dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2011). The 'Game-Fish-Seal' (GFS) (δ 15 N ca. 13. 5-16. 5‰) diet is defined by a much greater reliance on aquatic mammal protein than the 'Game-Fish' diet (δ 15 N ca. 10. 3-13. 0‰; Figure  6 )  (Weber et al. , 2011; Weber and Goriunova, 2013). These patterns are clearest in the EBA, either because most human remains date to this period or because diet was more differentiated at that time. ~10. 3 -12. 6 ‰ At Khuzhir-Nuge XIV, strontium isotope ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) analysis revealed that individuals identified as born locally all had GFS diets (n = 11), whereas those identified as non-local (n = stable isotope methods and instrumentation. The samples from Khuzhir-Nuge XIV used in section 6. 2 are the only ones used in this study that have not yet been re-assessed. While this may affect individual results to a small degree (based on inter-laboratory comparisons), it should not impact significantly on the overall patterns in the data  (Weber et al.
Materials The 63 individuals analysed in this study are from the skeletal collection housed at the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), St. Petersburg 2. Samples were collected by RJS and AW in 2015 and prepared by JAW and staff at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) for δ 13 C, δ 15 N, and 14 C measurement at the University of Oxford's Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art (RLAHA). AL conducted the δ 18 O analysis on the same samples in 2017 at RLAHA. Age and sex data can be found in the Catalogue. See SI section 3 for noted discrepancies between the written archaeological reports and the extant skeletal remains.
Data Analysis Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 24. 0. Data were assessed for normality using Shapiro-Wilk tests, and then analysed using parametric or non-parametric statistics as appropriate (further details in SI section 5). Heteroscedastic t-tests were used when the data did not depart significantly from normality, and the variance of one group was ≥ twice that of the other.
Little Sea There is now a substantial dataset for the Little Sea micro-region (Figure  1 , Table  6 ), particularly for the EBA (n = 117), whereas the Late Mesolithic/EN (n = 7), and LN (n = 12) datasets remain much smaller. Table  6 : Summary of stable isotope data for all individuals aged ≥ 5 in the Little Sea by site and period. Khuzhir-Nuge XIV data is from  Weber et al. (2011)  and  Katzenberg et al. (2009) , whereas all the remaining data is after  Weber et al. (2016). The three LN individuals from Ulan-Khada are markedly lower in δ 15 N than the other Little Sea individuals analysed to date. Nor do they match the Upper Lena values, with which connections have been previously posited, due to their more positive δ 13 C values. In fact, the most similar values are those from the LN-EBA Angara micro-region, some 200 km to the west (Figure  12 ).
Moreover, the effect size is large (Cohen's d = 0. 84 for the standardized dataset). The small sample size of the GF group precludes testing for a comparable difference. Figure  16 : The difference in δ 13 C between all Little Sea EBA males and females with the GFS diet. The higher δ 13 C values in EBA GFS males than females suggests that males consumed more littoral fish. This would account for the elevated 13 C without concomitant enrichment in 15 N, whereas the females would have consumed more terrestrial resources. An alternative explanation is that some of the females originated in the Upper Lena and retained a residual dietary signal from there. As the isotopic dataset continues to be expanded upon, other such subtle differences may emerge.
The slides were visualised using either a Leica RMDB research microscope (Leica Biosystems Peterborough Ltd, Peterborough, UK) with images captured by a Deltapix Infinity digital camera, and an Olympus System Microscope BX51 (Olympus Optical, London) with AnalySIS software (Olympic Soft Imaging System, Munster). All slides were assessed and scored by two individuals, using a scoring protocol developed for this study. The overall structure of the tissue was rated on a 4 point scale, where a zero score meant no observable changes (tissue is intact; muscle, epithelial, connective or nervous tissues are identifiable and might still contain nuclei). A one score indicated limited changes, with different tissue types still identifiable but showing the onset of degradation. Scoring two meant that significant changes were observed with mainly collagenous fibres and/or connective tissue structures left.
