dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Additional prospective studies, such as the lungART trial (NCT00410683), the CLARIFY study in Groningen, and the HALO study in Amsterdam, are collecting detailed cardiac imaging before and during followup of patients with lung cancer to assess cardiac function. These studies will inform the mechanistic understanding of cardiac toxicities. In addition, detailed prospective studies may inform how the cardiac regions target constraint should be individualized for each patientdthat is, patients with a higher burden of untreated cardiac comorbidities might need a lower dose constraint than a healthier patient would. This approach will best balance cure against toxicity. This work has identified cardiac substructures associated with excess mortality and will inform the implementation of cardiac sparing in radiation therapy.
The most frequent MEDI9197-related grade ≥3 events were decreased lymphocytes (15%), neutrophils (10%), and white cell counts (10%). MEDI9197 increased tumoral CD8+ and PD-L1+ cells, inducing type 1 and 2 interferons and Th1 response. There were no objective clinical responses; 10 patients in part 1 and 3 patients in part 3 had stable disease ≥8 weeks. Conclusion IT MEDI9197 was feasible for subcutaneous/ cutaneous lesions but AEs precluded its use in deepseated lesions. Although no patients responded, MEDI9197 induced systemic and intratumoral immune activation, indicating potential value in combination regimens in other patient populations. Trial registration number NCT02556463.
Statistical analysis All analyses used the as-treated population, defined as all patients treated with any investigational product, unless otherwise specified. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Tumor response was estimated by simple proportions with CIs calculated using the binomial exact method. Statistical evaluation of translational data used a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparing peak blood cytokine levels, a repeated measures (mixed model) two-way ANOVA for longitudinal cytokine data, and Student's t-tests for comparing blood or tumor gene expression at different time points. Statistics were performed using GraphPad Prism or R. P values below 0. 05 were considered statistically significant for tumor assessments and adjusted p values (false discovery rate) <0.
Data availability statement Data are available upon reasonable request. The clinical dataset analyzed during the current study is available at clinicaltrials. gov, https:// clinicaltrials. gov/ ct2/ show/ NCT02556463. Any other datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available and may be obtained in accordance with AstraZeneca's data sharing policy, which is described at https:// astr azen ecag roup trials. pharmacm. com/ ST/ Submission/ Disclosure.
In this paper, which is of programmatic rather than quantitative nature, we aim to further delineate and sharpen the future potential of the LISA mission in the area of fundamental physics. Given the very broad range of topics that might be relevant to LISA, we present here a sample of what we view as particularly promising fundamental physics directions. We organize these directions through a "science-first" approach that allows us to classify how LISA data can inform theoretical physics in a variety of areas. For each of these theoretical physics classes, we identify the sources that are currently expected to provide the principal contribution to our knowledge, and the areas that need further development. The classification presented here should not be thought of as cast in stone, but rather as a fluid framework that is amenable to change with the flow of new insights in theoretical physics.
VII. OTHER MODEL-INDEPENDENT TESTS One model independent way of probing GR, which will however require extensive investigations to see whether it is accurate enough, is to perform a residual test  [240, 241]. This is done by subtracting the most probable template from the data and carrying out a Bayesian model selection analysis to see whether the residual is consistent with noise or contains a signal. Such a test can capture not only beyond-GR effects un-modeled in GR template waveforms, but also systematics within GR. LISA is expected to detect GW signals with SNRs much higher than observed events with aLIGO and Virgo. It would be important to repeat the above residual tests to check consistency between LISA data and our GR and waveform expectations. Another model-independent test is the consistency check among the inspiral-merger-ringdown (IMR) parts of the waveforms  [240] [241] [242] [243] , an analysis that resembles a jack-knife test.
"Measurement templates" are waveform models whose phase is computed accurately enough that we can be confident that intrinsic systematic errors are smaller than the statistical uncertainty associated with measurement noise. Rigorous calculations backing up these rules of thumb can be found in Refs. [292] [293] [294]. When thinking about using GWs as a tool for probing the fundamental laws of physics, one is ultimately limited by systematic modeling effects. For example, the simultaneous presence of multiple sources in the LISA data stream can make it difficult to extract fundamental physics from weak signals that are overshadowed by much stronger ones. That is, we expect to measure GWs emitted by (super-) massive BH binaries with an SNR of O(10 2. 10 3 ), so current modeling accuracy may suffice for identification and reasonable (10%) error in parameter estimation.
For the purpose of this paper, let us specify three sets of techniques to extract the most information about fundamental physics from LISA data: • Post-Newtonian (PN) methods: These analytic techniques are a series expansion in weak fields and small velocities, yielding solutions that describe the dynamics of a binary well during the inspiral. PN is an established tool that has been used to produce two of the main waveform models deployed in LIGO data analysis. The accuracy of the description is controlled by the PN order, which identifies the relative order to which an expansion has been taken in small velocities and weak fields  8. While waveforms of non-spinning, circular binaries are currently known up to 4PN order, those of eccentric, spinning or precessing binaries are currently only available up to 3PN and 3.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank all of the attendees of the first, inaugural meeting of the  Fundamental Physics Research Group in Florence  for interesting and stimulating discussions and presentations. We would also like to thank the  Galileo Galilei Institute  for their hospitality during the organization of this meeting. E. Barausse ,  A. Dima ,  N. Franchini  and  S. Völkel  acknowledge financial support provided under the European Union's  H2020   ERC Consolidator Grant  " GRavity from Astrophysical to Microscopic Scales " grant agreement no. GRAMS-815673. This work has also been supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  grant agreement No  690904. The authors would like to acknowledge financial and networking support by the  GWverse COST Action   CA16104 , "Black holes, gravitational waves and fundamental physics"; the  European Research Council   Starting Grant DarkGRA-757480  (" Unveiling the dark universe with gravitational waves ") and the  Flemish Research Council  through the  Odysseus grant   G.
0011. 12. H. Witek  acknowledges financial support provided by the  Royal Society University   Research Fellowship   UF160547  and the  Royal Society   Research Grant   RGF\R1\180073. S. A. Hughes 's work on LISA-related science is supported by  NASA  Grant No. 80NSSC18K1091. E. Berti  is supported by  NSF  Grants No. PHY-1912550  and  AST-1841358 ,  NASA  ATP Grants No. 17-ATP17-0225  and  19-ATP19-0051 , and  NSF-XSEDE  Grant No. PHY-090003. N. Yunes acknowledges support from  NSF  grant  PHY-1759615 , and  NASA  grants  80NSSC18K1352. K. Yagi  acknowledges support from  NSF  Award  PHY-1806776 , a  Sloan Foundation Research Fellowship , and the  Ed Owens Fund. T. P. Sotiriou acknowledges partial support from the  STFC  Consolidated Grant No. ST/P000703/1.
Description of data collection Nitrate, nitrite and DOC leaching were studied using lysimeters for 4 years. Six plots of the PROs trial (block 1) and 4 plots of the TS/MO trial (block 1) are equipped with fiberglass-wick lysimeters. Two pairs of lysimeters are installed in each plot at depths of 40 and 90 cm, respectively. Water was collected and sampled as a function of drainage events, with the objective of collecting water as soon as possible after drainage had stopped (within 2-7 days).
Data Description This article includes descriptive tables and figures on dynamics of nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of the water collected by EFELE's lysimeters during drainage seasons from 2014-2015 to 2017-2018. The data include amounts of organic waste product (OWP) and of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) applied to the experimental treatments from 2014-2017 (Tables  1  and 2 , respectively), dynamics of monthly rainfall and mean daily air temperature for the 4 years (Figure  1 ), intra-and inter-annual dynamics of nitrate concentrations (Figure  2 ) and DOC concentrations (Figure  3 ), mean amounts of soil mineral N measured in early autumn and its distribution in the soil profile (Table  3 ). The dataset is composed of 1 PDF document and 4 Excel files that contain raw data (      Application rates (t ha -1 ) Dry matter content (g 100 g -1 ) Ammonium content (g N kg -1 raw product) Total N content (g N kg -1 raw product) Organic N content (g N kg -1 raw product) Organic matter content (g kg -1 dry matter) Organic C content (g C kg -1 dry matter).
Acknowledgments The EFELE field trial forms part of the  SOERE PRO (network of long -term experiments to study impacts of recycling organic waste products) certified by  ALLENVI (Alliance Nationale de Recherche pour l'Environnement ) and integrated as a service of the '' Investment for future'' infrastructure AnaEE-France , overseen by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-11-INBS-0001 ). We thank  ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency)  for its financial support.
