dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Thus we use the 150 GHz data in the following analysis. If we were to detect a rotation signal, then we would look for the same signal at 95 GHz to test whether it has the correct wavelength dependence for Faraday rotation. The polarization rotation effect modifies the pattern of the CMB polarization map and leads to mixing of E and B modes. Since E modes at last scattering are much brighter than the B mode, this effect is mostly characterized by leakage from E to B modes. The rotation-induced B mode is proportional to αE, so the rotation angle may be measured from the correlation of E and B modes. Because temperature is correlated with E modes, the rotation angle may also be measured from temperature-B correlation. These effects are the same for any sources of the rotation. Using EB and/or temperature-B correlations, the uniform polarization rotation angle has been constrained by several groups including WMAP  [18] , BICEP1  [19] , and Planck  [20]  (see also Refs.
VI. DISCUSSION The BK14 data have been extensively searched for possible systematics in previous publications in the power spectrum and lensing trispectrum. To further test potential systematic contamination in the measured rotation spectrum, we perform rotation reconstruction on differenced ("jackknife") maps and check whether they are consistent with null (see Ref. [45]  for the details of the jackknife maps). Table  I  shows the χ 2 PTE for these jackknife tests. The jackknife spectra show no evidence of spurious signals. Galactic dust contamination affects the rotation spectrum measurement by producing an additional disconnected bias and trispectrum induced by dust non-Gaussianity. While a thorough estimation of these two effects requires a reliable non-Gaussian dust simulation, the following evidence demonstrates that our rotation spectrum measurement is not significantly affected by Galactic dust: • We estimate the rotation spectrum by repeating the simulations with no dust and show that the change of the spectrum is negligible compared to the statistical uncertainties.
Acknowledgments The  Keck Array  project has been made possible through support from the  National Science Foundation  under Grants  ANT-1145172  (Harvard),  ANT-1145143  (Minnesota) &  ANT-1145248  (Stanford), and from the  Keck Foundation (Caltech). The development of antenna-coupled detector technology was supported by the  JPL Research and Technology Development Fund  and Grants No. 06-ARPA206-0040  and  10-SAT10-0017  from the  NASA APRA  and SAT programs. The development and testing of focal planes were supported by the  Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation at Caltech. Readout electronics were supported by a  Canada Foundation for Innovation  grant to UBC. The computations in this paper were run on the Odyssey cluster supported by the  FAS Science Division Research Computing Group at Harvard University.
50±0. 05 cm -1 and 0. 40±0. 05 cm -1. For a number of Q(N ), R(N ) and P(N ) lines observed both in BESSY and VUV-FT spectra, the statistical mean values of the product An N was derived and compared. From these comparisons the relative populations of the n N ground state levels were derived adopting theoretical values for the Einstein coefficients A, which were found to agree with the values from BESSY spectra, and assuming a Boltzmann partition for n N. This procedure allows for deducing line intensities from the FT-spectra with an uncertainty estimated to be at least 30%. Large sets of data have been recorded in both experiments which are complementary to each other. The FT-VUV experiment provides a much higher resolution due to the Fourier-transform technique, but the sensitivity is not as high in view of the fact that (i) the measurements are not background free, and (ii) the continuum exhibits a periodic noise character associated with the Fourier-transforms produced from the measured interferograms.
The central peak has Γ < 0. 3 cm -1. The fine structure appears resolved in the FT spectrum but coalesces into an (apparently) broad peak in the NIM spectrum. This part of the spectrum also illustrates that the ionization channel is much stronger than the dissociation channel, which is a general trend found in the present study. The data will be presented in different sections following, each focusing on one of the states of rotational quantum number N. Information from R(N -1) and P(N + 1) lines, probing the same excited levels N , will be connected in the analysis. Assignments of the lines are based on the theoretical framework of MQDT, presented in the next section, and on combination differences ∆ N ,N +2 in the ground states that probe the same excited level N = N +1. The combination differences, ∆ 0,2 = 179.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  N. de Oliveira  and  D. Joyeux  for their help in the data acquisition at SOLEIL and  L. Nahon  for his constant support. We are also indebted to the general staff of  Synchrotron SOLEIL  for their support on the DESIRS beamline. We acknowledge the  Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin -Electron storage ring BESSY II - for providing synchrotron radiation at the beamline  U125/2-10m-NIM. In particular we would like to thank  G. Reichardt  and  A. Balzer  for their assistance with the experiments at Berlin. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement No. 226716. CJ thanks the  Miescher Foundation (Basel, Switzerland)  for partial support. WU acknowledges the  European Research Council  for an  ERC-Advanced  grant under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant agreement No  670168 ).
" Thus, I have selected five other insurers of which four are for-profit insurance groups-Axa, Aviva, Allianz, and Generali-and one is an organization with an intermediate status, Groupama-Gan. This organization has the particularity of starting as a traditional mutual that merged with a for-profit insurer in 1998 and was en route to becoming public at the time of the data collection. Taken together, with the exception of LMDM, these cases represent the main insurance companies operating in the property and 1 casualty segment within the insurance sector in France (Classement des entreprises, November 18, 2011). DATA COLLECTION I collected data in three distinct phases. During an exploratory stage (2008-9), I collected a combination of archival, observation and interview data at one of these mutuals.
This allowed me a preview of the field from within, to understand the issues this type of organization could be confronted with, and gain insights into the culture and debates occurring in the field. In particular, it confirmed the existence of internal tensions relative to the articulation of social and economic goals but it also suggested that the situation was more complex than that. This mutual should not be relegated to a middle ground between non-profit and forprofit, because it developed its own, fit-for-purpose  (Donnelly-Cox, 2015: 38) , business model, possibly sustained by its own logic(s). During a second stage (2011-12), I gathered archival data about the fields of insurance and mutualism in France and Europe. Data collected during this phase included annual reports of insurance companies, reports and documents produced by professional associations in the field at the French and European levels (FFSA, GEMA, AMICE, IFA), a large survey on the insurance market in France from an independent research firm (Xerfi), research articles, essays, magazine and journal articles, law texts and governmental reports at the French and European level as well as published interviews and conference proceedings of protagonists in the field (for-profit insurers and mutuals, legislators).
This second stage allowed me to acquire in-depth knowledge of the field. It helped me select the cases on which to base my analysis and proved a central source of information regarding the legitimacy issues experienced by mutuals. During a third stage (2012), I collected the data relative to the 11 cases selected. The collection consisted of thorough, iterative reading of the texts and figures displayed on the insurers' corporate websites, the significant elements of which were simultaneously reported in large tables. Websites were the ideal source of data for the purposes of this study as they are "an intentional act of communication that signifies an organization in its multiple facets to its multiple publics"  (Esrock & Leichty, 2000: 329-30). Specifically, beyond legal, economic and governance-related information, corporate websites give insights into the organization's identity and stated mission  (Biloslavo & Trnavčevič, 2009; Coupland, 2005)  and s i g n a l " w h i c h i s s u e s a c o m p a n y h o l d s a s s t r a t e g i c a l l y important"  (Lehtimäki, Kujla & Rehbein, 2005: 686; Michaud, 2013).
" As for mutual insurers' strategy, this is more difficult to identify since there is no dedicated strategy page on their websites. But the lack of displayed strategy does not mean a lack of strategy. As demonstrated in the first section of the findings, all mutuals-with the current exception of LMDM, whose diversification remains modest-also pursue a strategy of growth and diversification. For GMF and Maaf, this strategy is explicitly mentioned on the website of the holding they created together, the SGAM Covea, which follows "a profitable growth strategy. " To compensate for the lack of data regarding the strategy followed by mutuals and also to look at what, practically, "speaks to the instrumentality of survival"  (Minkoff & Powell, 2006: 607) , I analyzed the key figures displayed by the insurers, considered here as revealing the basis of their attention.
