dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The characterization of forest growth and productivity via physiological measurements allows researchers to obtain near real-time data products available for the final users in fewer than 3 h from data acquisition from a number of online instruments, e. g. , through NASA's LANCE (Land, Atmosphere Near realtime Capability for Earth Observations) system. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of near real-time satellite GPP products, here also included MODIS products, is directly constrained by uncertainties in the modelling process, especially in complex forest ecosystems  (Tang et al. 2015; Xie et al. 2019). In assessing forest productivity by dimension analysis, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) permit the direct detection of the 3D distribution of vegetation canopy components as well as subcanopy topography, providing highly accurate estimates of vegetation height (Fig.
Acknowledgements This study was generated from the  COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)   Action CLIMO (Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions -CA15226 ) and financially supported by the  EU   Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020  and the  Progetto bilaterale di Grande Rilevanza Italy-Sweden  " Natural hazards in future forests: how to inform climate change adaptation " (R. T. and J. D. M. ). J. D. M. was also supported by the  KA Wallenberg Foundation  (KAW No. 2015. 0047 ) and the  Swedish portion  ( Vetenskapsrådet 2018-00916 ) of the bilateral project between Italy and Sweden. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favouring by the  United States Government.
Funding The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by  National Institute of Child Health and Human Development  ( K12HD093427 );  Lund University ;  National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke  ( K23NS099487-01 ,  R01-NS082285 ,  R01-NS086905 ,  U19-NS115388  and  5U10NS086606 );  National Institutes of Health  ( KL2TR003016 ,  R01-NS085419 ,  R01-NS100178 ,  R01-NS105150 ,  R01-NS114045 ,  R21-NS106480 ,  U24-NS107230 ,  U24-NS107237  and  U24-NS107222 );  Maestro Project  and  Ibiostroke  project funded by  Eranet-Neuron ,  ISCIII  and  FEDER ;  CaNVAS  project funded by  National Institutes of Health; Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India ;  Ska˚ne University Hospital ;  Region Ska˚ne ; The  Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation ; and  The Swedish Research Council  ( 2018-02543  and  2019-01757 ); The  Swedish Government  (under the '' Avtal om La¨karutbildning och Medicinsk Forskning, ALF '');  Sparbanksstiftelsen Fa¨rs och Frosta; Freemason's Lodge of Instruction Eos, Lund; FWO Flanders  ( 1841918N );  US Department of Veteran Affairs , the  American Heart Association  ( 15GPSG23770000 ,  17IBDG3300328 ).
Other studies investigated similar hypotheses with respect to P  [15]  and K  [16]. Recent studies  [17]  have also worked on scaling the digital soil mapping workflow in Africa using a combination of a legacy regional soil sampling database and a stack of satellite imagery mosaics (i. e. , Landsat, Sentinel 2). These studies also derived remote sensing products (i. e. , digital terrain model (DTM) derivatives, MODIS climactic products) to make the predictors of a supervised ensemble machine learning (ML) model that aims to quantify a wide variety of soil properties, including the physical (i. e. , SOC, soil moisture content (MC), clay, sand, and silt contents) and chemical properties (i. e. , NPK) of Africa  [18]. During the last 15 years, most yield studies on Africa were conducted exclusively using multispectral imagery (i.
Methodology In this study we conducted a systematic review, which entails creating a synthesis of the findings of existing original studies. To do so, the Scopus database was used to conduct an online bibliographic search. Papers published between 1998 and 2020 were screened. This 22-year period was used to better understand the evolution of studies with the contribution of remote sensing datasets in characterizing soil properties, as well as the effect of the variation of these soil attributes on yield gap. The following query strings were used in order to do the search: i. (TITLE-ABS-KEY ("yield gap") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (country) AND TITLE-AB S-KEY (yield OR field OR scale OR production OR approach)). ii. (TITLE-ABS-KEY ("yield gap") AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ("soil properties" OR "soil attributes" OR calcium OR potassium OR ph OR clay OR silt OR sand OR "soil organic carbon" OR " soil texture" OR nutrient* OR cec) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (yield OR field OR scale OR production OR approach) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (Ghana)); iii.
