dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
These data give a direct handle on the strange content of the proton, and the ratio of W + +c to W -+c is also sensitive to the strange asymmetry, s -s. In the same analysis, the data are analysed and found to be consistent with a range of PDFs, and indicate a preference for PDFs with an SU (3) symmetric light quark sea, consistent with the result found with the W and Z rapidity distributions. Work is underway to include such data fully and consistently in a PDF fit for the first time. Measurements of vector boson in association with beauty are also available  [146] [147] [148] [149]. These are especially useful to test pQCD calculational schemes  [175]. Vector boson production in association with jets provides further sensitivity to the gluon and sea quark PDFs. ATLAS has released a number of measurements of W + jets and Z+ jets using 2010 and 2011 data  [152] [153] [154] [155].
7 extrapolated towards lower p T. A comprehensive QCD analysis  [48]  of the inclusive jet cross-section measurement at 7 TeV has been performed by the CMS collaboration to demonstrate the impact of these data on the PDFs and to determine the strong coupling constant. The impact of the inclusive jet measurement on the PDFs of the proton is investigated in detail using the HERAFitter tool  [50] , using both the Hessian  [194]  and the Monte Carlo methods  [88]. When the CMS inclusive jet data are used together with the HERA-I DIS measurements, the uncertainty in the gluon distribution is reduced in particular at large x, and a significant reduction of the parametric uncertainty is observed. At the same time, a modest reduction of the uncertainties on u and d valence quark distributions is observed, consistent with the dominance of qq scattering of jet production at high p T.
The inclusion of the CMS inclusive jet data also allows for a combined fit of α S (m Z ) and of the PDFs, which is not possible with the HERA data alone. As summarized in Table  3 , these inclusive jets results are already used by several PDF collaborations. Further inclusive jets measurements at CMS are still ongoing, and are expected to extend and complete the Run I legacy picture. Two measurements of the three-jet cross section have been performed and optimized for the extraction of α S running. The first one  [49]  has used the ratio between the three jets cross section and the dijet cross section, that is proportional to α S at leading order. This observable has a reduced dependence on the proton PDF and is used to partially decouple the measurement of α S from the gluon density. The second analysis  [184]  makes usage of the three jet mass spectrum, which is proportional to α 3 S at leading order.
In principle this observable is more sensitive than the previous one, but is also more dependent on the choice of the proton PDF and suffers from larger systematic uncertainties. The three measurements together provide for the first time a stringent test of the strong coupling running in the region between 100 GeV and 2 TeV. In particular, these are the first direct measurements of the strong coupling constant at the TeV scale, that can be used to provide constraints on BSM scenarios  [195]. The dijet cross-sections  [25]  have been measured using the CMS data collected in 2011 at √ s = 7 TeV. This measurements exhibit a significant statistical correlation with the inclusive jets case. Since no statistical correlation matrix has been provided between the various CMS jet measurements, it is not possible to use them at the same time in a PDF analysis.
A significant effort within the CMS collaboration has been devoted to the precise measurements of the inclusive vector boson production. Three sets of measurements can be identified: the neutral and charged Drell-Yan (DY) production with a particular attention dedicated to the Z peak; the charged lepton radial asymmetry in the W production (hereafter referred as W asymmetry); the high p T bosons production. While the first two measurements are expected to be mainly sensitive to quark density, the third one should provide additional constrain on the gluon density. The inclusive measurements in electron and muon channels of the on-peak neutral and charged DY cross section have been performed at 7 and 8 TeV using the first low luminosity data in order to reduce the contamination from the pile-up  [179] [180] [181].
