dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Innovation is recognize as a matter of survival and success to firms and technological capabilities can lead to an innovative behavior by using technological resources and competences. The literature about technological capability and innovation is vast, counting on several approaches and a large number of researchers involved within. Based on this, our aim is to use a bibliometrics approach to map out the authors, institutions, journals and the evolution of the publication as well, to provide the path needed to build a theoretical framework about the theme. We held this research on the Scopus database using a standard search protocol to perform the selection of the sample. Our results indicates an emerging field of study and a large number papers and citations concentrated in few journals.
One can label this strand of analysis the counting of publications. This provides information on quantity, but it does not provides it a relative use nor does it tell anything about the scientific use or impact. (THANUSKODI, 2010)  As it is rather difficult to obtain a picture of all scientific outcome, bibliometricians tend to use a dedicated database. For more than 40 years, the main database for analyzing the scientific performance of researchers was the Science Citation Index (SCI), starting in 1963, and the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), starting in 1973. The Arts & Humanities Citation Index followed in 1978. All indexes were developed and maintained by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), which is now owned by Thomson Reuters. The main idea behind such an index is to collect citations of scientific articles.
Data sources Hence we have our methodology chosen we had to set the population of the study, the terms Technological capabilities and Innovation are used among many fields, so our main scope was to choose a library that covers different fields. In this sense, we found Scopus as a database that can cover this diversity, besides having the largest amount of paper collection in the whole world. Scopus is database owned by Elsevier and is considered the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed research literature. According to its website, Scopus is provided with tools to offer a quick, easy and comprehensive resource to support research needs in the scientific, technical, medical and social sciences fields as well as arts and humanities. Considering November 2012, Scopus has in its files more than 20.
FINDINGS The first time the terms and Technological Innovation Capabilities articles appeared simultaneously in was in 1984, in the Scopus database. In the eleven years after the appearance of the terms worked simultaneously, the production of articles was low. The first production peak appeared only in 1997, when the publication reached 15 articles. Since 1997, the number of publications was alternating ups and downs until 2006, when it reached the highest peak at that moment. After that, between the 2007 and 2010 there were few publications, until in 2011 the number of publications reached its highest peak. From 2012 to nowadays, the movement is gradually stabling. These three journals represent around 15% of all publications in the subject for the studied library, which compared to the other journals figuring Table  01  can be considered a representative result.
The Beadchips were scanned on an Illumina IScan with Illumina IScan image data acquisition software (www. illumina. com). To avoid batch effects, sample order processing was randomized. Biological replicate samples of 250 ng of total RNA were reverse transcribed at 25°C for 10 min, 37°C for 2 h, and 85°C for 5 min in a 20 l reaction buffer according to manufacturer's instructions. Quantification of mRNAs was performed by real-time RT-PCR using a Roche LightCycler LC480 sequence detection system. Oligonucleotide primer pairs were obtained from Fifteen samples were analyzed in this experiment (T0, n ϭ 3; T1h, n ϭ 4; T3h, n ϭ 5; T6h, n ϭ 3). The clustering image was obtained using average dot product distance metric selection and average linkage clustering methods with Multi Experiment Viewer software.
The green probes correspond to downregulated genes and red ones correspond to upregulated genes. B, Nonredundant gene ontology analysis (molecular functions, biological process, and cellular components) of the 709 probes list. The analysis was conducted using the functional annotation tool of the David Bioinformation database. Gene ontology pathways with Ͼ3 genes were considered significant if fold enrichment was Ͼ2-fold and the modified Fisher exact p-value was Ͻ0. 01. C, Identification of four gene clusters corresponding to the different temporal expression profiles of the 709 probes. The name of genes in each cluster is specified in the Table  1. The data were obtained using an unbiased self-organizing tree algorithm (Pearson correlation in SOTA, Multi Experiment Viewer software). For each cluster, the top shows the time course during the L-DOPA challenge and the bottom shows the results of gene ontology analysis (performed as for B).
Data analysis and statistics Quality control of microarray was performed using Bead Studio (Illumina Genome Studio Software) and LumiR (www. bioconductor. org). Microarray data normalization on median and background was conducted using Bead Studio software (Illumina). Quality control before any array analysis included visualization of array scan images and observation of different quality markers of hybridization and homogeneity of expression, including, notably, the determination of signal/noise ratio, the average of detected genes, or the density of expression intensity. Microarrays for which Ͼ4 of the 16 observed indicators differed by Ͼ2 SDs from the mean were considered as bad quality control and were not   Saeed et al. , 2003). General filters were applied before analysis and consisted of thresholding the minimal expression intensity at a value of 10 and in excluding probes if percentage missing exceeded 50%.
Genes were identified as differentially expressed if they had a fold difference Ͼ1. 2, if the univariate p-value was Ͻ0. 01, and if the false discovery rate (FDR) was Ͻ0. 1. For tests on a small number of genes, the FDR has not been applied but is shown in the tables anyway. Ontology analysis was assessed by using the functional annotation tool of the David Bioinformation database (http://david. abcc. ncifcrf. gov/; Huang da et al. , 2009a Huang da et al. , , 2009b)). A clustering image was obtained using average linkage clustering method with Multi Experiment Viewer software. For blot quantifications, quantitative RT-PCR, and behavioral assessments, data are expressed as mean Ϯ SEM. Comparisons between groups were performed using Mann-Whitney (for two groups) or Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA (for more than two groups).
01, FDR Ͻ 0. 1; Fig. 1A , Table  1 ). The gene ontology analysis of this acute L-DOPA-induced gene expression signature showed significant enrichment in synapse-associated genes, synaptic transmission, and protein phosphatase activity (Fig. 1B ). We identified four temporal profiles of gene expression by applying an unbiased self-organizing tree algorithm [self-organizing tree algorithm (SOTA), Multi Experiment Viewer software] on the 709 probes induced by L-DOPA (Fig. 1C , Table  1 ). Genes with a peak of expression 1 h after L-DOPA treatment belonged to "transcription regulator activity" and "MAPK signaling" pathways (Fig. 1C, cluster A ). Not surprisingly, this cluster was composed of several immediate early genes (IEGs) known to be quickly induced by L-DOPA (Fos, FosB, Junb, Egr2, Egr4, Nab2, and Arc) in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals  (Berke et al.
Figure1. Gene expression signature in the 6-OHDA-denervated striatum after an acute L-DOPA administration. A, Hierarchical clustering (individual data) performed on the 709 probes significantly deregulated after an acute L-DOPA administration (fold change Ͼ 1. 2, p Ͻ 0. 01, FDR Ͻ 0. 1). Fifteen samples were analyzed in this experiment (T0, n ϭ 3; T1h, n ϭ 4; T3h, n ϭ 5; T6h, n ϭ 3). The clustering image was obtained using average dot product distance metric selection and average linkage clustering methods with Multi Experiment Viewer software. The green probes correspond to downregulated genes and red ones correspond to upregulated genes. B, Nonredundant gene ontology analysis (molecular functions, biological process, and cellular components) of the 709 probes list. The analysis was conducted using the functional annotation tool of the David Bioinformation database.
Gene ontology pathways with Ͼ3 genes were considered significant if fold enrichment was Ͼ2-fold and the modified Fisher exact p-value was Ͻ0. 01. C, Identification of four gene clusters corresponding to the different temporal expression profiles of the 709 probes. The name of genes in each cluster is specified in the Table1. The data were obtained using an unbiased self-organizing tree algorithm (Pearson correlation in SOTA, Multi Experiment Viewer software). For each cluster, the top shows the time course during the L-DOPA challenge and the bottom shows the results of gene ontology analysis (performed as for B).
Data are expressed as means ϩ SEM. *p Ͻ 0. 05, HD versus LD. The number of L-DOPA-induced rotations, the limb use asymmetry measured by the cylinder test, and the dopaminergic denervation were not statistically different between the two groups, contrasting with their significant difference in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. C, Heat map of the 26 significantly deregulated probes (fold change Ͼ 1. 2, p Ͻ 0. 05) between HD and LD mice among the 709 probes found deregulated by an acute challenge of L-DOPA (Fig. 1). Hierarchical clustering of genes and samples was performed using one minus correlation metrics and average linkages with Biometric Research Branch array tools. The black probes correspond to downregulated genes and white probes correspond to upregulated genes.
Medicale, the  Societefrancaise de pharmacologie et de therapeutique , the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (Grant  ANR09-MNPS-014 ), the  Michael Stern Parkinson's Research Foundation , and the  European Research Council. The research leading to these results has received funding from the program " Investissements d'avenir "  ANR-10-IAIHU-06. P. W. was supported by  National Institutes of Health  Grant  R01 NS039156. ;We thank the staff of the  Institut du Fer a Moulin Imaging  and animal facilities and the staff of the Plateforme post-genomique P3S facility at the  Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital. Analyses were performed using  Biometric Research Branch ArrayTools  developed by  Dr. Richard Simon  and  BRB-ArrayTools Development Team.
Radical left parties (RLPs) are a diverse lot and several RLP subtypes have been distinguished in the literature. However, the degree to which these subtypes are associated to significantly different policy proposals has not been analysed. At the same time, little is known about whether these predicated subtypes are associated to differences in their voters' characteristics. In this article, we analyse the policy positions of RLPs across a number of issues using manifesto and expert survey data, allowing us to assess the nature of the differentiation between types of RLPs. We find that RLPs differ in the extent to which they adopt New Politics issues, and we propose a classification of Traditional and New Left RLPs. Using cross-national survey data coming from the European Election Studies series and multilevel multinomial models, we also examine the ideological, policy and social differences in the electorates of the various types of RLPs.
We do not aim at validating the estimates from both sources of data, but relying on both the CMP and the CHES allows using consistency in positions as a criterion for the classification of different RLPs. In order to determine whether subtypes of RLPs can be identified, we analyse CMP data since the late 1940s with factor analysis 11 on a number of issues that are deemed to be, empirically and theoretically, relevant for the study of RLPs, thus refraining from the use of the CMP left-right scale for the aforementioned reasons. 12 Regarding CHES data, this article will focus on a variable containing expert judgements on the position of parties on the New Politics dimension (green/alternative/libertarian vs. traditional/authoritarian/nationalist). The second part of the paper focuses on RLP voters and utilizes data from the five waves of the European Election Studies (EES) that are currently available : 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and   2009.
New Politics RLPs are closer to the bottom side of the graph in In order to address these disparities in classification with each data source, we propose a classification that distinguishes between New Left/New Politics RLPs and other RLPs ⎯ which we will refer to as Traditional RLPs ⎯ based on the joint consideration of both the 21 The correlation between both dimensions in the CHES is -0. 18 and statistically insignificant. CMP and the CHES data. For this, we examined the distribution of RLPs first according to their factor loadings in the CMP analysis, and then according to their score in the GAL/TAN index of the CHES. Using the distribution in the CMP factor, only RLPs with values equal or higher than the value corresponding to the 3 rd percentile were classified as New Politics parties.
in grey shade) is the identification of the Spanish IU (formed by the PCE) and of other Communist parties such as the Italian PdCI and the Communist Refoundation Party as New Left (consistently so in both the CMP and the CHES data). The opposite happens with EL in Denmark, SP in the Netherlands, and Syriza/Synaspismos in Greece, which were not consistently on the New Left side in both datasets and therefore, unlike previous classifications, are included in the Traditional RLP category. In any case, these three latter cases can be considered as 'border-line' ones, particularly because there is no consistent pattern between the CMP and the CHES data. Another aspect that our results and classification highlights is that some parties change over time in their adoption of New Politics issues. Many parties start embracing New Left platforms only in the late 1980s and early 1990s -mostly Scandinavian, but also south European parties -and in some cases new parties are formed also in these same years through splits or mergers that embrace from the start New Left positions.
