dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
g. ,  Redfield 1941). In particular,  Marcus (1983:206-208)  gave attention to what seems to be an emic lack of the urban/rural dichotomy so central to Western concepts of urbanism. This can be debated (see  Smith [2008a:457, n2]  concerning the Aztec concepts of city and altepetl, and  Breton [1982]  on Maya modern settlements). Smith (2003:4)  warns that "the concept of a firm 'rural-urban' divide is also problematic when the same individuals move back and forth from one setting to another," an observation which induces to take a practical rather than conceptual stand on the issue (also  Smith 2008b:172-173, 176). In brief, three methodological prerequisites seem relevant to address the topic of rurality: (1) Along with the evidence obtained from the study of settlement and land use patterns, we have to mobilize other datasets to characterize relationships among populations living in spaces with fuzzy/diffuse boundaries, considering that social relationships often overpass physical limits, and that those limits were actually multiple and operated on different socio-spatial scales.
As detailed in this article, the datasets that have been assembled during both projects on settlement, land use pattern, architecture, and population mobility are nevertheless sufficient to explore the issue of the relationships between the center of La Joyanca and its hinterland. We would document the way the first three parameters introduce and determine the fourth (mobility), which has basically to do with not only the attraction of cities, but also a more complex capacity of "bottom-up" agency of commoners  (Hutson 2016; Inomata 2004; Marken and Arnauld 2022). The available evidence suggests that interactions were diverse and that rural people would have played a crucial role in shaping the city, its territory, and its social organization. After briefly presenting the site of La Joyanca, we focus on its location as a relatively dense settlement within the region in order to target the discussion on its relationships with hinterland people and on its supposed "rurality.
Both categories of villages and farmsteads together form what we considered hinterland settlements. We acknowledge that a number of probably nonmounded, or low-mounded clusters of commoner household units associated with or isolated from villages and farmsteads, escaped our attention in pedestrian surveys. Following methodological prerequisite (1), such are the proposed datasets that support a multiplicity of relationships among populations living in "rural and urban" spaces with diffuse limits. To reveal those relations, we now further detail settlement patterns and associated residential architecture.
2017: Figure 9, 29-30). This apparently reverse movement, a "contraction" process, may reflect that some low-rank households integrated into the enlarged elite compounds  (Arnauld et al. 2013 ) whereas others were expelled from the urban neighborhoods, then returned to their hinterland place and resumed new cycles of mobility. The latter move would then explain the presence of the morphologically Late-Terminal Classic neighborhood identified on the highest level of the Tuspan meseta. This is relatively speculative: we do not have archaeological data to infer the nature of the socioeconomic relationships that might have existed in late times between urban residents and supposed counterparts settled outside of the city on the Tuspan meseta (see  Rice [1988:241]  for analogous intents in specifying social relations).
Hence, while approaching complex urbanization/de-urbanization processes, the heuristic categories of urbanity and rurality (each in some way including elite and commoners) remain helpful to sketch the broad outlines of organizational models. As repeated in the present essay, however, the dichotomy has some meaning only if assessed as concretely as possible through the multiplicity of activities and interactions that the ancient people engaged in everyday life in/off the city. Household archaeology has brought remarkable datasets-the Chan project in particular  (Robin 2012 (Robin , 2013)) -bearing on such an empirical assessment of rurality and urbanity seen through the lens of domestic contexts, assuming a degree of symmetry in the relations of "local communities" to their proximate "center"  (Robin 2012:12).