Finally, a three score indicated extensive changes in the tissue with almost no structures being identifiable anymore. In addition, other observations were made such as the colour of the stain, the presence of bacteria or artefacts. The results were discussed between the two observers, resulting in a 95% absolute agreement. FT-Raman spectra were recorded using a Bruker IFS 66 infrared spectrometer with an FRA 106 module attachment and dedicated Raman microscope with Nd 3+ /YAG excitation at 1064 nm. The sample spot size was 100 µm diameter. Spectra were obtained with 500-1000 scans of data accumulation. In addition, spectra were recorded using a Renishaw InVia confocal Raman microscope operating with 785 nm excitation in the near infrared. The spectral data were scanned for the acquisition of up to 10 accumulations and 10 seconds laser exposure time with a spectral footprint of about 2µm (x50 objective lens).
Archaeologically defined Upper Palaeolithic (UP, 45,000-10,000 years ago) "cultures" are often used as proxies to designate fossil populations. While recent genomic studies have partly clarified the complex relationship between European UP "cultures" and past population dynamics, they leave open numerous questions regarding the biological characterization of these human groups, especially regarding the Mid-UP period (MUP, 33,000-24,000 years ago), which encompasses a pan-European cultural mosaic (Gravettian) with several regional facies. Here, we analyse a large database of welldated and well-preserved UP crania, including MUP specimens from South-West France (SWF) and Moravia, using 3D geometric morphometrics to test for human group affinities. Our results show that the Gravettian makers from these two regions form a remarkably phenetically homogeneous sample which is different from, and more homogeneous than, the Late UP sample.
The present study addresses this issue by using 3D geometric morphometrics on 26 well-dated and wellpreserved UP crania, including four MUP specimens from SWF and seven MUP fossils from Moravia (Table  1 ). Geometric morphometrics provides a robust set of methodological tools to decipher phenetic affinities between isolated fossil specimens or paleodemes (see  37  ). It has been shown that patterns of cranial morphology largely Table  1. Fossil specimens included in the study. More information on the sample can be found in the online supplementary material (Supplementary Table  S1 ). Specimens in bold: data from the original fossils. *Direct dating of the skeleton. reflect genetic distances among human populations and that this morphology is evolving largely neutrally  [38] [39] [40] [41].
All semi-landmarks are technically curve semi-landmarks (two degrees of freedom) and not surface semilandmarks (three degrees of freedom). Missing landmarks were estimated by mirroring and, where mirroring was impossible, by a thinplate-spline (i. e. TPS) interpolation using the available landmarks  61. The TPS estimation was based on a global average from the entire sample. This approach was applied to 18 specimens (13 fossils and five extant human individuals) to estimate less than 20% of the landmarks (only three specimens presented more than 5% of missing landmarks, see Supplementary Table  S1 ). Each landmark data set was then superimposed using a Generalized Procrustes Analysis (i. e. GPA, see  47, 48  , which removes scale, position and orientation for each specimen in order to focus the analysis on the shape component (i.
e. Procrustes shape coordinates) only. To correct for bilateral asymmetry, we used symmetrized landmark configuration of each specimen for subsequent analyses  62. Outliers from the original dataset were checked for both sets of analyses (see Supplementary Figs. S6  and S8 ). MUP fossils morphological affinity. The first set of analysis focused on morphological variations of the MUP fossils compared to the fossil samples of EUP and LUP specimens. After alignment of the landmark dataset (i. e. GPA), the Procrustes residuals were used to compute Principal Component Analyses (i. e. PCA) and the first 15 PCs (representing 91. 64% of the total variation of the data, Supplementary Table  S3 ) were used to compute between-group PCAs (i. e. bgPCA) in order to reduce the dimensionality of our data before running the bgPCA (i.
e. n = 4). After the Procrustes superimposition of both datasets, we used the Procrustes residuals to compute a PCA (Supplementary Table  S7 ). Allometry did not have a significant impact on shape on the first six PCs (58. 00% of the variation, see Supplementary Table  S6  and Fig. S10 ) and the coordinates of the 6 first PCs were used to compute the covariance matrix of each group. Proportionality between covariance matrices of pair of groups are tested (i. e. Maximum likelihood test of proportionality) and the ratios of the generalized variances of the covariance matrices are computed giving an indication of the variation within and between the different samples (i. e. MUP, LUP, AmNat, EuS, OcPap and Inuit, see  64  ). Analyses were performed on the R platform using the Morpho (v 2. 1  65  ) and Geomorph (v 2.
