dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Drawings were carried out from pictures using INKSCAPE software (v. 0. 92). Specimens from Bône were loaned from the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris), and some specimens studied from Trébeurden were deposited in the MNHN, Paris. Molecular analyses on specimens from Trébeurden and Arcachon were carried out and sequences are available in Gen-Bank (GenBank accession numbers: ON455206 to ON455209). Unfortunately, it was not possible to do molecular analyses with material from the type locality to compare with French specimens. (Chevreux, 1908)  used in this study. Bône (Algeria): female locality type; Trébeurden (France): 5 km from the location of the first description of a male; Arcachon Bay (France): additional material examined. Apocorophium acutum  (Chevreux, 1908)  Corophium acutum  Chevreux 1908 : 75 (original description), fig.
Ecological data. Thirty-eight brooding females were examined; BL ranged from 2. 49 to 4. 53 mm; fecundity ranged between 4 and 37 eggs/marsupium ; mean fecundity of 9 eggs/marsupium. Eggs were ovoid, with mean major and minor diameters of 0. 323 ± 0. 055 mm and 0. 266 ± 0. 037 mm, respectively (x̅ ± s; n = 351). These females were collected from two locations in Arcachon bay. In both locations, there were moderate but significant positive correlation between body length and number of eggs per marsupium (Spearman's ρ =0. 69 and 0. 55, for locations "bouée 13" and "Arcachon harbor", respectively). There was no significant correlation between the size of eggs and the number of eggs in the marsupium of females (Spearman correlation tests, p-values >0. 05). Field data collected in Arcachon Bay showed that gender features could be distinguished from a body length of c.
Acknowledgements The authors want to thank  L. Corbari  and  P. Martin-Lefevre  ( MNHN, Direction des collections, Paris, France ) for the loan of the Chevreux collection specimens and for their help with depositing our specimens in the MNHN, and  G. Droual  ( IFREMER, Plouzané, France ) for the specimens collected in Brittany. Finally, the authors want to thank the crew of the Arcachon marine station boat Planula IV. This paper was improved by constructive comments from  Robert Forsyth  (ZooKeys, Copy editor),  Anne Helene S. Tandberg  ( University of Bergen, Norway ) and  Rachael Peart  ( National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand ).
Data Analysis A three-way ANOVA was performed using R (v4. 1. 0; [28]) to test the individual and combined effects of water type, ARO and temperature on all end points. Residuals were first tested for normality and homoscedasticity using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Bartlett test, respectively. Log or square root transformations were performed if the data did not fit these assumptions. When the data could not be normalised, a Kruskal-Wallis test by ranks was applied. Significance was considered at p < 0. 05. The Hedges' g (Hedges, 1981) were also calculated from the F-statistics derived from the three-way ANOVA to determine the size of individual and interaction effects on the biomass of primary producer groups, and on the length or biomass of consumers (using the esc package in R;  [29] ).
To determine significant ARO, water or temperature effects on the distribution of the three primary producer groups, a PERMANOVA was performed using the vegan package  [30]  in R, with proportions (values from 0 to 1) of macrophyte, phytoplankton and periphyton carbon content as the dependent variables. Principal components analyses (PCAs) were performed using the vegan  [30]  and factoextra packages  [31]  in R to determine any strong patterns in the data.
Acknowledgments: We thank  Margit Feissel  and  Maria Stockenreiter  for their invaluable support in the mesocosm experiment. Additionally, we thank  Nellya Amoussou  for her assistance with the microcosms, and  Melanie Onderscheka ,  Laura Schleißheimer ,  Nina Hauser ,  Alexandra Hammermann ,  Valeria Reimann ,  Veronika Aechter  and  Katja Gilb  for their assistance with the mesocosms. Thanks are also due to  David Billet ,  Valérie Goncalvez  and  Philippe Rousselle  from the  "Pôle de compétences en chimie analytique environnementale" (LIEC-ANATELO-Université de Lorraine-CNRS. Available online: http://liec. univ-lorraine. fr,accessed on 9 February 2022), and to  Martin Krauss  and  Roman Gunold  from the department of effect-directed analysis ( UFZ Leipzig ) for help with pesticide analytics.
Funding: This work was part of the  CLIMSHIFT French-German project funded by ANR  ( ANR-17-CE32-0013 ) and  DFG  ( SCHM 2555/5-1  to MSJ,  HI 1380/8-1  to SH and  STI 180/9-1  to HS), with financial support from the  ZAM LTSER Moselle  for the thesis of VV. Part of the project was also supported by  AQUACOSM  ( H2020-INFRIA-Project No. 731065 ; aquacosm. eu).
The difference between healthy and necrotic areas is less net in a M 00 image than in a P 3 one. We now further analyze the potential of those observables to discriminate between different typologies (healthy or diseased tissues) of plant structures. To do so, we represent the measured data on different polarimetric spaces  41  , this leading to a very intuitive visualization of data, and also providing quantitative information of the structures (or tissue types) that may be present in the images of the probed samples. Moreover, the data in each ROI is collected and grouped in what we call a data-cloud which can be used for ulterior statistical data treatment or for graphical representation. For instance, data from a homogeneous region should show close values with little variance, in contrast to data from a heterogeneous region, which should show different values with extended deviation from a mean value.
Following this work, we will continue to enrich our library with certified pure or recycled plastics frequently found in the environment due to their wide use in packaging or construction. In addition, the Hit Quality Index (HQI) is a match acceptance criterion between sample spectra and database reference that must be defined to ensure reliable identification. The HQI is calculated by the first derivative algorithm and displayed in the query analysis window. In this study, a particle containing plastic polymer(s) was qualified as an MP when the HQI (spectrum quality) was ≥ 0. 75 compared to the reference spectrum. The value of 0. 75 was selected and adapted based on previous work  [47] [48] [49] [50]  and on the limited range of wavelengths (1800 -975 cm -1 ) studied. If the HQI was < 0. 75, the particle was classified as undetermined.
Although this experiment is not a strict calibration of the size measurements by LDIR, it does give a broad estimate of the efficiency of the size measurement. Correlations between spiked and detected MP concentrations in different marine matrices were assessed using generalized linear model (GLMs 66 ). The percentage of detected MPs was calculated to obtain the recovery rates of the 5 RPPs. Significance of GLMs was set at P-value less than 0. 05, with * £ 0. 05, * * £ 0. 01, and * * * £ 0. 001. Concentrations and percentages were corrected for initial working solution concentrations. Analyses were performed using Statistica 9. 1 software (StatSoft, Inc. 2010, STATISTICA ® data analysis software system, version 9. 1. ). Concentration of MP polymers detected in field samples (seawater, mussel, sediment and fish stomach were expressed in relative abundance (%) and were corrected using procedural blanks (0.
One explanation for the high PVC recoveries observed in the three matrices might be the manual MP spiking for low concentrations samples; indeed, this is a sensitive task prone to a certain degree of incertitude. In mussel samples, the lower recoveries might be explained by the presence of dissolved organic matter, which can interfere in the infrared absorption region. According to the statistical data of the spike experiments, the concentration of samples on PC filters (8 µm) allows a reliable characterization (quantification and qualification) of different polymers in different marine samples, including complex matrices. These results suggest that positioning a polycarbonate membrane filter on a Kevley slide constitutes a suitable technique for MP detection when using LDIR, allowing for preconcentration, reasonable handling and appropriate IR transmittance properties for polymer identification and size determination.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the financial support from  Region Sud ,  CNRS  and  IFREMER  for LDIR instrument acquisition. This study was partly supported by the  JPI-Oceans ANDROMEDA  and " Agence de l'Eau Rhône Méditerrranée Corse -PLASTIFSED " and  ANR-TRAJECTOIRE  projects. Reference Plastic Pellets were provided by  CARAT GmbH (Bocholt, Germany ;  JPI-Oceans ANDROMEDA). We are also grateful to  Pierre Boissery  for his relevant comments and suggestions. We thank the crew of the R/V Antedon 2,  Michel Lafond ,  Denis Malengros ,  Fabrice Garcia ,  Christain Grenz  (SAM platform), the sailors of the Lighthouses and  Beacons Services  ( La Provence vessel ) and the fishermen of  Coquillage du Sud (La Seyne/Mer ) and  Franck Lucido (Port-Vendres)  for their help in sampling. We acknowledge the MIO marine chemistry platform (PACEM) and the  MIO-SSL@MM installation  for its support, and especially  Aurelie Dufour ,  Melilotus Thyssen ,  Esteban De Miguel ,  Loic Guilloux  and  Stéphane Mounier.
