dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Finally, most comparative health systems work uses existing standardization methods to convert expenditures to a common unit such as exchange rates and AIC or health PPPs  [19, 20]. In our work, we constructed treatment episode PPPs using the information on prices from the different countries, which allows a more precise comparison and allows us to compare the difference between these approaches. In particular, treatment episode PPPs better capture price differences in complex markets such as the US one by focusing on the financing scheme responsible for payment, and do not make assumptions on the relative importance of the different areas of spending (e. g. hospitals, pharmaceuticals) in the price index computation as the health PPPs approach does. Our study has some limitations. First, there are some differences in the representativeness data across countries and the types of data used.
Acknowledgments This work was partially funded by  The Commonwealth Fund  and the  Health Foundation. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The opinions expressed and arguments employed in the article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. We would like to acknowledge the  International Collaborative on Costs, Outcomes, and Needs in Care (ICCONIC) Advisory Board members  for their contributions to this project, including  Peter C. Smith ,  Melinda K. Abrams ,  Andrew Street ,  Philip Haywood ,  Sallier Pearson ,  Jason Thomspon ,  Rhona McGlasson ,  Fredrika Scarth ,  Antony Johansen ,  Sandrine Colas ,  Antoine Rachas ,  Reinhard Busse ,  Jens Deerberg-Wittram ,  Patrick Jeurissen ,  Richard Hamblin ,  Lisa Gestro ,  Ismael Said ,  Francisco Estupiñán-Romero ,  Carlos Martin Hernández ,  Jean-Luc af Geijerstam ,  Cecilia Rogmark ,  Lars Clarfeld ,  Eric Schneider , and  Andrew Schoenfeld.
Funding statement This work was partially funded by the  Commonwealth Fund  and the  Health Foundation. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This research representing Spain has been partially financed by the  Regional European Fund, ISCIII ,  REDISSEC , grant number  RD16/0001/ 0007. Canadian data management was supported in part by a grant from the  Ontario Ministry of Health  to the  Health System Performance Network  and by a grant to ICES. Walter P Wodchis is supported by a  Research Chair  funded by the  Trillium Health Partners Foundation.
The physicochemical properties of alginate depend not only on the M/G ratio but also on the distribution of M and G units along the polymer chain  [37]. Based on the data obtained in this study, the homopolymorphic MM or GG regions (F MM = 0. 289; F GG = 0. 280) were presented in a distribution format almost equivalent to the alternating blocks (F MG and F GM , 0. 216). These distributions were almost identical to those encountered in the alginate from Fucus vesiculosus (F MM = 0. 330; F GG = 0. 260; F MG and F GM , 0. 210)  [11, 38]. Likewise, the M/G ratio of the alginate extracted from Fucus vesiculosus was estimated as 1. 17, with an F G and F M evaluated as 0. 46 and 0. 54 respectively. These structural data of alginate from Fucus vesiculosus, which is close to that of alginate from C.
1 H NMR Analysis The freeze-dried samples were dissolved in D 2 O at 10-15 g/L. The 1 H NMR spectrum was recorded at 80 • C on a Bruker Avance 500 MHz spectrometer operating at 500. 08 MHz for 1 H, using a multinuclear probe BBI 5 mm. A classical 1D proton was acquired. The sequence repeat was -D1-30 • -AQ: where D1 (4 s) is the relaxation delay, 30 • is the already determined 30 • radio-frequency pulse length and AQ (3. 27 s) is the data acquisition time. The spectrum was acquired using 8 scans of 64 K data points, using spectral widths of 10,0000 Hz. The resulting 1 H spectrum was manually phased, baseline-corrected, and calibrated to TMSP (TriMethyl Silyl propionate) at 0 ppm, all using TopSpin 3. 6 (BRUKER BioSpin, Rheinstetten, Germany).
The tests were performed using the Rat IL-1β ELISA KIT of Diaclone (CEDEX-Besançon, Franche-Comté, France), Rat TNF-α ELISA KIT of Diaclone (CEDEX-Besançon, Franche-Comté, France), Rat IL-6 ELISA KIT of Diaclone (CEDEX-Besançon, Franche-Comté, France), and Rat IL-10 ELISA KIT of Diaclone (CEDEX-Besançon, Franche-Comté, France), strictly following the manufacturer's instructions. The optical density was detected at 450 nm with an optional 620 nm reference filter using the Tecan Sunrise Microplate Reader (Tecan Austria GmbH, Groedig, Salzburg, Austria) and Magellan™ Data Analysis Software (Tecan Trading AG, V 7. 2. , Männedorf, Switzerland). Each sample concentration was calculated from the linear equation derived from the standard curve of the concentrations of the cytokine. The concentrations of cytokines were presented as picograms per milliliter (pg/mL).
