dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The aim was to see, firstly, whether pupil size would be affected by the brightness of flanker locations, and secondly, whether this pupil size effect would covary with the degree of parafoveal-foveal integration. In order to obtain varying degrees of parafoveal-foveal integration, we hypothesized that flankers positioned above and below the target word should have a smaller impact on target processing than flankers positioned left and right of the target, given that attention is mainly distributed along the horizontal axis during reading (in scripts that are aligned horizontally)  22. Experiment 1 tested this hypothesis by letting participants make lexical decisions about foveal target words, while orthographically related or unrelated words were presented either left and right of the target, or above and below the target (stimulus on-time 150 ms).
Experiment 1: A first test of horizontal vs. vertical integration Method. Participants. Twenty students from Aix-Marseille University gave informed consent to participate in this study, carried out at the Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive (Marseille, France) for €4,-or its equivalent in course credit. All participants were native to the French language, non-dyslexic, and naïve to the purpose of the study. Materials. We retrieved a list of 80 4-letter target words from the French Lexicon Project database  (Ferrand et al. 23  ). These targets were noun or non-conjugated verb and contained no diacritics (e. g. é, ô, ç). Each target was paired up with a 4-letter control word that met the same criteria as the target and that shared no letters with the target. The average frequency of targets and control words was equal, at 5.
41 Zipf (a log10-based frequency measure)  24. In a similar fashion we retrieved 80 4-letter non-word targets from the French Lexicon Project pseudoword database  23  , and paired each of these with a non-word control. The non-word targets were used as filler stimuli and were not included in the data analyses. Design. Experiment 1 followed a 2 × 2 factorial design with flanker relatedness (related/unrelated to the target) and flanker position (above and below the target/left and right of the target) as factors (note that the target lexicality factor is disregarded here). In the related flanker conditions, the target word was repeated at the flanker locations (Fig. 1 ). In the unrelated conditions, the control word was shown at the flanker locations. Participants were Latin-squared into two groups to ensure that all stimuli were shown in all four conditions, but only twice per participant (with the same flanker shown in both flanker positions).
The experiment thus consisted of 320 trials (including non-word trials), and these were presented in random order. Apparatus and software. The experiment was implemented with OpenSesame  25  and presented on a 1024 × 768 px, 150 Hz computer monitor. Participants were seated in a comfortable office chair at a distance of 50 cm from the display, so that each character space subtended 0. 40 degrees of visual angle. Responses were collected with a gamepad (using two trigger buttons for the left and right index finger) at a polling rate of approximately 125 Hz. Procedure. Participants received instructions both verbally by the experimenter and visually onscreen. Participants were instructed to maintain their focus at the center of the display, guided by four diagonally oriented fixation bars (Fig.
In this particular model, a failure to converge under the maximal random effects structure led us to include only the by-item and by-participant random intercepts. The models were fitted with the lme4 package  28  in the R statistical computing environment. Table  1  shows the mean RTs and error rates for all conditions. There was a significant main effect of flanker relatedness (Table  2 ), with unrelated flankers leading to longer RTs than related flankers. There were also  significantly more errors in the unrelated flanker conditions. Meanwhile, there was no main effect of flanker position. In line with our hypothesis, there was a significant interaction of flanker relatedness and flanker position (Table  2 ). As can be clearly seen in Table  1 , the effect of flanker relatedness was strongly expressed for the left-and right-positioned flankers (Λ ≈ 40 ms), while it was virtually absent when flankers were positioned above and below the target.
Acknowledgements We thank  Svenja Krabbe  for her help in carrying out the experiments. This research was supported by grants  ANR-11-LABX-0036  ( BLRI ),  ANR-16-CONV-0002  (ILCB),  ERC742141  from the  European Research Council (ERC) , and  ANR-15-CE33-0002-01  from the  French National Research Agency (ANR).
Acknowledgements We are grateful to our four anonymous reviewers who contributed to make our manuscript clearer and also proposed to develop further a few aspects of this research. We are pleased to thank all the museum curators who gave us access to the specimens or provided images used in this study:  Christina Ifrim  ( Institute of Earth Science, University of Heidelberg, Germany ),  Irene Zorn  ( GBA, Wien, Austria ),  Alexander Lukeneder  ( Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria ),  Lucas Simonetto , ( MFSN, Udine, Italy ),  Fabio Dalla Vecchia  ( MPCM, Monfalcone, Italy ),  Claire Mellish  ( NHM, London, United-Kingdom ),  Jessica Cundiff  ( MCZ, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ),  Paula Martin-Lefèvre  and  Laure Corbari  ( MNHN, Paris ). We are also pleased to acknowledge  Klaus Will  ( Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Germany ) for preparing the picture of the lectotype of T.
