dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Adaptations and improvements are expected to be applied the CPMS over the next years, in-line with the expressed necessities of the ERN community. To enhance the sustainability of the CPMS platform and to take fully advantage of its potential, it may be warranted to schedule case discussions via CPMS within each ERN network, so that panels can be periodically inserted and presented to the broader team in the network. As the volume of data entered in the CPMS increases, it will become strategic to take decisions on how to link such data with other data stored in separate repositories including registries of value to the ERNs' sphere of expertise, electronic health records, biobanks, and more. Finally, it should be considered the person/month as effort the CPMS may benefit on, and possible modalities to grant that to HCPs.
Study design and individual data collection Esteban is a cross-sectional study based on a representative sample of the general population living in mainland France during the period 2014-2016. The survey protocol was approved by an Ethical Committee and the French Data Protection Authority (authorization no 2012-A00456-34). The study design is described in detail elsewhere  (Balicco et al. , 2017). Briefly, 2503 adults and 1104 children were included between April 2014 and March 2016. Three-stage sampling was implemented as follows: a sample of municipalities was first selected; then a sample of households was selected from each selected municipality; finally, a sample of individuals was selected from each selected household (one eligible individual per household). Two independent samples were formed, one including children 6-17 years old, and the other including adults 18-74 years old.
Data were collected using sociodemographic, behavioral and environmental questionnaires, food questionnaires, and a health examination comprising anthropometric measurements and biological samples. The latter were collected either at a National Health Insurance examination centre or at participants' homes. Participants collected a first morning urine sample at home in a polypropylene container. A nurse collected fasting blood samples by venous catheter. Once in the laboratory, after centrifugation, urine and serum samples were aliquoted in polypropylene cryotubes (10 mL, 5 mL, 2 mL and 1 mL), before being stored at -80 • C in the biobank for long-term conservation. A sub-sample of participant health examinations was randomly selected to measure a range of pesticides (organophosphates, organochlorines included chlorophenols, pyrethroids, carbamates, and herbicides).
Data analysis was performed using TargetLynx software from Waters. Analyses were performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive/negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode measuring at least two specific transitions. Urinary concentrations of pyrethroids and chlorophenols were quantified using gas chromatography (Agilent 700B, USA) with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/ MS) (with the MRM mode measuring at least three specific transitions). Data analysis was performed using MassHunter software from Agilent. Labocea's characterisations are carried out in accordance with standards NF T90-210 and SH GTA 14. Labocea is also participating in EQUAS for pentachlorophenol (the only compound in the chlorophenol family proposed by G-EQUAS). A quality control was analysed every ten samples and a blank every twenty samples.
The analyses of specific organochlorines were performed by Laberca/Oniris (Nantes, France). Serum concentrations were quantified using gas chromatography (Agilent 7890A) coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) on electromagnetic sector instruments (JEOL MS 700D or 800D), operating at 10,000 resolution and in the single ion monitoring (SIM) acquisition mode. Laberca ensures the performance of the method used and the maintenance of its skills by taking part in inter-laboratory tests at national and international level. This participation also makes it possible to check and the following points: data quality and validity, laboratory performance (robustness, accuracy), the competence of its staff, and possible sources of error and ways of for improvement. For specific organochlorines, Laberca participates every year in at least two proficiency tests on food and feed organized by the European Reference Laboratory POPs and in several tests on human serum samples organised by the QUEBEC Toxicology Centre.
Confounding variables were: age and sex of participants, body mass index (BMI), educational level, marital status of head of the child's household (in child models only), number of children in the household (in adult models only), and urinary creatinine (for urine biomarkers only). Results are presented either as percentage changes of pesticide biomarker concentrations, associated with an interquartile increase of quantitative variables, or compared to reference groups for the qualitative variables. Missing data in a questionnaire and left-censored data (i. e. , missing data due to chemical levels below the LOD or LOQ) were imputed using multiple imputations (ICE: STATA module)  (Little and Rubin, 2002; Royston and White, 2011). The concentration levels of urinary biomarkers expressed per gram of creatinine allowto take into account the effects of urinary dilution among participants, as well as certain physiological differences (renal function, lean body mass)  (Barr et al.
, 2005; Pearson et al. , 2009). Creatinine excretion may vary depending on the age, sex and race/ethnicity. It is not advisable to compare creatinine-corrected levels of different demographic groups (e. g. adultschildren, menwomen)  (Barr et al. , 2005). In Esteban, the detection rate of urine creatinine was 100%. The proportion of adults with urine creatinine concentrations below 0. 3 g/L was 12. 9% and the proportion above 3 g/L was 0. 3%. In children, these proportions were 3. 1% and 0. 5%, respectively. In this study, individuals with creatinine concentrations <0. 3 g/L and >3 g/L were all included in the various analyses. In addition, creatinine (log-transformed) was systematically included in the models as a covariate. The statistical analyses were conducted using Stata software (ICE module) for data imputation and R software (package 'survey') to take into account the sample design (StataCorp.
This could be explained by the fact that younger children have more frequent hand-to-mouth activity, and are also more in contact with indoor dust containing pyrethroids  (Berger-Preiss et al. , 2002; Mandin et al. , 2016). In addition, their food intake is higher than adults, in terms of body weight  (Dewalque et al. , 2014; Zentai et al. , 2016; Katsikantami et al. , 2019). The only metabolite of pyrethroids to show an increase in concentration levels between the ENNS and Esteban surveys was Br2CA. This may reflect greater use of deltamethrin in France compared to other pyrethroid pesticides over 2006-2016, and also greater use of deltamethrin in France between the two surveys, probably mainly in houses. Deltamethrin is used very rarely in France for veterinary purposes. Currently, only three authorized veterinary drugs are based on deltamethrin, and sales are low (according to the French national databank for pesticide sales (BNVD)).
Funding/acknowledgments The French human biomonitoring programme is funded by the French ministries of Health and the Environment, and the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail). The authors would like to thank all the participants in this study, the National Health Insurance System's health examination centres, Cetaf, everyone at Santé publique France who worked on this project, and the members of the scientific council. Our thanks also to Jude Sweeney (Milan, Italy) for the English revision of the manuscript.
WEST database analysis shows a correlation of the recycled neutral source around the separatrix with core performances. This observation questions the causality chain between particle source and turbulent transport up to the core in L-mode, high recycling plasmas, an unavoidable phase of all scenarios. The best core performances correlate with the lowest values of the density at the separatrix, nsep, similarly to ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak and Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak in H-mode (Verdoolaege et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 076006). Reflectometry in the midplane provides nsep, while the temperature at the separatrix, Tsep is inferred by the 'two-point model' using Langmuir probe data on divertor targets. Lower separatrix resistivity does not correlate with better core performances, unlike H-mode observations (Eich et al 2020 Nucl.
WEST experimental data is natively in the Integrated and Modelling Analysis Suite (IMAS) format  [5]. The data treatment chain provides systematic temperature and density fitted profiles from the core to the separatrix, the magnetic equilibrium is rerun between pulses including polarimetry constrains and the Langmuir probes data treatment is automated, etc. This approach allows automatic production of a very large L-mode database accessible to the whole WEST team. The database of 1249 D pulses resulting from two campaigns is exhaustively analyzed here. In WEST L-mode high recycling plasmas, two regimes of operation are encountered  [6]. Either the central electron temperature, Te (0), increases with larger ratio of the total power to the volume averaged density, Ptot/ n , or it remains frozen below 2 keV.
The extensive and exhaustive database analysis allows us to show that the so-called 'cold branch' is associated with larger density at the separatrix, nsep. Such results echo recent H-mode database stud-ies on both Joint European Torus (JET)  [7] [8] [9]   4  and ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak  [10] [11] [12] [13]  where larger nsep are associated with degraded plasma core performances. The density at the separatrix is determined by the interplay between transport, MHD and source (ionization of neutrals)  [14]. In H-mode, higher pressure in the separatrix area leads to a critical ideal MHD limit encountered at larger normalized radius, leading to lower pressure at the pedestal top and hence lower global confinement  [12]. In some of the JET Hmodes, with a pedestal pressure below the ideal limit, the resistive modes onset might play a role  [8].
The key role of the collisionality at the separatrix, driving resistive modes, was proposed in AUG H-mode database analysis  [11]. And actually it traces back from the late 1990s, when Scott  [15] [16] [17]  and Rogers et al  [18]  fluid models were compared to experimental scrape-off layer plasma (SOL) data in L-and H-modes, see for example  [19]. It actively continues today by comparing experimental trends to state-of-the-art edge simulations using gyrokinetic codes  [20] [21] [22] [23]  and fluid nonlinear simulations  [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]. Following the path of Scott and Rogers-Drake-Zeiler, fluid-based turbulent models are capturing qualitatively and quantitatively the density limit and/or the L-H transition  [27, 28, 30, 31]. Concerning the role of neutral penetration, earlier studies stipulated that it strongly influenced separatrix parameters such as density and temperature.
Disentangling the role of neutrals, turbulence and MHD on separatrix, pedestal and core parameters remains an open issue. A way of addressing this challenge is to perform exhaustive experimental database analysis, where correlations between SOL, separatrix and core parameters are extensively explored. Indeed, it is crucial to understand the potential impact of separatrix conditions on core confinement in both L and Hmodes in today's tokamaks in order to extrapolate towards ITER and DEMO, where simultaneous high core confinement and large nsep are expected. ITER scenarios are projected to reach H98y,2 = 1  [38]  while DEMO design is aim-ing at H98y,2 = 1. 1-1. 4 [39]. High density at the separatrix is required for multiple reasons in these foreseen high recyc-ling W environments: to reduce the W sputtering by reducing the divertor target temperature and to maximize the pressure in the vicinity of the pumps.
On JET, particle transport in a normalized collisionality scan has been modeled, but not for a normalized minor radius, ρ, larger than 0. 8  [45]. On TEXTOR tokamak (TEXTOR), during the radiative improved mode investigation, the density profile steepening just inside the separatrix was hypothesized as a key stabilizing parameter of Ion Temperature Gradient (ITG) allowing H-mode-like core performances in an L-mode plasma  [46, 47]. In this context, we are exploring the WEST L-mode database. Similarly to what is foreseen in ITER, electron heating dominates (ICRH and LHCD-heated plasmas) and there is no central particle or torque source (no Neutral Beam Injection (NBI)). The counterpart of ICRH and LHCD heating is that it is important to disentangle the impact of nsep on the core confinement from its impact on modified coupling and hence modified core heating sources.
In the present paper, we analyze exhaustively two campaigns of WEST phase 1 (prior to the completion of the actively cooled ITER-like lower divertor): C4 and C5. It is a D plasma database, in L-mode at 3. 7 T. By manipulating a large database of more than 1200 pulses, we explore exhaustively the operational domain of the machine, avoiding as much as possible bias induced by a cherry-picking approach. Data averaged on more than 3600 plateaus are collected. In section 2, the database building is explained, while in section 3 the co-existence of a cold and a hot branch for a given ratio of the total power to the volume averaged density is presented. In section 4, the correlation between density (line average, at the separatrix, global peaking) and core confinement is presented. The possible role of modified turbulence around the separatrix is reported in section 5 where 5 e.
Database building All WEST experimental data are natively archived in IMAS data structures such as core_profile, equilibrium, etc  [5]. The data treatment chain runs systematically on each pulse, from breakdown to termination. The philosophy is to automate as many data treatments as possible and make them available to all in a systematic manner. For example, automated fits of the temperature and density profiles are provided for each pulse every 10 ms. The treated Langmuir probes data (parallel heat fluxes, density and temperature along the divertor targets) are systematically and automatically generated, a polarimetryconstrained equilibrium is performed between pulses using NICE  [48, 49] , etc. Moreover, there is an IMAS data structure named 'summary' which is used to store 0D quantities.
These quantities are time averaged over plateaus of total power intersecting plasma current plateaus whose duration exceeds 0. 3 s. The database contains time-averaged quantities over 3685 plateaus coming from 1249 D pulses. They exhaustively cover the C4 and C5 campaigns, at the exclusion of the He part of the C4 campaign  [50]. The pulses are mostly ohmic-or RFheated L-mode plasmas, and eight pulses have transitions in H-mode  [3]. All the plateaus are at 3. 7 T with the plasma current, Ip, in the range 0. 2-0. 8 MA, the auxilary power, PAUX, varying from 0. 5 to 9 MW and the electron volume averaged density, ne, between 1 and 9 10 19 m -3. Of these plateaus, 43% have a total absorbed power above 1 MW and 60% of these externally heated plateaus have more than 80% of the RF power from LHCD.
Eight hundred plateaus with characteristics of total power (Ptot) above 2 MW, plasma current 0. 5 MA, in lower single null (LSN), and using D2 gas puff only (excluding four pelletfueled plasmas) are the main focus of the database analysis presented in the following. Note that 88% of the plateaus at Ptot > 2 MW are at 0. 5 MA. We therefore limit our analysis to this unique plasma current. By choosing Ptot > 2 MW, we exclude all ohmic phases (the ohmic power varies between 0. 3 and 0. 8 MW for Ip = 0. 5 MA) and focus on L-mode plat-eaus only. Eighty-eight percent of the LSN L-mode plateaus are at 0. 5 MA; we therefore select plateaus at 0. 5 MA only to ease our scaling law discussion. The LSN pulses are chosen as the connection of the Langmuir probes acquisition system was optimized for this magnetic configuration during the C4 and C5 campaigns, moreover, in the database more than 9 plateaus out of 10 are in LSN.
Coexistence of a cold branch with a hot one in the WEST database There is an operational domain for WEST L-mode dominantly heated by LHCD. This operational domain is such that, at a given power, if the density is too low, the power is not coupled (the empty triangle at low density, high power in the figure  2 ), and if the density is too large, the electron temperature remains below 2 keV (the blue points in figure  2 ). This Te clamping is due to the presence of W. Indeed below 2 keV, a vicious circle takes place where the W cooling factor increases with lower temperature, leading to hollow Te profiles and MHD instability. Therefore there is a narrow range of (Ptot, <n>) over which Te in the core reaches more that 2 keV, in red in figure  2. By plotting the central electron temperature, Te (0), against the ratio of the total power divided by the volume-averaged density, we observed the existence of two branches  [2]  at Ip = 0.
5 MA, BT = 3. 7 T. The 'hot branch' exhibits a Te (0) which increases with increasing ratio of the total power to the volume-averaged density, Ptot/ n , and a 'cold branch' where Te (0) does not increase with larger Ptot/ n and remains below 2 keV, as illustrated in figure  3(a). As expected, the hot branch is characterized by a higher energy content, see figure  3(b). Additionally, the measured DD  between 0 to 0. 05 normalized to the W density slightly more outward, at normalized poloidal flux 0. 05-0. 2; (g) density peaking given by the ratio between the line avergaed density nbar to the volume averaged density nvol; (h) the density at the separatrix, nsep, obtained by reflectometry (the database is reduced to the plateaus on which the reflectometry was available) and using the magnetic equilibrium reconstruction by NICE constrained by polarimetry angles.
⟨ ⟩ × × × ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ E E ∝ ∝ E ∝ ⟨ ⟩ • ⟨ ⟩ neutron rate is higher on the hot branch (not shown here) as a signature of hotter ions as well as hotter electrons. Our database is predominantly LHCD heated (see figure  1 ). The LHCD absorption signature on the inversed of hard x-ray signal peaks inside ρ = 0. 3 (for 83% of the 678 plateaus on which the hard x-ray diagnostic is available). Due to central LHCD, the majority of the plasmas analyzed here are sawtooth-free. Since LHCD absorption is more central in hotter plasmas  [51] , we cannot disentangle precisely the causality between more central LH heating and larger Te (0). This strong correlation is illustrated in figure  3(c) , where core fast electrons due to LHCD absorption are diagnosed by hard xray signal along the central horizontal chord normalized to PLHCD/ n in the 60-80 keV range  [52].
As expected, the current profiles are more peaked on the hot branch due to more centrally absorded LHCD and lower resistivity, leading to higher internal inductance (figure  3(d) ). In terms of fraction of radiative power, there is no clear distinction between the hot and the cold branches as illustrated by figure  3(e). The fraction of radiated power in the confined plasma measured by bolometry  [53]  is around 42% (figure  1 ), independent of the RF power level or whether operating LHCD or ICRH  [1, 2, 54]. Regarding the W profile in the core, over the whole database the core W concentration, nW (0) /ne (0), ranges from 3 10 -5 to 7 10 -4 , with a mean value of 2 10 -4 (see figure  1 ). The core W peaking is similar and rather flat on both branches as illustrated in figure  3 (f ). The W content, in the full W environment of WEST, is obtained assuming that for Te (0)>1 keV, the radiated power measured by bolometry is only due to W radiation-more details are given in  [6].
The time traces of the pulses entering the hot or cold branches are illustrated in  [6]. Thanks to the database analysis, we have found an operational minimum ratio of PLHCD/n necessary to avoid the cold branch and above which we will systematically operate in the future  [57]. We have also understood the mechanisms leading to the collapse of 1/4th of the pulses from the hot to the cold branch thanks to an integrated modeling of two collapsing plasmas  [6]. The LHCD absorption moving more off axis as the temperature drops, combined with a more centrally peaked W density due to reduced neoclassical temperature screening, have been identified as key players. The trigger leading to the initial temperature dropping remains to be identified. The importance of density control is likely key, as we observe lower density at the separatrix on the hot branch (note that no correlation between nsep and LHCD coupling is found in the database, see appendix A).
1. Impact of the line-averaged density on the confinement time In both the L-mode and H-mode reference scaling laws for ITER, L96 and H98y,2, the confinement increases with higher line-averaged density values  [58, 59] , respectively: τ 96L n ¯0. 24 and τ 98ELMy n ¯0. 44. Such scalings have been revised following the metallic devices (JET and AUG) results  [9]  and the new ITPA 2020 scaling law  [13]  for ELMy H-mode reports a weaker trend with respect to density: τ ITPA20 -IL n0. 147±0. 097. The WEST L-mode database has been added to the existing ITER L-mode databases used to derive the ITER89-P  [60]  and ITER96-L scaling laws  [58]. This exercise is presented in detail in chapter 3 of Ostuni's PhD  [61]  as well as more succinctly in  [2]. The confinement time is defined using WMHD, the energy content given by the MHD equilibrium calculation constrained by polarimetry by NICE  [48, 49].
WMHD is favored instead of Wth, the thermal energy content, due to the absence of systematic temperature profile measurements during the first phase of WEST operation (the electron temperature is measured by Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE), hence, in the presence of LHCD fast electrons, data is available up to mid-radius and the ion temperature measured by a 2D X spectrometer was not systematically available). The suprathermal electron contribution to the total energy content is expected to be below 5%  [62]  in the present database, where 90% of the total RF power above 2 MW is from LHCD (see figure  1 ). Hence, under such conditions WMHD is expected to be a good approximation for Wth. The WEST L-mode database of more than 1000 entries (WMHD) is added to the ITER96-L Wth database of 1312 entries coming from 12 different tokamaks.
In the ITER96-L database the radiated power has not been subtracted from the total power. For WEST, the radiated power in the bulk is, on average, 42% of the total power (see figure  1 ). Therefore, the impact on the scaling law of subtracting Prad,bulk from Ptot is explored and shown to weakly affect the scaling law coefficients, in particular the power degradation exponent changes from Ptot -0. 73 to (Ptot Prad,bulk) -0. 76 , see appendix 1 of  [2]  and chapter 3 of  [61]. The weak aspect ratio dependence of the ITER96-L scaling law is confirmed  [2]. A linear regression on WEST-only data reduces the rms down to 12. 7%, the main difference with ITER96-L is a strongly reduced impact of n, while the power degradation remains identical to ITER96-L, namely scaling as P -0. 73 , see table 1 of  [2].