dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The configuration and monitoring of the ToO alert system is handled by the ToO alert system expert. Information about transient alerts that match science cases are provided to respective PIs. If a transients candidate passes all requirements for follow-up observations, it is forwarded to the DAQ for scheduling. The DAQ ToO system handles the scheduling of accepted follow-up candidates with H. E. S. S. and interacts with the monthly long-term schedule and the observation programme planned for the current night. It receives the details of filtered and ranked ToO candidates from the ToO alert system, stops ongoing observations, initiates the (rapid) slewing of telescopes to the new position and starts the data acquisition in the region of interest. Data is recorded via the DAQ and processed in the RTA.
The ToO alert system The ToO alert system (blue section in Fig. 1 ) listens for new alerts on various data streams from external networks simultaneously and matches them with pre-defined H. E. S. S. science cases. The configurations for each science case define the processing steps and trigger criteria to filter follow-up candidates and to derive the observation strategy and alert prioritisation. More complex alert processing steps are realised in a dedicated pipeline built from modular scripts. The scheduling parameters derived during the processing are then reported to science and operation experts and, in case of automatic follow-up, passed on to the DAQ for immediate follow-up observations. A detailed view of the processing logic that is executed whenever an alert is received is given in Fig.
Toolkit for validation, development, and alerting Beyond the core functionality of processing received alerts, a number of useful tasks can be performed with the ToO alert system. Tools are available to generate test alerts that are sent to the Alert Receiver to validate the entire chain of processing alerts up to the start of observations in so-called fire drills (see Sect. 6). Independent of other parts of the H. E. S. S. transients follow-up system, the ToO alert system software can be used in a standalone mode. Large numbers of alerts 3  can be processed offline in order to fine-tune and test new science programmes, processing functions and algorithms, to simulate the system response and to support rapid development of new features. In addition, the ToO alert system supports a fast feedback loop on whether alerts are followed by H.
The DAQ ToO system The DAQ system  (Balzer et al. 2014 ) steers all hardware and software components taking part in the observations and provides a framework for their monitoring and control, configuration, logging and error handling. The DAQ system is distributed over about 200 processes with dedicated software representations (with 'Managers', 'Controllers', and 'Readers') of the controlled hardware and software components, a central control component organising the execution of the scheduled observation runs, and a collection of databases for the configuration of the DAQ system and the H. E. S. S. array elements. It also provides the central user interfaces in the control room through which operators interact with the H. E. S. S. array. The DAQ system runs on a computing cluster with off-the-shelf components  (Zhu et al.
Central control The DAQ system's central control organises the execution of the observations and steers the telescopes and participating array components through the observation life cycle. This life cycle typically consists of the stop of the ongoing observations, the distribution of the (new or updated) observation parameters to the available telescopes, the configuration and start of the new observations, and the data taking for its duration (see Fig. 3 ). For prompt ToO observations, a special ToO observation mode is used that has been optimised for a faster stop-start cycle of the observations, thereby increasing the robustness to potential failures of individual hardware and/or software components during the cycle. In addition, the typical life cycle may omit the restarting of the observations altogether depending on the type of alert (see also previous section).
CT5 is not only the H. E. S. S. telescope with the fastest slewing speed, but can also use reverse pointing for ToO observations, so that it can reach almost any position in the sky in less than 1 min  (Hofverberg et al. 2013). Furthermore, some aspects of the stop and start procedures of the telescope have been parallelised to speed up the stop-start cycle. The Cherenkov camera, which during non-ToO observations waits until the telescope has reached stable tracking of the target, already starts taking data during ToO observations as soon as the target position enters the field of view of the camera. As a result, CT5 reaches the target and the start of observations significantly faster than the slower CT1-4 telescopes. The DAQ system therefore already starts collecting data for ToO observations when CT5 sends its first data and allows the CT1-4 telescopes to join later during the ongoing observations.
Data acquisition and event building Once the observation starts, the DAQ system continuously processes the telescope-wise event raw data sent from the Cherenkov cameras, performing basic data integrity and quality checks, and builds them into sub-array events in a standard H. E. S. S. data format. The raw telescope data is received and processed by 'Event Builder' processes. Each Event Builder process receives a chunk of data from all cameras participating in the sub-array (e. g. CT5-mono, CT1-4 stereo, CT1-5 hybrid), where it is buffered and processed. The receiving Event Builder process is switched every few seconds to distribute the event processing load across multiple Event Builders in the computing cluster, and to support incoming data rates greater than the event processing rate of a single Event Builder.
This standard data acquisition scheme did not need to be tailored to the ToO follow-up observations and is capable of handling large amounts of data expected from even the brightest bursts observed in ToO mode (up to ∼kHz gamma-ray rates). This data is stored on disk of the on-site data storage for later offline processing. In addition, the events are forwarded in-memory to the RTA where the data is further calibrated and analysed (see Sect. 5).
During the ongoing observations, the operators are alerted via sounds and pop-up windows in case the significance at the target position exceeds configurable thresholds that are stored in the 'DAQ / Scheduling' database. Archival RTA results are also accumulated to the current observation providing the operators with alerts for longer observations of the same region of the sky (e. g. intra-night, over multiple nights). -Monitoring and archiving: RTA results for the individual observation run and the accumulated archival data set are stored in the 'RTA Result Archive' within a few minutes after an observation has concluded in form of statistics and maps in a database and on disk, respectively. They are used through a web-interface in the 'Offline Display' for provision to the operators, PIs of ToO programmes and collaboration members.
12. The RTA results are written into a database for offline usage. Often, the location of a GRB is not visible right away (afterglow follow-up). In these cases, the sequence of events differs at point 5: 5. The observation window is calculated. The position is visible starting in 2 h, for example. 6. The operators are alerted by sound and pop-up windows. Supplementary information is distributed by e-mail to PIs and experts. 7. The GRB expert on call reviews the follow-up opportunity, checks regularly for additional MWL information, and decides whether or not to carry out the observations as recommended by the ToO alert system. If an alert retraction is received before the start of observations, the expert cancels the follow-up. 8. As the start of the observation window approaches, operators schedule and initiate follow-up observations by running the script provided by the ToO alert system.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank all members of the H. E. S. S. collaboration for their technical support, helpful discussions, and the quick adoption of the H. E. S. S. transients follow-up system which triggered growing demands and further development of new features. The frequent use and enthusiasm for new possibilities allowed for the continuous expansion of the systems features and made it the success that it is. We would also like to thank the referee,  Daniela Dorner , for her very constructive feedback, which significantly improved the manuscript.
This approach is implemented in several softwares dedicated to advanced numerical bifurcation analysis, such as AUTO  [Doedel et al. , 1999] , which is used in this publication and in  [Gilbert et al. , 2020 , Akay et al. , 2021]  as well. While AUTO relies on the collocation method, other softwares -such as Manlab  [Guillot et al. , 2019 , Cochelin and Vergez, 2009 , Karkar et al. , 2013 , Colinot et al. , 2019 , Fréour et al. , 2020]  -are based on the Harmonic Balance Method  [Nakhla and Vlach, 1976]. It is worth noting that continuation methods require the system to be written in the form dX dt = F (X), with certain smoothness properties on F. Therefore, some work has yet to be done on the equations presented in section 2. 1, which is done in the following.
Simulation Procedure A closed-loop simulation of a GRACE-FO like mission is performed to investigate the potential of the combination of an electrostatic and a CAI accelerometer. the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the contributions of CAI accelerometer w. r. t. the electrostatic one. In order to recover the temporal gravity fields, in a future study we will use a sequence of monthly simulated data which includes not only the static model but also the temporal signals. Ocean tide errors and non-tidal gravity field signals are not included, but an error due to Atmosphere and Ocean Aliasing is considered. We know that some ocean tide components might cause aliasing effects on recovered solutions. But as a preliminary study, we suppose that the ocean tides and direct tides can be precisely modelled and reduced from the observations.
Acknowledgements The results presented here were partially carried out on the cluster system at the  Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany. We acknowledge the support by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation ) -Project-ID 434617780 -SFB 1464. A. H. acknowledges the support by the  DLR-Institute for Satellite Geodesy and Inertial Sensing. A. K. acknowledges its initial funding by the  Ministry of Science and Culture of the German State of Lower Saxony from "Niedersächsisches Vorab". H. W. acknowledges the funding by the  German Research Foundation (DFG)  under Germany's Excellence Strategy -EXC-2123 QuantumFrontiers -390837967. F. P. d. S. and Q. B. thank  CNES  for support ( QUANTA  project).
The evolution of phase area 164 fraction was deduced after treatment of image stack in ImageJ software. 165 Rapid thermal processing (RTP) was used for annealing sample at 600 o C for 60 s under 166 vacuum (~10 -6 mbar) with the ramp rate as nearly 50 o C/s. A long-time annealing sample was 167 prepared by vacuum annealing furnace (the ramp rate is nearly 0. 57 o C/s) under vacuum (10 -7 168 mbar) at 600 o C for 24 hours. The structure of the films was investigated using X-ray diffraction 169 (XRD) in the θ-θ geometry using a Cu Kα source (λKα = 0. 154 nm). The NiSi grain orientation 170 maps were collected using the EBSD technique in a Zeiss Gemini 500 field-emission gun 171 scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) equipped with an EDAX Hikari Super acquisition Page 6 system. EBSD scans were performed at 12 kV accelerating voltage, using step sizes between 173 20 and 50 nm.
Post-processing analysis of the EBSD data was performed using the OIM 174 Analysis™ software [28], combined with the MTEX Toolbox  [29]  for texture analysis and 175 visualization. Low kV images were taken with this Zeiss FEG-SEM, using two secondary 176 electrons (SE) detectors: an InLens SE detector (located inside the electron column) that 177 provides high-resolution surface structure and an Everhart-Thornley SE detector, used for 178 topography observation. 179 180.
MPF models 182 In this work, the contribution of the elastic field was not taken into account. Under this 183 assumption, the total energy functional can be generally divided into the interfacial part f intf 184 and chemical part f chem  [30, 31] : 185 int ce Ω hm f F f f    (1) 186 2 intf 2 , 1,. , 4 N f                             (2 i i i i N N f h f c c c                        ( 2 i g                                                           (4) 207 =1,. ,N 1,. jk i ij j c D c          (5) 208 μαβ is interfacial mobility between the α and β phases. In Eq. (  4 ), the evolution of the phase field 209  depends on two terms, i. e. , the first curvature term 2 2 2 2 () 2                             , i i i i i g f c f c c c               (6) 213 It should be noted that the chemical driving force Δgαβ can be obtained by linking to the real 214 CALPHAD thermodynamic databases through the TQ-interface of Themo-Calc software  [33].
215 D ij α represents the multi-component diffusion matrix for all phase α and all solute interaction ij. 216 Actually, Eq. (  4 ) cannot be directly derived from the free energy functional, but is a so-called 217 antisymmetric approximation, which resigns from thermodynamic consistency at the multiple 218 junctions  [31, 32]. This is commonly done in most simulations using the MPF model  [32] , and 219 has been incorporated in the MICRESS (MICRostructure Evolution Simulation Software) code 220 [34], which will be utilized for the present phase-field simulation. 221 222.
Materials parameters 223 The prerequisite for a quantitative phase-field simulation is to link the phase-field code to 224 the CALPHAD thermodynamic and atomic mobility databases, in order to provide realistic 225 chemical driving force, diffusion potentials, and chemical mobility/diffusivity at any 226 composition and temperature. It should be noted that the chemical driving force g   can be 227 obtained by linking to the real CALPHAD thermodynamic descriptions, while Mα is the 228 chemical mobility in the α phase and can also be directly obtained from the CALPHAD atomic 229 mobility descriptions. 230 For the Ni-Si system, the thermodynamic descriptions from Du and Schuster  [35, 36]  were 231 employed to provide the chemical driving force and diffusion potentials during the present 232 phase-field simulation.
Moreover, such a simple model does not consider the effect of 131 texture. In order to perform a quantitative simulation of the agglomeration (or dewetting) 132 phenomenon and to study the effect of texture on NiSi thin films, the 3-D multi-phase-field 133 (MPF) model is required. This type of simulation has emerged as a powerful tool to simulate 134 the microstructural evolution in various materials processes during their lifetime [22-27]. It can 135 be utilized by coupling with reliable CALPHAD (calculation of phase diagram) thermodynamic 136 and atomic mobility databases [24]. 137 Consequently, in this work, in-situ SEM observations and MPF simulations are combined 138 to investigate the mechanism of agglomeration in the polycrystalline NiSi thin film. The agglomeration kinetics and the morphological evolution of the NiSi thin film are determined 140 by in-situ high-temperature SEM observations, while the evolution of texture for the 141 polycrystalline NiSi thin film during agglomeration is studied by ex-situ EBSD.
This approach allows to simultaneously increase the electric signal and decrease the effective mass. We have studied the ratio of displacement W ratio between the maximal amplitude of displacement of zone 1 max(W zone1 ) and the maximal amplitude of displacement of zone 2 max(W zone2 ): W ratio = max (W zone2 )∕max(W zone1 ) as a function of the ratio L center / L tot. Where L center is the distance between anchors (zone 4) and L total is the total length of the resonator, which remain constant L tot = 4700μm (Fig. 1 ). Studies were performed using COMSOL multiphysics software based on finite element simulation. The simulation results presented in Fig. 2  show that it is possible to maximize W ratio and simultaneously decrease the effective mass. The blue circle indicates the value L center /L total = 0.
Acknowledgement This research was financially supported by the  French Ministry of Defense  ( DGA-MRIS ),  Region Languedoc Roussillon ,  European Community (FEDER)  and  Renatech ,  Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France  ( MULTIPAS Project No. [ ANR-16-CE04-0012 ], and  NOMADE  Project  No. [ ANR-18-CE04-0002-01 ]).
This charter establishes a common working method on a European scale (plan for management, protection and prevention of this type of risk) and imposes a timetable, including a review cycle, every six years. Although research on floods and their consequences is abundant, research on exposure to this type of risk remains scarce. For example, we cite the research carried out in Greece  [15] , the aim of which is to prioritize flood-prone areas according not only to the extent of the flood-prone cover, but also to the types of infrastructure that may be affected. Similar studies were also carried out in the USA  [16] , on the exposure of critical infrastructures to floods with a return period of 100 years, by combining the flood maps of the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) and the National Structure Database of the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
There is also research undertaken in France, including  [17] , which is devoted to the exposure and social vulnerability of cities. The methodologies used in these different works are based on the crossing of several databases and the production of cartographic summaries. Despite the relevance of this work, they nevertheless remain linked to the limits of the definitions of thresholds and their application in the context of spatial distribution on a map. In 2021, 62. 46% of catastrophic events worldwide involved floods. This figure represents an increase of +137% compared to the average for this type of phenomenon observed between 2001 and 2020  [18]. In France, floods are the main natural hazard. The areas neighbouring the Mediterranean Basin represent 80% of the cost of natural disasters.
- The Mediterranean Oscillation Indices (WeMOi), obtained from the normalized pressure difference between Padua and Cadiz, monthly. The data regarding the Mediterranean episodes (a precipitation episode exceeding the threshold of 100 mm of rainfall in 24 or 48 h) used for this study come from the climatological Database of Météo-France (BDCLIM (http://pluiesextremes. meteo. fr/francemetropole/-Evenements-memorables-. html (accessed on15 March 2022) (2020). We use observation frequency for each class by 18 departments (Figure  1 ):.
The data of Mediterranean episodes are structured by departments and by the number of observed events. These data may be used only on an annual basis, as the results obtained by this approach are inconclusive. We have therefore preferred the monthly rainfall data recorded in the nine studied stations. The NAO shows a coherence essentially distributed from the interannual scale to the decennial scale. The annual cycle (Figure  6A ) is proved for the entire period, but one may note a number of significant consistency losses (between 2000 and 2010). There is a strong coherence on the energy band 2-4 years (mid-80s-mid-2000s). It correlates with the phase of increase in intense phenomena (noticed during the frequency study in Figure  3 ). The percentage coherence calculated for this band is almost 73% (Figure  6C ).
Thawed semen was quarter-fold diluted in Easy Buffer B medium. Sperm parameters (concentration, motility) were assessed using Leja cells (IMV Technologies, L'Aigle, France) in a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) (IVOS version 12. 0, Hamilton Thorne Research, Beverly, MA, USA). Obtained motility descriptors are total motility (TM), progressive motility (PR), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), and beat-cross frequency (BCF). The CASA setup data were number of sequences: 30, number of fields per sequence and second: 60, percentage of progressive motility: % of spermatozoa with VAP > 30 µm/s and STR > 80%; minimum total motility threshold: VAP > 20 µm/s; cell size detector: 3 pixels.
Calculation of Non-Return Rate at 90 Days after Artificial Insemination The non-return rate at 90 days after artificial insemination is the percentage of cows who have not returned to heat after the last artificial insemination. Data were retrospectively collected by Evolution XY (Blain, France) from regular customers who have used these straws to inseminate cows. The threshold was established at 48. 8% which is the mean of all groups, and cows with a higher percentage were considered more fertile and cows with a lower percentage were considered less fertile.
PEHO syndrome mutations cause a temperature-sensitive growth defect in budding yeast The ZNHIT3 protein contains two domains that are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to human in sequence, structure, and function  (24, 26, 27, 34)  (Fig. 1A ). The PEHO syndrome-causing missense mutations, which result in the ZNHIT3 variants C14F and S31L, lie within the highly conserved Zf-HIT domain of ZNHIT3  (26, 29, 30) , which shares 33% sequence identity and 45% sequence similarity between human and yeast (Fig. 1B ). Mapping the position of C14 and S31 amino acids and their yeast homologs, C11 and  S29, on the available structures of the Zf-HIT domains of ZNHIT3 and Hit1 (PDB IDs 2YQQ and 2N95 (26), respectively) shows that these amino acids play identical roles in the structure of the human and yeast proteins (Fig.
Together, these data indicate that there may be changes in both the small and large ribosomal subunits that can affect the binding between the ribosome and ligands such as translation inhibitors, tRNAs, or IRES elements. The rRNA 2 0 -O-methylation pattern of the hit1-C11F mutant is altered Because box C/D snoRNA levels are decreased in both PEHO syndrome mutants and we observed global and distinct translational defects, we hypothesized that PEHO syndrome mutations may alter the rRNA 2 0 -O-methylation pattern. To assess the level of rRNA 2 0 -O-methylation in PEHO mutant yeast cells, we first employed a reverse transcription-based assay to globally analyze the 2 0 -O-methylation of the 25S rRNA in total RNA that was isolated from wildtype control, hit1-C11F or hit1-S29L cells. We performed this analysis on three regions of the 25S rRNA which have 11, 10, or 12 2 0 -Omethylations, respectively, and used a region without any rRNA 2 0 -O-methylations as an internal control for normalization (Fig.
Acknowledgments-We thank  Drs David Bedwell ,  John Dinman ,  Alan Hinnebusch , and  Sunnie Thompson  for the gift of plasmids. We also thank members of the  Ghalei lab  and  Dr Anita Corbett  for discussions and comments on the manuscript. Author contributions-R. E. D. -W. , S. K. , and H. G. conceptualization; R. E. D. -W. , S. K. , V. M. , Y. M. , and H. G. methodology; R. E. D. -W. , S. K. , V. M. , Y. M. , and H. G. validation; R. E. D. -W. , L. N. C. , S. K. , V. M. , Y. M. , and H. G. formal analysis; R. E. D. -W. , L. N. C. , S. K. , V. M. , and H. G. investigation; R. E. D. -W. and H. G. writing-original draft; R. E. D. -W. , L. N. C. , S. K. , Y. M. , and H. G. writing-review & editing; R. E. D. -W. , L. N. C. , and H. G. visualization; S. K. , Y. M. , and H. G. supervision; V. M.