dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Serum ferritin was assumed to be 15 μg/L for all women, as approximately half of Egyptian women have a ferritin concentration <15 μg/L (5). Vitamin C, calcium, and meat-fish-poultry intakes were directly derived from the subjects' dietary data. As no information was available on phytate intake, a phytate intake of 1400 mg/d was assumed for all participants, which corresponds to a mixed diet with a high proportion of unrefined cereal grain products and legumes  (42). Black tea equivalents were determined based on dietary data and using the approach described by Armah et al. (41)  to convert the number of beverages consumed into black tea equivalents. The total amount of iron needed could then be calculated as the bioavailable iron needs, divided by bioavailability, and a variation of 40% was assumed.
Statistical analysis Data are presented as the means ± SDs for continuous variables and as percentages for categorical variables. As energy and iron needs were calculated individually, the differences between mean intake and needs were tested using Student's t tests. For all other micronutrients, the differences between mean and recommended intakes were tested using Welch's 2-sample t tests, as the series had unequal variances. When the recommended nutrient intake was expressed as a range, the value retained for comparison was the lower bound of the recommended range. A P-value cutoff of 0. 05 was used for statistical significance. Bonferroni corrections for simultaneous analysis were applied to micronutrients, and the null hypothesis was rejected at a significance level of 0. 05/20 = 0. 0025.
Energy needs were estimated based on self-reported weights, where more than one-third of values were missing or implausible. In order to address this issue, we imputed missing and implausible values based on demographic data on 19-to 50-y-old men and women, and values were similar. Yet, calculated energy needs are only approximations obtained from the data available. The issues that we faced collecting self-reported height and weight highlight the importance of overcoming barriers (such as cultural or practical) in taking direct body measurements. The small sample size of our study population (n = 130) is another limitation, and further research on dietary practices of Egyptian women at the national level could investigate the magnitude of the nutritional imbalances. Additionally, as in any dietary survey, subjects may have misreported or changed their dietary intakes during the days of survey, and the results may not be representative of their habitual dietary intakes.
Biochemical indicators of The "Miscellaneous" group includes condiments, herbs, spices, sauces, salad dressing, jam, spreads, and sweeteners. 3 The "Composites (mixed food groups)" group includes main dishes, sandwiches, soups, and vegetarian dishes that were composed of ingredients from several food groups. nutrients (e. g. , serum ferritin, plasma folate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D) were not measured in this study, but these would have facilitated understanding of the validity of the results. Several assumptions on parameters impacting iron bioavailability were made based on the literature [phytate intakes  (42) , serum ferritin concentrations  (5) , menstrual losses  (12) ], whereas other parameters were not taken into account [e. g. , contraception method (55), inflammation  (13) , parasite infection  (12) , genetic disease such as β-thalassemia  (56, 57) ], as data related to these factors were unfortunately not collected in our study.
Study population and data collection: The primary objective was to describe and analyze hospital mortality before discharge. The secondary objective was to describe neonatal morbidities in this population and the outcome at 2 years' CA. For the follow-up at 2 years' CA, infants discharged alive took part in a standardized follow-up program after the NICU, which consisted of growth and neurosensory (sleeping/ behavior/ feeding/ language/ deafness/ ophthalmologic disorder) evaluation and a neurodevelopmental test (Brunet-Lézine test). This evaluation was planned for all children born before 27 WG. Data were extracted from medical charts by the main investigator. To check for accuracy, data were double-checked. For the neonatal period, GA was based on the early ultrasonography examination or if not available, the last menstrual period.
To analyze the secondary outcomes, we described quantitative variables using median and IQR, qualitative variables with number and proportions, respectively. We compared qualitative variables among children regarding their weight at birth using a chi-square test or a Fisher test (as necessary). Data analysis involved use of SAS 9. 4 (SAS® Inst. , Cary, NC, USA). The ethics committee of the French National Society of Neonatology (SFN) approved this study (no. 1747084). During the child's hospitalization, parents were informed that their infant's medical information could be recorded for clinical studies. This study complies with STROBE statements for reporting of observational studies  [14].
