dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
RegCM-4 shows a better standard deviation, but with a correlation of only 0. 32 probably linked to a deficient description of the emission of anthropogenic aerosols in Central Europe  (Nabat et al. , 2012). TEG97, LMDz-OR-INCA and ACCMIP are not as accurate as the other models, which might be due to their coarser spatial resolution. To summarise, this evaluation with ground-based measurements indicates that MODIS has the best AOD estimation for several criteria, in agreement with the evaluation at the global scale by  Bréon et al. (2011). It is more difficult to choose between AQUA and TERRA as they show very similar results. Figure  5  has shown a more reduced spread for the AQUA/MODIS dataset than for the TERRA platform. Besides, Fig. 13c , which presents AOD averages over Northern Africa, shows that AQUA/MODIS has the same annual variations between 2003 and 2010 than MISR, MACC and GEMS, whereas TERRA/MODIS variations differ (notably with the peak in 2005).
Separation by aerosol type Due to their different optical and microphysical properties, aerosol type discrimination is required for a reconstruction of aerosol climatology for a regional climate modelling purpose. Some satellite sensors provide a distinction between fine and coarse modes (e. g. ,  Tanré et al. , 1997; Anderson et al. , 2005) , but only model-based products can realise such apportionment of the total AOD. Given the evaluation shown in the previous paragraph, MACC has proved to have the best total AOD estimation among model products in terms of spatial and temporal correlation, but with a higher bias than TEG97 and RegCM-4. This section presents the characteristics of the different aerosols considered separately in each model in order to choose and retain the most relevant model dataset for every aerosol type in our reconstruction.
, 2006; Solmon et al. , 2008; Nabat et al. , 2012) , as well as dust AOD seasonal and regional variability over the basin. Moreover, MACC and GEMS cannot assimilate AOD over Africa contrary to the rest of the domain. A reasonable option is consequently to consider RegCM-4 AOD to estimate dust aerosols over the basin in our reconstruction. As far as sea-salt (SS) aerosols are concerned, all modelbased products except TEG97 show a maximum in winter probably due to stronger winds over the Mediterranean Sea. These five models (RegCM-4, LMDz-OR-INCA, the AC-CMIP mean, GEMS and MACC) have similar SS AOD, whose winter maximum ranges from 0. 02 to 0. 04. Given these low AOD values and the small differences between these datasets, the choice is difficult and will not really affect the final reconstruction.
As RegCM-4 presents the advantage to have an interactive module to generate SS aerosols at a 50 km resolution  (Zakey et al. , 2008)  as for dust aerosols, this model should be a relevant choice for SS AOD in our reconstruction. With regards to the other aerosols, differences between datasets are more important. Sulfate (SU) aerosols are prevailing, with a maximum in Central Europe during spring and summer, which is reproduced by every model. However, the intensity of this maximum differs. SU AOD over Europe peaks at 0. 04 in RegCM-4, 0. 12 in TEG97, and an agreement between 0. 15 and 0. 16 can be found in GEMS, MACC, LMDz-OR-INCA and ACCMIP. Over the sea, the same variations can be observed. Given the better scores reached by MACC in terms of spatial and temporal correlation compared to AERONET stations which are more numerous in Europe, we can assess than RegCM-4 probably underestimates sulfate aerosols over the Mediterranean region.
Additional tests (not displayed here) have shown a clear underestimation of sulfate production by RegCM-4 in this specific set of runs, due notably to an underestimation of both SO 2 emissions and summer oxydant field prescribed as a climatology. Organic carbon (OR) have lower AOD, ranging from 0. 02 (MACC and ACCMIP) to 0. 07 (TEG97) on annual average over Europe. All models agree on the very low AOD for black carbon (BC) aerosols, estimated between 0. 01 and 0. 02 over Europe. For the same reason as for sulfate aerosols, we can be confident in MACC carbonaceous emissions which are similar to most other datasets. Given this good performance of MACC product over anthropogenically dominated European regions, we choose to represent sulfate, black and organic carbon AOD in our reconstruction from the MACC dataset.
Regarding these results, our reconstruction will be based on the products which provide the best AOD estimation, with respect to each aerosol type: SU, OR and BC from MACC, SD and SS from RegCM-4 (more details will be given in Sect. 4. 1). MACC has got the best scores against AERONET observations, but this is essentially true for anthropogenic aerosols where enough AERONET stations are present. Over Africa the lack of desert dust aerosols in MACC has been identified with satellite datasets, and could cause problems for studies over the Mediterranean basin. The generation module of RegCM-4 for dust and sea-salt aerosols at a high resolution could be a relevant alternative. Again it should be stressed that other choices might be possible. Here the objective is mainly to present one way among others to develop a 4-D-reconstruction of AOD field over the Mediterranean area.
The other data sets (MVIRI, TOMS and CZCS) have lower AOD over the sea. For CZCS, whose algorithm is close to SeaWiFS, this is probably due to the rejections of high AOD retrievals, thus explaining a very low AOD over the Mediterranean Sea (0. 147 on average). MVIRI and TOMS AOD over 1095 the sea (resp. 0. 144 and 0. 121) are also low compared to other datasets. TOMS AOD over Africa (0. 231) is yet closer to MODIS and MISR retrievals in present conditions. regions cannot be too small. Regions proposed in Fig. 1  take into account climatic and geographical characteristics of the Mediterranean basin. In particular, sea and land surfaces are separated. For each region, all the data from CALIOP between 2006 and 2010 have been gathered, in order to get these monthly averages for each aerosol type.
The other datasets (MVIRI, TOMS and CZCS) have lower AOD over the sea. For CZCS, whose algorithm is close to SeaWiFS, this is probably due to the rejections of high AOD retrievals, thus, explaining a very low AOD over the Mediterranean Sea (0. 147 on average). MVIRI and TOMS AOD over the sea (resp. 0. 144 and 0. 121) are also low compared to other datasets. TOMS AOD over Africa (0. 231) is yet closer to MODIS and MISR retrievals in present conditions. Figure  13  presents the annual AOD average between 1979 and 2010 over Europe (a), the Mediterranean Sea (b) and Northern Africa (c) for all satellite and model datasets. This figure highlights the AOD underestimation of CZCS, TOMS and MVIRI in the 1980s, and MERIS and SeaWiFS later, which are far from the other datasets over the sea (Fig. 13b ).
The decrease in sulfate AOD ranges from -0. 05 to -0. 19 over Europe, and from -0. 03 to -0. 08 over the Mediterranean Sea. LMDz-OR-INCA is a median model, showing sulfate trends close to the ACCMIP mean. It should also be noted that no significant trend has been noticed for BC and OR aerosols over Europe and the Mediterranean Sea (the ACCMIP mean trend is -0. 00 for BC and OR). To sum up, Figs. 12 and 13 show a strong dispersion between the different products in AOD before the 2000s. The main phenomenon is the decrease in atmospheric aerosol content between 1979 and 2000 caused by reduction in sulfate emissions already mentioned. Although this dispersion in AOD makes it difficult to assess the LMDz-OR-INCA and ACCMIP datasets, their AOD is close to the AVHRR retrieval over the Mediterranean Sea.
We would advise the use of a historical  separation between fine and coarse mode available for example in the MODIS dataset  (Remer et al. , 2005)  could be used considering fine aerosols are essentially sulfates, BC and organic aerosols. However, the fine fraction of dust aerosols would not be taken into account in this case. Moreover, uncertainties are still important in this kind of product  (Yu et al. , 2009) , showing no consensus on an observationallyconstrained anthropogenic AOD. The same problem is raised for the absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD), which could be estimated with the black carbon and dust aerosols. Dust aerosols are, however, more or less absorbing depending notably on their size and hematite content. Some organic aerosols are not exclusively scattering  (Mallet et al.
, 2011) , and other aerosol types, could be included in the next comparative exercises when most models include them. As far as volcanic aerosols are concerned, they also play an important role in radiation-climate interactions  (Robock, 2000) , but this study has focused on the main different tropospheric aerosols. We would advise the use of a historical dataset of volcanic eruptions to take into account the related stratospheric aerosols, which are not included in our new climatology. For example, the aerosols diagnosed from  Amman et al. (2007)  are a relevant choice, providing the zonal mean AOD of stratospheric aerosols. Over our period of time, two volcanic eruptions affect the Mediterranean region: El Chichon in March 1982 and Mount Pinatubo in November 1991. The emitted aerosols remain during several months in the stratosphere over the Mediterranean  (Chazette et al.
On the contrary, this study clearly shows the limitation of some datasets, either recent such as MERIS and SeaWiFS, or historical such as MVIRI, TOMS and CZCS. MERIS overestimates AOD over the European continent, whereas the others underestimated AOD over the sea. Most model-based products are able to reproduce the spatiotemporal variability of AOD over the basin. The MACC reanalysis has proved to be the closest to AERONET measurements, but suffers from a lack of dust aerosols over Northern Africa. The RegCM-4 model results have the advantage to include a generation interactive scheme for dust and sea-salt aerosols at a high resolution. The LMDz-OR-INCA model and the other ACCMIP models are able to reproduce the decreasing trend in total AOD (due to sulfate aerosols), observed notably in the only reliable satellite sensor over this period (AVHRR).
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank  Meteo-France  for the financial support of the first author. This work is part of the  Med-CORDEX initiative  (www. medcordex. eu) and a contribution to the HyMeX and ChArMEx programmes. This new AOD climatology is indeed available on the ChArMEx database (http://mistrals. sedoo. fr/ChArMEx). This research has received funding from the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  project  ADRIMED  (contract  ANR-11-BS56-0006 ) and from the  FP7 European Commission  project  CLIMRUN  (contract  FP7-ENV-2010-265192 ). MODIS and MERIS data used in this paper were retrieved from the  Giovanni  online data system, developed and maintained by the  NASA GES DISC. MISR and CALIOP.
are also indicated (between brackets), except for TEG97 and ACCMIP which do not have interannual variability Dataset Averaged period Europe Mediterranean Sea Northern Africa AQUA/MODIS 2003-2010 0. 144 (0. 147) 0. 197 (0. 198) 0. 273 (0. 275) TERRA/MODIS 2001-2010 0. 151 (0. 148) 0. 206 (0. 207) 0. 298 (0. 309) TERRA/MISR 2001-2010 0. 140 (0. 141) 0. 211 (0. 208) 0. 272 (0. 267) PARASOL/POLDER 2006-2010 - 0. 244 (0. 259) - MSG/SEVIRI 2006-2010 - 0. 185 (0. 176) - SeaWiFS 2000-2007 - 0. 111 (0. 114) - SeaWiFS-2 2000-2007 0. 154 (0. 150) 0. 168 (0. 165) 0. 261 (0. 260) ENVISAT/MERIS 2003-2010 0. 276 (0. 280) 0. 151 (0. 146) - NOAA/AVHRR 2000-2007 - 0. 179 (0. 180) - TEG97 - 0. 176 0. 196 0. 174 GEMS 2003-2008 0. 249 (0. 248) 0. 244 (0. 238) 0. 339 (0. 330) MACC 2003-2010 0. 195 (0. 198) 0. 239 (0.
Quality control of the prepared library was validated using quantitative PCR (qPCR) (Kapa library quantification kit; Kapa Biosystems, Woburn, MA) and an Agilent Bioanalyzer high-sensitivity (HS) chip (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) according to the manufacturers' instructions. Genome sequencing was performed to 250 cycles in both directions in a MiSeq system (Ilumina), which generated 2,446,022 total reads (611. 5 Mbp). DNA-Seq reads were converted to Fastq format and de novo assembled with Velvet 1. 2. 07  (3). The sequencing data were controlled for general quality features using the FastqMcf tool of ea-utils (http://code. google. com/p/ea-utils). The resulting 3 scaffolds with 87ϫ average coverage of the genome were annotated using Prokka 1. 7 (4). The draft genome sequence of strain MOLA814 is 2,859,706 bp in size, contains 2,683 coding sequences, 3 rRNAs, and 39 tRNAs, and has a GϩC content of 53.
In addition, the genome sequence of strain MOLA814 provides a good opportunity for studying the physiological and ecological functions of a commonly occurring marine betaproteobacterium living in ocean waters. Nucleotide sequence accession numbers. The whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession no. AYMW00000000. The version described in this paper is version AYMW01000000.
Purpose Evaluation of 1-year safety profile of intravitreal ranibizumab 0. 5 mg in neovascular agerelated macular degeneration (NV-AMD) within routine clinical practice. Methods The LUMINOUS programme comprises a prospective observational study assessing ranibizumab 'real-world' safety and clinical effectiveness across licensed indications worldwide and an annual retrospective pooled safety analysis from completed NV-AMD ranibizumab registries. 1-year data from four European registries are available. This retrospective pooled safety analysis assessed 1-year incidence rates for safety events of particular interest (key ocular or systemic events possibly related to the injection procedure or vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition) together with treatment exposure. Patients were treated according to local protocols within the ranibizumab licence.
