dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Multicriteria Optimization The multicriteria optimization of the enzymatic proteolysis process was implemented on technical and economic criteria. The optimum operating conditions for the production of target hydrolysate were thus sought in order to minimize two performance criteria: the reaction time and the enzymatic cost. A MATLAB ® program employing a geneticevolutionary algorithm developed in the laboratory  [26]  was used to identify the front and Pareto domain. A population of 2000 individuals was randomly generated by the program. Two main objective functions were set to minimize the enzymatic cost (in € per kg of proteins) and the time (h) of hydrolysis based on napin purity. To do so, cruciferin concentration was implemented, determined from the kinetic model obtained as a function of hydrolysis operating conditions (Equation (  4 )).
Briefly, protein peak integration was converted to protein mass concentration through the Beer-Lamber law by approximating the unknown mass extinction coefficient (ε Prot ) as previously described  [29]. Protein mass concentration was determined as following (Equation (  5 )): Cm Prot = Q V inj × l × RT f in RT ini A Prot ε Prot •dRT (5) where Q is the flow rate, V inj the injected volume, l the length path, A Prot the intensity signal at 214 nm of protein, ε Prot the mass extinction coefficient of protein and RT the retention time. The mass extinction coefficient of protein was given by (Equation (  6 )): ε Prot = ε liaison × n peptite bond + ∑ 20 i=1 ε amino acid × n amino acid MM Prot (6) The molar mass of proteins MM Prot were taken from available UniProt databases: BnC1 from Brassica napus [UniProt-P33523 (CRU1_BRANA)] for cruciferins and Napin-3 from Brassica napus [UniProt-P80208 (2SS3_BRANA)] for napins.
The intercept (b 0 ), linear (b 1 and b 2 ), quadratic (b 4 and b 5 ), and interaction (b 3 ) coefficients are presented. A robust linear fit regression model 'fitlm' from MATLAB ® was used to analyze the model correlation between the cruciferin kinetic constant k C and the operating conditions. Linear terms (b 1 , b 2 ) and interaction (b 3 ) have been found to have a high influence on the response. The quadratic term (b 4 ) of the E/S was not significant. The correlations between the experimental data and the model had high coefficients of determination: R 2 = 0. 99 and Q 2 = 0. 96, meaning that the model for k C prediction fitted the experimental data well and was robust to predict new data. Three new sets of conditions (a, b, and c) in the DoE matrix (Table  2 ) were implemented to validate the simulation of cruciferin concentration kinetics.
Hence, the best reaction duration/enzymatic cost trade-offs have to be identified in this case of selective hydrolysis. To do this, a program developed on MATLAB ® , which uses a diploid genetic-evolutionary algorithm exploiting the Pareto's domination concept, was applied  [26]. This tool crosses the domain of operating conditions and identifies the Pareto's front and domain. The Pareto's front represents the set of all non-dominant solutions, i. e. , all acceptable duration/enzymatic cost trade-offs, and the corresponding operating conditions are represented in the Pareto's domain. The reaction duration (t) was isolated from the model equation of cruciferin concentration determination (Equation (5)), which was placed in the napin purity equation (Equation (  11 )). The enzymatic cost was calculated knowing the E/S ratio required and the enzyme price per kg of substrate (fixed value of 35 € kg -1 of enzyme from the supplier).
This meant that the temperature was not a discriminant operating condition. This was in accordance with previous work  [24] , which also highlighted the fact that the best reaction duration/enzymatic cost trade-off should be searched by tuning the E/S ratio in the set pH value and at optimal temperature (55 °C in this work). The last step to optimize the selective hydrolysis of RPI is to implement the validated kinetic model in a multicriteria optimization tool. Indeed, the main industrial criteria to be optimized for enzymatic hydrolysis are the enzymatic cost and the reaction duration, which are antagonist. Hence, the best reaction duration/enzymatic cost trade-offs have to be identified in this case of selective hydrolysis. To do this, a program developed on MATLAB ® , which uses a diploid genetic-evolutionary algorithm exploiting the Pareto's domination concept, was applied  [26].
(2016) ;  Cholakian et al. (2018) ;  Cholakian et al. (2019a) ). Boundary/initial conditions are taken from climatological simulations of LMDz-INCA3  (Hauglustaine et al. , 2014)  for gaseous species and GOCART  (Chin et al. , 2002)  for particulate matter. For each CHIMERE simulation domain, the meteorological parameters were obtained by running the WRF model (version 3. 9. 1. 1;  Wang et al. (2015) ) on the same domain and with the same horizontal resolution, and using NCEP large scale input data (for Environmental Prediction/National Weather Service/NOAA/US Department of  Commerce, 2000). Several model configurations have been tested for WRF. A comparison of the model outputs with the E-OBS database (https://www. ecad. eu) and with the measurements obtained at the Salles-Bilos measurement site was conducted for all the performed meteorological runs.
