dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data Variables and Data Sources Variables included socio-demographic characteristics, lost to follow-up for care, death, hemoglobin levels at registration and during follow-up visits, number of pain crisis episodes, hospitalization, blood transfusions from one year before registration and during follow-up visits, and status of proven interventions, like the pneumococcal vaccine and hydroxyurea therapy, at the time of registration and thereafter, which were confirmed by interviewing patients during hospital visits. Tests included a complete hemogram, renal function tests, and liver function tests during follow-up. Information on the above variables was extracted from MIS in July 2018. De-identified data without patient names were used for analysis. As this study presented analyses of secondary, programmatic, routinely collected data, participant consent was not obtained, although hospital permission was sought before extracting the information.
Data Analysis Data extracted in Microsoft Excel was analyzed using EpiData analysis software version 2. 2. 2. 186 (EpiData association, Odense, Denmark) and Stata analysis software version 14. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were summarized as proportions. We defined lost to follow-up (LTFU) as missing two consecutive scheduled visits to the sickle cell clinic. We performed time-to-event analysis to assess the timing of LTFU during care. The censoring date was taken as either the date of death or 30 June 2018. To assess the possible associations of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics with LTFU, we estimated unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals using the Cox proportional hazards model. We included variables with p values less than 0. 2 for adjusted analysis and p values less than 0.
05 were considered to be statistically significant. We estimated the aerial distance between patients' residences and the hospital using the distance matrix application in QGIS software version 2. 18. 15, and these data were included in the analysis. We calculated rates per 100 person-years of clinical outcomes (hospitalization, pain crisis, and blood transfusion) for two time periods, namely, one year before registration and after registration to 30 June 2018. Intervention coverage (pneumococcal vaccine, hydroxyurea, and folic acid supplementation) and investigations (renal function test, liver function test, and complete blood counts) were presented as proportions.
One of the major limitations was the differential way of ascertaining clinical interventions and outcomes at two time points; at the baseline, we relied mainly on self-reporting by patients, but at the end of the study, we assessed outcomes based on our records. This may have caused an overestimation regarding the improvement in coverage of interventions and clinical outcomes. The study included patients from a secondary care hospital run by an NGO, hence, findings from this study cannot be extrapolated to patients in the public sector. As this was a retrospective study using routinely collected hospital data, information about High Performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results was not available for all patients. Although we made a prompt attempt to extract these details from the HPLC machine, data deletion occurred for about 50% of patients.
Our study has the following strengths. First, we confirmed the deaths of the patients which occurred outside the study hospital by contacting them by mobile calls. This reduced some misclassification between LTFU and death. Second, all information related to patient care was collected routinely using computers or tablets in real time and maintained in MIS. This reduced the number of missing observations and also errors related to data entry and data extraction from paper-based registers. Third, we performed time-to-event analysis to assess the LTFU and death rate, which is appropriate for differential follow-up periods in longitudinal studies.
Acknowledgments: This research was conducted through the  Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT ), a global partnership led by the  Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases at the World Health Organization (WHO/TDR ). The model is based on a course developed jointly by the  International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease  ( The Union ) and Medécins sans Frontières (MSF/Doctors Without Borders). The specific  SORT IT program  which resulted in this publication was jointly developed and implemented by: The  Union South-East Asia Office, New Delhi, India ; the  Center for Operational Research, The Union, Paris, France ;  The Union, Mandalay, Myanmar; The Union, Harare, Zimbabwe ;  MSF Luxembourg Operational Research (LuxOR) ;  MSF Operational Center Brussels (MSF OCB) ;  Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) ,  Puducherry, India ;  Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Madurai, India; National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China ; and  Khesar Gyalpo University Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimpu, Bhutan.
This paper looks at the determinants of a country's participation in business services (BS) Global Value Chains (GVCs). BS GVCs are comparatively less explored than traditional manufacturing ones, and there is a gap in the literature on the relative positions of countries in BS GVCs and the opportunities they might open for development. This paper puts forward and finds empirical support to the conjecture that the domestic structure of backward and forward linkages à la Hirschman, alongside the domestic representative demand for BS à la Linder, are of high importance. The results, based on the World Input Output Database, suggest that the presence of strong domestic backwardlinked industries to BS makes an emerging country more likely to create domestic value within BS GVC. Our findings contribute to the debate on a "premature de-industrialisation" in emerging countries and on the relationship between levels of development and engagement in BS GVCs.
