dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
It includes systematic reviews, overviews of reviews (including evidence-based policy briefs) and studies included in systematic reviews. Epistemonikos and PDQ-Evidence search the following databases with no language or publication status restrictions. Appendix 2 presents the detailed search strategies for PubMed, Embase, LILACS, CINAHL and PsycINFO. We screened all records in the other databases. PDQ sta and volunteers update these searches weekly for Pubmed and monthly for the other databases, screening records continually and adding new reviews to the database daily. In addition, we screened all of the Cochrane E ective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group systematic reviews in Archie (i. e. the Cochrane central server for managing documents) and the reference lists of relevant policy briefs and overviews of reviews.
Data extraction and management We summarised each included review using the approach developed by the SUPPORT Collaboration (Rosenbaum 2011). We used standardised forms to extract data on the background of the review; the interventions, participants, settings and outcomes; the key findings; and considerations of applicability, equity, economics, and monitoring and evaluation. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for the main comparisons using the GRADE approach  (EPOC 2017; Guyatt 2008; Schünemann 2011a; Schünemann 2011b). Each completed SUPPORT Summary was peer-reviewed and published on an open access website, where there are details about how the summaries were prepared, including how we assessed the applicability of the findings, impacts on equity, economic considerations, and the need for monitoring and evaluation.
We describe our rationale for the criteria that we used for these assessments in the SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking  (Fretheim 2009; Lavis 2009; Oxman 2009a; Oxman 2009b ). As noted there, "a local applicability assessment must be done by individuals with a very good understanding of on-theground realities and constraints, health system arrangements, and the baseline conditions in the specific setting"  (Lavis 2009). In this overview we have made broad assessments of the applicability of findings from studies in high-income countries to low-income countries using the criteria described in the SUPPORT Summaries database with input from people with relevant experience and expertise in low-income countries.
Data synthesis We describe the methods used to prepare a SUPPORT Summary of each review in detail on the SUPPORT Summaries website. Briefly, for each included systematic review we prepared a table summarising what the review authors searched for and what they found along with 'Summary of findings' tables for each main comparison, and we assessed the relevance of the findings for lowincome countries. The SUPPORT Summaries include key messages, important background information, a summary of the findings of the review, and structured assessments of the relevance of the review for low-income countries. We subjected the SUPPORT.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Summaries to review by the lead author of each review, at least one content area expert, people with practical experience in low-income settings, and a Cochrane EPOC Group editor (AO or SL). The authors of the SUPPORT Summaries responded to each comment and made appropriate revisions, and the summaries underwent copy-editing. The editor determined whether the summary authors had adequately addressed the comments and whether the summary was ready for publication on the SUPPORT Summary website. We organised the review using a modification of the taxonomy for health systems arrangements used by Health Systems Evidence  (Lavis 2015). We adjusted the framework iteratively to ensure that we appropriately categorised all of the included reviews and that we included and logically organised all relevant health system arrangements and implementation strategies.
R E S U L T S We identified 7272 systematic reviews of health systems arrangements and implementation strategies. We excluded 6926 reviews from this overview following a review of titles and abstracts. We retrieved the full texts of 82 reviews for further detailed assessment. Of these, we excluded 32 reviews: 6 because they had important methodological limitations, 11 that were outof-date, 11 that focused on an area already covered by one of the included reviews and 4 that were of limited relevance to low-income countries (Table  4 ). We included 39 systematic reviews published between 2005 and 2016 in this overview. In addition, four reviews provided supplementary numerical data or methodological information used in a SUPPORT Summary (Figure  1 ; Appendix 4). Seven related reviews were similar to one of the primary reviews.
E ect of interventions We used a pragmatic approach to group the interventions assessed in the overview based on the level of the healthcare system targeted by the intervention: healthcare organisations, healthcare workers, and healthcare recipients. Additionally, for interventions targeted at healthcare workers, we distinguished reviews evaluating a specific type of intervention from those evaluating interventions for a specific problem that we considered especially relevant to low-income countries (Table  3 ). We report here the main findings using plain language statements based on GRADE 'Summary of findings' tables that we prepared for each included review (EPOC 2017). The 'Summary of findings' tables are available in the SUPPORT Summaries database.
Local opinion leaders Opinion leaders are individuals in a community or organisation who have a substantial influence on what the rest of the community or organisation does. Because of their influence, opinion leaders may be able to persuade healthcare providers to use the best available evidence when managing patients. A review assessing the e ects of local opinion leaders on healthcare professional behaviour and patient outcomes found 18 studies conducted in both hospital and primary care settings  (Flodgren 2011)  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews certainty evidence). None of the included studies assessed patient outcomes.
Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews We identified 10 related overviews of reviews published in the last 10 years  (Althabe 2008; Bloom 2005; Boaz 2011; Chan 2017; Cheung 2012; Hall 2015; Lewin 2008; Mostofian 2015; Squires 2014; Wensing 2006). These overviews addressed a range of implementation strategies, disease conditions and behaviours in diverse settings and populations. Similarly to our overview, most of the studies included in those overviews were from high-income countries, and data on patient outcomes, equity, costs and cost-e ectiveness were scarce. We describe the findings of the seven overviews below. Bloom 2005 included 26 reviews and assessed the e ectiveness of continuing medical education (CME) tools and techniques for changing physician clinical practices and improving patient health outcomes.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Review objective: to determine the effectiveness of strategies to change organisational culture in order to improve healthcare performance and considering -when possible -different patterns of organisational culture. Most studies reported multiple effect measures and many did not specify a primary outcome. 28 studies (34 comparisons) contributed to the calculation of the median for the main comparison of professional performance. Educational outreach was compared to another type of intervention, usually audit and feedback, in 8 trials (12 comparisons).
Opiyo N, Ciapponi A, Dudley L, Gagnon MP, Herrera CA, et al. Implementation strategies for health systems in low-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 5. [DOI: 10. 1002/14651858. CD011086] through improvement of organisational processes, use of structured problem-solving processes incorporating statistical methods and measurement to diagnose problems and monitor progress, use of teams including employees from multiple departments and from different organisational levels, empowering employees to identify quality problems and improvement opportunities and to take action on these, and an explicit focus on 'customers'Targeted at healthcare worker practice -types of interventionsPrinted educational materialsDistribution of printed recommendations for clinical care, including clinical practice guidelines.
information/education Mass media interventions for promoting HIV testing. (Vidanapathirana 2005) Providing information/education Written information about individual medicines for consumers (Nicolson 2009) Providing information/education Health literacy interventions and outcomes: an updated systematic review (HIV/AIDS Efficacy of interventions in improving highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence and HIV-1 RNA viral load. A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials (Simoni 2006) Antiretroviral adherence interventions: translating research findings to the real world clinic (Simoni 2010) Adherence -ART for HIV/AIDS Mobile pone text messages for improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART): an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials (late patient tracers in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis (Liu 2014) Adherence Effects of unit-dose packaged treatment on treatment failure and treatment adherence in people with uncomplicated malaria (Orton 2005).
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Charles S Wiysonge's work is supported by the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant Numbers: 106035 and 108571). The Norwegian Satellite of the E ective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group receives funding from the Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation (Norad), via the Norwegian Institute of Public Health to support review authors in the production of their reviews. This overview is a product of the E ective Health Care Research Consortium, which provided funding to make this overview open access. The Consortium is funded by UK aid from the UK Government for the benefit of developing countries (Grant: 5242). The views expressed in this overview do not necessarily reflect UK government policy.
Quality of care for sexually transmitted diseases and HIV Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews section rates, based on 16 studies in community and hospital patient education). Strategies such as clinician education and settings (Khunpradit 2011). Compared to standard prenatal care, patient education alone or combined with audit and feedback the following non-clinical interventions may decrease caesarean probably reduce antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory care settings section rates: nurse-led relaxation, birth preparation classes for (moderate-certainty evidence). The e ects of the interventions on mothers, implementation of guidelines with mandatory second the proportion of patients treated with appropriate antibiotics and opinion and with support from local opinion leaders, and on clinical outcomes were not reported.
Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (moderate-certainty evidence). It is uncertain whether single were apparent. Even the most e ective interventions did not lead to strategies improve the use of healthcare services, health outcomes, large improvements in adherence or clinical outcomes". We did not resource use, or disparities in the use of healthcare services (very assess the certainty of evidence for these outcomes as this would low-certainty evidence). not have been reliable given the synthesis approach used in the The fourth review (11 studies) assessed the e ect of additional updated review. pharmacist-provided services targeted at patients versus usual Adherence to antiretroviral therapy care (Pande 2013). The intervention comprised patient education, counselling, complete pharmaceutical care follow-up, and bespoke educational booklets explaining disease, medication and lifestyle Three reviews addressed strategies for improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with HIV/AIDs.
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