dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Results Static and dynamic properties were monitored and recorded for each iteration of the model, resulting in gradually improved accuracy of the model's behaviour (Figure  15 ). With each model, the accuracy of both the natural frequency and the midspan deflection of the model increased in accuracy compared with the experiemental results. This is illustrated in Table  7 , whereby the percentage values representing the deviation from the field data of the model's value iPhone application were also employed to obtain dynamic and modal information about the structure. Static responses to the bridge were obtained using a dumpy level. Results from these methods were used to fine tune the FE model so that it reflected, with reasonable accuracy, the behavior of the bridge. The bridge exhibits strong dynamic behavior due to its natural frequency being similar to the frequency of the walkers.
SAAO 1. 9m/GIRAFFE We collected 24 optical spectra of ζ Pup during 14 nights between  January 28, 2015 and February 10, 2015  at the South-African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) with the Grating Instrument for Radiation Analysis with a Fibre Fed Échelle (GIRAFFE) spectrograph hosted in the coudé chamber of the 1. 9 m Grubb Parsons telescope (PI: T. Ramiaramanantsoa). Given the two available cross-disperser prisms optimized for the blue domain (3791 -5459 Å) and the red domain (4094 -9397 Å) with typical R ∼ 39000, we chose to use the red prism in order to better match with the CTIO-SMARTS 1. 5m/CHIRON wavelength coverage. Camera flatfields, fiber flat-fields, bias frames and arc exposures were obtained in the usual way and the data reduced using the python-based pipeline for GIRAFFE data extraction, indlulamithi.
Search for periodic signals We performed a Fourier analysis of the BRITE light curves of ζ Pup using the discrete Fourier transform-based software package Period04  (Lenz & Breger 2005) , suitable for the extraction of individual sinusoidal components in multiperiodic unevenly sampled time series through a prewhitening procedure, with the possibility to perform iterative Monte Carlo simulations to assess formal uncertainties on the extracted parameters. A global view of the raw amplitude spectra of the BRITE light curves of ζ Pup (Figure  5 , left panel) shows a gradual increase in power towards lower frequencies, suggesting the presence of a red noise component that happens to have roughly the same amplitudes in the two filters. Therefore, at each stage of the prewhitening we computed   4 ).
We confirm that the only significant periodicity that is present in the Coriolis/SMEI light curves of ζ Pup is the 1. 78-day period, and that the first harmonic of that period is not detected with a high significance level when taking the three seasonal observing runs separately nor when considering the entire dataset as a single light curve as did  Howarth & Stevens (2014). In the latter case, the values that we obtained for the fundamental frequency and its amplitude as well as their formal uncertainties are in full agreement with the values reported by  Howarth & Stevens (2014)  even if (1) they used a date-compensated discrete Fourier transform algorithm (DCDFT: Ferraz-Mello 1981) instead of the classical discrete Fourier transform that we adopted in our analyses, and (2) their formal 1σ uncertainties were assessed from 10000 iterations of Monte-Carlo simulations of synthetic data whereas ours were extracted from only 100 iterations.
In this plot we have also marked the location of the 16. 67 ± 0. 81 h and 16. 90 ± 0. 48 h periodicities reported by  Berghoefer et al. (1996)  from a simultaneous X-ray and Hα monitoring of ζ Pup spanning 11 d in 1991, as they appear to follow the global trend in the plot, although at this point the physical origin of these periodicities is not well-established and more importantly has never been formally proven to be related to CIRs/DACs. Also, for the epoch of the Coriolis/SMEI observations, we have explicitly marked the location of the first harmonic of the 1. 78 d signal, but one has to keep in mind that only the fundamental frequency has a high statistical significance in these datasets. The global trend in Figure  19  is unlikely related to a slowing down (especially if non-uniform in time) of the stellar rotation period: the mass-loss rate is simply too low to allow this and there is no plausible or conceivable internal mechanism to cause such a large change in rotation over such a short time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We gratefully acknowledge fruitful discussions with  D. John Hillier ,  Yaël Nazé  and  Rados law Smolec  in relation to this investigation. We also thank the reviewer,  Richard Townsend , for his insights and for providing us with useful constructive remarks. T. Ramiaramanantsoa acknowledges support from the  Canadian Space Agency (CSA)  grant  FAST. A. F. J. Moffat  is grateful to the  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)  and the  Fonds de Recherche du Québec -Nature et Technologies (FRQNT)  for general financial aid, and to CSA for funding the training of highly qualified personnel associated with the  BRITE  project. N. D. Richardson  acknowledges postdoctoral support by the  University of Toledo  and by the  Helen Luedtke Brooks Endowed Professorship.
Purpose Shear wave elastography (SWE) visualises the elasticity of tissue. As malignant tissue is generally stiffer than benign tissue, SWE is helpful to diagnose solid breast lesions. Until now, quantitative measurements of elasticity parameters have been possible only, while the images were still saved on the ultrasound imaging device. This work aims to overcome this issue and introduces an algorithm allowing fast offline evaluation of SWE images. Methods The algorithm was applied to a commercial phantom comprising three lesions of various elasticities and 207 in vivo solid breast lesions. All images were saved in DICOM, JPG and QDE (quantitative data export; for research only) format and evaluated according to our clinical routine using a computer-aided diagnosis algorithm. The results were compared to the manual evaluation (experienced radiologist and trained engineer) regarding their numerical discrepancies and their diagnostic performance using ROC and ICC analysis.
Introduction Shear wave elastography (SWE) is an ultrasound imaging modality which visualises the elasticity of tissue. It was introduced by Bercoff et al. [1]  and has been in clinical use since 2009  [2]. During observations, the propagation speed of the shear wave is measured and the elasticity, represented by Young's Modulus, E, is calculated by the ultrasound device. The elasticity is visualised as a colour map overlaying the greyscale B-mode ultrasound image of the lesion (Fig. 1 ). Several studies have shown that adding the evaluation of the elasticity of a lesion with SWE to B-mode ultrasound assessment according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS)  [3]  is helpful for the differentiation of benign from malignant lesions  [2, [4] [5] [6]  as malignant tissue is generally stiffer than benign tissue  [7].
Automatic image evaluation The images were saved on the imaging system in three different formats: DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine), JPG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) and QDE (quantitative data export; a format distributed by Super-Sonic Imagine which allows the direct export of the elasticity values for research only and not available on the commercial products). We did not change the pre-settings including the compression rate to increase applicability to the clinical procedure. In clinical routine, the pre-settings are rarely changed, and thus, the pre-settings can be assumed to be the most common settings applied. The automated algorithm was implemented using the same routine as for the manual evaluation to enable clinical compatibility and using the image processing software MAT-LAB ([27], MathWorks, Natwick, MA, USA).
The elasticity image is surrounded by a white frame. Thus through detection of this frame, the elasticity image can be segmented. The elasticity of the tissue is visualised as a colour map, as shown in Fig. 1. Red represents maximum stiffness, whereas blue represents soft tissue. Hence, the colour map is similar to the "jet" colour map (Fig. 3a ) used in image processing software tools such as MATLAB  [27]. In the standard system settings, the opacity of the SWE image is set to 50% so that the greyscale B-mode image is still visible underneath. Hence, the "jet" colour map is not directly applicable and an adjusted colour map is needed. Comparing the directly exported elasticity values from the QDE images with the DICOM and JPG images, an adjusted colour map was derived, as shown in Fig. 3b.
The peaks also occurred for the same lesions. The differences between the estimated values of SD for the experienced observer and all other formats are shown in Fig. 8. The overall agreement was good for a moderate stiffness (48-175 kPa, lesions 45-151). SD was larger for the JPG estimation than the other formats in softer lesions; the estimations from JPG and DICOM format were smaller than the other formats in harder lesions. Small deviations of the values with the JPG format occur until lesion 45, equal to E max = 48 kPa, and from lesion 151, equal to E max = 175 kPa. The discrepancy for the JPG format for stiffer lesions is similar to that for the DICOM format. This is caused by the truncated range of the colour map ending at 180 kPa in contrast to the data in the imaging system (manual observation and the QDE format) which ranges up to 300 kPa, as previously noted.
Based on the sample size calculation (see below) at least 10 centres, each recruiting 3000 study participants would be required. The study participants will be contacted by phone and invitation mails through lists that we obtain from the general practitioners (GPs), local primary care medical centres and national medical registration databases, as appropriate, in different locations of the potential recruitment centres. We will pay particular attention to keep the gender balance during recruitment, ensuring at least 50% of the participants are men. To achieve this, we will invite men in priority by direct telephone calls and invitation mails while accept participation of women in case they are the family members of the invited men or express their interest in participating in the study by contacting the study team.
Interventions The general study design is illustrated in figure  1. After being provided detailed information on the study by the study personnel and signing a consent form, individuals with alarm and exclusion symptoms will be identified by a study physician. The remaining participants will complete a detailed lifestyle and medical history questionnaire and then will be randomised online into two groups (50% in the intervention group, 50% in the control group) via central data management system. Randomisation will be stratified by gender, age group and recruitment site. The intervention group will be tested for pepsinogens (Pg) I and II by a latex-agglutination test-system (Eiken Chemical, Tokyo, Japan). For H pylori infection testing IgG group antibodies by ELISA (Biohit, Finland) was initially planned; however, based on the preliminary result from the pilot study which indicated false positivity of serology,  13  C-urea breath test (UBT) is decided to be used for confirmation of the infection.
