dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data and code availability The sandbox source code will be made available as an R package on CRAN and source code and development transparently accessible via GitHub (https://github. com/coffeemuggler/sandbox). The supplementary materials contain an extensive manual to the package and the code used to prepare the figures in the main text. Author contributions. Michael Dietze designed the code and initiated the manuscript. Sebastian Kreutzer reviewed and optimised package code, linked RLumModel and contributed age data for the loess section rule book. Margret C. Fuchs advised on the early stages of the package and translated luminescence laboratory techniques to package functions. Sascha Meszner contributed all field-based sedimentological and stratigraphic base data and provided the grain-size measurement data and interpretation.
Acknowledgements. SK has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreement No  844457  (CREDit). 20 https://doi. org/10. 5194/gchron-2021-39Preprint. Discussion started: 2 December 2021 c Author(s)  2021. CC BY 4. 0 License.
(5. 10) Finally we write the discretized numerical iteration for (4. 1) and (4. 3) as follows:  (5. 11) where L represents the discretized version of either L or L, depending on which one between exact and approximate frameworks is chosen. The discretization is achieved by replacing the second order horizontal derivatives with their discrete versions given in (5. 10). U [i, j, k, l, m, v] =u(q i,1 , q j,2 , θ k , f l , φ m , h v ) =u(q i,1 , q j,2 , θ k , f l , φ m , h v-1 ) + ∆t Lu(q i,1 , q j,2 , θ k , f l , φ m , h v-1 ), ( U v -U v-1 L 2 / U v L 2 ) < tol; Inverse transform the evolved output responses U T to obtain the completed image I T via (5. 6). The detailed Matlab ® code can be found in the following link: https://drive. google. com/file/d/ 1YET47AxYo5 FQs3ObREAqvQp2KjuKh7n/view (accessible starting from 29 October 2021).
Acknowledgements Collaborators for PUBMED listing of Collaborators:  James MD Wheeler MD ,  FRCS (Addenbrookes Hospital, Colorectal Unit, Cambridge, UK) ,  Giovanni Domenico Tebala  ( Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK ),  Nicola De Angelis  ( Henri Mondor University of Creteil, Paris, France ),  Roberto Cirocchi  ( University of Perugia, Italy ),  Belinda De Simone  ( university of Paris, France ),  Carlos Pastor Idoate  ( Colorectal unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain ).
Researcher Characteristics and Reflexivity The interviewer for this study attended an NP graduate school specializing in critical care after 5 years of clinical experience in the emergency department and was in the second year of her career as an NP at the time of this study. The interviewer was conversant with participants' clinical practices, which made it easier to elicit the interdisciplinary practices of the NPs in the interviews, allowing for detailed descriptions. It was hypothesized that NPs are characterized by their flexibility and, notably, their role as a lubricant between nurses and physicians. This hypothesis could have caused confirmation bias. Therefore, we analyzed all the data impartially and scientifically. In addition, these biases were addressed by conducting a second interview focusing on the concepts obtained in the first interview.
Data Analysis Qualitative analysis was performed using Steps for Coding and Theology (SCAT),  16  which can scientifically analyze even small amounts of qualitative data. The SCAT is a sequential and thematic qualitative data analysis technique. It consists of 4 steps in the coding process: putting focused words from within the text; words outside of the text that are replaceable with the words from step 1; words that explain the words in steps 1 and 2; and themes and constructs, including the process of writing a story line and offering theories that weave together the themes and constructs. 16 The verbatim audio data were analyzed by 1 of the researchers according to the SCAT procedure. The reliability of the analysis was determined by having all of the researchers examine the entire analytical process of the main analyst.
