dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments This research was financially supported by the  European Union  through the  FEDER-Plan Loire Research Program 38200. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of the AZM and SAADE associations, PCSI programs in  AUF (Francophonie University Association ), and  Limoges University. Thanks are also addressed to  Karine Cleries ,  Marion Rabiet ,  Jean-François Lenain ,  Michel Botineau ,  Sophie Lissalde ,  Patrice Fondanèche ,  Florence Lecavelier Des Etangs ,  Christian Moesch ,  Véronique Kazpard  and  Zeinab Saad  for their technical assistance and critical reading of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the " Conseil Régional Nouvelle Aquitaine"  for financial support to the infrared equipment. The authors are also indebted to  Amelie VAX  and  Etienne GRAU  ( LCPO, University Bordeaux ) for providing facilities and help in the SEC and DSC analyses. We are also pleased to acknowledge  Cybille ROSSY  ( Cesamo, ISM ) for her assistance in the NMR measurements.
Acknowledgments. This article received the financial support of the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  through the  GENERATE  project. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers whose comments and suggestion helped us to improve this article. The authors are also very grateful to  Nathalie Keller ,  François Kalaydjian  and  Jerome Sabathier  for insightful comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors are of course ours. The views expressed herein are strictly those of the authors and are not to be construed as representing those of IFP Energies nouvelles or Equinor.
FUNDING The author is supported by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , the  Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives , the  Institut National de Recherche pour l' Agriculture, l' Alimentation et l'Environnement , the  Université Grenoble Alpes , and by grants from the  French National Research Agency  (Oceanomics  ANR-11-BTBR-0008 , GlycoAlps  ANR-15-IDEX-02 ,  GRAL  Labex  ANR-10-LABEX-04 , and  EUR CBS ANR-17-EURE-0003 ).
Acknowledgments The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at globalcarbonproject. org. The authors acknowledge support from the  Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University (RBJ) , the  Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation  (RBJ and JGC), the  Australian Government's National Environmental Science Programme's Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub (JGC) , the  European Commission Horizon 2020  projects VERIFY (# 776810 ) (GPP, RMA, and CLQ) and 4C (#  821003 ) (PF, GPP, RMA, CLQ), and  Future Earth. We thank the many scientists and funding agencies whose efforts and support contributed to the Global Carbon Budget 2019 released by the  Global Carbon  Project (globalcarbonproject. org). C Terrer  and  S Féron  at  Stanford University  provided helpful comments on the manuscript.
Acknowledgements JCC and DAG are very grateful for the support from the  National Science Centre in Poland  within  OPUS-13  project no. 2017/25/B/ST8/01592. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/),which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
The BETSA-type membrane diamond anvil cell (DAC) available at ESRF with diamond culets of 250 µm was used. The sample was loaded into the Re gasket indented to about 30 µm thickness with an initial hole of 150 µm diameter. The helium gas was used as a pressure transmitting medium. The pressure was determined by the ruby fluorescence technique using Dewaele calibration scale  34. The He flow cryostat was used for low temperature measurements. The SMS data were fitted with the MossA software  35  to obtain hyperfine parameters. The neutron diffraction experiments were performed with the natural Fe abundance powdered sample of magnetite in the pressure range up to 33 GPa using the DN-6 diffractometer 36 (IBR-2 pulsed reactor, JINR, Dubna, Russia). The experiments in the pressure range up to 12 GPa were performed using the sapphire anvil high pressure cells and the sample volume of about 2 mm  3 37.
The diffraction patterns were collected at the scattering angle of 90° with the resolution Δd/d = 0. 015. The experiments in the extended pressure range up to 33 GPa were performed using the diamond anvil cell of Boehler-Almax Plate type. The diamonds with culets of 0. 8 mm and aluminium gasket with a hole of 0. 4 mm were used. The experimental data were analysed by the Rietveld method using the Fullprof program  38.
Acknowledgements G. Z. thanks the  Alexander von Humboldt Foundation  for ap ostdoctoral fellowship. T his work is financially supported by the  Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces  and the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 21761132002  and  21425309 ), the  National Key R&D Program of China  ( 2018YFA0209301 ), and the 111 Project ( D16008 ).
Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Method Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) data were collected using a J. A. Woollam VASE instrument (J. A. Woollam Co. , Lincoln, NE, USA). Measurements were performed in a vertical configuration, which is better suited for transparent samples in order to measure on the same point ellipsometric and transmittance data. Optical spectra were recorded from 300 to 2100 nm (step 5 nm) at 55 • , 60 • and 65 •. An initial model of the optical transitions was built for each layer constituting the sample. The TiO 2 layer was modelled by using a single Tauc-Lorentz oscillator and the surface roughness by the Bruggeman effective medium approximation (EMA). The technique was mainly used to measure the average porosity of the layer.
EEP Method EEP was investigated using a visible (from 370 to 1000 nm) variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer (ESM 300 Woollam) with an atmospheric control chamber  [79]  (J. A. Woollam Co. , Lincoln, NE, USA). Isopropanol (Sigma Aldrich Co. , St. Louis, MO, USA) was selected as the adsorbate and was fluxed into the chamber over the film. The volume of adsorbed and capillary condensed isopropanol was followed through time-resolved measurement of the refractive index variation upon the relative pressure of the adsorbate (P/P 0 ). The volume of adsorbate was deduced from the evolution of the refractive index using the Cauchy models and the Bruggeman Effective Medium Approximation (J. A. Woollam CompleteEASE software). The pore size distribution was then plotted using Kelvin's equation and by using a model of cylindrical pores.
A macro-assembly process occurs during further growth by the progressive statistical drawing of meso-borders (meso-pores) by a shadowing action that selects the sites for ad-atoms attaching and finally brings together adjacent nano-seeds into larger meso-columns (Figure  1d, e ). The resulting material is a TiO 2 sponge with a double-scale porosity. Shadowing and local oxidation are the mainstays of the process that can be applied to any substrate and oxide for thickness up-scalable to (at least) 1000 nm. The final structure of TiO 2 layers grown under steady-state conditions was described in refs  [15, 48, 49]    Additionally, we evaluated the average meso-porosity of the sponge within the fragments by computing the surface-to-volume ratio (SVR) of the reconstructed images using the Chimera  [82]  software (Figure  2b ).
Acknowledgments: We acknowledge  Yuriy Chushkin  for providing the software for the data treatment of the CXDI data,  Carla Cristina Polo  for helping with the WEKA segmentation software and  Karim Lhoste  for the technical support during the beam time at the  ESRF. We also thank  Murielle Salome  for providing the E-SEM apparatus at  ESRF.
General All manipulations were performed under inert atmosphere of N 2 using the Schlenk technique. Solvents were dried and distilled under N 2 following usual procedures (Na for toluene and hexane, Na/benzophenone for tetrahydrofuran and CaH 2 for acetonitrile). Chemical compounds were purchased from Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and were used as supplied without further purification. Micro-analysis was performed by Medac Ltd. (Egham, Surrey, UK). NMR spectroscopy was recorded on a JEOL Lambda 400 MHz (Tokyo, Japan) and FT-IR on a Shimadzu FTIR-8300 (Kyoto, Japan). A Bruker ECS 106 X-band spectrometer (Billerican, MA, USA) was used to collect EPR spectra and a Wilmad WG-810 electrolytic cell (Vineland, NJ, USA) assembly allowed in situ electrochemical generation of reduced compounds. EPR spectra were simulated with the aid of the EasySpin subroutines  [24]  which operate within a MatLab environment.
IR spectra were obtained using a Bio-Rad FT175C FTIR equipped with a Ge/KBr beamsplitter and narrow band MCT detector (Hercules, CA, USA). Spectral subtraction and curve fitting were performed using either in-house programs or Grams/32 AI software (Galactic Industries Corporation, Salem, NH, USA). Final plots were generated using Igor Pro (version 5. 04B, Wavemetrics, Lake Oswego, OR, USA). 2 mmol) was washed with hexane and then dissolved in THF (50 cm 3 ) under a dinitrogen atmosphere. CH 3 C(CH 2 S) 2 CH 2 SH (1. 00 g, 6. 0 mmol) was dissolved in THF (5 cm 3 ), added to the solution of NaH and stirred at room temperature. 4-bromo-nitrobenzene (1. 49 g, 7. 4 mmol) was dissolved in THF (5 cm 3 ), added to the mixture and stirred at 60 • C overnight. Excess of sodium hydride was quenched by ammonium chloride-saturated water and the product was extracted with dichloromethane.
