dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Oxygen and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) Oxygen concentration in the water column was measured with a Seabird SBE43 electrochemical sensor interfaced with the CTD unit. The raw signal was converted to an oxygen concentration with 13 calibration coefficients. The method is based on the  Owens and Millard Jr. (1985)  algorithm that has been slightly adapted by Seabird in the data treatment software using a hysteresis correction. A new set of calibration coefficients has been determined after the cruise to postprocess the whole dataset. Only three coefficients (the oxygen signal slope, the voltage at zero oxygen signal, the pressure correction factor) among the 13 determined by the precruise factory calibration of the sensor were adjusted with the following procedure: the oxygen concentrations measured ).
Mean values for the carbonate system, measured in the mixed layer depth (MLD) during the OUTPACE cruise (summer conditions), measured at 70 m depth (estimated winter conditions), and NDP-094 climatological data  (Takahashi et al. , 2014)   Table  8. Estimated temporal evolution of (0-70 m) biogeochemical inventories between austral winter and summer in mmol m -2 presented in columns: (1) Mean measurements at 70 m depth during OUTPACE were considered to represent the homogeneous upper water column (0-70 m) variables and initial winter conditions (i. e. , conditions in July 2014). The summer conditions were those observed during the OUTPACE cruise (March 2015). represents the summer minus winter conditions differences. (2) Selected area: western Melanesian Archipelago (WMA), eastern Melanesian Archipelago (EMA), or western gyre (WGY).
Dickson (Oceanic Carbon Dioxide Quality Control, USA). The reproducibility expressed as the standard deviation of the CRM analysis was 4. 6 µmol kg -1 for TA and 4. 7 µmol kg -1 for DIC. Moreover, the standard deviation on the analysis of 12 replicates collected at the same depth (25 m) at station LD C was 3. 6 µmol kg -1 for TA and 3. 7 µmol kg -1 for DIC. The estimation of p oc CO 2 was made with the SEACARB R package  (Gattuso and Lavigne, 2009). The dissociation constants K 1 and K 2 (for carbonates in seawater) from  Lueker et al. (2000)  were used. When available, phosphate and silicate concentrations were used in the calculation.
The deepening of the DCMD from WMA (dark green) to WGY (blue), with an intermediate value for EMA (light green), demonstrates the westward-eastward gradient of increased oligotrophy (Fig. 3f ), also reflected by corresponding D NO 3 (D NO 3 = D DIN , see Sect. 2. 2) at similar depths (Fig. 5b ). The 0-70 m integrated Chl a decreased considerably from west to east along the transect, from 7. 2 ± 2. 1 mg m -2 for WMA to 2. 0 ± 0. 6 mg m -2 for WGY, with an intermediate value of 4. 6 ± 0. 7 mg m -2 for EMA (Table  2 ). When integrated over the top 200 m, no difference between Chl a stocks were noticeable with a mean value for the whole dataset of 19. 9 ± 2. 4 mg m -2. AOU showed similar patterns in all areas, with a slight decrease from the surface to a minimum between 50 and 70 m, and an increase below 70 m (Fig.
A significant biological carbon pump in the WTSP fueled by N 2 fixation We use the surface p oc CO 2 expected seasonal changes between austral winter and summer in order to draw a first picture of the role of the biological pump in the WTSP. Surface p oc CO 2 is determined by temperature and salinity changes, and by processes affecting the DIC and alkalinity concentrations, which www. biogeosciences. net/15/2961/2018/ Biogeosciences, 15, 2961-2989, 2018 includes gas exchange, the biological pump, lateral and vertical advection, and mixing  (Sarmiento and Grüber, 2006). We will consider that the horizontal spatial scale is large enough to avoid considering lateral advection. Numerical horizontal particle experiments integrating several months of satellite data using Ariane  (Rousselet et al.
