dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Synthesis methodology Out of phase pulse sonoelectrodeposition requires a potentiostat to control the potential, and an ultrasonic generator to handle the pulses of the titanium working electrode. A thermostatic bath is used to increase the temperature of the electrolytic cell, while a cold air generator can cool the sonotrode to avoid damaging it. The assembly makes it possible to carry out pulsed sono-electrodeposition phase-shifted at temperatures of the order of 70 ° C (±1 ° C) while avoiding damage to the sonotrode, which has a limit of use of 80 °C (knowing that the ultrasound causes it to warm up). The experimental setup schematically presented in fig. 2 includes:  -a computer part that manages via a remote control the control of ultrasound and potentiostat, a control software of the sonotrode NexTgen and Ec-Lab control software of the potentiostat SP-200 (Biologic).
Powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) The X-ray diffraction studies were done on the powders collected on the polycarbonate membranes. A D8 Advance (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) X-ray diffractometer equipped with a copper anticathode (λCuKα= 0. 154056 nm) was used in a Bragg-Brentano geometry for the PXRD experiments. The X-ray pattern data were acquired from 2θ = 4 to 80° with a step of 0. 06° and exposure of 20 s at 40 kV and 40 mA. Phase's identifications were obtained using the Powder Diffraction Files (PDF) of the International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD). The crystallite size has been estimated according to the Scherrer formula (Eq. (  1 ): τ = 0. 9 λ/B × cosθ (1) where τ is the crystallite size, λ is the wavenlength of monochromatic X-ray beam (λCuKα= 0. 154056 nm), B is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak of HA (002) reflection (rad), and θ is the diffraction angle (°) satisfying Bragg's law for the (002) plane.
Data Collection Pressure information to calculate LUSI was obtained from two sources. First, the land cover map of Catalonia, the MCSC, was used to determine the three land use pressures  [urban, agricultural (irrigated) , and industrial] and to establish the coastal morphology of each water body. The most recently available version of the map is from 2009. Second, the riverine pressure was determined by using the salinity data from the National Catalan Coastal Water Monitoring Program, conducted by the Catalan Water Agency (ACA) in collaboration with the Marine Science Institute (ICM-CSIC). As the implementation of the WFD follows 6-year cycles, the salinity data covered the period between 2007 and 2012 and matched the year represented by the land cover map. Dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations, which are used to validate LUSI, were also gathered for the same period and program.
To test whether the choice of the land cover map influences the results of LUSI, LUSI was also calculated using the land cover map of Europe, the CLCM, from 2006. The characteristics of the two maps are detailed in Table  4. Chlorophyll-a concentrations to establish a pressure-impact relationship together with LUSI values were also obtained for the same period and Program. Data on salinity, chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations were collected from 80 sampling stations in Catalan coastal inshore waters  (Flo, 2014)  (Supplementary Figure  1 ). These stations are located between 0 and 200 m from the shore, depending on the water depth (<2 m depth), and are distributed along all water bodies, with 1-7 stations per water body, depending on the coastal length. The surface water at the stations was sampled 4 or 12 times a year, depending on the variability of the measurements, previously established.
Data Processing and Statistics Information on land use pressures was processed from CLCM and MCSC as follows. The 44 categories of the thirdlevel legend of the CLCM and the 241 categories of the fifth-level legend of the MCSC were assigned either to the three land use pressure types considered within LUSI [urban, agricultural (irrigated), or industrial] or to the category "other" (Supplementary Tables  1, 2 ). The percentage of land coverage related to these pressures was established using Miramon software  (Pons, 1994)  for each map and water body, after which pressure scores were assigned accordingly. The low urban scores of two water bodies located in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area (C21-Llobregat and C22-El Prat de Llobregat-Castelldefels) were later changed by expert judgment to the maximum urban score.
