dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data Sources Hospital discharge information was obtained from the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) Discharge Abstract Database (DAD). The DAD captures administrative, demographic, and clinical information on all health encounters at acute care facilities. All facilities across Canada with the exception of those in the province of Quebec are required to report to the DAD. For the province of Quebec, data on admissions to inpatient care were obtained from Ministry of Health and Social Services. ED data were obtained from the CIHI National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) which captures administrative, demographic, and clinical information from all ED visits. Submission of ED data to NACRS is variable by province but is fully mandated in Alberta, Ontario, and The Yukon Territory.
However, NACRS data from The Yukon Territory were released in aggregate form with the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, due to small numbers. Thus, we only used NACRS data from Alberta and Ontario in this study. Both DAD and NACRS identify patients through a scrambled Meaningless But Unique Number (MBUN) to allow deterministic linkage between the two databases. Population data were obtained from Statistics Canada population estimates for the year 2017.
Definition of a Stroke Event We identified all hospital and ED visits during the 2017-18 fiscal year (April 1, 2017-March 31, 2018) across Canada (excluding Quebec) using data from the DAD and NACRS. We used validated International Classification of Diseases -Canadian 10 th iteration (ICD-10-CA) case definitions to identify visits for ischemic stroke (I63. x, I64, I67. 5, I67. 6, H34. x, and G08), intracerebral hemorrhage: (I61. x), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH: I60. x), and TIA (G45. x excluding G45. 4). An ED visit for a stroke was defined as a NACRS record with one of these codes in the main diagnosis position. A hospitalization for a stroke event was defined as a relevant code in the most responsible diagnosis position. Admissions with a most responsible diagnosis of rehabilitation (Z50.
Data Linkage There were two important considerations made in linking the identified stroke events into episodes of care: First, inter-hospital transfers are very common in routine care of patients with stroke, and this could lead to multiple DAD and/or NACRS records for a single event, and second, to recognize the clinical phenomenon of vascular events presenting with repeated symptoms over time. As an example, a patient may suffer a TIA or minor stroke as a precursor to a major ischemic stroke, related to the same underlying cause such as carotid stenosis. Pathophysiologically, these events are all linked. Another scenario is a patient discharged to home and then re-presenting to acute care, due to complications from their initial stroke event. As such, linkage into episodes of care was necessary to correctly reflect that a single event may result in multiple hospital encounters and avoid overestimation.
Projections Through the DAD, and hospitalization data obtained from Quebec, all hospitalizations across the country were captured, and no projections were required for hospitalization data. However, due to complete NACRS data only being usable from Alberta and Ontario, projections for ED-only visits from the rest of the country needed to be made. After data linkage and episode of care creation, estimates for the number of stroke events which only presented to the ED (and never to the hospital) in Alberta and Ontario were generated. Using population estimates obtained from Statistics Canada for these provinces, age (5-year age groups) and sex-standardized rates per 100,000 were generated for each stroke type (IS, SAH, ICH, and TIA). Using data from Statistics Canada, age (5-year age groups) and sex-specific population estimates were generated for the rest of the country.
Sensitivity Analyses Sensitivity analyses were performed varying the administrative data definitions used. In the first two sensitivity analyses, the definition of stroke varied as (1) stroke as the most responsible diagnosis (DAD) or main problem (NACRS) only; and (2) stroke in the first two diagnostic positions (but not coded as a pre-existing comorbidity). In the third sensitivity analysis, the time frames used for record linkage into episodes of care were shortened to 24 hours from an ED discharge and 14 days from a hospital discharge. As hospitalization record level data from Quebec were not available, these hospitalization numbers were adjusted proportionally to the hospitalization changes observed in other provinces. All data handling and analyses were performed using Stata17 (Stata Corp.
