dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
REPRESENTATIONS PATRIMONIALES ? Clunypedia 7  , également dénommée Encyclopédie numérique clunisienne se présente en tant que portail ouvert organisé autour d'un projet, d'une carte et de trois applications mobiles de visite, 8  mis à la disposition des usagers. Quelques reconstitutions 3D viennent enrichir l'histoire numérique de l'abbaye de Cluny à partir de traces architecturales (Cluny-Grande église III, chevet) et iconographiques (chapiteaux et baie sculptés). Dans le cadre de cette note de recherche, nous centrerons notre propos sur l'étude de la carte interactive 9  (2D) qui géolocalise les sites clunisiens historiques sous la forme d'un réseau patrimonial en développement. Cette carte ou « mapping » de données se présente comme un ensemble de points colorés (rouge) et géolocalisés (base de données), reliés ou non entre eux.
De plus, ce type de mesure doit pouvoir aider au suivi des tracés pariétaux et permettre d'évaluer d'éventuelles modifications irréversibles (hors changements de couleur liés aux variations de la teneur en eau des matières colorantes sur la paroi) dues aux effets plus ou moins marqués du vieillissement. La base de données des mesures colorimétriques et spectroradiométriques acquises dans la grotte Chauvet pourra ainsi servir pour la conservation préventive de la grotte, du fait qu'elle documente des états visibles, datés, de surfaces du champ orné précisément localisées. Ces surfaces pourront ainsi faire l'objet de nouvelles mesures susceptibles de mettre en évidence toute évolution de leur aspect visible.
Remerciements Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre de l'équipe de recherche de la grotte Chauvet dirigée par  J. -M. Geneste puis C. Fritz. Nous tenons à remercier tous les membres de l'équipe qui, chacun dans leur domaine, nous ont beaucoup appris sur ce site d'exception et sans qui ce travail n'aurait pu être réalisé, sans oublier l'équipe de conservation, qui nous a permis de travailler dans des conditions techniques adéquates. Merci à  Léna Basel  et aux propriétaires du gouffre de Proumeyssac, grâce à qui nous avons pu réaliser une expérience de calcification sur bloc coloré. Nous remercions également Geneviève Pinçon pour sa relecture critique et Paul Bahn pour la traduction en anglais du résumé et des légendes des figures de cet article.
Introduction Knowledge about the regional distribution of loess sediments is important for applied purposes in agronomy (soil fertility, soil erosion potential, hydrogeology) or engineering (building ground, natural hazards). Fundamental research on supraregional scale palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic evolution requires a more differentiated and at the same time unified database of the distribution of loess sediments and their sources. However, available maps of loess and related sediments in the Carpathian Basin often lack detail or most commonly do not extend across national borders encompassing parts of the basin. This issue gets further complicated by various regional usage of loess definitions, which is related to the complex genesis of loess sediments  (Sprafke & Obreht, 2016).
These artificial breaks highlight the need to simplify geodata sets from different countries or even from different surveys within one country  (Witschas, 2005 (Witschas, , 2007)). In a recent approach,  Bertran, Liard, Sitzia, and Tissoux (2016)  generated a map of Pleistocene aeolian deposits in Western Europe by using the Land Use and Cover Area frame Statistical survey (LUCAS) database for topsoil properties in Europe. This database has a higher degree of international consistency, and was used to extract information on loess distribution and thickness. However, these data cannot discriminate between different silt-dominated deposits on the land surface. To overcome these issues, we compiled a new map of loess and related sediments (aeolian sand / sandy loess, loess derivates) that cover the Carpathian Basin.
, 1968; Săndulescu et al. , 1978)  were taken into account. For some regions newer or more detailed maps are available (e. g. Fuchs & Grill, 1984) , but for the presented purpose it is not feasible to digitise maps with a resolution above 1:200,000. All maps, except the one by  Lindner et al. (2017)  and the data of the Czech Geological Survey (2017), were only available as paper maps or scans. Paper maps were scanned thoroughly in total with a resolution of 600 dpi, similar to common print resolutions. The digital raster images were georeferenced using coordinate grids (whenever available) as well as characteristic landmarks. The cartographic realisation of the original maps aimed for a high readability by humans but not machines. Therefore, all polygons of interest had to be digitised manually.
