dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements We thank the participants and facilitators of the 2 nd African Dialogue on TWI2050: https://swed. bio/reports/the-second-african-dialogue-on-the-world-in-2050/ and the  SwedBio team  for the support. Ana Paula D. Aguiar ,  Zuzana V. Harmáčková  and  Odirilwe Selomane  have been supported by the  GRAID programme at Stockholm Resilience Centre , funded by the  Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA). Zuzana Harmáčková 's work was supported by  Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. David Collste  has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 675153  ( ITN JD AdaptEconII ). The 2 nd African Dialogue on TWI2050 was funded by the  Swedish International Development Agency (Sida)  through SwedBio.
The recent meta-analysis with GLP-1RAs did not find any difference for retinopathy incidence between GLP-1RAs-treated and placebo-treated patients  [20]. Similarly, analyses from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database indicate that there is no signal between GLP-1RAs and diabetic retinopathy  [28]. In CVOTs with DPP-4is or SGLT-2is, to our knowledge, there is no data published regarding diabetic retinopathy outcome.
In selected very high risk patients functional imaging (myocardial scintiscanning, exercise or pharmacological stress echocardiography or stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging) or computed tomography coronary angiography may be indicated in order to detect silent CAD. Regarding hHF a clinical risk score was recently developed based on the data from the patients in the placebo arm of SAVOR-TIMI 53 and externally validated in the patients of the placebo arm of DECLARE-TIMI 58. This score which uses 5 clinical predictors: prior HF, history of atrial fibrillation, CAD, eGFR and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, was shown to identify patients at higher risk of hHF who derive greater absolute benefit from SGLT-2is  [60]. This score could be considered to identify with cardiologists the profile of patients eligible for this treatment.
In the building of fuzzy decision trees, other measures have been introduced. For instance, Renyi's entropy was used in presence of unbalanced datasets in  [46]. In a fuzzy setting, De Luca and Termini's non-probabilistic entropy  [31]  was used to construct fuzzy decision trees  [47]  and also for feature selection in classification  [48]. In both approaches, this entropy is used to select attributes bringing the maximum information. Another example is the use by Yuan's and Shaw's of the measure of ambiguity issued from Higashi and Klir's measure of ambiguity  [39]  to build fuzzy decision trees  [38]. In these cases, with such measures able to handle fuzzy sets, the R-monotonicity is not the main property needed, but the O-monotonicity is more important when used to compare membership functions.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Type of studies -Original articles -Systematic review of sufficient quality: -The question in the systematic review matches the question of the guideline. -The search of the systematic review was conducted in at least two relevant databases, such as the Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed. -The full search strategy was reported. -No relevant items were missing in the search strategy. Type of patients -Patients with craniofacial microsomia Subject -Psychosocial functioning/ difficulties, neurodevelopment Exclusion criteria -Original studies with < 10 included patients -Articles published before 1980 -Case reports -Expert opinion -Letters -Editorials -Narrative reviews A total of 1,747 articles were screened on title and abstract. Most articles  (1, 488)  were excluded and 259 articles were reviewed on full text.
Literature search A systematic search was performed to identify all available literature on craniofacial microsomia and synonyms. The search was conducted in Embase, Pubmed/Medline Ovid. The full search strategy is reported in the supplementary material. Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Type of studies -Original articles -Systematic review of sufficient quality: -The question in the systematic review matches the question of the guideline. -The search of the systematic review was conducted in at least two relevant databases, such as the Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed. -The full search strategy was reported. -No relevant items were missing in the search strategy. All articles were screened on title and abstract. Literature on the diagnosis of CFM or synonyms was included. A total of four articles were included: a case-control study by Heike et al.
International criteria The International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) started an initiative to gather prospective information on patients with CFM on set time points  (23). The members of the ICHOM Craniofacial Microsomia working group consisted of healthcare professionals from around the world active in the care of patients with CFM. This group reached consensus on diagnostic criteria for CFM, to be used to include patients in their dataset. The following diagnostic criteria are used:.
Literature search A systematic search of literature was performed to identify all available literature on CFM and synonyms. The search was conducted in Embase, Pubmed/Medline Ovid. The full search strategy is reported in the supplementary material. Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Type of studies -Original articles -Systematic review of sufficient quality: -The question in the systematic review matches the question of the guideline. -The search of the systematic review was conducted in at least two relevant databases, such as the Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed. -The full search strategy was reported. -No relevant items were missing in the search strategy. 12 ) and a case-control study by  Cloonan et al. (20).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Type of studies -Original articles -Systematic review of sufficient quality: -The question in the systematic review matches the question of the guideline. -The search of the systematic review was conducted in at least two relevant databases, such as the Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed. -The full search strategy was reported. -No relevant items were missing in the search strategy. (21). No articles on the indication or outcomes of treatment of hearing difficulties in patients with CFM were available.
