dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
49 • S) had near-zero fluxes from approximately July to January and consistently high fluxes for the remainder of the year. The rice site PH-RiF (latitude 14. 14 • N) had two annual CH 4 flux peaks, which is consistent with some other rice sites and likely reflects management practices. Baseline CH 4 flux values also differed, with the two Botswana sites having the highest off-season fluxes (29 and 133 nmol m -2 s -1 for BW-NXR and BW-GUM, respectively, estimated by TIMESAT), MY-MLM having an intermediate baseline CH 4 flux (16 nmol m -2 s -1 , estimated by TIMESAT), and the remainder of the sites having essen-tially zero flux at baseline. While more tropical wetland data will be needed to extract broad-scale conclusions about these ecosystems, the six tropical sites in FLUXNET-CH 4 provide an important starting point for synthesis studies and highlight tropical wetland CH 4 variability.
Data availability Half-hourly and daily aggregations are available for download at https://fluxnet. org/data/ fluxnet-ch4-community-product/ (for citations, please cite this study), along with a table containing site metadata compiled from Table  B3. Variable descriptions and units are provided in Table  B1  and at https://fluxnet. org/data/fluxnet-ch4-community-product/ (last access: 7 April 2021). Each site has a unique FLUXNET-CH 4 DOI as listed in Table  B3. All site data used in this analysis are available under the CC BY 4. 0 (https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/, last access: 6 July 2021) copyright policy (two additional sites in FLUXNET-CH 4 are available under the more restrictive Tier 2 data policy, https://fluxnet. org/data/data-policy/ (last access: 6 July 2021); these sites are not used in our analysis).
The individual site DOIs are provided below in FLUXNET-CH 4 is an important new resource for the research community, but critical data gaps and opportunities remain. The current FLUXNET-CH 4 dataset is biased towards sites in boreal and temperate regions, which influence the relationships presented in our analyses. Tropical ecosystems are estimated to account for 64 % of potential natural CH 4 emissions (< 30 • N;  Saunois et al. , 2020)  but only account for 13 % of the FLUXNET-CH 4 sites in the dataset. Unsurprisingly, tropical sites in our network do not represent the range of bioclimatic wetland conditions present in the tropics. Therefore, while maintaining flux towers in tropical ecosystems is challenging, it is necessary to further constrain the global CH 4 cycle. Coastal wetlands are also poorly represented in FLUXNET-CH 4 even though there is evidence of substantial CH 4 emissions from these ecosystems, and so better representation across salinity gradients is warranted.
(2016 Knox et al. ( , 2019)). -_QC: this reports quality checks on FCH4 gap-filled data (_ANNOPTLM) based on length of data gap: 1 signifies data gap shorter than 2 months, and 3 signifies data gap exceeding 2 months which could lead to poor-quality gap-filled data. B2. 2 Qualifiers: positional (_V) Positional qualifiers are used to indicate relative positions of observations at the site. For FLUXNET-CH 4 , positional qualifiers are used to distinguish soil temperature probes for sites with more than one probe. Probe depths for each positional qualifier per site are included in the metadata file included with data download and also in Table  B7  of  Delwiche et al. (2021). For sites where the original database file release in AmeriFlux, AsiaFlux, or EuroFlux contains multiple probes at the same _V depth, we average values and report only the average for each _V position.
All seasonality parameters used in these analyses are available at https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 4672601(Delwicheetal. ,  2021). The breadth and scope of CH 4 flux data in the FLUXNET-CH 4 dataset make it possible to study the global patterns of CH 4 fluxes, particularly for global freshwater wetlands which release a substantial fraction of atmospheric CH 4. To help data users understand seasonal patterns within the dataset, we provide the first global estimates of CH 4 flux patterns and predictors in CH 4 seasonality using freshwater wetland data. In the seasonality analysis, we find that, on average, the seasonal increase in CH 4 emissions begins about 3 months earlier and lasts about 4 months longer at the warmest sites compared with the coolest sites. We also find that the beginning of the CH 4 emission season lags behind the beginning of seasonal soil warming by approximately 1 month with almost no instances of CH 4 emissions increasing before temperature increases.
