dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support of the  Namibian authorities and of the University of Namibia  in facilitating the construction and operation of H. E. S. S. is gratefully acknowledged, as is the support by the  German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) , the  Max Planck Society , the  French Ministry for Research , the  CNRS-IN2P3  and the  Astroparticle Interdisciplinary Programme of the CNRS , the  U. K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) , the  IPNP of the Charles University , the  Czech Science Foundation , the  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education , the  South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation , and by the  University of Namibia. We appreciate the excellent work of the technical support staff in  Berlin, Durham, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Palaiseau, Paris, Saclay , and in Namibia in the construction and operation of the equipment.
This publication makes use of molecular line data from the  Boston University-FCRAO Galactic Ring Survey (GRS). The GRS is a joint project of  Boston University and Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory , funded by the  National Science Foundation  under grants  AST-9800334 ,  AST-0098562 , & AST-0100793 This publication makes use of data products from the  Two Micron All Sky Survey , which is a joint project of the  University of Massachusetts  and the  Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology , funded by the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration  and the  National Science Foundation.
THE PLACE OF ROBOTICS IN GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY: 2-YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN FOCH HOSPITAL AND LITERATURE DATA Our series includes all patients having undergone robotically assisted laparoscopy for benign or malignant disease between January 2010 (date of robot acquisition in the department) and January 2012. Two surgeons were involved in the procedures. The Da Vinci® SI System was used for all cases. The operations were performed after patients have provided their informed consent. The procedures were total hysterectomies (conservative or not), myomectomies, distal adnexal surgery and proximal tubal reanastomosis, and prolapse surgery (sacrocolpopexy). For all interventions, we recorded the patients' characteristics: age, BMI, parity, surgical history, hormonal status, fertility. Procedures were also described in terms of operating time, anesthesia duration, blood loss, intraoperative complications, number of laparoconversions, and postoperative data (duration of hospital stay, postoperative complications).
In women, masculinizing effects such as hypertrichosis, breast atrophy, voice changes, and other signs of virilism are noted. Cessation of linear growth is characteristic in children. Patients with CS have a mortality rate four times higher than age-and gender-matched subjects, due to complications directly and/or indirectly correlated with glucocorticoid (GC) excess. Therefore, the primary goal in the prevention and treatment of complications is correction of hypercortisolism as soon as possible. For this reason the early diagnosis is the first therapy. No specific data are available on menstrual irregularities, dermatological manifestations, and effects on immune system after endocrine cure; it seems that there is a recovery of these comorbidities. Moreover, the reappearance of menstrual irregularities after a long period of cure could be considered as a sign of relapse.
Hypertrophic remodelling in subcutaneous small resistance arteries has also been described in CS, probably as a consequence of growth-promoting properties of circulating cortisol and/or increased vascular oxidative stress  [39]. Recently it has been demonstrated that increased coronary calcifications and noncalcified coronary plaque volumes are present in patients with active hypercortisolism  [40]. This was a prospective case-control study where Agatston scores (a measure of calcified plaque and noncalcified coronary plaque volume) were quantified using a multidetector CT (MDCT) coronary angiogram scan. The paper aimed at evaluating the role of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular risk of these patients. However these were preliminary data on fifteen consecutive patients. The prevalence of coronary artery disease has been also evaluated in CS patients after long-term remission using MDCT coronary angiogram scan demonstrating that patients in remission of hypercortisolism (for a mean duration of 11 years) are still at high risk for cardiovascular disease, especially women and younger patients  [41].
Many classical cardiovascular risk factors known to increase the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease are present in CS patients  [49] [50] [51]. However, reports on long-term cardiac outcome in these patients are very few. Recent data from the postmarketing surveillance HypoCCS database, which includes patients with GH deficiency treated for 3 years with rhGH therapy, have shown a higher baseline (6. 3% versus 2. 2%) and 3 year prevalence (7. 6% versus 3. 9%) of ischaemic heart disease in GH-deficient subjects previously treated for CD, than in subjects with previous nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) not exposed to hypercortisolism  [52]. Recently, coronary flow reserve (CFR), an index of coronary microvascular function, has been evaluated in 15 newly diagnosed CS patients with no clinical evidence of ischemic heart disease  [53].
