dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Comparison with DSDP Site 178 (Leg 18) IODP Site U1417 is a re-drill (offset by ~1. 5 km) of DSDP Site 178  (Kulm and Von Huene, 1973; Jaeger et al. , 2014). In contrast to Site U1417, basement has been reached during drilling at Site 178. It is therefore imperative to compare geochemical profiles from Site U1417 to the profiles from Site 178. Figure  8  shows TOC and porewater results from Site 178 alongside the same data from Site U1417. The depth scales might not be entirely corresponding because of the spatial distance between both sites, however, the matching profiles of Ca, Mg and sulfate in the upper part of the record indicate that comparability is sufficient for the purpose of this study. towards the basement. In contrast, dissolved Ba 2+ is much higher in the lowest interval. These higher pore-water Ba 2+ concentrations at Site 178 have originally been attributed to higher biogenic Ba deposition  (Waterman et al.
Conclusions At IODP Site U1417 in the GOA, inorganic and organic geochemical data unravel the complex evolution of early diagenetic processes with clear evidence for non-steady state conditions and a distinct deviation from the canonical catabolic sequence. We present two key observations. First, a spatial separation of the sulfate reduction and  Figure  3 : From  (Jaeger et al. , 2014) : pore-water downcore profiles of SO4 2-, pore-gas CH4, pore-water total alkalinity, NH4 (all in mM), Ba 2+ , Fe 2+ , Li + , Sr 2+ ( all in M) Ca 2+   and Mg 2+ (in mM). Dashed lines indicate seawater concentrations  (Li, 2000). Figure  4 : Geochemical data at Site U1417. Sedimentary downcore profiles of TOC, Si, Al, Fe, S (all as wt%), Ba, Zr (both in mg/kg sediment), TOC (wt%), Si/Al, Zr/Al and sedimentation rate (in m/Ma).
Introduction The observation of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos reported by the IceCube Collaboration in the last few years represents a crucial step forward in the field of neutrino astronomy and strongly motivates independent searches for their origin. The first significant evidence of a diffuse flux of extraterrestrial neutrinos in the TeV-PeV range was observed in the "High-Energy Starting Events" (HESE) sample of IceCube  [1, 2, 3]. The spectral energy distribution of the 82 events recorded in 6 years of data taking is described in  [3]  as a single power law: E 2 ν Φ(E) = 2. 46 ± 0. 8 × 10 -8 (E ν /100 TeV) -0. 92 +0. 33 -0. 29 GeV cm -2 s -1 sr -1. The ANTARES Collaboration has investigated the possibility that this signal partially originates from point-like steady sources in a wide region close to the Galactic Centre and from the position of 13 HESE reconstructed as tracks  [4].
When dealing with transient emissions, the background of atmospheric neutrinos can be significantly reduced by limiting the search to a small time window around the source flare. In this work, a maximum likelihood approach is followed to look for spatial and temporal coincidences between the selected ANTARES events and the IceCube HESE and Muon candidates. The paper is organised as follows. In Section 2, the ANTARES neutrino telescope and the data sample are described. The search method is explained in Section 3. In Section 4, the results of the analysis are presented, while the conclusions are summarized in Section 5.
ANTARES neutrino telescope and data sample The ANTARES neutrino telescope  [14]  is located 40 km off-shore from Toulon, France, anchored 2475 m below the surface of the Mediterranean Sea. A three-dimensional array of 885 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) detects the Cherenkov light induced by charged particles produced in neutrino interactions within and around the instrumented volume. The 10-inch PMTs, distributed along 12, 450 m long, vertical lines, face 45 • downward in order to optimise the detection of light from upgoing particles. The position, time and collected charge of the signals in the PMTs (hits) are used to infer the direction and energy of the incident neutrino. Two event topologies can be identified in the ANTARES neutrino telescope: track-like and shower-like. The former can be the signature of a long-range muon produced in charged current (CC) interactions of muon neutrinos in the proximity of the detector.