Recruitment Participants were recruited from two CST groups run in the Alzheimer's Disease Centre (CDA) in Rio de Janeiro as part of the RCT by  Marinho et al. (2021). All members of the two groups and their caregivers were invited to and agreed to take part in the interviews. After gathering information from two groups, the research team concurred that the data was sufficiently similar (i. e. sufficiently saturated) and thus recruitment was discontinued  (Guest et al. , 2020). Recruitment details for the RCT have been outlined elsewhere  (Marinho et al. , 2021).
Qualitative analysis The transcripts of interviews were analysed using Framework Analysis  (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994). Five key stages were followed: (i) Familiarisation; (ii) Thematic framework identification; (iii) Coding; (iv) Charting; and (v) Mapping and interpretation. Data analysis was carried out by (RN) and another researcher (FF) who was not involved in the CST group or interviews. First, both researchers read all transcripts to become familiar with the broad themes expressed. Then each researcher separately compiled and refined the identified themes into a coding key. After that, both researchers categorised and charted the transcripts accordingly. Finally, mapping and interpretation was applied to map the experience and perceived changes in those who have participated in the CST groups and their caregivers.
Limitations Recruitment was from two CST groups run in an outpatient setting in Brazil-a vast country with large economic and cultural differences. This may have led to sampling bias, with findings not being representative of PwD/caregiver from other settings across Brazil. Further studies in other settings should explore the experiences of PwD and caregivers in relation to CST. As outlined in the methods, one interviewer was also a group facilitator, so some interviewees might have felt compelled to provide positive answers. Also, a positive bias toward staff could have influenced their report. However, the interviewer/facilitator encouraged honest and critical feedback, and led only six out of twenty-three interviews. The facilitator of all the groups also carried out the data analysis, however a second researcher who was not part of the groups reviewed the analysis to avoid bias.
Sample size A total number of 675 women (225 women per site) will be enrolled for the diagnostic evaluation of the prototype GIFT device. The sample size calculation is based on 7% precision, and an assumed sensitivity of 77% and a speci city of 71% of GIFT compared to NAATs for STIs and Nugent scoring for BV  [40]. No sample size calculations were performed for the qualitative research. A purposive sampling strategy will be adopted to re ect maximum variation, as feasible, across the sample. It is anticipated that the proposed number of participants per activity (FGDs and IDIs), per country, will enable adequate data to be collected and saturation to be reached in the thematic analysis  [41, 42]. Data collection may be nalised before the planned sample size is reached, if saturation is reached rst.
For the DCE component of the study, using econometric criteria (including choice probability, con dence level, accuracy level, attrition rate, and number of choice tasks), subgroups of more than 30 individuals are required to conduct meaningful statistical analysis  [43, 44]. Because the DCE study will undertake subgroup analysis on four to ve groups (including respondent age group, socio-economic status, location of residence, experience with the GIFT device), up to 200 participants per site will be recruited for the DCE study, with a quarter of the participants recruited on the diagnostic study of the GIFT device, and reminder from women coming for gynecological consultations at the study clinic. No sample size calculation is needed for the decision tree algorithm study, which is using data from the diagnostic study.
2) Integration into care study The integration study is composed of four activities aiming to understand how GIFT can be integrated into STI control (Fig. 2 ). For the qualitative study assessing the user-experience, usability, and acceptability of the GIFT device at the point of care, data will be collected through IDIs and FGDs. Target groups will be: HCPs at the health facilities; local or regional policymakers, programmers, other opinion leaders, and decision-makers; and women who are eligible for the diagnostic study (Table  2 ), but who are not part of the diagnostic study. HCP participants will be identi ed through the diagnostic study sites and will be contacted directly to ask if they would be interested in participating. Policymakers recommended for inclusion through snowball sampling will be contacted and asked if they would be interested in participating.
All women presenting at the family planning service facilities for inclusion in the diagnostic study will be informed about the integration study. For the DCE, the study team will seek to recruit women participating and notparticipating in the GIFT diagnostic study to explore heterogeneity in patient preferences for various STI attributes. For all population groups, those who agree to participate will provide written informed consent, separate from the diagnostic study. For the decision tree classi cation algorithm, data will be obtained from the diagnostic study participants, and no additional participants will be recruited. For the economic evaluation, healthcare professionals at health facilities involved in GIFT device implementation and able to complete timesheets will be recruited. For the user experience activity (Fig.
Different classi cations will be tested by varying the combinations of the attributes and the number of levels of the tree. The algorithm will be developed using a training dataset (data from previous studies). After the development of the algorithm based on the training dataset, the algorithm will be tested on the data to be collected in the diagnostic study and re ned if necessary. The algorithm will be designed to be as simple as possible (minimum number of nodes and minimum number of scenarios) and usable in routine practice. Finally, the management outcomes will be compared to those obtained with the WHO recommendations. The economic evaluation (Fig. 2 , activity 4) will involve the collection of cost and service utilisation data from a provider's perspective at each of the clinical sites, using an ingredients-based approach.
