dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The peptides for which the most combinations were found were peptides A, B and E4a with, respectively, 34, 53 and 47 marker sequences. For marker validation in each species, outliers were removed by setting a score cut-off for each individual sequence. The score cut-off was determined by calculating the score's median absolute deviation (MAD) from all peptide-to-spectrum matches (PSMs) with carbamidomethylation of cysteines or unmodified, and subtracting the MAD from the score's median value. To visualize the distribution of markers in all samples, Peaks output files were imported as. mzid files into the program PACom-Proteomics Assay COMparator (v. 1. 87)  [55]. Heatmaps based on the number of PSMs were created for each marker by filtering scores above the calculated cut-off; heatmaps and mass spectra are shown in electronic supplementary material, SM_Peptide details for each marker sequence.
That percentage is on average 30% in E. imbricata (figure  8b ) and nearly doubles in the archaeological combs. In addition, very few peptides belonging to α-keratins were found in the archaeological samples compared with the references, indicating rapid loss of these proteins (data not shown). The data obtained on the sea turtles indicate that the first half of the sequence has retained the conserved pattern seen in certain land turtles such as P. nelsoni, P. sinensis or C. picta bellii with which the sea turtles were best matched in the initial database search (see electronic supplementary material, SM_Protein identification). Indeed, the frequency of tryptic markers found for peptides A, B and C indicates the position of the arginine residues must have remained largely conserved in the sea turtles.
Furthermore, the number of markers discovered for peptides A and B is consistent with the high number of CBPs in land turtles. In P. sinensis and C. picta bellii, 37 and 36 CBP entries are recorded, while for C. mydas, 31 peptide A and 36 peptide B markers were identified. Peptides C, D (data not shown) and E1 indicate a more homogeneous region with less than 10 markers identified in each peptide. However, that region is not easily characterized by trypsin digestion due to the absence of arginine and lysine. Some CBPs in land turtles indicate that the arginine in peptide C is substituted by residues other than lysine (electronic supplementary material, figure  S1 ), suggesting more sequences could be found. The absence of arginine and lysine between peptides D and E1 is also responsible for the occurrence of random cleavages and some very long fragments (data not shown).
imbricata. In addition, it would be relevant to carry out archaeological analyses on the 175 raw and ornamental fragments discovered during archaeological excavations of the Grand Louvre and linked to the rejects from the Boulle workshop  [53]. A series of analyses could also be carried out on certain Boulle-style furniture being restored. The combined results of these analyses would make it possible to continue investigations into the origin of these sea turtle scales and to better understand the supply circuits of the artist and his workshop, in particular his influence and perhaps even his demand on the choice of goods. The constitution of the international database will also provide some answers to help better understand this particular material.
Only L. kempii was limited to two unique markers, most likely due to the poorer representation of the species in the dataset (one specimen instead of two as the second specimen sampled was identified by proteomics as C. caretta). A large number of markers unique to species were found, in particular in peptides B and E4. Of the 20 markers unique to E. imbricata, 12 were found in one or more archaeological samples and four were found in all samples, giving high confidence in the identification of even the most degraded combs. Interestingly, two of these markers, QAQDSEVVIR (C-2) and QCQDSEVVIR (C-8), have a unique substitution at the third residue where proline is replaced by a glutamine. As this proline has an important role in the formation of the β-pleated sheet, this substitution in the hawksbill turtle might be critical to the malleability of the turtle scute from this species, making it more amenable for tortoiseshell.
Acknowledgements. The 'Transatlantic Connections' research programme is supported by the  LandArc Laboratory in France , the  Archeometry Research Group of Laval University in Quebec (GRAUL)  and the  Center Michel de Boüard of the University of Caen Normandie, France  ( CRAHAM UMR 6273 , CNRS). For providing the samples, we thank  Addison Wynn  at the  Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History; Amélie Berthon, Bureau d'étude Eveha (Rennes sample );  Cécile Pillard-Jude  and  Myriam Dohr ,  Inrap (Nancy samples );  Néguine Mathieu and Anne-Laure Goisnard, département Histoire du Louvre, Musée du Louvre, Paris (Louvre sample) ;  Jean-Paul Nibodeau ,  Inrap  ( La Rochelle  sample);  Stéphane Ardouin  and  Viannay Rassart ,  Service archéologique de la Ville de Lyon (Lyon samples ). The proteomics analyses were carried at  MCI's Proteomics and Molecular Mass Spectrometry Laboratory  and supported by  MCI's Federal and Trust Funds  and the  Andrew W.
| Data structure The data were collected from two experimental French Large White pig lines developed during 10 generations of divergent selection for RFI between 2000 and 2017 at INRAE (UE GenESI, https://doi. org/10. 15454/ 1. 55724 15481 18584 7E12). The selection process and structure of the data from the two divergent lines have been described in  Gilbert et al. (2017)  and  Aliakbari et al. (2020). Briefly, the G0 individuals were obtained from artificial insemination of 30 sows with 30 boars in generation F0. From the G0 litters, 116 boars were tested for RFI as candidates for selection. Among them 6 extreme low RFI (LRFI) and 6 extreme high RFI (HRFI) boars were selected to be the founders of each line. The selected founder boars were randomly mated with about 70 G0 gilts to initiate the two divergent lines.
, 2017). These units allow inferring the taxonomy of species present in the targeted biological samples using several reference databases. The counts of each OTU or ASV throughout the samples form a matrix called abundance table that is the basis of downstream analyses. Faecal sampling is a convenient and non-invasive sampling method that provides a reasonably good representation of the gut microbial communities  (Ingala et al. , 2018). It is now more common than other sampling locations for profiling of microbial communities in large mammalian animal populations. For our study, faecal samples of 604 animals from G9 and G10 of the LRFI and HRFI lines were collected at 15 weeks of age, homogenized and placed immediately in dry ice, before storage at -80°C. The animals collected in G9 were the boars candidate to selection, and the pigs in G10 were females and castrated males response to selection.
The Flash software v1. 2. 6  (Magoc & Salzberg, 2011)  was T A B L E 1 Number (N), minimum (Min), maximum (Max), mean and standard deviation (SD) of the studied traits in the low residual feed intake (LRFI) and high RFI (HRFI) lines used to assemble each pair-end sequence, with at least a 10bp overlap between the forward and reverse sequences, allowing 10% mismatch. Single multiplexing was performed using an in-house 6 bp index, which was added to R784 during a second PCR with 12 cycles using forward primer (AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTC CCTACACGAC) and reverse primer (CAAGCAGAAGAC G G C A T A C G A G A T -i n d e x -G T G A C T GGAGTTCAGACGTGT). The resulting PCR products were purified and loaded to the Illumina MiSeq cartridge following the manufacturer's instructions. Run quality was internally checked using PhiX, and each pair-end sequence was assigned to its sample using the integrated index, with the bcl2fastq Illumina software.
The sequences were submitted to the Short-Read Archive with accession number PRJNA701065. Filtering and trimming of sequences of high quality was applied to the reads with the DADA2 package in the R software  (Callahan et al. , 2016)  with the following parameters: maxN = 0, maxEE = 2, truncQ = 2, trimleft = 17. Chimera were removed with the consensus method to obtain the final OTU abundance table. No further clustering was applied, so OTU were equivalent to ASV in this study. This step was followed by taxonomic annotation using the assignTaxonomy function of dada2 with the Silva Dataset v132  (Quast et al. , 2013). The final abundance table was rarefied to 9,000 counts per sample, and contained 5,689 OTUs or 298 genera across 604 samples. The 16 samples that contained fewer reads than 9,000 were discarded, resulting in 588 samples in the final abundance table, 295 LRFI and 293 HRFI pigs.
| Statistical analyses The beta-diversity is usually used to demonstrate the community differentiation between cohorts  (Whittaker, 1960). To represent the beta-diversity between the faecal microbial genera communities of both lines, a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity distance matrix was applied to the abundance table. This analysis was done using the R software and package "vegan"  (Oksanen et al. , 2013). The individual loadings were retrieved for each sample for the two first dimensions of the NMDS. Then, the line effect was tested with a generalized linear model (GLM) on the loadings of the first two dimensions of the NMDS, the α-diversity metrics, the genera abundances, and the production traits. In addition, contributions of the genera to each axis, and to the plan defined by the two first axes, were computed as the squares of the loadings and sum of squares of the loadings, respectively.
125 could be declared significant, so all genera with low heritability would be ignored in our results. Besides, the slight correlation between h 2 estimates and the average genera abundances found in our study is usually not expected in genetic studies, and is assumed to be due to the dataset truncation (genera with more than 20% of zero were not analysed, which are genera that tend to be the lowest abundant) and consequently missing heritable genera with low abundances. Limited sequencing depth of the microbiota data would cause less precise quantification and high proportion of zeros, that result in imperfect analyses of genera with low abundancies. Except in few cases, our h 2 estimates were in the range of previously published values for these genera  (Camarinha-Silva et al. , 2017; Chen et al.
Then, an innovative Voltage Balancing Algorithm directly integrated on the chained gate drivers is proposed and detailed. It features a tunable parameter, offering a trade-off between accurate voltage balancing and execution time. The proposed embedded algorithm features a low execution time due to simultaneous voltage comparisons. Such an algorithm is executed by the gate drivers themselves, relieving the main control unit in an original decentralized control scheme. A simulation model of a multi-megawatts three-phase grid-tied MMC inverter is realized, allowing validation of the proposed algorithm. Matlab/Simulink logic blocs allow us to simulate a typical CPLD/FPGA component, often embedded on smart gate drivers. The converter with the proposed embedded algorithm is simulated in steady-state and during load impact.
They enter a state referred to as sleep mode. When in sleep mode, a driver cannot hold the token and will act as a member of the communication chain, propagating messages, but never interacts with the other gate drivers. A working example illustrates the proposed decentralized algorithm with four cascaded gate drivers. There is no specific communication protocol for the proposed algorithm. Only simple bit exchanges are performed in the baseband. No information, like voltage, is sent between drivers, thus no complex communication frames are necessary. As already stated, this is due to the delay inferred by the crossing of galvanic insulations. It is important to maintain at low the number of bits exchanged between the driver. The proposed algorithm highly limits the bit exchange. The impact of the delay on the converter behavior is thoroughly studied through a Matlab/Simscape simulation in the next section.
Simulation Set-Up A simulation model of a three-phase grid-tied MMC inverter is built on Matlab/Simscape software. The power stage is realized using Simscape power building blocks, allowing a highly accurate, easily scalable, and reliable model of the converter. The converter model is built with passive and active elements with a Simscape library as in Figure  1. The aim of the following simulations is to demonstrate that smart gate drivers can be part of a high-power MMC control and the feasibility of the proposed decentralized voltage balancing algorithm implementation. The gate drivers and the main controller are realized with conventional Simulink building blocks. The simple logic functions executed during the VBA are implemented with logical and relational operators, switches and flip-flops and no Matlab code is executed.
In the case of changing N, only the new value of t algo needs to be changed. That value can, for instance, be sent along the driver channel of the converter startup, avoiding manual reprogramming of each gate driver. An efficient simulation tool had been built on Matlab/Simscape software. The proposed VBA is implemented using logic blocks that mimic fast analog circuit behavior. The simulation allowed us to verify the ability of the algorithm to balance the capacitor voltages of a three-phase grid-tied MMC with 30 submodules per arms. A first test had shown that the proposed algorithm mimics RSF's behavior and doesn't disturb converter control. A second test allowed us to study the dynamic response of the algorithm. It had been shown that the converter stays stable even under load impacts.
Future works will focus on the very promising DGI structure and its novel control schemes. The Matlab/Simscape simulation tool with logical blocks allowed a conceptual validation of the proposed algorithm. The next step of the work will be the implementation of the proposed algorithm on real physical systems. A smart gate driver chain equipped with FPGAs for MMC submodules is currently being built. The simulation model is structurally built using logic blocks and its proposed algorithm implementation in HDL language is thus straightforward. Integrating smart gate drivers in HVDC structures will potentially unlock new converter designs, where the gate drivers have a central role in the converter control. Further studies may also allow improvements of the current algorithm and the DGI itself.
| INTRODUCTION Maintaining security and privacy is a priority for people who safeguard their personal information. Authentication methods such as passwords and PINs are no longer reliable and efficient. Automatic biometric verification systems are becoming a popular technology that enables the recognition of individuals based on their unique biometric traits which cannot be forgotten or lost  [1]. Its process is composed of two steps: enrolment and verification. During the enrolment phase, the system collects biometric data samples from a user to create his/her enrolment biometric reference (as templates or models). Then, during the verification phase, the authentication is performed by comparing the biometric sample provided by the user and his/her biometric reference. Such verification systems provide greater security and convenience than traditional methods of authentication.
In addition, we make a step forward towards the evaluation of privacy-preserving methods on common and standardised requirements by the evaluation of the proposed cancellable system using i-vector according to the requirements described in the standard ISO/IEC 24745  [9]  for biometric information protection. Moreover, security analysis is performed based on the evaluation methodology described in Ref. [16]. Our experimental evaluations on public databases show that the protection of binary speaker embedding with the shuffling scheme achieves the revocability, unlinkability, irreversibility, and performance requirements. Furthermore, the cancellable system improves the biometric performance compared with the unprotected system. Herein, in Section 2, we present some related works on privacy-preserving speaker recognition systems.
| Databases and experimental setups To evaluate the proposed cancellable scheme for textdependent and text-independent speaker verification systems, we report the biometric performance evaluation of the cancellable i-vectors system using the RSR2015  [39]  text-dependent database and using the VoxCeleb  [40]  text-independent database for the cancellable x-vectors system. Even if the i-vector approach is not well-suited for text-dependent speaker verification system, the privacy-preserving evaluation of the cancellable i-vector system using RSR2015 is competitive enough. For text-dependent scenario, we will explain that due to the revocability property of the cancellable system, in case the passphrase of the target user is compromised, instead of selecting a new one, we can generate a new speaker representation from the same compromised passphrase.
The RSR2015 database comprises speech recorded from 300 speakers, including 143 females and 157 males. For our evaluation, part1 of RSR2015 is used. This part focuses on a text-dependent speaker verification task where each speaker pronounces 30 fixed sentences with nine sessions. The duration of each sentence varies between 2 and 3 s. In the experiments, we use the 300 speakers divided into three partitions of background, development, and evaluation. For comparable results, the protocol described in  [39]  is followed. From the nine sessions of each speaker, three sessions are used for enrollment while the rest of the sessions are used for the test. RSR2015 provides four types of trials that can be considered given that the test utterance is spoken by the target user or F I G U R E 1 The architecture of the proposed cancellable speaker verification system based on the binarised i-vector and the shuffling scheme.
In our work, we reduce the dimensionality of the i-vector from 400 to 200 (named i-vector-LDA200). For spectral analysis, the feature vector is composed of 20 MFCC coefficients, with their first and second derivative and the log energy, leading to a 63-dimensional feature vector using the MSR Identity toolbox  [41]. For the baseline x-vector system, we use the recipe available on Kaldi 1  using the VoxCeleb database.
The results of this system are reported on the test set of VoxCeleb1 text-independent database since we have already shown that the proposed system operates on text-dependent (RSR2015) speaker verification. Results in Table  3  validate that the shuffling scheme improves the biometric performance. As shown, cancellable x-vectors performs better with EER ¼ 0. 05% than the baseline x-vectors with cosine scoring as backend (EER ¼ 8. 18%) and even better than x-vectors results reported in Kaldi recipe with PLDA as backend scoring (EER ¼ 3. 18%). This improvement in biometric performance for the cancellable x-vectors compared with the baseline x-vectors system is due to the use of the shuffling scheme as a second factor. The above evaluations show that the cancellable system improves the biometric performance compared with the unprotected speaker verification systems based on i-vectors or x-vectors as speaker embeddings and the cosine distance scoring as backend.
Also, as reported in Table  3 , the cancellable system does not degrade the performance compared with the speaker verification system using PLDA as backend scoring. However, the cancellable method is not dedicated to protect such a system based on log-likelihood scores because it does not take into consideration the protection of PLDA model parameters. Otherwise, during the latest NIST SRE 0 19 speaker recognition evaluation, the x-vectors extracted from residual networks using cosine distance scoring performed the best on the VAST database avoiding the need for PLDA  [42]. We believe that the proposed cancellable method could be applied to protect such state-of-the-art systems.
| CONCLUSIONS Herein, we proposed a cancellable scheme for privacy-preserving speaker verification systems based on i-vectors. This is achieved by first binarising the speaker embedding and then its transformation with the shuffling scheme. We also demonstrate that this cancellable scheme could operate to protect speaker verification systems based on deep neural network speaker embeddings such as x-vectors. The cancellable scheme was evaluated using the RSR2015 text-dependent database for the system based on i-vectors and using the VoxCeleb textindependent database for the system based on x-vectors and it has shown its effectiveness. Experimental evaluations according to the ISO/IEC 24745 requirements show that the cancellable system made it possible to simultaneously achieve privacy requirements and preserve the biometric verification performance.
0-m distance from an IR thermal imaging camera (FLIR i7, FLIR System Inc, Wilsonville, Oregon, USA, thermal resolution at 19,600 (140 × 140) pixels, thermal sensitivity < 0. 1°C and noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) < 100 mK) were obtained from two different time points: one before and one within 10 minutes after completing their dive. The stored thermographic images were analysed with R&D FLIR Software (FLIR System Inc, Wilsonville, Oregon, USA). During data collection, the software was set to control the temperature scale limits between 28°C to 40°C, which is the typical range of human body temperature. To allow the accurate, efficient, and reproducible identification of the region of interest (ROIs) they were defined as follow  [15] :  for the C-SC region, the limits of the ROI was calculated as straight lines from the neck and shoulder apices to the central apex and the shoulder contour between the shoulder and neck apices.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (version 5. 0f for Mac, GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA). Since all data passed the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, allowing us to assume a Gaussian distribution, comparison between variables was carried out with paired t-test for intragroup comparison and unpaired t-test for intergroup comparison. Data are expressed as mean ± ± standard deviation (SD). Differences between groups were considered significant at p < 0. 05.
Leiva et al. (2015a)  collected data from a button mushroom farm in Spain and performed a cradle-to-farm gate LCA. They found that on-farm energy use was the main driver for all impact categories. Specifically, this was from indoor climate control for most impacts, and from application of compost for climate change impacts. Robinson et al. (2018)  performed a cradle-to-farm gate LCA of button mushroom production in the USA. They modeled a typical farm using survey responses from 22 mushroom farmers. They also found that on-farm energy use was the major contributor to several impact categories, and cited use for climate control, trucks, and machinery. Unlike the first two studies mentioned,  Robinson et al. (2018)  included emissions from the composting process that created substrate to cultivate mushrooms on, and found that it had an important contribution to climate change impacts (23%).
A process-based, attributional LCA was performed, with a cradle-to-market scope. The system boundary is illustrated in Figure  1  and includes the extraction of raw materials and energy use used in the foreground and background of mushroom growing, delivery to the distribution center, and the waste treatment of consumed materials. Construction and waste treatment of machinery and infrastructure were excluded due to their assumed longevity and relatively small impacts  (Martin and Molin, 2019). Delivery from the distribution center to the final consumer was excluded due to constraints on data collection.