dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The interviews aimed primarily to generate explanations about how GI producers' groups were established and how consensus was reached during the establishment phase, including the main issues of contention during the negotiations of the GI technical rulesor else, the extent to which the decision-making process was participatory. Interviewees included (1) public authorities; (2) farmers, producers, and processors; (3) distributors and traders; and (4) leaders of producers' associations and cooperatives. Overall, we conducted between 6 and 10 interviews for each GI product for a total of 42 interviews. Secondary data were generated through desk study of legal texts, product specifications, registration regulations, statutes of the GI collective organizations, and evaluation reports. Each case was analyzed individually before comparing them with and among each other to highlight commonalities and differences.
As part of this process, interview transcripts and document-generated data were coded manually. Secondary data were also generated for cases such as Camembert de Normandie and fish sauce from Phu Quoc. Section 2 analyzes how the concept of representativeness is addressed in the legal frameworks for protecting GIs in France and Vietnam. Section 3 presents different case studies to explore how the different understandings of the concept of representativeness in each national legal framework impact on the constitution and representation of the producers' groups and affect the elaboration process of the product specifications. Section 4 discusses some of the issues arising out of the forms and processes of collective action in each country as influenced by the legal environment and which challenge the concept of representativeness.
These individuals underwent a collective total of 57185 rTMS sessions delivered within the previously published guidelines  (Rossi et al. , 2009). Among them, only three -all psychiatric patients free from anatomical lesions -were taking medications suspected of lowering the seizure threshold. Two seizures were reported in depressed individuals and one in a healthy individual on no medications. One seizure was reported in a healthy individual on an oral contraceptive. Recommendation: The previous TMS Safety guidelines advised caution in the application of TMS in persons taking medications known to lower seizure threshold. However, the currently available data showing low seizure rate no longer support this recommendation. However, documentation of concurrent intake of drugs and other potentially seizure threshold lowering factors (such as sleep deprivation, infection, alcohol consumption) during TMS application and systematic capture/reporting of side effect data are recommended to further inform the field.
, 2011; Kratz, 2011; Kratz et al. , 2011). However, as the use of TMS has spread and seizures are recognized as an ''expected" potential AE, seizures are likely being newly reported only when the circumstances are remarkable in some way. The US FDA's online database for mandatory post-market reporting contains only five seizure reports for approved devices, one from 2009, two from 2011, one from 2012, and one from 2015. While the risk of seizure from TMS was described by  Rossi et al. (2009)  as ''very low," it has never been quantified and common assumptions, such as that single-pulse or low-frequency stimulation is less risky than rTMS within the recommended limits, have not been tested. To address this knowledge gap,  Lerner et al. (2019)  sent questionnaires to 2510 authors of papers using TMS and members of clinical TMS associations, requesting information on numbers of TMS sessions conducted and numbers of seizures for the five-year period, 2012-2016.
However, 13 of these occurred in high-risk subjects (standardized risk: 27/100,000 sessions). The other three had none of the risk factors listed by  Rossi et al. (2009)  (standardized risk: 2/100,000 sessions). All of these seizures occurred with single or paired stimulation. Eight seizures were reported with rTMS at a frequency >1 Hz, including one with iTBS (standardized risk: 7/100,000 sessions). Of these, 7 occurred in individuals with risk factors (standardized risk: 67/100,000 sessions) and one in an individual without identifiable risks (standardized risk: 1/100. 000 sessions). While the numbers of seizures, especially in low-risk individuals, are too small for valid statistical comparison, an implication of these data is that highfrequency rTMS delivered within the 2009 guidelines is no more likely to cause seizures than sp/ppTMS, contrary to current assumptions and to the theoretical risk, which increases in proportion to the increase in the stimulation frequency.
Neurology and rehabilitation A systematic review of the literature through the database PubMed from March 2008 (last TMS Safety meeting) to October 2019 was conducted. The following keywords (repetitive TMS) OR (rTMS) OR (deep TMS) OR (dTMS) OR theta burst) AND (side effect OR AE OR safety[title] OR seizure[title]) initially identified 199 articles, which were reviewed, and finally 40 relevant papers were considered. They consisted of: (i) original articles reporting cases of AEs occurred during rTMS studies in healthy volunteers (n = 3); (ii) original articles reporting cases of AEs occurred during rTMS therapy trials for neurological (n = 4) or psychiatric (n = 7) indications; (iii) review papers on safety issues regarding rTMS application in neurology (n = 4), in psychiatry (n = 15) (mostly on depression, including TBS, dTMS, and accelerated protocols), in children or adolescents (n = 4), or concerning the use of TBS in general (n = 3).
Therapeutic clinical application This category includes interventions intended to cure a disease or to alleviate or prevent symptoms but not aiming to study the effects of the intervention in a scientific fashion. Data from standard-of-care therapeutic clinical rTMS application may later be analyzed retrospectively to generate findings and insights that contribute to generalizable knowledge. However, a prospective plan for nonstandard clinical care with a TMS device is considered therapeutic research, and as such must comply with various research regulations. Which rTMS procedures comprise standard of care may be defined by the medical device or product labeling, professional guild or expert consensus guidelines, or by other widely accepted authoritative sources. Depending on countryspecific regulations and on the quality and strength of published evidence for safety and efficacy, some off-label applications of rTMS may be acceptable.
Registration, standardized documentation and reporting As required by the declaration of Helsinki in its current version, every interventional TMS study should be registered (prior to enrolling the first participant) in a publicly available database. Negative outcomes should be reported in publicly available databases or published in regular scientific journals. Standardized reporting modalities and forms should be used by TMS researchers to allow a more valid summary of the observed worldwide safety. Standardized classifications (Table  1 ) should be used to record and report AEs. Follow up of all SAEs with possible causality to the research procedures is typically required. A definitive assessment of causality is often not possible for AEs. In addition to seizures, other AEs such as cognitive change, syncope, and suicidality should trigger reporting, even when relationship of the events to TMS is not certain.
Acknowledgments The meeting was supported by the  International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN). Authors are grateful to representatives of  EBNeuro, Magstim, Magventure, Rogue Research and Rogue Resolution  for additional meeting support and fruitful discussions: these  are included in the authorship as ''study group ". Authors are grateful to  Dr. Sara Romanella  for manuscript editing. Drs. Wassermann  and Hallett are supported by the  NINDS   Intramural Program.
Acknowledgements Ruben Vera  (CDHL) is acknowledged for his assistance on XRD analysis. Antoinette Boréave  (IRCELYON) is thanked for her help on TPR analysis. Stéphanie Pallier  ( LGPC/CP2M ) is acknowledged for her assistance on solid characterizations. Laurent Djakovitch ,  Noémie Perret  and  Antonio Hernandez Mañas  (IRCELYON) are thanked for their help in FTIR analysis and HPLC analysis. Alain Favre-Réguillon  is acknowledged for scientific discussion. This work was supported by  National Research Agency (ANR)  with the funding of project  CHICHE  ( ANR-18-CE43-0004 ). The authors thank  Axelera cluster  for the chemical and environmental sectors.
According to Fig. 2 , the low hydrogen yield is due to changes in microbial communities. Indeed, a clear shift was observed from Clostridium sp. (leachate inoculum) or Escherichia-Shigella (AD inoculum) to an unclassified Enterobacteriaceae (Raoultella sp. ) after a long inoculum storage. For instance, the population at the end of DF of Raoultella sp. reached 91. 4% for the 1. 5-month storage by freeze-drying (65 ± 3 mLH2/gVSini) compared to 0% for the fresh leachate inoculum (187 ± 19 mLH2/gVSini). This could suggest that long storage favored the emergence of such a bacterium, which was probably only present initially in AD and leachate inocula. Thanks to a BLAST program, this bacterium was identified as Raoultella ornithinolytica strain (accession number : NR_044799. 1) with an identification percentage of 99.
