dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Results and discussion Rietveld method 9 as implemented in the FullProf program 10 was used for the renement of the structure parameters, based on the powder (ground single crystal by agate mortar) XRD data of Mn 4 Nb 2 O 9 as shown in Fig. 1b. The powder diffraction patterns can be assigned to a single-phase corundum trigonal crystal structure  11  with P 3c1 space group which is similar to that of Co 4 Nb 2 O 9. 2, 7, 8 The lattice parameters obtained are a ¼ b ¼ 5. 32449 AE 0. 00016 Å and c ¼ 14. 32222 AE 0. 00043 Å. The unit cell of Mn 4 Nb 2 O 9 is thus larger than that of Co 4 Nb 2 O 9 and this is due to the slightly larger ionic radius of Mn 2+ with respect to that of Co 2+. Fig. 2a  and b  show the XRD patterns with q-2q scans recorded on slices cut perpendicular to the a and c axes which have been identied by using back-reection Laue photograph (see inset of Fig.
Vector ŵ is therefore the least square solution of the linear equation <ð ŵðxÞÞ =ð ŵðxÞÞ ¼ 1 Á Á Á cosððN À 1Þx=f s Þ 0 Á Á Á sinððN À 1Þx=f s Þ t ŵ (10) whose solution, e. g. , in MATLAB, is simply given by a matrix division using symbol n. It must be noted that the FIRs ŵ and therefore the computed leakage factor depend strongly, but not in a simple way, on the length N of the control filter FIRs. Therefore, in real-time a change in the control filter length requires a change in the leakage factor if effort weighting has to be maintained at the same level. In the multiple-actuator case, the stacked vector ŵ of optimal FIRs is obtained in the same way by stacking the optimal control FRFs in the left hand side of Eq. (  10 ). In summary, the leakage factor matching a given regularization parameter c can be computed with the following procedure.
Second, Table  1  shows that the regularization parameter c and the leakage factor , computed as discussed in Sec. 3, lead to a control signal magnitude and a noise attenuation that are very close. This result confirms, if necessary, that the procedure discussed in Sec. 3 gives effort-weighting parameters that lead to the same minimization problem. However, the control in the time-domain is slightly more conservative when the length of the FIR control filter is very short. This is probably due to the lack of accuracy of the FxLMS when the selected filter length is too short. Table  2  displays the control results when Gaussian white noise with standard deviation p=ð10 ffiffiffiffiffi 10 p Þ was added to the error signal, which amounted to a 30 dB signalto-noise ratio. In the frequency-domain simulations, control was designed to minimize the error signal without noise; in time-domain FxLMS simulations, noise generated with the MATLAB function randn was scaled and added to the error signal.
Mineralogy To determine the mineralogy and constrain the grain size and setting of the ferromagnetic minerals in NWA 7325, we conducted backscattered electron microscopy (BSEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses in the MIT Experimental Petrography Lab, Harvard Center for Nanoscale Science, and Le-Roy Eyring Center for Solid State Science at Arizona State University. These collectively data confirm the presence of numerous fine (mostly <1 m size, with many grains <0. 1 m) metal and Cr-rich iron sulfide grains showing few secondary alteration textures (Figs. 1 and S2 and Table  S2 ). Wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) showed that nearly all metal grains are FeNi metal (87-92% Fe alloyed with 5-10% Ni), although we observed one large Cr-rich FeNi grain (Table  S2  and Fig.
, 2016)  (Table  S3  and Fig. 4 ). The presence of SP grains and/or multidomain (MD) grains is also indicated by the observation of remanence decay experienced during warming of a low-temperature saturation remanence (Fig. S3B ). We also measured first-order reversal curves (FORC)  (Harrison and Feinberg, 2008)  for one fresh and two heated subsamples with Rutgers AGFM. The FORC data were processed using the software package FORCinel v. 2. 01  (Harrison and Feinberg, 2008)  with a smoothing factor of 6 (for fresh subsample SR3) and 3 (for heated subsamples 7B3C and SR1a) (Fig. 5 ). The magnetization of the fresh subsample SR3 is relatively weak, with a barely distinguishable narrow central ridge with coercivity B c ranging up to 80 mT, consistent with PSD FeNi grains and a weak low-coercivity (B c < 10 mT) signal with a wide range in H u , indicative of MD ferromagnetic grains (Fig.
