dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Patient Population and Data Collection This is a post hoc analysis of the prospective, multicenter European Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (E-CABG) registry. This registry enrolled patients undergoing isolated CABG at 16 European centers of cardiac surgery (Besançon, France; Catanzaro, Italy; Genoa, Italy; Hamburg, Germany; Leicester, UK; Milan, Italy; Nuremberg, Germany; Naples, Italy; Oulu, Finland; Parma, Italy; Pedara, Italy; Rennes, France; Rome, Italy; Stockholm, Sweden; Trieste, Italy; Verona, Italy). This study is registered in Clinicaltrials. gov (Identifier: NCT02319083). The study protocol and the definition criteria of baseline-, operative and postoperative variables are described elsewhere  (7). The Institutional Review Board or Ethical Committee of the participating centers approved this study.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software v. 24. 0 (IBM Corporation, New York, USA) and the Stata statistical software v. 14. 2 (StataCorp LLC, Texas, USA). Mann-Whitney U-test, Fisher's exact test and Chi-square test were used for univariate analysis. Ordinal regression was used to identify risk factors of CS of increasing severity. Logistic regression with the backward method was used to identify the risk factors associated with postoperative stroke and/or death, including covariates with p<0. 05 in univariate analysis. Non-parsimonious logistic regression was used to adjust the impact of CS on the outcomes of interest for the following covariates: age, gender, anemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate, dialysis, P2Y12 receptor antagonists pause less 5 days, poor mobility, extracardiac arteriopathy, diabetes, preoperative atrial fibrillation, pulmonary disease, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤50%, recent myocardial infarction, urgency of the procedure, critical preoperative state, off-pump surgery, porcelain aorta, bilateral internal mammary artery grafting and untouched ascending aorta.
Primary outcome: incidence of stroke after CABG In the screened population without history of stroke and/or TIA (n=2813), postoperative stroke occurred in 25 patients (0. 9%), with an incidence of 1. 5% among patients with CS ≥50% (n=649) (p=0. 44). Therefore, preoperative screening had not found a relevant CS in 15 out of 25 patients suffering stroke after CABG. Baseline characteristics and operative data of patients who suffered postoperative stroke are summarized in Table  1. CT of the brain was performed in all patients, except one with critical hemodynamic conditions. In four patients, CT findings were negative. Among 20 patients with signs of brain ischemic injury, the ischemic lesions were bilateral in five patients (25%) and ipsilateral to a CS ≥50% in six patients (30%). Stroke was ipsilateral to CS ≥70% in three patients (15%) (Tab.
Third, epiaortic ultrasound was performed in a very limited number of patients and this prevents more conclusive results on the mechanisms underlying the development of stroke in these patients. Fourth, the lack of data on the ultrasonographic characteristics of the carotid plaque prevents an analysis of the potential embolic nature of stroke originating from the carotid arteries. Fifth, the lack of data of intra-and postoperative hemodynamics prevents a more in-depth analysis of unstable hemodynamic condition as a determinant of the neurological events. Finally, this data does not clarify whether CS might have contributed to contralateral stroke in presence of diffuse cerebrovascular disease and incomplete circle of Willis.
| Patients We enrolled 51 consecutive patients with asthma (28 mild/moderate, 23 severe) who were referred to our hospital between December 2013 and January 2015 for routine follow-up. Severe asthma was defined as "asthma which requires treatment with high dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a second controller (and/or systemic corticosteroids) to prevent it from becoming 'uncontrolled' or which remains 'uncontrolled' despite this therapy. "  12 The control group included 36 healthy subjects who were students or relatives of employees at the hospital. All control subjects had normal spirometry results. None of the patients or control subjects was engaged in exercise training programs prior to the study. All individuals gave informed consent. Approval for the use of these data was provided by the Institutional Review Board of the French Learned Society for Pulmonology (CEPRO 2011-039).
| Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SAS statistical software, ver- predictors (at P < 0. 1) were entered into multivariable linear regression models (one per DL PA parameter). Prior to the multivariable analysis, we first checked for the absence of co-linearity between candidate variables by calculating the variation inflation factor  28  and then tested all possible first-order interactions between candidate factors in separate linear regression models. To simplify the multivariable models, a backward-stepwise selection procedure was used with a removal criteria of P = 0. 05. Statistical testing was done at the two-tailed α level of 0. 05.
| DISCUSSION The results of this study show that DL PA is decreased in adult patients with asthma, and that the number of SPD is associated with age,   in other fields suggests that the perception of symptoms does not rigorously correlate with sensory stimuli. For instance, the perception of dyspnea intensity by asthma patients is not strictly proportional to bronchial obstruction; similarly, the perception of asthma control by the patient and medical staff differ markedly. With regard to the duration of activity monitoring necessary for accurate assessment, a review of studies measuring physical activity in adults with an accelerometer determined that 3 to 5 days of monitoring were required to obtain reliable measurements. 29 In a recent study of COPD patients, physical activity was assessed over 10 days, and the data were evaluated from the last seven daily records.
30 The data presented here for asthma patients were collected over 5 consecutive days and were similar for weekdays and weekend days. Thus, the duration of data collection in our study is in line with the recommendation. Interestingly, the number of SPD walked by patients with severe asthma in our study was similar to that reported by Bahmer et al  8  and Cordova-Rivera et al for patients with severe asthma. 9 st previous studies examining associations between physical activity limitations and asthma control used subjective measures of DL PA. Recently, van't Hul et al reported that a low level of habitual physical activity was associated with poor asthma control 10 ; however, the correlations between asthma control scores and physical activity were weak. Similarly, older adults with poor asthma control were nearly twice as likely as those with well-controlled asthma to have limitations in DL PA.
80% of the maximum evapotranspiration of the crop. The same irrigation rate was applied to the CC and BF systems. Cash crop harvest (Table  1 ) was carried out with a commercial harvesting machine. A subsample was taken to determine grain moisture. The amount of grain C produced on each cropping system was calculated assuming a common grain C concentration of 420 g kg -1, whereas grain N was calculated as the product between dry matter grain yield and grain N concentration, quantified by Dumas' method analysis. All crop residues were incorporated into the soil. During the development of the field experiment data regarding crop management practices carried out (i. e. date, type of practice), machinery and/or implements used, 115-hp tractor fuel consumption per ha, and type and rate/dose of inputs were registered.
g. date, amount of input, soil depth) is required as a model input. Management practices information was available in the database of the experiment. Soil N2O emissions as a result of nitrification and denitrification processes are simulated separately in the model and coupled by nitrate production by nitrification. In the model nitrification is proportional to soil ammonium content. This process is modulated by water filled pore space (WFPS), soil temperature and pH. However, soil pH values in the experiment, ranging between 6. 6 and 8. 2, do not constraint nitrification. Denitrification is proportional to soil nitrate concentration and soil denitrification potential rate, which is modulated by soil pH and WFPS. The rate was checked from field samples and was found equivalent to 2 kg N2O-N ha -1 d -1  (Plaza-Bonilla et al.
That value was considered to be the representative of the annual change for the duration considered here. The different items were calculated as six year average of two successive three-year rotations for each cropping system. When not explicitly described in the text, data are reported as kg CO2 eq. ha -1 yr -1. Finally, for each cropping system, the carbon footprint was divided by the amount of grain C and grain N produced to obtain an indicator relating the environmental and agronomic dimensions. Analyses of variance were performed using the JMP 13 Pro statistical package (SAS Institute Inc, 2017) for a completely randomized design with blocks with cropping system and year and their interaction as fixed effects and block as random effect.
Acknowledgements The constructive suggestions of three anonymous reviewers greatly improved this manuscript. This research was supported by (i) the  FP6 Grain Legumes Integrated Project  (food-CT-2004-506223), (ii) the  European Commission (REA)  through the  LEGATO  project ( FP7-613551 ) and (iii) the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  through the  LEGITIMES French project  ( ANR-13-AGRO-0004 ). It also benefited from the support of the  Climate-CAFE European  project, which was selected by the  European FACCE-JPI ERA-NET Plus program. The authors thank  Jean-Marie Nolot  for his key role in managing the cropping system experiment of Auzeville and  Grégory Véricel  for the database creation and maintenance. INS was funded thanks to a convention between the  University of Lleida  and  INRA-Toulouse.
Study Design and Participants This prospective single-center cohort study included all patients over the age of 16 years with an ACL tear who participated in all types of sports at all levels of play and who underwent primary or revision ACL reconstruction between 2012 and 2015 by 1 of 4 senior surgeons. The study was approved by an ethics committee, and all patients provided informed consent. This cohort study was registered with ClinicalTrials. gov. A retrospective analysis was performed of prospective data. Exclusion criteria were associated lesions of the posterior cruciate ligament, isolated lateral ligament tears, and patient refusal.
Data Collection A web survey was administered to the participants using the validated version of the ACL-RSI scale  5  before surgery and at 4 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. The ACL-RSI scale includes 12 questions on the patient's emotional well-being and confidence in his or her performance and risk appraisal. The scale, with scores ranging from 1 to 10, includes 5 questions on emotional well-being, 5 questions on confidence in physical performance, and 2 questions on the appraisal of risk. Higher scores indicated a more positive psychological response. The total score was determined by adding the values of the 12 responses and then calculating their relationship to 100 to obtain a percentage. Four months after surgery, patients received an electronic link by email to the web survey to access and respond to an electronic version of the ACL-RSI scale.
fr). *Clinique du Sport, Paris, France. ‡ Racing 92, Le Plessis-Robinson, France. § Institut de l'Appareil Locomoteur Nollet, Paris, France. One or more of the authors has declared the following potential conflict of interest or source of funding: This research was supported by the Fonds de Dotation pour la Recherche Clinique en Orthopedie et Pathologie du Sport and Ramsay Generale de Sante. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto. Ethical approval for this study was received from the Comitede Protection des Personnes Ile-de-France VI, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere.
Study Populations REACH and SMART are prospective cohort studies of patients with established cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors. Study details have been described elsewhere. 6, 7, 20 In the present study, we included patients with stable clinical coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and/or peripheral artery disease from both cohorts. From REACH, we used patient data from Western Europe (n=14 259) and North America (n=19 170). In the international, prospective REACH cohort, participants were enrolled between 2003 and 2004 from physician outpatient practices in several countries in Western Europe and North America. Participants were followed for a maximum of 4 years for the occurrence of cardiovascular events and mortality. Medical history, physical and laboratory measurements were collected with a standardized international case report form at baseline and then (bi)annually.
Outcomes of patients were annually reported by the local investigator and not adjudicated. 20 From the ongoing prospective SMART cohort we used data from 6959 patients with a history of cardiovascular disease enrolled between 1996 and 2014 at the University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. At inclusion, all patients completed a questionnaire, underwent standardized physical examination and fasting blood samples were collected. Follow-up for cardiovascular events and mortality was performed every 6 months by sending letters to every participant and checking medical files. An outcome committee assessed whether outcomes occurred. 7 etailed definitions of risk factors at baseline, established cardiovascular disease and clinical outcomes are provided in Table  S1. Both studies comply with the Declaration of Helsinki, both studies were approved by an institutional review committee and that the subjects gave informed consent.
Clinical Perspective What Is New? What Are the Clinical Implications? • The externally validated SMART-REACH lifetime model can estimate both 10-year cardiovascular event risk and anticipated improvements in life expectancy without recurrent cardiovascular events in individual patients with cardiovascular disease in Western Europe and North America, for example using the calculator on www. U-Prevent. com. • Clinicians should be aware of the discrepancy in anticipated benefit of treatment using 10-year versus life expectancy without recurrent cardiovascular events, as these may result in different clinical decisions about the appropriate preventive strategy for the individual with cardiovascular disease. populations respectively. The external validity of the SMART score in the REACH data and of the REACH score in the SMART data was evaluated and is shown in Data S1.
Development of the SMART-REACH Model for Estimating Life-Expectancy Without Recurrent Cardiovascular Events We developed the SMART-REACH model in REACH Western Europe using statistical methods that were previously described in detail. 17, 21 In short, 2 Fine and Gray competing risk models (Data S2) were fitted for cause specific estimates of the cumulative incidence, 1 for recurrent cardiovascular events and 1 for noncardiovascular mortality. Age was used as the underlying time function (ie, left truncation). 20 This enables lifetime predictions across the age range from the youngest age at study entry to the highest age at study exit. Predictors were selected based on the original SMART and REACH scores. 4, 5 Because not all of these predictors were available in both the SMART and REACH cohorts, further selection was based on availability of the predictors in both data sets.
Missing data (<1% of variables in SMART, and in REACH 20% creatinine, 21% total cholesterol, 3% current smoking, 2% atrial fibrillation and heart failure, and <1% for other variables) were reduced by single imputation using predictive mean matching (aregImpute-algorithm in R, Hmisc-package). 22 nalyses were conducted with R statistical software V. 3. 2. 2 (www. r-project. org; packages mstate, survival, cmprsk, pec, rms, Hmisc).
6] [37]  Ideally, such treatment effect estimations are validated on the basis of the original trial data of such novel therapies. As the SMART and REACH participants originate from daily clinical practice with limited selection criteria, the models presented in this study are broadly applicable to patients with a clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. When applying the SMART-REACH model in practice, the physician should consider whether the available literature applies to the individual patient in question. For example, for patients with moderate to severe heart failure, evidence on several preventive therapies is limited, as these patients are often excluded from trials such as was the case for the FOURIER (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk) trial.
Outcome evaluation During follow-up, patients were asked biannually to complete a standardized questionnaire on hospital admissions and outpatient clinic visits. If a vascular event was reported, hospital discharge letters and results of laboratory and radiology examinations were collected. Death was reported by relatives of the participant, the general practitioner or the treating specialist. All possible events were independently evaluated by three members of the endpoint committee, comprising physicians from different clinical departments. Participants were followed for the development of a subsequent cardiovascular event and were invited to a baseline clinical examination and follow-up evaluation at 12, 24, 36 and 48 months after the baseline. At the follow-up visits, data were collected regarding interim development of clinical outcomes according to selfreport and medical records available, and confirmed by local physician; 10% were monitored for source documentation and accuracy.
With earlier detection of resectable NSCLC through screening programs and increased frailty of an ageing population, more patients are considered for sublobar resections in clinical practice than previously. To assess the long-term oncological efficacy of sublobar procedures, Subramanian and colleagues conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Cancer Data Base, to compare lobectomy versus sublobar resection in patients with clinical stage IA NSCLC  (5). Selected patients who underwent surgery between 2006 and 2007 were followed through 2012, and registry staff retrospectively obtained additional data on locoregional recurrence information for 5 years following resection. Of the 1,687 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 1,354 underwent lobectomy, 48 underwent segmentectomy, and 285 underwent wedge resection.
Editorial The problem with sublobar resections functional status, with a patient who could not tolerate a lobectomy. Previous studies have shown the significantly different overall and disease-free survival outcomes when analysing 'intentionally selected' versus 'compromised' patients  (3).  Established factors favouring sublobar resections, such as size <2 cm, peripheral location, ground-glass opacification on imaging, favourable adenocarcinoma histopathological subtypes and margins >2 cm were not recorded in the database  (3, 6).  Anatomical segmentectomies were categorized together with wedge resections within the sublobar group, without consideration of the significant technical differences between the two procedures, as well as potential differences in their oncological outcome  (7).
 No follow-up regimens were described, and an unknown number of patients with incomplete recurrence data were excluded from analysis without replacement. Despite these limitations, it is important not to dismiss the findings by Subramanian, and the authors should be commended on their strong efforts to provide an important snapshot of the 'real world' outcomes of sublobar resections. Indeed, the authors stated that up to 70% of all newly diagnosed lung cancer patients in the United States were captured in the National Cancer Data Base, and their results were an accurate reflection of the current clinical practice. Some key findings of the study within the sublobar group warrant further discussion, including the relative high proportion of wedge resections (285/333, 86%), the relatively low number of lymph nodes sampled (median number of lymph nodes, 1) and the relatively high proportion of patients with a positive margin (6.
6%). What this implies is that a significant proportion of patients did not undergo the standard of care for eligible surgical candidates, which is video-assisted thoracoscopic anatomical resection with lymph node sampling or dissection  (11). It also showed that intraoperative assessment was probably inadequate, compared to rigorous and precise techniques and strategies described previously for sublobar resections  (12). Whether these technical procedures were avoided due to patient-or surgeon-related factors remains unclear, and this data may be challenging to elucidate from national databases. In summary, results from the Subramanian provided a useful benchmark to describe the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent sublobar resections and lobectomies in the United States, but it also clearly demonstrated the limitations of data derived from a national database, whereby important patient selection factors were not captured for analysis.
The vigour and the vegetative expression of grapevines are parameters of great interest in viticulture, as they describe a general state of growth capacity. Understanding the impacts of agricultural practices on vine vigour, under particular soil and climate conditions, is essential to give a more accurate technical advice, especially on what soil management and vine nutrition are concerned. A shoot sensor called Physiocap®, designed and developed by the CIVC (Comité interprofessionel du vin de Champagne), is used during dormancy season to measure the shoot section, the shoot number and an estimation of the aboveground biomass. The sensor maps vigour spatial variability within a plot, among plots and over years. Physiocap database in Champagne has been analysed since 2011 at different scales, in order to determine the factors impacting the vine vigour.
The vintage appeared to be the most impacting factor. For example, climate variability or accidents like dry springs and early spring frosts reduce vine vigour. Champagne vine varieties did not significantly impact vine vigour according to the database. At the scale of the Champagne vineyard, the aboveground biomass estimation of Physiocap® was strongly correlated with the yield of the following year, leaving a promising basis for analysing the impact of different factors on vine vigour. At the scale of the plot, winegrowers are able to compare their plot vigour to a Champagne threshold, which is being refined every year as the Physiocap database is enriched. They can therefore manage their fertilization and soil tillage program more accurately according to their objectives. The Physiocap® sensor appears to be an interesting multidimensional tool binding vine physiology, agronomy and precision viticulture at different scales.
Finally, the shoot biomass indicator per vine or per meter square is calculated out of the shoot section and the shoot number, as well as a wood density fixed at 0. 9 kg/dm 3 in Champagne. Data has been analysed in order to qualitatively weigh the factors impacting vine vigour. These factors are either not modifiable, like climate or soil, or can be changed through agricultural practices. They all impact vine vigour, which in turn has an effect on various agronomical performances (Fig. 2 ).