Results In the 2017-18 fiscal year, there was a total of 489,538 records in the DAD and 578,791 records in NACRS for all diagnoses. Among the NACRS records, 24,164 were from outside of Alberta or Ontario and were removed from analysis. In Alberta and Ontario, there were a total of 294,643 DAD records and 554,627 NACRS records (Figure  1 ). Among these, approximately 1% (2492 in DAD and 5464 in NACRS) were missing a unique ID; these were all assigned unique identifiers and assumed to be unique individuals and events. These two datasets were merged, and records never containing a stroke diagnosis in the fiscal year (442,728 unique persons identified by their MBUN consisting of 748,184 records) were removed from analysis. There were 49,378 unique IDs (which contained a total of 101,086 records) identifying at least one stroke event.
We have elected to include these query diagnosis events as these represent patients who require care and work-up and consideration of a stroke diagnosis. Additionally, the use of the query prefix may differ across physician and jurisdictions in ways which we cannot account for. It is also known that a substantial proportion of patients with low-risk suspected TIA or minor stroke show ischemia on follow-up MR imaging. 12  It is likely that some of these patients are captured by the query diagnosis prefix. Importantly, we are not estimating the true number of strokes which occur in Canada, but rather the number of stroke events which result in a hospital or ED presentation, where stroke is the main diagnosis recorded in the administrative data record. By definition, this means we have not counted strokes which never present to hospital (either not seeking any medical attention at all or seeking care in the community but never being referred to ED or hospital), individuals who die with stroke at home, or individuals without stroke as a main diagnosis.
9 V for a clean MoS 2 monolayer. The STM images were graphed using WSxM software  [40]. Reprinted with permission from  [32] , copyright IOP 2016. Fireball calculations. In that respect, the calculated current at 0 K temperature is expressed as: I = 4πe 2 h E F +eV E F Tr[T T S ρ SS (ω)D r SS (ω)T ST ρ T T (ω -eV )D a T T (ω -eV )]dω, (1) where D a T T and D r SS are complex matrices corresponding to multiple scattering effect produced by the possible electronic reflections occurring when the tip is close to the sample. Of course, at standard STM distances, these matrices are equal to identity and disappear from the formula. Finally, a full description of the methodology can be found in  [39]. As a result, we present in Figure  2  the calculated STM images for pristine MoS 2 at (a) negative voltages, probing occupied states, and (b) positive voltages, probing unoccupied states.
These states are mainly of d 2 z character, originating of course from the substituting Mo atoms. They can be observed in the calculated DOS of Ref. [32]  and can be attributed to the non-passivation of the substituting Mo atoms. It has to be noted that two S substitutions in a Mo vacancy yields a halfoccupied state at the Fermi level, and a gap of 1. 25    The STM images were graphed using the WSxM software  [40]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [32] , copyright IOP 2016. tries to mimic the original MoS 2 structure, which sets the S atoms in the plane. Therefore, there is no additional corrugation in the system by substituting S atoms to the original Mo atoms. The main difference between S mono-and divacancy lies in the reactivity of the site, the removing of a second S atom leading obviously to more dangling bonds.
Study population ODYSSEY Outcomes (ClinicalTrials. gov: NCT01663402) was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial that enrolled 18,924 patients ! 40 years of age who had been hospitalized with ACS (acute MI or unstable angina) 1 to 12 months before randomization. 7, 8 The study conformed to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional review board at each site. All patients gave written informed consent to participate. To be eligible, patients had to have LDL-C values ! 70 mg/dL (1. 81 mmol/L) or nonehigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) value ! 100 mg/dL (2. 59 mmol/L), or apolipoprotein B value ! 80 mg/dL, measured after a minimum of 2 weeks on stable treatment with intensive LDL-Ce lowering drugs (atorvastatin 40 to 80 mg daily, rosuvastatin 20 to 40 mg daily, or the maximum-tolerated dose of either statin, including no statin in the case of documented unacceptable side effects).
