dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Camelus sivalensis first appears in the Middle Siwalik in Pakistan  (Barry et al. , 1982)  and at the top of the Saketi Formation  (Nanda, 2002). Camelus and Hexaprotodon are attributed to the Elephas planifrons Biostratigraphic interval-zone. S. giganteum appears in the Siwalik Group after 2. 9 Ma  (Barry, 1995). This is considered a common taxon in the Elephas planifrons Biostratigraphic interval-zone from the uppermost part of this group and developed during the next Equus sivalensis Biostratigraphic interval-zone. Bovidae are abundant but the determination is not easy without crania and horncores. The taxonomic keys used for Masol collection allow the assignation to the tribe's level based on the dental material. The connection between these observations and the historical nomenclature needs more data and will be addressed in future work.
Acknowledgments The Indo- French Research Program, "Siwaliks ", is under the patronage of  Professor Yves Coppens ,  College of France  and  Academy of Sciences , since 2012, it has been supported by the  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs  during three years (2012-2013-2014); in 2011 by the  ATM grant  ( Transversal Action of the Museum ) of the  National Museum of Natural History  ( Department of Earth Sciences ), in 2006, 2007 and 2011 by the  Prehistory Department of the National Museum of Natural History , Paris; we are thankful to the  Archaeological Survey of India  and to the  Department of Tourism, Cultural Affairs, Archaeology and Museums of Punjab Government  for survey permit, to the  Embassy of India in Paris  and to the  Embassy of France in New Delhi , for their administrative support.
Given the importance of the MDR in preparing the Nubian Levallois working surface, MDR crosssections were recorded, as was the distal platform angle relative to the working surface (DPA. In addition to these morphological observations, core metric dimensions were recorded for quantitative comparisons. These metric data include length, midpoint width, thickness and volume of the Nubian cores, as well as their Index of Core Elongation (ICE) and Index of Core Flattening (ICF). ICE is determined by dividing the core length by its midpoint width; a value equal or greater than two indicates that the core is twice as long as it is wide. ICF is a result of the division of the cores midpoint width by its thickness. The larger this number, the wider and flatter the core. Our analysis uses these qualitative and quantitative data to explore technological variability between Al-Kharj and Dhofar NC core assemblages.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to the organizers of the 10 th International Symposium on Knappable Materials held at the  University of Barcelona  in September 2015. The fieldwork in Dhofar was financed by the  AHRC and National Geographic Waitt  grant, both awarded to JR and held under the auspice of the  Ministry of Heritage and Culture of Oman. Fieldwork in Al-Kharj  was funded by the  Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage  and the  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. RC and YHH a grateful to  Jérémie Schiettecatte  for his support and bonne humeur as co-director of the  Archaeological Mission in Al-Kharj. The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers of this paper for their time and input.
Population genetic structure We examined the population structure within Cyprus by using four approaches: genetic distance, spatial autocorrelation analysis, spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA), and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). First, Nei and Takezaki's genetic distance  [21]  between Cypriot Y-STR haplotypes were estimated with Arlequin  [22]  and plotted by multidimensional scaling (MDS) using R  [23]. Second, Cypriot Y-STR haplotypes and their geographical coordinates were used to detect possible patterns of isolation by distance within Cyprus through an autocorrelation spatial analysis with even distance classes of 15, 25, and 50 km with the GENALEX software  [24]. Third, Y-STR haplotypes and Y haplogroup frequencies were subject to a SAMOVA in order to examine the genetic variance among the six Cypriot districts  [25].
Island substructure Spatial analysis of Y-STR variance among the six Cypriot districts barely showed significant geographical structure at K = 4 with northern, eastern, and southern regions separating (4. 68 %, p < 0. 05, Table  1 ). The nearly featureless geographic structure of the haplotype data is reiterated by the non-significant spatial autocorrelation (Additional file 6: Figure  S3 ) as well as a lack of genetic affinity with district affiliation displayed in the MDS plot (Additional file 7: Figure  S4 ). On the contrary, dispersal of Y-chromosome haplogroups (Fig. 3 ) reached significance at K = 3 to 5 (range of percentage of variation, 0. 39-0. 66 %, p values <0. 01, Table  1 ). We then searched for shared STR haplotypes. While the majority of our 574 STR haplotypes are unique we observed 197 perfect matches, most of which are shared within the same district and to a lesser extent between adjacent districts, indicative of recent demographic growth.
