dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The data were then duplicated many times. Any modification in previous data by an observer resulted in data inconsistency among the local copies and central database. To avoid these problems, the new web-based system was designed to provide a homogeneous workflow for all the observers. It should manage multiple access by different actors and guarantees the data consistency at any time. Another major requirement concerned the interoperability among different data sets. Historically separated, the EPA, CLPA and SSA data sets contain complementary data which are interesting when explored together. The lack of interoperability was a real handicap for researchers and observers who tried to simultaneously exploit different data, continuously updated in real time. We also had to take into account that the observation of snow avalanches in France is a long-term project.
Main components The new snow avalanche web system is composed of the three main components shown in Fig. 6:  a front web portal http://www. avalanches. fr; a webmapping tool  (Deschatres et al. , 2010a)  for visualization of EPA, CLPA and SSA geospatial data http: //map. avalanches. fr; a web application for entry and management of avalanche observations http://extranet. avalanches. fr. The front portal and the webmapping tool provide public access to all output materials issued from the EPA, CLPA and SSA observation workflow: avalanche maps, eyewitness reports, list of avalanche events, dangerousness estimation for inhabited sites exposed to avalanches. The web application http://extranet. avalanches. fr was developed to support the observers in their daily work of data acquisition. It provides data entry, management and visualization in order to produce the output public data.
The access to this web appli-cation is restricted to avalanche observers and protected by user login and password. The observed EPA, CLPA and SSA data are stored in a PostgreSQL relational database. The use of a common database enables the interoperability of three data sets. The database stores also all technical information describing the business workflow: actors of the system, their corresponding roles and possible actions, data access rules and so on. The digitized geographic data for all data sets are stored in format of polygons in a spatial database, implemented with ESRI ArcGIS geodatabase. The identification number idGis of each geographic object is stored in the main database to interconnect observations and corresponding output maps.
Application layers The main objective of the web application http://extranet. avalanches. fr is to provide a flexible and reusable platform to manage observed data. In order to accept any possible modification in the future and to simplify the maintainability of the platform, we implemented a loosely coupled architecture mainly based on free and open-source products as well as on publicly accessible international standards. The system is designed as a series of independent modules based on a stable framework. This approach allows us to reuse as much as possible the existing blocks while adding or modifying any module. The web application has been designed using Apache Tomcat servlet container and Java Enterprise Edition computing platform. The overall code is organized according to the model-view-controller design pattern  (Buschmann et al.
, 1996). It is written in Java programming language using Spring, Spring MVC and Hibernate frameworks. The system has an n-tier architecture composed of three layers: a data layer, a business layer and a presentation layer (Fig. 7 ). To enhance the reusability of various parts of the application, we implemented these levels as independently as possible according to the principle of the inversion of control  (Martin, 1996) , allowing us to reduce the dependencies between objects. Inversion of control is natively provided by the Spring framework  (Gupta and Govil, 2010). In this configuration, the data and business layers are composed of Java classes that implement corresponding interfaces. The data layer contains the information about data, data access and data sources that are stored in a database.
The Data Access Objects (DAO) encapsulate all access to the database. The DAO java classes implement the DAO java interfaces that define standard operations to be performed on model objects. The model objects store the data that are retrieved from the database by the DAO classes. The data layer is implemented within the Hibernate framework. The business layer encodes the business logic, i. e. , the rules of the data processing during the observation workflow. While receiving a request from the presentation layer, the business layer decides which kind of data should be retrieved from the data layer, performs an appropriate data treatment and then returns the obtained result back to the presentation layer. The business layer represents a series of service components in Spring framework. The presentation layer aims at displaying dynamically generated information to the end users in a web browser.
It is composed of several web interfaces. Each web interface corresponds to a specific action of a user (e. g. , creation, modification, visualization, suppression and validation of entities and procedures). The presentation level is developed in SpringMVC framework using JSP, JavaScript, jQuery and Ajax technologies. Different components of the system are glued together within the Spring framework. One of the main advantages of three-layer decomposition is that the working protocol can be defined once within the business layer and then shared by any component within the presentation layer. The processing rules can be easily modified in one place and then be instantly available throughout the whole application without having to make corresponding changes in any of the other layers.
avalanches. fr provides a series of graphical user interfaces to organize annual campaigns of data acquisition, to enter avalanche observations, to process and to validate observed data. The application dynamically generates the interfaces which correspond to user's profiles. A user can perform only the actions defined by his role in the information system. The total number of graphical user interfaces currently attain 70, for all roles and level accesses. Approximately half of them correspond to the CLPA working process. In this section, as an illustrated example of the whole system, we describe the implementation of the main actions of the CLPA workflow. There are three access levels for interfaces: management, data entry and data visualization. The management level allows performing campaign management actions and staff administration.
