dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In the DG, an expression of Oxtr and Magel2 was detected in the hilus, with colocalization of both transcripts. Then, in parallel, we extracted data from public RNAseq data libraries obtained in adult mice (Allen brain; Linnarson lab: http://celltypes. brain-map. org/rnaseq/mouse/cortex-andhippocampus; http://mousebrain. org/genesearch. html). It appears that Oxtr and Magel2 are co-expressed in CA3 excitatory neurons (expressing CCK) and also in several interneuron subpopulations expressing somatostatin (SST). Indeed, we observed a co-expression of Oxtr and Sst mRNAs in hippocampus (Fig. 1B ). Given the role of OT and this hippocampal region in social memory, we tested the hypothesis that there is a social memory deficit of Magel2-KO mice.
B, D, F Quantification of OT-binding sites expressed as nCi/mg of tissue equivalent in (B) anterior CA2/CA3, (D) dentate gyrus, and (F) ventral CA1/CA2/CA3 regions of hippocampus. Histograms report median (Q2) and quartiles (Q1, Q3). OT-binding sites in nCi/mg of tissue equivalent. Three mice and six hippocampi have been analyzed for each group. Data represented in box-plots report the quantity of radiolabeling by hippocampus, with scattered plots that show individual data points. One-way ANOVA + Bonferroni post hoc test, **P < 0. 01; ****P < 0. 0001. Scale Bar: 3 mm. Statistical analysis is reported in Supplementary Table  3. neonates compared with WT-vehicle pups. Both Magel2-KO + OT and WT + OT mice showed a significant decrease (x2. 4 less and x2 less, respectively) in the DF GABA values compared with WT-vehicle (Fig.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank the  Foundation for Prader-Willi Research (FPWR)  grants,  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  ( ANR-14-CE13-0025-01 ),  Thyssen Foundation  (Grant  10. 16. 2. 018MN ),  Prader-Willi France , and  Fondation Jerôme LeJeune  for their financial support. This project has received funding from the  Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University  -A* Midex a French "Investissements d'Avenir programme"-Institute MarMaRa   AMX-19-IET-007. The authors thank  Pr. Simon McCullan ,  Dr. L. Fasano , and  Dr. Y. Ben-Ari  for comments and careful reading of the paper,  Dr. A. Baude  for her technical advice,  Dr F. Michel  for his help in microscopy and the use of image software,  Pr. T. Anthouard  for his help in statistical analysis, and the  PBMC platform of INMED  for the genotyping service.
Le    Au niveau de la littérature scientifique en langue française, il y a peu de références disponibles sur les bases de données qui mettent en avant l'utilisation des méthodes projectives dans la clinique de l'autisme, à l'exception des travaux de Suarez-Labat  [18, 30, 50, 51, 62, 71, [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85]  et de Frédérick-Libon  [52, 53, 86, 87]. Ces auteures proposent exclusivement des travaux sur l'autisme en clinique infantile et à l'adolescence en s'appuyant sur leur pratique clinique, illustrant les conceptualisations théoriques post-kleinniennes et post-bionniennes par des cas singuliers et des suivis de certains jeunes patients. À ces travaux s'ajoute l'article d'Allan  [19]  qui s'avère être un plaidoyer convainquant de l'utilité du test de Rorschach dans les démarches diagnostiques mis en perspective avec les évolutions nosographiques et des pratiques actuelles.
Dans cette logique, nous avons aussi proposé l'étude d'un cas unique autour de la problématique différentielle entre les troubles du spectre de la schizophrénie et les TSA  [7]  chez un sujet adulte, en appui sur une passation projective du test de Rorschach et en référence avec le modèle structural de l'autisme présenté notamment par Maleval  [117] , qui constitue une illustration des possibilités du sujet à accéder à une identité et s'ouvrir au monde social tout en conservant les traces des empêchements autistiques initiaux. D'autres travaux, principalement en langue anglaise existent sur les bases de données scientifiques (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cairn, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, GoogleScholar). Le test de Rorschach a ainsi déjà été utilisé dans des recherches anciennes, dans le but d'analyser les particularités de la pensée chez les sujets autistes dans une tradition psychocognitive du modèle d'interprétation en Système intégré  [22].