6   We test our hypothesis using the World Input Output Database, which we draw upon to construct indicators of forward participation in BS GVCs and a range of proxy measures for domestic and international linkages. In the econometric specification, we consider that a Hirschman-Linder effect might also occur in close trade partners. Hirschman linkages and Linder effect favoring participation in BS GVCs of trade partners' countries might also affect a representative country's participation in BS GVCs. We expect this effect to be positive or negative depending on whether Hirschman-Linder linkages in trade partners act as an (additional) international derived demand for BS or, rather, when a competition effect dominates. In this latter case, Hirschman-Linder linkages in trade partners displace participation in BS GVCs in the representative country.
Data We use the World Input-Output Database (WIOD -November 2013 release), which covers 40 economies (including all EU-27 countries as well as Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Chinese Taipei, Turkey and the US) and a rest of the world aggregate grouping across 35 sectors (20 of which are services, 11 manufacturing, and 4 primary sectors) and 15 years (annually from 1995 to 2009). Tables  A4  and A5  in the Appendix respectively list the sectors and countries included in our analysis. The database has two key components: i) an annual inter-country input-output (ICIO) table; and ii) an accompanying set of Socio Economic Accounts (SEAs). 20   The ICIO tables lend themselves to the calculation of indicators that capture the extent and nature of GVC participation across different sectors (see  Timmer et al, 2013).
We, therefore, focus on participation on the seller side, proxied by BS domestic value added in foreign exports -a measure of forward GVC participation in BS 24. We also report robustness checks using as dependent variable BS domestic value added in total exports (elements 1 to 4 in Figure  A2 ) which proxies the overall capability of the domestic country to create value (Table  A7 )  25. The domestic business service value added in foreign exports (DBSVAE) is identified from an underlying matrix of value added in exports (VAE) calculated from the WIOD database as: ( 1) = [ ] 1 Where: V' is a ni x ni matrix with n countries (n= {1,2… 41}) and i sectors of activity (i= {1,2… 35}). It is populated with elements capturing the direct value added (V) share of sector i in country = n in the output (X) of the industry across the diagonal (with zeros elsewhere).
Potential international spillover or GVC linkages The emergence of GVCs offers countries the possibility of relying on foreign linkages in order to enhance their economic activity. To capture the potential for such spillover effects arising from GVCs we take the mirror image of our dependent variable for partner countries. That is, the DBSVAE_par, the domestic business service value added in foreign exports, but of trade partners, weighted by 28 Distance variables are obtained from the CEPII gravity database see  Mayer and Zignago (2011). It uses geodesic distances calculated following the great circle formula using latitudes and longitudes of most important cities or agglomerations (in terms of the population) and accounting for internal distances using population weights. (/ 0 = ( ). -. -.
Finally, as a policy variable more specific to BS, we measure the number of service provisions in a country's trade agreements (from the DESTA database). Tables A1, A2 and A3 in the Appendix describe the different variables used, report some descriptive statistics and the correlation matrix among explanatory variables. One important caveat of the analysis relates to the level of aggregation. As reported in Table  A4 , the WIOD database captures only 35 sectors, within these there can be wide variations in the composition of value added and therefore the nature of participation in GVCs. For instance, the business services sector includes activities such as renting of machinery, research and development as well as data processing, legal services, advertising or packaging activities. Differences in the composition of countries' BS are therefore not appropriately captured.
In response to these two constraints, the business' management prioritises the buyers it considers to be the best defenders of its own business interests. It therefore proceeds not to alter the composition of the data room, which would constitute a breach of the compulsory equality of treatment between potential purchasers, but to inform potential buyers of the documents about where to place their attention. The former Vivarte Financial Director revealed that: A good way to hide an important piece of information on the company is simply to leave it in the middle of poorly classed archives. It's hardly likely that the buyers will chance across it in three days and you can say that the document was definitely there. (Interview, 5 October 2014)  Lastly, investors' distrust is fuelled by the way in which the consulting firms are paid, in the form of a commission charged on the transaction amount (of around 2% if the transaction goes through, and from 0.
Acknowledgments This article was originally published in Sociétés contemporaines as 'Fixer le prix des entreprises:  Pour une ethnocomptabilité de l'activité des fonds d'investissement' (Benquet, 2018 ). It has been translated and reprinted with the permission of  Presses de Sciences Po. Additional material was added to the translated version of the paper based on feedback from an anonymous reviewer and the editors of Finance and Society.
Data collection The data used in this study come from an international survey conducted by a USbased firm specialized in service management solutions in partnership with a global consultancy located in the UK. The international survey reached 370 service executives (including VPs for services and senior managers) of large MMNEs headquartered in three continents (North America, Europe, and Asia) with annual revenues of over one billion US dollars. An advisory board validated the target population before implementation. The industry partner defined the population using internal business catalogs with information on more than 7,000 manufacturing firms. The objective was to generate a statistically representative sample of firms with a uniform distribution in terms of industry. By using a Gaussian distribution 1 -fixing the confidence level at 95%-the procedure yielded a minimum target sample size of 365 respondents.
Data analysis through fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis The empirical analysis uses fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze asymmetric information  (Longest & Vaisey, 2008) , that is, variables operating in tandem while measuring a combination of positive and negative effects on the outcome variable. Tandems are configured by the business service offerings (Base, Intermediate and Advanced services), the outcome variable being Business and Organizational performance. Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis has been used in recent studies dealing with optimal servitization configurations  (Böhm, Eggert & Thiesbrummel, 2017; Sjödin et al. , 2016). Stata 15. 1 software was used to analyze the data  (Longest & Vaisey, 2008). Through Boolean algebra, fuzzy set comparative analysis identifies causal variable conditions to achieve an outcome, whereby it was possible to test whether different combinations of causal variables lead to the same outcome  (Lafuente, Vaillant, & Leiva, 2018).
This technique requires the calibration of causal and outcome variables. In doing so, the software transforms the interval of causal or outcome variables into a fuzzy set score related to the degree of membership of the variable to this set. The values of the interval for causal or outcome variables are specified following three conditions: a) threshold for full membership condition (fuzzy score value = 0. 95), b) threshold for full non-membership condition (fuzzy score value = 0. 05), and c) threshold for cross-over point condition (fuzzy score value = 0. 50) that establishes present and absent conditions for the same variable  (Ragin, 2008). Through this calibration, the set of variables is related to specific outcome levels (25th, 50th and 75th percentile). fsQCA differs from conventional statistical methods in various ways, and because of these differences, the method is appropriate for our analysis  (Fiss, 2011).
Building on one of the most complete datasets covering senior managers' global strategies concerning make-or-buy decisions, the study provides alternative configurations that yield the same outcomes, thus allowing managers to contextualize servitization strategy-making in accordance with the available internal and external resources. Second, by acknowledging that organizations pursue various objectives with different time horizons, the proposed analysis distinguishes business performancelinked to the achievement of economic results in the short-term-from organizational performance outcomes linked to the creation/development of competitive advantage and superior customer satisfaction levels in the long-run  (Bustinza et al. , 2015; Sparrow & Cooper, 2014). To minimize the trade-offs between short and long-term orientation, this research demonstrates the importance of resource alignment for facilitating the development of the critical capabilities that arise from Advanced services  (Baines & Lightfoot, 2013).
Once the model is developed and the necessary data gathered, the next rational step in the analysis would be the integration of quantitative assessments to test the validity of the models through simulations. For the case study, we used data from publicly available sources, interviews, site visits and collaborations with local organizations. Publicly available sources consist of 17 academic papers and reports in English and in French about the Dunkirk industrial symbiosis experience, encompassing different perspectives and addressing different questions. We then cross-validated the publicly available data obtained from the literature analysis presented in the Annex 1 Materials by interviewing some consultants who have repeatedly met with stakeholder of the industrial symbiosis. The geographical system dynamics approach composed by three previously mentioned theoretical sources: complexity theory, stakeholder theory and ecosystems theory.
In some countries the primary physician will be a general practitioner or office generalist doctor, whereas in others it will be a specialist (e. g. , pediatrician or neurologist). In addition, establishing a schedule of patient investigation and monitoring is important to avoid compounding the frequency of visits. A good MDT must also create a plan to handle diagnosis and management of TAND-related conditions. As the majority of patients with TSC will develop some type of neuropsychiatric manifestations across their lifespan, managing these manifestations is critical, especially as TAND is a very significant burden on daily life  [9, 34]. Establishing a patient database was also considered to be beneficial to better organize patient care. The patient database can be used for case management and discussion as well as serve as a source for clinical research.
This team should also agree to follow established guidelines and agreed-upon protocols and work towards establishing transition of care as patients age  [28, 29]. Others have published on establishing an MDT and noted similar features such as the specialists involved, a care coordinator, contact with primary care physicians, and including a patient database  [29] ; however, this prior report was descriptive of their personal experience as opposed to providing committee-based recommendations and including the patient's perspective as in our research. Currently, more literature regarding the benefits and goals of establishing a multidisciplinary care team in TSC is needed. This report discusses the steps to establish an MDT and our accompanying rationale. Future studies demonstrating the benefit of MDTs would be of value, particularly considering the benefits demonstrated from previous studies evaluating MDTs for the treatment of cancer  [27].
