dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Feedback from KOLs The change in the pricing paradigm was perceived by the interviewed KOLs as a step towards a market economy and a more efficient healthcare system; however, they reported several challenges and concerns:. The reform lacks systemic design and adequate supporting policies. Clear regulations for introduced changes and coordination mechanisms between responsible bodies are not established. The quality of generic drugs is not ensured. The Chinese pharmaceutical market in China is not mature. of different piloting approaches varied. In general, the Chongqing approach was more widely supported and considered suitable for China countrywide; however the methodology for the reimbursement standard calculation was considered too complicated and potentially limited by lack of data from other local areas required for calculation.
Acknowledgements We thank  K. Krushelnick ,  P. Mora  and  V. Tikhonchuk  for fruitful discussions. The authors acknowledge the support of  OSEO  project n. I0901001W-SAPHIR, the support of the  European Research Council  through the  PARIS ERC  project (contract  226424 ), and the  National  research grant  ANR-08-NT08-1-38025-1.
We also follow  Brockman and Unlu (2011)  and include a variable to control for financial market development, using the market capitalization to GDP ratio as a proxy for financial market depth (CapDepth jt ). We compute the dummy variable HighCapDepth jt that takes the value of one if the variable is greater than the sample median at date t, and zero otherwise. We also allow for possible changes in dividend policy during periods of banking crises by including the dummy variable (Crisis jt ) that takes the value of one if there is a banking crisis in country j at date t (as defined in the Global Financial Development Database of the World Bank), and zero otherwise. Acharya, et al. (2011)  report that banks in the U. S. and in Europe had been paying out significant dividends before the 2007-2008 crisis, but also continued to do so during that crisis period.
ROL Rule of Law score captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence. It ranges from -2. 5 to 2. 5, with higher value indicating stronger law enforcement. World Governance Index Database -World Bank 0. 51 1. 00 -1. 24 0. 50 1. 93.
Study population The Data Collection on Adverse events of Anti-HIV Drugs Study (D:A:D) is a prospective cohort collaboration established in 1999 following more than 49,000 HIV-1-positive persons in Europe, the United States and Australia; details have been published previously  17. Data on routine clinical care, including demographic factors, antiretroviral therapy, laboratory values, cardiovascular risk factors and AIDS events are collected electronically at enrolment and annually thereafter. Serum creatinine measurements have been collected systematically in participating cohorts since January 2004.
Louis, MO, http://www. sigmaaldrich. com), rabbit P-MYPT1 antibody (Thr 853) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, http://www. scbt. com/), rabbit MYPT1 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-rabbit porin antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, U. K. , http://www. abcam. com/). The density of phospho-MYPT1 against porin has been calculated after quantification by using densitometric analysis with ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, https:// imagej. nih. gov/ij).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Dr. Stefania Corti  for helpful technical advice on iPSCs differentiation protocols and  Rossella Borghi  for experimental support. We also thank the patients and the families for their enthusiastic support of our research. This work was funded by the  Pierfranco e Luisa Mariani Foundation  (project  R-12-91 ) and  Italian Telethon  (project  GGP01845 ).
Within PrefHer (NCT01401166), patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs) preferred subcutaneous (SC) over intravenous (IV) trastuzumab. We undertook a prospective, observational time and motion study to quantify patients' time in infusion chairs and active HCP time in PrefHer. Patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer received four adjuvant cycles of SC trastuzumab (600 mg fixed dose via SC single-use injection device [SID, Cohort 1] or SC handheld syringe [HHS, Cohort 2]) then four cycles of standard IV trastuzumab or the reverse sequence. Generic case report forms for IV and SC management, both in the treatment room and the drug preparation area, were tailored to reflect center practices. Patient chair time and active HCP time were recorded. We compared pooled Cohort 1 + 2 IV with Cohort 1 SC SID and Cohort 2 SC HHS mean times across eight countries and individually within them utilizing a random intercept generalized linear mixed-effects model.
However, comparisons between IV infusion and SC injection times are insufficient when attempting to quantify reductions in patient chair time and/or healthcare professional (HCP) time with SC. Indeed, HCPs typically manage multiple patients simultaneously and are sometimes not actively engaged during entire administrations. Also, activities performed in the treatment room pre-and post-infusion/-injection, as well as drug preparation and dispensing activities typically performed in a drug preparation area (DPA), need to be considered. We conducted a time and motion (T&M) study to quantify patient chair time and active HCP time associated with SC and IV trastuzumab within the PrefHer trial (NCT01401166), where patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer were given four cycles of SC trastuzumab (by SID [Cohort 1] or HHS [Cohort 2]) followed by four cycles of IV or vice versa as part of 18 standard cycles  [8, 9].
Study design This was a multinational, multicenter, observational T&M study, performed as a substudy to PrefHer. Two types of time data were collected for IV, SC SID, and SC HHS processes: patient chair time and active HCP time (an HCP being defined as any personnel involved in SC and IV processes). Patient chair time (see study definitions in Table  1 ) included IV or SC trastuzumab administration time and was based on "time of day" measurements (h/min). Active HCP time was measured for chronologically listed, pre-selected tasks (Table  2 ) for IV, SC SID, and SC HHS processes, both in the treatment room (time for administration) and DPA (time for preparation). In the DPA, only total time required for drug reconstitution (IV), SC SID dispensing, and SC HHS filling were measured. Interviews with nurses and pharmacy staff at each site, performed to tailor process flows, revealed that patient registration, blood sampling, and visits to the physician would be identical for IV and SC.
Active HCP time was based on "stopwatch time" measurements (min/sec). Three generic case report forms (CRFs)   were developed for data collection during outpatient consultations/day hospital visits (for each route of trastuzumab administration), conducted by trained observers who were not part of the facility care team. Data on a single patient's trastuzumab administration were recorded on each CRF, constituting one observation. Multiple observations could be performed for each patient. T&M data collected per protocol were expected to be a good proxy for the real world because it was not expected that real-world processes would deviate considerably from processes followed within PrefHer. Patients provided written informed consent and were treated according to the PrefHer protocol. No exclusion criteria were applied to this study as it focused on HCPs.
Data handling and statistical analyses Data were analyzed using SAS 9. 1 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC). This descriptive study was not powered to test formal hypotheses. Sample sizes for each route were dictated by observations performed within PrefHer. As the observations performed in the treatment room and DPA were independent, sample sizes in the two settings were expected to differ. For incomplete CRFs, uncompleted tasks were marked as "0" if it was ascertained that tasks did not occur, and fields were left blank when it was unclear whether the task took place or not. Imputation (using the mean of available observations in that center) was performed if a task comprised ≥2 subtasks and if an absence of observed time for ≥1 subtasks would underestimate the total time. Logical tests were employed to identify erroneous data.
Data that remained illogical post-follow-up with the providing site were treated as missing. Times were adjusted during quality control if unexpected events occurred, for example, if a task was performed by multiple HCPs, or if an adverse event was reported, in order to exclude any potential nonactive HCP time recorded due to the adverse event. We applied two analytical approaches to estimate treatment room time: task-based analysis (per country) and case-based analysis (pooled countries). As part of the taskbased analysis, each task was treated as an independent data sample/variable, and was analyzed as such. To calculate the total active HCP time in the treatment room for each process, the mean times from each task were summed to a composite mean total time. As part of the case-based analysis, each observation represented a case, and total active HCP time in the treatment room was calculated as the sum of all task times for a single observation.
If a task time was missing, average time across all other cases in that center was imputed (otherwise, total active HCP time for that case would have been underestimated). For each process, the total case-based time was then analyzed as a pooled variable across all countries. For the DPA, a single composite time variable, "total drug preparation time," was analyzed. IV infusion duration, SC SID and SC HHS injection time, and patient chair time data samples were also analyzed, and no imputation was needed for these. For all variables, a random intercept generalized linear mixed-effects model tested whether time was clustered by center. If a statistically significant center effect was detected (α = 0. 05), adjusted mean time was used. If no effect was detected, standard regression employing best goodness of fit was considered appropriate (gamma distribution was used in most cases).
The country-specific distributions were averaged across all countries and applied to the casebased analyses' results, in order to show an expected distribution of process workflows across the participating countries. Results were further extrapolated to the estimated number of patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer treated with trastuzumab in Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the UK during 2013 (EU-5 countries). These countries were selected to estimate the potential impact of a transition from IV to SC trastuzumab within the main European trastuzumab-using countries, assuming that the estimates of patient chair time and active HCP time would hold true per country. The analysis was based on the number of assumed new early breast cancer cases and the average trastuzumab treatment rate (Roche data on file).
Patient chair time Per session, the SC SID resulted in a mean reduction in patient chair time of 73. 1% (20. 9 versus 77. 8 min with IV [P < 0. 0001]; range across countries: 47. 1 to 85. 5 min). Mean reduction with the SC HHS was 71. 0% (22. 6 min [P < 0. 0001]; range across countries: 40. 3 to 80. 6 min; Fig. 1A ). IV infusion, SC SID injection, and SC HHS injection time comparisons are shown in Fig. 1B. Over 18 cycles, there was a mean reduction of 16. 8 h with the SC SID (range across countries: 12. 9 to 25. 0 h) and 16. 3 h with the SC HHS (range across countries: 9. 3 to 23. 5 h; Fig. 1C ). As expected, covariate analyses on the pooled dataset showed that subsequent IV infusions were associated with shortened infusion duration (42. 0 versus 64. 8 min, P < 0. 0001) and consequently with shortened patient chair time compared with that required for first IV infusions (75.
Covariate analyses on the pooled dataset showed significant effects of SID experience on SC injection time (P = 0. 0006), with mean injection times of 8. 3 min for HCPs with no experience, 7. 5 min for HCPs having administered one to five injections, 6. 7 min for HCPs having administered five to ten injections, and 6. 4 min for HCPs having administered more than ten.
Reductions in SC SID injection time also reflect increasing SC SID proficiency across subsequent infusions. Therefore, SC SID process time likely represents a conservative estimate, and further active time reductions could be expected with future real-world application. Limitations of the current analyses include those imposed by the running of the study alongside PrefHer: the centers and potential numbers of observations were directly dictated by the trial. Given the imbalances in the sample sizes and sample composition between IV and SC, the results of the pooled analysis need to be interpreted with caution. While the data were collected within the confines of a clinical study, centers were free to prepare and administer trastuzumab as they would in clinical practice; thus, the data are expected to provide a reasonable approximation of real-world practice.
2014). Rayleigh waves have been studied extensively (e. g. Debayle et al. 2005; Lekić & Romanowicz 2011; Ritsema et al. 2011; Debayle & Ricard 2012; French et al. 2013   Auer et al. 2014 ) and most recent models show reasonable agreement. Less work has focused on Love waves and the models that do exist (e. g. Masters et al. 2000; Gung et al. 2003; Zhou et al. 2005 ) are less well-constrained than are Rayleigh wave models for several reasons. First, seismic data collected from horizontal seismographs are intrinsically more noisy than are data recorded on vertical seismographs and the number of Love wave measurements is significantly smaller than those for Rayleigh waves; hence, the Love wave path coverage is less dense compared to the Rayleigh wave path coverage, resulting in a lower resolution for the Love wave model.
Including higher mode information allows stronger constraints on the β h (z) structure in this depth range. The goal of this paper, improving knowledge of the upper-mantle β h (z) structure, is a prerequisite for better defining the radially anisotropic structure of the upper mantle. In this study, we have adapted the Rayleigh wave inversion routines of  Debayle & Ricard (2012)  so as to invert Love waveforms. We show that this procedure can recover velocity structure of the upper mantle to transition zone depths. The pathaverage β h (z) models are then combined into a 3-D model using the regionalization formulation of  Debayle & Sambridge (2004). Here, we discuss the Love wave data set, the analysis procedure, the effect of the crustal model, the depth sensitivity of the waveform inversion and resolution of the tomography.
