dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The ASTRO-LAB persistent asthma definition was based on a minimal prescription duration level of antiasthmatic drugs because this method is considered less biased than the practitioner's classification of asthma, and it is frequently used in database studies  [28]. The ASTRO-LAB project's age limit was chosen to minimize the recruitment of patients with other comorbid conditions frequent at older ages, most importantly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, often overlapped and difficult to exclude without specific tests. The exclusion criteria were as follows: chronic oral corticosteroid use (≥15 consecutive days 3 months before inclusion), history of omalizumab therapy, and any other concomitant chronic respiratory disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiectasis, or tuberculosis).
Clinical Data Information on age, gender, body mass index, comorbidity, and treatment prescribed was obtained; in France, general practitioners completed a Web-based survey at patient inclusion, while in the United Kingdom, this information was directly extracted from medical records. The history of 4 associated pathologies (allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, anxiety or depression, and gastroesophageal reflux), was registered and transformed into a count variable. The total number of short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) canisters prescribed in the 12 months prior to inclusion was transformed into a variable of 3 categories-0, 1-4, and ≥5 canisters.
Telephone Interviews The telephonic interviews were computer-assisted to standardize the process. Trained interviewers administered questions to patients about their asthma control and treatment use, among others. Asthma control is defined as the extent to which the manifestations of asthma can be observed in a patient, or have been reduced or removed by treatment  [32, 33] ; it reflects the suitability of the asthma treatment. The Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) is composed of 7 items-the top scoring 5 symptoms, FEV 1 % predicted, and daily rescue bronchodilator use. A shorter version called ACQ-symptoms only  [34]  was developed to use when it is not feasible to collect data about the last 2 items, as in ASTRO-LAB. It assesses the frequency of the 5 asthma symptoms during the previous week on a 7-point Likert scale (0=no impairment, 6=maximum impairment).
Study Sample Of 581 subjects with asthma aged 18-40 years composing the ASTRO-LAB cohort, 312 filled in the baseline Web-based survey (Web-based participation rate, 53. 7%), but 22 of these did not complete the EQ-5D-5L (questionnaire nonresponse rate, 7. 0%). Of 290 who fulfilled the EQ-5D-5L, 11 were excluded because they had missing data on all the variables selected to define known groups; hence, 279 patients were finally included in this analysis. Table  1  shows patients' baseline characteristics, comparing the included subjects with excluded ones (mainly because of not responding to the Web-based survey). Most of the included subjects were from France and had been treated with fixed-dose combinations of LABA and IC. More than half of them had completed a bachelor degree (66. 9%, 184/275), and 72.
Acknowledgments Financial support for this study was provided by the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme   FP7  ( ASTROLAB  project  EC HEALTH-F5-2011-282593 ),  Instituto de Salud Carlos III FEDER  ( PI12/00772 ),  Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, ISCIII  ( PI15/00449 ),  Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, ISCIII  ( PI16/00130 ),  Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, ISCIII  ( FI16/00071 ),  ISCIII  ( Río Hortega ,  CM15/00167 ), and  DIUE of Generalitat de Catalunya  ( 2017 SGR 452 ,  2014 SGR 748 ). The funding agreement ensures the authors' independence in designing the study, interpreting the data, and writing and publishing the report. The authors would like to acknowledge  Aurea Martin  for her help in the English editing and proofreading process, and in finalizing this manuscript.
METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION The study relies on a sample of 9 OSPD projects that are analysed from semi-structured interviews of their core members. This section presents the data and the analysis method we used. We have selected core team members for these interviews in order to have a broad and comprehensive view on each project. We have interviewed one person per project and sometimes had to recontact them several times to complete the information as the principle of the interview were complex (see section 3. 3. 1).
Data Semi directed interviews were conducted during spring 2018, and 9 projects responded to our interviews. For more information on the projects refer to the database 2 and projects' websites. Table  1  shows the name and Open O Meter score for each of those projects. Table  1. Evaluation of the openness of our projects sample with Open O Meter  (Bonvoisin and Mies, 2018)  We conducted the interviews via Skype, or by phone, and the circular diagrams used to structure the interview were shared simultaneously with the interviewee so that they could be amended in real time. Verbal exchange and data were recorded to avoid information lost.
(2016)  showed that the event severity (reported by the media as a moment magnitude) affected the volume of media coverage following a power law. Studying the dynamics of public interest in major earthquakes using Google Trends, Tan &  Maharjan (2018)  find that the duration and search peak vary with the death toll and damage but not with the earthquake magnitude. Earle feeds in 2015. Second, through the association of a statistical analysis of the news frequency with a textual analysis of the content of the news. Section 2 presents this dataset and the methodology we adopted for analyzing it. Section 3 offers a description of our major results, and Section 4 concludes the paper.
Presentation of the datasets The datasets run from January 1, 2015 at 00:00:01 to December 31, 2015 at 23:59:59. 2015 is particularly interesting as it is the year of the Nepal Quake, a major event well covered by the international press. The geophysical dataset is built from the online seismic catalogue provided by the USGS (ANSS). The media dataset is built from the ANR corpus GEOMEDIA, which contains information published by more than 330 news RSS feeds from 180 media, localized in 61 countries and written in 10 languages over three years (ANR-12-CORP-0009,  Grasland et al. , 2012 Grasland et al. , -2015)). We selected international media RSS feeds based on several criteria: media quality, RSS feed regularity, media localization, and the volume of transmitted information. The final corpus consists of 32 RSS feeds related to international news in three languages (English, French and Spanish) that are sufficiently homogeneous and equitably geographically distributed, according to the possibilities offered by the initial database (Figure  1 ).
Data cleaning and selection through tagging Before starting the data analysis, three processing steps were required (Figure  2 ). First, some of the selected RSS items were not worth analyzing because they were totally devoid of information, simply advertising or summarizing a heterogeneous set of news of the day. These items were deleted from the corpus. Second, the initial database continuously collects RSS items on newspaper websites, and a similar item can be published several times without changes. Therefore, we had to delete all the duplicate items (items with the same title and text). During these two processing steps, more than 60 000 RSS items were deleted. After the cleaning, the dataset contains 320 888 news items. To build the joint corpus (called EQ-MEDIA in the following), we then enriched the media dataset with a tagging process in two steps: 1) the geographical tagging of all mentioned countries using word dictionaries and 2) the thematic tagging of all news mentioning a seismic event using an 'earthquake dictionary'.
Analyzing the news content To more closely examine our dataset, we adopted a method inspired by  Cox et al. (2008)  who analyzed the print-news media coverage of the recovery process following a forest fire. The first step toward critical discourse analysis is to conduct a careful analysis of the content of the news itself to identify thematic patterns but also possible "textual silences", defined by  Huckin (2002)  as "the omission of some piece of information that is pertinent to the topic at hand". As we are dealing with hundreds of thousands of items, this qualitative approach is complemented by a quantitative analysis based on keywords. It was possible but ultimately not relevant to proceed to a classification of the content of our thousands of items with inductive exploratory methods such as cluster analysis  (Wilks, 2011)  or latent Dirichlet allocation  (Blei & al.
36% of the items. There are 2097 items in English, and thus the threshold remains sensibly the same: it corresponds to words occurring in at least 0. 38% of the items). Conjunctions and adverbs are not considered, and words with common roots are treated together. We use words that are representative of one and only one of our categories of discourse (principle of exclusivity) and that do not introduce too many false positives. Tagging the database using these two keyword dictionaries allows us to quantify the presence/absence and evolution of each theme/subtheme/topic. There are limitations to this keyword approach, but the independent classification of the items by the coauthors indicates a good consistency in the coding of themes and subthemes and the identification of topics (we reach a maximum of 12% of differences for the emergency response category).
• 45% of the news items refer to Emergency response describing either aid, search and rescue operations (in the case of the Nepal and Hindu Kush earthquakes) or the release and lifting of tsunami warnings (in the case of the Ilapel earthquake). • Only 5. 6% of the news items refer unambiguously to Recovery, Restoration and Reconstruction, and none refer directly to issues of Preparedness. These low percentages are partially due to the small numbers of keywords identified for each of these themes, but it is the low frequency of these themes in the database that prevented us from identifying more keywords. It is interesting to note that the big aftershock of May 12 th in Nepal triggered a new cycle of information. Although characterized by a peak of smaller intensity, the news content followed a similar sequence to the one triggered by the main shock.
Acknowledgements This paper is a contribution to the  Cross-disciplinary Program Politics of the Earth of the Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (Université de Paris) , to CRPMS and IPGP (contribution number  4031 ). Geosci. Commun. Discuss. , https://doi. org/10. 5194/gc-2019-5Manuscript under review for journal Geosci. Commun. Discussion started: 17 April 2019 c Author(s)  2019. CC BY 4. 0 License.
Acknowledgments: This research work has been conducted in the  Department of Experimental Psychology at the University of Cambridge (UK). We thank  Pr N. Clayton , and  Dr L. Ostojic  who welcomed us (TB, PM) in the lab during our sabbatical year and gave us the opportunities to carry out this work. Data Availability: For this study a dataset and materials are freely available (see the Supplementary Materials section). Do Altruists Like Equity?.
Towards this end, we introduce a new comparative dataset covering portfolio design changes in nine Western European democracies since 1970. Based on these data, the article investigates two fundamental research questions: first, how frequent are changes in portfolio design and thus how realistic is the assumption of ministries as exogenous payoffs that is central for the literature on portfolio allocation (e. g. Bäck et al. 2011; Laver and Shepsle 1996, 49) ? Second, can political events related to changes in the government explain the timing of portfolio design reforms, which would suggest that such reforms are an integral part of the government formation process? Our empirical analysis first demonstrates that reforms occur frequently, on average roughly once a year. Furthermore, changes in portfolio design are much more likely after changes in the party composition of the cabinet and the person of the prime minis ter, whereas changes in the cabinet' ideological position and in the relative size of cabinet parties yield only weak additional effects.
Finally, some minister ia l jurisdictions are country-specific and their relevance is hard to judge without in-depth knowledge of the respective political system. To deal with these challenges, we collected data in a decentralized way as a team of country experts based on joint coding instructions. This strategy achieves an optimal balance between country-specific expertise and conceptual coherence. We analyse portfolio design reforms in nine West European countries over up to 45 years (from 1 January 1970 to 31 December 2015): Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Sweden (see Table  1 ). This set of countries provides substantial variation in institutional setup and party system characteristics, e. g. regarding the power and role of prime ministers  (Strøm et al.
In a second step, we excluded purely technical reforms and instances with no (or very minor) changes in policy jurisdictions. Moreover, consecutive changes within a few days that were clearly part of a single process are treated as one reform and dated with the earliest available date to capture the starting point of the reform process. 6 In total, we identified 339 changes in portfolio design in our sample. 7 In the supplemental materia l (Appendix A), we describe three randomly selected reforms from our dataset in greater detail showing that these changes were substantial and had the potential to affect policy processes and outcomes.
The data on these four variables are taken from the ParlGov database  (Döring and Manow 2018). Beyond these key variables used to test our hypotheses, we also Table  3  shows that regression results for the five model specifications. Models 1 to 4 test our four hypotheses separately whereas model 5 includes all variables of interest. Positive coefficients indicate an increase in the hazard rate, and thus a higher likelihood of a portfolio design change. -1406. 4 -1421. 3 -1443. 3 -1447. 4 -1391. 4 Note: Standard errors in parentheses. + p < 0. 1, * p < 0. 05, ** p < 0. 01, *** p < 0. 001 Models 1 to 4 support all four hypotheses when tested in isolation -all events have a statistically significant positive effect on changes in portfolio design. Yet, hypotheses on the magnitude of change (H3 & H4) are largely contingent on changes in the cabinet's party composition (H1).
include a time-varying covariate that captures the occurrence of general elections. Elections are key turning points for parties to change their issue positions and issue emphasis (Walgrave and Nuytemans 2009), which could also trigger portfolio design reforms. Election dates for legislative and (in France) presidential elections are taken from the Parline database of the Inter-parliamentary Union (https://www. ipu. org) and various national data archives. Furthermore, we include control variables that identify caretaker cabinets, coalitio n cabinets, the formal rules for changing portfolio design, changes in economic conditions, and the time period. Caretaker cabinets usually expect only a short tenure in office and could thus have a lower probability of portfolio design changes. By contrast, reforms should be more frequent under coalitions compared to single-party cabinets because the political logic outlined above suggests that parties use portfolio design to divide policy jurisdictions among the coalition partners.
Data for both variables are taken from the ParlGov database. Third, changes in portfolio design could be less likely in countries where such reforms require laws (1) rather than decrees (0) because the need for parliamentary approval arguably involves more veto players. Fourth, we account for annual changes in the unemployment rate using data from the Quality of Government dataset (Teorell et al. 2018). Increasing unemployment may point to poor performance of the current institutional setup and could trigger changes in portfolio design. Finally, we include dummy variables for decades to test whether portfolio design reforms have become more frequent over time. 10 Overall, we have data on 327 portfolio designs. 11 We test our hypotheses with Cox proportional hazard models. As the four events we are interested in are empirically related, we first estimate separate models for event before turning to a full model with all four.
Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the  Austrian Research Association (ÖFG)  and the  Austrian Science Fund (FWF)  under grant  P25490. A previous version of the manuscript was presented at the 2017 ECPR General Conference in Oslo. We thank all participants for helpful feedback and suggestions. We also thank the anonymous reviewers of the  British Journal of Political Science , and  Teresa Haudum  for excellent research assistance.
Data: Measuring Land Reform Exposure, Islamic Institutions, and Islamism We use a variety of geographic, demographic, socioeconomic, and electoral data to estimate the effect of the aborted 1960 land reform on the prevalence of Islamic institutions and contemporary support for Islamist parties. We report summary statistics in Appendix used this Census to evaluate the land tenure situation ahead of the actual implementation of the land reform  (Huizer, 1972). The Census provides, at the district level, the number of landholdings falling in seven discrete bins under 5 hectares, as well as the total number of holdings above 5 hectares. We estimate the number of holdings marginally affected by the population density cutoffs used in the reform. Under the reform, holdings affected by the 400 people/km 2 cutoff, for example, were those ranging between 5 and 9 hectares (5-7.
In 2003, 66% of villages have some land under waqf, and the average village has 1. 9 hectares of waqf, with waqf parcels covering 0. 5% of total land and 5. 9% of legally zoned land. From Podes, we also use data on the number of pesantren, mosques, and zakat groups. We holdings so long as there is not significant misreporting at the cutoffs. We find no indication of pervasive bunching below the Second, we draw upon district-level vote shares, which allow us to track voting behavior over the entire study period beginning in 1955 with the first legislative election after independence. 25 These data cover elections through 2009 and provide a more complete picture of voting patterns in the democratic era but come at the expense of the geographic detail in Podes. For both the historical and post-Suharto period, we categorize Islamic and Islamist parties using well-established classifications in the political science literature  (Baswedan, 2004)  (see Section 6.
3 and Appendix B. 5 for details on the classification). Voter Preferences. We use individual-level data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (2007 and 2014/15) to measure voters' preferences for politicians' religious leanings. We focus in particular on respondents' stated preferences revealed by two survey questions capturing how important candidates religion and religiosity are in influencing their voting decisions. Sharia Regulations. Buehler (2016)  provides data on the number of sharia regulations adopted by district governments from 1998-2013. In total, his dataset includes 443 regulations adopted across 133 districts. We use all three variables provided in this dataset, namely (i) the number of regulations (adopted by local legislatures), (ii) the number of executive instructions and decrees (adopted by local mayors, known as bupati), and (iii) the total number of regulations, all of which are reported at the district level.
In this account, the uptake of waqf in response to the land reform contributed to Islamist dominance in affected districts because these districts became systematically less developed than those where there was no increase in the waqf and more flexible institutions were adopted. In Table  9 , we do not find significant evidence for this adverse economic effect of the land reform. Column 1 reports the abovementioned null effect on the long-run village-level distribution of land, proxied by λ, as measured in the same year and enumeration cycle as the Podes data from which we observe waqf land. We then examine several proxies for local development: the extent of irrigation in 2003 (col.
Figures Notes: This figure illustrates the number of waqf created in one of Indonesia's largest provinces through 1979. The data are collected by  Djatnika (1985)  from local Ministry of Religion archival records. Notes: This figure illustrates how the difference in outcomes, here waqf land shares, between districts with high and low numbers of marginal landholdings changes at the 400 people/km 2 cutoff. We restrict attention to districts in the 250-600 people/km 2 range for presentational purposes. The curves are local linear regressions with an Epanechnikov kernel and bandwidth of 50. See Section 5. 3 for details. Table 1:   Notes: This table reports estimates of equation (1). Land under waqf status in 2003 is measured in hectares (ha) in columns 1-2, log ha in columns 3-4, as % of total land in columns 5-6, and as % of legally zoned land in columns 7-8.
Traces collected by citizens using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) devices during sports activities such as running, hiking or biking are now widely available through different sport-oriented collaborative websites. The traces are collected by citizens for their own purposes and frequently shared with the sports community on the internet. Our research assumption is that crowdsourced GNSS traces may be a valuable source of information to detect updates in authoritative datasets. Despite their availability, the traces present some issues such as poor metadata, attribute incompleteness and heterogeneous positional accuracy. Moreover, certain parts of the traces (GNSS points composing the traces) are results of the displacements made out of the existing paths. In our context (i. e. , update authoritative data) these off path GNSS points are considered as noise and should be filtered.
The research work presented in this paper focuses on the use of crowdsourced traces aiming to improve the actuality of authoritative data. Our research assumption is that crowdsourced traces may be used by data producers, such as national mapping agencies (NMAs), to detect potential is that crowdsourced traces may be used by data producers, such as national mapping agencies (NMAs), to detect potential changes on the ground, in particular when changes occur quickly and detection by image analysis is costly or even not possible (e. g. , in forest area where footpaths cannot be seen on images or in cloudy areas where it is difficult to capture aerial or satellite images). Crowdsourced traces may highlight missing footpaths in authoritative datasets or confirm that some footpaths are still in use.
In this way, the spatial resolution of a given trace is taken into account, and its discrepancies are modelled. DiffEle is the maximum difference in elevation from one point to the preceding and following points, as determined by elevation (Z) values in GNSS data. The extrinsic indicators are listed in Table  2  and described in the following. They model factors influencing GNSS measurements as described in Section 2. To compute the extrinsic indicators, three types of authoritative data coming from the topographic database (named BDTopo), produced by the French National Mapping Agency (IGN), and with metric accuracy and are used: Digital Terrain Model (DTM) raster data and building and land cover vector data. DiffEleDTM is an extrinsic indicator and assesses the accuracy of GNSS elevation on one point.