dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ICD-10 used the terminology osteoarthritis and replaced ICD-9 that used osteoarthrosis to reflect the recognition that inflammatory processes are involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Two new osteoarthritis categories were added in GBD 2019, comprising hand osteoarthritis and a residual category of other osteoarthritis sites (eg, shoulder and elbow). Cases of osteoarthritis affecting the cervical spine, lumbar spine, or both sites were excluded from the 'other osteoarthritis' category, because pain in these sites is captured by the neck pain and lower back pain disease categories in the GBD Study. 17  Existing osteoarthritis input data from previous GBD hip and knee modelling were rereviewed for mention of osteoarthritis present in the hand or other joints. In addition, we did a broad systematic review of epidemiological studies of osteoarthritis prevalence published in English between 1980 and end of 2019 in PubMed (appendix p 3).
Data processing and disease modelling Before fitting models, data reported for male and female sexes combined were split by sex, non-reference osteoarthritis definition data (eg, identified by selfreporting alone, radiography alone, or in US claims data) were adjusted to the reference case definition, and wide age-range data were split by age into smaller bins (sex and age split details in the appendix p 4). A 2011 systematic review found that different case definitions could lead to variable prevalence estimates across osteoarthritis sites. 27  Data that were ascertained using different diagnostic criteria, such as self-reporting or ICD coding in insurance claims data, were adjusted for systematic bias, a process referred to as crosswalking. Adjustment factors were estimated by pairing studies on the basis of location, sex, and age, then using a tool developed at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (the meta-regression-Bayesian, regularised, trimmed tool)  28  to do a metaanalysis of the estimated logit difference between prevalence reported by alternate case definition and prevalence reported by the reference definition (adjustment factors in the appendix pp 5-7).
Regional estimates used data from all countries in a given GBD region to produce regional estimates, and these priors were passed down to each country in the region to help inform country estimates. In regions with no data, estimates were informed by super-region priors. Country-specific mean BMI also informed estimates in countries with no data. Prevalence estimates generated by DisMod-MR 2. 1 were split into four severity levels: 17 asymptomatic; mild; moderate; and severe, on the basis of a pooled metaanalysis of five severity distribution sources from three GBD super-regions (high-income, south Asia, and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania super-regions) that assessed osteoarthritis severity using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index. 30  One of these data sources was the large database of knee osteoarthritis provided by the Osteoarthritis Initiative.
Risk estimation for high BMI High BMI is a GBD risk factor, defined as a BMI of more than a theoretical minimum risk level that ranges between 20 kg/m² and 25 kg/m² in adults aged 20 years or older. High BMI data and methods are described in detail elsewhere. 33  Briefly, population exposure to high BMI was calculated for each country, age, sex, and year using a combination of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and mixed-effects models. High BMI was established as a risk factor for hip and knee osteoarthritis by performing a systematic review of published analyses of cohort studies and use of causal criteria to examine strength of the evidence. The cohort studies were used to determine the relative risk of osteoarthritis incidence for every five-unit increase in BMI. The relative risk estimate was then used to calculate the population-attributable risk.
In particular, ICD-coded insurance-claims data systematically undercounted osteoarthritis cases, in agreement with previously reported analyses of claims data. 29  Second, most surveys reporting on osteoarthritis prevalence were not nationally representative but often conducted purposively in a particular subpopulation for logistical reasons. As important risks for osteoarthritis might vary between people living in cities, suburban areas or rural areas, such subnational studies might not reflect the whole country for which we are making estimates. Third, we used the same severity distributions and disability weights for all osteoarthritis sites. Given that osteoarthritis symptoms can be lessened with physical therapy, physical activity, appropriate pain medication, or joint replacement surgery, a potential update would be to grade severity by access to care by location and over time, on the basis of coverage rates for the main types of intervention.
Seventh, estimates for osteoarthritis were limited by data availability and diagnostic heterogeneity, and this limitation was particularly true for other types of osteoarthritis, which solely used US insurance-claims data. Insurance claims only captured cases of osteoarthritis that intersected with the US health system. As such, model results likely underestimated the prevalence of other osteoarthritis to a greater extent than that of hip, knee, and hand osteoarthritis. To better model other osteoarthritis, access to datasets with granular diagnostic codes in diverse geographies will be imperative. Finally, estimates of osteoarthritis were limited by the absence of reliable predictive covariates, with the exception of BMI. There is also evidence to suggest that the normal range of BMI varies in different populations,  46  and future analyses of the attributable burden to high BMI should account for these differences.
