dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Water Cycle & River Basins In terms of snow products, several commonly used methods on mapping fractional SCA, such as linear spectral mixture analysis, statistical regression relationship and machine learning approach were assessed. On this basis, a sub-pixel snow mapping algorithm combined with a prior spectral library and cloud-removal approach has been developed by using MODIS data. Daily fractional SCA data were therefore produced in the Heihe River Basin (HRB) from January 2010 to December 2012. Besides, a multilayer feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) was developed for mountainous fractional SCA mapping (Fig. 2 ). Landsat ETM+ and MODIS images acquired in three periods were chosen to evaluate the proposed method at the HRB. Results demonstrated that the ANN can easily incorporate auxiliary information to improve the accuracy of SCA mapping effectively.
As for the basin scale SM product, change detection method was used to estimate SM and its freeze/thaw status based on ENVISAT/ASAR global mode data with 1 km resolution in the upper reaches of the HRB. Comparison analysis and validation during the period from 2008 to 2011 were performed by using SM observations at the A'rou freeze/thaw observation station at 10 cm. Results indicated that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the estimated volumetric SM was 0. 11 cm3/cm3. Indirect validation in the spatial domain gave theoretical maximum RMSE ranging from 0. 03 cm3/cm3 to 0. 12 cm3/cm3, with 91. 77% of grids were below 0. 06 cm3/cm3 and better results were obtained over flat terrain.
3 ) and Europe. The model is forced by a variety of biophysical parameters derived from microwave and optical remote sensing observations. We have developed a method to correct sub-pixel topography induced effects on surface reflectance retrieved from kilometric pixel size geostationary satellite radiometric data using a fine Figure  3. Monthly ET at 1 km x km spatial resolution; China, July 2010  (Hu and Jia, 2015)  resolution DEM and integrating the sub-pixel adjacency effect. A time series of daily instantaneous, i. e. at the time of MODIS data acquisition, solar radiative fluxes at the surface from 2008 to 2010 was produced and evaluated against measurements collected at four ground stations on the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau. We have used different remote sensing data products to characterize the response of Tibetan glaciers to climate forcing (Fig.
4 ). The ice surface displacements of eight glaciers in the Nyainqˆentanglha Range were monitored over nearly two decades from 1993 to 2009 by applying the feature-tracking method (COSI-Corr) to a time series of Landsat image data. The accuracy of the estimated ice displacement was evaluated by using measurements of stable ground outside the glaciers. The glacier surface displacements observed in this way were used to study glacier response to climate forcing, characterized with the MODIS land surface temperature product (MOD11C3) and TRMM precipitation data products. Observed displacements measured were larger in the summer season than the winter season. This implies that the glacier surface displacements in the summer season seems to be more associated with the higher temperature and the day -night regional thermal cycle.
Dongting Lake Flood Dynamics As a first step the derivation of the extent of surface water inundation is considered a prerequisite for further analyses of lake dynamics and wetland habitat dynamics. In Dongting Lake area the existence and development of the wetlands heavily depend on the fast changing water coverage. The derivation of surface water can be conducted using radar or optical remote sensing data. Depending on the time span the data is available analyses can go back to the 1970s (with Landsat) or back to 1990s (with ERS). For radar based derivation we use an automated approach that is a combination of thresholds and morphological operations to mask the area of low backscatter indicating water. In-depth analysis of ASAR time series data for the past decade regarding inundation length and frequency are ongoing.
SMOS CalVal and Soil Moisture A database with the available ASAR WS scenes and SMOS observations has been assembled with matching in-situ soil moisture/temperature measurements. The in-situ measurements have been quality-checked and processed towards volumetric soil moisture, m3 m-3, using laboratory determined site specific calibration coefficients. All (+500) ASAR Wide Swath mode data sets have been reprocessed and for the Tibetan Ngari prefecture soil moisture estimation has been performed using the algorithms of the Italian Institute for Applied Physics (IFAC-CNR) and ITC-UT algorithms. Initial analysis yielded promising results. The comparison with in-situ measurements generated for both algorithms correlations on the order of 0. 65 and 0. 80 for the VV and HH polarization, respectively.
