dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgement. This paper is the outcome of the  PSL Master Course in Digital Humanities and Artificial Intelligence , organized by the DHAI team between March 29 and April 2, 2021 (https://datapsl. github. io/intensive-week-dhai/). It allowed students to learn about computational data analysis and to carry out this project, under the supervision of Léa Saint-Raymond. The authors thank  Gabriel Peyré , for organizing the  DHAI Master Course , and  Hadrien Viraben , for providing the dataset of the 1907 and 1909 UAT exhibition catalogs. 20 Preprints (www. preprints. org)| NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 20 April 2021 doi: 10. 20944/preprints202104. 0525. v1.
Behavioral assessment This study is part of the ECOCAPTURE protocol (clinicaltrials. As described in Batrancourt et al. ,  9  participants followed a multiplephase scenario, starting with a first freely moving phase (7 minutes) when participants entered and discovered the room. This was followed by several different phases: (1) a second free phase (7 minutes) during which participants wore eye-tracking glasses; (2) a phase of positive (e. g. , display of a music liked by the participant with low volume from a speaker in the room) or negative (e. g. , display of a crackle noise with increasing volume) environmental stimulation (7 minutes); (3) an externally guided phase consisting of filling out a simple questionnaire (e. g. , question about items present or not in the room) using pens of different colors which had to be found in the room (10 minutes); (4) a second environmental stimulation, negative if the first one was positive and vice versa (7 minutes).
Finally, unexpected events, potentially slightly disturbing, frustrating, and/or stressful for the participant (e. g. , crackle noise), were planned within the scenario. We selected a list of behaviors related to inhibition deficits that were potentially observable in the context of the ECOCAPTURE script. Using symptom descriptions and classifications in previous literature,  3, 5, 10  we thus defined 16 behaviors related to compulsivity (e. g. , repetitive movements, perseveration), impulsivity (e. g. , emotional outburst or impulsive motor action), and social disinhibition (e. g. , familiar behavior toward investigator or lack of manners; see the complete ethogram in Table  1 ). The video-based behavioral data were generated by a manual video annotation tool (The Observer XT, Noldus), using the predefined ethogram.
Neuroimaging data acquisition and VBM pre-processing Structural MRI data acquisitions were performed at CENIR (Human MRI Neuroimaging core facility, ICM, Salpêtrière hospital, Paris, France) using a 3T Siemens MRI scanner 64-channel TIM system. The brain MRI protocol includes a 3D T1 scan allowing the study of structural abnormalities. Structural data were analyzed with FSL-VBM  19  (http://fsl. fmrib. ox. ac. uk/fsl/fslwiki/FSLVBM), an optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) protocol 20 carried out using FMRIB Software Library (FSL) tools. 21 First, structural images were brain-extracted and gray matter (GM)-segmented before being registered to the MNI 152 standard space using non-linear registration. 22 The resulting images were averaged and flipped along the x-axis to create a left-right symmetric, study-specific GM template.
Plan of analyses All statistical analyses on demographic, behavioral, and neurocognitive data were performed using RStudio (version 1. 2. 5033, RStudio, Inc. ). Statistical analyses on neuroimaging data were performed using FSL tools. 21 We first addressed our objective of dimensional exploration of measured behaviors of inhibition deficit. We used an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to extract dimensions and to test their conceptual validity, we performed an analysis of the correlations between extracted dimensions and neurocognitive clinical scores. Second, using clustering driven by the extracted dimensions, we identified subgroups of bvFTD patients and analyzed their behavioral, cognitive, clinical, and neuroanatomical characteristics. Lack of decorum  3  Failing to respect cultural norms of politeness Yawning, sneezing, or coughing without putting hand in front of their mouth Disregard for rules or investigator  3  Lack of response to social cues, ignoring instructions given by the investigator Not answering investigator's questions.
