dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In these cases, the noise started with a P1 component and lasted ~200 ms (see below). The second set of outliers were defined based on their amplitude or outlier-to-signal ratio (0. 5, 0. 8, 1. 2 and 1. 5 times the true N1 amplitude). F I G U R E 5 Synthetic data were generated for one channel, using the model developed by with TP the true positives, TN the true negatives, FP the false positives and FN the false negatives.
Empirical data analysis A second set of analyses used the publicly available multimodal face dataset  (9)  to (1) investigate the PCP classification; (2) validate the GLM implementation for type 1 error family-wise control at the subject level; (3) evaluate group results, contrasting WLS against the OLS and IRLS methods. This analysis can be reproduced using the script available at https://github. com/LIMO-EEG-Toolbox/limo_meeg/blob/master/resources/code/Method_validation. m. on other channels below 0. 8). Data were then re-referenced to the average (pop_reref. m) and submitted to an independent component analysis  (13)  (pop_runica. m using the runnica algorithm sphering data by the number of channels -1). Each component was automatically labelled using the ICLabel v1. 2. 6 plug-in (  14 ), rejecting components labelled as eye movements and muscle activity above 80% probability.
99). When analysing real data, differences in amplitude variations were also captured by the PCP/WLS approach, with amplitude variations related to trials that were out of phase with the bulk of the data. Group-level analyses of the face dataset replicated the main effect of face type (faces > scrambled) in a cluster from ~150 ms to ~350 ms but also revealed a late effect (>500 ms), observed when using WLS and IRLS parameter estimates but absent when using OLS parameter estimates. Despite more data frames declared significant with WLS than OLS, effects sizes were smaller for WLS than for OLS and IRLS. The shape of the F distributions when using WLS parameter estimates were however more right skewed than when using OLS or IRLS, leading cluster corrections to declare more data points as significant.
random Fig. 1. Illustration of the PCP weighting scheme using trials for 'famous faces' of the OpenNeuro. org publicly available ds002718 dataset. Data are from subject 3, channel 34 (see section on empirical data analysis). Panel A shows the single-trial responses to all stimuli. The Electroencephalography robust statistical linear modelling using a single weight per trial repetitions. Performance of the PCP algorithm at detecting outlying synthetic EEG trials was investigated by computing the confusion matrix and mapping the true-and false-positive rates in the receiver operating space, and by computing the Matthew correlation coefficients (MCCs -equation 4). The robustness, or effectiveness of the weighting scheme, was examined by computing the Pearson correlations and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) distances between the ground truth mean and the OLS, WLS and IRLS means.
Pearson values allowed to estimate the linear relationships between estimated means and the truth while KS distances provide a fuller picture of the overall differences in distributions. The code used to generate the ERP and the results are available at https://github. com/LIMO-EEG- Toolbox/limo_test_stats/tree/master/PCP_simulations/. F I G U R E 6 principal component analysis is computed over time, keeping the components explaining the most variance and summing to at least 99% of explained variance (giving here 69 eigenvectors, i. e. independent time components from the initial 176 time points). The data are then projected onto those axes (panel B). From the data projected onto the components, Euclidean distances for location and scatter are computed (panels C and D -showing smooth histograms of weights) and combined to obtain a distance for each trial.
Conclusion To summarize, we have extended the capabilities of MadGraph5_aMC@NLO by implementing the computation of cross sections for asymmetric nuclear collisions. This allows using any PDFs and nPDFs (with their uncertainties) from the LHAPDF library. Nuclear modification factors are also computed automatically with their scale and nPDF uncertainties. We have validated our results against the broadly used MCFM and FEWZ codes and we have observed excellent agreement. The predictions obtained for heavy-quark production in -Pb collisions at different c. m. s. energies are in agreement with the data from the LHCb experiment  [17, 18]  and other theory predictions therein. In the near future we plan to validate the MadGraph5_aMC@NLO framework for pion-induced reactions. All these new capabilities will be available via the EU Virtual Access NLOAccess (https://nloaccess.
Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by  POB HEP of Warsaw University of Technology  within the  Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) program  and the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the Grant Agreement No. 824093  in order to contribute to the  EU Virtual Access "NLOAccess". This  project has also received funding from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  via the grant  ANR-20-CE31-0015  (" PrecisOnium ") and via the  IDEX Paris-Saclay "Investissements d'Avenir"  ( ANR-11-IDEX-0003-01 ) through the  GLU - ODYNAMICS  project funded by the " P2IO LabEx  ( ANR-10-LABX-0038 )". This work was also partly supported by the  French CNRS  via the  IN2P3  project  GLUE@NLO , via the  COPIN-IN2P3  bilateral agreement and via the  Franco-Polish EIA (GlueGraph).
A portrait of the Higgs boson by the CMS experiment ten years after the discovery The CMS Collaboration  1 ✉  In July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the CERN Large Hadron Collider announced the observation of a Higgs boson at a mass of around 125 gigaelectronvolts. Ten years later, and with the data corresponding to the production of a 30-times larger number of Higgs bosons, we have learnt much more about the properties of the Higgs boson. The CMS experiment has observed the Higgs boson in numerous fermionic and bosonic decay channels, established its spin-parity quantum numbers, determined its mass and measured its production cross-sections in various modes. Here the CMS Collaboration reports the most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson, including the most stringent limit on the cross-section for the production of a pair of Higgs bosons, on the basis of data from proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 teraelectronvolts.
Henceforth the distinction between real and virtual particles will be dropped, unless mentioned otherwise. At a mass of around 125 GeV, the Higgs boson decays dominantly into a b quark and its antiquark. Henceforth, the distinction between a particle and its antiparticle will be dropped. From the accurate observation and measurement of the products of the Higgs boson decays and of those associated with its production, experiments are able to infer its properties, including the strength of its self-interaction (λ)  23  and, potentially, decays into BSM particles. This paper presents the combination of results from single Higgs boson production and decay, and its pair production, using datasets corresponding to an integrated luminosity ( ) L up to 138 fb -1 (ref. 24  ), collected by the CMS in 2016-2018.
The CMS experiment and datasets The CMS apparatus 25 , illustrated in Extended Data Fig. 1 , is a multipurpose, nearly hermetic detector, designed to trigger on  26, 27  and identify electrons (e), muons (μ), photons (γ) and (charged and neutral) hadrons  [28] [29] [30]. A trigger is a filter that selects interesting events, where 'event' refers to the result of the selected interaction in a beam crossing, as observed in the detector. A global event reconstruction algorithm 31 combines the information provided by the all-silicon inner tracker, crystal electromagnetic calorimeter, and brass and scintillator hadron calorimeters, operating inside a 3. 8-T superconducting solenoid, with data from gas-ionization muon detectors embedded in the solenoid flux-return yoke, to build electrons, muons, tau (τ) leptons, photons, hadronic jets, missing transverse momentum p ( ) T miss and other physics objects  [32] [33] [34].
Collimated streams of particles arising from the fragmentation of quarks or gluons are called 'jets'. These jets are identified, and their energies measured, by specialized reconstruction algorithms  31, 33. The missing transverse momentum vector is measured with respect to the incoming proton beams, and it is computed as the negative vector sum of transverse momenta of all particles in an event. Several improvements have been introduced into the CMS experiment since the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 (Methods). By July 2012, CMS had collected data corresponding to L = 5. In LHC Run 2 (2015-2018), the accelerator delivered collisions at s = 13 TeV. At this larger energy, the cross-section for Higgs boson production increases by a factor of 2. 2-4. 0, depending on the production mode  [36] [37] [38] [39].
1n ); and (3) through the exchange of a vector boson (Fig. 1o ). Left: constraints on the Higgs boson coupling modifiers to fermions (κ f ) and heavy gauge bosons (κ V ), in different datasets: discovery (red), the full LHC Run 1 (blue) and the data presented here (black). The SM prediction corresponds to κ V = κ f = 1 (diamond marker). Right: the measured coupling modifiers of the Higgs boson to fermions and heavy gauge bosons, as functions of fermion or gauge boson mass, where υ is the vacuum expectation value of the BEH field ('Notes on self-interaction strength' in Methods). For gauge bosons, the square root of the coupling modifier is plotted, to keep a linear proportionality to the mass, as predicted in the SM. The P value with respect to the SM prediction for the right plot is 37. 5%.