Analysis method and expected performances The directions of the 54 IceCube candidates are investigated to search for spatial and temporal clustering of events above the known background expectation following a maximum likelihood ratio approach. The likelihood describes the ANTARES data in terms of signal and background probability density functions (PDFs) and is defined as: log L s+b = J ∈{tr ,sh} i∈J log µ J sig S J i + N J B J i -µ sig , (1) where S J i and B J i are the values of the signal and background PDFs for the event i in the sample J (tr for tracks, sh for showers), while µ J sig and N J are respectively the number of unknown signal events and the total number of data events in the J sample. The combined information of three parameters -direction, observation time and energy -is included in the definition of the PDFs in order to enhance the signal-to-background discrimination.
1 days, while the choice of 120 days as upper bound is imposed by the fact that the time distance between the last recorded IceCube candidate (HESE ID 82) and the last ANTARES available fully-calibrated data is ∼ 240 days. Thus, more than 95% of the signal events from a Gaussian flare with σ = 120 days and centered at the observation time of HESE ID 82 could be detected within the considered ANTARES data taking period. The significance of any cluster of ANTARES events around an IceCube candidate is determined by a test statistic Q derived from the likelihood as Q = log L s+b -log L b , (6) where log L s+b is the likelihood defined in equation (  1 ) evaluated with the best-fit values (µ sig = μsig , σ t = σt , γ = γ, α = α, δ = δ) and log L b is the likelihood evaluated in the background-only case (µ sig = 0).
The Q distributions for different signal strengths are determined from pseudoexperiments (PEs), i. e. performing the search for time and spatial correlation on scrambled data. In each PE, a fake sky-map containing a known number of signal events injected into a background-only dataset is generated. The simulated directions and times of the background events are randomly drawn from the zenith, azimuth and time distributions as seen in the actual data. The distribution of the reconstructed zenith angle is parametrised by two different spline functions, P (θ) and O(θ), shown in Figure  1. In order to account for possible systematic uncertainties on the background, the zenith-dependent distribution of background events, Z(θ), in each PE is taken as Z(θ) = P (θ) + r • (O(θ) -P (θ)), with r being a random number drawn from a uniform distribution between -1 and 1.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies:  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ,  Commissariat  à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA),  Commission Européenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program) ,  Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ,  IdEx program  and  UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cité  ( ANR-10-LABX-0023  and  ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ),  Labex OCEVU  ( ANR-11-LABX-0060 ) and the A* MIDEX  project ( ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ),  Région Île-de-France (DIM-ACAV) ,  Région Alsace  (contrat CPER),  Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Département du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France ;  Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) ,  Germany ;  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy ;  Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) , the  Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation  for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants,  Russia ;  Executive Unit for Financing Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI) ,  Romania ;  Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) :  Plan Estatal de Investigación  (refs.
Material and methods Literature search was performed by using the databases of Pubmed and Scopus. The key words "acoustic neuroma", "vestibular schwannoma", "radiosurgery", and "fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy" were used for searching publications. We considered the articles published in the last 10 years. The relevance was assessed based on the numerousness of the sample size (at least 50 patients), the length of follow-up (median/mean 5 years), the completeness of analysis of technical data, and outcome results in terms of local control and side effects.
Limits of currently-available hearing classifications for HPS Audiological assessments should measure auditory function as reliably as possible in individual patients and homogeneous groups, in order to orient treatment strategies, which may involve observation alone, radiotherapy, and/or surgery, with or without a preserved hearing function. It is only by using standardized and comparable tests that we will be able to collect significant data to support clinical guidelines on appropriate therapies. Five classifications are currently used to assess auditory function in patients with acoustic neuroma: the Gardner-Robertson  11  , the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery  12  , the Sanna, the Tokyo  13  and the Word Recognition Score (WRS)  14. Hearing function is classified by pure tone averages (PTA), cannot be used for the purposes of vocal audiometry, however, because it is impossible to quantify the electrical stimulation and correlate it with an acoustic intensity in dB.
