dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements. We thankfully acknowledge the cooperation with  The Cyprus Institute (CyI) ,  King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)  and  Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR). We thank  Hays Ships Ltd. , captain  Pavel Kirzner  and the  Kommandor Iona 's ship crew for the great support during all weather or wavy conditions and for an unforgettable time on board. We would like to especially thank  Marcel Dorf  and  Claus Koeppel  for the organization of the campaign and  Hartwig Harder  for the management on board. Last but not least we are grateful.
Financial support. The AQABA campaign was funded by the Max Planck Society. Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Jonathan Williams and Jos Lelieveld were supported by the EMME-CARE project from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement no. 856612), as well as matching co-funding by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. The article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by the Max Planck Society.
Research design and methods This is a mixed-methods study using quantitative and qualitative methods. We are collecting quantitative and qualitative data from the intervention arm of the trial (and quantitative data from the control arm). The process evaluation lead (MK) is not involved in the design or delivery of the trial itself. RS, AB, KM and VR are involved in trial recruitment and data collection. The different types of data collected are described below and are separated for practical purposes but will be integrated and drawn upon in complementary ways in order to address the process evaluation aims and objectives. For example, qualitative data from patient and facilitator interviews may be used to triangulate with findings from the fidelity analysis.
Quantitative process data Quantitative data are being collected throughout the multi-level intervention in order to understand whether delivering the intervention was feasible, assess the workload required for delivery, and how this may have varied from the trial protocol. Structured data will be presented descriptively and will be collected via: Facilitator recruitment, training attendance and training completion rates. Facilitator retention and caseloads of facilitators. Data logs on uptake, attendance, cancelled/rescheduled appointments and completion of CBA sessions by patients. CBA content logs at the end of each face-to face patient session and analysis of audio-recordings of sessions. Subsequent attendance at PR (including number of PR sessions attended) Telephone support sessions by facilitator.
Qualitative data collection Qualitative research can explore complex phenomena and areas less amenable to quantitative research  [45]  and aid understanding of the processes involved in both intervention and evaluation. Central to our process evaluation is collecting qualitative interview data that will allow us to describe, review and interpret the trial processes, including mechanisms and contexts, by gaining in-depth understanding of the perspectives of research participants. The qualitative data are being collected via three sub-studies: experiences and views of patients and carers on receiving the intervention (RS, AB, KM), experiences and views of facilitators and supervisors on training and delivering the CBA sessions (SN, AM) and views of organisational stakeholders (clinical commissioners, GPs, PR specialists, nurses, psychologists) on the implementation context (VW, VR).
To reduce the risk of bias, interviewers are not interviewing participants they have recruited to the study. Details of the qualitative data collection and outline topic guides can be seen in Table  1. Interviews are being undertaken by telephone or in person depending upon the preference of the research participant and the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Topic guides for the interviews with patients, carers, facilitators and supervisors are based on those used in the developmental and pilot phases. The topic guide for the organisational stakeholders draws on issues arising in discussions within the trial team. With a view to gaining.
Data analysis Quantitative process data will be analysed and presented using simple descriptive statistics (e. g. counts and proportions). Qualitative data will initially be analysed thematically using an inductive approach and constant comparison  [48]. Group discussion in research teams improves the rigour and quality of qualitative research  [49] , so our analysis will be a reflexive, iterative process involving review and multidisciplinary discussion. NVivo 12 software will be used to assist in the organisation and analysis of the data. A thematic narrative will be constructed for each sub-study. Our approach is to undertake theoretically informative research in addition to theoretically informed research  [50]. Further analysis will therefore be undertaken, with second level themes identified and explored in the light of relevant theory and research literature  [50, 51].
Integrating results of analysis The different evaluation elements will be reported separately and then integrated before the trial results are known. The main trial findings will be analysed independently of the process evaluation findings. Once both analyses are complete the analyses will be combined. We aim to produce a high-quality, integrated evaluation of the trial processes informed by a clear conceptual framework. We will ensure rigour across our analyses by being transparent, maintaining a clear account of the procedures used in an audit trail. We are addressing validity by providing evidence to support our interpretations and providing context. We are also undertaking a comprehensive analysis of each data set. Workshops with patients and carers will be set up, depending on their preference and convenience, to consider interpretation of the trial findings in the light of the process evaluation analysis.
Funding This study is independent research, funded by the  National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme  (project number  13/146/02 ). ST and VW are supported by the  National Institute for Health Research ARC North Thames. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Institute for Health Research or the  Department of Health and Social Care. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Institute for Health Research or the  Department of Health and Social Care.
