dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Statistical heterogeneity was accounted for through the use of the DerSimonian and Laird 20 pooling model of random effects in all analysis except for functional test and mortality, where fixed effects were used. Meta-analyses of IL-1Ra treatment versus vehicle were carried out by types of outcome, including quantification of lesion volume or oedema by staining method or MRI, neurological scores, corner test and post-treatment deaths. Outcome data were stratified into days of assessment if outcomes were measured on multiple days. Publication bias was not assessed in this meta-analysis, since all available data were obtained from participating labs. Data are given as SMD (continuous data), mean difference (continuous data) or ORs (binary data) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), P value for effect, P value for heterogeneity and P value for interaction; P values <0.
Dataset characteristics The dataset characteristics of the effects of exogenously administered IL-1Ra versus vehicle on outcomes after cerebral ischaemia are reported in Table  1. Datasets were retrieved from eight individual studies conducted across five different labs and countries (three in the UK (single lab), one in France, one in Finland, one in Hungary and one in Germany). Two studies were split into two datasets each due to differences in occlusion method (filament or thrombin) and whether recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) was added with treatment or not. Data from a total of 241 experimental animals were retrieved.
Lesion volume The effect of IL-1Ra on lesion size was assessed using histological staining at seven days (five studies, seven datasets) and MRI at different times (three studies). With histological evaluation IL-1Ra reduced lesion volume, in comparison with vehicle: mean difference À0. 47 (95% confidence interval (CI) À0. 68 to À0. 27, P 0. 0001) (Figure  1 ). This corresponds to a mean reduction in lesion volume of 42. 9% (95% CI 24. 5-61. 2%), as determined from the effect sizes across individual studies. Analysis of MRI determined lesion volumes also found a reduction following IL-1Ra treatment: mean difference À0. 24 (95% CI À0. 37 to À0. 11, P ¼ 0. 0003) (Figure  2 ). Subgroup analysis of MRI lesion volumes found IL-1Ra treatment to reduce lesion size at days 1 (P 0. 0001) and 7 (P 0.
Oedema Oedema data were retrieved from three studies (four datasets), which obtained their oedema measurements via stained sections and two studies using MRI. Data were available at day 7 for both methods but only at day 1 for MRI. Histological staining (SMD: À0. 31, 95% CI À0. 98 to À0. 35, P ¼ 0. 36) (Figure  3 ) and MRI measurements (P ¼ 0. 90) (Figure  4 ) found no benefit of IL-1Ra treatment in reducing oedema volume at day 7. However, oedema measured by MRI did show IL-1Ra treatment to be beneficial on day 1 (P ¼ 0. 04).
Functional outcome Corner test data were available from four studies and overall analysis found IL-1Ra treatment to be beneficial at days 1 (P ¼ 0. 001), 2 (P 0. 001) and 7 (P ¼ 0. 01) after stroke but not at day 28 (P ¼ 0. 34) (Figure  6 ). Gait was measured by the catwalk method in a single study only, so was not analysed in this meta-analysis.
Discussion The objectives of this cross-laboratory study were to evaluate short-term and long-term effects of IL-1Ra on stroke outcome after MCAo in rodents, and to establish the feasibility and challenges faced in running a multicentre preclinical project. To our knowledge, this is one of the first cross-laboratory preclinical trials conducted. A meta-analysis of the data was necessary, since no one factor was measured uniformly across all animals, preventing a grouped analysis as originally planned. Despite this, the meta-analysis found IL-1Ra treatment to be beneficial in terms of reducing lesion damage, neurological deficit and improving functional outcomes after experimentally induced stroke in mice. There has been a great disconnect between preclinical studies and human clinical trials.
Funding The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported with funding from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/ 2008-2013 ), the  Medical Research Council, INSERM , the  University of Caen , the  Regional Council of Lower Normandy and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  (grant  SCHW 416/7-1 ).
Background: The aim was to use the existing surveillance data sources of cancer in Morocco that could be used to better describe cancer mortality and incidence trends in Morocco. Methods: National incidence data were derived from population-based cancer registries. Mortality data were collected from the international GLOBOCAN database. Results: An overview of the main results was presented. In general, the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men are lung and prostates whereas in women, breast and cervical cancers are the pre-dominant cancers. Fifty nine percent and of breast and 65. 7 % of cervical cancers in women are diagnosed at stages II and III. Cancer remains the second highest cause of mortality in Morocco.
National morbidity data sources The main sources of cancer morbidity data are populationbased cancer registries. In Morocco, two population-based registries are the principal sources of reliable cancer morbidity data. The first one is region-based and concerns the administrative region of Casablanca (Region du Grand Casablanca). This registry covers around 12 % of the Moroccan population and is usually tied to state health departments of the region. The data are collected retrospectively on cancer patient from private and public care structures in the Casablanca region, such as hospital departments, private hospitals and pathological laboratories  [9]. This data collection is made by medical doctors who are well trained on cancer registration and who are also involved in the management of database after the collection.
To compare data at national or international level, these registries estimate a standardized incidence by using the Moroccan population and the world populationas references  [9, 12]. Data collected by these cancer registries usually include date of diagnosis, confirmation of diagnosis, histological type and differentiation, extension of the tumor, classification, stage and treatment, as well as socio-demographic information. Another registry of the oncology hospital hasbeen developed in the region of Marrakech, but the results have not been published yet. In theFez region, a cancer registry of Hassan II Hospitalis currently being developed to collect data and to evaluate patient care in this north centre region of Morocco. They can also be used in studies that compare patterns of care among providers or geographic regions  [14].
International morbidity and mortality data sources We used the CancerMondialwebsite to get access to various databases containing information on the occurrence of cancer worldwide held and managed by the Section of Cancer Information of IARC. Two of the principal cancer databases available on this website are GLOBOCAN, which provides the most recent estimates for 2012's cancer incidence, mortality rate,and prevalence for 28types of cancer in 184 countries  [2] , and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5), which provides access to detailed information on the incidence of cancer recorded by cancer registries (regional or national) worldwide  [15]. For Morocco, as for other countries, data on cancer incidence and mortality are available on the GLOBOCAN. These data are collected by IARC  [2].
Discussion The surveillance data for cancer were collected from cancer registries. In general, the information was regularly and carefully scrutinized  [9, 12]. The incidence rates reported by both population-based cancer registries were considered more accurate than those made by GLOBO-CAN. In practice, GLOBOCANestimates sex-and age-  specific incidence rates of cancer in Morocco as the weighted average of the local rates of 16 countries  [2]. In Morocco, no valid data of mortality due to cancer is currently available. The interpretations and accuracy of cancer mortality patterns presented in this review could be affected by incomplete information on routine medical records and death certificates and inaccurate population estimates. National studies are in progress to collect mortality data in Morocco, but they are not published yet.
Only a national study which aimed to provide first data on smoking attributable mortality in Morocco was published in 2014  [17]. Unlike western countries, most Asian and African countries (including Morocco) do not rely on comprehensive death registration systems. Instead mortality data are collected and made available through the GLOBOCAN database by the IARC, which provides data from national incidence estimates using modeled survival for instance, the estimations for Morocco are from national incidence estimates of 82 countries  [2]. Major advantages in using this method include national coverage and long-term availability. The Moroccan population-based cancer registries provide main surveillance data of cancer which have an important roleto ensure reliable and valid information for decision makersin prevention and control strategies.
The existing cancer registries in Morocco cover less than 15 % of the Moroccan population, thus still there is a limitation on cancer data obtained from the present registries and the need for more information on cancer   in the other regions covering the remaining 85 % of the population is apparent. Nevertheless, for some countries including Morocco, incomplete coverage of the population yields lowestimated mortality rates whereas for others, the quality of information for the cause of death is poor. Despite these limitations, data reported from populationbased cancer registries and GLOBOCAN database contribute to allow a description of the cancer incidence and trends in Moroccan population. Lung cancer is the most common cancer affecting males, followed by prostate cancer, while breast cancer represents the most common cancer among females, followed by cervical cancer.
Conclusion The Moroccannational cancer program should aim for coherent and comparableincidence data between differentcancer registries in the country, and develop uniform/homogeneous datasets with respect to quality. Additionally, population-based cancer registries should rapidly recordcancer mortality data including causes of death. It is now important to improve the surveillance of cancer through the implementation of high-quality cancer registries. Thus, the national cancer program should develop cancer registries in more regions to improve our knowledge on cancer epidemiology (particularly in rural areas) and to adapt, if needed, the nationalMoroccan strategy to better control and cure cancer.
Nests were monitored daily for recoveries over at least the next 8 days, and at least twice a week over the following month. Sometimes birds were not recaptured immediately after arrival back at the colony, and performed spontaneous foraging movements which we also recorded within 15 days after their displacement. The t test has been applied to compare the length and the maximal distance reached from the colony during the first trip between the smelling (C and M) and anosmic (A) shearwaters. All original track data are available at the data archive Movebank (www. movebank. org, study name "Pianosa shearwaters", DOI 10. 5441/001/1. tc76g560).
Data analysis. Homing route reconstruction was made with all the GPS fixes obtained, but in the successive analyses we only considered fixes for which calculated speed was higher than 10 km/h, to eliminate periods likely to have been resting on the sea surface or foraging  27. Improbable Argos locations were filtered out using a maximum speed threshold of 80 km/h between successive locations. Since the duty cycle of the PTTs was set 10 h ON and 48 h OFF, Argos locations were only used to assess homing success and the distance from home over time (every 24 hours after release); in case the actual PTT location was not available an interpolation between two successive locations was made. Homing success amongst groups was compared by applying the χ 2 -goodness of fit to a 2 × 3 contingency table reporting the number of birds homed and lost in the three treatments (rows: homed, lost; columns: C, A, M).
Results All displaced Control (n = 9) and Magnetic (n = 9) treatment birds returned to the colony. Two Magnetic birds had lost their magnets by recapture, one of which had the track interrupted (see below). However, additional data recorded by the loggers (unexpected triggers of off/on switches) indicated that the magnet briefly got close to the GPS switch (see Materials and methods), revealing that the magnet was on the head of these two birds at least after entering Tyrrhenian sea East of Corsica Is. Three GPS-equipped Anosmic shearwaters were never found at the colony during the monitoring period and their egg failed. No difference in the homing success between the three groups emerged (number of homed vs non homed birds, χ 2 goodness of fit, p > 0. 1). We obtained 8 complete Control tracks (one bird lost its GPS) (Fig.
Acknowledgements We thank the  National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago  and the  Policemen of Pianosa Prison  for their logistic support during the field work. We are grateful to the companies, Moby Lines and Aquavision, for supporting us during the transportation of the birds. We particularly thank the staff and the crew of the  Grimaldi Lines  for supporting us during the organisation of displacement and the birds' releases. We thank  Fabio Chini ,  Resi Mencacci ,  Carlo Barellini ,  Alessandro Canci ,  Manuel Mongini ,  Jacopo Bettin ,  Mario Cozzo, Nicola  and  Tea Baccetti ,  Maurizio Tiengo ,  Antonello Benedetti ,  Antonella Bini  for their support in the field,  Andrea Guidi  for his help in preparing the material for the experiment and  Daniele Santerini  for his help in preparing the figures.
