dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Hap01 was found at all sampling sites and was considered the ancestral haplotype. A network with an ancestral haplotype typically shows a star-like or star-burst appearance with the ancestral haplotype centred in it  (Ferreri et al. , 2011). Manuscript to be reviewed contributed by genetic differences within populations. Attempts to identify if population subdivisions exist among the T. tonggol populations (BT vs other populations) returned a nonsignificant F CT value with less than 1% contribution to the total genetic variation, while more than 99% of the total genetic variation was contributed within populations, based on both datasets. The Mantel Test also supported earlier findings, demonstrating no correlation between genetic differentiation (pairwise Ф ST value) and geographical distance (D-loop: r= -0.
Manuscript to be reviewed We thank the  Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE)  for funding this research under grant  FRGS/1/2016/WAB13/UMT/03/1. We highly appreciate assistance by the officers and crew of the research vessel MFRDMD/SEAFDEC and  Department of Fisheries (DoF) Malaysia  for sharing their expertise and knowledge and also facilitating sample collections. We are also grateful to our laboratory colleagues for their technical assistance. We are forever grateful to  Dr Adelyna Mohd Akib  and her PhD student,  Mr. Danial Hariz  for their valuable guidance and comment regarding Bayesian Skyline Plot analyses.
Simulations The reaction rates of the nine species tracked in the model are described by a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE) (S. 21 in Supplement), integrated numerically in MATLAB (R2019b), using the function ode15s:m with default tolerance, imposing non-negative solutions. The yields for water radiolysis are listed in Supplement Table  S. 1; the rate constants for the radical reactions in water in Table  S. 2 and the rate constants, equilibrium constants and concentrations for the reaction with biological molecules in Table  S. 3. The irradiation was modeled with dose-rates DR a from 0. 03 Gy/s to 10 7 Gy=s. For each dose-rate, the beam on-time T on was adjusted to deliver 10 Gy, unless otherwise stated. The calculations are run for a simulated time T sim of 150s or 120% of beamon time, whichever is longer.
The instantaneous dose-rate dDðtÞ=dt is: dDðtÞ dt ¼ DR a ; if t T on dDðtÞ dt ¼ 0; if t > T on ( ð16Þ pH is 7. 0. The ODE boundary conditions imposed all nine initial concentrations (t ¼ 0) to zero, except for oxygen. The curve fits were drawn by minimizing the sum-squaredifferences between predicted and experimental values, using MATLAB's fminsearch. m function.
2 USD billions in 2005 to almost 39 USD billions in 2009  [5]. Moreover, data centers networking is traditionally built around Top of Rack (ToR) switches interconnected through End of Rack (EoR) switches, which are in turn connected through core switches. Consequently, this approach is very costly, while leading to significant bandwidth oversubscription towards the network core. All these issues encouraged several researchers to propose new topologies for scalable and cost-effective network infrastructures, namely: FatTree  [6] , FiConn  [7] , DCell  [8] , BCube  [9] , and HyperBcube  [10]. However, proposed topologies suffer from performance bottlenecks and costly implementations  [11]. In fact, with switches having a small port count n, the number of nodes in BCube increases only by a factor of n, leading to a potentially high number of recursive layers for large-scale data centers.
For instance, with n = 4, 6 layers are required to construct a data center with 4 6 = 4096 nodes. A 6-layer BCube network requires 6 interface cards for each node which are expensive and difficult to manage in practice. Hence, BCube can suffer from scalability issues when employing cost-effective small port count switches and a small node degree. With DCell topology, a data center network having millions of nodes can be easily constructed with a node degree of 4. However, its major drawback lies in its high wiring complexity, and inefficient local re-routing algorithm (the full connection in each network layer makes distances between pairs of nodes in different layers very long)  [12]. So, DCell reduces the diameter of the entire network, but increases the wiring complexity, which makes the deployment of a DCell data center very complicated  [13].