The data help fill a knowledge gap on effects of OWP supply on DOC losses, which is little documented in the literature. Analysis of losses at 2 depths should help understand processes that influence DOC flows in the soil.  These dynamic data over several years are particularly useful for calibrating and evaluating models.  The dataset, acquired over 4 consecutive years, provides a reference for dynamics of nitrate concentration and DOC under annual crops.  This dataset is of particular interest to soil scientists and modelers who work with soil-plant models (e. g. STICS, APSIM, CERES).  EFELE experimental site, located in Le Rheu, France (48°06′07 N, 1°47′44 W), which is a part of the French national observatory SOERE PRO (https://www6. inra. fr/valor-pro_eng). EFELE is managed by INRAE, UMR SAS.
General Experimental Procedures Infrared spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer spectrometer 100 Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer equipped with a universal ATR accessory. HRMS data were acquired on a Bruker micrOTOF QII spectrometer. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance DRX-400 spectrometer or an Avance III-HD 500 spectrometer operating at 400 or 500 MHz for 1 H nuclei and 100 or 125 MHz for 13 C nuclei. Proto-deutero solvent signals were used as internal references (DMSO-d 6 : δ H 2. 50, δ C 39. 52, CD 3 OD: δ H 3. 31, δ C 49. 00 and CDCl 3 : δ H 7. 26, δ C 77. 16). For 1 H NMR, the data are quoted as position (δ), relative integral, multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet, br = broad), coupling constant (J, Hz) and assignment to the atom.
The 13 C-NMR data are quoted as position (δ) and assignment to the atom. Flash column chromatography was carried out using either Merck Diol bonded silica (40-63 µm), Davisil silica gel (40-63 µm) or Merck C 8 reversed-phase (40-63 µm) solid support. Thin layer chromatography was conducted on Merck DC-plastikfolien Kieselgel 60 F254 plates. All solvents used were of analytical grade or better and/or purified according to standard procedures.
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank  Michael Schmitz  and  Tony Chen  for their assistance with the NMR and mass spectrometric data and the  Community for Antimicrobial Drug Discovery (CO-ADD ), funded by the  Wellcome Trust (UK)  and  The University of Queensland (Australia) , for carrying out the activity and toxicity testing of the pure compounds. We would also like to thank the  New Zealand public  for their support of our crowdfunding campaign. S. W. would like to thank  Eva , who reminds her why our search for new antibiotics is so important.
An additional PCR to amplify alleles that have not integrated the transgene (NT_PCR) is also performed. Large transgenes are usually delivered as plasmids that may integrate randomly in the genome or in concatemers at the target site  [13, 16]. To exclude such events, the transgene copy (TC) number must be evaluated by qPCR or ddPCR. Together, the PCR data and TC counting will discriminate clones into four categories: No transgene integration (bridge_PCR negative, NT_PCR positive, TC = 0), heterozygous integration (bridge_PCR positive, NT_PCR positive, TC = 1), homozygous integration (bridge_PCR positive, NT_PCR negative, TC = 2), and others (all the other possibilities, including random transgene insertion and mosaic clones). Alternatively, Southern blot analysis can be performed to identify clones with on-target transgene integration after bridge_PCR.
In total, 16 international prostate cancer experts from 4 continents participated in the working groups, including 13 genitourinary pathologists, 1 urologist (N. M. ), 1 radiologist (I. G. S. ), and 1 image analysis expert (G. L. ). A premeeting online survey with 31 questions was held open to the ISUP membership for 34 days and generated 252 complete responses; by continent: North America 39%, Europe 34%, South America 11%, Asia 10%, Australia 5%, and Africa 1%. The survey results informed the working groups with data on current clinical practice and identified controversial topics to be clarified in the consensus meeting, or in future meetings in case reasonable scientific evidence was still lacking. The conference meeting was attended by 93 participants (Appendix). Each working group presented a detailed literature review of its topics, provided an overview of the relevant survey outcome, and put proposal statements to the meeting.
