dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
MATERIAL AND METHODS The specimen was observed using a Zeiss Discovery V. 12 stereomicroscope in normal reflected and transmitted light. Photographs of habitus were taken with a Canon EOS 50D digital camera associated with a Leica Z16 APO microscope. Digital images were then imported into Adobe Photoshop 8. 0 for labelling and plate composition. Three-dimentional (3D) X-ray micro-computed tomography scans with synchrotron radiation (μCT) were performed at the Carl Zeiss (Shanghai) Co. , Ltd. , with a Zeiss Xradia510 Versa. Beam strength was 40 KeV and magnification of the optical system was adjusted to yield images in resolution of 3. 0 μm. Three-dimensional structures were reconstructed using Amira 6. 0 (Visage Imaging, Berlin, Germany). The data files were then transferred to MAYA 2017 (Autodesk Inc.
, CA, USA) in order to use the smoothing function, specific display, and rendering options implemented in this software. Final images were assembled and arranged with Adobe Photoshop CS6, (Adobe Inc. , CA, USA). Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectra (FTIR) spectra of the amber specimen MNHN. F. A58689 (Figure  1 ) was obtained at the CRC laboratory (CRCC -MNHN, France), with a ATR-FTIR Nicolet 6700 Spectrophotometer equipped with a diamond ATR accessory (Attenuated Total Reflectance): registered with resolution 4 cm_1, baseline correction and advanced ATR correction. The fossil was generously donated by Alex Brown to the first author, and it has been deposited in the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN). It belongs to the same series in which another interesting  Augilini Baker, 1915, planthopper fossil (Caliscelidae Amyot and Serville, 1843)  was recently described  (Bourgoin et al.
Emiliana, collected from the Green River Formation, is not older than Baltic amber specimens; it was collected from the Parachute Creek Member in Colorado  (Shcherbakov, 2006 ) dated as either  Uintan (46. 2-40. 4 Ma, Paleobiology Database, 2019)  or. Seeteascanopia gen. nov. , therefore, appears therefore as the second confirmed New World fossil Tropiduchidae described, excluding the Neommatissini fossil previously mentioned  (Shcherbakov, 2006)  that still awaits its formal description and confirmed placement. Seeteascanopia gen. nov. was excavated from the La Bucara mines, the amber originating from a late early to early middle Miocene (around 16 Ma, Burdigalian), lowland environment in Northern Hispaniola. At that time Hispaniola was part of an island-archipelago still connected to Puerto Rico and probably eastern Cuba, but already separated from the Virgin Islands (Iturralde-Vinent, 2001).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors express their warmful thanks to  Mr. A. Brown  for the gift of the specimen to the first author (TB), which is now deposited in MNHN collections. The work on which this paper is based was supported by the following sources: the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (grant numbers  31270043  and  30900145 ), awarded to RRW. This paper is a contribution to the project " Evolution and disparity of Tropiduchidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha )" conducted as the  Polish-Chinese joint research project  for the years 2013-2015 by the agreement between  Polish Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The walls of buildings experience heat, air and moisture transfers. These transfers have a significant influence on indoor climate, since they affect the value of temperature and relative humidity in houses. High levels of humidity lead to pathologies in the buildings, and influence the air quality and the hygrothermal comfort of the occupants. In this work, a numerical analysis of the behaviour of polystyrene mortar under hydric solicitations was led. The simulations were held using Comsol Multiphysics and MATLAB. There were two different moisture transfer models used in this work: the first one took into account sorption hysteresis phenomenon, and the other one did not. The computed results showed that considering sorption hysteresis in modelling the hydric behaviour of the material allows obtaining more accurate results comparing to a model that does not consider hysteresis.
A(ϕ) = [udes(ϕ) -uads(ϕ)]/[usat -uads(ϕ)] (4) The equation describing the water vapor transport is implemented in Comsol multiphysics software environment  [21] , and the algorithm calculating the water content in the primary adsorption and desorption curves considering hysteresis is computed in MATLAB  [22]. The two softwares are then coupled in order to obtain the numerical hydric behavior of the material with the influence of sorption hysteresis. The non-hysteresis model uses the equation expressing the water vapor transport only, without coupling it with Carmeliet model. The numerical computations are only done on Comsol environment, based on the diffusion phenomenon.