In the CLPA tool, this level is reserved to a CLPA manager. His role is to create a new investigation zone, to define inquiries herein, to create new actors and to assign them to inquiries. The CLPA manager is also in charge of the data validation when an inquiry is finished. The CLPA manager has full access to CLPA data: he can add, modify or delete any data at any time. An example of a management level interface for inquiry creation is shown in Fig. 8. The data entry level allows CLPA observers to enter and to modify their own observations but prohibits modification of data provided by other observers. At this level, there is no access to modify any investigation zone or any inquiry. An observer can only add data to an existing inquiry previously created and assigned to him by the CLPA manager.
At this access level, a data distributor can also download CLPA materials for an investigation zone that has been already updated and formatted for distribution to stakeholders. Furthermore, this level provides access to the public version of CLPA sheets and to the digital library of photographs and documents. The digital library (Fig. 10 ) has been developed to enhance the interoperability between CLPA and EPA observation systems. It contains graphics and documents used in both systems: photographs for CLPA proofs, photographs of CLPA paths, CLPA archival documents, photographs of EPA paths and other reference documents of EPA events such as post- event photographs showing snow deposit, damages and so on. The library accepts several graphical and PDF formats and can be used by all EPA-CLPA-SSA members.
Discussion and conclusion A web-based snow avalanche information system has been successfully implemented to manage various avalanche observation data. The design of the system architecture based on many open-source components and frameworks assures the flexibility and the productivity of the platform. The system is modular and then can be easily extended for future needs. This paper has illustrated the main technical advantages of this innovative and comprehensive framework. A full interoperability has been achieved by integrating EPA, CLPA and SSA data sets into a common harmonized database where they are now directly interconnected. For example, photographs and documents in the entire system are now shared via the digital library. The achieved interoperability between different data types offers to users new outlooks in their work.
For instance, it technically allows connecting EPA events to an update of the CLPA map. It means that an EPA event can become a source for a CLPA proof while creating new CLPA sheets. Also, combined analysis with other increasingly detailed environmental (climate data, land use and land cover data, etc. ) and socioeconomic (position and types of buildings, critical infrastructures, road traffic densities, etc. ) databases is now much easier, opening many promising new investigations fields. Specifically, temporal and spatial aspects of snow avalanche activity and risk can now be jointly explored much more efficiently taking into account their main drivers, which represents a crucial improvement both for scientific purposes and for local on-site risk management by technicians and stakeholders.
Already available examples having largely beneficiated of these new facilities include detailed investigation of climatic drivers of avalanche activity in the French Alps  (Lavigne et al. , 2015) , long-term forecasting of extreme avalanche events  (Eckert et al. , 2010b) , crosscomparison with tree ring data and connection to afforestation processes  (Schläppy et al. , 2014) , short-term forecasting of major winter storms  (Dkengne et al. , 2015) , socioeconomic assessment of the vulnerability of various types of buildings  (Favier et al. , 2014)  and subsequent risk assessment for inhabited areas  (Eckert et al. , 2008). The flexibility of the new architecture opens a perspective toward a fully integrated open-source platform. The only proprietary component of our system ArcGIS geodatabase is expected to migrate soon into an open-source spatial database operated by PostgreSQL and PostGIS.
Data availability The EPA, CLPA and SSA output materials are public. Even if the full management data access is restricted to the project members and partners via http://extranet. avalanches. fr, they can be downloaded freely by anyone from the website http: //www. avalanches. fr. In addition to the raw data, the website contains a huge amount of information about the data specificities, advices for potential users, additional data such as old maps and snowfall records, etc. Also, summaries of ongoing and past research projects grounding on the French snow avalanche information system are provided. For instance, an exhaustive bibliographic references list can be found at http://www. avalanches. fr/liste-bibliographique. All the material is regularly updated.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the  French Ministry of the Environment. The authors are grateful to reviewers  Benjamin Zweifel  and  Stephan Harvey  for providing valuable suggestions to improve this manuscript. We wish to acknowledge  Thibault Degiuli ,  Ambroise Petitgenêt  and  Mickaël Bonilla  for helpful discussions on the snow avalanche information system architecture. We would like also to thank  Evgeny Podolskiy  and  Frederic Flin  for reading a preliminary version of this manuscript and for making useful comments. IRSTEA is a part of  Labex OSUG@2020  ( ANR-10-LABX-56 ). Edited by: P. Bartelt Reviewed by:  B. Zweifel  and  S. Harvey.
For in situ hybridization, we used methods described previously  16, 43. In brief, 10-μm-thick coronal sections of fresh-frozen brains were fixed with 4% PFA, treated with diethylpyrocarbonate, and hybridized with antisense riboprobe at 58 °C. After hybridization, the sections were washed in 0. 2 × SSC at 58 °C and incubated with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody (1:500, Roche Diagnostics). Signals were visualized with 4-nitro blue tetrazolium chloride/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate for 16 h at RT. RNA probes generated were to nucleotides 96-1734 of Snap25 (GenBank accession number BC018249) and 1-3789 of Syt1 (GenBank accession number BC042519).
