dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS These guidelines are endorsed by the  Union of Middle East and Mediterranean Pediatric Societies , the  Union of Arab Pediatrics Societies  and the  Egyptian Pediatrics Association. The consensus recommendations and algorithms presented in this manuscript were discussed and formulated at a consensus meeting in Dubai on 14 September 2013. All authors received support to travel and attend the consensus meeting from  Danone Nutricia Middle East. Medical writing support in the development of this manuscript was provided by  Dr. Marcus Corander  of  Choice Healthcare Solutions , and funded by  Danone Nutricia Middle East.
Data source Results from three recent systematic reviews [7, 12, 17] on post-arrest prognostication were used as a data source. One of these [7] included 50 studies on 2,828 patients not treated with TH, the two other reviews [12, 17] included a total of 39 studies in 2,564 TH-treated patients. In order to identify further studies published during the grading and consensus process, the automatic alert system of PubMed was maintained active and the tables of contents of relevant journals were screened. This led to the inclusion of five additional studies [18-22].
In some institutions, having a dedicated investigator not involved in patient management who will ensure blinding of collected data may not be feasible  [80]. On the other hand, indefinite supportive care in potentially hopeless patients raises both ethical and financial concerns. However, even when the risk of self-fulfilling prophecy cannot be avoided in order to adequately account for this bias, it is desirable that future prognostic accuracy studies report in detail the criteria for withdrawal or limitation of life-sustaining treatment, as has been done in recent trials  [116]. 10 Practical approach: suggested prognostication strategy Prognostication is indicated in patients with prolonged coma after resuscitation. A thorough clinical examination should be performed daily to detect signs of neurological recovery such as purposeful movements or to identify a clinical picture suggesting that brain death has occurred.
Acknowledgments We gratefully thank  Drs. Simona Gaudino, MD , neuroradiologist, and  Erik Westhall, MD , neurophysiologist, for their advice. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivatives 4. 0 International License which permits re-use and distribution of the article (in whole or in part) for non-commercial purposes in any medium or format provided that inter alia the original author(s) and the source are credited. The license does neither allow the use of the article for commercial purposes (for example the distribution of the article via commercial channels) nor the distribution of modified versions of the article.
Pirooznia et al. (2007)  used suppressive subtractive hybridization polymerase chain extraction to isolate cDNA clones in E. fetida in response to metals, nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic compounds, and produced an expressed sequence tag (EST) model database (called ESTMD) containing the sequence and annotation information of 4032 E. fetida ESTs. ESTs are short single-read sequences derived from cDNA library clones selected at random and are useful in the development of cDNA microarrays to study differential gene expression. E. fetida and L. rubellus are the only two species to date to have cDNA microarrays available for more comprehensive ecotoxicogenomics studies. A 4032 cDNA microarray was used to study the transcriptomic profile of E. fetida exposed to trinitrotoluene (TNT) alone  (Gong et al.
Study objective ODYSSEY Outcomes (www. clinicaltrials. gov NCT01663402) is an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in approximately 18,000 patients with a recent ACS, conducted at N1,000 sites worldwide, and approved in each participating center by the responsible Institutional Review Board or Ethics Committee. The protocol was developed by an independent academic Executive Committee (online Appendix) in conjunction with the sponsors. The authors are solely responsible for the design and conduct of the study, all study analyses, the drafting and editing of this paper, and its final contents. Funding for the study is provided by Sanofi-Aventis SA and by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. The primary objective is to evaluate whether alirocumab (75 or 150 mg by subcutaneous injection every 2 weeks), initiated 1 to 12 months after an index ACS event, reduces the incidence of the composite outcome of coronary heart disease death, major nonfatal coronary events (myocardial infarction or hospitalization for unstable angina), or ischemic stroke.
