dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
We extracted a new quantitative climate dataset from the joint stable isotope composition and radiocarbon dating of ECGs at high temporal resolution for the time period 45,000-and 22,000-years cal BP (45-22 cal kBP), from two temporally overlapping loess sequences, namely Schwalbenberg 26,46 and Nussloch  24, 25  , situated in the Rhine River valley of western Germany (Fig. 1 ). We embed our climate reconstructions within Bayesian age models for both loess-palaeosol sequences, facilitating precise correlation between the two sequences, and with other climatic archives for the North Atlantic region. We link our results with wind and precipitation modelling at the macro scale in order to more meaningfully understand potential teleconnections between continental Europe, the Fennoscandian ice sheet and North-Atlantic Ocean.
Stable isotope composition We measured the carbon and oxygen isotope values of ECGs for 23 layers of 5 cm-thick from pro le RP1 at Schwalbenberg, for a total of 690 analyses (Fig. 4 , supplementary Fig. 1  and supplementary Table  2 ). The Nussloch record incorporates an already published stable isotope dataset (11 layer of 5 cm-thick representing 330 analyses)  44, 45  with an additional 210 new analyses from 7 layers (Fig. 4 , Supplementary Fig. 2  and Supplementary Table  3 ). At Schwalbenberg, the ECGs extracted from the interstadial phases (270 analyses) yielded mean values of -12. 5 ± 1. 0‰ for δ  13  C and -4. 5 ± 1. 8‰ for δ 18 O. Results for samples from stadial phases (420 analyses) yielded mean δ  13  C and δ 18 O values of -12. 2 ± 1. 0‰ and -4. 8 ± 1. 8‰ respectively. The stable isotope compositions of both carbon and oxygen in ECGs are statistically distinguishable between the stadial and interstadial phases (p-value = 8.
During MIS 3 and MIS 2, sea levels varied from 60 to 120 m below the modern sea level respectively 56 and contributed to a major reshaping of northwest European palaeogeography, with both the southern North Sea and English Channel connected to the continent by land (Fig. 1 )  57. Glacioeustatic sea-level uctuations re ect changes in the continental ice volume budget and can therefore be used to estimate past global δ 18 O values in seawater. During MIS 2, the δ 18 O of seawater was 1. 0 ± 0. 1‰ 58. During MIS 3 we assumed that the δ 18 O of seawater was intermediate between that of MIS 2 and of the Holocene (0‰; SMOW reference)  56, 59  ; we took MIS 3 values to be 0. 5‰. Consequently, by estimating the δ 18 O of meteoric water and taking into account the ice volume effect, we calculated warmseason land-surface temperatures, as oxygen stable isotope compositions record soil temperatures during the seasonal activity of the earthworms, which probably occurred during the active-layer thawing season (May to September, the ve warmest months of the year; data from Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost http://gtnpdatabase.
The coldest summer phases at each site were recorded during the GS 3 (between 25 and 26 ka BP), which was coeval with the Heinrich stadial H2. The warmest summer phases were during GI 7 (~35 ka BP) at Schwalbenberg and GI 12 (~45. 5 ka BP) at Nussloch; the latter was eroded in the pro le RP1 at Schwalbenberg. At Schwalbenberg the driest conditions prevailed during the LGM at ~22 ka BP, whereas at Nussloch the driest conditions were coeval with the coldest phase (Henrich stadial 2). The wettest conditions prevailed during the transition from GI 6 to GS 6 (~33 ka BP), and during GI 5. 2 (32 ka BP), at Schwalbenberg and Nussloch respectively. Apparent discrepancies in the timing of extreme values between the sites re ects the lack of temporally overlapping data for the respective phases. Nussloch does not preserve sediments postdating 23 cal kBP, and the period between GI 5.
