dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2007 Crescenzi et al. , , 2012;; O hUallachain and Leslie, 2007; Ponds et al. , 2010). Conversely, in firm-level analyses, the use of the number of patents as dependent variable requires the adoption of count data models  (Cre´pon et al. , 1998). The dataset covers 169 regions over 10 years. The variables have few missing values and the size of the econometric sample depends on the explanatory variables included in the regression function. The average EU regional patent intensity is 67. 3 patents per million inhabitants. The EU regional average has increased over time: from 43. 7 in 1995 to 79. 7 in 2004. This trend is the result of the combination of a generalized increase in patenting activity (in line, e. g. , with the USA or Japan-  Crescenzi et al. , 2007  for an in-depth comparative analysis) and technological catch-up in 'core' regions of the Central and Eastern European countries.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Lucian Ceapraz  for his research assistance,  Virginie Piguet  for her support with the computation of the spatial matrices, and  Kristian Behrens ,  Simona Iammarino ,  Benoit Mulkay ,  Andres Rodrı´guez-Pose ,  Michel Simioni  and the anonymous referees for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. The authors are also grateful to participants in the seminars held in Saint-Etienne (EUROLIO Conference 2012), Jo¨nko¨ping (ERSA Conference 2013), Ottawa (NARSC Conference 2013),  Rome  ( Roma Tre Seminars ) and Tokyo (Panel Data Conference 2014). RC gratefully acknowledges support by  ESPON 2013 -KIT (European Observation Network of Territorial Development and Cohesion -Knowledge, Innovation, Territory)  Project and the  LSE-SERC.
It has therefore been suggested that those seeking to become entrepreneurs must be imbued with what Adam Smith  (1776 [1904] , p. 110; see also  de Meza and Southey 1996, p. 375)  termed "the contempt of risk and the presumptuous hope of success. " Overconfidence may even account for differential patterns of behavior among those who become entrepreneurs. Landier and Thesmar (2009)  used survey data collected by Statistics France on a nationally representative sample of French entrepreneurs to construct a measure comparing expectations with future outcomes, which were measured using linked panel data. Those whose expectations exceeded future outcomes were more likely to use short-term debt finance rather than the less-risky option of long-term debt finance. People often use the general term "overconfidence" to interpret results like those above.
They found that more-optimistic people were more likely to be entrepreneurs. They also found that extreme optimists were more likely to make high-risk and even imprudent financial choices. Relatedly,  Bengtsson and Ekeblom (2014)  use survey data on Swedes' beliefs about future nationwide economic conditions using responses from 153 monthly surveys conducted between January 1996 and October 2009, again measuring optimism by how expressed beliefs relate to later outcomes. They find that entrepreneurs hold more optimistic beliefs about the general economy, but also that they have lower forecast errors than non-entrepreneurs. Dawson, de Meza, Henley, and Arabsheibani (2014) used the British Household Panel Study covering 1991-2008 to examine how optimistic forecasts-comparing earnings expectations with future realized outcomes as an employee-predicted performance in subsequent entrepreneurship spells.
■ We thank  David Autor ,  Chang Tai Hsieh ,  Ulrike Malmendier , and  Timothy Taylor  for editorial guidance. Åstebro acknowledges financial support from the  HEC Foundation. Herz  acknowledges financial support from the  European Research Council  grant on the Foundations of Economic Preferences. Nanda thanks  Jesper B. Sørensen ,  Niels Westergård-Nielsen, Arhus University , and  Statistics Denmark  for providing access to the Danish microdata and the  Kauffman Foundation  and the  Division of Research and Faculty Development at Harvard Business School  for financial support. Weber is very grateful to  Steven Klepper  for several discussions that helped shape some of the arguments in this article. This paper has used microdata from the  Integrated Database for Labor Market Research in Denmark.
Communication tools inherent to COST Action ES0803 The COST Action ES0803 website 7  has been developed at the beginning of the action to provide the possibility to the action members to remotely upload documents and upgrade the content. The website was based on Plone software, an Open Source Content Management System and mainly used for internal communication. On the website, information about the action, minutes, presentations and reports were posted. The website acted also as a platform to post information about the workshops organized in the frame of the COST Action ES080. To promote the action among a larger audience of scientists, stakeholders and the public, two articles about the action were published in American and European journals. The articles were published in journals, which have a solid reputation among the scientific, technological and stakeholder communities.