The trial is not designed to explore the safety of sustained, very low LDL-C levels. Accordingly, blinded dose adjustment and monitoring procedures are incorporated in the protocol, as indicated in Figure  2. Among patients assigned to treatment with alirocumab, if LDL-C measured 1 month after randomization (ie, after 2 doses of alirocumab 75 mg every 2 weeks) remains ≥50 mg/dL, the dose of alirocumab is increased in a blinded fashion to 150 mg every 2 weeks (also 1-mL injection volume). If LDL-C measured 1 month after randomization is b50 mg/dL, the dose of alirocumab is maintained at 75 mg. If LDL-C is b25 mg/dL on any 2 consecutive measurements on alirocumab 150 mg, the dose is reduced to 75 mg. If LDL-C is b25 mg/dL but ≥15 mg/dL on 2 consecutive measurements on alirocumab 75 mg, that dose is continued; but the patient is monitored for potentially related adverse events by an independent safety physician who reports individual and aggregate findings to the Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) and recommends blinded discontinuation of treatment if data suggest that an adverse event is causally related to treatment.
The percent change from baseline in lipids parameters at month 4, at month 24, and at the common study end date will be analyzed in the intent-totreat population. The independent Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), composed of 3 cardiologists, 1 lipidologist, and 1 statistician, reviews data at regular intervals to assess safety and efficacy. When approximately 50% of events have occurred, the DSMB will conduct an interim analysis for futility (nonbinding boundary corresponding to hazard ratio N 1. 008). When approximately 75% of events have occurred, the DSMB will conduct a second interim analysis for futility (nonbinding boundary corresponding to hazard ratio N 0. 951) and overwhelming efficacy (hazard ratio b 0. 802 corresponding to P b. 0001 for the primary end point with consistency across subgroups and regions, positive trends for secondary end points including all-cause mortality, and no excess noncardiovascular mortality).
Safety Safety data are summarized in Table  3. No deaths were recorded during the study and there were no immediate adverse events (AEs) or withdrawals owing to AEs. Throughout the study (D0 to M6), 41 SAEs were reported and split to 20 SAEs in 17 children (12. 4%) in Group JE-CV and 21 SAEs in 18 children (13. 1%) in Group SA14-14-2, including two AEs of fever that were considered as serious due to the hospitalization of the children; these two AEs were assessed as related to the vaccine by the investigator, both cases were treated and the children continued in the study. All other SAEs were not related to vaccination. AEs of special interest (AESIs) were reported within 28 d after the vaccination by four children in Group JE-CV and seven children in Group SA14-14-2. The most commonly experienced AESI was mild or moderate urticaria affecting one child in Group JE-CV and four children in Group SA14-14-2; only two of these AESIs (one child in each group) were considered by the investigator to be related to vaccination.
The 95% CIs of percentages were computed using the exact binomial distribution. 21 Immunogenicity analyses were performed on the PP set and FAS. Safety analyses were performed on the safety analysis set of all children who were vaccinated, analyzed by vaccine received. A preliminary statistical analysis was performed on safety and immunogenicity data collected up to 28 d post-vaccine administration. The final analysis was performed at 6 mo after vaccination, on safety data collected at the 6-mo follow-up phone call.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the children and their parents, and to the study teams at the trial centers. They would also like to thank  C eline Zocchetti  and  Sophie Bauer  at  Sanofi Pasteur  for their contribution to study implementation and conduct, and  Gee Marsh  and  Jean-S ebastien Persico at Sanofi Pasteur  for coordinating the manuscript preparation. The manuscript was prepared with the assistance of a professional medical writer,  Melanie Lee , and funding from  Sanofi Pasteur.
Subjects We included data from all subjects residing, at the time of their inclusion, in two catchment areas (see description below), that were between 18 and 64 years old and came in contact with a psychiatrist, for the first time, for a psychotic episode (diagnosis of psychotic disorder or mood disorders with psychotic features according to DSM IV). All subjects suffering from psychosis due to medical general conditions (i. e. when there was evidence that the delusions or hallucinations were the direct consequence of a general medical condition) or from substance-induced psychosis were excluded.
