dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements This work supported by the  2014-SGR-1015  and  2009-SGR-35  projects of the  Generalitat de Catalunya , by the  MAT2010-20616-C02 ,  MAT2011-27380-C02-01 ,  MAT2010-16407 ,  MAT2013-48628-R  and  CSD2009-00013  projects of the  Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) , the  ONDA and COEFNANO projects  (no. FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IRSES-247518  and no. FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IRSES-318901 ) of the  European Union , the Russian grants  RFBR 13-02-00121 ,  13-02-12429  and  RG 14. B25. 31. 0025 , the Brazilian grants  CNPq-304368/2010-5  and  FAPEMIG-PPM 00319-11 , the  Argentine  grants  PIP 1333  (CONICET) and SECTyP  06/C404  ( Univ. Nac. de Cuyo)  and the  Swedish Research Council  (VR). Research at  NCSR  "D" was supported by the  HSF -EU program  ARISTEIA, grant  COMANA/ 22.
GSA was partially supported by the  Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation  (Project:  3DEM-NATUR ). I. V. G. thanks the  Generalitat de Catalunya  for his sabbatical fellowship ( 2010 PIV 00096 ). M. D. B. was partially supported by an  ICREA   Academia award. M. E. acknowledges the  Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Juan de la Cierva Program. A. G. Roca  would like to thank  Generalitat de Catalunya  for financial support under the  Beatriu de Pinós fellowship program  ( 2011 BP_B 00209 ). ICN2 acknowledges support from the  Severo Ochoa Program (MINECO , grant  SEV-2013-0295 ). We also acknowledge the  European Synchrotron Radiation Facility  ( ESRF, Grenoble, France ) and the  ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility  for the provision of synchrotron beam time and the  Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL) and Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (LLB)  for the provision of neutron beam time.
, 2010)  and the PKS/NRPS Analysis Web-site  (Bachmann and Ravel, 2009) , were not successful. Analysis of the domain sequences of these enzymes using DELTA-BLAST allows some putative predictions to be made. For example, the largest polyketide synthase encoded in the Euglena transcriptome (lm. 8157) contains, in addition to a fully reducing PKS module, two enoyl hydratases and an HMGCoA synthase (Fig. 7A ). These proteins have been characterised in bacterial gene clusters as single domain proteins, such as PksG, H and I in bacillaene biosynthesis, as adding a ␤-methyl branch to polyketides  (Butcher et al. , 2007). Whilst the association of other components of the complete synthase cannot be predicted, this domain architecture suggests the formation of methyl branched alkane, which could be part of a polyketide, or alternatively may be included in a fatty acid structure.
Evolutionary analysis Sequences were obtained from Ensembl and Orthodb  (Waterhouse et al. , 2013)  or by Blast to Genbank and model organism databases. Longest coding sequences and all extra exons were used in bioinformatic analyses. Protein alignment was performed with Muscle and Clustal omega  (Sievers and Higgins, 2014) , and manually curated in less conserved regions. MEGA6  (Tamura et al. , 2013)  was used to build phylogenetic trees with maximum likelihood (1000 bootstraps) and w/freq models  (Jones et al. , 1992). The tree with the highest log likelihood (-6386. 1370) was reported, using an initial tree obtained automatically by applying Neighbor-Join and BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using a JTT model, and selecting the topology with superior log likelihood value.
Microarray Hindguts and Malpighian tubules from L3 w or Mitf mutant larvae (w ; Mitf /Df(4)TZ , Mitf ) and wing discs from L3 nub-Gal4 or nub-Gal4 UAS-Mitf (CDS3) larvae were dissected and processed for RNA. Triplicate samples were processed at the SUNY upstate Microarray Core Facility. Gene expression levels were summarized by the GCRMA method  (Wu et al. , 2004). P-values were corrected for multiple comparisons using Benjamini-Hochberg's False Discovery Rate (FDR) method  (Hochberg and Benjamini, 1990). Gene Ontology was performed with GO-Term Finder (http://amigo. geneontology. org/cgi-bin/amigo /term_enrichment)  (Boyle et al. , 2004). Data are available at the GEO repository (record number GSE58416).
