dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Patients and methods This study was reviewed and approved by the "Sud Méditerranée" Institutional Review Board. This protection committee waived the need for ethical approval and for written informed consent in this retrospective study with no potential for harm to subjects. Nevertheless, an information form on the use of their data for research purposes has been sent to patients. The lack of a negative response from them within a month was considered as their agreement. To ensure patient's privacy, all details were collected in an anonymized database. We retrospectively studied the data of CKD patients aged 75 years or older who were referred to our nephrology department for pre-renal azotemia over a 5-year time period. One of the parameters studied was osmotic stress. We estimated the intensity of the osmotic stress for hyper-and hyponatremia according to the following formula: 1, 000 Na extreme Na discharge Na discharge × - [ ] [ ] [ ]       In this formula, "extreme" indicates minimal or maximal value during hospital stay, while "discharge" indicates value at hospital discharge.
The predictors taken into account were age, sex, diabetes, bacterial infection, active neoplasia, length of hospital stay, CKD stage, severity of AKI and disability. The model was developed with a forward selection procedure of characteristics associated with death within the first 6 months after discharge, with cutoffs of P,0. 05 for inclusion and P. 0. 10 for exclusion. Variables with more than two categories were introduced using dummy variables. Model adequacy was estimated by the likelihood ratio goodness-of-fit test. Probability values of ,0. 05 were accepted as statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS version 11. 0 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA).
Publish your work in this journal Submit your manuscript here: http://www. dovepress. com/clinical-interventions-in-aging-journal Clinical Interventions in Aging is an international, peer-reviewed journal focusing on evidence-based reports on the value or lack thereof of treatments intended to prevent or delay the onset of maladaptive correlates of aging in human beings. This journal is indexed on PubMed Central, MedLine, CAS, Scopus and the Elsevier Bibliographic databases. The manuscript management system is completely online and includes a very quick and fair peer-review system, which is all easy to use. Visit http://www. dovepress. com/testimonials. php to read real quotes from published authors. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2019:14.
Acknowledgments The authors thank  Dr Sonia Doi  for reviewing the manuscript and helpful comments. The abstract of this paper was presented at the 18th Annual Meeting of  French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics , April 22-24, 2014, Poitiers, France, as a poster presentation/conference talk with interim findings. The poster's abstract was published in "Discussed Poster Abstracts" in Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, Volume 28, Issue s1, May 2014: DOI:10. 1111/fcp. 12065. There was no sponsor involved in this study.
Manual responses were recorded via a standard keyboard. The dominant eye's gaze position was recorded and available online using an EyeLink 1000 Tower Mount (SR Research, Osgoode, ON, Canada) at a sampling rate of 1 kHz. The experimental software controlling the display, the response collection as well as the eye tracking was implemented in Matlab (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA), using the Psychophysics  53, 54  and EyeLink toolboxes  55. Stimuli were presented at a viewing distance of 60 cm, on a 21-in gamma-linearized LaCie Electron 21/108 CRT screen (Paris, France) with a spatial resolution of 1024 × 768 pixels and a vertical refresh rate of 120 Hz. Procedure. The study was composed of a main saccade task tested in 3 to 4 experimental sessions (on different days) of about 90 minutes each (including breaks).
The saccade signal was then determined on each trial by subtracting the saccade latency estimated for each trial delay from a randomly selected duration (between 700 and 1600 ms in steps of ~8. 3 ms, a screen frame). This gave us signal delays ranging between 428. 92 ± 6. 46 ms and 1435. 33 ± 2. 46 ms after the cue onset (from the trials after data pre-processing, see below). Next, in order to probe attention in the last 100 ms preceding saccades we played the discrimination and distractors randomly between 50 and 100 ms (in steps of 25 ms), before the saccade latency, estimated for a given saccade signal delay trial. This resulted (from the trials after data pre-processing) in discrimination target offset time relative to the saccade onset of -48. 02 ± 1. 16 ms (Supplementary Fig. S4 ). Threshold task.