eu). The tool incorporates different emissions reduction measures and provides evaluation of the measures through a ranking of practice, including low, moderate and good practice, in a searchable database. The JOAQUIN tool addresses air quality and implications for human health but does not include implications for climate change strategies in any detail. The RIAT+ and JOAQUIN tools support local-to regionallevel decision-makers and focus on air quality. Another tool, the 'Stadtklimalotse' (English: city climate pilot) addresses a similar decision-making level, but focuses on climate change mitigation and adaptation (http://www. stadtklimalotse. net/). It provides a catalogue of measures with information on their synergies and conflicts, as well as cost estimates. As with many of these tools, much of the information provided is qualitative and based on previous experience and best-practices.
We sent the survey to more than 1200 people via an initial email and one reminder email. Specifically, we contacted people: (a) working on air quality or climate change at different levels of government from the municipal to the regional/European Commission level, (b) working in environmental protection agencies or environmental ministries, (c) working in NGOs engaged in influencing policy decisions related to air quality and climate change, and (d) working at research institutions, especially those providing data relevant to such tools or other decisionsupport. The survey was completed by 137 participants within four months. The survey focused geographically in Europe and topically on people working on environmental issues in a variety of institutions. 70% of respondents were from Germany (reflecting the network of contacts of the authors), followed by 7% from Belgium, 5% from U.
Equivalent adhesion coefficient The proposed approach allows modelling the driving by obstacle of a trunk by feeding rollers equipped with spikes. In order to integrate this model in a more comprehensive simulation (detailed in Sect. 4. 2), an equivalent coefficient of adhesion cadh is established representative of such training. Indeed, the software ADAMSTM to be used for the dynamic simulation of scrolling trunk offers by default the definition of coefficients of friction (static and dynamic) for sliding contacts. The clamping and feeding forces experimentally measured associated with the analytical model of gripping and feeding allows determining the equivalent coefficient of adhesion c adh for standard rollers configurations (Fig. 10 ). The Figure  11  illustrates the calculated variation of the equivalent coefficient of adhesion c adh depending on the type of spikes, trunk diameter and roll diameter.
Dynamic simulation of an harvester head during delimbing The approach adopted to integrate feeding model consisted in using equivalent sticking coefficient for the contact modelling between the trunk and the rollers. This coefficient has been determined experimentally. Nevertheless, analytic calculation of surfaces offers the possibility to determine such a coefficient for different dimensions of the rollers. Indeed, this approach requires the numerical coupling and co-simulation between ADAMS r , MATLAB r , OpenSCAD and Blender based on Boolean intersection evaluations and the use of analytical expressions of the equivalent surfaces used for force estimations. In the multibody model presented (Fig. 16a ), the solids are assumed to be undeformable and only the rigid body motions are studied.
Conclusions In this paper, an original modelling approach for simulating the delimbing process of hardwood stands has been presented. An existing method for generating realistic tree geometric model has been developed. Parameterized trees with irregular and crooked trunks provided with branches have been generated. In order to improve the realism of the operation, the developed models of feeding trunk into the head and of cutting branches by knife have been integrated into a dynamic multibody simulation implemented on ADAMS r software. The integration of the equivalent coefficient of adhesion resulting from the feeding model, and cutting forces whose evolution depends on the contact surfaces between the trunk and knives and the equivalent engaged tool length (calculated based on the depth of penetration) have been introduced in the proposed closed loop delimbing model.
Study Design and Conduct The AFFIRM trial (NCT00974311) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial assessing the efficacy and safety of enzalutamide in men with mCRPC. Full trial protocol details have been described previously. 7 Briefly, eligible men had a histologically confirmed diagnosis of prostate cancer, castrate levels of testosterone (<50 ng/dL), previous treatment with docetaxel, and progressive disease according to Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group (PCWG) 2 criteria. 19 Men were randomized 2:1 to receive 160 mg/d of oral enzalutamide (n 5 800) or placebo (n 5 399).
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this planned interim analysis of a prospective, multinational Phase III study (NCT02267226), 13 patients with afibrinogenemia (12 years) received fibrinogen concentrate (FIBRYGA, Octapharma AG). Hemostatic efficacy was assessed by investigators and an independent data monitoring and endpoint adjudication committee (IDMEAC) using objective four-point criteria and by thromboelastometry maximum clot firmness (MCF).
CONCLUSION: These data showed that the new fibrinogen concentrate was efficacious for on-demand treatment of acute bleeding and surgical prophylaxis in congenital afibrinogenemia patients. ABBREVIATIONS: AE(s) 5 adverse event(s); BE(s) 5 bleeding episode(s); FAS 5 full analysis set; IDMEAC 5 independent data monitoring and endpoint adjudication committee; IVR 5 in vivo recovery; MCF 5 maximum clot firmness.
Study design FORMA-02 (NCT02267226) is an ongoing multinational, multicenter, prospective, open-label, uncontrolled, Phase III efficacy and safety study in patients with congenital fibrinogen deficiency. The study began in October 2014 and is being conducted across 13 centers in nine countries (Bulgaria, India, Iran, Lebanon, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States) with a target enrollment of 24 patients. This planned interim analysis included 13 patients with afibrinogenemia. All patients received fibrinogen concentrate (FIBRYGA, Octapharma AG) to treat an acute BE or as surgical prophylaxis. Recommended intravenous (IV) injection of fibrinogen concentrate was individually dosed to achieve a target plasma fibrinogen level of 100 mg/dL (accepted lower limit, 80 mg/dL) for minor bleeding or minor surgery and 150 mg/dL (accepted lower limit, 130 mg/dL) for major bleeding or major surgery.
Statistical analysis This planned interim analysis was performed after 11 patients had been treated for at least one acute BE (data cutoff March 2016). The primary focus of the analysis is the full analysis set (FAS)-bleeding population, defined according to the intention-to-treat principle and comprising 11 patients who received at least one infusion of study medication and presented with an acute BE (n 5 23 BEs in total). The surgical prophylaxis population comprises four patients (four surgeries; two patients had both surgery and BE), and the total safety population is 13 patients. This planned interim analysis was descriptive and focused on overall clinical assessment of hemostatic efficacy for all BEs. Based on the hemostatic efficacy fourpoint rating scales described, "treatment success" for a BE or surgical prophylaxis was defined as a rating of excellent or good (vs.
3 ). For all three minor surgeries, † For one patient experiencing one BE, hemostatic efficacy was rated good by the investigator and excellent by the IDMEAC despite underdosing with new fibrinogen concentrate, with resulting maximum plasma fibrinogen levels of not more than 90% of the 100 mg/dL target. Analyses that added this BE to the per-protocol data set showed no impact on overall hemostatic efficacy (21/22 [95. 5%] BEs rated as treatment success by investigator and 22/22 [100%] BEs rated as treatment success by IDMEAC). ‡ Efficacy rating of excellent or good indicated success and efficacy rating of moderate or none indicated failure. § 90% CI for the success rate was calculated according to Blyth-Still-Casella interval for the proportion of patients with successful hemostatic efficacy using a predefined threshold of 0.
9 6 18. 9 mg/dL, mean 6 SD). The minimum observation period prescribed in the protocol was 3 days for a minor BE, so there were fewer recorded data points available beyond this time point. Only two patients had maximum plasma fibrinogen levels of not more than 90% of the 100 mg/dL target for minor BEs (43 mg/dL [due to underdosing] and 87 mg/dL). For surgical prophylaxis, the three patients who underwent minor surgery achieved plasma fibrinogen levels approaching or exceeding the target level of 100 mg/dL and above the accepted lower limit of 80 mg/dL, with levels measured at the end of surgery of 89, 98, and 139 mg/dL. The single patient who underwent major surgery had a plasma fibrinogen level of 220 mg/dL at the end of surgery, indicating that the 150 mg/dL target was achieved. Additional doses were recommended if the fibrinogen levels fell below the targets described in the protocol and were based on the clinical judgment of the treating physician and the status of the patient.
The peak postinfusion fibrinogen levels reported in that study (median [range], 145 [48-215] mg/ dL) were slightly higher than we observed; however, this may be related to the higher doses used in their study. 18 hus, the interim data presented herein are consistent with previous data and support use of the new fibrinogen concentrate for on-demand treatment and as prophylaxis before surgery. In this first Phase III study performed in afibrinogenemia patients to date, and as described for this interim analysis, we assessed clinical efficacy of fibrinogen concentrate for on-demand treatment and surgical prophylaxis using objective four-point criteria, the first time such criteria have been used in the congenital fibrinogen deficiency setting. Subjective efficacy criteria have been widely used to assess clinical efficacy in fibrinogen deficiency and other inherited coagulopathies,  18, [23] [24] [25]  but evaluation of such data is complicated by the use of subjective, nonstandardized definitions of treatment outcome.
The small number of patients included in this interim analysis is a limitation. This reflects the difficulty of recruiting large numbers of patients in a very rare disease setting. All 13 patients assessed had afibrinogenemia, the rarest form of deficiency, affecting approximately one in 1 million people. 4 With a target enrollment of 24 patients when completed, this ongoing Phase III efficacy study will be the largest prospective study of its kind in congenital fibrinogen deficiency. In conclusion, interim data from the first Phase III study indicate that the new fibrinogen concentrate was successful in the treatment of acute BEs and for surgical prophylaxis in patients aged at least 12 years with congenital fibrinogen deficiency, with 100% efficacy as assessed by IDMEAC. Additional hemostatic interventions were not required for any patient.
Climate trends in the Antarctic region remain poorly characterized, owing to the brevity and scarcity of direct climate observations and the large magnitude of interannual to decadal-scale climate variability. Here, within the framework of the PAGES Antarctica2k working group, we build an enlarged database of ice core water stable isotope records from Antarctica, consisting of 112 records. We produce both unweighted and weighted isotopic (δ 18 O) composites and temperature reconstructions since 0 CE, binned at 5-and 10-year resolution, for seven climatically distinct regions covering the Antarctic continent. Following earlier work of the Antarctica2k working group, we also produce composites and reconstructions for the broader regions of East Antarctica, West Antarctica and the whole continent.
We use three methods for our temperature reconstructions: (i) a temperature scaling based on the δ 18 O-temperature relationship output from an ECHAM5-wiso model simulation nudged to ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalyses from 1979 to 2013, and adjusted for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet region to borehole temperature data, (ii) a temperature scaling of the isotopic normalized anomalies to the variance of the regional reanalysis temperature and (iii) a composite-plusscaling approach used in a previous continent-scale reconstruction of Antarctic temperature since 1 CE but applied to the new Antarctic ice core database. Our new reconstructions confirm a significant cooling trend from 0 to 1900 CE across all Antarctic regions where records extend back into the 1st millennium, with the exception of the Wilkes Land coast and Weddell Sea coast regions.
Goosse et al. (2012)  first calculated a composite of Antarctic temperature simply by averaging seven standardized temperature records inferred from water stable isotopes using a spatial isotope-temperature relationship for the last millennium. The first coordinated effort to reconstruct Antarctic temperature during the last 2000 years (PAGES 2k Consortium, 2013) screened published ice core records for annual layer counting or alignment of volcanic sulfate records and overlap with instrumental temperature data  (Steig et al. , 2009) , leading to the selection of 11 records. The reconstruction procedure used a composite-plus-scaling (CPS) approach similar to the methodology of  Schneider et al. (2006)  and produced reconstructions of the continent-wide temperature history as well as specific West Antarctica and East Antarctica reconstructions.