dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Temperature, salinity, and oxygen validation Since the sensors were calibrated before deployment, it was expected that the measurements from the glider would match those from the CTD because any discrepancies between datasets would indicate possible instrumental or methodological issues with the glider measurements. The mean profiles of θ , salinity, and c(O 2 ) collected by the glider and by ship (Fig. 6 ) agreed well. The values obtained by both ship and glider were mostly within 1 standard deviation of one another. The mean θ and salinity retrieved during the eight ship pH s casts differed from the binned mean calculated using all available REP14-MED ship casts at depths between 100 and 500 m. However, this is likely related to temporal or spatial variability as mean θ and salinity were within the range of all available glider measurements.
Furthermore, differences of roughly 0. 1 • C, 0. 02, and 1. 5 µmol kg -1 can be seen for θ , salinity, and c(O 2 ), respectively, between the binned mean profile of CTD measurements and the binned mean profile Ocean Sci. ,  13, [427] [428] [429] [430] [431] [432] [433] [434] [435] [436] [437] [438] [439] [440] [441] [442] 2017  www. ocean-sci. net/13/427/2017/ of glider measurements at depths greater than 500 m. These differences in θ , salinity, and c(O 2 ) are related to the different spatial distribution of the two datasets, as the glider measured predominantly at 40 • N where deep, cooler, and fresher waters were observed in the west (Fig. 4a-b ) that are uncommon in other areas of the observational domain  (Knoll et al. , 2015b).
This increases the voltage threshold to falsely measure higher hydrogen ion activity, leading to lower apparent pH  (Liao et al. , 1999). The effect of light on our sensor was investigated further by exposing two ISFET pH sensors to artificial light whilst placed in reference buffer solutions (TRIS and AMP) under laboratory conditions. The results (not shown here) confirmed that our ISFET sensor is affected by light. The lightinduced offset depended on the strength and type of the light source and which sensor was being used. The offset remained relatively constant whilst the light was turned on. Maximum pH offsets of -0. 7 (-6 × 10 6 counts) and -0. 15 (-3 × 10 6 counts) were found when the LED and halogen lights were used, respectively. There were not enough dives for a robust light correction, and an irradiance-measuring sensor was not attached to the glider; hence data collected within the top 50 m be-Ocean Sci.
Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank all the partners who helped make REP14-MED a success: the engineers, technicians, and scientists onboard the NRV Alliance and the  NRV Planet , those on land responsible for the logistics of the experiment, and the  UEA glider science team  for piloting the glider. We thank  Bastien Queste  and  Gillian Damerell  for their help and support regarding the analysis of the glider data. Michael Hemming 's  PhD  project is funded by the  Defence Science and Technology Laboratory  (DSTL, UK), in close cooperation with  Direction Générale de l'Armement  ( DGA, France ), with oversight provided by  Tim Clarke and Carole Nahum. We thank the  Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, UK)  for providing financial support for the demonstration of the glider capability.
Data availability. All REP14-MED experiment data are available on the CMRE data server at http://geos3. cmre. nato. int/ portal/ (NATO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), 2016). The data are NATO UNCLASSIFIED and available only for the partners of the experiment. However, interested institutions can sign up for partnership at any time. Requests may be directed to the author or to geos-webmaster@nurc. nato. int.
Background: Systematic reviews provide the best evidence on the effect of health care interventions. They rely on comprehensive access to the available scientific literature. Electronic search strategies alone may not suffice, requiring the implementation of a handsearching approach. We have developed a database to provide an Internet-based platform from which handsearching activities can be coordinated, including a procedure to streamline the submission of these references into CENTRAL, the Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Trials. Methods: We developed a database and a descriptive analysis. Through brainstorming and discussion among stakeholders involved in handsearching projects, we designed a database that met identified needs that had to be addressed in order to ensure the viability of handsearching activities.
Three handsearching teams pilot tested the proposed database. Once the final version of the database was approved, we proceeded to train the staff involved in handsearching. Results: The proposed database is called BADERI (Database of Iberoamerican Clinical Trials and Journals, by its initials in Spanish). BADERI was officially launched in October 2015, and it can be accessed at www. baderi. com/login. php free of cost. BADERI has an administration subsection, from which the roles of users are managed; a references subsection, where information associated to identified controlled clinical trials (CCTs) can be entered; a reports subsection, from which reports can be generated to track and analyse the results of handsearching activities; and a built-in free text search engine. BADERI allows all references to be exported in ProCite files that can be directly uploaded into CENTRAL.