We therefore refrain from comparing sedimentation rates between the two sites for this time interval. Our quantitative climatic reconstructions are derived from in situ ECG response to contemporary conditions at the land surface and are therefore independent of sedimentation rates or direct wind transport vectors. As such, they provide insights into terrestrial climate parameters at su ciently high resolution for comparison with other archives from western Europe and the North Atlantic region. Whilst past environmental changes for Schwalbenberg and Nussloch have previously been reconstructed from malacological analysis  30, 66  , ECG concentration 38 and palaeoprecipitation estimates derived from inverse modelling of δ  13  C of organic matter  31, 67  , as yet none of these datasets have been of su cient resolution to facilitate meaningful correlations of the temporal and geographic scale attempted here (Table  1 , Fig.
The trends observed in our palaeotemperature dataset correlate with other su ciently high-resolution European loess records from eastern Hungary  75  and northern England 76. We observe that terrestrial response to millennial scale climate oscillations was both rapid and synchronous, albeit not as extreme as in the polar and Mediterranean Sea regions to the north and south respectively. We suggest that the milder climatic uctuations observed in the terrestrial mid-latitudes was driven at multiple scales by insolation and local topography of the Rhine Valley. A reduction in insolation from MIS 3 to MIS 2 would have caused a decrease in mean annual temperature, however at local scales direct insolation may have led to relatively high summer temperatures, even during cold periods. Thus, while MIS 2 winters may have been signi cantly colder than during MIS 3, the summers may have been almost as warm.
Our land-surface temperatures for the period 45 to 23 cal kBP suggest that the highest temperatures were a function of insolation rather than other weather factors. The concentration of ECGs and molluscs down-pro le has previously been used as qualitative palaeoenvironmental proxies re ecting seasonal conditions, including biological activity and vegetation cover  30, 38  , which add nuance to our temperature dataset. At Nussloch, high concentrations of mollusc shells were observed during MIS 2 interstadials in combination with high juvenile mortality rates, suggesting increasing summer temperatures with abrupt temperature decreases during the transitions into the winter season re ected in earlier spring breeding and additional egg-laying phases in autumn  30, 77. This interpretation is comparable with pollen seasonal reconstructions from Les Echets in eastern France 78 and with our suggestion that warmer active month temperatures, as reconstructed by our ECG proxy, may be decoupled from the mean annual temperatures dictated by net annual insolation.
We see our approach as a rst step towards setting up spatially wide distributed data on land-surface temperatures based on ECG derived from loess-palaeosol sequences. Our air circulation models for the present-day and LGM time slices help us contextualise the impact of extreme climate phases on terrestrial environments. Quantitative climate parameters for the terrestrial realm have not been available for most of the Ice Age, preventing meaningful data-based comparison for system modelling of past changes in the global climate dynamics. Our dataset hints at signi cant correlation between changes in ice sheet cover and extent of periglacial aeolian environments (such the Rhine Valley deposits) across the North Atlantic region during much of the last glacial period. Although the correlation between temperature and soil moisture of the Rhine Valley loess with higher latitude ice sheet dynamics and North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures suggests a passive, and more moderate, response of the former to hemispheric climate drivers, such environments provide a timely illustration of what can occur during abrupt climatic transitions.
Age-depth models and sedimentation rates The chronology of Schwalbenberg and Nussloch was determined using radiocarbon analyses on ECG (Figs. 2  and 3  and Supplementary Table  1 ). We derived age-depth models using the software BACON 2. 2  47  based on Bayesian statistics. For Nussloch, we selected the radiocarbon ages (29 samples) of the pro le P8 as age control points prior to running the Bayesian age model. For Schwalbenberg, the model is based on 23 age control points. On average, at Schwalbenberg, the resolution of one radiocarbon sample is every ~20 cm whereas in Nussloch the resolution is every ~60 cm. Probability distributions of calibrated radiocarbon ages were generated using IntCal20 94 in the Bacon code cc=1. In Bacon program  47  , two prior distributions (gamma distribution for the accumulation rate and beta distribution for the accumulation memory) are constrained.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  German Science Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG)  in the framework of the  TerraClime-Project  ( FI 1941/5-1 ;  FI 1918/4-1 ;  VO 938/25-1 ) awarded to PF, KEF and AV, and by an independent  Max Planck Research Group  awarded to KEF. SG acknowledges support through the project  PalMod , funded by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). We thank  Sven Brömme  for help in the stable isotope laboratory and  Felix Hettwer  for helping to extract the earthworm calcite granules. We thank everyone who assisted with eldwork in Remagen, including  Stefania Milano  and  Kristina Reetz.
