dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The results are reported as the mean and standard deviation. Data from isotope profiles down to a depth of 100 cm were used to cover the entire root zone of groundnut (at Site 1) and pasture (at Site 2). It is essential to consider the whole root zone because δ t was weighted with the root-length density (see Equation  7 ) For groundnut crops, 72. 4% of the root system was within the 0-20 cm soil layer depth, while 27. 6% was found at 20-50 cm depth  (Siegwart et al. , 2022). Root-length density in the pasture at Site 2 was assumed to decrease linearly from its maximum value at the soil surface down to its minimum at the maximum root length (around 40 cm, according to  Glendening (1941) ). Rainfall amounts were measured at both sites with a weather station (Campbell TE25MM at Site 1, and Campbell Climavue 50TM at Site 2).
| Groundwater recharge The groundwater recharge rates (R in mm y À1 ) were estimated by applying the piston displacement method  (Allison et al. , 1983)  to data from deep soil samples (>150 cm; see Figure  3 ). The method is based upon a simple empirical relationship. As given in  Clark and Fritz (1997) , the relationships for δ 2 H and δ 18 O are R ¼ 22 δ 2 H shift 2 , ð15Þ R ¼ 3 δ 2 O shift 2 : ð16Þ where δ 2 H shift is the difference between (i) the deuterium excess of the local meteoric water line (LMWL), and (ii) the intercept of the linear regression for isotope data from deep soil samples. We used soil data from Site 1 to assess the relevance of the piston displacement method and to quantify the annual groundwater recharge of the CT aquifer. We could not estimate the groundwater recharge for Site 2, because the groundwater table is at 50-70 m depth, and our soil profiles extended down to only 300 cm.
Similar variability is reported by other authors (e. g. ,  Robertson & Gazis, 2006; Smith et al. , 1979). In the present study, satisfactory ET a partitioning values were obtained from timeintegrative data (e. g. , over the space of a season). However, more detailed information on the time dependence of partitioning could be obtained by sampling the soil more frequently (e. g. , monthly, or weekly during the growing season) or via in-situ isotopic measurements of soil water (e. g. ,  Gaj et al. , 2016). Regarding the reliability of the water-vapour equilibration method, it should be emphasized that to avoid fractionation effects, our samples were analysed as soon as possible after collection-a protocol that is challenging to implement when samples are taken in remote arid areas, and laboratories are far away.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  D. M. L. Diongue  received grants for the Ferlo experimental site from the  Labex DRIIHM , and the  French programme "Investissements d'Avenir"  ( ANR-11-LABX-0010 ), managed by the  ANR. He also received funding from  CIRAD/IRD/EDEQUE , and is grateful to all Sophy's members for their warm hospitality during his stay in Vienna. Faidherbia-Flux received funding from  EU-LEAP-Agri  ( RAMSES II ),  EU-DESIRA (CASSECS) ,  EU-H2020  (SustainSahel), AGROPOLIS, and  TOTAL Foundations (DSCATT) ,  CGIAR (GLDC). We are extremely grateful to the people of  Sob-Niakhar  and  Widou Thingoly , particularly  I. Diouf ,  A. Diouf ,  R. Diatte ,  M. Sy ,  B. Sow , and  Sergent Badji. We also thank  Dr. James Smith  (https://mx. linkedin. com/in/james-smith-.
, 2016; Vergara et al. , 2019). Most of the unbalanced internal tide energy, and some of the internal gravity wave energy, occurs at scales larger than 40 km wavelength and can be observed with the latest alongtrack altimetry data  (Zaron, 2019). Using alongtrack SSH data from recent altimetric missions and a statistical approach based on wavenumber spectral analysis, this paper will document the 70 global distribution of Lt. Considering the noise characteristics of different altimetric missions, we limit our Lt estimates to regions where they exceed the local observability wavelength. We also take into account the uncertainties associated with the altimetric measurements and the influence of this error in our estimates. Our satellite altimetry wavenumber spectral Lt estimates are consistent with previous studies 75 based on modeling or in-situ analysis: small values of Lt are observed in the highly energetic applied to the data in order to minimize boundary effects when performing the FFT over the finite dataset  (Tchilibou et al.
