dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data collection We conducted a pilot with trained interviewers for data collection for one day using a random sample from the sampling frame of approximately 120 participants. During the pilot, we evaluated the data collection capacity of the interviewers and the availability to participate of the selected older adults. Then, we identified and corrected deficiencies for formal data collection. After sampling, we assign an identification code to each selected older adult to facilitate recognition and monitoring within the program. Then, the interviewers contacted the selected participants through telephone calls, using the telephone numbers registered in the CAM database. Previously trained interviewers made the calls and collected data. In case of not answering two calls on two different days, the older adult was excluded from the study.
During the call, the interviewers identified the older adult by asking them for their identity document number. Then, the older adult was invited to participate in the study by requesting their verbal informed consent. If the older adult agreed to participate in the survey, the interviewer asked about the selection criteria. Then, the interviewers collected the baseline data. The data collection interview took approximately 20 minutes. The follow-up calls were made between July 1st and July 27th, 2021, considering the date of the baseline interview. During these calls, the interviewers followed the same procedure mentioned above. Again, we considered a lost record if the older adult did not answer the call twice on two days. Emotional health outcomes were asked directly using the questionnaires, but in a different order than before, with items in different places.
At the end of the interview, they asked about vaccination against COVID-19. Trained interviewers registered the collected information through the Google Form platform (Questionnaire in Spanish and English in the extended data: Supplementary methods  39  ), using the identification code of each participant. The principal investigator monitored this database every two days, looking for errors during data collection. In case of suspecting a wrong registration, we coordinated with the responsible interviewer to evaluate the need to re-register said entry.
Data analysis All the information collected was automatically recorded in a Microsoft Excel 2021 sheet (Microsoft, WA, United States). Before the analysis, we joined the baseline database with the follow-up database considering the identification code of each older adult interviewed. We reviewed the database for inconsistencies in responses about vaccination. We considered the response in the baseline measurement as the valid one if it was inconsistent with the responses during the follow-up measurement. Then, we performed the descriptive analysis of the results in the total number of recruits and separately according to the vaccination status against COVID-19. We describe the relative and absolute frequencies of the qualitative variables and the mean AE standard deviation of the quantitative variables.
Limitations and strengths The interpretation of the results of this study must consider the following limitations. First, we were unable to obtain the planned sample size for the primary analysis, for the unvaccinated group. This made the statistical power of our results insufficient to find statistically significant results. Thus, we do not rule out the effect of the vaccine on worry about COVID-19 and general anxiety, which should be evaluated in future studies. Second, the low representativeness of the older adults affiliated with EsSalud registered in the CAM database, the high refusal to participate in the study, and the loss during follow-up could have caused selection bias. Thus, it is likely that older adults in CAMs have greater access to receiving the vaccine and to activities that improve their mental health, so the effect that we measured in the study may be overestimated.
already included this comparison. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Report 30 August 2022 https://doi. org/10. 5256/f1000research. 135497. r146036 © 2022 Rosas-Carrasco O. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Oscar Rosas-Carrasco 1 Evaluation and intervention Center of Older People, Multi-component exercise Unit, Health department, Ibero-American University, Mexico City, Mexico 2 Evaluation and intervention Center of Older People, Multi-component exercise Unit, Health department, Ibero-American University, Mexico City, Mexico.
xlsx (The database has been anonymized and it has not distorted the scientific meaning. ) guidelines Figshare: Strobe checklist for 'Effects of vaccination against COVID-19 on the emotional health of older adults', https:// doi. org/10. 6084/m9. figshare. 20135051. 81     Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International license (CC-BY 4. 0).
Data features Each patient received a medical exam with precise medical history enquiry, including a check of cardiovascular risk factors (tobacco abuse, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, age, and gender), history of cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs, and aetiology of their ESRD. A clinical examination of the hands was made with pulses and the Allen manoeuvre. Haemoglobin, glycated haemoglobin, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and creatinine clearance were measured. Medical treatment in progress at the time of inclusion was documented. All of these data were collected in a case report form (CRF). Systolic blood pressure was measured in both arms when possible (i. e. , in the absence of a patent AVF). The diameter, patency of the arteries of the upper limbs and presence of calcifications were collected during a Doppler ultrasound.