, 2016) , IAP j is the ionic activity product of the reaction, j. K eqj is the equilibrium constant for the reaction, j. K eq is also referred to as either the solubility product or the thermodynamic solubility product corresponding to the dissolution or the precipitation of minerals. m 1j and m 2j are parameters characterising the dependency of the reaction, j, on the saturation index (SI) which is equal to log(IAP j /K eqj ). In this study, the cement cores are assumed to be fully saturated. The following reactions are extracted from the CrunchFlow  (Steefel et al. , 2015)  database as the reactions occurring within the cement matrix due to the invasion of CO 2 -bearing fluids (Ca(OH) 2 , CSH(1. 6), CaCO 3 , SiO 2 (am), Ettringite are solid species and the remaining are aqueous): Ca(OH) 2 + 2H + ↔ + Ca 2+ + 2H 2 O (9) CSH(1.
Experimental results The initial porosity before carbonation is 19%; it is low compared with other cement types in the context of geological storage. In general, porosities from MIP tests in the literature are almost twice as high as in this work. For example,  Fabbri et al. (2009)  obtained a porosity of 41%,  Barlet-Gouedard et al. (2007)  reported a porosity of 33%, and  Urbonas et al. (2016)  had porosity values ranging from 37. 6 to 44. 5%, depending on the water to cement ratio. Nevertheless, these experiments were Table  3  Reactions within the aqueous phase with their equilibrium constants at 25 ∘ C extracted from CrunchFlow database  (Steefel et al. , 2015). performed on samples cured at high temperatures and within a short period. Indeed, porosity decreases with decreasing curing temperature  (Bahafid et al.
Acknowledgements The first author gratefully acknowledges the fellowship granted by the  National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET)  and the  EIFFEL fellowship program  of  Excellence  granted by the  Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères of France. The authors acknowledged the financial support of the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under Grant Agreement No  101007851  ( H2020 MSCA-RISE 2020  Project  DISCO2-STORE ), the  Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco - Project  UNPSJB PI1614 80020190200006  IP, Res. R/9Nº207-2020  CRD1365 FI004/ 17- , the  Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion  from the  Argentine Republic. (Projects PICT  2016-4543 ,  PICT 2020-SERIEA 02088 ), and the  PIP  project  Nº 11220200103043CO (CONICET ).
Comparative case study research design A multiple case study design was applied to nine MS (Denmark, England, France, Germany [Lower Saxony], Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Portugal, Romania and Slovenia) (Table  1 ); the case studies were an integral component of the EU Horizon 2020 funded FAIRWAY project. 3 The case studies were underpinned by a multi-actor approach in which actors were already involved and considered 'living labs', and this formed the starting point for the multi actor platforms (MAPs), facilitating data collection and exchange across all FAIRWAY work packages. The involvement of the case studies and the MAPS provided opportunity to use a set of different methods for data collection and analysis  (Yin, 2013) , generating an in-depth comparative assessment of governance arrangements of water related EU Directives in the case studies.
Data collection: The cascade of governance The data collection involved informed stakeholders at the case study level (farm/catchment). Each case study engaged a leader, who was a member of the FAIRWAY consortium, and had a good working knowledge of the case study area. The case study leaders liaised with representatives on the MAP; the MAP membership was diverse and often fluid, to include farmers and other local stakeholders (drinking water companies, municipalities, water boards, agronomists etc. ). Some case studies had pre-existing MAPs (The Netherlands, Germany [Lower Saxony], France, Northern Ireland, Portugal), whilst others were created during the FAIRWAY project (England, Denmark, Slovenia)  (Nesheim et al. , 2021). The collected data represents the perception of experts and stakeholders working at the catchment/farm level, not necessarily in governance roles, and as such it offers insights grounded in practical experience of local implementation and its challenges.
Data collection took place over the period 2018-2019. The data collection comprised three distinct stages: Stages 1 and 2: Development of a multi-conceptual visualisation of the national, regional, river basin, catchment and local (farm) governance structures (Impressions). This approach is novel and developed as part of the FAIRWAY project  (Rowbottom et al. , 2019). The visualisation method have not been applied in other studies before, but consist of data collected through a survey and follow up interviews with key informants. Stage 3: Three of the FAIRWAY case studies were chosen for a further in-depth study of WFD implementation, to include France, Portugal and Germany (Lower Saxony). The three MS were chosen for i) their pre-WFD water governance structure, ii) an ambition to include Northern and Southern Europe, iii) to highlight the contrasting water issues of North and South Europe (pollution vs water scarcity), and iv) length of EU membership.
Strengths and limitations of the methodology The case study approach for data collection uniquely gains insights into local implementation and understanding of the WFD and water related Directives and the potential challenges it has presented. The cascades were generated through a qualitative process based on the perception of the local stakeholders, potentially working outside of their expertise, as such there is a realization of the limitations and potential knowledge gaps. The Excel spreadsheet showing the cascades and their representation as Impressions was an innovative process developed to facilitate a comparative assessment of governance arrangements in the case studies. The large number and breadth of MS contributing to the process, including less studied MS, provided an insight into the diversity of implementation of the WFD and other water-related directives.
(2021) ). For our analysis, we selected one row from each of two adjacent stripes correspondent to the orders #222 and #223. The considered rows relate to the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in order #223 and to minimum "doubling" effect (double Gaussian instrumental line shape (ILS)) in order #222  (Alday et al. , 2019). The data to be analyzed is a set of transmissions spectrally registered and calibrated separately for every occultation with the corresponding ancillary geometry for each spectrum (Figure  1 ). Geometrical coordinates of the observed target (tangential) point are calculated at the closest distance from the surface to the instrument's line-ofsight (LOS). The transmission is obtained by division of the solar spectrum passed through the atmosphere to the BELYAEV ET AL.
CO 2 Spectroscopy at 2. 7 μm The selected CO 2 absorption lines, the short wavelength part of the 2. 7 μm band, lie in the ACS MIR echelle orders #222, with the strongest transitions at 3,715-3,737 cm -1 and #223 at 3,732-3,755 cm -1 (Figure  3 ). These lines are partially mixed with H 2 O (and its isotopologues) absorption bands, which are taken into account in this work by the same manner as in the previous ACS MIR retrievals  of Belyaev et al. (2021)  and  Alday, Trokhimovskiy, et al. (2021). Figure  3  shows absorption cross sections, σ, of CO 2 and H 2 O in our spectral range of interest, including rotational lines with intensities significantly dependent on temperature. The cross sections were calculated line-by-line based on the HITRAN2016 database  (Gordon et al. , 2017)  with self-broadening for CO 2 lines.
Retrieval Concept In order to simultaneously derive density and temperature at a specified altitude, we applied a multi-iteration scheme by fitting a modeled transmission spectrum to the measured one. The details of this method are described in Supporting Information S1 and also in the paper of  Belyaev et al. (2021). Here, we assume the hydrostatic equilibrium, to derive the pressure from the retrieved temperature and density profiles, where the atmospheric mean molecular mass is taken from the Mars Climate Database  (MCD 5. 3; Millour et al. , 2018)  adapted for the ACS occultation geometry. The applied retrieval algorithm was performed for orders #222 and #223 separately since they require different calibration parameters with unique ILSs. Vertical profiles from order #223 were derived by  Belyaev et al.
Acknowledgments ExoMars is a joint space mission of the  European Space Agency (ESA)  and  Roscosmos. The ACS experiment is led by the  Space Research Institute (IKI) in Moscow , assisted by  LATMOS in France. The analysis of temperature and density profiles at IKI is funded by the Grant  20-42-09035  of the  Russian Science Foundation. Oxford participants acknowledge funding from the  UK Space Agency  ( ST/T002069/1 ) for the data validation.
Data Availability Statement The data sets generated by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter instruments analyzed in this study are available in the ESA Planetary Science Archive (PSA) repository, https://archives. esac. esa. int/psa/%23%21Table%20View/ ACS%3Dinstrument, following a 6 months prior access period, following the ESA Rules on Information, Data, and Intellectual Property. The data products generated in this study (retrieved CO 2 density and temperature distributions) are available on  Belyaev (2022).
Two The InfraRed (IR) measurements were achieved with an iPi400 camera. A Region Of Interest (ROI) was chosen (the white square presented in Fig. 2 (a) ) and the mean surface temperature of the ROI was measured during 40 s. This experiment was repeated 5 times for each mask with the same ROI and the same subject. Then, data were extracted and processed to extract the standard deviation of the temperature. The SEM images were taken with a TESCAN MIRA3 microscope. Small squares of masks were cut (around 0. 25 cm 2 ) in each layer. The samples were placed on double-sided sticky carbon pads, which were sticked to an aluminum plane. The samples were then gold-coated by a sputtering device. The images were taken with an accelerating voltage of 10 kV.
The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) provides routine analyses and forecasts of trace gases and aerosols on a global scale. The core is ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System (IFS), where modules 15 for atmospheric chemistry and aerosols have been introduced, and which allows data-assimilation of satellite retrievals of composition. We have updated both the homogeneous and heterogeneous NOx chemistry applied in the three independent tropospheric-stratospheric chemistry modules maintained within CAMS, referred to as IFS(CB05BASCOE), IFS(MOCAGE) and IFS(MOZART). Here we focus on the evaluation of main trace gas products from these 20 modules that are of interest as markers of air quality, namely lower tropospheric O3, NO2 and CO, with a regional focus over the contiguous United States without data assimilation.
65 For the operational suite, the CAMS system adopts the IFS(CB05) version of the model (i. e. , based on tropospheric chemistry originating from the TM5 chemistry transport model  (Huijnen et al. , 2010; Williams et al. , 2013)  without the explicit modelling of the stratospheric ozone chemistry). This allows for convenience with respect to stability and run time, recognizing thus far the focus of CAMS products is mainly on the troposphere, while stratospheric ozone could sufficiently well be constrained by a linear model combined with (ozone) data assimilation, e. g. Inness 70 et al. (2020). Another application of this system has been the production of a consistent, long-term reanalysis dataset from 2003 to present  (Inness et al. , 2019; Wagner et al. , 2021) , which can be used to analyze interannual variability in atmospheric composition  (Huijnen et al.
, 2020). Also, as the reanalysis is using a fixed model configuration (IFS cycle 42R1), this dataset can be as well used as a reference for assessing changes in the performance of the IFS and updates to the operational chemistry modules since that cycle. One constraint is that 75 whatever changes are adopted there should be a net improvement of key products, such as tropospheric O3, as measured with respect to a comprehensive set of reference observations. Key trace gases from the reanalysis dataset (hereafter referred to as CAMSRA) have recently been compared against a host of different aircraft data to allow an assessment of biases at global scale over multiple years  (Wang et al. , 2020). For CO and O3, regional negative biases of between 15-30% were found, where large biases have also been found in both OH and HO2 80 radicals which act as key oxidants in the troposphere.
For CO there is typically an underestimation in the simulated surface concentration  (Huijnen et al. , 2019) , albeit for regions far away from high emission sources, while this is efficiently corrected by the data assimilation in CAMSRA. For the surface over the North Hemispheric midlatitude continents, CAMSRA typically shows seasonal biases in the monthly mean O3, with a negative bias during wintertime and a positive bias during summertime  (Wagner et al. , 2021). A similar performance is noticed for its 85 control simulation which excludes data assimilation of trace gases. This indicates that further improvements can be attained by focusing on improving the relevant chemical processes included in the CAMS operational system because the impact of the data assimilation of atmospheric composition is limited at the model surface and does not constrain many key species.
To date within the CAMS global modelling system three independent atmospheric chemistry modules are 90 maintained apart from the operational configuration, as described in  Huijnen et al. (2019). These are the modules based on the modified CB05 scheme  (Williams et al. , 2013; 2017) , optionally coupled to the BASCOE https://doi. org/10. 5194/gmd-2021-318 Preprint. Discussion started: 1 October 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4. 0 License. stratospheric chemistry as described in  Huijnen et al. (2016) ; the RACM/REPROBUS module originating from MOCAGE  (Lacressonnière et al. , 2012 , Cussac et al. , 2020)  and the MOZART module  (Kinnison et al. , 2007 , Emmons et al. , 2010). One main difference is that the CB05 uses a reactive group lumping approach for a selection 95 of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's), whereas the other schemes describe the degradation of organic compounds more explicitly for e.