dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
It also specifies how to dispatch a received request to a specific handler for processing. A MS module defines the useful information to be extracted from incoming messages, i. e. , message views. It also defines the structure of new messages to be created, i. e. , message templates. A template contains a message view that describes "holes" to be filled by the translation logic when creating a new message. Finally, a MT module is specified using a dedicated C-like syntax and consists of a set of handlers, one for each kind of relevant incoming requests, as indicated by the protocol specification. It provides domain-specific operators for manipulating and constructing messages, for sending requests and returning responses, and for managing session state across requests. Z2z front-end compiler.
Our new EZ compiler reuses the z2z front-end that deals with the scanning and the parsing of the language and performs consistency checks across the PS, MS and MT modules. For instance, the front-end checks that the MT module defines a handler for each kind of message that should be handled by the gateway and that each handler has an appropriate return type according to the PS module. It guaranties that all fields and values have been appropriately initialized and used across the different modules. Further, the front-end compiler performs as well a data-flow analysis of the message translation code to detect erroneous specifications and ensure the generation of safe code.
Social health inequalities are well documented in the epidemiological literature. Studies show that, for a wide array of health outcomes (infant mortality and pregnancy  [1] [2] [3] , cardiovascular and respiratory diseases  [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , mental health  [9, 10] , etc. ), the burden of disease is different between deprived and affluent populations  [11]. Most studies on social health inequalities use personal socioeconomic characteristics  [1, 6, 7]  which are often difficult and long to obtain, especially if an individual-based epidemiological study has to be set in order to collect them. Although contextual data cannot be used and interpreted as individual data (due among other issues to the ecological fallacy), it is easier to retrieve aggregate data from existing databases. Further, when the spatial units are small, as in our case, the ecological bias is reduced  [12].
Socioeconomic data Socioeconomic data were taken from the 1999 national census (provided by the INSEE) and provided counts of population, households and residences at BG scale covering all the social, economic and demographic aspects. Median income (for 2001) at the BG scale was taken from another national study also provided by the INSEE ("Revenus fiscaux des ménages", INSEE -DGI). Using this raw data, 48 variables were defined at the BG scale based on the INSEE definitions. These variables were chosen to be representative of the theoretical concepts of SES and in line with the variables most often used in the literature  [21, 22, [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] 33, 36, 37]. We also introduced some variables which were not totally part of the SES concept but that could be considered as linked with it (and could also give insight about the neighborhood environment).
Hierarchical clustering and optimal thresholds Socioeconomic categories were created so that the index could be used as an explanatory variable to determine possible non-linear relationships in a variety of applications, and be used for mapping. Defining socioeconomic index quantiles is a common technique but it is sometimes unsatisfactory. Indeed, classes created with quantiles are only based on the number of units and therefore may not correctly classify units according to their similarity if they are not distributed homogeneously. This can lead to merging in the same class very different groups of units, or to split into two classes a homogeneous group. Hierarchical clustering (HC) is frequently used after PCA  [39]  in data mining to create meaningful categories. Given a set of p variables measured on n elements, each element is represented as a point in ℝ p.
R package Since the procedure described here is more complex than for some other SES indices, we specifically developed the SesIndexCreatoR package. The version 1. 0 of this package (currently freely available on the website of the Equit' Area project: http://www. equitarea. org/documents/packages_1. 0-0/) contains the basic functions needed to run the procedure (in its entirety or only in some steps) and to obtain the corresponding SES index. The user may also create categories of this index with different methods (hierarchical clustering with or without k-nearest neighbors, quantiles, or intervals). We project to extend the package in the future and among other improvements we foresee to add tools to help the interpretation of these categories and the visualization of the results.
Constructing indices, selecting variables and determining contributions The four socioeconomic indices were built as the first component of PCA using the data for each urban area separately and for an overall analysis of the combined sets of data. In each case, this first component of the PCA was positively correlated with variables of low SES (unemployment, single-parent families, overcrowding, etc. ) and negatively correlated with variables of high SES (income, steady jobs, high level of education, etc. ); therefore, it was interpreted as a true SES component (see Figure  2 ). It always explained a large proportion of the total variance (Table  3 ). By contrast, the second component had never a clear interpretation and explained less than 17% of the total variance. Fifteen of the 20 variables selected by the procedure (step 1 to 3) were common to all four indices and accounted for more than 77% of the construction of the first component (see below).
Although it was what we expected, it was not sure, before the PCA was implemented that the first component would be a good socioeconomic index. This appeared a posteriori as the PCA explored the data and revealed their underlying structure. About 20 variables, a number not defined a priori, were selected for each metropolitan area, encompassing the various domains of SES. This allowed to determine the common determinants of SES in the various areas and also to select determinants which are more specific in each area. The larger number of variables compared with other indices gives room for a finer spatial description of SES and of specific characteristics of each metropolitan area, providing information which public health bodies might find helpful in determining key targets for local actions.
