dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
5 (260 to 11 ka), while MIS 5. 5 corresponds to the Eutyrrhenian subunit (e. g. Gignoux, 1913; Asioli et al. , 2005). Global estimates based on the analysis of RSL indicators corrected for GIA and tectonics constrain the maximum MIS 5. 5 ESL between +5. 5 to +9 metres  (Dutton and Lambeck, 2012; Kopp et al. , 2009). A large database focussed on MIS 5. 5 RSL indicators in Italy was published by  Ferranti et al. (2006)  and was later used by  Pedoja et al. (2011 Pedoja et al. ( , 2014) )  in the framework of a global synthesis (Figure  5a ). From the spread of elevations of MIS5. 5 RSL indicators in the Mediterranean, it is evident that some areas are tectonically highly active, producing rapid rates of subsidence and uplift, with shorelines now found at elevations between -105 and +210 m since MIS 5.
, 2013). While archaeological features can directly benefit sea-level reconstructions, supporting (multi-proxy) datasets can significantly improve interpretations of past sea level  (Vacchi et al. , 2016b). Later Holocene archaeological features used as sea-level markers can be divided into two broad categories  (Flemming, 1978; Blackman, 1973; Galili and Sharvit, 1998; Sivan et al. , 2001 , Lambeck et al. , 2010; Morhange and Marriner, 2015) : i) Features that need to be at or partially below sea level in order to function properly. These include pools that are fed by seawater driven by gravity, slipways, harbour installations, salt production installations, etc. These structures typically mark the uppermost or lowermost sea level at the time of construction (Figure  11 ). ii) Features that are located normally only on dry land, including dwellings, quarries, roads, water-wells, freshwater pools, etc.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  INQUA  for funding the MEDFLOOD community, particularly for providing early career scholars with an opportunity to attend MEDFLOOD workshops and field excursions through travel bursaries. Further acknowledgement is extended to the  Institutional Strategy of the University of Bremen , funded by the  German Excellence Initiative  ( ABPZuK-03/2014 ) and by  ZMT , the  Center for Tropical Marine Ecology. Flinders University, Faculty of Education, Humanities and Law  provided funding for MEDFLOOD through the  EHL Establishment Grant scheme.
3 polymer window  12  , and mounted under 69° with respect to the primary X-ray beam. An additional Ultralene foil (4 µm) covered the detector. XRF spectra were processed using the PyMCA software package  13. Elemental maps shown in the figures below are the batch fitted XRF intensity maps, divided by the i 0 map. Micro XRF maps were acquired for sample 2 at three different energies to map the different Cu species. The small beam shift between these different maps was determined using the Fe maps and Cu maps were realigned accordingly, using the "Spectrocrunch" python software library  11. Micro XANES. The measurements were performed at ID21, at the Cu K-edge (calibrated with a Cu foil, setting the maximum of the derivative spectrum at 8. 979 keV). Micro XANES spectra were recorded in XRF mode (using the same set-up described above) with a micro beam of 0.
4 × 0. 7µm 2. The micro XANES spectra were obtained by scanning the primary energy from 8. 9 to 9. 15 keV in 260 steps of 0. 3 eV. To reduce risks of radiation damage, XANES spectra were acquired as single acquisition (30 s/point) over many points, instead of cumulating many spectra on few points. Normalized data were employed for Linear Combination Fitting (LCF), using the ATHENA software, to identify and to estimate the amount of copper compounds on the analyzed papyrus (cf. list of reference in Table  1 )  14. The reference compounds were prepared as powder and measured in transmission mode. LCF were accomplished within -20 < E 0 > 30 eV range, using first all the references (azurite, malachite, chalcanthite, tenorite, cuprite, chalcopyrite and Cu acetate), and then reducing this set to the main 3 or 4 components; all amounts between 0-1, but not forced to sum 1 for better alignment (amounts were recalculated); all spectra shared the same E 0 value.
