dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Performance of the detection of at least one series during an episode Over all episodes labelled with a specific condition, in many cases the random forest algorithm applied to 21 features classified at least one 24 h series in the corresponding condition (Table  6 ). On average across datasets, over 85. 6 % of episodes of acidosis contained at least one 24 h series classified correctly, and over 70 % of episodes of oestrus, calving of other diseases contained at least one 24 h series classified correctly (72. 4, 74. 0, and 78. 2 %). This detection performance reached, 66. 3 % for lameness, 56. 6 % for mastitis, 54. 6 % for mixing, 45. 1 % for LPS and 40. 9 % for disturbances. Episodes with an accident far less often contained a correctly-classified 24 h series (10 %). On average over datasets, 52.
Discussion The major outcome of this work is that it should be possible to discriminate between several health and welfare conditions of cows using machine learning on activity data from continuous monitoring. We used datasets from different experimental and commercial cowsheds and using different sensors to monitor cow activity (a Real Time Locating System or accelerometers). Our approach to detect conditions in cows from a machine learning model using features extracted from h time-series activity data seem generalizable to dairy cows raised in various indoor conditions. The classification with random forest proved specific: More than % of the control 24 h series, i. e. series where no specific condition had been noticed by caretakers, were classified as such (up to 99 % in some datasets).
Dataset specific condition was noticed by caretakers (or with pH sensors in case of acidosis), i. e. D0, and by one or two days before and one day after D0 depending on the condition recorded. In this case, random forest correctly detected 86-66 % of episodes of acidosis, other diseases (not lameness, not mastitis), calving, and oestrus, 66-57 % episodes of lameness and mastitis, and 55 % of mixings. The effects of LPS administration and of disturbances were less often detected (45 and 41 %). Again, this is an improvement on the FBAT method that did not distinguish between specific conditions  (Wagner et al. , 2021). Random forest allows early detection of a disease or a reproductive event. Some specific conditions were picked up by random forest the day before observation by caretakers, e.
Some of these features are often used to describe the effect of certain conditions, such as a disease, a painful procedure, or treatments applied to reduce pain. For instance, mean activity increases under oestrus, while variations in activity between hours decrease under oestrus, mastitis or lameness  (Veissier et al. , 2017). Our results nevertheless suggest that 'highest activity during the day' and cyclic components of the variations during the day are more discriminative than other more traditional features such as mean or standard deviation. The random forest approach is likely to perform similarly in various farm contexts. The algorithm was tuned separately for the five datasets and brought similar performances. These datasets came from a total of six farms that had different routines of milking and feeding the animals.
At present, we cannot transpose the exact algorithm obtained on one farm to another farm. To do so, a reference dataset would be necessary to train the algorithm, and then one would need to check that the algorithm produced on the reference dataset can be applied to other datasets. Such a reference dataset has not been produced so far. In our study, Dataset 4 could have played the role of a reference dataset due to its large size. However, we could not test the Dataset 4 random forest model on the other datasets because Dataset 4 did not contain some cow conditions present in other datasets (LPS, acidosis). Very large datasets obtained in various conditions may be available in the near future thanks to collaborative projects and to the open science trend that encourages publishing datasets.
Silent oestrus or subacute ruminal acidosis for instance may not have been detected due to few overt signs expressed by cows. In addition, a disease often develops progressively so that it is difficult to detect its exact onset. The use of fuzzy labels instead of fixed ones should be investigated to allow taking into account such imprecisions  (Wagner et al. , 2020a). The random forest algorithm that we applied still lack of sensitivity with a quarter to a third of specific conditions (disease, calving, oestrus) not detected. Taking the cow as its own control, e. g. by comparing the same cow across days to detect changes in the 21 features used in the present study, should be investigated. Fine tuning the hyperparameters could also help improve the performances of the algorithm. In addition, we used the activity level of cows and not individual activities (lying, standing, eating) or the raw data collected by sensors (exact position by RTLS or acceleration by accelerometer).
Wagner et al. (2021): ve datasets. Datasets 1-4 are fromLardy et al. (2022a)and Dataset 5 is fromTerre (2022). Resting corresponds to a cow in a cubicle in Datasets 1-4 whereas it corresponds to lying in Dataset 5. Consequently standing/ walking corresponds to the time spent out of cubicles (and not eating) in Dataset 1-4 whereas cows could be considered standing also in cubicles in Dataset 5. The level of activity (called 'activity' thereafter) is calculated per cow and hour as inWagner et al. (2021):.
Acknowledgements The study received financial support via the  SmartCow  project funded by the  European Commission  ( Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme , grant agreement No. 730924 ) and the  French government IDEX-ISITE  initiative  16-IDEX-0001. We are grateful to the  Mésocentre Clermont Auvergne University  for providing computing resources. We thank  Metaform Langues  for English-language proof-editing support.
a. Choix des bases de données Le recueil de publications scientifiques a été établi en utilisant les moteurs de recherche des bases de données (BDD) qui indexent largement les revues traitant de phytochimie (Horticultural scientific database, SciFinder®) et les revues traitant de zootechnie (Web of Science®, CabDirect®, PubMed®). La recherche a été effectuée dans ces bases complémentaires, spécialisées 13  et polyvalentes, afin de compiler les résultats et obtenir un corpus bibliographique le plus complet possible.
MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES Les observations sur lesquelles sont basés les descriptions des nouveaux taxons et le tableau comparatif (Tableau 1) en Nouvelle-Calédonie ont été réalisés sur les spécimens de l'herbier de P, ainsi que sur des images de NOU et P disponibles sur https://www. recolnat. org. Ces images, ainsi que des photos de plantes vivantes ont été mesurées à l'aide de l'outil Annotateon (version 1. 9. 56) proposé par l'infrastructure RECOLNAT (téléchargeable sur https://www. recolnat. org/fr/annotate). La clef a été produite par le logiciel XPER3 disponible en ligne (https://xper3. fr/) et est consultable à l'adresse : http:// goodyerae-nouvelle-caledonie. identificationkey. org/. Lorsque les mesures sont nombreuses, les résultats sont présentés selon la présentation : (valeur minimale-) premier quartile-troisième quartile (-valeur maximale).
Remerciements Les auteurs tiennent à remercier chaleureusement  Jacques Florence pour la correction de la diagnose latine et Paul Ormerod pour les échanges taxonomiques , l'équipe de l'herbier NOU et particulièrement,  David Bruy  et  Jacqueline Fambart-Tinel  pour leur participation à la mise en place des herbiers, ainsi que Thierry Deroin pour ses suggestions lors de la relecture du manuscrit. Un merci particulier à  Mathieu Donnat. Le MNHN  et l' IRD donnent accès à leurs collections par l'intermédiaire de l'infrastructure Récolnat  ( ANR-11-INBS-0004 ).
The small signaling peptide CLAVATA3 is produced in the outer two or three cell layers of the central zone. It is under control of a transcription factor, WUSCHEL, expressed in a zone partially overlapping with and just below the CLV3 expressing domain. CLV3 itself diffuses beyond its own expression domain to the inner layers of the meristem where the receptor kinase CLV1 is expressed. Together with a co-receptor, CLV2, the kinase inhibits the expression of WUS upon binding Figure  1. Meristem structure and core molecular regulatory network. (A) A three-dimensional surface reconstruction of an inflorescence meristem visualized using the Morphonet interface, an online tool that allows for the visualization and analysis of this type of data  [4]. The original meristem was visualized in a confocal microscope and then segmented using MARS software (for technical details see  [5] ).
For instance, Tieman et al. [20]  sequenced 231 new accessions and combined these data with 245 previously sequenced genomes, generating a total of 476 genome sequences. These data were then used for GWAS for diverse flavor-related metabolites, including 27 VOCs, total soluble solids, glucose, fructose, citric acid, and malic acid. A total of 251 significant associations were detected for 20 traits. Two loci were significantly associated with both glucose and fructose, corresponding to two major QTL Lin5 and SSC11. 1. By combining with selection analysis, it was further shown that the negative correlation between sugar content and fruit weight was likely caused by the loss of high-sugar alleles during domestication and improvement towards larger tomato fruits  [20]. In addition, some good candidate genes involved in tomato volatile contents were also identified, such as Solyc09g089580 for guaiacol and methylsalicylate.
