dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
3. (For interpretation of the colors in the figure(s), the reader is referred to the web version of this article. ) kilometers within the Abor Hills, highlighting a possible source on the Main Himalayan Frontal Thrust (MFT). Likewise, as derived by different authors from first motion datasets and spectral amplitudes, the mainshock focal mechanism remained controversial, implying either normal, thrust, or oblique strike-slip faulting, or possibly a combination of the latter two  (Tandon, 1955; Ben-Menahem et al. , 1974; Chen and Molnar, 1977; Molnar and Deng, 1984)  (Fig. 1  and Table  1 ). Also, while widespread liquefaction (e. g. ,  Reddy et al. , 2009; Rajendran and Rajendran, 2011) , large landslides, and catastrophic debris flows were widely described in the Assam plain  (Tandon, 1950; Kingdon-Ward, 1953a , 1953b; Ramachandra Rao, 1953) , and despite dedicated research (e.
1  and 3 ). Note that the smaller number of aftershocks in the Mishmi Hills may be suggestive of more complete stress release on the MT during the mainshock. Among the 46 hypocenter depths we retrieved, we used the 25 foci located beneath the Abor and Mishmi Hills to infer plausible, planar geometries for the MFT and MT in cross-section. Such selected data suggest that the MT may be about twice as steep as the MFT, with dip angles of ≈28 • and ≈14 • , respectively, in keeping with the elevation difference resulting from the long-term growth of the two ranges (Fig. 3 ).
Crustal and superficial fault dip angles Considering an ≈30 km-thick seismogenic crust and a downdip slip limit located roughly beneath the high Himalayan range (≈3500 m asl elevation contour,  Avouac, 2003; Dhital, 2015) , the MT and MFT thrust dip angles would be about 25 and 15 • , respectively, in keeping with the ≈28 and ≈14 • dips consistent with the aftershocks depth distributions (Fig. 3 ). The 3D geometry of planes that best fit the relocated aftershock hypocenters and the simplified 3D surface rupture trace may be constrained further using the Petrel E&P software platform (Appendix A3). The resulting MT and MFT planes have dip angles of 25 and 13 • , respectively (Figs. 7  and S14 ). In summary, average dip angles of ≈25-28 • for the MT, and ≈13-15 • for the MFT, account best for the available geological and geophysical evidence.
Dual first motion focal mechanism The kinematically complex dual source we propose for the 1950 Assam earthquake likely accounts for the fact that its exact geometry has long been the subject of controversy. Tandon (1955)  carried out an early investigation of the focal geometry of the 1950 event, and proposed a normal faulting mechanism with parameters inferred to be φ = 270 • ; δ = 75 • ; λ = 285 • (Fig. 8A  and Table  1 ). As later discussed by  Ben-Menahem et al. (1974) , however, several of his readings might have been erroneous, and his methodology, which predated the introduction of the double-couple concept, also did not handle core phases, the latter being incompatible with normal faulting. His dataset remains valuable, however, notably for stations in Central and Southern India. Ben-Menahem et al.
(1974)  investigated the focal mechanism of the 1950 earthquake based on the interpretation of both first motions and spectral amplitudes of long-period surface waves. They proposed a strike-slip solution on a steeply dipping plane (φ = 334 • , δ = 60 • , λ = 175 • ; Fig. 8B  and Table  1 ) that would correspond roughly to the Jiali-Po-Qu-Lohit fault, later identified as a large, active, strike-slip fault (e. g. ,  Molnar and Tapponnier, 1975; Tapponnier and Molnar, 1977; Ni and York, 1978; Armijo et al. , 1989). Subsequently,  Chen and Molnar (1977)  argued that a shallow dipping thrust with a strike close to that of the MFT (φ = 260 • , δ = 12 • , λ = 90 • ) (Fig. 8C  and Table  1 ) provided an equally acceptable fit to the first motion dataset. In fact, neither the steep dip of the Po-Qu-Lohit fault, nor the length of an inferred rupture along it can account for the distribution of aftershocks and magnitude of the 1950 event (e.
g. ,  Armijo et al. , 1989). Furthermore, while  Ben-Menahem et al. 's (1974)  solution skillfully runs fault planes through available first motion datasets (assuming a crustal source velocity of 6. 5 km/s, and ignoring most of  Tandon's (1955)  data from stations in India), it remains unconvincing given impulsive arrivals in the vicinity of its proposed null axis. On the other hand, while  Chen and Molnar's (1977)  pure thrust solution fits well with the broad aftershock zone beneath the eastern Himalayas and with the MFT's ≈NE-SW trend and dip consistent with our field observations, it accounts neither for the epicenter location in the Mishmi Hills nor for the dominant 1950 thrusting and landslides along the nearly orthogonal MT. It seems clear that a composite source, as suggested by our field results and the broader aftershock/landslide distribution, with a possible time lag of a few seconds between ruptures on two thrust faults, is required.
We thus re-assessed the first motion dataset by personally reading records at 12 historical stations (all compressional except Jakarta), and complementing it by first motions reported by the ISS and by  Tandon (1955)  (Fig. 8 ). We find that the fault geometry derived from our field investigation along the MFT (φ = 245 • , δ = 15 • , λ = 70 • ) is compatible with the first-arrival dataset on Fig. 8D , while a source on the MT (φ = 315 • , δ = 20 • , λ = 120 • ) would violate the dilatational arrivals at Brisbane and Riverview, in Eastern Australia (Fig. 8E ). Such observations might be compatible with an initial rupture on the MFT, and a time-lagging rupture on the MT not contributing to first motion polarities. However, this interpretation would be at odds with the mutually consistent locations of the 1950 epicenter 80 km NE of the Mishmi Thrust (Figs.
1-2;  Tandon, 1955; Ben-Menahem et al. , 1974; Chen and Molnar, 1977). Hence, the 1950 rupture must have nucleated on the MT, whose plane, with an average dip of 20 • (Fig. 8E ), would fit the entire dataset save for arrivals at Brisbane and Riverview, whose picks we unfortunately could not independently confirm. Additionally, 3 dilatational arrivals (at Cartuja, Owase, and Nagasaki), which are inside the densest, best-defined compressional cluster, are in all likelihood erroneous. To accommodate deep aftershocks, structural geology, field observations, and possible changes of dip at depth, we consider an average dip of 25 • for the source on the MT that best fits the entire dataset. The two sub-mechanisms (φ = 315 • , δ = 25 • , λ = 120 • , and φ = 245 • , δ = 15 • , λ = 70 • , on the MT and MFT, respectively), with scalar ratios of 1:1.
Seismic moment from mantle waves Based on our best double-couple geometry, we computed the spectral amplitudes of mantle Rayleigh and Love waves  (Okal and Talandier, 1989 ) from long-period records at Uppsala, Göttingen, San Juan, and Huancayo, complemented by our previous dataset at Pasadena  (Okal, 1992). Such amplitudes require a seismic moment of ≈1. 0 × 10 22 N•m at the longest resolvable periods (200-250 s; Fig. 9 ). This value is compatible with, although 23% smaller than, that estimated from our field observations. The discrepancy may be attributed to uncertainties on the depth extent of faulting and to probable slip heterogeneities on the fault planes. On the other hand, the inferred total potency would amount to ≈440 km 3 , a factor of 1. 6 smaller than suggested by  Ben-Menahem et al.
Acknowledgements This research is partly supported by the  National Research Foundation Singapore  and the  Singapore Ministry of Education  under the  Research Centres of Excellence initiative in the framework of an MoU  with the  CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (Jorhat, India)  co-signed by  P. Banerjee ,  P. Tapponnier , and  S. Baruah , with contribution from  IPG Strasbourg (France). We thank  S. R. Ildefonso  ( Aero 360 Solutions, Philippines ),  S. Sharma  and  S. Baruah  ( NEIST, India ), and  A. Ahsan  ( Geological Survey of Bangladesh ) for their essential contribution in the field (topographic surveys, rock sampling). We thank  Laurent Bollinger  ( CEA, France ) for the tri-stereo Pleiades image correlation at Pasighat. Pleiades DEMs were processed using CNES data (2014),  Astrium Services Distribution/ Spot Image S.
RiboTag DAZL interacts with mRNAs whose translation is disrupted. The above findings open the possibility that DAZL binding to maternal mRNA leads to an increase and decrease in translation. If true, DAZL should equally bind to maternal mRNAs, whose translation is upregulated or downregulated during oocyte maturation. To test this hypothesis, we compared a previously generated DAZL RIP-Chip dataset to our published GV/MII dataset  21. In the DAZL RIP-Chip dataset, 847 transcripts are significantly immunoprecipitated by DAZL antibodies with a cutoff of >1. 5 fold enrichment and P < 0. 05, as compared to IgG during the GV to MII transition. A scatter plot (Fig. 4a ) of this data shows DAZL binding to upregulated transcripts and downregulated transcripts. To verify whether the mRNAs recovered in the RIP pellet possess consensus sequences known to interact with DAZL, we performed an in silico scan of these 3′ UTRs for the known consensus sequences defined by Selex  25  , DAZL crystal structure  26  , or by Clip/seq  19    DAZL consensuses in the 3′UTR.
DAZL depletion upregulates translation in GV-arrested oocytes. In the above experiments on reporter translation, we consistently observed that translation of Oosp1 and Obox5 reporters during the first two hours of incubation is significantly increased in the DAZL-MO injected group when the oocytes were still GV-arrested (Oosp1: p < 0. 0001 and Obox5: p = 0. 0007) (Fig. 7b, d ). To verify this apparent de-repression in DAZLdepleted, quiescent oocytes, we reanalyzed the RiboTag IP/RNA-Seq data sets. We found ribosome loading on both Obox5 and Oosp1 during GV-arrested is also increased in this dataset (Supplementary Fig. 11 ). To remove possible bias due to variation in the total mRNA, we calculated the translational efficiency (TE) of these two transcripts after DAZL depletion. Indeed, the TEs for Oosp1 and Obox5 significantly increased in GV oocytes depleted of DAZL (Fig.
mCherry signals did not change significantly in oocytes at different stages of maturation. Ratios of YFP reporter to the level of mCherry signal measured at plateau in each oocyte were calculated. In those cases where DAZL ablation had an effect in GV oocytes, the data were normalized to the signal of GV stage accumulation of corresponding proteins. Rates of translation associated with reentering into cell cycle (after GVBD versus before GVBD) were calculated by fitting YFP:mCherry data and calculating the slope of the interpolation obtained by linear regression (Prism) prior to GVBD or after GVBD when a new rate of translation had stabilized. For the experiments where translation of oligo-adenylated and poly-adenylated reporters is compared, the following calculations were performed. The rates of translation of reporters were measured by fitting (linear regression) the yfp/ mCherry values during the first 0-3 h or at 7-10 h of incubation.
Five micrograms of cDNA was fragmented and hybridized with Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430. 2 array chips  42. DNA-Chip Analyzer (dChip) was used for normalization and to quantify microarray signals with default analysis parameters. Comparison between samples was performed using dChip with a fold change of 1. 5, FDR < 5%, and P < 0. 05. Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism 8 package. The statistical analysis performed depended on specific experiments and is reported in the figure legend. For comparison between the two groups, two-tailed unpaired t-test was used. The data collection software Metamorph 7. 8. 13. 0, Image J bundled with 64-bit Java 1. 8. 0_112, were used for data collection and analysis. The method used for statistical analyses is reported in each figure legend.
Acknowledgements We wish to thank  Dr. Matthew Cook  for the help in the RIP-Chip experiments,  Dr. Soeren Muller  and  Dr. Xiaoyuan Zhou  for their help and advice on processing and analyzing the RNA-Seq data and  Vivian Siu  for editorial help with the manuscript. This work was supported by  NIH   R01 GM097165 ,  GM116926  and  Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD National Centers for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility   P50 HD055764  to  M. C. Enrico Maria Daldello  is supported by a Fellowship from the  Lalor Foundation. Xuan G. Luong  is supported by a  T32-HD007263  Integrated Training in Reproductive Sciences.
, 2013). Ambiguities in the structural models obtained from analysis of the SANS data can be further resolved by a SAXS experiment, which should yield information about the overall shape of the complex molecular structure  (Hennig et al. , 2013). The importance of joint SAXS/ SANS experiments has already been recognized. For instance, an initiative (SAS platform) at two large-scale facilities (ILL and ESRF) has been launched, allowing joint beamtime allocation on both SAXS (BM29-ESRF) and SANS (D22-ILL) instruments  (Lapinaite et al. , 2013).
The combined SAXS and SANS technique established here not only provides the ability to probe the same sample volume at the same time but also allows access to temporal development of nanoscale-structured materials in two different contrast situations for X-rays and neutrons. This technique offers the unique advantage of accessing the cross-correlation of two components when two different simultaneous contrast situations are probed for multicomponent samples during in situ experiments. For instance, simultaneous X-ray and neutron study will permit us to analyze and understand the complicated correlated nanostructures of two types of nanoscale components simultaneously under the influence of an external stimulus at different points of time. Consequently, this allows a straightforward and unambiguous interpretation of the scattering data using a unified structural model.
The whole assembly (X-ray source, optics and collimation system) is firmly connected and can be moved along three axes (x, y, z) to enable the X-ray beam position to be fine-tuned such that both the X-ray and neutron beams can be superimposed at the sample position. A goniometer (Huber) with six degrees of freedom was employed to achieve highly flexible sample positioning. For the experiment presented here, the sample was positioned at 45 relative to both of the orthogonal X-ray and neutron beams. The scattering data are acquired by an EIGER R 1M detector located in an evacuated detector chamber. No beamstop is needed to stop the direct beam in front of the detector, enabling scattering data and direct-beam intensity measurements on the detector without any scattering from the beamstop. As a result, no correction to account for the beamstop shadow is required.
All components of the system were mounted on a standalone metal rack (chassis) that made it easily movable for use on the D22 instrument. The D22 floor was equipped with an adjustable metal-concrete support base for the fast and precise positioning of the SAXS system in the D22 zone. The Network Based Instrument Control System (NICOS) software is employed for controlling all instrument motors and data acquisition. It is a Pythonbased user-friendly client-server running on top of the TANGO environment  (Kleines et al. , 2015). The detector allows the X-ray direct beam in either a center or an off-center position, permitting various q ranges (q = 4 sin /, where is half the scattering angle). When the beam is on the active area of the detector, the range of the scattering angle for Cu K radiation of 8.
Control software Device servers for both the EIGER R 1M (Dectris) detector and phyMOTION motor controllers were developed and implemented within the TANGO control system framework  (Chaize et al. , 1999; Kleines et al. , 2015). NICOS was initially developed at FRM II by one of the co-authors and later maintained and developed by the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) software group. It provides a user interface for performing scientific experiments, interacting with the underlying TANGO system. The NICOS user interface offers an online graphical view of the acquired data and interactive Python command scripting for fully automated experiments.
SAXS/SANS setup The SAXS system has fulfilled all requirements including geometrical constraints, transport flexibility and safety aspects for installation at the D22 instrument. However, to ensure feasible and reliable operation, further challenges need to be overcome: (1) managing high-energy gamma and X-ray radiation levels at the ILL instrumental zones to acquire lowbackground 2D scattering patterns on the X-ray detector, (2) validating the SAXS and SANS data for the samples collected at a 45 angle with respect to those collected at 90 (typical sample angle for conventional scattering experiments), and (3) enabling a unified control of both SAXS and SANS experiments using user-friendly ILL software tools as well as developing an appropriate SAXS/SANS data reduction/ analysis software using unified data set formats and fitting models.
Software control based on the NICOS user interface on top of a TANGO interface is used to control all motors and collect data in a fully automated manner. The assessment of the SAXS performance has been presented here for Cu K radiation. Alternatively, Mo K radiation can be used as needed for alternative sample geometries. A wide-q dynamic range can be achieved via a movable detector inside the vacuum chamber. Background intensity on the SAXS detector mainly caused by hard gamma rays can be efficiently minimized by effective optimized lead shielding. This study has presented a test experiment to emphasize the unique capability of in situ SAXS/SANS studies for determination of structural rearrangements during materials processing such as controlled nanoparticle growth. Exemplarily, the structural determination of both the hard (Au NPs) and soft moieties (CTAB) of surfactant-stabilized Au particles during the Au NP growth process was performed.
Future developments Optimization for fully automated and simple-to-operate simultaneous SAXS/SANS measurements is a requirement to allow routine operation at D22 (ILL). The ultimate aim is to offer a simultaneous SAXS/SANS method as a widely used standard method for soft matter research and beyond at ILL. Thus, further developments, including sample environments, multi-sample changers, optimized routine operation and userfriendly software, should be considered in future research. Some of the essential sample environments  (Jordan et al. , 2016; Lopez et al. , 2018; Wang et al. , 2004; Weigandt et al. , 2011)  that are currently employed at ILL could be modified/ developed to fit our system and to satisfy the demand of the ILL user community. However, a multiple-sample changer with temperature control should be constructed for routine sample measurements.
