dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
6): κ = κ OPAL + κ line , ( 10 ) where κ line is the total contribution from all lines computed for a supersonic medium. In  Poniatowski et al. (2022)  we compute κ line in the Sobolev approximation directly from a summation over the entire "Munich" line database, consisting of ∼4 × 10 6 lines  (Pauldrach et al. 1998 (Pauldrach et al. , 2001)) , for a range of temperatures and densities, assuming equal radiation and gas temperatures, and local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). We then fit our results to a variant of the parameterization suggested by  Gayley (1995) : κ line = κ 0 Q 1 -α (1 + Q 0 t) 1-α -1 Q 0 t , ( 11 ) for t = cκ 0 ρ dv dr -1 , (12) with a fiducial normalization constant 2 κ 0 = 0. 2 g -1 cm 2 , and line-force parameters Q, Q 0 , and α. These line-force parameters essentially represent the maximum line force in the limit that all contributing lines are optically thin ( Q), an effective maximum Fig.
1. Force multiplier M(t) as a function of the optical depth parameter t. The green line is obtained by calculating the line-force parameters from a line list database for a temperature of T = 62 kK and a gas density of ρ = 10 -11 g cm - 3. The red line is obtained by fitting this force multiplier with Eq. (  11 ). The best-fit parameters for this particular temperature and gas density are Q = 1187, Q 0 = 689, and α = 0. 70. line strength (Q 0 ), and a power-law index related to the relative contributions from optically thick and thin lines (α). From fitting Eq. (  11 ) to integrated opacities from our line database, we then obtain values of the line-force parameters as functions of the local temperature and density. This is quite similar to how, for example, OPAL opacity tables are constructed from computations of the Rosseland mean.
(2009) , and the overall metalicity Z is chosen to have the solar value but without hydrogen (X = 0), and thus Y = 1 -Z ⊙ = 0. 98. This can differ from other formulations such as those described by  Sander et al. (2019) , where the abundance of each separate element is specified. These tables cover the typical mass densities expected for the WR atmosphere and wind, except for the temperatures near the lower boundary,   1 ). Yellow indicates that a gas with a given Eddington factor or opacity ratio and radius is denser than the average gas at that radius, while dark blue indicates that the gas is less dense. which lay outside the table. This is because the original Munich atomic database  (Pauldrach et al. 1998 (Pauldrach et al. , 2001) )  only contains up to ionization stage VIII of the relevant line-driving elements, limiting the maximum temperature in our tables for which we have accurate atomic data.
General properties of the multidimensional WR simulations In this section, we present the first multidimensional WR wind simulations using the hybrid opacity formalism from Sect. 2. 2, which includes the improved description of line acceleration as described above. Instead of fixing Q and parameterizing α (as in  Poniatowski et al. 2021; Moens et al. 2022) , we derive local line-force parameters as computed from the line statistics of an atomic database. This means we do not choose a fixed set of line-force parameters a priori (which is somewhat arbitrary and can have a significant effect on the model dynamics), but instead we compute and update them locally as the simulations evolve. Our wind models depend on: stellar mass, core radius, stellar luminosity, and a chemical composition for the opacity tables.
The input parameters of the generic (2D and 3D) models discussed in this section are summarized in Table  1. The values for stellar mass (M * = 10 M ⊙ ) and radius of the hydrostatic core (R c = 1 R ⊙ ) were taken from the 1D model described in  Poniatowski et al. (2021) , which were inspired by a calculation of the helium main sequence using the stellar evolution code MESA  (Paxton et al. 2019 , see also the M * = 10 M ⊙ models in  Grassitelli et al. 2018 ). These values are on the low end of the mass-radius regime modeled by  Langer (1989) , and just below but in line with models by  Maeder & Meynet (1987). In Table  1 , the radiative stellar luminosity is expressed in units of the electron scattering Eddington luminosity L Edd ≡ 4πGM * c/κ e , for Thomson scattering opacity κ e = 0. 2 cm 2 g -1 , appropriate for our hydrogen-free simulations.