Coronary flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery has been evaluated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography at rest and during adenosine infusion. The author demonstrated that CFR was pathologically reduced in CS patients, even without clinical symptoms of ischemic heart disease and in the absence of epicardial coronary artery lesions. It means that coronary microvascular function is impaired, even without clinical symptoms, contributing to increase the cardiovascular risk of these patients. All these data suggest that cardiac function has to be routinary evaluated in CS patients, in order to detect cardiovascular risk factors which could impair the prognosis and heart performance.
Cerebrovascular. Cerebrovascular disease is increased in patients with CS, although little is known on its prevalence  [1, 52]. Systemic arterial hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, central obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypercoagulability probably contribute to cerebrovascular risk  [54]. Data from the HypoCCS database have shown that the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease was greater in subjects with previous CD than in subjects with previous NFPA, both at baseline (6. 4% versus 1. 8%) and after 3 years of rhGH treatment (10. 2% versus 2. 9%)  [52] , supporting an irreversible effect of prior hypercortisolism on the cerebrovascular system.
Figures Fig. 1. Time-line of major events in the evolution of river systems from the Precambrian to present: data for the development of the terrestrial plant biosphere is taken from  Davies and Gibling (2010, 2013). Steps 1 to 3 on the Earth events timeline signify the three stages of evolution of rivers identified here. Dates on the vertical axes are in Ga (billions of years). clearly imposed through a change in sedimentary motif (above the dredging surface in PTS5, and the harbour foundation in PTS13), through mineral content, fauna and artefacts of wood, bone and pottery (see also  Mazzini et al. , 2011).
Moreover, the amino acids analysis showed that all NC 2012-2013 DENV-1/genotype I strains share 100% homology with the VN11/JXD93687 and VN08/GU131812 strains (data not shown). From February to July 2012, DENV-1 viruses recovered in NC belonged to either genotype I or IV. From August 2012 to the end of 2013, all the NC DENV-1 strains sequenced were genotype I (Figure  2 ). Moreover all DENV-1 positive sera collected in August 2012 and in August 2013 were all amplified by genotype I specific RT-PCR using the primers D1E/MDRF (5'-GAAATATTCAGTAATAGTCA CCGT-3') and D1EREV-R (5'-CATGGTGCATCTGTT CC-3') (data not shown). These data are suggesting that a switch occurred in the genotype circulating as observed in hyperendemic countries  [21]. The occurrence of two consecutive outbreaks due to the same dengue serotype had historically already been observed in NC and other PICTs  [7, 11].
Thus, the reemergence of DENV-1 in NC in 2008, i. e. five years after the previous DENV-1 outbreak, was not surprising, particularly given the active circulation of the virus in PF. However, what was unexpected was the fact that DENV-1 was not replaced by DENV-4 during the 2008-2009 outbreak and that both serotype circulated during more than a year. The absence of serotype replacement contrasts with the historical data on the epidemiology of dengue in PICTs and with the situation reported during the same period in other PICTs  [10, 15]. Otherwise in contrast with the NC historical dengue epidemiological profile  [11]  (See figure on previous page. ) Figure  2  Evolutionary relationships of E gene sequences of DENV-1 (1478 nt). Maximum-Likelihood original trees derived from 110 DENV-1 E gene sequences (90 PICTs and 20 retrieved from GenBank).