Acknowledgements We thank  Dr P. Kane  and the  Viczian, Zuber, Zhu and Pignoni laboratories  for helpful discussions;  C. Cara ,  R. Dilixiati ,  V. Thorsson ,  B. S. Haflidadottir  for aid with cloning and bio informatics;  Drs J. Dow ,  H. Kramer ,  G. Davis ,  E. Baehrecke , the BDSC and FlyTrap centers for fly stocks; the DSHB and  Dr A. Teleman  for antibodies; and the  Molecular Analysis Core at SUNY-UMU for Affymetrix Gene Chip hybridization.
Funding This work was supported by the  National Institutes of Health, National Eye Institute  [grant number  R01EY017097  to F. P. ]; an  RPB  Unrestricted Grant and Lions District  20-Y1  award to the Dept. of Ophthalmology,  SUNY-UMU (F. P. ); the  Icelandic Research Fund  [grant numbers  130230-053  and  152715-051  to E. S. ] a  PHC Jules Verne 2014 grant  [grant number  31891VM  to E. S. and L. L. ]; a grant from the  Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisee) ,  INCa ,  Canceropole ,  Ile de France  and  Labex CelTisPhyBio  [grant number  ANR-11-LBX-0038  to L. L. ]; and the  Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and the Harry J Lloyd Trust  (to C. G. ). Deposited in PMC for release after 12 months.
1   Recipient of a Ph. D. fellowship from  UniversitePierre et Marie Curie. 2 Supported by  CNRS  and the " Initiative d'Excellence" Program from French State Grant  " DYNAMO ,"  ANR-11-LABX-0011-01. 3 Supported by the  Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-Fonds National de la Recherche Fondamentale Collective  Grant  2. 4597. 11and Mandat d'Impulsion Scientifique Grant F. 4520. 4 Research Associate from  Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique. 5To whom correspondence should be addressed.
For comparison to established emissions benchmarks, median IPCC temperature anomaly predictions in 2100 are shown at right with errors representing a 90 % confidence interval  [1]. HadCRUT4 data are used for results validation, and represent observed temperature increases over preindustrial era from the Met Office Hadley Center these reasons, algaculture and the land use optimization it enables should be seriously considered as essential tools for climate mitigation up to and including a decline in atmospheric carbon concentrations to preindustrial levels before the end of the century.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge support from the  European Research Council Synergy  grant  ERC-2013-SyG-610028 IMBALANCE-P. FeliX is a model that has been developed and applied in a team effort at IIASA over the course of several years and projects, led originally by  ESM  staff member  Dr. Felicjan Rydzak , and with significant foundational contributions from ESM staff members  Dr. Michael Obersteiner ,  Florian Kraxner ,  Dr. Steffen Fritz , and  Dr. Ian McCallum.
The SMOSMANIA data The SMOSMANIA soil moisture network was developed by  Calvet et al. (2007)  in southern France in order to validate satellite-derived soil moisture products  (Parrens et al. , 2012) , assess land surface models used in hydrological models  (Draper et al. , 2011)  and in meteorological models  (Albergel et al. , 2010) , and monitor the impact of climate change on water resources and droughts. The station network forms a transect between the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean sea (Fig. 1 ). It consists of pre-existing automatic weather stations operated by Meteo-France, upgraded with four soil moisture probes at four depths: 0. 05, 0. 10, 0. 20, and 0. 30 m. In general, the stations are located on former cultivated fields and consist of grasslands. Soil properties were measured at each stations using soil samples collected during the installation of the probes.
Conclusions An attempt was made to use routine soil temperature and soil moisture observations of a network of automatic weather stations to retrieve instantaneous values of the soil thermal conductivity at a depth of 0. 10 m. The data from the SMOSMANIA network, in southern France, are used. First, the thermal diffusivity is derived from consecutive measurements of the soil temperature at a 48-minute interval, at three depths (0. 05, 0. 10, and 0. 20 m). The thermal diffusion equation is solved using an implicit scheme. It is shown that, as the soil temperature records have a resolution of 0. 1 • C, the thermal diffusivity can be obtained with a relative error of 18 %. The λ values are then derived from the thermal diffusivity retrievals and from the volumetric heat capacity calculated using measured soil properties.
