dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Recommendations Despite shortcomings and daunting challenges, peer review with editorial oversight appears to be the best means we currently have of achieving scientific quality control and evaluating improvement. What can be done to conserve, augment and improve this institution? This is a very active area of debate (e. g. , http://www. nature. com/ nature/peerreview/debate/), and several mechanisms promise to change review and oversight: 1. Open peer review, online science, science only journals, one or more of which can be found at PeerJ (peerj. com), Biology Direct (biologydirect. com), arXiv (arxiv. org), PLoS ONE (plosone. org), bioRxiv (biorxiv. org), and F1000Research (f1000research. com). In open peer review, reviewer reports and identities are made public. Pros of open peer review include inciting a degree of reviewer responsibility (replacing to some extent the quality control role of journal editors) and fostering interactions between authors and reviewers  (Byrnes et al.
There are indeed examples of solving such issues in the scientific commons (e. g. , datadryad. org/pages/jdap). In conclusion, Wardle's proposals would foster the reviewer commons, and by extension the quality of reports, and the quality of science in the long run  (Hochberg 2014). As alluded to above, shifting away from IFs to more of a focus on the science will require influential people to mobilize the decision-making instruments (i. e. , evaluation committees for IFs and journals for rejection rates). Achieving this will be a daunting challenge given the diversity of committees and their component institutions (e. g. , academic societies, universities and research institutes, granting agencies) and journals and theirs (academic societies, publishers, journal editors).
Introduction The demise of Neandertals is one of the most debated issues in paleoanthropology. Their disappearance in the fossil record constitutes the biological part of a process of change that occurred in Europe and in the Near East between approximately 45 and 35 thousand years ago (ka)  [1] [2]. In western Eurasia, the process led to the replacement of an archaic population (Neandertals) with Middle Paleolithic technologies by a population of modern humans (Homo sapiens) with Upper Paleolithic ones  [3] [4] [5]. The study of this process of transition integrates data and scientists from a wide range of disciplines, including archaeologists, physical anthropologists, dating specialists, and increasingly so, geneticists. Into the 1980's many paleoanthropologists argued that the Neandertals had evolved into modern humans (or modern Europeans) and that the Upper Paleolithic derived from the Middle Paleolithic Neandertal culture.
Conclusion In a review of the MSA and Middle Paleolithic archaeological record we have shown that inferred markers of modern human cognitive and behavioral capacities have a greater time depth in the Middle Palaeolithic record than commonly acknowledged. We have found no data in support of the supposed technological, social and cognitive inferiority of Neandertals compared to their AMH contemporaries. The results of our study imply that singlefactor explanations for the disappearance of the Neandertals are not warranted any more, and that their demise was clearly more complex than many archaeology-based scenarios of ''cognitive inferiority'' reviewed here seem to suggest. This has implications beyond the field of archaeology per se: archaeologists' characterizations of Neandertals as cognitively inferior to modern humans  [149]  have created an interpretive framework within which subtle biological differences between Neandertals and modern humans tend to be overinterpreted (see for instance  [150].
In addition, fourteen U6 previously published complete mtDNA genomes using P 32  [6]  were re-analyzed and where necessary, some fragments comprising dubious positions, re-sequenced. In a few cases, old samples did not have enough DNA to securely amplify the fragments necessary to review those dubious positions. For these cases we performed a genomic amplification using the GenomiPhi DNA Amplification kit (GE Healthcare Life Sciences), following instructions provided with the kit. Sequence data were aligned and assembled with BioEdit  [20]  and SeqScape software programs, respectively. All chromatograms were visually inspected in both laboratories. Nomenclature was as in van Oven and Kayser (mtDNA tree Build 15; 30-9-2012)  [21]. GenBank accession numbers for all the sequences are detailed in Additional file 1.
