dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Rule 6: Use an interoperable format for your training materials Training materials need to be captured in interoperable formats, so that they can be used in different contexts (e. g. , operating systems and software) and built upon later. For materials like slides, it is important that other trainers are able to (re)use, fine-tune or even extend them. This means that you should choose a format that supports editing and extension. Here, the de facto standard is Microsoft PowerPoint  [38] , which is only available for computers running Windows or macOS. The default file format used by Microsoft Power-Point is the Open XML Presentation (PPTX), which is compatible with other open-source alternatives, such as Apache OpenOffice Impress  [39]  and LibreOffice Impress  [40]. Other proprietary tools, like Keynote  [41] , use very limiting software-specific file formats.
Another commonly used open file format is the Portable Document Format (PDF) [42], which is compatible with a variety of different operating systems, browsers, software, etc. However, PDF documents are not easy to edit and can therefore be difficult to (re)use. An alternative is to use a LaTeX  [43]  class (e. g. , Beamer (41)), which takes a structured source file, compiles it, and then outputs a PDF file. Tools like this, however, require you to have the requisite technical skills. If you do use PDFs, we recommend that you also make the files of origin (whether PPTX or LaTeX) available, so that other trainers can modify and adapt them to their needs. There is also a growing trend to provide training materials in Markdown (MD) and reStructuredText (RST) format and to make them available via services like Read the Docs [44] and GitHub.
Rule 10: Keep your training materials up-to-date It is important to update your training materials and to keep abreast of current trends, new features, or developments in the field (new databases releases, software versions, etc. ). When and how often to update your materials will depend on how frequently the resources or computational methods they describe change, whether new exercises or supporting media can be found to add a hint of freshness, and so on. If using screenshots to illustrate particular resources, they should reflect the current versions; similarly, exercises and answers should still work with current releases. Ideally, updated materials should be timestamped, given new PIDs, and added to a specialized online registry; for completeness, old versions should also be archived.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the  ELIXIR BioHackathon Europe 2018  for having initiated the hackathon project where this manuscript started. Special thanks to  Luc Wiegers  who codesigned the figure summarizing the rules described in this paper. Our thanks as well to all additional contributors to the FAIR for training initiative in the ELIXIR Training Platform and to the ELIXIR Nodes Training Coordinators.
Context. Lupus is recognised as one of the closest star-forming regions, but the lack of trigonometric parallaxes in the pre-Gaia era hampered many studies on the kinematic properties of this region and led to incomplete censuses of its stellar population. Aims. We use the second data release of the Gaia space mission combined with published ancillary radial velocity data to revise the census of stars and investigate the 6D structure of the Lupus complex. Methods. We performed a new membership analysis of the Lupus association based on astrometric and photometric data over a field of 160 deg 2 around the main molecular clouds of the complex and compared the properties of the various subgroups in this region. Results. We identified 137 high-probability members of the Lupus association of young stars, including 47 stars that had never been reported as members before.
In this context, the existence of a more dispersed and older population of WTTSs near the Lupus clouds as reported in previous studies is not surprising, but their association with the younger population concentrated in the immediate vicinity of the molecular clouds needs to be confirmed. The second data release of the Gaia space mission (Gaia-DR2, Gaia  Collaboration et al. 2018)  provides the best astrometry available to date to further assess the membership of the historically known members. When combined with radial velocity information these data can be used to constrain not only the 3D positions of the stars, but also their 3D space motions. The stellar content of the Sco-Cen association was recently revised by  Damiani et al. (2019)  based on Gaia-DR2 data, but a dedicated study of the Lupus clouds is still missing in the literature.
This input catalogue contains 14 471 847 sources (10 470 632 of them with complete data in the chosen representation space) whose membership status with respect to the Lupus region will be investigated in our analysis. We modelled the field population using Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) 1. The field model was computed only once at the beginning of our membership analysis and held fixed during the process. We tested field models with  20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 components, and  inferred their parameters using a random sample of 10 6 sources from our input catalogue. We compute the Bayesian information criteria (BIC) for each one of the models and take the one (with 80 components) that returns the minimum BIC value as the optimum model for our analysis. The main objective our membership analysis is to distinguish the Lupus association from the rest of the sources in the region surveyed by our study which we collectively denote as field population.
The algorithm uses the input list of members to infer the astrometric and photometric parameters of the cluster model. Then, the method assigns membership probabilities to the sources and classifies them into cluster and field stars based on a probability threshold p in previously defined by the user. At each step of the algorithm the marginal (i. e. data independent) class probabilities are estimated as the fraction of sources in each category obtained in the previous iteration. The resulting list of cluster members is used as input for the next iteration and this procedure is repeated until the list of cluster members remains fixed after successive iterations. Once that our solution has converged we generate synthetic data (based on the properties of the cluster and field models) and evaluate the performance of our classifier to define an optimum probability threshold p opt (see  Olivares et al.
