dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Indeed, women with obesity have been shown to present an altered first phase of labor and an increase in labor obstruction  [19, 20]. This point might be due to a less effective myometrium in term of contractility  [21]  or a decrease in oxytocin receptors parallel to maternal BMI increase  [22]  and a higher blood rate of Leptin and cholesterol impairing myometrial contractility  [23]. The main strength of this study is that it identified the characteristics of women with obesity responsible for the overall CS rate increase for the first time. A large number of women was included which allows to have a power necessary to highlight a difference between the maternal BMI groups if it exists. Attending practitioners prospectively collected the data about the management of the pregnancy, labor and delivery, and these data were ascertained routinely by medical staff the day after the delivery, so that thorough and accurate information was available for adjustment in the multiple logistic regression models.
In social processes, long-term trends can be influenced or disrupted by various factors, including public policy. When public policies depend on a misrepresentation of trends in the areas they are aimed at, they become random and disruptive, which can be interpreted as a source of disorder. Here we consider policies on the spatial organization of the French Higher Education and Research system, which reflects the authorities' hypothesis that scientific excellence is the prerogative of a few large urban agglomerations. By geographically identifying all the French publications listed in the Web of Science databases between 1999 and 2017, we highlight a spatial deconcentration trend, which has slowed down in recent years due to a freezed growth of the teaching force. This deconcentration continues, however, to sustain the growth of scientific production in small and medium-sized towns.
Quite surprinsingly, the perspective of the reformers at the end of the nineteenth century who wanted to establish a small number of large universities that could compete with their German counterparts has been revived a century later  [15]. Launched by the French government in 2010, the "Initiatives d'excellence" or Idex b and their variations ("Laboratoires d'excellence" a. k. a. Labex, "Équipements d'excellence" a. k. a. Équipex, etc. ) were funded by a part of the "great loan" (7. 7 billion euros). Most of the accepted projects concentrated in the Paris region (4 Idex out of 8 and 84 Labex out of 171) and a few major peripheral scientific centres (Bordeaux, Toulouse, Aix-Marseille, Strasbourg benefited from Idex from the first round). Other sites subsequently benefited from Idex and I-sites (a similar but less well-endowed system), with the city of Toulouse losing its own after the failed attempt at merging the 3 universities of Toulouse.
First, the trend towards the geographical deconcentration of research activity contradicts policies that take for granted the existence of an inverse trend that they seek to accompany or reinforce. Second, the lack of effect of the geographical concentration of researchers in the largest agglomerations on the scientific productivity of these agglomerations contrasts with policies hypothesising this effect. We conclude by contrasting the regularity of observed trends with the disorder introduced by policies based on their misinterpretations. 2 Changes in the "French scientific map": a continuous deconcentration Data from large bibliographic databases offer a global vision of the territorial distribution of scientific activities. We have therefore coded the geographical location of affiliations declared by the authors of publications listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI), the reference index of the Web of Science.
We do not go into further detail here about the smaller sites g. Although underestimated in bibliographic databases because researchers from these sites tend to sign with the address of their laboratory, often based at a university in a larger city, they have also gained in importance over the years  [32]. In summary, the analysis of the publications shows a continuous process of deconcentration relative to the Paris region, and more recently, to the major academic centres. This process has slowed down in the 2010's, but it is still ongoing. We hypothesise that it is the result of the increase in the number of university staff, itself linked to the increase in the number of students. In order to get a clearer picture of the causes of this spatial deconcentration, we now relate publications to the number of researchers and students.
This model explains about 92% of the variation in the number of publications between urban areas. No large sites deviate significantly from the model. The few significant deviations concern small sites such as Digne-les-Bains, Villefranche-sur-Saône, and Rodez, for which we have already mentioned that it was complicated to measure scientific output due to the practices of signing articles. It can therefore be concluded that the number of researchers explains almost all of the variations between agglomerations in terms of the number of publications. Finally, we can go a little further by limiting ourselves to the 43 sites with CNRS employees (Table  7 ). This time, more information can be taken into account: the number of CNRS researchers, the number of permanent non-CNRS researchers in CNRS units, the number of non-permanent researchers in CNRS units (fixed-term contracts including post-docs), the number of students, and academic staff (moving average on DADS data 2012-2014).
The explanation is then 98%. No site deviates significantly from this model-leaving aside the case of Corte-but there are some peculiarities that explain its situation (Fig. 2 ). The statistical model could certainly be improved by including other data (e. g. , company research) to get closer to the 100% explanation. Our results show that the overall number of publications of a site can be accurately predicted from indicators on the number of staff engaged in academically oriented research (corporate researchers publishing significantly less). In addition, we also used an alternative approach of calculating a publication rate per full-time equivalent researcher (DADS). This additional analysis shows that the large sites all fall within a fairly narrow range, the small sites differ according to their speciality, and an analysis of variance on the types of sites (in four categories) shows a total absence of significance of site size on research productivity.
Conclusion There are limitations to this analysis that should be noted. First, it combines all disciplines, limiting itself to the natural and technical sciences in the first part, and taking into account all academic disciplines in the second part. To go further, however, a per-discipline study is necessary but that requires counting the perdiscipline number of researchers. Second, our study is limited by the source used to estimate scientific production. It is one of the oldest bibliographical databases, whose biases are well documented  [39] [40] [41]  : English-speaking tropism, failure to take into account books, sometimes arbitrary selection of journals taken into account  [42]. The human and social sciences in particular would require a specific analysis. However, despite these limitations, this analysis of the French case is consistent with the main results already observed worldwide: geographical deconcentration and lack of agglomeration effect on the number of publications  [24, 25, 43, 44].
The available historical oxygen data show that the deepest part of the South Adriatic Pit remains well-ventilated despite the winter convection reaching only the upper 700 m depth. Here, we show that the evolution of the vertical temperature structure in the deep South Adriatic Pit (dSAP) below the Otranto Strait sill depth (780 m) is described well by continuous diffusion, a continuous forcing by heat fluxes at the upper boundary (Otranto Strait sill depth) and an intermittent forcing by rare (several per decade) deep convective and gravity-current events. The analysis is based on two types of data: (i) 13-year observational data time series (2006 -2019)  at 750 m, 900 m, 1000 m and 1200 m depths of the temperature from the E2M3A Observatory and (ii) 55 vertical profiles (1985 -2019) in the dSAP.
An advantage of considering the dSAP is that it is easily accessible (only approximately 60 nautical miles from the coast) and has been extensively observed with considerable data coverage in space and time over the last 40 years. The present work relies on two types of data: first, in-situ ship-borne data measurements, 55 vertical temperature and salinity profiles at a 1 m resolution, collected in the dSAP from 1985 to 2019  (Cardin et al. (2011) ) and second, time series of high-frequency point measurements from 2006 to 2019 at 750 m, 900 m, 1000 m and 1200 m nominal depths from the mooring at the E2M3A Observatory, (http://nettuno. ogs. trieste. it/e2-m3a/). The latter are positioned in the dSAP and are particularly dedicated to the study of the long-term thermohaline and biogeochemical properties.
