dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Elemental compositions of each pixel, or user-definable areas, can be quantified independently. Spectra were quantified using fundamental parameters calibrated using pure element standards; the XʼFlash detectors were calibrated using manganese (99. 99%) and zirconium (99. 99%) reference materials supplied by Bruker. The plots begin at the top of the area shown in (C) and end at the bottom. The final data point is for the larger rectangular area and can be considered the average for this part of the sample (about 89% Ag and 9% Au). Note that Au has higher concentrations and Ag lower in the more heavily corroded areas (data points in the middle of the plots). Calibrations were verified using stainless steel. Limits of detection for the elements reported are ~40 mg/kg.
SEM-EDS. A small solid sample was taken from B2P1 and embedded in Buehler EpoThin epoxy resin and prepared as a polished section. This sample was examined using a JEOL JSM-6460LV scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Operating conditions were 35 Pa chamber pressure, 20 kV with ~1nA beam current. The working distance was 10 mm and quantitative elemental analyses were collected over 10 s live time. An 80 mm 2 Oxford X-Max N silicon drift detector was used with Oxford default standards and Oxford Instruments INCA software. Quantitative SEM-EDS results utilized pure metal standards, with matrix corrections carried out in the INCA software. Limits of detection, estimated from counting statistics, are 0. 1 wt % for Cu, 0. 2 wt% for Ag and Au, 0. 3 wt% for Pb.
Mineralogy A ~200 mg sample of powder corrosion product from B1P4 was placed on a silicon-crystal low background holder for mineralogical analysis. X-ray diffractograms were collected from 5 to 95 • 2θ with a Malvern Panalytical Aeris diffractometer, using tube conditions of 40 kV, 15 mA, cobalt K α radiation, Pixel-3D detector, Bragg Brentano geometry, and a slew rate of 13 • 2θ per minute. Diffractometer calibration and performance was measured using a single silicon crystal. Limits of detection vary from 0. 1 to ~2 wt% depending on the crystallinity of the phase. Identification of minerals was conducted using Panalytical's Highscore Plus software v2. 2. 4, with ICDD PDF2 and PAN-ICSD databases.
These inclusions may be residual minerals associated with the silver ore deposit. They seem to have undergone little reaction during processing of the metal and forming and shaping of the object. That the bulk of micro-XRF measurements do not reveal quantifiable amounts of Sb indicates that these inclusions form only a small proportion of the mass of the bracelets. X-ray diffractometry shows that the corrosion products consist of Ag, with AgCl formed through chemical weathering of the Ag in a chloride-rich, salty environment. Further diffractometry on selected small pieces may help to reveal the mineralogy of these inclusions, as well as the bulk sample. The Pb isotope composition of a sample from MFA 47. 1702 B2P1 (Table  5 ) was compared with those from a galena (PbS) database including some 7000 localities located between the Atlantic Ocean and Iran.
Lead isotope data on copper ores  (Rademakers et al. 2021)  have not been included, since; (1) the genesis of silver (felsic magmas) and copper ores (porphyry coppers) are very different, (2) the presence of an eutectic minimum makes extraction of silver from copper ores very challenging, and (3) Pb is essentially insoluble in copper. The plots of Fig. 4  show the large scatter due to mass-dependent isotope fractionation, with possible causes being instrumental bias, incomplete yield during lead purification, or low-temperature weathering  (Albarède et al. , 2020). The slopes of the streaks in the binary plots (see also  Artioli et al. , 2020)  are mass-dependent. They reveal massdependent isotope fractionation largely due to legacy  (pre-2000)  data in databases such as OXALID. The ellipses in Fig.
The Cycladic islands are known Ag sources albeit with relatively small production. The Lavrion mines were much more productive in later times  (Vaxevanopoulos et al. , 2022)  but provide a less compelling isotopic fit. Lucas (1962)  reported a high Au content of 8. 9% for the bracelets which he suggested derived from aurian Ag (Ag which occurs occasionally in Au deposits) or from electrum, the nbw ḥd 'white gold' of early Egyptian inscriptions  (Gale and Stos-Gale, 1981: 113). The possible use of aurian Ag was also suggested from analyses conducted on 33 Ag objects from Egypt dating from the Predynastic Period to Roman times albeit with considerable reservation  (Gale and Stos-Gale, 1981: 111-112). With greater instrument precision and larger regional reference datasets now available, further clarity is now possible on the question of silver origins and exchange in the region.
Acknowledgements We thank the  Museum of Fine Arts, Boston , for permission to study and sample the bracelets. In particular, the  Head of the Department of Fig 5. Map of the north-east Mediterranean and western Asia, showing potential silver sources (Source F. Albarède). The Pb isotope composition of a sample from  MFA 47. 1702 B2P1  is compared with the compositions of nearly 7000 samples of galena (white dots) distributed from the  Atlantic Ocean  to the Indian Ocean from the  Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon database. The distance (color bar to the right) allows 128 galena samples with the closest Pb isotope compositions relative to MFA 47. 1702 B2P1  to be retained. Unlikely sources can be ignored. A black symbol color indicates a high probability of provenance with the greatest density of 'hits' coming from Seriphos,  Anafi , and  Kea-Kithnos  in the Cyclades, and to a lesser degree Lavrion.
The building sector has a strong impact on the environment in terms of pollution, through its carbon footprint and waste generation. In this context, raw earth construction is experiencing a revival of interest in its ability to use a local, reusable, and low environmental impact material. Vernacular architecture reflects the evolution of particular know-how, which has been able to adapt to specific factors linked to a nearby environment. Champagne area is one of the last uninvestigated earth heritage territories in France, whereas it presents an original and rich rural, urban, and industrial earth architecture. To cartography raw earth heritage in the studied area and its surroundings, the various buildings and construction practices observed in the field were geolocated on a digital tablet using QGIS software.
In areas where the heritage appears to be dense, we choose not to investigate all streets. It is noticeable that facades facing west on the driving rain side are less often composed of raw earth, and replaced by materials less subjected to weathering, or protected by a covering element. Hence it is better to drive from East to West when possible. The speed of the vehicle should be adapted according to the density and visibility of the buildings. Data collection is done on a tablet using Qfield application (Fig. 4a ), facilitating data transfer to the Qgis software. When a building is located, it is plotted on the tablet. A questionnaire was drawn up to collect various kinds of information (Fig. 4b ), some of which are used in the next stages of the study (date and time of the survey, type of construction, technique(s) used, orientation, roof overhang, height of the base, size of the bricks, etc.
This study focuses on the chronology of King Den's reign, the fifth ruler of the 1st Egyptian dynasty. A series of radiocarbon ( 14 C) dates were established on archaeological material from several tombs at the Abu Rawash site, near Cairo, which comprises a complex of 12 monumental mud-brick mastabas. Modeling the 14 C results enables us to estimate the date of King's accession and to link this to the beginning of the 3rd Dynasty, i. e. , to Egyptian state's structuration. Through the application of OxCal software, sets of 14 C results obtained from the same archaeological context have been summarized and compared with the precise state of our knowledge on the historical duration of this reign. These results place King Den's accession between 3104 and 2913 BCE (2σ), with the more likely date being 3011-2921 BCE (1σ).
The 14 C activity is calculated in percent relative to the activity of an international standard of oxalic acid NIST SRM 4990C (OxII), using the Libby half-life (5568 yr) and taking into account the isotopic fractionation normalized to -25‰ (versus VPDB)  (Stuiver and Polach 1977; Mook and van der Plicht 1999  IntCal20 calibration curve  (Reimer et al. 2020 ) using the OxCal4. 4 software  (Bronk Ramsey 1995 , 2009a).
Modeling has been built using the OxCal4. 4 software  (Bronk Ramsey 1995 , 2009a , 2009b) , with the IntCal20 calibration curve  (Reimer et al. 2020). Historical priors used in the models have been described based on the available information and down-weighted by identified error sources. Bayesian modeling has been applied to constrain the frequentation of the Abu Rawash site during the reign of King Den and to estimate his accession date. To achieve this, historical information was firstly used to estimate the duration of Den's reign. Archaeological data was then used to specify when these mastabas were built.
