dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
We created two random datasets: one training and one validation set containing 70% and 30% of the data, respectively. We performed the random forest on the training set with the function "randomForest" from the package "randomForest"  [20]. The behaviours were set as the response variable and the variables obtained from the accelerometers were the predictors in the random forest classifier. We calculated the optimal mtry (i. e. , number of features used in the construction of each tree) via the function "tun-eRF". We obtained the importance of each variable in the random forest classifier via the function "importance" and plotted with the function "varImpPlot". We then used the random forest to predict the validation set via the function "predict" and reported the accuracy of predictions. A detailed description of the use of random forest models for validation can be found in Dickinson et al.
Discussion In just 39 15-min sessions, we were able to train a slow loris to adjust to a novel stimulus-wearing a cat collar with an accelerometer-using target training. Through this non-invasive method, we were additionally able to collect sufficient accelerometer data to validate ten common behaviours of slow lorises. The target training was also a novel form of enrichment for the animal in question and allowed a zoological collection to provide a unique contribution to in situ research without compromising the health or welfare of an animal. We also contribute to the growing body of literature on training in primates, and especially in strepsirrhines  [22, 23]. Training is becoming increasingly common in zoos to facilitate husbandry and veterinary needs. For example, PRT was used with rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in a research facility to manage and improve keeper care time  [24].
We believe that the validation described in this paper provides evidence that the main behaviours of wild lorises can be obtained via 3-axis accelerometers. Still, we suggest that researchers use additional validation techniques in the field (e. g. , videos and behavioural observations) to further support the findings as some behaviours (e. g. , locomotion) might change between in situ and ex situ conditions. Researchers might also consider alternatives to accelerometers and other loggers where ethical issues may arise  [36]. We highlight the importance of species-specific validation of accelerometer data that should be conducted in a non-invasive environment to reduce the stress of captive animals.
Procedure The adolescent participant sample were recruited by an undergraduate student who distributed the battery of questionnaires. Previously, parents were informed of participation and gave their informed consent to the school. There was no parental refusal for any adolescent's participation. The emerging adult sample were recruited via an online questionnaire disseminated during lectures at university. During data collection for both samples, the objectives of the research were described, and the confidentiality and anonymity of the answers were underlined. The study was carried out in accordance with the Ethical Committee of the University of Malaga and the Declaration of Helsinki (2013).
Data analysis Statistical analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS; IBM, 2015) and Rstudio  (Rosseel, 2012). For confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multiple group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), we used the Laavaan, semPlot, polycor, and semTools packages, using the unweighted least squares mean and variance adjusted methods. Model fit was tested using χ 2 , the comparative fit index (CFI), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) index, with values of CFI above 0. 90 and RMSEA below 0. 08 indicating a good fit  (Kline, 2015). The percentage of missing data was acceptable (1. 46%). Thus, before running the data analyses, the missing values were imputed using the imputation algorithm of expectation-maximisation (EM)  (Liang & Bentler, 2004).
To assess the factorial structure and model fit to the data for each country, we first examined single-group baseline models using Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA). For each CFA, ageism was partitioned into three latent subscales which were defined by their respective indicators as originally indicated by North and Fiske (2013a) (minus the three excluded items), and correlations between latent factors were permitted. To assess the reliability of each factor, we used Rho (ρ) coefficient, 3 for which values over. 50-. 60 are considered as acceptable in the literature (e. g. ,  Raines-Eudy, 2000). In addition, just as North and Fiske (2013a), we compared the threefactor SIC model with two competing configurations: (1) a one-factor model specifying paths from a single factor of Ageism to each of the retained items, and (2) a higher-order factor model in which a broader dimension of Ageism was specified to account for the pattern of relationships among the three first-order SIC factors.
