dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements The project described has received funding from the  European Community 's  7th Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement no  242187. In the Netherlands, additional funding was provided by the  Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw)  (Grant nr. 200310013). Financial support of this publication is provided by The  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)  (Grant nr. 036. 002. 408 ).
Tuber melanosporum mycorrhizas were identified via morphotyping on the basis of color, mantle shape and surface texture and some also by molecular typing. Fine roots and mycorrhizas were then treated for ten minutes with 1 M hydrochloric acid and then washed with water to eliminate soil calcium carbonate. Mycorrhizas were confirmed as being associated with T. melanosporum using molecular methods. Genomic DNA was extracted with the DNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen SA, Courtaboeuf, France) following the manufacturer's instructions. T. melanosporum mycorrhizas were checked using species-specific ribosomal-DNA, internally transcribed-spacer (ITS) primers  [30, 31]. A microsatellite genotyping of T. melanosporum mycorrhizas was performed using primer pairs corresponding to ten SSR markers. This data were then used to analyze the fine scale spatial genetic structure of T.
Statistical Analyses Analyses of variance for experimental data were conducted using the R software (R project for Statistical computing, http:// www. R-project. org). Analyses of variance were performed using Type-II sum of squares (Anova function from package "car") when data were missing, causing unbalanced design. When necessary, data were transformed prior to the Anova using the Box-Cox method  [33]. The criterion for statistical significance was set at p,0. 05.
spectrometer (Finnigan delta S) and DNA sequencing facilities at  INRA-Nancy  financed by  INRA  and the  Regional Council of Lorraine. The pulse-labeling experiment was supported by the  SYSTRUF programme (An integrated approach for sustainable management of ecosystems producing Black Truffle, Tuber melanosporum ) financed by the  French ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche ; programme  SYSTERRA ,  ANR-09-STRA-10-02 ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
0). Corneal topography was measured before surgery, as well as one week, one month and three months after surgery. At least three videokeratographs were recorded from each patient, and the data were obtained from the best quality keratograph. The analysis of the corneal videokeratographs was based on the Holladay Diagnostic Summary (HDS) software package. The HDS gives four color-coded maps and 15 corneal parameters. The maps include two refractive power maps on standard and auto scales, a profile difference map for determining the corneal shape, and a distortion map that provides information about the visual performance and optical quality of the cornea. The parameters from the HDS provide information of the central 3mm of the cornea. It should be noted that optical distortions outside this 3.
Products were sequenced on an Applied Biosystems 31306l Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA). About 10% of the fragments were treated with a multiple tube approach and 20% of the fragments were sequenced in both directions which did not show any mismatches. Sequences were obtained for 147 samples of P. teleius and 112 samples of P. nausithous. GenBank accession numbers for all concatenated sequences are provided in Table  S1. We tested all individuals for infection with Wolbachia performing two independent PCR screens for the Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) following Zhou et al. [53]. PCR products were visualized on 1. 5% agarose gels and scored for the presence of Wolbachia infections (Table  S1 ). The wsp-genes of Wolbachia endosymbionts of 8 P. teleius and 3 P. nausithous were sequenced to determine allele and supergroup correspondence, using the Wolbachia wsp Database  [54]  and BLAST.
mtDNA Sequence Analysis COI fragments of 147 and 112 individuals of P. teleius and P. nausithous, respectively, were manually concatenated and aligned   2 ) and MS = microsatellites (for details see Figure  4 ) for Phengaris teleius (A) and P. nausithous (B). For details on populations, see Table  S1. Distribution ranges are based on records (Europe:  [42, 105] ; Asia:  [106, 107, 108, 109]  and expert knowledge (Asia: personal communication Kosterin, Wang). Shading color corresponds to subspecific affiliation of P. teleius according to Table  S1   with BioEdit  [55]. To avoid the inclusion of mitochondrial pseudogenes  [56] , translated amino acid sequences were tested for substitutions and stop-codons using the program MEGA 5  [57]. In both P. teleius and P. nausithous ten non-synonymous substitutions were found leading to a change in the amino acid sequence.
However, we did not regard these substitutions as indicative for a pseudogene because the mutations occurred in parts of the protein known for their high amino acid variability  [58, 59]  or because substitutions led to amino acids of similar characteristics. Additionally, we added all published COI/COII sequences of P. teleius and P. nausithous available from GenBank as of 1 June 2013 (Table  S1 ). These also included all publicly available barcode sequences from the barcode of life database (BOLD;  [60] ). Note that the test for Wolbachia infection could not be performed for sequences retrieved from GenBank. As outgroup taxa sequences of further Phengaris species (P. arion (Linnaeus, 1758), P. alcon ([Denis & Schiffermu ¨ller], 1775), P. albida Leech, 1893, P. atroguttata (Oberthu ¨r, 1876), P.
daitozana Wileman, 1908) were taken from GenBank (Table  S1 ). A haplotype analysis was carried out using TCS 1. 21  [61]. Prior to this analysis, parts of our alignment which were only available for a minority of sequences (alignment positions 1-60, 649-766 and 1193-2210) were removed, and sequences were sorted according to the number of non-ambiguous sites in decreasing order. All short sequences (below 680 bp, i. e. all short barcode sequences) which were included in the first haplotype analysis were removed from further analysis due to the low level of overlap resulting in 157 sequences for P. teleius and 120 for P. nausithous. Gene evolution was visualized with a haplotype network using statistical parsimony as implemented in TCS 1. 21 using default options. Phylogenetic trees were inferred applying two criteria, i.
e. unweighted Maximum Parsimony (MP), and Maximum Likelihood (ML), using the consensus haplotype sequences of the complete alignment. MP analysis was conducted in MEGA 5  [57]  doing a heuristic search (Close-Neighbor-Interchange algorithm). Initial trees were obtained by random addition of sequences (10 replicates). All codon positions were included and alignment gaps were treated as missing data. For ML inference, the Tamura-Nei model  [62]  with a gamma distribution for rate variation among sites (G = 0. 084) was selected using jModelTest 0. 1. 1  [63]  as the best fitting evolutionary model. Tree searches were performed with PhyML version 3. 0  [64]  using the SPR search option and a BIONJ starting tree. Branch support for MP-and ML-trees was estimated by bootstrapping the dataset 500 times.
Nuclear Microsatellite Analysis Samples were genotyped at eight nuclear microsatellite loci (Macu1, Macu3, Macu7, Macu8, Macu9, Macu11, Macu15, Macu16;  [71] ). Loci were amplified in three reactions with a multiplex PCR kit (QIAGEN) using fluorescent labelled primers and separated on an Applied Biosystems 31306l Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA). Individuals for which fewer than four loci yielded interpretable results were excluded from the analysis resulting in a data set of 143 P. teleius and 109 P. nausithous genotypes. We used a Bayesian clustering method to assess population structure of individual multilocus genotypes separately for each species using STRUCTURE 2. 3  [72]. For each K ranging from 1 to 10, we performed 10 replicate runs with 100. 000 steps after a burn-in period of 50.
000 steps. We used the admixture model without prior population information and with correlated allele frequencies. Most likely K values were estimated following Evanno et al. [73] ; see Fig. S1. The program CLUMPP 1. 1. 1 [74]  was used to estimate the mean cluster assignment across replicate runs. For the resulting main clusters we calculated gene diversity (H e ), allelic richness (A r ), private allelic richness (pA r ), and shared allelic richness (sA r ) using ADZE 1. 0  [75]. Differentiation among clusters was quantified as h, an estimator of Wright's F ST  [76]  and as standardized G' ST  ([77] , eq. 4b) calculated in Fstat 2. 9. 3. 2. [78]. Individuals with highly ambiguous cluster membership (inferred ancestry ,0. 8; P. teleius: N = 4; P. nausithous: N = 24) were excluded from this analysis.
Wolbachia Infection In P. teleius we found 19 out of 147 (13%) individuals investigated to be infected with Wolbachia, while in P. nausithous we found 6 out of 112 (5. 4%) (Table  S1 ). The Wolbachia wsp genes had one allele each in P. teleius and P. nausitous (GenBank-accession no. JX470438, JX470439). The sequence from P. teleius is identical with allele 431 found in Heteroptera from Japan  [81]. The sequence from P. nausithous differs only slightly from three known alleles (264, 266, 436) detected in Lepidoptera and Hemiptera also originating from Japan  [81, 82]  and was submitted as new allele 639 to the Wolbachia wsp database. The two wsp alleles are very distinct (nucleotide p-distance: 9. 4%; protein p-distance: 14%), however, both are affiliated with Wolbachia supergroup B.
