dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The quantitative data were calculated according to a calibration operated with AMETEK X-LabPro software. This calibration was constructed by using 12 certified and local references and allows for the semi-quantification of 7 major and trace elements among the most abundant in ferruginous rocks (normalised concentrations are presented in oxide weight)  [147]. X-ray diffraction (XRD). Ochre samples were analysed by way of X-ray diffraction using a silicon calibrated Panalytical diffractometer with a Bragg-Brentano (theta-theta) configuration. Data acquisition times of 30 minutes allowed an angle range of 8 to 80°with a resolution of 0. 02°. The diffraction spectra were analysed using EVA application software coupled with the JCPDS-ICDD database. The mineral species were identified by their respective combinations of two or three characteristic peaks.
In comparison with other red samples, Ovahimba red ochre typically contains less quartz and clay minerals (illite and kaolinite) and more iron oxides (Fig  4 ). Most of the Ovahimba samples are composed of more than 60% iron oxides/oxy-hydroxides. In the samples derived from Cape Point, the concentration in iron oxide/oxy-hydroxide does not exceed 20%. Elemental composition. Fe and Si are the two major elements detected by ED-XRF (Table  6 ). The relative contents of Fe (Fe 2 O 3 ), Si (SiO 2 ) and other minor elements were  Fe 2 O 3 to SiO 2 than the other Ovahimba samples. This is consistent with the XRD results. Only the samples from Cape Point (18 and 24) present Fe 2 O 3 to SiO 2 ratios as high as those recorded for the Opuwo samples. XRD and ED-XRF data are in general agreement with regards the iron oxide content of the samples.
Although the transition in archaeology from data to social interpretation is challenging, the importance of ochre exploitation during the MSA can only be expressed in terms of complex multi-functional explanations. This is so because the advantages offered by the habitual exploitation of ochre during the evolution of Homo sapiens were numerous. Although exclusively functional uses of ochre are rare, it can be argued that they may have been more common in the past and that the use of ochre for symbolic purposes in ethnographic contexts does not imply similar use by early MSA humans. Ochre could also have functioned symbolically before the emergence of anatomically modern Homo sapiens after 195 ka  [164] ), but it may in fact have had several functional uses early on which subsequently evolved to comprise both symbolic significance and functional value.
Acknowledgments We thank the Ovahimba participants, in particular  Nakara, Mokadera, Bendokarampi and Tharhirwa (Otjongoro, Ovinjange and Oukongo villages)  for sharing their knowledge with us. We thank the  Namibian Ministry of Culture , the director of the  National Museum of Namibia (Ester Moombolah-Goagoses ),  Eugene Marais  ( National Museum of Namibia ) and  Luc Fabre  ( French Embassy in Namibia ) for supporting our research. Anzel Veldman  ( National Museum of Namibia ) and  Sennobia Katjiuongua  ( National Heritage Council of Namibia ) are thanked for their support in the field. Renata Garcia Moreno Mazel  ( CNRS UMR PACEA, University of Bordeaux ) is thanked for preliminary analyses.
The authors acknowledge financial support provided by the  PROTEA French-South Africa exchange programme , the  AHKR (Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University of Bergen ), the  European Research Council  Advanced Grant, TRACSYMBOLS no. 249587 , awarded under the  FP7 programme  and the  Photobiology Laboratory of Medunsa Campus, Sefako Makgatho University of Health Sciences. The authors also acknowledge assistance provided by the  Namibian Ministry of Culture  and the  National Museum of Namibia.
More precisely, we define the expected (chance) disorder as the average disorder of a multi randomly annotated continuum where: r The random annotations fulfill the observed annotation distributions for the following features: the distribution of the number of units per annotator the distribution of categories the distribution of unit length per category the distribution of gaps' length the distribution of overlapping and/or covering between each pair of categories (for instance, units of categories A and B may never intersect, 7% of the units of category A may cover one unit of category C, and so on). r The number of random annotators is the same as the number of annotators in the observed data 4. 8. 2 Two Possible Sources to Build Chance: Local Data versus Corpus Data. In addition, whereas other studies systematically compute the expected value on the data also used to compute the observed value (see Section 3.
