dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Conclusions A critical and careful analysis of large experimental and theoretical datasets has been carried out. Translation between the normal mode and local mode treatments is explored and the local mode labels of BYTe which are used to provide quantum numbers in the new dataset. Section 2 species a complete set of quantum labels which uniquely describes all ammonia's rovibrational energy levels; no such complete set appears to have been previous specified for this system. Whilst data belonging to HITRAN, usually being the result of Hamiltonian fits, are retained where desirable, new assignments and labelings are made using both CD's and the BYTe line list in regions where new Hamiltonian fits were either not feasible or not worthwhile. Results indicate a total of 360 new assignments as well as a further 382 new upper labelings are obtained for the problem HITRAN lines as tabulated in Table  4.
7 Â 10 -4 cm -1 and verified quantum labels in the range 0-5300 cm -1. Lines for which assignments were questioned for any of the aforementioned reasons have been included with their previous HITRAN assignments but are marked as unassigned. In total 9979 of the HITRAN Einstein A coefficients have been altered by more than 1% in this work, since new J, Γ and lower energy values alter predictions of A values derived from the experimental intensities. The new line list includes these updated A values along with 2800 updated values for the statistical weights. In terms of the HITRAN data we suggest the inclusion of both vibrational and total symmetry species as well as the addition of L 3 and L 4 labels to future releases of HITRAN. The new data format, XSAMS  [61]  and on-line services being developed by the Virtual Atomic and Molecular Data Center (VAMDC)  [62]  have the flexibility to describe all the necessary quantum numbers.
This new HITRAN online service is now available as part of the 2012 release  [63]. This analysis improves the reliability of the HITRAN dataset as a tool for assignment and identification of spectra; in particular the temperature dependence is improved by correction of lower assignments. Recently published analysis by Sung et al. [36]  and Cacciani et al. [58]  provide a considerable number of assignments in the 6000-6300 cm -1 region which should be used to further extend the HITRAN dataset. We supply an updated and improved 14 NH 3 line list in HITRAN format in the supplementary data with all assignments converted to the recommended labels of Eq. (1). A file containing our recommended experimental energy levels is also supplied for use in any future analysis of ammonia containing spectra.
Acknowledgments This work is supported by a the  UK Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC)  via a studentship to MJD, by  ERC  Advanced Investigator Project  267219  and the  VAMDC  project which is funded by the  European Union   INFRA-2008-1. 2. 2   Scientific Data Infrastructure program  under Grant Agreement number  239108. Part of the research described in this paper was performed at the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , under contracts and grants with the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Samples were then stored at À18 C in aluminium foil, sealed in polyethylene bags until analysis. Six field blank samples were also prepared following the same procedure. The collected aerosol was comprehensively characterised, and data are thoroughly presented and discussed in El  Haddad et al. (2011a,b)  and  Favez et al. (2010) , for Marseille and Grenoble campaigns, respectively. In particular, data used in this study comprise concentrations of EC and OC, analysed using the thermo-optical transmission method with a Sunset Lab analyzer and following EUSAAR2 temperature program proposed by  Cavalli et al. (2010). The same samples were characterised for the functional group content of the organic carbon, FG [nmol m À3 ]. As fully presented in Appendix A, functional group analysis was performed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-tandem mass spectrometry.
Acknowledgement This work was funded by «Le Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement et de l'Aménagement Durable» and by «l'Agence gouvernementale De l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME)», under the PRIMEQUAL2 grant n 0001135 (FORMES project). Imad El Haddad is grateful to the Swiss national science foundation (SNSF) for the postdoctoral fellowship e SNSF_SAPMAV_200021_130169.
Eq. (  1 ) can be expressed as a function of the functionalisation rates of OC  [&]  emitted from the considered sources (RF i ) and the concentrations [mmol m À3 ] of OC derived from these sources (OC i ), as presented in Eq. (  2 ). That is, the parameters RF i can be inferred from the FG measured and the OC i matrices included as inputs in the equations. FG measured ¼ FG 1 þ FG 2 þ / þ FG n þ x ¼ X n i FG i þ x (1) FG measured ¼ RF 1 Â OC 1 þ RF 2 Â OC 2 þ / þ RF n Â OC n þ x ¼ X n i RF i Â OC i þ x (2) In practice, for each functional group, Eq. (  2 ) is resolved using a weighted least square solution, where the two datasets of Grenoble and Marseille are included simultaneously. In our case, the organic aerosol source contributions (OCi, in mmol m À3 ) were apportioned using a CMB model that takes into consideration the three most predominant sources, including fossil fuel combustion-PfOA, biomass burning-BBOA and secondary sources-SOA (see El  Haddad et al.
