dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Using an extrapolation of these figures, it was estimated that at least 100,000 patients were suffering in the United Kingdom alone. However, it is acknowledged that this will be an underestimate of the true prevalence within the general population. This methodology was repeated over 10 years later in an urban population of the East Midlands in the United Kingdom. 2  This cross-sectional study was carried out in Derby City (United Kingdom), which has a population of *247,100. Data were obtained from 10 sources, namely: the inpatients of one acute and one community hospital, one specialist and three nonspecialist outpatient clinics (dermatology, plastic surgery, and diabetic foot clinic), all community nursing services, general practices (n = 41), and nursing/residential homes (n = 26) in the catchment area.
Identification of patients through the creation of master lists A master list was created using the data systems and clinical notes within each service and checked for duplication and deaths. The reasons for all exclusions were recorded. All forms were checked against the master list to ensure complete data capture. Individualized and anonymized participant numbers were allocated to avoid duplication of recruitment. The questionnaire and process of clarification were piloted with the team at St Oswald's Hospice. The following information was used to collect individual data on subjective control of swelling: The current CO status was obtained from the clinical notes based on their last clinical visit and limb volume measurement Newly presenting patients who were not yet receiving treatment were noted Patients receiving complex decongestive therapy (CDT) at the time of recruitment were noted Patients in maintenance therapy (self-management) with skin care, exercise, self-massage, and compression hosiery were noted A history of cellulitis and an episode of cellulitis in the last year were noted Classification of control of swelling was clarified with the therapists treating the patient and where necessary with the lead physician within each service.
Methods Five years (2013-2017) of ERHG haemodialysis data were obtained from the haemodialysis infections national network surveillance (DIALIN). To investigate and to analyse clinical incidents, the French National Authority for Health (HAS)  [2]  recommends the use of an Association of Litigation And Risk Management (ALARM) protocol. It is a powerful method for the investigation and analysis of serious incidents by risks managers  [4]. Well established in industries sectors, the ALARM method of investigation is well introduced in French healthcare system since the last ten years. It was used to provide root cause analysis of this phenomenon. Individual's risk factors of each patients (endogenous factors) have been analysed but these risks were identical every year. Thus, we focused on elements different in 2017 from previous years (exogenous factors).
Refractive Index Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) was used to measure the refractive index of the coatings and we limited ourselves to coatings made of the thinnest grade of nanoparticles where the final material does significantly scatter the light (empirical observation). VASE provides ellipsometric raw data (here ψ and ∆ angles) that need to be parametrized in order to extract the complex refractive index n = n + ik  [26]. The optimisation approach requires knowledge of the refractive index nNP of CeO 2 nanoparticles, their packing density φ c inside the coating (1φ c being the void fraction or porosity), and the thickness of the coating h. We then compute the ellipsometric angles of the coating with a refractive index calculated via the Bruggeman effective-medium approximation  [27]  of a flat nano-porous film with no roughness and deposited of a semi-infinite silicon substrate with an oxidized top surface, namely a 2 nm thick silica layer.
Linear dimensions of complete STF and ipsilateral FT (Figure  2 ,3) observed during the study of 80 atlas vertebrae were measured with the help of a vernier caliper with a least count of 0. 02 mm. Measurements were taken of the maximum dimensions of the (STF)Supra-Transverse Foramen (in Supero-inferior and Mediolateral planes) and ipsilateral (FT)Foramen Transversarium (in the Ventro-dorsal and Mediolateral planes). All the measurements were taken directly from the bones and then the data was stored on the computer sheet. Osteophytic encroachments were also observed on both the sides of the vertebrae. The cross-sectional area of the STF and ipsilateral FT was calculated using the formula the area of an ellipse. [7]  (Mitchell, 1988a). Area (A) = x (D1 x D2 x 1/4) Where D1= horizontal length of the foramen, D2 =vertical length of the foramen and = 3.
| Sample and data collection Our sample comprises of IPOs issued from 2004 to 2011 in the United States. Each firm is followed post-IPO for 5 years, so the last year of our data coverage is 2016. We focus on technology industries, as commonly used in prior literature  (Garg et al. , 2018; Katila, Rosenberger, & Eisenhardt, 2008). In total, we have 406 IPO firms in our analysis. We collected our data from the Securities Data Corporation Global New Issues database, firms' prospectuses (Form 424B), Boardex, Compustat, and the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) databases. Additionally, we conducted eight interviews with directors, CEOs, and board recruiters to verify our assumptions and the interpretations of our results.
2 We use the fracreg probit command in Stata 15. 0 with robust SEs as the estimator and report the average marginal effects in Table  1. Director undervaluation is calculated each year by running updated Equation (1), and thus accounts for possible reallocations of chairs that may occur. We illustrate the calculation of director undervaluation using the data in the IPO year in Tables  1  and 2. We construct board undervaluation, our independent variable, by calculating the average director undervaluation of undervalued directors.
| Director turnover Following prior studies on director turnover (Arthaud-Day,  Certo, Dalton, & Dalton, 2006; Boivie, Graffin, & Pollock, 2012; Zhu & Shen, 2016) , we measure director turnover with a binary variable, coded as 1 if any outside director exits the firm in a certain year and 0 otherwise. 3 We identify outside directors from the "Management" section of the IPO prospectus and their turnover dates from the Boardex database. We cannot perfectly distinguish whether the turnover is voluntary or involuntary, although we believe turnover is largely voluntary in nature. The issue of voluntariness remains unresolved in the organizational literature in general (see  Hom et al. , 2017  for a review). It is also less of a concern according to the recent meta-analyses that show similar patterns with correlates of voluntary and involuntary turnover rates  (Heavey, Holwerda, & Hausknecht, 2013; Park & Shaw, 2013).
S. press outlets. We collected this data from the LexisNexis database using keyword searches for the firm's names and ticker symbol. Different boards have different dynamics and may have an impact on director turnover. So we control for number of outside directors and the number of undervalued directors because that may affect the social comparison tendencies  (Garcia, Tor, & Schiff, 2013). In addition, we include the board meeting frequency to control for directors' interaction intensity  (Garg et al. , 2018). We collect board meetings data from firm prospectuses and annual reports. Founder-directors may be less likely to exit. So, we include the count number of founder directors. Directors' ownership can also affect their turnover decision, so we control for directors' average ownership measured as the average fraction of outstanding shares directors hold relative to the firm outstanding shares.
Fourth, recruitment of new directors with lower qualifications, and ultimately their relationship with firm performance, is likely to have some limits. Boards are unlikely to pick candidates that are obviously unfit as directors. For example, new directors in our study are approximately 17% on the qualification spectrum of all the directors in the sample. Empirically, we find that the number of new directors in our context is low. Although all our results hold for aggregated hiring as well as the predominant number of hiring in the sample, our dataset does not give us enough statistical power to explore the boundary conditions of hiring. Future studies with larger datasets may explore this and other boundary conditions of our results. More broadly, the concept of board undervaluation also offers many interesting research opportunities beyond turnover and recruitment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank our editor  Constance Helfat  and two anonymous reviewers for their excellent guidance. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the insightful comments from  Jim Westphal ,  Kathleen Eisenhardt ,  Amy Hillman ,  Ruth Aguilera ,  Phanish Puranam ,  JT Li ,  Martin Kilduff ,  Jinyu He ,  Yonghoon Lee ,  Pavel Zhelyakov , and  Hanny Kusnadi. We also received many helpful suggestions on earlier versions presented at the  Academy of Management, Strategic Management Society, HKUST, INSEAD Entrepreneurship Conference, INSEAD Inaugural Behavioral Corporate Governance Conference, West Coast Research Symposium at the University of Washington in Seattle, University of Hong Kong Entrepreneurship Symposium, CEIBS, Chinese University of Hong Kong , and  Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Data A fingerprint of the matrices is obtained by FTIR spectra and elemental analysis. Carbohydrates composition was defined by alditol acetate protocol and by Py-GC/MS/FID. This technique was also used to quantify lipids, lignin, alkaloids, proteins and polyphenols by means of precursor identification. Definition of polyphenols was achieved by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Furthermore, FAMEs identification and quantification of shells lipophilic extract is reported. All data can be used for a full comparison with extracts reported by Grillo et al. [1].
These included PAX7pos and PAX7neg colonies from different donors (Donor A, C, G, H) as well as biological replicates. (Fig. 2 ; Supplementary Figs. 4 5 6 7 ; Supplementary Table  7 ). We sequenced an average of 5080 cells per population with a mean depth of 4753 reads per cell, and identified on average 1307 genes and 2305 transcripts (measured by UMIs) per cell. In parallel, bulk-mRNA-sequencing was performed (Supplementary Figs. 2c  and 10d ; Supplementary Table  8 ; Supplementary Data File 1). We created an interactive online tool to visualize expressed genes of interest in all cell populations https:// shiny. mdc-berlin. de/hummus_sc_XkZL9gHZE2UBwjGb/). We found that SCS and bulk RNA-Seq highly reproduced qPCR data in regard to the expression of myogenic genes like PAX7, MYF5, MYOD1, NCAM1 (Figs.
c Expression of markers of myogenic and interstitial cells assessed by qPCR in PAX7null, PAX7neg, and PAX7pos cell colonies. All data were normalized to two reference genes and relativized to the mean of PAX7pos cells. The dotted line at twofold and 0. 5-fold represents our threshold for differential expression. d Myogenic cells derived from HMFFs were stained for PAX7, desmin, and MYF5. PAX7-negative populations (PAX7null, PAX7neg) show no specific signal for PAX7 in immunofluorescence stainings. Cell lines are described in Supplementary Table  2. Scale bars: 20 µm. PAX7, appear to represent an additional stem cell pool for regeneration. Characterization of CLEC14A-positive cells and their regenerative capacity. We characterized CLEC14A-positive cells in greater depth. PAX7null cells were strongly positive for CLEC14A (Fig.
Sensitive and motor nerve conduction studies and repetitive stimulation were performed on upper limbs and did not reveal signs of neuropathy or abnormal neuromuscular transmission (data not shown). Whole-body muscle MRI (Supplementary Fig. 1 , Supplementary Video), compared with an age-matched child with no neuromuscular disorder, revealed normal masticatory muscles and tongue. Occipital muscles were almost entirely replaced by fatty-fibrotic tissue, with only small muscle bands persisting. At neck level, levator scapulae muscles were well conserved, whereas dorsal neck, trapezius superior, and sternocleidomastoideus muscles as well as head flexors persisted only as residual bands. Shoulder girdle, upper limb, and hand muscles were normally developed with no pathological signature. At body wall level, extrinsic back muscles and intercostal muscles were extremely hypotrophic and largely immured Fig.
7. 1  44. The mean coverage was 130-154×, > 97% of the RefSeq positions were covered > 10×, and > 93% > 20×. After fine-adjustment, the raw alignments were called for deviations from the reference in all coding exons and 50-bp flanking regions using GATK v3. 8  45. The resulting VCF file was analyzed with MutationTaster2 to assess potential pathogenicity of all variants  46. Variants were filtered for different inheritance models. For the recessive inheritance model, we removed variants that occurred > 30× in homozygous state in the gnomAD database (homozygote frequency > 6. 0E-05). In addition, owing to the consanguinity of the parents, we performed an autozygosity mapping with the HomozygosityMapper2012 software  47  using the VCF-files of the family members. Only variants were considered as pathogenic that were located in genomic regions that were homozygous in the index patient, but not in her parents.
These genomic regions comprised a total of 227. 8 Mbp. For the dominant inheritance model, we removed variants that occurred > 25 × in the heterozygous state in the gnomAD database (MAF > 1. 0E-04). For the de novo model, we searched for variants present in the index patient, but absent from both parents. Beyond that we investigated virtual panels of genes that are associated with diseases annotated with "rigid spine" (HPO:0003306) in the OMIM database. Additional panels comprised n = 35 genes for "Congenital myasthenic syndrome" and n = 101 genes for "Congenital myopathy". Potentially disease-causing variants were further assessed for their pathogenicity using the additional information provided by MutationTaster2 at http://www. mutationtaster. org (accessed March 2019) and visually inspected using the IGV software downloaded from http://www.
Total RNA was isolated from human primary myoblasts and skeletal muscle tissue using NucleoSpin RNA/Protein Kit (Marcherey-Nagel) and treated with DNAse for genomic DNA removal. RNA quantity and purity were determined with a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific). RNA was reverse transcribed through the QuantiTect reverse transcription kit (Qiagen). All qPCR experiments were performed according to the MIQE guidelines  48  using KAPA SYBR FAST qPCR MasterMix Universal (PeqLab) in the Mx3000P instrument (Stratagene) (Primer sequences Supplementary Table  6 ). GAPDH and cyclophilin A were used as reference genes. GAPDH normalized data were shown and were equivalent to calculations using cyclophilin A. qPCR results were analyzed with MxPro software (v4. 1), calculated in Excel, and plotted using GraphPad Prism (v8).
Bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RNA Sequencing libraries were generated using the NEBNext rRNA Depletion Kit and NEBNext Ultra Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (NEB). Libraries were sequenced using a MiSeq system (Illumina) in paired-end mode (read length 75nt). HUVEC read counts were obtained from GEO (SRR7549223, SRR7549223, SRR7549225). Pre-processed RNA-Seq data were analyzed using CLC Genomics Workbench (v. 9. 5, Qiagen) with a workflow executing the following the steps: (1) quality read trimming (2) quality control (3) RNA-Seq analysis by aligning reads to the human reference genome and transcriptome (GRCh38). All samples passed the RNA-seq quality check (Supplementary table  8 ). Total read counts were normalized by transcripts per million (TPM). CLUSTVis was used for heatmap and PCA generation.
Read counts, normalized count data (Supplementary Data File 1), and raw fastq files are uploaded to GEO BioProject PRJNA481958. Single-cell sequencing: drop-seq procedure, single-cell library generation, and sequencing. The Drop-seq procedure  49  allows cost-effective highly parallel sequencing of single cells and detects 3′ ends of messenger RNA and longnoncoding RNA molecules. Upon nanoliter droplet formation, individual cells are co-encapsulated with individual, uniquely barcoded beads, and become lysed completely. Released cellular RNA transcripts then hybridize via their polyA tails to polyd(T) primers that are attached to uniquely barcoded beads carrying unique molecular identifiers (UMIs). Nanoliter-droplets are collected and broken, and transcripts reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA), amplified by PCR and sequenced in bulk.
Cell viability was assessed by Trypan blue staining and was between 70 and 90% in all cases. Individual cDNA libraries ranged from ~1. 0 to 1. 7 kb in average size, indicating good overall quality of RNA and cDNA molecules. Single-cell Drop-seq libraries at 1. 8 pM (final insert size average ~700 bp) were sequenced in paired-end mode on Illumina Nextseq500 sequencers with 1% PhiX spike-in for run quality control using Illumina Nextseq500/550 High Output v2 kits (75 cycles). Read 1: 20 bp (bases 1-12 cell barcode, bases 13-20 UMI; Drop-seq custom primer 1 "Read1CustSeqB"), index read: 8 bp, read 2 (paired end): 64 bp. Computational methods in single-cell RNA-seq. Data processing, alignment, and gene quantification: We chose read 1 to be 20-bp long, which sequences the cell barcode at positions 1-12 and the UMI at positions 13-20, while avoiding reading into the poly(A) tail.
Cell numbers were estimated by plotting the cumulative fraction of reads per cell against the cell barcodes and calculating the knee point. The DigitalExpression tool  49  was used to obtain the digital gene expression matrix (DGE) for each sample. Cell filtering and data normalization: For a first view of gene quantification and basic statistics we used the R package "dropbead" (https://github. com/rajewsky-lab/ dropbead)  46. We discarded cells expressing < 500 UMIs, or more cells in which the mitochondrial encoding RNA was > 35%. We normalized the UMI counts for every gene per cell by dividing its UMI count by the sum of total UMIs in that cell, and multiplying it by the number of UMIs that the deepest cell contained. Downstream analysis was performed in log space. Clustering, t-SNE representation and marker discovery: We used Seurat 50 to identify highly variable genes, perform principal component analysis, identify the most important principal components and use them for clustering and t-SNE representation.
Motor nerve conduction was measured in the median and ulnar nerves and data were interpreted referring to standard norms  52, 53. To study sensory conduction, orthodromic median mixed palmar nerve conduction was recorded and interpreted and referred to normal values. To assess neuromuscular junction function, a train of six repetitive supramaximal stimulations of the median nerve at low frequency (2 Hz) was performed. Sonography. Longitudinal diaphragmatic motion was bilaterally measured using time-motion (TM), ultrasound (US) mode, and a 6 MHz transducer (Logic E ultrasound system, General Electric, Bethesda). Direct evaluation of diaphragmatic inspiratory and expiratory thickness was bilaterally obtained by brightnessmodulation (B) mode measurements with a high frequency probe (12 MHz) that was positioned sagittally along the lower lateral chest wall at the so called apposition zone.
MRI. The proband, her parents, and an age-matched control subject underwent whole-body imaging on a free-bore 3T General Electric Discovery MR750w GEM system (General Electric, Boston, MA, USA), which employs multiple phased-array surface receiver elements. In the whole-body configuration, subjects were wrapped in a multi-coils and multi-elements network. Head and facial muscles were explored by a head coil that is usually intended for brain imaging. Subject's safety was ensured by braces fitted to the table. The setup enabled a maximum combined field of view (FOV) of 200 cm to assure a whole-body scan. Subjects were scanned first in coronal orientation followed by axial orientation. Data acquisition was completed in five to seven steps during subject's passage from head to feed through the magnet.
Samples were postfixed with 1% (v/v) osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, and embedded in PolyBed 812 resin (Polysciences, Inc. , Germany). Ultrathin longitudinal sections (60-80 nm) of the cell layer were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined at 80 kV with a Zeiss EM 910 electron microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Acquisition was done with a Quemesa CDD camera and the iTEM software (Emsis GmbH, Germany). Images were cropped with Adobe Photoshop. HUVEC cell culture. HUVECs were from PromoCell and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium 2 (PromoCell) in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 at 37 °C. Medium was changed three times per week and cells were passaged at 80-90% confluence. Angiogenesis tube formation assay. We performed HUVEC tube formation assay with angiogenesis µ-slides (IBIDI) as a well-established in vitro angiogenesis assays to test for endothelial characteristics in PAX7null and PAX7 proficient muscle cells.
In all, 10-20 cryosections were analyzed per muscle and per mouse. For qPCR analysis, we used two reference genes and provided data against GAPDH. All statistical analysis and graphs were performed using Graph-Pad Prism Software (version 8. 0). Two-tailed t tests are detailed for each applicable figure. Reporting summary. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.
Acknowledgements We thank the patients without whom our research could not have been conducted. We thank  Stephanie Meyer-Liesener ,  Stefanie Haafke ,  Adrienne Rothe ,  Carolin Gärtner , and  Andrea Behm  for excellent technical assistance and  Susanne Wissler  for help with Endnote. We also thank  Denise Reichling  for preparatory experiments in reconstituting PAX7 in PAX7-negative muscle cells. We thank  Alexej Zhogov  for his help in histological characterization of transplanted cells. We thank  Holger Gerhardt  for having discussed lineage and experiments regarding endothial cell fate of PAX7null cells. The research was supported by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  ( DFG SP 1152/12-1  to SiSp (as part of  ANR-15-OE13-0011-SATNET ),  DFG RA 838/8-2  to NR), the  International Research Training Program "MyoGrad" (DFG ;  IGK1631  to SiSp), the  Clinician Scientist Program of the Berlin Institute of Health  (J.
Data availability The data sets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Whole-exome data, bulk RNA-seq data, and single-cell sequencing data are available at. SRA accession: PRJNA481958. The SRA records will be accessible with the following link after the indicated release date: https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/sra/PRJNA481958. All source data underlying Figs. 1 2 3 4 , and Supplementary Figure  1 -10 are provided in Source Data file.
Macaca expression microarray and choice of samples RNA from cerebral cortex (30 ng) and from blood sample (30 ng) were labelled using Low Input Quick Amp WT Labeling kit (Agilent Technologies). RNA spike-in controls were used to adjust possible dye effects. RNA was converted to cDNA. T7 RNA polymerase was used for the synthesis and labelling of cRNA with Cy3. An equal amount (3. 75 lg) of Cy3 cRNA probes was hybridized on 4 9 44 k Agilent DNA chip (catalogue# G2519F, Macacca mulatta). Hybridization was performed for 17 h. Hybridization images were obtained using Agilent DNA microarray scanner and intensity data were extracted using Feature Extraction software (Agilent Technologies). This array contains 43,803 rhesus macaque monkey probes. These probes are sourced from RefSeq (Release 37, Oct 2009), Unigene (Release 13, Oct 2009), UCSC MRNA (Oct 2009), Ensembl (Release 56, Sep 2009), UCSC RheMac2 (Jan 2006).