dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Bioinformatics analysis DADA2 pipeline on R software was used for bioinformatics analyses  [11]. DADA2 pipeline was preferred as it allows inter-studies comparison (if identical primers are used for amplification)  [11]  and is more accurate for mycobiota analysis  [12]. We defined bacteriobiota as the bacterial kingdom of the microbiota and mycobiota as the fungal kingdom of the microbiota. Gut bacteriobiota and mycobiota α-diversity was expressed by Shannon index, Simpson index and evenness. Between sample beta-diversity differences (measured using Bray Curtis dissimilarity) were tested using a permutational multivariate ANOVA (Permanova) from "vegan" package with 10,000 permutations, while accounting for individual identity as a covariate. Gut bacteriobiota and mycobiota α-and β-diversities were compared thanks to "Phyloseq" package on R software v3.
6. 0. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LefSe) analysis was performed from microbiomeMarker package. We used mock communities to avoid a non-efficient sequencing experiment, and negative controls to identify and remove potential reagent contaminants of bacterial and fungal microbiota with the microDecon R package  [13]. Comparison of β-diversity between negative control, mock community and samples is available in Additional file 1: Figs. S1 and S2 for bacteriobiota and mycobiota respectively). The final average read counts were 66,434 (standard deviation ± 17,634) for 1285 bacterial ASVs and 3647 (standard deviation ± 1267) for 361 fungal ASVs. The 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 sequences have been submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive (Accession N• ERP134948).
For consistency with ERA5 data, CAMS data have been interpolated onto a 0. 25 • regular grid. In the following, we use organic matter as a proxy for BBA. In addition, we have compared with the same dynamical and thermodynamic variables as for ERA5 in order to check the consistency between the two types of products. This is essential as we intend to investigate the relationship between the atmospheric dynamics and the distribution of BBA. It turns out that fields such as PV, ω, wind and relative humidity are very consistent between ERA5 and CAMS (not shown). The evolution of the BBA transport and the associated atmospheric circulation from 1 to 6 September 2017 above Namibia is analyzed by using a principal component analysis (PCA) of organic matter aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 550 nm and MSLP and Z at 700 and 300 hPa from the CAMS reanalysis product.
Emission, transport and deposition of dust were parameterized using a prognostic scheme  (Grini et al. , 2006)  to allow online interaction with radiation. In the simulations, a biomass burning (BB) carbon passive tracer (accounting for both black carbon and organic carbon) is used as a proxy for smoke. The BB tracer is emitted in the first layer of the model based on the daily Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 4, available at a horizontal resolution of 0. 25 • ×0. 25 • (van der  Werf et al. , 2017). The BB tracer is then mixed vertically by turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Fires in the area of interest are not intense enough to inject BBA above the atmospheric boundary layer, as discussed in several studies (e. g. ,  Labonne et al. , 2017; Menut et al. , 2018; Mallet et al.
Airborne observations For the period from 5 to 12 September 2017, dynamics and thermodynamics profiles over continental Namibia were obtained from dropsondes released from a high-flying aircraft, the French Falcon 20 aircraft for environmental research of Safire (Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement) based in Walvis Bay, on the western coast of Namibia (see Fig. 1 ). The ver-tical structure of the aerosol layers was obtained from the nadir-pointing airborne lidar LEANDRE Nouvelle Génération (LNG;  Bruneau et al. , 2015)  installed on the same aircraft. Details about the Safire Falcon 20 flights, the lidar LNG, and the dropsonde launching unit can be found in  Formenti et al. (2019). In the following we shall only analyze lidar and dropsonde data acquired on 5 and 6 September 2017.
, 2009)  on board the MetOp-A and MetOp-B satellites and overpassing the region around 08:30 and 09:00 LT (local time), respectively. This satellite dataset is retrieved using the Fast Optimal Retrievals on Layers for IASI algorithm  (Hurtmans et al. , 2012)  and validated against airborne and space-borne observations  (George et al. , 2009; De Wachter et al. , 2012). Finally, we utilize RGB natural color imagery of cloud cover obtained with the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SE-VIRI) instrument on board the geostationary satellite Me-teoSat Second Generation.
S3b ). It sweeps through Namibia overnight and is observed over eastern Namibia at 06:00 UTC on 6 September (Fig. S3c ) before starting to disintegrate. Almost cloud-free conditions are seen after 12:00 UTC (the cloud band is no longer visible in Fig. S3d ) at the time of the Falcon 20 aircraft flight on that day. On 5 September, airborne observations acquired in the morning are representative of conditions ahead of the cloud band sweeping across Namibia, while the airborne data acquired on the afternoon of 6 September were acquired over Namibia after its passage. The observations made with the airborne lidar LNG over Windpoort and the Etosha region on 5 and 6 September (Fig. 9a  and b , respectively) clearly evidence the complexity of the layering within the BBA-laden air masses. On 5 September, the BBA layer is observed between ∼ 2 and 6 km a.
Among overarching open questions to be investigated using ERA5/CAMS reanalysis and satellite aerosols products, we shall assess (  1 ) what is the frequency of "rivers of smoke" during the austral winter, (2) how important is this mechanism for the transport of CO and aerosols out of southern Africa compared with the other transport patterns identified by  Garstang et al. (1996) , (3) whether CoLs and/or TTTs are systematically associated with rivers of smoke and (  4 ) what is the importance/role of the Angola low in promoting the accumulation of BBA in the tropical band prior to their injection in smoke rivers. Financial support. This work was supported by the French National Research Agency under grant agreement no. ANR-15-CE01-0014-01, the French national program LEFE/INSU, the Programme national de Télédétection Spatiale (PNTS, http://programmes.
insu. cnrs. fr/pnts/, last access: 27 April 2022), grant no. PNTS-2016-14, the French National Agency for Space Studies (CNES), and the South African National Research Foundation (NRF) under grant UID 105958. The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union's 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2014-2018) under EUFAR2 contract no. 312609. Computer resources for running Meso-NH were allocated by GENCI through project 90569. Review statement. This paper was edited by Jérôme Riedi and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
Data availability. The aircraft data acquired specifically in the framework of the project and used here can be accessed via the AEROCLO-sA database at https://doi. org/10. 6096/AEROCLO. 1754 (Perrin and Richard, 2018)  and now have DOIs. The LNG lidar data DOI is https://doi. org/10. 6096/AEROCLO. 1774 (Flamant, 2018). The dropsonde data DOI is https://doi. org/10. 6096/AEROCLO. 1777 (Perrin and Etienne, 2019). The Meso-NH-derived fields and back trajectories data can be obtained upon request to the corresponding author of the paper. AERONET products can be accessed at https://aeronet. gsfc. nasa. gov/ (NASA, 2022a). IASI data can be obtained via the AERIS data center (https://iasi. aeris-data. fr; IASI Portal, 2022). SEVIRI imagery can be accessed via http://aeroclo. sedoo. fr/ (AEROCLO, 2022).
4 km-wide valley on the flanks of Mount Sharp. The patterns are particularly distinct in the phyllosilicate-rich region in the valley's lowest ∼1. 4 km-long reach (Figure  3 ). This descriptive section is followed by a short introduction to the inferred underlying processes, the pertinent material properties, and the environmental data. The observations and data are presented, and their implications are discussed. Another publication will report on similar ground patterns recognized throughout the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission and compare them with patterned ground on Earth; it will also explore potential formative processes.
The GT patterns also differ from others in scale. With typical lateral dimensions and relief on the order of 0. 5 and 0. 02 m, respectively, they are smaller than those reported from high latitudes on Mars  (Mellon et al. , 2009; Mutch et al. , 1977)  and Earth. Lastly, the patterns appear to be active despite the current absence of liquid water and ice, as addressed in the discussion section. This paper complements and supplements  Horne's (2018)  paper; it presents new, detailed rover-based images of small-scale ground features that differ from eolian bedforms on Mars, and it improves the constraints on their ages. The images are accompanied by diverse data on the substrate composition and the environmental conditions. The strong, MSL mission-wide interest in the GT region enabled exceptional documentation of distinct ground patterns that were particularly instructive for two reasons.
Data and Methods The primary data utilized in this work are images acquired on the Martian surface by the MSL rover's Mastcam stereo imaging system  (Bell et al. , 2017; Malin et al. , 2017). This system consists of two cameras with different focal lengths (Left, 34 mm, and Right, 100 mm) mounted side-by-side on the rover's Remote-Sensing Mast, about 2 m above the ground surface. They are referred to as M34 and M100, or ML and MR, respectively. Malin et al. (2017)  provide detailed information on the camera, and associated hardware and software, used to produce the color images. Labels for images and mosaics generally start with ML or MR and include the observation's sequence number; for instance, "ML_mcam12220" designates a left-eye, 34 mm focal length camera mosaic produced from the Mastcam sequence "mcam12220" (in this example, a mosaic of 3 by 2 frames was acquired on sol, or Martian day, 2293 of the MSL mission).
This work also utilizes image data from the arm-mounted Mars Hand Lens Imager  (Edgett et al. , 2012) , which provides close-range, hand lens-quality images when placed near ground targets and wide-angle rover self-portrait mosaics from an elevated arm position (e. g. , Figure  1 ). Mastcam stereo mosaics were acquired at key sites, allowing three-dimensional, mm-scale modeling of these surfaces. Digital elevation models (DEMs) were derived using several programs developed by the Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) software group and the Ames Research Center's (ARC) Machine Vision Group. Stereo pair images with the Left image (M34) and the Right image (M100) were first decompressed, converted back to a 16-bit representation of the intrinsic 12-bit data, radiometrically calibrated, Bayer color filter array interpolated (de-mosaiced), and geometrically corrected for camera lens distortion.
Using the ARC-MSSS DEM photogrammetric software, the image pairs were processed to create Triangulated Integrated Networks (TINs-3D meshes) in OpenInventor (. iv) format with texture (color) from the higher resolution image (M100). Multiple adjacent meshes were combined into a VRML. wrl file (Virtual Reality Modeling Language), which could be viewed and measured in Antares, a visualization program with many capabilities, including reading VRML files and their components, and displaying these directly as textured meshes. These meshes were converted to DEMs using TIN2DEM, which creates a 32-bit DEM and an orthographic projection of the texture (8 or 24 bit), elevation, and orthoimage files. These files were then run in the ARC Desktop Exploration of Remote Terrain (DERT) software to create resolution pyramids of the data (Layerfactory) and then read into the DERT viewing and measurement program, which includes many measurement capabilities.
Bedrock Composition and Environmental Data Most of the ground patterns discussed here occur in smectite-rich terrain, as is evident from Figure  3 , the (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) map of Fe/Mg-smectite spectral absorption detections from the orbit, which are consistent with analyses of borehole tailings  (Thorpe et al. , 2021; Tu et al. , 2021). Little mineralogy data exist for the regolith, but it is not expected to differ substantially from typical bedrock. Generally, ground patterns are not limited, however, to the GT region or to smectite-rich terrain. For instance, at Rock Hall, the underlying bedrock is not smectite-rich. Much is known about the modern near-surface Martian climate from the Curiosity rover's REMS (Rover Environmental Monitoring Station) ground temperature and air humidity sensors (e.
Formative Processes: Insights From a Terrestrial Analog Little is known about the formative processes of equatorial ground patterns on Mars but studies of similar features on Earth provide valuable insights. Still, one needs to be mindful of using these insights in studies of Mars phenomena because of the dearth of relevant subsurface data from Mars and the considerable differences in surface environments and properties of materials on the two planets. The ground patterns in Gale Crater share distinct similarities with certain forms of patterned ground in periglacial areas on Earth. Among the diversity of terrestrial patterned ground, the sand-wedge polygons of the Dry Valleys in Antarctica constitute, perhaps, the closest analog that has received significant research attention  (Black, 1973; Hallet et al.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful for  NASA 's support of the  Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission  and for the efforts of the large team of talented and dedicated scientists and engineers who made this work possible. The authors thank, in particular,  Jason Van Beek  and  Tex Kubacki  for their astute observations and, together with their  Malin Space Science Systems colleagues , for their critical roles in acquiring the images. The authors also thank  Michelle Minitti ,  Tim Olson , and  Ken Edgett  for their observations and help in obtaining instructive images. The authors appreciate insightful discussions with  Doug Jerolmack ,  Nakul Deshpande ,  Lucas Goehring ,  Lu Liu ,  Quan-Xing Liu ,  Zhenpeng Ge ,  Allan Treiman , and  Kevin Lewis , which benefitted this paper. The authors thank  J.
Levy  and an anonymous reviewer for their careful evaluations and detailed comments that substantially improved the manuscript. A. G. Fairén was supported by the  ERC-CoG  # 818602. M. -P. Zorzano  has been partially funded by the  Spanish State Research Agency (AEI)  Project No. MDM-2017-0737  Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu"-Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC ) and by the  Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation  ( PID2019-104205GB-C21 ). Last but not least,  B. Hallet  and  R. S. Sletten  gratefully acknowledge sustained funding for their work through the  MSL mission in a NASA grant  awarded to MSSS.
Data Availability Statement NASA Mars rover camera images used for this study are openly available in the NASA Planetary Data System (PDS; https://pds. nasa. gov/). The REMS data are publicly available from the PDS Atmospheres Node (REMS: Mars Science Laboratory Rover Environmental Monitoring Station RDR Data V1. 0, MSL-M-REMS-4-ENVEDR-V1. 0, https://atmos. nmsu. edu/PDS/data/mslrem_1001. All raw images used in this paper can be found online at https:// mars. nasa. gov/msl/multimedia/raw-images). Filters are provided to select particular dates and/or periods (MSL sol numbers) and cameras (M100 and M34).
With regards specifically to patients with gastrointestinal diseases, there is a lack of evidence. One study included patients with IBD and prescribed the Mediterranean Diet. There was an improvement in weight, waist circumference, and steatosis. 101  data exists regarding the effects of overall caloric intake or supervised dietary weight loss on outcomes in IBD patients. Liraglutide. Initial experimental data in animals suggest that Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists may positively affect homeostasis and immune activity in the gut  102, 103  and modulate altered visceral sensation in IBS. 104 One case report on the use of liraglutide in a patient with CD has been published. 105 No safety concerns have been raised. Naltrexone/Bupropion. No data are available for the combination of Naltrexone/Bupropion.
Box 2 Other pharmacological treatment options in patients with obesity. Orlistat. The efficacy and safety of orlistat in the treatment of NAFLD and NASH were evaluated in a recent systematic review and meta-analysis including three RCTs and four single-arm trials with a total of 330 patients. 368 Improvements were observed in BMI and levels of liver enzymes, but not in liver fibrosis score. 368 In a more recent RCT with quantification of liver fat by MRI, orlistat reduced liver fat content to a greater degree than conventional care. 369 In summary, orlistat may reduce liver fat content and liver enzyme levels in patients with NAFLD. These benefits may be driven primarily by weight loss. 370 No data are available for the use of orlistat in patients with more advanced liver diseases (cirrhosis or liver cancer).
No safety concerns have been raised, but the drug is contraindicated in patients with cholestasis. Dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) agonists. New GLP-1/GIP agonists such as tirzepatide lack RCTs for NAFLD so far, but retrospective studies suggest a beneficial effect  371  and other trials are ongoing (NCT04166773). Possibly, this new family of drugs will play an important role soon in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and their associated comorbidities, including NAFLD. Naltrexone/Bupropion. No data are available for the use of naltrexone/bupropion in patients with CLD (NAFLD; NASH, cirrhosis, or liver cancer). 370 The combination of naltrexone/bupropion is contraindicated in patients with severe liver failure and it is not recommended in patients with moderate liver dysfunction.
