dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
(iv) A neutral frame that gives an objective description of the technology without references to its potential use and implications with respect to privacy. Every group was asked to evaluate acceptability (on a scale from '1' meaning 'not acceptable at all' to '7' meaning 'totally acceptable') of the use of four types of technology by public authorities: (i) The use of smart CCTV within the public space. (ii) DNA databases that include genetic material of all citizens. (iii) The use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). (iv) Behavioural profiling. In the second part of the study design, respondents of all groups had to complete a questionnaire consisting of scales that measured key-variables discussed in the section 'Factors that contributoe to technology acceptance' in this chapter.
Western states, or the states of the Global North, have consolidated their interest in regulating the human dimension of globalization, i. e. , human mobility. At EU level, the governance of human mobility aims at controlling the overall phenomenon of human migrations essentially by increasingly limiting legal migration and consequently fighting against irregular migration. This has attracted a number of criticisms, captured by the label 'Fortress Europe' and depicting Europe as an inaccessible fortress. Within this process, border surveillance has gained relevance too. The EU and Member States are investing in technological applications, ranging from biometrics to databases, to drones and satellites. The aim is to deploy the most effective technological means in the attempt to face the security threats allegedly coming from outside and to make such controls more efficient.
The large category of apolitical citizens Another interesting theme that occurred among the self-proclaimed apolitical participants who appeared to have limited or no knowledge regarding technologies and practices of contemporary surveillance, is that their (imaginative) understanding of surveillance was much more intrusive and darker, than other, more knowledgeable participants, as well as than it is in reality. Zoe, for instance, takes for granted that not only metadata, but also the actual content of all communications is being surveilled: Everybody is being surveilled. Another participant of the same group, Petros, is certain that the content of every single phone call of every citizens of the country is being recorded and stored: I believe that when we speak on the phone, everything is being recorded in the databases of the [telecommunication] companies.
Assumed effectiveness of SOSTs needs to be verifiable and their intrusiveness needs to be controlled with respect to fundamental human rights. If there are plausible reasons for some intrusive security measures, they have to be communicated and open to public scrutiny. The fears and concerns about privacy infringement, abuse of power, doubts and uncertainties about the practices and technologies of security authorities, as well as a lack of trust underline the crucial role of transparency and accountability to reconcile privacy and security. While laws and regulations embody an essential means against power abuse, they are barely trusted in terms of their effectiveness by the citizens. 12 Thus, a need for more effective enforcement of privacy and data protection laws and evaluation frameworks to control the implementation of SOSTs and practices compliant with fundamental rights can be identified.
However, this does not reduce the validity of their expressed attitudes which are useful for the better understanding of the privacysecurity interplay. 10 Fear of unauthorized information usage also refers to the problematic aspects of informed consent as one cornerstone of privacy. While consent is essential for legal data processing, it is often difficult to effectively prohibit or permit the use of information due to a lack of alternatives from the individuals' point of view. 11 The situation is widely similar in the countries with the strongest opposition. Exceptions are given in Hungary and the UK, where the respondents tended to agree with the nothing-to-hide statement. However, also in these two countries the participants expressed concerns about extensive information collection and fears of misuse.
Acknowledgements This volume grew out of research undertaken in the context of three research projects which were co-funded by the  European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7)  under the topic 'The relationship between human privacy and security' (Call  FP7-SEC-2011-1 ): • Chapter 7 is an outcome of the  PACT  project (' Public Perception of Security and Privacy: Assessing Knowledge, Collecting Evidence, Translating Research into Action ', grant agreement no. 285635 , total budget  €3. 533. 998,93 ). It included 13 partners from nine countries ( France, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom ) and was led by the  Peace Research Institute Oslo (Norway). • Chapters 1, 5, 9 and 10 present results from the  PRISMS  project (' The Privacy and Security Mirrors: Towards a European Framework for Integrated Decision Making ', grant agreement no.