Radial velocities We search for radial velocity information for the stars in our sample using the CDS databases and data mining tools  (Wenger et al. 2000). Our search in the literature is based on  Wichmann et al. (1999) ,  Gontcharov (2006) ,  Torres et al. (2006) ,  James et al. (2006) ,  Guenther et al. (2007) ,  Galli et al. (2013) ,  Frasca et al. (2017) , and the Gaia-DR2 catalogue. We find radial velocities for 52 stars in the sample of 113 sources with good astrometry (see Sect. 4. 1). For a few stars we find more than one single radial velocity measurement and in such cases we use the most precise result. The radial velocity distribution of the Lupus stars in our sample is shown in Figure  8. We use the interquartile range (IQR) criterium to identify the outliers that lie over 1.
We refer the reader to that paper for more details on the properties, validation and performance of these priors. We are aware about the existence of another prior in the literature, namely the exponentially decreasing space density prior (hereafter, the EDSD prior, 3 The code is available at https://github. com/olivares-j/Kalkayotl. Bailer-Jones 2015; Astraatmadja & Bailer-Jones 2016), but we do not use it in our study. The EDSD prior is related to the distribution of stars in the Galaxy and it was proposed to be used in the context of large samples with wide distributions of parallaxes and uncertainties which is not the case of the Lupus sample. We find no significant differences in the resulting distances obtained with different priors (Uniform, Gaussian, EFF and King) which agree within 1σ of the corresponding distance uncertainties.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank the referee for carefully reading our manuscript and providing constructive comments. This research has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant agreement No  682903 ,  P. I. H. Bouy ), and from the  French State  in the framework of the  "Investments for the future" Program ,  IdEx Bordeaux , reference  ANR-10-IDEX-03-02. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at  CDS, Strasbourg, France. This work has made use of data from the  European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia  (https://www. cosmos. esa. int/gaia),processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www. cosmos. esa. int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium).
Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This publication makes use of data products from the  Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer , which is a joint project of the  University of California, Los Angeles , and the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology , funded by the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication makes use of VOSA, developed under the  Spanish Virtual Observatory  project supported by the  Spanish MINECO  through grant  AyA2017-84089. VOSA has been partially updated by using funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme , under Grant Agreement n o 776403 (EXOPLANETS-A).
Methodology As the main objective of this paper is to better understand the appropriation and value co-creation processes in the new context of IoT devices, the research relies on a qualitative exploratory approach based on interviews with users of different brands of smart watches, followed by an interpretative content analysis. Eighteen participants were recruited through social networks and e-mailing to persons working and studying on the campus, and recruitment was stopped when data saturation was reached. The participants' profiles were diverse in terms of gender, age and social background as well as familiarity with new technologies. In recalling their experiences, users mentioned different factors, actions, reactions and processes which were involved in their smart watch appropriation.
Guidelines for the management of LS were available in most of the countries surveyed at that time. In addition, clinical criteria were mainly used for the selection of families for genetic testing (in all but one country), which is similar to the current survey. Nowadays, universal screening of all newly detected cases of CRC and endometrial cancer is recommended in the national guidelines of most European countries. Another comprehensive survey of worldwide patterns of practice in the diagnosis and management of Lynch syndrome was performed recently by the International Mismatch Repair Consortium (IMRC)  [12]. Data were collected from institutions in 21 countries (55 respondents) in Europe, North, Central and South America, Asia and Australasia. ME/NA countries were not included. Fifty-five percent of the respondents reported routine screening of newly identified LS-related cancers, and 27% reported relying on clinical criteria together with selective tumour testing and germline analysis.
It may also be used to hasten weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) and early extubation in those who require invasive ventilation  [10, [15] [16] [17]. However, there is currently limited evidence regarding the use of ECCO 2 R therapy in these indications, with available data limited to the description of single cases or to case series that include a small number of patients  [16, [18] [19] [20] [21] , as well as a few retrospective matched cohort studies  [15, 22]. Additionally, questions remain on how best to implement a therapy that might be associated with serious side-effects  [1]. Ongoing and published trials such as VENT-AVOID (NCT03255057), REST (NCT02654327)  [2]  and SUPERNOVA (NCT0228 2657)  [11, 12, 23]  are expected to provide valuable evidence to support decision making. Given the potential of ECCO 2 R therapy to provide effective supportive treatment for a wide range of patient groups, we convened a European ECCO 2 R therapy Expert Round Table Meeting to better understand how ECCO 2 R therapy is applied in key diagnostic groups, e.
