dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Summary and conclusions Data from the SPD and the FMD were used to access a uniquely wide pseudorapidity coverage at the LHC of more than eight units in pseudorapidity, from -3. 4 < η < 5. 0. The charged-particle multiplicity distributions obtained from these data were presented for three pp collision energies, √ s = 0. 9, 7, and 8 TeV, and for three different event classes, INEL, INEL > 0, and NSD. The results shown extend the pseudorapidity coverage of the earlier results published by ALICE and CMS, and, consequently, the high-multiplicity reach. The extension of pseudorapidity coverage has higher systematic uncertainties due to the unknown fraction of the material budget in front of the FMD, estimated to be up to 14%. The multiplicity distributions for 7 TeV collisions measured for NSD events are in agreement with those from CMS.
Data collection Demographic data comprised gender, age (<40, 4059, 560 years), disease duration (<5 years, 55 years), medication and patient global NRS (Considering all the ways your arthritis affects you, please mark below how well you are doing: 0, very well10, very poor)  [20]. Patients completed the relevant language translations of the BRAF-MDQ, BRAF-NRS, revised BRAF-NRS V2 and RAID (supplementary data, section BRAF-MDQ, Revised BRAF-NRS V2 and the RAID: The Scales, available at Rheumatology Online), with Spanish patients also completing a revised Spanish RAID coping item. The BRAF-MDQ comprises 20 items (yielding a total score of 070) and four subscales of physical fatigue (022), living with fatigue (021), cognitive fatigue (015) and emotional fatigue (012), with high scores representing worse fatigue  [4, 5].
Analysis Missing data from individual PROMs were dealt with according to individual PROM scoring guidelines. A statistical analysis plan was agreed to in advance and analysis was performed on the total dataset and by individual country. Factor structure was examined for the BRAF-MDQ by testing whether the items in each of the original factors also represent a single dimension in the new data collected for the present study. Using the items within each of the original factors, a separate factor analysis was conducted for each country to identify the number of factors with eigenvalues >1. If only a single factor emerged from each analysis, this confirmed agreement with the original UK factor. In addition, the robustness of these results was investigated by repeated factor analyses on random samples of 50% of patients (bootstrapping, 20 samples Â 6 countries Â 4 factors = 480 tests).
Findings similar to the original validation during development  [5, 8]  would indicate acceptability, with a high proportion of variance accounted for and meeting recommended criteria of Cronbach's a 50. 7 and correlation 50. 45  [23]. Factor analysis requires 410 respondents per item; to accommodate the 20-item BRAF-MDQ, a sample size of 100200 patients per country was sought  [24]. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 21. 0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results A total of 1276 patients participated, achieving 5150 patients per country. There was a preponderance of female participants, people >60 years of age and those with longer disease duration, reflecting the wider RA population (Table  1 ). Biologic agents were being used by 37% of patients (UK 16% to Sweden 65%). The mean fatigue and impact scores were moderate with a good range of responses, as indicated by the wide standard deviations. The UK participants had slightly poorer health status than other countries for most indices. The overall proportion of missing data was small at 2. 7% (345 of 12 760 items; supplementary Table  S1 , available at Rheumatology Online).
Factor structure The factor analysis showed that the original four factors of the BRAF-MDQ (physical, living, cognitive and emotional fatigue) and the single RAID factor were upheld in the total patient sample taken together and in each of the individual countries. All items loaded strongly on their respective factors (0. 710. 98; supplementary Table  S2 , available at Rheumatology Online), explaining a high proportion of the variance for the items in each factor (all 566%; Table  2 ). Repeated analyses using random 50% samples of the data demonstrated the robustness of the factor structure, with 476/480 tests (99%) showing the same (four factor) structure for the BRAF-MDQ and indicating that the structure was not dependant on including particular respondents. In one of each of the 20 tests for France, Germany, Spain and Sweden, the living factor was split into two factors (daily life, social life).