17, 18 The 2016 WHO Classification, College of American Pathologists, and the International Collaboration of Cancer Reporting (ICCR) dataset recommend reporting of pattern 4 percentage for GS 7 in biopsies and radical prostatectomies, although no precise methodology is specified. 2, 19 Reporting the percentage of pattern 5 is currently not a requirement. The premeeting survey showed that 49% of the respondents reported percentage Gleason patterns 4 and 5 in radical prostatectomies, irrespective of GS. Overall, 33% reported a percentage only for GS 7, either 3+4 = 7, 4+3 = 7, or both (9%, 3%, and 21%, respectively). For biopsies, 44% gave the percentage for all carcinomas, whereas a similar number did so only for GS 7, either for 3+4 = 7, 4+3 = 7, or both (13%, 2%, and 29%, respectively). Also, grading of minute cancer foci in biopsies as, for example, GS 4+4 = 8 may result in overgrading and overtreatment.
U AGD = δ sin θ sin ϕ b V p. ( 5 For our experimental KuROS configuration σ α 6. 36 • = 0. 11 rad at θ = 12 •. As shown in section 3, ∂ ϕ σ 0 /σ 0 is of the order of 0. 10 rad -1 for a uniform wind speed of 11 m/s. This gives an apparent mispointing of the order of δ = 0. 8 • = 14×10 -3 rad, which would correspond to a 1. 7 m/s error on U GD. Here, it is important to note that KuROS was not specifically designed for this experiment, but primarily as a Calibration/Validation instrument for the CFOSAT mission, which required a broad radiation diagram. Though the analysis of the KuROS data helped uncover many interesting effects relevant to Doppler observations of the sea surface (for instance on the speckle noise dependence on observation direction) its design was not fully appropriate to validate the inversion of the geophysical velocities, for which the pencil-beam antenna diagram of KaRADOC was better suited.
The aircraft measurement geometry over the "offshore box" consists of relatively long (  12  on 11/26 from 09:40 to 11:00. In this paper, we focus on data acquired on 11/22 and 11/24 as the geophysical conditions were interesting and complementary (see below) and data were acquired with the largest azimuth diversity on these two days. The November 22 flight took place at the end of an interesting steady southeasterly wind episode (13 m/s from 140°). The November 24 flight in contrast took place during a steady weak south-westerly wind period (5 m/s from 270°) (Fig. 7b ). The wave height during the campaign was dominated by the presence of two swell systems from North Atlantic remote storms. The swell height decreased from 2. 5 to 0. 9 m from the 21 to 24 November, with a peak frequency increasing from 0.
The 1-way 3-dB footprint in azimuth is 580 m wide at 12°and 3000 m flight altitude. The Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF=1/PRI) depends on the altitude, and is 23 kHz when the aircraft flies at 3000 m. The ambiguity on the Doppler velocity measurement (see section A2. 1 in the appendices) is about 126 m/s, which is much larger than expected from the measurements (below aircraft speed of 120 m/s). As discussed in Appendix A, accuracy requirements on observation geometry are much less stringent for cross-track than for up/down-track Doppler observations. The Doppler data discussed in this article were all collected with the KuROS antenna in the port-looking orientation. This configuration also ensures an overlap with the KaRADOC footprint.
KaRADOC sensor The Ka-band RADar for Ocean Current monitoring (KaRADOC) airborne radar sensor has been developed for the DRIFT4SKIM campaign. KaRADOC is derived from the Still WAter Low Incidence Scattering (SWALIS) instrument, developed for the measurement of the NRCS of inland water surfaces in Ka-band. Further details on the system are given in Appendix C. KaRADOC was mounted under the ATR42 aircraft, in a port-looking configuration. The two-way 3 dB footprint from 5 3000 m altitude over a flat sea surface is an ellipse with diameters 45 and 60 m in the cross-track and along-track directions, respectively. The incidence is selected by varying the working frequency. Data was acquired at different incidence angles, from 6 to 14 average is computed in order to reduce the thermal noise contribution, yielding one complex amplitude for each pulse.
The KuROS data clearly reveals the presence of the swell from the west, with a peak frequency of 0. 07 Hz corresponding to a wavelength L = 320 m. This is particularly visible in the north-south oriented flight tracks number 6 and 5 in Fig. 9. B and Fig. 9. E-F for a zoom on track 6. The apparent swell direction (dashed lines in figure  9. B) differs from its true direction due to scanning distortion  (Walsh et al. , 1989; Sutherland and Brozena, 2018) , as the swell propagates during the measurement at a phase speed of 22 m/s, combined with an aircraft speed of 120 m/s. Shorter waves, as measured by the TREFLE buoy (Fig. 8 ), occupy a wide range of directions from a narrow windsea peak from the south at 0. 16 Hz (L = 60 m), to a broad directional distribution at 0. 22 Hz (L = 30 m) with a mean direction of 130 • and a half width (spread) of 45 • , hence covering directions from 85 • to 175 •.