Acknowledgements The project  Ancient Ink as Technology forms part of CoNeXT: Fertilizing the ground and harvesting the full potential of the new neutron and X-ray research infrastructures close to Copenhagen University (Principal Investigator Sine Larsen ) under the  UCPH Excellence Programme for Interdisciplinary Research  (conext. ku. dk). The authors thank the  ESRF  for granting beamtime at ID21. We would like to thank the beamline staff,  H. Castillo-Michel  and  W. De Nolf  for their help with data acquisition and processing. Thanks go out to  P. J. Veiga  for providing us with XANES spectra for azurite, chalcantite, and tenorite.
-l'analyse élémentaire du métal permet de confronter la composition du métal des coulées primaires à celle du métal d'apport, et donc notamment de comparer les propriétés thermiques des deux alliages. Une collecte des données disponibles dans la littérature grâce à la base de données Hephaistos 18 , ajoutée aux résultats obtenus dans le cadre du programme conduit au C2RMF, converge vers ce constat : dans la majorité des cas, le métal d'apport (coulée secondaire) était élaboré de manière à avoir une température de fusion légèrement supérieure à celle du métal des coulées primaires  19. Cette caractéristique est très importante, puisqu'elle exclut a priori un mécanisme de brasage (assemblage obtenu par diffusion de matière), et nous oriente résolument vers un mécanisme de soudage par fusion.
Samples, data set integration and quality control Subjects were surveyed for language affiliation, current residence, familial birthplaces and a short genealogy of four generations to establish regional ancestry. A total of 47 saliva samples were collected using the Oragene saliva sampling kit (DNA Genotek Inc. , ON, Canada) from two Bajo communities: Derawan (n = 18) in coastal Northeastern Borneo, Indonesia and Kotabaru (n = 23) in coastal Southeastern Borneo, Indonesia (Figure  1 ). DNA was extracted using the standard kit protocol. We also added DNA samples from the Samihim in Eastern Borneo (n = 25), the Bugis of Southern Sulawesi (n = 25), the Mandar of Southern Sulawesi (n = 23) and North Maluku individuals from various linguistic groups (n = 14) as comparative populations. This sampling strategy is relevant for the statistical tests that are described below, both on population structure and admixture.
Genome-wide SNP genotypes were generated using the Illumina Human Omni5 Bead Chip (Illumina Inc. , San Diego, CA, USA), which surveys 4 284 426 singlenucleotide markers semi-regularly spaced across the genome. Genotype data from previously published Bajo individuals from the Kendari community of Southern Sulawesi were also included (n = 32). 29 New genotyping data have been deposited at the European Genome-Phenome Archive (EGA), which is hosted by the EBI and CRG, under accession number EGAS00001002246. A comparative data set was built from 110 worldwide populations comprising an additional 2256 individuals (Supplementary Table  S1 ). Data quality controls were performed using PLINK v1. 9: 30 (i) to avoid close relatives, relatedness was measured between all pairs of individuals within each population using an identity-by-descent (IBD) estimation with upper threshold of 0.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank  Gludhug A Purnomo ,  Isabella Apriyana  and  Chelzie C Darusalam  from  Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia , for biological sampling, and  Laure Tonasso  and  Stéphanie Schiavinato  ( University of Toulouse ) for laboratory assistance. We acknowledge support from the  GenoToul bioinformatics facility of the Genopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, France. This research was supported by the  French ANR  via grant  ANR-14-CE31-0013-01  (OCEOADAPTO) to F-XR, the  French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (French Archaeological Mission in Borneo; MAFBO)  to  F-XR , a  Rutherford Fellowship  from the  Royal Society of New Zealand  ( RDF-10-MAU-001 ) to MPC, the  French Embassy in Indonesia through its Cultural and Cooperation Services (Institut Français en Indonésie)  to  F-XR  and the  Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia  to PK.
e. measures of pure water and of hydro-alcoholic solution) was also measured; b) the dried powders, obtained after drying the suspension in an oven at 110°C. The following drying procedure was considered: a homogenous sample was taken from suspension (previously maintained in an ultrasonic bath for 15'), immersed in alcohol to avoid the carbonation process, and then dried in an oven. XRD patterns were elaborated using a Profile Fit software (HighScorePlus software package, PANalytical), and crystalline phases were attributed by ICDD and ICSD reference databases. XRD peak broadening analysis (by means of the Debye-Scherrer formula and the Williamson-Hall method  [27] [28]  ) were performed to evaluate the average crystallite size, D hkl (i. e. the size of the coherent diffraction domains), and lattice strain, ε, of the Ca(OH) 2 crystals.
The nanoparticle morphology and dimensions were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, model Philips CM100, 100 KV); by using ImageJ software, the particle size was also evaluated. High-resolution TEM (HRTEM, model Tecnai 12, G2 Twin, 120 KV, FEI) was also performed, in conjunction with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). TEM samples were prepared in a glove box under nitrogen atmosphere, to avoid carbonation. AFM measurements were performed by a Cypher Asylum Research instrument using a cantilever Bruker model SNL 10 in tapping mode: some drops of the diluted suspension were dispersed, under nitrogen atmosphere, on flat surfaces of a single-crystal silicon. In order to avoid carbonation, the samples were maintained under nitrogen atmosphere for 24 hours until solvent evaporation was finished.
The container was not airtight to guarantee a small but continuous flow of air, thus allowing the carbonation process in similar CO 2 conditions. By varying the RH values, different evaporation times of solvents were observed. Actually, at RH = 45%, the evaporation time was 45 minutes for aqueous suspensions, and 20 and 5 minutes for A/W=50 and A/W=90, respectively: at RH = 90%, we observed 150 minutes in water and about 60 minutes for A/W=90. Each diffraction pattern was collected, on dried powders, in the angular range 15 to 50°2θ, constant steps 0. 026°2θ, time per step 800s (PANalytical X'PertPRO diffractometer). The patterns were elaborated using the HighScorePlus software (PANalytical), and the crystalline phases were attributed by ICSD and ICDD reference databases. The ratio between the CaCO 3 Bragg peaks area and the area of the whole XRD pattern was assumed to be the carbonation process efficiency (χ), as previously reported.
Characterization of the particles produced The phase composition of the particles produced, analyzed directly in suspension, was reported in Figure  2 , in relation to aqueous suspensions (samples S60 0. 1W1 , S15 0. 1W1 and S15 0. 1W2 ) and to alcoholic suspensions (samples S60 0. 1W1_90 , S15 0. 1W1_90 and S15 0. 1W2_90 ). The comparison with the ICSD reference database revealed that all the suspensions were constituted of only pure and crystalline Ca(OH) 2 , (ICSD reference pattern: portlandite, #98-020-2221). From blank measurements, the background signal was attributed to the pure water or to the 2-propanol/water contribution. As reported in Table  III , for the S60 0. 1W1 sample a slightly higher value of <D> was obtained, while ε did not reveal crystal defects, irrespective of synthesis time and water employed.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge  Dr. Alain Panzarella  and  Dr. Diego Pontoni ,  PSCM Atomic Force Microscopy Platform  at the  ESRF in Grenoble , for their precious help with the AFM measurements. They are also extremely grateful to  Dr. Lorenzo Arrizza ,  Microscopy Center  ( University of L'Aquila ), and  Dr. Stefano Casciardi ,  DiMEILA Inail (Rome) , for their experimental assistance on TEM observations. The authors wish to acknowledge the precious help of  Mr. Franco Ioppolo  and L&C enterprise for the realization of the reactor used in the scaled-up production. Thanks also to  Ms. Fabiola Ferrante ,  Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics (University of L'Aquila) , for her kind collaboration. The authors acknowledge the kind support and encouragements received from  Prof.
Detecting neologisms is essential in real-time natural language processing applications. Not only can it enable to follow the lexical evolution of languages, but it is also essential for updating linguistic resources and parsers. In this paper, neology detection is considered as a classification task where a system has to assess whether a given lexical item is an actual neologism or not. We propose a combination of an unsupervised data mining technique and a supervised machine learning approach. It is inspired by current researches in stylometry and on tokenlevel and character-level patterns. We train and evaluate our system on a manually designed reference dataset in French and Russian. We show that this approach is able to outperform stateof-the-art neology detection systems. Furthermore, character-level patterns exhibit good properties for multilingual extensions of the system.
Dataset and Methods To the best of our knowledge, there are no existing NLP techniques that take advantage of text mining techniques for detecting neologisms. Intuitively and practically, formal neologisms, as new form-meaning pairs, appear in specific contexts, such as quotation marks(c'est une véritable "trumperie" 2  ) or metalinguistic markers (ce que nous pouvons appeler des catholibans 3. The word-formation rules at stake  (Schmid, 2015)  involve affixation, composition and borrowings, each implying specific character-based features. From these intuition and analysis, we propose a novel method combining an unsupervised technique to retrieve the salient features of neologisms (internal structure and context), and a supervised machine learning approach to de- tect formal neologisms in on-going texts.
Corpora and Reference Data As reference data, we use the evaluation data proposed by  (Cartier, 2016). It contains a list of N Cs and a label : excluded or neologism. In order to see the candidates in context we queried their website 4  to retrieve texts containing one or more N C occurrences. The dataset used here is then limited to N Cs having at least one context available. Table  1  exhibits the statistics about this dataset 5. One can see that the lack of experts for Russian has led to a much smaller dataset. Furthermore, the ratio of positive candidates is smaller in Russian due to a lower quality of the components.
Results Table  1  shows the results obtained with T LP for the French dataset with a SVM classifier (linear kernel) and C-parameter set at 1. We will only focus on SVM since this classifier outperformed Decision trees, random forests and bayesian networks. The results for the internal end bilateral context are the same because of the design of the train and test sets (see Section 3. 2. 2). Two results have to be highlighted here. First, the left context gave by far the best results, suggesting that there are clues announcing neologisms. Second, if we forget about left contexts, the results can be improved by expanding the windows size to 50 characters 6. Our hypothesis is that expanding the context only improves the bad results and that expanding the left context mostly yields noise. With 72% F-measure in the best case, the T LP method was promising but it was quickly outperformed by the CLP method.
In Russian we observed the same phenomena with T LP. Therefore, we only present here the results for the CLP method (Table  3 ). Here, the results are even better than the results for the French dataset with more than 90% F-measure with a left context of length 50. The main difference is that there is more instability when the size and the types of contexts changes. This instability may come from the size of the dataset and the subsequent lower number of features. There may be room for improvement for the bilateral and internal configurations by taking into account the relative position of the pattern (e. g. if the pattern has been found on the left side, right side or both sides of the candidate) and not only its number of occurences. 7 60% precision and probably a recall close to 100% Finally, among the classifiers we tested, SVM with linear kernels offers the best results.
This paper discusses markup strategies for the identification and description of text reuses in a corpus of patristic texts related to the BIBLINDEX Project, an online index of biblical references in Early Christian Literature and the Middle Ages. In addition to the development of a database that can be queried by canonical biblical or patristic references, a sample corpus of patristic texts has been encoded following the guidelines of the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative), in order to provide direct access to quoted and quoting text passages to the users of the https://www. biblindex. info platform.
INTRODUCTION BIBLINDEX [http1] is a project led by the French Institut des Sources Chrétiennes [http2], part of the HiSoMA research center in Lyon, with the support of the LIRIS (Laboratoire d'Informatique en Image et Systèmes d'Information) and the LIG (Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble), two computer science labs in Rhône-Alpes region (France). It aims to create an exhaustive online index of biblical quotations and allusions in Early Christian Literature, both Western and Eastern texts, which should eventually cover the whole of Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. After introducing the BIBLINDEX Project, this paper describes a new initiative to expand the data available by the direct encoding of biblical text reuse in patristic texts using a TEI encoding strategy that can account for the concepts and categories theoretically defined by the BIBLINDEX Project council.
