dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Squares and plus markers refer to the nine and two stars in common between the strict sample and F19 and APOGEE, respectively). The points are colour-coded with the difference in log(g), and their size is proportional to differences in T eff. The vertical error bars indicate the uncertainty of GSP-Spec Ce abundance. The mean and the standard deviation of the cerium abundance differences between GSP-Spec and F19 are also given. For APOGEE and GALAH, we provide similar statistics differences for the whole comparison sample and when only their stars with [Ce/Fe] > -0. 15 dex are considered. We used calibrated GSP-Spec and APOGEE atmospheric parameters. GSP-Spec and APOGEE data and 30 K and 0. 06 between GSP-Spec and GALAH data 5. Finally, the comparison between GSP-Spec and F19 allows us to conclude that both studies are on the same reference scale (which is not the case for APOGEE), and that no calibration is required to interpret the GSP-Spec [Ce/Fe].
(  2021 ) study, which relied on only 424 stars (i. e. less than 6% of the GSP-Spec sample). As a consequence, selection function biases might be more important in this last study. Secondly, the [Ce/H] radial gradients were derived and were found to be marginally negative: δ[Ce/H]/δR = -0. 028 ±0. 017 dex. kpc -1 and δ[Ce/H]/δR g = -0. 051 ±0. 007 dex. kpc -1. They are fully consistent with the [Ce/H] and [La/H] 7  horizontal gradients (δ[Ce/H]/δR = -0. 024 ±0. 003 dex. kpc -1 and δ[La/H]/δR = -0. 020 ±0. 003 dex. kpc -1 ) derived from Cepheids by da Silva et al. (  2016 ) over a wider range of galactocentric distances (4-18 kpc). Our result also agrees with the negative radial metallicity gradients of the disc reported for Gaia data by (see Gaia Collaboration 2023a, Sect. 4).
05±0. 16). We note that the reference scale of  Maiorca et al. (2011)  is close to ours, but the difference of 0. 07 dex between GSP-Spec data and that of  Maiorca et al. (2011)  could be explained by the different solar abundances they adopted. They found super-solar abundances of Ce (and elements mainly produced by s-process, e. g. , Y, Zr, and La) for their younger OC (with age < 1. 5 Gyr). We illustrate the behaviour of these OC mean [Ce/Fe] abundances in Fig. 11. The left panel shows [Ce/Fe] versus [M/H] colour-coded with the cluster ages. We first remark that older OCs appear to be more enriched in Ce than younger OCs,in contrast to what was found in Sales-Silva et al. (  2022 ). This might be caused by the GSP-Spec biases that are induced when the Ce lines were analysed. This analysis indeed favours the selection of Ce-enriched cool stars in the low-uncertainty sample, as we showed in Fig.
Globular clusters: M 4 is Ce enriched We also searched for cerium abundances in stars belonging to Galactic globular clusters (GC). We followed the same procedure as in Gaia Collaboration (2023a). First, we cross-matched the Harris catalogue  (Harris 1996)  with GSP-Spec data (complete sample) using a maximum separation in the sky of 0. 5 degrees. Then, we rejected all potential GC members whose radial velocity departed by more than 20 km s -1 from the median value of each GC. By this method, we found two stars belonging to M 4 (NGC 6121: Gaia DR3 6045464990827780608 and 6045463719528135808), and we added two others (6045464166204745344 and 6045490623204749824) found in  Yong et al. (2008) , who also studied the two first stars. For these four stars, we confirmed that their proper motions agree well with that of M 4, and we found a mean metallicity of -1.
Acknowledgements. We thank the referee for their valuable comments. ES received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under  SPACE-H2020  grant agreement number  101004214  ( EXPLORE  project). ARB also acknowledges support from this  Horizon program. PAP and EP thanks the  Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)  for funding support. VG acknowledges support from the  European Research Council   Consolidator Grant  funding scheme (project  ASTEROCHRONOMETRY , G. A. n. 772293 , http://www. asterochronometry. eu). Special thanks to  Niels Nieuwmunster  and  Botebar  for grateful comments on figures. This work has made use of data from the  European Space Agency  (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www. cosmos. esa. int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Pro-cessing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.