285399 , total budget  €3. 561. 935 , 84 ). It included eight partners from five  countries (Belgium, Germany, Hungary , the  Netherlands , the  United Kingdom ) and was led by the  Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI (Germany). • Chapters 4, 11 and 14 present results from the  SurPRISE project ('Surveillance, Privacy and Security: A Large-scale Participatory Assessment of Criteria and Factors Determining Acceptability and Acceptance of Security Technologies in Europe' , grant agreement no. 285492 , total budget  €4. 401. 820,95 ). It included 12 partners from nine countries ( Austria, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Hungary, Belgium, Italy, Norway, Switzerland ) and was led by the  Institute of Technology Assessment of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Austria). The Open Access publishing fee for this work has been funded by the  European Commission 's  FP7   Post-Grant Open Access Pilot.
Acknowledgments This work was carried out in the project ' PRISMS: Privacy and Security Mirrors ' co-funded from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement  285399. For more information see: http://prismsproject. eu. Acknowledgement This work was supported by  Croatian Science Foundation  under the project  7913. Note 1 Extended model of online  PRIvacy CONcern  (PRICON) www. eizg. hr/en-US/PRICON-project-(CSF)-1286. aspx Acknowledgements This research was funded by the  European Union  under the  Seventh Framework Programme  (Grant agreement number: 285399).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Magee is funded by an  Imperial College Junior Research Fellowship. A. Cruden ,  S. Planke ,  O. Galland , and  P. Wilson  provided insightful reviews. B. Holdsworth  is thanked for editorial handling. Université Clermont Auvergne  undergraduates  J. Carlier ,  G. Agrain , and  R. Buso  aided mapping.
An Ecosystem Service Approach (ESA) is increasingly advocated for use in both environmental management and academic applications. However, despite extensive conceptual development, there are still very few examples of the effective use of the ESA for operational management. This contribution reports on the field application of the ESA at six marine and coastal case study sites. Each case study demonstrates a variation on an interdisciplinary approach to translate complex natural science data into ecosystem service terminology, and then explores the usefulness of this information in a management context. From these experiences 6 key recommendations are made to aid the future application of the ESA: (1) Invest resources in collective planning of ESA; (2) apply dynamic and connected approaches including multiple ES; (3) undertake ESA at a local scale; (4) employ interdisciplinary research; (5) work proactively and transparently with data gaps and uncertainty; (6) record ESA and resultant impact.
Case study site selection In discussion with local environmental managers, six case study sites were selected across South West England and North West France (Figure  1 ), with the generic aim of implementing an ESA for the operational management of marine ecosystems, and to provide variance from which generalizable conclusions could be drawn. A structured selection process was undertaken which included the assessment of criteria including: habitat type, socio-economic aspects, scale, key issues, governance, data availability and stakeholder engagement opportunities. An overview of the attributes of the case study sites is provided in Table  1.
Finally, it is important to consider how feasible a method is; for example, the manpower and cost requirements for evaluating different services can vary considerably depending on the methods proposed and must be explicitly considered. Where resources for primary data collection are limited, the availability of supporting data (both ecological and socio-economic) will also have a strong influence on the scope of an ESA. In each of the case study sites, the ESA was applied using the Triage Process as a framework. A full description of the case study sites, methods and results is provided in  Mongruel and Beaumont (2015) , but the key aspects of the six sites are outlined hereafter, each structured to reflect the three sequences of the Triage and a final paragraph of results.
Case study areas and methods were specifically designated to be useful to local managers. Initial diagnosis, thinking about trade-offs, providing data for comparing real management options, as well as building on existing and creating good stakeholder relationships were all carefully undertaken to ensure ESA was effective at a local scale. Although it will not be possible to have high-resolution ESA at every local site, due to limited resources and data, utilizing currently available tools and data means that some degree of ESA should be possible at most sites, even with limited resources available. In the case studies, this local-scale approach was proven to be critical in ensuring the ESA outputs were relevant and applicable.
Recommendation 5: work proactively and transparently with data gaps and uncertainty It is recommended that the data gaps and uncertainty in the ESA should be communicated clearly to the users, with explicit instruction on how this uncertainty should be interpreted. Extensive smart methods of addressing data gaps should be employed, including citizen science, collaboration with existing monitoring programmes and a strategic focus on the most essential issues. Decisions in marine management have to be made even if data are imperfect, missing and incomplete. In marine and coastal ESA, there are often extensive data gaps and this was the situation in all the case study sites. Data gaps include lack of knowledge on the extent and status of marine habitats, their contribution to ecological functions and the economic data at a local scale, especially regarding the beneficiaries of ES.
The PSF case study was specifically selected as a 'low data' example to explore how to manage this limitation. It was found that simple qualitative information was enough to start structured debate about trade-offs, generating useful outcomes such as consideration of alternative options and a widened appreciation of differing perspectives. In addition, even if no decision was at stake, or just a hypothetical scenario was being explored, ESA was still useful for engaging users in the production of information. In the NDBR, the lack of data restricted options for the ESA, leading to a greater reliance on expert opinion and qualitative assessment, and reduced confidence. However, the stakeholders are used to making decisions where uncertainty is high, and responded well to the outputs despite these limitations.
Where specific data for fine scale habitat levels was lacking, amalgamating habitats into broad categories and considering shared characteristics provided useful information on the distribution and delivery of ES. In addition, maps showing 'heat spots' with direction of change of service delivery were better received than attempts to quantify a percentage change. In both these case study sites, the uncertainty and data gaps were communicated to the end users using a mixture of workshops organized around maps, thus empowering the users to understand the extent of uncertainty and apply the outputs accordingly. In some cases, expert knowledge was explicitly used in the absence of alternatives. At the GM site, an expert workshop was held to overcome the lack of knowledge regarding the ecological functions delivered by seagrass beds and this successfully led managers to re-assess the reason why this habitat should be preserved.
At the GNB site, in order to develop a model on risks for the habitats, it was necessary to mix various sources of information, including expert judgement. The expert judgement was widely accepted by the stakeholders throughout the case study sites as the ESA was undertaken in partnership, enabling the development of trust-based relationships. In addition, in many of the case studies it was found that including stakeholders in the data discovery process highlighted sources of information which might otherwise have been overlooked, and thus provided significant benefits to both the academics and the end users.
Recommendation 6: record ESA and resultant impact It is recommended that the ESA is clearly recorded, with good accessibility of documentation of the methods, the results and the implementation of the results including mistakes made. In all of the case studies, a significant amount of knowledge and data was held in a variety of informal settings by the local managers and stakeholders, and it was recognized that a significant amount of local case study research is not fully recorded. To increase the capacity to undertake successful future ESA, and to reduce the future resources required to undertake ESA, the systematic recording of both the ESA and the results is critical. Increasing the body of evidence regarding the ESA will reduce the effort needed to undertake ESA in the future and enhance confidence in this approach.
In particular, a record of the impact, including extent of influence, should be made. This record will need to be dynamic as the impact of ESA on management and policy is likely to be at the time of study, but may also extend into the future. New online platforms may provide a valuable method of recording and sharing data and experiences; for example, Oppla (www. oppla. eu) is a new knowledge marketplace and provides a potential place where ESA case study findings can be documented and disseminated.
Acknowledgements This work was carried out during the  VALMER  project (2012)(2013)(2014)(2015), which was selected under the European cross-border cooperation programme  INTERREG IV A France (Channel) -England. The authors wish to thank all the members of the VALMER study site teams as well as the external experts who participated to the workshops, in particular Linwood Pendleton,  Rebecca Clark  ( Nature England ) and  Sarah Feuillette.