Acknowledgments We thank  ABM  and  ASTELLAS  for their financial support; the health professionals and patients of Necker,  Saint-Antoine ,  Pitié-Salpêtrière , and Foch transplant centers; and presidents of associations as TRANSHEPATE (la fédération nationale des déficients et des transplantés hépatiques), FNAIR (la fédération nationale d'aide aux insuffisants rénaux), FFAGCP (la fédération française des associations de greffés du coeur et de poumon), and  Vaincre la Mucoviscidose  for their participation in our surveys.
(2006a) ,  Kerkweg et al. (2006b) ,  Pozzer et al. (2006), and Tost et al. (2007). As in  Pozzer et al. (2012)  and  Pringle et al. (2010a) , both dust and sea-salt emissions are offline prescribed using offline monthly emission files based on AEROCOM and do not depend on the model meteorology, hence having no multi-annual variability. However, desert dust and sea salt aerosol concentrations that influence the AOD calculation exhibit multi-annual variability as the model description of the aerosol microphysical process (coagulation, condensation, ageing) as well as transport (advection, convection) and deposition processes are subject to meteorological variability. The biomass-burning contribution was added using the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED version 3, van der Werf et al. , 2010) with a monthly temporal resolution.
In this work, two simulations were performed covering the year 2000-2010: -a simulation named BASE, where the anthropogenic emissions were based on the RCP 8. 5 scenario and the biomass burning were based on the GFED3. 1 (Global Fire Emissions Database,  Van der Werf et al. , 2006; Randerson et al. , 2013)  emissions (e. g. , with annual variability of the emissions); -a simulation named FIXEMI, where the anthropogenic and biomass-burning emissions were kept constant during all the simulation and equivalent to the year 2000 (i. e. , with no interannual variability of the emissions). Additionally, to compare the different simulations, the chemistry and the dynamics have been decoupled, such that there is no direct interaction and feedback between the atmospheric composition of the gas phase and aerosol particles with the dynamics of the atmosphere.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank  A. Kerkweg  and  P. Jöckel  for their valuable work on the EMAC source codes and  M. Penning de Vries  for her suggestions. The authors also wish to acknowledge the use of the  Ferret program  for analysis and graphics in this paper. Ferret is a product of  NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory  (information is available at http://www. ferret. noaa. gov). The work of A. K. Georgoulias received funding from the  European Social Fund (ESF)  and national resources under the operational program Education and  Lifelong Learning  (EdLL) within the framework of the  Action  " Supporting Postdoctoral Researchers " ( QUADIEEMS  project) and from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013) / ERC  grant agreement no.
Background Phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficient hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) activity  [1]. To date, no less than 890 disease causing mutations have been registered to the BioPKU database  [2]. In general, the genotype dictates the phenotype  [3]. Individuals with simultaneous presence of two null alleles exhibit the classic PKU (cPKU) phenotype, whereas individuals with mutations bearing residual enzyme activity display the mild PKU (mPKU) or the mild hyperphenylalaninemia (mHP). PAH is a homotetrameric or homodimeric enzyme, whose activity is regulated by the binding of its substrate, Phenylalanine (Phe), and its cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Each subunit of this multimeric enzyme is composed of the regulatory, the catalytic and the oligomerization domains  [4].
Variants classification A mutation was considered as novel if not listed in the NCBI database  [24]  and hence was submitted to this database. An unclassified mutation was considered as BH4-responsive when BH4 challenging was positive and the genotype was either homozygous for this mutation or compound heterozygous combining this mutation with a null mutation  [10, 12]. A null mutation is a nonsense mutation or a mutation yielding a protein with less than 1 % predicted residual activity (PRA). If a homozygous genotype was found to be associated with unresponsiveness in at least five patients, the mutated allele was considered as non-responsive. In addition, a genotype was newly recognized as responsive if 1) there was at least one responsive patient in the present study and 2) it was not previously described at the BioPKU database.
Molecular modeling Missense mutations newly described as BH4-responsive were modeled by in silico analysis using Pymol molecular visualization system and the published structure of truncated PAH with Protein Data Bank entry 1MMK (catalytic domain and dimerization motif ). Secondary structure was drawn with Dog 2. 0 software using information from Erlandsen and colleagues  [25] , UniprotKB/Swissprot (P00439) and NCBI Reference sequence NP_000268. 1.
3 % for patients with cPKU. Fourteen genotypes were assigned to both responsive and non-responsive patients. Similar discordances involving some of these genotypes were already described in the BioPKU database  [2] , as reported in Table  1. Indeed, while the c. [1066-11G > A]; [1066-11G > A] genotype, associated with a null predicted residual activity, was observed in five PKU non-responsive patients, one tPKU patient carrying this genotype showed a positive BH4 responsive test (H0 1356 μmol/L). However, this patient showed a Phe decrease limited to 31 %. A second example is c. [194 T > C]; [1222C > T] (p. [Ile65Thr]; [Arg408Trp]) genotype, associated both with one non-responsive tPKU (H0 2760 μmol/L) and one responsive tPKU (H0 1380 μmol/L) with a Phe decrease limited to 32 %. This dual BH4-responsiveness may be due to a BH4loading test performed under a rather strict low-Phe diet with subnormal Phe concentrations.
For quality control, four to six blinded samples of pooled plasma were included in each batch. The laboratory technicians were blinded to the diet group and the quality control samples. The median (range) overall coefficient of variation for the amino acids was 11. 8% (5. 4-17. 3). No samples had concentrations below the lower limit of quantification, whereas for five amino acids a few values (n ⩽ 2) were above the highest standard and were set equal to this value (400 μmol/l for leucine, histidine, threonine and ornithine, and 800 μmol/l for glutamate). For some participants, it was not possible to assess the concentration of lysine (n = 11), phenylalanine (n = 93), tryptophan (n = 2), glutamine (n = 2), proline (n = 45) or ornithine (n = 1) accurately because of signal saturation of the detector in the mass spectrometer; thus, no data were available.
Diet and lifestyle At recruitment, participants completed a validated semi-quantitative FFQ,  12, 13  with additional questions on smoking status, height and weight. There was good agreement between self-reported and measured height and weight from a sub-sample of the cohort (correlation coefficient (r)40. 9). 14 If available, measured values were used. Categorisation of the four diet groups was based on the answers to the questions 'Do you eat any meat; fish; dairy products; and eggs?' Participants were further asked how often they consumed 130 or 113 foods and drinks, depending on their diet group. ] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]  To estimate intakes of 18 amino acids, data from the United States Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, release 26,  26  were used, because such data are only available for a limited number of foods in the United Kingdom.
All UK foods were matched to the nearest food in the US nutrient database, paying specific attention to match on the total protein content so that scaling was not necessary. The data in the US database are based on high-performance liquid chromatography following protein hydrolysis and thus mainly represent protein amino acids. The US and UK nutrient tables do not include information on asparagine or glutamine because of the assay methods used:  27  acid hydrolysis transforms asparagine and glutamine to aspartate and glutamate, respectively, which are consequently overestimated in nutrient tables. To estimate protein intakes from different sources, all items in the FFQ were categorised in seven distinct food types, that is, non-soya plant, soya, meat, fish, dairy, egg and mixed animal products, based on the main source of protein in the food.
The main limitations are related to the measurement of amino acid concentration and intake. Firstly, the measurements of plasma amino acids could be affected by pre-analytic conditions such as thaw-freeze cycles. However, most amino acids have been found to be stable during two thaw-freeze cycles,  33  and in the current study, the number of thaw-freeze cycles was independent of diet group. Other pre-analytical conditions, which we do not have information about, are most likely also not related to diet group. Pre-analytical factors are therefore unlikely to explain our findings. Secondly, although care was taken to match the food items in the FFQ with appropriate foods in the US database, the amino acid content of the selected foods may differ somewhat between the United States and the United Kingdom.