dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Radiocarbon dating Twelve samples of bulk peat sediment were extracted from the COL17-1 and COL17-2 cores, respectively, and measured at CEREGE with the AixMICADAS facility  (Bard et al. 2015). The samples were examined under binocular to exclude possible macro contaminants and were lyophilized, but not homogenized by grinding. To speed-up the process, these bulk samples were measured by direct combustion with an elemental-analyzer coupled with the CO 2 gas ion source of AixMICADAS  (Tuna et al. 2018). Reported 14 C results in Table  1  are expressed as percent modern Carbon (pmC) and conventional 14 C ages in yr BP, which were calibrated using the IntCal13 curve  (Reimer et al. 2013 ) and the RBacon package  (Blaauw and Christen, 2011; R Core Team, 2018). The 14 C results on COL17-1 provide further evidence that the upper part of this core is disturbed by sediment mixing and compaction.
Dried samples were packed in plastic containers and stored for at least 21 days to allow radon equilibrium before gamma spectrometry. The U, Th and K concentrations of samples from the upper peat unit (1. 78 and 2. 48 mcd) were estimated by induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) due to their reduced mass (< 5 g), which hindered highresolution gamma spectrometry. The radionuclides activities were converted in dose rates using conversion factors presented in  Guérin et al. (2011). Alpha radiation efficiency was calculated by a-value correction proposed by  Mauz et al. (2006). The calculation of internal dose rate from 40 K in K-feldspar assumed a K concentration of 12. 5%  (Huntley and Baril, 1997). Cosmic dose rate contribution was calculated by latitude, longitude, altitude and depth data following model proposed by  Prescott and Hutton (1994).
Stratigraphy and sedimentary patterns Natural gamma ray (NGR) measurements on fresh split core sections provide a wet bulk sediment density proxy showing a sharp transition from higher to lower values between the lacustrine and peatland units, respectively (Fig. 3a ). Relatively steady values are observed within the lower peatland unit (no data between 0 and 7. 5 mcd), while large-scale oscillations and long-term amplitude changes characterized the lacustrine sediments record. Better resolved oscillations are found within the lower part of COL17c where the highest sedimentary recovery rates correspond to highest sediment density estimates. Overall lower XRF Mo inc/coh ratio together with oscillating features are found within the lacustrine unit, while the peatland unit is rather characterized by two distinct states corresponding to minerotrophic-and ombrotrophic-like peatland systems  (Roeser et al.
4 ). Within the lacustrine unit, few spikes above 10 x 10 -5 SI are associated with events of increase concentration and/or coarser detrital grains inputs within an overall COL17c record dominated by organic-rich clayey to fine silt sediments. Higher MS amplitude variations are noticed from the lowermost 5 mcd of the COL17c sequence and correspond to the large-scale fluctuations of gamma density and XRF datasets (Figs. 3  and 4 ). It is far beyond the scope of this paper to discuss these data which need to be confronted and calibrated with complementary proxies before robust paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretations could be drawn. These core scans provide however important constraint to fine-tune the composite record (see section 3) and further give qualitative proxies showing the succession of two different sedimentary regimes, as previously reported for other records in the Colônia basin  (Riccomini et al.
g. King et al. , 1983; Tauxe, 1993). Moreover, many sedimentary intervals are characterized by unstable and scattered directions over demagnetization steps preventing the identification of reliable characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) for the whole COL17c composite record. In order to provide low-resolution paleomagnetic constraints, we followed a strict procedure to dismiss all unreliable data by carefully scrutinizing demagnetization and Zijderveld plots of all measured samples. Demagnetization steps associated with viscous overprint (< 15-20 mT), weak noisy values at higher fields and occasional gyroremanent magnetization (GRM) occurring at some levels above 45 mT or 60 mT were removed. The alignment of the ChRM vector to the origin of an orthogonal projection was also checked. Only samples presenting a stable and well-defined direction over a minimum of 5 consecutive demagnetization steps within the interval 15 to 50 mT were retained (red squares in Fig.
