dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Overview of contents The first version of the SISAL database contains 211 022 δ 18 O measurements, 127 115 δ 13 C measurements from 371 speleothem records and 10 composites from 174 cave systems. This represents approximately 58 % of published speleothem records we have identified. Of the 371 speleothem records, 8 have been superseded, 7 provide information for which there are also updates or additional information recorded as separate entities, 6 have dating information but no isotopic records because the individual entities were only used to construct composite records, and 15 do not have age models. The database also contains 6 records that have not been published. The distribution of sites is global in extent (Fig. 1 ). The majority (30 %) of the sites are from Europe (53 sites) and there is currently less good representation of sites from other regions.
The temporal distribution of records is excellent for the past 2000 years (Fig. 2a ) and good for the past 22 000 years (Fig. 2b ). Altogether, 142 entities record some Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1687 Data, 10, -1713 Data, 10, , 2018  www. earth-syst-sci-data. net/10/1687/2018/  part of the past 2000 years, 87 of which have a resolution ≤ 10 years between samples on average. There are 253 entities recording some part of the past 22 000 years, including 153 with a resolution of ≤ 100 years between samples on average. The database contains 42 entities from the last interglacial period (115 000 to 130 000 years before present), 41 of which have a resolution of ≤ 1000 years between samples on average (Fig. 2c ).
Conclusions The SISAL database is based on a community effort to compile isotopic measurements from speleothems to facilitate palaeoclimate analysis. Considerable effort has been made to ensure that there is adequate metadata and quality control information to allow the selection of records appropriate to answer specific questions and to document the uncertainties in the interpretation of these records. The database is publicly available. The first version of the SISAL database contains 211 022 δ 18 O measurements and 127 115 δ 13 C measurements from 371 individual speleothem records, and 10 composites from 174 cave systems. The distribution of sites is global in extent. The temporal distribution is excellent for the past 2000 years and good for the past 22 000 years. There are also records that span the last interglacial period.
The format of the database is designed to facilitate the use of the data for regional-to continental-scale analyses, and in particular to facilitate comparisons with and evaluation of isotope-enabled climate model simulations. The SISAL working group will continue to expand the coverage of the SISAL database and will provide new chronologies based on standardized age models; subsequent versions of the database will be made freely available to the community. The Supplement related to this article is available online at https://doi. org/10. 5194/essd-10-1687-2018supplement. of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel), Xianfeng Wang (Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636798), Corinne Wong (Environmental Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 2275 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA), Barbara Wortham (Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA), Jennifer Wurtzel (1: Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 2: ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; 3: now at: NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, NSW, Australia) and Baoyun Zong (Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China).
Author contributions. LCB is the coordinator of the SISAL working group. KA, SPH, LCB, MD and AB designed the database, drawing on discussions with participants at the first SISAL workshop. KA, SPH, LCB and SAM were responsible for the database construction. NK, SMA, MA, YAB, PB, KB, YB, SC, WD, IGH, JH, ZK, IL, ML, FL, AL, CP-M, RP and NS coordinated the regional data collection. All authors listed as "SISAL Working Group members" provided data or helped to complete data entry. TA and DG contributed original unpublished data to the database. The first draft of the paper was written by KA, SPH, LCB, MB, AB and NK and all authors contributed to the final version. Competing interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Acknowledgements. SISAL (Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis) is a working group of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) programme.
We thank PAGES for their support for this activity. Additional financial support for SISAL activities has been provided by the European Geosciences Union (EGU TE Winter call, grant number W2017/413), Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), European Association of Geochemistry (Early Career Ambassadors program 2017), Geological Survey Ireland, Quaternary Research Association UK, Navarino Environmental Observatory, Stockholm University, Savillex, John Cantle, University of Reading and University College Dublin (Seed Funding award, grant number SF1428). The design and creation of the database has been supported by funding to Sandy P. Harrison from the ERC-funded project GC2. 0 (Global Change 2. 0: Unlocking the past for a clearer future, grant number 694481) and by funding to Laia Comas-Bru from the Geological Survey Ireland Short Call 2017 (Developing a toolkit for model evaluation using speleothem isotope data, grant number 2017-SC-056).