For participants undergoing endoscopy, histological confirmation will be required for H pylori positivity. The selected cut-off values for pepsinogens characteristic for gastric mucosal atrophy is based on our previous research  20  ; those with pepsinogen PgI/PgII ≤2 and PgI≤30 ng/mL will be referred for upper endoscopy with a detailed biopsy work-up according to the updated Sydney system. 21 Histological assessment of the biopsies collected from the stomach will be independently performed by two experienced pathologists; in the case of discrepant results, the particular slides will be reviewed together to reach consensus. All participants who are H pylori positive will be reinvited and offered H pylori eradication treatment. The treatment will be chosen according to the Maastricht guidelines,  13  based on the resistance patterns to clarithromycin in the particular recruitment site as well as the clinical effectiveness of the particular regimen whenever data are available.
The treatment adherence as well as presence or absence, frequency and severity of adverse events potentially related to the eradication therapy will be actively assessed by telephone interview 45-60 days following the delivery of drugs, and adverse events will be recorded throughout the study. The susceptibility of H pylori to commonly used antibiotics in the eradication therapies will be investigated using the pilot study data from approximately 200 upper endoscopy referrals with evidence of H pylori in antral biopsies (proportion of individuals with altered biomarker results and another proportion with normal biomarkers). The groups will be followed at 5-year intervals by direct or telephone contact or alternative means of communication until the study end-points are reached. Particular attention will be given to collect detailed information on potentially H pylori related morbidity and mortality.
Whenever possible, we will invite the participants to the study centres to obtain follow-up data including demographic information, socioeconomic status, physical examination as well as biological samples (plasma, serum and stool samples and biopsies for microbiome testing). The new protocol will be developed to update the follow-up data collection. A record linkage will also be made to the national Cancer and Mortality Registry database to ascertain cases of and deaths from gastric cancer. data-capture system and centralised biorepository A centralised multiple-language web-based electronic data-capture system and data management facilities has been developed for the study. The questionnaire and investigation data are recorded in a standardised way and the system provides the primary data source.
The system is built using the DotNetNuke content management Open Access platform providing the required conditions for personalised data security. The collected data are stored in a Microsoft SQL Server database. Initially three languages are being used: English, Latvian and Russian. The publicly available information can be viewed at https:// www. gistar. eu. A centralised biorepository will be run by the University of Latvia and supervised by IARC. Pathology services and archiving of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material will be handled by the Academic Histology Laboratory in Riga, Latvia.
The sample size of the study is estimated based on the primary variable of interest, gastric cancer mortality. Estimates of the age-specific and sex-specific mortality rates from gastric cancer were taken from the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates for Belarus. 24 Estimates of the number of deaths from gastric cancer were calculated for 5, 10, 15 and 20 years of follow-up. Censoring due to mortality from other causes was taken into account using mortality rates available on the WHO mortality database for Belarus in the years 2007-2009. 19 In addition, a loss to follow-up of 1% per year was included in the calculations to account for migration and other reasons not related to mortality that may prevent the assessment of the primary outcome. Based on a significance level of 5% and a target power of 90%, with given number of 30 000 participants, 112 deaths from gastric cancer are expected in the control group, and a 35% reduction in gastric cancer mortality is detectable, corresponding to 73 cases in the intervention group at 15 years of follow-up.
It is expected that the obtained data will allow running cost-effectiveness ancillary studies on mass-eradication of H pylori by considering the costs of the adverse effects as well as on endoscopic surveillance of patients with gastric precancerous lesions in European countries with a relatively high risk. The study subject recruitment to the pilot phase has just been completed to test assumptions defined for the study including acceptability and adherence to the intervention, and H pylori prevalence and to test the appropriateness of the chosen tools and infrastructure for the study. In addition, in this phase the accuracy of biomarkers for detecting atrophy will be evaluated by comparing different alternatives (eg, different manufacturer tests, different cut-off values) against histology.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge the contribution of the DSMB members:  Iris Lansdorp-Vogelaar ,  Jack Cuzick ,  Fatima Carneiro ,  Ernst Kuipers ,  Jose Machado ,  Peter Malfertheiner ,  Colm O'Morain  and  Mangesh Thorat. Special thanks to  Ann Zauber  and  Olof Nyren  for the valuable input to the protocol design as well as to  Hossam Haick ,  Lars Engstrand  and other members to the protocol workshop. Particular acknowledgements to administrative-managing staff of the study- Aiga Rudule ,  Inga Upmace ,  Janis Kotlers. The study would not have been possible without the involvement of medical professional organisations, in particular  Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, Academic Histology Laboratory , Insights-A as well as municipalities and their healthcare institutions in Cesis, Aluksne, Ludza, Saldus and Tukums regions of Latvia.