Acknowledgements We express our gratitude to the male donors of Cyprus who participated in this study. We also thank the following individuals for their insights either during the conceptualization phase or assistance during the progression of the study:  Tristan Carter ,  Rolandos Katsiaounis+ ,  Nicos Koureas ,  Vassos Karageorghis ,  Demetrius Somas ,  Kiki Papastavrou ,  Olympia Pavlidou ,  Petro's Lazio ,  Eftychia Kyriacou ,  Panagiota Demosthenous ,  Argyro Argyrou ,  Ted Kandell ,  Ray Banks ,  Blood Collection Units (Nicosia, Limassol, Larnaka). We thank  Alice A. Lin  for genotyping L293 and M589 in relevant samples from [18,31] and  M205  from [20]. We thank  Professor Ornella Semino  for the  M205 ,  L293 ,  Z2105 , and M589 results for Bulgaria [28]. S. M. thanks  Julien Corny  for the assistance in the use of R.
The safeguarding of cultural heritage has brought forward the generation of heterogeneous, complex, diversified and irreplaceable digital data. It becomes difficult for an object with missing characteristics to perform the premises identification, object identification as well as its movement recording. Therefore, it is an imperative need of traceability of the cultural digital objects. In this study, we have proposed an expert system to address the issues of achieving and maintaining traceability of cultural objects. The system has employed big data technologies as well as ontological modeling capabilities to semantically trace objects. We have designed Cultural Heritage Ontology (CHOnt) that captures all the semantics for inference mechanisms. We have shown that the proposed system is capable of sound expressiveness with an immense potential in offering a scalable solution as a common vehicle through which archaeologists, IT specialists and even a non-professional can trace, evaluate, enhance, analyze and exchange all types of information.
Literature Review We have reviewed the literature related to the provision of traceability of the cultural data in all of the possible ways. We noticed that most of the research work has been carried out by means of applying "Semantic engineering" on the data itself  [5]   [1]. The problem with such an approach is that developing a semantic network on varied level of information produces "less concise" ontologies. We have argued in such situations that prior to feeding the data in the semantic engineering, one must converge the plethora of information into a fine grained dataset. More the data set is precised, better the output of the final semantic expressivity of cultural heritage. As the information era dawned with the advent of modern computational tools, the vast amount of digital data has been reorganized in the structured and unstructured format.
This data eventually culminated into the databases grouping the cultural heritage knowledge  [6] -  [8]. Apart from these specialized sources, other online knowledge repositories such as wikis and weblogs could also be observed for the source of information; albeit such sources are less explicit and void of systematic traceability of a query related to newly arrived artifact in a museum. The research question is that how can we introduce new functionalities and opportunities to improve the quality of cultural data, whether using innovative semantic web techniques alone are sufficient? [9] ,  [10]  introduced work employing intelligent engineering, however their approaches were limited to only provision of facilitation of better accessibility to end users of their systems. The usefulness of NLP has also been highlighted in this domain  [4].
Natural Language Processing We collected data from the online resource (Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania)  [11]. The original data consists of 346,474 object records. Although the data is in comma separated format, however, there is a problem with this large dataset. In many cases, the data is in semi-structured nature with various free text fields. This requires that we should perform natural language initial processing such as stemming, lemmatization, etc. However, the application of natural language processing cannot provide good results unless the semantic annotation is performed using the controlled vocabulary.
We have employed the DBSCAN clustering algorithm using MapReduce approach  [15] ,  [16]. The added advantages of using DBSCAN over MapReduce are following: 1. DBSCAN possesses the capability to produce irregular shape clusters which are more close to the distribution nature of data. 2. MapReduce ensures the scalability of the executing functions. This aspect is useful in case of high dimensional data as described earlier in our case. In DBSCAN, each object is clustered given two core parameters. Mathematically, we can define it by equation 1.
