dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The number and organization of shaping phases are identified by figures (for instance 1. 1, 1. 2) to define how volume was managed during shaping. The identification of the use of soft/hard hammers is based on the shape of the scars on the tools-depth and invasiveness see  [9]  -, and on the identification of curved flakes with a lip in the flake assemblage, (2) The morphological results of shaping (shape, section, bilateral and bifacial symmetry of the tools, shape of the apical part and base). Bilateral symmetry is determined by measuring each side of the tool in relation to the position of the central line passing through the tip. Bifacial symmetry is determined by measuring the thickness of each face from the surface to the cutting edge, (3) Quantitative data (maximum length, width and thickness, and location of the maximum thickness, cutting edge angles when measurable all around the periphery).
Archaeological data suggest a technological shift at 700 ka with the introduction of new technologies, including bifacial technology, episodically associated with innovations in core technologies and land use. Bifacial shaping extended over the whole of Western Europe during the same narrow chronological window. We do not see any evidence of a south to north-west expansion, except in the UK, in younger lithic series with bifaces. Clear evidence of Acheulean diffusion in the Levant from Africa is recorded at Ubeidiya, then at GBY (from 1. 4-1. 2 Ma to 900 ka), and also in India and Southeast Asia, where Acheulean bifaces are documented between 1. 5 Ma and 800 ka  [4-6, 39, 69, 70]. The interand intra-site diversity of LCTs and the infrequent use of large flakes in Western Europe at 700-600 ka could be due to the type of management of available raw materials and/or occupation types with limited hominin mobility  [71].
Acknowledgments The lithic analyses and new dating were carried out with the financial and scientific support of the  Leakey Foundation  (" Early Evidence of Acheulean bifacial technology in Europe " grant,  2015-2016 ) and the  National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France  ( ATM Action Transversale du Museum ,  2016-2018 ). We thank the  Soprintendenza of Basilicata (Italy)  for the agreement to study lithic collections of the site of Notarchirico, especially  Dr. T. E. Cinquantaquattro ,  Dr. F. Canestrini ,  Dr. R. Pirraglia , and  Dr. S. Mutino. We also thanks the  Venosa Museum  and  Dr. A. Mantrisi  for their assistance. The paper was edited by  Louise Byrne , official translator and native English-speaker. We would like to thank the editor and the reviewers for their comments and suggestions, which greatly improved the quality of the manuscript.
This lack of relevant financial stakes may also be the reason why the artists' ego's here seem to be far less exacerbated than they are elsewhere, as evidenced by the anonymity and/or the (ab)use of ranges of (more or less obscene) pseudonyms that are generally used by the artists for their inscription at Placard events. The early years of Le Placard coincided with the apogee of a very austere manner of performing electronic music, which today, in its pure form is but little practiced anymore: the artist presenting herself alone, facing the audience armed but with a single computer running patches of software like Pure Data, and where the musician's (inter)activity was limited to the brief caresses with his fingers of the machine's touchpad. (Nowadays many artists appear to have learned how to add action ('counterfeit aura', cf.
It may be that this prosperous past period of nonacademic technical creativity has come to (a temporary?) end, rendered marginal by the general availability of powerful software tools like 'Ableton Live', a software that -we should not forget-was originally inspired by the trackers used by the producers of an often pretty 'experimental' techno music and that managed to become a standard thanks to its accessible ergonomics and the possibility to incorporate, via the 'plugin' concept, much of what already existed in more disparate forms and formats in the underground URFOlk community. It, remarkably, also follows that one regularly recognizes in today's commercial music productions what are the evident by-products of some of the 'experimental hacks' that surfaced and circulated already 10 or more years ago in underground electronic music scenes.
This judgment was confirmed by corpus data such as (5): (4')  […]  until the broccoli has turned dark green with no hint of blue. [modified] (5) Here, in the cafeteria, the carpet turned dark green, […] (COCA) The main lesson to be drawn from an example like (4) is that a colour noun can occur in at least one environment that is not subsumed under the 'other' heading, namely as head of a predicative complement, a position normally thought to be the prerogative of adjectival CTs. In this paper, we look into the category membership of CTs as adjectives vs. nouns, by focusing on their occurrence in composite colour strings. 5 In particular, we challenge the assumption that attributive and predicative CTs are indisputably adjectival, and look into the possibility that more occurrences of CTs than have been allowed for so far may have to be categorised as nominal.
