dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
| Sample classification Automated data analysis and quality assessment is performed, and chromosomal ratio calculations are calculated for all approved samples as previously described. 13 The approved samples were classified into low or high risk with a z-score approach based on each normalized chromosomal ratio and the sample-specific standard deviation. The cutoffs used were a z score of 3. 5 for chromosome 21 and 3. 15 for chromosomes 18 and 13. The samples that failed the quality assessment were rejected and classified as no-calls. The fetal sex was classified from the number of detected RCPs from chromosome Y relative to the number of RCPs from the measured autosomal chromosomes using an adaptive binary classifier.
Purpose To compare the operating modes of the Holmium:YAG laser and Thulium fiber laser. Additionally, currently available literature on Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy is reviewed. Materials and methods Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for articles relating to the operating modes of Holmium:YAG and Thulium fiber lasers, including systematic review of articles on Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy.
Materials and methods Literature on the operating modes of the Holmium:YAG and Thulium fiber lasers was reviewed. For systematic review of currently available evidence on Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy, a bibliographic search on Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted in October 2018. The search terms 'Thulium fiber laser' and 'lithotripsy' were used and the filters 'English' and 'humans' were applied. Only original articles were considered eligible. Supplementary Figure  1  shows a flow diagram summarizing the selection process. Owing to the heterogeneity of study outcomes, a narrative synthesis rather than a quantified metaanalysis of data was performed.
Granupack® Developed by Granutools®, this device automatically measures the position of a hollow cylinder placed on the top of the powder column. From this distance, the height and the volume of the powder bed are computed allowing to determine the evolution of the packing fraction as function of the number of taps. The metal cylindrical enclosure containing the powder sample performs free falls with an amplitude of 1 or 3 mm while the tap frequency can be tuned from 0,1 to 2 Hz. The Granupack® software allows to plot the compaction kinetic curve by monitoring the intermediate states. Other dynamical parameters can be extrapolated from the compaction curves, using for example Bideau's model  [9] : ( ) -( -)9:; <-= > ? @ A (6) where is the extrapolated compactness when tends to infinity, τ is the characteristic tap number related to the compaction dynamics and C is a stretching exponent.
Acknowledgements B. G. is a  Canadian Research Chair in the Neurobiology of Mental Disorders. AT is supported by a postdoc grant from the  FRQS. This work was supported by the  Canada Research Chairs program  (B. G. ), the  Canadian Foundation for Innovation and the Graham Boeckh Foundation for Schizophrenia Research  (B. G. ). We thank  Ms. Erika Vigneault  and  Marie-Eve Desaulnier  for excellent care and maintenance of all mice colonies,  Drs. Elsa Isingrini  and  Quentin Rainer  for help with mice injections and  Dr. Gregory Dal Bo  for initial training with histology.
Methods The SFR convened a task force of 12 hospital-or community-based rheumatologists, 2 patients with RA who were members of patient self-help organizations, and an occupational therapist. The task force members' places of work were distributed throughout France. The material used by the task force included the 2014 SFR and 2016 EULAR recommendations for the management of RA and early arthritis  [1] [2] [3]. In addition, a systematic literature review was conducted by 2 task force members (CD and CH) to retrieve data published between completion of the literature review for the earlier recommendations (i. e. , between November 2015 and February 2016 depending on the item) and October 2017  [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]. The systematic literature review involved searches of MedLine (via PubMed) and a review of abstracts published at the 2016 and 2017 meetings held by the EULAR and American College of Rheumatology (ACR).
A clinical remission is defined as the absence of signs or symptoms indicating significant inflammatory activity. These signs and symptoms include those detected by the medical interview, physical examination, and laboratory tests (inflammation markers) (see also recommendation 4). Recent published data demonstrate that achieving a clinical remission is at least as relevant as achieving an ultrasonographic remission. The randomized trials TASER and ARTIC, as well as observational data from everyday practice (RA BIODAM) found no evidence that ultrasonographic monitoring improved clinical or structural outcomes, and routine ultrasonography increases both the risk of overtreatment and management costs  [32] [33] [34]. Achieving a clinical remission should therefore be the main treatment target in all patients with RA.
Acknowledgments We thank the members of the review panel who read and commented on the recommendations:  Baudens G, Beauvais C, Berenbaum F, Berthelot J-M, Boumier P, Brocq O, Constantin A, Devauchelle-Pensec V, Dixneuf V, Fayet F, Flipo R-M , Gaudin P, Goeb V, Goupille P, Grange L, Hudry C, Jousse-Joullin S, Le Goff B, Marotte H, Mezieres M, Morel J, Perdriger A, Pham T, Pouplin S, Roth O, Ruyssen-Witrand A, Schaeverbeke T, Sellam J, Senbel E ,  Soubrier M , and 10 patients designated by the  AFP RIC and ANDAR.
Methods: We searched for related studies published from November 2, 2002 to February 10, 2018 in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Databases. The pooled data were evaluated combining each risk factor with the presence of a spontaneous Type-1 ECG. All analyses were performed using Review Manager, version 5. 0. 12. Results: Four eligible studies involving 1,338 patients (85% males, mean age: 48. 1±18. 1 years) were enrolled. Spontaneous Type-1 ECG was associated with higher risk for ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) than cases with non-Type 1 ECG in males (odds ratio: 95% CI: 1. 84-5. 17; P < 0. 0001), but not in females (P = 0. 29). Among spontaneous Type-1 cases with syncope or with positive EPS, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.
Search Strategy and Inclusion Criteria Two investigators independently and comprehensively divided the work to perform a literature search. One investigator performed the review of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database to find relevant researches. Another investigator identified relevant studies by performing a literature search of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and Wanfang Databases. In order to identify and retrieve all potentially relevant articles regarding this topic, we searched the related studies published from November 2, 2002 to February 10, 2018 utilizing the following query terms: "Brugada" and "syndrome, " or "Brugada syndrome" and "Type 1, " or "risk stratification. " In addition, the titles, abstracts, and reference lists of all articles were carefully reviewed.
In addition, reference lists of published articles were searched for additional publications. The relevant studies were retrieved as full text and assessed for compliance with the inclusion criteria by two investigators. In the case of multiple reports from the same group of authors, the one containing the largest number of patients was selected in order to prevent duplication of data. Studies were considered for this pooled analysis only if they were full-size articles in written in English and published in peer reviewed journals. Our inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) the study design was a prospective or retrospective observational study; (b) patients with a spontaneous Type 1 ECG BrS pattern or non-Type 1 ECG BrS pattern; (c) a follow-up duration of ≥ 10 months to permit detection of arrhythmic events; (d) contained information on clearly defined endpoints (appropriate ICD shocks, VF/VT, and SCD); (e) studies with full-text; (f) risk ratio (RR), hazard ratio (HR), odds ratio (OR), corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), or necessary raw data were reported.
Studies reporting only composite endpoints but no particular data on all-cause mortality or dealing with distinct patient populations were not considered. To resolve the disagreements and uncertainties between the two investigators, a consensus had been reached after reviewing the source data or consultation with a third investigator. We sent e-mails to the principal authors of identified studies to ask for data sharing using a standardized form and definitions. Then the original data of these articles were collected. The centers were requested to state institutional Review Board approval and informed consent in order to avoid any ethical issues. Additional patients evaluated during the follow-up period after publication of the studies were included. As a consequence, the patient number reported here might be different from that published in the original reports.
Data Extraction The extracted data elements of this pooled analysis consisted of: surname of first author, publication year, origin of the studied population, type of study, study design, sample size, participants' age and gender, duration of follow-up, end-point events, the quality score, number of subjects with spontaneous Type 1 ECG pattern, number of subjects with family history of SCD or syncope, positive SCN5A gene mutation, detailed information in relation to programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS), positive number of inducible VT/VF, and the presence of a fragmented QRS.
Study Selection Figure  1  illustrates a flow diagram of the data search and study selection. Using our search criteria, the systematic review of the literature provided a total of 5,473 potentially relevant studies. After screening the titles and abstracts, 2,541 studies were rejected. Accordingly, 20 potentially correlative studies were searched for detailed evaluation. At last, 4 studies  (Benito et al. , 2008b; Kamakura et al. , 2009; Sacher et al. , 2013; Tokioka et al. , 2014)  met the pre-defined systematic review search criteria and were incorporated into our analysis. Twenty studies consisted of 4,675 BrS patients in total (Supplemental Tables  1, 2 ). A spontaneous Type 1 ECG pattern of BrS was reported in 2,503 patients. Four studies were eligible for this pooled analysis consisting of 1,338 patients (85% males, mean age: 48.
EPS Groups All 465 patients with a spontaneous Type 1 ECG pattern or non-Type 1 BrS who had undergone EPS were included in the study. The data came from two articles  (Sacher et al. , 2013; Tokioka et al. , 2014). There were 198 spontaneous Type 1 patients with positive EPS, with an event rate of 19%. There were 101 non-Type 1 patients with positive EPS with an event rate of 9%. In the group of negative EPS, the incidence was 10 and 6%, respectively (Figure  2C ). In the group of spontaneous Type 1 with positive EPS and non-Type 1 with positive EPS, the results showed no statistical significance (OR 2. 09, 95% CI: 0. 95 to 4. 62, P = 0. 07; Heterogeneity: P = 0. 48, I 2 = 0 %, Figure  3Ca ). However, among patients with spontaneous Type 1 ECG, those with a positive EPS vs. negative EPS, were at higher risk (OR 2.
DISCUSSION In this study, our principal aim was to pool data from several large trials to systematically evaluate the risk for arrhythmic events associated with a spontaneous Type 1 Brugada ECG when combined with one or more additional risk factors. We included data from 4 large trials comprising a total of 1,338 patients. The principal conclusions are as follows: (i) male patients who developed Type 1 Brugada ECGs spontaneously were at a statistically higher risk for developing arrhythmic events than those with non-Type 1 ECGs, but surprisingly this was not the case for females; (ii) there was no statistical difference in arrhythmic event risk between spontaneous Type 1 and non-Type 1 among patients who had history of syncope; and (iii) patients with a spontaneous Type 1 ECG pattern combined with positive EPS were at higher risk than those with a negative EPS.
NUMERICAL COMPARISON Once this analytical model is established, it is necessary to quantify the difference of results using this analytical model and a precise 3D numerical simulation with finite element methods (FEM). This numerical comparison of the analytical model is performed using COMSOL software. A complete heat sink (baseplate and fins) has been realized as shown in Fig. 4  for a given dimension of heat sink and heat source. Same dimensions and heat source have been used in both models (analytical and FEM simulation). Heat sink has 17 fins of 6. 1mm thickness and 40mm height. Baseplate has dimensions: thickness H BP =0. 009m, length L=0. 1m and width W=0. 2m. The square heat source is centered, and has initially width and length (respectively c and d) of 0. 02m and it dissipates 100W.
In the second example, the analytical model is coded in MATLAB and used in an optimization routine based on parametrical variation of 6 parameters. The algorithm used is illustrated in Fig. 9. The fan characteristic is the same as the one for the first example. Since the analytical model is very fast to compute, many points for each parameter can be calculated and no deterministic optimization technique is needed. The heat sink of Fig. 6  is used as a reference design for comparison, having a thermal resistance of 0. 175K/W. Given the geometrical and mechanical constraints for the insertion of this heat sink in the real SiC converter, parameters were varied as presented in Table  1. The heat source is the same SiC module having 47mm width and 108mm length. The factor k, given by k=n FIN •T FIN /W gives an idea of the fin thickness T FIN.
PDAC patients Between 2012 and 2016, blood samples of 59 PDAC patients were collected. All patients were recruited under the Paoli-Calmette Institute clinical trial NCT01692873 (https://clinical trials. gov/show/NCT01692873) exclusively in case of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma diagnosis. From these 59 patients, a total of 32 randomized samples compose the learning cohort. The overall survival median of this cohort is 6. 9 months (95% CI (4. 4-10. 19)) that is very close to the worldwide reference OS median of between 6 and 8 months for this type of patients under palliative chemotherapy. 15 We split the learning cohort into two subgroups according to the 6 months OS cut-off. Patients who died of disease before six months were named short-term survival patients (STS, n = 16) and those who died after six months were named long-term survival patients (LTS, n = 16).
Patients Three expert clinical centers (Paoli-Calmettes Institute, Hospital Nord and Hospital La Timone) from Marseille participated in this study after receiving ethics review board approval. A total of 59 diagnosed patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were included in this project led by the Paoli-Calmettes Institute (clinical trial NCT01692873). Consent forms of informed patients were collected and registered in a central database. Thirty two samples were used to establish threshold plasma level for each biomarker of interest (learning cohort). These thresholds were confirmed in another independent cohort of 27 patients (validation cohort). All patients were followed from diagnosis until their death or the last follow-up date. Full annotated clinical characteristics were listed in a central database.
Since the launch of Landsat-1 in 1972, the scientific domain of geo-information has been incrementally shaped through different periods, due to technology evolutions: in devices (satellites, UAV, IoT), in sensors (optical, radar, LiDAR), in software (GIS, WebGIS, 3D), and in communication (Big Data). Land Cover and Disaster Management remain the main big issues where these technologies are highly required. Data fusion methods and tools have been adapted progressively to new data sources, which are augmenting in volume, variety, and in quick accessibility. This Special Issue gives a snapshot of the current status of that adaptation, as well as looking at what challenges are coming soon.
Reviews and Literature Surveys on Specific Data Fusion Subtopics Besides the present Special Issue, which we detail in the next subsection, other research Journals have published reviews focused on several aspects of geo-information fusion. Here are a few examples: • An IJGI special issue on "GEOBIA in a Changing World" (14 papers in 2018)  [16] , investigating how GEographic Object Based Image Analysis can complement pixel-based analysis. Basically, GEOBIA works with both original pixels and an overlaid areal or choropleth map, i. e. , a vector representation automatically computed by a segmentation algorithm. This approach is particularly praised in land-cover studies, which are, by nature, object-based (crop fields, built-up areas, etc. ,), for instance: mapping rooftop vegetation  [17].
Reviews and Literature Surveys on Specific Data Fusion Subtopics Besides the present Special Issue, which we detail in the next subsection, other research Journals have published reviews focused on several aspects of geo-information fusion. Here are a few examples: • An IJGI special issue on "GEOBIA in a Changing World" (14 papers in 2018)  [16] , investigating how GEographic Object Based Image Analysis can complement pixel-based analysis. Basically, GEOBIA works with both original pixels and an overlaid areal or choropleth map, i. e. , a vector representation automatically computed by a segmentation algorithm. This approach is particularly praised in land-cover studies, which are, by nature, object-based (crop fields, built-up areas, etc. ), for instance: mapping rooftop vegetation  [17].
What Does This Special Issue Bring to the Reader? This Special Issue is representative of the present variety of objectives and solutions studied by the global community of researchers as part of geo-information. It addresses mostly the classical application domains of geo-information, namely: Land Cover and Land Cover Change detection, which includes rural areas, forests, as well as more recent facets of urban land cover, and also road networks detection and correction. It uses a large range of sources of geo-information: Classical RS multispectral (e. g. , Landsat-7 ETM, Landsat-8 OLI, HJ-1) or SAR imagery (e. g. , KOMPSAT-5), UAV or airborne LiDAR, possibly in connection with non image data: OSM records, GPS data streams, DEM data, and VGI data. And it brings some new insights in the following methods and tools: • Random Forest Regression  [29] : applied individually to a RGB multispectral image and to a SAR image pre-processed by gray-level co-occurrence matrix descriptors (e.
g. : mobile phone locations  [39, 40] ; • and the forthcoming spreading of IoT sensors, whose fusion with other geo-information data sources starts being studied recently  [41]. In the marine domain, Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD's), possibly remotely monitored, are a rare source of "ground" information for oceans  [42] , whose development is growing very fast (though under almost no control). Therefore, "Velocity" is now in reach too, for geo-information fusion, using a combination of multiple satellites for a highly repetitive remote observation (see below: constellations and data-cubes), and possibly using near real-time updates from ground sensors, street cameras, etc. International organizations are working on ways to provide directly usable very large and compatible datasets (e. g. , "Landsat-like") from that huge stack of RS images: • the CEOS "virtual constellations": an inter-Agency collaboration to coordinating space-based, and ground-based data delivery systems to meet a common set of requirements within specific domains: Atmospheric Composition, Land Surface Imaging, Precipitations, and Ocean (sea surface topography and temperature, color, wind).
No changes in blood flow in large kidney vessels were observed. So far, very little data has been gathered about the side effects of CNIs in patients with IMN. In one study, 15 out of 41 patients reported the presence of side effects, among which the most common included gingival hypertrophy, nausea, and muscle cramps. The number of side effects did not correlate with the duration of treatment  [23]. In a study by Howman et al. that included 36 patients affected by IMN and treated with CsA, the authors observed deteriorating kidney function, but only over long observation; they did not report AKI in their patients during the first 2 years of follow-up  [24]. In a recently published, large study including 408 IMN patients treated with TAC, this drug proved to be especially effective in reducing proteinuria  [25].
KAMILLA (NCT01702571 ) is an international, multicenter, single-arm, open-label, two-cohort, phase IIIb study. This study was undertaken in a post-marketing commitment with the European Medicines Agency. Cohort 1 included patients from 40 countries (planned enrolment: 2000 patients). The follow-up for cohort 1 is complete, and results are reported here. Cohort 2 includes patients from three Asian countries (185 enrolled patients); the follow-up is ongoing. Study participants received single-agent T-DM1 (3. 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks intravenously) until unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal of consent, disease progression, death or up to a maximum of 2 years after enrolment of the last patient. Dose reductions were based on T-DM1eprescribing information  [1, 2]. Tumour assessments for patients with measurable and non-measurable disease were made by investigators as per the Response Evaluation Criteria for Solid Tumors (RECIST), version 1.
1, at screening and every 12 weeks thereafter during the treatment period through physical examination and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, with the same radiographic procedure used to define measurable disease at the baseline and throughout the study. RECIST data were reviewed centrally to ensure consistent reporting. Patients who discontinued study treatment for reasons other than disease progression continued tumour assessments every 3e6 months until confirmed progression or study closure. Survival follow-up occurred every 6 months (AE14 working days) until death, loss to follow-up or withdrawal of consent. AEs were assessed on an ongoing basis; assessment of treatment-related serious AEs continued up to 2 years after enrolment of the last patient.
Outcomes and statistical analysis The primary objective was to assess T-DM1 safety and tolerability. AEs were categorised using Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terminology and graded as per the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, v4. 04. The safety population included all patients who received !1 dose of study medication. The intent-totreat population included all enrolled patients. Safety data were summarised descriptively, and corresponding two-sided exact (ClopperePearson) 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. No formal statistical hypothesis tests were performed, and there were no adjustments for multiplicity of end-points. Based on results obtained from the published combined safety analysis  [9] , thrombocytopaenia, hepatic events, haemorrhage, cardiac dysfunction (cardiotoxicity) and pneumonitis were predefined as AEs of interest.