dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  INPES (and Pierre Arwidson)  for its continued support since the beginning of the study. We also thank  Mélani Alberto  from the  ARS of Ile-de-France. We are grateful to Insee, the  French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies , which provided support for the geocoding of the RECORD participants and allowed us to access to relevant geographical data (with special thanks to  Pascale Breuil ). We thank Geoconcept for allowing us to access to the  Universal Geocoder software. We also thank  CNAM-TS  and the  Caisse Primaire d'Assurance Maladie de Paris (CPAM-P, France)  for helping make this study possible. We thank  Isabelle Bridenne  and  Vincent Poubelle  who allowed us to access to the data from the  National Old Age Insurance System (Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Vieillesse, CNAV).
Regarding the data used the present study, we also thank the  National Geographic Institute (IGN). This work was supported by a doctoral grant of  Région Île-de-France (CORDDIM)  attributed to  Antoine Lewin. The RECORD study is funded by the  Institute for Public Health Research  ( IReSP ,  Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique ); the  National Institute for Prevention and Health Education  ( INPES, Institut National de Prévention et d'Education pour la Santé ); the  National Institute of Public Health Surveillance (InVS, Institut de Veille Sanitaire ); the  French Ministries of Research and Health  ( Epidemiologic Cohorts Grant 2008 ); the  National Health Insurance Office for Salaried Workers  ( CNAM-TS, Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés ); the  Ile-de-France Regional Health Agency (ARS, Agence Régionale de Santé) ; the  National Research Agency (ANR, Agence Nationale de la Recherche) ; the  City of Paris (Ville de Paris) ; and the  Ile-de-France Youth , Sports, and  Social Cohesion Regional Direction (DRJSCS, Direction Régionale de la Jeunesse, des Sports et de la Cohésion Sociale).
Tobacco and Biomass Fuel Combustion Other important risk factors of NCDs include inhaled risk factors such as tobacco  [36, 37]  and biomass fuel combustion  [38]. These risk factors may already act in utero and in early life  [39]. Any study in the prevention and control of NCDs should consider these risk factors. Translational epidemiology is key to explore the role of these risk factors for use in practice to guide interventions  [40]. As for nutrition, tobacco cessation is changing lifestyle and requires a similar multidisciplinary approach. The main challenge for NCDs in the 21 st century is to understand their complexity  [17]. This requires an integrated systems medicine approach that leverages from extensively characterized patients, integration of clinical and biological data into NCD phenotypes using multi-level/multi-layer datasets and the development of appropriate medical informatics infrastructure bridging ICT management and e-Health.
The MeDALL Approach for Allergic Diseases The origin of the epidemic of IgE-associated (allergic) diseases is unclear. The project "Mechanisms of the Development of AL-Lergy (MeDALL)"  [16] , an FP7 project, aims to generate novel knowledge on the mechanisms of initiation of allergy and to propose early diagnosis, prevention, and targets for therapy. A novel phenotype definition and an integrative translational approach are needed to understand how a network of molecular and environmental factors can lead to complex allergic diseases. MeDALL proposes a novel, stepwise, large-scale and integrative approach leaded by experts in allergy, epidemiology, allergen biochemistry, immunology, molecular biology, epigenetics and genomics, functional genomics, bioinformatics, computational and systems biology, combining the strengths of previous and ongoing EU projects.
Building discovery using cross-sectional analysis of Kare- lian children  [125, 126]  and European birth cohorts. These studies will be carried out on children with IgE-associated diseases, asthma, atopic dermatitis and food allergy. They will capitalise on existing and expanding clinical tests, information on health, disease and exposures, biobanks from longitudinal population studies (birth cohorts and Karelia cross-sectional studies). Pooled databases will include all children from the birth cohorts on allergic diseases, environmental exposures, outcomes, biomarkers and genes.