Molecular dynamic simulations All molecular dynamic (MD) simulations are carried out using the LAMMPS package  53  with a time step of 0. 35 fs. The Si-Si interactions in silicon systems are modeled by the Stillinger-Weber potential  54. a-Si is prepared from a melt-quench procedure. The details about this procedure can be found in ref. 55. The further calculation of the radial distribution function indicates that the obtained amorphous silicon model has been fully amorphized after the melt-quench procedure (see details in Supplementary Discussion). In this work, the a-Si system contains 4096 atoms and is studied in the equilibrium molecular dynamic (EMD) simulations with periodic boundary conditions in all directions. After the structure relaxation and thermal equilibration in the isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensemble for 500 ps, EMD simulations with the microcanonical (NVE) ensemble are performed to record the atomic trajectories.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is partially supported by  CREST JST  (No. JPMJCR19I1  and  JPMJCR19Q3 ). This research used the computational resources of the Oakforest-PACS supercomputer system,  The University of Tokyo. This project is also supported in part by the grants from the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (Grant Nos. 12075168  and  11890703 ), and  Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality  (Grant No. 19ZR1478600 ).
The analysis also employs improved methods for the estimation of the nonprompt lepton background and uses the CMS data set collected during 2016-2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 137 fb -1. The final results are extracted from a simultaneous binned maximum likelihood fit to the data of the signal and background expectations from all the signal and control regions. The experimental and theoretical uncertainties affecting the background and signal estimations are incorporated as nuisance parameters. The results of this analysis are included in tabulated form in the HEPData record  [28]. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 summarizes the general features of the CMS detector, while Section 3 describes the data set and simulation samples used in this search. After defining the physics objects in Section 4, the event selection and the signal regions of the search are described in Section 5.
Data and simulated samples The data used in this search have been collected by the high-level trigger system using three different algorithms (trigger paths): First, an inclusive trigger path requiring the selected events to have online p miss T > 120 GeV, where p miss T is the missing transverse momentum, corrected to account for the contribution of muons. Second, a trigger path that requires at least two muons in addition to p miss T , with a lower online threshold p miss T > 60 GeV. This trigger path also requires the online raw p miss T , i. e. not corrected for the presence of muons, to be greater than 50 GeV, the p T of each muon to satisfy p T > 3 GeV, and the invariant mass of the muon pair to be between 3. 8 and 56 GeV. As this last requirement becomes limiting for events used in the WZ-enriched region of the analysis (defined in Section 6), a third trigger path, with a requirement only on the p T of the highest p T muons (p T ( 1 ) > 17 GeV and p T ( 2 ) > 8 GeV), is also used.
The choice of parameters in the scan translates to values for the χ 0 2χ 0 1 mass difference that range from 4 to 28 GeV. In the scan, trilinear couplings are removed and the gluino mass parameter M 3 is assumed to be sufficiently high to decouple from the observable phenomena. The unification-inspired relation M 1 = 0. 5M 2 is further assumed, in order to reduce the parameter space to a two-dimensional scan. Cross sections are independently calculated for each model point in the pMSSM space using the PROSPINO2 computational package  [54]. The SUSY parameters are used to calculate the physical mass spectra and decay rates via additional computational tools  [55] [56] [57] [58] [59]. Electroweakino decays are implemented using PYTHIA, and are reweighted to incorporate further modeling improvements with respect to Ref.
