dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements We thank  Emmanuel Ndiema  and the curatorial staff of the  National Museums of Kenya  for collection access. For scientific/technical discussion we are grateful to:  G. Castelli  ( Cambridge ),  M. Mirazón□Lahr  ( Cambridge ),  R. Holloway  ( New York ),  F. Spoor  (London). AB is funded by the  National Research Foundation of South Africa  ( Research Development Grants for Y-Rated Researchers , grant number  129336 ), the  University of Cambridge  and the  Centre National de la Recherche Sceintifique. EdJ is funded by the  University of Cambridge Harding Distinguished   Postgraduate Scholars Programme. AB and EdJ are funded by the  South Africa/France  ( PROTEA) Joint Research Programme  (grant number  129923 ) and the  McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. We are grateful to the three reviewers and the editors for their comments and suggestions.
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank one of the two anonymous reviewers as well as the editor for their pertinent and helpful comments that allowed us to improve various aspects of this article. Sílvia Perpiñán  and  Rafael Marín  acknowledge the support from the research project  PID2020-114276GB-I00  funded by  MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033. This article is dedicated to the memory of our dear colleague  Manuel Leonetti. Events always take (place with) ser.
Secondly, we shed light on the transitions of the previously neglected fashion context. To our knowledge, transition studies have failed to study the evolution of the textile, apparel, clothing and fashion industries thus far. Therefore, we believe our analysis, based on secondary data and illustrative cases, can provide an initial understanding of transitions to fast fashion (and currently to ultra-fast fashion). Thirdly, to explain interactions in the MLP framework, we draw on framing contests and institutional logics literature. We, therefore, joined other studies that created a bridge between transitions and framing and institutional logics  (Fuenfschilling & Truffer, 2014; Runhaar et al. , 2020)  and elaborated on the idea of agency and power, which extant MLP literature in transitions was critiqued for lacking  (El Bilali, 2019a , 2019b; Svensson & Nikoleris, 2018).
Acknowledgements We want to thank  Minna Halme  and  Jouni Juntunen  for their friendly feedback. We also would like to thank  Professor Mike Hodson  for his generous and constructive feedback. We also owe a thank you to the participants of SUB sessions at  Aalto  who also provided constructive feedback to this article while its development. We also would like to thank  Elise Rehula  for her design support which helped us put our theoretical ideas into a framework.
Results All statistical analyses were performed in R (version 4. 2. 1; R Core Team 2022) using the packages dplyr  (Wickham, 2019) , tidyverse  (Wickham, 2017) , psych  (Revelle, 2018) , ordinal  (Christensen, 2018) , car  (Fox & Weisberg, 2011) , and emmeans  (Lenth, 2018). For the inferential analyses, cumulative link mixed models (CLMMs) were applied using the ordinal package  (Christensen, 2018). An initial maximal model was constructed that included occupation (high-irony vs. low-irony) and device (full stop vs. smiling) as fixed effects, and incorporated subject and item as random factors. After comparing the fit of models with different fixed effects structures and threshold parameters with model choice determined by the result of likelihood ratio tests and analysis of deviance, we got the best model fit for the data: clmm (response ~ occupation * device + (1|subject) + (1|item), threshold = "flexible").
Interpretation of ambiguous statements with and without a smiling emoji The first question asked participants to judge the sincerity of the statements. The interpretation of sarcasm data was performed in R (version 4. 2. 1; R Core Team 2022) using generalized linear mixed effects model (GLMM) through the lme4 package (version 1. 1-30,  Bates et al. , 2015). We included occupation and device as the fixed factors, and took subject and item as random factors into the model. A series of likelihood ratio tests was performed to obtain the best fitted model for the data:   There was a significant main effect of occupation (Table  6 ), revealing that senders with high-irony occupations were more likely to be perceived as sarcastic than those with low-irony occupations (P(smiling emoji + high-irony) = 0.