THEORY We consider the vertical structure of the dSAP and ignore the horizontal variations. This is justified by the dominance of horizontal (isopycnal) mixing over vertical (diapycnal) mixing  (Ledwell et al. (1998) ). Conceptually, the Munk solution is not valid in the dSAP, as there is no continuous injection in the deep waters, which justifies a continuous upward velocity. Furthermore, fig. 1  shows that the vertical gradient of the temperature vanishes towards the bottom, which indicates intense mixing without restratification effects. The data from a depth of 750 m down to the bottom have a clearly non-exponential functional form, indicating that the Munk theory of a balance between the upward advection and downward diffusion of heat does not apply. Without upward advection, only vertical turbulent diffusion remains, with no process to balance it and the only stationary solution is a constant temperature in space and time.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND METHODS In order to validate Munk's theory using experimental data we have considered the area of the South Adriatic (see fig. 1 ) where mixing and winter convection play an important role in homogenizing the physical and chemical properties of seawater and spreading heat along the water column. To analyze the importance of these processes, two different data sets are used: The first one consists of temperature profiles, taken during ship cruises, covering a long period of time and a large spatial area, and the second is times-series data, with high frequency point measurements along the water column by the E2M3A Observatory. The latter is located in the dSAP and is particularly dedicated to the study of long-term thermohaline and biogeochemical properties. In this study, we analyze the diffusivity processes in the deep layer; therefore, we consider only measurements deeper than 750 m.
Time Series The data collected at the E2M3A Observatory enables the monitoring of changes that can be linked to variations in the general circulation of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea or, on a larger time scale, to the climate variability in the area, demonstrating the importance of high-frequency measurements to resolving events and rapid processes. The Observatory has been working almost continuously since the end of 2006, and therefore, the highfrequency time series of physical and biochemical parameters measured at the site can be considered the longest almost continuous offshore data set available in the region (http://nettuno. ogs. trieste. it/e2-m3a/). The temperature was measured using CT-CTD sensors of the SBE37 at a sampled rate of 1 hour and SBE16 with a sampling interval of 3 hours.
The performance of the theory and data analysis developed in this publication are not limited to the dSAP but can be equally applied to other enclosed pits in the world ocean, away from the direct influence of atmospheric forcing and strong currents. The temperature variation in the dSAP is significantly different from the exponential profile put forward by  Munk (1966). As in  Munk and Wunsch (1998) , we have to ask the question of which process provides the power to perform the mixing in the case of the dSAP, where tides are excluded. This is one of the key open questions in physical oceanography. To answer this question, the synergy of laboratory experiments on the Coriolis platform (Grenoble) of idealized numerical simulations and of fine resolution (in time-and-space) velocity measurements in the dSAP is currently being employed.
The proposed empirical model for the vertical, one-dimensional, structure of the temperature profile, its evolution in time, as well as the determination of the vertical mixing coefficients and the forcing, relies on the synergy between mooring data with dense temporal coverage and a substantial number of profiles, providing fine resolution in the vertical direction. This dataset has been collected during the last four decades, at a single oceanic site and shows the importance of a continuous effort of collecting data over several generations of funding programs.
is determined based on temperature data collected during several oceanographic campaigns between 1985 and 2019. The cruises were undertaken as part of Italian and European projects, and other datasets were kindly provided by the NATO UNDERSEA RESEARCH CENTER, PANGEA Data Repository (https://www. pangaea. de/) and MEDATALAS Dataset (https://nodc. inogs. it/nodc/). All the profiles were processed following the methodology described by Cardin et al. (2011)  and applied for the data between 1990 and 2010, i. e. the oceanographic condition during a specific campaign is represented by a profile obtained by averaging all the CTD casts deeper than 1000 m measured in the area between 41. 25 o and 42. 25 o N and 17. 25 o and 18. 25 o E in the SAP (fig. 1). For the studied period, we consider data from 55 temperature profiles deeper than 750 m.
03 mg/kg/d (SD, 0. 01 mg/kg/d). Results from the HSDS analysis revealed that baseline age and years on treatment had a significant impact on the change in HSDS. In the BMI SDS analysis, longer GH treatment time led to a greater change in BMI SDS from baseline, and patients with a higher BMI at the start of treatment had a greater decrease in BMI over time. Conclusions: GH is effective in the management of children with PWS. Earlier treatment resulted in a greater gain in height, and a longer treatment period resulted in better outcomes for both height and BMI. Trial registration: This study was registered with ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT01009905) on November 9, 2009.
Data source Data were extracted from the non-interventional ANSW ER Program® and NordiNet® IOS, which aimed to evaluate long-term safety and effectiveness outcomes of pediatric and adult patients treated with somatropin in the United States and other countries, respectively. Details about both programs were described previously  [17]. Briefly, the ANSWER Program® and NordiNet® IOS enrolled GH-naïve adults and children who were prescribed somatropin for treatment of growth disorders. Patient histories and physical examination data were entered by participating physician investigators using Web-based reporting forms. The doses of GH administered to participants were selected by treating physicians, and data on parameters such as baseline height standard deviation score (HSDS), weight, bone age, maximal stimulated serum GH concentration, serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, and GH dose/frequency were collected  [17].
Patient characteristics An initial total of 145 patients with PWS from the ANSWER Program® (n = 78) and NordiNet® IOS (n = 67) were eligible for inclusion for effectiveness outcomes assessments. Based on availability of follow-up data to perform the current analyses, a total of 129 patients were included in the HSDS analysis and 98 in the BMI SDS analysis. The mean ± SD GH dose administered to patients in both registries was 0. 03 ± 0. 01 mg/kg/d.
Since the first demonstration over 30 years ago of the effectiveness of GH in improving growth in patients with PWS  [4]. the use of GH has been widespread in these patients. The Global PWS Registry that includes approximately 2000 participants with PWS from 33 countries recently reported that 91% of patients are using (or previously used) GH, 71% of whom began treatment before 2 years of age. Of patients who used GH, 93% reported receiving benefits from the treatment  [48, 49]. A notable strength of this study was the use of data from largest-to-date, real-world populations of patients treated with GH from NordiNet® IOS and the ANSWER Program®, totaling nearly 40,000 patients. However, by virtue of the size of these registries, data were collected at many sites by many different practitioners, presenting a likelihood of inconsistent data collection practices between sites, resulting in inconsistencies in patient numbers between parameters.
Acknowledgments This study was sponsored by  Novo Nordisk Inc. , Plainsboro, NJ, and is registered with ClinicalTrials. gov( NCT01009905 ). The authors acknowledge the medical writing assistance of PRECISIONscientia, Yardley, PA, which was supported financially by  Novo Nordisk. These data were presented as a poster at ENDO 2019; March  23-26 , 2019; New Orleans, LA,  USA. Select data was presented as a poster titled "Outcomes in children treated with growth hormone for Prader-Willi Syndrome: Data from the  ANSWER Program and NordiNet International Outcome Study (IOS) " at the ENDO 2019 annual meeting.
Accordingly, around 160 endpoints acquired between 2011 and 2012 were selected to be injected into the model. They included 27 and 60 substances of concern for the water column and sediment contamination, respectively (LOE chemistry); 37 compounds bioaccumulated in gammarids (LOE bioavailability); 9 biological responses characterising neurotoxicity, energy acquisition, feeding rate, reproduction and survival in caged gammarids (LOE biomarkers); and 11 and 14 endpoints assessing survival, development, teratogenicity, growth, endocrine disruption, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using bioassays on water and sediment samples, respectively (LOE bioassays)  [20]. Data integration was performed for the three sites and the four sampling campaigns, as well as for an annual average for each site. One of the strengths of the model stems from the differential weighting of each endpoint.
5 ). These observations are in line with the seasonal flow rate variations in the Seine (C) Fig. 5  WOE indexes generated for Marnay-sur-Seine (a), Bougival (b) and Triel-sur-Seine (c) for the four sampling periods (C1-C4) and the annual average (AA). C1, autumn 2011; C2, spring 2012; C3, summer 2012; C4, winter 2012. Note that only data on water contamination and bioavailability were evaluated in the C2 campaign. Data taken from  [20]  River, generating a dilution or a concentration of the contaminants during the respective sampling periods  [65]. The final integration coherently synthesised the outputs of each LOE. Despite its high integrative dimension, this method did not result in a loss of information. The identification of the (class of) contaminants or biological endpoints responsive for the HQ values is possible by calculating endpoint contribution within each LOE.