Glaciers & Hydrological Dynamics The Second Glacier Inventory Dataset of China (Version 1. 0) has been shared on the websites (http://westdc. westgis. ac. cn , http://nsidc. org , http://www. wgms. ch) since 2014. The main remote sensing data source of the second Chinese glacier inventory is Landsat TM/ETM+ images for delineating glacier borders. The newest digital elevation model SRTM V4 is the data source for extracting glacier attributes. However, in the South -Eastern Tibetan Plateau, including Hengduan Mountain and the eastern Nyainqentanglha Mountain normally covered by snow and cloud, the optical remote sensing images are difficult to acquire because of snow and cloud weather influenced by the South Asian Monsoon, and cannot meet the requirements for the second Chinese glacier inventory.
CEOP-TPE A parameterization scheme based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and in-situ data was tested for deriving the regional surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape (Fig. 10 ). As a case study, the methodology was applied to the whole Tibetan Plateau (TP) area. Four images of MODIS data were used in this study for comparison among winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The results were validated using the observations measured at the stations of the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform (TORP). Therefore, reasonable regional distribution of the surface heating field over a heterogeneous landscape can be obtained using this methodology. Simultaneously, a parameterization methodology based on NOAA/AVHRR data and field observations is described and tested for deriving the regional surface reflectance, surface temperature, net radiation flux and soil heat flux over a heterogeneous landscape.
Common Interests A first common and specific objective of most projects is to develop and apply multisource data products to bring to fruition the opportunity of nearly unlimited access to satellite data sources in Europe, China, USA and Japan. This is a clear strength of a potential Dragon Water Cycle Initiative. A concise overview of specific scientific and technical commen interests is provided in Table  2. Most hydro -meteorology projects focus on generating multiple data products on hydrological variables (e. g. ID10680, 10664, 10603 & 10649)  and their application to observe and understand the water and energy cycle over land, particularly by calibrating and validating hydrological models. In addition to hydrological aspects, the Yangtze River project also addresses water quality issues, i.
e. by generating maps of soil erosion and water quality indicators. The SMOS Cal/Val projects aims specifically at improving the accuracy of soil moisture data products by using in-situ measurements and a suite of satellite data, SMOS and SMAP in particular. The CEOP-TPE project aims also at generating data products on hydrological variables, but within the broader context of the regional climate variability and its impacts on cryosphere and hydrosphere in the Asian Monsoon System. The geographical domain of this project is the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau and the river basins fed by Plateau water. The Dongting Lake project is more focused on wetland dynamics, flood dynamics, land use dynamics and assessment of the wetland ecosystem, with multisource satellite data. The Wetlands Monitoring project aims to investigate Poyang and Donting Lake dynamic, water quality and erosion and related impacts on biodiversity.
Water vapour sounding Kites were launched directly from Cap d'en Font, 100 m from the lidar. The apparatus used for kite sounding is shown on Fig. 2. The kites were both "rokkaku" (hexagonal) kites (1. 3 or 1. 5 m width, for winds 3-15 m s -1 , with vented sails for improved stability) at the end of a single 650 m braided polyester line, carrying a lightweight (360 g) probe and data logger (Vaisala PTB-110 barometer + Vaisala SP 2000-35R T/RH/V datalogger +2 × 9 V batteries). This length of line allowed for an approximate maximum sounding altitude of 450 m given the payload and wind conditions encountered in Menorca. Data were recorded every 10 s and retrieved after the flight. Given the specifications in Table  1 , the expected absolute accuracy on each WVMR sample is 0. 6 g kg -1. A CNES team led by N.
Spaceborne measurements and numerical weather prediction model On board the Aqua and Terra satellite, launched in the early 2000s as part of the Earth Observing System, MODIS captures images in 36 spectral bands to provide measurements of large-scale global dynamics, including in the lower atmosphere. MODIS level 3 data sets are avail- able online from NASA (https://earthdata. nasa. gov/labs/ worldview/). They include daily precipitable water vapour data given on a 1 • grid on both land and sea, with sufficient accuracy to allow comparison with ground-based measurements of water vapour  (Gao and Kaufman, 2003). Modelled synoptic-scale meteorological fields (geopotential height, temperature, moisture) have been obtained over a large domain around the western Mediterranean from the IFS of the ECMWF (http://www.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank  P. Fabre  for providing the kites, as well as  S. Hassanzadeh ,  S. Bertolin  and  M. Jeannot  for their precious help during the kite sounding. The lidar station at Menorca was set up and maintained with the help of  F. Dulac ,  F. Marnas  and  X. Shang  from  LSCE  and  M. Sicard ,  C. Munoz  and  D. Lange  from  Universitat de Catanlunya. Balloon radiosoundings were performed by  N. Verdier  from  CNES. AERONET, NASA (MODIS)  and  ECMWF  are acknowledged for graciously making their data sets available for this work. We finally thank  Z. Harris  for her precious help in correcting the manuscript. This work was funded by the  HyMeX and ChArMEx components of the MISTRALS program , the  MUSIC  grant  ANR-14-CE01-01  and by the  Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique.