The South Pacific Gyre waters between 170° W and 160° W were depleted in nitrate but rich in phosphate. Surface waters exhibited very low dinitrogen fixation rates, an absence of excess particulate organic nitrogen and a N* signal close to zero. The higher iron availability coupled with an absence of nitrate in the suface water of the Melanesian archipelago could 25 stimulate the diazotrophic activity, which in turn will introduce excess nitrogen, deplete the surface waters in phosphate and be the explanation for the positive N* anomaly in the Melanesian archipelago waters. In the thermocline waters, the N* tracer revealed its full complexity, with notably the cumulative effect of the remineralization of particulate organic nitrogen and the effects of the mixing of water masses. At the global ocean scale, calculation of N* signal from the new Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 database showed a strong spatial decoupling between the thermocline waters of the Eastern Tropical 30 South Pacific and those of the Western Tropical South Pacific.
05 μmol L -1. The data set of the SD 8 station is not taken into account in the results of this study due to an analytical problem. The samples used for the analysis of nitrogen and particulate organic phosphate (respectively PON and POP) were collected for each depth in polycarbonate bottles and 1. 2 L were filtered through a precombusted (24h, 450 °C) glass fiber filter (Whatman GF/F, 25 mm). PON and POP concentrations were quantified using the wet oxidation method based on persulfate digestion at 120 °C  (Pujo-Pay and Raimbault, 1994). NO3 -and PO4 3-formed by oxidation were analyzed using the auto analyzer SEAL Analytical AA3HR as described above. The QL of the POP was 0. 001 μmol L -1 and of PON 0. 02 μmol L -1. 125 The dissolve organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP) samples were collected in 100 mL combusted glass bottles from each depth and immediately filtered through 2 precombusted (24 h, 450 °C) glass fiber filters (Whatman GF/F, 25 mm).
Filtered samples were collected in teflon vials adjusted to 20 ml for wet oxidation. DON and DOP concentrations were obtained by the wet oxidation procedure according to  Pujo-Pay and Raimbault (1994). Just after collection, 2. 5 mL of the oxidative reagent were added to the samples that were then heated to 120 °C for 30 min. After cooling, the concentration of Total 130 Dissolved Nitrogen (TDN) and Total Dissolved Phosphorus (TDP) was determined using continuous flow analysis (AAIII HR). DON is obtained by the difference between TDN and Inorganic Nitrogen species (NO3 -+ NO2 -+ NH4 + ). DOP was obtained by the difference between TDP and Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus (PO4 3-). The QL of POD was fixed at 0. 05 µmol L -1 and of DON 0. 50 µmol L -1. All DON and DOP data from the SD 3 and SD 15 stations are not taken into account in the results of this study due to an analytical problem.
GLODAPv2 database The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) is an international effort to consolidate all data from ocean bottle samples collected as part of many oceanic cruises  (Olsen et al. , 2016). Previous databases, WOCE/JGOFS combined in GLODAPv1 in 2004  (Sabine et al. , 2005; Key et al. , 2004) , CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic) in 2009/2010  (Key et al. , 185 2010; Tanhua et al. , 2009) , and PACIFICA (PACIFIc ocean Interior CArbon) in 2013  (Suzuki et al. , 2013)  as well as 168 additional cruises were grouped together and have undergone one and only high-quality control, based on two steps (primary and secondary QC) applied to each data. The GLODAPv2 database is available at http://cdiac. ornl. gov/oceans/GLODAPv2/ and the details of the overall production strategy are explained in  Olsen et al.
(2016). The GLODAPv2 database includes samples of core variables such as salinity, oxygen, macronutrients, and seawater CO2 chemistry from 724 oceanic cruises. In 190 this study, we focused on two variables: NO3 -and PO4 3-and we calculated N* according to the formula of  Deutsch et al. (2001)  (Eq. 3) for all available data in the South Pacific. The details of the available cruises are shown in figure  3  and in Table  S1. Similar to OUTPACE data processing, the density, NO3-, PO4.