In this work, we propose a novel interconnection network topology called LaScaDa (Layered Scalable Data Center) that scales faster than HyperBcube, BCube, Flecube, and DCell, while enjoying a low average path length, high bisection bandwidth, high aggregate bottleneck throughput, and more importantly high scalability using the same number of switches and links per node as HyperBcube and BCube. We also propose fault-free and fault-tolerant routing algorithms to be used in the case of absence or presence of network failures respectively. The followings are some of the contributions proposed in this paper: 1) A novel data center topology called LaScaDa, capable of scaling the entire network to millions of nodes using nodes with small degrees and small port count switches. While using the same number of links and switches per node as HyperBcube and Bcube, LaScaDa outperforms these topologies in terms of Scalability, Average Path Length (APL), Bisection bandwidth and Aggregated Bottleneck Throughput (ABT).
A. The Switch-Centric Category The Switch-Centric category uses intelligent switches for a smart routing of packets in a data center. Some data center topologies in this category are VL2  [14] , Clos Network  [15] , FatTree  [16] ,  [17] , JellyFish  [18] , DOS  [19]  and Hypac  [20]. • VL2 has been proposed as a solution for some critical issues in conventional data centers. By exploiting a uniform high capacity traffic from node to node, VL2 overcomes some critical issues such as Oversubscription, Agility and Fault-tolerance. In addition, and by employing virtual machines, VL2 improves network availability even with hardware or link failures. However, VL2 uses Valiant Load Balancing (VLB) that before forwarding a packet, selects randomly an intermediate switch. This is impractical, especially in the case where two hosts connected to the same edge switch want to communicate.
However, the number of nodes in Fat-Tree is limited by the number of switch ports. Fatree is considered a special instance of Clos topologies where the number of top of racks is equal to n  [21]. • Jellyfish  [18]  increases exponentially the number of nodes in a data center. It is constructed based on a random graph at the ToR switch layer. Each ToR switch has n ports, where r of them are used to connect it to other ToR switches while remaining ports are used for nodes interconnection. So, for a network with N racks, when the same number of ports are deployed by every switch, Jellyfish connects N ×(n-r) nodes. The average path length in Jellyfish is shorter than Fat-tree, while the diameter is at least the same.
An overview of the prospects for the development of nuclear technologies and the conclusion of the relevant requirements for advanced structural materials, their classification and features were performed. In order to obtain a bar with a modified radiation-resistant outer layer, an experiment of radial-shear rolling under the most stringent conditions was carried out. For the same conditions, a FEM-simulation of sequential rolling in eight passes with a total compression of 70. 7% (from a diameter of 37 mm to 20 mm) was conducted. For adequate simulation results a new material database for Zr-1%Nb alloy using plastometry investigations was generated. An experimental obtaining of a gradient-modified structure with an ultrafine-grained (UFG) periphery and an elongated rolling texture in the center of the bar was performed.
The "Gleeble 3800" plastometric unit allows to simulate the conditions of various metal forming processes and perform tests with high measurement accuracy. The temperature fluctuation is no more than ±1. 0 • C. The measurement error of the loading force is ±1. 0 kg per 1 ton. The accuracy of movement of the working traverse is not more than ±0. 01 mm. Other parameters are derived from the specified values. The test temperature was controlled using a chromel-copel thermocouple welded to the central part of the sample on the Thermocouple welder attached to the Gleeble 3800 set. Thin graphite-based gaskets were used as a lubricant during the tests. The ISO-T working strikers were additionally lubricated with OKS 255 graphite grease after each test. The Deform software (SFTC, Columbus, Ohio, USA) was chosen for computer simulation, which allows simulating the metal forming process of any complexity.
