dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
18 As part of the group of questions related to the use of academic literature, I was further interested in how familiar respondents are with certain digital tools that facilitate access to literature and bibliographic data (Question 13); the exact formulation of the question was "How often do you use. ": • the majority answered "frequently" with regard to the following: library catalogues (COBISS, WorldCat, etc. ), academic social networks (ResearchGate and Academia. edu), and dLib (Digital Library of Slovenia); • the majority answered "never" with regard to the following: commercial publishing services (Scribd, Readly, etc. ), Biblos (a Slovene e-book store), bibliographic tools (Zotero, EndNote, etc. ), general social networks (Facebook, Twitter, etc. ), foreign library portals (Europeana, Library of Congress, Gallica, etc.
Methods. A multicenter, retrospective, observational study was conducted at 3 Lebanese teaching hospitals from January-March 2018. Data was obtained from hospitalized admitted patients who received vancomycin during the study period. The study was approved by the Ethical committee at the Lebanese International University and the institutional review boards of the hospitals. The study was conducted according to ethical principles and standards that did not require informed consent as it was a retrospective study that did not pose any risk to the patient health and privacy. Written informed consent was not obtained from the patients as it was a retrospective study. Any personal identifying information was stripped from the data to protect patients' privacy. Patient data was collected and stripped from patient identification information for respecting patient privacy.
From a total of 226 medical records viewed for possible enrollment in the study, 120 patients met the inclusion criteria as their medical files included the vancomycin dosage and monitoring parameters that were needed for analysis. Patients treated with vancomycin for a systemic infection or prescribed for procedural prophylaxis were eligible for study enrollment. Patients treated with vancomycin for a local Clostridium difficile infection or those with acute renal failure, end-stage renal disease, and those on dialysis were excluded. Study procedure. The proposal was submitted to all involved sites for approval before conducting the study. After obtaining the hospitals' consent, computer-based data from the 3 hospitals was elicited at the Infectious Department, Internal Medicine Department, Cardiac Care Unit and the Intensive Care Unit to gather the information of patients treated with vancomycin.
A data collection sheet was created to study the variables that were important to assess the appropriate use of vancomycin based on the recommendations of the ASHP, IDSA, and SIDP, in 2009. 9 The data collection sheet retrieved information regarding the demographic characteristics of the patients and the diagnosis (sepsis, pneumonia, soft tissue infection, endocarditis, meningitis, and pre-operative prophylaxis). Furthermore, quantitative information Disclosure. Authors have no conflict of interests, and the work was not supported or funded by any drug company. Saudi Med J 2019; Vol. 40 (2) www. smj. org. sa including the trough concentration levels, the timing of the first drawn trough concentration, and vancomycin dose given in mg/kg were retrieved. Study outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the utilization of vancomycin at Lebanese hospitals for systemic infections.
Hence the main primary outcome assesses the appropriateness of vancomycin dosing and monitoring at the 3 Lebanese hospitals studied based on the ASHP, IDSA, and SIDP 2009 recommendations. Statistical analysis. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21. 0 software (IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY, USA). Dichotomous and categorical variables were presented as percentages, and the continuous variables were displayed as mean±standard deviation (SD). Frequency tables were generated for the patients receiving vancomycin doses with respect to each indication. Results. A total of 226 patient records were screened, 120 met the requirements for study enrollment. Of these, 78 (34. 5%) were excluded because samples for determination of trough levels were not drawn, 10 (4.
Study design A health facility based longitudinal study established surveillance of malaria cases, severity of symptoms, net use and parasite species composition in seven purposively selected sentinel health facilities from 2010 to 2014 (Fig. 1 ). Intervention roll-out was recorded for each site. In four sites, a baseline population census was conducted in the catchment areas of the SHF. In addition, satellite data was extracted for each site and for the duration of the surveillance period to complement clinical data with environmental data.
Clinical data at the sentinel health facilities The surveillance period in each SHF and the timing of LLIN distribution rounds and introduction of ACT as first-line treatment are provided in Additional file 2. All outpatient cases attending a SHF were routinely screened for a history of self-reported fever in the previous 3 days ('fever case'). Study-related procedures were performed by registered nursing officers or community health workers ("study nurses") trained in the proper performance of capillary blood sample collection, the use and reading of RDT test kits according to the manufacturer's guidelines, the disposal of bio-hazardous waste, and the recording or results according to the study protocol. The study nurses were based full-time at the facility and collected a capillary blood sample by finger-prick from all consenting fever patients for: (1) point-of-care diagnosis of malaria by RDT; (2) thick and thin blood smear for malaria diagnosis by light microscopy; and, (3) measurement of haemoglobin (Hb) concentration.