By implementing a handsearching strategy, issues of poor indexation and non-detection of studies published in journals not indexed in major databases or published in different languages can be overcome. Studies that have compared the proportion of studies identified via handsearching against those identified adopting electronic search strategies confirm the superiority of the handsearching approach  [16] [17] [18] [19]. One of the main promoters of handsearching worldwide is the Cochrane Collaboration, through different initiatives coordinated among review groups and Cochrane centres. As such, the Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre (IbCC), in collaboration with the Iberoamerican Cochrane Network (IbCN), conducts an initiative aimed at identifying all CCTs published in Spain and Latin America  [20].
Likewise, handsearching activities are underway again for Anaesthesiology, as well as for Geriatrics, Neurology, Oncology, Paediatrics, and Orthopaedics and Traumatology. In order to address these challenges, we aimed to develop an Internet-based platform from which the handsearching activities could be coordinated. This tool would serve as a secure database for registering the journals that have been handsearched and the CCTs that have been identified. Additionally, it would facilitate coordinating the activities of several handsearching teams in different countries and institutions in Spain and Latin America, tracking the completed work to avoid duplication, verifying results, classifying and storing the CCTs identified, and planning future undertakings. Lastly, this platform would expedite the submission of the identified CCTs to CENTRAL for potential inclusion in systematic reviews and other documents of synthesis.
Database development The database development process started in September 2013. Through brainstorming and discussion among staff and stakeholders involved in handsearching projects, we identified needs that should be solved in order to ensure the viability of the handsearching enterprise. We contracted the services of an information technology (IT) company to set up a webpage that would host the proposed database, incorporating features that would address the identified needs. The development process of the database is summarized in Fig. 1. We iteratively assessed and tested different versions of the database, proposing at each time changes and addons to improve its accessibility, practicality, and usefulness. We uploaded the titles of more than 1500 journals, which had been identified in a previous study  [21] , that were potentially eligible for handseaching.
Pilot testing of the database Three handsearching teams were recruited for pilot testing the database. They were involved in handsearching activities for Gynaecology, Ophthalmology, and Orthopaedics and Traumatology. They were asked to enter references of identified CCTs into the database, including study authors, journal of publication, and volume, year, and issue number where the CCT was published, among other data as described below. They were also required to verify that the data had been entered correctly using the built-in search engine and to create reports to track the progress of their handsearching activities.
Launching of the database and early activities Once the final version of the database was approved, we proceeded to train the staff involved in handsearching projects. As reported elsewhere, the handsearching activities are conducted following the guidelines provided by the Cochrane Collaboration  [1, 15]. These require that each journal issue be carefully inspected, assessing not only original articles but also editorials, letters to the editor, abstracts, and conference presentations. The recommended steps are (1) reading the table of contents, (2) locating keywords in the title of the article (e. g. randomized, random, blinded, etc. ), (3) reading the abstract, and (4) reading the methods section in the full text of the article. Handsearching must be conducted retrospectively starting with the latest available issue of the corresponding journal.
Eligibility criteria In order to be eligible for inclusion in the database, studies had to meet the following criteria, as per the guidelines provided by the Cochrane collaboration to classify studies as CCTs: they had to (1) compare treatments in humans, (2) be prospective; interventions must have been planned before the study took place, (3) compare two or more interventions, one of which can be a no-treatment control group or a placebo, and (4) have a random or quasirandom method of allocation to treatment  [1]. Random allocation was defined as the explicit adoption of random methods for assignment of participants to study arms, such as computer-generated random numbers. Quasirandom allocation was defined as the adoption of less stringent methods that can be used to generate comparable groups for the study arms, such as assignment by date of birth, even and odd numbers, or medical record number  [28].
Data extraction For each journal title included in BADERI, we recorded the following information: International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), country of origin, medical specialty, and years of publication. The database allows up to two medical specialties per journal. Each identified CCT was entered in the database and filed under the corresponding journal. We recorded the following information for each identified CCT: title in Spanish and English (if available); author(s), in a format compatible with the requirements of CENTRAL; year, volume, issue number, and pages of publication (when appropriate); and method of randomization. The name of the person who identified the CCT, the year when it was identified, and whether the corresponding full text is available were also recorded. There was a field where comments could be entered as needed.
Data analysis We used descriptive statistics to analyse the progress of the implementation of the database for different handsearching projects. This analysis was performed using reports generated by the database, which are exported in Excel® format, version 2010, Microsoft Office, Redmond, WA, USA. Additionally, all references entered in BADERI can be exported in ProCite format and submitted for inclusion in CENTRAL for their potential inclusion in systematic reviews and other documents of synthesis  [22, 23].