Building discovery using longitudinal analysis in European birth cohorts. Within MeDALL, several European birth cohorts on asthma and allergy which previously collaborated in GA LEN  [127, 128]  and ENRIECO  [129]  are performing a harmonized follow-up assessment with identical questionnaires and clinical methods. Their study participants will be in preschool and early school-age (4-10 years) and in adolescence (14-18 years). Previously collected (historical) data and new follow-up data using a harmonized questionnaire will be included in a common database in order to perform pooled pan-European data analyses. The primary aims of these analyses will be the examination of early childhood predictors for allergy and asthma later in life as well as gender differences in the natural course of the disease.
• Fingerprints and phenotype handprints will be extensively validated in birth cohorts. Systems biology will be carried out on nested case samples of these cohorts to characterize biomarkers. A stepwise approach will be proposed. Fingerprints of clinical data, IgE, epigenetics, targeted proteomics and transcriptomics data will be identified in order to select some expected and novel pathways. These will be further studied in a larger number of samples from birth cohorts (confirmation in samples already available and replication on samples obtained in the follow up study). Finally, all fingerprints will be combined into phenotype handprints to identify biomarkers.
The generalized Hurst exponents with negative order q describe the scaling of small fluctuations because the segments ν with small variance will dominate the average F q (s) for this q-range. On the contrary, for positive order q the windows ν with large variance have stronger influence and, thus, the scaling of large fluctuations is examined. The strength of multifractality present in data is usually defined as the spread of the generalized Hurst exponents  [14]. As small fluctuations are characterized by larger scaling exponent than those associated with large fluctuations, h(q) for q < 0 are larger than those for q > 0, and the multifractality degree can be quantified by ∆h ≡ h(-q) -h(q) for a larger value of the moment q. For further details about MF-DFA and its implementation in Matlab we recommend  [15].
The experimental AA fluctuation measurements were taken by the Generalized Seeing Monitor (GSM) instrument  [16, 17]  on a star at Paranal Observatory (Antofagasta, Chile). More precisely, nineteen independent sets of data recorded on December 16, 2007 were carefully analyzed. The AA fluctuations are measured with a tight and regular sampling of 5 ms during approximately 1 min acquisition time (time series length N = 11, 984). The data acquisition is repeated typically every 4 min. Figure  1  shows one representative sample of the AA fluctuations (top plot) together with the average temporal power spectral density (PSD) of the nineteen sequences (bottom plot). The expected -2/3 power law scaling at the low-frequency region is shown (red dashed line). Vertical black dashed line indicates the knee frequency that appears due to the spatial averaging over the telescope aperture  [18].
In order to better clarify this issue, we have estimated the generalized Hurst exponents of one hundred independent realizations of fGn with Hurst exponent H = 0. 8. These numerical simulations, with the same length N of the AA fluctuation time series, were generated via the function wfbm of MATLAB. This algorithm simulates fBm following the method proposed by Abry and Sellan  [20]. The fGn numerical realizations are obtained through successive differences of the fBm simulations. MF-DFA with the same parameters used for the AA fluctuation records was implemented for this numerical study. Mean and standard deviation of the estimated values for H and ∆h are 0. 80 ± 0. 02 and 0. 16 ± 0. 03, respectively. These results confirm the existence of a spurious multifractality in monofractal long-range correlated time series due to finite-size effects.
Data We estimate our model using a comprehensive Danish MEE panel covering the period 1985-2003. The backbone of this data is a panel of individual labor market histories recorded on a weekly basis (the spell data). The spell data combines information from a range of public administrative registers and effectively covers the entire Danish labor force in 1985-2003. Spells are initially categorized into one of five labor market states: employment, self-employment, unemployment, nonparticipation and retirement. 13 Start and end dates of spells are measured in weeks and the unit of observation in the spell data is a given worker in a given spell in a given year. We identify employers (and hence jobs) at the firm-level. We supplement the spell data with background information on workers, firms and jobs from IDA, an annual population-wide (age 15-70) Danish MEE panel constructed and maintained by Statistics Denmark from several administrative registers.
