dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Today's technology plays a crucial role in the effective use of environmental information. This includes geographic information systems and infrastructures. The purpose of this research is to identify the way in which the Polish spatial data infrastructure (PSDI) supports policies and activities that may have an impact on the environment in relation to one group of users, namely urban planners, and their tasks concerning environmental management. The study is based on a survey conducted in July and August, 2014. Moreover, the authors' expert knowledge gained through urban development practice and the analysis of the environmental conservation regulations and spatial planning in Poland has been used to define the scope of environmental management in both spatial planning studies and spatial data sources.
The research included assessment of data availability, infrastructure usability, and its impact on decisionmaking process. The results showed that the PSDI is valuable because it allows for the acquisition of data on environmental monitoring, agricultural and aquaculture facilities. It also has a positive impact on decision-making processes and improves numerous planners' activities concerning both the inclusion of environmental indicators in spatial plans and the support of nature conservation and environmental management in the process of working on future land use. However, even though the infrastructure solves certain problems with data accessibility, further improvements might be proposed. The importance of the SDI in environmental management is noticeable and could be considered from many standpoints: Data, communities engaged in policy or decision-making concerning environmental issues, and data providers.
Methods The study is based on a survey conducted among urban planners in July and August, 2014. The survey instrument consisted of closed-ended questions referring to some data on the professional activities of the urban planners (the firm's size, the scope of the activities, number of Search menu-metadata employees using the PSDI and different geoinformation web sites) and the usefulness of the national access point (a geoportal called Geoportal 2 and its data content) and PSDI support for decision making. For quantitative research, a 0-10 scale was proposed. A total of 63 questionnaires were mailed to companies specializing in local level planning. Data about spatial planners were obtained from the web service of the National Chamber of Urban Planners. A list of spatial planners included all four district societies.
For survey purpose, 15 firms were selected from the Western District Urban Planners Society with its seat in Wrocław, 18 firms from the Central District Urban Planners Society with its seat in Warszawa, 20 firms from the North District Urban Planners Society with its seat in Gdan ´sk, and 10 firms from the South District Urban Planners Society with its seat in Katowice. The achieved completion rate was 44. 4 %. The respondents were mainly the representatives of the small or midsize firms specializing in factor and land use trends analyses, production of a comparative study of variants and local spatial plans, and field studies. The reported user group of the PSDI Geoportal 2 and other geoinformation web sites in their organizations was ''some'' or ''one or none. '' Furthermore, the expert knowledge gained through urban development practice and the analysis of the regulations on environmental conservation and spatial planning in Poland has been used to define the scope of environmental management in both spatial planning studies and spatial data sources.
The participants are tasked with submitting motions, sharing data, giving opinions and agreements, verifying documentation, passing resolutions, preparing the final versions of plans, and endorsing spatial plans. Taking environmental issues into account, the activities listed below (Fig. 5 , dark gray) are subject to a more detailed analysis. Three activities are carried out by institutions, one by mayors, and five by urban planners. Providing data are the task of the institutions which have been made responsible by law for datasets and registers and which establish rules and information technology for data access and use. Information systems and infrastructures are maintained and developed in accordance with the Regulation on the National Interoperability Framework, the Minimum Requirements for Public Registries and Electronic Information Exchange as well as the Minimum Requirements for IT Systems (Polish Parliament 2012b).
Both the main access point and other data sources presented in Tables 3, 4 are useful, although selected websites and geoportals maintained by different data providers but coordinated by the same institution duplicate certain datasets which are of different completeness and temporal validity. In many cases, the authorities of a given level undertake objectives which do not seem to be consulted with the appropriate authorities of other levels, even though the Act on Spatial Information Infrastructure (Polish Parliament 2010) and other regulations define specific coordination procedures and duties. Unfortunately, as the study and the interview results demonstrated, there are cases in which regulations do not translate well into practice. Only 20 % of data suppliers provide information about the possibility of obtaining data directly from the responsible party.
Links to web services and map viewers as well as information about datasets and web-based map services are rarely included on home pages but instead presented on lower-level pages on the websites of certain institutions. The problem with proper data formats suitable for spatial planning analysis, including the lack of download services, is the same as in the case of the national access point. The listing shown in Table  4  is based on the authors' own expert knowledge and shows that every urban planner has their own ways of searching for data sources and acquiring information. There exists no official or trade website integrating addresses of thematic websites and geoportals useful for urban design. The case study presented in this paper demonstrated the positive impact of PSDI on decision-making processes and numerous activities.