One (1. 7%) had no language at all. Strabismus was present in five (11. 9%) children; seven (15%) needed glasses. No infant was deaf (many missing data and invalid test results). Behavior was calm in 38 (60%) children. Attention was evaluated by studying playing behavior, and 33 (68. 7%) children could sustain play. Contact was easy and normal in 46 (86. 8%) children. Feeding was normal in 36 (68%) children; nine (17%) had few difficulties. One patient had a gastrostomy. Among the 78 children who were followed up, 27 infants were born after 27 WG and were not eligible for the Brunet-Lézine test following our protocols. However, among these 27 infants, five had the test. Finally, 38 of 56 children passed the test (18 did not come to the appointment). The median global DQ in the Brunet-Lézine test was 74 (IQR: 55-100) and median DQc was 85 (62-115) (Table  IV ).
In the EU, cinacalcet is approved for patients aged 3 years and older with ESRD on maintenance dialysis therapy in whom sHPT is not adequately controlled with SOC therapy  [22]. To help address the unmet clinical need for additional therapies to treat sHPT in children, Amgen conducted an extensive pediatric development program for cinacalcet to investigate the dosing, safety, and efficacy in pediatric patients with sHPT on dialysis. Overall, 142 children were enrolled in interventional clinical trials in the Amgen-sponsored pediatric clinical development program; 103 of whom received cinacalcet. An additional 113 children received cinacalcet in observational studies that were part of the cinacalcet pediatric development program. Finally, safety and efficacy data are available from 60 children who received cinacalcet in five non-Amgen-supported clinical studies  [23] [24] [25] [26] [27].
Based on a review of the case and in consultation with the Data Monitoring Committee and the FDA, changes were made to the cinacalcet pediatric program to include additional safety measures focused on further minimizing the risk of hypocalcemia in Study 20110100 (restarted after the partial clinical hold) and in new Studies 20130356 All other AEs were reported for ≤2 subjects in either treatment group. Most subjects had AEs that were grade > 2 in severity, and most were considered not related to study treatment. None of the subjects died or were withdrawn from the study due to an AE. Serious AEs were reported for 4 subjects (16. 0%) in the cinacalcet + SOC group and 2 subjects (6. 7%) in the SOC group. Each serious AE was reported by a single subject, and none were considered related to study treatment.
Study 20110100 An open-label, single-arm phase 2 study of cinacalcet in addition to SOC in 18 pediatric subjects aged 28 days to < 6 years. Seventeen subjects received ≥ 1 cinacalcet dose. Data were assessed before partial clinical hold (cohort 1; n = 7) and after partial clinical hold (cohort 2; n = 10). The mean total cinacalcet dose administered was 516. 9 mg for cohort 1 and 371. 3 mg for cohort 2. The higher exposure in cohort 1 was achieved despite a shorter mean (SD) exposure to cinacalcet for cohort 1 (66. 0 [50. 9] days) compared with cohort 2 (101. 2 [42. 4]  days). The mean (SD) maximum weight-adjusted daily dose was 0. 98 (0. 94) mg/kg/day and 0. 55 (0. 31) mg/kg/day for cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. Serious AEs were reported in 9 subjects (52. 9%), 4 in cohort 1 and 5 in cohort 2.
Phosphate Mean decreases from baseline in phosphate were observed at every time point. The largest mean (SD) decrease from baseline was -1. 48 (2. 32) mg/dL observed at month 2. The mean (SD) percent decrease from baseline at this same time point was -20. 79% (30. 52%). Unexpectedly, the overall group mean percent change from baseline increased at months 1, 5, 6, and 7. This increase is likely skewed by substantial percent increases over baseline for 2 subjects. Median percent decreases in phosphorus from baseline were observed at all time   This study evaluated 538 subjects on dialysis, including 90 who received cinacalcet and 448 who did not receive cinacalcet. Data collected from this study contributed to the evaluation of the safety rather than the efficacy of cinacalcet. The incidence of AEs of interest (hypocalcemia, seizure, and infection [requiring hospitalization]) was estimated separately in cinacalcet-treated and untreated subjects enrolled in the pediatric dialysis registry.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge  Jonathan Plumb, PhD  ( Fishawack Communications Inc. , funded by  Amgen Inc. ),  Kate Smigiel, PhD , and  William W Stark ,  Jr. , PhD  (both employees and stockholders,  Amgen, Inc. ) for assistance with the writing of this manuscript. Funding information This study was funded by  Amgen Inc. , Thousand Oaks, CA,  USA.
