dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
1 AFF3CT is an Open-source software (MIT license) for fast forward error correction simulations, see http://aff3ct. github. io AFF3CT is Open-source and specifically to ofan efficient environment to the communication systems designers. Monte-Carlo simulations can be run to measure various metrics such as the BER and BLER performance, or the throughputs and latencies of each module, e. g. FEC encoders and decoders, modulation and demodulation blocks, or different channel models. According to the latest 3GPP report  [29] , in the 5G standard, the two selected code families are the LDPC and polar codes. Being implemented in the AFF3CT software, it is possible to test our SCMA decoders in a complete communication chain, in conjunction with state-of-the art LDPC, polar and even turbo decoders that were used in the LTE standard  [30].
The main sources used for analysis were the European Cystic Fibrosis Society (ECFS) Patient Registry Annual Data Report from 2016  [29]  and reports from national health care systems. The ECFS report contains demographic and clinical data of 44,719 consenting CF patients from 89 CF units and centers in 31 countries. Criteria for selecting countries were based on the number of registered patients and the geographical distribution and proportion of children (patients aged younger than 18 years) as collected in the ECFS 2016 report. This selection included Spain, Italy, Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom (Table  1 ). The health care organization and management of PCF in these countries were analyzed using official reports and literature. Data were extracted using a structured script: prevalence of PCF, protocols and guidelines for PCF management and control, insurance model, and availability of newborn screening programs.
Part 2: Systematic Review of Cystic Fibrosis and Nutrition Apps Searches in the MHA directory  [42]  were performed at the beginning of the MyCyFAPP project (February 2016) and provided more than 500 apps for CF or nutrition management. Of the total, 450 were general purpose apps for managing chronic conditions from which we selected the apps targeted at nutrition and CF-specific apps based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of them, 9 were specifically targeted at nutrition, 4 were CF-specific games, and 12 were CF-specific apps (Multimedia Appendix 2). Relevant findings that summarize related aspects in CF-specific mobile apps on the market were classified according to the data extraction criteria (Multimedia Appendix 3 For non-CF specific apps, business models were much more consolidated, offering coaching services related to calorie intake and healthy nutritional habits.
The method is now intensely implemented by engineers and designers often interested in full-wave computation of complete systems, and of their possible environments  [10] -  [12]. These methods are now widely spread through commercial software such as CST Microwave Studio  [13]  and HFSS  [14]. Such simulations can be very complex, especially when the problems of interest involve multi-scale geometries with very fine features. The FEM combines, very efficiently, a geometrical adaptability and ability to handle arbitrary materials for modeling complex geometries and materials of arbitrary composition, including meta-materials currently intensely used in modern antennas. Finite element approximation of Maxwell's equations leads to a sparse linear system, usually solved by using direct or iterative solvers.
Then, the different objects are connected together by cascading the various matrices. Within a context of parametric investigations, the scattering matrices of the modified domains have to be re-evaluated, the others are simply re-used in the connection step. This strategy significantly reduces the computation time compared to traditional hybrid methods for which a geometric or electromagnetic modification requires a new computation of the complete target. Furthermore, the matrix computations are totally independent, allowing code and data protection within the context of industrial consortium projects. This GSM-based strategy has been enriched with asymptotic Physical Optics (PO) techniques  [19]  but is, however, quite difficult to implement for the GRAVES reception array and was not retained.
The block strategy not only reduces the number of iterations for the successive sources, but also enhances the parallel efficiency of the FETI-2LM method. This feature is particularly beneficial for the computation of the radiation efficiency of an antenna array (scattering parameters and embedded radiation patterns). Indeed, unlike plane wave excitation, the local antenna feed with TEM ports provides very different near field solutions from one port to another. It has been shown in  [30] , on antenna arrays that the computation for few linearly independent right-hand sides with the block strategy offers a speed increase of 11. 17. This FETI-2LM method implemented in ONERA's FACTOPO code has also been recently optimized for the simulation of non-periodic and multi-scale transmit-arrays  [31] , and is therefore naturally preferred for the simulation of the hundreds of antennas populating the GRAVES receiving sparse array.
The interferences will increase the overall gain variation over the scanning area after applying digital beamforming (DBF). The interest of using a sparse array configuration where strong coupling and shadowing effects are present is that interferences still apply but at different angles, which means that after applying DBF, the interferences are averaged, which allows a much more stable overall gain over the scanning  area. However, a full-wave simulation is required, in order to take into account all of the interactions. As discussed previously, commercial electromagnetism simulation tools such as CST Microwave Studio  [13]  or HFSS  [14]  do not allow for the full-wave simulation of the entire sparse array due to the prohibitive number of unknowns of the complete mesh. The chosen strategy is the use of the FACTOPO code developed at ONERA which is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) coupled with FETI-2LM domain decomposition methods  [12] ,  [15] -  [17] ,  [31] ,  [41]  implemented on parallel machines with thousands of processing cores (clusters HPC).
Between 2014 and 2017, the Milton Keynes: Smart study aimed to develop innovative solutions to support economic growth across the city. The study comprising of academics, business and policy makers and funded by the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) used Milton Keynes as a testbed. The MK:Smart study developed a data hub to acquire and manage large amounts of data relating to energy and water consumption by residents, transport data and the use of economic datasets, while data was crowdsourced from social media and specific mobile apps  [80]. In this section, we have explored how Milton Keynes is currently planned. However, there is a need to explore and narrate what a smart age-friendly ecosystem framework (for instance, individual homes, different citizens, environment) may look like well into the twenty-first century.
However, it may also be considered that such a nomadic residency aligned with local residents increases the displacement of settlement and social connectedness. Limitations of this proposed work relate to the lack of qualitative data narrating the expectations of citizens from across society and the lifespan. Furthermore, there is little information about the opportunities of growing towns and cities across respective regions and countries. Planners and developers should be consulting with local governments, stakeholder organisations and residents to identify what type of 'living space' one would want to have. However, we believe our proposed new smart age-friendly eco-system framework is timely and offers scholars from multi-and-cross disciplines the opportunity to collaborate with policy makers, governments, young and ageing residents in conjunction with national and international organisations.
However, what is key is to bring experts from different disciplines together (i. e. , architecture, planning, engineering, social sciences, gerontechnology) in addition to citizens from varying socio-economic backgrounds, ethnicities, and age groups who may or may not have varying health conditions, disabilities and experiences of living in different geographic locations and housing. Residents who are childless should also be involved, to offer an insight into their concerns and prospective needs and expectations as individuals who are childless. For residents who do not have grand/children, technology may play a greater or different role in their lives and living environment, than those with children or grandchildren. This consultation is not a sure-fire fix to collect a set amount of data and publish in a report and/or podcast.
4. Consultations and data collections could take a longitudinal perspective of 3-5 years, varying across different countries and continents. This in turn would ensure there are updates and information to build upon and to contribute to a working digital age-friendly eco-system framework. 5. Multi-inter and trans-disciplinary approaches and disciplines need to be involved in future strategies and developments associated with the age-friendly movement, bringing together scholars who may not have been considered previously. 6. To ensure all forms of sustainability are integrated into a smart age-friendly ecosystem framework  [120] [121] [122] [123] , this can be considered by providing a multi-faceted approach to volunteering, committees, local government/municipality involvement, scholars, community champions and stakeholders, as well as environmental sustainability.
Also, similar ionospheric disturbances were recorded in the following days when the dust phenomenon was still in progress. In addition, the GIM TEC significantly enhanced over the area affected by Saharan dust both on 19 and 27 May 2008, as indicated by dotted circles in Figure  14 , where the top panel is the raw data and the bottom one is the associated STD (Standard Deviation). In detail, a marked and continuous increase in the electron density was recorded between 8:55 and 8:59 p. m. UT (i. e. , just when DEMETER passed over the dusty area identified by RST using SEVIRI data). ionosphere, such as the following dust event of 26-31 May 2008. Indeed, desert dust affected the same region of the Mediterranean Sea where DEMETER (the orbit track of which is depicted in red in Figure  13a ) recorded, on 27 May, an increase in the electron density and thunderstorm activity (see Figure  13b ).
Also, similar ionospheric disturbances were recorded in the following days when the dust phenomenon was still in progress. In addition, the GIM TEC significantly enhanced over the area affected by Saharan dust both on 19 and 27 May 2008, as indicated by dotted circles in Figure  14 , where the top panel is the raw data and the bottom one is the associated STD (Standard Deviation). In detail, a marked and continuous increase in the electron density was recorded between 8:55 and 8:59 p. m. UT (i. e. , just when DEMETER passed over the dusty area identified by RST using SEVIRI data). To investigate the impact of Saharan dust on the ionosphere, we also examined the longitudetime-TEC (LTT) along the 0° E longitude. In addition, we developed TEC for the global fixed local To investigate the impact of Saharan dust on the ionosphere, we also examined the longitude-time-TEC (LTT) along the 0 • E longitude.
Etna area. Those agreements indicated that the electromagnetic environment around the volcano area was modified during the eruptive periods investigated here. Regarding the ionospheric disturbances of May 2008, which cannot be associated with Mt. Etna and/or Stromboli eruptions (see previous paragraph), they were possibly determined by two massive dust outbreaks occurring in that period. Those dust events were identified using data from SEVIRI, which offers a synoptic view and a high frequency of observation adequate to monitor spatially distributed and rapidly evolving phenomena. Specifically, RST maps showed that airborne dust affected the same region where DEMETER recorded an increase of the electron density and lightning strokes during May 2008. In this case, it is certainly difficult to attribute a part of the lightning strokes to electrostatic discharges in the dust plume because their intensities could not be so important.
Acknowledgments: DEMETER was a satellite launched by the  Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales. This work is based on observations with the electric field instrument ICE, and the density experiments ISL and IAP aboard DEMETER. The authors thank  J. J. Berthelier , the  PI of ICE  and  IAP , and  J. P. Lébréton , the  PI of ISL  for the use of the data. The authors thank  ISSI (Bern)  for the support of the team " Multi-instrument Space-Borne Observations and Validation of the Physical Model of the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Coupling ". The authors thank the  NOAA's Climate Prediction Center and NASA's Goddard Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)  for providing satellite data products. The MSG-SEVIRI data used in this study followed the EUMETSAT data policy and were made available through the license released by the  Meteorological Service of the Italian Military Aeronautics.
Core secretome and monoSP orthologous groups were found enriched in proteins with signs of positive selection (Fisher's exact text, P ϭ 0. 02505 for core versus control and P Ͻ 0. 00048 for monoSP versus control) (Data Sets S1 and S2). We found 9 core and 14 monoSP orthologous groups under positive selection with hits in the Pfam-A database (Data Set S1), among which pectinesterase (PF01095. 19 ) and chitin deacetylase (PF01522. 21) have been implicated in fungal biotrophy, potentially for the manipulation of host The invertase-deficient mutant SEY6120 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is shown in the top row and represents a negative control on medium containing sucrose as the sole carbon source. SEY6120 cells transformed with the pYST-0 vector without a signal peptide upstream of the invertase gene is shown in the second row.
2. The signal peptide with the code 12964 in panel A corresponds to a protein from M. violaceum var. paradoxa predicted to be GPI anchored to the membrane. NA, not applicable; OG, orthologous groups; CNV, copy number variation. development  (18, 26). Glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) (PF00295. 17 and PF00704. 28) were found in the core and monoSP orthologous groups, despite an overall paucity of GHs represented among M. lychnidis-dioicae genes  (18). Enzymes of these particular families are interesting due to their ability to hydrolyze pectin, a process important in both pathogenic-and saprophytic-fungus life stages  (27). Intraspecific comparisons of Microbotryum-predicted secretomes. We further investigated footprints of positive selection using McDonald-Kreitman (MK) tests that compare the amount of variation within a species (polymorphism) to the divergence between species (substitutions) at two types of sites, synonymous and nonsynonymous.
A ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous polymorphisms within species lower than the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous differences between species indicates positive selection  (28). We performed three pairwise species comparisons between M. violaceum var. paradoxa, M. lychnidis-dioicae, and M. silenes-dioicae, using 148 core, 115 monoSP, and 314 control orthologous groups. We used population genomics data from 20, 18, and 4 isolates from M. lychnidis-dioicae, M. silenes-dioicae, and M. violaceum var. paradoxa, respectively (22, 29, 30) (Table  S1 ). Figure  5A  shows the locations where the isolates were sampled. The MK tests indicated signatures of within-species positive selection in 8 core secretome orthologous groups and 15 monoSP orthologous groups (Data Set S3). Out of the 23 orthologous groups with signatures of positive selection detected using MK tests, 6 were also detected to evolve under positive selection in the Selecton analysis (Data Set S1).
537e-05) (Fig. 5C  and Data Set S4). Genomic context of predicted SPs. Unlike with some other plant-pathogenic fungi with effectors frequently located in repeat-rich regions, we did not find genes encoding predicted SPs to be significantly closer to transposable elements than other genes (Fig. 6 ) and found no evidence for genome compartmentalization into AT-rich or GC-rich regions in any of the three genomes analyzed, extending previous observations  (18). We nevertheless estimated the frequency of sites potentially affected by the RIP-like mechanism reported in Microbotryum fungi, targeting TTG and CAA trinucleotides. We calculated an RIP index that takes values above 1 when there is an excess of TTG and CAA trinucleotides over the corresponding target sites not affected by RIP (TCG and CGA), controlling for local sequence composition (see Materials and Methods).
Six signal peptide-encoding sequences, as determined by SignalP 4. 1 software, were amplified by PCR. A standard PCR cycle was used, with initial denaturation set at 94°C for 4 min and 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 60°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s and a final extension time of 5 min at 72°C. The purified fragments were then subcloned into a TOPO vector using an Invitrogen TOPO TA cloning kit and subjected to restriction digestion with EcoRI and NotI enzymes. The digested fragments were then purified and cloned into the pYST-0 vector, upstream and in frame with an invertase coding sequence, SUC2. The presence of each signal peptide encoded in frame with the SUC2 coding region was confirmed by DNA sequencing (Eurofins, Louisville, KY). Invertase-deficient (suc2-negative) Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SEY 6210 (MAT␣ leu2-3,112 ura3-52 his-Δ200 trp1-Δ901 lys2-801 suc2-Δ9 GAL) cells were transformed with the constructs using the Frozen-EZ yeast transformation II kit from Zymo Research.
We also performed McDonald-Kreitman (MK) tests to infer the existence of positive selection  (28). MK tests contrast levels of polymorphism and divergence to test for a departure from neutrality in terms of nonsynonymous substitutions (i. e. , rapid amino acid changes) while controlling for gene-specific mutation rates. MK tests estimate ␣, the fraction of amino acid substitutions that were driven by positive selection. To analyze within-species polymorphism, we used genome sequences previously obtained with Illumina paired-end sequencing technology for populations of the three focal species, M. lychnidisdioicae, M. silenes-dioicae, and M. violaceum var. paradoxa  (22, 29, 30). We downloaded raw data publicly available from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under the BioProject accession numbers PRJNA295022, PRJNA269361 and PRJEB16741.
12 software  (62). We mapped Illumina reads against the reference genomes of each species using bowtie2 v2. 1. 0 (63) and filtered for PCR duplicates using Picard tools (http://broadinstitute. github. io/picard). We realigned reads, called for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and filtered them for quality, high genotyping rate (Ͼ90%), and minor allele frequency (Ͼ10%) using GATK version 3. 7  (64)  and vcftools version 0. 1. 13 (65) as described previously  (21, 30). We built pseudoalignment sequences of gene coding sequences from the VCF file produced by GATK using a customized script. For each strain, reference nucleotides were replaced by their variants in the reference sequence. We used MUSCLE  (66)  and TranslatorX (67) to perform codon-based alignments of gene coding sequences among and between species.
A RIP index greater than 1 thus represents an excess of potential RIP sites controlling for the base composition. We compared the distributions of per-gene RIP index values between genes predicted to encode SPs and those not predicted to encode SPs (non-SPs), considering whether or not the genes belonged to orthologous groups undergoing positive selection. Genomic landscape analyses. We used OcculterCut v1. 1  (69)  to determine if Microbotryum genomes harbored AT-rich regions. Contigs suspected of containing mitochondrial sequences were removed from the assemblies prior to the analysis using the mito_filter. sh script, available as part of the OcculterCut distribution (https://sourceforge. net/projects/occultercut). Transposable element (TE) locations for M. lychnidis-dioicae and M. silenes-dioicae were retrieved from a previous study  (21)  and predicted in M.
violaceum var. paradoxa using the same TE centroid sequence database  (21). The distance to TE was parsed with bedtools  (70). Intraspecific secretome comparison of M. lychnidis-dioicae isolates from differentiated populations. For analyzing the genome-wide intraspecific variation in secretomes, a second genome (assembly GCA_003121365. 1) of M. lychnidis-dioicae isolated in Olomouc, Czech Republic, and abbreviated as M. lychnidis-dioicae 1318, was analyzed  (21). We used blastp and orthAgogue to obtain high-scoring pairs between gene models of M. lychnidis-dioicae 1318 and the entire gene model set analyzed previously  (30)  and reran the mcl algorithm. We then parsed the extended orthologous groups to identify the M. lychnidis-dioicae 1318 gene models homologous to the M. lychnidis-dioicae Lamole SPs identified in this work.
Data availability. Raw data of Illumina paired-end sequencing for populations of the three focal species, M. lychnidis-dioicae, M. silenes-dioicae, and M. violaceum var. paradoxa  (22, 29, 30) , were downloaded from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under the BioProject accession numbers PRJNA295022, PRJNA269361, and PRJEB16741. A list of the isolates used in this analysis along with their accession numbers is presented in Table  S1. All RNA sequence data for this study are available in NCBI under BioProject accession number PRJNA246470.
For the IPCC Sixth Assessment cycle (AR6), analyses of climate simulations and observations published in scientific literature will be assessed. The reports will include figures and tables prepared from the underlying digital information. The DDC plays an increasingly important role in facilitating the exchange of data, as well as curating the assessed datasets, scripts and provenance records to facilitate the assessment process and to support the traceability of AR6 results through long-term continuity of data management and curation. These issues, among others, are addressed by the DDC support group (https://cedadev. github. io/ipcc_ddc) currently consisting of members from the three TSUs and the three DDC managers.
The Task Group on Data Support for Climate Change Assessments (TG-Data; formerly TGICA) oversees the Data Distribution Centre (DDC), which manages key data and information resources generated by IPCC assessments that are needed in subsequent assessments and that are useful to the broader scientific and policy communities. The DDC plays a key role in ensuring that authoritative, well-documented, and traceable data and associated information from the IPCC assessment are made fully available to scientists and other interested users worldwide; particularly those located in developing countries, who may have limited access and who seek to expand analyses and data access in understudied regions. During the Fifth Assessment cycle (AR5), the links between the DDC and WGs were weaker than in previous assessments, resulting in the WGs implementing ad hoc data management solutions and the DDC capturing AR5 data for long-term preservation only after the assessments were released.