WOB, torque, accelerations and bending moment are measured directly on the drilling shaft, near the drill bit. Tests can be conducted with constant WOB (by controlling the pressure into the hydraulic piston) or constant ROP (by controlling the oil flow rate into the hydraulic piston) with a bit diameter up to 8 1/2". Data for each test is collected and recorded on a computer at more than 5000 Hz. The experiments #2 and #3 were performed in Anstrude limestone to evaluate the feasibility of using extremum seeking to optimize WOB while drilling. As such, a sinusiodal signal was added to a ramp signal to generate the exogenous WOB in the lab. The sinusoid had a period of 20 s in experiment #2, and a period of 12. 5 s in experiment #3. In both experiments, there was a brief period when the drilled core was spinning and the data from these periods have been removed.
Results and discussion The spatial resolution of the UCN projection imaging was characterized using two different masks. The first mask was a 3D printed 'UCN' letter pattern (transparent to UCN) on a rectangular thermoplastic material. The mask target was placed at ∼ 3 mm away from the borated surface of the bCCD, and covered completely the imaging sensor. The detector was then exposed to UCN during which the neutron-capture events were recorded. The pattern of the mask was reproduced quite well by summing the recorded events in the CCD over a certain period of time, as shown in Fig. 3. This initial test qualitatively demonstrates the projection imaging capability of the bCCD in conjunction with the Los Alamos UCN source. The data shown also clearly demonstrate the particle identification capability of the sensor, similar to previous results  [21].
Acknowledgments This work was funded by the  LDRD program  of  Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA. The CCD development work was supported in part by the Director,  Office of Science, of the U. S. Department of Energy  under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NCSU  is supported by  National Science Foundation ,  USA 1914133  and  DOE, USA  grant  DE-FG02-ER41042.
Data source Data were extracted from the French health insurance database, SNIIR-AM (Systeme national d'information inter-régime de l'assurance maladie), which covers almost 65 million people. This database prospectively records all reimbursements of healthcare to the individuals covered by the national health insurance system in France. SNIIR-AM contains administrative, medical and pharmacy data. The administrative data include anonymous information about year of birth, long-term diseases (LTD), and date of death for individuals. The pharmacy data exhaustively cover all claims for reimbursed drugs dispensed in retail pharmacies (including dates of prescription and dispensation, prescriber number and specialty, amounts supplied). Drugs are identified by their anatomical therapeutic chemical class (ATC) codes.
Study data Demographic data (year of birth, sex, date of death, LTD, and low-income status) were collected from this database. Data on dispensed drugs (analgesics and psychotropic drugs) were extracted from ATC class codes. Patients with mental health disorders were identified by ICD-10 codes of F00 to F99. A continuous sequence was defined as an interval of less than 45 days between consecutive dispensations (threshold based on the dispensation of drugs for a maximum of 4 weeks in France). For more specific detection of treatment interruptions, we added two weeks to the maximum duration of prescription. Patients with "shopping behavior" were defined as those with dispensations of strong opioid prescriptions overlapping by at least one day, from two different prescribers, at three or more pharmacies.
National social security reimbursement data for 2015 In 2015, 700,946 patients in France received a strong opioid at least once out of which 533,299 patients without a cancer diagnosis (i. e. with no recording of cancer as a LTD in the SNIIR-AM database). Among them, 17,149 patients (4. 5%) without a cancer diagnosis with at least one prescription by a rheumatologist were identified. Overall, 64. 2% of these patients were women, and their mean age was 61. 5 years [± 15. 8] (Table  1 ). The first prescriber for patients without a cancer diagnosis, was a general practitioner for 87. 3%; an orthopedic surgeon for 2. 5%; a rheumatologist for 1. 8%; an anesthesiologist for 1%; a neurosurgeon for 0. 5%; an internal medicine specialist for 0. 4%; the rest being shared among various other specialties.
