dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
They are applied to the scan starting coordinates in the scan tables defining the data acquisition schedule, which is updated weekly via command uploads. The tailored scan coordinates reduce the need to overcover the domain, making science data collection more efficient. The tie-point paradigm is that TEMPO and GOES are looking at the same thing, at the same time, and in the same spectral band; therefore, knowledge of the geographic coordinates of unknown features, even clouds, seen by GOES can be transferred to TEMPO. However, it is important to manage the parallax that may arise because TEMPO is not necessarily stationed at a longitude nearby a GOES spacecraft. We do that by either using a priori knowledge of object height (cloud top height assignment or topographic height for clear skies) to correct the measured displacement or by binocularly solving for the height of the unknown object by matching it with imagery from two different GOES satellites  [95].
TEMPO implementation TEMPO consists of two separate projects: the TEMPO Instrument Project (IP), the competitively selected Earth Venture Instrument project, and the TEMPO Mission Project (MP), directed from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC), which provides the spacecraft, integration, and launch. The TEMPO space segment consists of the TEMPO instrument and the host spacecraft. The host spacecraft vendor is responsible for the integration of the TEMPO instrument to the host spacecraft. The ground segment consists of the Instrument Operations Center (IOC) and the interface to the host Spacecraft Operations Center (SOC). The science segment includes the Science Data Processing Center (SDPC). The ground segment commands the instrument, monitors instrument health and status telemetry, and to receive and transfer science data from the instrument to the IOC and SDPC.
The SDPC receives science and telemetry data from the IOC, performs all data processing needed to generate science products, and distributes data products including transmitting all data and products for archival. Fig. 5. The spectral regions to be measured by TEMPO are illustrated with reflectance spectra for the range of surface and atmosphere scenes using reflectances derives from European Space Agency GOME-1 measurements. The dashed blue boxes indicate the TEMPO spectral coverage. Fig. 6. The TEMPO INR solution creates a Level-1 (L1) product with geographic metadata for each pixel using smoothed Kalman Filter states. Scan tailoring coefficients compensate for deterministic pointing errors to assure efficient coverage of Greater North America.
Mission project management The MP will acquire and manage host accommodations for TEMPO on a commercial GEO spacecraft. The host accommodations provide all the services necessary to enable the instrument on-orbit operations. These include instrument-to-host-spacecraft integration and test, launch services, transfer to GEO, spacecraft operations provided by the host's SOC, delivery of instrument data to the IOC at Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), and support during commissioning and operations. Host selection will not occur until the instrument is completed. The MP has been working with the potential vendors to reduce the risk that the instrument interface and operational requirements may not be fully met by the host. Using mission accommodation information contained in the Geostationary Common Instrument Interface Guidelines Document as well as information obtained through special studies conducted with host candidates has mitigated this risk.
Instrument project management The TEMPO IP includes SAO, LaRC, and BATC. The Principal Investigator (PI, K. Chance of SAO) is responsible for the overall project, managing the science, technical, cost and schedule performance. He leads the Science Team and the development of the algorithms, validation, and data processing. He has an Investigation Advisory Panel that includes a senior manager from each partner organization to address organizational issues and a Science Advisory Panel representing international collaborators of the CEOS-recommended international constellation. SAO develops the IOC and the SDPC. The PI has delegated Project Management, Systems Engineering, Safety and Mission Assurance, and management of the BATC prime contract to LaRC.
TEMPO ground system The TEMPO ground system commands the instrument, monitors instrument health and status, and produces Level-0 science data for delivery to the SDPC. TEMPO instrument telemetry is downlinked to the hosts's SOC and then forwarded to the TEMPO IOC, where the telemetry packets are decommutated and processed to Level 0. The IOC autonomously limit-checks the instrument health and status (H&S) data and alerts the operators of any out-oflimit conditions. The H&S data are stored in the IOC for the life of the mission to support remote monitoring, trending, and anomaly resolution. The web-based remote monitoring system allows the operators to graphically view the H&S data in real time and to create plots of the data over arbitrary time intervals. The IOC extracts image data from the telemetry packets to reconstruct CCD image frames.
