dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
It is obvious that the users need to adjust their power to minimize the interference level and reach the maximum possible data rates at the equilibrium. However, using max rate approach, the two users U1 and U2 cannot achieve the required data rates since as all the users try to maximize their data rates regardless their required rates. The loss is heavier for U1 who needs 10 Mbps and obtain only 1. 75 Mbps. In the proposed approach, user U2 maintains the desired rate, while U2's data rate decreases slightly and is still above 7 Mbps even with 100 vehicular pairs. To evaluate the efficiency of power control allocation, we define the efficiency metric as min(required rate,achieved rate) power (measured in Mbps/W). Fig. 4  depicts how the number of communications influences the efficiency of the spectrum allocation of the compared approaches.
Baseline Characteristics from the Observational PARADIGHM Registry of Patients with Chronic Hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) under routine clinical care. The secondary objective is to characterize the clinical course of chronic HypoPT under conditions of routine clinical practice. At enrollment, registry inclusion criteria are patients having a HypoPT diagnosis >6 months and receiving conventional therapy (CT; eg, calcium supplements and active vitamin D), rhPTH(1-84) plus CT, or rhPTH(1-84). We present baseline characteristics of patients as of a June 30 2019 data cut. Baseline was defined as the value entered at the time of enrollment (Visit 1). Baseline symptom data exclude patients who initiated rhPTH(1-84) prior to enrollment (n=68) and are herein presented as two groups: those subsequently prescribed with rhPTH(1-84) after enrollment or those treated with CT.
All data are summarized descriptively. Patient data from 64 centers in Europe and North America were analyzed. In the analysis population (n=737), 587 patients (79. 6%) were female, 620 (84. 1%) were white, and the mean (SD) age was 49. 1 (16. 45) years. The mean (SD) BMI was 19. 3 (5. 73) kg/m 2 and 30. 0 (7. 72) kg/m 2 in patients aged <18 (n=25) and ≥18 (n=587) years, respectively. The primary cause of HypoPT was thyroid surgery (n=547 [74. 2%]; of these, 281 [60. 0%] underwent surgery for thyroid cancer). Endocrinologists were the prescribing specialists for most patients (n=660 [89. 6%]). Vitamin D and analogs were prescribed for 90. 1% of patients (calcitriol, 74. 2%, native vitamin D, 47. 4%, alfacalcidol, 7. 9%,), calcium for 81. 0% (calcium carbonate, 57. 9%, calcium citrate, 27. 1%), and thyroid hormones for 71.
2% (levothyroxine, 73. 4%; liothyronine, 5. 8%). Symptoms reported at enrollment for the rhPTH(1-84) (n=66) and the CT groups (n=603), respectively, included fatigue (53. 0%, 39. 3%), paresthesia (48. 5%, 29. 2%), muscle twitching (48. 5%, 21. 1%), muscle cramping (40. 9%, 33. 0%), headaches (33. 3%, 17. 6%), anxiety (28. 8%, 20. 1%), muscle pain (28. 8%, 19. 2%), tetany (28. 8%, 12. 1%), and brain fog (27. 3%, 16. 3%). The baseline data for the overall population appear to be representative of patients with chronic HypoPT. Baseline data suggest that at enrollment patients prescribed rhPTH(1-84) after enrollment appear to have an increased burden of disease than patients receiving CT based on symptoms. PARADIGHM will be a valuable resource of real-world longitudinal data for patients with chronic HypoPT.
Particles were sampled through two 30 cm diffusion dryers filled with molecular sieves to prevent frost formation at the SPIN inlet. Nevertheless, frost shedding can occasionally introduce artificial ice counts. To correct for this artefact, 5-min backgrounds were measured every 10 min of sampling by applying a filter upstream of the SPIN inlet (Supplementary Fig. 7 ). The average apparent INP concentrations for background periods before and after a sampling period were subtracted from the average INP signal measured during sampling. To ensure good signal quality, only data from when the average sampling period INP concentration is twice the average background INP concentration are reported. Particles were either sampled directly from the WAI or from an aerosol concentrator  66. The particle enrichment factor is size dependent, ranging from 1 (no concentration enhancement) to 25 for particle diameters between 50 nm and 1 µm, respectively  66.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the numerous researchers and staff of the  Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique  at the  Université Clermont Auvergne  and  Daisy Caban  for their support during sampling at the  Puy de Dôme Observatory. We also thank  James Charles Wilson  ( University of Denver ),  Luke Ziemba  ( NASA ), and  Chuck Brock  ( NOAA ) for their involvement with flight campaign data used to derive ambient INP number concentrations. We also thank  Avram Gold  ( University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) and  Zhenfa Zhang  ( University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) for providing authentic standards of 2-MTs, 2-MT OSs, 2-MG OS, and IEPOX. JDS, YZ, and TC thank the  U. S. National Science Foundation  grant number  1703535  for supporting the synthesis of these standards and for chemical analyses of the ambient PM2.
