dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ii. The accumulation area ratio (AAR) method relies heavily on the availability of glaciological mass balances during various years in order to establish an empirical relationship between annual mass balance and AAR (e. g. Rabatel et al. , 2005). The extrapolation to unmeasured glaciers is not straightforward. This method has been applied by  Kulkarni et al. (2011)  to 19 glaciers in north-west India. iii. The hydrological method has only been used once in the PKH to our knowledge, providing 5 yr of mass balance for Siachen Glacier, Karakoram  (Bhutiyani, 1999) , and is very difficult to implement due to a lack of accurate precipitation and runoff measurements at high altitude over the PKH  (Bolch et al. , 2012; Immerzeel et al. , 2012). iv. The geodetic method, based on the comparison of topographic data (DEM or laser altimetry), can be applied at regional scales in remote areas using satellite data such as from ICESat, SPOT5 or SRTM.
Glacier mask Where available, glacier outlines were downloaded from the GLIMS database  (Raup et al. , 2007; Supplement)  and manually corrected if needed. Otherwise, the glacier mask was derived from Landsat-TM and Landsat-ETM+ images. Path/row and dates of Landsat acquisition are given in Table 1 for each study site. A threshold varying, between 0. 5 and 0. 7 depending on the study site, was applied to the Normalized Difference Snow Index (TM2-TM5)/(TM2+TM5) to detect clean ice and snow automatically, whereas debriscovered parts were digitized manually by visual interpretation (e. g. Racoviteanu et al. , 2009). The total glacier area and debris-covered part can be found for each study site in Table  1. Most inventories are derived from Landsat images with minimal snow cover from around the year 2000, prior to the 2003 failure of the Scan Line Corrector of the ETM+ sensor onboard Landsat 7 that resulted in image striping.
Glacier areas are expected to have experienced minor changes since then, except for glacier fronts that retreated due to the rapid growth of connected lakes and for glaciers that surged and thus advanced. For the few glaciers that advanced, their front position was updated manually based on the SPOT5 orthoimage. For each study site, we favored our user-defined glacier inventories instead of the global Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI v2. 0,  Arendt et al. , 2012)  because the latter is heterogeneous and, for some study sites, did not match our accuracy requirements for the adjustments and corrections of the DEMs. We also estimated the altitude of the equilibrium line (ELA) as the snowline on the ∼ 2000 Landsat data with minimal snow cover to separate ablation and accumulation areas. The ELA is assumed to be identical to the altitude of the snowline at the end of the ablation season (e.
03 ± 0. 14 m yr -1 for this glacier over 1999-2011. Our near zero mass budget estimate for this glacier disagrees with negative mass balances reconstructed for the same period with a model run using bias corrected NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data and calibrated with field data  (Barundun et al. , 2013). An underestimate of our SRTM C-Band penetration in the Pamir as a whole and in particular for the small Abramov Glacier may contribute to these differences. For the whole Pamir study site, our mass budget is balanced or slightly positive (+0. 14 ± 0. 13 m w. e. yr -1 ). In the eastern Pamir, the mass balance of Muztag Ata Glacier was +0. 25 m w. e. yr -1 between 2005 and 2010  (Yao et al. , 2012). Although Muztag Ata Glacier is located outside of our Pamir study site and his glaciological records only cover the second half of our study period, this measurement is consistent with our remotely sensed mass balance.
1 ). However, gridded data sets, such as GPCP, are not necessarily representative of the climate at high altitude. Indeed,  Hewitt (2005)  reported a 5-to-10-fold increase in precipitation between the glacier front and the accumulation area in the Karakoram that is not captured by reanalysis data, as recently confirmed by  Immerzeel et al. (2012). Thus, direct measurements of accumulation on High Mountain Asia glaciers (e. g. Azam et al. , 2013)  and high-altitude weather stations are eagerly needed to validate the large scale gridded data set (e. g. reanalysis), test their ability to describe the specific climate near to PKH glaciers and assess the relative role played by temperature and precipitation changes.
Acknowledgements. We thank  G. Cogley ,  A. Gardner ,  T. Nuimura ,  T. Bolch ,  P. Wagnon ,  M. Barandun ,  M. Hoelzle ,  M. Huss  and an anonymous referee for their constructive comments that led to a considerably improved manuscript. We thank the  Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)  for their hydrological data (processed by  P. Chevallier ) and  F. Papa  for sharing his updated run-off data ahead of publication. We thank  T. Bolch  for sharing his glacier outlines from the Everest area. We thank the  USGS  for allowing free access to their Landsat archive,  CGIAR-SCI  for SRTM C-band data, DLR for SRTM X-band data and GLIMS for glacier inventories. J. Gardelle  acknowledges a PhD fellowship from the  French Space Agency (CNES)  and the  French National Research Center (CNRS).
based on the CRU 2. 0 dataset over 1961-1990 assuming a balanced glacier mass budget. Glacier decadal mass loss contributions are given as annual average over 1999-2011. River Basin area Glacier area Glacier contribution Mean discharge (km 2 ) (km 2 ) (m 3 s -1 ) (m 3 s -1 ) Seasonally delayed Decadal mass loss Kaser et al. (2010) (this study) Indus 1 139 814 25 598 (2 %) 105 103 ± 72 2146 (Chevallier, personal communication, 2012) Ganges Brahmaputra 1 023 609 527 666 11 168 (1 %) 15 296 (3 %) 47 33 103 ± 49 147 ± 64 11739 Papa et al. (2012, 19710 updated).
Acknowledgments The  conference "Probiotics, Prebiotics , and the  Host Microbiome: The Science of Translation " was jointly presented by The  Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science at the New York Academy of Sciences and The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics in New York, New York ,  12 June 2013. The conference and open access of this publication were also generously supported (in part) by  Award Number   R13AT007899  from the  National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)  of the  National Institutes of Health (NIH). Co-funding in support of  Travel Fellowships  to foster the participation of early career and underrepresented minority investigators in this conference was provided by the following:  NIH Division of Nutrition Research Coordination (DNRC) , the  Trans-NIH Probiotics/Prebiotics and Microbiome Working Group  (trans- NIH PPWG/T-MWG ), the  National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) , the  Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) , and the  Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD).
Acknowledgments: We thank  Ian Affleck ,  John Cardy ,  Pasquale Calabrese  and  Peter Schmitteckert  for discussions. HS was supported by the  French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  ( ANR Projet 2010 Blanc SIMI 4 : DIME ) and the  US Department of Energy  (grant number  DE-FG03-01ER45908 ). LF acknowledges the support of the  French Direction Générale pour l'Armement.
2 mM EDTA, 25% glycerol). Supernatants containing nuclear extracts were collected by centrifugation and stored at -80°C. Protease inhibitors (1 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF, 1 μg/ml aprotinin, 1 μg/ml leupeptin, 1 μg/ml pepstatin) were added to all solutions. Protein concentration in nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts was determined by the Bradford method using a Bio-Photometer (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). The purity of cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts was further confirmed by the quantification of the expression of β-actin, a cytoplasmic marker, and TATA-binding protein, a nuclear marker, using western-blotting (data not shown). For western blot analysis, 10 μg of cellular extracts were resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE using a Mini-PROTEAN 3 Cell (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). The proteins were electrotransferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoridemembrane (Amersham Biosciences, Saclay, France) using Mini Trans-Blot Electrophoretic Transfer Cell (Bio-Rad Laboratories).
Acknowledgement This work was supported by the  Association Franc-Comtoise pour la Formation, la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Rhumatologie  to DW; by grants from the  University of Franche-Comté (UFC)  and the  Groupe de Recherche en Virologie de Franche-Comté  to GH; WA and KAK are recipients of a doctoral scholarship from the  Higher Education Commission, Pakistan. We thank  Diasorin SA  for its financial support.
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www. guidetopharmacology. org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties from the IUPHAR database. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/bph. 12444/full. This compilation of the major pharmacological targets is divided into seven areas of focus: G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading.
A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www. guidetopharmacology. org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors & Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and GRAC and provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. Table of contents 1449 OVERVIEW 1454 Adiponectin receptors 1455 Fatty acid binding proteins 1457 Sigma receptors 1459 G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 1462 Orphan GPCRs 1471 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors 1474 Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic).
It is not our goal to produce all-inclusive reviews of the targets presented; references to these are included in the Further Reading sections of the entries or, for many targets, the website www. guidetopharmacology. org provides access to more extensive information. The Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 presents each entry, typically a circumscribed target class family on, wherever possible, a single page, so as to allow easy access and rapid oversight. The list of targets present is, in many cases, a comprehensive reflection of the known targets within the particular group. Our philosophy has been to present data on human proteins wherever possible, both in terms of structural information and pharmacology. To this end, the HGNC gene nomenclature and UniProt unique ID are indicated to allow rapid access through free online databases for further information.
jsp Fatty acid binding proteins 1455 Full Contents of Concise Guide: http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/bph. 12444/full S. P. H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: Overview. British Journal of Pharmacology (2013) 170, 1449-1458 Preferred abbreviation RBP7 RLBP1 CRABP1 CRABP2 Nomenclature retinol binding protein 7, cellular retinaldehyde binding protein 1 cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 HGNC, UniProt RBP7, Q96R05 RLBP1, P12271 CRABP1, P29762 CRABP2, P29373 abbreviation FABP6 FABP7 FABP8 FABP9 FABP12 Nomenclature fatty acid binding protein 6, fatty acid binding protein 7, peripheral myelin fatty acid binding protein 9, fatty acid binding protein 12 ileal brain protein 2 testis HGNC, UniProt FABP6, P51161 FABP7, O15540 PMP2, P02689 FABP9, Q0Z7S8 FABP12, A6NFH5 Comment Able to transport bile acids [20] Crystal structure of the human In silico modelling suggests that - - FABP7 [7] FABP8 can bind both fatty acids and cholesterol [12] Preferred abbreviation RBP1 RBP2 RBP3 RBP4 RBP5 Nomenclature retinol binding protein 1, retinol binding protein 2, retinol binding protein 3, retinol binding protein 4, retinol binding protein 5, cellular cellular interstitial plasma cellular HGNC, UniProt RBP1, P09455 RBP2, P50120 RBP3, P10745 RBP4, P02753 RBP5, P82980 Rank order of - stearic acid > palmitic acid, - - - potency oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid [14] Searchable database: http://www.
Laboratories with established published or in-house qPCR assays were encouraged to perform these in parallel with the coded test assays on the distributed QC materials, to control for local variations in test conditions. Raw data from each QC round were submitted by participating laboratories for independent central analysis (Department of Genetics, King's College, London); conclusions were drawn concerning the performance of the various assays before breaking the code to reveal their identities. The relative efficiency of JAK2-WT, JAK2-V617F, Cyclophilin and ALB assays was determined using serial dilutions of respective plasmid standards (gift from Ipsogen (now Qiagen Marseille), Marseille, France), as described. 45, 46 To investigate the specificity of the JAK2-WT and JAK2-V617F assays, genomic DNA extracted from undiluted HEL and K562 cells (which harbor only JAK2-V617F and wild-type JAK2, respectively) was analyzed.
with ALB as an independent control gene. Samples were determined to be positive or negative for JAK2-V617F according to the DCt between the JAK2-V617F and ALB amplification plots, taking into account the cut offs defined in control PB samples for each mutant assay (see Supplementary Figure  3 ), with PCR-positive and -negative samples denoted by filled and empty data points, respectively. JAK2-V617F percentage for PCR-positive samples was calculated using the matching wild-type and total JAK2 assays for the respective assays. PCR profiles are shown from four (UPN1-4) of the 28 patients evaluated, who underwent allogeneic transplant with reduced intensity conditioning with an unrelated (UPN1) or sibling donor (UPN2-4) for PMF (UPN2, UPN3) or JAK2-V617F-positive secondary acute myeloid leukemia arising on a background of MPN (UPN1, UPN4).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the European LeukemiaNet; DG, BW, KT and CNH gratefully acknowledge research funding from the  Guy's and St Thomas' Charity. The  EU Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) program supports MPN&MPNr-EuroNet  ( COST Action   BM0902 ). We wish to thank  Marina Migeon  for expert technical assistance. We are grateful to  Central England Haemato-Oncology Research Biobank  for provision of primary patient samples. We are also grateful to  Prof John Reilly  and  UK NEQAS  for providing freeze-dried cell line dilutions for QC analysis within the ELN.
