dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data description We use a static representation of the Skype social network aggregated over 99 months between September 2003 and November 2011. We follow the adoption of the "buy credit" paid service for 89 months starting from 2004, and the paid service "subscription" for 42 months starting from 2008 (for further details about the network and service see SI). By considering the online social structure and adoption times, we identify users as innovator, vulnerable, or stable nodes based on the number Φ k of adopting neighbours at the time of exposure. Thresholds are calculated as φ = Φ k /k for users with k contacts. The adoption network is constructed by considering confirmed social links between users who adopted the service earlier than t. In order to avoid the effect of instantaneous group adoptions (evidently not driven by social influence), we only consider links between nodes who are neighbours in the underlying social network and whose adoption did not happen at the same time.
S3 Social influence -null model study Studies of social contagion phenomena assume that social influence is responsible for the correlated adoption of connected people. However, an alternative explanation for the observed correlated adoption patterns is homophily: a link creation mechanism by which similar egos get connected in a social structure. In the latter case, the correlated adoption of a connected group of people would be explained by their similarity and not necessarily due to social influence. Homophily and influence are two processes that may simultaneously play a role during the adoption process. Nevertheless, distinguishing between them on the individual level is very difficult using our or any similar datasets  [3]. Fortunately, at the system level one may decide which process is dominant in the empirical data.
The isomer shifts are referenced against that of the room temperature metallic iron foil. Data were analyzed with the program WMOSS (WEB Research, Edina, MN). For resonance Raman spectroscopy, 50-l samples of native mNT 44 -108 (200 M) were prepared in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7. 4, and 50 mM NaCl. When required, buffer was made anaerobic by a 2-h flushing with N 2 gas. Anaerobic mNT samples were prepared by performing 20 vacuum/N 2 refilling cycles 4 times every 5 min. The mNT cluster was reduced by adding excess dithionite (5 mM final). Solutions were conditioned in gas-tight quartz EPR tubes and disposed in a homemade spinning cell at room temperature to avoid local heating and to prevent photodissociation and degradation. Raman excitation at 441. 6 nm was obtained with a helium-cadmium laser (Kimmon, Tokyo, Japan).
Laser power was set at 30 milliwatts. Resonance Raman spectra were recorded using a modified singlestage spectrometer (Jobin-Yvon T64000, HORIBA Jobin Yvon S. A. S. , Chilly Mazarin, France) equipped with a liquid N 2 -cooled back-thinned CCD detector. Stray scattered light was rejected using a holographic notch filter (Kaiser Optical Systems, Ann Arbor, MI). Slit width was set at 100 m. Spectra were recorded as the co-addition of 60 individual spectra with CCD exposure times of 60 s each. Four successive sets of such spectra, obtained with two distinct samples, were then averaged. Spectral accuracy was estimated to be ϳ1 cm Ϫ1. Spectral resolution was about 3 cm Ϫ1. Baseline correction was performed using GRAMS 32 software (Galactic Industries, Salem, NH). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were carried out using a Bruker Avance III 800 MHz spectrometer equipped with a TCI cryoprobe.
D, 20 h after NMR tube opening, reaction products were analyzed on a 16% reducing native gel. time course under anaerobic conditions, which confirmed that the system reached a stable situation with reduced holo-mNT and apo-FDX intact. However, after opening the NMR tube, the peak associated with the apo-FDX tryptophan group decreased in intensity, and concomitantly, a new peak appeared in its vicinity that was assigned to the same proton in holo-FDX (Fig. 4C , lower panel). The final products were also run on a 16% native gel, and the results show that the band corresponding to holo-FDX was present (Fig. 4D ). Our findings clearly demonstrate the unfolding of the mNT protein backbone concomitantly with the transfer of its cluster to apo-FDX. These data also confirm the great structural stability of the reduced holo-mNT even in a slightly acidic environment and the initiation of cluster transfer by oxidation of the mNT cluster.
Acknowledgments-We thank  Dr. Eric Jacquet  ( Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, ICSN ) for allowing use of the Akta purifier ( GE Healthcare ),  Dr. Nelly Morellet  for help with NMR, and  Dr. Jean-Marc Moulis  for fruitful discussions. We are grateful to  Dr. Jean-Claude Drapier  ( ICSN ) for all the fruitful discussions and for critical reading of the manuscript. This work has benefited from the facilities and expertise of the  TEFOR Molecular Biology Unit, I2BC, Gif Research Center.
