dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Symptoms included balance problems, headache, nausea, dry mouth, muscle weakness, tiredness, thirst, dizziness • Timing: time 0 (baseline) in IV arm of intervention study, the same time as serum osmolality blood sample obtained Follow-up • Thirteen appropriate older volunteers were found, none dropped out, 13 people aged at least 70 had serum osmolality measures and of these all had urine osmolality, heart rate and symptom data, 12 had USG and 10 had urine colour Notes • Data were also collected on BIA (USD 6000 bioimpedance machine) but the data were not provided as the author felt that the equipment did not reflect the large changes in body composition achieved in this intervention, and that its use was difficult in the older people included • Method: calculated by researchers from serum electrolytes measured for study, using osmolarity (2Na + 2K + urea + glucose), all in mmol/L • Cut-o : < 295 versus ≥ 295 mOsm/L Index and comparator tests Skin turgor, thigh (162 participants) • Method: presence or not of skin turgor, coded as "lasting skinfold on anterior side of the thigh" or normal • Timing: unclear, all measurements appear to have been taken over 5 hours Mucosal dryness (164 participants) • Method: not described, coded as abnormal (dry) or normal • Timing: unclear, all measurements appear to have been taken over 5 hours Feeling of Thirst (164 participants) • Method: asked "Do you feel thirsty?", answered yes or no • Timing: unclear, all measurements appear to have been taken over 5 hours Presence of bed sores (164 participants) • Method: not described, coded as yes or no • Timing: unclear, all measurements appear to have been taken over 5 hours TBW assessed by 18 O isotope dilution as % body weight (157 participants) • Method: 50 g of 2% 18 O-enriched water was given orally, plasma and urine samples were taken at baseline and 4 and 5 hours after the isotope dose • Timing: unclear, all measurements appear to have been taken over 5 hours.
No Supported by the Institut de l'Eau Perrier Vittel Source Study 2000  (Continued)  Clinical features and settings • Method: single frequency (50 kHz) BIA (Valhalla Scientific Body Composition Analyzer, model 1990), measured in supine position with electrodes attached to the right wrist, hand, ankle and foot • Timing: BIA and blood sample for serum osmolarity taken during a single mobile centre interview BIA resistance at 50 kHz (1947 participants) • • Method: as above • Timing: BIA and blood sample for serum osmolarity taken during a single mobile centre interview Follow-up • Of 18,110 participants in NHANES III, 14,855 people had phlebotomy data and were included in the original dataset, and of these 3688 were aged at least 65. Of these, 342 were removed as they had heart failure or oedema, 360 had serum osmolality less than 275 mOsm/kg, 877 did not have a measured serum osmolality, and 162 did not have any BIA measures.
Of 62 participants in the dataset received by the review (on day 2, during the observation period before the intervention), 3 were removed as they were aged < 65 years, 9 had no measured serum osmolality (as 1 was returned as a lab error and 8 dropped out as 2 were in hospital, 2 had raised blood sugars, 2 had infections and 2 withdrew) and 2 had serum osmolality < 275 mOsm/ kg, so our analysis was on the remaining 48 participants.