Estimated seasonal trends of the major biogeochemical stocks and fluxes As already stated, the dashed lines in Figs. 3, 4 , and 5 indicate the upper surface expected values for all variables during the 2014 austral winter, and allow evaluation of the temporal variation toward the 2015 austral summer season (full lines) in each area corresponding to the OUTPACE dataset. The hypothesis allowing this first-order estimation of seasonal variation was presented in Sect. 2. 1, validated for SST and Chl a variations in Sect. 3. 1, and shown to give good agreement with upper surface DIC expected seasonal changes (Sect. 4. 2). Conservative temperature (Fig. 3a ) increased everywhere, but more for WMA and EMA than for WGY, while absolute salinity decreased everywhere. Potential density values were similar in each area at 70 m depth.
Iron and phosphate availabilities as key factors controlling the N input by N 2 fixation and the biological carbon pump in the WTSP The western SP is known as an iron-rich area  (Wells et al. , 1999). Iron concentrations measured during the DIAPALIS cruises (http://www. obs-vlfr. fr/proof/vt/op/ec/diapazon/dia. htm, last access: 8 May 2018) near New Caledonia (Martine Rodier, unpublished data in  Van den Broeck et al. , 2004)  were higher than concentrations reported in the subtropical North Pacific  (Landing and Bruland, 1987) , and indicated no clear seasonal variations. Average iron concentrations of 0. 57 nmol L -1 were reported in the upper surface waters of the WTSP  (Campbell et al. , 2005) , higher than the ∼ 0. 1 nmol L -1 measured in the upper 350 m water column of the SP gyre  (Blain et al.
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model provides the meteorological fields. The Troen and Mahrt parameterization  (Troen and Mahrt, 1986 ) is used to compute the vertical diffusion. The land cover is modeled using the Global Land Cover 2000 (GLC-2000; http://forobs. jrc. ec. europa. eu/products/glc2000/data_access. php, last access: 10 December 2018) data set. Sea-salt emissions are parameterized following  Jaeglé et al. (2011)  and are assumed to be composed of sodium, chloride and sulfate  (Schwier et al. , 2015). Biogenic emissions are estimated with the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN,  Guenther et al. , 2006). Anthropogenic emissions are generated using the EDGAR-HTAP_V2 inventory for 2010 (http://edgar. jrc. ec. europa. eu/htap_v2/, last access: 10 December 2018).
Acknowledgements. This research was funded by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  projects  SAF-MED  (grant  ANR-12-BS06-0013 ). It is part of the  ChArMEx  project supported by  ADEME ,  CNRS-INSU, CEA and Météo-France  through the  multidisciplinary programme MISTRALS (Mediterranean Integrated STudies at Regional And Local Scales ). It contributes to ChArMEx work packages 1 and 2 on emissions and aerosol aging, respectively. The ACSM at Ersa was funded by the  CORSiCA  project, which was funded by the  Collectivité Territoriale de Corse  through the  Fonds Européen de Développement Régional  of the European Operational Program 2007-2013 and the  Contrat de Plan Etat-Région. Eric Hamounou  is acknowledged for his great help in setting up the Ersa station. We thank  François Gheusi  for the measurements of ozone concentrations.
The sample was annealed for 70 min at 24 GPa, 1,873 K. Pressure was estimated using pressure versus load calibration curve and temperature was estimated from power versus temperature calibration curve. The sample was then cut into 200 lm thick discs, and then cut into half ring (ID 5 0. 45 mm, OD 5 1 mm) to be used in the Rotational Drickamer Apparatus (RDA) for deformation experiment (run Gamma 21). Run Gamma 21 (Table  1 ) was performed using the RDA at the NSLS synchrotron beamline X17B2. A cross section of the cell assembly used at the beamline is shown in Figure  1. The sample was first compressed, then annealed for 60 min before starting the deformation. Pressure and temperature were estimated by in situ X-ray diffraction data obtained during annealing, using bridgmanite and ferropericlase equation of state  (Komabayashi et al.