Stages of TSC clinic development Care provided jointly by a core group of TSC-knowledgeable physicians from relevant specialties a • MDTs to review cases and agree on management plans • Facilitate advice and care from a broader network of specialties and from a wider geographic area than the clinic can provide • Establish links with other TSC clinics (via MDTs or other joint meetings for peer-to-peer continuing education) • Formalize surveillance for TAND problems, e. g. , using the TAND checklist • Use database to facilitate monitoring of patients.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to especially thank  Clare Stuart  ( Tuberous Sclerosis Australia, New South Wales, Australia ) and  Eva Schoeters  ( be-TSC vzw, Antwerp, Belgium ) for their feedback on our work from the patient perspective. Editorial assistance was provided by  Traci Stuve , MA, and  Robert J. Schoen, PharmD , of  ApotheCom (Yardley, PA, USA ) and was funded by  Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.
To help us focus on the micro level of the organisation, data include primary information from indepth interviews (IDIs) with country managers and senior position-related bankers within the subsidiary or at the headquarters: three IDIs with a country manager (French bank 1), one IDI with a country manager and three interviews with managers based at headquarters who work in the risk management division (French bank 2), and one IDI with a country manager (French bank 3). Because we interviewed six French participants more than once, a total of ten interviews emerged. We conducted interviews in English or French, sometimes in Hindi (for certain Indian managers), and they lasted one to one and a half hours. The interview guide consisted of semistructured questions pertaining to three major subtopics relating to legitimation strategies implemented in the Indian sociopolitical ecosystem relevant to foreign banks and to their internal consequences (see Appendix 1 for the interview guide): (1) subsidiary interactions with local sociopolitical actors (i.
For non-French foreign banks, the interview guide follows a similar structure. For nonbanking foreign subsidiary CEOs, we also included questions regarding their perception of domestic and foreign banks. For interviews with journalists, we asked a general question regarding the gap between domestic and foreign banks and the perception of foreign banks. This second set of interviews enabled us to collect two types of additional primary data regarding (1) foreign banks in general and their interactions with local sociopolitical actors and (2) French banks. We did so to triangulate and complement data given by French bank subsidiary CEOs, who were sometimes not willing to disclose what they perceived as sensitive information.
Data Triangulation To not only minimise selection bias but also confirm primary data provided by directors of Indian French banks' subsidiaries and other directors from other foreign banks, we complemented the primary data with secondary data collection aimed at documenting the characteristics of Indian economy and regulations applied to foreign banks, as well as information about the banks under scrutiny (historical data about the banks in India, organisational charts, performance, and biography of directors). These secondary data fell into two categories  (Yin 2014 ): French Bank 3's booklet published on the occasion of its 100-year anniversary]); academic documents emanating from international institutions and academic conferences and seminars about the Indian economy, politics, and the banking sector; nonacademic documents related to the Indian economy, politics, and the banking sector from consulting firms and the press identified in Factiva data base (local press such as the Economic Times, Business Line, Indian Express, Hindustan Times, Front Line, and international press such as Le Monde, Financial Times, and The Economist); and documents about foreign and Indian banks collected from RBI's database (bank assets, deposits, performances, number of branches, amount of local capital, and loan default rates).
Using the information gathered during the previous steps, a LCA was carried out through the use of the specialized software tool Simapro ®  [50]. Table  4  shows the selected environmental impact indicators from the IMPACT 2002+ method that is adopted in the optimization phase. Global Warming Potential (GWP) is one of the most widely used and understood environmental performance indicators. This is one of the reasons why it was selected for the simulation model; other indicators related to agricultural practices such as Acidification and Terrestrial Eutrophication, among others  [51] , can also be used when modelling environmental performance within the proposed methodology. Key environmental indicators selection should be based on requirements and goals of the study. It must be emphasized that aquatic eutrophication was selected given the effect of chemical fertilizers, regarding water nutrient contamination  [51, 52].
Deals and takeover announcements Our data set is composed of corporate takeover deals from 2002 to 2016, collected from SDC and matched to CRSP and COMPUSTAT data. We begin by downloading all announced acquisitions where the bidder is a public company domiciled in the United States, whether the target is a public or private company. 4 Following  Moeller et al. (2004) , we collect transactions with at least $1 million deal value and 1% relative size (deal value to bidder market capitalization ratio). We exclude deals that are labeled as recapitalizations, repurchases, self-tenders, or exchange offers, as in  Bargeron et al. (2008). We require that the bidder owns at least 80% of the target after the purchase in case of completed deals, and not more than 15% before the announcement  (Schneider and Spalt, 2017).