The survey covers approximately 9,000 firms which are selected based on the size of their November workforce (see Table  7  further below). These three sources of information are linked via individual, firm and establishment identifiers. Even though the datasets are of large scale and complexity, matching rates are high which we take as a confirmation of the unique quality and reliability of our data. On average, a last-week-of-November cross section contains 3. 6 million workers and 130,000 firms (of which, on average, 8,700 have accounting data information in 1999-2003). To weed out invalid or inconsistent observations, reduce unmodeled heterogeneity and to select a population for which our model can be taken as a reasonable approximation to actual labor market behavior we impose a number of sample selection criteria on the data (see Appendix B for details).
Auxiliary Value Added Equation We finally turn to value added data. When thinking about the contribution of value added data to the identification of our structural model, it should be kept in mind that the relevant individual productivity parameter in the model is p, which is firm-and education-level specific. Yet we do not have a direct measure of the contribution to observed output of the different education groups in the data. Rather, we only observe firm-level productivity (as measured by hourly value added), which mixes all education levels. We circumvent this problem  by positing a group-specific relationship between average output per worker and labor productivity p: see equation (E. 4) in Appendix E. A related problem when using the empirical distribution of firm-level value added per worker to identify our model is that we cannot plausibly assume that the underlying distribution of firm types (in the population of firms) is exactly identical to the sampling distribution faced by workers.
The establishment-to-firm level aggregation creates additional redundant observations. Removing these reduces the analysis data with 6,780,594 observations. • We only keep men in the sample (41,789,290 observations deleted). • As explained in the main text, we discard workers born before January 1st 1948, as these cohorts might have accumulated experience prior to the introduction of ATP (14,296,072 observations deleted). • Workers are only included into our analysis sample two years after the date of graduation from their highest completed education. If a worker is ever observed in education or if the worker's education ever change after the inclusion date, all observations on that worker are removed from the dataset. At this point we also discard workers with missing or invalid education data.
D Indirect inference estimation procedure Let θ denote the vector of structural parameters, the true value of which is θ 0. We assume that the data generating process DGP(θ), our model, can be simulated for any given value of θ. Let β N (θ 0 ) be a vector of auxiliary parameters computed on the real data. Similarly, let (β s N (θ), s = 1,. , S) be a sequence of the same vector of auxiliary parameters, computed on each of S simulated datasets for a given value θ of the structural parameter vector. From the sequence of simulated auxiliary statistics we consider the mean: β A slight complication arises in our case because estimation is conducted in two steps. The two estimation steps utilize disjoint sets of auxiliary statistics. Our indirect estimator is thus characterized by the weighting matrix Ω = Ω 1 0 0 Ω 2 (D.
Bagger gratefully acknowledges financial support from  LMDG  and  CAP, Aarhus University  (LMDG is a  Dale T. Mortensen Visiting Niels Bohr professorship project  funded by the  Danish National Research Foundation ; CAP is a research unit funded by the  Danish Council for Independent Research). -Fontaine: BETA-CNRS,  Université Postel-Vinay  gratefully acknowledges financial support from the  ESRC  under grant No. RES-063-27-0090. Robin gratefully acknowledges financial support from the  Economic and Social Research Council  through the  ESRC Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice grant   RES-589-28-0001 , and from the  European Research Council (ERC)  grant  ERC-2010-AdG-269693-WASP.
15 In spite of the impressive pace of technological improvements potentially disruptive for newly established curricula, the ACM succeeded in favouring the establishment of computer science throughout a trial-and-error process based on experimental teaching practices and progressive standardization by means of peer-15. See the Babbage institute (http://www. cbi. umn. edu/) and issues of the ACM Computing Surveys (e. g. Vol. 28, No. 4, December 1996)  for instructive material on the history of computer science. As history goes the growth of computer science triggered sub-disciplines aimed at specialized applications of the computing paradigm. An interesting example is that of Information System with the goal of adapting the ICT paradigm to organizations. The knowledge required in this field of applications is inter-disciplinary in that it combines organization and management theory, core computing skills and capacity to design and work with datasets.
Acknowledgements: We are indebted to  Cristiano Antonelli ,  William Baumol ,  Jean Luc Gaffard ,  Maurizio Iacopetta ,  Stan Metcalfe ,  Dick Nelson ,  Francesco Rentocchini  and  Richard Wooley  for encouragement and thought-provoking comments on earlier drafts. One of us acknowledges the financial support of the  European Commission  ( FP7-PEOPLE-IEF-2008-235278 ) and of the  European Union-D. G. Research (Project  ' Policy Incentives for the Creation of Knowledge: Methods and Evidence ';  SSH-Cooperation -Theme 8 -Grant n. 266959 ). All errors and omissions are our own.
(2009)  and  Spolaore and Wacziarg (2009) ) under the expectation that if two countries share biological similarities, this is likely because they are compatible along other dimensions. This might be a particularly useful measure if communication barriers are critical. Alternatively, travel time may be the key measure of distance for services, especially when service provision requires faceto-face contact. Although this is certainly correlated with physical distance, if one of two equally distant countries is better served by faster and more frequent transport connections, its economic distance may be lower than the harder to reach nation. With this in mind, we collected data on the time it takes the United Parcel Service (UPS) to deliver a package between locations. In a similar vein, rather than UPS travel time, we use the cost of UPS shipping.
These data were converted to millions of constant 2000 dollars using the chain-type price index for gross domestic investment obtained from the 2008 Economic Report of the President. These data cover up to 57 countries (see Table  2 ) for details. Note that due to data availability and political factors including the dissolution of the USSR, our panel is unbalanced. Data on population, real GDP and openness (the sum of exports and imports over GDP) are from the Penn World Tables  version 6. 3. 8 Following  Blonigen and Davies (2004)  among others, we utilize the inverse of openness as our measure of trade costs. As a proxy for host investment costs, we use the Economic Freedom Index (EFI), developed by the Fraser Institute. 9 The EFI variable is a combination of government size, the legal structure, the freedom to trade internationally and regulations of credit, labor and business.
This measure is reported every 5 years between 1970 and 2000 after which it is reported annually. We use a linear interpolation of the EFI for unreported years. Following  Blonigen, et al. (2007) , 6 Some weighting schemes use the minimum distance in the construction of the weight. This normalized the distance assigned to the nearest neighbor pair to one. When row standardizing, however, this falls out of the numerator and the denominator in the weight. 7 Only preliminary data are available for the year 2008. 8 The current version of the Penn World Tables, which covers the period 1950-2007, can be found at http://pwt. econ. upenn. edu/phpn_site/pwt63/pwt63n_form. php. 9 http://www. freetheworld. com/release. html we use Barro and Lee's data on the average years of total schooling for those over 25 as a proxy for skill.
12 Finally, we also collected data on the cost in US dollars for UPS to ship a package between capital cities. 13   In constructing our UPS measures, we obtained information on freight time and cost from UPS Worldwide Expedited. 14 Since there are several shipping options and these options vary by source and destination, we used air freight as this was the most widely available choice. 15   With this in mind, we obtained shipment information for a 5 kilo, 10 centimeter cubic package leaving the same day for all destinations (Monday, October, 4th, 2010), with a customs value of e50 (to avoid a declared value surplus). 16 When multiple air shipping options were were available, we chose the lowest cost one. Finally, when multiple departures were available we chose the earliest departure. Therefore, these measures capture the level of transportation infrastructure of the source and destination countries as well as physical distance.
This paper is produced as part of the project " Globalization, Investment and Services Trade (GIST) Marie Curie Initial Training Network (ITN) " funded by the  European Commission  under its  Seventh Framework Programme - Contract No. FP7-PEOPLE-ITN-2008-211429. We thank seminar participants at the 2011 European Trade Study Group Meeting, the 2011 European Economics Association, the 2011 Globalisation and  Economic Policy Annual Postgraduate Conference  and the 2011 Irish Society for New Economists Conference.
