dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Our Bayesian analysis estimated that the most recent common ancestor of strains circulating in the South Pacific region (Figure  3 , purple subtree) dates from 2013 (range 2011-2014). The sequence of the ancestor of all strains retrieved in the South Pacific between 2014 and 2020 was determined by ancestral state reconstruction (Figure  S1 ). The best hits upon blasting of this ancestral sequence were found to be a DENV-2 sequence retrieved in Fiji in 2014 (GenBank KM279394. 1) with 100% identity, another sequence retrieved in Fiji in 2014 (GenBank KM279392. 1) with 99% identity, and a sequence imported from the Philippines in China (GenBank MG840595. 1) with 99% identity. Within the South Pacific cluster, strains collected in 2018-2020 in French PICTs, namely NC, WF, and PF formed a sub-cluster, supported by a bootstrap value of 83 and a posterior probability of 1.
Discussion Following a 15-year period during which no DENV-2 circulation was detected, DENV-2 re-emerged in the South Pacific in 2014, when herd immunity for DENV-2 was low  [21]. DENV-2 circulation in the South Pacific region between 2014 and 2020 was imputable to the Cosmopolitan genotype, and the most recent common ancestor to all South Pacific strains was estimated to date from 2013. The representativity of publicly available genomic data likely prevented the reliable inference of the geographic origin of this DENV-2. South Pacific DENV-2 strains, however, were phylogenetically close to sequences from South East Asia (SEA), which suggested a possible introduction from this region. Multiple population exchange between PICTs and SEA, both for tourism and trade, may have favored this introduction.
Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the  Vila Central Hospital (VCH) laboratory technicians Sero Kalkie  and  Leiwia Dick  for their contribution to samples collection, processing and shipment in Vanuatu. We thank Senior Public Health Surveillance Officer Vanua Sikon who contributed to the coordination of samples collection between health facilities and the  VCH laboratory. We acknowledge the  Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network  for the implementation of the pipeline for laboratory specimen shipment and testing. We thank  Louis Cognet  for his contribution to samples handling and preparation for sequencing. We warmly thank  Yvon Cavaloc  and the sequencing platform at the University in New Caledonia.
Funding: This research was funded by an internal seed-funding from the  Institut Pasteur of New Caledonia  and by  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  under DENWOLution Grant Agreement no. ANR-19-CE35-0001-01. E. S. -L. acknowledges funding from the  INCEPTION program  ( Investissements d'Avenir grant   ANR-16-CONV-0005 ). Shipment of samples collected in Vanuatu and analysis conducted at  Institut Pasteur of New Caledonia  were supported by  WHO  funding for national public health surveillance with support from  Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) ,  Australia. Shipment  and testing of samples collected in Fiji were funded by  SPC  with support from  DFAT.
But the situation of students dwelling with their parents is visibly different, since the fact that there are fewer places of further education can result in far longer journeys. To apprehend these joint mobilities and resultant family arrangements, sophisticated data collection procedures have been developed. One instance of this is the procedure developed in France for the ANR MOBI'KIDS research program  (Depeau et al. , 2019) , 1 relating specifically to children in their final year at primary school or first year at secondary school. The variables selected for these studies tend to be distance (either Euclidian or via a network), travel time, mode of travel, frequency of trip by purpose, income or social position, level of education, gender, and age. It may be noted that these works tend not to analyze or map the spatial location of daily itineraries by co-resident individuals, with the exception of that by  Depeau et al.
Method for calculating STAs To calculate the STAs for the two dates (1993 and 2009), we used location of place of residence (at the city block scale), location of place of activity (at the sector scale), and travel time. These three variables were processed using a series of GIS operations. 13  This comprised three main stages: 1. Calculating distances and speeds 2. A series of translations 3. A series of centrographic analyses. The variables presented in this and the following section are given in tables 4 and 5 (appended), taken from the overall dataset.
56 In addition to this methodological contribution, this article draws on two particularly precious surveys making it possible to follow changes in accessibility of place of work or study for three categories of individuals at a sixteen-year interval. These data sources are without equivalent for Bogotá for the period under study. This article has thus provided an opportunity to illustrate the potential for reusing relatively old survey data, and the precautions that need to be taken. This echoes two problems identified by  Heaton (2008) : the problem of "data fit" (the fit of a dataset devised by one group of researchers for new questions addressed by other researchers), and the problem of "not having been there" (the authors of this article took part in the 2009 survey, but not in that of 1993).
Introduction Tourism is undergoing a wide-ranging process of transformation set in motion by digitalisation  [1]. To meet emerging customer needs and build innovative platforms  [2] , the tourism industry combines money, technology and knowledge. Of particular interest is distributed ledger technology (hereafter DLT), a powerful driver of a technological revolution that creates new opportunities for tourism companies  [3]. A blockchain is a distributed, shared, encrypted-database that serves as an irreversible and incorruptible public repository of information. It enables unrelated people to reach consensus on the occurrence of a particular transaction or event without the need for a controlling authority  [4]. First, we review token-based versus non-token-based growth drivers in the tourism industry and define a project's token/network relation strength accordingly.
Weak relation For smart contracts, review certification, online booking and e-healthcare, r = 0. 2. Smart contracts are blockchain-powered programmes, for deciding whether an operation should be permitted. They can send an acknowledgement or (nonmonetary) token access mechanism to the physical asset, or a user e-wallet, to open a rental car or hotel room  [27]. Fizzy  [28]  was a web and mobile insurance cover experiment for flight delays that ended in November 2019  [29]. The compensation of a loss is no longer based on expert assessments of customer claims, but on data stored on the blockchain. Axa ended the experiment in November 2019. Travel sites often aggregate reviews and ratings about tourism service providers  [30]. These online user-generated reviews tend to dramatically reshape the tourism industry [31]; controversy surrounding verified opinions, distorted rankings, and satisfaction rate authenticity has not ended  [32].
The travel industry has suffered massively from the 2020 coronavirus pandemic; the Webjet share price is nonetheless showing signs of resilience. Travelers are required to show their ID at multiple stages of their journey from booking to boarding to checking in at the hotel. DLT increases security while simplifying traveller identification  [41]. Gamification is the process of layering game-like features onto a platform. Combined with DLT and mobile services, it enables early-stage innovation and engagement in the creative process  [42]. Destination marketing organisations and tourists benefit from gamified mobile experiences  [43]. In case of emergency, access to a permissioned blockchain helps detect a competent expert, who has access to the healthcare data remotely in case of a rare condition.
Patients can store encrypted vital information and instruct who has access to the private key and the medical information. The ledger stores medical procedures and advanced directives, such as not-to-resuscitate orders  [44]. Sihatech is funded by Saudi Aramco (worth $2 trillion) through the Aramco Entrepreneurship Ventures Fund. Sihatech has built the largest database of private doctors in Saudi Arabia and has launched an elective medical procedure financing module called Jamalek. Sihatech is listed amongst the world's top 10 start-ups  [45]. Interpretation: Successful projects cited in this study display weak or loose network/token relation strength. Furthermore, there is no correlation between online coverage measured by Google search results, and the two discretionary variables (success/failure and token/network relation strength).
DLT solutions and Electronic Health Records (EHR) Not all consumption of healthcare services abroad is medical tourism, for instance, the occurrence of emergencies while travelling abroad. Clinicians often find themselves in a critical, if not perilous, situation when lacking any health record on their foreign patient. The delivery of quality healthcare is always at stake, and in some emergency situations, human lives are too  [44]. When a person is travelling outside their home country, and is treated for an emergency, a blockchain ledger could help detect a competent expert, who would have access to the healthcare data remotely in case of a rare condition. Due to privacy concerns related to EHRs, patients could store encrypted (therefore confidential) vital information on blockchain-powered Internet-of-Things (IOT) medical devices, and instruct who has access to the private key and the patient's medical information.
MedRec is a decentralised EHR management system  [69]. EHRs are signed digitally, thereby ensuring the existence of an unaltered copy. It is the signature, not the record itself, which is stored on the blockchain ledger. MedRec notifies to the patient the read and write permissions over the EHR. A cryptographic hash of the record protects against tampering, thereby guaranteeing data integrity to all network participants. The block content is made of healthcare data ownership and viewership permissions, while the healthcare community forms the thrust of P2P network. The objective of MedRec is to develop a userfriendly interface that simplifies direct interaction between patients and EHRs that span over different healthcare providers. The next step will be to increase the complexity level of the interface by introducing a richer dataset comprising more data types, contributors and users.
DLT, through a decentralized control mechanism, allows the healthcare system to do away with another layer of middlemen, and enhances the control of the patient over medical data. Furthermore, healthcare blockchain ledgers become time-stamped, auditable and programmable with the help of Ethereum-based smart contracts that help automate and track state transitions (e. g. change in viewership rights and entry of a new record in the system). Digital identity, paramount in healthcare management can be tackled today by DLT  [70] , is enhanced by the association of widely accepted forms of identity with public key cryptography  [71]. After referring a blockchain to confirm permissions via the database authentication server, a syncing algorithm handles 'off-chain' data exchange between a patient database and a provider database  [72].
Data collection From Dec 1, 2005, to May 20, 2020, we recorded the number of patients diagnosed with Kawasaki disease using the validated diagnostic criteria  15  of the American Heart Association. Patients for whom another diagnosis was confirmed during the follow-up were excluded. For each patient, demographic and clinical data were prospectively recorded. All collected data were anonymous. Further more, we recorded the number of hospital admissions of paediatric patients (aged <18 years) from the emergency department in the same centre in the study period. The results of the respiratory pathogens identified by multiplex nasopharyngeal PCR from Sept 1, 2017, to May 20, 2020, were also recorded.
Implications of all the available evidence The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been followed by a rapid emergence of Kawasaki disease, suggesting that children can develop severe forms of COVID-19. This increased incidence is similar to the peak of Kawasaki disease that occurred after the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic, providing evidence of the role of viral infections in triggering Kawasaki disease. Physicians should prepare to manage an increase in the incidence of Kawasaki disease, depending on the magnitude of their local COVID-19 outbreak. These time series were com pared with daily paediatric hospital admissions due to confirmed COVID-19 disease in the same region, recorded by Public Health France. This study followed national ethical guidelines and was approved by French data protection authorities (Commission Nationale de l'Information et des Libertés 2014908 and 1980120).
The immunoprecipitated and input products were loaded into a slot blot membrane and hybridized with a telomere probe, and stripped and hybridized to an Alu probe in order to determine unspecific binding. Quantification was performed by normalizing the telomere signal of the immunoprecipitated to that of the input. Data represent mean AE SD of three biological replicates. C Immunofluorescence detection of 53BP1 (red) and a FISH probe staining telomeres (green) in young (PD 26), pre-senescent (PD 66), and senescent (PD 72 + 4 weeks) MRC-5 fibroblasts. The upper graph shows the percentage of telomere co-localizing with 53BP1 (TIFs). downregulation. In contrast, we found a significant fusion frequency increase in senescent cells which increase to even higher levels when RAP1 was depleted (Figs  2A  and B , and EV2B and C) showing that RAP1 prevents fusion events in particular of senescent cells.
Data represent mean AE SD of three biological replicates. Statistical analyses were performed using Mann-Whitney U-test (*P < 0. 05; **P < 0. 001; ***P < 0. 0001). D Examples of metaphase spreads hybridized with a telomeric PNA probe (green) when RAP1 was depleted (+DOX). Telomerase was inhibited with BIBR1532 for 25 days. Scale bar = 10 lm. E Quantification of chromosome aberrations observed in RAP1-depleted cells (+DOX) or control (-DOX). Data represent mean AE SD of three biological replicates. Approximately 15 metaphase spreads were analyzed per replicate with a total of 2,300 chromosomes examined per condition. *P < 0. 05; two-tailed Student's t-test.
25 M LiCl, 1% NP40, 1% deoxycholic acid). Chromatin was eluted (1% SDS, 0. 1 M NaHCO 3 solution), and the cross-linked chromatin was reversed at 65°C overnight. The DNA was treated with RNaseA (10 mg/ml for 20 min) and proteinase K (10 mg/ml for 1 h at 50°C), followed by phenol-chloroform purification and ethanol precipitation. The DNA obtained from ChIP was denatured and blotted onto nylon membranes using a slot blot apparatus, cross-linked, and hybridized with different radioactively labeled probes. The membranes were exposed onto phosphorimager screens, and the signal intensity was quantified with ImageQuant software.
Molecular size of each of the bands was calculated by ImageQuant TL 8. 1 software (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). To estimate the frequency of fusions, the number of PCR bands of each DNA analyzed was counted and the total amount of DNA used in the PCRs was calculated. The frequency of fusions was expressed as number of fusion events per 1 lg of DNA used in the PCR. Only bands of different sizes after sequential hybridization with the three different subtelomeric probes were considered to estimate the frequency of fusions. Each PCR was carried out with 50 ng of EcoRI digested DNA, and each biological replicate was performed with 16 PCRs. The frequency of fusions represents an underestimate of the total telomere fusion in a given cells as: (i) The primers used in the PCR target only a subset of chromosome ends, (ii) there is no correction for PCR efficiency, and (iii) only fusion products of about 10 kb or lower are detected with the conditions used in this study.
Nanopore sequencing analysis The raw nanopore reads were processed using the 00. Long_Reads module of the LRSDAY v1. 5. 0 framework  [34]. Briefly, we performed base calling and debarcoding with Guppy v2. 3. 5. The debarcoded reads were further processed by Porechop v0. 2. 4 (https://github. com/rrwick/Porechop) for adapter trimming (option: -discard_middle). For each sample, the trimmed reads were mapped (option: -ax map-ont) to the human reference genome (version GRCh38) with minimap2 v2. 16  [35]. The resulting BAM file was further processed by SAMtools v1. 9  [36]  and picard tools v2. 18. 23 (https://broadinstitute. github. io/picard/) for alignment sorting, filtering (minimal mapping quality cutoff: 30), and duplicates removing. Chimeric reads (i. e. , different parts of the same read were uniquely mapped to different genomic regions) were extracted by SAMtools by only keeping the reads with the "SA:" SAM format flag.
Telomere length analysis by Southern blotting Total DNA was digested with HinfI/RsaI enzymes (Promega), and 5 lg was migrated on 1% agarose gels. After transfer of DNA to the N + Hybond membrane (GE Healthcare), each membrane was hybridized with the telomeric DNA probe (purified 650-bp telomeric fragment) obtained by random priming using the Klenow large fragment enzyme and radioactively labeled (aP32) dCTP nucleotides. The signal was later revealed using the Typhoon FLA 9500 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences). The signal profile and the telomere length of the highest intensity peak were obtained using the ImageQuant RL 8. 1 software (GE Healthcare Life Sciences).
Acknowledgements This work was performed using the genomic, PICMI, and CYTOMED facilities of IRCAN (supported by  FEDER ,  ARC , le  Minitère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, la région Provence Alpes-Côte d'Azur, and Inserm ). The exchanges between the EG and JY laboratory were supported by the  PHC   Cai Yuanpei program  of the  Ministry of Foreign Affair. The work in EG laboratory was supported by grants from the  Fondation ARC  (" Programme Labellisé") ,  ANR (program TELOCHROM) Institut Nationale du Cancer (INCa)  (program REPLITOP), " Investments for the Future" LABEX SIGNALIFE  (reference  ANR-11-LABX-0028-01 ),  FRM grant  ( FDT20170437327 ), and the cross-cutting program of Inserm on aging (AGEMED). The work in the JY laboratory was supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (grant numbers  81522017 ,  81971312 , and  91749126 ), the  Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (Oriental Scholars Program) , the  Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission  ( 19XD1422500 ), and the  Foundation of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine for Translational Medicine Innovation Project  (grant number  15ZH4005 ).
