dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
DR3 content In this third XSL Data Release (DR3), we provide 830 spectra of 683 stars, corrected for Galactic extinction and merged to a full wavelength range of 350-2480 nm. The DR3 dataset consists of DR2 spectra and the spectra of 20 archival M-dwarf stars. It should be noted that 82 spectra (9% of DR3) are not corrected for Galactic dust extinction, mostly because 138 spectra (17% of the XSL DR3) are not corrected for slit flux losses. A summary of the content and associated data of DR3 is shown in Table  2 , the HR diagram is shown in Fig. 1 , comments on some individual spectra are given Appendix C, and the DR3 header keyword dictionary is given in Table  B. 1. A few examples of DR3 spectra can be found in Fig. 2. We would like to give a word of caution: between 545 and 590 nm and to a lesser extent 994 and 1150 nm, the spectra suffer from artefacts from known instabilities of the transmission of the dichroic plates that separate the arms of the X-shooter spectrograph, and therefore they have poor flux calibration.
D-0200 (Chromospheric structure of low-mass stars, PI A. Reiners), 088. D-0556, and 092. D-0300 (Observations of M dwarf secondaries, PI V. Neves). Dries (2018)  only selected spectra for which literature values for their effective temperature and their surface gravity were available at the time (mid 2017). At the time of the publication of the current paper, nearly all of these stars have already been characterised by  Kuznetsov et al. (2019). Their X-shooter M-dwarf dataset has 153 stars, significantly more than the selected 20. The rest of the spectra have potential to become part of XSL, but this is beyond the scope of the current data release. We reduced and calibrated the 20 Mdwarf spectra selected by  Dries (2018)  with the same procedures as the DR2 stars (see the description in Sect.
Due to the difficulties arising from the large variety of types of stars in the dataset, we perform visual checks of all fits, and in some cases, we disregard the fitted values. Comparisons between the 'interpolated library' and the XSL DR3 are shown in Sect. There is no one perfect method for determining parameters of stellar spectra spanning across the HR diagram. There are also some caveats to using the interpolator to determine S UVB , S NIR, and A V values. The interpolator is less stable at the boundaries of the parameter space, where the stellar parameters are less well established, and the density of library stars is low. That can mean the interpolated spectrum is not so good, and the determined S UVB , S NIR, and A V values can be biased. As we determine A V from the VIS spectrum first, and then the S UVB and S NIR values from the extinction corrected UVB and NIR spectra, the latter are influenced by the accuracy of determining the first.
Interpolator goodness of fit The XSL 'interpolated library' is a set of 656 spectra generated with the spectral interpolator to match the XSL spectra according to their stellar parameters. This is the same dataset used in Sect. 4. 1. As these spectra are used to de-redden the XSL spectra, as well as to determine scaling factors of the UVB and NIR spectra relatively to VIS spectra, we describe here the goodness of fit between the XSL DR3 spectra and the interpolated spectra. The differences between the XSL library star (F XSL λ ) and its counterpart (F interp λ ) are described by a normalised rms deviation: D = 1 N λ λ        F interp λ -F XSL λ F XSL λ        2 , (1) where N λ is the number of wavelength pixels of the sum. For useful comparisons with the PHOENIX theoretical spectra, we calculate the D-statistic at a resolution of R = 500, as in L20.
Comparison with Gaia colours The Gaia Early Data Release 3 (Gaia EDR3, Gaia Collaboration 2021) is the most homogeneous collection of photometry at the time of the publication of this paper. We use Gaia EDR3 BP and RP photometry of the XSL stars to compare with colours measured from the reddened XSL spectra. The majority of XSL spectra (807) have Gaia measurements, but we use 639 here as comparisons (flux corrected, non-peculiar spectra). For spectrophotometric colours, we use response curves for the Gaia photometric system presented by Maíz Apellániz & Weiler (2018, hereafter 'MAW'), together with the corresponding zero points. The differences between the Gaia published and XSL spectrophotometric colours are shown in Fig. 11. M-giant stars with temperatures lower than about 4000 K experience photometric variability with typical periods of 100-1000 days, so the difference between our and Gaia colours in the red end [(BP -RP) MAW > 2] is expected.
Comparison with MILES The MILES empirical spectra library  (Sánchez-Blázquez et al. 2006; Falcón-Barroso et al. 2011 ) is currently the benchmark library for studies of intermediate and old stellar populations. It consists of 985 stars and covers the 3525-7500 Å spectral range with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) resolution of 2. 5 Å. The XSL sample is designed to have a strong overlap with the MILES library. In XSL DR3, 205 spectra of 173 stars have a MILES counterpart, from which 180 spectra belong to nonvariable stars and are corrected for slit losses and Galactic dust extinction. Gonneau et al. (2020)  defined artificial broad-band filters to compare the synthetic photometry of the two datasets. Here, we use three quality measures: the D-statistic defined by Eq. (  1 ), synthetic colour comparisons, and various absorptionline indices.
There are 167 spectra of 135 stars in common between the two spectral  libraries. The slit-throughput correction is thought to be unreliable (offset > 0. 9 pixel) for some NGSL spectra  (Gregg et al. 2006). After cleaning the dataset of variable stars, XSL spectra with slit flux losses, and unreliable NGSL spectra, 116 spectra can be compared. Figure  16  shows the D-statistic calculated between 380 and 980 nm (and 380 and 540 nm for the UVB) at the NGSL resolution (R = 1000). For 112 spectra of the 116 spectra in common, the comparison is equal to or better than D = 0. 05. For four spectra, the match is a slightly worse than that. Comparison of the artificial synthetic photometry defined in Table  5 , measured on NGSL and XSL DR3 spectra is shown in Fig. 17. The colours of the 116 stars are in excellent agreement, with the offset(rms) of 0.
Conclusions In this paper, we present the third data release of the X-shooter stellar library (XSL DR3), which consists of 830 spectra covering a wide range of stellar parameters, merged to the full wavelength range of X-shooter. The spectra were observed with the X-shooter spectrograph on ESO's VLT, which has three spectral arms: UVB, covering 300-556 nm; VIS, covering 533-1020 nm; and NIR, covering 994-2480 nm, with spectral resolutions of σ = 13, 11, 16 km s -1, respectively. The XSL DR3 spectra cover a wavelength range of 350-2480 nm and are corrected for the Galactic dust extinction. The DR3 dataset consists of the XSL DR2 data and spectra of 20 archival M-dwarf stars. We covered an extensive quality characterisation. We compared synthetic broadband colours, goodness of fit described by the D-statistic, and various absorption line indices of stars in common between XSL and four other libraries (MILES, CaT library, NGSL, and (E-)IRTF).
Acknowledgements. A. A. acknowledges funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Unions  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant agreement No. 834148 ). R. F. P. acknowledges financial support from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreement No. 721463  to the SUNDIAL ITN network. A. V. and J. F-B acknowledge support through the  RAVET  project by the grant  PID2019-107427GB-C32  from the  Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) , and through the  IAC  project  TRACES  which is partially supported through the state budget and the regional budget of the  Consejería de Economía, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento of the Canary Islands Autonomous Community.
P. C. acknowledges support from  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)  under grant  310041/2018-0  and from  Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)  process number  2018/05392-8. P. S-B. acknowledges the financial support from the  Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation , through the grant  PID2019-107427GB-C31. L. M. thanks  FAPESP  (grant  2018/26381-4 ) and  CNPQ  (grant  306359/2018-9 ) for partial funding of this research.
Patients In this single-center retrospective observational study, consecutive patients with known familial transthyretin amyloidosis p. Val142Ile mutation carriers with confirmed cardiac phenotype were included. The study was performed at the Department of Cardiology, Martinique University Hospital, France from September 2019 to May 2021. All patients were managed in accordance with the amended Declaration of Helsinki (http:// www. wma. net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/) and gave their informed consent for the processing of personal data for scientific research purposes. The study was approved by the hospital's institutional review board (IRB #01022019). Risks and description of the different procedures were explained to the patients, who confirmed their verbal informed consent to enter the study at the time when referred to the cardiovascular department for routine functional evaluation.