We present the way our TEI encoding choices were defined in order to give a closer account of the text reuses phenomenon, bearing in mind that these choices have to be compliant with the data already stored in the database and with the printed edition prepared at the same time. Firstly, the issue of text reuse delimitation will be addressedthat is to say both the delimitation of the biblical text segment to which the text reuse refers and the delimitation of the text segment considered as a reuse in the patristic work. Secondly, the issue of their characterization will be studied. In doing this, we extend a methodological reflection from  [Mellerin, 2013]   1.
Description BIBLINDEX currently offers a comprehensive inventory of quotations and allusions providing bibliographical information. It includes a broad sweep of references ranging from verbatim quotations to loose allusions. Each record consists of a series of numbers indicating the chapter and verse of the biblical text, its location in the patristic work and the corresponding page and line numbers in the reference edition. The web interface lists the authors included in the database in a drop-down menu. The search facilities return all the entries for a biblical verse or text passage, which can be further restricted by date, geographical region and author or work. Bibliographical details for the edition as well as the page and line number of the reference are provided for each online entry and can be used to filter the maximal list provided in the search results.
The available corpus The project is based on the resumption of Biblia Patristica, a collection of printed indexes of biblical citations in the writings of Greek and Latin Church Fathers from the first centuries, published by a CNRS team, the CADP (Centre for Patristics Analysis and Documentation) in  Strasbourg, between 1965 and 2000 [Allenbach, 1967]   [Junod, 1995]. Sources Chrétiennes has been entrusted with the CADP database and further unpublished data. The seven published volumes of  [Biblia Patristica, 1975 -2000] , along with a supplementary volume of biblical references in Philo of Alexandria, cover the first three centuries, along with part of the fourth: • volume 1, which appeared in 1975, covers the beginnings of extracanonical Christian literature up to Clement of Alexandria and Tertullian; • volume 2 indexes the literature of the third century, apart from Origen, • to whom volume 3 is exclusively devoted; • coverage of the fourth century begins with volume 4, which includes the writings of Eusebius of Caesarea, Cyril of Jerusalem, and Epiphanius of Salamis; • volume 5 covers Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa, and Amphilochius of Iconium; • volume 6 turns to the Latin writers Hilary of Poitiers, Ambrose of Milan, and Ambrosiaster; • volume 7 on Didymus the Blind appeared in 2000.
The 270,000 published citation references have now been made freely available online as BIBLINDEX. The searchable database and website also give access to around 100,000 further unpublished entries for authors including Athanasius, John Chrysostom, Theodoret of Cyr, Procopius of Gaza, Jerome and works marked as Spuria and dubia related to the authors of the published volumes. The data has been verified exactly in the same way as for the published volumes, only the last proofreading step is still missing. In addition to this material, about 550,000 references prepared for the CADP by its usual external contributorsvolunteer European researchers, experts in different patristic fields with extensive knowledge of the Bible (among them: J. Fleury, G. Valayer, B. Outtier) -, have been digitized and normalized, i.
Methodological issues Work continues to augment the BIBLINDEX database with citation references in the format described above (verse numberlocation in the work). This data has its value: the ability to search by verse reference makes it easy to access synthetic information on the various uses of a biblical passage; and the more references that are available in the database the more illuminating statistical approaches will become. Besides, these references in the form of numbers are, and will always be, freely available online, as they don't depend on any copyright protection issue. However, the references contained in the database are, of course, the result of careful analysis of the patristic and biblical texts concerned. Unfortunately all trace of this analytical step for the inherited data has typically been lost.
The precise delimitation of each text reuse is no longer available: the information consists solely of a line number which only gives a clue to the beginning of the text reuse. The annotations made by the analysts and thus the motivations behind their choices have also been lost. Paradoxically, these reference statements, conceived by the CADP as a research outcome, constitute one of the starting points for our research today: the references listed in the database have to be re-injected in the patristic texts in order to be verified and refined. When it comes to adding new data to the database, the analysis will start from the text with TEI-compliant markup stage supported by an automatic tool specifically designed for the recognition of text reuse in BIBLINDEX 2   [Gesche-Egyed-Zsigmond-Calabretto, 2017].