dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The right hand lightly gripped a handle with a diameter of 40 mm fixed to a shaker whose acceleration was controlled by Matlab ® (version R2021a, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) The experimental setup (Figure  5a ) used to estimate the WSS comprised an ultrahighresolution ultrasound probe (UHF70 ® , Fujifilm VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, Canada) (central frequency 50 MHz) connected to an ultrasonic imager (Vevo MD ® , Fujifilm VisualSonics, Toronto, ON, Canada). A finger and probe support were designed to precisely position the ultrasound probe (Figure  5b ). Thus, the probe was oriented in order to image the proper volar digital artery around the inter-phalange joint of the left index finger (Figure  5c ). The B-mode images and pulsed Doppler were recorded in DICOM ® format  [59]. The right hand lightly gripped a handle with a diameter of 40 mm fixed to a shaker whose acceleration was controlled by Matlab ® (version R2021a, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) The WSS was calculated using a Womersley mechanical model of pulsatile flows  [60, 61].
The physiological boundary conditions (Figure  7b ) are: (i) at the artery inlet, a uniform pressure obtained from a database  [70] , and (ii) at the outlet, a pulsed blood velocity with a Poiseuille spatial profile. This velocity was measured with our ultrasound probe on a vol- imaged by the probe (these two representative slices were computed from the intersection of selected probe planes and the 3D geometry of the artery described below). The geometry of the artery and the surrounding tissues were obtained by segmentation of the MRI images obtained with a high spatial resolution 7-Tesla scanner (Magnetom Terra ® , Siemens Healthineers, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) (Figure  7a ). The reference WSS was calculated from a model of fluid-structure interaction of the proper volar digital artery taking into account the surrounding tissue (Figure  7a ).
The physiological boundary conditions (Figure  7b ) are: (i) at the artery inlet, a uniform pressure obtained from a database  [70] , and (ii) at the outlet, a pulsed blood velocity with a Poiseuille spatial profile. This velocity was measured with our ultrasound probe on a vol- The reference WSS was calculated from a model of fluid-structure interaction of the proper volar digital artery taking into account the surrounding tissue (Figure  7a ). The physiological boundary conditions (Figure  7b ) are: (i) at the artery inlet, a uniform pressure obtained from a database  [70] , and (ii) at the outlet, a pulsed blood velocity with a Poiseuille spatial profile. This velocity was measured with our ultrasound probe on a volunteer. The details of this model are available in our previous works  [68].
Pacinian Modeling The mechano-electrochemical model of the response of the Pacinian corpuscles is today validated with respect to the experiments reported in the literature  [53]. These measurements consisted in measuring the nerve impulses of a Pacinian corpuscle when a movement was imposed on its external lamella. In this validation, the mechanical component was a simplified model of transfer function type between the displacement on the external surface of the Pacinian corpuscle and the deformation on the filopodia. The finite element model of the Pacinian corpuscle was validated in comparison to another semi-analytical model  [93, 94]. The localization method for changing from the macroscopic to the mesoscopic scale was verified on test cases  [95]. To date, our model has not been fully validated due to a lack of data in the literature.
Acute Exposure Regarding the digital arteries, the Womersley method underestimated the WSS by about 12% in comparison with that calculated from the hemodynamic model of an artery taking into account fluid-structure interactions. The gap between the Womersley method and the full fluid-structure interaction model was about 30% for the carotid artery  [104] , whereas it was only 12% and even 3% for the ulnar and radial arteries, respectively  [66]. The WSS measured for the basal conditions without vibration was, on average, 3 Pa for the cohort. To our knowledge, there are no similar data in the literature specific to fingers. Nonetheless, this value is of the same magnitude as that measured on other sites of the arterial tree (brachial and femoral arteries, for example)  [105] [106] [107]. Furthermore, this value of 3 Pa corresponds to that predicted by the WSS/diameter calculation chart established in  [106] , which predicted a value close to 3 Pa for an artery with a diameter of 1 mm (the average of our cohort was 0.
