dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis Anthropometric data were double entered in Epidata version 3. 1 (The EpiData Association). All analyses were performed by SPSS (Version 20. 0. 0, IBM Corp. , Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark). Significance was declared for p<0. 05. Participants' baseline characteristics and quantitative values for individual fatty acids and fatty acid groups were described using mean (±SD) or count (%). For intake of fatty acids, data were analysed by athe Kruskal Wallis non-parametric test. The effect of the intervention on individual fatty acids and fatty acid groups was evaluated by means of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models that included adjustment for baseline outcome values, baseline plasma CRP, age (months), sex, age of the child (months) when breastfeeding was terminated, and age of the child (months) when solid foods were introduced, and status of ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T 13 breastfeeding in the last 24 hours at endline.
Sources of support in the form of grant: The study was supported by  Danida ,  The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark  through the  'WinFood'  project (Grant  57-08-LIFE ); by the  European Commission  through the  FP7 project  ' Sustainable Micronutrient Interventions to ACCEPTED Control Deficiencies and Improve Nutritional Status and General Health in Asia' (SMILING-Project reference 289616 ); by The  Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)  and by the  University of Copenhagen. Ken D Stark  is supported through a  Canada Research Chair in Nutritional Lipidomics. CSB++ was donated by the  World Food Programme, Rome, Italy. CSB+ was donated by  World Food Programme ,  Phnom Penh , Cambodia.
, 2010). The uniqueness of Mascarene Aloes as compared to A. vera was confirmed using phylogenetic analysis of sequence data and the superior antioxidant activity and neuroprotective property of these species has been previously reported (Govinden-Soulange et al. , 2017;  Lobine et al. , 2017). In the present report, further studies have been initiated to validate their traditional use and to evaluate their potential as sustainable phytomedicines. Five different endemic Mascarene Aloe species were investigated using different approaches, with direct comparison of their biological activities with A. vera. A potential new Aloe species [WS 98002], which is undergoing evaluation to determine its taxonomic status, is also reported. We emphasize that with respect to species conservation strategies, only limited quantities of the Aloe spp.
LC-UV-MS/MS analysis Analyses were performed on a Thermo Scientific system consisting of an 'Accela' U-HPLC unit with a photodiode array detector and an 'LTQ Orbitrap XL' mass spectrometer fitted with an electrospray source (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Chromatography was performed on 5 µL samples (70% methanol extracts; as described in 2. 4. ) injected onto a 150 mm x 3 mm, 3 µm Luna C-18 column (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) using the following 400 µL/min mobile phase gradient of H2O/CH3OH/CH3CN +1% HCOOH: 90:0:10 (0 min), 90:0:10 (5 min), 0:90:10 (60 min), 0:90:10 (65 min), 90:0:10 (67 min), 90:0:10 (70 min) followed by a return to start conditions and equilibration in start conditions for 5 min before the next injection. The electrospray ionization (ESI) source was operated with polarity switching and the mass spectrometer was set to record high resolution (30 k resolution) MS1 spectra (m/z 125-2000) in positive mode using the orbitrap and low resolution MS1 spectra (m/z 125-2000) in negative mode and data dependent MS2 and MS3 spectra in both modes using the linear ion trap.
1 mg/mL); DMEM without sample served as a control. Cell migration was monitored by collecting digitised images using a Leica SP5 confocal microscope at 5 min intervals for 20 h. The microscope stage was heated to 37 °C and the cells were incubated at 5% CO2 through the experiment. The data were analysed using Tscratch software  (Gebäck et al. , 2009). The percentage closed area was measured and compared with the value obtained before treatment. An increase in the percentage of the closed area indicated cell migration. The experiments were performed in replicates (n=6).
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge  Mrs Rebecca Manning ,  Department of Biosciences, Durham University  for assistance with the Scratch assay;  Dr Nicholas Hole ,  Durham University  for providing the HL60 cells; and  Dr Geoffrey C. Kite ,  Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , for acquisition of LC-MS data. Funding This work was supported by the  Commonwealth Scholarship Commission ; the  Durham Biophysical Sciences Institute   1+1  Fellowship at  Durham University  and  Tertiary Education Commission (Mauritius).
