dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The use of SAR radar imagery allows for spatial, temporal, regular, and precise tracking of surfaces, given the sensitivity of the radar signal to ground types and properties. The response of the radar signal is particularly sensitive to the topography, the ruggedness, and the humidity of the surface, which allows for determining changes which may have occurred between different data acquisitions. In order to achieve our goal, we produced multidate amplitude images (from 1992 to 2011) with a resolution of 12. 5 m, which we calibrated, filtered, georeferenced, and orthorectified. We also generated diachronic images based on the images thus obtained, showing the radiometric changes in the Sebkha and its surrounding areas at different intervals. We drew a map of the great Oran Sebkha, extracted its morphometric parameters, and analysed and interpreted the results obtained over this 19-year period.
SAR radar data The acquisition of SAR images was provided by ESA (European Space Agency) as part of a project on the detection and monitoring of risk areas in the Oran region of Algeria. We employed 9 PRI images (Precision Image) of the ERS-1/2 satellites, as indicated in Table  1. These images cover an area of 100 km (range) × 102. 5 km (azimuth) with descending acquisition. The scene is illuminated to the right in a side view with an angle of incidence of 23°, in the band "C" of wavelength 5. 65 cm and vertical polarization (VV). These 9 images were chosen based on their acquisition dates, corresponding to the seasons of precipitation in the region. Generally, in November, December, and January, the bed of Sebkha is filled with water, which facilitates delimitation. To better interpret the results obtained, we needed information on the daily metrological conditions of each acquisition date, as shown in Table  2.
Acknowledgments The authors thank the  European Space Agency (ESA)  for providing the SAR images of the ERS and ENVISAT satellites as part of a research project on the detection and surveillance of risk areas in the Oran region, Algeria. We also thank  Professor Emeritus Taffy MARTIN , from the  University of Poitiers , for proofreading the entire article. K. H. (Ph. D. ) conceived the idea presented, performed the image processing and numerical calculations and took the initiative to write the manuscript. Y. A. (Ph. D. student) did the biographical study, processed and produced the maps. M. D. (Ph. D. ) described the methodology adopted and performed the verification and analysis of the results. A. O. B. (Ph. D. ) helped supervise the project, organized the design and implementation of the research.
Acknowledgments We thank Carlos Bercini, Frank Coronado, Matheus Fabri, Andrea Guerrieri, Matt Headrick, Alexandre Homrich, Joao Penedones, Balt van Rees, Jon Toledo, Sasha Zamolodchikov for very useful discussions. M. K. is grateful the DOE that supported in part this work through grants DE-SC0007884 and DE-SC0019202 as well to the Keck Foundation that also provided partial support for this work. The work of M. K. also benefited from the 2019 Pollica summer workshop, which was supported in part by the Simons Foundation (Simons Collaboration on the Non-perturbative Bootstrap) and in part by the INFN. Research at the Perimeter Institute is supported in part by the Government of Canada through NSERC and by the Province of Ontario through MRI. This work was additionally supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PV: #488661) and FAPESP grants 2016/01343-7 and 2017/03303-1.
vars=Variables[S[1/2]]; Finally we prepare the unitarity constraints unit[t_]=ComplexExpand[Re[#1]]^2 + ComplexExpand[Im[#1]]^2 <= 1 & /@ S[t]; Unitarity=And@@Flatten[unit /@N[Range[0,2*Pi/w,2*Pi/(w*gridPoints)],500]]; and define the components σ 1 and σ 2 since we will be plotting the allowed space in this plane. These components are simple combinations of the S-matrix irreps which looks for the slate boundary point with angle α normal. We can run it for many alphas to generate a beautiful plot,  13 Dynamic[ProgressIndicator[a,{0,\ {s1,s2} = ({(#1[[3]] -#1[[2]])/2, (#1[[3]] + #1[[2]])/2} & )[ [Pi]}]] ListLinePlot[Join[#,-#]&@Table[{s2,s1}/. fsol[a][[2]],{a,0,Pi,Pi/plotPts}],Mesh->All] The reader who runs this Mathematica code should hopefully have obtained the blue dots in figure  12. The red dots correspond to the dual solution of the next section.
