dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The European Commission's CRIS database contains OECD-DAC purpose codes for all its projects. All projects with a health sector DAC code were selected (projects that focused on censuses were removed). We then checked each project to ensure that the title was relevant to the health sector and, if there was doubt, was checked on the CRIS database using available project documents. We then carried out a keyword search on all projects that did not have a health code. The search was conducted in four languages: English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. Lastly, we searched available project documents on the CRIS database and included them in the dataset if they were clearly health projects, using a number of decision rules (available from authors on request). While it was possible to search and review the European Commission's CRIS database and AidData datasets line by line, the OECD-CRS dataset is much larger and this approach was not feasible.
Identifying DAH sourced in the EU Development assistance can either be reported by the source or channel of assistance. Typical sources of development assistance include the national treasuries of EU Member States or NGOs. The EU is also considered to be a source of financing Á one with its own resources and budgetary authority. Funds from these sources are then allocated to different development agencies which are referred to as channels of assistance. These agencies fund projects and programmes in lowand middle-income countries. These include a range of bilateral government agencies, development funds, ML agencies and NGOs. The OECD-CRS database and most other data sources report development assistance by channel of assistance for each development agency. To estimate DAH sourced in the EU some extra steps therefore need to be taken.
Country case studies This study also included four country studies (Bangladesh, Mozambique, Egypt, Burkina Faso) to provide insight into development assistance flows at the country level. Specifically, the aim of the country visits was to: 1) complete the quantitative/qualitative assessment of expenditure (with a focus on local interpretation of global data); 2) further assess the broader national context (national priorities and relationship to EU priorities; indications of national expenditure trends; volume of aid from other donors; use of aid instruments and coordination mechanisms); and 3) identify examples of best/worst practices in aid reporting in a variety of different contexts. The country case studies were not designed to replicate global mapping, but to try and identify key gaps from stakeholders and secondary data sources.
Prior to the visits, an extensive document review was carried out of all sector policy, plans, expenditure frameworks and expenditure reviews (also supplied by the EU country delegations). Additional data was sought from National Health Accounting (NHA), Ministry of Finance expenditure reports, and public sector expenditure reviews. Where we could not get data on public expenditures to match we used the official government data. For other domestic expenditures we primarily relied on NHA data from local and if not available global reports. In addition, a web search was carried out to find project documents for all the large projects we had identified. This was followed by country visits carried out between December 2011 and May 2012, each between 1 and 2 weeks, to conduct on interviews with key stakeholders.
Country case studies We identified several additional sources of data on DAH available locally. In most countries, 'on-budget' development assistance had been captured in public expenditure reviews, although these were not available routinely. For the health sector, sporadic data was available from National Health Accounts (NHAs) (although more routinely in Burkina Faso and Egypt than in other countries). Some countries were also participating in National Aid Spending Assessments supported by UN-AIDS. The degree of institutionalisation of different expenditure tracking varied widely by country, but for the most part NHAs were not institutionalised within any domestic governmental structure. However, most respondents were aware that a NHA had taken place and had used some of the data within it.
The process of data gathering is based on auto-reporting of partners and the website (www. odamoz. org. mz) supporting the database allows the production of customised reports aimed at boosting transparency and allowing managers and researchers to have access to this data. Unfortunately, not all donors report to ODAMOZ, undermining the effort and resulting in the ODAMOZ database not being complete. However, the remaining donors are reportedly considering joining this platform in the coming years. Overall we found the amounts in our global mapping database to be broadly consistent with those found from local data sources, but there were several key omissions; particularly on funding channelled through NGOs. The other key omission was data from the Asian Development Bank (we were unable to obtain disbursement data by country from the Asian Development Bank globally) and the Islamic Development Bank.
We also identified additional projects by a number of other donors who do not report to OECD-DAC, including China and Cuba Á but we were able to obtain limited ad hoc information on expenditures from these donors at the country level. On the other hand, we also found that the global dataset was more comprehensive than local reporting mechanisms. Not all projects were captured at the local level, particularly contributions from smaller donors or those who may not have local offices, or whose aid flows from regional organisations. However, although the broad amounts were consistent, local level data is considerably more comprehensive when describing the character of DAH flows. We identified a small number of additional straightforward coding errors beyond those already identified in the line by line review.
We were also able to better identify DAH from different donors contributing towards a specific sector programme or pooled fund. Overall we found that global level DAH can appear to be more fragmented than it is, as often sector investments or spending within one project appears as multiple project lines. We also found the channel (of implementation) coding in the global dataset to be inaccurate for several projects in all countries, with most projects being coded under 'other', when it was often clear at the country level that it was going to a particular channel. The main concern expressed by respondents about OECD-DAC reporting at the country level was double counting funds channelled through intermediaries such as UNICEF. However, we were not able to verify the extent of this during our country visits.
In summary, for both probes, a set of the first 25 orders of the Mellin-Laplace transform (with p = 3 ns -1 ) is used to extract data from different time-windows of the TPSFs  [10]. The solution to the inverse problem is then approached by an iterative method in which the 3D absorption maps and the calculated sensitivity matrix are updated at each step. The algorithm converges with the stabilization of the reconstructed depth of the inclusions after 15 iterations. All images presented in this section were extracted from the 15th iteration of the algorithm.
Acknowledgements The work of  Pavel Plotnikov  was partially supported by a grant shared jointly by LEMTA, IECN and Lorraine Region. The work of  Jan Sokolowski  was partially supported by the  ANR-12-BS01-0007  Optiform. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank  Michel Fontannaz ,  Cyrille Marquet  and  Christophe Royon  for providing their codes and for stimulating discussions. We warmly thank  Grzegorz Brona ,  David d'Enterria ,  Hannes Jung ,  Victor Kim  and  Maciej Misiura  for many discussions and fruitful suggestions on the experimental aspects of this study. We thank the organizers, the  Tel Aviv French ambassy and the French CEA (IPhT and DSM ) for support. This work is supported by the  Joint Research Activity Study of Strongly Interacting Matter  ( HadronPhysics3 , Grant Agreement no. 283286 ) under the 7th  Framework Programme  of the European Community and by the  Polish Grant NCN  No. DEC-2011/01/B/ST2/03915.
Data Analysis Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) There are several algorithms available for chemical sensing data analysis, but one of the most popular is Principal Component Analysis (PCA)  [44] [45] [46]. PCA is a powerful tool for pattern recognition, by which the multivariate datasets have been transformed into a coordinate space. The vectors in this new coordinate set are the principal components (PC) of the data stream; accordingly, the VOC can be separated and projected onto this map. In fact, the dataset obtained from e-noses is mostly processed by the PCA method, which is frequently used for the anticipated diagnosis of diseases  [47] [48] [49] [50]. In this study, the data from four sensors (CNT short, functionalized by COOC, OH and NH 2 ), assembled into an array constituting an e-nose, were analyzed by using the PCA treatment implemented in the TANAGRA software  [51].
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to  Hervé Bé  llé gou,  Isabelle Pillin  and  Fré dé ric Luizi  for their contribution to this work. This research was funded by  INTELTEX  (intelligent multi-reactive textiles integrating nanofiller-based CPC-fibers), a European Integrated Project supported by the  Sixth Framework Program for Research and Technological Development of the European Commission  ( NMP2-CT-2006-026626 ).
HEV has also been detected in human blood products  (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12). Despite considerable geographic variation in HEV seroprevalence in Europe, southern France seems to be an area to which this virus is hyperendemic  (13). We conducted a prospective study in France of minipools of plasma from blood donations that were processed with solvent-detergent and used standardized molecular assays for detection of HEV RNA. Data obtained were used to estimate the detection rate of HEV infections in blood donors in France and the risk for HEV transmission by blood transfusion.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  Emmanuel Bossy  for fruitful discussions in particular on the photothermic diffusion model. We thank to  Ana Maria Rosu  and  Maya Juenet  for reviewing the English language for this manuscript. This work was supported by  AXA Research Fund ,  ESPCI-Charpak ,  INSERM, National Research Agency  project  GoldenEye  ( ANR-10-INTB-1003-01 )  LABEX WIFI (Laboratory of Excellence   ANR-10-LABX-24 ) within the  French Program  " Investments for the Future"  under reference  ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL*.
This strategy is known as non-simultaneous extended altruistic donor (NEAD) chains  [19]. For a potential altruistic donor, the benefit of starting such a long chain of KT may be a strong motivating factor. It has been shown that the matching success of incompatible pairs increases with the size of the pool  [20, 21]. Therefore, large national or even international registries may be needed to create efficient PKD programmes  [22]. In the USA, as well as singlecentre independent PKD programmes, there are also competitive non-profit registries such as National Kidney Registry or The Alliance for Paired Donation (http://www. paireddonation. org/), which run databases and allocation programmes to achieve better HLA matching while involving most available donorrecipient pairs. The Alliance for Paired Donation has already performed an international exchange with Greece, and another international alliance is currently being organized within Europe between Spain and Italy.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Stefano Giusto  and  Rodolfo Russo  for extremely useful discussions that strongly influenced the work presented here. MS thank the  IPhT, CEA-Saclay  for hospitality where part of this work was done. NPW is grateful to the  IPhT, CEA-Saclay , the  Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IH ÉS) ,  Bures-sur-Yvette  and the  Yukawa Institute  for hospitality while various parts of this work was done. NPW would also like to thank the  Simons Foundation  for their support through a  Simons Fellowship in Theoretical Physics. We are all grateful to the  Centro de Ciencias de Benasque  for hospitality at the "Gravity -New perspectives from strings and higher dimensions" workshop, and to the  Yukawa Institute at Kyoto University  for hospitality at the " Exotic Structures of Spacetime " workshop ( YITP-T-13-07 ).