Data reporting We present raw incidence rates for non-affective psychoses (i. e. disorders under the heading of "schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders" in DSM IV), affective psychoses ("mood disorders with psychotic features" in DSM IV) and all psychoses (the sum of the two previous categories) detailed by centre, gender and age interval. The incidence rates measure the number of new cases observed for 100000 person-years at risk. Consistent with the DSM IV criteria, a non-affective disorder was recorded either in the absence of affective/mood symptoms or when delusions and/or hallucinations were present, in the absence of mood symptoms, for a period of at least two weeks. We chose the age bands to report our data (18-24 / 25-39 / 40-54 / 55-64) in accordance to the age bands used to report data from the French census.
Acknowledgements We thank all the psychiatrists from the two catchment areas who accepted to participate in the study and helped with the identification and reporting of the incident cases. EU-GEI is the acronym of the project ' European network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions ". The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  under grant agreement No. HEALTH-F2-2010-241909  (Project  EU-GEI ).
Acknowledgements We wish to thank the following experts who performed recommendation evaluation:  Corrado Angelo (Rome) ,  Emmanuelle Bourrat  (Paris),  Sarah Chaumon  (Paris),  Christine Chiaverini (Nice), Isabelle Corset (Paris) ,  Elodie Deladrière (Paris), Biagio Didona (Rome) , Vlasta Dragoš  (Slovenia),  Hélène Dufresne  (Paris),  Loredana Giraldi  (Rome),  Jean-Philippe Lacour (Nice), Cécile Lambe (Paris) ,  Ermenegilda Latella  ( Rome) ,  Juliette Mazereeuw-Hautier  (Toulouse),  Angela Ranati  ( Rome) ,  Alberto Eugenio Tozzi (Rome). All French  experts are from the  French network for rare dermatological diseases (FIMARAD). We also wish to thank  DebRA Italy  (www. debraitaliaonlus. org), DeBRA France  (www. debra. fr), DEBRA Spain  (www. debra. es), DEBRA Portugal  (www. debra. pt), DEBRA Slovenia (info@debra-slovenia.
2 s, with a sharp pulse at t = 5. 4 s. A multi-peaked intense emission follows, lasting a total of about 5 seconds with a peak at t ∼ 8 s. A few, less intense pulses follow on top of a decay from the main episode, with rise and decay on a time scale of a few seconds, the last peaking at about t = 26 s. There was some significant deadtime over the main peak of the event, that was corrected with a maximum correction factor of 1. 72. At t = 120 s we have a fast rise with two overlapping pulses peaking at t = 131 s and t = 141 s, respectively, followed by an exponential decay. After t = 270 s there are no further prominent features. The decaying emission in the BAT energy range, well fit by a power-law model, was detectable until the end of the observation at t = 2021 s. BAT data corresponding to the last 1031 s were collected in survey mode.
XRT Observations XRT data were accumulated in Windowed Timing (WT) and Photon Counting (PC) mode  (6)  depending on the brightness of the source. for PC data and 0-2 for WT data. The list of all XRT observations of GRB 130427A used for the present analysis is shown in Table  S1. The first XRT observation in WT mode partially overlaps the time interval during which BAT data are available, from its start until t = 990 s; the remaining part is given by 1031 s of data. The count rate of the first XRT observation was high enough to cause severe pile-up in the WT mode data. To account for this effect, the WT data were extracted in annular regions with a 60-pixel (1 pixel = 2. 36 ) external radius and a variable radius of the inner excluded region depending on the pile-up degree. The size of the exclusion region was determined following the procedure illustrated in  (34).
The values adopted for the inner radius are reported in Table  S2. Data from light curves and spectra relevant to observations in PC mode were extracted using the task XRTGRBLC, that performs the appropriate corrections for vignetting and PSF losses. The task optimizes the extraction regions according to the count rate of the source in each orbit, excluding a central circular region in case of pile-up (sequences 001 to 013) whose radius is reported in Table  S2. The background was extracted from an annular region with inner and outer radii 47 and 90 pixels, respectively. Ancillary response files were generated with the XRTMKARF task allowing us to correct for CCD defects. We used the latest CALDB response matrices (rmf): v013 (PC mode) and v014 (WT mode).
Because the observed and actual positions of the stars in the image were different by up to ∼ 300 , the aspect correction was performed in a two-step process. First, a coarse aspect correction was determined manually for each exposure; then, a fine aspect correction was determined by extracting an image from the event list every 10 s and crosscorrelating the stars in the image with those in the USNO-B1 catalogue. The differences in RA and Dec were then applied to each event falling within the particular 10 s interval  (37). During the first 2 ks of observations, the optical afterglow of GRB 130427A was so bright that UVOT suffered from heavy coincidence losses and scattered light. The v-band 10 s settling point observed from t = 181 s, the majority of white data before T+2000 s, and the b and u band data observed before 650 s could not be recovered.
The photometry for the image and event mode observations were extracted using a circular aperture with a radius of 5 when the count rate was above 0. 5 cts s -1 , and 3 aperture when the count rate had dropped below 0. 5 cts s -1 ; an appropriate background region was used. We applied coincidence loss corrections and standard photometric calibrations  (39) (40) (41). The analysis pipeline used software HEASOFT 6. 13 and UVOT calibration 20130118. The list of UVOT observations which were included in the analysis of GRB 130427A are shown in Table  S3. Since November 2008 the automated sequence that is triggered by a strong burst includes a 50-second UV grism exposure after the first white finder chart. A magnitude brighter than v = 12 mag is needed to get a GRB detection. GRB 130427A provided the second good early UV spectrum from the instrument.
The data reduction required special adaptations due to the loss of star tracker lock which affected the normal processing. Using the data of detected photon positions in the white filter prior to the grism exposure in image mode, and assuming a steady motion, the spacecraft moved during the grism exposure by about 9. 5 (18 pixels) under an angle of 64 • to the dispersion in the direction of longer wavelengths. Assuming a smooth motion, this translates into a shift of ≈ 54 Å in the dispersion direction. The blurring effect of the motion on the grism image was determined by deconvolving a zeroth order of a fainter object in the grism image by a zeroth order from an image obtained during normal Swift operations, i. e. , with attitude lock. The resulting kernel shows the exposure locations on the detector for that zeroth order and thus suggests that the exposure was mainly taken whilst the pointing rested in two locations about 7 pixels apart under an angle consistent with the analysis from the white filter event data.
Using that kernel to deconvolve the grism image, a cleaner grism image was obtained where the effects of blurring are to a large extent removed. For the deconvolution the STARLINK LUCY program was used. To determine the position of the spectrum on the detector, the last 5 seconds of the event data from the white filter finder were separately processed and aspect-corrected using the HEA-SOFT 6. 13 tools. This image ended 5. 5 s before the start of the grism exposure, so the position of the source on the detector in the white filter was known. Using the new grism calibration and related software (http://www. mssl. ucl. ac. uk/www astro/uvot/) this was used to determine the location of the spectrum on the grism image and extract the spectrum with good knowledge of the wavelength scale. The flux calibration used includes a correction for coincidence loss which is estimated to be in the range of 10-20% for this spectrum.
BAT and XRT Spectral Analysis We extracted several 15-150 keV BAT spectra at different time intervals starting from t = -0. 1 s up to the end of the BAT observation. We fitted all these spectra with a simple power-law model and the best-fit parameters are reported in Table  S4. A significant spectral evolution is apparent in the spectral results: the variation of the power-law photon index is shown in the bottom panel of Figure  S3. In the time interval between t = 195 s and t = 990 s, corresponding to the overlap between the BAT data and the XRT-WT data, we carried out a simultaneous broad band (0. 3-150 keV) spectral analysis, building the BAT and XRT spectra in nine common time intervals (see Table  S4 ). After the end of the BAT observation, the spectral analysis is based only on the 0.
Flux-calibrated X-ray Light Curve We used the data from Swift-BAT, Swift-XRT and MAXI/GSC to build a flux-calibrated X-ray light curve in the 0. 3-10 keV band. We used the results of the BAT spectral analysis in the 15-150 keV band to compute the conversion factor needed to obtain the 0. 3-10 keV flux from the count rate of the 64 ms BAT mask-weighted light curve up to t = 202 s. This conversion factor was computed with higher precision in the time interval in which the BAT and XRT data overlap using the results of the simultaneous BAT and XRT spectral analysis. The 0. 3-10 keV flux for the MAXI/GSC data was obtained assuming the power-law model with a photon index Γ M = 1. 8 ± 0. 1 derived from the spectral analysis carried out on XRT data at close epochs. The 0. 3-10 keV flux-calibrated light curve that we obtained is shown in Figure  S3.