Conflict of interest declarations for the attendees can be found at the end of the manuscript. The meeting objectives were to better define and understand the application of ECCO 2 R therapy in key indications (ARDS and ae-COPD), to identify patient selection criteria and when to initiate and stop/wean patients from treatment and to determine points of consensus and differences in clinical practice in those centres represented at the meeting. A non-systematic search of MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials. gov and other sites was performed to identify key studies and trials to support the development of the questions and the content of the meeting.
Data collection and analysis A modified Delphi-based method (Fig. 1 ) was used to collate the clinicians' views in three rounds of questioning  [24]. The meeting questions as well as the premeeting and post-meeting questionnaires were developed by JG and KH before being reviewed and approved by AC. JG and KH were present as Baxter employees and moderators, but were not permitted to provide answers or responses, either to the survey questions or during the meeting. Round 1 data were collected via an interactive PDF questionnaire circulated in advance of the meeting, and results were analysed anonymously. Round 2 data were collected during the meeting, attendees were divided into 4 subgroups and the questions were presented by an independent facilitator. Open questions were used to encourage freedom of response, and the meeting was designed to allow the attendees adequate time to consider and respond to the questions based on their experience.
The results from the post-meeting survey highlighted that the group agreed that they would at least consider selecting ECCO 2 R as a strategy in both settings. Ongoing (NCT02654327)  [11]  randomised trials may help clarify the role of ECCO 2 R, allowing UPLV in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. To the of our knowledge, this is the first publication of a proposed weaning strategy for ECCO 2 R in patients with ARDS. The group reached a consensus regarding a strategy for weaning patients from ECCO 2 R in this setting. It was agreed that ECCO 2 R therapy should be applied for at least 48 h in patients with ARDS, and that a test for PaO 2 /FiO 2 > 200 mmHg while maintaining a driving pressure < 14 cmH 2 O should be carried out to determine weaning possibility. It was also agreed that patients should be stable for a minimum of 12 h at the ventilation parameters outlined (see Table  3 ) before any weaning attempt takes place  [11].
For patients with ae-COPD who are already intubated, the intended use of ECCO 2 R therapy is to rapidly allow extubation, to facilitate oral nutrition and early physiotherapy and to prevent muscle deconditioning  [3]. Treatment targets identified by the group clearly fit in with the strategy of reducing the duration of MV and are in line with published data and wider views on the use of ECCO 2 R therapy  [1, 19]. The VENT-AVOID trial (NCT03255057) is currently randomising patients to further investigate the benefits of ECCO 2 R therapy in patients at risk of NIV failure or who already have been intubated after NIV failure. Anticoagulation with intravenous unfractionated heparin was the preferred strategy of the group. This reflects recent studies in the literature in which unfractionated heparin appears to be the anticoagulant most frequently used in this setting  [10, 11].
Conclusions The insights from this group of experienced physicians suggested that ECCO 2 R therapy may be a useful and effective supportive treatment for adults in the ICU with both ARDS and ae-COPD. They have however highlighted an urgent need for further evidence in the form of randomised clinical trials and/or high-quality prospective studies to help guide decision making. Ongoing and published trials such as VENT-AVOID (NCT03255057), REST (NCT02654327)  [2]  and SUPER-NOVA (NCT02282657)  [11, 12, 23]  should provide the data to support these guidelines.
26 he favorable risk factor profiles and superior cardiac performance of long-distance runners and the observation that vigorous PA and high levels of CRF are associated with reduced use of diabetic, hypertensive, and hypercholesterolemia medications  27  suggest that high-volume and high-intensity endurance training regimens, including high-intensity interval training (HIIT),  28  are cardioprotective in individuals with and without CHD. These data have likely contributed to increasing numbers of middle-aged and older adults concluding that "more exercise is better. "  29 As a result, worldwide participation in half-and full-marathon races, triathlon events, and HIIT has increased markedly since the American Heart Association's (AHA's) previous statement on exercise risk. 30 Nevertheless, prolonged exercise increases cardiac biomarkers  [31] [32] [33]  and postexercise transient myocardial dysfunction, and endurance athletes >35 years of age have increased myocardial late not account for the fact that the cardiac demand of any PA is determined not by the specific metabolic level but by the metabolic demand relative to the individual's functional capacity.
1% at the same hour on a previous day (control period). Compared with the control period, the adjusted RR of AMI within 1 hour of physical exertion was estimated to be 2. 3 (95% CI, 2. 0-2. 7), corresponding to a population attributable risk of 7. 7% (95% CI, 6. 3%-8. 8%). Unlike prior studies, this study did not demonstrate evidence of effect modification by baseline PA level. However, the latter analysis only stratified by overall participation in categories of PA by intensity (sedentary, mild, moderate, or strenuous) and not by frequency of participation. Compared with vigorous exercise, the data on whether moderate exercise also acutely elevates the risk of MI are much more limited. One case-crossover study within the Myocardial Infarction Registry in Augsburg, Germany, reported a modest increase in the risk of MI within 2 hours of participation in moderate exertion (METs=5; RR, 1.