Resistome of OXA-23-/OXA-58-producing P. mirabilis isolates. WGS of all the OXA-23-and OXA-58-producing P. mirabilis isolates (n = 22) of this study along with OXA-58-producing P. mirabilis 1091, and OXA-23-producing P. mirabilis S4  11, 16  were performed using Illumina technology. Resistomes were determined using the Resfinder 3. 1 and the CARD database  17, 18. They are summarized in Table  S2. The P. mirabilis VAC possessed the highest number of acquired resistance determinants. It carried multiple aminoglycoside resistance genes (two copies of aph(6′)-Id, three copies of aph(3″)-Ib, aac(3)-IV, aph(4)-Ia, aadA1, aadA14-like, two copies   S2 ). Accordingly, this strain was selected as reference for further analyses and sequenced using the PacBio technology. Sequencing gave 27,741 reads representing a total of 166 521,740 nucleotides.
The genome of P. mirabilis VAC was reconstructed and was 4. 08 Mb in size with a GC content of 39% (Fig. 2A ). phylogenetic analysis of bla oXA -containing P. mirabilis isolates. To dive deeper into the understanding of the dissemination of the bla OXA-23 or bla OXA-58 genes, the genome sequences of all sequenced P. mirabilis isolates were compared. In addition, 122 available reference genomes of P. mirabilis from GenBank were also included in the analysis (Table  S2 ). Surprisingly, 22 of the 24 CHDL-producing isolates, including the OXA-23-producing P. mirabilis S4 and the OXA-58-producing P. mirabilis 1091, belonged to the same lineage (Fig. 3 ). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) count revealed that 22 isolates possessed the same background (less than 50 SNPs vs > 2000 SNPs for unrelated clones) confirming that all these isolates belonged to the same lineage.
Finally, GI6 contains a putative type VI secretion system encoding operon. In P. mirabilis VAC, the bla OXA-23 gene is carried on GI1 of 55-kb in size. It is bracketed by two copies of IS15∆II, an IS26 point mutant variant belonging to the IS6 family  20. IS15∆II themselves are bracketed by a target site duplication (TSD) TAATTTCC (Fig. 2B ), typical of IS15∆II (as well as IS26) transposition events  [21] [22] [23]. This composite transposon was named Tn6703 according to the transposon registry database (https://transposon. lstmed. ac. uk/). It has been previously demonstrated that at least 6 copies of bla OXA-58 gene were duplicated in tandem in P. mirabilis 1091  11. Conversely to what was reported in P. mirabilis 1091 isolate, only one copy of the bla OXA-23 gene was present in all isolates of the main clone (ratio bla OXA-23 /housekeeping genes at 1).
Phylogenetic relationship of the 24 OXA-23 and OXA-58-producing P. mirabilis isolates with 121 reference genomes of P. mirabilis from GenBank. The phylogenetic tree was obtained using CSI phylogeny v1. 4  43. Carbapenemase producing isolates are labelled with their respective coloured symbols. two aminoglycoside resistance genes (aph(6′)-Id and aph(3′)-Ib) and two genes involved in plasmid transfer (traA/traD). This structure was identified in all OXA-23-producing P. mirabilis of this study. Intriguingly, close to this region and only in P. mirabilis VAC, a fragment of Tn6260 carrying lnu(G) resistance gene originating from Enterococcus faecalis was identified  26. The lnu(G) gene was bracketed by two copies of ISCR2, an IS91-like mobile element. Ultimately, two copies of IS15∆II bracketed this MDR GI with a TSD of 8-bp (TAATTTCC) leading to a putative composite transposon.
P. mirabilis BB2000 reference strain (CP004022) also harboured this prophage, but neither Tn6703 nor any resistance genes were inserted in it (Fig. 2B. ). In the unrelated P. mirabilis 160A10, the bla OXA-23 gene was also part of a Tn6703-like element. However, since 160A10 possessed an intact homolog of the phage Burkho_BcepB1A tail protein-encoding gene (GenBank NC005886). To decipher the genetic context of the carbapenemase gene in this isolate, P. mirabilis 160A10 was sequenced using MinIon technology. In this isolate, the bla OXA-23 gene is carried by a conjugative plasmid of 67 kb in size (Fig. S2 ). This plasmid carried a full transfer operon and was not typeable using PlasmidFinder v2. 1 for replicon typing of Enterobacterales. The bla OXA-23 gene was present within a fragment of Tn6703 carried by the plasmid (Fig.
S2 ) The other resistance genes (aadA1, sat2 and dfrA1) were identified within a class 2 integron carried by a Tn7 transposon (GI5) (Fig. 2C. ). This transposon has been identified in many isolates of P. mirabilis  27. As previously reported, the class 2 integrase gene contains a premature stop codon leading to a pseudo-gene (Fig. 2C. )  28. the bla OXA-58 gene might be mobilized by XerC/XerD recombination events. Within P. mirabilis CNR20130297, the bla OXA-58 gene is carried on a plasmid of 6,219 bp that shared 99,9% nucleotide identity (only one SNP), with plasmid p10797-OXA-58 (KU871396). This plasmid has been previously identified in a OXA-58-producing P. mirabilis from Germany  12. The plasmid replicase showed 51% amino acid identity with a replicase of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (GenBank accession number WP_029214130.
1) and to a lesser extent with another replicase of Acinetobacter lwoffii (50% amino acid identity) (GenBank accession number WP_005102557. 1). Analysis of the closed genetic environment of the bla OXA-58 gene revealed that XerC-XerD recombination was likely involved in its acquisition (Fig. 2D. ). The process of site-specific recombination can be performed by two chromosomally-encoded tyrosine recombinases (XerC and XerD). These recombinases recognize a 28-bp recombination site named dif and may allow resolution of the recombination event  29. XerC and XerD recombination sites are composed of two sequences of 11 nucleotides separated by a spacer of 6 nucleotides  30. In P. mirabilis 1091, the bla OXA-58 gene was bracketed by two fragments of ISAba3, and a gene coding for a cephalosporinase as previously described  11, 31.
Interestingly, the recently described OXA-58-producing P. mirabilis 1091 isolate 11 also belonged to this lineage (Fig. 3 ). The comparison with genomes recovered from GenBank revealed that this lineage is distantly related to others lineages except a branch represented by three isolates (NEYX02. 1, LDIU01. 1 and NJFA02. 1). Nevertheless, despite being of the same lineage, these three isolates that do not carry any carbapenemase-encoding gene, are not part of this OXA-23/OXA-58-producing "successful" clone (4000 to 5000 SNPs) (Fig. 3  and Table  S3 ). The bla OXA-23 gene is part of a Tn6704, which is embedded in a 55-kb DNA sequence bracketed by two copies of IS15∆II, thus forming a composite transposon, named Tn6703. This transposon is bracketed by an 8-bp target site duplication compatible with an IS15∆II-mediated transposition event  [21] [22] [23].
Bioinformatic analysis. De novo assembly and read mappings were performed using CLC Genomics Workbench v10. 1 (Qiagen, Les Ulis, France). The acquired antimicrobial resistance genes were identified using Resfinder server v3. 1 (https://cge. cbs. dtu. dk/services/ResFinder/) and CARD database (https://card. mcmaster. ca)  17, 18. The genome was annotated using the RAST server  41. Detection of phage was performed using the PHASTER server (www. phaster. ca)  42. Genomic Island were detected using Island Viewer 4 (http://www. pathogenomics. sfu. ca/islandviewer/). Phylogenetic analysis was performed using CSIPhylogeny v1. 4  43. The parameters used were as follows: minimum distance between SNPs at 10 bp, minimum Z-score at 1. 96, and minimum depth at 10X with a relative depth at 10% per position.
The copy number of bla OXA-23 was assessed to identify a potential gene duplication event as observed for bla OXA-58. The gene copy number was calculated using the ratio of the coverage of the bla OXA-23 gene and that of distantly located single copy chromosomal genes (rpoB, dnaA and mdh). Insertion sequences were identified using the ISfinder database  44. transfer of β-lactam resistance determinants. Plasmids were extracted using Kieser's method as previously described  45. Plasmids were extracted using Kieser's method and subsequently analysed by electrophoresis on a 0. 7% agarose gel as previously described  45  , and attempted to be introduced by electroporation into E. coli TOP10. Recombinant E. coli were selected on TSA supplemented with 50 µg/ml of amoxicillin as previously described  39.
Conjugation assays using P. mirabilis isolates as donors and E. coli J53 as recipient strains were performed as previously described  46. ethic statements. No animal or human experiments were performed in this study. All the human isolates were sent anonymously to the NRCs, and none of the authors had access to any identifying information along with the isolates, and that thus ethical approvals and informed consents were not needed. Nucleotide sequence accession number. The whole genome sequences generated in the study have been submitted to the GenBank nucleotide sequence database under the accession numbers detailed in Table  1. The nucleotide sequence of the 6-kb plasmid carrying bla OXA-58 in P. mirabilis CNR20130297 was submitted to the GenBank nucleotide sequence database under the accession number MK533136.
Acknowledgements We want to thanks  Pasteur International Bioressources Networking (PibNet, Paris, France)  for providing whole genome sequencing facilities. We would like to thank the  Transposon Registry  for transposon nomenclature (https://transposon. lstmed. ac. uk/tn-registry). We thank INTEGRALL database for integron and gene cassette nomenclatures. This work was partially funded by the  University Paris-Sud ,  France. LD , TN and RAB are members of the  Laboratory of Excellence in Research on Medication and Innovative Therapeutics (LERMIT)  supported by a grant from the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-10-LABX-33 ) and by the  Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance (JPIAMR) DesInMBL  [ ANR-14-JAMR-002 ].
Then, of each stratum, proportional to population density between three to seven community centers were randomly selected (clusters). Data were collected from eligible participants at each cluster during two to 4 days to reach a predetermined sample size. All participants were asked to complete the study questionnaires in a calm setting. In the case of illiterate individuals the main investigator (MM) helped people to complete the questionnaires. In all instances completion of the questionnaires took about 15 min. The inclusion criteria were as follows: older adults aged 60 years and above, living in Tehran, ability to talk in Persian, not suffering from hearing loss or any mental or cognitive disorders (getting a score of 7 or higher on the Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS) which was administered as part of this study.
Confirmatory factor analysis The factor structure obtained with EFA was assessed and validated using maximum likelihood CFA with 250 participants. Based on the modification indices, one of measurement errors (between items 21 and 22) was allowed to freely co-vary (Fig. 1 ). Thus after reviewing model misfit, the single factor consisting of 19 items with good fit to the data was achieved. The fit indices were as follows: χ2 = 258. 05, DF = 145, CMIN/DF = 1. 78, RMSEA = 0. 04, PCFI = 0. 82, PNFI = 0. 79 AGFI = 0. 93 IFI = 0. 97 CFI = 0. 97. All values had acceptable thresholds and confirmed the hypothesized measurement model for the instrument (Table  3 ).
Detector simulation and performance tests The ESSνSB detector working group has developed EsbRoot for detector simulations and event reconstruction based on the FairRoot framework, an open-source software for simulation, reconstruction and data analysis at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR). However, for the design of water Cherenkov (WC) detectors envisioned as a near detector (ND) as well as the far detector (FD), an additional open-source simulation package called WCSim, is being used. WCSim is based on Geant4  [2]  and ROOT. A generalised particle source for basic diagnostic tests of the detector geometry and reconstruction algorithms has been used, as well as a Monte-Carlo neutrino event generator GENIE  [3]  on the estimated neutrino flux from ESS for more realistic event simulations and detector response evaluations.
Event visualization An effort to develop an informative and versatile event display software for ESSνSB was undertaken in parallel with the detector design studies. Such a tool is also valuable for education and outreach activities for a long-term scientific project such as ESSνSB. As a product of this aim, EsbRootView is capable of rendering 3D graphics of nearand far-detector hits and geometries, and is compatible with multiple operating systems: Linux/X11, Windows/Win32, macOS/Cocoa, iOS and Android. EsbRootView is built by using the "softinex" library developed at Orsay  [9]. Two event display examples from EsbRootView are shown in Fig. 2. EsbRootView is also capable of replaying an event from simulated detector hits as a video clip with adjustable speed and time range settings, based on the simulation geometry and time information.
Summary and outlook The working group for the detector performance of ESSνSB has been simulating and evaluating options for both ND and FD. Multiple simulation, analysis and software frameworks were adopted from various external collaborations in order to expedite the design process, but will eventually be integrated into the final software framework EsbRoot. A powerful and informative event display toolkit for detector diagnostics and public outreach purposes is available on multiple platforms as EsbRootView. The expected performance of a small-scale WC detector and SFGD are being examined as a function of the geometry. The priority is on tuning the reconstruction software to yield the highest attainable accuracy on lepton identification and best correlated migration matrices, in the context of low-energy neutrino events from ESS.
e simulation considers the different road geometries: single-lane with a two-way traffic of 3. 75 m width; an intermediate lane of 5. 50 m width; twolane road of 7. 5 m width; and four-lane road. A new approach called potential field model designated for modelling of a two-way traffic stream was reported in the study of Chakroborty et al. [83]. e paper reported on two response models of a given driving simulation: steering response model (SRM) to estimate the veering angle over time and acceleration response model to determine the rate of acceleration/deceleration over time. Obstacles or any potential threats on the road form the primary feature of this field model. e potential risks associated with the barriers are measured in the construction of potential field function. However, this model was proven unfit to model the over-capacity or congested traffic due to insufficient data on individual driver behaviour under such conditions.
e lateral displacement of vehicles is determined based on a factor called 'benefit', which is measured as the variability between the safe speed surrounding the subject vehicle and current strips. Additionally, the observed data demonstrated that with the decrease in the width of the pieces, more information can be obtained, thus resulting in better allocation of road space. However, the model has its drawback in a manner that it is unable to understand the two-wheeler behaviour as observed in heterogeneous traffic conditions Lan et al. [90]. A datadriven model was proposed by Papathanasopoulou et al. [91]  to integrate comprehensive vehicle behaviour in diverse traffic conditions using the concept of temporary virtual lanes. It was found that incorporation of vehicle type and driver behaviour is critical to model diverse traffic conditions.
Field Observational Data on Two-Dimensional Traffic Conditions. A few studies have been conducted on analysing and understanding the real-time vehicular interactions at the microscopic level in the mixed traffic stream. A car-following theory with lateral discomfort was developed by formulating the following vehicle's movement as a function of the off-centre of the leader vehicles  [37]. Observations such as the reduction in the following distance with increment in the lateral headway between the leader and the follower vehicle and the dependence of the speed of the following vehicle on the route-width were reported. In fact, the spacing between the leader and the subject vehicles are dependent on the vehicle type in mixed traffic conditions  [40, 109]. e collection of data took place by global positioning system-(GPS-) enabled vehicles.
Abdul Manan et al. [120]  conducted an observational study on the factors leading to the erratic speed behaviour of certain motorcyclists. A new software for motorcycle data collection called MECHROM was developed. eir study observed that 42. 2% of the motorcyclists exceeded the speed limit, in which 28. 6% exceeded the 85 th percentile speed. Factors such as driver behaviour, motorcycle characteristics, and surrounding traffic stream had a majority impact on the excessive speeding of motorcyclists. By utilising trajectory data, Das et al. [121]  evaluated the parameters affecting the driver's time headway in staggered car-following situations. ey concluded that the lead vehicle dimensions affect the following headways of vehicles. More than 90% of the drivers in the staggered car-following condition maintained a headway of less than 2 s.
Also, the increase in centreline separation between different vehicle pairs resulted in lower headways. Munigety  [109]  determined a vehicle-type dependent lateral movement behaviour in which the vehicle is laterally displaced if the threshold value for lateral displacement equals to its own width. e observed data showed that the highest lateral movement occurred in the category of motorcycle, followed by car and heavy vehicle. e observational data on the number of lateral movements of two-wheelers within the lanes were collected as well. Das et al. [122]  proposed a dynamic data collection technique for accurate analysis of staggered carfollowing behaviour in mixed traffic streams. is new experimental study revealed that there exist a positive and an inverse relationship between the longitudinal gap (LG) and the centreline separation (CS).
Simulation Software Developed from Safe Distance Model. Based on the safe distance algorithm of the carfollowing approach, many simulation frameworks such as CORSIM, NETSIM, SUMO, AIMSUM, CARSIM, and SimTraffic have been developed  [36, 130, 131]. AIMSUM simulation framework has proved its capability in the modelling of dynamic vehicle assessment. Various researchers utilised AIMSUM for modelling and calibrating individual vehicle dynamics in urban roadways consisting of homogeneous traffic  [132] [133] [134]. However, for the mixed traffic scenario, Lenorzer et al. [41]  came up with a new model using the AIMSUM simulator. Various authors demonstrated the suitability of microsimulation framework CORSIM in mimicking the real-time traffic interactions and traffic control strategies. One of the models was proposed by Halati et al.