There was no statistical difference of mean starting daily dose when comparing prescribers with or without pain management education. Opioid treatment was reevaluated by 94. 5% (n=738) within two weeks of initiation. For 80% (n=625), efficacy was assessed during a test period (mean duration 1. 2 months), with treatment stopped in the absence of benefit. A ceiling dose of less than 150 mg morphine equivalent/day was reported by 37. 6% (n=294) of respondents. The risk of opioid misuse was assessed by 70. 3% of respondents before treatment initiation. Prophylaxis treatments against the adverse effects of opioids were also prescribed: laxatives by 69. 8% of rheumatologists and anti-vomiting treatments by 62. 1%. (Answers to all other questions of the questionnaire are given as raw data in Appendix A, Document S2) Prescribers with pain management education were more likely to evaluate pain before prescribing strong opioids (p=0.
Moreover, countries with the highest prevalence of use are those reporting an "opioid epidemic". In Germany, in a cohort of 3140 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 6% of patients without or with mild pain and 32. 6% of those with severe pain received opioids  [14]. In the United States, Curtis et al. found that 41% of patients in a cohort of more than 240,000 RA patients were on regular opioid treatment and 19% were treated intermittently  [15]. In a cohort of 706 patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) in the United States, 21. 7% had intermittent opioid use and 9. 5% used opioids regularly  [16]. A large national evaluation of trends in back pain treatment over 12 years in the US showed an increase in opioid use from 19. 3% to 29. 1%  [17]. Based on a large administrative claims database, DeMik et al.
Overall, 80% of the respondents in our study reported using a test period (mean of 1. 2 months) to assess efficacy, after which treatment was stopped if no benefit was observed, in accordance with recommendations. Both the survey and national database data showed that only a small proportion of rheumatologists initiated opioid treatment with a molecule not recommended in guidelines, such as fentanyl or molecules not authorized for the treatment of non-cancer pain in France, such as buprenorphine or hydromorphone. Tournebize et al. reported that 33% and 43% of prescribers, in two different studies, would not prescribe fentanyl patches for opioid-naïve patients. Our national reimbursement data analysis indicated that fentanyl was prescribed to opioid-naïve patients in less than 16% of initial prescriptions  [29].
The long history of recommendations and guidelines formulated by rheumatologists in France may account for the good knowledge of the recommendations among rheumatologists, regardless of their level of pain management education. Our study has several limitations. The main limitation relating to the survey is the desirability bias, making it impossible to rule out the possibility that the respondents gave what they considered to be the "right" answer rather than their truth. The French health insurance database lacks several important items of information, such as pain diagnosis and the prescribed daily dose for patients receiving only one prescription. This lack of dose in the database might explain partly the little mean dose prescribe since it was calculated on the total dose delivered and the time between two deliveries for each patient.
It is also difficult to assess misuse from the national database data, but the rheumatologists reported screening for risks of abuse and misuse in the national survey. Finally with around 2500 rheumatologists and around 17150 patients with a prescription from a rheumatologist, one could argue each rheumatologist prescribe very few opioid, this has to be put into the perspective of a database study that lacks some prescription, in particular prescription issued during a hospitalization with only the hospital registration number on the prescription and not the specialists. Prescribers act right at the start of the process and therefore have a major role in combating deaths from prescription opioid misuse. The French example shows how, when compared to other countries where such compliance to guidelines were researched, through long-standing recommendations developed by rheumatologists, the majority of the national community of rheumatologists prescribe in alignment with the recommendations.
Interestingly, more than 60% of participants consider that non-adherence is difficult to recognise (answers to the question: moderately and very much). The survey included several questions on the methods used to assess adherence in patients with hypertension. It is evident from Table  4 , that asking patients specific questions on the way they handle their medications is the most common approach. Also, interactions with the family, friends or other HCPs to assess non-adherence are common. Interestingly, most objective approaches such as using questionnaires, electronic monitors, dedicated Apps, pill count tools, and chemical detection of medications in urine or blood and directly observed therapy are either not used or used only occasionally. Pharmacy data appear to be used frequently by about 20% of participants and from time to time by 35% of them.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the nancial support received in the frame of the  Slovenian Research Agency Young Researcher Programme  ( P2-0118/0795 ), M-era. NET program ( NanoElEm -Designing new renewable nano-structured electrode and membrane materials for direct alkaline ethanol fuel cell  -http://nanoelmem. fs. um. si/, Grant number  C3330-17-500098 ), the  Textile Chemistry Programme  ( P2-0118 ) and project " Graphene Oxide based MEAs for the Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell " (Grant number  N2-0087 ).