1 µT. Therefore, it is entirely possible that the parent body of NWA 7325 generated a strong (>~100 µT) dynamo magnetic field prior to the meteorite's period of final cooling time, a weaker dynamo (<1. 7 µT) during this cooling period, or an arbitrarily strong field after this period. Our nominal <1. 7 µT constraint is also consistent with Mercury's ~0. 1-0. 7 µT present day surface field  (Stevenson, 2010). However, this coincidence may have limited significance for the hypothesis that NWA 7325 originates from Mercury given that the age of its magnetization is ~4500 Ma, not the present. Furthermore, NWA 7325's 4563 Ma formation age would make it far older than the oldest large-scale surfaces dated by crater counting (4000-4100 Ma) on Mercury  (Koefoed et al. , 2016). Therefore, although our magnetic data are formally consistent with formation of NWA 7325 in Mercury's present-day field, we consider a Mercury origin for NWA 7325 unlikely.
Acknowledgements. We thank  S. Ralew  for proving samples of NWA 7325 for study and  Neel Chatterjee  for assistance with electron microscopy measurements. We gratefully acknowledge the use of the  LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science at ASU. BPW thanks the  NASA   Emerging Worlds program  grant # NNX15AH72G , the  NASA Solar System Exploration and Research Virtual Institute  grant # NNA14AB01A , the  U. S. Rosetta program  (JPL award # NM0710889 ), and a generous gift from  Thomas F. Peterson ,  Jr. BD  thanks the  MIT UROP  for support. JG acknowledges funding from the  ANER  (grant  ANR-14-CE33-0012 ) and the  Marie Curie People Programme  ( FP7/2077-2013 ,  REA  grant  29835 ). We also thank the  Rutgers Paleomagnetism Laboratory  and the  Institute of Rock Magnetism  for enabling some of our rock magnetic measurements.
Molecular analysis Microsatellite genotyping. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse. DNA extractions were performed on young leaves using the Nucleo Spin 96 Plant II kit (Macherey-Nagel, Duren, Germany). We used 20 microsatellite markers well distributed on the pearl millet genetic map (Supplementary Table  1 ), using an average of 24 individuals per population. PCR multiplexes and conditions used for genotyping are described in  Dussert et al. (2015) , and in  Lakis et al. (2012) , respectively. We also used available data for eight populations already genotyped by  Dussert et al. (2015). Sizing of the PCR products was performed on an ABI 3130xl Genetic Analyzer. Alleles were scored using GENEMAPPER (Version 4. 0). The genotype scoring was checked visually and corrected when necessary. Three markers giving ambiguous results (ctm08, PSMP2248 and PSMP2249) were removed, leaving 17 microsatellite markers for our study.
, 2000)  and TESS v2. 3. 1  (Durand et al. , 2009). The algorithm of these methods assigns individual genotypes into K clusters, minimizing departure from Hardy-Weinberg proportions and linkage disequilibrium within each cluster. Additionally, TESS takes into account spatial continuity of allele frequencies  (Durand et al. 2009). For the two software, the population number (K) ranged from 2 to 10 (10 independent replicates of 3. 10 4 burn-in iterations followed by 7. 10 4 iterations for each value of K). For STRUCTURE, we used the admixture model and determined the optimal K using the ΔK statistic  (Evanno et al. , 2005). For TESS, we used the conditional autoregressive (CAR) admixture model (linear trend surface, spatial parameter initially set to the default value 0. 6 and subsequently updated), and results obtained with the different K values were compared using the deviation information criterion (DIC).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank all the farmers who agreed to give us their grains and their kind participation to anthropological inquiries. We also thank for their help traditional and administrative authorities of localities we visited. We thank the Gentyane platform at the  INRA Research Unit Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales  ( UMR 1095 ),  Clermont-Ferrand , for genotyping on ABI sequencer. We would also like to thank  Jacqui Shykoff  for her very helpful comments on the manuscript,  Benjamin Sultan  and  Antoine Martin  for providing us climatic data.
Dye incorporation and antisense RNA (aRNA) yield were checked and Cy3 & Cy5 dye-labelled aRNA was fragmented and hybridized. Slides were scanned and the images were analyzed with Feature Extraction Software 10. 5 (Agilent). Data were normalized using R and limma library. Data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE62524. First-strand cDNAs were synthesized from 1 µg of total RNAs using PrimeScript RT kit (Ozyme, Saint-Quentin-en-Yveline, France) with a mixture of random hexamers and oligo(dT) primers and treated with 60 units of RnaseH (Ozyme) Real-time PCR assays were performed with Rotor-Gene 6000 (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France) for ApoD, G0S2 and PRAD. List of the primers and real-time PCR assay conditions are available upon request.
