dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
We refer the reader to  Galametz et al. (2013)  for details on the adopted catalog building procedure. The dataset available for each CANDELS field is rich but significantly varies from field-to-field. As such, the multiwavelength catalogs of GOODS-S and UDS contain different bands and data depths: CANDELS-GOODS-S -The GOODS-S catalog 22  contains 34930 sources. The total area of ∼ 170 square arcmin was observed by WFC3 with a mixed strategy, combining CANDELS data in a deep (central onethird of the field) and a wide (southern one-third) region with ERS  (Windhorst et al. 2011 ) (northern one-third) and HUDF09  (Bouwens et al. 2010)  observations. The F160W mosaic reaches a 5σ limiting magnitude (within an aperture of radius 0. 17 arcsec) of  27. 4, 28. 2, and 29. 7  in the CANDELS wide, deep, and HUDF regions, respectively.
The multiwavelength catalog includes 18 bands: in addition to the ERS/WFC3 and CANDELS/WFC3 data in the F 105W /F 125W /F 140W /F 160W filters, it also includes data from UV (U band from both CTIO/MOSAIC and VLT/VIMOS), optical (HST/ACS F435W, F606W, F775W, F814W, and F850LP), and infrared (HST/WFC3 F098M, VLT/ISAAC K s , VLT/HAWK-I K s , and Spitzer/IRAC 3. 6, 4. 5, 5. 8, 8. 0µm) observations. See  Guo et al. (2013)  for a summary of the GOODS-S UV-to-mid-IR dataset and corresponding survey references. CANDELS-UDS -The UDS catalog 23 contains 35932 sources distributed over an area of ∼ 201. 7 square arcmin (roughly a rectangular field of view of 22. 3 ′ × 9 ′ ). The F160W CANDELS image reaches a 5σ limiting depth of 27. 45 within an aperture of radius 0. 20 arcsec. The multiwavelength catalog includes 19 bands: the CANDELS data (WFC3 F 125W /F 160W and ACS F 606W /F 814W data), U band data from CFHT/Megacam, B, V , R c , i ′ and z ′ band data from Subaru/Suprime-Cam, Y and K s band data from VLT/HAWK-I, J, H and K bands data from UKIDSS (Data Release 8), and Spitzer/IRAC data (3.
6, 4. 5 from SEDS,  Ashby et al. 2013, 5. 8 and 8. 0µm from SpUDS). The first released version of the catalog contains a list of about 210 sources with reliable spectroscopic redshifts that we have extended in the present analysis with new redshifts derived from the VLT VI-MOS/FORS2 spectroscopic campaigns  (Bradshaw et al. 2013, McLure et al. 2013 and Almaini et al. in prep. )  and the MAGELLAN/IMACS spectroscopy presented in Appendix A. See  Galametz et al. (2013)  for a summary of the UDS UV-to-mid-IR dataset and corresponding survey references. 2. 2. Redshifts CANDELS multiwavelength catalogs were crossmatched with a collection of publicly available spectroscopic sources in both fields and with the Magellan spectroscopy in UDS that is presented here for the first time (see Appendix A).
Data selection We removed from the present analysis all objects flagged for having bad photometry (see  Guo et al. 2013 and Galametz et al. 2013 ). This information is available in the photometric catalogs as well in the catalogs we release with the present work. Stars have been classified either spectroscopically or photometrically, and have been removed from the sample. 151 and 47 sources were identified as spectroscopic stars in GOODS-S and UDS, respectively. No stellar mass nor any other parameter is provided in the catalogs for these sources. Photometric stellar candidates have been selected through the morphological information provided by SExtractor on the F160W band 24 Five of the six photo-z methods include nebular lines. (CLASS STAR>0. 95) combined with the requirement that S/N is larger than 20, which ensures reliability of the CLASS STAR parameter.
e. Method 2a τ. The offset is reduced (median = 0. 010 ± 0. 003 in GOODS-S and median = -0. 060 ± 0. 002 in UDS), but the curved trend is mostly unchanged. The residual offset observed in the UDS field and the curved trend may be due to systematics in the photometry. Indeed, UDS, having data of poorer quality, might be more susceptible to biases compared to the better quality data in GOODS-S. The difference between CANDELS and 3D-HST stellar mass estimates (SIQR ∼ 0. 1 dex) is only slightly larger than the typical dispersion observed among different estimates within CANDELS assuming the same stellar models. However, the distributions are overall more extended: the fraction of objects differing by more than a factor of 2 is 11% and 15% in GOODS-S and UDS, respectively. If the distributions are shifted so that the average offset is zero, these fractions are marginally reduced (10%).
The same file also incorporates the uncertainties in the stellar masses, neglecting redshift errors, associated with methods 6a τ , 11a τ and 12a. Both files for each field are released as electronic tables in the online version of the Journal and are uploaded on the STScI MAST archive website for CANDELS 25. Tables showing the list of columns in each catalog are reported in Appendix C. The catalogs are also available in the Rainbow Database 26  (Pérez-González et al. 2008; Barro et al. 2011a) , which features a query menu that allows users to search for individual galaxies, create subsets of the complete sample based on different criteria, and inspect cutouts of the galaxies in any of the available bands. It also includes a crossmatching tool to compare against user uploaded catalogs. This paper accompanies the public release of the CAN-DELS mass catalogs for the GOODS-S and UDS fields.
While we cannot say whether or not any one technique is biased, our tests with mock catalogs in M15 suggests that the median mass is less susceptible to modeling uncertainties than the results from any one code. The different behavior of GOODS-S and UDS in the comparison to 3D-HST also illustrates that differences in photometric quality (number of filters and S/N) can affect not only the scatter but also the biases between methods (the poorer quality dataset available in UDS compared to the more accurate photometry in GOODS-S is more susceptible to biases). In any case, we show that the larger fraction of objects in the tails of the log(M MEDIAN * /M 3D-HST * ) distributions are at least partially explained by differences in the photometric and redshift catalogs. et al. (2008). The cyan and red points correspond to those objects with spectroscopic redshifts in the ranges z < 0.
Note. -References. (1) Barro et al. (2013)  ; (2) Pérez-González et al. (2008); (3) Finkelstein et al. (2012); (4) Fontana et al. (2006); (5) Daddi et al. (2005); Maraston et al. (2006); Pforr et al. (2012, 2013). a Kriek et al. (2009). b Pérez-González et al. (2008), Barro et al. (2011b), https://rainbowx. fis. ucm. es/Rainbow Database/. c Giallongo et al. (1998), Fontana et al. (2000). d Bolzonella et al. (2000), http://webast. ast. obs-mip. fr/hyperz/. e Bruzual & Charlot (2003). f Fioc & Rocca-Volmerange (1997).
We thank the referee for helpful comments. PS, AF, MC, RA, KB and EM acknowledge the contribution of the EC  FP7   SPACE  project  ASTRODEEP (Ref. No:  312725 ). PS also acknowledges the grant  ASI I/005/11/0. SL acknowledges the support by the  National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)  grant, No. 2008-0060544 , funded by the  Korea government (MSIP). This work is based in part on observations (program  GO-12060 ) made with the  NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope , which is operated by the  Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc , under  NASA  contract  NAS5-26555. This work is also based in part on observations made with the  Spitzer Space Telescope , which is operated by the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology  under  NASA  contract  1407. This work uses data from the following ESO programs:  60.
58). In the second study,  38  comparing epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide for four cycles versus exemestane for 24 weeks, a greater clinical response rate with chemotherapy versus hormone therapy was found (66% versus 48%), but this did not reach statistical significance (P=0. 075). In contrast, patients with a low proliferation rate (Ki67 10%) had a similar response rate in both treatment arms (63% versus 58%, P=0. 74). Results from a multicenter Phase III study of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (FEC100) compared with hormone therapy (letrozole) are awaited (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT00963729). 39 Currently, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy is used for postmenopausal patients with HR-positive BC when the risk of chemotherapy combined with surgery is greater due to advanced age or comorbidities.
131, 132 Its role in HR-positive BC remains controversial. In this regard, GERICO (the French Group of Geriatric Oncology) has developed a trial to evaluate the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy with regard to OS in patients aged over 70 years, with pN0 or pN-positive, HR-positive HER2-negative disease, and with a high genomic grade index assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT01564056). 133 lderly patients should be given clear information regarding the benefits and risks of therapy, given the fact that the toxicity is not negligible and the benefit is sometimes modest. They should become active participants in the decision to adhere to such treatment. 134 s for younger patients, polychemotherapies are more efficient than monotherapy.
HeR2-targeted therapy The prevalence of HER2-overexpressing tumors in elderly women ranges between 7% and 20%. The major concern about trastuzumab is its safety, given its nearly doubled risk of cardiac events,  176  especially in patients with cardiovascular risk factors, such as a history of cardiac disease and diabetes. 177 Trastuzumab can be given to fit patients with continuous cardiac monitoring and acceptable tolerance. 178, 179  multicenter, retrospective, observational Italian study reported that use of trastuzumab with taxanes or vinorelbine  was associated with a 67% response rate and a median time to progression of 8. 7 months. 180 Subgroup analyses from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase III CLEOPATRA trial (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT00567190) in older patients (median age 69 years) showed improved PFS with pertuzumab plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel.
This chemotherapy regimen was safe, with a higher incidence of grade 3 diarrhea in the pertuzumab arm and more fatigue, asthenia, decreased appetite, vomiting, and dysgeusia. 181 Trastuzumab and lapatinib were also evaluated in combination with endocrine therapy, and were found to have a clinical benefit. 182, 183 scular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy Regarding antiangiogenic agents, a meta-analysis  184  of the three randomized trials evaluating bevacizumab as firstline treatment in HER2-negative, metastatic BC, ie, E2100 (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT00028990), AVastin And DOcetaxel (AVADO) (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier   186  and a large, multicenter, noninterventional German study,  187  bevacizumab was well tolerated with no increase in the incidence of bevacizumabrelated adverse events in patients aged over 65 years.
In the subgroup analysis from the MO19391 study,  186  the incidence of grade 3 hypertension was the only side effect reported more frequently in the elderly. The ATHENA trial (MO19391, ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT00448591)  188  is a large (2,251 patients), international, open-label study assessing first-line bevacizumab in combination with standard chemotherapy in HER2-negative metastatic BC. Data from the ATHENA trial were analyzed in the subgroup of elderly patients aged 70 years. 189 evacizumab was combined with single-agent paclitaxel in 46% of older patients. Only hypertension and proteinuria were more common in older patients when compared with younger patients (6. 9% versus 4. 2%, respectively, for grade.
Ongoing clinical trials In the adjuvant setting, a randomized multicenter trial (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT0019301) comparing weekly docetaxel and CMF in the treatment of women with high-risk BC who are aged 65 years or are not candidates for anthracycline-based therapy has been completed. 190  randomized controlled trial is currently recruiting participants to evaluate trastuzumab without chemotherapy as a postoperative adjuvant therapy in HER2-positive elderly BC patients (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT01104935). 191 ERICO has developed a trial to evaluate the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy on OS in patients aged 70+ years with pN0 or pN-positive, HR-positive/HER2-negative disease and a high genomic grade index assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (ClinicalTrials.
gov identifier NCT01564056). 133 n the metastatic setting, a randomized Phase II trial by the EORTC Elderly Task Force and Breast Cancer Group is currently recruiting participants (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT01597414). 192 This trial will compare pertuzumab plus trastuzumab versus pertuzumab plus trastuzumab plus metronomic chemotherapy in the elderly with HER2-positive metastatic BC. After progression, patients will be given the option of receiving trastuzumab emtansine. Concerning radiotherapy, a randomized Phase II trial is currently recruiting participants to compare partial versus WBRT in women aged 60 years operated with BCS (Clini-calTrials. gov identifier NCT00892814). 193 A multicenter, controlled, randomized, nonblinded, Phase III noninferiority study (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT01803958) is ongoing.
We tested for the accuracy of this simple model on an evergreen forest largely dominated by Quercus ilex where flux data are available. Q. ilex is an emblematic Mediterranean tree species growing over more than 6 Mha around the Mediterranean Sea  [15]. For testing we will use long-term GPP derived from an eddy-flux tower (further called EC GPP) set up in our research site. This site underwent recurrent summer droughts and demonstrated the key-role of soil water deficits on its carbon exchanges  [16]. We suspect biased estimates of the active season GPP impacted by summer drought because VPD seems an insufficient surrogate of the soil dryness in such MT climate. The main objectives of this work are:  (1)  to compare the time course of EC GPP and to those derived from MODIS, (2) to assess the anomalies of MODIS GPP to between-year variations in drought severity; and (3) to quantify the limitations of such model.
Flux and Ancillary Data As a CarboEurope and Fluxnet site, eddy covariance fluxes of CO2, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum have been measured continuously since 2001 from the top of a 12 m high tower that is approximately 6 m above the canopy. Our eddy covariance facility included a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (Solent R3, Gill Instruments, Lymington, England) and a closed path infrared gas analyzer (IRGA, model LI 6262, Li-Cor Inc. , Lincoln, NE, USA), both sampling at a rate of 21 Hz. Flux data were processed with protocols in accordance with the CarboEurope network  [17]. Processing schemes of Fluxnet have been used for filling data gaps and partitioning net ecosystem productivity into GPP and ecosystem respiration  [18, 19]. Half-hour GPP fluxes were summed at a daily time step for further comparison with MODIS GPP and called EC GPP.
MODIS Land Products Subsets Collection 5 MODIS land product subsets for Fluxnet sites are readily available from the DAAC (Distributed Active Archive Center) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory  [20]. These subsets represent MODIS product cutouts of 7 km by 7 km around the eddy flux towers, greatly simplifying data availability. We used both collection 5 MOD15A2 (FPAR canopy product  [21] ) used for computation of the collection 5. 1 MOD17A2 (GPP) for the period ranging from 2001 to 2010. For Puéchabon, we selected all pixels from the 7 km × 7 km subset to represent the eddy tower footprint (see quality analysis and control for our site in  [22]  and  [23] ) with its mean and standard-deviation values because our site is representative of vegetation cover that extends largely across our study region  [24]  considering the surrounding area reduce errors with gridding artifacts and with spatial data with nested source of variations  [25].
max min ( ) ( ) GPP FPAR PAR LUE f T f VPD      ( 2 ) where LUEmax is the biome-specific maximum light use efficiency (g•C•MJ -1 ), PAR is the photosynthetically active radiation (MJ), and the potential GPP is linearly scaled between 1 (no limitation) and 0 (whole limitation = no GPP) using biome-specific functions for minimum temperature, f(Tmin) and vapor pressure deficit, f(VPD). The fraction of PAR absorbed by the vegetation cover FPAR is from MOD15 while meteorological inputs are from large spatial-scale meteorological data, obtained from NCEP-DOE Reanalysis II dataset (see supporting online material in  [26] ). Due to acknowledged effects of input climate data on MODIS17A2 GPP  [21, 27, 28] , we also tested for f(VPD) sensitivity to bias in climate data source (NCEP vs. tower climate).
Annual and Seasonal Pattern of GPP: Comparing MOD17A2 with EC Yearly correlations coefficients (R) between the 8-day means of MODIS and EC GPP at the Puéchabon study site from 2001 to 2010 are presented in Table  1. The yearly correlation coefficients (R) vary between 0. 36 in 2006 and 0. 87 in 2004, with a mean correlation of 0. 67 for the whole period, this somehow is a weak correlation when compared to other non water-limited ecosystems  [36]. Mean annual GPPs are 1240 g •C•m -2 •y -1 and 1746 g•C•m -2 •y -1 for respectively EC and MODIS. The yearly totals of MODIS GPP consistently exceeded the tower averages, with a relative error of 41%. When comparing cumulated annual GPP on a yearly basis, annual EC GPP varied between a minimum of 945 g ), highlighting nonlinear discrepancies between the two datasets (Figure  1 ).
Intra-annual GPP pattern is highly seasonal with maxima at the end of spring and early summer, minima in winter as shown in Figure  1. In spring (DOY 65-152), we observed a constant increase of GPP in both datasets before reaching the highest values at the end the season. For most years between 2001 and 2010, MODIS GPP starts to overestimate EC GPP in the middle of spring. In summer (DOY 153-248), MODIS GPP reaches its highest value while EC GPP decreases almost linearly and usually reached its lowest point at the end of summer. MODIS GPP and EC GPP exhibited the maximum difference in 2006  (6. 21 •C•m -2 •y -1 in g•C•m -2 •d -1 ) and the minimum difference in 2002 (0. 42 g•C•m -2 •d -1 ). In fall (DOY 249-335), the first period is still influenced by summer discrepancies between the two datasets which progressively reach the same final GPP pattern with a smooth decrease finally reaching the low winter values (around 1 g•C•m -2 •d -1 ).
Annual and Seasonal Pattern of FPAR: Comparing MOD15A2 with Tower MOD15A2 FPAR provides a key and seasonally-varying input to the MODIS GPP algorithm, and is derived from remote sensing. As FPAR is also measured on site with no effect from atmospheric components, we tested for its accuracy in the MODIS GPP calculation. The FPAR estimates from MODIS ranged from 0. 75 to 0. 92, in fair agreement with the corresponding measurement at the tower with values ranging from 0. 77 to 0. 97. The seasonal pattern is moderately correlated between the two datasets (Figure  2  and Table  A1 ), with an average relative error (RE = 100 × (MODIS -EC)/EC) of 6%. REs reached up to 16% in autumn or winter. This low seasonality represented by FPAR for this type of evergreen forest was also evidenced by  [37]. The tower FPAR pattern decreases in mid-summer and reaches a maximum in winter; in contrast, the MODIS FPAR exhibits a reversed seasonal pattern, with the maximum FPAR reached in summer.
Control of RWC on GPP MODIS Anomalies Before testing our hypothesis that RWC would be a better GPP control than f(VPD), we checked if f(VPD) used in MOD17A2 GPP is affected by potentially biased climate inputs from CRU NCEP or a biome type misclassification as already pointed out by  [21, 27, 28]  (Figure  A3A, B ). We obtained enhanced f(VPD) effects with the tower climate data when compared to NCEP, leading to lower root mean square error (RMSE) between MODIS/EC GPP anomalies and f(VPD) (RMSE = 0. 247 for NCEP and RMSE = 0. 202 for tower climate). Using the mixed forest vegetation type (MF) parameters also increased the performance of f(VPD) for GPP estimates with RMSE = 0. 214 with NCEP and RMSE = 0. 179 for tower data (Figure  A3B ). However, the temporal matching between MODIS/EC GPP anomalies and f(VPD) remained low (year 2008 Figure  A3A  for example).
Interestingly, in 2003, a heat wave took place from June to August. It was associated with a period of high VPD in phase with the lower relative soil water storage. At this level of VPD, the scalar drastically declined by 80%, but insufficiently to closely mimic EC GPP. In a MT climate, there exists a substantial delay between peak air VPD and lower soil RWC (Table  4 ). As a consequence, this delay, even changing the threshold values in the VPD scalar, prevents the direct use of VPD as an efficient surrogate of soil water limitation. Among others, there is an increasing debate about the use of MOD15A2 FPAR, both in terms of quality of this dataset when compared to other available products, and in term of effective radiation absorbed by chlorophyll for photosynthesis (see for a substantial account  [58] [59] [60] [61] [62]  and also  [63] [64] [65] ).
How Does Circumvent the Problem of Soil Drought Limitation? A central question still remains unsolved: How to include soil drought limitations in the MODIS GPP algorithm. As seen previously, FPAR is relatively easy to evaluate from remote sensing. On the other hand, LUE has been proved to be more difficult to estimate because: (1) it is based on large spatial-scale meteorological data available from the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis II dataset  [21] ; (2) LUEmax and parameters of the climate scalars are obtained from lookup tables on the basis of a limited number of vegetation types and (3) soil drought is not included in the calculation. Three axes have been followed to tackle the deficiency of MODIS GPP in soil water-limited ecosystems. The first one is to find remotely-sensed proxies of GPP, the second one is to find a remotely-sensed surrogates of LUE and finally the third one is to develop parallel algorithms that estimate evaporation fluxes and derive a soil water limitation scalar or directly measure the soil water storage.
Models that were optimized from a pool of data from several contrasted sites did not perform well  [89]. Rather than researching remotely-sensed surrogates of LUE, the last option is to evaluate evaporation flux in parallel and derive a water limitation index of the vegetation cover or measure directly the soil water storage. Development of global evapotranspiration algorithms based on both remotely-sensed MODIS and global meteorology data may provide method to better express ecosystem water limitation without using precipitation amounts or soil moisture. Previous algorithms  [54, 90]  have been further improved and yielded satisfying estimates of actual evapotranspiration  [91]. Yuan, W. et al. [92]  proposed a water stress factor or evaporation fraction as the ratio of latent heat flux to the sum of latent and sensible heat fluxes.
Acknowledgments A 1-year doctoral research grant was provided by the  Chinese Academy of Sciences  to  Jia Liu. Projects MIND  ( EVK2-CT-2002-000158 ),  DROUGHT+  ( ANR-06-VULN-003-01 ) and  CARBO-Extreme  ( FP7-ENV-2008-1-226701 ) contributed in partly funding this research. We gratefully thank  Michael Spratt  for his linguistic help.