The distribution of respondents across the three categories in the pooled dataset is presented in Table  A1  in the Appendix. The results of the multinomial regression model with the pooled dataset of the EES for all countries and years between 1989 and 2009 are shown in Table  A3  (in the Appendix). In order to facilitate the interpretation of findings, Figure  3  presents the predicted probabilities of supporting Traditional and New Left RLPs for those variables with statistically significant effects: ideology, education, dissatisfaction with democracy, religion and opinions on EU membership. [FIGURE  3  ABOUT HERE] The results presented in Figure  3  and Table  A3  suggest that there are, indeed, a number of interesting differences between the voters of Traditional and New Left RLPs. Many of them are in the expected direction, but others depart from the expectations.
First, to what extent are RLPs different in terms of their programmatic appeals? And, if they are, do these differences also reflect on their voters' profiles? With regard to the first question, we analyzed the policy stances of RLPs employing party manifesto data from the CMP and expert judgments from the CHES. Both data sources point to a similar conclusion: while RLPs share many similarities, there are also systematic differences in some of the policies that they stand for. In line with our expectations, we found that most of the variation among RLPs is explained in terms of their position regarding New Politics issues. Thus, while some RLPs have completely embraced the New Politics/New Left discourse and combine radical left-wing economic policies with strong environmentalism, pacifism and opposition to traditional morality, others prefer to stick (albeit to different degrees) to the classical radical left discourse.
Classification of West European RLPs after 1980 Own classification using the CMP and CHES datasets. Notes: parties in shade are the ones for which this classification differs from that proposed by previous literature. *Finnish People's Democratic League, Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liito, is the antecedent party of VAS (founded in 1990). **Alþýðubandalagiðws (Ab) was the antecendt party of Vinstrihreyfingin -graent framboð (VG),Left- Green Movement (founded in 1999). *** União Democrática Popular, People's Democratic Union, was one of the parties that later created the BE.
Following ref. 3  and 9 , the critical mixture is composed of water and 2,6-dimethylpyridine, and we use potassium chloride (KCl) as the added hydrophilic salt. The results of our study can be summarised as follows. Most importantly, our GIXF data provide direct experimental evidence for microscopic segregation of hydrophilic ions in critical binary aqueous mixtures. This finding provides support for the important role of asymmetric ion solvation in the above mentioned anomalous forces between hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces suspended in salt-containing critical binary aqueous solvents. However, the experimental GIXF data are found to be in only qualitative, but not quantitative, agreement with state-of-the-art theoretical predictions for interfacial ion distributions in critical binary liquid mixtures,  14  demonstrating the need for developing a microscopic theoretical model which includes asymmetric ion solvation.
GIXF experiment We carried out the GIXF experiment at beamline ID10 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We used an incident X-ray energy of 8 keV, which for this system leads to a critical angle of total reflection y C = 0. 1521, and we recorded the fluorescence spectra using an energy-dispersive detector (Vortex, SII NanoTechnology). During the experiment we kept the sample under helium atmosphere in order to avoid parasitic argon fluorescence. We collected data at several temperatures well below T C (i. e. , T C À T = 4-10 K), using a custom-made sample cell with a temperature stability within E0. 1 K.
Relative GIXF intensity In order to facilitate the comparison between cation and anion data, we show in Fig. 4  the relative GIXF intensity I + /I À versus incidence angle y. Most importantly, the prefactors C AE (y) of eqn (1) cancel out via this normalisation procedure. By presenting the GIXF data in this manner, we thereby highlight the   differences between cation and anion concentrations near the interface. Based on these data, we can directly make the important observation that the relative GIXF intensity I + /I À is larger than unity for small incidence angles y r y C. This finding, which we have verified in two separate experiments and for several different temperatures in the range T C À T = 4-10 K, can only be explained by a relative excess of cations compared to anions close to the liquid-vapour interface.
Theoretical modelling To gain more insight into the mechanisms of the microscopic charge segregation observed in Fig. 4 , we model the GIXF data of eqn (1) using the theoretical illumination profile I 0 (z,y) and ion density profiles n AE (z). For determination of the illumination profile we use a so-called matrix propagation method,  26  and we have verified that it suffices to assume a sharp interface and a constant electron density in the liquid phase. In brief, we determine I 0 (z,y) by solving Maxwell's equations for a stratified medium in a matrix formalism, using tabulated 27 optical constants as input. This approach gives identical results to those obtained using Parrat's recursive scheme. 21 The application of the matrix propagation method to GIXF has been presented elsewhere. 23 n order to obtain theoretical ion density profiles, we use a simplified model by Bier and co-workers.
49 (0. 98 to 2. 28) ( p=0. 06) and 1. 43 (0. 93 to 2. 19) p=0. 10. The mean number of DUs per patient was lower in the sildenafil group compared with the placebo group at week (W) 8 (1. 23±1. 61 vs 1. 79±2. 40 p=0. 04) and W12 (0. 86±1. 62 vs 1. 51±2. 68, p=0. 01) resulting from a greater healing rate ( p=0. 01 at W8 and p=0. 03 at W12). Conclusions The primary end point was not reached in intention-to-treat, partly because of an unexpectedly high healing rate in the placebo group. We found a significant decrease in the number of DUs in favour of sildenafil compared with placebo at W8 and W12, confirming a sildenafil benefit. Trial registration number NCT01295736.
Patients All patients with SSc, diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria,  14  or the LeRoy and Medsger criteria for diffuse or limited subsets classification,  15  and presenting with at least one ischaemic DU on their fingers distal to the proximal interphalangeal joint, could enter the study. A DU was defined as present (active) in the case of a break in the skin with a loss of epithelialisation on the distal finger surface of ischaemic origin according to the physician and not located over subcutaneous calcifications or over extensor surfaces of joints. In the case of an underlying scab, the presence of a DU was considered based on the clinical judgement of the physician. All the inclusion and exclusion criteria can be found on the clinical. trial. gov web site (http://clinicaltrials.
Evaluation of ischaemic DUs At each patient visit (week (W) 0, W4, W8 and W12), the physician had to collect data on each ulcer separately. This included location (hand, finger and finger surface involved), size and local complications such as gangrene, osteomyelitis or skin infection. The largest diameter was measured and expressed in millimetres. Healing was defined as complete reepithelialisation. The evaluation of the duration of the DUs present at baseline was based on the patient's estimation.
Sildenafil and placebo were also compared in two separate groups: patients with or without treatment by bosentan. The number of DUs per patient at each visit and the change in the number of DUs between W0 and W12 were compared using Poisson regression models. Healing rates of DUs present at W0 and the proportion of patients whose DUs present at W0 were completely healed at W12 were compared between groups using a logistic regression model for clustered data. Changes in pain, disability, hand function and RP severity between W0 and W12 were analysed using mixed models for repeated measures. Two-sided p values <0. 05 are considered to indicate statistical significance, and 95% CIs are reported where relevant. Statistical analyses were performed with SAS software V. 9. 3 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA).
Furthermore, few studies have assessed the factors specific to males and females that influence attrition from ART. Identifying these gender-specific attrition-associated factors is critical for determining priority areas for improving patient retention for each sex. In Zimbabwe, a review of the national ART programme revealed that patient retention rates at 36 months was 64. 4% and that male gender increased the risk of attrition. 14 Using this dataset we conducted an extended data analysis aimed at determining: (1) gender-related differences in ART outcomes, primarily attrition from treatment, mortality, loss to follow-up, and immunological failure, and (2) gender-specific characteristics associated with attrition.