Environmental data Rainfall (product 3B43) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI; products MOD13Q1 and MOD13A3) data were extracted from remote-sensing databases by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Earth Observing System (EOS) respectively. Rainfall data were accessed using the Mirador system in the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) website  [13] [14] [15]. EVI data were accessed using the NASA Earth Data Search website  [16]. In addition the annual occurrence of the El Niño/La Niña phenomena was extracted from the NASA Earth Observatory  [17]. Key environmental variables are available in Additional file 4.
Data analysis Statistical data analysis was conducted using Stata/IC v. 13. 1 (Stata Corp LP. , College Station, USA). Monthly data were graphically displayed to visualize trends in the numbers of fevers and malaria cases by SHF. Monthly accumulated rainfall in mm (product 3B43), was included as proxy of site-specific seasonality  [13] [14] [15]. Missing periods in surveillance data reflect temporary unavailability of study nurses due to leave or staff change and were not related to particular times of the year. The annual proportions of RDT-positive fever cases (RDT positivity) were calculated with 95% exact confidence interval (CI). The Plasmodium species composition was estimated from the light microscopy results. Details are provided in Additional file 3. For the four sites with available census data, malaria incidence (all cases with a positive RDT) and 'severe malaria' incidence were calculated per 1000 population per year.
Acknowledgements We thank all patients and communities who agreed to participate in this study. We are grateful to the study nurses who collected data and samples at the sentinel health facilities ( Mrs. Naeobo Oren  in East Cape,  Mrs. Bridgette Kamuna in Balimo ,  Mr. Paul Basanu in Karimui ,  Ms. Rhona Sao in Sausi ,  Mrs. Brenda Sam in Dreikikir ,  Mrs. Lia Pitan in Lemakot  and  Mrs. Sandra Mangina  in Arawa), and to the authorities and organizations hosting them. We thank the PNGIMR census field teams, the data managers, data entry staff and microscopists and acknowledge the support of the  National Department of Health  through  Mr. Leo Makita  and his team. Kees De Hoogh  kindly provided support to explore remote-sensing databases for the environmental variables used in the study.
Metrology and characterization methods The milled surfaces were subjected to microscopy and profilometric characterization. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was at used different magnification levels to observe the milled surface and to identify the various kinds of damage. 3D Topography of the milled surface was obtained using a non-contact extended field confocal microscope, "AltiSurf520". These topographical measurements were made on a representative area of 10 mm (longitudinal) x 8 mm (Transverse) with a spatial scanning resolution of 8µm. Surface profile parameters like 2D roughness (Ra) and waviness (Wa) and 3D average surface height (Sa) were extracted from the topography using "MountainsMap ® " Software developed by "Digitalsurf". A Gaussian filter (cut-off = 0. 8 mm) was applied to isolate roughness and waviness.
These surface topographies are analyzed using hole volume measurement tool (Least squares plane method) available in the MountainsMap ® software to obtain the new comprehensive quality parameter crater volume, "Cv". The Cv measurements were made on a representative surface (more than 80 times the jet-workpiece interaction area) of the machined specimen. In addition, the measured surface was located in the middle of the specimens subjected to the mechanical loading (area where a future fracture zone is suspected during mechanical testing) (cf. Fig. 2 ).
Fatigue tests The specimen failure under fatigue loading occurs due to progressive accumulation of damage, leading to final failure. The progression of damage is studied using acoustic emission energy and heat dissipation data (Thermography). During loading, specimen damage occurs by matrix cracks, fiber breaks and crack propagation. These phenomena are accompanied by emission of acoustic waves (acoustic emission (AE) energy) which is measured using acoustic emission transducers. Higher the number of events like matrix cracks, fiber breaks and crack propagation higher is the AE energy released. Similarly, these events also give rise to heat dissipation which increases the specimen temperature. In addition to this, heat is also generated due to the friction between the broken fibers or opened crack surfaces leading to local temperature rise observed at the proximity of the damage sites.
Study Design and Participants ZEUS was a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind phase 2/3 trial designed to evaluate safety, tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of ZTI-01 in treating hospitalized adults with cUTI/AP versus PIP-TAZ at 92 global sites in 16 countries (Figure  1 ). Patients provided written informed consent. The study was conducted according to the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines, Directive 2001/20/EC, applicable regulatory requirements, and the Declaration of Helsinki  [7]. Protocol was approved by local health agencies, study sites' independent ethics committees, and/or institutional review boards (clinicaltrials. gov NCT02753946). An independent, blinded, data monitoring committee assessed ZTI-01 safety and baseline evaluability for sample size adjustment (m-MITT).
Study Procedures Procedures included baseline urine collection for quantitative culture and blood cultures. Routine monitoring occurred for signs and symptoms of cUTI/AP and adverse events (AEs), and prespecified collection of laboratory data including chemistry panels, complete blood counts, and urine/blood cultures (Supplementary Appendix). Baseline urine cultures growing ≥10 5 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL and any positive blood cultures were sent to the central laboratory (JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa) for identification, quantification, susceptibility testing, and further characterization of the organism(s). Fosfomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined at a central lab using the agar dilution reference method.
Fosfomycin resistance appears to carry a biological fitness cost, which may in part explain the low prevalence of resistance and the paradox of high rates of clinical cure despite increased MIC  [15]. Majority of TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity. The most common abnormal laboratory TEAEs were increased ALT, increased AST, and hypokalemia; these asymptomatic laboratory TEAEs occurred at higher frequencies in the ZTI-01 compared with the PIP-TAZ group, but none led to discontinuation of study drug. Aminotransferase elevation is a well-described AE of IV fosfomycin. In a recent review and analysis of the FDA AE reporting database (23 trials, N = 1242), the overall incidence of abnormal liver tests reported as AEs was approximately 1-2% among patients treated with various doses of IV fosfomycin (up to 24 g/day)  [16].
B. RECEIVER DESCRIPTION A 25 mm biconvex lens and a Thorlabs photo-detector (PDA10A) form the receiver for a user k. The latter is composed of a 1 mm diameter silicon photo-diode and a trans-impedance amplifier circuit. The distance between the transmitter and a receiver is set at 2. 15 m with line of sight (LOS) except when indicated otherwise. A receiver output signal is saved using a digital oscilloscope (MDO3054). The resulting data is post-processed using MATLAB. After resampling the signal, the preamble is decoded to identify the start of the signal that was sent. The matched filters deployed for demodulation depend on the allocation of subcarriers c k for user k. The first subcarrier contains that information. Afterwards, the mapped symbols are corrected in gain and phase. Then, a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) performs a post-equalization.
Signal spectrum measured at the receiver at 2. 15 meter distance from the transmitter in a 4-users scenario. In this static allocation, a user will only decode the data contained in its assigned subcarriers. before decoding the appropriate subbands. Finally, each user must experience a comparable BER. Since there's no up-link, the center frequency of the subcarriers allocated to a user is at the center of the signal bandwidth. This explains the way the allocation is performed as shown in fig. 11. Using SCM, the number of subcarriers is the number of users that can be allocated. With 20 subbands in our case, a total of 20 users could be served with one subcarrier per user. However, scalability is an issue. Indeed, the signal is optimized for data rate. As shown in table 3, most subcarriers do not operate at the same modulation order.
[20] 20a] To deprotonatet he iminiums alts, we used less (compared to alkoxides, silazanes ando thers) nucleophilic yet basic metal acetates. The reaction of 1a,b-Cl with at hreefold excesso f sodium acetate in refluxing dioxane resulted indeed in the formation of rearrangementp roducts 4a,b in 91 and 68 %y ield, respectively (Scheme 6). The compounds 4a,b were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and HRMS analysis, and the analytical data clearly revealt hat the reaction productsw ere not the correspondingc AArCs but rearrangementp roducts thereof (Scheme 6). The 1 HNMR spectrum of 4a reveals acharacteristic singlet at d = 6. 04 ppm, which was assigned to an amine  proton (no cross signal observed in the 1 H-13 CHSQC), ad oublet observeda t d = 1. 00 ppm was assigned to four equivalent methylg roups and sets of characteristic signals in the aromatic region were indicative for asymmetric anthracene core.
Acknowledgements The research was co-financed by the  National Science Centre (Poland) , projectU  MO-2015/19/N/ST5/00538  and by grant no. POWR. 03. 02. 00-00-I023/17  of the  European Union  through the  European SocialF und  under the  Operational ProgramK nowledge Education Development. The work was supportedb yt he Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburga nd the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG  ( Ra720/13-1 ). J. L. acknowledges  DAAD Research Grant for Doctoral Candidates  no. 57381410.
| Screening and data collection One reviewer screened the search results based on title and abstract. Two reviewers independently confirmed eligibility of relevant articles based on the full text, and disagreement between researchers was solved by the third reviewer. One reviewer extracted the main characteristics and main findings of the included studies in a tabular format. Another reviewer checked the extracted data for accuracy. The synthesis of the results is described narratively and is based on the identification and grouping of themes reported in the included studies. Risk of bias assessment was carried out using the domains suggested in the GRADE approach for quantitative studies  11  and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist  12  for qualitative studies. The confidence (quality or certainty) of the evidence was rated from high to very low considering the standard GRADE domains for quantitative data.
Endpoints and assessments Endpoints included PFS, OS, overall response rate (ORR), improvement in hematologic parameters, patient-reported outcomes, and safety. Long-term PD and response were assessed by the investigator per 2008 International Workshop on CLL (iwCLL) criteria  [12]. Long-term safety data are reported for patients who were initially randomized to ibrutinib. Nonhematologic adverse events (AEs) were graded using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, v4. 03  [13]. Hematologic AEs were graded using iwCLL criteria  [12].
