dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Processing of FT-ICR-MS data Raw spectra were post-processed by Compass DataAnalysis 4. 2 (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) and peaks with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of at least 6 were exported to mass lists. All exported m/z features were aligned into a matrix containing averaged m/z values (peak alignment window width: ±1 ppm) and corresponding peak intensities of all analyzed samples. Molecular formulae were assigned to the exact m/z values by mass difference network analysis using an in-house developed software tool. In total, 5979 detected features could be assigned to distinct and unique molecular formulae. More than 90% of all assignments were found within an error range lower than 0. 2 ppm. All further calculations and filtering were done in Perseus 1. 5. 1. 6 (Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Germany) and R Statistical Language (version 3.
Excitation Emission Matrix Fluorescence Whisky fluorescence was acquired on a spectrofluorometer (Horiba Aqualog). Excitation ranged from 225 to 600 nm and emission was recorded from 230 to 600 nm (C. Coelho et al. , 2015). The spectrofluorometer used a conventional right-angle optical setup. Excitation Emission Matrices (EEM) were corrected daily for their Rayleigh and Raman scattering, as well as inner filtering effects by using the functions provided within the FluorEssence software of the Horiba Aqualog system. The fluorescence intensity was normalized to a Starna 1 ppm quinine sulfate reference cell, measured every day.
In order to improve the efficiency of such classification and the possible presence of overfitting and noise, we preprocessed the entire dataset applying the ReliefF algorithm  (Witten, Frank, Hall, & Pal, 2016). The algorithm identified a subset of variables that was used for the next classification models maximizing the model performance in term of accuracy. The features' selection was based on the highest rank value attributed to each variable by the algorithm. Consequently, with the reduced datasets we built several partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models. The goodness of the fit was evaluated by the coefficient of determination (R²X), the proportion of the variance of the response that is explained by the model (R²Y), the predictive ability (Q²Y) and validation was carried out using permutation tests.
Finally, the five whisky samples, which were not used for the model construction (maturation of 6, 10, 12, 12 and 16 years in barrel) were used to validate the model. The good predictions, achieved for these five whisky samples, confirmed the predictive ability of the maturation time model (Figure  4 C  and E ). After model validation, 256 discriminating and characteristic masses (VIP variables higher than 1), whose peak intensities increased with maturation, were extracted (Figure  4  F and H). As example, compounds from wine such as syringic acid and caftaric acid and from wood such as lyoniresinol, patuletin and digallic acid were found as increasing with maturation time (Figure  4  and supplementary Figure  2 ). In contrast, 213 masses with decreasing intensity led to 54 annotations from databases including stearyl acetate and syringaledehyde (Figure  4 ).
Scopoletin was also identified as wood marker increasing in intensity with maturation time. No significant differentiations were found for tyrosol between our two groups, surely due to a moderated retention of this compound to wood surfaces (Christian  Coelho et al. , 2019). Out of the 1182 molecular formulas found significantly increased for whiskies with at least 12 years of maturation, only 222 annotations were found in databases: 167 were found in our home-built plant database, 154 in Metlin, 130 in KEGG and 25 in HMDB (Supplementary Figure  7  and supplementary Table  4 ). Interestingly, 467 of the 1182 markers could be previously identified as wood specific markers (Roullier-Gall et al. , 2018) (Supplementary Figure  8 ). Moreover, 675 of the 1182 features could be detected in wine samples including 337 compounds already identified as wood markers (Supplemental Figure  8 ).
We draw on a survey of reforms in food safety inspection. 5 n this context, we met twenty-six public veterinarians working either in the national administration in Bern or in one of four cantonal administrations. Hierarchically, they are heads of departments, heads of units or laboratories or employees; we interviewed some retired public veterinarians due to their long career. We also interviewed nine chemical engineers, six food engineers, seven chemical laboratory technicians and six other specialists (doctors, biologists, lawyers working in the same administrative units). The interviewees' socio-professional characteristics and careers were analysed using the SPSS programme. 6 A textual analysis of the interview transcripts was carried out using Atlas. ti software. We also refer to the administrative documents (reports, action plans, brochures) produced by these professionals.
Although we did not interview practising veterinarians in this initial project, we supplemented our data with an analysis of the reports of the Swiss Veterinary Society (SVS) and additional interviews with professionals more directly involved in the implementation of StAR-three veterinarians who are members of the SVS, three agricultural engineers and a federal veterinarian in charge of the database on veterinary medicinal products. After presenting how the veterinary profession is organised in Switzerland, including in the administration, we show that this professional group did not initiate the management of antibiotic resistance, but at first simply reacted to the regulation of veterinary medicinal products that preceded the StAR (Part 1). In a second step, as part of the development of AMR policy, veterinarians at the top echelons of central government were given responsibility for unavoidable reforms.
Professional bureaucrats and professional organisations drawing closer together at national level How have the steps in the implementation of the StAR influenced the objectives of the AMR policy and plan, with the veterinary profession being held accountable for the reforms undertaken? How have cantonal state veterinarians carried out their delegated mandate to monitor or even reduce the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine? Has the implementation of concrete measures amplified the difficulties and dilemmas raised in the previous phases (see Parts 1 and 2)? We will examine two main tools of public action, a therapeutic guide for practitioners and a database detailing the distribution of antibiotics, and highlight the issues that they have raised for professional autonomy. From the point of view of the sociology of professions, this stage has led to unprecedented regulation, with the authorities now contributing to defining 'good clinical practice' (once the preserve of the professionals) and able to scrutinise prescriptions.
Conclusion: concerted changes to the profession and its regulation Policies developed to address the problem of AMR in veterinary medicine are structured by the ambivalent relationships of veterinarians working for the administration with their professional group of origin. Trained as veterinarians but having branched off into public administration in the course of their career, these professional bureaucrats adopt different positions towards monitoring antibiotic use, ranging from instituting binding public health measures to understanding the issues related to professional practice. Depending on their place in the administrative hierarchy, they tend to take on either a role of reformer-innovator involving mediation and pedagogy, or one of supervisor or spokesperson for practitioners. Although, based on the One Health principle, other administrative professionals (mainly doctors, chemical engineers or agronomists) can intervene in the implementation of the national action plan, it is ultimately the federal veterinary bureaucrats who define and implement the measures, in particular a much-discussed database on individual antibiotic use.
In the interests of the entire profession being treated consistently, all veterinary practitioners, including urban ones, will certainly be required to provide information on the antibiotics that they prescribe, even though urban practitioners are far less likely to be compensated for preventive services than rural ones. As the database for the systematic collection of data on the use of medicinal products is still under construction, we are not in a position to predict the exact uses to which state veterinarians will put those data, nor whether the systematic collection of data will lead to a real reduction in the quantities and types of antibiotics used. It will be interesting to see how the law banning the prophylactic use of antibiotics, adopted by the European Parliament in 2018, will be applied-some interviewees stating that the veterinary profession will always have the right to use antibiotics preventively if they deem it necessary, but that breeders will not be allowed to keep and administer them themselves.
Past landscape and climate at Kaldar Cave The small-mammal assemblages from Layers although we also found Apodemus sp. and Mus cf. musculus, which are related rather to a dense vegetation cover (including trees/bush). All the species identified at Kaldar Cave still occur in the area today. Layers 1-3 do not yield enough material to draw palaeoclimatic inferences (MNI < 30). For Layers 4 and 5, the bioclimatic model shows similar results (Table  6 ). It should be pointed out that some species are not included in the BM data matrix, such as Myomimus (present in Layer 4) and Microtus guentheri (Layer 5), because their values did not appear in the BM and could not be used in the analysis. The BM based on the small mammals from Kaldar Cave suggests lower temperatures and lower precipitation than at present in both Layers 4 and 5 (Table  6 ).
Acknowledgments:  I. Rey-Rodriguez  is the beneficiary of a PhD scholarship funded by the  Erasmus Mundus Program (IDQP). J. M. López-García  was supported by a  Ramón y Cajal contract  ( RYC-2016-19386 ) with financial sponsorship from the  Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. M. Fernández-García  is the beneficiary of a  PEJ grant  ( PEJ2018-005222-P ) funded by the  Spanish National Youth Guarantee System  and the  European Social Fund. This work was developed within the framework of the projects  2017SGR859 ,  2017SGR840  and  2017SGR1040  ( AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya ), and  2018PFRURVB291  ( Univ. Rovira i Virigli). We thank the head of the  Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (RICHT)  ( Dr. B. Omrani ) and the head of the  Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR) (Dr.
The two marine records, KSGC-31 (43°N -3°17. 9'E; 60 m water depth, Gulf of Lion margin at 20 km from the coast) and MD04-2801 (36°30. 99' N -0°30. 03' W, 2067 m water depth, 12km from the Algerian coast) were used to document regional changes in the basin between 5 and 3 kyr BP at a multi-decadal to centennial scale temporal resolution. Information derived from palynological (pollen, spores, dinocysts, microalgae and non-pollen palynomorphs) and marine proxy data (alkenone-derived SSTs, isotopes. ) are combined to evaluate environmental and hydrological changes and how this relate to human activities. Our findings highlight coherent climatic patterns and time-lags along a South-North transect in the Western Mediterranean during the establishment of droughts. They also reveal the first indications of human impact in the two areas.
OBJECTIVES AND DEFINITION OF A STRATEGY FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION While some basic aims had already been set at the time of the international experts' meeting organised in Paris on February 18, 2013, reports on the state of conservation of the affected heritage in Timbuktu had remained very general. They only contained partial information on the level of destruction and current condition, and were not very clear on the question of how people's self-confidence in their culture could be affected. Therefore, UNESCO 10  decided to organise several missions, first with a group of national experts (architects and heritage specialists) from May 28, and later involving international experts 11. This first international assessment mission took place on June 6 (Figure  2 ). This mission in the field was immediately followed by a national seminar organised on June 8 for all the experts who had been able to visit Timbuktu to share observations, data collected and points of view.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank all those who have contributed to this reconstruction project. These acknowledgements first go to the  Ministry of culture of Mali  for its constant trust as well as to UNESCO, specifically its successive Resident representatives in Bamako. They also go to all the donors (including the  EU  and the  Governments of France and Switzerland. )who have given assistance or provided the funds for undertaking the numerous missions in situ as well as to MINUSMA which ensured security conditions for undertaking our work in the field. We also wish to thank the people of Timbuktu who have participated very actively in the project. Special thanks go to the head and members of the masons' corporation of Timbuktu who had a paramount role in getting pertinent information while also implementing the reconstruction project in the field.
Aranha & Lopes, 2019 ;Aranha & Wigham, 2020)s pour s'autoévaluer et réfléchir sur les stratégies de communication qu'ils mettent en pratique pendant l'interaction et enfin ils sont utilisés pour élaborer le syllabus des cours d'IC. Les vidéos des interactions aident pour la définition du lexique qui servira pour préparer chaque session : ils permettent d'établir quels termes et expressions sont perçus comme les plus opaques et nécessitent donc une reformulation, un exercice préparatoire qui est réalisé en cours et à partir duquel les étudiants développent leurs propres stratégies d'interproduction(REFIC, 2019, p. 169). Les vidéos sont finalement archivées et constituent une base de données pour la recherche sur les processus de communication en IC médiés par les technologies. Nous pourrions, en effet, affirmer que IOTT représente un premier pas vers la création d'un corpus de communication plurilingue médiée par ordinateur et qu'il contribue à la réalisation d'un Databank of Oral Teletandem Interaction (DOTI ;Aranha & Leone 2016, 2017).
Large museums that have a department dedicated to ancient Near Eastern antiquities usually keep the fake cuneiform tablets they have acquired in their storerooms, while other museums that only possess a small collection of written artefacts present their fakes in showcases for educational purposes. If the fakes are real pieces of art, such as inscribed statues, they may also be displayed in museum exhibitions. Some fakes have been the subject of a specific exhibition insofar as these forgeries have become objects that have their share of history. 79 A few Assyriologists study them as historiographical testimonies,  80  and the main database of cuneiform texts -the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative 81 -has decided to include them. The fakes created during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century tell us another story, one of the rediscovery of the ancient Near East within the Orientalism movement.
(32) Kramer pulled the rickshaw, but it didn't budge. (Marcotte 2005: 185)  Marcotte reports two interesting facts about the use of these verbs by English parents and their interpretation by children. Firstly, his search in the CHILDES database (his Experiment 4) revealed that parents of children younger than 4 predominantly use these verbs in change rather than no change situations, which is likely to bias the child towards the causative interpretation. 24 Secondly, Marcotte observed that children make more inchoative errors with wash-verbsi. e. , misuse them in intransitive frames with a theme subject, as illustrated in (  33 )-(  34 )than they do so with transitive verbs which do not imply a result, such as love (see Experiment 5,  Marcotte 2005: 202-207). He takes this second observation to support the idea that children misrepresent these implied-result manner verbs as truly causative verbs.
Acknowledgment: We are grateful to our two anonymous reviewers as well as  Zsófia Gyarmathy  and  Florian Schäfer  for their valuable feedback on previous versions of this paper and to the audiences of the  Linguistischer Arbeitskreis (University of Cologne , December 2016) and the TELIC workshop ( University of Stuttgart, January 2017 ), in particular  Daniel Altshuler  and  Sergei Tatevosov. F. Martin  was supported by the project  B5  of the SFB 732 financed by the  DFG  and hosted by the  University of Stuttgart , and by  DFG  award  AL 554/8-1 (Leibniz-Preis 2014 ) to  Artemis Alexiadou. I. García del Real  was supported by the project  MINECO/ FEDER  ( FFI2015-68589-C2-1-P ). We also gratefully acknowledge support from the  Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO  (GraMALL, Grasping Meaning across Languages and Learners, PI A.
Acknowledgements: We are very grateful to two anonymous reviewers as well as the Editor-in-Chief of Linguistics and  Sergei Tatevosov  for their very constructive feedback on a previous version of this paper. This contribution partly builds on teaching material for a class on non-culminating events that  Fabienne Martin  cotaught with  Zsófia Gyarmathy  and  Károly Varasdi  in the fall of 2016 at the  Université Paris Diderot. F. Martin  would like to thank them for their valuable input on this teaching material and for a fruitful and dearly remembered collaboration over the years, as well as  Florian Schäfer  for extensive discussion on event structure and non-culmination. We also wish to thank  Hongyuan Sun  and  Jinhong Liu  for all the insights that investigating Mandarin together has uncovered, the anonymous reviewers for Linguistics, and the many reviewers who evaluated the contributions before they were submitted to Linguistics:  Luis Alonso-Ovalle ,  Rajesh Bhatt ,  Jiyoung Choi ,  Francesca Foppolo ,  Thomas Grano ,  Atle Grønn ,  Zsófia Gyarmathy ,  Henrison Hsieh ,  Nina Kazanina  and  Christopher Piñón.
Material and methods Faunal materials from layers 11. 4-11. 2 in the East Chamber of the cave were analyzed in the course of this study. In layer 11. 2, which was accumulated during the period of the fi rst half of MIS 3, artifacts of the Initial Upper Paleolithic have been found. Layers 11. 3 and 11. 4, formed during the time corresponding to MIS 4 and 5, yielded Middle Paleolithic finds. Bone fragments (over 10,000 spec. ) up to 1 cm long were studied visually, without technical aids, and also using a Nikon SMZ-1 stereoscopic microscope. Photo-recording of materials was performed using a Canon 1000D and 100D SLR cameras, with a Canon EF-S 60 mm macro lens. The bone fragments were divided into three groups by the types of traces on their surface: taphonomic, technical, and from use. Earlier described materials  (Semenov, 1957; Fisher, 1995; Villa, d'Errico, 2001; Maigrot, 2003; Pickering, Egeland, 2006; Baumann, Maury, 2013; Baumann, 2014)  and experimental data on manufacturing unshaped and formal bone tools were used as a comparative base.
Discussion Unshaped bone tools discovered in layers 11. 4-11. 2 in the East Chamber of Denisova Cave are small in number; however, these are evidence of a developed industry rather than randomly picked bone splinters remaining after butchering animal carcasses and used to retouch stone tools. According to the morphology of tools, they were used to work different materials, including sewing of clothes from leather; severing or cutting of plants; splitting, barking, or carving of wood. In order to determine functions of each tool, it is necessary to expand the database of experimental studies. The variety of blanks, morphology of working edges, and microwear traces suggests that this toolkit was a part of established manufacturing system. The fact that it was produced only with percussive techniques is not a satisfactory argument for refusing the term "industry", or this term should also be declined for the lithic assemblages until the introduction of stone polishing.
The excavation methodology applied at the site was common in the early 1960s. During the first excavation season in 1963 a big trench (10 m × 4 m) was dug out, while the excavation area was subdivided in 2-3 m wide trenches (in total 30), opened according to the progress of the excavation. The digging was carried out with hand tools, all the sediments were dry sieved  (Gábori-Csánk, 1968a: 15)  with 15-20 mm mesh size. Provenience data of the finds (lithics and bones) were recorded with the identification of the trench and the level.
Acknowledgements We are indebted to  László Makádi  in charge of the collections of the  Hungarian Mining and Geological Survey of Hungary , as well as to András Tóth who is responsible for the archaeological collection at the  Budapest History Museum Aquincum Museum , for giving access to the materials of the site, and for providing good working conditions during this long study period. Colleagues at the  Archives of the Budapest History Museum  are acknowledged too for helping to study the documentation. Two recent travels of  Éva J. Daschek  to Budapest received financial support from the  Natural History Museum, Paris  ( UMR 7194  NOMADE). Zsolt Mester thanks  Norbert Faragó  from the  Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest  for preparing the 3D model of the site presented on Fig.
The analysis of the neutron radiographs was carried out using the Fiji ImageJ software (Fiji is just ImageJ, Image Processing and Analysis in Java, open source), Version 1. 53a, National Institutes of Health and Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (University of Wisconsin), Madison, WI, US  [49]. Following the procedure described by Kim et al. [50] , the water content distribution was computed by dividing the obtained wet image ( ( , ) ) by the corresponding dry one ( ( , ) ); then, the 2D distribution of the water thickness ( (, )) could be calculated as follows: 𝜃 (𝑥, 𝑦) = - ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) , (3) where  ( , ) (, ) =  (, ) ( ) and  ( , ) (, ) =  (, ) , in which  (, ) indicates the intensity of the incoming neutron beam,  and  are the stone and water attenuation coefficients, and  and  are the thickness of the stone and the equivalent water thickness.
Petrographic and Physicochemical Analysis Pietra d'Aspra can be classified as a grainstone  [51]  or biosparite  [52]. The grain size distribution is quite heterogeneous (Figure  3a ) and it is composed of at least two secondary modes, one of them being coarse-grained sand. The principal components are calcareous bioclasts, including fragments of molluscan shells, bryozoans, echinoderms, corals, and foraminifera sized up to 1-1. 5 mm (Figure  3b ). The analysis of the neutron radiographs was carried out using the Fiji ImageJ software (Fiji is just ImageJ, Image Processing and Analysis in Java, open source), Version 1. 53a, National Institutes of Health and Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (University of Wisconsin), Madison, WI, US  [49]. Following the procedure described by Kim et al.
Micro Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (µ-FTIR-ATR) FTIR spectral data of cross-sections 41 and 42 were collected on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 FTIR spectrometer combined with a Spectrum Spotlight 400 FTIR microscope equipped with a 16x1 pixel linear mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) array detector. A Perkin Elmer ATR imaging accessory consisting of a germanium crystal was used for ATR imaging. The spectral resolution was 16 cm -1. The mapping area was 300 × 400 µm 2 in size, with a spatial resolution of 6. 25 µm/pixel.