Modeling is performed by the finite element method (FEM). To create a model of radial-shear rolling, it was decided to use the parameters of the existing SVP-08 mill installed at Częstochowa University of Technology. The initial billet with a diameter of 37 mm and a length of 150 mm was rolled on a mill with the compressions specified in Table  1. Compressions were determined based on previous experience of using this mill with other materials  [20] [21] [22]. The material of the billet is Zr-1%Nb alloy. Since this material is not available in the Deform database, the results of plastometric studies were imported. In this way, a new library of research material for the Deform was created. The heating temperature 530 • C for rolling was chosen, as the maximum possible to avoid a phase transition of the alloy to the region of brittle β-Zr  [17, 21] ; the rotation speed of the rolls was equal to 100 rpm, as the nominal value on the SVP-08 mill.
The friction coefficient at the contact of the billet and rolls was assumed to 0. 7, as the recommended value for hot rolling in Deform. To create the roll geometry, Kompas-3D v. 18 software was used by saving the finished geometry in the STL format. When rolling, the rolls were taken by rigid bodies, and the material of the billet was elastic-plastic. Verification of computer simulation results was carried out at the SVP-08 mill (ZAO "ISTOK ML", Moscow, Russia) at the Częstochowa University of Technology. The mill was designed at NUST MISIS. The appearance of the mill is shown in Figure  2. The heating temperature 530 °C for rolling was chosen, as the maximum possible to avoid a phase transition of the alloy to the region of brittle β-Zr  [17, 21] ; the rotation speed of the rolls was equal to 100 rpm, as the nominal value on the SVP-08 mill.
The friction coefficient at the contact of the billet and rolls was assumed to 0. 7, as the recommended value for hot rolling in Deform. To create the roll geometry, Kompas-3D v. 18 software was used by saving the finished geometry in the STL format. When rolling, the rolls were taken by rigid bodies, and the material of the billet was elastic-plastic. Verification of computer simulation results was carried out at the SVP-08 mill (ZAO "ISTOK ML", Moscow, Russia) at the Częstochowa University of Technology. The mill was designed at NUST MISIS. The appearance of the mill is shown in Figure  2. The SVP-08 mill is designed for hot deformation of solid round bars made of almost any metal materials, including low-plastic, continuous cast and powder. Rolling of bars with a diameter from 40 mm to 8 mm is carried out in a three-roll cage of a special rigid structure by compressing the blanks along the diameter in one or several passes using rolls with a diameter of 90 mm of special calibration, and if necessary, with intermediate preheats.
Conclusions This approach to determining rolling modes has shown high material and time efficiency. Based on the results of computer modeling, verification was carried out, which showed high convergence of the results of modeling and laboratory experiment. We can draw a conclusion about the applicability of radial-shear rolling in the deformation of bars made of a zirconium-based alloy Zr-1%Nb to obtain a UFG structure. It is advisable to consider the application of the radial-shear rolling process mainly towards the end of the production cycle of products. Computer simulation of the radial-shear rolling process of Zr-1%Nb alloy bars was performed. For adequate simulation results, a new database of this material was created based on the results of plastometric tests by uniaxial compression of cylindrical samples in the range of strain rates of 0.
Molecular Analysis Genomic DNA of Salmonella strains was extracted from one-day single-colony cultures using a QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Marseille, France), and quantified using a Qubit 2. 0 fluorometer and the Qubit dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) HS (high-sensitivity) assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Saint Herblain, France). All S. Gallinarum strains were sequenced using Illumina technology by the Paris Brain Institute (Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; www. icm-institute. org). Libraries were prepared using the Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit and Nextera XT Index Kit (96 indexes) (Illumina). Samples were then sequenced with a NextSeq 500 machine using the NextSeq 500 Mid Output Kit v2 (300 cycles) (Illumina, Evry, France). Pairedend raw reads were deposited on the public EnteroBase database platform for Salmonella (http://enterobase.
Due to the rarity of the serovar Gallinarum in France, 28 strain assemblies from international European countries were included in the comparison to assess the genetic similarity of the strains (Table  S1 ). A neighbor-joining tree was created in EnteroBase using GrapeTree  [16]  and the RapidNJ algorithm  [17]. Assemblies are publicly available from EnteroBase (S18LNRS01-09: enterobase barcode SAL_ZA0109AA; S19LNRS08-01: enterobase barcode SAL_ZA0111AA).
Introduction Cardiomyopathies are heterogeneous disorders characterized by structural and functional abnormalities of the myocardium. All subtypes of cardiomyopathy are associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF),  [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]  but current guidelines for the management of AF 8 lack detailed recommendations on its management. The EURObservational Research Programme (EORP) Cardiomyopathy/Myocarditis Registry collects prospective data on patients with cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Its general aim is to provide insight into clinical presentation and management of contemporary patients with heart muscle disease across a large range of centres in Europe so as to improve clinical service provision and therapy. 9 e hypothesized that a focused analysis of the data contained in the registry might give insight into the prevalence of AF and AF risk factors, reveal differences between different subtypes of cardiomyopathies, allow to compare the recommendations with real-life data on anticoagulation regimens, and assess the risk of stroke in these populations.
General design The EORP Cardiomyopathy/Myocarditis Registry conceived by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Disease is a prospective observational multinational registry of consecutive patients presenting to centres in European countries. The protocol of the registry and data on the participating centres are presented elsewhere. 9 The registry protocol was approved by each local ethics committee according to the local rules and regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before collection of any data. All diagnostic or therapeutic procedures and decisions were left to the discretion of an attending physician. Baseline and 1 year follow-up data (including demographic, clinical, cardiac, genetic, and therapeutic data) were collected using a web-based system with an electronic case report form.
A significance level of 0. 05 was required for a variable to stay in the model. No interaction was tested. To verify that the models were optimal, Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and per cent concordant were calculated. A two-sided P-value of <0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. All analyses were performed using SAS statistical software, Version 9. 4 (SAS Institute, Inc. , Cary, NC, USA).
Discussion We present data from the EORP registry on the prevalence of AF and AF risk factors in a contemporary European population of cardiomyopathy patients. The prevalence of AF was relatively high in the whole population with the highest prevalence of AF in patients with RCM. We found significant differences between AF and non-AF populations in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. In particular, the presence of AF was associated with more severe symptoms, increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and co-morbidities, and an increased incidence of stroke and death. Anticoagulation was possibly inadequate in patients with cardiomyopathy and concomitant AF, because it was administered in less than three quarters of this population. On the other hand, data presented in ESC guidelines on AF indicate 5-15% AF prevalence in HCM  12, 13  and even >40% in patients with ARVC.
Clinical endpoints and risk factors for stroke/transient ischaemic attack The EORP registry confirmed worse prognosis for the population with cardiomyopathy and concurrent AF. The annual incidence of stroke/TIA was approximately three times higher in AF population, and the annual incidence of stroke/TIA is comparable with the adjusted stroke rate (3. 2% per year) in non-valvular AF population with a CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score of 3 (population not receiving anticoagulation). 8 n a meta-analysis by Guttmann et al. ,  20  the annual incidence of thromboembolic events was 3. 75% in patients with HCM and AF. According to a Korean database,  21  the risk of stroke in HCM population with AF and without any CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc risk factors was similar to that of AF general population with CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score of 3.
These data are comparable with our results; the annual incidence of stroke/TIA was more than twice higher in AF patients with HCM (2. 65% vs. 0. 85%). In a cohort of European patients with AF from the EORP-AF pilot registry, the composite of stroke/TIA/peripheral embolism/all-cause death at 3 years occurred in 18. 2%. 16 he incidence of death from any cause (5. 59% vs. 2. 50%) and death from heart failure (2. 44% vs. 1. 41%) was twice higher in AF population than in non-AF population. Similar observations regarded our AF and non-AF subjects with DCM. It corresponds with recently published studies  [25] [26] [27]  and meta-analyses  28  that demonstrated the increased risk of sudden cardiac death with AF in the general population. Sudden cardiac death has been found to be the most common cause of death in AF populations (22.