The coordinate reference system (CRS) differs between the original maps. For this purpose, the polygons were created using the European Terrestrial Reference System (ETRS) 1989 Lamberts Equal Area projection, as recommended by the European Union  INSPIRE (2014). A 1-arc-second Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) averaged digital surface model (DSM) makes up the topographic base map. This globally available elevation model is based on the AW3Ddata set, which has a resolution of < 5 m. The high-resolution data was derived from stereographic multitemporal satellite imaginaries, which were stacked, mosaicked, and validated with existing height references. This data set was down-sampled to offer the elevation data free of charge. The resultant DSM has a resolution of ∼ 30 m and a height accuracy of less than 5 m and is downloadable in 1°× 1°-tiles  (Tadono et al.
For Romania, the data by Lindner et al. (  2017 ) was further complemented by information from the geological map of Romania  (Săndulescu et al. , 1978). We combined these two datasets to reduce inadequate cross-border delimitations, especially for the Romanian-Serbian border region. Figure  2  compares these two datasets. For Serbia, information from the geomorphological map of the Vojvodina  (Košćal et al. , 2005)  and the Table  1. List of used source maps and their classifications for late Quaternary sediments. The left column indicates the classifications used in the final map. The asterix indicates that it was difficult to distinguish between different units. Therefore, it is possible that also aeolian sands were digitised here. geological map of Yugoslavia  (Federal Geological Institute, 1970)  were combined.
Acknowledgements We thank  D. Haase  for sharing shape files of the loess distribution map. J. Viehweger  and  S. Pötter  helped to improve the figures and maps. In addition, we would like to thank the reviewers  A. Banak ,  G. Beconytė  and  Z. Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger  and the associate editor  J. Knight  for helpful suggestions to improve the map and paper.
A geothermal plant inside the caldera of the volcano represents significant investment as well as a potentially important source of power for the region. The risk to local populations and infrastructure underlines the need for additional data on which to build hazard assessments for Aluto volcano. Both the relative inaccessibility and poor terrestrial preservation of the volcanic products present challenges for retrieving details about individual eruptions. Indeed, the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Programme lists only one (poorly documented) Holocene eruption of Aluto around 2,000 years ago. More recent studies indicate, in contrast, eruptive activity as recently as ~400 year BP and at an average rate of an eruption every ~300 years  (Fontijn et al. , 2018; Hutchison, Pyle, et al. , 2016).
, 2008; Dellino & La Volpe, 1996; Liu et al. , 2015 Liu et al. , , 2016;; Wei et al. , 2003). Grain size data and 10. 1029/2018GC007686 Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems MCNAMARA ET AL. tephra thickness data can also be integrated into the data set to constrain the eruption size (e. g. ,  Wulf et al. , 2004). Physical volcanology studies of tephra deposits aim to constrain eruption conditions using measurements of deposit thickness, and particle size, shape, and density. These studies use isopachs (contours of constant thickness or mass) and isopleths (contours of constant grain size, either maximum or median) to infer eruption magnitude and intensity (e. g. ,  Bonadonna & Houghton, 2005; Carey & Sparks, 1986; Fierstein & Nathenson, 1992; Legros, 2000; Pyle, 1989). Where there are only limited tephra sites, however, such methods are difficult to employ, particularly when a robust stratigraphic framework is not available.
10. 1029/2018GC007686 Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Grain size data were gathered for each tephra deposit in each core. Bulk samples were oven-dried at 80 °C, sieved from À5 φ to 3 φ (32 mm to 125 μm) at one φ intervals and weighed. The 3 φ fraction was then recombined with the finer (<125 μm) material and analyzed by laser diffraction with a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 at the University of Bristol; five runs were performed per sample. The sieve (in wt%) and Mastersizer (in vol%) data were combined to reconcile the overlapping grain size, assuming a constant density across all grain sizes  (Coltelli et al. , 1998). Each sample was prepared for backscatter electron (BSE) scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In most cases 1, 2, and 3 φ grain size fractions were prepared, although where insufficient 2 or 3 φ particles were present, smaller grainsizes were used.