Discussion This study tested the performance of the BRAF-MDQ, the BRAF-NRS and the RAID in six European countries for the first time and found that they retained their internal structure and satisfactory construct validity in all countries. The study also demonstrated the improved performance of the revised BRAF-NRS V2 coping item compared with the original, which it now replaces, and confirmed that there was no need to replace the original RAID coping item for Spain, which performed satisfactorily. These novel data suggest these PROMs can be used with confidence in a range of countries, facilitating international comparison. Factor analysis demonstrated that the four original fatigue subscales developed in the BRAF-MDQ (physical fatigue, living with fatigue, cognitive fatigue and emotional fatigue) are confirmed in a fresh UK population and are also confirmed in five other European countries.
The three unidimensional BRAF-NRS items nonetheless provide a rapid assessment of fatigue severity, effect and coping where questionnaire burden would otherwise be high and fatigue is not the primary aim of treatment or research. The internal consistency of the BRAF-MDQ, BRAF-NRS and RAID was further supported by construct validity in six European countries, providing novel data for the BRAF scales and the new Swedish RAID. Construct validity for the BRAFs was demonstrated against the SF-36 vitality domain and the RAID fatigue question (both fatigue severity items). These had strong correlations with the BRAF-MDQ total, physical and living with fatigue items and with the BRAF-NRS severity and effect items and more moderate correlations with the BRAF-MDQ emotional and cognitive fatigue subscales.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the patients for participating and the study team patient research partners for their guidance [ Beverley Davis (UK)  and  Gabrielle Von Krause (France) ]. Contributions:  S. Hewlett , J. K. , C. B. , L. C. , E. M. , J. N. and L. G. led the study design. C. B. , L. C. , M. E. , J. F. ,  S. Hagel , A. M. J. N. , M. R. and L. G. collected the data. Data analysis was performed by  R. G. , with all authors contributing to interpretation and discussion of the findings. All authors reviewed drafts of the manuscript and approved the final submission.
A total number of 2776, 2803, and 2271 observations were acquired during a timespan of 60, 60, and 37 days in, respectively, V , B, and I C (see Methods: Photometric data -acquisition and analysis). The photometric data are available as supplementary material to this paper. The newly acquired data corroborate the findings of the aforementioned investigators. Furthermore, from an analysis of all available data and the significantly improved time-span of the observations, a refined ephemeris has been derived ( Min(HJD) = 2452167. 867(2) + 4. 749218(2) × E; phase zero corresponds to the time of the primary eclipse). Phase plots based on these data are presented in Fig. 1. The recent observations confirm the longevity of the observed secondary variability in the light curve, which remained stable from the beginning of Hipparcos coverage in 1990 to the present date.
All analysed lanthanide lines are strongly enhanced in HD 66051, with the exception of Tm that shows no lines in the investigated spectrum. No atomic data for Pm exists in the public databases, so this element was not considered. In contrast to HgMn stars (see e. g. the considered HD 49606 and HD 175640), for which enhancements of Au, Pt, and Hg are rather usual, almost all the REE elements are present and significantly overabundant in the spectrum of HD 66051. In this respect, the star is very similar to HD 65949.
Interestingly, Mn is rather low in HD 66051, too. Another point in case is the shared absence of the high Ga abundance typical of many HgMn stars. According to the speculations of the aforementioned investigators, the Ga anomaly might be a pure diffusion anomaly that had not have the time to develop in HD 65949. Following these suggestions, HD 66051 might be in a similar (evolutionary) state as HD 65949. Of course, as  [24]  stress, atomic diffusion may found to be entirely sufficient to explain the abundance pattern of HD 65949 once the necessary atomic data are known. However, whatever the source of the observed anomalies in both stars, a similar pattern is present. HD 66051 is therefore well suited to investigate the aforementioned authors' assumptions in more detail and a different object.
