dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Conclusions and perspectives In this paper, we conducted a study of the wind driven halo visible in VLT/SPHERE images, a specific signature that significantly affects the contrast performance of the instrument. We provided a detailed examination of the different parameters that are playing a role in building up this WDH, from the instrument design to its interaction with the observing conditions and op-erations. When the turbulence coherence time is below 3 ms, the WDH appears in SPHERE coronagraphic images (for its AO system running at 1380 Hz), yielding an occurrence rate of about 30%, according to turbulence profiling measurements. This occurrence rate will be refined by an upcoming detailed analysis of the SPHERE-SHINE survey data sample. To that end, we proposed a procedure to analyze the WDH contribution directly from the focal plane images.
We checked, thanks to various simulations, that this procedure is able to extract the relevant parameters to describe the WDH: its direction, its strength and its asymmetry. In the future, we intend to use this procedure for a statistical analysis on the full SPHERE-SHINE sample, and correlate the results to the atmospheric turbulence parameters, essentially the turbulence coherence time and the scintillation measured by the MASS-DIMM and Stereo-SCIDAR at Paranal observatory, and by the AO telemetry data. Such a study will bring a deeper understanding of this specific limitation, towards proposing a way to alleviate this frequent contrast limitation on the data already acquired with SPHERE, but also to give important outlooks for the design of upgrades and future instruments equipped with an HCI mode such as SPHERE+, GPI2.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank the anonymous referee for her/his beneficial comments on the present paper. F. C. : acknowledges  J. Antichi  for fruitful discussions about the Talbot length in the context of SPHERE. O. J. D. F:  STFC studentship  ( ST/N50404X/1 ). T. H. : T. H. acknowledges support from the  European Research Council  under the  Horizon 2020 Framework Program  via the  ERC Advanced Grant  Origins No. 832428. J. O. and N. B. : This work was supported by the  Science and Technology Funding Council (UK)  ( ST/P000541/1 ),  UKRI   Future Leaders Fellowship (UK)  ( MR/S035338/1 ) and  Horizon 2020 ; this project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No. 730890. A. V. : This project has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme , grant agreement No.
Results TiO 2 anatase electrode was mounted in special electrochemical cell and cycled vs. Na while XAS spectra on Ti K-edge were acquired, as described in Section 5. The evolution of the XANES portion of the XAS dataset along with corresponding electrochemical cycling curve is shown in Figure  1. In particular, the inset in (a) depicts the evolution of the pre-edge features. In the spectrum of the pristine electrode, the pre-edge shows the typical features of anatase structure consisting of 4 peaks commonly labelled A1, A2, A3 and B, and resulting from the octahedral coordination geometry of titanium in the anatase structure  [20]. During the sodiation, a shift of the Ti K-edge position to lower energies is observed, reflecting the reduction of Ti 4+ to Ti 3+ which demonstrates the redox activity of the Ti 4+/3+ redox couple, in line with previous ex situ findings  [12, 18].
Simultaneously, a slight increase of the intensity of the A2 pre-edge peak and a general fading of the other features is observed, which has been attributed to the aggravating distortion of the coordination of the Ti centres with respect to crystalline TiO 2  [18, 21]. A similar change in the shape of the pre-edge was already observed in the case of the lithiation of anatase  [22, 23]. It is noteworthy that, while the main edge position seems to be largely reversed upon desodiation, the changes in the pre-edge features are not, indicating, differently from the case of lithium, that non-reversible structural rearrangements have occurred upon initial sodiation. The complete dataset comprising more than 350 XAS spectra was analysed via Principal Component Analysis revealing the existence of four independent component (see Appendix A, Figure  A1 ).
In the EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) region, data were collected up to k = 12 Å -1. The operando XAS spectra were first globally analysed by a statistical tool named Principal Component Analysis (PCA), employing the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) algorithm with the computer program Matlab. The number of principal components determined in this way was used as the basis for Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) analysis, which allows the stepwise reconstruction of the spectral components which are necessary for interpreting the whole multiset of operando spectra. The whole procedure is described in detail in ref. [19]. The MCR-ALS analysis was performed with the following constraints: (i) 100 non-negativity of the intensity and of the concentration of the components, (ii) no unimodality and (iii) closure (sum of the components always equal to 100 % of the intensity).
