dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The genome is composed of a unique long (U L ) region and a unique short (U S ) region. These genomic segments are flanked by inverted repetitive elements called terminal (TR L and TR S ) and internal (IR L and IR S ) repeats. Traditionally, the genome is separated into 80 open reading frames that encode 76 distinct proteins and four repeated ones. To date, 28 complete EHV-1 genomes isolated from the domestic horse are available in GenBank. Recently the complete genome sequencing of the attenuated Kentucky A strain (KyA) a candidate vaccine strain, revealed two additional open reading frames (ORFs) in the internal repeat region (IR2 and IR3; ORFs 77 and 78) that are conserved in the virulent RacL11 and Ab4 strains  [15]. Experimental infections demonstrated that different strains of EHV-1 vary in their abortigenic potential and in their neuropathogenicity  [16] [17] [18] [19].
ORF68 A ~1185 bp nucleotide sequence of ORF68 for 222 isolates representative of 222 EHV-1 outbreaks over the 28-year period was determined to assess the relationship between ORF68 groups and clades identified by multi-locus analysis. Sequence analysis of this polymorphic region of ORF68 identified isolates in each of Nugent's six groups and one of her two unassigned groups (see alignment Figure  3 ). ORF68 representative sequences have been deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MH976701-MH976709. Of the 222 isolates analysed using this grouping system, only one Irish isolate belongs to group 1. Similar to Ab4, IRL/497/1997 encodes 8 G's in the homopolymeric tract, giving rise to a 418 amino acid (aa) long U S 2 protein compared with 303aa for EHV-1 isolates in other groups. Twenty-six isolates (11.
Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis Nucleotide sequences obtained from targeted multi-locus sequence analysis were aligned to individual ORFs of reference strains Ab4 (neuropathogenic, G2254/D752 strain) and V592 (non-neuropathogenic, A2254/N752 strain) using Seqman. Comparative analysis of predicted partial amino acid sequences was carried out for each isolate by using the ClustalW  [66]  accessory application in BioEdit sequence alignment editor version 7. 2. 5  [67]. Twenty-eight complete and 78 partial EHV-1 genome sequences which had been included in the study by  Bryant et al. (2018)   [35]  were mined from GenBank  [68]  (Supplementary Table  S2 ). Nucleotide sequences of individual ORFs were translated using ClustalW implemented in Bioedit. Multiple amino acid sequence alignments were produced for individual ORFs with Ab4 as a reference sequence.
PCR of EHV-1 ORF68 PCR primers were designed to amplify ORF68 (US 2 ) (detailed in Table  5 ) based on EHV-1 reference sequences Ab4 (GenBank accession AY665713. 1) and V592 (GenBank accession AY464052. 1) using the online application Primer3  [72]. Amplification was performed using the G-Storm (Gene Technologies) with the PCRx Enhancer System (catalogue no. 11495-017, Invitrogen) which is specific for the amplification of problematic and/or GC-rich templates. The reaction component consisted of 1X PCRx Amplification Buffer, 1. 5 mM MgSO4, 2X PCRx Enhancer Solution, 0. 4 µM each primer, 5 U of Taq DNA Polymerase (5 U/µL, Invitrogen), 0. 2 mM dNTP Mixture (Applied Biosystems), 10 µL of template DNA, and nuclease free water to a final volume of 50 µL. Initial denaturation was carried out at 95 • C for 5 min, followed by amplification with 40 cycles of 95 • C for 30 s, 50 • C for 1 min, 72 • C for 2 min, and a final elongation at 72 • C for 10 min.
ORF68 Sequence Analysis The four overlapping sequence regions of the 1313bp ORF68 amplicon were assembled for each isolate using Seqman Version 5. 01 (DNASTAR). Nucleotide sequence alignments were performed using the ClustalW  [66]  application in BioEdit  [67]. Sequences were aligned using Ab4 strain as a reference to identify variable positions and perform grouping of the isolates as per  Nugent et al. (2006)   [21]. Isolates from 222 of the 238 outbreaks, defined as an occurrence of one or more cases in an epidemiological unit, were included in the analysis. Incomplete ORF68 sequence data was obtained for 16 of the 238 outbreaks which necessitated exclusion from the analysis. ORF68 sequence data for a further 219 EHV-1 isolates were retrieved from GenBank (sequence information can be found in Supplementary Table  S4 ).
Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at http://www. mdpi. com/2076-0817/8/1/7/s1, Figure  S1 : Alignment of 322 EHV-1 artificial peptide sequences; Table  S1 : Summary of EHV-1 strains genotyped and listed in order of U L clades; Table  S2 : Accession codes for EHV-1 sequences used in alignment; Table  S3 : Premises where more than one isolate was characterised by multi-locus sequence typing; Table  S4 : Details of EHV-1 ORF68 sequences used in network analysis; Table  S5 : Primer sequences used for multi-locus amplification.
Measurement Setup The used electromechanical test bench is described in Figure  4a  and is composed of (i) an indenter applying normal stress to the sensor under test through an ISEL iMC-S8 robotic arm, (ii) a FUTEK FSH00105 110 N force sensor connected to a HP34401A voltmeter measuring the stress applied in a 0-488 kPa pressure range, and (iii) a HP4192A impedance analyzer measuring the sensor capacitance changes at a frequency of 1 MHz. All of the measurement setup was controlled by a computer operating under MATLAB and used for the acquisition, storage, and processing of the measurement data. A typical sensor response curve obtained with a 6:1 small pore PDMS foam sensor, is presented in Figure  4b  (blue dots). As commonly observed with polymer based capacitive pressure sensors, the obtained response curve is strongly non-linear, the sensitivity of the sensor is high for low stress values and exhibits a saturation behavior for large stress values  [1, 2, 6, 11, 16, 18].
On the other hand, at high pressure levels, the capacitance change reached a maximum value due to the saturation of the permittivity (Figure  4b ) as well as the incompressibility of the foam featuring "closed" pores. In order to measure the relevance of the model, response curves of a 4:1 small pore foam sensor were measured during a load cycle (load increasing from 0 to 450 kPa) and a release cycle (load decreasing from 450 kPa back to 0 kPa). The model was fitted to the experimental data by the numerical adjustment of ∆C max and P c. Figure  5  shows the experimental curves together with the fitted model curves. One can note a fair agreement between the experimental and model curves fitted with a R 2 higher than 0. 99. Figure  5  also shows the average model curve, obtained by averaging the load and release model curves.
Sensors 2018, 18, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 12 expected to be high at low pressure levels, since it increased with the combined effects of the reduction of d and the increase of the foam permittivity εr(d) (Figure  4 ). On the other hand, at high pressure levels, the capacitance change reached a maximum value due to the saturation of the permittivity (Figure  4b ) as well as the incompressibility of the foam featuring "closed" pores. In order to measure the relevance of the model, response curves of a 4:1 small pore foam sensor were measured during a load cycle (load increasing from 0 to 450 kPa) and a release cycle (load decreasing from 450 kPa back to 0 kPa). The model was fitted to the experimental data by the numerical adjustment of ΔCmax and Pc. Figure  5  shows the experimental curves together with the fitted model curves.
The mixture was homogenised before MW irradiation. Three main parameters were studied in these pre-treatment: R S-L (0. 2, 0. 15 and 0. 1 g/mL), solvent mixture (hydroalcoholic mixtures varying the percentage of water in 100, 50 and 10%) and time of microwaves applied (30, 60 and 90s). Mixtures of ethanol and water were chosen as solvent due to their environmentally friendly and low toxicity properties. Preliminary analysis of the R S-L revealed that higher values of R S-L were needed in comparison with those of literature for grape marc (0. 5g/mL)  (Álvarez et al. , 2017)  since freeze dried WL absorbs high amount of solvent due to their powdery nature. When MW pre-treatment was completed, the vessel was cooled down in an ice batch followed by the conventional S-L extraction. A statistical surface response design was performed using Statgraphics® Centurion XVII software in order to obtain the optimum conditions which maximize the final AC content of the extracts.
Statistical Analysis All data were expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD). Assays for TPC, AC content and ORAC measurements were performed, at least, in triplicate. A statistical analysis was done using SigmaStat 3. 0® software. When homogeneous variances were confirmed, data were analyzed by One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) coupled with the post-hoc Holm-Sidak test (p<0. 05 was accepted as statistically significant in all cases).
