dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
99 ence, it might be tempting to say that, if Open Data is not the driver, it is nonetheless a strong indicator that we are moving towards an increasingly 'Open Society' characterized by increased transparency and democratic participation. Yet, one must not forget what is going at the backstage (and at the offstage) of Open Data. The complexity of the legal system is hiding the fact that the underlying legal framework is actually evolving in a completely different direction, with stronger exclusive rights covering an increasingly broader range of subject matters-from the original structure of a database, to the factual content of a database, to end up with a new form of protection over data 'as such'. Thus, while one might be tempted to think-at first glance-that society is evolving towards a greater degree of 'openness', the Open Data movement constitutesin our eyes-a good indicator that something has actually gone wrong.
On the one hand, the need to rely upon a contractual license in order to 'open up' the data is an indication that the underlying legal framework is more restrictive than it should be. While the PSI Directive introduced the right to re-use public sector information, both the copyright regime and the Database Directive are likely to hinder the effective exercise of this right. Open Data licensing schemes might be regarded as a useful means to address the issue, yet they do not actually resolve the problem at the root. None of these licenses were necessary before introduction of the sui-generis right by the Database Directive, and none of them are today necessary in USA, which realized they do not need a 'sui-generis' right in order to enjoy a flourishing database industry. On the other hand, and perhaps more critically, the use of Open Data licenses has the dangerous potential to implicitly establish an exclusive right on public sector information, since people naturally tend to assume that, where there is a license, there necessarily is an underlying right.
Yet, many of the datasets produced or collected by public authorities do not actually require a substantial investment, and are thus not protected by the 'sui-generis' right on database. Releasing them under a specific Open Data license is thus likely to deceive people into thinking that they do actually have to abide to the conditions of these licenses, even if the data actually belong to the public domain. Besides, even in the case of a database that is actually eligible for protection, only the substantial reproduction and/or extraction of its content would actually trigger an infringement of the right. Yet, the subjectivity involved in assessing these operations might dissuade people from legitimately using (or reusing) a public dataset, to avoid the risk of potential liability. We conclude, therefore, by claiming that the Open Data movement will only succeed after it has completely disappeared.
Indeed, just like the 'free software' movement led by Richard Stallman, or the 'free culture' movement initiated by Lawrence Lessig-whose goal is to facilitate the free dissemination and re-use content by reducing the exclusivity granted by default under copyright law-the Open Data movement is aimed at encouraging the access to and the re-use of data by eliminating the restrictions granted under the sui-generis right regime. 100 et, as opposed to the former two-which do not purport to eliminate copyright law, but rather to provide an alternative but complementary choice to authors, the Open Data movement distinguishes itself insofar as it was not conceived to provide a 'choice', but merely to facilitate the exercise of a 'duty'. 101 The case of Open Data is therefore a special case, which-we hope-will eventually lead to its own demise, as we enter a world where there will no longer be any restrictions over the use and reuse of data.
Huse CC, 'Database Protection in Theory and Practice: Three Recent Cases' (2005) 20 Berkeley Tech L J 23. 82 Dusollier S, 'Master's Tools v. The Master's House: Creative Commons v. Copyright' (2006) 29 Columbia J L and Art. 29: 271. 83 Elkin-Koren N, 'Creative Commons: a Skeptical View of a Worthy Pursuit' (2006) Working Paper, Haifa University. 84 Gracz K, De Filippi P, 'Regulatory Failure of Copyright Law through the Lenses of Autopoietic Systems Theory' (2014) Int J L Inf Tech 1-33. 85 Copyright and database protection significantly differs across different legal systems, so that a license which is valid in one jurisdiction might be invalid or unenforceable in another because the contractual terms and conditions are incompatible with the underlying legislation. This problem has been addressed by Creative Commons-whose licenses were originally written for the U.
