dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
-EEG activity, using a 24 electrodes EEG setup. We do not give more details on EEG acquisition as these data are not analyzed in the present study. All these sensors were connected to four amplifiers (g. USBamps) sharing the same clock, thus ensuring the exact synchronization of all samples for all sensors. Signals were analog filtered between 0. 01 and 100 Hz with a 50 Hz Notch rejection filter, amplified and digitalized at 512 Hz with a 24-bit resolution. Additionally, signals from all sensors were acquired using different grounds and references for each subject to avoid artifact contamination across subjects and/or modalities. Finally, subjects wore an antistatic wrist strap connected to identical ground (earth) to reduce environmental electromagnetic contamination in biosignal recordings.
During the experiment visual contact between subjects was completely prevented using two opaque partitions. Screens and input devices were employed to give unique instructions to each subject and to collect subjective feedbacks throughout the experiment (Figure  1 ). We evaluated the empathy level of each subject through an empathy test (see Behavioral data analysis) and implicitly assigned the role of Empathizer (E) to the subject with the highest score and the role of Transmitter (T) to the subject with the lowest score. The experiment consisted of 10 runs lasting 2 min each (Figure  1 ). During the first five runs any information exchange was prevented between subjects (No Touch condition). During the last five runs, romantic partners could freely touch each other's hand and up to half of the forearm in a concealed space between opaque partitions (Touch condition).
Using such congruent or incongruent priming of the Empathizer subject allowed us to implicitly manipulate empathy and to avoid explicit instruction to communicate and/or decode the emotions. We also introduced two neutral runs to control for the emotional arousal of the participants ("Neutral" condition). In this condition (T) was instructed to recall a neutral event such as walking on a familiar street, while (E) was instructed to make no particular effort in sharing the feeling of the partner. The order of the runs within Touch and No Touch blocks was randomized. At the end of each run participants reported subjective feedbacks (see Behavioral data analysis).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Anna Tcherkassof  and  Edouard Gentaz  for help on design of experimental paradigm. Michael Acquadro 's technical assistance during data acquisition is greatly appreciated. This work was partially supported by the  Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble-INP) , " Bonus Qualité Recherche "  8-2010  and by the  European  project  ERC-2012-AdG-320684-CHESS.
In order to compare the stimulus-locked and the responselocked approach on the basis of these two criteria, we analyzed the data from a Stroop task  (Stroop, 1935). We recorded vocal responses and EMG activity from several lip muscles and fractionated RTs twice: once by using the stimulus-locked approach and once by using the response-locked approach. Our reason for choosing the Stroop task was twofold: Firstly, the Stroop task is known to have a strong effect on RTs. We reasoned that the stronger the task effect on RTs would be, the easier it would be to demonstrate the previously mentioned problem of false inheritance. Secondly, even though the articulatory locus of the Stroop effect is debated  (Kello et al. , 2000; Damian, 2003) , it is established that the Stroop effect should at least have a substantial cognitive, response-selection component (e.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge funding by the  Research Council  under the Community's  Seventh Framework Program  (FP7/2007-2013 Grant agreements n • 263575 and  241077 ), and the  Brain and Language Research Institute  ( Aix-Marseille Université: A*MIDEX  grant  ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02  and  LABEX  grant  ANR-11-LABX-0036 ). Lotje van der Linden was supported by a grant ("allocation de recherché") from the  French Ministry of Research  (2012Research ( -2015)). Stéphanie K. Riès  was supported by the  National Institute On Deafness And Other Communication Disorders of the National Institutes of Health  under Award Number  F32DC013245. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. We thank the " Féderation de Recherche 3C " ( Aix-Marseille Université ) for institutional support.
Apparatus Stimuli were presented on a 22'' Formac ProNitron 22800 CRT monitor driven by a standard accelerated graphics card. The screen resolution of the CRT was set to 1056 by 792 pixels. Observers were supported by a chin and head rest and viewed the monitor from a distance of 65 cm. The experimental room was dimly illuminated. Responses were recorded using a standard keyboard. MATLAB 7. 5 (Mathworks, Natick Massachusetts, USA) in combination with the Psychophysics toolbox  (Brainard, 1997)  was used for stimulus presentation and data collection.
Data analysis The proportion of "second tone louder" responses was calculated separately for each participant, condition and the seven magnitudes of the comparison tone. Psychometric functions (cumulative Gaussians) were fitted using the Psignifit Toolbox version 2. 5. 6 for Matlab (see http:// bootstrap-software. org/psignifit/) which implements the maximum likelihood method described by  Wichmann and Hill (2001)  (see Fig. 3 ). Based on each individual function, we calculated the point of subjective equality (PSE) and the just noticeable difference (JND). The PSE, defined as the comparison tone magnitude judged as louder than the first tone on 50 % of trials, reflects the perceived intensity of the first tone under the different conditions. Lower PSE values in one condition would indicate a reduction of the perceived intensity of the standard tone in that condition compared to the other.
Acknowledgments The research leading to these results received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement 263067  and grant  ANR-10-BLAN-1910  from the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
Statistical analyses All statistical analyses were performed with SAS version 9. 1. 3 (Cary, NC) with data from all subjects who completed the study. To compare LOW and HIGH groups at baseline, an ANOVA including group, time point and group by time point as fixed effects for each parameter was performed. Males were not included in the baseline comparisons since they were only represented in the LOW group. To assess the effects of water intake switch in LOW and HIGH (i. e. ; intervention effect) and to include circadian mood variations, an ANOVA including intervention, time point and intervention by time point as fixed effects on mean values (i. e. ; Day 1 data vs mean of Day 3-4-5, but keeping the various time points separated) was performed separately on the LOW and HIGH groups. Analyses were also performed on each day separately, but the results are not presented here as the results were similar and did not provide further insight into the effects of a water intake change on mood and physiological sensation.
Subjects All 52 randomized subjects completed the study protocol and were included in the analyses. Based on fluid consumption at screening, 30 LOW and 22 HIGH were identified. Participant characteristics and habitual daily fluid intake volume, as reported during the screening period, are provided in Table  1. At baseline, 24 h urine osmolality in HIGH was 333658 mOsmNkg 21 ; this increased to 7206146 mOsmNkg 21 response to a decrease in water intake (p,0. 001). 24 h urine osmolality in LOW was 8416206 mOsmNkg 21 at baseline and 392692 mOsmNkg 21 after increasing daily water intake (p,0. 001). Detailed physiological data on additional hydration biomarkers have been reported elsewhere  [21].
g. ,  Gentilucci & Dalla Volta 2008). For all of these reasons, and their implications for the precursors of human language and its brain specialization, we believe that Ackermann et al. should better consider these voluntary laryngeal soundproduction mechanisms in chimpanzees and the related multimodal communicative system, in their theoretical model. A C K N O W L E D G M E N T This research was supported by a grant from Agence National de la Recherche ANR-12-PDOC-0014-01 (LangPrimate). Speech, vocal production learning, and the comparative method doi:10. 1017/S0140525X13004147.
The visitors travelled along different routes: departing from South America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, or in two occasions from elsewhere. Visitors were sampled over 5 months (November-March), with an additional sample (10 visitors) from a single voyage in early September. Five to ten people per visitor category (if available) per individual voyage were sampled. In total 853 people, travelling on 27 different ships or aircraft, representing 55 different voyages were sampled. Using a questionnaire, additional data were collected on visitor class, geographical areas and major ecosystems visited previously by the sampled visitors, and on previous use of the sampled items of clothing and other gear. We highlighted alpine, Arctic and sub-Antarctic regions because of a likely match in climate to parts of the Antarctic  (Chown et al.
, 2012a). Additional information on the date and port of departure, and the type of transport used was likewise recorded for each visitor. The questionnaire used in the visitor sampling work was also distributed to additional Antarctic visitors in the 2007/2008 austral summer season (except for the questions on individual items of clothing and equipment). Questionnaires and an accompanying information leaflet were available in 10 different languages. 5024 of these general visitor survey (GVS) questionnaires were returned. Including questionnaires from the propagule survey, this brought the total number of questionnaires up to 5869. Questionnaires were read electronically, including their unique bar code, and the data compiled in spreadsheets, with some adjustments where answers were inconsistent (51 cases, Supplementary material).