The number of published papers did not remain constant through time, with a considerable increase in 2020 (i. e. , 10 papers published). In terms of remote sensing imagery, (i) MODIS was the first sensor used for yield gap (Figure  3C ), although it has a limited spatial resolution (i. e. , 250 m); and (ii) about 55% of the conducted research studies during the last 22-year period used multispectral Landsat and Sentinel datasets (Figure  3C ). However, only few studies used hyperspectral, LiDAR, and RADAR sensors between 2015 and 2020. These multispectral and hyperspectral studies made it possible to estimate yield of crops in the African continent using remote sensing. The main investigated crops using remote sensing datasets were corn and wheat. Other studies aimed to estimate the physicochemical properties of soil affecting yield such SOC and clay, which are the most studied soil attributes in Africa.
These large amounts of EO data are expected to provide enhanced opportunities to the African scientific community for undertaking EO studies through the use of satellite and other ancillary data. However, researchers and scientists in developed countries are those who are benefiting from the opportunity of the availability of EO data compared to developing countries, particularly in the African continent. Some reasons for the low number of these studies might be explained by several constraints on the uptake and access of EO sensor data in different African countries  [100]. These constraints may include insufficient capacity and infrastructure to store and process huge remote sensing datasets (e. g. , at petabyte-scale), poor Internet connectivity and bandwidth to access remotely sensed data platforms (i.
Besides the free and open multispectral sensors (i. e. , Landsat and Sentinnel 2), to our knowledge, papers that used commercial and/or high resolutions sensors (i. e. , Quickbird, WorldView, Ikonos, RapidEye) for yield analysis purposes in Africa are very rare compared to developed countries. This absence of studies can be explained by the expensive cost of imagery and access to the specialized software needed and the skills to processes this data, and storage capacity. It is expected that in the coming decade, African scientists will take advantage of the recent advancements in drone multi-sensor remote sensing derived data (e. g. , hyperspectral, multispectral, and miniature satellites, such as Cubesat), and thereby produce a high number of publications. For instance, a recent study by Wahab et al.
According to our review, the number of remote sensing studies dealing with yield crop gap has steadily increased over the last two decades, peaking in 2019. The multispectral MODIS and Landsat satellite series dominated early studies. The arrival of additional EO (i. e. , Sentinel) and onboard-drone sensors will allow studies to develop more detailed yield estimation and explain factors. However, remote sensing-based soil attribute management in Africa is still underrepresented, and future research should focus on establishing the feasibility of assessing these soil properties as proxy to crop yield. To cope with this scarcity of information and take full advantage of the available remote sensing EO data, the African scientific community will need to participate in the development of an EO African platform which is designed to store and process huge datasets (at petabyte-scale) that covers African countries for analysis and ultimate decision making.
The cases selected for the study were TECNOPUC, Tecnovates, São José dos Campos Technological Park (PqTec), Porto Digital, Cartuja Science and Technology Park (PCT Cartuja), and Johanneberg Science Park (JSP). The selected cases met the following criteria: 1) consolidated parks in the phase of operation; 2) parks affiliated to the IASP; 3) availability of management for participation in research. The primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with the technology park managers, supported by a semi-structured script, conducted personally by the researcher, and complemented by direct participant observation. In order to conduct the interviews for the study, a script of questions was elaborated by the researcher, based on the theoretical conceptual base. The interview script was based on the main studies on the absorptive capacity, selecting elements with a positive influence on the absorptive capacity of the organizations, as evidenced by statistical studies.
