dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
CDI incidence and PAR% for each subpopulation were then stratified by time from the last exposure to the index date ( 3, 3-6, and 6-12 months, for infection and healthcare exposures only), age (66-70, 71-75, 76-80, 81-85, >85), and hospitalization in the three months prior to the index date (no hospitalization, non-emergent hospitalization, emergent hospitalization). SAS version 9. 3 (Cary, N. C. ) and SPSS version 21 (IBM Statistics, Chicago, IL. ) were used for analyses. This study received approval from the Washington University Human Research Protection Office.
difficile may predispose to CDI  [24]. Two infections of particular note from our study are pneumonia and urinary tract infection. These infections had the highest PAR% (35. 2% and 40. 5%, respectively) among acute infections, and are commonly treated with cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, antimicrobials associated with the highest risk for CDI  [22]. This study utilized the Medicare 5% random sample, an administrative claims database. Advantages are that the data are collected in a similar fashion and the cohorts are large and representative of the US population >65 years of age, and use of administrative data to identify CDI has been validated  [25]. Limitations include reliance on coding data without an assessment of the patient's clinical course. Efforts were made to minimize risk of temporally misclassifying an event that occurred after CDI as an exposure.
These potential high impact subpopulations include people with deficiency anemia, congestive heart failure, fluid and electrolyte disorders, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, emergency department visits (in particular if it leads to a hospitalization), and/or invasive procedures. Necessary next steps are to design and implement interventions to prevent CDI based upon targeting these populations. Supporting Information S1 File. Database descriptions. Table A in SI File: Prevalence of comorbidities, infections, healthcare exposures, and age groups; CDI incidence and population attributable risk percent (PAR%) of comorbidities, infections, healthcare exposures, and age groups. Table B in S1 File: Prevalence of comorbidities, infections within 3 months of CDI, and healthcare exposures within 3 months of CDI and CDI incidence and population attributable risk percent (PAR%) of comorbidities, infections within 3 months of CDI, and healthcare exposures within 3 months of CDI stratified by age.
Against recurrent controversies around the safety of short-and long-acting β 2 -agonists (SABA and LABA), and the National Review of Asthma Deaths inquiry in the United Kingdom, we investigated the prevalence of inappropriate therapy in asthma. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of inappropriate use of asthma therapy in the United Kingdom and in France. Two interval,  parallel, population-based cohorts (2007 and 2013) were developed in each country by using the UK OPCRD and the French EGB databases. Patients aged 6-40 years were studied over the 12-month period following inclusion, regarding overuse (⩾12 units) of SABA, use of LABA without inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and ⩾ 2-fold higher use of LABA compared with that of ICS. Overall, 39,743 UK and 4,910 French patients were included in 2007, and 14,036 and 5,657 patients, respectively, were included in 2013.
2, 21 n our study, additional precautions were taken to include patients likely to suffer from asthma, including the requirement of at least three dispensations of R03 over 12 months in a prior period. In addition, children aged o 6 years, adults 440 years (to avoid including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) and patients with cystic fibrosis were excluded. Consequently, our study was completed with cohorts that were highly likely to include only asthma patients. Two different data sets were used, one recording prescribing and the other recording dispensations. Unfilled prescriptions are not recorded in French claims data, and there was no way to verify whether inadequate use was primarily due to patients or to healthcare professionals. However, one of our recent studies has shown that inappropriate management by general practitioners is not uncommon in France or in the UK.
