dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
VI. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this paper presents an alternative and effective method to accurately estimate and compensate for external disturbances, such as wind gusts, acting on the nonlinear quadrotor aircraft model in real time. Matlab/Simulink and experiments validate the robust performance of the quadrotor, which moves accurately along the desired path when exposed to different types of wind gusts. This demonstrates that the proposed method does not require additional sensors, is computationally simple, and can provide rapid response to various types of flight disturbances. In addition, the Lipschitz incog-  nito input observer is compatible with any type of controller, as long as the latter can adjust the aircraft rotor speed to compensate for the estimated wind gusts. To make the system adaptive, future work will focus on online parameter estimation and adaptation algorithms to enhance the controller's performance.
In line with our data, a recent prospective cohort study has concluded that tocilizumab therapy in COVID-19 patients did not prevent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. 32 In our cohort, no significant difference but only a trend was observed for the levels of anti-S antibodies between treated and non-treated patients in the severe and critical groups. This discrepancy could be explained by the larger cohort size of the previous study. A large multi-database cohort study found that chronically tocilizumab-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients had a higher risk of serious bacterial infections. 33 Therefore, long-term follow-up of tocilizumabtreated COVID-19 patients is required for the incidence of opportunistic infections. Interestingly, Garcia-Beltran et al. described that tocilizumab-treated patients had a significant increase in the neutralization potency index.
Cell line Vero E6 (African green monkey kidney epithelial cells, ATCC, CRL-1586, RRID:CVCL_A7UJ) were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 5 units/mL penicillin, and 5 mg/mL streptomycin (1% PS), and were cultured at 37 C 5% CO 2.
In all cases, the normality of the distribution of the dependent variable was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilks test for normality. When normal, a GLM with normal distribution was fitted. When found to deviate from a normal distribution a loglinear (i. e. Poisson) GLM (or GLMM) was fitted and a dispersion parameter estimated to account for any over-dispersion of the data. Significant p values are indicated as described: *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, and ****p < 0. 0001. ns is non-significant. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software, V6 (GraphPad, San Diego) and Genstat version 20 for the GLMM (GenStat for Windows 20th Edition, VSN International Ltd. , Hemel Hempstead, UK).
the virus isolates were supplied by the National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses hosted at Institut Pasteur (Paris, France) and headed by Dr. Sylvie van der Werf. The human sample from which Beta-CoV/France/IDF0372/2020 (GISAID ID: EPI_ISL_410720) was isolated was kindly provided by Drs. Xavier Lescure, Yazdan Yazdanpanah from the Bichat Hospital, Paris. The human sample from which hCoV-19/ France/IDF-IPP11324i/2020 (EPI_ISL_1138411; VOC Alpha) was isolated, has been provided by Dr. Vincent Foissaud, HIA Percy, Clamart, France. The human sample from which hCoV-19/France/PDL-IPP01065i/2021 (EPI_ISL_1138745; VOC Beta) was isolated has been provided by Dr. Besson J. , Bioliance Laboratory, Saint-Herblain France. The human sample from which hCoV-19/French Guiana/IPP03772i/2021 (VOC Gamma) was isolated has been provided by Dr.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank all the hospitals that provided us blood sample: Begin Hospital, Kremlin-Bicetre Hospital, Lariboisiere Hospital, Foch Hospital. We would like to thank Sylvie van der Werf, Director of the National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses hosted by Institut Pasteur (Paris, France), for providing us virus isolates. Moreover, all virus strains were supplied through the European Virus Archive.
Application of prolonged shear stress to blood samples The effects of prolonged shear stress on the deformability of RBCs treated or not with the different molecules used in this study, were also investigated. Mixed PVP-RBC suspensions were exposed to continuous shear stress of 5 Pa for 300 s using ektacytometry (LORRCA MaxSis, Mechatronics, Hoorn, Netherlands). The shear stress level at 5 Pa corresponds to a physiological shear stress level at arterial walls  (Papaioannou and Stefanadis, 2005). RBC deformability was measured before and after the application of shear stress. Data were recorded as curves of EI-shear stresses. The following experimental procedure was conducted on blood samples with or without chemical agents: (1) RBC suspensions were used to evaluate RBC deformability before continuous shear stress exposure between 0.