Measurement of the properties of the Higgs boson At the time of the Higgs boson discovery  2, 3  , the combination of CMS data gave an observed (obs. ) statistical significance of 5. 0 standard deviation (s. d. ) with an expected (exp. ) significance of 5. Using all the Run 1 data, it was possible to observe separately the bosonic decay channels with significances of 6. 5 s. d for H → ZZ → 4, 5. 6 s. d. for H → γγ, 4. 7 s. d. for H → WW and 3. 8 s. d. for the fermionic decay channel H → ττ (ref. 35  ). Earlier, the first results of the Higgs boson decay into fermions were presented in ref. 63  , reaching a significance of 3. 8 s. d by combining the H → ττ and H → bb decay modes. The mass was measured to a precision of about 0. 2% (ref. 35  ). Using the angular distributions of the leptons in the bosonic decay channels, the spin ( J) and parity (P, a parity transformation that effectively turns a phenomenon into its mirror image) were also found to be compatible with the SM prediction (J P = 0 + ) with a large number of alternative spin-parity hypotheses ruled out at the >99.
1. As an example, for the decay H → γγ proceeding via the loop processes of Fig. 1i ,j, the branching fraction is proportional to κ γ 2 or κ κ (1. 26 -0. 26 ) W t 2. In the SM, all κ values are equal to one. A first such fit to Higgs boson couplings introduces two parameters, κ V and κ f , scaling the Higgs boson couplings to massive gauge bosons and to fermions, respectively. With the limited dataset available at the time of discovery, such a fit provided first indications for the existence of both kinds of coupling. The sensitivity with the present data is much improved, and both coupling modifiers are measured to be in agreement, within an uncertainty of 10%, with the predictions from the SM, as shown in Fig. 3.
In extensions of the SM with new particles, the loop-induced processes may receive additional contributions. A more general fit for deviations in the Higgs boson couplings can then be defined by introducing additional modifiers for the effective coupling of the Higgs boson to gluons (κ g ), photons (κ γ ) and Zγ (κ Zγ ). The results for this fit are shown in Fig. 4  (left). Coupling modifiers are probed at a level of uncertainty of 10%, except for κ b and κ μ (about 20%) and κ Zγ (about 40%), and all measured values are compatible with the SM expectations, to within 1. 5 s. d. These measurements correspond to an increase in precision by a factor of about five compared with what was possible with the discovery dataset. Figure  4  (right) and Extended Data Fig. 8  (left) illustrate the evolution of several κ measurements and their Left: the expected and observed limits on the ratio of experimentally estimated production cross-section and the expectation from the SM (σ Theory ) in searches using different final states and their combination.
The search modes are ordered, from upper to lower, by their expected sensitivities from the least to the most sensitive. The overall combination of all searches is shown by the lowest entry. Right: expected and observed limits on HH production in different datasets: early LHC Run 2 data (35. 9 fb -1 ), present results using full LHC Run 2 data (138 fb -1 ) and projections for the HL-LHC (3,000 fb -1 ).
L. The statistical uncertainties have been scaled by 1/ L, the experimental systematic ones by L 1/ where possible, or fixed at values suggested in ref. 69  , whereas the theoretical uncertainties have been halved. A sizeable improvement is expected after HL-LHC operation. The H → μμ measurements were not available for the first two datasets owing to the lack of sensitivity. The evolution of several signal-strength measurements μ are shown in Extended Data Fig. 7. If new particles exist with masses smaller than m H , other decay channels may be open. Examples of such decays could be into new neutral long-lived particles or into dark-matter particles, neither leaving a trace in the CMS detector. We refer to these as 'invisible' Higgs boson decays, which could be inferred from the presence of large p T miss in the direction of the Higgs boson momentum.
