dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Results and discussion The results of the study show that total GWP, AP, and POCP for 1 kg of average manganese alloy was 6. 0 kg CO 2 e, 45 g SO 2 e, and 3 g C 2 H 4 e, respectively. Electricity demand and coal and coke consumption during smelting are the dominant operating parameters contributing to environmental performance. On-site air emission measures (GWP, POCP, NO X , and particulate matter (PM)) contributed 25 to 35 % of total life cycle emissions. Overburden and waste rock were the most significant primary solid waste flows by mass. The study provides a resource for improvement at the global industry and site scales by establishing benchmarks, identifying hotspots, and quantifying the benefits of efficiency savings through process optimization. Conclusions This LCA provides accurate primary data to improve steel and stainless steel product LCAs and communicate the environmental performance of the industry in quantitative terms.
1 and 15. 8 million metric tons, respectively (USGS 2012). Previous life cycle assessment (LCA) studies available in life cycle inventory (LCI) datasets  (Ecoinvent 2007; GaBi 2010)  focus on the production of ferromanganese alloys by specific regions and producers. Despite the size of the industry and the critical role of manganese in downstream steel products, broader, global manganese alloy production has not been studied extensively using LCA. The International Manganese Institute (IMnI) commissioned Hatch to conduct an LCA of global manganese alloy production to expand the knowledgebase of LCA, provide a more holistic view of the environmental impacts of manganese alloy production, and help drive environmental performance improvements within the industry. The study assembled primary data from 16 manganese ore and alloy producers across five continents into an independently peer-reviewed report compliant with  ISO 14040 (2006a)  and  ISO 14044 (2006b)  standards and available publicly at manganese.
Life cycle modeling A customized modeling approach was devised to accommodate the multiple objectives and target audiences of the LCA by simultaneously developing LCA models at process, site, and global scales. Each participating mine and smelter was modeled independently and later assembled with equal weighting to form the Waste generated by primary, on-site manganese processes only complete global system. Each site model was composed of common process modules to allow for the comparison of individual processes across multiple sites for site benchmarking and data validation purposes. Individual site models were compared to industry averages in confidential site-specific reports to help drive optimization within each participating facility. Primary site data was collected by site visit and data questionnaire and formed the flows into, out of, and within the primary manganese supply chain.
Secondary upstream and downstream processes were linked to the primary material flows using Ecoinvent and GaBi LCI datasets and modeled using GaBi Life Cycle Engineering software. Region-specific LCI data was used to reflect differing electricity grid mixes in each participating country. The life cycle models for each site were added to form the global models representing each manganese alloy system. Each alloy system was then summed to form the global average manganese alloy system, resulting in a 2:2:1 ratio between HC FeMn, SiMn, and Ref. FeMn, respectively. This ratio is reflective of the representation of participating facilities, and in comparison to global industry production, is over-weighted, under-weighted, and balanced for HC FeMn, SiMn, and Ref. FeMn, respectively.
Acknowledgments The global manganese alloy LCA project was conducted by  Hatch  with oversight and funding provided by the  International Manganese Institute. The authors recognize the voluntary, in-kind contributions and provision of primary industry data by the manganese producers participating in the study, including  Assmang Ltd ;  BHP Billiton Ltd; CITIC Dameng Mining Industries Ltd; Comilog SA; Consolidated Minerals Ltd; Eramet Comilog Manganese; Eramet Marietta Inc. ; Glencore plc;  Guangxi Xin Manganese Group Co. , Ltd;  Jiaocheng Yiwang Ferroalloy Co. , Ltd; MOIL, Ltd; OM Manganese Ltd; Sarda Energy & Minerals Ltd; and  Tata Steel Ltd Ferro Alloys & Minerals Division. The LCA conforms to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. The critical, independent third party review was conducted by  Dr.