Hoyle 2011 The published paper suggests that data were collected on at least one index test (BIA assessment of TBW, orthostatic hypotension), however it was not clear whether data were collected on at least one reference standard, and contact could not be established with the author The published paper suggests that data were collected on at least one index test (fluid intake), however it was not clear whether data were collected on at least one reference standard, and contact could not be established with the author Takahashi 1997 The published paper suggests that data were collected on at least one reference standard (serum osmolality and osmolarity) and index test (BIA, TBW) but the data were not in a format that could be used directly in the review, the ages of participants were unclear, and contact could not be established with the authors Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews • Unstimulated saliva collected from a pre-weighed absorbent swab, Versi-sal, Oasis Technologies, placed under tongue for 4 minutes, assuming saliva density was 1 g/ mL; μL/min Saliva osmolality • Sample taken from Versi-Sal, centrifuged at 1500 g for 10 min to harvest saliva, analysed as for plasma osmolality) (98 participants insufficient saliva for analysis, < 20 μL, collected from 32 participants) Urine colour • Mid-flow urine sample analysed immediately for urine colour as in Armstrong 1998)  (           $ Water-loss dehydration includes those with impending (serum osmolality 295 to 300 mOsm/kg) and current (serum osmolality >300 mOsm/kg) dehydration * and **: these meta-analyses did not run using the metandi command as usual, but those marked * ran using nip(7), those marked ** did not run with nip(7), but did run with nip(8) BIA -bioelectrical impedance analysis; BPM -beats per minute; ECW -extracellular water; ICW -intracellular water; TBW -total body water; USG -urine specific gravity.
[MEDLINE: 3687569] Phillips PA, Rolls BJ, Ledingham JG, Forsling ML, Morton JJ, Crowe MJ, et al. Reduced thirst a er water deprivation in healthy elderly men. New England Journal of Medicine 1984;311(12):753-9. [MEDLINE: 6472364] Piccoli 2000 {published data only} Piccoli A, Pittoni G, Facco E, Favaro E, Pillon L. Relationship between central venous pressure and bioimpedance vector analysis in critically ill patients. Critical Care Medicine 2000;28(1):132-7. [MEDLINE: 10667512] Powers 2009 {published data only} Powers JS, Choi L, Bitting R, Gupta N, Buchowski M. Rapid measurement of total body water to facilitate clinical decision making in hospitalized elderly patients. Journals of Gerontology Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2009;64(6):664-9.
The clinical study of hyponatremia in the elderly. Part two. Renal function in the aged hyponatremia. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi [Japanese Journal of Geriatrics] 1980;17(1):1-6. [MEDLINE: 6990062] Simmons 2001 {published data only} Simmons SF, Alessi C, Schnelle JF. An intervention to increase fluid intake in nursing home residents: prompting and preference compliance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(7):926-33. [MEDLINE: 11527484] Singh 2013 {published data only} Singh NR, Peters EM. Markers of hydration status in a 3day trail running event. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2013;23(5):354-64. [MEDLINE: 23558332] Siregar 2010 {published data only} Siregar P, Setiati S. Urine osmolality in the elderly. Acta Medica Indonesiana 2010;42(1):24-6. [MEDLINE: 20305328] Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Spangler 1998 {published data only} Spangler AA, Chidester JC.
Postadmission dehydration: risk factors, indicators, and outcomes. Rehabilitation Nursing Journal 2009;34(5):209-16. [MEDLINE: 19772119] Wakefield BJ, Mentes J, Holman JE, Culp K. Risk factors and outcomes associated with hospital admission for dehydration. Rehabilitation Nursing Journal 2008;33(6):233-41. [MEDLINE: 19024237] Waldreus 2010 {published and unpublished data} Waldréus N, Sjöstrand F, Hahn RG. Thirst in the elderly with and without heart failure. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2011;53(2):174-8. [MEDLINE: 21035203] Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Weinberg 1994a {published data only} Weinberg AD, Pals JK, Levesque PG, Beal LF, Cunningham TJ, Minaker KL. Dehydration and death during febrile episodes in the nursing home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994;42(9):968-71.
[MEDLINE: 21233774] Freeman 2011 Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, Benditt DG, Benarroch E, Biaggioni I, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clinical Autonomic Research 2011;21(2):69-72. [MEDLINE: 21431947] Goldman 2004 Goldman L, Ausiello DA. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 22nd Edition. London: Saunders, 2004. Hodgkinson 2003 Hodgkinson B, Evans D, Wood J. Maintaining oral hydration in older adults: a systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2003;9(3):S19-28. [MEDLINE: 12801253] Hooper 2014 Hooper L, Bunn D, Jimoh FO, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Water-loss dehydration and aging. Mechanisms of Ageing & DevelopmentCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews American Journal of Medicine 2006;119(12):1019-26.
Method: 60 letters are read out, participants indicate when 'A' is read, ≥ 2 errors considered abnormal • Timing: all on same day Body temperature (data not in dataset) • Method: unclear • Timing: all on same day Culp 2003 (Continued) Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Setting: Auckland marathon participants • Country: New Zealand • Aim: to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of commonly used signs of dehydration in marathon runners Participants • Full marathon competitors • Sex (M/F): 9/2 • Age: 65 to 69 years (7); 70 to 74 years (3); ≥ 75 years (1) • Nutritional status (mean ± SD, range): weight (70. 2 ± 10. 0 kg, 55. 2 to 88. 5); BMI not provided Study design • Prospective diagnostic accuracy study, participants were measured at registration and end of marathon • 2 x 2 table published: no, dataset provided by author Target condition and reference standard(s) Weight change • Method: body weight change from race registration (on Thursday, Friday or Saturday by personnel on duty) to following the marathon (held on the following Sunday morning, weighed by another volunteer), both times in running clothes and with shoes removed • Cut-o : < 3% change in body weight versus ≥ 3% change Index and comparator tests Sunken eyes (11 participants) • Method: assessed by examiner • Timing: immediately after the race and before drinking any fluids Dry oral mucous membranes (11 participants) • Method: visual assessment of tongue and inside of cheeks, by examiner in bright daylight without a torch • Timing: immediately after the race and before drinking any fluids McGarvey 2010 Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration.
Method: daily weight assessment • Cut-o : < 3% of weight change versus ≥ 3% of weight change Index and comparator tests Fluid balance over 24 hours (10 participants) • Method: obtained from bedside flow sheets • Timing: mean fluid balance over same period of weight assessment Follow-up • Of 60 patients in the original paper we were provided with data from 40, of whom 12 were aged < 65 years; heart failure (14), kidney failure (1); 3 did not have weight data over an appropriate period, leaving 10 people in our dataset Notes Yes: reviewers set our own cut-o s as we had access to the full dataset Monahan 2006 Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Setting: Elderly volunteers • country: Sweden • Aim: to examine effects of drinking versus intravenous infusion of a set volume of fluid (crossover intervention study, data compared between older and younger people) Participants • People aged 70 to 90 years old who responded to advertisements and without dementia, heart failure (NYHA III-IV), and not taking diuretics or ACEi medications • Sex (M/F): 6/7 • Mean age ± SD (range): 81. 2 ± 4. years (74 to 88) • Nutritional status (mean ± SD, range): BMI (25. 1 ± 3. 9 kg/m 2 , 18. 6 to 31. 1) (BMI data provided for 11/13 participants) Study design • Prospective study, cross-over intervention study, participants were measured at baseline, then during fluid infusion or consumption, but baseline data on iv visit only used in this analysis • 2 x 2 table published: no, dataset provided by author Target condition and reference standard(s) Serum osmolality, mOsm/kg (directly measured) • Method: measured with an osmometer (Fiske 2400, Advanced Instruments, Norwood MA) • Cut-o : < 295 versus ≥ 295 mOsm/kg Index and comparator tests USG (12 participants) • Method: urine test strips (Urisys 1100 and Combur 10 Test M, both from Roche Diagnostics, Scandinavia, Bromma, Sweden) • Timing: time 0 (baseline) in IV arm of intervention study, the same time as serum osmolality blood sample obtained Urine colour (10 participants) • Method: using Armstrong colour chart • Timing: assessed on baseline urine sample Urine osmolality (13 participants) • Method: measured with an osmometer (Fiske 2400, Advanced Instruments, Norwood MA) • Timing: assessed on baseline urine sample Heart rate (13 participants) • Method: digital blood pressure monitor (Omron, Kyoto, Japan) Sjöstrand Healthy 2013 Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews collected age, gender, health, functional status, and level of independence data for participants, as well as how each test was performed and assessed, timing of each test including how far apart in time the di erent tests were taken, and at what time of day. The data extraction form was refined (with definitions and explanations added as required by the team) and then data extraction was carried out in duplicate for each included study. Authors who extracted data conferred to agree on a final data extraction and validity assessment for the review. Where items required for data extraction or validity assessment were designated as unclear, original study investigators were contacted to obtain further details. Where complete datasets for included studies were sought from original investigators, we requested data on sex, age, and presence or absence of diseases such as kidney and heart failure as well as results of our index tests and reference standards.