Education Education of graduate students and young scientists was one of the goals of this COST Action. The school of 2010 took place at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) from 18 to 29 October 2010. Endorsed by ICTP as a co-sponsored activity, it has been co-funded by ICTP, the COST Action ES0803, EC FP7 SOTERIA, the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), and the European Space Agency (ESA). ICTP provided the school secretariat, meeting rooms for the lectures, the informatics laboratory for the practica and the logistics for board and lodging for directors, lecturers and attendees. The total number of participants was 86, including directors, lecturers, students, young scientists and ICTP associates. 62 attendees were admitted after a preliminary screening among a larger number of applications and ICTP associates, i.
A new inspiring course is Mathematics behind the observation and detection of Space Weather phenomena. This work is an initiative of a PhD student, Katrien Bonte from the Centre for mathematical Plasma-Astrophysics (CmPA, the Department of Mathematics, KU Leuven) as a side-result of her research. The course was developed in collaboration with the Junior College team. The project offers a closer look at mathematics behind the detections of Coronal Mass Ejections (CME's) on one hand, and behind satellite data processing on the other hand. These two modules deal with the transformation of co-ordinate systems, the Hough transform, projective geometry, matrix transformations, etc. Through the online Junior College platform, Geogebra applets are provided to the students to get an optimal feeling of the mathematical operations.
d The Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate is an achievement of the COST Action ES0803. It is a scientific journal, with a unique scope that also covers technical, data and outreach-related papers. d The goal ''Education of graduate students and young students'' was met through the organization of two training schools on space weather. The topics addressed were relevant to the COST Action ES0803. The schools were well received by the students as can be concluded from their feedback. d The European Space Weather Portal is a service provided to the scientific community offering space weather applications and tools. In particular the scientific repository crossed the boundaries of the COST Action ES0803 as other projects, e. g. , FP7 SOTERIA and FP7 eHEROES make use of this free service.
Acknowledgements. We want to thank the  COST Action ES0803  members who contributed to the success of the workgroup ( WG) ''Exploitation, Dissemination, Education, Outreach programme ''. Especially, we thank the members who did a special effort for outreach to the non-specialist since this is usually done on a voluntary basis. Special thanks go to the people that provided content for  ES-WeP. We want to thank  Gabrielle Provan  for her invaluable comments on the article.
• Our study focuses on a blog-based campaign in six North American cities. The campaign was designed to promote a new camera-equipped mobile phone for a global technology manufacturer. The actual product was seeded to 90 infl uential bloggers who were encouraged (but not obliged) to talk about the phone on their blogs. Of that group, 84 % did mention the phone in their blog, and the company was confi dent with its success as follow-up surveys showed that substantial sales were triggered by the bloggers' recommendations. In a netnographic study, we analyzed in depth how the messages unfolded and which cultural processes could be observed. The qualitative ground-up data analysis showed that bloggers not only communicated the marketing message, they also dealt with specifi c cultural tensions to convert it into socially relevant and desirable information.
SURVIVABILITY FOLLOWING PRESSURIZATION AT ROOM TEMPERATURE In a first series of experiments, wild type S. oneidensis MR-1 bacteria were taken directly to pressures of 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 1500 MPa and recovered to ambient conditions. The number of survivors following each pressurization experiment was determined as the number of colony forming units (CFU) per ml (N ; Table  1 ; Figure  3 ). The numbers of surviving CFU/ml dropped rapidly above 250 MPa with a decrease of 4-5 log (N) units by 500 MPa. By 1000 MPa only 130-140 cells/ml could be detected in the recovered sample; however, those highly P-resistant individuals could be successfully cultured and they were used for the pressuretemperature cross-correlation studies described in the next section (Table  1 ). Although no statistical analysis is possible from the limited data set the variation in N values between individual runs gives an indication of the reproducibility, and the spread in values is used to estimate the error bars shown in Figure  3.
Constructs MVA-MUC1 plasmid was generated by introducing a modified sequence of the human MUC1 cDNA (NCBI Nucleotide database, #NM_002456. 5) under the control of the pH5R promoter into the natural deletion II of the parental virus MVA-TGN33. 1  (17). The "empty" MVA-TGN33. 1 vector without any inserted transgene is designated control MVA.