5 samples collected from  Puy de Dôme Observatory. YZ was supported by the  NSF   Postdoctoral Fellowship under AGS Grant  no. 1524731  and the  National Institutes of Health (NIH)  grant no. T32ES007018. JHK acknowledges support from the  U. S. National Science Foundation  (grant no. AGS-1638672 ). ARK acknowledges support from the  Dreyfus postdoctoral program. The Puy de Dome Research was supported by  ACTRIS-2  and the  European Commission  under the  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme ,  H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015 , grant agreement number  654109. P. D. and E. L. were partially support by  U. S. National Science Foundation  grant number  1660486.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the entire Walter and Manglik labs for facilitating the development and rapid execution of this large-scale collaborative effort. We thank  Sebastian Bernales  and  Tony De Fougerolles  for advice and helpful discussion, and  Jonathan Weissman  for input into the project and reagent and machine use. We thank  Jim Wells  for providing the ACE2 ECD-Fc construct, Jason McLellan for providing Spike, RBD, and ACE2 constructs, and  Florian Krammer  for providing an RBD construct. We thank  Jesse Bloom  for providing the ACE2 expressing HEK293T cells as well as the plasmids for pseudovirus work. We thank  George Meigs  and other  Beamline  staff at ALS, 8. 3. 1 for their help in data collection. We thank  Randy A. Albrecht  for oversight of the conventional BSL3 biocontainment facility at the  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
Funding This work was supported by the  UCSF COVID-19 Response Fund , a grant from  Allen & Company , and supporters of the  UCSF Program  for  Breakthrough Biomedical Research (PBBR) , which was established with support from the  Sandler Foundation. Further support was provided by the  National Institutes of Health (NIH)  grant  DP5OD023048  ( A. Manglik ). Cryo-EM equipment at  UCSF  is partially supported by  NIH  grants  S10OD020054  and  S10OD021741. Work by  M. Vignuzzi  was funded by the  Laboratoire d'Excellence  grant  ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID  and the  URGENCE COVID-19 Institut Pasteur fundraising campaign. The radiolytic hydroxyl radical footprinting is supported by  NIH   1R01GM126218. The Advanced Light Source is supported by the  Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, of the U.
S. DOE  under contract  DE-AC02-05CH11231. S. Sangwan was supported by a  Helen Hay Whitney postdoctoral fellowship. C. B. Billesbølle  acknowledges support from the  Alfred Benzon Foundation. K. Leon  was funded by  NIH/NINDS  award  F31NS113432  and a  UCSF Discovery Fellowship  from the  Otellini Family. C. Puchades and V. Belyy are Fellows of the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation. H. Kratochvil was supported by a  Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA Postdoctoral Fellowship  ( F32GM125217 ). This research was also partly funded by  CRIP (Center for Research for Influenza Pathogenesis) , a  NIAID  supported  Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance  (CEIRS, contract #  HHSN272201400008C ), by  DARPA  grant  HR0011-19-2-0020 , by an administrative supplement to NIAID grant  U19AI142733 , and by the generous support of the  JPB Foundation  and the  Open Philanthropy  to  A.
By exploring municipalities' stated arguments for resisting the French smart meter Linky, this article aims at answering the two following research questions: How do intermediary actors express resistance to smart meters? What is the relationship between intermediaries' expression of the arguments underlying their resistance, and the degree of resistance? To answer those questions, this study uses a quantitative design. We performed a cluster analysis based on the decision reports by municipalities which resisted the roll-out of smart meters in France from 2016 to 2018. Our findings reveal five different resistance profiles, which are associated with three degrees of resistance. We show that beyond traditional perceived risks related to the technology, arguments such as meter ownership and data sensitivity are likely to cause the strongest forms of intermediaries' resistance.