The reconstructed pure spectral components were extracted and fitted using the IFEFFIT software package  [27]. Fourier transform of EXAFS oscillations with different k weights was carried out in k-range from 2. 5 to 11. 0 Å -1. Fitting was performed in R-range from 1. 4 to 3. 65 Å using k 2 and k 3 weights. EXAFS amplitudes and phase-shifts were calculated by FEFF starting from the calculated lattice parameters of TiO 2. Interatomic distances (R) and the Debye-Waller factors (σ 2 ) were calculated for all paths included in the fits.
Acknowledgments:  Synchrotron SOLEIL  is acknowledged for providing beamtime at beamline SAMBA (proposal number 20151085). Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación  is acknowledged for its support through the project  ION-SELF  (ref. PID2019-106519RB-I00 ). Antonella Iadecola  ( RS2E ) is gratefully acknowledged for technical and logistic help in the preparation of the measurement session at the synchrotron. Last but not least, the authors are in debt to  Laure Monconduit  ( ICGM ) for continuously providing valuable professional input and fruitful discussion throughout the length of this study.
ESGO/ESTRO/ESP nominated practising clinicians who are involved in the management of endometrial carcinoma patients and have demonstrated leadership in clinical management of patients through research, administrative responsibilities, and/or committee membership to serve on the expert panel. The objective was to assemble a multidisciplinary panel and it was therefore essential to include professionals from relevant disciplines (gynaecological oncology and gynaecology, medical, clinicaland radiation oncology, pathology) to contribute to the validity and acceptability of the guidelines. To ensure that the statements were evidence based, the current literature was reviewed and critically appraised. A systematic literature review of relevant studies published between January 2014 and june 2019 was carried out using the MEDLINE database (see Appendix 1).
Mills, A. M. , et al. Lynch syndrome screening should be considered for all patients with newly diagnosed endometrial cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 38, 1501-1509 (2014). 12. Mojtahed, A. , Schrijver, I. , Ford, J. M. , Longacre, T. A. & Pai, R. K. A two-antibody mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry screening approach for colorectal carcinomas, skin sebaceous tumors, and gynecologic tract carcinomas. Mod Pathol 24, 1004-1014 (2011). 13. Shia, J. , et al. Immunohistochemistry as first-line screening for detecting colorectal cancer patients at risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome: a 2-antibody panel may be as predictive as a 4-antibody panel. Am J Surg Pathol 33, 1639-1645 (2009). 14. Moller, P. , et al. Cancer incidence and survival in Lynch syndrome patients receiving colonoscopic and gynaecological surveillance: first report from the prospective Lynch syndrome database.
Robotic surgery compared with laparotomy for high-grade endometrial cancer. J Robot Surg 8, 163-167 (2014). 163. Safdieh, J. , et al. A Comparison of Outcomes Between Open Hysterectomy and Robotic-Assisted Hysterectomy for Endometrial Cancer Using the National Cancer Database. Int J Gynecol Cancer 27, 1508-1516 (2017). 164. Wright, J. D. , et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy for Endometrial Cancer. J Clin Oncol 34, 1087-1096 (2016). 165. Barraez, D. , Godoy, H. , McElrath, T. , Kredentser, D. & Timmins, P. Low incidence of port-site metastasis after robotic assisted surgery for endometrial cancer staging: descriptive analysis. J Robot Surg 9, 91-95 (2015). 166. Yoon, A. , et al. Robotic single-port hysterectomy, adnexectomy, and lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer.
230. Brugger, S. , et al. Endometrial cancer-how many patients could benefit from sentinel lymph node dissection? World J Surg Oncol 16, 95 (2018). 231. Kataoka, F. , et al. The importance of para-aortic lymph nodes in sentinel lymph node mapping for endometrial cancer by using hysteroscopic radio-isotope tracer injection combined with subserosal dye injection: Prospective study. Gynecol Oncol 140, 400-404 (2016). 232. Backes, F. J. , et al. Prospective clinical trial of robotic sentinel lymph node assessment with isosulfane blue (ISB) and indocyanine green (ICG) in endometrial cancer and the impact of ultrastaging (NCT01818739). Gynecol Oncol 153, 496-499 (2019). 233. Togami, S. , et al. Prospective study of sentinel lymph node mapping for endometrial cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 143, 313-318 (2018).
A. , et al. Fertility preservation in women harboring deleterious BRCA mutations: ready for prime time? Hum Reprod 33, 181-187 (2018). 256. Liu, T. , et al. Impact of Radical Hysterectomy Versus Simple Hysterectomy on Survival of Patients with Stage 2 Endometrial Cancer: A Meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol (2019). 257. van der Steen-Banasik, E. , et al. Systemic review: Radiation therapy alone in medical non-operable endometrial carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 65, 172-181 (2016). 258. Dutta, S. W. , Trifiletti, D. M. , Grover, S. , Boimel, P. & Showalter, T. N. Management of elderly patients with early-stage medically inoperable endometrial cancer: Systematic review and National Cancer Database analysis. Brachytherapy 16, 526-533 (2017). 259. Acharya, S. , et al. Brachytherapy Is Associated With Improved Survival in Inoperable Stage I Endometrial Adenocarcinoma: A Population-Based Analysis.
Int J Gynecol Cancer 28, 1258-1263 (2018). 272. Larish, A. , Kumar, A. , Weaver, A. & Mariani, A. Impact of hysteroscopy on course of disease in high-risk endometrial carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer (2020). 273. Minimum training recommendations for the practice of medical ultrasound. Ultraschall Med 27, 79-105 (2006). 274. Kitson, S. , et al. Interventions for weight reduction in obesity to improve survival in women with endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2, CD012513 (2018). 275. Raffone, A. , et al. Diabetes mellitus and responsiveness of endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer to conservative treatment. Gynecol Endocrinol 35, 932-937 (2019). 276. Chu, D. , et al. Effect of metformin use on the risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lancet Oncol 20, 711-718 (2019). 403. Fader, A. N. , et al. Randomized Phase II Trial of Carboplatin-Paclitaxel Versus Carboplatin-Paclitaxel-Trastuzumab in Uterine Serous Carcinomas That Overexpress Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/neu. J Clin Oncol 36, 2044-2051 (2018). 404. Roncolato, F. , Lindemann, K. , Willson, M. L. , Martyn, J. & Mileshkin, L. PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10, evaluation of selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886), a selective MEK-1/2 inhibitor in the treatment of recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer: an NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 138, 30-35 (2015). 512 (2015). 407. Dizon, D. S. , et al. A phase II evaluation of nintedanib (BIBF-1120) in the treatment of recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer: an NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.
Improved comparability of nutrient concentrations in seawater is required to enhance the quality and utility of measurements reported to global databases. Significant progress has been made over recent decades in improving the analysis and data quality for traditional laboratory measurements of nutrients. Similar efforts are required to establish high-quality data outputs from in situ nutrient sensors, which are rapidly becoming integral components of ocean observing systems. This paper suggests using the good practices routine established for laboratory reference methods to propose a harmonized set of deployment protocols and of quality control procedures for nutrient measurements obtained from in situ sensors. These procedures are intended to establish a framework to standardize the technical and analytical controls carried out on the three main types of in situ nutrient sensors currently available (wet chemical analyzers, ultraviolet optical sensors, electrochemical sensors) for their deployments on all kinds of platform.
It is recommended that, as minimum, additional parameters such as temperature, salinity and pressure are determined at the same time as nutrients because they are important for the interpretation of the results. For long-term monitoring, pictures of the sensor should be taken before and after deployment to archive the effects of biofouling and corrosion. Real-time data transmission is highly desirable as any equipment failure can be detected early, and intervention can be quickly organized to fix faults. Some essential servicing and maintenance for long term deployment should be carried out where and when possible: visual inspection by knowledgeable personnel, maintenance of sensor surfaces by gentle cleaning, changes of pre-filter and filter, running of diagnostics to monitor basic functionalities (power, telemetry, communications, data transmission), and the inspection of the state of hydraulic circuit performance, if present.
Step 3: Sensor Recovery Finally, the last step lies in the sensor recovery. A visual inspection and taking pictures of the overall system are necessary on site for later diagnosis in the laboratory. The sensors are brought back on board the vessel or taken on land to investigate the overall functioning after deployment (filter, pump flow, battery voltage, flow cell compartment). Actions would have to be taken in response to any equipment failure or faults. Reporting of faults should also be recorded later in the metadata report. For wet chemical analyzers, it is necessary to check the state of reagent bags and their connecting tubes, to look for leaks, blockages or damage, or any reagent precipitation in the bags or deposit build-up on tubing walls. Reagents and standard bags must be measured (by weighing or using a measuring cylinder) to check whether the expected volume has been correctly dispensed in relation to the deployment time so as to interpret eventual discrepancies in the data (leaks, too high or too low volume dispensed, not completed sampling cycles).
Minimizing flow over the filter by minimizing the sample volume helps filters last longer. The material of the filter and prefilter should be carefully selected to avoid any contamination of the system (Teflon, glass fiber). A more sophisticated system can sometimes be used, e. g. , a hollow-fiber cross-flow filter module for FerryBox applications. Discrete seawater samples can be collected as often as possible at the deployment site for later laboratory measurements to determine the evolution of the potential environmental interferences. The growth of organic films and organisms on instrumentation surfaces immersed in water (termed biofouling) may affect the analytical and data quality, particularly in highly productive coastal regimes, but also in the open ocean after extended deployment periods  (Griffiths et al.
Consideration of the External Controls for in situ Sensors Typically, intercomparison exercises involve sending aliquots of a sample to multiple institutions. However, the sample volumes commonly delivered for intercomparison exercises are small (about 100 ml) and therefore exclude the participation of many in situ nutrient sensors, particularly the UV optical units without an integrated flow cell, that need to be submerged. CRMs present the same disadvantage due to the sample volume currently proposed by the manufacturers. Discrete samples can be collected next to the deployed nutrient sensor and analyzed with reference laboratory methods. To better calibrate the data gathered during the deployment, this sampling should be done at least during the installation and prior to the recovery, every additional sampling collection during the deployment being beneficial.
Uncertainty information requires attention to the scope and form of the data concerned. For example, the results obtained using "empirical" approaches normally refer to the typical performance of a specified test procedure on specified test objects, while uncertainty estimates obtained using the modeling approach most often refer to individual measurement results. Therefore, most practical uncertainty estimates involve elements of both modeling and "empirical" approaches. Several guidelines are available for the estimation of uncertainty in quantitative testing  (EA Guideline Ea-4/16, 2003; EUROLAB, 2006)  and in the field of water analysis  (ISO 11352, 2012). The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) makes available free software (Mukit Copyright (c), 2012) which can be applied to estimate measurement uncertainty according to  ISO 11352 (2012).
Real Time Data Whilst physical oceanography has long been dealing with high real time data volumes, most of the nutrient sensors are standalone data recording units that are not working via near realtime access. The only near-real time nutrient data are obtained from sensors deployed on Ships of Opportunity, where internet connection can be permanent (e. g. , SYSTEA Micromac), and from sensors integrated on gliders which are communicating via a satellite transmission system. The demand of real-time processing poses a challenge because traditional approaches to quality control are no longer practical  (Campbell et al. , 2013). Basic automated quality checks procedures permit to verify if the sensor is working well (e. g. , detection file format error, missing values, low battery, above or below ranges), quickly process data, identify problems in near real time.