2 mg/kg/day N = 55 (n = 27* cinacalcet plus standard of care; n = 28 Open-label, active-controlled Phase 3 RCT (based on dry weight) standard of care) Primary objective Titration: See Table 4. *Only 25 of the enrolled patients received cinacalcet To assess the safety and tolerability Provision: Either as capsules for Key inclusion criteria of cinacalcet in pediatric subjects sprinkling or tablets • Aged 6 to < 18 years Other objectives Planned treatment duration: • PTH ≥ 300 pg/mL To evaluate efficacy and bioanalytical • Open-label: 20 weeks • cCa ≥ 8. 8 mg/dL parameters • Receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for ≥ 30 days before screening Key exclusion criteria • History of congenital long QT syndrome, second or third-degree heart block, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, or other conditions associated with prolonged QT inter- val • Corrected QT interval (QTc) > 500 ms, using Bazett's formula • QTc ≥ 450 to ≤ 500 ms, using Bazett's formula, unless written permission to enroll is provided by the investigator after consultation with a pediatric cardiologist a, b 20110100/NCT01439867 Starting dose: 0.
Analysis of FAs in plasma, RBC, and retina samples by gas chromatography FAs were converted into methyl esters according to  Morrison and Smith (31)  and analyzed as previously described  (7). FA methyl esters were extracted with hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography on a Hewlett Packard Model 5890 gas chromatograph (Palo Alto, CA) using a CPSIL-88 column (100 m × 0. 25 mm i. d. , film thickness 0. 20 m; Varian, Les Ulis, France) equipped with a flame ionization detector. Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas (inlet pressure, 210 kPa). The injection volume was 1 l. The oven temperature was held at 60°C for 5 min, increased to 165°C at 15°C/min and held for 1 min, and then to 225°C at 2°C/min and finally held at 225°C for 17 min. The injector and the detector were maintained at 250°C. The data were processed using the EZChrom Elite software (Agilent Technologies, Massy, France).
Precursor isolation was performed in the quadrupole analyzer with an isolation width of m/z 1. 6. Higher-energy collisional dissociation was employed for the fragmentation of PLs with an optimized stepped collision energy of 30% (±5%). The linear ion trap was used to acquire spectra for fragment ions in data-dependent mode. The automatic gain control target was set to 2 × 10 4 with a maximum injection time of 50 ms. The identification of PL species was performed with the help of LipidSearch™ software based on the data of high accuracy and on MS/MS experiments.
5 kV in the negative and positive ion modes, respectively; the vaporizer temperature was 150°C; the sheath gas N 2 pressure was 45 au; the auxiliary gas pressure was 45 au; the ion sweep gas pressure was 5; the ion transfer capillary temperature was 300°C; the skimmer offset was 5 V; and the multiplier gain was 300,000. PL species were analyzed in specific acquisition modes using this QqQ instrument. PC species were quantified in positive ion mode by precursor ion scanning of m/z 184 amu, which corresponds to the choline head group. PE species lose their ethanolaminephosphate head group as a neutral fragment of 141 Da. Therefore, neutral loss scanning of 141 Da in positive ion mode was used for the selective detection and quantification of PE. The data were processed using Xcalibur software.
MALDI-MS imaging analysis A quadrupole-TOF tandem mass spectrometer with an orthogonal MALDI source (MALDI Synapt G2-Si; Waters; Mildford, MA) was used to acquire mass spectral data from which images were constructed. MALDI mass spectra were obtained using a solid state laser (355 nm) at an energy of 7. 4 J and a pulse rate of 2,000 Hz for positive ion MALDI imaging. The energy and pulse rate of the laser were selected to maximize the lipid signal from the tissue slice. The positive ion MALDI imaging experiments had an accumulation time of 243 ms per image spot. The MALDI plate was moved at a rate of 12. 75 mm•min 1 , and after each horizontal line was completed, the plate was moved vertically 30 m. The lateral resolution of this MALDI-IMS technique has been estimated to be approximately 30 m.
