dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
| CONCLUSION This incident clearly highlights the importance of prompt and effective first-aid treatment in the successful management of serious shark bites. The sudden emergence of previously undocumented aggressive behavior by a tiger shark towards humans in French Polynesia demonstrates that countries where tiger sharks occur  26  should conduct risk assessments of in-water activities that may bring humans into contact with this species. Future environmentally responsible shark risk management could combine individual genetic profiling with photoidentification,  27  and leverage existing shark photo-ID databases. Note: The 1969 case study is the only one that could be classified as "predation" because the victim inadvertently became part of a feeding frenzy involving oceanic whitetip sharks (a highly traumatogenic species).
We investigate the effect of partial dissolution on the transport of chemicals in sea ice. Physically plausible mechanisms are added to a brine convection model that decouples chemicals from convecting brine. The model is evaluated against a recent observational dataset where a suite of qualitatively similar chemicals (poly-and perfluoroalkylated substances, PFASs) with quantitatively different physicochemical properties were frozen into growing sea ice. With no decoupling the model performs poorly -underestimating the measured concentrations of high-chain-length PFASs. A decoupling scheme where PFASs are decoupled from salinity as a constant fraction of their brine concentration and a scheme where decoupling is proportional to the brine salinity give better performance and bring the model into reasonable agreement with observations.
Acknowledgements. We thank the editor,  Yevgeny Aksenov , and the two anonymous reviewers. Financial support. Max Thomas 's time on this research was partly supported by the  Deep South National Science Challenge (Ministry of Business, Innovation  and Employment contract number  C01X1412 ) and the  Antarctic Science Platform 's Project  4 -Sea Ice and Carbon Cycle Feedbacks (University of Otago  subcontract  19424  from  Victoria University of Wellington 's ASP P4 contract with  Antarctica New Zealand  through their  Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Strategic Science Investment Fund -Programmes Investment  Contract, contract number  ANTA1801 ). The  University of Otago Department of Physics 2021 Summer Research Scholarship  scheme provided financial support for  Briana Cate 's involvement in this research.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge funding from the  European Commission  through the  ERC  projects  SUPRA2DMAT  (Grant No. GA-833707 ) and  FUTURE-PRINT  (Grant No. GA-694101 ), the  Graphene Flagship Core 3 project  (Grant No. GA-881603 ), and the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  project  ULTIMATE  (Grant No. GA-813036 ) as well as the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  through the  Interdisciplinary Thematic Institute SysChem via the IdEx Unistra  (Grant No. ANR-10-IDEX-0002 ) within the  program Investissement d'Avenir , the  International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC)  and the  Institut Universitaire de France (IUF). O. M. acknowledges the  Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung  in the framework of the  Sofja Kovalevskaja Award , endowed by the  BMBF , for providing funding for this work.
J. N. C. thanks the  Science Foundation Ireland (SFI)  for support. D. B. thanks the  Energy Transition Fund of the Belgian Federal Government  ( FPS Economy ) within the  T-REX  project, the  Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS)  within the  Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif (CÉCI) , under Grant No. 2. 5020. 11 ,and by the  Walloon Region  (ZENOBE Tier-1 supercomputer), under Grant No. 1117545. The authors thank  Dr. Andrea Liscio  for enlightening discussions.
g. , storm plumes, impacts), months (belt/zone changes), and years (vortices) to determine the mean atmospheric state and the drivers of variability. JUICE would provide a continuity of data coverage over long temporal baselines to address the shortcomings of the previous snapshots, particularly the challenging Galileo observations due to the failed deployment of its highgain antenna. JUICE would also use broad and quasi-simultaneous spectral coverage from the UV to the sub-millimetre to probe different atmospheric layers. At the time of mission adoption, the Jupiter science case  (Grasset et al. 2013)  aimed to provide 'the first fourdimensional climate database for the study of Jovian meteorology and chemistry,' creating a global picture of the processes shaping the Jovian atmosphere 'from the thermosphere down to the lower troposphere.
2009 ) approximately scaled to match adjacent datasets; and disc-averaged ISO/SWS measurements from  Encrenaz (2003). Mid-and far-IR spectra in (b) were from ISO/SWS, plus low-latitudes averages from Cassini/CIRS  (Fletcher et al. 2009 ) and Voyager-1/IRIS  (Fletcher et al. 2017b). Far-IR to microwave spectra in (c) were from averaged Cassini/CIRS spectra  (Pierel et al. 2017) , Herschel/PACS observations  (Sagawa et al. 2010) ; and disc-averaged brightnesses from WMAP and ALMA in the millimetre  (Weiland et al. 2011; de Pater et al. 2019a ) and VLA in the centimetre (de Pater et al. 2019b) Fig. 4  Jupiter belts and zones, defined by the zonal winds, compared to contrasts in colour and reflectivity. White zones and reddish belts alternate in latitude following the anticyclonic and cyclonic shear of the zonal jets.
Southern polar oval is more symmetric around the pole and will be better observed with during the high inclination phase. Cubes during each perijove will be taken with gaps of approximately 40 minutes, to monitor the rapid variability of auroral structures. Although the types of observations mentioned above will represent most of the entries in MAJIS Jupiter dataset, they will be nonetheless complemented by other types, to be performed more rarely during the mission. This latter group includes: a global complete mosaic at full spectral coverage (to be acquired just once during the mission, given the massive data volume output), limb observations while in eclipse, stellar occultations and 'tracking' observations (repeated observations of the same area at the relatively short period of several minutes).
2]. Dayside and night-side observations of convective regions will be used to study the role of moist convection in meteorology  [JB. 4]. Auroral processes imaged at night [JA. 4] will also constitute an important dataset to understand the auroral structure and the impact of auroral processes in forming high altitude aerosol layers in the polar regions. JANUS observations will consist in the combination of mappings of the planet taking advantage of the planet rotation, and high-resolution observations of different targets separated by different time-scales. The field-of-view of the detector covers a rectangular area over the sky of 1. 29 • × 1. 72 • , with the largest size of the detector oriented parallel to Jupiter's equator with the nominal spacecraft attitude during Jupiter observations.
Section 4 then described the subset of instruments that are needed to achieve closure with respect to the JUICE science requirements: namely the remote sensing instruments (JANUS, MAJIS, UVS and SWI), radio occultations (3GM) and radio and plasma wave measurements (RPWI). These instruments offer flexible opportunities and modes, working within the spacecraft resource envelope of power and data volume, and can operate both independently and synergistically (Sect. 5 to explore phenomena across a broad spectral range. UVS covers the 50-204 nm range of the far-UV (similar to the 68-210 nm range of Juno/UVS); JANUS provides multi-wavelength imaging from 340 to 1080 nm (complementing the R, G, B and CH 4 bands on Juno/JunoCam); and MAJIS provides visible and near-infrared spectroscopy from 0. 49 to 5.
Acknowledgements We wish to express our gratitude to the teams of scientists, engineers, and mission planners that have made JUICE a reality, far beyond those scientists listed here as co-authors. Without them, the scientific potential expressed in this article would remain unrealised. L. N. Fletcher  is a JUICE Interdisciplinary Scientist supported by a  European   Research Council Consolidator Grant  (under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme , grant agreement No  723890 ) at the  University of Leicester. T. Cavalié  acknowledges support from  CNES  and the  Programme National de Planétologie (PNP) of CNRS/INSU. Fletcher and Cavalié have jointly chaired the ' JUICE Jupiter Working Group ' since 2015. D. Grassi ,  P. Palumbo ,  G. Piccioni ,  F. Altieri  and  A.
Mura  were supported by  Italian Space Agency "Accordo ASI-INAF  n. 2018-25-HH. 0,  Attività scientifiche per JUICE fase C/D ". The Italian contribution to MAJIS has been coordinated and funded by the  Italian Space Agency  (contract  2021-18-I. 0 ), and supported by the  ASI-INAF  agreement number  2023-6-HH. 0. R. Hueso  and  A. Sánchez-Lavega  were supported by grant  PID2019-109467GB-I00  funded by  MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033/  and  Grupos Gobierno Vasco   IT-1742-22. L. M. Lara  was supported by project  PGC2018-099425-B-I00  ( MCI /AEI/ FEDER ,  UE ). Y. Kaspi ,  E. Galanti  and  M. Smirnova  were supported by the  Israeli Space Agency. T. K. Greathouse ,  P. M. Molyneux ,  G. R. Gladstone  and  K. D. Retherford  acknowledge  NASA  funding supporting the  UVS  team for  ESA 's JUICE mission.
