dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
For the in-plane velocity, the distance between the source and the epicenter point is equal to 2 mm. For the out-of-plane velocity, the distance is equal to 0. 5 mm. Waveform analysis reveals a strong dependence of AE parameters on the distance between the source crack and the receiver point, stressing out that the influence of distance is crucial and should be taken into account for a successful identification of AE sources. The comparison between the data recorded with the two kinds of sensors and the data recorded with a virtual perfect point-like local sensor shows that the data recorded by the picoHF sensor near the source are more representative of the frequency content than the data recorded by the nano30. These results may be very useful in order to choose the more suitable sensor.
Modelling approaches that simulate "primitive" AE sources can be use in order to: (1) optimize sensor selection and location, (2) quantify the wave propagation effects and (3) generate training datasets for machine learning algorithms. In addition, modelling AE signals with our numerical approach allows us to enlarge the training datasets while avoiding the high costs required by extensive experimental campaigns. In spite of its simplicity, the proposed model represents a first step towards a quantitative understanding of the influence of experimental parameters on AE signals generated by fiber breaks. Other damage mechanisms, such as matrix cracking and fiber-matrix debonding, will be considered in a future work.
The tip-sample approach speed was also set constant, to 0. 4 μm/s. To reduce bias due to different cantilevers being used on different populations, each cantilever was used to measure 2-3 bacteria of each isolate population and the order in which the different isolates was measured was randomized  89, 90. In total, about 40 bacteria of each population were measured in liquid environment and 14 cantilevers were used. Nanomechanical analysis was performed using a custom-made software. For each grid, we selected only obtained at the top of the bacteria (above 85% of the total height of the bacteria), as shown in the inset of Fig. 3(ac ). The contact part of the approach curves was analysed according to Sneddon contact model  36  that establishes a relationship between load and indentation and from which it is possible to extract the reduced Young's modulus Fig.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by  FCT -Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology  -project contract:  FIS-NAN/6101/2014. Funding received by iBB  -Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences  and by  BioISI -Biosystems  and  Integrative Sciences Institute -from FCT  ( UID/BIO/04565/2019  and  UID/MULTI/04046/2019 , respectively) is acknowledged, as well as FCT fellowships to AAH ( BIOTECnico -PhD  programme  -PD/ BD/113629/2015 ),  MVV  ( PD/BD/105975/2014 ) and,  MSR  ( SFRH/BPD/69201/2010 ).
Methods Neonates diagnosed with seizures were identified through a search in the digital database of the medical information center of the Hospital. Clinical data was extracted from computerized and paper medical records. Data gathered for each patient included gender, gestational age and place where the first seizure occurred. Neonatal seizures were characterized by type (focal, clonic, subtle, myoclonic, tonic, spasms, tonic-clonic, and infraclinical), as reported in the records, and for newborns presenting several type of seizures, the main type was selected. The delay between birth and first seizure, and the presence of status epilepticus were also reported. Status epilepticus was defined as a convulsion lasting more than 15 min or more than three seizures in 30 min. The following paraclinical data were collected: EEG reports (seizures recorded, paroxystic events such as spikes), cerebral tomodensitometry reports (TDM), and cerebral MRI reports.
Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) Bismuth oxyhalides BiOCl (X:Cl, Br, and I) are a new class of semiconductors that have recently attracted attentions in the photocatalytic process due to their relatively slow electronhole recombination process. BiOXs are conformed by Bi 3+ ,O 2À , and halide (X À ) ions stacked in [X-Bi-O-Bi-X] n layers, giving a tetragonal structure with no linkers interactions with halide along the C axis as showed in Figure  8a , b. The photocatalytic activity is due to [Bi 2 O 2 ] layers intercalated of double halogen atoms that allow a better separation of the electron-hole pairs. The bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is a solid inorganic compound, not toxic, of pearlescent white color and due its brightness has been used in the cosmetic industry. There is a record not greater than 500 articles reported in the Scopus database concerning the use of BiOCl, as photocatalyst; this review was realized in June 2018 (Figure  8c ) and the first publications appeared in 2007 with a growing interest during the last years.
Depending on their behaviour, powders may undergo some or all of the stages proposed. Indie compaction data were fitted to the Kawakita equation, Shapiro general compaction equation (GCE) and the Heckel equation. The dependence of tensile strength of compacted tablets on the porosity was evaluated using the Ryshkewitch-Duckworth equation. This allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the possible mechanisms occurring during compaction of the as-received materials and spray dried lignin formulations.
Crystallography The TOSV EN structure was solved from data collected for the NTos211 SeMet DPBA co-crystals using single anomalous diffraction (SAD). Data were collected on beamline PROXIMA-1 (Soleil) at a wavelength of 0. 979 Å (the selenium absorption maximum). Data were processed with XDS and solved with CRANK (28) within the CCP4i package. The TOSV EN protein crystallised in space group p2 1 2 1 2, with two molecules/monomers per asymmetric unit (asu). CRANK identified six anomalous sites within the asu, four with high estimated occupancies corresponding to the two SeMet residues per TOSV EN monomer, and another two sites with low estimated occupancies corresponding to two manganese ions in the active site of one of the two monomers. These sites permitted phasing the structure and, after density modification, generation of an experimental map for automatic model building by Buccaneer  (29)  that was extended by manual model building in Coot  (30).
The presence of sulphate ions is common in positively charged cavities of protein crystal structures, and is a particularly well-documented phenomenon for nucleic acid binding proteins (e. g. (38, 39) ). Since there are no cap-snatching EN structures in complex with RNA substrate available in the PDB, we explored the possibility that some of these sulphate ions could mimic the path of the TOSV EN RNA substrate binding. Superposition of TOSV EN molA onto the homologous EcoRV EN in complex with its DNA substrate (PDB: 1EOO), identifies three sulphate ions that overlay with the phosphate groups of the DNA substrate at the -1 (SO 4 -), the +2 (SO 4 2+ ) and +3 (SO 4 3+ ) positions (see Supplementary Figure  S8B ). The distances between these three sulphate ions also match the spacing between the phosphates of an RNA molecule in the A form conformation (Supplementary Figure  S8C ).
A third acidic residue is present in all cap-snatching ENs in the loop adjacent to the active site, equivalent to TOSV EN D90. The role of this residue changes between His+ and His-ENs. In arenavirus (His-ENs) the equivalent residue (Lassa D66 or LCMV D65) has never been found to coordinate the second Mn2 ion in any reported structure. This is associated to the non-canonical metal ion binding shown by His-ENs (see PDB: 5J1P in Supplementary Figure  S6 ). Nonetheless, even upon induction of canonical Mn 2+ ion binding by di-ketoacid inhibitors (47) (in PDB:5T2T for LCMV), D65 does not coordinate Mn2 in LCMV EN. Minireplicon studies showed that this residue (Lassa D66) is dispensable for viral transcription  (25). Conversely for His+ ENs, the acidic residues homologous to TOSV D90 tested to date have been shown important for EN activity in vitro and for L protein activity in minireplicon assays  (18, 25, 48, 49).
In LACV and TOSV the aspartic residues D52 and D90 appear disengaged from the active site and need DPBA binding (or possibly substrate binding) to approach and coordinate to Mn2  (18). The homologous Hantaan virus glutamic acid residue E54 and influenza E80 can coordinate the metal ion in the Mn2 position in the absence of inhibitors at similar MnCl 2 concentrations, (PDB: 5IZE and 4AVQ respectively)  (15, 25). Thus, it is possible that longer acidic side chains (E instead of D) favour the coordination to the metal ion in the Mn2 position. These differences among His+ Bunyavirales endonucleases don't have a dramatic impact on the ENs activity rates since the Mn 2+ dependent EN activity rates of TOSV EN are similar to other His+ ENs: 11,85 ru/s•M versus 14,38 ru/s•M for Hantaan, 69,45 ru/s•M for LACV and 74.
All lanes displayed are from the same northern blot membrane (and same autoradiogram), dotted lines indicate cutting of the lanes for presentation reasons. The original blot is presented in Supplementary Figure S10. The data are also presented numerically in Supplementary TableS3. The methylene blue-stained 28S rRNA is shown as a marker for gel loading and RNA transfer. Immunoblot analysis of FLAG-tagged L protein mutants is also shown (L protein). Columns of mutants with a selective defect in viral transcription are marked with an asterisk. For experimental details see methods section. For quantitative analysis and definition of selective transcription defects see Supplementary TableS3. (B) This column chart shows the antigenome levels determined by northern blot quantification relative to the wt level.
The N terminus appears opposed to the L protein body. (C) Same representation of the TOSV EN superposed in the EN of the influenza C polymerase structure (PDB: 5D98). The PA, PB1 and PB2 subunits are coloured following the same pattern as for homologous LACV L protein; pink, cyan and yellow respectively. The beta sheet and beta loops appear in close contact with the PB1-PB2 interface (indicated by green and red arrows respectively), the black zones braking the surfaces are the regions contacting the influenza EN in the structure. (D), The same representation of the TOSV EN superposition on the structure of the FluB polymerase (PDB: 4WSA). In this case the linker joining the EN with the polymerase body is extended (drawn as pink coloured cartoon and highlighted by a purple arrow). The N terminus of the linker is close to the indicated C terminus of the superposed TOSV EN.
pour la recherche medicale [DCM20181039531]; ATIP avenir program and the Fondation Bettencourt Schueller [AGDI-531281] in the J. R. laboratory; the structural biology platform at J. R. laboratory is supported by the French Infrastructure for Integrated Structural Biology (FRISBI) [ANR-10-INSB-05-01]; work in the F. W. laboratory is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) [197785619 -SFB 1021]; Bundesministerium f ür Bildung und Forschung (Infect-ERA; grant 'ESCential'); CCHVaccine consortium that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program [732732]; M. R. laboratory is supported by a grant from the Leibniz competition programme [K72/2017]. Funding for open access charge: Fondation pour la Recherche Medical chimiepour la médecine [DCM20181039531].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to acknowledge  Pierre Legrand  (Soleil) and  Andrew McCarthy  ( EMBL-Grenoble/ESRF ) for helping us to get the most from the synchrotron beamlines, and  Gerlind Sulzenbacher  for facilitating access through the BAG system. We acknowledge the crystallization facility at the AFMB. We would like to thank  Bruno Coutard  for providing the TOSV EN clone and  Karine Alvarez  and  Clemence Mondielli  for providing the DPBA inhibitor. Furthermore we would like to thank  Nadja Gogrefe  for excellent technical assistance.
DATA AVAILABILITY Atomic coordinates and structure factors for the reported crystal structures have been deposited in the Protein Data bank under accession number 6QVV, 6QW5 and 6QW0 for the structures in the apo form, in complex with DPBA and DPBA-off respectively. The sequences used for the sequence alignments of Supplementary Figure  S4  can be found at Uniprot database (https://www. uniprot. org/) under the following accession numbers: Uukuniemi (Uniprot ID: P33453), RVFV (ID: P27316), Punta toro virus (ID: A0A0F6 × 2W3), Gouleaku (ID: G0Y279), Cumuto (ID: W5VGS1), Rice stripe (ID: Q85431) and Rice grassy stunt (ID: Q9JGN8). The original alignment also includes Yichang Insect virus (ID: A0A0B5KXZ2) Arumowot virus (ID: I1SV56), Bhanja virus (ID: L7UXM1), Sandfly fever sicilian virus (ID: A0A096ZSN8) and WCH/97/HN/China/2011 (ID: I0DF35) that were removed for clarity.
Fondation pour la recherche medicale [DCM20181039531]; ATIP avenir program and the Fondation Bettencourt Schueller [AGDI-531281] in the J. R. laboratory; the structural biology platform at J. R. laboratory is supported by the French Infrastructure for Integrated Structural Biology (FRISBI) [ANR-10-INSB-05-01]; work in the F. W. laboratory is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) [197785619 -SFB 1021]; Bundesministerium f ür Bildung und Forschung (Infect-ERA; grant 'ESCential'); CCHVaccine consortium that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program [732732]; M. R. laboratory is supported by a grant from the Leibniz competition programme [K72/2017]. Funding for open access charge: Fondation pour la Recherche Medical chimiepour la médecine [DCM20181039531].
Data Analysis and Statistics All data are presented as means ± SE. Unpaired t-test was used to assess the effects of semistarvation (semistarved vs. control rats) and refeeding (refed vs. control rats) on the various parameters; statistical significance of differences are indicated as follows: * p < 0. 05; * * p < 0. 01; * * * p < 0. 001. The statistical treatment of data was performed using the computer software STATISTIX, version 8. 0 (Analytical Software, St. Paul, MN).
Identification in plasma of alterations of other homologous recombination associated genes is currently underway in a multicenter prospective study (CIDOC (CIrculating tumor DNA as an early marker of recurrence and treatment efficacy in Ovarian Carcinoma) trial, NCT03302884). Secondary intragenic reversion mutations of BRCA1/2 restore protein function and yielded an acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors. Detection of reversion mutations in ctDNA may predict treatment response. Reversion of BRCA1/2 germline mutations was assessed in ctDNA for 30 patients with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma  [38]. Reversion mutations were found in tumor tissues for five patients, all of which had recurrent disease. Reversion mutation was detected in the plasma of three patients; all were resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy or PARP inhibitors.
fEPSP were recorded and filtered (low pass at 1 kHz) with an Axopatch 200A amplifier (Axon Instruments, CA) and digitized at 10 kHz with an A/D converter (Digidata 1322A, Axon Instruments). Data acquisition was stored on a computer using pClamp 9 software (Axon Instruments) and analyzed offline with Clampfit 10 program (Axon Instruments). 2. 8. Data and Statistical Analysis. All data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA with the statistical software StatView II (Abacus Concepts, CA, USA), comparing VEH versus FLX-, MET-, and FLX plus MET-treated mice. When a significant main effect was found, selected pairwise comparisons were made using Tukey's post hoc analysis.
All intubated adults with refractory CS supported with VA-ECMO will be screened. Exclusion criteria are patients having undergone cardiac surgery for heart transplantation or left or biventricular assist device implantation, acute poisoning with cardiotoxic drugs, pregnancy, uncontrolled bleeding and refractory cardiac arrest. Three-hundred and thirty-four patients will be randomised and followed up to 6 months to detect a 15% difference in mortality. Data analysis will be intention to treat. The differences between the two study groups in the risk of all-cause mortality at day 30 following randomisation will be studied using logistic regression analysis adjusted for postcardiotomy setting, prior cardiac arrest, prior myocardial infarction, age, vasopressor dose, Sepsisrelated Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and lactate at randomisation.
Open access (ECMO) use, mortality remains alarmingly high (50%),  2 3  thus underscoring the importance of improving short-term survival, which remains unacceptably low. Unfortunately, very few recent advances have been achieved in the treatment of CS, with the exception of ECMO for refractory CS. Refractory CS is conventionally defined as CS associated with refractory hypotension and an increased need for vasopressor and inotrope support, along with lactic acidosis and organ failure. Of importance, three randomised controlled studies are currently ongoing, aimed at defining the place of VA-ECMO in the management of non-refractory CS (NCT03813134, NCT03637205 and the ANCHOR study in France) As recently suggested, therapeutic hypothermia may play a key role in the medical treatment of CS. 4  Therapeutic hypothermia is now a standard part of treatment for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Open access Figure  1  HYPO-ECMO study: Treatment protocol and follow up. as French and European regulations regarding data protection. Furthermore, all data recorded in the secured database for statistical analysis are pseudonymised (first letter of first name and last name, patient code in the study and partial birth date). The study data are sent to the sponsor via secured channels (electronic case report form (eCRF) and secure SharePoint). After the end of the trial, study database and documents will be archived by the investigator sites and sponsor in accordance with French and European regulations.
Open access Data management Data will be collected via an eCRF. Individual and secured remote access will be provided to authorised users (investigators and clinical trial technicians). Data consistency tests will be implemented in the EDC accordingly to the data validation plan to facilitate the capture of comprehensive and accurate data. Warnings regarding data inconsistencies and completeness will be displayed in real time during data acquisition, and further discrepancies will be sent to the investigational centres to refine data accuracy. Safety data (serious adverse events) reconciliation will performed with the pharmacovigilance database, at evenly spaced time points during the course of the study, in order to reconcile the databases. After final review by the study's scientific committee, the database will be locked and provided as SAS 9.
Sample size We anticipated that mortality in cardiogenic patients supported with VA-ECMO will be 50% (based both on ELSO data, Combes data (Crit Care Med. 2008 May;36(5):1404-11), as well as personal data from the study's principal investigator (database of 150 patients)). Considering a total event risk (for the primary endpoint) of 50% in the control group, a sample size of n=167 patients/group will detect a 15% absolute difference in favour of the VA-ECMO group using a chi-square test with an 80% power and considering a two-sided global alpha level of 5% using the LanDe Mets method with O'Brien-Fleming boundary for one interim analysis after inclusion of two-third of the patients.
RNA Isolation From FFPE Tissue and Whole-Genome Microarrays Studies on human autopsy material were performed according to the Austrian legislation and were approved by the ethics committee of the Medical University of Vienna (No 535/2004). For the determination of PECAM-1 transcription levels, preexisting microarray data sets, which have already been published before with regard to other research questions  (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) , were once more re-evaluated. As described, well-characterized white and gray matter lesions from archival formalin-fixed paraffinembedded (FFPE) autopsy tissue from MS patients (cases of acute MS for the dissection of white matter lesions; cases of secondary progressive MS for the dissection of gray matter lesions) as well as respective control tissue from controls cases without confounding neuropathology were dissected from multiple tissue sections.
Overall, PECAM-1 expression in the periplaque white matter (PPWM) from 3 MS patients, 4 initial (pre-phagocytic) lesions  (45, 46)  from 3 MS patients and 5 active demyelinating lesions (47) from 4 MS patients was compared to transcript levels in normal white matter (NWM) from 4 controls. Likewise, active cortical gray matter lesions from 3 MS patients and normal cortical gray matter from 3 control cases were analyzed. Details on the study cohort, RNA isolation, quality control, microarray hybridization and data normalization have already been extensively described  (39, 40).
5 dyn/cm 2 ). To study the interaction of T cells with pMBMECs, 1 × 10 6 T cells/ml (DMEM/2% L-glutamine/25 mM HEPES/5% calf serum) were perfused over the endothelial monolayer and phase-contrast images were acquired every 5 s for a total of 20 min using a 20 × objective. For the analysis of time-lapse videos, ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health) was used. First, the number of arrested T cells was counted one frame after increasing the flow rate to physiological shear. Then, the behavior of each arrested T cell was determined and classified into 4 categories as follows: T cells either detached during the observation period ("detachment"), remained situated at the same position mostly probing their surrounding via their protrusions ("probing"), continuously crawled on the endothelial surface ("crawling"), or migrated across the pMBMEC monolayer (with or without prior crawling; "diapedesis").
Impedance Spectroscopy WT and PECAM-1 -/-pMBMECs were seeded on lamininand matrigel-coated filter inserts (transparent PET membrane, pore size 0. 4 µm; Greiner Bio-one, 662641). On the following 2 days, cells were thoroughly washed during medium change. Then, 48 h after cell isolation, filter inserts were transferred to the cellZscope R (nanoAnalytics) for impedance spectroscopy allowing to monitor the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER; one measurement per hour) over several days. After a stable TEER plateau had formed, pMBMECs were either treated with IL-1β (final concentration: 20 ng/ml) or the identical volume of PBS. The experiment was terminated 2 days later. Via the cellZscope R software, hourly TEER values for each filter insert were exported to Microsoft Excel. To determine TEER differences between WT and PECAM-1 -/-pMBMECs during the stable plateau phase, the maximal resistance values 80-90 h after initiating cellZscope measurements were analyzed and reported in relation to WT cells.
Determination of Monolayer Integrity After termination of permeability assays and TEER measurements, filter inserts were fixed in 3. 7% formaldehyde for 10 min and incubated for 20 min in staining solution (PBS, 1% BSA, 0. 1% Triton X-100, 12. 5 µg/ml rhodamine phalloidin, 0. 5 µg/ml DAPI). Filters were cut out and mounted. Integrity of pMBMEC monolayers was determined at the AxioObserver Z1 (equipped with Cy3 and Dapi filters) using ZEN 2012 blue edition software (both Carl Zeiss).