450 From a biogeochemical point of view, the thermocline waters are of a crucial importance. In the global ocean thermocline waters, the spatial distribution and concentration gradient of N* reflects the global distribution of N2 fixation and denitrification  (Gruber and Sarmineto, 1997; Hansell et al. , 2004; Deutsch and Weber, 2012). At the global ocean scale, calculation of N* signal from the new GLODAPv2 database showed a strong spatial decoupling between the thermocline waters of the ETSP and those of the WTSP. A strongly positive N* anomaly was observed in the thermocline waters of the WTSP in the Coral 455 and Tasman Seas. Conversely, the OMZ region was marked by a strong negative N* anomaly.
4 and 24. 8 and a 465 high salinity (>35. 7) in the Coral Sea. Tomczak and Hao, (1989) and Solokov and Rintoul, (2000)  showed that SLW (or SPEW) was transported eastward from the central part of the Pacific and had a strong influence on the water masses in the Coral Sea and the Solomon Sea. Solokov and Rintoul, (2000)  showed that SEC transport 55 Sv toward the Coral Sea, with a transport concentrated in the upper thermocline. These authors concluded that the northern arm of the SEC transport a salty, warm and lower oxygen water in the north of 16° S between Solomon and Vanuatu Islands and the southern branch of the 470 SEC transport a less salty, less warm and more oxygen water in the south of 16° S between Vanuatu and New Caledonia. From OUTPACE data and the new GLODAPv2 database, our results showed that the high saltinity centered on σ24.
540 could influence positively the thermocline waters of the South Pacific being thus at the origin of the westward increase of the strongly negative N* signal transported by the SEC. The northward transport of the positive N* signal could be more prononced on the one hand in the west of the TKR and on the other hand in the eastern part of the South Pacific. This N* study in the thermocline waters of the South Pacific is based on all cruises data available in the GLODAPv2 database updated in 2016. Using datasets that have occurred at different seasons and years and thus not taking into account seasonal 545 and interannually variability in N* interpretation is questionable. Nevertheless, we found the same pattern from the cruises which have been repeated several times at the same location in different seasons and years (Table S1, Fig.
This nitrogen excess over PO4 3-measured in the waters of the MA was observed in parallel with records rates of N2 fixation. On the other hand, the surface waters of the South Pacific Gyre (170° W-160° W) are characterized by NO3 -<QL, significant PO4 3-concentrations, a lack of PON in excess, and a N* anomaly close to zero or negative. Despite the high concentrations of PO4 3-in surface waters, the N2 fixation rates are close to zero in the South Pacific Gyre suggesting a 560 limitation by DFe availability, and preventing N* signal increase. At the basin scale, the analysis from the recent GLODAPv2 dataset (Olsen et al. 2016)  highlighs a strong spatial decoupling between the thermocline waters of the ETSP and those of the WTSP. A strong positive N* anomaly is observed in the Biogeosciences Discuss.
Acknowledgements 575 This is a contribution of the  OUTPACE (Oligotrophy from Ultra-oligoTrophy PACific Experiment ) project (https://outpace. mio. univ-amu. fr/)funded by the  French research national agency  ( ANR-14-CE01-0007-01 ), the  LEFE-CyBER program  ( CNRS-INSU) , the  GOPS program (IRD)  and the  CNES  ( BC T23 ,  ZBC 4500048836 ). The OUTPACE cruise (http://dx. doi. org/10. 17600/15000900) was managed by  MIO (OSU Institut Pytheas, AMU)  from  Marseilles (France)  and received funding from  European FEDER Fund  under project  1166-39417. The authors thank the crew of the  RV L'Atalante 580  for outstanding shipboard operations. G. Rougier  and  M. Picheral  are warmly thanked for their efficient help in CTD rosette management and data processing, as well as  C. Schmechtig  for the LEFE-CyBER database management.
The 'Plantain-Optim' dataset (came from the 'Plantain-Optim' experiment conducted from 2009 to 2011 at CARBAP experimental station in Cameroon. The main objective was to describe agronomic potential of nine plantain varieties, including five natural plantains commonly cropped in Cameroon, and four plantain-like hybrids. A completely randomized bloc permitted to compare growth, development and yield of 45 plants per variety split between five replicates. Cropping practices guarantied non-limiting and homogenous conditions. Each plant was measured every 15 days. Data described aerial organ sizes, foliar structure and bunch characteristics of the mother plant. The 'Plantain-Optim' dataset includes the complete individual growth of each studied plantain of the 'Plantain-Optim' experiment with a 15-day accuracy.
