dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
LC-MS/MS conditions The accurate mass and characteristic fragment ions of each component in sodium oligomannate were confirmed using an HILIC-UPLC-Orbitrap MS/MS system (data not shown). Based on these results, the characteristic ion pairs (precursor ion/product ion) of each sodium oligomannate component were selected to construct the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ion reaction in LC-MS/MS analysis, and the MS conditions of each ion reaction were optimized to improve the detection sensitivity. The analyte and IS were separated using a Waters Atlantis ® T 3 (150 mm Â 2. 1 mm I. D. , 3 mm) column on a Waters Acquity UPLC system (Milford, MA, USA). The mobile phase was 10 mM ammonium formate in water (mobile phase A) and acetonitrile (mobile phase B), with gradients programmed as follows: initial 5% B maintained for 1.
167, 0. 33, 0. 5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h post-dose on day 8) were collected. Plasma was collected by centrifuging the blood at 3,000 g for 5 min and stored at À70 C until analysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC), plasma clearance (CL P ), elimination half-life (t 1/2 ), mean residence time (MRT), and volume of distribution (V z ), were calculated via a non-compartmental method using the Phoenix WinNonlin 7. 0 software (Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA).
The dog plasma oligosaccharide profile To verify whether there was any difference between species, the oligosaccharide profile in dog plasma was also investigated. Similar to the observations in rats, similar oligosaccharide profiles observed in both the real plasma samples and the spike-in plasma sample demonstrated the indiscriminate absorption and clearance of sodium oligomannate components in dogs following oral gavage 300 mg/kg sodium oligomannate. Detailed data are shown in the supplementary data (Fig. S1 ).
This finding suggests the indiscriminate absorption, distribution, and excretion of the oligosaccharides from sodium oligomannates with different sizes and terminal derivatives and no apparent intertransformation between these components. An LC-MS/MS method to quantify sodium oligomannate in various bio-matrixes was developed, validated, and applied based on oligosaccharide profiling. The ADME properties of sodium oligomannate in animals were investigated. The oral bioavailability of sodium oligomannate in rats (0. 1%e 1. 6%) and dogs (4. 2%e9. 3%) was very low. In addition, sodium oligomannate showed extremely low membrane permeability (Papp < 1 Â 10 À7 cm/s in the concentration range of 75e300 mM) in the Caco-2 cell monolayer model (data not shown). It did not act as a substrate for uptake transporters, including the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), OATP1B3, organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), OAT3, and organic cation transporter 2, and efflux transporters, including P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistant protein (data not shown).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  OBERON  project (https://oberon-4eu. com/), funded by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement no. 825712 ,  INSERM, Universit e Paris Cit  e and INERIS. IS and PB thank the  RECETOX Research Infrastructure  (no. LM2018121 ) and the CETOCOEN  EXCELLENCE  project (no. CZ. 02. 1. 01/0. 0/0. 0/17_043/0009632 )financed by the  Ministry of Education , Youth and Sports for supportive background. This work was supported from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement no. 857560.
Once the samples were pulled through the filter plate, each well was rinsed with 2 × 250 µL of complete assay buffer, filtered and dried before fluorescence measurements using a Victor X2 microplate fluorometer (PerkinElmer, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France). A 490/10 nm excitation filter and a 520/10 nm emission filter were used to obtain the relative fluorescence units (RFUs) for each well. The mean RFU value measured from the unused outer wells (n = 36) were subtracted from each well to account for any background fluorescence. The mean RFU value measured from the control wells (n = 8 in each experiment) was composed of Bodipy ® -PbTx-2 + synaptosomes + assay buffer only and served as total binding reference (100%). Net fluorescence data were fitted to a sigmoidal dose-response curve (variable slope) based on the four-parameter logistic model (4PL) using GraphPad Prism v9.