8 mm). Regarding the vibration-altered WSS, to our knowledge, no other data are available in the literature with which our results can be compared. However, other studies have focused on a similar quantity, the blood flow reduction caused by the vibrations. This blood flow was measured by plethysmography. For example, one study  [108]  reported a 50% decrease in blood flow during acute exposure to vibrations of an amplitude of 40 m•s -2 at 125 Hz. Our study concludes a 60% reduction in WSS due to vibrations. What is more, we showed that the reduction in WSS was the same whatever the excitation frequency of the vibrations. This behavior was also observed for blood flow  [40]. Regarding the effect of vibratory level, we showed that the relative reduction in WSS was proportional to the base-2 logarithm of the amplitude of the vibration at a given frequency of 125 Hz.
We were able to plot the magenta curve in Figure  12c  based on data on the subjective rating of vibration sensation as a function of vibration amplitude at 125 Hz  [109]  and by assuming that the decrease in WSS is proportional to this vibration sensation. This curve corresponds to the following hypothesis: the reduction in WSS is directly proportional to the vibration felt. Our measures showed that this hypothesis was not verified. Indeed, the law of vibration sensation is Steven's type law (the sensation is the power of the vibration level), whereas our results highlighted a logarithmic relationship between the reduction in WSS and the amplitude. Our WSS measures were performed for short vibration periods (10 s or 1 min). An additional study could be carried out to quantify the effect of vibrations for longer periods.
A set of nodes at the end of each hand is rigidly linked to the solid body model. The nodes in contact with the handle are rigidly fixed to it. The hand is in contact with the handle without tightening. The handle is subjected to a harmonic acceleration in direction → Oz (Figure  A1 ) at a constant amplitude of 40 m•s -2 in the frequency band. The simulations are performed in the spectral domain by direct calculation (no modal superposition) of the dynamic response by inverting a matrix system at each frequency. The simulations are performed with the finite element software Samcef ® (version 2020, Siemens Digital Industries Software, Munich, Germany) and LS-Dyna ® (version 11, Ansys/LST, Livermore, CA, USA). are rigidly fixed to it. The hand is in contact with the handle without tightening.
) at a constant amplitude of 40 m•s -2 in the frequency band. The simulations are performed in the spectral domain by direct calculation (no modal superposition) of the dynamic response by inverting a matrix system at each frequency. The simulations are performed with the finite element software Samcef ® (version 2020, Siemens Digital Industries Software, Munich, Germany) and LS-Dyna ® (version 11, Ansys/LST, Livermore, CA, USA).
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the students:  Anthoine Jury ,  Omar El Helou ,  Ibrahima Toure  (Msc students), who contributed to the Pacinian corpuscle modeling. The authors are also gratefully indebted to their colleagues from  INRS :  Florence Oger  and  Nathalie Simenel , for their assistance in the administrative duties regarding the volunteers,  Alexandre Klingler  as an expert in vibration and ultrasound measurements, and  Fabien Doffin  for the mechanical design of the test-bench.
Data Availability Statement: B-mode cineloop and Pulsed Wave Doppler of the proper volar digital artery are available in Mendeley Data: https://data. mendeley. com/datasets/7g2p7t9tzt/1 (accessed on 21 March 2022). In silico ultrasound phantoms for mimicking the proper volar forefinger artery are available in Mendeley Data: https://data. mendeley. com/datasets/wzrr3t6nnz/4 (accessed on 21 March 2022).
Data Collection and Radiographic Analysis Full-body lateral radiographs were acquired in free standing, standing with extension, relaxed-seated and, flexed-seated positions (Figure  1 ). For the extension radiograph, patients were asked to hold on to a horizontal bar slightly higher than shoulder level, and they were instructed to extend their pelvis and spine as much as possible  [4]. The relaxed-seated position is defined as a 90 • sitting position, with both femora parallel to the floor on a height-adjustable chair  [9]. In the flexed-seated position, the femora are parallel to the floor with the trunk leaning maximally forward  [16]. Acquisitions were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively after six and twelve months. The following standard parameters were measured by an experienced operator in all radiographs: sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), pelvic incidence (PI), L1-S1 lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) and pelvic-femur angle (PFA)  [11, 17].
Statistics A preliminary analysis was performed on pilot data, which suggested that a cohort size of 100 patients would allow to detect a postoperative change of PFA of 2° (α = 0. 05, β = 0. 95)  [19]. Differences between preop and postop values were assessed with paired Friedman's test for multiple comparisons, followed by post hoc Tukey-Kramer analysis. Proportions were compared with z-tests followed by Bonferroni's correction. Correlations were analysed with Spearman's rank test. Significance was set at p < 0. 05 and data was reported as median  [quartiles]. Calculations were performed with Matlab 2021b (The Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA). The dynamic spine-pelvis-hip motion was divided into three mobilities: pelvic, hip and lumbar mobility. Pelvic mobility was defined as the difference in SS between the standing and sitting positions, and it was classified as stiff (∆SS standing/relaxed-seated ≥ -10 • ), normal (-10 • > ∆SS standing/relaxed-seated > -30 • ), or hypermobile (∆SS st, ing/relaxed-seated , ≤, -30 • , )  [5].
Statistics A preliminary analysis was performed on pilot data, which suggested that a cohort size of 100 patients would allow to detect a postoperative change of PFA of 2 • (α = 0. 05, β = 0. 95)  [19]. Differences between preop and postop values were assessed with paired Friedman's test for multiple comparisons, followed by post hoc Tukey-Kramer analysis. Proportions were compared with z-tests followed by Bonferroni's correction. Correlations were analysed with Spearman's rank test. Significance was set at p < 0. 05 and data was reported as median  [quartiles]. Calculations were performed with Matlab 2021b (The Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA).
The top fifteen pathways enriched according to clusterProfiler demonstrated that genes involved in inflammation and the response to the lipopolysaccharide, two major pathways in the pathophysiology of sepsis, are overexpressed in the LPS group. In addition, a GO-BP enrichment of clusters comparison showed a predominance of LPS related annotation in this study (Figure  3D ). An analysis of pathways using the KEGG database (released from April the 1st, 2022) for Rattus norvegicus species ("rno"), thanks to KEGG enrichment of DEGs and pathways visualization (Figure  4 ), showed that three main pathways were altered in the heart 3 h after LPS injection: the MAPK signaling pathway (rno04010), the JAK-STAT signaling pathway (rno04630) and the NF-κB signaling pathway (rno04064). Interestingly, 89% (17/19), 77% (24/31) and 95% (39/41) of differentially expressed genes in the JAK-STAT, the NF-κB, and the MAPK signaling pathway, respectively, are overexpressed in the LPS group.
RNA Extraction, Quality Evaluation and DGESeq Processing and Analyses RNA extraction from deep-frozen samples was processed according to Dupas and collaborators  [62]  and RNA was recovered in sterile RNAse-free water (Qiagen, France), dosed with a NanoDrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer (Thermoscientific, France), and quality was controlled with RIN measures (Bioanalyzer, Agilent, United States). Retrotranscription was achieved using the cDNA Reverse Transcription High-Capacity kit (Applied Biosystem, Courtaboeuf, France). Sample preparation, the verification of sample quality and quantity, and transcriptomics were performed according to the protocol explained and detailed by Charpentier et al. [63]. The identification and selection of differentially expressed genes was performed with the R package "DESeq2", and "clusterProfiler" was used for enrichment analyses and associated graphical representation  [64].
Statistical Analyses The results were expressed as an average ± SEM of n different rats. Analyses of Western blots were expressed in relation to the average of the stain-free samples and then normalized to the average of the control samples (CTRL). For CTRL-LPS-LPS + R-NButGT Western blots, data were analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by an uncorrected Dunn test. A value of p < 0. 05 was considered significant. All statistical calculations and graphs (except those performed with R software) were performed using GraphPad Prism software (version 8. 4. 2). Funding: This work was supported by "Société Française d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation" (Paris, France) and "Fondation d'entreprises Genavie" (Nantes, France), "Fédération française de cardiologie" (France), "Agence nationale de la recherche" (20-ASTC-0032-01-hErOiSmE) (Paris, France) and "Direction Générale de l'Armement" (Paris, France).
Informed Consent Statement: We thank the IBISA core facility Therassay for its assistance and technical support. We thank the "Agence nationale de la recherche" (Paris, France), "Direction Générale de l'Armement" (Paris, France), and « Sauve ton coeur » association to support this work. Synthesis of GlcNAc inhibitors in this project was implemented by the IBISA core facility CHEM-Symbiose, as part of the Biogenouest network, devoted to the syntheses of molecules with biological interest. We are most grateful to the Genomics Core Facility GenoA, a member of Biogenouest and France Genomique, and to the Bioinformatics Core Facility BiRD, a member of Biogenouest and Institut Français de Bioinformatique (IFB) (ANR-11-INBS-0013), for the use of their resources and their technical support.
Literature review A literature review was conducted in April 2020 in PubMed and Cochrane databases to identify and document key patient experiences (signs, symptoms and impacts, jointly referred to as concepts) related to mCRC. A search string was developed to capture patient-centred studies detailing concepts experienced by patients with mCRC, as well as patients' quality of life, health function and general health perception. The search was limited to English-language studies in humans. Studies providing information on concepts reported by patients with mCRC and detailing aspects of patient experience with the disease or patient reported outcome (PRO) measures were considered eligible for detailed analysis. Amongst those, qualitative studies were prioritized as they provide a description of concepts directly from the patients themselves, with no external bias, intervention, or external judgement.
Data analysis All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and subject to thematic analysis using qualitative analysis software ATLAS. ti (Germany, version 8. 2. 3). Before initiating the analysis of qualitative data, a preliminary codebook that captured all concepts of the interview guide was developed and re ned across the study. Sign, symptom, and impact concept salience were determined using both the total number of patients mentioning a concept and the average bothersome rating reported by patients for the speci c concept. If the concept was mentioned by more than 50% of patients (13 patients out of the 25) and the average bothersome rating reported for the concept was equal to or higher than 5 out of 10, the concept was reported as being "salient". Saturation of concepts was assessed to ensure adequate sample size for a comprehensive and representative picture of the disease, that could be generalizable to the adult population of patients with mCRC.
Pharmacovigilance study This study was conducted using the French Pharmacovigilance Database, in which reported ADR cases have been registered since 1985. Patient informed consent was not required as the database is deidentified to protect subject confidentiality. All cases of peripheral edema or heart failure [Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Hight-Level Term 'total volume fluid increased' or High-Level Group Term 'heart failures'] involving gabapentin or pregabalin and recorded between January 1, 1994 and April 30, 2020 were selected. Extraction of these reports identified cases of peripheral edema in which acute heart failure was co-reported (cardiogenic peripheral edema) or not (noncardiogenic peripheral edema). Cases of localized edema (e. g. , face or eyelids only) or edema that was part of a hypersensitivity reaction were excluded from this study.
Cases were included if they met the following criteria 1/ development of peripheral edema or acute heart failure while receiving gabapentinoid and recovery or marked improvement if gabapentinoid was stopped, and 2/ no other reported triggers that could explain the occurrence of non-cardiogenic peripheral edema (e. g. , hypoproteinemia) or acute heart failure (e. g. , sepsis, myocardial ischemia). Only cases in which a gabapentinoid was the only suspect drug and with sufficient data regarding exposure were included. For each report, extracted data included patient demographics and comorbidities, characteristics of gabapentinoid exposure (e. g. , dose, drug withdrawal, rechallenge) and characteristics of ADR (time course, outcome). Based on the European summary of products characteristics and the published literature  [9, 13] , concomitant drugs were labelled as either a known cause of non-cardiogenic peripheral edema or acute heart failure or not yet recognized as such.
Pressurized mesenteric arteries experiments with Halpern's arteriography Isolated third-order mesenteric arteries were cannulated on two glass micropipettes (diameter 150 µm) and secured with nylon thread (diameter 25 µm) in a pressure arteriography (Living System Instrumentation, Burlington, VT, USA) filled with Krebs solution warmed to 37 • C and oxygenated with 95% O 2 and 5% CO 2. Endothelium was removed by passing 1 mL of air in the vessel. Arteries were then pressurized to 80 mmHg with no flow condition, i. e. , at ~ 80% of the animal's mean arterial pressure to approximate in vivo perfusion pressure (~ 100 mmHg). The chamber was placed atop an inverted microscope connected to a video camera. The video acquisition was performed by HF_IDS_Cam software  [15]  to obtain lumen diameter and wall thickness measurements in micrometers.
Whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments An Axopatch 200A amplifier linked to Digidata 1200A interface, was used to control voltage and record currents. A computer with Clampex (pClamp 9 software, Axon Instruments) was used to acquire data at a sampling frequency of 10 kHz and low-pass filtered with an 8-pole lowpass Bessel filter at 5 kHz. L-type calcium inward current (I CaL ) was recorded from a holding potential of -70 mV as previously described  [19]. Briefly, cardiomyocytes were superfused with a solution containing (in mmol/L: 144 TEACl, 2 CaCl 2 , 1 MgCl 2 , 5 4-aminopyridine, 10 HEPES, and glucose; pH adjusted to 7. 4 with TEAOH). The recording pipettes used had a tip resistance of 1. 5-2. 5 MΩ and were filled with (in mmol/L): TEACl, 2 MgCl 2 , 115 DL-aspartic acid, 5 di-tris phosphocreatine, HEPES, 10 EGTA, and 5 Mg-ATP; pH adjusted to 7.
Data analysis and statistics In the pharmacovigilance study, categorical variables are presented as absolute number (percentage) and continuous variables as median [interquartile range (IQR)] with minimum and maximum values. In the animal studies, values are presented as means ± standard error of mean (SEM). Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software (version 5. 3). Comparisons of means between each group were tested by a oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA). Myogenic tone curves (active vs. control) were compared by two-way ANOVA for repeated measures followed by an appropriate post-hoc test using the Bonferroni correction. Two-sided P values of less than 0. 05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.
Introduction Imaging technologies provide the tools for capturing surface information. However, it is possible to move further from simple visualisation and perform analyses of the captured images through imaging science, the correct data acquisition and processing tools. Image segmentation allows digital images to be partitioned into multiple regions based on similarity in shape, colour, texture, and more. This similarity in an image can also be detected and visualised with human guidance and supervision. This can find applications in different image processing fields, from medical to industrial imaging for identification  [1] , retrieval  [2] , recognition  [3] , and change detection  [4]. Change detection is achieved by assessing a particular feature or a set of features over time. It provides essential information for the stability of a process in different time intervals or after.
Therefore, cultural heritage metal objects' geometric and appearance characteristics are exploited regarding their reflectance response at different lighting angles. The paper is organised as follows: Stating the theoretical background on RTI and the relevant reconstruction coefficients and then proposing the segmentation method. Before applying the method to the CH objects, we evaluate its accuracy and robustness by comparing it to the existing image segmentation methods on RGB and RTI images on the validation dataset. Afterward, the article shows the results and the case studies where the segmentation method is applied. This section also shows the possibility of qualitative and quantitative change detection based on the segmentation results along with a comparison with the existing image segmentation methods.
Existing modeling techniques (PTM and HSH) In this research, reconstruction coefficients used in RTI fitting models are explored as a means of segmenting the textural and chromatic appearance attributes created by RTI data. Several fitting models exist all aiming to obtain a homogeneous reconstruction of a discrete RTI dataset, such as PTM (polynomial texture mapping), HSH (hemispherical harmonics), DMD (discrete model decomposition), RBF (radial bias functions), etc. These fitting models use surface reconstruction algorithms to visualise the geometric information of the surface collected from the different lighting positions. Thus, in each imaged surface, every pixel contains specific behaviours attributed to textural and colour characteristics, reconstructed through the fitting model, containing all acquired light positions.
RTI data acquisition The RTI acquisitions were collected using a custommade RTI system (Fig. 1 ) developed at the ImViA Laboratory of the University of Burgundy in Dijon, France  [21, 30, 31]. Data were acquired with a dome using an industrial, monochromatic camera with a CMOS sensor (Sony (1) L(l u , l v ) = a 0 + a 1 l u + a 2 l v + a 3 l u l v + a 4 l 2 u + a 5 l 2 v (2) Pm l (cosθ) = P m l (2 cos θ -1) and θ ∈ [0, π 2 ] (3) C m l (θ v , φ v ) = 2π 0 π 2 0 f (θ v , φ v , θ i , φ i )H m l (θ i , φ i ) sin θ i dθ i dφ i Fig. 1  The RTI dome used for data acquisition (at ImViA Laboratory, France) IMX304, resolution 4112(H) × 3008(V), 12. 4MP). A sin- gle light source, LED 6500K was used. The examined surface was positioned opposite the camera, and an average of 150 uniformly distributed (covering a hemisphere around the object) light positions (lp) were selected for each image stack.