dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
A way out of this difficulty is to exclude periods with missing values from data analysis, or to ignore the problem if their amount is not very large. Such approaches, however, may disregard valuable information and can induce biases in many climate investigations  (Simolo et al. , 2010). This study area has salt flats, cultivation and human setlement area called "Ayllus", which can be seen in Figures  2a y 2b , and are also under pressure from lithium mining activities. A total of six indices of extremes were calculated. They come from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI)  (Karl et al. , 1999; Peterson et al. , 2001) , and correspond to Wet days (RR), Extremely wet days (R99p), Maximum 5-day precipitation (RX5day), Single day intensity index (SDII) and Maximum number of consecutive dry and consecutive wet days (CDD and CWD).
Results The high level of precipitation weather stations with missing values is not encouraging. The missing data show as median 14. 3%, in an Inter quartile range (IQR) varying from 4. 8% to 63% (Table  3 ). After the data filling process, we have obtained the six indices of extremes for the period 1981-2017. Consecutive dry days dominate this territory, with an IQR between 220. 8-271. 5. Consecutive wet days (CWD) are rather modest  (1. 08-5. 14) , although in 5-day windows (RX5) they can accumulate up to 105. 32 mm (Rio Siloli), although the median of these events for the 35 stations reaches about 26 mm. The number of wet days per year (RR) fluctuates between 2. 4 and 21. 4, the three with the highest index being Rio Siloli, El Tatio and Silala. The intensity of the events (SDII) varies between 2.
During the second phase of the Uacusecha Archaeological Project, new surveys were undertaken in and around the Malpaís, as well as in the surrounding areas. The objective was to improve the archaeological map of the zone and its chronology. Thus, new visits were organized in already known sites in order to refine their geolocation, and to characterize their size, organization, and chronology. These new surveys also recorded 64 new sites, detected by pedestrian survey (20) or thanks to LiDAR data (44). Surface artifact collections, test pits, or more extensive excavations  (sites Mich. 415, 416, 428)  were carried out at 29 of these new sites. Other previously recorded sites were explored and surveyed further and more systematically, which greatly clarified their chronology. The ongoing analyses of the collected material remains have supported the improvement of the regional chronology (Table  1 ) and expanded our knowledge on diverse aspects, such as economic organization, human populations, or ritual practices, aspects that will only be mentioned briefly in this special section.
2020) , combined with field campaigns conducted between 2015 and 2019  (Pereira et al. 2016 (Pereira et al. , 2018b)). The LiDAR data also located 44 new sites, only nine of which have been verified in the field so far. Based on their morphological characteristics, 35 unverified sites were associated with a chronological periodhowever, they must be explored in the future. Until now, research focused on two main areas: the northern part of the Malpaís, characterized by a high concentration of sites that include three of the four urban settlements; the southeastern part of the Malpaís, separated from the first by the imposing Capaxtiro flow, where lies the site of El Palacio-La Crucita (Mich. 23), as well as satellite sites. In addition, the LiDAR-derived data have opened new avenues for volcanology research in the area, documenting, among other things, the formation processes of the Malpaís Holocene flows  (Reyes-Guzmán et al.
2021). In this special section of Ancient Mesoamerica, we aim to present the recent results of archaeological research at the Zacapu Basin that integrates LiDAR data. We emphasize an important aspect, difficult to address in LiDAR-based research: the diachronic evolution of the local landscape. Indeed, although the image generated with LiDAR data gives the illusion of a photographic snapshot, it is obviously the result of the long evolution of landscapes and the extraordinary corpus of anthropogenic features displayed was formed in different temporalities. Landscape was continuously reshaped from 3200 B. P. (the first major Holocene eruptions; see  Mahgoub et al. 2017)  to March 2015. The challenge is thus to map the large number of features "exposed" by the LiDAR data, but also to place them in the temporal framework in which they can be correctly interpreted.
