dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Correlation Analyses between Microbial Diversity and Volatile Profiles In order to define the relationship between microbial diversity and aroma production, a Spearman rank correlation test was performed between the culture-independent and volatile compound data; p values were adjusted using Benjamini-Hochberg correction and significance level was set at 0. 05  [39]. Results for species showing at least one significant correlation were visualized on a heat-map with hierarchical clustering using Ward's minimum variance linkage and the Euclidean distance method. Correlations with p > 0. 05 were considered null and set to r = 0. All analyses were performed with R software using the FactoMiner, Factoextra, Hmisc, Psych, and ggplots packages  [40, 41].
Beta-diversity among Smen bacterial communities was investigated using PCoA based on Bray-Curtis distances; variance analysis of these distances was then performed using a multivariate permutation Adonis test. At the OTU level, milk origin was the only factor which significantly shaped bacterial communities (p < 0. 05, R 2 = 0. 257). It should be noted that the effect of Smen preparation methods on bacterial community structuring could not be evaluated as only one sample prepared according to that method was included in our dataset. To further identify bacterial taxa which were over-or underrepresented in Smen produced from cow or goat milk, a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) coupled with effect size measurements (LEfSe) was performed at the genus, species, and OTU levels. Six genera, twelve species, and seventeen OTUs exhibited significantly different abundances depending on milk origin.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www. mdpi. com/article/10. 3390/microorganisms10040736/s1, Table  S1 : Alpha-diversity indices of bacterial communities from Smen samples collected in different households, Table  S2 : Alpha-diversity indices of fungal communities from Smen samples collected in different households, Table  S3 : Volatile compounds identified in different Smen samples using HS-GC-MS, Table  S4 : Alpha-diversity indices of bacterial communities from Smen samples throughout the different preparation stages of Smen, Table  S5 : Alpha-diversity indices of fungal communities from Smen samples throughout the different preparation stages of Smen, Table  S6 : Accession numbers of metabarcoding sequences (16S), Table  S7. Accession numbers of metabarcoding sequences (ITS), Figure  S1 : Examples of chromatograms obtained using headspace (HS) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of Smen samples collected in different households, Figure  S2 : Bacterial (A) and fungal (B) diversity in potent microbial reservoirs encountered during Smen manufacturing revealed using a metagenetic approach, Figure  S3 : Examples of chromatograms obtained using headspace (HS) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of Smen during maturation, Figure  S4.
This work, which was conducted in the framework of the ProMed Foods project 'Promotion of local Mediterranean fermented foods through a better knowledge and management of microbial resources', was funded through the ARIMNet2 2016 Call by the following funding agencies: ANR (France), MERS (Algeria), ELGO-DEMETER (Greece), MIPAF (Italy), INIA (Spain), and MHESR (Tunisia). ARIMNet2 (ERA-NET) has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration under grant agreement no. 618127. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: The authors wish to address their special gratitude to the  Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research  for the attribution of a scholarship within the  Algerian-French cooperation program PROFAS B+. We are also grateful to the  INRAE MIGALE bioinformatics facility (MIGALE, INRAE, 2020. Migale bioinformatics Facility , doi:  10. 15454/1. 5572390655343293E12 )for providing computing and storage resources. Finally, we are grateful to the participating households for providing the samples and to the milkman for welcoming us to his dairy and for participating in the elaboration of the butter sample.
Funding: This work, which was conducted in the framework of the ProMed Foods project 'Promotion of local Mediterranean fermented foods through a better knowledge and management of microbial resources', was funded through the ARIMNet2 2016 Call by the following funding agencies: ANR (France), MERS (Algeria), ELGO-DEMETER (Greece), MIPAF (Italy), INIA (Spain), and MHESR (Tunisia). ARIMNet2 (ERA-NET) has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration under grant agreement no. 618127. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Our patient extends substantially the clinical profile of known pathogenic NDUFV1 variants including a detailed description of the biochemical, radiological, tissue histopathology, and postmortem autopsy. According to the HGMD database (HGM Professional 2021. 4, total), there are 47 NDUFV1 variants reported until now, 33 of which are missense or nonsense, five splicing, seven small deletions, one small insertion/duplication, and at least one large deletion. No clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been observed. 1  non-exhaustive review of the literature on PubMed revealed at least 43 reported patients with NDUFV1 variants description (Supplementary Table ). The median age of onset was 9 months (range 0-18 years), nine of them have already died at an average age of 14 months (range 4-36 month), and the remaining patients have a current median age of 45.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the  Next Generation Sequencing Platform of the University of Bern, Switzerland , for performing the high-throughput sequencing on the captured DNA. The authors would also like to thank  Professor Marjo  van der  Knaap, Amsterdam, Netherland , for guiding, fruitful discussion, and the search of a DARS2 mutation which could therefore be excluded. The authors would like to thank  Prof. Andrea Superti-Furga  for his thorough review of the manuscript and comments.
Study Design and Subjects This community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Mbarocounda and Malem Thialen, two villages located in the Kaffrine region (central groundnut basin of Senegal), selected as intervention and control villages, respectively. Data were collected between July and August 2019 among 130 MCPs. The sample size was calculated using the mean dietary diversity score of peer-age children in a neighboring rural area of the Kaffrine region  [3]. Overall, MCPs were selected from the children's monthly weighing registers from the health post in Mbarocounda and with the support of community health workers (CHWs) in Malem Thialen. Local and health authorities were informed, and written consent forms were signed by the head of the households, mothers, and/or caregivers of children.
Anthropometry Anthropometric parameters were measured according to standardized procedures. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0. 1 kg using electronic scales (SECA 877, GmbH & Co, Hamburg, Germany). The mothers were weighed with a light loincloth, and the children were measured without clothes. The height of the mothers and length of children were measured to the nearest 0. 1 cm with a Seca board (SECA 216, GmbH et Co, Hamburg, Germany). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and mothers were classified according to their nutritional status as normal weight, underweight, and overweight/obese  [25, 26]. For children, weight-for-length (WLZ) and length-for-age (LAZ) were calculated using WHO Anthro software  [27] , and malnutrition (wasting: WLZ < -2 z-scores and stunting: LAZ < -2 z-scores) was defined according to WHO child growth standards references  [27].
Data collection Patients' characteristics were prospectively collected: age, sex, previous chronic illness, severity of illness evaluated by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA score) at inclusion  [26] , source of sepsis, mode of mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor dose. Biological parameters, global hemodynamic parameters [mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR)] and cardiac output measured using echocardiography were recorded at 2 time points. In addition, several tissue perfusion parameters were collected at baseline and 1 h after vitamin C supplementation: arterial lactate level, index and knee capillary refill time and mottling score, skin temperature and central-skin temperature gradient.
Statistics Continuous variables were presented as median and 25th-75th interquartile ranges (IQRs). Discrete variables were presented as percentages. Comparisons before and after vitamin C injection were made with a paired non-parametric test. Statistical analysis and graphical representations were performed using Graph-Pad Prism 8. 4. 1 software (Graph Pad Software Inc. , La Jolla, CA). A two-sided p value of less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.
, 2013) , and their stability was verified using GeNorm software (https: / / genorm. cmgg. be/ ). The mRNA abundance was quantified in duplicate via quantitative real-time PCR using the StepOnePlus real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) and SYBR Green dye (TF Power SYBRGreen PCRMasterMix) or a fluorescent TaqMan probe (TF TaqManFast Universal PCR Master Mix), according to the manufacturer's instructions (Applied Biosystems) and with specific primers and probes (Supplemental Table  S1 ; https: / / data. mendeley. com/ datasets/ s8r4pzkr69/ 1;  Eknaes and Bernard, 2022). Specific primers and probes were designed on a consensus cDNA fragment among species. Briefly, for SYBR Green technology, after an initial denaturing step (95°C for 15 min), the PCR mixture was subjected to the following 2-step cycle repeated 40 times: denaturing for 15 s at 94°C and annealing and extension for 45 s at 58 or 60°C (depending on the primer pairs).
Statistical Analysis Analysis of variance was performed using the MIXED procedure  (Littell et al. , 1998 ) of SAS (2003; SAS Institute Inc. ). All measurements were repeated 4 times for each animal, and appeared correlated. Consequently, these correlations were taken into account in the statistical model. Covariance structure of the repeated measurements was chosen by comparing potential structures using Akaike's and Schwarz's Bayesian information criterion  (Wolfinger, 1996) , and a spatial power covariance structure proved useful for all data. The value at 60 DIM was used as a covariate. Gene expression data on 3 goats, 1 for each experimental treatment, gave extremely low values probably related to the technique. These goats were excluded, resulting in a balanced data set with 9 goats per treatment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was financed by the  Norwegian Research Council (Oslo, Norway)  and  TINE BA (Ås, Norway). The authors acknowledge  Christine Leroux  ( INRAE, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France ) for valuable discussions during preparation of this paper. The authors also thank the staff at the  Animal Production Experimental Centre  for animal care and assistance with sampling procedures,  Hilde Kristine Lyby Waerp [BIOVIT, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway ] for sampling of mammary biopsies,  Kari Eikanger  ( BIOVIT, NMBU, Ås, Norway ) for technical assistance during mammary biopsy sampling,  Irene Comi  ( KBM, NMBU, Ås, Norway ) for technical assistance during milk sampling,  Kari Olsen  ( KBM, NMBU, Ås, Norway ) for assistance in milk fatty acid analysis, and  Cyril Labonne  ( INRAE, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France ) for assistance in LPL analysis.
Acknowledgments We thank  Joyce Akpata  for her support in coordinating follow-up communications with stakeholders. The authors' responsibilities were as follows-VMF, MNNM, FTW, and LMN: designed the research; VMF: conducted the research, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, and had primary responsibility for the final content; and VMF, MNNM, FTW, CNN, MO, and LMN: interpreted the data, critically reviewed the manuscript, and read and approved the final manuscript.
Statistical Analysis Data in this study were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of at least three independent replicates. The significant differences were determined at p < 0. 05 using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple range test. The nonlinear regression was used to calculate dose-response inhibition of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP scavenging activities. A Pearson's correlation analysis was performed on phenolic content, individual phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities. Minitab Statistical Software for Windows (Minitab Statistical Software 20. 3, Coventry, UK) was used to analyze the data.
Images of 512 × 512 pixels were taken with a resolution of 1. 24 µm/pixel. A Matlab® program was implemented to obtain binary images from the CLSM images which were digitized by applying a grey level threshold following a k-mean algorithm  [31]. Each finite particle in the image was labelled. From the labelled images, the following features were determined: area fraction of protein phase (AFP,%), median particle width (D 50 , µm), total area (A, mm 2 ) and total perimeter (P, mm) of protein aggregates. The starch-protein interface index (I i , dimensionless) was then computed as follows  [27] : I i = ( P / P Ref ) / ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ A / A Ref √ (1) where P Ref and A Ref are respectively the protein aggregates' total perimeter and total area of a reference sample L_SP1/1. This composite has been chosen as a reference because it has the largest value of protein aggregates total area, likely because it was extruded at lowest SME (Table  2 ), which largely balanced its lower protein content than L_SP1/ 2, as explained in more detail in results section.
Three-point bending trials The global mechanical properties of specimen strips (t h × 100 × 10 mm 3 ) were determined by a three-point bending test mounted on a dynamometer (Adamel Lhomargy, France) following the ASTM D790 norm. Although, the bending test is a heterogenous test where both compression and tension stresses develop, the engineering stiffness derived from this test can be compared to the inherent stiffness of the composite assuming that Young's modulus is the same when measured under compression or tension. The thickness (t h ) of specimens was measured at three locations with a Vernier calliper. The support span (L) was 40 mm and the crosshead speed was 100 mm/min. The tests were performed until the specimen fractured. Engineering stress σ (Pa)strain ε (%) curve was derived from the force-crosshead displacement data as follows: σ = 3FL 2ht 2 h (3) ε = 6dt h L 2 (4) where F is the force (N), h is the specimen width (0.
Die aus dem Metabolismus oder der Derivatisierung hervorgehenden Moleküle können im Vergleich zu ihren Ausgangssubstanzen zusätzliche oder andere Geruchseindrücke hervorrufen. Dies wurde von Ijichi et al. (2019)  [65]  am Beispiel des 2-Furfurylthiols gezeigt. Somit beeinflusst der Tabelle 1: Beispiele des Aromastoffmetabolismus durch menschlichen Speichel. [55] Die Geruchsstoffattribute wurden den folgenden Datenbanken entnommen: Leibniz-LSB@TUM odorant database  [84]  und einer internen, unveröffentlichten Datenbank des Lehrstuhls für Aroma-und Geruchsforschung der FAU. orale Metabolismus die retronasale Geruchswahrnehmung. [55, 65, 75, 76, 81]  Dab i ist auch zu beachten, dass verschiedene Substanzen, wie 6-Gingerol oder Zitronensäure, in der Lage sind, die Aktivität von Enzymen bzw. deren Bildung zu erhöhen.
Danksagung Diese Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und der französischen Nationalen Forschungsagentur unterstützt. (DFG, Grants BU 1351/20-1, BU 1351/20-2, BU 1351/23-1 und ANR, Grant ANR-18-CE92-0018-01). Open Access Veröffentlichung ermöglicht und organisiert durch Projekt DEAL.
0 kV and 30 V, respectively. The desolvation gas (N 2 ) was set at 800 L/h and 500 • C, and the cone gas was set at 50 L/h and the source at 120 • C. Data was acquired through the centroid mode using a multiplexed MS/MS acquisition with alternating low and high-energy acquisition (MS E ), from m/z 50 to 1000, operating in negative ion mode ESI (-). MS/MS experiments were performed with a collision energy ramp (30-55 eV) and ultrapure argon (Ar) as collision gas. All acquisitions were performed using leucine encephalin (Leu-Enk) for calibration and MassLynx 4. 1 (Waters) software for the data.
UPLC-MS E data processing The putative identifications followed the levels of identification according to  Sumner et al. (2007). The software Progenesis QI (Waters) was used under the following conditions to analyze the data set: all runs, automatic limits, centroid data, and resolution of 30000, and negative ion mode. For the identification, neutral mass isotope distribution, retention time, and MS/MS fragments from standards were used by applying MetaScope based on the comparison with polyphenols database from PubChem, Kegg and the online database Phenol Explorer as per  Santos et al. (2019). The non-targeted identifications followed these parameters, in descending order of importance: comparison between the experimental and theoretical m/z; isotopic similarity (>80); exact mass error (<10 ppm); score >30; highest fragmentation score; and all parameters generated by the software used.
Statistical analysis All analyses were performed in technical triplicate, and the results are reported as mean values ± standard deviation (SD). The XLSTAT software (Addinsoft, France) was used to perform the statistical analysis among samples (Tukey's test, p < 0. 05, and one-way ANOVA) and the heatmaps. The omics data was exported to the EZInfo software (Waters, USA) for multivariate analysis to Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and S-plot. The graphic representation of the results was created using the GraphPad Prism (5. 0) software.
Comparison of different Brazilian genotypes This work tentatively identified a total of 43 PC including isomers. Some compounds were fully confirmed by reference standards, such as: caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric and sinapic acid, present in both extracts (free and bound). Overall, five classes of PC were found in this study: flavonoids (32%), phenolic acids (30%), other polyphenols (26%), stilbenes (7%) and lignans (5%). Table  2  presents the complete table with all information about the putative compounds, including the experimental exact mass [M-H -], the retention time, the isotopic similarity, the mass error of precursors, the fragmentation score and the fragments ions (MS/MS) generated. The MS/MS data that resulted from the specific fragmentation of precursor ions from the breaking of structural bonds in the collision cell is an important parameter for confirmation the identified PC in a nontargeted approach  (Ncube et al.
