dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Limitations and recommendations for further analyses Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses are dependent on the quality of the input distributions. In this sense, Dale (2012)'s dataset,  40  from which the data for conventional oil, conventional gas and coal are taken, is a compilation of all the historic RURR estimates found in the literature. It does not include a comparative review of the quality, confidence and trustworthiness of the different estimates. Although the obtained ECDFs are found to be in broad agreement with a recent review of the RURR of fossil fuels (see Table  S2 , ESI †),  17  further work might be directed to improve the dataset's quality. Additionally, it was found that the shape parameter of the supply-cost curves has a weak influence on the uncertainty of the outputs in comparison to the RURR (see Fig.
Energy & Environmental Science Analysis uranium availability may eventually affect the findings in relation to the transition to renewable energies within the electricity sector. Thus, future work could address these limitations by exploring ways to improve the RURR dataset of non-renewable fossil fuels. Especially in the case of coal, due to the sensitivity of the climate outputs to the assumption on its availability and the evident limitations of current data, an effort to estimate transparent and robust values of coal recoverable resources at global level is of critical importance. This uncertainty could be reduced by a coordinated international effort devoted to evaluating coal availability at a global scale, as has already been proposed for the case of the USA. 26 Resource availability should be continuously reassessed in the light of updated information such as new geologic knowledge, progress in science and technology, and shifts in economic and political conditions.
Acknowledgements We thank  M. Carbajales-Dale  for support with interpreting his URR review,  C. de Castro ,  D. Moreno ,  J. V. Spadaro ,  E. Dietzenbacher ,  J. C. Cı  ´scar and  J. Gregg  for comments and feedback during the writing process, and  P. Patel  for his support with the running of the GCAM model. IC-P wishes to thank the  REPSOL Foundation  for support through the  Low Carbon Programme  (www. lowcarbonprogramme. org). JMPM was funded by a  Basque Government post-doctoral fellowship. Financial support through the  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7)  projects  COMPLEX  (no. 308601 ) and FLAGSHIP (no. 320330 ) is acknowledged by IA and MG-E and  FP7 BASE  (no. 308337 ) by MBN and JMPM. MBN also acknowledges financial support from the  Ramon y Cajal Research Fellowship of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain  (no.
Acknowledgements The project underlying this publication "Development of an absorber for solar thermal collectors with stagnation temperature below  140°C  and high efficiency" was funded by the  German Federal Ministry of Economy and Energy  ( FKZ 0325988A  and  FKZ 0325988B ), following a decision of the  German Bundestag. The work of the scientists at the  CEA INES  is encouraged within the  SySTHeff  project (Ademe No. 1282C0026 ). The authors are grateful for the support. The responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors.
In technical and economic feasibility studies that are carried out prior to construction of an anaerobic digestion plant, energy income and size of fermenters and other equipment are often estimated from the BMP of the substrates. Since BMP tests are normally carried out by only one laboratory, these estimates can differ by a factor of two as well, depending upon the factors listed above, including which laboratory has carried out the BMP tests. For a further standardization of the BMP test protocol all involved components have to be considered such as choice, quality, and preparation of the inoculum; substrate preparation and storage; test setup; data analysis and reporting; and last but not least criteria to validate or reject test results. In the following, the outcome and consensus of the roundtable discussions are presented.
The guideline is divided into two parts. The first part describes actions and criteria that are considered compulsory in order to accept and validate a BMP test result, while the second part presents recommendations concerning the inoculum, substrate, test setup, and data analysis and reporting in order to obtain test results that can be validated and reproduced. Although the kinetics of methane production is also an important issue, only the ultimate methane yield (BMP) is considered in the present guideline.
Meanwhile, there is only a small loss of X-ray reflectivity in the chosen potential range. Further lowering of the potential from + 1. 64 V to + 0. 92 V, which corresponds in the CV to the featureless electric double-layer (EDL, Region R-4), leads to a slight increase of XRR intensity followed by a sudden jump to its initial high value at + 0. 67 V (Region R-5). Based on the combined XRR-OLEMS-CV dataset described above, the proposed Pt surface transformations can be linked to certain changes in XRR. Starting from the thin oxide region (R-2), rapid thickening of the oxide (33 s, 330 mV) occurs, which points to the active phase of the electrode during OER (R-3). Unlike the oxidation of the Pt, reverse reduction of oxide (25 s, 250 mV) only happens after a long featureless EDL (72 s, 720 mV).
