dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The diffraction patterns collected for 5 min on an imaging plate are read using Mini Plus VisaScan (Dürr Dental), and transformed to diffractograms using Fit2D software (ESRF). The system records diffractograms over a 10 ° to 50° 2θ range to characterize the most common minerals, even if some clay minerals cannot be identified reliably. For this reason, three samples of raw pigments (E4-286, E5-B1 and G6-32) were analyzed by XRD to determine their mineralogical composition, especially for clay minerals. After grinding of few mg, XRD was carried out on a silicon zero diffraction plate with a D2 phaser (Bruker) diffractometer equipped with a Cu-kα anode (λ = 0. 15406 Å) operating at 30 kV and 10 mA. Diffractograms were collected over 3°< 2θ < 65° with a step increment of 0. 04° and acquisition time of 0.
Raman spectroscopy Cross sections were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy to determine the mineralogical composition of crust and pigment alterations. Analyzes were carried out using a Labram HR800 spectrometer (Horiba Jobin Yvon) using the 514 nm excitation of an Ar + laser source. The Rayleigh line is filtered due to ultra narrow band Notch BragGrate filters. Areas of interest were located and analyzes were made through a x100 objective giving a focused laser of about a 1 µm spot. Laser power was adjusted to around 80 µW at the sample. Raman spectra were collected between 20 and 1850 cm -1 with a spectral resolution of 2 cm -1 using a 1800 lines/mm grating. Spectra were corrected for edge filter ripples  (Casadio, et al. , 2016)  and baselines were corrected using Labspec software (Horiba Jobin Yvon) to substract the fluorescence background.
Acknowledgments The fieldwork was undertaken under the authority of the 6th Archaeological Division of  Fine Arts Department, Nan Museum, Thailand. We are grateful to  Chaturaporn Tiamtinkrit  and  Chawalit Khaokhiew  for their support. This work was supported by the  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs  and by the  Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris (MNHN)  though ATM fundings. The authors also want to thank the  Sorbonne Universités  and the  MH-SATSU-OPPaCro  project for their financial participation and the preparation of samples by  Manon Bondetti. We are grateful to the  MNHN  for access to its analytical platforms: the " DGD Collection " for the SEM analysis, the  HNHP  ( UMR 7194 ) and the " Plateau de Caractérisation des Archéomatériaux et Archives Sédimentaires " for XRF analysis and sample preparation, and the " Plateau d' imagerie  2D/3D " for microscopy, and  Marie-Madeleine Blanc-Valleron  from the  CRP2A (UMR 7207 ) for conventional XRD.
Several Etruscan burial sites were excavated in the last quarter of the 19 th Century in and around Bologna. [ 2] See a. e. HAACK 2009. [ 3] Recently, some of these fi nds have been discussed in two game-related papers: DUGGAN 2015; GILL 2016. [ 4] For an overview see MACELLARI 1999: 13-28. [ 5] VITALI games. [11] A comprehensive study would have to start with an autopsy of the excavation diaries, in order to be able not only to catalogue the game related fi nds, but also to analyse their relation to other grave goods, to anthropological data (sex and age of the deceased), to the social status, to the burial rites (inhumation, cremation), the typology of the grave and to determine the date and provenance of the objects. Based on the catalogue, I would then like to forward some preliminary observations and raise some questions.
Acknowledgments The 2011 field season was possible thanks to the  Department of Anthropology, Yale University , the  City Hall of Huanchaco  and the  Direccion Desconcentrada de Cultura La Libertad (Peru). Special thanks to the former Mayor of  Huanchaco ,  Fernando Bazan , and the former director (RIP),  Enrique Sanchez-Maura , for their logistic and economic support during the emergency excavations carried out in 2011. Special thanks to  Michele Spano Pescara  who was the person who alert us about the presence of human remains at the area now known as  Huanchaquito Las Llamas. His wife and sons were very friendly with us during all the field seasons, providing snacks and beverages for the workers, students and archaeologists. In 2011,  Katya Valladares  was the first bioarchaeologist who determined that the children had a clear cut on the sternum, determining that they may have been part of a ritual sacrificial event.