Data Collection Focus groups and face-to-face interviews with women and face-to-face interviews with health professionals were conducted by JW and PvdP using standardized interview guides (see Multimedia Appendix 1). The interview only methodology with health professionals was chosen for pragmatic time-related reasons. The lack of focus group interaction among health professionals, potentially yielding less in-depth interactive information, is acknowledged as a potential limitation. The content of the interview guides was informed by the literature, including correlates of healthy pregnancy lifestyles  [28] , predictors of health behaviors  [29] , successful elements of pregnancy lifestyle interventions  [10] , and mHealth interventions  [15]  and the uses and gratification theory, a theory of media usage  [30].
Acknowledgments This study is supported by funding from the  Lord Mayors Foundation. JW is supported by a Sidney Myer Health Scholarship, SW by a  Queensland Health-Health Research  Fellowship, PvdP by a  National Health and Medical Research Council   Postgraduate Research Scholarship , KB by a  National Health and Medical Research Council   Principal Research Fellowship  ( ID 1042442 ), and ML by a  National Health and Medical Research Council   Career Development Fellowship (ID 1047025 ). The authors acknowledge the time and effort contributed by the participants. JMIR mHealth uHealth 2015 | vol. 3 | iss. 4 | e99 | p. 8 http://mhealth. jmir. org/2015/4/e99/.
We selected 450 regions of B1 kb on the human X chromosome and overlapping 1,013 human RegHsa elements. These elements encompass a range of conservation levels and a large range of S A scores (0. 320-0. 980) linking them to genes known to be involved in brain development (Supplementary Data 2). We examined their ability to drive specific green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression patterns in zebrafish embryos, by analysing at least five different insertions in F1 lines at 2 days post fertilization for each element. RegHsa elements with a reproducible or partially reproducible pattern of expression (448 cases) allowed us to test if the predicted target gene or genes of the enhancer are compatible with this pattern. For 323 RegHsas, expression data were available for the zebrafish (described in the ZFIN database  12  ) for at least one predicted target.
Methods Identification of CNEs. CNEs are defined based on their conservation in a range of vertebrate species, using an in-house algorithm called 'ScanMaf' implemented in a python script (Supplementary Fig. 1a ). ScanMaf scans the UCSC 46-species multiZ alignment and looks for conserved regions of a minimal length and identity, excluding exons annotated in Ensembl as well as repeats annotated by Repeat-Masker and Tandem Repeat Finder. This algorithm does not require the presence of a fixed set of species in the alignment, but instead only requires a minimal number of seven species in addition to human, with no consideration of their respective phylogenetic group, allowing us to retrieve with the same procedure elements restricted to mammals as well as elements conserved between mammals and fish.
The conservation score for this CNE will thus be: score ¼ 97 þ 68 þ 62 þ 54 þ 49 ¼ 330. Scoring CNE-target genes evolutionary linkage. Families of orthologous genes were retrieved from the Ensembl database  25  (version 66). Starting from the human genome as a reference (version hg19), the first step of the target prediction consists in collecting immediate neighbouring genes (distant from o1 Mb) of each given CNE within the human genome. A scoring procedure is then applied on these genes to try to identify the most probable CNE target. For any given CNE i present in N species, the absolute linkage score S Ai is computed as follows: S Ai ¼ X N 1 S i;e;1 ÂR e À S i;e;2 þ C e Â S i;e;3 þ S i;e;0 À Á R e ð1Þ where C e is a corrective factor to minimize the influence of genome assemblies obtained at low sequence coverage (Supplementary where H is the total number of gene pairs in the human genome, and P e the number of these gene pairs that are direct neighbours (in conserved synteny) in species e with the human gene pairs.