Conclusions The combined SXS-OLEMS datasets of a Pt model electrode demonstrate the ability of our multi-technique approach to obtain simultaneously structure and reactivity trends of electrocatalytic model surfaces under operando conditions. Complementary XRR, GISAXS, and SXRD data obtained under identical conditions can provide insight into the structural development of the surface as well as oxide formation, finally arriving at con-sistent structure-activity relationships for model catalysts recorded under electrochemical operando conditions. The SXS-OLEMS combination will facilitate future studies of electrocatalytic processes on model electrodes leading to comprehensive electrocatalytic structure-activity and potentially structure-selectivity relationships. In addition to electrochemical current and potential data, OLEMS will play to its strength when reactions with a selectivity dimension are studied such as selective (electrocatalytic) oxidation of organic molecules.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  ESRF  for technical and financial support during beam times MA1891 and MA2086 at beamline ID03. Also they would like to thank  Prof. Marc T. M. Koper  from  Leiden University  for useful discussions. A. G. and E. J. M. H. acknowledge funding by the  Dutch National Research School Combination Catalysis Controlled by Chemical Design (NRSC-Catalysis ). E. J. M. H. acknowledges support by a  TOP  grant of the  Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).
This method considers all of the collected information in a diffraction pattern and uses a least-squares approach to refine the theoretical line profile until it matches the measured profile  [34]. Crystallographic data were obtained from the Crystallography Open Database (COD) [35] Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a JEOL-100-CX II was used to determine the morphologies and qualitatively characterize the particle sizes. The stabilities of the synthesized powders were measured by studying their thermal behaviors in a differential scanning calorimeter and a thermogravimetric analyzer (DSC/TGA 851e Mettler-Toledo). The experiments were performed with a heating rate of 10 Kmin À1 using an air flow of 6 Â 10 À3 m 3 s À1. Magnetization studies were performed at room temperature using a MicroSense EV7 vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) with a maximum field of ±18 kOe.
1 Å) has been   reported to be one of the reasons why the reduced form is more favored than the oxidized form  (17). Whereas DsbG CGPC is found in the reduced form in both chains in the asymmetric unit of the crystal structure (Protein Data Bank code 5G1L), both chains A and B of the DsbG CGPC-T200M structure (Protein Data Bank code 5G1K) show a mixture of the oxidized and reduced form of the protein (27% oxidized, 67% reduced in chain A, 38% oxidized, 62% reduced in chain B, as determined from the refined occupancies). However, the distance between the S␥ of Cys 109 and the backbone nitrogen of Cys 112 (2. 9 Å) is similar to the WT DsbG one (Fig. 6, A  and B ). Change of the wild type DsbG CPYC motif to the Trx1 CGPC active site does not change the position of the C␣ atoms in the active site motifs in both DsbG CGPC and DsbG CGPC-T200M.
Briefly, 1 M of oxidized protein was incubated for 4 h at 293 K under a nitrogen atmosphere with 10 mM DTT ox mixed with different concentrations of DTT red (2 M to 200 mM) in 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7. 0, 1 mM EDTA. After incubation, the redox state of each sample was investigated by AMS gel shift (see above). The ratio of the reduced and oxidized forms under each DTT ox /DTT red conditions on Coomassie Brilliant Blue-stained SDS-PAGE (15%) was quantified with ImageJ software. The redox potential was calculated from the midpoint of the curves as described  (35).
Crystallization, X-ray Diffraction, and Structure Solution DsbG CGPC and DsbG CGPC-T200M , in 10 mM HEPES, pH 7, 100 mM NaCl, were crystallized at 298 K in 0. 1 M sodium citrate pH 3. 75, 0. 2 M ammonium sulfate, 20% PEG 4000 by the hanging drop method as described for wild type DsbG and other DsbG mutants  (13, 16, 17) , at a protein concentration of 5 mg/ml. The crystals were dehydrated by increasing the PEG4000 concentration to 30% and cryoprotected by adding 10% glycerol before flash freezing in liquid nitrogen  (16). Diffraction data were collected at the Proxima 1 Beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility. The data were processed using the XDS package  (37). The structures were solved by molecular replacement using the wild type DsbG structure, Protein Data Bank code 1V57, as a template, using the Phaser program  (38)  within the CCP4 suite  (39).
