dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Students with Android-based smartphones use the Fitbit app and will complete surveys through Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap), an electronic data capture tool hosted at Duke University  [28, 29]. REDCap is a secure, web-based software platform designed to support data capture for research studies. All pilot data will be stored on internal secure servers within the university. We will assign each participating student a unique study identification number. We will review and apply what we learned from year 1 and begin to develop intervention components for year 2. To remain enrolled in the study, students must maintain an active participation status in the study through the completion of half of the surveys (2 per month) and wearing the watch a minimum of 3 days weekly. Adherence is determined through the analysis of heart rate data from the raw wearable data; an hour worn is defined by collecting at least one heart rate sample from the wearable within that hour.
Data Analysis This is an exploratory study, and there are no interventions or hypotheses. As these pilot studies are intended to primarily assess feasibility and acceptance, the project is not powered to detect statistically significant effects. Descriptive statistics and some nonparametric tests, eg, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Fisher exact tests, and other appropriate measures will be calculated using the R environment. We will assess student variables such as gender and intended major with regard to the survey and wearables data. Depending on the scoring algorithm for each survey instrument, any missing data may prohibit the generation of a score. In other cases, descriptive statistics are generated per question, and "prefer not to answer" is a part of the range of responses quantified.
Educational Opportunities In addition to promoting healthy lifestyles for students and a healthy campus culture, we envision that students and faculty will have the opportunity to conduct research with anonymized datasets, in turn providing students with a real-world dataset to gain skills in research and data analysis. We hope to have the opportunity to work with students to develop smaller studies within the larger group of WearDuke participants to address or gather data for other areas not currently addressed. Through this experience, we anticipate that they will learn about study design, generating hypotheses, survey development and other research methodology, human subject protections, and the analysis of complex datasets. Students may also work on improvements to the app or the development of new campus interventions to promote healthy behaviors.
By the end of the fall semester, a total of 8 students withdrew from the study or were withdrawn by study staff owing to inactive participation. Watch replacements were provided for a total of 10 students for watches that were lost (4), broken (5), or nonfunctional  (1). An analysis for each survey and wearables dataset has commenced. In addition to generating summary statistics, we will test for differences between major student demographic features such as gender and intended major for both survey and wearables data as well as test for changes in behaviors across the semester in repeated measures. We aim to publish the initial results of the first pilot study in fall 2020.
Acknowledgments This study was funded by a grant from the  Duke Office of the Provost , with additional support from the  Duke School of Medicine, Duke Health System, Duke Mobile App Gateway  via the  Duke Clinical and Translational Science Institute (US National Institutes of Health  grant  UL1TR002553 ), and private donors. The student team is supported by the  Duke Bass Connections program. The authors would like to thank the students and staff who have generously contributed their time toward the development of this initiative.
This is due to the fact that it is mainly polyphenols that are responsible for antioxidant activity  [8]. Scientific data shows that nitric oxide is a free radical messenger that regulates various biological functions in the body. In cells, it can work in two ways; NO may have pro-and anti-tumor activity or high levels of NO may have anti-cancer effects. At high concentrations, NO produces a cytotoxic effect and promotes apoptosis  [39]. In the tests carried out in the presented work, the analysis of nitric oxide level was performed using the Griess method. After a specified time, both the control cells and those that were incubated with the extracts generated NO. In most cases compared to the control, both the HT-29 line and CCD 841 CoTr cells increased the nitric oxide levels of extracts PAL1, PAL4, and PAL7 in both lines and extract 5 in the non-cancer cell line.
LC-ESI-MS Analysis The assessments of the chemical composition of each extract (PAL1-PAL7) were carried out on a 1260 Infinity LC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) consisting of a binary pump, a column oven and photo-diode array (PDA) detector over a 55 min period. Mass Hunter software was used for instrument control and data acquisition during the analysis. The separation was performed using a Kinetex C18 column (150 × 3 mm, 2. 6 µm) (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA USA). The mobile phase was 0. 1% formic acid in water (A) and 0. 1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). The separation was achieved by a gradient of 0-1. 5 min 5% B; 1. 5-22 min 5%-28% B; 22-35 min 28%-75% B; 35-45 min 75%-95% B; 45-48 min 95% B; 48-49 min 95%-5% B; 49-55 min 5% B. The flow rate was 0. 5 mL/min and the column temperature was maintained at 25 ± 0.
8 • C. The UV-vis spectra was recorded from 190 to 540 nm with selective wavelength monitoring at 280 nm. MS detection was carried out on a 6230 LC/TOF (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA USA) mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source with Agilent Jet Stream thermal focusing (AJS-ESI). The parameters used for the ionization source were set as follows: drying and sheath gas flow: 12 L/min; nebulizer: 35 psi; source temperature 350 • C; ion spray voltage 4500 V for the positive mode analysis. The data were collected in the 115-1900 m/z range and processing was performed using the Mass Hunter Qualitative analysis software.
Background: The application of China's big data sector in cancer research is just the beginning. In recent decades, more and more Chinese scholars have used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for clinical cancer research. A comprehensive bibliometric study is required to analyze the tendency of Chinese scholars to utilize the SEER database for clinical cancer research and provide a reference for the future of big data analytics. Objective: Our study aimed to assess the trend of publications on clinical cancer research in mainland China from the SEER database.
Methods: We performed a PubMed search to identify papers published with data from the SEER database in mainland China until August 31, 2020. Results: A total of 1566 papers utilizing the SEER database that were authored by investigators in mainland China were identified. Over the past years, significant growth in studies based on the SEER database was observed (P<. 001). The top 5 research topics were breast cancer (213/1566, 13. 6%), followed by colorectal cancer (185/1566, 11. 8%), lung cancer (179/1566, 11. 4%), gastrointestinal cancer (excluding colorectal cancer; 149/1566, 9. 5%), and genital system cancer (93/1566, 5. 9%). Approximately 75. 2% (1178/1566) of papers were published from the eastern coastal region of China, and Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (Shanghai, China) was the most active organization.
Background The incidence of human cancer is increasing worldwide. It is estimated that the global burden of cancer will increase by more than 60% by 2040  [1]. Cancer has been an important public health problem in low-and middle-income countries, as well as in upper-middle-income countries. Cancer research has become one of the leading research fields of bioscience around the world, and the number of publications on cancer increases at a rate of more than 2% per year  [2]. A high-quality cancer database can provide researchers with convenient data analysis and build a sharing platform among researchers, which could pave the way for revealing the mechanism of tumorigenesis and its progression  [3]. To share clinical data with different regions, some other countries plunged into building multicenter databases far ahead of China  [4].
In 1973, the US National Cancer Institute combined the tumor registration stations in several regions to form the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The SEER program is a globally accessible authoritative cancer database representing approximately 34. 6% of the US population, which includes non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Asian populations  [5]. The SEER program collects data on patient demographics, tumor location, tumor stage, first course of therapy, and vital status. The SEER database is a valuable, population-based resource that can be used to study the diagnosis and treatment across demographic characteristics and geographic areas, and it has become a unique research resource for oncology practice. It provides morbidity and mortality data on various histopathological subtypes, and data on molecular characteristics are also expanding.
The database is being further developed to capture other biomarker data and the results of specific populations, and to expand the biobank to support cutting-edge cancer research that can improve oncology practices. Therefore, the SEER program plays an important role in clinical cancer research, public health management, and policy making  [5]. In recent years, China has made significant progress in clinical cancer research, and many studies have gained international recognition  [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]. Although major hospitals have established databases in China, they have not shared their research findings with one another. Since the SEER database is a globally accessible authoritative cancer database, more and more scholars, particularly those from China, have used it to conduct clinical cancer research in recent years.
There are a lot of differences between the United States and China, including their population's genetic makeup, health system, health services, health insurance, health policies, socioeconomic status, and culture. Therefore, the research findings in the SEER cancer registries may not be generalizable to the people of China. However, several recent studies found that the characteristics of the data from the SEER program were consistent with those from Chinese institutions  [11] [12] [13] [14]. There is currently no comprehensive bibliometric study that has characterized the clinical cancer research in China based on the SEER database. Carrying out a comprehensive bibliometric analysis is helpful to analyze the contribution of Chinese scholars to clinical cancer research and provide a specific clinical reference for the future of big data analytics.
Search Strategy Using the search terms "Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results or SEER, and China," we identified related publications from the PubMed database before August 31, 2020. PubMed is a free, publicly available database established by the US National Library of Medicine  [15]. As one of the largest databases in the life science and biomedical fields worldwide, it comprises more than 30 million biomedical abstracts from journals and online books. Publications with first authors or corresponding authors affiliated with mainland Chinese institutions were included in the study, while those that utilized the SEER-Medicare database (SEER-Medicare data are not released outside of the United States) and special types of publications, including comments, letters, and reviews, were excluded.
