dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
98 years (SD = 1. 60), with 58% of the respondents being men. On average, developers had 3. 1 years of experience in software development (SD = 1. 8), and 1. 9 years of experience in agile methods (SD = 1. 5). To minimize potential nonresponse bias, we obtained demographic data of everyone in our sampling frame and compared them with our sample. Comparing respondents and nonrespondents, there were no significant differences in terms of gender (z = 1. 17; P =. 24), age (z = -1. 08; P =. 28), tenure (z = -1. 40; P =. 16), software development experience (z = -1. 75; P =. 08), or XP experience (z = -1. 48; P =. 14).
| Extent of agile method use Consistent with prior research  (Maruping et al. , 2009a) , we measured the extent of agile method use by capturing the frequency with which developers used the six key XP practices, namely, pair programming, continuous integration, refactoring, unit testing, collective ownership, and coding standards. These practices are identified as instrumental in enabling software development teams to respond to requirement changes  (Maruping et al. , 2009a)  and thus expected to influence developers' understanding of their constantly evolving roles in the development process. In total, the measure consisted of 18 items (three for each XP practice) that we averaged to create a score for the extent of agile method use. The reliability of this measure was α =. 79. Although it could be reasonably argued that these practices should each be modelled as separate constructs, given our conceptualization and the fact that in our dataset, the correlations ranged from.
| Procedure and analysis The software vendor used agile methods in 325 projects in 2016, and these were our target for data collection. After exclusions, as described earlier (eg, overlapping team members), we collected data in two waves during the projects-ie, at the beginning and at the end of the project. The projects lasted between 80 and 140 days, consistent with the general philosophy underlying agile projects. In the first wave, we measured job skills, capabilities, and prior training, ie, organizational skills, experience in software development, and experience in XP. In the second wave, we measured individuals' work exhaustion, extent of agile method use, and job-related perceptions, including role ambiguity, role conflict, perceived workload, autonomy, and fairness of rewards. After the projects, we obtained the scores for team size, requirements uncertainty, and the presence of a client representative from archival data.
Data Collection and Sample To gather data we contacted business-to-business manufacturing companies in one of Austria's most productive industrial regions. We focused on the electronics and machine manufacturing industries (NACE codes C25 to C32,), since these are among the most R&D-intensive in the region and are commonly regarded as appropriate industries for high-tech innovation research  (Nijssen, Hillebrand, de Jong, & Kemp, 2012). This study explores the effect of idea evaluators' cognitive style on their judgment of NPD ideas and how this is influenced by the degree leeway afforded to them. Since there are fundamental differences in NPD between types of industries  (Alexiev, Volberda, & Van den Bosch, 2016) , as well as between countries and regions  (Subramaniam & Venkatraman, 2001) , we decided to exclude such contingencies to enhance the reliability of our results.
Our industry and country focus also reduces potential endogeneity issues, because we omit environmental and industry-specific influence factors  (Abdallah, Goergen, & O'Sullivan, 2015). From a commercial database of companies with more than ten employees (CMD database), we drew up a random sample of 300 companies. We then telephoned 295 companies (five were unreachable) to identify and talk to our chosen key informants, who were decision-makers in the firm's NPD idea evaluation processes. Firms with no NPD unit in Austria, and therefore no individual with responsibility for R&D/innovation, were excluded. We asked these people whether they normally had to make stop/go decisions on NPD ideas, and, if not, to name those who were involved. Subsequently, we received contact details for 220 key informants at 103 companies and sent them an electronic questionnaire, resulting in 138 completed questionnaires.
We included risk-taking, as measured by  Covin and Slevin's (1991)  entrepreneurial attitude. Gender, age, and function served as further control variables for the idea evaluators' background. We measured function using a leadership dummy (0 if no leadership role) and a department dummy (0 if the evaluator did not work in the R&D department). To control for the context in which an evaluator makes an idea evaluation decision, we included turbulence, firm size, and industry in the model. Environmental turbulence has also been found to force individuals to deal with incomplete or imperfect data  (Patton, 2003) , and it makes them more willing to act intuitively  (Dayan & Di Benedetto, 2011). This could increase the likelihood that an idea evaluator will embrace an NPD idea's market-creation potential, which therefore warrants turbulence being included as a control variable  (Narver, Slater, & MacLachlan, 2004).
This allows us to isolate and measure the impact of television on local newspapers. The empirical analysis required a significant data collection effort. We digitized annual circulation, cover price, advertising rates, and advertising quantity data for the universe of U. S. daily newspapers for 1944-1964. 1 We combine this with data we digitized regarding the first broadcast dates of all television stations in the U. S. For each station, we observe the tower's location, height, channel, and broadcasting power. We use this data to construct reception contours to precisely determine which newspaper markets were exposed to television at a given point in time. For a subset of newspapers exposed to the freeze whose content have been digitized, we further gather data on the content of the newspaper itself.