Observation of 129 Xe on the benchtop spectrometer The experiments were performed at 295 K on a Magritek SpinSolve Carbon spectrometer at a magnetic field of 1. 02 T. The X channel of the low-field spectrometer being initially optimized for 13 C (i. e. 10. 9 MHz), it was necessary to lower the temperature of the permanent magnet in order to approach the 129 Xe Larmor frequency (12. 1 MHz). Obviously, the situation is not optimal for 129 Xe, and the value of the 90 • pulse was measured to 150 µs at full power. This was calibrated with a sample The SpinSolve software in expert mode was used to create the pulse programs that were not in the Magritek library. In particular the UltraFast Z-spectroscopy sequence was written and tested, first in 1 H NMR, then in 23 Na NMR, before the 129 Xe NMR experiments.
Acknowledgements. The authors warmly thank  Thierry Brotin  ( ENS Lyon, France ) for providing samples of cryptophanes,  Jean-Claude Berthet  ( CEA Saclay, France ) for the preparation of the SEOP cells, and  Craig Eccles  ( Magritek, Germany ) for his help on the SpinSolve Expert software. Support from  French National Research Agency (ANR)  is greatly acknowledged (Project- ANR-17-LCV2-0002 DESIR ,  and  Project -ANR-19-CE19-0024 PHOENIX ).
Outside of the local Universe, a robust method to measure SMBH masses is the reverberation mapping (RM) technique  (Blandford & McKee 1982; Peterson 1993). RM maps the response of the broad emission line variability to the continuum variability of AGNs. The mean time lag  between the continuum and line lightcurves corresponds to the typical light travel time from the accretion disk to the broad line region (BLR). The black hole mass is determined from the virial theorem 𝑀 BH = 𝑓 𝑅Δ𝑣 2 𝐺 (1) where  is a dimensionless "virial factor" that accounts for the BLR structure and kinematics,  =   is the typical BLR size, and Δ is the broad line width. RM studies with high cadence and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data (e. g. ,  Grier et al. 2013a; Horne et al. 2021)  can further resolve the "transfer function" Ψ(, ) which characterizes the line variability as a function of the line-of-sight velocity  and the time delay.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS We create continuum lightcurves in the  band from the DES database and create Mg II line lightcurves using the methodology of Section 3. We adopt the V01 template as the iron template for our standard analyses. The other two templates either use a similar method to the V01 or directly use the V01 template except for the Mg II line region. We examine the effect of using the other two templates on the lag measurements. We visually inspect and remove epochs where the continuum + iron model fails to match the spectrum or where the spectrum is contaminated by known instrumental artifacts like the 7100 Å bump due to scattered LED light. The lightcurves of our main sample are available in the online journal.
SUMMARY We have measured robust Mg II lags for nine quasars that were observed as part of the OzDES RM program. These quasars have both photometric observations from DES and spectroscopic observations from OzDES, where the DES photometry provides both well-sampled continuum lightcurves and a means to calibrate the spectroscopic data based on the calibration pipeline developed by  Hoormann et al. (2019). The Mg II region is severely affected by iron emission, especially many Fe II multiplets, and we have developed a MCMC-based algorithm to account for the continuum + iron emission near the Mg II line. We model the continuum with a power-law and model the iron emission with smoothed iron templates from the literature. A second complication is that there are significant, correlated errors in these multi-fiber spectra due to the calibration process.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the anonymous referee for the careful review and comments. We thank  Dr. Yue Shen  for the constructive comments. ZY was supported in part by the  United States National Science Foundation  under Grant No. 161553  to PM. PM is grateful for support from the  Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. PM also acknowledges support from the  United States Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics  under Award Number  DE-SC-0011726. AP and UM are supported by the  Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship. This research was supported in part by the  Australian Government  through the  Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship funding scheme  (project  FL180100168 ). Based in part on data acquired at the  Anglo-Australian Telescope, under program  A /2013B/012 ].
Additionally, we can compare past and present declarative data extracted from WHOIS to identify similarities in postal addresses, names, and so on. Finally, a substantial part of such investigations could be described as a kind of "digital archeology," as digital traces do not disappear when a website ceases to exist. Indeed, digital vestiges of forgotten information operations that happened 10 years ago are still available, even if all the contents have disappeared from the Internet. This makes it possible to establish detailed chronologies and trace the biographies of some entrepreneurs of influence. Tools such as the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine (https://archive. org/web/) are important for such investigations, as they store snapshots of websites and pages that went offline a long time ago.
