dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Implementation and evaluation Local contextual grammars can be encoded using various techniques but finite state transducers seem to be the most effective and readable way to encode these rules. This is in line with previous work: for example  Mittendorf and Sadler (2006)  use the Xerox finite state transducer toolbox to implement mutations in Welsh. Our proposal is very close to theirs. Various other platforms allow the manipulation of finite state transducers for local grammars. Scripting languages (like perl or python) also offer a good solution but these languages are made to manipulate strings. However for mutations we need to have different information on the words themselves, hence using a linguistic toolbox seems more appropriate. The implementation of this linguistic phenomenon using finite state transducers produce a compact and accurate description.
Along the way, I discuss important features of Dalabon grammar such as word classes and noun incorporation. I adopt a synchronic perspective on the system of nominal subclasses, leaving diachrony aside most of the time. The description presented below is based on first-hand data collected in the communities of Weemol, Beswick and Barunga between 2007 and 2012. The aspects of Dalabon described in this article are subject to inter-and intra-speaker variations. There are significant discrepancies between acceptability judgments gathered in elicitation, and speakers' actual use. Here I take such intraspeaker discrepancies into account, weighting elicitation against corpus evidence, and conversely. On the other hand, inter-speaker variations have been left aside, as I rely mostly on data collected with one speaker (usually considered the 'master' speaker by linguists and other speakers).
During the first four scans 4 × 2 mL aquilots of the solution was flowed over the surface using PTFE piping fixed to the top of the sample. The remaining six scans observed the drying and coating formation, although some evaporation occurred between the first four scans. SR-XRD patterns from (i) and (ii) above were extracted and analysed using the esaProject software  [17]  which can produce images such as those shown in Figure  2.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Impedance measurements were performed using a PGS TAT20 potentiostat with a FRA2 frequency response analysis module. Data were acquired over a frequency range of 100 mHz to 10 kHz (0. 1 V signal amplitude). The frequency range 10 kHz -1 Hz was distributed logarithmically across the first 40 points and from 1 Hz -100 mHz logarithmically over the last 10 points. Measurements were controlled by the Nova software (version 1. 8). For all experiments a three-electrode system in a glass cell was used. The set-up consisted of a saturated calomel electrode (SCE), a carbon counter electrode and the lead coupon mounted in a working electrode holder. The electrolyte used was ASTM D 1384-87, which models a typical atmospheric environment for lead and is a standard electrolyte for corrosion inhibition tests  [18].
Experimental procedure and data analysis A Zr 63 Ni 25 Al 12 alloy ingot with nominal composition was prepared by arc-melting of mixtures of Zr, Ni, and Al metals with purities of 99. 5%, 99. 99%, and 99. 99%, respectively, in a high-purity Ar atmosphere. From this, a cylindrical rod of ∼ 3 mm in diameter and ∼ 15 mm in length was manufactured by tilt casting with a Cu mold. AXS experiments were conducted at the beamline BM02 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. To obtain differential structure factors, ∆ k S(Q), close to the Zr and Ni K edges, two scattering experiments were performed at two incident x-ray energies 30 eV and 200 eV below the Zr K edge (17. 998 keV), and 20 eV and 200 eV below the Ni K edge (8. 333 keV), using a standard ω -2θ diffractometer installed at the beamline.
Multiplicity and Overall Agency The third and most prominent feature of collaborative documentary projects is multiplicity. For obvious reasons of scale, none of the projects could have been conducted by a single photographer; but whatever the scale, a multiplicity of contributors was required as the strategy was to multiply viewpoints. Because truth is Conversely, the Polling Place Photo Project is navigated as a mere data bank. By entering a place name or key words in the provided engine, each user follows their own path. However, the range of possible words is limited and so are the possible networks between different photographs. They are pre-determined by the set of questions that the contributors had to answer. Consequently, the participation of the public in the overall agency of the project and the networks of images is rather limited.
Transatlantica, 2 | 2014 Finally, Mapping Main Street adopts a different approach. It uses an algorithm to generate relations between pictures, a process which Jesse Shapins terms "algorithmic curation": some type of "interesting-ness" system or some means through which the most interesting material that is produced by both professionals as well as by citizens is brought together or foregrounded, and that the juxtapositions that are fostered are also the ones that are interesting. I think what we wanted to try to do with Mapping Main Street was make it possible also for a project to not be a place where you go and, suddenly, you have this gigantic database and as a visitor have to make 10,000 choices about how you want to go into that system. We very intentionally make it possible for you to arrive on this site and click once and then you will be in a stream of media that hopefully provides a fairly interesting narrative and experience about the topic of Main Street across the country.
Turning the French Wiktionary into a Machine-Readable Dictionary As mentioned is section 2, the quality of collaboratively constructed resources has already been assessed and we will not debate further the legitimacy of leveraging crowdsourced data for NLP purpose. We give below a brief description of Wiktionary 1  and of the process of converting it into a structured resource. Wiktionary is divided in language editions. Each language edition is regularly released as a so-called XML dump. 2  The "XML" mention is somewhat misleading because it suggests that XML markups encode the articles' microstructure whereas only the macrostructure (articles' boundaries and titles) is marked by XML tags. Remaining information is encoded in wikicode, an underspecified format used by the MediaWiki content-management system.
3 It contains more than 1. 4 million inflected forms (about 190,000 lemmas) with their definitions, examples, lexicosemantic relations and translations, derived terms and phonemic transcriptions. A shortened extract resulting from the conversion of the noun section of course is depicted in Figure  2. As can be seen, GLAWI includes both XML structured data and the initial corresponding wikicode. This version of the resource is intended to remain close to the Wiktionnaire's content, whereas other lexicons focused on a particular aspect will be released. Our aim is to provide ready-to-use lexicons resulting from different post-processing of GLAWI. Post-processing Figure  2 : Extract of the noun subsection of course converted into a workable format steps will consist in 1) selecting information relevant to a particular need (e.
Acknowledgments The  Grotta Rio Secco research project has been initially  promoted by the  Administration of the Clauzetto Municipality  and coordinated by the  University of Ferrara  which now works in collaboration with the  Friuli Venezia Giulia Region and with permission of the Archaeological Superintendency of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Logistic assistance was furnished by the  Clauzetto Public Administration. Grotte Mandrin researches were conducted under the authorization of the  French Rhone-Alpes Regional Archaeological Service (SRA-DRAC ) from Lyon. Logistical assistance and support were also provided by the  Malataverne Municipality. The authors are grateful to all students of  Ferrara University  and other collaborators who took part for many years in the excavations of  Rio Secco  and  Mandrin.
Financial support to Rio Secco Research Project is provided by the  Administration of the Clauzetto Municipality  and the  Friuli Venezia Giulia Region  and a group of public institutions ( Ecomuseo delle Dolomiti Friulane ''Lis Aganis'', BIM Tagliamento Consortium, Pordenone Province), Foundations (Fondazione CRUP) and private companies (Buzzi Unicem Spa ,  Albino Armani  winegrover, Fantinel winegrovers). Grotte Mandrin researches were conducted with the full financial support of the  French Rhone-Alpes Regional Archaeological Service (SRA-DRAC ) from  Lyon. The experimental butchering was supported by the  Committee and Research Exploration of the National Geographic Society  (Grant  9222-11 ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The psychometric curve that makes the participant's responses maximally likely is used to determine the stimulus level (the delay between the keystroke and the sound) on the next trial. We used 600 candidate psychometric curves with midpoints linearly spread between 0 and 600 ms delay, each combined with the five false alarm rates (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%). Hence, a total of 3000 candidate psychometric curves were used. The source code for the MLP is freely available online on https://github. com/florisvanvugt/PythonMLP. A USB keypad (Hama Slimline Keypad SK110) interfaced through HDI protocols with a python script was used to detect the keystroke onset and playing a woodblock wave sound (duration: 63 ms) through headphones. Three experimental blocks were administered. These blocks consisted of 36 trials and contained six catch trials.
Machine learning Non-linear classification of patients and controls. In order to investigate whether the patient group was characterized by particular non-linear combinations of scores on the variables measured in this study, we performed supervised machine learning analyses as follows [for a similar procedure, see 10]. The variables that were fed into these analyses are outcome measures of the five tasks. From the stable tapping task we used the following variables. The mean signed asynchronies (ms) and the standard deviation of the asynchronies (ms) on the different levels of alpha (a = 0 [fixed], a = 0. 3, and a = 0. 7) were used, amounting to 6 data points (2 variables for each of the 3 levels of alpha) per participant. Furthermore, the error correction estimate (unit-less; see stable tapping methods) was used.
We first trained the models on the entire dataset, then removed the labels, and asked the model to predict which participants are patients and which are controls. We expected the models to do very well on this classification task, because the models have a large number of degrees of freedom. The risk of this great number of degrees of freedom is that we could over-fit the data, essentially fitting noise. In order to assess the models without risking overfitting, we used leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV). In this procedure, we trained each of the three models on all the data (training data) except one participant. The model is then tested on classifying this one participant (the test data). By repeating this procedure for each participant in the sample, we get an overall classification accuracy which is corrected over-fitting.
We then tested its overall success rate using binomial testing. To perform naive Bayesian classification, the naiveBayes function from the e1071 machine learning package as part of the R package for statistical computing (version 3. 0. 2) was used. This function implements the standard Bayes classifier. To perform LDA, we used the lda function from the MASS package as part of the R package for statistical computing (version 3. 0. 2). Finally, SVM was implemented using the svm function from the e1071 machine learning package as part of the R package for statistical computing. We performed C-classification using a radial basis SVM kernel. Hyperparameter's cost and gamma were set to 10000 and 1e-4, respectively. These hyperparameter values were chosen from a range of possible values as those minimising the classification error.
Data-analyses The tapping data were processed with MATLAB (The Mathworks Inc, MA, USA R2011a). In addition to descriptive statistics, we performed mixed design ANOVAs (see below). If the assumption of sphericity was violated, the Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied. To interpret the significant effects of the ANOVAs, the generalized g 2 effect size was used. The effect sizes were interpreted according to Cohen's recommendation of 0. 02 for a small effect,. 13 for a medium effect, and. 26 for a large effect  [55]. The analyses were performed with SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 21) and R package for Statistical Computing (version 2. 15. 1).
This was the case of 14. 9% of all blocks. A further 4. 2% of blocks were discarded because they had not properly converged on a threshold. The criterion for non-convergence was if threshold estimates varied more than 2 ms/trial over the last ten trials (based on previous datasets  [42] ). After discarding blocks, participants had on average 2. 5 (SD = 0. 73) valid blocks remaining. The average threshold (in ms) for these remaining blocks was calculated. In order to investigate whether keystroke-sound delay detection differed between groups, we performed an ANOVA with delay detection threshold as dependent variable and between-factor group (patient or control). There was no effect of group [F(1,28) = 0. 55, p = 0. 46], which indicated that delay detection thresholds did not differ between patients and controls.
Machine Learning Non-linear classification of patients and controls. One participant from the control group was not included in this analysis due to a lack of valid blocks for anisochrony threshold (see anisochrony results above). All three methods of machine learning (Naive Bayes, LDA and SVM) were able to classify participants as patient or control above chance level (all binomial test p, = 0. 001; Table  3 ) when they were trained on the entire dataset. However, when controlling for over-fitting using leave-one-out-cross validation (LOOCV), all models performed at chance level (all binomial test p. 0. 36; Table  3 ). This indicated that combinations of variable scores that separated patients and controls could be identified, but that these combinations were based on individual differences unrelated to MD.
Methods Litho-and biostratigraphic data. The geoarchaeology of Beirut, Sidon and Tyre's ancient harbours has been documented by a series of studies  18, [27] [28] [29]  (Figs. 1  and 2 ). These investigations focussed upon the use of chronostratigraphy to derive palaeogeographical reconstructions since the early to mid-Holocene marine transgression. It has been demonstrated that the heart of the ancient basins lie beneath the present city centres and that the surface areas of the harbours were. 50% than present day. Nonetheless, these early studies lacked quantified analyses of the various sedimentological and palaeoecological datasets using multivariate statistics to probe, for instance, early human impacts in coastal areas. To fill this knowledge gap, we selected three well-dated type cores  [27] [28] [29]  , one from each of these ancient harbours, to investigate when and how harbour technologies have evolved since the Bronze Age (Fig.
Four groups were recognized: lagoonal, marinelagoonal, coastal and marine. Previous studies have demonstrated that ostracods are particularly sensitive recorders of natural and human-induced changes at the landsea interface  [75] [76] [77]. All macro-and microfauna data in the samples were counted and are expressed as a percentage of total tests. The litho-and biostratigraphic data were normalized and tabulated into data matrices of equal lengths. We subsequently performed a suite of statistical analyses, both individually for each harbour basin and collectively, in order to differentiate the evolution of the harbour phases. Numerical analyses. Litho-and biostratigraphic data were analyzed using hierarchical clustering, Neighbour-Joining cluster analysis (NJ) and Principal Components Analysis (PCA).
In this instance, these multivariate analyses are effective because they allow the data to be studied across multiple dimensions while taking into account the effects of all variables on the responses. Such statistical techniques are particularly pertinent because they reduce the complexity of the large dataset and allow a representation of the underlying structure of the data to be generated. They allow patterns not necessarily evident in the initial stratigraphic data to be identified. A number of recent studies have underscored the importance of multivariate techniques in probing coastal sediment archives from the Levantine seaboard  78, 79  but such methods have never been applied to ancient harbour contexts. In this study, the hierarchical clustering was used to group data from a variety of chronostratigraphic contexts and temporal scales, by creating a cluster tree or dendrogram.
We used radial dendrograms to clearly display the groups formed by the analysis. The radial dendrogram is a multilevel hierarchy, where clusters at one level are joined as clusters to the next level (Figs. 4-6). The NJ method is an alternative technique for hierarchical cluster analysis, finding hierarchical groupings in multivariate data sets. Here, it is based on litho-and biostratigraphic data (presence/ absence and abundance). NJ analysis was used to compute the lengths of tree branches, using branches as distances between groups of data (descending type). NJ was computed using correlation as the similarity measure and final branch as the root (Fig. 7 ). A PCA was also performed to test the ordination of samples by assessing major changes in litho-and biostratigraphic data. The main variance is loaded by the PCA-Axes 1 and 2 (Fig.
One knows that P = P SL(2, 7), the simple group of order 168. Using the software Magma, we are able to compute the 131 subgroups of index 7 of the cartographic group C + 2 , extract the 10 of them whose group of cosets is isomorphic to P and also have the right action on F. One choice is depicted in Fig. 1 , as reproduced from [4, (a), vol. 2, p. 17 and p. 50]; the corresponding Belyi map is the polynomial Z = z 4 (z -1) 2 (z -a) with a = (-1 -i √ 7)/4. 3. Dessins d'enfants, non-locality and contextuality.
Out of nearly 65 million residents in France (and 800,000 births each year), very few people are sufficiently unhappy to wish to change their given names, even though the court procedure is quite straightforward and not very expensive. Just under 3,000 requests have been filed each year for the past 15 years. Around 7% of petitions for name change are rejected; onethird of these rejected petitions are then accepted on appeal. In a social world where achieved status is valued, one's atomic marker of identity, one's first name, is still ascribed at birth. I have had full access to four courts (two of the largest such courts in France, and two smaller ones). At each of these courts, I have been able to observe closed hearings and to read the applicants' files. Relevant information (such as first names, year of birth, occupation, place of birth, and court decision) was entered into a database.
