dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
DeScRIpTIon oF The prAcTice pRogRAM The PrACTice cognitive training consists of 24 sessions with the PrACTice software program (4 sessions per week during 6 weeks) associated with homework between each session. The Each trial begins with a goal-directed action sentence displayed in the center of a computer screen for 4000 ms (e. g. , "writing a letter"). A scene containing contextual information is then displayed for 4000 ms, followed by the picture of an isolated object. In a maximum time of 4000 ms, subjects have to answer whether the object is useful or not to achieve the goal-directed action. For one trial, there are six pairs of prime-target pictures in a row. There are three useful targets and three non-useful targets. Targets are randomized inside each trial. However, each trial is always displayed in the same order.
DIScUSSIon The elementary role of internally generated intentions in appropriate actions and the cognitive control mechanism is at core of the PrACTice program. Substantial benefits for patients who will benefit from this program are then expected, in regards of their negative symptomatology as well as disorganization symptomatology. A generalization of these benefits in daily life functioning is also expected. Presently, the principal limitation of the program comes from the absence of strategy if interference with emotion occurs while patients are carrying out an activity in daily life. It can limit their capacity to generate intention as trained with the PrACTice program. It is well known that emotions such as anxiety decrease cognitive resources while the cognitive control mechanism is effortful for patients.
" For major depression, the cognitive control mechanism is mostly dedicated to negative thought and action in accordance to sad intention and could lead to initiate desperate actions. To a certain degree, it can be supposed to be similar in OCD: the cognitive control mechanism is "in order, " but this time mostly dedicated to obsessive thoughts. The theoretical framework of Cohen et al. (24)  states that the control mechanism allows guiding thought and action in accord with internal intentions and with relevant stimulus for the intended behavior (i. e. , context representation). It can be hypothesized that obsessive thought is related to the relevant stimulus for compulsions that are related to the intended behavior. Hence, the initially dedicated to favor willful acts is abused. Further versions of the PrACTice program could be set up to be specific to these latter diseases.
This interdependence of lineal (vertical) descent with other (non-vertical) processes of evolution, creates patterns of reticulations between the evolving units : the more un-treelike the signal in the dataset, the more reticulate the resulting picture, providing a principled basis for exploring the underlying evolutionary processes structuring branches and nets. Reticulations show alternative tree-structures supported in the data (Fig. 5 ) and thus provide alternative explanations for the observed similarities between languages, as well as their relative support (branch length and confidence). Neighbor-Nets have been applied productively to problems at all levels of the language family tree -higher up to address family memberships  (Bryant et al. , 2005,  for Indo-European), down to the level of dialects (Ben Hamed, 2005, for Chinese dialects) and to address classification issues as well as demic and cultural evolutionary hypotheses.
Linguistic interconnections and the demic history of Arabic dialects Figure  6  shows a Neighbor-Net computed on the inter-lexical divergence matrix from the extended dataset containing 13 Arabic dialects and 12 non-Arabic semitic languages of northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The major partition contrasts Arabic varieties versus all others, with a defined structure for Berber on the one hand, and of Arabian semitic languagesmodern and extinct, on the other. With respect to  Kitchen et al. (2009) 's analysis however, Arabic does not cluster specifically closer to ancient Hebrewalso classified as a central semitic language, than to Akkadian, and both do, despite their long branch, cluster closer to modern Arabian languages than to Arabic, suggesting that despite the major history of diversification of Arabic dialects is internal, rather than external, in connection to non-Arabic substrates.
On this dataset, the major partition pits the Arabic dialect continuum (proper) against Berber and the Juba creoles, which does not invalidate the presence of Arabic influence from Egyptian and levantine varieties, as showed in light blue on Figure  6. It is likely that the prolonged co-existence with Sudanese Arabic has produced increasing structural affinity between them, and although that 'Arabic interference' with the Nilo-Saharian substrate varied according to socio-linguistic variables, it percolated both in the higher acrolectal variety spoken by urban and (Arabic) educated people, and in the basilectal varieties spoken in more rural or recently urbanized areas. Finally, Figure  8  shows a different representation of language interconnection within the same analytical paradigm of phylogenetic networks.