Acknowledgments We thank the patients who participated in the study and their supportive families, as well as the investigators and clinical research staff from the study centers. This study was sponsored by  Pharmacyclics LLC , an  AbbVie Company. Medical writing support was provided by  Valerie Hilliard, PhD , and funded by  Pharmacyclics LLC , an  AbbVie Company. role with Janssen; speakers' bureau and travel expenses from  Gilead ,  Janssen ,  Novartis, Pharmacyclics LLC , an  AbbVie Company , and  TG Therapeutics ; and research funding from  BeiGene ,  Gilead ,  Pharmacyclics LLC , an  AbbVie Company , and  TG Therapeutics. PMB reported a consultancy/advisory role for  AbbVie and Pharmacyclics LLC , an  AbbVie Company ; and research funding from  Pharmacyclics LLC , an  AbbVie Company.
Introduction Fusion systems allow the integration of heterogeneous sensor data in databases, including knowledge rules, contextual description, external knowledge bases, etc. , in order to obtain a general description of real situations. The goal of this process of information fusion is to take the best decisions based on a global view of situations. The idea behind this work is to find specific patterns in the behavior of consumption of agricultural products: the relationship among the quantities of each product. Information Fusion and Artificial Intelligence (IF/AI) techniques are used to extract association rules for improving the prediction of the consumption of agricultural products. This prediction allows the establishment of better strategies to improve local operations in the network of markets in Ecuador named "CIALCO" (the Spanish acronym for Alternative Circuits of Marketing).
This country is crossed by the equator and its territory extends both north and south of latitude zero. This work is centered in the provinces of Tungurahua and Chimborazo. These regions are located in the south and central region of Ecuador, and data were collected on sales of agricultural products in these marketing circuits, created to establish a direct relationship between farmers and consumers. The final goal is to increase incomes of the people in the Andean region of Ecuador that works on small farmers, to prevent the migration from this area to larger population centers. There are several markets in the CIALCO circuit; the analysis carried out in this work is related to information of people involved in markets of agricultural fairs. Fairs are places where farmers meet periodically to sell products to consumers and conduct their business  [1].
The first source of data was provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock of Ecuador. The dataset contains weekly performance of sales of products that were sold by small farmers located in the Ecuadorian provinces of Tungurahua and Chimborazo in 2014. The data for each fair is defined by the date, the place, and the volume of sales of products. An average of 300 items per week were sold. This research is based on previous work on information fusion and data mining techniques  [2]  and the ability to extract knowledge from the fusion of information  [3]. Some preliminary results were presented by the same authors at the 2018 International Conference of Information Fusion, Cambridge, UK, on 10-13 July 2018  [4]. In this work, a theoretical approach of fusion system is presented to integrate information from different sources (a net of soft sensors deployed in a certain region) able to improve the predictions of sales by exploiting the association relations mined in the available data and compare their impact with respect to other available magnitudes to fuse such as close population and climatic variables.
Associative relations mined from available datasets have proven to be a powerful means to discover causal relations useful for understanding the information coming from heterogeneous sources in different domains such as education  [5] , smart cities  [6] , or pervasive computing  [7]. In this work, which is focused on the agricultural domain, the composition of several geographically dispersed local markets represents a global market. In each local market, the reported sales are dealt as a soft sensor measuring information about sales, giving information for each product and its associative relationships with the rest. Each market generates the following observational data:.
• For each sale and for each product, the quantity of product acquired in each sale. The second source of data was provided by the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Ecuador, where climatic information is recorded for each geographic region based on meteorological sensor sources (temperature, precipitation, humidity, etc. ). A third source of data considered in this study was provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Census of Ecuador, where information about the estimated population in each region is stored. At the end, the system is composed of a net of geographically dispersed soft sensors able to obtain data from local markets, fused with hard sensors providing climatic data about each market and also the population of cities close to the market. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents an overview of works related to agricultural production.
( ) 3 That could be seen as a sequence of values registered in a database, defining each register as a vector with the corresponding values (time stamp, platform j, sensor i, type of sensor t, value). These vectors would be stored in a database, as shown in Table  1. The fused information is used to predict future situations. This prediction depends on a model that could be based on measurements from a single source, for example current and past positions of a target to predict future positions based on measures and the movement model. In some situations, the information from the set of sensors of the platform could be integrated, and the complementary information of each one allows the final prediction to be improved. For example, the radar position, the visual position, and the thermic position could be combined to generate a "best" position to improve the prediction of future position, or the predicted future position based on radar could be improved considering the actual video position.