Database development (design and updating) The proposed database was named BADERI (Database of Iberoamerican Clinical Trials and Journals, by its initials in Spanish). BADERI was officially launched in October 2015 and can be accessed at www. baderi. com/ login. php (login and password needed, which can be generated upon request). BADERI is free of cost to all users. After the brainstorming and discussion sessions, we agreed upon the features that were added to BADERI, the flow that users would follow to enter new references into the database, and the format of the reports. We subsequently assessed different versions of the database and approved the interface proposed by the IT company that set up BADERI. Starting in March 2015 and during the next 3 months, BADERI was pilot tested. Three handsearching teams entered 203 references to CCTs, performed free text searches for a convenience sample of references to verify they had been correctly entered, and generated the available reports to track the work they had completed.
This exercise allowed us to incorporate important changes to BADERI, the most relevant of which were (1) adding fields for recording additional information from identified CCTs (e. g. name of the person who had identified the CCT), (2) integrating drop-down menus for some fields (e. g. for method of randomization), (3) changing the location of links (e. g. links for generating a new journal or a new reference), and (4) suggesting formats or data to be included in reports (e. g. reports that could be filtered by journal, country, or medical specialty). Since the database has been launched, we have received further feedback from users on how to improve the usability of BADERI. We update the database on a regular basis accordingly.
The reports provide all available information for the journals and the CCTs registered in the database and can be filtered per journal(s), country(ies), or medical specialty(ies). There are three types of reports: handsearched journals, identified CCTs, and overall report of activities. Lastly, the 'Search' subsection contains the search engine. This engine allows retrieving references through free text searches for journal title, author, or title of the article. BADERI has a built-in feature, also available under the 'Reports' subsection, which allows the exportation of all bibliographic information available in the database in a ProCite file. This file can then be directly uploaded into CENTRAL. Additional file 1 provides screenshots of each of the four subsections in BADERI.
Discussion We have developed BADERI, an online database to facilitate the management of handsearching of CCT projects. BADERI has several features that address the logistic challenges of this type of undertaking. Through a user-friendly interface, BADERI allows maintaining a repository of the journals that have been handsearched, the number of articles reviewed, and full bibliographic references to the identified CCTs. This information can be easily exported in Excel format for descriptive analyses or in ProCite format for its inclusion in CENTRAL. Users can be assigned to one or more handsearching projects (medical specialty or by country/ies) and be granted general administrator, local administrator (at the country level), or handsearching roles. This distribution of tasks encourages teamwork while allowing team leaders to oversee the progress of the project.
The development of BADERI relied on input from experts with first-hand knowledge of the challenges that handsearching projects entail. In addition, the database was pilot tested by personnel with ample experience completing handsearching projects. The involvement of these stakeholders guarantees that BADERI incorporates features and functions to expedite handsearching projects, while stimulating the participation of more volunteers working from remote locations. BADERI will also provide an entry door to people who may be interested in systematic reviews even before they receive the corresponding formal training by allowing them to participate in the identification of potentially eligible CCTs. Most importantly, all the material contained in BADERI will be made available for its potential inclusion in systematic reviews and other documents of synthesis.
BADERI contains all the information required by CENTRAL, and all data can be exported in ProCite format and uploaded directly into CENTRAL. Based on our previous experience, BADERI significantly simplifies the process of submitting data to CENTRAL. This year alone, we have been able to submit more than 3000 references, more than we had managed to in all previous years together, and we expect to send more than 2000 more within the upcoming semester. To our knowledge, there are no other initiatives or studies that have addressed the challenges of handsearching projects. As reported by several other studies  [29] [30] [31] [32] , BADERI can help overcome some of the.
Strengths and limitations The main strengths of our study include the expertise in handsearching of the personnel involved in the design, setup, and pilot testing of BADERI. Furthermore, these personnel have ample experience in completing systematic reviews and in developing research projects in the methodology of systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines. Additionally, the database we propose is free of cost and user-friendly, which facilitates its adoption among handsearching teams. Lastly, BADERI's features to export data in spreadsheets and ProCite format are unique, streamlining the analysis of data registered in BADERI and its submission to CENTRAL. Our work is subject to some limitations. BADERI may require input and pilot testing on behalf of other stakeholders, especially beyond projects conducted within the Cochrane Collaboration.
Similarly, access to use BADERI is granted upon request to a local or general administrator, which may be a barrier to its uptake. However, we are committed to collaborating with any entity interested in learning how to use BADERI to meet their specific needs and to granting access to the database and its contents to any interested party. Given that we are still in the process of uploading identified CCTs into BADERI, we cannot draw firm conclusions about the main characteristics of this body of work. We hope that as we complete the process of compiling in BADERI the results of all handsearching activities conducted so far, we will be better able to conduct descriptive studies regarding the features of these studies.