The mass spectrometric data were processed using a specialized script for Analyst software (Waters) at a mass resolution of 0. 1 amu. The lipids observed in positive ion mode (PC, SM, and TG) were identified to the lipid species level by ion mobility separation with helium gas (DriftScope, Waters) used in conjunction with ToF. Data were processed with HDImaging, and MALDI images were visualized using Biomap software (Novartis), with the same intensity between samples per ion.
DHA uptake takes place in the photoreceptor layer around the optic nerve Figure  5  illustrates a typical eye section stained with H&E. It shows connective tissue, sclera, optic nerve, RPE, choroid, and retinal layers. The spatial localization of the lipid molecular species was determined using MALDI-IMS in coronal sections of the ocular globes. Ion mobility separation coupled with ToF was used to determine the composition in lipid/PC molecular species (supplemental Table  S6 ). The positive ion mass spectra were obtained in the mass range of m/z 450-1,100 amu. The spectra illustrated the distribution of the lipid molecular species within the different regions of the eye tissue: inner retina, outer retina, and orbital fat. Positive ion data obtained for the MALDI-IMS experiments revealed the distribution of PC and TG lipids in the ocular section.
Funding and other information This work was supported by the  Regional Council of Burgundy France ,  FEDER (European Funding for Regional Economical Development) ,  Association Nationale Recherche Technologie ,  Fondation de France/Fondation de l'Oeil. Grant  ANR-11-LABEX-0021  was provided by the  French National Research Agency (ANR). Additional support was provided by  National Eye Institute  Grant  EY005121  and the  Eye Ear Nose Throat (EENT) Foundation of New Orleans  to N. B. Z. E. V. is a PhD fellow from  Horus Pharma Laboratories. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
These hypothesisgenerating findings of a potential preventive effect of a low dose of omega-3 fatty acids in individuals with low omega-3 fatty acid status or African-American persons need to be validated in future large RCTs. In addition to potential reduction in CRC risk, recent data support benefit of high marine omega-3 fatty acid intake for survival of patients with established CRC. In a Phase II RCT of EPA 2 g daily in 88 patients undergoing liver resection for CRC liver metastasis, EPA treatment increased overall and disease-free survival and reduced the vascularity score of metastatic tumours compared with placebo. 23 Similar beneficial associations between high EPA intake after CRC diagnosis and improved survival have been reported in observational studies. 24, 25 Based on these data, a larger-scale, placebo-controlled phase III RCT [EPA for Metastasis Trial 2 (EMT2), NCT03428477] of treatment with EPA (4 g icosapent ethyl daily) was launched in the UK for patients undergoing liver resection for CRC liver metastasis.
g. short-chain fatty acidproducing bacteria),  33  whereas the bacteria reduced by EPA may promote CRC (e. g. Fusobacterium nucleatum). 34- 39 Eicosapentaenoic acid may also modify gut environmental conditions and change the composition of microbes. 40- 44 Ongoing clinical trials are investigating the effect of EPA on modulation of the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and tumour immunity (e. g. NCT03661047, NCT03428477, and NCT04216251).
are conducting a small randomized clinical trial to determine if EPA beneficially affects cerebrovascular function or cognitive performance in cognitively healthy adults at increased risk for AD called Brain Amyloid and Vascular Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (BRAVE-EPA) (NCT02719327). 108 pression and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: spotlight on eicosapentaenoic acid Cardiovascular disease and depression represent the two most common causes of disability in high-income countries, and it has been argued that a recurrent depressed mood may be the 'most important driver of overall quality of life'. 109 Nutritional factors, such as dietary consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, for which a marked reduction in the ratio of omega-3/omega-6 PUFAs has been observed in recent decades,  110  may constitute a relevant molecular basis of depressive disorders.