The data were collected from municipalities' reports detailing their decision to reject Linky smart meters. In France, municipalities' resistance to electricity smart meters is reflected in the decision made by 7933 municipalities to refuse installation of Linky meters. This decision is made by a municipal council vote. Reports of the relevant council meetings (including the nature of the decision, the number of votes, and the reasons given for the decision) are public and published online. We collected a total of 542 such reports published from April 2017 to May 2018. We discarded all reports with insufficient detail, leading to a final sample of 444 reports. This sample encompasses villages, towns and cities from all regions of France. Their sizes vary from 6 to 142,700 inhabitants, with a mean of 5,526.
Dataset creation From the reports in our sample we constructed a database, using a coding grid derived from prolific literature on innovation resistance, which we supplemented during the coding process with emerging insights from the municipalities' discourses. For example, when they expressed reasons which were not documented by previous research, we added a new coding variable. At the end we kept only variables with several occurrences. Operating in such an inductive way has two main benefits: we are able to test and compare resistance variables with previous research and we can potentially discover new drivers of resistance specific to the case or not. Examples of our coding scheme are available in the appendix. To limit potential bias, three researchers took part in the coding. A first coding sample of 50 reports and a coordination meeting helped to clarify, compare and homogenize the coding protocol.
Emergent perceived risks and a lower degree of resistance in the case of forced adoption Our research first revealed emergent risks perceived specific to the case studied. We specifically recorded a significant fear of the potential use of data generated by electricity users. This perceived risk is divided between piracy, terrorism but also potential commercial use by third parties. Our data also show that forcing the adoption is an argument which is often used against Enedis. Also, in line with rising ecological concerns, a new argument emerged questioning the need to replace a working device by a new one. This new argument is interesting as it questions the social role of innovation. Considering that the roll-out of smart meters results from a European Union decision, it produced different degrees of resistance at different levels.
, 2019)  but also customers to agree to give access to their data with a high degree of accuracy and frequency (on an hourly basis instead of a daily basis). The technical specifications of the Linky 6  enable such services to be properly offered to customers. But on the customer side, the French Data Protection Authority authorizes the meter to transmit a daily average of electrical consumption by default. Detailed data cannot be collected and transmitted without the express consent of the consumer. Customers could be ready to give their consent if they perceived benefits  (McKenna, Richardson & Thomson, 2012). To overcome such limitations, the period of voluntary installation could especially Finally, the French case offers lessons concerning the forced adoption of smart meters. Instead of making the installation of smart meters mandatory, a compromise solution could be to temporarily leave the decision up to consumers, as has been done in the UK  (Sovacool et al.
Rover Data The data from Curiosity were gathered during the first 2650 sols (06 August 2012-19 January 2020) of the MSL mission (a sol is a Martian day; duration 1. 027 Earth days). Visual observations of geological features used images acquired by Curiosity's color Mast Cameras  (Mastcam-34, Mastcam-100; Malin et al. , 2017) , color Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI;  Edgett et al. , 2012) , grayscale Remote Micro-Imager (RMI; a subsystem of the Chemistry Camera, ChemCam; Le  Mouélic et al. , 2015) , and grayscale navigation and hazard cameras  (Maki et al. , 2012). The rover, its remote-sensing mast  (Warner et al. , 2016) , and its robotic arm  (Robinson et al. , 2013)  were vital tools for positioning the instruments at each location (Fig. 2C ). Data for the geochemical analysis of a target named Funda, described in Supplement S3 [footnote 1], came from Curiosity's Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS;  Gellert et al.