POTENTIAL ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY -ACQUISITION Environmental Scanning: From the interviewees' report, it is noticed that the environmental monitoring is carried out by the analyzed parks, from different activities. National and international forums were pointed out by the managers of Tecnovates, TECNOPUC, PqTec, and JSP as sources of information, mainly for benchmarking the best practices related to the environment of technology parks and incubators. Porto Digital has a more consolidated process of environmental monitoring, starting with extensive biennial market research, in which economic data are collected from companies such as sales and market performance, and issues related to the human capital profile, such as sex, age, habits, qualification demands. The result of the research is mainly used by the management as a source of knowledge and information that will be worked on at the strategic level.
For 8 months, data collection and analysis activities were carried out, discussions in large and small groups, aiming to propose the new structure model. One of the results of this process was the finding that the solutions are not centralized in the top management but are constantly cocreated by the teams. The implementation of the management model based on interconnected nodes, in a network format, was accompanied by the creation of a "safety zone" where teams can feel empowered to make decisions. According to the interviewee, besides the increased demand for communication between peers, it can be noticed a greater interaction of the team with the community of TECNOPUC, including companies and researchers of the university. This result shows that the greater participation of the employees in the decision-making process has turned them into prospective "receivers" of new information  (COHEN; LEVINTHAL, 1990; JANSEN; VAN DEN BOSCH; VOLBERDA, 2005).
Background: Surgery is the curative therapy for patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In determining the extent of surgery, the risk of complications should be considered. The aim of this study was to assess procedure-specific outcomes and risk factors for complications after surgery for MTC. Methods: Patients who underwent thyroid surgery for MTC were identified in two European prospective quality databases. Hypoparathyroidism was defined by treatment with calcium/active vitamin D. Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy was diagnosed on laryngoscopy. Complications were considered at least transient if present at last follow-up. Risk factors for at-least transient hypoparathyroidism and RLN palsy were identified by logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 650 patients underwent surgery in 69 centres at a median age of 56 years.
Scandinavian Quality Register for Thyroid, Parathyroid and Adrenal Surgery The SQRTPA, a prospective online database, has recorded endocrine surgical procedures from all hospitals performing thyroid surgery in Sweden since its initiation in 2004. Data collection is supervised by the principal surgeon in each centre. The registry is supported by the Swedish Association of Endocrine Surgeons and the Swedish Association of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. Data quality control is undertaken at a national level by means of annual audits by an external auditor, which has proven good data quality with an error rate of less than 5 per cent. At present, 37 centres participate in SQRTPA.
EUROCRINE V R is an online prospective database that has registered endocrine surgical procedures from centres across Europe since 2015. EUROCRINE V R was started as a project within the Health Programme of the European Union in 2013 to improve morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgical treatment of endocrine tumours. EUROCRINE V R is managed by the EUROCRINE V R Society, based in Vienna, and with a council with representation from 13 participating national endocrine surgical societies and the European Society of Endocrine Surgeons. In 2017, the SQRTPA was moved to the EUROCRINE V R platform. A personal registration is needed to enter data in EUROCRINE V R , which is supplied to the principal investigator at each participating centre. Data collection is supervised by the principal surgeon at each site.
Currently the EUROCRINE V R database is used by 94 departments and clinics (https://www. eurocrine. eu). The owner of the platform is Region Ska ˚ne in Sweden. Participating centres obtain informed consent from individual patients and pseudonymized (anonymized) data are stored under General Data Protection Regulation. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Lund University (numbers 2018/723 and 2019-00689), and the council and steering committee of EUROCRINE V R and SQRTPA respectively.
Data collection and clinical definitions Data regarding demography, preoperative evaluation, extent of surgery including lymph node dissection (LND), intraoperative findings, histopathology and complications (in hospital and during follow-up) were extracted. Duration of operation was defined as the interval from skin incision to skin closure. Duration of hospital stay was defined as number of days from the date of surgery until date of discharge. Tumours were staged according to the seventh or eighth edition of the AJCC/UICC TNM classification, depending on the year of surgery. For analysis, the TNM classifications were combined  18. The lymph node ratio was calculated by dividing the number of metastatic lymph nodes by the total number of resected lymph nodes.