Acknowledgments The Jason-3 and Sentinel-3A data were obtained from the Geophysical Data Record (GDR) available on the AVISO website (https://www. aviso. altimetry. fr). The Mean Sea Surface Model CNES_CLS_2015 is also available on the same website. The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the  French Space Agency (CNES)  via the  French TOSCA 645 program  to conduct the present study.
According to  Amadei and Stephansson [1997] , the in-situ stress field can be estimated from stress-depth relationships, observations of past stress measurements made in the region of interest or by extrapolation from regions with similar geologic and tectonic settings. Topography, geology, rock fabric, rock loading history, first motion analysis of earthquakes, occurrence of stress release phenomena, breakouts in boreholes, tunnels and shafts, rock bursts, and the presence of stratification, heterogeneities or geological structures are also useful to derive stress information. Another key source for a first-order assessment of stress regime is the World Stress Map  [Heidbach et al. , 2010 , Zoback et al. , 1989]. In this work, the stress regime is evaluated based on a theoretical approach that uses the World Stress Map and other literature data and stress-depth relationships providing a first-order approximation.
Stress regime in the Canadian Shield The World Stress Map  [Heidbach et al. , 2010 [Heidbach et al. , , 2019] ]  is a global database of contemporary tectonic stress of the Earth's crust and a useful tool to infer the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress. However, the World Stress Map does not have information on the study area. The lack of deep exploratory boreholes associated with the absence of earthquake data with magnitudes greater than 3 contributes for this important gap (Figure  3 ). No deep borehole is available nearby Kuujjuaq to carry out stress measurements, being the nearest borehole placed at a distance of about 400 km (Figure  2a ). Moreover, the Coulon borehole was drilled in the Superior Province and the Raglan and Asbestos Hill, although drilled in the Churchill Province, experienced a different geodynamic assembly history compared to the part of the Churchill Province where Kuujjuaq is located [e.
Orientation of the principal stresses The orientation of the principal stresses was estimated based on the available literature data for the Canadian Shield (Table  1 ). The following hypotheses were used in the analyses described below to assess the impact of the orientation of the principal stress components on the EGS development and performance. The maximum principal stress was assumed to have a trend and plunge of N248°/10°  [ Herget, 1993] , of N227°/02°  [Young and Maloney, 2015]  and N-S/horizontal  [Andrieux et al. , 2009]. The intermediate principal stress was assumed to be N300-340°/0°  [Herget, 1993] , N310°/08°  [Young and Maloney, 2015 ] and E-W/horizontal  [Andrieux et al. , 2009]. The minimum principal stress was assumed vertical  [Andrieux et al. , 2009 , Herget, 1993]  and N270°/88°  [Young and Maloney, 2015].
A triangular distribution was used for this parameter based on the assumption that the minimum and maximum density values obtained are least probable than the median value calculated from the dataset analyzed. A single value was assumed for the gravitational acceleration and depth. However, it is convenient to highlight that the calculations were done for depths up to 10 km, but in this work, only the results up to 5 km are shown. The stress ratio coefficients were assumed to follow a discrete uniform distribution based on the assumption that the probability of each stress ratio coefficient is a finite value and that they have an equal probability of occurrence. However, a continuous uniform distribution was additionally tested to evaluate the impact on the results. The vertical stress in Equation (  2 ) was assumed to follow a triangular distribution since that is the distribution shape coming from Equation (1).
Nevertheless, a continuous uniform distribution was additionally assumed for this parameter to assess the impact of the probability distribution on the outcome. The pore to fluid factor was assumed as a single value while the vertical stress was assumed to follow continuous triangular and uniform distributions (Table  3 ). Triangular and uniform probability distributions were used to describe the maximum horizontal and vertical principal stresses and in situ fluid pressure (Table  3 ). Finally, the friction coefficient was assumed to range between 0. 6 and 1. 0 [e. g. ,  Zoback, 2007]  and described by a uniform distribution (Table  3 ). The software @RISK [Palisade, 2019] was used to carry out the Monte Carlo simulations. Latin Hypercube sampling and the pseudorandom number generator Marsenne Twister were used in the simulations.