* This work was supported by the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  ( ING20101220983 ; to S. G. ), the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-13BSV8-0017-01 ), and the  French Infrastructure for Integrated Structural Biology (FRISBI)  ( ANR-10-INSB-05-01 ). The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article. 1Both authors contributed equally to this work. grant from the  French Ministry of National Education, Research, and Technology.
Iron oxide nanoparticle characterizations The prepared nanocomposites were characterized for its structural and magnetic properties. The particle diameter and its distribution were acquired by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (200 keV JEM 2010 microscope) by drying a toluene dispersion of the nanoparticles on a carbon coated copper grid and allowing it to dry. The structure was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Philips, X-PERT) with Co K a radiations. For small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements, the IO samples were prepared in a colloidal solution of toluene at 1 : 20 volume concentration, the obtained SAXS data were collected at the Brazilian Synchrotron laboratory and analyzed assuming a polydisperse spherical form factor and a structure factor in order to take into account the aggregate effects.
Subsequently, this baby chamber was mounted on the ID32 six-circle diffractometer for SXRD measurements, with the sample surface in the horizontal plane. Measurements were performed with the sample at room temperature using a monochromatic focused beam with energy of 17. 7 keV (λ = 0. 7 Å), defined by slits to a size of (H × V: 200 μm × 20 μm). The angle of incidence of the X-ray beam with respect to the surface was kept constant at 0. 3°for all measurements with 2 × 2 mm 2 slits in front of a point detector. The experimental data were measured using rocking scans in which scattered intensity is measured, while the sample is rotated about its normal. These intensities were then integrated, and geometrical correction factors  11  were applied to evaluate the structure factors, which, when represented versus perpendicular momentum transfer, are known as crystal truncation rods (CTRs).
The TiO 2 (110) surface unit cell was described by lattice vectors (a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) parallel to the [11̅ 0], [001], and [110] directions, respectively, where a 1 = a 3 = a√2 and a 2 = c (a = 4. 593 Å and c = 2. 958 Å). A large data set, comprising 1284 nonequivalent reflections, was recorded for the UHV-prepared surface. Immediately afterward, the baby chamber was vented with N 2 (99. 998% purity) within a glovebag where the sample was transferred to a mylar thin film cell,  12  which was then mounted on the ID32 sixcircle diffractometer. Next, a 0. 1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid was injected into the mylar thin film cell, and a further 1479 nonequivalent reflections were measured. For these SXRD measurements, the mylar thin film cell was in thin-layergeometry, i. e. , only a thin layer of CH 3 COOH (l) (<1 μm) was in contact with the sample surface.
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The skillful technical assistance of  Helena Isern  and Lionel Andréat the ID32 beamline is gratefully acknowledged. This work was funded by  ERC Advanced Grant ENERGYSURF (GT) ,  EPSRC (UK)  ( EP/C541898/1 ),  EU COST  action  CM1104 , and  M. E. C. (Spain)  through project  MAT2012-38213-C02-02. This work made use of  ARCHER , the  U. K. 's national high-performance computing services provided through the  U. K. 's HPC Materials Chemistry Consortium , which is funded by  EPSRC  ( EP/L000202 ).
The tracer was then located by triangulation of gamma rays arising from the annihilation of the emitted positrons, each location being calculated from $ 100 such gammaray pairs. The PEPT tracking experiments were mostly carried out over a 1 m length of the tube starting from the top of the DiFB; the distance from the lowest detection point to the distributor in the experiments reported here is 300 mm (so that the DiFB is below the field of view). The conditions reported here matched the highest solids flowrate reported in related work on a large scale pilot rig  (Flamant et al. , 2013) , corresponding to a specific flow rate of 25 kg/m 2 s and an aeration flowrate of 250 NL/h (U ae -U mb ¼0. 052 m/s). The raw PEPT data are in the form of a list of x, y, z, time tracer particle coordinates.
99 is used to calculate the dispersion coefficient. The data indeed shows behaviour which closely approximates to the expected linear relationship. The corresponding dispersion coefficients are shown for various operating conditions in Fig. 19. The dispersion coefficient was calculated from a continuous trajectory of one particle, considering different reference planes above the aeration level. The path of the tracer particle was tracked from the time at which it crossed the fixed reference. As expected, the dispersion of the tracer increases with vertical position above the aeration point. The magnitude of the axial dispersion coefficient appears to be higher in this system than the values reported in the literature using PEPT as particle tracking method for bubbling fluidised beds. In an early study using ferromagnetic particles,  Avidan and Yerushalmi (1985)  reported that the axial dispersion coefficient calculated using the countercurrent flow model increased with gas velocity.
Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) PXRD patterns were collected at room temperature in the 101-801 range on a PANanalytical Multi-purpose Diffractometer operated at 40 kV and 40 mA (Cu Ka1, l = 1. 5406 Å). Powder samples were deposited from a slurry in ethanol onto a silicon zero diffraction plate and NiO films on FTO were prepared as described above. The data was analysed using PANanalytical X'Pert Highscore.
Kr gas adsorption isotherms Adsorption isotherms were carried out by using a Micromeritics ASAP 2420 (Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA) using krypton as the adsorbate. NiO samples were prepared as described above onto ca. 0. 5 cm Â 1 cm FTO glass substrates. Three replicates of each sample were inserted into glass sample tubes with a sealed frit. The samples were degassed under vacuum at 25 1C for 3 hours to remove moisture and other adsorbed gases. Krypton isotherms were acquired from 0. 07-0. 25 relative pressure ( p/p 0 ) at À195. 85 1C in liquid nitrogen (N 2 ). The glass samples were then weighed and reweighed following the removal of the NiO in order to give an accurate sample weight. The BET model for specific surface area was fitted to the Kr isotherms using Microactive V3. 0 software (Micrometrics Instrument Corporation).
Acknowledgements We thank  COST Action   CM1202 , The  Leverhulme Trust  ( RPG-2013-090 ), The  University of Nottingham , the  Swedish Energy Agency , the  French National Research Agency  ( Labex program ,  ARCANE ,  ANR-11-LABX-0003-01 ) and the  FCH Joint Undertaking (ArtipHyction Project , Grant Agreement no. 303435 ) for funding.
Characterization of CeO 2 nanoparticles Ceria nanoparticles were analyzed before and after solubility studies, to determine phase composition, morphology of the particles and the valence state of cerium. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were recorded using a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer, (CuKα radiation). The PC-PDF database was used for the identification of the crystalline phases. Particle size of nanocrystalline ceria was calculated using the Scherrer formula, where the coefficient of anisotropy (K-factor) was set to 1. Line profiles for (111) and (200) reflections were fitted to pseudo-Voigt functions. Particle size was calculated from full width at half maximum (FWHM) of (  111 ) and (200) diffraction lines. No traces of amorphous phases in the XRD pattern were detected. Microstructural evaluation studies were performed using a Libra 200 Carl Zeiss, and a Jeol-2100F, transmission electron microscopes (HRTEMs) with accelerating voltages of 200 kV.
0. 2 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), which is operated in topoff mode at 500 mA, in a ∼0. 5 atm He-filled chamber  [52] [53] [54]. These conditions allow for the study of air-dried samples, and this is significant, since cerium dioxide nanoparticles undergo partial reduction upon thermal treatment and exposure to reduced pressures. For the STXM measurements, an air-dried suspension of NPs was sandwiched between two Si 3 N 4 windows, with data collected and processed as previously described  55, 56. The maximum energy resolution E/ΔE was previously determined at better than 7500. For these measurements, the X-ray beam was focused with a zone plate onto the sample, and the transmitted light was detected. The spot size and spectral resolution were determined from characteristics of the 25 nm zone plate.
). The total concentration of cerium in solution was then recalculated using the ratio of stable and radioactive isotopes in initial isotopically-labeled CeO 2. A radioactive tracer technique was used to measure low cerium concentrations in solution, since the limit of detection is as low as 10 -15 M. The examination of the supernatants was performed one month after equilibration with the solids, since the kinetics data obtained at different pH values (Figure  S_1 a, b ) demonstrated that the steady state conditions were reached in 15 days (or less). To additionally confirm this, cerium concentration in the samples prepared at pH 2-6 was also measured after two, six and sixteen months. All the results were in good agreement, within the limits of experimental error (Figure  S_1c ). Redox potentials E(mV) were measured with a Pt-electrode relative to a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and were converted to Eh (Eh(mV) = E(mV) + 208 mV).
The tilting module works such that, primarily, the X-ray beam is reflected upwards with the first quartz mirror, and then tilted downwards with the second, tungsten-coated, mirror. In this scheme, the angle of incidence of the X-rays to an interface can be changed whilst keeping the position of the beam fixed. The critical angle for a water surface near the Ce L 3 -edge is 0. 215°, and this angle only changes slightly over the range of a XANES energy scan. The angle of incidence was maintained close to, but below, the critical angle of total reflection, which provided the penetration depth of evanescent waves to 65 nm. Cerium solutions were placed in a 5x5 cm Teflon cell. The total sample volume was around 8 mL, taking into account the liquid surface meniscus. The XANES data were collected using the Ce-fluorescence signal that was extracted from the energy spectrum recorded using an energy dispersive Vortex EX detector positioned perpendicular to the surface.
The mean diameter of cerium dioxide nanoparticles, as determined by measuring 200 nanoparticles, was 5. 7±0. 5 nm. As can be seen, the size of the crystallites determined from the XRD data coincided with the average size found from HRTEM data. The average particle size determination was also carried out using SAXS analysis. The data obtained by SAXS was a good reference point for both HRTEM and XRD analysis. Compared with HRTEM, it gave better statistics, and, in contrast to XRD, it did not require the drying of the samples (which might affect the results obtained  63. Particle size distribution obtained from SAXS curve, using the GNOM program  64  , is presented in Figure  1d;  (corresponding experimental and theoretical scattering curves are shown in Figure  S_2 ). Nanoparticles of 5 nm average size, as well as relatively large agglomerates up to 60 nm, were observed in the sample.
On the contrary, losses of 10 to 15% of plasma extracellular vesicle were observed after a (C) TNFalpha cytokine secretion in culture supernatants of RAW264. 7 macrophages stimulated with defrosted beta-ELVs for 18 h as measured by ELISA. Results are represented as mean TNF-alpha stimulation indexes (S. I. ) of biological replicates ± SD (n = 7-8). Stimulation index was calculated as the difference between TNF-alpha levels measured in exosome-treated versus untreated macrophage cultures. Significant differences between PBS and TRE exosomes stimulation indexes were calculated using two-way ANOVA (****p < 0. 0001 and *p = 0. 0401 for doses of ELVs in μ g/ml or particle count/ml, respectively). Data from one (inset) or two (main graph) representative experiments are shown. single freeze and thaw step using flow cytometry analysis  45.
Zeta potential. Resistive pulse sensing was performed by Izon on a qNano gold instrument using a 200 nm nanopore and 3. 2. 2. 265 software (Izon Science, Lyon, France). Uptake of beta-ELVs by RAW2645. 7 macrophages. For beta-ELV internalization assays, 1. 7 × 10 8 MIN6 cells were stained with 5 μ M CFDA-SE and maintained in exosome-depleted media. Three days later, beta-ELVs were harvested and used to treat 1 × 10 5 RAW264. 7 cells cultured in suspension for 6 hours at 37 °C. Untreated cells and beta-ELV-treated cells cultured at 4 °C were included as negative controls. Cellular uptake was analysed by flow cytometry gating on single 7-AAD -negative living cells on a FACSAria instrument (BD Biosciences, Le Pont de Claix, France). Results were analysed using FlowJo v10. 0. 8 Treestar software (Miltenyi BioTEC, Paris, France).
05, ns (p > 0. 9999). (C) TNFalpha cytokine secretion in culture supernatants of RAW264. 7 macrophages stimulated with defrosted beta-ELVs for 18 h as measured by ELISA. Results are represented as mean TNF-alpha stimulation indexes (S. I. ) of biological replicates ± SD (n = 7-8). Stimulation index was calculated as the difference between TNF-alpha levels measured in exosome-treated versus untreated macrophage cultures. Significant differences between PBS and TRE exosomes stimulation indexes were calculated using two-way ANOVA (****p < 0. 0001 and *p = 0. 0401 for doses of ELVs in μ g/ml or particle count/ml, respectively). Data from one (inset) or two (main graph) representative experiments are shown.
Acknowledgements The authors are most grateful to  Prof. J. I. Miyazaki  ( University Medical School, Osaka, Japan ) for the MIN6 cell line, to  R. Seigneuric  ( INSERM U866, Dijon, France ) for NTA analyses and to  L. Duchesne  ( IGDR, UMR6290, Rennes ) for mix-capped gold nanoparticle preparation. The authors acknowledge valuable help from  B. Lieubeau  ( IECM ) for assistance with flow cytometry and from  K. Haurogne  for reading the manuscript.
Kruskal-Wallis test * p < 0. 05, ns (p > 0. 9999). (C) TNFalpha cytokine secretion in culture supernatants of RAW264. 7 macrophages stimulated with defrosted beta-ELVs for 18 h as measured by ELISA. Results are represented as mean TNF-alpha stimulation indexes (S. I. ) of biological replicates ± SD (n = 7-8). Stimulation index was calculated as the difference between TNF-alpha levels measured in exosome-treated versus untreated macrophage cultures. Significant differences between PBS and TRE exosomes stimulation indexes were calculated using two-way ANOVA (****p < 0. 0001 and *p = 0. 0401 for doses of ELVs in μ g/ml or particle count/ml, respectively). Data from one (inset) or two (main graph) representative experiments are shown.
4 ). After deposition, the DM|Au electrodes were analyzed by EQCM techniques in a fresh sulfate solution in the absence of any 1. Upon positive scanning, desorption of DM from the electrode takes place almost instantaneously (Fig. 3 ). Since desorption is very fast, it is cumbersome to maintain the resonance of the EQCM machine due to the rapid loss of mass, and to verify whether evolution of dioxygen takes part in these short timeframes. The iridium 4f signal of DM|GC at 62. 2 eV points to a significantly higher binding energy and fits well with the observed values of the +IV oxidation state of [{Ir IV (N^O)(OH 2 ) 2 } 2 (m-O) 2 ] for which a binding energy of 62. 4 eV was found. 50, 60 Identical data sets were obtained for both DM|GC and DM|Au in experiments wherein 1 was quickly adsorbed in a single potential sweep, in multiple potential sweeps and by amperometry.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy For the determination of the structure of the catalytic material as a function of applied potential above 1. 5 V versus RHE we rely on ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In initial experiments we tried to record the Ir EXAFS of the catalyst on gold electrodes but this turned out to be a problem due to the proximity of the Ir and Au L edges, so we changed to the catalyst on carbon electrodes instead. Samples were prepared by dipping a carbon sheet into a 1 mM stock solution of 1. The iridium catalyst was deposited onto these electrodes by amperometry at potentials between 0. 8 and 2. 0 V versus RHE. The lower potential samples contained relatively little iridium in line with what one would expect from the earlier described EQCM experiments, yet by simply folding the bendable DM|GC electrode so that a stack of layered material is formed, reliable XAS data could be obtained.
This data can be specified in the MTConnect standard  [3]  in order to facilitate the communication between equipment and software applications. However, since acquiring data is still expensive and time consuming, simulation approaches that can generate data at a lower cost need to be explored. Simulation approaches have already allowed manufacturers to reduce costs and time at the factory level  [4]  by generating simulated data that they can analyze to improve the performance of their systems. While creating virtual machine models can allow manufacturers to generate simulated process data, using these models together will lead to a virtual shop floor model at the production level. Combining simulation and data analytics at the process level can lead to a process efficiency improvement at a lower cost.
Input data and output data: from STEP-NC program file to MTConnect document We identify an ISO 14649 STEP-NC  [6]  program file (henceforth referred to as STEP-NC file) and MTConnect document respectively as input and output data of our virtual model. In  [7] , authors underline that a STEP-NC-based approach is promising for digital manufacturing while authors emphasize MTConnect capabilities to improve the interoperability of machine tools in  [8]. Numerical control (NC) programs allow manufacturers to automatically control machine tools. The use of NC machines and computers in manufacturing led to the development of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) where computers interpret CAM files to send a set of instructions to the NC machines in order to achieve the production defined in the original CAM file.