Phylogenetic Inference and Wolbachia Infection Our phylogenetic analysis based on mtDNA COI sequences revealed that P. teleius and P. nausithous were clearly separated and formed well supported monophyletic clades. However, within both species we found highly distinct evolutionary lineages. These clades were not concordant with known subspecies nor did they represent spatially contiguous groups. Such an intraspecific phylogenetic pattern could be the result of either recent, secondary contact of formerly geographically separated populations of the   S1 ). The proportion of individuals infected with Wolbachia is indicated by a colored pie chart. Note that in several haplotypes samples could not be tested for Wolbachia since the corresponding sequence was extracted from Genbank (grey shading).
Acknowledgments We are very grateful to the following people for help in collecting samples:  Alban Pfeifer ,  Alexander Blinov ,  Anatoli Kulak ,  Christian Anton ,  Dirk Immisch ,  Dusan Zitnan ,  Franc Rebeus ˇek ,  Holger Loritz ,  Julien Dabry ,  Karsten Wesche ,  Katrin Ronnenberg , LaszloRakosy,  Marko Eigner ,  Martin Musche ,  Masaya Yago ,  Michal Zapletal ,  Miguel L. Munguira ,  Oleg Kosterin ,  Olga Novikova ,  Priska Koelman ,  Rainer Wendt ,  Sergey Popov ,  Viktoria Wagner ,  Wang Min ,  Xiushan Li , and  Zdravko Kolev. Antti Roine  kindly permitted the reproduction of Phengaris images from Lepibase [102]. We thank  David Nash ,  Niklas Wahlberg  and two anonymous reviewers for their comments which helped to improve the manuscript. This publication made use of the Wolbachia MLST website [54,103,104].
The study was financially supported by the  VolkswagenStiftung  (http://www. volkswagenstiftung. de/) ( Sylvia Ritter ,  Az 1/82 751 ). Furthermore, research has been conducted within the project  CLIMIT (Climit Change Impacts on Insects  and their Mitigation; http://www. climit-project. net/)funded by  Deutsches Zentrum fu ¨r Luft-und Raumfahrt-Bundesministerium fu ¨r Bildung und Forschung  (www. pt-dlr. de/?) (Germany), the  Natural Environment Research Council  (http:// www. nerc. ac. uk/) and the  Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs  (http://www. defra. gov. uk/)(UK), the  French National Research Agency  (http://www. agence-nationale-recherche. fr/)(France),  Formas  (http://www. formas. se/)(Sweden), and  Swedish Environmental Protection Agency  (http://www. naturvardsverket.
Reconstructing fine facade geometry from MMS lidar data remains a challenge: In addition to being inherently sparse, the point cloud provided by a single street point of view is necessarily incomplete. We propose a simple framework to estimate the facade surface with a deformable 2. 5d grid. Computations are performed in a "sensor-oriented" coordinate system that maximizes consistency with the data. the algorithm allows to retrieve the facade geometry without priori knowledge. It can thus be automatically applied to a large amount of data in spite of the variability of encountered architectural forms. The 2. 5d image structure of the output makes it compatible with storage and real-time constraints of immersive navigation.
Strategy for pixel depth computation The strategy for hpixel and hneigh calculation may vary according to the data or the desired output. In our case, we use a bilateral filter that allows discontinuities like at window edges, but smoothes the wall flat surfaces. Pixel depth is computed thanks to the following equations, where exp(- x 2 2σ 2 ) is denoted by G(σ, x). hpixel = G(σ h , hi)hi G(σ h , hi) (6) Where hi is the depth value of the i th primitive accumulated in the pixel. The Gaussian function weights the contribution of each hi. If an hi is far from the current depth, its contribution is low. This allows a relative independence to the outliers. The smoothness term is provided by the depth values of the eight neighbor pixels. Hence, the neighbors depth is given by: hneighbors = 8 i=1 G(σ h , hi)G(σ d , di)hi 8 i=1 G(σ h , hi)G(σ d , di) (7) hi is the hpixel value of the i th neighbor pixel.