We focused on measuring willingness to make costly sacrifices for confessional (religious) groups and sectarian values, although we also present data investigating willingness to live in close geographical space to members of other sectarian groups. Thus, one dependent variable measures willingness to engage in sectarian conflict whereas the other measures willingness to engage cooperatively with other sectarian groups. Identify fusion was a focal dependent variable. Similarly to existing research into identity fusion, we investigated willingness to sacrifice for the group as a function of the degree to which people considered their personal selves "fused" with their group. In addition, to advance our Devoted Actor framework, we were interested in investigating the way fusion with groups and beliefs regarding the importance of core group values influenced willingness to engage in costly sacrifices.
The primary method to locate potentially eligible studies was a computerized literature search from inception to January 2014 in MEDLINE (through PubMed) and EMBASE databases. In total, 18 articles were identified and retrieved for a more detailed full-text evaluation. Of these, 11 articles were excluded because in their study populations they did not include patients with colon carcinoma. Of the 7 studies included  [12, [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] , 2 are comparative studies on patients operated for colon carcinoma only, and the other 5 are case-control studies or case series on samples of patients with both non-malignant and malignant colonic diseases. Data of the included studies are summarized in Table  1. No RCT was found. No study on SILS or robotic surgery for emergency colectomy was found.
Introduction: There is a lack of data on potential gender differences in the use of interventions to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HIV-positive individuals. We investigated whether such differences exist in the D:A:D study. Material and Methods: Follow-up was from 01/02/99 until the earliest of death, 6 months after last visit or 01/02/13. Rates of initiation of lipid-lowering drugs (LLDs), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), anti-hypertensives and receipt of invasive cardiovascular procedures (ICPs; bypass, angioplasty, endarterectomy) were calculated in those without a myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke at baseline, overall and in groups known to be at higher CVD risk: (i) age 50, (ii) total cholesterol 6. 2 mmol/l, (iii) triglyceride 2. 3 mmol/l, (iv) hypertension, (v) previous MI, (vi) diabetes, or (vii) predicted 10-year CVD risk 10%.
Missing ACR response data not due to premature discontinuation and not at day 1 of the treatment period or at day 169 of the withdrawal period were imputed as an ACR response if the missing value occurred between two observed ACR responses. ACR, American College of Rheumatology; CRP, C reactive protein; DAS, Disease Activity Score; MTX, methotrexate; SDAI, Simplified Disease Activity Index. profile observed in this study is consistent with the known safety profile of abatacept,  25  with low rates of serious AEs and serious infections, which is relevant for early treatment with biologicals. AVERT provides a large dataset assessing abatacept monotherapy, which is of interest because many patients cannot tolerate MTX; approximately 30% of patients receive biologicals as monotherapy. 26 AVERT showed that a similar number of patients receiving abatacept monotherapy achieved DAS-defined remission versus MTX at month 12.
However, the numerically greater benefit on osteitis and synovitis measured by MRI, and the posthoc analysis estimating average efficacy over the 12-month treatment period, are suggestive that abatacept monotherapy may have a greater efficacy benefit compared with MTX. This remains to be confirmed in a prospective, randomised, controlled study. Following withdrawal of all therapy, a small but significant number of patients sustained drug-free remission following prior treatment with abatacept plus MTX compared with MTX alone. The data indicate that, with abatacept plus MTX treatment, one in four patients was able to maintain drug-free remission through 6 months. This effect is not a consequence of the half-life of abatacept (14. 3 days), as assessments were performed up to 6 months after the withdrawal of all treatment (>5 halflives).
The DAS-defined remission cut-off of <2. 6, although corresponding to the American Rheumatology Association definition of clinical remission in RA,  33  has now been replaced with other measures of remission,  34  such as SDAI and Boolean remission, which are also reported here. The cut-off is based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and a CRP cut-off has yet to be defined. 33 In AVERT, CRP was interchanged with ESR to reduce the variability of the acute phase reactant and aid standardisation across study centres. Data were obtained from patients with early RA with active disease and poor prognostic factors, which limit their generalisability to the overall RA population. The withdrawal analyses were limited by the small number of patients who remained in the withdrawal period. The gradual Figure  2  Proportion of patients in Disease Activity Score (DAS)-defined remission (DAS28 (C reactive protein, CRP) <2.
