dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Results The H. E. S. S. and MAGIC observations reported here do not show any significant VHE emission either for the central source SS 433 or for any of the interaction regions with the W50 nebula e1, e2, e3, w1, and w2 (see Fig. 1 ). Integral upper limits  Rolke et al. (2005)   Cyan circles indicate the positions of the interaction regions e1, e2, e3 (eastern "ear") and w1, w2 (western "ear"). The bright source located north-west of SS 433 is MGRO J1908+06  (Abdo et al. 2007 ). E ≥ 800 GeV; the latter allows for a comparison with previous results on the source reported by the HEGRA  (Aharonian et al. 2005)  Collaboration. The results are summarised in Table  2. A day-by-day analysis of the H. E. S. S. and MAGIC data sets was also performed without any signature of significant emission, which could suggest a flaring episode during the dates of observation.
5 × 10 -5. In a hadronic scenario, gamma rays from π 0 -decay should also be accompanied by neutrinos from the decay of charged pions. The IceCube Collaboration analyzed the data around the position of SS 433/W50 with no significant detection of the source. An upper limit at 90% confidence level (C. L. ) on the muon neutrino flux at 1 TeV is set at φ ν µ +ν µ = 0. 65 ×10 -12 TeV cm -2 s -1  (Aartsen et al. 2014) , using four years of data and assuming an E -2 flux distribution. The model of  Reynoso et al. (2008b)  also predicts the neutrino flux emitted by this system with a neutrino differential flux at 1 TeV of φ ν = 2 × 10 -12 cm -2 s -1 averaged over all precessional phases. The IceCube upper limits can be used to put a limit on q p of ∼ 3. 3 × 10 -5 , which is marginally less restrictive than the value obtained with the gamma-ray observations.
Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank  M. M. Reynoso  for sharing data and information from his paper Reynoso et al. (2008b). The MAGIC Collaboration would like to thank the  Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias  for the excellent working conditions at the  Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in La Palma. The financial support of the  German BMBF  and  MPG , the  Italian INFN  and  INAF , the  Swiss National Fund SNF , the  ERDF  under the  Spanish MINECO  ( FPA2015-69818-P, FPA2012-36668 ,  FPA2015-68378-P, FPA2015-69210-C6-2-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-4-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-6-R ,  AYA2015-71042-P ,  AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P ,  ESP2015-71662-C2-2-P ,  CSD2009-00064 ), and the  Japanese JSPS  and  MEXT  is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the  Spanish Centro de Excelencia "Severo Ochoa "  SEV-2012-0234  and  SEV-2015-0548 , and  Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu "  MDM-2014-0369 , by the  Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ)  Project  09/176  and the  University of Rijeka  Project  13.
This is of particular interest when dealing with structures of uncertain characteristics or nominal capacity and when a specific study of each embankment is not affordable. The article is structured as follows. First, the criterion is introduced, examined and discussed based on the state of knowledge concerning the impact response of embankments. To this aim, data related to real-scale experiments are considered. Then the criterion is applied to two large structure collections, the French and Swiss ones. The confrontation of these embankments to the criterion allows for addressing the global efficiency of these collections while highlighting the limitations in this expedient approach. In conclusion, the proposed impact-strength criterion appears simple and useful, in particular in view of identifying potentially inefficient rockfall protection embankments in resisting the impact.
It is worth highlighting that the cumulative length of these ninety-eight structures is as large as nineteen km. As for the design rockfall event, the average block kinetic energy, diameter and velocity are 8. 3 MJ, 3. 4 m and 18 m/s respectively. More than 50% of the embankments are intended for intercepting blocks with kinetic energies higher than 5 MJ. Various trajectory simulation tools were used to obtain the data concerning the rock kinematics before impact. Beyond these general trends, the two embankment collections exhibit differences in terms of design and dimensions. On the average, embankments in Switzerland are smaller than that in France, with average length of 150 m and height of 4. 3 m as compared to 240 and 5. 3 m, respectively, in France. > 50% of French embankments are reinforced compared to < 10% for the Swiss ones.
Discussion and conclusion An expedient criterion is proposed for evaluating the impact strength of existing rockfall protection embankments. It is an empirical criterion based on an exhaustive literature review of real-scale impact experimental data. It is then a reliable criterion when applied within its validity domain, in terms of embankment dimensions and rockfall event descriptors. The criterion was kept simple to be applied to a wide variety of embankments, even when the available documentation is sparse. It may be used for screening large embankment collections and when revising hazard maps or risk prevention plans where embankments are involved. It identifies potentially undersized embankments, though it is not intended for design purpose. Available data concerning existing embankments are in general incomplete, ambiguous or inaccurate.
Acknowledgements This research was funded by the  Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)  in Switzerland, as part of the  AERES  project (Grant  00. 0151. PZ / N473-1932 ), and by the  General Directorate for Risk Prevention (DGPR)  in France (MEDDE-Irstea convention, 2013, Programme 181, action 10, sub-action 5. 1). The authors are grateful to the concerned cantons in Switzerland and to the  ONF-RTM , to the French national railway company (SNCF) and several departmental boards in France ( Isère, Savoie, Haute Savoie ) for their input and help in the inventories and data collection. The authors would like to thank  Dr. B. Loup  ( FOEN ) and  Dr. F. Bourrier  ( Irstea ) for their contribution conducting the study and writing the current article.
Increased tumour growth associated with pegvisomant therapy has been reported, particularly in patients who switch from an SRL to pegvisomant  122, 123  (LQ). However, large observational studies carefully examining reported cases found it to be rare  75  and not more frequent than in patients on SRL therapy (MQ); furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the effect remain unclear. Nevertheless, the possibility of tumour growth with pegvisomant should be taken into consideration when selecting treatment, and ongoing imaging surveillance is advised for patients with notable residual tumour who are treated with pegvisomant (SR) (fig. 1 ). Data on the effects of cabergoline on tumour volume are insufficient to form a recommendation  58   (VLQ). Imaging frequency to assess tumour volume should be individualized to each patient.
Acknowledgements The 11th Acromegaly Consensus Conference was supported by educational grants from  Ipsen Ltd ,  Novartis Pharmaceuticals and Pfizer. Scientific sponsorship of the meeting was provided by  Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. S. M. is a consultant for  Chiasma, Ionis, Ipsen  and  Strongbridge Pharma  and receives research grants from  Pfizer. M. D. B. is a consultant for  Ipsen  and  Novartis , a speakers bureau member for  Ipsen  and has received research grants from  Novartis. P. C. has received unrestricted research and educational grants from  Ipsen ,  Novartis  and  Pfizer  as head of the  Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud ,has served as investigator for clinical trials funded by  Antisense, Chiasma, Ipsen, Italpharmaco ,  Novartis  and  Pfizer  and is a consultant for  Ipsen ,  Novartis  and  Pfizer.
Of the 150 poultry and rabbits, 50 were annually sold. The main customers were Venice citizens. Using the tables proposed by Moscufo and De Martinis (2017), we calculated the annual gross domestic product (GDP) of a traditional farm, adjusting the 1947 prices for inflation, change of currency and goods value (Table  1 ). It is interesting to note that the adjusted prices of the various raw products paid to the farmer are similar to the prices of currently processed organic products paid by consumers. For instance, the price of wheat paid to the producer in 1947 is similar to the price of organic flour for the modern consumer, or the 1947 price of a live chicken to the farmer is the price of a processed organic chicken for today's consumer. The data on current prices were collected from a sample of organic food shops.
We still do not know how far this "organic matter" is interfering with the process of evolution; we still do not know the exact role of these particles within the process of speciation: are better adapted organisms those that better integrate this universal language in their DNA? -Agricultural soils are simplified (degenerated) natural soil systems. To recover their lost functionality, we have to look at and learn from equivalent natural soils that have still not lost their biological, physical and chemical attributes. -For discriminating natural humipedons, and making reference to standardised units, we suggest using TerrHum, an iPhone application freely avail-able in the Apple Store, in order to standardise topsoil classification on a worldwide scale. -For a detailed description of these concepts and for a helpful practical guide to field investigations, see: Special Issues Humusica, volume 1 (https://www.
, 2005). Thus, our analyses considered the data obtained from a selection of sites located in three different sectors of the Northern Adriatic Sea: western coastal, eastern coastal, and offshore sectors (Fig. 1 ). The variables used for the analysis included the total mass flux as well as carbon, nitrogen and carbonates fluxes. We searched for and collated a large data set of downward particle fluxes measured using sediment traps in the NAd. These data, extracted from published and grey literature and partly still unpublished, were analysed to ascertain spatio-temporal scales of variability in the benthic-pelagic exchanges of this shallow area of the Adriatic Sea. In shallow basins such as the NAd the suspended particle dynamics typically depends not only upon the allochthonous inputs, local primary production and degradation/remineralization processes, but are also largely influenced by sediment resuspension and near-bottom advective transport induced by winds and waves  (Faganeli, 1989; Puškaric et al.
Site location and sediment traps The sediment trap data used in this work was collected in the framework of different research projects spanning from 1982 to 2010. We considered 10 sites with moored trap and 3 with drifting traps located in the NAd sites shown in Fig. 1 , the metadata describing the trap deployments at the investigated sites are reported in Tab. 1. In all the sites, the moored and the drifting traps were sited few meters above the bottom (bottom-traps). In 5 sites for moored and 2 for drifting traps an additional upper trap was positioned in the middle of the water column. Part of sediment-trap data have been previously published  (Faganeli, 1989; Puškaric et al. , 1992; Miquel et al. , 1999; Giani et al. , 2001; Turchetto et al. , 2002) , but here they have been reconsidered, re-elaborated and further discussed.
Additional data The flux data were integrated with available information on the composition of particulate matter and primary production of the water column and sediment properties of the sites. The carbon export was estimated as the ratio between the OC primary downward flux and the carbon produced by phytoplankton. Annual primary production data were obtained by previous studies carried out at S1, S2 and S3 sites  (Giani et al. , 2001) , at CS site  (Boldrin et al. , 2006)  and in the gulf of Trieste (Fonda  Umani et al. , 2007). The elemental composition of the top first cm of sediments (0-1 cm layer) at the several stations considered was obtained from the literature and final project reports Fluxes of particulate matter, carbonates, organic carbon and nitrogen in the northern Adriatic continental shelf 49  (Faganeli et al.
, 1991; Ogorelec et al. , 1991; Giani et al. , 1997; De Lazzari et al. , 2006) , whereas the data for site PA are from Boldrin (unpublished data). The fraction of sinking carbon that definitely settles on the seabed was estimated on the basis of the carbon sedimentation rates (OC sed ). In the absence of direct measurements in our experimental sites, we used the nearest mass accumulation rate (MAR) value measured on the basis of activity-depth profiles of 210 Pb and reported in the literature by  Frignani et al. (2005)  and the OC content determined in the sediments at the study sites. For the site RO the mass accumulation (MAR) rates were estimated from sediment accumulation rates (SAR) on the basis of a water content of 29. 9% and a density of 2. 69 g cm -3.
07), whereas marine phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacterioplankton are characterised by higher nitrogen content (N/OC >0. 13)  (Goñi and Hedges,1995; Goñi et al. , 2000). To estimate the resuspended plus the allochthonous organic matter, the N/OC end members were selected for each site as they lie in different sedimentary environments. As end member representative of resuspension we considered the N/OC lower ratio (0. 02 percentile of available data for each sediment trap) measured in settling matter (N/OC end members ranged from 0. 07 to 0. 09). As end member representative of marine particulate matter we used the 98 th percentile of N/OC ratios in particulate suspended matter (N/OC end members ranged from 0. 17 to 0. 24). Then, the estimated resuspended or allochthonous matter transported by rives (OC r ) on an annual basis (Tab.
, 1998; Giani et al. , 1999). Moreover, the data and satellite images  (Brando et al. , 2015)  indicate that the influence of the riverine input on site CS is lower than in S1 and S2, and this could be likely due to the different discharges of rivers: Po>> Adige> Piave > Sile. The organic carbon settling fluxes, as determined with the bottom sediment traps, were from 2 to 39-fold higher than the organic carbon ones, calculated from mass accumulation rates at all the sites (Tab. 6). This implies that, at all sites, a relevant fraction of the settling organic matter is not buried, rather is consumed by benthic organisms, decomposed or advected to other areas. As shown in Fig. 5 , the highest % of the OC flux settles in the sediments near the Po river (site S1) and Adige river (site S2). The mass accumulation rate (MAR) integrate the sedimentation over years and, therefore, when it is converted in flux of organic carbon, it does not reflect the deposition of the labile fraction of organic matter, which could be respired or consumed by benthic organisms on a time scale of weeks or days  (Giordani et al.
Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are the main source of intra-seasonal and interannual variability in the extratropical stratosphere. The profound alterations to the stratospheric circulation that accompany such events produce rapid changes in the atmospheric composition. The goal of this study is to deepen our understanding of the dynamics that control changes of Arctic ozone during the life cycle of SSWs, providing a quantitative analysis of advective transport and mixing. We use output from four ensemble members (60 years each) of the Whole Atmospheric Community Climate Model version 4 performed for the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative and also use reanalysis and satellite data for validation purposes. The composite evolution of ozone displays positive mixing ratio anomalies of up to 0.
, 2000; Hitchcock et al. , 2013a). Note that the notion of PJO events in the present paper is similar to that in  Hitchcock et al. (2013a)  and de la  Cámara et al. (2018)  in the sense that PJO events are associated explicitly with SSWs (i. e. , sufficiently deep SSWs). This differs from the perspective of  Kodera et al. (2000) , who saw the PJO as a low-frequency stratospheric mode of variability that sometimes phase locks with SSWs. Case studies for several Arctic winters based on the combined use of observations and Lagrangian transport models highlight the wide range of inter-event variability and the sensitivity of polar chemical processing to the different dynamical conditions. Manney et al. (2003)  used a Lagrangian transport model and ozone data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) to estimate chemical ozone depletion in the polar vortex for the 1991/92 through 1997/98 boreal winters.
, 2013; Morgenstern et al. , 2017). These runs are forced with observed sea surface temperatures and external forcings for the period 1955-2014 (i. e. , the CCMI REF-C1 configuration), and the quasi-biennial oscillation is nudged by relaxing the stratospheric tropical zonal winds towards observations  (Marsh et al. , 2013). Two observational datasets and one reanalysis product are used for validation purposes. The ozone mixing ratio from the Stratospheric Water and Ozone Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) dataset for the period 1984-2017  (Davis et al. , 2016)  is used for a seasonal cycle comparison with the model. This monthly-mean merged ozone product combines observations from a set of satellite instruments (SAGE-II/III, UARS HALOE, and UARS and Aura MLS) after a homogenization process to account for inter-satellite biases and to minimize artificial jumps in the record (see  Davis et al.
Annual cycle of ozone in observations, reanalysis, and WACCM We first compare the Northern Hemisphere seasonal cycle of ozone in  SWOOSH (1980 SWOOSH ( -2017)) ,  ERAI (1979 ERAI ( -2012)) , and WACCM (240 years). Figure  1  shows the seasonal evolution of zonal-mean ozone mixing ratio at 10, 70, and 100 hPa (or the nearest levels available) for the three data sources. As expected, in all datasets the latitudinal gradients have opposite signs in the lower and middle stratosphere (e. g. ,  Brasseur and Solomon, 2005) : ozone mixing ratio over the Arctic is smaller than in midlatitudes at 10 hPa, and the opposite is true at 70 and 100 hPa. Also, at 70 and 100 hPa the seasonal cycle is characterized by maximum values in winter and minimum values in summer (consistent with the overturning circulation seasonality), while at 10 hPa the minimum values occur in autumn over the polar cap.
Changes in polar ozone during SSWs Figure  3a, b, c  show the composite anomalies of ozone in MLS, ERAI, and WACCM, respectively, averaged over the Arctic (70-90 • N) as a function of time lag with respect to the SSW central date (Fig. 3d  will be discussed later). The three panels show very similar behavior despite the variety of datasets and years covered (note that the MLS composite is based on only six events). The Arctic ozone mixing ratio is enhanced (0. 5-0. 6 ppmv) at levels at which ozone decreases poleward (> 550 K) and reduced (0. 2-0. 3 ppmv) at Black dots denote statistically significant anomalies (two-tailed Student's t test, α = 0. 01). Note that the statistical test has not been performed for MLS due to the small sample of SSWs. The approximate pressure level is indicated on the right axis.
Acknowledgements. The authors are grateful to  Mengchu Tao  and the one anonymous referee for their positive assessment and constructive comments. This work has been partially funded by the  Spanish national projects PALEOSTRAT  ( CGL2015-69699 ) and STEADY ( CGL2017-83198-R ) and the  European  project  STRATOCLIM  ( FP7-ENV. 2013. 6. 1-2ref : 603557 ). Alvaro de la Cámara  has been supported by the  UCM   fellowship program  " Personal posdoctoral en formación en investigación y docencia " and  Marta Abalos  by the research grant  Atracción de Talento Comunidad de Madrid  (ref  2016-T2/AMB-1405 ). Edited by: Peter Haynes Reviewed by:  Mengchu Tao  and one anonymous referee.
Data availability. Data from ERA-Interim are freely available at http://apps. ecmwf. int/datasets/. The output from the WACCM runs is available at https://www2. acom. ucar. edu/gcm/ccmi-output and also upon request to the corresponding author. The SWOOSH dataset is available at https://www. esrl. noaa. gov/csd/groups/csd8/ swoosh/ (Davis et al. , 2016).
004-0. 045) by  Sobolev et al. (2011). Finally, Sr isotopes in melt inclusions do not correlate with Rb/Sr in the new Pu'u Wahi melt inclusion dataset or in the dataset of  Sobolev et al. (2011). However, in the Pu'u Wahi melt inclusions from this study there is a positive relationship between 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and Ba/Nb (Fig. 8 ), but no equivalent correlation is present in the Significant 87 Sr/ 86 Sr heterogeneity has been shown to exist between olivine-hosted melt inclusions within a single lava  (Jackson and Hart, 2006; Harlou et al. , 2009; Sobolev et al. , 2011; Koornneef et al. , 2015; this study). The observation that olivines in a single lava can host melts with variable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr necessitates that melts with variable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr were present when olivine crystallized in the magma system, and that olivines captured these heterogeneous melts as melt inclusions.
In contrast to the narrow range of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios obtained on Pu'u Wahi melt inclusions from this study,  Sobolev et al. (2011)  identified much greater variability (more than 30 times greater) in their suite of Pu'u Wahi olivine-hosted melt inclusions (~8500 ppm of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr variability, 0. 7021-0. 7081; N=137). The extreme isotopic variability observed by  Sobolev et al. (2011)  raises some key questions: Why does their dataset exhibit a significantly greater range in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in Pu'u Wahi melt inclusions than the dataset generated in this study, and how can we reconcile their results with the relatively narrow range in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr observed in the melt inclusions in this study? One possible explanation is that our sample size (N= 9 melt inclusions) is significantly smaller than that of  Sobolev et al.
Acknowledgements. We thank  E. Gazel  and an anonymous reviewerfor constructive reviews, and  C. Chauvel  for editorial handling. MGJ acknowledges  NSF  grants  OCE-1736984  and  EAR-1624840. AAR gratefully acknowledges support from  Ken MacDonald  and  Rachel Haymon  through the  UCSB Earth Science Department Graduate Opportunity Award  which made this work possible. EFR-K acknowledges the partial financial support by the  French Government Laboratory of Excellence initiative  no. ANR-10-LABX-0006 , the  Region Auvergne , and the  European Regional Development Fund. This is Laboratory of  Excellence ClerVolc  (contribution number xxx).
Confirming the key innovation status of a given character state (e. g. , perianth fusion) requires showing that its origin is correlated with a higher rate of species diversification, which in turn necessitates a clear understanding of where in the tree that state originates. Although floral evolution has been clarified using parsimony among early diverging angiosperms  7, [18] [19] [20]  and was recently reconstructed on the entire angiosperm phylogeny  14  , we here provide a much more densely sampled dataset to address this question using the maximum likelihood method in addition to parsimony approaches. We further explore the sensitivity of our results to various assumptions for evolutionary models, in particular among-lineage rate constancy. The first studies of models that took into account the possibility of among-lineage evolutionary rate variation were published in the 1990s  21, 22.