Description of the Selected Studies A total of 2374 articles were initially selected through the search on the electronic databases (Medline (PubMed) and Web of Science). After removal of duplicates, screening and application of exclusion criteria, 241 trials were selected for data extraction. After detailed analysis of the full text, 113 articles were rejected, due to lack of relevant outcomes, aspects of the study design, etc. Finally, 128 human RCTs published between March 1995 and March 2016 (included)  were incorporated in this systematic review and meta-analysis. A flow diagram with the details of the study selection is shown in Figure  1.
Search Strategy and Study Selection A comprehensive search on Medline [201] and on the Web of Knowledge  [202]  databases was conducted between April and June 2016. The search strategy included a combination of the following search terms: #1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4 AND #5 (#1 polyphenol* OR ellagitannin* OR urolithin* OR hydrolizable tannin OR "ellagic acid" OR punicalagin OR peduncalagin OR sanguiin OR anthocyanin* OR anthocyanidin* OR pelargonidin OR delphinidin OR OR petunidin OR peonidin OR malvidin; #2 berry OR berries OR "black currant" OR nuts OR walnut* OR "black carrot" OR "purple corn" OR pomegranate OR aronia OR wine OR grape*; #3 trial OR experiment OR study OR studies OR intervention; #4 human* OR subject* OR men OR male OR women OR female OR patient* OR volunteer* OR participant*; #5 FMD OR "flow-mediated dilation" OR "flow-mediated vasodilation" OR "flow-mediated vasodilatation" OR "endothelial function" OR "endothelial dysfunction" OR "blood pressure" OR hypertens* OR "arterial pressure" OR "pulse pressure" OR cholesterol OR LDL OR HDL OR BMI OR "body mass index" OR waist* OR HOMA-IR OR HOMA2 OR "homeostatic model assessment" OR insulin* OR QUICKI OR "impaired sensitivity" OR "Syndrome X" OR "Metabolic Syndrome X" OR glucose OR "blood glucose" OR glycemia OR "glycemic control" OR HbA1c OR "glycosylated haemoglobin" OR "glycated haemoglobin" or "haemoglobin A1c" OR "hemoglobin A, glycosylated" OR "euglycemic clamp" OR dyslipidemia* OR hyperlipidemia* OR hypertriglyceridemia* OR triglyceride* OR triacylglycer*).
The search terms were queried using the "topic" field in the WOS database; whereas for PubMed search we used the corresponding Mesh Terms, when available, and the presence of the keywords in the title or abstract of the papers using the tag  [TIAB]. Two authors independently assessed all papers and a third author double-checked data selection to reach a consensus with the final selected studies. Studies included in the meta-analysis were limited to human RCTs testing the effect of ET-or ANC-containing foods or products, which had a control group receiving a placebo (group of participants who were exposed to a similar test product but without the ETs or ANCs) and measured one or more of the defined outcomes. Additional exclusion criteria were: case series, case reports, cohort studies, case-control studies, co-intervention, and cross-sectional studies, studies with multifactorial interventions (dietary or physical activity co-intervention), studies written in a non-European language and duplications.
Data Extraction Data extraction was performed in duplicate by two authors, independently, and cross-checked by a third author using a standardized data extraction form. Extracted data included: (i) publication details (year of publication, name of first author, name and e-mail of corresponding author, clinical trial registration number (when available), country where the study was carried out); (ii) participants' characteristics (gender, age, ethnicity, health status, menopausal status, smoking habits, baseline BMI, use of medication); (iii) study setting (total number of participants included in the study and in the analysis, design (cross-over or parallel), washout duration, treatment duration, number of arms and description, number of participants located in each arm and completing the study, composition of test and placebo, dose and mode of administration); and (iv) information on reported outcomes (type of sample, changes in the outcome, values before and after intervention, p-value when available, dropouts).
Data Analysis Data for each outcome were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software, version 3. 0 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA)  [203]. Standardized difference in means (SDM), standard error (SE) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and pooled using random effects models to determine test/placebo differences across studies. We additionally determined absolute difference in means (DM) to estimate effect size. The heterogeneity of studies was assessed using the Cochran's Q statistic, the between-studies variance (T 2 ) and I 2 (the proportion of total variation contributed by between-study variability) where I 2 values equal to 25%, 50% and 75% were considered as low, moderate and high heterogeneity, respectively  [204]. Publication bias was assessed visually with funnel plots and statistically by applying the Egger's regression test  [205].
Acknowledgments: This article is based upon work from  COST Action FA1403-POSITIVe  "Interindividual variation in response to consumption of plant food bioactives and determinants involved" supported by  COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology , http://www. cost. eu/). The authors thank the financial support of the  COST Action FA1403  "POSITIVe" to conduct a short-term scientific mission to K. C. at  CEBAS-CSIC  (A. G. -S. and M. T. G. -C. ) during which the data analysis was performed.
QTL studies have been used to investigate animal feed digestibility to determine the major factors affecting this trait in maize  (Cardinal et al. , 2003; Courtial et al. , 2014; Barri ere et al. , 2015). In the work presented here, we used a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the model grass Brachypodium dystachyon (Brachypodium) to look for QTLs for digestibility by measuring the saccharification potential of stems (susceptibility to digestion with commercial cellulases). Our data revealed a single QTL associated with saccharification and found that the most plausible candidate gene responsible for the variation in stem digestibility in this population encodes a putative GT43 protein. The putative role of this gene was supported by RNAi gene silencing to produce plants with reduced expression levels, which exhibited increased saccharification accompanied by modest changes in xylan content in their cell walls.
Quantitative trait detection The saccharification data together with the genotype data  (Cui et al. , 2012)  from the RIL Bd3-1 9 Bd21 population underwent QTL analysis following the method described in  Broman & Sen (2009). A correction coefficient was applied to the saccharification data before QTL analysis to take into account any environmental effects caused by well position and sample weight. The command data=convert2riself(mydata) was used to include the algorithm for the investigation of a RIL population during the QTL analysis using the R/QTL program. Standard interval mapping was performed using a genome-wide scan for the identification of loci. The significant threshold was determined using a 1000-replicate permutation test and was displayed as a logarithm of the odds (LOD) 5% score.
Phylogenetic tree Protein sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana attenuate, Nicotianna tabacum, Oryza sativa and B. distachyon were collated for the IRX subfamilies 9 and 14 from the National Center for Biotechnology Information and Phytozyme12 databases. All the sequences were uploaded into MEGA6. 0 (Tamura et al. , 2013)  and aligned using CLUSTALW. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the neighbour joining method with 2000 bootstrap replicates  (Hall, 2008).
The Na 2 CO 3 and KOH fractions were also chilled on ice and adjusted to pH 5 with glacial acetic acid. All cell wall fractions were then dialysed extensively against deionized water for 24 h and then lyophilized. The fractionation was repeated three times on three sets of plants grown independently and the mean of these three independent replicas was calculated. Analysis of the molecular weight of the xylan was conducted using a size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method  (Brown et al. , 2009). The 1 and 4 KOH fractions were separated by SEC and analysed with multi-angle light-scattering detector and a refractive index detector system. Fractions of both wildtype and silenced lines were treated with xylanase and analysed in the same way. The data were analysed using the ASTRA V software and the molecular weights were estimated using the Zimm fit method with degree 1.
The QTL region contains a candidate family 43 glucosyltranferase gene The genomic region around marker BD1676_1 (physical position 25 970 456 bp) was scrutinized between markers BD4088_6 (physical position 25 889 793 bp) and BD34881 (physical position 2647 871 bp) to identify candidate genes that could be responsible for variations in straw digestibility. A total of 104 genes are located in the examined region of the Brachypodium genome sequence v3. 1 from the Phytozome12 database) (Table  S3 ). Six candidate genes were selected for further in silico analysis based on known cell wall roles. The six genes included three WAK receptor-like protein kinase subfamily B genes (Bradi5g24180. 2, Bradi5g24190. 1 and Bradi5g24310. 1) (Kohorn, 2001) , a UDP-galactosyltransferase (Bradi5g24280. 1) (Edwards et al.
