dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
To speed up the training phase, the 32 original input classes are reduced to eight classes (sky, building, road, pavement, tree, car, pedestrian, cyclist); the aim is to train a DL model to classify these eight classes, starting from the ground-truth and labeled images of the CAMVID dataset, over the unseen dataset of the façade of the School of Engineering. The semantic labeling process based on DL automatically enables the classification of the whole collection of images of the façade. Subsequently, the hybrid annotation method of Aïoli, once again transfers the 'class' information from the semantically segmented image set to the 3D point cloud of the same object (Figs. 2-9 , 3-9 ). The ability to transfer this information more automatically from images to model would also allow, if required, the removal of obstacle elements such as vegetation, sky, pedestrians, cars etc.
g. , with respect to the need to annotate degradation rather than materials, architectural components rather than crack patterns, and so on. The three tools are implemented in MATLAB, the computer language underlying the development of the Aïoli platform, and the achieved results inherently sketch the outline of a dedicated, userfriendly toolbar for semi-automatic annotation, directly integrated into the Aïoli's user interface, to make these tools readily available to the heritage community. The development of further processes to support the end users in the annotation process, directly accessible on Aïoli, is therefore the subject of future studies of this work. The Aïoli platform could be implemented with further tools that simultaneously allow hybrid 2D/3D annotation methods on multiple supports, template geometries reconstruction and/or ad-ditional semi-automatic annotation capabilities.
Acknowledgments The Aïoli platform is developed in the  MAP laboratory (Models and simulations for Architecture and Cultural Heritage) , a joint research Unit of the  CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research ) and the  MC (Ministry of Culture) , and is a continuation of the research projects  TAPEnADe ,  Culture 3D Cloud ,  Monumentum ,  Fiat Lux. Some  modules of the platform are developed in collaboration with ENSG (the  French National School of Geographic Sciences)  for the photogrammetric process and the  LMGC (Mechanics and Civil Engineering Laboratory)  for the mechanical behavior. The authors acknowledge all other researchers involved in the  Aïoli  project.
The criterion for exclusion from the study was having a z score lower than -2. 5. All participants were divided into three groups: (i) native signers, who were exposed to sign language from birth (age of exposure = 0) and had at least one signing parent or close relative; (ii) early signers, who were exposed to sign language before entering primary school (age-of-exposure range: two to five; mean: three); and (iii) late signers, who were exposed to sign language during the years of compulsory education (age-of-exposure range: six to 15; mean: nine). Participants were recruited online, through social media. We collected data from 49 participants (40 in Paris and nine in Nantes). During the experiment session we also collected metadata regarding the participant's signing background (age of exposure to LSF; presence or absence of deaf relatives; modality of communication with parents, siblings, and other relatives; and type of education, whether oralist, bimodal, mostly LSF, or something else) through a questionnaire.
The metadata were anonymized following the recommendations of the Research Ethics Committee of Paris Descartes University and the French National Commission on Informatics and Liberty. A profile of the three language groups is given in table  1. Five participants were excluded from the study: one of them because his first language turned out to be Belgian Sign Language rather than LSF, four due to their very late age of exposure (after 15 years old). The remaining 44 participants (23 women, 21 men) were included in the study. One ANOVA and two Kruskall-Wallis tests showed that the three groups did not differ with respect to age (F(2) = 1. 844, p = 0. 17), z scores on the Odd One Out test (H(2) = 1. 482, p = 0. 48), or level of education (H(2) = 1. 196, p = 0. 55).
Procedure The test was built using software specifically developed for Sign-Hub. The task began with a video in LSF presenting instructions, followed by a short training phase. The duration of each testing session was around 20-25 minutes and was embedded within a larger testing session (around one hour and 30 minutes) during which the participants were undertaking other lexical and syntactic tests as well. Participants were left alone in the experiment room to perform the test on their own. They were sitting approximately 45 cm from the screen (22 ′′ display, 4:3 aspect ratio) and answered each question with a mouse click. For each trial, participants saw the video stimulus automatically followed by the picture. To provide their answer, they had to click on a character in the picture. The stimulus video always started with a small context, as described in the previous section.
Data analysis Data were shaped into a binary data set in which correct answers were coded as "1" and incorrect answers as "0. " We first conducted an item analysis, looking at items on which native signers performed under 50% on average, in order to identify and remove problematic items, likely to be affected by a technical issue (if this was the case, we removed the item altogether, both the subject and object versions of it). This led to the removal of three items (two who questions and one which question), leaving 58 items (29 who questions and 29 which questions) to analyze. Results were analyzed with the R software (version 4. 0. 0; R Core Team 2005) using generalized linear mixed models from the binomial family via the glmer function in the package LME4 (Bates 2005). We studied the interaction between the three independent variables: language group (native, early, and late), condition (subject, object), and type of question (which, who).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank all the participants in the study. Many thanks are also due to  Naama Friedmann , who shared with us the pictures used in our experiment. Last but not least, we thank  Valérie Jendoubi  for her contribution as LSF consultant. This research was supported by the  Sign-Hub  Project, which received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement  693349. This publication has been funded in a joint.
Acknowledgments An earlier version of this paper was published online in Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science, 4, special issue on Canguilhem (2018): 47-63. The authors wish to thank the editor of the journal for permission to reprint a revised version,  Marina Brilman  and  Sebastjan Vörös  for their helpful reading of earlier drafts of this paper, and  Ghyslain Bolduc  for his comments on the penultimate version. AE acknowledges funding from Grants  IT 1228-19  from the  Basque Government)  and  PID2019-104576GB-I00  from the  Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain. CW was funded by the  FWO (Flemish Research Council)  and then by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme  (GA n. 725883 ERC-EarlyModernCosmology ).
Methodology In order to better understand the teaching practices of EFL teachers in different departments of universities in  The sample size in this study was relatively small, with only 14 participants from four different universities in France. However, the use of a small sample can be justified in several ways. Firstly, the participants were carefully selected to ensure that the sample was representative of EFL teachers in different departments of the universities. As can be seen from the figure above, the selected participants represent different profiles, which allowed for a range of perspectives on EFL teaching practices in different contexts. Furthermore, the qualitative nature of the study means that sample size is less important than the richness of the data collected. Qualitative research is often concerned with exploring in depth the experiences and perspectives of a small number of participants, rather than generalizing findings to a larger population  (Gobo, 2004).
XRF Data Processing The procedure has already been described in previous papers [29  ,30,32]. After recording the raw data with ELIO, the recorded spectra files were analyzed through the Artax 7. 4. 0. 0 (Bruker, AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) software. For the data treatment process, the studied objects were considered as infinitely thick samples. Before evaluating the analysis data, all of the spectra were imported, and a new method file was created via the "Method Editor" of Artax for an applied voltage of 50 kV and current of 80 μA. The corresponding major (e. g. , K, Ca), minor (e. g. , Fe, Ti, Co) and trace elements (e. g. , Ag, Bi, As) were added to the list of elements used to fit the experimental spectrum. For the.
XRF Data Processing The procedure has already been described in previous papers [29  ,30,32]. After recording the raw data with ELIO, the recorded spectra files were analyzed through the Artax 7. 4. 0. 0 (Bruker, AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) software. For the data treatment process, the studied objects were considered as infinitely thick samples. Before evaluating the analysis data, all of the spectra were imported, and a new method file was created via the "Method Editor" of Artax for an applied voltage of 50 kV and current of 80 µA. The corresponding major (e. g. , K, Ca), minor (e. g. , Fe, Ti, Co) and trace elements (e. g. , Ag, Bi, As) were added to the list of elements used to fit the experimental spectrum. For the correction, escape and background options were selected in the Method Editor, and 10 cycles of iteration were selected starting from 0.
5 keV to 45 keV. The deconvolution method, Bayes, was applied to export the data table. The net area was calculated under the peak at the characteristic energy of each element selected for spectrum fitting, and the counts of the major, minor and trace elements were determined in the colored areas (white, red, yellow, blue and black). Before plotting the scatter diagrams, the net areas of each element were normalized by the number of XRF photons derived from the elastic peak of the X-ray tube of rhodium. An additional normalization with respect to the signal of Co was made for the comparison of certain elements. Then, these normalized data were plotted in the ternary scattering plots drawn for the interpretation and discussion of the results with the software Statistica 13. 5. 0. 17 (TIBCO Software Inc.
Acknowledgments:  Mathieu Lebon  ( MNHN, Paris ) is acknowledged for the availability of the XRF instrument and  Nicolas Fournery  ( N. Fournery Gallery, Paris ) for providing the ww shard. Edmund Lee  ( Royal Auction Laboratory, Hong-Kong ) and  Xiong-Lin Feng  ( Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China ) are acknowledged for many discussions and help in selecting samples.
Acknowledgements. This paper was prepared as part of The Scientific Conference: A Social, Cultural and Political History (www. sciconf. nu) collaborative project funded by  HERA  grant  2. 037/ANR-19-HER2-0001-01 , as well as the  Medical Internationalism in Practice: Infrastructures, Origins and Networks collaborative  project funded by a  Wellcome Trust  small grant. I would like to thank all the members of the SciConf project and the two anonymous reviewers of this paper for their feedback. Cite this article:  Mougey  T (2023). Negotiating the norms of an international science: standardization work at the International Geological Congress, 1878-1891. The  British Journal  for the History of Science 56, 435-451. https:// doi. org/10. 1017/ S0007087423000304.
Stature analysis is applied to living or past populations using a range of data sources (measured stature, historical data or osteological analysis) and for different purposes. Among living populations, stature analysis can be applied on an individual or group level, with the aim of identifying individuals or groups who lack access to resources  (WHO Expert Committee on Physical Status, 1995; Eiben et al. , 2005; Araújo et al. , 2016). In the case of past populations, these studies can span long periods of time, while others can analyse differences in living conditions among the population within a single period. Vercellotti and co-authors (2011)  evaluated stature and body shape differences between individuals from higher and lower social classes from an Italian mediaeval community (n=52).
, 2018:83). Other studies have compared changes in sexual stature difference (SSD) and the potential correlation with different living conditions, cultural practices and access to resources. Gray and Wolfe (1980)  analysed SSD in 216 societies to assess the possible influences of marriage practices, protein availability, the presence of milking herds, settlement size and climate. They conclude that both genetic and dietary factors have an influence on the degree of dimorphism. Batista-Goulart,  Séguy, Tzortzis & Quatrehomme  Drawing on an ethnographic database, Holden and Mace (1999) evaluated a possible influence on SSD of the sexual division of labour, type of subsistence, polygyny (men having more than one wife) and nutrition. They observed that SSD was lower in societies where women contributed more to food production.
Bocquet-Appel et al. (2008)  evaluated sexual dimorphism in femur length, as a proxy for stature, together with other markers, to assess the impact of the agricultural transition on population health, based on data gathered at 22 archaeological sites in North America. They observed a decrease in SSD in times of resource scarcity. Cámara (2015)  analysed the impact of inter-generational and socio-economic status (SES) on SSD in 20 th century Spain, using data gathered during health interviews (declared stature), with individuals born between 1910 and 1979. He observed that among upper-middle SES individuals SSD was lower among individuals having grown up during the Spanish Civil  War (1936 War ( -1939)). For the lower SES group, the lowest SSD occurred during the first decade of Franco's dictatorship, when the country suffered a famine caused by Franco's economic policy  (Blanco, 2021).
Changes in male femur length over time in Provence Male femur length changed much as expected considering the historical context, increasing over time, even though the data point to a statistically significant increase only when we compare the figures for Martigues (18 th century) with those for Nice (20 th century), i. e. the earliest and latest samples, respectively. This upward trend has also been observed in other studies, but these did not consider samples from the 18 th century. For instance,  Heyberger (2009)  reports that male statures decreased slightly during the first half of the 19 th century, but increased from 1850 to 1910. In that paper, the author presents data on the stature of conscripts from four French regions and for the whole country, but not for the south. Chamla (1964)  compared changes in stature among French conscripts from 1880 to 1960, observing a general increase, but a short period of decrease in the decade following World War I  (1920) (1921) (1922) (1923) (1924) (1925) (1926) (1927) (1928) (1929).
Changes in female femur length over time in Provence The changes in female femur length in the samples analysed were unexpected, considering the historical periods. First, the median femur length was significantly smaller in the 19 th century collection (Antibes). Secondly, there was no significant difference in femur lengths between the Martigues (18 th century) and Nice (20 th century) samples, although the latter shows the largest stature. These results are surprising given the improvement in living conditions in France in the 19 th and even more so in the 20 th century. Regarding the first observation, the statistical test applied (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test) shows a significant difference between the Martigues and Antibes samples, median 4 Raw data is available for downloading, as part of the publication of  Vallin and Meslé (2001).
We conclude that, as expected, male femur lengths increased from the 18 th to the 20 th century, demonstrating the influence of improved living conditions on male stature. In an unexpected development, our data findings show a less emphatic increase in the femur length of women between the 18 th and 20 th centuries when compared to that of men, and a significant decline in female stature during the 19 th century, possibly related to biases within the sample. The biological and social factors that may have affected female and male stature differently over time could be assessed in future research. For female statures, the results for the 19 th century (Antibes collection) call for further investigation, since our sample size was small. Another 19 th century collection could be analysed to identify how female stature was affected by the changes that occurred during this period.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Henri Caussinus ,  Nikola Koepke  and  Henrique Goulart  for the fruitful discussions. For their help during the analyses of Nice and Antibes collections:  Luísa Nogueira , from the  Institut Universitaire d'Anthropologie Médico-Légale , and the team from the  Ostéothèque Régionale PACA , especially  Emiline Sperandio. For the English revision, we would like to thank  James Tovey  and  Ined Editions  (first version) and  Ilona Bossanyi  (final version).
In the past decade, there has been a growing amount of research on so-called self-transcendent emotions, mainly in the domain of positive emotions. However, most candidate self-transcendent emotions (e. g. , Awe, Gratitude, Being Moved, Wonder) have been studied in isolation, leaving the commonalities and the differences of their phenomenology unknown. In the present paper, we sought to identify the phenomenological nature of main families of self-transcendent emotions. We drew on two large datasets (N 1 = 3,113; N 2 = 1,443) in which participants had to recall an emotional episode or to watch emotional videos and had to report their emotions through a list of 40 emotion labels. Participants were also presented with a large list of items probing their cognitive appraisals, bodily feelings, and action tendencies.
