dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
). Different types of dosimeter can be used with the app: a kit version to be assembled yourself, which has been developed for the project, or certain off-theshelf models that have been tested and recommended to interface with the app. In addition, five models, based on Muller Geiger counters or photodiodes, can be used with the OpenRadiation app and are proposed so far on the Open-Radiation website: Atom Tag (Geiger Muller (GM) tube, Bluetooth), Pocket Geiger type 6 (silicon diode, USB), Polismart 2 (GM tube, Bluetooth), Rium GM (GM tube, USB and Bluetooth early 2020) and Safecast (GM pancake, Bluetooth). It is also possible to submit measurement results taken using any kind of dose rate meters thanks to "manual" submission mode; the measurement will then be geolocated by the app at the time the data is recorded.
First measurement statistics Since the website was launched, over 115 000 measurements have been taken worldwide by around 90 users. Some of these measurements (35 000) were taken using the OpenRadiation app, and the rest were taken using the Safecast dosimeter  (Brown et al. , 2016)  which can be used to take a series of multiple measurements, uploading the data files directly to the OpenRadiation database. Most of the measurements taken with the Safecast dosimeter were made in the months following the launch of the system, since only the kit dosimeter and manual mode were available on the app in the first year, which limited the amount of measurements taken. Figure  1  is an example of measurements performed by high school students from Louis de Broglie secondary school in Marly-le-Roi (France) and shows that values are coherent with the natural background in this area.
An emerging community A very broad range of people contribute to the database. They include individual users who have different reasons for doing so, for instance, "opportunists" (travel, holidays, work trip, etc. ), or people who are curious or have a particular interest in measuring radioactivity (to find a "hot spot", or to learn more about their environment, etc. ), and groups of users taking part in projects that have a more structured approach (defining an objective, a mission, etc. ). The majority of measurements are taken by a small number of regular users, while many contributors only take a couple of measurements. It should be mentioned that, to date, no deliberately false values have been logged, even though there is no filtering system in place. A study using OpenRadiation has, for example, been conducted as part of TERRITORIES (www.
The Multi-viewing, Multi-channel and Multi-polarisation Imager (3MI) on board the Metop-SG satellites will observe polarised multi-spectral radiances of a single target within a very short time period from the visible to the shortwave infrared region with daily global coverage. In order to provide the users of 3MI data with an easy to use and well characterised radiance product EUMETSAT will make a geoprojected and regridded 3MI level-1C product available to users within 70 min of sensing. The paper describes the methodologies of geoprojection and regridding used for the processing of such a product. In addition, the colocation of ancillary information, in particular from the METimage 20-channel imager providing subpixel information of the radiance field and of clouds is described in detail.
The latter information is provided as colocated geometric average values in the product and is also used to provide a realistic scene-dependent error introduced by the radiance regridding. Initial estimates, using a synthetic test dataset of top-of-atmosphere radiances of 3MI and METimage at native instrument resolution, provide an upper limit for the additional radiance error contribution depending on the scene homogeneity. Colocated METimage cloud-top height information is also used for parallax correction of the coregistered radiance data either to the cloud height or to the surface elevation, depending on the origin of the dominant radiance signal within the line-of-sight.
The 3MI Level-1B product and a 3MI synthetic top-of-atmosphere test dataset The 3MI level-1B data product is input to the 3MI level-1B to 1C processing ( Table  2  ). 3MI level-1B data provide top-of-atmosphere Stokes vector components of total and linearly polarised radiances in the native instrument acquisition geometry. The 3MI level-1B product is described in detail in  [12]. The results presented here rely on a synthetic test dataset of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances of 3MI geoprojected using its native acquisition geometry and in this way mimicking the 3MI level-1B product. The observation geometry used for the testdata corresponds to three orbits of Metop-A with realistic cloud fields provided by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on Metop-A. In addition the TOA radiances as observed by METimage have also been simulated at their native instrument resolution and for the same orbits.
The test data simulation software is based on a precise description of orbits and instrument models capturing the main assumptions of both the 3MI and METimage designs. In particular for 3MI, the channel layout on both filter wheels and the measurement timeline have been implemented to realistically represent the acquisition sequence. Then for each individual FOV acquisition, the line of sight for each pixel of the VNIR and SWIR detector arrays have been computed and used to determine intersects with the Earth ellipsoid from which geolocation, sun and viewing geometries were computed. Based on this information, a highly realistic description of the Earth sur-Table  1  3MI filter wheel acquisition sequence of four full filter wheel turns of 5. 25 sec each. There are two full turns during which no measurements are taken ("free wheeling").
