dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
FUnDing Work in the laboratory INSERM U1183 was supported by the INSERM Institute and the University of Montpellier. We are indebted to Association des Sclérodermiques de France (ASF) for funding. AM received a fellowship from French Health ministry and INSERM institute for this work. We acknowledge the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche for support of the national infrastructure: "ECELLFRANCE: Development of a national adult mesenchymal stem cell based therapy platform" (ANR-11-INSB-005).
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the  CECOMO (Université Lyon 1)  for providing access to Raman facilities. They also thank  F. Gombault  ( LMI ) for the borazine synthesis,  C. Journet  ( LMI ) for TEM observations, as well as  M. Maillard  and  F. Chassagneux  ( LMI ) for fruitful discussions. Thanks are also due to the  CLYM (Centre Lyonnais de Microscopie : http://www. clym. fr)supported by the  CNRS , the " Grand Lyon " and the  Rhône-Alpes Region  for the use of the  Zeiss NVision40 FIB/SEM  and " Science et surface " is acknowledged for the XPS characterizations.
Adsorption Kinetics Activated carbon and 0. 15 g of B300, B500, and B700 were weighed into 20-mL headspace vials. Three replicates of each type of carbon, in other words, a total of twelve vials, were placed in a container that was constructed in two stainless steel cylindrical boxes. A clear vial containing 5 mL of pure CP liquid was placed in the cylindrical boxes to form a saturated gas concentration. The cylindrical boxes were then transferred to an incubator at 30 • C. After incubating the samples for 3, 6, 12, 24, or 36 h, the cylindrical boxes were removed and placed in an airing chamber for 30 min. The CP adsorbed by the biochar was extracted using the extraction method described in the degradation experiment section. The Lagergren pseudo-first-order kinetics equation was used to fit the data as follows: ln (q t -q e )=lnq e -kt, where q t is the amount of CP adsorbed at time t; q e is the calculated adsorption amount at equilibrium (mg/g), and k is the adsorption rate constant (min -1 ).
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the " Fonds de recherche du Québec-Nature et technologie" (FQRNT) , the " Programme de soutien à l'innovation en agroalimentaire " (grant number  IA113109 ), the  IRDA and McGill University  for their financial support. Special thanks are also addressed to  Jean-Pierre Larouche ,  Cédric Morin ,  Étienne Le Roux ,  Salha Elcadhi , and  Martin Brouillard  for their help during the implementation and the realization of the experiments.
Acknowledgments : This work was supported during my visiting professor at  Strathclyde University. Author Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the work done. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by the  National Key Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology, China  ( 2012BAD14B11 ), and the  Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of the Ministry of Agriculture, China  ( 201503116 ). Acknowledgments: The authors thank  Jospeh Billaud  for providing the char samples ( 800-1400 • C ). They also thank  Khouloud Haddad  for her help in the acquisition of the Raman spectra. Author Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the work done. Acknowledgments: This work was conducted under the framework of  Research and Development Program  of the  Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER, Korea)  ( B7-2414-02 ).
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the  LSU Agricultural Center, LSU College of Engineering , and  LSU Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department  for their support of this project. The authors acknowledge NSF CBET (award#  1437810 ), and  USDA   Hatch program  (LAB # 94146 ) and  Louisiana Board of Regents  ( Graduate Fellowship for Candice Ellison  under award # LEQSF(2012-17)-GF-03 ) for their financial support of this project. A portion of this work was conducted at and using equipment from the  USDA Agriculture Research Service lab in Athens, Georgia. The author extends her acknowledgement to  Jeff Ortego ,  McKenna Benbow  and  Gustavo Aguilar  for their technical support. Published with the approval of the Director of the  Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station  as manuscript  2017-232-30777.
Acknowledgments: This work has received financial support from the  Spanish MINECO  ( ENE2014-53515-P ), cofinanced by the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) , and from the  Gobierno del Principado de Asturias  ( PCTI-GRUPIN14-079 ). María Pilar González-Vázquez  also acknowledges a fellowship awarded by the  Spanish MINECO  ( FPI program ), cofinanced by the  European Social Fund.