The former measurement may also provide a certain sensitivity to the PDFs, which has not been studied yet. The lepton-charge asymmetry measurements in W -boson production has been performed sepa-rately with muons and electrons that are sensitive to different experimental systematic effects. The most precise measurement available today  [26]  remains the muon charge asymmetry measurement at CMS, performed with the full 7 TeV data set, while the electron charge asymmetry is limited by the available p T single lepton trigger to 880 pb -1 data sample  [178]. The sensitivity of the muon charge asymmetry to the valence quark density has been studied in a QCD analysis at NLO in  [26]. A significant reduction of the uncertainty on the d-valence and u-valence distributions is observed with respect to a PDF fit in which only HERA-I inclusive DIS data are used.
Constraints from LHCb The LHCb experiment, thanks to its unique forward coverage, extends the kinematical range covered by ATLAS and CMS and in particular allows to explore in better detail the small-x region  [197]. Therefore, even for the same underlying physical process, LHCb measurements are fully complementary to those of ATLAS and CMS. The corresponding overview of LHCb results are summarized in Table  4. Measurements of W and Z production using muon final states have been performed with 37 pb [34] Exclusive J/ψ production 7 TeV, 1. 0 fb -1  Sect. 3. 9. [143] -Exclusive Υ production 7, 8 TeV, 3. 0 fb -1 Sect. 3. 9. [211] - of data collected in 2010  [198]. These measurements, along with those of Z production in the di-electron channel at 7 TeV  [199] , have been incorporated by the CT, MMHT and NNPDF collaborations into their latest PDF fits  [21, 22].
Updated measurements of the W and Z production cross-sections and their ratio have since been performed with the full 2011 dataset  [200, 201]. Among these, Ref. [201]  contains the most up-to-date and precise measurement of both the W and Z cross-sections. The precision is significantly improved due to the larger data sample, a better understanding of the detector effects, and an improved luminosity determination  [202]. As regards the dataset collected in 2012 at a centre-ofmass energy of 8 TeV, Z production has been measured in the di-electron channel  [203] , with W and Z measurements in the more precise muon channels expected to follow in 2015. Low-mass Drell-Yan measurements at LHCb are sensitive to x values as low as 8 x 10 -6 at Q 2 = 25 GeV 2. A preliminary measurement has been performed by the collaboration at 7 TeV  [204]  and work is ongoing to finalize the result with the Run-I dataset.
In particular, a limited amount of PU significantly simplifies the extraction of the W cross section, affected by the performance of the missing transverse energy, and the use of low trigger threshold for the electron channel, otherwise affected by large fake rates. If the statistical uncertainty of the sample allows, measurements of differential distributions as functions of the boson p T and y could be performed on the same dataset. A subsequent period of data taking with bunch spacing of 50 ns and integrated luminosity up to 1 fb -1 is foreseen. These data will be provided with pileup conditions very similar to those occurring at the end of Run I (PU=20) and will represent a perfect candidate to measure the cross section ratios at different center-of-mass energies. The rest of the data, corresponding to the largest part of the integrated luminosity, will be collected with a bunch spacing of 25 ns, with pileup rapidly increasing from 20 to 40, and probably more.
2 and 0. 7  this time for the gluon PDF, using the measurement of the t t/Z ratio as input to the profiling. atics for the Run II dataset. The baseline total uncertainty varies between 0. 00155 and 0. 00050 for the central and the most forward regions, respectively. The bin-to-bin correlation model for the systematic uncertainties is taken similar to the CMS analysis with strong correlation for the neighboring bins, ≈ 0. 7, and some anti-correlation between far-apart bins, up to -0. 5. Basic properties of the pseudo-data samples are listed in Table  5. The correlation model was kept unchanged between the baseline, aggressive and conservative scenarios for data uncertainties.
