dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
345). In the aftermath of the typologie analytique, a higher degree of standardisation, which was previously one of the novelties and peculiarities of this method, became a common constraint for any archaeologist working with a computer. Moreover, the use of computer spreadsheets and database systems has increased de facto the level of standardisation and explicitness of data in scientific practice since the very functioning of computers requires it (and even if the user does not know or does not use this improvement). The publishing format developed in the typologie analytique framework conceptually anticipated formats that are becoming increasingly common in archaeology and science today. A first example relates to the generalisation of online publishing. Besides threatening offprints with extinction, online publishing has enabled the publication of large "supplementary materials" sections containing data, data descriptions, programming codes, etc.
Acknowledgements I thank  Paolo Gambassini ,  Jacques-Élie Brochier , and  Rafael Mora Torca , who accepted to be interviewed, and  Georges Couartou ,  Stéphanie Delaguette ,  Dominique Trousson ,  Christine Cabon  and  Maite García Rojas  who shared some of the documents and information with me. I am also grateful to the people who helped me in the archive services I visited:  Marie-Dominique Dehé  † (archives of the  Musée national de Préhistoire ), and  Anais Rodríguez  ( Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi). Finally, I thank  Christine Rabier ,  Laureline Meizel ,  Jean-Marc Pétillon  and the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on earlier versions of this article.
Instead it is archaeologists who have observed and precisely mapped the chert-bearing (primary or secondary) deposits. This was carried out to define the exploitation territory around particular sites, and to determine the characteristics of chert nodules as a fundamental reference for comparison with archaeological assemblages. The ultimate goal of this geoarchaeological dataset is to document the behavioral aspects of prehistoric chert procurement and exploitation patterns. In 2007, when the edited volume Chert Availability and Prehistoric Exploitation in the Near East was published  (Delage, 2007) , chert research was still marginal to the study of prehistory in the Near East. However, over ten years later, numerous studies on Levantine chert have been published and research projects are still developing on different aspects of this theme, including the use of geochemistry to characterize chert (e.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the editors,  C. Hunt  and  A. Howard , for allowing us to publish the latest research on cherts in the Near East as a special issue of Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. We would also like to express our gratitude to all of contributors to this issue as well as all of our colleagues who spent time reviewing and improving the various papers included here. We also acknowledge the help and support of the Journal Manager,  Vinaya Sundar , who has accompanied us along the editorial and production process.
3. 1. Analytical technique X-ray fluorescence (XRF) cartographies were performed using the M6 Jetstream instrument (Bruker)  [22]  containing a X-ray tube with a rhodium anode at 50 kV and 600 µA with a 100 µm thick beryllium window. Polycapillary optics are used to focus the X-ray beam. The Xray detector is a 60 mm² SDD with a Peltier cooler, which 4096 channels were divided into 40 keV with a maximum count rate of 275 kcps. The target was placed horizontally at a working distance of 12 mm. The beam presented a diameter of 100 µm, the distance between each point was 100 µm and the time per point 200 ms. Data were processed with the Esprit program developed by Bruker. Current limitations of this software did not allow accessing the variability of individual spectra in a selected area of interest.
CONCLUSION The diversity of the inks used to write on artefacts from Stradivari's workshop was studied using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging spectroscopy. Spectral data extracted from XRF chemical maps were processed in order to improve the evaluation of the elemental composition of iron-gall ink inscriptions. In addition, the quantitative calibration of the system based on the thin target approximation allowed calculating the concentration of iron, copper and zinc and discriminating several groups among these inscriptions. This study showed the interest of this protocol to improve the representativeness of the spectra obtained by XRF and to raise the signal/noise ratio. Indeed, the selection of areas of interest made it possible to get rid of the heterogeneity of the ink of the inscriptions.
This work was funded by the European Research Council (ERC)project ELEPHANTINE "Localizing 4000 Years of Cultural History. Texts and Scripts from Elephantine Island in Egypt" [Project ID 637692, funded under H2020-EU. 1. 1. ]. During the initial phase, it was also supported by the Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien (BKM) in Germany.
Acknowledgement We thank  Kristin Mahlow  and  Johannes Müller  ( Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin ) for acquiring the first tomography data on their " GE Phoenix Nanotom S"  for the magic fold mockup and first attempts on packages from the  Papyrussammlung. We are grateful to  Leif Glaser  ( DESY, Hamburg ) who wrote the cinnabar and minium ink letters on the mockup, to  Frank Kutz  and  Philipp Hoelzmann  ( FU Berlin FB Geo and TOPOI ) for their help with the Niton pXRF, and to Eric Laval who let us check the Louvre objects at the  C2RMF  with its ELIO pXRF.
Funding: This research work was financially supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 51572202 ,  61604110 ) and  Shenzhen  basic research ( JCYJ20150417142356651 ). It was achieved in the frame of the  FLAG (Femtosecond Laser Application in Glasses)  consortium project with the support of the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  ( ANR-09-BLAN-0172-01 ) and the  French Foreign Office (Eiffel program ).
e. , 1. 1, 2. 1 and 3 J. cm -2 in NUV and 3, 7 and 13 J. cm -2 in NIR. Each time, seven craters were generated in line with a number of shots ranging from N=5 to 1500. Imaging was carried out at the TOMCAT beamline  [47] , Swiss Light Source (Paul Scherer Institute, Switzerland). The data were collected with a pixel size of 0. 65 µm, using a 10× magnification diffractionlimited microscope optics. Each data set is composed of 1701 radiographs collected over a 180° rotation range. Each radiograph was recorded with a monochromatic and parallel beam at 20 keV and an exposure time of 200 ms. Volume reconstruction was performed from the radiographs corrected from flat field and background noise using an algorithm based on the Fourier transform method  [48]. Image processing was achieved with Avizo ® software.
In IR-F-eq, several measurements must then be rejected because of a high bias from the Concordia curve (>15%) or a lack of precision. The remaining dataset is accurate but statistically poor for a robust age estimation. In IR-S-eq mode, i. e. at high fluence, the data are statistically robust and accurate, but suffer from high uncertainties relative to the actual expectations from LA-ICP-MS. Finally, NUV is the most powerful mode to obtain statistically robust datasets and its high yield provides room for improvement to increase the actual high spatial resolutions reached for various type of multi-elements analysis, e. g. <10 µm in diameter. 1 0 0 � m.
For example, research in codeswitching has shown that some morpheme types, precisely plural formatives, are often maintained in bilinguals during codeswitching (Myers-Scotton 2013). The hypothesis is that the insertion of plural forms of an embedded language (corresponding to SL) into a matrix language (corresponding to RL) acts as an anchoring of such morphemes and paves the way for their later spreading to lexemes belonging to the native stock of the matrix language. Data on idiolectal use from the conversational Siarad corpus of Welsh-English bilinguals (ESRC Centre for Research on Bilingualism in Theory and Practice 2011) seems to support this claim. In (2a-d), we see four Welsh nouns, all belonging to the native Celtic lexical stratum, which mark the plural by means of a formative -s (and its allomorph -/is/ in (2d)), which is clearly borrowed from English.
Participants, stimuli and design The experimental task was primed lexical decision, tested in two directions: Greek to French priming (exp. 1a) and French to Greek priming (exp. 1b). The 42 participants were Greek native speakers who had been studying and/or living in France for 4 to 8 years. 15 All of them responded to both experiments (1a and 1b) with the appropriate design. 192 targets were used overall, 96 words and 96 pseudowords. The 96 targets were all Greek-French cognates, nouns or adjectives and their frequency was assessed via the Lexique database  (New et al. 2001). The 96 word stimuli were divided in four categories (see Table  1  for examples): i) 24 cognates of Greek etymology and large MFS (GrMFS+) ii) 24 cognates of Greek etymology and small MFS (GrMFS-) iii) 24 cognates of French-Latin etymology and large MFS (FrMFS+) iv) 24 cognates of French-Latin etymology and small MFS (FrMFS-) The MFS count was based on the Modern Greek Dictionnary (  2003 ) and the Reverse Modern Greek Dictionary (Anastassiadis-Symeonidis 2002, and its digital version).
Procedure and apparatus The experiment was conducted on a PC computer using the DMDX software  (Forster and Forster 2003). Each trial consisted of three visual events. The first was a forward mask consisting of a row of ten hash marks that appeared for 500ms. The mask was immediately followed by the prime. The prime was in turn immediately followed by the target word which remained on the screen until participants responded. The prime duration used in this experiment was 50ms. All stimuli appeared in the middle of the screen presented in lowercase characters 17 in order to preserve stress markers over the appropriate vowels. In 17 It should be noted that for the application of the masked priming technique in Modern Greek, and, contrary to what is generally applied for other languages, e. g.
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ORIENTAL, SEPHAR-DIC AND ASHKENAZIC MANUSCRIPTS In 1977, Frederico Pérez Castro published a detailed article entitled "Códices bíblicos hebreos. Evaluación comparativa de varios manuscritos toledanos, askenazíes y orientales," which focused on variants in medieval biblical manuscripts. The article aimed to "determine in a systematic way the quality of Sephardic manuscripts produced in the scriptoria of Toledo" (Pérez Castro 1977, * Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, TDMAM, Aix-en-Provence, France. This article was produced within the framework of the ANR Project Manuscripta Bibliae Hebraicae (N° ANR-16-ACHN-0008-01) at Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, TDMAM, Aix-en-Provence, France. I wish to thank my colleagues for the discussions around these results at the Vocalisation Workshop at the University of Cambridge (held in May 2017) and also at the Research Seminar on Semitic Linguistics held at the IREMAM, Aix-Marseille University (MMSH, October 2017).
Study design The ALTO study, a multinational, multicenter study spanning six European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the UK) was the first large-scale non-interventional study (NIS) in Europe to focus on LAI antipsychotics treatment of patients with schizophrenia, and has been described in detail elsewhere  [32]. Retrospective, cross-sectional data was collected from patients already receiving treatment with LAI antipsychotics (prevalent users) or initiating a treatment with a LAI antipsychotic that was not prescribed during the previous 12 months (incident users). Data for the crosssectional part of the study was collected between 5th July 2013 and 30th June 2014 (first and last patient visits, respectively). Incident users of LAI antipsychotics were followed up in a prospective, longitudinal study component over an 18-month period.
Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance All data analysis for this paper was generated using SAS software, Version 9. 2 of the SAS System for Copyright© 2009 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). Physician questionnaire responses on the 5-point stress-level scale were aggregated into two categories: physicians who felt "less stress" (those answering "much less stressed" were grouped with those answering "a little less stressed"), and physicians who felt "no or more stress" (those answering "a little more stressed" were grouped with those answering "no difference in stress"). A Student's t-test was used to compare the mean difference in the proportion of patients (oral -LAI) reported by physicians according to the two stress categories ("less stressed" vs "no or more stressed") at each step of the formulation process pathway.
Recently published data from the PRELAPSE trial in patients with early schizophrenia suggests that more frequent discussion on LAI antipsychotics use with prescribers across different healthcare settings could help to remove potential logistical barriers and increase the use of LAI antipsychotics  [44]. This data is supported by ethnographic evidence that limited physician knowledge on LAI antipsychotics, including concerns about the pharmacological properties of LAI prescriptions, may be a barrier to their use  [43]. One limitation of the ALTO study relates to potential sampling bias. The physicians' whose attitudes were analysed as part of this study were drawn from a pool of physicians who already chose to prescribe LAI antipsychotics. As such, these physicians may have more positive attitudes towards LAI antipsychotics than the general European physician population, and therefore may be more predisposed to prescribing LAI antipsychotics.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge  Pedro Such  from  H. Lundbeck A/S, Denmark , for publication coordination, and  Debbie Nixon ,  DPhil , and  Ruth Le Fevre, PhD , from  Costello Medical, UK , for writing and editorial assistance. The implementation and conduct of this study, including statistical analysis, was undertaken by QuintilesIMS and led by  Kari Kastango  ( Director of Biostatistics, QuintilesIMS ).
Dashed lines represent the full range of variation and full lines represent 40% predictive ellipses (using R statistical software and package "SIBER"; refs. 72 and 75). for alteration  (43) , can be observed (SI Appendix, Figs. S35-S39 ). In contrast, the dentin and pulp cavity of the fossil teeth had higher concentrations of these elements indicating diagenetic alteration (Fig. 2 ). On 15 fossil tooth cross-sections, a total of 23 enamel segments were analyzed. Of these, only one enamel cross-section segment showed Zn concentration distribution that did not follow the characteristic pattern observed for modern enamel (n = 10) of higher concentration in the outermost layer that decreases toward a constant level inwards (SI Appendix, Fig. S30 )  (19, (62) (63) (64). While the distribution of this one segment may indicate some postmortem alteration, none of the other three enamel cross-section segments analyzed from that same specimen (Panthera pardus, 34505) displayed an atypical pattern.
Conclusion In this study, the first Zn isotope dataset of fossil tooth enamel, from a Late Pleistocene Southeast Asian faunal assemblage (∼38. 4-13. 5 ka) from the THM cave in northeastern Laos, Hua Pan Province, is presented. We show multiple lines of evidence that support the lack of significant postmortem diagenetic trace element uptake from the soil environment into the enamel of fossil teeth. Enamel profiles along tooth cross sections do not display any identifiable postmortem alteration of biogenic Zn concentration gradients or diet-related δ 66 Zn by postmortem processes. The classic trophic-level tracer δ 15 N collagen (only obtained for four samples) displayed an expected inverse trophic relation with δ 66 Zn of the same teeth, further supporting the preservation of original δ 66 Zn values.
The measurement routines were performed with a Thermo Scientific Element 2 single collector sector-field ICP-MS coupled with a New Wave UP213 Nd:YAG laser ablation system, at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (Mainz), as described in SI Appendix, Supporting Information 3. 6. Statistical Analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical program R (version 3. 6. 1) (72). To test our hypotheses of predictors associated with variability in δ 66 Zn values, we fitted a LMM (60) with a Gaussian error structure and identity link (61) using the R-package "lme4" (version 1. 1-17)  (73). The full method is reported in SI Appendix, Supporting Information 3. 7. A complete description of the material and methods used in this study is presented in SI Appendix, Supporting Information 3.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank  K. Schilling  and  B. Brumme  ( Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig ) as well as  O. Tombret  ( UMR 7209  AASPE) for technical support;  S. Steinbrenner  ( Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig ) who performed the C and N analysis;  R. Mundry  ( Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig ) for his valuable help and insight with the LMM;  R. Barr ,  C. Zickert ,  L. Därr ,  A. Salzer , and  L. Schymanski  ( Multimedia Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig ) for their help with pictures and figure presentation;  Christine Lefèvre ,  Joséphine Lesur , and  Aurélie Verguin  of the UMR 7209 (AASPE),  Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , in Paris, for the agreement and access to the mammal collection; and  M.
A pipeline based on deep neural network automatically cropped the first molar from the pictures, and returned a prediction regarding species identification. The deep-learning approach performed equally good as geometric morphometrics and, provided an extensive reference dataset including fossil teeth, it was able to successfully identify teeth from an archaeological deposit that was not included in the training dataset. This is a proof-of-concept that such methods could allow fast and reliable identification of extensive amounts of fossil remains, often left unstudied in archaeological deposits for lack of time and expertise. Deep-learning methods may thus allow new insights on the biodiversity dynamics across the last 10. 000 years, including the role of humans in extinction or recent evolution.
2020). Wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). -This species is native to Europe and northwestern Africa. The dataset included 588 wood mice. A first set of 264 animals was previously used to characterize geographic patterns of differentiation related to latitude and insularity  (Renaud and Michaux 2003, 2007). This set included wood mice from various places in continental Western Europe and North Africa: Germany (4), Switzerland (2), Belgium (19), France (86), Italy (40), Spain (43), Portugal (3), Bulgaria (2) and Tunisia (8). Specimens from different Mediterranean and Atlantic islands were further included: Oleron (15), Ré (7) and Yeu (1) in the Atlantic Ocean off Western France; Corsica (8), Elba (1), Ibiza (9), Sicily (15) and Marettimo (1) in the Western Mediterranean Sea. This sampling was completed by animals integrated in a study devoted to patterns of within-population variation of the first upper molar  (Renaud et al.
2015). It included specimens from continental Italy (3) and France (205), as well as from the islands of Noirmoutier (5), Porquerolles (86) and Port-Cros (12), and Sardinia (13). This sampling strategy covers the different phylogeographic lineages described so far  (Herman et al. 2017 ; J. R. Michaux et al. 2003)  as well as various insular populations. Almost all specimens have been genotyped, confirming their attribution to Apodemus sylvaticus. The specimens from the collection of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris, France) come from Western France, outside the distribution area of the morphologically close species A. flavicollis. House mouse (Mus musculus). -This species is the typical commensal mouse associated with human settings; all the specimens in the dataset belong to the Western European subspecies Mus musculus domesticus.
Fossil material Pleistocene Apodemus sylvaticus. -Fossil teeth of wood mice attributed to A. sylvaticus were collected in fossil deposits from South France (Mas Rambault, Le Lazaret, Orgnac) and Lyon surroundings (Vergranne, Arbignieu). The dating of these deposits ranged from the Early Pleistocene (Mas Rambault, ~1. 3 Ma) to the Late Pleistocene (Orgnac 3, 35000 years) and even the Holocene (Arbignieu)  (Aguilar et al. 2002; Jeannet 1981; Mein 1990 ). This dataset includes 38 teeth in total  (Deschamps 2004; Renaud et al. 2005). Le Mesnil Aubry, Iron age. -Archaeological teeth from Apodemus (6) and Mus (5) were collected in the Iron Age deposit of Le Mesnil Aubry, near Paris  (Guadagnin 1983). The macroscopic traits of the molar morphology and the dwelling context to attribute the Mus remains to Mus musculus.
Data acquisition: pictures For the modern specimens, the skull was positioned on a bead bed and manually oriented so that the occlusal surface of the right upper molar row matched at best the horizontal plane. When the right side was damaged, the left upper molar row was photographed and the picture was mirrored. All images were oriented with the anterior extremity of the molar row to the left, and the lingual side above (Figs. 1, 2 ). The pictures have all been taken using a binocular and a numerical camera. Lighting consisted of optical fibers that were manually adjusted to obtained a good picture. The pictures have been collected over more than 20 years, with different cameras and hence different resolution, magnification, and color balance. Fossil teeth are most often found isolated. In this case, they are individually positioned with the occlusal surface up, the roots inserted in plasticine.
Methods for geometric morphometrics The shape of the first upper molar (UM1) was described using 64 points sampled at equal curvilinear distance along the 2D outline of the occlusal surface using the Optimas software. The points along the outline were analysed as sliding semi-landmarks (Thomas  Cucchi et al. 2013). Using this approach, the outline points are adjusted using a generalized Procrustes superimposition (GPA) standardizing size, position and orientation, while retaining the geometric relationships between specimens (F. J. Rohlf and Slice 1990). During the superimposition, semi-landmarks were allowed sliding along their tangent vectors until their positions minimized the shape difference between specimens, using the bending energy criterion. Because the first point was only defined on the basis of a maximum of curvature at the anterior-most part of the UM1, some slight offset might occur between specimens.
The first point was therefore considered as a semi-landmark allowed to slide between the last and second points  (Renaud et al. 2020). To compare the fossil UM1 to the modern dataset, all molars were superimposed in a same procedure. The aligned coordinates were used as shape variables. The differentiation between the three species was analyzed using a leave-one-out cross-validated linear discriminant analysis (LDA). For the reclassification to the original groups, it removes one specimen at a time, and predicts its classification using LDA functions computed on all the remaining specimens. Classification accuracy is given by the percentage of specimens correctly assigned by the cross-validated LDA (cross-validated percentage, CVP). Fossil molars were considered as supplementary specimens reclassified to the groups of the modern dataset.