Experimental concept The strength of the repulsive core is expressed as the phase shift for the scattering channels and consequently affects the scattering cross section. We aim to measure the differential cross section of the scattering reaction within a 10% statistical error and extract the phase shift value in order to discriminate the theoretical models. Experimental data of such accuracy gives a strong constraint on the theoretical models of the Y N interaction including the existence of the quark Pauli effect. For this purpose, the scattering experiment with high statistics is necessary. In the past experiments using a scintillation fiber target at KEK-PS  [1]  [2] [3], there were experimental difficulties leading to a low statistics of identified events. Figure  1  shows a typical image which was identified as a Σ + p elastic scattering event.
Acknowledgement We would like to express our thanks to the staffs of  J-PARC  for their support to provide beam during the beam time. They recovered the beam condition many times even after a magnet trouble in the accelerator. We performed a lot of test experiments at accelerator facilities in Tohoku university (CYRIC and ELPH). We would also like to express our thanks to the staffs of CYRIC and ELPH for their support to provide beam with the excellent condition during the beam time. This work was supported by  JSPS KAKENHI  Grant Number  23684011 ,  15H05442 ,  15H02079  and  18H03693. This work was also supported by  Grants-in-Aid Number   24105003  and  18H05403 for Scientific Research  from the  Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology (MEXT) Japan.
For the primary analyses, the two placebo groups will be pooled. A week prior to the commencement of enrollment for version 1. 0 of the PREVAC trial protocol, an ongoing open-label study (the PREPARE study; ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT02788227) evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine among healthcare workers in the USA and Canada was temporary paused because 3 out of the 9 initial participants who had received the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Fig. 1  PREVAC study design for each version of the protocol vaccine reported arthritis. A vaccine lot investigation was undertaken which resulted in no quality findings. Due to site readiness in both Guinea and Liberia, while the lot investigation was ongoing, the protocol was revised to version 2. 0 to exclude the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP and matching placebo arm.
0 included randomization to 5 groups with the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine groups being given the diluted dose (Fig. 1 -middle panel). As a safety precaution, enrollment was staggered by age group, starting with children aged 12-17 and adults. After 70 children aged 12-17 had been enrolled, safety data until day 28 were reviewed by an independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), which identified no safety concerns and recommended opening enrollment to children aged 5-11 years. The procedure was repeated for the 5-11 and 1-4 age groups. In each age group, a DSMB review was conducted after 70 children were enrolled and followed for 28 days, before enrollment was opened to the next younger age group. It was decided that once the safety of the diluted dose of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP had been established in children, the trial protocol would be amended to use the undiluted rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine.
Data collection plan Time and events schedule for baseline and regularly scheduled follow-up visits in the PREVAC study is described in Table  1. After it had been established that volunteers met the eligibility criteria and informed consent had been obtained from them or, in the case of children, a parent or guardian background data were collected. Demographics and a short medical history were obtained, blood was drawn as specified by the protocol, and then participants then received their first dose of the vaccine ("prime vaccination"). Randomization occurred at the point of vaccination as described above. For 30 min after the vaccination, participants were watched closely, injection site reactions and targeted symptoms were assessed, and possible grade 3 or 4 adverse events were recorded.
