dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Unfortunately, the solar flare must be "comet-effective," which is a rare event. Considering a less powerful X-1 solar flare from the 15 January 2005, the G/R ratio is still significantly impacted with values ranging from 1. 21 to 0. 091 using ATMOCIAD and PHIDRATES, respectively. The difference between G/R ratios using ATMOCIAD and PHIDRATES databases seems to increase when considering more powerful solar flare events. These results highlight the fact that more efforts are needed Figure  10. G/R ratio profile for 67P from 10 to 10 4 km for a line of sight crossing the projected cometocentric distance according to different levels of solar activity: for medium solar conditions with solar F 10. 7 proxies of 104 (black lines) and 195 (red lines). The green lines correspond to the G/R ratio computed with the X17 solar flare spectrum as input.
Our identification strategy is based on a difference-in-difference research design which exploits the fact that the entitlement for three-year-olds was phased in differentially across areas (LEAs), with the proportion of three-year-olds holding a free part-time nursery place rising from 36% to  87%, on average, between 1999 and 2007. 6  Our data consists of a large administrative dataset covering all students in state schools in England, and containing information from teacher assessments at age five (reception year) and age seven (year 2), as well as national tests at age eleven (year 6, which marks the last year of primary schooling). As we cannot observe individual childcare participation, but only the availability of free places in the area, the parameter we will estimate is an intention to treat (ITT) effect, capturing the full impact of the policy, including a number of different behavioural responses which we examine in detail.
Our measure of free part-time pre-school places is the sum of publicly provided places and free places in the private sector, divided by the population of three-year-olds in each LEA. Information on total childcare participation (privately funded as well as free) in each LEA is also available from the Department for Education. Headcounts of children taking up places in the private sector, including both free and privately funded places, are available for years 2000 to 2007. There are some issues with the quality of this data which require us to carry out some adjustments. 23 Our measure of childcare take-up is the sum of public sector places and all places taken up in the private sector, divided by the population of three-year-olds. 21 The population figures are population estimates from the Office of National Statistics.
More precisely, we first apply linear interpolation between the preceding and following year for years 2003 and 2005 and replace the data for a LEA if the interpolation leads to a higher count than the recorded count. This reduces the proportion of missing children to 5. 4% in 2003 and 3. 8% in 2005. We then increase the counts in each LEA by the proportion of children deemed by DfE to be missing in the returns overall, so that the count of children across all LEAs coincides with figures published by DfE. We scale all childcare measures so that a unit change represents a 10 percentage point increase in the number of children covered by free pre-school places or taking-up a pre-school place. We merge these data to children observed in the National Pupil Database using their LEA of residence at age seven, as residence at age five is not available for all of them.
Robustness checksNotes: National PupilDatabase, 2003-2010. Baseline results are from separate linear fixed effects regressions, controlling for cohort and LEA fixed effects, 2002 levels of free places interacted with cohort fixed effects and individual and LEA-level controls listed in Appendix TableA1. Weights are applied. Results for girls and boys were estimated jointly using complete gender interactions. Availability of free pre-school is scaled from 0 to 10, so that a unit increase indicates a 10% point increase in available places. FSM is eligible for free school meals, EAL is English as additional language (non-native speaker). Literacy refers to the learning area communication, language and literacy; Numeracy is problem solving, reasoning and numeracy; Social development is personal, social and emotional development.
Effect of availability of free pre-school: sub-group analysisNotes: National Pupil Database, 2003-2010. Results are from separate linear fixed effects regressions, controlling for cohort and LEA fixed effects, 2002 levels of free places interacted with cohort fixed effects and individual and LEA-level controls listed in Appendix TableA1. Weights are applied for age 5 outcomes. Results for groups are estimated jointly using complete interactions. Availability of free pre-school is scaled from 0 to 10, so that a unit increase indicates a 10% point increase in available places. FSM is eligible for free school meals. Literacy refers to the learning area communication, language and literacy; Numeracy is problem solving, reasoning and numeracy; Social development is personal, social and emotional development.