To associate GO  27  terms with X-chromosome genes predicted to be functionally linked to RegHsa elements, we used the PathwayStudio platform (Elsevier B. V. , Amsterdam). GO annotations from lists of genes linked to CNEs above a certain linkage score thresholds were compared with the lists drawn from the complete list of genes of the X chromosome (Supplementary Table  1  In the 3 ENCODE data sets above, peaks correspond to local maxima of the different signals. We used data obtained in seven different cell lines (Gm12878, H1-hESC, HSMM, HUVEC, K562, NHEK, NHLF, HMEC and NH-A), by computing the mean of each functional signal in 25-bp windows along the X chromosome before intersecting these annotations with the CNE intervals. Blow et al. 13  ) were considered consistent if one of the linked genes (with maximal score) was the same as one of the gene shown to interact by ChIA-PET.
ChIP DNA and input DNA were labelled with Cy5 or Cy3, respectively, using random priming with dye-labelled random hexamers and hybridized according to the manufacturer's protocol to a HX1 (2. 16 million probes) custom microarray containing specific tiled regions encompassing 99. 2 and 93. 8 Mb of the human and mouse X chromosome, respectively, (Nimblegen). Arrays were scanned on a NimbleGen MS 200 Microarray scanner (Nimblegen) using a laser power of 100% and 2-mm resolution and TIFF images analysed using MS 200 Data Collection software to quantitate raw signal intensities. Computational analysis of the data was carried out using the Ringo R/Bioconductor package  29. The Cy5/Cy3 log 2 ratio were calculated for each probe and scaled by subtracting Tukey's biweight mean, as recommended in the standard manufacturer's procedure (Nimblegen).
Before calling ChIP-enriched regions, we performed a smoothing over individual probe intensities. ChIP-enriched regions were called using the findChersOnSmoothed function from the Ringo package, using parameters distCutOff ¼ 100 and minProbesInRow ¼ 6. ChIP-chip data have been deposited to the GEO repository under accession number GSE57358. Human fetal tissue was obtained with informed consent and according to the protocol ethically approved by Southampton and South West Hants LREC. The principal investigator of these ethical approvals is D. I. W. Zebrafish transgenic assays of human REG elements. Sequences chosen for testing were PCR-amplified from human genomic DNA as elements of 1-3 kb size and subcloned into pCR8 plasmid to create an entry vector for the Gateway system. Subsequent cloning into a Tol2-GFP-destination vector, microinjection of the plasmid into fertilized zebrafish eggs as well as fluorescent screening of the embryos, establishing transgenic lines and expression pattern documentation have been described elsewhere  30.
These sequence elements include 1,013 RegHsa elements (Supplementary Data 2). Thereafter, results will be described and discussed in terms of RegHsa elements, because RegHsa elements are the basic 'units' of human sequences that are linked to target genes using the S A score described in Methods. Of the 1,013 RegHsa, 574 (57%) overlap sequences that produced inconsistent expression patterns in the different F1 lines or no expression at all. The remaining 448 RegHsa produced partially or fully consistent GFP expression patterns and were further exploited. Of these, 125 elements are evolutionarily linked to one or several human genes with orthologues in zebrafish that have no recorded expression pattern in the ZFIN database. Therefore, these elements are not useful to assess the prediction that the RegHsa element is an enhancer that regulates its linked gene(s).
Only the remaining 323 RegHsa elements fulfil the two conditions required to test if the transgenic experiment supports the prediction: they are contained in a sequence element that drives a partially reproducible or reproducible GFP pattern during zebrafish development, and their predicted human gene target(s) include at least one human gene with a zebrafish orthologue of known expression pattern. For the transgenic experiment, we examined the GFP expression pattern in at least five independent zebrafish F1 lines to assess the reproducibility of the pattern. The pattern was then manually recorded using ZFIN nomenclature according to the tissue(s) showing GFP expression. For the known expression pattern of the zebrafish orthologue(s), we listed the tissue(s) showing expression by in situ hybridization during development, or the tissue(s) affected by a mutation in the gene, or both (ZFIN database: http://zfin.
Zalc, Salpetriere Hospital, Paris), glutamine-synthase (1:500, mouse, Millipore). DAPI (diamidino-2-phenylindole; 1:3,000) was used as a nuclear counterstain. Secondary antibodies raised in goat coupled to AlexaFluor dyes (Invitrogen) were used (1:1,000). HuC/D as a neuronal marker and glutamine-synthase as a glial marker label the two main cell types of the zebrafish telencephalon  31  and therefore make it possible to identify GFP expressing cells. All images were taken on a Zeiss LSM700 confocal microscope using Â 20 air, Â 40 oil or Â 63 oil objectives. Images were processed using the ZEN software (Zeiss). Composite images were automatically stitched upon acquisition using 'Tilescan' mode on the Zeiss ZEN software. (b) Adult mRNA expression analysis by chromogenic in situ hybridization: the dissected brains of adult (3-9 months) zebrafish from the wild-type AB strain were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 14 h at 4 °C.
3 and a relative score 40. 05. Only sets comprising at least 10 CNEs (153 sets in total) were searched for possible motif enrichment. Motifs were detected using MEME3 (ref. 35) with the following options and parameters: -dna -nmotifs 15 -revcomp -mod anr -wg 6 -ws 1 -minsites 5 -maxw 8. The different motif occurrences identified by MEME in the CNEs were further reviewed to increase the motif stringency. This was done by removing sequences presenting o80% identity with the first motif occurrence identified by MEME, which is considered to be the most similar to the motif. A threshold score characterizing each motif is then defined as the lowest weight obtained while matching the motif against each of its constitutive sequences, using the matrix-scan program of the RSATools suite  36. This score will be used to seek the motif in other control CNE sets.
For all RSAT tools used here, the background option ('-bgfile') was applied, with background statistics calculated on the entire set of CNEs using the oligo-analysis program with the following parameters: -l 2 -1str -return freq. This program thus determined the frequencies of every possible dinucleotide in the total set of CNEs, and used these as background frequencies to compute the significance of observed motifs. (b) Are the motifs significantly overrepresented? Two statistical tests are further applied to eliminate motifs that may be due to chance occurrence. The first test consists in calculating a P value associated to the number of motif hits observed in the CNE set, by searching the motif in 1,000 random sets comprising the same number of CNEs, using matrix-scan and the weight threshold value previously computed.
(c) Comparing motifs between sets of CNEs: after this filtering step, motifs obtained for distinct sets of CNEs targeting different genes were compared using the RSAT compare-matrices program  36. Two motifs were considered as similar if the Pearson coefficient of correlation between their position weight matrices, further weighted by the length of the match, was 4800. (d) Are CNEs enriched in known motifs? We computed the proportion of CNEs that match known motifs, as a function of increasing evolutionary linkage score to a neighbouring gene (similar to Fig. 1b ). CNEs were divided in classes of increasing linkage score, and each class was compared with the TRANSFAC database (complete vertebrate motifs; version 2010)  37  , to a list of sites established by high throughput SELEX  38  and to matrices from the JASPAR database (version 2011)  39  (Supplementary Fig.
Acknowledgements This work was funded by the 7th framework programme of the  European Union  ( NeuroXsys  Project  HEALTH-F4-2009-223262 ). T. H. and S. W. were additionally supported by  BBSRC  grant  FBACJ 512988  and H. R. C. received support under the programme ) Investissements d'Avenir * launched by the  French Government  and implemented by the  ANR  ( ANR-10-LABX-54   MEMO LIFE ;  ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* Research University ).
Altogether, these results showed that all mutants IDH, independently of their respective subcellular localization, reduced ETO-induced cell death. To determine whether D-2HG could be involved in this phenotype, U251 cells were treated with 3 mM or 10 mM of D-2HG for 6 days before ETO treatment. However, none of the pretreatments affected ETO-induced apoptosis (Figure  3d  and data not shown). Thus, D-2HG does not fully recapitulate the mutant IDH phenotypes as exogenous D-2HG is able to increase cell proliferation but does not affect cell sensitivity to ETO. Reduced mitochondrial spare capacity with IDH1 R132 but not with D-2HG. To better understand how IDH1 R132 affects apoptosis, several parameters were analyzed. IDH mutation can alter protein expression through epigenetic modifications, redox homeostasis and metabolism of glucose, glutamine (Gln) and fatty acids.