For children, additional data were collected. Blood chemistries were assessed prior to the prime and booster vaccination at baseline and day 56 respectively and 7 days after each vaccination. Also, during the first week following the prime and booster vaccination, daily contacts were made with children to assess injection site reactions, targeted symptoms and serious adverse events (SAEs), and body temperature. Blood samples are collected at each site and processed according to their final use. A local laboratory analyzed blood samples at day 0 for adults and at days 0, 7, and 63 for children and adolescents for blood chemistry and hematology to assess potential vaccine toxicities. Laboratory values are graded for severity according to the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Adverse Event Grading tables.
Serology for HIV and syphilis was performed prior to randomization using rapid tests. If the participant had a positive HIV or syphilis test, he/she was offered postcounseling and was referred to a pre-identified health structure for treatment. All countries use their own normal ranges as a reference. For Guinea, the Ghana values from Dooso et al. [9, 10]  were used; for Liberia, those used in PREVAIL 1  [7]  were adopted; for Sierra Leone, they were those used for the EBL3001 trial (NCT02509494); and for Mali, the normal values used were those from Khone et al. [11]. The FANG assay to measure the antibody response to Ebola glycoprotein is performed at the Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research (LIBR) laboratory in Monrovia for participants from Guinea and Sierra Leone, at the UCRC for participants from Mali, and at the NIAID Integrated Research Facility (IRF) (Maryland, USA) for participants from Liberia.
Aliquots are shipped from sites to the relevant laboratory at regular intervals. Quality controls for intra-and inter-laboratory reproducibility are performed on a regular basis. Additional antibody response testing using a validated FANG assay will be performed for specific time-points (day 0, day 28, month 3, and month 12) at Quest diagnostics Clinical Laboratories Inc. , San Juan Capistrano, USA (FOCUS), as part of the regulatory activities of Merck and JnJ. A CRF with a unique PID is completed for each participant consented and screened. The CRF is an eCRF developed with Ennov Clinical in English and French. Due to logistical hurdles, direct electronic data collection was not an option. Therefore, the clinical data are collected on paper CRF Forms and then entered in the eCRF the same day.
Laboratory results conducted by the study team are directly extracted for the local Laboratory information management system and transferred on a approximately 30 participants per group (60 participants in total) are needed assuming the percent in the placebo group with a positive antibody response is approximately 7%. With unequal allocation as for the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP with the booster versus placebo comparison, a total of 63 participants (21 vaccinated with rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP with a boost and 42 vaccinated with placebo), a difference of 50% versus 7% can also be detected at 12 months with 87% power. These sample size estimates indicate that power for the planned subgroup analysis by age is also appropriate. The planned sample size is also adequate for the comparisons with placebo if more than 4% of participants are antibody positive at baseline and excluded from the primary analysis and if there are some missing data at 12 months of follow-up.
The executive committee also has the final say in the event consensus is not reached between TSC members. A DSMB provides independent, expert oversight for the trial and monitors accumulating safety data for adults and children in each age group (1-4, 5-11, and 12-17 years) using reports provided by unblinded statisticians from the University of Minnesota (Division of Biostatistics, Minneapolis, USA). The day-to-day operations and management of the trial are coordinated by the Trial Management Team (TMT). Daily monitoring of inclusions and retention rates are carried out in the central database, and blind reports are made available to the TMT via a secure website by a blinded statistician from EUCLID/FCRIN Clinical Trials Platform (Inserm/Univ Bordeaux, France). In coordination with the sites, this close monitoring has helped to achieve approximately the same number of children in each age group and a gender balance in both children and adults.
The study protocol, the informed consent and assent forms (Additional file 1: Appendix 5), including participants' information materials, were approved by ethics committees of the sponsors (INSERM IRB 00003888, LSHTM) and the implementing countries (Guinea, Liberia, Mali, and Sierra Leone) before each version of the protocol was implemented. NIH established an institutional reliance agreement with INSERM to rely upon the INSERM ethics committee. The study is registered at www. ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT02876328) and in the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACT R201712002760250). The data of this trial will be disseminated through national and international conferences and peer-reviewed publications.