dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data Collection Having determined and verified our research design, we embarked on our main stage of data collection. Using introductions from our preliminary stage interviewees we gained access to three case firms (Alpha, Beta and Delta), adding new cases until the point of theoretical saturation  (Eisenhardt, 1989). Using multiple techniques, including face-to-face semi-structured interviews, archival data and external informant interviews, our main stage data was collected over four years. The open ended format of interviews allowed us to capture a rich description of how the firms moved from outsidership to insidership when internationalising (Appendix A). To alleviate potential recall bias, we adopted certain techniques, in particular those relating to historical descriptions including triangulating information from multiple data sources  (Huber, 1985, Huber and Power, 1985).
They were all recorded, transcribed and subsequently verified with interviewees before being copied into the NVivo software system. Field notes were written up within 24 hours to reduce any retrospective sense making that might lead to bias  (Turner and Rindova, 2012, Eisenhardt and Graebner, 2007). Overall, we collected thirty-seven interviews (Table  1 ) between the preliminary (5) and the main stage (32) across ten case firms and nine external informant interviews between the preliminary (2) and the main stage (5). To safeguard respondents' anonymity and to ensure the confidentiality of our data, we assigned code names based on the Greek alphabet to each case firm, ranging from Alpha to Lambda (Eta excluded), and numbered the interviewees in chronological order. -  ---------------------------- Insert Table  1  about here  ---------------------------- -.
Step 4: Theoretical Underpinning. We next extracted the theoretically explanatory dimensions from the data and first-order findings, traveling back and forth between our data, emerging insights, and existing theory  (Eisenhardt, 1989, Gioia and Chittipeddi, 1991). We explored by following thematic analysis the process of how firms move from outsidership to insidership in international client networks. Table  2  presents the structuring of the data. From the 47 first order themes we developed 12 second order theoretical categories which we finally grouped into three aggregate dimensions explaining the three approaches that architecture practices adopt for joining international client networks. -  ---------------------------- Insert Table  2  about here  ---------------------------- -.
Yet other respondents implicitly questioned the pertinence of hospitalization as a measure for public health impact, next to its impracticality as a clinical endpoint according to the respondents. These opinions stand in contrast to those who think that hospitalization is an important endpoint from a public health perspective. In round 2, the majority of respondents agreed (89%) that data on hospitalization should be collected during interventional trials and used in conjunction with other endpoints of disease severity. When prompted to identify why such information should be collected, the main response categories were i) to measure the impact of an intervention on the health system (46%); ii) that hospitalization reflects disease severity and could be used as a proxy for moderate disease severity (35%).
Consistent with the purpose of this consultation, some participants (Table  2  question 1. 5. 1,) argued that a separation between the research context and the clinical context is important for the elaboration and use of the endpoints suggested by this Delphi. Regarding granularity, a slight majority preferred a categorical system (e. g. moderate versus severe) to a numerical scoring system (e. g. 1-10) since it would be easier to use in interventional research trials, and the data currently available are not sufficiently robust to support a numerical system. As additional data on disease severity are collected, a numerical scoring system might be subsequently developed to improve precision in the measurement of clinical outcomes during a trial. A large majority agreed that the proposed endpoints should be validated using large prospective data sets.
Delphi structure and administration We designed and administered the Delphi survey online using REDCap software (Version 6. 7. 5)  [43]. We understood an online format might limit participation in LMICs, due to inconsistent power supply and internet access. We considered paper surveys, but it was not feasible in the time available. Even with possible access limitations, an online Delphi enabled broad international participation, and the digital platform facilitated analysis and communication with participants. Shorter periods between rounds may improve Delphi survey quality  [44] , so we administered our rounds within 2-3 weeks of one another. We collected participant email addresses separately from survey responses, ensuring anonymity, though this meant participants' Round 1 and Round 2 responses were not linked.
Data analysis Using statistical software SPSS (Version 24), we calculated mean ratings of the outcome domains for each communication type across all stakeholders and by stakeholder group. We considered calculating median and inter-quartile range, as the data were skewed, but this did not illustrate relative differences in rankings between the domains. Therefore, we calculated the mean but acknowledge that this may be influenced by outliers. We analysed specific outcomes in the ''attitudes or beliefs" outcome domain using the same approach. We compared Round 1 and Round 2 using paired-sample t-tests and compared stakeholder ratings using one-way ANOVA with a post-hoc Bonferroni adjustment to identify significant contrasts.
Participant demographics Some LMIC participants experienced power or internet failures, which could cause them to exit the survey early, so we included data for all completed questions. A partial response was recorded if a participant completed at least one question, but not the entire survey. In total, we had 178 usable responses (i. e. at least one ques-tion completed) in Round 1, and 136 (76% of first round) in Round 2 (Table  1 ). Respondents came from 29 countries, with 21% overall residing in LMICs. An additional 6% lived in HICs but worked on vaccination-related issues globally or in LMICs. The most frequently-represented countries were Australia (44%), the United States (11%), Norway (5%), Nigeria (5%), and Portugal (5%). The high representation from Australia is likely due to the local networks of the lead researchers.
