dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data Analysis An interventional neuroradiologist with 4 years' experience independently analyzed the images. The following elements were analyzed on 2D-DSA and VasoCT: Opacification of the WEB was classified as complete when the full device was opacified with contrast and partial when it was partially opacified with contrast (Fig  1 ). Additionally, the presence of contrast in the aneurysm neck or in the aneurysm sac (at the level of the dome) was evaluated. In addition to evaluating residual flow in the WEB device and the aneurysm, we evaluated potential modification of the WEB shape by observation and direct measurement of the distance between both proximal and distal markers in the same DSA projection using 2D-DSA nonsubtracted images.
9, serves as a reminder that significant seismicity may also occur along the Rhone Valley. Swarm seismicity is also recorded, characterized by series of earthquakes restricted to few kilometers and several weeks to months, with no clear mainshock/aftershock sequence. In recent years, one of the main swarm-prone areas is the upper Ubaye Valley (Alps), with more than 16 000 earthquakes in 2003 and 2004, including several with magnitude M > 2. Two earthquakes M > 4 with clear aftershock sequences occurred in February 2012 and April 2014 during the currently ongoing swarm  (De Barros et al. , 2019). Focal mechanisms are also derived from instrumental seismicity, providing important information on faults and deformation. These data strongly depend on the network coverage and the velocity model used for the earthquake locations, especially for the small events (M < 3-4) that constitute the majority of data.
Macroseismic data and historical earthquakes Prior to the development of seismometers, earthquakes are mainly known from written records relating human testimonies and building damages from various sources (e. g. , personal correspondences, parish or notarial acts, newspapers). Research on this subject starts at the end of the 18th century with the first national-scale catalog of historical seismicity  (Perrey, 1845). Enrichment of this founding work leads to the SISFRANCE database  (Scotti et al. , 2004) , in which testimony and damage records are interpreted relative to the MSK-64 intensity scale. Macroseismic surveys collecting testimony and damage information from municipalities are conducted in France since the 1909 Lambesc earthquake. They provide more exhaustive and rigorous information than those deduced from the analyses of archives, which depend strongly on historical document availability and interpretation.
1500 years). Epicentral intensities are estimated for 3114 events (post AD 463) over the 6390 in the database, in other words ca. 50% of the earthquakes that are documented cannot be associated with an epicenter location and intensity. The temporal evolution of the number of available macroseismic data points per event provides a general overview of the knowledge completeness we may expect from this database (Fig. 4b ). The general pattern of historical seismicity is consistent with the instrumental one (Figs. 4a vs. 2a), with some local complexities such as the Pas-de-Calais region where three large historical earthquakes have affected an area of very low instrumental activity (1382, I 0 = VII-VIII; 1449, I 0 = VII; 1580, I 0 = VII-VIII). A similar situation exists in Provence, where the instrumental seismicity near the Middle Durance-Trevaresse fault system is low in comparison with the historical events that occurred in the area (1708, I 0 = VIII; 1909, I 0 = VIII-IX).
These observations illustrate that while large earthquakes tend to occur in areas where background seismicity is important, it is not possible to exclude their occurrence in areas showing a low instrumental seismicity. In addition to standard macroseismic studies, archeoseismology deals with the analysis of traces left by earthquakes on historical buildings and structures. It is not restricted to ancient times and can be applied to recent earthquakes, such as the 1708 Manosque earthquake  (Quenet et al. , 2004; Poursoulis and Levret-Albaret, 2014). For older events, very few data exist in France. For example, a study on the Nîmes Roman aqueduct concludes on the possible occurrence of one or two earthquakes causing disorders between AD 250 and 350  (Volant et al. , 2008) ; archeological observations on Roman buildings in Vienne confirm the occurrence of a 5th century event reported in the SISFRANCE database, with possibly older ones  (Adjadj et al.
Paleoseismicity and seismogenic faults Paleoseismology deals with direct and indirect effects left by earthquakes in the geological environment. Geological and geophysical observations can provide information on past earthquakes and seismogenic faults (i. e. , faults that have generated or can generate earthquakes). The latter are particularly challenging to evaluate in intraplate domains, where field evidence is often tenuous and complex. In metropolitan France, few geological evidence exist of earthquake occurrence on identified faults, whereas numerous evidence of post-Miocene deformation point to significant uncertainties regarding possible unknown seismogenic faults. The NEOPAL database provides a review of these data by a national expert committee (Fig. 5 ). Several compilations also exist on regional and national scales for potential neotectonic indices  (Baize et al.
, 2013)  and seismogenic faults  (Grellet et al. , 1993; Lacan and Ortuño, 2012). (Jomard et al. , 2017)  compile the most recent database of potential seismogenic faults within 50 km of nuclear facilities (BDFA, Fig. 5 ). Due to the lack or scarcity of constraints from Plio-Quaternary deformation, faults showing evidence of Miocene or younger deformation are considered as potentially seismogenic, assuming that the regional stress field has not experienced dramatic changes since then (cf. Sect. 4. 1 for discussion of this hypothesis). This approach is similar to the methodological framework proposed in recent reports to identify potential seismogenic faults in slow deforming regions  (Bertil and Terrier, 2017; Terrier et al. , 2018). A major limitation of neotectonic and paleoseismic studies is their tendency to focus in regions of strong seismic activity, near major historical earthquakes or close to critical facilities  (Sébrier et al.
Temporal variations of seismicity Temporal variations of seismicity can be studied by combining historical and instrumental data in a homogeneous seismicity catalogue, with a major difficulty due to the impact of regional seismic attenuation on magnitude estimations  (Mayor et al. , 2018). For the SI-Hex instrumental catalogue, this effect is accounted for by dividing the French territory into four attenuation regions  (Cara et al. , 2017). For historical earthquakes, the complex process of magnitude estimations from macroseismic data requires calibration events with instrumental Mw magnitudes, robust macroseismic fields and regional intensity attenuation laws  (Bakun and Scotti, 2006; Baumont et al. , 2018; Provost and Scotti, 2020). In France, the FCAT-17 catalogue  (Manchuel et al. , 2018)  provides the most recent Mw estimations combining the instrumental SI-Hex and historical SISFRANCE datasets, taking into account available regional attenuation models.
Acknowledgements. This article is part of an ongoing effort of the  RESIF  ( Réseau Sismologique  and  Géodésique Français ) research infrastructure to bring together the various communities that can contribute to better understand seismicity in France (https://www. resif. fr). Ideas for this review originated during a series of workshops on seismic hazard and seismotectonics in France organized between 2017 and 2019 by the  RESIF "Action Transverse Sismicité " (https:// www. resif. fr/spip. php?article144). We thank the numerous colleagues who participated to the workshops and contributed to the discussions regarding the seismicity, deformation and their driving mechanisms, with special thanks to  Oona Scotti  for her support with these workshops. The data and results presented in this review were only possible thanks to the institutions and organizations that for decades have provided financial and human resources for the observation and study of seismicity of metropolitan France (in an almost general indifference).
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by anomalies in pulmonary arteries (abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle and endothelial cells) which results in cardiovascular anomalies such as increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and finally right ventricular failure  (Galie et al. , 2015; Humbert et al. , 2019; Simonneau et al. , 2019). PAH may present with nonspecific symptoms and signs such as generalized fatigue, limitation of daily-activities and dyspnea, and this may prevent clinicians from diagnosing it early in the course of PAH and thus most of the time the diagnosis is made at the time of advanced right heart failure. Right-heart catheterization (RHC) is fundamental to confirm the diagnosis of PAH  (Simonneau et al. , 2019)  and recently a new hemodynamic definition of PAH has been proposed (a mean pulmonary artery pressure >20 mmHg instead of previous one ≥25 mmHg) based on the analysis of large databases  (Kovacs et al.
Herein, we present a frequency estimation technique-based on maximum Likelihood technique. This technique uses the Newton-Raphson algorithm to optimize the likelihood function, this algorithm is presented in  [29]  where its straightforward implementation is described step by step. This frequency estimator has a high estimation performances for a small signal length  [46]. In practice, we use the recorded data (N) from three-phase voltage to estimate the frequency of power system. Let consider that the signal sensors record N consecutive samples (n = 0, 1, • • • , N -1). By using the matrix form, the signal model defined in (2) can be described as  [47] X = A(ω 0 )C + B, (4) where • X is a N ×3 matrix containing the three-phase recorded data and is given by X =     x a [0] x b [0] x c [0].
Performance Evaluation on Real World Data In this section, we evaluate the performance of LS-NR and KF-NR estimators using real power system data. These are obtained form DOE/EPRI National Database of Power System Events [50]. for the evaluation test, two events coded 2911 and 2912 in the database are investigated, they include balanced system, voltage sag, and swell caused by a fault on the transmission power system. Regarding the window length, N, we have used a N = 64 samples that allows the KF-NR estimate working under favorable conditions. Figures  5 6 7 show the estimated frequency and phasor parameters for event 2911. It can be seen that LS-NR and KF-NR estimators lead to different results under balanced conditions, when 0 s < t < 0. 04 s & 0. 12 s < t < 0. 16 s, and under unbalanced condition, when 0.
Study population Eligibility criteria were established from the GORTEC 2000-01 trial  [7]. Operable patients with untreated stage III or IV laryngeal or hypopharyngeal invasive squamous cell carcinoma who required total laryngectomy, from 20 French centers and aged 18-75 years, were enrolled between March 2006 and April 2008. The inclusion and exclusion criteria have been described previously  [11]. All the patients gave their written informed consent in accordance with institutional guidelines. The trial was registered as ClinicalTrials. gov number: NCT00169247.
Statistical analyses The sample size rationale came from the GORTEC 2000-01 trial database  [7]. Of the 110 patients randomly assigned to the TPF arm, four died during ICT. After TPF, 85 patients were responders and one died before radiotherapy; therefore a total of 84 patients (76%) started radiotherapy. After radiotherapy, six patients had residual/persistent disease, which corresponded to an immediate larynx preservation rate (larynx in place, free of disease) of 70%. Sample size and decision rules were based on a one-stage Fleming design with a 5% type I error and 90% power. For an expected 80% larynx preservation rate at 3 months posttreatment and a null hypothesis of 60%, 43 eligible patients were needed in each arm. If a 55% response rate in patients amenable to further chemotherapy could be expected after TPF, 156 patients had to be included to obtain these 86 eligible patients.
To our knowledge, we present the first randomized clinical trial using this new end-point. In our study, there was no statistical difference between the two groups regarding LEDFS. Regarding the primary end-point of our study, the 5-year larynx preservation rate was statistically improved in the cisplatin arm vs. the cetuximab arm: 96. 6% [95%CI: 0. 88-0. 99] vs. 81. 1% [95%CI: 0. 68-0. 9] (p=0. 02), respectively (Figure  4  -supplementary data). We are now convinced that the best outcome for the patient is not simply to keep his/her larynx in place but to maintain a functioning larynx without disease recurrence. With follow-up period of our study, larynx preservation at 3 months was not a clinically relevant end-point. These data confirm the new recommendations of the international consensus panel.
Results: Data from 3354 patients was analysed. The risk of exacerbations was lower in patients who had less severe health impairment (rate ratio [RR] [95% CI]): SGRQ-C, (0. 88 [0. 78, 0. 99]); CAT, 0. 85 [0. 75, 0. 96]) and lower dyspnoea (0. 79 [0. 69, 0. 90]) at baseline versus those with more severe health impairment and higher dyspnoea, respectively. Compared with SFC, IND/GLY led to better prevention of moderate-to-severe exacerbations in the majority of groups studied. Conclusion: Patients with more severe health status impairment and greater symptom burden at baseline subsequently experienced more exacerbations in the FLAME study. IND/GLY was overall more effective in preventing exacerbations versus SFC, regardless of baseline symptom burden. Our results suggest that future studies on novel exacerbation therapies should consider targeting patients with higher symptom burden at baseline.
Study design and patients Data from the FLAME study were used to perform this analysis. In the FLAME study, patients with ≥1 exacerbation in the past year were randomised to indacaterol/glycopyrronium (IND/GLY) 110/50 μg once daily or salmeterol/fluticasone (SFC) 50/500 μg twice daily  [23]  for 52 weeks (ClinicalTrials. gov number, NCT01782326). Patients included were aged ≥40 years, with symptomatic COPD (modified Medical Research Council [mMRC] scale ≥2), a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) of ≥25 to < 60% of the predicted value, and a post-bronchodilator FEV 1 /forced vital capacity < 0. 70. Patients were excluded if they had exacerbations requiring treatment with antibiotics and/or systemic corticosteroids and/or hospitalisation in the 6 weeks prior to screening.
The impact of the blood eosinophil levels on the future rate of exacerbations was evaluated in patients with higher or lower eosinophil levels. At baseline patients were grouped based on their smoking status (current smoker vs ex-smokers). The risk of moderate or severe exacerbations were estimated in smokers compared with ex-smokers. Further, differential response to IND/GLY and SFC in terms of future risk of moderate or severe exacerbation was measured based on patients' baseline health status, dyspnoea, bronchitis status, blood eosinophil levels and smoking status. Exacerbations were defined symptomatically using the eDiary data according to the criteria of Anthonisen et al. [25]  and based on healthcare resource utilisation  [26]. In brief, COPD exacerbations were defined as a worsening of ≥2 major symptoms (dyspnoea, sputum purulence or sputum volume) or as a worsening of any one major symptom and a minor symptom (sore throat, colds [nasal discharge and/or nasal congestion], fever without other cause, cough or wheeze) for at least 2 consecutive days.
Impact of baseline bronchitis status on the rates and characteristics of moderate/severe exacerbations Of the 3354 patients included in the FLAME study (full analysis set), 76% with available information met the criteria for bronchitis. Patients with bronchitis experienced a lower rate of exacerbations (RR, 0. 77; P < 0. 002), regardless of treatment received. Patients with bronchitis treated with IND/GLY had a lower annualised exacerbation rate than patients who received SFC (Fig. 3 ). In patients with bronchitis who experienced exacerbations, there was no difference in terms of intensity of symptoms during exacerbation between treatment groups; however, IND/GLY lowered mean percentage of days on exacerbation versus SFC. Further, both treatments had a comparable effect on symptom burden during exacerbation, regardless of bronchitis status (data are presented in Supplementary Figures  S5a  and S5b ).
The group sizes are smaller (e. g. the number of patients with bronchitis was markedly larger than the patients without bronchitis) and, hence, all between-treatment results of this analysis should be interpreted with caution. However, the careful daily reporting of symptoms during the run-in period via an eDiary increases the reliability of symptom evaluation. Moreover, these analyses were performed on clinical trial data from a controlled setting, so there are advantages in data collection that eliminates the problem of missing data versus previous studies.
Acknowledgements Editorial and writing support provided by  Santanu Bhadra  and  Archana Jayaraman  (Novartis), funded by  Novartis AG, Basel, Switzerland  in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines (http://www. ismpp. org/gpp3). AJM and SMF were ERS fellows with  Novartis Pharma  AG during this work. AJM is now an employee of AstraZeneca. KK, PP and FP are employees and shareholders of  Novartis Pharma AG , and DB is employees and shareholders of  Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation. PG is an employee of  Novartis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. PO  is an employee of Novartis AB and shareholder of  Novartis Pharma AG. NR reports grants from  Boehringer Ingelheim ,  Pfizer  and  Novartis , and personal fees from  Boehringer Ingelheim ,  Novartis ,  Teva ,  GSK ,  AstraZeneca ,  Chiesi ,  Mundipharma ,  Pfizer ,  Sanofi ,  Sandoz , 3 M, Zambon.