22 o outcome data (e. g. , deaths and hospitalisations) were computed, as the purpose of this research was to give an overview of the extent of inappropriate management of asthma. Outcome data will be collected in the context of the ASTROLAB study that relates detailed patterns of use of asthma therapy to outcomes. 23 nother issue raised by the UK National Review of Asthma Deaths was the underuse of ICS. In this study, underuse of ICS was not investigated, as unlike overuse of SABA and use of LABA without ICS, this exposure is difficult to assess in isolation from the clinical context. Beyond the complex issue of adherence,  24  many subjects have seasonal symptoms leading to temporary ICS use. In the absence of detailed clinical data and within our observational study design, it is almost impossible to distinguish persistent asthma, in need of regular ICS therapy, from milder or intermittent asthma, at lower risk of exacerbations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Setting Parallel population-based cohorts were created in each country for two distinct periods: 2007 and 2013. The Optimum Patient Care Research Database (OPCRD) electronic health records database in the United Kingdom and the Permanent Beneficiaries Sample database (EGB) in France were used. The OPCRD comprises routinely recorded clinical data extracted through the Optimum Patient Care Clinical Service Evaluation. The service extracts data from 600 practices spread throughout the United Kingdom, and collects all longitudinal data from these practices. As new practices are being recruited and contribute data from past years, this database resulted in a higher data collection from 2007 versus 2013. The database (anonymised) is comprised of electronic medical records and characterises patients in terms of their demography, disease control and exacerbation history.
33 he EGB database is a 1/97th representative random sample of the Système National d'Information Inter-Régimes de l'Assurance Maladie (SNIIR-AM). The SNIIR-AM  34  is a French nation-wide, population-based database that records anonymised individual data on all reimbursements for healthcare utilisation, including therapy. There is no information on the medical condition linked to reimbursements.
Selection criteria Patients with asthma were selected in both countries, for the years 2007 and 2013. Given the differences between the database sources used, notably regarding the availability of recorded diagnoses, specific inclusion criteria were used for each country, to allow comparison. In the United Kingdom, patients with a diagnosis of asthma in 2007, plus at least three prescriptions respiratory drugs (SABAs, LABAs, ICS, fixed-dose combination of ICS and LABAs, leukotriene receptor antagonist and xanthines) at three different dates (entry date = date of third prescription), and aged 6-40 years at entry date were selected. French patients with at least three dispensations of respiratory drugs (SABAs, LABAs, ICS, fixed-dose combination of ICS and LABAs, leukotriene receptor antagonist and xanthines) in 2007 at three different dates were qualified to enter the cohort (entry date = date of the third dispensation).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The OPCRD has been approved by  Trent Multi Centre Research Ethics Committee  for clinical research use, and this study has been approved by OPCRD's Anonymised Data Novartis and  Teva Pharmaceuticals ; funding for patient enrolment or completion of research from  Almirall ,  Chiesi ,  Teva Pharmaceuticals  and Zentiva; and peer reviewer for grant committees of the  Medical Research Council  ( 2014 ),  Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation programme  ( 2012 ), HTA (2014). During the past 36 months, EVG received grants or personal fees from  ALK ABELLO ,  AstraZeneca ,  Bayer ,  BMS ,  Boehringer Ingelheim ,  GlaxoSmithKline ,  IMS ,  LASER ,  Merck Sharp and Dohme. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.
2 ). The field is trapped in a series of rotated fault blocks defined by major N-S trending faults, with throws up to several hundreds of meters  (Rouby et al. 1996 ) (Fig. 2 ). The secondary fault system trends in E-W with smaller throws of up to 100 m. The reservoirs consist of Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic sandstones. Subsidence occurred throughout the Triassic, when 3000 m of Triassic sediments was deposited in the northern Viking Graben  (Gabrielsen et al. 1990). A major uplift is recorded in the Lower-Middle Jurassic series of the central North Sea, where a major rift dome was located. In the northern Viking Graben, doming-related regression led to the deposition of the Middle to the Late Jurassic  (Arild and Petter 2000). The Shetland Platform was uplifted, and differential fault block subsidence was associated with the development and rotation of large fault block, with the Late Jurassic rifting phase constituting the major contributor to the structuring of Jurassic-Triassic reservoir which are very pronounced on seismic data and of greatest importance for the oil industry  (Rouby et al.