, 2012; Schwarz, Quast, von Baer, & Winterhalter, 2003; Vallverdú-Queralt et al. , 2015; Wu & Prior, 2005)  with comparable matrices and databanks ("Database on Polyphenol Content in Foods -Phenol-Explorer," n. d. ; "PhytoHub," n. d. ). A total of twelve anthocyanins were identify as Table  3  shows. The respective m/z values, the fragmentations, the putative identification, the phenolic subclass and the extract in which each anthocyanin appeared is also shown in Table  3. The most interesting finding in this study was the presence of a pyranoanthocyanin, Vitisin A, in both types of extracts at a retention time of 32. 13 min. These A-type vitisins are adducts resulting from the cycloaddition of pyruvic acid, a metabolite of the alcoholic fermentation  (Marquez, Serratosa, & Merida, 2013)  to anthocyanin molecules, usually formed during the maturation of wine.
Acknowledgements The authors thank financial support from the  Marie Curie Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways  ( FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IAPP-612208 ) actions, project  VA040U16  from  Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) and Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)  and  Portugal 2020  to the  Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network  ( LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125 ). Soraya Rodríguez Rojo  acknowledges  Junta de Castilla y León  and  FEDER 2014-2020  for her postdoctoral contract under Project  VA040U16. Rut Romero Díez  thanks  Junta de Castilla y León  for her research fellowship. Ana A. Matias  thanks  FCT  for the financial support through the  IF Starting Grant -GRAPHYT  ( IF/00723/2014 ).
PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen patients with PHEO/PGL related to SDHA germline mutations were referred to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a tertiary specialized center for PHEO/PGL. These patients were enrolled and retrospectively and prospectively followed from January 2010-July 2018 under the protocol Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Molecular Biology of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT00004847), which was approved by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development and Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians. Ten of these 15 patients with documented imaging and/or histopathological evidence/s of metastatic disease as per the 2017 World Health Organization classification (lesions in the bone and/or lymph nodes) were included in this study.
In our cohort, three patients (patients 2, 3, and 5) received cold somatostatin analog therapy. One patient (patient 2) received a short-acting octreotide at a dose much lower than used in the PROMID study (where long-acting octreotide was used)  (51) , and this did not result in a clinically meaningful response while the other patient (patient 5) had progressionfree survival for 1. 5 years with symptomatic and biochemical improvement after receiving lanreotide 120 mg every 14 days, protocol almost similar to that used in CLARINET FORTE study [ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT02651987] followed by radiation therapy which has showed response in an SDHBrelated metastatic PHEO/PGL  (52). On the other hand, patient 3 was started on lanreotide 120 mg every 28 days, protocol almost similar to that used in CLARINET study along with experimental ONC201 therapy and the patient has shown stable disease following 3 months of initiation of this combination therapy.
ONC201 is a dopamine receptor inhibitor, DRD2, and is being evaluated as phase 2 clinical trial in neuroendocrine tumors including PHEO/PGLs [ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT03034200]. Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker which has shown anti-angiogenic and antitumor effects and is currently being repurposed in oncology  (53, 54). However, whether somatostatin analog therapy had additive/synergistic effect when combined with other treatment(s) remains to be determined. These treatments show promise in SDHA-related metastatic PHEO/PGL and are worth studying to establish their efficacy and safety for this type of patients, especially those who present with inoperable tumors including metastatic disease. Moreover, it would be very important to compare long-acting octreotide vs. lanreotide in terms of treatment schedule, efficacy, long-term safety and outcome, and progression-free survival for these types of tumors.
Real-Time NO Production Aortas from intact mice (10-12 weeks/n=6 per group) were quickly harvested and maintained in 200 lL Krebs-Ringer oxygenated solution containing 2. 5 mmol/L glucose at 37°C. A NO-specific amperometric probe (ISO-NOPF100; World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL) was implanted directly in the tissue, and NO release was monitored. The aortas were exposed to 17b-estradiol (10 À8 mol/L) or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide). The concentration of NO gas in the tissue was measured in real time with the data acquisition system LabTrax (World Precision Instruments) connected to the free radical analyzer Apollo1000 (World Precision Instruments). Data acquisition and analysis were performed with DataTrax2 software (World Precision Instruments). The NO-specific amperometric probe was calibrated, as previously described.