Canada: the Ontario Asthma Surveillance Information System (OASIS) The OASIS funded by the Ontario Ministry of Health (MoH) and Long-term Care, is a population-based asthma registry in Ontario, Canada. Established in 2003, OASIS follows over 2 million Ontarians of all ages with physician-diagnosed asthma who have been identified from provincial health administrative databases using a validated algorithm. The objective of OASIS is to provide ongoing asthma surveillance statistics, including asthma incidence, prevalence, measures of asthma-related morbidity, mortality, health services use, and provider practice patterns. The assessments of asthma health made possible by surveillance serve as a benchmark for monitoring changes in diagnosis, treatment and management in asthma across geographical regions and in different sub-groups.
Furthermore, OASIS is also a rich data source that serves as a platform for novel epidemiological research. In recent years, the OASIS team has deconstructed the role of comorbidities in asthma, established indicators for quality of asthma care, and investigated the role of air pollution as a risk factor for the development of concurrent respiratory conditions in those with asthma  (5). The OASIS assists policymakers and stakeholders to make evidence-informed decisions on targeting health programs to at-risk populations and on developing structures to support effective, efficient and accessible asthma care  (8) (9) (10) (11) (12). Mozambique: morbidity, efforts and needs Mozambique owns 27. 978 million habitants with a life expectancy of 53. 5 years. Sixty percent of the population live in rural areas.
Meetings on COPD, asthma and pulmonary rehabilitation were held, attended by 42,095, 34,789 and 9,020 healthcare workers and 482035, 414024 and 79768 community members, respectively. 160 press conferences, 356 radio-TV speeches, 1,738 news broadcasts, delivery of 1,552,320 printed handouts, distribution of 6,259 videos, 90,052 tree planting sessions (GARD forests), 2,114 stand shows, and 85,691 spirometry measurements were carried out. GARD Turkey project has been accepted as a twostarred reference site for the European Parliament Initiative European Innovation for Active and Healthy Aging. In the future, new online data entry and education program for all NCDs will start. We have started 'Allergy Dairy' by MACVIA ARIA. Accreditation of spirometry laboratories will start next year  (39) (40) (41).
France: ARIA's care pathways implementing emerging technologies for predictive medicine in rhinitis and asthma across the life cycle The initiative Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) commenced during a WHO workshop in 1999. The initial goals of ARIA were: (I) to propose a new allergic rhinitis classification; (II) to promote the concept of multimorbidity in asthma and rhinitis, and (III) to develop guidelines with all stakeholders that could be used globally for all countries and populations. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in over 70 countries globally. Currently, a new ARIA initiative has been developed. This initiative, the MASK (MACVIA-ARIA Sentinel Network), is an example of a Good Practice focusing on the implementation of multi-sectoral care pathways for individualized and predictive medicine using emerging technologies with real life data in rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity by a multidisciplinary group and by patients themselves.
A mobile phone application for Android or IOS (MeDALL) is available in 20 countries and 15 languages. It uses a visual analogue scale to assess symptom control and work productivity as well as a clinical decision support system. It is associated with an inter-operable tablet for physicians and other health care professionals. The scaling up strategy uses the recommendations of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing. The aim of the novel ARIA approach is to provide an active and healthy life to rhinitis sufferers, whatever their age, sex or socioeconomic status, in order to reduce health and social inequalities incurred by the disease  (42) (43) (44) (45) (46). Czech: dedications of Czech Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (ČARO) ČARO is the country partner of GARD in the Czech Republic.
Non-premium brands occasionally emulate their premium counterparts by using ads that emphasize premium characteristics such as superior performance and exclusivity. We define this practice as "advertising up" and develop hypotheses about its short-and long-term impact on advertising elasticity and brand equity respectively. We test the hypotheses in two large-scale empirical studies using a comprehensive dataset from the automotive industry that includes, among others, the content of 2317 television ads broadcast over a period of 45 months. The results indicate that advertising up increases (decreases) short-term advertising elasticity for non-premium products with a low (high) market share. The results also show that an intensive use of advertising up over time leads to long-term improvements (reductions) in brand equity for expensive (cheap) non-premium products.
e. , the average level) and the inconsistency (i. e. , the variation) in the use of advertising up affect brand equity because these two variables summarize how advertising up is used over time. In our empirical application, we use a comprehensive dataset from the automotive industry. First, we operationalize advertising up using the content of 2317 television ads broadcast from January 2007 through September 2010. The ads used to create the advertising up metric represented a total expenditure of US$11. 3B and accounted for 87. 7% of the advertising expenditures of 85 different non-premium products. Subsequently, we use the sales, advertising expenditures, features, and quality ratings of these 85 products to conduct two field studies. In the first study, we specify a sales model that allows us to examine how advertising up impacts advertising elasticity and how product characteristics moderate this impact.
Data We obtained information about the expenditures and the video copies for individual ads broadcast on television from January 2000 through September 2010 for all vehicles in the automotive industry. Due to financial constraints, we coded only a subset of the ads and used their content to operationalize advertising up. We selected ads belonging to sport utility (SUV) and sedan models broadcast from January 2007 through September 2010. We considered only the ads used by the top 10 brands in the premium and the top 10 brands in the non-premium segments (based on sales). The top 10 brands in each segment accounted for 96. 6% and 79. 7% of the sales in the premium and non-premium segments, respectively. Web Appendix A outlines the brands in each segment as defined by the data provider, an expert in the industry.
Sales The focus of our paper concerns the consequences of advertising up for non-premium products. Thus, in our demand model we only consider registrations for products belonging to non-premium brands (85 different car models). We obtained registrations from R. L. Polk Company. We identify a car model as the unique combination of parent brand (e. g. , Toyota), model name (e. g. , Camry), and engine type (hybrid/gasoline). This definition of car model implies that product upgrades are part of the same car model. To synchronize registration data with other variables we define our dependent variable in month t as the registrations of a car in month t + 1. The current legislation in the U. S. dictates that cars must be registered within 15 to 30 days after purchase (variability is due to differences across states).
Advertising stock We obtained monthly advertising expenditures per car model from Kantar media. This dataset details expenditures for different advertising media (newspaper, radio, internet, outdoor), including television, which represents 98. 5% of the total expenditure for the products considered in the analysis. To account for the fact that the effect of advertising expenditure could be realized over time, we assume that advertising forms a stock variable. The stock of advertising depreciates over time, and it accumulates as the firm advertises. We operationalize product p's advertising stock in month t as the discounted sum of the monthly expenditure in logs  (Burmester, Becker, van Heerde, & Clement, 2015; Luan & Sudhir, 2010) : AS pt ¼ X t τ¼1 λ t-τ ln 1 þ ADV pτ ; ð2Þ where the parameter λ (0 ≤ λ ≤ 1) represents the carryover parameter and ADV pτ is the total advertising expenditure for product p in month τ, which includes expenditures of coded and non-coded ads and expenditures on television and other media.
Moderators of advertising up As explained in the theory section, we considered price, market share, and quality ratings as moderators of the impact of advertising up. We obtained price data from Wards Auto. As in prior research, we used yearly MSRP (manufacturer suggested retail price) instead of transaction prices because these were not available to us  (Balachander, Liu, & Stock, 2009). To obtain the market share of a car, we first calculated the monthly shares of the focal car and, subsequently, averaged them over the period of analysis to obtain a share variable for each car model. 10 Finally, to operationalize quality, we collected data from J. D. Power's Initial Quality Study (IQS)  11  and Vehicle Dependability Study (VDS) 12  and the U. S. News' Reliability Study for 2008 car models.
Data and variable operationalization We complemented the data used in Study 1 with data between October 2010 and September 2011. The new data included all the variables used in Study 1 except advertising content. We identify three periods in the data: first period spanning from January 2007 to December 2007; a second period going from January 2008 to September 2010; and a third period spanning from October 2010 to September 2011. The objective of the study is to relate changes in brand equity between periods 1 and 3 with the use of advertising up during period 2. We calculate the intensity of advertising up for product p in period 2 (UP p2 intensity ) as the average level of adverting up used by the product during the second period. Additionally, we operationalize the inconsistency in the use of advertising up (UP p2 inconsistency ) as the variability of advertising up during the second period.
First, among NAFTA members, Mexico was the country with the highest tariffs and experienced the largest cut during the NAFTA phase-in. Over the period 1993-2001, Mexican import tariffs on U. S. products declined on average by 14 percent. Second, Mexico has a large informal sector which increased in the 1990s. Finally, the Mexican labor market exhibits striking gender differences. The extremely low female labor force participation is one illustration of this: less than 40 percent of women participated to the labor force in the early 1990s, and this share remained below 50 percent in the early 2000s. We use individual data from the Mexican labor force survey called Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano (ENEU). This survey enables us to identify whether working individuals belong to the formal or informal segment of the labor market.
Data on FDI inflows come from the OECD International direct investment database (Isic Rev. 3 classification). The quarterly real exchange rate between Mexico and the U. S. is obtained from the Central Bank of Mexico. Finally, since NAFTA is a multilateral agreement by which the United States reciprocally lowered import tariff to products from Mexico, column (5) includes U. S. import tariffs. 21 A decrease in the U. S. tariff increases the probability of being formally employed. This result can be related to the findings in  Paz (2014)  and  McCaig and Pavcnik (2014) , who show that reductions in trading partners' tariffs lead to a decrease in informality in Brazil and Vietnam respectively. Column (5) shows that the formalization effect related to the reduction in Mexican import tariff is unaltered, and its magnitude is slightly reduced by the introduction of U.
Finally, unlike Dix-Carneiro and Kovak (2017a) who exploit decennial changes, we use annual time series variation in tariffs. Therefore our estimates capture the short-run effects of trade policy. To compare our findings to longer-term studies such as Dix-Carneiro and  Kovak (2017a) , we also adopt a long difference identification strategy. We use data for 1993 and 2000 to evaluate the effect of local exposure to tariff reduction on formal employment probability. Our strategy is described in Appendix D, and results are presented in Table  16. Although the signs of the coefficients are similar to our benchmark results in Table  6 , the long difference strategy shows no significant effect of trade liberalization on formal employment probability. Our need to control for past trends, which are created using municipality information during the 1980s, introduces a limitation.
University, the Centre for European Economic Research, and the  Institue  for the World Economy helped to improve this paper. All errors are our own. This research has been conducted as part of the project  Labex MME-DII  ( ANR11-LBX-0023-01 ), the  ANR-DFG (France-Germany)  project " Local Labour Markets: The Causes and Consequences of Spatial Differences in Labour Market Outcomes Across Cities " and the  SEEK-2016  project " Fiscal and Labour Policy Institutions and Inequality ".
Consequently, computational modeling of genetic interactions and tissue biomechanics, based on empirical data on mouse tooth development, has been used to model embryological development of the teeth of rodent species  (Harjunmaa et al. , 2014; Renvoisé et al. , 2017) , as well as seal teeth  (Salazar-Ciudad and Jernvall, 2010). Since neither seal tooth development nor hybridization is amenable to experimentation, we examined whether the hybrid morphology could be produced by modeling development. First, we generated virtual ringed and gray seal tooth rows (using real population mean shapes, see Materials and Methods) using the ToothMaker-software  (Harjunmaa et al. , 2014; Renvoisé et al. , 2017)  (see Materials and Methods). Setting three model parameters to different values was sufficient to model the differences between gray and ringed seal teeth; inhibitor (Inh), epithelial growth rate (Egr), and anterior bias (Abi).
, 1997). Furthermore, behavioural observations have documented attempted matings by a wild gray seal male with harbour seal females (Phoca vitulina)  (Wilson, 1975). To estimate potential interbreeding in the history of wild gray and ringed seals, we examined introgression using the Patterson's D-statistics approach  (Green et al. , 2010). In addition to Baltic gray seals and Baltic ringed seals, we sequenced genome wide data from Saimaa ringed seals (n = 12, the Weddell seal was the outgroup, see Materials and Methods). Saimaa ringed seals are a suitable contrast for the analyses (Figure  5A ) because they have been isolated from the Baltic for approximately 9,500 years, with no documented presence of gray seals in Lake Saimaa  (Valtonen et al. , 2012; Ukkonen et al. , 2014). The results show that Baltic ringed seals have a statistically significant excess of derived alleles shared with the gray seal.
; https://doi. org/10. 1101/310789 doi: bioRxiv preprint  Germany) at the Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland. The voxel size was 32. 1 µm for the skull and 16. 6 µm for the tooth row. Volume data were processed in Avizo 9. 0 (FEI Visualization Sciences Group) and surfaces were extracted and teeth segmented from the jaw using Artec Studio 9. 0 (Artec 3D). Cracked tooth halves were manually reattached using Artec Studio 9. 0. The tooth halves were joined together without deforming the meshes (Figure supp. 1). Skull images and drawings are from specimens in Finnish Museum of Natural History (Helsinki, Finland) and partly for Homo from  (Tattersall and Schwartz, 1998). Seal genetic data. Hybrid DNA was isolated from the pulpa of a poscanine tooth that had fallen from the specimen in storage using NucleoMag kit (Macherey-Nagel GmbH & Co, Germany).
100X raw sequencing coverage (Table  supp. 1). The base calls in the Illumina HiScanSQ platform were converted into text format (FASTAformat with individual base quality scores) using the CASAVA toolkit (bcl2fastq version 1. 8. 3) provided by the manufacturer. The Illumina MiSeq platform employed a primary analysis software called MiSeq Reporter post-run that produced the base calls in text format. For all the Illumina reads, base call accuracy and read length filtering (adapter cutoff) was performed with cutadapt  (Martin, 2011)  using minimum accepted base call accuracy of 90% and minimum post-filtering read length of 75 bp. The Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) draft genome (Broad Institute) was used as a reference genome for the downstream genetic distances analysis. The statistics and downloads for this reference are available at: http://software.