dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The first International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Core-Log-Seismic Integration at Sea (CLSI@Sea) workshop, held in January-February 2018, brought together an international, multidisciplinary team of 14 early-career scientists and a group of scientific mentors specialized in subduction zone processes at the Nankai Trough, one of the Earth's most active plate-subduction zones located off the southwestern coast of Japan. The goal of the workshop was to leverage existing core, log, and seismic data previously acquired during the IODP's Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE), to address the role of the deformation front of the Nankai accretionary prism in tsunamigenic earthquakes and slow slip in the shallow portion of the subduction interface. The CLSI@Sea workshop was organized onboard the D/V Chikyu concurrently with IODP Expedition 380, allowing workshop participants to interact with expedition scientists installing a longterm borehole monitoring system (LTBMS) at a site where the workshop's research was focused.
Sedimentary cores from across the deformation front were brought onboard Chikyu, where they were made available for new description, sampling, and analysis. Logging data, drilling parameters, and seismic data were also available for Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the IODP and the ICDP. 94 A. Cerchiari et al. : Core-Log Seismic Investigation at Sea investigation by workshop participants, who were granted access to Chikyu laboratory facilities and software to perform analyses at sea. Multi-thematic presentations facilitated knowledge transfer between the participants across field areas, and highlighted the value of multi-disciplinary collaboration that integrates processes across different spatiotemporal scales. The workshop resulted in the synthesis of existing geophysical, geologic, and geochemical data spanning IODP Sites C0006, C0007, C0011 and C0012 in the NanTroSEIZE area, the identification of key outstanding research questions in the field of shallow subduction zone seismogenesis, and fostered collaborative and individual research plans integrating new data analysis techniques and multidisciplinary approaches.
This workshop was developed to enhance multidisciplinary research to address the role of accretionary prism frontal deformation in tsunamigenic earthquakes and slow slip in the shallow portion of the subduction interface. A singular aspect of CLSI@Sea lay in the fact that it was designed to leverage existing archives of IODP cores and logging data and associated seismic datasets previously acquired as part of the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) program. Recent findings from the 2011 Tohoku-Oki mega earthquake in the Japan Trench indeed provided evidence that tsunamigenic slips can be continuous from the locked portion of the subduction plate boundary all the way out to the trench  (Chester et al. , 2013). Similar behavior has been previously documented in the shallow portion of the Nankai subduction zone  (Kinoshita et al.
, 2009; Sakaguchi et al. , 2011; Ito et al. , 2013) , within the NanTroSEIZE study area, thus highlighting the interest in re-investigating archived NanTroSEIZE data to characterize the nature of fault slip and strain accumulation, fault architecture, and state variables throughout subduction plate boundary systems. The CLSI@Sea workshop represented an original approach in several aspects. First, CLSI@Sea was an unprecedented opportunity to examine legacy data from multiple former expeditions in the context of a mission not dedicated to core recovery. CLSI@Sea workshop was the first of its kind organized concurrently with an International Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) expedition. Expedition 380 installed a long-term borehole monitoring system (LTBMS) at Site C0006, above the deformation front of the Nankai accretionary prism, thus allowing workshop participants to investigate archived data from the site where the IODP expedition was focused and interact with the expedition science party.
Second, a challenging aspect of the workshop was to connect a group of science mentors with extensive experience in the Nankai margin with early-career researchers from diverse research backgrounds (Table  1 ), to work on common research questions. Third, workshop participants were given the opportunity to pursue new research while onboard Chikyu, thanks to full access to shipboard laboratory facilities to re-investigate the IODP archived data. Well-preserved sedimentary cores were brought onboard Chikyu from the Kochi Core Center and made available for laboratory analyses. Seismic reflection, log, and drilling parameter data were also kindly provided to all workshop participants onboard. The international team of workshop participants was then able to develop interdisciplinary discussions and organize both individual and collaborative research plans to address outstanding questions regarding seismogenic-, tsunamigenic-and slow-slip processes in the Nankai subduction zone, a crucial topic for the regional tectonics, but also a fundamental aspect of the Earth's geodynamics.
In parallel to personal research plans, group research was undertaken by small teams of participants focused on generating a comprehensive synthesis of previous Nankai Trough research arising from IODP expeditions (see Sect. 4), to help identify any outstanding scientific questions. In addition, this collaborative work extended to the development of a database of the scientific literature generated by previous NanTroSEIZE projects and the submission of this workshop report to promote the international, multi-disciplinary CLSI@Sea initiative. Personal research projects centred on the analysis of the seismic reflection data, logging data and sedimentary cores from Site C0006 (Holes C, D, E, F), Site C0007 (Holes A, B, C, D) and Site C0012 (Hole A) (see Fig. 1  for location). In particular, Sites C0006 and C0007 provided the opportunity to examine cores from the Pliocene and Miocene sections down to the décollement (Figs.
4  and 5 ) at the deformation front. In line with IODP protocols, sample requests had to be submitted and approval received prior to any sampling and analysis of the core material. Software and data handling training was also provided by laboratory technicians to participants to improve efficiency in executing their research projects while onboard Chikyu. These individual and collaborative efforts were supported by daily meetings in which the mentoring team provided workshop participants with input and guidance for their ongoing work. The research projects undertaken by the participants included (Sects. 4 and 5) investigations on an accurate age model for the accretionary prism's frontal thrust development; seafloor/sub-bottom morphological response to subduction along the Nankai Trough; P-wave velocity-porosity relationship in the deformation front area; and multi-dimensional analysis of plate boundary faults.
Integration of legacy IODP data The coordination of the synthesis of previous IODP NanTro-SEIZE projects made to facilitate the organization of future individual and collaborative research plans resulted in the formation of research teams focused on three main subtopics: lithostratigraphy, tectonic structures of the Nankai prism and physical properties of the deformation front. The goal of these research teams was to build a compilation of the formerly published results in the different sub-topics, and across the different IODP sites investigated during this workshop. This compilation was a fundamental aspect of the  workshop, to create a state-of-the-art of the existing results and bring up new scientific questions, but also to set up a dynamic work collaboration between the participants.
In addition to previously reported faults, workshop work resulted in the observation of new faults correlated thanks to the integration of core, log and seismic data (blue strips in Fig. 4 ). Cores from Sites C0006 and C0007 intersect several major faults, including the plate boundary interface in-   and C0007 ). Dark blue markers (strips, dots) are additions provided by the CLSI@Sea workshop. The figure shows (from left to right) the logging data at Hole C0006B, the interpreted seismic section (IL 2435) across the Nankai 3-D volume illustrating the structures at the deformation front, and the lithological units and the logging units identified at both Sites C0006 and C0007. Some structures (dark blue) have been identified by integration of the Core-Logging-Seismic data. Figure compiled and modified from  Kimura et al.
Continued structural analysis of the site C0006 and C0007 data involving resistivity log fracture analysis, thin section observations, high-resolution CT scans, re-interpretation of the NanTroSEIZE 3-D volume and geochemical analysis across fault zones will be used to address the following questions. -What is the temporal history of slip along frontal prism faults? Which sedimentary horizons are offset by thrusts? Do any thrusts breach the seafloor? -Which structural features exist in the region where seismic tremors have been identified, and which may be genetically linked to tremorgenic processes? -What are the distribution, origin and timing of the mass transport deposits along the Kumano transect and are they temporally linked with fault activity? -What is the 3-D architecture of the prism? How strong are the lateral variations of the structures within the prism?.
Physical properties in the frontal thrust and incoming plate The workshop also led to new compilations and analysis of log, computed tomography (CT), and rate of penetration (ROP) data that will promote research on the physi-cal properties (PPs) of the sedimentary units and faults recovered from the cores. These include establishing a relationship between the P-wave velocity (V P ) and the porosity within the sedimentary layers; mapping the physical properties within the prism; estimating stress within the prism; quantifying the frictional heat generated during fault slips, particularly at the décollement; investigation of the slip properties along the faults in order to understand the slip behavior from temperatures; and mapping the porosity distribution. PPs of drilled cores are measured onboard Chikyu using a Multi-Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) system, discrete-sample measurements, and CT images.
5 ). C0006 and C0007 have limited and scattered discrete core data; thus, they are not included to constrain the porosity-V P trend. ROP is one of the key parameters to assess the drilling efficiency and can be used to estimate the sliding friction coefficient  (Pessier and Fear, 1992). We compile ROP at Sites C0006B and C0012H where drilling parameters are available and compare the trend to the core-scale physical properties. The first 100 m of a dataset may not be appropriate for further calculation as there is obvious fluctuation. Future work includes investigation of the impacts of different drilling meth-ods and comparison of the mechanical properties of different lithological units. The spatial distribution of PPs (especially porosity) contains key information of the degree of compaction and stress states around faults and décollement.
As an example of CLSI@Sea using compiled PPs, we estimated the porosity distribution along the NanTroSEIZE transect. The V P dataset  (Moore et al. , 2007; Park et al. , 2010)  covers the locations from the inner wedge (near Site C0009) to the deformation front (Sites C0006 and C0007) and to the seaward sites (C0011, C0012). We are then able to apply the empirical V P -porosity relationship to estimate the porosity distribution. From the preliminary results, we clearly see that there is a high-porosity zone along the décollement associated with the low-velocity zone  (Park et al. , 2010). This high-porosity zone indicates under-compaction and may suggest high excess pressure during tectonic loading. Future work will include (i) mapping the porosity distribution more precisely by integrating the data in the inner wedge (e.
, 2008 , for more details), studies of fault zones so far have mainly concentrated on the Mega-Splay Fault (Fig. 1 ) and the toe of the décollement (Site C0007, Fig. 4 ). As a first step of the investigation, seismic reflection data have been checked to identify major fault zones with sufficient displacement. The depths of identified faults have then been estimated by studying the logging resistivity images and core CT images. Based on the estimation of the depth of the faults, stored cores have been thoroughly observed, allowing identification of several faults, which were consequently sampled for further analysis. During CLSI@Sea, we recognized the importance of quantitatively integrating CT images into other data; CT values are indeed meaningful since they reflect the physical and chemical properties of the material as addressed in Sect.
The future laboratory analysis and experiments on the sedimentary cores sampled onboard Chikyu will include optical microscope observation, scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray CT, triaxial tests, friction experiments, radiogenic decay, and vitrinite reflectance measurements. The logging, seismic reflection, and velocity data will be analyzed using geophysical interpretation tools, and will eventually be correlated with the new results. The successful installation of the LTBMS on Site C0006 during Expedition 380 will also provide additional in situ data for NanTroSEIZE investigators, including real-time pressure, strain, and seismological data. Connection of the Site C0006 LTBMS to the Dense Oceanfloor Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) cabled network managed by the Japanese Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) will allow provision of crucial day-to-day global records of the Nankai prism activity to understand the evolution of the subduction zone.
Similar initiatives on specific research thematics or regional problematics, including data and core material from former IODP expeditions, could represent an efficient mechanism by which research value could be added to the IODP legacy. -Communication and focussing. Connecting specialist mentors and early-career scientists from different backgrounds successfully resulted in a transfer of knowledge between both parties. Lively discussions in a cordial atmosphere and teamwork between mentors, participants and IODP staff in the Chikyu focused environment were key components in the development of scientific questions and efficient formulation of both individual and collective research plans. Face-to-face (or "face-to-direct-live-screen") interactions during talks given by the mentors were crucial to confirm the current state-of-the-art and to avoid duplication of efforts.
Self-introduction of workshop participants was also a fundamental point to highlight individual research interests and build research teams and collaborations. Pre-workshop communication (mentors-participants, participants-participants, collection of publications and list of available data during the workshop) represents efficiency in identification of research interests, organization of collaborations, and improvement of individual knowledge and research strategy. -Data availability and sampling. Training on data analytical techniques, school sampling and software support provided by scientific staff was crucial to facilitate access to and work on the data. During CLSI@Sea, workshop participants had the opportunity to access public data (IODP archives) and restricted data (3-D seismic reflection data) kindly provided for investigations.
Summary The Nankai Trough is one of the most active plate margins of the planet, and one of the most studied, being the focus of many IODP expeditions and related surveys that collectively acquired a huge quantity of data over the last decades, thus being a key area for the understanding of tsunamigenic earthquakes. The CLSI@Sea workshop demonstrated the value of revisiting IODP archives and integration of different types of data, core, logging and seismic, providing indications of several processes acting on different scales. The success and the productivity of CLSI@Sea thus demonstrated the interest in organizing such a workshop for any scientific discipline. The workshop participants formulated scientific questions to better understand the sedimentary, structural and physical aspects of subduction processes.
43 The performance was optimal when both bone marrow oedema and erosion were taken into account, outperforming definitions based on bone marrow oedema lesions only. Erosion, which was a rare finding in controls (mean prevalence of ≥2 erosions in 2. 5%-9. 8% of controls), could be observed again in about 10% of patients (7. 5%-11. 3%) in the absence of active inflammatory lesions, making it a potentially relevant contribution to diagnostic utility due to high specificity. A recent Danish study conducted in 1020 young patients with persistent low back pain provides interesting data for the apprehension of the diagnostic performance of different lesion types on SIJ MRI. Bone marrow oedema was observed in 21% of patients recruited from primary care with a high proportion of 42% showing lesions of limited extent, which were not associated with any of the clinical features of the ASAS criteria, but with older age.