Conflicts are ubiquitous between individuals as well as between groups. Effective conflict resolution is essential for individual well-being and group functioning and often involves leadership dynamics. The evolutionary human sciences have suggested conflict resolution is shaped by psychological heuristics, norms, and ecology. There is limited empirical data, however, on conflict resolution across cultures. Using a cross-cultural database of 109 leadership dimensions coded from over 1,200 ethnographic texts from the eHRAF ethnographic database, exploratory analyses investigated correlates of conflict resolution. Results revealed greater evidence of conflict resolution among kin groups than political groups and greater evidence of within-group conflict resolution than between-group, which did not vary across subsistence strategies or group contexts, with two exceptionsmilitary groups conflicts were biased towards between-group contexts and religious groups biased towards within-group contexts.
Study aims Conflict resolution occurs among every human society but we currently know very little about whether such processes utilize similar or variable social mechanisms (e. g. , coercion or persuasion) and if they rely on the same individual characteristics across the diversity of human social and cultural contexts (e. g. , high social status, large social networks, or fairness). Addressing such questions requires a broad, comparative, and cross-cultural framework. Based on current theoretical and empirical literature, outstanding questions on human conflict resolution include: 1) what are the underlying behavioural, personality, or other characteristics that characterize leaders who resolve conflicts across diverse cultural and social contexts?; 2) what are the specific costs or benefits individuals incur from conflict resolution processes?; and 3) how widespread is coercive authority or prosociality of leaders who solve disputes, across diverse societies? Lastly, 4) does group context or cultural typologies predict variation in human conflict resolution? The present study aims to provide some insight to these questions through an exploratory analysis leveraging a novel cross-cultural database  (Garfield and Hagen 2019).
Conflict resolution was the most cross-culturally frequent function of leaders, documented in 78% of cultures in a large sample of ethnography from 59 cultures  (Garfield, Syme, and Hagen 2020). Given the frequency of conflict resolution in the ethnographic record and important outstanding questions, further analyses are warranted. The current study focuses in detail on the "conflict resolution" variable in the  Garfield and Hagen (2019)  database to identify the characteristics of leaders who resolve conflicts and the social and cultural contexts more strongly associated with conflict scenarios. The correlates of conflict resolution speak to the behavioural and phenotypic traits of individuals who resolve conflicts and to the cultural views of conflict resolution across human societies. Individual, group, and culture-level measures will be used to predict evidence for conflict resolution to identify how conflict resolution may covary with cultural and social ecology.
Cross-cultural database This study uses the leadership data package  (Garfield and Hagen 2019) , a recently developed cross-cultural database, designed to capture a wide range of ethnographic content related to leadership from the 60-cultural Probability Sample Files  (Naroll 1967 ) of the electronic Human Relations Area Files (eHRAF). The eHRAF is an electronic database of primary ethnographic documents which can be queried using a thorough subject code system (Outline of Cultural Materials or OCM codes) and/or by keyword, at the paragraph level. The leadership data package is based on 1212 ethnographic paragraphs (termed text records) extracted from the eHRAF using a broad search strategy targeting general descriptions of leadership. These text records stem from from 321 documents describing 59 cultures (see Figure  S1  for the geographic distribution of the culture sample).
Within this group all fighting is considered deplorable. Even an organized stick fight, which occasionally disrupts the otherwise cordial relations within a lineage, is unheard of in this subgroup. The main responsibility of the leader of the sublineage is to prevent or to quell an occasional brawl and to mete out a deserved punishment in accord with customary law. For additional details on database construction see  Garfield, Hubbard, and Hagen (2019)  and  Garfield, Syme, and Hagen (2020). Table  1 : Operationalization of the group context variable. Reproduced from  Garfield et al. (2020). Political groups that encompass multiple residential communities, such as complex chiefdoms, regional political leaders, and kings or state-level leaders.