Remerciements Nous remercions vivement les équipes du CRA Lorraine Sud pour leur accueil et, particulièrement le  Professeur Bernard Kabuth  ( Chef du Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et l'Adolescent ), le  Docteur Schoenberger  ( Responsable médical du CRA) et Myriam Pécoul (Coordonnatrice du CRA ) ;  Mathieu Levis ,  Julie Dorninger  et  Claire Chopard  (psychologues du CRA) pour leurs relectures et leurs suggestions judicieuses qui participent à la qualité de cet article. Nous remercions également Christine Allan pour nos premiers échanges sur le test de  Rorschach dans le cadre du diagnostic des TSA.
Cloning and Production of rAAV Vectors: The generation of rAAVs allowing for the specific expression of the protein of interest in OT-cells is described in our previous work  5. Briefly, the conserved promoter region of 2. 6 kb was chosen using the software BLAT from UCSC (http://genome. ucsc. edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat), was amplified from BAC clone RP24-388N9 (RPCI-24 Mouse, BACPAC Resources, CHORI, California, USA) and was subcloned into a rAAV2 backbone carrying an Ampicillin-resistance. To construct the OTp-C1V1(t/t)-TS-mCherry AAV vector we used previously cloned OTp-DIO-GFP-WRE plasmid 2 equipped with the characterized 2. 6 kb OT promoter  5. In this plasmid the DIO-GFP sequence was replaced by C1V1(t/t)-TS-mCherry from the rAAV CaMKIIa-C1V1(t/t)-TS-mCherry (Addgene, plasmid #35500). To generate GfaP-C1V1(t/t)-TS-mCherry AAV vector, we replaced the CamKIIa promoter from the rAAV CaMKIIa-C1V1(t/t)-TS-mCherry by the Gfa promoter from the pZac2.
Astrocytes recorded for this study were then those co-labeled, in rats for SR101 and OGB1 and in mice for GFP and Rhod2. The spinning disk confocal microscope used to perform astrocyte calcium imaging was composed of a Zeiss Axio examiner microscope with a 40x water immersion objective (numerical aperture of 1. 0), mounted with a X-Light Confocal unit -CRESTOPT spinning disk. Images were acquired at 2Hz with either a Rolera em-c² emCCD or an optiMOS sCMOS camera (Qimaging, BC, Canada). Cells within a confocal plane were illuminated for 100 to 150 ms for each wavelength (SR101 and Rhod-2: 575 nm, OGB1 and GFP: 475 nm) using a Spectra 7 LUMENCOR. The different hardware elements were synchronized through the MetaFluor software (Molecular Devices, LLC, Ca, USA) which was also used for online and offline quantitative fluorescence analysis.
The maximal peak reached after drug/light application was also measured in responsive cells and used in quantitative analysis shown in various figures. Data were averaged across all responding astrocytes per slice, which were used as the statistical unit. For the response probability, calcium events were detected as an increases of fluorescence > 5% with a rising slope > 0,025 and a minimum inter-peak distance of 10 seconds. Then, the response probability was calculated as the number of astrocyte with a least 1 calcium event per time bin (30s) divide per the number of astrocyte in each recording. Image J software was also used on SR101 / OGB1 pictures to produce illustrative pictures. Finally, all calcium imaging experiments were conducted at controlled room temperature of 26°C.
Electrophysiology Whole cell patch-clamp recordings of CeL neurons, CeL astrocytes and CeM neurons were visually guided by infrared oblique light visualization of neurons and completed by SR101 fluorescence observation for astrocytes. Patch-clamp recordings were obtained with an Axon MultiClamp 700B amplifier coupled to a Digidata 1440A Digitizer (Molecular Devices, CA, USA). Borosilicate glass electrodes (R = 3. 5 -7 MΩ) with inner filament (OD 1. 5 mm, ID 0. 86 mm; Sutter Instrument, CA USA) were pulled using a horizontal flaming/brown micropipette puller (P97; Sutter Instrument, CA, USA). Recordings were filtered at 2 kHz, digitized at 40 kHz and stored with the pClamp 10 software suite (Molecular Devices; CA, USA). Analysis of patch-clamp data were performed using Clampfit 10. 7 (Molecular Devices; CA, USA) and Mini analysis 6 software (Synaptosoft, NJ, USA) in a semi-automated fashion (automatic detection of events with chosen parameters followed by a visual validation).
QUANTIFICATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical Analysis All parametrical statistical tests presented in figure captions were performed following correct verification of the assumptions on the distribution of data, and if not non-parametric tests were used. Tests were performed using either SPSS 23 (IBM) or statview 5 (SAS institute Inc. ). All values, group compositions and statistical tests for each experiment and figure panel are detailed in Supplementary Tables  1 2 3 4 5 6.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the  IASP Early Career Research  grant  2012 ,  FP7 Career Integration  grant  334455 ,  Initiative of Excellence (IDEX) Attractiveness  grant  2013 ,  IDEX Interdisciplinary  grant  2015 ,  University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS)  fellowship  2014-15 ,  Foundation Fyssen  research grant 2015,  NARSAD   Young Investigator Grant   24821 ,  ANR   JCJC grant  (to AC);  ANR-DFG  grant  GR 3619/701  (to AC and VG); the  Schaller Research Foundation ,  DFG  grant  GR 3619/13-1 ,  DFG  within the Collaborative research Center SFB 1134, (to VG) and SFB  1158  (to CP and VG);  SNSF-DFG  grant  GR 3619/8-1  (to RS and VG),  Fritz Thyssen  foundation (to VG);  Alexander von Humboldt Foundation  (to DH);  Fyssen foundation  and  PROCOP grant  and  SFB1158  seed grant for young scientists (to AL);  Research Foundation -Flanders , fellowship ( 12V7519N ) (to JW);  Russian science foundation RSF  ( 17-75-10061 ) and the  Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan University  (to AR); the intramural research program of the  NIMH (ZIAMH002498)  (to WSY);  National Institutes of Health  grants  R01NS094640  and  R01HL090948  (to JES).
La bibliothécaire accueille les étudiants pour deux séances. La première amène les étudiants à définir les contours de leur sujet et les concepts/mots-clefs s'y référant, puis à repérer et interroger de manière efficace diverses sources d'information (catalogues, bases de données, sites web fiables. ) utiles à leur recherche documentaire. La seconde consiste en une sensibilisation au plagiat et à un apprentissage de la pratique de citation des sources. Durant ces séances, une large part est faite à la découverte, aux exercices, aux questions. Celles-ci portent sur le type d'information/de document pertinent pour le sujet à traiter, le/les auteur(s) d'un site web, la présentation du travail à rendre, les documents à citer dans les références bibliographiques, etc. C'est aussi l'occasion pour les étudiants d'avoir un premier temps de travail en contact avec les autres membres de leur groupe, tout en étant accompagnés dès le début de leur travail de recherche d'information.
Méthodes : recherche sur la base de données Medline avec les mots clés cannabis AND anxiety, cannabis AND depression OR depressive disorders, cannabis AND suicide, entre le 1er janvier 2015 et le 26 aout 2020. Résultats : les études épidémiologiques longitudinales ont montré que la consommation régulière de cannabis favorisait les troubles dépressifs et les conduites suicidaires de manière dosedépendante. Elles ont également montré que les troubles anxieux et les troubles dépressifs favorisaient l'usage, l'abus et la dépendance au cannabis. A ce jour, il n'y a pas de preuves démontrant l'efficacité du cannabis à usage thérapeutique (Δ-9-THC et/ou cannabidiol) dans les troubles anxieux et dans les troubles dépressifs caractérisés. Discussion et conclusions : ne pas traiter l'un sans traiter l'autre favorise les rechutes des deux troubles.
mise au point a utilisé la base de données Medline avec les mots clés cannabis AND anxiety, cannabis AND depression OR depressive disorders, cannabis AND suicide, entre le 1er janvier 2015 et le 26 aout 2020, en langue anglaise et française. Elle avait pour but de réaliser une synthèse des études les plus récentes, notamment des revues systématiques, et d'établir l'état actuel des con-naissances sur les rapports entre le cannabis et les troubles anxieux ou dépressifs et entre cannabis et suicide. La recherche cannabis AND anxiety a fourni 128 revues systématiques et méta-analyses, dont 46 ont été retenues (15 sur les rapports entre cannabis et troubles anxieux, 15 sur le cannabidiol, 9 sur le cannabis à usage médical dans les troubles anxieux, 6 de neurobiologie) à l'aide des critères d'évaluation de la qualité méthodologique des revues systématiques Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) [4].
Introduction The literature on English phonology is rich with analyses of secondary stress patterns, which are tied to a number of crucial issues such as foot well-formedness, phonological domains, cyclicity or paradigmatic dependencies. Although a lot of proposals and analyses have been put forward, empirical studies on secondary stress are quite scarce (but see  Collie 2007 , 2008 , Tokar 2017 , 2018 and Wenszky 2004). The aim of this paper is to review previous analyses of secondary stress in English, underline the issues that are raised and propose a summary of my own research on the issue over the last eight years, in which I have sought to provide new empirical evidence to test out previous analyses. The results discussed here are mostly taken from my own dissertation  (Dabouis 2016a ) but also from later extensions of this work, where several datasets have been extended and analyses have been refined (Arndt-Lappe in preparation;  Dabouis 2016b Dabouis , 2019;; Dabouis et al.
2) and neoclassical compounds (which have been argued to be accentually invariant;  Guierre 1979 ). The second drawback is that her dataset is quite small and may not be representative of the whole relevant class of words. Finally, the last limitation to stress preservation is syllable weight. As we have seen in the previous section, syllable weight may impact secondary stress placement in non-derived words and so it could be expected to influence stress preservation. Certain authors have proposed that stress preservation applies regardless of syllable weight  (Burzio 1994: 313; Fournier 2010: 79; Guierre 1979: 335)  but  Pater (2000)  proposes a hierarchy of constraints in which the "Weight-to-Stress Principle" dominates the stress preservation constraint. This predicts that we could expect stress shifts to the second syllable in #LH words if the base has initial stress (e.
I will not claim that this is the only way to study English stress, as other methods of investigation have been used to do so and each presents their own advantages and drawbacks. 11 Obviously, using dictionary data is no exception. Among the advantages, we can cite the fact that this allows access to the pronunciation of a large number of words, including pronunciation variants (which would be difficult to get otherwise), the uniformity of the idiolect reported in the dictionary (even though it is an "artificial" idiolect). Moreover, the dictionary which I shall use,  Wells (2008) , does not use systematic rules for the listed pronunciations, as reported by  Collie (2007: 119). On the other hand, the drawbacks are that certain choices operated by the lexicographers can be questioned, such as the choices made for syllabification (see  Ballier and Martin 2010) , the nature of the transcription (see  Dahak 2006) , the rarity of certain words listed in the dictionary or the unavoidable presence of errors.
It also seems important that what is found in such a dictionary are data and not facts, as  Scheer (2015)  reminds us that "there is no such thing as an observational fact independent of the observation". Finally, a pronunciation dictionary by itself cannot be the sole source of data, and I have complemented the corpus with a number of other dictionaries or corpora, which will be cited in this paper when or where relevant. Let us briefly discuss one point regarding dictionary data which is important regarding the analysis of secondary stress in prefixed words. In speech, it is possible to contrast two words by placing contrastive stress on a prefix. The previous literature has found that this was possible for semantically transparent prefixes (12a-b) but also for more opaque ones (12c-e). (12) a.
Non-derived words In these words, the general rhythmic constraints are generally respected, with only occasional *CLASH violations in words with a single pretonic syllable. The dataset contains 146 such cases (see the examples in (  14 )), among which 128 (88%) are disyllables. 14 This initial secondary stress could be the sign of an ongoing stress retraction in these words, an Published in Anglophonia [online], 30, 2020. URL: https://journals. openedition. org/anglophonia/3476 analysis which is supported by the fact that 48 of these disyllables (38%) may also be stressed /10/. 15   (14) arcane, archaic, banjo, baptize, campaign, cascade, corvette, donee, harpoon, hotel,  mundane, museum, mystique, ornate, pastel, salvation, scalene, segment (vb), spontaneous, supine, tirade, tutee… The situation is quite straightforward for words with two pretonic syllables: they all have stress on their first syllable.
We could add Araucania and Myanmar, which may only have that stress pattern in American English. The dataset on which I base my analysis of secondary stress placement in words with longer pretonic sequences is that of  Dabouis et al. (2017) , which is an expanded version of Dabouis (2016a) so as to include proper nouns. The selection of the relevant data was particularly difficult as it is hard to find long words without some form of morphological structure. Words which can be related to other free-standing words such as the examples listed in (16a), along with certain words with "obscure" morphology, such as the examples in (16b), were left out. 16   (16) a. rèstauratéur As can be seen in Table  4 , the vast majority are (74%) or can be (89%) stressed on their first syllable. However, a quarter of the words may have pen-initial stress, which raises the question of the determiners of this stress pattern.
