dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Clinical tools involving immersive virtual reality (VR) may bring several advantages to cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology. However, there are some technical and methodological pitfalls. The American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) and the National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN) raised 8 key issues pertaining to Computerized Neuropsychological Assessment Devices. These issues pertain to: (1) the safety and effectivity; (2) the identity of the end-user; (3) the technical hardware and software features; (4) privacy and data security; (5) the psychometric properties; (6) examinee issues; (7) the use of reporting services; and (8) the reliability of the responses and results. The VR Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL) is the first immersive VR neuropsychological battery with enhanced ecological validity for the assessment of everyday cognitive functions by offering a pleasant testing experience without inducing cybersickness.
The VR-EAL meets the criteria of the NAN and AACN, addresses the methodological pitfalls, and brings advantages for neuropsychological testing. However, there are still shortcomings of the VR-EAL, which should be addressed. Future iterations should strive to improve the embodiment illusion in VR-EAL and the creation of an open access VR software library should be attempted. The discussed studies demonstrate the utility of VR methods in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology.
, 2019b). Guidelines were also proposed that described the development of the Virtual Reality Everyday Assessment Lab (VR-EAL), the first immersive VR neuropsychological battery, programmed using Unity game development software  (Kourtesis, Korre, Collina, Doumas, & MacPherson, 2020b). Furthermore, the convergent, construct, and ecological validity of VR-EAL as an assessment of prospective memory, episodic memory, visual attention, visuospatial attention, auditory attention, and executive functions were examined  (Kourtesis, Collina, Doumas, & Mac-Pherson, 2020a). Finally, using VR-EAL, prospective memory in everyday life was examined by comparing performance on diverse prospective memory tasks (i. e. , focal and non-focal event-based, and time-based tasks;  Kourtesis, Collina, Doumas, & MacPherson, 2021 ) and identifying the cognitive functions which predict everyday prospective memory functioning  (Kourtesis & MacPherson, 2021).
The findings of these aforementioned studies have already been published as individual studies. However, the results of these studies will be discussed here using an all-inclusive approach in an attempt to examine whether the VR-EAL meets the criteria of the National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN) and American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) for Computerized Neuropsychological Assessment Devices (CNADs). The VR-EAL was designed and developed to meet the NAN and AACN criteria. The current software review will examine whether the VR-EAL indeed meets these criteria and offers a discussion of how other immersive VR CNADs may also meet them.
Meeting the criteria of the National Academy of Neuropsychology and the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Bauer and collaborators (2012) published the official joint position of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) and the National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN) which discusses 8 key issues regarding the development, dissemination, and implementation of Computerized Neuropsychological Assessment Devices (CNADs) for research and clinical purposes. The CNADs encompass any new computer-based neuropsychological assessments or computerised versions of already established paper-and-pencil tests (e. g. , Wisconsin Card Sorting Test;  Sahakian & Owen, 1992)  or web-based tests. The CNAD could be a standalone device (i. e. , hardware and software) or software (i. e. , either installed locally or on the internet) that can be run on devices such as personal computers, laptops, tablets, or smartphones  (Bauer et al.
, 2012). The VR-EAL, as an immersive VR software and neuropsychological assessment, would be categorised as a CNAD. Hence, VR-EAL or any other VR CNAD should meet the criteria of AACN and NAN to be effectively implemented for clinical or research purposes. The AACN and NAN recognise the potential advantages of CNADs which include testing large numbers of individuals quickly (e. g. , parallel administration); immediately available tests; enhanced accuracy and precision (e. g. , reaction time measurements); shorter administration time and reduced costs (e. g. , for test administration and scoring); adaptable in different languages; exporting the data automatically (e. g. , for research purposes); increased accessibility (e. g. , remotely); and the integration of algorithms for making decisions on issues such as the identification of an impairment or a statistically reliable change  (Bauer et al.
, 2012). These issues are pertaining to: (1) the safety and effectivity of the CNAD; (2) the identity of the end-user (i. e. , the operator of the CNAD); (3) the technical hardware and software features of the CNAD; (4) privacy and data security; (5) the psychometric properties of the CNAD; (6) examinee issues (e. g. , cultural, experiential, and disability issues); (7) the use of reporting services; and (8) the reliability of the responses and results of the CNADs (i. e. , the performance on CNADs;  Bauer et al. , 2012). Therefore, the utility of the VR-EAL should be discussed in relation to the guidelines for CNADs by AACN and NAN. The aim of this discussion is to highlight how the VR-EAL already satisfies these criteria, as well as to identify the shortcomings of the VR-EAL and define the necessary future   directions for improving VR-EAL's utility as a research and clinical tool.
Technical features, safety, and effectivity issues (points 1 and 3) The AACN and NAN underline that a CNAD should meet the safety criteria of the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act (FD&C;  Bauer et al. , 2012). Section 201(h) of the FD&C (21 U. S. C. 301) defines a "medical device" as "an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part, or accessory which is … intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals. …". Hence, a CNAD as a medical device should also comply with the safety criteria of FD&C (i. e. , to not cause any harm to the examinees;  Bauer et al. , 2012). Any inconvenience or adverse effects may be attributed to the hardware and software features of the CNAD  (Bauer et al.
g. ,  Banakou, Kishore, & Slater, 2018; Detez et al. , 2019; George, Demmler, & Hussmann, 2018; Mottelson & Hornnaek, 2017; Parsons & McMahan, 2017). Also, the VR-EAL is only compatible with these recent HMDs. Therefore, the VR-EAL appears to meet the hardware criteria of AACN and NAN, which ensure the safety of the examinees and the reliability of the acquired data. Beyond the hardware characteristics, the quality of the software is also important to avoid or alleviate cybersickness incidence and intensity. Using an appropriate HMD and hardware when the software does not have the required characteristics may still result in intense cybersickness and dropouts (e. g. ,  Detez et al. , 2019). Navigation within the virtual environment should be facilitated by teleportation or physical movement or a combination of both  (Porcino et al.
, 2017). In  Kourtesis et al. (2019b) , the cybersickness intensity was minimal and only related to fatigue. In  Kourtesis et al. (2020a; 2020b) , the implementation of VR-EAL showed no dropouts and the cybersickness incidence and intensity was negligible and again solely related to fatigue. These results replicated across all three studies confirming the significance of software features in avoiding or alleviating the incidence and intensity of cybersickness, as well as demonstrating that the VR-EAL incorporates these software features and does not induce significant cybersickness, which complies with the software criteria of AACN and NAN. These VR software features are not only crucial for the avoidance or alleviation of cybersickness, but also for the efficiency of the VR software. The ultimate purpose of VR is to immerse individuals deeply enough to deceive the brain into believing that the virtual world is the real world.
This could indicate that the VR-EAL also satisfies the dimensions-issues raised by  Krohn et al. (2020). Furthermore, although the AACN & NAN Criteria can be used to evaluate a VR-CNAD like VR-EAL, VR-Check addresses issues pertaining specifically to VR software. A future joint position and guidelines for AACN & NAN may include the dimensions of the VR-Check Framework as well as the guidelines raised by other VR studies (e. g. ,  Bye et al. , 2019; Kourtesis et al. , 2020b Kourtesis et al. , , 2019b;; Slater et al. , 2020; Vasser & Aru, 2020).
Hence, a future version of VR-EAL should include an application (e. g. , using a photograph(s) of the examinee) which generates a virtual avatar that looks similar to the participant as in other immersive VR software (e. g. , EngageVR). Also, the VR-EAL does not have a mechanism to measure time monitoring, although there is a digital watch which the examinee uses to monitor time. Time monitoring has been found to be crucial in timebased prospective memory functioning  (McFarland & Glisky, 2009; Mioni & Stablum, 2014; Vanneste, Baudouin, Bouazzaoui, & Taconnat, 2016). One way to implement time monitoring is to use the same gaze interaction system as in the VR-EAL visual attention task. Here, the gaze interaction system uses an invisible ray emitted (i. e. , ray-casting) from the forehead point between the eyes (i.
Formulating a case definition that reflects diagnostic certainty: weighing specificity versus sensitivity It needs to be re-emphasized that the grading of definition levels is entirely about diagnostic certainty, not clinical severity of MIS-C/A. Thus, a clinically very severe case may appropriately be classified as Level 2 or 3 rather than Level 1, based on the information available to ascertain a diagnosis. Detailed information about the severity of the event should additionally always be recorded, as specified by the data collection guidelines (Appendix A). The number of symptoms and/or signs that will be documented for each case may vary considerably. The case definition has been formulated such that the Level 1 definition is highly specific for the condition. As maximum specificity normally implies a loss of sensitivity, two additional diagnostic levels have been included in the definition, offering a stepwise increase of sensitivity from Level 1 down to Level 3, while retaining an acceptable level of specificity at all levels.
g. , immunization). Therefore, to avoid selection bias, a restrictive time interval from immunization to onset of MIS-C/A should not be an integral part of the case definition. Instead, where feasible, details of this interval should be assessed and reported as described in the data collection guidelines. Further, MIS-C/A can occur outside the controlled setting of a clinical trial or hospital. In some settings it may be impossible to obtain a clear timeline of the event, particularly in less developed or rural settings. In order to avoid selecting against such cases, the case definition avoids setting arbitrary time frames.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the support and helpful comments provided by the  Brighton Collaboration and SPEAC Steering Committee  ( Barbara Law ) and reference peer review group, as well as other experts consulted as part of the process, including  Drs. Marco Cattalini  and  Andrea Taddio  for sharing unpublished cohort information. The authors are also grateful to  Matt Dudley  of the  Brighton Collaboration Secretariat  for revisions of the final document. We acknowledge the financial support provided by the  Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations  ( CEPI ) for our work under a service order entitled  Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC)  Project with the  Brighton Collaboration , a program of the  Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA.
Study Population The UKB is a large, population-based prospective cohort study which is designed to provide data on the lifestyle, genetic, and environmental factors of important diseases [? ]. This research has been conducted using the UKB Resource under application number 25897. Between 2006 and 2010, over 500,000 individuals (54% women) aged 40-69 years were recruited from one of 22 study centers across the UK (England, Wales, and Scotland). Approximately 9. 2 million people were invited by the UKB to participate in this study through postal invitation with a telephone follow-up (response rate: 5. 7%). All participants were registered with the UK National Health Service (NHS) and lived within 40 km of one of those 22 centers. The UKB has approval from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee, the National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care in England and Wales, and the Community Health Index Advisory Group in Scotland.
Follow-Up and Outcomes Incident cancer cases and cancer cases recorded first in death certificates within the UKB cohort were identified through linkage to national cancer and death registries. Prevalent cancer cases were identified by linkage to cancer registries. Participants were followed from their baseline visit until the end of October 2015 for Scotland and the end of March 2016 for England and Wales. Cancer incidence data were coded using the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Separate analyses were conducted for colorectal (C18-C20), esophageal (C15), oral (C04), stomach (C16), liver (C22), and pancreatic (C25) cancers. CRC cases were classified by location (anatomical sub-site), as cancers of colon (C18) and rectum (C19-C20). Cases of esophageal cancer were classified by histology, and these topography codes were combined with ICD-3 for oncology morphological codes [? ] to further categorize esophageal cancer into adenocarcinoma (8140, 8144, 8145, 8260, 8480, 8481, 8490, and 8574) and ESCC (8070 and 8071).