As part of the risk management plan for ranibizumab, the LUMINOUS programme has been designed to describe the long-term safety and effectiveness, and treatment patterns associated with ranibizumab 0. 5 mg treatment in clinical practice for all approved indications included in the local product label, in a large patient population. The LUMINOUS programme consists of a retrospective and a prospective part (see online supplementary figure  S1 ). The prospective part, the LUMINOUS study (ClinicalTrials. gov, NCT01318941), is a 5-year observational study with an expected enrolment of 30 000 patients from clinics across Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America. The retrospective part is an annual retrospective pooled analysis of safety data from completed, local NV-AMD ranibizumab registries.
Registry selection A retrospective analysis of pooled 1-year ranibizumab safety data from four completed ranibizumab NV-AMD registries in Europe was conducted. Included registries were those completed or with interim 1-year analysis at the time of this analysis (September 2011) (figure  1 ). Data were obtained from medical records of patients treated in Germany (N=3470), the Netherlands (N=243), Belgium (N=260) and Sweden (N=471). A complete list of study sites from each registry is provided in the online supplementary table  S1.
Data collection and reporting In the retrospective pooled safety analysis of the four registries, 1-year incidence rates for safety events of particular interest were assessed together with treatment exposure. Data were collected at each patient visit. Timing of patient visits following baseline visit was at the discretion of the investigator in accordance with their normal patient management procedures and best clinical judgment. The following patient demographics were recorded: patient age (at baseline); gender; visual acuity (VA) at baseline and 1 year (if available and performed as part of routine practice); cause of treatment discontinuation before the end of the 1 year observation, if applicable; number, timing and frequency of ranibizumab doses during the first year of treatment. The reported ocular and non-ocular events were those that occurred at least once during the study period.
Statistical analysis Safety analyses were conducted on all patients who had received at least one dose of ranibizumab and who had at least one safety assessment following treatment. Events of particular interest were categories defined by a list of preferred terms using MedDRA V. 13. 0. Events from registries were internally recoded in MedDRA V. 13. 0 to allow allocation to the corresponding event of interest. The occurrence and proportion of patients with at least one such event of particular interest were calculated by country. Data from all countries were pooled by event of particular interest. The incidence rates for events of particular interest were derived by summating the incidence rate of the related preferred terms.
RESULTS Data from 4444 patients from registries in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Sweden were collected and included in this retrospective safety analysis. The majority (79%) of patients in this analysis were from Germany. The percentage of enrolled patients followed up for 1 year was 74. 6% in Germany (2587 of 3470), 84. 4% (208 of 243) in the Netherlands, 70. 4% Figure  1  Timeline of the European registries included in the pooled analysis. Retreatment criteria were based on the European Summary of Product Characteristics during this period (>5 letter loss). The German and Swedish registries were both 1-year studies with safety among the primary objectives. 13 14 The HELIOS studies (the Netherlands and Belgium) were 2-year studies with a primary objective to describe visual acuity outcomes over the 2-year observation period; the evaluation of the safety of ranibizumab in real life over 2 years was a secondary objective.
3, 5. 5 and 4. 7, respectively. The mean number of injections reported in the Belgian registry was calculated for all patients and was 5. 0. During 1 year, 49 patients from HELIOS (Health Economics with Lucentis in Observational Settings) Netherlands had bilateral treatment (20. 2%). In HELIOS Belgium, 13 patients had bilateral treatment at study start (5. 0%). Any safety events were recorded for both eyes in these patients. Bilateral treatment data were not available for the German WAVE (Lucentis in Wet AMD: Evaluation of Visual Acuity and Quality of Life) or Swedish registries,  [13] [14] [15] [16]  and safety events were recorded from the study eye only. Results for ocular and non-ocular events of particular interest are summarised in tables 2 and 3, respectively. Seventy-three ocular events and 55 non-ocular events of particular interest were recorded in 4444 patients.