, 1999) , a xylosyltransferase GT43 family gene (Bradi5g24290. 1) (Lee et al. , 2012)  and a UDP-arabinopyranose mutase, GT75, gene (Bradi5g24850. 1) (Zeng et al. , 2010). In silico gene expression data were analysed for each of these candidates across different libraries corresponding to different organs and developmental stages available from (2017) https://phytozome. jgi. doe. gov (Table  1 ). The expression levels for the WAKs and galactosyltransferase genes were low, particularly in stem libraries, while transcripts for the GT43 and GT75 genes are abundantly expressed in inflorescence stems, supporting a role in stem cell wall development. The profile of SNPs of GT43 and GT75 was examined to look for allelic differences between the genomic sequences of Bd21 and Bd3-1 that might be related to the differences in saccharification observed.
The genomic data showed the presence of a nonsynonymous SNP for GT43 and none for GT75 in the genome sequences of the parental lines (http://jbrowser. brachypodium. org). Based on these data we decided to focus our attention on the GT43 gene. The GT43 gene, Bradi5g24290. 1, was cloned from each parental line and sequenced to confirm the presence of SNPs that might account for the observed allelic variation in digestibility. Two SNPs were identified; the first was at a position of 111 bp from the start of the coding region and consisted of a change from a cytosine (C) to an adenine (A), which leads to no change in the encoded protein sequence. By contrast, the second SNP at position 238 altered a guanine (G) to an A, resulting in a missense variation leading to a change from an alanine at position 80 in the protein to a threonine in the sequence carried in the Bd3-1 parental line (Fig.
3 ). This change in amino acid occurs in a conserved region of the protein, and SIFT analysis indicates that a threonine is not tolerated at this position, as a score below 1. 0 was returned in all databases analysed (Table  S4 )  (Sim et al. , 2012). Therefore, it is possible that this variation within the sequence of the gene could have an allelic effect on protein function that might impact on biomass digestibility and explain the presence of the detected QTL. The Arabidopsis GT43 gene family involved in xylan synthesis consists of four members comprising two functionally nonredundant groups, IRX9 and its homologue IRX9L, as well as IRX14 and its homologue IRX14L  (Wu et al. , 2010). The Brachypodium genome contains 10 GT43 genes, the same number as reported in rice  (Lee et al. , 2014).
The expression levels of candidate genes in the chromosome 5 region Data collected from selected Brachypodium distachyon v. 3. 1 expression libraries within the Phytozome database (https://phytozome. jgi. doe. gov). FPKM, fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads; Locus DE, for the gene, the expression level in this library is more than 1 SD above/below the average across all libraries; ns, not significant; *, significantly lower; **, significantly higher.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  David Garvin  for the generous gift of the Brachypodium RIL population. We are also grateful to the  University of York Bioscience Technology Facility  for performing the SECMALLS analysis. C. W. 's work was funded by a Fellowship from the  Burgess Foundation. Research at the CNAP was funded by The  European Commission 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7 ), project  Renewall  ( 211982 ), and by  BBSRC  projects  BB/G016178  and  BB/G016194. biochemical analysis. Both authors contributed equally to the experimental work and drafting of the manuscript. M. R. supervised the analysis of the population. R. S. provided technical support with the saccharification and biochemical work. A. D. , S. G. A. and F. P. designed, supervised and carried out the generation of the transgenic lines.
The MS was operated at a scan rate of 3. 94 s -1 and a range of 35-400 m/z. An ionising energy of 70 eV was utilised, and the ion source temperature was maintained at 230 • C. Data processing and analysis was carried out using Agilent GC/MSD ChemStation and OpenChrom ®  [27]. The identification of compounds was performed using the National Institute of Standards and Technology library (2005) to >80% match factor and was supported by retention index (RI) matching (tolerance of ≤10 RI units), for which a standard mixture of saturated alkanes (C 7 -C 30 , Sigma Aldrich, Arklow, Ireland) was used. The Good Scents Company Information System Database was used to classify recovered fragrance volatiles into different odour types. Tabulated chromatographic peak areas of reliably identified compounds were imported into Microsoft Excel and Origin (2018b, OriginLab Corp.
