dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
I. INTRODUCTION In this paper we report the results of a deep all-sky Einstein@Home [1] search for continuous, nearly monochromatic gravitational waves (GWs) in data from the first Advanced LIGO observing run (O1). A number of all-sky searches have been carried out on initial LIGO data,  [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] , of which  [2, 3, 7, 9, 14]  also ran on Einstein@Home. Einstein@Home is a distributed computing project which uses the idle time of computers volunteered by the general public to search for GWs. The search presented here covers frequencies from 20 Hz through 100 Hz and frequency derivatives from -2. 65 × 10 -9 Hz/s through 2. 64 × 10 -10 Hz/s. A large portion of this frequency range was not explored in initial LIGO due to lack of sensitivity. By focusing the available computing power on a subset of the detector frequency range, this search achieves higher sensitivity at these low frequencies than would be possible in a search over the full range of LIGO frequencies.
II. LIGO INTERFEROMETERS AND THE DATA USED The LIGO gravitational wave network consists of two observatories, one in Hanford (WA) and the other in Livingston (LA) separated by a 3000-km baseline  [16]. The first observing run (O1)  [17]  of this network after the upgrade towards the Advanced LIGO configuration  [18]  took place between September 2015 and January 2016. The Advanced LIGO detectors are significantly more sensitive than the initial LIGO detectors. This increase in sensitivity is especially significant in the low-frequency range of 20 Hz through 100 Hz covered by this search: at 100 Hz the O1 Advanced LIGO detectors are about a factor 5 more sensitive than the Initial LIGO detectors during their last run (S6  [19] ), and this factor becomes ≈ 20 at 50 Hz. For this reason all-sky searches did not include frequencies below 50 Hz on initial LIGO data.
653 of the 6349 candidates pass the 2F thr DM-off threshold. These surviving candidates undergo another similar search, except that the search is performed separately on the data from each of the LIGO detectors. 101 candidates survive, and undergo a final DM-off search stage. This search uses the fine grid parameters of the stage-3 search (Table II), covers the parameter space which resulted in the largest 2F DM-off from the previous DM-off steps, and is performed using both detectors jointly and each detector separately. For a candidate to survive this stage it has to pass all three stage-3 searches. Four candidates survive the full DM-off veto. The parameters of the candidates, after the third follow-up, are given in Table  III. The 2F DM-off values are also given in this table. The candidate parameters in Table  III  are translated to the O2 midtime, which is the reference time of the new search.
VI. CONCLUSIONS This search concentrates the computing power of Einstein@Home in a relatively small frequency range at low frequencies where all-sky searches are significantly "cheaper" than at higher frequencies. For this reason, the initial search could be set-up with a very long coherent observation time of 210 hours and this yields a record sensitivity depth of 48. 7 [1/ √ Hz]. The O1 data set in the low frequency range investigated with this search is significantly more polluted by coherent spectral artefacts than most of the data sets from the Initial-LIGO science runs. Because of this, even a relatively high threshold on the detection statistic of the first search yields tens of thousands of candidates, rather than just O(100). We follow each of them up through a hierarchy of three further stages at the end of which O(7000) survive.
Les modalités pratiques de l'enquête (calendrier, mode de distribution des questionnaires, place de l'urne retour) ont été précisées avec la direction de chaque établissement. Les questionnaires ont été distribués au personnel selon trois modalités : mise à disposition des questionnaires au niveau du poste d'accueil, distribution pendant les temps de transmissions ou distribution individuelle (par l'IDEC ou avec le bulletin de salaire). Les données de l'enquête ont été saisies à l'aide du logiciel Epidata et analysées avec le logiciel Stata® v13.
The budget expansion and its bene…ciaries In this section, we start by describing the data used to characterize the recurrent use of short-time work. We show that the reforms implemented after the great 2008-2009 recession dramatically expanded the expenditure on short-time work. Then, we describe the bene…ciaries of this budget expansion. We also use the "Déclaration Annuelle de Données Sociales" at the establishment level (DADS-Établissements). The DADS is an administrative dataset produced by the French National Institute for Statistical and Economic Studies (Insee) which provides information about wages, labor costs, employment and hours of work aggregated at the establishment level for all French establishments.
Disability-health survey Data from the cross-sectional population-based 2008-2009 DHS were used  [19]. Our study focused on the population living in private households. The DHS methodology has been described in detail elsewhere  [15, 20]  and is presented in Additional file 1: Figure  S1. Data were collected for 39,065 subjects across the country by face-to-face and computer-assisted personal interviewing technique conducted with the respondent (or a proxy if the respondent was not able to answer alone). The response rate was 76. 6%, corresponding to 23,348 respondents aged 25 years and older. A weighting system accounted for the sampling procedure and participation to obtain representative results at the national level.
Statistical analyses were carried out in SAS 9. 2 (SAS Inst. , Cary, NC) and R version 3. 3. 2. To fit the binomial additive hazard model and estimate the contributions, the software developed by Nusselder and Looman (2010)  [27]  was used and is available upon request to the authors of the method (w. nusselder@erasmusmc. nl).
Pilot study The main goal of this pilot case-control study was to gather data needed to initiate a future large-scale case-control study to examine whether qat use, a deeply rooted social and cultural tradition in Ethiopia, is associated with risk of oral cancer and EC. Initially, the pilot study enrolled cases of oral cavity, pharyngeal, esophageal, and gastro-esophageal junction cancer, but here we report only the results for esophageal and gastro-esophageal junction cancers, because a substantial proportion of the enrolled cases of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer turned out to be prevalent rather than incident cases. Due to sparse representative data on the annual number of EC cases diagnosed in Addis Ababa and in Ethiopia, one of the objectives of the pilot was to find out how many cases one can recruit over a certain time period at the planned recruitment sites.
Data, variable definitions, and analysis Data from each completed questionnaire were entered separately by two different data-entry clerks (thus entered twice) to rule out data entry errors. Data collection aimed to assess lifetime qat use, including, but not limited to, ever and current use, frequency, duration, intensity, type of qat, typical time of retention in the mouth, swallowing of the saliva and/or plant residues, cessation, and length of abstinence. Qat use was defined as ever having chewed qat once a week or more frequently for at least one year. Cigarette smoking was defined as ever having smoked at least 100 cigarettes during the lifetime. Pipe smoking was defined as ever having smoked at least 50 pipes. Shisha smoking was defined as having smoked shisha once a week for at least one year.
Acknowledgments We are most grateful to the late  Agarie Tadele  for translation of the study questionnaire from  English into Amharic. We are equally grateful to the study nurses at the endoscopy clinics and the  Tikur Ambessa Hospital  for their collaboration during the conduct of the study, and to the data entry personnel, and supervisor, at  AHRI , for their work. The study collaborators are indebted to all participants enrolled in the pilot study.
Low risk of bias Unclear risk of bias High risk of bias Fig. 2  RCTs quality assessment by risk of bias tool  [16]. Methodological quality of the trials included in the systematic review assessed by six points: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of allocation intervention, incomplete data adequately addressed, free of suggestion selective outcome reporting and other problems. Horizontal axis represents the ratio (%) distribution among "low risk of bias" (green), "high risk of bias" (red) and "unclear risk of bias" (yellow).
The study was approved by all relevant ethics and research committees. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants. The Brief version of the ISMI, the RSES and the WHOQOL-BREF scales were completed. Within an averagely 6-week interval, a retest was conducted with 124 participants to evaluate the ISMI scale's reliability. Demographical data (gender, age, educational level) was also collected. The aforementioned information reported by the participants was cross-checked with case reports and staff communication.
9 are required for close fit  (28) (29). The scale's stability at item level was examined through the test-retest reliability using the Cohen's weighted Kappa coefficient and at score level through the intraclass correlation coefficients. Concurrent convergent validity was assessed through correlation coefficients with Rosenberg and WHOQOL-BREF scales. Discriminative validity was evaluated by examining the association of the proposed factors with the demographic characteristics (t-test for 2 groups and one-way ANOVA for 3 groups). Analysis was performed using R Core Team 2013 and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS), version 21. 0.
Methods/Design The dsd-LIFE study dsd-LIFE investigates and compares the long-term outcomes of surgical and hormonal therapy and psychological and social support in adequate numbers of adolescents (from the age of 16) and adults with DSD conditions, aiming to provide the basis for improvements in evidence-based recommendations for care. The long-term impact of the study is expected to result in improvement of care and subsequently higher overall quality of life (QoL) and better integration and participation of individuals with DSD in society. To reach these aims, we assessed as main outcomes QoL, psychosexual and mental health aspects. As determinants we collected objective data on sociodemographic factors, social participation, religion, culture, physical and mental health, risk for mental health such as anxiety, depression, autism and ADHD, treatments such as genital surgery and hormone therapy, fertility, psychological and social support, current and past health care, psychological factors such as self-esteem, coping, autonomy, attachment and subjective appraisal of relationships as well as appraisal of relations and personal' views on ethics of care (Fig.