However, one should remember that data and indices used here are area-based and not person-based. Indeed, although BGs are constructed in order to be as homogeneous as possible, there is still individual variability within them which cannot be assessed by aggregated data. Therefore, as it is now well-known, inference at the individual scale from indices created at the BG scale can be tricky due to the ecological fallacy. SES indices presented here are neighborhood SES indices and should be used as a way to assess the contextual socioeconomic setting in which people live rather than a way to approximate the individual SES. When socioeconomic indices were first constructed, categories were delineated to show the spatial distribution of SES on maps and to investigate the existence of nonlinear social relationships with some outcome of interest.
Acknowledgments This work and the  Equit ' Area  project are supported by the  French National Research Agency (ANR , contract- 2010-PRSP-002-01 ) and the  EHESP School of Public Health. This research was also jointly supported by the  Direction Générale de la Santé (DGS) , the  Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés (CNAMTS) , the  Régime Social des Indépendants (RSI) , the  Caisse Nationale de Solidarité pour l'Autonomie (CNSA) , the  Mission Recherche de la Direction de la Recherche, des Etudes, de l'Evaluation et des Statistiques (MiRe-DREES)  and l 'Institut national de prévention et de promotion de la santé (Inpes) , under the research call launched by the  French Institute of Public Health Research (IReSP)  in 2010.
Although the detailed formulation of this new scheme has not yet appeared in the peer reviewed literature, it has been incorporated within the LBLRTM (Line by Line Radiative Transfer Model) version 12 (see, e. g. , the url http://rtweb. aer. com/), as MT_CKD module, version 2. 5. 2. In this work we show that the current module for the water vapour continuum (released in 2010) performs quite good over the previous version (2. 1, released in 2007) and removes the large misfit which affected the micro window at 403 cm -1. Even if it has been implemented with a new water vapour line absorption compilation, in which the half-widths have been properly adjusted, the current continuum module does not perform much better than the previous ECOWAR -adjusted version. Our conclusion is that our ECOWAR dataset definitely validates the current MT CKD 2.
Sited in the central part of the Mediterranean region, this site is particularly appealing for the Saharan dust study. Systematic lidar observations have been performing within EARLINET since its beginning on May 2000. In particular a suitable observing methodology has been established within the network for Saharan dust monitoring over Europe. Based on this schedule, one of the largest database of vertical profiles of Saharan dust optical properties from ground-based instruments has been collected at CIAO. This extended database permits the identification of case studies and Saharan dust climatological studies. Case studies provide an opportunity to investigate, for example, dust modification processes during transport from the source region, mixing with other aerosol types, and dust/cloud interactions.
The comparison with CALIOP, the first satellite borne lidar for aerosol study, data permitted the identification of potential improvements in the CALIOP retrieval. FisMat 2013-Italian National Conference on Condensed Matter Physics, 09-13 september 2013, Milano, Italy The 12-year Saharan dust observations database permits climatological study of the occurrence in Southern Italy of desert dust, of the altitude they are observed and of their optical properties. In addition, lidar measurements used in conjunction with transport models allowed the identification of source region of the observed Saharan dust particles. Finally, a quantitative evaluation of the DREAM dust-modeled profiles was carried long term database of dust profiles collected at CIAO. The combination of good optoelectronic properties, of the possibility to cover different substrates by means of solution-based techniques and of the low thermal budget involved in the fabrication have definitely consolidated the interest toward organic semiconductors and made this technology attractive for many innovative optoelectronic applications.
An anisotropic Lennard-Jones potential among domains, written in terms of the contact distances, is included in the merit function to account for continuity and compactness of the whole assembly. QUAFIT allows for the simultaneous presence of oligomerization intermediates as well as of monomers distributed over multiple conformations. QUAFIT has been tested by studying the structure of hemocyanin from Octopus vulgaris, a high molecular weight protein that shows a particular self-assembling pattern, characterized by a hierarchical organization of monomers. The highest molecular weight aggregate is a decamer, the stability of which depends on the chemical-physical characteristics of the solvent. A dataset of smallangle X-rays and neutron scattering (SAS) curves has been recorded under different pH values, buffer compositions, H 2 O/D 2 O ratios and Hofmeister's salts.
The FIGARO instrument optimisation for low-Q data acquisition results in a time resolution as high as 1 s. The reaction chamber has been developed and tested at ILL, it is suitable both for NR and for ellipsometry, giving the possibility to obtain complementary information on the same system. The oxidants were produced in-situ by a well established procedure. A range of concentrations have been accessible by tuning the conditions of the reaction between O 3 and NO 2. We measured the concentrations off-line trough UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy and we optimised the reaction conditions to obtain reproducible values. The thermodynamic behaviour of the organic films were previously investigated by isotherms and Brewster angle microscopy. A lifetime of the OA surface layer was shown to be at least two orders of magnitude shorter than that of the SA surface layer.