Full inclusion and exclusion criteria have been published. 8 atients were randomly assigned (in a 1:1 ratio), stratified by country, to receive treatment with alirocumab 75 mg subcutaneously every 2 weeks or matching placebo. In the event of a persistent LDL-C value ! 50 mg/dL, the alirocumab dose was uptitrated to 150 mg. In patients who had 2 consecutive measurements of LDL-C < 25 mg/dL, the alirocumab dose was reduced to 75 mg (for measurements made on the 150-mg dose), and safety was monitored by an independent physician blinded to treatment allocation. In the case of 2 consecutive measurements of LDL-C < 15 mg/dL on alirocumab 75 mg, alirocumab was discontinued, with blinded substitution of placebo for the remainder of the trial. Occurrence of MI before the index ACS was a prespecified subgroup of interest, with the data collected at enrollment.
(ODYSSEY OUTCOMES: NCT01663402) de l'alirocumab, un inhibiteur de la proprot eine convertase subtilisine/ kexine de type 9 (PCSK9), chez les patients ayant r ecemment subi un SCA et pr esentant des ant ec edents d'IM. M ethodologie : Lors de l'essai ODYSSEY OUTCOMES, le traitement par l'alirocumab, compar e à un placebo, a et e instaur e de 1 à 12 mois après un SCA, avec un suivi m edian de  outcomes included all-cause death. 7 All primary and secondary outcomes were adjudicated by physicians who were unaware of the trial-group assignments.
Limitations First, analyses in subgroups are limited by sample size and power, and the confidence interval of the relative risk reduction in patients with previous MI crossed the line of unity. Second, number of MIs was not recorded, and details on previous MI were based on medical history rather than systematic review of laboratory data and electrocardiographic tracings. Third, we did not investigate the impact of previous atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events other than MI, such as stroke or peripheral artery disease events, on the clinical efficacy of alirocumab.
Dr Jukema  has received research grants from the  Netherlands Heart Foundation , the  Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands , and the  European Commission Seventh Framework Programme  and research support from  Amgen ,  Astellas ,  AstraZeneca ,  Daiichi-Sankyo ,  Lilly ,  Merck-Schering-Plough ,  Pfizer ,  Roche , and  Sanofi. Dr Liberopoulos  has received personal fees from  Amgen  and  Sanofi  and grants, personal fees, and nonfinancial support from  AstraZeneca. He has received personal fees from  Novo Nordisk ,  MSD ,  Lilly ,  Servier ,  Boehringer-Ingelheim , and  Novartis  and personal fees and nonfinancial support from  Bayer  and  Viatris. Ms Loy  is an employee of  Sanofi  and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. Dr Pordy  is an employee of  Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.
| Statistical analyses Data were described as frequency (%), mean (standard deviation [SD]), or median (interquartile range [IQR]) for categorical, continuous, and ordinal variables, respectively. To test the association between QoL and control (RHINASTHMA and CARAT -Total and subdomains) scores, and AR + asthma (independent variable), we first used a bivariate analysis using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Then, we constructed univariable (unadjusted) and multivariable (adjusted) regression models among the independent variable and HRQoL and control scores using a mixed effect Poisson regression model. As potential confounders, we tested fixed factors (age, sex, BMI, smoking status, exposure to smoke, education, ARIA grade, sensitivity to allergens, and drugs taken in the last 12 months) and a random factor (the country).
Our findings would help guide practitioners to use the appropriate assessment tools while treating such patients. Our study recruited patients from three European countries which have distinct geographical, climatic, and aerobiological conditions. Moreover, we recorded sensitivity data to a wide variety of indoor and outdoor allergens which enabled us to observe the distribution of those allergens across the participant countries. Our meta-analytic approach to assessing country-wise variation in HRQoL and control provides a novel understanding of the divergent population and their disease conditions. Our findings underline the impact of respiratory hypersensitivity conditions on the QoL of patients and call for prevention and public health strategies to diminish the burden of these conditions.
sectional AIS Life + study, conducted between 2013 and 2014, we enrolled participants suffering from nasal allergy. A convenient sample of individuals with an active condition of pollen-induced AR was selected from pre-existing epidemiological study databases or through web advertisement (Pisa, Italy), clinics of general practitioners (Paris, France) or public health databases and pulmonary clinics (Vienna, Austria) and invited to participate in this epidemiological survey. All potential participants were administered a screening questionnaire through a telephone interview to check whether they were eligible for the study. We included participants who: (1) were adults (≥18 years of either sex); (2) reported a physician-diagnosed pollen-induced allergic rhinitis/hay fever or nasal symptoms or positive clinical tests to pollen (skin prick tests or specific immunoglobulin E [IgE]) in the last 12 months; (3) spent most of the week (at least 5 days/week) living, studying, or working in the areas where this study was conducted; and (4) were not treated with allergen immunotherapy over the previous 6 years.