These shorter components are present in data from flights tracks 5 and 6, in the form of very narrow stripes with orientations shown with the short dashed lines in 9. B and Fig. 9. E-F for a zoom on track 6. The "long-crested" appearance of short waves in (D) and (E) is an artefact of the wavefrontmatching observation  (Jackson et al. , 1985) , with all other directions averaged out by the large azimuth width of the radar beam. If purely geophysical, the velocity associated to the Doppler shifts is expected to give the wave propagation direction. For flight track 6 in (F) and (G), the long swell propagates towards the radar and the brighter slopes (white) correspond to eastward velocities toward the radar (blue). This will be discussed in further details below. Finally (H) and (I) exhibit chevron patterns with crests facing both north-east and nort-west directions, whereas the waves from the south-west are expected to be much longer than those from the south-east, which is not apparent in the KuROS data.
Mean Doppler from KaRADOC We now discuss quantitatively the measured Doppler signal, in order to assess the agreement of our theory of the wave-induced Doppler U WD with the measurements. Starting with KaRADOC, easier to interpret than KuROS thanks to its narrower beam, we first examine the consistency of all the data acquired at an incidence of 12 •. Figure  12   On November 22, the largest uncertainty is for the 315 • and 135 • azimuths for which a total of 4 tracks are available with very different values that are consistent along each track. Now using the average value for each track, we compare the measured Doppler velocity to the forward model given by eq. (  1 ) with U WD estimated from in situ wave buoy data using the model of  Nouguier et al. (2018). The method combines the buoy spectrum up to 0.
In particular, the wave Doppler, in a first approximation is ratio of the wave Stokes drift and the effective mean square slope mss shape as defined by  Nouguier et al. (2016). With the known reduction of mss shape from Ka to Ku band, this should lead to a higher value of U WD and thus U GD. The KuROS data thus appear anomalous. As a result, any attempt to retrieve surface current vectors from KuROS is not very successful for most incidence angles, as shown in Figure  17   The amplitude of the Doppler velocity are not much reduced, in spite of a more than halved current and Stokes drift. This is consistent with the expected near-constant value C 0 of the wave Doppler magnitude. We also note that the upwind/downwind asymmetry of the Doppler is much reduced. A simplified vector interpretation of the measured Doppler is shown in Fig.
These spurious modulations are enhanced by 70% when the antenna pattern is made 50% wider in azimuth, as illustrated in Figure  19. With typical variations of σ 0 up to 1 dB over scales of the order of 1 km (e. g. Fig. 9 ), the variation of σ 0 with azimuth ϕ is roughly proportional to 1/ sin θ giving a U AGD that does not vary much with θ, of the order of -2 -1. 5 -1 -0. 5    (Nouguier, 2019). Both the real data and simulation contain the geophysical modulation of velocities associated to surface velocities and slopes in the look direction (part of UGD ) and aircraft velocities and slopes in the flight direction (part of UAGD). Note that the wave phases in the R3S simulation are random and cannot be expected to match those in the data or between the two simulations. This effect will be weaker for shorter (wind sea) components as soon as the wavelength and crest length becomes much shorter than the KuROS footprint L y , as given by eq.
In this respect, the main characteristics of the present campaign and planned SKIM satellite mission are recalled in table 4. Table  4. Main differences between airborne KaRADOC and KuROS system as used in the present paper, and the SKIM system as presented by ESA (2019). The factor σ 2 ϕ sin θVp/2 is the common factor that, multiplied by sin ϕ∂(log(σ 0 ))/∂ϕ gives the spurious velocity UAGD, given by eq. (  A35 ) A true mispointing in azimuth δ ϕ gives a spurious velocity V p δ ϕ sin ϕ, and aircraft velocities lead to much less strict requirements than satellite systems for which a pointing accuracy of a few microradians cannot be achieved by attitude measurements alone (gyroscopes and star-trackers) but uses a separation of the geophysical and non-geophysical patterns in the data  (ESA, 2019).