dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
IFs (New England Journal of Medicine [NEJM], The Lancet and Journal of the American Medical Association [JAMA]) and the three cardiology journals with the highest IFs (Circulation, Journal of the American College of Cardiology [JACC] and European Heart Journal [EHJ]). We also analysed the four main cardiology subspecialty (interventional cardiology, cardiovascular imaging, electrophysiology and heart failure) journals derived from the three cardiology journals with the highest IFs. The 12 subspecialty journals are listed in Appendix A. The publication list was obtained from the PubMed database (National Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI], Bethesda, MD, USA) by requesting (("Circulation"[Journal]) AND "journal article"[Publication Type]) AND ("2005/01/01"[Date -Publication] : "2005/12/31"[Date -Publication]).
Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS v23. 0, with a two-tail 0. 05 significance level and R studio Version 1. 0. 136. Data are presented as mean ( M ) and standard deviation (SD). Two independent data analyses were performed as follows: the impact of developing antipsychotic-induced OCD was assessed comparing global functioning and subjective wellbeing using a series of Multivariate ANOVAs (MANOVA). To identify the risk factors for developing OCD, we used the following list of potential risk factors for both antipsychotic-induced OCD and general OCD literature: paternal and maternal age, birth weight, hand dominance, family history of psychosis and OCD, age at presentation of schizophrenia, gender, treatment dose and duration, smoking habit, comorbidities with other psychiatric disorders and whether or not the psychosis was initially triggered by drug use.
Results The database contained two hundred thirty-one patients on clozapine with primary diagnosis of non-affective psychosis. Of those, seventy-four were missing the OCI-R scores and were not included in the analysis. Eight patients were excluded due to prior OCD diagnosis. One patient was excluded due to confirmed learning disability. Sixty-three patients were excluded for having an OCI-R total score between 15 and 24 and/or a checking subscale score between 4 and 6. The final sample of 85 participants consists of 29 schizophrenia patients without OCD symptoms (4 females, 25 males; mean age = 45. 24, SD = 12. 66, range: 27-70 years) and 56 patients with OCD symptoms (14 females, 42 males; mean age 48. 29 SD = 9. 76, range: 29-69 years). Eleven out of 56 patients in the OCD group and 6 out of 29 patients in the non-OCD group were missing their parent's age at birth.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding was provided by the  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ,  Massachusetts General Hospital Division of Global Health  and  Human Rights ,  UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/ World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP) ,  WHO , and the  Ujenzi Charitable Trust. Thank you also to  Justus Hofmyer  for his participation in technical consultations.
A gapmer ASOs (IONIS-DMPKRx), based on RNase H-mediated degradation of heteroduplex ASO-DMPK RNA, was tested in a phase 1/2a clinical trial in adult patients with DM1 (https://clinicaltrials. gov/; NCT02312011), and, although well tolerated, the drug levels in muscle did not achieve the desired therapeutic benefit. Gene editing represents an alternative strategy to correct mutations responsible for inherited disorders. The CRISPR-Cas9 system, identified in bacteria as part of the bacterial immune system  31  , is a powerful tool that has been adapted for medical applications  32, 33. Recent studies demonstrated that delivery of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing CRISPR-Cas9 components was able to restore dystrophin expression in muscles of Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse models  [34] [35] [36]  , opening new frontiers for the cure of neuromuscular disorders (see review  37  ).
We then monitored the presence of nuclear foci in lentiviral-transduced DM1 myoblasts by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a (CAG)7 probe. CRISPR-SaCas9-mediated deletion of the expanded CTG repeat region resulted in a reduction and/or completely disappearance of nuclear foci in treated cells. In particular, the percentage of cultured DM1 cells without foci was higher in presence of sgRNA couple 4-23 and reached 19. 2 and 27. 5% at MOI 50 and 100 versus 4. 4% and 6. 2% for cells treated only with one of the two lentiviral vectors (Figure  2D ). The other couples of sgRNA resulted in similar (sgRNA 4-12A) or lower (sgRNA 8-23 and 8-13A) percentage of cells without foci (Figure  S2 ). Overall, these data demonstrate the ability of the selected sgRNAs to delete CTG repeats from the 3' UTR of the DMPK gene, and likely from the pathogenic expanded allele.
A combined dose of 0. 6 x 10 11 viral genomes (vg) and 1 x 10 11 vg was injected into the left tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of HTZ mice at 3 and 6 weeks of age, respectively (the injected dose contained a mixture of equal vg of each vector per muscle). The contralateral TA muscle was injected with equivalent volume of PBS as control. The effect of vector administration was analyzed 4 weeks post-injection, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of TA sections did not reveal signs of muscle degeneration (only few and small foci of inflammatory infiltrates were observed in muscles of 2 out 7 mice of the older group of treated animals, data not shown). To evaluate CRISPR-SaCas9 activity in muscles, we PCR amplified the targeted genomic region from the two groups of animals. PCR amplicons corresponding to the edited fragment (0.
casblastr. org/) and CRISPOR (http://tefor. net/crispor). The PAM sequence NNGRRT was used for the screening, with R= A or G (AYYCNN in the non-coding strand, with Y= T or C). For each sgRNA protospacer, the number of potential off-targets was calculated by the program CasOFFinder (http://www. rgenome. net/cas-offinder/) based on the human genome "Homo sapiens (GRCh38/hg38) -Human (02 April 2014 Updated). The selection of sgRNA protospacers was done taking into consideration the respective number of potential off-targets and their target position within the DMPK 3' UTR region. Targets having potential off-targets carrying 3 or less mismatches were excluded. The length of the Sa sgRNA protospacer is between 21 and 24 nt. Whenever the protospacer did not start with a G, this nucleotide was added to the 5' of the sequence to optimize the U6-driven transcription (Table  S1 ).
We employed the following laser excitation wavelengths: 405 nm for DAPI, 552 nm for Cy3-FISH, 635 nm for laminin, 488 nm for GFP and 552 nm for HA-Cas9. Z-stack images were obtained from the stacking of 23 serial images with 0. 45 µm interval. For each TA muscle section, a total of 16 Z-stack images were acquired and analysed by Leica Application Suite X software. Counting was performed manually and nuclei outside the muscle fibers were excluded from the analysis. Images were processed either with Adobe Photoshop and/or with ImageJ software.
RT-PCR for Alternative Splicing Cells and tissues were homogenized in TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies) using a FastPrep apparatus, and total RNA extraction was done according to manufacturer's instructions. RT-PCR was performed as previously described  45. Briefly, 1 μg of total RNA was reverse transcribed by M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Life Technologies) and 1 µl of cDNA preparation was used for the PCR (KAPA2G Fast ReadyMix, Sigma) with primers listed in Table  S4. PCR products were separated by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized with GelRed DNA stain upon UV exposition. Optical density of each PCR band was quantified using ImageJ software and percentage of exon inclusion was calculated as [exon inclusion band/ (summa exon inclusion + exclusion bands)] x 100.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very grateful to the platforms of Genethon for their excellent technical expertise and contribution to this work, in particular the " Bioexperimentation and Functional Evaluation " team, the " Histology Core Facility " and  Dr. Edith Renaud-Gabardos  for help in mouse experiments, the " Vector Core Facility " for virus production, the "Imaging and  Cytometry Core Facility"  for technical support, and  Genopole Research (Evry, France)  for the purchase of the imaging equipment. We also thank  Dr. Jean-Paul Concordet  ( Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM U1154, Paris ) for providing plasmids Nm Cas9 and sgRNA,  Dr. Mario Amendola  ( Genethon, UMR_S951 Inserm ) for providing lentiviral plasmid backbone, and the platform for immortalization of human cells from the  Institut de Myologie (Paris, France).
Peak areas of each chromatogram were estimated with the MassHunter software (Agilent, Santa Clara, USA). For every annotated compound, peak areas were normalized with those of the internal standard and expressed as percent of the maximum value among all conditions. A total of 126 metabolites was annotated in all samples that encompassed the two cultivars, three time-points and five repeats (list of annotated metabolites in Table  S1 ). Based on the large time distribution window of radicle emergence of the batches of seeds, three time points were chosen to represent the metabolomes of resting seeds (at sowing -t=0 h) and seeds at late pre-germination (first seeds showing radicle emergence -t=44 h) and early postgermination (the radicle has emerged from all seeds -t=72 h) stages.
Impact of A. lipoferum CRT1 on 3-leaf plantlets To relate the observed germination effects to classically-measured effects of PGPR on plants, modifications of the root system architecture and photosynthetic potential were measured on 3-leaf plantlets of both cultivars. As shown on Fig. 5, A. lipoferum CRT1 inoculation of the seeds of FriedriXX led to a higher cumulative root length. It was not due to longer central, or adventitious seminal roots but to increased lateral root number and growth as previously described by numerous studies  (Couillerot et al. , 2012; Rozier et al. , 2016). The photosynthetic potential (Fv/Fm) was also increased in this cultivar. These two parameters were unaffected in FuturiXX. Cumulative leaf area was not affected at this stage in both cultivars (data not shown).
Acknowledgements Maxence Lacombe  and  Solène Ravel  ( Lycée Simone Weil, Le Puy en Velay, France ) are thanked for their technical support. Elise Lacroix  ( Plateforme Serre, University Lyon 1, France ) is thanked for maize in-door cultivation. This work was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  [grant number  ANR-12-Agro-0008 ]. CR was supported by a fellowship from the  Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (France).
Datasets Throughout the entire mission, we regularly carried out so-called dust monitoring sequences, which are designed to observe the coma of unresolved dust particles. Typically, these sequences span at least 12 hours (i. e. a full comet rotation) with hourly cadence. In the frame of this work, we have analysed one dust monitoring sequence that was acquired on 27 April 2015 1. At the time of the observation, 67P was at a heliocentric distance of 1. 76 au, moving towards perihelion, and close to the equinox between the long but cool Northern summer and the short, intensely illuminated Southern summer around perihelion. The Rosetta spacecraft was at a distance between 125 and 142 km from the comet. The Rosetta +Z-axis was pointing to the comet nucleus (IlluminatedPoint pointing) and, given the spacecraftcomet distance, the nucleus was entirely contained in all OSIRIS WAC images and in 7 out of 9 VIRTIS-M images.
The spacecraft was approximately in a terminator orbit (phase angle ∼ 73 • -75 • ) so that one side of the comet was illuminated by the Sun and the other side was in darkness. The observational details are summarised in Table  1  and Table 2. The 27 April 2015 dataset is one of the best acquired by VIRTIS-M for this purpose, as it covers both the VIS and IR channels and spans more than 12 hours. It was one of the final monitoring observations before the failure of the VIRTIS-M cryocooler disabled the IR channel. It was optimised for coma observations, achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio. The same data set was previously analysed by  Rinaldi et al. (2016)  and  Fink et al. (2016). Rinaldi et al. (2016)  focused their analysis on the comparison between dust and H 2 O and CO 2 gas spatial distributions, radial profiles and azimuthal distributions to search for any correlation between them.
OSIRIS dataset The dust monitoring sequence STP053_DUST_MON_006 contained 45 WAC full-frame images. For this study we have selected the 15 images acquired with the VIS610 filter (λ cent = 612. 6 nm, ∆λ = 9. 8 nm) and with exposure time optimized for dust coma studies. One image was acquired with the WAC door closed and excluded from the analysis. Thus, the total number of OSIRIS images used is 14. We used OSIRIS level 3 (CODMAC Level 4) images, which are radiometric calibrated and geometric distortion corrected (for details see a description of the OSIRIS calibration pipeline in  Tubiana et al. (2015) ). The images, scaled to the same intensity levels, are shown in Fig. 1  (first column).
VIRTIS-M dataset A set of nine image cubes was obtained. The image cubes in the two channels were taken at the same time, with the VIS exposure sequences starting about 2-4 s after the IR ones. The first seven cubes have a FOV of about 9. 0 km × 7. 7 km (at the nucleus centre distance) with the comet nucleus position roughly in the centre of the image. The last two cubes have a FOV of about 9. 0 km × 4 km and the nucleus is only partially contained in the frame. Figure  1  shows the spatial distribution of dust (612 nm), water vapour (2700 nm) and carbon dioxide (4200 nm). Each map is a composite image where the comet nucleus, taken at 4200 nm, is superimposed on the maps of the the dust continuum at 612 nm (second column), the water vapour (third column) and the CO 2 Fig. 1. OSIRIS and VIRTIS-M images used for the analysis.
For each dataset, the images are scaled to the same brightness level and are displayed in the standard Rosetta orientation, with the Sun up. First column: OSIRIS WAC images in the VIS610 filter. On the left hand side, the subsolar longitude (in • ) and start time of each image (in UTC) are listed. Second column: VIRTIS-M image at 612 nm. Third and fourth columns: Band intensity maps of H 2 O and CO 2 , respectively. For better visualisation, a VIRTIS-M image at 4200 nm was inserted into the nucleus area in the images at 612 nm, 2700 nm and 4200 nm. On the right hand side, the sub-solar longitude (in • ) and start time of each image (in UTC) are listed. Each image is labelled with the assigned number listed in column 1 of Table  1  and Table 2   band intensities (fourth column). When the bright nucleus partially illuminates the instrument's slit a sizeable fraction of the incoming photons are spread into the adjacent coma pixels.
The measured dust continuum is contaminated by nucleus stray light and cannot be used. The data cubes used for the analysis were calibrated using the VIRTIS reduction pipeline as described by  Ammannito et al. (2006) ,  Filacchione et al. (2006)  and  Rinaldi et al. (2016). A typical radiance spectrum of the 67P coma in the VIS and IR is shown in  sion of water vapour and CO 2. The calculation of H 2 O and CO 2 band intensity is described by  Migliorini et al. (2016)  and  Fink et al. (2016). To measure the dust continuum intensity, we chose a 9. 8 nm wide band centred at 612. 6 nm, which corresponds to the OSIRIS WAC VIS610 filter. This allowed a comparison of the results obtained by the two instruments.
Aperture photometry In each image, we have measured the average signal in an annulus, or in a sector of the annulus, at fixed distance (in km) from the centre of the comet (Fig. 3 ). We call mask the selected area where the flux is measured. We chose a mask width of 0. 2 km in radial direction for the entire dataset. As distance we have chosen the maximum distance from the comet centre for which the mask is fully included in the VIRTIS-M frame, which is smaller than the OSIRIS WAC FOV. For this dataset the selected distance is 3. 1 km. Due to the irregular shape of the comet, a single-circle mask with a fixed distance from the centre of the comet is not equidistant to the comet's limb. Due to the VIRTIS-M operation mode (see Sec. 2. 1) each image cube line was acquired at a different time and therefore has a different longitude of the sub-solar point.
Longitudinal variation The strongest dust signal is observed in the sub-solar direction (Fig. 1 ; see also Sec. 5). To study the overall dust coma, we have selected a mask with 90 • angular size (± 45 • ) in the sub-solar direction, as shown in Fig. 3   The OSIRIS and VIRTIS-M measurements are in very good agreement at the wavelength used for the analysis (Fig. 4 ). In addition, the good agreement gives us the possibility to directly compare OSIRIS measurements with VIRTIS-M ones at different wavelengths, without having to consider the possible presence of instrumental effects. As described in Sec. 2. 2. 2, the analysis of the dust continuum in the VIRTIS-M data is limited by in field stray light when the instrument's slit is partially illuminated by the bright nucleus, as is the case in our observations.
5 ). The CO 2 molecules are emitted mostly from the Southern hemisphere of the comet as shown in Fig. 1  (fourth column). This is the reason why 50% of the CO 2 column density is contained within an angle of ±90 • in the sub-solar direction (dayside) and the same percentage is on the nightside, with little variability in those percentages (Table  A. 1). The large variability of the CO 2 column density, from 19% to 38%, in the ±45 • sector in sub-solar direction is due to the orientation of the comet's spin axis during these observations. To convert the gas column densities into production rates we use the method described in  Fink et al. (2016). The determined gas production rates are listed in Table  A. 2. Fink et al. (2016) , for the same dataset, analysed the emission intensity of CO 2 and H 2 O and their distribution in the coma using a slightly different annulus at 2.
It is subsequently transformed into local horizontal coordinates via a series of rotations of the coordinate system to yield the solar incidence angle. We made use of a "Landscape" database for 67P that delineates the skyline at each location on the nucleus (each facet of the shape model) in order to determine efficiently the local illumination  (Hu et al. 2017a). The 1-D heat equation is solved via the Crank-Nicolson method. The solutions are diurnally equilibrated temperatures T and water production rates Z that repeat or coincide, if the seasonal cycle is neglected, with those exactly one comet rotation apart, e. g. , T (t ± t p ) = T (t) and Z(t ± t p ) = Z(t) with t P being the rotation period of 67P.
Summary and conclusion We have analysed one OSIRIS and one VIRTIS-M data set acquired on 27 April 2015, when the comet was at 1. 76 au from the Sun in the inbound arc. No strong temporal correlation between total dust brightness and water production rates is found, despite water being still the main driver of dust activity at this period in time. The observed increased water activity in the Southern regions with strong seasonal variations, with respect to model expectations, is likely to be attributed to regional changes of volatile content or access to this. The best explanation for the drastic decrease in dust brightness when consolidated regions are illuminated is a quenched dust activity due to the high cohesion of surface material. These observations show that, when 67P is approaching perihelion, the dust activity cannot be understood based on water-driven activity alone.
Acknowledgements. OSIRIS was built by a consortium led by the  Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany , in collaboration with CISAS,  University of Padova, Italy , the  Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France , the  Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucia, CSIC, Granada, Spain , the Scientific Support Office of the  European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands , the  Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain , the  Universidad Politéchnica de Madrid, Spain , the  Department of Physics and Astronomy of Uppsala University, Sweden , and the  Institut für Datentechnik und Kommunikationsnetze der Technischen Universität Braunschweig, Germany. The support of the national funding agencies of  Germany (DLR) ,  France (CNES), Italy (ASI), Spain (MEC), Sweden (SNSB) , and the  ESA Technical Directorate  is gratefully acknowledged.
However, though the potential of BID solutions for innovation is well known  [1, 20] , it does not necessarily mean that these ideas reach the market and unfold their theoretic potential. For example, the discovery of the self-cleaning properties of the lotus plant  [21]  was a disruptive new paradigm, however the application in products did not have the respective impact on the market (yet), such that every thinkable product, for which self-cleaning properties were desirable, contains such a surface. Furthermore, comprehensive and well-established success stories are either poorly communicated or do not exist, as the number of known products inspired by nature on the market is small  [22]. The BioM Innovation Database introduced the first worldwide analysis of products, named as the result of the BID process  [22].
Referring to the available knowledge from biology  [23]  and its emerging amount of scientific literature  [1, 7] , the potential for product development and innovation is very high. However, the number of documented products on the market as shown in the BioM Innovation Database is comparably low, with n = 379 cases. This discrepancy between theory and practice has various reasons, such as challenges of the BID methodology  [17, 24]  or its implementation in practice  [11]. Therefore, with this article we highlight a few aspects to be considered in future projects and research in order to help tap the potential of BID.
Based on the BioM Innovation Database  [22] , 70% of the BioM products did not make it to the marketing phase, as they were still in development, a concept, or already discontinued. As phase 3 of the innovation process was little researched in the context of BID, we analyzed steps in the transition from a BID concept to a product on the market, based on case studies and the BioM Innovation Database  [22]. The phase "Idea & validation", as shown in Figure  1 , could be performed prior to idea generation in order to validate the use of BID in innovation processes. In doing so, first steps of the market analysis are performed early in the development and help to facilitate phase 3, as important questions for the commercialization are addressed early in BID projects. In addition, BID could benefit from using general innovation processes, such as a structured management process and the use of minimum viable products (MVP).
In this context, several studies analyzed cases of BID, for instance the motivation for development  [33] , how to classify [8] or assess the solutions, for example, in terms of sustainability  [14, 15] , or the general success of development  [2, 22]. Based on the BioM Innovation Database  [22] , 70% of the BioM products did not make it to the marketing phase, as they were still in development, a concept, or already discontinued. As phase 3 of the innovation process was little researched in the context of BID, we analyzed steps in the transition from a BID concept to a product on the market, based on case studies and the BioM Innovation Database  [22]. The phase "Idea & validation", as shown in Figure  1 , could be performed prior to idea generation in order to validate the use of BID in innovation processes.