* This work was supported by  OMICS@VIB Marie Curie COFUND fellowship  (to I. V. M. ); funds from the  Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie ;  Research Foundation Flanders Research Program G. 0305. 12 ;  Flanders Hercules Foundation  Grants  HERC16  and  UABR/09/005  for the purification and in house x-ray crystallography platform, respectively; funds from  WELBIO ; and a  Crédit de Recherche  grant from the  FRS-Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article. The atomic coordinates and structure factors (codes  5G1L  and  5G1K ) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (http://wwpdb. org/). 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. 2Senior  Research Associate (Maître de Recherches) of the FRS-Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique  and an Investigator of the  FRFS-WELBIO.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by an  Intra-European Marie-Curie fellowship  (to C. -Y. L. ), the  BBSRC  ( BB/K010220/1 ), the  Christian Doppler Research Association (Austrian Federal Ministry of Science,Research and Economy ,and the  National Foundation for Research, Te chnology and Development) , and the  OMV Group  (to E. R. ). We thank  Marina Ianello  and  Dr Christine Cavazza  for isolating and purifying the hydrogenase used in this study. W ealso gratefully acknowledge the valuable input from  Prof. J ulea Butt  ( University of East Anglia ) and  Dr Lars J. C. Jeuken  ( University of Leeds ) and their research groups as well as  Dr Jenny Z. Zhang , D r Bertrand Reuillard ,  Mr David Wakerley ,and  Miss Katarzyna P. Sokol  for help on this work. Keywords: hydrogen evolution •h ydrogenase • photoelectrochemistry •s emiconductors •TiO 2.
Water pipe biofilms were monitored by laser scanning confocal microscopy, while zootechnical performance and health cost data were collected from professional organizations. In two representative monitored herds, it was observed that the drinking water distribution pipes, initially fouled by fungi, were replaced by a bacterial film while both veterinary costs and the total feed conversion ratio decreased. Essential oils may thus provide an efficient and sustainable alternative to the massive use of antibiotics for transforming an initial detrimental ecosystem to a positive biofilm. The eleventh paper, Effect of sludge pH and treatment time on the electrokinetic removal of aluminum from water potabilization treatment sludge  [12] , deals with the treatment of industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation, which is well known to be very efficient and has been extensively studied.
Identification of ATG4 in Chlamydomonas We have previously reported that a single ATG4 gene is conserved in the nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and that an ATG8-proteolytic activity can be detected in total extracts from Chlamydomonas  (Perez-Perez et al. , 2010). According to the most up-to-date annotated version of the Chlamydomonas genome at the Joint Genome Institute (gene model version 5. 5 at the Phytozome 10. 3 database), the Chlamydomonas ATG4 gene (Cre12. g510100. t1. 1) codes for a protein of 640 amino acids that contains two peptidase domains highly conserved among ATG4 proteins  (Sugawara et al. , 2005)  (Fig. 1A ). The predicted size of Chlamydomonas ATG4 (≈65 kDa) is significantly higher compared to ATG4 proteins from other organisms including algae, plants, yeasts or mammals.
In vitro ATG4 cleavage assay A typical reaction mixture included 1 µM ATG4, 5 µM ATG8, 1 mM 1,4- and processed (pATG8) ATG8 were quantified with the software Image Studio (LI-COR, Biosciences, Siemensstrasse, Germany). The ATG4 activity was considered as the relation between pATG8/(ATG8+pATG8), and it was normalized between 0 and 1, with 0 corresponding to totally oxidized and inactive ATG4 and 1 corresponding to totally reduced and active ATG4. The ATG4 activities (in arbitrary units) were plotted using the software OriginPro 8 (OriginLab).
Immunofluorescence microscopy Chlamydomonas untreated (control 0 h and control 48 h) or norflurazon-treated (NF 48 h) cells were fixed and stained for immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy as previously described  (Crespo et al. , 2005). The primary antibodies used were anti-CrATG4 (1:250) and anti-acetylated Tubulin (Sigma, T7451; 1:500 dilution). For signal detection, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody (Sigma, F4890; 1:500 dilution) and Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-mouse (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 715-515-150; 1:5000 dilution) were used. Preparations were photographed on a DM6000B microscope (Leica) with an ORCA-ER camera (Hamamatsu) and processed with the Leica Application Suite Advanced Fluorescence software package (Leica). For comparative analysis, the same acquisition time was fixed for the FITC or Alexa Flour 594 signals.