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis and data presentation using commercial software were performed (Prism, GraphPad Sofware Inc. , United States). The results are shown as a mean ± SD. Shapiro-Wilk normality test was applied for all data sets whether they are normally distributed. A non-parametric Wilcoxon test was performed for the matched data sets which were not normally distributed. Deformability measurements were evaluated before and after shear stress application using a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons test. A p-value less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.
Prophylactic platelet transfusions related to an invasive procedure or surgery were defined as only those that were administered prior to the invasive procedure and/or the surgery. The study protocol was approved by The Comité de Protection des Personnes, Tours-Ouest 1 (approval number 2017T3-22). The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of this responsible committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975. Patients, or their next of kin when they were unable to consent, received oral and written information about the study and consent was obtained before inclusion. Then, the patient was informed of the study and express consent was obtained as soon as possible. The study was registered on the ClinicalTrials. gov website (NCT03325140).
Data collection Demographic characteristics including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), ABO blood group and patients' comorbidities with haematological malignancy, immunosuppression, cirrhosis and chronic kidney disease were recorded. The severity of illness and organ failures at ICU admission were assessed using the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II)  [10]  and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score  [11]. Haemoglobin concentration, platelet count and prothrombin time at ICU admission were also collected. Recorded clinical and biological parameters before or on the day of platelet transfusion included heart rate, body temperature, systolic arterial blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure. Data related to platelet concentrates were retrieved from the French Blood Banks (Etablissement Français du Sang) of each hospital and included duration of platelet storage, platelet dose (number of platelets administered), preparation from pooled or single donors and platelet ABO compatibility.
Statistical analysis Continuous variables are reported as median (interquartile ranges (IQR)) and categorical variables as proportions (%). Characteristics of patients with at least one poor platelet transfusion response were compared to those of patients without poor platelet transfusion response. Characteristics of platelet transfusion with and without suboptimal platelet increment were compared. The Mann-Whitney test was used for quantitative data and the Chi-square or Fisher tests for qualitative data, as appropriate. Survival curves up to day 28 of patients with and without poor platelet transfusion response were established by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Multiple imputation methods were used in the case of missing data. All missing data were imputed using SAS Fully Conditional Specification (FCS) multiple imputation with the SAS MI procedure.
This method is based on an iterative algorithm (20 iterations in this study). Each iteration provides a data set whose imputed missing values are based on plausible values representing the uncertainty about the correct value to impute, obtained by using a linear regression to impute missing values for a continuous variable, a logistic regression to impute missing values for a binary variable and a discriminant method function to impute missing values for a categorical variable. We used 10 imputed data sets. Estimates from each imputed data sets were then pooled to generate a single set of estimates with the SAS MIANALYZE procedure  [13]. We used a multivariable generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLM), to account for repeated measures within individual patients, to assess the association between patient and platelet characteristics with platelet transfusion response.
We present a new data set of nearly 100 earthquakes which show clear evidence of the Hawaiian ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) in the S core-diffracted phase (Sdiff), representing the most comprehensi ve Sdif f data set of a ULVZ to date. Using a Bayesian inversion approach, as outlined in Martin et al. , and a subset of the data set, we characterise the 2-D morphology and velocity of the Hawaiian ULVZ. The results suggest that the ULVZ is smaller than pre viousl y estimated, with an elliptical shape, and oriented along the direction of the large low-shear velocity province boundary. Using forward modelling, we infer that the ULVZ has a height of 25 km and shear velocity reduction of 25 %.
2022  ) hotspots, supporting a hypothesised spatial correlation to the LLSVP boundaries  (Williams et al. 1998 ; Yu & Garnero 2018 ). In this study, we collate and interrogate a data set of events which sample the Hawaiian ULVZ with the S core-diffracted phase (Sdif f). These w aves dif fract along the CMB and refract around ULVZs, resulting in 'postcursors' to the main phase (Sdiff + ). Previous studies which have 3-D modelled mega-ULVZs using Sdiff phases have assumed a simplified uniform dVs cylindrical ULVZ in Hawaii  (Cottaar & Romanowicz 2012 ; Z. Li et al. 2022 ) , Iceland  (Yuan & Romanowicz 2017 )  and Galapagos  (Cottaar et al. 2022 ). These studies inferred axisymmetric structure by beamforming and backpropagating energy from the Sdiff + arrivals at the seismic arra ys, which show ed that lensing had occurred.
Solid and dotted lines are ULVZ models; dashed lines shown in the same colour represent alternative models proposed in the same study that both fit data equally well. The boundaries for  Jenkins et al. ( 2021 )  have been taken as the 2. 5 s (solid) and 1. 0 s (dashed) contours of the pre/postcursor traveltimes, interpreted as thicker/stronger velocity reduction and thinner/weaker velocity reduction, respecti vel y. A summary of the ULVZ models, including their velocity reductions and heights, is given in Table  S1  (Supporting Information). Romanowicz ( 2012 ). Similarly,  To et al. ( 2011 )  prefer taller ULVZ models, 80 km or greater, with dVs at least 25 % reduced. To the SE of Haw aii, se veral small patches of ULVZs have been identified which have been linked to the Hawaiian mantle plume  (Avants et al.
Both studies require strong velocity anomalies, dVs 5-40 % reduced, but note that there is a strong trade-off between ULVZ height and velocity reduction. Additionally,  Jenkins et al. ( 2021 )  interpret the mega-ULVZ to be 10-20 km thick, and no taller than 30 km, with dVs 15 % reduced. In contrast to these thinner models,  Sun et al. ( 2019 )  identify a ULVZ in a similar region SE of Hawaii using ScS multipathing that is modelled to be 80 km tall, dVs 15 % reduced and ∼150 km in lateral extent. In this paper, we present a new data set of nearly 100 earthquakes which sample the Hawaiian ULVZ with Sdiff. It comprises data from the United States and Canada (including USArray in contiguous United States and Alaska), temporary arrays in Mexico and Central America, the Japanese F-net and networks in Australia and New Zealand.
This represents the largest high-quality data set and broadest range of source-receiver geometries of any one particular ULVZ currentl y av ailable in the literature, and offers great opportunities to study the properties of the Hawaiian mega-ULVZ, which are important in constraining its origin and role in mantle dynamics. Whilst others have performed Bayesian inversions on ULVZ problems before (e. g. Thorne et al. 2020 ; Pachhai et al. 2022 ) , we present the first lateral velocity map of a ULVZ from a Bayesian inversion. Using dynamic ray tracing software outlined in  Hauser ( 2007 )  and  Martin et al. ( 2023 )  to model wave fronts propagating across a spherical shell, we interrogate a subset of the new data set within a Bayesian inversion to estimate the morphology and velocity reduction of the Hawaiian ULVZ.
Data We have downloaded and inspected all earthquakes between 1990 and 2022 with magnitude 5. 7 + at all depths from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismolo gy (IRIS) catalo gue. From this w e ha ve compiled a catalo gue of nearl y 100 high-quality e vents which sample the Hawaiian mega-ULVZ with Sdiff and/or the Sdiff depth phase (Table  S2  and Fig. S1  , Supporting Information). A small subset of these which give a broad range of source-receiver geometries, high number of stations and a high SNR are analysed in this study (Table  1  and Fig. 2  ). Data were downloaded for stations 95 to 135 • epicentral distance from the earthquake source, filtered between 10 to 20 s period, and then manually screened for SNR and presence of postcursor arri v als. The w av eforms for these fiv e ev ents (Fig.
These sorts of events would be suitable for 3-D full w aveform tomo graphic modelling, if computational or algorithmic advances make such an inversion feasible. Many of the earthquakes listed in the full catalogue would be appropriate for use within our inversion scheme, however there is still a computational cost associated with including additional data. We therefore only include the subset of five events as detailed in Table  1  in our analysis, selected for optimal coverage. We do want to highlight a set of events that stood out during our data exploration: earthquakes from the Pacific Ridge, detected by the Japanese broadband F-net array, demonstrated consistently clear Sdif f arri v als but lacked Sdif f + signals  Supporting Information). This poses a significant challenge to our interpretation of the Hawaiian mega-ULVZ, which from all other source-receiver geometries that we have events for show clear postcursory energy.