Nevertheless, we found a dwarf star (ID=5373254711531881728, log(g) = 4. 21, T eff = 4775. 0 K, [M/H] = -0. 24 dex, S /N = 81) that appears to be strongly enriched in cerium. ([Ce/Fe] ≥ 2. 0 dex, 2. 0 being the Ce reference grid high-border value). No clear sign of binarity has been found in the Gaia astrometric data for this star, which, moreover, does not belong to the Gaia binary catalog. No abundance of other heavy elements has been found in the literature for these stars either.
Data collection An extensive medical chart review was performed. Patients' data were collected from the first treatment documentation to the end of follow-up. Data collected included sex, age at diagnosis, age at treatment start, length of disease until treatment was started, disease extent (proctitis, left-sided or extensive), history of previous treatments with biologics, and comprehensive clinical laboratory data. We also documented if treatment was in combination with an immunomodulatory drug. We separately compared those previously naïve to biologic drugs and those who were experienced (2nd line treatment) separately.
Baseline population characteristics A total of 273 patients were treated with IFX or VDZ at our center within the study time frame. Twenty-five patients were excluded due to a change of diagnosis, and 31 were excluded due to insufficient data (usually after switching HMO or treatment site or traveling abroad). The study design scheme is shown in Figure  1. A final 217 patients were included in the analysis, with a total follow-up period of 29686 patient weeks. Of those, 186 were treatment-(biologic)-naïve, and of whom 28 were consequently treated with the 3 of 9 second agent investigated after failing the first. One hundred nine patients were treated with VDZ as the first drug, and 77 (41. 3%) patients were treated with IFX as the first drug. When comparing the two groups, more patients with proctitis were treated with VDZ (22% vs.
(www. preprints. org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 31 May 2023 doi:10. 20944/preprints202305. 2227. v1 Studies using DS as an efficacy endpoint are fewer in number. A nationwide Swedish register-based study assessing DS for 2nd line treatment with IFX and VDZ showed similar DS between these medications12. Based on a claims database, a second study from the USA described drug persistence (sustainability) tendencies with slightly longer drug persistence for IFX, without direct comparison between the drugs and no adjustment to different factors that might affect DS13. In a nationwide Korean register-based study, IFX drug persistence was assessed and was longer than other drugs investigated, but the study did not include VDZ14. On the other hand, other studies have shown longer DS with VDZ compared to IFX15,16, similar to our study results.
2 mbar pressure. There, compounds with a proton affinity greater than water, including a large selection of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), undergo efficient proton-transfer reactions with the H 3 O + ions to produce protonated organic product ions, which can be detected by a mass spectrometer. Meteorological parameters. Standard meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and direction) were obtained from the meteorological station of the Cyprus Department of Meteorology, installed 10 m above ground, located at the Athalassa Forest Park (164 m a. s. l. ) lying approximately 1. 3 km east of the CAO-NIC station. Wind speed and direction data were further used in this study for component-specific non-parametric wind regression analysis (NWR) performed using the ZeFir toolbox  (Petit et al.
, 2017) , developed within the Igor Pro software (WaveMetrics Inc. ). A co-located automatic CIMEL CE370 micro-lidar was operated continuously to retrieve the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) and better assess the influence of atmospheric dynamics on in situ ground-based observations. Air masses back trajectory analysis. Air mass back trajectories of 5 d arriving at 1000 m altitude above the sampling site were computed every 6 h, using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYPLIT4;  Stein et al. , 2015)  using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS 1) meteorological data fields (with 1 • spatial resolution). Back trajectories were coupled to measured concentrations, assessing origins and source contributions to specific chemical components by applying the potential source contribution function (PSCF) technique as implemented in the ZeFir toolbox described above.
Source apportionment analysis Positive matrix factorization (PMF) is an advanced multivariate factor analysis tool that attempts to identify the contributing factors, or sources, of atmospheric pollutants at a sampling site. For this study, source apportionment was performed on the organic mass spectra dataset collected by the ACSM. The PMF method  (Paatero and Tapper, 1994) , using the multilinear engine (ME-2) model developed by  Paatero (1999) , was implemented using the SoFi (Source Finder) toolkit (SoFi 6D;  Canonaco et al. , 2013). PMF allows the decomposition of the OA mass spectra matrix X into two matrices, G and F, and a remaining residual matrix, E: X = G • F + E, ( 1 ) where X is the input dataset matrix (measured quantity), F is the resulting source profile matrix, G is the source contribution matrix (temporal variability of each source), and E represents the model residual matrix.
Based on a number of criteria, the optimal solution is selected, aiming at being physically meaningful, which can be supported by external indicators (ancillary measurements), and trying to minimize values in the residual matrix, E. Model input data and error matrices (in µg m -3 ) were exported using the ACSM software. Data points with a signal-to-noise (S / N) ratio smaller than 0. 2 were removed. Points with S / N between 0. 2 and 2 were down weighted by increasing their estimated error values  (Ulbrich et al. , 2009; Paatero and Hopke, 2003). m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) values ranging from 10 to 120 were used in the analysis. CO 2 -related variables were excluded from the PMF and finally reinserted into the solution. Source apportionment of OA was performed following the general steps described by  Crippa et al.
Consequently, a site-specific BBOA factor profile (BBOA cy ) was selected. The BBOA cy spectrum was calculated as an average of 20 PMF runs from the initial unconstrained PMF for the cold period, validated by its time series correlation to BC wb. Since aged OA (i. e. oxygen-like OA, OOA) factors show more variability between measurement sites in terms of their mass spectra, no constraint was introduced for these factors  (Canonaco et al. , 2015). In this study, the BBOA factor -a major contributor of OA during winter -could not be properly resolved when performing the PMF analysis on the entire period dataset. A seasonal approach was followed instead, separating the OA dataset into two periods that were then used to describe both the two periods (cold and warm, respectively). The criteria used to delineate those two periods are presented and discussed in Sect.
Online aerosol data quality check A chemical mass closure exercise for PM 1 was performed at a temporal resolution of 1 h to check the quality of the online aerosol measurements. Chemically reconstructed PM 1 was calculated as the sum of the mass concentration of all nonrefractory species measured by the ACSM (OA, NO - 3 , SO 2- 4 , NH + 4 , Cl -) plus the BC concentrations measured by the Aethalometer AE-33  (Putaud et al. , 2004). The contribution of other chemical constituents to submicron aerosols, such as sea salt and dust (measured by co-located filter sampling), was found to be low and therefore neglected here. A scatter plot of the ACSM + AE-33 measurements vs. the SMPSderived PM 1 concentrations is shown in Fig. S4a. The results indicate a very good correlation (R 2 = 0. 88, N = 1823) and a slope of 1.
Although the influence of the power plant PP5 on HOA-2 is expected, the contribution of this source cannot be excluded for HOA-1 as well. On the other hand, quantification of the Middle Eastern contribution to the HOA-2 factor remains to be assessed, since the current dataset cannot provide sufficient information on separating the contribution of power plants on the island versus more regional Middle East emissions (Fig. S16b ). Although this hypothesis needs further investigation, the presence of HOA-2 in the Middle East would be consistent with recent findings, highlighting the importance of OC emissions from diesel generators used in Lebanon as a means of complementary power generation  (Fadel et al. , 2022). In conclusion, based on the relative contribution of OA factors (Fig. 9 ) and the NWR analysis (Figs.
Conclusions Near-real-time chemical composition of submicron aerosols and source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols was performed for the first time in Nicosia, a medium-sized European capital city (ca. 250 000 inhabitants) in Cyprus, located in the eastern Mediterranean and surrounded by Middle East countries, with a fast-growing population and increasing emissions of air pollutants. Continuous observations were performed at an urban background site for approximately 6 months (between 7 December 2018 and 31 May 2019) in order to obtain a large and representative dataset capturing specific features -related to both the cold and warm periods -such as domestic heating and regional transport. Measurements of the major fractions of PM 1 were carried out with a Q-ACSM and an aethalometer, complemented by a comprehensive suite of co-located instruments (e.
