dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
7 • C, revealed the best performances. Lastly, the Sigmoid model provided the best performances for veraison in both varieties. Hence, the GDD linear model is not always the best approach to model and simulate grapevine phenology, as the phenology-temperature relationship may be of non-linear nature. The present study results are comparable, in terms of model performance, to other studies in other winemaking regions worldwide  [19, 26, 27, 43, [62] [63] [64] [65]. Although the aforementioned models provide the best approaches, it is important to bear in mind that they are bound to this particular phenology dataset. Climate change projections of the phenophase timings, based on a two-member ensemble of state-of-the-art climate model chains, hinted at anticipations of the phenophase timings up to 10-12 days until the end of the twentieth first century, though with some dissimilarities amongst phenophases and varieties.
In the near future, it is expected that the outcomes of this study will be implemented on a web platform, maintained by ADVID, which will deliver information on phenological timings to regional wine companies and grounded on a network of operational weather stations. Future research should also envision the improvement of the current models, such as by extending the phenological datasets with new data from other regions in Portugal or in other countries where the selected varieties also grow. Other grapevine varieties may also be considered in future studies, but there is a critical lack of information for them, particularly on the Douro native/autochthonous varieties, which may considerably hamper their simulation.
Acknowledgments: This study was supported by the  Clim4Vitis  project-" Climate change impact  mitigation for European viticulture: knowledge transfer for an integrated approach", funded by  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme , under grant agreement nº  810176. This work was also supported by  National Funds by FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology , under the project  UID/AGR/04033/2019. FCT scholarship   SFRH/BPD/119461/2016  and contract  CEECIND/00447/2017  are acknowledged. The authors also acknowledge the  FCT scholarship given  to  R. C. ,  PD/BD/135326/2017 , under the  Doctoral Programme 'Agricultural Production Chains-from fork to farm'  ( PD/00122/2012 ). Climate data was provided by ADVID, SOGRAPE vinhos SA,  Quinta do Noval , and  Direcção Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Norte (DRAPN).
Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19, Chicago, Illinois) and verified by an expert statistician. Reproducibility was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for both knees in the healthy non-operated population. The ICC scale was defined as insufficient for < 0. 4, medium to good for 0. 4-0. 7, or excellent for > 0. 7. Groups were compared using univariate variance analysis (ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc tests) for mean values after we have verified normality and homogeneity. The p-value threshold for statistical significance in hypothesis testing was <. 05. For the healthy non-operated population, statistical analyses of knee performances were combined to avoid influencing results by the dominant side (i.
60. The diagonal elements H kk are calculated with a force field energy function whose parameters for neutral and positively charged ELMs are chosen as in our previous work. 25, 60 For charged ELMs, the equilibrium distance of the CQC bond is displaced (1. 387 Å) with respect to the one in the neutral state (1. 324 Å) corresponding to the reorganization energy for hole transfer between two ELMs of l = 200 meV. Such reorganization energies are typical for organic semiconductors and an order of magnitude smaller than those, e. g. , for redox processes in aqueous solution  [79] [80] [81]  or oxide materials. 82 Intra-molecular interactions for neutral ELMs are taken from the Generalized Amber Force Field (GAFF). 83 The intermolecular interactions among the ELMs and between ELMs and Ne atoms are modelled by Lennard-Jones terms with parameters taken again from the GAFF database for neutral and charged ELMs and from ref.
The reorganization energy is determined using four DFT calculations on neutral and charge anthracene molecules in both neutral and charged geometries as: l = [E C (R N ) + E N (R C )] À [E C (R C ) + E N (R N )] ( 33 ) where E C/N (R N/C ) is the energy of the charged/neutral molecule in the optimized neutral/charged state and E C/N (R C/N ) is the energy of the charged/neutral molecule in the optimized charged/neutral minimum. The geometries of charged and neutral molecules were optimized with the B3LYP functional 87 and 6-311g(d) basis set. The intermolecular interactions between anthracene molecules are also taken from the GAFF database. As in each classical force field all but one molecule are neutral and the anthracene has zero dipole moment, we did not include electrostatic interactions.
The off-diagonal elements of the electronic Hamiltonian H kl are calculated using the AOM. 61 First, the HOMO of anthracene (which is non-degenerate) is projected onto an atomic Slater basis consisting of one atomic p orbital per carbon atom. The calculation of the HOMO and its projection are done using CPMD software  88  using the PBE exchange-correlation functional. 89 ore electrons are described by Goedecker-Teter-Hutter (GTH) pseudo-potentials,  90  and the valence electrons are expanded in plane waves with a reciprocal space plane wave cutoff of 90 Ry. The dimers are centered in a simulation box with dimensions of 12 Â 40 Â 40 Å 3. After that, the electronic coupling H DFT kl is calculated using the FODFT method  62  for four different dimers extracted from the crystal structure, while the HOMO-HOMO overlap % S kl = hj k |j l i is calculated using the AOM for the same four dimers.