phylogenetic identity of colombian samples. When we initially attempted to map all of our sequences to the C. porcellus reference mitogenome (Genbank ID: NC_000884. 1), we found that none of the 12 Colombian samples mapped efficiently and all showed an identical pattern of alignment/coverage (SI Fig. S1 ). This pattern led us to suspect that they may not be C. porcellus. Thus, a de novo assembly was carried out using one high coverage Colombian sample (MS10677, from Checua II) to produce a consensus Colombian reference sequence, to which all other Colombian samples were subsequently mapped (SI Fig. S2 ). This produced a much higher mapping success from all Colombian samples. Given the lack of comparative complete mitogenomes for Cavia species, we compared the Cytochrome B region from our Colombian samples with all Caviidae data available in Genbank (SI Table  S6 ).
The resulting Maximum Likelihood consensus tree (Fig. 1B ) suggests that the ancient Colombian archaeological remains appear to represent a distinct Cavia species; none of the 12 sequenced Colombian samples fell within the C. porcellus clade. Relationships identified using complete mitogenomes. Once all Colombian samples were realigned to the consensus Colombian reference sequence, a Median Joining (MJ) network (Fig. 1C ) was constructed using all of the complete mitogenomes generated in this study, as well as the C. porcellus reference mitogenome (Genbank: NC_000884. 1). The C. porcellus and ancient Colombian samples are separated by 1406 mutations, as seen in the CytB tree (Fig. 1B ), suggesting that they are from two distinct species. Within the Colombian samples, two distinct groups are identified, with the two clades separated by 91 mutations.
anolaimae. First described by Allen in 1916  46  , the taxonomic position of C. anolaimae has been debated, most recently described as a subspecies (C. aperea anolaimae) or a synonym for the domestic C. porcellus  15. Morphological and molecular evidence generally demonstrate it is a distinct species  [46] [47] [48]  , with the exception of one study  15. Unfortunately, there is only a single Cytochrome B sequence available for C. "aperea" anolaimae in public databases (GU136758 in SI Fig. S4 ). The identification of this sample appears to be problematic based on the analyses reported here and by that of Dunnum and Salazar-Bravo  15  , as it falls clearly within the C. aperea guianae clade (SI Fig. S4 ). We suggest that this sample is either mislabeled or misidentified, meaning there are no reliable Cytochrome B data for C.
conclusions Here we use mitogenome sequence data obtained from archaeological, historical, and contemporary guinea pigs to identify diachronic human networks of interaction spanning several millennia. Ancient mitogenomes obtained from Cavia remains recovered from archaeological sites in the Colombian Highlands were clearly genetically distinct from all other populations studied, suggesting that all of the ancient Colombian samples we analysed belong to a different Cavia species. We tentatively identify this species as C. anolaimae, based on previous literature describing the biogeography of this species. Unfortunately, no comparative mitogenome data for C. anolaimae exists in any public databases, so we cannot confirm this tentative species identification. Our result, however, supports previous suggestions that an independent guinea pig domestication may have occurred in the Colombian Highlands.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Matthew Smith  for providing the  Green Castle ,  Jamaica specimen ;  Kitty Emery  and the  Environmental Archaeology Program Laboratory at the Florida Museum of Natural History  for facilitating access to guinea pig specimens from  Finca Valencia ,  Puerto Rico  (Catalog # 0547 );  William Keegan  and  Corinne Hofman  for analysis of specimens from  Giraudy ,  Saint Lucia ;  Daniel S. Sandweiss  for permission to analyze the Lo Demás specimens housed at the  Florida Museum of Natural History  and site information;  Ana Maria Boada  for providing samples from  El Venado , Colombia; and  Martha Zierden  (on behalf of  Charleston Museum ) and  Elizabeth Reitz  for providing the Charleston sample, site information and comments on the manuscript. Kuelap samples were selected and exported legally according to the  Ministry of Culture of Peru Resolución Viceministerial  no.