During the follow-up period, patients underwent an annual assessment including nutritional evaluation and assessment of renal clearance. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, stool balance analysis, and renal biopsy when necessary were performed at the 2-, 5-, 10-, or 15-year follow-up visit. Liver biopsy was systematically performed following combined liver-small bowel transplantation (L-SBTx). The following data were collected from group 1 patients: digestive function (physical growth, need for nutritional support, daily oral intake, stool frequency, intestinal absorption rates on stool balance analysis, and the levels of citrulline, prealbumin, and micronutrients); late digestive complications; late graft rejection; donor-specific antibodies (DSA) levels; intestinal pathology when available (with hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa staining); liver function (biochemical and pathologic evaluation); late infections; renal function (measured renal clearance and pathologic evaluation); metabolic status (blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and bone mineral density); presence of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD); presence of immunological complications (autoimmune disorders, allergies, and eosinophilic esophagitis); and psychosocial outcomes.
Regarding digestive complications, allograft rejection, and infections, late occurrences (more than 1 year post-ITx) alone were recorded. Data were collected from group 2 patients regarding physical growth, presence of stomas, stool frequency, bone mineral density, liver function (biochemical and pathologic evaluation), presence of vascular thrombosis, and psychosocial outcomes. Data obtained from group 3 patients For stool balance analysis, stools were collected over 3 days followed by the assessment of oral intake and of fat, nitrogen, and energy content in stool to calculate intestinal absorption rates. 6 cronutrients screened were ferritin and vitamins A, D, and E. F I G U R E 1 Flow chart of patients Acute T cell-mediated rejection was diagnosed according to preexisting classification.
From an epidemiological standpoint, quantifying the individual and the combined effect of lifestyle factors on uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) deserves further evaluation. We aimed to examine the individual and combined associations between unhealthy behaviors and uncontrolled hypertension among treated hypertensive adults. cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from CONSTANCES, an ongoing French population-based cohort study. Uncontrolled BP was defined as mean systolic Bp ≥140 mmHg and/or mean diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg. Unhealthy behaviors were considered as heavy alcohol consumption, low or medium adherence to dietary recommendations, sedentary physical activity level, and overweight. A total of 10,710 hypertensive treated volunteer participants were included and 56. 1% had uncontrolled hypertension; of them, 2.
Nevertheless, smoking is an unhealthy behavior and a major risk of CVD and cancer; smoking cessation recommendations should be provided to all hypertensive individuals for the prevention of CVD including stroke, myocardial infarction and peripheral artery disease  1, 2, 14. The main strength of our study is using data from CONSTANCES, which was designed adopting a population-based method including a large randomly selected sample of participants that ensures sufficient power. Moreover, BP measurements were collected following standardized protocols and data were gathered using different methods such as validated questionnaires and national databases, resulting in lack of missing information. Additionally, we explored the combined effect of unhealthy behaviors and performed an analysis stratified by sex.
However, some limitations should be addressed. Reverse-causality bias is inherent in cross-sectional analyses, preventing the confirmation of a causal relationship between unhealthy behaviors and uncontrolled hypertension. In addition, our study might be subject to selection bias because of the selection effect related to voluntary participation, also because agricultural and self-employed workers were not included in CONSTANCES. Misclassification bias is also possible, since lifestyle behaviors were self-reported. Moreover, the time frame between recent medication adjustment and BP measurement was not taken into consideration. In fact, antihypertensive medication is a confounding factor in BP measurements, with epidemiologic data on BP often compromised by the effects of antihypertensive medications  31  , and certainly recent changes.
Nevertheless, this is common in epidemiologic studies of cross-sectional design; prospective data from CONSTANCES can help in considering this point. Lastly, excessive salt intake is considered an unhealthy behavior, but we weren't able to study its effect on uncontrolled hypertension because quantitative data on salt intake are not available since dietary habits were evaluated using a non-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. In conclusion, findings of this study provide supportive evidence of the individual and combined effect of unhealthy behaviors on uncontrolled hypertension. Unhealthy lifestyle described as heavy alcohol drinking, non-adherence to dietary recommendations and overweight increased the likelihood of uncontrolled hypertension, which was further increased with a higher number of unhealthy factors.