Gene expression analysis Tumor samples were collected in RNeasy lysis buffer (Qiagen). After tissue dissociation, RNA was extracted using the Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit. cDNA was reverse transcribed from RNA, and genomic DNA was eliminated with RT 2 first strand kit (Qiagen). Expression of several genes was determined by qRT-PCR with SYBR green (Qiagen SYBR Green Mastermix with ROX). Gene expression was normalized against Irf3 expression. Real-time PCR cycling conditions were as follows: 95 C for 10 minutes; 40 cycles of 95 C for 15 seconds, 60 C for 1 minute, and 95 C for 15 seconds; 60 C for 1 minute; 95 C for 30 seconds; and 60 C for 15 seconds. Data analysis was conducted according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Acknowledgments The authors thank  Marie Lux  and  Laetitia Sontag  for their excellent technical assistance and  Bruce Acres  for critical reading and reviewing of the article. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U. S. C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Received March 21, 2014; revised July 22, 2014; accepted August 15, 2014; published OnlineFirst August 28, 2014.
Tissue and Single Cell Simulations The Cardiac Arrhythmias Research Package (CARP) software  [15]  was used for all simulations including single cell as well as tissue. For tissue simulations, a 2-dimensional grid of 1 cm61 cm size was discretized into quadrilateral finite element mesh with edge lengths of 100 mm. A monodomain formulation with a time discretization of 25 ms was used. A monodomain formulation is a reduction of bidomain model of electrical propagation in myocardial tissue and has reduced complexity under the assumption that the intra and extracellular domains have equal anisotropic ratios. While clearly not true, conductivity values are chosen in the monodomain equation to match bidomain anisotropic propagation. Center point stimulation was applied to tissue with intracellular conductivity in the longitudinal and transverse directions to the fibers set to 0.
For each set of parameter generated by the GA, APs were run for 3 s to reach steady-state. We also ran simulations for 10 s and observed that results were similar to those obtained after 3 s long simulations, so 3 s was chosen to reduce computation time. The multi-objective genetic algorithm finds a Pareto set of the objective functions. All solutions in a Pareto set are equally optimal, and it is up to the designer to select a solution in the Pareto set. The solution with the least value of m ean square error for AP was selected among the pareto optima  [26]. To speed up the computation, the optimization algorithm was run on 8 Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-CPU 920 @ 2. 67GHz cores using the Global Optimization toolbox and the Parallel Computing toolbox of MATLAB. The performance of fitting only using AP morphology was compared with using AP morphology and R m.
The fitting technique was first verified by starting with random parameters values for the TNNP model and fitting it to itself using V m and R m. A random distribution was selected starting from the control values of the parameters in the published model and applying the lower and upper limits depending upon the data available from literature from other published human ventricle models  [18] [19] [20] [21] 23, [28] [29] [30]. R m was calculated at three voltage points: 22. 57 mV, 8. 084 mV and 259. 87 mV. G CaL ,G K1 ,G to , G Ks ,G Na ,a rel ,b rel ,c rel were adjusted. Average and standard deviations of these eight parameters were plotted to check the whether fitting R m is important for model-to-model fit. After verifying the performance of the algorithm, the TNNP model was fit to APs and R m values generated by a different model of the human ventricular AP, the IMW  [23]  model.
6%. The mean square error for the cases, fitting TNNP to IMW model fitting, and fitting UCLA model to experimental data set 1 and 2, were measured (Fig. 8 ). The error was considerably less in the case of AP+R m fit in TNNP to IMW fit and UCLA to experimental data set 2 as compared to AP only fit. MSE voltage for experimental data set 2 has been decreased 4 fold whereas MSE of R m is decreased by 68 folds by fitting AP and R m simultaneously as compared to fitting AP only A possible reason for the small difference for fitting experimental data set 1 was its similarity to the UCLA rabbit model. Thus, the AP only fit was sufficient to fit the model to the data. Adding R m did not have much scope to improve the results to a great extent. Whereas in the second set of experimental data, the AP shape was entirely different from the published TNNP ventricle model and thus there was a strong need to fit R m as well along with fitting AP.