Funding: Funded by  National Science Foundation's Arctic Social Science Research Program  (Grant No. 1152156 ). Wenner-Gren Foundation  ( SC-14-62 ). National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration  (Grants  9521-14 ,  9830-15 , and  9894-16 ). CAMELANDES  project ( ANR-15-CE27-0002-01) INNOVATE PERU 354-15. CNRS: PEPS ECOCAM grant:  Nicolas Goepfert Agence Nationale de la Recherche : LabEx  ANR-10-LABX-0003-BCDiv :  Elise Dufour Agence Nationale de la Recherche :  ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 :  Elise Dufour Roger Thayer Stone Center for Latin American Studies, Tulane University : 2014:  John W. Verano. Carol Lavin Bernick Faculty Grant Program (Tulane University ). : 2015-2016:  John W. Verano.
XRD measurements on the pigment powders were performed using a Bruker D8 diffractometer with the following measurement parameters: Cu-Kα radiation, λ= 1. 5404 Å, voltage 40 kV, beam current 40 mA, and a 2-80 • 2θ exploration range with a step size of 0. 014 • 2θ. The mineral phases were identified by using the ICDD database (International Center for Diffraction Data, Newtown Square, PA, USA). TGA analysis was performed on selected pigment powders using a Perkin Elmer Pyris Diamond TG/DTA (Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analyzer). The temperatures were scanned in the range between 40 • C to 900 • C, at the heating rate of 20 • C/min, in a flowing Ar atmosphere. Microstructural and elemental analyses of the powders were performed on a FEI Nova NanoSEM TM 230 scanning electron microscope (SEM) with field emission gun (FEG) and variable pressure (VP) capabilities, equipped with a Thermo Scientific TM NORAN TM System 7 X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS).
Gold (Au) coating to improve the electrical conductivity was applied using a Hummer ® 6. 2 sputtering system (Anatech Ltd. , Battle Creek, MI, USA). Secondary electron (SE) imaging was performed in vacuum using the Everhart-Thornley detector (ETD). The elemental composition of single spots and area elemental maps were acquired using EDS. FTIR spectroscopy was performed on a JASCO FT/IR-420 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometer using the KBr pellet method. Pigment powders were ground and dispersed in a KBr matrix at a concentration around 0. 5 wt % and then pressed into a pellet. All spectra were collected at 64 scans with a spectral resolution of 4 cm -1 , from 4000 to 400 cm -1. The spectra were matched against the spectral database of the Infrared and Raman Users Group (IRUG, Philadelphia, PA, USA) and published literature data.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the  Molecular and Nano Archaeology Laboratory at UCLA. The co-author,  Hélène Pasco , was a visiting student to the Archaeomaterials Group at UCLA during 2016. The authors would acknowledge the assistance of  Christian Fischer  and  Roxanne Radpour  from the department of materials science and engineering of UCLA in FORS measurement and interpretation of the spectra.
Acknowledgements We thank the  National Museum in Prague  for providing access to the Jedlička collection. This work was supported by the  European SYNTHESYS program  [ CZ-TAF-3558 ], the  Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic  [ DKRVO 2019-2023/7. I. a, 00023272], and the  Czech Science Foundation  [ 19-13265S ]. We acknowledge  Mr. James Walker  and  Dr. Ashlea Wainwright  for English editing of this paper,  Dr. Arwa Kharobi  for her constructive criticism, and finally the editors and anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on the paper which helped us to improve the manuscript.
Models We performed structural equation modeling (SEM) using the lavaan  [35]  package in R. Missing data were handled with full information maximum likelihood  [36]. We used LDS modeling to analyze the data  [23]  with a robust maximum likelihood estimator with Satorra-Bentler adjustment to account for non-normality in variables  [37]. LDS models allow for testing the effect of a variable on subsequent change in another variable (∆) to infer a direction in the association between two variables. This method is a powerful means to estimate bivariate and multivariate coupling  [38]. We estimated the required sample size to 286 patients (see Supplementary Methods). Consensual fit indices were inspected  [39] [40] [41] : the comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) should be > 0.
Discussion The main strength of this study is that it is the first to examine the structure of the longitudinal relationships between insight, QoL, depression and suicidality in individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The present study benefited from a large sample of patients with stabilized schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n = 344) and was based on statistical methods that allow the study of the dynamics of change between several variables. As recommended, we used both self-reported and clinician-rated measures of insight, and we took care to control for the potential effects of antipsychotics and negative, positive, and general schizophrenic symptomatology. The data strongly support a unidirectional relationship between insight and suicidality, with good insight predicting a worsening of suicidality.
Acknowledgments: We thank the  Centre Hospitalier de Versailles and Alex Edemann and Associates  for editorial assistance,  Hakim Laouamri  and his team ( Stéphane Beaufort ,  Seif Ben Salem ,  Karmène Souyris ,  Victor Barteau ,  Mohamed Laaidi ) for the development of the FACE-SZ computer interface, data management, quality control, and regulatory aspects.
Stages of dental development in teeth relative to one another and dental ages Delayed development of anterior teeth relative to posterior teeth has been described as the "ape-like" pattern  (31). However, there is substantial intraspecific variation in the relative development of anterior and posterior teeth. For example, in the fossil H. sapiens from Qafzeh, Qafzeh 10 had a delayed I 1 developmental stage (Ri) relative to its M 1 (R1/2), while Qafzeh 15 developed its I 1 and M 1 at a similar pace and approached the stage of R3/4 simultaneously (5). The Xujiayao I 1 is at stage R1/2, and M 1 is at stage R3/4. In a sample of 156 recent modern human children with M 1 at stage R3/4, 32. 7% had I 1 s at R1/2 (dataset shared by H. M. Liversidge), similar to what is observed for the Xujiayao juvenile.
The dose given to the whole specimen during the conventional scan was not measured but can be estimated from the scanning parameters to be 1. 4 Gy, i. e. , without any detectable effect on aDNA (data file S1). Dose being cumulative, the complete scan history of the specimen has to be taken into account and recorded. Only the scans performed at submicrometer resolution resulted in accumulated dose above the detection limit, but on very restricted volumes each time (about 3. 5 mm × 1. 6 mm), and located mostly in enamel. In these areas, the total accumulated surface dose reached a maximum of about 5500 Gy (probably less due to beam attenuation by the sample itself), corresponding to a maximum aDNA loss of 20% [see  (35)  for more details]. Orientation of the teeth for submicrometer resolution scanning was optimized to reduce as much as possible the amount of material crossed by the beam during the scans, to ensure that only the scanned area would receive an x-ray dose, potentially leading to some aDNA degradation.
From this gradient, it becomes then easy to derive an equation relating the cuspal thickness with the cuspal formation time, applicable on all the teeth of this individual, taking into account that average DSR of thinnerenameled teeth would be lower than that of thicker-enameled ones. DSR was measured three times in three different sections to quantify the inner, middle, and outer DSR on the M 2 cuspal enamel of paracone (data file S1). For each measurement, a prism between two consecutive Retzius line was traced and its length was recorded in ImageJ. From these measurements, a simple regression was applied to relate the averaged measured DSR with their corresponding distance to the EDJ. It turned out that a simple linear regression was sufficient to efficiently characterize the DSR gradient in this individual (DSR = 0.
00146xdis EDJ + 2. 70; R 2 = 0. 812). From this gradient, the general equation relating cuspal enamel thickness and cuspal formation time was derived by simulating the complete secretion profile from EDJ to 1770 m (thickest cuspal enamel observed for this individual), leading to the following polynomial equation: y = 1. 20E-8x 3 -7. 99E-5x 2 + 0. 363x + 0. 556, where y is the cuspal enamel formation time and x is the cuspal enamel thickness (data file S1). Cuspal enamel thickness was measured from the dentine horn to the first perikymata on the outer enamel surface. The cuspal enamel thickness of the other teeth was then put into this equation, and the secretion time of their cuspal enamel was calculated (data file S1). Even if this approach is somehow experimental, it can be expected to be more relevant than using a single average value to estimate cuspal formation time over a complete dentition exhibiting very different cuspal enamel thicknesses.
Acknowledgments: We thank  H. Liversidge  for sharing developmental data on modern children in the section, Stages of dental development in teeth relative to one another and dental ages. We also want to express our gratitude to  C. Dean  for valuable suggestions in revising the manuscript. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions to improve the quality of this work. Funding: This work was supported by the  Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences  (grant no. XDB26000000 ),  Chinese Academy of Sciences  ( 132311KYSB20160004 ), the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 41872030 ,  41630102 , and  41672020 ),  Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad  ( CGL2015-65387-C3-3-P ),  Acción Integrada España Francia  ( HF2007-0115 ), the  British Academy  ( International Partnership and Mobility Scheme   PM160019 ), and the  Leakey Foundation  through the personal support of  D.
Gurgy 'Les Noisats' (GLN) consists of a tumulus approximately 30 metres in diameter that received 40 individuals spread over 35 graves (unpublished). To document the biological diversity of the UN and GLN groups, our aDNA study targeted uniparental genetic markers (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA and the Y chromosome), permitting the characterization of maternal and paternal lineages. At the very local scale, special attention was paid to the combination of archaeological, anthropological and genetic data (i) to discuss funerary groups' diversity and constitution, (ii) to test for the potential presence of groups genetically differentiated within each necropolis and (iii) to address each community-specific social functioning. The comparison of the results obtained for the partially contemporary sites of UN and GLN permitted us to question potential general social dynamics for the French Late Iron Age context.
5. 1. 2)  (Excoffier and Lischer, 2010 ). Fisher's exact tests were used to test the statistical significance of genetic diversity differences measured between groups or DNA conservation variability observed between sites. The tests were performed with BiostaTGV (https://biostatgv. sentiweb. fr/?module=tests/fisher). Resampling analyses were performed with R 3. 6. 0 (R Core Team, 2019) taking into account sample size heterogeneity between groups for the comparison of Nei's diversity indices (see R script in SI). Adjusted bootstrap confidence interval  (Zieffler, Harring, & Long, 2011)  were computed for the differences in Nei's indices between the groups under study, using 10000 bootstrap replicates. To discuss the genetic affinities of UN and GLN communities with ancient European human groups, we ran a series of descriptive analyses using the datas published by Fischer and colleagues, which includes 1433 mitochondrial sequences dating from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age (42,500-300 cal.
BC), divided into 29 chronological, geographical and cultural groups  (Fischer et al. , 2018) (S3 Table). The proportions of shared mtDNA haplotypes and population-specific pairwise genetic distances (FST) were computed using Arlequin software (version 3. 5. 1. 2)  (Excoffier and Lischer, 2010). A principal component analysis (PCA) based on mtDNA haplogroup frequencies was carried out, taking into account the major European haplogroups identified and distinguished in aDNA literature targeting European populations: H, HV, I, J, K, N, T, U4, U5a, U5b, U, V, W, X and "others". The PCA was performed using the R package FactoMineR  (Lê et al. , 2008).
(2017)  on Bell Beaker and Early Bronze Age societies from Central Europe and based on aDNA and isotopic data highlighted patrilocal residence system as well as exogamy for women. In this specific case, a high mitochondrial diversity (h² = 0. 9924) could be calculated. Because the maternal diversity calculated by Knipper et al. covered 80 individuals spread over 7 distinct archaeological sites dated between 2500 and 1700 BC (representing approximately 27 generations), we believe that the high maternal diversities measured for GLN and UN communities, composed of individuals originating from a unique site and distributed among only 7 generations (approximately 200 years) for GLN and only 3 generations (less than 100 years) for UN, constitute a clear argument for patrilocality. For both UN and GLN necropolises, even if some individuals shared the same mitochondrial lineages, no group of tombs related to maternal lines could be detected (Fig  1  and 2 ).
e. , group of tribes with a specific ethnic identity;  Lewuillon, 1990). In the same way, according to the work of  Lewuillon (1990) , Gallic societies may have been built on the fundamental and dominant principle of patrilinearity, with a very strong impact of paternal heredity on communities' internal social structuration. Palaeogenetic data obtained for Late Iron Age UN and GLN communities are thus in line with archaeological or textual arguments. Since the UN group revealed a maternal diversity statistically higher than the one measured for the GLN group, we confronted at the very local scale funerary and genetic traits available to discuss the constitution of each "dead community".