Synthesis Crystals were orange-brown blocks. A single crystal of size 0. 40 × 0. 29 × 0. 24 mm (corresponding to the c, a and b axes) was selected, mounted on a glass fiber and coated in silicone grease for photographic examination and the data collection. Diffraction data were measured on an Enraf-Nonius CAD4 diffractometer with monochromated Mo Kα radiation. Cell parameters were refined using least-squares methods from the settings of 25 reflections in the range 10 to 11 degrees in theta. Each reflection was centred in 4 orientations. 3517 unique reflections were collected to theta of 25 • , with 2632 having intensities greater than 2σ I. 3 reflections were chosen to monitor any decay in intensities (measured every 10,000 s) and any change in orientation (measured every 300 reflections).
There was slight decay of the crystal with an overall decrease in intensities of 1. 11%. Diffractometer data showed a monoclinic crystal in the space group P2 1 /c (equivalent to no. 14) with cell dimensions a = 8. 797(3) Å, b = 12. 528(4) Å, c = 18. 181(4) Å, β = 94. 30(2) Å and V = 1998. 0(10) Å 3. The data were corrected for Lorentz-polarisation effects, for decay of the intensities, for absorption by semi-empirical psi-scan methods, and for negative intensities by Bayesian statistical methods. The structure was solved using direct methods in the SHELXS-97 program and refined on F 2 using full-matrix least-squares procedures in SHELXL-97. The refinement process showed one [Fe 2 (CO) 5 {CH 3 C(CH 2 S)CH 2 SC 6 H 4 -p-NH 2 }] molecule in the unit cell. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic thermal parameters.
Acknowledgements The  STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory  is thanked for access to the neutron beam facilities of TOSCA, MAPS, MERLIN and SANDALS. Computing resources (time on the SCARF computer cluster for the CASTEP calculations) was provided by  STFC's e-Science facility. The  Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, France  is thanked for access to the high ux reactor facilities (IN1 Lagrange).
Flow Cytometry Analysis To study the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the microalgae cell, flow cytometry analysis was used, as described by Dammak et al. [38]. All cytometric measurements were done using a BD LSR (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) equipped with two lasers: argon (λex488 nm) and helium-neon (λex633 nm). Data were processed with CellQuest Pro software. The diagrams presented in this document were processed online (www. cytobank. org). Argon probe was used as it is associated with the emission channels FL1 (FITC), FL2 (PE), and FL3 (PerCP), which emit at the wavelengths 530/30, 575/26, and 682/13 nm, respectively. The signal intensities of fluorescence were calculated from the mean fluorescence intensity of 10,000 events.
Primers Design and Validation, Reference Gene Selection Specific primer pairs for alpha-tubulin (α-TUB), beta-tubulin (β-TUB), Enolase (ENO), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB), chloroplast-localized heat shock protein (HSP70), and chloroplast ribulose phosphate-3-epimerase (RPE) were designed based on the sequences of the corresponding genes in the D. salina genome deposited in GenBank. Whereas, primer pairs for carotene globule protein (CGP) amplification were designed based on the sequence of the corresponding gene in Dunaliella bardawil genome, as the sequence among Dunaliella salina is not available. All primer sequences were designed using Primer-BLAST from NCBI and Primer 3 Input 4. 0. Primer pairs used for Actin (Act) and 18S rRNA are those cited by  [39, 40] , respectively.
qPCR Conditions qPCR was performed using the Step One QuantiFast SYBR Green PCR Kit (Qiagen, Germany) according to the manufacturer's manual using the LightCycler 480 II (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Cycling parameters were an initial denaturation at 95 • C for 5 min, 40 cycles at 95 • C for 10 s, and 60 • C for 30 s. A step of fusion by heating from 60 • C to 95 • C was added to verify the amplification specificity of each primer pair. Data acquisition and analysis were performed by LightCycler ® 480 Software, Version 1. 5 (Roche). Relative gene expression was calculated using reference genes α-TUB. The Cq values were corrected with the estimated PCR efficiency, which was evaluated using a four-point standard curve consisting of a 2-fold dilution series. All reactions were performed in triplicate.
Retrieval of Protein Sequences and In Silico Analysis The amino acid sequences of LCYB and CGP from Dunaliella sp. were retrieved from the protein database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/protein/) under the accession numbers of ACA34344. 1 and AFU62958. 1, respectively. The nucleotide sequence of SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) was searched by blast against the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) database of Dunaliella sp. Then, the open reading frame (ORF) sequences were generated from the corresponding cDNA (GenBank: HO848823. 1) using ORFfinder from NCBI, and the obtained proteins were blasted against the non-redundant protein database. The protein sequence corresponding to ORF2 presented 52. 87% and 49. 47% with SUMO protein from two Chlorophyta Ostreococcus tauri and Monoraphidium neglectum, respectively.
Three-Dimensional Protein Modeling Homology modeling was performed with the SWISS-MODEL server (http://www. expasy. org/ swissmod/). For the LCYB model, the crystal structure of geranylgeranyl reductase (PDB ID 4OPL) was used as a template since no structure of LCYB was found in the database  [16]. The modeled structure was further validated by performing the Ramachandran map analysis using the PROCHECK server  [48]. However, the generated model was truncated in its N-terminal and C-terminal ends due to the non-total coverage sequence with the template. For SUMO protein, the solution structure of SUMO from Trypanosoma brucei was used as a template (PDB ID 2k8h. 1), and the generated model was equally validated. The models were viewed using The Discovery Studio software [Dassault Systemes BIOVIA, Discovery Studio Modeling Environment, Release 4.
In Silico Analysis The following in silico analysis was focused on the two genes showing the most important changes in their transcriptional levels. The motif search results showed that CGP proteins presented a SOUL heme-binding protein motif (PF04832) ranged from residue 283 to residue 350, while LCYB possessed FAD-binding motifs (PF00890), ranging from residue 123 to residue 154. Prediction of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) for CGP showed four putative protein kinase C phosphorylation sites distributed in the N terminal part, two probable N-myristoylation sites, and two sumoylation sites (Table  2 ). On the other hand, LCYB was found to have eight probable protein kinase C phosphorylation sites mostly distributed in its N-terminal part, one N-glycosylation site (residue 51), six N-myristoylation sites, and one high probability sumoylation site, as well as two sumoylation interaction motifs (Table  2 ).
Enzyme Modeling An investigation of CGB, LCYB, and SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) protein 3D structures was undertaken to understand or find possible molecular determinants related to their up-regulation. However, only LCYB and SUMO protein were successfully modeled, since no structural PDB files having an acceptable identity with CGP were found in the database. Thus the following part was essentially focused on LCYB molecular study and its probable interaction with SUMO protein in Dunaliella.
Alignment Analysis The amino acid sequence of LCYB from D. salina (accession number: ACA34344. 1) was compared with those of known β-lycopene cyclase homologous proteins (Figure  4 ). D. salina LCYB showed high similarity with many β-lycopene cyclases from other microalgae, e. g. , 68% identity with that from Haematococcus lacustris (AAO64977. 1), 65% with that from Chlamydomonas eustigma (GAX83195. 1). In contrast, less identity was observed with plant LCYB (50% with that from Arabidopsis thaliana (AAA81880. 1)) and very low identity with that from cyanobacteria (33% with LYBC from Acaryochloris marina (WP_012166204. 1). The sequence alignment also revealed that D. salina LCYB exhibited N-terminal and C-terminal insertions when compared to plant and cyanobacteria LCYB in addition to an internal insertion of 15 residues corresponding to the α6 helix in the generated 3D model.
Because no structure has been reported in the LCYB family, the crystal structure of geranylgeranyl reductase from a Sulfolobus acidocaldarius strain, which displays a 27% sequence identity with D. salina LCYB, was used as a template, as described previously by  [16]. Calculations of the size and shape of binding sites performed using the CAST program (Figure  6 ) demonstrated the presence of a small cavity for FAD-binding (radius probe was set to 2), with a total volume of 139. 5 Å 2 , and a larger cavity for the substrate binding (radius probe was set to 1. 4), with a total volume of 480. 14 Å 2 and an interior length of about 35 Å, able to accommodate a large and hydrophobic substrate like lycopene. The second domain consisted of only three large helices covering the total length of the enzyme, which are suspected to constituting the transmembrane part of the enzyme, as predicted by the TMHMM server.
Overall 3D Model of D. salina SUMO Protein The predicted structure of SUMO consisted of two α-helices (α1, 41-53; α2, 74-79) and one twisted β-sheet (β1, 19-25; β2, 32-37; β3, 61-63; β4, 85-89). The β-sheet consisted of four antiparallel β-strands (Figure  7a ). The structure represented typical ubiquitin-like fold; in fact, the structural comparison showed that the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) value between SUMO from Dunaliella and human SUMO-Smt3 (PDB ID: 1WM3) was 2. 1 Å. The 3D model of SUMO was equally highly similar to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Smt313 (PDB ID: 3UF8) with an RMSD of 2. 1 Å, reinforcing the hypothesis of the SUMO protein conservation among eukaryotes  [55]. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 21.
Overall 3D Model of D. salina SUMO Protein The predicted structure of SUMO consisted of two α-helices (α1, 41-53; α2, 74-79) and one twisted β-sheet (β1, 19-25; β2, 32-37; β3, 61-63; β4, 85-89). The β-sheet consisted of four antiparallel β-strands (Figure  7a ). The structure represented typical ubiquitin-like fold; in fact, the structural comparison showed that the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) value between SUMO from Dunaliella and human SUMO-Smt3 (PDB ID: 1WM3) was 2. 1 Å. The 3D model of SUMO was equally highly similar to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Smt313 (PDB ID: 3UF8) with an RMSD of 2. 1 Å , reinforcing the hypothesis of the SUMO protein conservation among eukaryotes  [55].
construction of mutants. R. tataouinensis is a new bacterial model system for which elaborate genetic tools were not yet available. The ability to construct the single gene knockout mutants presented in this work is a major step forward and these are the first mutants to be reported for R. tataouinensis. As part of developing genetic tools specific to R. tataouinensis TTB310, resistance to several antibiotics was examined. Only the broad host range pBBR1MCS-2-Km r plasmid  42  was successfully introduced in electrocompetent TTB310 cells and detected by the acquisition of kanamycin resistance. None of the other tested pBBR1MCS derivatives (Cm r , Sm r /Sp r , Amp r , Tet r , Gm r ) conferred any antibiotic resistance (data not shown). Furthermore, preliminary attempts to inactivate a targeted gene in strain TTB310 by marker exchange mutagenesis failed, but did result in a plasmid integration that could be detected by the acquisition of kanamycin resistance encoded on the plasmid (data not shown).
As the two RtBphPs and their 100-most homologous sequences are histidine kinases (sensor part of two-component system), phylogenetic analysis was based on the alignment of the Photosensory Core Domain (PCD) extracted from the P2CS database  47. When homologous intra-species sequences were detected, only one was kept to make a simplified tree. This tree was generated by using the "one click mode" on phylogeny. fr website  48.
The shapes of the Pd-NPs are monitored by TEM/HRTEM using a JEOL JEM 2100 (UHR) microscope with a resolution of 0. 19 nm. The mean sizes of the Pd-NPs are evaluated considering the length of the longer edge for Pd-NC, the tip-to-tip length for Pd-NO  (Zalineeva et al. , 2017)  and the diameter for Pd-NS, by counting between 200 and 300 isolated NPs using the ImageJ free software  (Rasband, 2009)  for each Pd-NPs sample, in order to obtain acceptable statistical samples. The surface of Pd-NPs is modified by spontaneous adsorption of Au ad-atoms by dipping for 1 min without potential control the Pd electrodes into aqueous (ultrapure water) solutions of different concentrations in auric acid (HAuCl 4 •3 H 2 O, 99. 99 %, Alfa Aesar) from 0. 01 to 1. 00 mol L -1.
Experimental Results To evaluate the performance of the two techniques, dSPACE R 1104 board based Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) experimental study has been performed. Voltage signal was acquired using the built-in 12-bit LTC1410 Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) from Analog Devices. The two techniques have been implemented in Matlab/Simulink with a sampling frequency of 10 kHz. All the continuous integrators are implemented using third-order discrete integrator  [23]. The same parameter values are selected as given in Subsec. To test the computational efficiency, dSPACE Profile has been used. According to the Profiler, the average execution time for ASOGI-FLL is approximately 2. 35 µs while SOGI-FLL took approximately 2. 95 µs. This counts for roughly 20 % time saving by the proposed implementation.