The -∞ sample was used as reference for quantification. (J) ATG4 activities monitored as in (I) were interpolated by nonlinear regression of the data using a Nernst equation for 2 electrons exchanged (n=2) and one redox component. The average midpoint redox potential (Em,7) of 3 independent experiments is reported in the figure as mean ± standard deviation. ATG4 WT ATG4 C84S ATG4 C400S ATG4 C473S ATG4 C473S ATG4 C400S ATG4 C84S ATG4 WT 16 - kDa Figure 4. The Cys-to-Ser mutant protein ATG4C400S is not redox-regulated. ATG4 activity was monitored as described in Figure  3. (A) The activity of ATG4-WT, ATG4-C84S, ATG4-C400S or ATG4-C473S was determined after incubation for 30 min in the presence (+) or absence (-) of 10 µM DTT and 5 µM TRXh1 as indicated. (B) Quantification of ATG4 activity from (A).
Control (lane 1): incubation with no addition. (D) Redox titration of ATG4 oligomerization/monomerization. ATG4 monomerization was analyzed after incubation for 2 h at indicated Eh poised by 20 mM DTT in various dithiol/disulfide ratios. The oligomeric (oATG4) and monomeric (mATG4) ATG4 forms are marked by arrowheads. β-mercaptoethanol-free buffer was used in (B, C and D). Figure 10 Figure  10. Putative model for the redox regulation of ATG4 in Chlamydomonas. Chlamydomonas ATG4 can be found in at least three conformational states: an active and monomeric form (state 1), an inactive and monomeric form (state 2) and an inactive and oligomeric form (state 3). Taken together, our data strongly suggest that the presence of ATG4 in these three states depends on the intracellular redox potential.
This work was supported in part by  Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad  Grants  BFU2012-35913  and  BFU2015-68216-P  and  Junta de Andalucía   CVI-7336  (to JLC), and  Agencie Nationale de la Recherche  Grant  12-BSV5-0019 REDPRO2  and  LABEX DYNAMO ANR-11-LABX-0011  (to SDL).
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-BS10-009  " DINAMIC " project) for financial support. The work in the UK was supported by  EPSRC  ( EP/G070326/1 ,  EP/G070474/1 & EP/J010804/1 ). Calculations were performed via membership of the UK's  HPC Materials Chemistry Consortium , which is funded by  EPSRC  ( EP/L000202 ). This work made use of the facilities of  ARCHER , the  U. K. 's national highperformance computing service, which is funded by the  Office of Science and Technology  through  EPSRC's High End Computing Programme. The AC-STEM instrument employed in this research was obtained through the  Birmingham Science City  project.
Physical Characterization of the Sulfonium ILs The thermalp roperties of selected ILs werec haracterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermalg ravimetric analysis( TGA). Furthermore, the density (1), dynamic viscosity (h)a nd ionic conductivity (s)w ere determined as the function of temperature at atmospheric pressure. Thisc haracterization data is summarized in Ta ble 2.
[37] gure  2. Te mperature dependence on the density of [S 1,1,G1 ][NTf 2 ]( *), [S 1,1,G2 ] [NTf 2 ](&), [S 1,2,G1 ][NTf 2 ]( ~), [S 1,G1,G1 ][NTf 2 ](*)and [S 1,G2,G2 ][NTf 2 ](&)a t0. 1 MPa. The linesrepresentthe linear regression of eachd ensity dataset using parameters reported in Ta ble S2 of the SI. The conductivity of an IL is also of vital importance if it is to be considered as as upporting electrolyte in energy devices. Generally,t he ionic conductivity of ILs is mainly governed by their viscosity,f ormula weight, density and ions ize. [38] As shown in Figure  4 , the conductivity of the ILs increases with increasingt emperature, as expected. Furthermore,t he ionic conductivity of the ILs decreases with the followingt rend, [S 1,1,G1 ][NTf 2 ](*), [S 1,1,G2 ][NTf 2 ] (&), [S 1,2,G1 ][NTf 2 ]( ~), [S 1,G1,G1 ][NTf 2 ](*)a nd [S 1,G2,G2 ][NTf 2 ]( &)a [S 1,2,G1 ] + > [S 1,1,G1 ] + > [S 1,G1,G1 ] + > [S 1,1,G2 ] + > [S 1,G2,G2 ] + and covers the range of 2.