The fact that some individuals sharing the same maternal lineage were distributed both inside and outside the enclosure (Fig  1 ) seems counterintuitive with the hypothesis of a funerary space organized according to family structure. However, since textual sources suggest that social status was inherited through paternal lines  (Lewuillon, 1990 ) and that our genetic data would be in accordance with societies practising patrilinearity, the funerary space should be rather structured alongside Y-chromosome lineages. Unfortunately, our low-resolution analysis of paternal lineages does not permit us to test this point. An alternative hypothesis concerning the constitution of the dead groups having access to the different UN sectors may include chronological evolution from an initial group. Indeed, some archaeological arguments may indicate that the enclosure was used before the rest of the necropolis.
Among them, the model "grouped tombs and dispersed habitat", i. e. , a common funerary site used for several households scattered around the necropolis could correspond to what we found in GLN. While no habitat area is currently known and associated with the GLN tumulus, the moderate number of burials and the lower mitochondrial diversity observed prompt us to propose the hypothesis of the use of the tumulus by a local community distributed among few aedificia. The data available for UN and GLN necropolises thus indicated (i) that they welcomed different types of communities (more cosmopolitan for UN vs. more local for GLN) and (ii) that the structuration of the funerary space in UN was linked to a genetic structuration of the community. Consequently, it is necessary to take into account these specificities for the reconstruction of broad-scale population dynamics.
A common maternal legacy but distinct exchange networks We first conducted descriptive analyses taking into account the gene pools of whole UN and GLN groups. A principal component analysis (PCA) based on mtDNA haplogroup frequencies was computed after the merging of the UN and GLN gene pools with those of available ancient groups  (BBC_Spain), and Early Bronze Age groups from Great Britain (EBA_GB)) could be consistently supported through (i) the study of shared informative haplotype frequencies (S7 Table ) or (ii) the measurement of close genetic distances (FST; S8 Table ). Lastly, the partial data obtained for Ychromosome lineages in UN and GLN revealed a striking majority of haplogroups R*/R1b that were mainly associated with the arrival of steppe migrants in central Europe after 3000 BC  (Allentoft et al.
01625; Cardial = 0. 01823; BBC_Spain = 0. 01848; CH_Iberia = 0. 02099) while the group outside the enclosure presented more affinities with French groups from the Paris basin dated from the Neolithic and Iron Ages (MNF = 0. 00865: GLN = 0. 01039) as well as with various groups from Central Europe (EN_MN_Germany_Alsace = 0. 01716; EN_transDanubia = 0. 0863 and IA_Germany = 0. 01963) (Table  S9 ). Finally, affinities regarding eastern groups differentiated the two UN funerary groups. Notably, maternal affinities with the Yamnaya pastoralist groups were stronger for the group outside the enclosure in regard to the group buried inside the enclosure (FST 0. 02755 and 0. 04687, respectively; shared haplotypes 14. 634% and 2. 439%). All data in hand consequently tended to show that the group having access to a specific funerary structure in the UN necropolis, an enclosure, was characterized by a special maternal gene pool, showing affinities with ancient groups distributed along the Channel or the Atlantic region (Spain).
Conclusion The ancient DNA results obtained for two human groups of the French Late Iron Age are in total accordance with textual sources or archaeological data describing both paternal residence rules and patrilinearity for Gaulish societies. Beyond these common internal social dynamics, the comparison of genetic, osteological and archaeological data permitted us to note that the necropolises analysed welcomed communities with distinct compositions. Indeed, the Urville-Nacqueville necropolis, located along the Channel seashore and linked to a port, appeared to host a more cosmopolitan community than the Gurgy 'Les Noisats' tumulus that may have received the deceased of a local community. Moreover, the fine-scale analysis of both communities revealed that the organization of the funerary space in the UN necropolis was directly linked to a genetic structuration of the funerary group.
Indeed, data in hand permitted us to propose that the enclosure discovered in this site may have either received the members of a dominant family or a smaller funding group that may have been at the origin of a larger community found outside the enclosure. Finally, we demonstrated that genetically differentiated groups found within the UN necropolis presented very distinctive signals concerning genetic affinities with contemporary or more ancient groups. These results highlight how fine-scale analyses of ancient groups permit a better understanding of community establishment or internal social functioning necessary for a correct assessment of broad-scale genetic affinities.