For this, the line database needs to be complemented with data for the higher ionization levels of the important metals, which provide the lines at such temperatures. In the absence of efficient line driving, and from a purely radiation-gravitation force balance, one might expect these clumps to decelerate and even fall back onto the stellar surface at all radii (e. g. ,  Poniatowski et al. 2021) , and not only close to the surface as indicated by Fig. 5. However, closer inspection of the force balance, including the advection of momentum into the clumps, reveals that the clumped regions seem rather to be advected outward by ram pressure. In other words, the lowdensity regions are very efficient at picking up momentum via line acceleration (in these regions Γ > 1), accelerating this gas to high velocities before it crashes into the star-side face of highdensity clumps.
Summary and future work In this paper, we describe the first successful 2D and 3D numerical models of the radiation-driven atmospheres and outflows from WR stars. Our simulations have been calculated using a box-in-wind approach, in which the equations of hydrodynamics are solved together with the frequency-integrated first moment of the radiative transfer equation using an analytic flux-limiting closure relation, relating the time-dependent radiative energy densities and fluxes. In this way, we are able to account for the time-dependent radiation force, as well as heating and cooling source terms. Opacities are described using our hybrid approach that combines Rosseland mean opacities in the static limit with a description of velocity-stretched line-driving opacities, computed from an atomic database consisting of some four million spectral lines  (Pauldrach et al.
Acknowledgements. The computational resources and services used in this work were provided by the  VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Center) , funded by the  Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)  and the  Flemish Government -department EWI. N. M. , L. H. , and J. S. acknowledge support by the  Belgian Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) Odysseus program  under grant number  G0H9218N. L. P. and J. S. acknowledge support from the  KU Leuven   C1  grant  MAESTRO C16/17/007. I. E. M. has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant agreement No  863412 ) The  National Solar Observatory (NSO)  is operated by the  Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA) , under cooperative agreement with the  National Science Foundation.
Uterus transplantation is a new possibility for women suffering from absolute uterine infertility to become pregnant and have children. In the case of a deceased donor, a list of exclusion criteria is defined to ensure the high quality of the uterus graft. This study evaluates the number of potentially available uterus grafts based on the pre-defined exclusion criteria in a national deceased donor multi-organ donation program in France. We analyzed the data reported in the CRISTAL database regarding all women aged 18 to 60 on whom organ procurement was performed between 2014 and 2019. Potential deceased women donors were classified into three categories: very ideal donor, ideal donor, and expanded criteria donor. Between 2014 and 2019, 4544 women underwent organ procurement. Using the very ideal donor, ideal donor, and expanded criteria donor classification, we found that, respectively, only 124, 264, and 936 donors were potentially eligible for UTx.
Deceased donors are a source of potential uterine grafts, but few data are available regarding the potential number of uterine grafts available in multi-organ donation programs and thus the number of uterus grafts available for UTx. In the case of a deceased donor, a list of exclusion criteria is defined to ensure the high quality of the graft, but these criteria decrease the number of potentially available uterus grafts. In other words, a higher number of criteria ensures higher quality grafts but reduces their availability. The aim of this study is to evaluate the number of potentially available uterus grafts based on the pre-defined exclusion criteria, in the context of a national deceased donor multi-organ donation program in France.
Survey Development In France, the data of all people that undergo a multi-organ donation process are collected by the Biomedicine Agency. A regional agency collects local data, which are then listed nationally in a register named CRISTAL. After agreement from the French National Agency of Biomedicine, we queried the CRISTAL listing and collected the data of women who underwent multi-organ procurement. We analyzed the data reported in CRISTAL regarding all women aged 18 to 60 years on whom organ procurement was performed between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2019. This study is exempt from approval by an ethics board and was approved on 9 March 2020 by the French National Agency of Biomedicine.
Inclusion Criteria Potential deceased female donors were classified into three categories: very ideal donor, ideal donor, and expanded criteria donor, as described in the literature  [20] , and adapted to the data available in the French database. These criteria are detailed in Table  2. Compared with the study of Kristek et al. [20] , we arbitrarily added a patient category: the very ideal donor. This addition was made for the sole purpose of knowing the number of grafts available by having very strict donor inclusion criteria, with a BMI < 25 and the absence of antecedent cesarean section. Regarding tobacco use, the cutoff was set at the threshold for which there is a significantly greater risk of stroke, i. e. , 20 pack years  [21]. In the CRISTAL database, tobacco consumption is given in pack years and not in cigarettes/day.
