dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In this study, the considered gas species, i. e. H 2(g) and O 2(g) , are computed defining the corresponding partial pressures, and in the database are present the dissolution reactions (e. g. O 2(g) = O 2(aq) ) and the corresponding constants. Accordingly, the presence of oxygen or hydrogen in any redox reaction is linked to their partial pressures. These latter are monitored as the result of an evolving chemical system in any given thermodynamic conditions. The Pd-O-H system. -Numerical models for the chemical speciation require comprehensive thermodynamic databases. Although today's geochemical databases are quite complete, including the most common reactions and reaction constants, some equilibria typical of specific environments may be not present. Accordingly, the thermodynamic properties of some chemical species relevant to our model have been checked, and added, to the phreeqc wateq4f.
dat database. 20 pecifically, Palladium hydroxylates have been added according to the work of Mountain and Wood. 21 delling of the predominance charts and of the FEXRAV signals. -In the present study, the relationships between the main phases of the Pd-O-H system (Pd and water solution) are studied through the use of Eh versus pH (or "Pourbaix") diagrams, calculated according to the point-by-point mass balance method (referred also as the grid method). 22, 23 Under this approach, a grid is defined by the span of the potential (Eh -with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode), pH and the chosen resolution (0. 01 logarithmic units in both the Eh and pH axes, in the present case). Then, the chemical speciation for a given total amount of the element of interests is computed according to the phreeqc formalism  22  for each given point of the grid.
Results Pourbaix predominance charts. -The predominance charts were computed in a grid limited by the conventional water stability field from 0 to 14 pH units. The choice of the concentration of the master species were dictated by the possibility of an immediate comparison with selected Pourbaix diagrams available in the literature: Mountain and Wood,  21  Naoto 24 and Pourbaix et al. 25  It is noteworthy to mention that the former articles refer to calculations performed using the mass balance method, and including results calculated by using up to five different databases, whereas the latter presents results obtained using the "line method" (i. e. depicting the boundary defined by Nernst equations). Figure  2  shows the Pourbaix diagram for the Pd-O-H system, where our point-by-point mass balance approach leads to very close agreement with all the cited works.
Comparison between experiment and modelling. -Figure 2-in the catalytic layer. In the same way, the minima of the FEXRAV occur after (approximately 1000-1400s) the maxima of the fractional amount for Pd. This pattern is constantly reproduced for all the performed voltammetric cycles. Figure  5  depicts the comparison between the results of a FEXRAV experiment (KOH 2 M and EtOH 2 M) solution with the speciation calculations for a KOH 2 M. Again, a good agreement between experimental data and the speciation model is achieved for all the voltammetric cycles. If compared to Figure  4 , the main difference is the shape of the oscillations. For the solution of KOH and ethanol, the oscillation amplitude appears wider than with a solution of KOH only. Regarding the general trend of decreasing intensity observed in the FEXRAV of the half-cell filled with KOH, an almost linear decrease is observed also in the case of KOH and ethanol, but it is limited up to the 4 th voltammetric cycle, whereas after the 5 th cycle a pseudo steady state is established.
Conclusions In this paper we present a modelling procedure of the chemical speciation (namely the mass balance method) which proved to be very useful in the interpretation of the results recorded by means of a new application of the FEXRAV technique. Basically, we have shown that while experimental FEXRAV data registered through the Fluorescence detector can easily correlate with the potential applied to a Pd-bearing catalytic layer, an attribution of the changes in the chemistry responsible of the the changes in the FEXRAV signal cannot be appropriately reached. The proposed numerical modelling approach clearly points out a chemical speciation dependent on the applied potential where changes of the relative amounts of Pd and Pd(II) are responsible for the change of FEXRAV intensity during the voltammetric scan.
Acknowledgments The authors warmly acknowledge  Carlo Bartoli  ( ICCOM-CNR ) for his technical assistance in the realization of the Electrochemical cell, as well as  Dr. Alessandro Puri  and  Dr. Giovanni Orazio Lepore  ( IOM-CNR ), for their contribution in the adaptation of the cell to the experimental set up of the BM08 LISA beamline. Their high skills and their motivation were fundamental to the success of the experimental part of this study. Dr. Claudio Zafferoni  is also acknowledged for having supported the initial stages of this study. XAS data were performed at the BM08 "LISA" beamline ( ESRF, Grenoble, France ) during the MA-2153,  08-01-996 ,  MA-2936  and  MA-3173 experimental beamtimes. ESRF is gratefully acknowledged for provision of synchrotron radiation and for provision of the technical infrastructure.
To investigate this possibility we compared the rif R -induced mutation spectra in wild-type and dinBpolB strains. In both wildtype and dinBpolB strains, the spectra show that most mutations (%90%) are produced at dipyrimidine sites with the expected mutagenic signature of Pol V (i. e. 60-70% of transitions, mostly C->T,  [11]  (S1A and S1B Fig). In conclusion, our data suggest that the role of Pol IV/ Pol II in UV-induced mutagenesis does most likely not involve Pol IV and/or Pol II at the TLS step per se, at the exception of mutations at codon 526 that will be discussed below. A dinBpolB-mediated survival pathway. Next we considered the possibility of Pol IV/Pol II being involved in a gap-filling step. This prompted us to analyze UV-survival curves in strains with defects in these TLS polymerase genes (Fig 1C  and 1D ).
On the other hand, umuDC and dinB mutant strains are slightly more UV sensitive. A similarly modest UV sensitivity has previously been reported  [14]  for the same dinB strain (allele: ΔdinB::kan,  [41] ). This dinB allele is further sensitized upon introduction of a polB mutation (Fig  1C ). It should be noted that a novel dinB allele, ΔdinB883, that derives from ΔdinB::kan by a spontaneous +1 mutation in a run of 11 G's was recently described  [42]. It exhibits a gain-of-function phenotype that results in a dramatic 100 fold increased UV sensitivity  [42]. Given the UV survival data (. Taken together these results suggest the existence of a dinBpolB-mediated survival pathway that is only effective when NER is functional; in other words, the biological role of the dinBpolB-mediated survival pathway is to tolerate DNA structures generated during NER (the dinBpolB pathway is epistatic to NER for UV survival).
In both models, the gap resulting from NER incision contains a lesion that may lead to a mutation during subsequent gap filling. To distinguish between the two models, we analyzed the shape of the induced mutagenesis curve as a function of UV doses. In the wild-type strain, mutation frequency data exhibit a near-quadratic behavior with respect to UV dose (Fig 3A  and 3B ) while the relationship is linear in both dinBpolB (Fig 3C ) and uvrA (Fig 3D ) strains. The quadratic response in the wild-type strain suggests that NERiM results from the processing of opposing lesions (see below). In contrast, the linear relationship of mutation frequency with dose in the dinBpolB and uvrA strains indicates a single hit model as expected when mutations are fixed during replication (RiM). We propose the following working model for NERiM (Fig 4A ): normally, NER proceeds via excision of a short 12-13 nucleotide-long tract that contains a damaged nucleotide, followed by repair synthesis of the short gap by DNA Pol I.
B: Mathematical modeling of UV-induced mutagenesis in a wild-type and dinBpolB strains as a function of UV dose (J/m 2 ). The RiM line fits properly the dinBpolB data points •(dots) (regression coefficient R = 0. 91). The wild-type data points ■ (squares) fit appropriately the theoretical curve when the region that defines the opposing lesion zone is set to 18 +/-3 nt (i. e. data points within the 15 and 21 nt range). C: Number of lesions "at risk" (LAR) as a function of UV dose (J/m 2 ). The straight line and the quadratic curve represent the number of lesions, within the rpoB target, at risk for inducing mutations during replication (LAR-RiM) or during NER (LAR-NERiM: opposing lesion zone set to 18nt), respectively (see text). At %100J/m2, when the two curves cross, an equal number of mutations will result from replication and NER pathways.
Study design We analysed data from 182 countries and regions listed by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), Population Division. 12 We excluded small countries with populations of fewer than 100 000 inhabitants because of insufficient information about covariates. Figure  1  is a schematic rep resentation of the analysis framework. We systematically searched PubMed, POPLINE, and Embase without language filters; LILACS and SciELO for Spanish-language and Portuguese-language articles; BDSP and INEDOC for French-language studies; Panteleimon for Russian-language studies; and SINOMED, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang for Chinese-language articles. The search terms used for each database are shown in the appendix. We also searched the OpenThesis dissertation database, did snowball searches of websites of non-governmental organisations, canvassed relevant online discussion groups and experts in the field, and hand searched references cited in identified studies.
See Online for appendix basis. We excluded clinical trials and data limited to specific age subgroups (eg, adolescents) or occupationrelated sub groups (eg, sex workers). We assessed the remaining sources for quality of reporting with five criteria adapted from items within the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: eligibility criteria for study sample clearly defined, methods of measurement of each variable of interest defined, characteristics of study participants provided, clear numerator and denominator information included, and inclusion of a discussion of sources of bias in the results. Reports and papers not meeting at least three of the five criteria were excluded. The included studies used different designs and included population-based surveys with reports from women on abortion care-seeking, indirect data based on surveys of health professionals, and nationally or subnationally rep resentative data on abortion management at the facility level.
Outputs With regression model 1, we estimated the proportions of safe and unsafe abortions With regression model 2, we estimated the proportions of less-safe and least-safe abortions subnationally. When not representative of a crosssection of women, data were used to represent a maximum upper limit of the proportion of safe abortions or a minimum lower limit for the proportion of least-safe abortions (appendix). For 18 countries for which data on the distribution of abortions by methods were available from official statistics for multiple years in the study period, we averaged the data across the available years. Further detail for the data sources is available in the appendix. Within the five conceptual domains, we listed potential plausible covariates and shortlisted those for which systematic information for the reference period was available for at least 85% of the countries.
We assessed potential covariates for availability of data and ease of interpretation and chose those that were conceptually the strongest. Details of the covariates used or considered can be found in the appendix. Our final set of covariates for estimating the proportion of safe abortions included the number of years that mifepristone had been registered in the country; the proportion of the population that lived in urban areas; and the gender inequality index (GII), which is a composite measure that includes indicators of reproductive health (measured as the maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates), empowerment (measured as proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by women and proportion of adult women and men aged 25 years or older with at least some secondary education), and economic status (measured as labour force participation of women and men aged 15 years or older).
We created progressively increasing uncertainty levels on the basis of our confidence in the different data sources (from most confident to least confident): national data with categorisation based on methods of abortion, national data with categorisation based on providers, national data with categorisation based on setting, and subnational data with categorisation based on any of these factors. Based on the theoretical framework, we included four covariates (registration of mifepristone, registration of misoprostol, proportion of the population living in urban areas, and the GII) in the model. We explored whether covariates referring to the legal grounds for abortion and the GNI improved model fit. We used an initial in-sample measure of goodness of fit to assess model performance and out-of-sample validation exercises to select the final model from among the models of best fit that fulfilled both conceptual and statistical criteria (appendix).
The content of this Article is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the institutions to which the authors are affiliated. We thank the participants of the Technical Advisory Group Meeting on Estimating Abortion Incidence and Safety convened by WHO in Geneva in May, 2015, for their valuable feedback on the conceptual framework. We also thank Heidi Johnston for her work on the systematic search of bibliographical databases and screening of articles, Amanda Kalamar and Meilan Chen for their assistance with the statistical analysis, and Daniel Hogan and Paul Van Look for their input and insight throughout the development of these estimates.
Expectations Given the distinct demarcations noted above, we expect to find the fragility index significantly different among the different state types except between the impoverished and brittle states. 22 We also expect a significantly higher level of violence in fragile states than any other state type. The unit of measure of violent intrastate conflict used herein is based on the integrated product of conflict duration (yrs) and conflict intensity (nd). We applied the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) conflict intensity values of 1 and 2 based on the number of annual intrastate conflict deaths in the respective ranges of 25-999 and 1000+ reported by UCDP 23 (no intensity value is assigned for fewer than 25 deaths). The effectiveness of aid allocation is clouded by definition and various performance metrics of merit exacerbating an imbalance of ' aid darlings' and ' aid orphans'.
Pain and QOL are important to assess periodically throughout a patient's treatment. Changes in analgesic medication and dosage can be monitored to identify possible changes in pain levels. Pain may be assessed using the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire  [73]  and the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument  [74]. QOL assessments become more important and more straightforward in older compared with younger children. The PedsQL  [76]  may be helpful for monitoring QOL; however, there is still a need for an HPP-specific QOL scale.
Acknowledgments Editorial support was provided by  Lela Creutz, PhD , and  Bina J. Patel , PharmD, CMPP, of  Peloton Advantage, LLC , and was funded by  Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The meeting that served as the basis for these recommendations was planned and paid for by  Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. All attendees received honoraria and travel support for their participation. The authors would like to thank  Christine Clemson, PhD , for the conceptualization and development of the advisory panel and for providing medical review of the manuscript. At the time the manuscript was developed,  Christine Clemson , PhD, was an employee of  Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , and may have owned stock/ options in Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Band-pass filtering & instantaneous phase demodulation The method that is used for comparison of the MOPA method on the experimental data is fairly straightforward and is mainly based on using an ideal band-pass filter around a well-separated, high SNR harmonic of the rotation speed. After defining the optimal lower and upper cutoff frequencies for the band-pass filter, the harmonic is filtered out of the complex spectrum and translated around zero frequency. Next, the complex band-pass filtered spectrum is inverse Fourier transformed to the time domain. The angle is then unwrapped of the complex signal after addition of the demodulation frequency to obtain the instantaneous phase. Finally, the instantaneous angular speed is estimated based on the phase variation. The second data set was recorded as well on the gearbox housing of a wind turbine but due to confidentiality agreements, the authors cannot disclose the origin of the data.
CMMNO 2014 diagnosis contest data The vibration signal used for this analysis was measured on the gearbox housing of a wind turbine near the epicyclic gear train and sampled at 20 kHz. The goal was to estimate the IAS of the high-speed shaft (carrying gear #7 in Fig. 1 ). This estimate was then compared with a reference speed signal measured by an angle encoder. The length of the measurement was approximately 550 seconds. In the first step a spectrogram is generated using a rectangular window with a window length of 0. 5 seconds, 1. 5 seconds of zero padding, and an overlap of 0. 25 seconds. Figure  2a  displays the resulting spectrogram, in which there are some clear resonances (red horizontal lines) to be seen. Therefore the spectrogram is whitened to remove these resonances as is shown in Fig.
Second wind turbine gearbox case study To assess the performance of the MOPA method further, the vibration data of another wind turbine gearbox is investigated. Due to a confidentiality agreement however, no details can be given about the wind turbine itself and some of the certain frequency axes are normalized from zero to one in the figures. In contrast to the previous case, the exact meshing orders present in the system are not known, which forms quite a significant obstacle for the MOPA method since its main input is these meshing orders. However, the spectrogram can be used for estimating the approximate meshing orders and is used for this analysis. The same procedure as in the previous section is followed. First, the spectrogram is generated and whitened as is shown in Fig. 5a  & Fig.
MATERIALS AND METHODS From a prospective data base that collected data from all patients treated with a flow-diverter stent for intracranial aneurysms at our institution between January 2011 and January 2015, we searched for complex large BAAs. These were defined as aneu-rysms with a large diameter (Ͼ10 mm) and a wide neck treated with a flow-diverter stent either as the first-line treatment or after a recurrence after previous coiling. As part of a multidisciplinary team, neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists discussed all the cases to determine the optimum aneurysm management. The individual risk-benefit analysis of different treatment modalities was taken into account, and a flowdiverter stent was chosen as the best treatment of choice after the exclusion of other endovascular (coiling, stent, or balloon-assisted coiling) or microsurgical (clip reconstruction or vessel sacrifice with or without bypass) approaches.
Characterisation of purified steroidal saponin standard The pure mix called Yucca Saponins Standard (YSS) was obtained by combining two times as much of SAPONINS 1 with SAPONINS 2. Mass data enabling YSS characterization were collected on Agilent 6230 accurate-mass TOF_HPLC/MS with an electrospray interface using Agilent Jet stream (AJS) Thermal Focusing technology for a better sensitivity. The ionisation conditions were adjusted as follows: a capillary voltage 3500 V and a nebulizer temperature of 300 °C. Nebulization was aided with AJS using a Nitrogen sheath gas flow (10 L/min) and sheath gas temperature 300 °C. The full scan mass acquisitions in negative mode were performed by scanning from 100 up to 1500 m/z range. NMR analysis was conducted on Bruker DRX500 instrument with a Probe head of 5 mm BBI with a dilution in deuterated water.
The difference of data obtained between samples in water and samples with 0. 02% antifoam in water remained negligible. In conclusion, the antifoam at this concentration has no influence on the overall measurement of Yucca saponins. This indication is an advantage as the supplementation with the antifoam facilitates the accurate filling in of laboratory material, including flasks, as it alleviates the formation of the foam while the Yucca sample containing saponins is poured, and therefore enables more precise measurements. Meanwhile it is recommended to wash the column with 100% acetonitrile after each sample injection. The sample analysis for recovery test was performed in triplicates with a concentration approximating the 100% of the calibration curve. Typically, 300-500 mg of Yucca sample that contained $10-13% total saponins was dissolved in 25 mL of water containing 0.
Thirdly we analysed the Yucca/Quillaja blend. HPLC/ELSD chromatogram (Fig. 4A ) clearly shows the presence of Quillaja saponins interfering with the most apolar saponins from Yucca. This method clearly can be used for analysing plant adulteration issues of saponins originating from taxonomically close and distant species. A range of existing methods, including spectrophotometric, foam height or gravimetric techniques are incapable of addressing thus type of issues. Finally, we report the data obtained following the extraction of a shampoo containing Yucca brevifolia root extract. This ingredient  is used for foaming and as a hair growth promoter. The HPLC/ELSD profile showed clearly a different saponin composition and profiles between Y. brevifolia and Y. schidigera (Fig. 4B ). This method clearly can be used for analysing plant adulteration issues of saponins originating from taxonomically close and distant species.
Background: The structure and mechanical properties of chromatin impact DNA functions and nuclear architecture but remain poorly understood. In budding yeast, a simple polymer model with minimal sequence-specific constraints and a small number of structural parameters can explain diverse experimental data on nuclear architecture. However, how assumed chromatin properties affect model predictions was not previously systematically investigated. Results: We used hundreds of dynamic chromosome simulations and Bayesian inference to determine chromatin properties consistent with an extensive dataset that includes hundreds of measurements from imaging in fixed and live cells and two Hi-C studies. We place new constraints on average chromatin fiber properties, narrowing down the chromatin compaction to ~53-65 bp/nm and persistence length to ~52-85 nm.
1c ) or the mean contact frequency between two chromosomes (Fig. 1e ); (3) a module that, for any given parameter value Π, computes the model predictions Y k M(Π) corresponding to these measurements, by interpolating the predictions from discrete parameter values Π i (Fig. 1b, d ); and (4) an algorithm that samples the parameter space and computes the posterior probability density of the parameters for a given dataset (Fig. 1f ) or for multiple datasets taken together (Fig. 1g ). We describe each of these components in more detail below.