dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Events are selected that pass single-muon triggers and include one reconstructed muon satisfying p T > 25 GeV, |η| < 2. 4, for which the sum of additional track momenta in a cone of size ∆R = 0. 2 around the muon track is less than 1. 8 GeV. Additionally, a reconstructed calorimeter jet is required to be present with p T > 30 GeV, |η| < 2. 5, and pass the 70 % working point of the MV1 b-tagging algorithm  [50]. For both datasets, all ATLAS subdetectors are required to be operational with good data quality. Each dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20. 2 fb -1. To remove events suffering from significant electronic noise issues, cosmic rays or beam background, the analysis excludes events that contain calorimeter jets with p T > 20 GeV which fail to satisfy the 'looser' ATLAS jet quality criteria  [51, 52].
Charged pions dominate the charged component of the jet, which on average makes up two-thirds of the visible jet energy  [54, 55]. Another quarter of the jet energy is contributed by photons from neutral hadron decays, and the remainder is carried by neutral hadrons that reach the calorimeter. Because the majority of tracks are generated by charged pions  [56] , particularly at low p T , the pion mass hypothesis is assumed for all tracks used by the particle flow algorithm to reconstruct jets. Likewise the energy subtraction is based on the calorimeter's response to charged pions. In the following sections, the values for the parameter set and the performance obtained for the 2012 dataset are discussed. These parameter values are not necessarily the product of a full optimisation, but it has been checked that the performance is not easily improved by variations of these choices.
The observed difference between data and MC simulation for both jet collections is due to a poor modelling of this region of phase space. These distributions establish the high stability of particle flow jets in varying pile-up conditions. Figure  32 : The average number of jets per event, for jets with p T > 20 GeV, as a function of the number of primary vertices in the Z → µµ samples. The distributions are shown in three different |η| regions for particle flow jets, calorimeter jets and calorimeter jets with an additional cut on JVF. The jets are selected in a region of φ perpendicular to the Z boson's direction, π/4 < ∆φ(Z, jet) < 3π/4, which is enriched in pile-up jets. The statistical uncertainties in the number of events are shown as a hatched band.
Individual jet properties A sample of jets is selected in Z → µµ events, as in Section 8, and used for a comparison between data and MC simulation. As the subtraction takes place at the cell level, the energy subtracted from each layer of the calorimeter demonstrates how well the subtraction procedure is modelled. To determine the energy before subtraction the particle flow jets are matched to jets formed solely from topo-clusters at the electromagnetic scale. A similar selection to that used to evaluate the jet energy scale is used. The leading jet is required to be opposite a reconstructed Z boson decaying to two muons with ∆φ > π -0. 4. The p T of the reconstructed boson is required to be above 32 GeV and the reconstructed jets must have 40 < p T < 60 GeV. Figures  34  and 35  show the properties of central jets.
Studies which compare data with MC simulation demonstrate that jet properties used for energy measurement and calibration are modelled well by the ATLAS simulation, both before and after application of the particle flow algorithm. This translates to good agreement between data and simulation for derived physics observables, such as invariant masses of combinations of jets. The algorithm has been integrated into the ATLAS software framework for Run 2 of the LHC. As demonstrated, it is robust against pile-up and should therefore perform well under the conditions encountered in Run 2.
In addition, individual groups and members have received support from  BCKDF , the  Canada Council, CANARIE ,  CRC ,  Compute Canada, FQRNT , and the  Ontario Innovation Trust ,  Canada ; EPLANET,  ERC ,  ERDF ,  FP7 ,  Horizon 2020  and  Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions ,  European Union ;  Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex ,  ANR ,  Région Auvergne  and  Fondation Partager le Savoir, France ;  DFG and AvH Foundation ,  Germany; Herakleitos ,  Thales  and  Aristeia  programmes co-financed by  EU-ESF  and the  Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF  and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway;  CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana , Spain; the  Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust ,  United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from  CERN , the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at  TRIUMF (Canada) ,  NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) ,  CC-IN2P3  (France),  KIT/GridKA (Germany) ,  INFN-CNAF (Italy) ,  NL-T1  (Netherlands),  PIC (Spain) ,  ASGC (Taiwan) ,  RAL (UK)  and  BNL (USA) , the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers.
g. , Extremely Large Telescope, Giant Magellan Telescope, and Thirty-Meter Telescope) endowed with unprecedented resolution. This study has been carried out with financial support from the French National Research Agency (ANR) in the frame of the Investments for the future Programme IdEx Bordeaux LAPHIA (ANR-10-IDEX-03-02) and HYPERPHORB project (ANR-15-CE30-0018). A. A and N. K contributed equally to this work. Note added. -Recently, we became aware of a work reporting on the direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system  [35]  and of a work dealing with the laboratory demonstration of high-contrast coronagraphy of simulated binary-star systems  [36]  using a pair of multiple-quadrant transmission phase masks.
Materials and Methods Cohort. During an eight-year period (2004 to 2011), 107 patients with a mean age of 69. 4 years (39 to 85, 59 women, 48 men) undergoing revision TKa by the senior author at the study centre had pre-and post-operative outcome data recorded. Patients requiring revision for infection were excluded (n = 11). revision surgery was only performed once a cause for the failure had been identified, being that of instability, polyethylene wear, and/or lysis/subsidence of the primary implant. Patient demographics and comorbidity were recorded at pre-operative assessment. categories of comorbidity included were: heart disease, hypertension, lung disease, vascular disease, neurological problems, stomach ulcer, kidney disease, liver disease, depression, and back pain. Outcome. The oxford Knee Score (oKS)  15  and Short-Form (SF-) 12  16  were used to assess joint specific functional outcome and generic health.
, 2016) , species trait databases are still incomplete  (Gachet et al. , 2005; Paula et al. , 2009) , and field surveys along climatic and air pollution gradients are only recently starting to emerge (De  Marco et al. , 2015; Sicard et al. , 2016). The few studies available within the Mediterranean Basin context have shown that N deposition has already induced changes in functional diversity of epiphytic lichens along a NH 3 deposition gradient in Mediterranean woodlands, with a drastic increase and decrease of nitrophytic and oligotrophic species, respectively,  (Pinho et al. , 2011). Similarly, a continuous increase of nitrophytic species (plants, lichens, mosses) has been detected in the Iberian Peninsula for the period 1900-2008 using the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database  (Ariño et al.
The technological difficulties were found to be insurmountable in the 1980s  [15] ; the need for a fusion-relevant neutron source led to the iterated organization of international committees to explore alternative ideas  [16] [17] [18]. Beyond the exoticism of some of these, all new ideas presented serious technical flaws, and the international consensus on the suitability of the Li(d, xn) source was systematically achieved. The genealogy of a Li(d, xn) fusion-relevant neutron source has already been detailed elsewhere  [19]. Since 1994, the IFMIF is the reference concept within the fusion community. The IFMIF/EVEDA project is one of three projects defined in the Broader Approach (BA) Agreement between the Japanese government and EURATOM, which entered into force in June 2007. The specific IFMIF/EVEDA annex in the BA Agreement mandates the project to produce an integrated engineering design of the IFMIF and the data necessary for future decisions about the construction, operation, exploitation and decommissioning of the IFMIF, and also to validate the continuous and stable operation of each IFMIF subsystem.
2. 1. 4. PIEF. The PIEF will mainly perform post irradiation tests and examinations of the irradiated specimens to generate the essential material database  [40]. The PIEF will provide the capability to conduct mechanical properties and metallographic properties on irradiated materials, and it will also have the ability to characterize the fracture surfaces after test failures  [41]. It will allow the long-term storage of irradiated material for further future analysis. As a main assumption of the functional definition, the PIEF must be able to perform in one year the post-irradiation examination of all specimens for  four of the rigs set in the HFTM, and in three years all tests of the specimens for all 12-rigs of the HFTM. The list description and capabilities of other PIEFs all over the world as summarized by the IAEA  [42]  has been used as the design reference.
In this section, details of this maturity will be provided which address the main historical, technological concerns related to the feasibility of the IFMIF; these have been identified as: • the feasibility of a 125 mA CW deuteron beams at 40 MeV; • the long-term stable operation of the 25 mm thick Li flowing at 250 °C and 15 m s -1 with fluctuations in the surface within ±1 mm; • the stability of the Li screen absorbing the 2 × 5 MW beam power during operation; • the feasibility of irradiating the small specimens under a uniformity of temperature within ±3%; • the validity of data retrieved from small specimens; and • the corrosion phenomena in steels induced by flowing Li. [45, 46, 54]  The required unprecedented performance of the IFMIF with its 125 mA CW deuteron beam at 40 MeV leading to 5 MW beam average power necessitated its validation with a proto type.
Furthermore, three capsules filled with small specimens and thermalized with NaK were irradiated in the experimental reactor of SCK-CEN in Mol  [50]. The feasibility of small specimens assembly and disassembly in the capsules (including the NaK handling during filling and unfilling) in a hot cell environment was also demonstrated. Last but not least, the liquid NaK induced potential corrosion on RAFM steels; it was also assessed by exposing specimens to liquid NaK at 500 °C over six months with no observable degradation of mechanical properties, and just a few µm depth measured traces of NaK in the surface of the exposed specimens. [52, 100]   17 Fission neutrons for materials' testing have been available for decades in hundreds of experimental reactors worldwide resulting in an extensive available database.
Unfortunately, equivalent experimental fusion reactors for materials' testing do not exist. The development of small size specimens for fusion materials' mechanical characterization started with FMIT in the early 80s, framed by the US fusion program  [101] , and has continued uninterruptedly since then  [102]. The technique has been widely used since the early 60s in fission materials' research with typically 1″ in major dimensions, given that even if the availability of fission neutrons is not in question, the irradiation volumes must also be optimized. Surprisingly, notwithstanding its success in characterizing fission mat erials, the large database has jeopardized the establishment of an overall normalization with a notorious absence of international standards for small specimens (these are only available for Charpy  [103]  and fracture toughness through the Master Curve method for ferritic steels  [104] ).
Validity of data retrieved from small specimens Under the EVEDA phase of the IFMIF, QST (formerly JAEA), in collaboration with Japanese universities and the NIFS, studied the small specimens for fracture toughness, fatigue at the relevant number of cycles of DEMO and ensured fusion power plants, and fatigue crack growth. These were the properties considered to require further development from the existing understanding at the time of the project settling, that in addition to tensile data, impact properties, creep and fatigue crack growth  [38, 52]  would accomplish the mechanical characterization of a given material at the desired temperature following the irradiation >20 dpa fpy expected in IFMIF (with two sets of ~40 small specimens per capsule). Figure  19  shows the shape of the specimens of the agreed test matrix; a 3D model of their potential filling in the capsule together with a picture of the final result can be appreciated in figure  18.
All these issues, exhibiting a clear impact on the mechanical behaviour cannot be left to laboratories' best practices but need to be ruled under defined recognized international guidelines as a first step, and eventually framed by an international standard. This achievement is essential in the development of a fusion materials' database which will facilitate the exchange of information among the fusion materials' community. Under the coordination of the IAEA, the Coordinated Research Programme 'Towards the Standardization of Small Specimen Test Techniques For Fusion Applications')'  [110]  was announced on 1st November 2016. Its objective is to develop international standards or IAEA guidelines for all the small specimens of the test matrix designed and defined to fit in the IFMIF irradiation capsules and it aims to be accomplished in a timely manner before the start of the operation of any Li(d, xn) fusion-relevant neutron source.
The six main historical technical concerns have been identified in this article and each of their statuses has been described (5) the validity of data retrieved from small specimens; and (6) the corrosion phenomena in steels induced by flowing Li in the presence of N impurities. Doubts about their technical feasibility are vanishing thanks to the ongoing success of this IFMIF/EVEDA project together with the progress experienced in accelerator technologies. The efforts of FMIT in the 80s were essential to achieve this status; the lessons learned were crucial, not only for fusion materials' research but in general for modern ADSs and liquid metal technologies. Nowadays, accelerator technologies allow operating in CW high currents of light ions. SARAF operated at 1 mA in 2011  [63] ; 10 mA was achieved in 2014 in China  [64].
6). The time for a Li(d, xn) fusion-relevant neutron source has arrived: we are ready to have 14 MeV neutrons with suitable fluxes undergoing fusion materials' testing over the next decade. Other technical ideas, either accelerator-driven based on rotatable solid targets  [18]  or based on fusion reactions  [16, 17] , remain basically but paper concepts exhibiting possible technical insurmountable difficulties. Fusion research devices up to now, including a fusion reactor like ITER that will reach a maximum of 3 dpa at the end of its operational life, could be designed and licensed with the available materials' database from fission reactors; unfortunately, this will not be the case for the next generation of fusion reactors. DEMO licensing demands the confirmation that the available database from fission neutrons remains valid up to around 20 dpas.
Molecular structures As early as 1930, the first crystal structures of organic compounds to be investigated were carbohydrates of low molecular weight. Over the following years, only eight additional crystal structures were reported. The determination of the three dimensional structure of the dehydrated form of sucrose, in 1947, was considered a significant contribution to the field. A major breakthrough occurred in 1951, when Bijvoet confirmed, without ambiguity, the D-configuration of glucose, which had been assigned from indirect reasoning by Emil Fischer in 1891  [10]. At the present time, the Cambridge Structural Database contains a few thousand entries for carbohydrate crystal structures, among which a limited number of molecules are relevant to glycobiology. With the exception of sucrose and cyclic compounds, such as cyclodextrins or cyclo-amyloses, carbohydrates are reluctant to crystallize in form and size suitable for X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Glycolipids (or lipooligosaccharides) comprise a carbohydrate moiety covalently linked to a lipid that confers on them an amphiphilic character, which makes them reluctant to crystallize. One member of the family is tricolorin A (L-rhamnopyranosyl (1->3) α-Lrhamnopyranosyl (1->2) β-D-glucopyransyl (1->2) β-D-fucopyranoid linked to japinoli acid forming a 19-membered ring macrocyclic ester, extracted from Convolvulaceous species which have been used in traditional medicine throughout the world since ancient times. Small crystals, with dimensions of 0. 5 × 0. 01 × 0. 01 mm, could be grown using protein crystallization methods. Data were collected using synchrotron radiation, and the structure was solved using direct methods. Four independent molecules were found in each asymmetric unit (which contains 284 non-hydrogen atoms) in a highly hydrated unit cell (Figure  4 )  [12].
Macromolecular structures X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation is the most powerful method for revealing the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules. Among the 128,000 structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (January 2017) more than 80% have been measured and solved at synchrotron radiation facilities  [18]. Macromolecular crystallography beamlines underwent a constant evolution over last decade that had a dramatic impact on the throughput and on the complexity of the structures determined. However, despite the development in nano-volume liquid handling for high-throughput screens, the crystallization of biological macromolecules still represents an important bottleneck in structure determination. Nanoliter handling devices allow the screening of hundreds of crystallization conditions even with a limited amount of sample of a few tens of microliters  [19].
New beamline graphical control software  [24] [25] [26]  facilitates beamline operation without exposing the complexity of the hardware. This allows the implementation of elaborate experiments even to users that are less familiar with computational tools. Beamline control software is interfaced with a laboratory information management system (LIMS), a metadata management system  [27]. It is used to track samples, record experiment details and report experimental protocols and results from automatic postexperiment data processing protocols  [28]. The synergy among these components has recently given rise to completely automated data collection experiments  [29].
Glycoproteins In recent years, the expression and production of recombinant proteins was of great benefit to the whole structural biology community, with more than 85% of the protein structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank being expressed in Escherichia coli. However, many proteins require post-translational modifications for correct biological activity and it is estimated that more than 50% of all human proteins are glycosylated, whereas proteins expressed in E. coli do not contain any glycan chains. For proteins that require post-translational modification, eukaryotic expression systems are usually preferred  [30]. The crystallization of glycoproteins faces several obstacles, including the micro-heterogenity of glycans at the surface of the protein. For a given glycoprotein, there may exist considerable variations of N-linked glycan chains from protein to protein.
At the present time, about 4500 crystal structures of GHs have been deposited in the PDB. Approximately 30% of them are complexed with carbohydrate ligands. A classification of GH (more than 100 families) has been established, first based on amino acid sequences similarities and further consolidated by the availability of 3D dimensional structures  [42]. The analysis of the GH structures present in the CAZy database helped not only to decipher the hydrolytic mechanism, but also reveal the evolutionary relationships between these enzymes. An extended classification based on the fold of the proteins, allowed the identification of 14 main clans (Figure  10 ).
Carbohydrate binding modules: Carbohydrate binding modules (CBM) are defined as a sequence of contiguous amino acids within a carbohydrate-active enzyme with a discrete fold having carbohydrate-binding activity. Initially CBMs were classified as a cellulose-binding domain, but their occurrence in other carbohydrate active enzymes required a dedicated classification, separate from other non-catalytic proteins, and similiar to lectins, antibodies and sugar-transport molecules. Depositions in the PDB for CBMs amount to 900. In the CAZy database, CBMs are classified within 80 families based on amino acid sequence similarities, while a three-dimensional structural classification clusters CBM into seven fold families  [43]. The most represented fold is the β-sandwich comprised of two β-sheets, each consisting of three to six anti-parallel β-strands.
Their involvement in key biologically-important recognition pro- cesses is well documented, as in the case of embryogenesis, fertilization, inflammation and metastasis. Lectins play a key role in parasite-symbiotic recognition in microbes and invertebrates of plants and vertebrates. The present role assigned to lectin lies in their ability to decipher sugar-encoded information, i. e. , they are a molecular reader of the glyco-code. The plethora of three-dimensional structures of lectins, both in unbound form or complexed with oligosaccharides, lead to their organization in a dedicated database, available at http://glyco3d. cermav. cnrs. fr [45]. Information contained in the database provided description of the main features of this important class of proteins. Lectins exhibit a variable oligomeric assembly that ranges from mono-to deca-valency (Figure  11 ).
The organization of a small database of highresolution three-dimensional structures of carbohydrate-antibody complexes  [45]  provides a way to classify the different types of bindings. Antibodies that recognize a terminal carbohydrate motif present a cavity-like binding feature, while a groove-like binding site is found in antibodies that bind to internal carbohydrate motifs. This is a mechanism typically found in bacterial polysaccharides. There is an occurrence of very large cavities which are open at both ends. The "side-on" entry of the antigen is often at the origin of the occurrence of conformational antigens.
The structure of the first transporter to be determined was the one of lactose permease LacY  [60]. Later on, the structures of different bacterial homologues were also solved. It is only recently that the structure of human GLUT1 was reported  [61]. Nevertheless, the joint difficulty to solubilize and crystallize membrane proteins, explains the paucity of crystal structures deposited in the database  [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72]. This is even worse for those proteins involved in the transport of sugars (Figure  13 ).
(g) Heptavalent. Lectin from Photorhabdus luminescens complexed to L-fucose. PDB: 5C9P) [51]. (h) Octavalent. Lectin from Galanthus nivalis complexed with Me α-D-Man (PDB: 1MSA) [52]. (i) Decavalent. C-type lectin from Bothrops jararacussu (PDB: 5F2Q) [53].