dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Our study has some limitations. First, we focused on oncology trials, and our findings might not be applicable to other fields of medicine. However, our results, together with results from previous studies, suggest that the reporting of harms is better in CSRs than trial registries and journal publications across all specialities. Second, we examined only two clinical trial registries, and more information might be available from other registries; however, ClinicalTrials. gov and EUCTR are two of the most-used registries, and information available elsewhere is unlikely to substantially alter our conclusions. Our study has important implications for both research and practice. Our results suggest that any systematic review or other assessment of harms associated with oncological treatments would have to rely on CSRs for making the soundest conclusions.
First, even though CSRs contained more data than other sources, important information was still missing in a significant number of CSRs. Secondly, we identified a substantial delay between the completion of trials and the availability of a CSR. To solve the problem of missing data in CSRs, we suggest that regulatory authorities make stricter requirements to the quality of submitted CSRs. The issue of delay in access is complicated by the fact that the EMA does not release CSRs until the procedure for which they were submitted is completed; however, we identified substantial delay from completion of the procedure to availability of CSR. By decreasing this delay to the absolute minimum, the overall delay could be reduced substantially. Currently, the EMA are not releasing any CSRs due to the agency's move to Amsterdam, and in a reply to an open letter from IQWIQ and Cochrane the agency would not commit to reinitiating publication of CSRs  [119].
Patient Population From October 2018 to June 2020, 137 patients without known CAD referred for SPECT MPI with MBF and MFR quantification and addressed to two Nuclear Medicine departments were prospectively enrolled in the CFR-OR trial (clinicaltrials. gov unique identifier NCT03586492). Every patient received information and gave informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the local and regional ethics committees (CPP Ouest III), and the procedures were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The inclusion criterion was CAD screening MPI. The exclusion criteria included previously known CAD, absolute common contraindication to vasodilators (severe hypotension, second-or third-grade atrioventricular block, and recent myocardial infarction), previous cardiac surgery, pregnancy, or active breastfeeding.
SPECT MBF and MFR Quantification Dynamic SPECT was reconstructed using Corridor 4DM(GE) software, v2015. 0. 2. 66 (INVIA, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), on a Xeleris 4DR workstation (General Electric Healthcare, Haifa, Israel). SPECT initial list-mode was resampled into 12 × 10and 8 × 30-s frames. Endocardial and epicardial left ventricle (LV) surfaces were algorithmically estimated from summed myocardial images after 2-min acquisition time. LV myocardial tissue TACs were nearest-neighbor-sampled at the center of each 460 polar map sectors at the midwall surface, on all time frames. Global and regional [left anterior descending artery (LAD), left circumflex (LCx), right coronary artery (RCA)] TACs were automatically generated by the software. A 3D box region of interest within the LV/left atrium (LA) blood pool was used for MBF estimation, placed on the valve plane, and centered across all time frames by the same physician.
Invasive Coronary Angiography ICA was performed upon the referring cardiologist's decision, after the MPI, MBF, and MFR results, according to clinical practice (the fractional flow reserve measurements were left at the angiographer's decision). Coronary angiograms were visually assessed by the experienced interventional cardiologist responsible for the procedure. The angiograms were assessed according to the clinical routine, taking into account available clinical data and patient history. According to the recent ESC guidelines defining very-high-risk patients in need of secondary prevention intervention, we considered all patients with significant coronary artery plaque according to the angiographer's conclusion, i. e. , ≥50% narrowing of the diameter of the lumen of the arteries  (13).
Background: The amount of available and potentially significant data describing study subjects is ever growing with the introduction and integration of different registries and data banks. The single specific attribute of these data are not always necessary; more often, membership to a specific group (e. g. diet, social 'bubble', living area) is enough to build a successful machine learning or data mining model without overfitting it. Therefore, in this article we propose an approach to building taxonomies using clustering to replace detailed data from large heterogenous data sets from different sources, while improving interpretability. We used the GISTAR study data base that holds exhaustive self-assessment questionnaire data to demonstrate this approach in the task of differentiating between H.
Using taxonomies could mitigate these limitations. The most common cooccurring values would be clustered into one group revealing the interrelations; associations with other factors or groups of factors that often occur together can then be discovered more easily. This approach was evaluated on a large data base from the GISTAR study in Latvia  [26]  to gain more insight into factors that can affect the presence of H. pylori in the stomach. The GISTAR study database was built as a data repository for a randomised population study of H. pylori eradication and pepsinogen testing for the prevention of gastric cancer mortality. This initiative is important because H. pylori had been classified as a group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1994  [27] , and is common among the Latvian population  [28].
Therefore, it is necessary to diagnose and monitor the positive cases, as well as identifying risk factors that may contribute to the presence of H. pylori infection. From this database, we selected 1082 patients from the intervention group who had undergone gastroscopy (Giemsa staining H. pylori histology test used as the golden standard to determine presence of H. pylori infection). The following selfreported information subsets were extracted from the database: Sociodemographic factors: 7 attributes, including sex, age, marital status, education, living arrangements, monthly income level per household member after tax. Employment history: 9 attributes describing employmenttype of job and length of employment in years. Hazards and harmful factors: 10 attributes describing contact with heavy metals, asbestos, radiation, etc.
Nevertheless, the shape of the clusters, as well as the distribution of attribute values, may have significant influence. For example, attributes with exponential distribution that have few records that deviate from 0 (or the group close to 0, e. g. alcohol consumption) leave few cases to be clustered outside the zero consumption cluster. Interrelation between several factors is often observed in different fields, i. e. in healthcare. For example, instead of using each product/habit separately, the participants are divided into groups characterised by diet/lifestyle specifics that include several products and/or habits. The evaluation of this approach was carried out on the data of GISTAR participants who had undergone endoscopy and had been tested for H. pylori. This topic was chosen because factors affecting the risk of infection have been widely studied.
Funding The development of analysis approach, its evaluation and analysis was supported by post-doctorate grant within the Activity 1. 1. 1. 2 "Post-doctoral Research Aid" co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (postdoctoral project number 1. 1. 1. 2/VIAA/2/18/270). The GISTAR study and, therefore, data collection was supported in part by various funding sources of the University of Latvia including FLPP project No. LZP-2018/1-0135 "Research on implementation of a set of measures for prevention of gastric cancer mortality by eradication of H. pylori and timely recognition of precancerous lesions".
Background: In cases of multiple ligaments or medial collateral ligament (MCL) reconstruction, restoring the native anatomy of the posterior oblique ligament (POL) to address chronic valgus instability has been attracting increased attention. Purpose: To review the current literature on postoperative outcomes, complications, and return to sports after superficial MCL-POL (sMCL-POL) reconstruction to restore medial knee integrity. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Two independent reviewers searched the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases using the terms "posterior oblique ligament," "posteromedial corner of the knee," and "reconstruction.
Eligibility Criteria The literature selected for this study was based on the criteria detailed below. Study Designs. Studies conducted using randomized controlled trials, controlled (nonrandomized) clinical trials, prospective and retrospective comparative cohort studies, case-control studies, and case series were included in the current study. Case reports and case series that did not report data on clinical and functional results were excluded. Participants. Studies conducted on skeletally mature patients who underwent sMCL-POL reconstruction to treat grade 3 MCL and/or associated multiligamentous injuries and who were evaluated for a minimum follow-up of 1 year were considered eligible for the current study. Interventions. Studies that reported data on clinical, functional, and radiological outcomes after the sMCL-POL reconstruction, isolated or associated with a knee ligamentous surgery, to treat medial knee laxity were considered eligible for the current study.
Information Sources and Search A systematic search for relevant literature was performed on the PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases in October 2020. The publication date was not considered an inclusion criterion. Two independent reviewers (R. D. and K. C. ) assisted in conducting and validating the search. The following search terms were entered in the title, abstract, and keyword fields: "posterior oblique ligament" OR "posteromedial corner of the knee" AND "reconstruction. " Only papers published in English were included.
Data Collection and Analysis Study Selection. The retrieved articles were first screened by title and, if found relevant, then screened further by reading the abstract. After excluding studies not meeting the eligibility criteria, the entire content of the remaining articles was evaluated for eligibility. To minimize the risk of bias, the authors reviewed and discussed all the selected articles, references, and articles excluded from the study. In case of any disagreement between the reviewers, the senior investigator (S. C. ) made the final decision. At the end of the process, further studies that might have been missed were manually searched for by going through the reference lists of the included studies and relevant systematic reviews. Data Collection Process. The data were extracted from the selected articles by the first 2 authors using a computerized tool created with Microsoft Access (Version 2010; Microsoft).
Every article was validated again by the first author before analysis. For each study, we extracted the data regarding the patients (age, sex, duration between injury and surgery, and follow-up evaluation), their injuries (type, origin, and associated injuries), surgical technique (type of graft used, number of bundles, fixation technique, number of femoral and tibial tunnels, and tensioning protocol of the POL), rehabilitation protocol, postoperative outcomes (Lysholm, IKDC, and Tegner scores and valgus stress radiographs), rate of complications, and rate of return to sports. Level of Evidence. The Oxford Levels of Evidence set by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine were used to categorize the level of evidence. 19 valuation of the Quality of Studies. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) score.
, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) to a personal computer using a USB interface file transfer, and stored. Each signal contained n = 65,536 samples, and the sampling frequency was F e = 500 MHz. The signal and image processing algorithms were implemented using Matlab ® (The MathWorks, Inc. , Natick, MA, USA). The final size of USCT was 2048 × 2048 pixels 2. The radio-frequency signals (RF-signals) were conveyed from the 12-bit oscilloscope (Lecroy HDO 6104, Teledyne Inc. , Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) to a personal computer using a USB interface file transfer, and stored. Each signal contained = 65,536 samples, and the sampling frequency was = 500 MHz. The signal and image processing algorithms were implemented using Matlab ® (The MathWorks, Inc. , Natick, MA, USA). The final size of USCT was 2048 × 2048 pixels 2.
Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to  Mélanie Brie  from  Aix-Marseille University  and  Jeanne Baldisser  from  Centrale Marseille  for their internship work. The authors are grateful to  Mustafa Ali Misri , business manager;  Faiqa Khzir , operations officer; and  Adrian Wydra , chief technology officer of  True Phantom Solutions in Windsor, Canada , for their assistance in the fabrication of the newborn arm phantom and the evaluation of some properties of the materials used.
Funding: This research was funded by the  Initiative d'Excellence of the Aix Marseille University -A*MIDEX, a  French Investissements d'Avenir program  (no  004343 ). It was carried out within the framework of the  Mechanics and Engineering Institute, Aix Marseille University. Elise Doveri's doctoral thesis was funded by the  French Ministry of Research. Institutional Review Board Statement: No ethical review or approval was required in this study. The chicken drumstick was purchased at a food store and could be used without specific restrictions.
Dermatillomania or skin picking disorder (SPD) is a chronic, recurrent, and treatment resistant neuropsychiatric disorder with an underestimated prevalence that has a concerning negative impact on an individual's health and quality of life. The current treatment strategies focus on behavioral and pharmacological therapies that are not very effective. Thus, the primary objective of this review is to provide an introduction to SPD and discuss its current treatment strategies as well as to propose biomaterial-based physical barrier strategies as a supporting or alternative treatment. To this end, searches were conducted within the PubMed database and Google Scholar, and the results obtained were organized and presented as per the following categories: prevalence, etiology, consequences, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies.
Methods Table  1  enumerates the methodology used in the literature search, along with the screening strategy and the number of results (relevance). The PubMed database was searched during the f week of April 2020 with the keywords: Dermatillomania [All Fields] OR "excoriation disorder"[All Fields] OR skin-picking [All Fields] OR "neurotic excoriation"[All Fields] OR "psychogenic excoriation"[All Fields] OR "acne excoriee"[All Fields]. This yielded a total of 440 papers related to SPD, which have been summarized below. Similarly, in May 2020, the PubMed database was screened for papers published between 2015 and 2020 with the keywords "skin picking", "skin", "second skin", "extra skin", "artificial skin", "synthetic skin", "skin substitute", "breathable", "polymers", "antibacterial", "antimicrobial", "cloth", and "textiles", with various combinations of AND as well as OR operators.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank  Sandesh Cheluvaraj  for providing technical support in conducting the survey using Google Forms, as represented in the Supplementary Materials. We would also like to extend our gratitude to  Noyontara Bose  for their assistance with proofreading this manuscript. We would like to thank  Justina Dancin Varr , admin of the  Facebook group XYZ , and its members for their support in conducting the survey.
Cell culture and genetics characterization The cells used for the experiment were purchased from the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) society. The human leukemic cells of myeloid lineages HEL, HL60, K562, KG1 and OCI-AML3 were routinely cultured at a density of 5 × 10 5 cells/mL for exponential growth in a medium containing RPMI 1640, fetal bovine serum 10%, penicillin/streptomycin 1% and L-glutamine 1% in an autoclave at 37 °C and 5% CO 2. Genetics characterization of cell lines combined next generation sequencing analysis and ATCC bibliography. Next-generation sequencing methods and results are detailed in supplementary data table  1. Brie y, HEL was established from a secondary leukemia (AML M6 after treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma) and carries a complex karyotype with the JAK2V617F mutation and TP53 mutation.
ROS measurement at diagnosis to hematopoietic subpopulations by ow cytometric analysis 6 cells were labelled with 10 µM Dihydrohedidium (DHE) and with Antimycin A/Rotenone respectively at nale concentration of 6 µM and 5 µM or with vehicule (PBS). Cells were incubated for 30 minutes at 37 °C. The acquisition was conducted on FACS Canto cytometer. Data analysis was performed using the BD FACS Diva software (version 6. 0). The mean uorescence (DHE) was measured. Each handling was done in parallel for each cell lines and in six independent experiments.
The resin-embedded cells were placed in tubes which were incubated at 60 °C for 48 hours to polymerize the resin. Then, the polymerized blocks were cut in ultra-thin sections (60 nm) which were stained with 5% uranyle acetate and 0. 4% lead citrate before being observed under a transmission electron microscope at 80 kV (Jeol 1200 EX). The acquisitions and analysis were done with a digital camera (Veleta, Olympus) and iTEM software. For each cell line, the cellular areas and the number of mitochondria per cell were measured in about 20 cells [19 to 21]. Depending on the cell lines, 74 to 94 mitochondria were examined. For each examined mitochondrion, the mitochondrial area (nm²), the number of cristae and the cristae thickness (nm) were quanti ed (Supplementary data Fig. 1 ). The cristae thickness was considered at the largest spot of cristae.
As a matter of fact, the standard SBM model did not converge to a meaningful fit of the data. In Vitro Binding Affinity. The binding affinity of Gd-TESMA and Gd 4 -TESMA to tropoelastin was assessed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) under the kinetic affinity mode. The sensorgrams of Gd-TESMA and Gd 4 -TESMA at their increasing concentrations indicated a good interaction of both ligands with the immobilized tropoelastin (Figure  5 ). The fitting of sensorgram data to the 1:1 binding model allowed the estimation of the equilibrium dissociation constant K D for Gd-TESMA (28 ± 12 μM) and Gd 4 -TESMA (41 ± 12 μM), confirming similar binding affinities of the two probes to tropoelastin (Table  2 ). Higher association (k a ) and dissociation (k d ) rate constants were estimated for Gd-TESMA as compared to Gd 4 -TESMA; this was likely related to the difference of their molar masses.
r. l. , Mede (PV), Italy) over a continuum of magnetic field strengths from 0. 00024 to 0. 25 T (corresponding to 0. 01-10 MHz proton Larmor frequencies). The relaxometer operates under computer control with an absolute uncertainty in 1/T 1 of 1%. Additional longitudinal relaxation data in the range of 20-70 MHz were obtained using a Stelar Relaxometer connected to a Bruker WP80 NMR electromagnet adapted to variable-field measurements. The 1 H T 1 relaxation times were acquired by the standard inversion recovery method with a typical 90°pulse width of 3. 5 μs, 16 experiments, and 4 scans. The temperature was controlled using a Stelar VTC-91 airflow heater equipped with a calibrated copperconstantan thermocouple (uncertainty of ±0. 1 °C). Stability in Plasma. The serum stabilities of Gd 4 -TESMA and its parent peptide (VVGS-peptide) were determined in 50% (v/v) aqueous pooled serum from human male AB plasma, which was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy).
For the binding assay, the analyte was injected at 20 μL min -1 for 3 min at 25 °C and at different concentrations in the HEPES running buffer (pH 7. 4, HBS-P, Cytiva) or 10 mM HEPES solution. This step was followed by a dissociation period of 2. 5 min under the running buffer. The surface was regenerated by flowing 5 mM NaOH/1 M NaCl for 30-60 s at 30 μL min -1. A stabilization period of 4 min with the running buffer completed the cycle. The equilibrium dissociation constant (K D ) and the kinetic association and dissociation rate constants (k a and k d ) were determined by curve-fitting using the 1:1 Langmuir binding model implemented in the Biaevaluation software 4. 1. 1. 48 Before calculations, the nonspecific signal of the control channel was subtracted from the signal obtained from the functionalized channel.
Immunohistochemistry for tropoelastin was performed using an anti-mouse rabbit polyclonal antibody (1:100, Abcam, ab21600, Cambridge, MA, USA). Statistical Analysis. The relaxivities of the gadolinium complexes are expressed as mean ± SD. Multiple-group comparisons for repeated MRI measurements were performed using a Friedman test. MRI data are presented as median ± interquartile range (IQR). Statistical analysis was performed using PRISM (GraphPad Software, Inc. , La Jolla, California). P values <0. 05 were considered statistically significant.
■  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  This project has received funding from the  EU 's  H2020 research and innovation program  under the grant agreement No. 668142  (SPCCT). This study was funded by the  British Heart Foundation  ( RG/20/1/34802 ), the  BHF Centre of Excellence  ( RE/08/03 ), and the  Chilean Agency of Technology and Science (CONICYT-PIA-Anillo   ACT1416 ). This work was also supported by the  Wellcome EPSRC Centre for Medical Engineering at King's College London  ( WT 203148/ Z/16/Z ) and the  Department of Health  through the  National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre  award to Guy's  & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  in partnership with  King's College London and King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.
Discussion Numerical models are the obvious means to compare different spinal instrumentations, but these models require prior validation against experimental data if their results are to be trusted. In this work, a subject-specific FEM of the intact and instrumented spine was evaluated against experimental data in terms of range of motion and rod axial strain, and then it was used to compare a bipolar and all-screws implants. In particular, it was not clear if only two anchoring points (distal and proximal), linked by long rods, could offer sufficient stability and resistance compared to more classical approaches which benefit from anchoring points at all vertebral levels. Indeed, growth-preserving surgery for NMSD could substantially benefit patients, but they still present very high complication rates.