dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
J. -F. Daoust acknowledges the financial support from  SSPS Open Access  ( University of Edinburgh ). M. Foucault  and  S. Brouard  acknowledge the financial support from  ANR -REPEAT  grant (Special  COVID-19 ),  CNRS ,  Fondation de l'innovation politique , as well as regions  Nouvelle-Aquitaine  and  Occitanie. Richard Nadeau  and  E ´ric Be  ´langer acknowledge the financial support from the  Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council  ( SSHRC/CRSH ). M. Becher gratefully acknowledges IAST funding from the  ANR  under the Investments for the  Future ("Investissements d'Avenir'") program , grant  ANR-17-EURE-0010. D. Stegmueller  acknowledges funding from  Duke University  and the  National Research Foundation of Korea  ( NRF-2017S1A3A2066657 ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Data collection Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted by one researcher (M. M. or M. R. ) and then overseen by two family physician researchers (I. C. and E. E. ). A face to face interview in their homes was agreed with the adolescents. The interviews were carried out using an interview guide created by the four researchers, trained in qualitive research (M. M. M. R. and I. C. trained by theoretical teaching with 4 classroom sessions at University Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France), and E. E. with master's degree (Paris, France)). This guide included open questions on the following themes: personal gaming habits, perception of a good heath, factors of pathological video-game use and health impacts of pathological use. Adolescents were asked to express their own experience or a hypothetical opinion using the example of a friend, if it was di cult to express their personal feelings.
Analysis The empirical data (transcriptions, audio recordings, logbooks of observational data) were analysed using an inductive approach following the different phases of a thematic analysis (inspired by the grounded theory)  [12]. The coding steps of the verbatim interviews were carried out using Microsoft Excel®. Every idea in a subject's citation (verbatim) was noted through an open code. Each open code was attached to a citation and to the author (e. g. Interview N°2). This rst step was realized at the same time of the data collection. Then, the conceptual categories were created. These categories summarized in 2 to 4 words the global concept issued from the grouped open codes, with an effort of distancing and conceptualization. This step started after the codi cation of several interviews in order to have enough material.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Marc Fleurbaey  worked on this manuscript while at the  Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs-University Center for Human Values, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ and received funding from  Ciara Burnham. This manuscript was prepared within the  CHIPS  project. CHIPS is part of AXIS, an  ERA-NET  initiated by  JPI Climate , and funded by  FORMAS (SE) ,  DLR/BMBF  ( DE, Grant  No. 01LS1904A-B ),  AEI (ES)  and  ANR (FR)  with cofunding by the  European Union  (Grant No. 776608 ). The authors carry the responsibility for the content of this study. Open Access funding enabled and organized by ProjektDEAL.
As such, these elements were removed from the CA analysis. As the assumptions of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were not fully met, we performed a non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance (NP-MANOVA) based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity using the adonis function from the R 'vegan' package  [61]. This was designed to test the null hypotheses of differences between modern carnivore reference collections according to prey species (rabbit vs. rodent) and origin (i. e. , scat, no digested elements, den). A post-hoc multilevel pairwise analysis based on Bray-Curtis distances was also performed using the pairwise. adonis function in the pairwiseAdonis package  [62]. The R script is available in the Supplementary Materials and at https://github. com/AurelienRoyer/Ittenheim (accessed on 16 July 2021).
Compared to data published by  Harris [53] , its morphology and length are consistent with a 6-week-old fox cub. Based on the epiphysation of the metapods, the second individual could be less than 15 weeks old. Tooth marks, and to a lesser extent traces of digestion, were recorded on both leporid and canid remains (Table  2 ). Two elements exhibited evidence of digestion, one belonging to a hare, the other an unidentified medium-sized mammal (fox or hare). Tooth marks were recorded on nine hare remains and single fox mandible. Most tooth marks consisted of small depressions (pittings) on bone surfaces, primarily those of long bones. One element displayed scoring and another a fracture edge with a crenellated morphology. Nearly 92% of the remains (n = 2019) from Ittenheim can be attributed to hamsters (Cricetus cricetus), corresponding to a minimum of 64 individuals.
01) between the prey (rodents and leporids) and their origins (den, scat, non-ingested, natural death). While these results depict some general trends, in particular for non-ingested elements according to pairwise comparisons, the high degree of variability prevents any clear separation with the other categories. Correspondence analysis biplot of carnivore bone accumulations and reference collections from this study (A) dimensions 1 and 2, and (B) 1 and 3. In red, coordinates of each bone used in the analysis. Scatter plots of AN/PO% and CRA/POSTCRA% (C) and Z/E% and CRA/POSTCRA% (D) from the carnivore reference collections. The light grey in scatter plots represents the calculated 95% confidence intervals. For biplots and scatter plots, reference codes are listed in the supplementary data and correspond to: this study = ITT.
Method Participants. Participants were recruited on a voluntary basis in the university library. Data collection took place over the course of one week, at the end of which a total of 85 participants had agreed to participate in the experiment (54 women and 31 men, M = 24. 31 years, SD = 8. 33). All participants spoke French fluently. None had previously participated in any similar experiment. Materials and procedure. We created 12 problems: 6 involved cardinal quantities, as previously described (2 collection problems, 2 price problems, and 2 weight problems) and 6 featured ordinal quantities (2 duration problems, 2 height problem and 2 floors problems). The problems were written in French (original materials for all experiments are available online at https://osf. io/kz6gh/?view_only=2f3fb6b910844e238ae58fef3c61168a.
To better understand participants' classification patterns, we undertook a hierarchical cluster analysis displaying the global taxonomy of the collected categories, using the R package pvclust  (Suzuki & Shimodaira, 2006). Fig. 4  details the clusters appearing in the dataset. For each cluster, the Approximately Unbiased (AU) p-value can be interpreted as follows: if AU >. 95, the hypothesis that "the cluster does not exist" can be rejected at the significance level of. 05. This suggests that these clusters do not reflect clustering noise and may be observed in a stable manner. All the problems sharing the same quantities (e. g. the two weight problems, the two duration problems, etc. ) were grouped in the same lower clusters. This was expected since they both evoked the same encoding (either cardinal or ordinal) and shared a certain degree of surface similarity as well (two problems involving objects being weighed, for example, will both use words such as "weight", "scale" or "weighs", increasing the number of identical surface features).
Perceived usefulness was more important for females than males on their trust in the fashion brand (Welch-Satterthwaite Test PC = -0. 38, p < 0. 05). While social media usage intensity increased females' perceived usefulness more than males (Welch-Satterthwaite Test PC = -0. 40, p < 0. 05), such usage intensity increased males' trust in the fashion brand more than females (Welch-Satterthwaite Test PC = 0. 57, p < 0. 001). More importantly, one hypothesized moderating effect of privacy concern was found among females only (PC= 0. 26, t = 2. 44, p < 0. 001; Welch-Satterthwaite Test PC = -0. 58, p < 0. 01). To depict the moderation effect, mean scores of the measurement items of the three constructs (i. e. , privacy concern, trust in the fashion brand, and purchase intention) were calculated in SPSS.
They focus on a single stratum of the firm's management like asset managers or CFOs  (Suto and Toshino, 2005; Ben-David et al. , 2007; Lütje and Menkhoff, 2007). By contrast, in this article, we use a multi-layered interview process. We collected our data over a two-year period by conducting in-depth and semi-structured interviews of 116 of managers and top executives who were involved in these incidents, either as actors or as simple witnesses. While our field investigation of RCA in finance and insurance organizations is meant to serve as a pilot study, we discover some interesting preliminary patterns. We find that the majority of root causes are human causes. These signal the presence of cognitive and/ or emotional biases behind the occurrence of incidents. The next dominant root causes are associated with organizational processes and managerial styles.
3. 3. The "Promethean gap" and the "myth of cyber security": learning to live with computers that will never be secure and the limits of encryption in digital exchanges At the end of the second decade of the 21st century, one may think that computers will never be completely secure. On the contrary, the computerized extortion of digital goods might get worse in the future. Indeed, computers nowadays do not only contain abstract data from the virtual world such as the confidential details of a credit-card or massive databases, but also increasingly data from the real world, such as information that deals with physical objects and vulnerable human bodies. At the end of the second decade of the 21st century, cars with drivers or self-driving cars have become computers on wheels, and airplanes computers with wings.
RESULTS In order to answer these questions, we will use data that was collected between 2007 and 2020 from pioneers of the medico-social sector in Guadeloupe. During over ten years, relations based on trust and collaboration were woven with the interviewees. Spoken archives were created both from individual and group interviews. Six group interviews were carried out between November 2007 and January 2015 7  , lasting 3 hours on average, five of which were entirely recorded and transcribed. In total, 18 actors were questioned in this context, in groups of 4 to 6 people 8. In parallel, individual interviews (1 to 2 hours long), some of them repeated, were carried out with certain participants, but also with certain other important actors who were not present during the collective meetings. The analysis is more specifically based here on the stories of 12 participants (table 1), selected because of their central role in the structuring process in the 1970s (creation and/or direction of establishments and/or implication in the first professional and unionised organisations).
Data accessibility. Source code for all experiments in this paper is acces- sible at https://github. com/nicolasFontbonne/HIT_pyroborobo. Authors' contributions. N. B. wrote the paper, N. F. did the experiments. Competing interests. We declare we have no competing interests. Funding. This work is funded by ANR grant no. ANR-18-CE33-0006. Acknowledgements. We thank the reviewers for their many constructive comments, and the editor for her patience and support. Endnotes 1 The general algorithmic idea of social learning in swarm robotics was introduced in  [21, 22]  where the term 'embodied evolution' is used to refer to the nature of the method. The term 'embodied' is to be understood here as referring to the implementation of the evolutionary algorithm within the robots, rather than evolutionary learning being conducted by an external computer that orchestrates learning and monitors performance for every robot in a centralized manner.
Design Adult survivors (≥18 years) who were diagnosed with ALL during childhood (<18 years at diagnosis) and registered in the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Children Leukaemia Group (CLG) trials 58741  (1971) (1972) (1973) (1974) (1975) (1976) (1977) (1978) , 58831/2 (1983-1989) and 58881  (1989) (1990) (1991) (1992) (1993) (1994) (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998)  were eligible. Details regarding the risk-group stratification and the treatment protocols were described earlier  [30, 31]  and provided in Figure  S1. Follow-up data, including QoL data, were collected from 24 institutions (10 in Belgium and 14 in France). This study is part of a larger EORTC CLG study (58 Late Adverse Effects (LAE)), which was registered on ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT01298388) and approved by the Ethical Committees of the participating institutions.
Given that the age range of participants in this study was relatively large (i. e. , 18. 1-52. 8 years), assessments took place at different physical and mental stages of life of participants. Furthermore, although the distributions of clinical characteristics (treatment-, and disease-related features) were similar between respondents and non-respondents, we recognize that a selection bias cannot be excluded (given that not all 510 participants of the original database participated in the current QoL study). Furthermore, given the very long-term follow-up (investigations took place in adulthood), the participation was limited to 37%. This participation rate however is in line with earlier long-term QoL survivorship studies in childhood cancer populations  [55]. Of note, there were slightly more females in the subgroup of respondents and 55% of the survivors had a high level of education.
Nevertheless, we wish to stress the fact that this study is unique in investigating the daily life experiences of long-term adult survivors of childhood ALL, as they are confronted with new life challenges. Third, the IOC-CS was validated for childhood cancer survivors, but only limitedly investigated and implemented so far. Hence, comparisons between the results of this study and previous findings regarding the IOC-CS remain limited. Finally, all survivors were European participants, with all data acquired in France and Belgium, so the possibility of cultural-specific findings cannot be excluded. Given that the focus of this paper was to compare risk groups within the patient population, we would recommend future research to elaborate on group comparisons between patients versus a normative data.
Acknowledgments: First: the authors are grateful to the  EORTC Children Leukemia Group  members and clinicians involved in our study. Second, we thank the EORTC HQ Data Management Department members for their timely and qualitative assistance ( Gabriel Solbu ,  Nicole Duez ,  Séraphine Rossi ,  Bart Meulemans  and  Livia Giurgea ). Third, we appreciate the provided support by members of the  Belgian Cancer Registry (Nancy van Damme and Linda Thibaut) , and of the  Registre National des Hémopathies malignes de l'Enfant (Jacqueline Clavel ).
If the subject does not have a valid token, they instead provide a draft token. The reference monitor then takes this draft token and enters the Petition Phase, where all users of the system are given the opportunity to vote on the token. If the petition succeeds, the token is authorized and returned to the subject. If the petition fails, the token is not returned. In either case, the submission of the token to the reference monitor is logged in the Immutable Sphere. In the example provided in Section 1, all of the data required to access the collective email exists in the Collective Sphere. If the object the subject is trying to access is in the Immutable Sphere, the reference monitor performs a very simple access control check. If the type of access on the resource in the Immutable Sphere is a read operation, it always succeeds.
To do this, we used nearly 10 years of entries from the Wikimedia database and event log dump system  [27]. We obtained the actions performed by all administrators of the English Wikipedia site, including edition, creation and deletion events. With this information in hand, we measured the time it takes for a server to receive k consecutive accesses from unique administrator ids. In other words, we assumed that if a user were to start a Petition Phase at any point in the log the k subsequent actions performed by unique ids would be preceded by a successful login and by our assumption, a vote. After this, we normalized our results using the quorum value of votes needed to perform a Petition Phase. Using this data we can derive the vote times for a certain number of users. For example, for a quorum of 4, the Petition Phase times ranged from 60 seconds, to under 4 minutes in the 99 th percentile.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors with to thank  Brendan Dolan-Gavitt  for his input and feedback, New Security Paradigm Workshop's anonymous peer reviewers for their insightful feedback, and  Shamal Faily  for shepherding, assistance, and comments on this article. Jessica Feldman  gratefully acknowledges the  Ford Foundation and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation  for their support of her research into Critical Digital Infrastructures, which informed this paper. Feldman's research with this project was also supported by l'Institut français du Monde associatif, under the aegis of the Foundation for the  University of Lyon , and by l' Institut National pour la Jeunesse et l'Éducation Populaire. This research work has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement no  952226.
Paleodiet Stable isotope Early medieval Food practices a b s t r a c t The arrival of the Longobards in Italy represents one of the most significant periods of the Early Middle Ages. Such arrival had social and political implications, particularly in relation to cultural admixture with local communities. One way to understand this is through the reconstruction of paleodiet via stable isotope analysis. So far, the subsistence strategy of this population in central Italy remains poorly explored. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses are presented here on a total of 19 human bone collagen samples from the cemetery of Castel Trosino. This isotopic investigation contributes to the dietary reconstruction of Early Medieval populations in Italy, providing a crucial isotopic dataset for an area still poorly explored.
Data description The skeletal collection investigated in this study is housed at the Museum of Anthropology "Giuseppe Sergi" (MGS) at Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. The human remains sampled for stable isotope analysis consist of 19 skulls from the Castel Trosino (CT) cemetery. The funerary area is located in central Italy, in Marche region ( Fig. 1  ). Archaeological information dates the cemetery between the 6 th and the 8 th centuries CE  [3]. Table  1  reports in detail biological and archaeological information for each individual, and the relative stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes values, with collagen quality indicators. Bioarchaeological information includes sex and age at death and preliminary palaeopathological assessment (following a recent reappraisal by Micarelli et al. )  [4].
Despite the small sample, this dataset will contribute to the reconstruction of Longobard dietary habits in Italy, notably improving our understanding of their presence along the Adriatic coast, for which isotopic data are lacking. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of Longobards from Castel Trosino were measured on 20 samples of human bone collagen. They include 19 cranial remains of which 6 showed the use of glue as a consolidant, which could have affected the isotopic values. Human skeletal material coming from early excavations are in fact frequently contaminated by glue/consolidant, which was made with collagen of animal origin; this can affect stable isotope results as well as radiocarbon dating  [1]. We did not test for the presence of exogenous collagen (for example using FTIR)  [8]  , as the presence of the consolidant was undoubtable, but rather decided to remove any exogenous material using tested protocols.
The international reference standard for carbon is VPDB, while for nitrogen is AIR. International inter-laboratory standards used at Iso-Analytical were oxalic acid, sucrose (IAEA-CH-6) and ammonium sulphate (IAEA-N-1); while soy protein, L-alanine, tuna protein and ammonium sulphate were used as in-house standards. Analytical error is less than 0. 03 ‰. Only one in 20 measured samples did not meet reliability criteria (CT 1948) (notably C:N ratio out of range)  [10]. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric analysis were assessed using IBM SPSS 25 licensed to Sapienza University of Rome, to investigate possible differences in isotopic ratios related to biological or archaeological data.
Acknowledgments We thank  Dr. Robert R. Paine  for collaboration in the paleopathological investigation and  Ms. M. Elisabetta Aloisi Masella  for help organizing the skeletal collection. Funding: This work was supported by  Sapienza University of Rome  [ Progetti di Ateneo 2018 , project number  RG11816 436 4E4CB5  and  Progetti di Ateneo 2020 , project number  RG120172B78D0C3B  ] and a  European Union-sponsored Erasmus Mundus scholarship (ARCHMAT)  granted to SAM.
This study conducts an analysis of social media discussions related to high engagement sports brands. More specifically, our study examined the English Premier League (EPL); it sought to retrieve data systematically over the same day, weekly, for a period of five months. After this process, we had built 20 datasets and NodeXL was utilized to analyse the data. After we had this data, we were able to use qualitative observations to identify key users and conversations that formed around the EPL as well as the connections between the conversations that arose from the brand's posts and the people involved in them. We also analyzed the quantitative data underpinning our network visualisations to provide further insights. The most obvious initial finding was that when the EPL tweets, it prompts a large volume of conversations directly related to these tweets.
It is possible to analyze these numerical values and equally, to use the data and visualizations for qualitative analysis. Notwithstanding concerns about the volume of daily social media traffic, we nevertheless maintain that this traffic generates valuable data, which is important for researchers to gather, analyze and make sense of. In our case, we believe that peoples' social media conversations about brands reveal a great deal about who leads these conversations, how the conversations spread and, ultimately, what this means for brand managers. In particular, we support the use of SNA tools as they help one to understand the flow of communications and the structure of the conversations in which social media users engage. In order to address our research question, social media conversations of a high engagement sports brand were analyzed.
When it comes to high engagement brands, they're likely to generate a lot of content which may lead consumers to read them, reflect and act on them. This may entail sharing a post or clicking on the like button. On other occasions, this could be generating new content. In this study we examine the English football league known as the English Premier League (EPL). This league is known as a very successful one, and it attracts massive audiences and generates vast amounts of social media content. The study selected Twitter for the data because it provides access to its data through its Application Programme Interface (API). The rich metadata provided makes Twitter an ideal source when undertaking an SNA study. We selected the official Twitter account of the brand in this case as a way to map out that network.