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite its strength, variety of samples, and consistent results, the present study suffers from some limitations that must be acknowledged. First, only French-speaking and Western citizen ratings were used in this study. To allow for a widespread use of the SIC scale, future research should aim to gather data in countries with a diversity of other cultures and languages (e. g. , Asian and African cultures). Also, largely due to recruitment among psychology students, a large proportion of the samples was female. In light of evidence that men tend to exhibit higher levels of ageism than women (e. g. ,  North & Fiske, 2013a) , a more balanced sampling should be used to allow for the generalizability of our findings. Second, DIF analyses using Wood's (2009) approach provided some evidence that a few items were associated with differential item functioning across countries.
| Animals and housing conditions All experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the European Committee Council Directive of November 24, 1986 (86/609/EEC) and the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research. Adult (5. 5 to 10 months of age) male Sudanian grass rats (A. ansorgei), weighting 150-250 g, were obtained from our breeding colony (Chronobiotron, UMS 3415, CNRS Strasbourg, France). All the animals were individually housed in Plexiglas cages, raised in 12 h:12 h light/dark (12:12 LD) cycle (light: 150-200 lux, dark: red dim light, <5 lux), and provided with food and water ad libitum. The general locomotor activity of 17 grass rats was recorded every 5 min by a computer-based acquisition system (Circadian Activity Monitoring System; INSERM, Lyon, France) during 4 consecutive days and actograms were analyzed using Clocklab software (Actimetrics, Wilmette, IL, USA).
The system was controlled by Xcalibur Software version 2. 0 (Thermo Electron, Villebon Sur Yvette, France). Five µl of each sample was loaded into an Accucore RP-MS column (reference P. N. 8636600-902, Zorbax SB/C18 micro bore rapid resolution 1. 0 × 150 mm 3. 5 µm, Agilent) heated at 40°C. All molecules and the deuterated compounds were eluted by applying a gradient of buffer A and buffer B. Buffer A was 1% acetonitrile (ACN)/98. 9% H 2 O/0. 1% formic acid (v/v/v), whereas buffer B was 99. 9% ACN/0. 1% formic acid (v/v). The following multi-step gradient was applied: a linear gradient of 0%-20% of solvent B at 0. 09 ml/min during 6. 5 min, followed by a linear gradient of 20%-98% of solvent B for 2 min, 1 min at 95% of solvent B and a linear gradient of 0. 5 min of 98%-0% of buffer B. Qualitative analysis and quantification was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, using Quan Browser software (Thermo Scientific).
The system was controlled by Xcalibur Software version 2. 0 (Thermo Scientific). Samples were loaded into an Accucore RP-MS column (reference P. N. 8636600-902, Zorbax SB/C18 micro bore rapid resolution 1. 0 × 150 mm 3. 5 µm, Agilent) heated at 40°C. Corticosterone and its deuterated compound were eluted by applying a gradient of buffer A and buffer B. Buffer A was 1% ACN/98. 9% H 2 O/0. 1% formic acid (v/v/v), whereas buffer B was 99. 9% ACN/0. 1% formic acid (v/v). The following multi-step gradient was applied: a linear gradient of 0%-25% of solvent B at 0. 09 ml/min during 2 min, followed by a linear gradient of 25%-30% of solvent B for 7 min, a linear gradient of 30%-98% of solvent B for 2 min, 2 min at 95% of solvent B and a linear gradient of 1 min of 98%-0% of buffer B. Qualitative analysis and quantification was performed in the MRM mode, using Quan Browser software (Thermo Scientific).
Melatonin data were analyzed using an ANOVA II, with factors "time," "light condition" and their interaction. Arvicanthis corticosterone data were analyzed using an ANOVA II, with factors "time," "light condition" and their interaction. Data were fitted by a non-linear regression using Cosinor analysis (SigmaPlot software, Jandel Scientific, Chicago, IL, USA). These analyses were performed using the following equation: Bimodal (12 h) rhythm: y = A + (B ⁎ cos (2π(× -C)/12)); where A is the mean level (mesor), B the amplitude and, C the acrophase of the rhythm. Locomotor activity was recorded for 17 Arvicanthis, in LD over 4 days. For each animal, the average locomotor activity counts over each hour are converted in percentage of total counts. The effect of time on mean hourly data was tested by an ANOVA I and data were fitted by non-linear regression using Cosinor analysis (as previously described).