Summary A search for new physics is performed using events with two or three soft leptons and missing transverse momentum. These signatures are motivated by models predicting a weakly interacting massive particle that originates from the decay of another new particle with nearly degenerate mass. The results are based on data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC during 2016-2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 137 fb -1. The observed event yields are in agreement with the standard model expectations. The results are interpreted in the framework of supersymmetric (SUSY) simplified models targeting electroweakino mass-degenerate spectra and top squark-lightest neutralino ( tχ 0 1 ) massdegenerate benchmark models. An interpretation of the analysis is performed also in the phenomenological minimal SUSY standard model (pMSSM) framework.
Acknowledgments We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at  CERN  and at other  CMS institutes  for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the  CMS detector , and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies:  BMBWF  and  FWF (Austria) ;  FNRS  and  FWO (Belgium) ;  CNPq ,  CAPES ,  FAPERJ ,  FAPERGS , and  FAPESP (Brazil) ;  MES  and  BNSF (Bulgaria) ;  CERN ;  CAS, MoST , and  NSFC (China) ;  MINCIENCIAS (Colombia) ;  MSES  and  CSF (Croatia) ;  RIF (Cyprus) ;  SENESCYT (Ecuador) ;  MoER ,  ERC PUT  and  ERDF (Estonia) ;  Academy of Finland ,  MEC , and  HIP (Finland) ;  CEA  and  CNRS/IN2P3  (France);  BMBF ,  DFG , and  HGF (Germany) ;  GSRI (Greece) ;  NK-FIA (Hungary) ;  DAE  and  DST (India) ;  IPM (Iran) ;  SFI (Ireland) ;  INFN (Italy) ;  MSIP  and  NRF (Republic of Korea) ;  MES (Latvia) ;  LAS (Lithuania) ;  MOE  and  UM (Malaysia) ;  BUAP ,  CIN-VESTAV ,  CONACYT ,  LNS ,  SEP , and  UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ;  MOS (Montenegro) ;  MBIE (New Zealand );  PAEC (Pakistan) ;  MSHE  and  NSC (Poland) ;  FCT (Portugal) ;  JINR (Dubna) ;  MON, RosAtom ,  RAS ,  RFBR , and  NRC KI (Russia) ;  MESTD (Serbia) ;  SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI , and  FEDER (Spain) ;  MOSTR (Sri Lanka) ;  Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland) ;  MST (Taipei) ; ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and  NSTDA (Thailand) ;  TUBITAK  and  TAEK (Turkey) ;  NASU (Ukraine) ;  STFC  ( United Kingdom );  DOE  and  NSF (USA).
Given these rapidly evolving developments, it seems timely to review the evidence for web-based support for carers of persons with dementia by conducting an umbrella review of published systematic reviews of web-based interventions. An umbrella review is a relatively new tool used for evidence synthesis  [11]. The method was developed in response to the growing number of systematic reviews being published  [11, 12]. It is a systematic review of reviews that provides an overview of the information available on a subject  [12]. It is often broader in scope than a systematic review and offers a summary that may be useful for policy makers  [11, 12]. This method of data synthesis was selected after a brief literature search revealed several systematic reviews focusing on the effectiveness of web-based interventions for informal carers of persons with dementia.
Overview The following databases were searched: PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and PubMed, as these contain papers from health, social care, and psychological perspectives. The reference lists of review papers were also manually searched, and furthermore, experts were consulted regarding the reviews to be included. In total, 3 pilot searches were performed to refine the search criteria, focusing on different keywords in different parts of the papers, which provided a better understanding of the literature to create a concise and comprehensive search strategy (Figure  1 ). This removed irrelevant papers, resulting in a satisfactory number of review papers that addressed the research question.
Search 1 The first search looked for the keywords anywhere in the papers, including the title, abstract, and text (Figure  1 ). The terms "dementia," "major neurocognitive disorder," and "Alzheimer*" were selected as they would identify papers focusing on a range of dementia subtypes including vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer disease. The option to search for systematic reviews only was selected for each database. This search found 2369 review papers with many being irrelevant, containing interventions for carers of conditions other than dementia. This search was conducted only on the first 3 databases because of the large number of papers that were unrelated to the review. The words eHealth and telehealth were found to be more focused on physical health, such as blood pressure monitoring; consequently, they were replaced in the second search with more specific terms, that is, internet, on the web, and technology.