The approach followed by regional coordinators included the following steps: Address initial email to national public health association contact given by EUPHA office. Offer to contact by telephone (ask for a time, date and number to establish the contact). Ask the first contact to suggest another person to be contacted if the first contact was unable to provide information. Offer assistance in organizing the information and fulfilling the forms. If no answer, use alternative contacts in the same country. Two sets of data were requested: In the first year, information was collected describing national public health research calls and programmes and public health research structures. The protocol for programmes and calls was developed iteratively. The focus was restricted to programmes and calls opened in 2010 only, to standardize the task and to improve feasibility.
Performance of national public health associations In the first phase of PHIRE, contact was made with informants of 25 countries. Of these, 16 countries identified at least one public health research programme or call opened in 2010 (Table  4 ). Two countries provided the majority of the responses-25 for France and 14 for UK. Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark also had differentiated research programmes, although this was not only a function of programme size as Spain and Romania each reported single large programmes. Four countries with national associations-Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia and Hungary-did not  provide any response, whereas Luxembourg had no national public health association. In coordinating the second phase of data gathering from NPHAs, there were 249 emails sent and 127 replies were received.
The system was introduced in 1992/1993 and has been updated annually since then. Data for this study cover the period to July 2010 and include 18 years of monitoring of vital events. Each year, well-trained fieldworkers visited every household in the study area, asked about vital events which had occurred since the last visit, and updated the household roster. In cases of death having occurred, a verbal autopsy was conducted with the closest caregiver of the deceased, by specially-trained lay fieldworkers, in order to establish signs and symptoms of the terminal illness, lifestyle risk factors, and treatments. The interview was conducted using a 25-page comprehensive questionnaire (available on request from the authors), which included open and closed questions, and was written both in English and Shangaan, the local language.
Discussion The level of maternal mortality sustained in the Agincourt subdistrict was surprisingly high for a middle-income country like South Africa, as has been noted at national level. 14 The level of obstetrical mortality documented corresponded to that of Sweden around 1900; 1 while the level of pregnancyrelated deaths matched the highest levels recorded in African Demographic and Health Surveys. 35 This occurred despite the relatively small proportion of deaths due to maternal causes in women 15 years-49 years, a fraction much lower than in comparable situations elsewhere. 35 This is a new pattern which deserves further attention and has implications for mathematical models based on these proportions. The Agincourt HDSS data include all maternal deaths that occurred in the study area population over the study period, irrespective of the place of death.
Acknowledgments The Agincourt health and sociodemographic surveillance system has been funded by The  Wellcome Trust, UK  (Grants  058893/Z/99/A; 069683/Z/02/Z ;  085477/Z/08/Z ), with important contributions from The  William and Flora Hewlett Foundation ,  National Institute on Aging  of the  NIH , and  The Andrew W Mellon Foundation, USA. The  School of Public Health and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , and the  Medical Research Council ,  South Africa , have provided vital support. We greatly value the involvement of community leaders, study participants, and district and provincial managers in health, education, and other government sectors.
And all of them signed the written consent. The study was approved by the Committee of Research Ethics at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Combination of methods have been used for data collection which included observation (for job and tasks analysis that contain repetitive movements), and interview (workers explaining how the work was done, their musculoskeletal disorders symptoms, and assessment of body movements during work). Our approach for doing this study was Nordic Questionnaire method (NMQ), and Occupational Repetitive Action (OCRA). OCRA method was used to analyze different jobs and tasks and to evaluate quantitative index for determination and classification of ergonomic risk level among various repetitive work activities. The overall index of OCRA is calculated by dividing the total number of technical actions performed during the work period on the total number of recommended technical actions.
Patients with focal brain lesions other than a single lacunar infarct or with possible chronic hydrocephalus were also excluded. All subjects gave informed written consent and the study was approved by the local ethical committee (University Paris VI, INSERM: RBM: 02-60, ClinicalTrials. gov Registration: NCT00139321). All patients performed the test procedure at the time of inclusion (see below), but after a prospective follow-up of more than 4 years, 20 were diagnosed with HLGD (9F/ 11M, mean age [SD]: 77. 0  [6. 8]  years; mean disease duration [SD]: 3. 9 [2. 9] years) and compared to 20 agematched controls (10F/10M; mean age [SD]: 76. 1 [6. 6] years). Ten patients were finally excluded because they developed PD (n = 2), multiple system atrophy (MSA) (n = 3), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (n = 1), frontotemporal dementia (n = 1), cerebellar ataxia (n = 2) or vascular parkinsonism (n = 1).
