dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
g. , H3K27me3, H3K9ac, and H3K9me2) that serve as predictors of carcinogenicity  (Stampar et al. , 2022). The effects on cell growth and proliferation will be assessed using the MTS assay. Toxicogenomics, the application of gene expression analysis techniques in toxicological studies, identifies global changes in gene expression associated with a toxicological outcome and contributes to the refinement of toxicity and carcinogenicity testing. It provides supporting mechanistically based data on the molecular pathways underlying the apical effects  (Ellinger-Ziegelbauer et al. , 2005). Recently, gene expression profiling has been proposed as a useful tool for hazard identification and human health risk assessment, providing not only qualitative, but also quantitative information related to relevant mechanisms of action induced by the stressors (Corvi and  Madia, 2017).
, 2019). RIVM will use zebrafish embryos as whole-organism model for measuring oxidative stress for a diverse set of substances. The added value of this model for toxicity testing of both single substances and chemical mixtures, as well as MoA identification has been shown by us and others  (Leuthold et al. , 2019; Heusinkveld et al. , 2020b; Bauer et al. , 2021; Van Der Ven et al. , 2022). Various parameters for oxidative stress will be measured, including ROS levels, lipid peroxidation and changes in gene expression. For this purpose, both fluorophore-based techniques in wild-type zebrafish and transgenic reporter lines are available, responsive to activation of the Nrf2 pathway allowing for microscopic determination of oxidative stress on a multi-organ level in live embryos. The rationale for using zebrafish embryos is to generate data in a more complex test system, complementary to other models available to the project.
Quantitative real-time PCR RNA was extracted from the murine terminal ileum using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) and reverse transcribed using High-Capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Thermo-Fisher). Real-time PCR was conducted using Taqman Fast Universal PCR mastermix and Taqman Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems). Gene expression levels were normalized to Gapdh or Hprt, and data was analyzed by 2-ΔΔCt method. Taqman probes were Cybb Mm01287743_m1, Duox2 Mm00470560_m1, Mpo Mm01298424_m1, Nos2 Mm00440485_m1,.
Hence, the immediate environment of the N122 residue is very sensitive and essential for NOX/DUOX catalytic activity. Our data reinforce the hypothesis of a specific O 2 capture site enabling reduction by the outer sphere mechanism. Thus, the study of VEO-IBD variants of NOX1 has led us towards a structural feature that is essential for the electron transfer mechanism at the final stage of the reaction, from the distal heme to molecular O 2. However, many questions are still not resolved including the NOX isoform specific changes in the formation of the oxygen reduction center Fig. 4. NOX1 modelling reveals structural features involved in the oxygen reduction center. (A) Cartoon representation of a NOX1/p22 phox heterodimer model inside view (left) or eclipsed (p22 phox behind, center). On the right, eclipsed view in surface mode revealing lateral access to the distal heme (zoom), NOX1 (teal blue), p22 phox (orange).
Acknowledgements We thank  Jacek Zielonka ,  Stephen Lalor  and  Emer Conroy  for support and advice. This work was supported by  Science Foundation Ireland  ( 16-IA-4501 , UGK), the  Polish National Science Centre  within the  SO-NATA program  ( 2018/31/D/ST4/03494 ,  AS/RM ),  Erasmus plus mobility grant  ( 2021-1-IT02-KA131-HED-000006888 , AD),  Wellcome Investigator Award  ( 202846/Z/16/Z ; RMM), and the  Institut Universitaire de France (FF).
This polymer is stable in the pH range of 3 to 11. [39] , with the permission of AIP Publishing. (Middle): Fluorene monomer carrying two urea-based sensing moieties (SAMSON software). Reproduced from  [40] , with the permission of John Wiley and Sons. (Right): focus on the sensing moieties (SAMSON software). Atom color code: black for carbon, white for hydrogen, blue for nitrogen, red for oxygen. Reproduced from  [40] , with the permission of John Wiley and Sons. For CNT functionalization, FF-UR was first dissolved in NMP by magnetic stirring at room temperature for 12 h at a concentration of 1. 5 mg/100 mL, which corresponds to the targeted mass ratio between CNT and polymer of 1:1. 5. Finally, the CNT ink and the FF-UR solution were mixed together and then sonicated in a bath-type sonicator for 1 min at 25 • C for non-covalent functionalization.
Acknowledgments: BL and GC thank  Boris Gusarov ,  Robert Benda  and  Sawsen Azzouzi  at  LPICM  for providing the automated software for operating electronic acquisition system. BL and GC thank  Lin Qiqiao  at  LPICM  for providing 5 g of the FF-UR polymer. BL and GC thank  Frédéric Marty  from  ESIEE-Paris  for his advice on the design of the CNTFET substrate.
