dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
[Fe/H] distribution Fig. 2  shows the [Fe/H] distribution of the entire sample (upper panel) as a generalized histogram (a representation that removes Table  1. Main information on the member LRGB targets of Omega Centauri. Coordinates and B, V, I magnitudes are from  Bellini et al. (2009) , K s magnitudes are 2MASS database  (Skrutskie et al. 2006 ). This table is available in its entirety in machinereadable form. the effects due to the choice of the starting point and of the bin size, by taking into account the uncertainties in each individual value, see  Laird et al. 1988). The iron distribution ranges from -2. 06 dex to -0. 76 dex, with a main peak at [Fe/H]∼-1. 85 dex, a clear second peak at [Fe/H]∼-1. 55 dex and a long metal-rich tail with a clump of stars at [Fe/H]∼-0. 9 dex and a possible small peak at [Fe/H]∼-1.
3 dex. This distribution is qualitatively similar to those previously discussed in other studies  (Johnson et al. 2008 (Johnson et al. , 2009;; Johnson & Pilachowski 2010; Marino et al. 2011). The lower panel of Fig. 2  shows the [Fe/H] distribution by  Johnson & Pilachowski (2010)  that presented the largest (855 stars) dataset of abundances for RGB stars of Omega Centauri. We note that the main peak of our distribution is slightly most metal-poor than that by  Johnson & Pilachowski (2010). We estimate a difference of -0. 08 dex between the median values of the metal-poor components of the two distributions. In Fig. 2  the [Fe/H] distribution by  Johnson & Pilachowski (2010)  has been shifted by -0. 08 dex in order to match the main peaks of the two distributions. Because there are no stars in common with this study (that is focussed on RGB stars brighter than the RGB bump) we cannot directly investigate the origin of this small difference.
Data were acquired with the RS 3 Spectral Acquisition Software on a laptop connected to the spectroradiometer. Spectra processing included removal of noisy bands between 325 and 400 nm and 950 and 1075 nm and data smoothing using the Savitsky-Golay algorithm  (Savitzky and Golay, 1964). From the smoothed spectra, two spectral variables that have been used as indicators of biocrust development or recovery after disturbance were calculated: the Brightness Index (BI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The brightness index was calculated according to equation 2: BI = G 2 + R 2 + NIR 2 (2) where G, R, and NIR are the integrated reflectances for the green (500-600 nm), red (600-700 nm), and near-infrared bands (NIR, 700-950 nm), respectively. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated as follow: where R and NIR are the integrated reflectances in the red (600-700) and near-infrared bands (700-950 nm), respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We greatly thank  Matilde Ciani ,  Chiara Pastacaldi  and  Lisa Cangioli  for their valuable help in the laboratory analyses. Emilio Rodríguez ,  Raúl Román ,  Albert Solé ,  Beatriz Roncero , and  Yolanda Cantón  are thanked for soil collection from field sites. Montserrat Guerrero  is thanked for the soil texture analyses.
Purpose The Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease (RAID) score assesses seven impact domains of interest for people with RA. This study aimed to test patients' understanding of the Portuguese RAID and evaluate its cross-cultural validity for use in Portugal. Methods This was a mixed methods study comprising two phases: (i) cognitive debriefing to determine patient's comprehension of the Portuguese RAID and (ii) cross-cultural validation using Rasch analysis. Construct validity was determined by fit to the model, invariance culture (compared with France and UK datasets) and evidence of convergent and divergent validity. Results Patients' input (n = 38) led to minor changes in the phrasing of two items to ensure conceptual equivalence between the Portuguese and the original RAID. In Rasch analysis (n = 288), two items 'Sleep' and 'Physical well-being' in the Portuguese dataset did not adequately fit the model specifications, suggesting multidimensionality (sleep-not necessarily associated with RA) and redundancy (physical well-being overlapping with functional disability).
Despite the imperfections, the scale had high internal consistency, evidence of convergent and divergent validity and invariance to culture (compared to France n = 195 and UK n = 205 datasets). The scale was well targeted for patients with different levels of disease impact. Conclusions The RAID has been successfully adapted into Portuguese and it can be used with confidence in clinical practice. Further research will be required to ensure it captures the full range of sleep problems in RA. Meanwhile, data across the three countries (Portugal, France and the UK) are comparable except for the two items (sleep and physical well-being).
Data collection In Phase 1 (Cognitive debriefing), Portuguese patients with diverse demographic and clinical characteristics were invited to individual interviews or focus groups (with 3-4 patients). The previously translated Portuguese RAID was used; this score is freely available and not copyrighted  [17]. Patients were firstly asked to complete the Portuguese RAID unaided; then they were asked to assess possible difficulties and to probe what they thought was meant by each domain with questions such as "What do you think this item means? What did you think or consider before giving a number/answer to it?". All interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim by same researcher (RF). In Phase 2 (validation study), a consecutive sample of patients completed a questionnaire that included the RAID, demographic data (gender, age, educational background), self-reported disease duration and other PROs to enable testing the RAID's convergent and divergent validity: Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI)  [23] , Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT)  [24] , patient global assessment (PGA) of disease activity (0-100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS))  [25] , Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)  [26] , quality of life (EQ-5D)  [27] , Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)  [28] , and Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)  [29].
Data analysis Qualitative data from phase 1 were analysed using inductive and realistic thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke  [30]  guidelines and managed using ATLAS. ti 8, Berlin: Scientific Software Development GmbH. Two authors (RF, CD) independently analysed all the transcripts. Team discussions showed that they reached similar conclusions. In phase 2 of this study, Rasch analysis was used to test whether the Portuguese RAID had retained its psychometric properties following the adaptation process. The Rasch model provides a mathematical framework against which data from questionnaires can be formally assessed to determine how they conform to propreties of fundamental measurement  [31]. Fit to the model implies construct validity, reliability, unidimensionality and statistical sufficiency of the total score from the scale.
Consequently, interval estimates can be derived from the scale for use in parametric analyses  [32, 33]. The raw scores of each of the seven RAID items were used in all analyses, not the weighted scores. For Rasch analysis, RUMM2030 software (Perth, WA: RUMM Laboratory Pty Ltd) was used with Master's Partial Credit Model parameterization  [34]. The software uses pairwise conditional maximum likelihood for estimating item parameters. Model fit is tested by Chi-square-based fit statistics comparing the difference between observed responses and the expected values using standardized residuals (null hypothesis being no significant difference between the observed and the values expected by the model). Fit to the model is supported by (i) item-person interaction statistics, expressed as a Z score with a mean of zero (range -2.
Unidimensionality is confirmed if ≤ 5% of the t tests are significant or if lower bound of a binomial 95% CI of the observed proportion overlap 5%  [36]. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis within RUMM2030 software is based on a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of residuals across each level of person factor (age group, gender, education background, disease duration, culture) and across different levels of trait (disease impact). The presence of uniform DIF is suggested if the p value of the main effects (person factor e. g. age, culture) is significant. If the p value of the interaction effect (person factor X level of trait) is significant, this suggests a non-uniform DIF  [37]. The absence of DIF by country implies cross-cultural invariance  [22]. To assess the convergent and divergent validity, Pearson's correlation coefficients between the RAID items and the other measures were calculated and interpreted as good, |r ≥ 0.
Phase 2: cross-cultural validation FIT to the model Table  2  presents item fit statistics for each country and for the pooled data. Table  3  presents item-person fit statistics, person separation reliability and unidimensionality of the RAID. Two items (sleep and physical well-being) had fit residual values outside the acceptable (-2. 5 to 2. 5) range; 3. 552, p = 0. 069). The item-trait Chi-square probabilities in each country data were also non-significant but the item fit residual for Portugal dataset remained higher (SD = 2. 303) than expected (SD = 1) (Table  3b ). This suggests that local dependency was not the only cause for lack of fit.
These issues were not observed in the UK dataset (the original RAID was developed in English) suggesting that the problem may not be inherent to RAID itself but reflecting imperfections of the cross-cultural adaptations. Addressing the redundancy by combining the two locally dependent items (physical well-being and functional disability) improved the scale performance, including fit residuals for the sleep item. Future developments need to address the phrasing of physical well-being to avoid confusion with functional disability. As sleep item still displayed higher SD than expected by Rasch model, the improvement (seen by combining functional disability and physical well-being) was not sufficient enough to justify changing the RAID structure into a 6-item questionnaire, although this presented a better fit to the model.
52), the rest of items had good correlations. Indeed, in the above-mentioned Norwegian study  [8]  the weighted RAID global score also had a moderate correlation (r p = 0. 59) with the Sleep Medical Outcome Study (MOS) subscale. It should be noted that specific sleep measures have been shown to have higher correlations with the individual RAID item measuring sleep (r p = 0. 73-0. 78) [45]. Our study did not use specific sleep measures hence the modest correlations. This study has three limitations. First, lack of adequate fit to Rasch model observed in the Sleep and Physical Wellbeing items in the Portugal datasets meant that we could not calibrate a stable interval scale from our data (statistical sufficiency of the total score and interval-level scaling depends on adequate fit to the model)  [31].
New datasets will therefore need to be tested for fit if an interval-level scale is desired. The lack of fit may be related to either un-resolved conceptual equivalence issues in the translation (explained above) or the restrictive nature of Rasch model. Rasch model specifies that all items contributing to the scale have uniform discrimination-i. e. all items have parallel item characteristic curves. The model detects even minor variations in items discrimination across different levels of RA impact. It would be useful in future studies to assess the performance the RAID using other item response models (2-parameter logistic or 3-parameter logistic models) which can accommodate a degree of variation in item discrimination  [46]. However, fit to these alternative models imply less precise interval scale estimates than those derived from Rasch model.
It may as well be useful to explore how well the RAID works as an ordinal measure of disease impact using non-parametric item response models such as Mokken scaling  [47]. Second, the Portuguese dataset was compared with only two countries, France and the UK. While our data have demonstrated comparability of measures across the three countries, the evidence supporting cross-cultural equivalence would have been stronger if fit to Rasch model was adequate. We therefore downgrade our conclusions to apply to the fitting items only (excluding physical well-being and sleep). Further research will be required to assess measurement equivalence of the Portuguese RAID and other adapted versions data are compared. Lastly, it is important to note that all our analyses were based on unweighted RAID scores as completed by patients.
The RAID scoring involves applying different weights to different items to obtain clinically meaningful measures  [6, 7]. The strengths of this study include the following: the recruitment of enough Portuguese patients in both phases, with good diversity, including patients who are not used to completing NRS. The use of Rasch model in our analysis enabled a robust assessment of psychometric properties of the RAID including different aspects of construct validity and response bias, although this may also mean a highly strict criteria for measurement validity above that required for clinical use. Availability of datasets from the UK and France allowed assessment psychometric equivalence between the Portuguese RAID, the original RAID and the French version. Beyond research, this study has important clinical implications.
Characteristics of patients included in the Portuguese dataset bDMARD biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, DAS28(CRP)4v Disease activity assessment using 28-joint counts, C-reactive protein and four variables, HAQ-DI Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index, na not assessed, NRS Numeric Rating Scale, PGA Patient Global Assessment, SD standard deviation a Missing data in 6 (2. 1%) patients.
[38] son's correlations between the RAID (transformed scores) and other outcomes in the Portuguese dataset (n = 288) to demonstrate criterion-related validity Values represent: r (p value)EQ-5D EuroQol-5D, FACIT Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HAQ-DI Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index, PGA Patient Global Assessment, PhGA Physician Global Assessment, RAID Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Impact, SHS Subjective Happiness Scale, TIPI Ten Item Personality Inventory, WB Well-Being a Correlations were categorized as moderate if 0. 40 ≤ r < 0. 60[38]b Correlations were categorized as good if r ≥ 0. 60[38].
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the following people for their contribution in data collection:  Cristiana Silva ,  Gisela Eugénio ,  Jorge Silva ,  Maria João Salvador ,  Sara Serra ,  Margarida Coutinho ,  João Rovisco ,  Mariana Santiago ,  Armando Malcata ,  Luís Sousa Inês ,  Carlos Costa ,  Diogo Jesus ,  Pedro Carvalho ,  Marília Rodrigues ,  Tânia Santiago  (Coimbra). The authors also wish to thank the investigators from the  France  and the  UK study  for supplying us with the anonymized datasets.
All of the results are obtained with Matlab simulations we execute the MDP during 100 steps using a finite horizon resolution on the one hand using the monolithic BFM and on the other hand with concurrent BFMs. The probability values used on the MDP transition are given hereafter-note that the probability values of P_Vi (i = 1. 5) are obtained using the BN-tracking under vibration context. Thus, these values may change depending on the observed context:.
Three steps are also involved to support this process, as illustrated in Figure  2. the receiver party. There is only one ESB for the entire VBE. The ESB allows the dynamic, logical and "temporary" integration as well as the binding, communication and execution of companies' services associated to the several VEs' BPs while preserves the different implementing IT of companies' systems. iii. Once the integration endpoint receives an incoming message from the BPEL Execution engine, it passes it to the semantic mediator service. It uses the sent interfaces' addresses to query the mappings database looking for the necessary mappings to transform the source payload into the receiver data model. Once the mappings are received the necessary protocol/format transformations of the message are managed by the ESB.
The members' services are registered using jUDDI  6  service registry (that supports UDDI 3. 0 standard), and the ontology mappings are stored in a MySQL database. In order to evaluate the proposed model and the semantic mediation approach, a scenario has been devised and modeled in BPMN using UBL, as showed in Figure  3. The scenario refers to a hypothetic customer who asks for a given product close to a given VBE's company. This product is basically composed of three parts, being one part produced by this company. This company then triggers the process of VE creation, ending up by forming the following VE: this company ('Partner 1') as the VE Coordinator and which interacts with the customer; and 'Partner 2' and 'Partner 3', which manufacture the other two product's parts. These two partners should send their parts directly to Partner 1 for the final assembly once they are finished.
Patients Patients treated between 2008 and 2014 at GIMEMA and ERIC centers were eligible. The inclusion criteria were: i) diagnosis of CLL according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI);  23  ii) age ≥18 years; iii) one previous treatment using alkylating agents and/or purine analogs with or without monoclonal antibodies; iv) progression requiring therapy (NCI criteria); 23 v) second-line treatment with BR at the conventional dose of 70 mg/m 2 , as described. 15 atients were excluded if they had Richter's syndrome transformation, HIV infection, active HCV or HBV infection. The study was registered at clinicaltrials. gov identifier: 02491398. The study was approved by the local ethics committees.
When restricting the analysis to patients with intact 17p who had received chemoimmunotherapy in first line, there was no difference in OS between patients treated with ibrutinib (63% alive at 36 months) and patients treated with BR (74. 4% alive at 36 months). BR is an efficacious first salvage regimen in CLL in a real-life population, including the elderly and unfit patients. BR and ibrutinib may be equally effective in terms of OS when used as first salvage treatment in patients without 17p deletion. (Registered at clinicaltrials. gov identifier: 02491398) without post-baseline assessments but known to be alive were censored at the time of first dose of study drug.
Discussion Accepting the limitations retrospective analyses, we set out to collect data on the efficacy of BR, one of the most widely utilized CIT regimens in CLL. We elected to include in this study only patients who received secondline treatment with BR given the limited availability of published data in this setting in order to contribute new information that may assist clinicians in the selection of the most appropriate first salvage treatment in CLL. To minimize possible selection biases and imprecise reporting of data: i) we encouraged clinicians to report all patients who initiated BR treatment; ii) we analyzed the reported data according to the intention-to-treat principle; and iii) we performed computerized and manual consistency checks on each case report form. Besides PFS, we included objective efficacy measures of the BR regimen, such as OS and the TTNT.
Electrophoregrams were analysed on both strands with CEQ 2000 genetic analysis system software (Beckman Coulter, Villepinte, France), using PF3D7_1343700 as reference sequence. Isolates with mixed alleles were considered as mutants. In the K13 bMx prototype assay, P. falciparum DNA (IC, targeting the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene) and k13 mutants (C580Y, Y493H, R539T, I543T, F446I) were detected in 3 separate real-time PCR duplexes (IC/ I543T, C580Y/Y493H and F446I/R539T) using FAM and HEX fluorophores. Real-time PCR duplexes reactions were done with 15 μL of ready-to-use reaction mix and 10 μL of DNA extract and amplified on the CFX96 PCR instrument (Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France). PCR amplifications were performed under the following conditions: heating at 95 °C for 15 min, followed by 45 cycles of heating at 95 °C for 10 s, and of annealing/ extension at 60 °C for 40 s.
Statistical analysis Data were recorded and analysed using Excel software and MedCalc (MedCalc Software, Belgium). The F-test was used to compare variances of Cq values. To assess the analytical performance of the K13 bMx prototype assay (vs. the K13 reference assay), standard diagnostic test measures were determined. Sensitivity (Se) was the proportion of DBS that the K13 bMx prototype assay classified as mutant among DBS classified as k13 mutant (C580Y, Y493H, R539T, I543T, or F446I) with the K13 reference assay (true positive rate). Specificity (Sp) was the proportion of DBS that the K13 bMx prototype assay classified as k13 non-mutant (C580Y, Y493H, R539T, I543T, or F446I) among DBS classified as k13 nonmutant (included in the panel assay) with the K13 reference assay (true negative rate).
Clinical and analytical performances of the K13 bMx prototype (from DBS to results) performed in field conditions (step 4) To evaluate the performances of the K13 bMx prototype in field conditions, 642 clinical DBS were tested with both assays at IP Cambodia. DBS included 390 specimens from Cambodia, 221 specimens from Myanmar and 31 specimens from Africa (Table  3 ). Three technicians at IP Cambodia conducted the K13 bMx prototype assay and were blinded to the results of the K13 reference assay. Sequencing data were available for 606 samples, as presented in Table  4. The mutant I543T was not found in the set of clinical DBS. Among the 36 samples with no K13 sequencing valid data (10 malaria-free, 14 P. falciparum and 1 P. vivax infections from symptomatic patients and 10 P. falciparum and 1 P.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to all patients and field staff without whom this work could not have been done We would like to thank colleagues from the  Direction des Applications de la Recherche et des Relations Industrielles (DARRI)  at  IP Paris (Chloé Pellicier, Karine Mignon-Godefroy and Isabelle Buckle)  for their support. We would like to thank  Virginie Moucadel  (bioMérieux) for her support at the beginning of the project. SMRU is part of the  Mahidol Oxford University Research Unit , supported by the  Wellcome Trust of Great Britain ,.
Statistical analysis All collected data were entered into a database, based upon MS Access® 2010 (Microsoft Corporation, Dublin, Ireland). Verification was assured by double data entry. All statistical operations were carried out using SAS® statistical analysis software version 9. 3 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). Primary criterion for efficacy testing was the assessment of the developed lung lesion. Secondary criteria for the analysis were bacteriological cure, clinical cure on day D6, evolution of clinical scores, rectal temperature, withdrawals related to respiratory disease after inoculation and daily weight gain. The safety of the treatments was analyzed based upon percentage of adverse events and percentage of injection  The data of the LLS were log-transformed as the non-transformed data were expected to be not normally distributed.