Characterization methods. X-ray powder diffraction analysis were carried out using a Rigaku Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer equipped with a Cu Kα radiation source (λ = 1. 54059 Å). 1] One-dimensional diffraction data were obtained by integrating the raw 2D total scattering data in Fit2D. 15 PDFs, G(r), were extracted from the background and Compton scattering corrected data following Fourier transform within PDFgetX2. 12 The PDFs were subsequently modeled using PDFgui. 13 PDF peak fitting was performed using Fityk. 14 man spectroscopy. Raman spectra were recorded at room temperature using a micro-Raman system with a Labram HR800 (Jobin-yvon-Horiba) spectrometer including Edge filters and equipped for signal detection with a back illuminated charge-coupled device detector (Spex CCD) cooled by Peltier effect to 200 K.
Survey and high resolution spectra were recorded with pass energy of 100 and 20 eV, respectively. Binding energies were calibrated versus the C1s signal (-CH2-CH2-bonds) set at 285. 0 eV. The data processing was performed with the Advantage software version 5. 954 using a Shirley background and Gaussian/Lorentzian peak shapes at a fixed ratio of 70/30. 19 F and  7  Li Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. 19 F and  7  Li solidstate magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments were performed on a Bruker Avance 300 spectrometer operating at 7. 0 T ( 19 F and  7  Li Larmor frequencies of 282. 2 and 116. 7 MHz, respectively), using a 1. 3 mm and a 2. 5 mm CP-MAS probe head, for recording  19  F NMR spectra of the Ti1-x-y x+yO2- 4(x+y)F4x(OH)4y samples and  19  F and  7  Li NMR spectra of the chemically lithiated samples, respectively.
Chemical and physical characterizations. To control the vacancy concentration in anatase Ti1-x-y x+yO2-4(x+y)F4x(OH)4y, we performed solvothermal synthesis at three different temperature that are 90, 110 and 130 °C. 28 The phase purity was confirmed by x-ray diffraction analysis revealing similar patterns characteristic of tetragonal symmetry (I41/amd space group) of anatase crystal structure (Figure  S1 , Supporting Information). To determine the chemical composition of the series of samples, we assessed the vacancy content by structural analysis of total scattering data, evaluated the fluorine content using solid-state  19  F NMR and the OH content was deduced according to the general chemical formula Ti1-x-y x+yO2-4(x+y)F4x(OH)4y. Structural analysis was performed by measuring total scattering data from which we obtained the pair distribution function, a technique suitable to study nanostructured materials at the atomic scale.
29 To assess the titanium vacancy concentration, we used and compared two approaches that are (i) the real-space refinement of PDF data and (ii) individual peaks fitting. First, PDF data were refined against structural model based on the tetragonal symmetry of anatase using a realspace refinement (Figure  1a  and Table  1 ). The refinement of the Ti (4a Wyckoff site) rate occupancy confirmed that the titanium vacancy concentration decreases upon increasing the synthesis temperature. 28 All the samples show similar unit cell parameters values and close particle sizes (coherence length). To determine the vacancy concentration, we also used the intensity of the peak located at 1. 93 Å corresponding to Ti-O/F(OH) bond length (Figure  1b ). Because the intensity of a PDF peak is related to the atomic density, atom occupancy can be deduced by comparing peak intensity with respect to a stoichiometric sample.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The research leading to these results has received funding from the  French National Research Agency  under Idex@ Sorbonne University  for the  Future Investments program  (No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ). Region Ile-de-France  is acknowledged for partial funding of the XPS equipment. This research used resources of the  Advanced Photon Source , a  U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility  operated for the  DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory  under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. B. J. M. acknowledges support from the  Royal Society  ( UF130329 ). DFT calculations were performed using the  Balena High Performance Computing Service at the University of Bath , and using the ARCHER supercomputer, with access through membership of the UK's  HPC Materials Chemistry Consortium , funded by  EPSRC  grant  EP/L000202.
6. 2  [64]. Once the reads were mapped, consensus genotype calling was performed using the tools available in the SAMtools package  [65]. The global set of variants obtained in VCF format contained 18,155 biallelic variant positions with a genotyping quality greater than 100. The effect of SNPs on putative transcription factor binding sites was analyzed using YEASTRACT (release 2017;  [66] ). For the location of SNPs in annotated protein domains, information available in the Saccharomyces Genome Database (http://www. yeastgenome. org) was used. The initial variant set was filtered to ensure a minimum spacing of 2. 0 kb between SNPs. This resulted in a genotyping variant dataset of 3727 SNP markers (Additional file 6). To increase the meaningfulness of the analysis, four strains with the most ambiguous markers were excluded.
QTL mapping The data obtained from phenotyping and genotyping were used to identify QTLs in the genome of yeast strains that influence the formation of volatile secondary metabolites during wine fermentation. Furthermore, QTLs influencing fermentation parameters, substrate consumption and the production of extracellular main metabolites were examined. The statistical analyses were performed using the programming language R v3. 2. 3 (www. r-project. org) with the R/qtl v1. 40-8 and R/eqtl v1. 1-7 libraries  [68]. QTL mapping was performed with two different phenotype models, the normal model using Haley-Knott regression and a non-parametric analysis, resulting in logarithm of odds (LOD) scores for each marker and pseudo-marker every 2. 5 cM (interval mapping method). An interval estimate of the location of each QTL was obtained as the 1-LOD support interval, the region in which the LOD score is within 1 unit of the peak LOD score.
| Data gathering In order to assess the current distribution as well as the history of the range expansion of M. sculpturalis in France, we looked for all available occurrence data. Our study covered the 2008-2016 period, and we gathered data until 31 October 2016. First of all, we gathered our own observations and observations reported in publications (i. e. ,  Andrieu-Ponel et al. , 2016; Fortel et al. , 2016; Gihr & Westrich, 2013; Vereecken & Barbier, 2009). Secondly, we contacted entomologists interested in bees. To achieve this goal, we directly sent emails to our naturalist networks and we used the Internet discussion group (or "forum") called "Apoidea-Gallica" (https://fr. groups. yahoo. com/neo/groups/apoidea-gallica/info). This.
sculpturalis. Citizen science offers several advantages to collect data on species distribution, such as an extension of spatial and temporal sampling effort (including data collection on private lands such as gardens) and time and cost reduction  (Dickinson et al. , 2010). Citizencollected data can make a major contribution to understand changes in species' distributions and, more specifically, biological invasions (see  Kamenova et al. , 2017   for the study on bee species recently introduced to Australia). In our study, the data we collected fall into the "opportunistic data" category, that is, data collected without standardized protocol and sampling effort. Interest of such datasets is often limited by the lack of "absence data" (e. g. ,  Sequeira, Roetman, Daniels, Baker, & Bradshaw, 2014).
Although some entomologists contacted us to report the nonobservation of M. sculpturalis in their prospecting area (these "absence data" came from eastern France [Côte d'Or and Jura], from central France[Loir-et-Cher and Paris], and from the West [Bretagne and Pays de la Loire]), no active search with standardized protocol has been made in the whole country and we did not have a complete "absence dataset" at the national scale. However, the network of entomologists we communicated with during this study covered the whole France and this F I G U R E 4 Distribution of nesting events (locality × substrate combinations, N = 39 in total) according to the substrate used contributed to the quality and the reliability of our dataset and of the final map we obtained.
The food enzyme is a glucose oxidase (beta-D-glucose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase; EC 1. 1. 3. 4) produced with a genetically modified strain of Aspergillus oryzae strain NZYM-KP by Novozymes A/S. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme does not contain the production organism or DNA; therefore, there is no safety concern for the environment. The glucose oxidase is intended to be used in baking processes. Based on the maximum use levels recommended and individual consumption data from the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database, dietary exposure to the food enzyme-total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0. 156 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. The food enzyme did not induce gene mutations in bacteria or chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes.
EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database Since 2010, the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database (hereinafter the EFSA Comprehensive Database 8 ) has been populated with detailed national data on food consumption. Competent authorities in European countries provide EFSA with data regarding the level of food consumption by individual consumers, as taken from the most recent national dietary survey in their country (EFSA, 2011a). The food consumption data gathered by EFSA were collected using different methodologies and thus direct country-to-country comparisons should be made with caution. Depending on the food category and the level of detail used in exposure calculations, uncertainties might be introduced owing to subjects possibly underreporting and/or misreporting of consumption amounts.
Nevertheless, the EFSA Comprehensive Database is the best available source of food consumption data across Europe. Food consumption data from the following population groups: infants, toddlers, children, adolescents, adults and the elderly were used for the exposure assessment. For the present assessment, food consumption data were available from 33 different dietary surveys carried out in 19 European countries (Appendix A). Consumption records were codified according to the FoodEx classification system (EFSA, 2011b).
Exposure assessment methodology Chronic exposure was calculated based on individual consumption, averaged over the total survey period, excluding surveys with only one day per subject. High-level exposure/intake was calculated for 6  Parliament and of the Council on food additives by establishing a Union list of food additives approved for use in food additives, food enzymes, food flavourings and nutrients. 7 http://www. efsa. europa. eu/en/data/call/161110 8 http://www. efsa. europa. eu/en/food-consumption/comprehensive-database only those population groups, in which the sample size was sufficiently large to allow calculation of the 95th percentile (EFSA, 2011a). The exposure per FoodEx category was subsequently added to derive an individual total exposure per day. Finally, these exposure estimates were averaged over the number of survey days and normalised for individual body weight (bw), resulting in an individual average exposure/day per kg bw for the survey period.
Exposure to food enzyme-TOS according to the intended use proposed by the applicant Dietary exposure to the food enzyme-TOS was based on intended use and the recommended maximum use levels of the food enzyme-TOS provided by the applicant (Table  2 ). Food enzyme-TOS exposure was calculated from foods produced involving a baking process. Relevant food groups and/or individual foods were selected from the Comprehensive Database and were assumed to always contain the food enzyme-TOS at the maximum recommended use level. This will result in an overestimation of exposure to food enzyme-TOS. To facilitate matching of the reported use levels for baking processes with foods identified in the Comprehensive Database, the selected foods were disaggregated to ingredient level as appropriate, and converted into the corresponding raw material, i.
e. flour, via the application of conversion factors (Appendix B). For example, consumption of 100 g of bread was converted into an intake of 70 g flour (recipe fraction of 0. 7) and then multiplied by 1. 17 mg TOS/kg flour, as provided by the applicant, to arrive at an exposure of 0. 08 mg TOS/100 g bread. Dietary exposure to the food enzyme-TOS was calculated by multiplying values reported for each food category by their respective consumption amount per kilogram of body weight separately for each individual in the database. Table  2  provides an overview of the derived exposure estimates. The average and 95th percentile exposure to the food enzyme-TOS per age class, country and survey are reported in Appendix C -Table  1. The contribution of the food enzyme-TOS from each FoodEx category to the total dietary exposure is indicated in Appendix C -Table  2.
Data collection A local team of enumerators, literate in the local language(s) and in English, were trained in qualitative and quantitative interviewing techniques and human subjects' protection during 5-day training. The quantitative HHS captured information for each respondent on: household and individual demographics, barriers to accessing facilities for delivery, and service utilization. Enumerators captured survey data on encrypted tablets using SurveyCTO Collect v2. 212 (Dobility, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA). The qualitative IDIs were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide to gain a deeper understanding of the respondents' perceptions of barriers to accessing maternal care, and decision-making regarding delivery. IDIs were administered to a randomly selected subset of HHS respondents immediately following the respondents' HHS.
It is possible, however, that some households may lie closer to or farther from the facility based on their actual proximity to the geocoded village center. For those who delivered at any health facility, self-reported travel time was captured in hours and minutes, converted to hours, and presented categorically. Lastly, a variable was created to account for districts' exposure to SMGL activities, with those participating in the proof-ofconcept phase categorized as "SMGL exposed". Those in the scale-up and scale-out phase were categorized as "SMGL unexposed" because on-the-ground programmatic activities had not yet commenced at the time of data collection. analysis All quantitative analyses were conducted in SAS v9. 4 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). First, descriptive characteristics for the full study sample and IDI sub-sample were calculated from the HHS; the full sample and IDI sub-sample were compared using a chi-squared test of association.
Quantitative data are presented as mean ± SD or median and interquartile range (IQR). We also present unadjusted ORs and adjusted ORs (aORs), with 95% CI. All qualitative data were systematically coded and analyzed using content analysis in NVivo 10 © (QSR International Pty Ltd, Doncaster, Australia). 30 The texts were first coded to a theme and then to directionality (positive, negative, neutral); these were then explored during analysis to identify common issues or instances mentioned in the data. Coding themes were identified a priori according to the semi-structured interview guide which contained questions regarding delivery location and barriers to facility delivery. Additional themes were included as they emerged. Quantitative and qualitative findings were then triangulated and we convened a 1-day data meeting with relevant stakeholders from the District and Provincial Health Offices in Zambia, to solicit feedback on the analyses and to better interpret the findings.
This study has three key limitations. First, it was a cross-sectional analysis of self-reported behavior from up to 13 months prior to the survey, which limits the ability to predict anything over time and allows for recall bias. However, the mixed quantitative and qualitative methods allowed for triangulation to confirm findings, as did a data interpretation workshop conducted with key stakeholders in Zambia. Second, study sites were only in SMGL-supported districts, though with varying degrees of program implementation at different time-points. Nevertheless, while representative of the study districts, the findings may have limited generalizability to other rural districts in Zambia. Lastly, distance was measured using the geocoded village centers and mapping to the HFCAs. While this is an improvement over self-reported distance, households themselves are likely to have ranged in their proximity to the village center and therefore the health facilities.
Conclusion This study is the first to describe the quantitative and qualitative determinants of home delivery for a population of women living exclusively farthest away from their catchment area's health facility in rural Zambia. These findings highlight the complexities and challenges facing women living in remote areas when it comes to intentions and behaviors regarding delivery location. Findings elicit opportunities to reduce home deliveries. Interventions and messaging could focus on older women, unmarried women, and on increasing ANC visits and encouraging women to utilize MWHs or expanding the SMGL program. As noted, data for these analyses came from a baseline observation of an MWH intervention that seeks to understand whether MWHs can improve access to facility delivery for remote women.