This work was funded by the  Region "Aquitaine, Limousin, Poitou-Charentes" through European and National Program CPER-FEDER  " Bâtiment Durable 2015-2020 ". This work has also been financially supported by the  French "Agence Nationale de la Recherche " through the  "Investissements d'avenir" program  ( ANR-10-EQPX-37 MATMECA Grant ).
Two further sources of information to compare with the archaeological data are experimental archaeology and ethnographies. Experimental archaeology provides us with data on the use of wood during experimental reconstruction and burning of Tripolye dwellings and during experimental firing of ceramic vessels in kilns for pottery production. Ethnographic sources provide us with data for, for example, estimating the amount of wood needed in domestic activities. The resulting estimates of minimum/maximum amount of wood required by the population in Maidanetske for living are then inserted into a landscape model. The model was developed starting from information on the current environmental conditions in the area around Maidanetske (vegetation, climate, topography, pedology), strengthened by archaeological, archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological and pedological data, as detailed in the following sections.
Faunal and an updated archaeobotanical datasets are used to assess subsistence economy, for which an evaluation of arable land is pursued through ethnographic comparisons according to previous studies  (Ohlrau, 2015 and references therein). In particular, we focus on the impact that the demand for wood had on tree cover in the landscape surrounding Maidanetske. Do we have indications for extensive deforestation? Would the consequent soil degradation through erosion and lack of resources have played a role in triggering the site's abandonment? Alternatively, was the demand for wood not critical? Can we trace a relatively sustainable wood use and identify woodland management strategies carried out by the site's inhabitants? To answer these questions, landscape scenarios derived from the model are contrasted and cross-checked with the empirical archaeological data.
climate-data. org/). Reviews of the Holocene palaeoclimate of the North Pontic forest-steppe region have revealed the scarcity of data on palaeoenvironmental conditions during the fourth millennium BCE (e. g. Kirleis and Dreibrodt, 2016; Mitusov et al. , 2009). Based on pollen data from southeastern Ukraine,  Gerasimenko (1997)  reported a dry period between ca. 4000 and 3500 cal. BCE. Based on pollen, plant macrofossil and testate amoeba datasets from three southwestern Russian peatlands,  Novenko et al. (2016)  suggest that a warm, dry phase occurred 5000-2800 cal. BCE and that steppe vegetation was widely distributed in the patchy foreststeppe landscape. Based on an analysis of buried soils,  Demkina et al. (2003)  report dry conditions for the period 4000-3000 cal. BCE. Based on palaeo-hydrological data,  Sidorchuk et al.
Estimates of wood used for house construction and for fuel During three excavation campaigns, from 2013 to 2016, daub from burnt houses was systematically documented (e. g. Müller et al. , 2017: 29). This documentation included the mapping of daub fragments and the application of a daub typology based on their material properties and on the direction and dimension of imprints of structural (wooden) elements. This mapping and typing enabled us to distinguish between imprints of log wood and split wood. To address the questions posed at the beginning of this paper, we used the diameter of logs and the width of split wood planks. The latter measurements provide only a minimum diameter of the wood pieces that were used. Conclusions drawn from these sources have been tested against data obtained from the experimental construction of two-storey Tripolye houses as carried out in Legedzyne (Uman) in 2003  (Chabanyuk, 2008).
The diagram does not contain absolute (crisp) descriptions with sharp boundaries to which the acidification of the soil can be fixed exactly. Accordingly, the spatial determination of the fulfilment of the parameters should be based on a fuzzified view of the environment. In addition, there are limited data available for the larger study area with regard to soil texture and average moisture content of the soil. To handle this, we created a fuzzy rule-based system, using the R package FuzzyLandscapes  (Hamer and Knitter, 2018). To proceed, it was necessary, first, to implement and process data available on a large scale for the study area, such as a TanDEM-X elevation model  (Rizzoli et al. , 2017) , used to obtain information about the potential of the soil to higher degrees of wetness. The applicability of this data set was then verified by comparing it with high-resolution elevation information derived from drone survey, which is only available for a small part of the study area.
A correlation of 0. 98 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1. 76 m resulted from this comparison, which is persuasive in relation to the TanDEM-X dataset's applicability. Next, the wetness degree was derived by the elevation model using the Saga Wetness Index  (Böhner et al. , 2002). It extracts the potential moisture of the soil based on a catchment area calculation of the elevation raster  (Böhner et al. , 2002; Olaya and Conrad, 2009). We also took the soil texture into account for the modelling approach. The content of sand, silt and clay is available from the global SoilGrids system at 250 m resolution  (Hengl et al. , 2017). These data were checked in the field through test trenches. Soils were classified according to the German soil nomenclature and then transformed to the American classification method used by SoilGrids using the R package soiltexture  (Moeys, 2018)  to allow an approximate comparison (see Figure  1  in Supplementary Material, available online).
In the modelling process, these crisp data sets were fuzzified. For this purpose, absolute data, such as the percentage sand content, were assigned to statements, such as 'high sand content' or 'moderately dry' conditions, using fuzzificating functions, as shown in Figure  4  for the generation of wetness fuzzy classes. We also considered sun exposure, as calculated from the elevation model. North-facing locations were classified as more humid and south-facing locations as drier. A 'North' and a 'South' fuzzy set were calculated. For each grid cell, the membership degree of each wetness class has been reduced by the proportion of membership of the 'North' class and added to the respective wetter class. Conversely, for the 'South' membership, the values were added to the respective drier class.
The average of the calculations, weighted by membership degree, resulted in the final wetness membership degrees (see Table  2  of the Supplementary Material, available online). Afterwards, the fuzzy datasets generated were combined according to two rule-based fuzzy systems (Tables  3  and 4  in Supplementary Material, available online). The first one is used to define which locations are of the soil texture types used in diagram 5 of Table 2 (Supplementary Material, available online). The second one is used to define the circumstances under which specific forest types predominantly grow as defined by diagram 5. Using the R package FuzzyLandscapes, the rules of Tables 3 and 4 can be applied on the spatially available, fuzzified raster datasets and thereby used to calculate the membership degree of each raster cell to the resulting fuzzy sets, such as, for example, Grassland or Closed_canopy.
The datasets are linked together according to the Zadeh (1996) regulations. For example, a moderately_dry fuzzy set with a membership degree of 0. 4 and a loam fuzzy set with a membership degree of 0. 6, combined with the operator 'AND', would result in a membership degree of 0. 4 for Open_woodland. The minimum value of each fuzzy set is selected. Using the operator 'OR' takes the maximum value of both fuzzy sets. The fuzzified grids created in this way can also be defuzzified by the selection of the raster with the highest membership degree for each raster cell, which results in a crisp map of the area. For the grid cells in which several fuzzy sets have the highest membership degrees, all applicable sets were specified. In a final step, the defuzzified raster is combined with the walking distance calculated using the function r.
Based on the data on the wood imprints in Tripolye houses, young trees (⩽30 years) were chosen for the modelling. For Pinus and Alnus/Wetland forest, the respective yield tables were selected. Open woodland represents the first quartile of the average of Quercus and Fraxinus, while closed canopy represents the third quartile. A defuzzified cell with multiple maximum fuzzy sets is assumed to produce the average of the wood amount belonging to the vegetation class. The wood amount and the distance dataset were combined, under the assumption that there would have been a higher potential of depleting the wood reserves close to the settlement. Scenarios were also modelled that reflect drier or moister conditions in the study area. For this purpose, the fuzzification of the wetness index was modified, as is also displayed in Figure  4.
In the wet scenario, grassland could not compete with the woodland cover, and forest, especially wetland forest in the valley, would expand. The catchment area around the site would have been prone to substantial changes in relation to the key variable, namely, water availability, which is directly influenced by climate, in particular precipitation. All the vegetation types in the modelled scenarios have been attested by different proxies from the archaeological record of Maidanetske. Concerning the woodland species, charcoal data show a clear preponderance of ash, followed by oak and elm, that is, species that may grow in mixed open woodland, in dense forest with closed canopy, and in the hardwood belt of riverine woodlands. Ash is a fast-growing tree that, because of its adaptability to disturbance, can be quite competitive in mixed stands.