Similar results are observed in the UTx  [12]. However, in the near future, the graft loss rate can be expected to become much better than that of the pancreas, for example, by improving organ preservation or expanding the criteria for deceased donors. In the United States, the number of people on the transplant waiting list by organ type is available on the online database Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. According to this database, the number of patients waiting for uterus transplants in the United States is seven to date; this number is low, compared with the number of patients waiting for heart-lung transplants, which is 39. The number of patients waiting for kidney transplants is much higher, with 97,000  [24]. The number of people waiting for kidney transplants over the last 10 years is increasing, while the number of people waiting for liver transplants is rather stable  [25].
Due to the recent development of the UTx program, no inclusion criteria were clearly defined in the literature. For example, regarding the age of the donor, a Dallas team of researchers collected data from women under 35, while the maximum age for the Czech Republic team was 60. Three proposals for deceased donor inclusion criteria are summarized in Table  4. Using the strict criteria given by the Dallas team, only 124 women could have donated their uterus during a period of 5 years, i. e. , only up to 2. 8 PMP. A recent study conducted in the Czech Republic, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States (between 2012 to 2016) estimated the number of potential deceased donors at 2. 33 PMP, for a recipient prevalence of 250 PMP  [20]. This result is comparable to our findings; similar to our study, the authors of this previous study highlighted the apparent lack of potential deceased donor (DD) grafts for all recipients.
In our study, the gynecological history of each patient (i. e. , parity, modalities of delivery) was not detailed in the CRISTAL database. Nevertheless, these data seem to be important to judge the ability of the uterus to develop a pregnancy, even if the Czech Republic team published the first live birth after a nulliparous DD  [15]. In France, these data can be recovered from the donor's family. Organ procurement is possible if the donor has expressed the wish to donate their organs during their lifetime or did not express refusal during their lifetime, and after agreement from the family. The restricted number of potential deceased donors is a limitation of this type of donor. To overcome this limitation, some teams use both living and deceased donors, such as the Dallas  [12] , Czech Republic  [11] , or Sweden teams  [29].
S4 )  (29) (30) (31) (32). The main genomic difference between mtp5 and these related phages was found in one of the two tail fiber genes (Fig. S4 ) coding for an L-shaped tail fiber protein. The highest identity of this protein with the above-mentioned phages was with the Miro phage (93. 24%). When used as a query against public sequence repositories, this protein showed 95. 41% similarity with the L-shaped tail fiber protein of Klebsiella phage Kpn-VAC66 (GenBank accession no. MZ612130. 1; a 178 Kb Myoviridae phage)  (33). Efficiency of plating (EOP) assays confirmed the ability of phage mtp5 to infect almost all noncapsulated strains (Fig. 3A ). For some of the strains infected with mtp5, we were unable to assess EOP due to the absence of phage plaques on lower dilutions (Fig. S5 ). This phenomenon was observed for strains belonging to different OL-types (OL1, OL2, OL3/O3a, OL4, and OL12), yet we were able to assess phage EOP on other strains with the same OL-types.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains and phages. The bacterial strains used for the phage isolation and host range assays are listed in Table  S2. The strains were routinely cultured in lysogeny broth (LB), or on LB agar or Simmons Citrate agar with Inositol (SCAI) plates at 37°C. The phages that were isolated in this study are described in Table  S3. The phages were amplified in exponential growing cultures of the respective host strain for approximately 4 to 5 h at 37°C in aerated LB at 150 rpm. The cell lysate supernatants containing amplified phages were 0. 22 mm filter sterilized and stored at 4°C. Genomic background and surface structure analysis of publicly available genomes of the K. pneumoniae species complex for phage host strain selection. In total, 7,388 genomic sequences that were previously collated from the NCBI GenBank database in March of 2019 and that belonged to the K.
The lysates were then treated with proteinase K (100 mg/mL) and SDS (0. 5%) at 55°C for 30 min. The DNA was extracted via a phenol-chloroform protocol that was modified from  Pickard, 2009 (53). The genomic DNA libraries were prepared with a TruSeq DNA PCR-Free Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina Inc. , San Diego, USA), and 2 Â 150 paired-end sequencing was performed using NextSeq 500/ 550 Illumina technology (Illumina, San Diego, USA). The quality of the reads was checked with fastqc v0. 8. 5 (https://www. bioinformatics. babraham. ac. uk/projects/fastqc/), and the reads were cleaned using the fqcleaner pipeline from Galaxy-Institut Pasteur (https://gitlab. pasteur. fr/GIPhy/fqCleanER). The de novo assembly was performed by either using SPAdes (3. 11. 0)  (54)  or using a workflow implemented in Galaxy-Institut Pasteur that used clc_assembler v4.
4. 2 and clc_mapper v4. 4. 2 (CLC Bio, Qiagen) when necessary. The phage termini were determined by PhageTerm 2. 0. 1  (55) , and the annotations were performed using PATRIC RASTtk  (56, 57). The phage lifestyles were accessed using BACPHLIP, which is a Python library for predicting phage lifestyle based on genome sequence  (58). The presence of genes coding for putative virulence factors or antibiotic resistance was investigated using Kleborate, Resfinder, BIGSdb Pasteur Klebsiella, and/or a virulence genes database (VDFB)  (17, (59) (60) (61). Phylogenetic trees were generated using JolyTree v2. 0 using the whole phage genome data (MASH based; parameters: sketch size of 100,000, probability of observing a random k-mer of 0. 00001, and k-mer size of 15)  (62). The phylogenetic trees were visualized using iTol  (63).
98 publicly available genomes that were deposited on the RefSeq NCBI database with Kp (taxid: 573) stated as the host (March of 2021), were used for comparative analyses. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) between similar phages was calculated using OGRI (https://gitlab. pasteur. fr/GIPhy/OGRI). The protein structures of the phages cp48 and mtp6 were predicted using AlphaFold (64 Analyses of depolymerases. To detect putative depolymerases in our newly isolated phages, we performed an initial HMMER (v3. 3) comparative analysis using 14 HMM profiles that are associated with bacteriophage-encoded depolymerases (25) (filtered by the E value of the best domain maximum 10 23 ). A BLASTP (v2. 6. 0, default parameters) search, filtering by E value (maximum 10 25 ) and identity (30%), was also performed for specific protein sequences that were described and validated for broad range Klebsiella phages had been described in the literature (36) (Table  S4 ).
The statistical analyses of the bacterial levels in the in vivo mouse experiments were carried out using the lme4, lmerTest, and car packages in R  (66) (67) (68). The CFU numbers were log 10 -transformed prior to analysis. In each experiment, four groups of mice were considered: three groups that were exposed to the different phages (cp1, mtp5, cocktail) and an unexposed control group. The impact of the phages was assessed based on the abundance of phages (log-PFU). Given the nonlinearity of the responses, the day at which a measure was performed was considered to be a categorical variable. Linear mixed-models were used to account for random experimental effects (i. e. , individuals and experimental effects). Overall effects were assessed via an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc Tukey's comparisons were performed by using the lsmeans package in R  (69).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Olaya Rendueles Garcia  and  Eduardo Rocha  for sharing the mutant strains that were used for the anti-K d phage isolation. We thank the  Biomics Platform, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France , supported by  France Génomique  ( ANR-10-INBS-09-09 ) and  IBISA , especially  Marc Monot ,  Elodie Turc ,  Laure Lemée  and  Georges Haustant , for the sequencing project management, the preparation of the genomic libraries, and the sequencing. We thank  Melanie Hennart  for the bioinformatics methodological input and  Anne-Marie Wehenkel  for the help with the protein analyses. We are grateful to  Jin-Town Wang  for sharing the strain NTUH-K2044. We thank  Quentin Lamy-Besnier ,  Chiara Crestani , and  Olaya Rendueles Garcia  for the critical reading of the manuscript. S.
