dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
| RE SULTS The eligible sample comprised 161 infants, 77 in the intervention group and 84 in the control group. There were 148 infants followed up at 9 months and 122 at 24 months. In the intention-to-treat sample, complete data on the primary outcome was obtained for 114 infants, amounting to 57 in each randomised group (Figure  1 ). the time of discharge. When considering the intention-to-treat sample at 24 months of age, an imbalance in baseline data between the randomisation groups was observed (Table  1 ). Male sex, IVH grade 1-2, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and low maternal educational level were more frequent in the control group, while maternal depression history was more common in the intervention group. As a consequence, the multivariate linear regression models were adjusted for the following covariates: the child's sex, neonatal morbidity including IVH, maternal educational level and depression history.
While it is almost impossible, although expected, to build a search strategy that identifies all the relevant scientific articles related to a certain scope, researchers thrive towards having the most comprehensive search results. In practice, this is performed through searching various scientific bibliographic databases (BDBs) such as Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of science, MEDLINE, etc. (the latter being the most popular among researchers in the biomedical sciences field) through a query built using a formal syntax specific to each search engine. While a plethora of scientific and educational resources exist regarding methods to correctly query bibliographic databases, the rate of errors in search strategies of reviews is surprisingly high, reaching 90% with at least half of the errors affecting recall  [3].
In a second step, the time frames covered by the eight reviews of interest were analyzed (Figure  1 ). We finally selected three reviews  [2, 9, 10]  for evaluation on a common data extraction period (2014-2017), excluding old reviews (more than 10-yearold). The optimized query filtered on the same period (2014-2017) yielded 578 articles. Two of the authors (CAK and AS) independently screened all titles, abstracts, and full texts when needed, to classify articles as relevant, non-relevant or may-be relevant (posters, commentaries, short papers were excluded). Consensus between the two researchers was used to resolve any discrepancies. In total, 145 relevant articles published between 2014 and 2017 were finally included to build the "reference list" (RL). The performance of each of the three reviews to support our search was assessed through the computation of precision defined as the proportion of retrieved articles relevant to the review query, and recall defined as the proportion of relevant articles successfully retrieved by the query.
Discussion Results show that the majority of articles included in reviews are indexed in Medline (15/17 in  [2] , 8/8 in  [9] , and 8/9 in  [10] ), which confirms Medline as the most efficient bibliographic database for retrieving original articles in the biomedical informatics field. The optimized query didn't retrieve articles yet included in the reviews, 1 in  [2] , 3 in  [9] , and 5 in  [10]. Taking into account that the article in  [2]  was also included in  [9] , the optimized query missed 8 articles. For all these 8 articles, the term nurse or its variation was absent in the title and in the abstract (e. g. , more general terms were utilized like healthcare workers). The article found in  [2]  and  [9]  should have been retrieved in the RL, and will be added to the final list of results.
Reviewers must be prepared to maintain rigorous screening standards in the face of large search retrievals. It is also important to know that Mehrabtu et al. [10]  limited the types of studies to include only methodologically sound studies (such as randomized controlled trials), which may explain why we only added 8 studies from the RL, as compared to Akbar et al. [2]  where we added 27 articles. Borum  [9]  has a very specific scope focused on the barriers to the use of CDSSs perceived by nurse practitioners in hospital settings. The high recall may explain why we didn't find a significant number of missing articles regarding this topic. Some limitations of our work are that we only assessed Medline database, we restrained the time frame to [2014;2017], we only considered three reviews, and we restricted the search to the literature on CDSSs for nursing practice.
Uncomplicated puncture was de ned as puncture (with venous return) performed in less than 120 seconds without arterial puncture. Data are expressed as median [1st and 3rd interquartile]. Success rates are compared using Chi-2, Fisher exact test as required. The number of needle re-directions and the procedure time are compared using bilateral Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Signi cance is set for p less than 0. 05.
Results Thirty operators (age: 30 [27-37] years, female 20%) being board certi ed physicians (40%) or residents (60%) agreed to participate in the study. Twenty-four of the participants belonged to the ICU team, while the six remaining were physicians working in the Emergency Department. Sixteen operators (53%) reported clinical pro ciency of more than 20 CVC insertions. All participants performed the nine scheduled catheter insertions for a total of 270 punctures. Utilizing NG-IP resulted in a high success rate at rst pass (jugular: 80%, subclavian: 95% and femoral 100%) and was signi cantly higher than success rate at rst pass observed with OOP-FH and IP-FH approaches whatever site (p<. 001) (Figure  1 ). Analyzing data according to CVC insertion experience revealed similar trends (Figure  1 ).
Accidental arterial puncture with the NG-IP approach was observed only once at the jugular and subclavian site and never at the femoral site. Using a different needle guiding system, Augoustides et al reported a rate of accidental arterial puncture at jugular site of 10%, similar to the rate observed with the landmark approach [16]. This could be due to the guiding device used in this study (based on OOP approach), which allows needle visibility only at the depth of the vein. The device we use in the present study places the needle in the ultrasound beam and visualizes the whole path of the needle. This design associated with the possibility to modify the angulation of the needle permits puncture whatever the depth of the vessel  [20]  without requiring supplemental accessories  [16, 20]. The study reported here presents anyway several limits, the most important being that we should con rm our data in the clinical setting.
[2]. The public health emergency caused by this new pandemic immediately led to the deployment of an unprecedented research effort. Concomitantly, there was significant pressure from the scientific community, society, and the media to obtain rapid, reliable results from the COVID-19 trials. The DisCoVeRy clinical trial (NCT04315948) is a phase III, openlabel, adaptive, controlled, multicenter, randomized, Inserm-sponsored trial in hospitalized adult patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19. In its first phase, the objectives of the trial were to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of different investigational re-purposed therapeutics. It evaluated four therapeutic strategies with re-purposed antiviral agents (remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir associated or not with interferon (IFN)β -1a and hydroxychloroquine) as compared to standard of care (SoC) alone, according to the design presented in Fig.
Major deviations were defined in the Monitoring Plan and collected on a centralized tracking table. The queries were programmed using SAS v9. 4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) by a data manager. The queries covered all the e-CRF data to detect missing data but also inconsistent or out-of-bounds data. A shipment was scheduled approximately every month. In addition to these queries, and before each Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) meeting, a methodologist sent an email to the sites summarizing the ordinal scales data missing at Baseline, Day 15, and Day 29.
Clinical sites identification Between March and August 2020, 97 French clinical sites contacted the sponsor to participate in the DisCoVeRy trial. Forty-eight of them completed the feasibility questionnaire. Thirty-five (36%) sites were finally selected to participate in the study at the initiation (see Table  1 ). Thereafter, 8 more sites solicitated the sponsor and were selected to participate. In Europe, the Sponsor received 46 solicitations from sites in 16 different countries outside France following the publication of the study on Clinicaltrials. gov and EudraCT. Feasibility questionnaires were sent to 35 sites and 12 (34%) were selected to participate in the study.
Published results Considering the importance of making the data public, the first publications were issued  [9, 10]  without having monitored all the critical data. Monitoring of consent forms, selection criteria, and primary endpoint had been prioritized to ensure the reliability of the results on these major elements. The results of the analyses were subsequently updated after monitoring was completed  [11, 12]. Table  2  shows the differences between the two publications concerning the progress of the monitoring at the time of the database lock. At the time of the first database lock (on October 10 2020), up to 50% of the prioritized data (selection criteria and primary endpoint) of the 603 patients included in the « 3 arms » population was monitored. At the time of the second database lock (on February 22 2021), up to 40% of the key data of all patients was monitored.