Data processing The history dump of Wiktionary is a large file released on a regular basis, which contains every version of all articles, stored after each individual contributor's edition. For each revision, the username of the contributor, or the IP address (for unregistered users) is provided, as well as the revision date. The files released on January 1, 2021 were downloaded 3 and processed for the English and French editions of Wiktionary so as to extract, for each month and for each article, the number of revisions and the number of unique contributors. 4 Several pre-processing steps were performed to discard data irrelevant to the present work: discussion pages, user talk pages, etc. parts of speech other than common noun and proper noun, verb, adjective and adverb. pages related only to inflected forms or entries in a language different from the target language (e.
For the English and French language editions of Wiktionary, I annotated, for each data source, 8 and each relevant ranking score (cf. Sections 2. 2 and 2. 3): the first 200 new headwords, ranked over the whole 2020 period; the first 200 existing headwords, ranked over the whole 2020 period; the first 100 new headwords, ranked over each trimester; the first 100 existing headwords, ranked over each trimester. The different (overlapping) sets of headwords represented a total of 3,070 English and 3,168 French words to be annotated. The words were stored in four groups of spreadsheets, setting apart new and existing entries, English and French words. Each word was accompanied by a hyperlink to the online article, along with the definition of the first sense as it stood in Wiktionary. In most cases, the annotation was rather self-evident.
Contributor types The performances of the ranking scores were calculated from different data sources in order to evaluate which kinds of revisions were worth taking into account with respect to the contributor types (cf. Section 2. 1). Figures  10(a  obtained when considering all revisions compared to the results obtained when ignoring revisions performed by bots and/or by anonymous contributors. Regardless of the data sources, the results are better for the English Wiktionary than for the French edition and the ranking score based on the number of contributors performs better than that based on the number of revisions. These observations are further discussed in Section 3. 2. The experiments confirm that discarding the revisions performed by bots generally improves the results. Regarding anonymous contributions, conclusions are mitigated.
Discarding these contributions significantly lowers the results obtained with the French Wiktionary. It also lowers the results obtained with the English Wiktionary when using the ranking score based on the number of revisions, but it improves those based on the number of contributors. In Figure  10 (b), a clear advantage is visible in the top of the list, up to rank 18. The first downshift observed in this figure for the data involving anonymous contributors is due to the headword myroblyte 'a saint whose relics or place of burial produce or are said to have produced the Oil of Saints'. With 71 revisions coming from 22 IP addresses, the headword reaches the third rank. A closer look revealed that the addresses were most likely assigned to the same machine. 11 iven that the ranking score based on the number of contributors outperforms the ranking score based on the number of revisions whoever the authors of the revisions, the experiments described in Section 3.
2 were performed with the source of data that produced the best results with the contributors-based score, for each language edition, i. e. the "no bots, no anonymous" option for the English Wiktionary and "no bots, with anonymous" for the French edition. The best choice regarding data sources, however, is unstable. The experiments conducted for each trimester led to better results for the English Wiktionary when the anonymous contributions were taken into account. The results presented in Section 3. 3 were produced with the "no bots, with anonymous" option.  All of them have the same two left numbers, and are probably due to dynamic IP assigning. A comparable number of revisions stemming from the same addresses is observed for the same headword in the French Wiktionary. Using Wiktionary revision history to uncover lexical innovations.
