dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Monitoring devices PM concentrations were measured using two AirBeam2 (HabitatMap), which entail an optical sensor (Plantower PMS7003). AirBeam2 are inexpensive ($249) and measure concentrations of PM1, PM2. 5, PM10, temperature and relative humidity (RH). They are connected to a smartphone via Bluetooth and provide real time values to users. With the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) sector  (Das, Ghosh, Chatterjee, & De, 2022; Y. Yang et al. , 2022) , cheaper PM sensors are currently available on the market. However, they often have to be assembled with other components like microcontrollers or GPS modules, and an IoT platform has to be set-up for data visualisation. Designing a monitoring station, assembling components and developing a data visualisation tool are different steps which can be time-consuming.
This was motivated by the observation that mob2 was delivering concentrations a bit higher than mob1. By using the nls() function from RStudio 2022. 07. 1 (R Core Team, 2022) on 75% of the dataset, we applied the mechanistic equation (Equation  1 ) involving relative humidity and temperature for calibration: PM 2. 5 gp = a + b PM 2. 5 mob (1+d RH mob 100-RH mob ) 1 3 + c T mob (1) where PM2. 5 gp = PM2. 5 concentrations in µg/m 3 given by the "gold pod", PM2. 5 mob = PM2. 5 concentrations (µg/m 3 ) measured with the AirBeam2, RHmob = relative humidity in % determined by the AirBeam2, Tmob = temperature in °C given by the AirBeam2. For mob1, we found a = 0. 49, b = 0. 91, c = 0. 07 and d = 0. 43. For mob2, we had a = -0. 1, b = 0. 86, c = 0. 08 and d = 0. 31. We then tested these two calibration formulas on the remaining 25% dataset, and we found the following performance indicators.
Data cleaning In this paper, we decided to focus only on PM2. 5 analysis and on commuting times. We left PM10, PM1, and results related to waiting times for further work. Data were extracted via AirCasting application and analysed with RStudio. We retrieved 214 comparison trips where the two experimenters were travelling along the same routes (428 trips in total, considering both experimenters). PM sensors can be vulnerable to inaccuracies resulting from drift, temperature, humidity and other factors  (Motlagh et al. , 2021). As both AirBeam2 were quite new, drift was not an issue, but we blew compressed air through the intake of the gold pod used for calibration as recommended by  Bathory, Dobo, Garami, Palotas, and Toth (2021). As explained above, both AirBeam2 devices were calibrated using formulas accounting for RH and temperature.
We also checked the presence of dust with CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) satellite data (retrieved 0. 1° x 0. 1° resolution dust values from ENSEMBLE dataset (METEO FRANCE, 2020) ('analysis' type)). Fortunately, no dust event happened during the experiment period. We removed outliers in the dataset because we had peak events on trips, even inside public transports, mainly because of smokers or idling cars. In public transports, those peaks were often caused by door openings. All outliers with more than 1. 5 times the interquartile range above the third quartile (Q3) or less than 1. 5 times the interquartile range below the first quartile (Q1) were removed. Hourly background reference PM2. 5 concentrations from Atmo AuRA were collected through their Application Programming Interface (https://api.
Descriptive statistics Collected PM2. 5 data are summarized in Table  1. More measurements were performed on walking mode because, in order to replicate the experiment and use public transportation again, we had to walk back to the starting point. This was especially true on routes where public transport was only running in one direction. The number of measurements made on foot were also higher because walking the road segment took longer than cycling, taking the bus or tramway. Table  1. Descriptive statistics on PM2. 5 concentrations and number of measurements (count) performed in different commuting modes. More outliers were identified for walking (5. 3%) than for cycling (4. 6%), tramway (4. 1%) or bus (3. 1%). Walkers are generally more exposed to PM coming from smokers, restaurants or bakeries.
In addition, they are close to idling cars. When leaving outliers in the dataset, cyclists were more exposed (median: 8. 2 µg/m 3 ) than walkers (median: 8 µg/m 3 ), followed by buses (median: 7. 4 µg/m 3 ) and tramway (median: 7. 2 µg/m 3 ). Compared with cyclists, pedestrians were 2. 2% less exposed, bus users 9. 4% less and tramway commuters 12. 8% less. When removing outliers, the exposure ranking proved to be the same. Cyclists were more exposed (median value of 8. 1 µg/m 3 ) than walkers (median: 7. 9 µg/m 3 ), followed by bus users (median: 7. 4 µg/m 3 ) and tramway (median: 7. 1 µg/m 3 ). Compared to cyclists, walkers were 2. 4% less exposed, bus commuters 8. 6% less and tramway users 12. 2% less. Qiu and Cao (2020)  also found that walkers were more exposed than bus commuters. Peng et al.
(2021)  and  Wang et al. (2021)  found the same exposure ranking (bike>walk>bus). They used a PMS3003 device, similar to PMS7003. According to  Shen and Gao (2019) , cyclists and pedestrians can be directly exposed to other local particle emissions along the road, which probably results in elevated PM concentrations in specific areas and times. In a study taking place in Nantes (France),  Muresan and François (2018)  stated that public transport users would accumulate 4-11 times less PM in their lungs than nearby pedestrians walking the same route. We decided to pursue all further analyses after having removed outliers in our dataset.
Environmental parameters like wind might play a role in Grenoble. It would be interesting to reproduce this work during another season when wind speed is lower. In the future, we will perform an inhalation dose calculation on the same dataset in order to consider breathing rate differences among commuting modes. In Grenoble, about 15% of the working population cycles to work (Agence de la Transition Écologique, 2015), which makes the problem of PM exposure more acute. However, we must emphasize that cycling helps prevent many chronic diseases and brings environmental benefits.
For such models, we argue that there is a massive potential to discover the mesoscopic equations for a variety of both toy models of collective motion as well as models of collective motion that account for detailed behaviours of the organisms. Indeed, for real-world systems, the data-derived stochastic dynamical equation is a powerful approach that may uncover the role of deterministic and stochastic forces in shaping the collective dynamics. Our approach is general enough to be applied to both real datasets and complicated models of collective motion, although care should be taken in choosing appropriate order parameter and the functional forms for the mesoscopic equations, and eventually, in interpreting the results. While we focused on stochastic dynamics of group polarisation with no external perturbations, it would be interesting to apply the equation-discovery approaches to study responses of groups to perturbations  [10, 38] , for example, mimicking predatory attack or other biologically relevant scenarios.
Acknowledgements VG and GT acknowledge the support of the  Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research  (project  N°64T4-B ), VG from the  Science and Engineering Research Board , AN from the  Ministry of Education  for PhD scholarship, VJ from  Prime Minister's Research Fellowship program , and DRM from  Department of Science and Technology (DST) INSPIRE-Faculty  award. GT also gratefully acknowledges the  Indian Institute of Science  for support via Infosys Visiting Chair Professor at the  Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bengaluru.
With regard to environmental impact, to the authors' knowledge, there are no life cycle assessments (LCAs) for thaumatin, nor for any sweetness enhancers. Therefore, this LCA of thaumatin is the first of that class of ingredient. Indeed, within the wider area of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs), the authors are only aware of six studies, and these only relate to NNSs, not sweetness enhancers; five for steviol glycosides  (PureCircle, 2015; Cargill, 2021; Gantelas et al. , 2022; Milovanoff and Kicak, 2022; Suckling et al. , 2023)  and one for aspartame in the World Food LCA database  (Nemecek et al. , 2019). The results of these studies shows that each of the NNSs can replace the sweet taste of sugar with a reduced environmental impact. With regard to thaumatin, there are economic studies  (Arowosoge and Popoola, 2006; Oluwatayo and Ojo, 2014) , and those relating to growth under certain conditions  (Khairlani et al.
The research is part of the large EU project SWEET (Sweeteners and sweetness enhancers: Impact on health, obesity, safety and sustainability, www. sweetproject. eu). This paper is organized as follows. An overview of the production process of thaumatin and the LCA methodology used is provided in Section 2. Detailed information and specific inventory data relating to the LCA are presented in Section 3. Results of the main LCA, and scenario analysis, are presented in Section 4. Sensitivity analysis of results to uncertainty in inventory data is presented in Section 5. Discussion, including comparison to sugar on a sweetness equivalence basis, is provided in Section 6. Finally, concluding remarks are made in Section 7.
System boundaries The LCA boundary is shown in Fig. 1  and includes phases: plant growth and fruit forage from the forest; cutting and freezing of the aril; transport to airports within West Africa; transport into Europe (Belgium); transport to the UK; cold storage in the UK; and extraction and purification of thaumatin from aril in the UK. Also shown Fig. 1  is the geographical locations of key points of the supply chain. All upstream inputs, such as electricity, and other energy inputs, and machinery production are included. Outputs, such as by-products and wastes are also included. The assessment was conducted using SimaPro 9. 3 software with the ecoinvent 3. 8 and Agri-footprint 6. 1 databases. The characterization method used was ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (Hierarchist)  (Huijbregts et al. , 2016).
Results for all impact categories of the ReCiPe 2016 method are reported, with focus on global warming potential, water consumption, land use and freshwater eutrophication due to their relevance in production of such a plant-based ingredient. Primary data were collected through interview with a producer of thaumatin, one of two, and the largest by market share (interview data, thaumatin market data not otherwise available). The producer has oversight of the entire supply chain and primary data for all locations. Health restrictions due to COVID-19 prevented visits to many of the sites, aside from the extraction facility in the UK, which is also the main location of the thaumatin producer. Thus, any further familiarization of inaccessible locations and processes were conducted via literature survey and internet.
Sweetness equivalence Results presented so far are for production of 1 kg thaumatin. However, thaumatin's main use as a sweetness enhancer means it is used in quantities of 0. 5 ppm to replace 200 g of every 1 kg sugar, in effect replacing 500,000-times the mass of sugar. The thaumatin enhances the sweetness of the remaining sugar, to taste as though the full mass were present. Fig. 6  shows the effect of using 0. 4 mg thaumatin mixed with 800 g sugar compared with impact data for 1 kg sugar from ecoinvent 3. 8 (black bars) and Agri-footprint 6. 1 (red) databases. Sugar data are based on a global mix of 80% sugar from cane and 20% sugar from beets  (ISO, 2020; OECD/FAO, 2021). Standard deviation from the thaumatin sensitivity data is shown by the error bars. Supporting data are given in Supplementary Information, Tables  S5  and S6.
Limitations and Further research This study explores the environmental impact of producing purified thaumatin from T. daniellii fruit foraged in West Africa. The main limitations to the study relate to the lack of detailed information regarding foraging of Td fruit, cutting and freezing of arils in West Africa and waste disposal. Travel restrictions due to COVID-19 prevented access to the locales. Instead, primary data for the LCA were gathered from a case study thaumatin producer, but, variation in production processes across the region is acknowledged. A study conducted in the local regions and focused on the production of Td fruit (as opposed to the other parts of the plant) would improve accuracy of the LCA data and the richness of the study. The LCA was cradle-to-gate and does not include the use of thaumatin in food and beverage formulations, which was out of scope for this study but is necessary to better understand environmental impacts across the whole life cycle and, in particular, those relating to consumer health.
e. , thinning. Disturbances are modeled through their regimes of impacts, i. e. , the frequency and intensity of non-selective mortality events with a dynamic control by stand-level and tree-level characteristics. Luberon2 simulates within-generation dynamics and inter-generational evolution of monospecific even-aged stands, or irregular stands with even-aged substructure. The variable traits with quantitative genetic inheritance are parameters of forest dynamics processes that ultimately drive individual tree survival and reproduction: vigor is the variable trait in the following simulations. Diverse thinning strategies can be simulated to regulate stand dynamics. The model is developed on the Capsis modeling software platform  (Dufour-Kowalski et al. , 2012). Here, we provide a synthetic presentation of the model version calibrated for Atlas cedar, Cedrus atlantica, a Mediterranean mountain conifer species (the model gets its name from the emblematic cedar forest of Luberon, Southeast of France), but other species can be considered.
Data collection We conducted semistructured interviews with stakeholders using the snowballing method  (Corbin and Strauss 2012). The first contact was with a representative of a nongovernmental organization that provides advice on agroforestry systems; he recommended speaking with a retired researcher who specialized in the cultural and political Fig. 3  Copalita-Huatulco Watersheds (CHW). Source: Own elaboration changes in the coffee sector in the state of Oaxaca. She helped us to identify the first key actors who could provide historical information about the CHW. The face-to-face visits to conduct interviews began in July 2019 and were repeated in October, November, and December 2019. The last interviews were carried out by phone in March 2020 due to the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.
These data were classified using the categories: driving forces; components of the AFSES; and processes, situations and actors. A shock was defined by a short-term acute event with a rapid onset and a typically short duration, while stressors were usually chronic with a slow onset and a typically protracted duration  (Sagara 2018 ). The effects were assessed using the concepts of breadth and intensity. Breadth is related to the spatial presence of the impacts on the watershed, and intensity is the temporality of the effects quantifying their time frame. Through the temporal and spatial scale categories, we identified the data that allowed us to establish breadth and intensity for each stressor and shock; the results obtained were used to attain a matrix that quantified those concepts. In this matrix, the values of breadth were established through a binary measure of presence-absence (1-0); if a shock or stressor affected any component of the AFSES in any of the three parts of the watershed, we assigned a value of 1.
Acknowledgments We acknowledge the  National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT)  and the  French National Agency for Research (ANR-France)  for funding project  290832 ANR-CON-ACYT  '' Trajectories of Social-Ecological Systems in Latin American Watersheds: Facing Complexity and Vulnerability in the context of Climate Change (''TRASSE' ')''. In addition, The  National Autonomous University of Mexico  awarded grants through the  PAPIIT-IN302720  project and  PASPA-DGAPA. Finally, special recognition to  Jimena Deschamps Lomeli  for her support in preparing the map of the area of study and  Antonio Ortega Santos  for his thoughtful comments during the preparation of this manuscript.
a b s t r a c t The Pyrenees is a mountain range in south-western Europe that supports a rich diversity of bird species. In 1981, point count surveys of breeding birds (passerines and picidae) were carried out in the Vanera valley, a valley in the eastern Pyrenees, resulting in a data set of 228 counts. These data provide valuable information on the distribution and abundance of bird populations on 5350 ha of heterogeneous land (including cropland, grasslands, heaths and river banks, and pine forest) at altitudes ranging from 1100 to 2600 meters. Additional point count surveys were carried out in the pine forest from 1982 to 1985, resulting in a data set of 144 counts. Habitat descriptors (percentage of herbaceous and ligneous plant cover at different heights -0-1m, 1-4m and more than 8m; vegetation type) and altitude were assessed around each point count.
This dataset provides a complete picture of the breeding bird community in a typical valley of eastern Pyrenees in the early 1980s, which could be compared with future censuses to contribute to a variety of research questions, such as quantifying changes in birds between the early 1980s and now in mountain areas, understanding the effects of climate change on bird populations, examining the effects of habitat frag-mentation and land-use change, and identifying priority areas for conservation and management. These data could inspire new research and contribute to our collective understanding of bird ecology in the Pyrenees. ©.
Data Description The data presented here consist of records of breeding birds from fields, grasslands, heaths and forests at altitudes between 110 0 and 260 0 m in the Vanera valley, a typical valley in the eastern Pyrenees ( Fig. 1  ). A total of 60 species and 5305 individuals were recorded ( Table  1  ). In 1981, 228 bird counts were carried out on 5350 ha of heterogeneous land ( Fig. 2  ). In 1982 In , 1983 In , 1984 In and 1985, 75, 22, 75, 22 , 26 and 21 bird counts respectively were made only in the pine forest (30% of the study area). The percentage of herbaceous and ligneous plant cover at different heights (0-1 m, 1-4 m and more than 8 m) was assessed within a 50 m radius of the bird count site. In addition, altitude was recorded and nine vegetation types were defined: cropland, hill heath and river banks, montane heath, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.
Data identification number: doi:10. 57745/YUESL8 Direct URL to data: https://entrepot. recherche. data. gouv. fr/dataset. xhtml?persistentId=doi: 10. 57745/YUESL8 Related research article M. Génard, F. Lescourret, Combining Niche and Dispersal in a Simple Model (NDM) of Species Distribution, PLoS ONE. 8 (2013) e79948. https://doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pone. 0079948.
Permafrost Degradation and Slope Morphodynamics Permafrost-i. e. , ground with a temperature below 0 • C during at least two consecutive years that likely contains ice-and its warming  [44, 45]  increase slope failures in steep rock walls  [46]  as already observed over recent decades in the European Alps  [1, 3, 14]. Due to the steep slopes and the possibility of cascading processes, the consequences of slope instability can be far-reaching with devastating consequences, as illustrated recently at Piz Cengalo (see above). On 11 June 2023, a rock detachment of 1 M m 3 affected the South Peak of the Fluchthorn (Silvretta massif, Austria), rising from 3399 to 3380 m a. s. l. (data Land Tyrol). It rapidly turned into a rock avalanche, which swept down and planed the remains of the small Fluchthornferner glacier.
[42]  was remobilised in order to (1) generate a photogrammetric point cloud using aerial images from 2012, (2) clean the point cloud acquired by terrestrial LiDAR in 2019, (3) align the two pointclouds using the geometry of the cloud acquired by LiDAR, then (4) compare the two clouds, and (5) mesh the collapsed volume (Figure  4 ). Meshing, mapping, and computing rockfall volumes between 2012 and 2019 were carried out with 3DReshaper software (2016 MR1 version). The workflow described by Smith et al. [97]  and applied by Guerin et al. [25]  was used to generate point clouds of the rockwall using orthophotos of 2012. All the points were used for each meshing, and these were generated by a chordal deviation process with a maximum length of triangle edge of 3. 5 m so as to fill the existing holes in the point clouds: the post-event cloud contains topographical masks, as it was acquired from a single position  [88].
Design of the Hazard Monitoring Hazard monitoring and assessment are seasonally and daily performed. Since June 2020, a seasonal assessment has been conducted to measure the evolution of the volume of the tongue coming from the Bossons glacier. A specific survey is carried out using aerial photogrammetry by helicopter, followed by an ice avalanche simulation using RaMMS (Rapid Mass Movement Simulation) software with different volume scenarios  [101]. The compilation of the 3D models allows a quantitative assessment of the changes in volume and geometry of the ice tongue. Daily monitoring of the deformation and speed of all the glacier tongues and rock spurs with a high-definition time-lapse camera has been carried out since June 2019. The camera is installed in the avalanche defence system from May to November.
a b s t r a c t We present two datasets composed of high frequency sensors data, vertical in situ profiles and laboratory chemical analysis data, acquired during two different aquatic mesocosm experiments performed at the OLA ("Long-term observation and experimentation for lake ecosystems") facility at the UMR CARRTEL in Thonon les Bains, on the French shore of Lake Geneva. The DOMLAC experiment lasted 3 weeks (4-21 October 2021) and aimed to simulate predicted climate scenarios (i. e. extreme events such as storms and floods) by reproducing changes in quality and composition of lake subsidies and runoff by increased inputs of terrestrial organic matter. The PARLAC experiment lasted 3 weeks (5-23 September 2022) and aimed to simulate turbid storms by light reduction. The experimental setup consisted of nine inland polyester laminated tanks (2.
1 m length, 2. 1 m width and 1. 1 m depth) with a total volume of approximately 40 0 0 L and filled with water directly supplied from the lake at 4m depth. Both experimental design included three treatments each replicated three times. The DOMLAC experiment involved a control treatment (no treatment applied) and two treatments simulating allochthonous inputs from two different dissolved organic matter (DOM) extract from peat moss Sphagnum sp. (Peat-Moss treatment) and Phragmites australis (Phragmite treatment). The PARLAC experiment involved a control treatment (no treatment applied) and two treatments simulating two different intensity of light reduction. In the Medium treatment transmitted light was reduced to 70% and in the High treatment transmitted light was reduced to 15%. The datasets are composed of: 1.