This goal involved via two methods. First, the ethnographic evidence for conflict resolution (i. e. , Resolve conflict = 1) was descriptively represented in relationship to group context (e. g. , kin groups vs. political groups), subsistence type (e. g. , hunter-gatherers vs. agriculturalits), and the type of conflict (i. e. , within-group vs. between-group conflicts). Second, the Resolve conflict variable was used as an outcome in logistic mixed effects models using the lme4 package  (Bates et al. 2015)  with subsistence type, group context, and continental region as predictors. The third goal was to empirically describe the ethnographic record of human conflict resolution through text analyses. Ethnography-based data are rooted in bodies of text produced by ethnographers and other authors.
Results The number of text records per culture in leadership data package sample ranged from 1 to 126, with a median of 13, a mean of 20. 5, and a standard deviation of 23. 4. The text records were generally short, ranging from 14 to 1402 words, with a median word count of 141, a mean of 159. 5, and standard deviation of 97. 4. Publication dates of documents in the leadership data package ranged from 1860 to 1999, with a median year of 1964. There were 217 male authors, 62 females authors, and 3 authors whose gender was not determined (some were co-authors). Of the 321 source documents, 70 (22%) had a female author or co-author. The total pages of eHRAF ethnography on each culture in the culture sample ranged from 934 to 11,234, with a median of 2,771, and this was weakly correlated with the number of text records on leadership retrieved for a particular culture (r = 0.
B Mosaic plots of evidence for conflict resolution is very little evidence for female leaders in conflict resolution in the database, however. Therefore, to expand on this modelling approach specifically for conflict resolution, a logistic mixed effects model of Resolve conflict was fit (similarly to the Garfield, Syme, and Hagen (2020) method with random intercepts for document authors nested within cultures), but which excluded the leader sex term. This three-term model did show a modest improvement in fit (using the cut off of  < -2,  Burnham and Anderson (2002) ) over the intercept only model (including the random intercepts),  = -2. 33. S2  reports results of an ANOVA test of the fitted model. Continental region and subsistence type were not significant predictors of Resolve conflict, however group context was a significant predictor (p = 0.
Limitations The current study has many important limitations. First, any ethnography-based analyses are necessarily restricted to the content ethnographers chose to record and publish. It is important to keep in mind information ethnographers were unaware of, disinterested in, nor permitted to research, constrains available information in any ethnographic document. For example, the biased evidence in favour of within-group conflicts could entirely be an artefact of ethnographer description. Furthermore, much (or most) ethnography is constructed from the perspective of the ethnographer (an emic view) and not necessarily from the perspective of members of the focal population (an etic view). Ethnographers' perspectives on conflicts could be divergent from those of local community members. Given the general content of text records in the leadership data package these results are biased towards particular types of leaders, generally male political leaders.
As previously mentioned these data include very few text records pertaining to women as mediators of conflict. Results from this comparative, ethnography-based dataset, are also unable to provide direct comparison to related empirical and field-based research due to ecological framing differences, measurement and sampling differences, and the aforementioned limitations. All analyses conducted here are exploratory and correlational and do not suggest particular leadership dimensions cause conflict resolution capacities or vice versa. Also, these data cannot disentangle the degree to which leaders may be actively involved in, have a vested interest in, and cause the conflicts in which they have been described in association with. Given these limitations, these results can provide a comparative, empirical foundation for future more detailed studies on the context of conflicts and their interactions with traits associated with conflict mediators.
Acknowledgments Luke Glowacki ,  Anthony Lopez ,  Kristen Syme , and  Raymond Hames , as well as the Evolutionary Human Sciences editor and two anonymous reviewers provided very useful feedback on this manuscript. The data associated with this project were developed with  Edward Hagen  and  Kristen Syme  and the framework draws on methods from Garfield, Syme, and  Hagen  ( 2020 ).
Data collection Our report draws on three sources of data: ethnographic interviews about Sikameinan conducted with 96 participants across four cultural regions of southern Siberut; systematic data covering 66 healing ceremonies, most of which occurred in the Buttui-Ugai region of Siberut in 2017; and participant observation occurring over 11 months in the Buttui-Ugai region. The Harvard University Committee on the Use of Human Subjects approved this research project. All participants provided verbal informed consent before the study. All analyses and cleaned data are available online on the OSF project website online at https://osf. io/bjq6f/.
