dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Similarly, self-plagiarism and redundancy are non-trivial issues in the communication of science, as they include notions of originality and ownership. While many attempts have been made to investigate these practices among scientists and scholars, large studies collecting perceptions of plagiarism and related questions among PhDs from diverse disciplinary backgrounds are lacking. In Brazil, a survey investigating these perceptions among a diverse population of PhDs has been conducted, in partnership with the Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). The Research Integrity Commission of CNPq, which established national directives for research integrity in 2011, invited more than 143,000 PhDs registered in the Council database to complete a survey about plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and redundancy (Oct-Dec 2014).
Research integrity promotion in the Epidemiology and Health Services, the journal of the Brazilian Unified Health System Leila Posenato Garcia (leilapgarcia@gmail. com) Institute for Applied Economic Research, Rio de Janeiro Brazil Research Integrity and Peer Review 2016, 1(Suppl 1):PT. 35EpidemiologyandHealth Services (RESS) is a quarterly and open-access journal, published by the Health Surveillance Secretariat of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It was created in 1992, under the title Epidemiological Report of the Brazilian Unified Health System, and in 2003, it was renamed to RESS. In 2011, there were set strategies aiming to attain its indexing in broader and international bibliographic databases. In 2012, the authors' guidelines were revised, including the request to include an authors' contribution section, and the information that RESS had adhered to principles defined by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Implications: Despite existence of clear guidelines on how to deal with duplicate publications, half of DP cases in MEDLINE have not been addressed by journals and only 5 % were retracted. Publishers and bibliographic databases need to increase their efforts in properly addressing duplicate publications as well as in enhancing their visibility. In the next few months we will also explore the difficulties journal editors face when correcting, detecting and addressing duplicate publications. 1 Albany Medical College, Albany, USA; 2 University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; 3 National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA Correspondence: Lisa Campo-Engelstein (zubin@zubsplace. com) - Albany Medical College, Albany, USA Research Integrity and Peer Review 2016, 1(Suppl 1):CS19. 3 Research question: How are duplicate publications indexed in MEDLINE and are journals addressing them? Data and methods: Duplicate publications (DPs) should be retracted as they can lead to biased estimates of treatments in meta-analyses.
The images were recorded with a Gatan Orius CCD camera (Gatan Inc. , Pleasanton, CA, USA). Length measurements were performed on individual fibrils with the software ImageJ (NIH, USA). For each fibril type (α Syn long, α Syn short, HTTExon1 long, HTTExon1 short, incubated or not with liposomes) lengths distribution were obtained by measuring the lengths of at least 1000 fibrils, using more than 20 negatively stained electron micrographs obtained from 3 to 10 independent experiments. Thioflavin T measurements. α Syn (10 μ M monomer concentration) and HTTExon1 (50 μ M monomer concentration) long and short fibrils were incubated with Thioflavin T (10 μ M). Thioflavin T fluorescence was recorded with a Cary Eclipse spectrofluorimeter (Varian Medical Systems Inc. ) using excitation and emission wavelengths set at 440 and 480 nm, respectively.
02% (w/v) Pluronic Acid F127 (Invitrogen). PBS, PBS + EGTA (5 mM), α Syn or HTTExon1 long or short fibrils (10 μ M monomer concentration) with or without EGTA (5 mM) were then added to the cells. The cells were imaged over time on the Axio Observer ZI epifluorescence microscope (Zeiss) at a magnification of 20x. Images were acquired every 1 (α Syn) or 2 (HTTExon1) min for 40 (α Syn) or 60 (HTTExon1) min at 25 °C in humidified air with 5% CO2. The fluorescence was quantified for each cell of the field (≈ 50-100 cells/field) using the software ImageJ, after background subtraction for each image, and expressed as a fraction of the maximum fluorescence recorded upon addition of ionomycin (10 μ M) to the cells.
Acknowledgements This work benefited from the imaging and cytometry facilities of  Imagerie-Gif. This work was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-11-BSV8-021-01 ), the  EC Joint Programme on Neurodegenerative Diseases  ( JPND-NeuTARGETs - ANR-14-JPCD-0002-02 ), the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France Parkinson  (contract  113344 ) and a " Coup d'Elan à la Recherche Française " award from  Fondation Bettencourt-Schueller.
fMRI data acquisition and analysis Imaging was performed with a Siemens (Erlangen, Germany) Allegra 3T scanner to obtain gradient echo T2*-weighted echoplanar images with blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast as an index of local increases in synaptic activity. Data are available on request. The image parameters used were as follows: matrix size, 64 Â 64; voxel size, 3 Â 3 Â 4-mm; echo time, 30-ms; repetition time, 2080-ms. Imaging data were analysed with SPM5 (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK). Prior to pre-processing, five initial volumes were discarded to eliminate non-equilibrium effects of magnetization. For each subject, functional images were slice-time corrected and spatially realigned to the first volume acquired. Transformation parameters were derived from normalizing the coregistered mean echo planar image to a corresponding template brain within the stereotactic space of the Montreal Neurological Institute.