An irradiance spectrum is acquired each night when the sun is 30 degrees from the boresight, usually about two hours before midnight. Consistent irradiance measurement geometry reduces variability associated with angular dependence of the diffuser bidirectional transmittance distribution function. For each Level 1 radiance granule, the Level 2 cloud product is generated first, then the other Level 2 products are generated using the cloud product as input along with the most recent irradiance measurement. The computational cost of the Level 2 ozone profile product is much greater than that of the other Level 2 data products. For this reason, the Level 2 ozone profile product is generated by first coarsely binning each radiance granule, then dividing each granule into many small blocks (e. g.
64 blocks), and processing the small blocks in parallel. Level 3 data products are generated by gridding hourly scans of level 2 data products to standard longitude-latitude grid cells (except the cloud product). All TEMPO data products are stored in netCDF4/HDF-5 format in a data archive at SAO for the life of the mission. New data products are made available from a website at SAO where data products are organized by date and product type. The website provides access to the most recent 30 days of TEMPO data. Throughout the mission, new data products are regularly (e. g. weekly) transferred to NASA's Atmospheric Science Data Center for public distribution. To facilitate browsing and subsetting, TEMPO data are also made available through the Environmental Protection Agency's Remote Sensing Information Gateway (RSIG).
Europe (Sentinel-4, S4) The S4 mission, expected launch in 2021, together with Sentinel-5 and the Sentinel-5 Precursor missions, is part of the Copernicus Space Component dedicated to atmospheric composition. The objective of the S4 mission is to provide hourly tropospheric composition data mainly on an operational basis in support of the air quality applications of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services over Europe  [42, 113]. The S4 instrument is a UV/Vis/near infrared spectrometer (S4/UVN) that will fly on the geostationary Meteosat Third Generation-Sounder (MTG-S) platforms in order to measure Earth radiance and solar irradiance. The S4/UVN instrument measures from 305 nm to 500 nm with a spectral resolution of 0. 5 nm, and from 750 nm to 775 nm with a spectral resolution of 0. 12 nm, in combination with low polarization sensitivity and high radiometric accuracy.
Canada TEMPO provides a unique opportunity to provide consistent and timely air quality information to over 99. 5% of the Canadian population. TEMPO data are of particular interest to Canada given the challenges in observing its vast land area from ground-based measurements alone. A primary application of TEMPO data is assimilation into the Environment Canada (EC) air quality forecast system for the purpose of improving air quality forecasts over a domain that largely overlaps with the TEMPO field of regard. Other priority application areas include environmental assessment, epidemiological analyses, health impact studies, and monitoring of natural disasters such as forest fires. To fully exploit TEMPO, Canada is interested in enhancing TEMPO data quality at higher latitudes where: larger average solar and viewing angles lead to reduced sensitivity of some gases (e.
Profiles of air number densities, O 2 , O 2 -O 2 are derived from temperature/pressure fields. A total of 10 trace gases are considered in the calculation. Viewing geometries for each scene are computed based on TEMPO viewing for a given satellite longitude (e. g. , 100°W). Surface albedo is based on the GOME albedo database  [58] , which provides monthly mean surface albedo climatology at a spatial resolution of 1°Â 1°for 11 1-nm-wide wavelength from 335 nm to 772 nm, and is interpolated or extrapolated to TEMPO wavelengths. The independent pixel approximation is assumed for partial cloudy conditions. TEMPO radiance spectra (290-490 nm, 540-740 nm) and corresponding weighting functions with respect to trace gases, aerosols (optical depth and single scattering albedo), clouds (optical depth, cloud fraction), and surface albedo are calculated with VLIDORT at a spectral resolution of 0.
As 0-2 km O 3 is a key baseline requirement for TEMPO, we will add more layers in the troposphere and add the output of 0-2 km ozone column and corresponding retrieval uncertainties derived from the profile retrieval covariance matrix. Hourly meteorological data of temperature profiles, surface and tropopause pressure from the North America Mesoscale Forecast system (NAM), with nest output grid of 5. 0 km Lambert Conformal (http://www. emc. ncep. noaa. gov/ mmb/namgrids), integrated over the continental United States (CONUS) is planned to be used to set up the atmosphere and better account for the temperature dependence of trace gas absorption. The climatological a priori will be based on the recent tropopause-based ozone profile climatology  [5]. As the UV/Vis joint retrieval has not been demonstrated from actual measurements, we are using GOME-2 data to test this joint retrieval concept to reduce the science risk.
The UV/Vis ozone profile algorithm has been mostly implemented for GOME-2 retrievals  [64]. Due to the weakness of ozone absorption features in the visible  [8]  the combined UV/Vis measurement is highly sensitive to the visible surface reflectance. [128]  used reflectance spectra from three different reflectance databases to capture the range of different surface reflectance spectra through an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. This information was combined with satellite reflectance products that inform the surface reflectance at discrete wavelengths for each given scene to generate a climatology of geometry dependent surface reflectance spectra. To assist validation of this reflectance climatology and characterize reflectance of the land cover types at TEMPO resolutions, synchronous field and airborne data collection campaigns in the St Louis Metro region were performed.
We have collected spectral reflectance data of various land cover types on the ground within hours of a GeoTASO  [81]  overpass using a field-based hyperspectral spectroradiometer and used GeoTASO data for spectral albedo measurements to develop a spectral albedo database of various land cover types found in Midwestern US. In addition, we will use the latest HITRAN database to account for the temperature and pressure dependence of O 2 and H 2 O in the visible region and use O 2 -O 2 cross sections by Thalman and Volkamer  [102]  to account for the temperature dependence of O 2 -O 2 absorption. However, the GOME-2 data are not optimized for UV/Vis retrievals as the peak of visible Chappuis bands is split into two channels. Consistent radiometric calibration among different channels is also critical to the joint retrievals.
Radiative transfer modeling Radiative transfer (RT) calculations for TEMPO are carried out with the widely used linearized RT model VLI-DORT  [97]. This is an accurate full multiple-scattering polarized RT code for use in optically-stratified (multilayer) one-dimensional scattering media. VLIDORT uses the discrete ordinate solution method to solve the vector radiative transfer equation in each layer. VLIDORT has been validated against benchmark results in the literature and is a free-to-use code in the public domain. It will be necessary to speed up multiple-scatter RT simulations when performing TEMPO ozone profile retrievals, since VLIDORT is a computationally intensive RT model, particularly when running with polarization included. A recently-developed performance-enhancement scheme, based on PCA (principal component analysis) applied to hyperspectral optical property data sets, will be deployed to speed up calculations of radiance and Jacobians  [96].
Glyoxal Operational C 2 H 2 O 2 will be produced at launch using the two-step method. It is a short lived product of non-methane volatile organic compound oxidation. Along with formaldehyde, TEMPO glyoxal observations will be critical for understanding the impact of isoprene on atmospheric chemistry, particularly in the southeastern United States where emissions are high. Current models suggest that glyoxal formed through isoprene oxidation accounts for 28% of isoprene-derived SOA  [69]. Recent work has shown that the H 2 CO yield from isoprene oxidation has a strong NO x dependence  [70, 122]. Determining the NO x dependence of C 2 H 2 O 2 will be critical for interpreting satellite observations. TEMPO will resolve a wide range of NO x regimes due to its high spatial resolution, making NO 2 , H 2 CO and C 2 H 2 O 2 crucial datasets for validating isoprene chemistry.
g. , GeoTASO and ACAM/GCAS); and 4) spaceborne instruments including OMI, GOME-2, NPP/OMPS, TROPOMI, and Sentinel-5P. These surface in-situ, surface remote-sensing, airborne, and polar-orbiting space-borne instruments comprise a very rich set of potential validation data sources, and TEMPO welcomes collaborations with scientific investigators using these measurements. To properly exploit disparate data sources with differing spatio-temporal resolutions it will be useful to employ chemical models as intercomparison platforms. This methodology has been used previously to compare satellite measurements of ozone  [124]  and satellite measurements of methane and formaldehyde with in situ data  [106, 126]. The TEMPO validation team is also fostering collaborations with other science teams, educational institutions, and space-related organizations including the Korean GEMS mission, the European Sentinel 4 and 5 P missions, the NASA/NOAA NPP/OMPS mission, and the Global Space-based Inter-calibration System (GSICS).
Although neither GEMS nor Sentinel 4 will provide direct correlative data for TEMPO, maintaining close scientific ties with the scientists on these similar missions will foster consistent results in the constellation. For example, GeoTASO  [81]  airborne data and 10 Pandora ground stations will be used in the 2016 KORUS campaign for GEMS algorithm development and are also valuable potential validation data sources for TEMPO. Preliminary validation activities started in will proceed throughout the mission with intensive focus from 24 months before launch to 15 months after launch. The preliminary activities include coordinating ground-based assets, developing tools for validation analyses, exercising forward models, and implementing the validation tools. The TEMPO validation team is also engaging with the aircraft and space-borne communities to coordinate potential validation and science campaigns with synergistic potential.
Science studies, including special observations Many important new scientific studies are made possible by the temporal and spatial resolution of TEMPO. We present a selection of them here. It is certainly not nearly exhaustive. Some of these studies benefit from shorter revisit times than the hourly cycle. Substantial measurement time for these high-frequency (likely as short as 10 min) scans of a subsection of the field of regard will be available during the TEMPO commissioning phase and on a somewhat more limited basis during normal operations. One of the early steps will be to develop an earlyadopters program to introduce TEMPO products to potential users. Early-adopters are users who have defined applications for future TEMPO data. Their activities prelaunch will help to identify additional user requirements and applications and thus aid in the exploitation of TEMPO data post-launch.
Air quality and health TEMPO is targeted at improving monitoring, assessment, and chemical understanding of air quality over the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The Decadal Survey emphasized the limitations of the current surface measurement network for air quality applications (NRC 2007). Current observation of air quality from space has been limited so far by the sparseness of LEO satellite data and low sensitivity to near-surface ozone. TEMPO's hourly measurements allow better understanding of the complex chemistry and dynamics that drive air quality on short timescales. The density of TEMPO data is ideally suited for data assimilation into chemical models for both air quality forecasting and for better constraints on emissions that lead to air quality exceedances. Planning is underway to combine TEMPO with regional air quality models to improve EPA air quality indices and to directly supply the public with near real time pollution reports and forecasts through website and mobile applications.
Also, the high spatial resolution of TEMPO will greatly aid in distinguishing and observing over land-sea interfaces. This ability to observe and attribute air pollution events over the entire TEMPO field of regard has great policy and societal benefits. There is existing communication with air quality managers through programs such as the Air Quality Applied Sciences Team (AQAST) that will assist in exploitation of TEMPO data for air quality applications. Morning and evening higher-frequency scans The optimized data collection scan pattern during mornings and evenings provides multiple advantages for addressing TEMPO science questions. The increased frequency of scans coincides with peaks in vehicle miles traveled on each coast, and thus is better able to capture the variability in NO x and VOC emissions from mobile sources through measurements of NO 2 and H 2 CO.
Sharing the TEMPO story: communications, public engagement, and student collaborations The high spatial resolution and frequently updated datasets of TEMPOalong with the inherent public interest in air quality -provide unique opportunities to engage learners of all ages in the instrument's efforts to track local, regional, and continental trends in air pollution. TEMPO includes a program of Communications and Public Engagement (C/PE) activities led by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and a synergistic effort at Langley Research Center that involves students from Minority Serving Institutions in pursuing TEMPO-related air quality research. Together, the TEMPO Student Collaboration and Public Engagement activities aim to achieve the following goals: Enhance interest in and public awareness of NASA's efforts to measure the distribution and temporal variation of air pollution across North America, and, Fig.
10. SNRs of various artificial lighting types normalized to a common VIIRS-DNB response with a 10 s dwell, no co-addition, and no spatial binning, assuming a dark current of 2800 e -s À 1. City lights over all of greater North America can either be observed piecemeal over several days or in a single scan near the winter solstice. specifically, the story of the TEMPO mission and its components (instrument, technology, team). Promote science literacy by using the TEMPO story to communicate the links between basic chemistry, physics, and geoscience concepts, and issues of human health and well-being. Empower students, citizen scientists and science com- munication professionals -formal and informal educators -in using TEMPO data products to support authentic science engagement. Engage a diverse network of students and universities in contributing to TEMPO experimental validation and NASA air quality research.
The activities planned to accomplish these goals include a public-oriented TEMPO website at tempo. si. edu; news and social media activities; the development of a mobile app and user-friendly TEMPO data interfaces (including the EPA's RSIG) to enable citizen science; collaborations with STEM education partners such as the Smithsonian Institution, the GLOBE project and My NASA DATA; public engagement events and programs at museums anchored by a network of Ozone Gardens; and summer internships and research experiences for students and educators at NASA Langley Research Center. In 2016, the Student Collaboration team at Langley, the SAO Public Engagement team, and the Virginia Living Museum (VLM) are working together to develop and pilot a TEMPO-focused ozone bio-indicator garden, related public outreach materials, and tools and protocols for engaging students and museum visitors in conducting air quality research in the garden.
Summary The Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) mission is under development as part of the NASA Earth Venture program to collect the space-based measurements needed to quantify variations in the temporal and spatial emissions of gases and aerosols important for air quality. TEMPO will perform these measurements with the precision, resolution, and coverage needed to improve our understanding of pollutant sources and sinks from sub-urban to regional scales and the processes controlling their variability over the diurnal and seasonal cycles. After the delivery of TEMPO to NASA in 2017, NASA plans to acquire services from a commercial geostationary satellite vendor to operate TEMPO in space. TEMPO data products include atmospheric ozone profiles, total column ozone, NO 2 , SO 2 , H 2 CO, C 2 H 2 O 2 , H 2 O, BrO, IO, and aerosol properties, cloud fraction, and cloud top pressure over greater North America.
Acknowledgments The  TEMPO Science Team, Instrument Project ,  Mission  Project and  Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. gratefully acknowledge  NASA  and their Earth  System Science Pathfinder Program  for the selection of TEMPO as the first Earth Venture mission and the ongoing support to make it successful. The  TEMPO Instrument  Project thanks the  TEMPO Standing Review Board  for tremendous effort that has been central to TEMPO progress. It is always a pleasure to acknowledge the  European Space Agency  and the  German Aerospace Center  for support in providing satellite measurements that have been an invaluable asset to TEMPO.
Ichnites were outlined in transparency films and finally digitized with a vector-based drawing software. 3D photogrammetric models of selected specimens were performed using photographs obtained with a digital compact camera Sony T-200 8. 1 megapixel following the procedures of Mallison and Wings  [38]  and processed with three open access software following the procedures of Mujal et al. [8, 39] : Visual SFM (v. 0. 5. 22, http://www. ccwu. me/vsfm/) to generate the point cloud, MeshLab (v. 1. 3. 2, http:// meshlab. sourceforge. net/) to perform and edit the mesh (texture, scale, orientation) and ParaView (v. 4. 1. 0 http://www. paraview. org) to generate a color depth map and contour lines. High-resolution molds of tracks and trackways that could not be recovered were made with a two-component polyaddition silicone Harduplex 1 23SH, acrylic resin (Acrystal Prima 1 ) and glass-fiber.