Examples of activities among European countries and regions Pre-launch (principally education) Stockholm County Council • Systematic and long-term involvement of medical and scientific expertise in the development of guidelines and advice to patients and prescribers through the Regional Drugs and Therapeutic Committee (DTC) and clinical pharmacologists • Extensive pre-launch activities with key messages broadcasted both to the public and to prescribers through websites of the DTC as well as the Swedish Medical Journal • Appreciable number of pre-launch meetings and training sessions with all major physician groups around the key issues and concerns with dabigatran as well as its likely place in care • Production of educational folders regarding dabigatran, slide kits, published articles, and data on the Janus website as well as published information for patients • Forecasting the potential budget impact in 2011 and 2012 ahead of launch and monitoring this in practice • Development of a laboratory method to monitor dabigatran in plasma with LC-MS/MS technology, and recommending sampling in the introductory phase to build a knowledge database.
In addition during treatment, renal function has to be monitored where a decline is envisaged, e. g. , patients with hypovolaemia, dehydration and the use of specific additional medication, and renal function has to be assessed at least once a year in patients aged 75 or older, and/or in patients with compromized renal function (B) Slovenia • Education of all involved specialists and primary physicians on key safety aspects/ adverse events with dabigatran • Prescribing restrictions (Enforcement): -Only reimbursed if initiated by an internist or neurologist and prescribed according to agreed indications, e. g. , only reimbursed in patients already on warfarin if they are unstable with TTR < 65 -Patients have to be followed in a tertiary or secondary anticoagulation centre. Patients can be followed in primary care but only if authorized by tertiary or secondary center -Every patient has to be registered in a database and followed by the IT anticoagulation programme -Anticoagulation centers have to report once yearly to the tertiary center regarding the number of patients experiencing minor and major bleeding, thromboembolic events, as well as any deaths from bleeding or thromboembolism with dabigatran -No longer a need to report separately to the National Health Insurance (ZZZS) treatments of a population-based cohort of Italian patients discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of non-valvular AF.
Ireland Patterns of dabigatran prescribing were investigated in a nationallevel prescription claims database. Dispensing records from January-October 2013 inclusive were studied and patients with dabigatran supply duration of greater than 35 days were assumed to be non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients. 5887 (85%) patients were identified as having received dabigatran, 5012 (83%) of whom received the drug for >35 days. 62% of patients who received dabigatran for >35 days were 75 years or older and 37% were 80 years or older. 56% of patients were male. A high proportion of patients were found to be concurrently receiving drugs which may increase the bleeding risk associated with dabigatran use: 36% of patients receiving dabigatran for >35 days were found to have also received at least one "caution" drug (defined as per SmPC) when dispensed dabigatran.
Sweden (Stockholm County Council) Analysis of 2363 patients receiving at least one prescription for dabigatran in Stockholm County Council between 2012 and 2013 with a registered diagnosis of non-valvular AF five years or less before the first prescription of dabigatran, and excluding patients where the speciality code for patients' first prescription was surgery/orthopaedics, showed similar ages to patients enrolled into the RE-LY study  (Malmström et al. , 2013)  (Table  3 ). This compares with a recent analysis of 43,353 individuals with non-valvular AF in the Stockholm County Council database between 2006 and2010. The analysis showed 54% of patients were 75 years or older, 39% were 80 years or older, and 44% of patients were women  (Forslund et al. , 2013). The strength of dabigatran prescribed varied by age, with lower doses prescribed for more elderly patients: • 66.
, 2013). Similar findings were seen in New Zealand, Ontario, Canada and Wisconsin, USA  (Xu et al. , 2013; Carley et al. , 2014). Cases of major bleeding and deaths that were seen with dabigatran soon after its launch, justify the need for the suggested model (Figure  1 ) to improve the managed entry of new drugs  (Legrand et al. , 2011; Harper et al. , 2012; Mannuci et al. , 2012; Malmström et al. , 2013). The EMA also reported on 6 November 2011 that there had already been 256 spontaneous reports of serious bleeding resulting in deaths in the EudraVigilance database  (EMA, 2011). Extensive activities among the authorities included educational activities pre-launch in Stockholm County Council, Sweden, as well as post-launch activities among regions and localities in Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the UK  (Malmström et al.