10. 1029/2018GC007686 Major element geochemical data were collected by electron probe microanalysis using a JEOL JXA8530F Hyperprobe at the University of Bristol. Major elements were analyzed using a 2 nA beam current with a 10-μm spot size at a voltage of 15 kV. Count times were varied by element to optimize analysis time and count number while minimizing beam damage. Ca, Si, Al, Na, and K were analyzed first for 10 s, Ti for 80 s, Mg, F, Cl, and Fe for 60 s, and Mn for 30 s. In some cases MnO was not recorded due to a hardware problem; MnO is content is typically <0. 2 wt% and therefore is not expected to have a significant effect on the overall results. The KN18 secondary standard was analyzed between each sample and was closely monitored throughout; no drift or deviation was observed during analysis.
Only analyses with totals over 94% were retained, although the majority are over 97%. The lower totals are ascribed to secondary hydration from the lacustrine preservation environment. Where microlites were present in the glass, only microlite-free patches of glass large enough for a 10-micron spot size were analyzed. All plotted data are normalized to an anhydrous basis. If possible, at least 20 individual pieces of glass were analyzed per sample. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) at Trinity College, Dublin. The analysis was undertaken using a Thermo Scientific iCAPQ ICP-MS coupled to a Photon Machines analyte 193-nm eximer laser ablation system with a Helix two volume cell via an ARIS sample introduction capillary and an inhouse signal smoothing device (poshDOG).
Major Element Composition Results of electron probe microanalysis are presented in Figures  4  and 5 , and all data and secondary standards are reported in the supporting information (Tables  S1  and S4 ). All analyzed glasses are peralkaline in composition with 72-76 wt% SiO 2 , with an average of 74. 1 wt% and a relative standard deviation of 0. 8. In ABII, 17 out of 25 layers were analyzed for major elements. Of the eight layers not analyzed, most were in the top 2 m of the core, where they did not overlap temporally with LLIII. Of the 17 analyzed, major element concentrations were largely invariant and displayed little or no changes in eruptive composition throughout the Holocene, (e. g. , SiO 2 = 74. 0 wt% ± 0. 99% (1σ)). This lack of geochemical variance was observed across all oxides and tephra samples, with the exception of three layers (Figure  3a ).
e. , periods of increased activity), we interpret the nonlinear eruption pattern to be real and not an artifact of tephra preservation. The stepped-like appearance of the survival function for the two cores (Figure  8a ) indicates that the volcano has seen pulses of increased activity alternating with periods characterized by longer repose intervals. To quantify the eruptive pulses, cluster analysis was undertaken using the k-means function in Matlab vR2017a. The function uses a Euclidean distance measure and the k-means ++ algorithm. The cluster algorithm was run for a varying number of clusters from two to 10. The clustering analysis was run separately for the two cores. Although the algorithm yielded several clusters for each core, we focus on three clusters that represent heightened eruptive activity.
Acknowledgments The work was funded by the  Natural Environment Research Council   RiftVolc grant   NE/L013932/1  (including studentship ref 1868693 to K. M. ) and the  AXA Research Fund  and a  Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award  (to K. V. C. ). The  Program Environmental Research for Intertropical Climate in Africa (ERICA, R. Bonnefille P. I)  and  CNRS-INSU  programs (PNEDC, DyTeC, and VariEnTe) provided support for coring, and previous analyses, including radiocarbon dating. We would like to thank  Ben Buse  and  Stuart Kearns  for their invaluable knowledge and assistance using the electron microbeam facilities at  University of Bristol. We thank  Victoria Smith  for her generous help and advice with Oxcal modeling. All data pertaining to this article can be found in the supporting information.
Remerciements Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet européen  Interreg-POCTEFA CLIM'PY de l'Observatoire Pyrénéen du Changement Climatique (OPCC). Ce travail a été soutenu par le  Programme National de Télédétection Spatiale  (PNTS, http://www. insu. cnrs. fr/pnts),projet n° PnTS-2018-4. Ce travail a bénéficié du soutien du CnES à travers le projet TOSCA " Observatoire Spatial de l'Enneigement" et le programme ISIS d'acquisition d'images Pléiades. L'association Moraine est soutenue par le conseil départemental de la Haute-Garonne, le conseil départemental des Hautes-Pyrénées , le conseil régional  Occitanie et le Parc National des Pyrénées. Les auteurs remercient également  Etienne Berthier  et  Mauri Pelto  pour leurs conseils durant la rédaction de cet article. Cette étude n'aurait pas vu le jour sans le travail de doctorat de  Renaud Marti  (financement  Région Midi-Pyrénées et Université de Toulouse ), que les auteurs remercient ici.