1. 2  66 ) packages for the 3D geometric morphometric analyses, the Ade4 (v 1. 7-4  67  ) package for the bgPCA, vcvComp package (v 1. 0. 1  64  ) for the study of the variation within and between groups and ggplot2 (v 3. 3. 0 68 ) to perform graphical representations. Mahalanobis distances were calculated using the MorphoJ software (v 2. 0 69 ) and surface deviation analysis was performed with Geomagic Studio v. 2013. 0. 1.
Acknowledgements This work is a part of the project  Gravett ' Os  funded by the  French National Research Agency  (Grant  ANR-15-CE33-0004 ). For permission to study specimens in their care we thank directors and curators of the following institutions:  Academy of Science (Bucharest, Romania); Anthropos Institute (Brno, Czech Republic ); Direction régionale des affaires culturelles ( DRAC Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France); Duckworth Laboratory (Cambridge, United-Kingdom );  Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS (Leninsky, Moscow, Russia); Musée d'art et d' Archéologie du Périgord (Périgueux, France) ;  Museo Fiorentino di Preistoria (Firenze, Italy) ;  Musée de l'Homme (Paris, France); Muséum d'Histoire naturelle Victor Brun (Montauban, France) ;  Museo di Paleontologia e Geologia G.
Acknowledgements M. S. acknowledges support from the  Max Planck Society. The authors thank  Linda Schymanski  for help with the figures. B. P. is grateful to the  LABEX ASLAN  ( ANR-10-LABX-0081 ) Downloaded from https://academic. oup. com/hmg/article/ 30/R1/R49/5930650  by guest on 27 April 2021.
e. initiator: sub-adult or juvenile, mean age ± SD = 6. 39 ± 1. 33 years; respondent: adult male, 27 years; see Supplementary Fig. S3 ). Vocal exchange acoustic stimuli were created using the vocalisations recorded during the aforementioned observations, discarding non-exchanged grunts, and using PRAAT and Goldwave softwares. Calls of initiators and respondents were systematically concatenated to respect their original position from dyadic natural vocal interactions previously recorded. Even the control dyadic "likely vocal exchanges" were built to prevent any bias due to artificial concatenation of calls. To match the most frequent vocal events occurring in natural conditions, we decided to use the adult male as the respondent in all acoustic stimuli and different females as initiators. To prevent kin-bias, subjects only heard unrelated female initiators.
Six individuals were tested in the playback paradigm (Table  1 ). The three infants were excluded from the study as they were still dependent on their mothers. The silverback male was not tested as he was involved in the creation of all acoustic stimuli. We discarded one adult female and one subadult female, because they were too stressed during the experiments, either by the presence of the experimenter or by a conflict with other group members. Each tested gorilla heard each of three distinct conditions, resulting in 18 (3 ×6) stimuli in total. Subject order and condition order were both randomized. Recording of behavioural responses. We filmed the tested gorilla's behaviours before and after playback. All videos were analysed in slow motion (scale of millisecond) using Kinovea 80. 8. 15 software for coding, while the experimenter was 'blind' to the experimental condition.
Acknowledgements We are deeply grateful to the  ZooParc de Beauval  and the gorilla caregivers for their valuable assistance. We also  Katarzyna Pisanski  and  Melissa Sebilleau  for correcting our English. This work was financially supported by a  CIFRE grant  (# 2018_00074 ) funded by the  Association Beauval Nature pour la Conservation et la Recherche ,  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Rennes 1 University and Lyon/Saint-Etienne University.