Aiming at elucidating the basic mechanisms that determine the energy level alignment between the HOMO and LUMO states of the dye, the metal-oxide bands and the Fermi level, we have investigated a prototype system, i. e. , nitrocathecol/ZnO(10-10), both experimentally and theoretically by means of electron spectroscopies and first-principles DFT-based calculations. The energy position of the nitrocathecol occupied molecular levels relative to the zinc-oxide electronic bands is determined by UPS, while HREELS data provide information on the aligment of the empty states relative to the susbtrate bands. DFT calculations allow the understanding of electronic strucure modifications in terms of formation of new interface states with strong molecular character. Our combined approach also provide quantitative interpretation on the strong ionization potential variation induced by functionalization, that is exactly traced back to the formation of an interface dipole layer.
g. cortical) area. In this work a novel method in TD fNIRS, based on a precise computation of the mean photon pathlengths within a multilayered medium, is proposed. The new method has been FisMat 2013-Italian National Conference on Condensed Matter Physics, 09-13 september 2013, Milano, Italy validated by means of numerical simulations and its range of applicability assessed. The influence of various parameters has been tested and this can be exploited to choose the optimal configuration of device and experimental setup. Preliminary analyses on in vivo TD fNIRS measurements have been performed, confirming the applicability of the new method on real data and its good ability to reject superficial contribution from cortical hemodynamic changes. Electron accelerators relying on the Laser WakeField Acceleration mechanism in plasmas are now entering a mature phase, allowing them to be considered as reliable alternatives to the RF LINACs used in medical practice such as, for instance, radiotherapy.
The rheology of minerals is therefore a critical parameter for understanding the stress balance in subduction zones. Minerals also undergo phase transformations with increasing pressure and temperature, some of which are believed to be related to deep seismicity through unclear mechanisms. We will illustrate with a "classical" deformation study on a hexagonal dense hydrous phase called phase A (Mg 7 Si 2 O 8 (OH) 6 ). Phase A can form in deep shear zones after destabilization of serpentine, an abundant phyllosilicate within subducting slabs. We will also present in situ data on dehydrating serpentine under stress, coupled with acoustic emission monitoring (a proxy for unstable mechanical behavior and potential generation of seismic waves). This dehydration reaction has been invoked to explain intermediatedepth seismicity in subduction zones (50 -250 km depth), but remains a controversial explanation.
697 Ǻ and an image plate detector, using modified Merril-Bassett DACs. Structural refinements were performed by Rietveld profile fitting up to 1 GPa in e. w. and up to at 0. 2 GPa in m. e. w. (the data quality of the higher pressure patterns being too low for refinement). The structural results indicated the penetration of extraframework species even at the lowest investigated pressure in both experiments. In ferrierite compressed in ew, a chain of water (w. ) and ethanol molecules (e. ) running along the central axis of the channels was localized even at 0. 2 GPa, accounting for a total of 5 w. and 3. 6 e. The HP-induced increase of the occupancy factors of the localized sites leaded a total load of 10 w. and 4 e. at 1 GPa. The refinement at 0. 2 GPa of ferrierite compressed in mew indicated the penetration of only water (15.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants of  European Union  to ED ( CEREBNET FP7-ITN238686 ,  REALNET FP7-ICT270434 ) and by grants of the  Italian Ministry of Health  to ED ( RF-2009-1475845 ) and to SS ( GR-2009-1493804 ). Monday, september 9 FisMat 2013-Italian National Conference on Condensed Matter Physics, 09-13 september 2013, Milano, Italy This work is funded by the  Italian Institute of Technology  (seed Project  POLYPHEMO )  Regione Autonoma della Sardegna  (L. R. 7/2007 Progetto  CRP 249078  and  PON-NETERGIT)  and  CNR (RADIUS). Acknowledgments The financial support by the  European Commission  contract no. 262254  is gratefully acknowledged. Acknowledgment The financial support by the  European Community  through the  ACTRIS Research Infrastructure Action  under the 7 th  Framework Programme, ACTRIS Grant  Agreement n.
262254 is gratefully acknowledged. Acknowledgments The financial support for EARLINET by the  European Union  under grant  RICA 025991  in the  Sixth Framework Programme  is gratefully acknowledged. Since 2011 EARLINET is integrated in the  ACTRIS Research Infrastructure Project  supported by the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement n. 262254. This work is funded by  IIT (Project Seed IIT-POLYPHEMO) ,  Regione Autonoma della Sardegna  ( L. R. 7/2007 CRP 249078 ) and  CNR (Progetto RADIUS). The low-energy excitations in graphene depend on the interaction strength with the metal that serves as support [1, 2]. By varying the support itself or by intercalation of foreign atoms it is possible, through electron hybridization and structural modifications, to tailor graphene electronic properties [3].