This is reflected in the cross-section: ensemble models with more velocity reduction have smaller ellipses, which is a consequence of the velocity-size trade-off (see discussion in  Martin et al. 2023 ). The overall parameters of the ellipse fitting the inversion data are taken to be the mean and standard deviation of the ensemble of ellipse parameters: an ellipse oriented at azimuth 56. 9 ± 3. 7 • (approximately SW-NE), centred at (188. 90 ± 0. 42 • , 16. 15 ± 0. 36 • ), with eccentricity 0. 75 ± 0. 05, semi-minor axis length 258 ± 44 km and dVs -21. 7 ± 3. 5 %. To investigate the sensitivity Sdiff + ray paths have to regions of the velocity map surrounding the ULVZ, we now permit creating and removing ellipses within the inversion-that is, we are now performing a transdimensional Bayesian inversion.
Re-modelling using 3-D synthetics Fig. 10  shows the 3-D full waveform synthetics of the five events for the elliptical model with SEMUCB in the lowermost 370 km of the mantle  (French & Romanowicz 2014 ). The highlighted regions track the Sdif f + arri v al times extracted from real data (as also plotted in Fig. 3  ), which indicates that Events 1-5 are well fitted by the elliptical model. It is noteworthy that the CMT solutions are not correct for our observed wavefor ms: par ticularly in Event 3, where there is a missing depth phase in the synthetics. For Event 5, the main phase is reduced in amplitude around the azimuths where the ULVZ is present, which is not captured by our model. Whilst this model fits all the modelled Events 1-5, we are also able to test events that were not used in the inv ersion.
Ev ent H (Table  1  ) was a deep, high magnitude earthquake in Papua New Guinea with high-quality Sdiff + arrivals detected by stations in the USArray, and has been used in several previous studies  (Cottaar & Romanowicz 2012 ; J. Li et al. 2022 , Z. Li et al. 2022 ). Fig. 11  shows the data and 3-D full waveform synthetics of several ULVZ models for this event. The cylindrical model of Z. Li et al. ( 2022 )  is larger than our elliptical model, but has a velocity reduction of 20 % and a height of 20 km. Our novel elliptical model appears to fit the waveform amplitude profile and Sdiff + traveltime move out as well or better than the cylindrical ULVZ model. While differences might be minimal, it is noteworthy that the cylindrical ULVZ was mainly designed to fit this particular event  (Cottaar & Romanowicz 2012 ; Z.
The Sdiff depth phase in Event 6 shows significant curvature, which relates to the source-receiver distribution (stations further away from the source have a commensurately higher tra veltime dela y, which happens to resemble a postcursor moveout). The elliptical ULVZ synthetics show good agreement between the observed postcursors for earthquakes in Alaska and the West Coast, USA (Events 6 and 7), but there still remains the question why the Pacific Ridge earthquakes (Events 8 and 9) do not appear to sample the ULVZ as synthetically predicted. Our inversion is based on the 'absolute' arri v al time of postcursors, which are well fitted by our preferred elliptical model for e vent H (e ven though this event is not included in our data set). The main Sdif f arri v al is sensiti v e to the v elocities abov e the ULVZ and wavefront healing, both of which cannot be captured by the 2DWT.
2016 ) ; in the background is a cluster vote map of fast and slow velocities by  Cottaar & Lekic ( 2016 ). Each of these models has different sensitivities to the lowermost mantle, depending on-, for example, the data coverage and parametrisation used, but the overall correlation is invariant to the model: the ULVZ seems to lie parallel to the LLSVP boundary. This has consequences for the origin of the ULVZ and for geodynamic modelling of ULVZs. Our model is consistent with geodynamical models which show that ULVZs are pushed up against the edges of LLSVPs by slab-driven motion (e. g. M. Li et al. 2017 , J. Li et al. 2022 ; Sun et al. 2019 ; Lai et al. 2022 ; Pachhai et al. 2022 ). This could suggest a resistive force provided by the LLSVP inducing an elliptical, rather than cylindrical, ULVZ structure.
