dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The two camera designs which are proposed to equip the focal plane of DC MSTs have different internal architectures, digitization and trigger concepts. However, both have in common a photon detection based on high quantum efficiency photomultipliers (PMTs), with an associated embarked readout and trigger electronics. Both cameras have a field of view of > 7. 5 o and roughly 1800 pixels arranged in a hexagonal pattern. The interface to the camera support structure and the power, liquid cooling, dry air, optical fibers for control and data transfer are identical for both PoS(ICRC2019)269 camera types. The interfaces of cameras to the telescope structure were tested during the FlashCam and NectarCAM integration-test campaign at Adlershof in 2017 and 2019.
Camera concept for the DC structure: FlashCam The FlashCam camera  [3]  is based on a fully digital trigger and read-out system. The front part is composed of a photon detection plane (PDP) comprising 147 modules with 12 PMT each. Each PDP module provides the high voltage for photomultipliers, a pre-amplifier and an interface for slow control, monitoring, and safety functions. A non-linear amplification scheme is used, in which signal amplitudes larger than about 250 p. e. saturate with the integral growing logarithmically with input charge. This serves to extend the dynamic range up to beyond 3000 p. e. while retaining linearity and sub-p. e. resolution for small signals. FlashCam uses only one gain channel, in contrast to NectarCAM, reducing the required bandwidth of the subsequent data transfer.
The two gains are needed to obtain the full 0. 5-2000 p. e. dynamic range. Data from high and low gain channels are sampled continuously at an adjustable rate (typically 1 GHz) in Nectar chips. The analogue bandwidth of the data channel is typically 300 MHz. Nectar chips integrate both a 1µs wide switched capacitor array (SCA) and a 12-bit (effective 11. 2-bit) ADC in a single chip. The trigger logic is perfomed by sending discriminated signals into a backplane and looking for a cluster in 7 neighboring pixels. The trigger are time-stamped with a custom board built on the top of a White Rabbit client. NectarCAM is modular and contains 265 modules with a FPM, the associated front-end board and backplane. The total field of view is 8 o. The deadtime of NectarCAM is dominated by the readout of Nectar chips.
PoS(ICRC2019)269 data acquisition chain has been tested successfully at rates up to 15 kHz. The PMTs and associated readout modules are installed (and exchanged in case of maintenance repair) from the front side of the camera. The total heat dissipation in the camera is expected to be ∼ 7 kW and is removed by 2 loops of forced air circulation connected to an external water cooling pipe through an heat exchanger. Components, including full modules (left part of Fig. 5 ) have been extensively tested and verifed for their performances. A camera including the full size camera housing, module holder, entrance window, cooling system, but partially equipped by only one quarter of the modules has been assembled early 2019 (right part of Fig. 5 ). Its performances have been extensively tested inside a dark room at the NectarCAM camera assembly and integration site.
One of the key advantages of the RSF approach is the adaptive discovery of nonlinear effects and interactions. This approach uses all the available variables in the dataset to build the response predictor, without the need for explicit specification of the functional form of the covariates. Several studies have confirmed that RSF methods perform better in this context than the traditional Cox PH model  [22, 26, 27]. We used the RSF method to study the relationship between time to IBTR, distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS) survival in a large series of breast cancer patients treated with NAC.
Data were analyzed anonymously. All cases were eligible for inclusion. Clinical, radiological and pathological data, such as patient age, menopausal status, T stage, N stage, histological tumour grade, oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 status, and pathological response to NAC, were recorded. The pathological diagnosis was confirmed in all patients by a core needle biopsy before treatment. Histological grade was determined as described by Elston and Ellis (1991), with a modified version of the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading system. Hormone receptors were analysed by immunohistochemistry. Tumours were considered to be positive for ER or PR if 10% of the carcinomatous cells displayed positive staining, as recommended by European guidelines  [28]. HER2 expression status was determined according to American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines  [29].
