dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
D. Amine Arabic WordNet A different approach  [20] ,  [21]  exported AWN into a database integrated with Amine ontology and structured according to the mapping between PWN synsets and SUMO concepts, and added Arabic synonyms. Amine is an open-source multi-layer Java platform dedicated to the development of intelligent and multi-agents systems. It is a modular environment composed of four layers: i) Ontology layer; ii) Algebraic layer; iii) Programming layer; and iv) Agents and Multi-Agents Systems layer. Amine platform supports intelligent processing with the possibility of defining inference rules, thus giving rise to opportunities for exploring the semantic aspect in automatic of languages  [22] -  [27]. The approach was initiated by the construction of an Amine ontology termed Amine AWN.
They exported the entire set of data embedded in AWN tapped by a Java module based on Amine Platform APIs. This module used the mapping between PWN synsets and SUMO concepts to build the Amine AWN type hierarchy. Then, it added Arabic synonyms based on the links between PWN synsets and AWN synsets. The equivalence is not the only relation which links PWN synsets to the SUMO concepts. In PWN a synset can be a more specialized subset of some general synset, in which case the module creates a new subtype of the SUMO concept. At that moment, AWN synsets are added as synonyms for this new subtype. In the case of "has instance" a new individual is created instead of a subtype. This yields the first level of type hierarchy. The second level is obtained by a similar processing making use of the relations between PWN synsets.
• Mapping YAGO relation / Arabic WordNet synsets: A mapping is performed between arguments of YAGO relations and instances of AWN synsets; certain types of argument were previously manually linked to specific synsets. They conclude that "[a]fter applying this technique to the three million YAGO entities, we found it was possible to keep 433,339 instances (145,135 NEs thanks to the first mapping and 288,204 NEs from the second mapping) that were connected with 2,366 corresponding AWN synsets. This number represents around 38,000 times the number of existing NE instances in AWN. "  [27]  G. Enriching AWN from Aligned Multilingual Corpus Abdul Hay's PhD thesis  [30]  extracted semantic categories from a multilingual aligned corpus with English and languages from EuroWordNet. If but Arabic words were members of synsets linked by Inter-Lingual Index, then the Arabic word should also be in a linked synset in AWN.
This thesis had a more general objective: implement and evaluate techniques for extracting semantic relations from a multilingual aligned corpus, enrichment of AWN being oneimportant -outcome. The corpus is in four languages: French, Arabic, English and Spanish. The proposed method begins with a phrasal alignment of the corpus and then extracts translation equivalences. It uses the idea of finding "cliques" in this aligned multilingual corpus in order to extract concepts or synsets and input them to WordNet. Cliques are maximally connected sub-graphs where all units are interconnected due to possible semantic intersections. They have the advantage of giving information on both the synonymy and polysemy of units, and providing a form of semantic disambiguation. An example of clique might be the set of nouns {Ar.
I. Semantic Enrichment of iSPEDAL based on Translation The same team proposed another method for enriching iSPEDAL using translation by available resources to and from a foreign language to compute synonymy of Arabic words by correlating their translations  [3]. In practice they used English -Arabic and Arabic -English translation resources. If two Arabic words have the same sense, probably they have the same translation in English. The authors begin by translating two Arabic words in English, yielding for each word a set of English words. Then they calculate a similarity factor between both words by computing the number of common words divided by the total number of words in the sets. This factor is then used as a threshold to consider the two words as synonyms, no result has been given for this method.
J. Extracting Semantic Relations from Arabic Wiktionary Another approach  [33]  extracts synonymy and antonymy relationships from Arabic Wiktionary. The procedure is as follows: • Preprocessing phase with extraction of definitions. • Analysis of the vocabularies of these definitions and extraction of the semantic relations induced. They used the segmentation tool AraSeg  [34]  to cut the texts of the definitions into lexical units. Then a morphosyntactic analyzer uses the different knowledge resources of the Arabic language to extract the lemmas and the grammatical classes of the words in the definitions. • Creating a lexical database, linking the words and the semantic knowledge found in the previous phase in order to construct the general structure of the data  [33].