Anyway, the option of still exchanging kits that show results with high divergence was held open for everybody. Identical specimen-kits were suitably packaged to avoid surface damaging and environmental degradation: each specimen was individually wrapped in optical-quality paper-sheet; all together were sealed in a plastic bag. Evaluators were invited to measure each specimen as it is, without cleaning, in order to reduce the risk of alteration, averaging the results achieved for different position/orientation. This value is exactly the double of the uncertainty expected for a typical high quality spectrophotometer: the error on the reference mirror (±0. 005) plus the baseline stability (±0. 002). Thus the data agree within the experimental uncertainty even without including the differences among the specimens of the same type of product.
Conclusions The SRRR round robin test was performed to verify the reliability of the SolarPACES reflectance guidelines [1]. It was concluded successfully for its first objective. The analysis of the solar hemispherical reflectance values using sets of 10 specimens that were provided by 8 manufacturers and were measured by 6 evaluators. The maximum difference among the results got from the different evaluators is 0. 014. No outlier data were recognized. The deviation of the results got by each evaluator from the mean, which is assumed to be the true value, is smaller than ±0. 007 and includes also the differences between specimen of the same type across the distributed sets which is up to ≤ 0. 005 @ λ = 550 nm. The data from all evaluators agree within the expected experiment uncertainty well.
Among them were genes involved in translation and transcription processes, the gene encoding phycobilisome core-membrane linker protein ApcE, and hypC and hypF genes required in the synthesis and maturation of hydrogenase (Additional file 3: Table  S3 ). To validate the microarray data for selected genes, we performed quantitative reverse transcription assays. The RNAs used in these experiments were independent of those used for microarray studies. In particular, we analyzed the expression of 12 genes the transcript levels of which varied specifically in the pkn22 mutant strain. In response to peroxide stress, the expression of alr4616, all4791 and all2724 genes was upregulated whereas that of alr2879, alr4780 and all0167 genes was decreased (Additional file 2: Table  S2 ). Combined nitrogen starvation on the other hand led to an upregulation in expression of alr0970, alr0657 and alr3303 genes.
DNA microarray experiments RNA was extracted as previously described  [11]. Chromosomal DNA was removed by treating RNA preparations with 1 μl of DNAse (at 2U/μl) (Ambion) for 1 h at 37 °C. The concentration of RNA was determined spectrophotometrically. The cDNAs were produced using the Promega Chip-Shot direct labelling and clean-up system kit that ensures the incorporation of the cyanine 5 and cyanine 3 dyes during the DNA synthesis. This experiment was performed following the manufacturer's instructions (Promega). The hybridization and washing steps were performed using the gene expression hybridization kit and wash pack (Agilent) according to the manufacturer's specifications. Axon GenePix 4400A (MDS Analytical technologies) was used for scanning the slides. Experimental design, data acquisition and statistical analysis: wild type strain challenged by nitrogen starvation or treated by H 2 O 2 (see above) was used for total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis.
For each strain, total RNA was extracted from four independent cultures for each condition (H 2 O 2 treatment, iron starvation, or control). RNA samples to be compared were converted to cDNA, fluorescently labelled with Cy3 or Cy5 in direct (Cy3-Cy5) and dye swap (Cy5-Cy3) labelling reactions to correct for dye-dependent variation of labelling efficiency, and cohybridized on the slides. Transcriptome comparisons were performed between treated and control strains. Data are represented in Log2 values. Statistical significance of the differences in mean fluorescence intensity for each gene in the cDNA samples compared was determined by an unpaired 2-tailed Student's t test. Genes were considered differentially expressed when P values were ≤0. 001 and the relative expression was equal to or exceeded a 2-fold change on a Log2 scale (which, on a linear scale, corresponds to variations ≥4 for induced genes and ≤0.
In this paper, we report diffraction and spectroscopic results to understand the transformation mechanisms from talc precursor to crystalline nano-talc. While X-ray diffraction (XRD) data inform the crystalline structure at a length scale of approximately 50 Å, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) provide details about the local structure. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was used to probe the immediate environment of the octahedral cation: the distances and coordination number (CN) of the octahedral absorbing atom was determined. EXAFS spectroscopy is particularly interesting because this technique is chemically selective and well suited for poorly crystalline and noncrystalline materials. 12 FTIR spectroscopy is a sensitive method used to probe the local structural environment of the OH groups in clay minerals  13, 14  because the vibrations of the OH groups are sensitively affected by the variation in the mineral structure.