Patients Patients with biochemically or histologically confirmed advanced prostate cancer (metastatic or locally advanced and not amenable to locoregional treatment with curative intent) treated with a platinum compound (cisplatin or carboplatin) either as monotherapy or as part of combination chemotherapy were eligible for this analysis. Patients with primary pure small cell carcinoma of the prostate or insufficient data for analysis of the primary end point were excluded. Clinical data from 25 cancer centers from 12 countries worldwide were collected by local investigators. Investigators were encouraged to include all patients eligible at their site for the analysis. Approval of the local ethics committee was obtained before data collection, and informed consent was obtained depending on local regulations.
Clinical data were collected locally at each center and assembled in an electronic master database at the coordinating center. Quality control was assured by queries in cases of nonplausible data and inconsistencies; however, no review of the source documentation was performed. The the reporting guideline for case series was followed. 24 e primary outcome measure was evaluation of antitumor activity (decrease in PSA level and soft tissue response) to platinum-based therapy (monotherapy and/or combination therapies) and association of response with the presence or absence of DNA repair gene aberrations in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Local assays for assessment of DNA repair gene aberrations on tumor tissue or circulating DNA (ctDNA) were used. DNA repair gene alterations were defined as deleterious variations, such as protein truncating variations, splice site variations, deleterious missense variation, and homozygous deletions, in genes involved in the repair of DNA damage.
Statistical Analysis Continuous data were summarized by median, minimum, and maximum values. Categorical data were presented as absolute numbers and percentages. Time to event end points were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). The number of missing data points is given for all analyses. Frequency counts of categorical data in subgroups were statistically compared by Fisher exact tests. Between subgroup comparisons of numerical data were carried out by Kruskal-Wallis tests. Time to event end points were compared between subgroups using the log-rank test. The a priori significance level was P <. 05, and all statistical tests were 2 sided. All analyses were done in R version 3. 5. 0 (R Project for Statistical Computing). To simultaneously assess several factors that could be associated with OS, we performed a multivariable analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model (SAS version 9.
Historically, platinum compounds as monotherapy or combination therapy have been widely studied in prostate cancer. 26 Besides the SPARC trial,  5  the studies were mostly small, recruited a molecularly unselected patient population, and demonstrated only moderate antitumor activity. However, a subgroup of patients seemed to derive benefit,  3  namely patients with aggressive variant adenocarcinoma of the prostate (with alterations in at least 2 of the following: TP53 [OMIM 191170], RB1 [OMIM 614041], and PTEN, detected by next-generation sequencing or immunohistochemistry). 27 With emerging data of a meaningful prevalence of somatic and germline DNA repair gene aberrations in patients with advanced prostate cancer  28  and activity of PARP inhibitors in these patients,  12  interest in platinum-based treatment arose again, with the hypothesis of increased activity in this specific subpopulation of patients with prostate cancer, analogous to data from patients with TNBC.
Limitations Our analysis has several limitations, including the retrospective design and data collection, including missing data in a subset of patients. Furthermore, even though quality control was assured by the coordinating center by queries in the case of nonplausible or inconsistent data, no formal review process of the source documentation of each individual contributing center was performed. Also, there was no control of patients excluded from the database on the center level. gene aberrations were assessed by local assays and were not standardized; therefore, the number of genes tested differed by center. Many patients received platinum-taxane combination treatment and the contribution of taxane and platinum to the response cannot be measured separately. The high number of first-line platinum-based combination treatments suggests that patients with aggressive features were included; of note, we excluded patients with de novo pure small cell carcinoma from the analysis.
Methods 2. 1. Patient, study design, and procedures RESPITE (ClinicalTrials. gov: NCT02007629) was a 24-week, prospective, open-label, uncontrolled study in patients with PAH. Eligibility criteria are shown in the Supplement. All patients underwent a PDE5i washout of 1-3 days before starting riociguat (adjusted to a maximum of 2. 5 mg three times daily). Full details of RESPITE have been published previously  [2]. Informed consent was obtained from each patient. The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki as reflected in a priori approval by the institution's human research committee.