K. Arabase to the authors, "a good potential to interface with WordNet". Arabase computes by hand-made rules semantic properties of vocalized words 5 and forms a sort of virtual WordNet, so the final vector representing a word could be: <I m , I se , I sy , I sm , I W N > Where, for a given word, • I m is the morphological analysis: its root, category and genus. • I se contains its meanings with definitions for each one. • I sy its relations with sets of words, as synonyms, antonyms. • I sm designates the semantic fields the word belongs to, with the semantic relations between the semantic fields. • I W N indicates the English word equivalents in PWN the word is related to. The process of integration takes place in four stages  [35] : 1) Analysis: Unify the format of all resources and transfer them into a single MYSQL database.
2) Design an integrated target database: The scalable design of KACST database was the starting point of the integrated database, they changed it afterwards to match. 3) Integration: Apply an algorithm to automatically compile these resources together. The main input of the embedded resources is the unvocalized word that has more than one vocalized form. These vocalized forms can be names, verbs, particles or unclassified. 4) Linking: Group all unvocalized words by meaning.
IV. CONCLUSIONS We have analyzed here a comprehensive list of published methods for building Arabic semantic resources. Table  I  introduces a characterization of these methods according to the resources used by each one. of resources. Various classifications of these methods can be produced according to the resources used. But the most interesting fact is what this table does not contain. It shows that researches on Arabic semantic resources have extensively used foreign resources (translation, WordNets and ontologies), but very little has been done on extracting semantic information from Arabic data alone (only method III-J), and nothing on extracting information from large Arabic corpora, though these are now available. This is probably where lies the next step for new methods: build or enrich Arabic semantic resources with probabilistic procedures taking as input large Arabic corpora.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diffusion images were preprocessed as previously described with MRtrix software  17. Raw diffusion-weighted data were corrected for motion and geometric distortions secondary to eddy currents by using a registration technique based on the geometric model of distortions  58. The fiber orientation distribution function (ODF) was estimated by using the constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) method in MRtrix. The sufficient angular resolution allowed high-order fiber orientation estimation algorithms. The ODF information obtained from CSD was used, with a suitable fiber-tracking algorithm, to infer the connectivity of crossing fibers. We used a probabilistic streamlines algorithm with the entire ODF as a probability density function (ODF threshold = 0. 1; step size = 0.
03). We strictly performed these approved procedures. Behavioral study of Dcc deficient mice. All the behavioral studies were performed blindly to the genotype. The tests were performed on male and female mice aged between 8 and 12 weeks. For the first three days, the mice were habituated to being handled by the experimenters in order to limit stress. Mice were then tested with a partial SHIRPA protocol (grasping, clasping and auditory tests were performed, and whisker state was evaluated) in order to rule out major neurological abnormalities. The open field test was used to evaluate spontaneous activity and locomotion: mice were placed in the center of a 0. 25-m 2 arena and allowed to explore freely for 5 minutes. During this time, they were tracked and recorded with a camera fixed above the arena, and the total walking distance was calculated with Topscan software.
Statistical analysis. Data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software version 22. 0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA). The normality of variable distributions and the homogeneity of variance across the groups were assessed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene tests, respectively. Variables that failed any of these tests were analyzed with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Variables that passed the normality test were analyzed with ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test for multiple comparisons, or with Student's t test when comparing two groups. Paired data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA with two factors, followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson's χ 2 test or Fisher's exact test. Immunohistochemistry.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by  Fondation pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau (FRC ,  AO2010 );  Fondation Desmarest ;  INSERM (COSSEC) ;  Merz-Pharma ; IP-santé;  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-14-CE13-0004-01 ) to AC. The authors thank the CENIR for MRI and TMS data acquisition;  Magali Dumont  and  Marika Nosten  for help in the design of the behavioral tests;  Sonia Garel  and  Isabelle Caille  for their helpful comments and suggestions;  David Godefroy  for 3D imaging and  3DISCO  image processing;  Susan Ackerman  ( UC San Diego, USA ) for providing Dcc kanga mice and  Anton Berns  ( Amsterdam, Netherlands ) for providing the Dcc lox mice; and  Christelle Dussert ,  Sylvie Forlani  and the  ICM DNA  and  Cell Bank  for DNA extraction and cell culture. The  Development and Plasticity of Neural Networks team  is affiliated with the  Bio-Psy Laboratory of Excellence.