The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown for values over 80. The period (years) these strains have been collected is indicated just after the country isocode. The number in brackets represents the number of NC DENV-1 strains identical (nucleotide sequence) to the strain reported on the tree. The 73 (53 + 20 in brackets) NC DENV-1 strains are shown in bold. Genbank accession numbers of the DENV-1 E gene sequenced for this study are reported in Additional file 1. DENV-1 re-emerged in NC in 2012 although this serotype had already circulated in the country for ten years. As suggested by our phylogenetic analyses the recurrent re-emergences of DENV-1 over the last decade in NC mainly resulted from introductions of "Pacific clade" genotype IV viruses from other PICTs, particularly PF.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  M. Kama  (Fiji),  M. Nosa  ( Niue)  and  K. Tabutoa  ( Kiribati ) for releasing access to their DENV sequences. We thank  E. Calvez  and  A. Rouby  for participating in the sequences analysis,  L. Guillaumot ,  S. Mermond  and  D. Baudon  for scientific support and the  Immuno-Molecular biology lab from Institut Pasteur New Caledonia. Part of the sequencing experiments were performed on «  La Plateforme du Vivant », Noumea, New Caledonia. This work was supported by the  "Fonds de Coopération Economique, Sociale et Culturelle pour le Pacifique", Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et Européennes, France  ( Conventions Nu138/1/2008 ,  75/1/2009 ) ; by the  "Agence Nationale pour la Recherche", France  ( ANR-09-MIEN-028-01/02 ) and the  New Caledonia Government.
Aflibercept The efficacy and safety of aflibercept (Eylea) for myopic CNV was evaluated in the ongoing phase III, multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled, 12-month MYRROR study in Asian patients (N=121; NCT01249664). 88 Patients received aflibercept according to a PRN schedule based on visual and anatomical criteria. 89 Interim 6-month results reported a 12. 1-letter improvement in BCVA compared with a 2-letter loss in those receiving sham injection,  89  and recent reports indicate sustained BCVA gains up to 12 months (K Ohno-Matsui et al, AAO Annual Meeting, New Orleans, USA, 2013).
Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank  Stéphane Blain  as the KEOPS-2 project coordinator and the captain and the crew of the  R/V Marion Dufresne II  for assistance on board. We are also especially grateful to  Luc André  who allowed access to the  HR-SF-ICP-MS at the Royal Museum of Central Africa. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and helpful comments. This work was supported by the  French research program  of  INSU-CNRS LEFE-CYBER  ("Les enveloppes fluides et l'environnement" -"Cycles biogéochimiques, environnement et ressources"), the  French ANR ("Agence Nationale de la Recherche ",  SIMI-6 program ), the  French CNES  (" Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales")  and the  French Polar Institute IPEV (Institut Polaire Paul-Emile Victor). The research leading to these results has also received funding from the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  under grant agreement no.
Non-Trigger Point Dry Needling in Knee Osteoarthritis and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Highly Effective ] [168]  According to the Cochrane Database systematic review on acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis, Manheimer et al. 167  found acupuncture to be associated with a statistically significant and clinically meaningful short term improvement in OA pain when compared to a wait list control. Additionally, this systematic review,  167  which included 12 RCTs of patients with knee OA and 4 trials of patients with either knee or hip OA, reported statistically significant reductions in pain following acupuncture in patients with knee OA at 6 months when compared with sham acupuncture. Moreover, in an individual patient data meta-analysis of 9 RCTs comparing real, sham and no acupuncture for chronic pain conditions, Vickers et al.
168  reported superior outcomes using real acupuncture in the treatment of knee OA. Additionally, a very recent meta-analysis  166  of 11 high-quality RCTs concluded that real acupuncture provides a significant reduction in pain immediately following treatment compared to other physical treatment methods, including sham acupuncture. In contrast to the findings of the Cochrane Database systematic review  167  and two recent meta-analyses,  166, 168  it is noteworthy that an earlier trial  84  found the addition of real acupuncture to a course of advice and exercise for the treatment of knee OA provided no additional improvement in the WOMAC pain subscale at 6 months when compared to sham acupuncture. The data from Foster et al. 84  also failed to demonstrate a significant relationship between patient treatment preferences and clinical outcomes or patient expectations and pain at 6 and 12 months.
Additional and more detailed data related to specific disease manifestations will be collected in subsections of the registry. All participants will have 'core' baseline data. In addition, an annual update is required for the 'core' section and for subsection data, as appropriate. In order to enhance active patient partnership in this registry, a patient self-report section is  designed to collect each patient's own additional information including data on patient experience and QOL. The data are retrieved from hospital discharge files, clinical records, clinic visits, electronic medical records, patients' questionnaires, and ad hoc clinical databases. Follow-up visits are scheduled according to the standard practice of the site and as per the treating physician's best judgement. The data are recorded on an electronic case report form (eCRF) that is accessed via a secure web portal hosted by Quintiles (a contract research organisation).
The eCRF has specific questions in English about the manifestations of TSC and results of relevant investigations and treatment. Input of data is carried out by local investigators or their deputies, and then independently checked by a network of clinical research associates for accuracy and consistency using the original local case records. The web portal has an explanatory manual to guide the investigators. Utmost care has been taken during the design of the and the explanatory manual to ensure that they are comprehensible to individuals from different participating countries where English is not the first language. Individual demographic data such as name, address, hospital, and/or health insurance number are not uploaded to the web portal so that anonymity can be maintained. TOSCA registry is not designed as a population-based epidemiological registry; therefore, may not provide representative incidence and prevalence data on the disease and its manifestations.
Eligibility criteria Patients of any age diagnosed with TSC could participate in the registry. Each patient must have a documented visit for TSC within the preceding 12 months or must be newly diagnosed with TSC prior to agreement to participate in the registry. To be eligible for TOSCA PASS, participants from TOSCA must be on everolimus (Votubia®) for an approved TSC indication in the European Union. All patients (parents or guardians, where applicable) must sign the informed consent form before any information or data is provided to the registry.
Study duration The first patient was entered in the registry in August 2012. The initial enrolment period was of 24 months. The patients will be followed up for up to 5 years. For paediatric patients included in TOSCA PASS, the follow-up period will be extended until they reach Tanner stage V if evaluated per local routine practice, or until the age of 16 years for females and 17 years for males, regardless of whether the therapy has ended. This prolonged follow-up period will ensure collection of long-term data on safety and on the impact of the drug on sexual maturation and potential fertility.
Statistical considerations It was estimated that approximately 2000 patients meeting eligibility criteria would be enrolled from about 250 sites across 31 countries in TOSCA (Figure  3 ). TOSCA PASS was expected to enrol at least 150 patients from about 100 sites across 15 countries. Formal sample size estimation was not required due to the descriptive nature of this registry, thus allowing flexibility in the number of patients to be enrolled. All patients enrolled in the TOSCA disease registry will be considered in the analysis. Data will be summarised with respect to the background (demography, genotype, family history, age at diagnosis), clinical features (neurological, neuropsychiatric, renal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, dermatological), rare manifestation, and co-morbidities of each patient.
Research groups Any participating centre can submit a specific research proposal for inclusion into the TOSCA database. Letters of intent are submitted annually to the working committee, which recommends a set number of projects for potential inclusion. Accepted 'petal' project participants form a Research Group, which may consist of a variable number of physicians participating in the registry. Each Research Group is responsible for submission of a research project proposal to the Working Committee, and for the management and  analysis of the particular project accepted into the database. Participation in Research Group projects is not mandatory for all sites.
Administrative analysis The first administrative analysis was performed in March 2013 on complete data collected for baseline 'core' data set for the first 100 patients with the aim of evaluating feasibility and accuracy of the data collection procedure. A total of 469 fields of information were evaluated for each of the 100 patients. In more than 90% of patients, information on 85% of the fields was found to be complete. The administrative analysis showed a  high degree of accuracy ensuring optimum quality of the collected data. Subsequent interim analyses are planned approximately every 12 months starting from 2014. These interim analyses aim to review, analyse, and publish the findings.
