dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
It is still in an early phase. Cryptocurrencies in general need to stabilize to be used as a means of payment. Blockchains, on the other hand, are exciting and could benefit from more attention in academia and in the study programs. (translated from Norwegian) I believe that the underlying database technology (Blockchain) shows promise and will eventually be used in different settings. I am more skeptical of the other parts, like the currencies themselves. (translated from Norwegian) The distinction between BCT and cryptocurrencies is interesting and the quotes above are typical of many people's notions about the new BCT. The belief is that the currency can easily be avoided and that the interesting part is the BCT itself. This is, however, a misunderstanding of the important part cryptocurrencies play in open, permissionless blockchains.
In 2014, we installed a continuously rotating half-wave plate (CRHWP) at the focus of the primary mirror to search for PGWs and demonstrated the control of low-frequency noise. We have found that the low-frequency B-mode power in the combined dataset with the Planck high-frequency maps is consistent with Galactic dust foreground, thus placing an upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio of r < 0. 90 at the 95% confidence level after marginalizing over the foregrounds.
Acknowledgments The  Polarbear  project is funded by the  National Science Foundation  under Grants No. AST-0618398  and No. AST-1212230. The  James Ax Observatory operates in the Parque Astronómico Atacama in Northern Chile  under the auspices of the  Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica de Chile (CONICYT). The James Ax Observatory would not be possible without the support of  CONICYT  in Chile. YC acknowledges the support from the  JSPS KAKENHI  Grant Number  18K13558  and  18H04347.
Consequently, several clinical studies are currently underway to provide compelling evidence for the clinical benefit of IMPT (NCT01893307). However, the physical properties of protons make IMPT more sensitive than IMRT to planning uncertainties, and this could potentially have a negative effect on the quality of IMPT planning and delivery. Thus, building evidence from clinical trials requires that the technical and physical aspects be well understood and managed to ensure the delivery of high-quality IMPT. The goal of the present review was to assess the technical and physical requirements that are specific to PT for HNSCC of usual location (oropharynx, oral cavity, larynx, hypopharynx). A brief explanation of the physical properties of protons is provided. Next, the differences between IMPT and IMRT, especially the effects of the uncertainties associated with IMPT are discussed.
Dose definition and fractionation A mean relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1. 1 is currently applied in TPS to achieve a dose scheme that is similar to that used in IMRT for HNSCC  [30]. For PT, most centers use conventional fractionation, with 1. 8 Gy as the physical dose (corresponding to 2 Gy RBE). Because of the increasing RBE with the decreasing dose per fraction, a theoretical concern for any given total dose is the possible increase in toxicity in the critical serial organs with low α/β  [31]. In most HNSCCs, IMRT is currently performed with a simultaneous integrated dose (SIB) approach because of its superior potential over the sequential approach regarding conformality. Despite the lack of clinical evidence of the risks and the inadequacy of the data regarding sequential planning, this approach should be considered in the design of SIB PBS plans.
Image-guided and adaptive proton therapy Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), which relies on orthogonal projective 2D images or volumetric 3D images (in-room CT or cone-beam CT [CBCT]), is critical to the success of IMPT. Most machines are equipped with 2D-IGRT systems only, and their adequacy for 2D imaging for HNSCC is a matter of debate. In most HNSCC studies, the setup accuracy was assessed with the daily X-ray orthogonal verification of the isocenter on the basis of the bony anatomy. CBCT was not used (Table  1 ). Nevertheless, comparative 2D and 3D data have shown that sensitivity to setup errors could be more performant for detecting and measuring translational errors with 3D IGRT. This method would be useful for HNSCC  [52, 53]. Another concern with HSNCC is patient and tumor anatomy changes.
The MDA Phase II or III trial was initiated with a physician-reported toxicity endpoint  [80]. The authors reduced the symptom burden with chemo-IMPT (N = 35) or chemo-IMRT (N = 46) during the subacute recovery phase following treatment. Caution should be exercised in the preliminary interpretation of the effects of symptoms on quality of life  [81]. A prospective randomized clinical trial (NCT01893307) is underway to determine the value of IMPT in HNSCC. IMPT likely reduces acute toxicities, such as mucositis, dysgeusia, dysphagia, and fatigue. It should also reduce the late xerostomia and dysphagia rates. IMPT is a promising addition to our current technical treatment options for HNSCC patients because it can substantially reduce side effects compared to IMRT thanks to the physical characteristics of protons that allow more effective sparing of OAR.
Data collection All Olympic athletes were permitted to walk into the Olympic village clinic and get a spine MRI if they had pain in the neck, mid or lower back. From the data that we received, there was no information regarding pain location, pain intensity or whether the pain was from a recent injury or chronic. MRI imaging was obtained within the Olympic village using 3 T Discovery MR750w and 1. 5 T Optima 450MRw MRI scanners (GE Healthcare, Brazil). For the cervical spine, sagittal T1 and T2-weighted and short tau inversion recovery sequences and axial two-dimensional multiple echo recombined gradient echo (2D MERGE) and isotropic 3D CUBE T2-weighted were obtained. For the thoracic spine, sagittal T1 and T2-weighted and short tau inversion recovery sequences and only one axial 2D MERGE plane were obtained.
Discussion Data about the degenerative changes of the cervical spine in athletes and particularly Olympic athletes is fairly limited  [6, 7, [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]. Our study is the first to assess the cervical DDD in Olympic athletes who obtained imaging. Nearly 58% of the cervical discs of the examined athletes demonstrate some degree of degeneration: 75% were classified as mild and 25% as moderate to severe. The percentage of DDD of the cervical spine in our study was significantly higher than other studies of symptomatic and asymptomatic non-athletes of the same age groups. For instance, Boden et al. conducted an MRI study of the cervical spine in 63 asymptomatic subjects and reported that the disc was degenerated or narrowed at one level or more in 25% of subjects who were less than forty years old  [22].
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  European Research Council  (Grant No. CoG-617233 ),  LABEX Who Am I?  ( ANR-11-LABX-0071 ), the  Ligue Contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisée) , and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (' POLCAM ' ( ANR-17-CE13-0013  and ' MechanoAdipo '  ANR-17-CE13-0012 ). We acknowledge the  ImagoSeine core facility  of the  IJM, member of IBiSA and France-BioImaging  ( ANR-10-INBS-04 ) infrastructures. A. D. acknowledges support from the  Novo Nordisk Foundation  (grant No. NNF18SA0035142 ),  Villum Fonden  (Grant no. 29476 ), and funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  MarieSklodowska-Curie  grant agreement No. 847523  (INTERACTIONS). LB.
The residual subunits seem to have a scaffolding function,  3, 6, 7  with CNOT1 being the central scaffolding protein (in)directly binding to all CCR4-NOT partners. 8 In addition to its scaffolding function, CNOT1 has been considered as a translational regulator through the binding of nuclear receptors and as a regulator of deadenylase activity. 9, 10 2] [13] [14] [15]  Interrogation of gnomAD, as well as visualization of the CNOT1 tolerance landscape using Meta-Dome  16  (Figure  S1 ), has shown that CNOT1 is significantly depleted of loss-of-function (LoF; pLI ¼ 1. 00) and missense variation (Z-score ¼ 7. 25), suggesting that such variants may lead to genetic disease. Indeed, two recent studies together reported five individuals with a recurrent de novo missense variant in CNOT1 (GenBank: NM_016284.
Acknowledgments We wish to thank all families participating in this study. In addition, we wish to thank the members of the  Genome Technology Center and Cell culture facility, Department of Human Genetics ,  Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen , for data processing and cell culture of patient-derived cell lines, as well as the  Radboud Technology Center for Flow Cytometry  for help in FACS sorting. This work was financially supported by an  Aspasia  grant of the  Dutch Research Council  ( 015. 014. 066  to L. E. L. M. V. ). D. L. P. is recipient of a  CAPES Fellowship  ( 99999. 013311/2013-01 ). F. L. R. is funded from the  Cambridge Biomedical Centre. In addition, the collaborations in this study were facilitated by the ERN ITHACA, one of the 24 European Reference Networks (ERNs) approved by the  ERN Board of Member States , co-funded by  European Commission.
Risk Reduction As said before, EEnvest is developing effective evaluation methods for the technical/financial risk correlation by categorizing a number of major technical risks and quantifying their impact on investors´ confidence. Those risks will follow three main phases: 1. Evaluation of the exploitation of existing databases on energy efficiency of buildings. 2. Organization on an investor-friendly benchmark track record. 3. Transfer to a web-based platform through secure blockchain networks, in order to guarantee that the information is validated and reliable and to ensure the quality and security of the data at the end of the process. In order to reduce the risk in investments, the project is based on three main pillars, as seen in Figure  1.
To this end, Triple-A creates standardized tools and benchmarks in order to support the identification of attractive project ideas. The "gap" that the Triple-A scheme tries to cover concerns the development phase of energy efficiency investments, where plenty of project ideas exist. These projects, however, tend to never get financed for various reasons, either because project developers do not have the expertise or resources to make a convincing financing case for investors or because most of the banking sector does not adopt energy-efficiency-based criteria for financing project ideas. Triple-A, therefore, adopted a very practical result-oriented approach, seeking to address this challenge by answering the following questions: • How do we assess the financing instruments and risks at an early stage? • How do we agree on the Triple-A investments, based on selected key performance indicators? • How do we assign the identified investment ideas with possible financing schemes? The Triple-A scheme is comprised of three steps, Assess-Agree-Assign (Figure  2 ), answering each of the abovementioned questions, with the following main outputs: Step 1-Assess the results in member states' risk profiles and mitigation policies, including a webbased database that enables comparability per member state and sector, identification of market maturity, exchange of experiences regarding good practices among member states and facilitation of the replicability, leading to a fruitful policy analysis for scaling up energy efficiency investments and reducing uncertainty for investors/financiers.
QUEST: 2050-De-Risking Your Investments into a Carbon Neutral Building Portfolio QUEST [5] is developing a reliable empiric database on the economic and ecologic impact of measures to reduce the CO2 emissions of buildings. Owners can use this information to apply the most effective measures and best quality management services to achieve maximum impact on their portfolio, as can be seen in Figure  3. The European Green Deal and taxonomy will cause heavy investments in innovative technology at a high speed and large scale. Choosing the right measures for retrofit or modernization and the appropriate quality management services such as Digital Technical Monitoring or expert-based commissioning are key to ensure that portfolios adhere to the EU Green Deal while maintaining economic performance.
5 1. The next steps Current studies in the adjuvant field look at the combination of a reduced dose of ipilimumab with standard doses of nivolumab (Checkmate 915, NCT03068455) or at the adjuvant use of PD-1 antibodies in patients with high-risk primary melanoma i. e. stage IIB and IIC (Keynote 716, NCT03553836; Checkmate 76K, NCT04099251)  [89]. Future trials will also assess the use of BRAF and MEK inhibition in stage II disease and the use of sequential therapy of BRAF/MEK and PD-1 inhibition in the adjuvant setting. Further clinical development may involve neoadjuvant use of pembrolizumab, nivolumab most likely in combination with ipilimumab, or a BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination, especially attractive in palpable nodal stage III disease. One of the advantages of the neoadjuvant setting over adjuvant is that the efficacy of the drug can be confirmed by its direct effect on the nodal disease.
Moreover, neoadjuvant therapy may facilitate surgery, reduce RT and increase locoregional control. Impressive results have been obtained with BRAF/MEK combinations, with a 100% response rate and reduced relapse rates  [90]. The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab is highly active as well and, interestingly induces a greater number and variety of Tcell receptor (TCR) clones than adjuvant therapy with the same regimen  [91]  while PD-1 antibodies alone seem to be less active  [92]. Grade IIIeIV toxicities are observed in 80e90% of patients at approved standard doses of ipilimumab and nivolumab but low-dose ipilimumab (1 mg/kg) with nivolumab at 3 mg/kg showed comparable efficacy but significantly reduced toxicity  [93]. Most interestingly, the paradigm that surgery has to be used in every patient following neoadjuvant treatment of palpable nodal disease is, based on the high pathological complete remission observed after neoadjuvant treatment with ipilimumab and nivolumab, currently challenged in the PRADOextension of the OPACIN-neo trial (NCT02977052).
