dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Other modes may have received less attention, although their impacts have been also reported. In particular, the East Atlantic (EA) and the Scandinavian (SCAND) modes have demonstrated influence on the Iberian climate  (Paredes et al 2006 , Trigo et al 2008 , Martín et al 2010 , Ramos et al 2010). However, none of these studies pays special attention to the renewable potential of Iberia and its variations according to the phase of those large-scale circulation modes, and most of them are based on either coarse or sparse databases, with the exception of Jerez et al (2013b) that also includes an analysis based on measured power generation data, although focuses only on the NAO. Hence, taking advantage from a 49-years long hindcast climate simulation with a homogeneous resolution of 10 km over the target region, the aim of this work is to deepen the understanding of the extent at which NAO, EA and SCAND determine the solar (photovoltaic) and wind power generation potential (SP and WP respectively) in the Iberian Peninsula, including the assessment of their suitability to be used as predictors.
Acknowledgments This study was supported by the  Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT)  through the project  PEST-OE/CTE/LA0019/2013-FCT. The data from the climate simulation, performed under the project  Minieólica  ( PSE. 120000. 2007. 14 )funded by the  Spanish MEC  and  FEDER , were nicely provided by the  MAR research group  from the  University of Murcia (Spain). In particular, we want to acknowledge the assistance of  Dr Juan Pedro Montávez  and  Raquel Lorente-Plazas. Last, we would like to acknowledge the feedback provided by three anonymous reviewers, which helped us to improve the quality of this letter.
Seismic record and dynamicidentification An artificial ground motion record based on Eurocode 8 (EC8,  EN 1998 EN -1:2004 ) soil type C spectrum  [CEN, 2004]  was used as horizontal input. The matching of the input record and EC8 spectra was performed analytically using commercial software(SignalStarby Data Physics). The record length was 30 s, with a frequency range of 0. 7-30 Hz. The ground motion record was scaled to apply different levels of peak ground acceleration (PGA). In general, a good matching between the input record spectrum and the table response spectrum was observed for the range of frequencies of interest at all excitation levels. For instance, Fig. 5compares  the spectra forthe "EC8" for 5% of critical damping,the "input" record, and the "AZALEE" actual response recordedonthe shaking tableat PGA=0.
35g. Natural frequencies of the structure were obtained using white noise before and after each testin the X and Y directions. For this purpose, a low intensity excitation (maximum PGA=0. 05g) containing a frequency range of 0. 5-50 Hz was used. The response recorded at each floor was then used to identify the natural frequencies of the relevantvibration modes. All data were monitored for 50 s and collected by a data acquisition system at a sampling frequency of 600 Hz.
Acknowledgements The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  [FP7/2007-2013] for access to  CEA (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique)  under grant agreement n°  227887. R eyesGarcia ( BANDIT  Project Engineer Coordinator)thankfully acknowledges the financial support provided by  CONACYT  and  DGRI-SEP,Mexico. The authors gratefully acknowledge ThierryChaudat of  CEA/EMSI laboratory  for his contribution during the early stages of the project.
Methods: We developed a six-section questionnaire that covered the drugs used, modalities of drug administration, use of sedation scales and procedural pain scales, use of written local procedures, and targeted objectives of consciousness. In November 2011, the questionnaire was sent to 1,078 intensivists identified from the French ICU Society (SRLF) database. Results: The questionnaire was returned by 195 intensivists (response rate 18. 1%), representing 135 of the 282 ICUs (47. 8%) listed in the French ICU society (SRLF) database. The analysis showed that midazolam and sufentanil are the most frequently used hypnotics and opioids, respectively, administered in continuous intravenous (IV) infusions. IV boluses of hypnotics without subsequent continuous IV infusion are used occasionally (in <25% of patients) by 65% of intensivists.
Conclusions: Despite a low individual response rate, the respondents to our survey represent almost half of the ICUs in the French SRLF database. The presence of a written local sedation procedure, a cornerstone of preventing oversedation, is reported by only half of respondents; when present, it is used in for a limited number of patients. Sedation procedures mainly rely on titration of continuous IV hypnotics, but other strategies to limit oversedation also are included in sedation procedures. French intensivists no longer consider severely altered consciousness a sedation objective for most patients.
Methods The questionnaire was developed by three senior intensivists (BDJ, FV, and GP) experienced in sedation of patients with critically illnesses (see Additional file 1). The first of the six sections of the questionnaire summarized the characteristics of the intensivists (experience in ICU, full-or part-time position, description of hospital and ICU). The following sections collected data about the drugs used (midazolam, propofol, nonhypnotic benzodiazepines, hydroxyzine, neuroleptics, opioids), the routes of administration (continuous infusion, IV bolus, enteral route), the use of a sedation scale and Bispectral index (BIS), the use of a pain scale in communicating and non-communicating patients, the use of a written local procedure, and the sedation objective in a patient with no severe respiratory failure or intracranial hypertension.
In November 2011, the survey was emailed to 1,078 intensivists (seniors or assistants, excluding residents) in university-and nonuniversity-affiliated adult ICUs across France. The intensivists were identified from the French ICU Society (SRLF) database. After 1 and 2 weeks, reminders were emailed to non-respondents. We offered no compensation for participation in the survey. The data are described as the number and percentage or as the median and interquartile range (IQR).
Results The questionnaire was returned by 195 intensivists (response rate 18. 1%), representing 135 of the 282 ICUs (47. 8%) listed in the French ICU society (SRLF) database. Table  1  reports the main characteristics of the respondents. Notably, 77% of intensivists were full-time senior intensivists, and 66% had more than 10 years experience in the care of critically ill patients. Continuous IV midazolam is used routinely (in >75% of patients) by 76% of the responding intensivists, whereas continuous IV propofol is used only occasionally (in <25% of patients) by 66% of the respondents (Figure  1 ). Sufentanil is the most frequently used continuous IV opioid, with 48% of the responding intensivists reporting routine use of this opioid (Figure  1 ). Subcutaneous morphine is used never or occasionally by 52% and 42% of the respondents, respectively.
The response rate of a recent large email survey with questionnaires sent to 6,227 gastroenterologists listed in the American College of Gastroenterology database was 9. 5%  [22]. Interestingly, the number of respondents in our survey is comparable to the 273 respondents to a survey of sedation practices over Canada in 2006 sent by postal mail to a relatively low number of critical care physicians (448), resulting in a high response rate of 60%  [23]. Of note, the 195 respondents to our survey represent almost half of the ICUs listed in the French ICU society (SRLF) database. Furthermore, the respondents in our survey represent a broad range of ICU characteristics (university and nonuniversity hospitals; medical, surgical, and mixed ICUs; large and small ICUs; and various annual ICU admission rates); additionally, the demographic pattern is similar to that of previous surveys of sedation practices in French ICUs  [24, 25].
Conclusions Despite a low individual response rate, the respondents to our survey represent almost half of the ICUs in the French SRLF database. This survey revealed that the written sedation procedure, a cornerstone for the prevention of oversedation, is present in only 50% of respondents' ICUs. Furthermore, we found that when a written sedation procedure exists, it is used in only a limited number of patients. In addition, procedural pain is frequently detected in communicating patients, but not in noncommunicating patients. The use of procedures for detecting and treating procedural pain also is limited. Educational measures are warranted to improve these findings. Our study also revealed that several alternatives to the common continuous IV hypnotic infusions, including repeated IV hypnotic boluses or the use of nonhypnotic drugs, can be judiciously included in local sedation procedures to limit oversedation.
Demographic analysis For cytb, nucleotide and haplotype diversities  (Nei 1987 ) and Ramos-Onsins & Rozas's (2002) R 2 were determined using DNASP 5. 1  (Rozas et al. 2003). The neutrality test statistics  Tajima's (1989) D and Fu's (1997)  F S were estimated in Arlequin. This software was also used for mismatch distribution analysis  (Rogers & Harpending 1992 ) to detect and date population expansions. Radiocarbon-dated and modern M. arvalis cytb sequences were analysed using the program BEAST 1. 5. 1  (Drummond & Rambaut 2007) , utilizing the 1130-bp alignment because of inclusion of aDNA sequences. For the Orkney data set, the GTR+Γ model of nucleotide substitution was selected using the Akaike information criterion. All BEAST analyses used this model, along with a strict molecular clock.
A comparison using Bayes factors selected the constant-size coalescent prior as the most appropriate demographic model. With ancient sequences in the data set, the potential for undetected sequence errors to influence the analyses was also modelled in BEAST  (Rambaut et al. 2009). All other parameters were co-estimated with the phylogeny, with samples drawn from the posterior every 1000 steps over a total of 10 million steps. The first 1 000 000 steps were discarded as burn-in. Acceptable mixing and convergence to stationarity were checked using the program TRACER 1. 4. 1  (Rambaut & Drummond 2007). For modern DNA sequences from continental European populations, we used a demographic model simulating population expansion and used Bayes factors to compare a strict molecular clock, uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock and uncorrelated exponential relaxed clock  (Drummond et al.
2006). A model of exponential growth was identified as the best-fitting demographic model using Bayes factors. Samples were drawn from the Markov chain every 10 000 steps over a total of 100 million steps, with the first 30% of sampled trees discarded as burn-in. Estimated effective sample sizes were >200. Mean mutation rate was fixed to that obtained from the tip-dated sequence analysis described above, and each lineage that was expected to exhibit unique demographic history in the target time frame was analysed separately. For the specific question of time of colonization of Orkney, we used the program IMa  (Hey & Nielsen 2007)  to estimate the splitting time between the modern Orkney sample (N = 57 for mtDNA, N = 114 for microsatellite loci) and European mainland samples from the potential area of human introduction: northern France, Belgium and nearby areas of Germany (N = 46 for mtDNA, N = 92 for microsatellite loci).
Initial runs were performed to estimate parameters, followed by three replicate runs with different random number seeds to check for consistency of results (results from the final run reported). Input data were 1143-bp cytb sequences (assuming the HKY mutation model and the mean mutation rate estimated in BEAST; priors on the range of mutation rate scalars were set one order of magnitude above and below) and 14 microsatellite loci. The inheritance scalar was set at 0. 25. Metropolis coupling was implemented using 20 chains and a geometric heating model (term 1: 0. 99; term 2: 0. 95). The burn-in period was 7 h. Upper bounds were set for prior distributions for theta, migration rate and the splitting time. The final run saved 499 469 trees per locus and ran for 705 h (50 million steps following burn-in).
Acknowledgements We dedicate this article to  Michel Pascal , our outstanding coauthor, who died on 5 January 2013, and to  Anne Brundle , who gave us access to much archaeological material and who died in 2012. We acknowledge receipt of a  Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship  (to N. M. ), support from the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (projects  31003A-127377 ,  3100A0-112072  and  3100-126074 ) to L. E. and G. H. , funding from SYN-THESYS2 made available by the  European Community Research Infrastructure  under  FP7  (' Synthesis of Systematic Resources ',  226506-CP-CSA-Infra ) to S. B. , a  Wellcome Trust   University award  to K. M. D. (GR071037) and overarching funding from the  Arts and Humanities Research Council  (project grant  119396 ). We thank  V. Bretille ,  A. Frantz ,  M.
Data accessibility The DNA sequences have been deposited in GenBank (GU190383-GU190665). The TreeBASE entry for the phylogenetic tree of cytb sequences shown in Fig. 2 , the microsatellite genotypes, the input file for the IMa analysis, the modern and ancient cytb sequences, and the morphological coordinates collected from 2D images of skulls are all available through DRYAD: doi:10. 5061/dryad. 9rf5m.
1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7. 2) and postfixed by incubation for 1 h with 2% osmium tetroxide (Electron Microscopy Science, Hatfield, PA, USA). Liver tissue was then dehydrated by immersion in a graded series of ethanol solutions, cleared in propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon resin (Sigma), which was allowed to polymerize for 48 h at 60°C. Epon blocks were resized for the cutting of a thin ribbon of serial ultrathin sections (70 nm thick) of liver tissue. This ribbon was placed on EM grids, stained with 1% uranyl acetate and observed with a Jeol 1011 electron microscope (Tokyo, Japan). Electron micrographs were collected with a Gatan digital camera driven by Digital Micrograph software (Gatan, Plesanton, CA, USA) making it possible to visualize the same region of tissue in each of the series of sections.
Training and Data Collection All surveyors and supervisors were recruited locally and received a theoretical and practical training. Training consisted of survey and interview methodology and a pilot implementation of the questionnaire. Teams conducted face-to-face interviews after consent. Survey teams asked for the help of neighbours to trace absentees and revisit empty (but not abandoned) households later in the day. If during the second visit the occupants could not be found or if they refused to participate, that household was skipped. A standardized pre-piloted questionnaire was used to collect the following information: demographic data (age, sex, and household size), vaccination status (card-confirmed and orally reported), reasons for non-vaccination (open question), and acceptability data (adverse events, taste and beliefs about the vaccine).
Surveillance of Adverse Events following Immunization Surveillance of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) was implemented at vaccination sites, health centres and health posts in the target areas. An AEFI was defined as a medical occurrence detected by the vaccination site supervisor or a physician with an onset up to 14 days after receipt of a dose of vaccine. During the awareness campaign and at the time of vaccination, participants were told to report to a vaccination site or a health centre if they felt ill after receiving the vaccine. The following data were collected using a standardized form: age, sex, pregnancy, history of allergies, vaccination date, consultation date, date of onset of the symptoms, type of symptoms, and clinical outcome (recovery, transfer or death).
Data Entry and Analysis Our main outcome was the OCV coverage (single dose and full course) in each of the target locations. Vaccine coverage was calculated dividing the number of individuals reporting being vaccinated by the survey population and expressed as a percentage. Vaccination coverage estimates include both cardconfirmed and oral reporting. Secondary outcomes included vaccine coverage by age group, sex and reasons for nonvaccination. Crude vaccination coverage estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were obtained considering the survey design. The design effect was calculated to estimate the loss of precision due to the cluster based sampling strategy. Sampling weights were calculated to account for differences in the cluster size. Data entry was performed using EpiData 3.
Inaccuracies in the population data could have caused some imbalances in the allocations of clusters; as described, we tried to avoid this problem using spatial sampling in Kaback. An additional limitation concerns the use of a quantitative approach to explore campaign acceptability. Although reasons for non-vaccination were specifically collected using an open question, we cannot exclude the possibility that the population may not have understood certain awareness and education messages. A qualitative assessment would aid in understanding better reasons for non-vaccination, elucidate possible solutions and provide a better understanding of the perception of the vaccination campaigns by the population. There are few examples where OCVs have been used as public health tools. Dukoral was used pre-emptively in refugee camps in Uganda and Darfur  [21, 22]  and in endemic areas (Zanzibar and  Mozambique)  [23, 24].
With respect to the proportion of vaccinees vomiting or spitting out the vaccine after intake, we found a higher percentage than previously documented with Dukoral (no data available for Shanchol)  [23]. For administration of Dukoral, the vaccine has to be diluted in water containing a buffer solution. Although administration with water is not necessary for Shanchol, we offered water after vaccine intake. Most vaccinated individuals did not like the taste of the vaccine and offering water may have contributed to fewer incomplete vaccine courses. Additional information should be collected in future campaigns using Shanchol, considering that providing water considerably increased the logistic complexity of the campaign. In order to facilitate the use of OCV as an additional tool, WHO and partners are in the process of creating a vaccine stockpile dedicated to outbreak response  [30].
Acknowledgments We wish to thank the residents of  Guinea Conakry  for their support and participation in the conduct of this survey. We would like to thank the  Division of Diseases Prevention and Control of the Ministry of Health of Guinea, Africhol , and all the District Health and Medical Officers involved in the survey for their support. We are also greatly indebted to the  Head of Missions, Charles Gaudry  and the emergency coordinators, the logisticians and the administrative staff of  MSF-OCG  for their patient and enthusiastic support of this study. We also thank the survey teams and the MSF teams in Boffa and Forecariah, especially to the research assistant  Dr. Abubacar  and  Dr. Toure. Dr. Pedro Pablo Palma  provided his comments and insight into this project and we want to thank him for his continuing support.
We consider events with two high-transverse-momentum jets in the final state. We identify "subjets" inside jets using recent developments in the area of jet substructure  [12]. Pairs of subjets are used to explicitly reconstruct W or Z bosons, therefore substantially suppressing backgrounds from quantum chromodynamics (QCD) interactions. This search follows closely the procedures of the corresponding dijet search  [10] , performed in the same dataset, but with strongly reduced QCD background because of the W/Z-tagging. We consider three benchmark scenarios that would produce singly or doubly tagged events: an excited quark q *  [4]  decaying into a quark and a W or Z boson; a Randall-Sundrum (RS) graviton G RS  [13]  decaying to WW or ZZ; and a heavy partner of the SM W boson W which decays to WZ  [8].
Two subjets are obtained by undoing the last clustering iteration of the pruned jet clustering. The ratio of masses of the highest mass subjet (m 1 ) and the total pruned jet mass is defined as the mass drop m 1 m jet. To discriminate against QCD jets, the mass drop is required to satisfy m 1 m jet < 0. 25. These criteria are designed to select W and Z candidates in which the subjets are similar in energy and mass. Comparisons of the dijet invariant mass distributions for untagged, single-tagged, and doubletagged event samples are shown in Fig. 1. The data are shown as solid points and the PYTHIA 6 and HERWIG++ simulations are shown as solid red and dashed blue curves, respectively. The simulations are normalized to the number of data events in each category and the shapes are compared; the agreement of the normalization driven by the W/Z-tagging efficiency is discussed in the next section.
This effect is taken into account in the estimate of the systematic uncertainties on the tagging efficiency, as described below. The acceptance, defined as the product of signal branching fraction into dijet final states B(W/Z → jets) times angular acceptance (|η| < 2. 5, |∆η| < 1. 3), is shown in Fig. 3  for the singly (doubly) tagged data analysis is shown in the dijet invariant mass range up to 2 TeV (3 TeV). The fraction of events that produce dijet events, which have survived the kinematic selection, is between 26% and 47%. This fraction includes also the branching fraction of W/Z decaying into objects which are reconstructed as jets. The different behaviour of the acceptance for W and G RS at low dijet masses is due to different angular distributions generated by PYTHIA 6 and HERWIG++.
Results Figure  7  shows the 95% CL cross section upper limits derived from the single and double W/Ztagged event samples. The predicted cross sections as a function of resonance mass for the considered benchmark models are overlaid. A 95% CL lower limit is set on the mass of excited quark resonances decaying into qW (qZ) at 2. 38 TeV (2. 15 TeV), whereas a limit of 2. 43 TeV (2. 07 TeV) is expected. These are the most stringent limits in the qW and qZ final states to date. The sensitivity of our measurement with the present dataset is not sufficient to extract substantive mass limits on the G RS with k/M Pl = 0. 1 nor the heavy SM-like W boson, but the cross section limits are the most stringent in the fully hadronic final state to date. Comparing to the cross section limits on G RS decays to ZZ in the corresponding semileptonic final states  [20] [21] [22] , this analysis sets a stronger cross section limit above a G RS mass of roughly 1.
Parameter estimation impact on ensemble forecast skill In this section, the effect of parameter estimation on forecast skill is quantified following the framework of the simple twin experiments presented so far. Several experiments were performed using the SPEEDY model to generate 15-day ensemble forecasts with 20 members. The forecast experiments started on February 1 st and ended on March 31 th of the same year. Temporally fixed true parameters were used in these experiments. Here, four different experiments using different initial conditions and parameters will be presented: Perfect model (PM): Perfect parameter values are used for the forecasts. The initial conditions are obtained from the data assimilation experiment that uses the perfect parameter values.
Imperfect model (IM): The imperfect parameter values shown in Table  1  are used for the forecasts. The initial conditions are obtained from the data assimilation experiment that uses the imperfect parameter values without parameter estimation. Imperfect initial conditions with perfect model in the forecasts (IICPM): The analyses resulting from imperfect parameter values (same as IM) are used as the initial conditions. The forecasts are produced with the perfect model.