The SDI potential lies not only in the main access point but also in other integrated thematic infrastructures, although the main access point should be an efficient resource broker and information point for the entire SDI. Usability monitoring, as well as constant thematic and technical development of the SDI is critical for maintaining its usefulness as well as the good image of public authorities and their information infrastructure. SDI design and implementation requires establishing principles and making decisions regarding datasets, standards, software and hardware, procedures, networking, financial resources, and many more. Another key aspect is the definition of SDI objectives and communities interested in the development of such infrastructure. As the datasets could be made available through network services, the challenge for SDI administrators is to ensure that server performance and scale will be maintained at appropriate levels in order to keep up with users' computing demands.
2016) , as well as organizations, groups and professions engaged in the process (cf. e. g. ,  Hosseini and Rezaei 2013; de Nooy 2013; Qu et al. 2014; Henckens et al. 2016; Roman ˜ach et al. 2016) , it is very difficult to develop one application or access point which would satisfy needs and expectations of all applicable groups of users, taking into account functionality, available datasets or conditions of data use. Taking network services required for operation and maintenance of the SDI into account, the map viewer functionalities presented in this study (Table  1 ) and suggestions of spatial planners concerning data formats allow for a type of universal solution to be suggested. At the same time, it is also possible to consider the development of more dedicated applications or subthematic infrastructures.
Nevertheless, the importance of the SDI in environmental management is noticeable and could be considered on several levels. On the data level, the SDI offers cohesive datasets which could be viewed directly via the SDI interfaces, e. g. , through a geoportal and also using different software solutions that provide connection to WMS/WFS/ WCS servers, making possible a wide range of operations and data analyses. The SDI ensures better information quality and provides an advantage of operating on more thematic data layers based on information from different data providers which could be displayed at the same time. From the perspective of the communities involved in enacting policies and making decisions pertaining to environmental issues, the SDI improves the understanding of environmental factors, supplements knowledge with additional conditions, factors and restrictions as well as provides support for environmental studies and analyses with a greater scope, which in turn could lead to more intersectional planning, conflict identification and resolution, sustainable development, monitoring and preservation of biodiversity, as well as environmental resource management.
Conclusions The paper presents some initial findings on usefulness of the SDI in Poland. The work adds to a growing body of literature on the SDI in the field of environmental management by presenting the results of an ex-post evaluation of the use of the Polish SDI by urban planners in their tasks related to management of environmental sources, as well as discussion on the significance of spatial data infrastructure in environmental management from a user standpoint. In Poland, the use of SDI in urban studies is connected with the popularization of geographical information systems among planners. Popularization of GIS software in spatial planning, as well as the development of the infrastructure by data suppliers, inclusion of new datasets and the provision of appropriate data formats, might result in a more in-depth use of the SDI and more effective urban design.
Data availability depends upon the content and completeness of datasets on a variety of spatial themes (Nedovic-Budic ét al. 2004). The data characteristics for the measurement of data availability in this study are (Zwirowicz-Rutkowska 2015): (1) thematic accuracy; (2) completeness; (3) spatial resolution; (4) temporal validity; (5) positional accuracy; (6) distribution format; and (7) lineage.
Acknowledgments Although too many to list, we thank all those who submitted questions, hosted discussions and engaged with the  Nexus2020  project to develop as comprehensive a long-list of research questions as possible. We also thank  Jake Reynolds  for his considerable support and guidance,  Monica Contestabile  for participation in the workshop,  John Pharoah  for invaluable assistance in helping to prepare and run the workshop, and  Tsvetelina Kuzmanova ,  Robin Mydlak  and  Steve Strebl  for note taking. This work was supported by the  Economic and Social Research Council  [Grant Number  ES/L01632X/1 ] and is part of the  Nexus Network Initiative. WJS is funded by  Arcadia. Compliance with ethical standards.
Data extraction A specially designed data extraction form was developed and pilot-tested. KFM and DB independently extracted all relevant information from each eligible article. The following information was collected: ▸ General characteristics (eg, author names, language and year of publication, journal) ▸ Number of citations in Web of Science and rank ▸ Definitions of biases related to the dissemination of research findings Any disagreement was resolved by discussion and consensus or, if needed, arbitration by a third reviewer.
Acknowledgements Members of 'the OPEN consortium' are listed below, and the authors acknowledge the discussions that helped to develop the new framework:  Vittorio Bertelè :  IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri ', Milan, Italy; Xavier Bonfill: The  Clinical Epidemiology & Public Health Department at the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Spain ;.