Primae facie it would seem that we have a sandbar or levee at the location of the tribune during the Middle Kingdom (see table  1 ). This finding has potentially considerable implications for understanding the position of the tribune and its possible date. However, with only a single auger on the east side of the embankment wall and a clear gap in the auger data between this location 82 AS16 was carried out in February 2004 by Morag Hunter (University of Cambridge) and Angus Graham (University College London) as part of the Karnak Land-and Waterscapes Survey directed by Angus Graham and Judith Bunbury (University of Cambridge). The ceramic fragments were studied by Sally-Ann Ashton (Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge). 83 graHam  et al. , 2012, p. 41. and the fifth pylon to the east and the court of the Opet Temple to the south it is difficult to clearly understand what this represents.
Les deux couches de limon aux niveaux -0m70 et 2 mètres peuvent nous donner des lits de canaux postérieurs à l'abandon du dromos. Elles permettent de suppose à l'ouest de la tribune l'existence d'un canal. " 51   Two ideas can be retained: the depth of the survey and the mention of two layers of silt. First, Bisson de la Roque reached 3,16m below the level of the Ptolemaic temple (chosen as "level 0" in Medamud's excavations) but he assured having never dug deep enough to find the ancient flood levels. 52 However, the water level in antiquity must not have been so deep. It is difficult to estimate the date of the construction of the tribune. If we consider the constructions' program of the dromos and the Tiberius' gate, the tribune was probably constructed under Augustus. 53 We still need to compare the level of the Nile (in absolute height) with data from the excavations of Bisson de la Roque (in relative height).
The expression of collagen is determined from the ratio of the stained area versus the total area of the lung section. The main limitation of histological scoring and digital image analyses is related to the fact that quantitative data refer to an average value of morphological changes of collagen content. Due to the high heterogeneity of pulmonary fibrosis this may result in an underestimation of the severity of fibrosis particularly if analyzing mild pathologies. This may hamper an accurate and reliable evaluation of the efficacy of pharmacologically active compounds. To overcome this main limitation of grading scores and digital imaging methods we developed a suitable automated software image analysis (automated analysis) based on a new assessment of the pulmonary tissue density from entire histological lung sections.
Automated histological image analysis (automated analysis) The total sets of lung slices used for the above standard fibrosis evaluation were scanned at x20 magnification using a NanoZoomer-SQ and digital images of entire lung sections were captured using the NDP. view 2 software (both from Hamamatsu Corporation, Hamamatsu, Japan). To focus the analysis on alveolar parenchyma the walls of large bronchi located in the vicinity of the lung lobes, small bronchi and vessels (diameter >200 μm) associated with alveolar parenchyma as well as their surrounding collagen fibers were manually deleted using Gimp 2. 8 software (Free Software Foundation Inc. ). Digital images were then reduced from x20 to x2. 5 magnification with a pixel size of 3. 632 μm allowing both a high-resolution visualization of morphological structure of pulmonary tissue and a very short processing time for the software analysis (<1 sec per entire lung section).
The quantification of the BLM-induced fibrotic alterations has been assessed on the basis of pulmonary tissue density. For this purpose Biocellvia has developed a proprietary software program allowing the determination of pulmonary tissue density from thousands of micro-tiles (30-56 μm 2 ) crisscrossing the selected pulmonary tissue of entire lung sections. The density of the pulmonary tissue was evaluated for all individual micro-tiles corresponding to the ratio of the area of the lung tissue inside the micro-tile and the total area of the micro-tile. To quantify the distribution of pulmonary tissue densities they were graded in 20 classes of increasing values in increments of 0. 05 (Fig  1 ). The frequency of tissue density was calculated dividing the number of tissue density values in a given class by the total number of density values in all 20 classes.
