dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Procedure Recruitment will take place in nine French medical universities (Montpellier, Paris, Marseille, Nîmes, Strasbourg, Clermont-Ferrand, St Etienne, Angers and Tours) where the study will be advertised and students will receive general information. Students interested in participating will be included after verification of their eligibility and after signing an informed consent form obtained via the investigators. Participants will be randomized to the MBI or the RT group by an independent researcher, not otherwise involved in the study. Randomization will be stratified by study center and degree of emotional exhaustion (MBIn emotional exhaustion subscale score < 17, 18-29, and ≥ 30  [25, 26] ). Randomization will be centralized, accessible online and programmed using the Capture Software System (EnnovClinical randomization module) according to a minimization algorithm with a 1:1 ratio.
Assessments At visit 1, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI 7  [27] ) will be administered to assess mental disorders according to the DSM-5 criteria and to identify participants with current major depression or panic disorder (exclusion criteria). In addition, depression intensity will be assessed with the Montgomery Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS  [28, 29] ), and suicidality using the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, (C-SSRS  [30] ). Data on the participants' sociodemographic characteristics (i. e. age, sex, marital status, educational level), and access to psychiatric care (i. e. past psychiatric hospitalization, previous visit to a psychiatrist, psychologist or general practitioner for psychological reasons, previous psychotherapy, and current medications) will also be collected.
Acknowledgements We thank all the participants of this study and  Prof Jorge Lopez Castroman ,  Prof Catherine Massoubre ,  Dr. Anne Grosselin ,  Dr. Cédric Lemogne ,  Dr. Cloé Brami ,  Dr. Raoul Belzeaux ,  Prof Bénédicte Gohier ,  Prof Wissam El-Hage ,  Dr. Valérie Gissot ,  Dr. Ludovic Samalin ,  Dr. Evelyne Lonsdorfer , and  Beatrix Toto  for their valuable contribution.
Population and data collection Medical records of all orphans referred from the orphanage center between December 2014 and December 2018 were retrieved using the medical record numbers from the HMIS registry in the hospital. Records with a documented NTD were reviewed in detail. Three nurses trained on the data collection tool and working at the pediatric department extracted the data from the medical charts (which includes the referral sheets) onto data collection forms. The primary investigator supervised data collection and checked for completeness. Variables collected from the chart were age, sex, weight and height, and which type of NTDs were documented on the hospital record and/or on the referral sheet. The diagnosis of scabies and other poor hygiene related NTDs was assessed using the case definitions described in Table  1.
47%)  [22]. As a retrospective design, the quality of the data available was flawed: we were only able to obtain data from the hospital on orphans that were referred from the orphanage, which means the data on the orphans is not fully representative. Additionally, within the group of referred orphans, we only collected detailed information on patients with NTDs, while in hindsight more detailed information on all referred orphans would have been interesting. Problems with data quality also make it hard to draw firm conclusions about the absence of other NTDs. Nevertheless, our data indicate that malnutrition and scabies are important problems in this orphanage which require action urgently.
Acknowledgements This research was conducted through the  Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT ), a global partnership coordinated by  TDR , The Special  Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases  hosted at the  World Health Organization. The training model is based on a course developed jointly by the  International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease  and  Médecins Sans Frontières-Luxembourg (LuxOR). The specific SORT IT program that led to these publications included a joint implementing partnership between TDR, the  Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium , the  University of Gondar, Ethiopia , The WHO country office in Ethiopia,  Médecins Sans Frontières, Luxembourg (LuxOR)  and The  International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease ,  Paris France.
Study design and setting This was a prospective cluster randomized controlled study involving a sample of emergency medicine physicians clustered in 13 hospitals. The study was granted approval by the local institutional review board, the Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud Est VI (IRB 00008526). Participants provided their written informed consent before participating in the study in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT 03040245).
Data collection Once each of the department heads and the different physicians concerned had given their oral agreement to take part in the study after written information, an initial questionnaire folder (containing the WBQ and FABQ) was sent by email or by post to each of the physicians drawn by randomization. Upon inclusion, demographic data were collected from the physicians (gender, age, place of practice, and length of time in practice) as was any personal or family history of neck pain or whiplash-associated disorders. The physicians were also asked how often they encountered cases of whiplash-associated disorders. Information about knowledge of whiplash-associated disorders was also sought. This information included continuing medical training or recent reading (within the previous 3 years), and in particular knowledge, of the different severity grades established by the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders classification  [7] , the radiologic recommendations of the Canadian C-Spine Rule  [19] , and finally the latest HAS recommendation on physical therapy in post-whiplash-associated disorders  [21].