Mohr-Coulomb friction and slip tendency Fracture reactivation analysis is commonly done based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion [e. g. ,  Moeck et al. , 2009 , Peacock et al. , 2021]. However, care must be taken when using Mohr-circle analyses due to a potential underestimation of the risk of fault reactiviation [van den  Bogert and van Eijs, 2020]. The MohrPlotter software version 3. 0. 0 [Allmendinger, 2020]  was used in this study to help determine which fracture sets are optimally oriented to slip taking into account the possibilities for the orientation and magnitude of the principal stresses (Table  4 ). The trend and plunge of the principal stresses were entered in the software in the geographic coordinate system format assuming a North-East-Down coordinate system for the stress tensor.
Conclusions Remote, northern and rural communities in Canada and worldwide can highly benefit from off-grid renewable energy solutions to improve their sustainability and living standards and boost their economic growth. Geothermal energy sources harvested via engineered geothermal energy systems can be one of such viable options if current exploration challenges are overcome. A key parameter for the correct design of such geothermal systems is the stress regime. Thus, in this work, a priori estimation of the stress regime was undertaken in an Arctic off-grid community (Kuujjuaq, Canada) to provide guidelines and an example for the remaining settlements located in a similar geological context. The stress regime was estimated following a theoretical approach that uses the World Stress Map and other literature data to evaluate the orientation of the principal stresses and empirical correlations to calculate the magnitude of the principal stresses, in-situ fluid pressure and limits for the principal stresses.
Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to deal with the uncertainty of each input parameter and the results obtained were compared with literature data for the Canadian Shield. Additionally, Mohr-Coulomb friction and slip tendency analyses were carried out to estimate which fracture sets previously sampled are optimally oriented to slip considering the uncertainty associated with the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress. This is also helpful to determine the wells drilling orientation and stimulation pressure to initiate shear slip. A transpression deformation style may be possible based on the findings of this work. Considering the orientation of the principal stresses used in this work, the fracture sets optimally oriented to slip can be E-W and NE-SW, or E-W and N-S, or NW-SE and NE-SW.
Acknowledgments This study was funded by the  Institut nordique du Québec (INQ)  through the  Chaire de recherche sur le potentiel géothermique du Nord  awarded to  Jasmin Raymond. The Centre d'études nordiques (CEN), supported by the  Fonds de recherche du Québecnature et technologies (FRQNT) , and the  Observatoire Homme Milieu Nunavik (OHMI)  are further acknowledged for helping with field campaigns cost and logistics. The authors are also grateful to the two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to greatly improved the manuscript.
that we crossed with two plant trait databases to extract major ecophysiological traits  [119, 120]  (see supplemental information online for details). (A,B) Plots show the projection of species (dots) on the plane defined by the principal component (PC) axes 1 and 2. Unfilled squares and filled circles represent non-woody and woody species, respectively. Arrows indicate direction and weighting of vectors representing the traits considered, and the color gradients indicate regions of highest (red) to lowest (white) occurrence probability of species in the trait space, with contour lines indicating 0. 5, 0. 6, 0. 7, 0. 8, 0. 9, and 0. 99 quantiles (see supplemental information online for methods). (A) Bivariate relationships between leaf [Si] and all traits of the LES can be found in the Figure  S3  of the supplemental information.
Acknowledgments This project has received funding from the  EU   Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program  under  Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant  agreement  101021641  (project  SiliConomic , to F. d. T. ),  European Research Council (ERC)  starting grant 'Ecophysiological and biophysical constraints on domestication in crop plants' (grant  ERC-StG-2014-639706-CONSTRAINTS , to C. V. ), and is supported by the TRY (http://www. try-db. org)and AusTraits initiatives on plant traits (https://austraits. org/). A. T. is supported by the  Estonian Ministry of Education and Research  ( PSG505 ).
ANAtOLIA (Atmospheric monitoring to Assess the availability of Optical Links through the Atmosphere) is a European Space Agency project aimed at selecting sites for optical communication in the atmosphere. The main monitored parameters are cloud co v er, aerosol in relation to atmospheric turbulence aimed at monitoring and forecasting the influence of aerosol and cloud co v er in reducing optical communication through the atmosphere in selected sites by ESA. In this work, a no v el algorithm that uses both the Pearson correlation coefficient and Fourier analysis is used to assess such influences. Aerosol and cloud cover data are obtained from ground stations and satellite o v er Calern (France), Catania (Italy), Cebreros (Spain), and Lisbon (Portugal). The no v el algorithm pro vides a preliminary long-, medium-, and short-term aerosol-cloud interaction for these four candidate sites, obtaining respectively the variability, the seasonal, and hourly trend of the aerosol concentration; the main medium-term periodicities of aerosols as clouds precursors; the short-term correlation between morning-afternoon aerosol concentration.