Acknowledgments J. S. V. acknowledges  Universidad Jaume I  ( Pla dePromocio de la Investigacio de la Universitat Jaume I ) for a Post-Doctoral Fellowship. Universidad Jaume  I is also acknowledged for the  UJI -B2021-31 project. F. G: C. and N. M. acknowledge the "Ramon y Cajal" contract with code  RYC2020-028681-I  and  RYC2021-033167-I  funded  MCIN/AEI/10. 13 039/501100011033  and by " ESF investing in your future ", " European Union   NextGenerationEU/PRTR ". The  Spanish Ministry of Science  is also acknowledged for the  PID2022-142897OA-I00 ,  PID2021-124695OB-C-22 ,  TED2021-129626B-C22  and  TED2021-130288B-I00  projects funded by  MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033  and by the " European Union " or by the " European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR ". VS and  FGC  thank  Generalitat Valenciana  ( CIDEGENT 2018/036  and  CISEJI/2023/78 , respectively) for funding.
The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigations were carried out in a multichamber ultra-high-vacuum system equipped with a hemispherical analyzer (SES R4000, Gammadata Scienta). A Mg K α X-ray source (1253. 6 eV) was used for photoelectron generation. The anode was operated at 180 W (12 kV, 15 mA). The spectrometer was calibrated according to ISO 15472:2001. The energy resolution of the system (pass energy 100 eV) determined for the Ag 3d 5/2 excitation line was 0. 9 eV. The base pressure in the analytical chamber was 1 × 10 -10 mbar and approximately 6 × 10 -9 mbar during the experiment. The powder samples were examined after being pressed in indium foil and mounted on a special holder. The analysis area of the samples was about 4 mm 2 (5 × 0. 8 mm). High-resolution spectra were collected at a pass energy of 100 eV (with a 25 meV step), while survey scans were collected at a pass energy of 200 eV (with a 0.
Phosphonium and Short-Chain Imidazolium ILs Amongst the measured compounds, following subtraction of the instrumental background, all phosphonium-based ILs and those imidazolium-based ILs with C ≤6 show a diffuse low-Q smallangle scattering feature, and a small peak at high-Q (Figure  2 ). The low-Q peak is said to be representative of the "PNPP" (polarnonpolar peak), typically signifying phase separation of charged and nonpolar regions. The high-Q peak, meanwhile, is indicative of the "COP" (charge ordering peak), and reflects like-ion-ion  (i. e. , anion-anion or cation-cation) interactions. [54] 57] A custom compound model was used to fit this first dataset, where a high-Q Lorentzian peak function is summed with the Ornstein-Zernicke correlation length model. Overall, this model allows for the calculation of the scattered intensity corresponding with the length scale of the diffuse scattering observed at low-Q that pertains to a "PNPP" feature, and the "COP" diffraction feature at high-Q: I ( Q ) = (( I 0 1 + ( QL ) 2 ) + c 0 ) + (( A𝜎 2 ( Q -Q 2 0 ) + 𝜎 2 ) + c 0 ) (1) where I 0 is the scaling factor, L is the correlation length, c 0 is the incoherent scattering background, A is the Lorentzian peak amplitude (restricted to a maximum of 1  N] -= bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylamide) IL mixtures, is an appropriate representation of our raw IL data.
Long-Chain Imidazolium ILs The second subset of ILs measured here gave radically different scattering signals, defined by a profound peak in the mid-Q, and with very little evidence for a high-Q COP signal. This feature makes this second dataset more suitable for fitting using a modified Teubner and Strey microemulsion model:  [67] I ( Q ) = 8𝜋𝜙 a ( 1 -𝜙 a ) ( Δ𝜌 2 ) c 2 ∕𝜉 a 2 + c 1 q 2 + c 2 q 4 (2) Here, the Teubner-Strey model is explicitly parameterized in terms of the periodicity d, correlation length , and volume fraction of one of the phases ϕ a , with the scattering length density contrast between phases expressed as Δ 2 = ( a - b )  2. The numerator gives the constant of proportionality. Equations describing the parameters a 2 , c 1 , c 2 , and the calculation of the amphiphile strength, , are provided in the Supporting Information.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  STFC ISIS Neutron & Muon Source  for access to the diffractometer  SANS2D  under beamtime allocation  RB2210058. The  Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research  (" REFIT " project  EM16-0013 ), the  Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation  (project  KAW2012. 0078 ), the  Swedish Research Council  (projects  2018-05017  and  2017-04080 ) are gratefully acknowledged. AVM acknowledges the  Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences  for support through the  Göran Gustafsson prize in Chemistry  and the  Villum Foundation  for a  Villum Investigator award. Dr Liliana de Campo  is thanked for useful discussions. The ToC graphic was generated using Midjourney AI and provided under a  CC BY-NC 4. 0 license.