This statistical parameter was chosen following the WFD intercalibration process agreements for chlorophylla. Since chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations are not normally distributed (as determined from histograms and Shapiro-Wilk tests), the obtained values were log-transformed following Equation (2): v ′ = log10(v+1) as is commonly done for environmental data  (Cassie, 1962; Legendre and Legendre, 1979; Heyman et al. , 1984; Zar, 1984). The mean and standard deviation of the dissolved inorganic nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations were calculated for each water body with their six log-transformed 90th percentiles. The continental pressures on coastal waters were then assessed by calculating LUSI for each water body based on the CLCM and MCSC maps, using the previously assigned pressure scores and taking into account the morphology of the coast.
To test whether the choice of land cover map affects the results of LUSI, the LUSI values calculated with MCSC and CLCM were compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. A regression line of the LUSI values calculated using MCSC and CLCM was then compared to an identity regression using the analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs). A first analysis included the interaction of the independent variables to determine whether the slopes were significantly different; in a second analysis, the interaction was omitted to determine whether the intercepts were significantly different. The level of statistical significance for all performed tests was set at 0. 01. Statistical tests were performed using R (R Development Core Team, 2008) and STATISTICA software  (StatSoft, 2003). Linear models were plotted using R software and the maps were drawn using Miramon software.
Validation of LUSI using dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations A validation implies a demonstration of a significant relationship between two independent datasets of indicators for the same parameter, comprising one of the datasets the results of the method to be tested. Accordingly, LUSI was validated by comparing its results with dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations from coastal waters, given that land pressures, indirectly evaluated by LUSI, are mainly related to these concentrations. The correlation and adjusted linear model based on the LUSI values and the dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations were significant (Table  5 ; Supplementary Figure  3 ). The lowest correlation was 0. 6 and the highest 0. 87. All linear models showed positive relationships, with slope values ranging between 0.
Comparison of pressure-impact relationships based on LUSI and biological quality elements of the WFD from several coastal areas Within the context of the WFD implementation, LUSI has been used together with several impact indicators related to all the Biological Quality Elements linked to coastal waters to establish pressure-impact relationships in the Mediterranean and Black Seas and in the Atlantic Ocean. The broad and successful use of LUSI was made possible by the open distribution of its rationale and its description within the Milestone 5 report regarding Intercalibration Phase 2 of the WFD  (Flo et al. , 2011a ). An extended bibliographic exploration, including scientific articles but also oral presentations and technical reports, resulted in 48 relationships found, performed with independent datasets (Table  6 ).
Science Institute (ICM-CSIC). This research is a contribution to the GRADIENTS project (Estructura fina de los gradientes costeros a lo largo de la costa Mediterranea), funded by the Spanish National Program (CTM2012-39476-C02-02) and the DEVOTES project (Development of innovative tools for understanding marine biodiversity, and assessing good environmental status), funded by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration under grant agreement number 308392.
The active surface of the working electrode, determined by a polyethylene terephthalate (PTFE) O-ring seal, was 0. 07 cm 2. This three-electrode system was connected to a Bio-Logic potentiostat VMP2 (Bio-Logic Science Instruments, Seyssinet-Pariset, France). Results were recorded using EC-Lab software (v11. 27) from Bio-Logic Science Instruments. In order to characterize the electron transfer rate for the different nitrogen doped and undoped graphene samples, cyclic voltammetry was performed in a 0. 5 M 1,1 ferrocene-dimethanol solution of 0. 1 M NaClO 4. The scan rate was 100 mV/s. The detection of H 2 O 2 in a non-deaerated 0. 1 M phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (pH 7. 4) was detected through linear sweep voltammetry in the anodic range from 0 to 1000 mV with a scan rate of 100 mV/s.
Funding: This research was funded by the  program PEPS "Risques et Environnement 2016 " of  Université de Lyon-CNRS  (" PEPS 3D-GraPS "), and by the  LABEX MANUTECH-SISE  ( ANR-10-LABX-0075 ) of  Université de Lyon , within the program " Investissements d'Avenir"  ( ANR-11-IDEX-0007 ) operated by the  French National Research Agency (ANR). This research was partly funded by  CAMPUS FRANCE , through PHC Maghreb.
