dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
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Literature search Using both free texts and MESH terms (synchronous colorectal liver metastases; resectable; liver-first hepatectomy and liver resection; simultaneous hepatectomy and liver resection; delayed hepatectomy and liver resection), a systematic literature search was performed in the Medline, Embase, PubMed and Google Scholar databases from their inception until March 2019. Abstracts were selected. References of the retrieved articles were checked manually for further studies. Any discrepancies between the authors were resolved by consensus discussion among the authors.
Data extraction and outcomes Two researchers (PG and KK) independently extracted the following summary data for the included studies: name of authors, study design and time period; number of patients included for simultaneous, delayed and liver-first hepatic resections; age; sex; colonic primaries; patients treated with neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies; major hepatectomies. The primary and secondary outcomes were long-term overall survival and postoperative major morbidity (Clavien-Dindo III and IV), respectively  [7].
Statistical analysis The methodological quality of all the included studies was assessed using the validated Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS)  [8]. Studies with scores of ≥ 7 were considered of high quality. First, a pairwise meta-analysis was performed for studies that compared two surgical approaches. Subsequently, a network meta-analysis was conducted to compare simultaneous, delayed and liver-first approaches. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata version 15 software (Stata Corp LP, College Station, TX, USA). Dichotomous variables were analyzed on the basis of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Long-term survival was analyzed by combining the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs from the included studies. These were rarely reported and so were estimated using the method described by Parmar et al  [9] , where this was possible.
The diameter of firn samples are adjusted to the PMMA socket with a lathe, in order to impose oedometric conditions before subsequent treatment. These conditions are required to avoid issues that could occur for such a granular material in uniaxial compression (grains may detach easily during the compaction and lead to catastrophic failure). An oedometric test is a compaction test, which reproduces satisfactorily the strain state imposed in ice caps and soils, and which models in this work an artificial densification of firn. sample to be imaged on its full length. Multiple scans on the same ex situ sample have barely shown any effect of the X-rays and of the air flow on the pore shape nor density  [28]. Voxel size is 12 µm for ex situ conditions and 15 µm for in situ conditions. After 3D image reconstructions with the filteredback projection algorithm, all image analyses and parameter determination were carried out using the free software Fiji  [29]  combined with the plugin Analysis 3D  [30].
This is important as we adopt the convention κ 1 > κ 2 for principal curvatures. The shape index S writes : S = 2 π arctan κ 1 + κ 2 κ 1 -κ 2 (1) Regarding the curvedness C, it is equal to 0 for a perfectly planar surface (infinite curvature radius), and increases as the curvature radius decreases. Its formulation is: C = κ 2 1 + κ 2 2 2 (2) Local principal curvatures are computed with the software Avizo  [36]. The generation of the surface mesh implies the choice of a mesh size. It is achieved by selecting a smoothing parameter in Avizo (set to 3). For the actual calculation of curvatures, the user also has to determine how many neighbors are taken into account for the local curvature. Using the ten closest neighbors for local curvatures leads to about 10 to 20 minutes of computation time (Burr  [28]  for more details).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Pierre Latil  ( Novitom ) for lending the compaction device. Mathieu Bourcier  and  Clément Ballot  are also thanked for their help during X-ray scans. Labex OSUG@2020 and CEMAM are thanked for financial support for the micro-computed tomograph located at  CMTC-UGA (Univ. Grenoble Alpes ). Field personnels at Dome Concordia are also thanked ( Joel Savarino ,  Philippe Possenti  and wintering of the Concordia station). Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  via contract  NT09-431976-VOLSOL  is acknowledged for the financial support for acquiring the ice core sections at Dome Concordia.
Data collection Patients' demographic characteristics, diagnosis at admission, hemodynamic status (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, mixed venous oxygen saturation, arterial lactate), current vasopressor and inotrope treatment, settings of mechanical ventilation, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) at admission, current Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), comorbidities, Charlson comorbidity index, and mortality at day 28 were collected.
Transthoracic echocardiography Echocardiographic data were obtained from a 1. 5-3. 6-MHz cardiac probe connected to a Vivid i echograph (GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, WI, USA). To ensure consistency in the measurements of the echocardiographic indices, all TTE were performed by a limited number of physicians with advanced expertise in critical care echocardiography (R. B. , X. R. , or T. J. ). Before the beginning of the inclusions, they all studied the latest recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography  [5]  and performed several exams all together to harmonize their practices. ETT parameters were measured and calculated off-line on acquired images, blinded from the PAC values, on an average of 3 measurements. The following RV systolic function parameters were measured as recommended by international guidelines  [5] : fractional area change (FAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in M-mode, and indices derived from the pulsed tissue Doppler at lateral tricuspid annulus-peak systolic velocity (S′), RV index of myocardial performance (RIMP), and isovolumic acceleration (IVA).
We chose a cutoff value of 35% as proposed by Vanderpool et al. [23]  because it is the threshold that best predicts long-term outcomes. We also tested a lower threshold of 25% to take into account the reported bias of the continuous thermodilution method  [24, 25]. All statistical analyses were performed using R statistical software version 3. 4. 3 (R Core Team, 2017, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www. Rproject. org). The visualization of the correlation matrix was drawn with the R package "corrplot" version 0. 84 (T. Wei and V. Simko, 2017, https://github. com/taiyun/corrplot). The diagnostic accuracy statistics were performed with the R package "pROC" version 1. 1. 00 (X. Robin et al. , 2011, https://web. expasy. org/pROC/).
Results preparation of 149 Tb-PSMA-617. Directly after separation from zinc and isobar impurities, the final product ( 149 Tb in HCl 0. 05 M) was used for the labeling of PSMA-617. 149 Tb-PSMA-617 was obtained at a molar activity of up to 6 MBq/nmol, with a radiochemical purity of >98%. The retention time of the product (t R = 8. 7 min) was equivalent to previous data obtained with  177  Lu-PSMA-617 (Supplementary Information, Fig. S1 )  18. Areas under the curve (AUc) and AUc ratios of 149 Tb-PSMA-617. Based on previous studies that showed equal distribution of 177 Lu-and 161/152 Tb-labeled tumor targeting agents (including DOTA-folate  14  , DOTANOC  19  and PSMA-617  16  ), it was assumed that 149 Tb-PSMA-617 and 177 Lu-PSMA-617 would distribute equally in the body. The distribution of 177 Lu-PSMA-617 showed fast accumulation in PC-3 PIP tumor xenografts, with the kidneys being the only healthy organs with substantial accumulation of activity (Supplementary Information, Table  S1 )  2.
5  18. An aliquot of 149 TbCl 3 /HCl (0. 05 M) was added to a mixture of sodium acetate (0. 5 M, pH ~8) and HCl (0. 05 M) containing PSMA-617 to obtain the required molar activity of 3 MBq/nmol or 6 MBq/nmol, respectively. The reaction mixture was incubated for 15 min at 95 °C, followed by quality control using HPLC (Supplementary Information)  32. The in vivo experiments were performed using 149 Tb-PSMA-617 without further purification. estimation of AUc ratios of 149 Tb-PSMA-617. In this study, it was assumed that the tissue distribution of 149 Tb-PSMA-617 was equal to 177 Lu-PSMA-617, which enabled us to use previously-published biodistribution data obtained with 177 Lu-PSMA-617  32   Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society. Transformation of these data to non-decay-corrected data using the half-life of 149 Tb revealed the effective uptake of 149 Tb-PSMA-617 in the tumors, blood, kidneys and liver over time.
The time-activity curves for the tumor were obtained with a mono-exponential function, while a bi-exponential function was utilized for the kidney, liver and blood, fitted to the non-decay-corrected data points using MATLAB. The time-integrated activity was obtained by integration to infinity. These AUC values were used to determine the tumor-to-blood, tumor-to-kidney and tumor-to-liver AUC ratios for 149 Tb-PSMA-617 as a measure of the dose ratios. The data also enabled the comparison of the dose ratios with those theoretically obtained when PSMA-617 would be used in combination with other α-emitters, such as 213 Bi (T 1/2 = 46 min) and 225 Ac (T 1/2 = 9. 9 d), under the assumption that the tissue distribution would be identical in this mouse model. 149 Tb-PSMA-617 and 177 Lu-PSMA-617. The mean specific absorbed doses (Gy/MBq) to the tumors and kidneys were calculated by multiplication of time-integrated activity concentration (corresponding to the AUC values), by the emitted α-energy (663 kev/decay) and the emitted electron energy (86 keV/decay) for 149 Tb.
The tumor growth delay (TGD x ) was the time required for the tumor volume to increase x-fold over the initial volume at the Day 0. The tumor growth delay index [TGDI x = TGD x (T)/TGD x (C)] was calculated as the TGD x ratio of treated mice (T) over control mice (C) for a 2-fold (x = 2, TGD 2 ) and 5-fold (x = 5, TGD 5 ) increase of the initial tumor volume. The median lifetime, based on euthanasia of the mice when they reached an endpoint, was calculated using GraphPad Prism software (version 7). After euthanasia, kidneys, liver and the brain were collected and weighed. The organ ratios (kidney-to-brain and liver-to-brain) were calculated using the organ masses obtained at the day of euthanasia. Organ data were analyzed for significance using a one-way ANOVA test with a Tukey's post correction (GraphPad Prism software, version 7).
This mouse model with a PSMA-positive and a PSMA-negative tumor xenograft in one animal enables the determination of PSMA-specific radioligand uptake without the need for blocking studies using 2-(phosphonomethyl)-pentandioic acid (2-PMPA) as a PSMA inhibitor. During the scan, mice were anesthetized with a mixture of isoflurane and oxygen. Static whole-body PET scans of 10 min duration were performed at 30 min, 2 h and 4 h after injection of 149 Tb-PSMA-617 (5 MBq, 1. 2 nmol, 200 µL), followed by a CT scan of 1. 5 minutes. The aquistion of the data and their reconstruction was performed using the G8 PET/CT scanner software (version 2. 0. 0. 10). All images were prepared using VivoQuant post-processing software (version 3. 5, inviCRO Imaging Services and Software, Boston U. S. ). A Gaussian post-reconstruction filter (full width at half maximum = 1 mm) was applied to the images and the scale was adjusted by cutting 5-10% of the lower signal intensity to make the tumors and kidneys readily visible.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Susan Cohrs  for assistance in the study, as well as the people responsible for radiation safety and radioactive transport at the  Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS)  at  PSI  and  CERN. The authors are grateful to  Walter Hirzel ,  Alexander Sommerhalder  and  Muhamet Djelili  ( Radionuclide Production and Maintenance Group  at  CRS, PSI ) for technical assistance. The authors thank the ISOLDE RILIS team for efficient Dy ionization and the  ISOLTRAP-MR-TOF-MS team for beam characterization. Furthermore , the authors thank  Isotope Technologies Garching  ( ITG GmbH) Germany , for providing no-carrier-added 177 Lu. Support by  ENSAR2  ( EU H2020  project Nr. 654002 ) is gratefully acknowledged for the construction of the shielded collection chamber, the user visits to  CERN-ISOLDE  and the payment of the Open Access fee.
Material and Methods Eligible women included pregnant women who were over 18 years old, were followed during antenatal care, had a body mass index (BMI) under 40 kg. m -2 , and had no current or previous history of inflammatory joint disease or joint hypermobility syndrome (such as Marfan's syndrome). Written informed consent was previously provided by each woman. The size of the sample was determined based on the parameters of typical biomechanical studies. In this case, a number of subjects above 15 appeared to have an non-significant effect on statistical power  18. Accounting for the risk of failure in terms of the data analysis or experimentation, we defined a convenience sample of 20 pregnant women. A full protocol description is available in a recent publication of the protocol  7. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Poitiers Hospital (Comité de Protection des Personnes: 2013-1203-42) and by the French National Agency of Drug Safety (Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament: B131-460-22).
At each session, the following protocol was applied: (1) collection of data regarding the clinical characteristics of the women (height, weight, and gestational age); (2) measurement of finger laxity with the extensometer; (3) measurements of in a static supine position (5 seconds of data acquisition) with different angles of hip flexion (0°/30°/60°/90°/110°/ maximum hip flexion) and abduction (30°/60°/maximum hip abduction). Each participant underwent a maximum of 18 measurement sequences in each session. The 3D positions of the markers were tracked and collected with the optoelectronic system software package. A custom MATLAB code (MathWorks Inc. , Natick, MA) was developed to merge data from the optoelectronic and the Epionics systems and to extract the required data. Low-pass filtering using a double-pass Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 10 Hz was applied to the marker positions.
1 ). The flexion of the external conjugate's plane on the spine (ANGce) was computed in the sagittal plane as the angle between the external conjugate and the line passing through the reconstructed markers located on the level of vertebrae C7 and Th10 (Fig. 1 ). The characteristics and baseline data of the participants are described with the mean, 95% confidence interval (CI), and standard deviation for quantitative data and with the percentage for qualitative data. For BMI, we calculated the initial BMI at the first session and integrated it into other calculations in the following session. The normality of the distribution of data was estimated with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Quarterly joint laxity comparisons were tested with the non-parametric Friedman test. If trimester was significantly associated with joint laxity, we carried out a post hoc Wilcoxon test with a Bonferroni correction.
In the present study, we assumed that the back was flat from -3° of lumbar lordosis or in kyphosis when values were positive. The plane of the pelvic inlet was considered perpendicular to the spine when ANGce reached +/-5° (in order to take into account the precision of the measures  30  ). Postures (hip flexion/hip abduction and joint laxity) necessary to obtain the optimal birth conditions were assessed. To perform this analysis, we defined a binary variable that we named "Optimac", this variable being set to 1 when the combination of an optimal position of the back (flat or kyphosis) and an optimal position of the pelvis (perpendicular to the lumbar spine) was obtained. For the statistical analysis, we considered that the results were significant if p < 0. 05. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA V14 software.
Acknowledgements To  Marc Arcens , medical student,  University of Geneva , for drawing Figure 1. And to the Leenaards foundation which chose to promote further David Desseauve researchs in obstetrical biomechanics since the beginning of 2019 (https://www. leenaards. ch/prix/coordonner-les-mouvements-de-la-maman-et-du-bebepour-favoriser-lesaccouchements-par-voie-basse/).
Methods Forty-six patients evaluated for pulmonary vascular disease in the French National Reference Center for PH entered in the study. The data collection was part of a standardized diagnostic approach registry set up in agreement with the Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés, the organization dedicated to information technology and civil rights in France. The study enrolled 23 PAH and 23 CTEPH patients matched for age and gender evaluated during diagnostic approach. Of the 23 patients with CTEPH, 13 had proximal disease and were eligible for surgery and 10 patients had contraindications fore surgery due to predominant distal disease. All the patients had the right heart catheterization (RHC) and CMR imaging within 48 h. All RHC measurements followed the protocol previously described.
Morphokinetic analysis of the embryos derived from ICSI was performed using the Embryoviewer software. Our results showed that the motile sperm-enriched fraction from obese men exhibited higher levels of retained histones (p<0. 001), elevated percentage of altered chromatin integrity (p<0. 001), and decreased contents of 5-hmC (p<0. 001), and 5-mC (p<0. 05) levels as compared to that from lean men. Importantly, there were no statistically significant correlations between these molecular parameters and the percentages of morphologically normal motile spermatozoa. Regarding embryo morphokinetics, the CC1 (p<0. 05) and CC3 (p<0. 05) embryonic cell cycles were significantly delayed in the cleavage embryos of the obese group as compared to the embryos of the lean group. Our data is of particular interest because, besides demonstrating the negative impacts of obesity on motile spermatozoa molecular composition, it also highlights the possible risk of disturbing early embryonic cell cycles kinetics in the context of paternal obesity.
Embryo culture and evaluation of time-lapse images Embryoslides containing the injected eggs were placed in the Embryoscope (Vitrolife) immediately after ICSI. They were cultured for 5 consecutive days without interruption at 37˚C with 5% CO 2 , 5% O 2, and 90% N 2. Images were acquired each 10 min for every embryo at seven focal plans (10 μm intervals). Embryo quality and morphokinetics were analysed using the Embryoviewer software (Vitrolife). The analyses allowed to determine the precise timing of pronuclei appearance (tPNa), pronuclei fading (tPNf), duration of the first cell cycle (CC1 = time to 2 cells (t2)-tPNf), second embryonic cell cycle (CC2 = time to 4 cells (t4)-t2), and third embryonic cell cycle (CC3 = time to 8 cells (t8)-t4)  [54]. The fertilization rate was also calculated as the number of fertilized eggs/number of injected eggs x100, considering an egg as fertilized when it ejects the second polar body and contains 2 pronuclei.
Statistical analysis Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed continuous variables, median ± interquartile range for non-normally distributed continuous variables, and as percentage where applicable. Statistical analysis was done using an R package (R Core team 2014). We used the module rbiostats that utilizes Student's t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc tests (e. g. , Tukey) in order to test for the statistical significance changes between two groups and among all of them, respectively  [56, 57]. Since both tests require a normally distributed data, Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of each group  [58]. Moreover, Student's t-test and the conventional ANOVA assume equal variances among control and independent variables.
Acknowledgments We are thankful for the technical contributions of  Youmna Mourad Fakih  and  Chadi Fakih  in the ELISA experiments and TB/AB image acquisitions. We appreciate the help of  Perla Kafrouny  in providing some culture media vials. We acknowledge  Joan Azoury ,  Janah Shayya ,  Fadi Choucair , and  Michele Trabucchi  for the critical review of the manuscript. We are grateful for the collaboration of  Khaled Hazzouri  in the biostatistics analysis.
This study was funded by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche " ( ANR-12-ADAPT-0022 ) and the conseil national de la recherche scientifique Liban (CNRS-L). G. R. was supported by a fellowship from  CNRS-L. Azoury IVF  clinic provided support in the form of salaries for authors JA, KR, and JA. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the 'author contributions' section.
Eligibility criteria Types of studies. RCTs investigating pharmacologic treatments were included. We defined a RCT as a clinical study randomly allocating participants to different interventions. Pharmacologic treatments were drugs or nutritional supplements. Reports of secondary publications of RCTs, nonrandomized studies, observational studies, and reports of studies pooling data from more than one RCT were excluded. Meeting abstracts were also excluded. Types of participants. Participants of any age having a rheumatic disease. Types of interventions. Pharmacologic treatments. Types of outcomes. All outcomes were included.
Data Extraction and Management RCTs with at least one reported CM potentially influencing the primary outcome were included. One author (MI) extracted the data from using a standardized form, and a second author (CR) checked the extracted data. Disagreements were discussed to reach consensus. From each study, the following characteristics were obtained: country of corresponding author, journal, year of publication, funding source (industry-or non-industry funded), disease, phase of development (phase 0, I, II, III, IV), type of comparator (placebo, active intervention, usual care, or no intervention), study design (parallel arm, cross-over, etc), primary outcome. A study was considered being industry-funded if the sponsor or one of the collaborators was industry. For each CM included in the analysis we recorded the name and/or the drug category and whether authors provided information on: a) planned management of CM throughout the study (whether the possibility to use the drug was stated in eligibility criteria or in methods; whether the range of dose allowed, dose adjustment permitted and underlying reasons were reported; whether actions planned in case of protocol violations were acknowledged); b) observed use of the drug for each arm throughout the study (whether the number of patients taking CM at enrolment, at last visit and during the study was reported; whether the CM dosage at baseline, the cumulative/mean dosage were reported; whether the number of patients who modified drug dosage within the permitted range was described; whether reasons leading to dosage modification were reported; whether information on adherence to CM or on the occurrence of CM-related protocol violations were provided).