Materials and methods Literature search was performed by using the databases of Pubmed and Scopus. The key words "head and neck paraganglioma", "paraganglioma", "primary radiotherapy", "radiotherapy", "radiosurgery", and "stereotactic radiation and 59%  8. LCN primary dysfunction leads to alterations in swallowing, speech, and airway protection. Most patients often compensate with speech therapy, and better functional results are expected in patients with a preoperative palsy  8. Careful preoperative consideration is necessary in elderly patients that need to undergo surgery. In this group of patients, rehabilitation of swallowing may be impossible when it is a result of the combined loss of these nerves  9. With the cutoff of 65 years old, no patients in our experience reported ab-ingestis recurrent pneumonia, permanent tracheostomy or gastrostomy (Table  4.
Patients This is a prospective study of all our patients with pagangliomas in class C1-C2-C3 treated from 2004 to 2017. Epidemiological and clinical data, surgical and histological reports, preoperative and postoperative images, complications, data on adjuvant therapy and follow-up information were reviewed. 76 patients have been included in the present analysis. These were 44 females and 26 males with age ranging from 19 to 78 years old. The mean age is 45,2 years old. Tympanojugular paragangliomas were staged according to Fisch and Mattox classification (Table  4. 2. 4. I). Perioperative sequelae were recorded. Follow-up was defined as the period of time from surgery to the most recent evaluation. Patients with less than 1 year of follow-up were excluded from the study. Complications, recurrences, or any other relevant data were analyzed during follow-up.
Methods The design was an original cohort study using prospectively collected clinical and surgical data of patients with sporadic unilateral vestibular shwannomas. The detailed clinical records of the surgical patients and those in the watch, wait and rescan groups were obtained from a 230 point database initially established on Filemaker Pro 5 software in 1985 and latterly on Filemaker Pro 13 *. In the watch, wait and rescan group linear measurements were used to assess tumour size and two or more magnetic resonance scans were included. The slice providing the most representative part of the tumour was identified in the axial and coronal planes. Maximal tumour size was measured in three axes, mediolateral, antero-posterior and cranio-caudal. For tumours with extracanalicular extension, maximal medio-lateral measurements were made along the long axis of the internal auditory canal and included the intracanalicular portion of the tumour.
Antero-posterior measurements were made in an axis parallel to the posterior face of the temporal bone. Axial images were used for these measurements. Craniocaudal size was assessed using coronal images. The point of growth and pattern of growth progression were assessed. Based on the literature investigating inter-observer error, tumour growth was defined as greater than 2 mm increase in the maximal tumour diameter in a direction parallel to the internal auditory canal on subsequent scans  21. Data was analysed using appropriate statistical techniques. The data from the stereotactic radiotherapy group was retrieved from the Department of Oncology. The evolving algorithm for treatment is dependent now on detailed studies of outcome producing an evidence base for each management option. RS: retrosigmoid approach; MF: middle fossa approach; TL: translabyrinthine approach.
The creation of a videoconferenced multidisciplinary team clinic both for unilateral sporadic VS and separately for tumours in NF2 has optimised patient care and management and facilitated the development of clinical databases and the measurement of outcome and audit. There is now a UK National Database for both which enables the establishment of an evidence base for the developing algorithm for the management of acoustic tumours. the risk of facial nerve paralysis in small and mid-sized VS remaines low, at a rate of less than 10% at 1year postsurgery  9. With modern intraoperative cochlear nerve monitoring, hearing preservation became more frequent than before. This is now achieved in 60-70% of patients via MFA and in 30-40% of patients via RS  10. No predictive factors for hearing preservation were identified in sporadic VS although hearing appeared to be better preserved in cases in which PTA is not -or only moderately -altered with a normal ABR, if the tumor does not invade the cochlear fossa for MFA, or if the IAM fundus is free of tumor for RS.