Income versus participation effectsNotes: National PupilDatabase, 2003-2010. Results are from separate linear fixed effects regressions, with weights applied for age 5 outcomes. Results by complier status are estimated jointly using complete interations. Availability of free pre-school is scaled from 0 to 10, so that a unit increase indicates a 10% point increase in available places. Literacy refers to the learning area communication, language and literacy; Numeracy is problem solving, reasoning and numeracy; Social development is personal, social and emotional development. Individual and LEA-level controls are listed in Appendix TableA1. Standard errors clustered at LEA level. + p <. 10, * p <. 05, ** p <. 01.
LEA-level economic controls include average unemployment rate, employment rate and hourly wage level in the LEA of residence in the quarter preceding the quarter of observation. Contains the same early years controls as Table2. +p<. 10,*p<. 05,**p<. 01. Standard errors clustered at LEA level in parenthesis. Notes: National Pupil Database, 2003-2010. Sample includes complier LEAs only. Results are from separate linear fixed effects regressions, controlling for cohort and LEA fixed effects, 2002 levels of free places interacted with cohort fixed effects and individual and LEA-level controls listed in Appendix TableA1. Weights are applied. Results for groups are estimated jointly using complete interactions. Availability of free pre-school is scaled from 0 to 10, so that a unit increase indicates a 10% point increase in available places.
This paper was produced as part of the  Centre's Education and Skills Programme. The Centre for Economic Performance is financed by the  Economic and Social Research Council. We thank  Rong Huang  for valuable research assistance. We also thank the  Department for Education ,  Mike Brewer ,  Sarah Cattan ,  Claire Crawford ,  Naomi Eisenstadt ,  Kitty Stewart ,  Anna Vignoles ,  Lorraine Dearden  and  Jane Waldfogel  for data access, advice and comments. This work was funded by the  ESRC Secondary Data Analysis Initiative  under grant  ES/K003232/1  and by the  Nuffield Foundation. Joanne  Blanden University of Surrey and Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics.
005 0. 002 0. 001 0. 002 (0. 003) (0. 003) (0. 003) (0. 004) (0. 003) Maths 0. 004 0. 003 -0. 001 -0. 001 0. 000 (0. 003) (0. 002) (0. 003) (0. 003) (0. 003) N 3. 2 m Standardised Key Stage 2 point scores (age 11) Reading 0. 001 0. 003 0. 006* 0. 007** 0. 005+ (0. 002) (0. 002) (0. 002) (0. 002) (0. 003) Maths -0. 003 -0. 001 -0. 001 -0. 002 -0. 001 (0. 003) (0. 002) (0. 003) (0. 003) (0. 003) N 2. 9 m Cohort & LEA FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Individual controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes LEA-level controls No Yes Yes Yes Yes Places 2002 * cohort FE No No Yes Yes Yes Notes: National Pupil Database, 2003-2010. Results are from separate linear fixed effects regressions, with weights applied for age 5 outcomes. Results for girls and boys are estimated jointly using complete gender interations. Availability of free pre- school is scaled from 0 to 10, so that a unit increase indicates a 10% point increase in available places.
2S: two distinct sizes of spores; 1S: one size of spores; LT: long, thin rod; SR: small rod (see dimensions in Table  3 ); AP: form spores first along the apical side of the intestinal cells. n. d. : not determined The unidentified microsporidian strains were characterized by sequencing of PCR fragments of the SSU rDNA and β-tubulin genes. We were able to amplify 45 SSU rDNA sequences (most 1390 bp long) and 32 β-tubulin sequences (most 1210 bp long) (S1 Table ). We first blasted the sequences in GenBank for initial grouping, then built phylogenetic trees and calculated interspecific genetic distances, based on our sequences and the sequences of related species from GenBank. We present below the grouping and phylogenetic distribution of new microsporidia strains, starting with those closest to N.
