dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful for financial support from the  DFG , grant number ' BA 1902/2-2 ' and the  European Regional Development Fund of the European Commission  grant  W21004490  via  Land Sachsen-Anhalt  to SB. SB gratefully acknowledges DFG support for the acquisition of a Synapt G2-S mass spectrometer ( INST 271/283-1 FUGG ). We thank  Monika Grycko  for her help in the state transition experiments and  Jessica Fostvedt  for mutant characterization. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
26% over the 13 months between June 2017 and June 2018. Thus, it's obvious that in this case, the reflectors effect isn't much significant which is normal because the architecture studied here isn't optimized for a maximum efficiency. The main experimental objective was to evaluate the effect of nonuniform illumination added by the reflectors as published in a previous work  [4]  as well as to validate a Matlab/Simulink model we performed for electric power output prediction in case of non-uniform illumination  [11]. Therefore, in order to achieve the maximum POA irradiance from the overall system leading to an efficient power generation, an optimization process is required. It is interesting to observe in the figure that there are three kinds of points that correspond to the three cases presented in Section 2.
Lifetimes were evaluated with the DAS6 Fluorescence-Decay Analysis Software (Horiba JobinYvon, Bensheim, Germany). Typically, 100 scans were acquired at 2 cm -1 resolution. Micro-Raman scattering measurements were performed at room temperature in the backscattering geometry using a RENISHAW inVia Raman microscope (Renishaw plc, Gloucestershire, UK) equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and a Leica microscope. A 2400 lines/mm grating was used for all measurements, providing a spectral resolution of 2 cm -1 and an accuracy of ±5 cm -1. Measurements were taken with 15 s of exposure times at varying numbers of accumulations. The laser spot was focused on the sample surface using a long working distance 50 × objective (N. A. = 0. 35). Raman spectra were collected on numerous spots on the sample and recorded with Peltier cooled CCD camera (Renishaw plc, Gloucestershire, UK).
The recorded data were treated with (Renishaw Wire and Origin software (Renishaw plc, Gloucestershire, UK). Thermogravimetric analysis was performed using a TGA Q500 V20. 2 Build 27 instrument by TA in a nitrogen (purity > 99. 999%) inert atmosphere. The microwave-assisted reaction was performed in a CEM Discover SP reactor employed in open-batch modality. Spatial-resolved EELS measurements were performed on probe-corrected STEM FEI Titan Low-Base 60-300 operating at 80 keV (fitted with an X-FEG ® gun, Eindhoven, Netherlands) and Cs-probe corrector (CESCOR from CEOS GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). EEL spectra were recorded using the spectrum-imaging (SPIM in 2D or spectrum-line (SPLI) in 1D) mode  [18, 19]  in a Gatan GIF Tridiem ESR 865 spectrometer (Pleasanton, CA, USA). The convergent semi-angle was of 25 mrad, the collection semi-angle was 80 mrad and the energy resolution~1.
2 eV. All electron microscopy and spectroscopy experiments were conducted at low temperature (-170 • C) to avoid damaging of the pyrene entities. The EELS datasets were denoised with the open-source program Hyperspy by using principal component analysis  [19]. Exfoliation of MoS 2 and WS 2. Bulk TMDs (150-200 mg) were dispersed in chlorosulfonic acid and sonicated for 2 h at room temperature. The solution was left under stirring for a month, occasionally sonicated for 30 s. Afterwards cold water was added to the solution under stirring, drop by drop. This was done carefully since the reaction is exothermic and releases gaseous HCl. Next, the mixture was filtrated on a PTFE filter of 0. 2 µm pore-size and washed with excess methanol and acetone. The solid compound was added to N-methyl pyrrolidone and sonicated for 1 h (tip sonication at 30-35% of amplitude (100% of 200 W)).
Funding: This research was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 642742, under the "Graphene Flagship" project grant agreement No 785219 and under the ESTEEM-3 project grant agreement No 823717. This research was also partially funded by the project "Advanced Materials and Devices" (MIS 5002409), which is implemented under the "Action for the Strategic Development on the Research and Technological Sector" funded by the Operational Program "Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation" (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund). This work was supported by the COST Action CA15107 MultiComp. This research was also supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MAT2016-79776-P), from the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund under the project "Construyendo Europa desde Aragon" 2014-2020 (grant number E13_17R).
Taken together, these results indicate that HetL and PatS-5 interact with HetR at the same interface, which implies that HetL and PatS must compete for the interaction with HetR. To check this assumption, the interaction between HetR and HetL was analyzed by BLi in the presence of increasing amounts of PatS-5. The data obtained clearly indicated that the association between HetR and HetL is impaired from the addition of PatS-5 in a dose-manner response, with a total inhibition effect obtained at a concentration of 5 µM (Figure  2C ). Similar results were obtained with PatS-6 (supplementary figure  2A ). The effect of PatS on HetR-HetL interaction was further analyzed by two hybrid assays. For this, a synthetic operon constituted of T18-hetL and patS-6 was constructed and used to question the interaction with HetR.
A final melting curve from 65°C to 95°C was added to determine the specificity of the amplification. To determine the amplification kinetics of each product, the fluorescence derived from the incorporation of BRYT Green ® Dye into the double-stranded PCR products was measured at the end of each cycle using the GoTaq ® qPCR Master Mix 2X Kit (Promega). The results were analysed using Bio-Rad CFX Maestro software, version 1. 1 (Bio-Rad, France). The RNA 16S gene was used as a reference for normalization. All measurements were carried out in triplicate and a biological duplicate was performed for each point. The amplification efficiencies of each primer pairs were 80 to 100%. All of the primer pairs used for qPCR are reported in injection of 0. 4 µL followed by 18 injections of 2 µL. The protein ligands were in the cell and the peptide analytes were in the syringe.
Bio-Layer interferometry assays: The BLi machine (BLItz) from FortéBio was used to perform biolayer interferometry to determine the interaction between HetR and HetL. 2. 2 µM of biotinylated HetR was loaded onto streptavidin biosensors in PBS. A 30 second baseline in PBS was performed before a 120 second association step with various concentrations of HetL at 2. 5, 5, 10 and 20 µM followed by a 120 second dissociation step. To determine if the PatS-5 and PatS-6 peptides compete with HetL for HetR binding, 10 µM of HetL was incubated 5 mins with different concentrations of PatS at 0. 05, 0. 1, 0. 5 and 2. 5 µM before adding HetL to the bound HetR. All binding was performed in triplicate, the dissocation constant was obtained using the BLItz Pro Data Analysis software using a global 1:1 fit model.
Molecular docking simulation: The available atomic coordinates of the hood domain of Nostoc HetR (PDB ID: 4YNL) and HetL (PDB ID: 3DU1) were used as templates for molecular docking simulations. Molecular docking study of the HetR with HetL was performed using HADDOCK2. 2 webserver (http://milou. science. uu. nl/services/HADDOCK2. 2/) (van Zundert et al. , 2016). The goal was to identify critical residues involved in HetR-HetL complex formation. To define Haddock run restraints, the surface exposed residues of both HetR and HetL were considered as active residues directly involved in the interaction. For both structures, the surface exposed residues were selected manually using PyMol (Supplementary Table  2 ). Two independent docking simulations were performed. For each run, ten clusters were generated, and classified based on their HADDOCK score.
Relevant quantitative Raman parameters were obtained from the deconvolution of Raman spectra by conventional fitting procedures, after using a linear baseline and Voigt functions (a combination of Gaussian and Lorentzian functions, the proportion of which is adjusted to each spectrum) using Horiba Labspec 6 software. Output parameters include the position, intensity, full-width at half maximum (FWHM) and integrated area of all the bands (D, D′, D3, D4, and G) as proposed by Sadezky et al. [13]. Scanning Electron microscopy (Zeiss, Marly le Roi, France) was recorded using a Zeiss 1525 Microscope provided with a Gemini field effect gun column. For selectivity measurements, a JASCO-570 UV-Visible spectrophotometer (JASCO, Lisses, France) was used. Finally, XPS analysis was performed with a Thermo NEXSA spectrometer (Thermo Electron, Waltham, MA, USA) to obtain the particle surface composition and the feature of the N1s core level.
Chemical yield for as formed materials ranged from 28. 0% to 10. 9%. The as-formed materials were washed with acetone using a soxhlet extractor in order to get rid of molecular impurities formed during the synthesis. Then, a second chemical yield after acetone washing was calculated. It is seen that the chemical yields drop when the R parameter increases. This trend is similar to those obtained when pyridine was employed as liquid precursor in previous studies  [10]. For a given R, a comparison of the data related to SSCat on one hand and DSCat on another hand (Table  1 ) shows that the chemical yields are higher for SSCat than for DSCat, although the difference is lower after chemical washing. This suggests that DSCat contain fewer molecular side products than SSCat. 1  also contains the production rate for as-formed material and the production rate corrected by the weight loss occurring during the acetone washing.
The data reported are an average of the measures recorded and 10, 20, and 30 min. Each of the three measurements for a given sample quite close from each other as reported in Appendix B. For SSCats, a strong effect of the R parameter on the selectivity measured at 0. 6 mV/SHE is observed. Indeed, the fraction of hydrogen peroxide produced during the ORR decreases by 43% from SSCat-0. 22 to SScat-0. 48. The data for DSCats as a function of R show that the second laser pyrolysis has a marked effect for each R value. From SSCat to DSCat, drops for oxygen peroxide production are 22. 4%, 38. 3%, and 17. 2% for 0. 22, 0. 40, and 0. 48, respectively. Globally, these results show that at 600 mV/SHE, the catalysts reduce O2 in majority through the four electrons pathway and that DS-Cat_0. 40 and 0.
The data for DScat-0. 22 (figure A2 a-d) show a similar situation as for DSCat-0. 48 except that between 1. 0 V/SHE and the ORR onset potential, the current is not as stable but rapidly shows after 1. 0 V/SHE an averaged linear variation, with a low-level current (figure  A2 d ). In such a case, drawing the linear variation of the current allows the transition to exponential current variation to be easily detected and therefore the ORR onset potential to be easily determined. Finally, a third situation is illustrated by data recorded from SSCat-0. 22 (figure A3 a-d). In this case, starting from 1. 0 V/SHE, the current shows a progressive drop of about 20 µA (figure  A3 d ) and then increases by about the same value, to stabilize at 0. This behavior is generally found for poorly active catalysts and is not clearly understood.
The analyzes are made for a daily capacity of 5000 m 3 /day. The techniques studied in this work are: The same feeding technique is carried out ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: aroussy110@gmail. com (Y. Aroussy). aiming to transfer the thermal solar energy produced by the PTC concentrator for towards MED-PF (Multi effect distillation parallel feed configuration) and MED-PF-TVC (Multi effect distillation thermal vapor compression). The analyzes are carried out on the basis of a thermo-economic approach. The comparison is made to assess the most reliable technique to use for the use of solar desalination processes and to determine the impact of the TVC technique on technical and economic performance. The Solar Desalination Systems (SDS) software package  [5]  is used to design and simulate the processing units.
Specifications and design parameters The operating conditions considered for the two systems are assumed for Morocco (El Jadida) one of the Mediterranean countries (EL Jadida: Latitude [°] = 33,210, Longitude [°]=À8,500, Altitude [m] = 0). Fig. 3  presents the data which is extracted via the ''METENORM software" and the Table  1  show and summarize the design points of MED. Fraction of water and salt contents ZIC&OM Total investment and operating and maintenance cost,$/ h.
This education involves instilling knowledge, skills and motivation to make informed decisions and taking responsible actions to ensure environmental quality,  (National Environmental Education Advisory Council, 1996). Keeping the unprecedented increase in US domestic oil production, the withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, natural resource abundance and the globally low oil prices, we analyse the implications of natural resource abundance (increases in, oil, mineral, coal, forest and natural gas rents), oil prices and education on demand of energy and CO2 emissions from 1976 to 2016 for the US economy. Concomitantly, a bounds-testing approach to cointegration which accounts for the structural breaks is applied to the underlying dataset. The aim is to draw inferences on how the two response variables i.
Data The time series spans over 56 years of data from 1976-2016. Data series for real GDP (constant 2005 US$), energy consumption (kt of oil equivalent) and CO2 emissions (metric tons) were collected from the World Development Indicators (CD-ROM, 2017). The data on education is borrowed from  Frank (2017). The data are available at the following link http://www. shsu. edu/eco_mwf/inequality. html , until 2015 and then are extrapolated for the last year. Education is defined as high school and college attainment as a proportion of the state population. The data on oil prices are collected from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. We used the natural resources which included the composite of oil, coal, mineral, forest and natural gas in the form of natural resources composite. Hence, it is a more inclusive proxy to measure the overall increase in natural resources.
The ionization source was electrospray (ESI), and it was operated in the negative mode. The source voltage was kept at -4. 5 kV, and N 2 was used as the curtain gas. The multiple ion monitoring (MRM) of each compound was predetermined by MS/MS analysis to define the two transitions for quantification (T 1 ) and specification (T 2 ) (Table  S1 ). The analysis was conducted by monitoring the precursor ion to the product ion (T 1 ). Peak detection, integration and quantitative analysis were performed by MultiQuant 3. 0 software (Sciex Applied Biosystems). The quantification of the isoprostanoids was based on calibration curves obtained from the analyte to the IS area under the curve ratio. Linear regression of six concentrations of standards mixture  (16, 32, 64, 128 , 256 and 512 pg/µL) of each standard were calculated.
Statistical Analysis All statistical analyses were performed with R  [30] , all graphics were created with different functions of the tidyverse package  [31]  and all the tables with kableExtra package  [32]. Analyte concentrations were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc (Tukey) test for multiple comparison using rstatix package  [33]. For all analyses, the significance threshold was 0. 05 for the p-value resulting from the statistical test used.
Funding: This work received financial support from the  EMBRC France (European Marine Biological Resource Centre)  through a call of projects 2015. This project was also partly funded by  IDEALG (France :  ANR-10-BTBR-04 ) and by the  European Joint Programming Initiative "A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life"  ( JPI HDHL-ANR-15-HDHL-0003 ).
This review focuses on organotin compounds bearing hemicarbonate and carbonate ligands, and whose molecular structures have been previously resolved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Most of them were isolated within the framework of studies devoted to the reactivity of tin precursors with carbon dioxide at atmospheric or elevated pressure. Alternatively, and essentially for the preparation of some carbonato derivatives, inorganic carbonate salts such as K 2 CO 3, Cs 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 were also used as coreagents. In terms of the number of X-ray structures, carbonate compounds are the most widely represented (to date, there are 23 depositions in the Cambridge Structural Database), while hemicarbonate derivatives are rarer; only three have so far been characterized in the solid-state, and exclusively for diorganotin complexes.
Currently, a great level of attention is being paid to the design of porous coordination polymers (PCPs) or metal-organic frameworks (MOF), owing to their absorption properties  [10] , but also transforming CO 2  [11]. Thus, the chemical utilization of carbon dioxide has become a crucial issue, in particular in view of the environmental challenges that humanity has to face, i. e. , (i) the depletion of fossil carbon resources, and (ii) the continuous increase in CO 2 emissions and its consequences on the climate. From a coordination chemistry point of view, the reactivity of main group metal elements (groups 13-15) with carbon dioxide has been, up to now, relatively underreviewed in the literature. Within the framework of our previous studies in this field, and using the support of the online portal of the Cambridge Structural Database (WebCSD)  [12] , we herein focus specifically on an inventory of X-ray crystallographic structures of tin compounds resulting from reactivity with carbon dioxide.
From a coordination chemistry point of view, the reactivity of main group metal elements (groups  [13] [14] [15]  with carbon dioxide has been, up to now, relatively underreviewed in the literature. Within the framework of our previous studies in this field, and using the support of the online portal of the Cambridge Structural Database (WebCSD)  [12] , we herein focus specifically on an inventory of X-ray crystallographic structures of tin compounds resulting from reactivity with carbon dioxide. To the best of our knowledge, tin complexes directly bearing a CO2-coordinated molecule have never been isolated in the solid state. However, CO2-adducts of tin complexes exist in the form of hemicarbonate, carbonate, carbamate, formate and phosphinoformate derivatives, and are generally obtained from insertion reactions by reacting carbon dioxide (under atmospheric pressure or requiring high pressure) with precursors having Sn-X bonds (X = O, N, H, P).
Methane Recovery Test and Calibration of the Whole System This was conducted to determine the CH4 recovery rate of the system in order to comply with adequate international standards of chamber operation as suggested by  [13]. The gravimetrical method described by Arceo-Castillo et al. [14]  was used to conduct the recovery test. Pure CH4 gas (calibration gas PRAXAIR, Mexico UN-1971, key ME2. 0-D34), was released in different assays. All calculations of methane recovery rates were carried out in the ExpeData software (v. 1. 9. 11; Sable Systems International, Las Vegas, NV, USA). The data from the methane analyzer were recorded and transferred to the computer in real time. In the first five assays, small amounts of methane were released because of the high cost of the CH4 standard. In these assays, the gas was blended into the chamber at an average rate of 0.
Methane Recovery Test and Calibration of the Whole System This was conducted to determine the CH 4 recovery rate of the system in order to comply with adequate international standards of chamber operation as suggested by  [13]. The gravimetrical method described by Arceo-Castillo et al. [14]  was used to conduct the recovery test. Pure CH 4 gas (calibration gas PRAXAIR, Mexico UN-1971, key ME2. 0-D34), was released in different assays. All calculations of methane recovery rates were carried out in the ExpeData software (v. 1. 9. 11; Sable Systems International, Las Vegas, NV, USA). The data from the methane analyzer were recorded and transferred to the computer in real time. In the first five assays, small amounts of methane were released because of the high cost of the CH 4 standard. In these assays, the gas was blended into the chamber at an average rate of 0.
Measurement of Methane Production and Feed Digestibility Each animal remained in an individual pen for 5 days; the digestibility was measured on Days 4 and 5, whereas CH 4 production was measured on Day 5 of this period. The animals were weighed at the start of the assay. Methane production: The CH 4 emissions were measured for 24 h in each assay. The cows were removed from the chamber for milking at 06:00 and 15:00, and each milking lasted 1. 5 h, after which they returned to the chamber to complete 24 h of measurement. The heifers remained in the chamber for 24 h continuously. Every assay started at 10:00, the diet was supplied, the mass flow generator was set at 480 L/min, and the acquisition data system was set to record CH 4 concentration every second and then the animal entered the chamber.
Our CH 4 yield for cows is also very close to the 19. 2 g kg -1 of DMI reported by Appuhamy et al. [21]  for dairy cows in North America, or the 19. 1 g of CH 4 kg -1 of DMI reported by Hristov et al. [3]. A more recent study conducted by Niu et al. [22] , using 2566 individual records of emissions in order to develop intercontinental and regional-specific prediction equations for CH 4 production, reported an average methane yield of 20. 1 ± 3. 87 g of CH 4 kg -1 DMI. Similarly, van Lingen et al. [23]  conducted a meta-analysis in order to develop prediction equations of enteric methane production using a transcontinental database with 1021 individual records of beef cattle emissions and reported an average methane yield of 20 ± 5. 05 g of CH 4 kg -1 DMI. So, the average methane yield obtained in the present study for cows is similar to those reported by all previous studies.
Based on this published evidence and the recovery tests conducted in the present study, it is possible to say that the results of our respirometry system are correct and in line with most recent studies. The Ym factor obtained in our respiration chamber for dairy cows compares well with the Ym= 5. 7% reported by Appuhamy et al. [21]  for dairy cows in North America; it also agrees well with the Ym= 6. 5% ± 1. 0% suggested by  [5]  for cattle enteric CH 4 inventory calculations, and with the average Ym of 6. 0 presented by Niu et al. [22]  and van Lingen et al. [23]  in their transcontinental database for dairy and beef cattle, respectively. The mean CH 4 yield intensity of 21. 1 g of CH 4 kg -1 milk observed in the present work is higher than the 13. 5 g of CH 4 kg -1 reported by Niu et al.