, 2018). Systems biology heavily relies on expansive, well-curated databases and prior literature, so the field has benefited from the integration of expanding omics technologies for several years  (Karahalil, 2016). Metabolomics in particular, often via incorporation into existing models, are being increasingly integrated into both model development and new therapeutic/analytical approaches  (Misra et al. , 2017; Chong et al. , 2018). In this review, we address the mechanisms behind the decisions governing Th17 and Tregs cell fate, as explained by a systems biology point of view, through in silico simulations/predictions and their relation with the TME. We then offer an explanation of the biological adaptability of CD4 + T cells as the basis for understanding Th17 and Tregs plasticity. Subsequently, we present a recompilation of the molecular mechanisms behind Th17 and Tregs function, highlighted on theory-data-driven models, and connect this information with biological evidence in the context of the TME.
TH17-TREGS BALANCE AND OMICS DATA: A COMPLEMENT TO THE THEORETICAL MODEL APPROACH The intricately-linked networks by which CD4 + T cells differentiate have been broadly approached to date  (Koch and Radtke, 2011) , with a body of research being steadily built over several years and benefiting/accelerating largely based on factors such as the increased accessibility of DNA and RNA sequencing technologies  (Frio, 2015). Most of the current systems biology-based approaches derived from real biological/medical data are based on the genome, transcriptome or proteome of an organism, a situation partially attributable to these datasets being measured by established and tested methods, and the continued capacity of these methods to iterate and integrate new protocols, such as single-cell transcriptomics  (Stubbington et al.
, 2017). Analyses of these datasets are slowly becoming more accurate and manageable due to the frequent release and update of new dedicated tools  (Chong et al. , 2018; Marco-Ramell et al. , 2018)  and, in addition to the increased resolution, throughput capacity and accuracy that might be expected over time, developments that enable the exploration of new paradigms, such as single-cell metabolomics  (Zenobi, 2013).
This model explained several experimental results reported in preclinical and clinical settings, and paves the way for the efficient in silico design and optimization of combined anticancer therapies  (Serre et al. , 2016). Despite some limitations in System Biology and omics approaches, including difficulties in collecting and processing data, lack of a suitably optimized immunometabolism-dedicated metabolite database, and potential technological limitations, there have been several promising advances in the disparate omics fields and continuous efforts are being taken to achieve their seamless integration on fundamental levels  (Mitchell et al. , 2015). This could potentially be beneficial for the study and treatment to other immune-mediated diseases, ranging from rheumatoid arthritis to multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease  (Ferretti et al.
, 2016; Ciccocioppo et al. , 2019) , assuming the datasets generated are of high enough quality. For example, simultaneous single-cell multiomics data collection will likely result in higher quality and more reproducible or directly comparable data sets. When coupled with efforts for further methodological and instrumental standardization, these data collection methods present unique opportunities to gain understanding on the fundamentals of CD4 + T cell differentiation and CD4 + T cell-focused applications in future immunotherapies.
In a large National Cancer Database in the United States including 441 863 patients with uterine cancer patients, survival was significantly increased with increasing hospital volume for women with all stages of endometrioid, clear cell, serous, or carcinosarcoma endometrial cancer (25, 50, or 100 cases per year). 88 right et al explored the association between changes over time (from 2000 to 2014) in volume and peri-operative outcomes for 44 558 women undergoing hysterectomy for endometrial cancer at 218 hospitals and showed that increased hospital volume was associated with lower rates of surgical and medical complications, mortality, transfusion, and prolonged length of stay. 109 Diaz-Montes et al aimed to characterize the short-term outcomes for uterine cancer according to hospital case volume (6181 women undergoing primary surgery by 894 surgeons at 49 hospitals).
The authors' hope is that this material will be the basis for further clinical research and for the potential development of a veterinary hemovigilance database. In part one of this series, we define important terms and present each reaction type. For each reaction, we have included incidence, background human and veterinary literature, and areas for further research. In part two of this series, we provide evidence-based recommendations for prevention and monitoring of transfusion reactions and present a standard transfusion monitoring form. In part three, we provide evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of transfusion reactions and present a clinical diagnostic and treatment algorithm.
7 Due to perceived clinical relevance, complications related to hyperammonemia and hypocalcemia due to citrate toxicity were included; similarly, reactions associated with xenotransfusion were included. The group developed specific worksheet questions to review each reaction. 8 Comprehensive database searches were then performed including review of both human and veterinary literature. The reaction worksheet included search criteria, a review of the relevant veterinary and human literature, a proposed definition, clinical signs, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, evidence grade, and areas for further research. The committee discussed all reaction worksheets in an initial round of changes and suggestions. Delphi style anonymous surveys were then used to refine the definitions and diagnostic criteria.
Patients receiving packed red blood cells (pRBCs) who have a FNHTR have been shown to have increased levels of IL-6 and IL-8 although in these cases the cytokines were not increased in the blood units. 23 people, FNHTR are more common with platelet products and appear to be more common with non-leukoreduced red blood cells. In a recent human study using two hemovigilance databases, the overall per product rate of FNHTR was 0. 17% after pre storage leukoreduced packed red blood cell transfusions and 0. 25% after platelet transfusions. 24 These numbers likely underrepresent the true incidence. In a retrospective case review study of 4857 human transfusions, 30 (0. 62%) FNHTRs were identified but only 30% of these had been reported to the transfusion service. 11 le FNHTR are not life threatening, they cause patient discomfort.
Acute Respiratory Reactions Respiratory reactions are the most common overall cause of transfusion-associated mortality in people. Most respiratory reactions are either transfusion associated circulatory overload (TACO) or transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI). A new category, transfusion associated dyspnea (TAD), was developed to recognize other respiratory transfusion reactions in hemovigilance databases that could not immediately be categorized as TRALI or TACO. 4  In some studies, over half of TAD cases were later found to meet criteria for another pulmonary transfusion reaction. 25 While TAD has not been used specifically in veterinary medicine, studies have reported respiratory distress after transfusion in dogs and cats without other description and have been categorized as TAD below.
Data collection Day 0 was defined as the first calendar day after the onset of ARDS in the COVID-19 cohort or as the day of inclusion in Express trial in the non-COVID-19 cohort (mean time from the onset of ARDS to inclusion = 26. 1 ± 23. 1 h in Express  [19] ). Baseline characteristics (including age, body metrics, simplified acute physiologic score II (SAPS II)  [21] , partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2 ), FiO 2 , partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ), set tidal volume (Vt), measured respiratory rate, measured minute ventilation, set PEEP and plateau pressure) were collected on day 0 in the two cohorts. The type of humidification device, HME or heated humidifier was also recorded in the COVID-19 cohort. The following parameters were recorded at days 1, 3 and 7 in the two cohorts (values measured from 6 to 12 am): PaO 2 , FiO 2 , PaCO 2 , set Vt, measured respiratory rate, measured minute ventilation, set PEEP and plateau pressure (measured by performing an inspiratory hold of 0.
Statistical analysis To select well-balanced subsets of patients from the COVID-19-associated ARDS cohort and non-COVID-19-associated ARDS cohort, the following covariates were identified to build a propensity-score: age, SAPS II score, PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio and PEEP level on day 0  [24]. The closest controls (from the non-COVID-19-associated ARDS cohort) for COVID-19 cases were identified with the smallest average absolute distance across all the matched pairs using the "optimal" method package MatchIt  [24, 25]. Only controls with pulmonary non-COVID-19-associated ARDS were kept in the final analysis sample (see details in Additional file 1). Results are presented as median [interquartile range] or number (%). Baseline characteristics and ventilatory parameters at days 1, 3 and 7 were compared between the two groups using Mann-Whitney test for quantitative variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables.