dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
g. , husbands and in-laws), and the supplement delivery mechanism. In anticipation of the sensitive nature of the questions, or the potential for respondents to hesitate to share negative comments or practices, the interviewers were trained to ask respondents to share experiences of other women that they might be aware of, as well as their own experiences. Data were collected in two different phases (July-August 2016 and November-December 2016) to allow for a longitudinal analysis that would capture changes in perspective as women progressed through their pregnancy and gained experience with the supplements. Interviewers were also asked to give a numerical Likert scale rating of both acceptability and utilization (each on a 0 to 10 scale, with 10 being the best) with textual field notes for further triangulation of data from the interviewers' perspective.
Household Spot Checks A quantitative measure of supplement utilization was collected through unannounced household spot checks. This allowed for triangulation of qualitative results, including reported change over time, as spot checks were conducted during both phases. Supplement consumption was considered to be "correct" if the number of supplements on hand was within 2 days' worth of the expected number based on time elapsed since last distribution. Adherence varied significantly across the three supplement types. IFA had the highest percentage of correct consumption (46% on average across both phases of data collection), while MMN tended strongly toward under-consumption (71%) and MQ-LNS tended to be over-consumed (48%). Figure  1  shows the spot check results by supplement type and by phase.
Correct supplement consumption increased over time for all three supplement types. Although women of all gestational ages were included in Phase 1, only women in late gestation were included in Phase 2, so this data suggests that participants tended to improve their utilization later in pregnancy. percentage of correct consumption (46% on average across both phases of data collection), while MMN tended strongly toward under-consumption (71%) and MQ-LNS tended to be over-consumed (48%). Figure  1  shows the spot check results by supplement type and by phase. Correct supplement consumption increased over time for all three supplement types. Although women of all gestational ages were included in Phase 1, only women in late gestation were included in Phase 2, so this data suggests that participants tended to improve their utilization later in pregnancy.
This wide range of difference in Articaine-related paresthesia may depend on the method, search queries and the database used in the study  [8]. Articaine paresthesia was significantly higher than marketshare paresthesia in majority of studies  [8]. However, cell culture experiments and animal studies did not find a higher toxicity of Articaine compared to other anesthetics. Gaffen and Haas (2009)   [17]  reported that Articaine had the lion's share of paresthesia cases (59%) compared to other classes of anesthetic used between 1999 and 2008. This data was supported by a previous study by  Haas and Lennon (1995)   [18]  that indicated that Articaine was used in the majority of non-surgical paresthesia cases in Ontario between 1973 and 1993. Prilocaine came in the second place following Articaine.
However, there are reports using HERFD-XAS and HAXPES on lead-based perovskite halides. 32, 33 By means of complementary X-ray spectroscopy techniques, the obtained data can be used to gain a detailed understanding of the electronic structure of our bismuth-halide based materials. The data are compared against density functional theory (DFT) calculations to reveal information on photovoltaic optical transitions and device design strategies.
HERFD-XANES & RIXS The High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detected X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (HERFD-XANES) and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) spectroscopy experiments were performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). 36, 37 The HERFD-XANES (henceforth referred to as simply HERFD) spectra have been described previously. 38 Bismuth L 1 and L 3 HERFD spectra were collected at the BM20 (ROBL) beamline using Si (880) and Ge (884) analyzers respectively. The HERFD-XANES spectra were recorded at the maximum of L b3 and L a1 emission lines for Bi L 1 and L 3 absorption edges respectively. The overall resolution of HERFD data at the bismuth L 1 and L 3 edges is approximately 4. 3 eV and 2. 4 eV (including core-hole lifetime broadening) respectively. HERFD measurements at the iodine L 1 edge were performed at the beamline ID26.
73 eV, À1. 93 eV, and À1. 05 for Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 , BiI 3 , and CsI respectively. From this representation, the band edges of Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 and BiI 3 are well matched for the electron transport material mTiO 2 and favorable for electron transfer without signicant loss. The relevant data on the band positions of the conduction band minimum (CBM) and valence band maximum (VBM) provide a means to determine the material requirements for appropriate interfacial layers in solar cells. This shows the efficacy of using HAXPES in order to determine relative bandoffsets in light harvesting materials. In summary, we used several X-ray spectroscopic techniques along with support from DFT calculations to investigate the electronic structure and band energetics of Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 , BiI 3 , and CsI. HERFD-XAS at the Bi L 1 and L 3 edges shows very similar local coordination for Bi atoms in both Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 and BiI 3 , with a modest increase in available Bi s in the CB for Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9.
The complimentary RIXS data also show a similar VB prole of the highest occupied p states, with changes only in the position of I 5p occupied states. HAXPES data show a similar spectral prole towards the band edge, and calculations revealed very similar mixing of I p states and Bi s and Bi p states. The primary signicance was the position of the VBM, which is used to construct the interfacial prole against a mTiO 2 interface to show a favorable electronic transport in optoelectronic applications. These ndings demonstrate the utility of hard X-ray spectroscopy in identifying detailed electronic structures and their use in solar harvesting devices. Fig. 8  The energy level alignment between mTiO 2 and the samples measured using HAXPES measurements. Optical band gaps for the samples are estimated from UV-Vis absorption spectra.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge nancial support from the  Swedish Research Council  ( 2014-6019 ,  2016-4524 ), the  Swedish Energy Agency  ( P43549-1 ), the  Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research  ( 15-0130 ), the  Wallenberg Foundation  ( 2012. 0031 ),and the  StandUP for Energy. HZB  and  ESRF  are acknowledged for the allocation of synchrotron radiation beamtime. The computations were performed on resources provided by the  Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC)  at the  Swedish National Supercomputer Center (NSC).
We argue that this goes beyond the capabilities of rodent place cells that respond to places rather than locations being viewed. This is a fundamental difference important to understanding many aspects of primate including human episodic memory, which does implement this functionality of remembering objects or rewards present at viewed locations. We show that to analyse the nature of these representations,, it is necessary to perform testing while eye position is recorded when the subject is in different places, and is looking at different parts of a scene. The available evidence on this comes from neuronal recordings in macaques, with no assessment of this type performed yet in humans, and this is identified as an important area for future investigation in humans. However, we do refer to recordings and neuroimaging and lesion data for the human hippocampus and related areas, to assess to what extent they fit with the overall understanding of the functioning of the primate hippocampus described here.
Programs written in Matlab (which also run under the freeware Octave) to illustrate the operation of autoassociation (attractor) and related networks are available in connection with Cerebral Cortex: Principles of Operation  (Rolls, 2016a) Figure Legends Fig. 1. Cortical connections of the primate hippocampus. A medial view of the macaque brain is shown below, and a lateral view is above. The entorhinal cortex area 28 is the main entry for cortical connections to and from the hippocampus. The forward projections to the hippocampus are shown with large arrowheads, and the backprojections with small arrowheads. The main ventral stream connections to the hippocampus which convey information about objects, faces, etc are in blue, and the main dorsal stream connections which convey 'where' information about space and movements are in red.
Acknowledgements. Edmund Rolls  has worked on some of the experiments described here with  A. Berthoz ,  P. M. B. Cahusac ,  J. D. Feigenbaum ,  P. Georges-François ,  R. P. Kesner ,  Y. Miyashita ,  H. Niki ,  S. Panzeri ,  R. G. Robertson ,  S. Stringer ,  A. Treves  and  J-Z. Xiang , and their collaboration is sincerely acknowledged. This research was supported by the  Medical Research Council ,  PG8513790 , and by a grant from the  Human Frontier Science Program  (to ETR); and by  ANR  brain  GPS  ( ANR-BLANC-2008-Brain-GPS ) and  LABEX-CORTEX of the University of Lyon  (grant number  ANR-11-LABEX-OO42 ) (to SW). Conflicts of interest: none.
STUDY OVERVIEW AND TREATMENT Part 3 of SURVEYOR-II (NCT02243293) was a phase 3, partially randomized, open-label, multicenter study that assessed the efficacy and safety of G/P in adults with chronic HCV GT3 infection, including those with compensated cirrhosis and/or prior HCV treatment experience. All patients signed informed consent, and the study was conducted in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and the ethics set forth by the Declaration of Helsinki. The full trial protocol is available as part of the Supporting Information.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES No formal statistical hypothesis was to be tested in this study; for this reason, initial patient enrollment goals were not designed to power statistical comparisons but were driven by availability of smaller patient subgroups within the study (e. g. , treatmentexperienced patients with cirrhosis). The intent-totreat population was defined as all patients receiving at least one dose of study drug and was used to calculate the percentage of patients achieving SVR12 in each arm. Additional prespecified analyses assessed outcomes in subpopulations within or across arms (e. g. , treatment-experienced patients without cirrhosis). All confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated as two-sided 95% CIs using the Wilson score method for binomial proportions. Statistical summaries were performed using SAS software.
Retreatment of patients who had virologic failure to G/P therapy may require a regimen with more than two mechanisms of action, such as G/P plus SOF, which is a DAA combination currently being evaluated in an ongoing clinical study (registered clinical trial: NCT02939989). Treatment with G/P was safe and well tolerated, regardless of treatment duration or baseline patient characteristics. Previous-generation NS3/4A protease inhibitor-containing regimens have been associated with AEs, including severe rash, marked hyperbilirubinemia, neutropenia, anemia, and elevated ALT, particularly in patients with cirrhosis. (26) However, all of these events were absent or rarely observed in SURVEYOR-II Part 3, even in patients with compensated cirrhosis. No patients discontinued or interrupted study drugs due to AEs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported as part of the  Center for Performance and Design of Nuclear Waste Forms and Containers , an  Energy Frontier Research Center  funded by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences  under Award #  DE-SC0016584. The  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory  is operated by  Battelle  for the DOE under contract  DE-AC05-76RL01830. Conversations with all members of WastePD are greatly appreciated. This work was supported as part of the  Center for Performance and Design of Nuclear Waste Forms and Containers , an  Energy Frontier Research Center  funded by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences  under Award #  DE-SC0016584.
Here, I review the different drugs and medical devices, which are under development or commercialized by companies, have been pre-clinically or clinically tested, most frequently involve medical teams, and either result in direct GBM cell destruction or are part of a GBM treatment protocol, e. g. , through GBM imaging. I focus on GBM treatments that have been the subject of at least one publication listed in the pubmed search database. I also discuss several scientific, societal, and industrial issues related to early GBM diagnosis, an adapted preclinical model, different methods to yield efficient drug delivery to GBM tumor, program to accelerate the development of GBM therapies, patents protecting various GBM treatments, the different actors tackling GBM, the cost associated with GBM treatment, GBM market figures, and finally a financial analysis of the different companies involved in the development of GBM treatment.
Prophage Phase II: Prophage + radiation and temozolomide lead to: (i) a 146% increase of PFS (17 months compared with 6. 9 months for SOC), (ii) a 60% increase of OS (23. 3 months compared with 14. 6 months for SOC),  (Chakraborty et al. , 2016). PSMA ADC Phase II on 6 patients (trial NCT01856933), efficacy not observed  (Elinzano et al. , 2016).
Rindopepimut (CDX-110) Phase II: demonstrating significantly increase by 10 months in PFS, minimal adverse effects  (Babu and Adamson, 2012). Phase III (trial NCT01480479) did not confirm increases in PFS observed during phase II  (Desaia et al. , 2016; Gerstner, 2017; Weller et al. , 2017). (Continued).
Radioactive monoclonal antibodies Cotara, developed by Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, is a 131 Ilabeled chimeric monoclonal antibody that was designed to diffuse to necrotic area of GBM tumor and to bind to specific antigens expressed in cells belonging to this part of the tumor (histone H1 complexed with deoxyribonucleic acid). Cotara should then deliver a cytotoxic dose of 131 I radiation to the adjacent living GBM cells  (Patel et al. , 2005). Clinical trials (phase I, NCT00509301 and phase II, NCT00677716) were carried out leading to a 2 months improvement in survival among 40 GBM patients in 2011. However, this result was not confirmed in a phase III and the author is unaware of any further clinical developments using radioactive monoclonal antibody for GBM treatment since 2011.
Visualase and Neuroblate systems operate at relatively similar wavelengths of 980 nm and 1,064 nm, respectively, and powers of 12-15 W. However, the Neuroblate system can more precisely adjust light diffusion in the tumor by using both diffusing and side scattering modes compared with Visualase that only operates with a diffusing mode  (Lagman et al. , 2017). Furthermore, the Visualase system has only rarely been used for GBM treatment, its main therapeutic target being epilepsy  (Patel et al. , 2016). A first clinical trial carried out on 10 patients with 15-40 mm GBM tumor resulted in tumor necrosis 24-48 h following Neuroblate treatment (NCT007472253)  (Sloan et al. , 2013). Another clinical trial on 34 GBM patients did not show any improvement in survival for patients treated with Neuroblate, but it underlined the importance of heat homogenous distribution to reach the best treatment outcome  (Mohammadi et al.
However, efficacy still needs to be confirmed on a larger cohort of patients  (Chakraborty et al. , 2016). Gliovac (ERC 1671), which is under development by Epitopoietic Research Corporation (ERC), is composed of autologous antigens, surgically removed from patient's tumor tissue, which are administered together with allogeneic antigens coming from glioma tissues resected from other GBM patients. A phase I study showed that 100% of patients treated with Gliovac were still alive 6 months following the beginning of treatment compared with only 33% for the controlled group  (Schijns et al. , 2015). This suggests clinical efficacy of Gliovac, which is currently further investigated in a larger clinical phase II (NCT01903330). IMA950, which is under development by Immatics Biotechnologies, is an immunotherapeutic multiple-peptide vaccine, specifically developed to treat GBM.
Passive Immunotherapy (Anti-body Based) Tested Clinically Depatux-M (ABT-414), which is under development by AbbVie, is an antibody-drug conjugate that preferentially binds to EGFR, which is overexpressed in glioma cell and present in 50% of GBM patients. It then internalizes in cancer cells where it releases an anti-microtubule agent, called monomethyl auristatin F, MMAF, triggering tumor cell death. In a phase I clinical trial, ocular toxicity was observed and it is too early to conclude about any clinical efficacy of Depatux-M (Van den  Bent et al. , 2017). Asunercept (APG101, CAN-008), which is under development by Apogenix, is designed to block CD95 pathway by inhibiting CD95 ligand, which consists of the CD95 receptor extracellular domain fused to the Fc domain of IgG. A phase II clinical trial carried out on 91 patients suffering from recurrent GBM showed that APG101 administration combined with radiotherapy increases patient PFS and PFS6 by 2 and 17%, respectively, compared with radiotherapy alone (trial: NCT01071837).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the  BPI  (banque publique d'investissement), the  region of Paris (Paris Région Entreprise) , the  French Research Tax Credit program  (crédit d'impÔt recherche), the incubator  Paris Biotech Santé , the  ANRT  ( CIFRE 2014/0359 ,  CIFRE 2016/0747 ,  CIFRE 2013/0364 ,  CIFRE 2015/976 ), the  Eurostars  programs (Nanoneck-2 E9309 and Nanoglioma  E11778 ), the  AIR program  (aide à l'innovation responsable) from the  region of Paris  ( A1401025Q ), the  ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) Méfisto , as well as the  Universities Paris 6 and Paris 11. We also would like to thank the  Nomis Foundation  and  Markus Reinhard  for their support.
In Central America, this joint enterprise eventually led to the creation in 1996 of the Central American Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Association (AHOPCA), a regional association that includes pediatric oncologists and other oncology providers (nurses, surgeons, psychologists, and pathologists). AHOPCA has developed common, resource-adapted protocols for each of the major childhood cancers, implemented across the region, with monitoring of outcomes over time. An important catalyst for AHOPCA has been funding provided by the International Outreach Program of St Jude Children's Cancer Center that provides salary support (eg, for physicians, nurses, psychologists, and data managers at each site) and support for the annual AHOPCA meeting and related operational initiatives. 25 e St Jude International Outreach Program also spearheaded the development of the Pediatric Oncology Network Database (POND), a database used to register the patients at each site, monitor delivery of protocol-based care, and document toxicities and survival.
Lastly, with establishment of the PBCRs, and the need for survival data, improvement of vital statistics systems for mortality data are needed (eg, cause of death codification), and these additional efforts have been launched. 30, 31 [34] [35]  Early Success: CA-4 Pediatric Cancer Registration The advancement of pediatric PBCR in each of the CA-4 countries is under way, fostered by the twinning activities and building on the experience with the POND patient data system. Although pediatric cancer represents a small percentage of the overall cancer burden, pediatric cancer registration offers a quick win for cancer registration efforts because of its feasibility, given the small numbers and centralized care, yet with a high impact on survival. The methodology of cancer registration, including the training of cancer registrars in coding practices and cancer registration software, and the production of policy and procedures, are potentially transferable to adult cancer registration and health ministry policies.
The initial incidence data from 2014 to 2015 from the pediatric PBCRs of El Salvador and Guatemala provide proof of principal and underscore the discrepancies with GLOBOCAN estimation methods, which in the CA-4 are based on low-quality mortality data. The GLOBOCAN estimates for El Salvador in 2012 were 133 total cases, ages 0 to 14 years, or 69 cases per 100,000 population, with estimations of 60 cases of leukemia, nine cases of lymphoma, and 21 cases of CNS tumors. The observed annual incidence from the El Salvador registry is 92 cases per 100,000, including 78, 24, and 19 annual cases for these same cancers, respectively. Overall, this represents a 33% higher incidence than that predicted using GLOBOCAN (Table  4 ). Incidence and survival estimates for pediatric cancers need to be improved via quality PBCRs.
Two examples are germane. Three of the CA-4 countries with available mortality data by cause of death (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua) exhibit high childhood leukemia mortality rates (under 14 years of age) that situate them among the first 30 countries in the world with the highest rates. 19 However, the previously cited data available from AHOPCA reported 3-year eventfree survival rates of standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in El Salvador to be 68. 5% in 2013. 20, 21 (Note, these data conservatively included abandonment as an event rather than as a loss to follow-up. ) In Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, the third most common estimated cancer in children by GLOBOCAN is liver cancer; however, in our recent PBCR data from El Salvador, liver cancers in children are rare, usually approximately 5% of the total incidence.
Data from the passive surveillance will be used to calculate annual incidences of dengue and data from the serosurvey will estimate the force of infection and prevalence. ► The studies were conducted in three locations in Africa, based on standardised methods and laboratory algorithm. Thus, comparison by site would be possible. ► This is not a cohort study. The passive facility-based surveillance may lead to underestimation of the burden of dengue fever by measuring incidence based on only those that sought care at our study facilities. ► There may be limited generalisability of our study results to other dengue-endemic parts of Africa. Open Access stand-alone interventions,  3 4  and no drugs for treatment are currently available. Like in Asia and the Americas, epidemics of dengue were reported from Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Antibody testing for dengue as well as chikungunya and Rift Valley fever was performed by IgG ELISA using either commercial kits or CDC assays; 12. 5% were found to be dengue-positive. 25 Similarly, a household survey found 13% of individuals from 701 households in Mombasa had serological evidence of either past or current DENV infection. 26 These data suggest that there is more dengue in Kenya than indicated by public health reporting, possibly due to misdiagnosis. 25   Open Access confirmed by malaria RDT, as listed in the patient identification standard operating procedure [SOP]). For the serological survey, criteria 1-3 were applied. For the healthcare utilisation survey, household interviews were conducted among the heads or representatives of the household invited from each family participating in the serosurvey.