Analysis Sample size calculation. To assess the book's impact on whiplash beliefs measured by means of WBQ, the sample size estimation was based on comparing the two study arms, with a two-sided type-I error of 5% and statistical power of 90%. According to the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC for cluster randomized design) values reported usually in the literature  [35, 36]  and to a database of ICCs at the University of Aberdeen  [36] , we estimated that ICC was not informative and was considered null in the context of this study. So, based on work proposed by Coudeyre et al. [16]  and an effect size defined according to Cohen's recommendations  [37]  [small (ES: 0. 2), medium (ES: 0. 5), and large (ES: 0. 8, "grossly perceptible and therefore large"), 22 subjects would be needed per randomization group to highlight an ES = 1 (which corresponds to a minimal difference of about 5 points for a standard deviation of 4.
78 to 5. 37 concerning the WBQ) under the previously described assumptions. We eventually planned to include at least 24 participants per randomization group to take into account any physicians lost to follow-up. Data analysis. Statistical analyses were performed with Stata v13 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). The tests were two-sided, with α = 0. 05. Continuous data are described with mean (±SD) or median (interquartile range [IQR]), according to statistical distribution, and categorical data with number (%). To evaluate the impact of a validated information book, the primary analysis was performed in line with Vickers and Altman  [38]  using baseline scores as independent variables. Multivariable analyses (random-effects regression models, linear for quantitative outcome and logistic for dichotomous dependent outcome) were performed after adjusting for parameters fixed according to univariate results and clinical relevance: baseline scores, age, gender, experience, and center (as a random effect to take into account cluster randomized design).
The literature has also provided data on this topic in the whiplash setting  [42]. What patients expect from their treatment relative to what they consider to be best may affect healthcare providers' treatment strategy. The medical professionals that the patient sees after the initial treatment phase may also provide the patient with contradictory information, thereby possibly creating risk factors for the pain becoming chronic  [25]. The Whiplash Book, which was initially intended for patients, does not comprise all the treatment guidelines meant for doctors. This may explain the "only" partial change in their approach to management. As a result, lowering fears and beliefs alone did not allow for fundamental changes in management of whiplash in emergency departments. However, this observation confirms the usefulness of an information booklet for modifying fear-avoidance beliefs among physicians, a concept that was already demonstrated in individuals without neck conditions  [17].
Study design and data sources We conducted a paired pre-post quasi-experimental study using data from two cross-national surveys conducted in 2014 (during the FFS reimbursement period) and 2016 (when the FFS was paid prospectively). The two nationwide surveys were conducted by the Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante(IRSS) using an identical methodology. This methodology is described elsewhere  (Meda et al. 2018 (Meda et al. , 2019)). Briefly, the methodology used multistage stratified sampling, where the strata were the types of health facilities (CSPS, MCs and hospitals). The samples included all hospitals, MCs and randomly selected CSPSs in each region. Then, patients were randomly selected from each health facility. The number of patients varied according to the type of service and the type of health facility, with the number increasing with the level of care.
In both surveys, an exit interview was conducted with the patients to identify their education, occupation, marital status, age, parity, the type of service they used, the qualifications of care providers and direct medical expenses related to the service provided. The cost questionnaire identified all drugs and supplies used for care, including those purchased by the patient in the health facility's pharmacy, from health workers or outside the health facility. The questionnaire also collected all paraclinical examinations and their prices, the length of hospitalization and its cost and the delivery fees. The information collected also included unauthorized payments to caregivers for care provided and payments for toilet use by the parturient. The data accounted for 999 women from 546 health facilities in the 2014 survey and 593 women from 299 health facilities in the 2016 survey.
Data cleaning and analysis The data were analysed with the Stata software (Stata Corp) version 15. 1. We first searched for and deleted duplicate observations. Then, direct medical expenditures were standardized by survey and type of delivery. Standardized expenses >3. 29 were considered extreme values  (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2013)  and were deleted before proceeding to observation pairing. The chi-square test (for categorical variables) and Student's t-test (for continuous variables) were used to compare the characteristics of the two samples. To compare the direct medical expenditures between 2014 and 2016, we used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test because the distributions were asymmetrical. We compared total direct expenditures and then the distribution of expenses per component. The 2014 direct medical expenditures were also compared with the 2016 direct medical expenditures according to the type of care facility and health region.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to  Eliane Mariana Kima  for her translation support and to American Journal Experts (AJE) for language editing of the final manuscript. This work was supported by the  United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) , which funded the annual reproductive health needs assessment and the needs assessment of  Emergency and Obstetric Care (EmONC ) for SK. The two cross-sectional surveys are part of the two needs assessments. IBM also benefitted from scholarships provided by the  World Health Organization (WHO)  [ SPHQ10-RTG-14 ], the  Quebec Health Research Fund (FRQS) , the  University of Montreal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM) , the  University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM)  and the  International Development Research Centre (IDRC)  [ 107473-99906075-058 ].