This point is important, because, as with all sciences, the naturalistic study of cultural behavior is undergoing a methodological revolution. Researchers increasingly draw on massive online experiments, cross-cultural studies, and analyses of large-scale databases to test the behavioral and historical predictions of existing theories  (Mehr et al. , 2019; Purzycki et al. , 2016; Slingerland & Sullivan, 2017; Watts, Sheehan, et al. , 2015). These methods open up novel research programs, but they have limitations. Analyses of large-scale databases must leverage existing descriptions, and despite the richness of the ethnographic and historical record, many observers failed to document behaviors and beliefs that are most relevant for key questions. A comprehensive understanding of human behavior requires a diverse methodological toolkit, including rich and detailed ethnographic investigations.
1. 4 (BUSCO, RRID:SCR 015008)  [25] , in genome mode and with the "long" option, with the arthropoda odb10 dataset  [26]. For each species, we selected the method that led to the highest N50 and optimal purging (lowest amount of duplicated BUSCOs without significant loss of complete BUSCOs). For additional polishing of the resulting assemblies, we followed PacBio guidelines  [17]. We used racon (Racon, RRID:SCR 017642)  [27]  (v1. 4. 10, parameter: "-u") in combination with samtools (SAMTOOLS, RRID:SCR 002105)  [28]  (V1. 9, parameters: "view -F 1796 -q 20") and pbmm2  [29]  (v1. 1. 0, parameters: "-preset CCS -sort"), a wrapper of minimap2 (Min-imap2, RRID:SCR 018550)  [30]. To assemble the mitochondrial genomes, we gathered CCS containing exclusively mitochondrial sequences, used blastn (blastn+ suite v2.
Contamination control We checked the assemblies for potential contamination from other organisms by querying the contigs against the NCBI database using protein-based (DIAMOND  [35] ) and nucleotidebased (blastn) alignments. Results were merged with Blobtools2  [36]  (v2. 3. 3) using the "bestsum" algorithm. Contigs explicitly assigned to another lineage than metazoan were excluded from the assembly. Contigs assigned to Chordata were checked for presence of Arthropoda BUSCO. If Arthropoda BUSCOs were confirmed on such contigs, we retained them for the assembly.
To determine whether D. tigrina and S. aquaticus share the βlactam synthesis gene found in some other Collembola, we searched the genomes for genes homologous of the isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) and δ-(L-α-aminoadipoyl)-L-cysteine-D-valine synthetase (ACVS) genes of Folsomia candida. Those 2 genes belong to the same gene cluster. We used blastn: blastn and megablast to query the DNA sequences and tblastn to query the protein sequences against the combined primary and alternative haplotig assemblies. We also used blastp to query the protein sequences against the predicted protein sequences from the primary assemblies. The NBCI accession numbers of the searched sequences are IPNS-JX270832. 1, ACVS-OXA60265. 1.
Phylogenetic analysis We gathered 13 Collembola genome assemblies  [7, 8, 45, 46]  from NCBI. For the outgroup, we selected a Diplura  [47]  and a Diptera  [3]  genome assemblies. The species list and the genome accession numbers are provided in Table  1. We used BUSCO v4. 0. 6 in short mode to search for orthologs, restricting the search to the arthropoda odb10 dataset. We screened the obtained BUSCO sets to identify genes shared among the species, allowing only genes found for ≥75% of the species. We aligned single protein sequences with MAFFT (MAFFT, RRID:SCR 011811)  [48]  (v7. 450), concatenated the alignments with FASconCAT-G  [49]  (v1. 04), and trimmed the final alignment with trimAl (trimAl, RRID:SCR 017 334)  [50]  (v1. 2). We calculated a maximum likelihood tree with IQtree  [51]  (v1.
The alternative haplotig assembly of D. tigrina is composed of 1,611 contigs and has a size of 189,752,789 bp and an N50 value of 0. 27 Mb; BUSCO search on the alternative haplotig assembly yielded 89% complete (including 3. 8% duplicated), 0. 9% fragmented, and 10. 1% missing BUSCOs. For S. aquaticus the best assembly was obtained by using all the reads (Table  2 , Fig. 4 ). Purging haplotigs with Purge haplotigs Downloaded from https://academic. oup. com/gigascience/article/10/5/giab035/6279595 by Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle user on 05 October 2021  resulted in fewer duplicated BUSCOs than with Purge dups. Two contigs (totaling 243,436 bp) were found to be from a fungus and a cyanobacterium, respectively, and were removed. Some contigs were assigned to Chordata taxa but all of those carried Arthropoda-specific BUSCOs and were kept.
Ensuring taxonomic quality It is essential that a reliable reference genome be supported by a solid and revisable taxonomy, to be useful for any meaningful downstream analysis. Taxonomy quality has always been an issue of sequence databases  [55, 56]. This is especially true for field-collected specimens from taxonomically poorly known groups that are often riddled with cryptic diversity and difficulty of species identification based on a few subtle characters. Therefore, we documented species collection and identification by morphological characters, provided macro photographs, and preserved co-captured specimens of the same species in the col-lections of 2 European museums. This way, we ensure the taxonomic traceability of the reference genome, which should be a prerequisite for any meaningful biodiversity genomics species identification is not straightforward.
We report the absence of ACVS and IPNS in the genomes of S. aquaticus and D. tigrina. Sminthurides aquaticus belongs to a family of Symphypleona that was not investigated by Suring et al. [6]. So far, no Symphypleona are known to carry those genes, but it must be noted that none of the tested species are soildwelling species. The Symphypleona species in the Suring et al. [6]  dataset are vegetation dwellers. Because S. aquaticus dwells on freshwater surfaces, our results support the lack of antibiotic production in semi-aquatic species. The absence of the genes in D. tigrina is rather unexpected because the species lives in organic-rich litter with potentially high microbial contents. After F. candida, D. tigrina is the second member of the large Isotomidae family to be investigated for antibiotic production.
Data Availability The data underlying this article are available in the EMBL-ENA database and can be accessed with accession No. PRJEB39696 including: S. aquaticus CCS, curated primary assembly, and annotation with accessions Nos. ERR4407379, GCA 906901655; and D. tigrina CCS, curated primary assembly, and annotation with accession Nos. ERR4407422, GCA 906901685. Supporting data, including primary and alternative haplotig assemblies, and annotation files, are deposited in the GigaScience Downloaded from https://academic. oup. com/gigascience/article/10/5/giab035/6279595 by Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle user on 05 October 2021 database, GigaDB, for both Sminthurides aquaticus  [57]  and Desoria tigrine  [58].
Acknowledgements The genomes will contribute to the European Reference Genome Atlas and the  Earth BioGenome Project. The present study is a collaboration between the  LOEWE-TBG  and the  Max Planck Genome-centre Cologne. It was supported through the  programme "LOEWE-Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz" of Hesse' s Ministry of Higher Education, Research , and the Arts. We highly appreciate the generous support by  Pacific Biosciences  with respect to the ultra-low amplification kit and library preparation kit, as well as SMRT cells and sequencing chemistry during the course of the beta test. The  Max-Planck Genome Center Cologne  acknowledges the support from the  Max-Planck Society. We give our warm thanks to  Tilman Schell  for his advice on genome assembly.
There is no published research on how the facility itself may impact the outputs of a laboratory testing campaign, and how to conduct tests in a way that the tester can have confidence that the results can be reproduced with good accuracy in another wave basin. MaRINET2 is addressing these issues through a round robin testing program whereby generic wave, floating wind, and tidal devices are tested in different infrastructures. The purpose of the round robin tests is to assess the impact the facility itself has on the experimental results and provide recommendations on laboratory testing methodologies with a view to ultimately developing standardised testing processes for ORE devices. Another key output is the delivery of the datasets produced during each round robin test (see details at the end of the paper).