A simple example would be a database of members and their expertise that is routinely tapped to provide technical proofreading of articles and investigations. It might take time, but it also adds value. The value includes the added 'stickiness' of the member who is consulted about things that member knows a lot about. (p. 3) These routines can have several formats: simple tools enabling members to vote on subjects of their interest, moderated comments sections, callouts where publish-ers ask for their expertise or interest on specific themes, structured surveys, real work with data shared that can be paid, participation on editorial and training events, etc. Interaction can work through different channels, such as the publishers' owned platforms, social media (Facebook Messenger and Groups are popular tools for that), emails-where different versions of newsletters can be tailored according to the interests and expertise of members subscribed-and even offline events and editorial meetings  (Quamby et al.
d. -a). Mediapart is a French digital newspaper started by four former journalists of Le Monde and two technology specialists who raised a personal starting capital of €1. 325 million and other €1. 614 million from investors and a society of friends to launch in 2007-later, it received further investments  (Plenel, 2008a). In October 2019, the company bought back all its shares and became a non-profit organization that receives and manages funds from almost 170,000 subscribers  (Plenel, 2019). First, we carried out a comprehensive documental and bibliographical research that entailed data from press releases, email newsletters, corporate reports, and articles published on the platforms owned by the outlets and also by specialized media. For example, we looked at news articles from The Correspondent's website "The Problem with Real News, and What We Can Do about It"  (Wijnberg, 2019) , "A Peek at the Correspondent's Launch Budget"  (Anyangwe & Pfauth, 2019)  and "My Mission as Your Conversation Editor"  (Shabbir, 2019) , as well as their founder Rob Wijnberg's blog on Medium, that has several posts which debate policies and practices behind the news enterprise  (Wijnberg, 2018a (Wijnberg, , 2018b (Wijnberg, , 2018c (Wijnberg, , 2018d)).
Patients and study design The study was conducted in the Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) M� editerran� ee Infection (https://www. mediterranee-infection. com/), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Southern France. As previously described, we performed early massive PCR screening both for patients suspected of having COVID-19 and for contacts of confirmed cases  [8]. We proposed standardized treatment and follow-up for all individuals >18 years of age with PCR-documented SARS-CoV-2 RNA from a nasopharyngeal sample. Data were collated from all patients from March 3rd to April 27th and were analysed retrospectively.
Clinical, biological and radiological data and follow-up Demographics (age, sex), chronic conditions (cancer, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart disease, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease and obesity) and concomitant medications were documented. Symptoms, including rhinitis, anosmia, ageusia, fever, cough, dyspnoea and chest pain, were systematically recorded. Severity was assessed using the National Early Warning Score adapted to COVID-19 patients (NEWS-2) at admission and during follow-up  [18]. Three categories of clinical worsening were defined: low score (NEWS-2 ¼ 0-4), medium score (NEWS-2 ¼ 5-6), and high score (NEWS-2�7). We recorded lymphocyte, eosinophil and platelet counts; fibrinogen; D-dimer and other coagulation factors; electrolytes; zinc; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); creatine phosphokinase (CPK); C-reactive protein; and HCQ serum dosage  [19].
Ethics statement Data presented herein were collected retrospectively from the routine care setting using the electronic health recording system of the hospital. This non-interventional retrospective study was approved by our institutional review board committee (Mediterran� ee Infection N � : 2020-021). In France, at the time the study was conducted, HCQ for COVID-19 treatment was approved off-label for hospital delivery only. As previously reported  [8] , for all patients, the prescription of HCQ-AZ was made during either complete hospitalization or at day-care hospital by one of the physicians, after collegial decision based on the most recent scientific data available and after assessment of the benefit/harm ratio of the treatment. According to European General Data Protection Regulation No 2016/679, patients were informed of the potential use of their medical data and that they could refuse the use of their data.