Materials Using the online interface available at https://www. english-corpora. org, we searched two corpora, the British National Corpus (BNC,  Davies [2004-] ) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English  (COCA, Davies [2008-] ) in order to obtain data for strings containing a CT. The corpus data were collected mainly in 2011 and 2012, at a time when the COCA contained about 450 million words. The number of words in the BNC, about 100 million, has remained (and will remain) unchanged. We needed our queries to give us information on composite CSs, with a view to determining whether and to what extent they surfaced in a nominal capacity outside of the customary syntactic contexts that we labelled as 'other'. To this end, we built queries made up of two elements. The second one was always a CT from among the 11 'basic colour terms' that anthropological linguists have identified cross-linguistically  (Berlin & Kay [1969: chapter 1] ;  Kay & McDaniel [1978] ): primary ones, namely black, white, blue, green, red, yellow; non-primary ones, namely brown, grey, orange, pink, purple.
Quantitative data Table  2  gives cleaned up figures for the unhyphenated strings, distinguishing between plain CTs and plural CTs (abbreviated as plur. ). 15 Table  3  gives the corresponding figures for hyphenated strings. As regards query (i), the BNC and the COCA returned large numbers of hits for plain forms. We examined separate random samples of 500 occurrences for each. The figures Composite colour strings in English: adjectival or nominal? Lexis, 15 | 2020 obtained from the 500-samples were extrapolated to the whole set of results. For example, the 500 BNC sample for bright etc. + CT yielded 491 relevant hits. That figure was multiplied by 5. 294 (= 2647/500) to obtain an estimate of the total number of relevant hits for bright etc. + CT in the entire BNC: 491 x 5. 294 = 2599. Note that the number of relevant hits is greater than that of the hits we were able to assign to our three functional classes, because, though clearly relevant, some hits could not be classified beyond reasonable doubt, and were therefore labelled as 'undecidable' (this is not shown in our tables).
Accounting for comparative and superlative marking in composite CSs In this section, the focus will be almost exclusively on unhyphenated examples, as there are way far too few hyphenated comparative and superlative occurrences in the BNC and COCA (cf. Table  5 ). The data produced by queries (ii) and (iii) are useful, as they support our initial intuition that composite CSs can be inflected for grade. The commonness of examples like (  23 ), (  26 ), or (  29 )-(  32 ) questions the viability of two attempts to explain away the oddity of an adjective modifying another adjective, which results from the popular view that dark(-)green is an adjective-adjective compound (cf. Section 1).
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: FTIR analyses were performed at room temperature using an FTIR Magna Protégé 460 from Nicolet. The FTIR spectra were recorded from 400 to 4000 cm -1 with a 4 cm -1 resolution using an accumulation of 64 scans in the transmission mode. The samples were compressed at 190°C and 8 bars to form thin films between 100 and 200 µm. The spectra were treated with the Fityk software and a reference band at 998 cm -1 , which come from the methyl groups rocking, was used to normalize the overall spectral intensity.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis (DSC): Calorimetric data were recorded using a Q200 TA Instruments apparatus. A 10 mg sample of each material were encapsulated with aluminium pans. The analyses were performed under an inert flux of azote atmosphere at a flow rate of 50 ml. min -. The samples were treated at a constant rate of 10°C•min -1 (divide in heating, cooling, heating) from 30 to 200°C. The crystallinity ratios of the different materials were estimated from the melting enthalpy (ΔHm) as follows: = ∆ ∆ (2) ∆ =165 J•g -1 is the enthalpy of a 100% crystalline isotactic polypropylene  [28]. The main crystalline lamellar thickness population (Lc) of the polymer is calculated from the Gibbs-Thomson equation: = (1 -∆ ! " ) (3) where the melting peak temperature Tm is estimated from the materials endotherms, is the theoretical melting temperature of a 100% crystalline isotactic polypropylene given equal to 460 K, σe is the surface free energy of iPP crystalline lamellae at 0.