Acknowledgements The work was supported in part by the  Finnish Diabetes Foundation  (KHH) and EVO funds from  Pohjois-Pohjanmaa Hospital District and Oulu University Hospital (SKK). We thank  Pirjo Härkönen & Marjo Mannelin  ( Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital ),  Tiina Kukonlehto ,  Jenni Isotalo ,  Erja Metsämarttila ,  Helena Savolainen  and  Meeri Kröger  ( Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu ) for their most valuable assistance.
The noise ratio was measured in liver, lung and an additional region outside the body. SUV values in different organs and lesions were measured and compared to [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 data of the same patients. Residence times and organ absorbed doses were calculated using OLINDA/EXM software. Results: Quantitative radiochemical yields of ≥98 % were achieved using 18 nmol of PSMA-617 after 20 min at 95 °C with apparent molar activity of 6. 69±0. 78 MBq/nmol. Following purification, >99 % radiochemical purity was obtained. [ 44 Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 showed high stability (>95 %) in serum for 24 h. The binding affinity and internalization fraction were determined in PSMA+ LNCaP cells (IC50 = 4. 72±0. 7 nM and internalization fraction: 15. 78±2. 14 % IA/10 6 LNCaP cells) and compared to [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 (12.
RadioHPLC was performed using an Agilent 1260 reverse phase HPLC system equipped with a Gabi γ-HPLC flow detector (Elysia-raytest, Straubenhardt, Germany) and a PC interface running Gina Star software (Elysia-raytest, Straubenhardt, Germany). Identification and quantification of long-living impurities was performed by a multi-channel analyzer for γ-spectroscopy (Mucha, Elysia-raytest, Straubenhardt, Germany). pH was measured using a pH-meter (SevenCompact 220, Mettler-Toledo, Columbus, USA).
Twelve concentrations of nat Sc-PSMA-617 (0-5000 nM) were incubated for 45 min at 37°C with 0. 75 nM (90 kBq) of [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-10 together with PSMA+ LNCaP cells (10 5 LNCaP cells/well) followed by washing three times with ice-cold PBS. Radioactivity accumulated in the cells was measured using a gamma counter and the data fitted using a nonlinear regression algorithm (GraphPad Software) to calculate 50 % inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values). Internalization was evaluated with PSMA+ LNCaP cells (10 5 LNCaP cells/well) seeded in poly-L-lysine coated plates 24 h before the experiment. The cells were incubated for 45 min at 37 °C with 32 nM of [ 44 Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 in 250 μL Opti-MEM medium. Additionally, for confirmation of specific cellular uptake, treatment of a second set of compounds with 500 μM/well of PSMA inhibitor 2-PMPA (2-(phosphonomethyl)pentane-1,5-dioic acid) was performed.
All patients gave written and informed consent for the examination. Due to the retrospective character of the study the ethic vote was waived by the local ethics committee. [ 44 Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 was administered via slow intravenous injection (30-60 s) using 50. 45±9. 25 MBq in a total volume of 10 mL. A Siemens Biograph 2 PET/CT (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) was used to acquire initial dynamic PET (30 min) of abdomen in list mode followed by static PET/CT (skull to mid-thigh) 45 min, 2 and 18 h post injection (p. i. ). Reconstruction was performed using the iterative reconstruction algorithm implemented by the manufacturer including attenuation and scatter correction based on the low dose CT. For quantitative analysis, the dynamic list mode data were reconstructed as 6 images of 300 s.
Images at 120 min were compared visually to [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 data sets of the same patients acquired 32 to 97 days before acquisition of the [ 44 Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 data. For evaluation of the signal-to-noise ratio in all [ 44 Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 data sets the mean activity concentration and the standard deviation was measured in fixed size regions in the liver (60 mm diameter), the lung (60 mm diameter) and a VOI outside the body (60 mm diameter). The ratio between standard deviation and mean uptake was used as measure for the noise ratio. Mean standardized uptake values (SUV) were measured in fixed size volumes of interest (VOIs) in the kidneys (20 mm diameter), the liver (60 mm diameter), the parotic glands (15 mm diameter), and the spleen (30 mm diameter) in both, [ 44 Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 and [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 data sets and compared to each other (students t-test, paired).
