dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Hardness tests The surface hardness of the samples was measured by using a Shore-D durometer (DIN 53 505, CASA) according to the ASTM standard D2240-00 (ASTM Standard D, 2240, 2010). At least five measurements were taken from each sample and all the data were processed using FIE software. 1. Structural characteristics of mineralized human tissues and tested polymeric families and their potential dental applications.
DSC analysis DSC measurements of the specimens (8±1 mg, n=15) were performed by Perkin Elmer Diamond DSC 8230 (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA) equipped with a cooling system (RCS 90, Refrigerated Cooling System). The specimens were tested with the heating rate of 10°C /min under nitrogen atmosphere (flow rate:50 mL/min) in three heating steps. In step 1, the specimens were heated from -50°C to 150°C to erase the thermal past. In step 2, the specimens were cooled down from 150°C to -50°C. Finally, in step 3, the specimens were heated from -50°C to 200°C. With this method, TG of the specimens was determined. The obtained data was analyzed using NETZSCH-TA4_5 Proteus Software (NETZSCH Proteus, thermal Analysis, Netzsch, Selb, Germany).
TGA and thermal stability Thermal stability of samples was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis using EXSTAR TG/DTA 6300 (Seiko, Tokyo, Japan). Samples (8±1 mg, n=15) were placed in a ceramic crucible and tested with a heating rate of 10°C/min, from room temperature to 900°C under the nitrogen atmosphere (flow rate of 50mL/min). The thermal stability of the samples was determined by calculating the mass(weight) loss with the increase in temperature. TGA curves for each group were generated by using Pyris software (Pyris -Instrument Managing Software, Version 11, Perkin-Elmer,Waltham, MA).
Statistical analyses Statistical analyses were carried out using statistical software (SPSS V23; IBM Corp. Armonk, NY). All data were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test to verify the normality of data, and One-way ANOVA was used to compare normal distribution data between groups. Homogeneity of variance was examined by Levene's test, and the differences between the groups were determined by using a Tukey's HSD from multiple comparison tests. Analysis results were shown as means and standard deviation. The significance level was considered for p <0. 05.
This situation may be due to differences between brands, cross-linked structures, additives, and production methods of materials used in the present study and the literature. Additionally, the differences between the onset degradation of the materials indicate that the products have different cross-link densities. One of the most important parameters that can limit the applications of the polymer materials is thermal stability. Therefore, thermal stability is an area in need of improvement. For this purpose, the thermal properties of these polymer materials used in the dental area were investigated. The thermal stabilities of the materials were evaluated by means of TGA analyses. The degradation data and mass loss were obtained from the TGA thermograms (Fig. 5 , Table  3 ). Figure  5  shows the thermogravimetric plots for the PK in the temperature range of 25-900°C with two-step decomposition, while PC exhibited a degradation step behavior in the range of 400-650°C.
used [[expandable implant] AND [tooth OR dental]]. Additionally, the references and the citing articles for each relevant paper were checked to meet the inclusion criteria. Studies regarding any aspect of EDI with full texts available (including animal or human trials, in vitro or ex vivo experiments, technical notes on the design or working mechanisms of the devices, biomechanical studies and simulations, and even published commentaries on other studies) were included. Studies that did not meet the eligibility criteria were excluded. The systematic methodology is depicted in Fig. 2  according to the PRISMA guidelines. The search for patents was performed directly in the Patentoscope database from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which indexes patents from many national offices including the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), the European Patent Office (EPO), the Japan Patent Office (JPO), the Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO), and the National Intellectual Property Administration of the People's Republic of China (CNIPA).
The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of preoperative music exposure on intra-and post-operative pain during cataract surgery. This study was conducted alongside a prospective single-masked randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials. gov NCT02892825). Patients undergoing first eye cataract surgery were included and randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. Patients in the intervention group had a 20-min music session through earphones before surgery, while patients in the control group wore earphones without music. Anxiety level evaluated using the visual analog scale and heart rate were collected before and after music intervention. Pain level was assessed using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, during the surgical procedure, prior to discharge and 7 days postoperatively.
