dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Binary Categorization and Meta-Analysis The studied variables (SDS and iAUC of glycemic, insulinemic, RaE, RdE, RaT, and RdT responses) were categorized according to a binary classification scheme, and were considered to be qualitative variables for the purposes of the meta-analysis. The key variables to assess (related to RaE and RdE in the blood) in the two studied groups (extruded cereals and biscuits: low-and high-SDS, respectively) were categorized. A median split procedure was used to convert the continuous variables into categorical variables. This method is not affected by outliers, and enables the creation of equally sized groups. The statistical analyses were performed using MIX 2. 0 Pro (Professional software for meta-analysis in Excel. Version 2. 0. 1. 4. BiostatXL, 2011), a professional software program for performing meta-analyses.
Modeling the Relationship between the SDS Content of Products and RaE Kinetics This analysis was performed to determine the contribution of the SDS content to RaE kinetics across the postprandial period, using continuous data. The SDS contribution was calculated by dividing the iAUC value for each 30 min period by the iAUC value over the whole postprandial period for each study. Based on these data, a PLS analysis was performed using Jump 10. 0 software (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA) to determine the contribution of SDS content and time to RaE, and to describe their interaction and quadratic terms (time × SDS and time 2 ). The quadratic term SDS 2 was not retained, as its variable importance in projection (VIP) was under the set limit (i. e. , lower than 0. 8). A prediction profiler was built with Excel software (version 2010) (Microsoft, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) using the prediction formula obtained from the model that was developed based on the PLS analysis.
Association Rules The association rules between the glycemic and insulinemic responses were evaluated using the Apriori algorithm. The Apriori algorithm has been widely used for frequent item set mining and association rule learning in databases  [36]. The Apriori algorithm aims to generate the desired rules from large item sets. In our case, the association rule learning also included binary categorization of the variables, using the median of the data from each individual study and from the three studies combined. The significance of the association rules was assessed using the "lift" value, which indicates the importance of a rule. The lift value is a measure of how much the rule deviates from a model in which the rule body and rule head (left and right items) are statistically independent.
The EOGs recordings aimed at analyzing the responses to 2MB2 alone or in the presence of 2MP2 (its best metabolic challenger) or EA (a non-metabolic challenger) at different concentrations and ratios. EOGs were simultaneously sampled from turbinates I to III; the latter did not show spatial differential sensitivity to the stimuli. Thus, the data were pulled and averaged for each preparation (hemi-head) and stimulus, regardless of the recording site. Overall, stimuli evoked robust EOGs ranking from 0. 1 to 8. 7 mV. For 2MB2 and 2MP2 (singly or in mixtures), the superimposed recordings evidence that EOG amplitudes increase with the stimulus concentrations (Fig. 4A ). By contrast, for EA and 2MB2 (singly or in mixtures), EOG amplitudes are not directly accountable to the stimulus concentrations (Fig.
The reversed phase HPLC of glutathione-2MB2 conjugates analysis was performed on a Hypersil ® GOLD C18 analytical col- umn (150 mm, 2. 1 mm; 3 μm particle size; ThermoScientific, France) using a multistep gradient with (A) 0. 1% TFA in MS grade water and (B) 0. 1% TFA in MS grade methanol as mobile phase. Gradient elution began at 99. 5% (A) and 0. 5% (B). It was kept constant for 6 min, increased to reach 60% (A) and 40% (B) at 9 min, kept constant for 3 min and then reduced to reach 99. 5% (A) and 0. 5% (B) at 15 min during 5 min. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 0. 6 ml/min during the 20 min analysis time and the injection volume was 5 µl of samples. Data processing was carried out with Chromeleon 7. 2 software (Dionex, France) and peak area corresponding to glutathione-2MB2 conjugate was integrated.
Recordings were carried out on turbinates because, first, the latter longer resist to drying than septal mucosa and second, robust responses to 2MB2 have previously been described here in newborn rabbits  48. The preparation was placed within water moist cotton in order to maintain a moistened environment during each entire recording session; in these conditions, turbinates kept a good aspect and reactivity upon several hours. EOG recordings were performed simultaneously in the three zones using homemade silver wire electrodes ended with a silver ball plated with AgCl. The electrodes diameter was about 500-700 µm. Electrodes were gently placed at the surface of the mucosa using micromanipulators. Recording visualization and acquisition was made on line using homemade Neurolabscope© software.
Acknowledgements We thank  Catherine Potin  and  Sarah Pierrard  for providing technical and scientific assistance. We also thank  Valérie Saint-Giorgio ,  Nicolas Malaty ,  Florent Costilhes , and the staff of the  Centre de Zootechnie from Dijon  for helpful cooperation in this study. This work was supported by grants from  The Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-05-PNRA-1. E7-Aromalim );  FEDER grant  (fonds européen de développement régional);  Regional Council of Burgundy  grant (plan d'actions régional pour l'innovation); The  Ministry of Higher education and Research  (to A. R-H. );The  National Institute of Agronomy fellowships  (to H. I. H. ).
In silico analyses The expressed sequence tag (EST) sequence of Sj-riok-2 (GenBank accession no. AY814262. 1) was obtained by using the BlastN algorithm (https://blast. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/Blast. cgi). The cDNA sequence that mapped to the gene in the draft genome was obtained from the S. japonicum genome of WormBase ParaSite (http://parasite. wormbase. org/ftp. html). Exon-intron boundaries in genomic sequences were determined by blast analyses using cDNA sequences as probes. The Sj-RIOK-2 protein sequence was aligned with orthologs of selected species by employing PROSITE  [50]  (www. expasy. ch/tools/ scnpsit1. html), Pfam  [51]  (www. sanger. ac. uk/Software/ Pfam/), and Clustal Omega alignment of European Bioinformatics Institute (www. ebi. ac. uk/Tools/msa/clustalo/). Functional domains and sub-domains were identified based on the protein alignment.
The amino acid sequences of 14 orthologs were retrieved from the GenBank database for further phylogenetic analysis, which was performed by using the MEGA 5 neighbor joining (NJ) method  [52]. The species selected were nine invertebrates including Brugia malayi (CRZ23003. 1), Clonorchis sinensis (GAA29846. 2), Caenorhabditis elegans (CAC70109. 2), Drosophila melanogaster (NP_651365. 1), Haemonchus contorts (ADW27445. 1), Loa loa (EFO24525. 1), Schistosoma haematobium (XP_012792720. 1), S. mansoni (CCD79377. 1), Strongyloides ratti (CEF64700. 1) and four vertebrates including Danio rerio (NP_998719. 2), Homo sapiens (NP_060813. 2), Mus musculus (NP_080210. 1), Xenopus tropicalis (NP_001016682. 1), and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (KZV08416. 1). Confidence limits were assessed by bootstrapping using 1000 pseudo-replicates for NJ, and other settings were obtained using the default values in MEGA v.
For verification of the entire putative open reading frame (ORF), two additional primers Sjriok2-ORF-F and Sjriok2-ORF-R (Additional file 1: Table  S1 ) were designed based on the reconstructed full-length sequence. The amplification conditions for the PCR following the reverse-transcription reaction (Prime-Script 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit) were as follows: 94 °C for 3 min followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 60 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 2 min, with a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR product was cloned into pMD19-T (Takara Biotechnology, Dalian, China) and then sequenced to confirm the integrity of the fulllength sequence. The full Sj-riok-2 cDNA sequence was deposited in GenBank with the accession no. KY884990.
Quantitative real time PCR Total RNA was isolated from cercariae, skin and lungstage schistosomula, hepato-portal worms, adult female and adult male worms as well as eggs. The cDNAs were produced by RNA reverse transcription following Prime-Script™ RT Reagent Kit with the gDNA Eraser procedure (Takara, Dalian, China) and used as templates for PCR amplification using the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Takara, Dalian, China) and the ABI 7500 detection system (Applied Biosystems, USA). β-tubulin was used as an internal standard control (GenBank: AY220457. 2)  [53, 54]. Two pairs of primers were designed to Sj-riok-2 (riok2-F and riok2-R), Sj-plk-1 (plk1-F and plk1-R) and Sj-β-tubulin (β-Tubulin-F and β-Tubulin-R), respectively (Additional file 1: Table  S1 ). Reactions (10 μl) were repeated in triplicate under the following conditions: 50 °C for 2 min, followed by 95 °C for 30 s, then 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, 58 °C for 15 s, and 72 °C for 20 s, followed by a final 10 min elongation step at 72 °C.
Results Cloning and sequence analysis suggest that Sj-riok-2 is a member of the RIO-kinase family The cDNA of Sj-riok-2 (GenBank: KY884990) is 2164 bp long, containing a 1476 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes 491 amino acids, a 344 bp 5′-UTR, and a 344 bp 3′-UTR including the poly-A tail preceded by a non-canonical poly-adenylation signal (ATTAAA) 40 bp upstream. The genomic DNA of Sj-riok-2 is more than 11,082 bp in length, and is composed of 7 exons varying from 69 bp to 350 bp in length and 6 introns varying from 36 bp to 4751 bp in length (Fig. 1 ). All exon-intron junctions follow the GT-AG rule. In silico analyses showed that the Sj-RIOK-2 has high sequence identity to other RIOK-2 orthologs from S. mansoni (76%), S. haematobium (70%), C. elegans (66%), H. sapiens (52%) and D.
Data This analysis used data from two European projects: Euro-Peristat and Effective Perinatal Intensive Care in Europe (EPICE). The Euro-Peristat project aims to monitor perinatal health in European countries using standardised indicators computed from routinely collected population-based data. It has produced two reports on the health and care of pregnant women and babies in Europe based on 2004 and 2010 data  (16). In 2010, 29 countries participated in Euro-Peristat. Data on average birthweights by sex, and standard deviations, were collected for live births at 40 weeks of gestation. Gestational age (GA) was defined as the best obstetric estimate using the last menstrual period and ultrasound measures, and the data were requested in completed weeks. Most European countries used firsttrimester ultrasounds for pregnancy dating in 2010.
The EPICE project aims to assess the use of evidencebased medicine for the care of very preterm infants  (17). In 2011-2012, a geographically defined cohort of VPT stillbirths and live births from 22 + 0 weeks to 31 + 6 weeks of gestation was established in 19 European regions in 11 countries: Belgium (Flanders); Denmark (the Eastern Region); Estonia (entire country); France (Burgundy, Ile-de-France and the Northern regions), Germany (Hesse and Saarland); Italy (Emilia-Romagna, Lazio and Marche regions); the Netherlands (Central and Eastern regions); Poland (Wielkopolska); Portugal (Lisbon and Northern regions); Sweden (Stockholm County) and the UK (East Midlands, Northern and Yorkshire and Humber regions). Data were collected prospectively on births between April 2011 and September 2012 over a 12-month period in 10 countries and six months in France.
FUNDING STATEMENTS The research leading to these results received funding from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013  under grant agreement  n°259882 ). The  Euro-Peristat  project received funding from the  European Union  in the framework of the  Health Programme  (grant numbers  20101301  and  664691 ). Additional funding for the  EPICE  project is acknowledge from the following regions: France ( French Institute of Public Health Research/Institute of Public Health  and its partners the  French Health Ministry , the  National Institute of Health and Medical Research , the  National Institute of Cancer  and the  National Solidarity Fund for Autonomy ; grant  ANR-11-EQPX-0038  from the  National Research Agency  through the  French Equipex Program of Investments  in the Future; and the  PremUp Foundation) ; Poland (2012-2015 allocation of funds for international projects from the  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education); Sweden [Stockholm County Council  ( ALF-project and Clinical Research Appointment ) and by the  Department of Neonatal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital ], and by the  Department of Neonatal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital ), AKEB supported by a grant from the  Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare  (grant no  2010-0643 ); UK (funding for  The Neonatal Survey from Neonatal Networks  for  East Midlands  and  Yorkshire & Humber  regions).
We estimated conservatively that a sample size of approximately 1000 patients/arm would be required to demonstrate a significant mortality effect, assuming an additional 1000 kcal/d would be associated with an approximately 29% relative risk reduction of mortality. (This was based on our pre-existing international nutrition survey data  [9]. ) Prior to implementation of a large-scale definitive trial, we felt a multicenter pilot trial to evaluate the feasibility of a full trial was needed. The primary aim of the pilot trial reported herein was to ensure a clinically significant difference in calorie/protein intake (approximately 30% difference; or 600-1000 kcal/day and 20-30 g protein/day) between the two intervention groups was achievable. We also evaluated the feasibility of performing functional endpoints research in the ICU setting.
Methods This was an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, controlled, pilot clinical study (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT01206166). This trial was conducted between June 1, 2011, and January 20, 2015, in 11 ICUs in Canada, the United States, Belgium, and France. Local jurisdictional approval and institutional research ethics board approval was secured at each site, as described in declarations section below. Written informed consent was obtained from patients, family members, or their legal representatives before enrollment. Eligible patients were randomized within 72 hours of admission to the ICU. A centralized web-based randomization system at the Clinical Evaluation Research Unit (CERU) at Kingston General Hospital was used to randomly allocate patients to study groups. Randomization was stratified by site, presence of medical or surgical admission diagnosis, EN started before randomization, and BMI (<25 or >35).
Outcomes The primary dual outcome for this pilot trial was to achieve an increased calorie and protein delivery (by approximately 30%) in the SPN + EN group versus EN alone. We also analyzed calorie and protein delivery in patients with BMIs <25/>35 and in surgical ICU patients versus medical ICU patients, as our previous data indicated surgical ICU patients were more poorly fed than other ICU groups  [15]. Secondary outcomes included testing the feasibility of implementing the SPN intervention, quality measures regarding protocol adherence, and success in intervention delivery. Additional outcomes included ICU, hospital, and 6-month mortality; development of infectious complications; and duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and hospital stay. In addition, functional indices were assessed, including admission and discharge Barthel Index, handgrip strength, and 6-minute walk test at discharge.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank  Michael Plisco ,  Grant Bochiccio ,  Daniel Stollery ,  Bob Martindale , and  Rekha Lakshmanan  for their assistance in enrolling patients. In addition, we want to thank  Stéphane Hecketsweiler ,  Denise Hinds ,  Patrica Thompson ,  Nadia Baig ,  Elizabeth Luzier ,  Angela Almagro ,  Luke Herren ,  Janice Drake ,  Chinedu Njoku ,  Thomas Wojda ,  Dominique Durand ,  Véronique Baudewyns ,  Pierre Léonard ,  Catherine Krause ,  Catherine Hubert ,  Corinne Merrill ,  Carie Kennedy ,  Jennifer Barchard ,  Charlie Borzy ,  Cathy Alberda ,  Miranda Wong ,  Adela Delgado ,  Michelle Booth ,  Beth Taylor , and  Gail Cresci  for their assistance in conducting this study. We would also like to thank  Stephen O'Keefe  (Chair),  Lauren Griffith , and  Stanley J.
Methods used to compile tables To collect information about recommendations for total fibre intake in Europe, and recommendations for specific fibre intakes throughout the world, a search was performed using Google and Google Scholar. Search terms were: fibre, fiber, carbohydrate, nutrient, nutrition, recommendation, and dietary reference value. Additional information was collected through personal contacts to various authorities. An exhaustive list of health claims related to dietary fibre permitted in the EU, in the USA and in Australia/New Zealand was constructed based on data found on the EC website  (29)  and on the Food and Drug Administration website  (30)  and in Food Standards Australia New Zealand  (31). AFSSA (2002)  (3)  Psyllium husk AFSSA (2008)  (96)  Resistant starch RS3 AFSSA (2003, 2005)  (97, 98)  Guar gum AFSSA (2002, 2009)  (99, 100)  Soluble oat fibre AFSSA (2007)  (101)  Polydextrose AFSSA (2002, 2003)  (102, 103)  , ANSES (2011)  (104)  EFSA (Europe) Hydrocolloids (i.
It was intended to record dietary fibre assessment method, but so few studies mentioned this that it was omitted, and it was assumed that all studies except those from the UK used the AOAC or Prosky method. For the UK studies, dietary fibre was reported as NSP and hence RO, RS and lignin are not included. Studies from Ireland used either NSP or had figures for both methods. Results were taken as presented in the publications obtained and no attempt was made to obtain raw data. Those studies and surveys for which information on sources of dietary fibre were provided were additionally tabulated to document these sources. Data were separated for adults of all ages and children of all ages. For each study, country, year of assessment, the groups being studied, age, sex, number of participants, reference and year of publication were recorded as Dietary fibre in Europe before.
Nutrition Research Reviews Dietary fibre in Europe relationships between the chemical and physical characteristics of dietary fibre types and their physiological properties to be able to explain their effects on disease risk. In other words, the mechanistic links between the chemistry and physical nature of fibre and the subsequent impacts on health remain underexplored and there is a great need to fill these gaps in our understanding. There is also a need for adequate characterisation (qualitative and quantitative) in food composition databases of all fibre sources used in nutrition research. This would allow correct estimates of fibre intakes, so recommendations about types of fibre to consume could be based on much firmer evidence than is currently possible. Throughout Europe the recommendation for total fibre intake is about 3-4 g/MJ per d, corresponding to 25-32 g/d for adult women and 30-35 g/d for adult men, and less for children and elderly depending on age.
Acknowledgements The present review was conducted by an expert group of the European branch of the  International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI Europe). This publication was coordinated by L. v. L. , Scientific Project Manager at  ILSI Europe. The expert group or their institute received funding from the  ILSI Europe Nutrient Intake Optimisation Task Force. Industry members of this task force are listed on the ILSI Europe website (www. ilsi. eu). For further information about ILSI Europe, please email info@ilsieurope. beor call  +32 2 771 00 14. The opinions expressed herein and the conclusions of this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ILSI Europe or those of its member companies. All authors commented on the final manuscript but each section had a main author who wrote the first draft, as follows: M.
Participants and Design The children included in this study were between 6 and 11 years old, attended an elementary school, and had no food allergies. They were recruited from a population registered in the Chemosens Platform's PanelSens database. This database complies with national data protection rules and has been vetted by the appropriate authority (Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés -CNIL -no. 1148039). Children with obesity were specifically recruited from pediatric weight care consultations at the Dijon public hospital. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethical committee (Comité pour la Protection des Personnes EST-1 Burgundy, file number: 2015-A01547-42). Written informed consent was obtained from parents before their child's participation in the study.
Food choice intention Task This task was presented as a computer game in which 30 pairs of food pictures (fruit vs. fatty-sweet food pictures) successively appeared on the computer screen. The task included a familiarization phase during which children performed three training trials. One picture appeared on the left side of the screen and another on the right simultaneously. Children had to choose "what they most wanted to eat at this moment" by selecting the appropriate food picture. They answered by pressing an identified key on the left or right side of the keyboard. For each pair of test pictures, the answer (coded 0 if the fatty-sweet food was chosen; 1 if the fruit was chosen) and the reaction time (ms) were recorded. Pictures used for this task came from the Full4Health standardized food images database  (26).
Weight (kilograms) was measured with the child wearing light clothes and no shoes to the nearest 0. 1 kg using a digital scale (Soehnle, Benfeld, Germany); height (centimeters) was measured to the nearest 0. 1 cm with the child in a standing position without shoes using a stadiometer (Seca Leicester, Birmingham, UK). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and transformed into age-and sex-standardized z-scores (z-BMI) based on the French reference data  (27). Children were considered obese if z-BMI ≥2.
research  (22). The olfactory condition effect, the weight status effect and the nature of the food choices effect as well as all their interactions on reaction speed were tested. A generalized linear model with a normal distribution was applied to the reaction speed. In these two models, the child effect was considered as random, and these models were adjusted for sex and age of the children and for the order of presentation of the primes. These models were estimated with the SAS GLIMMIX procedure from the SAS software version 9. 3 (SAS Institute, Inc. , 2012 SAS ® 9. 3. , Cary, NC, USA). Significance was set at P = 0. 05. When no precision is given, the results are expressed as the means ± SD.
resUlTs sample Seventy-five children took part in the experiment. One participant had cold and asked to blow his or her nose during the experimental session. These data were removed from the analyses. Data from the debriefing questionnaire showed that the children were not aware of the actual goal of the study (i. e. , to study the effect of olfactory priming on food choices) and that none of them had noticed the presence of an odor on the microphone foam. Consequently, none of the participants were excluded on this basis. Thus, analyses were run on a sample of 74 children; 45 of whom were normal weight, and 29 were obese with similar characteristics in terms of age and sex (Table  2 ).