Implications for practice The BADERI database will serve handsearching teams across several countries and institutions. All personnel involved in these activities will be granted access to BADERI free of charge. Furthermore, BADERI could be easily adapted to fulfil the handsearching management needs of other entities. BADERI can also be a useful resource for other initiatives or groups that need to register and monitor existing journals and corresponding handsearching activities. We are currently providing training to several handsearching teams from Spain and Latin America on how to report the results of their work via BADERI. As they implement BADERI in their handsearching activities, they provide feedback that helps us to adjust and improve the database. We are also finishing the upload of handsearching projects that were conducted in the past but that have not been added to BADERI.
Implications for research The handsearching of CCTs is a crucial complement to electronic searches in order to identify all the available evidence that can potentially be used in systematic reviews and other documents of synthesis. The IbCC has made it a top priority to foster current and future handsearching projects of biomedical journals in different medical fields, for which the BADERI database will be an invaluable aid. We are currently finishing the upload of references identified in previous handsearching projects and its submission to CENTRAL. There is also a need to critically assess the results and quality of the CCTs included in BADERI.
Acknowledgements Hector Pardo-Hernandez  is a doctoral candidate at the  Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Preventive Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. The authors would like to thank  Ivan Solà ,  Antonio Segura Hernández ,  Daniel Aroca ,  Gabriel Rada ,  Aleix Bonfill ,  Guifré Bonfill ,  Gabriel Martínez ,  Paulina Fuentes ,  Cristóbal Loézar , and  Teresa Gea  for their help at different stages of this project. They would also like to thank  Maria Victoria Leo  and  Andrea Alepuz  for translating the titles of identified CCTs into English (when required).
g. ,  Verde et al. 2013; Marra et al. 2013; Efstathiou 2014; Wyman et al. 2014; MacCrann et al. 2015; Seehars et al. 2015; Hildebrandt et al. 2016). However, none of these extensions are strongly supported by the Planck data themselves (e. g. , see discussion in Planck  Collaboration XIII 2016). Despite the interest that the shifts in best-fit parameters has generated, there has not yet been an identification of the particular aspects of the Planck data, and their differences with WMAP data, that give rise to the shifts. The main goal of this paper is to identify the aspects of the data that lead to the shifts, and to understand the physics that drives ΛCDM parameters to respond to these differences in the way they do. We choose to pursue this goal with analysis that is entirely internal to the Planck data.
In carrying out this Planck-based analysis, we still shed light on the WMAP-to-Planck parameter shifts, because when we restrict ourselves to modes that WMAP measures at high signal-to-noise ratio, the WMAP and Planck temperature maps agree well (e. g. ,  Kovács et al. 2013; Planck Collaboration XXXI 2014). The qualitatively new attribute of the Planck data that leads to the parameter shifts is the high-precision measurement of the temperature power spectrum in the 600 < ∼ < ∼ 2000 range. 2  Restricting our analysis to be internal to Planck has the advantage of simplicity, without altering the main conclusions. We also investigate the consistency of the differences in parameters inferred from different multipole ranges with expectations, given the ΛCDM model and our understanding of the sources of error.
The consistency of such parameter shifts has been previously studied in Planck Collaboration XI (2016),  Couchot et al. (2015) , and  Addison et al. (2016). In studying the consistency of parameters inferred from < 1000 with those inferred from > 1000  Addison et al. (2016)  claim to find significant evidence for internal inconsistencies in the Planck data. Our analysis improves upon theirs in several ways, mainly through our use of simulations to account for covariances between the pair of data sets being compared, as well as the "look elsewhere effect," and the departure of the true distribution of the shift statistics away from a χ 2 distribution. Much has already been demonstrated about the robustness of the Planck parameter results to data processing, data selection, foreground removal, and instrument modelling choices Planck Collaboration XI (2016).
We will not revisit all of that here. However, having identified the power spectrum features that are causing the shifts in cosmological parameters, we show that these features are all present in multiple individual frequency channels, as one would expect from the previous studies. The features in the data therefore appear to be cosmological in origin. The Planck polarization maps, and the T E and EE polarization power spectra determinations they enable, are also new aspects of the Planck data. These new data are in agreement with the T T results and point to similar shifts away from the WMAP parameters (Planck Collaboration XIII 2016), although with less statistical weight. In order to focus on the primary driver of the parameter shifts, namely the temperature power spectrum, we ignore polarization data except for the constraint on the value of the optical depth τ coming from polarization at the largest angular scales, which in practice we fold in with a prior on τ.