Additional complications that may be associated with surgery include loss of proper spinal balance, pseudoarthrosis (no fusion), instrumentation failure and vertebral degeneration in the levels adjacent to the fused section. Data on risks and benefits are scarce. Recently the database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP), a multicentre paediatric database that aims to collect short-term data on paediatric patients, was used to determine clinical outcomes in paediatric patients undergoing spinal arthrodesis  (30). The objectives were to analyse the short-term mortality rate, complications, reoperation rates and readmission rates and to identify significant patient risk factors associated with these risks. A total of 4420 paediatric patients who underwent spinal fusion were identified.
Review of literature The characteristics of patients with CFM and external ear and hearing problems were studied by Mandelbaum et al. (5)  Their retrospective analysis included 68 patients with CFM. Most of these patients had auricular abnormalities (91%), which were most frequently characterised as grade III microtia (in 75% of the patients). Data on complications, surgical revisions, aesthetics, and psychosocial function were collected. Psychosocial problems or deficits in school functioning were seen in 30. 7% of the patients. However, no control group was included, which makes this percentage hard to interpret. Data on psychosocial problems were based on retrospective review of medical records and were graded as 'good' or 'poor'. Regression analysis showed that any treatment of hearing loss (which led to significantly better hearing results after treatment) was a significant predictor of good psychosocial outcome (OR, 4.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria:Type of studies -Original articles -Systematic review of sufficient quality:-The question in the systematic review matches the question of the guideline. -The search of the systematic review was conducted in at least two relevant databases, such as the Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed. -The full search strategy was reported. -No relevant items were missing in the search strategy. Type of patients -Patients with craniofacial microsomia Subject -Dental anomalies Exclusion criteria -Original studies with <10 included patients -Articles published before 1980 -Case reports -Expert opinion -Letters -Editorials -Narrative reviews Literature was screened on title and abstract. All available literature on dental anomalies in CFM was included in this chapter. A total of eight manuscripts were included: retrospective cohort studies by Ahiko et al.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Type of studies -Original articles -Systematic review of sufficient quality:-The question in the systematic review matches the question of the guideline. -The search of the systematic review was conducted in at least two relevant databases, such as the Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed. -The full search strategy was reported. -No relevant items were missing in the search strategy. Type of patients -Patients with craniofacial microsomiaSubject-Psychosocial functioning/difficulties, neurodevelopmentExclusion criteria -Original studies with <10 included patients exclusion criteria are reported in Chapter 2 -Methodology. Literature was screened on title and abstract. A total of fifteen articles were included in this chapter: eight articles on psychosocial functioning in CFM and seven articles on neurodevelopment of patients with CFM.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Type of studies -Original articles -Systematic review of sufficient quality: -The question in the systematic review matches the question of the guideline. -The search of the systematic review was conducted in at least two relevant databases, such as the Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed. -The full search strategy was reported. -No relevant items were missing in the search strategy. Type of patients -Patients with craniofacial microsomia Subject -Treatment for mandible/maxilla deformity Exclusion criteria -Original studies with <10 included patients -Articles published before 1980 -Case reports -Expert opinion -Letters -Editorials -Narrative reviews Literature was screened on title and abstract. A total of 31 studies were included that addressed (surgical) treatment of mandible or maxilla deformity in patients with CFM.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Type of studies -Original articles -Systematic review of sufficient quality: -The question in the systematic review matches the question of the guideline. -The search of the systematic review was conducted in at least two relevant databases, such as the Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed. -The full search strategy was reported. -No relevant items were missing in the search strategy. Type of patients -Patients with craniofacial microsomia Subject -Organisation of care -Patient reported bottleneck in care process -Outcome measures Exclusion criteria -Original studies with <10 included patients -Articles published before 1980 -Case reports -Expert opinion -Letters -Editorials -Narrative reviews Literature was screened on title and abstract. One article, by Johns et al.
search A systematic search of literature was performed to identify all available literature on craniofacial microsomia and synonyms. The search was conducted in Embase, Pubmed/Medline Ovid. The full search strategy is reported in the supplementary material. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are as follows: Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Type of studies -Original articles -Systematic review of sufficient quality: -The question in the systematic review matches the question of the guideline. -The search of the systematic review was conducted in at least two relevant databases, such as the Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed. -The full search strategy was reported. -No relevant items were missing in the search strategy. Type of patients -Patients with craniofacial microsomia -Patients with epibulbar dermoids Subject -Eye anomalies, epibulbar dermoids, coloboma Exclusion criteria -Original studies with <10 included patients -Articles published before 1980 -Case reports -Expert opinion -Letters -Editorials Literature was screened on title and abstract.
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery Volume 31, Number 8S, November/December 2020 European Guideline Craniofacial Microsomia Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Type of studies -Original articles -Systematic review of sufficient quality: -The question in the systematic review matches the question of the guideline. -The search of the systematic review was conducted in at least two relevant databases, such as the Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed. -The full search strategy was reported. -No relevant items were missing in the search strategy. Type of patients -Patients with craniofacial microsomia Subject -Indication and/or treatment for ear reconstruction Exclusion criteria -Original studies with <10 included patients -Articles published before 1980 -Case reports -Expert opinion -Letters -Editorials -Narrative reviews.
Data collection Data on all patients will be collected by trained study nurses or physicians using a web-based e-CRF and stored in a secured server (Telemedicine Technologies, Boulogne-Billancourt, France). Data collected and time points are presented Table  1. Monitoring is performed by the clinical research organization and the sponsor. All information required by the protocol will be provided in the case report form and an accompanying explanation given by the investigator for each missing data. The data will be transferred in the case report forms as and when they are obtained, whether clinical, labs, or imaging. Erroneous data tracked on case report forms will be replaced by a declared investigator, which ensures the confidentiality of the data and authenticates the interventions. Daily assessments (e.
g. , SOFA score) until day 7 and secondary outcomes will be performed by the respective center investigators. All data and other information generated will be held in strict confidence. The patients will be identifiable only by their initials and number. The Standard Protocol Items: Recommendation for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) reporting guidelines are applied  [14]  (SPIRIT checklist is provided as supplementary File 3). Data from the trial will be made available to the reviewers upon request by the editor of the journal. For ancillary studies, blood will be collected (15 mL) at the same time as the sample routinely collected within the 12 first hours after randomization. The aliquots previously labeled and stowed in the specific boxes for the study will be stored at -80 °C, under the responsibility of the principal investigator of each center.
5 ng/kg/min for 48 h (0) If not done at the previous visits (according to law L1122-1-3 of the PHC) (1)  An independent DSMC monitors the quality of the trial and has access to the trial outcome and accumulated safety data, including serious adverse events (SAEs), suspected unexpected severe adverse reactions, and mortality. The composition of the DSMC is presented in Appendix 2. Besides, the DSMC will review the safety data from a clinical and safety point of view on an on-going basis. An interim safety analysis will be scheduled once the first 50 patients have been included and have completed their 28-day clinical observation phase. The data analyst for the primary analyses will be blinded. An interim analysis will be made after evaluating 50% of patients by an unblinded statistician and reviewed by the DSMC based on clean data on the primary and secondary target variables and the latest status of safety data.
Mailing address, phone number, and phone number of at least one relative will be collected at inclusion to contact the patient. The contact details of the patient and the trusted person are recorded in the patient's medical record and the eCRF. Furthermore, all patients are recorded in the French social security system and can be followed. If an individual leaves the research prematurely, participant data can be used unless an objection was recorded when the patient signed the consent form. If the consent was withdrawn, no data about the individual could be used unless stated otherwise. In practice, the participant is excluded from the research (Fig. 2 ). It should be noted that all amendments will be validated by the institutional review board. Once validated, the content of the amendments will be communicated to all investigators through contact emails, newsletters (on a three-month basis), and investigators' meeting.
Trial status The current protocol is version 3. 0, dated December 25, 2019. Recruitment began on July 3, 2019. The approximate completion date for recruitment is in July 2022. This trial was prospectively registered before the recruitment began. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Sud-Est V on October 30, 2018 (approval number 2018-001709-10) and from the Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Medicament et des Produits de santé (MEDAECNAT-2018-07-00015) and was registered in the clinical trial on December 28, 2018 (NCT03788837) and in EudraCT (N°2018-001709-10) (Supplementary files 4 and 5). The Scientific director will be the first author, the principal investigator last author, and the methodologist the penultimate one. Each site principal investigator will be listed as an author from the second author based on the number of patients included on each site (if at least one patient is included from the site).
Acknowledgements To  Morgane Gilg  and  Benedicte Rossignol  from the  INI-CRCT Network  for their logistic support. Collaborators:  Antoine Kimmoun, MD, PhD ;  Alexandre Mebazaa, MD, PhD ;  Samuel Gaugain, MD ;  Jules Audard, MD ;  Jean-Yves Lefrant, MD, PhD ;  Bruno Megarbane, MD, PhD ;  Julien Pottecher, MD, PhD ;  Philippe Montravers, MD, PhD ;  Alexy Tran Dinh, MD, PhD ;  Romain Sonneville, MD, PhD ;  Thomas Rimmele, MD, PhD ;  Muriel Fartoukh, MD, PhD ;  Vincent Labbé, MD ;  Hervé Mentec, MD ;  Gaëtan Plantefeve MD ;  Anne-Laure Fedou, MD ;  Damien Barraud, MD ;  Hélène Nougue, MD, PhD ;  Stéphane Gaudry, MD, PhD ;  Carole Ichai, MD, PhD ;  Cécile Aubron, MD, PhD ;  Arnaud Mari, MD ;  Jean-Michel Constantin, MD, PhD Competing  interests ML reports consulting fees from  Novartis , lecture fees from  Baxter and Fresenius , and research support from  Shingotec.
Determination of the carnivoran taxa and their stratigraphic context We built a dataset that incorporates all carnivoramorphans, hyaenodonts, viverravids, and oxyaenids from the Paleogene of Europe that have been found in a locality that can be assigned to a MP reference level  (Schmidt-Kittler et al. , 1987; BiochroM'97, 1997)  and that are identifiable at the specific level. The MP reference levels included in this dataset are from MP6 (uppermost Thanetian, ≈57 Ma) to MP30 (uppermost Chattian, ≈23 Ma) and thus covers the time of deposition of the fossils from Quercy Phopshorites (MP10-MP30;  Sigé et al. , 1991; Legendre et al. , 1992). The fossils were determined using literature data and direct comparison with fossils housed at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN; Paris, France).
Seven measurements were scored (p4 length, p4 width, m1 length, m1 width, m2 length, m2 width, and dentary depth (below m1)) and estimated a series of ratios out of these measurements. Based on preliminary analyses, only three measurements and two ratios were kept (m1 length, m1 width, dentary depth, ratio length m1/m1 width, ratio m1 length/dentary depth), in order to maximize the number of specimens used in the analysis. After this pruning, the dataset includes 52 specimens. The measurements and ratios are available in Supplementary data 2. The PCA provides an overall analysis of the dataset by quantifying and analyzing the gross variability. This is done using conformation ratios  (Mosimann & James, 1979; Fabre et al. , 2014). For each individual, size was computed as the geometric mean of all measurements, and each measurement was divided by size to obtain so-called shape ratios.
Variance indeed reduced The first principal axis of our PCA explains 89. 24% of the variance, while the second one explains 9. 17% (Fig. 10B ); these two axes thus summarize more than 98% of the variance of the dataset. While most taxa strongly overlap along the first axis, they are mainly separated by the second principal component, which is driven by m1 length and m1 width; it is worth keeping in mind that this axis accounts for only 9. 17% of the variance. Despite the small variance expressed by the second axis, the distribution of groups in the morphospace with respect to this axis is in agreement with the descriptions of each species for which C. exilis and C. longirostris are quite distinct  (Bonis, 1978)  and C. intermedius and C. lacustris are extremely close, if not of the same group  (Kotsakis, 1980).
Acknowledgments Femke Augustijns (KU Leuven) and Cécilia Cousin (RBINS) are gratefully thanked for their help with the digitization of the collections and for recovering of data concerning the origin of their respective collections. We are grateful to Nathan Vallée Gillette (RBINS) and Lilian Caze (MNHN) for photographing the fossils. We thank Bastien Mennecart (Natural History Museum Basel) for determination of several of the Quercy Phosphorites Formation artiodactyls housed in the RBINS collection. Finally, we warmly thank the two reviewers, Lars Werdelin and one anonymous reviewer, for their constructive comments that greatly improved this manuscript.
A consultation period allowed national experts to provide comments on the values' derivation. The general procedure of this consultation is detailed in section 4 of this article. Further HBM-GVs are planned for the Bisphenols S and F, NMP (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) and NEP (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one), TDI (Toluene diisocyanate), mercury and chromium, for active ingredients of plant protection products (deltamethrin and cyfluthrin) and the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), if the toxicological and epidemiological data allow it. For substances for which assessment values for the internal exposure already exist (HBM values or BEs), these values are taken into account in HBM4EU activities. It is assessed if there is new data justifying an update or if the available values are still valid. In any case, similarities or differences in derivation are highlighted.
HBM-GV definition and application Health-based HBM-GVs can be used directly for the interpretation of HBM data and thus for the conduction of an improved health risk assessment when compared to a risk assessment performed solely on the basis of estimations of external intakes. They are an easy-to-use tool to assess whether the exposure of the population to environmental chemicals is below the accepted HBM-GV, or to identify the fraction of a population that has biomonitoring levels exceeding this HBM-GV. Thus, these values can facilitate the communication of potential risks to public health and help policy makers to set priorities in the regulation of chemicals. A careful assessment of the extent to which these values can be used to interpret biomonitoring information related to human health is required, and the limitations of the interpretation must also be disclosed  (La Kind et al.