Results and Discussion We analyzed the data via a 2 (type of instructions: to get the job vs. not to get the job) x 2 (valence of items: positive vs. negative) between-subjects ANOVA. The measure of language abstraction was recoded: A positive score indicates abstractness and a negative score concreteness. The analysis revealed an interaction effect F(1, 83) = 23. 699, p<. 001, ƞ² =. 125 and supported our hypothesis. In the positive instruction context, participants employed positive items at a higher level of abstractness (. 725) than in the negative instruction context  (-. 190). Conversely, they used negative items at a higher level of concreteness (-. 391) in the positive goal context than in the negative one (. 079). One of the novelties of this study was to manipulate the valence of instructions and to employ positive vs.
For example, in the Middle Loire Basin, two distinct phases of human settlements were evidenced around 1. 1 Ma and 0. 7 Ma, and particularly the Acheulean handaxe industries of La Noira, Brinay  (Voinchet et al. , 2010)  (Figure  3 ). New applications were also performed on quartz coming from karstic environments at Atapuerca. The lowest levels of Gran Dolina were dated by ESR on quartz to more than 1 Ma  (Moreno et al. , 2015)  in agreement with magnetostratigraphic data and other chronological evidence  (Pares et al. , 2018)  providing to the ESR results with a good reliability. Recently, in the Philippines, hominin presence was estimated to be more than 0. 7 Ma thanks to ESR dates obtained both on quartz and teeth pushing back the colonization of these islands by more than 600 ka  (Ingicco et al.
The Means of "Who Am I" Statements Produced by Patients With AD and Older Adults in the Self-Shifting and Control Tasks When Describing Physical-and Psychological-Self. a Participants were required to provide 5 statements describing physical-self and 5 statements describing psychological-self; standard deviations are given in parentheses. Haj was supported by the LABEX (excellence laboratory, program investment for the future), DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer Disease), and the EU Interreg 2 Seas Programme 2014-2020 (cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund).
42 This was estimated from flight and aircraft parameters provided by Beaumont, Le Mirage IV, in particular, data from the world speed records of the Mirage IV-01. The difference in flight performance and maximum fuel loading between prototypes and series do not modify this assessment. Overall, we estimate the average fuel consumption to vary from 12 to 24 litres of fuel per travelled mile for high altitude subsonic and supersonic flight respectively. 43 Beaumont (Le Mirage IV, 135) provides a Dassault diagram giving a 1275-km (~800 mile) range for a 50% supersonic flight, and a 1445-km (~900 mile) range for a 25% supersonic flight. The UK intelligence assessment estimates a maximum range of 1200 miles at high altitude subsonic speed and 600 miles at low altitude subsonic speed. The dramatic reductions in range at either low altitude or supersonic speed are consistent with increased drag at higher air density or higher speed.
Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to  Maurice Vaïsse , who allowed us access to  Marcel Duval 's private papers, and to  Bill Burr ,  Matthew Jones  and  Alexander Bolfrass  for sharing important archival documents. David Holloway ,  William Walker  and  Zia Mian  provided important feedback on the manuscript. Earlier versions of this paper received feedback from participants in the 2017 and 2018 Nuclear Knowledges workshops hosted at  CERI ,  Sciences Po. Benoît Pelopidas  thanks  Marie Denoue  and  Nari Shelekpayev  for research assistance. His research for this paper was supported by the  French Agence National de la Recherche  under the  VULPAN  project (grant  17-CE39-0001-01 ) and by small grants from the  Nonproliferation International History Project (NPIHP). Sébastien Philippe  acknowledges funding from the  Stanton  and the MacArthur foundation.
The soils are acidic (topsoil pH 5. 5, subsoil pH 5. 8) with a mean electrical conductivity of 80. 9 μS/cm (topsoil) and 58. 8 μS/cm (subsoil) (E. M. J. Schotsmans pers. comm. ) The surface topsoil is thin and typically contains the bulk of the soil seed bank in eucalyptus woodlands  [22, 23] , whereas the subsoil is rocky, with a higher clay content. Daily ambient temperature and rainfall data were collected with an Onset Hobo weather station (Bourne, MA, USA) during the study period and summarized to monthly average temperature and monthly total rainfall (Figure  1 ). The light environment is generally consistent throughout the study site. The usual procedure at AFTER is to transport cadavers directly from the anatomy laboratory, refrigerated and unembalmed, to the study site. However, due to the large number of donors required for this study, all cadavers were unembalmed, but frozen for preservation.
To probe the extent to which the autobiographical salience of a song is related to previous exposure and affective responses, participant ratings of familiarity and liking of each song were also analysed. In addition, we compared the temporal location of the reminiscence bump for ratings of the autobiographical salience of songs to the reminiscence bump data reported in  Koppel and Berntsen (2015)  for word-cued and personally important memories. Given previous evidence that music tends to cue autobiographical memories in an associative and involuntary manner  (El Haj, Fasotti, & Allain, 2012; Jakubowski & Ghosh, 2019; Zator & Katz, 2017) , we predicted that musicrelated memories would show a similar reminiscence bump to word-cued memories, due to similarities in underlying retrieval processes.
Our study comprises an analysis of data from an online questionnaire used to study the general musical preferences of the French population. This list of music used in this questionnaire was originally created to assist families of non-communicating patients in choosing personally relevant stimuli for assessment of consciousness  (Castro et al. , 2015; Perrin, Castro, Tillmann, & Luauté, 2015). To our knowledge, the present study represents one of the largest datasets investigating musical reminiscence bumps to date, and the first focussing on the French population. The results provide insights on the extent to which music from across one's lifespan is associated with personal memories, including how these associations might evolve throughout the course of one's life. We also make a novel comparison of the musical reminiscence bump to reminiscence bumps generated by other commonly-employed autobiographical memory retrieval methods, and thereby contribute to ongoing theoretical debates on the degree to which the retrieval process influences the temporal location of the bump.
Participants A total of 1,576 people completed (at least part of) the original questionnaire, which was available online between February and July of 2017. For the present work, we used data from participants who had completed the full questionnaire (N = 995) and had continuously lived in France (participants who had been absent from France for more than 5 years were excluded; N = 962). As the age distribution of respondents was highly skewed toward young adulthood, we also selected only the first 10 respondents from each birth year, which gives a total of 472 participants with a more uniform age distribution. One of these participants was excluded as they never responded to the question on autobiographical salience of the songs throughout the entire survey, and another was excluded for being under the age of 18.
, 1998) , while inclusion of the younger groups allowed us to test for a cascading reminiscence bump for songs released before a participant was born. Rating data were aggregated into SSA bins of 5 years in width (e. g. , SSA of 0 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, etc. ). In order to ensure each SSA bin comprised a comparable amount of data that was representative of the responses of each age group as a whole, we excluded some SSA bins on the basis of two steps. First, for each of the four age groups of participants, we excluded SSA bins in which fewer than 90% of the participants in that age group contributed responses. Second, from the remaining SSA bins, within each age group we excluded bins in which each participant contributed on average fewer than 5 song ratings (to ensure data in each SSA bin represented responses to a range of different songs).
For example, the age bin representing an SSA of 79-84 years was excluded from consideration in this paper as there were only two observations in the entire dataset that fell into this bin (see  Hemming, 2013,  for an exploration of the potential detrimental effects of such outliers). Following this exclusion procedure, there were 10 usable SSA bins (spanning 50 years in duration) for each age group. For entirely unfamiliar songs (those rated '1' on familiarity), we assigned an autobiographical salience rating of 1, as it was presumed that songs to which a participant had never previously been exposed would not be associated with autobiographical memories. Liking ratings were only usable for familiar songs (those rated '2' and above), as participants could not determine how much they liked a song that they had never heard before on the basis of only the song title and artist.
We then statistically tested for evidence of a reminiscence bump for each of the song rating variables (autobiographical salience, familiarity, liking). For instance, for autobiographical salience ratings, we tested whether the mean autobiographical salience rating for each SSA bin for each age group was significantly higher than the 'expected' rating (the mean rating of autobiographical salience for that age group across all SSAs). Onesample t-tests were run to compare the autobiographical salience rating data for each age group at each SSA bin to the overall age-group mean. Bonferroni corrections were applied across the 40 tests (4 age groups × 10 SSA bins), such that a t-test was determined to be significant if the p-value was less than. 00125. An identical analysis procedure was applied to test for a reminiscence bump in the familiarity and liking ratings.