Anthropogenic emissions For the reference simulation, anthropogenic emissions from the EMEP inventory are used, with a horizontal resolution of 10 km. This is assumed to be precise enough because the region has, at least when it comes to the forest, a low anthropogenic footprint. However, the transport to the forest of compounds recently emitted by the anthropized areas around the forest (including large cities such as the Bordeaux metropole to the north and smaller ones such as Dax to the south, as well as industrial sites located to the west and northwest of the forest) as well as motorway traffic passing through the forest, need to be taken into account in more details. To this end, we have implemented in CHIMERE the kilometric emission data provided by the regional air quality agency (ATMO-NA).
Acknowledgements. The authors would like to acknowledge the  University of Bordeaux , the  CNRS INSU LEFE program  and the  ANR  in the frame of the  Investments for the future Program , within the  Cluster of Excellence COTE  ( ANR-10-LABEX-45 ) for their financial support. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of IDRIS under the allocation  2019-gen7232  and  2021-gen10274  made by GENCI. ATMO-NA (https://www. atmo-nouvelleaquitaine. org/, last accessed July 2022) is also acknowledged for both the air quality station measurements and the local anthropogenic emission dataset (Inventaire Atmo Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2014 -ICARE v3. 2. 1_rev1). They would.
British didactic novels of the turn of the 19th century have been defined as works of fiction where instruction in moral codes of behavior rather than imaginative elements is the primary focus (Havens 2017, p. 5). My research aims to investigate the generic specificities of such novels by working with the open-source software TXM and AntConc to compare two corpora of novels published between 1778 and 1814 in Britain. These corpora were created using reviews from the Monthly Review and the Critical Review. Contrary to my hypothesis, a lexical comparison of the two corpora shows that the novels they contain do not materially differ in their use of lexis related to instruction and morality. This leads me to reassess the basis for the early reception of didacticism in these novels. Fruitful new hypotheses are generated using both corpus stylistics and close reading.
This stemmed from the overall critical consensus regarding the porosity between conduct books and novels, and particularly between conduct books aimed at women and novels written by women  (Bilger 1998, p. 21; Spencer 1986, p. 142). This seemed particularly pertinent given that 16 of the 18 novels in my didactic corpus were written by women. Based on concepts from 18th-century moral philosophy and definitions from the Oxford English Dictionary, 5 I consequently devised a list of words related to morality and instruction to be quantified using the TXM software. The latter allows for the creation of complex Corpus Query Language (CQL) queries, making it possible to combine several terms into a concept or theme to be studied. Given the influence of Adam Smith's system of moral philosophy on 18thcentury thought  (Howell 1971, p.
75 ). I added "duty" and "conduct" to complement ideas about the behavioral norms that helped define "morality" along with "propriety. " The list of terms related to instruction was built using definitions and synonyms from the Oxford English Dictionary online. In order to compare the values yielded by TXM, I used a per-mill approach as well as log-likelihood (LL), a "test [which] helps you determine whether differences in the frequency of words are reflective of the actual variation in language or whether they result from chance occurrences"  (Szudarski 2018, p. 27). According to  Rayson, Berridge, et al. (2004) , "one million words gives sufficient evidence for mid-to high-frequency words" in corpus linguistics studies (p. 1). Since my corpora were respectively 2, 532, 943 and 2,683, 379 words long based on a count by TXM, the log-likelihood test was well-placed to deliver valid results.
Conclusion My research on these two corpora is still in progress. Nevertheless this use of quantitative data obtained through TXM and AntConc has shown the value of interrogating the reception of texts in light of their linguistic features: this method can help determine the part ideology has played in previous readings and categorizations. In the current case, the novels that critics initially received as instructive for readers are the ones that largely support and reinforce the specific norms of behavior and social hierarchies that would become central to the Victorian ethos. This is most notable in the foregrounding of genteel do-mesticity as a feminine ideal, evocative of the "Angel in the House"  (Bilger 1998, p. 85). Crucially, we find that the elements of register specific to didactic novels as a fictional subgenre hinge not on engagement with the topics of morality and instruction or on any tonal authority but rather on the presence of specific kinds of characters-genteel women-whose narrative and moral trajectories center their social interactions rather than their personal experiences and development.
The LL values calculated based on the TXM data and the ones produced by AntConc do not quite coincide. However, this is a common phenomenon when using different tools to study the same corpora(Anthony 2013, p. 149). TXM and AntConc are complex software tools that are programmed differently, and they may make calculations in slightly different ways. This is a drawback of using ready-made software where the user cannot easily access all the settings(Gries  2009, p. 2). More specifically, AntConc can only count one lemma at a time, but I could combine different lemmata derived from the same notion (eg. "moral" and "morality"), as applicable, when working with the TXM data. I could also clean the data when faced with polysemous terms such as "conduct, n. " and "conduct, v. " Notwithstanding these issues, the different LL values calculated using the two sets of tools do not materially impact the overall results, and the findings correlate.
Abstract. Sedimentary charcoal records are widely used to reconstruct regional changes in fire regimes through time in the geological past. Existing global compilations are not geographically comprehensive and do not provide consistent metadata for all sites. Furthermore, the age models provided for these records are not harmonised and many are based on older calibrations of the radiocarbon ages. These issues limit the use of existing compilations for research into past fire regimes. Here, we present an expanded database of charcoal records, accompanied by new age models based on recalibration of radiocarbon ages using IntCal20 and Bayesian age-modelling software. We document the structure and contents of the database, the construction of the age models, and the quality control measures applied.
, 2014; Andela et al. , 2019; Forkel et al. , 2019). Thus, it is useful to use information that can provide a picture of regional changes through time. Charcoal, preserved in lake, peat, or marine sediments, can provide a picture of such changes  (Clark and Patterson, 1997; Conedera et al. , 2009). The wildfire regime can be characterised from sedimentary charcoal records through total charcoal abundance per unit of sediment, which can be considered a measure of the total biomass burned (e. g. Marlon et al. , 2006) , or by the presence of peaks in charcoal accumulation, which, in records with a sufficiently high temporal resolution, can indicate individual episodes of fire (e. g. Power et al. , 2006). The Global Paleofire Working Group (GPWG) was established in 2006 to coordinate the compilation and analysis of charcoal data globally, through the construction of the Global Charcoal Database (GCD -  Power et al.
, 2008). The GPWG was initiated by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Fast-Track Initiative on Fire and subsequently recognised as a working group of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) project in 2008. There have now been several iterations of the GCD  (Power et al. , 2008 (Power et al. , , 2010;; Daniau et al. , 2012; Blarquez et al. , 2014; Marlon et al. , 2016) , which since 2020 has been managed by the International Paleofire Network as the Global Paleofire Database (GPD; https://paleofire. org, last access: 21 February 2022). The GCD has been used to examine changes in fire regimes over the past 2 millennia  (Marlon et al. , 2008) , during the current interglacial  (Marlon et al. , 2013) , on glacial-interglacial timescales  (Power et al. , 2008; Daniau et al. , 2012; Williams et al.
, 2015) , and in response to rapid climate changes  (Marlon et al. , 2009; Daniau et al. , 2010) , as well as to examine regional fire histories (e. g. Mooney et al. , 2011; Vannière et al. , 2011; Marlon et al. , 2012; Power et al. , 2013a, b; Feurdean et al. , 2020). However, there are a number of limitations to the use of the GCD for analyses of palaeofire regimes. Firstly, the database does not include many recently published records and needs to be updated. Secondly, there are inconsistencies among the various versions of the database including duplicated and/or missing sites, differences in the metadata included for each site or record, and missing metadata and dating information for some sites or records. Perhaps most crucially, the age models included in the database were made at different times, using different radiocarbon calibration curves, and using different age-modelling methods.
The disparities between the archived age models preclude a detailed comparison of changes in wildfire regimes across regions. Here, we present an expanded database of charcoal records (the Reading Palaeofire Database, RPD), accompanied by new age models based on recalibration of radiocarbon ages using IntCal20  (Reimer et al. , 2020)  and using a consistent Bayesian approach (Bacon -  Blaauw et al. , 2021)  to agemodel construction. However, we have retained the original age models for all the sites for comparison and to allow the user to choose a preferred age model. The RPD is designed to facilitate regional analyses of fire history; it is not designed as a permanent repository. We document the structure and contents of the database, the construction of the new age models, the expanded metadata available, and the quality control measures applied to check the data entry.
Compilation of data The database contains sedimentary charcoal records, metadata to facilitate the interpretation of these records, and information on the dates used to construct the original age model for each record. Some records were obtained from the GCD. There are multiple versions of the GCD which differ in terms of the sites and the types of metadata included. We compared the GCDv3  (Marlon et al. , 2016) , GCDv4  (Blarquez, 2018) , and GCD web page versions (http://paleofire. org, last access: 21 February 2022) and extracted a single unique version of each site and entity across the three versions. Where sites or entities were duplicated in different versions of the GCD, we used the latest version. Missing metadata and dating information for these records were obtained from the literature or from the original data providers.
Some sites in the GCD were represented by both concentration data and the same data expressed as influx (i. e. concentration per year) from the same samples; because influx calculations are time dependent, we have only retained concentration data for such sites to allow for future improvements to age models. Influx can be easily computed using data available in the RPD. We also removed duplicates where the GCD contained both raw data and concentration data from the same entity. We extracted published charcoal records from public repositories, specifically PANGAEA (https://www. pangaea. ; if these records were also in the GCD, we replaced the GCD version. Additional charcoal data, dating information, and metadata were provided directly by the authors. All the records in the current version of the database are listed in the Supplement (Table  S1 ).
Structure of the database The data are stored in a relational database (MySQL), which consists of 10 linked tables, specifically "site", "entity", "sample", "date info", "unit", "entity link publication", "publication", "chronology", "age model", and "model name". Figure  1  shows the relationships between these tables. A description of the structure and content of each of the tables is given below, and more detailed information about individual fields is given in the Supplement (Table  S2 ).
Site metadata (table name -site) A site is defined as the hydrological basin from which charcoal records have been obtained (Table  1 ). There may be several charcoal records from the same site, for example where charcoal records have been obtained on central and marginal cores from the same lake or where there is a lake core and additional cores from peatlands and/or terrestrial deposits (e. g. small hollows, soils) within the same hydrological basin. A site may therefore be linked to several charcoal records, where each record is treated as a separate entity. The site table contains basic metadata about the basin, including site ID, site name, latitude, longitude, elevation, site type, and maximum water depth. The site names are expressed without diacritics to facilitate database querying and subsequent analyses in programming languages that do not handle these characters.
Entity metadata (table name -entity) This table provides metadata for each individual entity (Table 2). In addition to distinguishing multiple cores from the same basin as separate entities, we also distinguish different size classes of charcoal from the same core when these data are available. Different charcoal size classes from the same core are also treated as separate entities in the database. However, we have removed duplicates where the same record was expressed in different ways (e. g. as both raw counts and concentration or as concentration and influx) to avoid confusion and mistakes when subsequently processing these data. The RPD contains raw data wherever possible and concentration data when the raw data are not available, and it only includes influx data if neither raw nor concentration data are available.
When specific cores were given distinctive names in the original publication or by the original author, we include this information in the entity name for ease of cross-referencing. The entity metadata include information that can be used to interpret the charcoal records, including depositional context, core location, measurement method, and measurement unit. There is no standard measurement unit for charcoal, and in fact, there are > 100 different units employed in the database. For convenience, there is a link table to the measurement units (table name -unit). In addition, the entity table provides the source from which the charcoal data were obtained, including whether these data are from a version of the GCD or a data repository or were provided by the original author, and an indication of when the record was last updated.
A list of the valid choices for fields that are selected from a predefined list (e. g. depositional context) is given in Table  S2. A list of the charcoal measurement units currently in use in the RPD is given in Table  S3. The database uses both primary and foreign keys. The primary key ensures that data included in a specific field are unique. The foreign key refers to the field in a table which is the primary key of another table and ensures that there is a link between these tables.
Sample metadata and data (table name -sample) The sample table provides information on the average depth in the core or profile and the thickness of the sample on which charcoal was measured (Table  3 ). The thickness measurements relate to the total thickness of the charcoal sample and provide an indication of whether the sampling was contiguous downcore. The sample table also provides information on the sample size and units and the quantity of charcoal present. The charcoal measurement units have been standardised by converting units expressed as multiples (e. g. fragments × 100) back to the whole numbers and by converting units expressed in milligrams or kilograms to grams. As a result, the values in the RPD may apparently differ from published values.
Publication information (table name -publication) This table provides full bibliographic citations for the original references documenting the charcoal records and/or their age models. There may be multiple publications for a single charcoal record, and all of these references are listed. Conversely, there may be a single publication for multiple This table contains information about the age models that have been constructed for this version of the database using the IntCal20 calibration curve  (Reimer et al. , 2020)  and the Bacon  (Blaauw et al. , 2021)  age-modelling R package (see Sect. 2. 3) (Table  5 ). We preserve information on the mean and median ages, as well as the quantile ranges for each sample.
Construction of new age models The original age models for the charcoal records were made at different times, using different radiocarbon calibration curves, and using different age-modelling methods. We standardised the age modelling, using rbacon  (Blaauw and Christen, 2011; Blaauw et al. , 2021)  to construct new Bayesian age-depth models in the ageR package  (Villegas-Diaz et al. , 2021). The ageR package provides functions that facilitate the supervised creation of multiple age models for many cores and different data sources, including databases and comma-and tab-separated files. The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere calibration curve  (Reimer et al. , 2020)  and the SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere calibration curve  (Hogg et al. , 2020)  were used for entities between the latitudes of 90 and 15 • N and 15 to 90 • S respectively.