Design and Patients This study was conducted between February 2017 and July 2018 at the Ophthalmology service, OphtalmoPôle de Paris of the Cochin Hospital (Paris, France), alongside a prospective single-masked randomized controlled trial aiming at evaluating the effect of music intervention on anxiety-induced hypertension during cataract surgery performed under local anesthesia (ClinicalTrials. govIdentifier: NCT02892825). The study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Comité de Protection des Personnes Paris-Ile-de-France III (N °2016-A00728-43). Written informed consent was obtained from all study subjects. Patients scheduled for first eye cataract surgery under local anesthesia were screened to be enrolled in the study. Exclusion criteria were hearing loss, speech impairment, uncontrolled hypertension, psychiatric disorders, dementia, deprivation of liberty by judicial or administrative decision or under legal protection.
Data Collection Data regarding age, sex, ocular and medical history including presence of treated hypertension, and duration of surgical procedure were collected. Anxiety level was measured by the anesthetist using a visual analogue scale for anxiety (VAS-A) before and after music intervention  (Facco et al. , 2013). The VAS-A scale is comprised of a horizontal line 100 mm long with the indication "no anxiety" to the left and "worst possible anxiety" to the right. In addition heart rate were measured using pulse oximetry (Onyx II 9550, NONIN, Plymouth, MI, United States) before and after music intervention. Pain level was evaluated by the anesthetist using a verbally administered 0-to-10 numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), where 0 indicates "No pain" and 10 "The worst possible pain": 1) intraoperatively, before the insertion of the foldable intraocular lens; 2) postoperatively, before the discharge, and 3) 7 days after the surgery  (Hjermstad et al.
Statistical Analysis The SAS 9. 4 statistical software (Copyright © 2016 by SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, United States) was used for data analysis. Continuous data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, while categorical data were represented by number and percentage. Unless otherwise specified, categorical variables were compared by a Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate, and continuous variables were compared by a Student's t test or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test as appropriate. In addition, the correlation between preoperative anxiety level after music intervention and intraoperative pain level was evaluated with Pearson correlation test. A p value <0. 05 was considered statistically significant.
Other chemical compounds Bis-(4-tert-butylphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate (Iod; SpeedCure 938), ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDB; SpeedCure EDB) were obtained from Lambson Ltd (UK). Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and (3,4-epoxycyclohexane)methyl-3,4epoxycyclohexylcarboxylate (EPOX; Uvacure 1500) were obtained from Allnex and used as benchmark monomers for radical and cationic photopolymerisation, respectively (Scheme 3). Dichloromethane (DCM, purity ≥99%) was used as the solvent. Scheme 3: Chemical structures of additives and monomers 2. 2 UV-visible absorption spectroscopy UV-visible absorption spectra were acquired in either DCM or acetonitrile in a quartz cell at room temperature using a Jasco V-750 spectrophotometer. The molar extinction coefficients were determined using the Beer-Lambert law with experimental data obtained on solutions of known concentrations.
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Steps 2. 1. 1. Administrative File (Figure  4 ). At the software level (Romexis, Planmeca Oy 4. 0, Helsinki, Finland), the concerned tooth, restoration type, and material were selected. 2. 1. 2. Digital Impression (Figure  5 ). Before the digital impression, a retraction cord (Pro Retract, FGM, Jovinile Brasil) was placed in the sulcus and the tooth was airdried. Then, intraoral scanning was carefully performed using the Planmeca Emerald camera which is a powderfree technology. It was a true-color high-resolution procedure. Three sectoral impressions were necessary: concerned and antagonist sectors (intraoral scan), as well as recording of the occlusion (buccal scan). At this stage, it was possible to switch the models to the monochrome mode in order to visualize the accuracy of the recording.
a b s t r a c t Background: To describe the characteristics of the largest European study of MEC of salivary glands and to determine the prognostic factors for overall and disease free survival. Patients and methods: Patients with MEC were prospectively included in the R eseau d'Expertise Français sur les Cancers ORL Rares (REFCOR, French Network of Rare Head and Neck Tumors) database between 2009 and 2015. Results: A total of 292 patients were included. Tumors were classified as low grade in 175 cases (60%), intermediate in 39 (13%) and high grade in 78 (27%). Median follow-up was 26 months. The 5-year OS and DFS rates were respectively 83% and 69%. In multivariate analysis, age (p ¼ 0. 004), diabetes (p ¼ 0. 02).
Patients and methods This study is a descriptive, prognostic, prospective, multicentric analysis. The inclusion of patients in the database was carried out by 35 centers of the R eseau d'Expertise Français des Cancers ORL Rares (REFCOR, French Rare Head and Neck Cancer Expert Network), using a standardized questionnaire. The data were anonymized, and an informed consent was signed by the patients in accordance with French law. Data quality control was ensured by file reviews. An update of the database was requested from the referring physicians. The inclusion period ran from January 2009 to December 2015. Ten patients, initially diagnosed between 1994 and 2009 and who presented with an oncological event requiring a new management between 2009 and 2015 were also included. Overall, 292 patients treated for a salivary gland MEC were included.
Discussion In this study, 292 patients with MEC were analyzed from the REFCOR Database. This is the largest prospective European cohort of MEC salivary glands. Most of the MEC occurred in patients during their fifth decade (median 54 years) in agreement with data from the literature where the average age was between 48 and 57 years [9e13]. In our series, women represented 57. 5% of the MEC patients. This predominance of women wad found in several studies ranging. In a large American series of 2400 patients, Chen et al. also found a difference between men and women in terms of tumor aggressiveness with more highgrade MEC associated with men. Our results also showed, in univariate analysis, an association between male sex and decreased OS and DFS. This may due to hormonal issue because the overexpression of several sex hormone receptors, in particular, estrogen receptor alpha, progesterone receptor, and androgen receptor, suggests their fundamental role in salivary gland tumor pathogenesis and progression  [19].
The biological rationale for these clinical associations might be explained by data that have demonstrated under aerobic conditions that the majority of the tested HNSCC cell lines rely on glucose metabolism for energy generation  [31]. In our database, we only had the information whether or not the patients had diabetes. We had no information about type of diabetes, blood glucose level and glycosylated hemoglobin. A more detailed analysis of our results may be interesting using these missing data. Histological grade is reported to be a major prognostic factor influencing survival for both OS and DFS  [11, 23]. MEC is classified in 3 histological groups: high, intermediate and low grade but there is still some discussion as to whether MEC should be classified in 3 grades including an intermediate grade or whether they should be classified only in low and high grades.
In addition, these results suggest that IG behave more like a LG. However, the retrospective nature of all MEC salivary glands studies induced a bias in the analysis of different histological groups. Indeed, the majority of low grades are treated by exclusive surgery while the intermediate grades benefit of postoperative adjuvant treatment like radiotherapy, with indeed a similar survival. However, the comparison of these two groups should be interpreted with caution given the difference in the treatment plan. Finally, in terms of grading, although the inclusion of patients in our database was carried out by regional REFCOR expert centers, no central revision of histopathological findings was done. This could have led to a misdiagnosis of the grading of MEC. The current grading systems vary in complexity with regard to the number of morphological parameters assessed.
In our study, the treatment plan also depended on the tumor grade. The role of radiotherapy according to the MEC grade can thus not be evaluated. Chemotherapy associated with radiotherapy is increasingly being proposed for tumors with elevated risk of recurrence. A large American series on major salivary gland neoplasms recently showed that the addition of concomitant chemotherapy to radiotherapy in high-risk tumors did not provide any benefit on OS  [44]. In a cohort of 2210 patients with salivary gland cancers, those treated with postoperative radio-chemotherapy had a lower OS than those receiving post-operative radiotherapy alone (HR 1. 22; 95%CI ¼ 1. 03e1. 44; p ¼ 0. 02). This was a retrospective analysis over a long period of time  (18 years). Further studies are thus needed to evaluate this treatment: The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG 1008, NCT01220583, phase II) and the Group d'Oncologie Radioth erapie Tête et Cou (SANTAL trial, GORTEC 2016-02, NCT02998385, phase III) are currently undertaking randomized trials to establish whether the administration of cisplatin together with postoperative radiotherapy improves outcome in patients with high-risk salivary gland tumors, including MEC.
Conclusion The strengths of this study are that the REFCOR allowed us to analyze a large prospective series of patients, all coming from expert centers with a very low proportion of missing data. One weakness is that although the inclusion of patients in our database was carried out by REFCOR expert centers, no central revision of histopathological findings was done. This could have led to a misdiagnosis of the grading of MEC. Advanced clinical stage, high grade tumor, high age, the impossibility of carrying out a complete surgical resection, and diabetes are the main prognostic factors both the OS and DFS in this prospective series of patients with MEC. Such findings open new research perspectives on the influence of these components on initial patient care. New advances in molecular biology, allowing precise characterization of "high risk" and intensification of therapeutic strategy in these patients, should contribute to optimal management in the future.
Statistical analyses Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed to evaluate the difference between the values of the BIC ratio, of ISQ0, of ISQ90 and of UI obtained with different healing times (0, 4, 8 and 13 weeks). Moreover, linear regression analyses were carried out in order to determine the correlation between ISQ, UI and the BIC ratio. All statistical analyses were carried out using the Microsoft Excel software (Redmont, WA, USA). All the procedures detailed in the present work comply with the ARRIVE guidelines.
Each surface was scanned before and after polishing treatment by 501 parallel tracings (length=2 mm). A central area of 1. 2×1. 2 mm, excluding a surface of 1 mm from the edge, was analyzed. The average surface roughness (R a ) was calculated with a cutoff value of 80 mm (Mountains Map Universal software; Digital Surf). Before and after surface polishing treatment, 1 representative zone of 1. 44 mm 2 was scanned to create a 3-dimensional reconstructed image. All R a results were analyzed with a statistical software program (IBM SPSS Statistics, v26; IBM Corp) using Mann-Whitney U tests to compare each resin before and after polishing steps and Kruskal-Wallis pairwise comparisons to compare the results among resins (a=. 05). The Pearson r correlation was computed to assess the relation between fillers and R a (a=.
Biofilms were observed using a LMS 710 NLO confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss), and two joined fields were captured. The observation of the biofilm was carried out twice for the strains C2, C5, C8, and C18 after internalization and once for the other experiments. The homogeneity of the samples was checked by traversing the observation field and the most representative area was chosen for the acquisition of the image. Three-dimensional reconstructions and fluorescents volumes were generated using Imaris software. Hercules, CA, USA) and cultivated in a Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) for five days under anaerobic conditions using the GenBox system (Biomerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) at 37 °C.
Biofilms were observed using a LMS 710 NLO confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss), and two joined fields were captured. The observation of the biofilm was carried out twice for the strains C2, C5, C8, and C18 after internalization and once for the other experiments. The homogeneity of the samples was checked by traversing the observation field and the most representative area was chosen for the acquisition of the image. Threedimensional reconstructions and fluorescents volumes were generated using Imaris software.
3-fold increase of dead bacteria volume). Concerning the C18 strain, we evaluated a biomass decrease in equivalent proportions for live and dead bacteria (60-70% decrease). Unlike before internalization, we did not see any important mushroom-like structures for C18, neither a monolayer composed of an equal proportion of live and dead bacteria but a simple monolayer biofilm with some dead bacteria, similar to a C8 biofilm structure. All these results combined highlighted the important differences between C. acnes strains in terms of biofilm responses following internalization. results combined highlighted the important differences between C. acnes strains in terms of biofilm responses following internalization. These data were compared to results previously obtained in a static model  [38]  to assess the modification of live/dead bacteria proportions after internalization in the two tested models.
A B S T R A C T Ectopic maxillary third molars (EMTM) are extracted mainly by the Caldwell-Luc technique but also by nasal endoscopy. There is currently no consensus on the treatment of this eruption and its management is heterogeneous and multidisciplinary. Two literature searches were performed with no time restrictions via Pubmed. In the first, we used the keywords ''ectopic AND third molar'' and in the second the keywords ''dentigerous cyst AND ectopic third molar''. For both articles, epidemiological, symptomatic, radiological and surgical data were recorded. Overall, 33 eligible articles were identified involving 39 cases of EMTM. 79% of patients were symptomatic. 87% of the teeth were associated with a dental cyst. In only 13% of cases was the location of the tooth in the sinus specified in the three planes of the space.
Materials and methods The study was performed according to Prisma recommendations. Two literature searches without time restrictions were made via Pubmed. In the first, we used the keywords ''ectopic AND third molar''. Articles focusing on dental cysts were associated with EMTM. A second search was then conducted using the keywords ''dentigerous cyst AND ectopic third molar''. Inclusion criteria were human clinical use and English as the language of publication. For each selected article, the following data were extracted: type of study (case report or case series); sex and age; tooth number (18 or 28); symptoms; location of the EMTM: extra-sinusal, intra-sinusal using the three dimensions of the space to determine its accessibility; presence of an associated cyst; type of anesthesia; surgical approach; postoperative complications.
Results After removal of duplicates 206 articles were collected, of which 39 were selected. Abstracts unavailable online, those concerning animal experiments and pure research papers were excluded. Articles dealing with mandibular ETM or other ectopic teeth or related to benign tumors such as ameloblastoma of the jaws were also excluded. After a further reading, 6 articles that did not mention surgical treatment or approach were excluded thus leaving 33 eligible papers (Fig. 1 ), of which 31 were case reports and 2 case series (Table  1 ). In all, 39 cases of EMTM were analyzed. All data are given in Table  2. In all, 22 teeth were 18, 17 were 28. There were 20 male and 13 female patients (3:2 ratio). The median age was 25  [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]  years with a range from 14 to 78 years.
In similar cases, most authors use the Caldwell-Luc approach. Only in 13% of the cases was the precise location of the tooth indicated in the three planes of the space. In 85% of the clinical cases, a CT scan was performed. We were therefore unable to statistically test the link between the location of the ETM and the surgical technique used. Among all the documented cases, the only complication recorded was a recurrence of the cyst associated with a fistula 6 months after surgery. It is noteworthy, however, that follow-up was mostly very short. Despite the lack of data provided by the authors on anesthesia methods (33%), it emerges that 36% of patients were operated under general anesthesia, which, while comfortable for the patient and the surgeon holds significant risks. Of note, all patients operated under local anesthesia (28%) had the Caldwell-Luc approach.
5 × 10 5 , or 5 × 10 4 cells per well, respectively, for 2 h at 37°C, 5% CO 2 , in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium (HyClone, GE Healthcare). Following adherence, the medium was supplemented to achieve a final concentration of 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) (HyClone, GE Healthcare), 1 mM of sodium pyruvate (HyClone, GE Healthcare), 10 mM of HEPES (HyClone, GE Healthcare), 0. 1% b-mercaptoethanol (Gibco), and 20 ng/ml of the recombinant human M-CSF (BioLegend). The cell culture medium was renewed every 3 to 4 days until day 7 of differentiation. Purity (>99%) of the isolated culture was verified by flow cytometry (data not shown).
Noninfected cells were used in parallel as a negative control for the specificity of anti-Gag antibody labelling. Analysis was performed using Leica Application Suite X and ImageJ software. To further confirm the integration of the viral DNA into the host genome, a nested PCR was performed as previously described  (42). Briefly, the first round of PCR amplification was performed using an Alu-specific sense primer in combination with a gag antisense HIV-1 specific primer; the PCR products were then subjected to a second amplification reaction targeting the HIV-1 R/U5 region of long terminal repeat (LTR).