e. , magnitude/intensity) are highly relevant in terms of volcanic hazard. The aim of the present work is to investigate possible mechanisms driving the paroxysmal eruptions of varying magnitude at Stromboli in the light of new data on samples emplaced during small (2019 CE) and large  (1456 CE and 1930 CE)  paroxysms. We present: (i) new geochemical data for the 2019 paroxysms combined with literature data; (ii) systematic analyses of mineral phases (olivine and clinopyroxene) and Fe-Mg diffusion profiles acquired in olivine in order to discern the timescale of deep magmatic processes and final magma ascent; and (iii) the physical parameters of the eruptions (intensity, magnitude). The compiled geochemical dataset for paroxysms at Stromboli is the largest presented to date. Moreover, we review historical information on the characteristics of paroxysmal eruptions and combine it with observations from the last 20 years to infer their "last-mile" dynamics.
g. ,  Bertagnini et al. , 2008). Moreover, further mixing between this CO 2 -rich magma batch and the overlying and resident magma could be regarded as a general process at Stromboli as deduced from our present dataset and previous observations  (Bertagnini et al. , 2008; Pichavant et al. , 2009; Métrich et al. , 2010). The small 2019 paroxysms provide new and interesting information. In July 2019 pumice clasts (ST07-19), olivine crystals from the ¼-½ mm (microphenocrysts) and ½-1 mm fractions (phenocrysts) display the same limited range of compositions, from Fo 86. 7 to Fo 83. 5 and Fo 86. 4 to Fo 83. 6 , respectively (Supplementary Figure  S1 ). However, among a total of 25 analysed crystals, the composition of 60% of the phenocrysts ranges from Fo 85. 7 to Fo 86. 3 and that of 61% of the microphenocrysts between Fo 85.
The available dataset, which is not exhaustive because some tephra deposits have not been dated, also reveals that the intense paroxysmal activity of the 16th and 17th centuries produced 1930-type magmas. According to  Tommasini et al. (2007) , the mantle source underlying Stromboli experienced two main periods of metasomatism, as deduced from Th-U-Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes. The first was associated with supercritical fluids derived from the subducting Ionian slab at high pressures (>5 GPa), the second with aqueous fluids enriched in fluid-mobile elements (FME; such as Ba, Rb, K) that were released at relatively lower pressures (<5 GPa). Mixtures of these fluids could explain the wide compositional range of magmas erupted over Stromboli's lifetime. From the geochemical dataset reported here, the magma batches refilling the plumbing system in the past ∼120 years record short-lived variations.
The latter are of low amplitude but significant and may reflect slightly variable contributions from the "uppermost" FME-enriched mantle source. The main point here is that there is no relationship between the trace element composition of magmas at Stromboli and eruptive dynamics, since small  (i. e. , 2003, 2007, 2019)  and large paroxysms (i. e. , 1456 CE), or even major explosions  and August 2019 pumice and reported in previous works (e. g. ,  Bertagnini et al. , 2003; Francalanci et al. , 2004; Pompilio et al. , 2011) , is the dominant process governing the long-lasting steady state at Stromboli. 1456 ). Modeling was performed using the DIPRA software  (Girona and Costa, 2013). Natural data (black) with error bars and calculated diffusion curves for minimum (blue) and maximum time (green) are shown.
Eruption magnitude and crystal cargo: what are the magma volumes? Our dataset indicates that olivine compositions can be used as a good proxy for the volume of erupted magma. We show that the volume of magma emitted during known eruptions at Stromboli in the last 1300 years of activity increases exponentially from major eruptions to small and large paroxysms (Figure  4 ). The volatile-rich magma that feeds the Stromboli system contains a small amount of crystals (nearly 3 vol%) and commonly mingles with a crystal-rich, shallow-seated magma during major eruptions and paroxysms  (Pioli et al. , 2014). Olivine is thus rare but ubiquitous, and can be studied as a proxy for the magma involved in explosive eruptions. The amount of volatilerich magma in violent explosions can be derived from total tephra volumes and componentry analysis of deposits (Supplementary Table  S3 ).
Although trace elements show no significant correlation with the magnitude or intensity of paroxysmal eruptions, crystal data prove that primitive (Fo 89-90 ) olivine is ubiquitous in the crystal population of large-scale paroxysms and represents the refilling of the 6-9 km-deep reservoir by the deeper magma most likely ponding in the lower crust or at the crust-mantle transition. In contrast, melt-olivine equilibrium testifies to steady-state conditions prior to small-scale paroxysms (e. g. , March 2007 and July 2019), suggesting that the 6-9 km reservoir was pressurized and then destabilized by the transfer of a CO 2 -rich gas phase. The associated melt fraction is recorded by the crystal zoning of August 2019. The occurrence of large-or small-scale paroxysms (and major eruptions) can therefore be considered to be determined by the volumes of magma involved and by the gas/ melt ratio (Figure  11 ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was conducted in the framework of the agreements between the  Italian Department of Civil Protection  with the  Universities of Florence and Pisa (DEVNET). We thank  S. Hidalgo  at  IPGP  for having prepared the mounts for EMPA and  T. Girona  for his help with DIPRA. Volcanological guides of Stromboli are also acknowledged for assistance during fieldwork. This is IPG contribution 4182.