One patient was excluded from the comparison as in the time interval between [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and [ 44 Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 PET examination another treatment cycle was performed which may limit comparability. In addition, the SUVs of two reference lesions per patient were measured and compared to the liver uptake. These values again were compared between [ 44 Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 and [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 datasets (students t-test, paired). Consequently for initial dosimetric evaluation VOIs were drawn around the source organs in the CT and transferred to all [ 44 Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 data sets for calculating average counts/mL over time. Total and % activity in source organs were determined and residence times were calculated accordingly using OLINDA/EXM software (Hermes, Germany). Organ absorbed doses and effective doses were calculated using OLINDA/EXM applying correction factor for patient weight.
Results presented as mean organ absorbed dose and effective dose. All data analysis was performed on MEDISO interview fusion software (MEDISO Medical Imaging Systems, Budapest, Hungary). with the macrocyclic ligand DOTA and its derivatives requires elevated reaction temperatures. 95 °C were chosen as reaction temperature as degradation of the compound needs to be taken into account using elevated temperatures. Influence of precursor amount and reaction time on radiochemical yield was evaluated at constant temperature (Figure  3 ). Incubation at this temperature resulted in an average radiochemical yield of 74 % within 20 min when adding 14 nmol of PSMA-617 to an average of 142. 36±12. 65 MBq of post-processed scandium-44 eluate (pH 4. 0). Increasing the amount of compound increased radiochemical yield, e.
The experimental setup was equivalent to those published for [ 177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in order to allow direct comparison of data  (11). Various concentrations of nat Sc-PSMA-617 were allowed to compete with a fixed concentration of 0. 75 nM of the 68 Ga-dimer for PSMA binding. Whilst the concentration of unlabeled ligand increased, the amount of radioligand bound to PSMA decreased. Nanomolar binding affinity of 4. 7±0. 8 nM was obtained for nat Sc-PSMA-617 with LNCaP cells. These results are in the same range as the values for binding affinities of nat Ga-and nat Lu-labelled versions of PSMA-617 (Table  3 ). [ 44 Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 was specifically internalized into human prostate carcinoma (LNCaP) cells up to 15. 8±2. 1 % IA/10 6 LNCaP cells (n = 4). The internalization value is within the limits of the standard deviation and directly comparable with the values for gallium-68 and lutetium-177 analogs (Table  3 , Figure  5 ).
In silico analysis The amino acid sequences of actinobacterial type IA topoisomerases and the referenced actinobacterial proteomes were obtained from the UniProtKB Protein Knowledgebase (www. uniprot. org). Our dataset contained 4415 proteins belonging to 170 different genera. In this dataset, we searched for a pattern containing one to three lysines or arginines separated by two to nine neutral amino acids. The obtained dataset (3949 proteins with the general pattern) was filtered to contain only unique proteins possessing lysine-rich sequences with a minimum of five repeats and containing a minimum of 10% lysines and 27% alanines. We excluded fragments of proteins and topoisomerases annotated as ATP hydrolyzing. The final dataset contained 1126 proteins belonging to 133 different genera.
For each protein, we added an annotation from the GO database indicating its probable function. To search for lysine repeats in different proteins, we downloaded complete proteomes from UniProtKB for 22 different species belonging to the genus Streptomyces. In this dataset, we searched for proteins using the same pattern as described above. We excluded proteins shorter than 120 amino acids and longer than 1500 amino acids (554 proteins in total) and filtered only unique proteins containing at least 3 repeats of a pattern that had a length of at least 17 amino acids and contained a minimum of 10% lysines and 10% alanines. To check whether non-Actinobacteria also contained lysine repeats, we performed a similar search as described for the genus Streptomyces using 20 proteomes from bacteria belonging to different types.
Purification of mutant proteins The construction of expression vectors used for the overproduction of modified S. coelicolor TopA proteins (see Figure  2A ) in E. coli, and the purification methods are described in the Supplementary Information. All purified proteins were tested for nuclease contamination as follows: 250 ng of protein was incubated for 24 h at 37 • C with 200 ng of supercoiled pUC19 plasmid in 50 mM NaH 2 PO 4 (pH 8. 1), 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol buffer supplemented with 10 mM MgSO 4 and 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA). Degradation of DNA was assessed by standard 1% agarose gel electrophoresis (data not shown). A circular dichroism (CD) spectra analysis indicated that, for all the analyzed proteins, the incidence of unstructured regions and structural composition was similar (Supplementary Figure  S1 ).
To estimate the kinetic parameters K m (Michaelis-Menten constant) and V max (maximum velocity), we used 10 ng of TopA (5 nM), 20 ng of TopAED:AA (10 nM), 150 ng of TopA881 (75 nM) or 100 ng of TopACTD Ec (50 nM) (the concentration of each protein was determined experimentally, using standard topoisomerase tests, to ensure that the initial velocity of supercoil removal could be precisely measured). The tested proteins were incubated with increasing amounts of negatively supercoiled pUC19 plasmid (100-2500 ng). The reactions were stopped after 30, 60, 90 and 120 s, and the plasmid was resolved and visualized as previously described  (19). The calculation of the initial velocity (V 0 ) was performed according to the protocol described by Xu and Leng  (44). The obtained data were fitted to the Michaelis-Menten model using R Software and the drc package  (45).
The V max parameters that were calculated for different enzyme values were linearly extrapolated to the same enzyme concentration. The single-molecule analysis of S. coelicolor TopA, TopA881, TopAED:AA and TopACTD Ec protein activity was performed using a 5-kb DNA substrate encompassing a chromosomal fragment from the related S. venezuelae (GC content 72%) in 25 mM NaH 2 PO 4 (pH 8. 1), 75 mM NaCl and 10 mM MgCl 2 at 34 • C. Linear DNA fragments were prepared by cutting the pGEMF08 vector with XbaI and SbfI, purifying them by agarose gel electrophoresis and ligating them with 1-kb DNA labels: SbfI-biotin and XbaIdigoxigenin. Preparation of the 1-kb DNA labels for the magnetic trap experiments was performed according to the protocol described by Szafran et al. (19). In brief, the labeled linear DNA fragments were first attached to streptavidincoated magnetic beads (Dynal MyOne, Life Technologies) and then to an antidigoxigenin-coated glass flow cell before being placed on a home-built magnetic trap running the PicoTwist software suite.
The interactions were analyzed in a broad range of proteins concentrations (from 2. 5 to 100 nM). The results were plotted as SPR sensorgrams after the background signal obtained from empty control flow cell was subtracted. The experimental data were analyzed using the R Software. Since the DNA:protein ratio was not 1:1, all parameters were obtained from the empirical data instead of mechanical models. The stoichiometry analysis was based on the equilibrium phase that was obtained at the highest protein concentration that was used and was calculated using the following equation: R max = Mw A /Mw L * RU * n, where R max is the maximal response for protein; Mw A and Mw L are the molecular mass of the analyte and ligand, respectively; RU is the initial response after the DNA molecule binds to the chip; and n is the number of molecules.
Angiographic and manometry data before stenting and at 3 months after stent placement were reviewed. Differences in clinical outcomes, and development of re-stenosis in the two groups were assessed using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test and Fisher's exact test (Chi squared) respectively. Results: Between September 2010 and March 2016, 41 patients (2 M:39 F), mean age of 35. 7 underwent DVSS, of whom 24 had an extrinsic and 17 had an intrinsic stenosis within the 3-month followup period. Sixteen of the 24 patients with an extrinsic stenosis developed a further morphological stenosis, compared to three within the intrinsic stenosis group (p < 0. 05). There was no significant difference in development of re-stenosis with a significant pressure gradient (p = 0. 12). Conclusions: Extrinsic venous sinus stenosis is more common radiologically and more likely to result in a re-stenosis post stenting.
In spite of bad outcome a few years ago, and the difficulties TVE represents because of anatomical variations and neurological immaturity of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system in these patients, highly qualified personnel recognize that in children after 6 months old, TVE is a valuable option for HC treatment associated with MMC. In our experience, the TVE in pediatric patients with MMC has a high level of success (93. 7%) made in well-chosen patients. Introduction: CSF shunts have a high revision rate, but there is little in the literature about how patients referred with possible shunt failure are assessed and diagnosed. Methods: All children referred to a supra-regional paediatric neurosurgical centre with suspected CSF shunt failure over 6-month period were identified on a prospective database and a casenote review evaluating the diagnostic process was undertaken.
The NPH registry included data on clinical and radiological examinations, 24-h intraventricular pressure monitoring, and frontal cortical biopsy. Results: The mean ICP and mean ICP pulse wave amplitude were not associated with the shunt response. Aggregations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) related proteins (amyloid-β, hyperphosphorylated tau) in frontal cortical biopsies were associated with a poor shunt response (p = 0. 014). High mean ICP was associated with Evans' index (EI; p = 0. 025), disproportional Sylvian and supraSylvian subarachnoid spaces (p = 0. 014), and focally dilated sulci (p = 0. 047). Interestingly, a high pulse wave amplitude was associated with AD-related biopsy findings (p = 0. 032), but the mean ICP was not associated with the brain biopsy. The ICP was not associated with medial temporal lobe atrophy, temporal horn widths, or white matter changes.