Representation models were also introduced in particular for *This work was supported by the INTERREG Upper Rhine program from the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund), SPIRITS project, and also by Investissements d'Avenir program (Labex CAMI & Equipex ROBOTEX). 1 ICube laboratory, INSA -CNRS -University of Strasbourg thibault. gayral@insa-strasbourg. fr control  [14]. If PAM kinematics are now well described  [15] , it is yet difficult to build accurate analytical kinematics models for any geometry of soft actuator. When the actuator length is short with respect to its diameter, pressure effect is indeed difficult to model  [7]  while such geometries are of interest for the design of gripper or inchworm-based actuators  [7] ,  [2]. FEA can be helpful but it is difficult, when MMAM is considered, to model the interactions between different materials, the impact of process resolution and variability as observed in  [10].
, 2017; Seppelt & Voinov, 2002). These scenarios take the form of maps specifying where different interventions should be undertaken on a landscape. They can be used to explore possible futures within a participatory process, or to identify a single "best" scenario using precisely specified problem formulation. Despite the importance of grazing impacts on ecosystem services  (Petz et al. , 2014) , applications of spatial optimization methods for grazing management are scarce. Extending such optimization approaches to hydrologic services (sediment retention and baseflow enhancement) is even more limited: either studies use coarse global datasets that are not adequate for local management (e. g. Petz et al. 2014) , or they use local data that require extensive field work  (Ford et al. , 2012 ).
This normalization can be interpreted as calculating the effect of each intervention relative to the maximum effect since the range    -   is equal to    for the three objectives (with a precision of 0. 001%: for the baseflow objective, the range is slightly higher but within 0. 001% of    , likely due to numerical errors). This interpretation is further discussed in Sections 3 and 4. The optimization problem was implemented using the CVXOPT Python package  (Anderson et al. , 2004)  and solved using the GLPK Python package. This solver chooses discrete interventions for each HRU such that the aggregate objective (Eq. 2) is maximized across implementation units.
Strengths and limitations of the service evaluation Hydrologic services were assessed with the open-source InVEST software, where the effect of grazing was represented by a change in hydrologic parameters. Hydrologic models that are better able to capture underlying biophysical processes would improve future modeling efforts, although the development of such models remains limited by scarce ecohydrological knowledge  (Bilotta et al. , 2007; Hamel et al. , 2018). Valuation of hydrologic services in terms of environmental (or economic) terms would also help contextualize the results, facilitating their communication to stakeholders. The effect of management practices on above-ground biomass and animal weights were represented by the rangeland production model developed for this study. Like previous efforts with globally available data  (Petz et al.
Methods Between 2000 and 2010 medical records of patients younger than 18 years old with a primary SpEp treated in one of the following French Pediatric Neurosurgery and Oncology institutions (Institute Gustave Roussy Villejuif, Paris-Necker, Lille, Lyon, Bordeaux) were analysed. Epidemiologic (gender, age, potential predisposing status and symptoms at diagnosis, delay from initial signs to diagnosis), tumor-and treatmentrelated data (site and extension of the tumor, histology, extent of initial resection and number of relapse and complementary treatments) were retrospectively analysed. Two patients with cervical location were excluded as study focused on the most frequent location of spinal ependymomas of the child, thus at the distal part of the spinal cord. Most recent data were obtained from the follow-up files of the participating centers according to the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL 2211717 v 0).
Two versions of the model corresponding to these two hypotheses were used in this study. See Supplementary Information for mathematical details. Model inputs. To initialize the tree population, we used the tree inventories of the experimental site of Paracou, French Guiana, collected in 2001. The experimental site of Paracou (5°18′N,52°55′W) is a lowland tropical forest near Sinnamary, French Guiana. The forest is a typical Guiana shield forest, with dominant tree families including Fabaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Lecythidaceae, and Sapotaceae. There are more than 700 woody species attaining 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) at the site. Six undisturbed plots of 6. 25 hectares each totalizing 22,401 individual trees were used to constitute the initial population in the forest simulator. The functional traits used in this study are extracted from a large database collected in the Guiana Shield and described earlier  53, 54.
Three climate variables are needed to run the model  48  (Table  2 ): a water stress estimator (A under ), the total precipitation over two years (Pre) and the mean temperature (tmp). The water stress estimate A under was based on a water balance model developed at our study site and taking the daily precipitation from the CRU as input data  55, 56. Four climate scenarios were investigated based on the scenarios of the IPCC report  14. The first scenario (A) is equivalent to the RCP2. 6, the second (B) is an intermediary scenario, and the third (C) is equivalent to the RCP8. 5. The last scenario (BASE) is a control scenario that uses the current values of the climatic variables and assumes that they will remain stable over time. At each time step, climate variables were sampled in a normal distribution where the mean changed over time, while the standard deviation remained the same, equal to the historical standard deviation.
Acknowledgements Funding came from the the  GFclim  project (European Structural Funds, FEDER 2014-2020, Project  GY0006894 ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This work also benefited from an ' Investissement d' Avenir' grant  managed by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( CEBA , ref  ANR-10-LABX-0025 ) and from a grant from the  Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement.
The results indicated that all of the eight-day-old seedlings grown on media with Pb 2+ exhibited decreased primary root growth relative to roots of seedlings grown on media without Pb 2+ , although the original lengths of primary roots differed between different Arabidopsis mutants without the heavy metal (Figure  2 ). To more clearly define the level of root growth inhibition due to Pb 2+ , a finer measure of primary root length was made using ImageJ software, and statistical analyses of the effect of Pb 2+ and differences between the mutant lines were conducted (Figure  2 ). Results indicated that the mutant lines of AtCNGC1 (CS874223, atcngc1-1), AtCNGC10 (CS859870, atcngc10-1), and AtCNGC13 (Salk_057742, atcngc13-1; Salk_013536, atcngc13-2) exhibited less growth inhibition in response to Pb 2+ , relative to the level of inhibition in the wild-type plants.
Root Growth Assay Plants grown for 8 days were photographed and the lengths of the primary roots (≥80 seedling plants of each genotype studied for each treatment) were analyzed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). All experiments were performed three times, and a representative set of data are presented. Statistical analysis consisted of a one-way ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey's comparison using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) software.
Ion Content Three biological replicates consisting of 30-40 pooled seedlings in each replicate were analyzed. Whole eight-day-old plantlets were harvested, rinsed in Milli-Q water, and dried in an oven at 65 • C for 4 days. Two ± 0. 1 mg of dried samples were degraded in 1 mL of 60% (v/v) HNO 3 by heating at 125 • C for 3 h. The resulting samples were then diluted with Milli-Q water to 10 mL. Elemental levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (NexION ® 300 ICP-MS System, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA), and concentrations of the elements were calculated based on dry weight. Statistical differences were evaluated with a T-test using GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Supplementary Materials: Supplementary materials can be found at http://www.
A similar research protocol used from 2014 to 2017  44    1983-1986 with linear regression (adjusted R 2 = 0. 99, p < 0. 00001). Assuming that low temperature was a limiting factor with possibly delayed effects, and following Krebs's opinion 1 that "the time scale of rodent dynamics is monthly or even weekly" (due to population turnover), we chose to investigate the effect of the deviation from the monthly average minimum temperature of the current month and of the previous three months before a focal event on reproduction parameters and population dynamics. Monthly rainfall data were from the Levier station from 1979 to 1996. The variable under study was the deviation from the average rainfall of the month during the study period. As for temperature, hypothesizing delayed effects, we considered rainfall of the current month and of the previous three months of a focal event.