Pulse shape method implementation After the interaction, the charge is collected by electrical field. The detector produces pulses with duration  8 νs (deepens on applied voltage and diamond thickness) approximately. The signal from the detector is firstly amplified by the charge sensitive amplifier. Then the whole pulse is recorded for the pulse shape analysis. The AD converter should have high bandwidth and high sampling rate so the the shape of signal is preserved. Our recommendation is to have bandwidth above 250 MHz and sampling above 2 GS/s. For recording purposes, the pulse is identified by pulse-height separation (only for the basic noisesignal separation) and values are recorded. 5 Recorded pulses are later processed by the Matlab script (developed in collaboration with CEA, based on  [11] ) which characterize each pulse by several parameters: • Peak height • Mid Height Width -this is FWHM equivalent • Drift time • Qtot -total deposited energy • Form factor -this special coefficient compares the calculated area vs the measured area.
The calculated area is a rectangular shaped (Peak height multiplied by peak length). If values of calculated and measured area are close, pulse shape should be rectangular as well (see Figure  5 ). • Qtail -area (energy) of the peak tail part (after peak maximum) • Qtail vs Qtot -tail vs total area The processing Matlab script produces two output files. One text file, with above mentioned parameters for each pulse, and one plot file with plotted results (see Figure  6 ). For demonstration, data from an alpha source measurement (including gamma and background) were processed by the script and are presented in the Figure  6. Alpha interactions cannot be separated by the pulse height method only (commonly used discrimination method). As it is possible to see in the upper second chart, interactions from alpha particles includes all pulse heights (marked by green).
2a ). Bottom: Thermal relaxation of ITI 1a. Experimental halflives were calculated from ms TA. The GS dipole moments for the transition state (μ GS,TS ) were obtained at the SMD-M06-2X/6-31+G(d) level, at which also the twisting angles θ 1 and θ 2 as well as the activation barriers for thermal relaxation were derived (see Fig. 2a ). The data in parentheses refer to a planar TS structure curve). The very short S 2 lifetime is again similar to what is known for azobenzene, for which a value of 50 fs has been recently determined  44, 46. The decay of the broad S 1 excited state band within 320 fs and the rise of anisotropy on the same timescale indicate that ITI reaches the conical intersection region on a time scale competing with vibrational relaxation in S 1. From there, the molecule relaxes to the ground state of either the Z and E isomers, where vibrational cooling takes place on a time scale of 10 ps.
All measurements were performed in a quartz cell (2 mm thick) mounted on a movable stage in order to refresh the solution and avoid undesired photochemical degradation of the sample. Analysis of the Transient data was performed using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)  61  and global analysis  62  , which allows the simultaneous fit at all the measured wavelengths with a combination of exponential decay functions. The kinetic scheme employed for data analysis, involving fast internal conversion among two close-lying excited states and excited state decay associated to partial Z-E isomerization, is shown in Fig. 4  of the main text. Data analysis has been performed using the software GLOTARAN  63. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Nanosecond transient absorptions were recorded with an in-house assembled setup.
Acknowledgements The support of the  Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO-CW VIDI  grant  723. 014. 001  to W. S. ) and the  European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme  (grant agreement: " Laserlab-Europe ",  H2020 EC-GA 654148 ) is kindly acknowledged. M. M. acknowledges the  ERDF/ESF project  " Nanotechnologies for Future " ( CZ. 02. 1. 01/0. 0/0. 0/16_019/0000754 ), the  Slovak Research and Development Agency  (project no. APVV-15-0105 ) and CMST  COST Action   CM1405   MOLIM: MOLecules In Motion. This research used resources of (1) the  GENCI-CINES/IDRIS  (Grants  A0020805  l 17), ( 2) CCIPL ( Centre de Calcul Intensif des Pays de Loire ), (3) the HPCC of the  Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica  ( ITMS 26230120002  and  26210120002  supported by the  Research and Development Operational Programme  funded by the ERDF).
008%. This is within the experimental error of the present experiment. Therefore, we can conclude that the non-hydrostatic effects are below the detection limit of the present measurements. That is in agreement with the quantification of the macroscopic non-hydrostatic stress on metals embedded in helium that reaches 0. 5 GPa at 150 GPa  28. In Fig. 2 , the obtained compression curve is reported together with the c/a evolution as a function of pressure. The corresponding bulk modulus K 0 , its pressure derivative ′ K 0 and the volume V 0 at ambient temperature have been determined from a least-square fit of the entire set of data to a Rydberg-Vinet  29  and a third-order Birch-Murnaghan (BM3) equation of state (EoS) using the EOSFit7c software  30. The obtained values are reported in Table  3.
conclusion In this work the stuctural and chemical evolution of Ru has been studied under HP-HT conditions combining AD-XRD and DAC techniques. The data have been collected along five different isotherms to a maximum of 151 GPa at ambient temperature and 21 GPa at 960 K, respectively. The collected data allowed a thermal EoS to be determined following a Birch-Murnaghan formalism. In the investigated P-T domain, only the hcp phase of Ru has been observed. The ambient temperature data have been obtained under quasi-hydrostatic conditions using He as pressure transmitting medium. First principle simulations based on DFT have been performed using different exchange correlation functionals to better constrain the structural and vibrational properties of Ru at ambient temperature. The PBEsol functional provided the best agreement with the experimental data when considering the ambient temperature EoS and the pressure dependence of the c/a ratio.
In both cases, the detector geometry was calibrated a LaB 6 standard using the powder calibration routine of the DIOPTAS software suite  56. Masks were applied to the raw diffraction images on a per image basis before they were azimuthally integrated in DIOPTAS. The obtained diffraction data were analysed by Le Bail fitting using the routines in TOPAS software suite  57  , literature values for the lattice parameters of Ru were used as starting point for these refinements. computational methods overview. First-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) have been performed to analyze the equation of state and structural and vibrational properties of hcp Ru under pressure. The calculations were performed with the VASP code  58  by using projector augmented-wave (PAW) method potentials  59.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the DLS and ALBA synchrotron facilities for provision of beamtime on the beamlines I15 and  BL04 , respectively (DLS ref. NT21190, ALBA ref. 2018082951). We also acknowledge the support from the  Natural Environment Research Council of Great Britain and Northern Ireland  via grants  NE/M000117/1  and  NE/M00046X/1. E. B. and D. E. are thankful for the financial support to this research from the  Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades , the  Spanish Research Agency , and the  European Fund for Regional Development  under Grant No. MAT2016-75586-C4-1-P  and by  Generalitat Valenciana  through the grant  Prometeo/2018/123  EFIMAT and ValI+D,  APOSTD/2017/075. C. P. acknowledges the  Spanish Mineco  Project.
Correlation between [ 15 O]H2O and [ 11 C]acetate baseline perfusion Perfusion values from acetate were then obtained using the 52% extraction fraction of [ 11 C] acetate. Baseline perfusion ranged from 2. 21 to 4. 48 with a mean of 3. 32 ± 0. 50 mL/g/min using [ 11 C] acetate data whereas it ranges from 2. 00 to 4. 70 with a mean of 3. 29 ± 0. 65 using [ 15.
Acknowledgments The authors thank  Nans Florens ,  Elise Mistretta ,  Jamila Lagha ,  Véronique Berthier ,  Fréderic Bonnefoi ,  Thibaut Iecker ,  Christian Tourvieille  for pertinent advice and technical assistance,  Elise Greusard ,  Sophie Blondeel  and  Ludovic Lamberet  for patient care and imaging;  Catherine Cereser ,  Valérie Plattner ,  Cécile Riera  from the  Hospices Civils de Lyon Research Center  for their administrative assistance and support.
The comparison between the two patterns allows identifying the 2θ regions where these additional peaks appear and to exclude them in order to achieve a structural determination of the electrode material during the operando experiment. All the diffraction data collected were thus analyzed by Rietveld refinement in classical or in sequential mode of the Fullprof software  11. Moreover, due to the setup constraints, the electrode used for this operando diffraction experiment had to be self-supported and the use of PTFE as binder was thus preferred with an electrode loading of 70/20/10 (active material/carbon/PTFE). Due to small differences in the electrode loading, the electrochemical signature obtained in the in situ cell differs slightly compared to the one obtained in coin cell; Figure S1b illustrates these differences.
A fully delithiated sample was measured ex situ: the self-supported electrode was recovered from a Swagelok cell after cycling at C/200 rate until 4. 6 V vs. Li + /Li, washed with dimethyl carbonate (DMC), dried under vacuum, introduced and sealed under Argon in a 0. 4 mm diameter capillary. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements were performed at the Vanadium K-edge in transmission mode on the ROCK beamline  12  at SOLEIL synchrotron (France). A Si(111) channel-cut quick-XAS monochromator at 5. 5 KeV was used, with an energy resolution of 0. 6 eV (E/E≈10 -4 ). 0. 2 eV was used as energy sampling around the edge position to convert the original nexus data format to the txt one. The intensity of the monochromatic X-ray beam was measured by three consecutive ionization detectors.
