dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Note that at this point, we have sampled an abstract mass of commute trips, which are not yet assigned to specific synthetic persons. The second step is to find specific commute destinations for each of the sampled trips. For a combination of municipalities (,  ′ ) we sample  , ′ random destination candidates with replacement among all destinations available in the destination municipality. For work commutes, we make use of the census data and perform a weighted sampling based on the number of employees of each enterprise facility. For education, we use the Service and Facility database to find all education facilities in the target municipalities. We can then define the sampled set of candidates as  (, ′ ) = {  (, ′ ),1 , … ,  (, ′ ), , ′ }. Finally, destinations can be assigned to the synthetic population.
Fig. 5  shows that a sampling rate of 5% leads to substantial variance among different realizations of the population on a more local level. Increasing the sampling rate would help to increase the confidence in the presented marginals. by using data from the HTS. From the HTS, we know the departments of the home and work activities of a person. It is then possible to count for each home department  how many (weighted) persons there are that perform a work activity and denote the value as  k,hasActivity. Furthermore, it is known for each person whether they are employed, leading to a count of  k,isEmployed for each department. Finally, a correction factor 𝑓 𝑘 = 𝑁 k,hasActivity ∕𝑁 k,isEmployed (8) can be obtained, which quantifies the share of employed persons that perform their commute trip on an average weekday.
For instance,  Diallo et al. (2021)  present a use case for Lille, and Le  Bescond et al. (2021)  use an adaptation for the city of Nantes to perform traffic noise analyses. In each of these cases, the described pipeline has additionally been augmented by regional household travel surveys. These are relatively standardized data sets in France which can be integrated into the pipeline without large efforts as they have a very similar structure compared to the National Household Travel Survey which is used here. In fact, a regional travel survey is available for Île-de-France, which can improve the output quality of the synthetic travel demand at the cost of openness and accessibility as the data set can only be obtained on request from the responsible authorities. On the contrary, other HTS data sets such as the ones for Nantes and Lille are available as open data.
If this is intended, a detailed analysis of the correlation structure as in Fig. 11  can help to identify which correlations need to be added to the process by introducing new processing steps, models and algorithms. In fact, it would be possible, with the given data sets, to not sample income spatially and use it as an input for the matching step, but to attach the income variable directly from the HTS data, which would then be correlated to sociodemographical characteristics of the persons or households. For the current version of the pipeline, the presented correlation structure is used as not all potential use cases in France provide household income in their respective local travel surveys. The road pricing example also shows that it is important to talk about the level of aggregation of all the data sets involved.
This second version of the application made its debut in late September 2020. Instead of being collected in a central database as was adopted in the first version, the second version uses Bluetoothbased proximity tracing and has a decentralized model whereby matches through this proximity tracing are kept on users' phones. Considering that two different versions were rolled out in a period of five months, the use of contact tracing application in the UK -like the rest of the world -must be regarded as experimental. But one of its features resonates with the reconfigured logic of voluntariness that attaches benefits and advantages to the use of the application (e. g. , checking in venues, a narrative of less invasive and more accurate determination of risk of contagion). Since the introduction of the second application in mid-2020, the hospitality sector, such as restaurants and pubs, and other places where people may congregate, such as places of worship, have been required to record the contact details of their customers to support the NHS Test and Trace program.
The effect of fining people (disproportionately Black individuals) also entails the entry of their data in local and national databases, which can then be checked by many state (and in some cases non-state) authorities. The stigmatization goes far beyond the local fine itself and reaches into the mechanisms of transnational surveillance of people, putting at risk the full political economy of freedom of movement and democratic exchange of opinions. Nevertheless, it is difficult to judge in practice what forms of governmentality of unease are embedded in the COVID-19 measures on movement of persons, and what is the part of a governmental coercion into it. What is at stake seems less directly sovereignty than controlling flows, less directly an exercise of political will than a form of governmentality linked with the conditions of travel in an area like Schengen.
The European Commission pleaded with the Schengen states to keep their borders open for a range of persons on the grounds of the states' own needs for key workers -e. g. healthcare professionals -the needs of individuals to travel to their own states, and so on (European Commission COM 2020, p 115). The Schengen external borders were frequently the place of quite extreme interior ministry controls, at least in discourse if not in practice. As the Commission noted there was a dramatic slowdown in air-traffic; according to the Commission, by 31 March 2020 the overall reduction was 86. 1% compared to a year earlier (European Commission COM 2020: p148), With ferry, coach and rail transport following suit. But many states were very slow in requiring passengers who continued to travel to provide increased personal information, no doubt relying on existing passenger name record requirements and increased interoperability capacities with other state databases  (Fahey 2013; Bigo et al.
Acknowledgements The work of M. Polanská was supported by the  Czech Academy of Sciences  (PPLZ programme) and partially realised during PhD research (Panthéon-Sorbonne University; UMR 7041-ARSCAN). The research of B. Hromadová has been conducted thanks to the financial support of  VEGA , grant  02/181/14. We would like to express our gratitude to our colleagues from the  Institute of Archaeology, SAS, Slovakia and Institute of Archaeology, Brno, CAS, Czech Republic  for help with collections and other management questions. For constructive comments and attention to this paper we would like to thank  Natasha Reynolds  ( UMR 5199 -PACEA ),  Laurent Klaric  ( CNRS ,  UMR 7055 -PreTech ) and  Klára Matulová  ( Institute of Archaeology, Brno, CAS ).
Search Strategy To identify potentially relevant articles, this study adapted search methods used by Borrie et al. [31]  to identify literature that would appropriately address the research questions. Using the OneSearch platform, which includes a wide range of more than 450 electronic academic databases. The search strategy employed a selection of geographic toponyms, or place names, present in the study area to identify published scientific research that was associated with the places within or around the area of interest. Toponyms are the names of places within a certain geographical region and represent the ways in which local inhabitants interpret their living environment at the time of naming  [32]. Place names represent an important source of information for geographic analysis, since when inserted in a place, they contain information about a specific physical and social context  [33].
The initial list was subjected to a series of pilot searches within the database to establish a comprehensive, yet manageable number of relevant results. This process of consolidation employed member checking and consensus building among the members of the research team, who possessed expert knowledge of the science and geography of the region. Additional to the generic name Patagonia, the final list of relevant names of places contained three regional toponyms (Aysén OR Aisén, Chubut, Pacific); and 24 local toponyms (Carrenleufú, Carretera Austral, Chaitén, Corcovado, Futaleufú, Guaitecas, La Junta, Lago Verde, Languiñeo, Melimoyu, Melinka, Moraleda, Palena, Pitipalena, Puerto Cisnes, Puyuhuapi, Queulat, Raúl Marín Balmaceda, Río Cisnes, Río Pico, Rosselot, Tapera, Tehuelches, and Vintter).
Study Selection Study selection began with the identification of 965 publications in the OneSearch search engine according to the reported toponym text string. After 101 duplicate articles were removed, full-text screening took place for the 864 articles, with an emphasis on the methods section, as most articles include a subsection describing their area of study. A total of 579 articles were excluded during this phase, as they did not meet the required conditions of including "patagoni" AND another of the 27 toponyms, OR they were not a peer-reviewed article, OR they were not published during the specified timeframe, between 1990 and 2020. After this step, the database was reviewed by 17 local scientists working at regional universities and research centers, with the invitation to add relevant peer-reviewed resources that met the search criteria, with respect to toponyms and years of publication.
Discussion The results of this study help to inform the initial stage of the ST product development process (see Figure  1 ) through the identification of scientific heritage resources that can be brought into the ST product development process within a specific geographical area. Typically, the geo-bibliographic information is made available to project facilitators, collaborating scientists, and local community actors in a database format, and graphic representations are provided through distribution maps, similar to those within the results section above (Figures  5 6 7 8 ). These tools provide the project team with basic knowledge about where and how science has taken place in their territory that helps them identify and evaluate potential resources and opportunities for ST projects. The following sections discuss how the tendencies related to research density, research topics, and geo-localization, have supported the potential for ST development within the Palena River watershed, and specific opportunities that have been identified through the research results.
The actor network included scientists who lived or worked in the area and were interested in TS collaboration, entrepreneurs in tourism and related sectors, and organizations that managed tourism resources and scientific information. Actors applied and debated the results of phase one to determine four primary areas of initial focus for the Palena River watershed TS Project: Geology, Life Sciences, Social Geography, and History-Archaeology. They based their decisions on their determination that relevant scientific resources existed, and scientific processes could be implemented, permitting an exhibition, through ST activities, that would improve the knowledge base and resilience of related natural and cultural heritage  [12]. Participants in this process found the database and maps of existing scientific resources to be relevant tools that helped them to establish strategies to enhance local heritage and implement ST initiatives.
Limitations The OneSearch tool does not search all databases to which a university might subscribe. For example, it does not include non-web-based databases, ones that are available on CD-ROM, or those that require access from dedicated workstations. In addition, some university databases are not included in OneSearch due to publisher restrictions, such as WestLaw and HeinOnline. Nevertheless, the OneSearch tool includes a wide range of more than 450 electronic academic databases, and the authors felt comfortable that the resulting articles covered a breadth of scientific topics and toponyms within the area of study and met the study objective of maintaining a manageable scope. The current study's focus on peer-reviewed articles and a few books that were suggested by local experts, helped to identify matches between project stakeholders and scientific research taking place for six of the eight TS pilot initiatives that emerged.
Post-communist transition, social mobility, and health In this study we use data from Russia, the most populous country in Eastern Europe and Eurasia. Russia has experienced major political, economic, and social changes since the end of the 1980's. The transition from communism to a market economy had important effects on Russia's socio-economic structure: the transition deteriorated labor market conditions, welfare state provisions, and general economic wellbeing, leading many to experience worse living conditions than their parents did  (Gugushvili, 2017a; Jackson & Evans, 2017). Although the country's economy recovered since the 2000's, the well-known scarring effects of major crises are likely to have long-term negative socio-economic consequences  (Giuliano & Spilimbergo, 2013). In addition to social and economic implications, the transition had major consequences for population health in Russia.
Hence, the sample includes only those aged 43 years and over. In addition to information on respondents' mobility perceptions and their socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics, the survey collected data on respondents' parental characteristics, including their occupational and educational attainment. Overall, our analytical sample consists of 2,511 individuals. Women are overrepresented in the dataset (68. 2 % of the sample), which corresponds to the major differences in life expectancy at birth between men (66 years) and women (77 years) in Russia  (World Bank, 2017). We therefore account for gender in all analyses, along with respondents' age and retirement status.
Key control variables: Social origin and destination If respondents' fathers did not exit the labor market for good before 1980, respondents were asked to report their fathers' occupation during the 1980's, 1990's, and 2000's. We used answers for the 1980's to measure fathers' occupation for two main reasons. First, this period comes closest to respondents' years of youth, and second, data for this period contained the highest share of valid occupational codings. Occupations were classified in one-digit International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO) codes (ILO, 2010), which allowed us to generate crude hierarchical occupational groups. In the first group we combined managerial and professional occupations such as legislators and senior officials. The second category combined all elementary jobs which are widely considered to be the most inferior occupations.
We classified all other occupations in the middle category, which serves as the reference group in our models. We used only paternal rather than maternal occupation information from data because the subjective occupational mobility variable described above explicitly asked respondents to compare their jobs with those of their fathers, and due to the earlier retirement age of women in Russia, occupational data are available for more fathers than mothers. For respondents, we utilized occupational information derived from questions similar to the ones used for the fathers, yet for individuals who were already retired during the 2000's, we used information about their occupational belonging from the 1990's or 1980's. To account for a dose-response relationship between life course socio-economic position and health we also created a variable on individuals' intra-generational occupational trajectories: (a) individuals who always held professional occupations (or those who entered the labor market only after To account for the well-known effects of education on health  (Cutler & Lleras-Muney, 2006; Galama, Lleras-Muney, & van Kippersluis, 2018) , in full models we account for the highest level of education respondents and their parents attained.
This exercise demonstrated that health and social mobility items load on different factors, which suggests that the issue of CMV is not a major methodological concern in our study  (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003). In addition, models in which we accounted for parental health did not differ in their substantive conclusions than models without this control. Future research should aim to replicate our finding of links between subjective social mobility and health using non-self-reported health measures such as biomarkers to further rule out a confounding through common method variance. Furthermore, the cross-sectional nature of the health and social mobility measures available in the dataset and the absence of (quasi-) experiments that convincingly manipulate subjective mobility does not allow us to rule out the possibility of reverse causation between our dependent and independent variables as predicted by health selection theory  (Elstad & Krokstad, 2003).
Acknowledgements Alexi Gugushvili  was supported by a grant ( UMO-2018/31/D/HS6/ 01877 ) from the  National Science Centre of Poland  under the  SONATA 14 program. Patrick Präg  was supported by a grant (No. 681546 ) from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.
It is suggested in the present study that such a situation represents what could only be described as a situation of partial renovation in the grammaticalisation of past tense, which, diachronically, is said to emerge out of perfective aspect, and, simultaneously, a case of gradual convergence of Singlish towards the (standard) lexifier, English. The first section will provide some general background on the contact dialect frequently referred to as 'Singlish', and the language contact situation in Singapore. The second section presents some earlier studies on already and the past tense in Singapore English, and proposes a system of classification based on the grammatical category of iamitives; section 3 describes the grammaticalisation of past tense from iamitives in various creoles and in Singapore English.
The use of what were known (almost pejoratively) as Chinese 'dialects' was actively discouraged from around 1979, with the launching of the Speak Mandarin Campaign following the rise of progressive economic development in China (see  Newman 1988) , and has been shown to be successfully implemented, with the use of the southern Chinese languages now being reduced considerably. However, the influence of the many substrate languages has continued to be observed in Singlish, and still continues to be an important factor in its usage today.
However, unlike many diglossic situations, the H and L in Singapore are both constantly linked in an inescapable contact situation and the contact situation is thus relatively complex: although the substrate languages may not have had so much of a direct influence on the English spoken in the region today, the effect of having four official languages (Mandarin Chinese, English, Malay and Tamil) does have influence, as well as the contact between the standard sub-variety and the form known as CSE or Singlish. As a result, it is often quite difficult to determine where borrowings come from (e. g. , the frequently discussed discourse particle lah has been said to have come from either Malay or Hokkien, according to Lim 2007), and code-switching between Singlish and the standard, as well as between Mandarin and Singlish, is becoming increasingly reader2021-02-17T19:37:00REAcommon (personal observation).
The interaction was outlined in the following manner: (4) a. SYSTEM TRANSFER (SYSTRANS) Substratum transfer involves an entire grammatical subsystem. b. LEXIFIER FILTER (LEXFILTER) Morphosyntactic exponence of the transferred system conforms to the (surface) structural requirements of the lexical-source language. 9 The mediation of the Lexifier Filter required that the transfer from the substrate should comply with the morphosyntactic constraints of the lexifier, so that, for example, already could not appear verb-finally in Singlish, even though it was possible in Chinese  (Bao 2015: 218 ): (5) I wash my hand already (Mandarin Chinese: wǒ xǐ-le shǒu *I wash already my hand Only if the verb was the final element in the clause could already appear verb finally; i. e. when it was clause-final at the same time.
3 Universal strategies in the case of already are reflected in traditional typological surveys, and as can be seen below, the use of grammatical morphemes derived from lexical sources meaning 'already' or 'finish' is widespread in the Southeast Asian region. Regardless of which substrate language is the model, then, the substrate functional needs in either Chinese languages or Malay have proven to be instrumental in triggering the grammaticalization process: Szeto, Matthews & Yip (  2019 ) also demonstrate the significance of substrate factors, and find the presence of already in the bilingual Cantonese-English acquisition stages of young children, even though it disappears later and is never found amongst adult speakers. The application of a grammaticalization approach lends a new perspective to the descriptive accounts of already in Singlish, and raises the question of how it is accommodated into other grammaticalization accounts of perfect or perfective markers universally.
The role of grammaticalization was also taken into account in Ziegeler & Lee (2019) a study comparing the extent of constraints observed from the source meanings of already in Singlish and Colloquial Malaysian English (CME), constraints which could be inhibiting the generalization of already in referring to accidental events. It was found that although the Chinese and Malay substrate languages could readily use their completive aspect markers (le/liao in Chinese, and sudah/dah in Malay) with expressions describing accidental events, this usage was frequently rejected in Singlish and CME, particularly amongst older speakers. Thus, it was hypothesized that it was lexical retention or persistence from English, rather than the substrate, that was imposing these constraints on its use, since English already is also infelicitous when co-occurring with expressions of accidental events.
Other studies, which settled for a substrate-based explanation instead, included  Li and Siemund (2020) , a diachronic study using a large corpus of data compiled from the Singapore National Archives Oral History Interviews (detailed below). Their study also found that numerous other post-colonial Englishes used already as an aspect marker, thus attesting to its universality. Li and Siemund referred to calquing from Mandarin Chinese le to explain its presence in both contemporary Singlish and the Singlish spoken in the early post-colonial period, and mentioned in addition the process of imposition  (Winford 2003)  in which the speaker's most dominant language in a contact situation is most instrumental in transferring functions to the less dominant language. The explanation of imposition was also used by  Teo (2019) , using narrative data obtained from interviewing 20 Singaporean participants (12 Chinese and 8 Malays) to discuss the same process as the reason for the higher frequency of inchoatives or noncompletive functions of already amongst Singaporean Chinese than amongst Singaporean Malays.