dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments: Authors are thankful to Director IIP for granting permission to publish these results. Anurag Kumar  and  Pawan Kumar  are thankful to  Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) New Delhi  for providing research fellowships. Chetan Joshi  kindly acknowledges  CSIR, New Delhi for providing technical Human Resource  (H. R. ) under XII five year projects. Manvi Manchanda  acknowledges  Department of Science and Technology (DST) New Delhi , for providing fellowship under the  Women Societal B (WoS-B) program. Analytical department is kindly acknowledged for the analysis of samples. Rabah Boukherroub  acknowledges financial support from the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ,  Lille1 University  and  Nord Pas de Calais region.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS An example of experimental curve obtained on a 2 mm thick epoxy sample at a tip to sample distance z = 215 nm is shown in Figure  2  are k c ≈ 3 N. m -1 and f 0 ≈ 70 kHz. It is composed of 30 nm thick PtIr coating on both reflector and tip tide, and the tip radius is about 50 nm. For an applied voltage ranging from -8V to +8V, we only observe a single branch of the parabola and one notices that the maximum is not reached. This indicates that the space charge is significant enough to shift the maximum outside the measurement interval. Numerical simulations were carried out using the 2D axisymmetric solver available in the AC/DC module of COMSOL Multiphysics® software. They are illustrated in Figure  3  where an example of calculated force-distance F(z) curve and equipotential lines is shown, when the probe is biased at 1V and R = 50 nm.
* calculated for a spherical shape of pore. Inorganics 2016, 4, 9 Acknowledgments: This research was funded by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR (French National Research Agency ): Project  Labex CheMIsyst (ref. ANR-10-LABX-05-01 ), Project  ANR-TAMTAM (ref. ANR-15-CE08-0008-01 ). Authors thank  Didier Cot  and  Thomas Cacciaguerra  for SEM analysis. Anne Galarneau thanks  Elisabeth Charlaix  and  Cyril Picard  for fruitful discussions. Katarzyna Szymanska  and  Andrzej Jarzębski  thank the  National Science Center of Poland  for the support, Grant No  UMO-2013/09/B/ST8/02420.
12 y convention, a unit cell is chosen whereby the reciprocal (continuous) L direction is parallel to the surface normal and therfore along the CTR directions. The in-plane lattice parameters span the surface and determine the (integer) diffraction indices (h,k) of each CTR. Diffraction data are collected by obtaining integrated intensities at several (h,k,l) positions in reciprocal space and extracting structure factors F(hkl), which can be compared with calculated ones stemming from model structures. The chamber is equipped with a turbo molecular pump, which is supported by an external pre-pump to allow ultrahigh vacuum conditions, with a ceramic heater (sample temperature up to ∼1100 K), leak valves for controlled gas dosing, and two pressure gauges for vacuum and elevated pressure ranges, a piezo translation stage to position a contact tip, an optical microscope to locate the electrodes, and an X-ray transparent beryllium window.
Platinum paste was brushed on the back side of the YSZ single crystal and served as counter-electrode for the electrical measurements. The sample was then clamped onto an Inconel sample holder. The principle scheme of the experimental setup is depicted in Figure  1. Anomalous SXRD data sets were collected by measuring crystal truncation rods (CTRs) at the K-edge energies of Y and Zr, respectively (17. 038 and 17. 998 keV), using a 2D detector in stationary mode. 13 The graphite analyzer in front of the detector allowed an efficient fluorescence background suppression. When the beam energy is tuned to one of the absorption edges, the real part of the atomic form factor of the corresponding atoms is reduced. (In addition, the imaginary part of the complex atomic scattering factor increases due to absorption processes.
The electrode was first characterized under reducing conditions, and then we used a step-bystep approach to reach operando conditions, while recording crystal truncation rod data at each step to follow the buried interface evolution. An extensive set of CTRs was taken at five different conditions (altogether, 1216 structure factors for both energies): reducing condition = 1. 0 × 10 -7 mbar, 300 and 775 K), oxidizing conditions (p(O 2 ) = 18 mbar, 775 K) and operational conditions (p(O 2 ) = 18 mbar, 775 K, -500 mV and +250 mV). The measurements under reducing conditions and cathodic bias were thus close to the thermodynamic stability limit of LSC, i. e. , (surface) phase decomposition. 14 During cathodic and anodic polarization the electrical current through the electrode was monitored confirming that the model fuel cell was operating.