B. Measurements and signal processing To avoid other sources of fluctuation apart from the multiple speckle illumination, appropriate care was taken to eliminate noise and triggering-induced temporal jitters. The intensity of the laser pulses was monitored with a photodiode to compensate for the laser pulse-to-pulse energy fluctuations. In addition, for each speckle illumination (i. e. each diffuser position), the PA signals were averaged over 25 laser pulses to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The signals were then filtered between 1 MHz and 8 MHz (3 rd order butterworth filter) for noise removal outside of the array bandwidth. A set of PA images was reconstructed for 100 uncorrelated speckle patterns. The mean and variance images of this data set were then computed on a per-pixel basis.
Acknowledgements. This work was funded by the  European Research Council  (grant  278025 ), the  Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes  (grant  FPGG031 ) and by the  LABEX WIFI (Laboratory of Excellence   ANR-10-LABX-24 ) within the  French Program  " Investments for the Future"  under reference  ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL*. O. K. acknowledges the support of the  Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship. The authors thank  Laurent Bourdieu  and  Jean-François Léger  for their helpful assistance on the milling machine.
versicolor endolichenic no EU042148) [91] [108] [58] ---- ---- C. ehrenbergii, C. schaereri, [75-77,79,96] C 21 H 19 O 6 /367 naria; P. : Penicillium. Orange brown: C21H19O6/367 8-O-Methylaverythrin ; Orange: ; Yellow: 8-O-Methylaverythrin ; Red: C. spitsbergensis, etc. ) ; Bronze: (E)-2-(hex-1-en-1-yl)-1,3,6-trihydroxy-8-methoxyanthraquino. ne A. versicolor endolichenic [108] C20H16O7/368 Aversin 4-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-3,3a-dihydroanthra[2,3-b]furo[3,2-d ]furan-5,10(2H,12aH)-dione A. versicolor endolichenic [108] C20H16O7/368 Aversin : (-)-isomer 4-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-3,3a-dihydroanthra[2,3-b]furo[3,2-d ]furan-5,10(2H,12aH)-dione A. versicolor EN-7 (Genbank no EU042148) [58] C20H20O7/372 Averantin (S)-1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyhexyl)anthraquinone A. sp. SCSIO F063 [55] C20H20O7/372 Averantin = (S)-(-)-averantin (S)-1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyhexyl)anthraquinone A.
variecolor B-17 [56] nthracene-2-carboxylate ]-9,9′,10,10′-tetraone C20H17ClO6/388 7-Chloroaverythrin (E)-2-chloro-7-(hex-1-en-1-yl)-1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquin one A. sp. SCSIO F063 [55] C20H20O8/388 6,8-Di-O-methylversiconol 2-(1,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl)-1,3-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyant hraquinone A. versicolor EN-7 (Genbank no EU042148) [58] C22H20O7/396 6,8-Di-O-methylaverufin 7-hydroxy-9,11-dimetho-xy-2-methyl-3,4,5,6-tetra-hydro-2H-2 ,6-epoxyanthra[2,3-b]oxocine-8,13-dione A. versicolor endolichenic [108] C22H20O7/396 6,8-Di-O-methylnidurufin 5,7-dihydroxy-9,11-dime-thoxy-2-methyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2 H-2,6-epoxyanthra[2,3-b]oxocine-8,13-dione A. versicolor endolichenic A. versicolor EN-7 (Genbank no EU042148) [108] [58] C22H22O7/398 6,8-Di-O-methylaverufanin 1,3-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-2-(6-methyltetra-hydro-2H-pyra n-2-yl)anthracene-9,10-dione Fungus ZSUH-36 [65] C22H24O7/400 6,1′-O,O-Dimethylaverantin (S)-1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-(1-methoxyhexyl)anthraqui none A.
sp. SCSIO F063 [55] C20H17O9/401 Variecolorquinone A (S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl 1,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methyl-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroa nthracene-2-carboxylate A. glaucus A. variecolor B-17 [50-53] [56] C22H24O7/401 6,8-Di-O-methylaveran-tin (S)-1,3-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyhexyl)-6,8-dimetho-xyanthraq uinone A. versicolor EN-7 (Genbank no EU042148) A. sp. SCSIO F063 [58] [55].