They completed 2 blocks of 160 trials, and correct fixation within a 3. 0° radius virtual circle centered on the fixation target was checked online. Trials with fixation breaks were immediately discarded and repeated at the end of each block. For the four main distances from the fixation target, we individually determined, for each participant and on each experimental session, four threshold values, corresponding to the discrimination target's angles that would lead to correct discrimination on 85% of trials. To do so, we fitted four cumulative Gaussian functions to performance gathered in the threshold blocks. These threshold angles were used in the main task for discrimination targets, played at their respective distances from the fixation target. Data pre-processing. Before proceeding to the analysis of the behavioral results of the main task, we scanned the recorded eye-position data offline.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the  Swiss National Foundation  (MP:  100014_140379 ), a travel grant from  "Fondation Ernst & Lucie Schmidheiny" in Geneva  to M. P. and a  "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft " temporary position for principal investigator grant to M. S. ( SZ343/1 ) and a  Marie Skłdowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship  (grant number  704537 ) received by M. S. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We are grateful to the members of the  Deubel laboratory in Munich  for helpful comments and discussions and to  Elodie Parison , Alice and  Clémence Szinte  for their invaluable support.
Participants Inclusion criteria for the Polish sample were as follow: typical IQ, birth at term (>37 weeks), right-handedness, monolingualism, no history of neurological or language impairments and good quality of the fMRI scan (< 20% of motion-affected volumes identified with ART toolbox, see below for details). All English-speaking children who met the Polish inclusion criteria were included in the analysis (50 out of 82 collected datasets). Polish-speaking children were a part of the larger cohort (N = 120), and were matched pairwise with their American peers for age, word reading efficiency (N of words read correctly per minute) and a time gap between scan and behavioural test using the Hungarian optimization algorithm (cf. Chyl et al. , 2018)  to reduce group differences. As a result, data from 50 Polish (M age = 7.
Each visual stimulus was presented for 250 ms, followed by a 200 ms blank screen, whereas each auditory stimulus was allowed 800 ms to play out. 'Jittered' intertrial intervals were employed with occasional 'null' trials resulting in ITIs ranging from 4 to 13 s (6. 25 s on average). The task was performed in two runs, each lasting 5:02 minutes. All conditions were presented in each run, with 48 trials per run presented pseudorandomly, with restriction not to repeat one condition more than three times in a row. This resulted in 24 total trials per condition, and 96 total stimuli per condition. Stimuli were presented using Presentation software (Neurobehavioral Systems, Albany, CA) in Poland and E-Prime software in the United States. fMRI data acquisition fMRI data at each site were acquired on Siemens 3T Magnetom Trio scanners using similar whole-brain echoplanar imaging sequences, 12-channel head coil (32 slices, slicethickness 4 mm, TR = 2,000 ms, TE = 30 ms, FOV = 220x220 mm2, matrix size = 64 x 64, voxel size = 3 x 3 x 4).
fMRI data processing and analysis The preprocessing and analyses were performed using SPM12 (Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, London, UK) and AFNI version 17. 3. 09 (Cox, 1996). In SPM12, images were realigned to the first functional volume. Then structural images from single subjects were coregistered to their mean functional images. Coregistered anatomical images were segmented using pediatric tissue probability maps (generated with Template-O-Matic toolbox). Next, DARTEL was used to create a group-specific template and flow fields based on segmented tissues  (Ashburner, 2007). Functional images were normalized to MNI space with 2x2x2mm voxel size using compositions of flow fields and a group-specific template. Next, in the univariate analyses, Gaussian spatial smoothing was performed using the 3dBlurtoFWHM option in AFNI, which allows for the "adaptive smoothing" method, and the data were smoothed to equalize estimated FWHM at 10 mm.