Acknowledgements The first draft of the manuscript was prepared by academic and industry authors, with professional medical writing and editorial assistance provided by  Stephen Moore, PhD , at  Caudex Medical , and funded by  Bristol-Myers Squibb. The academic authors vouch for the completeness and accuracy of the data and data analyses, and for the fidelity of the study to the protocol. Contributors PE, GRB, VPB, BGC, DEF and TWJH were involved in the conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data; drafting of manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published. EB and DAW were involved in the conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data; drafting of manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published.
This definition does not take into account that the entity has aspects that could have also other aspects which leads to an aspect hierarchy, in order to avoid this information loss, few works have handled this issue, they proposed to represent the aspect as a tree of aspect terms  (Wei and Gulla 2010; Kim, Zhang et al. 2013 ). Supervised and unsupervised methods have been used for handling this task, in this paper, we propose supervised methods and test them over two datasets related to laptop reviews and restaurant reviews provided by the ABSA task of SemEval2014  (Pontiki, Galanis et al. 2014)  The same model proposed for aspect term polarity detection has been adopted.
Experiments and Evaluations We tested our system using the training and testing data provided by SemEval 2014 ABSA task. Two data sets were provided; the first con-tains3Ksentences of restaurant reviews annotated by the aspect terms, their polarities, their categories, the polarities of each category. The second contains of 3K sentences of laptop reviews annotated just by the aspect terms, their polarities. The evaluation process was done in two steps. First step is concerning the subtasks 1 and 3 which involves the aspect terms extraction and category detection, we were provided with restaurant review and laptop review sentences and we had to extract the aspect terms for both data sets and the categories for the restaurant one. Baseline methods were provided; Table1 demonstrates the results of these subtasks in terms of precision P, recall R and f-measure F for our system and the baseline 2.
Three main variables were analyzed: IBIs; ISIs, defined as the time intervals between two successive right heel strikes; and asynchronies to the metronome (ASYNs). These asynchronies were defined as the time intervals between right heel strikes and corresponding metronome beat onsets, so that negative asynchronies indicate anticipated heel strikes. The final 256 points of IBIs and ISIs were submitted to the subsequent DFA (time series available in Data S1). That is, next to the means and standard deviations of the collected time series our primary outcome measures were the a, a short-term , and a long-term exponents, as explained above. Statistics. To examine the ISIs correlation structure as a function of metronome conditions, we applied a 166 repeated measures ANOVA to a exponents. Tukey's HSD was used for post-hoc analysis, and results were considered statistically different for p,0.
2, H 0. 5, H 0. 6, and H 0. 9. In the latter four conditions, the IBIs coefficient of variation was fixed to 1%. Isochronous and non-isochronous conditions were sought to present the least differences. We thus chose the lowest CV in which Data processing. Signal processing and estimates of IBIs, ISIs, and ASYNs agreed entirely with Experiment 1. Statistics. We applied a 166 repeated measures ANOVA to all outcome measures. As in Experiment 1, Tukey's HSD was used for post-hoc analysis. Results were considered statistically different for p,0. 05. We also used a linear correlation analysis between a, a short-term , and a long-term exponents of IBIs and ISIs.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the  CVAGS in French Guiana, Guadeloupe ,  Martinique ,  Saint Barthélemy  and  Saint Martin , the microbiologists and the staff of the National Reference Laboratories (CNR in  Irba Marseille ,  CNR  in  IPG Cayenne, RIVM-IDS in Bilthoven ) and the public hospital microbiological laboratory of virology for their high commitment. We are also grateful to the sentinel doctors from Guadeloupe,  Martinique ,  Saint Barthélemy ,  Saint Martin , and  Sint Maarten , and the infectious diseases specialists working at the hospital Centres in the different territories and the private microbiological laboratories.
2006a). A search for curvature in the gamma-ray spectrum was performed by fitting log-parabola and exponential cutoff power-law models to the data. While not ruled out, these models are not favored since the improvement in fit quality compared to the simple power-law model is not statistically significant. Long-term light curves were produced with different integrated times (run, night and month) and Z-transformed discrete correlation functions  (Alexander 1997)  were applied to the data to look for periodicity. However no significant temporal variability was detected in the H. E. S. S. data set.
XMM-Newton In order to constrain the nature of the source HESS J1832-093, a dedicated observation with the X-ray XMM-Newton satellite was performed in March 2011 for 17 ks. After filtering out proton flare contamination, 13 ks and 7 ks of exposure time remained for the two EPIC-MOS cameras and for the EPIC-pn camera, respectively. The data were processed using the XMM-Newton Science Analysis System (v10. 0). The instrumental background was derived from a compilation of blank sky observations  (Carter & Read 2007) , renormalized to the actual exposure using the count rate in the 10-12 keV energy band. The brightest object in the XMM-Newton field of view is a point-like source (Source A in Fig. 3 ) located at RA = 18 h 32 m 45 s. 04, Dec = -9 • 21 ′ 53 ′′. 9 with a 90% C. L. error radius of 2.