Across all musculoskeletal disorders, GBD models rely heavily on data gathered from COPCORD studies. The ability to refine osteoarthritis estimates in the GBD going forward will depend on the availability of new input data from under-sampled geographies collected by the broader scientific community. There is currently no global initiative targeting musculoskeletal disease specifically, which means data collection using the COPCORD relies on independent funding from individual research groups. Moreover, there is increasing criticism among clinical researchers of the Kellgren-Lawrence classification system,  25, 26  a component of the reference diagnostic criteria used in the present study. Criticisms include whether this system can be used to identify early osteoarthritis, varying descriptions of Kellgren-Lawrence classifications between studies, varying rater reliability between studies, and lower estimates of prevalence than other criteria such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence or American College of Radiology.
CIMBSE 's media reputation The use of surveys to listen to the public is one of the principle instruments of public relations for the elaboration of communication strategies. In our case, the most significant results of the descriptive analysis presented above concern the activities and specific actions of the Cultural Heritage axes, which showed a positive trend, and Transport, with a negative trend. The data provide elements that indicate the need to develop different approaches for each axis mentioned and that should be added to the strategies that aim to increase the level of notoriety and the image of the organization and, consequently, its media reputation. CIMBSE stands out of: (1) creating contact experiences that can be positively associated by the public and (2) expanding the institution's presence in the media.
Subsequently, in a strategic and integrated manner with the responsible sector, act to mitigate the effects of negative exposures of CIMBSE in the media. It is observed, therefore, that both in the Transport axis and in Cultural Heritage, actions to promote media recognition and reputation are not only under the scope of the communication sector, but include other sectors that, in an integrated manner, can contribute in this sense. In any case,  Gonçalves (2010)  points out that despite the importance of working together, it is important to ensure the independence of communication decision-making in relation to others. Data analysis also shed light on other aspects of the media framing of CIMBSE. We highlight the high positivity of the Entrepreneurship and Tourism axes, which justifies a joint effort between communication and the respective sectors to expand the number of activities and projects in both areas capable of providing greater media attention.
Improving the efficiency and flexibility of fossil-fired power plants remains a current and challenging issue. In that regard, supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycles offer promising potential. This paper aims to apply a process synthesis approach to the design of a closed Brayton cycle using supercritical CO 2 as a working fluid with a coal furnace as a heat source. The general methodology presented here for designing closed power cycles includes the construction of a superstructure containing all relevant possible cycle layouts, the formulation of the cycle-synthesis problem as a mathematical optimization problem, and its solution using an appropriate algorithm. This study was conducted with the help of a process simulation commercial software (PROSIM) and using the Mixed-Integer Distributed Ant Colony Optimization (MIDACO) as a commercial optimization algorithm.
Meanwhile, Wang et al. [16]  used a process-simulation software, called Ebsilon Professional, dedicated to the optimization of energy-conversion processes. More recently, Corbetta et al. [44]  interfaced the process simulator Avena PRO/II with the GAMS software (MINLP solver) in order to optimize both process layout and parameters. In all the studies mentioned above, the calculation procedure uses an MINLP resolution tool as the master layer calling the process simulator each time a process simulation is needed. As a major drawback, this practice requires major computational efforts. Note additionally that the communication between the process simulator and MINLP algorithms induces additional interfaces and thus additional development efforts. Because such interfaces are not universal, reproducing any of the above-cited studies would require the construction of personalized supporting tools.
In this paper, a simulator-based approach was used to search for the optimal design of a S-CO 2 Brayton cycle. Beyond the case study itself, the scope of this study is primarily methodological: using a superstructure-based optimization technique, it is desired to show how the powerful concepts of this type of process-synthesis approach can be applied to the design of closed power cycles that are more efficient than current ones, from both energetic and economic points of view. Moreover, to the best of the authors' knowledge, it is shown for the first time how to run the superstructure-based optimization loop directly from the process simulator software, thus avoiding the use of tailor-made interfaces between the MINLP solver and the simulation software. While today, superstructure-based approaches are essentially reserved for experts, the proposed coupling between the solver and the simulation software opens the way to a larger use of this design approach, making it accessible to nonspecialists.
g. , alphaBB  [50] , BARON  [51] , BONMIN  [52] , MISQP  [53] , and COUENNE  [54] ) were integrated into various high-level algebraic modeling environments (e. g. , GAMS and AMPL), tailored for complex, large-scale applications  [55]. The above solvers can essentially achieve global optimal solutions for convex problems, but some of them can also be used for non-convex problems. On the other hand, some stochastic algorithms were specifically derived to solve MINLP problems without requiring explicit expressions of the mathematical models used to estimate the objective function and the related constraints. This feature is of special interest when the process is simulated using a modular simulator software  [56]. In particular, stochastic algorithms include nature-inspired algorithms such as the Genetic Algorithms  [57] [58] [59] , Particle Swarm Optimization  [60] , Tabu search  [61] , or Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithms  [62].
Moreover, note that in the review by Bussieck and Vigerske  [55] , MIDACO is considered a state-of-the-art nature-inspired stochastic solver. Technically speaking, with the reverse communication available in the commercial solver MIDACO, the optimization block of the simulation software ProSimPlus™ can call this external solver without additional user effort. To conclude this section, let us mention that the risk of non-convergence and, thus, of failure of the minimization procedure always exists in spite of the inner quality of the simulation software tools and the selected solver. Indeed, the closed nature of a cycle and the presence of recycle streams make the mathematical complexity increase even more, as does the presence of flow switches, which inevitably induce a discontinuous behavior of the objective function.
Selection of a Feasible Path In a sequential modular simulator (e. g. , the ProSimPlus software™), the selection of tear streams is a key lever that facilitates the convergence of flowsheets involving recycle loops. It is recalled that stream variables (temperature, flowrate, pressure) of streams involved in recycle loops cannot be computed in a straightforward way but require iterative calculations (through the tear-stream technique, for instance). A tear stream is a stream whose variables are initially guessed; information is passed then from unit to unit until new values of tear-stream variables are computed. Calculations are repeated until convergence is reached, i. e. , until the new values of tear streams are equal to the guessed ones (the corresponding residue equations are named tear equations).
Conclusions and Perspectives This work presents a superstructure optimization methodology based on a commercial process simulation software (PROSIM) and a commercial optimizer (MIDACO) and an application case dealing with the optimization of a S-CO 2 cycle for a coal-fired power plant, continuing the work of  [9]. This approach is preferred in order to demonstrate that this type of methodology and the corresponding tools can be easily used by engineering teams of R&D departments, thus allowing the devlopment of a tailor-made design for a specific problem. The work highlights the clear limit of a purely technical optimization approach that does not include an economical layer. Indeed, in such a case, the result of optimization may be nonconclusive because it hides economical constraints in the selection of the technical optimization bounds in the form of minimal pinch constraints, for example.
(E-H) To test spontaneous pain, the Rat Grimace Scale (RGS) (E and G) and Static Weight Bearing (SWB) test (F and H) were used when complete attenuation of pain behavior was reached and assessed by Randall-Selitto evoked behavioral test in cohort of SNL (E and F) or CFA (G and H) rats intrathecally injected daily for 14 days with 2 μg of FXYD2-LASO-Gapmer. (I-N) After induction of mechanical hypersensitivity by SNL (I, K, and L) or CFA (J, M, and N), animals were intravenously injected daily for 16 days with 40 mg/kg of FXYD2-or control-LASO-Gapmer (I and J). After the last injection (day 28 in I, day 25 in J), RGS (K and M) and SWB test (L and N) were performed to evaluate spontaneous pain. Mechanical hypersensitivity was evaluated with the Randall-Selitto test (A-D, I, and J). Means ± SEM of data from 6 animals (A-N).
Briefly, a constantly increasing pressure was applied to the injured hind paw until the rat squeaked. A 600 g cutoff value was determined to prevent tissue damage. Mobility and anxiety-like behavior were also evaluated with the open field experiment. The rats were placed in the center of the open field arena (100 × 100 cm), and movements were recorded with infrared captors during 10 minutes. The time spent in the center (central 60 × 60 cm) or in the periphery (external 20 cm) was analyzed with EthoVision XT 15 software, and the total distance traveled by each group was recorded. Two non-reflexive behavioral tests were used to evaluate spontaneous pain: the Rat Grimace Scale (RGS) and the Static Weight Bearing (SWB) test. The RGS test was performed as described previously  (53). Four action units of the RGS were observed: orbital tightening, nose/cheek flattening, ear changes, and whisker changes.
When ANOVAs showed a significant effect, Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine the significance of the differences. P values less than 0. 05 (*), 0. 01 (**), 0. 001 (***), and 0. 0001 (****) were considered as statistically significant. All data presented are means ± SEM. For NanoString nCounter analysis, Pearson correlation between sample pairs was plotted as heatmaps, in order to visualize the grouping of similar samples, using nSolver Analysis Software v4. 0 (NanoString Technologies). Study approval. All animal experiments were approved by the French Ministry of Research (authorizations 17923 and 32862) and performed according to the guidelines of the International Association for the Study of Pain.
Acknowledgments We thank  P. Korczak ,  I. Méchaly ,  A. Picot , and  F. Carrière  for technical help, and the animal house staff and gene expression platform of the  Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier. We are also grateful to  S. Karlish  for the kind gift of materials. This work was supported by  La Région Occitanie  (no. R18100FF ), the  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Transfert  (no. MAT-PI-14109-A-15 ), and  Montpellier University of Excellence  ( MUSE AAP17REC-FRS01 ). Address correspondence to:  Stephanie Venteo ,  Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier ,  INSERM U1298 ,  Hôpital Saint-Eloi , 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France. Phone:  33. 0. 4. 99. 63. 60. 41 ;Email: stephanie. venteo@inserm. fr.
Malaria prevalence and surveillance data We conducted cross-sectional surveys before and after the intervention to assess knowledge and selfreported practices about malaria treatment and diagnosis, and to estimate the prevalence of Plasmodium carriage by PCR in the population  (5, 8). Monthly notification data of malaria cases imported from French Guiana to Brazil and Suriname were obtained from national surveillance systems of the Brazilian and Surinamese malaria programs. From these surveillance data, we used only cases imported from French Guiana, and explicitly recorded as originating from gold mining. We chose not to use surveillance data from French Guiana because they do not allow consistently to identify cases specifically originating from mining areas.
Ethics and regulation Ethics approvals the were obtained from countries where the Malakit study was implemented  (8). All data from the Malakit project (intervention and cross-sectional surveys) were obtained anonymously after a written consent from participants. The analysis of all data complies with the General Data Protection Regulation (European Union Regulation 2016/679). In the sensitivity analysis conducted for different values of TNT and I0, most parameters showed little variation aside from ε. Importantly, computed values of reproductive number, prior and during intervention, showed little or no variation. The mean estimates of φ0 and φ1 increased from 0. 22 to 0. 28, and from 0. 50 to 0. 57, respectively, however with consistently overlapping 95%CrIs (supplementary Table  7 ). Figure  3  shows the model fit to surveillance and prevalence data for all-species cases of malaria.
Discussion We have here presented a mathematical model, coupled with Bayesian inference, to jointly analyze three independent datasets: surveillance data from Brazil, from Suriname, and prevalence data from repeated cross-sectional surveys. We find an increase of treatment coverage from 26. 4% to 55. 1% with the implementation of the Malakit intervention, which resulted in a strong decrease of malaria transmission, and a drop of the estimated reproduction number from 1. 19 to 0. 86 for all-species malaria. Indeed, access to prompt treatment by ACT and S-PQ (both medication included in Malakit) accelerate the clearance of circulating gametocytes, and thus decrease the duration of the infection for one episode of Pf or Pv malaria  (18). Because Malakit does not offer a radical cure against Pv hypnozoites, subsequent Pv relapses cannot be prevented.
Acknowledgments We thank all the facilitators of the Malakit project who contributed to the successful implementation of the intervention,  Dr Lise Musset  and  Dr Yassamine Lazrek  from the  Institut Pasteur de la Guyane , for PCR prevalence data, and the  Ministries of Health of Suriname and Brazil  for the sharing of surveillance data. OML is a staff member of the  Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO). The author alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication and do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the  PAHO  / WHO.
See Supplementary Figs. 4  and 5  for the dose-response curves. Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae immobility EC50 data are from triplicate (N = 3) measurement of ~250 animals per condition after 72 h of drug exposure. D. immitis L3/L4 immobility EC50 data are derived from singlet observations from 20 freshly isolated L3s after 72 h of incubation (see 'Methods'). NA no activity. The inhibition constant (K i ) confidence intervals for interaction with rat VAChT are presented in Supplementary Table  1. The grey cells indicate that the experiment was not done. inhibitors to interact with the transporter will likely confer a clear selective disadvantage to worms in the absence of Nemacol pressure. Ensuring persistence of drug-sensitive alleles within population is becoming a more common practice of parasite management  59.
Worm culture, strains, and photography All nematode strains were cultured using standard methods at 20 °C unless otherwise indicated  61, 62. The N2 (wild-type) strain of Caenorhabditis elegans and C. elegans mutant strains were obtained from the C. elegans Genetic Center (University of Minnesota). Synchronization of worm developmental stages was achieved using standard bleach preparation protocols  63. Synchronized young adult animals are acquired by incubating synchronized L1s (first larval stage animals hatched overnight in M9 buffer  62  on plates with E. coli (strain OP50) food for 64-72 h at 20 °C. Worms were maintained on Modified Youngren's, Only Bacto-peptone (MYOB) media containing 2% agar with a surface lawn of OP50 strain Escherichia coli  64. Photomicrographs shown in Fig. 2  were taken on a Leica MZ16FA stereodissection microscope with an EC4 camera and processed with Leica LAS EZ and ActivePresenter software (Atomi Systems, Inc).
Radioligand competition assays for evaluation of phenylpiperazine VAChT affinity Rat VAChT K i data are the K i of nemacol analog as determined from competitive radioligand [ 3 H]Vesamicol binding assays using [ 3 H]Vesamicol and PC12 cells expressing ratVAChT. [ 3 H]Vesamicol was procured from PerkinElmer (PerkinElmer LAS GmbH, Rodgau, Germany; product ID: AH5183 (L-[Piperidinyl-3,4-3H]-(Vesamicol), A m = 1591 GBq/ mmol)). Stably transfected PC12 cells expressing ratVAChT were shared by Dr. Ali Roghani (Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA) and radioligand competition experiments were conducted using standard protocols  66, 67.