Acknowledgements This research has been supported by many National and International research projects. Among those presently supporting our work, we can mention the projects  H2020  " HARNESSTOM ", grant number No. 101000716 ,  SUscrop Era-NET No 47 2019 "SOLNUE" ,  PRIMA 2018-11  within the project " VEGADAPT " and  ANR  " 3C-FruitGrowth ".
Remerciements Cette recherche a été soutenue par de nombreux projets de recherche nationaux et internationaux. Parmi ceux qui soutiennent actuellement notre travail, nous pouvons mentionner les projets H2020 "HARNESSTOM", subvention no  101000716 ,  SUscrop Era-NET No 47 2019 "SOLNUE", PRIMA 2018-11  " VE-GADAPT" et ANR  " 3C-FruitGrowth ".
Il y a donc une contradiction notable dans le conditionnement de ce toxique tel qu'observé sur le terrain. Les informations ci-après sont données selon la Pesticide Properties DataBase 2. La littérature présente des lacunes considérables dans les données rapportées sur le devenir environnemental. L'alphacholoralose est volatile, très soluble dans l'eau, très toxique pour les oiseaux et modérément toxique pour les mammifères et les poissons, avec un potentiel élevé de bioaccumulation. Selon le comité permanent pour les produits biocides de l'Union européenne en 2008  3  , l'alphachloralose a été évaluée pour son utilisation comme rodenticide pour le contrôle spécifique de la souris domestique (Mus musculus), et a été classé comme nocif et dangereux pour l'environnement, nocif par inhalation et par ingestion, très toxique pour les organismes aquatiques, peut entraîner des effets néfastes à long terme pour l'environnement aquatique, ne devrait pas subir de dégradation abiotique par hydrolyse ou photolyse dans l'eau.
, 2014 ; Berri et al. , 2019 ; Meunier et al. , 2021). Des recherches s'intéressent aussi à caractériser le potentiel de qualité du vivant de l'animal  (Boudon et al. , 2020)  ou à détecter précocement les défauts pour orienter les viandes de moindre qualité vers des filières de transformation appropriées, voire réajuster les pratiques d'élevage. Un marqueur sanguin est ainsi en cours de développement pour détecter les porcs susceptibles de produire une viande déstructurée  (Théron et al. , 2020). Différentes démarches sont ainsi menées pour développer des outils prédictifs basés sur plusieurs types de marqueurs, biologiques (génomiques ou phénotypiques)  (Picard et al. , 2015) , physiques (méthodes spectroscopiques), ou pour développer des bases de données reliant les propriétés organoleptiques de la viande avec certaines caractéristiques de l'animal, de la carcasse et de la viande en interaction avec les modalités de transformation (cuisson)  (Bonny et al.
Concernant les outils d' authentification, l'accent est surtout mis sur l'authentification des pratiques d'élevage et de l'origine, plus que sur les conditions de transformation et de conservation des aliments. Les méthodes de contrôle de la non-adultération de l'espèce animale sont déjà opérationnelles. Cependant, beaucoup de travaux en sont encore au stade de la « preuve de concept », car ils s'appuient sur des situations contrastées afin de tester les méthodes et les améliorer. Il est maintenant nécessaire de tester la fiabilité de ces méthodes dans des conditions moins contrastées et de développer des bases de données plus importantes pour passer au stade opérationnel.
Remerciements Nous remercions la Direction de l'Expertise scientifique collective, de la Prospective et des Études (DEPE) de l'INRAE, qui a coordonné l'expertise scientifique collective sur la qualité des aliments d'origine animale selon les conditions de production et de transformation, à la demande (et avec le financement) du ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation et de FranceAgriMer. cultural and environmental dimensions associated with the origin of the food and the way it is produced and processed. This framework enables to highlight the priorities given to the different quality attributes. It also helps to identify potential antagonisms and synergies among quality attributes, between production and processing stages, and among stakeholders. Primacy is essentially given to commercial quality attributes, especially for standard-commodity animal-source foods.
L'expérience du réseau de recherche Heloise et des bases de données portant sur l'histoire des universités montre une évolution du rapport à l'information et aux documents, avec une tendance vers l'ouverture, l'interactivité, la mise à disposition pour le plus grand nombre et la volonté de faciliter la collecte et l'interconnexion. De plus, les méthodes computationnelles de représentation des connaissances permettent d'intégrer les conceptions orientées modèles et orientées sources dans le contexte des données liées (linked data) et des données massives (big data). Ce faisant, de nouveaux types de documents et parfois de nouveaux concepts apparaissent. De son côté, Francesco Beretta explicite les enjeux pour la communauté historienne d'un changement de paradigme en cours, qui repose sur le potentiel des données liées ouvertes (linked open data) et d'une sémantique robuste véhiculant une information factuelle de qualité, intelligible et réutilisable, respectant l'épistémologie propre du domaine afin de produire un savoir historique.
S'il existe bien des ontologies de référence (CIDOC CRM, FRBRoo et, en l'occurrence, Dorémus), leur complexité technique et conceptuelle est un obstacle à la mise en oeuvre, même pour des usagers experts. Le liage des données et leur interopérabilité dans le Web des données n'étant pas prioritaire, Eulalie est conçue sur un modèle plus simple et léger implanté dans le service de base de données en ligne Heurist, outil courant dans les communautés de SHS. On retrouve ce principe de simplicité dans la démarche du projet QDMTL, qui propose la modélisation sémantique d'un fonds d'archives numérisées, coordonnée avec la description du patrimoine bâti d'un quartier de Montréal. QDMTL s'appuie en effet sur un protocole de développement fondé sur des ontologies et un vocabulaire externes. Ces textes illustrent des pratiques foisonnantes résolvant de diverses manières la question récurrente de l'adaptation des terminologies, des ontologies et des interfaces à leurs usagers.
Dans des logiciels commerciaux de dimensionnement de systèmes solaires thermiques ou photovoltaïques, l'inclinaison des capteurs est requise et le logiciel 'incline' les irradiations solaires globales horizontales contenues dans la base de données avec généralement une faible précision. Il est donc inutile de développer des modèles plus précis de comportement thermique de capteurs si les données d'entrée sont trop approximatives. Comme l'a souligné Behr  [8] , trois raisons principales rendent impossible le développement de modèles simples pour convertir le rayonnement solaire global horizontal en rayonnement incliné: • La radiation incidente sur un plan incliné inclut la radiation réfléchie par l'environnement. • Quand la surface est inclinée, seule une portion du ciel est vue et la composante diffuse du ciel dépend non seulement de l'inclinaison et de l'orientation du collecteur, de la hauteur du soleil et de son azimut mais aussi des conditions du ciel rarement isotropes.
Abstract Developing content for the Ensemble AI engine requires the authoring of firstorder logic predicates; in the case of the VESPACE project, this means writing rules defining social norms in 18th-century France. While these predicates could be written by hand, doing so for a project of this scale would have been infeasible, so we have worked to develop a distributed, collaborative authoring tool. We designed this tool to aid researchers in translating social data gathered from literature and literary history texts, with an emphasis on the importance of citation. Since our requirements necessitated refinement over time, we employed the agile software engineering methodology during the development cycle, building the application on a set of modern web technologies including a NoSQL database and isomorphic JavaScript server and web application.
I. Introduction Authoring for the VESPACE project has been notably multilingual, involving various human and computer languages, but the authoring process of the project has illustrated just how much wider the gap is between human and computer languages, as compared to The VESPACE authoring workshops centred around using the authoring tool to create schemata, rules, characters, and actions, with the ultimate goal of producing the necessary data for a playable social experience. These workshops were a multidisciplinary collaboration, attended by both scholars of French literary history and computer scientists working in AI research. Computer scientists introduced concepts of social physics and predicate logic, explained the various features of the authoring tool, and used the tool to illustrate a number of example rules.
Although this technical literacy can certainly be learned, translating and formatting Ensemble rules into JSON is a time-consuming and unnatural process distracting researchers from their most important goal: textual exegesis and rule authorship. For this reason, the development of an authoring tool was important, in that it would allow researchers to focus on textual analysis and quickly translate textual information into working social physics rules. As the lead engineer of the VESPACE authoring workshop, my goal was to apply principles of software engineering in order to develop an authoring tool that would not only cover the basic functions of Ensemble authoring but also meet our target users' UI needs, which in this case involved the easy translation of a large corpus of literaryhistorical material into thousands of individual social physics rules.
Heeding the Agile Manifesto principle of "individuals and interactions over processes and tools," each sprint began with requirements gathering, conducted in the form of a meeting with our "clients," in this case primarily the head of the VESPACE project, Dr. Leichman, as well as occasionally other participating literary historians  (Fowler and Highsmith 2001). In order to gather these requirements, we would ask questions about what features the tool should have, describing our own ideas of potential UX/UI designs and listening to client suggestions. After roughly a week or two of subsequent design refactoring and software development, we would follow up with our client, presenting a useable demo of the tool and eliciting user feedback. In order to simplify frequent builds and releases, we leveraged a number of modern deployment, build, and version control tools.
In order to manage versions, backups, and rollbacks in the event of breaking changes, we used tools like Git and GitHub. The web application itself was deployed to Heroku, which is a cloud hosting platform providing a variety of tools for building, deploying, and monitoring containerized cloud applications. The use of agile methodologies in conjunction with cloud hosting made it possible to provide new releases and bug fixes in parallel with an ongoing authoring workshop; for example, the action and character authoring components of the tool were both constructed during the May 2020 VESPACE workshop. By coordinating acceptance testing and deploying new feature releases to the cloud outside of normal user hours, as well as recovering via version control in the event of breaking changes, we were able to continuously deliver new features without much risk.
As our workshops necessitated remote collaboration across many time zones, it made sense for us to develop the tool as a distributed, single-page web application, and so we decided to develop an isomorphic JavaScript application. Therefore, the actual development work was akin to that of any other modern, single-page web application. Using a model-view-controller paradigm, we constructed a number of different UX/UI forms and widgets that could persist authored data to a MongoDB database. MongoDB is a robust, highly performant non-relational database system that uses a storage format similar to JSON called BSON; because Ensemble uses a compatible data format, MongoDB was an ideal storage choice, since it made storing and querying Ensemble data relatively painless. After coming to a consensus on UX/UI designs, we spent a majority of our time building mock-ups into functioning forms and interactive UI components.
Significant time was also spent on bug reporting, acceptance testing, debugging, and refactoring. The authoring tool that we have developed for VESPACE consists of a number of modules, each made for authoring a different set of content, including the authoring of schemata, rules, actions, and characters. The schema authoring tool is structured in the form of a questionnaire; rather than expecting familiarity with social physics terminology, the tool provides users with descriptions of various characteristics and asks the user to select the option that best suits the new type-for example, is the new type something that can be either true or false, or does it have a value within a range? If a type is either true or false, such as "friends" or "not friends," then the type is Boolean, but the author is not required to know this detail.
Citations have a many-to-one relationship with each item, as a rule might have historical precedence in various texts. Because rule authors frequently consult the same textual sources, it was important for the citation editor to allow for searching the existing citation database, as well as the ability for authors to autofill from existing citations. Authors could quickly attach a citation from an existing text, while also including a unique quotation and direct quotation from the work. Here, a quotation represents a general quotation from the text, while a direct quotation represents dialogue from a character; the former provides textual evidence, while the latter may be useful in the construction of character dialogue in the game. These elements were collected in anticipation of redeploying them during a later stage of surface-level output authoring.