Given the current state of nutrient sensor technology, only personnel with intimate knowledge of sensor operation are competent to assess the quality status of the data. If data from nutrient sensors are not so far accepted into databases, this is due to a lack of agreed quality control procedures at the point of data being submitted to the database. This can be explained in part because of the small number of laboratories currently using these in situ sensors which has therefore only provided a small amount of experience feedback compared to standard laboratory analysis methods. We hope that this article will help to build consensus on the quality control procedures necessary for in situ nutrient sensor data to be accepted into international databases.
Attribution of DOI A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string to identify content. An increasing number of publishers require authors to make all the data described in their articles fully available without restriction. If the dataset is available for re-use (e. g. , to check a result), it could accelerate scientific progress. Sharing nutrient data is seen as key to improving data integrity and to enhancing transparency and reproducibility in oceanography. Open data is also a societal demand.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many thanks to all the workshop participants for the very interesting presentations, and the rich and constructive debates. We would like to acknowledge  Florian Caradec ,  Romain Davy ,  Emilie Rabiller , and  Léna Thomas  for their technical support especially during the practical courses of the workshop. We are grateful to  Chantal Compère  for her assistance in the local organization of this workshop. We also thank all the people involved in the development and deployment of the nutrient sensors.
Detailed mineral mapping using SEM was carried out in order to select the most favorable zones within galena grains (i. e. , galena devoid of mineral inclusions) for in situ Pb isotope analyses. The lead isotopes were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) with a radiofrequency source whose analytical capacity allows an excellent sensitivity and a high spatial resolution with a spot size of 10 µm. Analytical methods are detailed in the Data Repository.
Acknowledgements NB acknowledges the support of the  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)  through a  Postdoctoral Fellowship. JCS thanks  São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)  and  COSPAR  for their financial support through contracts  2013/26652-4  and  CBW  Fellowship, respectively. His contributions were carried out as a  visiting scholar in ISAS/JAXA  from the  Group of Orbital Dynamics and Planetology of Sao Paulo State University (UNESP). Finally, we thank  Dr Mai Bando  and  Dr Elisabet Canalias  for the interesting discussions and many inputs provided throughout this research.
GOOS is a collaborative international network utilizing data collection from ships, Lagrangian and Eulerian buoys, subsurface floats, and the Argo float array  [29]  together with an information and product management system  [9, 30]   [31]. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), a WCRP product, provides climate model projections to IPCC assessments while the global Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) project coordinates the science and regional climate downscaling climate projections. Building on GCOS and WCRP, the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) provides a mechanism for coordinated actions to enhance the quality, quantity, and delivery of climate services. Science and services at the Ocean-climate nexus have worked within this network of international coordination to lead the way forward (Fig.
The five criteria for indicator selection included: (1) relevance for a range of audiences; (2) representativeness to provide information of changes to the Earth system related to climate change; (3) traceability of the data and method used for calculation; (4) timeliness and availability of regular updates; and (5) the data adequacy for a robust, reliable and valid indicator delivery  [8]. The Global Climate Indicators form the basis of the WMO Statement of the State of the Global Climate (e. g. Ref. [36, 37] ), and are submitted annually to the Conference of Parties of the UNFCCC. Five out of seven indicators of the WMO Global Climate Indicator Framework are Ocean-related indicators (see Table  1 ), but with the exception of Ocean acidification, they are limited to physical aspects only, and do not address biogeochemical changes, extreme variability, or marine biology and biodiversity.
SDGs 13, 14 and 15 (Environment) Tackling SDG 13 is central for sustainable development. Climate change affects our ability to achieve all of the SDGs. Ocean science, data and service gain relevance for the UN SDGs with the WMO Global Climate Indicator framework (section 3. 1). Climate change drives Ocean warming, Ocean acidification, Ocean deoxygenation, sea level rise and loss of sea ice  [14] , and is reflected in the Ocean-related indicators (Table  1 ). These climate and Ocean indicators provide the temporal metrics for climate change monitoring to validate and improve the climate projections fundamental to strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity (13. 1), meaningful mitigation actions (13. A), effective climate change-related planning and management (13. B), decision making (13.