When available, also the corresponding Rivet analysis could be made public there. • Whenever possible, the LHC experiments should try to provide information on cross-correlations between individual datasets, as well as between different data-taking years when available. These cross-correlations can be both of statistical and of systematic origin. This is necessary to consistently include at the same time in a common global analysis measurements like inclusive jets and dijets from the same dataset, which have both statistical and systematic correlations. • In addition, it would be beneficial for PDF analysis if the LHC experiments could agree on which systematic uncertainties are correlated between ATLAS, CMS and LHCb, even partially, since this maximises the constraints that can be extracted from the LHC measurements.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the participants of the various PDF4LHC meetings that stimulated many enthusiastic discussions on the measurements and methodological developments reviewed in this report. We are grateful to  José Ignacio Latorre  and all the  Pedro Pascual Benasque Center for Science team  for their invaluable support during the workshop Parton Distributions for the LHC in February 2015, where many of the authors of this paper were present. The work of A. A. was supported by the  DOE  contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 , under which  Jefferson Science Associates, LLC operates Jefferson Lab , and by the  DOE  contract  DE-SC008791. The work of S. Farry is supported by a research fellowship from the  Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851. The work of S. Forte is supported in part by an  Italian   PRIN2010  grant and by a  European Investment Bank   EIBURS grant.
The work of L. H. -L. is supported by the  Science and Technology Facilities Council  ( STFC ) for via the grant award  ST/L000377/1. The research of J. G. in the  High Energy Physics Division at Argonne  is supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy ,  High Energy Physics, Office of Science , under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The work of P. N. is supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy  under grants  DE-SC0003870  and  DE-SC0013681. The work of J. R. is supported by an  STFC Rutherford Fellowship   ST/K005227/1  and by an  European Research Council   Starting Grant  " PDF4BSM ". The work of R. T. is supported partly by the  London Centre for Terauniverse Studies (LCTS) , using funding from the  European Research Council  via the Advanced Investigator Grant  267352. R. T. would also like to thank the  Science and Technology Facilities Council  ( STFC ) for support via grant awards  ST/J000515/1  and  ST/L000377/1 , and the  IPPP, Durham , for the award of a  Research Associateship.
Database and Keyword Selection We focused the search to six major publishers, digital libraries or meta search engines in the field: Scopus, Springer Link, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, ACM, and ProQuest. These were chosen because they cover the majority of the publications in the fields of ubicomp and HCI. The query was conducted on August 21st 2014. The initial search from each source was executed with a combination of three types of keywords, one focusing on the ubicomp system type, the second on the empirical user study and the third on the UX related terms (see Table  1 ). Regarding the technology, we aimed at covering keywords that represent the broad field of ubicomp. We included generic ubiquity-related terms (e. g. pervasive, ambient, everyware), recent related trends that are considered to belong to ubicomp (e.
Regarding the validity of this research, literature reviews face inherent challenges regarding the coverage. Because of the keyword and database selection in this broad field, some relevant papers have probably been missed. For example, papers discussing phenomena related to UX but not with that specific term may have been left out (e. g. related to affective interaction or novel, embedded systems). Furthermore, we focused on ACM, IEEE, etc. because of their technical ubicomp relevance, and thus it is possible that we left out some relevant social science research focusing on ubicomp systems. After conducting the systematic literature review, we found some further ubicomp studies (such as  [9, 6, 22] ) which would have been relevant but were not found by the review because the keywords were not present in the title or abstract.
Dataset Field data were obtained during the CAIBOX cruise (25 July to 14 August 2009) on board the B/O Sarmiento de Gamboa. The survey comprised three large-scale conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD rosette) sections defining a box in the Iberian Basin: a north zonal one at 41º30' N, a west meridional one at 20º W and a south transverse that closed the box against the African coast through the Canary Islands (Figure  1 ). During the cruise, 71 hydrographic stations were set up, at which multidisciplinary observations were carried out in the water column with a SBE911plus CTD rosette equipped with 24 Niskin bottles (12 L). At each station, profiles of temperature and salinity were obtained during the CTD downcast, while 24 pressure levels were sampled with Niskin bottles and CTD sensors on the upcast.