Although we are still far from completing the interpretation of the 91. 3 km 2 covered by the LiDAR survey, the following contributions shed light on several critical episodes of this long history. The present compilation proposes six contributions addressing diverse facets of the archaeology of the Zacapu region. They have in common the use of LiDAR data as an important source complementary to archaeological fieldwork. But these data, above all, are used to address specific issues and a diversity of approaches (micro-regional settlement patterns, intra-site organization, agrarian features, geo-archaeological approaches, volcanology, volcanic stone quarry systems) and periods (mainly from the Classic/ Epiclassic period to early Colonial times). It illustrates how the Malpaís volcanic flows have been alternately considered as attractive and repulsive, and how the combination of human and volcanic activities contributed to shaping the northern Michoacan highlands landscape and societies.
Acknowledgments. I would like to thank  Dominique Michelet  for his comments on this article, and also  Marion Forest  for her corrections on the English version of the text (originally written in French and translated by  Louise Byrne ). I am also grateful to the three anonymous reviewers for their useful corrections and comments. Funding. The research presented in this special section was carried out as part of the  Uacusecha Archaeological  Project, directed by the author and funded by the  Commission consultative des recherches archéologiques à l'étranger of the Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires Etrangères  and the  UMR 8096  " Archéologie des Amériques " ( CNRS ,  Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne ), and also supported by the  Mésomobile  project " Mobilités , territories and socio- political mutations in central-western Mesoamerica ," directed by  Véronique Darras  and funded by the  National Research Agency  (grant  ANR-14-CE31-0016 ).
Agradecimientos Gracias a los revisores (anónimos) de la revista Filigrane. Musique, esthétique, science, société, en la que también aparecerá el artículo (en francés), como así también Clara Biermann por su revisión. Gracias igualmente a todos aquellos que participaron en las presentaciones orales de los borradores de este artículo y que lo enriquecieron con sus comentarios. Gracias a todas las personas que nos recibieron durante este trabajo: Damián Rodríguez Kees, José Piccioni, Ceferino Alcántara y Avelina Amati, Patricia Mines y los vecinos de La boca, Juan José y Emilia Villaggi, Victor Salami y José Villareal, así como como el «Espacio de Memoria y Archivo Provincial de la Memoria de Santa Fe» de Santa Fe y su equipo. Gracias, finalmente, a Elisa Corona.
Fondos. Los resultados presentados en esté artículo fueron financiados por el Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires Etrangères de Francia, el CNRS y Universidad de París 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. Se desarrolló también gracias al proyecto Mesomobile "Movilidades, territorios y mutaciones sociopolíticas en Mesoamérica centrooccidental" dirigido por Véronique Darras y financiado por la Agence Nationale de la Recherche (beca ANR-14-CE31-0016).
El artículo argumenta que la convergencia tecnológica es una explicación más viable que las tesis difusionistas continentales para explicar la aparición de las puntas de proyectil y de las hachas/ azadas como soluciones tecnológicas demandadas por nuevas condiciones ambientales. En ambos casos, se trata de tecnologías vinculadas a los cambios ambientales sucedidos entre el Pleistoceno y el Holoceno temprano, un período de transición climática que debió afectar a la oferta de recursos y demandar ajustes en las formas de producir alimentos. Así mismo, Carlos Aschero y Agustina Ponce presentan la actualización del software ARQ:L-v2. 0 para el registro, cuantificación y comparación de subconjuntos líticos. El software cuenta con formularios para el ingreso de datos y permite realizar distintos análisis basados en subconjuntos por materia prima y procedencia.
e. , techno-genetic approach). The second part of the article presents the integration of data from the other three identified groups in the research macro-region and a final synthesis, which is an invitation for further research. Marcos Paulo de M. Ramos, Juan Pablo Carbonelli, Sibeli Viana, and Kaira Costa address the second part of their analysis of lithic technologies from mid-Holocene sites in the central region of South America, which covers groups B, C, and D of sites. The study identified different modes of production, with the principle of debitage being predominant in the analyzed area. Other production principles, such as affordance and shaping, were also recorded in selected sites. The objective is to understand how groups with different technical traditions occupied different spaces in the region and how occupational dynamics developed in their environment.