{ } ) 1 ( ) , ( | : ) ( ε ε ≤ q p d q p N Where N denotes the number of objects between two given objects p and q (both are inclusive); ε is radius. On each point scale (as for p in the equation 1), it gives a circular cluster. However as lots of circles individually grows up, collection of tiny circles (sub-clusters) are realized into a dense regions in the data space which is separated by regions of lower object density. This identifies a maximal set of density connected points. DBSCAN is useful for such situations where data is distributed in numerous small density zones. The cultural data by virtue of its nature bears density oriented distribution. The underlying reason is that given a specific type or format, specific cultural information are aligned in a peculiar way. One can notice that DBSCAN is sensitive to external parameters of radius size and number of observations.
Acknowledgments The  Indo-French research program  'Siwaliks' was developed under the patronage of  Professor Yves Coppens ,  College of France  and Academy of Sciences since 2012, with the financial support of the  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs  ( 2012-2014 ). It was supported by the  Prehistory Department of the National Museum of Natural History, Paris , in 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2011; by the  'Transversal Action of the Museum' of the National Museum of Natural History -Department of Earth Sciences , in 2011. We are grateful to the  Archaeological Survey of India  and to the  Department of Tourism, Cultural Affairs, Archaeology and Museums of the Punjab Government  for the survey permit, and to the  Embassy of India in Paris. We are grateful to the mayor of Masol village, for his hospitality and advice.
The denomination -Tibetan medicine‖ is sometimes used to render the practices more understandable to westerners, but the regional specificities are usually quickly formulated, and in a sense reflect the anthropological variability of Tibetan medicine  (Pordié 2008a: 4-5). The Ladakhis claim to have conserved a tradition that the exiles have lost. A tradition characterized by the existence of medical lineages, gyudpa (brgyud-pa, syn. rgyud-pa) and by non-institutional educational modalities. They thus put forward their distinct identity, which is however perceived by some Tibetans as belonging to history: for them, the existence of gyudpa amchi is a thing of the past. This is true of the Tibetan exiles in India, where the overwhelming majority of doctors trained by the Men-Tsee-Khang do not belong to lineages, but it is completely untrue in the case of Ladakh.
SEM and asymptomatic infection From an epidemiologic point of view, struvite stones are strongly associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) [69e71]. These stones represent 10e15% of all kidney stones in patients in industrialized countries  [72]  and are common in children. In a recent investigation  [73] , statistical analysis of the chemical composition of urolithiasis suggests that a family of chemical compounds namely struvite, amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate, whitlockite, proteins, triglycerides and mucopolysaccharides (MPS) share the particularity of being present mainly or exclusively in calculi related to urinary tract infection. These data pinpoint the importance of identify the different compounds present in stones in order to drive significantly the diagnosis  [73]. At the hospital, physical methods such as FTIR or XRD are used to determine the chemical composition urolithiasis.
Acknowledgments We thank  Dr. I. Brocheriou  ( Necker Hospital ),  Dr. X. Carpentier  ( Nice Hospital ),  Dr. Ch. Chappard  ( Lariboisi e ̀re Hospital ),  Prof. P. Conort  ( La Piti e-Salp etri ere Hospital ),  Dr. P. Dorfmüller  ( La Piti e-Salp etri ere Hospital ),  Dr. E. Esteve  ( Tenon Hospital ),  Prof. D. Hannouche  ( Lariboisi ere Hospital ),  Dr. J. P. Haymann  ( Tenon Hospital ),  Prof. P. Jungers  ( Necker Hospital ),  Prof. B. Knebelman  ( Necker Hospital ),  Dr. E. A. Korng  ( Lariboisi ere Hospital ),  Dr. E. Letavernier  ( Tenon Hospital ),  Prof. F. Liote  ( Lariboisi ere Hospital ),  Prof. M. Mathonnet  ( Limoges Hospital ),  Prof. P. Meria  ( Stain-Louis Hospital ),  Dr. C. Nguyen  ( Lariboisi ere Hospital ),  Dr. J. Rodes  ( Tenon Hospital ),  Pr. P. Ronco  ( Tenon Hospital ),  Dr.
, 2012; Haenssler et al. , 2014  and Alykes/Zakynthos:  Panagiotaras et al. , 2012; Avramidis et al. , 2013)  (Fig. 1 ). Each of the records chosen offer evidence for at least two of the four sedimentary types of datasets. The stratigraphies and lithologies of these records (Fig. A. 4 ) testify to the varying palaeoenvironmental conditions that must be considered when analysing and comparing the records. These variations are due to different geomorphological processes, including proximity to rivers and river deltas, tectonism, the sediment budget (river/delta or alluvial fan progradation), relative sea level changes and catastrophic events such as floods, earth-quakes and tsunamis (cf. Anthony et al. , 2014; Brückner et al. , 2010; Papadopoulos et al. , 2014; V€ ott, 2007; Willersh€ auser, 2014).
Peloponnese (Fig. A. 2). We have also based our reconstruction of the Holocene climate and environmental changes in the Peloponnese on biological proxies found in the sediment cores, including pollen and diatoms. In order to enable comparisons between the different records, the pollen diagrams were plotted against time (cal BP), based on the published data from each site (Fig. A. 4). For Lake Lerna we used the age-depth model provided by the European Pollen Database (http://www. europeanpollendatabase. net). Arboreal pollen was divided among mountainous, deciduous and Mediterranean vegetation groups, and in addition to the arboreal pollen (AP) sum, a forestation cover index was used to estimate the woodland cover  (Kouli, 2012). Agricultural activities may be traced through the fluctuations of cultivated plants (Olea, Cerealia-type), as well as the sum of the Pollen Disturbance Index (PDI), which uses selected anthropogenic indicators related to pastoral activities (specifically Centaurea, Cichorioideae, Plantago, Ranunculus acris type, Polygonum aviculare type, Sarcopoterium, Urtica dioica type and Pteridium)  (Kouli, 2015).
In the present paper we have chosen to focus on the general trends in societal development (Figs. 4e5, A. 1) which, we believe, provide the best potential for correlation between the different datasets, and thus the best potential for interdisciplinary communication. We have compiled and assembled site quantities, based on the results of different intensive survey projects, as a first step towards interpreting longer-term social dynamics and their association with past environmental conditions in the Peloponnese (Fig. 3 , Table  B. 1). Although the differences in survey methods, formation processes and archaeological visibility make it difficult to offer exact comparisons of site quantities, both between and within survey projects  (Alcock and Cherry, 2004; Pettegrew, 2007) , we believe that such an approach is necessary if we are to identify the broader trends in land use and settlement shifts in the Peloponnese.
By combining the datasets produced by various survey projects, we are at least able to pinpoint periods of expansion and contraction, even if the exact numbers remain imprecise. While the chronological precision of archaeological data is often coarse, the broad chronological categories offered by both excavated and surface finds allows us to approach and argue for possible links between the sequences offered by palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental datasets. However it should be noted that surface ceramics are often dated broadly, according to art historical categories that encompass uneven time sequences (Table  1 ; cf. Pullen, 2008) ; the Archaic and Classical periods, for example, each cover roughly 200 years, while other phases, such as the chronological subdivisions for the Early Helladic period (EHIeIII), each cover several centuries of human history in the Peloponnese.
4. Socio-environmental dynamics from the Neolithic to the Frankish period (6800 BCeAD 1460/8750e490 BP) The process of comparing archaeological and environmental datasets is a challenge, and putting them into an historical context even more so. Even the question of how to present the existing data is far from straightforward: should one arrange it according to geographical principles, for instance a transect from east to west, or a comparison between coastal and mountain sites; or should it appear chronologically. A temporal arrangement achieves the highest consensus between archaeologists and palaeoclimatologists, however it also triggers the next challenge: what are the measurements of time that should be used. Epochs, such as the Early or Late Holocene, are too coarse to reflect cultural changes, while time intervals, for example the Middle and Late Helladic period, may be too brief to capture long-term climatic developments.
With these shortcomings in mind, we have decided to discuss both the archaeological and palaeoenvironmental records according to the cultural periods of southern Greece; the chronology is summarised in Table  1. The integrative discussion below is based on an initial review of available evidence (Appendix A), detailing settlement dynamics, socio-political developments and related palaeoclimatological and palaeoenvironmental datasets  (Figs. A. 1e4). 4. 1. The Neolithic period (6800e3100 BC/8750e5050 BP) (Appendix A. 1) The onset of the Neolithic period in the Peloponnese occurred during the later phases of the early Holocene climate optimum, a time when the Eastern Mediterranean region was generally dominated by wetter conditions. These wetter conditions were interrupted by a cold and dry interval around 8200 cal BP, often referred to as the 8.
e. , prior to 5850 cal BP, at 5500e5200 cal BP and at around 4200 cal BP). The Stymphalia record shows a variable picture, but a shift from wetter to drier conditions is recorded towards the end of the Final Neolithic period (Fig. A. 2). From an archaeological point of view, the expansion in settlement numbers has been connected to innovations in agricultural technology, which fostered the cultivation of rain-fed fields away from the plains. This explanation would fit with a scenario of wetter conditions. 4. 2. Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (3100e700 BC/5050e2650 BP) (Appendix A. 2) Archaeological and environmental datasets both support the notion that the scale of human activity in the Peloponnese increased with the introduction of Bronze Age economies and settlement patterns. In terms of site numbers, the Early Helladic period is characterised by intensive land use, more so than during either the preceding Neolithic or the succeeding Middle Helladic periods.
Chronology To address the mechanisms of cause and effect within an environmental system, a precise chronology is of fundamental importance. The varying availability of such chronologies, as well as the span of time under consideration will inevitably influence both the resolution of arguments and the number of possible links that one may discern from the analysis and comparison of multivariate datasets. The archaeological narrative for the Neolithic period, for example, is painted with a rather broad brush over approximately 4000 years, and such a margin of error of 100e200 years seems still to allow for a synthesis of human-environment interaction over the whole period. Neither the archaeological nor palaeoenvironmental   (Fuchs, 2007). Bar with star indicates minimum rate. Rates are based on OSL-dated colluvium from foot-slopes; B.
Perspectives If we are to engage in a meaningful interdisciplinary discussion on socio-environmental history, it is essential that we provide detailed analyses of as many parameters as possible describing the societies, the environment, and the climate of the past; we must be aware of both the shortcomings and potentials of our datasets when deciding how they may best be correlated. While it is unlikely that the challenges of dating will be overcome in the immediate future, they remain an inherent part of our evidence; if we can make ourselves aware of the limitations associated with each body of evidence, we are better able to develop novel ways of integrating and comparing scientific, archaeological and historical chronologies and datasets. The discussions of socio-environmental dynamics in this paper should thus be viewed as hypothetical; the associations between datasets that we have proposed here need to be tested in future studies.
Acknowledgements This paper emerged as a result of a workshop at  Costa Navarino  and the  Navarino Environmental Observatory (NEO) , Greece in April 2014, addressing  Mediterranean Holocene  climate and human societies. The workshop was co-sponsored by  PAGES ,  NEO , the  MISTRALS/PaleoMex program , the  Labex OT-Med , the  Bolin Centre for Climate Research at Stockholm University , and the  Institute of Oceanography at the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research. Financial support from the  Swedish Research Council  is acknowledged by  Erika Weiberg  (grant number  421-2011Weiberg  (grant number  421- -2014 ) ) and  Karin Holmgren  (grant number  621-2012-4344 ). Adam Izdebski acknowledges the funding of the  National Science Centre, Poland ,  within the scheme of the Centre's postdoctoral fellowships  ( DEC-2012/04/S/HS3/00226 ).
The work by  Anton Bonnier  was funded by the  Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg , as part of a post-doctoral research fellowship. Meighan Boyd  acknowledges the invaluable contribution of those responsible for the Alepotrypa Cave speleothem data. U-Th analysis was performed by  Dr. D. Hoffmann  at the  Human Evolution Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany  and the  National Research Centre for Human Evolution, Burgos, Spain. Stable isotope analysis was performed by  Prof. C. Sp€  otl at the  Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Austria. Pollen data from Lerna , kindly provided by  Dr Suzanne Jahns , were extracted from the European Pollen Database http:// www. europeanpollendatabase. net/). We thank  Dan Fallu  and  Evi Margaritis  for useful comments on earlier versions of the paper.