dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Surgical technique: All surgeries were performed under general anesthesia as described by Shein in 1971  [12]. The phrenic nerve was systematically assessed by external monitoring at the beginning and at the end of the procedure. Access was supraclavicular. CR was systematically performed. FRR and/or C7 transverse process resection were performed if dynamic maneuvers depicted a stress compression of vessels or of neurologic bundles after CR resection. Bone resection was performed with a Kerisson clamp. Adjunctive cervical sympathectomy (CS) was performed prior to 2015 in patients presenting with aneurysms and distal emboli. Data on intra-operative complications and on additional arterial subclavian repair (aneurysmorraphy, aneurysm resection, bypass, embolectomy) were collected. At the end of the procedure, dynamic maneuvers were systematically performed to confirm the release of the neurovascular bundle during upper limb abduction.
Methods. We synthesize stellar populations with the Besançon Galaxy model (BGM) which includes stellar evolutionary tracks computed with the stellar evolution code STAREVOL. We integrate to the BGM a simple stoichiometric model already published by Santos and coll. (  2017 ) to determine the expected composition of the planet building blocks. Results. We determine the expected PBB composition around FGK stars, for the four galactic populations (thin and thick disks, halo and bulge) within the Milky Way. Our solar neighborhood simulations are in good agreement with the recent results obtained with the HARPS survey for f iron , f w and the heavy mass fraction f Z. We present evidence of the clear dependence of f iron and f w with the initial alpha abundances [α/Fe] of the host star. We find that the different initial [α/Fe] distributions in the different galactic populations lead to a bimodal distribution of PBB composition and to an iron/water valley separating PBB with high and low iron/water mass fractions.
2014). As presented by  Lagarde et al. (2017)  and  Lagarde et al. (2018)  (see for more details), the new version of the BGM includes a new grid of stellar evolution models computed with the stellar evolution code STAREVOL (e. g. Lagarde et al. 2012; Amard et al. 2016)  for stars with M ≥ 0. 7 M. These stellar evolution tracks have been computed from the pre-main sequence to the early asymptotic giant branch at six metallicities ([Fe/H]= 0. 51, 0, -0. 23, -0. 54, -1. 2, -2. 14), and at different αenhancements ([α/Fe]=0. 0, 0. 15 and 0. 30) to simulate all populations. The data release 12 of the APOGEE spectroscopic survey  (Majewski et al. 2017 ) has been used to determine the [α/Fe]-[Fe/H] trend, for the four galactic populations: To these relations an intrinsic Gaussian dispersion of 0.
Comparison of the solar neighborhood simulation with the HARPS survey The PPB compositions have been determined using the method described in section 2. 2. Using the BGM, we simulate the close solar neighborhood, up to 100 pc (hereafter called HARPS simulation), and the solar neighborhood, up to 1 kpc (hereafter called SN simulation). We focus on FGK stars since they directly compare to the work of S17 on the HARPS survey. They are obviously interesting targets for the future exoplanetary surveys as TESS, PLATO and CHEOPS. Moreover, most of the current detected planets belong to the solar neighborhood (from the database available at the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia 2  , Schneider et al. 2011, the large majority of exoplanets are within 1 kpc), it is then interesting to study the PBB chemical composition at close distances from the Sun.
Conclusion We compare the chemical composition trends of planet building blocks in the different galactic populations of the Milky Way. To this aim, we compute stellar population synthesis including the simulation of stellar surface chemical abundances. Then, we use a simple stoichiometric model derived by S17 to estimate the planet building blocks composition from the chemical properties of stars generated by the BGM. This work extends the study of S17 with HARPS data to the whole Galaxy. Our results are obtained with stellar chemical abundances predicted by the BGM and not from observations, which makes comparisons particularly interesting. The new version of the BGM, including the simple stoichiometric model derived by S17, appears as a powerful tool to predict chemical composition of PBB, crucial to prepare interpretation of on-going and future large scale surveys of exoplanet search.
Acknowledgements This work was conducted by an expert group of the European branch of the  International Life Sciences Institute, ILSI Europe. The expert group carried out the work, i. e. collecting/analysing data/information and writing the scientific paper. The authors would like to thank  Dr Gabriella Bergonzelli  (Nestle), who was a member of this expert group, for her active contribution to this work. ILSI Europe  facilitated scientific meetings and coordinated the overall project management and administrative tasks relating to the completion of this work. In particular, the authors would like to thank  Dr. Tobias Recker  and  Dr. Jacqueline Whyte  for their support. For further information about ILSI Europe, please email info@ilsieurope. be or call  +3227710014.
In this paper we report the first detection of stellar oscillations in HD 122563 using the Hertzsprung SONG telescope located on the Observatorio del Teide. This is the most metal-poor star (to our knowledge) to have sun-like oscillations detected 1. We measure the global seismic quantity ν max for HD122563 (Sect. 2) and along with complementary information we derive a new surface gravity, radius and distance to the star (Sect. 3). New data from the Gaia mission  (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018 ) corroborate our results. We then discuss the implications of our results on the seismic scaling relation for log g, the position of the star in the HR diagram and 1D stellar models (Sect. 4).
Seismology GDR2 29. 9 +9 -9 29. 8 +9 -9 29. 4 +6 -7 28. 9 +7 based on asteroseismic data (red and blue) and Gaia data (black) for K18 and C12 (continuous and dashed lines, respectively). The value presented in C12 using the parallax from van Leeuwen (  2007 ) is shown as the grey dashed box. The red vector represents a potential shift in the median values of L ⋆ and T eff if we consider an extinction A V = 0. 08 mag (the reference value is 0. 01 mag). Classical evolution tracks for a 0. 75 and 0. 90 M ⊙ model from BASTI  (Pietrinferni et al. 2004 ) are shown by the green lines, while a fine-tuned 0. 86 M ⊙ model using the CESAM2K evolution code  (Morel 1997 ) with a reduced value of the mixing-length parameter compared to the solar one is shown by the grey continuous curve. See Sect. 4 for details.
Acknowledgements. We are grateful for the  Programme National de Physique Stellaire  for financial support for this research project. This work is based on observations made with the Hertzsprung SONG telescope operated on the  Spanish Observatorio del Teide  on the island of Tenerife by the  Aarhus and Copenhagen Universities  and by the  Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. Support for the construction of the  Hertzsprung SONG Telescope  from the  Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias , the  Villum Foundation , the  Carlsberg Foundation  and the  Independent Research Fund Denmark  is gratefully acknowledged. E. C. is funded by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  grant agreement No. 664931. D. S. acknowledges the financial support from the  CNES GOLF  grant and the  Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur  for support during his stays.
Overview of the role of diet in cancer causation Beginning in the early 1980s, the possibility that diet could be a key link between what was generically called the 'environment' and cancer led to a new generation of very large cohorts of healthy volunteers who provided data on diet and other behavioral characteristics at baseline and were followed for cancer incidence and mortality. The World Cancer Research Fund started, in the mid-1990s, the first worldwide effort to systematically review and summarize the epidemiological evidence on diet and cancer, which materialized in the 1997 First World Cancer Research Fund Report, followed by subsequent reports in 2007 and 2018. Based on the aggregate of several thousand publications in more than 50 large population cohorts and several million study participants, diet during mid-life appears to have a rather weak association with subsequent cancer risk  [7].
How do we move from observational associations to causal links? Recent advances in high-throughput assays to measure the genome, methylome  [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] , metabolome  [15, 16] , transcriptome  [17] , microbiome  [18] , and proteome  [19] , together with the creation of large research consortia and population biobanks, have vastly expanded the availability of high-dimensional molecular datasets from human samples, many of which are accessible through a range of bioinformatic platforms  [20] [21] [22]. These studies have enriched our understanding of gene regulation and function  [23]  and provide an unparalleled resource for furthering our understanding of the causal underpinnings of cancer. For example, with the surge in genome-wide association studies, Mendelian randomization has become firmly established as a major analytical tool in the causal understanding of cancer risk and mechanismsrobust germline genetic instruments from genome-wide association studies can now proxy thousands of cancer-related modifiable exposures and metabolic traits, and genome-wide data on tens-to hundreds-of-thousands of individual sitespecific cancers are readily available  [21, 22, 24].
, 2017)) , which show that, to the first order, the structure of the PDR is a compressed layer at high-pressure where a warm chemistry takes place, leading to the presence of molecules such as SH + and high-J excited CO  (Joblin et al. 2018 ). This structure is also observed in other PDRs, such as Trumpler 14 in the Carina nebula  (Wu et al. 2018). High-density structures exist inside the PDR, as seen in OH  (Goicoechea et al. 2011; Parikka et al. 2017 ) and H 13 CN maps  (Lis & Schilke 2003) , as well as in ALMA maps  (Goicoechea et al. 2016)  Notes. ( a) Nuclear spin state, o stands for ortho and p for para. ( b) Frequency of the transition (up-down) and rotational energy of the upper level in relation to the para 0 00 level from the HITRAN2016 database (Gordon et al. 2017) (c) Statistical weight of the upper level.
Gas-phase chemistry model Investigation of the input parameters of the Meudon PDR code such as the inclination angle, cloud depth, UV radiation field intensity, and density or thermal pressure (considering either isochoric or isobaric models) is performed by using the Interstellar Medium Database 7  (ISMDB) to compare the observed line intensities with grids of model predictions (precomputed with the Meudon PDR code 1. 5. 2 and available online). Intensities given by the ISMDB (in cgs units) are compared with observations using the following conversion: I = 2k λ 3 T mb dV (4) with k the Boltzmann constant (erg K -1 ) and λ the wavelength (cm). Intensities in cgs units are given in Table  4. As already shown using more than twenty lines emitted by nine species, the line emission at the edge of the Orion Bar is better explained by an isobaric model than by a constant density model  (Joblin et al.
Observations ISMDB model Ads/Des model 1 6 : 1 1 0 -1 0 1 1 6 : 1 1 1 -0 0 0 1 6 : 2 1 2 -1 0 1 1 6 : 2 0 2 -1 1 1 1 6 : 2 1 1 -2 0 2 1 6 : 2 2 1 -2 1 2 1 6 : 3 1 2 -3 0 3 1 8 : 1 1 0 -1 0 1 1 8 : 1 1 1 -0 0 18 O fractionation reactions  (Loison et al. 2019 ). The radiative excitation processes involving H 18 2 O have been implemented from the HITRAN2016 9 database  (Gordon et al. 2017). The H 18 2 O deexcitation collisional rates are assumed to be identical to those of H 16  2 O. The upward collisional excitation rates of H 18 2 O are computed by introducing the appopriate energy defect for H 18  2 O and considering the different energy order involving highly-J excited rotational levels. Collisional rates for rotational excitation of H 16  2 O by He are taken from  Green et al. (1993)  for which analytical temperature dependence was derived by Gonzalez Garcia et al.
4  and 5. Alongside with an expanded dataset, the analysis of water lines intensity in the Orion Bar is consistent with the thermal equilibrium at 36 K. To derive the water OPR, we computed an average over the main gas-phase water reservoir between A V = 5 and A V = 10. This assumption is justified by the spatial distribution of the water line emission in the Orion Bar. Indeed OH and H 2 O emission seems to be decorrelated whereas OH emission matches high-J CO ones  (Goicoechea et al. 2011; Parikka et al. 2017). As high-J CO lines arise from a layer between A V = 1 and A V = 3  (Joblin et al. 2018) , the local water density maximum at A V = 1 -2 should not significantly contribute to the observed water intensities. This OPR agrees with OPRs at high thermal values from other tracers reported for the Orion Bar.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the  Programme National de Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire (PCMI)  of the  CNRS/INSU  , the  INC/INP  co-funded by the  CEA  and the  CNES. Financial support from the  LabEx MiChem , par of the French state funds managed by the  ANR  within the  investissements d'avenir program  under reference  ANR-11-10EX-0004-02  is acknowledged. Fundings from the  Ile-de-France region DIM ACAV  + is acknowledged. Part of this research was carried out at the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , under a contract with the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Acknowledgements Bruno Jartoux  and  Nabil H. Mustafa 's research in this paper is supported by the grant  ANR SAGA (JCJC-14-CE25-0016-01 ). Kunal Dutta and  Arijit Ghosh  are supported by the  European Research Council  under the  Advanced Grant 339025 GUDHI (Algorithmic Foundations of Geometric Understanding in Higher Dimensions ) and the  Ramanujan Fellowship  (No. SB/S2/RJN-064/2015 ) respectively. Part of this work was done when Kunal Dutta and  Arijit Ghosh  were researchers in D1:  Algorithms & Complexity, Max-Planck-Institute for Informatics, Germany , supported by the  Indo-German Max Planck Center for Computer Science (IMPECS).
Objective: The overall aim was to create an overview of the MS registry landscape by updating and expanding a previous study of identifying and describing MS registry data currently collected in Europe. Methods: We approached identified MS registries and requested their participation in the study by filling in an extensive survey. Results: Nineteen surveys were completed and returned. The main aim and focus of the different registries vary considerably as does the number of MS patients and inclusion criteria. Most registries collect data within common general categories although there are more pronounced differences regarding specific subcategories.
Materials and Methods: Identification of MS registries and databases: We approached the 13 MS registries that participated in the 2014 study by Flachenecker et al  (14)  and received completed survey responses from 12 of them. We contacted a further 12 MS registries which had been identified by the European Multiple Sclerosis Platform (EMSP)  (16)  and received completed surveys from eight of them. Subsequently, the results of the Liguria MS register survey were incorporated with those of the Italian MS register, reducing the total number of registries to 19.
The registries were also asked to indicate if filling in data is mandatory or optional as well as to provide data counts on the different variables, if available. The original questionnaire has been included as supplementary information (S2). Distribution of survey: Representatives of the MS registries were contacted by email enclosing a cover letter and the survey. The senders of the letter were representatives of Karolinska Institutet (AG and JH), Swedish MS registry (JH), EMSP (CT), MS Registry DMSG (AS), OFSEP (SV and ACG), Sana Kliniken (PF), University of Goettingen (OR and TM), Italian MS Society (GB and PZ) and University of Ferrara (MP). The registries, which had earlier responded in above mentioned surveys, were presented with a partly pre-filled form with their previous answers in order to facilitate their participation.
Thirteen registries also include possible MS/CIS patients that are not fulfilling McDonald/Poser criteria, and four registries include patients with selfreported MS without clinical validation. Seventeen registries reported including centres with any number of PwMS whilst one registry reported that a minimum number of MS patients within a centre is required in order to be included (Table  2 ). In the general categories of personal data, basic disease and treatments, data are collected by all registries (Table  3 ). Clinical data on disability by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is collected by 18 of the responding registries, whilst other disability measures are less frequently collected (Table  4 ). Cognition scales are only recorded by 9/19 (47%) of the registries (Table  3 ) where the most commonly reported scales are the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT3), reported by 7/18 (39%) and 6/18 (33%) of the registries, respectively (Table  4 ).
Information on treatments was included in the survey for relapse therapy, disease modifying treatments (DMTs) and symptomatic treatments. Relapse therapy is collected by 15/18 (83%) of the registries. All registries reported data on DMTs, with 17/19 (89%) of the registries collecting data on current DMTs. Medical current symptomatic treatment is collected by 11/18 (61%) of the registries (Table  4 ). MRI data (yes or no) is reported by 16/19 (84%) of the registries, although the type of MRI data varies between registries and only 2/18 (11%) have reported collecting data on brain volume (Table  3  and 4 ). Para-clinical data is collected by 14/19 (74%) of the registries and most frequently as information on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis of cells and intrathecal IgG production, which is collected by 13/19 (68%) as well as evoked potentials/visual evoked potentials by 10/19 (52%) (Table  4 ).
The number of registries that collect information on patient derived measures is generally lower than for the clinical categories. MS Impact Scale (MSIS-29) data is collected by 7/18 (39%) of the registries and represents, the most commonly collected outcome measure in this category. Information about depression is collected by 5/18 (28%) and fatigue by 6/19 (32%) of the registries. Fatigue is further explored in the survey by questions on six different fatigue scales but only two, Krupps' Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) are reported to be recorded by any of the MS registries (Table  5 ). The survey also covered additional categories such as co-morbidities where chronic diseases and comedication were reported by 13/19 (68%) and 10/19 (53%) of the registries, respectively.
There were also questions related to socio-economy included in our survey such as occupation, employment and education, recorded by 12/17 (71%), 14/19 (74%) and 12/19 (63%) of the registries, respectively. In addition, 6/18 (33%) of the registries reported collecting other socio-economic data (Table  6 ). Information on mandatory/optional data entries was provided by most of the registries at least for some categories. Data counts for a significant number of variables was provided by six registries (MSBase, OFSEP, MS-Register der DMSG (Bundesverband e. V. ), the Italian MS Register, the Swedish Neuro Registries-MS and the UK MS Register). As this information was not provided by more registries, we have not incorporated this information in the results. The survey also included questions related to quality control strategies applied by the registries.
The BMSD project has managed to harmonise datasets from over 100. 000 MS patients and the results are currently being analysed. In addition to the growth of patient registries for scientific and clinical purposes, registries are receiving increased attention and support by MS Societies for their role in decision-making processes. Such long-term "real world evidence" data will also be of interest to pharmaceutical companies and regulatory bodies. However, any attempts at carrying out projects involving pooling large sets of data on MS patients or standardized analysis within the individual MS registries, will need to be carefully monitored and approved by both local and national authorities in order to ensure that data access and handling complies with national, international and ethical regulatory requirements.
Anna Glaser has received financial support from  EMSP  within a consultancy agreement. Alexander Stahmann works within an institution which has received funding by the  German MS Trust of the German MS-Society  and by the  German MS-Society. Peter Flachenecker  has received speaker's fees and honoraria for advisory boards from  Almirall ,  Bayer ,  Biogen ,  Genzyme ,  Novartis ,  Merck ,  Roche Sanofi and Teva. None resulted in a conflict of interest. Dana Horakova  was supported by the  Czech Ministry of Education  project  Progres   Q27/LF1. She also received compensation for travel, speaker honoraria and consultant fees from  Biogen Idec ,  Novartis ,  Merck ,  Bayer ,  Sanofi Genzyme ,  Roche , and  Teva , as well as support for research activities from  Biogen Idec. PZ?  Maura Pugliatti  has served in advisory boards of Bayer Schering,  Genzyme ,  Biogen ,  Merck Serono , and have received travel or speaker honoraria from  Almirall ,  Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec ,  Genzyme ,  Merck Serono ,  Novartis ,  Sanofi-Aventis and Teva Neurosciences.
9 nm spectral line intensity and the effective ionization/photon (S/XB) coefficients. The global carbon impurity transport with the background plasma condition reconstructed by the Onion Skin Model   is simulated using the OEDGE code, which can provide the local incident flux and energy of C ions with different charge states for the ERO simulations. With the assumption of additional C from the first wall region, the ERO simulations taking into account the material mixing model can well reproduce the measured W gross erosion rate profile in the radial direction, as shown in figure 9  [28]. A refined model for the ELM heat and particle flux to the divertor, the free-streaming plus recycling model (FSRM)  [29, 30] , has been tested against DIII-D databases of ELM ion fluence and W gross erosion measurements and found to be consistent across a wide range of pedestal and divertor conditions using a constant value of 0.
Low-torque inductive scenarios for ITER A key result from IBS experiments in DIII-D is that stable (although dense) plasmas with zero injected torque can achieve normalized plasma pressures capable of generating 500 MW of fusion power in ITER, as well as a fusion gain metric insensitive to plasma current between 2. 8 ⩽ q 95 ⩽ 3. 7  [58, 59]. Previous attempts at IBS with zero beam torque were impeded by a disruptive n = 1 tearing mode; analysis of a DIII-D database of previous stable and unstable IBS plasmas concluded that the n = 1 tearing mode stability is correlated with the depth of the 'well' in the current density just inside the bootstrap-driven peak in the edge current density  [60]. This result motivated new experiments to modify the current density profile at the beginning of the stationary pressure phase by slowing the current ramp rate, delaying the L-H transition time, and raising the density prior to the L-H transition.
Acknowledgments This material is based upon work supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences , using the  DIII-D National Fusion Facility , a  DOE Office of Science user facility , under Awards  DE-FC02-04ER54698. DIII-D data shown in this paper can be obtained in digital format by following the links at https://fusion. gat. com/global/D3D_DMP.