dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Conclusions: sust ainable management of t he NW SAS Constraints on the aquifers making up the North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) limit their exploitation potential. These constraints are both economic and environmental. The fact that three countries share the aquifer complicates the problem, especially since these countries have not had the same outlook as to the future of the Saharan aquifers. Thorough improved knowledge of the hydrology of the region, together with the constitution of a shared database, the elaboration and use of a mathematical simulation model, the NWSAS project has shown that: • the simple continuation of the present withdrawals can constitute a serious danger for the Complex Terminal's layer within the Chotts region, • outside of the Chotts region, the Tunisian outlet and the Syrte gulf, slight increases in exploitation can still be endured without serious damage, • simulations based upon high extraction rates (strong assumptions) lead to unacceptable situations, • appreciable increasing of the present withdrawals is possible, however, it is at the cost of dispersing additional pumping fields to distant areas: the Western Great Erg and the confines of the Eastern Erg, • in spite of the efforts made through the project, uncertainties remain concerning knowledge of the system, as well as defining the options for development, which will require new investigations.
Targeted plant residues included seeds and wood charcoal recovered from macrobotanical samples using a modified SMAP (Shell Mound Archaeological Project) machine for flotation, and microbotanical remains such as phytoliths and starch grains recovered from artifacts and human teeth. This is the first publication of the botanical data from the Southeast Marketplace at Piedras Negras and thus is explored in greater detail than the architectural and bioarchaeological evidence previously described.
2017) , literature on wood anatomy (e. g. ,  Détienne and Jacquet 1983; Metcalfe and Chalk 1957)  and the online database InsideWood  (InsideWood 2004; Wheeler 2011 ). Of the rich set of wood taxa that were identified, many are valued firewood both in contemporary communities (e. g. ,  Atran et al. 2004; Balick and Arvigo 2015)  and in precolonial Maya cities (e. g. ,  Lentz et al. 2012; Thompson et al. 2015). The most frequent taxa recovered from the Piedras Negras marketplace, in terms of both ubiquity and overall quantity, are goncalo alves (Astronium sp. ) and craboo (Byrsonima sp. ), two highly popular fuel woods according to the ethnographic record. Other common fuel woods in the marketplace assemblage include sapote (Sapotaceae spp. ), Lauraceae spp. , guayabillo (Eugenia sp. and/or Psidium sp.
All the other plants are currently found nearby, though it is difficult to assess which were growing in the immediate vicinity of the site and which were traded in from more distant forest stands and wetlands. Our macrobotanical findings provide insight into the types of activities other than healing that were likely taking place within the Southeast Marketplace. For example, an abundance of carbonized seeds and wood discovered in situ suggests that some plants were processed directly on the spot. These data support the hypothesis that preparation and production was as much a part of market activities as the exchange and sale of durable goods. Such findings are consistent with ethnohistoric accounts of Maya markets during the colonial period (Las Casas 1958), as well as the lithic (Roche Recinos 2021) and bone  (Schnell 2017 ) evidence from the Southeast Marketplace.
Indeed, specific plant species indicative of common Mesoamerican foodstuffs, such as chiles, beans, maize, and tomatoes, previously have been identified in marketplace excavations  (Coronel et al. 2015; Eppich and Freidel 2015; Fedick 2017b; King 2015). If, however, we think beyond the traditional exchange of foodstuffs and durable trade goods and assume that other activities, such as the offering of medical services, was conducted in such places, we would expect a greater diversity of plant species. We suggest that our findings from the Southeast Marketplace are consistent with data reported in the broader literature on marketplace activities, where medicinal practice forms a common part of market activities and may have specialized areas. To date, however, this is the first marketplace targeted for research on medicinal practice.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Archaeological investigations at Piedras Negras were graciously permitted by the  Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala. We are grateful for the permission and local knowledge of the people and communities who were involved in the research presented here. This includes  La Cooperativa Técnica Agropecuaria ,  Santa Rita , and  La Cooperativa Nuevo Horizonte. The  Defensores de la Naturaleza  provided key logistical support that made fieldwork in the  Parque Nacional Sierra del Lacandón possible. We would also like to acknowledge the support of the project's co-directors,  Mónica Urquizú  and  Griselda Pérez Robles , in making this research possible. Institutional and financial support was awarded through  Brown University, Brandeis University  (the  Jane Fund of the Latin American and Latino Studies Program ),  McMaster University  ( Arts Research Board ), the  National Science Foundation  ( SBE-BCS 1505483/1505399 ), the  Alphawood Foundation , and the  Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council  ( Insight Grant   435-2019-0837 ).