Photometric data -acquisition and analysis The photometric data used in this paper were acquired at the Remote Observatory Atacama Desert [ROAD; 51] with an Orion Optics, UK Optimized Dall Kirkham 406/6. 8 telescope and a FLI 16803 CCD camera. Data were obtained through Astrodon Photometric BV I C filters. With 8 s exposure time in the 3 × 3 binning mode, a total of 7850 measurements were acquired. Twilight sky-flat images were used for flatfield corrections. The reductions were performed with the MAXIM DL program  [52]  and the determination of magnitudes using the LesvePhotometry program  [53]. The photometric data were cleaned of obvious outliers by visual inspection and analysed using the software package Period04  [54]  which is based on a discrete Fourier transform algorithm. The orbital period solution was improved on manually.
Cr peculiarity was assumed from the enhanced line at 4172 Å and established using the 4111 Å line. Enhancement of Sr was recognized at 4077 Å and confirmed via the 4216 Å line. Eu enhancement was investigated using the lines at 4130 Å and 4205 Å, which are strongly blended with the lines of other elements; therefore, care has to be taken in the interpretation of this result. The necessary atmospheric models (plane-parallel, hydrostatic and radiative equilibrium, 1-dimensional) were calculated with the ATLAS 9 code  [56] , ported to GNU/Linux by  [57]. The grid of atmospheric models was calculated for effective temperatures from 11000 to 14000 K with a step of 100 K, surface gravities from 3. 0 to 4. 3 dex with a step of 0. 1 dex, microturbulence velocities between 0. 0, 0. 5 and 1. 0 km s -1 , and for metallicities [M/H] equal to 0.
0, 0. 5 and 1. 0 dex. The appropriate synthetic spectra were computed with the Fortran SYNTHE code  [56] , which calculates intensity stellar spectra for a given model atmosphere under the assumption of LTE. The atomic data available on the Castelli website  [58]  were supplemented for the second and third spectra of the lanthanides with the data taken from the Vienna Atomic Line Database [VALD, 59], originally presented in the Data on Rare Earths At Mons University (DREAM) database  [60].
However, because of the increased line-blanketing in CP stars, these values are only approximate solutions and further corrections need to be taken into account. We therefore applied the corrections for helium-weak CP stars given by  [64] , which resulted in an effective temperature of T eff = 12910 K as derived from the c 1 and β indices. The somewhat lower temperature of T eff = 12050 K was calculated from the [ub] index according to the relation T eff = 5040/(0. 173 + 0. 286 * [u -b]) given by  [64]. We have adopted errors of ±300 K for both temperature values, as advised by the aforementioned author. • Geneva photometry: Geneva photometry of our programme star was retrieved from the General Catalogue of Photometric Data database  [65]. To determine atmospheric parameters, we have employed the codes and calibrations performed by  [66] , which can be applied to B, A, and F stars with luminosity classes V-III and are based on LTE Kurucz atmosphere models.
Acknowledgements EN and KH acknowledge the  Polish National Science Centre  grants no. 2014/13/B/ST9/00902  and  2016/21/B/ST9/01613. Calculations have been carried out at the  Wroc law Centre for Networking and Supercomputing  (http://www. wcss. pl),grant No. 214. Atomic data compiled in the DREAM database ( E. Biemont ,  P. Palmeri & P. Quinet , Astrophys. Space Sci. 269-270, 635, 1999) were extracted via VALD (Kupka et al. , 1999,  A&AS 138 ,  119 , and references therein).
4 ). Although most of the arabinose was also found in F2, significant amounts of this sugar were also observed in F1 fractions, consistent with the presence of lipoarabinomannan in these fractions (see below). DAP, another PG marker, was detected by GC-MS analysis after strong acid hydrolysis of the fractions, and followed by derivatisation of the products. DAP was abundant in the F2 fractions and, expectedly, only traces were detected in F1 fractions (Fig. 4 ). These data demonstrated that F2 fractions corresponded to the MMCW and that the fractions F1 were not contaminated by F2. For clarity, the two membranes F1 and F2 fractions were called thereafter PM and MMCW, respectively. The protein profile of each gradient fraction was determined by SDS-PAGE. The PM and MMCW fractions clearly showed distinctive patterns, suggesting a differential distribution of proteins within both types of membranes (Fig.
