dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
PRISMA checklist. Specify study characteristics (e. g. , PICOS, length of follow-up) and report characteristics (e. g. , years considered, language, publication status) used as criteria for eligibility, giving rationale. Describe all information sources (e. g. , databases with dates of coverage, contact with study authors to identify additional studies) in the search and date last searched. State the process for selecting studies (i. e. , screening, eligibility, included in systematic review, and, if applicable, included in the meta-analysis).
Because of insufficient asthma control in many patients, the collaboration between stakeholders is regarded as a promising strategy to improve asthma outcomes. This study explored the perceptions of French adult asthma patients on their care pathway. We conducted a qualitative study based on the interviews of 30 asthma patients aged 18-40 years, recruited in French primary care. We performed a thematic analysis of the data collected, using the NVivo software. According to the patients, the stakeholders involved in asthma management included those visible to healthcare professionals (patient, general practitioner, specialist(s), pharmacist, physiotherapist, family and friends) and those concealed by the patients (complementary and alternative practitioners); other stakeholders, such as nurses and occupational physicians, were not involved.
Patient recruitment We included patients aged 18-40 years with a diagnosis of asthma, whether registered in the patient's record or self-reported, provided that they were prescribed at least three asthma medications at three different dates. The age limit was defined to prevent inclusion of patients with COPD. 37 We excluded patients with an associated COPD diagnosis, poor fluency in French, and a legal protection status. Patients were included until data saturation was reached. The participants were recruited in GP practices from the Rhône-Alpes region of France according to a purposeful sampling strategy. We aimed to obtain a diverse sample of patients in terms of age, gender, living environment, and asthma control. Eligible patients were identified by two of the authors (A. H. and L. M.
Data collection Participants were interviewed face-to-face by one of two authors (L. M. or A. H. ), in a place of their choosing. The interviewers had been trained to conduct an interview and to develop reflexivity. An interview guide was developed based on a review of the literature and on discussion between the authors. The guide explored patient perception of the asthma disease, its diagnosis, treatment, current and expected care, and collaborative management (Appendix 1). It was improved based on the findings of the first interviews. Each interview was audio-recorded. We also collected information on participant characteristics (demographics, asthma control according to the GINA criteria,  49  diagnosis period, respiratory specialist(s) consultation, smoking status, living environment, atopy, comorbidities, fee exemption status) using a questionnaire filled-out by the participants.
Data analysis Interviews were fully and anonymously transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the NVivo 11 Pro software. 50 After a full reading of the transcripts, two authors (L. M. and A. H. ) analyzed and coded their content, based on regular discussions. The concepts identified through the open coding were classified according to axial coding and reviewed by a third author (L. L. ). The resulting categories were gathered into the three main themes structuring the results section, according to a selective coding process.
What are the new findings? ► We conducted a cross-national comparison between two general population physical exposure JEMs developed from data obtained from Cohorte des consultants des Centres d'examens de santé (CONSTANCES), a large prospective cohort study in France (CONSTANCES), and the O*NET database in the USA. ► We found that both JEMs were strongly related to each other, sharing moderate to high association, and moderate to substantial agreement between high and low exposure groups of variable pairs measuring similar physical exposures. ► French and American JEM variable pairs measuring dissimilar or mutually exclusive physical exposures showed negligible to weak correlations and no agreement between high and low exposure groups.
5 More recently, a gender-specific Finnish JEM using exposure information from worker self-reports was created in a study of low back disorders. 6 In the USA, JEMs based on Occupational Information Network (O*NET) data have been used to examine a broad range of exposures and outcomes, including osteoarthritis 7 and carpal tunnel syndrome. 8 9 Recently, we created a general population JEM based on self-reported data from Cohorte des consultants des Centres d'examens de santé (CONSTANCES), a large prospective French cohort study. 11 In a previous study, we described the construction of this French JEM and found that the JEM created homogenous exposure groups by successfully classifying the exposures of individual workers based on their job titles. 10 EMs are promising tools to estimate physical exposures, but they have mainly been applied to study exposure-response relationships within the same country as the source data.
METHOds The French COnsTAnCEs JEM The French JEM for physical exposures has been previously described in Evanoff et al. 10  Briefly, this JEM was based on data from CONSTANCES, a large-scale general population cohort study of French salaried workers representing more than 85% of the French working population. 11 14 All currently employed participants completed a work exposures questionnaire. Physical intensity was assessed with Borg's rating of perceived exertion scale, while other exposures were assessed on four-point or five-point ordinal scales assessing the frequency or duration of performing specific actions (online supplementary table 1). Reported job titles were assigned a four-digit Profession et Catégorie Sociale (PCS) job code through an automated coding system. 15 16 o produce reliable estimates, we required that each PCS job code had a minimum of 10 valid responses for each of its 27 physical exposures.
The American O*nET JEM O*NET is a publicly available American database that provides information on the physical and mental job demands of more than 800 occupations identified by the US Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) codes ( www. onetonline. org). Estimates of job demands in O*NET were provided by expert job analysts and by surveys of workers in different jobs. Physical exposures in O*NET were scored on five-point (levels 1-5) or eight-point (levels 0-7) ordinal scales with exposure-specific descriptive anchors (online supplementary table 1). Scale ratings pertain to the frequency (five-point ordinal scale) or degree (eight-point ordinal scale) of different job demands (online supplementary table  1 ). O*NET data (V. 21. 2) provide the mean ratings for each demand for each job title.
Exposure assessment dIsCussIOn This study found moderate to high positive correlations and moderate to substantial agreement between similar exposure variables when comparing two general population JEMs for workplace physical exposures. The French JEM was created by pooling self-reported physical exposures at the job level from a large general population cohort study; the American JEM used data from O*NET, a national database reporting job demands obtained by self-report and through expert assessment. Collectively, these results suggest that exposures assessed by these two different JEMS were related. To our knowledge, this study is among the first to comprehensively compare the agreement between estimates of physical exposures from JEMs created in two different countries. Comparisons of exposure estimates from different countries can improve our understanding of exposure-outcome relationships and explain variation in their findings.
23 These work demographics are comparable with the French labour force, as 34. 3% of CONSTANCES participants were employed in executive and higher intellectual professions and 10. 5% were manual workers. 10 Stronger correlation and agreement have been observed between self-reported and expert observations for maximum force compared with posture, repetition and movement velocity. 24 Showing agreement between similar exposures between JEMs suggests the possibility of using data from one to complement existing data in another. For instance, the French JEM contains more exposures that are specific to forceful hand use than the American O*NET JEM. Previously, the O*NET JEM was combined with online supplementary information from other data sources to study physical and psychosocial exposures among hospital workers.
SB-P and MB were the primary data analysts and made significant contributions to the visualisations. JHa made significant contributions to the conceptualisation and reviewed and edited the paper. Funding this study was supported by research funding from the american national institute for Occupational Safety and Health (niOSH r01OH011076). the French cOnStanceS cohort is supported by the French national research agency (anr-11-inBS-0002), caisse nationale d'assurance Maladie des travailleurs salariés-cnaMtS and is funded by the institut de recherche en Santé Publique/institut thématique Santé Publique and the following sponsors: Ministère de la santé et des sports, Ministère délégué à la recherche, institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, institut national du cancer et caisse nationale de solidarité pour l'autonomie, as well as institute for research in public health (ireSP, capacit project).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is based on work performed in  Future Sky Safety , which has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement No  640597. Any dissemination reflects the authors' view only, and the  European Commission  is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. The authors would like to thank all the researchers and organisations participating in the project  Future Sky Safety P5 "Resolving the organisational accident": Eurocontrol ,  Airbus ,  Boeing ,  Deep Blue , ENAV (the  Italian ANSP ), KLM,  London School of Economics, Trinity College Dublin  and the  Netherlands Aerospace Centre NLR.
Materials Instead of using the centroid of an administrative unit, we used residential buildings. Owing to the lack of data on this scale, we first estimated the number of inhabitants within this type of spatial unit. Thus, the first phase of this project was dedicated to preparing data as described in S1 File and the second to creating the index itself. The equipment for metropolitan France was obtained from the Permanent Facilities Database (BPE) of 2013 provided by INSEE in its geolocated version. The BPE includes data from three directories: ADELI (Automated Lists of Health Professionals), RPPS (Shared Directory of Health Professionals) and FINESS (National Register of Health and Social Establishments). For the data from the first two directories, staff members are included in the BPE based on professional criteria, occupational status and sector of activity (private practice only).
We were thus able to define the theoretical pressure exerted on the equipment (C). Following this, the potential accessibility distances were transformed by the Box-Cox method  [22]  so that each of them followed a normal law according to the formula given by Proc TRANSREG using SAS 1 (1): With λ = 0. 20 for physiotherapists, general practitioners; 0. 22 for dentists; 0. 21 for pharmacists; 0. 18 for nurses; 0. 12 for paediatricians and for specialists in gynaecology and obstetrics maternity wards; 0. 10 for short-stay care services; 0. 13 for ophthalmologists; 0. 04 for accident and emergency departments). Potential accessibility distances equal to zero were replaced by 0. 0000001. These new variables were standardized and then combined to obtain an overall health value for the residential area, the Spatial aCcessibility multiscALar index (SCALe index).
The same method was used for the health index. All the mapped variables were divided according to deciles with the darkest colour indicating the greatest inaccessibility. The scale changes involved averaging the index values to the geographic unit considered at IRIS level. The choices made for the cartographic representation were conserved. The construction of the accessibility index was programmed in Python and executed with ArcGIS 1 10. 4. The data description was carried out with SAS 1 9. 4 software. The diagrams were made with Inkscape software version 0. 91.
Discussion We constructed a multi-scalar health accessibility index (the Spatial aCcessibility multiscALar index) applicable nationwide and independent of political and administrative constraints. It may also serve to clarify choices regarding the location of public health facilities. Moreover, it  allows the effects of changes in health care provision to be measured so that territorial disparities may be offset by appropriate regional planning. Combined with data on health indicators such as the incidence, lethality or mortality of a given pathology or the effects of screening, it may be used to measure the influence of geographical accessibility on the health status of the population. It can also be used as a monitoring tool within the framework of public policies targeting social inequalities.
Some of the data underlying this study are freely available, and some are legally restricted by third-party owners. The SCALe index (in shp format) has been deposited to repository named data. gouv. fr (Open platform for French public data) and can be accessed freely via https://www. data. gouv. fr/fr/datasets/accessibiliteaux-soins-de-premier-recours-en-francemetropolitaine. The Permanent Facilities Database (BPE) 2013 and Census 2010 databases are the property of INSEE who provide them only on request. Requests may be sent to: https://www. insee. fr/fr/information/1912226. More recent BPE databases are freely available from INSEE online via https://www. insee. fr/fr/statistiques/3568638? sommaire=3568656. Contours. IRIS data belong to Institut Geographique National (IGN) and may be freely accessed via http://professionnels.
Background: To describe the 6-year safety and efficacy of etanercept (ETN) in children with extended oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (eoJIA), enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) Methods: Patients who completed the 2-year, open-label, phase III CLinical Study In Pediatric Patients of Etanercept for Treatment of ERA, PsA, and Extended Oligoarthritis (CLIPPER) were allowed to enroll in its 8-year long-term extension (CLIPPER2). Children received ETN at a once-weekly dose of 0. 8 mg/kg, up to a maximum dose of 50 mg/ week. Efficacy assessments included the JIA core set of outcomes, the JIA American College of Rheumatology response criteria (JIA-ACR), and the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS). Efficacy data are reported as responder analyses using a hybrid method for missing data imputation and as observed cases.
CLinical Study In Pediatric Patients of Etanercept for Treatment of ERA, PsA, and Extended Oligoarthritis (CLIPPER, NCT00962741) was a 2-year open-label study, designed to assess efficacy and safety of ETN in pediatric patients with eoJIA, ERA, and PsA  [19]. CLIPPER and CLIPPER2 (NCT01421069), its 8-year long-term extension, will provide efficacy and safety data for up to 10 years of treatment in this patient population. Here we present 6-year interim findings, from 2 years of CLIPPER and 4 years of CLIPPER2, on safety and efficacy in patients with eoJIA, ERA, or PsA.
Statistical analysis All efficacy and safety analyses were based on the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population, defined as all patients who received at least one dose of ETN. For the responder analyses, missing values were imputed using a hybrid method, based on patients' enrolment status, trial period at cut-off date, and reasons for permanent discontinuation (Additional file 1: Table  S1 ). Specifically, for patients who did not complete CLIPPER, missing data were considered non-response (non-responder imputation, NRI). For those who did complete CLIPPER but did not enroll in CLIPPER2, imputation was performed using the last observation carried forward (LOCF) approach. For patients enrolled in CLIP-PER2 and who were in active treatment period at the cut-off date, observed cases (OC) were used (i.
e. , there was no imputation). For those enrolled in CLIPPER2, patients who were in the withdrawal or retreatment period at the cut-off date, or who permanently discontinued the trial for pregnancy-related reasons, the LOCF approach was used, using the last available data from the active treatment period. For patients enrolled in CLIP-PER who were in the observational period at the cut-off date, or who permanently discontinued treatment for reasons not related to pregnancy, the NRI approach was used. Finally, for those who enrolled in CLIPPER2 and had missing values before the protocol amendment that added efficacy assessments, those who entered the observational period directly, entered the withdrawal period or dropped out for reasons related to pregnancy, or had not entered the withdrawal period and had no efficacy data at the time of cut-off, the LOCF approach was used.
Supporting responder analyses were conducted using OC and the more conservative NRI approaches (Additional file 1: Figure  S1 ). Data are presented as means or proportions (%), with 95% confidence intervals. All other efficacy analyses were conducted using the OC approach. Median time to flare for patients in the withdrawal period was determined using Kaplan-Maier analysis. TEAEs were summarized as numbers of events (n) and events per 100 patient-years (EP100PY). For patients in the observational period of CLIPPER2, safety was assessed by collecting serious AEs only.
In order to reconcile many possible scenarios for non-response and also account for the fact that 46% of patients discontinued ETN treatment after 6 years, we employed a hybrid method for missing data imputation, which suggests a decline in the response of about 15-20 percentage points between the years 2 and 6, particularly for the more stringent response criteria (ACR50 and above) (Fig. 3 ). However, about half of this decline was realized during the first 6 months of CLIPPER2, which raises the possibility that it could be attributed, at least partially, to treatment discontinuation, or other administrative differences between two separate clinical trials. Despite this decline, the data demonstrate a substantial long-term effect over a 6-year period. Direct comparison of our findings with those from previous ETN studies in JIA is difficult, due to differences in time points, response measures, sample size, or JIA disease categories of the patients enrolled  [16] [17] [18] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33].
However, infections were more common in patients with eoJIA than those with ERA or PsA. Compared with patients with ERA or PsA, the eoJIA subgroup was younger, had a longer disease duration, had higher rates of MTX and CS use, and had a higher disease activity (Table  1 )  [8] , so one or more of these factors may have accounted for the higher infection rate. TEAEs were less frequent after the initial 2 years of treatment. Overall, the TEAE rates were similar to those observed in other long-term studies of ETN in JIA  [16, 18, 19, 31]. One patient with eoJIA developed Hodgkin lymphoma after 27 months of treatment with ETN and methotrexate. The incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma in post-marketing ETN data for patients aged 0-17 years was 9. 5 per 100,000 patient-years, which is higher than the value for patients in the same age range for the general US population recorded in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database (0.
Acknowledgements We wish to thank all patients who participated in this study, as well as all investigators and medical staff at all of the participating centers. We wish to thank  Marco Garrone  from the  PRINTO International Coordinating Center in Genoa, Italy , for his assistance in the preparation of the manuscript. Medical writing support was provided by  Samantha Forster  and  Vojislav Pejović  of Engage Scientific Solutions and was sponsored by  Pfizer.
Motion analysis The participant's jumping motion was captured with two digital high speed motion cameras (Casio EX-FC150), with a frame rate of 120 frames per second. Jumps from all subjects were recorded during six trials (3 pre-test, 3 post-tests) and the longest jump was selected for further analysis. All records were digitized with a motion analyzing program (Video Point 2. 0, Pennsylvania, USA). Markers were placed carefully at each side of the body (head, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and toe). The location of the centre of mass (CoM) was calculated by the motion analyzing program based on the body segments data. Subsequently, biomechanical parameters of the CoM were determined: maximum vertical height 'flight stage', horizontal velocity at take-off, vertical velocity at take-off, flight time, take-off duration, and long jump record.
Potentially eligible patients were approached on the day of the procedure in the pre-anaesthesia room. Informed consent was obtained from those patients who agreed to participate. According to the French law, the present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB, 16. 01. 01, 2016, Chairman: T. Lavabre-Bertrand, Nimes, France) and registered on ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT03594643)  18.
Population The data of 420 hypercalciuric renal stone formers referred to our department between 2009 and 2011 for a routine metabolic evaluation (including an oral calcium load test) were retrospectively analyzed. A careful clinical examination (including a survey related to diet and fluid intake, and noteworthy daily green tea intake) was performed. All patients gave their informed written consent for inclusion before they participated in the study. This observational cross sectional study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and French legislation. In total, 273 patients (flow chart Figure  1 ) were included after the exclusion of patients with a diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, bowel resection, on-going steroid, bisphosphonate, antiviral, diuretic, and/or vitamin D treatments, vegetarian diet, consumption of "exotic" infusions or food supplements (in tablets or powder), and/or intermittent green tea intake or daily black tea intake.
Statistical Analyses Statistical analyses were performed by two different operators using StatView (SAS Institute, Inc. , Cary, NC, USA) and R software (The R Foundation, Lincoln, NE, USA). Quantitative data were expressed as the mean and SD unless otherwise indicated and as a percentage for categorical variables. Because of sex differences for many biologic parameters, analyses were performed separately in women and men. Comparisons were performed using the t-test or a nonparametric Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test, whenever required. Comparisons of qualitative parameters were performed using a chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test when necessary. p < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.