Acknowledgements. This paper contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data processed at IUP Bremen. The authors thank  Andreas Richter  for providing the TROPOMI/S5P level 1 and 2 products. Financial support. This study has been supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement no. 615 856612  ( EMME-CARE ) and by the  Norwegian Financial Mechanism  and the  Republic of Cyprus  under the  ACCEPT  project ( CY-LOCALDEV-0008 ) in the framework of the programming period  2014-2021. Review statement. This paper was edited by  Yves Balkanski  and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
Data availability. All data used in this study can be accessed here: https://doi. org/10. 5281/Zenodo. 7802065(Christodoulou, 2023). More details on the analyses are available upon request to the contact author, Aliki Christodoulou (a. christodoulou@cyi. ac. cy). https://doi. org/10. 5194/acp-23-6431-2023 Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 23, 6431-6456, 2023.
Remote sensing is the main tool, combined with some field observations. In this paper, we examine the complex processes occurring in a macrotidal bay, including tidal characteristics (range, regime), sedimentation, vegetation characteristics and dynamics, and large-scale anthropogenic influence. The main question is to understand, in a period of sea level rise and positive sediment balance, whether engineering works based on different models have the expected effects on the immediate environment. Next, it is important to see whether areas further away from the Mont are also affected and to what extent. The focus is on the benefit of a remote sensing database including time-series satellite images. GeoHazards 2023, 4, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 22 bands were used to predict sediment characteristics such as median grain size or silt content  [10].
Remote sensing is the main tool, combined with some field observations. In this paper, we examine the complex processes occurring in a macrotidal bay, including tidal characteristics (range, regime), sedimentation, vegetation characteristics and dynamics, and large-scale anthropogenic influence. The main question is to understand, in a period of sea level rise and positive sediment balance, whether engineering works based on different models have the expected effects on the immediate environment. Next, it is important to see whether areas further away from the Mont are also affected and to what extent. The focus is on the benefit of a remote sensing database including time-series satellite images.
They were acquired between 1 August 2015, and 10 October 2023. These cloud-free images represent 20% of the 1027 S2 images acquired during the period. About 74% of satellite images show cloud cover greater than 25%. The S2-images present a 10 m resolution available for the blue (b2: 497 nm), green (b3: 560 nm), red (b4: 664 nm), and near IR (b8: 835 nm) ranges, or a 20 m resolution also including the red edge (b5: 704 nm; b6: 740 nm; b7: 782 nm), mid-(b11: 1614 nm) and short-wave IR (b12: 2202 nm) ranges. The images cover the whole post-work period (the eastern channel was achieved in May 2015) with a high revisit time: theoretically, one image every 2. 6 days on average; in the database, one image every 15 days on average because of the cloud cover. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (Aster) images are acquired onboard Terra, a joint mission within NASA's Earth Science Enterprise launched on 18 December 1999.
The Aster data were used especially for the period prior to the works, although the sensor is still operating in 2023. Twelve images ranging from 7 April 2000 to 22 September 2017 were selected. The sensor comprises three bands in the green (b1: 560 nm), red (b2: 660 nm), and near-IR (b3N: 820 nm) ranges with a 15 m space resolution. The other spectral bands in the mid-and short-wave IR offer a coarser resolution at 30 m and are not used in the present study. The Aster VNIR sensor requires resampling and geometric correction to render the images in the same geometry as the S2 images. The ALOS-1 satellite was launched on 24 January 2006 and was declared dead in orbit on 12 May 2011, after abruptly powering down and turning off all the observation devices. ALOS carried three sensors: the Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), the Panchromatic Remote-Sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM), and the Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2).
This latter has been used in the present study. It comprised four bands in the blue (b1: 460 nm), green (b2: 560 nm), red (b3: 650 nm), and near-IR (b4: 825 nm) ranges with a 10 m space resolution. The scene acquired on 24 October 2007 was included in the database because it represents the lowest height of the sea at the time of acquisition (2. 56 m) and fills the lack of Aster data at the time of the new dam construction. ALOS-2 launched in 2014 had optical cameras removed to reduce costs, and ALOS-3, including an enhanced optical sensor, was unsuccessfully launched in March 2023. Other archive satellite data have been consulted, particularly Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images covering the last four decades with a resolution of 30 m. Most of the digital processing, such as resizing, registration, layer stacking, region of interest selection, or statistic computation, was carried out using the ENVI Classic software.
Definition of the Tidal Parameters and Satellite Data Pre-Processing Sentinel-2 Level-1C products were corrected using Sen2Cor for atmospheric scattering and absorbance, delivering a Level-2A product  [32]. All 201 satellite images were georegistered with the Universal Transversal Mercator coordinates (WGS84, UTM zone 30 U) and geometrically corrected using the nearest neighbour's re-sampling method (pixel size = 10 m). They were brought together in a database comprising the date of acquisition, the UTC hour, the sensor (Sentinel 2A, 2B, ALOS-AVNIR-2, or Terra-Aster), the flood, ebb, or slack water status, the place in the half-a-lunar month cycle, and the height of the sea provided by the French Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (SHOM). A correction of the standard height is necessary by considering the actual atmospheric pressure at the time of acquisition  [24].
A difference from the average of 1 hPa causes a difference of 1 cm in elevation (standard conditions are defined at 1013. 25 hPa). The actual pressure in the bay area ranges from 989 to 1044 hPa, with an average value of 1022 hPa. The time-series satellite images are useful for the temporal survey of the bay. The evaluation of the sedimentary balance necessitates identifying pairs or triplets of images acquired under the same hydrographic conditions but on different dates and, if possible, the furthest apart in time. The database indicates that these comparisons are relatively difficult to establish. The tidal parameters play a major role in this approach.
Mapping The question of the drawing method is critical because the landscape units in the bay are deeply changing in time and space. The main objective of the project is to prevent the islet from being joined to the salt meadows. Thus, a large part of the schorre to the west and to the east of the Mont should be eroded. The time-series is mainly used for drawing the successive frontlines of the vegetation and to survey the courses of the Couesnon channels and those of the Sée-Sélune estuary as well. The S2-images chronicle is also used for detecting the movement of the main banks between two dates and to discuss the sedimentary balance in the estuarine complex. As previously indicated, the comparison between images can only be validly carried out in a mega tidal bay if the data has been acquired under identical tidal conditions.
This step requires a detailed analysis of the tidal parameters, which is not necessarily as advanced in the case of coastline studies. The analysis is particularly necessary in the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay as there is no continuous tidal recording, and the standard height must therefore be systematically corrected. Therefore, manual or semi-automatically drawn drawings have been developed. Finally, the main goal is to understand whether the hydraulic hypotheses are confirmed or not by the short-term evolution of the bay. From a methodological viewpoint, the database is used for identifying identical water elevation conditions with the same tidal parameters but separated by a certain period. Due to the very large meander divagation, it is difficult to use the classical waterline method  [33]  in the estuarine complex.
Evolution of the Inner Part of the Bay du Mont-Saint-Michel For the reason that the comparison of Sentinel-2 images with the same tidal conditions is relevant for a short period (see, for example, Section 4. 3), ancient satellite data from the classical Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) has also been analysed for comparing dates separated by decades. The previous analysis indicates that only acquisitions with a water height of at least 8. 50 m must be selected among hundreds of TM images to allow the key sector of Bec d'Andaine-Tombelaine-Grouin du Sud to be observed. Figure  11  illustrates the comparison of the Sentinel-2A image acquired on 28 October 2021 and the Landsat 5-TM image acquired on 27 September 1990. Both images were acquired in neap tide conditions, with a water height of 9. 11 m in 1990 and 9.
In theory, the increase in elevation is around +0. 5 cm per year in the estuarine complex. But major changes occur in the internal part of the bay, such as the southward drift of the Sée-Sélune River, the partial destruction of the Bec d'Andaine spire, and erosion caused by the facilities close to the Mont. These changes make it very difficult to estimate the real variations in sedimentation. The case of a megatidal bay is totally different from the case of a coast with a regular shoreline. However, by analysing the Sentinel 2 image chronicle, it is possible to estimate the heights of accumulated sediment over short time intervals. These intervals must be less than half a tidal cycle, as channel migration phenomena are too great beyond that. For example, the data acquired on 27 and 29 December 2022 present a difference in water height of 1.