B. and M. L. conceived the study. M. L. , V. P. , and L. O. performed the laboratory experiments. M. L. , F. G. , and C. R. performed genomic analyses. S. B. and T. S. obtained the funding. M. L. and S. B. drafted the paper. All authors contributed to and approved the submitted version. This work was mainly supported by the  Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance (JPIAMR)  project  CRISPR-ATTACK (Advancing CRISPR antimicrobials to combat the bacterial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae)  under the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche  grant  ANR-18-JAM2-0004-04 , S. B. and  01KI1824  to T. S. C. R. was also supported financially by a  Pasteur-Roux fellowship  by the  Institut Pasteur. The BEBP laboratory is supported by the  French Government Investissement d'Avenir Program Laboratoire d'Excellence, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases  ( ANR10LABX62IBEID ).
The geometry optimizations of all pristine and substituted MoO 3 and MoS 2 layered structures were performed by using the ab initio CRYSTAL17 code  34  within periodic boundary conditions and localized Gaussian-type function basis sets (BSs). The convergence criterion for the geometry optimization was fixed at 10 À10 Ha per unit cell. The following BSs were used: Mo_ SC_HAYWSC-311(d31)G_cora_1997  35  (for Mo atoms), S_86-311G*_lichanot_1993  36  (for S atoms) and O_8-411d11G_ valenzano_2006  37  (for O atoms). For the exchange-correlation potential, the PBE functional  38  has been adopted and the van der Waals contributions were described by using the semi-empirical Grimme D3 approach  39  with optimized scaling factors. 32 The tolerances for the evaluation of Coulomb and exchange series were set to 8 Â 8 Â 8 Â 8 Â 16.
Optical properties The absorption coefficient is evaluated from the dielectric matrix e ab (o) using the Kramers-Kronig transformation. 44 The optical properties were evaluated within the HSE06 functional by using the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP)  [45] [46] [47]  with a kinetic energy cut-off of 500 eV for the plane wave basis set and the project augmented wave (PAW)  48  pseudopotentials for Mo, O and S atoms. The previously PBE optimized structures with CRYSTAL were used for the optical calculations with a 20 Å vacuum distance in order to avoid interactions with images of the systems along the thickness of the nanosheets. We set a denser k-point mesh size of 24 Â 24 Â 1 G-centered Monkhorst-Pack  49  to evaluate optical properties. For more details about the calculations of optical properties, see our previous studies.
High frequency dielectric constant profile e N (z) 1] [52]  This method was performed  [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]  to calculate the dielectric constant profile using the local orbital SIESTA 56 code within the simple LDA  57  or GGA 38 functionals so far. For the first time, in our previous work, we performed this method using the CRYSTAL results of the electronic density within the range separated the hybrid functional HSE06. 41 As detailed in ref. 50 and 52, the calculation of the microscopic dielectric profile requires applying an external electric field, we analyzed the band gap evolution of each 2D layered MoO 3 and MoS 2 structures as a function of this external electric field applied perpendicularly to the layer planes (Fig. S1 , ESI †). Then, we checked that the induced dipole in 2D MoO 3 and MoS 2 layered structures scales linearly with the number of layers for very small external electric field, E ext = 0.
Acknowledgements This work is part of the '' RatiOnAl Design for CATalysis '' ( ROAD4CAT ) industrial chair, project  IDEXLYON  funded by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-16-IDEX-0005 ) and the  Commissariat-General for Investment (CGI)  within the  framework of Investissements d'Avenir program  ('' Investment for the future ''). The authors thank the  SYSPROD  project and  AXELERA Pole de Compe  ´titivitefor financial support (PSMN Data Center). This work was granted access to the HPC resources of CINES, IDRIS and TGCC under the allocation 2018-080609 made by  GENCI.
The factors leading to the extraordinary diversity of the bees of the genus Andrena Fabricius, the second most speciose genus among bees, remain largely unknown. To examine the pattern of diversification in this genus, we investigate species boundaries within the controversial Andrena proxima-complex using a dataset of ultra-conserved elements and various species delimitation analyses (admixture analyses, BPP, DAPC). Our results confirm the presence of three separate species in this species group (Andrena proxima (Kirby), A. ampla Warncke and A. alutacea Stöckhert) and suggest very low levels of interspecific gene flow. Andrena proxima and A. alutacea are regularly found in sympatry, suggesting an advanced stage of speciation. By contrast, A. ampla shows a parapatric distribution with both other species.