One to three sets of fUS images were acquired for every patient and one set included blocks of rest and task periods. One ultrasound acquisition lasts 4 seconds: one second for acquisition (one heart cycle) and three seconds for transfer and recording. The subjects performed tasks in a block design paradigm, alternating six blocks of reference conditions and five blocks of tasks, with each block lasting 20 s. A full trial session for one patient, with a mean of 2 different tasks, lasts approximately 8 minutes in total. ESM data were used for ultrasound probe positioning on a targeted functional area. The ultrasound probe was placed in a sterile sleeve filled with sterile ultrasound gel, and the sleeve was placed directly in contact with the cortex after skull and dural opening without any additional coupling liquid.
Consequently, with this frame rate value imposed by the blood flow itself, we chose 6-angle (-3°, -3°, 0°, 0°, +3°, +3°) compound imaging at a firing frequency of 3,000 Hz for slow blood flows. The ultrasound sequence was calibrated with the probe on a certified calibration setup and the acoustic parameters were far below the acoustic intensity limits recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA guidance 510k-Track 3). The acoustic parameters of this ultrasound sequence were as follows: MI = 0. 67 (<1. 9), ISPTA = 180 mW/cm 2 (<720 mW/cm 2 ) and TIS = 2. 4 (<6). Matlab software (MathWorks) was used to process the signals. For each compounded frame, a set of tilted plane waves  11  was emitted. For each tilted plane wave emitted, RF data were collected by the transducer and a beam formed as an in-phase/quadrature (IQ) image.
These complex images were coherently summed together to generate a compound frame. This operation was repeated at a frame rate of 500 Hz over 1 second to obtain a stack of ultrafast compound frames. To distinguish the moving red blood cells from the brain parenchyma, we implemented a spatiotemporal filter based on the singular value decomposition of the images stack  [34] [35] [36]. SVD applied on the IQ data allowed us to take advantage of plane wave transmission and cancel all spatially coherent motion artefacts (vessel pulsatility and vibrations) for optimized CBV mapping. Very slow global motion during long acquisition times was corrected using basic in-plane motion filter processing. After the summation of the intensity of all Doppler frames, a final, very high-quality Ultrafast Doppler image was obtained.
Background: We examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of objectivelymeasured physical activity (step counts) and blood pressure (BP) among adults spanning 37 countries. Methods: Across 37 countries, we used data from a pool of 9238 adult owners of Withings' Pulse activity trackers, which measures steps taken each day, and Wireless Blood Pressure Monitor, which measures BP. Analyses were adjusted on age, sex, number of days where the tracker was worn, and number of BP measurements. Data was collected from 2009 to 2013. Results: Subjects had a mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of 51. 6 ± 11. 3 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 28. 7±5. 5 kg/m 2. A 1-month increase of more than 3000 steps per day was associated with a decrease of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) among the obese (1.
Study design and participants This study examined the association of 1-month changes in physical activity on 1-month changes in BP. To address this, data were collected from users of the Withings' Health Mate mobile application, a smartphone-based application launched in more than 100 countries in 2009 which tracks everyday activity levels using mobile phone sensors. Data was collected from 2009 to 2013. Users were 18 years or older (age range 19-90 years). Among these participants, the study focused on users who had access to the Withings' Pulse activity tracker (WPAT) and the Withings' Wireless Blood Pressure Monitor (WWBPM). Physical activity data used is this study comes from the WPAT only, not the mobile phone sensors. From this sample (n = 12 532), 1136 participants were excluded because of insufficient data for WPAT and 2750   1 ).
Withings' Pulse activity tracker Step counts were assessed using the WPAT, an accelerometer-based device intended to be worn on the wrist as a watch, but can also be worn clipped on a belt or in a pocket. This type of device appears to be a reliable tool to report the number of steps taken. 23, 24 The WPAT uses a triaxial accelerometer to assess multi-plane movement. To ensure habitual movement patterns were assessed, only participants who had sufficient monitoring data were included in our analysis, which included having a minimum of 10 days of tracker wearing time, as defined by at least 500 steps a day, per month. 25 The activity tracker does not require any action from the user to measure steps. We computed the daily mean step value of each month where the WPAT was used as well as the number of days per month for which the WPAT device was worn.
28 The WWBPM is a validated automatic device for home BP measurement at the arm level. 28 Inflation is automatic and provided by an electric pump fitted on the cuff. Deflation is linear and actively controlled pressure release valve. SBP, diastolic BP (DBP), and pulse rate are displayed on the screen of the iOS or Android device. This device is available to the general public without any medical prescription and is able to collect data on a daily basis. It is intended to be used without medical supervision by the general population in their homes. Prior to taking a measurement, the mobile application shows the user a guide with good practices for BP measurement. Only those with a minimum of ten BP measurements recorded per month for days with WWBPM and WPAT records were analyzed herein. We computed the mean systolic and diastolic value of each day with at least 2 measurements and computed the mean value for the month and the change for 2 sequential validated months.