dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Other Ingredients In the absence of LCI data for the vitamins added to the compound pig feed, these ingredients were calculated as for enzymes. LCI data for limestone meal (CaCO 3 ), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), phosphoric acid, and sodium chloride (NaCl) were taken from the Ecoinvent (v. 2. 2) database. LCI data for fish meal were taken from the LCA food database ("industrial fish, ex harbor", as available in Simapro 7. 3. 3).
While the diversity of traits related to abiotic affinities or competition are well documented, the variability in species resistance to herbivory within communities is poorly known. 3. Using a Lotka-Volterra-based model, we simulated the impact of climate change on plant communities through (1) a direct effect on plant growth and competition and (2) an indirect effect via an increase in herbivore pressure. We showed that different shapes of trade-offs between temperature-related growth, competition and resistance to herbivory modulate community turnover under climate change. 4. We documented the existence of two independent trade-offs axes using a detailed dataset of functional traits within two alpine grasslands in the European Alps. Plant competitive traits (i. e. leaf area and height) where negatively associated to cold tolerance, whereas traits of the leaf economic spectrum were associated to traits related to the physical resistance to herbivory.
| FUN C TIONAL VARIATION AND TR ADE-OFFS: A C A S E S TUDY IN THE SWISS ALPS In the model presented above, we documented how the co-variation between traits related to abiotic-related growth, competition and resistance to herbivory shape plant community turnover under climate change. While several studies documented the FD within plant communities (Table  S1 ), we identified a lack of studies that quantified functional trade-offs within alpine communities, by integrating (1) temperature limitation, (2) traits related to competition and (3) resistance to herbivory. We used a dataset of functional traits of two alpine grasslands found in the Swiss Western Alps at 2,070 and 2,680 m a. s. l. for documenting functional co-variation within plant communities. We quantified 11 traits related to; (1) temperaturedependant growth, which was expressed as the cold temperature niche limit of each species (T min ,  Pellissier et al.
Construction of plasmids and plant transformation To generate the pA6-pIRX5::schl1-irp9 construct, a gene sequence encoding Irp9 from Yersinia enterocolitica (GenBank accession number CAB46570. 1) containing the encoding sequence of the plastid transit peptide (schl1) from the Arabidopsis ferredoxin2 (At1g60950)  (Xue et al. , 2013) , and flanked with the Gateway attB1 (5'-end) and attB2 (3'end) recombination sites was synthesized for expression in Arabidopsis (attB1-schl1-irp9-attB2, Supplementary Data S1) (GenScript, Piscatway, NJ). This sequence was cloned into the Gateway pDONR221-P1P2 entry vector by BP recombination (Life technologies, Foster City, CA). An entry clone was LR recombined with the pA6-pIRX5::GWR1R2 vector  (Vega-Sánchez et al. , 2015)  to generate the pA6-pIRX5::schl1-irp9 construct.
A gene sequence encoding feedback-insensitive AroG (L175Q) from E. coli (NCBI Reference Sequence: WP_032246946. 1) containing the encoding sequence of the transit peptide (schl2) of the pea (Pisum sativum) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit (GenBank: AAG45569. 1) (Tzin et al. , 2012) , and flanked with the Gateway attB3 (5'-end) and attB2 (3'-end) recombination sites was synthesized for expression in Arabidopsis (attB3-schl2-aroG-attB2, Supplementary Data S1) (GenScript, Piscatway, NJ). This sequence was cloned into the Gateway pDONR221-P3P2 entry vector by BP recombination (Life technologies, Foster City, CA) to produce the pDONR221-P3-schl2-aroG-P2 construct. A multi-site LR recombination (Life technologies, Foster City, CA, USA) using the pDONR221-L1-schl1-irp9-L4, pDONR221-L4R-tG7-pCCoAOMT-L3R, and pDONR221-L3-schl2-aroG-L2 entry vectors and the pA6-pIRX5::GWR1R2 destination vector was performed to generate the pA6-pIRX5::schl1-irp9-pCCoAOMT::schl2-aroG construct.
1) and flanked with the Gateway attB3 (5'-end) and attB2 (3'-end) recombination sites was synthesized for expression in Arabidopsis (attB3-nahG-attB2, Supplementary Data S1) (GenScript, Piscatway, NJ). This sequence was cloned into the Gateway pDONR221-P3P2 entry vector by BP recombination (Life technologies, Foster City, CA) to produce the pDONR221-L3-nahG-L2 construct. A multi-site LR recombination (Life technologies, Foster City, CA) using the pDONR221-L1-schl3-catA-L4, pDONR221-L4R-tg7-pC4H::schl3-L3R CatA, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. (B) Binary vectors used in this study. Boxes labelled "schl" denote plastid transit peptides. pA6 and pTKan denote the two binary vector backbones conferring hygromycin (hyg R ) and kanamycin (kan R ) resistance in plants. Abbreviations are: schl1, plastid transit peptide from Arabidopsis ferredoxin2 (At1g60950); schl2, plastid transit peptide from pea (Pisum sativum) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit (GenBank: AAG45569.
Acknowledgements This work was part of the  DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute  (http:// www. jbei. org)supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research , through contract  DE-AC02-05CH11231  between  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  and the  U. S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.
Setting This work was conducted in a large acute NHS Hospital in the United Kingdom (UK). The hospital has an electronic prescribing and medications administration (EPMA) system known as PICS (Prescribing, Information and Communication System). The system is in use across both inpatient medical and surgical specialties. One benefit of the system is that it also captures data on reported falls across all (~1200) inpatient beds  [15]. Information from the system is then exported to an audit database on a weekly basis, thus facilitating subsequent analysis.
Data collection Data on all reported falls occurring between 1 January and 31 August 2014 were captured from the PICS audit database. For each patient with a documented fall, the first fall per patient was included in the analyses, to ensure that all cases were independent. Falls that occurred within 24 h of admission were excluded, as these cases may have given insufficient time for a patient's pre-fall medication regimen to be established and reflected on the system. Older adults (≥80 years old) with relatively normal/low blood pressures (< 140 mmHg systolic) were then selected as these patients were considered to be at high risk of further falls, and would therefore require an urgent and thorough medication review as part of a post-fall assessment. Only patients that were prescribed antihypertensive medications as defined by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance  [13]  and/or other medications with antihypertensive properties (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEi/ ARB), beta blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCB), diuretics, nitrates and others), were included in the study as shown in Table  1.
Information was collected on the total number of antihypertensives prescribed before the fall, in the 24 h after the fall and at discharge. Information was then collected about the changes to the prescription of these individual classes of drugs in the 24 h after the fall and again at discharge including whether they were stopped or started or whether the doses were increased or reduced at these time points. The study flowchart is reported in Fig. 1. For the patients included in the study, a range of demographic and physiological factors were captured for the pre-fall stage, defined as the period of time between 24 h after admission and the fall being documented. For multiple data entries, data closest to the point of the fall occurring was captured. All active prescriptions for the patients were recorded at this time, as well as post-fall (within 24 h after the fall) and at discharge (those documented on the discharge prescription).
Statistical methods Initially, the data were analysed on a patient level. The total number of antihypertensives prescribed for a patient at the post-fall and discharge time points were compared to pre-fall using Wilcoxon's signed-rank tests. The data were then analysed on a medication level to consider dose changes and differences in prescribing behaviour across classes of medications. Where patients were prescribed a medication, the total daily dose was calculated at the three time points, with a dose of zero used if the medication was not being prescribed at that time. Wilcoxon's signed-rank tests were then used to assess the change over time in these doses. The changes in doses were then compared between the medications. To account for the differing magnitudes of doses across the medications, an ordinal variable was produced, which categorised the change in dose as: stopped, reduced, no change, increased or started.
Results Data were available for 146 patients (Table  2 ). The median pre-fall systolic blood pressure was low across the entire cohort, 122 mmHg (IQR: 109-127 mmHg). Most patients in the study were under the care of the medical directorate and the median time to fall in the cohort was 7. 2 days from admission. In the pre-fall period, most patients were prescribed one (n = 66, 45%) or two (n = 35, 24%) antihypertensives (Table  3 ). In the 24 h after the fall 120 patients (n = 120, 82%) were taking the same number of antihypertensive medications as they were before; only 19 patients (13%)  Based on N = 145, after excluding one Critical Care patient had a reduction in the number of medications, whilst the number of medications increased in seven patients (5%) during that period. Analyses were then performed to consider whether changes were made in the post-fall period to the doses of the antihypertensive agents prescribed.
Limitations This study was based on falls data recorded within PICS, which is reliant on accurate documentation. Medication data recorded in PICS allowed us to determine changes that occurred across three time points accurately. However, the reasons for any changes, or lack of changes to regimens were not documented. As such, any changes to post-fall or discharge medications were assumed to be related to the inpatient fall event. In addition, for patients without documented prescription changes, it is unknown if the prescriptions were either not reviewed or whether an active decision was made not to change prescriptions following review. Finally, the reasons for falls occurring could not be determined in the study due to incomplete data.
INTRODUCTION The twenty-first century is characterized by the emergence of an unprecedented technical-scientific revolution, driven by advances in new products and devices with nanotechnologies. The number of nanotechnology-based products is growing rapidly in the consumer market: according to Nanotechnology Products Database  (NPD 2017)  in updated data until July 2017, there are 6,879 products that have a nanotechnology-based component, produced in 1,332 companies located in 52 countries. The main sectors which contain the products are food, cosmetics, electronics, household appliances, oil, renewable energy, textiles, medicine, environmental industry, such as water, remediation and water purification, wastewater treatment and soil purification, and sporting goods and fitness. There is a great versatility in the application of nano-scale, which guarantees success and rapid growth and in a short time.
Some toxicological tests carried out with specific materials (such as nano silver, nano carbon tubes and others), have pointed out the existence of hazards. These results, for now, are only samples of a world of possibilities offered by nanotechnology, but they are an indicative that the debate on the issue is necessary and that this is indeed a legal issue to be studied and communicated to consumer public and non-specialist. This method is suitable for interdisciplinary research development, notably from the recently discussions published in the Journal Nature  (Interdisciplinarity 2015). The comprehensive keywords were used to enable data collection in the 80 documents from OECD, which are: "risk", "environmental safety" or "environment", "human health" and "manufactured nanomaterial". These same general keywords serve to structure the words to search the abstracts of publications from Web of Science in the period of 2010-2016.
For this latest research, the group of keywords was extended, searching for publications with specifications and details of the searched words of the OECD documents. Through the search in literature database Web of Science with full text available on the Journals Portal CAPES/Brazil (Staff Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level, is a foundation linked to the Ministry of Education of Brazil) dealing with the comprehensive keywords listed above. In addition, this article uses the content analysis  (Bardin 2013 ) it was carried out in three stages: 1) pre-analysis; 2) exploration of the material: 3) treatment of results, inference and interpretation.
As a result of globalization and the characteristics of the "risk society", it has not been thought about localized regulatory texts, but to extend beyond their scopes to the territory of each country. The precautionary principle will be the liaison between the nanotechnologies we have and the nanotechnologies we want. The panorama presented throughout the article, seeking to respond the problem formulated in the Introduction, points to the confirmation of the hypothesis that structured this article, points out that there was a paradoxical result, indicating a significant gap: despite extracted publications from the database Web of Science underlined the importance of the study of the risk, there are still few scientific publications, showing depth research on this item, especially with the preoccupation regarding the human health and environmental preservation for present and future generations.
Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank  Séverine Battaglia  for her technical assistance with the bioluminescence experiments,  Bénédicte Brulin  for immunocytology,  Pierre Avril ,  Régis Brion  and  Sarah Renaud  for their kind technical help. Guylène Hamery  from the  Experimental Therapy Unit platform of the Faculty of Medicine (Nantes, France) , and  Romain Guiho  and  Kévin Biteau  for help with in vivo experiments. This work was supported by  INSERM , by  Societe Française de Chirurgie Orthopedique et Traumatologique (SoFCOT) , and by  Cancéropole Grand Ouest  ( Penica  project).
| Image preprocessing All DICOM images were converted to NIfTI using MRIcron  (Rorden, Karnath, & Bonilha, 2007). The structural scans were stripped of nonbrain tissue using the VBM8 toolbox (see http://dbm. neuro. uni-jena. de/vbm). The rest of the processing was performed using FSL  (Smith et al. , 2004)  as follows. The structural images were mapped into the standard MNI space  (Mazziotta et al. , 2001 ) using a spline-based nonlinear registration algorithm  (Rueckert et al. , 1999)  implemented in FSL as FNIRT. The volumes in the RS-fMRI data were stripped of nonbrain tissue  (Smith, 2002)  and spatially realigned to the middle volume of the time series using FSL MC-FLIRT  (Jenkinson, Bannister, Brady, & Smith, 2002). This program measures relative mean voxel displacement, which is very similar to mean frame displacement FD  (Power, Barnes, Snyder, Schlaggar, & Petersen, 2012).
| Eigenvector centrality mapping Eigenvector centrality mapping (ECM) of the standard-space RS-fMRI data was performed using fast ECM  (Wink, de Munck, van  der Werf, van den Heuvel, & Barkhof, 2012), a memory-and timeefficient implementation of ECM using the connectivity matrix R + 1, where R is the voxelwise correlation matrix. This measure is the relative difference of two normalized time signals on a positive scale from 0 to 2. With non-negative connectivities, the Perron-Frobenius theorem guarantees positive values in the dominant eigenvector  (Wink et al. , 2012). The fastECM algorithm allows the computation of this eigenvector without the need to compute or store R explicitly, thus increasing efficiency and enabling fast computations at high resolutions (see https://github. com/ amwink/bias/tree/master/matlab/fastECM).
| Use of cluster mean ECM as a predictor for AD risk To test the usability of single-subject cluster mean EC as a predictor of genetic AD risk, a logistic regression was used to predict the APOE risk of each subject, using cluster mean EC as the predictor and age as a covariate. The regression was computed in the GLMnet package for R  (Friedman, Hastie, & Tibshirani, 2010)  with the model without elastic net penalization, that is, using the ordinary least squares solution. The model was evaluated with leave-one-out cross-validation. A receiver operating curve (ROC) of the model was constructed using the pROC package for R  (Robin et al. , 2011) ; 95% confidence intervals were computed using bootstrap resampling. This procedure was repeated for a second model with age as a second regressor.
, 2012). Canthaxanthin (C 40 H 52 O 2 ), chemically known as beta-carotene-4, 4 -dione (4, 4 -diketo-β-carotene), is C 2017 Poultry Science Association Inc. Received November 15, 2016. 1 Corresponding author: Murtala. Umar-Faruk@dsm. com found in certain plants, animals, and microorganisms  (Bhosale and Bernstein, 2005)  and contributes to the orange-red color of egg yolk. From a functional point of view, canthaxanthin is classified as a non-vitamin, a precursor that pigments animal tissues and products such as skin and egg yolks, respectively. The use of canthaxanthin in animal feed has been a subject of numerous studies, mainly in combination with yellow carotenoids (Apocarotenoic ester) to find an optimum combination that will provide the golden orange color in egg yolks. The data used in this current meta-analysis was obtained primarily from these studies.
Meta-analysis is a relevant statistical method, used to aggregate data from previous research work and to quantify knowledge  (St-Pierre, 2001; Sauvant et al. , 2008). The majority of studies cited above on the different functions of carotenoids were conducted on breeder laying hens to determine the effect of carotenoids on the reproductive and immune/antioxidative response. However, little information is available on the effect of canthaxanthin on production parameters in laying hens destined for table egg production. Thus, the objective of this work is to investigate the impact of canthaxanthin on egg production parameters in laying hens by applying a meta-analysis to a dataset collected in our research station from a series of comparable trials conducted from 1997 to 2012.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The datasets used in the current analysis were generated in 34 different individual trials, conducted between 1997 and 2012. The trials were conducted at the Research Center for Animal Nutrition and Health, located in Village-Neuf, in the eastern part of France. The trials were conducted in accordance with French guidelines on the use of live animals for research purposes. The main objective of all the considered trials was to compare the pigmenting efficacy of different carotenoids used to pigment table eggs. Treatments containing other added carotenoids were not included. The trials were all conducted in the same laying house. The duration was generally 3 wk due to the fact that their main objective was to evaluate egg yolk pigmentation. The trials were conducted using ISA brown laying hens between 21 and 65 wk of age.
The animals were housed in individual cages in an environmentally controlled room. Lighting was 16:8D, and temperature and relative humidity were 18 ± 2 • C and 55%, respectively. Mash feed was provided for ad libitum feeding in all trials. Measurements included feed intake, egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio and egg mass. Other measured parameters were carotenoid content in egg yolk and colorimetry measurements (L * a * b * and YolkFan R color values) on the egg yolk. The data file contained 576 data points, each representing 3 hens. A linear dose-response model was applied to the dataset, assuming a linear association of the outcome with the measured canthaxanthin concentration in the feed, and assuming variability among the intercepts of each trial, i. e. , the performance of the control groups might vary among trials due to the different ages of the laying hens, differing feed lots, and other fluctuations.
The model was coded as a linear mixed model using the analyzed canthaxanthin dose in the feed as a fixed effect and the trial ID as a random intercept. The R open source statistics software version 3. 0. 2 (2013-09-25) was used for all statistical analyses (R core team, 2013). It was running on Linux Ubuntu 9. 10 on a 64-bit system. For the linear mixed models, the function lme() in the package nlme Version 3. 1-117 was used  (Pinheiro et al. , 2015).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The typical composition of the experimental diet is given in Table  1. Diets were relatively stable across trials. They contained wheat (38 ± 1. 5%), SBM (20 ± 3%), rice (22 ± 2%), CaCO 3 (7 ± 1%), oats (5 ± 2%), soy oil (2 ± 2%), and others (5 ± 2%). This provided 16% CP, 2840 kcal/kg ME, 0. 7% dLys, 0. 35% dMet, 0. 5% total P, and 3. 4% total Ca. This compo- sition is regarded as standard in the research center meeting the nutritional requirements of the laying hens and is in line with nutrient recommendations. The description of the dataset used in the metaanalysis is shown in Table  2. It was observed that the minimum age of the animals at the start of the trials was 21 wk, and the maximum was 62 wk at the end of the trials with a mean age of 44. 5 weeks. Mean hen day egg production was 86.
1% with a maximum of 100% and a minimum of 28. 6%, depending on the age of the animals. Mean egg mass was 53. 7 g per egg. Mean egg weight was 61. 4 g. Mean daily feed intake was 110. 2 g/b/d and varied between 70. 9 g/b/d to 208. 3 g/b/d. Mean feed conversion ratio (g feed: g egg) was 2. 083, ranging from 1. 536 to 5. 144. These results suggest that the performance of the birds in our database is in line with the breeder range. Some minor discrepancies could be observed that can be attributed to different factors, such as the rearing environment as well as the diet composition, which can all be slightly different from those in the breeder rearing conditions. However, the pattern (Figure  1 ) of evolution over time for feed intake (g/b/d), egg production (%), and egg weight (g/egg) was similar to breeder recommendations  (ISA Brown Management Guide, 2007).
For example,  Rosa et al. (2012)  observed an improvement in breeder hen fertility and reduced embryo mortality when 6 mg/kg of Canthaxanthin were supplemented in the diet. The linear increase in the content of canthaxanthin in egg yolk with the increasing dietary content suggests a high transfer rate of this carotenoid to the egg, which makes it even more plausible to associate the observed effects to this carotenoid. While the interpretation of the results is limited to the range between 0 and 8 mg/kg of supplemented canthaxanthin in the diet, it was observed that a plateau had not been reached with the available dosages in the dataset. Results of the current meta-analysis showed a significant increase in egg yolk weight. Dietary supplementation of carotenoids (e. g. , β-carotene) is known to increase the synthesis and protection of yolk precursors against oxidation  (Blount et al.