Methodology Interpretations were made on a 3D seismic cube providing full-volume visualization. In order to perform interpretations, initial steps of constructing horizons at varying depths and fault identification are carried out using the Kingdom Suite software 8. 8. Generation of time structure/ amplitude/coherence and time-thickness maps was constructed from the determined horizons. Depositional features of different bed forms were identified from the seismic attributes. Fault identification is a crucial step that was carried out simultaneously in order to categorize the faults and create fault surfaces. Integrating these data would aid in identifying hydrocarbon traps in the region, and by utilizing these data sets, 2D and 3D models were constructed (Fig. 3 ).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  Norway Ministry of Petroleum and Energy  for providing 3D seismic data of Gullfaks field, block  34/10  in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http:// creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/),which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
As the DART mode uses two excitation frequencies f 1 , f 2 this leads to four measured quantities, namely the corresponding amplitudes A 1 , A 2 and phases f 1 , f 2. This is sufficient to obtain values for Q and f 0 from which A d is calculated. This procedure, according to the method outlined in ref. 20, is performed by the Asylum Research software (Version 13. 16. 100). Furthermore, since A d ¼ d 33 V ac , we can obtain values  for the d 33 piezoelectric coefficient. A range of nanowires of various sizes was selected for investigation and several points per nanowire were measured. The entire data set for PTO is shown in Fig. 4a , and that for the PZT nanowires in Fig. 4b. Clearly the measured d 33 values are scattered. This is not surprising, taking into account the randomness of the orientation of the c axis ( orientation of the spontaneous polarization) relative to the direction of the applied electric field (Fig.
For this purpose we modified and upgraded the 2D elastoplastic model of the PTO nanowire developed in ref. 6. The model is solved in two steps. First, the phase transformation is simulated for each wire diameter as in ref. 6, but with parameters modified to fit the experimentally observed c/a ratio with the new first principles data presented in this work. The obtained pressure distribution is linked to distribution of piezoelectric coefficients via the first principles data shown in Fig. 1a. In the second step, the piezoelectric response is calculated with the conventional piezoelectric materials module in Comsol 4. 3a. Three configurations are analysed as shown in Fig. 5. For the first configuration, the effective d 33 coefficient is calculated from the displacement of a nanowire that is excited by an electric field between a bottom electrode and an B50-nm diameter PFM tip (Fig.
Piezoresponse of nanowires was calculated in two steps. First, the process of negative-pressure formation during the structural phase transition from PX to the perovskite phase was simulated with a 2D numerical model of an elasto-plastic material whose spontaneous strain is coupled (through a phase parameter) with the concentration of diffusing catalytic oxygen. The simulation domain has a square shape of varying size with round fillets. The boundary conditions are set as stress-free with the influx of oxygen. The phase change is defined as a change of spontaneous strain at a specified oxygen concentration. The model is implemented in the finite-element method software COMSOL 4. 3a by modification of its standard heat transfer and solid mechanics modules. Second, the distribution of d 33 in the nanowire was associated with the negative pressure via the first principles calculated data.
Acknowledgements The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013) /  ERC  grant agreement no. (268058). Jin Wang  and  Zhiyong Shi  acknowledge the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (Grant No. 51302143 ) and  Shenzhen Special Fund for the Development of Emerging Industries  (Grant No. JCYJ20140417115840233 ) for financial support. We thank  CIME-EPFL  team for the transmission electron microscopy investigation facilities.
Lake Ohrid is located at the border between FY-ROM (Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia) and Albania and formed during the latest phases of Alpine orogenesis. It is the deepest, the largest and the oldest tectonic lake in Europe. To better understand the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental evolution of Lake Ohrid, deep drilling was carried out in 2013 within the framework of the Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions (SCOP-SCO) project that was funded by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP). Preliminary results indicate that lacustrine sedimentation of Lake Ohrid started between 1. 2 and 1. 9 Ma ago. Here we present new pollen data (selected percentage and concentration taxa/groups) of the uppermost ∼ 200 m of the 569 m long DEEP core drilled in the depocentre of Lake Ohrid.