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy was performed by attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy using a Bruker Tensor 27 spectrometer. The powdered uncharred and charred materials were placed directly on a germanium crystal. FTIR spectra were acquired by 64 scans at a 2 cm -1 resolution over the range 4000-600 cm -1. All spectra were corrected for water vapour, CO 2 and for differences in depth of beam penetration at different wavelengths (ATR correction; Opus software). All spectra were then normalised. For each spectrum, standardisation involved a subtraction of the minimum absorption value applied to the whole spectrum followed by a multiplication-applied on the whole spectrum-to obtain a similar spectral maximum absorbance value for all uncharred and charred woods  53.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  Paris Ile-de-France Region  through the  Domaine d'intéret majeur (DIM)  programme: ' Matériaux anciens et patrimoniaux '. This investigation was also supported by  Action transverse MITI: Chantier scientifique Notre-Dame de Paris. This work also benefits from the financial support of the  « ANR-Agence Nationale de la Recherche " ( CASIMODO  project;  ANR-20-CE03-0008 ). We are grateful to  Mercedes Mendez-Millan  ( Alysés platform, IRD ) for mass spectrometry analyses. We also acknowledge  Elizabeth Rowley-Jolivet  for English language editing.
15405 nm wavelength); A 1 mm capillary was used, obtaining three 2D frames for each point from 20 • to 60 • 2θ, with a step width of 20 • and a time per step of 60 s, with tube conditions of 40 kV and 40 mA. Each frame covered approximately 30 • 2θ. A video laser system allowed the adjustment and position of the samples and analysis areas. The PDF-4 + database (International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD)) implemented in the Bruker DIFFRAC. EVA 5. 2 software was used to identify the crystalline phases. A semi-quantification using the RIR method  [40, 41]  allows for obtaining the phase wt %. • XRD. Conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed using a D8 ADVANCE powder diffractometer, equipped with a high resolution VÅNTEC-1 position sensitive detector (Bruker, Germany), and complemented by a radial Soller slit system with a copper Kα radiation source (0.
15405 nm wavelength). XRD scans were performed in a 10 • -70 • 2θ range (0. 02 • step and 0. 2 s step time). The characteristics of the X-ray tube were 40 kV and 40 mA. The powder diffractometer was calibrated according to the manufacturer's specifications. Corundum, LaB6 and silicon standards were tested in a wide range of 2θ angles to verify the resolution and compute the instrumental contribution for structural adjustments. Bruker Topas software was used to fit the recorded diffractograms  [42]. The Fig. 3. Method flow chart based on RILEM recommendations  [37] [38] [39]. relative content of the phases (in wt%) was obtained using the Rietveld method  [43, 44]. Crystalline phases were identified by applying the PDF-4 + 2020 database (International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD)) with Bruker DIFFRAC.
0036 μm, the volume precision was ±1% fso of the volume of the sample cell stem, and the volume resolution was ± 0. 0001 cm 3. • Physisorption. A physisorption device (ASAP 2420 micromeritics) was also used to obtain surface area and complementary pore data within the micro and mesopore range (volume and size). • Helium pycnometry. The real density was determined using a helium pycnometer (Pentapycnometer 5200E, Quantachrome) with a pressure range of 1-20 psig and a resolution of 0. 0001 g/cm 3. The bulk density was calculated from porosimeter analysis as follows: bulk density = sample mass/(sample apparent volume), where the apparent volume was determined as (mass/real density + intruded volume). • X-ray CT. X-ray computed tomography equipment (Y. Cougar SMT, YXLON) was used to analyse the microstructure from a qualitative point of view.