For collection of the first HS-SPME sample, the wearable housing was affixed to the sampling site 30 s after fragrance application. Sample collection lasted 15 min and samples were analysed by GC-MS immediately afterward. Samples were collected from the same site again 1 and 2 h after fragrance application. Reliably identified compounds were ranked according to chromatographic peak areas, and their Spearman rank correlation coefficients (r s ) were calculated by Equation (1): r s = 1 - 6 ∑ d 2 i n(n 2 -1) (1) where d is the difference between ranked components, and n is the total number of components. The data from the 8 participants was considered, resulting in 28 pairings for each of the 3 time points under investigation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Nikita Radionov  and  Bettina Serbin  for technical assistance. RC and DE are funded by  INSERM, CNRS , and grants from l' Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR BLANC 2012-R13011KK  to RC and  ANR BLANC 14-CE12-0013-01/ HYPERSCREEN  to DE). DE is also funded by a  CHLORBLOCK grant  from the  IDEX Sorbonne Paris Cité  and an  ECOS/CONICYT France-Chile 2014 grant. MJ is funded by the  CODDIM  from the  Région Ile de France. KIL received a fellowship from the  CONICYT. FT was funded by  ERA-EDTA  LTF  141-2013. MC was funded by collaborative funding from the  Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología  and  ANR  ( Conacyt   188712 -ANR 12-ISVS1-0001-01 ). CB was funded by the  Lefoulon-Delalande Fundation.
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and mass spectrometry Analyses were performed on a Thermo Trace GC × GC coupled with a Thermo ISQ MSD (Thermo, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France). This device was equipped with a Thermo Triplus autosampler. Helium flow was set at a constant value of 1 mL/min. The initial temperature was 40 • C, held for 1 min, then raised to 250 • C, and again held for 1 min, with gradients of 2, 2. 5, 3 or 4 • C/min. The modulation was performed with a dual-jet CO 2 thermal modulator, and modulation times of 6, 8 or 10 s were selected. The mass spectrometer was used with the electronic ionization source (70 eV) heated at 210 • C. The acquisition was made in scan mode, with scan range 46-320 amu. A solvent delay of 9 min was used. Data were acquired with Xcalibur and processed with ChromCard (Thermo softwares).
5, 3 or 4 • C/min) and the three different modulation times (6, 8 or 10 s) led to a total of 96 different analytical setups, but a first selection was made as some analytical setups were more promising than others. The fact that developed methods could be used for routine analysis had also to be considered. Thus, data were processed with two different objectives. First, criteria were chosen to get the best separation in a reduced run time. The second objectives did not take the run time into account and gave more weight to the quality of the separation.
As for the orthogonality coefficient, the bounds B 0 and B 1 were set to 50 and 80% respectively. Concerning the occupied space, B 0 and B 1 were set to 20 and 45% with raw data and to 30 and 55% with normalized data. Then, the individual desirabilities were calculated. Fig. 2  shows the individual desirability function of each criterion (blue line); the data of each analytical setup were plotted as red crosses. Data spreading is different for each criterion showing the complementarity of the selected criteria. Though data are clustered with the arithmetic mean, the use of the bounds defined prior to the study (cf. Table  2 ) was sufficient to discriminate between analytical setups and make this criterion useful. With the Spearman correlation coefficient, the majority of data receives complete fitness value, and only small numbers of analytical setups receive 0.
Optimization for routine analyses with run time Considering the run time, the calculation of occupied space with raw data was preferred to the calculation with normalized data in order to account for possibly empty places at the borders of the chromatograms. For instance, space can be lost at the end of the chromatogram with too slow ramps of temperature. Moreover, the use of a column with non-adapted polarities can lead to a loss of space covering which is not taken into account using normalized data. The quality of the separation was also evaluated with the number of detected compounds and the number of coelutions.
The evaluation of the antiproliferative effects of the Au(III) complex compared to cisplatin was performed using a panel of human cancer cell lines as well as non-cancerous cells in vitro. Moreover, the involvement of different transporters (CTR1, OCT2, MATE, ATP7A/B) in the antiproliferative activity of the gold compound was studied via transporter inhibition experiments in comparison to cisplatin in two human ovarian cancer cell lines, one sensitive (A2780) and one resistant to cisplatin (A2780cisR). Furthermore, the accumulation and uptake mechanisms of the compounds were studied in the same cells, evaluating the cellular metal content by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Preliminary fluorescence microscopy data allowed investigation of the sub-cellular localization of complex 1 in cancer cells.