After obtaining approval from the facility and/or district, relevant facility management staff will be approached to share nancial and other facility-level data. The cost and utilisation data will be collected from individual facility records and nancial reports through cost data collection tools at each study site. The time that it takes to perform and analyse the GIFT assay will be obtained from clinical study staff. The time required for the delivery of routine family planning and STI services will be assessed through timesheets completed by selected healthcare workers at the study sites. These data will be captured in the Provider Cost Data Collection Tool by data collectors. This activity will determine the cost and budget impact of the identi ed screening or diagnostic algorithm with the GIFT device and will model the costeffectiveness of the different strategies of integration of GIFT into care.
Data management The REDCap platform will be used as clinical data management system (CDMS) for the clinical study. Depending on the organisation in each study site data will be collected partially or fully using paper CRF (pCRF) before being entered into REDCap on a daily basis. In addition, data may be collected and entered in real-time into REDCap using tablets. The GIFT database will be managed by the Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit at the IPM. The quality and accuracy of CRF data transcription into the database will be veri ed weekly. Missing or overdue forms will be identi ed and tracked using the REDCap eld comment log. A control script developed by the central data manager will check the double data entry, and any transcription differences found will be noted. Status reporting including the list of inconsistencies will be done weekly by the central data management team.
The weekly reports will also resume the progress of data collection and entry in each study site. All reports will be sent to the operational team for veri cation and correction of the data, if required. External data sources not described on the CRF like cytokine ELISA data, the STI reference testing data, and 16S rRNA sequencing data will be reconciled against the CDMS at the end of the study. For the user experience study, FGD and IDI data will be audio-recorded and electronically transcribed into the national and/or local language of the study sites. The DCE questionnaire data will be captured electronically using REDcap and securely stored on a password-protected computer. Data for the economic evaluation will be collected in a Provider Cost: Data Collection Tool, and timesheets will be completed in Excel by HCPs.
Data analysis Diagnostic study 1) Primary analysis: Sensitivity and speci city estimated of the GIFT device with 95% con dence intervals using any positive etiological NAATs for STIs (CT, NG, TV, and MG) or Nugent score result for BV as reference standards will be calculated. Visual readings of the GIFT device performed by the clinicians and technicians will be included separately in this analysis. 2) Secondary analysis: Positive and negative predictive values with 95% con dence intervals of the GIFT device will be compared with the likelihood ratios using NAAT and Nugent scoring as reference standards overall and in each country (which may have different STI prevalence that will impact these predictive values). The performance of the GIFT device will be compared to the performance of syndromic management for detecting STIs.
Integration into care For the user experience study, iterative thematic analysis will be applied to the IDI and FGD data, conducted by the qualitative research team. Sekhon's framework of acceptability of healthcare interventions will be used  [48]. For the DCE, data will be analysed in STATA using the utility function modelled from two alternatives: a systematic (explainable) component and a random (unexplainable) component. To estimate the tradeoffs that respondents are willing to make between attributes, willingness to pay (WTP) for marginal improvements in attributes will be estimated for all attributes. WTP estimates will be calculated as the ratio of the coe cient of interest to the negative of the coe cient on the attribute with continuous variables. Subgroup analyses will be undertaken to investigate how preferences are in uenced by demographic characteristics, residential area, socio-economic status, and experience of point-of-care testing.
Ethics The study will be carried out according to the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki (as amended in Seoul in 2008) and any further updates, all applicable national and international regulations, and according to the most recent applicable principles of the GCP-ICH E6. The choice of treatment for STIs or BV will be based on the current national guidelines in the three study sites. Prior to the start, this study has been submitted to the Clinicaltrials. gov public registry (NCT05723484).
The GIFT study will also improve our knowledge in both biological and molecular characterisation of the three most common STIs (CT, NG, and TV) and MG in association with the different states of the vaginal microbiota and will provide new insights into the interplay between STI and BV. The qualitative part of the study will improve our understanding of the different key factors contributing to the successful implementation of a novel screening device for STIs and BV in LMICs. In conclusion, the study will be instrumental in developing strategies to improve STI and BV management in LMICs. The recruited women who meet the inclusion criteria and consent to participate in the GIFT study will be administered a questionnaire. Data will be recorded on case report forms (CRF) in a paper or electronic (tablet) format by the clinical nurse followed by a gynecological exam.
Acknowledgements We thank in advance all women who will participate in this study and the healthcare workers who will be involved in the recruitment and enrolment of the study participants. We would also like to thank  EDCTP  and the members of  GIFT study group  for making this study possible. We thank the members of the community advisory boards for their valuable advice. We are extremely grateful to the members of the scienti c advisory board for the precious scienti c discussions and suggestions for improving our study.