Results and discussion Speed of sound in the liquid mixtures under study were measured at 303. 15 K from atmospheric pressure to 70 MPa using 10 MPa steps. The results are reported in Tables  2  and 3  for n-C6 + MC18:1 and n-C10 + MC18:1 binary systems respectively. The values measured in pure alkanes were added in these table whereas the speed of sound values of pure methyl oleate obtained from the same batch of chemical products are available in a previous study  [27]. No data were already reported for both systems in the open literature. Therefore, the only literature data with which it was possible to compare our measurements were those reported for pure n-alkane. The deviations observed between the current measurements and the literature data on the speed of sound for pure n-hexane  [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]  and n-decane  [31, 32, 36, 37]  are summarized in Table  4.
Subsequently, the speed of sound for each system was determined using the following combining rule. 𝑐 = (∑ 𝑥 𝑖 𝑐𝑀 𝛾,𝑖 𝑖 +𝐴 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑀 1 𝑀 2 𝑥 1 𝑀 1 +𝑥 2 𝑀 2 ) 1/𝛾 ∑ 𝑥 𝑖 𝑀 𝑖 𝑖 (13) Finally, the calculated values were compared to the experimental data, and the deviation statistics were summarized in Table  7  for both binary systems studied. Figures  10  and 11  present curves depicting the deviations between the speed of sound calculated using the proposed method and the experimental data as a function of n-alkane content for three isobars (0. 1, 40, and 70 MPa). The deviations between experimental speed of sound and those determined from the simple molar additivity rule concerning 𝑐𝑀 𝛾,𝑖 were also added in these figures. Observing these figures shows that the deviations from the simple additivity rule exhibit values much higher than the experimental uncertainty (represented in the graph by the dotted lines).
Surface Characterization of the Sensitive Membrane The structural analysis of the sensitive membrane was performed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopies and surface microstructure characterization by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR analyses were carried out using an attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR Perkin-Elmer). The spectra were recorded at room temperature in the range of 500-4000 cm -1 with a resolution of 2 cm -1. The Spectrum Suite ES software was used for FTIR data treatment. Diffraction data on both gold electrode and Love wave sensors were collected with an X-ray diffractometer CICECO Empyrean (JDX 3532; PANanalytical, Hong Kong, Japan). Data analysis was performed using CrysAl-isPro Software System.
The angle range of diffraction was observed from 0 to 50 •. The surface topography of the EPS-functionalized Love wave sensor was assessed with AFM (Figure  2 ). The AFM measurements were carried out using a Bruker Innova atomic force microscope at a frequency of ~300 kHz. Images were analyzed using the software Gwyddion-64. The top view and cross-section morphology of the sensor membrane were inspected by scanning electron morphology SEM with an HR-FESEM SU-70 Hitachi microscope (Prior Scientific, Rockland, MA. 02370, U. S. A). First, the sensor was cryofractured by immersion in liquid nitrogen and fixed on the SEM support using double-sided adhesive tape, and then the sensor was coated with 5 nm thick gold and observed under an accelerating voltage of 5. 0 kV and absolute pressure of 60 Pa.
Real-Time Monitoring of Cellular Response to Heavy Metal Similar measurements were carried out with a computer-controlled analyzer (Copper Mountain planar 304/1) to real-time monitor the response to heavy metals. The cadmium and mercury aqueous solutions at different concentrations were injected, and the relative insertion loss (dB) and phase ( • ) were determined and compared with the reference Love sensor response. All measurements were carried out in a controlled room to eliminate the effect of a variation in temperature or humidity. The responses of the Love wave sensor in air and in deionized water, as an adjacent medium, were considered references. Data represent the mean of three replicates (see Section 3. 3. 1 (Figure  13 )).