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the  German Science Foundation (DFG)  under Project No. STI 554/1-1  and the  Austrian Science Fund (FWF)  under Project No. F45   SFB Functional Oxide Surfaces and Interfaces (FOXSI). We thank  Olga Perkova  for designing a new dedicated mobile chamber for combined solid state electrochemistry-XRD experiments.
2 ). Several tests are done by increasing/reducing the gas flow rate in the granular bed: possible disturbances for solid movement are visualized, pressure data being regularly collected. For a classical configuration A/, a pinning effect is observed above a certain pressure drop (DP bed ~7 mBar) for all bed widths, which is consistent with literature observations. Cavitation appears for gas inlet velocities higher than 1 cm. s À1. For configurations B/ and C/, pinning is not observed, even for far larger pressure drops (DP bed > 30 mBar). Thus, the change in reactor technology may only add disturbances for the solid flow by provoking more cavitation points near distribution tubes. In relation to this cavitation phenomena, CFD modeling has been used to have an idea of the gas and solid velocities/streamlines in the new radial reactor at an industrial size.
Reforming Reactor Model An axysimetric model was performed with a finite element method code (Abaqus TM software). The catalyst grains are modelised by a homogeneous porous solid. Previous works on the mechanical behaviour of the catalyst bed have been done at IFPEN [8]. Its behaviour is similar to soils mechanics, Drucker-Prager plasticity model is used with the following relation: f r ¼ ffiffiffiffiffi J 2 p À aI 1 À b ¼ 0 where: r is the stress tensor, a and b are constants related to the friction and cohesion, I 1 the first stress invariant and J 2 the second invariant of the stress deviator tensor: I 1 ¼ trr and J 2 ¼ S : S S ¼ r À trr 3 1 More complicated laws exist [8], but are not used in this first approach. The continuous catalytic reforming process is a dynamic process that we model by a series of static steps.
The reactors are gathered in groups of four reactors operating at the same temperature and isothermal mode. A common control valve is used to regulate the pressure of the sixteen reactors. The feed and hydrogen rates are independent. A sequence of appropriate operating conditions can quickly select catalysts and compare the activities and selectivities of catalysts tested in a reasonable time test of a few days. Methods of testing and comparing the performance of catalysts have been developed to IFPEN and rely on a large database of tests.
Micro Pilot Plants These assessment tool catalysts have four tubular reactors in parallel. Reactors allow the evaluation of a few grams of catalyst (typically 2 to 5 g) in a catalyst bed having a temperature profile closer to the isothermal. Regulation of the flows of feed and hydrogen are independent for each reactor while the control valve is common for the four rectors. An online system by Gas Chromatography (GC) analyzes the effluents of each reactor in turn. Software developed by IFPEN calculates the Research Octane Number (RON) from detailed analysis by GC. The RON of the produced reformate by each reactor is calculated in real time and therefore it is possible to adjust the temperature of each reactor to maintain a constant RON: these tests are conducted in iso-RON mode. This test mode allows to easily compare the activities, selectivities and stabilities of the catalysts for the same RON as shown in Figure  23.
Catalytic tests The FischereTropsch catalytic tests were performed on the reference catalyst and the cobalt-lanthanum catalyst containing 10 wt% of La. Indeed we have seen that impregnation of 10 wt% of lanthanum before cobalt introduction allows preventing the formation of the most refractory cobalt aluminate which is responsible for activity loss. Moreover we have seen using XRD that the Co 3 O 4 average crystallite size is near the optimum size, and by using XPS that cobalt is well-dispersed as a monolayer. The Fig. 8  presents the catalytic results obtained in terms of conversion and selectivities. CO conversion, methane and higher hydrocarbon selectivity (denoted as S(CH 4 ) and S(C 5þ )) were determined with time-on-stream at 493 K and 20 bar with a H 2 /CO ratio equal to 2. The catalytic performance of the monometallic cobalt catalyst was consistent with the available literature data [29e31].
Acknowledgments The  Fonds Europ een de D eveloppement R egional (FEDER) ,  CNRS, R egion Nord-Pas de Calais and Minist ere de l' Education Nationale de l'Enseignement Sup erieur et de la Recherche  are acknowledged for funding of X-ray diffractometers and XPS/LEIS/ToF-SIMS spectrometers within the  Pôle R egional d'Analyse de Surface. The authors are grateful in particular to  O. Gardoll  for the TPR analyses,  A. -S. Mamede  and  M. Trentesaux  for XPS analysis and  L. Burylo  for XRD measurements ( Lille-1 University, France ).