, Bowdoinham, ME) were placed over the Schaeffer collateral/commissural axons, so that we could activate (Grass SD9 square-voltage-pulse stimulator) two independent pathways, test and control, in the same slice. To obtain baseline responses, each pathway was stimulated every 10 sec (0. 1 Hz). The fEPSPs were amplified (AM Systems 1800), digitized, and stored on a PC running acquisition software (custom programs based on AxoBasic, or WinLTP v2, Bristol, UK). For the input-output functions, stimulation intensity was reduced to a value at which no fEPSP was evoked, and the stimulation was then increased incrementally to elicit fEPSPs until a population spike was detected, which defined the final point of the function. For burst analysis, a stable baseline was recorded for ~10 min and then a single HFS train (100 Hz for 1 sec) was delivered and analyzed offline (Origin v9, OriginLab) by subtracting the stimulus artifacts and integrating the total area-over-the-curve of the response.
We used behavioral software (Ethovision v8. 5, Noldus) to track and record the animal movement. Each mouse was trained to find a hidden escape platform (diameter, 10 cm) that was submerged 0. 5 cm below the surface of the water. A trial was terminated when the animal located the platform, or 60 sec elapsed, in which case the mouse was guided to the platform and allowed to sit on it for ~10 sec. For phase 1, mice received 4 trials per day for 4 days with the platform located at the center of the North quadrant. For phase 2, there were 4 trials per day for 4 days with the platform at the center of the South quadrant. For analysis, the latencies to find the platform were grouped in blocks of 4 trials each. The perseveration ratio was calculated as the latency of the last 4 trials in phase 1 (L1) subtracted from the latency of the initial 4 trials in phase 2 (L2), divided by their sum [(L2 -L1)/(L1 + L2)].
For the rotarod test, mice were placed individually on a rotating drum (ENV-576M, Med Associates Inc, St. George, VT, USA), which accelerated from 4 to 40 rpm over a course of 5 min. The time at which the mouse fell off the drum was recorded. The test was repeated 4 times for each mouse with an interval of at least 1 h between trials. The room was illuminated with low-level white lights. The open field test  47  consisted of a single trial (20 min) in which each mouse was placed in a square chamber (40 cm on the side, 30-cm high walls painted gray) with bedding on the floor. The mouse was transported into the darkened experimental room and immediately placed in the experimental chamber. We used behavioral software (Ethovision v8. 5) to track the position and movement of the animal. For analysis, a center zone (10-cm square at the center of the chamber) and a periphery zone (7-cm wide corridor adjacent to the walls) were defined (Fig.
3D ); the occupancy in these zones was computed and expressed as the percent of total time. The animal's movement was calculated at 60 sec intervals. The fear conditioning task  48  was implemented in a conditioning chamber (clear Plexiglas, dim light, metal grid floor) and a testing chamber (dark plastic, brightly lit, black floor). Video cameras were mounted on top of the chambers for videotaping and control of stimuli by software (FreezeFrame). The procedure was as follows: on the day before conditioning (day 1), mice were habituated to both chambers for 10 min in a counterbalanced manner to control for order effects. On the day of conditioning (day 2), each mouse was acclimated to the conditioning chamber (3 min) and then given five pairings of a conditional stimulus (tone, 20-sec long, 5 kHz, 80 dB) that co-terminated with an unconditional stimulus (foot shock, 1 sec, 1 mA).
Briefly, cells were incubated for 10 min in Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ -free Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), supplemented with 20 mM HEPES buffer, 0. 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 0. 4 mM MgSO 4. Calcium was then added back for 10 min to a final concentration of 1. 8 mM. Cells were washed after the different treatments, homogenized, and analyzed by WB. Semi-quantitative PCR. Calhm1 expression levels in brain tissue were determined by PCR following procedures described previously  12. Statistical Analysis. Datasets are presented as mean ± SEM. We used factorial ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the Student t test to examine statistical significance, which was defined as P < 0. 05.
Acknowledgements We thank  Tomás S. Huerta ,  Toby Klein ,  Jonas Oppenheimer , and  Sergio Robbiati  for experimental help. This work was supported by the  National Institute of Health  grants  R01AG042508  (to PM) and  P01AI073693-06  (to PTH), and  Monell Chemical Senses Center Institutional Fund  (to IM). Parts of the in situ hybridization analyses were performed at the  Monell Histology and Cellular Localization Core , which is supported, in part, by funding from  NIH   Core Grant   P30DC011735  (to  Robert F. Margolskee ,  Monell Chemical Senses Center ). MO was a  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Fellow for Research Abroad.
Children over 7 years old were asked these questions directly in the presence of their parent/guardian. Data relating to the child's HIV status, disease history and treatment was retrieved from the hospital records after the interview. Adherence to treatment was evaluated by the recall of missed medication intake during the previous 4 days, within the previous month and by counting the tablets at home. The tablet counting was performed after parental agreement, on appointment with parent/caregivers within 1 month after the first meeting. Adherence variables were dichotomized as complete (100 %) vs. incomplete (<100 %)  [20].
Data management and analysis Data was entered in Epidata freeware (http://www. epidata. dk, Odense, Denmark) and cross-checked against original data sheets. Analyses were carried out with Stata software, Version 8 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). Chi 2 or Fisher's exact test were used to assess associations between categorical variables as appropriate, and Student's t test for two normally distributed continuous variables or Kruskal-Wallis as appropriate. P ≤ 0. 05 was considered significant. Associations between VL and children's characteristics were initially measured using bivariate analyses (age, sex, socio-economic conditions, schooling, time since diagnosis and ART, and adherence to treatment, initial CD4 cells count, type of treatment and weight gain over the preceding year).
Acknowledgements This work was part of a master's study (KV) by " Institut Francophone pour la Médecine Tropicale " ( IFMT, Vientiane, Laos ). We thank IFMT teachers for their help and  Pr M Strobel  for comments. We thank the  National Pediatric Hospital staff in Cambodia  for their support. We thank all the families and children and people who participated in the surveys. We thank  P Aaron  and  M Grippenberg  for kind editing. We thank  Leila Srour  for helpful advices and final edit. IFMT, the funding agency, had no role in the decision of preparing, analyzing and publishing the paper. Opinions expressed in the paper do not represent the opinion of funding agency.
We report a case of hemoglobin Camperdown (HbCa) detected by using a Capillarys 2 Flex Piercing instrument (C2FP, Sebia, Lisses, France) during HbA1c measurement. A 76-yr-old man receiving follow-up care for type 2 insulindependent diabetes was admitted to our hospital for a necrotic wound on the heel. To manage the diabetes, HbA1c was measured on a C2FP instrument in our clinical biology laboratory at Rouen University Hospital, France. The CE software flagged an alarm stating "Atypical profile" with an HbA1c value of 4. 2% (22 mmol/mol). We observed an abnormality on the electropherogram (Fig. 1 ), with a peak of unknown hemoglobin quantified at 3. 0% and named fraction 1 by the CE software. There was no other abnormality on the electropherogram. The sample was also tested with a Bio-Rad Variant II analyzer (Bio-Rad, Marnesla-Coquette, France) in the clinical biology laboratory at Le Havre General Hospital, France, which measured the HbA1c value at 52.
Recently, Gaborit et al. [5]  published the effects of this variant on HbA1c measurement using HPLC and immunoassay methods. They concluded that it was not possible to measure the exact HbA1c value with the affinity chromatography method. Moreover, immunoassay methods are blind to detecting such variants and probably underestimate HbA1c values. Herein we describe for the first time a case of HbCa interfering with CE HbA1c measurement. The C2FP HbA1c method is not able to differentiate HbA0 from HbCa. The presence of an unknown peak must alert the pathologist. The CE software value is affected by negative bias due to the co-elution of HbCa and HbA0. Manual recalculation seems to yield good results for global glycated fractions, consistent with fructosamine. However, the threshold for HbA1c values must be applied with great care.
In contrast, there was no difference in CXCL12 expression in tumors in these different animals (Figure  5h ). CXCL12 expression was evaluated at RNA levels as these experiments gave reproducible and reliable data. Taken as a whole, these data show that blocking CXCR4 in TN BC do not lead to any tumor growth inhibition and can even increase metastatic spread in 25% cases, effect that is associated with high lung CXCL12 expression. Considering that CXCR4 inhibitors are either inefficient or could even exacerbate the pathology, our work suggest that administration of anti-CXCR4 is not recommended as a potential therapy for TN patients.
Drugs comparisons groups quantifications were performed by two independent investigators using ImageJ software. In brief, color deconvolution was achieved for the separation of Haematoxilin (blue) or specific staining (revealed by DAB coloration, brown) channels alone. A threshold was run on the DAB channel and a mask was applied in order to isolate the specific signal coming from brown channel. Then, the percentage of stained area was evaluated, and a mean for each animal was calculated. Lung sections (4 μm) were stained with hematoxylin-eosinsafranin according to standard histological procedures. A metastatic score was evaluated by a pathologist, based on the size (ranging from 0 to 3) and the number (ranging from 0 to 3) of lung metastases. Metastatic score was completed with an evaluation of micro-metastases ALUseq Q-PCR For lung metastasis detection in PDX, the real-time PCR allows the detection of human RNA in mouse tissues (see also ref.