A recent update on a pooled analysis of COMBI-d/v reported for the first time 5-year survival data. Thirty-four percent of all patients treated with dabrafenib/trametinib were still alive. If these patients demonstrated normal LDH levels at baseline, this increased to 41%  [115]. A small proportion of melanomas arising in sunprotected sites have mutations in cKIT and they have been treated with the cKIT inhibitor imatinib mesylate. Responses have been described in case reports, and a phase II trial revealed an objective response rate of 23% in patients with cKIT-mutated melanoma (Table  3 )  [118]. A NRAS mutation is detected in 15e20% of cutaneous melanomas. Presently, there are no effective NRAS-inhibiting molecules available. Trials have been performed in these patients with MEK inhibitors such as binimetinib (NEMO trial  [119] ) and pimasertib (NCT01693068).
The label free and superior spatial resolution of TPFM renders it very useful as a non-invasive diagnosis technique for biomedical imaging applications. To this end and to address these issues, our team is developing a Two-Photon Fluorescence (TPF) endomicroscope, dedicated to intraoperative label-free imaging for brain tumor tissues  [7, 8]. This tool is addressed in order to improve the surgical act by helping the neurosurgeon to obtain a real-time, fast and reliable diagnosis response of the examined tissues. In parallel, and over several years, we have been establishing an optical tissue database which aims to extract and to specify each brain tissue type with its specific optical signature. These specific signatures are derived from the multimodal analysis of the endogenous fluorescence emission of several fluorophores presented in brain cells.
In our past studies, we managed to discriminate, with high specificity and sensitivity, healthy human brain tissues, from secondary and primary brain tumors  [5] , low and high grade glioma  [6] , and grade I and grade II meningioma  [9]. This database will be associated to the endomicroscope as a standard reference to establish a real time diagnosis during intraoperative imaging. In this context, our endomicroscopic tool is able to efficiently excite four main endogenous fluorophores, that their fluorescence signal is analyzed in the tissue database: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), Flavins (FAD), Lipopigments and Porphyrins, as well as detecting Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) from non-centrosymmetric molecules such as collagen structures presented in brain tissues. However, transition from benchtop microscopy to endomicroscopy is challenging.
Discussion Our main research project consists of developing a TPF multimodal endomicroscope dedicated to intraoperative brain imaging. This endomicroscope aims to improve the surgical act by delimitating the tumor infiltrating boundaries. It will be able to provide the neurosurgeon a fast and reliable multimodal quantitative and qualitative information on the tissue's nature in order to establish a real-time diagnosis. This diagnosis information will be extracted through an alreadyestablished tissue optical database of several human brain tissue types that has been demonstrated in our past works. In actuality, our developed endomicroscope is able to perform bimodal measurements of two photon fluorescence spectra and fluorescence lifetime with high efficiency  [8]. Since the bimodality is validated, the next step on the track of reaching a multimodal endomicroscope is the scanning system probe development.
Discussion Our main research project consists of developing a TPF multimodal endomicroscope dedicated to intraoperative brain imaging. This endomicroscope aims to improve the surgical act by delimitating the tumor infiltrating boundaries. It will be able to provide the neurosurgeon a fast and reliable multimodal quantitative and qualitative information on the tissue's nature in order to establish a real-time diagnosis. This diagnosis information will be extracted through an already-established tissue optical database of several human brain tissue types that has been demonstrated in our past works. In actuality, our developed endomicroscope is able to perform bimodal measurements of two photon fluorescence spectra and fluorescence lifetime with high efficiency  [8]. Since the bimodality is validated, the next step on the track of reaching a multimodal endomicroscope is the scanning system probe development.
A high reflectivity of the mirror plate was measured, which ensures a good excitation and signal collection efficiency. A large and linear OSA range was reached at a low drive voltage for horizontal and vertical scan axes which allows for the reaching of a large FOV with a low power consumption. A 450 µm imaging FOV could be achieved with 2 fps as the imaging speed. A quasi-constant pixel dwell time was obtained along both scanning axes leading to a stable and a uniform scanning speed along a scanning pattern. In addition, the frequency response, the time response of the mirror actuators and the impact of the scanning system on the pulse duration were investigated. Our ongoing work consists of developing an electronic acquisition system to control the developed device and to drive the MEMS mirror, synchronize the mirror with the detectors, perform photon counting and to quickly transfer the data for image reconstruction.
An expansion of paleoecological information in open-access global databases, including georeferenced ancient DNA, will further increase the geographical representation and temporal coverage of paleo-enabled conservation metrics  (84). Methods for extending the temporal coverage of past climate-biodiversity dynamics beyond the 50ky age-limit of radiocarbon dating include, Uranium/Thorium dating, optically stimulated luminescence, paleo-magnetism, and infrared stimulated luminescence  (85). However, dates for climatic and biotic events derived from these approaches are not, generally, resolved at human-relevant time scales, limiting the assignment of ecological shifts to rapid climatic change beyond 50ky. Tephra layers from volcanic activity, preserved in ice cores and stalagmites, have the potential to align paleo-environmental proxies in space and time for the LD, and earlier, making them particularly useful for understanding biodiversity and ecosystem responses to regional climate change  (86).
74 Davies founded the mechanical and electrical engineering firm Hubert Davies &Co. in Johannesburg in 1889. Davies was involved in establishing the South African Association of Engineers and Architects and is accredited with having presented the first technical paper before the association ('Electrical transmission of power')  (Proceedings,1892 -1894, Vol. 1, pp. 5-13). SA Biographical Database of Southern African Science. http:// www. s2a3. org. za/bio/Biograph_final. php?serial=665/accessed 12. 5. 2015. immigration to the Transvaal and '[…]thousands of fortune seekers of every description made their way to the "Golden Rand"'  (Oliver et al. , 1985:4 35). The conditions on the Witwatersrand, however, were harsh. When the gold fields were discovered, 'mining and other supplies had to be brought by ox or mule waggon from that point at very heavy cost',a st he nearest railway was 300 miles away in Kimberly  (Hatch &C halmers, 1895:2 44).
Introduction Worldwide demand for bioinformatics and computational biology training continues to grow. This demand has been met by increasing the supply of training opportunities, including faceto-face workshops  [1] , e-learning  [2] , webinars  [3] , etc. A major task in developing new training sessions is preparing training materials, which can be time consuming and challenging for both new and experienced trainers. One solution is to find and (re)use existing materials. This requires that they have been shared, properly described, and made available for (re) use by their authors; but finding suitable online materials that aren't subject to licensing and/ or copyright restrictions can be hard. They are also often scattered across different repositories, are siloed in their home institutions, or lack the metadata required to enable their (re)use.
g. , Google Drive and Dropbox); cross-domain repositories (e. g. , figshare [13], GitHub  [14] , and YouTube  [15] ); or specialized data repositories for datasets that are integral to particular training sessions. Ultimately, how and where you share your training materials depends on your individual circumstances (including institutional rules). Various guides have been developed to help choose suitable data repositories  [16, 17] , and much of the advice they offer also applies to choosing where to share training materials. It is better to share than not to share; however, before you do, it is important to reflect on how you can make your materials FAIR and how your choice of repository may affect this. Doing this from the outset will allow you to disseminate your work more efficiently and more widely.
Other PIDs play important roles in the identification of training materials, datasets, software, and other digital objects. For instance, Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID)  [34]  focuses on researcher identification, making it easier for authors to receive credit for their work, regardless of variations in their names. To increase the FAIRness of training materials and the recognition of their authors, such PIDs can be added to a citation file or README file and/or section that accompanies the requisite metadata. Although PIDs are not sufficient to guarantee FAIRness, they grant some level of persistence and integrity.