Characterization Techniques. XRD patterns were recorded on an INEL CPS 120 powder diffractometer with CoKα 1+2 radiation with 2θ between 0. 334 and 107. 206 and a step size of 0. 032 (GET, University of Toulouse). The samples were prepared using the sideloading procedure to minimize preferential orientations. The spectra from FTIR spectroscopy in the near-infrared region (NIR-FTIR) were recorded at a resolution of 4 cm -1 between 4000 and 11000 cm -1 using a Nicolet 6700 FTIR spectrometer (IC2MP, University of Poitiers) with a smart NIR integrating sphere (CaF 2 beam splitter and InGaAs detector). In some cases, NIR-FTIR spectra were analyzed using the Fityk program  18  to decompose them into pseudo-Voigt components. The EXAFS experiments were performed at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS, Campinas) on the XAFS-2 station.
Nevertheless, it is also important to consider that this main band is composed of the overlapping of the vibrations 2ν OH and 2ν H 2 O situated at 7050 cm -1 (weakly hydrogen-bonded water molecules). The FTIR spectral decomposition of this band using the Fityk program  18  shows a drastic reduction of this latter contribution (2ν H 2 O ) with the hydrothermal synthesis temperature (data not shown). The rise of hydrothermal temperature leads to an increase in the intensity, a decrease in the width at halfmaximum of the peak, and a downward shift from 7106 to 7083 cm -1. The increase in the intensity and the bandwidth reduction of this main band reflect an augmentation of the number of Ni 3 -OH environments associated with a reduction of the water vibration. Moreover, the downward shift of this band proves a progressive change in the surrounding environment of OH, either in the octahedral sheet or in the tetrahedral sheet.
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cienti ́ficas y Tećnicas). This research was partially supported by CONICET (PIP 1035) and LNLS (Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil) under proposal XAFS1-15997. We thank the anonymous reviewer and Nicholas Tosca for their comments which helped us to improve the clarity of the manuscript.
The data are obtained as the reflected intensity vs the momentum transfer vector (q, which combines the scattering/reflection angle and neutron wavelength). In this work the experimental data were fitted using the program RasCAL (version Beta 1, A. Hughes, ISIS Neutron Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory), where each layer at the interface is parametrized by a thickness, a roughness, and the SLD. The SLDs of the substrate and solution phase were given by the bulk material compositions (see Table  1 ). The scattering length density of the adsorbate layer is considered as a mixture of the surfactant and water (hydration) constrained to conserve volume. For NaDEHP, a density of 1. 039 g cm -3 was used as measured by Lovera  41  using the hydrostatic method. The fitted SLD can then be used to determine the adsorbate layer composition.
The neutron reflectometry experiments were carried out at the reactor source: Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL), France, on D17  42  and at the spallation source: ISIS, UK, on the SURF  43  instrument. Both instruments use time-of-flight (TOF) to separate the different wavelengths. On D17 the sample is held vertically (the normal to the solid/liquid interface is horizontal), and all measurements here were taken at room temperature and pressure. To provide the full range of q including the critical edge to background, data were taken at two reflection angles of 0. 6°and 3. 2°, with a wavelength range of 2-27 Å. The solid/liquid interface was made by clamping a PTFE trough against the alumina crystal (see Supporting Information). On the SURF reflectometer the sample is held horizontally (surface normal is approximately vertical).
However, the three higher concentration data sets are all in reasonable agreement and give rise to a final adsorbed plateau amount of 4. 1 μmol/m 2 (1. 4 mg m -2 ), which is of most significance here. The solid lines show Langmuir-type model fits to the data, with full details in the Supporting Information. Influence of pH and Salt. Data were also collected at pH values of 5 and 9. At pH 9, the CMC is essentially the same as pH 7, and a concentration of 10 mM NaDEHP was used. The surface excess was found to be 1. 56 mg m -2 , corresponding to a layer approximately 15. 2 Å thick. The excess is slightly higher than that found at pH 7 due to the thicker layer (approximately 15% increase), but no significant change in hydration was found, suggesting a reduction in interdigitation or a more "upright" orientation on the surface.
