dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Methods and Instrumentation The electrochemical experiments were carried out using a 25 mL three-electrode cell comprising a platinum auxiliary electrode (CE), the modified CPE or SPE sensors as working electrode (WE), and a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) serving as reference electrode (RE)  [51]. Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Chronoamperometry (CA), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic (EIS) measurements were performed with the Bio-logic SAS model SP-150 potentiostat monitored by a computer-controlled EC-Lab ® electrochemical software. The EIS tests were made at 10 mV ac amplitude in the frequency range of 1. 0 mHz to 100 kHz  [52]  and the equivalent circuit models were built from the EC-Lab ® software  [50] [51] [52] [53]. Adwa 1030 digitalized pH meter (Romania) that was linked to a glass electrode was used to adjust the solution pH.
Reproducibility and Long-Term Stability Five distinct electrodes were tested for the voltammetric determination of 50 µM Moxi without obvious dispersion of the data (RSD value of 2. 3%), which ensures a preparation process highly trustworthy, in order to validate the reproducibility of GNMSPE in terms of RSD. The long-term stability of the proposed electrode was evaluated through storing GNMSPE in a refrigerator (4 °C) for seven days. After that, a single voltammetric measurement for Moxi was carried out, revealing a current response at 95% of the value measured directly after fresh preparation, indicating good storage stability of the electrode.
Conclusions This work brings together a comparison between several modifiers of heterogeneous carbon electrodes, pointing out the interest of gold nanoparticles on carbon paste or screen-printed carbon electrodes for the electrochemical sensing of Moxi. SPE that was modified with simple electrochemically deposited gold nanoparticles, GNMSPE, showed a high sensitivity and applicability for detecting Moxi in aqueous solutions and urine samples under physiological conditions with acceptable LOD (11. 6 µM), wide linear concentration range (8-480 µM), and excellent recoveries (ranging between 99. 8% and 101. 6%) and RSDs (1. 1-3. 4%, n = 5). Sensor optimization was achieved from data that were collected with the aid of numerous electrochemical techniques (CV, DPV, EIS, and CA). The GNMSPE electrochemical sensor can be also applied to Moxi determination in the presence of paracetamol.
In this equation the coefficient ∂n/∂c = 0. 2 mm 3 mg -1 relates the changes in refractive index with the concentration of (bio)polymers bound to the surface. 48 e further investigated the PEM assembly using reducedgraphene oxide-based field-effect transistors (rGO-FET) by monitoring the resulting Dirac point shifts ΔV i (Figure  2c  and 2d ). 34, 35 rGO-FETs were fabricated by previously reported procedures (see Supporting Information). 35 All measurements were performed in a dedicated flow cell (Figures  S19  and S20 ). Electrical measurements were performed by applying a 50 mV source-drain bias and sweeping the gate potential V GS while monitoring the current between the drain and the source I DS using a Keysight U2722A instrument with custom-made LabVIEW software (Figure  S21 ). An Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used as a gate electrode.
org/ 0000-0003-1543-4090Complete  contact information is available at: https://pubs. acs. org/10. 1021/jacs. 9b11835Funding We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the  Austrian Research Promotion Agency  (FFG;  870025 ) for this research. SF and JD are grateful for the support from the  Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG ;  861578 ,  ERANET  project  PLABAN ). This work was financially supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement No  690836. General financial supports from the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , the  University of Lille , and the  Hauts-de-France  region are acknowledged.
The fusion properties for Et 4 NBr and Pr 4 NBr could not be obtained experimentally, as these salts degrade before melting. For these components, an alternate procedure has been adopted. For these systems, the liquidus curves for the mixtures were measured at molar ratios accessible by our techniques. The data points, of all mixtures containing the salt of interest, were then simultaneously fitted to eq 9, from which the unknown fusion properties were derived as global fit parameters for all mixtures and χ as an individual fit parameter for each mixture. Table  2  lists the obtained eutectic temperatures and interaction parameters χ for the mixtures considered. All of the phase diagrams obtained for this work are presented in Figures  S1-S3. When comparing the interaction parameters for the different mixtures, a few trends can be observed.
Here the sub-and superscripts refer to the final ground state and the initial ground state(s), respectively. The resulting ground state energies ΔE are listed in the Supporting Information (Table  S5 ) for all studied components. The optimized distances of each component i, h i and b i , in the different environments are listed in the Supporting Information (Tables  S6  and S7 ). Principal Component Analysis. In order to thoroughly evaluate the variety of and correlations between the properties discussed, a principal component analysis (PCA) is performed. The goal of this PCA is to extract information from the data and to express this information as a set of new orthogonal variables called principal components (PCs). These PCs are The Journal of Physical Chemistry B obtained as linear combinations of the original variables and reduce the dimensionality of the data set by keeping only the most distinguishing information.
The spectra were autoshimmed and autophased and recorded in 16 scans with a relaxation time of 5 s by the TopSpin software. The obtained spectra were edited by applying a Withaker Smoother baseline correction and autophase correction using MestReNova 12. 0. 0-20080. In order to determine the composition of the sample, the peaks corresponding to specific groups from both components were integrated and normalized to the amount of protons represented by the first peak appearing on the spectrum on the left. Computational Methods (DFT). 3] [44] [45]  The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof exchange-correlation functional was used. 46 For the plane wave basis set, a cutoff energy of 400 eV was chosen. All molecules were placed at the center of a sufficiently large unit cell in such a way that the vacuum distance between the compounds in neighboring super cells was at least 15 Å.
It was carefully checked that the charge density approached zero at the border of the unit cell. For all calculations, only the gamma point was employed. Structure optimization was done using the conjugate-gradient algorithm as implemented in VASP. It was verified that after structure optimization the forces on the atoms were less than 0. 02 eV/Å in any Cartesian coordinate. Subsequently, ground state energies as well as all of the distances between the available protons and their oxygen for the donors, and cation to anion distances for acceptors, were extracted using a Python script as available within the Atomic Simulation Environment (ASE) package. After the geometry optimization, the probe molecule was added. The probe molecule was either another molecule of the same component or a different molecule, namely, water or formic acid.
Remco Tuinier -Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; orcid. org/0000-0002-4096-7107; Email: r. tuinier@tue. nl kind contributions. This cluster consists of the following organizations: Altri-Celbi, Buckman, Crown Van Gelder, CTP, DS Smith Paper, ESKA, Essity, Holmen, ISPT, Mayr-Melnhof Eerbeek, MetsaFibre, Mid Sweden University, Mondi, Omya, Parenco BV, The Navigator Company, Sappi, Essity, Smurfit Kappa, Stora Enso, Eindhoven University of Technology, University of Aveiro, University of Twente, UPM, Valmet Technologies Oy, Voith Paper, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, WEPA, and Zellstoff Pols. Furthermore, this project received funding from the Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, under grant agreement no.
For the completeness of the analysis, we present the mathematical relationship between the effective relaxation modulus and the effective creep compliance, given in the Laplace-Carson space, Rijmn ðpÞ Ĵ mnkl ðpÞ ¼ I ijkl , ( 59 ) where I is the fourth order identity tensor. The expression Eq. (  59 ) is reported in Hashin  [39]  and it is used to compute the effective creep compliance once R is known. The final results in the temporal space are displayed in Table  3  and Figure  3. The MATLAB's functions INVLAP and GAVSTEH developed by Hollenbeck  [40]  and Srigutomo  [41] , respectively are used in the inversion of Laplace-Carson transform. The algorithms can transform functions of complex variable s a , where a is a real exponent. They can also transform functions which contain rational, irrational and transcendent expressions.
Acknowledgements OLCG kindly thanks to  Ecole Doctorale  no. 353 de L'Universit e de Aix Marseille and L' equipe Mat eriaux & Structures du Laboratoire de M ecanique et d'Acoustique LMA -UMR 7031 AMU -CNRS -Centrale Marseille 4 impasse Nikola Tesla   CS 40006 13453 Marseille Cedex 13 , France. RRR thanks to  Departamento de Matem  aticas y Mec anica, IIMAS and PREI-DGAPA at  UNAM , for its support to his research project and the  Aix-Marseille Universit  e. The authors are thankful to  Ana P erez Arteaga  and  Ramiro Ch avez Tovar  for technical assistance. ART kindly acknowledges the  Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche (DISMA) "G. L. Lagrange " of the  Politecnico di Torino , " Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022 ", Project code:  E11G18000350001. RP is partially supported by  EPSRC  grant ( EP/ S030875/1 ).
