dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
dIsCussIOn The ventricular tachycardia ablation versus escalated antiarrhythmic drug therapy in ischemic heart disease (VANISH) trial demonstrated that catheter ablation in patients with drug refractory VT was effective in reducing the rate of VT storm and ICD shocks, with a reduction in the composite endpoint including death. 7 Our real-world data show that catheter ablation for nhVT and shVT is Arrhythmias and sudden death relatively safe, and is associated with a high rate of acute procedural success and long-term success. The outcome of shVT ablation in our study was comparable with the VANISH trial's primary outcome. In this multicentre RCT of 259 patients with ICM and recurrent VT despite AAD therapy, VT ablation was superior to escalating AAD therapy. 7 In a meta-analysis of three RCTs including 346 patients, VT ablation was found to reduce ICD therapies, including shocks and electrical storm, with no overall effect on mortality.
14 UK data have shown an exponential rise in high energy implant rates from 2013, with 238 implants/million of the population in 2015/2016. 24 Our registry data have shown a similar exponential rise in VT ablation cases since January 2016. RCTs have recruited patients into large centres with extensive experience in VT ablation over several years. The VANISH trial was a multicentre RCT conducted at 22 tertiary centres where VT ablation was routinely performed, with centres chosen to reflect 'a high level of competence in VT ablation technique'. We have shown that using the same patient selection criteria, an established regional centre can deliver a comparable clinical outcome of a relatively higher risk procedure with a safety profile comparable with nhVT ablation. The VANISH trial recruited patients treated with amiodarone for at least 3 months.
COnClusIOn These real-world registry data have demonstrated that catheter ablation for VT is safe and effective, with acute procedural and long-term outcomes comparable with RCTs. Furthermore, in our cohort we found similar safety and efficacy for VT ablation in patients with ICM and nhVT. Our study shows that using the same patient selection criteria as the VANISH trial, an established ablation centre can deliver an equivalent clinical outcome of a relatively higher risk procedure (ie, ICM VT catheter ablation) with a good safety profile comparable with nhVT.
Methods We identified relevant RCTs published in the past 15 years via PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL. In addition, we searched The Cochrane Library and checked registries, including ClinicalTrials. gov to assess concordance between declared and published outcomes. Among the journals we screened were the 3 ICU specialty journals and the four general medicine journals with the highest impact factor. Only RCTs were selected in which in-ICU mortality was the primary or secondary outcome. The primary outcome was information regarding EOL decisions, and the secondary outcome was how EOL decisions were treated in the study analysis.
Literature search strategy Literature searches were conducted using the following databases: PubMed (including MED-LINE, National Library of Medicine, and PubMed Central), Embase (including MEDLINE and Elsevier databases), CINAHL, Google Scholar, and The Cochrane Library. We conducted a systematic search of RCTs with in-ICU mortality as the primary or secondary outcome. Searches were performed using the term "mortality" as a keyword, specified in three different ways (as a MeSH Term, a Subheading, or an All Field term): "Intensive Care Units"[MeSH] AND ("Mortality"[MeSH] OR "mortality"[Subheading] OR "mortality"[All Field]) AND Randomized Controlled Trial  [ptyp]. Filters were used in addition to the electronic MeSH search. We focused on three of the highest impact factor ICU-specific journals ("American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"[Journal] OR "Critical Care Medicine"[Journal] OR "Intensive Care Medicine"[Journal]), 3 of the highest impact factor generalist journals ("New England Journal of Medicine"[Journal] OR "JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association"  [Journal]  OR "The Lancet"  [Journal] ), and a journal with a methodological tropism ("BMJ (Clinical Research edition)"[Journal]).
Because the terms "withholding treatment" and "withdrawing treatment" were introduced in the MeSH thesaurus in 2002, we limited our research to trials published after 2002. The systematic review was last updated in March 2018. The four databases were explored using the same keywords, and no additional publications were identified on this topic or methodological rules for managing EOL decision data. Finally, the Cochrane Library was explored to identify systematic reviews or meta-analyses using the keywords "withholding treatment" or "end-of-life decision" or by exploring the topic "ethics"; however, no publications were identified stating how this type of data was managed. Study eligibility criteria. All the potentially relevant abstracts were retrieved, and one author (SK) evaluated the reporting of the full text of the selected articles using a standardized data extraction form.
All the data were extracted by two independent researchers (SK, AJ), and items with a low level of agreement were discussed and, if necessary, the abstract was reviewed by a third investigator (MRR) who made the final decision. We hand searched the reference lists of original studies and extracted relevant articles, of which all the potentially relevant studies identified during the abstract search were retrieved and reviewed. Eligible for inclusion were RCTs evaluating ICU mortality either as a primary or secondary outcome. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were treated in an emergency department, prehospital ambulance care, or another ward of the hospital; however, they must have been involved in an ICU admission or protocol. Articles reporting only statistical plans, methodological plans, and brief reports were excluded from the review as were studies including only patients concerned with EOL decisions or palliative care.
The inter-rate agreement between authors for the study selection was measured using Cohen's kappa statistics (k = 0,82 [0,74; 0,91], almost perfect or perfect agreement). Data extraction. The main outcome of this systematic review was the presence of patients affected by EOL decisions. The information presented in the full text of the article, including the presence and number of patients affected by EOL decisions, was screened and listed on a chart. We also noted whether EOL data were presented on the flow chart and fully described. In addition, methods used to analyze and manage these data were also noted (if available), specifically how these data were included in the analysis of the primary outcome of the study. Information regarding the possible use of survival analysis methods and possible censoring of patients with EOL decisions was also recorded as well as the time interval considered (time to actual death or time to EOL decision).