Information on cloud fields and surface properties are provided at a high resolution corresponding to the instrument native resolution whereas aerosol and meteorological parameters fields have coarser resolution corresponding to model outputs. Those information were set as input to a radiative transfer simulation software (ARTDECO 1 ) in order to compute TOA radiances observable from the instrument. The end-to-end simulation results in a highly realistic test dataset at L1B that can be used to test the L1C processor described in this paper. A description of the test dataset is provided in  [8]. Fig. 1  shows synthetic TOA radiance information as would be provided by the 3MI level-1B product geoprojected to the native 1 http://www. icare. univ-lille1. fr/projects/artdeco acquisition geometry of the 3MI instrument and for a channel of the VNIR optical head at 443 nm and of the SWIR optical head at 2130 nm.
Parallax correction As introduced in Section 4 , the "parallax correction" comes at no additional cost with the inverse pointing coregistration method. The distance from the earth centre R + P (or the centre of the polar coordinate system; see Fig. 3  ) is already required to be calculated, also in the case where the observer is situated at the geoid ( P = 0). Here we consider three different cases for processing: P = 0 (geoid: "no parallax correction"), P = surface (using a digital elevation model (DEM): "parallax correction to DEM"), and P = CTH ("parallax correction to cloud-top height"). Parallax correction to the DEM and to the geoid is straight forward since R + P is provided by a static relation or DEM database. For the choice of a parallax correction where P = CTH the L1C processing implements the following algorithm.
If the signal of the clear pixels dominates, the parallax correction is carried out according to the averaged surface elevation as obtained from the DEM for the clear pixels. Fig. 16  shows an example of DEM and CTH data colocated to the coregistration grid and Fig. 17  shows the differences between parallax corrected and non-parallax corrected reflectance factor values for two distinct views of the 443 nm channel. The CTH provided by a METimage "fast" and intermediate processing dedicated for 3MI L1C processing in the EPS-SG ground segment is retrieved using oxygen A-band absorption measurements from the METimage channels. The CTH is therefore sensitive to the optically thicker case, in case of multi-layer clouds, and therefore is more representative of an averaged mean scatter height instead of the maximum geometrical CTH for any given scene.
The former is associated with low and the latter with high radiometric coregistration errors and also, due to the low over-sampling, a large dynamic range of the instrument response i. e. the case for which the PSF would have a perfect "boxcar" shape (which is essentially the case for the level-B TOA test dataset used as input for this study). Since the error associated with spatial aliasing for any interpolation strategy is predominantly a function of the observed spa-tial frequencies for any given PSF shape we will use the standard deviation σ I,J ,MET of the radiances co-located from METimage (i. e. the previously derived inhomogeneity times the average METimages radiance I over the fixed-grid pixel) within the 3MI coregistration pixel and surrounding pixels, multiplied with the square of the sine of the scattering angle θ , E ( p i ) = Z MET ( p i ) sin 2 ( θ ) , in order to provide a radiometric error estimate E in dependence of a set of empirical parameters p i associated with the coregistration step.
For a 2D bilinear interpolation, only detector pixels of up to i = 1 pixel distance and their associated subpixel σ I,J ,MET contribute to the interpolation error, while in case of e. g. cubic 2D interpolation methods higher orders of i may play a role. The linear regression coefficients p i are then found using a test-dataset of realistic radiance (and subpixel inhomogeneity) fields and by comparing the coregistered radiances with a "perfect" L1C dataset, for which the TOA radiances are calculated directly on the coregistration fixed-grid and are not interpolated from the instrument native ground pixel grid (i. e. no regridding error is involved for the "perfect" L1C product). From this perfect L1C we then derive a reference dataset of absolute and normalised radiometric errors E L1CPerfect with E L1CPerfect = | R L1Cperfect -R L1C |, and subsequently the coefficients p i by minimizing: min i E L1Cperfect + ln ( 1 -E ( p i ) ).
3MI data products will make use of the large capabilities of other instruments on the EPS-SG satellites, most notably the cross-track scanning imaging spectroradiometer METimage measuring between 0. 443 and 13. 345 μm at a spatial sampling of 500 m and thus providing valuable additional subpixel scale information on scene homogeneity and cloud properties. In order to provide to users of 3MI level-1 data a well calibrated, easy to use dataset, the EUMETSAT operational level 1C processor will geoproject and regrid the measured Stokes vector radiances I, Q , and U for all angles and for all spectral bands observed, to each point on a fixed earth surface grid of 4 km resolution achieving global coverage within one day below 70 °latitude. The products will be disseminated in granules of data not more than 1.
Modelling framework The proposed modelling framework is based on TELEMAC-MASCARET  (Hervouet, 2007). The fluid hydrodynamics are simulated using the TELEMAC-3D model, which solves the Navier-Stokes equations in the hydrostatic mode. Morphodynamic and sediment transport modelling is carried out using the SISYPHE model  (Villaret, 2010 (Villaret, , 2013)) , an additional TELEMAC-MASCARET module. We adopted this modelling framework for two main reasons: (i) the two aforementioned models are based on an unstructured mesh of finite elements, which is particularly suitable for modelling river and coastal areas, as it allows the simulation of complex geometries, and (ii) they can be dynamically coupled. The dynamic coupling of the two models is especially relevant for sediment transport and morphodynamic modelling, as it allows, at each simulation time step, the effect of riverbed changes on the flow and vice versa to be taken into account.