403 However, in some cases, 12% in this meta-analysis, histologic worsening or de novo NAFLD had appeared after bariatric surgery. 403 Since RYGB was the bariatric procedure with the largest dataset and showed a higher proportion of a complete resolution of NAFLD, the authors were more in favor of RYGB. However, both metaanalyses have several biases: most of the studies included were were analyzed. An increase in risk for complications with higher MELD score was shown. 30-day morbidity and mortality were lower after laparoscopic SG compared to laparoscopic RYGB. 404 cording to a review of bariatric surgery before, simultaneously or after liver transplantation, 12 studies with a total of 65 patients were analyzed. 405 Complications occurred more often after SG, while mortality was higher after gastric bypass.
The results from this redshift campaign enable a wide range of follow-up observations, such as using emission lines to map the dynamics of dusty galaxies with the benefit of strong lensing angular magnifications, determining the physical properties of the sources' interstellar media (e. g. , ionisation state, density), and conducting spectroscopic searches for companions. Paper II in this series  (Bendo et al. in prep. )  will present continuum measurements from these data as well as analyses of spectral energy distributions, while paper III  (Hagimoto et al. in prep. )  will present inferences from the CO ladder and composite spectrum. We structure the paper as follows. In Section 2, we describe the sample selection and ALMA observations carried out in Cycles 4 and 6 using the ACA and Cycle 7 using the 12-m Array.
Not all observations with all spectral tunings were executed in Cycle 4. For some targets, however, line emission was detected using the limited Cycle 4 data that were acquired. For these sources, we did not request any additional Cycle 6 observations to complete the coverage of the 86. 6 to 115. 7 GHz range. Typically, several targets located close to each other in the sky were observed with the same spectral settings within one Execution Block, and thus the sources share bandpass, flux density, and phase calibrators. The calibrators were typically quasars, although Solar System objects were used for flux calibration in some observations. Our spectral coverage allows us to detect CO lines between the (2-1) and (6-5) transitions depending on the redshift of the sources as seen in Figure  2.
12-m Array observations Data were acquired with the ALMA 12-m Array during ALMA Cycle 7 in programme 2019. 1. 01477. S (P. I. : S. Urquhart). Each field was observed in Bands 3 (if it had not been observed with the ACA in this band) and 4 using a sin- gle pointing with the 12-m Array in either the C43-1, C43-2, or C43-3 configurations. These configuration yielded beams with full width at half-maxima (FWHM) of approximately 3 arcsec in Band 3 and 2 arcsec in Band 4. Additional details of the observations are listed in Table  2. Note that these configurations are sufficient for detecting line emission, which was the primary intention of this programme, and the configurations can also be used to resolve Herschel sources into multiple individual galaxies; however, most of the detected targets will be unresolved point sources.
Data processing The 12-m Array data were pipeline-calibrated with the Common Astronomy Software Applications (CASA) package version 5. 6. 1  (McMullin et al. 2007 ), while the ACA data were manually calibrated with the same version of CASA. In both cases, the first steps of the calibration of the visibility data included amplitude corrections based on the system temperature and antenna position corrections. Phase corrections based on water vapour radiometer measurements were also applied at this point to the 12-m Array data only. After this, we flagged shadowed antennas and channels with low sensitivities at the edges of the spectral windows. In the ACA data, we also visually inspected the data and flagged any data where the amplitude gains were outliers, where the amplitudes varied irregularly across the spectral window, or where the phases show jumps between observations or unusu-ally high scatter.
Line extraction Line measurements were made using aperture photometry within the image cubes. Lines were first identified by visual inspection of the data independently by several of the authors, and then confirmed through the following process. Circular apertures were centered on the peaks of the corresponding continuum emission, and the radii of the apertures were manually adjusted for each source in each image to include as much line emission as possible while still measuring that emission at higher than the 5σ level. Similarly, we manually selected frequency channels that measured as much of the line flux as possible without diluting the signal with background noise so much that the measurements fall below 5σ. Note that the continuum is detected at a higher S/N than the line emission. If we matched the apertures used to measure the continuum and line emission, we would either need to choose large apertures that included all of the detectable continuum emission but also included extra noisy pixels for the line emission or small apertures that optimize the line detections but do not include all of the continuum emission.