It is shown in  [30]  that if photon-ALP oscillations occur in a turbulent magnetic field, the random nature of the field translates into irregularities in the observed energy spectrum of the source. For a given source, the level of irregularity depends on the coupling g γa and the ALP mass m. The same kind of effect is pointed out in  [31]  in the case of quasar light absorption but never led to a constraint because of the highly irregular nature of the observed quasar spectra due to the Lyman-α forest. Here, it is proposed to use a well observed gamma-ray source and measure the level of irregularity of its energy spectrum, to estimate the level of ALP-induced irregularity the data can accommodate, thus constraining the ALP parameter space. In the next section, a short review of the relevant ALP phenomenology is given.
If, in one specific realization of the magnetic field configuration, the ALP signal was compensated by some unusual effect, it would not be the case in all other realizations. Assuming we live in this specific realization requires an extreme fine-tuning. This possibility can therefore be safely ignored. To test the smoothness of the instrument response and ensure that irregularities in it cannot compensate ALP-induced ones, tests are performed on a control sample in which no irregularity signal is expected. The same procedure as for PKS 2155-304 is applied to the Crab Nebula data, from which no ALP signal is expected in the considered energy range. The Crab Nebula data set is chosen such that it offers statistics similar to the present analysis. Because of the larger zenith angle, the threshold is 600 GeV, and the spectrum is cut at 4 TeV to restrict it to the energy range covered by the measured spectrum of PKS 2155-304.
In  [29] , the authors computed the regions that would be allowed if ALPs were at the origin of an excess of transparency of the Universe. It should be noted that the present approach is complementary as it restricts the allowed ALP parameter space by an independent method. At even lower masses below 10 -11 eV, an irregularity measurement based method applied to x-ray data yields a limit on the coupling of 8 × 10 -12 GeV -1  [70]. In the future, laboratory experiments such as IAXO  [71]  and ALPS II  [72]  should be sensitive to low-mass ALPs with couplings as low as 3 × 10 -12 GeV -1. The limits derived here for pseudoscalar particles are also valid for scalar particles. Indeed in the latter case, the term E• B entering Eq. 1 has to be replaced by B 2 , implying that different polarization components of the photon are involved in the mixing.
Acknowledgments The support of the  Namibian authorities and of the University of Namibia  in facilitating the construction and operation of H. E. S. S. is gratefully acknowledged, as is the support by the  German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) , the  Max Planck Society , the  German Research Foundation (DFG) , the  French Ministry for Research , the  CNRS-IN2P3  and the  Astroparticle Interdisciplinary Program  of the CNRS, the  United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) , the  IPNP of the Charles University , the  Czech Science Foundation , the  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education , the  South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation , and the  University of Namibia. We appreciate the excellent work of the technical support staff in  Berlin, Durham, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Palaiseau, Paris, Saclay , and Namibia in the construction and operation of the equipment.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  Sheer El-Showk ,  Stefano Giusto ,  Kyriakos Papadodimas ,  Clement Ruef  and  Andrew Strominger  for interesting conversations, and to  Andrew Strominger  in particular for useful comments on the draft. M. G. would like to thank the  IPhT, Saclay  and the  Center for the Fundamental Laws of Nature at Harvard  for their kind hospitality. The work of I. B. is supported in part by the  ANR  grant  08-JCJC-0001-0 , and by the  ERC   Starting Independent Researcher Grant 240210 -String-QCD-BH. The work of M. G. is supported in part by the  DOE  grant  DE-FG02-95ER40893 , and the work of W. S. by the  Harvard Society of Fellows  and the  DOE  grant  DE-FG02-91ER40654. I. B. and M. G. are also grateful to the  Aspen Center for Physics  for hospitality and support via the  NSF  grant  1066293.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS MSC is supported by an  Investigador FCT  contract funded by  FCT/MCTES  (Portugal) and  POPH/FSE  (EC). IMB acknowledges financial support from the  FCT (Portugal)  through the  SFRH/BPD/87857/2012. This research made use of funds from the  ERC , under  FP7/EC , through the project  FP7-SPACE-2012-312844. Part of this research was funded through an  International Research Collaboration Award  of the  University of Sydney.