Value of the data The 'Plantain-Optim' dataset describes aerial organ sizes, foliar structure and bunch characteristics of 405 plantains from planting to harvest with a 15-day accuracy. The 'Plantain-Optim' dataset allows comparing growth and development of nine plantain varieties, included five natural plantains of three different plantain subgroups, and four plantain-like hybrids. The 'Plantain-Optim' dataset is a useful standard of plantain varietal diversity growth and devel- opment for comparison with others plantain datasets. The 'Plantain-Optim' dataset includes accurate and helpful data to deepen biomass production and allocation, and foliar and bunch structures. The 'Plantain-Optim' dataset could be basis for plantain 3D modelling. 1. Data.
Hypothesis is that this diversity also represents agronomic potential variations. Alongside this botanical knowledge, very few studies explored agronomic differences between plantain varieties, as yield potential, nutrient and water needs or pest and disease sensitivity. Thus, there is a real lack of knowledge and data concerning agronomic potential to benchmark varieties for farmers  [4] , even more to choose the best suitable varieties for integrating into Please cite this article as: S. Dépigny, et al. , The 'Plantain-Optim' dataset: Agronomic traits of 405 plantains every 15 days from planting to harvest, Data in Brief (2018), https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. dib. 2018. 01. 065i innovative and sustainable plantain-based cropping systems. The 'Plantain-Optim' experiment aimed to produce scientific data to contribute to this basic knowledge.
The 'Plantain-Optim' experiment was designed to evaluate and compare yield potential that we assumed to consider as the primary criteria for defining agronomic potential. A board of plantain researchers from CARBAP contributed to identify a panel of commonly cropped and promising varieties in Cameroon, according to future challenges for plantain-based cropping systems. They selected nine varieties, including five natural commonly cropped plantains in Cameroon and four plantain-like hybrids (Table  1 ). Experimental design was a completely randomized bloc (Fig. 1 ). The single factor was the variety, with the nine selected varieties as modalities. Five 9-plant replicates led 45 studied plants These data were used to model each plantain variety growth and development in order to better understand factors that affected yield.
This analysis highlighted that photosynthetic efficiency of natural plantains was higher than for plantain-like hybrids  [4]. It was a first step in understanding agronomic differences among plantain varietal diversity. Another current analysis aims to describe variations of agronomic traits during crop cycle among these varieties. The dataset sharpness, as the sizes of 15,000 leaves, also permitted to deeply explore plantain leaf area dynamic and develop the OTO model  [5] : it is a useful tool for estimating banana leaf area with the only sizes of three leaves whatever variety, development stage and cropping conditions. In addition, according to plantain dataset scarcity, we think the 'Plantain-Optim' dataset could be a useful reference for others studies to compare growth and development of the studied varieties according to environment and cropping conditions.
Dataset description The 'Plantain-Optim' dataset languages are English and French. It is available through Dataverse Cirad (http://dataverse. cirad. fr) under the CC0 waiver. Data can be downloaded through six tabdelimited txt files. Data caption for each file can also be download in English and French language; six caption files are available for each language. Three files describe mother-plant growth, flowering and harvest, respectively 'optim_mp-growth. txt', 'optim_mp-flowering. txt' and 'optim_mp-harvest. txt'. Each file begins with a complete plant description in the first six columns: -Column 1: experimental number of the plant (Variable: Plant). It ranges among 405 three-digit values defined by the number of the elementary experimental plot concatenated with the number of the plant into this elementary experimental plot; -Column 2: number of the elementary experimental plot of the plant (Variable: Plot).