Comparison between wood availability and demand: A human-induced landscape transformation? Despite seasonal occupation of the mega-sites has been suggested  (Chapman, 2017; Nebbia, 2017: 212-221) , at Maidanetske the crops in the archaeobotanical record and the livestock in the faunal dataset seem to confirm the interpretation derived by the archaeological assemblages of standard buildings as related to permanent dwellings (e. g. Müller et al. , 2017). People lived and conducted subsistence activities that required permanent settling of at least a relevant portion of the community. On these premises, the wood demand has been calculated based on archaeological data, ethnographic analogy and experimental work for the four phases of site development, which saw different numbers of inhabitants.
Acknowledgements This study stems from the collaboration between members of the Projects  D1 ,  A2 ,  F2  and  F3  of the  Collaborative Research Centre 1266 'Scales of Transformation ' (founded by  DFG , project number  2901391021 ) at  Kiel University , the  Römisch-Germanische Kommission , Frankfurt; the  Academy of Sciences, Kiev ; and the  Borys Grinschenko Kyiv University, Kiev. We especially thank  Vitalii Rud ,  Nikita  and  Anna Kuzemko , and all the members of the excavation teams. We also thank  Vincent Robin  for laboratory support to charcoal analysis and  Nils Müller-Scheeßel  for help with the statistical analyses. We are grateful to  Suzanne Needs  for English proofreading and to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions. Individual contributions to this interdisciplinary work are explained hereafter.
Data and methods This study is based on a variety of bathymetry and seismic data collected since 1997 during several oceanographic campaigns (Fig. 3 ; Tab. 1) as well as on three piston cores (Tab. This dense and multi-resolution seismic database allowed a detailed new mapping and characterization of the RWMTD and to produce isochore and isochron maps. Two sediment cores were collected with the giant Calypso piston corer aboard R/V Marion Dufresne on the northern and southern extremities of the RWMTD. Another core was collected in the central part of the RWMTD with a Kullenberg piston corer aboard R/V Le Suroit (Figs. 2, 3 and 4A; Tabs. 1 and 2). Identification of lithofacies and grain size is based on visual description and physical properties logging with a Geotek Multi-Sensor Core Logger.
AMS radiocarbon dating was conducted on monospecific planktonic foraminifera (Globigerina bulloides). Age calibration into calendar scales was calculated by Calib 7. 1 software  (Stuiver et al. , 2018)  with the marine13 calibration curve  (Reimer et al. , 2013). All data were integrated into the IHS Kingdom suite seismic interpretation software. For the interpolation of isochrone and isochore grid, we used the Flex Gridding algorithms, defining a cell size of 50 m. Conversion of seismic two-way travel times into meters in the sedimentary column was made with a sound velocity of 1600 m. s -1 , which may represent the minimum sound velocity according to wave velocities measured in sediment cores.
Conclusions A comprehensive mapping of the Rhone RWMTD was performed, based on seismic data collected during several oceanographic campaigns between 1997 and 2008. The RWMTD emplaced on the western flank of the Rhone fan and involved sediment from the base of slope and from the adjacent Rhone fan levee. The RWMTD covers a surface of 6800 km 2. It represents a volume of 160 km 3 of folded and contorted laminated clayey high-density stiff sediments that have spread over 180 km. Our results show that : -Large mass transport deposits can be obscured in settings where sedimentation rates are high. This underlines the importance of integrated (swath bathymetric, seismics, core data) studies, and also suggests that hazard catalogues constructed from seafloor morphology alone may be incomplete. -Mass wasting is a major process of the margin development in the GoL and more generally in the north-western Mediterranean.
Acknowledgements We thank chief scientists, shipboard scientific parties, captains and crews of oceanographic campaigns that allowed collection of the data used in this paper. IFREMER's technical staff from sediment analysis platform ( René Kerbrat ,  Gilbert Floch ,  Mickael Rovere ,  Angélique Roubi ) and from  Service Cartographie ,  Traitement de Données et Instrumentation (CTDI)  is thank for its help. I. J. was supported by a post-doc grant from  Institut Carnot IFREMER EDROME, a program  from  ANR  ( Agence Nationale de la Recherche ). This work was supported by the  European Training Network SLATE  ( Submarine Landslides  and their impact on European continental margins) within the  Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020  under Grant Agreement No 721403. We thank  Jason D.
Statistical analyses Two-way ANOVAs were used to investigate the effects of treatment (i. e. , different browning scenarios) and week (i. e. , exposure duration) on the biochemical composition of D. longispina. Linear mixed effects (LME) models were applied to reproduction responses using the "lme4" package in R with treatment, week, and jar volume as fixed effects and jar ID as random effect to account for potential dependencies of measurements taken from the same jar in consecutive weeks. Tukey HSD post hoc tests were used to assess differences between treatments within each week. All explanatory variables were used as factors in the models to enable assessments of interactions (e. g. , treatment by week). Survival curves were analyzed using the "survival" package  (Therneau 2012 ) in R.
Survival data of individuals kept in 75 and 150 mL jars were combined as there was no effect of jar size on survival (Supporting Information Fig. S2 ). Likelihood ratio tests within Cox regressions were applied to the survival data to test for differences among treatments; log-rank tests were used to test for significant differences between survival curves of two different treatments  (Bewick et al. 2004 ). All analyses were run in the software R (version 3. 2. 0).
mL -1 ) and biomass (μg C L -1 ) in different size fractions and cryptomonads are averages over 3 weeks. Abundance and biomass data showed similar variability over time (Supporting Information Figs. S5, S6 ). N = 9 or 10 for elemental data and N = 5 for FlowCam data. p values refer to t-tests: † for p < 0. 1, * for p < 0. 05, ** for p < 0. 01 and *** for p < 0. 001.
Acknowledgments We are most grateful to  Anatole Boiché  for his tireless assistance during the experiment and to  Anne Lyche Solheim  for conceiving and assuming, along with MOG, overall responsibility for the enclosure experiment as part of the  MARS  project ( Managing Aquatic  ecosystems and water Resources under multiple Stress; http://www. mars-project. eu)funded under the 7 th  EU Framework Programme  (contract no. 603378 ). We also thank  Ute Mischke  and  Hans-Peter Grossart  for their contributions as steering committee members of the enclosure experiment and to a large team of participating scientists, technicians, and students. L. M. and E. S. were supported by postdoctoral grants through IGB's  Frontiers in Freshwater Science program. Major support was also received by the  BIBS project (Bridging in Biodiversity Science)  funded by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) , a core facility grant provided by the  German Research Foundation  (DFG,  GE 1775/2-1 ), a collaborative research grant of the  Leibniz Competition (ILES ,  SAW-2015-IGB-1 ), and the  BMBF  for funding the experimental facility ( 033L041B ).
We analyzed a set of geodetic data to investigate the contribution of local factors, namely the sea level natural variability (SLNV) and the vertical land motion (VLM), to the sea-level trend. The SLNV is analyzed through the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) on tidal data (>60 years of recordings) and results are used to evaluate its effects on sea levels. The VLM is measured at a set of continuous GPS (cGPS) stations (>5 years of recordings), located nearby the tide gauges. By combining VLM and SLNV with IPCC-AR5 regional projections of climatic data (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2. 6 and 8. 5), we provide relative sea-level rise projections by 2100. Results show that the combined effects of SLNV and VLM are not negligible, contributing between 15% and 65% to the sea-level variability.
e. , Genoa and Marseille) are located in this area. Therefore, detailed studies of local sea-level variations and future projections are relevant to support marine flooding scenarios for a cognizant coastal management. This study aims to characterize the effect of local factors, such as the sea level natural variability (SLNV) and vertical land motion (VLM), on the sea-level changes at nine locations in the Northern Mediterranean Sea (Figure  1 ). The SLNV was inferred from tide gauge data through the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) while VLM was measured by means of continuous GPS (cGPS) data. Our approach to estimate SLNV is comprised of two steps: (i) the EMD is applied to tide gauge data to characterize and isolate the natural variability; (ii) a simple theoretical model, based on EMD results, is developed to reproduce the observed SLNV.