dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
This study has some limitations. The main limitations derive from its retrospective observational nature, which are common to all similarly designed studies using realworld databases. For instance, 12% and 10% of patients had no available HbA1c or eGFR values during the evaluated year, respectively. On the other hand, the strength of the present study is that it involves real-world data from a Med-iterranean region where the prevalence of CV risk factors and CVD in patients with T2D is expected to be different from that in Northern Europe or the US  [21].
Eligibility criteria for the EMPA-REG OUTCOME (empagliflozin) trial and number of patients in the SIDIAP database that would have met criteria for enrolment. Eligibility criteria in EMPA-REG OUTCOME trialPotentially eligible patients from the SIDIAP database (N = 373,185)CHD: coronary heart disease; CV: cardiovascular; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MI: myocardial infarction; PAD: peripheral artery disease; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; BMI: body mass index. All the percentages refer to the proportion from the total number of eligible subjects of the SIDIAP database (n = 373,185).
[19]ary of characteristics of patients enrolled in SGLT2i CVOTs and of patients from the SIDIAP database that would have met the corresponding criteria. ondata from two NHANES surveys. In this study, data from 20,293 volunteer subjects, 2,395 of whom had T2D, were to 23,941,512 persons having T2D in the US[19]. For instance, these patients were younger than in the other databases: 59 years old in the US, 68 years in the European study, and 70 years in our study. As a result, the prevalence of CV risk factors was lower in our database (13. 6% in the US vs. 28%). Conversely, the prevalence of CVD in the European study (43. 7% in Germany, 34. 8% in The Netherlands, 31. 4% in Sweden, and 25. 1% in Norway).
806 (21. 1) 31,745 (8. 5) Total eligible, n (%) 110,551 (29. 6) CHD: coronary heart disease; CV: cardiovascular; CVRF: cardiovascular risk factors; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MI: myocardial infarction; PP: primary cardiovascular prevention; SP: secondary cardiovascular prevention; PAD: peripheral artery disease; T2D: type 2 diabetes; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; HDLc: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. All the percentages refer to the proportion from the total number of eligible subjects of the SIDIAP database (n = 373,185).
4) 21,145 (5. 7) Total eligible in PP and SP, n (%) 111,926 (30) 29,727 (7. 9) Total eligible, n (%) 141,653 (38%) Percentage of patients meeting eligibility criteria 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 59 DECLARE-TIMI 58 39. 8 38 34 CANVAS 29. 6 8. 8 21 EMPA-REG OUTCOME 4. 1 8. 2 Northern Europe US Mediterranean area (Catalonia) CHD: coronary heart disease; CV: cardiovascular; CVRF: cardiovascular risk factors; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MI: myocardial infarction; PAD: peripheral artery disease; PP: primary cardiovascular prevention; SP: secondary cardiovascular prevention; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin. All the percentages refer to the proportion from the total number of eligible subjects of the SIDIAP database (n = 373,185).
Sample size calculation The sample size calculation is based on the primary hypothesis of detecting statistically signi cant differences in the percentage of clinical success in the LAMS and plastic stents groups at four weeks after the intervention. Published data suggest that the clinical success rate at 4 weeks in the LAMS group is expected to be 0. 75 and in the plastic stent group it is expected to be 0. 5. Fifty-seven patients will be recruited in each group to reject the null hypothesis that the proportion of clinical success in the LAMS group is equal to that of the plastic group with an 80% power. The type I error associated with this test will be 5%. To evaluate the hypothesis, the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test will be used depending on of the application criteria. For the calculation, a planned interim analysis will be made for half of the recruitment using O'Brien-Fleming's type I error expense function and a global loss rate of 5%.
Subgroup analysis: The main analysis will also be carried out in the following subgroups: ASA patients I-II vs III-IV. Data Management: Throughout the study the promoters will monitor the quality of the trial with special attention to protocol deviations and the quality of the data entered in the database. At the end of the trial, a meeting will be held to consider the data management report. This report will describe the different deviations from the protocol identi ed in each of the patients. These deviations will be classi ed as major or minor, and those patients with major deviations will be excluded from the protocol analysis. After the meeting, the suitability of the database for analysis will be considered, and the database will then be closed.
Ethical aspects and con dentiality The protocol will be approved by the CEIC of each participating hospital as well as that of the coordinating center (HUB). The study researchers will carry out their tasks in compliance with ethical principles of clinical research established in the Declaration of Helsinki, and with the norms of Good Clinical Practices. It is planned to hire a policy to cover the concepts and compensations according to current legislation (RD 1591/2009) that regulates clinical investigation with healthcare products. Before starting the clinical trial, it is planned to request authorization of the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products (AEMPS) and the CEICs. Before inclusion of the patient in the trial, a written informed consent will be requested. In relation to the study data we will follow the provisions of Organic Law 15/1999 of December 13 on "Protection of Personal Data".
Acknowledgements: To the Spanish Working Group on Pancreatic Collection of the  Spanish Society of Digestive Endoscopy. This work has had the support of the  Spanish Platform of Clinical Research and Clinical Trials, SCReN  ( Spanish Clinical Research Network ), nanced by the  ISCIII-General Sub directorate for the Evaluation and Promotion of Research , through project  PT13 / 0002/00585  integrated in the State Plan of R + D + I 2013-2016 and co-nanced by and the  European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). To  Mireia Sanllorente  from  Clinical Research and Clinical Trial Unit (UICEC IDIBELL), SCReN platform , for her help in applying the different amendments to each version of the trial protocol. To  Nuria Pelaez ,  Claudia F Consiglieri , and  Albert Garcia-Sumalla  of  Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge , who will assist in the enrolment of patients.
DNA helicase assays The helicase assay contained a 32 P-labeled substrate in 10 l helicase buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7. 9, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 65 mM KCl, 4 mM ATP, 0. 2 mg/ml BSA, 3 mM dithiothreitol and 10% glycerol). Reactions were initiated by addition of the enzyme at the concentrations indicated in each figure, incubated for 30 min at 37 • C and terminated by the addition of 5 l stop buffer (0. 1 mM Tris-HCl pH 7. 5, 20 mM EDTA, 0. 5% SDS, 0. 1% NP40, 0. 1% bromophenol blue, 0. 1% xylene cyanol and 25% glycerol). Reaction products were resolved by native 12% PAGE. The percentage of unwound substrate (quantified using the ImageQuant software (GE Healthcare)) was determined as (% DNA unwound) = 100 × [ssDNA / total DNA], where total DNA comprises both ssDNA and the dsDNA substrate.
ATPase assays ATPase activity was determined by using thin layer chromatography (TLC PEI Cellulose F, Merck). The reaction mixture (10 l) contained 20 mM Hepes pH 7. 9, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 65 mM KCl, 50 M unlabeled ATP, 0. 3 pmol [␥ 32 P] ATP (3000 Ci/mmol Perkin Elmer), 0. 2 mg/ml BSA, 1 mM dithiothreitol. Reactions were initiated by adding recombinant human RPC62, incubated at 37 • C for 30 min, and stopped with 5 l 20 mM EDTA. Finally, 1 l of this mixture was spotted onto a pre-coated polyethyleneiminecellulose plate and was separated during 1h with 2 M acetic acid and 0. 5 M LiCl 2. Phosphate release was visualized by phosphoimager and analyzed using ImageQuant software.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to  A. Poterszman  for providing the plasmid encoding hTFIIE␣ and  R. G. Roeder  for providing the antibodies directed against hRPC62, hRPC39 and hRPC53 (6,10). We thank  Michel Werner  for the kind gift of plasmids pRS314-RPC82 and pRS314-rpc82-6. We would like to thank  Stéphanie Durrieu-Gaillard  for technical support. FUNDING  University of Bordeaux , INSERM, CNRS;  La Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (The French National Cancer League -Equipe labellisée and comité des Landes  to M. T. and H. D. -O. ); French National Cancer Institute INCa  (to M. T. ), L. E. A. was supported by PhD fellowships from the  Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (The French National Cancer League and comité de Gironde et Dordogne)  and  Fondation ARC pour la Recherche Contre le Cancer.
Study design and study population The OTRLSAV study is an observational prospective fiveexpert-centre study (see Additional file 1 for centres) conducted in a exhaustive cohort of consecutive patients treated for at least 1 year with ASV for sleep apnea (SA) (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT02429986). The protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was reviewed and approved by an independent ethics committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes "Sud Méditérannée III"; reference number 2014. 11. 04). SA was defined according to the French Social Security rules required for the reimbursement of ASV costs: 1) an Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 30/h (or AHI ≥ 15/h and more than 10/h respiratory-effort-related arousal), and 2) associated with sleepiness and at least three symptoms from among snoring, headaches, hypertension, reduced vigilance, libido disorders, nycturia).
Collected data The clinical information collected for the analysis included age, sex, anthropometry, smoking status, blood pressure, initial polysomnography (PSG) or respiratory polygraphy (PG) AHI, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), number of hospitalizations during the last year (with aetiology), presence of cardiomyopathy (with aetiology and treatment), especially an altered LVEF, cardiological monitoring, and whether or not the patient knew his/her drug prescription by rote. The patient status for CHF and LVEF, neurological and renal comorbidities/etiologies, opioid prescriptions were systematically collected. An idiopathic CSA was defined when none of the above causes for CSA applied. ASV treatment modalities were also collected using the manufacturer's software: usage reported in hours/night for the last 6 months, reported residual AHI by the device (AHI flow ), auto-adjusted level of expiratory pressure use versus fixed expiratory pressure, inspiratory and expiratory pressure levels, duration of pressurization, backup frequency, leak level, interface type, use of humidifier, use of heated circuit, and use of a chinstrap.
Statistical analyses Data distributions were assessed for normality and continuous data are expressed as means with their standard deviations (SD) or medians and interquartile ranges (IQ 25-75 ) accordingly. Qualitative parameters were expressed as numbers and percentages. Comparisons between the three SDB-groups (CSA, OSA and TECSA) were performed using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test for quantitative data. Qualitative variables were compared using Chi-square or Fisher test. For significant global comparison, pairwise comparisons were performed using Holm correction for multiple comparison. The relationship between the date of ASV initiation and delays (since last echocardiography or the last echocardiography) was studied with the Cochran Armitage test. The relationship between the date of ASV initiation and a CPAP trial or a night monitoring in the 6 months preceding the inclusion of the patient in the study was studied using the Jonckheere-Terpstra test.
Polygraphy and oximetry-based ASV monitoring data Data for PG-or oximetry-based ASV monitoring performed in the 6 months preceding inclusion are summarised in Table  5. PG on ASV was performed in 31/ 173 patients, whereas 24/160 patients had overnight oximeter recording on ASV; one patient has both types of control. These controls were associated with a consecutive change in settings for 7 patients in either group (ASV-PG n = 7 and ASV-oximetry n = 7). These changes consisted in a modification of the pressure level for 9 patients, with a modification of the back-up frequency rate for one patient, and a modification of the interface for 5 patients. The cases where a PG-or oximetrybased ASV monitoring was performed in the last 6 months were not linked with the ASV-initiation date (p = 0. 12, see Fig.
Conditions associated with ASV This prospective, real-life study on a non-selected ASV population from five French centers is the first to give data on the related comorbidities/etiologies in "post-SERVE-HF" conditions (see Table  6  to compare with other, similar, real-life studies). In our study, the more prevalent associated comorbidities/etiologies were cardiac in nature for 75. 7% of patients (59. 5% of the WP present with CHF and 30. 5% present with atrial fibrillation). In the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) database, a similar high prevalence for cardiac comorbidities/ etiologies (78%) and atrial fibrillation (35. 9%) was reported, but with less heart failure (34%)  [14]. To date, the prevalence of idiopathic CSA is unknown  [5]. The 9. 6% prevalence of idiopathic CSA found in our study is close to the 10% reported by the recent study from Malfertheiner et al.
[12] , but differs from the 28% given by the only previous report in 2011  [10]. In the Fig. 2  Comorbidities/etiologies associated with ASV prescription. The number and percentages of the total population are presented (1 patient = 0. 6%). For 33 patients (18. 6%), no comorbidity was related to SA REP database, the prevalence of idiopathic CSA was only 4. 9%  [14]. It is impossible to determine if these differences between studies are the consequence of a recruitment bias related to the investigative centers, the absence of collected data or a real change in the prevalence of the comorbidities/etiologies associated with the prescription of ASV. In particular, the prevalence of idiopathic CSA is conditioned by the exhaustively aetiologic screening performed, which is not always specified in real-life studies (e.
In other, similar, published real-life studies (Table  6 ), the required pre-ASV CPAP trial was not always performed, and when performed, lacked important specifications and/or appropriate duration. In a recent, large, manufacturer-maintained database, it was surprising to observe that only 3. 6% of the 9295 patients treated with ASV were previously treated with CPAP, thus questioning the true prevalence of TECSApatients treated with ASV  [16]. However, this type of manufacturer-database cannot rule out the possibility of a previous CPAP treatment with a different manufacturer, and thus underestimating the TECSA-prevalence. In contrast, the prevalence of TECSA was 75. 5% of the ASVtreated patients in the REP database  [14]. The exact role CPAP screening among patients eligible for ASV treatment should be detailed in future studies.
ASV-adherence One of the major criticisms of the SERVE-HF study was the weak ASV-adherence of the patients. Indeed, only 47% of the patients were adherent for more than 4 h/day at 1 year (with a mean of only 3. 4 h/day). The data presented for the CAT-HF study were even worse, with 2. 7/h/day at 6 months  [17] ). In contrast, 87% of our patients were adherent for more than 4 h/day. This high adherence was also reported by the French study from Carnevale et al. [10] , and is likely linked to the reimbursement rules imposed by the French single-payer national insurance system. Unfortunately, ASV-adherence or usage was rarely reported in the other, similar, real-life studies, except for the Oldenburg et al. study (65. 9% of patients > 4 h/day at 24 months, see Table  6 )  [8]. A recent analysis of a large database from the United States confirms a 73.
In this regard, it was suggested that ASV usage may be linked to oral medication compliance  [22]. For CPAP therapy and OSA patients, two previous studies have reported conflicting results  [23, 24]. In our study, we failed to demonstrate a link between the ASVadherence and the number of cardiological medications or patient knowledge concerning his/her drug treatments. In the REP database, the adherence to ASV at any time was not associated with the rate of change of medication pre-ASV versus post-ASV  [14]. Future ASV-randomized studies should assess oral medication compliance in order take to rule out possible bias when interpreting ASV effects  [22]. This is one of the major criticisms against the SERVE-HF design study  [22].
Acknowledgements The OTRLASV investigators gratefully recognise the vital input and support of the home care providers: Agevie ( José Suarez ),  APARD Adene Group (Julien Bauchu, Frédéric Bousquet), ARARD Group (Florian Varielle) ,  Home Air Agiradom Group  ( Frédéric Gil ), LVL medical (Thierry Lefort)).
Hemodynamic measurements After LPS or saline injection, anesthesia was maintained on spontaneously breathing rats using an inhalational. The right carotid artery was isolated, ligated at the proximal region and a 2F microtip pressure catheter inserted (Millar instruments Inc, Houston, Texas). Pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded during 3 h after LPS or saline injection using an A/D converter (EMKA Technologies, Paris, France) and stored and displayed on a computer by the IOX1. 5. 7 Software System (EMKA Technologies). Animals were sacrificed by pentobarbital overdose.
Cardiac β-AR remodeling at the early phase of endotoxemic shock Confirming our in vivo results, we observed alterations in papillary muscle contractility in basal conditions in LPS-treated rats. Our results using papillary muscles are consistent with another study using an isolated working heart model (data not shown), showing an increase in the response to isoproterenol on endotoxemic rats hearts independently of load conditions, which has been rarely evaluated in the literature at the early phase of endotoxemic shock. However, these results should be considered with caution. Indeed, the developed tension recorded must be standardized with the papillary muscle's diameter. The possibility for cardiac edema in the septic shock  (26)  could distort this parameter and the subsequent analyses.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Chrystelle Bailly ,  Stéphanie Lemarchand-Mindé ,  Amandine Lefebvre  and  Patricia Charpentier  for animal care. We also would like to thank  Claire Toquet  and  Paul Pilet  for electron microscopy experiments, acquisitions and analysis. Finally, we would like to thank  Bryce van Denderen  for correcting the English language.
Frequency analysis: Frequency analysis is one of the main tools for estimating river discharge for a given return period. It is used when there is sufficient at site hydrological data and is based on a statistical methods in order to define the probability of occurrence of floods  (Stedinger et al. , 1993; Ahattab et al. , 2015). The annual maximum discharge values were extracted from the observed time series. Prior to the fitting of different statistical distributions, the time series must comply with the hypothesis of stationarity, homogeneity and independence. To verify these hypotheses, three nonparametric tests were used since the distribution of the data is unknown, but assumed non-normal, as it is most frequently the case for extreme values  (Tramblay et al. , 2008) :  The Wald-Wolfowitz (1943) test the hypothesis of independence (i.
Mapping of flooded areas From the results in one dimension in HEC-RAS, we can also visualize the results of the flood propagation for different periods of return on a 2D map. For this, the results of the hydraulic simulation are operated by a GIS tools to create maps of the flood plain for a flood corresponding to a return period of 100 years (Figure  6 ). The simulation of the lateral extension of these floods highlights significant overflows of the watercourse on its banks. According to the flood magnitudes obtained for different return periods, floods can inundate agricultural fields, buildings, and may also cut the provincial road P-2017, which is the only road connecting the valley to the city of Marrakesh. The use of the Pleiades data makes it possible to describe the severity of an event in term of spatial extension, because it allows a very detailed mapping of the flood zones.
Due to the recent availability of this high-resolution elevation data, it is possible to implement this type of approach in different catchment to produce accurate flood plains maps. This study opens different perspectives for future research. First, the hydraulic modelling requires hydro-meteorological data to be implemented, and this type of data is not often available in developing countries. Other approaches relying on lower data requirements and using large scale databases could be implemented to produce maps of flood risk, such as the FIGUSED  (Kazakis et al. 2015)  approach. Second, there is a need to develop a precise spatial knowledge of the local vulnerabilities to floods, the level of danger and the location of the areas most affected by flooding. Coupling the hydraulic modeling with approaches able to quantify the vulnerability of buildings and infrastructures will allow proposing mitigation actions to reduce the impacts of floods.
The human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B has probably been circulating on the island of Hispaniola since the 1960s, but information about the early viral history on this Caribbean island is scarce. In this study, we reconstruct the dissemination dynamics of early divergent non-pandemic subtype B lineages (designated B CAR ) on Hispaniola by analyzing a country-balanced dataset of HIV-1 B CAR pol sequences from Haiti (n = 103) and the Dominican Republic (n = 123). Phylogenetic analyses supported that B CAR strains from Haiti and the Dominican Republic were highly intermixed between each other, although the null hypothesis of completely random mixing was rejected. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses placed the ancestral B CAR virus in Haiti and the Dominican Republic with the same posterior probability support.
HIV-1 Subtyping and Lineage Assignment The subtype initially assigned to new Haitian sequences by the REGA HIV subtyping tool v. 2  (de Oliveira et al. , 2005)  was confirmed by performing a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis with HIV-1 group M subtype reference sequences (Supplementary Table  S1 ). We also tested for recombination using the Recombination Detection Program (RDP) v4. 9  (Martin et al. , 2005)  with the default settings. Only statistically significant (p < 0. 05) events supported by at least two methods were considered. HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences from Haiti were then aligned with subtype B sequences representative of the B PANDEMIC and the B CAR clades (Supplementary Table  S2 ) selected from a previous study  (Cabello et al. , 2014)  and subjected to ML phylogenetic analysis for lineage classification.
The ML trees were reconstructed with the PhyML program  (Guindon et al. , 2010)  using an online web server  (Guindon et al. , 2005)  under the best fit nucleotide substitution model selected with the SMS tool  (Lefort et al. , 2017) , the SPR branch-swapping algorithm of heuristic tree search, and the approximate likelihood-ratio test (aLRT)  (Anisimova and Gascuel, 2006)  of reliability tree topology. The ML trees were visualized using the FigTree v1. 4 program  (Rambaut, 2009).