Ground-based Optical/NIR Observations The 2-m Faulkes Telescope North (FTN) robotically followed up GRB 130427A starting at Calibration of the entire optical data set was carried out with respect to a common set of selected field stars. Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) catalogued stars were used for the g , r and i filters, while standard stars were used for the B and V filters. A summary of our calibrated data, with a log of all the observations and magnitudes of the optical counterpart in all filters, can be found in Tables S5-S9.
Result of the SED modeling In this section we will try to establish if the extraordinary richness and quality of data of GRB 130427A can be explained in the simple and standard framework of a relativistic fireball running into the circumburst medium (CBM), that decelerates the fireball and produces two shocks: the forward shock, running into the CBM, and the reverse shock, running into the ejected material of the fireball. To this aim we adopt a publicly available model, developed by  (25) , that captures with some details the main physical processes we believe are occurring. On the other hand, reality is surely more complex than a simple standard model can account for. There can be more specific versions of the standard model, e. g. the fireball could be structured (namely, having an angular profile of bulk Lorentz factors and energies), the CBM could be clumped, the microphysical parameters could be varying in time and in space.
g. synchrotron and self Compton emission by a forward shock, with non-varying microphysical parameters. Therefore we must ask ourselves: does GRB 130427A require a complete revision of our ideas about the origin of the afterglow emission? Our answer is no: the unique richness of the GRB 130427A data can still be explained within the framework of the standard model. It surely requires extra assumptions, but not a radical change. and GRB 080319B (naked-eye), respectively. For each event we also plot the BAT γ-ray luminosity. The behavior and luminosity of GRB 130427A is within the range of long GRBs population at large. S10. List of parameters used for the model plotted in the Figure  S7. We assumed k = (t/t k ) α k after t k (and same functions for e and B ).
Universe. by the NSF through grant AST-1009863. This research was partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT), Grant-in-Aid No. 14GS0211, 19047001, 19047003, and 24740186. The Liverpool Telescope is operated by Liverpool John Moores University at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. The Faulkes Telescopes, now owned by Las Cumbres Observatory, are operated with support from the Dill Faulkes Educational Trust. Swift support at the University of Leicester and the Mullard Space Science Laboratory is funded by the UK Space Agency. C. G. Mundell acknowledges financial support from the Royal Society, the Wolfson Foundation and the Science and Technology Facilities Council. Andreja Gomboc acknowledges funding from the Slovenian Research Agency and from the Centre of Excellence for Space Sciences and Technologies SPACE-SI, an operation partly financed by the European Union, European Regional Development Fund and Republic of Slovenia.
Owing to the high light throughput of this spectrometer, integration times as low as 10 s were found acceptable. We have recorded a total of 1200 spectra over seven bacterial species. Using this database and an optimized preprocessing, classification rates of ∼90% were obtained. The speed and sensitivity of our Raman spectrometer pave the way for high-throughput and nondestructive real-time bacteria identification assays. This compact and low-cost technology can benefit biomedical, clinical diagnostic, and environmental applications.
The present study focuses on the Raman scattering modality, which is assessed in terms of discrimination and classification of bacteria at the species level. Spectral data obtained from individual bacterial cells are preprocessed and analyzed with a data classification approach, the so-called support vector machine (SVM) technique. A dataset of 1205 Raman spectra obtained from single bacteria of seven different species has been recorded using shorter acquisition time (10 s) than those usually employed in spontaneous Raman spectroscopy (30 s),  11  or in the range of SERS (6 s). 7 The obtained classification score of 89% demonstrates the ability of our system to perform single bacteria analysis and, more precisely, to identify bacteria at the species level. This study, thus, suggests that reasonable performance on bacteria identification is possible using short acquisition times and an optimized spectrometer.