Conclusion This research is the first study to correlate the phenolic profile with the technological quality of wheat flours. This study showed a characterization of PC and provides the most recent database of the phytochemical composition of common Brazilian wheat flours from different genotypes and technological qualities. The phenolic profile present in refined wheat flour is of significant nutritional importance for human health, considering the large consumption of this flour in the form of bread, cakes, pasta and cookies and the persistence of PC during the baking process. A metabolomics-based characterization could help build a database of wheat flour composition in secondary metabolites, useful for functional bakery products formulation/innovation or even for an improved understanding of the interactions between PC and cereal storage proteins.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to  Prof. Dr. Luiz Carlos Gutkoski ,  OR Melhoramento de Sementes Ltda  and  Biotrigo Genética  for providing and collecting samples; to  Fabiana Ramos  for her support in the Folin-Ciocalteu analysis; to  Dr. Michael Murgu ,  Robinson Giraldes  and  Gustavo Almeida  from the  Waters Corporation (Brazil)  for their support of the MS data processing and helpful technical assistance. This work was financed by the  Foundation for the Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)  ( 26/010. 100988/2018 ; 26/202/ 709-2018 ), the  National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)  ( 427116/2018-0 ;  310343/2019-4 ), the  Coordination for Improvement of Personnel with Higher Education (CAPES)  (financial code  001 ) and supported by the  Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO).
A literature search was conducted in three databases, to identify studies published between 1998 and 2022. Abstracts and relevant full texts were screened for eligibility, and data were extracted, according to the JBI methodology (Johanna Briggs Institute). Results: A total of 70 studies were included. Most studies (n = 47; 67%) were conducted to assess gastric emptying and gastric volume/contents. The studies assessed gastric volume, the impact of different feed types (breast milk, fortifiers, and thickeners) and feed administration modes on gastric emptying, and gastric volume/content prior to sedation or anesthesia or during surgery. Other studies described the use of gastric POCUS in foreign body ingestion (n = 6), nasogastric tube placement (n = 5), hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (n = 8), and gastric insufflation during mechanical ventilatory support (n = 4).
Search Strategy First, an initial limited search of MEDLINE (PubMed) was undertaken to identify studies on the topic. The text contained in the titles and abstracts and the MeSH terms used to index the articles were used by an academic librarian to develop a full search strategy for MEDLINE (PubMed; Supplementary Material 1). Search equations were further adapted for other databases and/or information source (Embase and Web of Science). Search equations were run in the three aforementioned databases. Filters were applied to search for studies published in English and French between 1998 and 2022. The reference lists of all included sources of evidence were also screened for additional studies.
Study/Source of Evidence Selection After duplicate removal, titles and abstracts were screened by two (or three in case of disagreement) independent reviewers (members of the expert group), following the inclusion criteria, on free online software (Rayyan QCRI)  (14). Full texts of relevant studies/sources were retrieved and reviewed by one independent reviewer. They were excluded if they did not fulfill the inclusion criteria. The results were presented in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for scoping review (PRISMA-ScR) flow diagram  (15).
It provides useful information to strengthen clinicians' knowledge about gastric POCUS. Most studies reported gastric POCUS performed by physicians (ED, intensivists, pediatricians, surgeons, anesthesiologists), but its use could be extended to other healthcare professionals like specialist nurses and advanced nurse practitioners who spend more time at the bedside (especially in the PICU and NICU), and manage NGT placement, and also potentially assess stomach volume and reduce fasting times for common planned procedures. Indeed, nurse-led urinary output algorithms have already been published using POCUS bladder scanning  (95). We did not find any study published in the PICU setting. However, two studies using gastric POCUS in the PICU are currently registered on www. clinicaltrial. gov: the GastriPed study (NCT04119089) aims to compare gastric residual measurements performed by NGT aspiration and gastric POCUS; the GastrExtub study (NCT05181904) aims to monitor gastric content/volume with gastric POCUS in the peri-operative setting.