All samples were then returned to our laboratories (Supplementary material). Here the samples were weighed (on digital balances with a 0. 1 g precision), after air drying for at least 14 days. The samples were then sorted into vascular plant seeds, other plant propagules (entire leaves or larger fragments of moss and hepatics and identifiable lichen fragments), invertebrate animal remains, and other material. The plant seeds per sample were counted, and sorted into morphologically similar groups (generally corresponding to different species). Identification of the seeds was undertaken by comparing the seeds with photographs of seeds in seed-atlases and Internet databases (Supplementary material Table  S1 ). Damaged seeds, seeds assumed to have come from processed foodstuffs (e. g. sesame seeds), and items not clearly identifiable as seeds were excluded.
Data analysis Proportions of visitors with seeds, seed numbers and species numbers were compared among different visitor categories or different item categories using their mean, and bias-corrected, accel-erated (BCa) bootstrap estimates (1000 resamples) of the 95% and 99% confidence interval of the differences between these means  (Efron and Tibshirani, 1993). Where these confidence intervals did not include zero, the difference was inferred to be significant at p < 0. 05 and p < 0. 01, respectively. Because factors affecting the presence of propagules may be different from factors influencing the number of propagules or species, the presence/absence of propagules was analyzed separately from the number of propagules and the number of species in the samples with propagules. For groups with only a few samples, bootstrap samples under-represent real variation making results unreliable  (Chernick, 2008).
Therefore groups with fewer than 10 observations were omitted from analysis. Proportions with propagules among visitor categories were also compared using a two-sided Fisher's exact test  (Sokal and Rohlf, 1995). The effect of visitor characteristics on the presence of propagules was analyzed using logit regression, while the relationship between visitor characteristics and number of propagules was analyzed by linear regression. For the regression analyses propagule numbers were log-transformed. For the analysis of sample data at visitor level we summed the data from personal gear items sampled separately per visitor. Similar analyses were undertaken for bryophyte and lichen fragments collectively. The relationship between date and seed incidence was analyzed by logit regression. Because the proportion of tourists and national program personnel was not constant over the field season, with most tourist visits concentrated in December and January, this was done separately for tourists and for national program personnel.
Acknowledgements We are indebted to many individuals and organisations for assistance. We thank  Oleksiy Galaktionov ,  Ina Severin ,  Fernando Brun  and  Eva Cacabelos ,  Tetsuro Miyatake ,  Yu Tong Qiu , and  Daniela Ferreira  for translating flyers, questionnaires, and supporting information. Philips Netherlands, Ltd. (Eindhoven, The Netherlands) donated the vacuum cleaners. Agunsa SA (Chile) and Navalia s. r. l. (Argentina)  assisted in the distribution and collection of materials to and from the various tourist vessels departing and returning to respectively  Punta Arenas  and  Ushuaia. Oceanwide Expeditions  (Vlissingen, The Netherlands) transported all materials to South America and back. Randstad Data Management (Rotterdam, The Netherlands) processed all questionnaires electronically and converted them in spreadsheets.
Membranes were washed three times with TBS-Tween 20 0. 1% and incubated with secondary horseradish peroxidase (HRP) anti-rabbit antibody (dilution 1/1000) or HRP anti-mouse antibody (dilution 1/1000, only with the primary actin antibody) for 1 h at room temperature (P. A. R. I. S, France). At the end of the incubation, membranes were washed three times with TBS-Tween 20 and the immunoreactive bands were detected by chemiluminescence (Immun-Star TM WesternC TM kit, Bio-Rad). A series of primary, secondary antibody dilutions and exposure times were used to optimize the experimental conditions for the linear sensitivity range of the autoradiography films (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA). Films were scanned on the GS-800 Imaging Densitometer (Bio-Rad) and the density of each band was quantified using the Quantity One software (Bio-Rad).
DATA ANALYSIS MR and GR protein quantities were calculated as the ratio to their actin loading control. Statistical analyses were performed with these ratio data. To assess the between-region differences of EP stress on protein quantities, nMR and nGR data (from control-and stress-rats) were entered into separate factorial ANOVAs for each receptor with factors for Stress (control and stress), Time (10 and 60 min), and Brain Region (AMY, mPFC, DH and VH). To further characterize the effect of EP stress on protein quantities, data from each brain region were entered into separate one-way ANOVAs for each protein followed by planned contrasts. For these analyses, Levene's test for equality of variance was used. Data from groups with unequal variance were transformed with the log function before being submitted to a one-way ANOVA.
NUCLEAR MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR (MR) LEVELS SHOW DISTINCT TEMPORAL CHANGES IN MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (mPFC) AND HIPPOCAMPUS AFTER EXPOSURE TO ELEVATED PLATFORM (EP) STRESS As seen in Figure  3A , C (top), exposure to EP stress caused changes in nMR levels that varied across the four different brain areas that were sampled. Indeed, compared to their controls, the AMY and mPFC tended to display decreasing nMR levels between 10 and 60 min after stress, whereas the DH and VH showed increases. This heterogeneity of nMR levels in response  to behavioral stress was confirmed by a significant Stress × Time × Brain Region interaction (factorial ANOVA: F (3,76) = 9. 20, p < 0. 0001). Thus, the temporal dynamics of nMR levels varied by brain region after EP stress. To further characterize these stress effects, we analyzed the protein data from each region separately with one-way ANOVAs followed by planned contrasts.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  M. Rame ,  A. Clement , and  E. Sakkat  for their assistance with the data acquisition. We thank  A. E. Fink  and  F. Tronche  for their helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Supported by grants from  INSERM  ( Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ) and  Université Paris Descartes. Dorian Caudal was supported by a fellowship from the  French Ministère de l'Education Nationale. Bill P. Godsil was supported by a fellowship from  INSERM.
Color matching Subjects selected the sample of the Munsell book that best matched the surface of one of six cylinders. The number of cylinders was unknown to the subjects and only one was visible at a time (see Figure  2 ). The whole Munsell color space was available for the subject to choose from. Observers could take as long as they wanted to make their color match and they were not explicitly instructed on how they should make their color match or which strategy would be good for them to use. No feedback was given with respect to the quality of their color matches. Subjects were subsequently asked to rate the quality of their color matches on a scale from 1 (extremely poor color match) to 7 (perfect color match). We pursued two strategies for data analysis. First, we will analyze only the color matches with ratings between the range of 4 and 7, since consideration of the poor quality matches might introduce a bias.
We reasoned that if observers state that the quality of the color match was poor, these color matches would not say much about observers' color perception per se as there is no good agreement between the chosen Munsell color and the way they perceive the objects' color. For Experiment 1, 85% of the trials were of high quality while for Experiment 2, 90% of the color matches were high quality. This shows that only a small part of the trials was excluded for data analysis. Table  1 (Experiment 1)  and Table 3 (Experiment 2 ) provide an overview of the number of trials (in %) per condition that were used for data analysis. Second, to have an indication of whether the exclusion of the low quality matches (between '1-3') might have an effect on the color constancy results, we additionally analyzed the complete data set.
Data analysis The first step was to measure the 1931 CIE xy color coordinates of each of the chosen Munsell samples when illuminated by the reference lamp. If subjects had perfect color constancy, they would choose the same color chip to match the cylinders independently of the illumination (D65 illumination and the reddish lamp). If subjects would have poor amounts of color constancy, they would choose Munsell chips with different colors when the same cylinder is viewed under different illuminations. A complete absence of color constancy would mean that the difference (a vector in CIE color space) between subjects' color matches corresponds to the difference of the same object measured under the two illuminations (shift in chromaticity caused by the illumination). A negative color constancy percentage would mean that the difference in CIE color space between subjects' color matches when viewing the same object under the two different lamps (i.
A second factor that we wanted to investigate is whether the use of either the glossy or matte Munsell book made any difference in subjects' color constancy performance. In order to study this, we analyzed the data separately for both versions of the Munsell book and also analyzed the data separately for the glossy and the matte cylinders. Of the trials, 85% could be included in the data analysis (were rated between 4 and 7) when observers were matching the cylinders with the glossy version of the Munsell book. When the matte version of the Munsell book was used for making the color matches, 84% of the data could be used. Color constancy was higher on average when objects were matched with the matte version of the Munsell book compared to when matched with the glossy version (67% vs. 54%, respectively).
Statistical analyses All statistical calculations were performed using the R freeware  [65] , and the alpha threshold for significance was settled at α = 5%. MIQ-3 scores represent discrete variables derived from ordinal scales. Due to assumption of non-Gaussian distribution, they were compared across internal visual, external visual and kinesthetic MI modalities using Friedman's test. Self-reports of ease/difficulty were compared between MI BREATHE and MI APNEA using paired Wilcoxon's tests. Normality of chronometric data was checked through visual inspection of Q-Q plots. PP, MI BREATHE and MI APNEA durations were compared for both swimming tasks using a repeated measures MANOVA model with the swimming task as group factor (PP BREATHE and PP APNEA ) and the task type as repetition factor (PP, MI BREATHE and MI APNEA ).
Cardiac activity HR data were processed from 13 participants as data from one participant was lost due to a technical failure. Overall, average HR before MI BREATHE was 72. 61 bpm (SD = 2. 29) while average HR before MI APNEA was 66. 81 bpm (SD = 2. 24). Significant differences were observed in HR before the onset of the two MI conditions for both PP BREATHE (7. 0% of HR REST decrease at onset of MI APNEA as compared to MI BREATHE ; t = 3. 91, μ = 0, p =. 002) and PP APNEA (9. 0% of HR REST decrease at onset of MI APNEA as compared to MI BREATHE ; t = 4. 27, μ = 0, p =. 001). A correlation between the percentage of HR decrease between periods preceding MI BREATHE and MI APNEA and the percentages of MI durations increase between MI BREATHE and MI APNEA was found for both PP BREATHE and PP APNEA (R 2 =.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by  FRC (Fondation pour le Recherche sur le Cerveau) , the  Labex/Idex  ( ANR-11-LABX-0042 ), the  James S. McDonnell Foundation  and the  ANR Samenta   ASD-BARN 01502. Matteo Baccarini  was supported by the  Fondazione Carlo Fornasini-PoggioRenatico.
In "hide and seek", the (static) Nash strategy consists in choosing any of the two options with a fixed probability of 1=2. This can be done by fixing the options values as follows: V 1 t ~V 0 t ~0. Note that here, the Nash policy is strictly equivalent to a random chance model (with a potential bias towards one of the alternative options). Experimental methods 1) Participants. In total, n = 29 subjects (15 females, mean age = 22. 5, SD = 3. 8) without history of neurological or psychiatric disease were recruited via e-mail within an academic database. Three participants were excluded from the analysis due to very low performance in a 3-back control task (see below). Participants were paid a minimum of 5 J plus an additional monetary bonus that depended upon their performance in the different tasks (see Text S1).
Stimuli All 64 speakers were, individually, digitally recorded (16 bit mono, 44100 Hz, WAV format) reading an unfamiliar passage of text in a soundproof booth. Speakers were instructed to read the passage, involving a telephone conversation with direct speech, in a neutral tone. The word 'hello' was extracted from each recording, and normalised for power (RMS) and loudness via Matlab (the Mathworks). Stimuli had an average duration of 391 ms 6 65. 1 ms and 390 ms 6 64. 1 ms for male and female voices, respectively. 'Hello' was selected because it is a familiar, social word, with a medium-to-high range of common usage (British National Corpus) and its position and punctuation allowed for extraction. Cultural equivalents of 'hello' have previously been used to study ratings of attractiveness across culture ('hujambo' -Swahili,  [50] ) and across temporal modulation ('bonjour' -French,  [51] ).