Section : General characteristics and training opportunities The information collected through the questionnaire concerned six initial questions about socio-demographic data such as age, year of residency, gender (binary, other), living arrangement (alone, with family/friends/partner/other) and relationship status (single/in a couple/married/divorced/widowed/other). Other five questions investigated whether the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the educational path in terms of research opportunities and professional training, and whether PHR were involved (directly or indirectly) in COVID-19 related tasks. Four questions had a dichotomous yes/no answer and one question had four different answer options. The first section was translated in the four languages of the target countries: French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, in order to increase the response rate by facilitating the understanding of the questions.
Section : Mental health assessment For the second section of the questionnaire, we used the revised Depression Anxiety Stress Scale Short Version (DASS-21) composed of 21 items  (26) , to investigate symptoms related to events that happened during the COVID-19 pandemic the year before the data collection. This shortened validated scale shows good psychometric properties whilst being less timeconsuming compared to the version composed of 42 items (27). We used the validated translation of the scale in the four study languages in order to ensure correct terminology was used for each language  (28) (29) (30) (31). The DASS-21 investigates three constructs: depression, anxiety and stress, each with seven items. Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale (0-3). The score of each axis is calculated by summing the scores of the seven items and then multiplying by 2 to lie within a 0-42 scale.
In addition, for each outcome, a multivariable logistic regression model was performed [results expressed as adjusted odds ratios (adjOR), 95% CI]. The independent variables age and gender were entered in each model. Then, to select the other independent variables to be included in the final model, a backward elimination method was used for each outcome. SPSS (version 27) was used, and a twotailed p-value < 0. 050 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. Missing values were excluded.
Results A total of 445 PHR took the survey. Among them, two residents refused for their data to be used, thus these two records were deleted. Therefore, we analyzed 443 responses. Our sample represented 22. 0% of the total number of 2010 potentially eligible PHR (i. e. , the total number of PHR in the participating countries). Out of the total of Public Health Residents of each country, Italy's responses amounted to 51% (n = 226), Portugal's 19. 6% (n = 87), Spain's 16. 7% (n = 74), and France's 12. 6% (n = 56). The study sample consisted of 61. 4% PHR identifying as females (n = 272) and 37. 5% identifying as males (n = 166). The remaining 1. 1% identified with neither or preferred not to declare gender (n = 5).
Acknowledgments We thank  EuroNet MRPH , especially the  EuroNet MRPH National Commissions and Associations from France (CLISP), Italy (La Consulta), Portugal (CMISP), and Spain (ARES)  for assistance with disseminating the questionnaire, and the  EuroNet MRPH Board  and Leads 2021 and 2022 for enabling and supporting the creation and development of this research project. We extend our thanks to all participants for responding to our questionnaire.
Acknowledgments:  A. Rivera  and  C. Charnay  thank the  France Embassy in Cuba  for financial support through which it was possible to characterize an important part of the samples studied here at the  Université de Montpellier. D. Hernández ,  C. Viseras , and  A. Rivera  recognize the support of an  Erasmus+ scholarship. D. Hernández ,  A. Rivera  thanks  TWAS  for research Grants No. 00-360 RG/CHE/LA  and No. 07-016 RG/CHE/LA. We acknowledge the National Research Projects  PN211LH008-027  and  PN223LH010-017. D. Hernández  and  C. Viseras  indebted to  A. López-Galindo  for his useful help regarding the mineralogical formula of the clay studied. We thank  MEDSOL  for providing the L-ascorbic acid. D. Hernández  and  A. Rivera  are grateful to  L C. de Ménorval  for his multi-faceted collaboration.
Characteristics of parents and infants and data collection This study was an analysis of quantitative data based on responses collected up to January 2019. We focused on fathers whose infants were born before 32 weeks of gestational age and successfully discharged from the hospital (Figure  1 ). A total of 29 items described the population of fathers as a whole: demographic characteristics, presence at the time of birth, and support provided during the infant transfer to the NICU. For these 29 items, we used the responses of all fathers and mothers. A total of 34 items focused on both parents' experiences. These allowed us to specifically analyse responses about feeling welcome in the NICU, relationships with caregivers, participation in different caring procedures (detailed in Table  1 ) and skin-to-skin contact.
Thus, our results may not be applicable to fathers from economically vulnerable families. In addition, our study population probably had more fathers that were involved in their infant's care. In agreement, a European study also reported that fathers with higher education were more likely to be present in the unit during medical rounds than other fathers  (25). This situation could limit the generalizability of our results regarding fathers' perceptions. In addition, because our data were collected retrospectively, there was a risk of incorrect reporting of information by parents, whose perceptions could have changed over time and after discharge. Data  were also missing for some items in the questionnaire for some respondents. However, the very high number of total answers from mothers regarding the fathers' behaviors suggests the validity of our data.