Acknowledgements A. C. and S. G. were supported by the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the  European Union ,  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme  (grant agreement no. 682539/SOFTCHARGE ). Via our membership of the UK's  HEC Materials Chemistry Consortium , which is funded by  EPSRC  ( EP/L000202  and  EP/R029431 ), this work used the  ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service  (http://www. archer. ac. uk). In addition, the authors want to thank  Hui Yang  for the force field parametrization,  Matthew Ellis  for the development of a wavefunction visualization code and  Guido von Rudorff  for code improvements.
) germplasm for public and private sector partners against maize lethal necrosis and wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. :Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. & E. Henning, Ug99) under artificial inoculation; it was established in 2013 at the KALRO Naivasha and Njoro research stations in Kenya's Rift Valley. The genomics and bioinformatics platforms of the Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa (BecA) Hub located at ILRI in Nairobi provides a regional facility for research on crop and livestock genotyping. The Bioscience Center at IITA (Ibadan, Nigeria) serves as a regional hub for national programs and universities. Most genomic sequencing information and genomic tools are made publicly available through online platforms and databases. Examples of these platforms and databases include the one maintained by the International Rice Informatics Consortium (http://iric.
In the past decade, CGIAR centers have explored innovative approaches to facilitate the generation and exchange of information among different national and regional entities, taking advantage of advances in information and communication technologies. The numerous open-access databases maintained by CGIAR centers are used by thousands of scientists from countries throughout the world, and a number of them target extension agents and technicians. Innovation platforms and hubs have been set up and facilitated by various CGIAR programs to enhance the quality of interaction, relationships, confidence, and trust among stakeholders involved in the research, development, and market chains of target crops. As presented in the sections above, CGIAR centers transfer technologies primarily in the form of improved germplasm and associated agronomic techniques and technologies.
Despite repeated requests for information from recipients concerning their evaluation of germplasm received through the multilateral system, CGIAR centers rarely get information back, including when national research organizations register and release, as cultivars, improved lines they received from CGIAR centers. As a result, the international community is losing opportunities to accumulate and add value to the plant genetic resources in the multilateral system through information sharing. The global information system under the Plant Treaty is in its infancy, and research organizations only rarely publish or share research data vis-à-vis materials they received under the SMTA. In 2013, the Plant Treaty Governing Body established the Ad Hoc Open Ended Working Group to Enhance the Functioning of the Multilateral System ("Working Group") to develop options for increasing user-based payments to the Benefit Sharing Fund and to increase the scope of the multilateral system to include more crops.
Acknowledgments CGIAR submits reports to the biannual meetings of the Governing Body of the ITPGRFA. This article draws on the CGIAR reports to the  Seventh Session of the Governing Body , in 2017. The following people contributed to the development of these reports (in addition to the authors). Their contributions are acknowledged and appreciated:  H. Ajeigbe ,  R. Asiedu ,  M. Bänziger ,  E. Birol ,  M. P. Boddupalli ,  P. Carberry ,  E. Duveiller ,  R. Falcon ,  J. Hugues ,  R. Jamnadass ,  A. Muchiga ,  B. Nebie ,  O. Ortiz ,  T. F. Randolph ,  G. Rao ,  H. Rao ,  C. Roa ,  M. G. Saethre ,  R. Sara ,  M. Tchamba , and  D. Watson. The authors thank the  CGIAR Genebank Platform  and the  CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture , and  Food Security  for the financial contribution.
Methods: We used data of 285 participants (RECORD MultiSensor Study, 2013-2015, Paris region)  who carried GPS receivers and accelerometers over 7 days and underwent a phone-administered web mobility survey on the basis of algorithm-processed GPS data. With this mobility survey, we decomposed trips into unimodal trip stages with their start/end times, validated information on travel modes, and manually complemented and cleaned GPS tracks. This strategy enabled to quantify walking in trips with different modes with two alternative metrics: distance walked and accelerometry-derived number of steps taken. Results: Compared with GPS-based mobility survey data, algorithm-only processed GPS data indicated that the median distance covered by participants per day was 25. 3 km (rather than 23. 4 km); correctly identified transport time vs.
Data collection and processing Population Participants came from the RECORD MultiSensor Study  [12]  of the RECORD Cohort  [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]. The RECORD MultiSensor Study combined various sensor tools (including a GPS receiver, a waist-worn accelerometer and in subgroups two thigh-worn and chest-worn accelerometers, a cardiac holter, a blood pressure monitor, and a smartphone for ecological momentary assessment) to investigate various aspects of the relationship between transport and health. Participants of the RECORD Cohort were born between 1928 and 1978, were residing at baseline in 10 districts of Paris and 111 other municipalities of the Ile-de-France region, and were recruited without a priori sampling during preventive checkups performed by the IPC Medical Centre. During the second wave of the RECORD Study, between September 2013 and June 2015, after completing their health checkups, participants were systematically invited to enter the RECORD MultiSensor Study (approved by the French Data Protection Authority) when there were devices available for the recruitment.
Of the 919 persons invited to enter the MultiSensor study, 319 accepted to participate and signed an informed consent form. Twenty-seven participants withdrew from the study and the data collection failed for 6 participants, resulting in a final acceptation and completion rate of 31. 1% (N = 286). Comparison of the RECORD participants who took part in the MultiSensor Study with those who were invited but refused to participate or abandoned showed that the likelihood to participate was twice lower among participants with a primary education or less than among those with an upper tertiary education. One participant who travelled to meet different family members out of the Ile-de-France region during the follow-up was excluded from this analysis (N = 285).
Collection and processing of GPS, mobility survey, and accelerometer data Participants wore a QStarz (Taipei, Taiwan) BT-Q1000XT GPS receiver  [18]  and an Actigraph (Pensacola, FL) wGT3X+ tri-axial accelerometer  [19]  on the right hip for the recruitment day and 7 additional days. Participants completed a travel diary on the places visited, as supporting information for the mobility survey. The GPS data (one point every 5 s) were uploaded in the TripBuilder Web mapping application where GPS data were processed with algorithms (Fig. 1 )  [20, 21]. These algorithms (i) identified the places visited by the participants over 7 days; (ii) decomposed the trips between visited places into segments of trips with unique modes; (iii) imputed information on the activities performed in each place based on the geolocated regular visited places of each participant pre-identified with the VERITAS application  [22]  and on geolocated points of interest; and (iv) imputed information on the travel mode used in each trip segment based on speeds, survey information on typical modes used by the participant, and on the presence of public transport stations of the same line or mode at the beginning and end of the trip segment.
Based on the TripBuilder Web application, a GPSbased mobility survey was conducted through a telephone interview as soon as possible after the data collection (median time of 10 days, interquartile range: 7, 15). Only the research assistants had access to the application described in Fig. 1 , while participants had access to detailed screen copies of their trips sent by postal mail. Using these computer and paper supports, the research assistants walked the participants through the different days, reviewing and complementing information trip by trip. The research assistants confirmed the detected visits to places and trips between these places; they removed visits to places and trips that were incorrect; they could generate visits to places or trips to places undetected by the GPS receiver and/or algorithm (with itineraries then imputed as the shortest street network path and edited if needed, see Fig.
1 ). The research assistants manually edited each trip itinerary, if needed, to remove residual artefacts in the GPS track that would bias the assessment of the travel distance (Fig. 1 ). Finally, research assistants Our previous studies in the field  [3, 11]  have emphasized the benefits of this approach c The aim of the present paper is to develop these last two improvements in measurement confirmed or collected and modified the type of activity practiced at each visited place and the travel mode used in each trip segment. A SAS program generated a detailed timetable over 7 days indicating the succession of places visited and trips subdivided in trip stages. Within a trip, two trip stages are necessarily separated by an episode of transfer between the two assigned to a punctual location.
) employed in this study were worn by the participants. On those days, the mobility survey was systematically performed for the whole day, even if GPS data were partly missing. In the latter case, missing portions of itineraries were complemented during the mobility survey, so that the day had full distance information. On the opposite, if the two conditions above were not satisfied, the whole day was excluded. The study data comprised 1784 days of mobility survey for 285 participants, corresponding to a median of 7 days of follow-up per individual (interdecile range: 4, 7) (i. e. , 285 × 7-1784 = 211 days were excluded due to the aforementioned reason). Choi default parameters applied to vector magnitude data as implemented in ActiLife 6. 11. 9 were used to identify episodes of nonwear of the accelerometer  [23, 24].
However, the real-time reporting of information on activities and modes is burdensome and leads to high rates  of missing data  [28]. Moreover, a challenge is that the two separately collected sources of data on the same trips, the GPS data and the diary data, then must be aligned using imperfect decision rules, which implies approximations  [5, 26]. The proposed GPS-based prompted recall mobility survey approach, rooted in transport sciences  [20, [29] [30] [31] , aims to address these two concerns. First, our participants were asked to fill a simple travel diary. However, this is not our only source of information on travel modes, but just a complementary tool to support the recall during the phone mobility survey, so missing data in this diary are less critical. Moreover, advanced algorithms aim to automatically identify visited places (on the basis of previously surveyed regular destinations and points of interest) and travel modes (on the basis of speeds, usual modes reported in a survey, and geographic location of public transport stations).
Second, such GPS-based mobility survey data provide a background of timestamped information on activities and travel modes against which to interpret the data collected with other sensors. For example, similar to what we did with accelerometry, when mobility survey data are combined with sound pressure and air pollutant data collected with wearable monitors, it is possible to isolate transport-related or even mode-specific exposures. Similarly, such mobility survey information can be used to calculate transport-or mode-specific built environmental exposures along GPS tracks with a geographic information system. Third, a mobility survey provides a tool and opportunity for collecting other information, either on the exposure side or on the outcome side, disaggregated over space and time. For example, we used or are using such a mobility survey to collect data on recreational physical activity in trips and at visited places in our RECORD Multi-Sensor Study, on social contacts in our RECORD-HANC protocol, and on stress in trips in our MobiliSense protocol.
If Sam believed that Helen didn't know about Houdini's escape artistry  […] , he couldn't have used Houdini cooperatively on that occasion with the sense 'escape by trickery'. [Clark & Clark 1979: 784]  Based on diachronic data extracted from the Oxford English Dictionary online (from now on OED), the present article argues that the pragmatic component of meaning, based on a cooperative principle, is not the only semantic component at play in the building of the meaning of denominal verbs. It operates within a semantic frame determined by the type of the proper name etymon and regular semantic patterns involving metonymy. This article focuses on denominal verbs originating from proper names through a diachronic lens. Proper names differ from common nouns in the fact that they prototypically refer to a unique referent -in place and in time.
The OED compiles words and phrases from 1150 to the present. Hence the dictionary is mostly interested in Middle and Modern English. The When Proper Names Become Verbs: A Semantic Perspective Lexis, 16 | 2020 diachronic perspective is limited to what is recorded in the selected dictionary, which itself is limited by the availability, or lack thereof, of data from certain periods of time, as well as the selection process of the OED  [Algeo 1998: 61]. Unsurprisingly, there are far more entries from the 16 th century onwards than for the period before. This observation can probably be partly explained by the invention and development of printing in Europe. Because the OED records words and phrases along with their definitions, etymology and quotations, it displays a wealth of information for the linguist to analyse.
Moreover, each entry includes the first known attestation for each definition of a lexeme and its date. As a result, it can be hypothesized that this dictionary gives a relatively correct picture of a derived lexeme when it was first coined. It is however possible that some meanings of a lexeme may be put aside for lack of 'currency' or 'frequency' as both are the criteria used by lexicographers to decide whether an entry should be created  [OED 2018b ]. However, as  Algeo [1998: 63]  points out, the OED "is not reliable for the earliest dates of use of words, although it is the best record we have". The data extracted from the OED (see Section 2. 1. 2. for the methodology) resulted in 225 entries whose first dates of attestation range from 1330 to 2008. However, as more than 200 years separate the most ancient entry (roam) with the next (hackney), this first entry was put aside.
Extracting the data In order to compile a list of verbs formed from proper names, I used the search tool of the OED and selected the part of speech 'verb'. The original aim was to find verbs whose etymology refers to a proper name. Unfortunately, a direct search through the 'origin' field of each entry was impossible; as a result, I had to search through the entire entries -'in full text'. Observations made on test entries, allowed me to define three sets of keywords to search 'in full text': "from a proper name", "from proper names" and "proprietary name" 9. The last set was the result of an observation made for verb entries such as Google and Facebook which consider the etymon a proper name while hoover is mentioned as coming from a proprietary name. 10 I also chose to include verbs which indirectly originate from a PN.
To Manchesterize To make representative or typical of Manchester; to make similar to Manchester, esp. with regard to industrial practices. Indeed, both verbs are transitive, and both directly refer, in their definition, to the PN they come from. Hence, both verbs are relevant to this study. The issue of directionality also motivated that choice as determining directionality can be challenging and the data available is not always enough to do so with certainty  (Valera [2014: 160-161] ). As a result, the etymology listed in the OED is not always to be taken for granted. Unfortunately, there was no systematic method to find verbs which indirectly come from PNs. Consequently, a manual search was put in place in order to compile these verbs: first, an advanced search was carried out with the same keywords as before but for other parts of speech; then, for each selected entry, related 'verb' entries were opened in order to assess if the selected verb was a derivative of the first entry.
Data modelling A data set of derived words can be modelled through a variety of features. For lack of space, the morphology of the derived verbs is not considered in the present article. I only focus on verbal semantics and the relationship with the PN etymon from a diachronic perspective. In order to do so, the date of first attestation of each verb was collected along with their first definition 11 and etymology as listed in the OED. As a result, the present study does not consider the evolution of each verb and the semantic shifts they encountered through their existence.