dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Literature coding and analysis We organised our selected papers within a database for all authors to access and discuss. We began by agreeing upon a set of criteria through which to analyse the literature and to provide an overview of each paper in relation to these criteria. This allowed us to broadly map the current state of knowledge in relation to our focus area and begin to identify emergent themes  (Leidner, 2018). This was a crucial means to reduce and extract meaning from each of the papers and to understand them and develop our own interpretation. At this stage, we developed definitions for the different types of self-organised collectives in the reviewed papers to ensure clarity in terms of the concepts we were analysing  (Suddaby, 2010). This is shown in Table  2. We used a coding approach common in qualitative research  (Gioia et al.
, 2013)  and this was deemed appropriate for coding our selected papers as it enabled synthesis of the literature  (Miles and Huberman, 1994). The approach involved three core stages which resulted in our findings and our model, which are discussed later in the paper. In the first stage, we sought to identify: (i) the role of information technology in enabling self-organised collectives; (ii) the types of crisis situation at-hand in each paper; and (iii) the strategic value of self-organised collectives during crises. The coding involved going through each paper to assign short labels to ascertain its meaning  (Gioia et al. , 2013). This started with the identification of granular initial codes. In our database, we created a summary of each paper, the type of IT present and how it is used, information about the crisis situation, and information about the type of collective present.
As codes were grouped and refined to be given more consistent labels, it helped us to unpack the richness of the papers relevant to a number of themes which emphasised the strategic value of selforganised collectives. This coding process went through iterations until we were satisfied that the papers had been sufficiently reviewed. In the second stage, we went through iterations and discussions between the authors, and this helped to provide commentary and verification about the emerging themes. We then updated our codes in the database, and this allowed for further discussion and intercoder dependability to finalise these in-line with the research background on the strategic value of self-organised collectives during crises. We then sought to move our codes into higher-order themes  (Gioia et al.
, 2013). This resulted in four main dimensions of strategic value (i. e. , information sharing value, collective resource-mobilisation value, network value, and generative value) which we used to begin to develop rich narratives. In turn, these formed the basis for our findings. This led to the third and final stage, where all authors worked together to translate the insights from our database and identified dimensions to draw clear implications from our work. Specifically, by using our understanding of the papers and our understanding of relevant literature, we established a model to display the core findings  (Miles and Huberman, 1994). Overall, our approach aligned with the need to demonstrate comprehensiveness in the search for, and analysis of, the literature  (Okoli, 2015).
, 2012; Nan & Lu, 2014; Ghobadi & Clegg, 2015; Leong et al. , 2015; Vaast et al. , 2017). For example,  Pan et al. (2012)  illustrate that mobilisation of intellectual resources, such as information sharing, is driven by perceptions of different types of risks at different stages of crises, while  Nguyen et al. (2021)  discuss the value of crowdsourced warning systems to provide timely information about incoming online phishing attacks. Likewise,  Nan & Lu (2014 , p. 1136)  illustrate the importance of "organising dynamics for a large number of organisation members to self-organise online toward an orderly and rational crisis management process", while  Mejia et al (2019)  discuss how consumers use applications (e. g. , Yelp) to create an information database about the quality of restaurants, improve restaurants' hygiene practices, and reduce the amount of restaurant-related food-borne illness which can lead to crises in the form of various 'hazards'.
PRIF methodology The PRIF is based on 37 indicators (Appendix 1) that were formulated to cover the categories and subcategories of rights considering the practical possibilities that private forest owners have with their forest property, according to the law. The methodological foundation of the PRIF  43  presents the steps used for data processing, data weighting and the aggregation of indicators in the calculation of the PRIF. The PRIF indicators are assessed based on formal legal rules (de jure applications of property rights). In its initial application, the indicators were assessed only for private forest ownership and for forests not located in protected areas, thus covering the usual practices regulated by the forest-specific legislation in a jurisdiction. "Jurisdiction" refers to a particular geographic area governed by a defined legal authority and can be a country if the forest legislation is unitarily applied at a national level or can specifically differentiate the areas where the forest legislation is set at subnational levels.
The use of a PSP significantly increases the complexity of interactions among all participants: the network of involved actors expands, the amount of data to be processed grows, and so on. Communication and interaction occur through various digital and real-life channels, and consumers expect a seamless and personalized experience across all of them. Many healthcare organizations are now embracing new digital experiences and adopting new tools, but this often leads to the creation of silos when channels are not integrated with each other. All these complexities call for the application of the omnichannel approach, which can effectively and efficiently manage the system  (Kraus et al. , 2021; Schiavone et al. , 2021).
Additionally, the use of mobile applications has increased, serving as reminders, engaging patients in self-monitoring, and facilitating the logging of various patient-related data such as blood pressure and glucose measurements. The PSP ecosystem consists of various actors and stakeholders. Among them, three actors play a crucial role: the pharmaceutical company that promotes the PSP, the PSP provider that responds to PSPrelated tenders from pharmaceutical companies, and the digital platform provider that offers the digital omnichannel platform for managing the specific PSP workflow. These are the primary actors that are the focus of this research.
We employed the following criteria to identify relevant firms (refer to Fig. 3  for the research framework). Firstly, we selected firms that belonged to a PSP ecosystem that was pertinent to our research questions and could provide valuable insights into the phenomena under study  (Siggelkow, 2007). Secondly, we ensured that the selected firms would grant us access to current and historical information through knowledgeable informants and were conveniently accessible to the researchers  (Mason, 2002). As a result, we chose a triad consisting of a prominent provider of adherence-focused PSPs, its digital platform provider (both based or branched in northern Italy), and an international pharmaceutical company actively involved in PSP provision. To enhance the reliability of our findings, we conducted information triangulation with secondary data sources  (Pettigrew, 1990).
Data collection and analysis In order to enhance the research's reliability and ensure the trustworthiness of the results, we employed a triangulation approach for data analysis  (Flick, 2018). This involved collecting primary and secondary data from various sources and utilizing researchers with different theoretical perspectives and distinct relationships with the firms involved  (Voss et al. , 2002). Primary data was obtained through face-to-face interviews with knowledgeable individuals who were actively involved in the design and management of the overall system and the digital platform. Following Pettigrew's suggestion (1990), we considered any data and information from previous years that could provide valuable insights into the study's topic. The interviews were conducted directly with the participants and recorded, transcribed, and subsequently coded using established methods  (Gioia et al.
This way, doctorpatient communication can be much more agile," explains the Pharma Co. Medical manager. In fact, PSPP's value proposition encompasses a comprehensive webbased responsive proprietary platform provided as Software as a Service. The technology stack includes a cloud infrastructure and a modular and scalable platform with features such as a Contact Center, CRM, Web Portals, and native apps (iOS and Android) for doctors and patients. Additionally, there is a customer team web portal, customizable technological solutions, and devices to support adherence monitoring. "Omnichannel solutions consist of different components. We have the client's web portal, web portals and apps for doctors, web portals and apps for patients and caregivers. Our operators also use the web portal, including nurses, psychologists, dieticians, and logistics providers involved in drug delivery and waste disposal during home infusions… Basically, anyone operating within the scope of the PSP," explains the PSPP Head of Project Development.
The use of IoT technology devices and a well-designed omnichannel platform contribute to engaging and involving all actors in the ecosystem, particularly the patient. IoT devices aid in therapy adherence detection, such as devices connected to a blister case with a pill extraction sensor, which sends real-time adherence status to the cloud platform integrated with the CRM and Medical Web Portal. "We have mobile applications, so the patient also has their own app where they can track their progress and virtuosity. There are even concepts of 'gamification' to provide the patient with psychological stimuli to support and motivate them," says the DPP Owner & CTO. The platform allows for data-based management since data collected by the digital platforms are stored in the PSP's databases and can be analyzed and utilized in various ways to streamline the PSP organization.
Therefore, after the application of strict inclusion and exclusion criteria the authors identify 92 valuable contributions published by 31 December 2021, which they consider as a dataset that will provide useful bibliometric insights to facilitate the evaluation of the extant body of knowledge. The authors, by adopting the bibliographic coupling methodology, observe that the body of published literature on the topic has fallen into three distinct yet interconnected blocks focusing on strategic marketing issues on manufacturervsretailer conflict, pricing policies and trade-offs among pricevsservices, and operational interactions and strategies between supply chain members. After exposing the bibliometric insights and identifying the three aforementioned categories, the study analysed a selection thereof describing twelve article subgroups addressing specific subtopics.
TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( manufacture*) OR ( vendor*) OR ( producer*)) AND ( ( e-commerce) OR ( electronic AND commerce) OR ( eCommerce) OR ( online AND sales) OR ( online AND channel)) AND ( strategy) OR ( manage*)). The Scopus database, which is considered an ideal scientific database for systematic literature reviews  (Falagas et al. 2008; Kraus et al. 2020) , was used to perform our search. In particular, beyond benefiting from a great reputation, Scopus provides greater coverage than the competitive Web of Science database, covering almost all (99. 11%) of the journals included by its competitor  (Singh et al. 2021). The "*" operators were used as jolly characters to include as many lexical variants as possible  (Ciampi et al. 2022). The implementation of our search query (the second phase of our analysis) allowed us to select an initial dataset of 2,565 papers.
In line with the literature (Delgado  García et al. 2015; Gupta et al. 2019; Kraus et al. 2020; Voester et al. 2017)  and considering the managerial perspective of our review, we selected only articles or reviews from peer reviewed journals in English that had already been published or were in press by 31 December 2021 and belonging to business, management, and accounting scientific areas, refining the sample at 496 papers. Furthermore, in order to ensure the exclusive analysis of articles with satisfactory scientific value  (Kraus et al. 2022) , the authors decided to exclude all articles published in journals not included in the Academic Journal Guide 2021 released by the Chartered Association of Business Schools (ABS) reducing the papers list to 367. The search was also implemented in the Web of Science database for cross-validation purposes, without finding any other relevant articles.
To measure the level of alignment between the results obtained through these three individual selection processes, Krippendorf's alpha coefficient was calculated. It was greater than 0. 80, thus supporting the robustness of our selection protocol. Many papers were excluded because they included the word "manufacturer" in their abstract, but they mainly focused their attention on retailers instead of manufacturers. Others were simply consumer oriented and not firm focused. Some papers were excluded because they did not delve into online channels even if the abstract included the word "online" with the word "sales". This selection process reduced our dataset to 92 papers (see Fig. 1 ), which deeply analyse the online channel management topic from manufacturers' perspectives. In the fourth phase, to analyse the structure and evolution of the literature object of our review, some relevant bibliometric indicators were calculated and interpreted  (Todeschini and Baccini 2016).
Subsequently, thanks to its bibliographic coupling algorithm, VosViewer allowed us to build a graphical map in which each sphere represents a paper, and the papers are split into clusters as a function of the similarity of their references (van Eck and Waltman 2014, 2010). The resulting cluster structure represents a powerful instrument to interpret the literature contained in a scientific dataset and the research streams characterizing that literature  (van Eck and Waltman 2014, 2010). As a result of our similarity analysis, 84 papers were found to be connected in terms of at least more than one shared reference, forming a graphical structure composed of three clusters whose configurations appear to be quite well defined (see Sect. 4). In the fifth phase, always following the best methodological practices  (Ciampi et al.
2022 ) and with the aim of focusing on the most relevant papers and making the review as significant as possible, the authors autonomously attributed a relevance score to each of these 84 papers as a function of their significance for the main topics touched upon by each thematic cluster. This final step allowed us to select a restricted dataset composed of 55 papers (65% of the total dataset). Figure  1  summarizes the selection protocol that led to the final sample of articles considered. In the final step, a systematic review of these 55 papers was performed  (Gaur and Kumar 2018; Tranfield et al. 2003)  to explore and connect the themes analysed, investigate the most relevant connections among the studies and the thematic clusters, discover the most relevant understudied topics, and propose a future research agenda.
Country wise, the distribution reveals that 53% of the scientific production comes from China and 20% from the United States, which is understandable since these two countries respectively represent 52% and 19% of the total global e-commerce market (von Abrams 2021). 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 The clustering structure resulting from the similarity analysis performed by using VosViewer 1. 6. 10 software (Fig. 3 ) reveals the presence of three thematic clusters whose configurations appear to be outlined. The papers belonging to the green cluster (the one that, on average, includes the oldest set of papers) concern the strategic marketing issues within the manufacturervsretailer conflict. The blue cluster aggregates work that pay attention to pricing policies and the pricevsservices trade-off. Finally, the red cluster assembles studies (the most recent, on average) focused on operational interactions and strategies between supply chain members.
Research limitations This study does have some limitations. First, the selection of papers may have been biased by the subjectivity characterizing the interpretations and evaluations of the authors. We partially addressed this aspect by implementing a multiple human subject reading and screening of the papers  (Tranfield et al. 2003). The fact that Krippendorf's alpha coefficient was an approximate 0. 80 supports the robustness of our selection protocol. The second limitation is that the Scopus database was used only to perform the search phase of this research. However, we cross-validated our findings on another prestigious scientific database, Web of Science, without finding any new relevant documents. Third, this research, amongst many others, highlights the possible conflicting relationship between retailer and manufacturer, but focuses exclusively on the The next path for the literature to follow would be to centre in on the theoretical framing of e-commerce dynamics from manufacturers' perspective and then eventually attempt to test their viability.
The nonfungible token (NFT) marketplace spiked in the recent past. The concept originated initially as a token standard of Ethereum, an open-source blockchain with smart contract functionality, where each token is characterized by distinguishable signs. These types of tokens have unique digital properties that allow their distinct identification. NFTs, with their distinct qualities, can be fluidly traded with customized values according to their ages, rarity, and liquidity. The trading of NFTs has heavily influenced the growth of the decentralized application (dApp) marketplace, as exponential returns (thousand folds from their original value) on its ever-expanding market are being observed, leading to worldwide attention. However, the NFT ecosystem is in its nascence, and the associated technologies are still in their infancy.
NFT background Blockchain is often described as a digital ledger that records various types of transactions carried out on a network by different parties in a continuous manner  (Hughes et al. , 2019; Li et al. , 2018). A public blockchain operates without a central authority. The entities securing the network are called nodes, which form the infrastructure of a blockchain  (Yaga et al. , 2019). Nodes are connected through a preagreed consensus mechanism, and they exchange the up-to-date blockchain data while keeping a copy of the ledger, thereby preserving and disseminating the blockchain data. For this reason, a blockchain can be said to exist on nodes  (Beck et al. , 2018). The Bitcoin network in particular runs on tens of thousands of nodes, a number that increases in the long run. Each transaction, such as the exchange or transfer of digital assets such as ownership, rights, and liabilities, is recorded on the blockchain  (Ali et al.
Ethereum has opened the prospect of developing various decentralized applications through the integration of smart contracts and tokens, as described in  (Ølnes et al. , 2017). Recalling that the definition of smart contracts proposed by  Szabo (1996)  described a smart contracts as a self-executing electronic transaction protocol, the idea has been realized through Ethereum and has been quite revolutionary in the financial world. Indeed, decentralized applications (dApps) may fall into different categories, such as voting systems, intellectual property (IP), finance, decentralized finance, and games (in particular, trading or collection-based games). While the types of dApps are not limited to the aforementioned, domain name registries and particular software for company governance can also utilize Ethereum as a back-end system.
dApps can be designed assuming an anonymous network as well as a reputation-based network, where node operators keep a record of trusted nodes. The development of decentralized applications offers users the ability to enforce ownership rules, state transition functions, and transaction formats according to their will  (Jennath et al. , 2019). Ethereum code development has become widely accessible, as it may be written in any of the multiple high-level programming languages available today  (Vogelsteller and Buterin, 2015). Hence, through smart contracts, parties can undergo transactions with each other in an environment without any security threat even in the absence of a regulatory third-party authority. This paves the way for the development of other applications based on the concept of smart contracts.
Key properties of NFTs NFT schemes fundamentally distribute applications  (Buterin, 2015)  and thus carry the properties of their substratum public ledgers. The current manuscript summarizes the key NFT properties in detail. Verifiability refers to the token metadata and nature of ownership of the NFT, which can be publicly corroborated  (Wang and Kogan, 2018). Transparent execution represents the NFT activities minting, selling, and purchasing, which are publicly accessible. Availability refers to NFT systems being workable as required when required during any period, i. e. , availability of all the tokens and issued NFTs for selling and buying. Tamper resistance refers to the quality of NFT metadata and the ability of its trading records to be persistently stored and not manipulated once the transactions are confirmed.
Planning stage This phase characterizes the identification of the requirements of the review. Although studies on key challenges to the use of NFTs exist, the academic literature pertaining to the topic and its review has been underdeveloped. Thus, the paper will contribute to the literature by providing a detailed analysis of the existing knowledge in research and practice. Second, at the planning stage, the following research question was identified: What are the key challenges faced by NFTs? Thus, the review aims to answer this research question in particular for future generations of researchers to appreciate the challenges of NFTs for future research and the adoption of NFTs. Third, the criterion for the selection of articles was set using specific strategies and techniques. Herein, an integrated search strategy was embraced to include a search engineautomated searchon different electronic databases and the inclusion of a manual review of assorted publications  (Golder et al.
, 2014). For the current review, the chosen online databases include the ACM digital library, Scopus, Web of Science, Emerald, IEEE, and Science Direct. Moreover, strategic filtering of tools was used to limit and mine the requisite research results for each of the chosen databases  (McLean and Antony, 2014). The broad manual review was conducted by reading through the title and abstract of each research article  (Golder et al. , 2014) , followed by systematic reading of the assorted content of these selected articles to exclude extraneous articles  (Ali et al. , 2018). The fourth step entails developing the research review protocol, which served as a foundation to interpret the current theoretical and practical perspectives of the theme. This review followed the initial classification framework proposed by  Ngai and Wat (2002).