For all experiments, absorbance values of OV-and OV+ control wells were around 1. 2, corresponding to 100% viability. Absorbance data were fitted to a sigmoidal dose-response curve (variable slope) based on the four-parameter logistic model (4PL) allowing for the calculation of EC 50 values (i. e. , the tested cell concentration inducing a loss of 50% of the higher absorbance value) in cell mL -1 using Prism v9. 1. 0 software (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA). The LOD and LOQ values of CBA-N2a and toxin content of Gambierdiscus samples were calculated using Equations (  1 )-(3). Fifteen samples were tested at the same time in parallel with CTX3C in three independent assays on different days, and the same was carried out for the 15 remaining samples. At the end, each sample was tested in n = 3 independent experiments and CTX3C in n = 2 × 3 = 6 independent experiments.
Statistical Analyses To compare fRBA incubation conditions, EC 50 values generated at different temperatures and incubation times were analyzed using a paired t-test (GraphPad Prism v. 7. 05, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). To compare strain differences using individual assays, one-way ANOVAs were conducted with Tukey's multiple comparisons posthoc analysis (GraphPad Prism v. 7. 05). Descriptive statistics were performed to calculate the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of EC 50 values and CTX contents obtained from three independent experiments on different days of each sample tested by each assay. The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean and calculated according to the following Equation (  4 ): CV = (SD/mean) × 100  (4)  The CV (also known as the relative standard deviation, RSD) is expressed in percentages (%) and is a statistical measure of the dispersion of data points around the mean, used to express the precision and repeatability of an assay.
| RESULTS One hundred and thirty-three participants were invited to participate in this study; of these, 126 (94. 7%) patients agreed to participate. The mean age of the participants was 41. 7 years (SD 12. 6), with a higher percentage of male participants (61. 9%), and most patients had completed lower secondary education (26. 9%). All demographic data are summarized in Table  1. The main treatment received during their visit was prevention or control (45. 2%), preservation (41. 3%), and extraction (13. 5%). All patients completed the questionnaire, with no unanswered questions that could generate unknown items. The distribution of the responses to the French version of the ICHOM AOHSS is shown in Table  2 , and the descriptive distribution is summarized in Table  3. The floor effect was negligible for each item.
Study design and settings This retrospective observational study used a subset of data from 1087 patients aged 18-80 years treated in the Periodontology Department at the Dental Care Center of the Odontostomatology Training and Research Unit of Abidjan. The data were collected from the medical files of patients with periodontitis treated and monitored from December 2008 to December 2018 (10 years) using a survey sheet. Fully completed files of patients treated for periodontitis only during this period were included in this study. Clinical files of patients with gingivitis and periodontitis as manifestations of systemic diseases or necrotizing periodontal diseases were excluded from the study. The anonymity of information included in clinical files was guaranteed. Indeed, prior anonymization work was carried out by one author (KCN) between the initial clinical examination sheets for each patient and those used for this study.
Data Collection and Diagnostic Criteria In practice, in the Periodontology Department, patients are treated by postgraduate students under the supervision of a senior periodontist. All newly referred patients are interviewed, followed by fullmouth periodontal and radiographic examinations. During the periodontal examination, all permanent fully erupted teeth were evaluated manually, excluding third molars, using William's periodontal probe (Michigan O probe, Hu-Friedy Mfg. Co. , Chicago, IL, USA). The data collected included sociodemographic variables (age, gender, socioeconomic status, life, and oral habits) and clinical variables, including plaque index (PI) (Silness and Löe),  17  bleeding on probing (BOP) (Mühlemann and son, 1971),  18  number of missing teeth, number of mobile teeth, probing depth (PD), gingival recession (REC) and clinical attachment loss (CAL).
PI and BOP were recorded at six sites on each tooth (mesiobuccal, mid-buccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, mid-lingual, and distolingual). At the same sites, PD, REC, and CAL were measured. PD was measured as the distance from the free gingival margin to the bottom of the pocket, and REC as the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the free gingival margin. CAL was calculated as the sum of PD and REC. Routinely, all data is collected on examination sheets and is archived in each patient's file. From the data we already had in our database for 10 years, for each patient, two authors (PZ) performed a new diagnostic workup according to the new criteria of the 2018 EFP/AAP. Indeed, in this study, periodontitis was diagnosed according to the clinical criteria established in the 2018 EFP/AAP new classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions.
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22. 0 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics included the calculation of mean values and standard deviations for quantitative variables. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Differences between the individuals with and without SP were tested using chi-squared test and ANOVA. A P-value of <0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis was used to model the relationship between the severity of periodontitis and covariables as potential risk indicators.
Results Table  1  shows the distribution of sociodemographic, lifestyle and oral hygiene habits data in the stud- | 9 Koffi-Coulibaly et al ied sample according to severity of the periodontitis. 1087 patients, aged 18-80 year were selected for this study including 615 (56. 6%) cases of non-severe periodontitis (stages I and II) and 472 (43. 4%) cases of severe periodontitis (stages III and IV). The mean age of the sample was 37. 86 years (±14. 26); the 18-34 age group (35. 23%) was the most represented. The majority of patients were male (59. 0%), had a low socioeconomic status (65. 8%), did not smoke (73. 9%) or did not drunk alcohol (81. 7%) and brushed their teeth more than twice a day (56. 5%). Severe periodontitis were significantly associated with age (P=0. 004), socioeconomic status (P=0.
16 Regarding oral hygiene habits and behavioural factors, SP was associated with brushing frequency (P<0. 001) and smoking habits (P<0. 001). The majority of patients who brushed their teeth less than twice a day (99. 8%) had SP. Compared to non-smokers, active smokers had significantly higher prevalence of SP (75. 0% vs. 25. 0%; P<0. 001). Smoking is a risk factors associated with the severity of periodontitis. 1  The present study had some limitations. The clinical examinations were performed by several students under the supervision of periodontist, and the intra-examiners reproducibility has not been determined. Our study was retrospective, and the data recorded on bone loss, tooth loss and complexity variables was not always complete. Therefore, the analysis of periodontitis severity staging was only based on the mean interproximal CAL; therefore the difference between stages III and IV was not possible and the prevalence of SP could be underestimated.
Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare implant-supported removable partial dentures (ISRPDs) with distal extension removable partial dentures (DERPDs) in terms of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs: patients' quality of life and satisfaction) and to determine mechanical and biological complications associated with ISRPDs. Material and Methods: An electronic search was performed on four databases to identify studies treating Kennedy class I or II edentulous patients and which compared ISRPDs with DERPDs in terms of PROMS and studies, which evaluated mechanical and biological complications associated ISRPDs. Two authors independently extracted data on quality of life, patient satisfaction, and biomechanical complications from these studies. The risk of bias was assessed for each study, and for PROMs, the authors performed a meta-analysis by using a random-effects model.
| Protocol and study questions This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations  (Moher et al. , 2009)  and the Cochrane Guidelines  (Cumpston et al. , 2019). The review was not registered in PROSPERO before data collection. This study deals only with data from clinical studies published in bibliographic databases or specialized journals, its aspect does not require the approval of the ethics committee nor the "protection of human subjects and animals in research" or informed consent.
| Selection procedure and data extraction A calibration of two reviewers (L. L and O. N. B. ) was performed before the selection of studies, to determine inter-examiner agreement in the study-selection process for publication in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect databases and in specialized journals. This calibration was performed according to the method described by  Landis and Koch (1977). After achieving an appropriate level of agreement (κ ≥ 0. 81), the reviewers (L. L and O. N. B. ) performed a methodical analysis of all studies titles, abstracts and full text, independently. were collected: author and year of publication, study design, number and age of participants, implant system/diameter/length, attachment systems, Kennedy class and edentulous arch, study group, follow-up period, marginal bone loss; and implant survival rate, variables that were assessed and the method of assessment of these variables, as well as the main results.
| Synthesis of results Data from the various studies were extracted, and the results were synthesized. For studies in which the authors reported results as medians and interquartile ranges, the values were converted to means and SDs using the formula (q1 + median + q3)/3, where q1 indicates the 25th percentile and q3 the 75th percentile, as proposed in the study by  Nagarkar et al. (2018). An approximation of the SD was obtained by applying this formula: (q3 -q1)/1. 35. When several data points were reported by the authors, the most negative ones were used for the quantitative synthesis. The same was true for patient follow-up, where the data from the longest follow-up were retained. Meta-analysis was performed by using R Commander™ software, and a random-effects model  (Gonçalves et al. , 2014a; Higgins & Thompson, 2002).
| RESULTS A bibliographic search of the four electronic databases and specialized journals identified 2752 relevant articles. After removing duplicates and title and abstract screening, 2731 articles were excluded, and 21 studies were eligible for full-text analysis, of which eight  (Bural et al. , 2016; Kaufmann et al. , 2009; Maeda et al. , 2005; Minoretti et al. , 2009; Ohkubo et al. , 2008; Ohyama et al. , 2020; Pellizzer et al. , 2010; Threeburuth et al. , 2018)  studies were excluded and the reasons of their exclusion are presented in Figure  1. Thirteen studies  (Bellia et al. , 2020; Bortolini et al. , 2011; Campos et al. , 2015; Gates et al. , 2014; Gonçalves et al. , 2014b; Grossmann et al. , 2008; Jensen et al. , 2016 Jensen et al. , , 2017;; Mijiritsky et al. , 2013; Oh et al. , 2021; Ortiz-Puigpelat et al.
Any disagreements were resolved by discussion to find a consensus during study selection and data extraction. The selection of studies at the database level was performed in four steps. First, the retrieved articles were imported into a bibliographic reference management software program (Zotero; Corporation for Digital Scholarship), where duplicates were removed. In the second step, the titles of the different references were independently reviewed by L. L and O. N. B. , and articles not related to the topic were eliminated. Then, the abstracts and the full text of the study were read to apply the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the third step. At this stage, any studies not meeting the inclusion criteria were excluded, and the reasons for exclusion were recorded for each study. Data extraction and synthesis were performed by L.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all  Oral Health  for an Ageing Population (OHAP) Task Team members and  FDI-GC International AG  and  Nakao Foundation Oral Health for Ageing Population partnership. This article was made possible through an unrestricted grant from  GC International AG and Nakao Foundation. FDI World Dental Federation thanks GC International AG and Nakao Foundation  for their generous support and commitment towards the promotion of oral health for an ageing population.
Spearman r 5. 736, P ,. 001). Among the shared genes, a robust upregulation of specific type 1 IFN-induced genes (eg, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and MX1) and of IFN-induced genes related to antigen processing and presentation (MSR1, PSMB9, and PSME2), antiviral and antibacterial function (APOL1 and IFI35), and IFN receptor signaling (STAT1) were found (Figure  1E ). GSEA analyses of normalized data based on the normalized enrichment score ($1. 5) identified 2 gene sets enriched in both LP and morphea that are related to IFNg and a responses (Figure  2A-B ). IFNg expression and a Th1/Th17 polarization has been reported in human cGVHD. 6 st of the canonical pathways identified in both datasets (using IPA) were involved in the immune response and inflammation. In LP cGVHD, IFN signaling as well Th1 and Th2 pathways were predicted to be activated (Figure  2C ).