Statistical analysis Data are presented as mean ± standard error of mean. Statistical differences between groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with subsequent Dunnett's multiple comparison test for all parametric data and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test for nonparametric data (GraphPad Prism 6. 0; GraphPad Software, Inc. La Jolla, CA), Spearman correlation coefficient has been calculated to determine the statistical significance of correlated data. A p-value <0. 05 was considered statistically significant.
At day 14, BLM induced a dose-dependent statistical significant increase (p<0. 0001) of HDFm in all BLM-treated lungs compared to control lungs (Fig  4B ). These quantitative data were in line with those assessed by the Dm index. HDFm turned out to be a greater discriminator of pulmonary fibrosis than Dm. This notion is supported if the percentage of the increase of Dm and HDFm between saline control and BLM-treated lungs is compared. For Dm the BLM-induced increase ranged between 18% to 41% (Fig  2A ) but for HDFm between 425% and 1100% (Fig  4B ). As expected BLM administration induced fibrotic changes in the alveolar parenchyma resulting in a marked decrease of the percentages of lower frequencies of tissue density and in parallel a marked increase of the higher frequencies. Such changes in the distribution of tissue density elicited by fibrotic alteration of the alveolar parenchyma were accurately quantified by Dm and HDFm indexes independent of the BLM concentration used (Fig  4 ).
Photons were collected using a short pass filter with a cut-off wavelength of 680 nm (F75-680, AHF, Germany) and a band-pass filter of 520 ± 17 nm (F37-520, AHF, Germany). The fluorescence was directed to a fiber coupled APD (SPCM-AQR-14-FC, Perkin Elmer), which was connected to a time-correlated single photon counting module (SPC830, Becker & Hickl, Germany). FLIM data were analyzed using the SPCImage v 4. 0. 6 (Becker & Hickel) software. The Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency was calculated according to E = 1-(τ DA /τ D ), where τ DA is lifetime of donor (eGFP) in the presence of acceptor (mCherry) and τ D is the lifetime of donor in the absence of acceptor.
Confocal microscopy The cells imaged by FLIM were also imaged by confocal microscopy. The same cells could be imaged by both techniques, by locating the cells with the help of coordinates on the ibidi well. Prior to confocal microscopy the cells in S phase were labeled with the Click-iT® EdU Alexa Fluor® 647 Imaging Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific USA C10340) according to the manufacturer's protocol. For transfection and localization analysis, cells were cotransfected with TIP60-eGFP WT/mutants and UHRF1-mCherry and were labeled with DAPI after fixation to stain the nucleus. All samples were imaged with a Leica SPE equipped with a 63× 1. 4NA oil immersion objective (HXC PL APO 63×/1. 40 OIL CS). The images were further processed with Image J software.
4b-c ). In contrast, deletion of the chromodomain and HAT domains did not significantly affect their interaction with UHRF1. Recombinant TIP60 MYST domain also had a strong association with UHRF1 like the wild type TIP60 protein (Fig. 4b-c ) and this interaction was stable up to 1 M NaCl salt concentration (data not shown) predicting the TIP60 MYST domain is playing a key role in this interaction. The FLIM-FRET technique employing different mutants of TIP60 tagged with eGFP (Fig. 5a ) was further used to identify the interacting domain of TIP60 with UHRF1-mCherry inside the nucleus of HeLa cells. TIP60-eGFP wild type and mutants were co-transfected with UHRF1-mCherry and the lifetime of eGFP was measured to assess the interaction. We found that the interaction of TIP60 and UHRF1 was marginally affected by removal of TIP60 chromodomain as the average FRET of TIP60ΔCRD-eGFP co-transfected with UHRF1-mCherry was of 12.