Statistical analyses. We investigated density dependence after log-transforming population estimates  1, 45, 46  obtained from the mean of the whole sampling region. In brief, we used relative density estimates from autumn and from spring separately, calculated autocorrelation coefficients and fitted autoregressive models of order 1, 2 and 3 to the data. ε = + + + + - - - R a a X a X a X t t t t t 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 where = - = - - R X X NN ln( / ) t t t t t 1 1 = X N ln( ) t t N t = abundance estimate for year t, and t = time in year ε t = the regression residuals. Other data were either counts (e. g. a number of individuals) or presence/absence (e. g. reproductive/not reproductive) and were modelled against independent variables (e. g. relative age, temperature at given months, rainfall, etc.
Acknowledgements This article is dedicated to the memory of Pierre Delattre who passed away in 2011. He has been at the origin of this research programme and has made possible its continuity over years. Special thanks to his family, Arlette, Arnaud, Nicolas and Remy who lent a hand in the field so many times since the early day. Thanks also to the large number of colleagues, students and volunteers who participated to field works for short visits as well as for the duration of a master or doctoral thesis. We also thank  François Gillet  for providing information about grassland productivity. This research has been carried out in the Zone atelier Arc jurassien http://zaaj. univ-fcomte. frand is part of those that justified its creation in 2013. Financial support from the  National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) , the  Region of Franche-Comté , the  Ministry of Ecology , and the  National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS).
Deviations from distribution hypothesis were assessed on the residuals computed after fitting the models. Correlation analysis between IHTI, IHTT, GPA, MMSE, FAB, and QLQ-C30 scores was performed using the nonparametric Spearman correlation coefficient. PFS and OS analyses used the Kaplan-Meier method. The univariate survival analysis used the log-rank test. Multivariate survival analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model with variables entering the model following a forward-stepwise selection procedure. For each test, a p-value 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was carried out using SAS version 9. 4 (SAS institute, Cary, NC).
Perspectives To preserve cognitive functions in patients irradiated on the brain, drugs could be efficient. A phase III study (RTOG 0614) studied memantine for the prevention of radio-induced cognitive toxicity. Memantine is a drug blocking anti-methyl aspartate receptor that has been shown to be effective in Alzheimer disease. In this study 508 patients with cerebral metastases were randomized between complete brain irradiation with memantine for 6 months, and complete brain irradiation with a placebo for 6 months. Patients in the memantine group had a probability of cognitive decline at 6 months of 54% versus 65% in the placebo group (HR = 0. 78, p = 0. 01  [29]. At present, an on-going randomized phase III trial is comparing memantine hydrochloride and wholebrain radiotherapy with or without hippocampal avoidance as a means of reducing neurocognitive decline in patients with cancer that has spread from the primary site to the brain (NCT02360215) Moreover, the impairment of cognitive functions in patients irradiated on the brain raises questions on the possible efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation.
data extraction and critical appraisal For studies meeting the above criteria, study design details, patient demographics, treatment details and relevant outcomes were extracted for the overall intention-to-treat (ITT) population and for TNFi-naïve and TNFi-exposed subgroups. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the NICE concise critical appraisal checklist (see online supplementary file). 21 pen access The potential risk of bias was determined by assessing heterogeneity of treatment and outcome characteristics as well as study and patient characteristics.
Open access The presented NMA estimates were used in a cost-effectiveness analysis. The structure of the cost-effectiveness model expanded on previous economic evaluations  26  and updated the assumptions, where possible, with contemporary evidence. In addition to the new data on clinical efficacy, this analysis also considered serious infections. For colectomy, evidence from a large, UK, retrospective population-based study was used. 52 Regarding the health state utilities, a further strength of the economic analysis is the use of an age-dependent and gender-dependent adjustment, reflecting the natural decline of patients' Open access physical and mental functions due to age and other comorbidities. 31 he QALYs generated in our cost-effectiveness model (9-10 QALYs across all comparators) were comparable to but lower than those in Archer et al.