e. aerosols and cloud co v er) affecting the atmospheric transparency within the framework of the ANAtOLIA (Atmospheric monitoring to Assess the availability of Optical Links through the Atmosphere) project funded by the European Space Agency (ESA). This international project aims at assessing the atmospheric conditions for optical communication at four ESA selected sites (see Fig. 1  and Table  1  ) named o v er Calern (France), Catania RASTAI 2, 420-431 (2023) (Italy), Cebreros (Spain), and Lisbon (Portugal)  (Ziad et al. 2022  ). The algorithm described o v ercomes satellite detection limitations by cross-correlating data from two polar satellites with ground data. Although this study is a preliminary analysis, ho we ver the heterogeneity of the ANAtOLIA sites already allows us to verify the close correlation between aerosols and cloud co v er under different topographic conditions.
S AT E L L I T E A N D G RO U N D BA S E D DATA In the last decades, the site testing was greatly impro v ed with the use of the satellite data to integrate traditional meteorological information retrieved at ground-based weather stations. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument mounted on the Terra and Aqua satellite observes the entire surface of the Earth twice a day ( Terra in the morning and Aqua in the afternoon), with its 36 spectral bands ranging from 0. 405 to 14. 385 μm that acquire data at three spatial resolutions: 0. 250, 0. 500, and 1. 000 km. Terra is the first EOS (Earth Observing System) platform and provides global data on the state of the atmosphere, land, and oceans, as well as their interactions with solar radiation. It has a near polar sun-synchronous orbit that passes o v er the equator at 10:30 a.
The clouds differ from the fog, close to the surface, only in the altitude. In this work, the ground data for hourly analysis and validation of satellite data are provided by the Aerosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) 1  that is a ground-based remote sensing network of aerosols. The AERONET project provides a long-term public domain database of the optical, physical, and radiative properties of aerosols for their research and characterization with global observations of the AOD. Version 3 AOD data are calculated for three levels of data quality: Level 1. 0 (unscreened), Level 1. 5 (cloud-screened and quality controlled), and Level 2. 0 (quality assured).
S I T E S A NA LY S I S A N D R E S U LT S In this Section, the results of the no v el long-, medium-, and short-term aerosol-cloud interactions algorithm at the four candidate sites for the ANAtOLIA project are reported. Cross-validated satellites and ground data provide a complete prediction for atmospheric optical transmissions. Furthermore, the versatility of the described methodologies allows the export of the aerosol-cloud interactions model for purely astronomical applications and for further implementation of weather forecast models. All data are freely accessible and co v er the entire globe, except for the AERONET data that is a network with ground-based localized sites. The long-and medium-term study provides insight into the relationship between AOD and CF. Fourier's mathematical analysis of periodicities indicates the role of aerosols as concentration nuclei for clouds and precursor factor of cloud co v er.
Further investigations will be carried out during the project. The ground data reported in the Table  2  can be correlated to the Fourier analysis: the fractions of o v ercast sk y lead to the hypothesis that during January , February , March, April, October, No v ember, and December the perturbations are not distinct (e. g. we have on average 3/4 covered days three times a month). Finally, the short-term forecast is based on the correlation between the Terra and Aqua satellites, the first passes during the morning while the second during the afternoon. Fig. 9  shows the map of the entire area containing the four sites under examination. The top panel calculates the correlation for AOD, while the bottom panel calculates the correlation for CF. Pearson correlation coefficient values greater than 0.
0 × 10 -6 d -1 , and the CF by -2. 0 × 10 -6 d -1 , also in this case. This could be a common feature of Mediterranean basin sites. The Catania site is more frequently contaminated by aerosols, with a periodic peak every 6. 5 ± 0. 3 d and every 10. 8 ± 0. 4 d. Volcanic activity is an important factor to consider and investigate. The duration of the ANAtOLIA project will allow deepening this aspect in future works. The dispersion margins correlate these peaks with the cloud co v er periodicities at 6. 8 ± 0. 4 and 10. 2 ± 0. 5 d, respectively. The phenomena associated with the two periodicities may be closely related, the first phenomenon may be of small intensity (particularly in the spring and summer months), as confirmed by the data from the ground, and therefore be traced back to the second perturbation.
