dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Concerted versus stepwise reactions The PLP-dependent enzymes have been extensively studied and a series of mechanistic and computational studies show the Fig. 3  Active site of glutamate racemase from B. subtilis showing bound R-glutamate substrate and active site bases, the cysteine residues, Cys-74 and Cys-185 (PDB: 1ZUW). 105 Hydrogen bonds are shown as green dashed lines. Fig. 4  Active-site arrangement of a-methylacyl-CoA racemase (MCR) from M. tuberculosis showing binding of binding of 2-methyltetradecanoyl-CoA substrate (PDB: 2GCI). 95 Active site bases include Asp-156 and the His-126/Glu-241 pair, with Glu-241 contributed by the second monomer subunit. The His-126/Glu-241 pair removes the a-proton of the S-2-methylacyl-CoA substrate whilst Asp-156 protonates the enolate intermediate.
Acknowledgements The authors have been funded by  Prostate Cancer UK  (grants  S10-03  and  PG14-009 ),  LifeArc ,  Biochemical Society Summer Vacation Studentships , the  Cancer Research @ Bath network  and a  Bath-Shandong Undergraduate Exchange Studentship. TDJ wishes to thank the  Royal Society  for a  Wolfson Research Merit Award and the Open Research Fund of the School of.
Piezoelectric experimental set-up As previously reported  [14]  using a home-made set-up, the piezo-potential of nanostructured composite Ni/piezoPVDF films is registered after mechanical strain applied by gas-pressure in a two-compartment cell. The set-up is composed of: a ISO-TECH DC (IPS 303DD) power supplier, a KEITHLEY 3390 waveform generator, a PicoScope 4000 series (input impedance 1MΩ) and a GEMS pressure sensor (output 0-5 V, range 0-2. 5 bar). The argon arrival pressure was monitored with a 3-ways SMC VDW250 solenoid valve. The overall set-up is driven by Python scripts. Each measurement has been repeated 50 times (or 50 cycles). One cycle means one bending and one release of piezoelectric film under Ar gas pressure with opening and closing of gas arrival driven by solenoid valve.
Acknowledgements This research was produced within the framework of Ener-gy4Climate Interdisciplinary Center ( E4C ) of  IP Paris and Ecole des Ponts ParisTech. This research was supported by  3rd Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir  [ ANR-18-EUR-0006-02 ]. This action benefited from the support of the Chair « Challenging Technology for Responsible Energy » led by l'X -Ecole polytechnique and the  Fondation de l'Ecole polytechnique , sponsored by TOTAL. This work is also supported by a public grant overseen by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  as part of the  "Investissements d'Avenir" program  ( Labex NanoSaclay , reference:  ANR-10-LABX-0035 ). GANIL ion-beam and SIRIUS e-beam experiments were performed at Caen, France, and at  LSI (Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés), Palaiseau, France , respectively.
Acknowledgments The author would like to thank the  China Scholarship Council (CSC)  for the financial support to this work. Thanks to  Dr. Robert Chehab  for the fruitful discussion on positron targets. Special thanks to  Prof. Kazuro Furukawa ,  Dr. Naoko Iida  from  KEK  for providing Su-perKEKB injector information,  Dr. Salim Ogur  from  CERN  for providing FCC-ee electron linac information and  Dr. Andrea Latina  from  CERN  for providing the CLIC information to us.
Method The survey used was modified from the UK survey discussed by  Speight et al (2019). The original survey was developed by a nine member, multidisciplinary IPEM working party tasked with producing guidelines on the use of MRI in EBRT treatment planning and it comprised of 10 sections: In the following 11 countries, local contacts were collaborated with to modify the survey terminology for improved clarity and comprehension in their country. However, the meaning of the questions was held constant so that data could be compared fairly between countries. An example of the survey used in the UK is included in the appendix in  Speight et al (2019). • Australia (AU) • Belgium (BE) • Denmark (DK) • Finland (FN) • France (FR) • Italy (IT) • The Netherlands (NL) • New Zealand (NZ) • Sweden (SE) • United Kingdom (UK) • United States of America (USA) The survey was created and distributed using the Jisc Online Surveys platform (https://onlinesurveys.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  IPEM  for supporting the working party and endorsing this survey. We would also like to thank all respondents to the survey-without the hard work from these centres the survey would not have been possible. Neelam Tyagi  is thanked for coordinating the survey in the USA. Dr Richard Speight  is supported by the  Sir John Fisher Foundation  and  Cancer Research UK   Centres Network Accelerator Award Grant  ( A21993 ) to the  ART-NET consortium. Dr Ben George  is partly supported by a  Cancer Research UK   Centres Network Accelerator Award Grant  ( A21993 ) to the  ART-NET consortium. Dr Cynthia Eccles  is supported by the  NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre. Mr Michael Dubec  is supported by  CRUK  via the funding to  Cancer Research UK Manchester Centre :  [C147/A18083 ] and [ C147/ A25254 ].