Even if the subjective feeling captured by the self-report measures can be considered as just the conscious reflection of all the emotional components  (Grandjean et al. , 2008) , some methodological doubts have been raised about the possibility of leaving subjective feelings out of the construction of emotion taxonomies  (Kron, 2019). To produce this bottom-up taxonomy of self-transcendent positive emotions, based on participants' subjective experience of positive emotions (as reflected in their use of emotional labels), we used principal component analysis on two large datasets in which participants confronted with various emotional situations reported the emotions, bodily feelings, action tendencies, and cognitive appraisals they experienced. Inducing different emotions is a technique that aims to have a more complete grasp on the emotional space and has already been used in previous bottom-up taxonomies of emotions  (Cowen & Keltner, 2017; Weidman & Tracy, 2020).
One dataset used an episodic recall paradigm (study 1) on a large variety of emotions, while the second used video clips known to elicit typical self-transcendent emotions (study 2), but both used similar measures. The design of study 1 allows us to get a picture of how people experience different kinds of positive emotions, and whether they make a distinction between self-transcendent and nonself-transcendent positive emotions, while study 2 focuses specifically on the elicitation of self-transcendent emotions. In both studies, our main research question was whether the various candidate self-transcendent emotions found in the literature (Admiration, Awe, Being Moved/Kama Muta, Compassion, Elevation, Gratitude, Inspiration, Wonder) would form a unified category and share a common subjective feeling, or if it would be possible to identify different families of self-transcendent emotions based on participants' subjective experience, as expressed in their use of positive emotion labels.
As revealed by X-ray fluorescence and Table  1. Quantitative refinement results from the XRD data collected in the red solar disk region of PAP-6 and in the red region of the column decoration in PAP-12. Averages and standard deviations (St. dev. ) are calculated from the refinement results of eight patterns in each case (see Tables  S1, S2 ). The weight percent (wt%) in cellulose and in calcium oxalate were obtained after summing the contributions of the two cellulose phases and of weddellite and whewellite, respectively. -12), where a mix of carbon black and of blue cuprorivaite was used to make the decorative dots, apposed on top of the lighter green part (Fig. S5 ). Finally, following the coloring process, the contour line made of black carbon was drawn, giving their final appearance to the illustrated scenes.
Methods Optical microscopy measurements were carried out using a Nikon Eclipse LV100ND optical microscope. At each measured point, a series of images were recorded varying the focal length, a way to reduce non-flat surface effects. Raman spectroscopy experiments were carried out using a Jobin Yvon T6400 spectrometer using a 633 nm incident radiation wavelength. Spectra were recorded for a counting time of 20-40 s, and a laser power of 1mW. Synchrotron XRD and XRF experiments were carried out at the ID22 beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble, France). XRD data were collected using a Perkin Elmer XRD 1611CP3 detector positioned at a distance of 1400 mm from the sample with a beam size of 1 mm × 0. 1 mm (h × v) and at a wavelength of 0. 4009 Å. The wavelength and the detector parameters were calibrated using a diffraction pattern collected on a silicon NIST 640c sample.
Papyrus fragments were positioned in the beam using dedicated 3D-printed sample holders  11. At each measurement points, 100 diffraction patterns were recorded (1 s per pattern), before averaging. Azimuthal integration and Pawley and Rietveld refinements were carried out using the PyFAI 18 library and the Topas software  19  , respectively. X-ray fluorescence spectra were recorded with a Hitachi Vortex 90EX SDD, and corresponding data processing carried out using the PyMca software  20.
Acknowledgements We thank  V. Reita  from the  Institut Néel (Grenoble, France)  for the help provided during the Raman measurements,  A. N. Fitch  from the  ESRF (Grenoble, France)  for his help and kind advice, and the  ESRF  for providing beamtime at the ID22 beamline. P. O. A acknowledges the  ESRF  and the  Institut Néel  for his PhD studentship.
The combination of LiDAR with other technologies for numerisation is increasingly applied in the field of building, design, and geoscience, as it often brings time and cost advantages in 3D data survey processes. In this paper, the reconstruction of 3D point cloud datasets is studied, through an experimental protocol evaluation of new LiDAR sensors on smartphones. To evaluate and analyse the 3D point cloud datasets, different experimental conditions are considered depending on the acquisition mode and the type of object or surface being scanned. The conditions allowing us to obtain the most accurate data are identified and used to propose which acquisition protocol to use. This protocol seems to be the most adapted when using these LiDAR sensors to digitise complex interior buildings such as railway stations.