dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Background: The Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) score is a novel standardized approach to image and report bladder cancer (BC) with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI). Objectives: To describe and evaluate the performance of the VI-RADS score using mpMRI and assess its potential clinical applications and limitations. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic bibliographic databases between June 2020 and December 2020. All reports deemed relevant to describe the VI-RADS score and assess its performance and applications were retrieved. Results presentation stands as narrative, purely descriptive synthesis based on aggregate studies data. Results: A total of 20 relevant studies were retrieved: three meta-analyses, five prospective studies, and twelve retrospective studies.
Methodology Between June 2020 and December 2020, we conducted a systematic review using the MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic bibliographic databases. An overall PICO assessment for the review was performed (Supplemental Table  1 ). 9 The search strategy included a mix of the following terms: 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'VI-RADS', 'Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer', 'muscle invasive bladder cancer', 'urinary bladder/neoplasm', 'urinary bladder/diagnosis', and 'urinary bladder/imaging'. The search strategy followed the PRISMA guidelines. 10 Only studies written in English or French were accepted. Studies published between January 2018 and December 2020 were sought. The searches were re-run just before the final submission and one additional study was retrieved for inclusion. We included all reports to assess the VI-RADS score, its performance, and its applications.
Response to neoadjuvant therapies A complete response post NAC (ypT0) is associated with improved overall survival, since about 90% of ypT0 patients were alive at 5 years in the landmark SWOG 8710 trial. 38 In this trial, patients were randomized between RC alone or NAC plus RC, and complete response (ypT0) was reported in 38% of the patients in the NAC arm, versus 15% for patients undergoing RC alone. This notion raised the question of potential bladder sparing therapies for this subset of patients. A recent retrospective study, from a prospectively-maintained single institution database, investigated the reliability of staging post NAC. 39 n this study, 114 patients underwent TURBT after NAC and prior to RC. They showed that post-NAC TURBT failed to reliably predict ypT stage at RC since up to 32% of patients were falsely downstaged to NMIBC on post-NAC TURBT.
In fact, 53 patients had no evidence of disease (rT0) on post-NAC TUR; however, of these, only 25 (47%) were ultimately ypT0 on final RC pathology. The remaining 28 (53%) had residual disease at RC, including 13 (25%) with residual CIS and 12 (23%) with residual ⩾ypT2 disease, highlighting the challenges in accuratelypredicting tumor stage after NAC without definitive RC. This is an area where mpMRI, in addition to TURBT, might improve outcomes by better selecting patients to bladder sparing therapies. This field of research is highly relevant, since multiple trials are currently investigating the ability of bladder sparing approaches post NAC for MIBC, notably RETAIN (Clinicaltrial. gov identifier: NCT02710734), A031701 (Clinicaltrial. gov identifier: NCT03609216), and Hoosier (Clinicaltrial.
gov identifier: NCT03558087) trials. However, care needs to be taken when staging with MRI post NAC as well due to inflammatory infiltrations and/or fibrous changes caused by the chemotherapy that can make precise staging more challenging. 40 Regarding this question, a useful insight was provided by a study of Ngyuen et al. 41  in 2017. They studied 20 patients with pT2 bladder cancer who underwent NAC. Fifteen patients were defined as responders. They demonstrated that a high level of ADC heterogeneity is associated with tumor resistance. Compared to responders, resistant cases had significantly higher entropy (p < 0. 01) and lower uniformity (the criteria assessing the image homogeneity) (p = 0. 01). More recently, Ahmed et al. 42  evaluated in a prospective study including 90 patients the diagnostic performance of DCE MRI and DWI in assessing pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Context and Motivation Control tasks and related methodologies have been of growing interest since the dawn of the 19th century, with the emergence of industrial production systems. These tasks are generally carried out using a device that collects, centralizes, and processes all available relevant information through sensors and acquisition chains, in order to specify control actions to be applied to the system. As of December 2020, there are no less than 406,257 publications in the Scopus scientific database and 2,060,000,000 results on the Google search engine that match the search phrase "control engineering". Among the different approaches published in the literature, adaptive control accounts for half; i. e. , it is possible to find 234,911 papers in Scopus. With the need to develop more and more intelligent and reliable solutions for autonomous systems, it is proposed in this study to focus on the categories of Sliding Mode Control (SMC) (with 42,062 papers in Scopus) and Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) solutions (with 19,081 works in Scopus).
Equipments Fig. 1  is a schematic representation of the main experimental setup for measuring hydrate dissociation temperatures in a highpressure Micro DSC VII (SETARAM). A Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) can identify transformations that affect heat flow, namely phase changes or endothermic or exothermic chemical reactions. It has long been used to study phase change thermodynamics, and to measure the thermophysical properties of phase change materials used in cold storage and transfer in refrigeration applications. In the present configuration, the DSC is equipped with gas-tight cells capable of withstanding pressures up to 40 MPa. A pressure sensor is connected to the DSC data logger to record pressure changes during the temperature program. There are two identical cells, one containing the sample and the other serving as a reference.
Results and discussion This part focuses on the results related to the dissociation of mixed c-C 5 H 10 + CO 2 hydrate in the MicroDSC. For all experiments, the initial volume of water and cyclopentane is the same. First, the experimental dissociation data for c-C 5 H 10 + CO 2 hydrates are reported at different pressures and temperatures and compared with the literature data (Section 3. 1). The dissociation enthalpy of c-C 5 H 10 + CO 2 is determined by two different methods: Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the heat flow integration (Section 3. 2). Then, the composition of the mixed hydrates is presented based on the dissociation enthalpy results (Section 3. 3). Finally, the dissociation thermogram at an initial pressure of 0. 275 MPa (which corresponds to an equilibrium pressure of 0. 25 MPa) is used to calculate the heat capacity of c-C 5 H 10 + CO 2 hydrates.
Heat capacity of mixed c-C 5 H 10 + CO 2 hydrates Heat capacity can be determined from the thermogram analysis. Its determination is rather complicated as it requires a very stable heat flow signal before and after the dissociation peak of the hydrates, which explains the lack of C p data in the literature. Fig. 8  shows the dissociation thermogram of the hydrates at an equilibrium pressure of 0. 25 MPa as an example of a stable signal that can be used (Eq. (  7 )). At any temperature below 281 K (Fig. 8 ), the sample cell is assumed to contain liquid c-C 5 H 10 , carbon dioxide (gas), and mixed c-C 5 H 10 + CO 2 hydrates. All the water is assumed to be in the form of hydrates since an excess of c-C 5 H 10 was used. From these assumptions and from (Eq. (  8 )), the determination of the heat capacity of mixed c-C 5 H 10 + CO 2 hydrate was possible knowing the amount of hydrate formed n hydrate , the free gas in the mixture (n CO2 = n CO2 init -n CO2 consumed ) (Table  4 ), and the amount of cyclopentane not consumed during hydrate formation (n c-C5H10 = n c-C5H10 init -1/17 n H2O init ).
3 MPa. The variation of enthalpy with pressure showed two distinct trends: In a first pressure interval from 0 to 0. 5 MPa, the enthalpy increases with pressure from 406. 78 to 466. 39 kJ. kg -1 water (462. 5 ± 1. 5 kJ. kg -1 water at the equilibrium point (282. 4 K, 0. 25 MPa)). In a second interval, for high pressure, the enthalpy remains almost constant around a value of 500 kJ. kg -1 water. The DSC curves were also used to determine the average mass heat capacity of the mixed hydrates, 1479 ± 137 J. K À1. kg À1 of hydrates at 0. 25 MPa in a temperature range between 277. 9 K and 281. 2 K. No data were found in the literature for the heat capacity of the mixed c-C 5 H 10 + CO 2 hydrates at any thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The hydrate mass and molar mass were estimated assuming that the total amount of water was consumed during hydrate formation.
Acknowledgments: Introduction:  Mohaddeseh Maktabifard ,  Amandine De Coster-Lacourt ; presentation of ARISE: Paul McCormack; presentation of BUSLeague:  Marion Jammet ; presentation of TRAIN4SUSTAIN:  Uli Jakob ; presentation of BIMzeED: Jose Lucas Masero; presentation of SEEtheSkills:  Lihnida Stojanovska-Georgievska ; presentation of HP4ALL: Padraic O'Reilly; presentation of INSTRUCT:  Ioan Petri ; presentation of  PRO-Heritage :  Gerald Wagenhofer ; presentation of The nZEB Roadshow:  Sonia Raetchi ; presentation of CraftEdu:  Jiri Karasek. All  authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Results A total of 43 consecutive UC patients were included in the study: 16 (37%) patients were in endoscopic remission (Mayo score 0-1), while 27 (63%) patients displayed endoscopic activity (Mayo score !2). Nineteen (44%) patients had left-sided UC and 14 patients (33%) had an extensive UC, as evaluated by CS. Baseline characteristics and clinical data of the study population are presented in Table  1.
Here we present the first large-scale phenotyping study to assess the potential of this fungal collection toward five nonnatural compounds used at industrial scales, including dyes from the textile industry, lignosulfonates (LGSs) from the pulp and paper industry, soluble polyurethane from the plastic industry, and microcrystalline cellulose used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. We describe the functional phenotyping (growth and degradation assays) of >1000 strains belonging to 26 orders, 78 families, and 231 different genera, according to the Mycobank Database  [9] [10] [11]. The functional diversity was analyzed in regard to the ecology of the species and the taxonomy at the family, species, or intraspecies levels. Our work unveils the high biotechnological potential of fungal diversity for the development of sustainable solutions to preserve our planet.
After authentication, the fungal strains are maintained with 3 different storage modes (cryopreservation under liquid nitrogen, water, and oil-submerged cultures at 4 °C) in different locations and the viability of the cryopreserved cultures are checked after 6 months. From the complete collection of the CIRM-CF, a total of 1031 fungal strains were selected for this functional study. These 1031 strains were selected to proportionally represent the taxonomic diversity of the strains available in the CIRM-CF collection. Precisely, this set encompasses 400 species, 99% from the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla, and spanning 26 orders, 78 families (43 Basidiomycota, 31 Ascomycota, and 4 Mucoromycota families), and 231 genera (135 Basidiomycota, 91 Ascomycota, 5 Mucoromycota genera; Supplementary Data 1 and Supplementary Table  1 ).
This observation is consistent with previous studies showing several Ascomycota strains able to form a clearing halo from the IMP  46, 47, 51. However, the fact that non-pathogenic Basidiomycota strains, notably from Hymenochaetaceae and Gloeophyllaceae families, were able to degrade the IMP is more surprising as their genomes contain very few or even no genes encoding cutinases (Pfam domain: PF01083; Supplementary Table  2 ). These observations augur the presence of new cutinases or polyurethanases yet to be uncovered. Furthermore, building on this work, we will tackle harder to degrade plastics in future studies. Beyond providing functional leads and revealing fungal strains of interest, our study highlighted various hurdles underlying the maintenance and functional characterization of such a large collection.
Acknowledgements We thank members of the  Fungal Biodiversity and Biotechnological Labs  ( UMR 1163-BBF ) who assisted with the project, especially  Craig B. Faulds  for his advises concerning the fungal decolorization of dyes, and  Hayat Hage  for her constructive discussion concerning R programing. We acknowledge industrial companies for furnishing Impranil ( Covestro, Germany ) and  Basic Blue 41  ( Seitas, Turkey ). We thank  Anaïs Bonzino  for her help of the figure design. We acknowledge funding from the  INRAE Institute (CNOC) , from the  Sud-PACA Region , and from the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR, program E-TRICEL   ANR-07-BIOE-006 ). We acknowledge support from the  CIRM Network  and the  National Research Infrastructure AgroBRC RARe (Biological Agronomic Resources : https://www.