1 )  [21, 22]. For each dimension of QoL, dsd-LIFE sought to collect information from at least one additional perspective. For physical health, dsd-LIFE aimed to collect data from clinicians through medical histories, clinical examinations and data documented in medical records. For psychological health, we probed for indicators of special health care needs, clinical diagnoses and screening instruments of mental health conditions. For social well-being, we collected information on sociodemographics, participation and inclusion  [21, 22]. For satisfaction with health care, we measured the subjective rating of the participants of the care they had received, such as satisfaction with medical and psychological care, medical information management, patientcentred care and doctors' behaviour. To relate outcomes to treatments, we collected medical data of current and past treatments and interventions from medical files as available.
Study design dsd-LIFE was designed as a non-interventional, clinical, cross-sectional study. The inclusion criteria covered all conditions described as DSD in the classification system of the Chicago Consensus Conference and an age of 16 years or older. Verification of the correct diagnosis was conducted by examining clinical medical and genetic data; all participants had to be seen at least once at one of the recruiting sites. Health status was assessed by a physical examination, potentially augmented by further examinations. Current and past treatment data were obtained from a medical interview and medical chart review. The wide age range of the subjects allowed assessment and comparison of treatments that were typical in certain decades but changed over time. PRO data came mainly from an online survey, allowing privacy and confidentiality for all participants.
Patient-related outcomes (PROs, part 2) This part of the study included standardized instruments and self-constructed questionnaires (Table  1 ). 1. Sociodemographic data such as age, area of dwelling, education, household and family, occupation, nationality, religious denomination and social participation were gathered according to the European Social Survey (ESS; source questionnaire amendment 01, 2012/2013). All questions were provided in interview format to maximize the accuracy and objectivity of the information. For dsd-LIFE, we transformed these questions into self-reporting questionnaires, retaining the response format. Validated translations and reference data are available for all countries of the dsd-LIFE consortium (http://www. europeansocialsurvey. org). 2. For the assessment of QoL, we used the WHOQOL-BREF, which evaluates physical and psychological QoL, social relationships, environment and global QoL; reference data on both the general population and clinical samples for comparison are available  [25, 26].
Study logistics Each recruiting centre established a team to contact, include and monitor participants throughout the study. Study teams could consist of endocrinologists, gynaecologists, urologists, surgeons, psychologists, and study nurses: usually, the endocrinologist informed the potential participant, assured or verified consent and subsequently performed the medical examination. Gynaecologists, urologists or surgeons accomplished the gynaecological or urological examinations as required and if the participant had consented to these examinations. All clinicians provided counselling for treatment options if needed or arranged for appropriate referrals. The study nurse or physician entered the data of the medical CRFs. The PRO was explained by the study nurse. To ensure confidentiality and unbiased responses, participants were asked to respond to the online version of the PRO, which was accessible only with a secure password in the recruitment centres.
i-dsd. org/); administration of PROs and CRFs; data entry; and handling of information associated with exclusion from the study or the decision not to approach a potential participant. Such information was held at the discretion of the recruiting centre. For ethical reasons and data protection, we were not allowed to enter data on diagnosis, age or gender or other information available from the charts in the dsd-LIFE database if the patient had not consented to participate in the study. Therefore, data on non-responders are not available in a systematic manner. To ensure ongoing recruitment and timely study performance and to ensure data quality at data entry, the study management (Work Package 2, Fig. 4 ) liaised regularly with each recruitment centre.
Data management, safety and quality The data collected during the study were entered into a central database using electronic data capture. The data were entered remotely at the sites using electronic CRFs that also allowed definition of specific roles (clinical investigator, study assistant, etc. ) to control access rights depending on the function within the study. To ensure data safety and data privacy, personal data were pseudonymized. Only the study data of the participants were stored in the study database. Personal data of the individuals were not saved in the database at any time. The study data could be linked to the personal data only by using the pseudonyms, which were created automatically by the system. A pseudonymization list was safely stored in the local study centres and could be accessed only by the local principal investigator.
Data checks were performed at regular time points (every 3-6 months) during recruitment. At the end of data entry, the filling status of medical data and the participant questionnaires were checked. Data plausibility, data consistency, and the possibility of missing data were verified. In addition, checks were performed to identify entire empty datasets, non-empty datasets with missing data and other implausibilities and inconsistencies. Queries regarding possible data entry errors or missing values were sent to the clinical sites for clarification or completion, respectively. The Coordinating Centre for Clinical Studies at the Charité (Koordinierungszentrum für klinische Studien, KKS Charité) performed data management and quality assurance. All diagnoses were verified at the end of recruitment by the leading study centre at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin.
Relevant social characteristics of the dsd-LIFE cohort were compared with the results from the populationbased European Social Survey for the countries involved in dsd-LIFE comparison samples  [42]. To assess data quality, the number of non-responses to entire questionnaires and sub-domains was examined by calculating relative frequencies in the total cohort and in the diagnostic sub-groups. Participation in the medical examinations and the availability of retrospective data were assessed using relative frequencies per diagnosis group, per country and per gender where appropriate. All computations were performed using R (Version 3. 2. 2) and statistical analysis system (SAS Version 9. 4).
The Experiences in Close Relationships -Revised (ECR-RS) was not completed by 1. 1% of subjects. 2 The frequency of missing items and missing sub-scores in completed questionnaires was less than 1. 5% except for the UGDS scales, where 24. 1% (female version) and 38. 5% (male version) of the items were missing from the completed questionnaires (data not shown). Medical history was mandatory and was supplied by 99. 5% of the participants. Very few participants did not meet in person with the study nurse or the physician but were willing to answer the online PRO at home. These participants were included in the study because diagnoses and data on medical history could be obtained from the medical records. A total of 928 (89. 2%) of the 1040 DSD participants underwent at least part of the physical examination.
8%). In the group of XX CAH males, only 1 out of 5 took part in the urological examination. Metabolic parameters for 886 persons (85. 2%) and hormones for 772 participants (74. 2%) were determined. Ultrasound was performed on 380 (36. 5%) of all 1040 DSD participants, 3  a spermiogramme was evaluated for 50 participants, a Dexa scan was carried out on 613 (58. 9%) participants, and a BIA was performed on 283 participants (27. 2%). Carotid IMT measurements were taken on 208 participants (20. 0%). Retrospective data regarding the specific condition and treatment were available for 480/1040 (46. 2%) of the participants. For the Turner group (152/301, 50. 5%), the XY DSD group 108/222, 48. 6%), the CAH group (131/ 226, 57. 9%) and the smaller groups (including 47,XYY,.
Participation in different parts of the study Participation in medical history and retrospective chart review Partial to complete data on contemporary and past medical history from personal encounters with the physicians were obtained for 99. 5% of the participants. Retrospective medical data from the chart review addressing the time of diagnosis and past treatment were obtained for only 46. 2% of the participants. In the centres focusing on adult care, charts from previous treatment in childhood were not available. Moreover, for older participants, previous charts were not available because they were destroyed after 30 years in accordance with hospital regulations.
However, a selection bias such as that in our study is well known from previous studies in clinical samples. This study has attempted to document at least the number of potential participants from hospital data identifying potential participants, who were all approached and informed. Through this process, numbers of contacted persons, ways of contact and participation rate could be retrieved. Unfortunately, specific information on the diagnoses of non-participants and their reasons not to participate could not be obtained because the ethical restrictions did not allow any data on non-participants to be collected. We are therefore unable to provide a nonresponder analysis.
Analyses and publication strategy The main data analyses for the primary objectives will be performed by the coordination centre for clinical studies of the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Secondary analyses addressing specific areas of interest or related to clinical subgroups will be performed by author teams composed of members of the dsd-LIFE consortium based on a statistical analysis plan and a written publication proposal. In addition, the results will be presented to the dsd-LIFE recommendation groups that augment the existing knowledge on health care for these conditions with new information from the study. Dissemination strategies will include scientific publications, presentations within the scientific community and associations of health care professionals, support groups, and other stakeholders and policymakers.
Conclusions dsd-LIFE is the first and largest European crosssectional study including the majority of conditions encompassed by the DSD classification. The data analyses will focus on issues that are important for the improvement of care and the development of clinical recommendations for patients with these conditions, such as hormone therapy, surgery, fertility, psychological and social support, and psychosexual and ethical issues. Moreover, the specific aspects of single conditions, such as Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome, 45,X/ 46,XY, CAIS, PAIS and CAH will be considered for improvement of care. A special focus will be to analyse and consider the participants' views on the different issues. Altogether, QoL, psychosexual issues, physical and mental health and satisfaction with treatment, support and helath services will be measured in the whole cohort and in sub-samples if indicated.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the persons who participated in dsd-LIFE and to all of the study centres for their enthusiasm and dedication to contacting potential participants and collecting high-quality data. We thank the following people at each dsd-LIFE study centre: Berlin:  Elena Bennecke  (data collection, psychological support),  Elena Ioana Braicu  and  Nicole Gehrmann  (gynaecological examination and counselling), The- Hoang Do  (construction of online database, data management),  Felix Frömel  and  Maria Wiese  (construction of online database),  Katharina Gehrmann  (scientific project management),  Alexander Krannich ,  Robert Röhle  and  Gerald Universitätsmedizin Berlin , corporate member of  Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.