For all statistical procedures, the level of significance was set at p <. 05. All data are presented as mean ± SEM, unless otherwise stated. The following Post-hoc analyses were performed: Dunn's Method for ANOVA I, Bonferroni test for ANOVA II, and Holm-Sidak test for ANOVA III. Sigma Plot (v14) and SPSS (v22) software were used for statistical analyses.
Arvicanthis in LD Locomotor activity data were analyzed for seventeen of the Arvicanthis housed in LD condition. All the animals were more active during the day than during the night. Indeed, 71. 6% ± 1. 8% of the activity occurred during the day and 28. 9% ± 1. 8% during the night (ANOVA I; p <. 001, Figure  7A ). Sixteen Arvicanthis showed a bimodal pattern of activity, with higher percentage of the activity occurring at the light/dark and dark/light transitions. One Arvicanthis had a unimodal locomotor activity profile, with higher activity occurring throughout the light phase (data not shown). Figure  7B  shows the mean daily locomotor activity profile, expressed as hourly percentage of counts. The effect of time is significant (ANOVA I; p <. 001), and data are significantly fitted by a bimodal Cosinor regression (p <.
Arvicanthis To gain more insights about serotonin synthesis in relation to Arvicanthis behavior, we evaluated the 5HT and 5HIAA SCN content at two time points of the biological and at the middle of the biological night, in LD and DD conditions. In our study, under LD condition, the effect of time was not significant. However, in DD we observed higher 5HT levels at the beginning of the subjective day compared to the middle of the subjective night. These data suggest that rhythm of 5HT in the SCN of Arvicanthis is endogenous. Finally, both LD and DD 5HT/5HIAA ratios, used as index of serotonin neuronal activity, were higher during the day than during the night, in relation to Arvicanthis activity state,  84  in accordance with Cuesta and colleagues. 40 A similar correlation with arousal has been shown in nocturnal rodents, where 5HT and 5HIAA content and release in the SCN is rhythmic and presents a peak at the beginning of the night (onset of activity).
According to the SCN outputs that we measured, the SCN rhythmic activity may be either bimodal (bimodal corticosterone rhythm) or unimodal (unimodal melatonin rhythm). This question could be potentially answered by electrical recording of the SCN in vitro. Our data show that the circadian variations of the serotonergic system and the effect of light on its rhythms differ between nocturnal and diurnal rodents. These observations suggest that the serotonergic system may participate to the distinct temporal organization underlying nocturnality and diurnality. These findings in a diurnal mammal may be helpful for studies on human mood disorders, such as depression in which alteration of numerous biological rhythms including serotonin neurotransmission and sleep/wake cycles have been described.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank  Yannick Goumon  and  Virginie Andry  ( INCI, CNRS UPR3212 ) for HPLC assays,  Ludivine Robin-Choteau  ( INCI ,  CNRS UPR3212 ) for her help with RIA assay. In addition, we thank  Dominique Ciocca  and  Nicolas Lethenet  ( Chronobiotron platform, UMS3415, CNRS, University of Strasbourg ) for their help with animal experiments and for having bred the Arvicanthis ansorgei. This work was supported by the initiative of excellence  IDEX-Unistra  ( ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02 ) from the  French national program  " Investment for the future " (R. C. ), by  CNRS  and  University of Strasbourg  (E. C. and S. R. ).
Background: Studies began investigating occupational exposures as a source of contamination to SARS-CoV-, yet few considered the variation in SARS-Cov pandemic activity for these exposures. Several indicators were built to assess SARS-Cov activity though they usually serve a specific purpose and have limitations. The aim was to compare qualitatively di erent estimators of the SARS-CoV-pandemic activity and to create an estimator of pandemic activity level based on daily hospital admissions for job-exposure matrices (JEM) usage. Methods: From publicly available French databases, we retrieved all data from March , (first day available) to March , (day of data collection) on four di erent estimators: percentage of intensive care bed occupied, reproductive number, tests' positive rate and number positive tests.