Available data Since January 2014, we have concentrated the monitoring efforts on continuously recording streamflow and water turbidity as a proxy of SSC. Moreover, we monitored bathymetry (i. e. riverbed elevation) episodically at selected locations on the riverbanks and the riverbed. The continuous data used in this study were acquired during a moderate-magnitude flood event that occurred in March 2017. During this event, a peak discharge of 45 m 3 s -1 was recorded, and the turbidity did not exceed 150 NTU (Fig. 2 ).
Suspended sediment concentration SSC is generally measured occasionally, whereas models require continuous input data time series. In this context, turbidity is often recognized as a good proxy for assessing the continuous time series of SSC  (Martínez-Carreras et al. , 2016). In this study, turbidity was measured every 5 min at the downstream boundary using a YSI 600 OMS turbidimeter. During the flood event that occurred in March 2017, turbidity values ranged from 0 to 150 NTU. These measurements are used to calibrate the relationship between turbidity and SSC (Fig. 2 ). The polynomial regression between the two datasets (e. g. Versini et al. , 2015)  exhibits Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0. 968 and a residual mean of 1. 44 mg L -1 (Fig. 2 ). Water samples were collected every 6 h using ISCO© automatic samplers at the upstream and downstream boundaries.
Acknowledgements. This study is part of the  MOBISED  project. We would like to thank  Jean-François Iffly ,  Jérôme Juilleret ,  Luc Manceau , and  Cyrille Taillez  for the maintenance of field equipment and the accurate field data acquisition and  Claire Delus  and  Benoît Losson  for the constructive scientific discussions related to hydrological and sedimentary issues in the Orne river basin. Financial support. This research has been supported by the  Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR)  and the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  in the framework of the  FNR INTER-ANR research programme  (contract no. INTER/ANR/13/9441502 ). Review statement. This paper was edited by  Erwin Zehe  and reviewed by three anonymous referees.
Data availability. All the datasets related to the MOBISED project and, more specifically, the dataset of this paper (https://doi. org/10. 24396/ORDAR-27; Hissler, 2019) are fully accessible and can be directly download on the platform OTELO from the University of Lorraine (https://doi. org/10. 17616/R3F19K; re3data. org, 2019).
Microphone distribution guidelines A detailed study of the optimization of array microphone distribution is out of the scope of this manuscript, but arrays consisting of spirals or of several circles with an odd number of regularly spaced microphones seem to perform best  [1, 41]. Interesting studies using the optimization methods  [84]  and thorough parametric approaches leading to parettooptimal arrangements  [85]  can be found in the literature. The microphone positions in the first large test campaign of aircraft flyovers  [86]  were optimized with a genetic algorithm. To study moving sources, such as aircraft flyovers, the array shape can be elongated in the flight direction  [87]  to compensate for the loss of resolution due to emission angles other than 90 •. The Boeing Company also used an elliptical array shape for their flyover tests in the QTD2 program  [88]  consisting of 614 microphones in five subarrays with an overall size of approximately 91 m by 76 m, likely the largest array ever used in flyover tests.
• Global optimization methods:  [175]  can be used for searching the locations and amplitudes of sound sources without using a scan grid. Other parameters, such as the sound speed, can be added to the optimization problem to obtain more information about the sound field. Differential evolution was applied to a experiment with a speaker in an anechoic room  [175]. A summary of the required parameters and typical applications of all the methods described in this manuscript is presented in Table  1 , as well as additional comments if needed. Except when explicitly stated, a scan grid is also required for most of the acoustic imaging methods listed. The reader is warned to consider that the information indicated in Table  1  is just indicative and not at all restrictive. The beamforming methods that determine only the incoherent source strengths are conventional, functional, orthogonal, wavenumber, and robust adaptive beamforming, as well as CLEAN-SC, DAMAS, linear programming deconvolution, and SEM.
14     Left: q = 2 ; center: q = 1. 2 ; right: q = 0. Experimental database from DLR  [185]  1 3 and do not resolve the individual noise sources successfully. In case the Rotating Source Identifier (ROSI) technique  [66]  is applied, the five noise sources located at the tip of each blade are properly identified, see the right plot in Fig. 14.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to kindly thank  Dr. Takao Suzuki  from the  Boeing Company  for his suggestions about generalized inverse beamforming. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/),which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Optimization Tool for the Management of the EBs Fleet Charging This methodological part describes the approach used to optimize a charging strategy for a fleet of EBs charging overnight as shown in Figure  2. This approach uses nonlinear programming to search for optimality according to the objective function (which is here to minimize the battery aging cost) while taking into account various constraints (actual operating constraints, power grid and the charging station constraints). The optimization methodology has been executed in the Matlab/Simulink environment. Before optimizing the charging process, information is required regarding the number of buses and the operating constraints of each EB: initial state of charge (SoC), initial battery temperature, the target SoC, arrival and departure time, maintenance period.