2 Ma of continuous lake sedimentation, with clear glacial-interglacial signatures represented in the sediment properties  (Wagner et al. , 2014). Here we report new palynological data from the upper ∼ 200 m of the DEEP core from Lake Ohrid, representing vegetation dynamics over the past ∼ 500 ka. Specific objectives of this study are (1) to outline the flora and vegetation changes that occurred in the last half million years in the area surrounding Lake Ohrid, (2) to understand the glacial and interglacial vegetation dynamics, and (3) to correlate the vegetation changes with benthic and planktic marine isotope stratigraphy. Considering the core length, in this paper we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of millennial-scale vegetation dynamics during glacial-interglacial stages at Lake Ohrid before analysing intervals at high resolution.
Juniperus type includes pollen grains of Cupressus, Juniperus and Taxus. Pollen curves/diagrams (Fig. 2 , 3 and 4) were drawn using the C2 program  (Juggins, 2003). Ages are expressed in thousands of years BP (ka BP). Pollen zone boundaries were established with the help of CONISS  (Grimm, 1987). Given the millennial temporal resolution of the skeleton diagram and considering the ongoing and planned high-resolution studies, we assigned 13 (i. e. OD-1 to OD-13) Pollen Assemblage Su-perZones (PASZ, sensu  Tzedakis, 1994a ) that correspond to major shifts in glacial-interglacial vegetation. This approach allows for the definition of new pollen zones and subzones within these superzones as high-resolution (centennial) data from the Lake Ohrid archive will emerge.
But this should be a constant factor in the analysed records, unless big changes in the lake surface occurred. The available seismic data, not completely processed yet, suggest anyway (K. Lindhorst and S. Krastel, personal Comparison of selected proxies from Lake Ohrid with other records spanning the last 500 ka drawn against original age models. Lake Ohrid: total organic carbon, TOC, total inorganic carbon, TIC  (Francke et al. , 2016) ; total pollen concentration of terrestrial plants (AP + NAP) and the same without Pinus, AP percentages (this study). Tenaghi Philippon: AP % excluding Pinus, Betula and Juniperus  (Wijmstra, 1969 and Wijmstra and Smit, 1976 ; age model from  Tzedakis et al. , 2006). Marine records: LR04 δ 18 O benthic stack  (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005) ; stacked benthic δ 18 O data for ODP sites 967 and 968 from the eastern Mediterranean  (Konijnendijk et al.
Comparison with other proxies and outlook In Fig. 4  alignment of the TOC, TIC, AP percentages and AP + NAP concentrations from Lake Ohrid (and "ecogroup" curves of Fig. 3 ) with both Tenaghi Philippon AP %  (Tzedakis et al. , 2006)  and marine isotope curves shows a very good general agreement between the different records. TOC and AP + NAP (pollen of terrestrial plants) concentration as well as AP % show the same main changes, indicating that there is a tight coupling between the plant biomass and the organic carbon deposited in the lake. TIC increases are mostly in phase with vegetation changes too. The main discrepancies between both TIC / TOC and pollen data are found during glacial phases OD-12 (488-459 ka) and. The similarity between Lake Ohrid and Tenaghi Philippon curves is striking.
Conclusions The 500 ka long DEEP pollen record from Lake Ohrid represents a continuous documentation of the vegetation and climate history of the western Balkan region. Palynological data are complemented by many sedimentological proxies highlighting the need for a multi-disciplinary approach in palaeoenvironmental studies (see all other articles of this special issue). The richness of pollen diversity continuity along this long-time series point to the particular climatic and environmental conditions that contributed to the high plant diversity encountered at Ohrid at present. This has deep roots in the past, as the lake has probably acted as a permanent water reservoir providing moisture to its surroundings even during dramatic dry or cold climatic phases. In fact trees never disappeared from the investigated area.
-Similarities and dissimilarities with other southern European and Near Eastern pollen records, even if already visible, will be better defined with the improvement of analyses through ongoing high-resolution studies. -A close correspondence of interglacial and glacial climate and vegetation evolution to regional benthic and planktic isotope data is apparent. The Ohrid pollen record integrates temperature data from the marine stratigraphy, with a clear indication of humidity/dryness changes. Author contributions. This article is the product of strict cooperative work among palynologists who all contributed to the Lake Ohrid pollen analysis and its interpretation. Acknowledgements. The authors are indebted to the two referees Thomas Litt and Chronis Tzedakis for the constructive comments that were used to improve the paper.