AC K N OW L E D G E M E N T S The Acknowledgments of the authors goes to the  ANAtOLIA (Atmospheric monitoring  to Assess the availability of Optical Links through the Atmosphere)  ESA   ITT AO/1-9936/17/UK /ND project funded by the  European Space Agency , the  Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) , and the  Norwegian Space Agency. MODIS and OMI data were provided by the  Giovanni -Interactive Visualization  and Analysis website. We thank the PI(s), Co-I(s), and their staff for establishing and maintaining the AERONET sites used in this investigation.
Acknowledgements. We are very grateful to the  LabEx DRIIHM French programme Investissements d'Avenir  ( ANR-11-LABX-0010 ), which is managed by the  French ANR , under the  Human-Environment Observatory Mediterranean coast (OHM Littoral Meíditerraneíen ) , for its funding that allowed us to collect data from the Prevost lagoon. We also thank the  Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University  -A*MIDEX, a  French Investissements d'Avenir programme  (reference number  ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ); the PACA region and the  CNRS-INSU-EC2CO programme (PREDHYP-O 2 programme ) for its funding that allowed us to collect data from the  Berre lagoon ; and the  Occitanie region  and the  University of Nîmes  for the funding of  Julie Reígis ' PhD thesis. We also thank all the members who allowed us to collect data from the coastal Mediterranean lagoons in France (syndicat mixte GIPREB,  Mairie de Chateauneuf-les-Martigues, Compagnons de Maguelone).
The  PREDHYPO programme  has received funding from the  Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University  -A* MIDEX , a  French Investissements d'Avenir programme  (reference number  ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ), the PACA region, and the  CNRS-INSU-EC2CO programme  ( PREDHYP-O 2 programme ). Financial support. This research has been supported by the  King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  (grant nos. REI/1/4483-01-01  and  CRG-7-3739 ). Daniele Daffonchio  was financially supported by the  King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)  through the  Circular Carbon Economy initiative  (grant no. REI/1/4483-01-01 ). Daniele Daffonchio  was also supported by a  Competitive Research Grant  for "the role of the bacterial symbiome at the  gill-water (air) interface in the evolution toward territorialisation (microlanding) " (no.
The observed ejecta cone is wider than the ejecta produced by the vertical impact cratering experiments on granular media  7, 8  , although wider opening angles could be explained by the curvature of the target surface  9  and the angle of internal friction of the target  10  as well as the geometry of the projectile  11. The ejecta of Dimorphos were different from the ejecta of comet 9P/Tempel 1 produced by Deep Impact  12  , a previous planetary impact experiment of comparable scale (Extended Data Fig. 1a-c ). Both experiments delivered similar momentum to their targets. The Deep Impact spacecraft carried 80% more kinetic energy than the DART spacecraft but the 6-km diameter nucleus of Tempel 1 (ref. 12) was considerably more massive than the 151-m diameter Dimorphos 2. At the scale of the HST, the Deep Impact ejecta were diffuse and mostly featureless, The symbol 'x' marks artifacts due to, for example, residual cosmic rays, frame boundaries, background objects and defective pixels.
4 ). Around T + 5. 7 days, the narrow tail showed a relatively bright and sharp southern edge and a parallel but more diffuse northern edge (Fig. 4h ). The overall morphology of the tail of Dimorphos is similar to that of P/2010 A2, an active asteroid probably triggered by an impact  4, 23, 24  (Extended Data Fig. 1d, e ). The width of the tail, which is approximately 1 arcsecond, is consistent with an initial speed of the dust comparable with the orbital speed of Dimorphos, suggesting that the tail contains the slowest ejecta particles. Moreover, the early tail within T + 2 days slightly curved towards the south (Fig. 4d, e ), whereas after T + 8 days the tail became slightly more fan-shaped (Fig. 4i-k ). With radiation pressure sorting the particle size along the tail, the earliest tail at around T + 3 h was dominated by micrometre-sized particles, whereas centimetre-sized particles dominated the portion of the tail inside the HST field of view in the final image.