Acknowledgements This work was funded by grants from the  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education  ( IP2011 020271 ), the  National Science Center  ( 2014/N/HS6/03515 ,  2011/03/D/HS6/05584 ,  2014/14/A/HS6/00294 ),  Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development  ( P01 HD 001994 ,  P01 HD 070837 ) and  National Institutes of Health  ( 5R01HD086168-04 ,  5R37HD090153-03 ). The project was realized with the aid of CePT research infrastructure purchased with funds from the  European Regional Development Fund  as part of the  Innovative Economy Operational Programme ,  2007-2013. Funding sources were not involved in the experiment realization, data collection, data analysis,.
E-PROFILE's key activity is an operational data hub, which collects, processes and redistributes ceilometer data. The scientific code run on the hub has been developed in TOPROF. The development of such a processing chain is complicated because national operators rely on automated (low power) lidars and ceilometers (often referred to as ALC) from different manufacturers. For example, the German Weather Service has installed CHM15k ceilometers (Lufft), whereas France, Finland and Switzerland rely on CL31 (Vaisala) for cloud detection. Sweden has set up a network of CL31 ceilometers and uses CBME-80 ceilometers (Eliasson) only on airports. In the UK both Lufft and Vaisala ceilometers are in operation. Compact micro-pulse lidars (MiniMPL) are used by Météo-France for volcanic ash detection, but a limited set of advanced lidar systems are also deployed, e.
To our knowledge,  Markowicz et al. (2008)  were the first to apply a correction term for water vapor absorption to data from a Vaisala CT25k ceilometer before deriving aerosol optical properties. Wiegner et al. (2014)  discussed the problem in a general way on the basis of simulated signals and proposed an improved approach to correct for water vapor absorption. A follow-up paper  (Wiegner and Gasteiger, 2015)  developed a methodology that can routinely be applied to real measurements; it is used in the following. An alternative model was used by  Madonna et al. (2018)  and applied to CL51 and CS135 measurements during INTERACT II. In summer 2015 a dedicated campaign, CeiLinEx2015 (ceilometer intercomparison experiment), was set up to better understand the performance of several commercially available ceilometers.
In this paper we use data from this campaign to investigate whether signals can successfully be corrected for water vapor absorption. After a brief introduction to CeiLinEx2015 (next section), we discuss several approaches for the validation of the water vapor correction (Sect. 3). In the key part of our paper we discuss the main features of the validation procedure, especially the selection of the validation range and the spectral extrapolation, and select three representative atmospheric cases to scrutinize the validation. A short summary concludes the paper.
An overview of the deployed instruments is given in Table  1. The first column lists the acronyms of the instruments as they are used in our investigation. Note that the last column gives the vertical coverage of the data sets, which is larger than the range of data exploitable in a meteorological sense. The time resolution of raw data is in the range of 15-30 s and the vertical resolution is 10-15 m. CeiLinEx2015 was the first campaign since the WMO international ceilometer intercomparison  (Jones et al. , 1988)  in 1986. Six different types of ceilometers from Vaisala, Lufft and Campbell Scientific were compared. According to the manufacturers, the emitted wavelength of the CL31 and CL51 is 910±10 nm. To cope with the wavelength drift (with temperature) within the operating range of -40 to 60 • C, the optical filter of the receiving optics have quite a large bandwidth of 36 nm (at 50 % transmissivity).
Water vapor absorption is relevant for the Vaisala and Campbell ceilometers. Moreover, specific topics were covered, such as the comparison of derived cloud base heights and the derivation of the mixing layer height. Four radiosondes per day are available in Lindenberg: at 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 UTC. Profiles of the air density, calculated from the measured temperature and pressure profiles, are used for the Rayleigh calibration. Measurements of the relative humidity are required for the water vapor correction. Ancillary data also include measurements from an AERONET  (Holben et al. , 1998)  sun photometer, e. g. , providing aerosol optical depths between 340 and 1640 nm. This information can be used to extrapolate optical properties between different wavelengths. Finally, the Polly XT lidar  (Baars et al.
The spectral extrapolation For the spectral extrapolation different options based on the Angström exponent are available. The most obvious approach is the use of AERONET data. This data set is well established and it is generally accepted that the accuracy is the best available. Several wavelengths are available so that the range of extrapolation is well covered. The disadvantage of  AERONET measurements is the limitation to daytime conditions and the lack of range-resolved information as it relies on the aerosol optical depth. Range-resolved κ(z) can only be derived from a reference lidar system using, however, a smaller set of wavelengths compared to a sun photometer. In case of RALPH either an Angström exponent based on backscatter coefficients β p can be determined using measurements at 532 and 1064 nm, or an Angström exponent based on extinction coefficients α p using the Raman channels at 355 and 532 nm.
Note that a time lag of several hours between the AERONET data and the ceilometer data may occur if the validation period relies on ceilometer measurements during nighttime. An overview over the three Angström exponents (κ a , κ n , κ w ) based on daily averages is shown in Fig. 4. The two Angström exponents including 1640 nm (red and blue circles) are connected by a red vertical line to facilitate the discrimination from the standard Angström exponent. The medians of daily averages of κ are κ a = 1. 38, κ n = 1. 42 and κ w = 1. 37. For 1, 3 and 6 h averages similar values are found. In total, all values are in the range expected for a continental site as Lindenberg. On the basis of individual observations, κ a can be larger or smaller than the near-infrared values (κ n , κ w ), and differences larger than 0.
For the validation we select RALPH and ceilometer measurements averaged from 00:00 to 03:00 UTC to avoid daylight. Based on the criteria described in Sect. 4. 2, the validation range is set to 0. 7 < z < 1. 3 km. The determination of the Angström exponent κ was complicated as no level 2. 0 data were available for 2 July; gaps of a few days in the AERONET record occur occasionally. If the closest daily average before (30 June, κ = 1. 18) and after the measurements (3 July, κ = 1. 42) are considered quite large, temporal differences have to be accepted, reducing the credibility of the values. For this reason we prefer to rely on level 1. 0 data; here AERONET measurements from the morning of 2 July were available and a mean of 21 measurements was found with κ = 1. 18 ± 0. 03. The scheduled 00:00 UTC radiosonde was launched at 22:50 UTC of the day before and provided the profiles required for the water vapor correction.
For this purpose the spectral dependence of particle optical properties has to be known; we use information either from coincident AERONET data or from the inversion of RALPH backscatter signals. It turns out that the spectral extrapolation and the selection of the validation range are the most crucial points of the validation. In particular we recommend that the vertical range used for the validation should be selected very carefully; typically it is limited to the upper part of the mixing layer. The reason is that, on the one hand, the range of incomplete overlap cannot be corrected with sufficient accuracy; on the other hand, the ceilometer signals above the mixing layer are either too noisy or substantially influenced by signal artifacts. Consequently, different validation ranges might apply for each ceilometer.
Acknowledgements. The CeiLinEx2015 measurement campaign received support for the organization and analysis of results from the  European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST ; https://www. cost. eu/,last access:  22 January 2019 )  Action ES1303 "TOPROF". Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda  received funding from the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action Cofund 2016 EU project -Athe-nea3i  under grant agreement no. 754446. Josef Gasteiger  has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant no. 640458 , A-LIFE). We are grateful to  Marc-Antoine Drouin  ( LMD, France ) for developing pre-processing software for the CeiLinEx2015 data. Moreover, we want to thank  Robert Begbie  ( DWD, Germany ) and the staff at the  Meteorological Observatory (DWD)  in Lindenberg for the organization of CeiLinEx2015, technical support and maintenance of the ceilometers.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to the  INFN-LNL  staff for providing stable 6 Li beam throughout the experiment. This work is supported by the  National Nature Science Foundation of China  under Grant Nos. 11975040 ,  11475013 ,  U1832130 ,  11375266 ,  11605114 ,  11575118  and  11505117  as well as the  National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong, China  ( 2016A030310042 ).
Background: Innovative care models such as public-private partnerships (PPPs) may help meet the challenge of providing cost-effective high-quality care for the steadily growing and complex chronic kidney disease population since they combine the expertise and efficiency of a specialized dialysis provider with the population care approach of a public entity. We report the five-years main clinical outcomes of a population of patients treated on hemodialysis within a PPP-care model in Italy. Methods: This descriptive retrospective cohort study consisted of all consecutive hemodialysis patients treated in the NephroCare-operated Nephrology and Dialysis unit of the Seriate Hospital in 2012-2016, which exercises a PPPcare model. Clinical and treatment information was obtained from the European Clinical Database.
The clinical and administrative activities of this framework are monitored and periodically audited by the public health authorities to ensure high-quality care and adherence to public health accreditation standards. Since the inception of this framework, the patient clinical outcomes have been continuously recorded via European Clinical Database (EuCliD)  [12]. These data were used in this retrospective cohort study to describe clinical characteristics, treatment parameters and main clinical outcomes (mortality and hospitalization outcomes) of this cohort of dialysis patients over 5 years, with reference to data reported in regional, national, and international registries.
2 and 10. 4 g/ dl, respectively. Both groups had normal mean iron, calcium/phosphate, and lipid-metabolism values. Incident patients had slightly elevated C-reactive protein levels (Table  2 ). Dialysis efficiency during the entire study was assessed by calculating averages of treatment variables and clinical results of patients in the unit in December of each year. The techniques, particularly post-HDF and  The data were expressed as mean (standard deviation) or number (%), as appropriate except where indicated The C-reactive protein values were not normally distributed. Therefore, these data are expressed as median (interquartile ranges) For all laboratory and treatment parameters, except the number of treatment sessions, multiple measurements during the 6-month follow-up period were averaged for each patient, and the descriptive statistics presented in this table was calculated based on these patient means AV arteriovenous, HDL high-density lipoprotein, hf-HD high-flux hemodialysis, LDL low-density lipoprotein, mixed-HDF online mixed-dilution hemodiafiltration, OCM online clearance monitor, post-HDF online post-dilution hemodiafiltration mixed-HDF performed with high convective volume, exhibited optimal dialysis efficiency at all time points, as indicated by mean Kt/V values that exceeded the recommended limits of the guidelines, and good control of anemia and nutritional status, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and phosphate and potassium values (Table  3 ).
Nonetheless, this overview suggests that the comorbidity rates of our study population appear to be comparable to those of other regional Italian-registry populations. Moreover, although appearing numerically low, also the mean CCI of our present study population is comparable to previously published data on dialysis patients  [22] [23] [24] [25]. Also the mean age of our study population is comparable to the mean age of patients included in the registries: Italian registries, 65. 2-69. 5 years; ERA-EDTA registry (Italy), 68. 8 for incident patients and 62. 0 years for prevalent patients. Second, registries can differ in the methods used to estimate mortality rates and define at-risk populations. Unfortunately, most registries do not present their results separately for prevalent and incident patients.
However, our extensive and closely monitored 5-year experience in Seriate suggests that if PPP models are organized to meet the public healthcare-facility criteria that are required to achieve accreditation, they can provide expert, efficient, and high-quality patient care independent of profit status. Our study has several strengths. First, we were able to continuously follow both prevalent and incident dialysis patients in a care setting that was managed under the organization of a PPP-care model. Second, our data encompassed multiple patient and clinical variables that were routinely collected over a long period via an established clinical information system. Third, we accounted for competing risks when calculating cumulative all-cause mortality incidences. The following limitations should be considered when interpreting our findings.
This chapter describes a Copernicus Access Platform Intermediate Layers Small-Scale Demonstrator, which is a general platform for the handling, analysis, and interpretation of Earth observation satellite images, mainly exploiting big data of the European Copernicus Programme by artificial intelligence (AI) methods. From 2020, the platform will be applied at a regional and national level to various use cases such as urban expansion, forest health, and natural disasters. Its workflows allow the selection of satellite images from data archives, the extraction of useful information from the metadata, the generation of descriptors for each individual image, the ingestion of image and descriptor data into a common database, the assignment of semantic content labels to image patches, and the possibility to search and to retrieve similar content-related image patches.