dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Binary RVM analysis On average, scans from PD and APS classes were incorporated in the training dataset, as expected  (Breiman, 1996) , in 64% and 42%   of bootstrap samples, respectively. Overall and balanced accuracies are 87% and 88% respectively. The confusion matrix obtained is shown in Table  3 , which also includes the class accuracies as well as PPV and NPV. Classification accuracy estimates are significantly (p b 0. 05) above chance levels (0. 46 and 0. 53 for the PD and APS classes respectively). • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Scan #120 PD PSP CBS - - PSP N PD = 4 N MSA = 3 N PSP = The comparison between RVM classification and radiological diagnosis accuracy is summarized in Table  4. In comparison with the final clinical diagnosis at the last follow-up (i.
Multiclass RVM analysis On average, scans from PD, MSA, PSP and CBS classes were incorporated in the training dataset in 39%, 50%, 56%, and 64% of bootstrap samples, respectively. Overall and balanced accuracies are 66% and 63% respectively. The confusion matrix obtained is shown in Table  5 , which also includes the class accuracies as well as PPV and NPV. Classification accuracy was significantly (p b 0. 05) above chance levels (0. 26, 0. 25, 0. 25 and 0. 23 for the PD, MSA, PSP and CBS classes respectively) for the PD and CBS classes only. On the one hand, PD scans are accurately classified and those misclassified seem evenly distributed between the three APS classes (MSA, PSP and CBS). On the other hand, accuracy is lower for the individual MSA/PSP/CBS classification but most misclassified APS scans are distributed among themselves: only 10 out of 37 misclassified MSA/PSP/CBS scans were classified into the PD class.
Discussion We have presented here an original supervised machine learning method for both binary and multiclass classification of neuroimaging datasets of a single modality by using RVM in combination with booststrap resampling (bagging). The method is fast, requires little user intervention and could be easily extended to a clinical setting. Generalizability and accuracy were investigated on the early distinction between PD and three other forms of degenerative parkinsonism on the basis of cerebral FDG uptake pattern measured with PET. The clinical question under consideration is not trivial since PD is associated with a much better long-term prognosis than APS. At the time of PET imaging, all 120 participants exhibited parkinsonian features that were outside the prevailing perception for PD.
These patterns were defined by voxel-based principal component analyses (PCA) that, by definition, seek the directions of greatest variation in the FDG PET datasets  (Spetsieris et al. , 2009). Another important methodological difference is the hierarchical (two-level) binary classification approach used by  Tang et al (2010) : the distinction between PD and APS was addressed at the first level while the second level involved the distinction between the two APS classes under consideration, namely MSA and PSP. Furthermore, in that study, ~14% of the scans that were classified as indeterminate at the first level (13/96 and 11/71 in the PD and APS classes, respectively) on the basis of criteria defined on the same dataset were discarded from the accuracy analysis. This double dipping procedure employed by  Tang et al.
This could probably be achieved empirically from the data, as shown in Fig. 2. Methodological issues inherent to the application of automated classification algorithms in a clinical setting have been reviewed recently  (Kloppel et al. , 2012). Several sources of misclassification should be specifically considered here. Despite the relatively large number of PET scans used to build the RVM classifiers, we speculate that the sample size might still be too low to capture the full variability in FDG uptake pattern underlying the clinical heterogeneity of PD and APS. Imbalanced datasets might be associated with lower classification accuracy in the minority classes if this problem is not adequately handled. The approach privileged here was to use stratified bootstrap samples in which the number of scans between classes in the learning sets is balanced across classes (Fig.
Acknowledgments CP and GG are respectively Research Associate and Senior Research Associate at the  Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique (FRS-FNRS ), respectively. JS is a doctoral researcher at the  Fonds de la Recherche en Industrie et Agriculture (FRIA) ,  Belgium. The authors are grateful to  Prof. Georges Franck  for patient referrals and  Mrs Aurélie Dessoullières  and  Annick Claes  for their help in data management. This research was supported by  FRS-FNRS  and a grant from the  Rahier Foundation, University of Liège.
Dosimetric Approach. SPECT acquisitions parameters were as follows: 32 projections, 180 ∘ , 128 * 128, 30 s/projection (Symbia T2 gantry, Siemens, Germany). SPECT data were reconstructed using an iterative method (OSEM, 5 iterations, 8 subsets) with attenuation and scatter correction and then visualized with or without fusion with CT scan data. The SPECT/CT quantitative uptake analysis of tumoral and nontumoral liver tissue was performed using the "volumetric analysis" software (Syngo workstation, Siemens). Briefly, this software allowed us to generate semiautomatically volume of interest (VOI) in the liver and tumor by means of an isocontour definition method. For each VOI, the threshold value was adjusted so that the isocontour of the distribution volume of MAA was superimposed on the fusion images that corresponded to the contours of the liver and tumor.
Treatment Procedure. Within 2 weeks of the planning angiography study, the prescribed activity of 90 Y glass microspheres was administered by placing the tip of the delivery catheter in the same anatomic position as that used for the 99mTc-MAA injection. Administration of 90 Y glass microspheres was always done selectively, in a lobar or segmental manner. Bremsstrahlung imaging was performed to confirm pretreatment MAA SPECT data for tumor targeting.
2. 6. Statistics. The database was closed on October 1, 2011, the date at which all data were censored. Progression-free survival (PFS) was measured from the date of the first treatment until the date of progression in the treated liver. Overall survival (OS) was measured from the date of the first treatment until the date of death from any cause or of last followup. SAS software was used to determine overall survival and progression-free survival using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to look for differences between controlled and noncontrolled tumors and univariate analysis applied the chi-square test with  < 0. 05 considered as statistically significant.
Sample and experimental set up Co 2 MnSi thin films (20 and 50 nm in thickness) were deposited on a-plane sapphire substrate using vanadium seed underlayer by UHV-magnetron rf-sputtering using pure Ar at a pressure of 5×10 -3 mbar as sputter gas and at 470°C. After cooling them down to room temperature all the films were subsequently covered by a 5 nm thick gold layer protecting them against oxidation. XRD measurements indicate that a <110>-type cubic axis is normal to the sample plane and the films behave as {110} fiber textures. The Co 2 MnSi deduced cubic lattice constant (e. g. : a = 5. 658 Å) is in good agreement with the previously published value (5. 654 Å)  [5]. The dynamic magnetic properties were studied using MS-FMR  [6]  setup piloted via a Labview program providing flexibility to real time control the magnetic field sweep direction, step and rate, real time data acquisition and visualization.
Atmospheric dynamics and aerosol variability of aerosols at MSY has been described in detail by  Pe´rez et al. (2008) ,  Pey et al. (2008)  and  Seco et al. (2011). The MSY station, located in the WMB RB, is a member of the ACTRIS network. The ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network; formerly EUSAAR) project aims to provide a reliable and quality-controlled network of aerosol measure-ments across Europe and farther afield  (Philippin et al. , 2009). This project has harmonised and homogenised measurements of aerosol chemistry and physical and optical properties through the standardisation of protocols of instrument operation and maintenance, data submission and measurement procedures  (Wiedensohler et al. , 2012).
The aerosol is dried prior to sampling to maintain a relative humidity below 40% using a Nafion dryer, in line with EUSAAR/ACTRIS requirements. Aerosol inlet flow was maintained at 1 l/min and sheath airflow at 5 l/min (which was also dried in a system using a Nafion dryer in a closed loop). Real-time measurements of PM 1 mass concentrations were continuously obtained using a GRIMM optical counter (model 180). Hourly PM 1 data provided by GRIMM were daily averaged and subsequently corrected by comparison with 24 hours gravimetric mass measurements of PM 1 collected by high volume samplers (sampled consecutively every 4 d). The cross-section absorption coefficient was measured continuously using a Multi Angle Absorption Photometer  (MAAP, model 5012, Thermo). Equivalent BC measurements provided by MAAP are calculated by the instrument software by dividing the measured absorption coefficient s ap (l) by 6.
(2011; 2718 cm (3 ). Comparing results with those observed for other Mediterranean sites included in the study, levels at MSY are significantly lower than those measured at Finokalia in the eastern Mediterranean which registered median concentrations of 2344 cm (3 , with most of this difference owing to elevated concentrations at Finokalia of N 50Á100. Similar concentrations were also measured in Aspvreten (1786 cm (3 ), which is a regional background station in Sweden surrounded by mixed coniferous and deciduous forest similarly to MSY, but is not typically influenced by anthropogenic activities, unlike MSY. The lack of complete summer measurements of particle number concentrations at MSY in this study, when photochemistry, soil resuspension and Saharan dust intrusions are most influential, means the annual particle number concentrations reported in this work are likely to be underestimated and thus, extended measurements including an entire year of data would make for better comparisons of the other EUSAAR/ACTRIS sites mentioned.
Summary and conclusions Eight months of sub-micrometer particle number size distributions at the RB site of MSY have been analysed and described to determine their variability in the western Mediterranean. The Aitken mode was observed to be the dominant size mode in terms of particle number concentration, followed by the accumulation and nucleation modes. Furthermore, particle number concentrations showed a clear seasonal variability, with concentrations significantly elevated during warmer months relative to colder months. Owing to this seasonality observed, the dataset was divided according to temperature; a cold period (C: November to March) and a warm period (W: October, April to June). Furthermore, these periods were categorised according to scenarios of clean and polluted episodes. Under polluted conditions during C, the observed daily variability of the various particle properties was related to a diurnal breeze system activated by insolation.
Acknowledgments This study was supported by the  Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness  and  FEDER  funds under the projects CARIATI ( CGL2008-06294/CLI ),  VAMOS  ( CGL2010 19464/CLI ) and  GRACCIE  ( CSD 2007-00067 ), and from the  Generalitat de Catalunya   2009 SGR8. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/ 2007-2013) ACTRIS  under grant agreement no. 262254. The authors would like to extend their gratitude to  Jesu´s Parga  and  Jordi Gil  for their technical support. The authors also thank METEOCAT for the meteorological data and the  NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL)  for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (http://www. arl. noaa. gov/ready. html)used in this publication.
METHODS The present work was performed following a PubMed search with combinations of key words using one of "antiplatelet drug", "platelet inhibitor", "clopidogrel", "ticlopidine", "prasugrel" and "ticagrelor", and one of "efficacy", "adverse drug reaction", "hypersensitivity reaction", "metabolism", "pharmacokinetics", "pharmacodynamics", "pharmacogenomics", "therapeutic drug monitoring" and "clinical trials". A considerable portion of the safety and efficacy data was compiled from the various clinical trials involving clopidogrel, while the main conclusions presented are those of the respective study investigators. Additional material used to support the main findings was retrieved from the Google Scholar database. Furthermore, reports from various health agencies in Canada and France were consulted, as well as the product monographs of the drugs studied.
New antiplatelet agents, such as the P2Y 12 inhibitors cangrelor and elinogrel, are tested (216), the latter of which was discontinued due to an unfavorable safety profile. Preventable ADRs carry a substantial risk of morbidity and even mortality to the patient, while placing a high financial burden on the health system (217). Therefore, ACS patients receiving concomitant treatment with platelet inhibitors and other medication should be closely monitored for ADRs, drug-drug interactions and loss of drug efficacy. It thus becomes essential that the right drugs are administered to the right patients in order to avoid complications. Laboratory assays and in vitro tools provide useful methods to monitor medication efficacy and toxicity. While clinical trials provide valuable information about common ADRs, it remains vitally important that rare ADRs and drug-drug interactions are reported and make their way into pharmacovigilance databases, where they become available for health care providers and patients alike.
Algorithm Description Here, the sensor placement problem formulated as an optimization problem in Section 3 is solved using genetic algorithms and implemented using the GA Toolbox of MATLAB. The GA needs to establish a function whose output involves an index to be minimized. In our case, this function corresponds to the evaluation of the error index computed in Equation (  14 ) according to the computation of the projection matrix, as in Equation (  12 ). This error depends on the number of maximum values in each row of the matrix that are not elements of the diagonal in the projection matrix.
Application of the Robust Sensor Placement Method We applied Algorithm 3 to the same Limassol, Cyprus network. We took L = 5 different leak magnitudes (one, 1. 33, 1. 66, two and 2. 33 lps) that lead to 10 couples of sensitivity and residual matrices. The network data were analyzed taking into account a T = 24 h time horizon with pressure measurements every hour. Furthermore, the sensor noise (approximately 0. 5% of the expected measurement as indicated above) was added to the computation of the residuals in order to increase the robustness of the method. Since the network has 197 nodes, Equation (  18 ) returns a cut-off distance of seven nodes to compute the scoring error in Equation (  17 ). The algorithm performs five main iterations with two generations in each of them, while the seed size is made of 50 vectors in the initial population.
Acknowledgments This work is supported by the  Research Chair in Supervision and Advanced Control of Tecnológico de Monterrey ,  Campus Monterrey  and by a  CONACYTstudentship. This work has been partially grant-funded by  CICYTSHERECSDPI-2011-26243  and  CICYT WATMANDPI-2009-13744  of the  Spanish Ministry of Education , by iSense grant  FP7-ICT-2009-6-270428  and by EFFINETgrant  FP7-ICT-2012-318556  of the  European Commission. This work is also partially founded by the  Fond National de la Recherche, Luxembourg  ( CO11/IS/1206050 ).
Real-time PCR intron-spanning assays were designed using the ProbeFinder software (Roche Applied Science). Colony formation assays. Colony formation assays were carried out in 6 or 12-well plates. Thirty thousand or 60. 000 HDF cells were seeded in 6 or 12-well plates respectively. Ten to forteen days after seeding, the cells were washed with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and stained with 0. 05 % crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich). SA-β-Gal analysis. SA-β-Gal analyses were performed as in  [21]. At least 5 different fields were counted for each condition representing at least 500 events. Senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) staining. For senescence-associated heterochromatin foci analysis  [22] , cells were fixed with formaldehyde 4 %, wash with PBS and stained with Hoechst (Sigma).
Radiologic data Radiographs of the hands and wrists (anteroposterior view) and the feet (anteroposterior and oblique views) were available at inclusion and at 1 year. The interpretation was standardized, as described previously  [22, 24]. Radiographs were read by the patient's office-based rheumatologist to determine the presence or absence of abnormalities related to RA. Then, for quantitative scoring, radiographs were sent to the coordinating center for calculation of the total, joint erosion, and narrowing Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS) at inclusion and 1 year by two experienced readers with blinding to patient data. Missing data were excluded from the analysis.
Characteristics of the study population and comparison of RA and UA patients Among 813 patients enrolled in the whole cohort, 791 had data for serum adipokine levels and were analyzed in this study; 632 had RA fulfilling the ACR-EULAR 2010 criteria, and 159 had UA. Comparisons of clinical, biologic, and radiologic characteristics of RA and UA patients are shown in Table  1. At inclusion, RA patients were more often positive for anti-CCP antibodies and RF and showed radiographic changes than did UA patients. In addition, DAS28, HAQ score, and CRP level were significantly higher for RA than for UA patients. Baseline total SHS was higher for RA than for UA patients, the difference involving predominantly the erosive subscore. At 1-year follow-up, similar results were observed, with a wider variation of total and erosive SHS in the RA group.
Discussion We used data for the French ESPOIR cohort, one of the largest worldwide cohorts of early RA patients followed up longitudinally. We demonstrated that, in patients fulfilling the ACR-EULAR 2010 criteria for early RA at   inclusion in the cohort, serum level of adiponectin is associated with subsequent early radiographic disease progression, independent of several RA and metabolic confounders and especially with rapid radiographic disease progression (ΔSHS ≥5). Serum adiponectin level is associated with both erosive and narrowing subscores of radiographic disease progression. Klein-Wieringa et al. [1, 20]  investigated adipokine levels in 253 patients with early RA by using the 1987 ACR criteria, but we chose the new ACR-EULAR 2010 criteria, which do not involve radiographic results and thus are more accurate for early RA diagnosis and more adapted to identify new biomarkers of RA severity early during the disease course.
Acknowledgements We thank  Nathalie Rincheval  for expert monitoring and data management and all the investigators who recruited and followed up patients ( M-C. Boissier ,  Paris-Bobigny ;  A. Cantagrel , Toulouse;  B. Combe , Montpellier;  M. Dougados ,  Paris-Cochin ;  P. Fardelonne  and  P. Boumier Amiens ;  B. Fautrel  and  P. Bourgeois ,  Paris-La Pitié ;  R-M. Flipo , Lille;  Ph. Goupille , Tours;  X. Le Loet  and  O. Vittecoq ,  Rouen ;  X. Mariette ,  Kremlin Bicêtre ;  O. Meyer ,  Paris Bichat ;  A. Saraux , Brest;  T. Schaeverbeke, Bordeaux ;  J. Sibilia ,  Strasbourg). V. Devauchelle  and  C. Lukas  for expert x-ray reading. S. Martin  ( Paris Bichat ) for all central measurements of CRP level, RF status, and anti-CCP antibody status, and the biologic resources center ( J. Benessiano ,  Paris-Bichat ) for centralizing and managing biologic data collection.
The authors acknowledge  Dr J-P. Bertola  ( Chugai Pharma France ) for supporting this project. We acknowledge  Ginette Marlin  and  Isabelle Paquim  for technical assistance in quantifying adipokine markers. We thank  Laura Smales  ( Toronto, Canada ) for work editing. Funding Grant support was from the  French Society of Rheumatology  and from  Roche Chugai Pharma  for serum adipokines and insulin measurement. This work was also supported by  French state Transimmunom  funds managed by the  ANR  within the  Investissements d'Avenir programme  under reference  ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02. Concerning the ESPOIR cohort, an unrestricted grant from  Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD)  was allocated for the first 5 years. Two additional grants from  INSERM  were obtained to support part of the biologic database.
Study design and population We conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological survey using data collected during the pre-intervention phase of a clusterrandomized controlled trial (QUARITE trial) in 46 referral hospitals (22 in Mali and 24 in Senegal). The study setting and methods were published in detail at the trial's inception  [16]. The trial aims to assess the effectiveness of the ALARM international program (AIP) -Which is a multifaceted intervention based on maternal death reviews -in reducing in-maternal mortality. All procedures were approved by the ethics committee of Sainte-Justine Hospital in Montreal, Canada and by the national ethics committees of Mali and Senegal. However data are not made yet available to the scientific community, because all the analyses of the QUARITE trial are not finished.
Data collection Data was collected from medical records by trained midwives who were supervised by the national coordinators of the survey. In each country, data was collected on a daily basis on every woman who gave birth in every selected facility. The database for this study included information on maternal demographic characteristics, obstetric history (gravidity, parity and previous CS), prenatal care (number of antenatal care visits during the current pregnancy), management of labor and delivery, obstetric complications, and the vital status of both mother and child until hospital discharge (Table  S1 ). To avoid under-reporting of hospital-based maternal mortality, a complementary procedure was carried out to identify the eligible maternal deaths among all the female deaths that occurred in the facility using the various registries available (admissions, hospitalizations, operating theatres and morgues).
For the variables related to the diagnosis of clinical signs or symptoms related to obstetric complications, only these which were collected during the first 24 hours after admission were taken into account for the analyses. This specific set of variables was chosen for clinical reasons and was supported by previous work in low-resources countries  [17, 18, 19]. We assume that all these potential predictive clinical signs or symptoms should be easily measured by health care staff with various competences. Quality control was performed on site by the study coordinator, who selected a random sample of 5% of all patient forms in each site, and compared the following data with information available in the clinical records: age, parity, diagnosed pathology or complication, mode of delivery and vital status of the mother at discharge.