Acknowledgments We wish to thank three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and discussion. The authors would also like to warmly thank  Klaus Krippendorff  for his support when they implemented his coefficients in order to test them. This work was carried out in the  GREYC Laboratory, Caen, France , with the strong support of the  French Contrat de Projet État-Région (CPER)  and the  Région Basse-Normandie , which have provided this research with two engineers,  Jér ôme Chauveau  and  Stéphane Bouvry.
Methods Participants. Forty adults without any known audiological or neurological pathology participated in this study. They provided written informed consent and were paid 100€ for participation. They were divided into two groups: 20 musical experts, who reported more than 7 years of musical practice and started musical training before the age of 13, and 20 control participants (normal readers who reported no musical practice). Seventeen control participants were individuals already included in a previous study  47. A pre-test confirmed that all participants had audiometric pure-tone thresholds ≤ 20 dB over the 125 Hz-8000 Hz range for both ears. Two participants achieved unexpectedly low performances in the experiment, suggesting misunderstanding of task instructions, and their data were not included in further analyses.
All results are reported in Table  2. The study was approved by the Comité d'évaluation éthique de l'Inserm/Institutional Review Board (IORG0003254, FWA00005831, IRB00003888). All methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. Stimuli. The targets were 4 productions of VCCV non-words (/alda/, /alga/, /aʁda/, and /aʁga/) used in a previous behavioral study  47. They were recorded by a male speaker in a soundproof booth (48 kHz; 16 bits). Inter-syllable gap durations were reduced such that the time onsets of the 2 nd syllable in all target sounds were the same (t = 328 ms), and they were then made equivalent with respect to duration (680 ms). The target sounds can be downloaded as. wav files at https://zenodo. org/record/12300/, and their cochleograms are shown in Fig. 1.
For each participant, a set of 10,000 white-noise stimuli of the same length as the targets were generated and stored prior to the experiment. They can be found at the addresses https://zenodo. org/record/19104 and https://zenodo. org/record/23064. On trial i, the stimulus presented consisted of one target signal, t k i , that was embedded in noise, n i (both root-mean-square normalized), with a given SNR i , as shown in equation (1). α = ( ⋅ + )/ ( ) s t n A 1 i i k i i i where α = 10 i SN R i 20 and α = ( ⋅ + ) A t n var i i k i i , a factor allowing the power normalization of the stimulus. During presentation, all stimuli were preceded with a short Gaussian fade-in of Gaussian noise for the listener's comfort. Experimental procedure. The stimuli were presented diotically over Sennheiser's HD 448 headphones at each listener's most comfortable sound pressure level.
To confirm the accuracy of our approach, we also verified that the same value was obtained by minimizing the mean cross-prediction deviance instead. Additionally, cross-prediction deviances within the Musician group were lower than those within the Non-Musician group (unpaired t-test, t(36) = -4. 28, p < 10 -3 ). It could not be inferred from the prediction data that GLMs fit on the musicians' responses were better predictors of the whole group of 38 participants than GLMs fit on the non-musicians' responses (unpaired t-test, t(36) = -1. 46, p = 0. 15). However, when averaging across training-sets instead of across test-sets, the musicians' responses were more accurately predicted than the non-musicians' responses (unpaired t-test, t(36) = -3. 44, p = 0. 0015). A measure of the specificity of a listener's strategy can be obtained by taking the difference between his/her auto-prediction deviance and the cross-prediction deviance of his/her data produced by GLMs fit to the other participants.
Acknowledgements LV is funded by a PhD grant from the  Ecole Doctorale Neurosciences et Cognition  (http://nsco. universite-lyon. fr/),Lyon-1 University, France. This research was partially supported by a  European Research Council  (http://erc. europa. eu/)grant for the  SpiN  project (No. 209234 ) attributed to FM and by a public grant overseen by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  as part of the  "Investissements d' Avenir" program  (reference:  ANR-10-LABX-0083 ).