Acknowledgments: This study was supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation Project of China  ( 31572035 ). The authors would like to express their thanks to  Melanie Miller  for help with the English language. Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge the  Industrial Chair in Cellulosic Ethanol and Biocommodities  for financial support. The authors are also thankful to the  Scierie Joseph Audet Inc. for providing the sugar maple samples. Finally, the authors are grateful to  Charles Bertrand , research professional at the  Materials Characterization Center, University of Sherbrooke , for his help with the SEM-EDX experiments.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the  German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology  for financial support within the agenda for the promotion of industrial cooperative research and development (IGF) based on a decision of the  German Bundestag. The access was opened by the IUTA e. V. , Duisburg, and organized by the  AiF  (IGF-Project Nos. 14883  and  15751 ). Acknowledgments: We would like to thank  Gautier Schrodj ,  Ludovic Josien  and  Loïc Vidal  for the help provided with the TGA, TEM and SEM analyses. Acknowledgments: This material was based upon work made possible through support by the  North Carolina Agricultural Foundation, Inc. and  Carolina Greenhouses, Inc.
Statistical analysis. The normality of the data distribution and homogeneity of variance were tested for pearl size, donor, recipient oyster biometric parameters and relative gene expression data using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Bartlett's test. When necessary, transformations were used to adjust data to this distribution (logarithm or square roots). Group donor size (QL vs. TL) and time harvest were treated as fixed variables for statistical analysis, with donor treated as a random variable unless otherwise stated. A linear mixed effects model was used to assess the effect of the fixed and random variables on nacre weight, thickness and relative gene expression, and a generalized linear mixed effects model (family = binomial) was used for the presence or absence of circles and luster, both using packages lme4 and nlme  74  with the R© software.
Qualitative classes based on cultured pearl surface defects, grade and darkness level were re-encoded into ordered categorical response variable. Scores from 0 to 4 were attributed to the different classes from the least to the most valuable. Analyses of ordered categorical response variables (pearl darkness, surface defects and grade) were analyzed using cumulative link mixed models implemented in the ordinal package  75  with the R© software. The significance of fixed variables was tested by comparing the fit of an all-inclusive model with that of a reduced model for each variable using a fisher test or chi-squared test. For the cultured pearl "color categories" and shape categories, donor and time of harvest effect were compared using χ 2 tests. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlations between nacre weight and thickness, and the four biometric measures of the recipient and donor oysters, and gene expression.
We have adjusted the p-value with Bonferroni correction (level of significance = α/c, in which α = 0. 05, and c = number of comparisons performed) to compare pairwise correlation in multiple comparison. The gene expression values of each graft donor and pearl sac were associated with the corresponding nacre weight and thickness of each pearl. The statistics and the visualization for the correlation matrix (Fig. 3 ) were done with the R© software Hmisc and Corrplot package using the spearman method  76, 77. In all cases, the differences were considered statistically significant when p values were lower than 0. 05. Statistical analyses were performed using XLSTAT (version 2009. 4. 02) and R© software (version 3. 2. 1).
Acknowledgements This study was supported by grants from the " Direction des ressources marines et Minières ", through the  TripaGEN  project ( 2015-2017 ). The authors especially would like to thank the host site, SCA  Regahiga Pearls  ( Mangareva island, Gambier archipelago, French Polynesia ) for their generous support. The authors are indebted to  S. Parrad ,  S. Nakasai ,  C. Lo  and  D. Devaux  for their helpful assistance.
It should be specified that the results presented in the scope of this work are at 868 MHz, being the working frequency of UHF passive RFID systems, with which wheat gluten is sought to be interfaced. The coaxial cable was fixed to the extent possible to avoid stray capacitors due to cable movements after calibration, before connecting the IDC system. The latter was inserted into the climate control system where carbon dioxide gas concentration, relative humidity and temperature are controlled. A hygrometer was used to verify the relative humidity value. The temperature was fixed at 25°C during the whole experiment. In all cases, the IDC systems were positioned in the middle of the chamber to provide equal atmosphere interaction on the whole surface area of the sensor. A host computer was connected to the VNA for data acquisition.
The impedance real and imaginary components, as well as frequency were acquired at fixed time intervals (30 minutes for each measurement). These electrical properties were recorded (as triplicates) by a program developed on Labview software and data was saved in text files. The experimental set-up for electrical property measurements is given in figure  3  (a). The IDC system is represented by the equivalent resistance capacitance (RC) circuit in  1 ( ) T r TT R Z RC   (1) 2 2 1 ( ) TT img TT RC Z RC     (2) Where RT is Rp and RS in parallel, and where CT is CP and CS in parallel.
Identification of dielectric properties of materials by retro-simulation of IDC systems The identification of the dielectric properties of wheat gluten was performed by simulation with ANSOFT® software using geometrical and substrate (FR4) parameters of the designed IDC system. The identification procedure was developed in a previous study  [30]  where the permittivity and dielectric loss were obtained by comparing the simulated impedance values to the measured values at the specified frequency. The only modification performed to the IDC system was the addition of the wheat gluten layer on top. This layer represented the dielectric whose permittivity and loss were varied and re-injected in the simulation procedure. By 3 Results and discussion 3. 1 Effects of carbon dioxide on electrical properties of wheat gluten at low relative humidity value The impact of carbon dioxide was determined at low relative humidity (20%) on the wheat gluten network.
Based on these trials (data not shown), incubation of the poplar sections was performed in 0. 02 M DXR20 or DXR70 probe in citrate-phosphate buffer at pH 5. 0 for 24 h. Excitation at 543 nm was used for both probes (Table  2 ), and microscope detector gain was finely tuned so that the fluorescence measured was only emitted by the DXR probes and not by the plant cell wall autofluorescence. In order to perform a relevant analysis, mobility experiments were organized as a full factorial experiment in which 3 parameters were varied on at least 2 levels (Fig. 3 ): the fluorescent probe size (20 kDa for DXR20 and 70 kDa for DXR70), the pretreatment type (CONT, HYD, AMM and CHLO) and the cell wall localization (secondary cell walls, SCW and cell corner middle lamella, CCML). The effect of each factor was determined regarding the 2 responses obtained from the mobility measurements calculated by FRAP: the probe diffusion coefficient D, which is the surface the probe can move in one second and is related to the structural and chemical features of both the probe and its environment which can impact probe mobility; the probe mobile fraction MF, which is more directly related to the accessibility of the probe, thus to the structural features.
Characterization The structural properties of the films were investigated by a α = 1 • grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) at room temperature. GIXRD was performed using a Siemens D5000 diffractometer equipped with a Bruker Sol-X detector (Siemens, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Copper radiations were used as X-ray source (λCuK α1 = 1. 5405 Å and λCuK α2 = 1. 5445 Å). The microstructure of the films was observed using a Nanoscope III Dimension 3000 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). AFM surface views were analyzed using the Gwyddion software. The band gap energy has been determined by the measure of the total transmittance and the total reflectance in the 300 to 1100 nm wavelength range using a Bentham PVE300 integrated spectrophotometer (Bentham Instruments Ltd. , Berkshire, UK). The electrical resistivity was measured using a four-point probe measurement unit (Signatone, Gilroy, CA, USA).
III. NEUTRON DIFFRACTION The neutron diffraction data, obtained on the G4. 1 diffractometer with a neutron wavelength λ = 2. 423 Å and a detector coverage 2θ = 80 • , are shown in Fig. 1(a). They have been fitted using the FULLPROF package  [16]  to the rhombohedral R 3 space group using the atomic positions previously determined because the resolution of the instrument did not allow us to refine the atomic positions reliably. We find a,b = 10. 832(1) Å and c = 31. 850(2) Å in the HS (HT, 140 K) state and a,b = 10. 657(2) Å and c = 31. 902 (5)  Å in the LS (LT, 5 K) state. Under light irradiation (405 and 450 nm) we observe a progressive change in the Bragg peaks revealing the coexistence of the two spin states (HS and LS phases). During photoexcitation the temperature is stabilized at 10-15 K, well below the temperature of the thermally-driven relaxation process.
IV. INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING INS spectra were recorded on FOCUS at low temperature on 400 mg of an undeuterated, microcrystalline powder sample of [Fe(ptz) 6 ](BF 4 ) 2 placed in our adapted sample holder. The FOCUS data were measured with an incident neutron energy E i = 9. 108 meV with instrumental FWHM ≈ 0. 45 meV at the elastic line position. The experimental resolution at finite-energy transfer is comparable (for hω ≈ E i /2, FWHM ≈0. 6 ± 0. 1 meV; see  [17] ) with possible broadening due to multiple scattering arising from scattering of hydrogen nuclei. The data, corrected for detector efficiency with vanadium metal standard, correspond to the sum of all of the central detectors (the upper and lower banks of the detectors are obstructed by the bulky metallic cryomagnet). Figure  2  shows the evolution with magnetic field of the INS spectra at 10 K after laser light irradiation (405 nm, 400 mW, 100 h).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to  B. Gillon  ( CNRS ) for useful discussions and to  S. Ochsenbein  ( ETH Zürich ) for help and advice during preliminary work at  PSI. We acknowledge the technical support of  T. Robillard  ( CEA ) and  S. Gautrot  (CNRS). This work is supported by public grants overseen by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  as part of the  "Investissements d'Avenir" program [Labex NanoSaclay  (Reference No. ANR-10-LABX-0035 ) and  Labex PALM  (Reference No. ANR-10-LABX-0039 )]. This work is based on experiments performed at the  Swiss spallation neutron source SINQ, Paul Scherrer Institute (Villigen, Switzerland ), and at the  Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (Gif sur Yvette, France). The  UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council  is thanked for financial support (Grant No.
Instruments and characterization Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations were performed with a JEOL ARM 200F -Cold FEG TEM/STEM (point resolution 0. 19 nm in TEM mode and 0. 078 nm in STEM mode) fitted with a GIF Quatum ER. High-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) imaging was performed with a JEOL ARM 200F -Cold FEG (point resolution 0. 19 nm) fitted with a GIF Quatum ER. For each sample, one drop of a dispersed solution was deposited on holey carbon grids and imaged. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures were prepared using a JEOL scanning electron microscope JSM-6490 LV. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were collected from an X'Pert MPD diffractometer (Panalytical AXS) with a goniometer radius 240 mm, fixed divergence slit module (1/2° divergence slit, 0. 04 rd Sollers slits) and an X'Celerator as a detector.
The powder samples were placed on a silicon zero-background sample holder and the XRD patterns were recorded at room temperature using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0. 15418 nm). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were performed on a Gammadata Scienta (Uppsala, Sweden) SES 200-2 spectrometer under ultra-high vacuum (P < 10 -9 mbar). The spectrometer resolution at the Fermi level is about 0. 4 eV. The depth analyzed extends up to about 8 nm. The monochromatized Al Kα source (1486. 6 eV) was operated at a power of 420 W (30 mA and 14 kV) and the spectra were acquired at a take-off angle of 90° (angle between the sample surface and photoemission direction). During acquisition, the pass energy was set to 500 eV for wide scans and to 100 eV for high-resolution spectra. CASA XPS software (Casa Software Ltd, Teignmouth, UK, http://www.
Instrumentation of the vessels All tanks tested under hydrogen and four of the tanks tested hydraulically (C_Oil_3, C_Oil_4, C_Oil_5 and B_Oil_3) were instrumented with strain gauges (SG) to collect data concerning crack initiation and propagation. To study the suitability of placing SG to measure the strain evolution during the fatigue tests, finite element (FE) simulations have been performed on a 26 mm thick type B cylinder design with a calibrated defect  [13]. Two elliptical defects, 0. 5 mm and 1. 5 mm deep, have been considered and various crack lengths, result of FCG, have been introduced at the 1. 5 mm notch front (ranging from 2. 5 mm to 22 mm). The cyclic plastic mechanical behaviour identified on experimental tests has been used as an input and pressure cycles between 2 and 41 MPa have been simulated.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the GasTeF technicians  F. Harskamp  and  K. Goblet  for the work in the preparation and execution of the experiments,  I. Moro  for the FE numerical simulations,  T. Seldis  for the invaluable work on TOFD examination and  M. Steen  for his comments and remarks. The authors would also like to acknowledge  E. Palermo ,  Senior Laboratory Engineer at TenarisDalmine  for his invaluable work instrumenting cylinders for hydraulic full scale tests and  G. Tamponi  who extensively worked in the  Mathryce  project.
The rocking curves were measured by scanning the sample angle, θS, at a fixed detector angle, θD, in order to vary the projection of the exchanged momentum along the sample surface in the direction orthogonal to the stripes. Magnetic signals can be recorded also in the geometry of Figure  1c  if one uses circularly instead of linearly polarized photons (Figure  1d ), but the relative variation of the scattered intensity upon magnetization reversal is much smaller than for the T-MOKE geometry of Figure  1b. All the magnetic scattering data shown hereafter were collected using 53. 7 eV photons, tuned to the Fe-3p resonance. The asymmetry ratio is defined as raw data minus their average over a loop, divided by the average.
Magnetic signals can be recorded also in the geometry of Figure  1c  if one uses circularly instead of linearly polarized photons (Figure  1d ), but the relative variation of the scattered intensity upon magnetization reversal is much smaller than for the T-MOKE geometry of Figure  1b. All the magnetic scattering data shown hereafter were collected using 53. 7 eV photons, tuned to the Fe-3p resonance.
Acknowledgments: We are grateful to  Marcello Coreno  ( Elettra Trieste ),  Fausto Sirotti  (Synchrotron SOLEIL), and  Massimiliano Marangolo  ( INSP Paris ) for useful discussions and suggestions. Preparatory work was carried out at the  Circular Polarization beamline (Elettra)  and at the Citius high harmonic generation source ( University of Nova Gorica ). This research received financial support from the  European Community 7th Framework Programme  under grant agreement No. 312284  and from  CNRS (France)  via the  PEPS_SASLELX program. The  FERMI  project at  Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste  is supported by  MIUR  under grants  FIRB-RBAP045JF2  and  FIRB-RBAP06AWK3.
Computational details Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of crystalline and amorphous diazepam were performed using DL_POLY Classic. 17 Crystalline diazepam was simulated using a supercell of dimensions 38. 8 Â 40. 0 Â 39. 9 Å3 constructed on the basis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data  18  and containing 180 diazepam molecules. An amorphous cell containing 200 molecules was constructed using the Amorphous Cell module built in the Materials Studio package. 19 D simulations were performed in the temperature range 200-300 K at constant NVT. The temperature was controlled using Berendsen's thermostat  20  with a relaxation constant of 1 ps. Periodic boundary conditions were applied in all directions. We used the cvff force eld. 21 A cut-off distance of 19 Å was applied for the van der Waals forces and the electrostatic interactions were treated using the Ewald summation method with the same cutoff in real space.
The sample holder was weighted before and aer the measurements to conrm that it was hermetic and no mass losses were detected. Additionally, an empty container and a vanadium sample were measured at room temperature to be used in the background and normalization procedures, respectively. Raw data were treated with the DAVE package,  23  which performs the standard corrections, including background subtraction and self-absorption correction. Then, using a vanadium spectrum as an elastic scattering standard the intensities were normalised in order to correct for different detector efficiencies. Finally, detectors where Bragg peaks inuenced the collected spectra were removed from further analysis in order to focus only on the incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering.
They were tted using the STR_FIT program in Lamp  24  which enables numerical convolution with the instrumental resolution function R(Q,u) determined from a measurement of a vanadium standard sample. Two important parameters are extracted from the t: the correlation time (inversely proportional to the half-width of the Lorentz function G) and A 0 (Q), which provides information about the geometry of the dynamic process. Thus, this phenomenological t permits us to determine the EISF in a model independent way. Assuming jumps of methyl groups between three equidistant sites on a circle of radius r, the corresponding EISF can be written as:  25  A 0 ðQÞ ¼ 1 3 h 1 þ 2j 0 Qr ffiffi ffi 3 p i (4) While all atoms in the sample contribute to the EISF, the contribution from the hydrogen atoms represents more than 90% of the total scattering, so the contribution from other atoms (nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and chlorine) can be neglected.