The data were treated using the Athena software  13  for the energy calibration and normalization. The XAS data set was used as input for the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), revealing that 3 components were necessary to describe the evolution of the XAS spectra during the charge. Then, the principal components were reconstructed using the multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) analysis  14, 15. Finally, the EXAFS oscillations of the reconstructed components were fitted using the Artemis software  13. Fourier transforms of the k² weighted EXAFS oscillations were carried out in the k range from 2. 7 -12. 7 Å -1. Fitting was performed in the R range from 1 -2. 05 Å. EXAFS amplitudes and phase shifts were calculated by FEFF7. Except for the radial distance (Ri) and the Debye-Waller factor (σi²), all the other parameters were kept constant: the coordination number of each V-X bond (N=6 oxygen as O 2-and F -are similar X-ray scatterers), the energy reference shift (E0=0 eV), and the attenuation factor (S0²=1).
Acknowledgment The authors thank  Rénald David  ( LRCS ) for the synthesis of the LiVPO4F1-yOy materials,  Thibault Broux  ( ICMCB/LRCS ) for his support with the chemometric analysis, and  Tahya Bamine  (ICMCB) and  Dany Carlier  (ICMCB) for fruitful discussions on the local structures observed in these materials. The authors thank also  ALBA (Barcelona, Spain ) for Synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments on the MSPD beamline and  SOLEIL (Gif-sur-Yvette, France)  for.
Diffraction data were collected in continuous scanning mode, and a diffractogram was obtained from the precise superposition and addition of the 21-channel data. All calculations of structural investigation were performed with the TOPAS program  [22]. The LSI (Least Squares Iterative) indexing method converged to two possible unit cells, a monoclinic C cell (a = 6. 8749(  4  ). The highest symmetry was first logically chosen to solve the structure. Nevertheless, no structural model could be initiated in the three space groups consistent with systematic extinctions (C2, Cm, and C2/m). Moreover, a careful examination of the triclinic solution showed that the unit cell parameters were very close to those of [Au(p-SPhCO 2 H)] n. The atomic coordinates of the gold and sulfur atoms of [Au(p-SPhCO 2 H)] n were first directly used to initiate a Rietveld refinement, which did not converge.
The luminescence of the sample was collected with an optical fiber and was afterwards filtered by a long-pass filter (FEL450 from Thorlabs; Newton, NJ, USA) and the monochromator described before and fed to an R943-02 photomultiplier tube from Hamamatsu (Hamamatsu, Japan). Photon arrival times were categorized by an MCS6A multichannel scaler from Fast ComTec (Munich, Germany). The collected data cannot be fitted by a sum of simple exponential decays. For this reason, one stretched exponential decay is often used (Equation (  1 ))  [24] : I = a 1 e -( x t 1 ) β 1 + a 2 e -x t 2 + a 3 e -x t 3 , (1) with a i and t i being the amplitude and lifetime of a given component i, and β 1 = [0, 1]. The distribution of a lifetime with a β factor is generally associated with the possibility of energy transfer toward a distribution of nonradiative centers through dipole-dipole/quadrupole-quadrupole, etc.
Representative 5 µm cubes of the internal structure of the Cyphochilus and L. stigma are shown in Fig. 2c , e, respectively. These cubes were chosen from the 275 cubes cut from each full 3D dataset and had the minimum mean squared error compared with the average correlation functions shown later in Fig. 3a, b. Figure  2d , f shows scale cross sections; with thicknesses of ~12 µm for both species (Supplementary Figs. 5  and 6 ). The intrascale nanostructure is a highly continuous and interconnected air-voided network with a characteristic length scale, reminiscent of morphologies observed for phase separating polymer blends  28  , which have undergone phase separation via spinodal decomposition  [29] [30] [31]. From the whole-scale nanotomography data we were able to determine the mean scale-filling fraction, based on entire scales, measured to be 31 ± 2% for the Cyphochilus and 34 ± 1% for the L.