We also take into account UNDP figures on military expenditures per GDP and the openly available US CIA data on military personnel rate, which are key variables of contemporary political science international relations theory and peace research. In our analysis, we also show the theoretical and practical (political) potential of the following drivers of development, which are somewhat a 'terra incognita Australis' in the hitherto existing macro-sociological debate, like migration and European (Monetary) Union membership [For an extensive list on the usage of these control variables in recent literature, see Tausch and Heshmati study  (34) ]. The choice of a country to be included in the final analysis (175 countries) was determined by the availability of fairly good data series for these independent variables (if not mentioned otherwise, UNDP data for the middle of the first decade of the new millenium, contained in the dataset Tausch  (58).
In the final regressions, we applied the 'listwise delition of missing values' routine. The statistical design of our study is thus based on the usual, SPSS 20 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA) ordinary least square standard regression of the 'kitchen sink type'  (54, 59 ) of economic growth and economic, social and political performance in the research tradition of  Barro (60). Prior stepwise regression procedures selected the significant among the total list of 26 available predictors. Surveying the vast econometric literature on the subject of the possible drivers and bottlenecks of development of a given country, one also finds support for the inclusion of geographic and demographic variables in the comparative analysis of development success or failure  (61) (62) (63). In this research we examined the following main independent variables or predictors (pre-selection of the significant predictors by prior selection, using stepwise regression): 1.
In both areas, we specifically selected the cortical positions at which evoked saccade amplitude and visual or motor receptive field (RF) position ranged between 10°and 15°. Recordings on the main task started upon the identification of visual, saccadic, or delay responses in a memory-guided saccade task. As a result, our neuronal dataset can be considered heterogeneous  (Premereur et al. , 2011)  and minimally biased toward a given functional type compared with other studies. Behavioral procedures. Monkeys were seated with their heads restrained facing a translucent tangent screen placed 35 cm away from them. Stimuli were back-projected onto this screen by a Davis DL-450 video projector. Experimental control was achieved by a real-time data acquisition system (REX;  Hays et al. , 1982)  interfaced with a visual presentation computer running a dedicated custom software (Sclavus).
The timing performance of the video projector was tested using a photoelectric cell monitoring of stimuli projection and was adjusted for during data analysis. Eye position was acquired with a video eye tracking system (EyeScan) digitized at 250 Hz. Cued dual stream rapid serial visual presentation task. We trained 2 monkeys to perform a cued version of a dual peripheral stream Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) task. They had to detect the appearance of a target image in one of two streams and report it as quickly as possible by releasing a bar. A cue image embedded in the first stream predicted with a given probability whether the target would subsequently appear in the first stimulus stream or in the other stimulus stream. Each trial began when the monkeys held the bar and fixated a central spot within a virtual square of 2.
53 0. 53 0. 53]) and the Stay cue was slightly green (RGB [0. 47 1 0. 47] and RGB gray [0. 53 0. 53 0. 53]). Data acquisition and sorting. Recordings were performed using both single tungsten electrodes (Frederick Haer) and platinum/tungsten tetrodes (Thomas Recording). Electrodes were lowered with a NAN electrode microdrive (or two such microdrives in the case of joint LIP and FEF recordings). Electrophysiological signals were amplified and spikes were digitized at 20,000 Hz (Plexon) with National Instruments cards controlled by a custom data acquisition software. Single units were sorted offline using Offline Sorter software (Plexon). Data analysis. To dissociate cue-related from target-related activities, the trials in which the target occurred right after cue presentation (i. e. , 150 ms after cue onset, first CTOA) were discarded.
