dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
[98] , have shown that UF DOSY can be used for reaction monitoring. They compared the results obtained with a series of UF DOSY experiments recorded every 1 s to those of a conventional DSTE (Double STimulated Echo) DOSY experiment that lasts approximately 20 min in this case, which is about the same order of magnitude as the reaction completion time. In this case, the short acquisition duration is beneficial, as the estimated diffusion coefficients become less affected by the variation in concentration for a given species during measurement. As a result, the molecular weights estimated from the diffusion coefficients are more accurate. Also, the resulting DOSY data plot shows that the chemical species present in the reacting mixture are well separated one from another. Note that in this work a DSTE UF DOSY pulse sequence was used to compensate for convection.
20 ). The data acquisition rate was about 1 scan every 10 s, giving a total of 525 2D spectra recorded during the whole reaction. Resulting cross peaks were well resolved and the appearance and disappearance of chemical species matched very well with the chemical mechanisms proposed (Fig. 20 ). Homonuclear experiments such as these are useful for accessing spectroscopic information about chemical species involved in a reaction, but heteronuclear 2D NMR correlation may be needed to obtain further mechanistic information or in the search for addi-Fig. 22. Scheme of the one pot Heck-Matsuda reaction in multicomponent mode (a). The reaction was followed for 144 min with an initial concentration of 0. 36 mol L À1 for the limiting starting material 1, at 29°,C directly inside the NMR tube. The reaction was monitored through 55 UF COSY spectra recorded with 36 scans every 2.
Metabolomics Metabolomics relies on a comprehensive analysis of large spectral datasets to quantify and identify the largest possible ensemble of metabolites in biological samples  [1, 2]. Such analysis aims at highlighting biomarkers of a specific condition or of an applied stress. Since metabolomics requires the analysis of large collections of complex biological samples with very diverse chemical structures and concentrations, high-throughput and highresolution analytical methods are needed. NMR has several advantages for metabolomics  [161, 162]. It is a robust and highly repeatable analytical method, which provides both structural and quantitative information. It is also non-invasive and nondestructive. Typical samples investigated in metabolomics are biofluids (such as blood plasma, urine and saliva), and biological extracts (like cell, plant or bacterial extracts).
Then NMR data acquisition is performed, using an UF COSY pulse sequence optimized for metabolomics in a multi-scan Fig. 29. Fast multi-scan UF COSY spectra of a tomato fruit pericarp extract recorded in 5 min at 298 K on 500 (a, b) and 700 (c, d) MHz Bruker NMR spectrometers equipped with cryogenically cooled probes. Spectra (b) and (d) were obtained after symmetrizing spectra (a) and (c), respectively. For each major metabolite (glucose, fructose, sucrose, malate, citrate, GABA, glutamine, choline), the peak chosen for quantitative analysis is indicated (see Supplementary Table  S3  from Ref. [179] ). The experimental parameters are indicated in the experimental section of Ref. [179]. Reproduced, with permission, from Ref. [179]. and interleaved manner. After data processing, the operator must choose between several options such as bucketing and/or targeted integration of 2D peaks, depending on which approach is required.
At 700 MHz, interleaving was necessary to sample the entire spectral width, resulting in 4 interleaved datasets with 16 scans each. At 500 MHz, interleaving was not necessary and all experiments were recorded with 64 scans. Using a calibration curve approach, 8 metabolites were identified and quantified at 700 MHz, while only 6 of them could be quantified at 500 MHz due to lower sensitivity. Accessible concentrations ranged 100 to 0. 2 mmol/L depending on the metabolite, with a bias lower than 5%, a trueness better than 10%, and a repeatability better than 5% on average. Concentration values obtained at different tomato ripening stages were found to be consistent with the metabolomic behaviour of tomato fruit. This study went quite far into the biological aspects, and showed both encouraging analytical performance and the capability of multi-scan UF to provide consistent answers to biological questions.
36. Spectra were processed within the Bruker commercial software with a home-written routine. The ultrafast (spatially encoded) and conventional dimensions are represented horizontally and vertically, respectively. The (C3, H3) signal (dashed box) was folded along both dimensions of the 2D spectrum. The molecular structure of (+)-IPC is shown inset in Fig. 37(b) , and chemical shift attributions are indicated in Table  1  of the original paper  [219]. The cross-section shown corresponds to the column at 38. 9 ppm (C4). Additional experimental details are given in the Experimental part of Ref. [219]. Reproduced, with permission, from Ref. [219]. enhanced sensitivity, irrespective of whether the hyperpolarization method is single-shot or not. The first combination of SABRE hyperpolarization with UF 2D NMR was reported with a UF COSY experiment on a 10 mM quinoline sample  [208].
Optional blocks for decoupling of 13 C and 1 H during the spatial encoding and acquisition periods are shown. T e is the duration of spatial encoding, T a is the duration of acquisition gradients, and N is the number of loops applied in the EPSI scheme, which controls the resolution in the F 1 dimension. G e and G a correspond to the gradients applied during spatial encoding and acquisition, respectively. G p is a preacquisition gradient that is adjusted to center the peaks of interest in the spectral window. Additional half-sine-shaped gradients are used for the selection of coherence pathway. (d) Conventional 107. 4 MHz 2 H-{ 1 H}d-resolved 2D map of (a) dissolved in PBLG/CHCl 3 , recorded at 303 K in 19 min. The 2D spectrum was recorded using a matrix of 1400 (t 2 ) Â 128 (t 1 ) data points and 8 scans for each t 1 increment.
Proton nuclei were decoupled during the experiment to remove residual HD couplings. Zero-filling to 2 k Â 2 k data point was applied. Lorentzian filtering (LB = 1. 5 Hz) was applied in both spectral dimensions. On the F 1 and F 2 axes are shown the projections. Note the significant broadening of lines due to the magnitude mode processing of the data. The F 2 dimension was reversed (by the Topspin software) followed by a 90°clockwise rotation of the map. In this presentation, the map obtained is equivalent to that in (b). Reproduced, with permission, from Ref. [222]. using SABRE hyperpolarization  [97]. This method demonstrated analysis at about 30 times lower concentration of substrate while retaining similar efficiency to conventional DOSY analysis. The study also implemented transversely-encoded SPEN-DOSY to overcome the challenge imposed by the convective flow within the sample along the z-axis.
Acknowledgements This work has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  (grant agreements no  801774/DINAMIX  and  814747/SUMMIT ) and the  Region Pays de la Loire  (Connect Talent). The authors also acknowledge the  French National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics MetaboHUB - ANR-11-INBS-0010  (www. metabohub. fr) and the  Corsaire metabolomics core facility (Biogenouest).
In our case, GWT uses Java while Angular uses Typescript. Moreover, their hybrid ar-chitecture is based on an already existing JavaFX feature allowing one to integrate JavaSwing components inside a JavaFX GUI. Such a feature is not available for several GUI frameworks. To support the migration of large industrial web GUI applications, we designed a hybrid architecture that authorizes one to mix GUI defined with different GUI frameworks using different programming languages. It also allows communication between the different GUIs. We implemented the hybrid architecture and used it during an industrial migration project from GWT to Angular. The results show that our hybrid architecture enables the migration of the application. It allows one to mix GWT and Angular without perceivable performance issues.
The contributions of this paper are: 1. a hybrid architecture that allows one to integrate legacy and modern modules in the same web application; 2. an implementation of our hybrid architecture for the case of migrating GWT applications to Angular ones; and 3. an evaluation of the usability of the hybrid architecture on an industrial application. The remaining of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we review the literature on hybrid architectures. In Section 3, we present our hybrid architecture. In Section 4, we present the implementation of our architecture in the case of mixing GWT and Angular. In Section 5, we evaluate our hybrid architecture by migrating part of an industrial GWT application to Angular pages. In Section 6, we present threats to validity. In Section 7, we conclude and present future work.
Packaging pages using Web Components Our hybrid architecture allows one to mix pages inside one web application. Since we are mixing pages in a web environment, all pages are rendered using the HTML, JavaScript, and CSS languages. Thus, to package pages for the hybrid architecture, we used Web Components 4  : reusable JavaScript modules including a markup structure (HTML), its associated script (JavaScript), and style (CSS). Any Web Component can be inserted into any web application independently of its original programming language and GUI framework. In the following, we present how we package pages as Web Components and deploy them into the hybrid architecture. It consists of four steps. 1 -Select and migrate original page. This step aims to select and migrate a page to the new framework.
Mixing GWT and Angular GUIs We now present the operational architecture to mix GWT and Angular GUIs. Figure  2  presents the operational architecture for a GWT and Angular hybrid application. The hybrid application source code (left) includes the front-end and the back-end parts. The front-end contains the source code of the GWT pages, the source code of the Angular migrated pages, and the source code of the controller. Note that the controller can be developed in any programming language. In our implementation, we used the existing GWT controller because switching to an Angular controller would require packaging every GWT original page as a Web Component and this is more tedious to do than for Angular. The backend can be developed in any other programming language. At compilation time (center), we use one compiler for each programming language.
Thus, GWT pages are compiled using the GWT compiler, Angular with the Angular compiler, and the back-end with its own compiler (i. e. , in our case, Java). At runtime (right), the compilers produce the hybrid application using our hybrid architecture presented Figure  1. Typically, web front-ends are compiled to JavaScript to be run in web browsers. This is the case for GWT and Angular. The hybrid web application is also linked with the back-end. When all pages are migrated, only the Angular pages are used. The back-end does not need to be migrated. The controller can be migrated in the target technology (i. e. , Angular in our example).
Calling methods. To enable communication, we first need to allow Angular to call methods of the GWT controller. For example, Angular calls a method of the controller to navigate to another page or access some data. To enable method invocation, we studied the Angular and GWT compilers. We observed that they both translate source code (Java for GWT, Typescript for Angular) into JavaScript code to be executed on the client-side (see Section 4. 1). This is a common choice for web frameworks. Thus, both end up executed in the same programming language (i. e. , JavaScript), in the same runtime (i. e. , the web browser runtime). So, the Angular/JavaScript code has direct access to the methods of GWT/JavaScript. However, when GWT is compiled into JavaScript, the Java types and methods are normally not exposed externally, as names are mangled.
Thus, they can not be used by other programs. To expose Java methods and Java classes externally, GWT developers created the JSInterop library 6. It allows developers to add annotations in their Java code that will tell the GWT compiler to expose the generated code to other programming languages by declaring the identifiers to use. Listing 1 exemplifies this with one exposed method (displayPhase), through the use of the @Js-Method(<Name>) annotation (line 2), and one notexposed (addData). Both methods are exported to JavaScript, but the not exposed one, addData, will have a mangled name making it impossible to be called from any hand-written code. On the contrary, the exposed method will get the name specified in the @JsMethod(<Name>) annotation. Using the JSInterop library, we ensure the calling method capability and tackle the communication challenge.
The controller also knows which framework sent the data by analyzing the data structure (Java instances coming from GWT, or plain JavaScript objects coming from Angular). Alternatively, two exposed methods to store the data could be created. Concretely, the source page (1) calls the navigation method of the controller with the data as a parameter. The controller stores the data as-is (i. e. , does not perform any transformation) and (  2 ) performs the navigation. Then, the navigated page (3) requests the data from the controller. Recognizing a hybrid communication, the controller (4) serializes the data in JSON and (  5 ) returns it to the navigated page. Then, the navigated page (6) deserializes the data. Using this serialization/deserialization strategy, we dealt with the type matching challenge.
Case Study: Omaje Application To evaluate our hybrid architecture in a real industrial set-up, we used it to migrate a GWT application to Angular at Berger-Levrault. The application is called Omaje and was selected by its development team as representative of other Berger-Levrault GWT applications. Omaje is a client subscription management application used internally and, therefore, a safe case study for our experiment. The Omaje application includes 20 main web pages distributed into 9 modules built using 6,683 GWT graphical elements. In total, in its original version, Omaje weights 191 KLOC in 2,669 Java classes and 14,882 methods.
Hybrid communications might require additional time but need to be imperceptible to the end-user. To evaluate this RQ, we execute scenarios requiring communications between GWT and Angular. The scenarios include the transmission of data of different sizes. Data includes objects with attributes of different types: primitives (i. e. , string, int, etc. ), collections, dictionaries, and other objects. We ran the scenarios in a simulated environment, i. e. , not performed by a real end-user, using Microsoft Edge version 87. 0. 664. 66 on a laptop with 16 Go RAM and the Intel Core i7-7500U CPU. No other application was running on the computer during the experiment. To measure the communication time, we used the pre-built JavaScript feature console. time(). To avoid bias in the computed times, each scenario is run 1,000 times, and we report the average time.
RQ 2. Does the build time of the hybrid and Angular applications deteriorate compared to the GWT one? To evaluate this RQ, we measure the required time to build the GWT, the hybrid, and the Angular application. Building an application consists of creating the. class files and the transpilation of TypeScript (respectively Java) to JavaScript. Build time for large applications can be significant (hours), and it is important to ensure that building the hybrid application is not prohibitively long. RQ 3. Does the GUI performance of the hybrid application deteriorate compared to the GWT original and Angular migrated applications? This RQ aims to compare the performance when displaying the GUI of pages between the GWT, the hybrid, and the Angular applications. We measured the execution time of 4 execution scenarios for each application.
The execution scenarios are: 1. Accessing the first page of the application where initial scripts are run; 2. Accessing a middle-sized page including about 100 widgets; 3. Accessing a large page that requests and displays a lot of data; 4. Modifying data with several requests to the database and updating the page UI. When evaluating performance for the hybrid application, the accessed pages are in Angular, whereas the controller is in GWT. Thus, for the hybrid application, this research question evaluates if using Web Components tackles down the GUI mixing problem. To measure the execution times, we used the builtin performance tool of Microsoft Edge browser 7. It gives us detailed results on the GUI execution. We report the performance in scripting (executing JavaScript file), rendering (computing widgets position), and painting (displaying the resulting page) time.
The poor performance of the Angular deserialization library is a known issue 8 and might be solved in the future. Summary: Hybrid communications cost does not impact the end-user. Although GWT-to-Angular communication is slower, it remains imperceptible for the end-user. RQ 2. Does the build time of the hybrid and Angular applications deteriorate compared to the GWT one? We measured the compilation time to build each application. Table  3  summarizes the time required to build the GWT, the hybrid, and the Angular applications. In GWT, there are two compilations: the build of the Java project and the Java to JavaScript transpilation when first accessing the application. Building 8 https://github. com/pichillilorenzo/jackson-js/issues/18 the Java project costs 366 seconds, and the transpilation requires 131 seconds.
RQ 3. Does the GUI performance of the hybrid application deteriorate compared to the GWT original and Angular migrated applications? We compare the performance of each application for the four scenarios: home page first access, middlesize page first access, database request, and large page first access. Figure  4  presents the results of the performance evaluation. Each bar presents the time in milliseconds reported when evaluating the GWT application, the hybrid application, and the Angular application. For the first access to the home page, the GWT application is the fastest. GWT pre-compiles the home page during compilation, thus, home page access is fast. On the other hand, when accessing the home page of the Angular application, the Angular runtime is loaded with the application script.
The third group presents the performance of the application when users request the database (for instance, to update the data). Making a request implies a scripting step where the data are serialized, sent to the back-end, new data are received, and the UI is updated. Again, the hybrid and the Angular applications are the fastest. It is due to a switch of communication protocol with the back-end and to the time required by GWT to render the new UI after retrieving the data. Finally, the last group presents the performance when accessing a page displaying a lot of data. In the case of GWT, the Microsoft Edge built-in plugin crashed during the evaluation. So, we do not have execution time data. This is because GWT took several minutes to process the received data and the plugin ran out of memory.
Reliability Reliability indicates whether others can replicate our results. Since our case study is a closed-source application, one can not replicate our result in the exact same context. Moreover, we do not provide any source code of the hybrid architecture. To increase the reliability of our results, we perform the validation using standard free-to-use tools such as Microsoft Edge and pre-built JavaScript features. We also detailed our evaluation methods to ease future researchers reproducing the same evaluation set-up.
Morocco often faces significant intense rainfall periods that can generate flash floods and raging torrents, causing serious damage in a very short period of time. This study aims to monitor wetland areas after a flash-flood event in an arid region, Saquia El hamra Saharan of Morocco, using a technique that combines hydraulic modeling and remote sensing technology, namely satellite images. The hydrological parameters of the watershed were determined by the WMS software. Flood flow was modeled and simulated using HEC HMS and HEC-RAS software. To map the flooded areas, two satellite images (Sentinel-2 optical images) taken before and after the event were used. Three classifications were carried out using two powerful classifiers: support vector machines and decision tree. The first classifier was applied on both dates' images, and the resulting maps were used as input for a constructed decision tree model as a post-classification change detection process.
The needed hydrological variables can be obtained from a good-quality digital elevation model (DEM), such as catchment shapes, flow directions, slopes, path lengths, and watershed delimitation  [6, 7]. The monitoring of flood-affected areas resulting from extreme precipitation and changing land use can be helpful for better understanding flood events  [8] [9] [10]. Efforts have also been made to integrate some hydrological models with the GIS environment. Most of these models are physically based distributed models, e. g. , HEC-HMS, and HEC-RAS. This integration allows the assessment and prediction of the impact of watershed management practices  [11] [12] [13] [14]. In this work, HEC-RAS and WMS are integrated to the ArcGIS software for the hydraulic modeling of the flash flood events. In the past decades, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) have also opened new opportunities to monitor large areas and create more accurate and valuable flood hazard maps  [3, 15, 16].
High spatial-temporal resolution Sentinel images has been freely provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) for a variety of purposes. In this study, Sentinel-2 optical data was applied for floods analysis. Two techniques were used to extract information from those images: (1) land-cover/land-use classification and (2) a change detection technique. Although no model has proven its superiority, machine learning models have been proven to be better suited for sophisticated flood assessment and have greatly improved flood assessment  [1, 15, [17] [18] [19] 20]. In our case, we used support vector machines  [21] [22] [23]  and decision tree models  [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]  for classification and change detection, respectively. The novelty of this work can be defined in two ways: Using remote sensing technology and hydraulic modeling is an innovative method for examining an event from two perspectives, especially given that remote sensing has made the surveillance of wide areas cost-effective.
g. , to estimate the destroyed infrastructure and vegetation areas). In the past decades, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) have also opened new opportunities to monitor large areas and create more accurate and valuable flood hazard maps  [3, 15, 16]. High spatial-temporal resolution Sentinel images has been freely provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) for a variety of purposes. In this study, Sentinel-2 optical data was applied for floods analysis. Two techniques were used to extract information from those images: (1) land-cover/land-use classification and (2) a change detection technique. Although no model has proven its superiority, machine learning models have been proven to be better suited for sophisticated flood assessment and have greatly improved flood assessment  [1, 15, [17] [18] [19] [20].