dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS software (IBM, Armonk, New York). After recoding categoric variables as ordinal variables, we evaluated occlusion level differences with MRA sequences and GRE T2 compared with the reference imaging standard (DSA) by using a 2-tailed Wilcoxon exact signed rank test, with a statistically significant difference assumed for P Ͻ. 05. To quantify the intermodality agreement of MRA sequences, comparing GRE T2 with DSA, we calculated the coefficient, 95% confidence intervals, and percentage agreement. Finally, interobserver agreement for MRA image diagnostic confidence indexes for the major intracranial arteries was determined.
Data Collection and Analysis Data regarding demographic characteristics, clinical and radiological features, inflammatory biomarkers, microbiology, management, and outcome of patients were collected and analyzed with descriptive statistics using Instat GraphPad (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Continuous variables were summarized using median and range, whereas categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Differences in proportions were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. A P value of ≤. 05 was considered to be significant.
Literature Review Patients included in this study consisted of 112 nonprosthetic Candida arthritis cases as published in the English literature within the study period from 1967 to 2014. The first case of Candida arthritis was reported in 1967  [71]. Since this initial report through 2014, a total of 112 published cases  of Candida arthritis fulfilled predefined criteria for evaluability. Thus, 112 evaluable cases were entered into the database.
Acknowledgments T. J. W. is a Scholar of the  Save Our Sick Children Foundation and a Scholar of the Sharp Family Foundation in Pediatric Emerging Infectious Diseases. Financial support. This work was funded by  Scholar of the Save Our Sick Children Foundation  (to T. J. W. ),  Sharp Family Foundation  (to T. J. W. ),  Special Account for Research Funds  (to M. N. G. and N. V. S. ) of the  National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , and  National Institutes of Health  through an  MD Anderson Cancer Center Support Grant  ( CA016672 ) (to D. P. K. ). Potential conflicts of interest. D. P. K. is a consultant and board member and received payment for lectures from  Schering-Plough ,  Pfizer , and  Astellas Pharma US. D. P. K. has also received grant support from  Astellas Pharma US  and  Merck  and has received an honorarium from  Enzon Pharmaceuticals.
The European Research Infrastructure IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) operates a global-scale monitoring system for atmospheric trace gases, aerosols and clouds utilising the existing global civil aircraft. This new monitoring infrastructure builds on the heritage of the former research projects MOZAIC (Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapour on Airbus In-service Aircraft) and CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container). CARIBIC continues within IAGOS and acts as an important airborne measurement reference standard within the wider IAGOS fleet. IAGOS is a major contributor to the in-situ component of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), the successor to the Global Monitoring for the Environment and Security Á Atmospheric Service, and is providing data for users in science, weather services and atmospherically relevant policy.
Introduction Understanding, predicting and mitigating climate change along with its impact on air quality calls for accurate knowledge and long-term surveys of so-called essential climate variables (ECV) on 3-D global scales  (IPCC, 2013). ECVs have been identified in the framework of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS, 2010) as 'variables critical for characterising the climate system and its changes'. It is further stated that 'ECV datasets provide the empirical evidence needed to understand and predict the evolution of climate; to guide mitigation and adaptation measures; to assess risks and enable attribution of climatic events to underlying causes; and to underpin climate services'  (Bojinski et al. , 2014). ECVs of the atmosphere domain include atmospheric state parameters, such as temperature, water vapour (H 2 O), and cloud and aerosol properties as well as long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs), and important chemically active trace gas species, such as ozone (O 3 ), its precursors and aerosol species.
Data are analysed and qualitychecked after flight and are provided to the IAGOS and CARIBIC databases within a few weeks. Regularly, the instrumentation in the container is updated and new/ modified instruments are installed. In 2010, the IAGOS-CARIBIC container was fully revised and recertified following European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) rules. The next container modification is envisaged for 2016. a TR, time resolution or data rate, whatever is longer; b the accuracy of each instrument includes potential inlet effects and will be reported as soon as experience has been gained for operating the instruments aboard the IAGOS-CORE aircraft; c references refer to the MOZAIC NO Y instrument.
IGAS The project IGAS (www. igas-project. org/), funded by the Seventh EU Framework Programme and launched in 2013, prepares the data collected in IAGOS for direct use in CAMS, including adequate treatment of data QA/QC. As such, it supports the transition of IAGOS into a fully operational system. As a key pre-requisite for long-term monitoring, IGAS develops and implements database tools to increase accessibility and interoperability, as well as to evaluate, harmonise and document the data quality. For each instrument, standard operating procedures (SOP) are prepared in accordance with, e. g. , WMO/GAW Report 153 on Aerosol Measurement Procedures, Guidelines and Recommendations  (WMO TD No. 1178 , September 2003) , and based on existing best practice documents. Currently, best practice approaches require the storage of calibration protocols and raw data as well as data analysis algorithms, so that the reanalysis of long-term data sets is possible whenever necessary.
Once the SOPs for the instruments operated in IAGOS-CORE and IAGOS-CARIBIC are harmonised and agreed upon, they will be published on the IAGOS website. Furthermore, they will be subject to continuous review and improvement, to ensure the high quality and consistency of the data during the period of operation of the infrastructure. Another core objective of IGAS is to prepare the provision of data streams in both NRT (i. e. within about 6 h) and delayed mode (within 6 months) to CAMS. To ensure NRT transmission, the implementation of a Real-Time Transmission Unit (RTTU) is foreseen to interface with the IAGOS-CORE data acquisition system and to transmit data in flight via satellite communication (Satcom) to the  An alternative solution focuses on after-flight data transmission via GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) to the IAGOS central database; however, this solution does not guarantee the NRT transmission of data collected early in the long-haul flight.
Data flow Unprocessed IAGOS-CORE data first undergo automated validation procedures before being inserted into the database (see Fig. 9 ). They are available in NRT within 12 h after landing for operational users such as climate monitoring services (e. g. CAMS). Raw data (L0A) are automatically analysed using pre-flight or in-flight calibrations (L0B). They are further validated by the responsible PI and become available as preliminary data (L1). Final data (L2) are produced after removal of the instrument from the aircraft and post-flight calibration by the responsible PI in the laboratory. Final calibrated IAGOS-CARIBIC data are transmitted from Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Chemie (MPI-C) to the reception server. Climatological data (L3) are then calculated from the final data and added-value products (L4) are processed on computer clusters.
Database content The IAGOS database contains observations, instrumental parameters and metadata. Each version of a data set (L0, L1, L2 and L4) is stored in the database in order to record the history of maintenance and validation operations. Here, each species measured during one flight is considered a data set with its own data level and version number. 6 ), the location of the observations and the meteorological parameters measured by the aircraft (see Table  7 ). Two types of data set are stored in the database. The first one is the time series: observations are provided at 4-s intervals along the flight track from take-off until landing; a typical 10-h flight file contains 9000 lines. The second type is profile data: separated files are created just for flight ascent and descent parts.
Added-value products. To help analyse the observations, a tool was developed based on the  Stohl et al. (2003)  methodology which links the observed atmospheric trace constituents to their sources. This tool simulates recent anthropogenic and biomass burning contributions to the measured carbon monoxide mixing ratio along each IAGOS flight. It is built on the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART (version 9. 0) and uses European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analysis data for meteorological fields (1)18, 31 levels in 1994 to 137 levels in 2013, every 6 h), coupled to emissions from the ECCAD database (www. eccad. sedoo. fr). The main goal is to supply an added-value product to the IAGOS database showing geographical origins and emission types for respective trace species.
Scientific highlights Scientific highlights resulting from the exploration of the MOZAICÁCARIBICÁIAGOS database were presented at the Scientific Symposium on '20 Years of Atmospheric Composition Observations by Commercial Aircraft'. A report of the symposium was published in the SPARC Newsletter 44 by  Thouret and Petzold (2015). This section provides an overview of key scientific topics, to which  MOZAIC, CARIBIC and IAGOS contribute significantly, respective scientific achievements and highlights presented at the symposium.
First sampling of the Pacific area With the first non-European airline (CAL) equipped with IAGOS instruments starting in July 2012, the IAGOS database has been enriched by the first data covering the northern Pacific region due to regular flights between Taipei and Vancouver. This in-situ data set is now the densest for the region, complementing aircraft-dedicated campaigns (INTEX-A and B, PEM WEST A and B). Clark et al. (2015)  present an analysis of the first 2 months of operation based on the complete, fully validated data set (ozone, CO, H 2 O, cloud particles). The most interesting feature of July and August 2012 data shows two main characteristics: very high CO mixing ratios (CO ! 400 ppb) and low ozone mixing ratios ( B30 ppb) in the UTLS (cruise altitude, between 9 and 12 km) for latitudes ranging from 308N to 658N.
Four to five days later profiles of CO over Paris and Frankfurt showed an increase of CO in the mid-troposphere between 4 and 8 km. The CO plumes persisted over western Europe for several days, still being evident over Frankfurt until 13 July. Figure  11  shows example profiles from descents into Frankfurt airport, combined with a LIDAR profile over Ju¨lich which captured the fire plume at the same altitude as the IAGOS aircraft, and a forecast map provided by MACC. The MACC model partially captured the fire plume during its evolution. In the majority of investigated profiles, enhanced CO is seen at the correct altitude but is not of sufficient magnitude. In other cases, the peak of observed CO is captured by the models but with a delay of 1 or 2 d and it is overestimated. This set of IAGOS data was then widely used for NRT validation of model forecasts on a daily basis; see next section for details.
NRT data for automatic model forecast validation in preparation to CAMS One of the main technical improvements from MOZAIC to IAGOS is the transmission of data right after landing, and the objective of delivering a validated (though not calibrated) data set within 3 d, on a 'best effort basis'. The NRT processing and data transmission capabilities of IAGOS will also make it possible to include the corresponding data stream into operational processing, similar to the aircraft meteorological data relay that is used for numerical weather prediction. So far, ozone and CO measurements are available in NRT, while the provision of water vapour data has been tested and will be operational by the end of 2015. Routine use of MOZAIC-IAGOS data has been particularly useful for an independent validation of the model products developed in the projects GEMS and MACC, the preparatory phases of CAMS; visit www.
iagos. fr/macc for details. For example, Fig. 12  displays the different validation products (different model runs in forecast mode and reanalysis) performed routinely with NRT and final MOZAIC-IAGOS data. This is an example for a monthly mean vertical profile over Frankfurt in December 2012. NRT runs are validated with NRT IAGOS data (available since July 2011) while the reanalysis run is validated with final, fully calibrated MOZAIC and IAGOS data. A complete evaluation of this MACC reanalysis with MOZAIC-IAGOS data is presented by  Gaudel et al. (2015). Because of its sampling of the entire troposphere and UTLS, MOZAIC-IAGOS data are of particular interest to further describe large-scale pollution episodes (e. g. biomass burning plumes from Siberia in 2012 and Canada in 2013/2015).
NO y distribution in the UTLS and the impact of lightning IAGOS-CARIBIC provides the longest time series of nitrogen oxide measurements in the UTLS so far, starting in 2005 (Stratmann et al. : NO and NOy in the tropopause region: Nine years of CARIBIC measurements onboard a passenger aircraft. Submitted to Atmospheric Environment). Although the concentration of nitrogen oxides is highly variable, this data set lays the foundation for climatology of nitrogen oxides in the UTLS, at least for regions that are regularly covered by IAGOS-CARIBIC flights. The observations show distinct regional and seasonal differences. A pronounced seasonal cycle is observed for NO and NO y for tropospheric and stratospheric air with maxima in summer and minima in winter in the UT. Over Europe, the median NO y concentration is about 0.
95 ppbv in summer and about 0. 30 ppbv in winter. In contrast, the maximum median concentration in the LS is observed in spring. Similar seasonal variability is also found for regions like the North Atlantic and northern Asia. Indications are also found for specific sources of nitrogen oxides like biomass burning and air traffic emissions. For about 5 yr, one aircraft of Lufthansa flew one NO y analyser as part of MOZAIC, which is described in detail by  Volz-Thomas et al. (2005)  and  Pa¨tz et al. (2006). MOZAIC-NO y data have been gathered during 1533 flights, comprising 8500 h of data  (Thomas et al. , 2015). The distribution of NO y concentrations measured by the MOZAIC instrument is almost identical to that measured in CARIBIC with a spring maximum in the lower stratosphere and a summer maximum in the UT.
, 2015a (Neis et al. , , 2015b ) and cloud particles  (Beswick et al. , 2014)  offers the opportunity for a combined analysis of UTH data and cloud occurrence information, which is a major step forward in cirrus cloud research; see  Clark et al. (2015)  and  Beswick et al. (2015)  as examples. The IAGOS-CARIBIC H 2 O instrument is the only instrument of its kind for measuring UTLS water vapour and cloud water/ice with high resolution and accuracy on a regular basis. Comparisons of IAGOS-CARIBIC water vapour, relative humidity and temperature data with the ECMWF forecast and analysis models indicate good agreement for temperature, with a small cold model bias of 0. 45K above (408C  (Dyroff et al. , 2015). Distributions of water vapour and relative humidity also agree well in the UT. In the dry LS, however, both models show a considerable moist bias by 100Á150% in summer/autumn and 50Á100% in winter/spring Â2 km above the tropopause.
Trends of ozone, carbon monoxide and water vapour With over 20 yr of observations, the MOZAIC-IAGOS programme provides the longest in-situ ozone and water vapour data time series using the same instruments, calibration and maintenance procedures (in contrast to the ozone sounding network). With the first 10 yr of regular data,  Thouret et al. (2006)  and  Zbinden et al. (2006)  presented the first decadal trends of ozone in the UTLS at cruise altitude over the North Atlantic Ocean and in the troposphere over the most visited airports, showing a slight increase. MOZAIC is the densest data set available and can provide the statistical significance sometimes missing in trend analyses. For example, the results from  Cooper et al. (2010)  demonstrating the association between Asian emissions and the increase of ozone in the free troposphere above western North America gained statistical significance by adding the MOZAIC data set to the less frequent sounding data.
Later,  Logan et al. (2012)  combined the different available data sets (surface stations, ozone soundings and MOZAIC) for Europe to analyse the consistency of these long time series and their value in deriving significant and coherent trends. Main results are that the various data sets are not consistent before 1998 and that there is no significant trend in tropospheric ozone over Europe since the year 2000. Recently,  Tanimoto et al. (2015)  investigated the consistency of tropospheric ozone observations from different platforms and techniques and its implications for trend analyses. Ne´de´lec et al. (2015)  describe the new IAGOS ozone and CO instruments and argue for the continued utilisation of the MOZAIC and IAGOS data sets. Indeed,  Petetin et al. (2015)  utilise the longest uninterrupted time series from MOZAIC and IAGOS covering the years 1994 until 2013, and evaluate ozone and CO trends over Frankfurt.
In the same direction,  Cooper et al. (2015)  highlight the potential role of IAGOS in monitoring the baseline ozone that flows into the western United States and impacts surface air quality in light of a lowered US ozone air quality standard. The first trend analyses of UTH above the tropical Atlantic are now available, based on the first 10 yr of MOZAIC observations  (Kley et al. , 2007; Luo et al. , 2007)  highlighting climatologies of UTH distribution and the role of deep convection. The analysis of two decades of UTH measurements is currently being studied based on the reanalysed MOZAIC water vapour data set  (Smit et al. , 2014)  and subsequent IAGOS observations. Because of its global coverage and consistent instrumentation over the past 20 yr, MOZAIC-IAGOS undoubtedly constitutes one of the most important data sets for evaluation of ozone and water vapour trends.
Ozone and CO over tropical areas MOZAIC has provided regular data over regions undersampled by other networks or sampling studies. The most striking example concerns the data over Africa (West Africa and Equatorial Africa in particular), where Air-France and Air Namibia aircraft have enriched the MOZAIC database with highly valuable data. Sauvage et al. (2005)  provided the first climatology of ozone and CO over West and Equatorial Africa describing the impact of tropical biomass burning seasons from the two hemispheres on seasonal ozone distributions throughout the troposphere. As a result, this new picture explains the previously so-called ozone paradox  (Thompson et al. , 2000)  by highlighting a contribution from Northern Hemisphere fires to the ozone maximum in the Northern Hemisphere, previously undetected by satellites as the plumes were confined to the lower troposphere due to the governing atmospheric dynamical situation  (Sauvage et al.
UTLS aerosol particle elemental composition Besides aerosol mass spectrometer measurements from research aircraft, IAGOS-CARIBIC is the only larger source of chemical/elemental UTLS particle composition data worldwide. Martinsson et al. (2005)  analysed the seasonal behaviour and gradients over the tropopause for sulphur, potassium and iron. Moreover, they used the data to calculate the particulate sulphur production rate in the stratosphere. Using Proton Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA) as an additional method, Martinsson's group also provided the first statistically sound measurements of particulate organics in the LS and showed that organic carbon is a substantial fraction of the aerosol particle mass  (Friberg et al. , 2014). Using the ratio of Fe to K, biomass burning could be excluded as a major source of this organic material.
UTLS aerosol particle sources Two case studies based on research aircraft measurements indicate that deep convective clouds are a source for new particle formation in the UT. Weigelt et al. (2009)  analysed several hundred cloud encounters in five geographic regions using IAGOS-CARIBIC data and showed that deep convective clouds in the tropics act as a particle source. Another important source for UTLS aerosols is volcanic eruptions  (Andersson et al. , 2013)  with significant impacts on the radiation budget of the LS  (Andersson et al. , 2015)  and on cirrus cloud coverage  (Friberg et al. , 2015). Andersson et al. (2013)  also calculated the residence time (1/e) of SO 2 in two volcanic clouds to be about 45 d.
Unique data set for satellite and model validation Finally, MOZAIC and IAGOS provide a unique data set for satellite and model validation, and about one-third of the publications using MOZAIC data refer to validation studies. Law et al. (2000)  presented one of the first global studies, while  de Laat et al. (2014)  recently published a study regarding the validation of MOPITT CO data; an exhaustive list of publications is available on www. iagos. fr. Two other recent examples are published in this issue. Tocquer et al. (2015)  present an analysis of high ozone events over India as seen by MOZAIC and IASI. Gaudel et al. (2015)  give an overview on the way MOZAIC ozone and CO data in the UTLS are used to validate the MACC reanalysis on a long-term period.
The data are essential for the 'Atmosphere Monitoring Service' of the European Copernicus (formerly GMES) programme. With a fleet of already six permanently equipped aircraft and one laboratory container, IAGOS is currently the only programme providing regular in-situ observations in the UTLS over mid-latitudes at high spatial resolution and regular profiles of GHGs, reactive gases and aerosol concentration in the troposphere over continental sites. In the future, the IAGOS time series of ozone, CO and H 2 O will retain their high level of data quality because the same instruments will fly for the next 15Á20 yr. The future deployment of a larger fleet of IAGOSequipped aircraft measuring this wide variety of atmospheric constituents, delivered in near to real time is the most important on-going goal for IAGOS.
Furthermore, the potential use of IAGOS in data assimilation (either as an 'anchor' for bias-correction schemes or in 'active' assimilation) which has been explored in the framework of the MACC projects in preparation for CAMS may become a reality once the fleet is large enough. Interoperability of databases and harmonisation of data products and services for the users with the other European Research Infrastructures is also an important objective for the next 5 yr. The founding partners of MOZAIC and CARIBIC envisioned that the programmes would significantly enhance the atmospheric observation data available at a global scale, in particular in the UTLS. They expected that the climatologies produced from the data sets would become invaluable for the investigation of seasonal and geographic variability of the observed trace species, and that findings reported by the investigators would provide important new insights into our understanding of atmospheric chemistry  (Marenco et al.