Texture is observed in many of the samples, with peaks of much greater intensity in the diffractogram than those of the pattern. This texturing phenomenon is normal in natural samples where grinding has not been carried out for the XRD study  [48]. In the XRD images (Fig. 5 ), the peaks of the 2θ diffractogram obtained from the integration of the 2D frames match the rings of the frames. The laser-marked analysis areas are highlighted. Table  2  summarizes the μ-XRD results, where the calcite, magnesium calcite, and quartz phases correspond to the standards PDF 04-012-0489, PDF 01-089-1304 and PDF 00-005-0490 from the PDF-4 + 2020 database (International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD)). Fig. 6  shows the diffractograms of sample 05 for the whole mortar (sieved < 100 µm) and the binder fraction (<63 µm).
• The porosity values have provided durability factors. o The open and total porosity values (around 60% and 40%, respectively) can be related to a water-resistant potential worsening. • The pore morphology (CT) together with the pore size distribution values (physisorption and MIP) have completed the hydraulicity characterization (thermal and X-ray analyses). In addition, durability data have been obtained. o The spherical-shaped porous system (water-released spherical pores), as well as the large number of pores with a diameter less o Hydraulicity levels can be directly related to durability potential: weather resistance, wind-driven water ingress barrier, and waterproof properties. From the compositional characterization within an interdisciplinary approach (including archaeological, geological, and historical data): • The raw building materials have been characterized: o Quartz-rich seas and (from the Si and bioclast content), lime-based binder (from the high amount of Ca and micritic recarbonated lime detected), pumice-type fragments (isolated and in small quantities), and ceramic fragments (identified visually, from the thermal decomposition of carbonates, and from the C-A-S-H gel).
Acknowledgements The experimental campaign has been funded by the  "VI Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia de la Universidad de Sevilla ". The analysed materials are part of structures recently excavated within the General Research Project directed by  Laetitia Borau  ( CNRS, France ): Water management and construction techniques in the territory of Baelo Claudia during the Antiquity. The in-situ data collection is part of an ongoing activity authorized and approved by the authorities in charge ( Delegación Territorial de Fomento, Infraestructuras, Ordenación del Territorio, Cultura y Patrimonio Histórico de Cádiz, Junta de Andalucía ) on preventive conservation of structural materials. The authors kindly acknowledge the support provided by the personnel of the " Servicios Generales de Investigación-Universidad de Sevilla ".
Materials and methods The lower layer of the burial contained a number of bones, of which the skull (Fig. 3   visually distinguished from the granitic sediment deposit. First and foremost, given the heritage value of the skull as the oldest human remain in Mesolithic Corsica, strictly non-destructive techniques were required. The particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique was selected as it enables a non-touch analysis of the cranium. A 3 MeV proton beam with a 50 μm diameter was employed at an intensity of 5 nA. This ensured a relatively low penetration depth of the proton beam, estimated to about 104 μm by the SRIM software  [8]. The GUYLS module further indicates that these conditions lead to a depth from which 95% of X-rays are detected of 10 μm for Si, 34 μm for Ca and 55 μm for Fe.
The sediment samples and the blocks were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi TM3000), which is equipped with a SwiftED 3000 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) to extract compositional data. A minimum of five measurements were collected for each block. As the current analyses are part of a larger programme aiming at characterising iron-oxide rich archaeological artefacts from Corsica, it has not been possible to study all of the Campu Stefanu blocks using PIXE. Nonetheless, five of the blocks were also studied using PIXE to ensure the SEM-EDX measurements for major elements Al, Si, K, Fe were comparable. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of the sediments were also obtained using a Panalytical Aeris spectrometer and phases were identified using Profex software  [11].
Discussion While the presence of ochre in Mesolithic burials has been reported in many European contexts, a precise assessment permitting the confirmation of the nature of the pigment is often lacking. The possibility that the sediment and its alteration over time may be responsible for a red colouration deserves special attention to draw an accurate portrait of the nature and scale of the phenomenon. This is especially true in granitic environments where the weathering of ferromagnesian minerals can lead to the formation of haematite. The presence of iron oxides is not, then, generally sufficient to assess the presence of a pigment. At Campu Stefanu, the discovery of worn iron-oxide-rich blocks has enabled us to provide evidence for a match with the pigment on the skull. The strong correlation in the SEM-EDX data for the sediment  collected in three distinct spots within the burial provides a means to evaluate its contribution on the skull.
Acknowledgements This work was made possible thanks to the European IPERION-CH programme (grant n  654028 ) and the  EQUIPEX New AGLAE, France  ( ANR-10-EQPX-22 ) which improved the beam line performance. This research benefited from the scientific framework of the  University of Bordeaux's IdEx ''Investments for the Future'' programme/ GPR ''Human Past ''. ML would like to thank the  AGLAE team  for the warm welcome and scientific guidance. The  Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles de Corse  is gratefully thanked for authorising the transport and analysis of the artefacts.
The resulting measurements of   exhibit a correlation with the locations of the local plastic events produced by a similarly oriented strain applied at the boundary. The correlation persists until about 1/3 of the yielding strain when undertaken at the optimal length scale, ∼ 5(atomic diameters) in radius. Variation in the local probing strain is also examined at the location of the first identified plastic event. These data indicate that the triaxiality, orientation, rotation, and sign of the resulting plastic event aligns well with what one would infer from the measured local yield surface, but does not exactly correspond with the strain applied at the boundary. This suggests that the correlation of   with the observed plastic events would improve if the entire local yield stress surface, rather than only the value of   along the direction of the applied shear, were to be characterized throughout the material.
Acknowledgments We would like to dedicate this work to  Dr. Mark O. Robbins  for his valuable advice and his mentorship over many, many years. Although Mark  is no longer with us, his wisdom and passion towards scientific research will continue to inspire people who have known and communicated with him. We also would like to thank  Dr. Bin Xu  for sharing his experiences on the parameterization for the computational predictors and the presentations of multi-dimensional data. This work was carried out at the  Advanced Research Computing at Hopkins (ARCH) core facility  (rockfish. jhu. edu), which is supported by the  National Science Foundation (NSF) ,  United States  grant number  OAC 1920103. This project is supported by  National Science Foundation(NSF) ,  United States  under Award No. DMR-1910066/1909733.
Inclusion and Exclusion criteria, and data collection Inclusion criterion was patients aged ≥ 18 years old, with normal renal anatomy and pelvic-calyceal system who had RIRS for renal stones of any size, number, and position, at their center, between January 2018 and August 2021. Exclusion criteria were children/adolescents, ureteric stones, renal anomalies, simultaneous bilateral procedures, or musculoskeletal abnormalities which do not allow lithotomy or supine/split leg position. Furthermore, RIRS done as a combined procedure for Endoscopic Combined Intrarenal Surgery, and surgery performed in prone position were not included. Patients with missing data on stone HU and the type of laser used were also excluded. Anonymized data from each center was merged into a central database at the AINU o ce.
The following data were gathered: patient clinical characteristics, stone speci cation (i. e. HU, greatest transverse diameter, single vs multiple, and location), type of instruments and lasers, RIRS technique, intraoperative data, and postoperative complications and outcomes. Surgical time was estimated as the time from the start of ureteroscopy to the placement of a ureteral stent. HU of stones was measured on an unenhanced CT scan using bone window by drawing a region of interest within the stone on the largest stone surface. In the presence of multiple stones, HU of the largest stone was collected. The mean HU as reported by CT software was gathered for analysis. Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of laser employed, i. e. HL and TFL. Two analyses were performed for soft and hard stones using 1000 HU as the cutoff threshold to differentiate soft from hard stones.
Statistical analysis The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check data distribution for normality. Continuous data were reported as mean and standard deviation. Categorical data were presented as absolute numbers and percentages. The Student t-test was used to assess the difference between the two groups for continuous variables, whereas the Chi-square and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with complications, RF, and RF needing further intervention according to the type of laser and stone density. Statistical tests were conducted using the SPSS software package version 25. 0 (IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY).
Arguably, this is the largest database of RIRS patients where both laser types were used and hence a fair assessment could be made but to corroborate the ndings by subset analysis, we lack enough information on stone subtype analysis which precludes our ability to make absolute conclusions. Objectively we were able to draw clear inferences on stone-free and reintervention rates between the two HU stone groups when treated with two different irrespective of the size and multiplicity of the calculi treated. However, we acknowledge that a lack of standardized reporting and variability in imaging for post-RIRS assessment is another limitation for validating our ndings. Despite having an equal number of patients in both subgroups of HU, as data is collected from 20 centers, it has its pros and cons of having inconsistencies in reporting and these may skew some reported outcomes.
This paper is concerned with noncausal/causal verb pairs in Muher -a little-known South Ethiosemitic language of the so-called Gunnän Gurage sub-group in Ethiopia. Muher is a morphologically complex language, characterized by nonconcatenative verb morphology and the use of prefixes in combination with template changes to derive verbs. The study is based on a dataset of the Muher equivalents for the verb pairs in Haspelmath (1993). Muher uses several strategies to mark the noncausal/causal alternation, whereby directed pairs dominate. Within these pairs, a causal verb is more often derived than a noncausal verb. Non-directed pairs, i. e. , equipollent, labile and suppletive verb pairs, are also attested, but are less frequent. Moreover, for five of the original items in the list, Muher has no pairs, i.
Equipollence Formally, all pairs in Table 1 could be analyzed as equipollent because both the simplex verb and its derived counterpart are formed through stem-specific templates which interdigitate with a lexical root (similar to the conjugation class change in the typology of  Nichols et al. 2004) , and not simply by attaching derivational prefixes to a simplex stem (see §2). Nevertheless, simplex verbs can clearly be distinguished from their derived counterparts through the lack of such an additional derivational prefix. In the equipollent pairs discussed here, however, the two verbs of the pair are equally marked by a derivational prefix, i. e. the two verbs are equally morphologically augmented. Equipollent correspondences can be classified into three types, of which only two are attested in the dataset in Table  1.
Historically, the gutturals triggered vowel assimilation processes that still can be observed in the irregular imperfective base of these roots with type A simplex verbs, in which the vocalic radical is lacking, as in jɨlk'u 'he surpasses' in (16a). b. Indirect causative atat-läʔ-ä-m j-at-läʔ-u caus. idr-develop\pfv-sbj. 3sg. m-csm sbj. 3sg. m-caus. idr-develop\ipfv-csm 'he developed' 'he develops' The nonproductive derivational prefixes ɨn-(intr) and an-(tr) are limited to quadriliteral verbs which express some kind of movement, 19 while the mediopassive and indirect causative derivations with the prefixes tä-and at-occur with all other verbs. The third type of equipollent correspondence, not attested in the dataset in Table  1 , are complex predicates (also known as compound or composite verbs) 20 with the inflected verbs bäʲäm 'say' and amäɲɲäm 'make' 21 as light verb and an invariable ideophone as converb, as in (  12 ).
Suppletion The dataset in Table  1  contains five suppletive pairs, namely 'wake up' (#4), 'dissolve' (#11), 'burn' (#12), 'finish' (#15), and 'die/kill' (#31). In these pairs, the noncausal verbs and their causal counterparts are not formally related, as illustrated in (  14 ). (  14 ) a. assɔwä eʔäm. assäwä ek'-ä-m salt be_finished\pfv-sbj. 3sg. m-csm 'The salt is finished. ' b. ʃärätwe guggurɨm fädʤännɨm. ʃärät-we guggurɨm fädʤä-ä-nn-m food-def all finished\pfv-sbj. 3sg. m-obj. 3sg. m-csm 'He finished all the food. ' In all four pairs, the noncausal counterpart can be replaced by the impersonal form of the causal verb, see, e. g. , (25) in §5.