Leou et al. [18]  proposed a stochastic approach for minimizing energy costs of 10 EBs on a centralized depot. The model took into account the variable electricity prices during the day. Chen et al. [19]  proposed two real-time coordinated charging strategies of EBs fleet to minimize both the charging costs and the peak load. They used a mixed integer linear programming at first, then, to reduce the computation time, they used a suboptimal strategy with a heuristic method. Wang et al. [20]  analyzed a real-world dataset of 16,359 EBs, 1400 bus lines and 5562 bus stops, which is obtained from the Chinese city Shenzhen. They designed "bCharge", which is a real-time charging scheduling system. The charging scheduling problem was formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) problem to reduce the charging cost for large-scale EBs fleet.
The data summarized in Table  1  correspond to the simulation parameters of our optimization model for the above mentioned case study. The electro-thermal and aging characteristics of the battery pack are also presented in Table  1. The battery price was set at 500 €•kWh -1. The reference  [44]  proposed a Li-ion battery capital cost ranges between 500-2500 $•kWh -1. Other research  [45]  proposed a Li-ion battery pack cost for EV ranges between 250-360 $•kWh -1 for 2015, 200-250 $•kWh -1 for 2020 and 150-200 $•kWh -1 for 2025. The cost estimation uncertainty of lithium-ion cells depends on several factors. Different values were found in the literature, thus, a mean value of 500 €•kWh -1 was chosen in this study as a realistic example (which seems more acceptable). To estimate the heat capacity and heat transfer coefficients, experiments were conducted on a Citroen C-Zero battery pack.
Automatic motion capture technologies for gesture research are promising  (Priesters & Mittelberg 2013 : Guez et al. 2013 ), but so far little advanced. As part of initiatives such as the TGIR Huma-Num Multi-Com-CORLI Consortium, multimodality researchers collaborate to develop collective harmonized practices of collection, transcription and archiving of spoken corpora. Overall, even if many advances are yet to be made in the construction of representative spoken corpora, the field is making fast progress. Given the multiplicity of issues raised by corpus representativeness and the limited space of a journal's special issue, the contributions assembled here are not intended to give a comprehensive overview of the topic in linguistics today. Rather, they allow to address a number of specific issues raised across various approaches and types of data and in relation to different research goals within linguistic traditions grounded in or having close theoretical and methodological links with cognitive linguistics.
Representing sign language in graphic form is hence a major challenge for sign language corpus developers. With Typannot, Boutet et al. take up that challenge. This modular typographic system aims to integrate three levels of information: the parameter (handshape, orientation, location, movement, facial expression), the components of the parameter, and the characteristics of each component, so as to provide a fine-grained description of the form of language signs for optimal representativeness of the data. Typannot's typefaces are created on the basis of the four underlying principles of scriptability, readability genericity, and modularity: they are meant to be easy to write and read, as well as to account for both low-level and concatenated information. Typannot stems from an interdisciplinary research involving linguists, designers and developers, and aims at being transferable to all existing sign languages.
Their article aims to define the genre of political discourse, based on both extralinguistic and linguistic features. First, they apply the bibliometric method PRISMA (borrowed from the political sciences) on a sample of 172 scientific articles from the Scopus database, so as to map out what types of discourse have been categorized as political in linguistic research over the past twenty years, and to identify their extralinguistic features (e. g. type of actors, materials, themes, geographical origin). Second, they assess how consistent the notion of political discourse is from a linguistic point of view. Using multidimensional register analysis  (Biber & Conrad 2009) , the authors study the formal linguistic features of three subtypes of political discourse (parliamentary debates, televised debates and citizen corpora) so as to assess similarities between their textual registers.
The author starts with a critical appraisal of the status of linguistic data in the enunciative framework. Often drawn from a single genre, realistic fiction, linguistic evidence is traditionally submitted to manipulations about which intuitive acceptability judgements are made. According to Ranger, this methodology goes against the enunciative approach's commitment to study language in the diversity of its naturally occurring manifestations. The author then proposes a corpus study of 'along' using the data of the British National Corpus. Using statistical measures of occurrences and cooccurrences of terms, he identifies four contextual configurations, which are mapped with four main values -spatial, temporal, subjective and argumentative -for the marker. In each value, 'along' marks a dynamic identification between a locatum and a locator, construed as an unbounded, sequentially ordered space.