Acknowledgments This research activity was performed in the framework of the  SiMeCro-CARITRO  project, and  Centro Fermi Progetto Premiale  " Strutture risonanti per la rivelazione di biomarkers precursori della sepsi ". We acknowledge support from the  Italian Ministry of Research  through the program " FIRB Futuro in Ricerca 2008 " (Grant No. RBFR08N9L9 ).
Banana is one of the world's favorite fruits and one of the most important crops for developing countries. The banana reference genome sequence (Musa acuminata) was recently released. Given the taxonomic position of Musa, the completed genomic sequence has particular comparative value to provide fresh insights about the evolution of the monocotyledons. The study of the banana genome has been enhanced by a number of tools and resources that allows harnessing its sequence. First, we set up essential tools such as a Community Annotation System, phylogenomics resources and metabolic pathways. Then, to support post-genomic efforts, we improved banana existing systems (e. g. web front end, query builder), we integrated available Musa data into generic systems (e. g. markers and genetic maps, synteny blocks), we have made interoperable with the banana hub, other existing systems containing Musa data (e.
Introduction We recently published a reference genome sequence for banana  (1). Banana is a tropical crop of socio-economic interest, as it is a staple food in developing countries, producing biomass of sugar, starch and cellulose (used for paper, textiles and fuel). In addition to its socio-economic importance, banana is the first non-Poaceae (grass family) monocotyledon for which a high-continuity whole-genome sequence is available, representing an essential bridge for comparative genome analysis in plants. The 472 Mb sequenced assembly was generated from DH-Pahang, a doubled-haploid genotype, obtained from the Musa acuminata subspecies malaccensis accession 'Pahang' (523Mb 1C estimated size). Several analytical pipelines were applied for gene  (2) , transposable element (TE)  (3) , expression data (4) and comparative genomics  (5)  to the analysis of the Musa genome.
We stored the resulting data such as ab initio gene predictions, repeat elements, Expressed Sequence Tag (EST)/RNAseq assemblies, SNP markers, plant polypeptides clusters and orthologous relationships in various databases accessible through a bioinformatics Platform called South Green  (6). We anticipate that the number of tools used, and the quantity of data available, will continue to grow owing to the increase of NGS-based projects (Next Generation Sequencing). Thus, to build a dynamic and sustainable working environment, we developed a public crop-specific hub for Musa genomic information, described in this article. Our global strategy in implementing this hub was to exploit, whenever possible, generic software solutions interconnected to establish a reliable framework for scientists interested in banana and related biology.
The Hub content The Banana Genome Hub is based on Tripal-a construction toolkit for online genome databases-to facilitate the integration between various systems that we developed for plant genome analysis that includes several major banana data sets. The Banana Genome Hub is supported by the South Green Bioinformatics Platform (http://southgreen. cirad. fr/), which gives access to original bioinformatics methods and tools to manage genetic and genomic resources of tropical plants that are summarized in Supplementary Table  S1.
Structural and functional genome annotations Errors and deficiencies in genome annotation recorded in public databases is an ongoing global research community concern. Systematic activities for community annotation of the sequenced genomes of each genus can enhance the accuracy of such annotation. For example, scientific domain experts and students can collaborate with genome community information resource curators to review the annotation of genes or gene families of interest in jamborees  (15). But to generate a larger volume of high-quality genomic annotations within a dispersed heterogeneous community, an operational high-quality and user-friendly 'crowd sourcing' on-line annotation system is desirable. To support this objective, we deploy a CAS (Figure  1 )  (16) , which is the result of collaborative research to develop a generic, modular and sustainable system broadly applicable to eukaryotic organisms such as plants, insects  (17)  or fungi  (18).
In particular, a CAS called GNPAnnot is dedicated to the annotation of Mediterranean and tropical plant genomic sequences. Our Banana Hub is centered on a CAS deployed for the ongoing automated and manual annotation of the Musa DH-Pahang genome. These CAS installations use popular interoperable open source software, such as components of the Generic Model Organism Database project (GMOD) (19) to achieve their aims. CAS annotation workflows can connect many programs and are fine-tuned according to the particular genomic project. In the Banana Genome Hub, the data flow starts with a DH-Pahang assembly composed of 11 pseudomolecules corresponding to the 11 Musa chromosomes and an additional pseudomolecule resulting from a random concatenation of contigs not yet assigned to a specific chromosome (Table  1 ).