Cross-Section Design The rectangular block layout de facto limits the magnetic optimization to the following parameters (not considering the geometry of the iron): (a) the total number of turns; (b) the relative number of turns in coils 1-2 vs. coils 3-4; (c) the position of  the first cable in layer 1; and (d) the thickness of the mid-plane shim. The main objective was to reach 13 T nominal field with sufficient load line margin at 4. 2 K (>10%). The required field quality was less stringent (low-order field harmonics of several tens of units) compared to accelerator magnets that are usually of the order of a few units. The 2D magnetic optimization was performed  (Milanese et al. 2012 ) using the ROXIE (Routine for the Optimization of magnet X-sections, Inverse field calculation and coil End design) program package.
Cross-Section Design During the first test, for each operating condition, i. e. , nominal (13 T central field) and ultimate (15 T central field), the pre-stress was changed with the aim of keeping the cable compressed along the central posts, and to limit the peak stress in the coil to about 150 MPa. This choice follows the approach adapted for the HD3 dipole, and for the SMC  (Perez et al. 2015)  and RMC  (Perez et al. 2016 ) racetrack models, which reached 86%, 99%, and 97% of their short sample limit, respectively. A pre-stress for the ultimate field will be applied to the magnet that will be installed in the test station. Mechanical optimization was performed in 2D and 3D using ANSYS finite element software (ANSYS Inc. , Canonsburg, PA). For the post for coils 1-2, a titanium alloy has been selected for its high yield stress and low thermal contraction.
Quench Simulations A 2D electro-thermal model, implemented in CAST3M (a finite element program developed at CEA) has been used to determine the parameters of the quench protection system. Quench-back was not considered. Quench heaters are simulated on the outer surface of each layer, covering 50% of the total allowable surface, and providing 50 W/cm 2  (Felice et al. 2009 ). According to these computations, the maximum temperature T max is 125 K assuming no detection time (see Fig. 12. 9). The highest temperature is in the high-field region. In order to keep T max below 200 K, the detection and circuit operation time (from quench initiation to opening of the switch and activation of the heaters) must be smaller than 100 ms. In the case of failure of two heaters out of four, T max increases by 30 K.
Cool-Down The data acquired during the different load-steps provided useful information for model tuning and FEM parameter validation. To better match the measurements with FEM simulations during the cool-down, 2D parametric studies for different material properties, contact conditions, and friction coefficients were performed. The cool-down is modeled with linear thermal contractions and homogeneous temperatures. The material properties are similar to the values proposed for MQXF magnets. In particular, the contact conditions between the vertical pad, the iron post 3-4, and the Ti post 1-2 have a significant impact on the post stress. For FRESCA2a, the stress in the posts closely followed the simulated values. During the first cool-down of FRESCA2b, however, the contact conditions in coil CR1202 changed and a higher stress appeared in the post (see  Fig.
Magnetic Measurements The magnetic field of FRESCA2b has been measured with a cold rotating shaft with five coil segments, each 247 mm long. In Fig. 12. 18, the measured data is compared with the bore field profile given by the 3D FEM, and the values averaged on the segments' length. The measurements confirm that the nominal field is reached with 13. 04 T at 10. 6 kA. The homogeneity of the magnetic field has been measured for the five middle segments of the magnetic measurement shaft. Figure  12. 18 shows that the field profile is homogeneous within 1. 5% over a length of 0. 7 m, which is within the original 2% specification. Field quality measurements have also been performed, and the field harmonics and transfer functions are within a few percent of the predictions (as shown in Figs. 12.
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Acknowledgements This research was supported by the  University of Strasbourg , the  CNRS , the  International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry  and the  LabEx Chimie des systèmes complexes. We would like to warmly thank all our co-workers for their outstanding contributions, their names are cited in the references. We further thank  Jean-Pierre Sauvage  and  Nicola Armaroli  for helpful discussions. Keywords: Bis-phosphine ligands • copper • macrocycles • phenanthroline ligands • Pseudo-rotaxanes.
COLDz Cold Gas Density of the Universe By integrating the measurements and upper limits obtained on the CO(J=1→0) and CO(J=2→1) luminosity functions across each of the full redshift intervals, we obtain estimates of the total CO luminosity density per unit volume. For the higher-redshift bin, we use the results from the two methods described above as a direct measurement and as a conservative upper limit, respectively. As done in previous work (e. g. ,  Walter et al. 2014; Decarli et al. 2016a ), we do not extrapolate the faint end of the luminosity function, but instead only include measurements down to the limit of our survey of log(L CO /K km s -1 pc 2 ) 9. 5. Given the consistency of the COLDz data with a flat faint-end slope, and the moderate survey statistics, this assumption is not likely to dominate the uncertainty budget of our measurement, but more sensitive observations are required to fully assess the impact of this assumption.
Redshift range Lower limit Median Upper limit (5 th percentile) (50 th percentile) (95 th percentile) 10 7 M Mpc -3 10 7 M Mpc -3 10 7 M Mpc -3 1. 95-2. 85 1. 1 2. 7 5. 6 1. 95-2. 72 0. 95 a 3. 5 a 10. 9 a 2. 03-2. 85 0. 30 b 1. 9 b 7. 3 b 4. 90-6. 70 0. 14 0. 47 1. 1 4. 0 c a Measurement for the COSMOS field alone, after merging both purity methods. b Measurement for the GOODS-North field alone, after merging both purity methods. These data alone do not fully sample the "knee" of the CO luminosity function. c Less constraining upper limit obtained when making the (unlikely) assumption that all CO(J=1→0) candidates not yet independently confirmed could, in principle, be CO(J=2→1) emitters. Since some of these earlier candidates may be spurious, and given the limited statistics of the current surveys and the limited magnitude of the effect, additional data are required to further investigate the relevance of potential selection effects due to CO excitation.
g. , Paper I, Fig. 3 ). 23 In any case, if we were to conservatively correct down the model predictions by factors of ∼1. 5-2 to account for the combined effects of sensitivity limits and cosmic variance, they would in fact move close to the median ρ(H 2 ) implied by the COLDz measurements. Taken at face value, the apparent agreement between the model predictions and COLDz data could indicate that there is no significant, or at least, no dominant contribution from sources far below the COLDz detection limit, such that steeply-rising faint-end slopes of the CO luminosity function towards lower L CO may be disfavored. This would also be consistent with the agreement between the COLDz measurement and intensity mapping constraints. If true, this could be related to lower metallicities towards fainter, low-mass galaxies, leading to disproportionally low CO luminosity per unit molecular gas mass (e.
The authors thank  Amélie Saintonge  for sharing her updated Schechter fits to the local CO luminosity function prior to publication,  Rychard Bouwens  for sharing the data necessary to create Figure 5, and  Gergö Popping  for helpful input on the comparison of our results to models, and for providing some new and updated model results. We also thank the anonymous referee for a helpful report. D. R. and R. P. acknowledge support from the  National Science Foundation  under grant number  AST-1614213  to  Cornell University. J. A. H. acknowledges support of the  VIDI research program  with project number  639. 042. 611 , which is (partly) financed by the  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). I. R. S. acknowledges support from the  ERC Advanced  Grant  DUSTYGAL (321334 ),  STFC  ( ST/P000541/1 ), and a  Royal Society/Wolfson Merit Award.
Background and Aims Banana cultivars are derived from hybridizations involving Musa acuminata subspecies. The latter diverged following geographical isolation in distinct South-east Asian continental regions and islands. Observation of chromosome pairing irregularities in meiosis of hybrids between these subspecies suggested the presence of large chromosomal structural variations. The aim of this study was to characterize such rearrangements. • Methods Marker (single nucleotide polymorphism) segregation in a self-progeny of the 'Calcutta 4' accession and mate-pair sequencing were used to search for chromosomal rearrangements in comparison with the M. acuminata ssp. malaccensis genome reference sequence. Signature segment junctions of the revealed chromosome structures were identified and searched in whole-genome sequencing data from 123 wild and cultivated Musa accessions.