Method Origin of data Data on COVID-19 indicators such as incident cases or incident new hospitalization cases were retrieved from France's official government website  (9). Launched in May 2020, SI-DEP, a screening information system, is a secure platform where the results of SARS-CoV-2 tests from all hospitals, laboratories, pharmacies, healthcare professionals, and screening campaigns are systematically recorded. The SI-DEP information system feeds various institutions with different objectives and needs: Public Health France and the Ministry of Health for monitoring the epidemic; the France compulsory health insurance and regional health agencies for contact tracing. The database variables are publicly available and accessible at the departmental level (equivalent to county). We included all data from March 19, 2020 (the first day available) to March 25, 2021 (day of data collection).
Results Between March 19, 2020 and March 25, 2021, data were collected for 371 days, i. e. , 53 weeks. During this period, three major outbreaks took place: from March to April 2020 (first lockdown), from October to December 2020 (first curfew and second "soft lockdown") and from March to April 2021 (extended curfew and third "soft" lockdown)  (12). The only indicators available during the first lockdown were the percentage of ICB occupied and the new hospital admission. Though the number of positive tests was the first indicator to worsen during the 2nd outbreak, as early as September 2020, it classified weeks as high epidemic activity during the rest of the study period (until March 2021) for almost all counties (Table  1  and Supplementary Data). The percentage of intensive care beds occupied was the 2nd indicator that categorized the most weeks in high pandemic level activity, with more than 30% weeks classified as high epidemic activity (Figure  1 ).
Ethical approval The IMPLIC trial was approved by the local ethics committee (Ref. CNRIPH: 20. 03. 20. 55708, Comité de protection des personnes: Comity of person protection, Est II, France). This trial is registered as ID RCB 2020-A00485-34, ClinicalTrials identifier: NCT04410185, registered on 29/05/2020). All participants gave their written informed consent to the study before any studyrelated assessment. They could withdraw their consent at any time. The study was conducted under Good Clinical Practice Guidelines and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki  [26].
Acknowledgements We warmly thank all the participants who agreed to be involved in the study. The communication and management departments of the  Comprehensive Cancer Centre François Baclesse  are acknowledged for their support. Special thanks go to  Sandrine Lassalle-Polinière , Director of  Human Resources  and  Dr Agnès Palix , Occupational Physician. VP and TT thank  Jean-Gérard Bloch  for the inspiration provide by the  University Diploma (DU) Medicine , Meditation, Neurosciences that he runs. VP thanks  Patrick Emo  for introducing her to  Cynthia Fleury. We also acknowledge  Ray Cooke  for copyediting the manuscript. We thank  Dr Gaëlle Chetelat  and her team for their assistance in facilitating the organization of meditation workshops, as well as  Caen University  for supplying the room and technical support for the meditation sessions.
Part of the reason for this timeframe was to interrogate a bracket in time prior and posterior to  Sannino (2015)  and evaluate whether the research avenues suggested in the paper had been pursued or not. The results were retrieved from ERIC and PsyArticles databases on 21/03/21 at 11:00am European time using the Sofia search engine service provided by the Université Laval Library and Revue internationale du CRIRES: innover dans la tradition de Vygostky (2021)  ISSN 2291-6717, vol5, no2, 86-94  Cultural historical activity theory, double stimulation, and conflicts of motives in education science: Where have we been? (2012) (2013) (2014) (2015) (2016) (2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021)  Isaac, Barma, Romero DOI : 10. 51657/ric. v5i2. 51287 89 returned 23 results. ERIC database was chosen due to its large collection of articles and academic resources specialized on educational topics.
Since the research is being made and retrieved in English language, ERIC was identified as the most comprehensive source. The PsycArticles database was selected as a complementary choice since it is the main outlet for the American Psychology Association and comprises resources by the American Psychological Association, the APA Educational Publishing Foundation, the Canadian Psychological Association, and Hogrefe & Huber. All activity theory generations being affiliated with the discipline of psychology, it was therefore decided to complete a comprehensive search. The initial batch of articles was consequently treated through a first round of superficial analysis to suppress duplicate entries and ensure that peer-reviewed scientific papers were exclusively kept within the corpus. As stated above, the object of the research was initially circumvented to education, and later extended to organization fields and psychology.
