dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Information sources and search strategy We conducted an extensive search of the following databases: PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, as well as BioXRiv and MedXRiv preprint archives. We used the following keywords or MeSH terms: "Coronavirus", "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "newborn", "preterm" and "neonates". We also handsearched references cited in the eligible manuscripts or in review articles on the subject and the authors' personal archives. We used the following Boolean string: (COVID-.
Study selection Articles were assessed by two independent researchers (RR and AJV), as recommended by the quality standards issued by the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group. 12 Investigators reviewed abstracts and (where necessary) the full text of each article, excluding those not meeting the eligibility criteria and removing duplicates. If an article was eligible but reported data on neonates mixed with those of older children (beyond the rst month of life), neonatal data were directly extracted or the authors were contacted to provide the data needed. Authors were also contacted when more information was needed and at least two emails were sent to the corresponding author, one week apart, asking for additional data. If discrepancies or uncertainties persisted, they were resolved by discussion between the two independent researchers and, if no agreement was reached, with a third researcher (DDL).
Data collection process We developed a dedicated online data extraction sheet (Excel 7. 0; Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA-USA), pilot-tested it on three randomly selected manuscripts, and re ned it accordingly. Data from included records were extracted independently by two investigators (RR and AJV) using the data extraction sheet and then cross-veri ed. If some data were lacking, at least two emails were sent to the corresponding authors one week apart to ask them for the missing data. If discrepancies or uncertainties persisted, they were resolved by discussion between the two independent researchers and, if no agreement was reached, with a third researcher (DDL).
Data items Data collected included study details, number of enrolled patients and their basic characteristics, as mean gestational age, birth weight, sex, mode of delivery, Apgar score, postnatal age at the diagnosis and comorbidities. According to postnatal age at the diagnosis, the SARS-CoV-2 infection was classi ed as early-or late-onset (i. e. occurring ≤72 or > 72 hours of life, respectively), as commonly done for neonatal sepsis. We recorded any RT-PCR result in placental tissue, amniotic uid, cord or newborn blood and swabs. We also recorded the presence of SARS-CoV-2-IgM, and classi ed the cases according to the classi cation system de ning maternal, fetal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections. 9 In detail, cases were divided into: 1) congenital infections, 2) intrapartum acquired infections, or 3) postpartum acquired (i.
In each scenario, the X parameter varied from 10 À1 (similar per capita growth rates among sites and among FGs) to 10 (marked differences in per capita growth rate among sites and among FGs) on a logarithmic scale. For each X value, we computed 30 replicates of the model simulation. We sampled new regional pool relative abundances and site effective number of immigrants, FG traits and local trait optima for each replicate, following the procedures detailed earlier. For each simulated data set, we applied our asymptotic neutrality test on the average functional deviation u. The "guild model". -In the neutral models and the environmental filtering model described above, negative density dependence among species occur at the community level, meaning that the per capita growth rate of a focal species is affected by the total density of individuals in the community, irrespective of individual species densities.
Application to rainforest tree communities in South India We applied our approach to tropical forest communities of the Western Ghats, Karnataka State, South India. We used a data set including tree community composition in 96 1-ha plots spread across 22,000 km 2  (Ramesh et al. 2010). These sites cover a vegetation gradient from wet, evergreen to moist, deciduous forests, depending on a gradient of climatic conditions in terms of seasonality and annual rainfall  (Pascal 1988). In each site, all trees above 10-cm diameter at breast height were identified, which yielded a global data set of 57,090 identified trees from 61 to 1,883 individuals per site. The complete data set is available in Ecological Archives [http://esapubs. org/archive/ecol/E091/216/], with accession number E091-216. The simplified data set used for this study is provided in Data S1.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research is partly supported by the  French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity  (FRB; www. fondationbiodiver site. fr) in the context of the  CESAB  project " Causes and consequences of functional rarity from local to global scales " (FREE). CV was supported by the  European Research Council (ERC)   Starting Grant Project  " Ecophysiological and biophysical constraints on domestication of crop plants " (grant  ERC-StG-2014-639706-CONSTRAINTS ). FL designed the environmental filtering model thanks to fruitful exchanges with  J. Peyhardi  and  F. Mortier  during a meeting organized by the  GAMBAS  project, funded by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-18-CE02-0025 ). All the authors thank  Pr. S. Schreiber ,  Dr. D. Alonso , and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments during the revision process.
Madagascar Climate Zones In Madagascar, there are six main climatic zones  [25] : In this research, the different hourly outdoor data of air temperature, relative humidity, radiation, and wind speed between the others for the four studied cities were provided by Meteonorm software version 7. 7. 3 employing, as input data, the longitude, latitude, and altitude of each city. This tool allows us to download the weather data of any country under basic longitude and latitude. -.
Simulation The design, modelling, and optimization of this building were carried out using the Design-Builder software. The Design-Builder software makes it very easy to study the energy performance of a building on the basis of its coupling with the Energy Plus software. Overall, this software has various similar functions such as modeling, optimization, analysis of environmental impacts, cost analysis, etc. All the equations relating to heat transfer and to the analysis of the cost of the building are directly incorporated into this software. The calculation time varies depending on the area of the building and the power of the simulator. In this sense, the modelling of the building studied by the Design Builder software is shown in Figure  3. For a more reliable calculation, the different input data employed in the software were defined on the basis of the investigations previously carried out in this building.
In this sense, the simulation interval chosen ranged from 1 January to 31 December with a time step of 2 min, and the infiltration rate was set around 0. 7 ACH based on the ASHRAE recommendation for an average room  [26]. the area of the building and the power of the simulator. In this sense, the modelling of the building studied by the Design Builder software is shown in Figure  3. For a more reliable calculation, the different input data employed in the software were defined on the basis of the investigations previously carried out in this building. In this sense, the simulation interval chosen ranged from January 1 to December 31 with a time step of 2 min, and the infiltration rate was set around 0. 7 ACH based on the ASHRAE recommendation for an average room  [26]. At the same time, the recommended thermal comfort temperature range in the warm tropical region in Madagascaris between 22 °C and 28 °C all year round  [24].
In this study, hourly temperature and monthly electricity data were used as a sample obtaining an MBE value of8% and an RMSE value of 5%, where, once compared to the values suggested in the ASHRAE14 directive  [28]  of ±10% (case of MBE) and ±30% (case of RMSE), it can be concluded that our simulation is within the range recommended by ASHRAE. In this case, the model used in this research is considered to be validated on the basis of hourly temperature data. Experimental data were collected in 2019. In addition, it is also necessary to compare the monthly energy values simulated and measured in these offices. In this sense, the MBE and RMSE values were -4% and around 7%, respectively. In the ASHRAE 14 guideline, the recommended monthly MBE limit was between ±5% and, for RMSE, between ±15%.
In this study, hourly temperature and monthly electricity data were used as a sample obtaining an MBE value of 8% and an RMSE value of 5%, where, once compared to the values suggested in the ASHRAE14 directive  [28]  of ±10% (case of MBE) and ±30% (case of RMSE), it can be concluded that our simulation is within the range recommended by ASHRAE. In this case, the model used in this research is considered to be validated on the basis of hourly temperature data. Experimental data were collected in 2019. In addition, it is also necessary to compare the monthly energy values simulated and measured in these offices. In this sense, the MBE and RMSE values were -4% and around 7%, respectively. In the ASHRAE 14 guideline, the recommended monthly MBE limit was between ±5% and, for RMSE, between ±15%.
Scenarios Four simulation scenarios were obtained when combining the different constructive characteristics of the office buildings, but always considering their normal state and the input data showed before. Scenario 1: The structure of the walls and the roof were changed by adding a 5 cm layer of expanded polystyrene. Scenario 2: The insulation layer on the walls and the roof was removed and solar protections on all the windows were added to limit the penetration of solar irradiation. Scenario 3: The insulation (as described in scenario 1) and shading of the building (as described in scenario 2) were combined. Scenario 4: The insulation, with a shading effect, was simulated with the addition of a 7 cm phase change material layer (PCM), as shown in Figure  4.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis allows us to understand, in depth, whether the application of passive strategies significantly affects the performance of the building in coastal tropical regions. In this study, we will use four key parameters in the analysis: Air temperature, relative humidity, CO2, and electricity consumption. The analysis is made by the recognized SPSS statistical software in this field. In this research, to study the different details in depth, two statistical tests were applied: The t-test and chi-square carried out with a confidence level (CL) of 95%. The results of the t-test are reported in Table  7. The main objective of chi-square is to compare two samples and determine the possible similarity or divergence between them. The significance interval is proposed and freely chosen with the SPSS software.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis allows us to understand, in depth, whether the application of passive strategies significantly affects the performance of the building in coastal tropical regions. In this study, we will use four key parameters in the analysis: Air temperature, relative humidity, CO 2 , and electricity consumption. The analysis is made by the recognized SPSS statistical software in this field. In this research, to study the different details in depth, two statistical tests were applied: The t-test and chi-square carried out with a confidence level (CL) of 95%. The results of the t-test are reported in Table  7. The main objective of chi-square is to compare two samples and determine the possible similarity or divergence between them. The significance interval is proposed and freely chosen with the SPSS software.
Global Implication The results found in this study can be extended to all coastal areas of the world located in tropical regions. In particular, the climatic data for 2050 was obtained on the basis of the hourly data for the last 30 years, and the main results can be of interest for designers to create more suitable buildings in the coastal areas. At the same time, the obtained results could also be very beneficial to investors, tourists, and politicians. Finally, it is expected that future research works and standards may arise from the results of this study like, for instance, the implementation of a construction standard more suited to coastal regions.
Recommendations This problem seems restricted to passive HMD (when the smartphone is the only device of virtualization). It is solved in the active SamsungGear device (Samsung, Seoul, Korea), which incorporates an IMU of good quality. It may also be solved by tracking the user head by means of an external tracker (LoE C; LoI 3). New generation of VR devices which are based on sensor fusion (Sensor fusion refers to the combination of sensory data or data derived from disparate sources) solves this problem as well as positional tracking by correcting the IMU bias according to a video camera input (LoE A; LoI 3: movement is not suitable for BCI). This technology is known as inside-out positional tracking, and it is implemented in the following commercial products: - The Oculus GO and Quest (Facebook, Menlo Park, CA, USA) - The Daydream SDK (Google, Mountain View, CA, USA), which is associated with Lenovo (Lenovo, Hong Kong, China) and Vive (HTC, Taipei, Taiwan; Valve, Washington, DC, USA).
Recommendations We propose here six solutions for locomotion in Virtual Reality. The reader is referred to  [46]  for a systematic review of locomotion in virtual reality. (1) Teleportation (LoI 1: very relevant for BCI since this technique does not require any movement), which for example is used in the following games: Portal Series in VR (Valve, Bellevue, WA, USA), Robo Recall (Epic games, Cary, NC, USA) or Raw Data (Survios, Los Angeles, CA, USA); the user focuses on the area of interest then clicks to teleport on the place s/he has selected. This solution is simple to be implemented, but its effect on motion sickness is not clear. In fact, the apparition of an unnatural cutting scene could induce motion sickness (LoE C). However, fading instead of cutting the screen can mitigate this effect (LoE C).
Also, it can be useful to keep a database of statistics from other users. For example, if 80% of people answer "yes" to a form in the game, the "yes" button could be given a higher weight (visually, or by putting a weight in the BCI engine output) to facilitate this selection. In addition, the use of VR devices for head-and eyetracking or movement recognition (e. g. , Leap Motion, San Francisco, CA, USA) might improve the transfer rate by detecting muscular artefacts and providing useful information on the user's point of interest. Note that HMD such as the Vive Pro (Taoyuan, Taiwan) already include an eye tracker. (2) Using appropriate stimulation: Recommendations given in the section 'Visual fatigue' also apply here. In addition, the use of a spatial frequency in the visual stimuli is known to generate high-frequency oscillations in the EEG that can be used to help the detection of the P300-based  [94]  (LoE C; LoI 3).
This work strives to make formal verification of POSIX multithreaded programs easily accessible to general programmers. Sthread operates directly on multithreaded C/C++ programs, without the need for an intermediate formal model. Sthread is in-vivo in that it provides a drop-in replacement for the pthread library, and operates directly on the compiled target executable and application libraries. There is no compilergenerated intermediate representation. The system calls in the application remain unaltered. Optionally, the programmer can add a small amount of additional native C code to include assertions based on the user's algorithm, declarations of shared memory regions, and progress/liveness conditions. The work has two important motivations: (i) It can be used to verify correctness of a concurrent algorithm being implemented with multithreading; and (ii) it can also be used pedagogically to provide immediate feedback to students learning either to employ POSIX threads system calls or to implement multithreaded algorithms.
Introduction Sthread is an in-vivo, explicit-state model checker used to find race conditions, deadlock, assertion failures, and other bugs associated with multithreaded programs. Sthread executes directly on C/C++ code that implements concurrent algorithms using the POSIX multithreaded system calls (mutex, semaphore, etc. ) and shared memory regions. The user's C/C++ code is compiled as usual by the user's preferred compiler, but Sthread replaces the Linux pthread library with an Sthread/SimGrid library and the user's C/C++ code is re-compiled with an sthread include file instead of the traditional pthread include file. As with all formal verification approaches, Sthread can capture rare bugs such as data races, which can be missed by test suites or unit testing. Sthread is based on recent advances in the SimGrid software, along with a new SimGrid interface, sthread.
SimGrid is an explicit-state model checker that provides a SimGrid library that is linked to the target code. Routines in the target code are redirected to a library that makes "simcalls" to the SimGrid thread scheduler. Typically, a simcall represents the end of a transition between model states, and the process memory itself is sued to create the formal model state of the SimGrid model checker. Transitions between states in the formal model are defined by choosing a single thread and running it until either a thread-based system call (e. g. , mutex, semaphore) is made or else until an access to a shared memory region occurs. It is implicitly assumed that the code executed in transitions is deterministic and non-blocking. Hence, each transition from a given state corresponds to a unique thread that is ready to run.
4. Broad coverage of target codes is demonstrated through a series of examples to check a broad variety of multithreaded paradigms: mutexes, semaphores, shared memory regions, lock-free algorithms, and other cases. A consequence of the above contributions is that Sthread's approach is both languageindependent and compiler-independent. Sthread supports native executables and native libraries. Hence, Sthread can easily support other programming languages, 13:2 and even other communication libraries. In the case of distributed communication, this was previously shown through SMPI/SimGrid's support for MPI  [11]. The Sthread/SimGrid approach (in which process memory is the state) is related to Context-Bounded Analysis (CBA). However, CBA is typically employed to model preemptive context switching.
A First Example: Deadlock with Mutexes In order to make the ideas more concrete, it is best to start with a simple example showing the use of Sthread. Consider the following classic example of deadlock based on mutexes. The code in table 1 is compiled using sthreadc++, a simple wrapper script for the native C++ compiler that employs the SimGrid library as a drop-in replacement for the Linux pthread library. After compiling, the resulting binary, mc-mutex-deadlock, is executed using simgrid-mc, the SimGrid Model Checker. Note particularly the setting of max-depth to 10. This means that Sthread will explore the execution along all possible thread schedules, and it will terminate the exploration along a given thread schedule when more than 10 calls to pthread_mu-tex_lock or pthread_mutex_unlock have occurred.
Sthread then reports the following thread schedule as producing deadlock. The interpretation of this "Path" is simple. Assume that Thread 1 executes by locking and unlocking mutexes during 9 transitions. Since each iteration of the "while" loop invokes 4 such calls, the 9 th call results in thread 1 acquiring mutex1. At this point, thread 2 executes to acquire mutex2. It is then impossible for either thread to continue and acquire the remaining mutex. Hence, the path given by Sthread provides a deterministic thread schedule leading to deadlock. Sthread has not only identified that the code contains a bug due to a race condition, but Sthread has produced a deterministic thread schedule suitable for deterministic replay. Deterministic replay offers the original programmer the opportunity not only for bug diagnosis (Phase 2 from the Overview), but also for testing candidates for bug fixes (Phase 3 from the Overview).
Design of Sthread: Sthread is based on the SimGrid model checker. SimGrid was originally designed for checking distributed algorithms and protocols. It was later adapted for model checking of MPI programs. SimGrid operates by providing a communication library that replaces the native communication library. in the case of distributed programming, SimGrid provides a replacement for the native inter-process communication (IPC) library. In the case of MPI, SimGrid provides its own library (as part of its "smpi" component) to replace the native MPI library. Further information and references for SimGrid are contained in section 6. Sthread has extended the SimGrid built-in utilities for mutexes, semaphores and other multi-threaded constructs in order to create a Pthread (POSIX threads) component and interface that is compatible with the standard Linux pthread library.
Thus, instead of linking against the Linux pthread library, Sthread links against the SimGrid library, with a thin compatibility interface provided by the Sthread component. While it is beyond the scope of this work to fully review model checking, its essence can be easily deduced from figure  1. That figure illustrates the internal states that are explored by Sthread/SimGrid as it executes the binary based on table 1 of the previous section. Each transition can be labeled by a unique thread that executes during a transition between states. Of course, several threads may execute concurrently in a multi-core CPU or due to context switching. However, at least when there are no interactions through shared memory, which is the case for table 1, then the idealized execution presented here is semantically equivalent to the actual execution.
A path in figure  1  corresponds to a thread schedule. Since each transition of the path can be labeled by a unique thread, Sthread produces a sequence of thread ids corresponding to that path. It is this thread schedule that enables deterministic replay to enable easy debugging, as referenced in the "Diagnosis" phase in section 2. In addition to deadlock (no outgoing transitions from a state) that is illustrated in figure  1 , Sthread can also detect rare program crashes (transition sequences that lead to a crash in the program), program assertion failures (transitions whose execution causes a program assertion to fail), livelock (given by a subset of the states such that there is no transition leaving the subset), and errors in the concurrent use of shared memory by multiple threads. In order for Sthread to detect livelock and shared memory concurrency errors, the programmer must introduce additional code.
In the case of livelock, additional code to annotate a progress condition must be added. For an example of handling livelock, see section 5. 3. For an example of debugging shared memory concurrency, see section 5. 1. Of course, Sthread, like all model checkers, suffers from the problem of an exponential explosion of states. It is not claimed that Sthread can discover all race conditions in some category of POSIX multi-threaded programs. Our goal here is simply to show that Sthread discovers race conditions in many interesting multi-threaded programs, including some of interest in real-world programs. In practice, it may be necessary to isolate the code of interest, and to simplify it in order to escape from an exponential explosion of states. Many approaches for alleviating that explosion of states are well-known in the literature, but a discussion of such strategies is beyond the scope of this work.