Aircraft attitude data were also acquired by the AVOID system, but more accurate data from the A340 avionics system were used in the post analysis. Data were received in real time onto a control computer housed inside the aircraft and displayed onto a screen. Only an indication of the ash layer was provided during the flights; detailed analysis and corrections for aircraft attitude were applied in a post analysis. As it was impossible to visually sight the ash layer, the first indications of it were made using the AVOID data displayed on the system on the aircraft in real time. However, proper identification and analysis, including conversion of the brightness temperature measurements to mass loadings required use of a radiative transfer model and a microphysical ash model (see Radiative Transfer in Methods).
Acknowledgements G. S. P. and T. A. M. acknowledge funding from the  NERC   SHIVA  project  NE/J023310/1  and the  NERC Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET). We thank the  University of Iceland  for help with, and provision of the Eyjafjallajökull ash. We also gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the aviators and support engineers at AIRBUS and easyJet. We acknowledge the use of data products or imagery from the  Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability  for EOS (LANCE) system operated by the  NASA/ GSFC/Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS)  with funding provided by  NASA/HQ.
So, on all maps, one finds very precise drawings showing the main beacons, rocks, towers, lighthouses, etc. (Figure  8 ). This is the first reason that helped promote the idea of coastlines as discrete, non-global features. For a sailor, each harbour is different from any other. The second reason is all about maps. A coastline is, on a map, a line showing where the coast is. It is the location of the average sea level. Sea level is usually measured in a Tide Gauge (in Marseille and in Brest in the case of France) and the average of all the measurements is calculated. The operation is exactly the same as when Humboldt calculated an average with all the temperature data he had. Just as Humboldt did with his famous figure on isotherms, the average sea level is represented as a line on a map. These maps correlate a seen landscape (beacons, hills, bays …) and a calculated boundary, the sea level.
Acknowledgments The authors express their thanks to two anonymous referees. Pirazzoli P A 1996  Sea level changes Wiley, Chichester Regnauld H, Jennings S, Delaney C  and Lemasson L 1996 Holocene sea level variations and geomorphological response: an  exemple in Northern Brittany Quaternary Science Reviews 15 781-7 Regnauld H, Pirazzoli P A, Morvan G  and Ruz M 2004 Impacts of storms and evolution of the coastline Marine Geology 210 325-37 Regnauld H, Volvey A and Limido-Heulot P 2012 Géomorphosites et collection du FRAC Bretagne: comment les Arts Plastiques actuels peuvent-ils participer à la réflexion sur les sites littoraux remarquables?Géocarrefour 87 219-28 Ruby C 1998 Kant Géographe espaces temps 68 129-36 Sachs A 2007 The current Humboldt. A European explorer and his American disciples  Oxford University Press , Oxford Steinberg P E 2001 The social construction of the ocean Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Valentin H 1952  Die Küsten der Erde Petermanne Geog.
The cycle threshold values were calculated automatically by LightCycler Õ 480 SW 1. 5 software with default parameters. For primers sequences see the Supplementary material. Cultures of striatal neurons and STHdh (Q111/Q7) striatal cells, transfection, sterol treatment and cell survival assays Primary striatal neurons were dissected from Day 14 embryos from pregnant Swiss mice (Janvier) as previously described  (Charvin et al. , 2005; Deyts et al. , 2009). After 7 days in vitro, transient transfection of striatal cells was performed with Lipofectamine TM 2000 (Invitrogen). At this stage, very few glial cells were observed (55%; data not shown). Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged constructs encoding the first exon of human HTT containing either 25 (25Q-HTT) or 103 (103Q-HTT) continuous CAA or CAG repeats were provided by the Huntington's Disease Foundation Resource Bank, UCLA, USA.