This work was in part supported by  The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada , a  Chancellor's challenge Graduate Scholarship, Faculty of Graduate Studies scholarship and Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship. This work was also partly supported through the  Investment of the Future  grant,  ANR-10-IAHU-04 , from the government of France through the  Agence National de la Recherche. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
0 kHz; amplitude: 0. 5 mT; time constant 81. 920 ms; time conversion: 40. 960 ms; and gain: 2. 52 3 10 4. The experiment with enzymatically generated triplet acetone were conducted in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7. 4) that contained 20 mM HRP, 100 mM IBAL and 50 mM TEMP, incubated for 6 min at 37uC and immediately transferred to the cuvette. The EPR parameters used were the same as for TMD, both in the absence and presence of 8 mM sorbate, a triplet acetone quencher. In order to confirm the attribution of the EPR signal to the reaction product of TEMP treated with O 2 ( 1 D g ), the spectrum was spiked by addition of 0. 4 mM TEMPO to the solution. Computational simulations of the EPR signals were performed using the Winsin program  79. Chemical trapping of O 2 ( 1 D g ) by EAS and [ 18 O]-labeled experiments.
Endoperoxides was separated on a Luna C18 reverse phase column, 250 3 4. 6 mm, 5 mM particle size (Phenomenex, Torance, CA) and monitored at 210 nm. The flow rate was 0. 8 mL. min  21. Reverse phase column was kept at 30uC. The ESI conditions were: capillary, 4. 0 kV; dry heater, 180 uC; dry gas, 8. 0 l/min; end plate, 2450 V. Nitrogen was used as collision gas and the CID (collision-induced dissociation) energy was 10 eV. The instrument was externally calibrated using an ESI low concentration tuning mix over the m/z range of 100 to 2000. The Bruker Data Analysis software (version 4. 0) was employed for data acquisition and processing.
Acknowledgments This work is dedicated in memoriam to  Giuseppe Cilento  ( University of Sa ˜o Paulo ) and  Emil H. White  ( Johns Hopkins University ), who independently postulated the hypothesis of ''photo(bio)chemistry in the dark'' to explain the occurrence of ''photoproducts'' in animal and vegetal tissues hidden from light. We thank  I. L. Nantes  for reading the manuscript. We are also indebted to  Dr. Ohara Augusto  for the EPR facility. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Brazilian research funding institutions  FAPESP (Fundaça ˜o de Amparo aPesquisa do Estado de Sa ˜o Paulo ; No. 2006/56530-4  and No. 2012/ 12663-1 ),  CNPq  ( Conselho Nacional para o Desenvolvimento Cientı ´fico e Tecnologico) ,  CAPES  ( Coordenaça ˜o de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nı ´vel Superior ),  PRONEX/FINEP (Programa de Apoio aos Nucleos de Excelencia) ,  PRPUSP (Pro-Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade de Sa ˜o Paulo) ,  Instituto do Milenio-Redoxoma  (No.
Three days later spheroids were generated and the next day seeded on a thin Matrigel layer. After being cultured for another 24 hrs cells were fixed and stained with DAPI. Pictures were collected and two representative images are shown. B) Using these images the migration, in arbitrary units, was calculated per spheroid (light grey data points) as the average distance cells traveled from the spheroid border using FIJI-based software. Box-plot whiskers represent minimum and maximum values. Significance levels are indicated by asterisks (* p<0. 05; ** p<0. 01; *** p<0. 001; Kruskal-Wallis p<0. 0001). C) Using the above set-up, spheroid migration was also determined following addition of immunopurified PTPRZ-B ecto-VSV to E98 shPTPRZ1 cells (shPTPRZ1 +PTPRZ-B ecto-VSV protein) during the 24 hrs of culturing on Matrigel.
Coverslips were mounted on microscope slides in DAPI-containing Mowiol (Sigma-Aldrich) and images were collected on a Leica DMRA Fluorescence microscope, equipped with a DFC340 FX CCD camera, using 40x and 63x objectives. DAPI-and BrdU-positive nuclei and cleaved Caspase 3-positive cells were counted using FIJI software  [45]. For proliferation assays, stably transduced E98 cells were seeded in triplicate in a 96-well microtiter plate (10,000 cells/well), and cultured in 10% FCS-containing DMEM. At various time points, cells were washed with PBS and fixed using 10% trichloroacetic acid for 1hr at 4 °C, washed with water and afterwards frozen until all time points were collected. Cells were then stained with 1% Sulforhodamine B (SRB; Sigma-Aldrich) in 1% acetic acid for 20 minutes. Plates were subsequently washed with 1% acetic acid and dried at 60 °C for 3 hrs.