Invasive hemodynamic data of right ventricular and pulmonary hemodynamics should be implemented to better investigate the relationship between poor left and right-side heart function and ventilatory inefficiency. Impairment of VO 2 -kinetics was interpreted as being related to limited performance of the cardiovascular system to rapidly alter oxygen supply to the working muscles, but abnormal VO 2 -kinetics can also be related to a limited ability of the skeletal muscle to utilize oxygen. Sympathetic outflow increase and sympathovagal imbalance was indirectly suggested by impaired postexercise heart rate recovery. Direct measurement of sympathetic outflow, as well as ergoreflex and peripheral/ central chemoreceptor sensitivity should be investigated in details in CA patients. We have previously shown that blunted cardiac output rise in response to exercise participate to exercise intolerance in Afro-Caribbean patients with val122Ile (p.
Number of patients eligible for biologic treatments Eligible patients for treatment were calculated using the population data and prevalence rate of CD and UC for each country, as well as patients eligible to receive biologics (18. 20% for CD; 11. 44% for UC). The patient eligibility rate was calculated based on the assumption that patients with CD and UC were eligible if they had moderately or severely active CD or UC with an inadequate response to conventional therapy (including corticosteroids, 6-mercaptopurine, or azathioprine) who were intolerant to or had medical contraindications for these therapies. Details used to calculate the eligibility rate for CD and UC are provided in Supplementary Table  2.
Data sources Population data Population data, prevalence, and estimated number of patients eligible for biologics across the E5 countries were used to specify the target population for infliximab SC. Population data and prevalence rates for UC and CD were collected from the GlobalData  [10, 33]  [Supplementary Tables  13, 14 ]. The patient eligibility rate was calculated under the assumption that patients with CD and UC were eligible if they had moderately or severely active CD or UC with an inadequate response to conventional therapy (including corticosteroids, 6-mercaptopurine, or azathioprine) and if they were intolerant of or had medical contraindications to these therapies. Direct costs, including drug acquisition and drug administration costs, were considered in the model. Moreover, the drug cost of infliximab SC was assumed to be equal to that of infliximab IV.
Cost data: drug acquisition Drug acquisition costs of all the comparators were calculated using relevant drug cost data from local databases. The prices of available drugs and the pack prices were provided by the British National Formulary (BNF) for the UK  [34]. For other countries, manufacturers' drug list prices were extracted from the LAUER-TAXE database for Germany, Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco for Italy, French health insurance system database for France, and the Bot-PLUS database developed by the General Pharmaceutical Council for Spain  [35] [36] [37] [38]. A 3. 5% discount rate to future costs was also applied, to reflect the costs and benefits accruing over the 5-year time horizon  [39]. Total drug acquisition costs were calculated as follows. Average costs per unit had been calculated by multiplying mg per unit by the price per mg, then dose per year was multiplied to the average cost per unit.
Use of multiple contrast conditions that exploit the different scattering of hydrogen and deuterium isotopes in neutron experiments together with comparable X-ray data allows identification of particular materials that change and contribute to the observed results. The scattering data are fitted with a simple two-sphere model, which renders a consistent set of parameters across the SANS data with deuterated electrolyte, SAXS data, and the concurrent wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements. The lack of variation in the SANS data from the cell with hydrogenous electrolyte also indicates the medium where Li 2 S precipitates. With the simultaneous resistance measurements enabled by the intermittent current interruption (ICI) method,  19, 31  a comprehensive picture as to how the discharge process is limited under various current densities can thereby be presented.
The thickness of the electrode coating is measured by disassembling the cells after the small-angle scattering measurements. between the electrolyte and Li 2 S than that between the electrolyte and the carbon matrix, as shown in Table  2  and Figure  S3. Nevertheless, since the SAXS measurements are normalized to the transmission, the variations are still significant when the background is subtracted, as demonstrated in the following section. In addition, the analyses can be verified by the WAXS data that are measured concurrently.
Although the second cycle of the SAXS cell is also at C/10, its features on the SAXS data are different from those from the subsequent cycles, especially for the parameters of the larger sphere. In Figure  3 , the scale factor of the smaller sphere (green squares) starts to increase shortly after the lower discharge plateau begins while its radius stays rather constant until the end of discharge. As mentioned in the experimental procedures, it is important to note that the scale factor here is proportional to the product of the scatterer concentration and the square of the SLD contrast. If this smaller sphere models the formation of Li 2 S particles in the electrolyte as we suggest, the contrast will not change significantly, which is also seen in Figure  2A. Therefore, the scale factor of the smaller sphere reflects mostly the number of particles, which is also the case for the SAXS results according to Figure  2B.
The information from the different contrasts thus clarifies the composition of the observed particles at different times. This linear increase is also confirmed by the integrated intensity of the 111 reflection from Li 2 S recorded by the WAXS detector in Figure  4. It is interesting that the radius derived from the SAXS results is smaller than that calculated from the WAXS data using the Scherrer equation, as shown in Figure  S7. A similar discrepancy between these two methods of determining the particle size has been reported before with precisely controlled samples. 34 This can arise from polydispersity that is not readily included in the analysis of the peak width of diffraction peaks. In some cycles of the SAXS cell, the first measurement that renders an acceptable fit appears later than that apparent in the SANS data and the first detection of Li 2 S by WAXS.
Given the large amount of lithium required to form Li 2 S, it can be inferred that there is a deficiency of Li + in the mesopores of the carbon matrix, which has been reported in experiments  35  and simulations. 36 e increase in the radius of the larger sphere suggests that the resulting decrease in the contrast of SLD, as illustrated by the dashed lines in Figure  2 , starts from the smaller pores, where a higher density of electrochemical reaction takes place due to the high specific conductive surface area. The data recorded during the third and fourth cycles of the SAXS measurements displayed in Figure  4  corroborate this explanation. Despite the smaller degree of variation, the radius of the larger spheres increases, and the scale factor decreases at the end of discharge. The more subtle change of the larger sphere in the SAXS data can be attributed to the smaller expected variation in the contrast of the electrolyte.
Conclusions This work has characterized the precipitation and dissolution processes in Li-S batteries during the lower discharge and charge voltage plateaus by small-angle scattering in three contrasts, SANS with both hydrogenous and deuterated electrolytes and SAXS. Both SANS and SAXS data can be fitted to the same model of two sizes of spheres. The evolution of the smaller spheres corresponds well with the intensity of Li 2 S crystals observed in the WAXS measurements, while the larger spheres can be attributed to varying composition of the catholyte in the mesopores of the carbon matrix. Analysis indicates that the precipitates are small and unlikely to block the pores of the carbon matrix. At C/10 and C/20, the end of discharge shows a strong correlation with the change in the contrast of the larger spheres, which may be attributed to Li + deficiency in the electrolyte in the mesopores of the carbon matrix.
Operando SAXS and WAXS The SAXS and WAXS measurements were conducted with a Xeuss 2. 0 SAXS/WAXS system (Xenocs) with a Cu Ka X-ray source (l = 1. 54 A ˚) and a Pilatus 300 k detector at 270 mm from the sample. The wide-angle detector, Pilatus 100k, was at 161 mm from the sample and provided further diffraction data to a scattering angle of about 40. After the cell assembly and a 6 h rest, the SAXS cell was discharged to 1. 9 V at C/50, charged to 2. 6 V at C/25, and subsequently cycled between 1. 8 and 2. 6 V at C/10. As with SANS measurements, a SP-150 potentiostat (Bio-Logic) was used for the control of discharge and charge and the measurement of electrical properties. Each measurement was collected in vacuum for 890 s and normalized to the transmission, recorded on the detector that was operated with no beam stop.
Interpretation of scattering data The azimuthal averages of the two-dimensional raw data from the SANS and SAXS measurements were made with GRASP  41  and Foxtrot 42 software, respectively. The overall scattering from the cells, as seen in Figure  1 , is intense and has a complex shape. Scattering can be attributed to various components that include electrodes, seals, separator, and window materials, as well as electrolyte in the bulk and within pores. Although data are normalized to direct beam intensity and corrected to allow for the overall transmission, the uncertainty in the thickness of the various parts of the cell precludes simple presentation in usual absolute units of scattering cross section. The focus is made directly on the changes in scattering and how these differ for the contrasts available to neutrons and X-rays for the various relevant electrochemical processes.
To fit the data from the SANS-D and SAXS cells, the first measurement was subtracted from the subsequent measurements to exclude the background from unchanging components and to highlight the differences. With the plug-in model function in the SasView software,  43  the two-sphere model, described by Equations 1, 2, 3 and 4, was built by adding two sphere models with polydispersity. The rest of the data analysis is explained previously in section ''application and interpretation of the two-sphere model. '' The WAXS data were analyzed by modeling the 111 reflection of Li 2 S (Fm3m) using Topas Academic (V6) software. The reflection was modeled using a single Gaussian peak with the intensity and width refined and the position constrained to the angular range of 24. 5-27. 5 (2q). A fourth-degree Chebychev polynomial was used to model the background.
Analysis of the electrochemical data Following the ICI method, a linear regression of potential change (DE) against the square root of step time (t 0. 5 ) was performed to the data collected during each current interruption. The internal resistance, R, was obtained by dividing the intercept (DE(t = 0)) by the current before the current pause, and the diffusion resistance coefficient (k) was determined by dividing the gradient, dE/dOt, by the current before the interruption. Based on the porous electrode model,  44  it has been demonstrated that R is the sum of the electronic, solution, and charge-transfer resistances, and k is a measure of the time-dependent resistance, which is a direct current analogy to the Warburg element used in equivalent circuit models for analyzing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
19, 31 Under an alternating current perturbation, the impedance of a Warburg element, Z W , can be expressed as follows:  45  Z W = ð1 À jÞW u À0:5 ; (Equation  5 ) where j is the imaginary number, W is the Warburg coefficient, and u is the angular frequency. In previous work, it was theoretically derived that k is proportional to W, and the linear relationship was experimentally verified over a wide range of states of charge in the Li-S system. 19  = ffiffiffi 8 p r ,W (Equation  6 ) A script in the R programming language  46  was written for the ICI analysis, which can be found with the raw data via Zenodo. 38.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to ILL for the access to the D33 beamline granted for the experiment no. 1-04-200. The authors also thank the  STandUP  for energy consortium. This work benefited from the use of the SasView application, originally developed under  NSF  award  DMR-0520547. SasView contains code developed with funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  SINE2020  project, grant  654000.
Data and code availability The raw data, processed data, and analysis scripts written in the R programming language are available at Zenodo: https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 5526828. 38 e raw data for the SANS measurements conducted at Institut Laue-Langevin are available on their own data deposit (https://doi. org/10. 5291/ILL-DATA. 1-04-200). 39.
, 2002). Demographic and immediate hurricane damage data were collected in the Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot (LFDP; 18°20 0 N, 65°49 0 N;  Thompson et al. , 2002). The LFDP is a 16 ha forest plot located near El Verde Field Station in the LEF with an elevation range from 333 to 423 m. The plot was established in 1989 and censused at c. 5 yr intervals starting in 1990 through 2016 using standard protocols  (Condit, 1998). Briefly, all stems with diameter at breast height (DBH) of ≥ 1 cm are mapped, measured, and identified to species. In each census, new stems are added, stems are remeasured, and their status (alive/dead) is updated. Prior to 1934, parts of the lower elevation forest of the LDFP (< 350m) were subjected to light logging and agriculture, but the forest structure and canopy cover had recovered by the time Hurricane Hugo made landfall  (Thompson et al.