8-40 keV) on the painting. The detector was placed at a distance of 15 mm from the paintings' surface. In our case, three maps of 490 × 870, 340 × 420 and 250 × 250 pixels were acquired (whole painting, plus two details in the donor's tunic and the coat of arms) corresponding to sizes of (x,y) 24. 5 × 42. 5, 17 × 21 and 5 × 5 cm 2 area. At max size, a scanning speed of 12. 5 mm/s and a dwell time of 40 ms were used, taking 4. 7 h to collect the whole elemental maps. The two small scans were performed in areas selected according to the most interesting zones identified in the first scan. A dedicated program implemented in a portable computer running Windows ® using a Visual studio-built interface controls the instrument  [2]. Spectra are collected on the fly, and normalized to a common live time just after the transfer.
Data evaluation The data (a matrix of pixels each containing a spectrum) are stored in EDF format, and processed with the open source program PyMCA  [5, 22] , developed for X-ray fluorescence at the European Synchrotron Facility (ESRF). With it, we can fit the peak area of different elements (in our study, namely Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Ba, Au, Hg and Pb), and obtain elemental maps in PNG format. These maps can then be represented in a linear or logarithmic black-and white-contrast scale in order to enhance the visibility (a higher value of white indicates a stronger signal). For all images, minimum and maximum intensity values were selected to enhance the readability.
Optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzing system (SEM-EDX) The three cross sections were investigated by optical microscopy (OM; Nikon Eclipse LV-100ND coupled with a Nikon DS-Ri1 camera) under visible and UV lights. They were later analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM; Philips XL30 CP: tungsten cathode, backscattered electron detector) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX; Oxford Instruments, AZtec software) using an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. The samples were polished and carbon-coated to avoid surface charging.
The first one, a fast scan with a step of 50 μm, was mainly to locate the values of z were signal was measured. The second, a precise scan with a step of 10 μm was performed in the interval of interest by moving the painting away of the instrument starting at the deepest detectable layer, and measuring a spectrum per value of z. Data evaluation The XRF spectra obtained for each depth value were fitted by means of the PyMCA program  [22]. The peak areas of the different elements were adjusted, and the net peak intensities of the characteristic fluorescence lines were extracted and normalized to their maxima. These normalized values were then plotted against the depth z value, enabling an easier comparison of the intensity vs depth profiles. As in the MA-XRF case, the elements mainly found were Ca Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Ba, Au, Hg and Pb.
Acknowledgements We thank  Brice Moignard ,  Antoine Zink  and  Frédéric Leblanc  from the  C2RMF laboratory  for their help during the reinstallation of the confocal X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. We also thank  Gilles Bastian ,  Clarisse Delmas ,  Rosaria Motta ,  Matthieu Gilles  and  Sophie Caron  for the insight they gave us regarding the painting's history and the discussions regarding its restoration. Funding was provided by  ANR DepthPaint  ( ANR-20-CE29-0018 ) for the CXRF measurements and the PhD of J. T. R. at  PSL University ,  ED 388  ( 2021-24 ).
(2017) , three subscales about the treatment of criminal offenders  (Gerber & Jackson, 2013) , and The "Free Will" subscale and "Determinism" subscale of the "Free Will Inventory"  (Nadelhoffer et al. , 2014). We also added an additional item, supposed to measure participants' endorsement of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Participants were also asked whether they currently were in a romantic relationship and, if yes, were asked to fill the 4-item version of the "Couples Satisfaction Index"  (Funk & Rogge, 2007). All these data were collected for another research project and won't be discussed here. Finally, participants were asked to indicate their age and gender. 123 For the first question ("On how many of these 100 loops will the postman ring at Bob the neighbor's door at 10:30 am?"), 200 participants (91.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by the  EXAMS IdEx Emergence  project  2021-2022  (joint  Alliance Sorbonne University  & the  National Museum of Natural History of Paris). This research has benefited from the institutional support of " Memorandum of Understanding"  for scientific cooperation signed in 2016 between the  Iran National Museum  and the  National Museum of Natural History of Paris. The authors wish to thank  Fereidoun Biglari , Deputy for Cultural Affairs at the  National Museum of Iran  and head of the  Palaeolithic Department at the museum , for his generous support and help during the study of the collection. Finally, the authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for careful reading of the paper and valuable suggestions and comments.
The possibility to associate the raw material to the place of geological origin by means of scientific analysis seems to be the optimal way to provide some answers about the issue. In the past decades, several attempts at provenance studies have been performed with various purposes and methods, displaying, however, two main flaws: a limited number of samples to build a reference database  [9]  or the use of invasive or destructive techniques, such as Isotope Mass Spectroscopy  [10]  or Powder X-ray Diffraction  [1] , that in the case of artistic or archaeological artefacts are to be avoided as much as possible. With the aim to overcome these issues, a decade-long interdisciplinary study favouring non-invasive techniques and based on a reference set of 45 lapis lazuli rocks with certain origin was started at the Physics department of the University of Torino and is still ongoing.
6 μm). μ-PIXE and μ-IBIL signals were acquired simultaneously for luminescent phases. For each acquisition, an area of 30×30 μm 2 was scanned. The charge was measured directly on the sample holder and integrated by a pico-ammeter. The PIXE detector was a high-purity germanium (HPGe) Ortec IGLET-X, positioned at 45 • with respect to the ion beam. To simultaneously analyse light and heavy elements with the same detector, an aluminium funny filter  [24]  was placed in front of the detector window. Spectra analysis was carried out through GUPIXWIN software (version 2. 2. 3)  [25]  using a set of reference mineral standards (SPI #02753-AB Mineral standards) for calibration. The μ-IBIL apparatus set in the vacuum chamber of the microprobe facility was introduced in 2011 by our group  [26]. The photons emission induced by ion bombardment was collected through an Ocean Optics collimating lens that gathers the signal with an angle of 45 • with respect to the beam direction.
All the IBIL spectra were corrected in intensity for the instrumental efficiency at different wavelengths. The great advantage of this system mainly consists in the simultaneous acquisition of PIXE and IBIL 2D information (both spectra and maps), that can be handled after acquisition with the homemade software AGLAEMap  [29]. The quantitative elemental analysis is performed instead via TRAUPIXE  [29] , a custom-made software based on the aforementioned GUPIXWIN that can combine low and high energy PIXE spectra using a single element as pivot. Standards used for calibration in this facility are diorite (DrN, Service d'Analyse des Roches et des Minéraux), granite (MA-N, Group International de Travail "Etalons Analytiques des Mineraux, Minerais et Roches") and phlogopite (Mica-Mg, Centre de Recherche Petrographiques et Geochimiques) pellets made from powder, all of them rich in numerous different elements.
Revised protocol On the basis of Ion Beam Analysis results, a revised version of the protocol that would take into account also Myanmar lapis lazuli is proposed. Moreover, on the occasion of the protocol reformulation, a revision of previous data in the database was made, re-evaluating all the elemental concentrations and removing a few points due to the presence of contaminants. Analyses on samples confirmed that lapis lazuli from Myanmar is characterized by the absence of wollastonite as main mineral phase. Instead, diopside is one of the main minerals in all the groups, as in all lapis lazuli from other Asian sources. Hence, the presence of wollastonite as main mineral phase remains a strong marker for a Chilean provenance  [12] [13] [14] [15]  and can be confirmed. In the previous protocol, selenium in pyrite was also reported as weaker marker for this provenance, because it was observed in content higher than 40 ppm only in some of the Chilean samples, with a maximum around 100 ppm  [11, 14].
In Myanmar lapis lazuli, Sr content in diopside crystals (Table  2  and Fig. 5  for a comparison to the reference dataset published in  [11] ) is low and not higher than 90±20 ppm nearly in all the analysed areas (96% of the total) with two exceptions: sample MYA11 (180±20 ppm) and sample MYA12 (max. 160±20 ppm). This means that the Siberian sample with the lower Sr content is indistinguishable from the Myanmar samples that have the higher contents of Sr, on the basis of this chemical element only. In the revised protocol, we decided to change this marker into a weak marker, i. e. only Siberian samples (but not all) have Sr > 200 ppm. In the previous version of the protocol, it was shown that Tajik and Afghan samples can be discriminated on the basis of the trace element content in pyrite, in particular Cu and Ni  [17].
Acknowledgements The authors wish to warmly thank IPERION CH (Grant Agreement n. 654028 ) and  IPERION HS  (Grant Agreement n. 871034 )  EU Transnational Access programmes  for the financial support of  SIBILLA  project. The  EQUIPEX NEW AGLAE research program  (n. ANR-10-EQPX-22 ,  French Ministry of Research)  is acknowledged. Prof. Luca Martire  is greatly acknowledged for the availability of the Cold-CL apparatus. Funding Open access funding provided by  Università degli Studi di Torino  within the  CRUI-CARE Agreement.
For this purpose, the characteristics of the environment of the settlements will be documented by means of mapping geographical, pedological and sedimentological data and by the enhancement of existing data. Special attention will be paid to changes in the relief, erosion phenomena and changes in the river system and valley bottoms  (Flussaue). The relationship between human settlements and geo-ecological factors will be analysed and modelled using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The overall objective is therefore to understand the settlement patterns of the area as an object of study over the long term and their transitions in relation to the Celtic princely centre of Reinheim and the Roman settlement of  Bliesbruck. This project aims to structure a European research network that will allow the sharing of methodologies, practices, and knowledge.
In the late 1960s and 1980s, archaeological excavations were carried out at the villas of Grosswald and Heidenkopf  (Flotté and Fuchs 2004, 721-27). The end of the eighties marks the beginning of the excavation in the Roman vicus of Bliesbruck  (Schaub and Petit 1991; Petit 2000 Petit , 2003;; Flotté and Fuchs 2004; Petit and Santoro 2016; Antonelli and Petit 2017)  and in the nearby villa in Reinheim  (Reinhard 2010; Sărăţeanu-Müller 2011; Stinsky 2016) , which contributed to bring new attention to the theme of minor settlements  (Petit, Mangin, and Brunella 1994). A summary of the archaeological research carried out in the micro-region of Bliesbruck-Reinheim is given by J. -P. Petit (2012). Almost in the same years J. Kubiniok studied the region from a geoarchaeological point of view, thus creating an important dataset  (Barth and Kubiniok 1998; 2004; Kubiniok and Brück 2012; 2016; Kubiniok 2013 ).
Database of sites The first tool to be created was a geodatabase dedicated to the data from literature and archives. The definition of database fields required extensive thought in order to have a closed vocabulary that was functional for data systematisation and analysis. 'Site' was defined as a geographically defined item which may have one or more settlement and/or chronological descriptions. Being interested in recording the variation in different settlement patterns and over different chronologies, a two-level definition schema was designed, with a more general level and a specific sublevel, (e. g. , Level I = Rural settlement, Level II = villa or farm). During the first 3 years of activity, a total of 1217 sites were recorded in the database so far (Fig. 3 ). All survey and bibliographic data were imported into a shared database with project partners and in a GIS platform.
Artefact treatment The artefacts were recorded in the database within each UP or UC sheet, according to the type of collection of the artefacts (out of concentration, in concentration). We have also noted the presence of a significant amount of material 'out of chronology', which can be considered as 'background noise' that comes from the amendment of the land and can thus indicate the areas of artefact dispersal. The study of tiles included two analytical phases: one directly related to the field survey; the other to be performed in laboratory. A morphological classification was performed on the finds, taking as model the work on tiles carried out in eastern Gaul  (Clément 2013). Archaeometric analyses were carried out on the tile samples, in order to classify the various mixtures, using an optical microscope and a lens.
Aerial/Remote sensing Aerial photography activities were implemented during the third year of activities, with the aim of prospecting sectors poor in other kind of data, and to check for the presence of traces of sites. Several evidence were identified in the south part of the Blies Survey Project area. The aerial data came from two different datasets. The first image dataset was the French Geoportal (https://www. geoportail. gouv. fr/) which includes contemporary and historical aerial photography  (1950-1965, 2000-2005, 2006-2010) , and the possibility to overlap them with Cassini maps and the carte d'état-major (1820-1860). The second dataset came from drone aerial survey done during fieldwork campaigns. 1 Remote sensing activities have allowed to survey approximately 325 hectares, identifying 11 new sites.
Geophysical surveys The surface prospections are accompanied by geophysical measurements. These will be used to obtain further data on structure, type and size at specific sites. These measurements are carried out under the direction of Peter Haupt, Dominic Rieth of the University of Mainz and Andreas Stinsky. Depending on the site, three different measuring methods are used, sometimes in combination with each other: geomagnetics, geoelectrics and georadar. For the geomagnetic measurements, a Ferex 4. 032 fluxgate magnetometer with two probes was used. The distance between the probes was 50 cm, four measurements were carried out per metre. The geoelectrical method using the RM 85 device; measurements were made with a distance of 50 cm between the electrodes. The georadar method using the IDS MT Hi Mod device, using a 200 to 600 Mhz frequency antenna.
Survey Raw Data During 2018 and 2019 a total of 82 UP have been surveyed. Apart from one prehistoric Muschelkalk splinter, most of the artefacts belongs to the Roman, medieval and modern periods. Overall, the quantity of pottery from the Middle Ages and early modern period is small (73 fragments) and very scattered over the whole area surveyed, which may indicate areas where manure was spread or occasional use of the previous Roman site. Five slag finds are reported in four UPs in the western sector of the surveyed area, where small quantities of ceramics and tiles are noted, which do not allow us to identify it as a proper occupation (Fig. 7 ). The abnormal density of potsherds determined the detection of three Concentration Units: south of the road (relating to BSP 969), in the area of the excavated buildings, north of the road in the mid-slope area (relating to BSP 968).
Two fragments of a Neolithic polished flint axe were also collected. New data on the protohistoric period were not found during the surveys, despite the funerary finds made during the construction of the station at the end of the 19th century. However, the area near the discovery site, between the railway line and the Departmental Road 33, has been completely disturbed by quarry diggings that have become shrubby wasteland. In addition, the sector opposite the station is built, which also prevents further investigations. A Gallic coin was found during surface prospecting, but it probably relates to the nearby Roman settlement. This type of coin (SST 186) is still regularly found in early Roman contexts  (Féliu 2012). In Roman times, there were many different types of occupation, but the situation is very different between the hamlet of Weidesheim and the Saar valley between the Achen stream and the Eichel stream.
Acknowledgement The project is supported on the  French  side by the  Département de la Moselle  with the permission and financial support of the  Ministry of Culture , on the German side by the  Saarpfalz-Kreis  with the support of the  Ministerium für Bildung und Kultur resp. Landesdenkmalamt  of the Land Saarland , and on the  Italian  side by the  University of Chieti  with the financial support of the  Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs-MAECI.
Yet, while nobody would have claimed that tightening the same bolt all day could amount to a form of distinctively human intelligence, Amazon maintains that these repetitive micro-tasks exhibit a form of "human intelligence". This qualification might either be interpreted as cynicism from the world's largest and most powerful techno-logistic platform or could be taken as a provocation to ask where the intelligence of human-machine interaction resides. Much of contemporary discourse on artificial intelligence and machine learning rests upon the invisibility of the material infrastructures, situated sources of data and human labor that go into training algorithms, maintaining datacenters and curating datasets  (Crawford, 2021; Sadowski, 2018)  From a socio-economical perspective, there is no doubt that the intelligence at stake in these HITs, is not that of the individual human MTurker, but the aggregated intelligence of the combined MTurkers working on a specific task.
Funding: This research was funded by the  French Ministry Research Program EquipEx PATRIMEX  ( ANR-EQPX-0034 ) and  ESR ESPADON-PATRIMEX  ( ANR-21-ESRE-00050 ) and funded as  IPERION-CH  project by the  European Commission ,  H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015 , Grant No. 654028  and  IPERION-HS  project by the  European Commission ,  H2020-INFRAIA-2019-1 , Grant No. 871034. The research work had the support of a grant under the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 220 of 9 April 2010 (Agreement No. 075-15-2021-593  of  1 June 2021 ).