dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Methods for Materials' Characterization Structural and optical properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ATR-FTIR absorption and diffuse reflection methods, as well as by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at room temperature. XRD data were collected in the range of 2θ = 20-80 • using a Thermo Scientific ARL X'TRA diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0. 15418 nm) in a Bragg Brentano geometry. The coherent domain size was estimated from XRD data using Scherer formula d = Kλ/(β•cosθ), where K = 0. 9 is a dimensionless shape factor, λ = 0. 15418 nm, β is the full width at half of the maximum intensity (FWHM) and θ stands for the Bragg angle. To quantify the contribution of each crystal phase in the powders, the Reference Intensity Ratio (RIR) method was used. This method is based on the scaling of all diffraction data to the diffraction of a standard reference material (corundum is usually used as the international reference).
Thus, it is confirmed that the concentration of copper and chlorine in the volume of the Cu-8 nanoparticle is greater than on its surface (Figure  S4 ). The conclusion about Cu relocation drawn from XRD data is further confirmed by ATR, diffuse reflectance and EPR studies of the same samples, providing also information on the nature of surface complexes containing Cu. Specifically, the observation of 270 nm band reveals the presence of Cu and Y in nanocrystals. In fact, the incorporation of subvalent metallic impurity results in the formation of oxygen vacancies (donors) required for charge compensation. As shown earlier  (Korsunska et al. , 2017) , in the presence of yttrium, additional doping of zirconia with Cu is responsible for the main contribution in vacancy concentration, obviously due to a higher difference in the valences of Cu and Zr ions in comparison with that of Y and Zr.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was partly supported by the  National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine  (project  III-4-16  and project  III-41-17 ), the  Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine  (grant ID: 89452 ),  French-Ukrainian bilateral program DNIPRO  (project  37884WC ), and by the  GENESIS EQUIPEX Program  [ PIA, ANR  ( ANR-11-EQPX-0020 ) and  Normandie Region ]. Authors thank also  Dr. O. Gorban  from  O. O. Galkin Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering (NAS Ukraine ) for the powders' preparation.
Validation of the ε-NTU Method for Stirred Tank Reactor (STR) For the Stirred Tank Reactors (STR) configuration, the gas flow-rate is dispersed through a known volume of a well-mixed liquid phase, and consequently Q L = 0. In this case, it can be demonstrated that the effectiveness of the absorber is  [7] : ε = 1 -exp (-NTU) (11) NTU = -ln (1 -ε) (12) Although the parameter stirring rate is known to influence significantly the mass transfer in water/NAP system  [13, 27] , it is not directly considered in Equation  (11). The K L a determination procedure using the ε-NTU method was applied to data from two studies which considered the mass transfer performance of a very hydrophobic VOC, hexane, in various water/silicone oil mixtures (Table  5 ). As indicated in this table, the system hexane/water/NAP is characterized by a very large value in the solubility ratio (m R = 10,500 at 30 • C).
Acknowledgments. This work has been supported by the  French ANR  agency in the framework of the project  ICAMDAC  (reference  ANR-12-VPTT-07 ). It was granted access to the  High Performance Computing (HPC)  resources under the allocations x20152b6139 and x20162b6139 made by  GENCI  ( Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif ).
Modelling approach The presented control-oriented model is composed of three main parts, which are the thermal model, the THC model and the CO model, as shown in Figure  1. Its aim is to estimate THC and CO slip emissions during normal engine operating conditions, rather than during excitation events like high post-injections used in DPF regeneration. The thermal model, described by the authors in  21  , is a lumped model that considers a monolith, an external covering, a variable delay depending on the exhaust mass flow, and a sensor model. The thermal part, which represents the heat transmission and dynamics, is evaluated and validated in tests with load and engine speed steps to stress the system dynamics, as well as in NEDC and WLTC cycles. In case temperature sensor bandwidth is not enough to capture transient conditions, a data fusion technique could be applied as in  24.
Ageing modelling Experimental data from the cut DOCs is used to define a parameter that characterizes the ageing level of a DOC. This approach allows defining an ageing parameter in terms of effective area A ef f , despite the mixed effect of residence time and loss of monolith efficiency. Then, according to their HC emissions in a WLTC, the effective area of the nominal and aged DOCs is set with respect to the new, the DOC 70 , the DOC 40 and the non-impregnated DOC, as shown in Figure  12. In this figure, 0% is referenced to the non-impregnated DOC, in which DOC-outlet HC emissions are equal to the engine-raw, while 100% corresponds to the new DOC. In this line, when the nominal DOC has an equivalent effective area of 85%, this value is reduced to 56% for the aged DOC. The effect of ageing in the oxidation function is modelled by means of the LOT for both HC and CO, using the values presented in Table  1.
Model validation The engine model was validated against experimental results of the Caterpillar 3126B engine at various operating conditions. For this work, a perfect match between simulation and experimental results is not necessary as the engine model is used for understanding the performance and emissions trend. The model is only used as a platform for developing and evaluating the controllers and not improving the engine itself. However, the validation process is necessary to confirm that the model is robust and reliable, and it behaves and performs in a similar manner to the real engine. In order to acquire the data that can be used to validate the engine model, two sets of experimental tests were carried out on the test-bed. The load demand, VGT, and EGR settings are listed in In each set of simulations, the load and EGR position of the engine model were set according to the values listed in Table  9.
The robustness of the fuzzy logic control scheme has been evaluated and published in  (37). The proposed control scheme requires soot and NOx measurements as control input signals. These signals can be made available by using either actual or virtual sensors. Virtual sensors for predicting Soot and NOx concentrations have been well discussed in the literature  (38) (39) (40) , while actual sensors are available for automotive applications. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme has been assessed by comparing it with the conventional PID controllers' approach on a 1D transient diesel engine model developed using AVL-BOOST software. The main conclusions obtained from the simulation results are: 1. Under transient simulation mode, the engine speed and torque curves of the fuzzy logic control scheme and the baseline PID control approach almost overlap each other when the same load demand is provided.
Acknowledgments This research work was produced in the framework of SCODECE (Smart COntrol and Diagnosis for Economic and Clean Engine), a European territorial cooperation project part funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the INTERREG IV A 2 Seas Programme. The authors acknowledge the AVL Company to provide computational resources for this research. The financial support of the Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation and the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation was crucial for the completion of this paper and is highly appreciated.
5 mm loaded with about 40 mg of the powder sample is positioned. The gas composition was controlled by Bronkhorst mass flow controllers and introduced to the cell via air actuated high-speed gas valves (Valco, VICI), all in all facilitating rapid gas composition changes over the catalyst sample. The XAS measurements included both the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) regions. Energy calibration was performed using a Rh metal foil. After energy calibration the XANES spectra were normalized using the Athena software. 17 he XAS data were further processed and analysed using Athena and Larch software. 18 Fourier transformation of the k 2 -weighted EXAFS data to the R space was done between k = 3 and k = 10 Å -1. Oxidation and reduction measurements were performed in situ at 350, 300 and 250 °C, respectively, with alternating pulses of 2 vol% O 2 and 2 vol% H 2 (4 min long pulses) by measuring the Rh K-edge.
ED-XAS. To investigate the chemical state and local structure of the Rh atoms in the alumina and silica supported catalysts during the CO 2 methanation reaction, XAS data were collected under in situ conditions at the Rh K-edge. The live measurements during transient hydrogenation of 0. 5 vol% CO 2 (1 : 4 ratio of CO 2 : H 2 ) at 300 °C are presented in Fig. S1  in the ESI. † The data are presented as difference spectra implying that a couple of initial spectra have been subtracted from all spectra in order to facilitate the observation of the major changes occurring during the measurements. No clear changes are observed in the XAS spectra of the Rh K-edge (nor in the white line intensity) when the catalysts are exposed to CO 2 or a CO 2 + H 2 mixture at 300 °C. However, some differences are observed in the EXAFS analysis.
Selected XRD patterns are shown on the bottom of Fig. 4. The diffraction pattern mainly shows reflections from alumina. A weak broad reflection is observed at q = 2. 85 Å -1 which is more pronounced during the CO 2 methanation (see the inset). A simple analysis employing Bragg's law 31 yields a d spacing for the reflecting planes of d = 2. 2 Å at q = 2. 85 Å -1 and λ = 0. 155 Å. This value has been compared to tabulated values of d spacings for Rh or Rh oxides available on the ICSD data collection. 32 The tabulated d spacing values of the most intense reflections from Rh and Rh oxides are collected in Table  2  below. By comparing the reported values to the measured value in this study (d = 2. 2 Å) we can see that our value lies in between the reported values of Rh and Rh oxides, closer to reflections from metallic Rh.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  ESRF  for providing the beamtime. Parts of this research were carried out at PETRA III at  DESY , a member of the  Helmholtz Association (HGF). P. Velin  and  E. C. Adams  are acknowledged for their contribution to sample preparation. This work was financially supported by the  Swedish Research Council  through the  Röntgen-Ångström collaboration  " Time-resolved in situ methods for design of catalytic sites within sustainable chemistry " (No. 349-2013-567 ), the  Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research  through the project "Novel two-dimensional systems obtained on SiC as a template, for electronics, sensing and catalysis" ( RMA15-0024 ), and the  Competence Centre for Catalysis , which is financially supported by  Chalmers University of Technology , the  Swedish Energy Agency  and the member companies: AB Volvo, ECAPS AB,  Haldor Topsøe A/S, Volvo Car Corporation, Scania CV AB , and  Wärtsilä Finland Oy.
Strain stability was tested as described previously  19. L. plantarum was grown at 37 °C in De Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium (Difco, Becton Dickinson). Chloramphenicol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France) was added to culture media for bacterial selection, at a final concentration of 10 g/ml. L. plantarum WCFS1 21 without the construct was cultured at 37 °C in MRS broth until stationary growth. Subsequently, the cultures were diluted 1:1000 in fresh medium and cultured for a second night. The optical density at 600 nm was measured and the number of colony forming units (CFU) was calculated based on standard growth curves. For all cultured bacterial strains, an OD 600 -value of 1 corresponds to 1-2 × 10 9 CFU/mL, which was confirmed by plating serial dilutions on MRS or M17 agar plates (data not shown)  22.
Prior to bioluminescent imaging, mice were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. d-Luciferin potassium salt (Caliper, PerkinElmer) at 30 mg/ml was then administered to animals inoculated with CBRluc-expressing strains by intragastric inoculation (200 μl/mouse). Anesthetised mice (induction with isoflurane) were placed into the camera chamber of the IVIS, where a controlled flow of 1. 5% isoflurane in air was administered through a nose cone via a gas anesthesia system. A grayscale reference image under low illumination was taken as an overlay prior to quantification of emitted photons over 1 s to 5 min, depending on signal intensity and using the software Living Image (Caliper, PerkinElmer). For anatomical localization, a pseudocolor image representing light intensity (blue, least intense, to red, most intense) was generated using the Living Image software and superimposed over the grayscale reference image.
For each individual mouse, there was only one ROI corresponding to the mouse digestive tract, and this ROI was determined manually. Bioluminescence was quantified using the Living Image software (given as p/s). Cell isolation and restimulation. Following sacrifice of the mice, spleens or PPs were removed. Single cell suspensions were made by mechanical disruption of the tissue between two glass slides in 1 mL of ice cold RPMI containing 10% heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS). Subsequently a cell strainer was used to remove remaining clumps. The cells were washed, counted, and used for staining. Part of the cells of the spleen were stimulated, the remaining cells were left unstimulated. An amount of 7 × 10 6 spleen cells were stimulated in RPMI with 10% FCS containing 40 nM Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (Sigma Aldrich) and 2 nM calcium ionophore (Ca 2+ ) (Sigma Aldrich).
Subsequently, cells were fixed in ice cold 1 × FACS Lysing solution for 30 minutes in the dark followed by washing twice in ice cold FACS buffer and resuspended in FACS buffer until analysis. Flow cytometry. During flow cytometry, at least 5 × 10 5 cells were analyzed. Flow Cytometry was performed using the LSR II Flow Cytometer system (BD Pharmingen), using FACS Diva software. Analysis was performed using the FlowJo 7. 6. 2 software. Lymphocytes were gated in the forward side scatter plot and the frequency of CD3 + T cells was determined. Within the T cell population, the frequency of CD8 + T cells and CD4 + T cells was determined. Within both the CD4 and CD8 T cell population the isotype controls for CD69, CD25, or the cytokines, were used to set the gate to 99% negative cells. This gate was then copied to the sample stained for CD69, CD25, or cytokines and the frequency of positive cells was determined.
After washing with PBS, samples were mounted with mounting medium. Slices were studied with a SP8 Leica confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, Son, the Netherlands). Statistics. All data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Normal distribution of the data-sets was confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The two-sided Students t-test was used to determine changes in immune cell populations after probiotic treatment in vivo. P-values < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Within both the CD4 and CD8 T cell population the isotype controls for CD69, CD25, or the cytokines, were used to set the gate to 99% negative cells. This gate was then copied to the sample stained for CD69, CD25, or cytokines and the frequency of positive cells was determined. Further, within the CD4 T cell population the FoxP3 isotype control was used to set the gate to 99% negative cells.
Many studies clearly document a tracking of dietary patterns particularly during childhood. ] [8]  Further research could benefit from development of databases, with improved nutritional information, such as the free sugars content of foods, as well as standardised characterisation of sensory information,  9  all of which may help with between study and country comparisons. Research needs to consider frequency of exposure, intensity of sweetness, the amount consumed and sweetness with/without calories. The life stages of most importance for researching the tracking of sweetness need to be determined. As most evidence is observational, causal relationships cannot be confirmed. Intervention trials may be difficult for ethical and practical reasons. However, intervention studies on sweetness reduction could be a feasible avenue of research.
However, sugars provide a higher contribution to the diet in younger age groups, perhaps reflecting a higher sweet preference which has been noted in youth. On discussion, it was noted that the types of food and beverages contributing to sugars intake may affect the sweetness of the diet due to the dissimilar sweet intensity of the various monosaccharides and disaccharides, as well as the use of low-calorie sweeteners (LCS). In support of the appeal for the development of food and beverage sensory databases, de Graaf presented preliminary data which employed a sensory database of 481 foods (comprising 83% of the Dutch energy intake), categorised using cluster analysis into six taste groups ('fat', 'sweet/sour', 'neutral', 'salt/ umami/fat', 'sweet/fat' and 'bitter'). This database was combined with dietary recall data from two independent observational studies in adults in the Netherlands.
13 Results revealed gender differences, where women consumed significantly more %energy from 'sweet/fat' and 'sweet/sour' foods than men. The relationships between body mass index (BMI) and the consumption of sweet foods were not consistent between surveys, but %energy from 'salt/umami/fat' foods was slightly higher in obese than normal weight individuals in both men and women in both surveys (P o0. 05), which agrees with previous findings. 14 de Graaf concluded that sweetness preference and intakes vary with age and gender, but do not appear to vary with weight status. Although sugars intake has increased since our hunter-gatherer predecessors, it may have stabilised, or fallen, in some countries. However, sugars intake may not reflect the sweetness of the diet. The development of standardized taste scales and food sensory databases will help to advance and consolidate the research in this area.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE AVENUES OF RESEARCH • Future research should adopt a whole diet or dietary patterns approach, using standardised databases which combine complete nutritive and sensory data on foods and beverages, with improved methods of estimating consumption, and which examine tracking through important periods of maturity. • Further research is needed to more fully understand the role sweetness may play in learning the nutritive value of consuming food at different life stages. • A reductionist approach has been employed in many of the studies to date, for example, relating measures of taste perception to disease risk. However, a multifactorial integrated approach may better address outstanding research questions. • There is a need to understand the relevance of sweet taste receptors in the gut and elsewhere in the body.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank all workshop participants for their valuable comments. The workshop was organised by the  European branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, ILSI Europe , through the financial support from  ILSI Europe's Dietary Carbohydrates and Eating Behaviour & Energy Balance Task Forces. Financial support for this workshop was also provided by the  North American Branch of ILSI, Technical Committee on Carbohydrates. Industry members of ILSI Europe 's task forces and  ILSI North America 's Technical Committee are listed on the  ILSI Europe and North America  websites at http://ilsi. eu/and http://ilsina. org. Experts are not paid for the time spent on this work; no honoraria were offered. However, the non-industry workshop chairs, speakers and rapporteurs were offered support for travel and/or accommodation costs.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST AW has previously worked for the World Sugar Research Organisation, and PepsiCo. NSS has received a BBSRC DTP CASE studentship funded by Cargill. GKB receives no personal funds from any private company. Ajinomoto provides a consulting fee to the Monell Center that is used to support a small portion of GKB's research program. All of GKB's published work described here was supported by the NIH or other US federal granting agencies, except for one study (Wise et.
Statistical analyses The Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate the difference in E2H3MB levels between red and white wines from various vintages, and from different regions. The statistically significant level was 5% (XLSTAT 2016. 03. 30882 software, p < 0. 05). Results obtained from sensory tests were statistically interpreted following the norms published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The olfactory threshold was defined as the concentration at which the probability of detection was 50%. This statistical value was determined using an adaptation of the ASTM-E1432 method. The concentration/response function is a psychometric function and fits a sigmoid curve (y = 1/(1 + e(-λx))). Detection probability was corrected using the chance factor (P = (3p -1)/2, where p = the proportion of correct responses for each concentration and P = the proportion corrected by a chance factor of 1/3 for 3-AFC).
Sigma Plot 13 (SYSTAT) software was used for graphic resolution and ANOVA transform for nonlinear regression  (Tempere et al. , 2011). The significance of the observed difference between olfactory thresholds was statistically tested by calculating the 95% confidence interval on detection probabilities. The second test consisted of a ranking with a previewed order; therefore the Page test was used. For each judge, a value between 1 and 4 was attributed to each sample, depending on the response of the assessor (1 for least intense, 4 for most intense). The sums of the rankings were obtained for each sample, then the parameters L and L' were calculated using Page test specifications, and L' was compared to reported values in order to determine if the test results were significant or not for the factor concerned.
0 µL SYBR Green Supermix buffer (50 mMKCl; 20 mMTris-HCl (pH 8. 4); 3 mM MgCl 2 ; 0. 2 mM of each dNTP, 0. 63 U iTaq DNA polymerase, and SYBR Green 1. 0 nM fluorescein), 0. 75 µL (0. 3 mM) of each primer, and 1. 5 µL diluted cDNA. Results were evaluated using iCycleriQ software, and a relative quantification of mRNA in different groups was determined. The relative amounts of RNA were normalized to the amount of the endogenous control 18S using StepOne software version 2. 2-2010 (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and the ∆ Ct method.
Quantification of c-Fos Immunopositive Neurons Sections were analyzed under a 40× objective of a light-optical microscope (Nikon Eclipse E600, Nikon Instruments Inc. , Melville, NY, USA) equipped with a digital camera (Nikon Digital Sight DS-Fi1). c-Fos immunoreactive nuclei were quantified on photomicrographs of the regions of interest (ROI) using the imaging software Image J (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). A cell was considered as labeled (positive) for c-Fos when the brown-black DAB-staining was unambiguously darker than the background, and this included all cells from low to high intensities of staining. Thresholds over the background section and the size of the particles were determined by the experimenter. The entire region for each area was traced, and mean densities of c-Fos-immunopositive neurons (number of c-Fos positive cells/mm 2 ) for each ROI were calculated according to their respective areas.