At pH 5, a large amount of surfactant NaDEHP is found at the surface, even at very low solution concentrations (1. 6 mM). Significant off-specular scattering was observed, indicative of aggregation and possible phase separation. Therefore, the   reflectivity data cannot be modeled with confidence. There are several origins for this behavior: the CMC undergoes a large change due to the proximity in pH to the pK a , alongside a large change in solubility due to formation of the insoluble, protonated form of NaDEHP. Hence, the behavior at this pH is interpreted as surfactant sorption and related to the onset of bulk phase separation. Preliminary investigations into the effect of salt on adsorption were made by measuring the reflectivity with 0, 3, and 30 mM NaCl, at a fixed surfactant concentration of 10 mM and pH 7.
In addition to the NR studies, the depletion isotherm of NaDEHP onto powdered alumina was studied. The concentration of the surfactant was determined through the P composition using both chemical elemental analysis (colorimetric molybdate method by Alan Dickerson in the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge) and ICP-AES (Varian Inc. Liberty AX Sequential, Department of Materials, University of Cambridge). In each case a series of known NaDEHP solutions were used as a calibration. Figure  6  shows this isotherm data alongside the NR single crystal data. The powdered sample surface excess is found to be approximately 4. 5 μmol m -2 by both depletion methods: slightly higher than that observed for the single crystal NR studies. There also appears to be a slower rise to the bilayer composition within the depletion studies.
The suspensions are acidified in 0. 1M HCl until pH 3 and titrated with 0. 1 M NaOH up to pH 11 using an automatic analyzer. During the titration the suspension was purged with N 2 to eliminate the influence of atmospheric CO 2. The experimental data was transformed into proton binding curves, Q(H + ), representing the total amount of protonated sites  [20]. The morphology of the samples was characterized by scanning electron microscopy recorded using a FE-SEM apparatus (QuantaSEM, FEI), with metallic coating of the samples to obtain high quality images. The crystalline phase composition and degree of crystallinity of the samples were estimated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), using a Bruker instrument (D8 Advance) operating at 40 kV and 40 mA and using CuKα (0. 15406 nm) radiation. Crystallite sizes of the different phases were estimated from the line broadening of the corresponding XRD peaks by using the Scherrer equation τ = 0.
We attribute this to the differences in the morphology of BWO and the carbon content, and to the fact that the average particle size of all carbon additives was smaller than that of BWO nanoparticles (Figures  3  and S5 ). The homogeneous dispersion of the additives within the matrix of the semiconductor in the HS series was confirmed by SEM images. Only in the case of BWO/CNT the SEM micrographs allowed to distinguish bundles of carbon nanotubes between the sheets of the flower-like nanoparticles of the semiconductor (Figure  3 ). The main textural parameters of the samples compiled in Table  1  show important textural differences between them. Data corresponding to the carbon materials used as additives is also included for clarity. All the composites displayed type II adsorption isotherms (Figure  S6 ) characteristic of materials with a poor porous development.
Acknowledgements We thank the  ARC  for financial support via grant  DP110108344  (to RAJO and GNK). GNK thank  CLIO  for an access grant and  UPSud  for a visiting scientist fellowship. Financial support from the  National FT-ICR  network (FR 3624  CNRS ) for conducting the research is gratefully acknowledged. The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous allocation of computing time from the  Melbourne University high performance computing Facility (Edward).
Acknowledgments The research was funded by grant  BB/L002957/1  from the  UK's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)  and a  BBSRC Industrial   CASE award  ( BB/G016828/1 ) supported in part by  Syngenta. We thank  Mark Seymore  and members of  Syngenta's analytical labs at Jealott's Hill, UK  for help in developing lipid extraction and analysis techniques for C. sorokiniana, and  Giang Huong-Duong  ( University of Cambridge ) for help with the TEM analysis.
A comprehensive techno/socio/economic study of long term hydrogen based storage systems in electrical networks is addressed. The European policy concerning the different energy storage systems and hydrogen production is explicitly discussed. The state of the art of the techno-economic features of the hydrogen production and storage is introduced. Using Matlab-Simulink for a power system of rated 70 kW generator, the excess produced hydrogen during high generation periods or low demand can be sold either directly to the grid owners or as filled hydrogen bottles. The affordable use of Hydrogen-based technologies for long term electricity storage is verified.