dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Then, the experimental photos were processed by MATLAB image tracking technology, as shown in Section 3 of Supplementary Information. Finally, the compressive strain was calculated using the relative displacement between points A and B, and the lateral strain was calculated using the relative displacement between points C and D. After calculating the tangent elastic constants of the metamaterial, the smooth function that comes with MATLAB was used to reduce the fluctuation of the data. Analytical Model: The theoretical model of the equivalent elastic constants of the metamaterial under uniaxial loading in the z-direction was established in this part. Herein, it was assumed that the number of cells in the metamaterial was infinite in the three principal directions. The representative volume elements of the proposed infinite structure with applied unknown remote tensile displacement, along the z-direction, as shown in Figure  5a.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  EIPHI Graduate School  [grant number  ANR-17-EURE-0002 ], the  French Investissements d'Avenir program , project  ISITEBFC  [grant number  ANR-15-IDEX-03 ], the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  [grant numbers  11972008 ], and the  China Scholarship Council  [grant numbers  202106120088 ]. This work was supported by the french RENATECH network and its FEMTO-ST technological facility.
Single-cell RNA-seq assessment Nine oocyte donors were included, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was conducted on 20 oocytes from 7 oocytes donors for technical reasons. Among them, six patients donated in vitro matured oocytes (IVM-MII) and one donor was part of an oocyte donation program and donated 3 MII oocytes. After quality checks and lters, 12,808 transcripts expressed across all samples were subjected to analysis, which is consistent with previous studies  (Yan et al. , 2013; Ferrero et al. , 2019). The medTIN of the samples ranged between 32. 3 and 46. 0, and reads were uniformly distributed along the gene body, re ecting the high quality of our samples (Additional le 2). To identify potential confounders in our dataset, we performed a principal component analysis (PCA) to visually inspect the similarity between samples according to their log-transformed gene counts (Figure  3A  and B ).
Manual vs. Semi-automated vitri cation Firstly, to elucidate whether the type of vitri cation process had an impact on the oocyte transcriptome, scRNA-seq libraries were generated from seven pairs of sibling oocytes following semi-automated or manual vitri cation. RNA integrity was similar between the two modes of vitri cation because the medTIN was not different between the two groups (Figure  4A , p=0. 14). Oocytes exhibited limited differential expression between these sample groups since only 5 DEGs were identi ed: ARSD, CCDC124, CLPS, PLCH2, RHBDF1. All were upregulated with semi-automated vitri cation and 3 of them showed absolute log2(FC)>1: CCDC124, CLPS, PLCH2, (Figure  4B ). These ve genes have a low level of expression in oocytes (Additional le 3), and no interaction between them has been recorded in the STRING database.
Patient selection and oocyte collection This study was prospectively conducted at the University Hospital of Dijon between June 2018 and February 2020. Patients undergoing an attempt of in vitro fertilization with microinjection (ICSI, IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection) for medical reasons and patients who were part of an oocyte donation program were informed of this study, and their written consent was obtained before oocyte stimulation. Oocyte collection was declared (Clinical Trial NCT03570073) and approved by the ethics committee (2017-A02444-49). The controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and oocyte retrieval were performed as previously described  (Barberet et al. , 2019). On the day of oocyte retrieval, after removing the cumulus cells (hyaluronidase treatment plus mechanical pipetting), oocytes were classi ed as mature (Metaphase II) or immature (Germinal Vesicle or Metaphase I oocyte).
When more than one immature oocyte was present, they were cultured in Global culture media (Global, LifeGlobal, USA) in a time-lapse incubator (EmbryoScope, Unisense FertiliTech, Denmark), at 37. 0°C, 6%CO2, 5%O2 for a maximum period of 24 hours. Images and related data were stored in the EmbryoViewer (Unisense FertiliTech, Denmark) and subsequently analyzed. Oocytes that had progressed to the MII stage within the rst 24 h of culture (IVM-MII stage) were selected for subsequent inclusion. Patient inclusion was based on the presence of more than two IVM-MII (siblings). With two or an even number of IVM-MII, sibling oocytes were included in Group 1 "Survival rate, morphometric assessment, resistance to micro-injection". In that case, IVM-MII siblings were randomly and equally assigned into manual or semi-automated vitri cation groups.
(Reynier et al. , 2001; Shoubridge and Wai, 2007 ease in RNA integrity associated with vitri cation(Huo et al. , 2021), but the TIN is highly variable depending on sample processing. As our team recently pointed out, the control of transposable elements is crucial for gametes and embryos(Barberet et al. 2020). In mouse oocytes, over-expression of LINE-1 elements was associated with aneuploidy and embryonic death(Malki et al. , 2014). The mechanisms regulating TEs involve epigenetic events driven by microRNAs, histone modi cations and DNA methylation (Bourc'his and Bestor, 2004;Shalgi et al. , 2010;Walter et al. , 2016). Despite being a major concern, epigenetic changes in TEs following human oocyte vitri cation have not yet been assessed with high-throughput sequencing. For the rst time, we tested the impact of vitri cation on repetitive elements with an extensive annotation database of TE families, particularly the long terminal repeat (LTR) families, which are highly expressed in the oocytes and regulate the expression of host genes in the early embryo(Peaston et al.
Acknowledgements For bioinformatics, we thank  Aurélie Teissandier  of the  Institut Curie. We thank  Maud Carpentier  of the  "Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation" of Dijon University Hospital  for the nancial management of the study. We also thank  Suzanne Rankin  for her help in writing the manuscript. registration number:  NCT03570073.
In this model, subjective social status is an antecedent of RD and economic-based identity threat but is not expected to have a direct effect on populism. This is because subjective social status concerns one's perceived position in society and is not an index of threat on its own  (Adler et al. , 2000). Rather, we expected populism to be directly predicted by threat indicators (i. e. , RD and status-related identity threat). RD was distinguished at the intergroup, intraindividual, and temporal levels, three of the possible object comparisons proposed by  Smith et al. (2012). These levels were expected to be correlated but not redundant. Populist vote intention was modeled as the final outcome predicted by the populist thin ideology. French politics at the time of data collection was an appropriate context for studying populism.
Sample Study 1 was conducted on a sample (n = 458) of the French adult population aged from 18 to 81 years (M = 40. 22, SD = 13. 42). We excluded from our analyses respondents who declared not being French citizens and did not fully complete the survey. The sample was composed of 63. 97% women, 34. 72% men, 1. 31% nonbinary or other genders. Data were collected between the March 17 and May 22, 2020. During this period, the entire French territory was under strict lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic: Schools and nonessential services were closed, nonessential travels and gatherings banned, and remote working was mandatory. This period also corresponded to the end of the two-year-long Yellow Vest crisis.
Sociodemographics Data on age and education levels were collected using multiple response items. Education was measured by the highest education degree obtained. Following the French education system, seven response options were provided (1 = no education degree; 7 = master or above). Gender was measured as a binary variable (1 = male, 2 = female; the response "other/I don't recognise myself on the binary spectrum" was also proposed in the survey but treated as a missing value in the analyses given a low frequency).
Sample Study 2 was conducted on a sample (n = 1,050) of the French adult population aged from 18 to 90 years (M = 48. 86, SD = 15. 51). The only inclusion criterion was to be a French citizen. Respondents who were not French or did not fully complete the survey were excluded from our analyses. The sample was composed of 63. 71% females, 33. 91% males, and 2. 38% nonbinary or other genders. Data were collected between January 25 and February 11, 2021. During this period, restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in France were less strict compared to those during Study 1. There was no general lockdown, schools were open, remote working was recommended but not mandatory, and indoor private visits were not banned even though meeting outdoor was encouraged. Some restrictions were active: Indoor services were not allowed for bars and restaurants and a night curfew was implemented.
DATA ACCESSIBILITY STATEMENT The preregistration for study 2 is openly available on the Open Science Framework (OSF) website at this link: https://osf. io/myu7b?view_only=38b17fa9f3594da68cc53ad32a49a527. The preregistration adheres to the disclosure requirements for the preregistered badge maintained by the Center for Open Science (https://osf. io/tvyxz/wiki/home/). Raw data and materials of both studies will be provided if requested by any scholar or scientific institution. This request must be addressed to the corresponding author.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Efisio Manunta, CLLE, Maison de la recherche, 5 allées A. Machado, 31058 Toulouse cedex 9, France. E-mail: efisio. manunta@ univ-tlse2. fr is recommended, especially keeping in mind the particular context in which the two studies were conducted. For some individuals, social distancing might have increased general feelings of social exclusion  (Graupmann & Pfundmair, 2022). Even though belonging motive frustration in these studies was in relation to the economic status-based identity element, we cannot be certain whether social distancing affected this particular form of social exclusion, nor, more importantly, whether the relation between this identity motive and populism was affected. Nevertheless, the social distancing context (and more generally pandemic-related restrictions) varied significantly between the periods of data collection for the two studies.
As shown in Supplementary Fig. 1 , the increase in ferredoxin-NADP + reductase activity seems to be linked to the concentration of a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 45 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The region of the gel corresponding to this protein was eluted, digested by trypsin and analyzed by nano-LC-MS/MS as described in the methods. The encoding gene is CA_C0764, annotated as an NADPHdependent glutamate synthase beta subunit. Identical treatments were applied to the 40 and 55 kDa proteins, which were identified as thiolase (CA_C2873) and phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxamide formyltransferase-IMP cyclohydrolase (CA_C1395). None of these proteins are oxidoreductases. The gene identification results were used to extract the quantitative transcriptomic and proteomic data performed  19  , and it was confirmed that the expression of CA_C0764   from a monocistronic operon was higher under solventogenic condition than under acidogenic condition (Fig.
acetobutylicum. The applied strategy enabled the identification of only one protein catalyzing ferredoxin-NADP + reductase activity (encoded by the CA_C0764 gene) and two enzyme complexes (Bcd-EtfB-EtfA and GltAB) having a ferredoxin-NAD + reductase activity. Fig. 8  | Normalized fold expression of gapC and gapN genes. MGCΔcac1502 (blue) was used as a control strain and compared to the MGCΔcac1502-CA_C0764-408s::CT (red) mutant. Bar graphs are averages from two biological duplicates. The expression of gapC and gapN was measured using RTq-PCR and the fabZ gene (CA_C3571) as an internal standard according to Supplementary Method 4. For each biological sample, the average of the technical triplicates is represented (black circle). Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Fig. 7  | Specific ferredoxin-NADP + reductase activity in cell-free extracts.
The gel plugs were then used for the identification of proteins by mass spectrometry. Each sample was subjected to trypsin digestion and analyzed by nano-LC-MS/MS on a CapLC-Q-TOF2 (Waters) and by MALDI on a MALDI MX (Waters). The candidate proteins were identified with ProteinLynx Global Server (Waters) and Mascot (Matrix Science) software using the Protein Data Bank entry for C. acetobutylicum. In both analyses, for ferredoxin-NADP + reductase activity, only one protein was identified with a significant score (77% sequence coverage). For ferredoxin-NAD + reductase activity, Purification of CAC0764 and Bcd-EtfB-EtfA fused with a Strep-tag CAC0764 protein and Bcd-EtfB-CST-EtfA complex protein were produced and purified under strict anaerobic conditions in the form of Strep-tag II fused proteins using a prepacked Strep-Trap HP Column (Cityva, Sweden).
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (grants  ANR acetoH2 PNRB 2006 ANR Bio6 BioE-001 ,  Biobutafuel ANR 088 BioE-012-01 , Cellutanol  ANR 14 CE05-0019-02 ) and by the  BIOCORE European Project  (grant no. FP7-241566 ). The authors thank AJE for the English language editing of the document (certification code  3DBE-123F-E411-E361-B16P ).
The total number of treated cases in other European countries can only be estimated. The Swedish PREDEX database registered 276 treated cases and untreated controls in Sweden and Italy within 10 years. In Germany, in a period of 10 years 148 Pdex treated cases have been documented based on voluntary reporting of the treating physicians, however, the data has not been published due to incomplete documentation. In France, over a period of 9 years (2002-2011), a total of 258 fetuses at risk of CAH were subjected to early non-invasive sex determination  (18). After exclusion of male fetuses, 154 of them were subjected to Pdex. Currently, in France, a multicentric study is investigating somatic, neurocognitive and metabolic outcome of Pdex treated subjects. Based on these data at least 10 prenatal treatments per year can be expected in Germany and France.
Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions. We acknowledge the entire French working group on PDex for fruitful discussions and comments on this study and manuscript:  Dr Véronique Tardy-Guidollet ,  Dr Daniela Gorduza ,  Dr Rita Menassa ,  Dr Claire-Lise Gay ,  Dr Patricia Bretones ,  Dr Aude Brac de la Perrière ,  Dr Claire Bouvattier ,  Dr Lise Duranteau ,  Dr Catherine Pienkowski ,  Pr Anne Bachelot ,  Dr Audrey Cartault.
Phylogenetic Analysis Phylogenetic analyses were carried out by adding sequences from other African countries strains downloaded from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) platform, as well as adding sequences of reference strains for clades. The sequences obtained in Fasta format were cleaned with Bioedit version 7. 2. 5  [17]. Alignment of all sequences was performed using Bioedit version 7. 2. 5. The phylogenetic trees for HA and NA genes were generated using the maximum likelihood (ML) method using IIQ-TREE version 1. 6. 12 [18] , and the visualization was done with FigTree version 1. 4. 4  [19]. Robustness of trees topology was accessed with 1000 replicates, and bootstrap values greater than 70% were shown on branches of the consensus trees.
Phylodynamic Analysis The time-scaled phylogeny of influenza B for both HA and NA genes was estimated using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method implemented in BEAST v1. 10. 4  [20]. The stick clock was selected as the best model found. Bayesian Skyline age coalescent tree priors were used to calculate the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA)  [21, 22]. The GTR+G substitution model was selected as the best model using MEGA software version 7. 0. 26 [23]. The MCMC chain was run for 200,000,000 generations, with sampling every 2000 steps for achieved convergence. Tree Annotator v1. 10. 4 generated a maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree after removing the first 10% of trees as burn-in. The FigTree v1. 4. 4  [19]  program was used for visualization of the phylogenetic tree with genotypes and divergence time scale.
Phylogenetic Analyses of IVB Strains Circulating in Senegal, 2010-2019 A total of 108 and 89 sequences for respectively HA and NA genes were successfully generated from IBV-positive samples. As previously observed in lineages detection, the HA phylogeny showed co-circulation of the two IBV lineages, with a predominance of the B/Vic lineage (69. 9%; 68/108) (Figure  2   The maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the HA gene of IBV circulating in Senegal. ML tree was calculated using the IQ-TREE software version 1. 6. 12 [18]  and visualized using the Figtree software version 1. 4. 4  [19]. A bootstrap number of 1000 was used, and the software was responsible for defining the correct model used. Strain B/Lee/1940 was used in order to root the tree (purple). Senegalese strains, inter-lineage recombinant strains, and intra-lineage recombinant stains are respectively indicated in orange, red and pink.
Bayesian Dated Tree Estimates Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm was generated to com The maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the NA gene of IBV circulating in Senegal. The ML tree was calculated using the IQ-TREE software version 1. 6. 12 [18]  and visualized using the Figtree software version 1. 4. 4  [19]. A bootstrap number of 1000 was used, and the software was responsible for defining the correct model used. Strain B/Lee/1940 was used in order to root the tree. Senegalese strains, inter-lineage recombinant strains, and intra-lineage recombinant stains are respectively indicated in orange, red and pink.
Figure2. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the HA gene of IBV circulating in Senegal. ML tree was calculated using the IQ-TREE software version 1. 6. 12 [18] and visualized using the Figtree software version 1. 4. 4 [19]. A bootstrap number of 1000 was used, and the software was responsible for defining the correct model used. Strain B/Lee/1940 was used in order to root the tree (purple). Senegalese strains, inter-lineage recombinant strains, and intra-lineage recombinant stains are respectively indicated in orange, red and pink. Strains with Δ162-164 in the HA gene (D162, K163, N164) are also indicated ().
Figure3. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the NA gene of IBV circulating in Senegal. The ML tree was calculated using the IQ-TREE software version 1. 6. 12 [18] and visualized using the Figtree software version 1. 4. 4 [19]. A bootstrap number of 1000 was used, and the software was responsible for defining the correct model used. Strain B/Lee/1940 was used in order to root the tree. Senegalese strains, inter-lineage recombinant strains, and intra-lineage recombinant stains are respectively indicated in orange, red and pink.
13 Figure 2. 132 Figure2. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the HA gene of IBV circulating in Senegal. ML tree was calculated using the IQ-TREE software version 1. 6. 12 [18] and visualized using the Figtree software version 1. 4. 4 [19]. A bootstrap number of 1000 was used, and the software was responsible for defining the correct model used. Strain B/Lee/1940 was used in order to root the tree (purple). Senegalese strains, inter-lineage recombinant strains, and intra-lineage recombinant stains are respectively indicated in orange, red and pink. Strains with Δ162-164 in the HA gene (D162, K163, N164) are also indicated ().
Literature Research A PhD-level researcher systematically searched Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and PubMed databases for articles with the word "binge" in their title and the terms "ecological momentary" or "experience sampling" to find risk state descriptors with relevance to binge eating in the literature. The search resulted in 509 articles that were deduplicated and scanned for relevance. Only empirical articles reporting the results of EMA studies on binge eating were retained. A total of 262 articles were subsequently analyzed (see Multimedia Appendix 1, Figure  S1  for an attrition diagram).
Text Analysis Using Word Embedding Abstracts of all articles in the literature were retrieved. The R package text2vec  [32]  was used to perform global vector word-embedding analysis on these abstracts. Word embedding is an "unsupervised" learning algorithm that maps words to a vector space based on their similarity. It is unsupervised as no labeling of training data is needed because training is performed on aggregated global word-word cooccurrence statistics from a corpus. A matrix is calculated where each element X ij represents how often word i appears in the context of word j (ie, in the same sentence). Thus, words can be represented numerically and their similarities can be compared  [32]. The following parameters were set for training the word vectors (vector dimensions=100, window size=15, and minimum word count to be included in the model=5).
Participants Female patients with current BN (n=12) or BED (n=1) were recruited via mail from the waiting list for inpatient treatment of the Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Germany (n=10), and from web-based forums on eating disorders and psychology (n=3; see Multimedia Appendix 5, Figure  S1  for a CONSORT [Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials] flowchart). This study was advertised as a pilot study for a smartphone-based binge-eating intervention. The data were collected between April 2020 and April 2021.
After the EMA phase of 2 weeks, a JITAI phase of 2 weeks started, in which the participants received short intervention suggestions from the app to prevent binge-eating episodes at ideographically predicted high-risk times. Every study stage was accompanied by web-based questionnaires that assessed current eating behavior pathology, demographic data, perceived acceptability, feasibility, and so on. Data from the intervention phase were not covered in the present article. For reimbursement, the participants received €30 (US $32. 80) and personalized feedback on their EMA data and psychometric web-based questionnaires.
EMA Predictors An unshifted version of the binge-eating variable was included as a possible predictor of the autoregressive effects of binge eating. Furthermore, additional EMA items (n=31) were used to model possible binge-eating antecedents. Thus, only items that were assessed with every signal-based questionnaire were included (aside from the binge-eating classifier), as each variable needed to have a sufficient percentage of data points within a person (see Multimedia Appendix 4, Table  S1  for the wording of each item).
Time Predictors Time variables, especially in the form of circles and distinct times of day, have been shown to be highly predictive in everyday life  [41]. EMA studies have even found peak times for certain binge-eating antecedents (ie, food cravings or hunger;  [42] ) and binge eating itself  [43] [44] [45]. Thus, as temporal data are passively collected in the EMA setting via timestamps, without additional participant input, we decided to include different temporal predictors that could detect a single high-risk time per day (24-hour oscillation) or several times per day (sub-24 hour oscillation). Variables representing 8-, 12-and 24-hour sinusoidal and cosinusoidal cycles were computed based on the cumulative sum of time differences between assessments (eg, 10:30 AM-8 AM, 1 PM-10:30 AM=2.