smegmatis mc² 155, in order to determine their protein contents and to evaluate the distribution of proteins within the two fractions. Accordingly, trypsin digestion was performed on each fraction concentrated in one band in a SDS-PAGE, and the resulting peptides mixtures were analyzed by nanoliquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Then, database search and label free quantification allowed us to observe a different distribution of more than 2,100 proteins based on their intensity fold change between the PM and MMCW, as shown in the volcano plot (Fig. 6 ). The distribution profile of proteins between the two fractions unambiguously showed that they correspond to two different well-separated entities. The proteomics study not only confirmed the presence of proteins known to be located in the PM or MMCW but also allowed the identification and localization of other proteins.
Quantitative proteomics analysis. Proteomics analyses were performed on biological duplicates of Msm PM and MMCW fractions. Preparation of the protein samples for MS analysis is described in the Supplemental Information. Briefly, after a concentration step on SDS-PAGE, proteins from each fraction were in-gel digested using trypsin. Then, the resulting peptides were extracted from the gel and analyzed in triplicate injections by nanoLC-MS/MS using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. MS data were searched against the Uniprot M. smegmatis mc² 155 database for protein identification and label-free quantification was performed to compare protein abundances. See the Supplemental information section for further details. Enzymatic activity detection. NADH oxidase activity was measured via the DCPIP reduction at 608 nm.
Enzymatic reactions were performed at room temperature for at least 1 min in 96-wells plate. 50 µL of membrane samples containing the same amount of proteins were incubated in 200 µL of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7. 4), MgCl 2 (5 mM), CaCl 2 (10 mM), NaN 3 (45 mM), NADH (0. 25 mM) and DCPIP (12. 5 µM). The kinetic measurements were made with Clariostar spectrophotometer (BMG Labtech) and data were obtained with the Clariostar Mars software (BMG Labtech). The values of the slopes were directly correlated to the reaction velocities. Lipid analysis. Portions (400 µL) of the harvested fractions were submitted to a Bligh and Dyer extraction at room temperature  41. Briefly, 0. 8 V of each gradient fraction was incubated in one phase solvent system CHCl 3 / CH 3 OH (1:2, v/v) for 16 h at room temperature.
Then, CHCl 3 and H 2 O (1:1, v/v) were added to obtain two phases and organic lower phases were dried under nitrogen. Then, 100 µg of each lipid fraction (10 mg. mL -1 in CHCl 3 ) were analyzed by HPTLC. Merck HPTLC silica gel 60 was developed in CHCl 3 /CH 3 OH/H 2 O (65:25:4, v/v/v) (CAMAG). Lipids were revealed with primuline (0. 01% in acetone/water (8:2)) and the plate scanned at 370 nm. Data were treated with Wincats software and lipids were relatively quantified.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Drs Marie Renault  and  Dr Jérôme Nigou  (IPBS), and  Jacqueline de Bruyn  ( Université Libre de Bruxelles ) for their generous gift of anti-MspA-and LAM sample, and Antigen85-antibodies, respectively, and  Vanessa Soldan  ( METi, IBCG CNRS ) for her technical help in electron microscopy. LC is a fellow of  Province-Sud of New Caledonia. This project was supported in part by the  Région Midi-Pyrénées, European funds (Fonds Européens de Développement Régional, FEDER) ,  Toulouse Métropole , and by the  French Ministry of Research  with the  Investissement d' Avenir Infrastructures Nationales en Biologie et Santé program  ( ProFI, Proteomics French Infrastructure  project,  ANR-10-INBS-08 ) to O. B-S.
The problem National governments have the power to set the context in which cities develop SUMPs or, more generally, plan urban transport. In particular, they provide the legislation within which urban transport is developed and the regulatory framework within which it operates; they determine the decision making framework within which cities formulate and implement transport plans; they allocate a significant portion of the finance for urban transport, specify how it may be used, and determine the other ways in which cities can seek funding; they are in a position to collect much of the data on which SUMPs are planned and to commission research on which SUMPs are based; and they are able to provide guidance and training for those involved in SUMP planning and implementation. In practice, the 28 national governments differ considerably in the way in which they carry out these functions, and in some cases completely fail to do so.
limited public support and lack of experience in stakeholder involvement; and 7. poor data and lack of evidence of the performance of specific solutions. National governments, which typically have overall responsibility for all of these, are thus often the weak link in the relationship between the European Union, which is concerned to enhance the quality of urban transport, and individual cities, which have the direct responsibility for designing and implementing SUMPs. Based on the review above, we concluded that many national governments exhibited one or more of the following barriers to effective oversight of urban transport policy: 3 The basis for advice on national policy on SUMPs The remit of the Advisory Group was to suggest to the European Commission the basis on which advice might be offered to national governments to enable them to provide effective support for SUMPs.
encourage effective public participation, partnerships and communication and provide effective political support for the policies adopted; 6. provide a supportive legal and regulatory framework, particularly for public transport, demand management, emissions and safety, which is both coherent and enforceable; 7. ensure a comprehensive pricing and fiscal structure which sends appropriate signals to users operators; 8. rationalise financing and investment streams so that they are consistent across all modes and avoid any undue bias towards infrastructure-based solutions; 9. improve data collection, monitoring and research, particularly by carrying out consistent monitoring of the implementation of urban transport policies. In summarising the current situation in our six countries, we found it helpful to subdivide these nine recommendations into a set of 20 criteria.
Acknowledgements The research reported here was supported by the  European Union  through the  CIVITAS-CAPITAL  project. We are grateful for the support from the  Commission , and for the input provided by other partners in the  CIVITAS-CAPITAL consortium. However , the sole responsibility for the content of this paper lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union or of other partners. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 14th World Conference on Transport Research in Shanghai in July 2016. We are grateful to the reviewers of that version for their helpful comments, and for additional suggestions by delegates. We also acknowledge the helpful advice of the two reviewers of this version.
Looking at a countryside, human has no difficulty to identify salient information such as skyline in case of benign weather. At the same time, during the last decade, smartphones are more and more abundant in our daily life with always new efficient proposed services but augmented reality systems suffer from a lack of performance to offer a well adapted tool in this context. The aim of this paper is then to propose a new approach coupling image processing and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) exploitation to remedy that shortcoming. The proposed method first discriminates skyline and non-skyline pixels and then introduces a realtime matching between previously extracted map and DEM. In order to evaluate objectively each step and our finalized tool, a new tagged dataset with ground-truth is created and will benefit the entire scientific community.
The aim of the work of Saurer et al. is to geo-localize an image that has been acquired in the Alps  (Saurer et al. , 2016). So, from an image, they first extract the skyline as described below and try to find the most similar skyline in the DEM data they have. So their work is more about skyline retrieval than skyline matching. Hence, they propose an invariant and a compact skyline descriptor and, try to retrieve the image skyline in a dataset of skylines, in order to deduce coarse GPS position of the considered image. Consequently, their work can not help our skyline matching step. Finally,  Zhu et al. propose an image/DEM registration system based on skyline  (Zhu et al. , 2013). This work is interesting because of its real-time constraint but unfortunately, it is only adapted to urban environment and requires the presence of buildings in the image in order to detect the vanishing point.
The figure  4  1 elevation-database-v4-1 shows an example of such a visualization. But as we can see on this figure, the projection is not perfect due to smartphone's measure instruments error. So let explain now how we can exploit the previous score map to obtain a more reliable user's orientation estimation. such a problem is a 6-dimensional problem (considering we know camera's intrinsic parameters) as explained in  (Zhu et al. , 2013)  because the parameters that have to be adjusted are the position (three parameters) and the orientation (three parameters too) of the camera. Trusting the GPS position and considering the projection of the DEM onto a 2D image, we reduce the problem into one that consists in finding the best 2D transformation to match our scoremap with the DEM projection.