Pyr-GC/MS analysis Pyr-GC in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) is used to obtain structural information about macromolecules by analysing their thermal degradation products. Sequential pyrolysis is performed by analysing identical samples under different conditions, for example by increasing the pyrolysis temperature. Such a sequential procedure can be an adequate tool for extracting OPAs at lower temperatures before determining the pyrolysis products of polymers in one run. Sequential pyrolysis of particles optically identied as potentially being plastics extracted from the sediments was performed using the Multipurpose Sampler 2XL equipped with a thermal desorption system (TDS 3) (Gerstel, Muelheim, Germany). In addition, 10 different types of the most common standard polymers were analysed to create a database of pyrograms.
Name, type and supplier of polymers analysed to create the pyrolysis database (LDPE: low-density polyethylene; HDPE: high-density polyethylene; LLDPE: linear LDPE; w/w: weight/weight, srf: semi-reinforcing furnace, PVC: polyvinyl chloride; PC: polycarbonate nature, PA6 polyamide 6; ABS: acrylnitrile-butadienestyrene, PET: polyethylene terephthalate; EVA: ethylene vinyl acetate; PP: polypropylene; PS: polystyrene).
We present the results of a search through the photometric database of Kepler eclipsing binaries  (Prša et al. 2011; Slawson et al. 2011 ) looking for evidence of hierarchical triple star systems. The presence of a third star orbiting the binary can be inferred from eclipse timing variations. We apply a simple algorithm in an automated determination of the eclipse times for all 2157 binaries. The "calculated" eclipse times, based on a constant period model, are subtracted from those observed. The resulting O -C (observed minus calculated times) curves are then visually inspected for periodicities in order to find triple star candidates. After eliminating false positives due to the beat frequency between the ∼1/2-hour Kepler cadence and the binary period, 39 candidate triple systems were identified.
g. ,  Pribulla & Rucinski 2006). The difficulty here has been that ground-based eclipse timing studies are subject to frequent interruptions due to the diurnal, lunar, and seasonal cycles, not to mention the weather. In this work we make use of three years of nearly continuous observations by Kepler of some 2000 eclipsing binaries to identify candidates for triple star systems. The Kepler mission  (Borucki et al. 2010; Koch et al. 2010; Caldwell et al. 2010 ) has been observing some 157,000 stars, including ∼2000 eclipsing binaries, for the past three years. The continuous monitoring of these eclipsing systems, in combination with the exquisite high photometric precision of the Kepler mission  (Jenkins et al. 2010a; 2010b) , is unprecedented in the history of observational astronomy. As a result, this photometric data set of eclipsing binaries is able to make a serious contribution to the endeavor of identifying promising triple star candidates for followup studies of radial velocity via Doppler spectroscopy.
Already, the Kepler observations have yielded some five triple star systems identified directly by third-body eclipses of the binary  (Carter et al. 2011; Derekas et al. 2011; Slawson et al. 2011 ) while a number of others have been inferred to be triples by evidence for systematic eclipse timing variations ("ETVs") of binaries (Fabrycky 2010;  Slawson et al. 2011; Steffen et al. 2011; Carter et al. 2013 ). The  Slawson et al. (2011)  catalog of binaries, in which ten of these triples are briefly mentioned, was based on only 120 days of Kepler data, whereas approximately an order of magnitude more data now exist. In this study we present the results of a comprehensive search of the Kepler data base of binary systems for evidence of the presence of a third star. This was done by searching for periodic features in so-called O -C curves (observed minus calculated eclipse times) of some 2000 eclipsing binaries.