Acknowledgements This original work was funded by the  ANR  (the  French National Research Agency) , under the " Investissements d'avenir" (reference  " ANR-16-IDEX-0006 ") and " ProBHym" (reference  " ANR-18-CE43-0012-03 ") programs. References Affagard, H. , Schwintner, C. , Juste, C. , Joël, D. O. R. E. , Chapron, A. , Fonseca, F. and David, O. , 2018. METHOD OF LYOPHILIZATION OF A SAMPLE OF FAECAL MICROBIOTA. U. S. Patent Application No. 16/063 , 419.
Results and discussion All static tests have been performed with Shimadzu and Instron electromechanical testing machines with load cells between 50 kN and 250 kN. All DMA tests have been carried out using a TA Instruments Q800 Dynamic Mechanical Analyser Fig. 1. Tensile, Compression and IPS specimens were monitored for their moduli and failure strains using rosette strain gauges. Hence, 'T' rosette gauges were positioned at the mid-point of the gauge length on both sides of the specimen. Strains were recorded using a data logger. All the failure mode symbols shown in the following tables can be found in the corresponding ASTM standards. Increasing the injection pressure leaded to fibre wash (due to the reduced fibre volume fraction) and bowing of the mould top surface. For the bi-directional plaques, the filled has been obtained through one edge injection and the resin has been infused from the outside to the centre point.
Static tests Specimens were tested in either CTD unaged -54±3 • C or ETW aged    68 • C conditions (the ETW temperature is the glass transition onset temperature following ageing). Testing was performed inside a thermostatic chamber. CO 2 was used as the cooling media in CTD testing. The chamber was held at the required test temperature for a minimum of 15mins. to ensure uniform temperature distribution, then specimens were held at the required temperatures for 5 (+5-0) minutes prior to testing. Temperatures were monitored using thermocouples and a digital data logger thermometer with a valid calibration certificate. Hygrothermal ageing of specimens was carried out in a humidity cabinet at 40±3 • C / 84±5% RH until saturation. All weight measurements of conditioned specimens using an Analytical Balance were performed.
A numerical model of a quarter of a building's storey is submitted to the climatic actions computed at the location of Embrun city, in France. One side of the L-shape wall is supposed to face to the south, and the other one to the west. The thermal and mechanical analysis are performed with the software CASTEM. In thermal analysis, air temperature and flux of solar radiation signal are defined from databases of METEO FRANCE, and are applied on the exterior surface of the walls. The results of the first calculation, by thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis (THM) with elasticity behavior, confirm that a significant stress level in tension occurs in the concrete at the corner of the walls and the nearby interface elements of the TBS. Furthermore, the TBSs that are close to the corner of the walls pertain the highest horizontal and axial forces, and are at risk to exceed the limit strength.
CLIMATIC ACTIONS As mentioned in Section 1, the principal loading in the simulation is the thermal loading, which is defined by the combination of air temperature and solar radiation signal. Besides that, to include the shrinkage effect, the shrinkage strains are calculated from the relative humidity of concrete, then the hydric analysis based on the imposed humidity is necessary. Those signals are obtained from the database of METEO FRANCE  [9] , and will be presented in this section.
Results and discussion In this section, we present some numerical results delivered by the BEN variational principle and we compare them to the analytical solution within the elastic regime end the elastoplastic predictions obtained by the step-by-step procedure by using the software Abaqus with a sufficiently refined mesh. The von Mises plasticity criterion is employed in the present work. The algorithm presented in the previous sections is implemented with Python language and the scipy. optimize. minimize numerical tool is applied to find the minimum of the discretised BEN functional. The loading history is displayed in Fig. 4.
4 MPa at the time t = 1. Simulation results concerning radial and hoop stresses are shown in Figs. 6  and 7  respectively. From these figures, a good agreement between the BEN predictions and the analytical solution is observed with 2 finite elements. It is important to underline that the elastic case has been tested to verify that the method allows also to detect and to solve the elastic problem in the event that the yield limit is not reached everywhere. Of course, if we know a priori that the problem is elastic, it is more efficient to use a solver of linear problems. For the elastoplastic response of the plate, analytical solutions are not available in the literature. Hence, the BEN principle predictions are compared to the incremental results obtained by the finite element software Abaqus.
Computation cost The BEN principle transforms the elastoplastic boundary value problem into a space-time minimization problem under constraints for all time steps. Therefore, the computing time depends on the total dof and the number of optimization iterations. Each optimization iteration takes more time with a refined mesh, i. e. more dof or optimization variables. The scipy. optimize. minimize algorithm does not require implementation of the expression of the gradient of the functional cost (49). However, it is reasonable to expect that implementation of the gradient should accelerate the simulation process. In this section, computations by providing the functional gradient are also conducted for both plate models and the corresponding results are refereed "with gradient". Results obtained by the Python solver are noted "without gradient".
This paper details the In-CASE setup and the dataset of 70 measurements obtained to study the impact of the electric charges on CE. For this purpose, droplets and particles charges are controlled through two charging systems developed in this work -both chargers are detailed below. The droplet charge varies from -3. 0 x 104 ± 1. 4 x 103 to +9. 6 x 104 ± 4. 3 x 103 elementary charges, while the particle charge ranges from zero to -90 ± 9 elementary charges depending on the particle ra dius. A droplet radius of 48. 5 ± 1. 1 pm has been considered for four particle dry radii between 100 and 250 nm while the relative humidity level during experiments is 95. 1 ± 0. 2%. The measurements are then compared to theoretical models from literature -showing good agreement.
Dépée et al. (2019) extended model In Fig. 10 , the modelled CE from the extended model of  Dépée et al. (2019)  as a function of the measured CE is presented. The modelled CEs are calculated from the exper imental parameters (AP density, air temperature, pressure, and relative humidity as well as the sizes and charges), and the CE values less than 10-5 are set to 10-5 to avoid an ex cessive computation time  (Dépée et al. , 2019). The horizontal error bars are the measurement uncertainties, while the ver tical ones are the extreme theoretical CE values considering the extreme droplet and AP charges (by adding or subtracting the charge uncertainties). The colour code corresponds to the different droplet radii studied. A good accordance between the model and the CE measurements is shown. Indeed, it appears that there are as many data points above the "Model = Measurement" line as below, meaning that the model overestimates as much as underestimates the observations.
Indeed, the literature lacks baseline data to get a suitable comparison with the modelling since most of the previous studies failed to control all parameters influencing the CE like the AP and droplet sizes and charges as well as the relative humidity  (Beard, 1974; Lai et al. , 1978; Barlow and Latham, 1983; Byrne and Jennings, 1993). Even though some studies stand out  (Wang and Pruppacher, 1977; Wang et al. , 1983) , no one examined the influence of the electrostatic forces when the droplet and AP charges had like signs. Thus, the short-range attractive term from the analytical ex pression of the electrostatic forces -Eq. (  10 ) -used in the current Lagrangian models  (Tinsley and Zhou, 2015; Dépée et al. , 2019)  has never been experimentally validated or at least emphasised. In the new CE dataset, the APs and droplets are accurately charged through custom-made droplet and AP chargers detailed above.
The method allows the measurement of the primary drainage curves of cylindrical specimens with height 50 mm and diameter 80 mm during free evaporation from the top surface. With the help of suction measurements by embedded tensiometer sensors, continuous primary drainage curves can be measured. Primary drainage curves for both tested materials are shown in Fig. 2  along with a curve fit using the Van Genuchten model  [36]  with parameters summarised in Table  2. According to the measured primary drainage curves, both granular materials show very low capillary effects with air entry values below 1 kPa matric suction. Slightly higher capillary effects are measured for the sand compared to the glass beads, which is further discussed in  [27] , where also hysteretic water retention data from cyclic drainage and imbibition experiments are presented.
Pre-processing of CT data CT scans are reconstructed using X-Act by RX Solutions resulting in a 16-bit-greyscale volume. Afterwards, these raw data are further processed using the open source software SPAM  [34]  and the commercial image processing and analysis software Avizo by Thermo Fisher Scientific. The image processing consists of the following steps: 1. Histogram normalisation: a linear rescaling of all greylevels is performed in order to ensure that the three phases of interest (air, water, grain) have the same mean greylevel in all scans. 2. Filtering: A 3D median filter is applied, followed by a non-local means filter  [15]  as shown in Fig. 4. 3. Phase identification: A step-wise semi-automatic approach  [19]  is used: markers are computed from the gradient of the image, which are used in a markersbased watershed algorithm, which should minimise the phase identification errors for partial-volume voxels between grain and air.
Global measurements from CT data With the phase identification carried out for each acquired volume, we study the evolution of the specimen height, specimen volume (normally not measured in a uniaxial compression test) and pore water volume. The volumetric strain e v is especially interesting because it allows the interpretation of the volumetric shear behaviour of unsaturated granular assemblies, i. e. , the tendency towards contractancy or dilatancy, at quasi-zero confining pressure. The volume of the sample is measured in every scan by first dilating and then eroding the non-air phases until the internal voids are filled. While the dilation algorithm in Avizo adds voxels to all solid surfaces, thus filling inner pores, the erosion algorithm removes them again to restore the outer specimen surfaces.
On top of offering a convenient way to define pores, access to individual particles opens the door to the measurement of their kinematics between two imaged states (i. e. , during loading). Here, the ''discrete DIC'' script in the open-source software SPAM  [34]  (implementing grain-based image tracking from  [16] ) is used. Particles are tracked based on their greyscale image by extracting the image in the labelled (reference) image, and solving a classical image correlation problem to minimise a greyscale residual in the deformed configuration. In this case the non-rigid correlation engine in SPAM is used to solve the image correlation problem, yielding a 3D displacement and homogeneous deformation matrix for each labelled particle. Combining grain kinematics from discrete DIC and the triangulation mentioned above, a strain tensor is computed  [6, 44]  for each tetrahedron (which is relatively noisy since displacement gradients are computed only with 4 displacements).
Evolution of water clusters The evolution of the interfacial areas discussed above might be better understood by considering the distribution of water in the sample as a series of discrete patches of water, and their evolution with shearing. Water clusters are identified and numbered in each X-ray scan, and the volume of each cluster is computed. Different domains of cluster volume are identified: -Domain 0 (smallest clusters): broken pendular rings (and possibly some image noise) -Domain 1: visible intact and broken pendular capillary bridges -Domain 2: assemblies of capillary bridges -Domain 3: water clusters up to the second largest water volume -Domain 4: the largest single water cluster inside a specimen For every domain, the water clusters included in the specimen for each scan have been counted in order to evaluate the data in the form of a series of histograms, shown in Fig.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the funding of this research by the  German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG)  in the framework of Research Training Group GRK 2462: Processes in natural and technical Particle-Fluid-Systems [13] at  Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH). Laboratoire 3SR is part of the  LabEx Tec 21  ( Investissements d'Avenir grant  agreement n  ANR-11-LABX-0030 ).
Acknowledgements. This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant  Agreement No 823731  CONMECH. This research was also supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 11771067 ), the  Applied Basic Project of Sichuan Province  ( 2019YJ0204 ) and the  Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities  ( ZYGX2019J095 ).
Open access to research data is increasingly important for accelerating research. Grant authorities therefore request detailed plans for how data is managed in the projects they finance. We have recently developed such a plan for the EU-H2020 BIG-MAP project -a cross-disciplinary project targeting disruptive battery-material discoveries. Essential for reaching the goal is extensive sharing of research data across scales, disciplines and stakeholders, not limited to BIG-MAP and the European BATTERY 2030+ initiative but within the entire battery community. The key challenges faced in developing the data management plan for such a large and complex project were to generate an overview of the enormous amount of data that will be produced, to build an understanding of the data flow within the project and to agree on a roadmap for making all data FAIR.