dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments The authors want to thank the  IXI  ( EPSRC GR/S21533/02 ) and  OASIS  ( P50 AG05681 ,  P01 AG03991 ,  R01 AG021910 ,  P50 MH071616 ,  U24 RR021382 , and  R01 MH56584 ) dataset promoters for making available this valuable resource to the scientific community which surely will boost the research in brain imaging. This work has been supported by the  Spanish  Grant  TIN2011-26727  from  Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. This work was funded in part by operating grants from the  Canadian Institutes of Health Research, les Fonds de la recherche santé du Quebec, MINDLab UNIK initiative at Aarhus University , funded by the  Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation , Grant agreement no. 09-065250.
OPEN ACCESS Energies 2014, 7 702 data for understanding WEC array interactions and to evaluate array interaction numerical models. Each WEC consists of a buoy with a diameter of 0. 315 m and power take-off (PTO) is modeled by realizing friction based energy dissipation through damping of the WEC's motion. Wave gauges are located within and around the WEC array. Wave conditions studied include regular, polychromatic, long-and short-crested irregular waves. A rectilinear arrangement of WEC support structures is employed such that several array configurations can be studied. In this paper, the experimental arrangement and the obtained database are presented. Also, results for wave height attenuation downwave a rectilinear array of 25 heaving WECs are presented, for the case of irregular waves.
Need for Experiments with Large WEC Arrays Presently, no experimental studies detailing WEC response, power output and wave field modifications due to an array are publicly available. Data from large WEC arrays concerning the physical modeling of intra-array interactions and extra-array effects, combined with simultaneous measurements of WEC response, wave induced forces on the WECs and of the wave conditions, are not reported in literature. Such data are essential for evaluation of the accuracy of the used numerical tools, their validation, as well as for their further development and improvement. Accurate measurements of individual WEC response, WEC array power output and spatial variation of wave conditions in the vicinity of the array are required to improve understanding of the fundamental processes influencing wave conditions down-and up-wave of wave energy converter arrays.
A First Database for Large WEC Arrays, Created During the "WECwakes" Project Recently, as part of the -WECwakes‖ research project funded by the EU FP7 HYDRALAB IV programme, experiments have been performed in the Shallow Water Wave Basin of the DHI (Hørsholm, Denmark) on large arrays of point absorber type WECs (up to 25 WEC units). The research performed within the WECwakes project focuses on generic heaving WECs. A range of WEC array geometric configurations and wave conditions have been tested. Each WEC unit is composed of a buoy, designed to heave along a vertical shaft only, and can thus be modelled as a single degree of freedom system. Energy absorption through the WECs' power take-off (abbreviated as PTO) system, is modelled by realising energy dissipation through friction based damping of the WECs' heave motion.
Wave gauges are used to measure the wave field within and around the arrays. Displacement meters are mounted on each WEC unit for the measurement of the heave displacement. The wave induced surge force is measured on five WECs along the central line of the array. This experimental set-up of 25 individual WEC units in an array layout, placed in this large wave tank, is at present the largest set-up of its kind, studying the important impacts on power absorption and wave conditions of WEC array effects. Most importantly, the -WECwakes‖ database is comprehensive, and is applicable not only to WEC arrays but also to floating structures/platforms, stationary cylinders under wave action, etc. , for understanding of e. g. , wave impact on the cylinders and wave field modifications around them. The -WECwakes‖ database is accessible to the research community as specified under the HYDRALAB rules.
Paper Overview A detailed overview of the design and execution procedure of the experiments and of the WECwakes database is given in Sections 2-4. In Section 5, experimental results are presented, for the incident wave conditions generated during the testing programme, the effect of WEC support structures on the wave field and the wave field modification caused by 25 heaving WECs in an array geometric configuration, for both irregular long-and short-crested waves. A summary of the presented findings and the characteristics of the WECwakes database are presented in Section 6.
Moreover, for all data reported here, the wave generator has been operated in absorption mode, with activated AWACS. The data have been analysed using Wavelab  [31]. In all figures presented in Section 5, the basin width (X, columns) and length (Y, rows) are expressed in number of WEC unit diameters, D = 0. 315 m, with the start of the axes set at the centre on WEC unit #01. Across the width of the wave basin, a spatial variation of the measured wave height, H m0 , is observed (Figure  12a ): long-crested waves; Figure  12b : short-crested waves with s = 10). The subscripts -m0‖ and -0i‖ denote -measured value‖ and -target value‖ of irregular waves, respectively. In Figure  12a, b , the discrete values of the non-dimensional measured wave height at each wave gauge location, (H m0 /H 0i ), are shown throughout the wave basin.
g. , as performed by Mendoza et al. in  [32] , and Nørgaard and Lykke Andersen in  [33]. The data obtained from these experimental tests will be very useful to validate and extend a large range of numerical models used to model response, power absorption and wave field modifications due to oscillating WECs. Validation of such models will enable optimization of the geometrical layout of WEC arrays for real applications and will therefore enable reduction of the cost of energy from wave energy systems. Most importantly, the -WECwakes‖ database is comprehensive, and is applicable not only to WEC arrays but also to floating structures/platforms, stationary cylinders under wave action, etc. , for understanding of e. g. , wave impact on the cylinders and wave field modifications around them. It has been shown that: (i) large-scale experiments have been performed with large WEC arrays composed of up to 25 WECs; (ii) within the -WECwakes‖ project, a comprehensive WEC array database for heaving WECs has been created in which wave elevations, WEC response and wave induced surge forces on the WECs have been simultaneously measured.
The -WECwakes‖ database comprises a wide range of parameter variations such as: the array geometric configuration, the WEC number, the lateral and longitudinal (centre-to-centre) spacing between the WECs, the WECs' motion (decay motion, stationary WECs, free response or damped motion of WECs with varying damping), wave conditions (varying wave period, wave heights, wave attack angles) and wave types (regular, polychromatic, irregular long-and short-crested with varying spreading parameters); and (iii) a large rectilinear array of 25 WECs is shown to have significant effect on the resulting wave field downwave the WEC array, which can influence neighbouring activities in the sea, coastal eco-systems and even the coastline and the coastal defence conditions and parameters, for real wave energy applications.
Acknowledgments The  WECwakes  project is funded by the  EU   FP7 HYDRALAB IV programme  (contract no. 261520 ). The project is a consortium of the seven European partners represented by authors 1 to 8 and coordinated by  Ghent University-Belgium  ( Peter Troch ;  Vasiliki Stratigaki ). The project team would also like to thank the staff of  DHI (including Jens Kirkegaard)  for their support and the researchers from all partners institutions involved with conduct of the experiments. In addition, the authors would like to acknowledge the  Queen's Marine Laboratory-QML (N. Ireland, UK) ,  Flanders Hydraulics Research (Antwerp, Belgium) , and  Ghent University (Ghent, Belgium-Department of Civil Engineering  (wave flume) and  Department of Materials Science  and.
Activity models, such as NRTL, UNIQUAC and UNIFAC are not suitable for pressure calculations. These reasons lead eventually to propose two predictive models that are PSRK and GC-PPC-SAFT, the first because of its wide acceptance, the second because of its theoretical foundations. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the two thermodynamic models, GC-PPC-SAFT and PSRK, as well as Monte Carlo simulations using the AUA4 force field, to predict the phase diagrams in binary and ternary systems containing phenol and furan derivative compounds in the presence of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and other light components as CO, H 2 S and NH 3. For this, new equilibrium data have been measured for systems involving CO 2 and CH 4. For other gases, the thermodynamic model results are compared with "pseudoexperimental" data generated by Monte Carlo simulations.
Apparatus and measurement The experimental data were obtained using two equipments with the same protocol. Both pieces of equipment are similar (Fig. 1 ); the difference concerns their operating pressure range. The main part of each equipment is an equilibrium cell with a variable volume at constant pressure. Their technical characteristics are detailed in Table  1. The first equipment (Sapphire cell) can be used up to 20 MPa and it is composed of a Sapphire cell. The second one (high pressure apparatus) has a pressure range up to 100 MPa and has a Sapphire windows. The uncertainties of the temperature probe and the pressure sensors are provided in Table  1. The calibration of temperature and pressure sensors has been performed before the measurement. The experimental procedure is described as follows.
Conclusions In this paper, the capacity of different models to predict phase equilibrium for complex systems with furan and phenolic derivative compounds was evaluated. New experimental data were acquired for systems involving CH 4 and CO 2. A Three-phase region was observed experimentally for the system CO 2 + 2-ethylphenol. It was possible to demonstrate that GC-PPC-SAFT, PSRK EOSs, as well as molecular simulation are all able to represent satisfactorily phase equilibria of the systems studied. The predicted results are consistent with the new experimental data mainly for PSRK EOSs and molecular simulation. The predictive k ij approach for GC-PPC-SAFT provides good results with the new values of the J parameters. Some experimental data have been used in order to determine J parameters of oxygenated compounds and these values are used for other binary and ternary systems.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability in older adults  [1]  and 1 st metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) OA, is the most common form of OA in the foot  [2]. Many foot pathologies are of a biomechanical nature and often associated with one foot type over another  [3, 4]. OA is postulated to result from elevated joint stress. However, the link between stress distribution in the 1 st MTPJ and different foot types is not well understood. Furthermore the tension band effect of the plantar fascia upon 1 st MTP joint function is also not well understood. A high resolution 7 Tesla MRI was used to create a geometrically accurate 3D model of the 1 st MTPJ using Mimics v14 imaging software. To simulate rectus, planus and cavus feet, 1 st metatarsal declination angles of 20. 2°, 10. 1°and 30.
7°were constructed. Plantar fascia material properties were altered. Physiological material properties and boundary conditions were applied to solve for stress, using ABAQUS. The ligaments were simulated by linear spring elements. The base of the first metatarsal bone was mechanically grounded in this model. Plantar loading conditions were applied, based on plantar pressure data collected from different foot types. Results of our static 3D FE model (Figure  1 ) during midstance of gait showed peak stresses in the distal 1st MTPJ cartilage of 0. 61 MPa, 0. 97 MPa and 1. 10 MPa for the rectus, cavus and planus foot type, respectively (Figure  1 ). First MTP joint stress is largest for planus and cavus foot types and least for well-aligned rectus feet. Global foot alignment affected the magnitude and location of peak stress within the joint.
In this section we also compare the numerical results obtained using the proposed multi-layered finite volume method to those obtained using a three-dimensional model for free-surface flows. The considered 3D numerical code belongs to the open source TELEMAC-3D 1  , which solves the 3D Navier-Stokes equations using a finite element discretization under hydrostatic or non-hydrostatic approximations, compare  [17]  for more details. The hydrostatic approximation consists on neglecting the vertical acceleration, diffusion and source terms in the momentum equations. The non-hydrostatic approximation is based on the pressure decomposition into hydrostatic and hydrodynamic parts, allowing an accurate computation of the vertical velocity, which is now coupled with the whole system of equations. The overall algorithm for the solution of the hydrostatic 3D model is given hereafter: (i) computation of the advected velocity components by solving the advection terms in the momentum equations; (ii) determination of the new velocity components by taking into account the diffusion and source terms in the momentum equations (intermediate velocity field); (iii) computation of the water depth from vertical integration of the continuity equation and momentum equations by excluding the pressure terms; and (iv) determination of the vertical velocity from the continuity equation and computation of the pressure step by the well-established projection method.
Accuracy In this section, we study the quality of the image estimate as well as the performance of the reconstruction algorithm with a varying amount of noise σ and on the same images as in Section 5. 4. For each level of noise, we generate noisy data according to this level and run the reconstruction algorithm. Then, we measure the quality between the noise-free image and the restored image using two metrics: PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and MSE (Mean Square Error) 3. Also, the gray levels range between 0 and 1 in all the considered images. The parameters β, σ c , σ w and w k are set with the same values as in Section 5. 4. The results of these experiments are summarized in Table  5  and illustrated in the Figures  6, 7 , 8 and 9 for σ = 0. 05, σ = 0. 1, σ = 0. 2 and σ = 0. 4, respectively.
This panel shows that the value of f that we obtain is independent of strain as well as the reference frequency. of the TO as a function of strain. These data points were determined from the average of many repetitions of the measurement shown in the top panel. The fact that the measured resonant frequency is nearly independent of the lock-in reference frequency demonstrates the reliability of this measurement technique, and the absence of strain dependence of the resonant frequency demonstrates that nonlinear effects are negligible in this strain range. For this experiment, we used natural purity helium, which has a nominal 3 He concentration of 3×10 -7. The solid samples were formed using the blocked capillary technique, so that their growth occurred at nearly constant volume. The volume of the fill line connected to the TO was relatively large, and it was significant compared with the volume of the pores in the Vycor.
Acknowledgements. This research was performed within the framework of the  CNR-PAS  (2014-2016) joint project " Nanostructured systems in opal configuration for the development of photonic devices" and MAE Significant Bilateral Project between Italy and Egypt "Smart optical nanostructures for green photonics " ( 2013-2015 ). R. R. Goncalves and M. Ferrari acknowledge  Brazilian Scientific Mobility Program "Ciências sem Fronteiras ". Let us to thank a number of young colleagues who are closely collaborating on this topic. Some of them are working at their PhD thesis:  Simone Normani ,  Anna Piotrowska ,  Iustyna Vasilchenko , other are highly appreciated for their invaluable technical support:  Cristina Armellini ,  Alessandro Carpentiero ,  Maurizio Mazzola ,  Stefano Varas.
It is worth stressing that this conclusion is fully consistent with those of Refs. [22, 8]  that are based upon a quantitative comparison with data observed in several representative and reasonably large mutualistic systems. If a group of phylogenetically close species happens to have similar contact patterns, this turns out to be stable under such a maximal diversity interaction rule. In fact, it may happen that among species at distance d = 1, a subgroup of generalists (as is the case of the turdus group in the NCOR system) might be found. In this case such a subgroup will remain stable under the organization algorithm of the SNM-MAX. This does not mean that all species at distance d = 1, will have a similar degree. These results place serious doubts on the fact of considering the correlations between degree distributions and phylogenetic proximity as a sign of causation.
Full immunization coverage can be attained only through improving routine immunisation systems. For several decades, as part of the global eradication initiative, India has had a very strong polio programme operating largely in campaign mode in parallel to routine immunization services  [21, 22]. We therefore also studied those children 12-23 months of age who had not received a single dose of vaccine from routine immunization services. We used the term community to describe clustering within the same geographical living environment. Communities were based on sharing a common primary sample unit (PSU) within the DLHS-3 data as it is the most consistent measure of community in the DHS surveys  [23]. Since poverty and education characteristics of communities were not directly available, they were constructed by aggregating individual-level characteristics at the PSU level.
Specifically, these weighted measures were derived by summing the values obtained on individual women in each community and dividing then by the total number of women respondents living in each one. The community's poverty status was defined as the proportion of households below 20% of wealth index. The proportion of women with no formal education was generated from native individuals in the database and aimed to represent female illiteracy in the community. In our study, these groupmeasures were based on an average of 3 women per community (from 1 to 31), which provides a sufficient number 1) to generate reliable estimates  [24]  and 2) to use Monte Carlo Markov Chains for achieving our computations  [25].
Statistical analysis The entire national sample (n = 65,617) of children aged 12-23 months was analyzed. Data typically have a hierarchical structure in which children were nested within mothers, mothers were clustered within households, households were nested within communities which were clustered within districts, and finally districts were nested within states. To account for unequal selection probabilities and ensure representativeness of the sample, we applied the appropriate sampling weights. Determinants of non-vaccination were assessed by using Bayesian binomial regression models. We specified a 4-level model for each binary outcome y, i. e. , non-vaccination, for child i living in community j in district k and state l. Probability was related to a set of categorical predictors X and a random effect for each level by a logit-link function as logit (p ijkl ) = b 0 +bX+u 0jkl + v 0kl+ f 0l.
Ethical considerations This study is based on an analysis of existing survey data with all identifier information removed. The survey was approved by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India and the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS) institutional review board. All study participants gave informed consent before participation and all information was collected confidentially. Data of DLHS-3 were obtained from the IIPS as they are made available in the public domain for analysis by researchers. Therefore, no additional ethics review is required for this work by the Montreal University committee of ethics.
DS holds a  Canadian Institutes of Health   Research Fellowship Award for Health Professionals. DS was also funded by  French Rotary District 1690  ( Bursary Henri Sabourin ) and the Strategic Training Program in Global Health Research, a partnership of the  Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Quebec Population Health Research Network. HT holds a salary award (chercheur boursier) from the  Fonds de la recherche en santedu Quebec. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Introduction Retrograde analysis is a tool to build omniscient endgame databases. It has been used in chess to build endgame databases of up to six pieces  [19, 20, 14]. It has also been used in a similar way to build endgame databases for checkers  [17]  that have helped solving the game  [18]. It has also been successfully used for strongly solving the game of awari with a parallel implementation that evaluated all the possible positions of the game  [15]. Other games it has helped solving are fanorona  [16]  and nine men's morris  [8]. Retrograde analysis has also been applied to chinese chess  [6] , kriegspiel  [4] , and go  [2]. An important limitation on the use of endgame tables is the size needed to store all the computed results. Consequently, elaborate compression techniques have been proposed and they have been instrumental in achieving some of the aforementioned results  [17].
State-of-the-art engines for card games such as skat or bridge already use material symmetry detection in their transposition and endgame tables. However, recognising the most general form of material symmetry is not as straightforward in some other games, notably chinese dark chess. In this paper, we propose a principled framework to detect material symmetry and show how it can be applied to three games: chinese dark chess, dominoes, and skat. At the core of our method lies the sub-graph isomorphism problem which has been extensively studied in computer science  [21, 12]. Chinese dark chess is a popular game in Asia  [3]. One of the key feature of endgame databases in chinese dark chess is that some combinations of pieces are equivalent. It means that in some endgames, a piece can be replaced by another piece without changing the result of the endgame.
Therefore an endgame computed with the rst piece can be used as is for the endgame positions containing the other piece in place of the rst piece. This property reduces the number of endgame databases that have to be computed. Using the relative ordering of pieces instead of the exact values is similar to partition search in bridge that store the relative ordering of cards in the transposition table instead of the exact values  [9]. Dominoes is also a popular game and in the endgame some of the values of pieces can be replaced by other values without changing the outcome of the game. We use this property to compute a reduced number of endgame tables for the perfect information version of the game. Skat is a popular game in Germany. Here again in the endgame, some cards can be replaced with other cards.