Furthermore, it is proposed that sample environments such as high-performance liquid chromatography and flow cells that are already available at ILL should be modified to fit the combined setup to simultaneously collect X-ray and neutron data on biological samples, such as protein samples prone to aggregation. A detector with a double energy threshold will be purchased, enabling both lowand high-energy thresholds to suppress the background radiation on the X-ray detector near the employed X-ray energy. Moreover, standard data acquisition/monitoring routines, data formats and relevant data analysis software have to be developed. The optimization process also includes the standardization of the SAXS operation for flexible monitoring/data acquisition within the ILL software tools. In particular, a common flexible control software interface with several predefined standard configurations to enable small-, medium-or wide-angle X-ray scattering operation synchronized with the SANS data acquisition needs to be developed.
Acknowledgements We thank the pathologists of the  RENOCLIP-LOC  network:  Dr. Guillaume Gauchotte ,  Pr Catherine Godfraind ,  Pr Claude-Alain Maurage ,  Dr. David Meyronet ,  Dr. Karima Mokhtari ,  Dr. Audrey Rousseau  and  Pr Emmanuelle Uro-Coste. We thank  Karen Silva  and  Chantal Campello. We thank the  Cancéropôle PACA.
monotis, C. malayensis, C. palmyrensis and C. santacroce  [18, 19] , which could be otherwise misidentified  [1, 20]. In contrast, no molecular data are available for C. areolata yet, but this species can be easily identified using morphological features  [1]. Therefore, integrative taxonomy should preferably be used for correct identification of Coolia spp. , and future studies should focus on clarifying morphological differences among closely related species. The most widely distributed species within the genus is C. malayensis, found in every ocean on both tropical and temperate zones  [14, 21, 22]. Other species like C. tropicalis, C. canariensis and C. palmyrensis are present in both Atlantic and Pacific oceans, but they are likely restricted to tropical areas  [19, [22] [23] [24]. The reported geographical distribution of the remaining species is much more limited.
Phylogenetics Species identification was initially evaluated by phylogenetic analyses based on ITS region (ITS 1, 5. 8S rDNA and ITS 2) and partial LSU rDNA (D1-D3 domains). The ITS phylogenetic analyses comprised 53 sequences, including 11 sequences from our monoclonal cultures, three outgroup sequences, and sequences retrieved from GenBank. The final ITS alignment was 336-base pairs long. The best-fit model was a TrN (Tamura-Nei model), with base frequencies of A = 0. 27370, C = 0. 14067, G = 0. 22437, T = 0. 36125, assuming a gamma distribution shape (G = 0. 850). For LSU D1-D3, the final alignment comprised 65 sequences with 745 base pairs. The best-fit model was also a TrN, with base frequencies of A = 0. 29774, C = 0. 15203, G = 0. 23614, T = 0. 31410, assuming gamma distribution shape (G = 0.
C. tropicalis, in turn, caused significantly increasing mortality rates with increasing biomass of toxic cells and exposure time, killing > 90% of the individuals after 72-96 h of exposure to the highest biomass tested (16,000 ng C ml -1 ) (Figure  8D ). After 24 h, mortality rates caused by C. tropicalis were consistently higher than those provoked by equivalent biomass of C. malayensis at the same exposure time (Figures  8  and 9 ). Fourteen strains of Coolia spp. were analyzed in negative (ESI -) and positive (ESI + ) full scan ionization mode on a high-resolution Q-Tof 6550 instrument. Raw data were processed following the Find by Formula (FbF) algorithm in the Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis software, using a Personal Compound Database and Library (PCDL) created by Phycotoxins Laboratory (IFREMER, France).
The in-house database used for Coolia spp. screening was composed of 81 compounds, including cooliatoxins, yessotoxins, ciguatoxins, maitotoxins, gambieric acids, gambierones, gambierol and gambieroxide (see Supplementary Material, Table  S1 ). Screening with the PCDL allowed identification of compounds based on their formulae and thus detection of the compound itself or isomers. In ESI + mode, two compounds were tentatively identified in C. tropicalis (strain LM141) as 44-methyl gambierone (MTX-3) at 6. 0 and 6. 6 min retention time (RT), with a score of > 90% and a mass error of < 5 ppm (Figure  10A ). The analysis in ESI -mode confirmed the presence of the same two compounds at 6. 0 and 6. 6 min RT in C. tropicalis, identified as 44-methylgambierone with a score of > 90% and a mass error of < 10 ppm (Supplementary Material, Figure  S1 ).