dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The fluorescence was analyzed using a Leica DM4000 B Automated Upright Microscope, equipped with the appropriate filters. PI was excited at 547 nm (emission wavelength 572 nm) and compound 1 at 358 nm (emission wavelength 461 nm, DAPI filter). The acquired images were obtained using the individual filters and a combined image, overlaying the fluorescence was acquired using the Leica microscope software.
For statistical analysis, the two way ANOVA was used. *p ≤ 0. 05, **p ≤ 0. 01 indicate the difference is significant when compared to samples treated with the metallodrugs only (control). (30 µM) as competitive substrate of both CTR1 and ATP7A/B  (Spreckelmeyer et al. , 2014). Experiments were performed in A2780 and A2780cisR cells after 24 and 72 h incubation with the compounds. It should be noted that CuCl 2 and cimetidine do not show any anticancer effect on A2780 or A2780cisR cell lines at the selected concentrations (data not shown). The obtained results are summarized in Table  2  and in Figures  S6, S7. After 24 h incubation, neither cimetidine nor CuCl 2 showed an effect on the potency of gold(III) compound 1 or cisplatin in A2780 cells (Figure  S6A ). However, in A2780cisR cells (Figure  S6B ), both cisplatin and compound 1 had a significantly increased activity when co-incubated with CuCl 2.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Cardiff University  for funding. The  University of Groningen  and the  University of British Columbia  are acknowledged for cofounding the Ph. D. fellowship of  SaS. Prof. G. M. M. Groothuis  and  Dr. I. A. M. de Graaf  are kindly acknowledged for help in the interpretation of the data. Prof. I. H. Lambert  is kindly acknowledged for providing aliquots of the A2780 and A2780cisR cancer cells. EB and BB thank the  Conseil Régional de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , the.
All statistics and computations were performed using Excel software (Microsoft® Office). To demonstrate selectivity, the UV spectrum of the individual vitamins obtained by chromatography was compared to its reference spectrum in the ChromNav® software data basis. Also, a high peak purity and adequate resolution from the adjacent peaks were verified by the software. The specificity was verified: it is defined as the ability of this method to discriminate between compounds of closely related structures which are likely to be detected, e. g. breakdown products  [5]. Hence, starting point of our experiment was the degradation of each individual vitamin working standard substance under different stress conditions: alkaline and acid under heating degradations, oxidative degradation and photodegradation  [5, 27].
Helminth products can cause the differentiation of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype, and promote the production of immunoregulatory molecules such as IL-10 and TGF-β  [7]. These remarkable properties of helminths to shift immune response from pro-inflammatory Th1 to anti-inflammatory Th2/Tregs has led to the as by SATT-NORD (Societed'Acceleration du Transfert de Technologies). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis or preparation of the manuscript. Additionally, we acknowledge the supports of the DigestScience Foundation and the FHU IMMINeNT. Digest Science Foundation is a non-profit Foundation recognized as a public interest organization, in order to favor exchanges in the field of Intestinal Bowel Diseases, in the interest of patients: there was no financial support nor material but fruitful exchanges with the research team.
The participation as co-author of Dr Christel Rousseaux, member of Intestinal Biotech Development, a small private company, is linked to the funding of the present research project by the (French) National Agency of Research (ANR), in the context of a Call for proposals (ANR RPIB) specifically devoted to reinforce partnerships between Academic teams and Small and Medium Enterprises. The reference of this funding was clearly given in the "financial disclosure of our manuscript" (ANR-11-RPIB-0021). Both the Academic teams and the IBD Biotech Society received funds from ANR for this specific project. There was absolutely no financial support (salaries or materials) from IBD Biotech to the academic teams. FHU IMMINeNT means Hospital University Federative Project (FHU) of Lille devoted to Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and targeted therapies.
P28GST  [9] , a major enzymatic protein identified in schistosomes and developed as a vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis  [10] [11] [12]  has been recently proposed as a potent immunoregulatory molecule able to control intestinal inflammation  [13]. Our previous work which showed that schistosome P28GST induced a strong mucosal immune response associated with a Th2 response and production of IL-10 led us to evaluate its immunomodulatory properties in experimental colitis. We could show that systemic immunization of rats and Balb/c mice with recombinant S. haematobium (rSh) P28GST in the presence of adjuvant ameliorates intestinal inflammation in a preventive mode through modulation of Th1 response  [13]. P28GST which successfully passed phase 1 clinical trials for safety and immunogenicity studies (NCT01512277) is currently under investigation in CD patients in a phase 2 clinical trial (NCT02281916).
Statistical analysis Each animal experiment was performed four times, measures of GST enzymatic activity and scavenging activity were performed three times. The graphs and statistical analyses were generated using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc. , La Jolla, California). Statistical significance was calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc test. P < 0. 05 was considered significant. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. � , p< 0. 05; �� , p< 0. 01, ��� , p< 0. 001 versus control groups.
In addition, these data showed polarization towards a Th2 profile with a decrease in pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokines. Currently, P28GST is being studied in CD patients in a Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT02281916)  [7, 33]. In order to know the local effect of P28GST, based on its enzymatic activity, we have explored the anti-inflammatory potential of a local injection of P28GST in the absence of adjuvant. Two ip injections of P28GST after administration of TNBS to mice significantly reduced the weight loss as well as the clinical and histological scores. All parameters under study: weight loss and histologic parameters are similarly decreased for the same dose of P28GST. The comparison of P28GST to the reference treatment with Methylprednisolone revealed a similar reduction of clinical and histological scores for the lower dose of P28GST (5μg/kg).
This study was supported by the  Institut National de la Santeet de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)  and  Lille University , as main sponsors of the LIRIC ( Lille Inflammation Research International Center ). It was also supported by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  via the grant  ACROHNEM  ( ANR-11-RPIB-0021 ), as well treated mice, suggesting the induction of M2 macrophages.
The chromatograph was equipped with a 0. 25 mm × 30 m capillary column made from polysiloxane polymer filled with dimethylpolysiloxane and 50% cyanopropylphenyl in stationary phase. The oven temperature treatment began at 150°C and increased 4°C per minute up to 220°C, where it was maintained for 10. 5 min. Injector and flame ionization detector temperatures were kept constant at 220°C and 280°C, respectively. Hydrogen was the carrier gas. Retention times and peaks were determined using the chromatography software ChemStation Agilent. Identities of peaks were verified by comparing peaks to the retention time of standard FA methyl esters. Results were expressed in mg per 100 g of tissue to estimate the quantity (g) in the whole tissue, as follows: Quantity in whole tissueðgÞ=ðweight of tissueðgÞ fatty acid content ðmg=100 g of tissueÞ=100Þ=1000 de Tonnac and Mourot.
Acknowledgments This study was supported by the  French National Research Agency  and conducted within the national  AGRALID  project. The authors wish to acknowledge the technical and temporary staff at the  INRA laboratory (Jaguelin-Peyrault ,  Y; Perrier ,  C; Robin ,  G; Carré ,  J; Rouaud ,  J. F; Guillemois ,  G; Liger ,  J; Alix , M and  Karim-Lhuisset, S)  for their skilled assistance. We are particularly grateful to Meteau, K. , who conducted the sensory analysis. The authors also thank  Valorex  for providing the linseed. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors have no financial or personal conflicts of interest to declare.
Other cohorts participating in FORCE  [23, 24]  did not contribute to this study because data on these fatty acids and/or incident T2D were not available. All cohorts obtained institutional review board approval and informed consents from participants. Authors FI and AF have full access to the data that are available upon request to the central committee of FORCE. A standardised analysis protocol (S2 Text) was developed and was provided to each participating cohort. It included inclusion criteria (adults aged 18 years or older, not with diabetes, and with data on fatty acids and incident T2D), exposures, covariates, effect modifiers, outcomes, and longitudinal analyses. Following this harmonised protocol, each cohort performed new analysis of individual-level data. Study-specific results were entered to a standardised electronic form and compiled centrally; the results were then pooled in meta-analysis  [25].
In most cohorts, incident T2D was ascertained based on one or more criteria (S1 Text), including fasting glucose !126 mg/dL (7. 0 mmol/L); 2-hour post oral glucose tolerance test glucose !200 mg/dL (11. 1 mmol/L); new use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic medication assessed by participant reports, medication inventories, or registries (S1 Text); and fasting or nonfasting HbA1C concentration !6. 5%. In the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS)  [27]  and the Alpha Omega Cohort (AOC)  [28] , incident T2D was defined by selfreported physician diagnosis, use of antidiabetic medication, or both. InterAct defined incident T2D by adjudicating self-reported diagnosis of T2D or data linkage to disease registry  [21]. In studies with time-to-event data, follow-up time was calculated from baseline (time of fatty acid measurement) to date of development of incident T2D, death from any cause, loss to follow-up, or censoring at end of follow-up-whichever came first.
For prospective associations, Cox proportional hazard regression models were fitted to data from cohort or nested case-cohort studies. In the MCCS  [27]  without detailed time-to-event data for participants, logistic regression was used. The fatty acids were evaluated as a continuous linear variable in units of the study-specific 10th to 90th percentile range and, in a separate model, as a dummy categorical variable (quintile categories). Covariates in all multivariable-adjusted analyses were prespecified. The primary model included age, sex, field site, race, education, occupation, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, prevalent hypertension (treated or self-reported), prevalent dyslipidaemia (treated or selfreported), prevalent coronary heart disease, and self-reported health status. We obtained measures of association from two additional models: one further adjusting for adiposity measures (BMI and waist circumference) and the other further adjusting for circulating concentrations of triglycerides and palmitate (16:0), markers of hepatic de novo lipogenesis.
As an alternative to pooling of standardised participant-level analysis, all individuals could have been combined into a single dataset. Such an analysis would have a larger statistical power than our two-stage approach but require stronger assumptions, such as about covariate effects being constant across all studies  [25]. Unmeasured or imprecisely measured factors may cause residual confounding, although we adjusted for major potential confounders including obesity and triglyceride levels and confirmed little difference in results across different models. Additionally, while high consumption of dairy products may be correlated with health consciousness or healthy dietary patterns in some populations  [53] , health-conscious consumers may have been more likely to consume low-fat than whole-fat dairy during the time periods of these studies given the prevailing dietary recommendations.
Funding: FI, NGF, and NJW were funded by the  United Kingdom Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit   core grant  ( MC_UU_12015/1  and  MC_UU_12015/5 );  NGF ,  NJW , and  AK acknowledge National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge  ( IS-BRC-1215-20014 ); IAB, by the  European Union  ( FP7  and  Horizon2020 ) and the  Dutch Scientific Organisation (ZonMW) ; CS, by the  Fondation Plan Alzheimer ; and AVAK, by the  National Institute of Health (NIH)  training grant ( 3T32DK007703 ). The AOC was funded by the  Netherlands Heart Foundation  (grant  2000T401 ), the  NIH  ( NIH/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI] , and  ODS , grant  R01HL-076200 ), and  Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen  (margarine production and distribution);  Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Study Reykjavik , by  Office of Dietary Supplements ,  NIH  ( N01-AG012100 ), the  National Institute of Aging (NIA) Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd  (the  Icelandic Heart Association) , and the  Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament) ;  Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Study , by  Ministry of Science and Technology and National Taiwan University  ( MOST 103-2314-B-002 -135 -MY3 ,  NSC   100-2314-B-002 -113 -MY3 ,  NTUH 105-S3120 ,  NTUH 106-S3453 ); Cardiovascular Health Study, by  NHLBI  ( HHSN268201200036C ,  HHSN268200800007C ,  N01HC55222 ,  N01HC85079 ,  N01HC85080 ,  N01HC85081 ,  N01HC85082 ,  N01HC85083 ,  N01HC85086 , and grants  U01HL080295  and  U01HL130114 ), with additional contribution from the  National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)  and  NIA  ( R01AG023629 ;  Framingham Heart Study, NHLBI  in collaboration with  Boston University  ( N01-HC-25195 ); Health Professionals Follow-up Study, by  NIH  ( UM1 CA167552 ,  R01 HL35464 ,  AA11181 ,  HL35464 ,  CA55075 ,  HL60712 , and  P30 DK46200 );  Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study , by  NIH  ( M01-RR-43 ) and  NHLBI  ( U01-HL-47892 ,  U01-HL-47902, DK-29867 ,  R01-58329 , and  DK-079888 ; InterAct, by the  EU   FP6 programme  ( LSHM_CT_2006_037197 ); Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, by  VicHealth  and  Cancer Council Victoria  and by  Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council  ( 209057 ,  251553 , and  126403 ); Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, by  NHLBI  ( HHSN268201500003I ,  N01-HC-95159 ,  N01-HC-95160 ,  N01-HC-95161 ,  N01-HC-95162 ,  N01-HC-95163 ,  N01-HC-95164 ,  N01-HC-95165 ,  N01-HC-95166 ,  N01-HC-95167 ,  N01-HC-95168  and  N01-HC-95169 ) and  NCRR  ( UL1-TR-000040  and  UL1-TR-001079 );  Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study , by the  European Union , the  Academy of Finland , and the  Juselius Foundation ; Nurses'  Health Study ,.
Background: This study assessed the costs and cost-efficiency of a mobile cash transfer implemented in Tapoa Province, Burkina Faso in the MAM'Out randomized controlled trial from June 2013 to December 2014, using mixed methods and taking a societal perspective by including costs to implementing partners and beneficiary households. Methods: Data were collected via interviews with implementing staff from the humanitarian agency and the private partner delivering the mobile money, focus group discussions with beneficiaries, and review of accounting databases. Costs were analyzed by input category and activity-based cost centers. cost-efficiency was analyzed by cost-transfer ratios (CTR) and cost per beneficiary. Qualitative analysis was conducted to identify themes related to implementing electronic cash transfers, and barriers to efficient implementation.
The research was also registered on clinicaltrial. gov (NCT01866124). The study methods have been described elsewhere  [13]. The project was implemented in 32 villages in Kantchari commune, northern Tapoa province. Inclusion criteria were: households classified as poor or very poor according to the household economy approach  [21]  and having at least one child under 12 months of age at inclusion. Thirty-two villages were randomly assigned to either intervention (n = 16) or control group (n = 16). The intervention consisted of a seasonal UCT provided from July to November over 2 years, in 2013 and 2014. The distribution period overlapped with the annual rainy season from May to August, known as the "hunger" season, with decreased food availability and increased physical activities for agricultural work, and consequent increased nutritional needs.
All accounting databases contributing funding to the Kantchari base office of the humanitarian agency were reviewed with the accountant and project staff, to identify budget lines contributing to the project. Private partner accounting staff provided summary budgetary information on the agency's involvement in the cash transfers; additional data on resources used by partners in implementation were collected during interviews. A FGD with all humanitarian agency field staff was conducted at the beginning of the data collection visit, and covered questions related to main activities in the program for the various staff profiles, and whether staff would categorize each activity as primarily for research or operations. The FGD was loosely structured around this primary question and was conducted to understand better the program activity structure and develop a comprehensive activity list for subsequent key informant interviews with staff on their activity time allocation.
The purpose of this selection process was to capture a variety of beneficiary experiences in different geographic areas and attending different kinds of distribution points. Personal identifying data such as age and ethnicity were not included in the selection criteria. Questions were asked regarding time spent participating in the program, particularly time spent waiting, and out of pocket costs incurred in attending distributions and otherwise participating in the program. Questions were also asked about time spent participating in FGDs with the humanitarian agency during the program months. In-depth community discussions were chosen as the method for collecting participant cost data, rather than a quantitative survey, to understand better the wage rates available for local livelihoods, and to ensure beneficiaries understood questions related to their time spent in the various activities.
