dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Isotopic compositions were measured on the Nu Instruments MC-ICP-MS Nu Plasma HR at Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon in the CNRS laboratory. All the details for Cu and Pb isotopic acquisitions are reported in Maréchal et al. 75  and White et al. 76  respectively. The details of the analytical procedure for Ag isotopic acquisition are described in Desaulty et al. 49. Zinc was used to correct for instrumental bias on Cu and Pd for Ag. The values used for reference are those of NIST-SRM 981 Pb reference material reported by Galer and Abouchami (1998)  77. For Cu, the values are reported relative to the NIST-SRM 976 Cu reference material using the NIST SRM 3114 Cu as a secondary (in-lab) reference. The Ag standard is the NIST-SRM 978a reference material. Copper isotopic data are reported in the conventional δ notation in parts per 1 000 according to the following expressions i.
Spatio-temporal model Next, we examined the chronological attribution of the samples. A temporal model based on the names given on the weights and stamps identified a remarkable match between the compositional groups and their chronology at least during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods with minimal overlap (Fig. 4 ). The glass weights of the Egypt 1A group date to the first quarter of the eight century (< 725 CE) with an average temporal precision of 5 years across 18 samples, calculated using the time spans during which the officials named in the inscription were in office. The average precision across 30 Egypt 1B artefacts is likewise 5 years, while the average precision across Egypt 2 is in the order of 20 years. This chronological precision allows for a more accurate interpretation of analytical glass data than ever before.
Discussion Our new LA-ICP-MS data of Egyptian glasses are generally consistent with results obtained 30 years ago by Fast Neutron Activation Analysis (FNAA) for most of the elements that were originally used to define compositional glass groups (Al, Ca, Ti, Zr, Fe, Mn, Na, Mg, Si, K, Rb and Ba)  (Gratuze, 1988). However, FNAA seems to consistently overestimate the titanium levels and the two analytical methods deviate notably in relation to rubidium, barium, and to a certain extent the sodium levels (Table  S3 ). Despite these differences between the two datasets, only two objects had to be re-classified. In the previous study glass weight VStras 086 (Gratuze n o 18) had been attributed to group 1B due to its dating (774-785 CE), but it has a higher compositional affinity with group Egypt 1A (Fig.
INTRODUCTION The methodology that led the researchers during the three years of ARROWS was based on the guidelines issued by the project Archaeology Advisory Group (AAG), composed of many European archaeologists: some of them belonged to the ARROWS consortium, some others were invited to join the AAG. The ARROWS project proposed to adapt and develop low-cost Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) technologies to significantly reduce the expense of archaeological operations, covering the full extent of an underwater campaign  (Allotta et al. , 2015a). High-budget research field applications like military security and offshore Oil&Gas can already benefit from the use of reliable AUV technology for different tasks with advantages in terms e. g. of necessary time, mission costs and human safety  (AUVAC Database, 2016) ,  (OceanServer IVER3, 2016).
In the framework of the particular application, the clear water of the Rummu quarry allowed simplifying the problem, as the assumption brightness constancy across corresponding pixels could be reasonably assumed valid. This is generally not true, but it can hold across a short time period and can be improved performing photometric normalization of each frame. Inertial navigation systems are usually present on the used mobile robots; therefore, one of the adopted methods is to integrate the motion estimation from the INS with the camera tracker, making the 3D system more robust in losing track. The Rummu quarry dataset has been exploited following a twofold approach to satisfy two different typical needs of an archaeological campaign. During the mission, the involved scientists needed a fast feedback visualization of the environment in order to formulate hypotheses on the nature of the detected targets and to, potentially, decide actions about the mission, e.
, 2014). In the ARROWS project, a special block has been created to collect data from the MARTAs camera, calibrating the lens by means the producer optical information and a calibration panel for the case effect compensation as explain in  (Drap et al. , 2008 ) and obtain undistorted images set. Figure  5  represents a scheme of all DiRAMa components. In the scheme, single blocks are interconnected through lines that represent information exchange. Block A) Mobile acquisition device (LabVIEW software module in the case of MARTA) -This block characterizes each aspect related to the device used by the final user to collect data. Once on the surface, as soon as an Internet connection is available, the device becomes a sort of virtual buoy, sending data just collected to an opportune server. Block B) PHP/HTML5 Web server -A web server has been developed in order to acquire and catalog data.
Moreover, this block is responsible for communicating with 3D Engine Module in order to start reconstruction with user data and receive back results. Block C) 3D Engine Module and Database -The 3D Engine module is responsible for elaborations, implementing complex reconstruction algorithms, and talking to the block of the previous point. Block D) Cloud Manager -An added value of this project is constituted by the notification system, which allows the user to be informed of operations progress. Block E) Home Navigator -Users can visualize and modify their results using free software available on the network, such as MeshLab that can display models of three-dimensional geometries and the relative texture. Also the ability to provide reconstruction in pdf format the user can open with Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Complete High-Quality Model of the Target Area for Post Mission Fruition The same dataset collected during the Inspection Submission of July 22nd has been employed once more in an offline processing stage. Data has been processed again to produce more accurate, even though time-consuming, 3D representations of the same explored scenario. The goal was to generate a 3D model of the inspected area, including both the targets, with the highest possible quality, this time with more massive computation resources and no quasi-real-time constraint. The reconstructions have been generated exploiting Agisoft Photoscan version 1. 0. 4 build 1847 commercial software. The computation has been performed by means of an Intel CoreTM i7-4770 CPU @ 3. 4 GHz, RAM 16 GB, Seagate Barracuda -1 TB Serial-ATA 3 7200 rpm, Windows 10-64 bit OS.
Benefiting from higher processing power, an enlarged set of pictures has been considered. This allowed to obtain an overall view of the inspected environment and to assess the relative spatial arrangement of the targets in addition to achieving a higher degree of detail of the model. Processing the dataset collected in the Rummu quarry using Structure from Motion resulted in the generation of a 3D point cloud (Figure  7 ) showing a portion of the lake bottom layer. The corresponding computation features are presented in   The result could be further refined by estimating the dense cloud and, in a later stage, the mesh surface fitting the point cloud. This has been performed exploiting popular open source software, i. e. , Meshlab (Visual Computing Lab (CNR), 2008). It is worth mentioning here that the primary step in the processing pipeline of the optical data concerns the correction of the distortions that are systematically introduced during the capture process due to the design of the camera and lens systems.
This phase is based on the use of commercial software with the final goal of including the new 3D model of the inspected scene in a Figure  7. Point cloud generated from the offline processing of the Rummu dataset virtual navigation environment: this can simplify and improve the dissemination and the fruition of the underwater cultural heritage. Further improvements to the system for 3D model reconstruction concern the exploitation of the estimates of the vehicle position, velocity, altitude and orientation angles provided by the navigation sensors installed onboard the vehicle, e. g. , DVL, IMU, and gyrocompass sensors, which are correctly fused using the above-mentioned methods. The pose measurements provided by such sensors can be exploited to transform the coordinate points of the reconstructed points from the local camera frame to a geo-referenced world frame.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Dr. Yuan Junjie , from  Guangxi Normal University  for his warm help when studying the lithic collection at  Bailiandong Cave Site Museum in Liu Zhou, Guangxi. We also thank  Prof. Ji Xueping , from  Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Kunming, Yunnan Province , for his suggestions to improve this manuscript. Thanks will also be given to  Tian Jun  and  Xu Ke  from  Bailiandong Cave Site Museum  for helping us during the observation of the specimens. This work was supported by  National Social Science Project of China  ( 18BKG003 ), the  Chinese Scholarship Council  ( CSC 2018 ( CSC -2021 ) ) and  National Museum of Natural History of France  (MNHN, ED227).
The 'Interrogative Gaze': making video calling and messaging 'accountable' 1. Introduction Some words seem to evoke an era, resonant not just of the argot of everyday chit-chat but also the fixations and practices of a cultural moment. 'Skyping' is one of those words. Already it is losing its sheen as alternative technologies muddle its role in vernacular language: Facetime, Google Hangouts, as well as nouns for other communications media -WhatsApp, Instagram -crowd into everyday parlance and, even as we write, Skyping is beginning to sound outmoded, past, echoing what is turning out of fashion. The world is constantly changing, after all, and much of this has to do with the evolving landscape of technology. But nevertheless, 'Skype' is in practice a denotation for all types of video communication, like 'Xerox' came to be for photocopying, and just as Xerox the company receded in importance, so too, perhaps, is Skype -but people still use that word to 'label' all kinds of video calling, whatever the brand or supplier.
One needs ordinary life, in other words; ordinary talk. The data presented later on in this paper is of this order -though elicited in the constrained of interviews, our analysis is of how Skype and Skyping is brought to bear in ordinary ways in this fabricated social encounter. Second, and as has been explained in the introduction of this special issue of Pragmatics, the tenor of sociological inquiry into video-mediated communication more generally focuses on explanations that point towards how that use satisfies some generalisable characteristic of society. As a case in point,  Madianou and Miller argue in Migration and New Media (2012)  that transnational economic migration needs technologies that enable the fabric of family structures to be sustained. Modern society needs migrator workers, workers need families, therefore workers need video connections to their families if they are to continue being functioning members of those families.
These dwelling places are characterized in large part by the parties involved and their relational 'framework' that is itself manifest in their language management  (Goodwin, 1981). As we have noted, many of our interviewees methodically brought to bear their relationships with others, parents especially, as constitutive of their strategic and practical orientation to Skyping. Their articulations about how to manage topic were central to this and was bound inextricably to what we have called the interrogative gaze that Skype enables. This notion of gaze, and likewise various frameworks of social connectionmother/daughter, relationship persons and so on -should not be thought of as constituting a structure through which people act or account for their actions. Nor do they frame what people can and cannot do.
The data were vertically analysed based on an inductive approach to the verbatim accounts. Themes were derived from the data. Cross-sectional analysis was jointly conducted with a doctor from the palliative care unit. The COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research (COREQ) analytical framework  [14]  was used. The interview grid for this study was tested and did not require any modifications. The patients in the test phase were as such included in the study. Dual coding was conducted by the psychologist and one of the doctors from the palliative care unit. Only patients receptive to music and who agreed to meet with the artists were interviewed. The interviews were conducted on the same day as the intervention, except for one patient (Table  1 ).
Given the availability of larger corpora nowadays, it is possible to examine his hypotheses a little more closely; thus the progress of RP-either will be investigated on the basis of data taken from a number of corpora, the CEMET, the Helsinki corpus (Early Modern English part), and the CLMET(EV) corpus, in order to provide a quantitative overview of the relationship between right-periphery neither (RP-neither) and RP-either. There is also a great deal of current research interest in the rise of peripheral discourse markers (see, e. g. Brinton 2008 , Traugott 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , Hancil, Haselow and Post 2015 and Haselow 2016 , to name just a few recent studies), some focusing in particular on whether or not they are the product of grammaticalisation. The present study examines some of these arguments and applies them to the case of RP-either, to offer a hypothesis explaining the role of semantic and functional continuity in its history, a factor associated with grammaticalisation which is often not accounted for.
Historical data For our quantitative study, we used the following corpora, the Helsinki Corpus (Early Modern English part), the CEMET (Corpus of Early Modern English Texts) and the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts (extended version)/CLMET(EV) (Diller et al. 2011). 11 The Early Modern English period (1500-1710) was covered by the combined corpora of the Helsinki Corpus, and the CEMET, together having a full word-count of 2,528,797 words. The CLMET(EV) mainly contains fictional works and covers the time-span from 1710 to 1920, thus spanning the precise period in which the use of RP-either allegedly started to emerge. For the manual analysis the OED Online was used in order to obtain spelling variants and all the corpora were searched using the AntConc concordance. 12 Because of the hypothesized correlation, we searched for neither along with either to determine whether either might have had an independent trajectory, and made its way to the RP anyway, given the trends of conjunctions with similar functions at the time.
The objective of such classification was to add more substantial quantitative data to the hypothesis proposed by  Rullmann (2002)  that FP-Disj either diachronically preceded FP either (it is noted that in the earliest period (1500-1710), some cases classified as possible ‗resumptive' uses appeared; these are discussed below). The overall results shown in the tables appear to support Rullmann's hypothesis. 13 11 URL: https://perswww. kuleuven. be/~u0044428/clmet. htm. 12 For the Early Modern English period, the forms searched included eyther/ether/ayther/ewther: nether/neyther (as listed in the OED online, as first accessed 22/03/16). Eyther was also searched in the 1710-1780 period. 13 Distinctions between FP and FPDisj were made, regardless of negative scope, on the basis of whether RPeither was found at the right periphery of a disjunctive phrase or clause (co-ordinated by or/nor) (FP-Disj), or a conjunctive phrase or clause, which may be co-ordinated by and (FP).
In (26) the 10,000 pieces of eight mentioned earlier would be offered if either the town or the ship were to be saved, a context which overlaps with that of the free-choice examples. More FPDisj examples of weak negative polarity contexts from the 18th century data include those in the scope of a comparative: b. What the devil, is all this for, interrupted the old soldier? Was this harangue necessary, said he, to let us know you were a Christian? I always honoured religion, as much as you, or any scholar of Oxford, or Cambridge, either; ay, by as much as the chaplain of our regiment, himself, who, by the Lord, was as honest, and jolly a fellow, as any of the corps. (1764) Richard Griffith. The Triumvirate. (CLMET(EV) 03-1-79) In (27b) it appears that the comma punctuation has been added to disambiguate the scope of RP-either as unrestricted to three alternatives: you, or any other scholar of Oxford, or Cambridge, though this cannot be ascertained, as it could have been the result of later textediting (there are many earlier indications of the loss of the dual meaning of either in other contexts).
We present a discourse annotation study, in which an annotation method based on Questions under Discussion (QuD) is applied to Italian data. The results of our inter-annotator agreement analysis show that the QUD-based approach, originally spelled out for English and German, can successfully be transferred cross-linguistically, supporting good agreement for the annotation of central information structure notions such as focus and non-at-issueness. Our annotation and interannotator agreement study on Italian authentic data confirms the cross-linguistic applicability of the QuD-based approach.
Evaluation: Discourse structure In the present annotation study based on the above described QUD framework, our goal is to show that the discourse annotation in terms of QUDs can be applied reliably to naturally occurring data -in this particular case, Italian data. We conducted an empirical study, in which annotators followed the QUD guidelines described in ? to annotate two Italian blog interviews. For the QUD-based annotation we use the tool TreeAnno introduced by ?, which enables the analyst to semi-automatically segment texts, system-atically enhance them with implicit Questions under Discussion (QUDs), and transform the data into a discourse tree called QUD tree, as described in ?.
The results are rather heterogeneous in both texts but overall they show that the QUD-based method does contribute to a successful annotation of information structure in Italian for a range of labels. For the first text Blog 1, the overall agreement score for all annotated categories taken together is at. 7, which shows substantial agreement, Table  3 : Kappa for information structure annotation the score for focus annotation alone being at. 72. The agreements scores for the second blog are overall lower, but with. 58 for the overall agreement and. 51 with agreement for focus they are still at a relatively high level and still comparable to the scores that (?) report for the annotation of German and English data (which are at around. 65). The category NAI, the classification of non-at-issue material, also received reasonable agreement scores at.
(rezultat povezan s istraživanjem) To pokazuje da je suradnja očigledno bila učinkovita, s obzirom na to da nakon prve faze osmišljavanja između 1960. i 1962. u analizi izvora i tijekom druge faze usmjerene na produkciju  (1962. -1965. ) nismo mogli razabrati redizajn produkcije djela. 18 visualize the sources from which the data was extracted, and to combine close, meso and "distant reading" 11 of this particular organization through these three different kinds of pages. As we will see, the datascape methodology gives particular importance to the notions of digital trace, co-presence, clue and trend, and favors what we might call digital serendipity through hypertextual navigation. 11 Moretti, Distant reading. 12 As an example, Klüver tried to discriminate in his reports the aesthetics from the technical choices, according to him frequently misunderstood.
Such a page can be interpreted as the view of one node on the greater actor-actor network of collaborations which can be computed from the database. The datascape is an alternative visualization instrument to network analysis. Network visualization represents a system at once reducing individual details to amplify structure effects. The datascape does the opposite, letting the user perceive full details and later discover the structure effects by hypertextual navigation (or by downloading the network and using a network analysis software). Thus, the complexity is read before the quantification smashes it to extract the "global" effects. 28 What argument can be made from this visualization? 1. Here again, the complexity of the actor is brought to light thanks to multiple denominations. For example, David Tudor (Fig.
ASSOCIATING CLOSE, MESO AND DISTANT READING The inquiry focuses as much on improving the readability or an understanding of the E. A. T. (as an organization) as it does on its principle of collaboration. It is to be expected, therefore, that the overview provides some answers to our questions: What is E. A. T. ? Can we identify a specific "art world?" The overview page (Fig. 5 ) is the entry in the datascape. But like the Actor page, this one is only the result of compiling the digital traces entered in the Activities pages. Taking the fundamental facets (time, space, actor), with aggregated data, the overview makes it possible not only to observe trends but also to highlight the links between this aggregated data and the related actors and activities. Iako ne spominje pojam monade, ono što predlaže nevjerojatno je povezano s prethodnom referencijom ("‚The Whole Is Always Smaller than Its Parts'"): "Sustavi gledišta uvedeni u grafikone i tablice učinit će perspektivni položaj očitim s obzirom na njihove informacije, unutarnje gledište u grafičkom prikazu prostora.
MULTIPLYING POINTS OF VIEW ON ENTITIES AND THEIR RELATIONS, AND TRAJECTORIES Exploration, which consists of circulation through the traces, and multiple trajectories or itineraries that promote certain serendipity, is an essential characteristic of the datascape, conceived as a research instrument which can help the art historian test hypotheses, answer questions and discover new issues. It allows, as we have just seen, the circulation between different levels of aggregation, but also between two views of the same entities rearranged differently, as in the network visualization example, in the form of a graph of all actors, provided by the use of Gephi software, (Fig. 7 ) which helps us better observe multiple relationships between agents (as an alternative to the list provided in the overview page): When we navigate on a screen, zooming in and out, changing the projection rules, aggregating and disaggregating according to different variables, what stands out is what remains constant through the shifting of viewpoints.
g. 25  , and gender  26  ) or to metabolism (like daily (diet) sugary drinks consumption  27  ) and social network quality. The principle that guided our selection of variables was over-rather than under-inclusive, therefore, we also asked questions that relate to the regulation of stress (and could thus relate to body temperature) like self-control  28  , attachment  29  , and access to one's own feelings and bodily states (alexithymia  30  ). See Table  1  for the total list of variables. Our inductive (i. e. , data-driven) approach thus allowed us to generate hypotheses and predictions  31. Using machine learning (more specifically, a Conditional Random Forest; CRF) in two datasets, we identified the most important predictors in our data. In our pilot study, we identified Complex Social Integration (CSI) as an important (positively related) predictor of Core Body Temperature (CBT).