1 ,10,10 1 -tetraone Mar. Drugs 2016, 14, x 19 of C21H22O7/386 1′-O-Methylaverantin 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-2-(1-methoxyhexyl)anthraquinone A. sp. SCSIO F063 Fungus ZSUH-36 [55] [65] C19H15O9/388 (2S)-2,3-Dihydroxy-propyl-1,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-dioxoa A. variecolor B-17 (1S,5′S,6′R,7′S,8′R)-1′,2,5′,6′,7′,8,8′-heptahydroxy-3′,6-dimethox y-3,6′-dimethyl-5′,6′,7′,8′,8′a,10′a-hexahydro-[1,2′-bianthracene A. variecolor B-17 [56] [56] nthracene-2-carboxylate ]-9,9′,10,10′-tetraone C 20 H 17 ClO 6 /388 C20H17ClO6/388 7-Chloroaverythrin 7-Chloroaverythrin (E)-2-chloro-7-(hex-1-en-1-yl)-1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquin one A. sp. SCSIO F063 [55] C20H20O8/388 6,8-Di-O-methylversiconol 2-(1,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl)-1,3-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyant hraquinone A. versicolor EN-7 (Genbank no EU042148) [58] C22H20O7/396 6,8-Di-O-methylaverufin 7-hydroxy-9,11-dimetho-xy-2-methyl-3,4,5,6-tetra-hydro-2H-2 ,6-epoxyanthra[2,3-b]oxocine-8,13-dione A.
versicolor endolichenic [108] C22H20O7/396 6,8-Di-O-methylnidurufin 5,7-dihydroxy-9,11-dime-thoxy-2-methyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2 H-2,6-epoxyanthra[2,3-b]oxocine-8,13-dione A. versicolor endolichenic A. versicolor EN-7 (Genbank no EU042148) [108] [58] C22H22O7/398 6,8-Di-O-methylaverufanin 1,3-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-2-(6-methyltetra-hydro-2H-pyra n-2-yl)anthracene-9,10-dione Fungus ZSUH-36 [65] C22H24O7/400 6,1′-O,O-Dimethylaverantin (S)-1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-(1-methoxyhexyl)anthraqui none A. sp. SCSIO F063 [55] C20H17O9/401 Variecolorquinone A (S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl 1,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methyl-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroa nthracene-2-carboxylate A. glaucus A. variecolor B-17 [50-53] [56] C22H24O7/401 6,8-Di-O-methylaveran-tin (S)-1,3-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyhexyl)-6,8-dimetho-xyanthraq uinone A.
versicolor EN-7 (Genbank no EU042148) A. versicolor endolichenic A. versicolor EN-7 (Genbank no EU042148) [108] [58] [108] [58] ----6,7,7′′,8,8′,8′′-undecahydroxy-2,2′′,6′-trimethoxy-3′,6′′,7,7′′-tetra teranthracene]-9,9′,9′′,10,10′,10′′-hexaone C. ehrenbergii, C. schaereri, O OMe OH Stemphylium globuliferum O OMe OH [75-77,79,96] [94] Mol. Formula/Mol. mass C 20 H 17 O 9 /401 --------C22H22O7/398 C22H24O7/400 methyl-5,5′′,6,6′′,7,7′′,8,8′′-octahydro-[1,1′:7′,1′′-tetranthracene] Trivial name Variecolorquinone A 6,8-Di-O-methylaverufanin 6,1′-O,O-Dimethylaverantin -9,9′,9′′,10,10′,10′′-hexaone ----C22H22O7/398 6,8-Di-O-methylaverufanin C22H24O7/400 6,1′-O,O-Dimethylaverantin (5S,5′′R,6R,6′′R,7S,7′′R,8R,8′′R)-2′,4,4′′,5,5′′, ′,8,8′,8′′-undecahydroxy-2,2′′,6′-trimethoxy-3′,6′′,7,7′′-tetra Stemphylium globuliferum C.
versicolor EN-7 (Genbank Refs Fungus ZSUH-36 A. sp. SCSIO F063 Fungus ZSUH-36 A. sp. SCSIO F063 A. glaucus A. variecolor B-17 no EU042148) A. sp. SCSIO F063 OH OH (S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl 1,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methyl-9,10-dioxo-9, 10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylate A. glaucus A. variecolor B-17 [50-53] [56] [75-77,79,96] [80] [75-77,79,96] (S)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl A. glaucus OH 1,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methyl-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroa A. variecolor B-17 OH nthracene-2-carboxylate (S)-1,3-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyhexyl)-6,8-dimetho-xyanthraq uinone A. versicolor EN-7 (Genbank no EU042148) A. sp. SCSIO F063 (S)-1,3-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyhexyl)-6, 8-dimetho-xyanthraquinone A. versicolor EN-7 (Genbank no EU042148) A. sp. SCSIO F063 [58] [55] [65] [55] [65] [55] [50-53] [56] [58] [55] [50-53] [56] [58] [55] 20 of ---- C.
(These data come from the Exoplanet Orbit Database, http://exoplanets. org. For updated numbers, see that website or a European database, the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia, exoplanets. eu. ) Almost all discoveries and subsequent studies of extrasolar planets have been made through multiple indirect techniques. The five main indirect techniques are described here: (1) Radial velocity (also known as the Doppler method) is based on the fact that a star's velocity toward and away from us varies cyclically due to the gravitational tug of an orbiting planet. This varying velocity is measured from shifting of the star's spectral lines, and this observation allows estimation of the planet's minimal mass and orbital period. The mass depends on the inclination of the system and is therefore only a minimal mass (m sin i).
6. 3. 3. What are the current, future, and proposed missions to study extrasolar planets? Current space-based missions include the ESA Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) mission and the NASA Kepler mission. While GAIA uses astrometry to map the positions of stars and can thus detect giant exoplanets, Kepler conducted transit searches and contributed (together with the past ESA CoRoT mission) to estimating the occurrence rate of Earth-like planets around stars in the solar neighborhood and provided information on exoplanets across a wider set of parameters. Data from the original Kepler mission are still being analyzed, and new planets and planet candidates could be discovered based on past observations. There is also an extended ''K2'' mission that is still searching for planets with the Kepler telescope, but the current orbit and targeting strategy (which is limited by failed reaction wheels) will be mostly limited to detecting ''hot Jupiter'' exoplanets.
In October 2015, the Kepler space telescope observed an unusual signal in its data; the star KIC 8462852 showed irregularly shaped dips in its flux, dropping below 20%. This finding implies large amounts of opaque material must be orbiting the star to account for the large dip in brightness. The leading explanation for this anomaly is the chance observing of a swarm of dusty comet fragments in orbit around the star. However, it has been speculated that the data could represent a Dyson swarm (a variant of a Dyson sphere); this possibility garnered tremendous media attention. Follow-up SETI observations to look for signs of intelligent life have yet to produce signs of radio technology  (Boyajian et al. , 2016). The rapid increase of human technical capabilities and knowledge of the nature of our solar system and our local neighborhood in the Galaxy has led to increased attention on the possibility of finding life on other planets.
Acknowledgments This document was the product of a community of earlycareer researchers. The author order is such that the two colead editors are listed first, followed by the individual chapter editors, followed by the authors. Within each of those groups, the ordering is alphabetical and does not represent the significance or scope of individual contributions. The entire Primer team would like to thank  Sherry Cady ,  Monika Kress , and  Lindsay Hays  for their insights on the document. We also would like to thank the peer reviewers that suggested critical changes to each of the individual chapters. Finally, as a community document written entirely by early-career researchers, we would like to thank the advisors that supported this work-both with resources and encouragement to participate in this community service.
We report a field-temperature phase diagram and an entropy map for the heavy fermion compound CeAuSb2. CeAuSb2 orders antiferromagnetically below TN = 6. 6 K, and has two metamagnetic transitions, at 2. 8 and 5. 6 T. The locations of the critical endpoints of the metamagnetic transitions, which may play a strong role in the putative quantum criticality of CeAuSb2 and related compounds, are identified. The entropy map reveals an apparent entropy balance with Fermi liquid behavior, implying that above the Néel transition the Ce moments are incorporated into the Fermi liquid. High-field data showing that the magnetic behavior is remarkably anisotropic are also reported.
Introduction CeAuSb 2 is a heavy-fermion system with the tetragonal P 4/nmm structure, moderate electrical anisotropy, and strong magnetic anisotropy. [1]  Although it has not been widely studied, it shows strong phenomenological similarities with other cerium-based compounds that have received intense interest. A major theme of study of Ce-based systems is to understand and tune the balance between Kondo and RKKY interaction: RKKY interaction couples localized spins and favors a magnetically ordered ground state, while strong Kondo interaction quenches local spins, incorporating their entropy into the Fermi liquid. Data presented in this paper, and comparison with other compounds, suggest that CeAuSb 2 is on the border, with the effects of both Kondo and RKKY interactions apparent in its bulk properties, but neither dominating.