dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The acquisition time of the CCD camera was adjusted considering the fluorescence signal level (between 3 to 5 s). All instrumentation is controlled by Imspector software developed by LaVision Biotec. Regions of interest (ROIs) of 140×140 pixel (4-6 cells) were acquired. Analysis of the data was done using image-J (Rasband, W. S. , Image J, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, http://rsb. info. nih. gov/ij/). The methodology used in order to perform quantitative analysis was previously developed  23. Briefly, the five images coming from a time-gated stack are first smoothened by a 3×3 mask to decrease the noise and to recover mean lifetime, <τ>, the following equation is applied: Eq. , 1 where Λt i = 2i -1 corresponds to the time delay after the laser pulse of the i th image acquired and I i to the pixel intensity map in the i th image.
Acknowledgments We thank  P. Casanova  ( Institut Pasteur ) for his technical support,  N. Auduge  ( Institut Jacques Monod, ImagoSeine ) for his help in FLIM analysis,  P. Riccio  ( University of Naples Federico II ) for her help in statistical analysis and the imaging facility at  Pasteur Institute (PFID)  and at  CEINGE Institute (DIM). This work was supported by  ANR  ( 05-BLAN 296-01 ,  ANR-09-BLAN-0122 ),  European Union   FP7 (Priority , Grant  222887 ) to CZ;  AIRC grant  ( MFAG 2007 ( MFAG -2009 ) ) to SP;  ANR PFTV2007 ,  FRM "Grands Equipements " to MC-M;  NIH-P41 P41-RRO3155 ,  P50-GM076516  to EG.
4 log 10 GEq/ml) (Table  3 ). Serotype 2 viremia was quantified in 2 subjects in the blended CYD/VDV group (5. 8 and 6. 7 log 10 GEq/ml). After CYD-TDV vaccination in the JE-primed group, the proportion with detectable viremia was 67%, and CYD-4 was the serotype most commonly detected but only quantified in one subject (5. 4 log 10 GEq/ml). Of the 3 sets of samples, collected on days 7, 14 and 21, viraemia peaked on day 7 after each injection (data not shown).
Humoral immune response Baseline dengue seropositivity was observed in up to 5 participants per group. On day 28 after the first injection of either tetravalent vaccine formulation, the serotype-specific seropositivity rates (Fig. 3 ) and GMTs (Table  4 ) were comparable between groups and were highest against serotype 4. After bivalent vaccination, the immune response to serotype 1 was similar to that seen with either tetravalent vaccine, while the immune response against serotype 3 (GMT: 297; seropositivity rate: 84%) was higher than in the other groups. Three months after the first vaccination with either tetravalent vaccine, GMTs were similar to those observed on day 28 against serotypes 1, serotype 2, and serotype 3; however, GMTs were lower for serotype 4 (range 147-214)(data not shown).
1] [22]  A microneutralization assay was originally planned to determine antibody titers to each of the 4 dengue virus serotypes in this study. However, the PRNT 50 assay on Vero cells was later adopted in the CYD project. Hence, the report of results from this study was delayed to ensure consistency of immunogenicity data throughout the project. 18, 22  Injection site pain was consistently the most common injection site reaction and headache the most common systemic reaction. Levels of viraemia were low and generally below the level of quantitation, again consistent with results from previous clinical studies, as well as in studies conducted in a monkey model. 9 There are number of limitations to this exploratory study that should be acknowledged, including the relatively small sample size and the fact that only descriptive analyses were performed.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  Grenville Marsh  at  Sanofi Pasteur  for for assisting with preparation of manuscript drafts. The authors would like to thank all the volunteers who participated in the trial, and the study-site personnel for their contributions to the study. In addition, thanks are due to the following people within  Sanofi Pasteur :  Mark Boaz ,  Dany de Grave  and  Branda Hu , for their contributions in the development and improvement of immunological assays, and the  Global Clinical Immunology Department  for conducting the immunological assays;  Martin Sanchez-Ruiz  for study management and logistics; and  Fernando Noriega ,  Melanie Saville , and  Nadia Tornieporth  for their contributions to the study design and development.
Acknowledgements. M. J. 's work was partially funded by a research grant via the  AXA Research Fund. S. D. acknowledges partial support from the  Argentinian  grant  UBACyT 20020120100220. This work was partially supported by a onemonth invitation of P. D. to the  Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio , and by a one-month invitation of S. D. to the  Paris Observatory. S. D. is member of the  Carrera del Investigador Científico, CONICET.
Patient data were collected prospectively, but a retrospective analysis was conducted using a cohort of patients presenting in the ED in the first 6 months of 2011. The definitions for sepsis severity were derived from the guidelines of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in 2008 and criteria to define bacterial infection were derived from an article by Limper and colleagues  [2]. Results: A total of 269 patients were included in the study. Review of infectious outcomes showed no evidence of bacterial disease in 79 (29. 4%) patients. Of these patients, 70. 9% were in the lowest category of sepsis (SIRS and clinical suspicion of infectious disease). Patients in the lowest category were less likely to suffer from bacterial infection than patients (P = 0. 046, see Table  1 ). In the patients without objective bacterial infection, the median duration of antibiotic treatment was 7 days (IQR 4 to 10).
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by grants from the  Scientific Research  from the  Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan  ( WA2F2547 ) and from the  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  (No. 2567046405 ). Acknowledgements: JF received a  New Investigator grant ,  Children's Health Foundation , LHSC. CF received a Resident research grant,  Department of Paediatrics, Western University. Acknowledgements: Brazilian financial support from  CNPq ,  CAPES ,  FAPESC  and  FINEP  Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the  Russian Foundation for Basic Research  (project number  1304-01758/13 ) Acknowledgements:  FAPESP. Critical Care 2014, Volume 18 Suppl 2 http://ccforum. com/supplements/18/S2Acknowledgements: Thanks to supervisors ACM and  Prof AR  for their support and expertise.
Data collection and analysis The following data were collected from patient folders using a data collection proforma designed for the study: TB patient registration number, year of TB registration, age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, employment, geographical location (by Division), type of TB, category of TB, supervisor type and treatment outcome. The type of TB, category of TB (i. e. , registration group) and treatment outcomes are designated in Fiji according to the definitions in the national TB guidelines, which are consistent with the WHO anti-tuberculosis guidelines. 15 When a TB patient completes anti-tuberculosis treatment in Fiji, one of six treatment outcomes is assigned: cured, treatment completed, died, treatment failed, defaulted or transferred out. Data were double entered into EpiData Entry, version 3.
1 (EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark), and verified and validated before analysis. Analysis was carried out using EpiData Analysis, version 2. 2. 2. 178. Descriptive analysis was performed by calculating frequencies, and treatment outcomes were analysed in relation to patients on SAT compared to those supervised by an immediate family member. Outcomes were compared between the two groups using odds ratios (ORs) and the χ 2 test with 95%CIs. Differences at the 5% level were regarded as significant.
The findings of missing and incomplete data will be used to improve recording and reporting within the NTP. In addition, we were unable to verify whether the TB medications were truly directly observed; we assumed that if a patient was marked as having a treatment supervisor that the treatment was in fact directly observed. One study conducted in Thailand found that 35% of family members do not actually directly supervise medication taking. 16 Another study conducted in Brazil highlighted that, in individuals receiving DOT by a family member, the family member can forget to supervise medication taking. 25 We were also not able to compare our findings with DOT administered by a health care worker, as has been the case in other studies on DOT;  [26] [27] [28] [29]  this might have been informative.
The main goal of this review was to provide an overview of the impact of different dietary sugars on peripheral and central functions. It will gather (i) results from studies regarding the effects of sucrose, glucose, and/or fructose on metabolism, eating behaviour, and brain responses; (ii) current available data comparing the effects of these sugars, at both peripheral and central levels. It will also propose some clues and hypotheses for future research perspectives regarding the effects of these sugars, with special focus on fructose and glucose.
g. [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] ). However, in other species such as pigs or in humans, this concept remains incompletely clear. Data obtained from humans  [45]  and Osabaw minipigs  [31]  suggested that it is the association between high-fructose intake with other components in the diet, such as glucose, sucrose, fat, and cholesterol, responsible for the development of the metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis, rather than high-fructose intake itself. The approach used in several human studies where fructose daily intake pattern is assessed in patients with previously established hepatic steatosis  [33, 46, 47]  is not the best way to evaluate fructose as a risk factor for NAFLD. This question should be addressed in a more controlled experimental paradigm where dietary intake is closely monitored.
The fructose hypothesis is refuted by studies using real-world fructose exposures showing no differential effects versus control, and cause-and-effect evidence of adverse effects is lacking at typical human exposure levels and patterns  [175]. Sun et al. [176]  analysed the intake patterns of [ 25,000 subjects in the NHANES 1999-2006 databases and found that daily fructose intakes with the American diet averaged 9 % of daily intake, that fructose is rarely consumed solely or in excess over non-fructose sugars, and that fructose and nonfructose sugar ordinary intake was not positively associated with indicators of metabolic syndrome, uric acid, or BMI. A metaanalysis by Sievenpiper et al. [177]  reported the effects of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials. They found that fructose has no effect on body weight in isocaloric trials (637 participants) compared to isocaloric diets containing a non-fructose sugar.
supported by (i) the  DFG ESF EuroGIGA projects COM-POSE and GraDR, (ii)  the  EPSRC  Grant  EP/K022660/1 , (iii) the  ANR  Project  EGOS :  ANR-12-JS02-002-01 , and (iv) the  PEPS grant EROS. A preliminary version appeared in the Proceedings of MFCS 2014 [13].
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  Wellcome Trust  (grant reference  077012/Z/05/Z ). P. J. C. and A. G. are personally funded through  Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Research Fellowships and Senior Basic Research Fellowships , respectively, and are members of the  Wellcome funded COMSIG consortium. We thank the  Japanese National BioResource Project  for the Nematode C. elegans, the  Caenorhabditis Genetics Center  for providing strains, and  John Rouse  and  Karim Labib  for comments on the manuscript.
Taking into account also the development of extracorporeal CO 2 removal  [11, 12] , the current introduction of which in France seems to be uncoordinated, and to lack evaluation, the SRLF tasked the conference expert panel with drawing up recommendations based on the following five questions: What extracorporeal life support techniques are available? Which patients require extracorporeal life support? How is extracorporeal life support performed? When and how should extracorporeal life support be stopped? How should it be organized? In formulating these recommendations, account was taken of literature data (gathered by a Cochrane-like review), data from experts and participants at the public meeting and the opinion of the expert panel. In most cases this enabled a consensus on the recommendations to be reached.
Methodology The GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) and a literature analysis were used to formulate the recommendations  [13, 14]. A literature search covering the period January 1994 to December 2013 was done using the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) according to a predefined strategy (Additional file 1). Relevant studies were selected by two people independently. For each study deemed relevant, the level of proof was assessed as a function of the type of study (randomized controlled trial, cohort study, case-control study) and its methodological quality. The selected studies were then classified so as to group those that evaluated predefined outcomes, and an overall level of proof for each of these outcomes was determined taking into account the level of proof of the individual studies.
In children, precise monitoring of hemostasis is necessary and should include thromboelastography and anti-Xa activity assay (CR). The main complications of ECMO are hemorrhagic. Their incidence is close to 50%  [42]. Intracranial bleeding was seen in 10 to 12% of cases where the level of anticoagulation was highest (target aPTT around twice the control) and in 2 to 4% of cases in the REVA registry (French H1N1 influenza research network on mechanical ventilation) with lower levels of anticoagulation  [8]. Data on circuit coagulation are scarce, but its incidence is probably about 15 to 20% and seems to decrease notably with heparin-coated circuits. The risk-benefit ratio favors the use of the lowest levels of anticoagulation plus high pump speeds. It is usual to use a heparin bolus during cannulation.
A survey by the SRLF and the SFAR in 2012 in 116 intensive care departments showed that approximately 300 ARDS patients were treated by ECMO in 58 departments, which is consistent with the expert opinion. Lastly, an SRLF request to the national database of the PMSI showed that, although the data are difficult to interpret, in 2012 there were 679 stays in intensive care by patients diagnosed with ARDS who underwent VV ECMO or VA ECMO, which is a total of 5,325 days of treatment. Advances in techniques and equipment suggest that VV ECMO can be performed safely by most intensive care departments already familiar with the management of other modes of extracorporeal circulation, such as dialysis and continuous hemofiltration, subject to regular specific training. However, because of the potential seriousness of complications associated with ECMO, and because of the skills needed for management of such treatment, experts recommend that patients requiring VV ECMO or VA ECMO be managed in centers with all the means needed to define the indications for ECMO and to implement and manage it in safe conditions.
Organization of intensive care services 5. 6 Each intensive care department must enter in a national register all patients treated for severe ARDS (CR). 5. 7 Each intensive care department must be organized through agreement to ensure the care of ARDS patients requiring ECMO in each region. 5. 8I dentification in each region of at least one intensive care department able to perform ECMO within a referral center, or which has an agreement with one of the referral centers (CR). 5. 9 An intensive care department able to perform ECMO in ARDS must: 1) acquire and maintain specific skills, 2) have at least two trained physicians in its medical personnel, 3) have access to emergency vascular and thoracic surgery, 4) implement a regular training program for paramedical staff, 5) formalize the indications and ensure their traceability, 6) enter data in the severe ARDS registry, and 7) at least once a year during morbidity-mortality reviews analyze all the medical records of patients treated with ECMO (CR).
Results First, we study the behavior of MFPH for simulated data using a population divergence model (Figure  1 ), both with population specific selection, and without selection (the "neutral cases"). Second, we investigate HapMap III SNP genotype data to validate that MFPH picks up signals at some of the most well-characterized examples of strong population-specific selection in the human genome. Third, we discuss some regions in the HapMap III data that are exclusively picked up by MFPH and not by the other investigated statistics.
HapMap III data We computed MFPH for the following HapMap III populations: Maasai from Kinyawa in Kenya (MKK), CEPH Europeans from Utah of north-western European descent (CEU) and Japanese from Tokyo together with Han Chinese from Beijing (JPT + CHB). These populations were selected to minimize the occurrence of recent migration between populations and because particular population-specific selection events have been described for these populations. Based on these three populations, the greatest genomewide value of MFPH is located around the LCT gene on (See figure on previous page. ) Figure  2  Effects of various properties on F ST measures, iHS, XP-EHH and MFPH. Influence of sampling time, migration rate, selection strength and recombination rate in simulations with selection (G > 0) (red line) and simulations without selection (G = 0, blue line).
Model description and simulations In order to investigate the behavior of MFPH, we simulated genomic data where a specific locus is under positive selection using forward simulations implemented in the software SFS_code  [56]. We model three populations of equal size (N = 500, diploid individuals) that split from an ancestral population (N = 500, diploid individuals) at time zero. The population size has been chosen arbitrarily in order to have reasonable computation times. Each simulated individual is represented by two chromosomes of length (L) 100,000 bp. Individuals can migrate between populations at rate m which represents the number of individuals coming from the two other populations into one particular population each generation. Sites mutate with a population-scaled per site rate of θ (θ =4Nμ, where μ is the per-site per generation mutation rate).
Mutations occur under a pseudo-infinite site model (see the SFS_code documentation  [56]  for more details). Recombination events occur with a population-scaled rate of ρ (ρ = 4Nr), where r is the probability of cross-over between two adjacent sites per generation. The population size scaled mutation rate per site was set to θ = 0. 001 (implying a scaled mutation rate for the fragment θ L = 100) and the recombination rate ρ was set to values between 0. 001 and 0. 02 (the scaled recombination rate for the fragment, ρ L , was set between 100 and 2000). Assuming a mutation rate of 1. 25 × 10 -8 per site per generation  [57] , our simulated θ L = 100 corresponds to a 4 Mb DNA fragment in a population of 500 (4 × 500 × 1. 25 × 10 -8 × 4 × 10 6 = 100) or, alternatively, a 200 kb DNA fragment in a population of 10,000 (4 × 10 4 × 1.
Study design and population This study was a retrospective evaluation of existing performance data. Assessment of cervical range of motion and isometric muscle strength was performed at a Welsh professional rugby union club on a single occasion (in 2011). Testing was carried out by the same individual. All players contracted to the club were invited to participate, providing they were free from head, neck or upper body injury. Three players were excluded with injury; five were not present at the testing session. No available players declined participation; 27 players consented to testing. Ethical approval was sought for this study form the South East Scotland REC; however the opinion was that this was retrospective evaluation of blinded data and did not require specific approval as the players originally consented to testing and the club consented to release blinded data for the purpose of evaluation.
Neck strength assessment Isometric cervical muscle testing is well validated  [19] [20] [21]. We assessed maximal voluntary isometric cervical muscle strength in three planes of reference with the GS Gatherer and GS Analysis Suite (Gatherer Systems Ltd, Aylesbury); a custom-built device based on a 300 Kg load cell and bespoke software system. The test was performed employing a previously reported protocol  [22] , specifically validated in young rugby players  [13] , subjecting the neck to manually controlled linear incremental loading to test positional failure in the absence of pain or neurological symptoms (which stopped the test). The head was held in the neutral anatomic position at all times throughout the test. Peak isometric force was logged at the point of head movement with loss of test position.
Statistical analysis Data were assessed for normality and are reported as means with standard deviations as a measure of dispersion. Independent samples t-tests were used to assess differences in continuous variables between groups unless otherwise stated. Significance was accepted as p < 0. 05 incorporating the Benjami-Hochberg FDR correction  [23, 24]  for the testing of multiple hypotheses, to reduce the possibility of making a type II error in the interpretation of results. Pearson correlation coefficients are reported for bivariate correlations. Multivariate stepwise regression modelling was performed to achieve the most predictive model utilising the fewest variables. Predictive variables were entered into the model using an alpha of p < 0. 1 to accommodate the possibility of variables achieving statistical significance once the confounding influence of additional variables was controlled.
Discussion This study presents baseline data for the cervical isometric strength and range of motion of UK based professional rugby players. Generally high maximal strength values were observed, with significant differences evident between the forwards and backline players. The forwards were bigger and heavier with correspondingly larger neck circumference. These factors were related to both maximal strength and range of motion; the forwards displaying notably reduced flexion and rotation. Interestingly however in multivariate modelling accounting for confounding variables, only the neck circumference was predictive of maximal isometric strength. While we would expect strength values of professional athletes to be substantially higher than that of the general population, the values presented here are three times greater than those reported in a healthy Danish population.
Introduction This paper, one of a set associated with the 2013 release of data from the Planck 1  mission (Planck Collaboration I 2014), describes the constraints on cosmological parameters using number counts as a function of redshift for a sample of 189 galaxy clusters. Within the standard picture of structure formation, galaxies aggregate into clusters of galaxies at late times, forming bound structures at locations where the initial fluctuations create the deepest potential wells. The study of these galaxy clusters has played a significant role in the development of cosmology over many years (see, for example,  Perrenod 1980 , Oukbir & Blanchard 1992 , White et al. 1993 , Carlberg et al. 1996 , Voit 2005 , Henry et al. 2009 , Vikhlinin et al. 2009b and Allen et al. 2011 ). More recently, as samples of clusters have increased in size and variety, number counts inferred from tightlyselected surveys have been used to obtain detailed constraints on the cosmological parameters.