Statistical method As the traditional Cox model was not the most suitable for our question, multivariate analysis was performed with the random survival forest (RSF) method, a nonparametric approach to survival analysis  [19]. A set of survival trees of similar size was first built by recursive partitioning on a training set obtained from the original data set by random aggregation through bootstrap sampling (with replacement) of the data (bagging). Each tree was tested on the remaining group (the validation set). At each node of the tree, we randomly selected a subset of predictors as candidate variables for splitting, making the forest robust to correlations between predictors. In each tree, survival time and patient status were treated as response variables. Each RSF run was performed on 3000 trees, with the log-rank splitting rule and five predictors randomly selected at each split.
Missing data were treated by a multiple imputation strategy. We analysed 16 clinical and histological variables: age, body mass index (BMI), menopausal status, clinical T and N stage, surgery type (lumpectomy or mastectomy), histological subtype, initial tumour size, initial tumour grade, initial Ki67 status, molecular subtype, margin status, pCR, postoperative nodal involvement (ypN stage), local recurrence and time to IBTR. The importance of each of the model covariates was determined by internal variable ranking measures: variable importance (VIMP) and minimal depth. VIMP is the difference in validation set prediction error before and after the permutation of variables: the larger the VIMP, the more predictive the variable. A VIMP close to zero indicates that the variable makes little or no contribution to predictive accuracy, and negative values indicate that predictive accuracy is improved by omission of the variable.
The limitations of all these methods include the a priori definition of the shape of the relationship. A time-dependent covariate must be specified (Ln (t), 1/t, spline, polynome etc. ) and a cut-off value provides a restrictive shape for the relationship. The random forest approach is non-parametric and does not require the explicit specification of the shape of the covariate response. This makes it possible to extract the optimal relationship between DMFS and time to IBTR. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to have used a statistical non-parametric analysis method for the evaluation of prognostic factors in patients with breast cancer treated by NAC. Several studies have confirmed of the promise of RSF relative to Cox PH models for real datasets  [22, 26, 27] , and have reported a better performance for RSF than for Cox PH models on the basis of the prediction error criterion  [34].
This work was supported by  Roche France : financial support for the construction of the  Institut Curie neoadjuvant database (NEOREP), Conclusion  , the funder had no role in study design, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript, the only role was for data collection; ITMO-INSERM-AVIESAN cancer translational research grant, https://www. aviesan. fr(ASH), the funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
With this aim, the temporal evolution of the pulse has been reconstructed from the experimental data with the JETTO transport code  [14]. The equilibria obtained at different times were then translated into the CPOs (consistent physical objects) data environment  [27] , thus making them suitable for reading by a high-resolution equilibrium code solver such as CHEASE  [28]. Indeed, it is worth noting that both the CHEASE and the MARS codes are fully compliant with the EUROfusion WPCD (work package code development for integrated modelling) CPOs environment and, recently, they have been ported to the IMAS  [29]  environ ment as well. The linear stability of a sufficient number of FTU pulses has been analyzed in the high density regimes with different plasma currents I p (from 500 kA to 900 kA) and different toroidal magnetic fields B T (from 4 T to 8 T).
Experimental setup The instruments for the data collection are grouped in two experimental hutches, EH1 and EH2. The former cabin (see Fig. 3 ) is close to the M2 mirror and it is used when a nonfocused beam (dimensions of $ 1 mm Â 2 mm) is desired. This cabin contains the vacuum vessel for the low-energies harmonic rejection mirrors and a vacuum chamber with a manipulator for the sample preceded and followed by ion chambers [length 150 mm (I 0 ) and 400 mm (I 1 )]. These detectors are parallel plate chambers that can be filled with N 2 , Ar or Kr at a pressure varying from 0. 1 to 1 bar. A manual distribution of gases is available for the users. The typical electric field value in the chambers is around 1 kV cm À1. The signals from these chambers are read by picoamperometers and their output sent to the data acquisition computer via voltage-to-frequency converters.