Results Participants were offered coffee and muffins, and then viewed each video before answering the corresponding specific question on the touch screen of an electronic tablet. On average, it took 90 min for participants to view all the 33 videos and complete the questionnaire. After completion, they were given the paper document, including their individual answers listed on a single sheet that resembles Table  2 , which presents the results in percentages of participants who answered "yes" to the IGMA questionnaire at T1 (n = 146 patients who all participated in small group sessions). Thus, with regards to participating patients, data collection has been completed for T1. All participating patients effectively viewed the videos and successfully completed the questionnaire. They left the small group learning sessions with a paper copy of the IGMA and questionnaire results for sharing with their GPs (73 have already done so as of May 31 st 2015).
Acknowledgments This research was supported by funds from the  Prends soin de toi Consortium -AstraZeneca. JFP is a  Canadian Institutes of Health Research New Investigator and Fonds de la recherche du Québec -Santé , chercheur boursier. We are grateful to  Julie Bordeleau ,  Emmanuelle Tassé  and  Maude Violette  for their involvement in the acquisition of data.
Acknowledgments All examples mentioned in the present article are the fruit of collaborative research programs, whose actors are mentioned in the attached references. We wish specifically to express our gratitude to: - The team of the AGLAE particle accelerator of  C2RMF , specially the late  Joseph Salomon -Dominique Robcis  and  Michel Dubus  ( C2RMF ) for help in XRF and XRD analyses - MatthieuHorgnies  ( Lafarge Company ) for support in the fresco program.
1) Behavioural data We usually start with behaviours recorded either thanks to human observers or, better nowadays, to video recording. They give us a first set of results in the form of patterns of behaviours. All investigations started with an observation of physical behaviours. Here are the different kinds of behaviours that we had selected to observe students working autonomously  (Raby, Baillé, Bressoux & Chapelle, 2003). We may also process the grids into navigation charts which enable us to identify the selection of media and the student's instrumental behaviours in a dynamic way. Navigation charts allow us to represent in a single graph rhythmical and temporal data. These variables are very important if we want to analyze the different ways in which students regulate their task. These charts are analyzed in two ways: variability among and inside learners and task/activity discrepancies.
Methodology Out of a cohort of 112 students in the university year 2012-2013 some logbooks were incomplete and could not be analysed. Every year there are indeed students who give up the course for reasons not necessarily linked with language learning, in particular those who at some point decide to take up their first year of the MA degree in two years. Our data thus consisted of 100 logbooks numbered from 1 to 100 in the next sections of the article. Two were written entirely in English, 14 alternately in English and French and the rest (almost) entirely in French. Our examples in the result and discussion sections will thus be in one of these two languages and translated when given in French. In order to analyse these logbooks, we used content analysis as described by  Bardin (2001) , that is, a form of discourse analysis consisting in the two following stages: • Sequence analysis: In this type of analysis, the discourse is studied in its development.
Airborne LiDAR data PUN and SWB coasts were surveyed using airborne topographic LiDAR (RGEAlti 1 , IGN in 2011 and Litto3D 1 IGN/SHOM in 2012 respectively). We selected RGEAlti 1 LiDAR data south of Le Treport on a coastal surface 4 km long and 1. 5 km wide (PUN coast), and Litto3D 1 LiDAR data along the southern coast of the Pays Bigouden peninsula (SWB coast), on a surface of about 130 km 2 , with a length of 25 km from Penmarc'h headland (west) to Benodet (east) and a width of about 5 km inland. DEMs built inland present a vertical accuracy of 20 cm and a 1-m spatial resolution (Fig. 2 ). Along the SWB coast, a subtidal coastal bathymetry was partly acquired in 2012 using bathymetric airborne LiDAR (performed by IFREMER) in water depths varying from 0 m to 10-20 m, on a surface of about 80 km 2 covering the subtidal part of Penmarc'h platform (from Saint-Guenole to Loctudy) and the Bay of Benodet (from Loctudy to Benodet).
GeoSwath Haliotis In order to accurately image the subtidal part of the studied shore platforms, high-resolution shallow-water bathymetric data have been acquired using the R/V Haliotis (IFREMER) during the CROCOLIT 1, 2 and 3 surveys in 2013. We used GeoSwath interferometric sonar (from GeoAcoustics), which allows the acquisition of bathymetric data in very shallow water depths ranging from 5 m to about 100 m, with high vertical resolution varying from 20 cm for very shallow water depths to about 1 m for deeper water depths. Vessel navigation was achieved by RTK GPS (Real Time Kinematic Global Positioning System) using a reference station located at a distance less of 10 km on the coast, providing a positioning accuracy of a few centimeters. Sound velocity profiles were repeated daily in the vicinity to correct refraction errors.
GeoSwath soundings were treated using CARAIBES software (ßIFREMER) to clean and correct data from tide variations using correlations between SHOM hydrographic bathymetric reference, IGN land terrestrial altimetric reference (RGF69) and the daily recorded tide curve. The combination of water-depth and cruise data provides a 1-m grid DEM, edited with ArcMap GIS software. On the PUN coast, we chose to map continuously the subtidal shore platform offshore Mesnil-Val town. The shallow-water bathymetry GeoSwath data (CROCOLIT cruise, legs 1-3) were acquired on a 2-km 2 box, from a distance of about 200 m from the cliff face to about 1 km offshore. The high part of the tidal flat is covered with airborne topographic LiDAR, whereas the lower part is mapped using GeoSwath (Fig. 2a  and Fig. 3 ). On the SWB coast, we chose to complete offshore bathymetry LiDAR DEM (acquired by IFREMER) to image the edge of the shore platform.
Shallow-bathymetry performed during CROCOLIT cruise (leg 2) was acquired from 10 m to 60 m water depths, between Saint-Guenole ánd Loctudy (Penmarc'h shore platform) on a surface of about 40 km 2. Where bathymetric LiDAR and GeoSwath data overlapped, GeoSwath data have been preferred because of their higher precision (Fig. 2b ). GeoSwath and LiDAR data merging was performed using ArcMap GIS software to produce a single onshore/ offshore elevation surface with a 1-m spatial resolution, and using the same altimetric reference. An ArcMap hillshade layer was superposed to the Land-Sea DEM to better visualize 3D relief. As French hydrographic data differ from the terrestrial altimetric reference (RGF69), GeoSwath data were vertically corrected according to the hydrographic corrections used in the nearest harbors  (-4.
Offshore data: compilation of bathymetric Lidar (IFREMER/SHOM) and GeoSwath data (R/V Haliotis) from the CROCOLIT cruise-Leg 2. The coast is indicated using black line (TCH). White line: terrestrial zero (RGF). The topo-bathymetry color scale is continuous from 30 m inland to -60 m offshore. Black lines: main lineaments reported from the DEM analysis. Thick black lines: major lineaments interpreted as faults. Thick dashed black line: cliff base relief (paleocoastline). Thick dashed white lines mark the seaward limit of the shore platform. Lineament azimuths, deduced from a 1:20,000 DEM analysis, are reported on stereograms (437 onshore data and 1229 offshore data). As Holocene highstand sea-level stabilized between 7000 and 5000 years  (Lambeck, 1997) , it seems possible to create the Murons rocks plateau during the Late Holocene when applying a similar cliff retreat rate.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the '' Laboratoire d'excellence'' LabexMER  ( ANR-10-LABX-19 ) and co-funded by a grant from the  French government  under the  program ''Investissements d'avenir' '. We thank  GENAVIR/IFREMER  maritime shipping and especially armament captains  Remy Balcon  and  Gilles Tredunit  and the professional marine crew during the three legs of the CROCOLIT cruise on the  R/V Haliotis. We thank  Jacques Populus  ( IFREMER ) for providing bathymetric lidar data,  Jean-Marc Sinquin  and  Celine Cordier (IFREMER)  for the assistance using CARAIBES software during the CROCOLIT cruise, and  Romain Cancoue  ¨t and  Nicolas Gabarron  and  Laurence David (IUEM)  for assistance using ArcGis. Comments by the two reviewers Cherith Moses and  Wayne Stephenson  were greatly appreciated and improved the quality of the manuscript.
The subject--its content-rather than the object itself would be thus placed at the center. Martha Sandweiss went as far as to reproach those who champion the digital over the original for "visual illiteracy" facing the complexity of our primary material sources. This criticism was enriched by the challenge of dealing with XXI st -century "born digital" images whose "original" and whose location are equally difficult to grasp. In disseminating these digital images, online archives such as Corbus would amass visual data yet without any clear structure or coherence. Not only did Martha Sandweiss criticize the sloppy documentation (caption, size, author) of the original source, but she also denounced the invisible organizational structure of such platforms. In creating an "illusion of access to everything," digital archives rely on the sheer amount of accessible material to prove their universality--another all-to-familiar hallmark of "objectivity.
One way of preserving and literally envisioning the past is taking photographs--not only of concrete sites but also of documents, records, and letters. Photography as a medium is therefore instrumental in shaping our understanding of the past and needs to be embraced in this totality. Yet, our search for completeness and fixity--for example in the stalwart clinging to material forms of archiving rather than digital formats--at times blocks our awareness of new research possibilities. Agreeing, as Martha Sandweiss suggested, that "we love the original thing," we should nonetheless open up to new data provided to us thanks to the internet and its recent phenomena, such as clouds. Our own desire to have impact, to use this impact and channel our knowledge--be it through the various forms of photo albums or digital-born reproductions--is always a non-objective process, and our very awareness of this non-objectivity should be seen as an enrichment.
The attribution of a negative attitude to the speaker is probably more explicit in the case of mockery rating than in the case of irony rating, as it is the case when SZ participants are asked to judge emotions of a face. This hypothesis would account for the bad performance of SZ participants when they had to judge mockery while they succeeded in judging irony. In addition, research has also shown that SZ patients with positive symptoms exhibited this specific impairment regarding negative emotion  (57). However, our data do not support this specific profile since we did not find any correlation between mockery rating and the positive symptoms measured with the PANSS. social Perception using Politeness rating Social perception was assessed through the recognition of politeness. Participants were asking to rate the extent to which the speaker of the story was saying something polite or not.
Acknowledgements I would like to thank  Pascal Ruby  and  Ginette Auxiette  for their full support during my research on the site of  Villeneuve-Saint-Germain and also Patrick Pion for guiding my research during the faunal study of Condé-sur-Suippe. I'm also grateful to  Patrice Brun  for his perceptive comments on this study and, last but not least, my special thanks go to  Laurence Manolakakis  for encouraging me to publish this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank  Prof. P. Faklaris , who excavated the bone material from Tomb I presented here, for allowing us to study it; two reviewers, for providing valuable comments that helped to improve a previous version of the manuscript;  Prof. Elisabeth Carney  and  Olga Palagia , for providing valuable information on historical and archaeological matters during the preparation of this manuscript;  Dr. Sherry Fox  for providing us the references for the height of ancient Greeks; and  Dr. X. Dimitriadis  and  Dr. S. Kyriazidis  for the radiographs and the CT scans. Thanks to  J. Trueba  for the photos. This research received support from the  Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad  (Project  CGL2012-38434-C03-01 ) and from the  Gobierno Vasco/Eusko Jaurlaritza  (Research Group  IT834-13 ).
Acknowledgements This investigation was performed within the frame of the research programme  N°1303194177 ,  07/06/2012  of the  French Ministry of Culture. We are much grateful to  Cécile de Oliveira , stone conservator for her contribution to discussions on laser yellowing issues, and to  Daniel Alazard , Ingénieur des services culturels from  Direction régionale des affaires culturelles de la région Centre , for his constant support in all the steps of this research.
This slowly accumulating record of human fossils from the Late Pleistocene of Eastern Eurasia lends additional data to questions about modern human origins at the eastern periphery of the Old World. The purpose of the current analysis is first to strengthen and extend the chronological framework for the TPL deposits with additional dated geological samples. Secondly, TPL2 is described with an emphasis on its mosaic morphology. Its affinity is determined on the basis of discrete traits and geometric morphometrics in order to place the fossil in its appropriate evolutionary context and to determine the position of this site, northern Laos and the Southeast Asian mainland more generally in Late Pleistocene human evolution.
Late Pleistocene samples were evaluated for differences in linear dimensions and discrete traits using model II analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Bonferroni tests for multiple comparisons. Comparative samples included the following: 1) Late Pleistocene archaic humans (i. e. Neandertals); 2) Late Pleistocene early modern humans (EMH) from Western Eurasia and Africa; 3) Late Pleistocene EMH from East Asia. The geometric morphometric analysis was performed using 67 hemi-mandibles. Data were collected in the form of 51 3-D coordinates representing 17 landmarks (S8 Fig and  S4  Table ). Cross-sectional imaging of TPL2 was generated using the microfocus tube of the micro-CT scanner "v|tome|x L 240" (GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies Phoenix X|ray) and the AST-RX platform (Accès Scientifique à la Tomographie à Rayons X, MNHN, Paris).
The complete TPL2 specimen was numerized at a resolution of 60 μm. Sample composition for this analysis was expanded to include both Middle Pleistocene and Holocene data, but was limited to specimens for which comparable 3-D data were available (S5 Table ). Comparative samples included 1) Middle and Late Pleistocene archaic humans; 2) Late Pleistocene EMH from all geographic regions; and 3) Holocene humans from China. Between-group principal component analysis (bgPCA), the projection of data onto the principal components of the group means  [26] , was used to identify axes in shape space that best discriminate between the three a priori defined comparative groups described above (performed using R free software; see http://www. r-project. org). The samples were separated by computing a covariance matrix of the group means and projecting all specimens into the space spanned by the first two eigenvectors of this matrix.
The advantage of this method relative to canonical variates analysis is that the axes remain orthogonal and data do not have to be of full rank. Tam Pa Ling 2 was not included in the calculations of the PCs, and this fossil was subsequently projected onto the PCs to identify its closest neighbors. This step is critical to the statistical analysis because its removal from the database enables one to build a model that is free of the parameter to be judged and to avoid bias in assigning group membership.
Acknowledgments We acknowledge the authorities of  Muang Vien Thong and Longngouapa villages (Huà Pan Province). Thanks for support and help with micro-CT scanning procedures of the  AST-RX platform (Accès Scientifique à la Tomographie à Rayons X) ,  UMS  2700  « Outils  et méthodes de la systématique intégrative »,  CNRS-MNHN, Paris, France. We are grateful to  Erik Trinkaus  and  Antonio Rosas  for their guidance and to  Erik Trinkaus  for providing mandibular data. Thanks also to  Kyle Marian Viterbo  for advice regarding geometric morphometrics. Thanks also to  Daniel Fouchier  ( UPR2147 ) and  Annie Bouzheghaia  ( Université de Strasbourg, IPGS ) for drawings and graphics. Thanks to  Maya de Buhan  ( Paris René Descartes ) with the help of  ICS (UPMC)  who realized the animated version of the mandible.
The chronological aspects of this research were funded by  Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery  Grant  DP1093049  and LIEF Grant  LE100100094. This work is supported by the  French Ministry of Foreign Affair , the  Ministry of Culture and Information of LAO PDR  and the  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA , the  UPR2147 (CNRS) , the  UMR7206 (MNHN, Paris) , the  UMR7516 (CNRS/ IPGS Strasbourg ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
However, as in geometry the primary intuition has a double role. This is explained in the final sections of Problemi della scienza and we think that the literature did not pay enough attention to this aspect of Enriques' production. The visual and the muscular intuitions plays a role in the genesis of the geometrical space. But what about physics? Their function is important or better, fundamental. Entire sections of the history of physics can be interpreted as a sort of struggle between visual and muscular conceptions and models. Enriques begins his analysis by dividing the physical data into two kinds: a) geometrical a kinematical data, he calls extensive; b) the dynamical data (the forces), he calls intensive  (Enriques, 1906 (Enriques, , 1925: p. 269: p. 269 ). The data of kind a) can be reconducted to the vision because, although from a geometrical point of view, metric geometry has a muscular-tactile basis, from the physical standpoint geometry and kinematic do not deal with actions and forces, which are the physical expression of the muscular sensations.