Raw data were processed to subtract background and normalize data with transmission measurements  [34]. Then, the NR data were analyzed by the simultaneous fitting of all solvent contrasts for each sample using the Motofit software package  [34] , which uses the Abeles optical matrix method  [35]. To do this, a model corresponding to a series of homogeneous layers with thickness τ, scattering length density ρ, and roughness σ was constructed. The scattering length density of each layer is also influenced by solvent penetration, which was described by a volume fraction percentage, ϕ. These parameters were used to calculate the expected reflectivity of the model structures, and this was compared to the experimental data and refined until a good fit to all contrasts was obtained. Constraints were used for the selection of a physically realistic model, as described below.
Results In order to understand the changes due to AmB interaction with the bilayers, NR data were recorded in the same solvent contrasts before and after interaction with the drug. hPOPC, its per-deuterated version d 82 POPC  [22] , ergosterol (hErg), per-deuterated d 44 ergosterol (dErg), and cholesterol (hChol) were used in order to distinguish between the sterols, the lipids, and the AmB. While the ergosterol-containing membranes represent a simple model of a fungal cell membrane, and the cholesterol-containing bilayers a mammalian membrane, it was also of interest to study the interaction of AmB with pure POPC bilayers to understand the effect of the sterols on the bilayer structure. 3. 1. AmB Interaction with Sterol-Free Bilayers: hPOPC and d 82 POPC Figure  1  shows the reflectivity curves and scattering length density profiles corresponding to the best fits to the data for hPOPC and d 82 POPC bilayers measured in three contrasts (D 2 O, CM4 and H 2 O) before and after interaction with AmB.
AmB Interaction with Ergosterol-Containing Bilayers Bilayers containing nominally 15 mol% ergosterol relative to the lipids were formed, similar to previously investigated P. pastoris phospholipid membranes. The actual ergosterol content in the supported bilayers was determined from the observed lipid chain SLD values, and it varies somewhat from the nominal value due to experimental uncertainties and the precision relating to data analysis uncertainties. We used several different membrane contrasts, which contained either ergosterol (hErg) or per-deuterated d 44 ergosterol (dErg), with the aim to determine how the ergosterol initially present in the bilayer changes in response to AmB and how the lipid bilayer structure is modified as a consequence. Due to the isotopic composition of the POPC-ergosterol samples, each membrane and solvent contrast is sensitive to a different part of the system.
Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the  Australian Neutron Scattering Center at ANSTO  for the awarded neutron beam time, deuteration and sample preparation support from the  Australian National Deuteration Facility, the Partnership for Soft Condensed Matter  and the  D-lab (Partnership for Structural Biology ) at the  Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble , as well as the  European Spallation Source ERIC Deuteration and Macromolecular Crystallisation Platform and Lund Protein Production Platform.
Experimental Procedure The two LEDs were connected in series, with the power being supplied from a 24 V DC source. The LEDs were turned on for short periods (t 1 s), while the data from the CMOS image sensor were captured using a PC interface during this activation time of the excitation source. Heat can cause a shift in the LED emission band, reducing the detection accuracy. Thus, the illumination of the detection chamber was done in short pulses (t 1 s) in order to avoid a temperature increase of the LEDs, which were provided with flat copper heat sinks. The interface provided a 12 × 12 matrix, representing the photon counts measured by each pixel, the temperature of the CMOS sensor at the measurement time, and a mean value X representing the average of all the X i 12 × 12 photon counts.
This latter factor might also explain the differences between the SNRs obtained for the two fluidic cell configurations (see Tables  1  and 2 , Figure  7a ). Analyzing the results obtained for both fluidic cells (Figure  8b ,c), it was observed that the fluorescence intensity measured for the silicon cell was generally lower compared to that of the quartz cell. From the presented experimental dataset, relatively high values of the photon counts were observed for the blank sample (see Figure  7b ). This was mainly due to the fact that the transmission efficiency of the band pass filter at the excitation wavelength was not exactly zero (see Figure  4 ). This fact caused 0. 008% of the excitation optical signal to reach the very sensitive ULS24 CMOS image sensor. The CMOS image sensor response as a 12 × 12 light intensity matrix representation is illustrated in Figure  8a.
Analyzing the plots, it was observed that the correlation coefficients ( ) increased proportionally with the excitation optical power for both cells. The logarithmic behavior suggested that the concentration range tested was above the limit of linearity of the system  [39]. A logarithmic behavior of the fluorescence signal was observed in the 0. 01-10 mg/L formaldehyde concentration range for both cells, indicating that the upper limit of the linear range is most probably below the lowest concentration tested, i. e. , 0. 01 mg/L. The RSD calculated for measurements performed on a particular sample gave values ranging from 0. 06% up to 0. 71% for the quartz cell (see Table  1 ) and values ranging 0. 09% to 1. 59% for the silicon cell (see Table  2 ). When From the presented experimental dataset, relatively high values of the photon counts were observed for the blank sample (see Figure  7b ).
Acknowledgments: The authors want to acknowledge the contribution of  Professor Aldo Frezzotti  from  Politecnico di Milano, Italy ,  Christian Karnutsch  from  Hochschule Karlsruhe ,  Achim Voigt , and  Alexandra Moritz  from  Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe. This work was partly supported by the  French Renatech network  under the project  P-17-02324. We acknowledge support by the  KIT-Publication Fund of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
This paper presents a braking strategy analysis for a Formula SAE electric race car. The proposed braking strategy aims to increase the recovery energy by a relevant distribution of the braking forces between the rear and front wheels. A mathematical model of the car is presented, and a simulation is performed in Matlab-Simulink. The model is organized using the energetic macroscopic representation graphical formalism. A real racetrack driving cycle is considered. Three braking strategies are compared considering the energy recovery and the vehicle stability. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy enables higher energy recovery while avoiding locking on both rear and front wheels. As in such a race the driving range is fixed, the reduction in energy consumption can be used to reduce the battery size.
Studied Race Car and Driving Cycle The study case of this work is a race car designed and built by a team of students at Coimbra Polytechnic -ISEC, Portugal. The aerodynamic parameters are presented in Table  1. Furthermore, the powertrain and battery parameters are presented in Tables  2  and 3. The software Optimum Lap is used to obtain the velocity profile that the car can follow in a real competition  [27, 28, 30, 37]. In this case, a car is created based on the parameters of ISEC's car. Furthermore, the racetrack selected is a real circuit used in SAE competition 2012, which was available in the software database. The driving cycle and the racetrack map taken from Optimum Lap are presented in Figure  9. The software Optimum Lap is used to obtain the velocity profile that the car can follow in a real competition  [27, 28, 30, 37].
The value of the dc voltage was the free potential of the modified electrode in 0. 1 M potassium citrate solution at pH 4. 0. The real and imaginary impedances were computed and a Nyquist plot was drawn. The impedance values were fitted, using Zview software from Scribner Associates, to a standard Randles equivalent circuit consisting of a parallel combination of a constant phase element (CPE) and a Faradaic impedance Zf in series with the solution resistance (Rs). The faradic impedance is a series combination of polarization resistance (Rp) and the Warburg impedance (W). The surface topography of the polymer-modified gold electrode was characterized by AFM. The AFM measurements were carried out using an Agilent 5500 AFM (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Silicon tips with a nominal spring constant of 20 N m -1 were used in tapping mode at a frequency of ~300 kHz.
The number average molecular weight (Mn) of the synthesized polymers is between 1967 and 4252 Da and the dispersity index (PD) ranges from 2. 02 to 2. 86. These polycondensates possess polymerization degrees in the range of 5-10 therefore they can be considering as oligomers. The chemical composition of the prepared poly(etherphosphine) was ascertained by NMR spectroscopy. A detailed description of the NMR data recorded from poly(etherphosphine) sulphides and oxides are given in Figure  S1  and the 1 H and 31 P NMR spectra of the bio-based poly(etherphosphine) oxide P1 are shown in Figure  S2. The spectrum exhibits the characteristic protons of isosorbide (H1-H6) and of the monomer 2a (H7-H11). Furthermore, spectral analyses show the presence of peaks with low intensity corresponding to protons at the end groups of isosorbide (H4*, H2*, H1*, H6*) and of (2a) (H7* and H8*).
Characterization techniques To determine the phase composition of the received products Powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD) experiments were carried out. The experiments were conducted with an Xpert Pro diffractometer (PANalytical instruments). For the measurements the instrument was operated at 40 kV and 40 mA and CuK� 1 (λ = 1. 540560 Å) radiation was used. The Rietveld refinements were performed with the software FULLPROF, using the modified Thompson-Cox-Hastings pseudo-Voigt function as the profile function. [17] This function was chosen because it allows an easy separation of size and microstrain contributions to profile broadening. [18] However, in this case, it was only possible to extract average crystallite sizes since Caglioti parameter U tends to be around zero, disabling microstrain calculation.
As recently observed for other soft solids  [2] , macroscopic failure is preceded by several precursors in the microscopic dynamics. These findings pave the way for both anticipating and controlling the non-linear behavior of biopolymer gels, an important class of soft networks. We acknowledge financial support from the French ANR (grant No. ANR-14-CE32-0005, FAPRES) and CNES. We thank E. Del Gado for fruitful discussions. LC acknowledges support from the Institut Universitaire de France. L. C. and L. R. contributed equally to this work. Supplemental material to 'Role of normal stress in the creep dynamics and failure of a biopolymer gel' We provide here (1) details on the sample preparation and the experimental set-up, (2) details on the computation of the two-time degree of correlation and of the affine contribution to the degree of correlation during creep experiments, and (3) additional mechanical and light scattering data from experiments on the same samples as in the main manuscript.
Apparatus All of the electrochemical measurements were performed at pH 7. 4 in a 0. 01 M PBS solution containing 0. 1 M KCl and 10 mM [Fe(CN)6] 3-/4-(the reaction is controlled by diffusion of the ferri/ferrocyanide system as a redox probe) using a portable bipotentiostat (Metrohm, France SAS). Cyclic voltammograms (CV) were recorded at a scan range from -0. 4 to + 0. 6 V with a scan rate of 0. 05 V/s. Square-wave voltammograms (SWV) were recorded from -0. 3 to + 0. 5 V using the following parameters: a frequency of 5 Hz, a pulse amplitude of 0. 002 V, and a scan rate of 0. 05 V. s -1. To guarantee reproducibility, each experiment was carried out independently at least three times using three different SPEs. The Drop View 8400 software plots the results as SWV and CV curves. The experiments were performed using a threeelectrode system with Au as the working electrode, Pt as the auxiliary electrode, and Ag as the reference electrode.
Validation of functionalization was carried out by electrochemical measurements after each functionalization step and by visualization of the morphological changes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Nova Nanosem FEI 200, accelerating voltage 20 kV), and atomic force microscopy (AFM, Agilent 5500 LS instrument, Les Ulis, France). Before being observed by AFM, the SPEs were rinsed using ultrapure water and dried under nitrogen (N2) to prevent the formation of salt crystals. The images were processed using GWIDDION software (version 2. 52). The root mean square (RMS) was used to characterize the surface roughness in terms of the irregularity and height distribution. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images were obtained using a TCS-SP2 inverted confocal scanning laser microscope (LEICA Microsystems, Nanterre, France), with argon as an excitation source (488 nm).
Acknowledgements This research was granted access to the  HPC resources of IDRIS  under the allocation  2016-i20162a2277  and  i100790  DARI  A0032A10304  made by  GENCI. We would like to acknowledge also  CNPq  (No. 304095/2018-4  ) and  CAPES  (No. PROEX 803/2018 ) for financial support. A. S. Pereira also would like to acknowledge the  PSL Research University  for its support under the  program 'Investissements d'Avenir ' launched by the  French Government  and implemented by  ANR  with the reference  ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL.