dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
GPR acquisition and processing For a non-invasive analysis of the subsurface, GPR measurements were acquired with a RAMAC GPR system (Mala Geoscience) along three cross sections (S1, S2, S3; Figs. 2a  and 3 ) of 50-90 m length and 6 m wide along the road. To estimate the road's entire width, four to five parallel GPR profiles were acquired (Fig. 3a ). Considering the field configuration (trees, presence of clay-rich formation in depth, high water content), a shielded low-frequency antenna (dipole 500 MHz in a monostatic arrangement) was used for an optimal image resolution around 10 cm. With this configuration, the penetration depth does not exceed 4 m (Fig. 4 ). The GPR observations were recorded with an in-line sampling interval of 0. 05 m and a total time window of 105 ns. The GPR data were processed with the Reflex ® software  (Sandmaier, 1997; Neal, 2004; Jol, 2009)  with a time sampling of 9666 MHz and a sampling rate of 1024.
Kinematics of the landslides over the period 1982-2010 The depths of the different layers identified on the GPR cross sections are compared to the levelling data available for the period November 1982-April 1995. Figure  6  indicates a motion characterized by a constant displacement rate during 14 years and two major slope failures (February 1988, March 1995) with higher displacement rates. In between the two slope failures of May 1988 and April 1994, a subsidence of 0. 25 m is measured at point PT 2-2', corresponding to a subsidence rate of 2-3 cm yr -1. At the contrary, during the slope failures, 30-40 cm of collapse is reported  (Lissak et al. , 2013). Between 2008 and 2012, during a period of low landslide activity, the landslide displacement was monitored by dGPS campaigns with a network of 24 benchmarks.
Acknowledgements. This research was funded by the  ANR   RiskNat  project  SISCA :  Système intégré de Surveillance de Crises de glissements de  terrain argileux (2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013) of the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-08-RISK-0009 ) and the Project  CPER GR2TC :  Gestion des Ressources, Risques et Technologie du domaine Côtier  (2007Côtier ( -2013)). The permanent GNSS system and the automated processing of the observations were set up by the  OMIV-EOST Unit at University of Strasbourg  as part of the  French Observatory on Landslide. We also thank the  LETG-Caen Geophen laboratory team  for installing the device in the field. Edited by: A. Günther Reviewed by:  T. M. Fernandez-Steeger  and one anonymous referee.
Hoyer's medium has superior optical properties  (Singer 1967)  although color is immediately destroyed (Fig. 3 ). Therefore, in addition to glycerin mounts, we also maintain preparations with Hoyer's medium. Due to the loss of color information, each Hoyer's-preserved specimen is pho-tographed prior to mounting and the images are stored in our online database. Eight paratypes are deposited in the Ohio State University Acarology Collection (OSUAC), Columbus, Ohio. Eight paratypes are deposited in the Acari Collection of the University of Arkansas (ACUA), Fayetteville, Arkansas. Eight paratypes are deposited in the Georgia Museum of Natural History (GMNH), Athens, Georgia. All other material (holotype, allotype, and 58 paratypes) is deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes (CNC), Ottawa, Canada.
Molecular phylogenetics Taxon sampling included the following threespotted torrent mites: 14 specimens of Morph-1 and one specimen of Morph-2 from the Ozark Mountains; one specimen of Morph-1 and 10 specimens of Morph-2 from the Ouachita Mountains; and one specimen of Morph-2 from east of the Mississippi River (i. e. Indiana). These three-spotted mites were part of a much larger dataset of approximately 500 specimens spanning 100 Torrenticola "morphotypes" from across North America. This dataset will be the focus of forthcoming studies on Torrenticola diversity and therefore is not presented herein. Genomic DNA was extracted using Qiagen DNeasy Tissue Kit  (Qiagen Inc. , Valencia, Calif. ). The target region of COI was amplified with LCOI and HCOI  (Folmer et al. 1994 ) and purified with Qiagen QUAquick PCR Purification Kits.
Test gels (1. 5% agarose) confirmed PCR product quality. Purified PCR product was sequenced by Macrogen USA, Md. (http://www. macrogenusa. com/). Forward and reverse sequences were reconciled with DNASTAR© Lasergene SeqMan (Madison, Wis. ). Resulting contigs were checked for contamination with BLAST searches on GenBank. Sequences were aligned with Clustal X  (Thompson et al. 1997 ) and conservatively edited with BioEdit  (Hall 1999). Bayesian analyses were performed with MrBayes (3. 2. 2) using the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) infrastructure on the Cipres Portal  (Miller et al. 2010) , which submits jobs to the Gordon Compute Cluster, a network of 16 supercomputers sponsored by NSF XSEDE at the University of California, San Diego. Sequences relevant to the present study (i.
However, specimens exhibiting the full range of variability seen across eastern North America were present in the Interior Highlands; if these characters are indicative of species boundaries, then they should sort into separate lineages using molecular methods. The first conclusion from the molecular data is that all specimens in question clearly form a monophyletic lineage (results from larger analysis will be presented in forthcoming studies). Second, color morphs do not represent separate lineages, reject-ing them as cryptic species (Fig. 4A ). Third, specimens collected from potentially isolated regions (i. e. Ozark and Ouachita Mountains) are less than one percent different, indicating some gene flow and thus no species-level divergence between disparate regions (Fig. 4B ). Lastly, the specimen from Indiana is less than two percent different from all other specimens and is not topologically divergent (Fig.
(2001) for a record of C. notata Petit, 1877 living inside the body of a hydrozoan that itself was epizootic on giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (L. ) CA Agardh. The present report represents the first record of C. placentula as epiphytic on water mites. Type series -HOLOTYPE (♀): USA, Arkansas, Madison Co. , Withrow Springs State Park, War Eagle Creek (36°8'59. 3" N, 93°44'26. 94" W), 27 Jul 2011, support us all. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DEB 1134868. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA; USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Architecture and extensibility of XMG The XMG project started in 2003 with the goal of providing a means to write large scale tree-based grammars, i. e. Tree Adjoining Grammars and Interaction Grammars  (Perrier 2000). Originally, the compiler was written in Oz/Mozart, a language which is not maintained anymore. For this reason, and in order to build a compiler more in line with the project's ambitions (regarding modularity and extensibility), it was necessary to restart the implementation from scratch. The new implementation started in 2010 and is sometimes called XMG-NG or XMG2. 23 The compiler is now written in YAP (Yet Another Prolog) with bindings to Gecode for solving constraints. The extensibility is provided by automatic code generation using Python. With this new version, an XMG compiler can be built from a combination of elementary compiler units.
6. 3. 1 Compilation of feature structure descriptions Typed feature structures are decomposed into two parts during compilation: types are compiled separately from feature structures. For the latter, we can reuse the XMG module (or brick) for untyped feature structures, which is already applied to feature structures in the <syn>-dimension. The module falls back on attributed variables and association lists, which are predefined data structures in Prolog. Attributed variables behave like common variables, the only difference being that they come with encapsulated attributes that can be accessed with dedicated commands only, and for which the standard unification algorithm can be customized. They are basically used here in order to replace the standard list (or term) unification by type unification and set union.
Numerical programs with IEEE 754 floating-point computations may suffer from inaccuracies since finite precision arithmetic is an approximation of real arithmetic. Solutions that reduce the loss of accuracy are available as, for instance, compensated algorithms, more precise computation with doubledouble or similar libraries. Our objective is to automatically improve the numerical quality of a numerical program with the smallest impact on its performances. We define and implement source code transformation to derive automatically compensated programs. We present several experimental results to compare the transformed programs and existing solutions. The transformed programs are as accurate and efficient than the implementations of compensated algorithms when the latter exist.
I. INTRODUCTION In this paper, we focus on numerical programs using IEEE 754 floating-point arithmetic. Several techniques have been introduced to improve the accuracy of numerical algorithms, as for instance expansions  [4] ,  [23] , compensations  [7] ,  [10] , differential methods  [14]  or extended precision arithmetic using multiple-precision libraries  [5] ,  [8]. Nevertheless, bugs from numerical failures are numerous and well known  [2] ,  [18]. This illustrates that these improvement techniques are not known enough outside the floating-point arithmetic community, or not sufficiently automated to be applied more systematically. For example, the programmer has to modify the source code by overloading floating-point types with double-double arithmetic  [8]  or, less easily, by compensating the floatingpoint operations with error-free transformations (EFT)  [7].
The latter transformations are difficult to implement without a preliminary manual step to define the modified algorithm. We present a method that allows a non floating-point expert to improve the numerical accuracy of his program without impacting too much the execution time. Our approach facilitates the numerical accuracy improvement by automating compensation process. Even if we not provide error bounds on the processed algorithms, our approach takes advantage of a fast program transformation, available for a large community of developers. So, we propose to automatically introduce at compile-time a compensation step by using error-free transformations. We have developed a tool to parse C programs and generate a new C code with a compensated treatment: floatingpoint operations ± and × are replaced by their respective errorfree TWOSUM and TWOPRODUCT algorithms  [21, Chap.
4 ]. The main advantage of this method compared to operator overloading is to benefit from code optimizations and an efficient code generation. Program transformation is strongly motivated by our perspectives for the multi-criteria optimization of programs  [25]. These optimizations will allow to tradeoff between accuracy and execution time. Programs will be partially compensated by using transformation strategies to meet some time and accuracy constraints which could be difficult to reach with operator overloading. To demonstrate the efficiency of this approach, we compare our automatically transformed algorithms to existing compensated ones such as floating-point summation  [22]  and polynomial evaluation  [7] ,  [10]. The goal of this demonstration is to recover automatically the same results in terms of accuracy and execution time.
It also presents a study of the HORNER's algorithm, and summarizes other test study results: summation, polynomial and derivative evaluation with CLENSHAW or DECASTEL-JAU algorithms. All measurements are done with the following experimental environment: Intel R Core TM i5 CPU M540: 2. 53GHz, Linux 3. 2. 0. 51-generic-pae i686 i386, gcc v4. 6. 3 with -O2 -mfpmath=sse -msse4, PAPI v5. 1. 0. 2 and PERPI (pilp5 version). Accuracy and execution time measurements. Accuracy is measured as the number of significant bits in the floating-point mantissa. So, 53 is the maximum value we can expect from the binary64 format. A reliable measure of the execution time is more difficult to obtain. Such measurements are not always reproducible because of many side effects (operating system, executing programs,.
). Significant measures are provided here using two software tools. First, PAPI (Performance Application Programming Interface)  [20]  allows us to read the physical counters of cycles or instructions that correspond to an actual execution. The second software, PERPI  [6] , measures the numbers of cycles and instructions of one ideal execution, that is, one execution by a machine with infinite resources. The latter measure is more related to a performance than to the actual one as provided by PAPI. Using both tools provides confident and complementary results. Horner's polynomial evaluation. We automatically compensate HORNER's scheme and compare it with DDHORNER (a double-double HORNER evaluation) and COMPHORNER (a compensated HORNER algorithm). The compensated algorithm and the data come from  [7].
For example, the first line concerns HORNER's scheme of p H for data x 1. The difference between the number of significant bits of ACHORNER and COMPHORNER is zero. The AC algorithm is as accurate as the existing compensated one. The difference with the DD algorithm is of one bit. Most of the other results exhibit a similarly good behavior. The slight differences of the last three data sets for the summation are due to the different effects of the sum length onto the compensated and double-double solutions: the accuracy bound of the former is quadratically affected by the length while being only linearly dependant in the double-double case. This appears only when the condition number is large enough. lines, respectively). The top and middle parts of Figure  5  show respectively the ratios of the number of cycles and of the number of instructions.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES In this article we discussed the automated transformation of programs using floating-point arithmetic. We propose a new method for automatically compensating the floating-point errors of the computations, which improves the accuracy without impacting execution time too much. The automatic transformation produces some compensated algorithms which are as accurate and efficient as the ones derived case by case. The efficiency of our approach has been illustrated on various case studies. It remains now to validate this approach (and the CoHD tool) on real and more sophisticated programs. To achieve this, we have to add the support of floating-point division, square-root, and the elementary functions. Moreover, this work is actually a first step toward the automatic generation of multi-criteria program optimizations (with respect to accuracy and execution time).
Tagged individuals were marked with numbered steel rings on the other leg. A blood sample for sex determination was taken from the wing vein and stored on Whatman FTA Classic cards. Burrows were revisited and devices retrieved during incubation in the following season (Table  1 ). In the present analysis, we included data from a single winter period for each individual. Because several loggers stopped recording several months before device recovery, the final samples sizes for year-round tracks were smaller than for recovered data sets. Moreover, some return trips could not be determined as they were influenced by equinox uncertainties. As described previously  [15] , the return of Falkland birds to the breeding area was variable, taking 5 to 177 days (median = 13 days), because while most birds returned between April and June, others visited an intermediate nonbreeding area for variable time spans (range = 50-145 days), and a small number remained until early September.
Data processing Geolocators provide two positions per day based on light levels, with an accuracy of approximately 186 ± 114 km  [24]. Light data were analysed using the BASTrak software suite (British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK). TransEdit was used to check for integrity of light curves and to determine dawn and dusk times, and Locator to estimate latitude from day length and longitude from the time of local mid-day relative to Greenwich Mean Time. We assumed a sun elevation angle of -3. 5°, based on known positions obtained during pre-and post-deployment calibration of the loggers at the colony. All estimated locations were examined visually in a geographical information system (GIS) and any unrealistic positions-either associated with interference to light curves at dawn or dusk, or in temporal proximity to equinoxes when latitudes are unreliable-were excluded from further analyses.
We used eight non-redundant variables: 'bathymetry' (depth, m), 'Mean chlorophyll' (chlorophyll a mean, mg/m 3 ), 'Min chlorophyll' (chlorophyll a minimum, mg/m 3 ), 'Min cloud cover' (cloud cover minimum, %), salinity (salinity mean, PSU (practical salinity units)), 'SST Fronts' (sea surface temperature, range in °C over 3 × 3 grid cells), 'Mean SST' (sea surface temperature mean, °C) and 'Min sea ice' (presence/absence of sea ice during yearly minimum extent in February, categorical variable). The MAXENT program was run with the eight non-redundant variables for three data sets: (1) nonbreeding area of Kerguelen birds, (2) nonbreeding area of Falkland birds, (3) nonbreeding area of all thin-billed prions combined. MAXENT models were run with the following settings: logistic output format, resulting in values between 0 and 1 for each grid cell, where higher values indicate more similar climatic conditions and 50 replicate runs of random (bootstrap) sub-samples with 30% random test percentage.
Discussion We used geolocators to compare distributions of thin-billed prions from the two largest populations of the species, namely in the Falkland and Kerguelen Islands. We found that the two populations located more than 8,000 km apart used common moulting grounds located in Antarctic waters halfway between the two sites. These common grounds were reached by most individuals in autumn just after breeding. We observed similar migration patterns and phenologies across 3 years of data collection for Falkland birds. We further found a species-specific latitudinal pattern, albeit with a preference for slightly more southern latitudes during moult in thin-billed prions from the Falkland Islands.
Acknowledgments Fieldwork at New Island was supported by the  New Island Conservation Trust  with assistance from  Ian, Maria  and  Georgina Strange. The work was approved by the  Falkland Islands Government (Environmental Planning Office) , and funded by grants provided by the  German Science Foundation DFG  ( Qu 148/5 ). Fieldwork at Kerguelen was supported by the  Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor  ( Programme N°109 , HW). RWF was supported by  NERC  Grant  NE/I02237X/1. We are grateful to  Hendrika van Noordwijk ,  Alexandre Corbeau ,  Yoan Ferrer-Obiol ,  Maxime Passerault  and  Thibault Lacombe  for assistance in the field, and  Ina Hampel  and  Lisa Kleemann  for assistance with data analyses. The authors also thank  S. Dano  for molecular sexing of Kerguelen birds and  G.
However, it should be stressed that this radiometric age was recorded on paragenetically later adularia crystals rather than on fluorite itself, constraining therefore the Triassic as a minimum age of mineralization. Based on these geological and geochronological constraints, we can confidently conclude that the Aouli fluorite-barite ± sulphides mineralization occurred sometime between Permian and Triassic time coincident with the early stages of Pangea rifting and subsequent Central Atlantic opening  (Irving, 1977; Klitgord and Schouten, 1986; Piqué and Laville, 1993; Ricou, 1994; Torcq et al. , 1997; Muttoni et al. , 2003 , Martins et al. , 2008). This inferred time span coincides with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar radiometric ages  (220-155 Ma; Valenza et al. , 2000)  and recent apatite fission track thermal modeling data which indicate hydrothermal event ages between 250 and 210 Ma  (Ghorbal et al.
(1997). For data quantification the Cetac GeoPro™ software was used with 43 Ca as internal standard, assuming ideal stochiometric compositions of fluorite. Data quality was assessed by analyses of USGS glass reference materials BCR2G and BHVO2G along with the samples (Table  1 ). External precision over three days of analyses is <10 % for most elements; this value includes heterogeneities of the standard materials used and is typically <5 % if consecutive analyses within small areas are carried out. Accuracy as determined by comparison with the GeoReM data base (picked by January 2009) is <10 % for most elements.
Sulphur isotope analysis Barite extractions and analyses were carried out at the Environmental Isotope facilities of the University of Waterloo (Canada) using an Isochrom Continuous Flow Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer GVI Micromass coupled to a Carlo Erba Elemental Analyzer CHNS-O EA1108. The followed experimental procedure involved the liberation of SO 2 gas by rapid combustion of the samples with vanadium pentoxide. The data are reported as per mil (‰) deviations relative to the Canyon Diabolo troilite (CDT) standard. The analytical uncertainty (2σ) was ±0. 12 ‰.
Thermometric and salinity measurements Microthermometric measurements were performed exclusively on liquid-vapour inclusions that homogenized by disappearance of the vapor bubble. In this respect, temperatures of first (T e ) and final ice (T m(ice) ) melting along with final melting of hydrohalite (T m(hh) ), and vaporliquid homogenization temperature (T h ) were determined for 275 inclusions with the temperature of final ice and hydrohalite melting measured for 188 and 103 of these inclusions; respectively. Data are reported in Table  4  and   Initial ice-melting temperatures ranging from -44° to -93°C (Table  4 ), well below the eutectic of the pure NaCl-H 2 O and NaCl-KCl-H 2 O systems  (Crawford, 1981) , are consistent with Ca+K+Na+Mg brine (T e(MgCl2) = -35°C,  Dubois and Marignac, 1997 ; T e(CaCl2) = -52°C,  Davis et al.
Acknowledgements Special thanks are due to  D. F. Sangster  who has been generous with his time by providing so willingly insight and careful pre-editing information through several versions. We also express our gratitude to  Professor E. Cardellach  from  Universität Autonoma of Barcelona (Spain)  for providing access to fluid inclusion facilities and valuable analytical assistance. Funding for this research has been provided by grants from the  Programme d'Appui à la Recherche Scientifique of Morocco  ( PROTARS II/ P23/33 ), by a  NATO  fellowship ( EST. CLG. 979371 ) and a  Fulbright postdoctoral fellowship  awarded to the second author.
Application to short-range odometry, visual stabilization, and tracking In the various experiments performed in this study, a serial communication with a ground station was used to record the data provided by the robot. A VICON motion tracking system was run at the same time to obtain the ground-truth data. A textured panel was placed 39 cm below the robot. During the experiment involving the translation of the panel, as the sensor can only sense the movement along one direction and the robot travels along a circular path, the data were projected in order to obtain a comparable dataset. Thus, at each time step, we projected the position vector into the robot frame and took only the tangential components of the displacement. In this section, we report on several experiments which were carried out in order to test the robot's capability to perform various tasks.