The sudden spread of the word in the general language, due to theno less suddenspread of the pandemic, motivated the creation of the corresponding article. Reviewing the lists produced by varying the ranking scores and the data sources is a good idea, as it retrieves headwords that the "globally better" configuration misses. For example, with 6 revisions performed by only 2 registered contributors in the third trimester, supercontaminateur 'superspreader' does not rank high enough to be detected by the contributors-based score but ranks 19 th with the revisionsbased score applied to the "no bots, no anonymous" dataset.
Quarterly ranking of the existing headwords For the two languages, discarding the activity of bots improved the results but discarding anonymous contributions barely improved them. Scores based on the number of contributors produced, again, better rankings than those based on revisions, which, sometimes, help detect few extra relevant words. The numbers of relevant existing headwords retrieved from the English and French Wiktionary, as a function of the number of candidates examined, are given in Table  3. Once again, the method achieved better results with the English Wiktionary. For this language edition, the score based on the current/usual contributors ratio (using mean values) performed best. The true positives retrieved by this score applied each trimester to the "no bots, no anonymous" data source are: -T1: coronavirus, pandemic, lockdown, corona, Coronavirus, quarantine, Wuhan, rona, herd immunity, panic buying, respirator, superspreader, MERS-CoV, ventilator -T2: coronavirus, corona, lockdown, facemask, rona, hydroxychloroquine, surgical mask, Corona, herd immunity, pulmonologist, pandemic, Zoom, superspreader, quar, MERS-CoV -T3: coronavirus, lockdown, intensive care unit -T4: hydroxychloroquine, coronavirus, superspreader, pandemic, virulent, chloroquine, rona Varying the data source (i.
Une revue narrative de la littérature a été menée, en mars 2021, sur les bases de données PubMed/MEDLINE et Google Scholar en utilisant les mots clés suivants :« interstitial cystitis » ou « bladder pain syndrome » ou « painful bladder syndrome » et « intravesical », « urinary tract infection » ou « UTI » ou « recurrent cystitis » et « intravesical », et « radiation cystitis » et « intravesical ». Les articles obtenus ont ensuite été sélectionnés en fonction de leur ancienneté et de leur type. Les articles de revue et les méta-analyses les plus récents, publiés en francais ou en anglais, ont été conservés. Les bibliographies de ces articles ont également été revues. En complément, il a été effectué une revue des recommandations internationales et francaises. Une interrogation des laboratoires concernés et d'un échantillon de pharmacies hospitalières et de ville a permis d'obtenir la liste des produits actuellement disponibles, ainsi que les informations relatives à leurs autorisations de mise sur le marché (AMM), leur prix, leur remboursement, leurs moyens d'obtention.
72857 Å) monochromatic beam. Note that the monochromator was calibrated using a standard LaB 6 powder (NIST SRM 660b). The samples, introduced in kapton capillaries (ø = 0. 7 mm), were mounted on a spinner rotating at 5 Hz to improve particle orientational averaging. Data were collected in Debye-Scherrer mode using a 21 Si(111) crystal analyser. With this setup and for each sample, two high angular resolution diagrams recorded in about one hour were summed since sample degradation under the X-ray beam was not significant (Figure  2 ). Details regarding the experimental set up can be found in reference  [69]. To allow for their subsequent superimposition in the same figures, all the collected X-ray diffractograms were first preprocessed using the freely available Graphical User Interface WIN-PLOTR software  [70].
31  Furthermore, we generated a quantitative image representing the regional glucose metabolic from the frame and the time-activity curve of the local tracer PET measurements. To analyse regions of interest (ROIs), FDG images were atlasbased parcellated into ROIs through a 3D stereotactic ROI template (3D-SRT; Fujifilm RI Pharma, Tokyo Japan). The embedded 3D-SRT software normalised the FDG images for the ROI analysis per SPM2 algorithm. Next, we acquired regional CMRGlu measurements in the following 12 brain regions of each hemisphere: the corpus callosum, precentral region, central region, parietal region, angular gyrus, temporal region, occipital region, pericallosal region, lenticular nucleus, thalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum.