dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Patterns of emergence of nonce-formations In what follows, we make use of examples collected on the Web (or on its avatar frWac 2 ) for various morphological studies (cf. Dal and Namer 2010a, 2010b; Lignon and Namer 2010; Koehl 2010 Koehl , 2012;; Namer 2013b; Namer and Villoing 2015; Dal and Namer 2016a). When necessary, these examples are complemented by others. Indeed, a very large amount of contextualized Web data has been collected since the early 2000s in the context of various research projects in morphology. Initially, this data was gathered by means of Web Search Engine API-based tools. These applications replace human users in performing Web searches. At least two programs using such APIs have been specifically developed to make Web search for word formation automatic: Webaffix  (Tanguy and Hathout 2002)  was designed to collect data with the Altavista engine, and WaliM  (Namer 2013a ) was initially used to work first with Yahoo, then with Bing.
Il est visitable (je sais pas si ça se dit). [It is visitable (I don't know if that is the right word The two previous methods, quotation marks and (meta-)linguistic comments, can be associated, as in (4): (4) a. Il évoque, me semble-t-il, des particules solaires dont il suppose la "supracélérité" (je sais pas si ça se dit). [It evokes, it seems to me, solar particles, which he assumes have "supracelerity" (I don't know you say that). ] b. Les fils sont bien embrouillés et tous sont potentiellement "suspectables" (quel beau néologisme!). In this first pattern, nonce-formations mainly involve productive patterns: in our dataset, suffixations in -able, -al, -eux, -ien, -iser, -iste, -isme, -ité, prefixations in dé-, in-, and conversion from noun to verb are very frequent. The nonce-formation itself is rarely formally problematic: in the previous examples, only iranianité and tolkienien 'Tolken-ian' do not respect the dissimilatory constraint  (Grammont 1895) , which prevents two identical or similar (mainly consonantic) phonemes at the stem-affix boundary.
Insertion into discursive patterns In our dataset, we identified three recurrent discursive patterns in which nonceformations appear: parallel and crossed structures ( § 2. 2. 1), outbursts ( § 2. 2. 2) and swapping in praesentia and in absentia ( § 2. 2. 3). || 5 On the avoidance of /njanite/-/mjanite/ sequences in French property nouns in -ité based on toponyms, cf. Dal and Namer (2010a). Brought to you by | SCD de Lille III (I894) -Université Charles-de-Gaulle Authenticated Download Date | 3/16/18 5:46 PM.
Workaholic in (14e) is perhaps less frequent in French (approximately 250 occurrences are found on the French Web), but writers consider it common. Sometimes, the first term of the outburst is a nonce-formation: in (15a), only coloriser 'colorize' belongs to the French institutionalized lexicon (in fact, it belongs to movie terminology, which increases the comic effect produced by the series). More rarely in our dataset, the outburst consists exclusively of nonce-formations, as in (  16 ) where the baits do not belong to the same morphological series as the nonce-formations, but to their morphological family: 7 (14) a. Je vaque aux petites occupations du matin: discussion avec Filip, douchation, maquillation, habillation, coiffation. [I go about my everyday activities: discussion with Philip, shower-ation, makeupation, dress-ation, hair-style-ation.
] || 8 Bêtise is a well-established noun in the French lexicon, both diachronically (its first attestation dates back to the 15 th century) and in contemporary use (there are 2 million occurrences on the Web). Brought to you by | SCD de Lille III (I894) -Université Charles-de-Gaulle Authenticated Download Date | 3/16/18 5:46 PM Of course, démocrature could also be analysed as a blend of democraty and dictature. But it is more likely for each nonce-formation in this series to follow the same model, that is suffix exchange. Our dataset also contains some cases where permutation does not involve the exponent, but the stem, for example ambitionneuse (vs. the expected ambitieuse 'ambitiousFEM') in (  23 ): (23) Plus ambitionneuse, comme le titre le laisse entendre. [More ambition-ousFEM, as suggested by the title.
A continuum in playful nonce-formations Summarizing the above results, we obtain a continuum in types of playful nonceformations identified by the use of clues, from the speaker / writer's perspective: -At one extreme, we find cases where the speaker / writer bridges a lexical gap (or what he / she considers to be one in regard to his / her mental lexicon). In our dataset, this is the main function of nonce-formations labelled as such by means of quotation marks or discursive (meta-)comments. The aim of the speaker / writer is less to coin a playful word than to coin a word tout court. Most of the time, he / she uses an available process with a high productivity index  (Baayen 1992) , such as suffixations in -age, -ité, -iser, etc. (cf. Dal et al. 2008) ; the nonce-formation is semantically and formally transparent and satisfies most if not all linguistic constraints.
For example, in our dataset, the use of quotation marks or (meta-)linguistic comments shows that, for the speaker / writer, even a well-established complex word such as caoutchouteux 'rubbery' in (2f) is a new formation, and that he / she productively uses suffixation in -eux in order to bridge what he / she considers a lexical gap. In such cases, the presence or absence of the complex word in any dictionary is irrelevant. We consider here that it is better for newness to be taken into account from the speaker / writer point of view than from any social perspective. In quantitative approaches, in order to address the issue of productivity and to eliminate recourse to intuitive judgements, the major work is that of  Baayen (1992)  and the research initiated by its results. Apart from what he calls "realized productivity", which evaluates the presumable success of a morphological process or pattern in the past independently of its actual use, statistical measures of productivity are based on rare events.
They tell us about the ways of keeping and filing written texts practiced by the ancients. In other || I thank Adam Bülow Jacobsen and Korshi Dosoo for revising my English and Antonio Ricciardetto for proof-reading my paper. words, the information they give us is a matter of library studies, archival studies and the history of knowledge; (b) We must analyse documents or books, not only in themselves, but in relation to the way they were organized. The relationship between the components of a collection is meaningful and provides new data in addition to those provided by each of the components; more precisely, it strengthens, enlivens and puts into perspective such information. As Orsolina Montevecchi wrote about archives, l'archivio, e specialmente un archivio privato che si estenda per un certo lasso di tempo, è un insieme più vivo e istruttivo, per certi aspetti, di una serie di documenti omogenei, i quali ci possono dare in modo impersonale l'evoluzione di un determinato istituto giuridico nella sua prassi.
6 In 1989 the papyrologists Jean Bingen and Willy Clarysse decided-for the first time to my knowledgeto publish the ostraca found in the Belgian excavations in Elkab (Upper Egypt) not by documentary types (as it was usual), but by finding areas, i. e. by houses they were discovered in: thus they were able to reconstruct archives owned by the inhabitants of these houses. 7 Finally, I must not forget a book that gave, so to speak, its pedigree to the archival method: A Guide to the Zenon Archive by P. W. Pestman in 1981. 8  So today we publish new papyri only after trying to reconstruct the archives they come from. The development of this interest in archives can be read in the following figures: in 1973, Montevecchi in the first edition of her handbook La papirologia made a census of 96 archives; in her second edition (1988), she added 39 more, bringing the total to 135; in 2014, the online database devoted to Archives on the Trismegistos website registers 482 archives.
Tracing libraries In comparison to archives, the number of libraries discovered in Egypt is difficult to assess. The Papyrus Archives database of Trismegistos lists 17 libraries plus 2 libraries combined with archives (4%), against 463 purely documentary archives (96%). Even if this database does not intend to be exhaustive for libraries, the numerical disproportion between libraries and archives is striking. This is a wellknown phenomenon as far as papyrology in general is concerned: among the nearly 70,000 edited papyri, only 9,000 are literary texts 41 against 60,000 documents, that is to say, literary papyri account only for 12. 8% of papyrological sources. This is due not only to an extensive bureaucracy that generated many || 39 On these phases, see Clarysse /Vandorpe 1995, 24-31. 40 See now in general Houston 2014, which I was, unfortunately, unable to use for this paper.
No internal data make it possible to determine the provenance of a papyrus or its connection with a library: with very few exceptions, books in this periods had no colophon (unlike the Coptic 46 or Greek medieval books) that could provide information about the copyist, date and context of the copy; 47 they had no exlibris or bookplates that would have allowed us to know the owner. Under these conditions, reconstructing ancient libraries is an almost impossible task. And it is true that it has not aroused the same interest from scholars as the reconstruction of archives. In the past, attention has too often been focused on the famous Library of Alexandria, of which we know little, and only through literary sources, at the expense of the other more real and less fantastic libraries. Moreover, the mass of literary texts found in Egypt has led papyrologists to devote themselves to editing and studying them for their contents and what they can bring to our knowledge of literate practices, neglecting their documentary dimension, their Sitz im Leben.
Brought to you by | College de France Authenticated Download Date | 2/21/18 2:27 PM buildings, but not the texts they contained; in Egypt, we have the texts but rarely the buildings, and yet the texts originating from them are scattered. Therefore, paradoxically, Egypt is the country where the least is known about libraries, despite the fame of the Library of Alexandria. Libraries in Egypt can be reconstructed from several types of data: (a) Archaeological data Very rare are the libraries that have been found in situ: the most famous is Lucius Calpurnius Piso's library found in his villa at Herculaneum. 48 But this case is unrelated to Egypt. The other examples are late and from religious contexts: -The White Monastery library (# 500) was partially discovered in a small room of the monastery in 1883 by Gaston Maspero.
(b) Data from 'Museum archaeology' I have already mentioned this method, but its most spectacular application has been in the case of the 'Bodmer Library', also known as the 'Dishna Papers' (thirdfifth century CE, # 519), discovered clandestinely in the 1950s. By conducting an inquiry into museums or collections that had acquired papyri at this time and interviewing the persons involved in this discovery, James G. Robinson proposed a reconstruction of the events which led to the papyri being scattered around the world, and, more importantly, established a list of the texts that were part of this library. 53 Even if some of his conclusions are questionable, I was recently able to confirm the find-site which he had proposed, using a documentary papyrus from the binding of one of the books of this library; this discovery has demonstrated that it came from the region of Dishna, and not Panopolis, as some had thought.
(c) Codicological and palaeographical data The form of literary texts, the type of writing, and the use of diacritics and decorations in their copying can inform us about the milieu of a particular book and, consequently, when scriptoria and libraries are connected, about its possible provenance. 55 This is how many books have been connected with the library of the White Monastery, or those of the Wadi Natrun monasteries. But much work remains to be done in this area.
|| 34 P. Mich. VIII 490-491 (# abest). 35 See in general Cockle 1984 and Burkhalter 1990. 36 127 entries in the Papyrus Archives in Graeco-Roman Egypt database, among which 117 are exclusively 'official'. Brought to you by | College de France Authenticated Download Date | 2/21/18 2:27 PM.
Energy Consumption of Buildings in Europe The potential for energy demand growth from connected devices in buildings, whether they are smart or not, has already been noted in many European Union (EU) markets, according to a study carried out by Statistics in the Control and Connectivity segment, 'the number of active households is expected to amount to 43. 7 m by 2022'  [2]. In the International Energy Agency (IEA) Central Scenario, 50% of household electricity demand for appliances by 2040 is expected to come from connected devices, presenting opportunities for a smart demand response, but also increasing the need for standby power. 'Improving the operational efficiency of buildings by using real-time data could lower total energy consumption between 2017 and 2040 by as much as 10% compared with the Central Scenario, assuming limited rebound effects in consumer energy demand'  [3].
The Monitoring Systems Used to Estimate HLC to Determine the Thermal Envelope Performance of Buildings Given the importance of measuring buildings' energy performance, this paper reviews the monitoring systems used to show the energy efficiency level of buildings through physical data collected by sensors. This data is used to estimate the energy performance using specific methodologies, which in future will guarantee transparent EPCs for minimum energy consumption. This article will focus on the energy monitoring used in projects to estimate the HLC with two methods: the Averaging Method  [17]  and the Regression Method, which is similar to the Co-Heating method  [1, 22]. These, along with other methods, can be used to calculate the Thermal Envelope Performance (TEP) of buildings. The latest report of Digitalization & Energy  [3]  of the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2017 stated that there is a greater potential for energy saving in heating, cooling and lighting, since these together in 2015 accounted for more than 60% of the total demand for final energy in buildings.