The correlation matrix reporting the End to the Start boundaries highlights a scarce occupation, this being approximately 3100-3020 to 3020-2850 BCE. The same modeling performed on the whole AR set of data provides us with a more centred occupation with a medium focus at 3130 and 2890 BCE (Figure  3c ). Tests have been run to determine the most suitable tools for summarizing the whole set of AR data. A kernel density estimate KDE_Model (Bronk Ramsey 2017) has been tested with a Normal distribution N(0,1), spreading over 100 yr U(0,1) and compared to the result of the Sum function (Figure  5a ). It has first been tested on Mastaba M17, then on all Abu Rawash data integrated as single dates or within R_Combine tools when suitable Modeling the Reign of King Den 493 with "Charcoal" Outlier-Model for all except IFAO_0736 short lived sample which estimate is down-weighted using the "General" Outlier-Model.
DISCUSSION King Den's Accession Date The modeled estimate for King Den's accession date (Table  2 ) is slightly wider than the first one suggested by  Dee et al. (2013 ) of 2945 -2904 BCE (2σ). This is easily understandable as the current model only focuses on one reign and is not constrained at the beginning and end of the model, which results in more flexibility than the Dee et al. model, hence the larger time range. At the same time the large set of data integrated in the Kernel density function ensures the robustness of the model. As shown in Figure  5c , the more data we have, the more accurate and smooth the Kernel posterior density is. Mastaba M17 KDE_Model provides us with a posterior density with several maxima, whereas the AR_R_Combine is smoother but very large. This is because these two kernels were run with only around 10 temporal densities because the R_Combine densities are treated as a single event, whereas the two others integrated more than double.
In this respect, this new set of data from King Den offers an amazing opportunity to refine more precisely the start of this major historical period. For the first time we have a precise contextualized set of data being sourced from continuing archaeological excavations and which clearly links with the structuration of the Egyptian state. Pending the availability of another well-contextualized dataset closer to the beginning of the 3rd Dynasty, this one should be used as the basis of our model to set the absolute chronology of the Old Kingdom. It will then be built step by step by integrating new series of well contextualized dates carried out on archaeomaterials from current excavations in Egypt and associated with as many different kings as possible. Each new series bringing independent constraints into the general model.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The excavation work at  Abu Rawash  has been supported by  IFAO  in collaboration with  Macquarie University. This research project has been funded by the  French ANR  ( ANR-19-CE27-0010 ) and  IFAO. We warmly thank the  Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and the Centre for Research and Conservation in Cairo. We are thankful to  Jacinta Carruthers  for proofreading this article.
Material The 72 silver coins analyzed in this study were acquired on the market since 2009 by ENS collections for the purpose of technological development. Some samples were used (and previously damaged) in earlier studies by Desaulty et al. 24  and for the ERC SILVER Project. 25  All coins were acquired from dealers formally compliant with the code of ethics. The identications provided by the sellers were carefully checked and veried. The coins with their type, origin, and age are listed in Tables  S3  and S4  † and represent a selection of coins from around the ancient Mediterranean world, a few samples from the Indian kingdoms such as Gandhara, and more modern coins from medieval and post-medieval Europe, as well as colonial Mexico and Peru. Pb and Ag isotopic data are taken from ref.
Acknowledgements This work was funded by the  European Research Council   H2020   Advanced  Grant  741454-SILVER-ERC-2016-ADG  'Silver isotopes and the rise of Money' awarded to FA. Marine Pinto  is gratefully acknowledged for the measurement of limits of detection. We thank  Janne Blichert-To  and  Gil Davis  for comments on the manuscript. Three reviewers provided useful and courteous comments on the manuscript.
As a result, the increasing application of biomolecular methods over the past two decades in archaeology, palaeoanthropology, and paleontology has seen the development of genetic 1,2 and proteomic 3-5 methods for high-throughput taxonomic identification approaches of such bone assemblages. Proteomically, these include the development of MALDI-TOF MS-based peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) of collagen type I 4 , data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based species identification based on limited bone proteome sequence databases 3 , or the in-depth characterization of entire skeletal proteomes  [5] [6] [7]. In particular, the application of collagen PMF (also known as Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry, or ZooMS) to skeletal remains has found widespread adoption in the proteomic screening of skeletal assemblages in archaeological contexts.
However, our estimates of deamidation rates for the GdC specimens cannot be compared properly due to the low number of identified MS2 spectra. The literature on relative glutamine (Q) and asparagine (N) deamidation rates indicates that glutamine residues deamidate at a slower rate than asparagine residues  53  , as observed in previous palaeoproteomic studies  5. It is therefore of note that, in our study, we observed that asparagine deamidation ratios for method 6 are below those obtained for glutamine. This pattern, which is the reverse of theoretical expectations, as well as the reverse of most experimentally observed datasets, is difficult to explain. It is, however, consistently present among the Ranis specimens, possibly in the GdC extracts too, and extends to the semi-tryptic search (Supplementary Fig.
MaxQuant search All. raw files were analyzed in MaxQuant version 2. 1. 1. 0 against a reference protein sequence database provided by Ruther et al. 2022  3. Download dates are available in the MaxQuant "summary. txt" files for 'specific' and 'semispecific' searches (PXD042321-ProteomeXchange online repository). Variable modifications were included, such as oxidation (M), deamidation (NQ), Gln-> pyro-Glu, Glu-> pyro-Glu, and proline hydroxylation, whereas NEM-derivatization of Cys was configured as a fixed modification for method 6. Initial searches were run in specific Trypsin/P digestion mode and allowed for up to two miscleavages. All files were searched against the above-mentioned database using the same settings. Up to five variable modifications were allowed. The internal MaxQuant contaminant list was replaced with a custom database  3.
Acknowledgements This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research, the innovation programme  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  (grant agreement No. 861389-PUSHH ), and the  Max Planck Society. This project has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant agreement No. 948365 ). G. M. S. received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme  under  Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement   101027850. A. J. Taurozzi was supported by the  Danish National Research Foundation award PROTEIOS  ( DNRF128 ). R. M. Godinho  is funded by  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT ; contract reference 2020. 00499. CEECIND  and  FCT R&D  project reference  2022.
Data analysis After spectral identification, data analysis was conducted largely through R (version 4. 1. 2) in RStudio (version 2022. 02. 0. 0) using the packages tidyverse (version 1. 3. 1)  60  , seqinr (version 4. 2-8), devtools (version 2. 4. 4), ggpubr (version 0. 4. 0), data. table (version 1. 14. 2)  61  , bit64 (version 4. 0. 5)  62  , ggsci (version 2. 9), progressr (version 0. 10. 0)  63  , gmp (version 0. 6-6)  64  , reshape2 (version 1. 4. 4)  65  and stringi (version 1. 7. 6). Deamidation was quantified based on spectral intensities, following Mackie et al. 51. Hydropathy values (a measure of hydrophobicity) were estimated for recovered proteins using the web application GRAVY Calculator (www. gravy-calcu lator. de/) and Peptides (version 2. 2. 4)  66. Statistics were calculated using the two-way ANOVA (Type II) tests  67  from carData (version 3.
Ra_10300″ was also excluded from the table because no member of the Rhinocerotidae family is included in the Rüther et al. 2022 3  reference protein sequence database. Extraction methods 3a-EDTA LysC Acidic and 5a-EDTA + GuHCl Acidic were excluded from the study as no reliable MS spectra were generated. R10363 GdC_1 GdC_193 GdC_26 GdC_6 R10359 R10357 Compatible species ID Specimen number R10329 R10340 Site FALSE TRUE UNASSIGNED Companheira GdC_9 GdC_7 GdC_9 R10300 R10329 GdC_6 GdC_1 Acid AmBic EDTA LysC Neutral EDTA ProtMix Acid EDTA ProtMix Neutral EDTA/GuHCl Neutral SPIN R10340 Method R10357 R10359 R10363 Acid AmBic EDTA LysC Neutral EDTA ProtMix Acid EDTA ProtMix Neutral EDTA/GuHCl Neutral SPIN Acid AmBic EDTA LysC Neutral EDTA ProtMix Acid EDTA ProtMix Neutral EDTA/GuHCl Neutral SPIN Acid AmBic EDTA LysC Neutral EDTA ProtMix Acid EDTA ProtMix Neutral EDTA/GuHCl Neutral SPIN Acid AmBic EDTA LysC Neutral EDTA ProtMix Acid EDTA ProtMix Neutral EDTA/GuHCl Neutral Ranis Figure 4.
The question is then: can we apply a similar metapoetic interpretation to the doubling of some elements from Narcissus' death in those of Orpheus and Eurydice and hence interpret them as some innovative kind of allusive signpost? I am tempted to read these intratextual echoes as a new way devised by Ovid to highlight his intertextual relationship with his Vergilian model. Let us begin with the very moment of Orpheus' death. As his body has been dismembered, his head and his lyre, floating on the river Hebrus, repeat his mournful laments and the riverbank responds to them (11. 44-53): te maestae volucres, Orpheu, te turba ferarum, te rigidi silices, tua carmina saepe secutae fleverunt silvae, positis te frondibus arbor tonsa comas luxit; lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt increvisse suis, obstrusaque carbasa pullo naides et dryades passosque habuere capillos.
membra iacent diversa locis, caput, Hebre, lyramque excipis: et (mirum!) medio dum labitur amne, flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, flebile lingua murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae. The mourning birds wept for thee, Orpheus, the throng of beasts, the flinty rocks, and the trees which had so often gathered to thy songs; yes, the trees shed their leaves as if so tearing their hair in grief for thee. They say that the rivers also were swollen with their own tears, and that naiads and dryads alike mourned with disheveled hair and clad in garb of somber hue. The poet's limbs lay scattered all around; but his head and lyre, O Hebrus, thou didst receive, and (a marvel!) while they floated in midstream the lyre gave forth some mournful notes, mournfully the lifeless tongue murmured, mournfully the banks replied.
ille caput viridi fessum submisit in herba, lumina mors clausit domini mirantia formam: tum quoque se, postquam est inferna sede receptus, in Stygia spectabat aqua. planxere sorores naides et sectos fratri posuere capillos, planxerunt dryades; plangentibus adsonat Echo. But when she saw it, though still angry and unforgetful, she felt pity; and as often as the poor boy said "Alas!" again with answering utterance she cries "Alas!" and as his hands beat his shoulders she gives back the same sounds of woe. His last words as he gazed into the familiar spring were these: "Alas, dear boy, vainly beloved!" and the place gave back his words. And when he said "Farewell!", "Farewell" said Echo too. He drooped his weary head on the green grass and death sealed the eyes that marvelled at their master's beauty.
And even when he had been received into the infernal abodes, he kept on gazing on his image in the Stygian pool. His naiad-sisters beat their breasts and shore their locks in sign of grief for their dear brother; the dryads, too, lamented, and Echo gave back their sounds of woe. After Echo has repeated the last words uttered by Narcissus (eheu … eheu; heu, frustra dilecte puer; vale, 495-501) and as the latter dies, one hears successively the lamentations of the Naiads, those of the Dryads, and, lastly, those of Echo (505-507). The similarities with Orpheus' death are striking: the Naiads and Dryads' lamentations foreshadow the mourning of the same nymphs for the Rhodopeian hero (obstrusaque carbasa pullo / naides et dryades passosque habuere capillos24), and we obviously encounter as well the triple repetition (here with polyptoton): planxere … planxerunt … plangentibus adsonat Echo.
BAASTA tablet application In previous studies, BAASTA was implemented as a computer version, making use of different software programs (Max MSP, and Matlab) and MIDI percussion pads (e. g. ,  Benoit et al. , 2014; Dalla Bella, Farrugia, et al. , 2017). Here the battery took the form of an application on a tablet device (Samsung Galaxy Tab E running Android 7. 1). The application supporting the tablet version of BAASTA will be available via the BeatHealth S. A. company (https://www. beathealth. tech/) on a Pay-Per-Use (PPU) basis. Participants' responses in the perceptual tests were communicated verbally to the experimenter who entered them on the tablet device. Finger tapping performance was collected by having participants tap within a green rectangle (10. 0 by 8. 8 cm) on the tablet touchscreen (see Figure  1 ).
Data pre-processing and quality checks of BAASTA tablet application Audio data collected via the BAASTA tablet app in sound-proof rooms at BRAMS laboratory were pre-processed and submitted to quality checks. As the recording of tapping data on tablet is based on audio recordings, the characteristics of the audio environment in which testing is carried out (sound-proof room in the laboratory vs. less-controlled environments for remote testing, such as schools, hospitals, at home) can potentially influence the measures of timing and synchronization. Moreover, the tapping strength and the ensuing sound can affect the capacity to detect the tapping time relative to the stimulus sound. Hence, data quality checks play an essential role to ensure that collected data are reliable and meet high measurement standards even when data collection cannot be realized in optimal lab sound-proof conditions.