Final Search The third search used the same search terms, but these had to be included in the titles of the review papers, resulting in 148 results from 6 databases (Figure  1 ). Owing to the number and relevance of the results from the third search, this was the final search strategy used for the review. The strategy was adjusted for each database to use variations of the search that were functional. The final search was conducted on October 1, 2021. A further 3 papers were included based on the suggestion of the second reviewer.
Study Selection The results were downloaded from the databases and imported into the RefWorks (ProQuest LLC) web-based reference manager. The inbuilt tool was used to remove duplicates, and then, a manual search removed the remaining duplicates that were not identified by RefWorks, which resulted in the removal of 45 papers. The lead author (BNM) reviewed the titles and abstracts of all 106 review papers to ensure that they met the inclusion criteria, leading to the exclusion of 75 papers. The full texts of 31 papers were assessed by the lead author (BNM), which led to the exclusion of 10 papers. To ensure that the eligibility criteria were applied consistently, coauthors (GW and CL) independently assessed 50% (5/10) of the excluded papers each. These papers were randomly allocated to the coauthors using a random number generator.
Data Extraction A table for data extraction was created based on the JBI  [12]  guidelines for conducting umbrella reviews. The data extracted included authors, date, country in which the study was undertaken, number of studies reviewed, population or demographics, sample sizes, intervention details (content and delivery), measures, aims, results, and key findings related to the research question. Of 21 review papers, 3 (14%)  [21] [22] [23]  included data from both face-to-face interventions and technology-based interventions. The results from these 2 interventions were reported separately in each review, so only the data from the technology-based interventions were extracted (refer to column S in Multimedia Appendix 2  [15, 16, [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] ).
However, the definition of "technology-based" interventions varied among some of the review papers. For example, a study by Chang  [40] , which looked at a cognitive behavioral therapy-based intervention that was delivered by video and telephone, was classified as a technology-based intervention in the reviews by Deeken et al  [24] , Jackson et al  [25] , Lucero et al  [26] , and Waller et al  [27]  but not by Thompson et al  [21]. The rationale for Thompson et al  [21]  classifying the study by Chang  [40]  as face-to-face was not clear. Consequently, the data from the study by Chang  [40]  were extracted from the reviews that defined it as a technology-based intervention  [24] [25] [26] [27]. Of 21 review papers, 3 (14%) included data from both formal and informal carers. Hopwood et al  [28]  included 40 studies, 3 (8%) of which were a mixture of formal and informal carers.
Data Synthesis In line with the JBI  [12]  framework for conducting umbrella reviews, the data were presented as a summary of the synthesized results with no further analysis. The extracted data were used to populate a table of study characteristics (Multimedia Appendix 2) and a table summarizing the evidence. The framework states that the summary table should be presented visually, showing effective interventions, mixed results, and no significant improvements. Although the term "major neurocognitive disorder" was introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition  [41] , to help counter the stigma associated with the term "dementia," research and health care settings continue to use the term dementia. The key terms used in the systematic search included both "dementia" and "major neurocognitive disorder"; however, we found that most of the papers used the term "dementia," and consequently, for the purposes of this review, we use the term "dementia" throughout.
To overcome this, feedback from carers regarding the acceptability of the intervention could be collected. Regarding carer characteristics, 10% (2/21) of the review papers suggested further exploration of the impact of technology-based interventions for carers who look after persons with dementia at different stages of dementia or with differing dementia types  [25, 28]. It has also been suggested that the long-term effects of interventions should be assessed by collecting data at more time points  [16, 36]  and after booster sessions  [16]. Training on how to use the technology may also be useful so that those unfamiliar with it are not discouraged from using the intervention  [33].