In addition, due to lack of standardisation of data capture, eye charts used and the scope of the initial studies, retrospective data are not considered robust enough to report efficacy outcomes. However, efficacy data from the prospective arm of LUMINOUS will be available in future publications. In conclusion, ranibizumab demonstrated a favourable safety profile in the treatment of NV-AMD over a 1-year period in realworld clinical practice. This analysis is part of the wider ongoing LUMINOUS programme, which will also collect prospective long-term safety, clinical effectiveness and health-related quality of life data on ranibizumab across all approved indications in routine clinical practice in a large, worldwide patient population.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  ApotheCom , which is part of  Huntsworth Health , for editorial support. LUMINOUS Steering Committee:  Prof Dr Francesco Bandello ,  Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute Scientific Institute, San Raffaele, Milan, Italy ;  Mr Christopher Brand ,  Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK ;  Prof Dr Mark Gillies ,  Clinical Ophthalmology & Eye Health, Sydney Eye Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia ;  Prof Dr Frank G Holz ,  Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Germany ;  Prof Dr Adrian Koh ,  Eye & Retina Surgeons ,  Camden Medical Centre, Singapore ;  Prof. Dr Paul Mitchell ,  Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Australia ;  Dr Aaron Osborne ,  Novartis, Basel, Switzerland ;  Prof Dr Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth ,  Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Vienna, Austria ;  Mr N Sharma ,  AMD Alliance International, Nottingham, UK ;  Dr Tom Sheidow ,  Ivey Eye Institute, Ontario ,  Canada ;  Prof Dr Eric Souied ,  Service d'Ophthalmologie, Hôpital Intercommunal de Creteil, Creteil, France ;  Dr Marta S Figueroa ,  Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Servicio de Oftalmologia, Madrid, Spain ;  Mr Steve Winyard ,  Royal National Institute of Blind People, London, UK.
Rainfall Sampling Close to our isotopic laboratory in Auzeville, 8 km southeast of Toulouse, a rainfall sampling was installed during June 2011. Its consist of a polypropylene funnel (22 cm diameter) covering a 5 L polypropylene jerrycan, containing 300 mL of paraffin oil to avoid any evaporation process. The rainfall aliquots were sampled monthly, between July 2011 and December 2012. The meteorological data used were obtained from the close INRA station (less than 1 km) and compared with the long-term Toulouse airport station, Blagnac, where the record started in 1809, and located northwest, at 18 km. For each monthly sample, 10 mL were used for δ 18 O and δD determination.
Rainfall Results The data were obtained between July 2011 and December 2012. The annual amount of rainfall for 2011 was 538 mm, and for 2012 it was 548 mm in the INRA station and around 20% over the amount values from Blagnac Airport station. These numbers are under the 30 years mean (CLINO period 1961-1990  [11] ), 671 ± 121 mm per year monthly, as since 2003, the Toulouse area is in a dry period. The obtained isotopic value for δ 18 O ranges from -10. 7‰ to -4. 0‰, showing the continental influence, with a mean monthly temperature ranging from -2. 5 °C (February 2012) for the minimum to +30. 4 °C (August 2012) for the maximum. Table  1  reports the obtained isotopes values for the monthly rainfall, with the meteorological data from the nearby INRA station. In Figure  2 , both years are plotted along a whole year and present a similar pattern.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Florent Barbecot  ( University of Paris Sud ) and  Stephan Terzer  ( IAEA, Vienna ) for their advice for the rainfall isotope sampling,  Romain Walker  ( Ecolab ) for Figure 1 and  Daniel Dalger  ( Ecolab ) for help with the isotopic analysis. For the meteorological data, we are grateful to  Pierre Perrin  ( INRA Auzeville ) and Meteofrance (Blagnac airport), and for the two anonymous reviewers for their valuables comments.
Data on neutrino oscillation often involve reconstructed neutrino energies while the analysis implies the real neutrino energy. The corrections corresponding to the transformation from real to reconstructed energy are discussed in the case of Cherenkov detectors where multinucleon events appear as quasielastic ones. These corrections show up as a tendency for the events to escape the region of high flux, with a clear preference for the low energy side. This is an effect of the multinucleon component of the quasielastic cross section. We have applied our corrections to the T2K and MiniBooNE data for electron appearance or ν µ disappearance data. We show that the inclusion of this correction in the analysis is expected to lead to an increase of the best fit oscillation mass parameters, particularly pronounced for the MiniBooNE neutrino data.