Quantitative survey We conducted a quantitative online survey among the nal year students of MPH, MD community medicine and BPH, and fourth-year MBBS students as they cover most of their academic curricula and able to evaluate its impact on their research knowledge and skills development. We emailed a semi-structured questionnaire to the students in all 11 academic institutions where qualitative data collection was done and we received 297 responses. The speci c aims of the survey were to explore knowledge regarding risk factors for NCDs among students, to report their perceived research skills, identify barriers to conducting research and also identify the proportion of students with an interest in pursuing a research career in NCDs and their risk factors.
" MD Community Medicine students shared that research methodology is taught through active self-learning and there are no formal classes: "There is no concrete syllabus focusing on formal class for research. We learn while conducting our thesis through preceptors assigned to us. " In some institutes, however, MD students received combined classes with MPH students. In addition to formal theory classes, students also learnt about research through trainings and orientations organized by various institutions. MD community medicine students mentioned that they attended research methodology trainings conducted by NHRC: "We attended trainings, workshops of NHRC which help us in basic proposal development and data management. " Moreover, MD students believed that formal regular classes for research are more effective than short orientations on proposal writing, which are given in mass by some universities in Nepal.
Super cial knowledge and practical skills lead to low con dence in research capability Students felt that their knowledge on research is super cial, and therefore, they have low con dence: "We tend to learn research just for the sake of making a proposal to submit to the college to get marks. So, we only tend to get what research is only after we nish our own thesis" (MPH student). Students expressed their dissatisfaction with limited access to statistical software: "We all write entered in EpiData and analyzed in SPSS. But we all use pirated versions of SPSS which is unethical. But no one stops us from using this software. The University has not provided us software like SPSS, STATA for analysis. We all use a pirated version and write it with pride in our report even though we know it is unethical.
There is free software available that can be just as useful for analysis, but we are not taught about them here" (MPH student). Most of the participants reported that they felt con dent to conduct descriptive research after the completion of their thesis. However, some students expressed the opinion that there is not enough practical exposure to research in their academic program: "It seems like we did thesis only for the sake of doing it…I still don't clearly know how to write a rational or formulate a research question" (BPH student). Data analysis in particular was a skill that most students felt lacking: "We are weak in the computer application and analysis part" (MPH student). This was con rmed in the quantitative survey in which one-third (33. 7%) of students felt they lacked skills for analysis and interpretation of data (Fig.
Furthermore, students shared that increasing awareness among people about research contributes toward their better cooperation during data collection: "People use to think that their data will be sold off for money -such perception is not there nowadays. They have understood to a certain extent that their information will be used to make plans and policy" (BPH student). Additionally, most of the respondents of the qualitative study shared the opinion that the availability of specialized hospitals like cancer hospitals, which generate a large amount of data on NCDs and easy access to these data, are important enabling factors for research in NCDs. Regarding barriers for conducting NCD research, the students emphasized that curative aspects of NCDs are given more priority in Nepal than research on prevention and health promotion: "I see lots of opportunities in NCDs when I look at the data now.
Reflectance measurements were acquired using an Ocean optics MAYA 2000PRO spectrometer (Ocean Optics, Florida) connected to an optical microscope through a 10×/0. 30 NA objective. The samples were illuminated using a white light source (Chiu technology Lumina F0-150-220 (Halogen 150 W/ 220 V)), and a planar gold film on a glass substrate of similar thickness was used as a reference (100%). SERS measurements were carried out using a micro-Raman system (Renishaw InVia, U. K. ) attached with a microscope, a Peltier cooled CCD, and an excitation laser of 633 nm. The system was attached to a microscope (Leica) and a laser coupled through a 50×/0. 5 NA objective. Before each experiment, internal silicon calibration was performed with a peak centered at 520 cm -1. Data processing was performed using WIRE 5.
Patients and clinical data This retrospective study reviewed the data of 625 eyes of 447 patients who had been examined in the Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy from January 2017 to April 2019 for DR and had undergone large-cube OCT. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy and the National Institute for Health Data. All research and measurements were conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The inclusion criteria of this study were as follows: history of diabetes, presence of at least one sign of DR on fundus biomicroscopy, and findings of retinal thickening, hard exudates, and/or retinal cysts on 30° × 25° cube OCT acquisition. Patients with severe opaque media and/or history of other retinal diseases, such as agerelated degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, or uveitis were excluded from this study.