Significance of TOSCA This international multicentre registry has been designed to study a large cohort of patients with TSC from different ethnic groups over a prolonged period of time, to obtain answers to some specific questions, and to fill some of the existing gaps. TOSCA will investigate outcomes of interventions under natural conditions. As the data will be obtained from a large patient population, the analysis will have more power. Collaboration of an academic steering committee, a pharmaceutical company, and patient/carer organisations is a major strength of TOSCA. The registry includes a subsection/petal completely dedicated to the wider needs of the patients. Various TSC patient communities have been involved in this 'petal'. This subsection will help to evaluate the impact of the disease on the life of families of the affected individuals.
Similarly, each of the other petals will add to the existing knowledge in the respective areas. How does TOSCA aim to address the gaps? The TOSCA database has been designed to provide both cross-sectional and longitudinal data on TSC. General information collected in the 'core' section of the registry from a large patient population worldwide will help in identifying trends. TOSCA will help to obtain data on various diagnostic and treatment strategies and study the impact of the same. We will understand whether the time and the method of diagnosis of TSC and its manifestations differ in various countries. We will know whether the methods for the various interventions including the order in which they are administered in different countries are similar. The data obtained can also help to understand whether rare manifestations are truly rare and whether certain co-morbidities are more frequent than others.
Overcoming challenges Some of the challenges in conducting patient registries are ensuring continuous data entry, data quality, and completeness. It is important to assess the feasibility of the registry and to ensure efficiency of the data collection procedure  [41]. The results of the first administrative analysis conducted for this purpose have been encouraging. The 'core' section was purposely designed as the mandatory section to improve completeness of the data entered in the registry. Annual data collection was selected to ensure longitudinal progression, whilst not being too cumbersome. It is important to be mindful that TOSCA is not a population-based study. Patients are enrolled from hospital services and specialised centres and may not represent all cases of TSC. While more severe cases are likely to be over-represented, there is a probability of missing less severe cases that are undiagnosed or do not require medical care.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to  APE Berlin  and particularly  G. Stibenz  for the loan of a FC-SPIDER, and to Femtolasers for the generous loan of the chirped mirror compressor. JN thanks  Y. Zaouter  from  Amplitude Systèmes  for helping with the laser system. We acknowledge financial support from the  European Commission 7th FP  under grant  315744  (FLAME). CB&JN acknowledge funding funding by the  EU-funded Cluster of Research Infrastructures for Synergies in Physics (CRISP)  project, CB also the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  via  SFB925.
Best Parameter Set. In the following, we consider an image database of N gray-tone images, each being associated with a reference segmented image. What we are looking for is the best parameter set, that is, the parameter set that will result in the best segmented images considering the reference  and a specific comparison criterion (among the two considered criteria, fom and ). Let p be the best parameter set regarding the mean of all quality values on the N gray-tone images of the database, yielding to p (𝐴, 𝐶) = arg min 𝑝 { 1 N ∑ 𝐼 𝑄 𝐶 (𝐴 𝑝 , 𝐼)} = arg min 𝑝 {mean 𝐼 𝑄 𝐶 (𝐴 𝑝 , 𝐼)}. (7) Let Q be the minimal mean value of  on the N images of the database, yielding Q (𝐴, 𝐶) = min 𝑝 { 1 N ∑ 𝐼 𝑄 𝐶 (𝐴 𝑝 , 𝐼)} = mean 𝐼 𝑄 𝐶 (𝐴 p, 𝐼). ( 8 ) This way of finding the best parameter set is also called leave-one-out cross validation.
K-Fold Cross Validation. The -fold cross-validation consists in validating the learning process by splitting the database into -folds, using  -1-folds as the learning database and the last one as the test database  [20]. This is repeated  times such that each fold will be used as the test database. The result is a discrepancy value that reflects the pertinence of the learning. It will be noticed  in the different result tables, which is the mean result value over each test partition. The results will be presented in Tables  5, 6 , and 7 in detail. For each method and for each partition, the learned parameter values are presented as well as the corresponding result of the criterion value for the test partition. Let    be the value of the criterion for the partition , and   = mean  {   }. 2  for numerical values.