A sample of Chinese women from six Italian cities (Turin, Florence, Prato, Bologna, Genoa, and Milan) was recruited via snowballing from various Chinese migrant communities, associations, and hospitals. The inclusion criteria were 1) age ≥18 years; 2) having chronic pain; and 3) being able to speak Italian. In total, 82 Chinese women volunteered to take part in this study (Figure  1 ), and they were interviewed by means of a semi-structured questionnaire during the period of May 2014-March 2015. The questionnaire investigated biographical data and information about migration history; acculturation and acculturation processes in terms of nearness and distance between the migrant and the belonging culture and the host culture in daily life (food, language, relationship with China) and in chronic pain experience (use of traditional Chinese medicine [TCM]) versus conventional modern Western medicine);  [32] [33] [34]  perception and feelings of the migrant about pain and, in particular, chronic pain; coping strategies adopted in the chronic pain situation; and, finally, the presence of social support in the chronic pain situation.
For further details, see Figure  2. In-depth interviews (average 1 hour) were performed and then transcribed by one of the authors (TSR) and processed using ATLAS. ti qualitative analysis software (version 7. 0; ATLAS. ti GmbH, Berlin, Germany). Frequency and cooccurrence analyses were carried out. To ensure that no meaning was lost during the process, every transcribed quotation was analyzed and discussed by four authors (TSR, NLB, SF, and CCP) who were content and methodology experts. This study was approved by the Human Subjects Review Committee of the University of Genoa and by the UNESCO Chair "Health Anthropology, Biosphere and Healing Systems". Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles for medical research proclaimed by the Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments.
Experimental results and discussion In our experiment we used different CNT materials: (i) purified SWCNTs (Nanointegris Technology Inc. , Batch PO568) produced by gas-phase catalysis (HiPCO process) with an average diameter of 1 nm, and a purity exceeding 95%; and (ii) MWCNTs produced by CVD (Bayer Baytubes) with a length of <1 μm, an inner diameter of ∼4 nm and an outer diameter of ∼13 nm. We also did experiments with double-walled CNTs; all the data concerning this material are presented in supplementary data (stacks. iop. org/JPhysD/50/08LT01/ mmedia)  8. Short-length CNTs (50-300 nm) were prepared using a soft cutting approach developed in  [21]. CNT films were fabricated via the vacuum filtration technique  [22]. The film thicknesses d, measured with the profilometer Veeco Dektak 6 M, were in the range of 300-1000 nm.
We also compiled the ENCODE data for CTCF and the cohesin subunit RAD21 and all datasets revealed five CTCF peaks surrounding the Chrna1 locus, with four being also bound by cohesin (Fig. 6a, b ). This further qualifies this region as a TAD boundary and thus explains the re-organized interaction profiles observed with the del-3 alleles as well as the weak contacts already detected between Hoxd13 and this region in the del-1 and del-2 alleles. Multiple sites bound by CTCF were also scored at the Sp9 locus (three peaks) and near Ola1 (one peak), despite the fact that this zone was never reported to be a TAD boundary (Fig. 6b ). Finally, we observed a comparable enrichment of CTCF peaks (seven or more) in both the promoter and the Rapgef4 gene body (not shown). Therefore, while it seems that, under our physiological conditions, the reorganization of topological domains after targeted copy number variation will generally involve the use of bound CTCF as novel landmarks to exert a boundary effect, exceptions exist, such as the del-4 allele, where the Chrna1 locus, a strong boundary element, is ignored and interactions established between Hoxd13 and Sp9, which itself lies in the middle of another TAD.
Slides were stained with DAPI and mounted in ProLong Gold (Life Technologies). Images were acquired using a B/W CCD ORCA ER B7W Hamamatsu camera associated with an inverted Olympus IX81 microscope. The image stacks with a 200-nm step were saved as TIFF stacks. Image reconstruction and deconvolution were performed using FIJI (NIH, ImageJ v1. 47q) and Huygens Remote Manager (Scientific Volume Imaging, version 3. 0. 3). Distance measurements between probe signals were determined using an automated spot/surface detection algorithm followed by visual verification and manual correction using IMARIS version 6. 5, Bitplane AG, and Matlab 7. 5, MathWorks SA. Data from Fig. 1  were evaluated using only manual measurements. Statistical significance analyses of distances were performed using Mann-Whitney test (Figs.
RNA-seq E12. 5 distal forelimbs were dissected and isolated using Trizol LS reagent (Life Technologies) to generate total RNA tissue samples. RNA-Seq was performed according to the TruSeq Stranded Illumina protocol, with poly(A) selection. The strand-specific total RNA-seq libraries were constructed according to the manufacturer's instructions (Illumina). Sequencing was done using 100-bp single-end reads on the Illumina HiSeq system according to the manufacturer's specifications. RNA-seq reads were mapped to ENSEMBL Mouse assembly NCBIM37 and translated into reads per gene (RPKM) using the RNA-Seq pipeline of the Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility (BBCF) HTS station (http://htsstation. epfl. ch). RNA-seq data can be found in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository under accession number GSE98232.
5 ), the smoothed data, with or without profile correction, were used. When appropriate (e. g. , signals in Fig. 1b ), replicates were combined by averaging the resulting signal densities. In Fig  5  and Additional file 1: Figure  S4 , quantitative log2 ratios were calculated by dividing the fragment scores with the means in WT1, WT2, and WT3. The number of mapped reads for each sample were as follows: in Fig. 1  (wild type only), 19,160,126 for autopods and 13,257,140 for zeugopods; in Figs. 3  and 4  (inversions) 9,050,395 for Hoxd13 and 4,134,080 for island II; in Fig. 5  (deletion series), 3,722,913 for WT1, 3,812,342 for del1, 8,943,042 for WT2, 6,112,348 for del2, 6,494,171 for WT3, and 6,702,116 for del3. 4C-Seq data are available from the GEO repository under accession number GSE98861.
In order to detect tripartite interactions, one of the 4C libraries was re-sequenced as 250-bp single-end. The reads were de-multiplexed using fastx_barcode_splitter (http://hannonlab. cshl. edu/fastx_toolkit/) and the viewpoint sequence was removed except for CATG (first cutter sequence) with seqtk (https://github. com/lh3/seqtk). Then they were trimmed for low quality and the presence of GATC (second cutter sequence) with cutadapt (cutadapt -q 10 -a GATC)  [54]. Next, they were split if a CATG was present. The 5′ part of the split reads (hereafter referred to as "mid") and the 3′ part of the split reads (hereafter referred to as "third") were mapped independently with bowtie  [55]  (version 0. 12. 9) on mm10 (bowtie -p 5 -S -k 1 -m 1 -I 0 -best -strata). If the third read did not map, they were split again for CATG and only the first part was now considered as third and mapped.
The next day chromatin-antibody complexes were incubated with protein A/G agarose beads for 3 h at 4 °C and successively washed following the manufacturer's instructions. Finally, they were eluted and purified by phenol:chlorophorm extraction and precipitation. A total of 20 ng of immunoprecipitated DNA was sequenced with a 50-bp single-end Illumina HiSeq flow cell. Sequenced reads were mapped against the mouse GRC38/mm10 genome assembly using the BBCF HTSstation (http://htsstation. epfl. ch) [51]  platform. The dataset were deposited in GEO (accession number GSE96558).
Acknowledgements We thank  E. Joye  for her technical assistance and  O. Burri  and  R. Guiet  from the  EPFL BioImaging platform  for help with image analysis. We thank  S. Boyle  and  W. Bickmore  ( MRC, Edinburgh ) for designing some of the FISH probes and  B. Mascrez ,  S. Gitto , and  T. -H. Nguyen Huynh  for help with stocks of mutant mice. We thank  M. Docquier  from the  Geneva Genomics Platform as well as the Bioinformatics Core Facility of the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale in Lausanne  for their assistance in generating and analyzing 4C-Seq and RNA-Seq data. Computations were performed at the  Vital-IT  (http://www. vital-it. ch)center for high-performance computing of the  Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. We also thank  E. Rodríguez-Carballo  for comments on the manuscript, as well as  F.