Data analyses In addition to our 69 sequences, we used another 161 U6 complete sequences, previously published or available in GenBank (see Additional file 1), to construct the most parsimonious U6 phylogenetic tree  [22] , by means of Network 4. 6 software, and further refined by hand (see Additional file 2). Coalescence ages for the total U6 phylogeny, and for each of its subgroups, were estimated using the mutation rate (one every 3624 years) and calculator provided by Soares et al. [23]. Accompanying standard errors were calculated as per Saillard et al. [24]. To depict the U6-inferred female effective population size through time we obtained Bayesian skyline plots using the BEAST software  [25]  version 1. 6. 2 (http:// beast. bio. ed. ac. uk) and conditions described before  [26]. For this purpose, we chose to apply a strict molecular clock with the same mutation rate used to estimate coalescences.
The results were visualized with Tracer v1. 5 (http://tree. bio. ed. ac. uk/software/tracer). Frequency distributions of haplogroup U6 and its main subhaplogroups, based on HV1 sequences, were graphically visualized by contour maps created by the Kriging method, using the Surfer version 9. 11. 947 (Golden Software Inc). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on HV1-based U6 subgroup frequencies using the IBM SPSS Statistics 19 version, software package. Gene diversity was calculated as implemented in Arlequin 3. 5. 1. 2 software  [27].
Acknowledgements We acknowledge  Dr. Carlos Flores  and  Dr. Jacinto Barquín  for technical assistance,  Dr. Garcea  and  Dr. Marks  for addressing us to pertinent archaeological bibliography, and  Dr. Bradman ,  Dr. Thomas  and  Dr. Veeramah  for generously sharing with us their U6 sub-Saharan Africa samples. Likewise we thank the  Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory , for generously sharing with us their U6 African samples. This research would have not been possible without the enthusiastic collaboration of the  FTDNA U6  project participants. This work was supported by the  Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación  [ CGL2010-16195  to A. M. G. ] and by the  Universidad de La Laguna  [Ayuda para el mantenimiento de grupos de investigación consolidados 2012, number  2012/1552  to A.
Availability of supporting data The new complete mitochondrial DNA sequences are registered under GenBank accession numbers: JX120708-JX120776. All data from this publication are available from the Dryad Digital Repository: http://dx. doi. org/ 10. 5061/dryad. q2h0c Data files: Secher et al. Figure 4 Principal Component Analysis (PC) based on U6 subhaplogroup frequencies in the different populations studied. The position occupied by each sub-haplogroup is indicated in gray.
Evaluation In order to evaluate the resource produced, we used a Tunisian corpus made of 800 sentences. In order to cover most spoken TUN varieties, the data was obtained from several sources: TV series, political debates, and a transcribed theater play  (Dhouib, 2007). Once manually tokenized and annotated with morphological information (lemma and part-of-speech tag), the corpus contains 6, 123 tokens: 53. 8% (3, 295) of them are nouns, among which 52% are deverbals. We have divided the evaluation corpus into two different sets : a development corpus contaning 300 TUN sentences and a test corpus with 500 sentences. Two metrics have been used to evaluate the deverbal lexicon produced. The first one is coverage, which is the part of the deverbal types of the evaluation corpus that are present in the lexicon.
Parasite extraction and microscopy The standard RHM protocol (Rehydration-Homogenization-Microsieving) was employed to extract parasite eggs from the Carspach samples  [12, 13]. Five grams of each sample were rehydrated for one week in a 0. 5 % trisodic phosphate (50 ml) and 5 % glycerinated water solution (50 ml). Samples were then crushed in a mortar and immersed in an ultrasonic bath (50/ 60 Hz) for one minute. The homogenized samples were filtered in microsieving columns with calibrated meshes of 315 mm, 160 mm, 50 mm and 25 mm. Intestinal parasite egg size varies between 30 and 160 mm in length, and between 15 and 90 mm in width  [14]. In these conditions 25 mm and 50 mm mesh residues were kept and transferred into 4 ml tubes for analyses. Observations and measurements of parasite eggs were conducted under an optical microscopy at magnifications of x100, x400 and x600 (Olympus BX-51, Saisam software by Microvision Instrument).
The Barranc de la Boella level 2 at the P1L, EF and LM localities contains largest number of lithic remains (Table  2 ). Level 2 at P1L and EF is set on top of a bed 0. 2-0. 3 m thick and composed of matrix supported coarse gravels by muddy sand and located in the upper part of lithostratigraphic unit II (Figure  2 ). The LM locality has 3 levels of faunal and lithic remains within micro-stratified beds of massive to graded pebbly sand and sandy mud-supported gravel thinning upwards (Figure  2 ). The levels 5, 6 and 7 at EF and level 3 at P1L are only palaeontological and exhumed within clast-supported coarse gravel bed sets (Table  1 ). Unit III has only one level (level 1) at the EF and P1L localities. The archaeopalaeontological levels depicted in the field have been verified by plotting spatial coordinates (x, y, z) of the faunal and lithic remains using the ARCHePlotter software.
10 23 g/g 9 Be carrier solution prepared from deep-mined phenakite  [43] , in order to obtain a ponderable quantity of matter and to fix the 10 Be/ 9 Be value before performing any chemical processes. It was finally totally dissolved in concentrated HF. After replacing HF with HNO 3 , an aliquot of 500 ml of obtained solution was taken for measuring the concentration of 27 Al. Al and Be were separated from the remaining solution by ion exchange chromatography and selective precipitation  [43]. The resulting Be and Al oxyhydroxides were oxidized by heating at 800uC for an hour and the oxides prepared for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) measurements. All the data reported in this study was measured at the French national facility ASTER (CEREGE, Aixen-Provence). 10 Be concentrations were normalized to 10 Be/ 9 Be SRM 4325 NIST standard with an assigned value of (2.
Discussion The biochronological data indicate that the reverse polarity documented in units II and III corresponds to the Matuyama chron. The Brunhes/Matuyama polarity transition was recorded at the base of unit IV. The Brunhes chron has been identified in the upper part of unit IV in P1 and in unit V in the LM locality (Figure  5 ). A reliable geochronological age for the lithic assemblages found within Barranc de la Boella unit II, constrained by biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy, indicate late Matuyama  chron (0. 96-0. 78 Ma) and late Early Pleistocene Sub-epoch/Subseries of the international geological time scale. The Barranc de la Boella site has yielded a set of LCT lithic assemblages in unit II that suggests that the Acheulian technological tradition was present in Europe before 0.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to all of the participants in the fieldwork at the  Barranc de la Boella  sites. Thanks to  N. Rolland  ( Department of Anthropology at the University of Victoria ) and  D. Barsky  ( IPHES-URV  and  UMR 7194  du  CNRS ) for reading the initial manuscript and providing useful comments about its content. We gratefully thank  M. Arnold ,  G. Aumaı  ˆtre and  K. Keddadouche  for the 10 Be and 26 Al measurements at the ASTER AMS national facility (CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence), which is supported by the  INSU/CNRS ,  OSU-Institut Pytheas , the  French Ministry of Research and Higher Education, IRD  and  CEA. L. Leanni  is thanked for her valuable assistance in the sample chemical treatments.
The research at  Barranc de la Boella  has been carried out with the financial support of the  Spanish Ministerio de Economı ´a y Competitividad  ( CGL2012-36682 ;  CGL2012-38358 ,  CGL2012-38434-C03-03  and  CGL2010-15326 ;  MICINN  project  HAR2009-7223/HIST ),  Generalitat de Catalunya , AGAUR agence (projects  2014SGR-901 ;  2014SGR-899 ;  2009SGR-324 ,  2009PBR-0033  and  2009SGR-188 ) and  Junta de Castilla y Leo  ´n  BU1004A09. Financial support for  Barranc de la Boella  field work and archaeological excavations is provided by the  Ajuntament de la Canonja and Departament de Cultura (Servei d'Arqueologia i Paleontologia) de la Generalitat de Catalunya. A. Carrancho 's research was funded by the  International Excellence Programme, Reinforcement subprogramme of the Spanish Ministry of Education.
These presentations, the resulting papers, and this special themed issue serve two basic purposes: first to increase awareness of the need for greater standardization, reliable calibration, and innovation, and second to fuel an open and serious dialogue regarding how these aims could be pursued and achieved. Standardization is a means for effective intra-and inter-disciplinary communication and leads to greater comparability of both data and results. In tandem, a reliable means of calibrating individual datasets to an accepted standard would provide a common language to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers. This would then serve to broaden and deepen contexts for interpretation making it possible to move beyond methodological variability and enhance our collective understanding of past human behaviours.
To conclude the issue, Van Gijn (2014) provides a timely reminder that qualitative methods have an important role to play in microwear research. She presents several suggestions for how researchers can standardize the traditional qualitative practice of microwear analysis and emphasizes the importance of incorporating ethnographic data into our interpretations of microwear traces. The depth and breadth of these papers are testament to the intrinsic complexity of the discipline as it is practiced today and of microwear traces themselves. This special themed issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science is an attempt to bring the many issues and debates that characterize use-wear analysis into the intellectual spotlight to engender a meaningful and ongoing dialogue between researchers in an effort to better coordinate, on both conceptual and methodological levels, our collective efforts.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank all of the contributors of both the SAA session and this special issue for their stimulating and thoughtprovoking work. We would also like to thank all of the anonymous peer reviewers for their tireless efforts in reviewing the various manuscript drafts and their insightful comments that made each paper that much better. We also acknowledge the wonderful contributions made by the original SAA session discussants,  Patricia Anderson  and  George Odell. Both Dr. Anderson  and  Dr. Odell  provided many keen observations about each paper as well as meaningful insights into the state of the art in microwear analysis. AAE was supported by the  AHRC  ( AH/J007935/1 ). HJL was supported by  L'Équipe Archéometrie at the Laboratoires d' Archéologie , a part of the  Centre Interuniversitaire d'Études sur les Lettres, les Arts et les Traditions (CELAT) at Université Laval.
Selection of abstracts of systematic reviews The abstracts were selected from a cohort of 100 systematic reviews assessing the effects of healthcare interventions, published between January and March 2012, and indexed in the Database of Reviews of Effects  [13]. The search strategy and eligibility criteria for this cohort were described elsewhere  [13]. From this cohort, we selected the first 30 systematic reviews whose abstract conclusion favored the beneficial effect of the experimental intervention and reported the risk of bias of primary studies in the full-text article, thus allowing selection of a relatively homogeneous sample. Abstracts from the cohort of 100 systematic reviews were screened by one author (AY) and reviewed by a second author (IB) to confirm eligibility. Any disagreements were resolved by consensus.
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis involved use of SAS v9. 3 (SAS Inc. , Cary, NC). All outcomes were quantitative; differences between groups were analyzed by a linear mixed model with a fixed factor (group) and random abstracts and abstract × group interaction effects. A random-effects model allowed for taking into account 2 levels of clustering: by abstract (each abstract was assessed 5 times in each group) and interclustering (pairing between the abstracts used in the 2 arms of the trial). Inference was based on restricted maximum likelihood. For primary outcome and secondary outcomes, we estimated the difference between means (with 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) for abstracts with and without a limitations section. P <0. 05 was considered statistically significant.
Financial support AY was funded by a grant from the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale. Transparency declaration AY affirms that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained. AY and IB had access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
OBSERVATIONAL PROCEDURE AND DATA COLLECTION All the audio recordings were made in the children's respective schools in a room provided by the teachers at various moments of the day according to the school. Recordings with friends were made during one-to-one interactions between the target children and each of their three selected friends during free play activities with provided play materials (Geomags, puzzles, dominoes. ). To ensure spontaneity in peer conversations, no fieldworker was present during the recordings. The children carried a small backpack containing an audio recorder (a mini-disc SONY MZ-RH1, MZ-NH600, or MZ-R70 or an iPod nano) connected to a Lavalier microphone attached to their sweater (SONY ECM-CS10). This recording system facilitated the mobility of the children and promoted natural interactions without requiring the presence of an investigator.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported by a PhD grant from the Region Rhône-Alpes awarded to M. Martin, by a funding from the French ANR awarded to Jean-Pierre Chevrot and Stéphanie Barbu, and funding from the IUF awarded to Jean-Pierre Chevrot. We thank the children who participated as well as the headmasters of the schools. We are also especially grateful to Véronique Biquand for statistical devices and to Ann Cloarec for help improving the English.
Introduction Since the publication of the Semantic Script Theory of Humor  (Attardo & Raskin 1991)  and the General Theory of Verbal Humor  (Attardo 1994) , humour has been analysed from a more cognitive viewpoint, which not only views it as a complex phenomenon but also relates it more explicitly to the human mind (cf. Brône et al. 2006; Veale et al. 2006; Feyaerts 2006; Brône 2008; El Refaie 2011). The subjectivity of humour is one of the most widespread ideas in the field since something "can be humorous to one person, and utterly unfunny or even offensive to a different person or indeed to the same person under different circumstances" (El Refaie 2011: 87). Our purpose here is not to define the concept of humour, but, drawing on data from two television-series (House M. D. and The Big Bang Theory), to point out the contextual elements that help an audience perceive certain utterances as humorous.
Case study: Humour in two contemporary American series Our corpus contains 800+ humorous tokens drawn from different seasons of two American series, House M. D. and The Big Bang Theory. These two series were chosen because of the contrast between them: while the latter is a widely known sitcom, the former one is a medical drama, which does include, however, a great deal of humorous instances, often characterised as irony and black humour. The corpus thus provides a wide variety of examples and situations, ranging from the daily life of successful but nerdy scholars to the medical environment and witty remarks of Dr. House (see also  Dynel 2013). The corpus consists of approximately eight hours of video recorded material from the two series, which represents more than 80,000 words. The randomly selected episodes were imported into ELAN 7 which allowed us to annotate the data at different levels (called 'tiers' in ELAN).
In this paper we will analyze the coating that covers artificially mummified bodies, one sample from stuffed of mummy, as well as the color that appears on items included among the grave goods that accompanied the bodies from different coastal sites (Figure  1 ). Specifically, four samples from a single black mummy and two red mummies were analyzed. Nine samples from Chinchorro grave goods are also analyzed in order to contrast these results with those obtained for the mummies. The samples were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Micro X-Ray Diffraction (μXRD). Taken together, the data provide important technical information on the pigments used and shed light on their color technology, understood as knowledge set and productive processes to obtain the colors they used.
Mapping of the most characteristic chemical elements in the sample was also performed to assess location and dispersion. To prevent any charging effect and obtain images with the highest resolution, each sample was covered with a fine layer of carbon. The INCA 4. 15 program was used to acquire the data. Lastly, the use of a Micro-Diffraction X-Ray device (μDRX), an homemade system in the C2RMF, was used to identify the crystalline phases in the pigments. The device consists of a X-ray tube with a copper anode (wavelength of λ = 1. 54186 Å), a Kirkpatrick-Baez optical system and a Rigaku R-Axis IV 2D detector imaging plate. The X-ray beam is collimated to a diameter of 250 μm, while an incident angle of 6 to 10°enlarges the beam impinging the sample up to one millimeter. The diffracted X-rays are emitted in a 2θ cone and collected on the imaging plate, from which the diffractogram is extracted.
The data were processed using the FIT2D program (http://www. esrf. eu/computing/scientific/FIT2D/), while identification of crystalline phases was performed using the EVA program (http://www. bruker-axs. de/eva. html). The analyzed thickness of the material depends on the weight on the elements: it is approximately 25 μm when it is composed by low Z elements (Al, Si, K) and  about 5 μm for heavy ones, like Pb, Hg. The geometry of the system is calculated using an alumina powder reference at the beginning of a series of measurements. The acquisition time for one measurement is of 5 minutes. The spatial resolution of the system does not allow to characterize each layer on the samples crosssections because the thickness of the colored materials is less than the size of the beam. To have a higher spatial resolution, it is necessary to use other instruments at synchrotron radiation facilities  [26].
Acknowledgment This work was part of a France-Chilean cooperation and supported under the grant  ECOS-CONICYT C09-H03 :  Caracterización físico-químico de los "nano-cosméticos "  utilizados en las momias de la cultura Chinchorro del extremo norte de Chile  and  FONDECYT 1100354. We also would like to thank to  MECESUP UTA 0801  and  Convenio de Desempeño Universidad de Tarapacá-MINEDUC.