Image acquisition and processing Among the 40 subjects, 16 HLGD patients were recruited for the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study (8F/8M, mean age: 75. 7  [5. 7]  years), because MRI acquisition or processing problems preventing further analysis occurred for four patients. These were compared to 16 controls (8F/ 7M, mean age: 69. 2 [5. 9] years). Images were acquired using a standard head coil on a 1. 5 T General Electric Signa TM magnet  [11]. First, MRI scans were examined for any signal abnormalities (leukoaraiosis or lacunar infarctions) in the white matter. The extent of leukoaraiosis was graded from none (grade 0) to severe (grade 4)  [28]. Second, three morphometric analyses were performed: (1) measurement, by manual delineation, of the mesencephalic surface area on T2 images, normalised by division with the brain parenchymal volume (automatically measured on T1 images using the fslstats function, FMRIB's Software Library)  [11] ; (2) calculation of the magnetic resonance parkinsonism index (MRPI), as previously described  [29] , shown to predict the progression of clinically unclassified parkinsonism towards PSP phenotypes  [30] ; and (3) a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis of T1 images to examine the changes in the grey and white matter concentration with the Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 software package (SPM8, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, UK).
Acknowledgments This study was supported by the  Institut National de la Recherche Medicale , the  'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere' (ICM) Foundation , the  'Regie Autonome des Transports Parisiens' (RATP) , the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche Programme for Young Researchers  ( R05121DS ) and  ANR-06-NEURO-006-01. We extend our deepest thanks to all the patients who participated in this research with great dedication.
Population The study was based on the data from the Survey of Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition (SLÁN) 2007, which is the third SLÁN in Ireland. Commissioned by the Department of Health and Children, this periodical national cross-sectional survey covers questions regarding health, health behaviours, demographic factors and various aspects of living conditions of respondents. The 2007 survey comprised face-to-face interviews of 10 364 adults, 4369 men and 5995 women (aged 18 years or more) in private households in the Republic of Ireland and the response rate was 62%. The sampling and weighting of this survey were performed to make it representative of the national Irish population. The GeoDirectory, an anonymous list of all addresses in the Republic of Ireland, was used as the sampling frame.
gsi. go. jp/). Land uses were mapped based on a multitemporal and multispectral classification of images from SPOT-4 and SPOT-5 satellites. Differences of spectral properties (surface reflectances) between the different land uses of interest (i. e. , forests, cropland, built-up areas and surface water areas) allowed their spatial discrimination using a supervised classification methodology, under ENVI4. 8 software. A hillslope-toriver connectivity index was computed to outline the spatial linkages and the potential connection between the sediment eroded from hillslopes by runoff and water erosion processes and the river channels  14, 15. This landscape-based connectivity index combines two types of algorithms usually used separately in many geomorphological studies to assess hydrological and sediment connectivity within catchments, i.
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by  ANR  and  JST in the framework of the joint TOFU ANR Flash/J-RAPID Franco-Japanese project  ( ANR-11-JAPN-001 ), and by  CEA (Direction des Relations Internationales)  and  UVSQ (Bonus de QualiteInternationale)  grants. Fieldwork assistance by  K. Hisadome ,  F. Kono ,  H. Kato  was greatly appreciated. SPOT-Image  and the  French national CNES-ISIS  programme are also acknowledged for providing the SPOT data.
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). We analyzed data from NHIS-a series of cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys which used a three-stage stratified cluster probability sampling design to conduct in-person interviews in samples of noninstitutionalized US civilian households. A complete description of NHIS procedures is available elsewhere  [17]. In short, each week (on a continuous basis throughout the calendar year), a probability sample of households was interviewed by trained personnel from the US Bureau of the Census to obtain information about health and other characteristics of each member of the sampled household. The interviews were conducted using computerassisted personal interviewing (CAPI). Information collected for all family members included household composition and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as indicators of health status, activity limitations, injuries, health insurance coverage, and access to and utilization of health care services.
Study Participants. Participants included self-reported non-hispanic white or non-hispanic black (henceforth, white and black) adults aged 25 through 75 years. Participants were excluded if they (1) were born outside the US; (2) reported having a history of cancer and/or heart disease; (3) were pregnant; (4) had missing data on height, weight, educational attainment, or smoking status; or (5) had an extreme body mass index (BMI)-that is, either <15 or >55 kg/m 2. Our final sample comprised of 174,228 adults (Figure  1 ).
Although white women remained the leanest group throughout the study period, their mean BMI was above 26 kg/m 2 at the end of the study. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study included participants (5,115 black and white men and women) with ages that ranged from 18 to 30 years and found an inverse, cross-sectional association of education with obesity among white women, a positive association among black men, and no significant relationship among both white men and black women  [13]. CARDIA participants with limited age ranges had BMI measurements taken once in the late 1980s and were recruited from 4 urban areas of the USA. Nonetheless, this population may not be nationally representative. Another study without trend data found that the largest racial/ethnic disparity in obesity was between US-born black and white women  [14].
However, this study also found that high education attenuated the black-white disparity among women and increased the disparities in men, which was in contrast to our study findings  [14]. They used data collected from 1988 to 1994 and employed a concentration index to assess socioeconomic inequality in the distribution of obesity. Using NHANES data pooled from 1999 to 2000, overall, persons in the United States with less than a high school education had a higher prevalence of obesity than their counterparts with more education, with the exception of black women with less than a high school education who had the lowest obesity prevalence compared to those with a higher level educational attainment  [14]. In contrast, our study found that the highest overweight/obesity prevalence rates were observed in black women with less than a high school education.
Black women with less than a high school education have been shown to have the lowest obesity prevalence compared to black women with higher educational levels. There are several limitations of our study that deserve to be mentioned. First, our data are based on self-report, and thus differential misclassification by race in ascertaining height and weight to estimate BMI is possible. Second, the three educational levels were fairly broad, and it is likely that blacks are closer to the lower cut-off of each education level than whites, which may result in residual confounding. Additionally, even at the same levels, education, as a marker of SES, may not have the same social and health benefits or construct validity across racial/ethnic groups  [5, 14]. Important to our relationships of interest, we were also unable (like many studies) to assess education quality versus attainment, adjust for finer categories of smoking status, which is associated with lower BMI, or discern cohabiting couples from those who were married or single.
Acknowledgments Dr. Brancati  was supported by a Grant from  NIDDK  ( K24 DK62222 ). Drs. Yeh ,  Wang , and  Brancati  were supported by a  Diabetes Research and Training Center Grant , also from  NIDDK  ( P60 DK079637 ). Dr. Thorpe is supported by a  NIH P60 Center of Excellence NIMHD   Center Grant  ( P60MD000214 ). Dr. Jackson was supported by a  C. Sylvia  and  Eddie C. Brown Scholarship  from the  Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  and the  TREC  Grant ( 1U54CA155626-01 ).
Health data The dependant variable is infant mortality, defined as all cases of deaths of infants less than 1 year old. The data was collected from all city halls of each municipality by those involved in the "Equit' Area" project (www. equitarea. org). Each case was geocoded on the basis of the parents' postal address using CAZU software produced by INSEE (National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies) which assigns street names and numbers to census blocks (2000 inhabitants on average). The exhaustiveness of the death data is 96,5%, by comparing the total number of cases collected from the death and birth registries of the study area City Halls with the cases obtained from the National Epidemiological Center for Medical Causes of Death (CepiDc-Inserm). Due to the mortality statistical system in France, whose smallest spatial resolution scale is the city, no data exists at a census block level, a limitation that forced us to visit the death registries in all municipalities to retrieve the information.
Socioeconomic index Socioeconomic and demographic data (income, level of education, employment, immigration, etc. ) were obtained from the 2006 census conducted by INSEE at census block level. In order to characterize the neighbourhood deprivation level, we used a deprivation index. This measure combines material and social aspects of deprivation to measure the overall socioeconomic status. It includes variables related to education, income, occupation, unemployment, and immigration (see Table  1 ) to cover and capture the different dimensions of the deprivation. Successive principal-component analyses were used to create the deprivation index based on Lalloue et al. [44]. The measure of neighborhood deprivation was categorized into three groups according to the tertiles of the index distribution (Table  1 ): low, moderate and high deprivation (Table  1 ).
Green space index Spatial land cover datasets for Lyon Metropolitan area were sought and processed using ArcMap GIS software (ESRI) to produce a green space index. The definition of green space included natural area (e. g. parks, forest) as these are generally treated as green space in the literature. Our greenness index represented proportion of the geographical area (km 2 ) of green space in the total area of census block. This index, measured in each census block, was categorized into three groups defined according to the tertiles of the index distribution: low, moderate and high greenness.
Statistical analysis Spatial methodology The spatial scan statistics implemented in SaTScan software  [45]  were used to carry out a cluster analysis to determine the spatial aggregation of infant mortality. This approach showed the presence of high risk clusters of infant mortality named "most likely clusters" and their spatial location. The number of cases in each census block was assumed to follow a Poisson distribution. The method used by SaTScan imposes a circular scanning window of variable radius (from zero up to 50% of the population size  [46] ). This circular window was placed at each centroid of the census block and moved across the whole study area to compare the infant mortality rate in the windows with the rate expected under a random distribution. The identification of the most likely clusters was based on a likelihood ratio test  [47]  with an associated p-value obtained using Monte Carlo replications  [48].
Acknowledgments This project is funded by the  ANR (French National Research Agency) , contract- 2010-PRSP-002-01 ). This work was supported by the  ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency ) by a PhD grant for  Cindy Padilla. The authors would like to thank  Grégoire Rey  researcher at  INSERM, CépiDc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France  for his contribution.