To answer that question, words were coded for the weight and closedness of their first two syllables and for the presence or absence of an initial onset. When tested in binary logistic regression in which the dependent variable was the possibility of having pen-initial stress, three variables turned out to be significant predictors. The results of the regression analysis are shown in Table  5  The results show that pen-initial secondary stress is more likely if 18 : ➢ the first syllable is open (but this variable is only weakly significant); ➢ the second syllable is closed; ➢ the word does not have an onset. The distribution of the data depending on these three variables is shown in Figure  1. Published in Anglophonia [online], 30, 2020. URL: https://journals. openedition. org/anglophonia/3476 The results shown in Figure  1  show that the vast majority of words (78%) have two initial open syllables, and that pen-initial stress is attested even when syllable structure is controlled for.
Prefixed words In the dataset used in  Dabouis (2016a) , there are 1,508 prefixed words which may have a stress clash on their first syllable (i. e. which can have the stress patterns /21(-)/ or /22(-)/, either as a main pronunciation or as a variant). The distribution of the different types of prefixed words within that subset is shown in Table  6. As can be seen in Table  6 , there is only a small number of opaque prefixed words which may bear stress on their prefix (8%). It is interesting to interpret those results from the point of view of a listener. If one hears a prefixed word with a stress clash, one can correctly Published in Anglophonia [online], 30, 2020. URL: https://journals. openedition. org/anglophonia/3476 assume that the prefix is semantically transparent in 92% of cases, and in 79% of cases the construction is also fully compositional.
6229, p <. 01). In sum, these observations show that stress clashes are more common and more stable in transparent prefixed words with compositional meaning. However, the datasets used here do not allow for direct counts regarding production, i. e. the proportion of stressed prefixes for each type of prefixed word. However, it is possible to get a rough estimate by crossing two datasets. Dabouis (2016a)  contains all the words in  Wells (2008)  which may bear a secondary stress mark and  Dabouis & Fournier (2019)  contains only words whose first syllable can be unstressed in Jones  (2006). Although the two datasets have been designed for different purposes and are based on two different dictionaries with different transcription systems, they both use the three categories of prefixed words used here.
Therefore, comparing the figures can give us an estimate of the proportion of words in each category which may receive secondary stress. The figures are shown in Table  7. Although these figures are to be approached with caution for the reasons exposed above, a clear difference between the different types of prefixed words can be seen: more transparent prefixed words are more likely to receive stress on their prefix. 19  A closer look at the data allows for an additional observation. Dabouis' dataset contains 13 words which are members of an antonymic pair (e. g. debark ↔ embark, demote ↔ promote, inhale ↔ exhale) and for which the second member of the pair may not receive secondary stress on its prefix, according to  Wells (2008). This raises the question of why only one member of the pair may bear stress on the prefix while the other may not.
Moreover, the effect of markedness could be combined with another frequency effect: since  Fidelholtz's (1975)  work, it has been shown that a high frequency facilitates lenition 20 , which could manifest here through the loss of secondary stress on the prefix in the unmarked member of the pair. In order to test out this hypothesis, word frequencies were collected from SUBTLEX-UK  (Van Heuven et al. 2014) , which is a frequency database based on television subtitles from nine British channels collected between January 2010 and December 2012 with a token count of about 200 million. Frequencies were log-transformed (as loge(  x+1 )) so as to resemble the way "humans process frequency information"  (Hay and Baayen 2002). I also collected prevalence values for these words  (Brysbaert et al. 2019).
Word prevalence refers to the number of people who know the word. The database used for these values is based on a survey of 221,268 native speakers of English from the US and the UK, and each word has been judged on average by 388 participants (282 from the US and 106 from the UK). Word prevalence has been shown to be a better predictor of decision times in lexical decision tasks than lexical frequency. Therefore, it is possible that some of the facts that have been captured using frequency can be better accounted for using prevalence values. The data collected are shown in Table  8. First, we can observe that, with the exception of inhale ↔ exhale, in all pairs for which both frequencies are not equal to zero, the word whose prefix may not be stressed is the most frequent. The fact that some words do not occur in SUBTLEX-UK may be due to their rarity or to the fact that this corpus is based on spoken English.