As of 2016, the FDA issued a Guidance for Institutional Review Boards, Investigators, and Sponsors  [19] , providing recommendations on the use of electronic systems and processes that may employ multiple electronic media to obtain informed consent. In a pandemic context, electronic processes may promote timely entry of any eConsent data into a study database and allow for timely collection of the subject's informed consent data from remote locations. Our monitoring plan has been continually adapted to the regulatory, technical and scientific constraints. In particular, the monitoring of noncritical data, planned at the initiation of the study, proved impossible to achieve given the context; therefore, all critical data were monitored for all patients included in the analyses. Several studies have assessed the value and effectiveness of alternative monitoring approaches such as targeted or risk-based monitoring  [20] [21] [22] [23]  and a recent Cochrane review  [24]  found no evidence for inferiority of a risk-based monitoring approach compared to extensive on-site monitoring in terms of critical and major monitoring findings.
Minimizing data to what is considered critical could reduce burden on the clinical team for completion, monitors for data monitoring, datamanagers for CRF and database development and quality control, and statisticians for analyses. Major clinical trials  [26, 27]  have taken up this option during the pandemic and considering restricting data collection in the post-COVID era could be of benefit to clinical research in the longterm. However, considering a new disease caused by a new pathogen, as we faced with COVID-19, it is crucial to benefit from various secondary objectives and rich datasets such as virological and immunological, to allow for a better understanding of the disease and potential treatments mechanisms  [28].
The LMM for the analysis of each variable included the level of frailty (non-frail (NF) vs. pre-frail (PF) vs. frail (F) participants), sex (female vs. male), incidence of falling (faller vs. nonfaller) and age (65-69 vs. 70-74 vs. 75-79 vs. >80 years old) as fixed factors. Also, a Fisher's LSD correction for multiple comparison was applied and a Tukey's HSD test was used for post-hoc analysis. LMMs were chosen as they can attain higher statistical power than ANOVA and can reduce type I-error because of the consideration of the sampling variability of both participants and experimental conditions (Boisgontier and Cheval, 2016;  Ma et al. , 2012). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (IBM Corp. (  2015 ) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (V23) Armonk, NY).
By contrast, activation of mTOR, known to downregulate insulin signaling  (20) , was reduced in TREM-1 KO. On another side, glucose transporter GLUT2 and AKT, GSK3, and ERK phosphorylation was increased in TREM-1 KO animals: these pathways have been shown to promote cell survival and growth through their action on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, glycogen, and protein synthesis  (21). These data show that Trem1 deletion prevents HFD-induced insulin resistance. As part of the deleterious consequences of obesity, heart dysfunction may occur. We thus evaluated cardiac function at the end of the 12 weeks of HFD. Echocardiography revealed a decrease in left ventricular fractional shortening in HFD WT but not in TREM-1 KO mice (Supplementary Figure  2 ).
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design, data source and study population We used data from the SPARCLE3 study, a multicentre European observational population-based study designed to investigate the impact of the environment on participation and QoL of young adults with CP, and to determine predictors of successful young adulthood in educational, professional, health and social fields. The study design has been described elsewhere. 27  Briefly, the eligible population consisted of young adults, aged 22-27 years at the time of data collection in 2018-2020, with a diagnosis of CP according to the definition of the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe network. 28  They lived in France, Germany, Sweden and Italy for those who previously participated in the SPARCLE cohort as children (aged 8-12 years in 2004-2005, SPARCLE1)  29  and/or adolescents (aged 13-17 years in 2009-2010, SPARCLE2),  30  and in Portugal for those who had not previously participated.
Procedures and data collected Trained research associates visited young adults with CP and conducted interviews under identical conditions in each region. Whenever possible, the questionnaires were self-completed, with the researcher's assistance when needed. When self-reports were not possible, even with help, proxy reports were obtained from an individual (parent, personal assistant or partner) significantly involved in the daily life of the person with CP. At the interview, young adults with CP were asked if they were employed, still in education or unemployed. Those who had a job stated whether they were paid, whether they were working full-time or part-time, if tasks were appropriate to their ability and whether they were satisfied with their work capacity. We collected information about their highest education level, thereafter categorised as secondary education completed or lower/tertiary education completed.
Statistical analysis Analysis was carried out separately for employment and higher education statuses. We performed unconditional BMJ Public Health logistic regressions (SAS V. 9. 4, SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA) to estimate ORs and 95% CI to assess the associations with personal, sociodemographic and environmental factors. We tested region, sex and age as potential confounders. Of these, we retained region for all models, and also age for models for higher education status. Each variable was analysed separately after adjustment for the potential confounders previously identified. In all models, ORs were estimated using Firth's penalised likelihood when the number of cases was ≤5. Regarding impairments and comorbidities, multivariate models were used to control for significant variables in separate analyses (p<0.
We can only compare the sample characteristics with those of previous studies. For individuals who have participated in the SPARCLE cohort since they were children and/or adolescents, previous analyses  43  showed a significant increase in dropout rate among young adults with at least one parent who did not complete secondary education. This differential attrition might overestimate the distribution of employment and higher education. The effect on observed distribution of intentional overrepresentation of the most severe phenotypes is difficult to quantify because we excluded from our sample young adults with an IQ <50 or equivalent. Overall, we collected data with validated measurement tools during standardised interviews and there were very few missing data. Despite the small sample size of the subgroup of individuals longitudinally followed and limited data on mainstream schooling during youth, we found a major and significant effect of mainstream schooling on employment status.
, 2008; Pijanowski et al. , 2011; Farina and Gage, 2017; S anchez-Giraldo et al. , 2020)  and transient events  (Lewicki, 2002). Habitat characteristics may add to the complexity of natural soundscapes by altering spectral and temporal cues conveyed by biophony and geophony due to geometric/ spherical spreading loss, atmospheric attenuation and turbulence, ground effects, and scattering caused by obstacles  (Forrest, 1994). A recent modelling study conducted by  Thoret et al. (2020)  suggested that relatively slow spectrotemporal cues may play a role in the auditory discrimination of natural soundscapes by humans. The authors used a database of audio recordings collected in the temperate terrestrial biome of the USA Sequoia National Park  (Krause et al. , 2011). The recordings were representative of four distinct habitats-a riparian forest, a meadow, a chaparral, and a grasslandduring four seasons and four periods of the day.
These recordings were used to train a support vector-machine (SVM) classifier using only amplitude-modulation (AM) information extracted at the output of a simulated human auditory model composed of a cochlear filterbank followed by a modulation filterbank  (Varnet et al. , 2017). In  Thoret et al. (2020) , classification scores were twice the chance level (60% correct) even though no hyper-parameter optimization was performed, indicating that gross spectro-temporal modulation cues could support soundscapes discrimination and, therefore, might be used by human observers when perceiving variations in soundscapes within and across the natural habitats of a given temperate, terrestrial biome. In this initial study, however, no human data were collected to corrobrate the modelling results and assess the above assumption.
The goal of the present study is to extend this initial work by collecting perceptual data and determine the extent to which gross spectro-temporal modulation cues can support soundscapes discrimination in human listeners. Two questions were addressed in the present study: (i) Are human listeners able to discriminate natural soundscapes based on differences in habitat, season, or period of the day? (ii) If so, what are the cues used to perform this task? To tackle these issues, we took advantage of the  Krause et al. (2011)  database already used by  Thoret et al. (2020). This unique database consists of 64 h of recordings that we subsequently divided into 2 s samples for psychophysical experiments and modelling. All psychophysical experiments were conducted with normal-hearing adults. In the first experiment, we evaluated the discrimination ability for one factor (i.
