dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
WSM 99P shows smaller spatial correlations than the WSC5 99P, WSC15 99P and WSM 99P. an significant increase is found on the WSC5 99P and WSC15 99P where several products reached their highest level except NCEP, CPC and CHIRPS. A strong similarity between OK and BK with a significant increase of all the indicators is found. This study shows that despite the general agreement about the seasonal rainfall, there is a large uncertainty associated with the assessment of extreme deficit and exceedance of rainfall at intra-seasonal timescale. This study allows to validate the most robust datasets over Senegal that could be extrapolated to all of West Africa. This is crucial in order to monitor, to predict and to determine the potential socio-economic impact of these extreme wet and dry spells. Author contributions.
NF made the analysis and, NF, CL, MD GP discuss the results and wrote the paper. GP supports this study for the krigging methods. AG advises and provides scientific recommendations       CMORPH (1998 CMORPH ( -2015)) ,  CHIRPS (1981 CHIRPS ( -2010)) ,  CPC (1979 CPC ( -2016)) ,  NCEP (1992 -2013 ), ERA5 (1987 -2017) ,  BK (1991 BK ( -2010)) ,  OK (1991 OK ( -2010)). Details on the datasets are provided in  TAMSAT  (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) ,  CMORPH (1998 CMORPH ( -2015)) ,  CHIRPS (1981 CHIRPS ( -2010)) ,  CPC (1979 CPC ( -2016)) ,  NCEP (1992 -2013 ), ERA5 (1987 -2017 ), BK (1991 -2010) ,  OK (1991 OK ( -2010)). Details on the datasets are provided in.
Four datasets CMORPH, CPC, ERA5 and NCEP provide low cumulative volumes in the South compared to the other 5 datasets, TRMM, TAMSAT, CHIRPS, OK and BK which show strong accumulations in the South of the country. The discrepancies are stronger on the seasonal cycle of dry days where the products are divided into 4 groups. A first group consisting of TRMM and ERA5 where the percentage of dry days exceeds 50%. The second group consists of CPC and OK between 50 to 45% of dry days. The third group is the most representative with 4 data products NCEP, CMORPH, CHIRPS and TAMSAT where the percentage of dry days is between 45 to 40%. Finally the fourth group consists of a single data product in this case BK with about 30% of dry days. The complexity of the detection of four indicators of dry spells DSC10, DSC20, DSl and DSxl by all datasets are then compared.
This mechanism could contribute to the good prognosis of this molecular subgroup. 88 Hence, targeted therapy inhibiting the WNT pathway could make the tumor less chemosensitive. Furthermore, the WNT pathway participates in many physiological functions, such as bone formation, and inhibiting the WNT pathway would lead to significant toxicity, such as osteoporosis. 89 For these reasons, no development of targeted therapy has been undertaken for WNT medulloblastomas, and trials rather focus on decreasing the doses of RT and CT. Several trials are in progress evaluating lower doses of radiation and CT (NCT01878617, NCT02724579) or CT-only approaches (NCT02212574).
41 A more recent therapeutic approach refers to epigenetic treatments with bromodomain (BET) inhibitors. BET proteins regulate gene transcription by binding to acetylated histones. 92 BET inhibitors have been shown in vitro and in vivo to decrease cell viability and proliferation in SHH medulloblastoma,  93, 94  but no clinical trial has yet examined BET inhibitors as potential therapeutics for SHH medulloblastoma. Considering metastatic SHH medulloblastoma, for which MET kinase is a marker, the MET inhibitor foretinib has been shown to decrease tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, which confers a strong rationale for its clinical evaluation. 95 A clinical trial is ongoing to evaluate doublet therapy comprising the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib with either gemcitabine, trametinib, or sonidegib in adults with refractory or recurrent SHH medulloblastoma (NCT03434262).
Clinical trials are also ongoing to evaluate vismodegib in children and adults with refractory or recurrent SHH medulloblastoma (NCT01601184, NCT00939484, NCT01239316). For Group 3 patients who show poor outcomes when treated with the current standard of care, special expecta-tions rest on the development of targeted therapies. Due to the particularly poor outcome conferred by MYC amplification, efforts have been made concerning MYC inhibition, but no direct MYC inhibitor could successfully be finalized since MYC has no clearly defined ligand-binding domain. A preclinical study designed based on a mouse model of Group 3 medulloblastoma showed the efficacy of palbociclib -a CDK4/6 inhibitor currently used in HR+/Her2-breast tumors, locally advanced or with bone metastases,  96  and a clinical trial is in progress for evaluation of palbociclib in pediatric brain tumors (NCT02255461).
However, in light of molecular understanding, it is legitimate to question whether CSI can be reduced or more importantly removed in some patients. Indeed, WNT patients rarely relapse, and trials are already ongoing to determine the feasibility of irradiation de-escalation (NCT01878617, NCT02724579) or removal (NCT02212574). Considering SHH medulloblastoma, the pattern of relapse has been shown to be predominantly local. 51 Consequently, a future clinical trial could focus on establishing whether it is feasible to reduce or even remove CSI and focus RT on the tumor bed in SHH patients. Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastomas present a significant proportion of metastatic relapse; therefore, CSI is unlikely to be removed in those patients. However, future studies could focus on optimizing the radiation dose distribution to maintain efficiency while lowering toxicity.
The Saharan Aerosol Long-Range Transport and Aerosol-Cloud-Interaction Experiment (SALTRACE) was devoted to the investigation of Saharan dust properties over the Caribbean. The campaign took place in June-July 2013. A wide set of ground-based and airborne aerosol instrumentation was deployed at the island of Barbados for a comprehensive experiment. Several sun photometers performed measurements during this campaign: two AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) Cimel sun photometers and the Sun and Sky Automatic Radiometer (SSARA). The sun photometers were co-located with the ground-based multiwavelength lidars BERTHA (Backscatter Extinction lidar Ratio Temperature Humidity profiling Apparatus) and PO-LIS (Portable Lidar System). Aerosol properties derived from direct sun and sky radiance observations are analyzed, and a comparison with the co-located lidar and in situ data is provided.
The time series of aerosol optical depth (AOD) allows identifying successive dust events with short periods in between in which the marine background conditions were observed. The moderate aerosol optical depth in the range of 0. 3 to 0. 6 was found during the dust periods. The sun photometer infrared channel at the 1640 nm wavelength was used in the retrieval to investigate possible improvements to aerosol size retrievals, and it was expected to have a larger sensitivity to coarse particles. The comparison between col-umn (aerosol optical depth) and surface (dust concentration) data demonstrates the connection between the Saharan Air Layer and the boundary layer in the Caribbean region, as is shown by the synchronized detection of the successive dust events in both datasets. However the differences of size distributions derived from sun photometer data and in situ observations reveal the difficulties in carrying out a column closure study.
Both AERONET data and ground-based dust concentrations allow us to evaluate the SALTRACE (Saharan Aerosol Long-Range Transport and Aerosol-Cloud-Interaction Experiment) data in a long-term context. These data indicate that dust conditions during the SALTRACE observation period in summer 2013 were "typical"  (Weinzierl et al. , 2017). SALTRACE  (Weinzierl et al. , 2017)  took place in Barbados in 2013-2014. The first observation period of SALTRACE was conducted in the Caribbean region in June-July 2013. Two other observation periods were carried out in spring and summer 2014. The aim of this experiment was to collect a wide range of ground-based and airbornebased measurements of long-range transported Saharan dust in order to provide a unique dataset comprising in situ and remote-sensing-derived aerosol and cloud variables.
These data will allow for an analysis determining to what extent aged mineral dust changes its properties during transport and what role these particles play in cloud processes in the Caribbean area. This experiment is closely connected with the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM;  Heintzenberg, 2009; Ansmann et al. , 2011)  that was carried out in the vicinity of the Sahara and at the beginning of the long-range transport over the Atlantic, in the Cabo Verde islands. In fact most of the instrumentation (ground-based and airborne) was consecutively deployed in Morocco (SAMUM-1), Cabo Verde (SAMUM-2) and finally Barbados (SALTRACE). During this time, instruments and retrievals have been continuously improved in order to reduce experimental uncertainties and provide the best possible data.
, 2018). The data processing is also standardized. For aerosol optical depth we have used cloud-screened and quality-assured (level 2. 0) data from AERONET Version 2 database. However the differences in AOD with the newer Version 3  (Giles et al. , 2019)  are minor (below 0. 003 in all wavelength channels for any measurement). The use of the Version 2 AOD is chosen for a better comparison with the previous sun photometer results of the SAMUM campaigns  (Toledano et al. , 2009 (Toledano et al. , , 2011)). For the inversion of the sky radiances, we have self applied the inversion code by  Dubovik et al. (2006)  to both the almucantar and principal plane geometries using the four spectral channels that are used in the operational AERONET processing, i. e. , 440, 675, 870 and 1020 nm wavelengths.
We also performed alternative processing by adding the observations at the 500 and 1640 nm wavelengths, therefore enlarging the observation spectral range in the shortwave infrared. The differences provided by this enhanced retrieval will be shown in Sect. 4. 2. Neither the principal plane retrievals nor the six-wavelength retrievals are available in the AERONET database. In the AERONET operational products, only retrievals with an AOD (440 nm) of > 0. 4 can be considered "quality assured". In our case, we have applied a set of quality criteria to ensure the reliability of our inversion data, which basically are the same conditions of AERONET level 2. 0 inversions except for the AOD threshold, i. e. , a solar zenith angle of > 50 • , a minimum number of symmetrical angles and a retrieval error between 5 % and 8 % depending on the AOD.
We also impose an AOD (440 nm) of > 0. 2 for the singlescattering albedo and complex refractive index  (Dubovik et al. , 2006; Mallet et al. , 2013; Mateos et al. , 2014; Burgos et al. , 2016; Velasco-Merino et al. , 2018). This threshold of AOD (440 nm)> 0. 2 results in an estimated uncertainty of 0. 03 for the single-scattering albedo, 0. 04 for the real part of the refractive index, 50 % for the imaginary part and 35 % for the volume size distributions  (Dubovik et al. , 2000). Due to the frequent presence of cumulus clouds in this area, the cloud screening procedure and the inversion of sky radiances have been carefully checked. Besides the AERONET cloud screening  (Smirnov et al. , 2000a; Giles et al. , 2019) , we added manual inspection to the dataset to avoid any cloud contamination.
The increase of the single-scattering albedo with wavelength is a clear signature for dust  (Dubovik et al. , 2002). The val- ues observed during SALTRACE are very close to those reported for pure Saharan dust near the sources  (Dubovik et al. , 2002; Toledano et al. , 2009 Toledano et al. , , 2011) )  and indicate that mineral dust was the predominant aerosol type. The SSA during SALTRACE and its comparison with the SAMUM campaigns is provided in Fig. 4. The average was found to be between 0. 94 at 440 nm and 0. 98 at 1020 nm for the SAMUM-2 and SALTRACE campaigns. The variability is also quite similar. Lower SSA values were observed for SAMUM-1, especially at 440 nm. The use of the 1640 nm wavelength in the retrieval for SALTRACE data shows a decrease in the SSA at this wavelength as compared to 1020 nm, in agreement with  Müller et al.
5 , in which the coarse mode of the six-wavelength retrieval is shifted to larger radii as compared to the four-wavelength retrieval. This is not the case for the fine mode. Finally we have analyzed two key lidar properties: the lidar (extinction-to-backscatter) ratio and the particle linear depolarization ratio. As mentioned above, the inversion of sun photometer data can provide column-integrated values for these properties, given that the inversion code computes the full scattering matrix. Therefore the aerosol spheroid model can be used to model lidar observations that are known to be sensitive to the non-sphericity of desert dust particles. Figure  7  summarizes the results. For the sun photometer we used the two retrievals (four and six spectral channels), based on inversions of Cimel #789 measurements.
The lidar data were obtained with POLIS at 355 and 532 nm  (Groß et al. , 2015)  as well as BERTHA at 355, 532 and 1064 nm  (Haarig et al. , 2017)  and correspond to dust layers. Figure  7a  shows the lidar ratios (LR), which were about 55 sr in POLIS (similar for BERTHA, not shown). Lidar ratios derived from sun photometer are lower, about 50 sr. This behavior is opposite to what was found in previous comparisons using SAMUM data  (Müller et al. , 2010a (Müller et al. , , 2012)) , in which the LR values derived from sun photometer inversion were higher than the values provided by the lidars, especially in the shorter wavelengths. The analysis also shows a large increase for LR at 1640 nm observed during SALTRACE; unfortunately lidar data do not provide infor-mation that would help to verify the sun photometer retrieval in that spectral region.
The excellent agreement (well within the uncertainty estimates) of POLIS, BERTHA and the sun photometer depolarization ratios in the 500-532 nm wavelength range is also remarkable, in particular as this was not the case for the SAMUM data reported by  Müller et al. (2010a). Overall, the spheroid model and the Dubovik inversion seems to provide better re-   (Groß et al. , 2015)  and BERTHA  (Haarig et al. , 2017)  are compared to the four-wavelength and sixwavelength sun photometer retrievals. Vertical bars in the lidar data indicate uncertainty due to systematic errors. sults (closer to the lidar measurements) for SALTRACE than was reported for the SAMUM campaigns.
, 2010a (Müller et al. , , b, 2012)) , in which very special atmospheric conditions were measured with multiple state-of-the-art instruments. The agreements and discrepancies found in those works still remain for much of the SALTRACE data. For instance, the mean real part of the refractive index (440 nm) during SALTRACE retrieved with sun photometer data is 1. 47 for mineral dust (Table  2 ), which is much lower than the value reported from in situ observations, about 1. 55-1. 61 (Kandler et al. , 2011). The problems encountered to retrieve the correct dust refractive index using a spheroid model were also highlighted by  Kemppinen et al. (2015). Conversely, the single-scattering albedo and its spectral dependence (Table  2 ) are very similar for dust using sun photometer and in situ optical instruments.
Conclusions The analysis of the aerosol optical depth revealed a continuous succession of dust events during SALTRACE, only interrupted during short periods in which the marine aerosol background was observed. This is as low as 0. 04 for AOD (500 nm) during the summer months. In contrast, dust lay- ers resulted in a mean AOD (500 nm) of 0. 26. The aerosol classification analysis indicates that marine and dust were the only aerosol types observed during the experiment. The wavelength dependence of the aerosol optical depth was investigated in order to provide an estimated value at the 2 µm wavelength, needed for the wind lidar data analysis  (Chouza et al. , 2015). A 2nd-order fit was needed to capture the appropriate spectral variation in the shortwave infrared. The sky radiance data were inverted using the Dubovik code for both almucantar and principal plane observation geometries, as well as using two different spectral ranges (440-1020 and 440-1640 nm).
However, robust uncertainty estimates for the sun photometer inversion products are needed to corroborate this agreement. The comparison of sun photometer retrievals with in situ aerosol properties is still a subject of investigation. Even if a very good correlation was found between the dust concentration at ground level and aerosol optical depth, the comparison of other variables like the particle size distributions re-quires considerable experimental efforts (e. g. , additional aircraft measurements) and is thus still challenging. The analysis of SALTRACE data will continue to aim at a closure approach, i. e. , the characterization of the same aerosol parameters with various independent methods. Author contributions. CT and CV led the analysis and the writing of the paper. BT performed the sun photometer inversions using Dubovik code.
TM provided data and the analysis of in situ measurements. AA, MH and SG contributed with lidar data and their interpretation. All authors contributed to the scientific analysis and the preparation and revision of the paper. Competing interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Special issue statement. This article is part of the special issue "The Saharan Aerosol Long-range Transport and Aerosol-Cloudinteraction Experiment (SALTRACE) (ACP/AMT inter-journal SI)". It is not associated with a conference. Acknowledgements. The authors gratefully acknowledge the effort of AERONET and the University of Miami to maintain the Ragged Point site. We thank Volker Freudenthaler and Meinhard Seefeldner from LMU for all their work in relation to SALTRACE, especially the contribution to the development of the SSARA-P photometer.
Meteorological data Meteorological parameters were recorded close to the analyzed snow pit KV by an energy balance station  (Karner et al. , 2013). The station provided data on air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and shortwave and longwave radiation components. Surface height changes were recorded with an ultrasonic ranger and allowed for deriving accumulation rates. Temperature-corrected raw data were retained for changes of more than 1 cm h -1 to filter significant events and exclude potentially inaccurate data, which also may be due to potential disturbances by drifting snow. The significance of these events was cross-checked by temperature and humidity criteria. The resulting data were converted to water equivalent using a wind-and temperaturedependent parameterization of fresh snow density as used in the CROCUS snow model  (Vionnet et al.
Snowpack modeling and snow budgets Simulations for the snowpack on the Kongsvegen glacier were performed with the one-dimensional multilayer physical snowpack model CROCUS  (Vionnet et al. , 2012; Jacobi et al. , 2010a Jacobi et al. , , 2015)) , which was previously applied for mass-balance simulations of the glacier  (Sauter and Obleitner, 2015). The model solves the surface mass and energy budgets by taking into account physical processes like heat diffusion, transfer of radiation, densification, sublimation, condensation, and melting. The model is forced using meteorological data including air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, precipitation rate and phase, incoming direct and diffuse shortwave radiation, incoming longwave radiation, and cloud cover. The forcing data for the period September 2011 to March 2012 were generated from observations at the energy balance station KNG8.
Atmospheric concentrations Atmospheric concentrations C atm of ionic species in the aerosols were measured at Zeppelin Station at an altitude of 475 m a. s. l. The aerosols were collected using a three-stage filter pack sampler with no size cutoff  (Aas et al. , 2013). The data were downloaded from the EBAS database (ebas. nilu. no) for the period 30 October 2011 to 29 March 2012 as daily averages. Concentrations of atmospheric BC corresponding to equivalent BC (eBC) were determined at Zeppelin Station using the 880 nm channel BC values recorded by a seven-wavelength AE31 aethalometer  (Eleftheriadis et al. , 2009)  with updated parameters for absorption and attenuation according to  Backman et al. (2017)  and  Zanatta et al. (2018). Daily averages were used for further calculations (Fig. S1 ).
(  2 ): D wet = C precip × P × 0. 001. (2) Major sea salt components and nitrate were determined using ion chromatography in precipitation samples collected on a weekly basis using a bucket funnel system in summer and a snow sampler in winter  (Kühnel et al. , 2011; Aas et al. , 2013). The data downloaded from the EBAS database (ebas. nilu. no) were used without further correction, although the bulk sampler likely also collected gaseous compounds and particulate material due to dry deposition. Especially in periods with high wind speed, the bulk collector may also catch large sea spray aerosols. However, the exact contribution of dry deposition to the wet deposition calculated here is difficult to quantify since it depends on the frequency of rain events and episodes with elevated sea salt aerosols.
Acknowledgements. The fieldwork and corresponding logistics were supported by the personnel of the AWIPEV station. The KV weather station is operated in cooperation with the  Norwegian Polar Institute (Tromsø). The measurements of major inorganic ions in precipitation and aerosols at Ny-Ålesund and Zeppelin are part of national atmospheric monitoring financed by the  Norwegian Environment Agency. Financial support. This research has been supported by the  IPEV  (grant no. 1030 ), the  ANR  (grants nos. ANR 2011 Blanc SIMI 5-6 021 04  and  ANR-14-AORS-0002-01 ),  Campus France  (grant no. 31597SM ), the  Austrian Science Fund  (grant no. I 369-B17 ), the  CNRS/INSU  (grant no. Chantier Arctique Francais/PARCS) , the  LabEx OSUG@2020  (grant no. ANR10 LABX56 ), and the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  (grant no.
Code and data availability. The snowpack scheme CROCUS is integrated into the surface modeling platform SURFEX developed by Météo France. The SURFEX code is freely available via https://www. umr-cnrm. fr/surfex/ (Météo France, SURFEX, last access: 12 August 2019) using a CeCILL-C license. The snow pit (https://doi. org/10. 6096/parcs. 12, https://doi. org/10. 6096/parcs. 13) and the meteorological data (https://doi. org/10. 6096/parcs. 17) are available from the PARCS database (https://www4. obs-mip. fr/ parcs/database/; Pôle Aeris 2017 -Service de données OMP, Pollution in the Arctic System: Database, last access: 12 August 2019). Precipitation data are available from the EBAS database of the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (ebas. nilu. no). BC data are available on request. Supplement.
Front-end electronics An electronic treatment of the antenna signal is performed at the antenna level. The analog signal is first filtered in the 30 -230 MHz frequency band, with a difference in group delays limited to 10 ns. It is then digitised using a 14-bit ADC (AD9694) running at a sampling rate of 500 Megasamples/s. The total power consumption of the digitization process for all channels is slightly more than 2 W. Digitized data is then processed inside a Zync FPGA with hardcore CPU (Xilinx XCZU5CG). The programmable logic will be used to remove narrow band sources and create a fast logic trigger. Furthermore, it will create a real-time Fourier transform of the data that can be used for environmental monitoring and searches for astronomical phenomena (see section 4. 4). A timestamp with a precision better than 10 ns will be added to the triggered ADC data in order to be able to combine the data from different antennas (see section 2.