the WS patients (14 over 22) showed a significant dissociation between the spontaneous and the decision task.
Background: Students' choice of medical specialties has evolved throughout year, with a growing interest in quality of life and in technological specialties. We investigated the repartition of such choices in the world and its influencing factors with a focus on the gender's influence, for helping policy-makers to deal with medical shortage and territorial to specialty disconnect. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on MEDLINE and Scopus from January 2010 to January 2020. Data extraction and analysis followed JBI and PRISMA recommendations. The selected articles had to focus on medical students, detail their choice of specialty, and look for factors influencing their choice. Articles were excluded if they only assessed the attractiveness of a specialty, or evaluated a public policy.
Search strategy We developed a search strategy according to Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) reviewers manual  [13]  based on recommendations for systematic review of etiology and risk. Search was made on the 3 may of 2020, in MEDLINE and Scopus, from the 1st of January 2010 to the 1st of January 2020. Only the last decade was used to include articles, as the gender distribution could change over time  [14]. MEDLINE and Scopus databases were screened using the keywords "speciality", "career choice", "motivation", "interest", "ambition", "influence", "factor" and "medical students" (search strategy in supplementary Table  1 ).
Data was extracted following an a priori defined grid (supplementary file, Table  2 ). Extracted information included author, year of publication, research design and objectives, information about the reviewed study, and the specific information contributing to this review's central question. Extraction form was tested on five studies by each reviewer to ensure that all relevant results were extracted. The quality of the included studies was assessed through Ari€ ens et al. 's score  [15]  modified for reviews focusing on influencing factors  [16]  (supplementary file, Table  3 ). This score is suitable either for qualitative and quantitative studies.
Analysis procedure Data analysis was planned to be stratified according to gender and origin country, dichotomized by occidental (OC) and non-occidental countries (NOC) according to the distinction made by S. Huntington  [17]. OC' category relate to North America, European Union, Australia and New-Zealand. NOC have been treated as a global category because of the foreseeable under-representation of these countries in our study  [12]. For the gender analysis, we aggregated data from the papers in which full numbers of men and women interested in a particular discipline were provided for calculating the proportion of men as the number of men interested in a specialty divided by all the people interested in it. Finally, we performed a post-hoc analysis by country's income level according to World Bank ranking  [18] , either comparing low income with high income countries, and by stratifying OC and NOC by income level.
Results 577 articles were identified through the Scopus database, and 390 through the MEDLINE database. 751 articles remained after removing the duplicates. 406 articles were excluded based on their title, 253 based on their abstract and 38 based on the full-text (Fig. 1 ). The 54 articles included in the systematic review were all crosssectional and observational: 50 were quantitative studies, three were qualitative and one was both (Table  1 ). 23 studies were performed in OC (42. 6%) and 31 in NOC (57. 4%), for a total of 29 different countries involved. Most of studies (92. 6%) were based on a survey addressed toward medical students in different countries. The mean response rate (RR) of all surveys included in this review was 69. 1% (61. 0% in OC and 73. 7% in NOC), with a total sample size of 26 270 students surveyed.
Fourteen of the included studies reported data concerning the association between the interest in a specialty and the gender, 5 from OC and 9 from NOC. Specialties attracting a higher proportion of men were radiology (men percentage (MP)=63. 7%), surgery (MP=60. 9%), emergency medicine (MP=57. 6%) and ENT (MP=57. 3%), whereas those interesting mostly women were O&G (MP=14. 7%), GP (MP=26. 9%), (paediatrics MP=27. 3%) and dermatology (MP=29. 6%) (Fig. 3 ). The highest gaps between NOC and OC MP among countries were found for radiology, anaesthesiology, ophthalmology and paediatrics. Radiology and anaesthesiology had higher MP in OC (71% and 51. 3%) than in NOC (62. 5% and 46. 1%) whereas MP were higher in NOC for paediatrics  (37. 1% in OC and 17. 4% in NOC) and ophthalmology (50. 3% in NOC and 32.
The experimental procedure was approved by the local ethical committee, and all subjects gave written consent and were informed that they could withdraw from the experiment at any moment without giving any reason. They were compensated with 12 euros for their 60-min participation in the experiment. All data were treated anonymously. Six subjects out of 30 (three from the humanities group and three from the science group) were excluded from the data analyzes described in the following paragraphs, due to these reasons: two participants were color blind but they did not inform us about it before the experiment; the computer crashed during two other experimental sessions and no data were recorded from these subjects; two other participants failed to perform the task in the correct way, since they answered for more than 50% of the trials after the presentation of the stimulus (during the fixation cross).
Conclusion: Vaccine shortages are a serious public health issue in the EU. Causes are complex and multifaceted and more research is needed to understand the economic and market-related causes. Improved communication between public health authorities, manufacturers and regulatory agencies is essential. Procurement and tender mechanisms should be improved and take into consideration, among others, multisource suppliers, other factors besides price, and the length of contracts. In case of vaccine shortages, all countries should have procedures or recommendation in place regarding the use of alternative vaccines or vaccination schedules. Methods and materials: All children aged 12-59 months in the Iganga Mayuge health demographic surveillance site (IMHDSS) database from 2010 to 2017 were considered.
Conclusion: Delivering from a health facility, attending antenatal care, spouse participation and the wealth index are important predictors of childhood immunization. In promoting immunization, there is need to implement interventions that ensure health equity and universal health coverage. Machine learning methods/algorithms create population segments that would ease targeting interventions to improve an outcome of interest. Methods and materials: Three cross-sectional datasets of mothers of children 12-23 months old were used: The Demographic and Health Surveys from 2007, 2012, and 2017 in Indonesia. Participants were only asked about religion in 2007, and so 100 datasets of religion were imputed for 2012 and 2017, with the probability being Muslim calculated as the proportion of individuals who were Muslim in the participant's province as of 2007.
In this multiple imputation analysis, Poisson regression models output prevalence differences (PD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for wealth index and age of the child in months. An interaction term between year and religion evaluated changes in vaccination over time by religion. Results: Across the three datasets, there were 10,524 children, of whom 78. 9% were vaccinated against measles. Across 32 provinces, the unweighted prevalence of Islam in 2007 ranged from 8% in East Nusa Tenggara to 100% in South Sumatra, for a weighted average of 85. 4%. In the main effects model, non-Muslims had 3. 5% higher vaccination coverage (95% CI: 1. 1%, 6. 0%), and compared to 2007, vaccination coverage increased in 2012 (PD: 3. 6%, 95% CI: 1. 7%, 6. 0%) and 2017 (PD: 4. 6%, 95% CI: 2. 6%, 6.
Likewise, in order to know the relationship between students' self-perception about their TDC and the perception about their teachers' training capacity in the same competence, a Pearson linear correlation analysis was carried out. This analysis, typical of the level of relational research, does not seek to evidence causal relationships, but to demonstrate the existence of relationships of bivariate interdependence between the random variables under study. The statistical software SPSS v. 23 was used to process the data.
These results coincide with those analyzed in the works of Muñoz, González and Fuentes  [51] , and of Castañeda, Esteve and Adell  [17] , in which it is stated that university teachers have elementary knowledge of basic technological tools (word processors, spreadsheets and databases) and, to a lesser extent, of their technological and didactic implementation in the classroom. In this line, despite the positive consideration of ICTs in their training as teachers, the assessments given by future teachers to their trainers show the scarce incorporation of technologies in the curricula. If we relate these results to the six competence levels and the 21 descriptors developed for the five areas established in the Common Framework for Digital Teaching Competence  [13] , we can see that future teachers value the acquisition of competences and digital teaching skills positively and that, according to Marín, Vázquez and Cabero  [52]  and Castañeda, Esteve and Adell  [17] , the special importance attributed to the didactic potential of ICT and the different ways of implementing them in training contexts is confirmed.
One of the reasons to subsidise public transport is to improve the mobility of low-income groups by providing affordable public transport; however, the literature describes a situation whereby those with a low income are unable to afford the cheapest tickets per trip, i. e. travelcards, as they usually require a considerable up-front cost. In this study, we use a large dataset from the Swedish National Travel Survey to investigate whether, and if so how, income explains monthly travelcard possession among individuals for whom this would have been the least expensive option. We find a robust positive relationship between income and travelcard possession among low-income earners, indicating that those with a low income pay more to use public transport than more affluent individuals. As the accessibility of low-income groups is an important motivation for public transport subsidies, the findings from this study have important policy implications.
This limits the ability to make generalisations and to determine whether income is the deciding factor in low-income earners choosing to buy more expensive tickets. In this study, we use a large individual dataset from the Swedish National Travel Survey investigate how income relates to travelcard possession and whether low-income earners purchase more expensive public transport tickets. By using individual data, we avoid problems with spurious correlation that could be an issue with some of the methods used in previous studies. The large dataset allows us to isolate the effect of income and gain a greater understanding of this phenomenon and show that low income earners indeed purchase more expensive tickets. We recognise that public transport fares as well as subsidies have other distribution effects (e.
Public transport and income The main data source of this study is the Swedish National Travel Survey collected by Statistics Sweden (SCB) on behalf of the government agency Transport Analysis between 2011 and 2016. From the survey it is possible to discern several differences, not only in how public transport patronage varies by income but also geographically. Public transport patronage is widespread among those with very low and low incomes; however, there are geographical differences apparent when comparing Figs. 1  and 2. In Sweden's three metropolitan regions, public transport use is widespread even among more affluent individuals; a pattern that is even more distinct In Stockholm. It is those living in the metropolitan regions, and especially Stockholm, who make up the group of high-income earners who also travel by public transport five to seven days per week.
Subsample: very frequent travellers The analysis utilises individual data from the Swedish National Travel Survey. The survey contained a travel diary for a selected day (All 365 days of a year are represented in the sample, with sampled individuals being randomly assigned to specific days). Participants also responded to questions about access to a car, internet, travelcards, as well as other background information, e. g. income. In total, 48,629 individuals living in Sweden participated in the survey. To investigate whether low-income frequent travellers also buy more expensive tickets, we studied the individuals who in the Swedish National Travel Survey stated that they typically use public transport between five to seven days a week. Since we did not have complete information regarding the fare structure of each PTA for each year of the survey, we have based our analysis on the least expensive ticket for these very frequent travellers being a monthly travelcard or a travelcard with an even longer period of validity.
For a brief introduction to SAMPERS see  Beser and Algers (2002). 11 SEK 295,462/year excluding welfare benefits, in 2016 (SCB 2017c). 12 Other variables, primarily those related to employment status, were tested but were found to be highly correlated with income. We therefore excluded them from the main analysis. 1 3 of higher bicycle use among Swedish males compared to Swedish females  (Transport Analysis 2015). Since bicycles are, in many cases, a substitute to public transport, this might slightly reduce the gain from travelcard possession among males. With regards to car ownership both  Simma and Axhausen (2001)  and  Scott and Axhausen (2006)  show that there is a trade-off between car ownership and season tickets. While the correlation between monthly travelcards and car access is very low in our dataset there is a negative correlation between car access and number of public transport trips.
Discussion In this paper, we have studied how income explains the possession of monthly travelcards among individuals for whom this would have been the least expensive ticket based on their travel behaviour. We find a consistent positive relationship between income and the probability of travelcard possession which appears to confirm the relationship between income and price paid per trip presented by  Jones and Lucas (2012) , even in an extensive welfare state such as the Swedish one. Whereas previous empirical studies of this phenomenon have used area-level data  (Verbich and El-Geneidy 2017)  or a small sample from a specific area  (Graham and Mulley 2012) , we have used a large individual dataset from the whole of Sweden. We have therefore been able to isolate the effect of income on travelcard possession, as well as conclude that this phenomenon is not unique to a specific urban region but appears in at least the two largest urban regions in Sweden.
Acknowledgements This paper has benefited from comments and discussions with  Maria Börjesson ,  Karolina Isaksson ,  Isak Jarlebring Rubensson ,  Jean Ryan ,  Jan-Erik Swärdh ,  Andreas Vigren  as well as participants at the ITEA conference in Paris 12th-14th June 2019. We would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable input.
30. 4  Under the terms of the contract, MusicMatic France undertook to provide stores of Tapis Saint Maclou with ''MM Box'' players, devices for communicating to the public musical programmes. According to the arguments made, such devices contained reproductions of phonograms, constituting a database of customisable programmes. On this basis, MusicMatic France unsuccessfully argued that such acts of reproduction of phonograms on devices and making these devices available to stores did not constitute the acts of ''direct communication'' to the public concerned by Art. L214-1 of the CPI. 5  Translation by the author. Emphasis added.