S. legal system-through an initiative to 'port' their licenses into different jurisdictions, by translating them linguistically and adapting them to local copyright and private laws. All currently ported licenses are available at <http://wiki. creati vecommons. org/Jurisdiction_Database> accessed 1 October 2014. 86 De Filippi P, Ramade I, 'Les licences Creative Commons: Libre Choix ou Choix du Libre?' in Camille Paloque-Berges, Benjamin Jean, Christophe Masutti (eds), Histoire du Libre (Framabook, Mars 2013).
97 Cardinale PJ, 'Sui generis database protection: Second thoughts in the European Union and what it means for the United States' (2006) 6 J Intell Prop 157. 98 Bizer C and others, 'Linked data on the web (LDOW2008)' (2008) Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on World Wide Web, ACM, 1265-1266. 99 See eg the SNCF in France, which although exempted-as commercial institutions-from the obligation to make all data publicly available for access and reused, nonetheless decided to experiment with an Open Data approach, in order to participate to the new ecosystem of open innovation and to bring more value and visibility to its services. For more details, see <www. data. sncf. com/> accessed 1 October 2014.
81 Huse CC, 'Database Protection in Theory and Practice: Three Recent Cases' (2005) 20 Berkeley Tech L J 23. 82 Dusollier S, 'Master's Tools v. The Master's House: Creative Commons v. Copyright' (2006) 29 Columbia J L and Art. 29: 271. 83 Elkin-Koren N, 'Creative Commons: a Skeptical View of a Worthy Pursuit' (2006) Working Paper, Haifa University. 84 Gracz K, De Filippi P, 'Regulatory Failure of Copyright Law through the Lenses of Autopoietic Systems Theory' (2014) Int J L Inf Tech 1-33. 85 Copyright and database protection significantly differs across different legal systems, so that a license which is valid in one jurisdiction might be invalid or unenforceable in another because the contractual terms and conditions are incompatible with the underlying legislation. This problem has been addressed by Creative Commons-whose licenses were originally written for the U.
warwick. ac. uk/fac/soc/law/lj/jilt/> accessed 1 October 2014. 79 Grosheide FW, 'Database Protection-The European Way' (2002) 8 Wash U J L Poly 39. 80 See eg the landmark U. K. case of The British Horseracing Board Ltd and Others v William Hill Organisation 5 Web J Curr Legal Issues, available at <http://webjcli. ncl. ac. uk/1997/issue5/rowland5. html> accessed 1 October 2014. 78 Colston C, 'Sui Generis Database Right: Ripe for Review?' (2001) 3 J Inf Law & Tech, available at <http://www2.
97 Cardinale PJ, 'Sui generis database protection: Second thoughts in the European Union and what it means for the United States' (2006) 6 J Intell Prop 157. 98 Bizer C and others, 'Linked data on the web (LDOW2008)' (2008) Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on World Wide Web, ACM, 1265-1266. 99 See eg the SNCF in France, which although exempted-as commercial institutions-from the obligation to make all data publicly available for access and reused, nonetheless decided to experiment with an Open Data approach, in order to participate to the new ecosystem of open innovation and to bring more value and visibility to its services. For more details, see <www. data. sncf. com/> accessed 1 October 2014. Paradoxes of open data 21 by guest on June 4, 2015.
tion of databases. 23 ECJ case C-145/10, Eva-Maria Painer v Standard Verlags GmbH and Others. More information is available at <http://curia. europa. eu/juris/liste. jsf?language¼en&num¼C-145/10> accessed 1 October 2014. 4 Paradoxes of open data by guest on June 4, 2015 http://ijlit. oxfordjournals. org/ Downloaded from.
De Filippi P, Bourcier D, '« Open Data » : l'ouverture des donnees' (2014) in La Semaine Juridique Administrations et collectivites territoriales (JCPA, Lexis-Nexis), n. 28, Janvier 2014. 8 Paradoxes of open data by guest on June 4, 2015 http://ijlit. oxfordjournals. org/ Downloaded from.
See eg the landmark ECJ case C-604/10, Football Dataco Ltd and Others v Yahoo! UK Ltd and Others, more details available at <http://curia. europa. eu/juris/liste. jsf?language¼en&num¼C-604/10> accessed 1 October 2014. Paradoxes of open data 11 by guest on June 4, 2015 http://ijlit. oxfordjournals. org/ Downloaded from.
have been supported by the  ANR MANEGE (ANR-09--Museum National  d'Histoire Naturelle-Fondation X. V. C. T. also acknowledges support from  Labex CEMPI  ( ANR-11-LABX-0007-01 ). R. F. acknowledges support from  National Science Foundation  Award  EF-0623632 , the  Institut Universitaire de France , and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( "EVORANGE" grant ).
HERMES Benin vaccine supply chain model We developed a detailed, discrete-event simulation model of the Benin vaccine supply chain in our HERMES framework. Programed in Python, HERMES uses features provided by the SimPy package. Previous publications have described the structure of HERMES and HERMES-generated, country-specific models in detail  [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]. Our Benin model represents an operational vaccine cold chain based on field data, with key physical components (e. g. , every storage location, refrigerator, freezer, vaccine carrier, transport device, and vaccine vial) and dynamic processes (e. g. , ordering, shipping, and vaccine administration) simulated over a one-year time interval with a warm-up period of six months. The model tracks each simulated vial as it travels through the supply chain and provides a wide range of outputs, including the location and severity of each bottleneck due to inadequate storage or transport capacity, as well as wastage due to expiry of unopened vials or unused doses in an opened multi-dose vial.
Data collection Data collection tools were adapted from existing tools developed and utilized by Project Optimize to assess resource use and logistics costs of the national immunization program vaccine supply chain, tailored to incorporate the data needs for HERMES. The effective vaccine management (EVM) tool was adapted to collect additional data for the HERMES model, while the cold chain equipment management (CCEM) and stock management tool (SMT) further augmented model details. This included a questionnaire for each level of the supply chain to capture the resource use for the storage and distribution functions of the supply chain, as well as the stock movement data. Data collected included information on human resources, vaccine stock over a one year period, cold chain equipment type and specifications, and transport mode, frequency, and routes from the National Warehouse, Department and Regional Stores, 16 Commune Stores and 16 Health Posts (one from each commune).
These records estimated the annual economic costs for each facility for cold chain, human resources, and transport. Additional cost metrics included total cost per dose delivered, long-term costs, and cost savings. The 2009 Benin comprehensive multiyear plan (cMYP) was used to supplement the cost estimates. Each geographic location in the supply chain was determined using a combination of data received from the country and location searches on Google Maps. The total recurring logistics operating costs per year for the vaccine supply chain came from the following formula: cost total = cost labor + cost storage + cost transport + cost building , where cost labor = ˙employees cost per employee cost storage = ˙storage device units cost per storage device unit cost transport = ˙transport routes cost per transport route cost building = ˙buildings cost per building The following expressions define the annual recurring unit cost for each of the categories: • Annual Unit Labor Costs cost per employee = cost employee's annual salary and benefits × % of time dedicated to vaccine logistics Building costs were based on information from the cMYP, and per diems were based on conversations with an in-country professional reference.
Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance of  Justin Adanmavokin Sossou  of the  Beninese Ministry of Health ,  Ndèye Marie Bassabi-Aladji ,  Evariste Tokplonou , and  Justin K. Djidonou  from the  Agence Nationale des Vaccinations et des Soins de Santé Primaires (National Agency for Vaccinations and Primary Healthcare). This work was funded by the  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Note that, under the specication assumptions, this estimation allows one to recover unbiased estimates for θ, but not for ϑ. 9 The conditional logit has been recoded in R to account for the fact that some clusters are relatively large. To speed up computations, the denominator of the likelihood is computed in C and interfaced with R, using the package Rcpp  (Eddelbuettel and François, 2011). The code of the estimation function is available upon request. Once s(. ) has been estimated for group 0, we can proceed to the estimation of Y and Y , by matching individuals from the minority with those from the majority. Kernel matching is used here, with a uniform (caliper matching) or an Epanechnikov kernel K(. ). A bandwidth parameter ν must be chosen beforehand. G 0 (G 1 ) is the set of majority (minority) individuals.
The direction of the sorting, i. e. which group is more likely to locate in better neighborhoods, can be infered from these bounds. Note: The x-axis is the share in the cluster of French individuals with at least one parent from North Africa. Shades indicate 95% condence interval. Kernel regressions have been estimated using the geom_smooth function in the ggplot2 package of R; see  R Core Team (2014)  and  Wickham (2009). Reading note: The employment rate in the majority population in clusters in which 10% of the population are French individuals with North African parents is equal to 71%. In the same areas, the employment of the French individuals with at least one North African parent is equal to 55%.
Acknowledgements I would like to thank  Laurent Gobillon , the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their precious suggestions. I also thank  Romain Aeberhardt ,  Nicoletta Berardi ,  Tatiana Coutto ,  Denis Fougère ,  Thomas Le Barbanchon ,  Thierry Magnac ,  Eric Maurin ,  David Neumark ,  Benoit Schmutz ,  Maxime To ,  Yves Zenou  and participants of many seminars and conferences for useful comments and discussions, as well as  Alex Olssen  for his patient reading and his suggestions. This text is a deeply revised version of Wrong origin or wrong neighborhood: Explaining lower labor market performance of French individuals of foreign origin. Any opinions expressed here are those of the author and not of any institution.
The study showed that after the implementation of universal RotaTeq® vaccination, RV AGE was virtually eliminated among children age-eligible for the vaccination program  [11]. In the frame of this study, a retrospective analysis of the discharge database was performed to evaluate the impact of the introduction of RV vaccines into the national vaccination program on the rotavirus infections at hospitals. The aim of the present analysis was to evaluate the benefit of the implementation of the National Immunization Program with Rotateq® to avoid situations of seasonal hospital overcrowding.
For this, we pooled the data of Tampere and Oulu by period (i. e. pre-and post-vaccination) to calculate the rates (and its 95% CI) of number of bed days and number of prevented bed days per 100,000 children aged respectively 0-16 and 0-2. Then, we applied these rates to the whole national population figures of children 0-16 and 0-2 years in 2013. Population figures were extracted from Statistics Finland, available at: http://www. stat. fi/til/vaerak/tau_en. html. Analyses were done using SAS, SPSS and R, and p-values <0. 05 were considered as statistically significant.
Methods All members of HOME were invited to participate. There were a total of 56 attendees from around the world: North America (32), Europe (18), Japan (4) and South America (2). These included a mixture of prior HOME meeting attendees and new members. Details by stakeholder group can be found in Figure  1. Most attendees had been involved with designing or recruiting into clinical trials (86%) and approximately half had previously used EASI (Eczema Area and Severity Index) and/or SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis). A combination of formal presentations and nominal group techniques were used at the meeting. Consensus was achieved through an iterative and cumulative process over the 2 days. The decision was taken prior to the meeting that members would need to be present in order to vote to ensure that decisions were based on the data presented and the subsequent discussions.
Each session began with presentations of relevant research, followed by whole group and breakout group discussions. Voting was anonymized by using electronic handsets and TurningPoint© software to analyse the results in real time. Voting took place as one panel; all stakeholders were included in every vote. The previously agreed consensus rule 2 was applied here; that is, consensus is reached where fewer than 30% of the voters disagree. There was no registration fee for the meeting, and no sponsorship from any commercial organization was received. With the exception of patient representatives whose costs were covered by HOME members, attendees covered their own travel and accommodation costs. Patient representatives from France, the U. K. and the U. S. A. attended the meeting. A lay summary was produced and circulated prior to the meeting and patient representatives had time before the meeting to ask any questions about the process and content.
Consensus was reached that clinical signs should be assessed using an objective outcome measure, in order to protect against reporting bias in trials where participants are aware of their treatment allocation. Measurement of flares should be a patient-reported outcome (PRO) because a flare is a significant event for patients and so they are well placed to determine when a flare has occurred. Trials often do not have enough clinic visits to enable flares to be measured by the investigator This could be an attractive and efficient way of measuring long-term control if the other domains are already being captured in the trial There is variability between patients in how they define a flare so individual flare definitions may be needed in a trial. It should be remembered that patients can have poor control without a flare Scales would need to be completed frequently enough to capture the fluctuations in the eczema which may impact on the feasibility of this approach A definition of a flare (including the end of a flare) needs to be agreed on if it is to be used The EASI scale captures only the eczema at that moment, so to capture signs over the long term, frequent trial visits with the investigator would be required Parents can sometimes get confused about whether questions on well-controlled weeks refer to the eczema or the child's behaviour There are many ways these data can be analysed to measure long-term control (e.
Next steps Although HOME III focused on the clinician-reported signs, the patient-reported domains of symptoms and quality of life, and the long-term control domain will be the focus of future HOME meetings. Prior to the HOME IV meeting, individual working groups will conduct systematic reviews and further validation studies to inform discussions over the most appropriate tools for measuring these remaining core domains. In relation to the EASI, efforts will now focus on disseminating and sharing the consensus view with researchers, journal editors and regulatory authorities. Standardized training resources will be developed and made available via the HOME website, along with summary data to inform sample-size calculations in different patient populations. The HOME group will continue to encourage members from nationalities currently not represented, and other clinicians involved in the management of eczema, to join the group and attend meetings.
Strontium isotope ratios ( 87 Sr / 86 Sr) are a key geochemical tracer used in a wide range of fields including archaeology, ecology, food and forensic sciences. These applications are based on the principle that the Sr isotopic ratios of natural materials reflect the sources of strontium available during their formation. A major constraint for current studies is the lack of robust reference maps to evaluate the source of strontium isotope ratios measured in the samples. Here we provide a new data set of bioavailable Sr isotope ratios for the major geologic units of France, based on plant and soil samples (Pangaea data repository doi:10. 1594/PANGAEA. 819142). The IRHUM (Isotopic Reconstruction of Human Migration) database is a web platform to access, explore and map our data set. The database provides the spatial context and metadata for each sample, allowing the user to evaluate the suitability of the sample for their specific study.
Neptune MC-ICP-MS measurements Sr isotope ratios were measured in the Environmental Geochemistry and Geochronology Laboratory at the Research School of Earth Sciences, ANU (The Australian National University), using a Neptune MC-ICP-MS. MC-ICP-MS was chosen over TIMS (thermal ionisation mass spectrometer) due to the requirement of high sample throughput for this project. A quartz dual cyclonic spray chamber, PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) 100 µL nebuliser and standard Ni cones were used for sample introduction, and the instrument was tuned for maximum signal strength, stability and peak shape. The isotopes and Faraday cup configuration employed for analysis is shown in Table  2. Data reduction is performed offline in Microsoft Excel and includes Kr and 87 Rb isobar corrections, an exponential mass bias correction, and 3σ outlier rejection.
Quality control To assure data set precision, accuracy, reproducibility and comparability to other international data sources we record and report blank and standard analyses as a long-term reference for our laboratory in the database. Total procedural blanks vary between 50 and 250 pg Sr, and were analysed by isotope dilution with an 84 Sr enriched isotope spike using a TRITON Plus TIMS at RSES (Research School of Earth Sciences), ANU. These blank levels represent insignificant contributions to the amount of sample Sr measured (i. e. > 100 ng). We tested the reproducibility of our analysis by running duplicate samples through the entire procedure and found differences between 87 Sr / 86 Sr ratios measured for the same sample to be < 0. 004 % (n = 42). Biases between measured 87 Sr / 86 Sr ratios in different laboratories relate to differences in instrument design, problems of resolution of mass peaks and differences in measurement protocols  (Faure and Mensing, 2005).