The authors then concluded that no increase in green-up actually occurred during extreme drought events, a result consistent with the decline in greenness (less photosynthesis) during the 2010 drought event over Amazonia  (Xu et al. 2011 ). However, an increase in greenness was recently observed by  Maeda et al. (2014)  during the dry season, even after correcting for all potential sun/sensor geometry artefacts. These results are clearly contradictory and a recent study tempted to reconcile these diverging views  (Hilker et al. 2014). These authors conclude that the new, better quality satellite data such as those obtained with C5-MODIS eliminate such potential artefacts and that the occurrence of canopy cover green-up during seasonal dry periods, or extreme ones, depends on whether trees can access to deep soil water.
Acknowledgments This review was stimulated by discussions conducted during a meeting in Toulouse in 2014 funded by an  Investissement d'Avenir grant  from the  ANR  ( CEBA :  ANR-10-LABX-0025 ). We thank all the participants in this meeting who contributed to these discussions. We thank  S. Lewis  ( University of Leeds, UK ) for the rights to include Fig. 1 in this review and  L. Rowland  ( University of Edinburgh, UK ) for sharing recent pictures of the rainfall exclusion experiment in Caxiuanã, Brazil (Fig. 2). Funding CS was supported by a grant from the  "European Research Council Synergy ", grant  ERC-2013-SyG-610028 IMBALANCE-P. FW was supported by a grant from the  "Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo", Brazil , grant  13/14520-6.
Statistical analysis Continuous data will be presented as the mean ± standard deviation and the range. Continuous variables will be compared between the two groups using an unpaired-sample student t test and Mann-Whitney test. Parametric variables will be analyzed using ANOVA and non-parametric variables will be analyzed with chisquare test. Statistical analysis will be performed using Statistica 11 PL licensed to the Medical University of Gdansk, in Poland. Results will be considered statistically significant for p < 0. 05. An interim analysis will be performed after 52 patients have been randomized and treated.
Introduction: The objective of this study was to document the initiation of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its maintenance as a function of time after initiation in a French nationwide representative cohort. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on a random sample of *600,000 beneficiaries registered in the French national health insurance database. Newly insulin treated T2DM patients were selected. Persistence was defined as remaining on insulin without discontinuation (defined over a 6 or a 12-month period). Results: Among 1909 initiations identified in 2012/2013 (basal scheme: 61. 8%, basal/rapid: 15%, other schemes: 23. 2%) the average age (standard deviation) at initiation was, respectively, 67. 5 (14. 2), 61. 8 (18. 1) and 63. 2 (18.
4) years. Insulin was initiated by general practitioners in 39. 3% and prescribed without other antidiabetic drugs in 32. 0%. Persistence was studied in 1969 patients initiating insulin in 2011/2012. Among survivors, nearly 25% stopped insulin during the first year (18. 4% for basal scheme). Patients discontinuing insulin were younger [64. 7 years (18. 5) vs 67. 3 years (14. 3) p = 0. 0003] and less often male (45. 8% vs 55. 7%, p\0. 0001). A proportion of 20. 2% did not receive any antidiabetic drug over 12 months after discontinuation. These high percentages were only partly explained by transient intensive insulin regimens in acutely ill patients identifiable in the database.
Data Source The EGB database  [18]  represents a 1/97 random sample of individuals selected from all beneficiaries of the three main public health insurance funds and provides data of around disease (Long-standing condition status). In the case of hospitalisations, the diagnosis can be identified since each hospital stay is valued on the basis of a unique DRG which is coded using the international classification of disease (ICD-10) codes  [19]. The reasons for hospitalization are coded either as primary diagnoses (PD; the condition for which the patient was hospitalized), related diagnoses (RD; any underlying condition which may have been related to the PD) or as associated diagnoses (AD; comorbidities which may affect the course or cost of hospitalization). In the case of long-standing condition status, eligible diseases are identified on a restrictive list established by the CNAMTS which specifies the equivalent ICD-10 disease code.
Study Periods For the description of initiation of insulin therapy, all new insulin prescriptions documented in the EGB database between January 2012 and December 2013 were considered. A new insulin prescription was defined as an index insulin prescription during the reporting period with no such prescription in the 12 months preceding the index prescription. For the description of treatment persistence, all new index insulin prescriptions documented in the EGB database between January 2011 and December 2012 were considered and insulin prescription followed longitudinally until December 2013.