The database, last accessed in January 2022, contained 5837 A. baumannii genome sequences, of which 162 (2. 8%) were from ST25 strains and 24 (0. 4%) from ST25 SLVs. Their core-genome analysis was undertaken (https:// github. com/ bvalot/ pyMLST) based on 2,386 genes preselected from A. baumannii (cgmlst. org). The analysis was conducted using MrBayes-3. 2. 7 with GTR + G + I models  39. Analysis was performed with 10 6 iterations with a sampling every 500 iterations. Consensus tree and model parameter were determined after removing the 25% first iteration as burning. Convergence was evaluated for each parameter using ESS (Estimated Sample Size) with at least 50 and a PSRF (Potential Scale Reduction Factor) close to one. Similarly, two independent Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis and convergence was checked using average convergence of split less than 0.
05. The tree was visualized midpoint rooted using iTOL v. 6  40. For strains isolated from animals and humans demonstrating extensive genomic similarity, as resulting from the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, SNPs occurrence among these isolates was further investigated by snp-dists v. 3. 0 (https:// github. com/ tseem ann/ snp-dists). Comparison of amount of resistance genes between clades was estimated by Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney test on BiostaTGV (https:// biost atgv. senti web. fr/).
Genetic elements harboring bla OXA-23 gene and their integration sites Because of the high prevalence of carbapenemase OXA-23 among animal and human ST25 A. baumannii, we looked at the genetic environment of this gene in strains for which full-assembled genomes were available, from our study (38208, 51877, 13A462, 14A453, 15A1044, and), and from the NCBI database (P7774, HWBA8, UPAB1, CriePir298, 2992). Isolate 38208 from clade CIVd harbored a duplicate bla OXA-23 gene on two copies of transposon Tn2006  46. One copy of Tn2006 was inserted into the tssi gene, homologous to the locus D1G37_06470 (CP032215. 1) encoding a component of T6SS, and was flanked by 9 bp direct repeat (DR) sequence 5′-AAG CTG ACT-3′. This integration site is uncommon for Tn2006 47. To understand if gene tssi was a common integration site for Tn2006 in ST25 lineage, we analyzed the integrity of tssi gene in all 148 genomes.
Similarities searches in the NCBI database revealed that this transposon was present on plasmids previously reported in Klebsiella pneumoniae (e. g. , plasmid pKp 1050-4 in strain CP023420. 1), and Serratia marcescens (plasmid p1163 in strain AP01411. 1). Besides antibiotic resistance genes, these large plasmids carried genes encoding regulators of chromosomal genes involved in virulence  61, 62  , a factor that probably contributed to their maintenance in the cell (Supplementary Table  S3 ). Alignment of large plasmids demonstrated that similarity among them mostly reflected clade grouping of the chromosomes (Fig. 5B ). Plasmids carried large conserved regions (data not shown), but strains belonging to a specific clade harbored similar genetic elements potentially explaining the observed divergence.
Background/introduction: Currently, despite continued issues with durability (1), biological prosthetic valves are increasingly chosen over mechanical valves for surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in adult patients of all ages, at least in Western countries. For younger patients, this choice means assuming the risks associated with a redo SAVR or valve-in-valve procedure. Purpose: To assess the use of mechanical vs. biological valve prostheses for SAVR relative to patient's age and implant time in a large population extracted from the French National Database EPICARD. Methods: Patients in EPICARD undergoing SAVR from 2007 to 2022 were included from 22 participating public or private centers chosen to represent a balanced representation of centre sizes and geographical discrepancies. Patients with associated pathology of the aorta (aneurysm or dissection) and requiring a vascular aortic prosthesis were excluded.
Material and methods Starting 20 years ago, the French National Database EPICARD is hosted on a central computer server headed by the Federation of Medical Specialities, Issy les Moulineaux, France and is prospectively implemented via internet by each logged-in participant through a dedicated e-Form including pre, per and post operative data. There has been no restriction, in France, to the availability of devices and funding for world wide marketed devices or for warfarin and other anticoagulant therapies during the study's period of time and physicians had full influence on which devices they used.
Ethics The EPICARD database was declared to the French National Commission for Data Protection and Liberties (CNIL ⋕1221925). Patients were informed of the potential utilization of their anonymized data for scientific purpose and could ask that their case would not be entered into the dataset. Provided that no commercial use of the data would be made and that no indication of trade mark or label of any specific prosthetic valves used would be published, our survey was approved by the Scientific Committee of the French National Database EPICARD. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Use of all data strictly followed the General Data Protection Regulations.
Study population Patients in EPICARD undergoing SAVR from 2007 to 2022 were included from 22 participating public or private centers chosen to represent a balanced representation of centre sizes and geographical discrepancies (Figure  1 ). Patients aged under 19 years-old or patients with associated pathology of the aorta (aneurysm or dissection) and requiring a vascular aortic prosthesis were excluded. Comparisons were made amongst centers, valve choice, implant date range, and patient age. Data on preoperative (demographic, clinical and echocardiographic) characteristics, perioperative characteristics, EuroSCORE, and in-hospital mortality/morbidity after cardiac surgery were collected for each patient. Patients who underwent an associated valvular procedure or associated CABGs were included.
Anonymized data were extracted under a Excel-sheet format which allowed for further statistical analysis with MedCalc. Means are expressed with SD deviation, rates are expressed with their Poisson 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI). Continuous and categorial variables were compared with a t-test, a Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or a Pearson χ 2 -statistic whenever required. Tests were based on a two tailed p-value for an α-risk at 5%. Because data about long term follow-up remain seldom in the EPICARD database, results were restricted to the in-hospital period. Patients were categorized into duration quartiles according to the date of operation: Q1  (18, 093.
Population Out of 411,375 patients entered into the EPICARD Database during the study period, a population still including a very large amount of patients operated on for CABG only, we considered 101,070 valvular heart disease patients and included 72,375 SAVR (mean age 71. 4 ± 12. 2 years) 26,185 of which were women (36. 1%). SAVR was performed as a redo surgery in 5,434 cases (7. 5%). SAVR was an isolated procedure in most cases and was associated with another valve procedure in 7,123 cases (9. 8%) or with CABG in 15,621 cases (21. 6%). A total of 63,466 patients (87. 7%) received a BPV and 8,909 patients received a MPV. Therefore we observed a mechanical vs. biological prosthesis ratio (MBPR) of 0. 14 for the overall population. Patient's preoperative characteristics for each prosthetic valve type are detailed in Table  1  and overall age distribution where percentages are representative of the proportion of patients from our population in each class of age is presented in Figure  2.
Therefore, as for the final assessment of durability for the newest BPVs in non-elderly patients, we still have to wait to know how the widespread use of ViV-TAVR may positively impact the prospects for biological-SAVR in the middle-age population. Considering the growing evidence that MPVs might confer a survival advantage in middle-aged patients requiring SAVR, it has to be acknowledged that, despite the observed practice in France, present time is too soon to plea for an extensive use of biological SAVR in patients under 60 years-old. This is in phase with the reappraisal of MPVs use that is observed in the latest evolution of the STS database  (27). Despite the ongoing research of an ideal valve that would combine a durability over twodecades and a total freedom from long-term anti-coagulant therapy, and while waiting for late results after the Ozaki technique  (28) , extending indications of aortic valve repair or Ross procedure towards 50-60 years-old very selected patients might represent a valid option.
Limitations Our survey was restricted to a list of solicited centres which actively participate to the EPICARD national database and which volunteered to participate. The survey was closed when the number of 100,000 patients receiving heart valve surgery was obtained. Therefore it might be that a true nation-wide study including all French centres would have shown slightly different results, though it is unlikely that the tendency towards BPVs in middle-aged and young patients requiring a SAVR would have changed much. The EPICARD database is purely declarative and it might be that bad outcomes after surgery were under-reported. Items of the database include data from follow-up, however too much missing data made us unable to report on long term results. Therefore extrapolating from literature is the only option to anticipate what will be the consequences on late survival of middle-aged patients operated-on with the standards of actual practice.
Clay shrinkage, which consists of a reduction in the volume of clay soils during dry periods, can affect buildings and cause subsidence damage. In France, losses due to subsidence are estimated at more than 16 billion € for the period  1989  -2021  (CCR, 2021)), and are expected to increase under the effect of climate warming. This work aims to improve the current understanding of the conditions triggering subsidence by proposing an innovative drought index. We use a daily Soil Wetness Index (SWI) to develop a new annual drought index that can be related to subsidence damage. The SWI is derived from simulations of soil moisture profiles from the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model developed by Météo-France. The ability of the drought index to correlate with insurance claims data is assessed by calculating the Kendall rank correlation over twenty municipalities in France.
The insurance data, aggregated by year and municipality, are provided by the Caisse Centrale de Réassurance (CCR). A total of 1200 configurations of the drought index are considered. They are generated by combining different calculation methods, ISBA simulation settings, soil model layers, and drought percentile thresholds. The analysis includes a comparison with the independent claim data of six additional municipalities, and to a record of official "CatNat" decrees, useful for the analysis. The best results are obtained for drought magnitudes based on SWI values of the 0. 8 m to 1. 0 m deep soil layer, an ISBA simulation with interactive leaf area index (LAI), and consideration of low drought SWI percentile thresholds. Comparison with claim data shows that drought magnitude is able to identify subsidence events while being spatially consistent.
, 2022). Motivated by the above context, a new drought index is proposed in this study, which is adapted to clay shrinkage-induced subsidence damage. The novelty of the present work lies in the analysis of simulations using a version of the ISBA LSM with an extended vegetation representation. The index is based on soil moisture simulations from a version of ISBA capable of simulating the details of the soil moisture profile together with an interactive vegetation leaf area index (LAI), and is adjusted by comparison with insurance data. The objective is to determine (1) which soil layers should be considered for subsidence damage prediction, and (2) the extent to which interactive LAI is needed. In section 2, all data sets and the methodology for computing the drought index are presented. In section 3, we detail the obtained optimal drought index and its relationship to the subsidence damage data.
It is important to analyze layers at different depths because moisture variations depend on both the distance to the surface and the vegetation roots. Soil hydrologic properties, such as water holding capacity, change with soil texture. In ISBA, texture is considered to be homogeneous throughout the whole soil column for each grid point. This texture is represented by clay, sand, and silt contents derived at the kilometer resolution from the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) version 1. 2  (Nachtergaele et al. , 2012). To account for spatial variability within a grid cell, ISBA first runs separately for 12 generic plant functional types called patches (bare soil, rock, permanent snow, deciduous broadleaf trees, evergreen broadleaf trees, coniferous trees, C3 crops, C4 crops, irrigated C4 crops, grassland, tropical grassland, and wetlands).
The runs are then aggregated by averaging the output variables weighting each patch by its respective fraction in the grid cell. The maximum soil depth of a patch depends on the rooting depth of the corresponding vegetation type and varies from patch to patch. The geographic distribution of the patches as well as the land surface parameters are obtained from the ECOCLIMAP-II database at kilometer resolution  (Faroux et al. , 2013). The present work focuses on layers simulated for all patches, as we aim to assess differences induced only by depth. These conditions were met for four soil layers: 0. 2-0. 4 m, 0. 4-0. 6 m, 0. 6-0. 8 m, 0. 8-1. 0 m, soil layers 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively. Accordingly, we based our analysis on these four model layers. Because vegetation plays an important role in near-surface soil moisture variations, the ISBA model includes a representation of photosynthesis using a CO2-responsive stomatal conductance scheme, ISBA-A-gs  (Calvet et al.