Acknowledgements We thank  Hugues de Rocquigny  and  Romain Vauchelles  ( Plate-forme d'Imagerie Quantitative -PIQ ) for their technical support. WA and TA would also like to acknowledge funding support by the  Higher Education Commission Pakistan  for this work. Funding Our work was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-12-BS08-0003-02 ), the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  ( FRM DCM20111223038 ), Ligue contre le Cancer and by the grant  ANR-10-LABX-0030-INRT , a  French State  fund managed by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  under the  frame program Investissements d'Avenir   ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02. WA and TA would also like to acknowledge funding support by the  Higher Education Commission Pakistan  for this work.
MPA decreases cell viability and promotes apoptosis. To define the impact of MPA on the metabolism of proliferating T cells, we incubated Jurkat T cells (a validated model for studying the metabolism of proliferating T cells  [27] [28] [29] [30]  ) with a low concentration (0. 5 µM) of MPA (i. e. , 0. 16 μg/ml) for up to 48 h (the doubling time of Jurkat cells being ≈24 h). At this concentration, MPA significantly decreased cell viability to approximately 40% after 48 h (Fig. 1A ). Since a reduction in cell viability can result from reduced proliferation and/or increased cell death, we assessed the impact of MPA on cell cycle and apoptosis. MPA reduced cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner based on the measurement using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) (Fig. 1B ). In line with the reduction in proliferation, MPA promoted an accumulation of cells stalled in sub-G1 phase in a time-dependent manner, with 50% of cells in the sub-G1 phase after 72 h compared with 17% sub-G1 cells in the vehicle-treated cells (data not shown).
Statistical Analysis. The results are expressed as the means ± SD. The distributions are represented using histograms, and the distribution of variables are represented with dots plots. We used the Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric data comparisons between two groups and the t-test to compare the parametric data. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software version 5. 0 (GraphPad Software Inc. , La Jolla, CA, USA), which was also used to generate the graphs. P-values < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant.
Four precordial electrodes (MYWIRE 10 1 , MAQUET, Germany) were placed subcutaneously in order to detect an ECG signal. A 5F5-diameter catheter (Arrow 1 , USA) was placed into the amniotic cavity for measuring baseline pressure (intraamniotic pressure; IAP). The fetal arterial catheter and intra-amniotic catheter were connected to pressure sensors (Pressure Monitoring Kit 1 , Baxter, France) that were connected to a blood pressure monitor (monitor Merlin, Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured from the blood pressure phasic signal and referenced to the IAP (calculated MAP = observed MAP-observed IAP). All hemodynamic data were recorded with the Physiotrace 1 data acquisition board (Estaris monitoring, Lille, France).
In order to increase the time-sensitivity of the method and to allow detecting rapid transient drops in the parasympathetic activity, we divided the envelope in four 16-seconds subareas A1, A2, A3, and A4 (Fig  1 ). AUC min was determined as the minimum value of A1, A2, A3, and A4 and fetal stress index (FSI) was defined as: FSI = 100 x (5. 1 x AUC min + 1. 2) / 12. 8, where a = 5. 1 and b = 1. 2 were empirically determined in a dataset of more than 200 R-R records analysis in order to maintain good coherence between the visual aspect of the filtered R-R series (Fig 1 ) and a quantitative measurement ranging from 0 to 100. Continuous computation of the FSI was assumed by sliding the moving window with a 1 second moving period. Mean values of the FSI were analyzed over two predefined 5-minute periods: 1) between 10 and 5 minutes before atropine or propranolol administration, and 2) between 5 and 10 minutes after atropine or propranolol administration.
Method Participants and Procedure A multi-actor approach of data collection was used, following the procedure outlined in the relationship between mothers, fathers, and children (RMFC) study  (Ponnet, 2014; Ponnet & Wouters, 2014). Two-parent families were recruited in order to obtain a report from the mother, the father, and a child in the age group of 13 to 18 years old. In the case of newly composed families, it was requested that both partners had shared the same house for at least three years prior to the survey. This was done in order to ensure that the bond between the non-biological parent or caregiver and the child was sufficiently established. If there was more than one child in the family between 13 and 18 years old, the parents were asked to keep one specific child in mind when completing the questionnaire.