Background: Pulmonary perfusion is not spatially homogeneously distributed, and its variations could be of diagnostic value in lung vascular disease. PulmoBind is a ligand of the adrenomedullin receptor densely expressed in endothelial cells of lung capillaries. The aim of this study was to evaluate spatial distribution of human lung perfusion by using this novel molecular tracer of the pulmonary vascular endothelium. Methods: Normal humans (n = 19) enrolled into the PulmoBind phase I trial were studied (Clinicaltrials. gov. NCT01539889). They were injected with 99m Tc-PulmoBind for SPECT imaging. Results were compared with 99m Tc-PulmoBind in quadruped mammals (dogs, n = 5). Imaging was performed in the supine position and distribution of activity was determined as a function of cumulative voxels along the different anatomical planes.
Methods We studied subjects enrolled into the PulmoBind phase I safety study (study number: PB-01) conducted at the Montreal Heart Institute and registered at Clinicaltrials. gov (NCT01539889)  [13]. Twenty healthy non-smoking volunteers (18 men, 2 women) with a mean age of 34 ± 15 years (mean ± SD) and weight of 75 ± 14 kg (mean ± SD) were included into study PB-01. In one male subject, SPECT imaging was not analysable due to improper injection of the tracer so that 19 subjects were included in the present study. They had normal biochemistry and haematology, echocardiogram, chest X-rays and respiratory function tests. The study was approved by the institutional ethic and scientific review boards and was done in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and International Conference on Harmonization/Good Clinical Practice guidelines.
Image analysis Tomographic datasets were reconstructed using 3D ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) iterative reconstruction algorithm with 3D Gaussian filtering for noise reduction. Semi-automatic 3D regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn using ITK-snap 2. 2. 0 and analysed using in-house software designed with MATLAB 2013a ((Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA). To quantify the spatial distribution of pulmonary perfusion, voxels within the ROI for each slice following the dorsoventral, caudocranial and mediolateral axes were extracted to measure the number of voxels and total activity profile along each of those planes. The right and left lungs were included into one ROI for each axis. For the mediolateral axis, the right lung was flipped and translated to align geometrically with the left lung and included into one ROI.
Statistics analysis Values are means and standard error of the mean (SEM) unless indicated otherwise. Differences from the PulmoBind-human group were evaluated by twotailed t tests. The pulmonary activity-time curve of 99m Tc-PulmoBind was integrated from appearance to peak. Peak activity and the integrated activity were corrected for body surface area. Both corrected and uncorrected parameters were correlated with age, height, weight, plasma creatinine and respiratory function test parameters using a Pearson correlation matrix. Analysis was performed using SAS 9. 3 and GraphPad Prism 6 software.
Furthermore, evaluation of the distribution of pulmonary perfusion could be of value in the evaluation of lung disorders, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension. A recent study evaluating the distribution of MAA demonstrated that its distribution was modified in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension  [25]. A phase II study of PulmoBind in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension will be evaluating this concept (Clinicaltrials. gov NCT02216279). A study of the spatial distribution of the metabolically active pulmonary circulation at rest and with increasing pulmonary blood flow, such as exercise, could provide a unique insight into the capacity of the lung to recruit vascular surface area. Conversely, variations in the spatial distribution of pulmonary perfusion in conditions associated with a loss of recruitable pulmonary perfusion, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, could provide a unique method to diagnose and evaluate lung vascular dysfunction.
The flavour asymmetry between unmixed and mixed events is A(t) = N unmix (t) -N mix (t) N unmix (t) + N mix (t) = cos(∆m d t). (2) A description of the LHCb detector and the datasets used in this measurement is given in Sec. 2. Section 3 presents the selection criteria, the flavour tagging algorithms, and the method chosen to reconstruct the B 0 decay time. The fitting strategy and results are described in Sec. 4. A summary of the systematic uncertainties is given in Sec. 5, and conclusions are reported in Sec. 6.
Different types of charged hadrons are distinguished using information from two ring-imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors. Photons, electrons and hadrons are identified by a calorimeter system consisting of scintillating-pad and preshower detectors, an electromagnetic calorimeter and a hadronic calorimeter. Muons are identified by a system composed of alternating layers of iron and multiwire proportional chambers. The online event selection is performed by a trigger  [16] , which consists of a hardware stage, based on information from the calorimeter and muon systems, followed by a software stage, which applies a full event reconstruction. Candidate events are first required to pass the hardware trigger, which selects muons with a transverse momentum p T > 1. 48 GeV/c in the 7 TeV data or p T > 1.
Finally, the oscillation frequency ∆m d is determined by a fit to the decay time distribution of unmixed and mixed candidates, weighted for the signal sWeights determined in the previous step. An extended binned maximum likelihood fit to the data distributions is performed for each stage, simultaneously for the four tagging categories defined above. Data samples collected in 2011 and 2012 are treated separately. Figure  1  shows the results of the fits to the D -candidate mass distributions for B 0 → D -µ + ν µ X candidates. In these fits, the distributions of D -from B 0 and B + decays are summed as they are described by the same probability density function (PDF): the sum of two Gaussian functions and a Crystal Ball function  [28]. The yields corresponding to the D -peak are (5. 30 ± 0. 02) × 10 5 and (1.
3. Hypothetical data illustrating interannual (a) and intraannual (b) changes in vector/reservoir abundance and parasite prevalence. In general, sampling according to the designs proposed herein is intended to quantify changes in sampled vector, reservoir, and parasite populations at these two temporal scales. v www. esajournals. org SPECIAL FEATURE: NEON DESIGN SPRINGER ET AL. (Altizer et al. 2013). Resulting phenological shifts could have important consequences for the maintenance, abundance, and spread of parasites  (Altizer et al. 2006 , Fisman 2007). To maximize the frequency, consistency, and temporal extent of time series data, our sampling designs include two general prescriptions for instances in which financial or logistical constraints necessitate reductions in field sampling effort (i.
The number of plots per vegetation type will be roughly proportional to the percent cover of each type. NEON will use data collected at these plots during the first few years of sampling to statistically evaluate whether the specified number of plots is sufficient to characterize parameters of interest with desired confidence at each site. If analyses of these results indicate that more data v www. esajournals. org SPECIAL FEATURE: NEON DESIGN SPRINGER ET AL. and/or samples are required to achieve this confidence, NEON will add additional sampling plots as needed.
2001 , Eisen et al. 2004 ). Deer are final hosts for ticks of many species, and researchers often remove ticks v www. esajournals. org SPECIAL FEATURE: NEON DESIGN SPRINGER ET AL. from deer killed by sportsmen (i. e. , at hunter check stations) or from road kill  (Luckhart et al. 1992 , Kollars et al. 2000). This is not a methodological option for NEON as large mammals are not being sampled within the Observatory. In contrast, NEON will conduct regular sampling of small mammals (rodents), including species that are important hosts for ticks and play significant roles as reservoirs of many tick-borne parasites  (Donahue et al. 1987 , Ostfeld et al. 1996). Because of a need to limit small mammal handling time in the face of other prioritized data and sample collection requirements, NEON is not currently planning to remove ticks from captured small mammals.
Data reporting The following data generated by (or relevant to) tick sampling or associated parasite testing will be made available through an online data portal maintained by NEON, Inc. (http://www. neoninc. org/data-resources/get-data) or the organization managing the NEON project. Data will become available as they are collected, processed (including quality control), and posted to the data portal. At the spatiotemporal scales of the sampling plot/ sampling event and the site/sampling event.
Sampling methods The NEON will sample mosquitoes using CDC miniature CO 2 light traps  (Sudia and Chamberlain 1962) , which are one of the most commonly used types of mosquito trap and arguably collect the greatest diversity of mosquitoes across a broad range of environmental conditions  (Service 1993). Traps of this type are regularly deployed as part of arboviral surveillance by public health and vector control organizations. As such, use of this trap type will facilitate the integration of NEON mosquito data with similar data collected by other groups. CDC miniature CO 2 light traps primarily attract mosquitoes through the release of carbon dioxide (e. g. , from sublimating dry ice or compressed gas cylinders), a component of vertebrate exhalation that female mosquitoes use to locate hosts.
g. ,  Lühken et al. 2014 ), the proprietary nature of the trap's chemical lure is problematic for maintaining methodological standardization within the Observatory since the manufacturer could change lure chemistry in unspecified ways at will. Because the CDC miniature CO 2 light trap offers greater control over and ability to maintain consistent sampling effort, its use as the primary mosquito sampling method within the Observatory should enhance comparability of NEON data through time.
acknowledGments The NEON is a project sponsored by the National Science Foundation. At the time this paper was written, the project was managed under cooperative agreement # for m0 we are assuming a max testing number of 100 and an associated conservative # testing number of 40 and so for the starting #values an m0 of 2 translates to 5% and # an m0 of 6 translates to 15% p1=c(0. 25,0. 5,0. 75,1) # for p1 we are assuming annual prevalence increases of 0. 25%, 0. 5%, 0. 75%, and 1% maxtime=c  (10, 25)  sampfreq=c(1,0. 5,0. 3333,0. 25,0. 1154,0. 05769) nbin1s = negbinomialsampsize(m0,p1,2,maxtime,sampfreq)  [,,1,,]  cat(",",file="tick_negbi_notemp. csv") for(i in 1:length(m0)){ cat("Baseline Mean = ",m0[i],",",file="tick_negbi_notemp. csv",append=T) for(j in 2:length(maxtime)){ cat(",",file="tick_negbi_notemp.
In a previous companion study, we found that broiler growth performance and meat yield were improved by the feeding of increased levels of dietary lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met). In the current study, dietary Lys and Met supplementation were evaluated for their effect on the breast (pectoralis major) meat quality of male Ross × Ross 708 broilers. A completely randomized block design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was applied (10 blocks and 8 treatments/block). The diets, including 2 Lys levels (1. 013 and 1. 216%) and 4 Met levels (0. 304, 0. 380, 0. 456, and 0. 532%), were fed from 21 to 42 d of age in the form of pellets, and broilers were processed at 42 d of age. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA using the MIXED procedures of SAS 9. 2. Lysine supplementation yielded breast meat with increased sarcoplasmic protein (soluble protein) solubility (P = 0.
In addition, a randomized complete block design (replications and panelists as blocks) with 3 replications was used to test the treatment effects (P < 0. 05) of diet on the sensory acceptability (appearance, texture, flavor, aroma) and overall acceptability of the chicken breast meat. A two-way ANOVA was used to determine the significance of responses to Lys and Met supplementation and their interactions. All data were analyzed by the GLM procedure of SAS software. The Fisher's least significant difference option of SAS was used to separate treatment means when significant differences (P < 0. 05) existed among treatments  [30]. 35. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering using Ward's method (Microsoft Excel XL Stat, 2006, Microsoft Corp. , Redmond, WA) was performed to group panelists together based on their preference for and liking of broiler breast meat.
A dendrogram and a dissimilarity 372 plot were used to determine how many clusters should be used to group the panelists. After separating the data into clusters, the entire data set was evaluated to confirm that the data for each panelist were relatively close to the means of the treatments that were within the cluster into which they were grouped. After conducting agglomerative hierarchical clustering, randomized complete block designs (panelists as blocks) were performed within each cluster, and Fisher's protected LSD test was used to separate treatment means within a cluster when significant differences (P < 0. 05) occurred among treatments.
Acknowledgments This is journal article number J-12549 from the  Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station  ( Mississippi State ), under MIS-322280 and financially supported by  Adisseo France. Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the  Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station  of the products, nor similar ones not mentioned. The authors wish to express their gratitude to  Ms. Donna Morgan  and the  Poultry Research Center farm crew  ( Mississippi State University, MS ) for their technical assistance during this research.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  BBSRC   David Phillips fellowship  [ BB/ K014617/1 ], The  Isaac Newton Trust Cambridge 76933  and the ERC-2014-STG  H2020 639088. The authors thank  R. M. Parker  and  J. Mertens  for discussions. All the research data supporting the publication are available from the  University of Cambridge data repository  (http:// dx. doi. org/10. 17863/CAM. 925 ).
OBSERVATIONS AND PHOTOMETRY The four clusters in this study  (NGC 2360 , NGC 2477 , NGC 2660, and NGC 3960)  have long histories of prior observations. We summarize some of the previous determinations of these clusters' parameters in Tables  1 2 3 4. For consistency, values of distance and reddening are reported in the Tables as (m -M ) V and A V , regardless of how they are reported in the original source. If the original source reported E(B -V ), we converted this to A V using the relationship A V = 3. 1 E(B -V ). (1) Similarly, when a literature source reports unreddened distance modulus (m -M ) 0 , we converted it to the apparent distance modulus using the standard definition: (m -M ) V = (m -M ) 0 + A V. (2) For this study we obtained new observations of each of these clusters. In this section, we describe the observations, data reduction, and the process of obtaining photometry.
Observations We observed these four clusters using the Y4KCam CCD on the 1. 0m telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory; this telescope is operated by the Small and Moderate Research Telescope System (SMARTS) consortium. 1 The Y4KCam CCD has a 4064 × 4064 chip with a plate scale of 0. 298 arcseconds per 1 http://www. astro. yale. edu/smarts/ pixel, giving it a field of view (FOV) of 20' × 20', ideal for cluster observations. The data discussed here were taken over the course of three nights, in standard BV I filters. We present a log of observations in Table  5. In addition to cluster observations, we observed  Landolt (1992)  standard stars to transform the data to the standard system. We reduced the raw data frames (including bias cor-  rection and flat-fielding, etc. ) using a pipeline 2  developed and kindly provided by Phillip Massey, which runs in IRAF.
3  We note that during our run, the northwest quadrant of the CCD was non-functioning, so the actual FOV available was 75% its usual value. The reduction script assumes four working quadrants, and though only three were functioning during our run, we still executed the script as normal, treating the dead quadrant as if it were functioning, then disregarding it in the end. This did not affect the reductions of the other quadrants. 2. 2. Photometry of Cluster Images For all cluster images, source finding on the individual, science-ready images was done using the source finding routine SExtractor  (Bertin & Arnouts 1996). We measured instrumental magnitudes by utilizing aperture photometry routines in the IRAF APPHOT package. To transform instrumental magnitudes to the standard system, we applied the following transformation equations: b = B + b 0 + b 1 X + b 2 (B -V ) (3) v = V + v 0 + v 1 X + v 2 (B -V ) (4) i = I + i 0 + i 1 X + i 2 (V -I).
FITTING ISOCHRONES With CMDs of the clusters, we are able to determine the MSTO age of each. In this section, we apply this technique in the "classical" way, determining a best-fit isochrone by eye. These are compared with objective fits obtained via a Bayesian algorithm in Section 4. For fitting MS isochrones, we chose to use the Dartmouth Stellar Evolution Database  (Dotter et al. 2008). To create the isochrones, we utilized the online form. 4 Our procedure was to fix metallicity, guided by spectroscopically derived [Fe/H] values reported in the literature, start with a distance modulus and absorption consistent with values reported in the literature, and then iteratively adjust age, (m -M ) V and A V , until we achieved a best fit in both CMDs, as judged by eye. To alleviate contamination from likely field stars when fitting isochrones, and thus improve confidence in the fit to the MSTO, only stars within a certain radius of the approximate cluster center were used.
provided by the  British Royal Society  and from a  Marie-Curie Career Integration  ( FP7-PEOPLE-2012-CIG-321865 ) and  Marie-Skodowska-Curie RISE  ( H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015-691164 ) grants, both provided by the  European Commission. D. C. S. acknowledges support from the  European Research Council  via an  Advanced Grant  under grant agreement No. 321323-NEOGAL. E. J. J. acknowledges support from the  College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences  and the  Department of Physics and Astronomy at Brigham Young University.
Data-analysis All FGDs and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed ad verbatim and were kept anonymous. The data analysis was performed using principles of grounded theory, namely purposive sampling, iteration during the data collection, and analysis. The data collection was finished when enough data had been collected to give a full description of the explored themes and, therefore, saturation was reached. [23, 24]  Two researchers did the data analysis independently, using a procedure of open coding, followed by axial coding fitting the emerging codes into a coding scheme that conceptualized the data into an explanatory diagram. [23] [24] [25]  The software package NVivo 9 (QSR International) assisted the researchers during data analysis. A language editing service checked the English language, and at least two authors checked the translations of the quotations.