We also noted the presence of specific analyses concerning EOL decision data, such as sensitivity analysis, and localization of these data on the flow chart. When available, appendix documents, including supplementary documents and Web appendices, were considered and examined. We also compared the primary and secondary outcomes of studies specified in the trial registries with those reported in the published articles. Thus, items were recorded to determine whether the study's framework was initially designed as a mortality study and whether the change in primary outcome was linked to the EOL decision data, which could affect the mortality results of the trial. The agreement between authors for the data extraction was measured using agreement rate (98,4%, 152 non-identical data for 9476 information collected) and Cohen's kappa coefficient (k = 0,97 95%CI [0,96; 0,98]).
Statistics The data for continuous variables are presented as medians and first and third quartiles and for qualitative variables are presented as frequencies and percentages as estimations of 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) when needed. Qualitative variables were compared using Fisher exact test, and continuous variables were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test as appropriate. All the tests were 2-sided and a p-value < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. R Statistical Software (version 3. 4. 4) was used to perform the statistical analyses. Cohen's Unweighted Kappa, and ICC (intraclass correlation coefficient) were calculated using "psy" package version 1. 1, 95% CI were generated by bootstrap method using "boot" package version 1. 3-20. Distribution of proportions of EOL decisions in the studies has been described by estimating the proportion of EOL in each study with their exact 95% Confidence Intervals.
Our study has several limitations. First, we restricted our research to seven major journals due to the vast bibliography available in databases such as PubMed and because we focused on ICU survival studies. The choice of journal restriction is also justified by the fact that this systematic review was a primary approach to making a census and identifying the different methods used to analyze data involving EOL decisions. The second limitation is the choice to focus on a specific medical discipline such as the ICU, which is the department with the highest rate of EOL decisions. Similar studies could be conducted in an extended bibliographic search and in other medical disciplines involving EOL decisions such as neurology or oncology.
Ex situ characterization Infrared (IR) spectroscopy was performed in attenuated total reflectance mode using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 spectrometer. Spectra were collected from 4000 to 650 cm À1 at a resolution of 4 cm À1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were recorded with the aid of an FEI Quanta FEG 200 instrument. Samples were sputter coated with gold before measurement to render them electrically conductive. Thermal analysis of the samples was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA; TA Instruments Discovery instrument) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC; TA Instruments Q2000). TGA was undertaken at a heating rate of 5 C min À1 under an N 2 flow of 25 ml min À1. DSC thermograms were collected at 5 C min À1 with an N 2 flow of 50 ml min À1. Experiments were performed in triplicate, and representative datasets are shown.
Experimental data were collected as 2D Pixium images and azimuthal integration performed using Dawn Workbench (version 2. 5. 0), followed by background subtraction. The resultant patterns were then analyzed with TOPAS Academic (version 5), using structures reported in the Inorganic Chemistry Structural Database (ICSD). The background was fitted using Chebyshev functions, and the peak shapes with Gaussians. Rietveld refinements were undertaken using the following database entries for CaSO 4 Á0. 5H 2 O: 262106 (C2);   79529 (I2); 73262 (P3 1 21); 24474 (P3 2 21);  and 167054 (P3 1 ). For CaSO 4 Á2H 2 O, entries 15982 (C2/c) and 36186 (C2/m) were employed. Lattice parameters were refined, and phase fractions calculated. The latter were used to determine the percentage of each phase present and the extent of the reaction.
The signal detection path consisted of imaging pairs of lenses which image the back aperture of the objective on to the detector window. This configuration keeps the signal steady on the detector even though the excitation spot is continuously scanning the sample. Scanning and data acquisition was performed using an in-house LabVIEW (National Instruments Corp. ) program. The data is acquired by a data acquisition board (NI USB 6353, National Instruments Corp). Data analysis is performed using Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc).
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  European Commission ,  Research Executive Agency Marie Curie  Actions 607842 FINON ITN-2013. KTP nanocrystals were kindly provided by  Thierry Gacoin  and  Ludovic Mayer ,  Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique Palaiseau France. R. G. and F. T. acknowledge financial support from the  Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)  ( 150609 ).
AML cell targeting in vitro and in vivo AML cell lines (Supplementary Table  3 ) were obtained from and authenticated by the German Resource Center for Biologic Material (DSMZ). Lentiviral barcoding of AML cells was performed and analyzed as previously detailed  (11). For in vitro targeting, AML cell lines or primary samples were coincubated with DOT-cells for 3 hours; and stained with Annexin-V, as detailed  (6). For in vivo targeting, three xenograft hAML models were established as represented in Supplementary Figure  9. The patient-derived xenograft (intra-tibia injection) was recently described  (12). Tumor burden was assessed by staining with anti-human CD45 (HI30) and CD33 (P67. 6) antibodies. Flow cytometry acquisition was performed on a LSR Fortessa (BD) and data was analyzed with FlowJo X software (Tree Star).
Acknowledgements We thank  Inês Barbosa  ( IPO Lisboa ) for help with provision of primary AML samples;  Simão Rocha  and  Teresa F. