dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
By employing a more accurate gravity model, our method also improves over previous Bayesian hierarchical approaches that assumed a Gaussian distribution of the shear field  (Alsing et al. 2016). We have tested our inference method with simulated data with four tomographic bins, a survey mask, and 30 sources per arcmin 2 as expected for the Euclid survey. These tests demonstrate that our method recovers the unbiased matter distribution and initial matter power spectrum from cosmic shear data. Posterior predictive tests showed that the inferred quantities are known to the sub-noise level, with additional constraints coming from the cosmological prior. Although our framework currently uses a fixed cosmology, we have shown that the method recovers the true power spectrum when this differs from the prior where the signal-to-noise is high.
Study design and treatment This study evaluated the efficacy of tezacaftor/ivacaftor in participants 6 through 11 years of age by evaluating the within-group change from baseline in lung function (LCI 2 •5 ) in tezacaftor/ivacaftor-treated participants as the primary endpoint. The primary endpoint was compared with change-from-baseline data from a historical placebo group from a previous study  [22]  in participants 6 through 11 years of age with the F/F genotype who were used to generate the maximum possible placebo effect (as outlined in the statistical analysis section). Blinding groups with a 4:1 (tezacaftor/ivacaftor group to blinding group) randomization were included to limit bias in both efficacy and safety outcomes and to minimize the number of participants required to be treated with placebo or ivacaftor monotherapy.
Efficacy and safety were assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of the study drug. LCI 2 •5 , CFQ-R respiratory domain scores, SwCl levels, LCI 5 •0 , and ppFEV 1 were evaluated using a restricted maximum likelihood-based mixed-effects model for repeated measures for the tezacaftor/ivacaftor group, with 95% CIs. P values were calculated for the change from baseline in efficacy endpoints. Safety and tolerability results, nutritional parameters, drug acceptability, and FE-1 and serum IRT data are presented as summary statistics. Statistical correction for multiple comparisons was not performed. P values and 95% CIs were calculated for secondary or other endpoints, and these P values were considered nominal. Data for the tezacaftor/ivacaftor group are presented by a One participant who was randomized to receive tezacaftor/ivacaftor discontinued from the study because their screening LCI 2 •5 value did not meet the eligibility criterion and did not receive the study drug.
Acknowledgments We thank the  VX16-661-115   Investigator Group  for its contributions to this study. We thank the patients and their families for participating in this trial and the trial investigators and coordinators for their contributions to the trial. A list of investigators and trial sites is included in the supplement. This project was supported by the  NIHR Respiratory Clinical Research Facility at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London. Editorial coordination and support were provided by  Thomas Pickette, PharmD ,  MBA , of  Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated ;  Thomas Pickette  may own stock or stock options in that company. Medical writing and editorial support were provided under the direction of the authors by  Christopher Edwards, PhD , and  Karen Kaluza Smith, PhD ,  CMPP.
SIRTA and European airports The data used in this study are mainly based on observations collected at SIRTA (Instrumented Site for Atmospheric Remote Sensing Research;  Haeffelin et al. , 2005) , which is a French multi-instrumental atmospheric observatory located on a plateau 20 km south of Paris (48. 713 • N, 2. 208 • E; 160 m a. s. l. ). SIRTA aims to study both physical and chemical processes at play in the atmosphere with a particular emphasis on clouds, aerosols, atmospheric boundary layer processes, and solar energy. Today, most of the 150 state-of-theart instruments (active and passive remote sensing, in situ sensors) at SIRTA are set up in an area of about 1 km 2. The plateau is a fog-prone region in France where about 35 fog events occur every year (∼ 10 000 min per fog season), making it particularly suitable for fog studies  (Haeffelin et al.