A support positioned laterally with respect to the vacuum chamber permits the installation of one of the high-purity germanium detectors available at LISA. The subsequent experimental hutch EH2 is centered on the focal spot of M2 (see Fig. 4 ). Data in this position are collected with the fully focalized beam; no defocusing is envisaged here as it was found to be quite difficult to obtain a homogeneous and regular shape for the unfocused beam here. If a large beam footprint on the sample is required then EH1 must be used. The instrumentation for data collection in EH2 consists of three ion chambers of length 100 mm similar to the ones previously described. Also here the gas type and pressure regulation is realized via a manually operated gas distribution line. For the collection of fluorescence from the samples, two high-purity germanium detector arrays (one with 12 elements, the other with 13 elements) are available for high energies (E > 15 keV) whereas in the lower-energy range a four-channel silicon drift detector (SDD) is used (ARDESIA project;  Bellotti et al.
Flux The flux available on the sample in focusing conditions has been measured in EH2 using N 2 -or Ar-filled ion chambers and is reported in Fig. 7. The values are in the 10 11 photons s À1 range for the Si(111) crystal and in the 10 10 photons s À1 range for the Si(311) crystal. The measured data follow satisfactorily beamlines Figure  5  Width of the Gaussian component of the pseudo-Voigt line as a function of the meridional radius of curvature of M1, R m M1. Data were collected with the vertical principal slits at 2 mm so realizing a high-flux configuration (vertical divergence 90 mrad). The point of the arrow marks the theoretical radius of curvature for perfect collimation and the theoretical value of the energy resolution (crystal intrinsic). the theoretical calculation, with deviations at the extremes of the accessible energy spectrum: at high energy (probably due to a higher mirror roughness than that stated by the manufacturer) and at low energies (due to higher-than-expected absorption from the Be windows).
Energy stability and noise In the collection of data in differential mode the stability of the energy scale is a parameter of pivotal importance. Energy shifts of the order of 10 meV at 10 keV can be sufficient to give rise to artifacts in the difference spectrum. The stability of the monochromator has been verified by subtracting two independent spectra of several compounds at different energy values and crystals; here we present the case of spectra collected on GeO 2 at the Ge K-edge collected with Si(111) crystals. The data were collected in the standard way using N 2filled ion chambers and feedback-stabilized output intensity. The result is shown in Fig. 10. The difference between the two spectra shows no appreciable structures meaning that the energy calibration has remained stable in the short term of data collection (about 10 min per spectrum).
Acknowledgements The authors thank the following people for help and advices during the design and realization phases of LISA: from  ESRF ,  R. Baker ,  R. Barrett ,  Y. Dabin ,  M. Garrec ,  H. Gonzalez ,  R. Homs ,  R. Hino ,  A. Kaprolat ,  C. Morawe ,  M. Sanchez del Rio ,  T. N. Tran-Caliste ,  A. Vivo ,  R. Verbeni ,  H. Witsch ; from  CNR-IOM-Trieste ,  A. Morgante ,  F. Salvador ,  P. Bertoch ; from  Florence University ,  G. Fantappie ,  M. La Bella ; from  Fondazione Bruno Kessler ,  F. Rocca.
Reported exposure was much lower in Belgium, at the hundreds of pg day -1 person -1 order of magnitude, but not all fatty food groups were considered. As such, dietary exposure data is missing worldwide to enable proper risk assessment. In the present study, we investigated food consumption as a possible route of human exposure to DRCs in Lebanon. Various foods, including vegetable oil, meat, fish, egg, and dairy products, were analysed in order (i) to investigate the occurrence of DRCs in Lebanese foodstuffs and (ii) to estimate the dietary intake of the Lebanese adult population in a risk assessment context.
Data processing Due to rather low DRC levels observed in this study, left-censored (lowerbound, LB) and rightcensored (upperbound, UB) values were both calculated so that true values were under-and overestimated  (WHO, 2013). LB values corresponded to zero when lower than LOQ/LoR, observed value when higher than LOQ and observed value minus LoR when higher than LoR. UB values corresponded to LOQ/LoR when lower and to observed values when higher (Figure  S1 ). LoRs being higher than LOQs, discrepancies between LB and UB values were more pronounced for syn-DDC-CO, anti-DDC-CO and DDC-DBF. The relationship between selected DRCs was statistically evaluated by Pearson coefficients of determination using Excel 2016 spreadsheets.
III RELATED WORKS The knowledge representation using ontologies is not new and several works treat it in different domains. For the social networks' modelling, a famous ontology has been created: the FOAF 6 ontology. That famous ontology's authors designed it after a deep analysis of (online) social network platforms. They gathered and reviewed information from the activities, events, documents (images, videos, etc. ) that the network's members publish on those platforms. After understanding how these users were organised and how they communicate each with others through the published information, the FOAF ontology has been built and it is actually the data set which represents the social networks platforms. Its specification is detailed in  [Brickley and Miller, 2007]. FOAF has been used by many authors who sought to treat some issues, such as trust in recommendation systems  [Golbeck et al.
, 2006] ,  [Sherchan et al. , 2013] , security  [Kruk, 2004] , in the social network's platforms. To achieve that, those authors modified the FOAF ontology to include an initial trust scale in the relationships between entities. In our work, we use it to show the similarity between the illuminations and the social media and to extend our model in order to be more exact in our specification. For the description of medieval images and cultural heritage's data in general,  [Dörr, 2002]  proposes an ontology (Cultural Images and Documents object-oriented Conceptual Reference Model, CIDOC-CRM) which models information on cultural heritage. It describes the concepts and relationships which structures the documents (images, sculptures, etc. ) used in the cultural heritage's domain. According to the website 7  dedicated to CIDOC-CRM, it contains 90 concepts and more than 140 properties, both organised with subsumption relation.
That ontology is very common because it covers every single document used in the domain of cultural heritage and it helps a lot for the digitalisation of that domain's data. The ontology we propose here also contributes to this digitalisation but it is specific to the illuminations of Burgundy's Dukes. Many other works on historical documents' modelling use CIDOC-CRM in order to extend their ontology through mapping. The  [Doerr et al. , 2006]  extended the CRM by combining it with another ontology which describes the digital library. This promoted knowledge integration. The  [Damova and Dannélls, 2011]  proposed an infrastructure which enables the easy extension of a domain-specific data and the convenient querying of multiple data sets. The approach is based on a schema level and instance level alignment.
That infrastructure combines several ontologies such as PROTON 8  and CIDOC-CRM. The resulting ontology is applied to real data from the Gothenburg City Museum in order to handle queries on multiple data sets in the way of open linked data (LOD). Our ontology could be used in the same way. We linked it to other ontologies such as FOAF, Event 9. It could also be a data set on illuminations of the Burgundy's Duke and used as an underling ontology for a semantic information extraction's system. Information extraction aims to retrieve some types of information from natural language text or images by processing them automatically  [Wimalasuriya and Dou, 2010]  or semi-automatically. For example, an information extraction system might retrieve information about artworks, made by an artist, from a database while ignoring other types of information.
Acknowledgments This work is funded by the  CNRS  as part of a  PEPS  project, the  French Embassy in Bamako  and the Malian government for the co-funding of a thesis, the  Burgundy Franche-Comté , and the  University of Burgundy. We would like to thank all these institutions as well as  Mr. Rafik Zebidi  and  Mr. Florian Lacroix  for their help in the metaphors formalisation and implementation parts.
Search Strategy Four authors (JRL, IS, TV, and QM) conducted searches in PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases to identify articles published between January 1990 and June 2019 pertaining to the relationship between HPV infection and TICs in the development of HNSCC. Clinical studies were screened if they had database abstracts, available full texts or titles that referred to these conditions. The following keywords were used: 'HPV', 'cancer', 'carcinoma', 'head', 'neck', 'immune', and 'cell'. Final article selection was determined by the four authors, who provided a critical analysis of the publication content. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA checklist  [26]. Institutional review board approval was not required. Number of CD8+ T cells increases throughout tumor progression.
Epidemiological Characteristics and Outcomes An analysis of the locations of tumors, the number of tumor samples, the inclusion of additional specimens (i. e. , dysplastic tissues or normal mucosa), tumor size, the relationship between antigen expression and patient characteristics (age, gender, smoking, and alcohol consumption), and prognostic data (OS and RFS) was performed. The method used for HPV detection was carefully analyzed to provide a methodologically critical analysis of the included studies.
Passive knowledge can be tested using judgment data from comprehension tasks  (Sorace & Filiaci 2006; Meakins & O'Shannessy 2010; Onar Valk 2015; Stadthagen-González et al. 2017). Following the predictions of the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis  (Prévost & White 2000a) , we expect that speakers will exhibit passive knowledge of the reflexivity distinction, performing better in comprehension than in production. In order to answer the research questions and test our predictions, we conducted two studies: one on oral production: semi-spontaneous speech elicited by means of video clips depicting various types of events (Section 4. 2); and another on aural comprehension: grammaticality judgements elicited by means of an oral forced-choice task (Section 4. 3).
Methodology Data were obtained from a total of 66 participants, divided into four groups according to age (see Section 2). Information about the participants is laid out in Table  7. Oral production data were obtained using visual elicitation material. The elicitation material consists of a set of 40 12  short video clips referred to as the Surrey stimuli, which are specifically designed to elicit pronominal markers on verbs in the Alor-Pantar languages (see  Fedden & Brown 2014; Fedden et al. 2014). The Surrey clips show a wide range of transitive events, and a smaller number of intransitive events. The full set of video clips with a brief description of their content is presented in Table  8. The Surrey stimuli were played on a laptop in front of the participant. As we were interested in the effects of language contact, we set up a bilingual test situation by giving instructions in Malay to describe in Abui "what is going on", accompanied by the instruction that they could resort to Malay should they struggle to find the right Abui words to describe the clips.
We investigated such a relationship in the (pre-)adolescent and young adult groups, as these are the two groups that significantly differ from the control group of elders. These results are summarized in Table  11. The relationship between mismatches and gender was significant in the (pre-)adolescent group, X 2 (1, N = 90) = 6. 55, p <. 01. Among the females in this age group the proportion of mismatches is about 44%, as opposed to 71% among their male peers. For the young adult group no relationship was found between gender and reflexive mismatches, X 2 (1, N = 198) =. 37, p =. 34. Table  12  displays the proportion of non-reflexive mismatches, namely the use of a reflexive prefix in a non-reflexive environment. This type of mismatch is virtually absent in the   dataset. A non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference between the age groups (H(3) = 3.
Methodology Comprehension data were obtained from a total of 60 participants during a two-month fieldtrip in 2017. Most of the participants who took part in the production task also participated in the comprehension task. In total, 9 out of 66 participants from the production task were not available for the comprehension task. 17 To compensate, three new speakers were added for the comprehension task. Information about the participants is laid out in Table  13. Comprehension data were collected by means of a forced-choice task. In the forcedchoice task designed for this study participants were presented with a video clip and a pair of sentences spoken by a native speaker. Participants were asked to choose from each pair the sentence that they found more acceptable in relation to the video clip.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the  Abui community in Takalelang  for enthusiastically supporting this research, in particular  Dorkas Lanma ,  Daniel Lanma ,  Vivi Maufani ,  Ansell Delpada , and  Benny Delpada. Our  thanks also go to  Cesko Voeten ,  Saskia Lensink , and  Juriaan Witteman  for assistance with statistics, and to  Kate Bellamy ,  Bill Foley ,  Gereon Kaiping ,  František Kratochvíl , and the three anonymous Glossa reviewers for their insightful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.