The CTD data were processed by standard procedures and software from SeaBird. The CTD-derived salinity was calibrated with water samples collected with the CTD rosette and analysed on board with a Guildline 8410-A Portasal. At two stations (40 and 47), the CTD did not get close to the bottom for technical reasons, and the downcast profiles were depth-   (Fajar et al. , 2012) , and nutrients were determined by standard segmented flow analysis with an Alpkem analyser  (Álvarez-Salgado et al. , 1992). These chemical properties were used in solving the water mass multiparameter mixing model. Potential temperature (θ), practical salinity spatial distributions and mean property profiles by section are shown in Figure  2a , while θ/S diagrams by section are depicted in Figure  2b. Under-way velocity measurements between 10 and ~650 dbar were obtained with the shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (SADCP; RDI Ocean Surveyor at 75 kHz).
oceanobs. com/duacs/) on a 1/3° grid, with data every 7 days since October 1992). High-resolution QuikScat winds (Figure  1 , inset map, 0. 5º x 0. 5º, http://cersat. ifremer. fr/) data for the year of the CAIBOX cruise (2009) were used to compute the Ekman transport induced by the wind drag on the sea surface. Another source of data was the European 40-year re-analysis of meteorological observations (ERA40), from September 1957 to August 2002, produced by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (2. 5º × 2. 5º, http://www. ecmwf. int/), from which air-sea volume fluxes were extracted (evaporation, precipitation and river runoff).
This vertical range avoids the Ekman layer and the deepest SADCP, which have noisy records. When gaps appeared in the SADCP register (station pairs 10-12, 35-37 and 40), due to technical problems in recording, Aviso altimetry-derived geostrophic velocities were used instead  (Gourcuff et al. , 2011)  (see estimated mean Aviso velocity normal to the section by station pairs in Figure  4 ). In the northern and western sections, SADCP and Aviso velocities were more concordant (with a correlation > 60%, not shown) than in the south section. SADCP data can be included in the model as additional constraints  (Lherminier et al, 2007 (Lherminier et al, , 2010)) , in an attempt to find a better solution for the inverse problem  (Mercier, 1986). Nevertheless, this is true only when these new constraints provide useful information for the solution, i.
From the total transport of MW out of the limits of our box (by whatever mechanism), we quantified the amount of MW flowing across the northern, western and southern limits of the box and found a ratio of 65:32:3, with 65% of the total MW flowing northwards, 32% westwards and 3% southwards. This proportion is comparable to that obtained from WOA09 summer data (58:29:13)  (Carracedo et al. , 2014). AA and LSW are transported mainly in the intermediate layer (Figure  8b ). The total transport of AA across the section is 0. 14 ± 0. 6 Sv, its presence being mainly restricted to the vicinity of the Canary Archipelago. Its major contribution (up to ~75%) is located in the Lanzarote Passage (Figure  7 ), where its largest incoming transport (0. 34 Sv) occurs (Figure  8 ). (Pérez-Hernández et al. , 2013) , data which validate our result.
Acknowledgements This work is part of the  CAIBEX  Project:  Shelf-ocean exchanges in the Canaries-Iberia large marine ecosystem  ( CTM2007-66408-C02/MAR ), supported by the  Spanish Council of Education and Science. The authors thank the cruise participants, both the  Sarmiento de Gamboa crew  and the scientific and technical team, for their indispensable help, to  X. A. Álvarez-Salgado  and  V. Viéitez dos Santos  for providing the nutrient data and to  N. Fajar  for the O 2 data. Thank you very much in particular to  Ms Elisabeth Heseltine  for her valuable help with the English review. Finally, we thank the editor and the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions, which greatly improved the original manuscript. The first author, L. I. C. , was first funded by a predoctoral fellowship  FPU  from the  Formation National Programme of Human Resources , within the framework of the  National Plan for Scientific Investigation, Development and Technological Innovation 2008-2011 , from the  Spanish Council of Education , and now is funded by the  Spanish Research Council , through the  7th Framework Program (EU FP CARBOCHANGE ,  C_ENVIR/0869 ).