, 2017). The United Nations has proclaimed a decade of marine sciences for sustainable development  (2021) (2022) (2023) (2024) (2025) (2026) (2027) (2028) (2029) (2030)  to develop a common framework that will enable the ocean sciences to fully assist countries in achieving the goal of sustainable development. One of the objectives is to achieve the integration of observations and data sharing, including the use of satellites, fixed and mobile observation platforms, and shipboard observation platforms (IOC-UNESCO, 2017). Ocean observing systems will become a major asset in this task and it is incumbent on the marine scientific community to adopt an ethical approach in its research. To promote geoethics among the marine scientific community, this article lists some of the most fundamental values of ocean observation in order to sensitize scientists and managers of largescale scientific projects to integrate an ethical approach into their future project work plans.
Open access to data Technoscience has provided the marine scientific community with new opportunities to improve the understanding of ocean systems. For example, satellites are now used to transmit oceanographic data in real time or near-real time, providing information on changes happening in the ocean in time and space. Although these data have been obtained from many studies in different seas, their use is not yet optimal due to restricted availability. The benefit of linking the data across different sectors readily and freely can therefore be lost. Moreover, access to data can be restricted by some governments for historical reasons or by some companies (a) due to potential security reasons or (b) because they earn money with the data they produce  (Bernal and Simcock, 2016 ; UN data revolution report, 2014).
Effectiveness can also be based on the commitment of civil society. AtlantOS also collaborated with Volvo Ocean Race (VOR) teams to collect oceanographic data for research, monitoring and operational services (e. g. weather forecasts). These activities were supported by project and transatlantic cooperation partners such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), JCOMMOPS (UNESCO-IOC), GEOMAR and SubCtech. The main recommendations to improve the effectiveness of the ocean observing system are as follows. -Provide access to observation platforms and infrastructure to accommodate new measurements and integrate new sensors or devices. -Adopt a multidisciplinary, flexible approach and adapt your platforms and measures to these new disciplines if this does not hinder major changes in the measures already carried out (e.
In the context of developing a strategy for sustainable Atlantic observing systems, other countries overlooking the Atlantic Ocean will be invited in the future to collaborate. For future development, the role and responsibilities of each party must be clearly established based on a mutual understanding with resolutions provided when conflicts occur. Of course, the responsibilities for the outcomes of research are also essential in international cooperations such as agreement regarding data, intellectual property and research records or publication, authorship, and acknowledgement. To engage in a trustful relationship, keeping track of data and information and being transparent also facilitates the flow of communication: the scientific objectives and the proposed research (scientific prospection or commercial exploitation) should always be well defined and communicated to collaborators.
Fortunately, the fact that this stability and resilience is dependent upon both the global commons and the resources within national jurisdiction has been recognized under both national and international laws  (Nakicenovic et al. , 2016). Ocean observing platforms are operating globally, providing extensive physical, chemical and biological data which tremendously improve our understanding of how the marine environment works and how the ocean is presently changing. With the rapid development of open-access data platforms, the scientific community is becoming increasingly engaged in sharing data and in knowledge transfer. These data are perhaps the most valuable common resource that ocean scientists produce and need to be managed in a coordinated and ethical way. The scientific community should ensure that its contributors share responsibilities for data preservation, delivery and management based on recommendations.
The adoption of the data FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable;  Wilkinson et al. , 2016)  principles goes a long way to meeting this requirement. Any information related to the research activities handled by one party should be shared with the other parties unless an international organization is gathering data, which avoids national political influence on data infrastructure, such as JCOMMOPS, IHO, OBIS, EMODnet or ARGO. Of course, governance calls for clear, transparent and traceable procedures regarding the use of natural resources and knowledge, which should be described in any agreement to avoid conflicts of interest  (Barbier, 2016)  because accurate and reliable information on the state of a resource for all users is critical  (Nakicenovic et al. , 2016). In collaborative research, responsible research and innovation principles require that conflicts not be used to generate unfair advantages or benefits for one or several parties over the others.
As noted by  Barbier (2016) , "conflicts occur when people perceive that, because of disagreement, there is a threat to their needs, resources, interests or concerns. Participants in conflicts tend to respond on the basis of their perceptions of the situation, rather than an objective review of it. People filter their perceptions (and reactions) through their values, culture, beliefs, information, experience, gender and other variables. Conflict responses are both filled with ideas and feelings that can be very strong and powerful guides to our sense of possible solutions. It is important to anticipate conflicts and regarding access to resources, traceability and transparency in conducting research are important factors". For ocean science research, the data produced and their potential for misuse or to provide an unfair advantage is a potential ethical friction point, which may need to be addressed in some studies.