Fig. 3b  shows the schematic diagram of the process model developed in Aspen Plus. Uniquac thermodynamic package was utilised to calculate thermophysical properties of the streams under dynamic simulation conditions. The plant was simulated over 8766 h corresponding to annual continuous operation. To model the whole process, the following assumptions were made and applied: 1-For integrating renewable energy, the process was assumed to operate 8766 h per year, which is used to assess the hourly energy consumption of the reactors, pumps, compressors, and turbines. 2-Solid-gas reactions proceed towards equilibrium and follow thermochemical equilibrium analysis. 3-Mixers, separators and pumps were assumed to operate under near-ideal conditions. 4-No water is generated and/or accumulated in the steam turbine, thereby the outlet pressure of the turbine was set at > 1 bar and 393 K to prevent water condensation.
To estimate thermodynamic parameters including the Gibbs Free Energy (DG) and enthalpy of reaction (DH), the following equation was used: Dz R;i ¼ X product species Dz f i À X reactant species Dz f i (1) where Dz R is either the Gibbs free energy of reaction (DG R ) or enthalpy of the reaction (DH R ). The subscripts "i", refer to species such as CO, H 2 , CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , and H 2 O. Likewise, f refers to the "formation state" for each thermodynamic property that can be obtained from thermodynamic databases at 298 K. To evaluate the calorific value of the syngas, the following equation was employed: Ec ¼ _ Q syngas Â À _ n H 2 Â LHV H 2 þ _ n CO Â LHV co _ þn CH4 Â LHV cH4 Á (2) Here, _ n is the molar flow rate of the synthetic fuel stream. LHV is the lower heating value of the reactive species (~10.
Photovoltaic and wind energy profiles To simulate the potential of the hybridisation of the proposed CLP process with renewable energy, a case study was analysed for renewable energy profiles from Whyalla, South Australia. Therefore, local data including average wind speed and daily solar radiation were obtained and used to model a network including wind turbine and photovoltaic solar farm coupled with the power grid. As can be seen in Fig. 4a , the monthly wind speed profile shows that the average velocity changes from 6. 05 m/s (the lowest in May) to 7. 15 m/s (the highest in October). Therefore, it is anticipated that the wind turbine output will change ±16% across a year. Similarly, the intermittent behaviour of solar radiation reception shown in Fig. 4b  can affect the performance of the photovoltaic panels resulting in variable output.
The net energy requirement of the systems includes the energy demand of the reactors, turbines, pumps, and compressors. Using Homer Pro Software, an energy model based on the monthly demand of the process was generated which combined a wind turbine farm, solar PV farm, and power grid. A microgrid controller as defined in the model constantly monitor the energy flow and switch between wind, photovoltaic solar energy, and grid network, depending on the availability of renewable energy to meet the process demand. The extra energy produced in peak hours is stored in a Liion battery to be utilised for shortage periods when there is no renewable energy available. Hence, the power grid was the least option to be used for meeting the process demand. Notably, wind turbines and power from the grid produce electricity in AC form, while energy extracted from battery units and photovoltaic panels are in DC form, thereby, requiring a smart AC/DC converter to reshape DC electricity to AC form to be injected into the process.
Given those constraints from the feed and product side, the productivity was calculated for the low pilot scale considered deliberately in this paper; meaning using a small thermal plasma plant. This was assumed to take into account the immaturity of thermal plasma technology, being currently capable of operation <2 MW, while in future up to 10 MW would be needed for industrial scale. Thus, our approach ensures to use of bold data and trustable sources; even though for plants far from the target. In our case chemical looping carbon dioxide dissociation with chrome, (CLCD-chrome), the reactant is carbon dioxide, which is diluted by steam ('wet process gas'). The corresponding hydrogen production per annum is 192. 2 tonnes/ year ¼ 0. 19 kt/yr; at a calculated chemical conversion of 43%. We have previously published a similar case using waste gas from the chemical looping carbon dioxide dissociation with chrome CLCD-alumina manufacturing.
Acknowledgement  Mohsen Sarafraz  acknowledges the financial support received via the " Vice-Chancellor Alfred Deakin Research Fellowship" program. Mohsen Sarafraz  gratefully acknowledges the support received from the  School of Engineering, Deakin University. Volker Hessel  and  Nam Nghiep Tran  acknowledge support from the  ERC   Grant Surface-COnfined fast modulated Plasma for process and Energy intensification (SCOPE)  from the  European Commission  with Grant No. 810182. r e f e r e n c e s.
The turbulent to laminar flame speed ratio increases with turbulence intensity, however, smallest gains were observed at the highest hydrogen content, presumably due to differences in the combustion regime, with the mixture located within the flamelet zone, with all other mixtures positioned within the thin reaction zone. A good correlation of the turbulent velocity employing the Karlovitz and Damköhler numbers is observable with the present dataset, as well as previous experimental measurements available in literature, suggesting that ammonia-based fuels may potentially be described following the usual turbulent combustion models. Flame morphology and stretch sensitivity analysis were conducted, revealing that flame curvature remained relatively similar for pure ammonia and ammonia-based mixtures.
Recently, experimental research characterizing the LBV of NH3 based fuels has emerged, including data at high temperatures and pressures. Hayakawa et al. [6]  using the spherically expanding flame method, investigated the LBV and Markstein length (Lb) of NH3/air across a wide range of equivalence ratios (Φ), at 298 K and up to 0. 5 MPa. Kanoshima et al. , expanded on this work to investigate the influence of temperature up to 500 K  [7]. Lhuillier et al. [8]  generated an extensive database for NH3/H2 mixtures (60 %vol. H2) at various temperatures (298-473 K), at 0. 1MPa, with Ichikawa et al. , investigating H2/NH3 (0 to 100%) at 298 K and up to 0. 5MPa  [9]. Okafor et al. , investigated the influence of CH4 (53% vol. ) upon the LBV of NH3 flames at 298K and 0. 1 MPa  [10]. Xia et al. [11]  studied the influence of oxygen (O2) enrichment on NH3/air flames (O2 concentration [Ω] = 0.
Turbulent O2-enriched combustion of NH3 was inspected by Xia et al. [11]  (Ω=0. 40), from lean to rich conditions (Φ=0. 6-1. 6) at various turbulent intensities (u'=0. 32-1. 29 m/s). It was reported that at constant Ka, lean flames displayed a higher turbulent flame speed to unstretched laminar burning velocity ratio than in rich cases, owing to thermo-diffusive properties. Wang et al. [16]  investigated the influence of O2 enrichment (Ω=0. 25-0. 40) upon NH3 flames at elevated pressures (0. 1-0. 3 MPa) and various turbulent intensities (u'=0. 78-2. 34 m/s). The authors concluded that the normalized turbulent flame speed decreases with increasing oxygen content mainly owing to SL 0 increasing rather than ST. The main objectives of this study are: (1) Complete the experimental available database of turbulent flame speed of stoichiometric CH4/NH3 and H2/NH3, with mixture composition of blends which are currently being investigated for gas turbine application, whilst also covering different kinds of turbulent combustion regimes.
3). Mie-scattering laser tomography was employed, enabling enhanced precision with respect to flame front wrinkling by the turbulence. Details of this optical set-up alongside the employed post-processing techniques can be found in  [22]  and thus only a brief summary is presented here. A Dual-Hawk HP Nd:YAG laser was utilized to illuminate silicon oil droplets, with flame propagation recorded using a Phantom V1610 high-speed camera perpendicular to the laser sheet, set to capture 10,000 fps and facilitating a spatial resolution of 0. 0833 mm per pixel. Flame propagation rates were calculated by edge-detection algorithms written in a bespoke MATLAB script. By assuming a spherical flame, from the binarized flame contour images, the surface equivalent flame radius (Rs) and perimeter (Rp), defined as Rs=(A/π) 1/2 and Rp=(P/2π), were A represents the burnt gases area and P the perimeter, were determined.
Turbulent Flame Speeds All experiments performed under various turbulent conditions are shown on the Peters-Borghi diagram, alongside published NH3-based datasets in Fig. 1. Most of the present experiments were located within the thin reaction zone (until 60% H2 vol. ), with that mixture situated within the flamelet regime, a consequence of a much greater LBV. Noteworthily, the mixtures investigated cross the Da=1 limit, not often the case in published NH3-based literature. Prior to presenting results, it is worth noting that as reviewed in  [27, 28] , there remains variability and uncertainty in defining basic quantities for the general characterization of turbulent flame propagation as a function of experimental set-ups, measurement techniques and flow conditions. For spherically expanding flames Bradley et al.
[5] , Jiang et al. [31]  , Wang et al. [16]  and jet flame of Fan et al. [15]. Fig. 5  illustrates this correlation against various fuel blends, including NH3 based blends enriched with up to 60% CH4 and H2 from this work, oxygen enriched NH3 (Ω=0. 25-0. 40) [16]  and pure CH4  [31]  across a range of temperatures and pressures. A good correlation is observable with the present dataset as well as previous experimental measurements  [5]  and collapse all available data into the empirical formulation. Furthermore, when all datasets are included, the pre-factor and power exponents of the correlation are very close. It should also be underlined that Wang et al. [16]  in their study on oxygen-enriched NH3, proposed a similar correlation that exhibited good correlation to the literature data sets used in Fig.