Historical incidence rates In the 1960s and 1970s, population-based studies from the Faroe Islands and Denmark estimated the incidence rate of VS to be less than 1 newly diagnosed case per 100,000 person-years; specifically, 0. 54 new cases per 100,000 person-years in Denmark from 1957 to 1976. In the United States, historical population-based research has been limited by the absence of a centralized health system and accompanying population-based databases. Perhaps the only available epidemiological resource dating back to this period within the United States is the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP), a unique medical records-linkage system that connects patient encounters from every resident of Olmsted County, Minnesota across providers within the geographic region (including Olmsted Medical Center, Mayo Clinic, and other private and smaller providers)  18.
Interestingly, using the REP exhaustive infrastructure, the incidence of VS from 1966 to 1975 approximated more modern estimates of disease incidence at a rate of 1. 5 new cases per 100,000 personyears  7. Incidence using Denmark's national database Some of the most robust existing clinical epidemiologic research was performed using Denmark's unique national VS database. Beginning in 1976, all patients diagnosed with VS Yet, modern trends indicate that patients are increasingly being managed conservatively in the 21 st century. In part, these observations are explained by a fundamental shift in the patient demographic of sporadic VS. Thought to stem from heightened use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), recent population-based studies suggest that VS is far more common than initially considered, with disease incidence paralleling traditionally more "common" diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Hodgkin's lymphoma  [4] [5] [6] [7] [8].
Recent developments in disease prevalence Using the REP, the prevalence of sporadic VS was examined in the population of nearly 160,000 persons residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota, on January 1, 2017  8. Concomitant with the elevated incidence rates of VS observed in the same population over the past 30 years 7 , the current prevalence of in Denmark are referred to Copenhagen University Hospital for management  11. Since database inception, patients have been prospectively registered in this national database, enabling national population-based estimates of incidence rates over time  19. Using this database, it was determined that the incidence of VS increased from 0. 78 per 100,000 personyears from 1978-1983 to 1. 74 during 1996-2001, peaking at 2. 28 in 2004. Four years later, Stangerup and colleagues demonstrated that the national incidence began declining to a rate of 1.
Incidence estimates in the United States As previously stated, population-based research in the United States has been limited by the lack of longstanding national database registries. Nevertheless, after the Benign Brain Tumor Cancer Registries Amendment Act of 2004 (Public Law 107-260), the registration of VS has been nationally mandated. Since that time, studies have shown that the incidence of VS in the United States is approximately 1. 1 per 100,000 person-years in 2011  3 10.
Recent developments in disease incidence Perhaps the first recent study to show VS may affect significantly more people than the aforementioned population-based studies' suggest was a conference paper that examined the incidence of VS in Beverly Hills, California  6. In this study, Schwartz and Fisher identified 11 cases of VS from 1999-2004 resulting in an incidence rate of 5. 4 per 100,000 person-years. Corroborated by the MRI studies on incidentally diagnosed tumors published around the same time, the unique patient demographic of Beverly Hills likely contributed to the distinctly elevated detection rate of VS in this population. Recently, using a national database in Taiwan over the period of 2001 to 2012, the highest annual incidence rate was observed to reach 3. 72 per 100,000 person-years.
Interestingly, the incidence climbed to 4. 86 per 100,000 person-years amongst those persons aged 60-69 years  21. Similarly, Maarten, et al. examined the national incidence of VS in the Netherlands and showed that incidence of VS in the Leiden region was 3. 32 per 100,000 person-years from 2009-2012  22. Including data through 2016, the incidence of sporadic VS in Olmsted County, Minnesota was estimated using the REP. Amidst a population of approximately 160,000 persons, the incidence rate of VS was shown to be 4. 2 per 100,000 personyears from 2006-2016 with an increase over the last five years to 4. 5  7 23. Most notably, the incidence rate increased with older age, with an incidence rate of 11. 1 per 100,000 personyears in those aged 60-69 years and 18. 3 in individuals aged 70 years and older.
Microarray Analysis Mammary gene expression analyzed by a microarray assay allowed the identification of 33 differentially expressed genes, including 25 known genes (corrected p adj < 0. 05), between CONT and REST, 24 h after the inflammatory challenge by LPS (Table  1 ). The expression increased for 19 and decreased for 6 genes in REST compared with CONT. All these DEG presented a fold change (FC) greater than 1. 4, with two genes (PDK4 and SLC25A34) presenting an FC greater than 4. Gene ontology and function analyses revealed that most DEG are involved in metabolism, including the regulation of fatty acid (FA) oxidation, glucose, and protein metabolism, and in immune responses (Figure  2 ). The results obtained, using Pathway Studio ® software, were consistent with those from Panther software.
These analyses were performed using MG samples were obtained by biopsies performed 24 h after the LPS challenge. We performed a single biopsy to avoid the potential interference of repetitive biopsies on the inflammatory response. Also, the adjacent quarter may not constitute a good control for the LPS challenged quarter, as inflammation cytokines may exert local effects and influence adjacent quarters  [19]. However, one limitation of this design is that the present experimental design does not allow a kinetic data to follow the establishment of inflammation.
The resulting TIFF-images (Tagged Image File Format) were processed using Feature Extraction software Version 11 to obtain normalized data. Normalized with 75th percentile shift, the data were analyzed using GeneSpring software. The moderated t-test with Westfall-Young familywise error rate (FWER) correction was applied  [70]. The differences were considered significant at an adjusted p < 0. 05. The data were accessible through the GEO series accession number GSE114975. The classification and functional analyses of differentially expressed genes were performed using PANTHER  [71]  and confirmed using Pathway Studio ® software (Elsevier, The Netherlands).
Protein Identification and Label-Free Quantitation The raw files were loaded, at the end of each LC-MS/MS analysis, into the Progenesis QI software Non-linear Dynamics, v 4. 1 (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) and label-free quantitation was performed using a proprietary workflow alignment, peak picking, normalization, design set up, quantitation, and protein identification. Regarding protein identification (Supplementary File S2), the Mascot V. 2. 5, internally licensed version (www. matrixscience. com) was used with uniprot-ref_Bos taurus database 19. 840 sequences (07/2015). The following parameters were considered for the searches: Peptide mass tolerance was set to 10 ppm; fragment mass tolerance was set to 0. 05 Da and a maximum of two missed cleavages was allowed. Variable modifications were methionine oxidation (M), carbamidomethylation (C) of cysteine and Deamidated (NQ).
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the staff at Herbipole INRA (UE1414, Theix, France), Simon Collange for performing biopsies, Sebastien Bes, Arnaud Delavaud, Caroline Soulard, Martine Tourret, Didier Bany, Emile Tixier, Cyril Labonne, and Jacques Rouel for technical assistance, and for sample collection and laboratory analyses. The authors are grateful to the Galilait laboratory (Clermont-Ferrand, France) for the milk component, SCC and microbiological analyses. Special appreciation is extended to Gilles Foucras and Pascal Rainard for their helpful discussion regarding LPS and choice of candidate genes. Transcriptomic analyses were performed at the "PlateForme d'Exploration du Métabolisme" (PFEM, INRA, Theix, France).
Word meaning changes over time, depending on linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. Associating a word's correct meaning in its historical context is a central challenge in diachronic research, and is relevant to a range of NLP tasks, including information retrieval and semantic search in historical texts. Bayesian models for semantic change have emerged as a powerful tool to address this challenge, providing explicit and interpretable representations of semantic change phenomena. However, while corpora typically come with rich metadata, existing models are limited by their inability to exploit contextual information (such as text genre) beyond the document timestamp. This is particularly critical in the case of ancient languages, where lack of data and long diachronic span make it harder to draw a clear distinction between polysemy (the fact that a word has several senses) and semantic change (the process of acquiring, losing, or changing senses), and current systems perform poorly on these languages.