ngdc. noaa. gov/geomag). Inclination flattening can be explained partly by sediment compaction or to sedimentary fabric changes (e. g. rotation of elongated magnetic grains toward horizontal direction), which is rather common in such organic-rich sedimentary sequence. Potential coring artifact is also suggested by the largest scattering of COL17-3 inclination values and the lower percent of reliable paleomagnetic data (compared to COL17-2). Interestingly, the location of the Colônia basin lying right in the middle of the actual South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) could also explain part of such "lower than expected" inclination values (according to GAD model;  Trindade et al. , 2018) , but the resolution and quality of the current dataset prevent such inferences. We interpret the inverse inclination values below 18.
We finally computed the age model for the whole composite sequence by running the Bacon software using the Be ratio ages calibrated by paleomagnetic constraints within the lacustrine interval (see above) and incorporating radiocarbon ages from the upper peatland unit and the pIRIR 290°C age from the upper lacustrine unit (Fig. 8 ). The obtained age-depth model extents the COL17c record to 1. 5±0. 1 Ma with derived SAR ranging from 2 to 6 cm/ka (average and standard deviation of 3. 9±1. 4 cm/ka).
Acknowledgments We thank  Fabiano Pupim  for assistance in fieldwork,  Luciana Nogueira  for assistance with gamma rays spectrometry,  François Demory  for its support with magnetic susceptibility measurements and  Coralie Andreucci  for assistance with the beryllium samples preparation. The  CLIMCOR program  at  INSU  and the C2FN in France are acknowledged for their support. Laurent Augustin  and  Alain de Moya  ( C2FN-DT-INSU ) are thanked for assistance during the 2017 coring mission. We acknowledge  Claudio Riccomini  for sharing his knowledge about Colônia and constant support; and  Ricardo Trindade  for offering MSCL access at  USP. The Suehara family, owner of the land,  APA Capivari Monos, Associação ACHAVE de Vargem Grande  are thanked for granting access to drilling site. We also acknowledge  Christian Zeeden  and an anonymous reviewer for constructive and helpful comments.
AOS is supported by  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq  grant  304727/2017-2 ). The  ASTER AMS national facility  ( CEREGE, Aix en Provence ) is supported by  INSU/CNRS ,  ANR  through the  EQUIPEX ASTER-CEREGE action , and  IRD. The AixMICADAS and its operation are funded by the  Collège de France  and the  EQUIPEX ASTER-CEREGE. Yoann Fagault  and  Thibaut Tuna  are thanked for performing analyses. This research is part of the projects " Dimensions of biodiversity "  FAPESP  ( BIOTA 2013/50297-0 ),  NSF  ( DEB 1343578 ) and  NASA , the  International Continental Deep Drilling Program (ICDP) ,  « UV-Trop » INSU LEFE , the  Labex-CEBA, « TROPICOL » Foundation BNP Paribas « Climate Initiative  » (2017-2020). The data presented in this study are available within the supporting information.
Acknowledgements This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors would like to acknowledge the following members of the HFST team, all those who participated in the HFST symposium in Sydney in 2017 (AIFST, 2017) and others for their valuable contributions. Georgie Aley  ( AIFST, Australia ),  Ken Buckle  ( UNSW, Australia ),  Jean-Claude Cheftel (France) ,  Sridhar Dharmapuri  ( FAO, Thailand ),  Fiona Fleming  ( AIFST, Australia ),  Greg S. Garrett  ( GAIN, Switzerland ),  Thea King  ( CSIRO, Australia ),  Jean Jacques Meunier  ( Aga Khan Foundation, Mali ),  Cathy Moir  ( CSIRO, Australia ),  Manny Noakes  ( CSIRO, Australia ),  Mike Nunn  ( ACIAR, Australia), Hang Thi Thanh Pham (FAO, Thailand ),  Astrid Poelman  ( CSIRO, Australia ),  Shane Prigge  ( WFP, Egypt ),  Ousmane Seye  ( Aga Khan Foundation, Mali), Kate Snailham (Foodbank, Australia ),  Regine Stockmann  ( CSIRO, Australia ),  Dan Walker  ( ACIAR, Australia ).
III. SOFTWARE One of the main advantages of the commonly used web application is the multiplatform compatibility, which means that the intelligent radiation monitoring systems can be monitored from different types of devices and their information can be received from tablets or smartphones. This gives the security or emergency response personnel the possibility to promptly detect threats on field. The web-based application is a webserver which may run either in the deployed monitoring systems or in a central monitoring facility with gathers together the information from a network of systems. A database is present both in the monitoring system and in the central monitoring facility as well, enabling the possibility to select and download data reports depending on user defined criteria. This capability is fundamental for operators to promptly and effectively diagnose an emergency scenario or to easily select the data of monitoring systems in a comprehensive nationwide network.
A. Web Application of the Intelligent Radiation Monitoring Systems The intelligent radiation monitoring systems are provided with a web server application running in the internal central unit processor. The radiological information is stored in an internal database and in the wide non-volatile memory, allowing autonomous data taking even in case of sudden connection lost. Spectra, acquisition reports, data history can be displayed and downloaded through a common web browser. Users can monitor the data or modify the acquisition settings depending on the level of access credentials: user, technician or Spectral analysis and statistical data treatment are performed, and extended isotope library is used for identification routines to address the robust spectrum stabilization algorithms are implemented.
B. Web application for the Network of Systems The web application for the network is an intuitive and easy handling tool for the operator to supervise all intelligent radiation monitoring systems deployed in the field by a userfriendly web interface. The intuitive graphical interface allows the user to fully control the situation guaranteeing fast and reliable decision making for prompt emergency response. The software visualizes all the network of systems on a map showing the status of all deployed systems and the radiological situation, alerting the operator in case of alarm. The dosimetric heat map is obtained using data fusion algorithms using real time measurements for all georeferenced systems. The network software is the perfect tool for wide area coverage applications or the monitoring of sensitive locations or events to have a safer and clearer monitoring overview.
The presented radiation monitoring systems can be integrated in several form factors which depend mainly on operational needs and internal battery for autonomous operation. Compact ARM based computers is embedded, which can store large amount of data in their non-volatile memory, run automatic data analysis and trigger alarms in case of exceeding radiation levels. All the systems can communicate with redundant interfaces in failover configuration and upload the acquired environmental information in a central database. The same monitoring systems can alert the emergency response personnel on the field as well, through wireless connection to common tablets or cellphone or SMS, guaranteeing a prompt response in case an illicit transportation of radiological or nuclear material is detected.
Statistical analysis Descriptive analysis was performed for all MERS-CoV cases reported to WHO from 2012 to 2018. For all statistical analyses, P < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant and all analyses were performed using the Epidemiological Data Display Package in R, version 3. 2. 2. 0 (https://CRAN. R-project. org/ package=epiDisplay). We compared all secondary cases in healthcare workers with all secondary cases among non-healthcare workers, using the Student t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. We also aggregated survival outcomes of healthcare workers with MERS-CoV infection by year of infection. To identify risk factors for adverse outcomes in healthcare workers with secondary infection, we performed multivariable logistic regression analysis on all healthcare worker secondary cases.
Our database has cases from all 27 countries reporting cases globally. However, since 2012, some inconsistencies have occurred in the way data have been collected and reported to WHO, for example in the use of a systematic data collection tool and in reporting the outcome of all cases. Challenges also exist in classifying cases based on the available information at the time of reporting. For example, thorough outbreak investigations, which include full genome sequencing to clarify the transmission chains within the outbreak or separate introductions from outside, may find that cases that were initially classified as secondary case are in fact primary cases  [4, 11] , but this information is not systematically relayed to WHO. Efforts are currently being made to retrospectively review and update the epidemiological data for all 2223 cases reported to WHO to date, particularly before 2015.
The objective was to study the role of Arctic aerosols in cloud microphysical properties and in the surface energy budget. Numerous studies have been based upon data from ISDAC  (McFarquhar et al. , 2011; Lawson et al. , 2019). Among them, several studies investigated detailed parameters of ice clouds by analyzing the ISDAC database  (Jouan et al. , 2012; DeMott et al. , 2010)  or by running atmospheric models on case studies highlighted during the campaign  (Keita and Girard, 2016; Matrosov et al. , 2019; Keita et al. , 2019). For the chemical module, the CBM-Z (Carbon Bond Mechanism) photochemical mechanism  (Zaveri and Peters, 1999)  coupled with MOSAIC is used. CBM-Z has 67 species and 164 reactions in a lumped structure approach that classifies organic compounds according to their internal bond types.
Indeed, our results suggest that it is enough to consider the chemical impact on heterogeneous ice nucleation though the degree of aerosol acidity acting as INPs. Despite the huge challenge, our parameterization seems promising. Further studies will help with validations against satellite data and future campaigns. In particular, future flight campaigns should include simultaneously measurements of cloud microphysics properties, aerosol number size distribution, aerosol chemical composition and ice nuclei number concentrations. The next step will be to extend simulations to quantify the role of the ice nucleation of acid pollution in radiation, the atmospheric water balance and, ultimately, the Arctic climate. Code and data availability. WRF-Chem is an open-source community model. The source code of WRF-Chem model version 3.
5. 1 is available at http://www2. mmm. ucar. edu/wrf/users/download/ get_source. html (NCAR and UCAR, 2020a). The new scheme for ice crystal formation by heterogeneous nucleation described in this paper is implemented in WRF-Chem version 3. 5. 1 and permanently archived at https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 4033654 (Keita et al. , 2020). Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) data are available from the ARM data archive (online at https://www. arm. gov/data/data-sources/cldmicroprop-51, ARM, 2020). Meteorological initial and boundary conditions use NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) Global Forecast System (GFS) Final Analysis (FNL) data available at https://rda. ucar. edu/datasets/ ds083. 2/ (NCAR and UCAR, 2020b). Chemical initial and boundary conditions are taken from the global chemical-transport model MOZART-4 (Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers, version 4)  (Emmons et al.
Acknowledgements. As we know that  Eric Girard  had numerous discussions with our colleague Allan Bertram on the form of the dependency between the contact angle and the aerosol neutralization fraction, we would like to thank him for his invaluable help. We thank  NETCARE (Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments)  and  NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada)  for funding support and  ARM  ( Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program ) for the data collected during ISDAC. Computer modeling benefited from access to IDRIS HPC resources (GENCI allocations.
Data collection from selected households The survey was conducted in the two districts of Moyo and Ntoroko to collect data based on dog biting history reported by the selected households. These two districts were selected for the KAP study because of their high reporting of rabies suspected samples to NADDEC, for laboratory rabies confirmation, as compared to any other districts in Uganda from 2009 and 2013. Eighty-four (Moyo, n = 44; Ntoroko, n = 40) households affected by dog bites participated in the study, as well as the local government health centers and medical private centers where first aid treatment due to dog bites were offered. Data was collected using a well-designed tool with both objective and open-ended questions (Supplementary Material: SM0 -questionnaire). Collected parameters include knowledge status of the households about rabies, handling of dog bites by local community, age, dog bite site, death associated with suspected rabies and, affected livestock.
Dogs were defined as owned or confined, free roaming or stray dogs in the community. Retrospective review of registers in rural medical settings An animal bite was defined as any injury or wound inflicted by a suspected rabid animal to humans and registered during the review period. In 2013, patient and availability of anti-rabies vaccine, PEP protocols in the selected health facilities were reviewed. Data on age, gender, number of patients bitten by suspected rabid dogs and other animal species involved in biting people were also recorded. The survey also focused on challenges in the management of dog bite victims in the visited medical centers.
Data management Data were registered using Microsoft Excel 2007 (Microsoft, Seattle, WA, USA), and analyzed using STATA 10 package for statistical analysis  [9]. The Fisher's exact test or the Chi-square X 2 test was applied according to the number of observations with a statistically significant threshold set at a P < 0. 05 (95% confidence interval). A number of categorical variables were stratified (2 by 2 tables) according to the district of origin in order to assess the significance among the tested variables of interest in Moyo and Ntoroko. Differences in frequency of observations between districts and the association between key variables of interest using uni-variable analysis were calculated. The statistical analysis performed was descriptive, qualitative and quantitative among the 84 households of Moyo and Ntoroko districts.
Nucleotide sequencing and analysis PCR products were purified with ExoSAP-IT (USB Corporation, Cleveland, OH) and sequenced in both directions using the Big Dye Terminator v3. 1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), the Performa DTR Ultra 96-well kit (Edge Biosystems, Gaithersburg, MD) and a 16-capillary ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Nucleotide sequences were then assembled using SeqScape v. 2. 5 program (Applied Biosystems 78,744 Austin, Tx).
Discussion Rabies disease is endemic and remains an important public health challenge in Uganda, because dog rabies is poorly controlled and transmission of the rabies virus to healthy humans or animals occurs mainly through bites of infected dogs. Children, mainly under 20 years old, account for over 50 % (50%) of the dog bite cases, with females being the most impacted. This study highlights factors that contribute to knowledge, attitudes and practices on handling rabies outbreaks in the rural communities of Uganda. Such risk factors should be targeted to reduce transmission and human death due to rabies. Apart from collection of quantitative and qualitative data from the study districts, the study captured circulating rabies virus genotypes from livestock, dogs, Jackals and foxes. Both circulating rabies virus genotypes Africa 1A and B in wild canines and dogs were detected using brain samples after molecular characterization in the laboratory.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to district veterinary officers and their local leaders for the support accorded to the study during data collection in the districts of Ntoroko and Moyo. We also thank all collaborators that participated to the study and more especially the technical staff of NADDEC in ministry of  Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries in Uganda , for being supportive during research period and the colleagues of the  National One Health Platform / Zoonotic Diseases Coordination Office in Uganda , particularly  Musa Sekamatte  for the good collaboration, networking and fruitful scientific discussions. We are grateful to the medical doctors, nurses in both government and private clinics and health centers that supported the research team in Moyo and Ntoroko districts. Our sincere thanks go to  Dr.
Availability of data and materials All genetic data are registered and accessible in Genbank, sequences have been deposited under IDs KJ133660 to KJ133687 (https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/genbank/). Abstraction format used in the study and dataset are available and accessible from the corresponding authors upon request at: omodomichael@gmail. com and meriadeg. legouil@normandie-univ. fr.
Flux calibrators variability and calibration uncertainties The stability of the flux calibration over our entire survey is particularly important to interpret the sample statistically. We thus checked that the quasars used as secondary flux calibrators were reasonably stable across the ALPINE observations. These secondary calibrators are J1058+0133 and J0854+2006 for the targets in the COSMOS field and J0522-3627 for the ones in the CDFS. We downloaded the data from their flux monitoring by the observatory and calibrated using a well-known primary calibrator 1. In Fig. 1 , we present the evolution of their band-7 flux density and the spectral index determined using their measured band-7 and band-3 fluxes. The three quasars are reasonably stable between two successive observations and in particular during the ALPINE observa-1 https://almascience.
eso. org/sc/ tions (gray area in Fig. 1 ). The standard deviation of the relative difference between two successive data points is only 0. 059, 0. 060 and 0. 031 for J0522-3627, J0854+2006, and J1058+0133, respectively. In the figure, the variability of J0522-3627 could seem larger than J0854+2006. However, the actual relative variations between two successive observations are similar. The larger flux of J0522-3627 highlighting small relative variations in our linear-scale plot and the presence of long-term trends at the scale of several months can give this wrong impression. The maximum relative deviation between two successive visits is 0. 20 and happened in J0854+2006 in November 2018, when ALPINE observations were not scheduled. Except this outlier, the maximal variation is 0. 13. Usually, the last measurements performed by the quasar monitoring survey are used to determine the flux reference to calibrate a science observation.