, 2010; Waersted et al. , 2019). PFG1 field experiments took place at SIRTA from 2006 to 2014, where a synergistic suite of instruments was designed to document the entire fog life cycle in correlation with dynamical, thermodynamical, optical, and microphysical properties (e. g. ,  Elias et al. , 2009; Dupont et al. , 2012 Dupont et al. , , 2016)). Complementing the SIRTA observations, data from major European airports regularly affected by fog are considered to test the robustness of PFG2 in a range of local environments and meteorological conditions. The present study considers the following four airports: Paris Roissy-Charles de Gaulle, Zurich, Munich, and Vienna (Fig. 1 ).
Conclusions A second version of PARAFOG (PFG2) has been developed to retrieve pre-fog alert levels and to discriminate between RAD and STL fog situations based on the analysis of ALC and meteorological station measurements in near real time. Two distinct modules have been developed to closely monitor the evolution of RAD and STL fog events which involve different physical processes. They rely on innovative fuzzy logic schemes that aim to combine both visibility and ALC measurements through one-dimensional trapezoidal membership functions (and weights for the STL module) to characterize the fog formation threat level. In addition to these two main modules, some important advances have been carried out within PFG2 such as the redesign of the code in Python 3 and a new memory management, together with new visualization outputs for both operational and research purposes.
, 2021)  could be implemented to estimate the fog dissipation probability and enhance PFG2. Disclaimer. Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Acknowledgements. The contribution of the first author and the PFG2 project were supported by the "Direction Générale de l'Armement" under grant DGA 2018 60 0074. Felipe Toledo thanks the French Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie (ANRT) and the company Meteomodem for their funding contribution. The authors would like to thank Rafael Eigenmann and Ulrich Goersdorf (DWD) for kindly providing the data for Munich airport, Maxime Hervo (Meteoswiss) for kindly providing the data for Zurich airport, Philipp Kneringer (Universität Innsbruck) for kindly providing the data for Vienna airport, and Météo-France for kindly providing the data for Paris-Roissy airport.
Data availability. Data access can be requested for free following the conditions indicated in the SIRTA data policy (https://sirta. ipsl. fr/data_policy. html, last access: 9 December 2021; SIRTA observatory website: https://sirta. ipsl. fr/, last access: 9 December 2021; data request form: https://sirta. ipsl. fr/data_form. html, last access: 9 December 2021).
Physicochemical Characterizations: A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) system (JEOL JEM 3010, Milpitas, USA) operating at 300 kV was employed to perform structural characterizations (size distribution, crystalline structure, morphology) of Si@Au nanostructures. Samples for the electron imaging were prepared by placing a drop of a NPs solution on a carbon coated copper TEM grid (200 mesh, Oxford instruments, Abingdon-on-Thames, UK) and its drying at ambient conditions. Statistical data were obtained based on analysis of size characteristics from several hundreds of NPs. ζ-potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements were performed using a Zetasizer Nano ZS system (Malvern Instruments, Palaiseau, France). Optical extinction spectra of NPs were measured by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-2600, Shimadzu, Marne-la-Vallée, France) using 10 mm optical path length quartz cuvettes.
Optical Simulation: Mie Theory Modeling The objective of this simulation is to predict the absorption efficiency of multilayered core-shell NPs. Absorption and scattering of spherical NP can be described analytically using Mie theory taking into account NP size and optical properties of material, as previously demonstrated in  [38]. This model has been extended to describe multilayer or coated particles, as well as be generalized to find a solution for scattering by more than one particle in a field, as explained in  [39]. Meunier's group implemented a "matriochka" model using an open access code (Matlab) in order to optimize material, size, and shape of a NPs for nanocavitation applications  [40]. On the other hand, Plain's group studied the core-shell size ratio versus the variations of the absorption efficiency  [14].
Search for chargino-neutralino pair production in final states with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √ 𝒔 = 13 TeV 𝒑 𝒑 collisions with the ATLAS detector The ATLAS Collaboration A search for chargino-neutralino pair production in three-lepton final states with missing transverse momentum is presented. The study is based on a dataset of √  = 13 TeV   collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb -1. No significant excess relative to the Standard Model predictions is found in data. The results are interpreted in simplified models of supersymmetry, and statistically combined with results from a previous ATLAS search for compressed spectra in two-lepton final states. Various scenarios for the production and decay of charginos ( χ± 1 ) and neutralinos ( χ0 2 ) are considered.
Introduction Supersymmetry (SUSY)  [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]  postulates a symmetry between bosons and fermions, and predicts the existence of new partners for each Standard Model (SM) particle. This extension offers a solution to the hierarchy problem  [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]  and provides a candidate for dark matter as the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), which will be stable in the case of conserved -parity  [12]. This paper describes a search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos, mixtures of the SUSY partners of the electroweak gauge and Higgs (ℎ) bosons, decaying to three charged leptons, and significant missing transverse momentum (p miss T , of magnitude  miss T ). The search uses the full Run 2 dataset of proton-proton collisions recorded between 2015 and 2018 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
Protons were collided at a centre-of-mass energy √  of 13 TeV and the dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb -1  [13]. Similar searches at the LHC have been reported by the ATLAS  [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]  and CMS collaborations  [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27]. Previous results are extended by analysing the full ATLAS Run 2 dataset, improving the signal selection strategies -particularly for intermediately compressed mass spectra, and exploiting improved particle reconstruction performance. Significant gains in lepton identification and isolation performance follow from updates in the electron reconstruction as well as from the use of a novel multivariate discriminant  [28]. Furthermore, the new results are statistically combined with a previous ATLAS search  [18]  targeting compressed mass spectra and two-lepton final states.
Finally, the paper reports updated results for a previous ATLAS search which observed excesses of three-lepton events in the partial, 36 fb -1  , Run 2 dataset  [15]. The original analysis using the Recursive Jigsaw Reconstruction (RJR) technique  [29, 30]  is repeated using the full Run 2 dataset, and no significant excesses relative to the SM expectation are observed. A related follow-up search emulating the RJR technique with conventional laboratory-frame variables, also using the full Run 2 dataset, was published in Ref. [16]. The updated RJR results are not included in the combination with the new results, as they are not statistically independent and not competitive with the results of the new search optimised for the full Run 2 dataset. Section 2 introduces the target SUSY scenarios, while a brief overview of the ATLAS detector is presented in Section 3, followed by a description of the dataset and Monte Carlo simulation in Section 4.
Data and Monte Carlo simulated event samples This analysis exploits the full Run 2 √  = 13 TeV   dataset recorded by the ATLAS experiment during stable beam conditions between 2015 and 2018. The LHC collided protons with bunch-crossing intervals of 25 ns, and the average number of interactions per crossing in data was  = 34. After applying beam, detector and data-quality requirements  [72] , the dataset corresponds to a total integrated luminosity of 139 fb -1  [13] , with an uncertainty in the integrated luminosity of 1. 7%, obtained using the LUCID-2 detector  [73]  for the primary luminosity measurements. The expected contributions of SM processes and χ± 1 χ0 2 SUSY signals are estimated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The MC samples are used in the optimisation of event selection criteria, as well as for yield prediction and the estimation of systematic uncertainties in the yield prediction.
The efficiencies are calculated using simulated samples of wino/bino (+)  ± 1 /  0 2 decays and shown as a function of the generated lepton  T. The associated uncertainties represent the range of efficiencies observed across all signal samples used for the given  T bin. The right panel illustrates the differential probability for a +jets event to be accompanied by a FNP lepton satisfying the signal lepton criteria, as a function of the FNP lepton  T. This probability is measured using data events in a region with at least two signal leptons, with the other processes subtracted using the MC samples. A common preselection is applied for all search regions requiring exactly three signal leptons. Events are also required to have exactly three baseline leptons. This additional baseline requirement ensures orthogonality with other ATLAS SUSY analyses  [18, 160, 161]  and facilitates statistical combinations; it also simplifies the FNP lepton background estimation.
Furthermore, constraints are calculated in the bino-wino co-annihilation dark-matter scenario by determining the area in the two-dimensional mass plane that yields a thermal dark-matter relic density equal to the observed value  [176]. Figure  16  (top right) shows this area in blue, with the over-and under-abundant regions marked above and below;  ± 1 /  0 2 (  0 1 ) masses are excluded in this dark-matter scenario up to 210 (195) GeV. The obtained wino/bino (+) exclusion limits are greatly improved compared to the previous equivalent search presented by the ATLAS experiment using the Run 1, 8 TeV dataset  [17]  (shown as a light grey shaded area in Figure  16 , top panels), due to a combination of increased production cross section at the increased collision centre-of-mass energy, larger data sample, and improved analysis techniques.
The exclusion is shown projected (top left) onto the (  ± 1 ,  0 2 ) vs (  0 1 ) plane or (top right and bottom) onto the (  0 2 ) vs Δ plane. The light grey area denotes (top) the constraints obtained by the previous equivalent analysis in ATLAS using the 8 TeV 20. 3 fb -1 dataset  [17] , and (bottom right) the LEP lower  ± 1 mass limit  [58]. The pale blue line in the top right panel represents the mass-splitting range that yields a dark-matter relic density equal to the observed relic density, Ωℎ 2 = 0. 1186 ± 0. 0020  [176] , when the mass parameters of all the decoupled SUSY partners are set to 5 TeV and tan  is chosen such that the lightest Higgs boson's mass is consistent with the observed value of the SM Higgs  [45]. The area above (below) the blue line represents a dark-matter relic density larger (smaller) than the observed.
Recursive Jigsaw Reconstruction selection and results To follow up on an earlier ATLAS search performed using the Recursive Jigsaw Reconstruction (RJR) technique with the 2015-2016, 36 fb -1 dataset  [15] , the search in this paper includes two signal regions in which the original search observed excesses of three-lepton events. The original search in the two regions is repeated following the same methods, updated to use the full Run 2 dataset. The SR3ℓ-Low region targets low-mass wino/bino (+)  ± 1  0 2 production, while the SR3ℓ-ISR region targets wino/bino (+)  ± 1  0 2 production in association with ISR and mass differences Δ near the -boson mass. The excesses in SR3ℓ-Low and SR3ℓ-ISR observed in the 36 fb -1 result correspond to local significances of 2. 1 and 3. 0, respectively. The RJR technique endeavours to resolve the ambiguities inherent in reconstructing original particles for event decays including invisible particles, e.
For the low-mass RJR selection, Figure  20  shows the leading lepton's transverse momentum,  ℓ 1 T , and the scalar momentum sum,  PP 3,1 , of the three visible particles (the leptons) and the invisible particles (the LSPs and the neutrino), in the pair-produced parent sparticle-sparticle (PP) frame and assuming the standard decay tree. For the ISR RJR selection, Figure  20  shows the vector sum of the transverse momenta of all objects,  CM T , and the fraction of the total momentum of the sparticle system carried by the invisible system,  ISR , in the centre-of-mass (CM) frame and assuming the ISR decay tree. Good agreement with the background-only hypothesis is observed in both SRs. The deviations from the SM expectation as found in the 36 fb -1  result are reduced and no longer significant when including the additional 103 fb -1  of data from the 2017-2018 datasets.
Conclusion Results of a search for chargino-neutralino pair production decaying via ,  *  * or ℎ into three-lepton final states are presented. A dataset of √  = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb -1  , collected by the ATLAS experiment at the CERN LHC, is used. Events with three light-flavour charged leptons and missing transverse momentum are preselected, and three selections are developed with a signal region strategy optimised for chargino-neutralino signals decaying via ,  *  * and ℎ, respectively. A fourth selection targeting the chargino-neutralino signals decaying via  using the Recursive Jigsaw Reconstruction technique is also studied, to follow up on the excesses observed in the previous ATLAS result using the same method and event selection.
In all the selections the data are found to be consistent with predictions of the Standard Model. The results are interpreted for simplified models with wino or higgsino production. A statistical combination is performed to include the result of an ATLAS search probing the final state with two soft leptons using the same dataset. Assuming a simplified model with wino production decaying to a bino LSP, exclusion limits at 95% confidence level are placed on the minimum  ± 1 /  0 2 mass, extending the reach of previous searches [14  -18, 21]. Limits are set at 640 GeV for the -mediated model signals in the limit of massless  0 1 , improving by about 140 GeV; and at 300 GeV for mass-splittings between  ± 1 /  0 2 and  0 1 close to   , improving by about 100 GeV. In the case of a mass splitting of 5-90 GeV,  ± 1 /  0 2 masses up to 200-300 GeV for the -mediated model are excluded.
In these models, searches in the three-lepton final state enhance the sensitivity in the experimentally challenging region with mass splitting greater than 30 GeV. from BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada, CRC and IVADO, Canada; Beĳing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, China; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.
Figure2: The left panel shows the combined lepton selection efficiencies for the signal electron/muon requirements applied to the lowest- T lepton after selecting three baseline leptons in the off-shell  selection. The efficiencies are calculated using simulated samples of wino/bino (+)  ± 1 /  0 2 decays and shown as a function of the generated lepton  T. The associated uncertainties represent the range of efficiencies observed across all signal samples used for the given  T bin. The right panel illustrates the differential probability for a +jets event to be accompanied by a FNP lepton satisfying the signal lepton criteria, as a function of the FNP lepton  T. This probability is measured using data events in a region with at least two signal leptons, with the other processes subtracted using the MC samples.
Acknowledgements We thank  CERN  for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of  ANPCyT , Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia;  ARC, Australia ;  BMWFW  and  FWF , Austria; ANAS, Azerbaĳan; SSTC, Belarus;  CNPq  and  FAPESP, Brazil ;  NSERC ,  NRC  and  CFI ,  Canada ; CERN;  ANID, Chile ;  CAS ,  MOST  and  NSFC, China ;  Minciencias ,  Colombia; MSMT CR ,  MPO CR  and  VSC CR, Czech Republic ;  DNRF  and  DNSRC, Denmark ;  IN2P3-CNRS  and  CEA-DRF/IRFU , France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF,  HGF  and  MPG , Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC and  Hong Kong SAR, China ;  ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel ;  INFN, Italy ;  MEXT  and  JSPS, Japan ; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway;  MNiSW  and  NCN , Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR;  MES of Russia  and  NRC KI , Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain;  SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ;  SERI ,  SNSF  and  Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan ;  TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom ;  DOE  and  NSF ,  United States of America.
The lack of significance of RHODOS might have been linked to the inclusion criteria. Patients with a disease onset as old as 5 years were included. For some of them, optic atrophy had already reached its peak. The likelihood of a positive response was higher among patients with more recent disease onset. In the light of these results, idebenone (Raxone R ) was approved by the European Medicine Agency to treat LHON in 2015 in adolescents and adult patients at 900 mg/day divided into three doses. As of 2021, a non-interventional study is ongoing, the "Post-Authorisation Safety Study with Raxone R in LHON Patients" (PAROS) study (NCT02771379). It aims to evaluate the long-term safety effectiveness profiles of idebenone when used under conditions of routine clinical care.
Second, we searched for the origin of the sharp transition in wind properties measured on April 3, 2019, 07:55 UT. This is investigated through a detailed analysis of the data taken by the Fields Experiment (FIELDS) and the Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) Investigation. To establish a link between the in situ measurements and the structure of the magnetic field at the surface of the Sun, we exploited Potential Field Source Surface (PFSS) reconstructions of the coronal magnetic field, tested against white light images from SOHO-LASCO and Extreme UV observations from SDO-AIA (193Å). The paper is structured as follows. In section 2, we describe the in situ data measured by Parker Solar Probe (PSP) that are exploited in this study. In section 3, we present the results of the data analysis.