As an anecdote, we return at the very end of this paper to 10 of the newspapers whose content we analyze to see what these products look like today, when every aspect of the newspaper bundle now faces competition from specialized outlets. Consistent with our model, newspapers today contain little of the historic elements of the bundle that sustained the print news media for over a century. Our contribution is threefold. First, we build an entirely novel and comprehensive dataset on local newspapers and television stations. In particular, we collect detailed information on prices and quantities prevailing on both sides of the market from historical records available only in paper format. Our dataset covers 1, 965 newspapers, 1, 538 news markets, and 32, 296 newspaper-years. Moreover, to the extent of our knowledge, our paper is the first to provide detailed information on the evolution of the actual content of newspapers, and in particular, their provision of local news.
We differ in that we examine how the entry of television, with its mostly national focus, affected local newspapers and their choices of sub-types of content. 11 The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we discuss the historical context of the introduction of the television in the United States, introduce the new dataset we build for this study, and provide descriptive statistics. Section 3 develops a model of the newspaper industry. In Section 4, we estimate the impact of the entry of television on both sides of the newspaper market. We show that television had a heterogeneous impact: it only decreased the quantity of national (but not local) advertising and negatively affected evening newspapers. In Section 5, we perform a content analysis and investigate how newspapers adjusted their editorial choices after the entry of television.
Content data We identified all evening newspapers for which full-issue content had been scanned by  newspapers. com and newspaperarchive. com between 1946 and 1955. We restricted our search to the subset of newspapers exposed to the freeze. There are 103 such newspapers (online Appendix Table  C. 1 presents summary statistics for these newspapers). We code the content of these newspapers for the third Tuesday of March and the third Thursday of September for each year. More precisely, for each issue, we first extract the number of pages. Then to estimate  national, entertainment, and editorial stories. 23 Finally, we determine the space devoted to news content to assess content changes over time using Matlab's image processing machine learning capabilities. Matlab has built-in image processing functions to detect text regions that correspond to the text of news articles; moreover, it uses the size of the text to filter out headlines, photos, or advertising copy.
Turning to newspaper content, Table  2  shows summary statistics for several different types of content that we measure. One interesting fact from this is that of the "news" content (original and wire stories) in a typical issue, approximately 64% was original over the time horizon we examine. On average, newspapers were 19. 6 pages long. Television data We obtain the date of the initial broadcast for all commercial and noncommercial licensed television stations from the Advanced Television Factbook (published by Warner Communications). For each television station, the Factbook provides information on the precise location of the broadcasting tower (latitude and longitude), the tower's height (meters above average terrain), the tower's channel, and the broadcast power of the tower (kW). This data has been collected since the advent of television.
However, during our period of interest  (1944-1964, i. e. before the ban), we observe very few occurrences of cross-ownership. In 1975, at the time of the FCC ban, only 16 cities had companies that owned both a newspaper and a television station which were required to sell at least one of the properties. newly active television broadcasts starting just "before" and just "after" the freeze, which took place from  September 30, 1948 until April 14, 1952. In particular, we include newspaper markets treated by television licenses that began operation after 1947 and before 1953. The sample includes 136 TV licenses, and 1, 291 newspapers out of the 1, 965 newspapers included in our database. 42 We designate this sample as the set of "freeze" markets. Due to the rich data on newspaper markets, we can ignore all other markets to isolate purely exogenous variation through running regressions that only include these markets.
In both cases, the matching estimator qualitatively aligns with our main results, and if anything, produces much larger estimates in magnitude for some variables, including circulation. In Table  6  , we limit outcome variables to only the year 1951, when the "freeze" is most salient. This greatly reduces the effective size of our dataset. We further match newspapers based on their average circulation for the years 1945-1947. This matching estimator is therefore directly comparing the 1951 outcome variables for papers that had similar circulation in 1945-1947, in similarly sized cities, with similar demographics. We view this specification as the most stringent. The results again mirror the quantitative results from our earlier analysis, although with more modest circulation and advertising effects than obtained in Table  5.
5). 19 2. 3 Data Sources and Descriptive Statistics We use information from a number of different data sources to build our new dataset on the newspaper and television markets. Our dataset covers 1, 965 newspapers, 1, 538 news markets and 32, 296 newspaper-years for the period 1944-1964, as well as all television stations in the United States. For our content analysis, we use scanned archives from newspapers. com and newspaperarchive. com for 103 local newspapers from the time period 1946-1955. Newspaper data We collect information from two different sources. All data were handcoded by undergraduate students at the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, and Sciences Po Paris. First, we collect annual newspaper-level information on circulation, subscription prices, advertising prices, and wire news service subscriptions from the Editor & Publisher International Yearbook.
We are particularly grateful to  Jett Pettus  for outstanding research support. Julia Cage  thanks the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  for funding (reference:  ANR-17-CE26-0004-01 ), and the  Sciences Po 's Scientific advisory board (SAB). All errors remain our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the  National Bureau of Economic Research.
Data collection Data were collected employing different methods of collection among employees and students of UK universities, as the higher education (HE) sector has enjoyed significant growth for over a decade. The majority of HE provision is delivered by HEI's in receipt of public funding from government councils. Over the last five years, approximately 93% of HE provision has been delivered. Yet recent changes in policy may lead to a shift in the balance between HE and FE. Moreover, the government has recently signalled its intention to support the entry of new providers in the market (see educationuk. org, 2018;  Foroudi et al. , 2019; Thatcher et al. , 2016; Wilson, 2012). Along with the expansion in terms of student numbers, growth has mainly come from a significant increase in international student numbers studying at UK universities, which can be considered a further highly complex and multidimensional task for HE  (Zlatkin et al.
icef. com, 2020). English language itself is an essential competitive advantage and, thus, one of the main providers and exporters of HE services. In addition, despite the recession, not only is there an increasing proportion of the UK population that holds a higher education qualification, but also the percentage of the UK labor force aged 30-34 with a higher education qualification has increased (Patterns and Trends in UK HE, 2015). Overall, these market factors have facilitated HE institutional competition in the UK  (Adcroft et al. , 2010). In this study, 650 questionnaires were printed by authors and research assistants. A total of 620 questionnaires were returned; 28 questionnaires were removed because of missing data or incomplete responses with missing values. Finally, 592 questionnaires were filled out (taking between 20 min to 25 min to be completed) in face-to-face meetings with employees and students.
In particular, interviews were conducted with the participation of eight UK marketing and communication university managers and experts, as well as four focus group (total of 27 participants) discussions of employees, doctoral researchers and MBA students from a UK Business School. The details of the interviewees and focus group interviewees are provided in Table  I. Following the structural equation modelling approach, the qualitative research allowed data triangulation to increase the validity of findings and enhance data richness  (Saunders et al. , 2007). Out of the usable responses, 63% were provided by women between 18 and 51 years old who were employees at the universities, while 79% of them held a PhD degree. On the other hand, 57% of students were male participants between 18 and 47 years old, with 68% of them studying in undergraduate programmes.
The main economic aggregated data for year 2014 are presented in Table  1. This information was obtained from various sources detailed in the references. We refer to the six main sectors identified by the Kazakh government, and we retrieved our data mainly from the websites and the publications written by the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Statistics committee, along with data downloaded from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and World Bank site (Table  2 ). Using the data and the goals stated in the strategic plan "Kazakhstan 2050," we have estimated the following goals related to the criteria to be attained by the year 2050, given in Table  3. Solving the model (using optimization software Lingo) clearly demonstrates that expected goals for 2050 cannot be achieved.
Method Ideaton-2018, the primary context for this article, was co-organized by SICyT and UdeG. The new program reconceived the original conceptualization in terms of a collaboration involving interaction between the four helices of innovation: Government and Academy/Research as co-organizers, actors, and evaluators; Industry as sponsors, players, and evaluators; and Users/Society as volunteers and participants, represented by the students and teachers involved. The research design was conceived by UdeG's lead researcher and further complemented by an international group formed by members of Concordia University (CU) in Canada, and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA) in France. A mixed-methods study was structured, with a strategic focus on inquiry  (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007) , in order to converge qualitative and quantitative data which, at the end of the project, could contribute to characterizing the effect of the Ideaton as a process to develop and evaluate competencies of the 21st century, with a view to innovation and entrepreneurship.
The research was constructed from the perspective of pragmatism  (Creswell, 2009) , based on the following premises: the Ideaton program, as a process, results in social consequences whose what and how need to be researched for understanding and emancipation of its impact; the event is interrelated with the four helices of innovation, whose complexity can be better understood from several approaches, via mixed methods, instead of being limited to a qualitative or quantitative study only; and the novelty of the practices that occur during the Ideaton require flexibility on the part of the researchers, to collect and analyze data using different techniques and procedures. In order to strengthen the Ideaton-2018 edition, members of SICyT and UdeG's lead researcher analyzed the experiences in the previous Ideaton-2017, agreeing on the basic elements that should prevail in terms of logistics, content, and program scope; including the number of participants, use of a ideation board, number of hours per session, distribution of teams in the rooms, prototyping activity, roles of instructor and facilitator, use of projectors, award giving, the alignment course, the follow-up in makerspaces, and the final awards event.
The logistics and research design proposal for Ideaton-2018 was structured according to the aforementioned objectives and strategies. The aim of the event was to select three winning teams based on the process of developing functional prototypes, according to strategic sectors of the state, throughout the different modules of the program, for one year. In the global project, the research methods for data collection involved participants as well as instructors/facilitators, and included an online questionnaire for participants; a participant ideation board, which was used as an instrument for retrieving the keywords teams used while co-creating prototypes; a questionnaire for instructors/facilitators; selfevaluation via the Socratic Wheel  (Chevalier & Buckles, 2009)  for instructors/facilitators and participants; and recollection of winners' testimonials through video.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the support of the  Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology (SICyT) ; the maker training laboratory ( FORMAK)  of the  Sistema de Universidad Virtual  of the  University of Guadalajara ; the  Education Makers laboratory of the Milieux Institute of Concordia University ; the  Digital Educational Innovation (LINE) laboratory  and the  SmartEdTech program  of the  Côte d'Azur University ; and the  Committee of Culture and Education in Maker Ecosystems of the LaTE Network (Red LaTE).
Funding This research has been supported by the  Sistema de Universidad Virtual of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico ; the  Concordia University Research Chair in Maker Culture  ( 430-2016-01237 ); the  Université Côte d'Azur  through the  ANR CreaMaker  ( ANR-18-CE38-0001 ); the  Mexican Thematic Network for the Development and Incorporation of Educational Technology (Red LaTE) ; and  ATI Integrated Technology. RED. Revista de Educación a Distancia. Núm. 62 , Vol. 20 ,  Artíc. 01 ,  31-03-2020 DOI : http: //dx. doi. org/10. 6018/red. 398381  Macro-dissemination of maker culture: fostering 21st century competencies through an  Ideaton. Jorge Sanabria-Z ,  Ann-Louise Davidson ,  Margarida Romero  and  Teresa Quintana. Page 23 of 26.
In light of growing interest in the role of political patronage in banking, several issues are highlighted with regards to the performance and behaviour of politically connected banks that may differ from their non-connected peers. In this article, the effect of political patronage on bank risk-taking is examined ina sample containing 67 banks in several Middle Eastern and North African MENA countries based on a hand collected dataset of political banking connections. Although the study found no evidence that politically connected banks take more risks than their non-politically connected counterparts, which is inconsistent with the moral hazard hypothesis, a nonlinear analysis revealed an indirect effect of political connection. Contrasting results may be related to differences in institutional settings, however, political connections remain an important factor to consider in prudential banking behaviours, either implicitly or explicitly.
For example, in Tunisia, the former President Ben Ali and his family monopolised the business sector  (Rijkers et al. , 2017). This was also the case in Yemen, in which power and wealth were produced and transmitted inside networks of patronage  (Alley, 2010). In Algeria, the relationship between economics and politics has evolved from state control to a network of opaque arrangements between businessmen, political elites, and army officers  (Boubekeur, 2013). A recent study by  Diwan and Schiffbauer (2018)  examined a dataset of politically connected firms under the Mubarak Regime and identified that firms were owned by businessmen who were either ministers or members of the ruling party, as well as businessmen closely related to Hosni Mubarak such as friends and family.
Econometric method In order to test our hypothesis on the impact of political patronage on bank risk-taking, a panel data linear regression is considered: = + + + + + + + + + + , where i denotes the bank(i=1,2, …, 67), t denotes year (t=2003, …, 2017), c is the constant term, β1, …, β8are the parameters to be estimated, µi is the unobserved time-invariant individual effect and εit is the error term. As a first step, in panel data it appears to be necessary to verify the homogeneous or heterogeneous specification of the model to determine if the parameters are perfectly identical or vary across individuals. Using Stata software, the Fisher test with the null hypothesis of the absence of individual effect is directly performed when running the fixed effect model estimation. Thereafter, two panel estimation methods are performed using fixed effects and random effects models.
Introduction In many service systems, a timeout threshold is set by administrators in order to control the time spent in the system by customers. In particular, time-based-rejection policies can be found in service contact centers. Some call centers use CTI software to manage call rejection after a certain waiting time threshold. The threshold value is adjusted by the customers (the call centers) according to their business requirements. For instance, it is 6 minutes for the energy company Primagaz, 5 minutes for the pharmaceutical company Sanofi, 3 minutes for the telecom operator Keyyo' commercial call center and 15 minutes for its technical hotline. For Carglass, a callback option is also proposed at a waiting time threshold of 10 minutes. Another illustration of task rejection in contact centers is the use of automatic replies for emails.