Selection of the Study Patients The study aimed to identify all patients with diabetes and treated with insulin documented in the EGB database during the study period. In a first step, these patients were identified by three prescription claims for antidiabetic medication (including insulin products; two when large packaging was used) within two consecutive years. Only adult patients C18 years of age were included. A decision tree was used to distinguish patients with T1DM from those with T2DM  [20]  (Fig. 1 ). This was based on the identification of hospitalizations with diabetes as an identified diagnosis (PD, RD or AD), the identification of long-standing condition status for diabetes through the associated ICD-10 code (E10 for T1DM and E11 for T2DM), as well as insulin treatment history.
Data Collection For each participant, data were retrieved from the EGB database relating to the age and gender of the patient, antidiabetic medication prescribed during the study period and during the year preceding initiation of insulin treatment and the type of physician prescribing insulin. Longitudinal data on prescription of antidiabetic medication was retrieved covering the period between the initial insulin prescription and the end of the study period (December 31, 2013). Discontinuation of insulin treatment was defined as the absence of reimbursement for insulin over a period of.
Statistical Analysis Baseline data at initiation of insulin therapy are presented as mean values with standard deviations and median values with range for continuous variables and as frequency counts and percentages for categorical variables. Missing data were not replaced and were excluded from the descriptive analyses. Continuous variables were compared between the three insulin treatment groups using Student's t test and categorical variables using the v 2 test. Data on treatment persistence was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. A sensitivity analysis was performed in which patients having potentially received short-term transient insulin therapy were excluded. Patients who left the database, for example, those who died were censored. However, detailed results excluding patients who died during the study period were also provided.
Initiation of Insulin Prescription Insulin therapy with basal insulin only was mainly initiated by a general practitioner, whereas other insulin regimens were principally initiated by a hospital physician. During the previous 6 months,  18. 9% of all patients starting an insulin therapy (all schemes) had been treated with an OAD in monotherapy and 59. 3% with an association of two or more OADs. The remaining 21. 7% of patients had no previous diabetes treatment documented in the EGB database. This proportion was three times higher in the patients starting basal-fast-acting regimens (40. 9%) and other insulin treatment regimens (32. 5%) than in patients initiating treatment with basal insulin only (13. 1%). To ensure that this absence of previous treatment was not an artifact due to a gap between documentation of the last recorded OAD prescription and the initial insulin prescription, the EGB database was searched for of diabetes medications to these patients in the 12 months preceding insulin prescription.
DISCUSSION This study was designed to document the maintenance of insulin therapy in patients with T2DM after initiation in a representative sample of the French national insurance claims database. The main finding was that excluding deaths and defining discontinuation in a rather conservative way (at least 12 months without any reimbursement of insulin therapy) around 25% of patients starting insulin therapy had discontinued treatment within a year. This high rate is of concern as the mean age of the patients is over 65, and the decision of insulin  Other researchers reported a similar rate of discontinuation in the USA  [22, 23]  or even worse: in the study from Cooke et al. [13]  the percentage of patients treated with insulin who were persistent at 1 year was only 28. 7%. In Japan, 22% of patients discontinued basal insulin in the year after initiation according to a reimbursement claim base  [24].
This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not involve any new studies of human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. Access to the EGB database has been authorized for INSERM Unit U1018-UVSQ. RESULTSParticipantsOver the 2-year study period (2012 and 2013), 1909 patients in the EGB database were started on insulin therapy. Between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2012, 1969 patients were started on insulin therapy and these patients were evaluated for persistence of insulin therapy. Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the insulin treatment regimen prescribed. The distribution of patients between these groups was similar in the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 cohorts (Fig. 2), with around 60% of patients having been prescribed basal insulin only and around 15.
hospitalizations and long-standing condition status, and even in these cases, it is not possible to ascertain the diagnosis independently. However, the decision tree used to ascertain the diagnosis of diabetes on the basis of the use of drugs has been externally validated [20]. Second, no information is available on the clinical status of the patient, except fatality cases, or on the reasons for which a given medication was prescribed. Nevertheless, insurance claims databases have many advantages for documenting prescription trends. The EGB database is representative of insured patients reimbursed for health care in France and contains exhaustive and reliable information on all reimbursed prescription medication. The almost universal coverage of the French insurance system limits dramatically missing data and losses of follow-up.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sponsorship for this study was funded by  Sanofi, France. Medical writing assistance for this study was provided by  Mr. Adam Dobble  of  Foxymed Inc. and funded by  Sanofi, France. All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for the authorship of this manuscript, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given final approval for the version to be published.
0. Contextual fear conditioning. Contextual fear memory was measured in terms of freezing (i. e. , immobilization except for respiratory movements) in the testing or training context. Freezing was manually scored in blocks of 30 s by an experimenter blind to the experimental condition. We tested group differences with mixed-design ANOVAs, and significant interactions were examined with simple effect analyses. Auditory fear conditioning. Freezing to the tone was measured manually during the tone presentation by an experimenter blind to conditions. In order to assess context fear, freezing during the 30 s preceding the first tone presentation was measured. Freezing data for the twelve tones presented during extinction were summarized by averaging two successive tone presentations to a total of six data points per extinction session.
The three data points from each extinction memory test session were averaged into one data point. Data were analyzed the same way as the contextual fear conditioning, as described above. Electrophysiologial studies. Series and input resistance were monitored throughout each experiment and cells were excluded from data analysis if a greater than 20% change in the series or input resistance occurred during the course of the experiment. One-way ANOVAs for EPSC amplitude were performed at three time points across groups corresponding to basal transmission (5 min), LTP (20 min) and depotentiation (60 min). Holm-Šidák tests were used for multiple comparisons following significant one-way ANOVAs.
Twenty-four hours later, animals were randomly divided into two groups, and then the first of three extinction sessions began. For three consecutive days the CS was presented twelve times each day. This procedure significantly reduced fear expression to the CS across the three days in both groups (repeated-measures ANOVA: effect of day, F (2, 20)  =62. 80, p<0. 0001; effect of group, F<1; Fig 6B). During each extinction session both groups also showed low levels of fear before the first CS was presented (between 0% and 19% freezing, data not shown), which did not change across extinction sessions (repeated-measures ANOVA: effect of day, F (2, 20) =2. 05, p=0. 16; effect of group, F<1), demonstrating the absence of contextual fear conditioning. Twenty-four hours after the last extinction session, we assessed inhibition of the fear response, presenting the CS for three times in a single session.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the patients who participated in this study. We also thank our collaborators, especially the following cardiologists who performed the echocardiograms and 24-hour Holter ECGs:  E. Brochet ,  B. Iung ,  C. Lenormand-Walckenaer ,  J-F. Heintz ,  Y. Haddouche , and  H. Maisonblanche.
An independent Data and Safety Monitoring Committee (DMC) monitored study progress. treatments Patients randomized to afatinib plus paclitaxel received 40 mg daily and 80 mg/m 2 weekly, respectively (the MTD)  [16]. Patients who had two dose reductions on afatinib monotherapy during Part A (i. e. eventually received 30 mg daily) were permitted to start on 30 mg daily in Part B. Investigator's choice of chemotherapy was administered according to the package insert. Up to two 10 mg dose reductions of afatinib were permitted if patients encountered any grade ≥3 drug-related adverse events [AEs; assessed according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 3. 0], or grade 2 diarrhea lasting ≥2 days or nausea or vomiting for ≥7 consecutive days despite best supportive care.
The planned time points for the primary analysis of PFS and OS were amended to be undertaken once the final randomized patients had the chance to be followed for at least 6 months. Primary analysis was thus undertaken on 10 December 2013 after 163 PFS events had occurred. S1 , available at Annals of Oncology online). Of those, 223 patients with clinical benefit of at least 12 weeks were screened and 202 patients were randomized (134 to afatinib plus paclitaxel and 68 to chemotherapy; supplementary Figure  S1 , available at Annals of Oncology online). Reasons for not being randomized following afatinib monotherapy included <12 weeks of clinical benefit (n = 625) and exclusion at screening (n = 21). At the time of database lock, seven patients were still on treatment in Part A. Of the remaining 299 patients who were not randomized following progression on afatinib monotherapy, most declined participation due to general health deterioration, treatment-related, or other reasons (supplementary Table  S1 , available at Annals of Oncology online).
Objectives: In 2009, the Chinese government launched a national healthcare reform programme aiming to control healthcare expenditure and increase the quality of care. As part of this programme, a new drug pricing reform was initiated on 1 June 2015. The objective of this study was to describe the changing landscape of drug pricing policy in China and analyse the potential impact of the reform. Methods: The authors conducted thorough research on the drug pricing reform using three Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, and Weipu), Chinese health authority websites, relevant press releases, and pharmaceutical blogs and discussion forums. This research was complemented with qualitative research based on targeted interviews with key Chinese opinion leaders representing the authorities' and prescribers' perspectives.
Materials and methods As the first step, we conducted thorough research aiming to collect all publicly available information related to the current Chinese drug pricing reform and pilot programmes. We used the keywords 'pricing', 'reimbursement', 'policy', and 'reform' to search the three main Chinese databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (www. cnki. net), Wanfang Data (www. wanfangdata. com. cn), and Weipu (www. cqvip. com). In order to retrieve only the most recent and relevant articles, we applied a time limit of 1 January 2012 and used additional keywords limiting the results to China-related articles (see Supplementary Table  2 ). The database search was performed on 17 April 2015. In addition to the databases, we searched Internet resources: Chinese government and healthcare authority websites (NDRC: www.