The first step towards an anthropology of techniques in the Americas, in our understanding, is the creation of intercultural databases that cover all or most of the characteristics of different artifacts: raw materials, reduction sequences, modes of production, modes of functioning, modes of spatial distribution, etc. , at different scales and in different socio-cultural contexts. Comparative technology, as conceived by, among others, André  Leroi-Gourhan (1962 , 1964) , has not yet been applied to the study of South American technical phenomena on a subcontinental scale. It is not our intention to reproduce Leroi-Gourha's accumulative conception of the evolution of techniques, which would only exacerbate the functionalist, evolutionary, and teleological vision of technical phenomena, but rather to move towards a comparative technology due to the need to establish a reasoned inventory of South American techniques.
LiDAR and the production-consumption dilemma Although other datasets are of primary importance in our study, this work relies heavily on LiDAR data to make estimates of agriculture production and food consumption, and, more broadly, to correlate agriculture and population. Thus, before going any further, we would like to remind the reader that LiDAR is no more than a tool and that if it offers new keys to overcome some methodological barriers, it also implies new ones. We distinguish two main sets of problems: those related to LiDAR technology and those that are not. Regarding the former, uncertainties arise right from the initial step of data collection  (Fernandez-Diaz et al. 2014) , whether related to the technology used (e. g. , number of pulses emitted by the chosen LiDAR equipment) or the environment investigated (e.
Building up a consumption-production approach With all these aspects in mind, we built up our consumption-production approach. This meant estimating (1) population, (2) diet, (3) cultivated area, and (4) yield. The estimates had to be made for each period in order to  highlight the changes. The following paragraphs explain how we proceeded. It should be remembered that while our dataset is relevant to the Epiclassic (Lupe/La Joya phases) and Middle Postclassic (Milpillas phase) periods, information is scarce regarding the Early Postclassic (Palacio phase). The latter period is set aside. Similarly, we knowingly accept that some of the biases mentioned at the beginning of this article (i. e. , misleading identification of structures, taphonomy, averaging) cannot yet be overcome, so that the tests of our agricultural model remain hypothetical.
Estimating population The first step in estimating demographics was to calculate the maximum population for each period based on an average number of inhabitants by house. Such an approach implies initially considering a purely theoretical 100% of contemporaneity for house use for each phase. We used the Mesoamerican average established by  Kolb (1985) , based on ethnography, and thus postulated five to six inhabitants per residential structures-or 5. 5 as an average. As for the houses, we counted the features identifiable as such on the LiDAR-derived image. This was possible because the houses in the area have a very strong consistency in their quadrangular plan and because their foundation walls made of volcanic stones render them clearly recognizable in the field  (Forest 2014; Migeon 2015; Puaux 1989)  as well as on LiDAR data  (Dorison 2019; Forest et al.
1979; Williams 1989). Figures for other components of the diet are more tentative. Based on this dataset, we estimated that maize should have represented the major part of the diet. In addition, and although a notable increase in its consumption in the late pre-Hispanic period is suggested  (Santley and Rose 1979) , the lack of primary information led us to extrapolate the high figures from the Contact period to earlier periods. Following  Pollard (1982) , we estimated that maize might have composed nearly 80% of the diet. We considered it relevant for testing the model, because a decline in maize yield under these conditions would have had a relatively similar effect as an overall food resource shortage. We are very aware that such a statement constitutes a bias in our approach, as it amounts to neglect of the broad spectrum of wild and domesticated species exploited by past and present indigenous groups  (Caballero 1982; Caballero and Mapes 1985)  and their subsequent capacity to be resilient.
Acknowledgments. Soil analyses were graciously overseen by  Dra Lucy Mora  and  Mtra Kumiko Shimada  at the soil department of the  Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. I would also like to thank  Christina Siebe , for her help in the field and in the reviewing of this work;  Grégory Pereira , for introducing me to Michoacán archaeology and for putting his trust in my work; and  Marion Forest , for sharing her expertise, data, and friendship. Funding. This research benefited from various financial supports, starting with those provided by the  Uacusecha Project , which also constituted a solid and delightful investigation framework. In addition, funding for fieldwork was ensured by the  Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos , the  Musée du Quai Branly-Jacques Chirac , the  Académie Française  and the  Région Île-de-France.