Number and Trend of Publications The flowchart of publication selection for this study is shown in Figure  1. We retrieved a total of 1667 publications, of which 1566 publications were included in this study. Figure  2  shows the trend in publications on clinical cancer research using the SEER database in mainland China (R 2 =0. 430, P<. 001). Chinese authors first used the SEER database in 1999. The single paper in the SEER database that was published in 1999 was authored by Guo et al  [16] , who were affiliated with the People's Hospital of Beijing Medical University and had collaborated with Huvos and colleagues from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
Geographical Distribution of Publications Figure  4A  shows the distribution of the publications using the SEER database whose first authors were affiliated with Chinese institutions. These first authors who used the SEER database to publish papers came from 25 provinces and municipalities of China. Among all of these regions, first authors were most often affiliated with institutions in Shanghai (369/1566, 23. 6%), followed by Guangdong (199/1566, 12. 7%), Zhejiang (174/1566, 11. 1%), Hubei (102/1566, 6. 5%), and Jiangsu (102/1566, 6. 5%). Figure  4B  shows the distribution of publications using the SEER database whose corresponding authors were affiliated with Chinese institutions. These corresponding authors who used the SEER database to publish papers came from 27 provinces or municipalities of China.
Journals and Journal Visibility Overall, 267 journals were analyzed in the present study, of which the most contributing journal was Oncotarget (136/267, 50. 9%), followed by Cancer Medicine (98/267, 36. 7%), Journal of Cancer (76/267, 28. 5%), Medicine (Baltimore) (72/267, 27. 0%), and Cancer Management and Research (69/267, 25. 8%). The JCR ranking was retrieved from Web of Science, a global citation database. The top 30 most common journals extracted from the 1566 publications are shown in Figure  5. The distribution of the JCR ranking of the 1566 publications is depicted in Figure  6. A total of 37. 4% (585/1566) of the publications were published in the second quartile, followed by the third quartile (489/1566, 31. 2%), first quartile (312/1566, 19. 9%), unknown JCR ranking (100/1566, 6.
International Cooperation A total of 180 publications were jointly produced by organizations from China and 23 other countries including the United States (114/180, 63. 3%), Russia (17/180, 9. 4%), Italy (12/180, 6. 7%), Australia (10/180, 5. 6%), and Japan (10/180, 5. 6%). Chinese institutions first cooperated with institutions from other countries using the SEER database in 1999. Similarly, no papers were jointly produced by institutions from China and other countries utilizing the SEER database during the 11 years from 2000 to the end of 2011. However, the number of papers produced through international cooperation increased substantially from 2016 (9/1566, 0. 6%) to 2019 (65/1566, 4. 2%). As of August 31, 2020, a total of 45 papers had been published in the year 2020 with international cooperation (Figure  7 ).
Discussion The large sample size of the SEER database and strong statistical guarantees for current cancer concerns add much clinical value to research based on the SEER database. However, the application of China's big data sector in cancer research is just the beginning. In the recent decade, more and more Chinese scholars have used the SEER database for clinical cancer research. A comprehensive bibliometric study is required to analyze the tendency of Chinese scholars to utilize the SEER database for clinical cancer research and provide a reference for the future of big data analytics. In the present study, we completed a bibliometric study of the SEER database-related publications in China, some prominent characteristics of which were found. First, SEER database-related publications have made continuous and rapid growth in China in recent years.
Second, the research topics mainly focused on high-incidence and high-mortality cancers, such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer (excluding colorectal cancer), and genital system cancer. Third, publications regarding clinical cancer research using the data from the SEER program were mainly from the best tertiary hospitals in the eastern coastal region of China. Our study revealed a rapidly growing interest in clinical cancer research from the SEER program in China. With the exception of 1 paper published in 1999, Chinese scholars did not utilize the SEER database for clinical cancer research until 2012. This trend has grown rapidly since 2012, reaching 459 papers in the year 2019. The Covid-19 pandemic has changed almost every aspect of life and society in the year 2020.
However, 461 publications were published in the first 8 months of 2020, indicating that the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a negative impact on publications in the SEER database. This phenomenon might attribute to the development of cancer research and informationization in China. Over the past decades, Chinese researchers have gradually made more in-depth use of cancer databases and noticed the important role of the SEER program. This finding was consistent with other studies that have demonstrated an increase in cancer research papers from China  [17, 18]. In addition, we noticed that not only Chinese scholars, but also scholars from France  [19, 20] , South Korea  [21, 22] , Japan  [23] , Italy  [24] , and Switzerland  [25] , have used the SEER database to conduct clinical cancer research.
With respect to the research topics, the SEER database-related publications were unbalanced, mainly concentrated on breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and genital system cancer. Publications on these five cancer sites of the SEER database accounted for 52. 3% of all 1566 publications. This regular pattern of distribution of the research topics was consistent with the top 5 cancer sites for estimated cases worldwide for both sexes, which were lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and stomach cancer  [1]. Although these top 5 research topics have been widely studied, Chinese researchers' interest in them has increased steadily. Moreover, the findings from the SEER studies have been introduced into the treatment guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Guidelines, which demonstrate the critical role of the SEER database in clinical cancer research  [26, 27].
In addition to playing a significant role in the study of these high-incidence cancers, the SEER database is often used to explore rare diseases. Because rare cancers are very uncommon, it is difficult to collect data from a single institution. The SEER database provided substantial valuable data for the study of rare cancers and avoided the selection bias found in single-center retrospective studies. Nevertheless, the results from the SEER database are also retrospective, and prospective studies are needed to validate the results from the SEER database. However, rare cancers are challenging to study prospectively because of their low incidence. The latest NCCN and ESMO guidelines cited several publications on rare cancers based on SEER data, such as male breast cancer, occult breast cancer, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma  [28] [29] [30].
Thus, these publications based on SEER data provided insight to help clarify the characteristics, treatment protocols, prognostic indicators, and risk stratification of rare cancers  [31, 32]. With respect to geographical and institutional distribution, papers published from China using the SEER database were extremely unbalanced. More than 75% of papers were published from the eastern coastal region of China, which was the area with the highest incidence of cancer morbidity in mainland China  [33]. In our analysis, more than 90% of publications were produced by the best tertiary hospitals, while 4 of the top 5 contributing organizations were located in the eastern coastal region of China. Regarding the population and economic levels, high-quality medical resources are distributed unevenly in China, with 71 of the 2018 top 100 hospitals in China situated in the eastern coastal region of China  [34] [35] [36] [37].
In addition, most medical colleges in China are located in this region and could provide resources for cancer research  [38]. By relying on universities, researchers at affiliated hospitals can get more research support. The findings from the SEER program may contribute to cancer prevention and treatment, whether the cancer is common or rare. Nevertheless, the SEER program still has its limitations in that its vital statistics only consist of death and survival data, and there are no data regarding locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis after adopting the corresponding treatment. In addition, the SEER database only represents people who live in the United States. Whether the results of SEER-based research can be applied to other countries, especially to areas of high-incidence cancers like China, needs to be verified by data from other countries.
Some Chinese researchers combined the SEER database with their databases to conduct studies and found that the characteristics of the data from the SEER program were consistent with that from Chinese institutions  [11] [12] [13] [14]. This indicated that the SEER database could provide valuable data for clinical oncology treatment in China. The above results indicate that clinical cancer research based on the SEER database may provide a valuable reference for clinical cancer researchers in China. China should establish cancer databases based on its demographic characteristics. To our knowledge, Chinese cancer registration work was started much later than in other upper middle-income countries  [4]. The number of cancer registries in China has increased rapidly since 2002, while a significant gap still exists between China and other upper middle-income countries.
in the United States. Interestingly, there were no papers from Chinese institutions that utilized the SEER database during the 11 years from 2000 to the end of 2011. However, the number of papers published per year increased rapidly from 2012 to 2019: 2012 (n=6), 2013 (n=12), 2014 (n=19), 2015 (n=43), 2016 (n=96), 2017 (n=181), 2018 (n=288), and 2019 (n=459). Despite the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, there were 461 publications as of August 31, 2020.
Single cell accessible chromatin landscape of the developing and adult mouse kidneys To characterize the accessible chromatin landscape of the developing and adult mouse kidneys at single cell resolution, we performed single nuclei ATAC-seq (snATAC-seq) on kidneys of mice on postnatal day 0 (P0) at 3 and 8 weeks of age (Figure  1a , Methods). In parallel, we also performed bulk (whole kidney) ATAC-seq analysis at matched developmental stages. Following sequencing, we aggregated all high-quality mapped reads in each sample irrespective of barcode. The combined snATAC-seq dataset from all samples showed the expected insert size periodicity (Figure  S1a ) with a strong enrichment of signal at Transcription Start Sites (TSS, Figure  S1b ), indicating high data quality. The snATAC-seq data showed high concordance with the bulk ATAC data (Spearman correlation coefficient >0.
To understand cell type-specific gene expression changes, we also generated a single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) atlas for mouse kidney samples at the same developmental stages. The single cell transcriptome profiles of P0 and adult mouse kidneys were derived and processed as described in Methods. Rigorous quality control yielded a set of 43,636 single cells (Figures  1b, S1i ). Quality control metrics such as gene counts, UMI counts and mitochondrial gene percentage along with batch correction results are shown in Figures  S1j-m. By unbiased clustering  20  we obtained 17 distinct cell populations in the combined P0 and adult mouse datasets (Figure  S1i ). On the basis of marker gene expression, we identified kidney epithelial, immune and endothelial cells (Figures  1f, S1n-o ), closely resembling the clustering obtained from snATAC-seq analysis.