dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the  European Union  ( FP7/2007-2013 ,  ERC  n  257099 , ITN Read n  GA-211-289723 ), the  ANR  ( Dynablocks  and STANWs  ANR-11-BS08-0006 ) and the international center for Frontier Research in Chemistry. We also would like to thank  CNRS ,  UdS ,  Labex CSC and IUF  for additional financial support.
Data collection Demographic characteristics including age, gender, body mass index, education level, family structure (marital status), and work status (employed, unemployed or unable to work) were collected. The medical files were accessed for each patient to confirm the diagnosis  [29] , and for AxSpA patients, to quantify disease activity and severity. Optimism was assessed by the French version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R)  [32, 33]. The LOT-R consists of 10 questions with a 6-item measure and 4 filler items assessing individual differences in generalized optimism versus pessimism. The total score ranges from 0 to 24 with high scores indicating higher levels of optimism: for indicative purposes we analysed optimism using cutoff values as follows: 0-13 indicates low optimism, 14-18 moderate optimism and 19-24 high optimism.
Sample sizes were different for both diseases and rather low for low back pain; this is due to the sampling method (convenience sample); thus low back pain results should be interpreted with caution. Moreover, there is a lack of data on optimism levels in the general population, and on cutoff values to interpret the LOT-R even though the LOT-R is a widely used questionnaire to assess optimism  [18] [19] [20] [21] 32]. Pessimism was not assessed in this study. In this study, AxSpA patients as well as low back pain patients suffered from poor HRQoL in terms of physical and mental well-being. Although there was no control group in this study, the use of SF12 (for which the results are calibrated in the general population) allows an assessment of HRQoL compared to the general population  [41].
Procedure We recorded hand use for unimanual behaviors by observations of the social groups of apes. The observers chose a given focal subject and small food items such as raisins or peanuts were scattered throughout the subjects' indoor or outdoor enclosure. The focal subject would move to different locations in the enclosure to grasp the food item. The experimenter would then record their hand use as left or right during each discrete reaching response. If multiple apes were feeding, the experimenter(s) picked up the focal subject as the one being in the most visible area of the enclosure and for which the fewest data points were available because some individuals (i. e. , dominant apes) had greater access to the food and performed more grasping behaviors than others. In order to obtain a reasonable numbers of observations for each subject (about 50 responses whenever possible) and increase our overall sample size, a concerted effort was made to focus on subjects that had the fewest observations whenever possible.
Handedness for Unimanual Reaching Descriptive data on handedness for each species are provided in Table  1. As noted above, overall hand preference data were available in 564 apes. Overall, a one-sample t-test on the HI scores revealed a significant rightward bias t(563) = 3. 565, p < 0. 001. Based on the classification data, there were 216 right-, 207 ambiguously-, and 141 left-handed apes, a distribution that differs significantly from a predicted random distribution χ 2 (2, N = 564) = 17. 84, p < 0. 001. The number of right-handed was significantly higher than the number of left-handed individuals χ 2 (1, N = 357) = 15. 76, p < 0. 001. The number of ambiguouslyhanded individuals was significantly higher than the number of left-handed, χ 2 (1, N = 348) = 12. 52, p < 0. 005 but did not differ from the number of right-handed apes, χ 2 (1, N = 423) = 0.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported in part by  NIH  grants  NS-42867 ,  NS-73134 ,  HD-60563 , and  HD-56232. AM is funded by the  French National Research Agency   ANR-12-PDOC-0014_1 , LangPrimate. The  Yerkes Center  and the  M D. Anderson Cancer Center  are fully accredited by the  American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. American Psychological Association  guidelines for the ethical treatment of animals were adhered to during all aspects of this study.
3-8. 5%) (outpatient setting, prison, hospital or unspecified) (based on re-arrests). The rates of recidivism were respectively 5. 8% for rapists and 2. 1% for child molesters. It seems that treating the offenders, at least in adults, is critical in preventing sexual violence and reducing victimisation  (Gerardin and Thibaut 2004; Walker et al. 2004; Fortune and Lambie 2006; Thibaut 2003; Thibaut et al. 2010; Dennis et al. 2012: Cochrane Database Systematic Review; La ˚ngstro ¨m et al. 2013; Kahn et al. 2015: Cochrane Database Systematic Review). In the same way,  Reitzel and Carbonell (2006)  in a metaanalysis, have reported that, in juvenile sexual offenders, the sexual recidivism rate was 7. 4% for those who received treatment (any kind) (n¼1655), as compared with 19% in the control groups (n¼1331).
Explanations focusing on attitudes and beliefs about women or sexual offending, family communication problems or poor parent-child attachment, exposure to nonsexual violence, social incompetence, conventional sexual experience, and low intelligence were not supported. Ranked by effect size, the largest group difference was obtained for atypical sexual interests, followed by sexual abuse history, and, in turn, criminal history, antisocial associations, and substance abuse. In the same way,  Christiansen and Vincent (2013)  using a dataset from the national juvenile court data archive, reported that the strongest individual predictors of sexual recidivism in adjudicated juvenile sex offenders were: prior sexual and non-sexual offending, hands-off offending, offending against a child, younger school grade/age at time of initial offence, minority status (Asian or Hispanic ethnicity) and not attending school.
Subsequently,  Aebi et al. (2015)  tested the link between past sexual abuse, either with or without contact, and sexually offending behaviour in a nationally representative sample of male and female adolescents attending 9th grade public schools in Switzerland while controlling for other types of abuse, mental health problems, substance use, and non-sexual violent behaviours. Selfreported data were collected from 6628 students (3434 males, 3194 females, mean age ¼ 15. 50 years, SD ¼ 0. 66 years). Exposure to contact and non-contact types of sexual abuse was assessed using the Child Sexual Abuse Questionnaire and sexually offending behaviour by the presence of any behaviour indicating sexual coercion. Two hundred and forty-five males (7. 1%) and 40 females (1. 2%) reported having sexually coerced another person.
A follow-up period of 7 years was used to assess recidivism data based on criminal convictions. The rates of criminal convictions were significantly higher for the treatment drop outs and the treatment noncompleted as compared to the treatment group on measures of nonsexual and serious recidivism. The treatment group had a lower rate of sexual offence recidivism (2. 4%) than the treatment drop outs (17. 4%) and the non-completed group. The study suggested that adolescent sexual offenders who completed a specific treatment for sexual offending behaviour had less sexual recidivism as well as nonsexual and serious recidivism. (  10 )  Eastman (2004 Eastman ( , 2005) )  studied, in an open study, without any comparison group, 100 male adolescent sexual offenders court-ordered, who took part in a residential treatment programme without specific information on this programme (38 additional adolescents were included in the 2005 study) (Table  I ).
Recidivism was based on arrest rates and incarceration rates due to a conviction. The outcome data looked at rearrest rates, length of time to re-arrest and type of offence (property offences, non-sexual assaults, sexual offences), using a survival analysis. The results showed that, in both groups, actual re-arrest for a non-sexual offence was more likely (31 vs. 47%, intensive versus less intensive programme), whereas for sexual offences this was less than 5% for both programmes (with no difference between both groups). The more intensive treatment programme had a longer survival time prior to rearrest for all types of offences compared to the less intensive programme. It was also reported that adolescent offenders with high levels of impulsive/antisocial behaviours were more likely to recidivate regardless of what treatment programme they went through.
Children with sexual behaviour problems There was only one randomised study  (Carpentier et al. 2006) , which was beyond the scope of this paper. This study prospectively followed 135 children, 5-12 years of age, with sexual behaviour problems. The randomised trial compared a 12-session group CBT with group play therapy and followed 156 general clinic children with non-sexual behaviour problems as a comparison group. Ten-year follow-up data on future juvenile and adult arrests and child welfare perpetration reports were collected. The CBT group had significantly fewer future sex offences than the play therapy group (2 vs. 10%) and did not differ from the general clinic comparison group (3%). The recidivism rate was 1/64 in the treatment group vs. 7/71 in the comparison group (play therapy group).
2 y (range: 12-20) Male Research Edition (MSI-J-R) (self-report) (child molest and rape) Criminal charges (sexual and non sexual, national database) Duration of follow-up: 10 years CBT: Mode deactivation therapy (theory of a network of cognitive, moti-vational, affective and behavioural components that create a personality) Weekly individual or group sessions involving imaging and relaxation Duration of follow-up: 1 year Timepoints: Baseline and post-treatment Outcome measures: Scales: -Devreux Scale of mental Disorders: DSMD -Child Behaviour Check List: CBCL -Beliefs about victims -Beliefs about aggression -JSOP-A (if428: high risk of sexual offending) SWAAY a multicomponent treatment facility for sex offenders: residential Satiation therapy adapted to adoles-care in groups, education and thera-cents: Timepoints: peutic interventions Sexual thoughts and visual stimuli in Prior to treatment Weekly CBT based programme (3-5 weeks conjunction with repetitive and pro-Every month Residential sex offenders programme for Timepoints: modules concerning sex relationships, longed exposure to deviant and non Outcome measures: incarcerated adolescents: no other Pre-and post-treatment decision making, rights and responsi-deviant stimuli (conditioning paradigm Plethysmography: information.
To determine payouts, senders were matched at random with two trustees (one from each series) and received payoffs based on the actual decisions of these partners. To ensure anonymity for trustees it was not revealed which of the clips viewed had been selected to determine senders' payoffs. From the first wave a total of 21 decisions and ratings concerning each of the 168 clips was obtained. From the second wave an average of 19 decisions and ratings for each clip was obtained. Clips in our dataset have an average of 40 ratings each, with a minimum of 38 and a maximum of 45. Fig. 1  summarizes the timeline of choices made by senders and trustees. Note that during the first wave senders and trustees faced the same stake size (i. e. initial stakes available to senders were either 4 or 8 euros).
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to  Lecio Costa-Simoes  for excellent and very professional filming in Toulouse; to  Marie-Claire Villeval  and her team at  GATE  at the  University of Lyon , especially  Sylvain Ferriol , for their hospitality, encouragement and technical support; and the  Institute for Advanced Study Toulouse (IAST)  and the  Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Plön  for financial support. Support through the  ANR -Labex IAST  is gratefully acknowledged. Automated facial ratings were funded by  ANR  grant  ANR-2010-JCJC-1803-01. We thank  Ruxanda Berlinschi ,  Julia Bird ,  Claudia Capozza ,  Marie Lalanne ,  Maxime Marty ,  Andrea Matranga ,  Racha Ramadan ,  Karine Van Der Straeten  and  Stéphane Peysson  for participation in pilot versions, and  Jean-Louis Rullière ,  Alice Seabright  and  James Tremewan  for valuable comments on preliminary results.
Apparatus Participants sat in front of a computer screen in a dimly-lit room. Stimulus presentation was controlled by OpenSesame  (Mathôt, Schreij, & Theeuwes, 2012 ) on a 21-in CRT monitor with a resolution of 1,024 × 768 pixels and a refresh rate of 100 Hz. The distance between the participant's eyes and the monitor was 75 cm and was kept constant by stabilizing the participant's head with a chin rest. Vocal responses were collected with a mono-channel microphone sampling at 44,100 Hz. Eye-position data of the right eye were recorded with a remote EyeLink 1000 system (SR Research Ltd. , Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) with a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz (accuracy: 0. 5°; precision: 0. 01°RMS). Viewing was binocular.
Statistical analyses Although the initial fixation position in a word can also affect other dependent variables (e. g. , gaze duration and the duration of the second fixation;  Vitu et al. 2001 Vitu et al. , 2007)) , for the current study we limited ourselves to response times (RTs), number of refixations, and initial-fixation durations. We investigated the effect of initial fixation position (for objects vs. words) on these three dependent variables. The purpose was to answer the following questions: 1. Do we observe (inverted) u-shaped (I-)OVP curves for objects, just like we do for words? If so, do they differ in strength between the two stimulus types? 2. Do we observe a leftward bias for objects just like for words? To answer these questions, we ran separate linear mixed effects (LME) models for the different dependent variables (by using the R package Blme4;^Bates, Mächler, Bolker, & Walker, 2014).
Data processing and selection To estimate RTs, we first automatically determined the onset of the acoustic signal by using the package OnsetDetective (van der Linden et al. , 2014). Next, the first author visually inspected the resulting onsets (while being blind to the condition), and, if necessary, manually adapted them. RTs were computed as the difference between stimulus onset and voice onset  (Oldfield & Wingfield, 1964). Fixations and saccades were detected using the built-in EyeLink saccade/fixationdetection algorithm with the default parameters. We excluded trials on which the onset of the vocal response could not be detected due to a too poor signal-to-noise ratio (1. 05 %), a saccade started but did not finish during the stimulus-response interval (0. 13 %), participants did not give the expected verbal response (2.
Acknowledgments Lotje van der Linden was supported by a grant (Ballocation de recherche^) from the  French Ministry of Research  (2012Research ( -2015)). We presented the current study at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the  Vision Sciences Society in St. Pete Beach, Florida, USA. We thank  Rouchdati Cheikh  for helping us with the data collection. We also thank  Marc Brysbaert ,  Tom Foulsham , and  Antje Nuthmann  for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.
Participants A total of 30 healthy volunteers participated in this experiment (two left-handed, 25 women, mean age of 20. 6 years, SD = 1. 58). Data from one participant were excluded from the analyses due to a high error rate (over 50%). All participants in this and the following experiment were naïve students from the University of Granada, who participated in the experiment for course credits. They reported having normal or corrected to normal vision. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines laid down by the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.
Apparatus and stimuli display The experiment was run on a computer with a 1GHz Pentium III processor, connected to a 15-inch color VGA monitor. E-prime 2 software  (Schneider et al. , 2002)  controlled the presentation of stimuli and the acquisition of data throughout the experiments. All stimuli were white lines drawings presented against a gray background. Four placeholder boxes were presented around the fixation point  (up, down, left, and right). Each box was 15 mm in width by 15 mm in height (subtending 1. 5 and 1. 5 • of visual angle at a viewing distance of 57 cm, at which 1 cm corresponds to 1 • of visual angle). Each box was positioned 3 • away from central fixation along the horizontal and the vertical plane, as measured from the center of the placeholder to the center of the screen.
Participants A total of 56 healthy volunteers participated in this experiment. Twenty-eight participants (all right-handed, all women, mean age of 22. 1 years, SD = 2. 67) took part in the behavioral task, while the remaining 28 participants (all right-handed, 20 women, mean age of 22 years, SD = 2. 99) participated in the electroencephalographic (EEG) task. Data from five participants from the behavioral task were excluded from the analyses due to a high error rate (over 50%) or a technical error that prevented response recording. Data from one participant from the EEG task were also excluded from the analyses due to a high error rate (over 60%).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EM-A was supported by a predoctoral grant ( AP2008-02806 ) from the  FPU program  from the  Spanish Ministry of Education and Science , and by a postdoctoral grant from the  INSERM-U1028. Research was funded by research projects  PSI2008-03595PSIC ,  PSI2011-22416 , and eraNET-NEURON BEYONDVIS,  EUI2009-04082 , to JL. FB was founded by a postdoctoral grant from the eraNET-NEURON  BEYONDVIS  project. ABC was supported with a  Ramón y Cajal fellowship  from the  Spanish Ministry of Education and Science  ( RYC-2011-09320 ).
Types of participants We will include children and adolescents (aged less than 18 when they initially enrolled in the studies) with a primary diagnosis of a current anxiety disorder according to standardised diagnostic criteria, for example, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM),  [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]  the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). 41 42 According to DMS-5,  40  anxiety disorder includes separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), panic disorder, agoraphobia, GAD and panic attack specifier. Where studies include 'mixed disorders', we will also exclude trials involving more than 20% patients with a primary diagnosis of PTSD and/or OCD in this network meta-analysis. Where trials include both adults and children/adolescents, the data will be included if data in youths can be extracted separately, or obtained from authors.
Types of outcome measures We will assess efficacy at post-treatment and at follow-up, in order to examine the effects of acute phase treatment and longer term effects. The standardised mean difference (SMD) was used as a measure of effect size in efficacy outcome. It was calculated as the difference between the mean change scores of the two groups divided by the pooled SD. The mean change scores equal end point minus baseline scores for two groups. The primary outcome will be efficacy at post-treatment, as measured by mean change scores in anxiety symptoms from baseline to post-treatment. The secondary outcome measure will be efficacy at follow-up, as measured by mean change scores in anxiety symptoms from baseline to the end of full follow-up. Where available, we will extract data at short-term (1-6 months) follow-up and long-term (6-12 months) follow-up for each study, and at the longest available follow-up.
We will also examine continuous measures of quality of life and functional improvement (QoL/functioning). 54 55 The scales of quality of life include the Quality of Life Inventory (QoLI),  56  Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (QoL Child Report),  57  etc. The scales of functional improvement include the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS),  58  the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS),  59  etc. When data are reported on the quality of life and functional improvement, we will first choose data from the quality of life.
Search strategy We will identify relevant published and unpublished trials from systematic searches in the following electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertations and LiLACS. The search time frame will be from 1 January 1966 to 30 January 2015 (update to 1 July 2015). There will be no restrictions on language, publication year or publication type. We will search these databases using the following search strategy with text words and subject headings. The text words including: Condition=(anxiety OR anxious OR phobic OR fear OR phobia OR "panic disorder*" OR "overanxious disorder*" OR "avoidant disorder*" OR agoraphobia OR "selective mutism" OR "panic attack specifier" OR "combat disorder*" OR "mixed disorder*" OR neurosis OR neuroses OR neurotic OR "school refusal") AND Intervention=( psychother* OR behavio* OR "family therap*" OR "family treatment" OR cogniti* OR interpersonal OR relaxation OR bibliotherap* OR counsel* OR supportive OR problem-solving OR "problem solving" OR psychodynamic OR Modeling OR "reinforced practice" OR exposure OR treatment OR treatments OR therapy) AND Age=(adolesc* OR child* OR boy* OR girl* OR juvenil* OR minors OR paediatri* OR pediatri* OR pubescen* OR school* OR student* OR teen* OR young OR youth* OR class*).
The subject headings including: "Anxiety Disorders" AND "Psychotherapy" AND ("child" OR "adolescent"). We will also search clinicaltrials. gov in the USA, the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) and the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR) for ongoing trial registers, and check relevant reports on the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) in the WHO, and manually search major psychiatric and psychology journals, such as J Anxiety Disord, J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, Clin Psychol Rev, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, J Consult Clin Psychol, Cognit Ther Res, Psychopharmacol Bull, Psychother Psychosom, Arch Gen Psychiatry, Am J Psychiatry, Depress Anxiety.
Study selection and data extraction Selection of trials Titles and abstracts identified from the search strategies will be independently examined by two reviewers (BQ and YZ). If both reviewers judge that the trial does not meet the eligibility criteria, we will exclude it. Then we will obtain the full texts of all remaining articles and determine whether to include them by the same eligibility criteria. We will calculate the inter-rater reliability of the two raters. Any disagreements will be resolved by a third review author (XZ). When multiple publications are from the same data set, we will select the trial with the most complete data. In addition, the references of relevant reviews and included trials will also be checked by BQ and YZ. The reasons for exclusion of trials will be reported in the characteristics of the excluded studies list.