Results from the search for Higgs boson pair production The cross-section for Higgs boson pair production in the SM is extremely small, thus escaping detection at the LHC so far. The results of the search are therefore expressed as an upper limit on the production cross-section. Figure  5  (left) shows the expected and observed limits on Higgs boson pair production, expressed as ratios with respect to the SM expectation, in searches using the different final states and their combination. With the current dataset, and combining data from all currently studied modes and channels, the Higgs boson pair production cross-section is found to be less than 3. 4 times the SM expectation at 95% CL. Figure  5  (right) shows the evolution of the limits from the three most sensitive modes and the overall combination for: the first comprehensive set of measurements using early LHC Run 2 data (35.
The experimental limits on the Higgs boson pair production cross-section (black lines) also show a strong dependence on the assumed values of κ. This is because the interference between different subprocesses, besides changing the expected cross-sections, also changes the differential kinematic properties of the two Higgs bosons, which in turn affects strongly the efficiency for detecting signal events. With the current dataset, we can ascertain at the 95% CL that the Higgs boson self-interaction coupling modifier κ λ is in the range of -1. 24 to 6. 49, whereas the quartic κ 2V coupling modifier is in the range of 0. 67 to 1. 38. Figure  6  (right) shows that κ 2V = 0 is excluded, with a significance of 6. 6 s. d. , establishing the existence of the quartic coupling VVHH depicted in Fig. 1n.
Current knowledge and future prospects The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 completed the particle content of the SM of elementary particle physics, a theory that explains visible matter and its interactions in exquisite detail. The completion of the SM spanned 60 years of theoretical and experimental work. In the ten years following the discovery, great progress has been made in painting a clearer portrait of the Higgs boson. In this paper, the CMS Collaboration reports the most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson, based on data corresponding to an L of up to 138 fb -1 , recorded at 13 TeV. Many of its properties have been determined with accuracies better than 10%. All measurements made so far are found to be consistent with the  expectations of the SM.
Much evidence points to the fact that the SM is a low-energy approximation of a more comprehensive theory. In connection with the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking, several puzzles appear: the so-called naturalness, a technical issue related to the fact that the Higgs boson mass is close to the electroweak scale; in relation to cosmology, the metastability of the vacuum state of the SM and the conjectured period of inflation in the early Universe; the dynamics of the electroweak phase transition and its connection to the matter-antimatter asymmetry of our Universe. These issues motivate attempts at obtaining a deeper understanding of the physics of the Higgs boson. The impressive progress made over the past decade is foreseen to continue into the next one. The current dataset is expected to be doubled in size by the middle of this decade, enabling the establishment of rare decays channels such as H → μμ and H → Zγ.
Operation with the high-luminosity LHC is expected during the next decade and should yield ten times more data then originally foreseen. This should allow the ATLAS and CMS experiments to establish the SM Higgs boson pair production with a significance of 4 s. d. , as well as the Higgs boson coupling to charm quarks, and to search for any exotic decays. Improvements in experimental techniques and theoretical calculations are also anticipated to continue. The CMS experiment is entering the era of precision Higgs physics that will shed light on BSM physics.
This consideration determined the starting point of the design of CMS, and by implication the choice, size and the power of the analysing magnet. The next design priority was driven by the search for the Higgs boson via its decay H → γγ, requiring an excellent electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL). The muon system and the ECAL were to be complemented by a precision inner-tracking system, immersed in a high magnetic field, giving good momentum resolution, and a hadron calorimeter (HCAL) that provided an almost full calorimetric coverage (for example, for the search for the Higgs boson if its mass turned out to be larger than 500 GeV). The CMS detector. The longitudinal cut-away view of the CMS detector is shown in Extended Data Fig. 1. The CMS detector comprises four principal layers: the inner tracker, the ECAL, the HCAL and the muon system.
There, in real time, full-event physics-grade software algorithms, optimized for fast processing, reconstruct physics objects and select for permanent storage some 1,000 events or crossings per second, based on topological and kinematic information (Extended Data Table  3 ). Event reconstruction. The CMS experiment generates a large amount of collision and simulated data. To handle, store and analyse all these data required the development of the worldwide LHC distributed computing grid (wLCG), providing universal access to data for all CMS Collaboration members. The data from the stored events are transferred to the Tier-0 centre housed on CERN's main site, where a first processing stage is performed. The result of this stage is then distributed to seven other major centres worldwide, labelled Tier-1 centres, for offline analysis.
The Tier-1s are designed to carry out tasks of further reconstruction of the collision data with improved calibration and alignment of the various CMS subdetectors, whereas the generation and reconstruction of Monte Carlo event samples is carried out both at the Tier-1 centres and smaller university-based locations, labelled Tier-2 centres. The particle-flow (PF) algorithm 31 reconstructs and identifies each individual particle in an event, with an optimized combination of information from the various elements of the CMS detector. The energy of photons is obtained from the measurements in the ECAL. The energy of electrons is determined from a combination of the electron momentum at the primary interaction vertex as determined by the tracker, and the energy in the corresponding cluster of crystals, including the energy sum of all bremsstrahlung photons spatially compatible with originating from the electron track.
All analyses make extensive use of Monte Carlo simulation of the signal and background processes. The CMS detector is precisely described in software code that is used to generate Monte Carlo event samples. Multiple interactions are included, which match the distribution of the number of pileup interactions observed in data. All the simulated event samples are then processed through the same chain of software programs and procedures as are collision data. Simulated samples are used to evaluate or determine geometric acceptances, energy, momentum and mass resolutions, as well as for online and offline particle identification and reconstruction efficiencies, and for training for the many boosted decision tree algorithms and DNNs.
The ttH and tH production modes are included in the combination and MVA techniques are used to separate the signal from the large multijet backgrounds. This analysis uses the 2016 dataset. Lastly, an inclusive analysis is included that targets Higgs bosons produced with large p T (ref. 51  ). In this kinematic region, the signal-to-background ratio is larger. The two b jets from decays of highly Lorentz-boosted Higgs bosons are close in space and appear in the detector as a single broad jet with distinctive internal structure. Extended Data Fig. 2  (bottom) shows a candidate H → bb event produced in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy s = 13 TeV and recorded in the CMS detector. The H → μμ signal is searched for as a peak in the dimuon mass distribution, over a smoothly falling background  52.
The compatibility between a given set of measurements and their corresponding SM predictions is reported as a P value, derived from the difference between q SM and q μ ( ˆ). Expected intervals are derived from the Asimov dataset, in which the nuisance parameters are set to their maximum likelihood estimator values. The modified likelihood ratio test statistic  q μ μθ ( ) = -2 ln [ ( , ˆ)/ μ L L μ θ ( ˆ, ˆ)] with a constraint μ μ 0 ≤ ˆ≤ is used set 95% CL upper limits on signal strengths and production cross-sections using the "CL s criterion"  40. All the reported confidence intervals, confidence regions and P values are obtained assuming various asymptotic approximations for the distributions of the (modified) likelihood ratio test statistic  79. The validity of the asymptotic assumptions has been routinely checked in the context of individual analyses whenever the event yields are small or particular validity conditions are not met.
It will be based on 600 m 2 of silicon sensors with detecting cells of sizes of 0. 5 cm 2 to 1. 0 cm 2. Regions in this calorimeter will reach integrated doses of up to 500 Mrad and fluences of 10  16  (1 MeV equivalent neutrons) per cm  2. The new front-end electronics for the ECAL barrel will allow data from each crystal to be sent to the calorimeter Level-1 trigger processor, instead of the sum of 25 crystals today, and which will allow better measurement of the timing of the impact of electrons or photons. • Higher-bandwidth Level-1 and high-level triggers. Information from the inner trackers will be used at Level 1. The Level-1 trigger latency will be increased from 4 μs to over 12 μs, requiring corresponding changes in the front-end electronics, allowing more processing time leading to a purer selection of events.