A. ) inside an Ar-filled glovebox. The measurements have been conducted at as can rate of 2mVs À1 in a3 -electrode cell using a0. 3 cm diameter glassy carbon as the working electrode, af resh lithium metal strip as the reference, and ap latinum wire as the counter electrode. The electrolyte consisted of ca. 1mLo fp ure IL in which as mall quantity of Li[NTf 2 ]( approx. 20 mg) was dissolved to introduce aL i + /Li reference system. HOMO and LUMO energies of each species have been determined by using the Turbomole 7. 0 program package. [49] Prior to visualization of these orbitals using TmoleX (version 4. 1. 1), the structure of each ion involved was optimized, with ac onvergence criterion of 10 À8 Hartree in the gas phase, by using DFT calculations combining the Resolution of Identity (RI) approximation  [50]  within the Turbomole 7.
0 program package utilizing the B3LYP functional with the def-TZVP basis set. [51] Each resultant optimized structure was then used as an input for the generation of the conformers of each species using the COSMOconfX program (version 4. 0). The orbitals of each conformer were then determined using single point energy calculations (DFT/B3LYP/def-TZVP + RI approximation) within Turbomole.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to gratefully acknowledget he funding from the  CEA le Ripault. A. N. ,P. G. ,C. H. and J. J. would like also to gratefully acknowledget he funding fromE  PSRC  ( EP/L505262/1 ) and  Innovate UK fort he Practical Lithium-AirB   atteries project  (project number: 1 01577 ). Supporting data are openly available on Queen's University Research Portal:h ttp://pure. qub. ac. uk/ portal/en/datasets. Keywords: electrochemistry • ether • ionic liquids • physical and transport properties • sulfonium.
45 µm) prior to HPLC analysis. The HPLC system (Surveyor PDA ThermoFisher Scientific) was connected to a PDA detector selected to 470 nm. YMC column 30  (25   column with the same characteristics. This system was kept at a constant temperature of 30 °C during elution (constant flow 1 ml/min). After 0. 5 min of isocratic condition using 4% solvent A (ddH 2 O), 15% of solvent B (MTBE) and 81% solvent C (Methanol), carotenoids were eluted over 50 min with a linear gradient of 15 to 90% of solvent B, solvent A remaining constant throughout the elution time. The column was re-equilibrated for 5 min between each analysis. Quantification was performed using a standard curve of all-trans astaxanthin (CaroteNature, Swizerland). The integration and analysis of astaxanthin peaks were performed using the ChromQuest software.
All raw data were the product of at least two independent experiments. Statistical tests were performed using SPSS v17. 0 for Windows (SPSS Inc). Because of the relatively small number and heterogeneity of replicates (n=5 to 13, depending on the treatment), all statistical analyses were by default non parametric. Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to compare the global sets of data and, when significant, post-hoc analyses were done using Dunn's pair to pair comparison.
All experimental conditions were similar between the two set-ups. Our data also showed a higher transfer rate to the cellular fraction at 3 hours (around 50%) compared to the authors (10%) but all agree on a similar uptake rate for the two carotenoids at 3 hours. The higher uptake rate should not be due to adsorbed carotenoids as the washing step was performed in our experiments as well. The rate of absorption measured was increased for the free form compared to esterified astaxanthin from algae. This is consistent with the data reported by  Lyons et al. (2002) , where cellular incorporation from synthetic astaxanthin was nearly twice higher than algae astaxanthin. Esterification Caco2/TC7 cells were culture for 21 days on transwells prior to treatment. Astaxanthin or beta-carotene (5µM) were added on the apical medium (DMEM serum free) and the apical, basal (DMED 10% serum) and cell fractions were collected after 3 or 6 hours.
Mechanisms of action The expression of several lipid carriers was measured by RT-qPCR after 3 and 6 hours of treatment (data not shown). The maximum expression was observed at 6 hours, when the absorption was mostly complete. The activation therefore is not necessarily directly related to an active transport of the molecules. Incubation with carotenoid-free micelles, a wide range of genes were modulated, indicating that most carriers were modulated primarily by bile acids, in agreement with the physiological mechanisms of absorption of dietary lipids. When comparing astaxanthin treatments against micelles, very few modulations were significant. Astaxanthin from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma stimulated the expression of a range of genes at 6 hours, including Fabp2 (p<0. 05), Scarb1 (p<0. 05) and Scp2 (p<0.