Protein-bound SRB was then dissolved in 10 mM Tris (pH 10. 5) and absorption was measured at 510 nm using a micro-plate reader (Bio-Rad). Lentivirally transduced E434 spheroids were seeded in a 96-well imaging plate (BD Biosciences, #353219) and allowed to settle overnight. The next day, images were taken using a BD Pathway 855 high-content bioimager (BD Biosciences). Fluorescent images (TagRFP or EGFP-based) were taken longitudinally at days 4, 6 and 8 and the average increase in spheroid area was www. impactjournals. com/oncotarget calculated automatically using FIJI software. After images had been taken on the fourth day, half of the medium was replenished and spheroid growth was continued.
1 M PB, followed by DAPI staining. Fluorescent images were collected on a high-content microscope (Leica DMI6000B) extended with a motorized x-y scanning stage (Leica EL6000 illumination source), and FIJI software  [45]  was used to automatically quantify spheroid outgrowth. Briefly, cells which migrated from the spheroids were selected, coordinates of each individual cell were determined, and distance from the spheroid border was calculated using the coordinates and radius of the spheroid. For each experiment the average cell migration distance across all spheroids (n>31) was calculated. Cell cultures in solidified Matrigel/Agarose matrices were prepared as follows. 10 μL Matrigel and 5 μL 2% agarose (Seaplaque Agarose; Lonza #50101 in PBS) were mixed with 35 μL 10% FCS-containing DMEM and 50 µL of Matrigel/agarose mix was added to the wells of a 96well microtiter plate which was placed on ice.
One minute later, 50 µL cell suspension (50,000 cells) was mixed resulting in a 3D environment containing cells. Cells were imaged overnight with 10-min intervals on a time lapse system (Nikon Diaphot 300 with Hamamatsu C8484-05G CCD Camera, Okolab 4 well CO 2 stage incubator and Okolab 2D time lapse software) at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 with a 10x objective. Cells were manually tracked for at least 2 hrs using the FIJI plug-in  [45].
Intracerebral injection of spheroid-derived cells All animal experiments were approved by the local Animal Experimental Committee of the Radboud University Medical Center. Athymic female BALB/c nu/ nu mice (18-25 gram, age 6-8 weeks) were kept under specified pathogen-free conditions and received food and water ad libitum. E98 and E434 cells were grown as spheroids in supplemented neurobasal medium for at least two weeks prior to orthotopic injection  [29]. A 20 μL cell suspension (10 7 cells/mL in PBS) containing a mixture of shSCR/GFP and shPTPRZ1/TagRFP labeled cells was injected per animal (n=5 and 4 for E98 and E434 cells, respectively). Prior to injection, the ratio of GFP-and TagRFP-positive cells was determined using an EVOS fluorescence imaging system (AMG) and FIJI Software. Animals were closely monitored and sacrificed when signs of tumor burden (especially weight loss and neurological dysfunction) were observed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Peter Friedl ,  Pavlo Grytsenko ,  Remco van Horssen ,  Mariska Kea -te Lindert and  Marieke Willemse  for help in migration assays, and  Stefan Pusch  for spheroid culture protocols. Furthermore, we acknowledge  Huib Croes ,  Jack Fransen  and  Jeroen van der Laak  for Microscopical Imaging Centre core support, and  Jeroen Mooren  and  Bianca Lemmers-van de Weem  at the  Central Animal Facility  for assistance with animal experiments. Bé Wieringa  and  Tom Würdinger  are gratefully acknowledged for their useful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript.
Primer design Eel acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0, arp (Table  1 ,  Aroua et al. 2007; Peñaranda et al. 2010; Weltzien et al. 2005)  was used as the reference gene in the qPCR because its mRNA expression has been shown to be stable during experimental treatment  (Weltzien et al. 2005). The expression stability of the reference gene in the ovary was determined using the BestKeeper program  (Pfaffl et al. , 2004) , reporting a standard deviation  (SD[±Cq] ) lower than 1 (0. 21; p<0. 05) and Cq arithmetic mean of 10. 1±0. 72. The BestKeeper calculated variations in the reference gene based on the arithmetic mean of the Cq values. Genes with an SD value higher than 1 are defined as unstable. The Primer3 shareware (http://frodo. wi. mit. edu/cgi-bin/primer3/primer3) was used to design specific primers for cyp19a1 (Table  1 ).