These thresholds were not measurable for a single listener only (S25). For the remaining participants, the averaged thresholds across ears at 12. 5 kHz ranged between 8 and 45 dB HL (mean ¼ 22 dB HL; SD ¼ 9 dB HL). Demographic data are shown in Table  I. This table also indicates in which specific experiment(s) each listener participated (experiments Ia,b,c; II, III, IVa,b). At the end of the study, listeners were sent a questionnaire aiming to assess lifelong experience with natural soundscapes. Twenty-nine amongst the 31 participants responded to the questionnaire (all subjects except S25 and S29). The participants were fully informed about the purpose of the study and provided written consent before their participation. All listeners were paid 10 Euros per hour to participate in the experiments.
C. Stimuli The stimuli were generated from the sound database collected by  Krause et al. (2011)  in the Sequoia National Park, an area located in the southern Sierra Nevada, east of Visalia, CA (USA) and designated as a Biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1976. Recordings were made in four habitats, at four seasons, and in four broadly defined periods of the day. Detailed information about habitats, recording conditions, and material is provided in  Krause et al. (2011). The four habitats were chosen as they represent unique combinations of elevation and vegetation diversity. The four habitats, illustrated in Fig. 1   [N36 29. 470 W118 51. 225 ], a foothill site dominated by an oak savannah. The four seasons corresponded to fall (October), winter (January), spring (May), and summer (July). The four periods of the day corresponded to the following times: T1 [0, 5, or 7 a.
All sounds were recorded at a 22 050 Hz sampling rate (one channel; 16 bits; wav format). Thirty-second samples at 5 min intervals were extracted from the original recording, resulting in a 6. 4 h database composed of 768 files that were 30 s-long (12 recordings that were 30 s-long for each of the 64 recording conditions). From this database, 90 acoustic 2 s samples were extracted for each combination of habitats, seasons, and periods of the day for a total of 5760 samples that were 2 s long (four habitats x four seasons and four periods of the day x 90 samples) (see the supplementary material for 16 examples of sound recordings). 1  The 90 samples (2 s long) were taken contiguously from the 30 s-long recordings without overlapping. Previous studies investigating urban soundscape perception used recordings much longer than the present ones [e.
g. , BF, CM, SH, SY) using a normalized exponential function (often referred to as SoftMax function). The CNNs were trained on a subset of the database consisting of 6360 samples. The remaining 360 samples were used for testing only. For each condition, classification (in percentage correct; chance level ¼ 25%) and/or discrimination (in percentage correct; chance level ¼ 33%) scores were computed based on those 360 samples. For discrimination scores, a differencing rule was implemented  (Frijters, 1979; Frijters et al. , 1980; Versfeld et al. , 1996)  to mimic the design used in the psychophysical experiments. For each interval in a trial, the CNN returned a probability distribution of four values. These values were used as coordinates in a four-dimensional space (i. e. , each dimension represented the probability to belong to one of the four classes).
Both long-term spectral cues and temporal-envelope cues were also used by the auditory model. Slow (<5 Hz) temporal-envelope cues played a greater role than fast ones. In contrast, human listeners seemed to use a veto rule when monitoring long-term spectral cues and temporal-envelope cues in natural soundscape discrimination, excluding (the presumably noisy) temporal-envelope cues when long-term spectral cues are available. Moreover, human listeners weighted more heavily mid-frequency cues than the model, suggesting that humans favor cues most likely associated with biophony and habitat acoustics. Still, internal noise, imperfect memory, and attention may also contribute to the sub-optimal behaviour of humans. Note that the finding of suboptimal use of temporal cues and greater importance of long-term spectral cues could be conditioned by the current database (a single temperate biome in California), the choice of stimulus parameters (e.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by  ANR-17-EURE-0017  and  ANR-20-CE28-0011. The authors wish to thank  Richard McWalter ,  Elie Grinfeder ,  Pavel Zahorik , and two reviewers for their valuable input on this work. This study was approved by the national ethical committee  CPP Ile de France III  ( Am8618-1-S. C. 3460 ; N EUDRACT:  2016-A01769-42 ).