Ces bases de données constituent des éléments objectifs de compréhension sur de potentielles augmentations de participations à la communication. Ces données quantitatives (par ex. : temps d'utilisation, nombre d'actions effectuées, nombre de pages visitées) feront prochainement l'objet d'une analyse afin de pouvoir poser des éléments fiables dans la définition de l'intention de communiquer. À partir des éléments subjectifs et objectifs de l'usage du système informatique, le binôme ergonome-ergothérapeute structure l'intervention des accompagnants (ergothérapeute, parents, éducateurs, orthophoniste) afin de favoriser l'intentionnalité et la capacité de communiquer du patient, et ceci concernant notamment les enfants polyhandicapés : -Créer un bain de langage adapté aux capacités de l'enfant afin de développer la communication, et ce, qu'il comprenne le langage oral ou pas  (Von Tetzchner et Grove, 2003).
Les données récentes des bases de données de déclaration d'évènements indésirables graves montrent qu'une grande partie d'entre eux surviennent dans la période postopératoire et résultent d'un défaut de prise en charge collective des patients. Ces situations, outre les risques médico-judiciaires qu'elles comportent sont à l'origine d'erreur ou de retard de diagnostic, notamment en présence de complications postopératoires, qui sont préjudiciables aux patients. Du fait de la permanence des soins et de l'organisation des équipes dans un établissement donné, il est parfois illusoire de penser que le même praticien suivra d'un bout à l'autre de son cursus un patient hospitalisé et prendra en charge la totalité des prescriptions le concernant. Pour éviter les aléas d'une telle situation et optimiser la prise en charge collective qui reste incontournable, il est nécessaire que les règles qui prévalent à l'intervention des différents soignants soient bien établies (qui fait quoi) et que les complications et/ou les évènements aléatoires fassent l'objet de discussion conjointes.
Measurement of additional data In order to determine the vertical profiles of CO 2 and CH 4 from the analysis of sampled air, measurements of several atmospheric parameters are needed (see Sect. 2. 3). The two most important parameters are the ambient pressure and the mean coil temperature. Those parameters are recorded by the AirCore-HR electronic data package (Sect. 2. 2). measured during the flight. The temperatures recorded by the three temperature probes during flight are plotted in red (full, dashed, points) and reported on the right y axis. Mean coil temperature is obtained by taking the mean of three temperatures recorded by independent probes located at different positions along the AirCore-HR. The ambient pressure during the flight is plotted in black and reported on the left y axis.
Comparison between AirCore-HR and other pressure measurements highlighted a small drift in AirCore-HR data pressure recordings. Therefore the pressure profile recorded with the electronics of AirCore-HR has been corrected to fit the high precision of the records of a Paroscientific, Inc. , absolute pressure gauge that is characterized by an accuracy of 10 Pa and a precision of 0. 1 Pa. Additionally, GPS coordinates and altitudes from CNES were used to complete the dataset. 3. 2, profiles stop at 900 hPa due to the sample loss after landing. Both CO 2 and CH 4 AirCore-HR vertical profiles reveal thin structures of the atmosphere and air-mass transport signatures. Figure  8c  shows the ambient temperature recorded onboard during flight. From this ambient temperature profile the tropopause was estimated to be at 162.
Associated uncertainties Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess the uncertainty associated with the retrieved constituent profiles. The retrieval process of the vertical profiles was iterated a 1000 times by randomly changing the original datasets within the estimated uncertainty range of every identified uncertainty source. This allowed us to produce a set of 1000 slightly different outcomes for the vertical profiles in terms of both mixing ratios and vertical position. A standard deviation of the mixing ratios at a given position was then calculated based on this dataset. In these simulations we took into account the following uncertainties: i. The accuracy of the gas analyzer: Picarro measurement accuracy was defined as a Gaussian standard deviation of the mixing ratios based on the instrument specification (i.
This work was supported by CNES and benefited during the StratoScience 2014 campaign from the infrastructure developed by CSA in Timmins. École Polytechnique provided additional funding for the instruments and funded the 6-month sabbatical of Colm Sweeney from NOAA to LMD. The first author is funded by EIT/Climate-KIC under contract with UPMC. Technical support to develop the instrument was provided by Olivier Bousquet and Olivier Godde from the technical team of LMD. Sebastien Massart and Anna Agusti-Panareda from.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by CNES and benefited during the StratoScience 2014 campaign from the infrastructure developed by CSA in Timmins. École Polytechnique provided additional funding for the instruments and funded the 6-month sabbatical of Colm Sweeney from NOAA to LMD. The first author is funded by EIT/Climate-KIC under contract with UPMC. Technical support to develop the instrument was provided by Olivier Bousquet and Olivier Godde from the technical team of LMD. Sebastien Massart and Anna Agusti-Panareda from.
Ethics statement The Leishmania isolates used in this study were obtained from a previously published study  [21]. Briefly, these isolates had been successfully cultured from biopsies collected between 2011 and 2014 from 20 adult patients (16 males and four females; 19-66 years old) diagnosed with ACL and enrolled in the study before treatment with pentamidine isethionate (Pentacarinat; Rhone Poulenc) (Table  1 ). All patients, in consultation for a suspicion of leishmaniasis at the dermatology unit of the Cayenne hospital (Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon, CHAR), Cayenne, French Guiana, were informed during consultation by the clinician that case records and biological data might be further used in research and that they had the right to refuse. Biological samples were taken for diagnostic purposes and oral informed consent was documented in the case records by the clinician during consultation.
Patient data was anonymized at the Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology of the Cayenne hospital, which carried out diagnostic analyzes and initial parasite culture. The project did not raise any concerns and was approved by the Ethical Committee at Cayenne Hospital. Ethical approval was granted based on the human experimentation guidelines of the "Comiteconsultatif sur le traitement de l'information en matière de recherche" (CCTIRS: 2012-42). The monocentric audit of retrospective anonymized case record data was permitted by the "Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertes" (CNIL: DR. 2014-091) as well as the regulations of Cayenne Hospital (http://www. ch-cayenne. net/Droits-et-Devoirs. html).
Bioinformatics analysis Raw sequences were filtered and trimmed using fastq-mcf with the following parameters: duplicates were removed when 50 bases were identical between reads (-D parameter) while minimum read length was set to 50  [37]. Adapter sequences were removed using -t (% of occurrence) set to zero. The other parameters were left to their default settings. Then Deconseq was used to eliminate phiX174 phage sequences  [38]. Fastq clean files were assembled using SPAdes (version 3. 0. 0) with the following range of k-mers: 21, 55, 77, 99 and 127  [39]. We used blastn for sequence comparison between assembled contigs and reference LRV1 genomes (LRV1-1 and LRV1-4, accession numbers M92355 and U01899, respectively)  [6]. The LRV1-positive contigs were then extracted and used as references for mapping using the bwa mem algorithm (version 0.
Phylogenetic analyses Contigs from HTS as well as raw sequences downloaded from the Beckman Coulter Genomics website were analyzed and edited in MEGA 5. 05  [42]. Multiple sequence alignments were constructed using ClustalW with all published complete and partial LRV1 sequences. Alignments were checked manually. Sequences were translated into amino acids and both nucleotide and amino acid sequences were checked for irregularities. For phylogenetic trees inferred from the aligned nucleotide sequences, the MrModeltest2. 3 program was used to determine the optimal model of nucleotide evolution  [43]. The GTR model, with a gamma distribution shape parameter (G) and invariable sites (I), was identified and used for the Bayesian approach, which was performed with Mr. Bayes 3. 2. 2 to infer phylogenetic relationships  [44].
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations were run for 10,000,000 generations, with four simultaneous chains, using a sample frequency of 100 and a burn-in of 25,000. Majority rule consensus trees were obtained from the output. Validation of the inference was assessed based on the standard deviation of split frequencies, which was less than the expected threshold value of 0. 01. For phylogenetic trees inferred from the aligned amino acid sequences, the ProtTest3 program was used to determine the optimal model of amino acid evolution. The JTT model, with gamma (G) distribution, was identified and used for the Bayesian approach  [45] , which was performed with Mr. Bayes 3. 2. 2 [44]. MCMC simulations were run for 10,000,000 generations, with four simultaneous chains, using a sample frequency of 100 and a burn-in of 25,000.