Monitoring Systems to Estimate the Heat Loss Coefficient (HLC) Using the Average Method and Co-Heating Method To guarantee transparent EPCs for minimum energy performances, it is necessary to estimate the energy performance using specific methodologies in order to determine the energy efficiency level of buildings. Physical data collected from the sensors of a monitoring system are necessary for this purpose. This section will focus on the study of energy monitoring systems used in projects to estimate the Heat Loss Coefficient (HLC) with two methods: the Averaging Method  [17]  and the Co-Heating Method, or similar  [1, 22].
Methods and Data Requirements to Estimate the Building Envelope HLC The monitoring requirements of the Average Method and Co-Heating Method were analyzed, showing the main physical variables required and reviewing the monitoring used in different projects published to estimate the HLC. Corrected Average Method: A. Erkoreka  [17]  proposed the Average Method and Corrected Average Method, with similarities to the ISO 9869 standard, to estimate the Heat Loss Coefficient (HLC) of the whole building. These methods take into account the k observation of all heat gains inside the building (including the heating system and all the other internal gains, but excluding solar radiation) represented by (Q + K) and the solar gains (S a H sol ) (Equation (  1 )) in specific periods where:.
It is also evident that experimental tests tend to focus more on developing methods to estimate the HLC and other estimations to determinate the envelope energy behaviors of buildings to characterize the TEP, rather than carrying out an analysis to determine the criteria to choose the MCSs. This trend is apparent even though the sensors used to measure physical variables are critical to the reliability of the data collected to perform the TEP characterization. It has been observed, too, that the MCSs used to estimate HLC allow the analysis and estimation of other parameters used to characterize the buildings' TEP. The physical variables necessary for these estimations are collected in current BASs and domotic systems in order to determine user comfort, electricity consumption, and for the control of the building systems.
This study presents MCDoseE 2. 0, a new fitting program for ESR dating dose response curve (DRC) fitting and dose calculation. The standalone software was specifically designed to remove assumed data weighting, and instead to obtain a full probabilistic solution of the DRC by propagating the uncertainties associated with the measured ESR intensities. It uses a nonlinear Bayesian framework, specifically a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) scheme based on the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, where the solution is a probability distribution for the equivalent dose, according to the precision of the measurements. In this paper, we investigate the capabilities and limitations of MCDoseE 2. 0 by comparing our results to those obtained with OriginPro 9. 1 ®, a proven and commonly used commercial software package.
Hence, the predilection for commercial software use in ESR dating (e. g. OriginPro, Kaleidagraph). Nonetheless, even with a detailed user manual, most commercial software perform frequently as "black boxes", with limited understanding of the fitting process or control over the results. In a recent paper,  Duval and Grün (2016)  compared the performances of two distinct fitting programs using the Single Saturating Exponential (SSE) function for D E reconstruction of fossil enamel. The first was a non-commercial program, FIT-RSES, had been specifically designed by R. Grün for the above-mentioned purpose and has been continuously improved over the last two decades (e. g. Grün and Brumby, 1994; Grün, 2000 Grün, , 2002 Grün, , 2006)). Succinctly, in FIT-RSES the ESR DRC is fitted by linearization of the SSE function, which offers the advantage of a simple and fast optimization of the parameters (see further details in  Apers et al.
, 1981   , 1994). The second program benchmarked in their study was the commercial software developed by OriginLab Corporation, which is widely used for data analysis (e. g. peak analysis, curve fitting, statistics, signal processing…) in several disciplines. This software allows nonlinear fittings based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The graphical interface makes it easy to use, which has led Origin to be the preferred DRC fitting tool in the ESR dating community (e. g. Duval et al. , 2009; Han et al. , 2012; Hoffmann et al. , 2003; Kinoshita et al. , 2008; Küçükuysal et al. , 2011). Duval and Grün (2016)  demonstrated that the two fitting methods provided highly consistent results with the SSE function without introducing any identifiable bias. For equivalent dose (D E ) values ranging around 120 to 250 Gy, the relative differences in D E results were on average < 1%, while for samples with 600 < DE < 1,000 Gy, linear conversion yields D E values on average 1-2% higher than those obtained with OriginPro.
Samples For the comparison of the programs, we used (dose vs ESR intensity) data from a series of tooth enamel and quartz samples that have been processed and analysed according to the standard ESR dating procedures at the Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Spain (see further details in  Duval et al. , 2013; Duval et al. , 2017). The DRCs from tooth enamel and quartz samples were obtained using the Multiple Aliquot Additive dose method  (Zeller et al. , 1967; Duval et al. , 2013; ). Aliquots were irradiated at increasing dose values with either a 60 Co or a 137 Cs gamma source. ESR intensities were extracted from the spectra via Bruker WinEPR system software (Version 2. 22Rev. 12) with the distance cursor tool. This was done by taking the peak-to-peak amplitude between T1 and B2 of the enamel signal  (Grün, 2000)  and between the top of the first peak (g=2.
D E evaluation with OriginPro software With OriginPro 9. 1, the fitting functions are created as user-defined functions through the Non-linear Curve Fit box. Fitting was performed using two data weighting options: (i) the inverse of the squared ESR intensities (1/I 2 ), which results in giving more weight to the first points of the DRCs  (Grün and Brumby, 1994; Duval and Grün, 2016) ; (ii) the inverse of the squared experimental errors (1-standard deviation) (1/s 2 ), which consists in giving greater importance to the points with the smallest errors, similar to MCDoseE 2. 0. With this software, the non-linear fitting is done by an iterative linearized procedure, using a Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) algorithm by chi-square minimization. OriginPro 9. 1 offers also the possibility to use the Simplex algorithm, especially when the initialization of the parameters is complicated.
0. Results derived from data weighting by 1/I 2 are nevertheless very similar too. -The precision in the D E estimates using MCDoseE are significantly smaller than using OriginPro. However, as a consequence, those highly precise results do not systematically M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT overlap with the expected dose, unlike those from OriginPro. This aspect will be further explored in section 2. 1. 2. It should be mentioned here that the precision of the D E values provided by OriginPro can be significantly improved by pooling all repeated ESR intensities in a single DRC  (Duval, 2012). This has no impact of the D E value, but may reduce the associated error by 50 to 60% if ESR intensities show very little variation over repeated measurements. This procedure, however, has not been used here, as the comparison between the two programs was intended to be based on exactly the same ESR data inputs.
In contrast, MCDoseE using DSE and SSE functions for sample #1 gives an aberrant D E values of 1092±38Gy and 969±46Gy, respectively, which are -27% and -35% lower than the expected value. OriginPro provides exactly the same results using 1/s 2 data weighting, whereas using 1/I 2 recovered the expected dose. This indicates there are some leverage effects during the fitting, and some points carry an unexpectedly high weight with 1/s 2 , but not with 1/I 2. A close look at the ESR data set indicates that the problem originates with only one very small experimental error (<0. 2%), namely the fourth ESR intensity point. The MCDoseE 2. 0 program rejects part of the solution through the iteration and burn-in process (burn-in is a colloquial term that describes the practice of throwing away some iterations at the beginning of an MCMC run), being stuck in a local minimum.
, 2013). With 1% error on the ESR intensities, MCDoseE program provides D E values that are in agreement within 5% with the expected value, while the precision remains <10% (1 sigma). The D E error derived from the real experimental (and non-uniform) errors is also plotted on Figs. 5 and 6 (triangles) for comparison. Interestingly, those SSE results for 2 of 5 samples follow the trend indicated by the simulations. However, for the remaining 3 samples, the systematic deviation is higher than expected. This is especially striking for sample #1, for which the true D E is underestimated by >25% with the SSE (and >30% with the DSE). This is basically due to the fact that there are one or two points showing a very high precision and which thus drive the fitting of MCDoseE. Given their precision, they carry a very high weight in the fitting (see Fig.