S U M M A RY A N D C O N C L U S I O N S This paper presents a new global β h (z) model CAM2016SH for the upper mantle obtained from a new data set analysed by a technique not previously applied to Love waves. To derived CAM2016SH we have adapted the procedure of  Debayle & Ricard (2012) , based on the waveform inversion technique of  Cara & Lévêque (1987) , so as to analyse horizontal component seismograms. We have applied this analysis method to a new, large, multimode Love wave data set. We have carried out extensive resolution tests for CAM2016SH and these tests suggest that we are able to resolve 800-100 km features to transition zone depths. At shallow ( 200 km) depths the features in CAM2016SH match well with surface tectonics and geological features and correspond well with features seen in other β h (z) models and in β v (z) modelslow wave speeds for the mid-ocean ridge system, backarc basins and tectonically active regions on the continents, and high wave speed areas of the continents and the old ocean basins.
The deeper high wave-speed signature of the shields in CAM2016SH fits well with observations made by  Gung et al. (2003)  who suggest that this may be caused by radial anisotropy that develops from present day flow beneath these cratons. However, CAM2016SH is based on a much larger data density than the previously published upper-mantle models based on Love wave data, and resolution tests for CAM2016SH show that the high wave-speed signature of the shields observed in the β h (z) models may be an artefact. Four prominent, low wave-speed features occur in CAM2016SH at transition zone depths-one aligned along the East African Rift, one centred south of the Indian peninsula, one located south of New Zealand and one in the south Pacific Ocean coinciding with the South Pacific Superswell. The low wave-speed features south of New Zealand and south of the Indian peninsula correspond spatially with the two largest negative geoid lows on the Earth.
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S This research was partially funded by an EPSRC studentship, with CASE funding from Weston Geophysical. This work was supported by the French ANR SEISBLOB no ANR-11-BLANC-SIMI5-6-016-01. The data used in this study was provided by the IRIS and DMC programs-networks: 1A 1D, 1E, 2C, 2D, 2G, 3A, 3E, 3F, 4A, 5A, 5C, 6C, 6E, 7A, 7B, 7D, 7E, 7F, 7J, 8A, 8B, 9B, 9D, AC, AE, AF, AG, AI, AK, AO, AR, AS, AT, AU, AV, AY, AZ, BC, BE, BK, BL, C, C1, CB, CC, CD, CH, CI, CK, CM, CN, CO, CT, CU, CW, CY, CZ, DK, DR, DW, EI, ER, ET, G, GB, GE, GH, GI, GO, GS, GT, GY, HG, HL, HT, HV, HW, IC, II, IM, IN, IO, IP, IU, IW, JM, JP, KC, KN, KO, KR, KY, KZ, LB, LD, LI, LX, MC, MI, MN, MX, MY, N4, NA, ND, NE, NI, NJ, NM, NN, NO, NR, NU, NV, NX, NZ, OE, OK, ON, OO, OV, PB, PE, PL, PM, PN, PO, PR, PS, PT, PY, RE, RM, RS, RV, SC, SH, SN, SP, SR, SS, SV, TA, TC, TD, TJ, TM, TO, TS, TT, TW, UK, UO, US, UU, UW, VU, WC, WI, WU, WY, X1, X4, X5, X6, X8, X9, XA, XB, XC, XD, XE, XF, XG, XH, XI, XJ, XK, XL, XM, XN, XO, XP, XQ, XR, XS, XT, XU, XV, XW, XY, XZ, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y6, Y7, YA, YB, YC, YD, YE, YF, YG, YH, YI, YJ, YK, YL, YM, YN, YO, YP, YQ, YR, YS, YT, YU, YV, YW, YX, YY, Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z8, Z9, ZA, ZB, ZC, ZD, ZF, ZG, ZI, ZJ, ZK, ZL, ZM, ZN, ZO, ZP, ZR, ZT, ZU, ZV, ZW, ZX.
We compute synthetic seismograms using modal summation including the fundamental and up to the fifth overtone for all propagation paths used in constraining the model. The mantle model used in computing the synthetic seismograms for the resolution tests consists of the same laterally uniform reference mantle model used in the waveform inversion with a number of cylindrical perturbations of varying radii and thickness placed at various geographic locations corresponding to features seen in CAM2016SH and other β h (z) tomographic models. The radii, thickness and strength of the cylinders are chosen to roughly correspond to the features they are meant to represent. We have added real ground noise to the synthetic seismograms before inverting them. We make measurements on the synthetic seismograms for the same frequencies and modes as for the actual data used in building model CAM2016SH.
In it, the authors map 18 ecological parameters-16 ecosystem services and 2 biodiversity metricsin the French Alps, and explore "their co-occurrence patterns underpinning the supply of multiple ecosystem services. " They produce "self-organizing maps" encompassing five clusters of ecosystem services, represented graphically by wind-rose-or spider-like diagrams (Figure  8 ), which the authors argue could be very valuable tools in support of land use planning. However, close inspection shows that none of the normalized values displayed in the wind roses was actually measured. Some, like the hunting data, were estimated by disaggregation into 1 by 1 km grid cells of public statistics gathered at much larger spatial scales, whereas most other parameter values were obtained via modeling, in the absence of any local data suitable to ascertain how well, or how poorly, the models performed in the selected region.
(2015) , which deals with four services rendered by soils in an area in the northern part of Belgium: wood production, agricultural production, climate regulation through soil organic carbon sequestration, and clean water provision through infiltration. Basic data about these services were elicited from experts or extracted from the literature. Using a BBN approach, these authors propose a plug-in for a common GIS package, and with it are able to generate four different types of uncertainty maps: (1) conventional maps of expected values and (when feasible) standard deviations, (2) so-called "sampled maps" where the uncertainty in model output is visualized on the scale of land parcels, (3) "ignorance maps" in which areas where the probability of the model's predicted most probable state is <60% are hidden, and (4) "cumulative probability maps" in which the value of a pixel is calculated as the sum of the probabilities of all the states above a certain threshold state.
Create a right to Open Science guaranteeing free access and free reuse of data from public research -Balance: Redefine the economic balance of the digital science ecosystem -Secure: Adopt Article 18 bis (new) of the Digital Republic Bill creating an exception to copyright and the right of database producers in favour of text and data mining for data from public research (research articles and data) in order to secure automated data-processing practices and reduce the risk of misappropriation -Compete: Enable French public research to acquire legal and technical resources that are at least equivalent to those of its European and American counterparts, and in line with the international Open Science movement -Protect: Protect legitimate interests -exploitation, secrecy, patents, copyright, privacy and personal data What is Open Science? 1 Open Science is a new horizontal approach to access to scientific work and objectives, and to sharing of scientific results, as well as a new way of DOING science, by opening up its processes, codes and methods.
2 The Open Science project offers a renaissance of global "encyclopaedic" views, through such themes as the decompartmentalisation and large-scale sharing of knowledge: in the digital age, this concept stresses the "leveraging" of knowledge such as occurs, for instance, through the in-depth exploration of digital databases containing scientific journals. 1  Open Science is therefore a change in perspective that can be compared with other earlier major stages, such as the advent of the telescope or the microscope. Open Science thus seeks to take into account the changes brought about by the major "open" international platforms: they provide access to new arrangements for research actors (digital innovation, civil society), facilitated by new sharing approaches (digital laws), and leading to novel types of results and regulations (data and analysis platforms, scientific social networks, new forms of collaboration, etc.
663) 2 Adoption of Article 18 bis (new) of the Digital Republic Bill creating an exception to copyright and the right of database producers in favour of text and data mining 3 Participation in the creation of a European process of "Open Science" (a priority of the Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation for 2016) 4 Creation of reference guidelines on the use of digital STI 5 Definition of a set of ISO standards on the uses of STI 6 Definition of model contracts for the transfer of copyright 7 Drafting of an ethical charter for digital science 8 Creation of an Agency for the Development of Open Science 9 Creation of an international convention for Open Science NOTES 1. These fertile explorations may be either synchronic, as on PubMed Central, http:// www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/, or diachronic, as in the example quoted by the NSF, http:// www.