Remerciements Nos remerciements vont à  Juan Aurelio Pérez Macías , de l' université de Huelva , pour nous avoir signalé le lingot de Málaga et au musée archéologique de Huelva, pour avoir autorisé nos deux séries de prélèvements d'échantillons (2014 et 2021) ; à  Hugues Savay -Guerraz, pour nous avoir sollicités lors de l'entrée du lingot de Planier 2 dans les collections du musée de la civilisation gallo-romaine de Lyon, enfin à l'institution Lugdunum,  Musée et Théâtres , qui nous a communiqué d'excellentes photographies et les données techniques dudit lingot.
Además de testimonios e historias de vida, se desarrollaron 406 entrevistas con 153 hombres (37. 7 %) y 253 mujeres (62. 3 %) cuyas edades fluctuaban entre 15 y 80 años o más, que habitaban en 11 parroquias distintas. 6  La diferencia en el número de entrevistados por género se debió, sobre todo, a que eran mujeres quienes se encontraban en las comunidades. Este es un efecto manifiesto más de los procesos migratorios. Según el censo de población y vivienda del 2010, del total de migrantes de Cañar, 67 % corresponde a hombres y 33 % a mujeres El trabajo de campo lo realizó un equipo bilingüe 7  de la provincia de Cañar, el mismo que recibió capacitación en el uso de varias herramientas tecnológicas que utiliza Oralidad Modernidad, como es la georreferenciación y el software Elan. Las entrevistas se desarrollaron en kichwa o en español, según la preferencia de cada entrevistado.
Agradecimientos Conhecer Angelita foi um prazer sem fim. Nosso primeiro contato foi na Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística (PROLING), quando ela foi lecionar um curso de curta duração, resultante de um projeto que a UFPB fez com a Universidade de Buenos Aires (UBA), coordenado pela Profa. Elvira de Arnoux. Tínhamos algo em comum: a Sociolinguística, embora trabalhássemos em campos diferentes. O interesse de Angelita era por discursos dos antigos presidentes argentinos, pelo menos àquela época. Passou o tempo e fui cumprir uma missão, dentro do Projeto, na UBA, ministrando uma disciplina. Sua atenção juntamente com a de Elvira ficarão para sempre comigo. Mais recentemente, à frente da Associação de Linguística e Filologia da América Latina, Angelita, que era delegada da Argentina para a ALFAL, assume a Secretaria da Associação, e dessa vez estamos mais unidos, trabalhando juntos em prol da ALFAL.
S'il est difficile de savoir pourquoi il a pris le soin de minutieusement recueillir et conserver tous ces articles, en tout cas cela montre un vif intérêt pour la réception de ses films. On peut également être sûr que ce sont des articles qu'il a lus. Il a ce-pendant fallu vérifier si les mentions des titres des journaux et des dates de parution, écrites à la main par Buñuel à côté de chaque article, étaient bien exactes, en retrouvant l'exemplaire du journal à la date indiquée. D'autre part, la recherche d'articles s'est effectuée sur le site de presse de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, RetroNews, qui offre des possibilités de recherche par mots-clés dans une base de données fournie, mais non exhaustive. Cette recherche a permis de confirmer les informations au sujet d'une grande partie des articles trouvés dans les albums de Buñuel.
A 40 mm Nikon lens was also employed. The camera has a resolution of 1920 × 1200 pixels; however, for these experiments, the region of interest was 1858 by 755 pixels. The laser and camera shots were synchronized and controlled by the Dynamic Studio software version 4. 0. 37 from Danted Dynamics. The velocity vectors were also obtained using this software. An image masking procedure was implemented to isolate the fluid region where vectors were computed. An adaptive cross-correlation algorithm was used to obtain the instantaneous velocity fields. Different criteria and filters were employed to eliminate spurious vectors and improve velocity fields. Typically, 2960 independent vectors were obtained with a sampling frequency of 55 Hz and a spatial resolution of 3. 85 mm. The region of interest corresponds approximately to an area of 325.
The scale of the velocity U, parallel to the slope, is calculated from the PIV estimated velocity fields, considering the equation shown by  Princevac et al. (2008) : where u is calculated from the measured velocity fields, it is noteworthy to mention that the velocities are measured inside the gravity current domain at each time step in the direction of the slope. The characteristic velocity for entrainment, w e , is rather difficult to be estimated from the experimental data  (Wilson et al. , 2017). Here, we developed a MATLAB code to estimate this w e by directly using velocity fields and not from the area considerations proposed by previous authors  (Ottolenghi et al. , 2016; Nogueira et al. , 2013; Wilson et al. , 2017). To do so, we calculate the maximum values of vorticity in the s, n coordinates; then, we consider a small region around that maximum for each s and define that range as the vortex layer (H -h).
Pressure time series Pressure fields are estimated from the velocity field measurements. An algorithm developed by  Dabiri et al. (2014)  that integrates the pressure gradient term from the Navier-Stokes equations is implemented for our study. This algorithm is contained in a MATLAB toolbox called queen 2. 0 Pressure Calculator  (Dabiri et al. , 2014). From our instantaneous 2D velocity field estimates, we compute the corresponding instantaneous pressure fields, which are later used to generate the pressure time series at the stations shown in figure  1 (c ). Once having those instantaneous pressure fields, we define synthetic stations along the topographic slope and calculate the pressure time series in each station. We obtain a set of six pressure time series for each gravity current propagating along the topographic slope.
A three-way model was used with Site (NW vs SW vs E) as a fixed factor, Area (two levels) as a random factor nested in Site and Plot (three levels) as a random factor nested in Area. The pairwise test was used to discriminate between levels of significant factors. The Montecarlo procedure was used when the number of permutations was low. The ordination plot was obtained by means of non-metric multidimensional scaling (n-MDS), which gives a clear graphical representation of the results. The number of taxa/groups per sample was analysed by PERMANOVA based on Euclidean distance with the same model applied in the multivariate analysis. One-way PERMANOVA and SIMPER tests were used to compare macroalgal assemblages of Meloria infralittoral outcrops with those of both circalittoral coralligenous reefs and infralittoral rocky bottoms of the same geographic zone, using available datasets  (Piazzi et al.
For the first indicator, we calculated the basic statistics (minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, and median) for each density and tested for normality (Shapiro-Wilk test). We then carried out the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the mean final length (FL) associated with each density. The null hypothesis was rejected (H 0 : FL D15 = FL D20 = FL D22 ), so we did a post hoc Kruskal-Wallis test (Dunn test implemented in the FSA package from R). For the second indicator, we used a different approach that has never been used in this type of analysis. To take into account model uncertainty, we modeled growth with 3 length-at-age models. The first one was the von Bertalanffy growth model (  1957 ): Lt = L3 1 -e -K t -t0 Q V Q V + fi , (1) where L ∞ is the asymptotic length, K is the growth rate, t 0 is the time when length is equal to zero, and ε i is an independent normal randomly distributed error [N (0,σ 2 )].
El análisis de estas variables se realizó utilizando la técnica de ANOVA en los casos donde se cumplían los supuestos de normalidad y homocedasticidad. En caso de que no se cumpliera con estos supuestos se procedió a realizar la transformación de los datos, o se utilizaron técnicas no paramétricas como Kruskal-Wallis. El análisis estadístico de todos los datos se realizó utilizando el programa SPSS® 13. 0.
Materials and Methods Investigations in the study area started with detailed geological mapping and collection of structural data. Then, the acquisition of geophysical information was carried out. The equipment used in the geophysical survey was the Terrameter LS resistivity meter, manufactured by ABEM Instruments (Sweden), with a resolution of 1μV  (ABEM, 2012). This equipment is calibrated for resistivity measurements by periodic cycles of alternating and low frequency electrical current. This procedure allows the noise filtering of the acquired signal. Data was obtained by using the dipole-dipole arrangement and the methods of Electroresistivity and Induced Polarization  (Dentith & Mudge, 2014). The dipole-dipole array presents good lateral resolution and good results in the identification of vertical structures, as it is the geological context of the study area  (Moreira et al.