This work was supported by the  Agence Nationale Recherche  (Grant # ANR-05-JCJC-0230-01  to S. B. H. ). G. I was funded by the  French Ministere de la Recherche  and by the  Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale. We thank  C. Wardak ,  S. Wirth , and  N. Y. Masse  for constructive feedback on this work and  J. -L. Charieau  and  F. He  ´rant for technical support. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Spatial and non-spatial novelty detection were then tested in Dcx-KO mice using object exploration in an open-field. Figure  4B  shows that 3 min following the last habituation trials, Dcx-KO mice compared to their WT littermates spent the same amount of time exploring the displaced object (genotype, F 1,28 = 1. 11, p. 0. 05) and explored the novel object significantly more (genotype, F 1,18 = 9. 03, p. 0. 01). However, both KO and WT mice explored the displaced and a novel objects longer than the two other unchanged objects, indicating that they were able to rapidly detect spatial and non-spatial changes in their environment. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the CA3 hippocampal lamination phenotype in Dcx-KO mice does not impair the encoding of new experiences when learning required rapid novelty detection and contingent associations.
Mice Dcx mutant mice were maintained on the C57BL/6J (B6) background following more than 10 generations of backcrosses. All animals were produced and genotyped as previously described  [12]. Animals were weaned at 4 weeks and housed two to four per cage by sex and litter regardless of the genotype under standard conditions, with food and water available ad libitum. Experiments were always conducted during the light phase of a 12 h light/dark schedule (lights on at 07:30 a. m. ), in a sound-attenuated room under controlled illumination and by trained observers blind to the genotype. All behavioral tests were performed on adult (3-7 months of age) Dcx-KO males and their WT littermates. For each protocol, 2 to 4 independent experiments with different pools of mice were run in initial investigations to ensure robust data generation.
Sections were then washed and coverslipped with fluoromount-G (Southern Biotech). In each section, every BrdU-positive cell within the granule cell layer and adjacent subgranular zone, defined as a two-cell-body-wide zone along the border of the granule cell layer, was counted through a 406 objective using a Zeiss (Germany) microscope. Data are presented as absolute numbers of BrdU-labeled cells and were obtained by multiplying BrdU-cell density by the reference volume  [73, 74]. Adult Dcx-KO (n = 2/10) mice exhibiting an ectopic expression of NPY in the hippocampus and which were thus likely to have had epileptic seizures  [13]  were not included in our neurogenesis analysis. For double-labeling, percentages of BrdUlabeled nuclei co-expressing NeuN or GFAP were determined by analyzing 50 randomly selected BrdU-labeled nuclei throughout the granule cell layer with an Apotome optical sectioning device (Zeiss, Germany).
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  P. Billuart ,  C. Kappeler ,  R. Belvindrah  and  E. Morice  for helpful comments on the manuscript. We thank  J. Chelly  and  C. Kappeler  for aid during the creation of Dcx-KO mice. We acknowledge  P. M. Lledo ,  A. Mouret  and  M-M Gabellec  for advice during initial steps of testing adult neurogenesis and  C. Dinocourt  for her help in morphological tests for the neurogenesis studies. We thank  S. Fernandez  for aid in the fear conditioning experiments,  A. Roumegous  for aid in quantifying Dcx-KO lamination defects and  H. Traore  for animal care and all the personal in charge of the animal facilities at  UPMC  and  IFM.
The authors are grateful for financial support from the  Agence National de la Recherche  ( ANR-08-MNP-013 ; FF), as well as from  INSERM, including the Avenir program  (FF), the  CNRS  and  UPMC , the  Fondation Bettencourt Schueller (FF) , the  Region Ile-de-France  (NERF; EBJ, FF), and the  Fondation Jerome Lejeune (FF). JG was supported by a fellowship from the  Ministere de l'Education et de la Technologie  and the  Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (FRM). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The main difficulty for such evaluations is related to the inadequacy of lengthy, good quality and spatially dense observational databases. Fortunately, nowadays the availability of sufficiently accurate high-resolution climate simulations can help to overcome this limitation, at least partially  (Tapiador 2009 , Heide et al 2010 , Jerez et al 2013b). It has been highlighted that a large part of the European climate variability is controlled by just a few large-scale circulation patterns  (Trigo et al 2008). The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has been the focus of many works unveiling its role on the precipitation, cloudiness or wind fields among others  (Hurrell 1995 , Trigo et al 2002 , 2004 , Pozo-Vázquez et al 2004 , López-Moreno and Vicente-Serrano 2008 , Martín et al 2010 , Brayshaw et al 2011 , Jerez et al 2013b).