Decisions at each point are taken based on the governance rules defined for the project. We have studied eight OSS projects where external contributions are welcome (i. e. , Android 5  , GNOME  6  , Apache web server  7  , Mozilla 8  , Python 9  , Moodle 10  , EMF 11  , MoDisco  12  ). Each project was analyzed according to nine dimensions targeting three main viewpoints, specifically: organizational viewpoint, which studies how developers are organized (mainly hierarchically or not) (organization dimension), the main communication means (coordination and tracking system dimensions) and who can participate (participation dimension); development process viewpoint, which assesses how the review process is done in each one of the three main decision points (task review, patch review and release decision dimensions); and governance rule definition viewpoint, which studies where the governance rules are usually defined and who is involved (Rules Def.
/ App. and Roles dimensions). We believe these dimensions cover all elements that are part of the governance of an OSS project. Table  I  shows a summary of the data we gathered. Next we describe the results in more detail. • Organization. The organization followed by a project summarizes its main development philosophy. The vast majority of analyzed projects follow a hierarchical scheme, meaning that there exist several hierarchical levels of user groups collaborating in the development (e. g. , leaders, contributors, users, etc. ), where each group/role has different permissions and tasks. A good example is the Android project, where each role has assigned a particular function in the process (e. g. , approvers approve tasks, verifiers review patches, etc. ) supporting the project leader.
For instance, in the GNOME project, some tasks 13 are used to openly discuss possible changes in the development strategy. • Participation. In general, in OSS, anyone is able to take part in the development, i. e. , it is not necessary to be an official developer to inform new feature requests or bugs. • Task review. Once a task (i. e. , feature request/bug) is notified, it can be reviewed to be accepted or rejected. Except for Python, where all the tasks are accepted and only reviewed if they include the corresponding patch, the rest of the projects have a decision process to accept or 13 http://felipec. wordpress. com/2011/09/23/no-gnome-doesnt-want-userfeedback-how-i-argued-in-favor-of-voting-in-bugzilla-and-got-banned-as-aresult reject the task proposal. In general, the decision process is made by either the leader (e.
The only exception is the decision process for Apache, where a ballot takes place. • Governance rule definition and application. This feature shows how governance rules are defined and applied. In general, none of the projects explictly defines these rules, and to make things worse, the result of their application is scattered throughout the management systems (i. e. , track systems or mailing-lists). • Roles. The group of users collaborating in the development are classified according to a set of roles. All the analyzed projects include both the role of developer (a. k. a. contributor/committer), who can commit changes into the source code repository of the software projecs, and the corresponding role for leaders (a. k. a owners/chairs). In summary, most projects are hierarchical where contributors are driven by a leader (or a set of leaders) who normally decides which tasks should be completed first.
A collaboration element can also have some metadata information (metadata reference) and has a proposing user (isProposed reference) and a leader (leader reference). During the collaboration, a user (User metaclass) is identified by an identifier (id attribute) and belongs to a one or more roles (roles reference). Note also that, both, collaboration elements and users are linked to the tracking system (see Tracking System component) to be able to link these interactions with the status of the corresponding elements in the official project tracking system. The metamodel also allows representing users' votes (Vote metaclass) to express their agreement/disagreement with a collaboration (agreement attribute). A vote has a timestamp (timeStamp attribute) and a rationale (rationale attribute) explaining the reason for the positive/negative vote.
VI. CASE STUDY: APACHE We have used our approach to model the decision process followed in the Apache project (where the choice of Apache was motivated by the fact that it has a more complex governance process than other analyzed projects). Our goal is twofold: (1) illustrating the use of our approach and (2) checking that our DSL is able to represent complex governance processes. We first represent the governance rules used to select tasks to complete. As described before, there are two types of voting procedures in Apache depending on whether the task to work on involves source code changes or not. The DSL excerpt defining these Apache governance rules would be: to facilitate the discovery of existing governance rules in a project to later represent and manage them using our approach. Our DSL can be related to process description and workflow languages (  [24] ,  [25]  among others), where process and decision paths can be defined.