Acknowledgments My thanks go to  Ariane Zambiras ,  François Briatte ,  Etienne Ollion  and  Merl Storr ; and also to  Uwe Russ , who suggested the title, and to  Jürgen Gerhards , whose direct comments contributed to this paper. The study was made possible by a grant from the  French Ministry of Justice 's research center, the  Mission de Recherche Droit et Justice.
It naturally follows from these major changes in the scale and nature of individual relationships, that the social fabric is dramatically evolving. Therefore, to quote Aristotle, since "man is by nature a social animal," humanity is changing because society is changing. But, how are humans and society changing? And, what does it mean to be human, in this new society? These are the questions we would like to address. Besides, the hyper-connected world is also a world of hyper-memorisability, where all the information is stored in huge databases and accessible anytime from anywhere, without any oblivion. And, it is a world of hyper-reproducibility and hyper-diffusibility, where all the knowledge, and more generally, all the works of the mind, i. e. all the music, all the paintings, all the movies, etc.
In this paper, we propose TunDiaWN (Tunisian dialect Wordnet) a lexical resource for the dialect language spoken in Tunisia. Our TunDiaWN construction approach is founded, in one hand, on a corpus based method to analyze and extract Tunisian dialect words. A clustering technique is adapted and applied to mine the possible relations existing between the Tunisian dialect extracted words and to group them into meaningful groups. All these suggestions are then evaluated and validated by the experts to perform the resource enrichment task. We reuse other Wordnet versions, mainly for English and Arabic language to propose a new database structure enriched by innovative features and entities.
, 2005; Rosso et al. , 2004) , query expansion  (Parapar et al. , 2005) , text categorization  (Rosso et al. , 2004; Ramakrishnan et al. , 2003) , and many other applications. However, this situation poses significant difficulties in the context of dialectal data because of the huge lack of Dialect-Standard Arabic lexical resources. Building similar ones is a big challenge since spoken dialects are not officially written, don't have a standard orthography and are considered as under-resourced languages, unlike standard languages. In this paper, we address the problem of creating a linguistic resource for an Arabic dialect. We describe our approach towards building a Wordnet for Tunisian dialect (TD). We proceed, firstly, to construct a TD corpus by collecting data from various resources (social networks, websites, TD dictionaries, etc.
). We develop a clustering based method that aims to organize the TD corpus words by grouping them into clusters. The suggested organization possibilities are, then, analyzed and validated by the TD experts during the TunDiaWN enrichment process. Our proposed database structure is designed to be able to highlight the specificities of the TD lexicon. It also takes advantage of Arabic Wordnet (AWN)  (Elkateb et al. , 2006) , the Arabic version of the widely used lexico-semantic resource Princeton WordNet (PWN)  (Fellbaum, 1998). This can be justified by the assumption that Tunisian Arabic has a great resemblance with Standard Arabic. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: we begin by presenting works related to existing wordnets and approaches focused on the auto-Rim Faiz LARODEC, IHEC de Carthage, 2016 Carthage Présidence, Tunisie Rim.
Faiz@ihec. rnu. tn matic processing of the Tunisian dialect. We then introduce the posed challenges and the hypothesis we have assumed in building the TunDiaWN. In the next section, we proceed to explain and justify the proposed approach for developing the initial version of the Tunisian Arabic lexical resource. Firstly, we detail the TD data collect process and the MultiTD corpus construction. Secondly, we present the method developed to suggest possible organizations of TD words extracted from the corpus. Then, we describe the proposed structure of TunDiaWN, especially the new added features and entities as well as the validation task performed by the TD experts. In the following section, we perform a linguistic analysis by reporting significant observations related to TD-SA discovered during the enrichment process.