Sandstone Pebbles in Conglomerate The Tumba-Funda boulder includes a gray pebble called Tumba (Fig. 7 ). It is composed of wellsorted (visual estimation), very fine sand-to fine sand-sized particles (Figs. 7A  and 7C ). The pebble also contains scattered, larger grains, nearly 1 mm across (Fig. 7A ). No bedding was observed. The sand grains are too small to be certain about their internal texture (e. g. , polymineralic or monomineralic). A vein cuts across Tumba (Figs. 7A  and 7C ) and does not extend into the matrix of the boulder. The boulder also displays a layered pebble (Fig. 7D ) for which there are insufficient data for detailed study. No compositional data (APXS or ChemCam LIBS) were acquired for either pebble. A ChemCam RMI image of a portion of the Balombo boulder (Fig. 9B ) shows that it contains a pebble that has a bumpy texture at the scale of coarse sand (500-1000 µm).
V. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS Preliminary tests were performed to measure the sensitivity of the capacitive sensor cell to an applied pressure. The displacement of the piezoactuator was gradually increased in small steps, and then the capacitance was captured at the refresh rate of the readout electronics. Each data point in Fig. 8  represents the average result from 5 acquisitions, whereas the shaded regions represent  two standard deviations from the average. In accordance with the behavior observed from the simulation results, a high sensitivity over a short operative range (around 1 fF/kPa between 0-30 kPa) resulted for the bare sensor. Moreover, as observed in the simulation, the presence of PDMS enlarge the operative range to the detriment of sensitivity: for the thinner PDMS we observed 0.
Udder Health and Pack Bacteria In the studies included in this section, SCC is expressed as the average SCC of all cows measured by the DHI service during monthly herd checks. The prevalence of mastitis infection is defined as the proportion of cows with SCC >200,000 cells/mL on the day the data were obtained. The main results regarding mastitis in CBP are summarized in Table  2 , and Table  3  provides an overview of pack bacterial analyses. Barberg et al. (2007b)  compared mastitis infection rates before and after housing of herds in CBP and found that 6 out of 9 dairies had decreased herd mastitis infection prevalence, with an average reduction of 12. 0%. Fulwider et al. (2007)  found that CBP resulted in lower SCC (176,700 cells/mL) than FS with rubberfilled mattresses (241,500 cells/mL), sand (235,200 cells/mL), and waterbeds (232,500 cells/mL), although the differences were not statistically significant.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge funding provided by  ERA-Net Cofund SusAn  (grant no. 696231 ) through the research project  FreeWalk. The authors also thank  Andreas Zentner  ( LFZ Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Austria ) for sharing information about the development of compost-bedded pack barns in Austria ( LFZ Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Irdning-Donnersbachtal, Austria ). The authors have not stated any conflicts of interest.
Europe's assessments of inland water bodies use multiple ecological indices  (Birk et al. , 2012)  but capture only a subset of the total biota and have no central data repository, impeding large-scale research  (Hering et al. , 2010). Such resources would greatly improve the capacity for sciencebased management of freshwater biodiversity, especially for e-flows and heavily exploited species (Figure  2 ; Actions 1 & 4;  Tickner et al. , 2020). Additionally, monitoring in freshwaters has been geographically and taxonomically biased  (Alahuhta et al. , 2018; Arle, Mohaupt, & Kirst, 2016; Jackson et al. , 2016)  and requires efforts to address existing blind spots. Globally standardized monitoring strategies would facilitate more efficient and effective monitoring, especially regarding population trends and distributions for the IUCN Red List.
Upscaling of conservation monitoring is an important priority for quantifying environmental change and is essential for species listings. Initiatives like the GEO BON's Essential Biodiversity Variables and the Freshwater BON could guide standardization  (Turak et al. , 2017). We also recommend financial and institutional support for monitoring freshwater biodiversity variables, as well as trans-national coordination and database integration (see SR10). Monitoring is often constrained by funding limitations, necessitating greater long-term financial support  (Haase et al. , 2018; McDowell, 2015). Some opportunities for cost-saving may arise from harmonization and data sharing with other policies, such as Europe's WFD with the Natura 2000 Directives. International efforts like GLEON  (Weathers et al.
SR10: Hydrological and biological freshwater data should be managed according to the FAIR principles to support data mobilization and access The availability and rapid mobilization of large datasets is essential to assessing the impacts of multiple stressors and management interventions on freshwater biodiversity  (Linke et al. , 2019). Although most freshwater monitoring initiatives are publicly funded, the data generated are often difficult to obtain, impeding efficient analysis of large-scale trends  (Schmidt-Kloiber et al. , 2019). Adherence to the FAIR data principles (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable;  Wilkinson et al. , 2016)  as well as the development of institutional Open Data policies (De Wever, Schmidt-Kloiber, Gessner, & Tockner, 2012) would greatly improve access to freshwater data.
Strategies advocating the collation of biodiversity data according to FAIR principles are already implemented within the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)-a suitable repository for freshwater biodiversity data. In Europe, data portals like WISE (Water Information System for Europe) or BISE (Biodiversity Information System for Europe) could be further expanded and the Freshwater Information Platform (FIP) could guide similar endeavors (see SR 9). Monitoring data on physical (hydrological) parameters, and access to those data, are also critical to freshwater biodiversity conservation, especially for advancing flow-ecology research  (Kennard, Pusey, Olden, & Marsh, 2010; Arthington, Kennen, Stein, & Webb, 2018). Given the vulnerability of publicly funded stream gage networks and the recent decline in hydrological monitoring  (Ruhi, Messager, & Olden, 2018) , funding for and increased prioritization of such efforts should be considered key actions for freshwater biodiversity.
The end-member estimates vary from ~65-70 km  (Chapman et al. , 2017)  to ~240 km  (Bourgeois et al. , 1997) , providing conflicting constraints on the amount of the westward advance of the Pamir salient at the cost of the Tajik-basin crust. This wealth of scenarios reflects the uncertainty on the subsurface geometry of the Tajik basin. Herein, we present new surface and subsurface constraints on the structure of the Tajik FTB, including a rich borehole database and regional 2-D seismic profiles. These define the basement depth and geometry, structural styles, and their variations throughout the Tajik FTB. A series of regional cross sections integrates the available data, depicts structural geometries, and quantifies the ~ENE-WSW shortening. Incorporation of regional seismicity data  (Kufner et al.
Stratigraphy and Structural Framework of the Tajik Basin and the Southwestern Tian Shan The Tajik basin hosts a bipartite sedimentary succession (Figure  3 ). The ?Triassic-Eocene part represents an epicontinental basin (e. g. ,  Burtman, 2000; Nikolaev, 2002). This series consists of mixed, clastic-carbonate lithologies with an important evaporite level-the Late Jurassic Gaurdak Formation (short Fm)-that forms the principal detachment of the Tajik FTB. The massive limestone horizon of the Bukhara Fm occurs near the top, forming a basin-wide correlation horizon and seismic marker. The thickness of the Cretaceous-Eocene post-salt section exposed throughout the Tajik basin is >2. 5 km. The depositional thickness of the Gaurdak Fm detachment horizon is not constrained, but seismic data support a >1-km maximum thickness.
Data and Methods Figure  2b  presents our database, that is, the borehole locations, seismic sections, field stations, detailed maps, and positions of cross sections. The surface data comprise Soviet-time, 1:200,000-scale geologic maps  (GRI, 1961 (GRI, -1984)) , our own field data from three campaigns, and Google Earth® imagery. The fieldwork showed that the maps are adequate for the structure and stratigraphy, except for the often selectively plotted bedding dips. Our field data comprise structural measurements and observations of geometric relationships from outcrop to panorama scale. The borehole database consists of 676 Soviet-time boreholes for which both coordinates and stratigraphy are known. In addition, a number of boreholes with known stratigraphic tops have no coordinates, but their positions can be approximated from their names and the accompanying geologic information.
First, we used a series of representative seismic lines to construct maps that show the base of the Gaurdak Fm evaporites ("base-salt") and top of the Bukhara Fm ("top-Bukhara") and to portray the subsurface structural styles. Local cross sections exploit surface data and link key deep boreholes to the surface geology. Then we constructed five 10. 1029/2019TC005871 Tectonics GĄGAŁA ET AL. regional cross sections. Their traces cross key structural units and tectonic boundaries of the Tajik FTB and the Gissar and pass close to key data. The base-salt time-grid was stretched to depth using the constant 4,000 m/s velocity and then intersected with the cross-section traces to obtain the base-salt geometry for each of the cross sections. Then we constructed the supra-salt structural geometries using components of the cross-section balancing strategy (e.