Statistical analysis Qualitative and quantitative variables were analysed using means or medians, percentages and standard deviations. Normality was assessed by the Shapiro test. A Pearson correlation test was used to establish the correlation between the measures of each method with a p < 0. 001. The Bland and Altman concordance assessment method  (Bland and Altman, 2003)  was used to assess the concordance between the measurements of the two digital pressure techniques. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS system software version 9. 2 (SAS France, Brie Comte Robert). For the first objective, i. e. the characterization of the peripheral vascular status of the upper limbs of patients awaiting haemodialysis, we recorded the data for all available patients over the study period. This objective is descriptive and does not enable to calculate a number of subjects.
Data Sources This study was based on data from the SNDS, which is a national database that includes all French residents' health-related expenses and covers around 99% of the French population. 19 In the SNDS database, an encrypted and unique personal identifier links information from different data sources: the national hospital and discharge database PMSI (hospital Medical Information System) and DCIR (the French Healthcare Reimbursement Database). The PMSI database contains details of all private and public hospital admissions and discharges for both inpatient stays and ambulatory care. Data on diagnoses, treatments, and surgical procedures provided during hospital stays are also accessible. The DCIR database includes individual information on sociodemographic characteristics, outpatient medical care, laboratory tests, and dispensed drugs.
Study Design Patients who had cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer) 7 years before or within 1 year of valsartan initiation were excluded in order to exclude malignancies most probably unrelated to NDMA exposure (Figure  2 ). Patients who died or discontinued health care during the first year of treatment initiation were also excluded (Figure  2 ). Follow-up began 1 year after the first valsartan claim and continued until the patient's death, occurrence of cancer, health care discontinuation, or the end of the study (December 31, 2020), whichever came first. In case of health care discontinuation, the end of follow-up was the last known contact date, defined as the last claim in the database.
Next, from each patient's specific propensity score value, the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) values were derived as 1/propensity score for patients who received NDMA-contaminated valsartan and 1/(1-propensity score) for patients who did not. To reduce the variability in the inverse probability of treatment-weighted models, we used stabilized weights. 27 he covariate imbalance between the 2 groups was assessed by evaluating standardized differences for each covariate separately in the unadjusted and the IPTW-adjusted cohorts (Data S1). A difference of 10% or less was considered to indicate a well-balanced result. Acceptable standardized differences for all covariates were achieved (Figure  S2 ). The association of receiving NDMA-contaminated valsartan with the occurrence of any malignancy and cancer by location was evaluated by fitting weighted Cox proportional-hazards models.
RESULTS The SNDS database included around 2 million users of valsartan between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2017 (Figure  1 ). In 2017, 5. 7 million prescriptions of NDMA-contaminated valsartan were issued (Figure  S1 ). Of the 1. 4 million subjects eligible for this study, 986 126 and 670 388 patients received NDMAcontaminated and uncontaminated valsartan, respectively, including 230 261 who received both during the follow-up (Table  1 ). The exposed cohort was followed up for a total of 4 253 623 PY, with a median follow-up of 4. 0 (interquartile range [IQR] 2. 7-6. 8) years. The unexposed cohort was followed up for a total of 2 565 339 PY, with a median of 3. 5 (IQR 2. 0-6. 7) years. A total of 22 926 (2. 3%) and 12 673 (1. 9%) discontinued all health care services in the contaminated and uncontaminated cohorts, respectively.