N. parisii and N. ausubeli are commonly found in Caenorhabditis nematodes Molecular sequences of microsporidia in ten wild C. elegans strains and four C. briggsae strains showed ≥ 99% SSU rDNA and ≥ 97% β-tubulin sequence identities to N. parisii sequences in GenBank. In the global phylogenetic analysis of microsporidia, these 14 sequences form a group with previously reported sequences of N. parisii strains ERTm1, ERTm3 and ERTm5  [26]  (Fig  2 ). The N. parisii isolates were all found in Europe (note however that the sampling is highly biased towards Europe, especially France), with the exception of the previously reported ERTm5 (JUm2055), isolated from a C. briggsae strain sampled in Hawaii (Fig 1B; Table  1A )  [28]. Eight other microsporidian strains showed ≥ 99% SSU rDNA and ≥ 95% β-tubulin sequence identities to the corresponding genes of the unnamed Nematocida sp.
1 in GenBank (Table  1B ), previously reported in C. briggsae  [22, 29]. This N. sp. 1 group is most closely related to N. parisii in the microsporidian phylogeny and the sequences of both SSU and β-tubulin genes gave the same grouping (   3 ). Because of these new samples of N. sp. 1 and their phylogenetic difference and genetic distance to the N. parisii group, here we describe N. sp. 1 as Nematocida ausubeli n. sp. (see Taxonomy section after the Discussion). Whereas N. ausubeli was so far only reported from C. briggsae (India, Cape Verde  [29] ), we also found it in C. elegans and C. remanei, in France, Portugal and Germany (  The lower left part shows the mean genetic distances between groups and the upper right part is the standard error (SE), with Kimura 2-Parameter model+G, 1000 bootstraps.
Diversity of Nematocida species Of the remaining 19 microsporidian strains, nine had a Nematocida species as their top blast hit in GenBank, with similarity between 81% ~ 86% of SSU rDNA and 74% ~ 84% of β-tubulin genes. In terms of host and geographical ranges, these microsporidia were found in two C. briggsae strains (Thailand and Guadeloupe), one C. tropicalis strain (Guadeloupe), one C. sp. 42 strain (NIC1041 from French Guiana), three Oscheius tipulae strains (France, Czech Republic, and Armenia), one Rhabditella typhae strain (Portugal) and one Procephalobus sp. strain (JU2895 from Spain). In the phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA, the corresponding sequences formed a single clade with N. parisii and N. ausubeli, with Ovavesicula popilliae as sister group within Clade II of the microsporidian phylum (see Fig  2 )  [33].
Taxonomic descriptions Phylum Microsporidia Balbiani 1882 Nematocida ausubeli n. sp. Zhang & Félix 2016 LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:6D7E3D0D-3348-4885-BF64-DF1EE1B7EEBA The type strain is ERTm2. Two strains ERTm2 and ERTm6 have been submitted to the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, https://www. atcc. org) as PRA-371 and PRA-372, respectively. The type host is Caenorhabditis briggsae  [58, 59] , strain JU1348, which was isolated from a mixed sample of decaying vegetal matter (rotting fruits, leaf litter, soil, bark, flowers). The type locality is Periyar Natural Preserve, Kerala, India. The species was also found in C. briggsae in Germany and Cape Verde, and Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis remanei in Europe. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession JH604648.
Nematocida major n. sp. Zhang & Félix 2016 LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:4D7C3F14-187A-4AD1-A62F-DA79BED716E0 The type strain is JUm2507. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at XXX and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Caenorhabditis briggsae  [58, 59] , strain JU2507, isolated from rotting figs. The type locality is Khao Sok National Park, Thailand. The species was also found in Guadeloupe in C. briggsae and Caenorhabditis tropicalis. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360148. The spores are ovoid and measure 3. 4 x 1. 2 µm (ranges 2. 9-3. 8 x 0. 8-1. 6) for the large class and 2. 3 x 0. 54 µm (ranges 1. 8-2. 7 x 0. 41-0. 77) for the small class.
Nematocida minor n. sp. Zhang & Félix 2016 LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:646590BC-E5A8-4FD5-9026-96B276A4D159 The type strain is JUm1510. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at XXX and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Oscheius tipulae  [60] , strain JU1510, isolated from compost. The type locality is Hluboka nad Vlatavou near Budweis, Czech Republic. The species was also found in O. tipulae in Armenia. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360147. The spores are ovoid and measure 1. 9 x 0. 83 µm (ranges 1. 5-2. 2 x 0. 5-1. 1) for the large class and 1. 3 x 0. 55 µm (ranges 1. 1-1. 7 x 0. 35-0. 73) for the small class. Infection is localized to the host intestinal cells.
Nematocida homosporus n. sp. Zhang & Félix 2016 LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:C959C7AD-DC01-4391-8B18-1B5D02F7349B The type strain is JUm1504. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at XXX and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Oscheius tipulae  [60] , strain JU1504, isolated from a rotting Arum stem. The type locality is Le Blanc (Indre), France. The species was also found in the nematode Rhabditella typhae in Portugal. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360153. The spores are ovoid and measure 2. 0 x 0. 72 µm (ranges 1. 7-2. 7 x 0. 56-0. 94). Infection is localized to the host intestinal cells. Transmission is horizontal, presumably via the oral-fecal route.
Nematocida ciargi n. sp. Zhang & Félix 2016 LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:77EF241F-463D-443A-819D-C32B1BC49332 The type strain is JUm2895. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at XXX and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Procephalobus sp. strain JU2895 (Cephalobina), isolated from rotting Trachycarpus palm fruits. The type locality is Barcelona, Spain. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360152. The spores are ovoid and 1. 4 x 0. 59 µm (ranges 1. 5-2. 2 x 0. 41-0. 84). Infection is localized to the host intestinal cells. Transmission is horizontal, presumably via the oral-fecal route. The species is named after its type locality, close to the Centre de Regulació Genòmica in Barcelona, Spain.
Enteropsectra longa n. sp. Zhang & Félix 2016 LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:FC304EDC-B2CA-4486-BF8F-095BE0B60E45 The type strain is JUm408. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at XXX and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Oscheius sp. 3  [21] , strain JU408, isolated from a soil sample. The type locality is the Botanical garden of Reykjavik, Iceland. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360142. The spores have the shape of a long and thin rod, measuring 3. 8 x 0. 49 µm (ranges 3. 1-5. 0 x 0. 35-0. 68). The polar tube makes one turn at the posterior part of the spore; one or two polar tube sections can be seen in transmission electron microscopy when the spore is cut transversally.
Enteropsectra breve n. sp. Zhang & Félix 2016 LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:236607CA-8C44-414D-916C-802C7C67600D The type strain is JUm2551. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at XXX and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Oscheius tipulae  [60] , strain JU2551, isolated from a rotting apple. The type locality is an apple orchard in Orsay (Essonne), France. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360145. The spores are ovoid and measure 1. 8 x 0. 66 µm (ranges 1. 3-2. 1 x 0. 42-0. 90). Infection is observed in the host intestine and does not affect the intestinal cells. Transmission is horizontal, presumably via the oral-fecal route. The species is named after the short size of the spores.
The type strain is JUm1505. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at XXX and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Oscheius tipulae  [60] , strain JU1505, isolated from a rotting peach. The type locality is Le Blanc (Indre), France. The species was also found in O. tipulae in other locations in France. The ribosomal DNA sequence is deposited to Genbank under Accession KX360131. The spores have the shape of a long and thin rod, measuring 3. 5 x 0. 42 µm (ranges 2. 4-4. 7 x 0. 25-0. 52). Infection is localized to the host intestinal cells. Transmission is horizontal. The species is named after its specificity to Oscheius tipulae (abbreviation Oti).
Pancytospora epiphaga n. sp. Zhang & Félix 2016 LSID urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:41573063-B494-41C3-B0A8-2417DFEB3DCC The type strain is JUm1396. The type material is deposited as a live frozen culture of the infected host at XXX and in the collection of the corresponding author (MAF; http://www. justbio. com/worms/index. php). The type host is Caenorhabditis brenneri. The type locality is a private garden in the vicinity of Medellin, Colombia. The ribosomal DNA sequence, deposited to Genbank under Accession KX424959. The spores are ovoid and measure 3. 71 x 0. 80 m m (ranges 2. 99-4. 22 x 0. 56-0. 92). Infection is observed in the host epidermis and does not affect the intestinal cells. Transmission is horizontal. The species is named after the site of infection in the nematode, mostly the epidermis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are very grateful to all sample collectors ( M. Asahina ,  H. Baylis ,  F. Besnard ,  A. Zalmanski ) and  A. Barrière ,  C. Braendle  and  L. Frézal  for isolating infected strains. We thank  M. Botts ,  K. Balla  and  M. Bakowski  for help with Nematocida spore preparations and quantifying reporters and spores;  A. Dubuffet  and  H. Schulenburg  for sharing unpublished sequences of C. elegans-infecting microsporidia;  M. Barkoulas , B. and  M. Félix  with help with Greek and Latin names, and  A. Dubuffet  for helpful discussions and comments.
e. , accessions with the same name but different SSR profiles) were also found, e. g. , three different SSR profiles for the same accession names 'Pomme Citron' or 'Charles Ross'. Data allowed identifying some obvious labeling errors, e. g. , X2698 'Court Pendu Plat' which was shown to be the rootstock 'MM106' , or CRAW-0362 'Transparente de Croncels' which was found likely to actually be 'Filippa' (Additional file 1). Following these observations, the apple germplasm dataset was reduced to 2,031 unique genotypes (i. e. , exhibiting distinct SSR profiles). Among these individuals, 162 (8 % of the different genotypes) were removed since they had a putative triploid profile, while another ten were discarded because of too much missing SSR data, or because further identified as rootstock or outliers in a preliminary Principal Coordinate Analysis.
Within the 369 alleles identified in the overall set (i. e. , across Europe), 73. 4 % and 52. 0 % were found at frequencies below 5 % and 1 %, respectively (Table  1 ; data not shown for 1 %). A similar proportion of rare alleles was obtained for the material from the three designated geographical regions of origin, with the exception of alleles detected at a frequency < 1 % with Northern + Eastern and Southern European origins, for which slightly lower percentages were identified (≈38 %). Almost identical mean He values were obtained for the overall dataset (0. 83) and for the germplasm from each of the three geographical groups (Table  1 ). Crosscomparison of the allelic composition for the accessions classified into geographic categories showed that 221 out of the 362 alleles (seven alleles appeared only in accessions that could not be classified into geographic groups) were detected in all three geographical groups, 59 alleles (16.
Parentage reconstruction Two-parents-offspring relationships within the 1,859 diploid genotypes were explored using CERVUS software. A total of 46 putative trios (offspring and two inferred parents) were identified with high (95 %) confidence level. These consisted of two already documented trios, ('Calville Rouge du Mont Dore' and 'Belle de Mleiev' and their parents;  [23] ), as well as another 10 recent and 34 old cultivars (Table  5 ). The two parents of the 10 modern cultivars, for which full parentage was already documented were correctly inferred (e. g. , 'Heta' , 'Jaspi' and 'Pirkko' = 'Lobo' x 'Huvitus' , 'Pirja' = 'Huvitus' x 'Melba' , or 'Mio' = 'Worcester Pearmain' x 'Oranie'). In most cases, the two parents of the older cultivars were not known and thus newly inferred (Table  5 ).
Identification and redundancy The exchange of genotyping data between research units has increased considerably in recent years, with the aim to investigate the extent and distribution of diversity for specific crops at a wide geographic scale. In this study, the application of a common set of 16 SSR markers on a wide set of dessert apple cultivars distributed across three broad European regions allowed the detection of redundant accessions and duplicated genotypes between and within collections, and the description of the structuration of a significant part of the European apple diversity. Cross-comparison of SSR data in attempts to combine datasets from multiple sources has often been problematic due to challenges in harmonizing the allelic sizes between different laboratories  [18, 29, 30].
By combining existing data over numerous shared reference accessions in our collections with the re-genotyping of a subset of the accessions, we were able to strongly secure the SSR allele adjustment over sites. This dataset represents a highly valuable resource for the comparison of apple germplasm collections throughout Europe and the rest of the world. Taking into consideration the rich allelic diversity present in the European apple germplasm, it would be useful to identify a relatively small set of varieties that offer a good representation of the allelic variability identified in this germplasm to act as an internal control (i. e. , a reference set) between laboratories for future use. Interestingly, duplicate groups involving accessions from different collections underlined some putative drift in the cultivar denomination.