Statistical analysis Continuous variables are reported as median (i. q. r. ) and categorical variables as counts with percentages. Differences in complications between patients undergoing TT without compartment-oriented LND versus TT plus compartment-oriented LND were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data and v 2 or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Groups that underwent TT plus CLND versus TT plus CLND plus LLND were also compared. The rate of N0 to N1a and N1b, number of resected lymph nodes, number of metastatic lymph nodes and lymph node ratio, in relation to extent of LND (CLND and LLND), was also determined. The reasons for LND (prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic based on the surgeon's judgement) was compared between groups. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify factors associated with at least transient hypoparathyroidism and at least transient RLN palsy.
For the analysis of RLN palsy, IONM, number of nerves identified, intraoperative suspicion of RLN damage and its cause (intentional versus unintentional) were included. Pooled ORs with 95 per cent confidence intervals were calculated using Rubin's rules  21. Complete-case and multiple imputation analyses were performed. Two-sided P < 0Á050 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS V R version 25. 0 (IBM, Armonk, New York, USA).
Factors associated with at least transient laryngeal nerve palsy No preoperative RLN palsy was diagnosed and at least one postoperative laryngoscopy was undertaken in 445 patients. Data on use of IONM and T category were missing for 35 (7Á9 per cent) and 24 (5Á4 per cent) patients respectively, and were therefore imputed. Factors associated with at least transient RLN palsy in univariable analysis were CLND plus LLND, T3 tumours, T4 tumours, N1a disease, N1b disease, M1 disease and suspected intraoperative nerve damage (Table  S4 , supporting information). Considering the relatively small number of events (57), a limited number of variables could be included in the multivariable analysis. Patients who had CLND plus LLND (OR 4Á04, 95 per cent c. i. 1Á12 to 14Á58) and those with T4 tumours (OR 12Á16, 4Á46 to 33Á18) had an increased risk of least transient RLN palsy, after adjustment for IONM use (Table  6 ).
The major strength of this study is the large cohort of patients who had primary surgery for MTC covering hospitals in multiple European countries. Patients were included from 2004 up to and including 2019, so the study accurately reflects current practice. Data, including complications, were collected from routine care with the aim of improving patient outcomes, instead of from administrative databases designed for other purposes  47, 48. In addition, multivariable analysis was performed to investigate the effect of extent of surgery, with adjustment for patient and disease factors. This study also has several limitations. Registry data are prone to missing data and typing and coding errors. As data on individual patients were deidentified upon registration, missing data could not be retrieved and were therefore handled using multiple imputation, which is currently considered the best method  49, 50.
Acknowledgements D. J. v. B. undertook this research while on the  Sten Tibblin Fellowship , which was funded by  Novartis Health Alliance. M. A. was funded by  Ska ˚ne University Hospital Funds , and the  Anna-Lisa and Sven Lundgren Foundation. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. No preregistration exists for the study reported in this article. Because of the sensitive nature of the data collected for this study, the authors do not wish to make the data publicly available. Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Over the last 4 years, the EuroXanth COST Action has held several workshops, working group meetings and international conferences, and organized training schools and international exchanges for technology transfer to early-career investigators and staff from less research-intensive countries in Europe (referred to as Inclusiveness Target Countries). As major deliverables, the COST Action has compiled resources about pathogen diagnostics, tools to study genetic diversity and population structures, repertoires of pathogenicity factors, sources of host resistance, and recommendations for disease control measures. Additionally, a database on type III effectors as key pathogenicity factors in Xanthomonas is being built and a Wiki-like platform has been generated for such effectors and for plant resistance genes against xanthomonad infection in a community science approach involving more than 70 scientists from 27 countries (http://www.
Shear-box Also named "Casagrande-box", the shear-box consists of two independent rectangular half-boxes on a horizontal plane which corresponds to the shear plane. For its realization, a sample is placed into the shear-box, then a normal effort is applied for compressing the sample. The upper box is tracked or pushed and the sample is sheared. Shear strength data is registered and analyzed to identify the maximal shear strength in which the sample is deformed. Finally, the sheared sample is taken out and the test will be performed with a new sample using different normal efforts. The results of the test are depicted using the Coulomb law expressing the rupture domain of a material (Fig  1c ), the shear force (τ) directly depends on the applied normal effort (σ) and two intrinsic material characteristics: the internal friction angle (φ) and the cohesion (c)  (Labuz et al.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the Association Nationale Recherche Technologie (ANRT) for the financial support of this work and for the Ph. D. grant of Manuel HERNANDEZ-SHEK (CIFRE n° 2017/0352). The authors want to thank Joseph Fayolle for his careful reading of this manuscript. For their kindness and help, a special thanks to Mathieu Forster, Benoît Lerzy, Laura André, Jerôme Rançon, Luc Hanneuse and François Buche, members of different platforms from UniLaSalle (Beauvais).
Positron emission tomography (PET). [ 18 F]-FMISO and [ 18 F]-FLT were furnished by the LDM-TEP group (ISTCT laboratory, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France). Images were acquired by a preclinical PET SIEMENS Inveon preclinical system (CYCERON biomedical imaging platform, Caen). An X-ray scan was employed to generate attenuation maps just prior to an emission scan, lasting 20 min, initiated 120 min ([ 18 F]-FMISO, 66 MBq/kg) and 40 min ([ 18 F]-FLT, 66 MBq/kg) after radiotracer injection into the caudal vein as previously described  58. All images were reconstructed by the iterative OSEM-2D algorithm. Image processing and analyzes. Image analysis was performed with in-house macros based on the ImageJ software (http:// rsb. info. nih. gov/ ij/, 1997-2019). PET analyzes were performed by PMOD 3. 1 (Pmod Technologies LLC).
In vivo radiation treatments. After SatO 2 -MRI imaging session, at day 21, rats (n = 7 per group) were assigned in the three following treatment groups: Control, Whole Brain Radiation Therapy (WBRT) and Hypoxia Image-Guided Radiotherapy (HIGRT). These RT treatments were performed using a XRad-225Cx irradiator, (225 kV X-rays; 3. 3 Gy/min, Precision X-Ray, Equipex Rec-Hadron, CYCERON biomedical imaging platform, Caen). A cone beam CT (CBCT) image was acquired using the XRad-225Cx irradiator for anatomical delimitation. Treatment planning and subsequent beam delivery were performed using SmART-Plan software (Precision X-Ray, USA and MAASTRO Clinic, Netherlands), with segmentation, targeting and planning performed using the CBCT image. For RT treatment, animals received panencephalic RT with a total dose of 12 Gy in 3 fractions of 4 Gy, using a 15 mm collimator under CBCT guidance.
Funding This study was funded by the  Région Normandie , the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , the  Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN) , the  European Union-Fonds Européen de Développement Régional (FEDER) , the  Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche  and the  French National Agency for Research "Investissements d' Avenir" n°   ANR-11-LABEX-0018-01  and n°ANR-10-EQPX1401 and The HABI-ONOR European project, co-funded by the  Normandy County Council , the  French State in the framework of the interregional development Contract "Vallée de la Seine "  2015-2020  and the  FRC. NS and SS were supported by a  Cancer Research UK   core award  ( C5255/A15935 ).
By providing a comprehensively-curated common frame of reference that encompasses all aspects of the French society, the TRF-GIS will help create the conditions for a better understanding of the dramatic socio-economic changes that France underwent during the seven decades that lasted the Third Republic. The remainder of this article is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the construction methodology of the TRF-GIS, Section 3 details the data records available in the database, Section 4 provides elements of technical validation, and Section 5 contains supportive elements for end users, including a walk-through for map production. vectorization of georeferenced historical maps  (LARHRA, 2011).