The source-to-detector distance (SDD) and the source-to-object distance (SOD) were adjusted in such ways to obtain a voxel size of around 2. 3 µm. Volume reconstruction was performed with the software Xact64 (RX Solutions) after applying treatments such as geometrical corrections and ring artefact attenuation. Image treatment was performed with the Avizo software (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) that enabled us to (i) de-noise the images with a median filter; (ii) segmentate the image intensity to reveal the objects of interest (here the pores); (iii) remove insignificant small objects (below a size of 10 pixels from the segmented 3D data); and (iv) determine the 3D geometrical aspects of the objects of interest (volume and equivalent diameter). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging was carried out in contact mode using the Bioscope Catalyst (Bruker Inc.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SigmaPlot (release 11. 2, Systat Software, Inc. , San Jose, CA, USA). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality of the data in all groups. Analysis of the Variance (ANOVA) including a multiple comparison procedure (Holm-Sidak method) were used in order to determine whether significant differences existed in the compressive strength values, antibacterial activity, water sorption tests, roughness measurements and solubility evaluations between the different composites. In all tests, a statistical significance level of α = 0. 05 was adopted.
Acknowledgments: We acknowledge  Nadia Bahlouli ,  M. Hamdi Jmal  and  Platform IRIS  and  Mechanics ICube ,  UMR 7357 ,  FMTS ,  Université de Strasbourg , for providing the experimental setups for the mechanical characterizations. This study was in part supported by the grant " Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades  ( PID2020-120346GB-I00 ) to PI:  Salvatore Sauro.
Background: Early identification of the stage of oral cancer development can lead to better treatment outcomes and avoid malignant transformation. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview that describes the development of standardized procedures for oral sample collection, characterization, and molecular risk assessment. This can help investigators to choose the appropriate sampling method and downstream analyses for different purposes. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Using both PubMed and Web of Science databases, four independent authors conducted a literature search between 15 and 21 June 2021. We used key search terms to broaden the search for studies. Non-conforming articles were removed using an EndNote-based and manual approach.
Databases and Search Strategy All comprehensive literature recording oral biopsy techniques were taken into account. Using two databases, PubMed and Web of Science, the literature was searched for terms associated with oral cancer (oral cancer, cancer, oral cavity), biopsy (biospecimen, specimen), and molecular assessment (molecular, risk assessment). Each keyword item was bound using the logical word "AND" in the two databases. The detailed search for terms were researched as follows: "oral cancer" AND "biopsy"; "oral cancer" AND "biospecimen"; "oral cancer" AND "specimen"; "molecular" AND "risk assessment" AND "oral cancer"; "cancer" AND "oral cavity" AND "specimen". These studies were restricted to the human study published on the 21 June 2021. These search strategies were utilized by four authors (GY, LW, TB, and YF) to conduct independent searches in the two databases.
Eligibility Criteria and Data Extraction The results of the databases and manual searches were exported into EndNote. Duplications were removed using EndNote-based methods as reported previously  [21] , and double-checked manually. Four reviewers (GY, LW, TB, and YF) independently screened by following eligibility criteria. Studies chosen met the following eligibility criteria: (1) All literature searched was relevant to human oral cancer; (2) The samples collected were from human tissue or fluids; (3) Details of the sample collection must be described in the methods available for inclusion; (4) Original studies were eligible for inclusion. However, non-human oral cancers or samples from other species sources were not eligible for inclusion. More importantly, biopsy methods without a detailed description in the literature were not included.
H. and R. B. ). In vitro papers studying the bond strength to human dentin of the IDS technique compared to the DDS technique were considered. Meta-analyses were carried out by using a software program (Review Manager v5. 4. 1; The Cochrane Collaboration). Comparisons were made by considering the adhesive used for bonding (two-step etch-and-rinse, three step etchand-rinse, one-step self-etch, two-step self-etch, and universal adhesives). A total of 3717 papers were retrieved in all databases. After full-text assessment, 22 potentially eligible studies were examined for qualitative analysis, leaving a total of 21 articles for the meta-analysis. For the immediate bond strength, regardless of the adhesive strategy used, the IDS technique improved the bond strength of restorations to the dentin (p < 0.