EU-GEI WP2 study Clinical, environmental and genetic data have been collected through the EU-GEI WP2 (named "Functional Enviromics"), a multicentre casesibling-control study of genetic and environmental determinants of the occurrence and severity of psychotic disorders. Population-based unaffected controls were recruited across 6 countries: Brazil, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom. These controls were recruited using a mixture of random and quota sampling to ensure that they were broadly representative of the at-risk populations on prede ned variables (age, sex, and migration)  [47]. Ethical approval was obtained from local research ethics committees in each country. The EU-GEI Project was funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Program under grant agreement no.
Apparatus and stimuli The experiment took place at the Neuro-immersion research facility (https://www. crnl. fr/en/plateforme/neuro-i), using virtual reality (VR) and a VICON® opticalpassive motion capture system. VICON® uses cameras to track the position of reflective markers illuminated by near infrared (NIR) light source with a submillimeter accuracy (between 0. 06 mm and 0. 15 mm in static condition, and 0. 2/0. 3 mm in dynamic condition;  Merriaux et al. , 2017; Windolf et al. , 2008). We used a setup of 7 camera Bonita (1-megapixel resolution) with the software Vicon Tracker®, that allowed to acquire participants' motion with a frequency of 250 Hz. Participants were equipped with a virtual-reality headset (Oculus Rift, https://www. oculus. com; resolution: 960 × 1080 per eye, frequency: 75 Hz, field of view: 106°).
Two reflective markers were placed on their right arm: one on their wrist and one on the tip of their index finger. A third marker was placed on their right shoulder for calibration (see Procedure). The experiment was implemented within Unity (Version 5. 2. 2; Unity Technologies, San Francisco, CA) and Oculus Runtime (Oculus Configuration Utility version 1. 10, SDK 0. 8. 0. 0) software. These were used to create the VR environment with an avatar, display experimental stimuli on the head-mounted display (HMD) and through a loudspeaker (for verbal instructions), and record the exact position of all tracked elements (markers on the wrist and index finger). The experiment was run on a computer with an Intel Core i7 processor, Nvidia 1080 8G graphics card, and Windows 10 operating system. The scene was rendered in Oculus Rift DK2 software (Oculus Configuration Utility version 1.
Kinematic analyses Due to signal loss, kinematic analyses were performed on the trajectories of 16 participants' index finger. For each pointing movement, we extracted and analyzed off-line several kinematic parameters with a custom-made MATLAB program. We analyzed the latencies and amplitudes of the acceleration, velocity and deceleration peaks for the index finger's tangential profile, namely from the combination of all three X Y Z axes. In order to assess the temporal dynamic of pointing movements towards the +45° and -45° targets, we additionally measured the latencies of the index finger's acceleration, velocity and deceleration peaks on the horizontal (X) and vertical (Z) axes separately. This was done for the six conditions of interest, namely the +45° and -45° visual conditions, and the +45° and -45° congruent and incongruent verbal conditions.
To control for the appropriateness of our approach, we compared the kinematic values obtained for displacement on the horizontal axis (X) and those on the vertical axis (Z) with the kinematic values measured for the tangential displacement, for movements performed to the right, bottom and up targets in the visual block. As expected, data showed a major contribution of the X axis to the tangential profile (T) for pointing movements directed to the right target. Conversely, the Z axis mainly contributed to the tangential profile of movements toward the targets located upwards and downwards (see Table  1 ). Table  1. Latencies and amplitudes of the velocity peaks for tangential (T), vertical (Z) and horizontal (X) displacement of the participants' index finger when pointing to visually-cued targets located on the right, upwards or downwards.
Data source and study population We carried out surveys from July 2020 to June 2021 in three Family Planning Centers (FPC): one in the Mdf, and 2 in Municipal Health Centers (MHC) from the same department (MHC 1 in Saint Denis, MHC 2 in Aubervilliers). All women aged 18 years and over consulting in one of the three FPCs, having suffered or suffering from IPV and able to understand the objectives of the study were eligible (interpreters could be contacted by phone if necessary). Trained research assistants (RA) were available in each of the study centers to screen women for eligibility, explain the study, and ask for a written informed consent before recruitment. Women under 18 years old or under tutorship were excluded. RA also assisted participants in completing the questionnaire. We contacted every participant by phone 6 months after.