S U M M A RY We have presented the most comprehensive data set of events which sample the Hawaiian mega-ULVZ with Sdiff and related depth phases. Using a wave front tracking software on a 2-D spherical shell (2DWT), we perform a Bayesian inversion on a subset of our data set. The resulting inversion ensemble can be approximated by an ellipse centred at (188. 90 ± 0. 42 • , 16. 15 ± 0. 36 • ), with a shear velocity reduction -21. 7 ± 3. 5 %, and oriented approximately SW-NE. Validation tests using our 2DWT forward model show that the preferred ULVZ model is robust against translation, rotation, and coupled variations in size and dVs with the real source-receiver distribution. From this preferred 2-D elliptical model we infer and compute 3-D full waveform synthetics for a 3-D ULVZ model-an elliptic cylinder with the same elliptical shape as the preferred 2-D model, with a height of 25 km and velocity reduction of 25 %.
This 3-D model performs comparati vel y to, if not better than, other models in the literature for an event not included in the 2DWT Sdiff + data set. Comparison with LLSVP boundaries from a number of whole mantle tomography models shows that the elliptical ULVZ model is oriented parallel with the LLSVP. This ma y ha ve implications for the origins of the Hawaiian mega-ULVZ and its role in lower mantle dynamics, and therefore for considerations in geodynamic modelling.
Data and Preprocessing The analysis is conducted on monthly SST extracted from the Met Office Hadley Centre HadISST observation-based gridded analyses from 1870 to 2021 (N. A. Rayner et al. , 2003)   1 ). In this study, HadISST is considered as the reference observational data-set used to define reference ENSO regimes for evaluating the simulations. All simulations are regridded onto a regular 1° × 1° grid using bilinear interpolation provided by climate data operators. In this study, analyses are conducted over the HadISST reference period 1920-2014. The starting year is set to 1920 due to observational data (ship records) in the equatorial East Pacific being very sparse before the 1920s which can impact ENSO variance (i. e. ,  Solomon & Newman, 2012). ENSO regimes simulated by the ESMs for the period 1850-2100 is examined, combining model output from the Historical simulations from 1850 to 2014 (which corresponds to the end of the reference period) with the high CO 2 Shared Socio-economic Pathway scenario (SSP5-8.
5), from 2015 to 2100  (O'Neill et al. , 2016). ENSO regimes are usually defined using SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific. Our study is conducted on the anomalies over the Pacific domain between 20°S and 20°N and from 140°E to the west coast of the Americas from the regridded data (see Panel 3 of Figure  2a  for the exact study area). Monthly SST anomalies at each grid-point are computed by separately removing the trend of each calendar month time-series using a cubic smoothing spline (implemented by the function smooth. spline in R software; R Core Team, 2020) over the period 1870-2021 for HadISST and 1850-2100 for the model simulations. For instance, the non-linear trend of Januaries at a given grid-point is removed from the respective time-series comprising all January values. The degrees of freedom of the spline is set to 5 for a good compromise between the smoothness (smoothing parameter above 0.
8) and the number of parameters (knots) of the spline used to estimate the trend for all tropical Pacific grid-points (Chap. 10,  Hastie & Tibshirani, 1990). The Niño 3. 4 index is also computed for HadISST and for each model. It corresponds to the standardized area-weighted mean SST anomaly over the Niño 3. 4 region: 5°S-5°N × 190°-240°E. These anomalies are computed relative to the 1981-2010 climatology. The SST values are first detrended over the 1870-2021 (for HadISST) and 1850-2100 (for the CMIP6 models) period using the same cubic smoothing spline (degrees of freedom set to 5). Then, the Niño 3. 4 index for each model is computed relative to the respective 1981-2010 climatology. A principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to the reference SST anomalies from HadISST in order to reduce the dimension of the data while keeping most of the variability.
The term pseudo-PC is used to differentiate them from the actual PCs obtained from a PCA computed for each ESM. Using the same HadISST-based phase space for all data sets allows for a consistent comparison of the regime patterns. Indeed, performing PCA separately for each model simulation would add a complicating factor to the analysis: for instance, the spatial pattern associated with the fourth PC in HadISST could be associated with the fifth PC of a model, a mismatch which would penalize the model in terms of performance.