An intense debate concerning the nature and mode of Neolithic transition in Europe has long received much attention. Recent publications of paleogenetic analyses focusing on ancient European farmers from Central Europe or the Iberian Peninsula have greatly contributed to this debate, providing arguments in favor of major migrations accompanying European Neolithization and highlighting noticeable genetic differentiation between farmers associated with two archaeologically defined migration routes: the Danube valley and the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of the present study was to fill a gap with the first paleogenetic data of Neolithic settlers from a region (France) where the two great currents came into both direct and indirect contact with each other. To this end, we analyzed the Gurgy 'Les Noisats' group, an Early/Middle Neolithic necropolis in the southern part of the Paris Basin.
The morphology of burials could permit to draw parallels between Gurgy and western Switzerland funerary practices  [34]. The homogeneity characterizing the Gurgy group (related to burial dates, funerary practices or biology; personal data) suggests that a unique population with a common cultural background used the necropolis. We genetically analyzed a total of 102 individuals to describe the maternal lineages comprising this ancient farmer group. The mitochondrial data suggested different evolutionary scenarios to explain the Gurgy gene pool make up. One scenario proposing that Gurgy necropolis reflects the genetic mixing of Neolithic farmers deriving from both Danubian and Mediterranean expansion routes finds particular resonance in archaeological data available for this region.
SNP analyses Multiplex assays targeting informative and complementary mitochondrial and Y chromosome SNPs, facilitating the characterization of common European maternal and paternal lineages, were designed with MassArray assay design software (version 4. 0). Genotyping reactions were performed using the iPLEX Gold technology (Sequenom, Inc San Diego, CA, USA). The reliability and accuracy of this MALDI-TOF MS-based SNP genotyping technique were particularly adapted to the minute amount of degraded aDNA molecules  [41]. A total of 28 mitochondrial SNPs and 10 Y chromosome SNPs were targeted and positive profiles were confirmed at least four times per individual (two genotyping on at least two DNA extracts per sample). The targeted SNPs and the associated primers are detailed in the S3 Table.
Gurgy genetic diversity From the 102 sampled Gurgy human remains, 55 mitochondrial haplogroups were generated (S8 Table ), and 39 of those individuals provided HVS-I sequences (nps 16,009-16,400) that met all requested aDNA authenticity criteria (S1 Table, S1 File and S3 Fig)  [46]. The sequences were deposited in the GenBank database (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/genbank/; accession numbers KP863031-KP863069). To our knowledge, this is the largest mtDNA Neolithic sample recovered from one archaeological site for the Early/Middle Neolithic period. This sample features 27 distinct mitochondrial haplotypes belonging to eight haplogroups (H, K, U, J, N1a, V, X and T). Unfortunately, no sample yielded Y chromosome DNA, suggesting that nuclear DNA might be less well conserved in these samples.
The number of unique haplotypes encountered in the Gurgy group (similar to the Central and South European farmer groups) must be associated with the still weak aDNA dataset available for ancient European populations. A median-joining network connecting all ancient HVS-I sequences (from hunter-gatherers and farmers anterior to 4,000 BC) is proposed in S7 Previous work has demonstrated the mtDNA distinctiveness of ancient hunter-gatherers (i. e. , 'PRE_HG') compared with Early/Middle Neolithic farmers  [10, 11, 14, 19]. This point is clearly illustrated via principal component analysis (PCA) and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) performed on the ancient groups (Figs  1  and 2 ). Indeed, the PCA revealed that most of the   ). These observations are consistent with the results from Bramanti et al.
Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain this southern cultural influence in farmer groups from the Paris Basin, including either an appropriation of techniques and style through genetic contact and admixture between populations or a simple exchange of artifacts and raw materials without gene flow  [29]. We propose that the archaeological data and the paleogenetic results obtained on the Gurgy necropolis are consistent with the hypothesis that the Mediterranean cultural influence on the Paris Basin entails some gene flow, implying the northerly migration of Mediterranean farmers in the Paris Basin and admixture with farmer descendants of LBK populations from Central Europe. As proposed by Sidéra  [29, 69] , exogamy between groups might explain the fusion of the material culture of both Central and southern Neolithic spheres in the Paris Basin and the mixture of southern/Central Europe farmer lineages observed in the Gurgy necropolis.
Conclusion We conducted a paleogenetic study on the Gurgy 'Les Noisats' necropolis, presenting the first genetic data on Neolithic settlers (Early/Middle Neolithic transition) in France. Localized in the southern part of the Paris Basin, the necropolis provides a unique opportunity to document the processes implied in the Neolithization of a region where cultural exchanges between culturally distinct farmer groups have been highlighted. Descriptive analyses performed using Gurgy mtDNA diversity highlight a gene pool clearly intermediate between those characterized for the farmers associated with both Danubian and Mediterranean migration routes. Even if these findings were consistent with different evolutionary scenarios, we propose that the scenario in which the Gurgy gene pool resulted from equivalent contributions of maternal lineages from farmer groups associated with the Danubian and Mediterranean expansion routes is the most parsimonious.
This study benefitted from excavation grant support from the  region of Bourgogne, France , and the  Service Régional de l'Archéologie de Bourgogne  ( 89 198 008 ). This research is funded by a ministerial grant from the  Research National Agency  as a program of prospects investments  ANR-10-LABX-52  (project ' Diversité biologique et culturelle de l'Homme  declared that no competing interests exist.
Data source EuroSC is a naturalistic follow-up of a cohort of people with schizophrenia over a period of two years, with five visits at 6-month intervals. A detailed description of the cohort was published earlier  (Bebbington et al. , 2005). The principle objective of this cohort was to identify and describe the types of treatment and methods of care for people with schizophrenia and to correlate these with clinical outcomes, states of health, and quality of life. The subjects were selected to provide a representative sample of patients treated in each catchment area. The centres and sampling procedures were chosen to suit the national organisation of mental health care and the information systems that could be exploited for the study. In France, the selected locations included northern France (Lille), central France (Lyon and Clermont-Ferrand), and southern France (Marseille and Toulon).
Data collection After consent was obtained, patients were interviewed by a trained independent psychiatrist, and the initial battery of assessments was completed. The data collected included socio-demographic information, and clinical information. Socio-demographic information included country, gender, age, length of illness, family situation and diagnosis. All were collected at the baseline visit. Clinical information included the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS)  (Kay et al. , 1989; Bell et al. , 1992) , the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS)  (Addington et al. , 1990) , the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)  (Endicott et al. , 1976)  and the Quality of Life Interview (QoLI)  (Lehman, 1983). All these measures were collected at each visit by the interviewer.
More details about the questionnaire including as its reliability and validity are provided elsewhere  (Lehman et al. , 1993). Medication (antipsychotics, antidepressants, etc. ) was also collected at each visit in UK and France. Nevertheless, the data was unobtainable in Germany. Therefore it was decided not to include any medication parameter as a potential confounder in the analysis. If the participant withdrew consent at any time or if the participant was lost to follow-up, data collected up to this point were used in analysis.
Discussion The burden of schizophrenia is strongly related to negative symptoms, and lack of social contact was thought to be an important element in a vicious circle, aggravating negative symptoms, and deteriorating psychosocial functioning and quality of life. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the social contact frequency of patients with schizophrenia had an impact on negative symptoms, both from a cross-sectional perspective and over time. In addition, the relationships between social contact frequency and the health indicators psychosocial functioning and quality of life were also explored. Data were taken from EuroSC, a large naturalistic prognostic cohort study carried out in UK, France and Germany. The broad information collected, the large sample size (N ¼1208) and the 24month follow-up encourage analyses of longitudinal associations  between patients' social life and aspects of the disease.
His estimation will take into account behavioural aspects of social integration inferred from other data assessed during the interview and from patients' social behaviour in the interview situation. Moreover, PANSS negative subscale and factor assess various aspects of non-participation in social exchange including cognitive and emotional. Altogether, there is a clear difference between explanans and explanandum. Third, the study is based on interviewer ratings, and the problem of common method variance, increasing the chance of correlations, was not avoidable. This is an unsolved problem in social psychiatric research in schizophrenia. Nevertheless all the scales considered in these analyses are widely approved and validated. Fourth, the reliance on self-report data of social contact may be questioned, as PROs in schizophrenia face a major limitation: psychiatric symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, may impact the patient's judgment and make it unreliable.
Acknowledging queer desires, questioning genders In her study of queer, Jagose explains that it "describes those gestures or analytical models which dramatise incoherencies in the allegedly stable relations between chromosomal sex, gender and sexual desire. […] queer focuses on mismatches between sex, gender and desire" (3). Seidman draws a succinct history of the queer movement and explains that western homophobic theory and airmative homosexual theory are constructed around the clearly deined and delimitated igure of the homosexual, while queer theorists assert that identities consist in an ever-renewed combination of various components, among which sexual orientation, race, class or gender (Diference 92). hey oppose ixed, arbitrary, reductive identity constructions, whose deinitions fail to encompass all identity experiences, and which thus become disciplinary structures (93).
Introduction As it is very well known now, teletandem is "a distance tandem that uses the spoken and written modalities of language (hearing and speaking, and writing and reading, respectively), via real time audio/ video conferences"  (Telles, 2005: 7)   1. This innovative way of using in tandem devices to learn foreign languages was fi rst introduced by  Telles (2005 Telles ( , 2006 Telles ( , 2009) )  and by  Telles & Vasallo (2006). In its more recent version (see  Telles, 2015:  2) 2 , teletandem is defi ned as a virtual, autonomous, and collaborative context that uses online teleconferencing tools (text, voice, and webcam images of VoIP technology, such as Skype) to promote intercontinental and intercultural interactions between students who are learning a foreign language. During teletandem sessions, two foreign language students collaborate online to help the partner learn each other's native language (or language of profi ciency) by following principles of foreign language learning in tandem  (BRAMMERTS, 2003).
Since the beginning of the 2006-2007 academic year, the department of Portuguese at the University of Lille 3 (France), with the support of the University's Language Resource Center, has enabled students of Portuguese to take part in the Teletandem Brasil Project -TTB  (Telles, 2005 (Telles, , 2006 (Telles, , 2009) )  with the State University of São Paulo (Unesp-Assis, Brazil). These students are engaged in the collaborative learning of their respective languages and cultures, based on autonomy and reciprocity. This environment provided them with the possibility of using the foreign language in authentic interactions, in a socioconstructivist way  (Kolb, 1984; Salomon & Perkins, 1988; Vygotsky, 1992; Williams & Perkins, 1977). The students exchanged via Skype, once or twice a week, at a rhythm of one hour per language 3.
3. Given some local particularities and diffi culties (such as the opposition of some teachers), we were unable to follow the Teletandem Brasil Project full protocol and recommendations. For some observations on the diversity of contexts of tandem settings and teletandem environments in Lille 3, see Rivens  Mompean & Cappellini (in this issue). Focused on the analysis of the Lille 3 students' LLB and reports, our work -that resumes and deepens the refl ection begun in  Santos (2009) , and extended in  Santos (2010 Santos ( , 2012 Santos ( and 2013) )  -, is divided in two parts. First, we briefl y present the data collection and analysis methodologie. These elements are presented in depth in  Santos (2009 Santos ( , 2010 Santos ( and 2012)). Secondly, we analyze our corpus, focusing on the relationship between the partners, via the analysis of the students' comments on the themes they have treated.