The available data mainly measured activity leakage from RSO of the ankle and the upper extremity joints. The total mean leakage ranged from 2. 5 to 3. 9%  [141, 146, 147]. Whether joint-related differences exist has not yet been investigated. Other authors reported a whole-body dose of 53 ± 27 mGy by measuring activity leakage  [31] , and an effective dose of 27 ± 5 mSv when measuring blood activity  [148]. The organ doses were calculated to be 100 ± 80 mGy for the liver, 203 ± 229 mGy for the spleen, 94 ± 113 mGy for the kidney, and 26 Gy (range 0-189) to the lymph nodes (when joint immobilization was not possible), respectively  [141]. After RSO of the wrist, no significant increase of dicentric chromosomes could be found  [146]. [ 169 Er]erbium colloid There are limited clinical data on activity leakage.
Side effects and complications RSO has a very low rate of side effects and complications when appropriately performed by experienced clinicians. Fischer et al. recently published data on the prevalence of adverse events (AEs) with radiopharmaceuticals from 1990 to 2011 and reported 3. 3 AEs/100. 000 treated joints  [6]. Data up to 2019 show a value of 4. 5/100. 000 and are based on AEs reported to the companies distributing the radiocolloids approved for radiosynoviorthesis (Table  7 ). The number of treated joints was calculated from the total amount of activity supplied throughout Europe, and the routinely applied activities per joint minus 10% compensating for loss. Intraarticular infections (n = 18) accounted for most serious AEs and are related to the procedure and not to the radiocolloids themselves (see separate discussion below).
Key Issues and Components of Successful Lung Screening Programs Implementation of a CTLS program requires several foundational elements  81  that cover the entire CTLS pathway, from identification of the target population to treatment and follow-up. This begins with accurate selection of the people at high risk for lung cancer who would benefit from CTLS (section 5). Essential core elements of a CTLS program include a program navigator and a reliable database for nodule/patient monitoring. 48, 82 A multidisciplinary steering committee facilitates the management of a program that involves multiple specialties. Other aspects for particular attention include the following.
The crucial consideration is the potential impact on the patient; an "indeterminate" Lung-RADS 3 classification generally implies a short interval repeat CTLS examination, whereas a "suspicious" classification implies the potential need for invasive interventions. On the basis of our experience, reliable, standardized reporting systems should identify fewer than 8% of examinations per round of CTLS that warrant care escalation. Reasonable efforts should be made to avoid intervention for nonmalignant findings. An aggressive approach designed to eliminate delays in diagnosing lung cancer carries some risk of unnecessary intervention. A robust database for tracking nodules and outcomes can provide internal data necessary for individual clinicians and programs to monitor outcomes and rates of interventions for malignant or benign nodules.
Acknowledgments Medical writing support, which was in accordance with the Good Publication Practice guidelines, was provided by  Michael Simpson , of  Cirrus Communications (Macclesfield, U. K. ) , an Ashfield company, and was funded by  AstraZeneca. AstraZeneca  played no role in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data or the writing of the report; the decision to submit the article for publication was made solely by the authors. Dr. Sands contributed to Conceptualization, funding acquisition, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing of the manuscript. Drs. Tammemägi ,  Sebastien Couraud, Baldwin, Borondy-Kitts, Yankelevitz, Lewis, Grannis, Kauczor, Stackelberg, Sequist, Pastorino , and McKee writing-review and editing of the manuscript.
The High-Luminosity LHC will open an unprecedented window on the weak-scale nature of the universe, providing high-precision measurements of the Standard Model (SM)  [1]  as well as searches for new physics beyond the SM  [2]. The CMS Collaboration is planning to replace entirely its trigger and data acquisition systems to match this ambitious physics program. Efficiently collecting datasets in Phase 2 will be a challenging task, given the harsh environment of 200 proton-proton interactions per LHC bunch crossing. The already challenging implementation of an efficient tau lepton trigger will become, in such conditions, an even crucial and harder task; especially interesting will be the case of hadronically decaying taus. To this end, the foreseen high-granularity endcap calorimeter (HGCAL), and the astonishing amount of information it will provide, play a key role in the design of the new online Level-1 (L1) triggering system.
Study Design. We performed a systematic review of the scientific and health literature about leisure and productivity in older adults with cancer, regarding the eligibility criteria and search strategy defined hereafter. The results of the review were reported in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines  [22] , and the study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (to enable PROSPERO to focus on COVID-19 registrations during the 2020 pandemic, this registration record was automatically published exactly as submitted; it has not been checked for eligibility or for sense by the PROSPERO team; registration number CRD42020099857). The search was limited to full publications in English or French.
Criteria for Study Inclusion. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they met the criteria established by the following PICOS framework: 2 Occupational Therapy International Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). A specific search algorithm was formu- lated for each database, using the following strategy: ((house- hold OR grandchild * OR "productive activities" OR productivity OR leisure OR hobby OR hobbies OR recreation OR sport * OR socialization OR travel * OR "paper work") AND (cancer OR oncology) AND (old * OR elderly OR age- ing OR geriatrics) NOT (adolescent NOT paediatr * NOT pediatr * )). occupations [23] (3) Comparison: we included comparisons between older people living with cancer and older healthy controls, comparison between the types of cancer, comparisons between the types of cancer treatments, and comparisons between before and after cancer diagnosis.
We also included descriptive studies (i. e. , with no comparison group) (4) Outcomes: these are leisure or productivity activities, either as individual outcomes or as embedded in quality of life endpoints (5) Study design: we included original publications describing randomized controlled clinical trials, non- randomized controlled clinical trials, case-control studies, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis, grade I to IV level of evidence [24]. Since we expected to find only a few such publica- tions, we decided to also include case series and case reports, level V of evidence. We excluded editorials, position/statement/opinion papers, conference abstracts, and posters 2. 3. Search Strategy. Relevant publications between January 2009 and March 2019 were identified, in the following three online databases as recommended in the Cochrane Hand- book for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [25]: Medline, (1) Participants: studies included participants aged 65 or over, living or having experienced living with cancer ("survivors")(2) Interventions: these are all types of interventions regarding leisure or productivity.
The purpose of this article is to propose an improved approach that is based on the change detection technique but takes into account the observed nonlinearity of variations in radar signal strength as a function of soil moisture. Section II presents the study sites and data described in this paper. Section III describes the proposed methodology and introduces our new index of reflectivity (IR). Section IV presents the results and discusses the application of the proposed approach to three study sites based on Sentinel-1 time series data. Our conclusions are presented in section V.
Vegetation in the valleys is dominated by cultivated (mainly millet) and fallow fields. Over the studied site, a network of two continuous Thetaprobe stations (Delta T Devices) installed in locations with bare soil provided moisture measurements every 1 h, near Banizombou (~12°43'N; 2°30'E). At each station, all in situ measurements were made at depths of 5 cm and were calibrated using gravimetric measurements. The data for this site can be obtained from the International Soil Moisture Network (https://ismn. geo. tuwien. ac. at/en/).
While this region mainly consists of croplands, the stations are generally located in grasslands. Two stations (at Mouthoumet (~43°N; 2°31'E) and Narbonne (~43°11N; 3°E) that are representative of climate and land cover types in the Occitania region were analyzed in this study. Their mean temperatures ranged between 12. 3 and 15. 2°C, and their mean annual precipitation ranged between 649 and 845 mm. Data for these stations can be obtained from the International Soil Moisture Network (https://ismn. geo. tuwien. ac. at/en/).
B. Sentinel-1 data Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B images were acquired between December 2015 and the end of 2019. These two satellites circle the Earth in the same orbital plane, 180° from each other. Their SAR instruments operate in the C-band (5. 4 GHz) and the interferometric wide-swath (IW) mode and have a spatial resolution of 10 m. Each satellite has a revisit time of 12 days, which implies an overall revisit time in Europe equal to six days. The sensors provide dual-polarization imagery (copolarization (VV) and cross-polarization (VH)) at an incidence angle ranging between 31° and 43°. We used Level-1 ground range detection (GRD) products that are derived from focused SAR signals that have been detected, multilooked and projected to ground range using an Earth ellipsoid model  [51]. The image processing was executed using the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) toolbox.
The first step in this process converts the signal to obtain the backscattering coefficient. A terrain correction is then applied to correct for geometric distortions using a digital elevation model (DEM), specifically, the DEM derived from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) at 30 m spatial resolution. Finally, thermal noise removal and a Lee filter are applied to reduce speckle effects. In the present study, only VV polarization data were considered.