Instead of throwing the baby (the dichotomy) out with the bath water, documenting activities is the best way to approach the Maya idiosyncratic concept of rurality against urbanity. In this broad topic, archaeological heuristics of time inscribed in space are essential. Mobility characterizes not only pre-Hispanic but also historical and contemporary Maya societies (e. g. ,  Farriss 1978). Datasets documenting longevity, continuity, and discontinuity of urban as well as rural housing facilities in city/hinterland planning have a crucial importance. Occupational hiatus in chronostratigraphic sequences are difficult to detect and non-detection should not mean continuity. Continuous series of constructionreconstruction layers can be excavated on structures a few meters away from colluvial deposits and paleosoil formation extent on outdoor spaces that rather suggest hiatus (Lemonnier 2009: Figure  5.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Céline Lamb  for her invitation at the  Society for American Archaeology  symposium entitled " Reconceptualizing Rurality: Current Research in Ancient Maya Hinterlands" (Washington 2018 ) and for her help in improving the writing of this article. We also want to express our great gratitude to The  Instituto de Anthropología e Historia de Guatemala  for having authorized our successive research projects in northwestern Peten, and to those who supported and funded both projects,  Mrs. Gilberte Beaux ,  Basic Holdings Ltd. , Licenciado Rodolfo Sosa, Basic Resources International (Bahamas) Ltd. Sucursal Guatemala , the  Perenco company , the  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs , and  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Several reviewers must be thanked for their constructive criticism, yet all errors remain ours.
The data were subject to a thematic analysis assisted by the ATLAS software. The relationship between MSM and healthcare providers is ambiguous. On the one hand, healthcare providers are torn between their professional duty to treat MSM and the cost of being stigmatized by other colleagues. Therefore, they often limit their empathy with MSM within the hospital context. On the other hand, MSM, trusting in the confidentiality of healthcare providers, feel safe in the care pathway. However, we identify the following stigmatizing factors limiting access to care include (1) fear of meeting a relative, (2) difficult relationships with non-medical support staff (mainly security guards), (3) HIV status disclosure and (4) potential conflicts with other MSM. This study is unique as it includes non-medical staff in its respondents.
Data collection was carried out in three phases. The first phase consisted of semi-structured interviews with 10 MSMs and 6 medical staff and observations of care sites in Dakar and Mbour. In the second phase, interviews were transcribed, cleaned and analysed. The third phase included semi-directive interviews with five additional medical staff and a focus group with six MSM to collect additional information that did not appear in previous phases and to validate the information analysed in phase two. For health staff, interview topics included career paths, experience in providing HIV treatment, experience in treating key populations, perceptions of MSM, information/training about MSM and difficulties in the care relationship with MSM. For MSM, topics included care trajectories, preferred places to seek care, financial resources to seek care, quality of healthcare, attitudes of medical staff, difficulties experienced in the care relationship, expectations in treatment and perception of stigma within the hospital and other institutions (e.
S. v. H. acknowledges support from the Carlsberg Foundation. The authors additionally thank Camille Bonvin, Enzo Branchini, Jacques Colin, Charles Dalang, Jeremy Darling, Jim Peebles, Jean Souchay, and Jenny Wagner for helpful discussions. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. This publication makes use of data products from the Widefield Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Some of the results in this paper have been derived using the healpy and HEALPix package. Facilities: VLA, WISE.
A. 1. TGSS Several papers have examined the dipole in the TGSS, finding a significantly larger value than that of the NVSS. This is the main driver for the claim by  Siewert et al. (2021)  that the radio dipole has a frequency dependence. Excluding the TGSS data point in their Figure  9 , the WENSS, SUMSS, and NVSS data points are all consistent with their weighted mean of á ñ = ´- 2. 1 10 2 with χ 2 /dof = 0. 95, an overall better fit than the functional dependence proposed by  Siewert et al. (2021) , which has χ 2 /dof = 1. 23 after including the TGSS data point. Indeed, the TGSS has two significant systematics that make this result suspect. First, it has significant, position-dependent flux calibration problems (e. g. , Hurley-Walker 2017) that are visible in sky pixel maps across a range of flux density cuts.
A. 2. AllWISE Soon after our CatWISE2020-based result was published  (Secrest et al. 2021) ,  Singal (2021)  published an analysis of 0. 28 million AGNs selected from the AllWISE-based AGN catalog of  Secrest et al. (2015) , finding a dipole amplitude of ∼3 × 10 -2 , i. e. , a factor of ∼2 larger than found by  Secrest et al. (2021)  and here. The AllWISE catalog uses data exclusively from the cryogenic and post-cryogenic phases of the WISE mission prior to the hibernation period and so does not, unlike CatWISE2020, use data from the NEOWISEReactivation mission. Consequently, AllWISE is considerably shallower and less uniform, requiring  Singal (2021)  to use a much harder magnitude cut of W1 < 15, which greatly reduces the sample size. Nonetheless, this discrepancy warrants investigation.
Experimental Setup Figure  5  shows the signal flow chart and the schematics of the experimental setup. Eight white pin heads were fixed with equidistant spacing of 22. 5 mm on the CFC plate (spine) as shown in Fig. 5  (middle). They allow for the recognition of the spine position. A Gopro Hero 9 camera (5184 × 3888 px 2 ) installed on top of the body at a distance of 140 mm captured the spine's deformation. The aberrations from the camera lens were adjusted with the inbuilt lens calibration function provided by the manufacturer. The remaining error was considered to be negligible after the analysis of a sample image. The camera's acquisitions were synchronized with the amplifier signal via Python scripts. This allowed for the automated capture and processing of the images. All recordings were performed on quasi-static actuated deformations (static actuation > 12 s).
Kinematics Function Regression The information on the optical measurements in line with the synchronized strain gauge signal allow for a correlation of strain to motion and the derivation of a kinematic function with the use of the kinematic model. As expressed in Eq. (  9 ), ϵ 1 and ϵ 2 are linearly dependent relative to the output voltage of the strain gauges. Therefore, the following objective function  (11)  derived from Eq. (  10 ) was minimized to determine k 1 and k 2 with help of the optimization algorithm toolbox in Matlab: where y meas,n,m is the measured displacement, n is the marker number and m is the test number with a given actuator excitation of {X 1m ,X 2m }. Constraints were defined for the rotation angles of each segment to be less than 45 •. This ensured a unique solution for each pin head position.
The maximum voltage with respect to the offset is u i = u max = 1. 65 V. Combining and solving for the gain it yields:k imax = b u imax. L = 0. 0081 The measurements used to obtain the data for the regression of the kinematics function were performed in three steps. At first, only bimorph I was actuated and observed in twenty static positions from 0 to 100% of the driving voltage X 1. In this setup, bimorph II was not actuated and behaved passively. The output voltages of the strain gauge's full bridges were recorded and stored as csv-data. As the second step, the same setup was repeated for bimorph II, while bimorph I acted as a passive part. In the last step of the experiment, both bimorphs were actuated. Several equal and opposite morphing positions were implemented. Three different optimization models were deployed in Matlab, starting with fminsearch, which deploys the simplex search method of Lagarias et al.
82 and 0. 91 for inter-and intra-rater reliability, respectively  [36]. The two raters were a full professor of medicine and a resident in medicine, both with experience in simulation and teaching communication and interpersonal skills. They performed the assessments at home, usually in sessions of up to 2 consecutive hours. Data were captured using an online form in which the completion of each item of the 4-HCS was mandatory, so there could be no missing data. Because individual ratings were deemed unreliable  [36] , each student was assigned the average 4-HCS score from two independent raters.
Data collection Information on demographics and education-related characteristics was electronically retrieved from databases maintained by the University of Grenoble Alpes School of Medicine. This included age, gender, number of medical college admission test attempts, the total score achieved in the basic science multiple-choice examinations for each of the first-to third-year academic class (range, 0-100), the number of internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, as well as obstetrics and gynecology clerkship rotations completed, international clinical placement as part of the ERASMUS (EuRopean community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students) exchange program  [39] , and research laboratory placement. For students who took any examination more than once, only the score obtained at the first attempt was analyzed.
Yet, these processes are diffused and unformalised. Collecting and analysing knowledge and the related evidence on research impacts may be a more efficient way of capitalising it and increasing its usability and accessibility for others. CIRAD has conducted ex post evaluation studies that take a retrospective look at long innovation trajectories, collecting information, stimulating people's memories, and reuniting them in a cohesive manner in order to better understand the influences of research interventions on a place and its population. The systematisation and cross-analysis of this data enabled the institution to make the ways in which its activities generate societal impacts explicit  (Blundo-Canto et al. , 2018) , thus supporting institutional learning and the systematisation of an institutional memory.
The keywords applied in the collection reflect the various perspectives of the team and other sources, including university students with knowledge of systematic databases, museum guides, and literature reviews. The possible introduction of social tagging in the future could make the collection even more accessible but could also create biases. The questions remain: how many objects do museums need to collect in the Anthropocene? Could it be enough to have five objects with numerous layers of stories rather than five hundred? What are the consequences for research and knowledge transfer? Do museums need to collect more objects at all? Or should museums focus on adding new interpretations to existing objects, revealing connections and socio-political dimensions instead? The Anthropocene and Anthropocenic objects also challenge the current approach to and ethics of displaying non-humans.
Little Earths -Colin Sterling The Anthropocene object I chose to share is really multiple objects -the 'Little Earths' produced by Manifest Data Lab as part of their ongoing research into the materialisation of climate data. The Earths in question are 3D printed models made from plant-based filaments and other recyclable materials. Their form is based on data from influential Global Climate Models, which speaks to a certain mode of scientific knowledge production, but in their fragility they also represent something much deeper: the precarity of our planetary habitat in the age of the Anthropocene. Developed in response to the Reimagining Museums for Climate Action project, the Little Earths explore how climate data can be communicated beyond 'normative scientific contexts', including science centres and natural history museums.
Intended to be shared and, crucially, cared for as 'talismans of our relationship to the planet', the Earths seek to encourage a different relationship between people, their experience of climate change, the data through which this problem is often comprehended, and the planet itself. I submitted this object to the workshop for two reasons. First, to express a certain ambivalence towards the very idea of 'collecting' the Anthropocene in any one space or institution; and second, to highlight the crucial role creative interdisciplinary practice can play in shifting attitudes towards planetary care and stewardship. Following Donna Haraway, it is my firm belief that any engagement with the Anthropocene must seek to make this new geological time interval 'as short/thin as possible and cultivate with each other in every way imaginable epochs to come that can replenish refuge'.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank all of the workshop participants for their contributions, and their organizations for making that participation possible. We thank  Erika Dalpiaz ,  Frederik Berger ,  Elena Grigoryeva ,  Alba Irollo ,  Maike Janssen ,  Marc Jerusel ,  Nina Neunzig ,  Solvejg Nitzke ,  Picturae ,  Carola Radke ,  Inna Reise ,  Jana Richter ,  Thomas Schmid-Dankward ,  Jan Sevcik ,  Martin Tscholl  and  Mira Witte  for their help and support in organizing, promoting and hosting the workshops. We wish to particularly acknowledge the  Europeana Foundation  for the research grant that made this project possible.
Acknowledgements We are very grateful to  Rodrigo Pereira ,  Rui-Wu Wang ,  Yan-Qiong Peng  and  Hao-Yuan Hu  for allowing access to unpublished data. We thank  Jean-Yves Rasplus  for information on species identities from his unpublished data. We thank  Steve Compton ,  Rodrigo Pereira ,  Hao-Yuan Hu ,  Georges Michaloud ,  Julián Monge-Nájera  and  William Ramírez-Benavides  for biological information about various species,  Karina Pentz  for discussions, an anonymous reviewer and  Steven Orzack  for their very helpful comments,  Jun-Yin Deng  for obtaining papers published in various Chinese journals and explaining details of these papers and  Chun Chen  for assisting with data.
They rated liking for overall, appearance, aroma, taste/flavour, and texture, and profiled the products sensorially using check-all-that-apply (CATA). It was found that meat substitutes can be liked just as much as, if not more than, beef in the application of Bolognese sauce. No main effects of cooking ability were found for any modality of liking, though an interaction between cooking ability and sample was found for liking of flavour/taste. Consumers' ability to sensorially discriminate between the Bolognese sauces was not dependent on their cooking ability. Several attributes that contributed to (dis)liking were identified. An additional online sample (N = 288) completed only the cooking ability and food neophobia questionnaires. A negative relationship was detected between cooking ability and food neophobia for the combined consumer and online datasets (total N = 389).
Supplemental online data collection To supplement the number of cases for a valid correlation between CAFPAS and FNS measured in section 2. 2, additional CAFPAS and FNS data points were collected from a separate consumer sample in the form of an online survey specifically for the two scales. A total of 288 participants completed the survey, giving a combined sample size of 389 participants after adding in the data from the consumer test (N = 101) for the analysis of CAFPAS and FNS. To capture a wide variation of cooking ability and FN, the consumers in the online survey were not screened. The information and scope of the study were revealed to the online survey participants only after the completion of the survey. The socio-demographic data collected on the consumers recruited for the online survey are shown in Table  1.
Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between overall CAFPAS scores as well as the CAFPAS sub-scale scores and FN scores. Food frequency questionnaires were analysed using one sample chi-square tests. The hedonic data (N = 101) were analysed using ANCOVA, with sample as a within-subjects factor, cooking ability (CAFPAS group) as a between-subjects factor, and FNS as a covariate. Each modality of liking was analysed separately. Significant effects were further investigated using post-hoc Bonferroni corrected pairwise comparisons. The CATA data on the consumer data set (N = 101) were analysed with Cochran's Q test to determine perceptual discrimination across the samples. A contingency table was prepared and further analysed with correspondence analysis. Since no attributes had citations below 5%, all attributes were included in the analysis.
The matching liking scores for each consumer were also included in the correspondence analysis as supplementary data. To determine the influence of cooking ability on sensory characterisation, the data set was further separated into three contingency tables based on the levels of the cooking ability factor, and all three contingency tables were analysed with Cochran's Q test and multiple factor analysis for contingency tables (MFACT) to determine the similarity of sample projections across cooking ability. To determine if presence/absence of significantly different attributes (found through Cochran's Q test on the entire data set) impacted on liking within a sensory modality (i. e. , for aroma, flavour/taste, and texture) the liking scores when a particular attribute was present against when the attribute was absent was analysed using 2-sample t-tests.
197, p <. 001) (Fig. 1 ). Relationships between FN and the subscales of the CAFPAS were also investigated. Interestingly, negative correlations were observed between FN scores and the Self-Efficacy (r (387) = -0. 154, p =. 002) and Attitude (r(387) = -0. 232, p <. 001) sub-scales, but not the Structure subscale (r(387) = -0. 024, p =. 6). Thus, for the combined datasets, the hypothesis that FN is related to cooking ability was supported. However, the Pearson coefficient correlation computed between cooking ability and FN scores for the consumer test group only was not significant at the 5% alpha level (r(99) = -0. 125, p =. 21).
Sensory characterisation with CATA The sensory data from CATA were analysed using Cochran's Q test and MFACT to determine the similarity of sample projections across cooking ability. The main hypothesis here was that Bolognese sauces made with meat substitutes have different sensory profiles than that made with their meat counterpart. Given that the test samples of interest have different raw materials, it is reasonable to expect variation in the sensory properties of the samples. Following this, a second hypothesis was that the level of sensory discrimination may be dependent on consumers cooking ability. It is possible that consumers with lower cooking ability pay less attention to the intrinsic properties of a food than those with higher cooking ability, which may be due to a lower level of interest in food.