Fig. 3  shows as example all observed plant size at flowering per variety. Missing values are recorded 'NA'. The file 'optim_mp-harvest. txt' contains data that describe plants at harvest. It is a table with 406 rows and 27 columns. The first row contains headers. Four variables describe development periods: flowering-harvest period in days (Variable: FHP1), flowering-harvest period in degrees (Variable: FHP2), planting-harvest period in days (Variable: PHP1) and planting-harvest period in degrees (Variable: PHP2). One variable leads number of living leaves at harvest (Variable: NLLh). Sixteen variables describe each bunch: bunch weight in kg (Variable: BW), number of hands of the bunch (Variable: NHB), number of fingers of the bunch (Variable: NFB) and thirteen variables that lead the number of fingers per hand from the top to the bottom of the bunch (Variables: NFH1 to NFH13).
The file 'optim_sucker-growth. txt' describes sucker growth from its selection to mother-plant harvest. It is a table with 11,746 rows and 11 columns. The first row contains headers. It also begins with the first six columns that describe each plant. Every 15 days, each sucker is described by pseudostem height in cm (Variable: Hts), pseudostem girth at 50 cm above soil in cm (Variable: G50s), number of emitted leaves (Variable: NELs) and number of living leaves (Variable: NLLs). The variable 'DAP' (Days After Planting) represents time: from the first sucker selected in the experiment to the last harvested mother-plant, data are split between 29 observation dates. Missing values are recorded 'NA'. Two files contain leaf data of mother-plants. The file 'optim_mp-leaves-length. txt' contains length in cm of each leaf of each 405 plants of the 'Plantain-Optim' experiment.
Five replicates represented each studied variety, and thus led 45 plants per variety. Number of plants per elementary plot and number of replicates were chosen according to recommendation for experimentation with bananas  [6]. This size aimed to ensure a sufficient number of studied plants, including all growing accident. The experiment was conducted from June 2009 to December 2011. However, the 'Plantain-Optim' dataset only concerns data assessed from planting (July 2009, 29th) to harvest of the first crop cycle of each variety; the last mother-plants were harvested on February 2011. Thus, it mainly concerns mother-plant data. Plant materials were healthy and homogeneous plantlets that were produced by a pathogen-free in vivo vegetative method  [7]. Non-limiting cropping conditions were achieved by providing systematically mineral nutrition, irrigation, and control of weeds, pests and diseases.
Mineral nutrition was calculated from local recommendations for sweet banana monoculture and adapted to provide Please cite this article as: S. Dépigny, et al. , The 'Plantain-Optim' dataset: Agronomic traits of 405 plantains every 15 days from planting to harvest, Data in Brief (2018), https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. dib. 2018. 01. 065i quantities of nutrients in excess of known plantain needs  [8]. Fertilization followed suggested distribution  [9]  during crop cycle and was applied twice a month to limit nutrient leaching. Each plant received an average of 270 g nitrogen, 140 g phosphorus, 900 g potassium, 400 g calcium, 300 g magnesium and 100 g sulphur per year. Irrigation was applied every two days during the complete dry season. Weeds were eliminated by manual clearing and herbicide applications from the third month after planting.
Black Sigatoka disease (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) was controlled by manual pruning of diseased leaves and weekly fungicide application. Plant-parasitic nematodes (Radopholus similis in particular) were controlled by nematicide application every 3 months. Banana weevils (Cosmopolites sordidus) were controlled by high-density pheromone traps, which were weekly emptied, and insecticide applications. Accurate plant practices, as early sucker selection, 15-days desuckering or wiring, led to maintain a homogeneous plantain population. None significant pest and disease attack was registered during data collection. Leaf analysis results at flowering of a sample of leaves of studied varieties showed high values and confirmed nutrition stress absence.
Data assessment Each plant was identified by a 3-digits experiment number (Variable: Plant). The two first digits represent the number of its elementary experimental plot (Variable: Plot). The third digit represents the plant number in the elementary experimental plot from one to nine (Fig. 1 ). Each plant was also characterized by its varietal code (Variable: Var), varietal type (Variable: Type), plantain subgroup (Variable: Group) and position in the elementary experimental plot (Variable: Pos). A plant was compounded by the mother-plant (planted plant) and its selected sucker (second cycle plant from layering). The dataset 'Plantain-Optim' mainly concerns the mother-plant, but also integrates sucker information until the mother-plant harvest.