Methods and presentat ion of the study The analysis rests upon empirical data gathered over a three year period in sixteen 'healthcare access units' (permanences d'accès aux soins de santé, PASS) located within public hospitals in different cities in France. It looks at the everyday interactions between healthcare practitioners, hospital managers, and patients at the more marginalised end of the healthcare system and the related construction of moral un/deservingness through these interactions. Data were collected through in-depth interviews (n=40) and participant observations conducted between 2011 and 2014 with healthcare professionals working in PASS. The extensive ethnographic component was undertaken in two hospitals, one in Paris and the other in a lower socio-economic Parisian suburb.
The number of explanatory factors was r after multiple collinearity assessments, wherein any two factors with a corr cient > 0. 7 were excluded. First, relationships between land use and local exp tors were calculated for the initial year (2014). Second, the CLUMondo mode eterized and calibrated based on the 2014 land use map. Finally, changes in from 2014 to 2050 were simulated under four different scenarios, which incl tive sets of demands for commodities and services and represented different managing the Mekong Delta's land resources  [21]. The 2014 land use map of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta was used as a rived from MODIS data at a resolution of 250 × 250m using EVI time serie the 12 classes of the VMD land use map, three classes indicate rice cultivati Cooperatives are considered as being run through the commune level to some degree with commercial interests, meaning agri-business.
A total of 21 biophysical and socioeconomic explanatory factors including climate, soil properties, water logging, salinity, and demography were used. The number of explanatory factors was reduced to 11 after multiple collinearity assessments, wherein any two factors with a correlation coefficient > 0. 7 were excluded. First, relationships between land use and local explanatory factors were calculated for the initial year (2014). Second, the CLUMondo model was parameterized and calibrated based on the 2014 land use map. Finally, changes in the land use from 2014 to 2050 were simulated under four different scenarios, which included alternative sets of demands for commodities and services and represented different pathways on managing the Mekong Delta's land resources  [21]. The 2014 land use map of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta was used as a baseline, derived from MODIS data at a resolution of 250 × 250m using EVI time series  [22].
Acknowledgments: The authors wish to acknowledge the funding for this work which extends across two related projects. (i) BRaGS:  Building Resilient Agricultural Systems: sustainable livelihoods in Mega Deltas  under environmental change. BBSRC / GCRF 2017/19 (ii) Hydro-Met: Slow Onset Hazard Interactions with Enhanced Drought and  Flood Extremes  in an  At-Risk Mega-Delta. NERC NE/S002847/1.
Bulk soil elemental analyses Soil samples were initially stored in plastic bags and allowed to air dry prior to being sealed. At Trinity College Dublin (TCD), samples were heated in an oven at 60 °C for 96 h to dryness. These were then sieved to collect the ≤ 2 mm soil fraction. From this subsample of ca. 40 g were pulverised in an agate mill in preparation for major and trace element analyses at ALS Minerals, Loughrea, Ireland. Measurements followed the standard procedures of ALS and method numbers (supplemental file). Major element [sodium (Na 2 O), potassium (K 2 O), (CaO), magnesium (MgO), Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MnO], C org (wt%) and essential trace metal concentrations (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Mo) (µg/g) are listed in Table  1. The full dataset with 51 additional analyses (mainly trace elements considered; non-essential is listed in the supporting information (Supplemental Table  2 ).
6 wt% (vermiculite), 0-0. 8 wt% (illite) to 0-0. 2 wt% (chlorite)  [61]. The original primary mineral association of Fe and Ti and the secondary formation of Fe-Ti hydrous oxides thus explain the strong correlations between Fe and Ti in fine fractions of soils  [62]. Molybdenum can also be associated with refractory minerals but in our dataset displays no relationship to the Fe-Ti mineral except in the two ferralsols (S25 and S26). In the other soils, Mo was likely originally hosted in sulphides but because concentrations are mainly below the detection limit of 1 µg/g, the inorganic soil constituents are clearly not a source of Mo. The global average and median of Ti in soils lie around 0. 33% and 0. 7%, respectively  [60]. The vertisol and ferralsol samples from Central India display TiO 2 (wt%) much higher concentrations (Fig.
Acknowledgements This work is a contribution of the  Marie Curie Initial Training Network IsoNose  (www. IsoNo se. eu) funded by the  People Programme  ( Marie Curie Actions ) of the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme FP7 /2007-2013/under REA Grant Agreement No. [608069]. We thank  Cora McKenna  for assistance of the trace metal analysis and  Mark Kavanagh  for the organic carbon analysis and assistance with DTPA-extractions and analysis. We are indebted to  Dhanajay Mohabey  and  Bandana Samant  ( Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University ) who provided invaluable assistance and expertise both in the field, and with wider institutional support. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments.
Acknowledgements Special thanks are due to  Catherine HERTER CLAVEL  and  Mathieu CLAVEL  for entrusting the first author (BG) to complete the drafting of this unpublished manuscript of the late Bernard CLAVEL ( 1938-2018 ) and coauthors. The foraminiferal material presented here will be stored in the micropaleontological collection of the " Musée d'Histoire naturelle de Genève " curated by André PIUZ. We are gratuful to  Fabienne GUIRAUD  and collaborators at  Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble -OSUG  for having provided new photos of their ammonite collection. OSUG-COL-LECTIONS is a database of rocks, minerals and fossils, https://web. collections. osug. fr,OSUG,  UGA. DOI: 10. 5072/OSUG-COLLECTIONS. all. The manuscript benefited from the constructive reviews of Felix SCHLAGINTWEIT and Michel SEPTFON-TAINE.
Reconstructive surgery In this field, our search yielded 38 eligible reports, involving 4830 cases, two-thirds of them in a single retrospective database study in the USA (sample size 3315). 23 wenty-three studies (61%) were case series involving five or fewer centers and under 100 patients. No larger multicenter prospective studies were included. There was one RCT (online supplemental table 5). Intravenous ICG was used in all but one study, the dose ranging from 5 mg to 12. 5 mg. ICG fluorescence imaging enabled graft perfusion visualization in 71%-100% of cases, leading to the adjustment of reconstruction procedures in up to 70% of patients. For 12 studies, the authors suggested a possible decrease in postoperative complications, but this not demonstrated in an internally valid manner against randomized controls.
No other techniques are widely available which enable the realtime visualization of blood flow around aneurysms during microscopic surgery. Fluorescence imaging is already widely disseminated and useful, at least, for surgical decision making. It is, therefore, unrealistic to create an appropriate control arm for an RCT. This is typical of situations wherein implementation has preceded evaluation. In such instances, remedial improvement of the evidence base can best be achieved through large, retrospective analyses of data extracted from registry systems and/or prospective clinical databases (IDEAL Stage 4). The major advantage of using the IDEAL framework lies in the fact that it facilitates the planning of further studies to develop novel surgical procedures into standard techniques to be used more widely and effectively.
In order to achieve this, the two signals emerging from ports I and J are detected by an oscilloscope and the recorded datasets are stored. Then, a signal processing unit exploits the mathematical model that is formulated in subsection 2. 1 and subsequently empirically corrected by a simple optimization process based on experimental results in subsection 3. 2. This is done in order to linearize the output and estimate the power of the signal to be sampled, P A , using the stored datasets from ports I and J, the operating parameters of the SOA-MZI as well as the empirical correction coefficients.
Experimental setup The linearization measurement setup in the dynamic regime is shown in Fig. 5. The SOA-MZI sampling pulse signal is produced, and Φ 01 , Φ 02 and PC1 are adjusted, in the same way as in quasi-static regime measurement. A continuous-wave signal tuned at λ A = 1550 nm is intensitymodulated by an MZM, which is biased at the quadrature point with V bias = 3. 1 V and produces a sinusoidal Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSB-FC) signal whose frequency f A is provided by an RF generator. The DSB-FC signal serves as the signal to be sampled that enters SOA-MZI port A. The average power of P A is chosen at -9 dBm, as previously mentioned. The power of the pulses at outputs I and J as well as the power at input A are measured after optical filtering an average error as low as betweenusing a sampling oscilloscope (Keysight N1000A DCA-X with N1030A calibrated optical plugin), and the datasets of the three signals.
Acknowledgment This research project was funded by the  Karolina Blaberg Stiftung in Zurich. We thank the foundation for its interest in this initiative and for its great support. Dr. Nadim C. Scherrer  from the  Bern University of Applied Sciences  is thanked for the helpful geological information and the revision of the text. We are grateful to  Joël Dugot ,  Stéphane Vaiedelich  and  Dr. Jean-Philippe Echard  of the Musée de la Musique in Paris as well as  Dr. Alfons Huber , Dipl. Rest. Ina Hoheisel  and  Dr. Rudolf Hopfner  of the  Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna  for their essential support concerning the sampling of the instruments from the respective collections in 2010. We also thank all private owners of the investigated music instruments for their cooperation.
In order to evaluate the discrimination ability, we compared the data of pwMS to healthy controls. Methods: We recruited two independent cohorts of MS patients. Within the precision cohort (n = 54), we analyzed the benefit of running 50 instead of 25 qCSF trials. The repeatability cohort (n = 44) was assessed by high contrast vision charts and qCSF assessments twice and we computed repeatability metrics. For the discrimination ability we used the data from all pwMS without any previous optic neuritis and compared the area under the log CSF (AULCSF) to an age-matched healthy control data set. Results: We identified 25 trials of the qCSF algorithm as a sufficient amount for a precise estimate of the CSF. The median test duration for one eye was 185 s (range 129-373 s). The AULCSF had better test-retest repeatability (Mean Average Precision, MAP) than visual acuity measured by standard high contrast visual acuity charts or.
We assessed the typical median test duration for the qCSF method in the repeatability cohort. The cohorts were recruited sequentially without any overlap in the recruitment periods; thus, no patient was included in both cohorts. For an evaluation of the ability of the qCSF to discriminate between normal vision and abnormal vision in MS, we pooled the patients with a RRMS disease course and without any current or previous optic neuritis of both cohorts (n = 13 patients, 40 measurements) and compared them to a published normative dataset of 61 age-matched healthy controls (186 measurements because some subjects were tested repeatedly at two visits about a week apart)  (Lesmes et al. , 2017). The diagnosis of an acute optic neuritis was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and Neurologist. Historical optic neuritis was assessed with clinical history.
Data Acquisition All tests were performed in the same room, under the same daylight illumination, and in the same order for both MS cohorts; the same stipulations applied for the normal healthy controls tested at a different site. Each eye was assessed separately and measured with best habitual correction (e. g. , glasses or contact lenses). For the precision analysis, the repeatability and the analysis of the time duration we treated within-subject eyes as independent measurements, for the discrimination analysis we averaged the available measurements per subject. To assess the full CSF, for each of the 25 trials, the qCSF device (Manifold Contrast Vision Meter, Adaptive Sensory Technology) presented three bandpass-filtered Sloan letters of varying size and contrast on a 46-inch computer screen at a viewing distance of 4.
g. , Pelli-Robson CS chart)  (Pelli and Bex, 2013). In addition to the summary statistic AULCSF, we were able to calculate cut-off frequencies for a large number of contrast levels, in order to select the parameter with the highest test-retest precision. In general, different ocular or neurological pathologies might affect vision differently at different stages, and the most informative part of the CSF may therefore differ across individuals or diseases. For example, low vision patients may experience floor effects at low contrast levels, which was the case for one MS patient at our 25% contrast criterion. Testing the entire CSF thus solves the conundrum of knowing where to test in advance. Furthermore, we also assessed typical test duration. With an average of about 3 min, results are in agreement with previous qCSF data from healthy controls  (Dorr et al.
The main limitation of the current study was the lack of comparison with Sloan VA charts in MS patients. However, we aimed to keep the burden for recruited patients low and decided to contrast our findings only with the clinical and EDSS standard, which is HCVA with a Snellen chart. Interestingly, repeatability data for Sloan charts in MS patients have not been previously published, although a good intra-rater agreement has been reported (ICC 0. 86-0. 95) (Balcer et al. , 2000). It should also be noted that the data from healthy controls were collected in a different clinic under slightly different conditions, at a viewing distance of 400 vs. 450 cm. However, these subtle factors likely did not substantially affect the rather large (qualitative) difference in qCSF on average that we observed between MS and healthy controls.
Plasma evolution The evolution of the expanding plasma was measured up to 80 ns after the beginning of the main laser pulse. In figure  2 , two radiographs, characteristic of a mono-mode target, are shown (a, b). The curvature present in the data is due to the finite laser focal spot size (250 µm). The spike and bubble evolution are clearly observed (a, c), and the RTI growth can be studied up to ∼50 ns (see fig S2 of the Supplementary Information). The high resolution of our diagnostic allows the investigation of the finest morphological details of the RTI spike extremities (see 2c). This represents a new horizon in the validation of RTI simulations, which, depending on the models employed, predict different spike morphologies  [38]. At later times, the expanding plasma appears as streaked and chaotic; the RTI structures are lost (see 2b and d).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the technical staff of LULI, the team of SACLA EH5, as well as  D. Sagae ,  H. Ogura ,  K. Ishida  and  T. Matsuoka  for their technical support. We thank  O. Soulard  for discussion. The XFEL experiment was performed at the BL3 of SACLA with approval of the  Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI)  (Proposal No. 2019A8037 ). This work was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  in the framework of the  TURBOHEDP  project ( ANR-15-CE30-0011 ), the  Investissements d'Avenir  from the  LabEx PALM  ( ANR-10-LABX-0039-PALM ) and a  CNRS  grant for travel expenses (GOtoXFEL). The CELIA authors acknowledge financial support from the  ANR  in the frame of "the Investments for the future"  Programme IdEx Bordeaux-LAPHIA  (No.
ANR-10-IDEX-03-02 ). This work was also supported by  KAKENHI  (grant no. 16H02246  and no. 17K05729 ) from the  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) , and X-ray  Free Electron Laser Priority Strategy Program  (contract  12005014  at  Osaka University ) and  Quantum Leap Program  ( JPMXS0118067246  and  JPMXS0118070187 ) from the  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT). This work was granted access to the HPC ressources of  GENCI  under the allocation 2017-A0030510298. Part of the writing of the article was performed by  G. Rigon  as an  JSPS   International Research Fellow (Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research in Japan ). The work of JIHT RAS team on x-ray radiography development and implementation was supported by the  Ministry for Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation  (topic # 075-15-2020-785 ).
Influenza Surveillance Network, ILI Case Definition InfluNet is coordinated by the Italian Ministry of Health and is based on the voluntary participation of sentinel physicians (SPs), pediatricians and general practitioners who provide medical care to the general population in ambulatory medical care facilities for ILI occurrence  [7]. Weekly, the SPs report data stating the number of ILI cases observed, and they collect respiratory samples (nasopharyngeal swabs, NPSs) from a subset of their outpatients for virological surveillance. The standard case definition for ILIs is: sudden onset of fever (>38 • C) or feverishness, one or more respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat, and/or shortness of breath), and one or more systemic symptoms (myalgia, headache, and/or malaise)  [13]. For each ILI case, information on age, sex, influenza vaccination status, and presence of underlying medical conditions (i.
Study Population and Study Design All NPSs collected for virological surveillance from ILI cases were tested on a weekly basis for influenza and RSV. SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection was implemented by week 7-2020 (10 February, when the WHO launched the global alert), and after that date, all NPSs were tested daily for SARS-CoV-2. All respiratory samples collected from week 46-2019 (11 November 2019) to week 6-2020 (9 February 2020) were retrospectively tested for SARS-CoV-2. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of ILI cases were described by week and by age group (0-4 years, 5-14 years, 15-64 years, ≥65 years), comparing the data of the 2019-2020 season with those of the five previous influenza seasons (from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019) in Lombardy.