Cost estimation Institutional accounting data was adjusted in several stages to calculate cost estimates. Costs considered appropriate for inclusion in this analysis were for the operational component of MAM'Out. Both research and operations staff were asked about their time allocated to activities which could affect nutrition outcomes. The costs of research activities, and time spent on them, as identified during the staff FGD, were excluded from the analysis for two reasons: (1) because these activities are conducted to observe, and not to influence, nutrition outcomes, and (2) because excluding these costs produces cost estimates that would represent better the costs of a standard cash transfer program. This was done using staff time allocation interviews with key informants, who estimated time spent on research and operational activities.
Higher-level research support costs provided from the humanitarian agency headquarters in France were excluded as they supported primarily the research component and not direct implementation. Costs for specific studies which did not All accounting databases provided by the humanitarian agency related to the project were analyzed to identify costs related to program implementation. Costs were included in the analysis once verified as relevant to the program activities by accounting and program staff. This included the cost of cash transfers, phones distributed to beneficiaries, staff training and monitoring. Costs were included primarily from the months of implementation, along with some months before and after where important implementation-related activities occurred (i. e. PDM or beneficiary follow-up).
Support costs were included in the analysis, including base office running costs, support staff (logistics, human resources, guards, cleaners), and equipment. Costs were separated into those relating to operations or research, and were allocated to the project according to total proportion of staff time dedicated to operational functions of the program. Capital costs were extracted from the accounting data and amortized using standard tables (3 years for computers, 5 years for cars and other equipment). Costs of capital rental, such as cars, motorbikes, rooms and buildings, were classified as recurrent costs. Implementation costs incurred by the private partner were estimated from a combination of summary budgetary data provided by partner accounting staff, and from private partner field staff accounts of resources used.
These various data sources for the private partner's expenditure data were cross-checked so that all program resources mentioned were included in the analysis. For example, any costs mentioned during interviews which were not included in the summary budgetary data were quantified using an ingredients approach to cost estimation, where estimates are constructed from unit costs and quantities of resource inputs  [28]. Where there was no estimate available of the specific cost incurred for an item (e. g. a vehicle rental fee), estimates were used of costs for similar items from the humanitarian agency's accounting records. Data from community discussions with beneficiaries were analyzed in several ways. Both hand-written discussions and tape-recordings were translated into French by the note-taker.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the staff and community members for their valuable time and insights shared during discussions undertaken for this study. We are grateful to  Céline Sinitzky Billard  from  Action Against Hunger-France  and  Nathalie Cissokho  from the  Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP) ,  West Africa  for their feedback on cash implementation modalities. Special thanks go to  Aïssétou Sawadogo  for her support in translation during data collection.
The Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial The Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT) was a large phase III, 3 year, multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (registration: NCT00672685)  (6). The trial had four arms comprising a placebo group and three treatment groups: n-3 PUFA supplementation (docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid), multidomain intervention (involving nutritional and exercise counselling and cognitive training) and n-3 PUFA supplementation plus multidomain intervention. The trial was designed to assess the efficacy of the interventions in slowing cognitive decline in older adults at risk of dementia (n = 1680)  (6). The main analysis of MAPT showed no significant effects of any of the interventions on cognitive function compared to placebo after adjustment for multiple testing  (7).
Acknowledgments: Funding: "The MAPT study was supported by grants from the  Gérontopôle of Toulouse , the  French Ministry of Health  ( PHRC 2008 (PHRC , 2009)),  Pierre Fabre Research Institute  (manufacturer of the omega-3 supplement),  Exhonit Therapeutics SA, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals Inc  and in part by a grant from the  French National Agency for Research called "Investissements d'Avenir "  n°ANR-11-LABX-0018-01. The promotion of this study was supported by the  University Hospital Center of Toulouse. The data sharing activity was supported by the  Association Monegasque pour la Recherche sur la maladie d'Alzheimer (AMPA)  and the  UMR 1027 Unit INSERM-University of Toulouse III". Sponsor 's role: None.