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews • Mean age ± SD (range): 69 ± 6. 3 years (65 to 79) • Nutritional status (mean ± SD, range): weight (77. 3 ± 8. 9 kg, 58. 7 to 87. 1); BMI not provided Study design • Prospective study (before/after design), participants were measured at baseline, dehydrated through heat and exercise for 105 min, rested for 30 min, then allowed to rehydrate for 180 min • 2 x 2 table published: no, dataset provided by author.
Kuo 2002The published paper suggests that data were collected on at least one index test (USG), however it was not clear whether data were collected on at least one reference standard, and contact could not be established with the authorPiccoli 2000The published paper suggests that data were collected on a reference standard (plasma osmolality) and at least one index test (BIA), however data are not in a format that can be used for this review and contact could not be established with author The published paper suggests that data were collected on a reference standard (weight change) and at least one index test (urine osmolality, urine output), however data are not in a format that can be used for this review and contact could not be established with authorRobinson 1985The published paper suggests that data were collected on at least one index test (orthostatic hypotension, skin turgor, axillial moisture, tongue, vein filling), however it was not clear whether data were collected on at least one reference standard, and contact could not be established with the authorRoos 1995 It appears that the dataset includes a reference standard (weight change) and index tests (BIA assessment of TBW, skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes) but not in a format that can be utilised in the review, and no contact could be established with researchers.
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews "yes" to feeling symptoms of tiredness (any number > 0 on 0 to 100 VAS) (Sjöstrand Healthy 2013). Cut-o proposed at 550 ohm by Allison 2005 (with values of at least 550 ohm suggesting hypovolaemia). Other cut-o s chosen at 350 and 450 ohm pragmatically.
Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Mack 1994). As the median of this small dataset was 51 mm (minimum (0); maximum 1(30 mm)) one cuto was chosen below the median, at 40 mm, and one intermediate (at 80 mm). For Sjostrand severe thirst was assumed as a score of equated to ≥ 67, moderate to ≥ 34, mild to ≥ 1 (Sjöstrand Healthy 2013) 118) Thirsty, any degree Participant feels thirsty (any degree) Participant reports they have felt thirst over past 3 days (Kajii 2006) or thirst (no description how assessed (Source Study 2000), or participant says whether or not they feel thirsty at present (McGarvey 2010), or stated that did or did not have symptoms of thirst (0 = no, if yes graded on 1 to 100 VAS for severity) (Sjöstrand Healthy 2013) 119) Tongue smarts Participant answers "yes" to question of whether tongue has been smarting over past 3 days.
• Method: 60 letters are read out, participants indicate when 'A' is read, ≥ 2 errors considered abnormal • Timing: all on same day Body temperature (data not in dataset) • Method: unclear • Timing: all on same day Culp 2003 (Continued) Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Setting: Auckland marathon participants • Country: New Zealand • Aim: to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of commonly used signs of dehydration in marathon runners Participants • Full marathon competitors • Sex (M/F): 9/2 • Age: 65 to 69 years (7); 70 to 74 years (3); ≥ 75 years (1) • Nutritional status (mean ± SD, range): weight (70. 2 ± 10. 0 kg, 55. 2 to 88. 5); BMI not provided Study design • Prospective diagnostic accuracy study, participants were measured at registration and end of marathon • 2 x 2 table published: no, dataset provided by author Target condition and reference standard(s) Weight change • Method: body weight change from race registration (on Thursday, Friday or Saturday by personnel on duty) to following the marathon (held on the following Sunday morning, weighed by another volunteer), both times in running clothes and with shoes removed • Cut-o : < 3% change in body weight versus ≥ 3% change Index and comparator tests Sunken eyes (11 participants) • Method: assessed by examiner • Timing: immediately after the race and before drinking any fluids Dry oral mucous membranes (11 participants) • Method: visual assessment of tongue and inside of cheeks, by examiner in bright daylight without a torch • Timing: immediately after the race and before drinking any fluids McGarvey 2010 Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration.
•• Method: daily weight assessment • Cut-o : < 3% of weight change versus ≥ 3% of weight change Index and comparator tests Fluid balance over 24 hours (10 participants) • Method: obtained from bedside flow sheets • Timing: mean fluid balance over same period of weight assessment Follow-up • Of 60 patients in the original paper we were provided with data from 40, of whom 12 were aged < 65 years; heart failure (14), kidney failure (1); 3 did not have weight data over an appropriate period, leaving 10 people in our dataset Notes Yes: reviewers set our own cut-o s as we had access to the full dataset Monahan 2006 Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Search methods used were based on guidelines for Cochrane diagnostic test accuracy reviews (de Vet 2008). Electronic searches Searches were run in MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP) and CINAHL from inception until 29 April 2013. The Database of Reviews of E ectiveness (DARE) and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) databases were searched viaThe Cochrane Library for any relevant non-Cochrane reviews using a strategy adapted from the MEDLINE strategy. The International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) was searched for ongoing studies using keywords derived from this search strategy. We sought assistance from the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Trials Search Co-ordinator to search the Cochrane Register of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies for further relevant studies. Searches for these databases were run in April 2013.
In processing the study datasets, we ensured that details of each component of the dataset was understood (the timing of tests, units, serum or urinary measures and so forth) by analysing the publication and from contact with original investigators. The dataset was then cleaned by removing data of participants aged less than 65 Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. years; those with kidney failure, heart failure, or oedema; or who were perioperative or postoperative; and participants who had no reference standard data or with serum osmolality < 275 mOsm/kg. The process, including losses of participants, was logged. This final dataset for each included study was used to complete tables of characteristics and validity. We constructed 2 x 2 tables (no dehydration versus water-loss dehydration) for each index test, one table for each dichotomous index test for each study, and three tables per continuous index test (one table for each of three cut-o points).
Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Figure 1. Study flow diagram Three studies were included using only data from study publications (Allison 2005; Eaton 1994; Shimizu 2012), and although we tried to contact authors for further details and the full dataset, no additional data were received. We obtained 21 full datasets from study authors for inclusion in the review (Bossingham 2005; Chassagne 2006; Culp 2003; Fletcher 1999 There was a ; Fortes 2011; Gaspar 2011a; Johnson 2003; Kafri 2013; Kajii 2006; Lindner 2009; Mack 1994; McGarvey 2010; Monahan 2006; Powers 2012; Rowat 2011; Source Study 2000; Stookey 2005; Stotts 2009; Perren 2011; Sjöstrand ED 2013; Sjöstrand Healthy 2013). None of these studies could have been included without obtaining these additional data.
Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews studies was serum osmolality (directly measured), and again, all We planned to explore sources of heterogeneity of diagnostic other methodological quality indicators were met (indicating low accuracy of individual clinical symptoms, signs and tests that risk of bias) except for representative spectrum. This was because show some evidence of discrimination by the reference standard it was unclear whether consecutive or random recruitment took used, cut-o value for tests providing continuous data, type place in either study, and the emergency department-based study of participants (community-dwelling older people, those in did not recruit from the community. residential care, and those in hospital), sex, and baseline We identified four studies that assessed BIA resistance at 50 kHz; their validity was more variable.