dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Experiments were performed at the SuperXAS beamline of the Swiss Light Source, Villigen, Switzerland, on solid samples dispersed in cellulose at room temperature. The storage ring was run in the top-up mode with an average current of 400 mA. The X-ray beam was collimated by a Si-coated mirror and the energy was scanned by a channel-cut Si[111] monochromator. Energy calibration was performed using metal Co foil (with the maximum of the first derivative of the spectrum at 7,709 eV). A toroidal mirror with Rh coating was employed after the monochromator to focus the incident X-rays with a spot size of 140 3 120 mm 2 on the sample. Measurements on Co-dppeO 2 tablet-shaped samples were performed in transmission mode. Absorption-edge-energy calibration, background subtraction, data reduction, and analyses of the extracted EXAFS (k 2 c(k)) and Fourier transform (FT|k 2 c(k)|) spectra were performed using the Athena and Artemis programs as implemented into the IFEFFIT software package.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS G. R. P, C. A. T. , and R. M. thank the  University of Zurich, Switzerland , and the  University Research Priority Program (URPP) for Solar Light to Chemical Energy Conversion (LightChEC)  for financial support. G. R. P. is grateful to the  Swiss National Science Foundation ,  Switzerland  (Sinergia grant no. CRSII2_160801/1 ) for financial support. P. T. A. acknowledges support from QAFCO. E. N. B. and S. W. S. acknowledge support from the  Qatar National Research Foundation , Qatar, under  NPRP10-0125-170246. The authors thank  Dr. Chi Chen  for insightful discussions.
20 -The likelihood of occurrence (L) which is based on a likelihood scale (Table  4 ) composed of 5 levels: L1 (extremely improbable), L2 (improbable), L3 (remote), L4 (occasional), and L5 (frequent). The severity and likelihood scales have been developed in a working group that takes into account the experience feedback of similar projects, the data collected from different sources, and the knowledge of each member of the multidisciplinary group. The likelihood scale (Table  4 ) contains 5 likelihood levels associated with a recurrence period. Recurrence periods are determined according to the temporality, lifetime and technical characteristics of the CSP plant.
Results and discussions Once the scenario GRA is elaborated by using the hazardous situation mapping, the assessment scales and the criticality matrix, we move on to data performing by using the version 2. 091 of StatCart GRA developed by MAD-environment. The application of the GRA method to the CSP project enables us to analyze the risks that impede the implementation of this project. The results are explained in details in this section. We have just analyzed the hazardous situations with priority index "1" given the serious impacts they may have on the CSP project. The scenario GRA has allowed us to identify 33 risk scenarios from the 33 hazardous situations of priority index "1". In order to present the main results, we start with the distribution of hazardous situations by type of generic hazard, which enables us to identify the type of hazard that is likely to cause the highest number of hazardous situations and risk scenarios.
• The risk of conflicts with local residents This risk can be caused by the opposition to the implementation of the CSP plant and nimbyism. In order to reduce this risk, we propose the following measures: -The use of participatory approaches which have several advantages. First of all, the participation of the various actors in the decision-making process gives some legitimacy and transparency to this decision and thus reduces the risk of non-acceptance of the decision by these same actors. In addition, the participatory approach allows decision-makers to have access to a very interesting database that concerns the preferences and expectations of different actors, especially, in terms of local employment and development of the region. In fact, it is essential to organize public consultations to collect the different issues and the main occupations of the local population and discuss these concerns with stakeholders in order to satisfy the expectations of the citizens.
Acknowledgments We are especially grateful to  Prof. Alain Desroches  from  Ecole Centrale Paris  who generously shared with us his knowledge on risk management and  Global Risk Analysis  method as well as to  Dr. Sébastien Delmotte  from  MAD Environnement  (www. madenvironnement. com) for his helpful suggestions and practical advice about the use of the SATATCART GRA software.
Overall, the transcriptomic data suggest that the two PLAC8 proteins did not reduce cadmium toxicity and mutagenicity simply by increasing the cell antioxidative response. Both PLAC8 proteins induce iron-dependent pathways for leucine and iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. The PLAC8 up-regulated genes included key genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis, such as arginine, histidine, methionine and threonine (Supplementary Table  S1 ), but one of the most represented pathways was the super-pathway of leucine, isoleucine, and valine biosynthesis (Supplementary Table  S2 , Fig. 4 ). PLAC8 up-regulated genes included ILV2, ILV3, ILV5 and BAT1, involved in common reactions of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) biosynthesis, and genes specific for the leucine pathway (LEU1, LEU2, Reversion to Lys + phenotype was assessed in the wild-type (WT) and mlh3 yeast mutant strains expressing FCR1, Onzin or the empty vector (EV) on both control medium and cadmium-containing medium.
2000, raw reads of 50 NTs were firstly assessed for their quality using FastQC and then mapped on S. cerevisiae S288C genome with Burrows-Wheeler Aligner  80. Resulting BAM files were processed using SAMtools  81. Only reads with phred score greater than 15 were considered in the analysis. The genome sequence and annotation files were obtained from SGD database (http://www. yeastgenome. org). The differential gene expression was assessed with DESeq package  82  , retaining only genes with FDR-corrected p-value < 0. 1. Genes with read counts equal to zero in all replicates of at least one experimental condition were excluded from the analysis. The fold change was calculated with respect to the empty-vector expressing strain and genes with log 2 fold-change >1 or <-1 and with adjusted p-value < 0.
05 were considered respectively up-or down-regulated by the PLAC8 proteins. Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment were evaluated using DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6. 8 and Saccharomyces Genome Database  83, 84. Respiratory activity. Yeast cells were cultured over night at 28 °C in YNB medium supplemented with 0. 6% glucose, then cells were treated for 4 hrs with up to 200 µM CdSO 4. Oxygen consumption rate was measured at 30 °C using a Clark-type oxygen electrode (Oxygraph System Hansatech Instruments England) with 1 mL of air-saturated respiration buffer (0. 1 M phthalate-KOH, pH 5. 0), 0. 5% glucose. The experiment was independently performed twice (n = 2), with one biological replicate per sample. Metal content analysis. The EAY1269 yeast strains, transformed with the empty vector or expressing either FCR1 or Onzin, were inoculated in 5 ml YNB-D medium and incubated at 30 °C overnight.
Acknowledgements We thank  Simona Abbà  ( Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection  of the  National Research Council of Italy, IPSP-CNR, Turin, Italy ) for Onzin gene isolation and support through the project,  Eric Alani  ( Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA ) for providing the EAY1269 strain and technical support with the Lys2+ reversion assay, and  Maya Schuldiner  ( Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel ) for the pMS207 vector and technical support in the FCR1 and Onzin cellular localization.
Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2. 1 21 is a regional emission inventory for Asia including most primary air pollutants and greenhouse gases, and covering each month from 2000 to 2008. Due to the limited spatial coverage of REAS, we have used Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) version 4. 2 (2005 emission) (http://edgar. jrc. ec. europa. eu) for regions that are not covered by REAS within the domain (Fig. 1 ). In our pervious work  5  , we have compared the modeled results using REAS versus EDGAR emission inventories in a set of 1-year paired simulations. The differences between these two model runs are rather limited regarding aerosol-related variables. the design of fossil fuel emissions for various scenarios. Based on the current fossil fuel consumption and associated emissions in Southeast Asia, we have designed four policy scenarios and a reference scenario in the study.
1 ). The emission modification domain is referred to as the SEA domain in this paper. For convenience, the SEA domain includes a part of Southern China. The Shipping Scenario is designed to highlight the contribution of pollutants emitted from marine traffic to worsening of regional air quality in Southeast Asia. We remove all aerosol and gas emissions from the shipping sector within the model domain to compare with the Reference Scenario. The relevant calculations of all the above scenarios are done based on data of IEA  1  , and the fuel usages in each emission sector for various scenarios are shown in Fig. 2. Note that road transportation is an important pollution source in many major cities in Southeast Asia. However, due to the difficulty in obtaining the emission data that could represent the fuel usage, road conditions and distributions for Southeast Asia, we choose to focus on the above-described sectors in our study.
Results Model evaluation. Meteorological conditions, particularly wind fields and precipitation, could substantially influence the life cycle and transport path of aerosols. Hence, a rainfall comparison between observation and modeled results is conducted to evaluate the model's performance in simulating meteorological features. The WRF simulation driven by NCEP-FNL reanalysis data produced a time series of monthly mean precipitation over 2006 and 2008 that closely followed that of satellite-retrievals from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B43 (V7) dataset  23  despite a systematic overestimate (6. 62 ± 0. 48 mm day -1 versus 4. 67 ± 0. 32 mm day -1 ). Based on the sensitivity tests for FDDA grid nudging, the wet bias in the model results mainly comes from water vapor nudging.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the  National Research Foundation Singapore  through the  Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, the interdisciplinary research program of Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling. It was also supported by the  U. S. National Science Foundation  ( AGS-1339264 ), the  U. S. Department of Energy  ( DE-FG02-94ER61937 ), and  L' Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) of France  through the  Make-Our-Planet-Great-Again Initiative ,  ANR-18-MPGA-003  EUROACE. The authors would like to acknowledge WMO AGW, SPARTAN, NCEP-FNL, and  NCAR  FINN working groups for releasing their data to the research communities; and the  NCAR WRF developing team  for providing the numerical model for this study. The computational work for this article was performed on resources of the  National Supercomputing Centre, Singapore  (https://www.
tricornutum grown under 300 µmol photons PAR m -2 s -1  (Heydarizadeh et al. , 2017). Cell counting was carried out regularly using a Neubauer hemocytometer. Growth rate was obtained after fitting growth kinetics with the sigmoid equation using the software CurveExpert Basic 1. For short time intervals, the daily division rate (µ ddr ) was estimated using (Equation  1 ): µ ddr (cell d -1 ) = [ln N t -ln N t-1 ]/ t (1) where N t and N t-1 are the number of cells at time t and t-1. Because cell physiology is dependent on the growth conditions, the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms requires us to compare samples that are in closely similar physiological states  (Heydarizadeh et al. , 2014). To fulfill this condition, the time-course of the daily division rate (µ ddr ) (Equation  1 ) along the growth period was calculated for each photon flux density (data not shown).
These parameters increased with increasing photon flux density. Under LL, they were close to zero, indicating that under this lighting condition, there was no excess of absorbed energy. To decipher the mechanisms contributing to the dissipation of the excess of energy activated under ML and HL, relaxation of the nonphotochemical quenching was recorded. When adapted to light conditions (Fs phase) cells were placed in the dark, qN gradually relaxed (Supplemental Figure  SD3. 1). In agreement to  Roháček et al. (2014)  three individual components were found: qNi relies on the dissipation of the proton gradient ( pH relaxation) and diatoxanthin epoxidation. qNf seems to be related to fast conformational changes occurring within the thylakoid membranes in the vicinity of the PSII complexes, whereas qNs could be related to photoinhibition and/or partial dissipation of the pH gradient (for a detailed explanation, see Supplemental Data 3).
N and C Fluxes to Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins Because primary metabolism and physiological activities mostly rely on the C and N availability and cell uptake, the cellular N and C quota (Q N and Q C , respectively) were recorded. The timecourses of Q N and Q C were different according to the irradiance level: under LL, Q N and Q C decreased from phases 1 to 2 and increased from phases 2 to 3. Under ML, Q N and Q C decreased continuously whereas under HL, the decrease occurred only between phases 2 and 3 (Figures  5A, B ). N and C uptake rates were the most intense in phase 2 and very reduced in phase 3 (Figures  5C, D ). When expressed relatively to Q N , Q C varied only significantly in phase 3 in function of the growth light intensity: it increased from LL to HL (data not shown).
When normalized to the Chl amount, the Q C /Chl a between phases 1 and 2 changed according to the growth light intensity: under LL, it slightly decreased, remained constant under ML and increased in HL. In phase 3, the values were similarly weak for each condition (data not shown). The yield of C fixation ranged between 73 (LL and ML) and 78% (HL) whereas the yield of N fixation was around 10%, regardless of the light intensity (Table  2 ). The fixed N and C are used for the synthesis of cellular building blocks including lipids, proteins and chrysolaminarin (collectively "LPC"). To evaluate At the end of the studied period, approximately the same proportion of the initial carbon content has been consumed. if a shift in C and N orientation occurred, the total amount of LPC was measured in the culture media and in the cells.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PH thanks the  Isfahan University of Technology  for a sabbatical program. AC-M and GW-C thanks  Vony Rabesaotra ,  University of Nantes , for her technical assistance. PH thanks the doctoral school " Végétal Environnement Nutrition Alimentation Mer , " the  "Collège doctoral" of Le Mans University , the  Region "Pays de la Loire"  for their financial supports. PH, JM, and  BS thanks the Ministery of Foreign Affairs of the French Republic  for financial support through the  programme Partenariat Hubert Curien Gundishapur. This study is part of the  Ph. D. of P. Heyadrizadeh (Heydarizadeh , P. 2015. Regulation of secondary compounds synthesis by photosynthetic organisms under stress. Ph. D. Thesis ,  Le Mans University, France ). The authors thank  Prof. Kalina Manoylov  ( Georgia College and State University, United States ) and  Prof.
The EDX system of this microscope consists of four silicon drift detectors, which enables one to record EDX maps with good signal to noise ratio in a relatively short collection time (here 10-20 min). 2. 3. X-ray Diffraction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using a PANanalytical X'Pert Pro powder X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. 2. 4. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Metal K-edge Xray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was conducted at room temperature at SAMBA beamline (Synchrotron SOLEIL). The beamline is equipped with a sagittally focusing Si 220 monochromator and two Pd-coated mirrors that were used to remove X-rays harmonics. The catalysts were pelletized as disks of 10 mm diameter with 1 mm thickness using Teflon powder (1 μm particle size) as a binder. The detailed analysis method for the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data can be found elsewhere.
The base pressure was about 2 × 10 -10 Torr and the operating pressure was around 2 × 10 -9 Torr. Survey and high-resolution spectra were obtained at pass energies of 80 and 20 eV, respectively. Acquisition times were 2 min for survey spectra, 3 min for C 1s spectra, and 40 min for N 1s and M 2p spectra. Data analysis and quantification were performed using CasaXPS software. A linear background subtraction was used for quantification of C 1s, O 1s, and N 1s spectra, whereas a Shirley background was applied to the M 2p spectra. Sensitivity factors provided by the manufacturer were utilized to obtain atomic percentages of Fe, N, C, and O present in samples, and the elemental percentage reported was the average of five spots per sample. A 70% Gaussian/30% Lorentzian line shape was utilized in the curve fitting.
ACS Catalysis Research Article during the measurement, CO 2 (Messer, purity 4. 8) was supplied to the catholyte at a flow rate of 20 cm 3 min -1 , resulting in a pH level of 6. 7. A Pt wire and an Ag/AgCl (3. 0 M KCl) electrode were used as counter and reference electrodes, respectively. The geometric surface area of the working electrodes was in the range of 1-6 cm 2 , accurately quantified for each electrode with the ImageJ image processing and analysis software (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health). All measurements were performed using an Autolab PGSTAT302N potentiostat at room temperature. The double layer capacitance of the electrodes was assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) at varying scan rates in the potential range of open circuit potential (OCP) ±15 mV and performing a linear fit only in the region of scan rates where a straight line between electric charge and scan rate is observed.
The FE for the liquid products was quantified by analyzing the catholyte after the test using the following equation nF FE catholyte volume concentration of the product total charge passed during the electrolysis/ 100 = × × (3) In the above equations, n is the number of electrons transferred and F is the Faraday constant. 2. 11. Computational Details. All calculations were performed using spin-polarized DFT as implemented in the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP). 41, 42 The GGA PBE-D3 was the functional of choice. 43, 44 Core electrons were described by the projector augmented wave,  42, 45  and valence electrons were expanded by plane wave basis sets with a kinetic energy cut-off of 500 eV. To model atomically dispersed metal-N x carbon structures, we used graphene layer expanded in a (6 × 6) supercell replacing four C atoms by nitrogens and removing two C atoms to compensate for the valence.
34 N atoms per metal atom, nicely supporting the fixation of close to four nitrogen atoms during pyrolysis per each single metal atom, and the major presence of MeN 4 sites for the (Zn)NC, CoNC, NiNC, and CuNC materials. The position of MnNC data point below the line also supports the mix of O and N in the first coordination sphere of Mn. SEM (Figure  S8 ) and N 2 physisorption isotherms (Figure  S9 ) indicate a similar porous carbon structure in the six materials. The isotherm shape indicates a high microporosity (vertical rise at low P/P 0 ) and the existence of small mesopores that are responsible for the hysteresis. Similar porous structures had been observed on analogous ZIF-8-derived materials,  22, 23    and micropores were shown to be important to host MN x active sites. 64, 65 The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas of the catalysts are similar, in the range of 220-330 m 2 g -1 (Table  S4 ).
Funding The research leading to these results has received funding from the A-LEAF Project, which is funded by the European Union's H2020 Programme under grant agreement no. 732840. We thank the BSC-RES for providing generous computational resources. Additionnal financial suppport was generously provided by the MCIU/AEI/FEDER/UE RTI2018-101394-B-I00 and AGAUR 2017-SGR-90 projects. P. P. thanks ITN-ELCOREL (funded by the European Union's H2020 Programme under grant agreement No. 722614) for a predoctoral grant.
From PES to Formation Rates Using Microkinetic Modeling 13b] Periodic DFT calculations were carried out with the VA SP code,  [14]  using the PAW method (plane-wave basis set with pseudopotentials) and the PW91 exchange-correlation functional. [15] Kinetic modeling simulations were performed using the Chemkin ® software  [16]  and a plug-flow reactor model. Within the mean-field approximation, the system is considered well-mixed, i. e. the reaction rates are calculated from the average coverage of surface species considering that they occupy adjacent sites on the surface of the catalyst allowing their reaction. The effect of the formation of separated domains of adsorbed species, which could decrease the probability of finding adsorbates in adjacent sites thus decreasing the reaction rate, is not modeled within this approximation.
Surface Functionnalization PEGylation of the NPFe@FeOx@SiO 2 was achieved by reacting 5 kDa PEG chains, previously modified to accommodate a triethoxysilane function, with NPFe@FeOx@SiO 2 in a 2/1 v/v water/ethanol mixture for 48 h at 50 • C. Condensation of the triethoxysilane end group onto the silica surface was catalyzed by ammonia. After extensive purification, the dark brown product obtained was analyzed by NMR, IR spectroscopy, TEM, and DLS, and the data were compared to those recorded from NPFe@FeOx@SiO 2. TEM analysis of the sample (Figure  3b  and Figure  S5 ) showed that the reaction yielded a nanosystem with an unchanged size for the Fe@FeOx core (9. 7 ± 2. 7 nm) but a thinner silica shell (8. 5 ± 1. 7 nm). The shrinking of the shell was probably a consequence of the supplementary 48 hours of reaction in a basic environment at 50 • C, thus continuing the condensation of the silica on itself.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples were prepared by the drop casting method on 3. 05 mm copper grids of 400 mesh from Pelanne instruments coated with a collodion film thickness of around 20-50 nm. TEM images were recorded on a MET Jeol JEM 1011 and 1400 instrument, size distributions were acquired by measuring a minimum of 250 objects using the open source ImageJ software. Sizes are given as mean ± standard deviation according to a Gaussian fit of the corresponding size distribution. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) study has been performed on a MET Jeol JEM 2100F instrument. The hydrodynamic size was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS), using a Zetasizer NanoZ device (Malvern instruments). Dilute suspensions were prepared in MilliQ water (10 -5 mol/L Fe). The solutions were filtrated on a cellulose 0.
Climate Conditions The ETFE windows performance was assessed in Barcelona (Spain, Latitude: 41. 4 • , Longitude: 2. 15 • ) and Paris (France, Latitude: 48. 4 • , Longitude: 2. 3 • ). In this study, typical meteorological year weather data from the Meteonorm Trnsys database was used. This data is hourly based and represents long-term statistical trends and patterns. Figure  5  shows the monthly cumulated global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and the average ambient temperatures. The annual cumulated GHI in Barcelona is 1536 kWh/m 2 and the annual average temperature is 15.