dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Spatial statistics Geographical clusters with high and low risk of asymptomatic malaria infection were detected by using the spatial scan statistical software SaTScan (version 9. 4. 2 64-bit). Analyses were performed for all Plasmodium species, or for P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae separately, and for participants' main residence, field residence or village residence separately. Individuals without georeferenced field-or village residence were excluded from the respective analysis. Clusters were detected by gradually scanning circular windows across space (with a maximum window size of 30% of the population at risk), noting the observed and expected number of infections inside and outside each circular window. In SaTScan, the null hypothesis states that infections are randomly distributed.
Risk factor analysis The association of individuals' characteristics or potential risk behavior with the malaria prevalence was analysed as previously described  [28]  by fitting generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) with a binomial error distribution on the presence/absence of infection data by using the lme4 package  [45]  in R version 3. 3. 2 [28]. Potential bias, through clustering of individuals with malaria infections at household level, were taken into account by including the households as a random effect in the model. p values were calculated by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and odds ratios (OR) and its 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed as the exponent of the model coefficients  [25, 28]. All explanatory variables (village, gender, age groups, axillary temperature, past malaria, use of bed nets or hammock nets, owning a plot hut, watching television and household size) were first tested in a univariable model with individual PCR results as outcome variable.
malariae cluster in 2012, malaria infections were mainly caused by P. malariae and P. vivax. In Tun, situated in a high-risk P. vivax and a P. falciparum cluster, the majority of infections were due to P. vivax and to a lesser extent to P. falciparum. This spatial clustering of species implies that there might exist species-specific geographical niches, determined by various factors (e. g. behavioural, environmental or vector-related)  [28] , both at province and at sub-village level. Although clusters were observed, still a considerable number of infected persons were detected outside the high-risk clusters, and transmission in Tun showed a more homogenous pattern as compared to the other two villages. This can be explained by a truly homogeneous spread of the malaria infections in Tun or due to a limitation of the SaTScan software, which scans only in circular windows  [50]  and does not take into account the specific shape of the village.
Interestingly, optical features are significantly different and display a molar mass dependence. Thus, in solution, the low B1 batch exhibits a hypsochromic-shifted broad band centered around 640 nm, while the two higher molar mass batches show two-peak characteristic broad bands with maxima at approximately 700 and 770 nm. In the solid state (Figure  2 ), similar trends are observable, despite smaller differences in maximum absorption wavelengths. A lower molar mass leads to a significant hypsochromic shift with regard to higher molar masses. The highest molar mass exhibits an even bathochromic shift with the absorption maximum at 719 nm. Such behaviour is rather consistent with literature data and means that the effective conjugation length is reached for a DPn higher than 5. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the polymers was carried out in a three-electrode cell using an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and calibration with the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) redox couple.
The highest molar mass exhibits an even bathochromic shift with the absorption maximum at 719 nm. Such behaviour is rather consistent with literature data and means that the effective conjugation length is reached for a DPn higher than 5. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the polymers was carried out in a three-electrode cell using an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and calibration with the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) redox couple. The cyclic voltammetry curves are shown in Figure  3  and Figure  S9  in the supplementary information. No differences could be observed from CV with regard to the molar mass values. All batches exhibit a quasi-reversible reduction peak at around -0. 7 V (Ered), while a quasi-reversible oxidation peak is recorded at 0. 8 V (Eox). From the ionisation potential and the electronic affinity measured by CV, the corresponding highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and LUMO energy levels (EHOMO and ELUMO, respectively) were calculated using the following equations:  In the solid state (Figure  2 ), similar trends are observable, despite smaller differences in maximum absorption wavelengths.
A lower molar mass leads to a significant hypsochromic shift with regard to higher molar masses. The highest molar mass exhibits an even bathochromic shift with the absorption maximum at 719 nm. Such behaviour is rather consistent with literature data and means that the effective conjugation length is reached for a DPn higher than 5. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the polymers was carried out in a three-electrode cell using an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and calibration with the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) redox couple. The cyclic voltammetry curves are shown in Figure  3  and Figure  S9  in the Supplementary Materials. No differences could be observed from CV with regard to the molar mass values. All batches exhibit a quasi-reversible reduction peak at around -0. 7 V (E red ), while a quasi-reversible oxidation peak is recorded at 0.
The mechanisms to achieve the latter part have been investigated in  [30] , which would be interesting to formalise in our framework. Correlation keys. In the semantics of BC, we abstract from how correlation keys are generated. With this loose definition we capture several implementations, provided they satisfy the requirement of uniqueness of keys (wrt to locations). As future work, we plan to implement a language, based on our framework, able to support custom procedures for the generation of correlation keys (e. g. , from database queries, cookies, etc. ).
Collection of the source data and ADs of patients at hospital departments included in the study First, 200 medical records of patients presenting with a haematological malignancy and treated in the Haematological Department of the Limoges University Hospital from June 1, 2008 to April 30, 2012 were randomly drawn. Data were extracted by a research assistant using an abstraction protocol to perform a retrospective descriptive quantitative analysis. Study data included: whether a HCP had been designated, whether an AD had been written and was available, and the mention of a wish to meet a religious representative or a volunteer. Second, the qualitative study was carried out prospectively from May 15, 2012 to April 15, 2016, at six hospital sites that vary in the way they function and the type of patients under their care.
The Limoges CHU offers the patient the possibility of a visit by a religious representative and/or volunteer to determine their desire to discuss religious and spiritual issues. Bordeaux proposes personal spiritual accompaniment. Each healthcare professional from the six departments who met with a patient who had written an AD, handed it to the research assistant with the patient's spoken agreement after information on the objective of the qualitative research had been explained to him/her. All sociodemographic and clinical data were anonymized and entered into an EXCEL worksheet by the research assistant for analysis.
The Limoges University hospital department The following data were extracted from the Medical Information and Evaluation Department (PMSI, Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information) at Limoges CHU and only concerns patients admitted to the Haematology and Cellular Therapy Department from June 1, 2008 to April 15, 2016: sex, pathology, date of birth, marital status, date of diagnosis, and date of death. To analyse this data, a subgroup was created based on marital status: those living with a partner and those living alone (widowed, single, divorced, or separated). ADs were collected punctually by a health care professional. Since 2011, the Limoges Haematology Department has offered patients the possibility of meeting a research assistant trained in qualitative research, specialized in medical law, and qualified in clinical ethics.
Other sites (n = 5) We were unable to harvest the data for the patients with malignant haemopathies admitted during the study period at the other sites. We decided to describe the patient data we had in our possession for the Limoges site and focus on the content analysis of the ADs collected from the six sites. We included hospitals and structures of varying size and geographical location to describe the reality of ADs appropriation to not focus solely on a university hospital, for which the practices do not reflect the reality of those in everyday clinical services. We were informed of the ADs punctually collected by a health care professional in the five hospitals. We present an extended series of ADs from various sites with different haematological practices.
Qualitative analysis The qualitative analysis of the ADs content was carried out using the same methodology as for the preliminary prospective study, consisting of the method described by Paillet & Mucchielli  [15]. No specific qualitative data analysis software was used. Thematic analysis of the ADs content was carried out after having identified the principle messages and key words and determining their recurrence within the documents. This analysis was performed by a multidisciplinary research team composed of a senior haematologist and a research assistant trained in qualitative research, medical law, and clinical ethics. The anonymized ADs were first read by each of the two researchers to familiarize them with the data and then reread several times to analyse each AD. The coding was defined, and the ADs coded by each of the two analysts, then compared, discussed, prioritized, and tested with the data before being assigned into related categories.
Cardiomyopathy assessment/reference test and outcomes Cardiac function and structure were evaluated by echocardiogram and cardiac MRI. Echocardiogram (LV mass and tissue Doppler abnormalities) was used as the reference test for comparison with index tests because it is considered the gold standard for evaluation of early cardiac dysfunction in FD. Data from the M-mode, 2-dimensional, and Doppler transthoracic echocardiographic study were collected for each patient and control. FD patients' echocardiograms were done using a Vivid 7 (General Electric) ultrasonographic system at all recruitment sites. Evaluation of control participants was performed using a Vivid 7 or Toshiba Xario ultrasonographic systems, with a protocol identical to that for FD patients for imaging acquisition. Echocardiograms were undertaken in routine clinical practice, and there was no core reading of the results.
Tissue Doppler abnormalities were defined as aforementioned. The ratio between LV rapid filling and average early diastole (septal and lateral) was used to estimate LV enddiastolic pressure. Echocardiographic studies were performed and reported by people who were blinded to the measurement of collagen turnover biomarkers (index tests) and clinical data. Data about cardiac MRI were collected if it was performed as part of the follow-up protocol and there was no core reading of the images. Cardiac MRI studies were performed in a 3. 0-T system (Philips Intera). LGE is the standard for detection of focal myocardial replacement fibrosis and was defined in the study as 2 SD above the mean signal intensity of the distant myocardium. The specified outcomes were to compare the index tests with tissue Doppler abnormalities in the identification of incipient Fabry cardiomyopathy (comparing patients in subgroup 1 with controls) and to correlate index tests with LV mass and their diagnostic accuracy to identify LGE in cardiac MRI.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS (version 21; IBM Corp) software. Categorical variables were expressed as number and percentage and continuous variables as median and interquartile range. For categorical variables, the v 2 or Fisher exact tests were used to compare the variable distributions between the groups. Normal distribution of continuous variables was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. For continuous variables, comparison of means or medians was performed using the Student t test for variables that followed a normal distribution and the Mann-Whitney test or related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test for variables that did not. If the qualitative variable had >2 categories, ANOVA (post hoc analysis with Bonferroni correction) was used for variables with normal distribution, and a Kruskal-Wallis test was used for those without.
Evaluation of Nitric Oxide (NO • ) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Electron paramagnetic resonance evaluation of NO • production in the aorta, visceral, and subcutaneous adipose tissues, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle was performed using DETC (Sigma-Aldrich) as a spin trap. ROS production was evaluated using deferoxamine chelated Krebs-Hepes solution containing CMH (500 µmol/L, Noxygen, Mainz, Germany), deferoxamine (25 µmol/L, Sigma-Aldrich), and DETC (5 µmol/L). Both measurements were carried out using a table-top x-band Miniscope MS200 Spectrometer (Magnettech, Berlin, Germany). Obtained signals were expressed in A. U. as data were corrected for total amplitude/mg weight of dried tissues as previously described  (Agouni et al. , 2009).
Statistical Analysis Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. and n represents the number of animals. The statistical software GraphPad Prism 6. 0 (GraphPad Software Inc. , San Diego, CA, United States) and R were used for data analysis. It was assessed that data follow a normal distribution by Shapiro-Wilk test. The difference between groups was performed by one-way ANOVA. If the ANOVA demonstrated a significant interaction between variables, post hoc analyses were performed by the multiple-comparison Sidak's test. When random effects are supposed in our analyses, we performed a linear mixed model. This kind of model allows us to take into account both variabilities (inter and intra observation). These analyses are performed using package lme4 from R statistical software. If coefficient associated with the variable of interest is significant, then we will realize post hoc analyses followed by Sidak correction.
We also investigated the effect of the enhancer on the assessment of geraniol using our bioelectronic noses. Figure  4b  shows the normalized signals of our bioelectronic noses to geraniol with or without 1 nM benzyl salicylate. First, we prepared the mixture of geraniol and benzyl salicylate, holding the concentration of benzyl salicylate at 1 nM and varying the concentrations of geraniol from 10 aM to 10 nM. Each data point was obtained by multiple measurements using four or more bioelectronic nose devices. Note that the normalized signal curve in the presence of benzyl salicylate was shifted to lower concentration regions, indicating that the bioelectronic noses began to exhibit responses at much lower concentrations of geraniol than the cases without the enhancer. We also confirmed that benzyl salicylate alone did not respond to a bare FE-based CNT transducer (Fig.
Acknowledgements This work has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme  (grant agreement No  682286 ). SH also acknowledges the support from the  Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) of Korea as Global Frontier Project  (Grant number  H-GUARD_2013M3A6B2078961 ) and  NRF  grants (No. 2014M3A7B4051591 ). This research was also supported by the  National Research Foundation  funded by the  Korean government (MSIT)  ( NRF-2018R1A2B3004498 ). The authors thank  HooDeok Kim  ( LG Household & Health Care, Korea ) for donating the natural rose oil.
LICORN The LICORN trial (Levosimendan on Low Cardiac Output Syndrome in Patients With Low Ejection Fraction Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With Cardiopulmonary Bypass; NCT02184819) assessed the efficacy of a preoperative infusion of levosimendan in reducing postoperative LCOS in patients with poor LVEF undergoing CABG. 14 A cohort of 336 patients with LVEF #40% undergoing CABG was recruited from 13 French hospitals. The study drug was started after induction of anesthesia and infused over a period of 24 hours at a rate of 0. 1 mg$kg 21 $min  21. Postoperative LCOS was evaluated using a composite criterion comprising (1) need for inotropic agents beyond 48 hours after initiation of the study drug; (2) need for postoperative mechanical assist devices or failure to wean from these devices when inserted preoperatively; and (3) need for renal replacement therapy.
CHEETAH In the CHEETAH (Levosimendan to Reduce Mortality in High Risk Cardiac Surgery Patients; NCT00994825) trial, levosimendan or placebo was administered to cardiac surgery patients, who, according to predefined criteria, developed postoperative LCOS. 15 In total, 1000 patients were scheduled to be included and the primary end point was 30-day mortality. The study was performed in 14 centers in Italy, Russia, and Brazil but was stopped for futility after 506 patients had been enrolled. A total of 248 patients received levosimendan and 258 received placebo. The mean infusion rate and duration of levosimendan were 0. 07 mg$kg 21 $min 21 for 33 hours, and the median EF was 50% in both groups, with 11% of patients having an EF of ,25%. There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality between the levosimendan and placebo groups: 32 patients (12.
LEVO-CTS This study (Levosimendan in Patients with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass; NCT02025621) was a phase III clinical trial sponsored by TENAX Therapeutics Inc, run by Duke University (Durham, NC) and configured to  support a marketing authorization in the United States and Canada for levosimendan. 16 The study design and objectives were discussed beforehand and agreed with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The study population consisted of 882 patients with low preoperative LVEF (EF , 35%) undergoing scheduled or urgent cardiac surgery (CABG and/or mitral valve surgery with or without involvement of other valves). All patients were considered at risk of developing postoperative LCOS. Levosimendan (0. 2 mg$kg 21 $min 21 for 60 minutes, followed by 0.
264; P = 0. 02). Cardiac index also improved more in levosimendan-treated patients (2. 9 6 0. 6 vs. 2. 7 6 0. 7 L$min 21 $m 22 ; P , 0. 001). Hypotension and atrial arrhythmias were recorded as adverse events with similar frequency in both study groups. The LEVO-CTS investigators are conducting post hoc analyses in relevant predetermined subsettings (eg, CABG with or without accompanying valve surgery). So far, they have shown data suggesting that in those patients in whom only CABG was performed, mortality was significantly lower in the levosimendan group: 6/284 (2. 1%) versus 22/279 (7. 9%), hazard ratio 0. 259, 95% CI, 0. 105-0. 640 (P = 0. 0016) (Fig. 2 ).
Field Data The specificity (Sp) of IFN assay was evaluated in a population of 1,008 animals aged more than 2 years, sampled from six herds considered as bTB free according to the following criteria: (i) no cattle with suspect lesions at the slaughterhouse had been confirmed M. bovis culture positive within the last 10 years; (ii) no animals had tested positive to single intradermal cervical skin test (SICT) during the last 6 years (annual screening); and (iii) no epidemiological link with infected herds had been established during the last 6 years. Herds were distributed homogeneously in the Camargue area. The sensitivity (Se) was evaluated with a data set made of 142 infected animals sampled for IFN assay in 18 depopulated herds from 2006 to 2010. Field performance of the assay and results of quality controls were also evaluated using data from two global screening programs performed in 2009-2011  (14,199 animals)  and 2012-2014 (17,534 animals) in all herds (more than 2 years old animals).
Data analysis The performance of the IFN assay was determined for the following positive cutoff recommended for the Bovigam ® kit, designated as the historical positive cutoff: (mean OD PPDBmean OD NIL ≥ 0. 1) and (mean OD PPDBmean OD PPDA ≥ 0. 1). Results were excluded when the OD value was higher than 0. 3 for the NIL antigen-free sample  (12)  or less than 0. 5 for the PWM-treated sample  (9). The Se and Sp were evaluated with their 95% exact binomial confidence interval (CI) at the individual level but also at the herd level, using the following formulas: • Se herd level = 1 -(1 -Se ind) n considering an average number of n = 3 infected animal per herd (based on field data). • Sp herd level = (Sp ind) n considering an average number of n = 76 animals per herd. Additionally for all samples, the S/P value was calculated as proposed by Faye et al.
However, comparisons between studies must be careful as variations such as different cutoff values, the number of animals, the populations, and sample treatment occur between them. Indeed, to obtain accurate sensitivity estimates for a test, all included animals should be slaughtered and tested for confirming infection, whether or not they react to the evaluated test. This is why we only selected data obtained from completely depopulated herds for this study. Furthermore, some meta-analysis estimated a sensitivity of 67%  (5, 25)  which is a value situated within the CI determined for the sensitivity of the test in bullfights. Finally, even if the individual sensitivity of IFN assay was not optimal, it especially improved the detection at the herd level, because the within-herd prevalence was high (assuming that an average number of three infected animals were present in bTB infected herd).
acKnOWleDgMenTs We are particularly grateful to the staff of Laboratoire Départemental de l'Hérault Gard and Bouches du Rhône, for laboratory analysis. We thank the Direction Départementale de la Protection des Populations de l'Hérault, Gard and Bouches du Rhône for managing regulation programs in herds. We are also grateful to field veterinarians and Livestock Health Protection Groups of Hérault, Gard and Bouches du Rhône.
Image analysis Images were analyzed by a cardiologist blinded to the patient's clinical data using certified specific software (Argus, Siemens, Medical solution). The short axis slice was segmented in 6 (at basal and mid-level) and in 4 (at apical level) equiangular segment model with the RV-LV junction as the reference point according to the American Heart Association 17 segments model  [31]. Manual contouring was used to define a region of interest (ROI) per segment (Fig. 1 ). Segmental T2 and T1 values were calculated using signal intensities from ROIs pixel by pixel. Global T2 and T1 values were obtained by adding values of each ROI dividing by the number of segments. ECV was calculated using the following formula  [20] : ECV ¼ 1-Haematocrit ð Þ Ã ΔR1 myocardium ΔR1 blood ΔR1 myocard ¼ 1 T1 myocard at 15 minutes - 1 T1 myocard before gadolinium injection ΔR1 blood ¼ 1 T1 blood at 15 minutes -1 T1 blood before gadolinium injection T1 relaxation of blood was obtained with a ROI placed in the middle of the LV cavity on T1 sequences before and after gadolinium injection for each of three level (basal, median and apical).