dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
3D ata: Radical Empiricism What are exactlyt he data of speculative philosophy? Clear and distinct ideas? Scientific facts?Bare sense-perceptive evidences? Common sense beliefs?Whitehead, who scrupulouslya dopts the radical empiricism which pedigree was established by James, accepts them all, but not always at face value. In sum: philosophyh as to accept all experiencesb ut onlye xperiences. This correspondst o James' Principle of Pure Experience. "Only experiences" means that our total experience is the sole purveyor of evidences. Anything that is not experienced has no relevancef or speculative philosophy. Of course, this requirement has to be taken cum grano salis: in the course of his/her argument,the philosopher necessarilyi ntroducesa bstractions that "makesaf light in the thin air of imaginative generalization"  (Whitehead 1978,5 ).
Materials A four-volume reference paper collection book Hanji, Korean handmade paper was edited by prof. Hyoung-Jin Kim (Kookmin University, Seoul)  [42]. This reference collection provides 309 Hanji samples from 26 paper mills across Republic of Korea (Additional file 1: Figure  S1 ; Table  S1 ). It includes valuable information not only on the papermaking process but also provides property information on these papers (Fig. 1 ; Additional file 1: Table  S1 ). This reference collection forms a well edited reference source that reflects the modern Korean handmade papers. Consequently, the materials used in this investigation consist of 309 Hanji samples in this fourvolume reference sample book Hanji, Korean handmade paper. General data attached in the Hanji reference book was listed in table S1 in the supplementary material on the paper samples for which analyses were performed.
Statistical data analysis General paper property data on the samples included in the four-volume Hanji reference book have been analysed and attached in the reference sample book. The details of certain property data as well as testing conditions are listed in Additional file 1: Table  S1. The data on papermaking methods, pH values, mechanical property (e. g. , grammage, thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance) and colour information of handmade papers collected in the reference book are statistically analysed using Microsoft Excel, Unscrambler X (Version 10. 4) software from CAMO Software AS.
Conclusion This study reports the characterization of Korean handmade papers constituted in a well edited Hanji reference book. It was observed that the difference in material preparing and paper making craft lead to different paper structure which is statistically reflected in their physical properties. The structure differences determine paper performance and applications as a general connection between the crafting, measured data and potential significance. The chemical composition of Hanji raw fiber materials of paper mulberry, gampi and mitsumata has been analysed by Py-GC/MS that showed different profiles of lignin monomers and terpenic compounds. The use of strong alkali solution was observed to greatly eliminate the lignin component. The difference of Hanji and Washi from a relative intensity ratio of two compounds in the plant marker region is observed in their pyrolysis results which could be used in ancient paper samples differentiation with further proper method development.
| Questionnaire development The aims of this project and the questionnaire used for data collection were developed iteratively and in close collaboration between a French group of epileptologists and psychiatrists who initiated this project and the ILAE PNES Task Force. Earlier drafts of the survey were tested and improved by the international members of the PNES Task Force to ensure that all questions were understandable and relevant in different cultural and healthcare system contexts. The questionnaire used in this survey is available as additional online web content (see Appendix S1). It comprised demographic and unit information (9 multiple-choice questions [MCQs]) and summary of unit-level practice (4 MCQs for those working in units where SSM had never been used, 6 in units where it was previously, but no longer used, and 8 MCQs and 6 binary yes/no questions where SSM is still used).
| Statistical analysis Prior to analysis, we re-coded data for questions referring to institutional-level practice to account for multiple respondents from the same institution; where multiple respondents from the same institution gave different responses, we used either the maximum, minimum, or median of all responses from that institution, depending on the question (eg, for questions referring to frequency of use we took the median response, whereas for questions asking whether a certain technique is ever used, a single positive answer would outweigh other negative answers). We summarized binary data as a proportion of respondents and scale data by identifying the response median (for central tendency) and interquartile range IQR (for spread). We used Friedman's two-way ANOVA by rank to assess differences in the frequency of use of induction and cessation tests with post hoc Mann-Whitney U tests using a Bonferronicorrected α = 0.
Annotations are displayed as multi-category tags and they are sorted according to a relational database schema. However, among the different digital annotation systems proposed, hybrid approaches are the most valuable ones: indeed, they do not limit the inclusion of information to a certain type of model at the detriment of another, but rather they allow the transfer of annotations between different media, i. e. between 2D images or drawings and 3D digital models. Among them, the web-based information system NUBES  (Stefani et al. 2014 ) exploited UV mapping to automatically project annotations made on 2D textures to the 3D scene. More recently introduced, the collaborative reality-based platform Aïoli (http://aioli. cloud), leveraging photogrammetric acquisitions, allows to link annotations made on images to 3D point clouds.
e. , in terms of colour) of the photogrammetric survey. The processing of the survey data and the integration between the two systems provided a 3D model of the study object, a digital replica that was used as a reference to the construction of the information system. More in detail, the alignment of the UAV-based and ground-based acquisitions respectively was performed via the software Agisoft Metashape. At first, the camera internal and external orientation parameters of each photogram were calculated, separately processing every wall of the transept and obtaining for each side a dense point cloud. Then, the insertion of Ground-Control Points (GCPs), detected at a first approximation on the TLS referenced cloud, provided the basis for the proper scaling and georeferencing of the photogrammetric dense point clouds.
In parts assimilable to planar elements, the mesh model derived from the point cloud has been replaced with theoretical planes in order to improve precision and accuracy of the HR orthophoto. The procedure has been previously documented and suitably illustrated in  (Caroti and Piemonte 2020). The subdivision of the building elevation section in such homogeneous regions is shown in Figure  3 : red, green and blue areas highlight regions with planar development located at increasing distance from the camera location, while yellow areas indicate curved elements that have been treated separately, by making use of cylindrical projections. For the correction and matching of the generated orthophotographs, Adobe Photoshop was used as image editing software where to perform slight adjustments of eventually remaining cast shadows and/or image overlaps.
In other words, the mapping operation represents the first stage towards the definition of an information model that serves as a repository of inter-related graphic entities associated with texts, images and documentary resources. This is achieved, as previously discussed in Sections 1 and 2, thanks to the annotation mechanism; herein, visual representations are inserted in the form of 2D annotations, directly on the digital orthophotos. As for the proposed strategy, the orthophoto is imported into the free-form modelling software McNeel Rhinoceros, and it is in this environment that the annotations are performed, resorting to closed polylines or curves and associating each time the inserted data to distinct information layers. However, in contrast to current methods solely relying on the annotation of the orthophoto, the following approach aims at transferring the information from the 2D support to the 3D model, which can thus constitute an unambiguous reference for the exchange and retrieval of information and in such a way as not to limit the information to the representation in two dimensions only, which would require the use of different non-connected documents.
3D Model tiling and definition of surface information points The mesh tessellation procedure, for the identification of the SIPs, is performed via the software Meshlab, by means of a uniform resampling operation, which has been previously tested in (Angulo-Fornos and Castellano-Rom an 2020). Through this command, the mesh can be subdivided into tiles of regular dimensions, while setting a minimum size of the constructed cells. In the presented case, the cell size is set to a minimum value of 5 cm x 5 cm, considered as a limit setting below which the restoration intervention is not considered significant. The result is an orderly structured system of faces and vertices in which the model is structured (Figures  12  and 13 ). It should be noted here that this approach is tested with existing tools that automate to the maximum the simplification and decimation of the mesh vertices and faces: the resampling is indeed performed by building a uniform volumetric representation (meshlab.
In so doing, a protocol of input and output of semantic data is established that allows in both directions the graphic and quantitative control of relevant information. Regarding the handling, management, and consultation of the integrated H-BIM model, it is essential to provide a univocal data entry system. In this contribution, the formal specification of a building taxonomy has been shown explicitly only for the case of the identification of stone alteration patterns, referring to the ICOMOS illustrated glossary. However, in the perspective of a more general and extended use of the source model, the definition of an unambiguous methodology of information entry, also in terms of vocabulary and specific taxonomies  (Messaoudi et al. 2018; Roussel et al. 2019) , is a fundamental aspect that has to be deepened in view of sharing the 3D model among the different actors involved in the restoration process.
Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to  Opera Primaziale Pisana , for encouraging and supporting surveying activities of the north transept of the Pisa Cathedral. They also acknowledge the technical staff members  Andrea Bedini ,  Federico Capriuoli ,  Luca Coscarelli  and  Isabel Mart ınez-Espejo Zaragoza  for the on-site surveying activities. This research is partially funded by the  Vinci2019  Project, promoted by the  Universit e Franco-Italienne  ( UFI, Chapter II -Mobility  grants for Ph. D. thesis developed in the framework of co-tutelle agreements).
Statistical Analyses Descriptive statistics of discrete qualitative and quantitative variables were computed using the R programming language, as well as all statistical tests. Mann-Whitney tests were applied to independent variables: numbers of teeth, agenesis, microdontia, abscesses, periapical voids, fractures, cavities and five stages of tooth wear (Welch's t-test could only be applied to some levels of tooth wear, although other variables would likely follow normal distributions if more subjects were available). Unless otherwise specified, all the pvalues presented are for Mann-Whitney tests. The threshold for the significance of p-values for tests was set at 0. 05. A Factor Analysis of Mixed Data was used to describe the different periods and a Factorial Discriminant Analysis (FDA), similar to logistic regression, was used to identify dominant variables in the dataset and specify the probability of subjects being members of each period  [46].
There was no difference was found between age groups, periods, regions and sexes. Agenesis was more frequent in third molars: 18 and 28 (18 and 14%), 48 (13%) and 38 (8%), followed by incisors: 12 (1%), 22 (1%) and 42 (1%), some premolars: 34 (1%) or molars: 17 (1%). There was no difference between age groups, periods or sexes. There was more agenesis in the Indigirka than in the Vilyuy. "Periapical granulomas and radicular cysts" were more frequent in the first molars: 36 (8. 5%), 26 (7. 4%), 46 (6. 3%) and 16 (6. 3%). "Active abscesses" were found in the posterior sector: 26 (4%), 27 and 28 (3%), 38, 18, 16, and 17 (2%). Five subjects (5. 1% of the dataset), four males and one female (one anterior to 1700 AD, two between 1700-1750 AD and two between 1750-1800 AD), had an active abscess with active periosteal reactions at the time of death on a large portion of the maxillary or the mandible.
6 ). Prior to all data-capture sessions, between 20 and 30 coded ground control points were fixed on the walls of the ravine in each segment, their position recorded using a Leica manual Total Station. The resultant geospatial data was used for orthorectification and ultimate placement of the model within the sanctuary's local GIS, based on the GGRS 87 geospatial referencing system (http://epsg. io/2100). Ideally, a line of four to six targets was placed and spaced at regular intervals (about 1 m) at two to three different elevations within the ravine. In reality, the number of targets as well as their layout depended on the accessibility of the photographed walls, the length of the segment, and the overall complexity of the area. Following this setup, the digital capture process of the central ravine began.
10 ), the shutter speed's parameter was set to 1/100 s, with an aperture of f/10, at an ISO sensitivity of 1600. Obviously, this configuration doesn't reflect the parameters used in the entire photogrammetric survey. This image was taken in the early evening when lighting conditions minimized the shading of nearby architectural and vegetal elements. While that choice in the data capture stage mitigated one problem, it created another, and so it was also necessary to counterbalance this weak lighting by having a high ISO. Despite these parameters, some photos appeared overexposed and unnatural (Fig. 11 ). Thanks to the RAW format, many photographs' parameters could be adjusted to obtain more accurate rendering for each of the images taken in the field. The contrasts between the two figures demonstrates the importance of following rigorously this preparatory step before launching the calculation of the point cloud.
A wellexposed image, as the case here after the adjustment, will have a bellshaped histogram. Then the light and dark tones must be revised, in order to prevent the loss of data through the accentuation of shadow. The final correction is in terms of colorimetry. Lacking vibrancy and saturation, these parameters are relatively easily achieved in most software. The resulting image is then converted into a readable format by photogrammetry software (Fig. 13 ), and the calculation of the photogrammetric model is begun. This task was carried out throughout the project using Agisoft Photoscan Professional v 1. 5. Given the widespread use of this software for both cultural heritage documentation and active excavation  (Seguin, 2014) , and the lack of adjustments to the standard protocol during the generation of the model for the central ravine, a quick visual summary of the process using the first ravine segment will suffice (Fig.
Utilizing the photogrammetric model Following the production of the dense correlation model, several 1 Accuracy: High; Pair preselection: Disabled; Key point limit: 40,000; Tie point limit: 1000. 2 Quality: Medium; Depth filtering: Moderate. 3 Typical surface: Arbitrary; Source data: Dense Cloud; Face count: High  (2, 693, 460) ; Interpolation: Enabled; Point classes: All. 4 Mapping mode: Generic; Blending Mode: Mosaic; Texture size/count: 8192 x 1 (the higher the value, the greater the quality). discrete paths were taken in its utilization, with telling results in their short-and long-term utility. In order to generate the vector plans through which data is still most often consumed and disseminated in the discipline, orthographic images were generated by matching the ground control points in the models with the geodata from the original surveying by total station (Fig.
, 2020). It is important to note some limitations encountered in using a dense correlation photogrammetric model in terms of integration into project information systems. While the orthophotos generated were low enough resolution to be integrated as layers into AutoCAD and GIS renderings of the sanctuary's geospatial data used by mission archaeologists and architects, the model itself proved difficult to integrate into the sanctuarywide 3D reconstruction, constructed in 3ds Max. 7 On the one hand, after importation the high resolution of the ravine model nearly doubled the total number of polygons in the entire model, which in turn made the model harder to run smoothly. On the other hand, there are also mesh issues as photogrammetric models have a different topology from models made entirely in a digital environment.
Conclusion Photogrammetry by dense correlation thus was, in the case of the central ravine in the Sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace, a good choice. The goal of this paper is in no way to suggest that data capture with handheld cameras is the best method for archaeological sites and contexts. Rather, that a very high degree of accuracy may be achieved through a careful and well-thought set of protocols, achievable by archaeological and cultural heritage missions without access to more specialized equipment and with limited on-site campaigns. What had started as a project to document an under-explored feature of the Sanctuary of the Great Gods proved to have a far more profound effect on the trajectory of work well into the future. Integrating the disparate sections of retaining walls from both the Greek boulder and Roman concrete phases into a single model emphasized how truly monumental this water management project was, encouraging scholarly attention not only in terms of how the watercourse mediated movement between various ritual nodes, but also as an ancient architectural achievement unto itself.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge  Bonna Wescoat  ( Emory University , Director of American Excavations Samothrace), who oversaw the project from its beginning to this paper's final iteration. The Central Ravine project would not be possible without the support of the  Ephorate of Antiquities of Evros , the  Archaeological Park and Museum of Samothrace. Funding was provided by  Emory University , the  Institute of Fine Arts, New York University , and the  United States National Endowment for the Humanities.
Furthermore, because trait frequencies are acquired by grouping the data, we lose the individuals. With the Pella sample in question, the sample is not only small in size, but isotope values and dental morphology could only be linked via singular teeth if individuals are kept discrete. Though there are some options to explore individuals through biodistance, missing data limit those options. Gower similarity coefficient has been employed to explore biodistance, allowing for some missing data in archeological datasets  (Ricaut et al. , 2010; Stojanowski & Schillaci, 2006). Comparison of genetic data to biodistance data acquired from a Gower distance matrix showed similar results  (Stojanowski & Hubbard, 2017).
| Dental nonmetric data collection Because the Pella material was mostly represented by loose, commingled teeth, the "individuals" of this analysis become represented by a single tooth rather than an entire dental arcade. This limited the collection of dental traits to the second lower molars, the most frequent tooth used in the stable isotope study. The dental traits used in the analysis were anterior fovea (AF), groove pattern y (GP_y), cusps 5-7 (C5, C6, C7), mesial and distal trigonid crest (MDTC), and protostylid (PR). All traits except groove pattern were recorded on a degree of expression, following  Scott and Irish (2017). Groove pattern "Y" was recorded as present (1) while patterns "X" and "+" were absent (0). An additional trait, mandibular molar pit tubercle (MPT) was also recorded.
Though the trait is not currently part of ASUDAS, recent research has indicated great potential for the trait  (Marado & Silva, 2016; Weets, 2009). The trait was scored according to the protocol proposed by  Marado and Silva (2016). Traits exhibiting no variation in the data set (0% frequency for C6, C7, and MDTC) were excluded from further testing. Kendall's tau-b test indicated no strong inter-trait correlation between the remaining traits (b ≥ 0. 5). All teeth were recorded by NM to avoid inter-observer error. Intra-observer tests indicated good agreement between observation events  (Maaranen et al. , 2019). Any teeth with notable occlusal wear (greater than 3 on the Smith, 1984 scale) were not recorded for nonmetric traits.
| Statistical analysis Isotopic data were managed using isotopes data management practice recommended by the IsoArcH association for future metadata analysis  (Salesse et al. , 2018). All statistical analyses were performed using R  (R Core Team, 2000). Two methods are employed to identify non-locals: biospheric 87 Sr/ 86 Sr data and bagplot visualization of both 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and δ 18 O data from the human enamel. Individuals outside of the rodent enamel median ± 1. 5 IQR (i. e. , those with ratios below 0. 707617 or above 0. 708407) are identified as potential non-locals using 87 Sr/ 86 Sr alone. With no contemporaneous local δ 18 O values, a bagplot of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and δ 18 O values for the Pella individuals will be used as an additional tool for identifying non-locals. Bagplots are two-dimensional box plots that help visualize outliers in a dataset  (Rousseeuw et al.
The bagplot was created using the aplpack package from R  (Wolf & Bielefeld, 2019). Biodistance analysis was completed using Gower distances from the R package cluster  (Maechler et al. , 2019)  which allows for mixed data sets and missing values, an issue with most archeological material. The function also allows for missing values but only circa 30% in the investigator's experience. "Individuals" with more than 30% missing values (i. e. , teeth where too many traits could not be scored due to wear) were excluded from the analysis. The function cluster allows the investigator to distinguish variable types. Anterior fovea and cusp 5 had multiple levels, while groove pattern had been dichotomized based on the pattern "Y. " As the traits protostylid and mandibular molar pit tubercle were only recorded on the grade 1, they were typed as binary variables.
The resulting distance matrix was analyzed for morphology using partitioning around medoids (PAM). The optimal number of groups was assessed using silhouette width which measures similarity between clusters by their observations. The groups were further visualized using t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) which reduces high-dimensional data by constructing a probability distribution over pairs of high-dimensional observations and then transforming them into a similar probability distribution. This was done using the R package Rtsne (van der  Maaten & Hinton, 2008). The R code and the dataframes needed to duplicate all statistical tests and data visualization from this research are available as supporting information (Data S1-S3).