dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In addition, a CNR-enabled execution of MKL kernels incurs a large performance overhead compared to the existing alternatives. For instance, MKL's dasum() with CNR enabled is two times slower than both the conventional MKL's dasum() and exsum. There are two other academic efforts to guarantee reproducibility. The first  [7] , which is built upon  [33] , proposed a family of algorithms for reproducible summation in FP arithmetic. Demmel and Nguyen improved their algorithms  [8]  by passing over the input data only once. This approach reduces the overhead to roughly 20 %. Arteaga et al. [2]  used this approach with improved communication and obtained the same accuracy with roughly 10 % overhead. Demmel and Nguyen applied their approach to the absolute value summation, dot product, and 2-norm in the ReproBLAS library.
Recently, they introduced  [1]  new concepts -such as slice (significant bits in a bin) and indexed type/sum -and reformulated the algorithms  [8]  in terms of these concepts. They introduced the conversion algorithm that leads to improved accuracy of their reproducible summation, handling of exceptions (not implemented in software), propagation of overflows. ReproBLAS was extended to include sequential matrix-vector and matrix-matrix products. However, ReproBLAS targets only CPU and does not exploit the data-parallelism available in BLAS routines. The approach in  [5]  ensures reproducibility of both sequential and parallel summations. Chohra et. al. proposed to use a combination of existing solutions such as FastAccSum  [33]  and OnlineExact  [35]  depending on the size of the input vector.
Acknowledgement The simulations were performed on resources provided by the  Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC)  at  PDC Centre for High Performance Computing (PDC-HPC ). This work was also granted access to the HPC resources of The Institute for Scientific Computing and Simulation financed by  Region Île-de-France  and the project  Equip@Meso  (reference  ANR-10-EQPX-29-01 ) overseen by the  French National Agency for Research (ANR)  as part of the  "Investissements d'Avenir" program. This work was also partly supported by the  FastRelax  ( ANR-14-CE25-0018-01 )  project of  ANR.
From the conception to the practical implementation of a transition The TATA-BOX project focused on the primary step of an AET: the design, by the local actors, of both a desirable territorial agroecological system (TAES) and the pathway to reach it i. e. the transition to the TAES (tTAES). The methodology developed to conceive this agroecological system was mainly based on face-to-face discussions and "low tech" devices (paper maps, post-it notes, audio recordings, etc. ). Some software tools could nevertheless be used to optimise the interactions during future applications of the methodology  (Cahier et al. 2016). This postulate will be discussed in Section 2 of this chapter. Apart from the IC tools that are useful during the design of a territorial agroecological system, we decided to widen the scope of this chapter to the digital technologies that could be used during the practical implementation of the designed system.
On the contrary, it offers freedom in the choice of perspectives from which to interpret and organise information. Depending on the way in which a TPD community decides to use these tools, in particular according to the phases of collaborative design, the points of view can be those of the stakeholders (corresponding to their field of competence, their opinion, etc. ). Stakeholders may also participate in games of analysis, the dimensions of which are decided by mutual agreement, such as the game of the three major "structural" dimensions advocated by the TATA-BOX method. Thanks to its underlying Hypertopic model, the proposed platform remains agnostic in semantics and does not influence the daily languages of the actors, whether they are experts or not. This flexibility is important for TPD communities, which can thus, for example, balance the expression of minority actors with that of more powerful stakeholders.
Box 6 Facilitating access to the regional pest alert bulletins via semantic technologies During the VESPA project, financed by the national ECOPHYTO plan, the institutes INRA and IRSTEA examined the usefulness of the French crop epidemio-surveillance programme. To do so, thousands of regional pest alert bulletins published during the last 50 years were collected and digitised, and an open data platform was created to access them freely. To facilitate the research through this corpus, three classes of semantic annotations were used to describe the content of each document: spatial annotations (the region concerned), temporal annotations (the publication date), and thematic annotations (the principal crop concerned). These annotations can be enriched by the organisations that published the bulletins and supplemented by links to other resources such as weather reports  (Roussey et al.
In the end, will ICT save or consume non-renewable resources? This chapter has demonstrated that at a territorial scale, many IC tools can support AET as regards their environmental, social, economic and methodological dimensions, during both the design and the implementation phases. However, these demonstrations never considered the steps existing outside the scope of the farmer or territorial community: the construction of the tool, its maintenance and its recycling or treatment as waste. Whatever ICT is considered (sensor, radar, database, website, software, etc. ), those steps have considerable non-virtual costs since they all consume energy and nonrenewable resources. From its beginnings, agroecology has been based on the principle that farming systems should use as little fossil-sourced inputs as possible  (Altieri 1995).
The relationship between form and function in trees is the subject of a longstanding debate in forest ecology and provides the basis for theories concerning forest ecosystem structure and metabolism. Trees interact with the wind in a dynamic manner and exhibit natural sway frequencies and damping processes that are important in understanding wind damage. Treewind dynamics are related to tree architecture, but this relationship is not well understood. We present a comprehensive view of natural sway frequencies in trees by compiling a dataset of field measurement spanning conifers and broadleaves, tropical and temperate forests. The field data show that a cantilever beam approximation adequately predicts the fundamental frequency of conifers, but not that of broadleaf trees. We also use structurally detailed tree dynamics simulations to test fundamental assumptions underpinning models of natural frequencies in trees.
Objectives and structure of the paper Our overall aim is to explore the relationship between tree architecture and the dynamics of trees in the wind, in particular their natural sway frequencies. We employ the cantilever beam approximation (equation (1. 1)), appropriate to the simple architecture of many conifers, as a starting point and add additional terms to explain residual variation caused by the complexities of broadleaf trees (equation (1. 1)). Our updated equation takes the form: f 0 / dbh H 2 ffiffiffi E r s ! A Â L, ð1:1Þ where H is tree height and dbh is the diameter at breast height, measured at 1. 3 m, and E/r is the ratio of green wood elasticity to density. The additional terms A and L represent the effect of tree architecture and leaves, as described below. In order to explore these additional terms, we: (1) Collate field data on f 0 for 163 broadleaf trees spanning open-grown conditions, tropical forests, temperate forests and a height range of 4.
7-55. 7 m (see electronic supplementary material, table  S1  for a detailed overview). We then use this field data to test the applicability of the cantilever beam approximation to broadleaf trees. Architectural information was not collected in these studies and is immensely difficult to collect in the field. (2) Explore the range of tree architecture by bringing together TLS data for 1083 trees from previous studies spanning tropical and temperate forests, cities and parks (electronic supplementary material, table  S1 ). We also test for covariance between these architectural indices, since they are used as explanatory variables in the next step. (3) Quantify the architectural term, A (equation (1. 1)) in a model environment. We use finite-element analysis to simulate f 0 (figure  1 ) for each of the 1083 trees.
It also replaces each pair of neighbouring cylinders with a single cylinder with an increase their length to radius ratio and the mean orientation and radius of the original pair. This simplification was applied to remove most of the variation that arises from uncertainties in the cylinder fitting process for smaller branches. This level of simplification was chosen because the sensitivity of the architectural indices was relatively low (see electronic supplementary material, figures S6 and S7 for details). The following architectural indices, in addition to tree height and dbh, were extracted from the simplified QSMs: -Crown area-maximum ground area covered by the crown viewed from above. The crown is defined as all the cylinders with branching order greater than one, which is given by the QSM fitting software.
Our modelling approach, combining TLS data with finite-element analysis, could also be useful for valuable open-grown trees, to inform risk assessments and test proposed interventions in a virtual environment. With TLSderived tree architectural information now becoming widely available, this is an area ripe for further inquiry. Data accessibility. All field data collected for this study are availa- ble online (dois: 10. 5285/533d87d3-48c1-4c6e-9f2f-fda273ab45bc; 657f420e-f956-4c33-b7d6-98c7a18aa07a). Field data from previous studies are available in the original publications. QSMs and software used to convert them to Abaqus input files are available online (http://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 894543). Architectural indices were extracted in Matlab (https://github. com/TobyDJackson/TreeQSM_ Architecture).
Acknowledgements. We thank partners for supporting TLS data collection in their sites. For Danum Valley in Malaysia , the  Sabah Forestry Department  and the  Sabah Biodiversity Council. For Lopein Gabon , the  Agence National de Parcs du Gabon. For Caxiuana ˜in Brazil, Museu Paraense Emı ´lio Goeldi. For Wineperu in Guyana , the  Guyana Forestry Commission. We also thank  D. Culvenor  and  G. Newnham  for supporting the TLS data collection at Rushworth Forest.
Funding. This research was supported by an  NERC  studentship to T. J. ( NE/L0021612/1 ). A. S. and Y. M. are supported by  NERC  grant no. NE/P012337/1  (to Y. M. ) and Y. M. is also supported by the  Frank Jackson Foundation. A. L. , M. H. and J. G. T. are supported by  CIFOR's Global Comparative Study on REDDþ , and  ERA-GAS NWO-3Dfor - Mod  project  5160957540. M. D. was supported in part by  NERC NCEO  for travel and capital funding for lidar equipment, and  NERC  Standard grant nos. NE/N00373X/1  and  NE/P011780/1. TLS data collection at  Wytham Woods  was funded through the  Metrology for Earth Observation  and  Climate project (MetEOC-2 ), grant no. ENV55  within the  European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP). The EMRP is jointly funded by the EMRP participating countries within EURAMET and the  European Union.
TEENI: A Full-Scale Experimental Test The first experimental system was a fully instrumented helicopter engine for which both far field and chamber turbine measurements of pressure levels were performed during the TEENI project  [49]. As such, it constitutes a unique experimental engine database for core noise. The actual experimental set-up is shown in Figure  3. Unsteady pressures were measured in the far field and within the turbine at the locations shown in Figure  4  (in the combustion chamber (A), in the high-pressure turbine (B), in the power turbine (C) and at the exhaust (D)) for seven different operating points from the lowest power setting encountered in flight conditions to take-off power. Note that only two azimuthal pressure probes were available within the engine  [5]. The CONOCHAIN methodology presented in Section 2 was applied to the actual experimental configuration to evaluate its ability to predict the combustion noise generated by a helicopter engine.
A simple model based on the Snell-Descarte law is proposed in Appendix B to explain this particular directivity of combustion noise. The same methodology was then applied to the actual TEENI high-power configuration. The PSD of the far-field acoustic pressure around the maximum directivity angle were compared with the experimental data available at 19 m in Figure  8. A good agreement was found between the experimental PSD of acoustic pressure and the numerical results in terms of broadband levels and patterns. Similar good results were obtained at low power, confirming that combustion noise is indeed the dominant source at low frequencies for all turboshaft-engine regimes  [52]. Possible explanations for the remaining discrepancies are the above uncertainty on the source levels at the exhaust, the drastic simplification of the jet that has most likely a different potential core, and the possible contribution from low-order azimuthal modes that are neglected in the current one-burner sector simulations  [20].
Conclusions A complete hybrid methodology combining CFD methods and analytical models, termed CONOCHAIN, has been described for the prevision of far-field combustion noise from helicopter and aircraft propulsion systems for the first time. It combines a detailed LES of a combustion chamber sector, an analytical propagation model of the extracted acoustic and entropy waves at the combustor exit through the turbine stages (CHORUS), and a generalized Helmholtz propagation code through a variable temperature field (AVSP). It is worthy noting that a specific decorrelation filter is used to account for the interaction between the multiple engine burners, and an attenuation function through each turbine row is introduced to properly simulate the effect of the mean flow on the entropy waves. Comparisons with experimental data were made for two different industrial cases: the TEENI single-stream turboshaft engine for which validations were obtained from engine core to the turbine exit, and a more complex modern dual-stream turbofan engine for which only far-field acoustic pressure was available.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank  Eric Bouty  from  Safran Helicopter Engines  for allowing to use the TEENI data;  Claude Sensiau  from  Safran Aircraft Engines  for providing bench data from an industrial turbofan; and  IDRIS (Institut du Developpement et des Ressources en Informatique Scientifique)  for supplying part of the computation resources necessary for these simulations.
Aims. Analyses of Galactic late O dwarfs (O8-O9. 5V stars) raised the "weak wind problem": spectroscopic mass-loss rates ( Ṁ) are up to two orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical values. We investigated the stellar and wind properties of Galactic late O giants (O8-O9. 5III stars). These stars have luminosities log(L /L ) ∼ 5. 2, which is the critical value (onset of weak winds) proposed in the literature. Methods. We performed a spectroscopic analysis of nine O8-O9. 5III stars in the ultraviolet (UV) and optical regions using the model atmosphere code CMFGEN. Results. Stellar luminosities were adopted using calibrations from the literature. Overall, our model spectral energy distributions agree well with the observed ones considering parallaxes from the latest GAIA data release (DR2).
So far, this problem has only been reported in O8-9. 5V stars. We performed a quantitative analysis of nine Galactic late-type O giants (O8-9. 5III) using ultraviolet and optical data to derive their main stellar and wind physical parameters. Our analysis increases the number of O8-9. 5III stars analyzed in the literature through a quantitative approach in the UV and visible spectral regions. Up to date,  Mahy et al. (2015)  is one of the most comprehensive works deriving the stellar and wind parameters of Galactic late O giants, combining UV and visible spectra: five objects in total, with UV data for two out of five stars. This paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we present the observational data used in our analysis. In Sect. 3, we present the code to generate the non-LTE expanding atmosphere models  (CMFGEN).
FEROS Vis. date  2016 -Mar-23 2011 -Nov-07 2016 -Mar-18 2016 -Mar-18 2016 -Mar-18 2011 -Jul-05 2007 -Sep-21 2016 -Mar-18 2016-Mar-18  Notes. Spectral types, spectroscopic binary classification, and memberships are from  Sota et al. (2014). Photometric data are from  Maíz-Apellániz et al. (2004)  with exception to the specific references. Color excesses are calculated considering intrinsic colors calibrated by spectral type from  Martins & Plez (2006). Distances are from Gaia  Collaboration et al. (2018). For HD36861, we adopted the distance from the mean Gaia DR2 parallaxes for the components C and D, as in  Gordon et al. (2018). Distance from van  Leeuwen (2007)  for HD 116852 is shown too. All distances are obtained from the direct inversion of the measured parallaxes. We list information about the analyzed data in the UV (SWP and LWP number and observation date) and in the visible (instrument name/observation date) regions.
Code We used the code CMFGEN  (Hillier & Miller 1998)  to derive the stellar and wind properties of the late-type O giant stars of our sample. It allows us to solve the radiative transfer, statistical and radiative equilibrium equations in a spherically symmetric outflow. It includes, for example, the effects of line blanketing, clumping, and Auger ionization by X-rays, and provides realistic spectra from the UV to the middle infrared. The code requires an initial estimate of the hydrostatic structure. For this purpose, we used a grid of non-LTE plane-parallel models computed with the code TLUSTY  (Hubeny & Lanz 1995) , based on the OSTAR2002 grid  (Lanz & Hubeny 2003). The sampling steps of our grid are ∼ 500 K in effective temperature and ∼ 0. 25 dex in surface gravity. When necessary, we interpolated on T eff and log(g).
Diagnostics for the photospheric and wind parameters First, we performed the analysis of all objects using the UV data set alone. Ultraviolet spectroscopy is suitable to investigate the weak wind phenomenon since the most traditional mass-loss diagnostic in the optical (Hα line) is found to be insensitive for the analysis of mass losses lower than ∼ 10 -8 -10 -7 M yr -1 (e. g. ,  Puls et al. 2008; Martins 2011). Thereafter, we extended the analysis to the visible region, comparing with the results derived from the UV (e. g. , for T eff and Ṁ). We have used typical line diagnostics in the optical and UV for the determination of the photospheric and wind propertiesthe effective temperature T eff , surface gravity log(g), projected rotational velocity v sin i, mass-loss rate ( Ṁ), and terminal velocity v ∞ (e.
g. ,  Martins et al. 2004; Marcolino et al. 2009; Mahy et al. 2015). The spectroscopic parameters are obtained through a direct comparison between the synthetic spectrum and the data. The uncertainty for each parameter is inferred in a conservative way: the upper and lower limits for each parameter do not provide an acceptable "by eye" fit to the data (as, e. g. , in Marcolino ). The IUE spectrum is in black. In the UV, most features are due to Fe iv (∼ 1775-1840 Å) and Fe iii ( 1840 Å). Models are shown in green (T UV eff lower limit), red (final model), and blue (T UV eff upper limit). In the bottom panels, these models are shown for T eff diagnostics in the optical (He i λ4471, He ii λ4542, and He ii λ5412).
For HD 156292 and HD 153426, the synthetic lines are in absorption but weaker than observed. We note, however, that these lines are quite sensitive to radiative transfer details in the extreme UVsuch as the lack of robust atomic data for these transitions -as already pointed out by  Martins & Hillier (2012). Recent efforts on a better carbon atomic model, using the code FASTWIND  (Puls et al. 2005) , were presented by  Carneiro et al. (2018). Thus, despite being sensitive to Ṁ, C iii λ4647 -4650 -4651 must not be used as diagnostics for this parameter.
Conclusions We presented a quantitative analysis of nine late O giant stars (O8-O9. 5III) using non-LTE atmosphere models computed with the code CMFGEN. We used archival high-resolution UV (IUE/SWP) and recent optical data (FEROS, NARVAL, and ES-PADONS) to determine the main photospheric and wind parameters for each star of our sample. We analyzed the results in the context of the weak wind phenomenon. Our main findings and conclusions are summarized as follows: (i) Overall, we achieved good fits to the UV and optical data. The bulk of our sample has parameters in the following ranges: log(L /L ) ∼ 5. 10 -5. 30, T eff ∼ 30000 -35000 K, log(g) ∼ 3. 50 -3. 60, v ∞ ∼ 2000 -2400 km s -1 , and Ṁ ∼ 10 -9 -10 -8 M yr and the optical (He i-ii lines). These independent measurements for T eff agree well.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank the anonymous referee for comments that helped to improve the paper. E. S. G. de Almeida  thanks the  "Ville de Nice" (Nice, France)  for the financial support to this work through the  "Bourse Doctorale Olivier Chesneau " during the period of 2016-2019. E. S. G. de Almeida  thanks the  CAPES Agency (Brazil)  for the financial support to this work through MSc grant during the period of 2015-2016. E. S. G. de Almeida  thanks  A. Domiciano de Souza ,  A. Meilland , and  P. Stee  for reading the original manuscript. W. L. F. Marcolino  acknowledges  CNPq  for the PQ grant ( 307152/2016-2 ). Based on observations collected at the  European Southern Observatory  under  ESO  programme  096. A-9027 (A). Based on data obtained from the  ESO Science Archive Facility  under request numbers  389364 ,  389364 , and  389372.
Some of the data presented in this paper were obtained from the  Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). STScI is operated by the  Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. , under  NASA  contract  NAS5-26555. Support for MAST for non-HST data is provided by the  NASA Office of Space Science via  grant  NNX13AC07G  and by other grants and contracts. This work has made use of data from the  European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia  (https://www. cosmos. esa. int/gaia),processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www. cosmos. esa. int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the  Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at  CDS, Strasbourg, France.
Both options have "crib-sheets," usercommand sequences in ASCII format that can facilitate record-and-repeat actions, especially for complex operations and plotting. Crib-sheets enhance scientific interactions, as users can move rapidly and accurately from exchanges of technical information on data processing to efficient discussions regarding data interpretation and science. SPEDAS can readily query and ingest all International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP)-compatible products from the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), enabling access to a vast collection of historic and current mission data. The planned incorporation of Heliophysics Application Programmer's Interface (HAPI) standards will facilitate data ingestion from distributed datasets that adhere to these standards. Although SPEDAS is currently Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based (and interfaces to Java-based tools such as Autoplot), efforts are under-way to expand it further to work with python (first as an interface tool and potentially even receiving an underthe-hood replacement).