Absolute Risks Although there is a heightened RR of acute cardiac events with unaccustomed vigorous PA, it is important to recognize that the absolute risk of experiencing SCD or MI during physical exertion is very small. For example, in the Physicians' Health Study, marked elevations in the RR of SCD during and after a bout of vigorous physical exertion translated into an absolute risk of only 1 SCD for every 1. 51 million episodes. 48 This absolute risk is even lower in middle-aged women, among whom 1 SCD occurred for every 36. 5 million person-hours of participation in moderate to vigorous exercise. 45 Retrospective multicenter data from fitness facilities also report low absolute rates of adverse CVD events: 1 per 1 124 200 and 1 per 887 526 person-hours for nonfatal and fatal cardiovascular events, respectively.
EXERCISE-RELATED CERVICAL ARTERIAL DISSECTION Cervical artery dissection, which can occur in the extracranial carotid or vertebral arteries, is an important cause of stroke in young patients  [87] [88] [89] [90] [91]  and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. 87, 92 The multicenter Cervical Artery Dissection and Ischemic Stroke Patients study group found that cervical trauma during sports was more common in stroke patients with cervical artery dissection than in age-, sex-, and country-matched control participants with stroke not associated with arterial dissection. 93 Although the available evidence supports an association between sports, exercise, and cervical artery dissection, few data are available regarding preventive strategies for patients who participate in sporting activities.
It remains difficult to determine with certainty the prevalence of the causes and the incidence of exerciserelated SCD in the young. Individual studies, including those examining a geographically defined population, often include a small number of subjects because of the rarity of exercise-related SCD. A prospectively collected emergency services cardiac arrest database in Toronto, Canada, identified SCAs during sports participation in individuals 12 to 45 years of age from 2009 to 2014. 118 here were only 16 SCAs during competition and 58 SCAs during noncompetitive athletic activity during 18. 5 million hours of observation. This yields an annual incidence in competitive athletes of only 0. 76 SCA per 100 000 individuals, an estimate that can vary widely with the addition or subtraction of only a few cases.
In the US Physician's Health Study, men who jogged 5 to 7 times per week had a 50% higher risk of AF than men who did not exercise vigorously, even after adjustment for multiple cardiovascular risk factors. 182 Three meta-analyses found that AF risk was 2-to 10-fold higher in endurance athletes than in control participants. 170, 183, 184 Furthermore, long-term volume of vigorous endurance exercise (ie, ≥2000 hours of training  169  or ≥20 years of training  185  ) was strongly associated with an increased risk for lone AF. These data suggest that both low and very high volumes of exercise training are associated with an increased risk for AF, whereas moderate exercise volumes appear to reduce risk. Indeed, a nonlinear meta-regression analysis including data from 19 studies and 29 855 AF cases found a J-shaped association between PA volumes and risk for AF.
Similarly, Kokkinos et al  298  concluded that β-blocker therapy could protect against excessive and repetitive elevations in blood pressure in hypertensive patients engaged in vigorous activities such as basketball, tennis, and racquetball. Analysis of the TIMI II database suggested that β-blockers provide the most compelling evidence for protection against physical exertion. 289 In contrast, the Myocardial Infarction Onset Study found that β-blockers did not significantly reduce the likelihood of AMI with heavy physical exertion, although the RR was slightly lower in users (RR, 4. 2 [95% CI, 1. 8-9. 9]) than nonusers (RR, 6. 2 [95% CI, 4. 7-8. 2]). 41 ollectively, these data and more recent reports 63 suggest there is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of either aspirin or β-blockers before strenuous PA or sports participation.
SLC6A14 and Cancer Expression of SLC6A14 gene is significantly increased in several human cancer cell lines as well as in patients samples, in particular from solid tumors. The analysis of Cancer Genome Atlas (ACGA) database shows its upregulation in 12 different tumors with the greatest upregulation in pancreatic, cervical and colorectal cancer  (Sikder et al. , 2017). RNA sequencing applied to examine expression of genes in the paraffin-embedded tissues of patients with low-and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and compared with the normal cervical epithelium detected SLC6A14 among differentially expressed and upregulated genes  (Royse et al. , 2014). Use of commercial array of cDNA from squamous cell carcinoma patients and control normal tissues, as well as the fluorescence studies of cancer specimens demonstrated almost 6-fold upregulation of SLC6A14 at mRNA and protein level in cancer samples  (Gupta et al.