The European Medicines Agency has estimated a total of 20 extra cases of cancer for every 100 000 patients exposed to contaminated valsartan at the highest dose, which is about double our overall estimation. 34 Only 2 studies have investigated the risk of cancer in patients treated with NDMA-contaminated valsartan. The first study, which used the Danish health claims database with only 5150 subjects, did not find any significant short-term risk of cancer. However, liver cancer was not included in the main outcomes, and the study was also limited by the low number of events and lack of statistical power. 4 Another study based on a German health insurance database found an increased risk of liver cancer, 1. 16-fold higher, which was very close to our findings. 18 Conversely, neither study reported a significant risk of melanoma, although malignant melanoma related to valsartan has been reported in few case reports.
Strengths and Weaknesses The primary strength of this study was the population size, selected from a high-quality comprehensive nationwide and population-based database that covers around 99% of the French population. Furthermore, we used IPTW to balance differences between the 2 cohorts and to adjust for potential bias. We also tested the robustness of our findings in several sensitivity analyses, which were consistent with the main findings. In our study, those unexposed to NMDA were more often new users compared with exposed patients (68. 4% and 53. 2%, respectively), an outcome that was also found in the 2 other studies mentioned previously. Although this covariate was incorporated as a dichotomous variable in the propensity weighting, residual confounding could remain, as the dichotomization sacrifices information on the total duration of past use.
Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin have shown substantial promise for the treatment of several psychiatric conditions including mood and addictive disorders. They also have the remarkable property of producing persisting positive psychological changes in healthy volunteers for at least several months. In this study (NCT03289949), 35 medium-high doses of psilocybin were administered to 28 healthy volunteers (12 females). By the end of the dosing day, participants reported the intensity of their acute experience using the 30item Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ) and an open-form qualitative report from home. Persisting psychological effects attributed to the psilocybin experience were measured using the Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ) 3-months after administration. Using a linear latent-variable model we show that the MEQ total score is positively associated with the later emergence of positive PEQ effects (p = 3 × 10 -5 ).
, 2017)  as well as acutely felt motivation and commitment to behavioural change  (Nielson et al. , 2018). However, qualitative analyses are particularly susceptible to investigator bias, as quote selection can be driven by the investigator's proposed narrative  (Galdas, 2017). We aimed to control for this for by first preanalysing data using an unbiased natural language processing (NLP) script to steer qualitative analyses. In this study, we contribute to the ongoing research concerning the relation between the acute subjective effects of psilocybin and their lasting effects. We do so by examining whether the self-reported intensity of the mystical-type experience is associated with persisting effects reported 3 months later in healthy volunteers. Further, we examined whether NLP of qualitative reports can be used to differentiate participants who have a CME compared to those who do not.
Ethics Written informed consent was obtained from all individuals before inclusion. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the ethics committee for the Capital Region of Copenhagen  (journal identifier: H-16028698, amendments: 56,023, 56,967, 57,974, 59,673, 60,437, 62,255, and Danish Medicines Agency (EudraCT identifier: 2016-004000-61, amendments: 2017014166, 2017082837, and 2018023295). The study was also preregistered at ClinicalTrials. gov (identifier: NCT03289949).
Baseline Psychometrics The outcome measures used in this study consisted of qualitative and questionnaire data collected on the day of psilocybin intervention and at 3-month follow-up. At baseline, we also collected descriptive information about depressive symptoms, perceived stress and sleep quality with the Major Depression Inventory (MDI)  (Bech et al. , 2001 ), Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)  (Cohen et al. , 1983)  and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)  (Buysse et al. , 1989) , respectively.
It has four sub-scales: Mysticality, Positive Mood, Transcendence of Time and Space and Ineffability (e. g. , MEQ items: "Experience of unity with ultimate reality", "Experience of ecstasy", "Loss of your usual sense of time" and "Sense that the experience cannot be described adequately in words", respectively). The threshold for a CME is a score of >60% on all sub-scales  (Barrett et al. , 2015). This threshold was used to divide data into CME and non-CME. MEQ total score was calculated as the mean of all items.
Association Between MEQ and PEQ The association between the MEQ and the PEQ, was investigated with linear latent variable models (LVMs) using the "lava" package for R  (Holst and Budtz-Jørgensen, 2013). LVMs can be seen as an extension of linear mixed models for the analysis of multiple repeated measurements. While linear models parameterised with a random slope assume a constant correlation between measurements, LVMs relax this assumption allowing certain measurements to be more correlated than others (i. e. , measurements from certain subscales can be more intercorrelated than others). LVMs were evaluated using the "modelsearch" function from the lava package and typically structured as shown in Figure  1  with some variation in covariance as described in section Latent-Variable Model Construction.
Lemmatisation All evaluations were performed on the untranslated Danish text. Instances of words and quotes presented in this paper were independently translated by two bilingual individuals and recombined by a native English speaker and a third bilingual person. In order to pre-process the qualitative data for this analysis, words were lemmatised using the python package "lemmy" v 2. 1. 0 (https://github. com/sorenlind/lemmy). Lemmatisation is the process of converting a word back to its root (i. e. , "running" "ran" and "runs" would each be lemmatised to "run"). Danish words are not easily lemmatised as any given word may represent different cases for several different roots. For example, "slappe" (relax) could be lemmatised to "slappe" (relax), "slap" (loose), or "slippe" (drop). In order to control for this, the first lemma for each word was selected and others discarded.
g. , "the", "if", "and" etc. ) were not removed as the tf-idf process accounts for these. Tf-idf scores were computed for each term within CME and non-CME documents. Analyses were performed using the R package "tidytext"  (Silge and Robinson, 2016). tfidf incidence of x in document total length of document × log 10 total number of documents number of documents containing x.
Descriptive Analyses In total 35 reports from 28 individual participants were recorded as seven participants took part in two projects. Of the 35 reports, the mean age (SD) was 31. 7 (7. 0) [range = 24. 3 to 58. 8] years, and 15 were from female subjects. One participant had missing PEQ data at 3-month follow-up. Therefore, this dataset was not included in the analyses involving the PEQ. Individual doses, sex, MEQ total and subscale scores are reported in Supplementary Table  S1. Descriptive statistics of participants, psilocybin sessions, project, sex, age, weight, naivety to psychedelics, dose, and baseline psychometrics for all participants combined and split by CME and non-CME are shown in Table  1 , indicating no significant differences in these metrics between groups. PEQ subscale scores split by CME are presented in Figure  2.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Psilocybin was kindly supplied by  National institute of Mental Health ,  Klecany Czech Republic  and  Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds ,  Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. Thank you to  Anna Søndergaard  and  Harald Arnaud Gangneron Schiønning  for providing beautiful translations of quotes from Danish to English.
[1] , IgM conferred resistance to Cp40 treatment, underscoring the importance of the classical pathway. Blocking the classical pathway leaves the amplification loop of the alternative pathway intact, which has an advantage in pathogen defense, but the drawback is that it may not fully prevent ischemia/reperfusioninduced alternative pathway overactivation. A phase III clinical trial of C1 inhibitor treatment in AMR was prematurely terminated due to futility (NCT02547220), but a phase II trial using a monoclonal antibody targeting C1s is currently ongoing (NCT05156710). Finally, Factor B and Factor D inhibitors may also be of interest, as they will inhibit the alternative pathway, but they will leave the classical pathway, the main culprit, unattended. A clinical trial of C3 inhibition in AMR will show whether this treatment strategy provides new hope for patients with kidney graft rejection.
The tribe Sonerileae in tropical Africa and Madagascar is a morphologically diverse lineage that consists of 239 species in 10 genera. In this study, we present the first in-depth phylogenetic analysis of African Sonerileae to test monophyly of the currently recognized genera. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using sequence data from two nuclear (nrITS and nrETS) and three plastid loci (accD-psaI, ndhF and psbK-psbL). Sampling consisted of 140 accessions including 64 African, 27 Malagasy, 46 Asian, and three neotropical Sonerileae together with a broad outgroup sampling (105 spp. ). Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches, and a careful reassessment of morphological characters was carried out. Our results neither support the monophyly of the Old World nor African Sonerileae.
, 4/ 73 Malagasy spp. , 12/303 Asian spp. ) were also sampled. As outgroup, 105 species from other currently accepted tribes [Bertolonieae (7 spp. ), Pyxidantheae (=Blakeeae) (3 spp. ), Pyramieae (=Cambessedesieae) (1 sp. ), Dissochaeteae (10 spp. ), Dinophoreae (3 spp. ), Eriocnemeae (1 sp. ), Henrietteeae (1 sp. ), Marcetieae (11 spp. ), Melastomateae (33 spp. ), Merianieae (15 spp. ), Miconieae (6 spp. ), Lavoisiereae (=Microlicieae) (6 spp. ), Rhexieae (4 spp. ) and Trioleneae (3 spp. )] in the subfamily Melastomatoideae were sampled. GenBank accession numbers are provided in Appendix I.
Using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI), phylogenetic analyses were separately conducted on the nuclear (nrETS and nrITS) and plastid loci (ndhF, psbK -psbL and accD-psaI). Without any well-supported topological conflicts between the nuclear and plastid gene trees (see Supporting information, Figs. S1-S4), all further analyses were performed using the concatenated 5-loci data set (ndhF, psbK-psbL, accD-psaI, nrETS and nrITS). Maximum likelihood analyses were performed using RAxML v. 8  (Stamatakis, 2014)  with a GTRGAMMA model of sequence evolution and 1000 bootstrap replicates  (Felsenstein, 1985). The BI analyses were performed using BEAST v. 2. 5. 0  (Bouckaert et al. , 2019). Four independent Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analyses were run, each of 30 million generations sampling every 3000 generations.
Molecular variation A total of 4814 aligned characters (1911 parsimonyinformative sites) were used for the analyses. The combined chloroplast data set of all three markers comprised 3164 aligned base pairs while the combined nuclear data set consisted of 1650 aligned base pairs. The selected substitution model for the nrETS, nrITS and ndhF loci was GTR + Γ + I, and for the psbK-psbL and accD-psaI loci was GTR + Γ (Table  2 ). Additional information and statistics for the data set are provided in Table  2.
Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel n = 28, C. sinuata Hook. f. n = 14, C. pulcherrima Gilg & Mildbr. n = 14 and C. orientalis Taub. n = 17  (Favarger, 1952 (Favarger, , 1962;; Jacques-Félix, 1952; Solt & Wurdack, 1980; Farron & Favarger, 1983). We included 20 accessions of Calvoa representing nine species in our molecular analyses. All these accessions formed a monophyletic lineage sister to a large clade composed of Amphiblemma molle Hook. f. , Preussiella, Cincinnobotrys and Amphiblemma s. s. (excluding A. molle). Calvoa is a morphologically well-defined genus supported by molecular data (Fig. 4B ), but its species limits are nevertheless still poorly known. Several species, for example, C. monticola, C. pulcherrima and C. orientalis are not monophyletic (Fig. 4B ). The 19 accepted species of Calvoa are mainly distributed in West-Central Africa (from Sierra Leone to Angola, through Central Africa) and in the four islands of the Gulf of Guinea (Annobon, Bioko, São Tomé, and Príncipe).
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the curators and personnel of  BR, BRLU, C, K, MO  and  UPS  for providing loans or for assistance during visits. We are extremely grateful to  BRLU, CAS ,  Dresden Botanical Garden  and K for providing us with important samples for the molecular phylogeny. We are grateful to all the photographers whose pictures were obtained fromhttps:// www. tropicos. org/homeand https://www. inaturalist. org/. The herbarium visits were funded by Equal opportunity travel grant from  Mainz University, Germany  and laboratory work by the  German Science Foundation (DFG) , project number  KA1816/10-2  awarded to GK. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.