Limitations There are limitations intrinsic to all registries including selection bias and lack of adjudication. The total number of enrolled patients was not very high; however, it resulted from the design of the EORP Cardiomyopathy/Myocarditis Registry. As most patients were enrolled in tertiary referral centres, the results may not be generalizable. There were some incomplete data at baseline, and a number of patients were lost to follow-up (15%). Some cases of AF might have been undetected because the study was not focused on AF specifically, and the diagnosis of AF was not verified by objective methods such as prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring. The percentage of patients with a rare underlying disease, that is, inherited metabolic disorders, mitochondrial disorder, and neuromuscular diseases, was low.
Acknowledgements We thank the  EORP Oversight Committee  and the  Registry Executive Committee of the EURObservational Research Programme (EORP). Data collection was conducted by the EORP department from the  ESC  by  Rachid Mir Hassaine  as Clinical Project Manager,  Emanuela Fiorucci ,  Myriam Glemot , and  Patti-Ann McNeill  as Project Officers, and  Marème Konté  and  Sebastien Authier  as Data Managers. Statistical analyses were performed by  Cécile Laroche. Overall activities were coordinated and supervised by  Dr Aldo P. Maggioni  (EORP Scientific Coordinator). All investigators are listed in Supporting Information, Appendix  S1.
with analogous definitions holding for S f , and C f. By combining these parameters, the CP observables for B 0 → D * ± D ∓ decays can be defined as  [3]  S D * D = 1 2 (S f + S f ), where d takes values +1 (-1) for mesons whose initial flavour is B 0 (B 0 ) and r takes values +1 (-1) for the final states f ( f ). This paper reports the first measurement of CP violation in B 0 → D * ± D ∓ decays at the LHCb experiment. The measurement is based on a sample of pp collision data corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1 and 2 fb -1 at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV (referred to as Run 1) and of 6 fb -1 at 13 TeV (Run 2), recorded by the LHCb experiment between 2011 and 2018. Previous measurements with this B 0 decay mode have been performed by the BaBar  [8]  and Belle experiments  [9].
The minimum distance of a track to a primary collision vertex (PV), the impact parameter (IP), is measured with a resolution of (15 + 29/p T ) µm, where p T is the component of the momentum transverse to the beam, in GeV/c. Different types of charged hadrons are distinguished using information from two ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors  [15]. Photons, electrons and hadrons are identified by a calorimeter system consisting of scintillating-pad and preshower detectors, an electromagnetic and a hadronic calorimeter. Muons are identified by a system composed of alternating layers of iron and multiwire proportional chambers  [16]. Simulated data samples are used to model the effects of the detector acceptance and the imposed selection requirements. Samples of signal decays are produced in order to determine inputs for the analysis, such as the parametrisation of the mass distribution and the decay-time resolution model.
The asymmetry of the B 0 meson production is defined as A prod = (σ B 0σ B 0 )/(σ B 0 + σ B 0 ), where σ B 0 and σ B 0 are the production rates of B 0 and B 0 mesons. The fit is performed independently on each sample. For each data-taking period, the parameters of the tagging calibration and of the production asymmetries are consistent between the two channels, and the results are combined according to their statistical uncertainties. Different sources of systematic uncertainty are considered. Systematic uncertainties on the calibration parameters are determined by repeating the fit to data with modified assumptions. The deviations of the fit results from the nominal values are assigned as systematic uncertainties. The largest uncertainty is related to the determination of the signal weights from the fit to the mass distribution.
The decay-time resolution model is determined from simulation and fixed in the fit to data with an effective resolution of 60 fs. The same set of parameters describes well both Run 1 and Run 2 data, with small differences between the two D 0 final-state samples. Due to the low B 0 -B 0 oscillation frequency, the decay-time resolution has a very small influence on the relatively low CP parameters. The selection and reconstruction efficiency depends on the B 0 decay time due to displacement requirements made on the signal final-state particles and a decrease in the reconstruction efficiency for tracks with large impact parameter with respect to the beam line  [40]. The decay-time efficiency is modelled by a cubic spline function with five knots  [37]. The knot positions are chosen from a fit to simulated signal candidates at (0.