Dimensional analysis of inhibition deficit behaviors We first used EFA, with a promax oblique rotation and a weighted least square (WLS) approach, to explore the factor structure of the behavioral data in both bvFTD patients and HC. This data reduction method identifies factors constituting patterns of behavior. We first assumed a three-factor structure based on both theory (see the ethogram in Table  2  with three assumed categories of behavior) and analysis of eigenvalues. We then used an iterative process of behavioral item removal to improve construct validity of the extracted factors. 23 The internal consistency of the extracted components was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α). Individual scores on the two extracted factors (F1 and F2) were automatically calculated using the individual's total occurrences of each behavior.
gov: NCT03272230) designed to obtain objective measures of behavioral syndromes such as apathy or disinhibition in participants undergoing a predetermined 45-minute script. This script reproduces a close-toreal-life situation in a functional exploration platform (PRISME, ICM core facility, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France) transformed into a fully furnished waiting room (see File S2 in supporting information for a view of the room) and equipped with video and a sensor-based data acquisition system that tracks the participant's behavior. Participants were asked to wait in a staff lounge before doing further tests. They had been informed previously (at the time of initial consent) that their behavior would be tracked and recorded by video cameras located in the room.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was funded by grant  ANR-10-IAIHU-06  from the program " Investissements d'avenir " by grant  FRM DEQ20150331725  from the foundation " Fondation pour la recherche médicale " and by the  ENEDIS company. Raffaella Migliaccio  is supported by  "Fondation Recherche Alzheimer" (FRA), "France Alzheimer" and "Philippe Chatrier" Foundations , and by  "Rosita Gomez association". Delphine Tanguy  is supported by  École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay. Valérie Godefroy is supported by the  Malakoff Médéric Humanis company. Arabella Bouzigues  is supported by " Fondation Vaincre Alzheimer. "We sincerely acknowledge the participants and caregivers for their involvement in this study.
The term dictamen is commonly used to capture aspects of the discourse or writing style in the field of diplomatics. 5 This type of fixed-form writing heavily depended on local preferences and habits in the composition of documents, such as standard formulas shared by the dictators of a particular writing office. Such intertextual phenomena are crucial to understand how texts participated in the discursive culture of the Middle Ages (Culler 1380-1396). Somewhat surprisingly, computational techniques so far have been applied only infrequently in diplomatics, especially on a larger scale, although these could offer a useful complement to the kind of manual, and typically very labour-intensive approaches that already exist in the field. 6 Nevertheless, important advances have already been made regarding the electronic availability of source collections, as multiple digital editions and online databases of charters have emerged online in the last few decades such as the Diplomata Belgica, Chartae Galliae and monasterium.
e. the application of computational techniques to analyze charter corpora that are larger than one could analyze manually using conventional methods. Perreaux has already demonstrated that a panoramic perspective allows the detection of patterns and trends that would otherwise remain invisible. Whereas his research focuses on studying the dissemination of the vocabulary used in charters and its reflection of medieval society, our focus will lie with a more specific appli-5. The definition used by Cárcel Ortí describes dictamen as "the internal arrangement of an act, its style, which is supposed to meet the rules of the chancery and the precepts of rhetoric" (Cárcel Ortí 82). 6. The latest advancement toward a digital approach has been the method of E. De Paermentier, which in a nutshell carefully compares selected formulas in a charter corpus, drawn from extensive databases.
(De  Paermentier, 48-67). As such, the method of E. De Paermentier could be viewed as a manual version of a stylometric analysis. 12. Currently, the part of the project which analyses the text of the charters has been discontinued; a database of dated charters allowing for comparison is still available and being expanded. cation, namely stylistic similarities in the presence of the layered authorial structure presented above. The main challenge here is that we must mostly work in the absence of a 'ground truth', i. e. most of the time we do not have a small starting corpus for which we know the actual dictators and against which we can compare a wider set of documents. That will inevitably call into question, if we find stylistic similarities at all, at which authorial layer these resemblances must be interpreted.
In the larger discussion concerning the personal voice of the dictator in the dictamen of charters, it is nevertheless assumed that a degree of personal, stylistic freedom was still possible (Dijkhof 50). The application of stylometric methods to charter texts must nevertheless acknowledge this idiosyncratic aspect of the material. The central focus here is the analysis of dictamen with the aid of stylometric techniques applied to a single case study. This case study concerns the twelfth-century bishops' charters of Cambrai, chosen for two reasons. Firstly, this particular writing office was rather well-organized and established during a time period when chanceries, dictamen and the artes dictandi in general were still in the process of development, thus offering a large corpus of preserved sources readily available in online databases.
At the moment of writing, 505 charters dated between 1100 and 1201 are available (with their transcriptions) in the Diplomata Belgica 13 and 140 in the Chartae Galliae. 14 100 out of 645 charters were duplicates (included in both databases), which left us with a corpus of 545 individual texts to encode. Secondly, the bishops' charters have been amply studied, allowing for a deeper analysis instead of still having to do the ground work (Van Mingroot, De bisschoppelijke kanselarij, 693-701; Van Mingroot,  Les chartes, 1-15; Barré, "Chancellerie épiscopale,» 129-46; Leclercq,   13. This online database aims at containing all preserved charters relating to the current territory of Belgium dated before 1250. De Hemptinne, et al. In this paper, charters from this database will be referred to as 'DiBe' numbers.
14. This online database collects charters, dated up until the end of the thirteenth century, relating to the current territory of France. In this paper, charters from this database will be referred to as 'Chartae Galliae Charter n°' numbers. "L'élaboration des chartes épiscopales"). An explorative analysis like ours, we hope, could mean a step forward in the wider application of statistical methods in diplomatics. The structure of this paper is as follows: first, we will describe the materials and detail the methodology, with ample attention to the limitations of our undertaking. Next, we zoom in on a case study (RogF/JeanE) and discuss the result from a stylometric perspective. In a follow-up section, with a qualitative analysis, the paper interprets the stylometric results with a conventional dictamen approach.
Preprocessing The composition of this corpus has been guided by the following principles. It contains the texts of all charters available in the databases Diplomata Belgica and Chartae Galliae for which the Cambrai bishops Roger of Wavrin (1179-91) and Jean II (1192-96) were the responsible authorities, including the charters of the twentythree beneficiaries implied in the bishop's charters during this period. All charters issued by and for these beneficiaries are included, as considering only the charters issued by the beneficiaries would present too limited a corpus. In total, 108 other authorities are present, such as the Pope, the Count of Flanders and local lords. Of the 591 charters mentioned in the consulted databases, 545 are included with transcriptions (92. 2%); though not exhaustive, this corpus is large enough to allow for preliminary conclusions while being managable enough to keep an overview.
Leclercq 4-7. separate spreadsheet. 16 This metadata includes for each charter (when available): Identifier: the file name, composed of the charter reference number in the Diplomata Belgica, preceded by the name of the subcorpus. The episcopal charters carry the identifier "Ca_," whereas the beneficiaries are mentioned as a whole (for example "Affligem_1677"). Text: the reference to the text edition in the Diplomata Belgica (DiBe) or Chartae Galliae (ChaGal), followed by their reference number in the respective database. Date: the date of the charter, specifically based upon the tag "datation interprétée" in the Diplomata Belgica. Authority: the diplomatic author of the charter, designated by a name or initials. The initials are derived from these available in the Diplomata Belgica: "CO" (Count), "DUC" (Duke), "ROI" (King), "EMP" (Emperor), "SE" (lord), "EP" (Bishop), "AEP" (Archbishop), "Pope," "LEGAT" (papal legate), "Other" (all other available titles, mostly of private persons).
In case of multiple charters issued by the same private person, these last initials are replaced by a specific name, as well as the specific title such as "bourgeois" or "châtelain. " Finally, charters could be issued by clerical institutions or their members; these charters carry the name of the institution as the authority tag. Specific name: the proper name of the implied authority, for example, "Roger of Wavrin. " Issuer: the person in whose name the charter is produced. Beneficiary: the beneficiary of the charter. Subject: the subject treated in the charter text. Authenticity: whether the charter is considered a forgery, of doubtful provenance, or not suspicious. Tradition: the textual tradition, specifically "copie" (a copy, of which sometimes the type has been specified in the databases: "copie (cartulaire)," "copie (source diplomatique)," "copie (manuscrit)" or "copie (d'érudit)"), "inconnue" (unknown), "original" or "vidimus.
" Scribe: the individual responsible for the transcription of the original charter. In case the charter has only been preserved as a copy, the placeholder provided is "n/a. " Often, this person is unknown, in which case the label "ncid" (no 16. This spreadsheet is provided along with the code on Zenodo, with DOI 10. 5281/zenodo. 5548217 and URL https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 5548217. As the texts themselves are subject to copyright within the databases they are published in, we provide the references to these databases. current identification) has been used. When the scribe has been identified, the initials are adopted from the preliminary palaeographic research. 17 Dictator: the person who composed the text. In case of doubt, the initials are followed by a question mark. Most often, these persons remain unknown.
Analysis: Text Reuse Detection To support the discussion of the local clusters in the charter map, we have also applied a text reuse detection algorithm: early on we noted that many of the lexical similarities between charters seemed to correspond to the use of specific formulaic chunks. Text reuse detection, which singles out shared 'intertexts' or formulae between pairs of charters, yielded useful assistance in interpreting the stylistic proximity of text clusters during a close reading of the relevant documents. For this part of the analysis, we have relied on the Python textmatcher package developed by Jonathan Reeve (Reeve, "Text-Matcher"). Although this package has been developed for modern Englishlanguage text, much of the approach is language-independent and we have applied it here with its default settings.
Future research could aim to finetune the parametrization for medieval Latin, which might certainly pay off (Manjavacas). The results below nevertheless demonstrate that this approach, even 'out of the box' , already yields very useful results. The text-matcher package internally relies on Python's difflib, which implements a number of established routines for string alignment. This analysis, too, was restricted to the lowercased and preprocessed dispositio with masked named entities. We have paired each charter with each other charter in the corpus and the resulting 'matches' have been saved in a tabular format, accommodating the easy perusal of the results (one file per document pair). An example is offered in figure  2 : in the central column, the matching passage can be found, with the textual context in the columns on either side.
It is during this more unstable episode that the presence of one particular dictator has been previously noted, instigated by the recurrent use of the phrase committimus … memoriali. In the databases Diplomata Belgica and Chartae Galliae, used during a preliminary study, this formula is present in nine episcopal charters from Cambrai, dated from 1185 to 1198 (Leclercq 411). The dictamen of these charters is similar; in particular the phrases used in the protocol and eschatocol, combined with the committimus memoriali expression, hint at one possible dictator. Specifically, the charters of Roger of Wavrin for Affligem (1189), Tongerlo (1189) and Saint-Martin of Tournai (1189) show several similarities (underlined) but enough differences as well to conclude that they were not mere copies of each other (DiBe ID 1989): The above charter can be considered a typical example of this dictator's dictamen; the protocol formulas (intitulatio, address, salutatio, clause of corroboration, witness list, dating) adhere to chancery practice.
To corroborate this impression of proximity, we collected all rows in the distance matrix, tentatively attributed to RogF/JeanE and paired them exhaustively to calculate the Euclidean distance between them. Next, we did the same for all other charters that were not attributed RogF/ JeanE. The latter operation would of course yield much more distances, but nevertheless allows us to assess whether the distance between the hypothetical RogF/JeanE documents is indeed smaller than that for two random charters in the dataset. The boxplot visualization in figure  6  (first and second row) does suggest this to be the case. The more detailed analysis of the charter texts below is organized in five, manually assigned clusters (see figure  7 ). Cluster A contains multiple charters linked to the abbey of Saint-Martin of Tournai.
" A full study of the duke's possible dictamen does not fit within the confines of this paper; we can at least identify clear traces of a non-episcopal dictamen. As such, a redaction by RogF/JeanE is improbable. It is possible that the vectorial representation of the second ducal charter (DiBe ID 4629) is geometrically close to the RogF/JeanE texts due to the nature of our corpus: after all, the complete ducal charter corpus is not included, thus, ducal texts present in the visualization are scattered. More general formulas (in particular "munimine roborauimus" and "sigilli nostri appensione") can be noted in a few other ducal charters present in the databases. The two charters studied next show an episcopal dictamen: the charter issued by Jean abbot of Saint-Martin of Tournai for Roger of Wavrin, dated 1189 (DiBe ID 2125), and the one issued by Jean provost and Hugues dean of Notre-Dame of Cambrai for Arrouaise, dated 1188 (DiBe ID 10386).
The presence of an episcopal dictamen in the charter by Jean provost and Hugues dean of Notre-Dame for Arrouaise (DiBe ID 10386) is hardly surprising. After all, the chapter charters and the episcopal charters are considered to be produced by the same group of people (Barré 129-146). This case here shows multiple chancery characteristics in the eschatocol  34  as well as at the end of the text. 35 he dictamen is not particularly evocative of that of RogF/JeanE, while it is probably a chancery product. This last charter shows a link to the charter issued in 1183 (DiBe ID 12924) by Gautier abbot of Arrouaise for that same institution, only through the use of the phrase "rata habemus," rather frequently found in the Diplomata Belgica and the Chartae Galliae databases. 36 he only other connection remains their shared beneficiary.
It is possible the computer code has classified these two texts close together due to the appearance of a literal citation in a non-exhaustive corpus. In addition, the Gautier abbot charter is very short and does not allow for much comparison. The two last charters in the B cluster prove to be problematic. or beneficiary (DiBe ID 5456. DiBe ID 7592). The charter from Roger of Wavrin showcases a few episcopal characteristics, such as "notum igitur sit tam posteris quam modernis" shared with the charter from Roger of Wavrin for Aymeries, dated 1179 (DiBe ID 10910). This last text is represented in one of the large collections of Vaucelles charters, on the opposite side of the visualization. One would rather expect to find these two charters closer to one another on the graph. Whether this is due to a 'deeper' comparison than the simple reuse of words is currently unclear.
They (DiBe ID 1042 et 4077) are clearly aligned due to their shared expressions, in particular in the clause of corroboration: "… nostrum presentis pagine patrocinio et nostri sigilli … confirmantes et ne quis … sub periculo … inhibentes. " The use of "suscepte administrationis" is limited to these two charters in the Diplomata Belgica database as well as in this corpus according to the text reuse detection results. This element could explain their proximity. In the Chartae Galliae database, we observe this same expression in a papal charter, from Celestinus III for the abbey of Saint-Jean-des-Vignes, dated 1197 (Chartae Galliae charter n° 210698). As these two charters have been transcribed by the same hand (fig. 8 ), "JeanB" (1194-96), we consider the possibility of determining another case where a scribe and dictator coincided in the Cambrai chancery.
De Paermentier's method does this to a large extent as well, albeit still in a manual fashion, with word groups being tested against the full Diplomata Belgica Database. Automating this process through text reuse detection is a significant step forward into saving time during the analysis as well as a more statistical approach allowing for clear numbers. How often certain formulas appear in the texts, and in which period and/or region, could tell us more about the dictamen of a certain group, how far formulas spread, about standard formulas shared by the dictators of a particular writing office, and thus allow for a study of 'influences'. This would also allow to spot 'outliers' such as the commitimus … memoriali for RogF/JeanE more easily. Perreaux is working in this direction in observing "the lexical dynamics of the scriptorium of the abbey.
In this work, the application of Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR: 1000-2500 nm) spectroscopy was evaluated to identify plastic waste containing brominated flame retardants (BFRs) using two different technologies: a portable spectroradiometer, providing spectra of single spots, and a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) platform, acquiring spectral images. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis was preliminarily performed on plastic scraps to analyze their bromine content. Chemometric methods were then applied to identify brominated plastics and polymer types. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out to explore collected data and define the best preprocessing strategies, followed by Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), used as a classification method. Plastic fragments were classified into "High Br content" (Br > 2000 mg/kg) and "Low Br content" (Br < 2000 mg/kg).