e. English and Chinese) to make it convenient for the respondents to better understand and respond to the questions. It has been designed to be mindful of the cultural, socio-political context, and the unique hierarchical structure of public sector organizations in China. A stratified random sampling method has been applied to ensure a representative sample from the target population (i. e. governmental officials working in various departments in Lanzhou city). A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed, from which two 230 were returned yielding a response rate of 76. 66%. Twenty-two questionnaires were incomplete, so they were rejected. There were 208 completely filled out questionnaires giving a sample size of 208. The data has been analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
, 2012) , becoming key global players in many industries. Chinese globalization owes much to the 'going global' (or 'go out') strategy promoted by the Chinese government since 1999, which encourages Chinese science-and technologyintensive companies, particularly the successful ones, to globalize for both technology upgrading and brand building  (OECD, 2008). By the end of 2015, the stock of China's outward direct investment surpassed US$ 1 trillion for the first time (Mofcom, 2016). 1 At the same time, China's outward foreign direct investments (OFDI) and Chinese MNCs are attracting increasing attention among international business (IB) scholars  (Child and Rodrigues, 2005; Quer et al. , 2015). The authors collected various data about the enterprises from a large number of major national and international economic news organizations: French sources (Le Monde, Le Figaro, La Tribune, Libération, Les Echos, Le Parisien), Anglo-Saxon ones (PrivCo, Deutsche Welle, the Wall Street Journal, Reuters, Financial Times, Global Atlanta), and Chinese ones (Sina financial, Phoenix Finance, Dealglobe, Baidu Baijia, CNKI database, Wanfang Data, Cqvip Data).
We completed the collected information by additional data drawn from the official sites of the different companies involved. This database helped us to better identify the strategies employed by a range of emerging Chinese MNCs during the last two decades. Finally, 12 particular Chinese MNCs have been researched for this chapter, due to the sufficiency and reliability of available information in respect of the companies The study analyses the 12 Chinese enterprises and their internationalization processes. We investigate whether their internationalization behaviours conform to existing theoretical frameworks, namely the Uppsala stage model  (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977, 2009) , the Eclectic Paradigm  (Dunning, 2001 (Dunning, , 2006)) , the Linkage Leverage Learning (LLL) model  (Mathews, 2006) , and the 'Born Global' model  (McDougall et al.
For the IJVs, the first percentage listed refers to the amount held by the Chinese partner, and the second percentage is the amount held by the French partner which  Miles and Huberman (1994)  call 'emerging codes'. Thus we obtained a reduced content analysis grid. To check the reliability of the coding, each member of the research team performed individual coding. Any differences were resolved through discussion. We also added some supplementary variables drawn from external secondary data sources, such as websites, trade directories and Chinese government investment agencies, which enabled us to understand the FDI choices made by the interviewed companies. In relation to our research question, we looked specifically, row by row, for similarities and contrasts between the interviewed Chinese companies.
To encourage free discussion during the interview, it was agreed that the informants would remain anonymous and their answers would stay confidential. Thus, no one or their companies would be individually identified in our study. Because of the difficulties in getting Chinese companies to participate in our research, plus some data that were missing in certain companies, we finally chose to focus our study on four detailed case studies. We chose these four companies for three reasons. First, we got rich information from the interviews, and we were able to get access to the companies' documents in both Chinese and French versions. Second, among the four companies, two were SOEs and two were privately owned companies. Third, the four companies have adopted an entry mode as either a greenfield or brownfield investment.
As a consequence, our approach is based on the viewpoint of investors and securities portfolio managers, i. e. we try to determine how these indicators can help to take advantage of market inefficiencies to generate abnormal returns. Our study aims to show to what extend the PER and PBR are leading indicators in the markets of Shanghai and Shenzhen with a view to optimizing the profitability of stock investments. Thus, it is important to determine if these two indicators can help to optimize the stock picking, for an investment horizon of one year or more. The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. The first section presents the theoretical context of the research. The second section details the data and methodology used. The third section is dedicated to the results and discussion, before we conclude.
Indeed, in principle the use of an indicator based on stock market information (prices) and accounting (equity value or net earnings) should not afford to implement an investment strategy that exceeds the market return. Analyses made in Asia show the existence of a PER effect in Japan on fairly old data  (Chan et al. , 1991, or Bae and Kim, 1998)  and on more recent ones  (Nivoix, 2007). In the French market some works has been done on this point long ago, including  Girerd-Potin (1992)  and  Hamon and Jacquillat (1992). In a perspective of market efficiency, as part of a model such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), abnormal profitability can only be explained by a higher risk taking by the company or the investor. If not, the profitability exists only during a short time and shareholders do not have the time to take advantage of it.
Data description Our sample comes from the XunHan Technology database, which originally included all the listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen. Over the 2007-2016 period the potential sample of companies increased from 1430 in 2007 to 2808 in 2016. The final sample size was however lower each year for two reasons. First, for consistency of data, we have selected only the firms that end their fiscal year in December (which is the case of over 90% of the companies), in order to measure their returns after the disclosure of their annual results, usually three months after their fiscal year end. Second, we have removed the firms for which the PER or PBR was negative, because it was not significant for that year (only 5% of the observations were removed. ) Our sample therefore covers the vast majority of the listed Chinese firms (Table  11.
Moreover, the Chapter focuses on the obstacles that could affect the sustainable development of the Chinese food industry, such as increased urbanization, climate change threats and conflicts for limited natural resources (particularly land and water). A summary of the findings of this study and some recommendations for the Chinese food industry conclude the Chapter. The sources used are mainly sources referred to at an international level: the World Bank and WTO in order to define socio-economic profiles and trends; the FAOSTAT datasources to describe the agricultural context and production as well as some environmental issues. 1 At the national level, data have been extracted from the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics and from the China Statistical Yearbook (2014).
In 2013 the fourth version was approved. The first one was dated 1985. Articles 1. 7; 3. 7; 3. 8; 3. 9; 5. 1 and 8. 1   2006). The efficiency rate has to be measured as the quantity of fertilizer (or pesticides) needed to get the maximum economic yield with minimum inputs. The total revenues of the top five companies in 2013 is equal to more than US$ 37 billion (Seeking Alpha 2013). About US$ 4. 5 billion. More than US$ 15 billion. This could be due to lack of data for some countries in some years. Monsanto brought glyphosate to market in 1974 under the trade name Roundup. 'Roundup Ready' are those crops genetically modified to tolerate herbicides glyphosate. The total per continent has been calculated summing data (FAOSTAT database) for each country comprised in the continent, but data were not available for some countries.
Data explanation In order to conduct the analysis, we use several data relating to China only, to the bilateral agricultural trade relationship between China and the EU, and to the EU-China agricultural trade relationship at a refined product level. The trade figures relating to China's exports and imports of agricultural products to the world from 2001-2015 were taken from the WTO statistics database and the agricultural products are defined following the Revision 3 of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) which correspond to SITC sections 0, 1, 2, 4 minus 27 and 28. The figures for 2016 were taken from the Ministry of Agriculture of China (MOACOM). For the bilateral agricultural trade relationship (EU -China), data are drawn from two sources. EU figures are from the UN COMTRADE database in line with the Harmonized System (HS) Classification.
This research was largely based upon work supported by the EUCLID project -EU-China Lever for IPM Demonstration. The project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 633999. 2 The World Trade Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization are all organizations of the United Nations. 3 In 1989 the PIC procedure was jointly introduced for the first time by the FAO and UNEP as a voluntary tool within the Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides and in the London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade. These two instruments were developed and promoted voluntarily, respectively by the FAO and UNEP in the mid-1980s to ensure that governments had the necessary information to enable them to assess the risks of hazardous chemicals and to take informed decisions on their future import.
Notes1 This research was largely based upon work supported by the EUCLID project -EU-China Lever for IPM Demonstration. The project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 633999. 2 The World Trade Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization are all organizations of the United Nations. 3 In 1989 the PIC procedure was jointly introduced for the first time by the FAO and UNEP as a voluntary tool within the Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides and in the London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade. These two instruments were developed and promoted voluntarily, respectively by the FAO and UNEP in the mid-1980s to ensure that governments had the necessary information to enable them to assess the risks of hazardous chemicals and to take informed decisions on their future import.
Pintura tradicional de uma apresentação de wayang kulit. Autor: desconhecido. Fotógrafo: A. Hudson. Fonte: Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library. 4 otografia antiga de uma apresentação de wayang kulit lemah, conduzida pelo dalang brâmane Ida Putu Sweca  (data desconhecida, entre 1910 e 1925). Fotógrafo: desconhecido. Fonte: Tropenmuseum collection online 5 A palavra wayang designa o teatro de sombras. Pode ser traduzida também como "sombra" e num sentido filosófico mais amplo, como "aparências". Kulit significa "couro". De fato, as marionetes utilizadas nessa forma espetacular são planas, confeccionadas e esculpidas através de perfurações no couro de búfalo e posteriormente pintadas e adornadas dos dois lados 6. Algumas marionetes têm o maxilar móvel, o que lhes permite uma expressividade mais acurada do ato de falar.
We used the LOLA data as a benchmark and designed a special crossover adjustment to reduce the radial error in the LALT and LAM data. We evaluated the LOLA data using a grid of 1/256 • resolution to find the gaps in the LOLA measurement points. If the points in the LAM and LALT data were located in pixels with a sufficient number of LOLA points (>3), then these points were used as crossovers. We used the LOLA data to interpolate the elevation at these points, calculated the residuals, and derived a one-parameter model to fit the systematic error in the LAM and LALT data. The adjusted LAM and LALT data were combined with the LOLA data in order to develop an improved DEM. In Section 2, we provide the details of the datasets used in this study. In Section 3, we discuss the methods of noise elimination and special crossover adjustment.
LALT Data The Japanese lunar explorer Kaguya (SELENE) mission to the Moon was launched on 14 September 2007 and entered an elliptical lunar orbit on 4 October 2007. After orbital maneuvers, SELENE reached its nominal 100 km circular orbit on 19 October 2007. The mission ended on 10 June 2009 and the spacecraft was destroyed in a controlled collision onto the lunar surface  [23]. The LALT onboard the SELENE was designed to measure distances to the lunar surface from an altitude of 100 km. The LALT operated at 1 Hz. The beam divergence was 0. 4 mrad, resulting in a laser spot size on the lunar surface of typically 40 m from the orbiter altitude of 100 km. The along-track shot spacing of LALT are about 1. 4 km  [12]. The SELENE operation and data analysis center (SOAC) processed the raw LALT data from 30 December 2007 to 27 October 2008 and produced publicly available datasets (http://darts.
LAM Data The CE-1 mission was launched on 24 October 2007 and served as a prelude to China's deep space exploration program. CE-1 entered the lunar orbit on 5 November 2007, remained in orbit for 494 days, and successfully completed a controlled landing on the Moon on 1 March 2009  [9]. LAM was one of the main payloads onboard the CE-1 and was designed to measure the topography of the lunar surface from the normal altitude of 200 km. The LAM operated at 1 Hz and illuminated a 200-m diameter spot from an elevation of 200 km. The along-track shot spacing of LAM are about 1. 4 km  [14]. The National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences processed the raw LALT data and produced publicly available datasets (http://moon. bao. ac. cn/). The time series of the LAM level_2B data comprise the geo-located longitude and latitude, the range to the mass center, and the quality status at each laser spot.
This process is repeated and does not stop until all noise points are eliminated, however, the number of noise points is unknown and relative. Instead, the number of eliminated points suddenly increases during processing, suggesting that normal points with steep slopes have been wrongly eliminated. At this time, the program stops and uses the normal points obtained in the last step as the result. The normal size of a LOLA profile was about 8000 points, and the average number of eliminated points was about 50. We typically carried out filtering and clustering about 5 or 6 times. At the final time, the number of eliminated points suddenly increased to about 300 to 600 for a majority of profiles, and at this point our program stopped and retained those points. The LALT data are a filtered dataset, and LAM used the above method to remove approximately 15 noise points from every track (about 330 points).