Rheological characterization The experiments were performed with an aqueous gel of polymer, namely Carbopol 940  [18]. The studies  [1-2 , 17 , 19]  provide a critical and complete view of the data concerning this yield stress fluid which is a concentrated suspension of deformable micro-gels swollen with a solvent. The yield stress of Carbopol gel stems from the spatial packing of the micro-gels whose size ranges from 2 to 20 μm  [19]. Carbopol gel 940 is characterized by its viscoplastic and non-thixotropic behavior  [17 , 19-23]  , its good stability over time and its transparency. The gel used is concentrated at 1 wt. % of Carbopol 940. Its pH is approximately 7. 3 and its density about 10 0 0 kg. m -3. The rheological behavior of the gel has been finely characterized by simple shear measurements performed with an ARES rheometer manufactured by TA Instruments.
The drag coefficient is defined by Eq. (  2 ) in which F d , A, C * d , ∞ and Od are respectively the drag force, the lateral surface of the plate, the asymptotic drag coefficient and the Oldroyd number defined in Eq. (  14 ) , and β and m are coefficients. C * d = F d τ 0 * A = C * d , ∞ + β O d m (2) The velocity fields have been visualized by the PIV technique. To this end, the gel was seeded with silver-coated hollow glass particles whose diameter varies between 5 and 30 μm and whose density is approximately 1400 kg m -3. The flow was illuminated by a continuous laser, with a wavelength of 532 nm and a power of 100 mW. The mesh used in the PIV software Flow Manager V4. 71 corresponds to 46 × 34 vectors and to interrogation areas of 32 pixels per side. The measurement uncertainties can be estimated at 10% for the kinematic fields.
Acknowledgments The  Laboratoire Rhéologie et Procédés  and the Laboratoire 3SR are part of the  LabEx Tec 21  ( Investissements d'Avenir -Grant  agreement n  °ANR-11-LABX-0030 ) and of the  PolyNat Carnot Institute  ( Investissements d'Avenir -Grant  agreement n  °ANR-11-CARN-030-01 ).
GC-PPC-SAFT The GC-PPC-SAFT (Group Contribution-Polar Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory) Equation of State is a predictive model based on the polar PC-SAFT equation developed by Gross and Sadowski  [23] , coupled to a group contribution method (GC). It is defined as a sum of Helmholtz energy contributions: A res = (mA hs + A chain ) + A disp + A assoc + A multi-polar (1) where the first four terms relate to the non-polar interactions and follow the theory developed by Gross and Sadowski  [23, 28] , the last incorporate the contribution of polar interactions  [29]. The details of this equation can be found in the original papers. Even though a commercial version of the code is distributed by ProSim, the work was performed using the IFPEN in-house package. In this work, four esters were evaluated: methyl and ethyl laurate, and methyl and ethyl myristate.
Pure compounds The vapor pressure, liquid volume and vaporization enthalpy of each compound were calculated using GC-PPC-SAFT and molecular simulation, and compared with experimental data  [36]  or with the correlation of the DIPPR database, in the cases in which the range of temperature simulated was different from experimental data. Figs. 2 3 4 show the comparison of each property determined for each ester, and Tables  3  and 4  present the deviation obtained in the predictions. According to Figs. 2 3 4 and Table  3 , it is possible to observe that GC-PPC-SAFT represents well all esters evaluated in this work, with a deviation between 5-15%, 0. 5-1. 7% and 1. 5-4. 5% for the vapor pressure, liquid volume and vaporization enthalpy respectively. Molecular simulation (Table  4 ) also appears as an accurate predictive approach since deviations do not exceed 10.
Alcohols and esters Figs. 5 and 6 present the phase equilibria of alcohols + esters systems described by the predictive models and compared with experimental data  [49, 50]. Table  6  shows the deviations presented for each model. According to Figs. 5, 6 and Table  6  both molecular models present good agreement with experimental data, with deviations <5%. Systems containing methanol presented lower deviations ∼1. 2% for liquid phase, and 1. 4% for vapor phase using GC-PPC-SAFT and ∼3. 1% using molecular simulation. For systems with ethanol, the deviations were ∼ 3. 6% for liquid phase, and 1. 0% for vapor phase using GC-PPC-SAFT and ∼4. 2% using molecular simulation. Other authors  [25]  have also investigated these systems with similar success, using a predictive equation of state. They used the Cubic Plus Association (CPA) EoS with predictive correlations for both the pure component and binary interaction parameters.
Ethanol + water system GC-PPC-SAFT model was also used to evaluate the behavior of the system ethanol + water at different temperatures. Figs. 14 and 15 present the predictions for liquid-vapor equilibrium and heat of mixing using this model. The calculations were performed considering the binary interaction parameter (with w ˛ˇ= u ˛ˇ= 0 in Eqs. (  4 ) and (  5 )) and binary interaction parameter plus cross-association parameters (k ij + c. a) regressed from liquid-vapor equilibrium data (Fig. 14 ); and regressed liquid-vapor equilibrium plus heat of mixing data (Fig. 15 ). For liquid-vapor equilibria, it is observed in both cases (Figs. 14a  and 15a ) that the predictions using a fitted binary interaction parameter and the combining rule is not enough to promote good fit of phase equilibria, mainly at 313.
Yet, for the water + glycerol system, which is characterized by strong associations between components, the 4C scheme presented better results. The choice for the scheme considering 4 association sites for glycerol (Scheme 4C) was reinforced by the investigation of heats of mixing and intra-and intermolecular radial distribution functions determined by molecular simulations. This conclusion shows the importance of taking into account different kinds of data (e. g. heats of mixing) for selecting the association scheme of complex multifunctional molecules. The important ethanol + water system was also evaluated; studies of phase equilibria and heats of mixing were also performed showing also the applicability of GC-PPC-SAFT to predict the complex liquid-vapor equilibria and heats of mixing of this system, mainly when cross-association parameters were considered in the calculations.
The Morlet wavelet is defined in the time domain as: ψ(t) = exp(jω o t) exp( -t 2 2 ) ( 2 ) where j 2 = -1, and ω o is set to 5. 336  [41]. In our approach, a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) has been calculated directly on the signal, allowing both noise removal and detection of the relevant parameters of the signal in a single step. Such calculations are performed using a MATLAB code, typically in a few seconds, so its real-time implementation is feasible. Figure  3a  shows the captured OFI signal, while Figure  3b    To find the 3-dB pulse duration of transient vibration, the wavelet coefficients at f = f d = 453. 72 Hz for all time, i. e. , W( f d ) are extracted from the scalogram. For simplicity, only the wavelet coefficients in the vicinity of the pulse are presented in Figure  4.
Real-Time Implementation The real-time implementation of the algorithm has been done using MATLAB ® software with the data acquisition toolbox. Since the host operative system cannot guarantee determinism to plot the calculated points, we have relaxed the real-time constraint (1/dt) by averaging a larger number of FFTs and, thus, increasing the acquisition time before a new arrival of samples. Thus, the experimental imposed constraint of 8. 19 ms between each measurement of M (for F s = 500 kHz and N = 4096 points) has been extended to 81. 92 ms by averaging 10 FFTs for each point. As can be appreciated in the developed front panel of the instrument (Figure  16 ), the pump's period reconstruction agrees with the off-line characterization, showing the feasibility of real-time monitoring of time-dependent flows.
For a given position, 10 consecutive temporal signals are recorded and processed off-line using a MATLAB script/code. The fundamental Doppler frequency provides the necessary information to calculate the local velocity; thus, the kinematic properties of the flow under study can be determined. At the end of the recording process, each position datum is stored in a text file with 40,960 samples (4096 samples × 10 records). For an aorta scanning area of 3. 75 mm 2 , 10 min and 160 Mb of memory are required. The optical setup consists of a laser diode (HITACHI HL7851G) emitting at 785 nm and driven at an injection current of 50 mA. The laser is coupled to a single lens (LA1951) of a 25. 4-mm focal length, and the collimated radiation is pointed to the vessel with an angle of 86°. A compact electronic system drives the laser power and the signal filtering and amplification functions.
Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to  COST Action   BM1205  Skin cancer detection using laser imaging, for its support in the coordination of this research, and to projects DPI2014-56881-R from  Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Spain Government , Project  Tecniospring   TCM213-165815 , and to the  Erasmus-Mundus Ph. D. program Europhotonics Grant  159224-1-2009-1-FR-ERA MUNDUS-EMJD. Evelio E. Ramirez-Miquet  gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the French embassy in Havana that partially funded his thesis at LAAS-CNRS in Toulouse.
As a result of regulatory change in 2009, new units were set up to collect and process hazardous waste. In December 2010, waste dome rehabilitation works have started with the establishment of collection facilities and the treatment of biogas and leachate. To avoid leaching of VOCs from the atmosphere, all measurements presented in this paper were performed during periods of clear sky without rainfalls. The meteorological data were collected from the airport island ground meteorological station around 3 km northeast of the landfill area. On 03 June 2003, before the landfill rehabilitation has started, OP-FTIR measurements has been made on the waste dome during about half an hour, roughly between 9 and 9. 30 am (local time). The weather was clear due to a small rainfall event sooner in the morning, fair and sunny with light wind from the east-southeast.
All data were acquired at a spectral resolution of 0. 5 cm -1 and signal to noise ratios were improved by co-adding up to 64 consecutive scans. All active spectra measured reflected absorption across the polluted plume sample lying in the space between the IR source and the detector. The distance between the IR source and the detector called pathlength was set to 25 m (Figure  3 ). It should be noted that OP-FTIR measurements are spatially integrated since the information is obtained along the entire pathlength instead of at a single point in space  [12]. The interferometer use makes the spectroscopy faster, since dealing with all frequencies of the polychromatic source at the same time, and results in an interferogram. The interferogram is then Fourier transformed to give the sample spectrum compared to the background spectrum in the transmission spectrum calculation.
The background spectrum is either obtained from measurement through a non-polluted air, or by "cleaning" a sample spectrum. The absorbance is deduced from the transmission T(λ) if known the pathlength and the absorption coefficient for each gas at each wavelenth. This measurement technique allows to detect several compounds simultaneously  [28]. It uses the absorbance properties of gases in the air in order to identify and quantify them. Instrument control, data storage, spectral analysis and concentrations calculation were performed with a notebook computer by use of the AQPRO software provided by the manufacturer. For these OP-FTIR measurements at La Gabarre, two difficulties have to be solved: getting an applicable background spectrum and dealing with high levels of water vapor. In the context of our experiments, the measurement of the background spectrum on landfill site was problematic.
50 000 analysis cycles are performed in an experiment of one second. Figure  4  summarizes the path of a molecule in the MS 200 chamber. Control of the mass spectrometer and analysis of results are achieved from a laptop computer with GRAMS® software (Thermo Scientific). The MS 200 can identify many VOCs in an air sample with NIST database provided with this software. By operating MS 200, we encountered the same difficulties as with OP-FTIR: water vapor contamination and clean background spectrum elaboration. The MS 200 is very sensitive to atmospheric humidity. Measurements carried out in a tropical humid environment require the gas sample drying prior to analysis. In our study, it has been achieved using a Nafion dryer membrane through which water permeation occurs. In the same time, the gases we are interested in do not undergo any transformation.
Finally between 9. 7-71. 8 min av ery small shift of about 0. 2 eV is observed (Figures  S6, 7 ). These results suggest that Mo reduction/carburization takes place right up until the end of the experiment. Thes pectrum recorded at 71. 8 min, particularly the pre-edge peak and edge position (20 005. 7 eV), is strongly reminiscent of the trigonally coordinated Mo II -containing Mo 2 Cs tructure but without longrange order. H owever,t ov erify this and perhaps more importantly to discriminate between the stages of reduction versus carburization, it is necessary to examine the K b XES data. K b XES experiments were performed at specific reaction times,the results of which are given in Figure  1c. Asaresult of the longer acquisition times required, data were collected on quenched samples (see the Supporting Information).
Acknowledgements TheE  PSRC  is thanked for financial support (to A. M. B. a nd I. L. -G. ). B. M. W. a cknowledge financial support from the  NWO (  TOPN WO-CW Grant ). Thea uthors would like to thank the  ESRF  for ID26 beam time (proposal CH-3669) and support. Mrs. H usn U. Islam  is thanked for help in the preparation of the figures.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by  ADEME (Angers, France)  and  ONIDOL (Paris, France ). Author Contributions: Z. M. and L. C. conceived and designed the experiments; B. N. performed the experiments; B. N. and J-F. B. analyzed the data; J-F. B. and Y. R. contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools/end-uses applications; Z. M. and L. C. wrote the paper.