The total sample included 3,528 adolescents, aged 12. 5e17. 5 years, from which one third were randomly included in the subsample that was selected for blood collection resulting in a total of 1,089 adolescents (Supplemental Table  S1  compares the sample used in the study with the sample that had missing values for the MetS risk score). Adolescents were excluded from the database if they met one or more of the following exclusion criteria: age <12. 5 or !17. 5 years; no measurement of weight and/or height; completion of <75% of the tests; participation in another clinical trial; or contracting an acute infection during the week prior to the examination. Adolescents and parents or legal guardians gave written informed consent for examinations and data collection for themselves and their children, respectively.
Data collection and recording Semistructured interviews were used for this study. The main reason for selecting semi-structured interviews was to allow for specific areas to be addressed while giving the interviewees the opportunity to reflect on their experiences and perspectives related to defining, identifying and presenting research gaps that are relevant to them and that may not have been explored or anticipated by the researcher(s). 15 he guide was developed by focusing on exploring key stakeholders' perspectives and experiences with the following key areas: 1. Participant background information. 2. Definitions of research gaps. 3. Knowledge and perceptions of and experiences with methods/practices used to identify and display gaps in health research to inform further health policy, practice and research.
Data analysis We used analytical categories to describe and explain definitions, experiences and practices reported among the groups of participants. All data relevant to each category (defining research gaps, experiences with methods/practices used to identify and display gaps in health research) were identified and examined to ensure that each data item was checked accordingly. Our approach was based on the thematic analysis outlined by Braun and Clarke. 18 The steps included the following: (1) transcription and checking transcripts with recordings for accuracy, (2) open coding from interview responses performed by two researchers independently (LN and DH), (3) agreement of initial codes discussed among the researchers and an initial codebook developed, (4) developing the code structure used for analysing the remaining responses with openness that included new codes and refined existing ones and (5) themes and subthemes identified from the final code structure and their relationships presented.
18 he initial coding framework for our analysis started from broad categories identified in the previous scoping review with which the interviews were structured. Within these broad categories (ie, defining research gaps, experiences with methods/practices used to identify and display gaps in health research), analytical categories were inductively derived from the data. In this sense, our approach includes both top-down and bottom-up development of analytical categories and themes. QSR International's NVivo V. 12 qualitative data analysis software was used for data management and analysis.
Acknowledgements The authors thank the interviewees for their time and input. They also thank  Laura Smales  ( BioMedEditing, Toronto, ON ) for editing the manuscript. Contributors LN and DH conceived the study with guidance and feedback from RP and CT-S. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding This project is a part of an  MiRoR (Methods in Research on Research )funded PhD undertaken by LN. MiRoR received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under a  Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant  (agreement no. 676207 ).
Introduction "The operational research training I received from TDR and its partners has been invaluable as it has enabled me to transfer the skills I acquired while conducting research on Ebola to my current work on COVID-19"-Dr James Squire, Ministry of Health, Sierra Leone. These words coming from a front-line doctor who led the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak response at its epicenter in Kailahun district in Sierra Leone merit reflection. Dr Squire is now leading the Ministry of Health's efforts to enhance surveillance systems that generate real-time, high-quality and disaggregated data for tackling Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Encouragingly, he is applying the research skills he gained through the Structured Operational Research and Training InitiaTive (SORT IT) to his current work on COVID-19, but how exactly are these skills being applied? Such information would help inform the wider gains of investing in research training.
Methods We carried out a semi-structured questionnaire-based survey on all SORT IT alumni trained from the start of the SORT IT programme (in 2009) until December 2019. E-mails of alumni were sourced from a SORT IT web-based alumni network and a training database. Between March and April 2020, each alumnus received a SurveyMonkey link (surveymonkey. co. uk) to access the questionnaire. The questionnaire was pre-tested and included information on demographics, whether the person was currently involved with the COVID-19 response and if so, whether he/she was applying the skills gained from the SORT IT training to the pandemic response. If the response to the latter was "yes", the person was asked to specify the area(s) where the skills were being applied and provide some illustrative information.
Up to two reminders were sent if responses were not received within 7 days. Where e-mails were invalid, social media links (Facebook Messenger, Skype and Whats App) were used to update contact details and send reminders. The SORT IT programme covered various aspects of the research cycle such as research prioritization, formulation of the research question, study protocol writing, efficient data capture and analysis, manuscript writing and knowledge management  [1]. SORT IT also has an in-built system to gather information for improving the quality and performance of the training programme  [1]. Survey responders were all adults, participation was voluntary, data were anonymized, there were no personal identifiers and no sensitive personal questions were included that could risk psychological or social harm.
Parents were recruited sequentially until data saturation was obtained. All the parents who planned to attend the dental service were included on a voluntary basis during their child's pediatric consultation. Thus, the parents were not selected nor identified before their first visit. They just had to be fluent in French to take part in this study. Their children had to be less than 6 years old, without any other restriction. The parents were interviewed in a quiet room at the first level of the dental service, while their children had dental treatments on the ground floor in the same service. Parents whose children were at low risk for caries were also included in order to obtain a higher number of verbatim responses regarding the different strategies and potential solutions. During the interview, no advice was given because only the genuine information about the parents' oral health knowledge was needed.
Ethical Considerations Participants were informed about the scope of this investigation and about the nature of the interview. Interviews were recorded with a dictaphone in order to be completely transcribed for analysis. Participants were also informed about the confidentiality and had the right to withdraw at any time from the study. Before each interview, participants had to provide written informed consent. Confidentiality of data (audio records and transcripts) was guaranteed, and the study was approved by the institutional ethics committee (Clinical Trials ID: RECHMPL18_0417, Date: 14 December 2018). It followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with international ethical standards.
Data Collection, Instruments, and Technology One dentist (MT), with previous experience conducting qualitative studies, interviewed and collected all the data. She introduced herself to each participant in order to present the objectives, the rules, and the methods of the study, ensuring the interview was anonymous. The participants introduced themselves and provided information about their family situation, their occupation, and their social and economic background. The caries risk level was determined for each child. It was based on the American Association for Pediatric Dentistry recommendations for infants and children  [24]. At the end of each interview, common recommendations on prevention along with the points that need to be improved were provided. The importance of their children's caries risk level was discussed too, especially for their future dentition.
Finally, solutions were proposed to the parents to help them to solve their difficulties in implementing oral hygiene. Individual interviews were conducted in a separate, quiet office of the pediatric dentistry department. The interviewer ensured that the discussion did not stay off topic and led it in a conversational tone, in a neutral, empathetic, and caring posture to create a climate of trust. All interviews were digitally audio-recorded, and later fully transcribed by the interviewer (MT). Data were collected until data saturation was reached, when no new information was obtained-"the point at which additional data do not improve understanding of the phenomenon under study"  [25]. Therefore, the interviewer decided to stop including participants when parents reiterated what has been previously collected, or expressed the same beliefs or opinions.
Data Processing and Analysis A thematic analysis was performed, as described by Braun and Clark  [26]. Thematic analysis is a widely used qualitative analytic method for identifying, analyzing, and reporting themes within a data corpus and interprets various aspects of the research topic  [27]. The analysis comprised six steps: 1. Data transcription, reading and rereading data, and noting down initial ideas with the Word Microsoft ® software. This step involved another researcher from the pediatric department (EM); 2. Data coding: data were collected in literary form, so it was necessary to code interesting features of the data in a systematic form across the whole data set, and then to collate relevant data (MT and EM); 3. Searching for specific themes: clustering codes into potential topics and gathering all data relevant to each potential topic; two researchers (MT and EM) checked the credibility of the data in respect to the SRQR (audit trail and trustworthiness): the reliability between recorded interviews and the written text was double checked and their findings were compared; 4.
Acknowledgements The Authors wish to thank the general practice residents who participated in this study and without whom the study would not have been possible:  Marion Abecassi ,  Henry Baltazard ,  Sarah Benoit ,  Bastien Bourrion ,  Myriam Chemla ,  Carla Coelho ,  Blanche D'Anthouard ,  Olivia De Changy ,  Florian Dechaine ,  Jinane El Jabri ,  Gilles Granero ,  Caroline Hodara ,  Jocelyn Larue ,  Margaux Lebaze ,  Ludwig Longuet ,  Pauline Morin ,  Séverine Steenkiste ,  Hery Teyssier ,  Vanessa Vankerk-Hoven. The authors also wish to thank the  Sentinelles GPs.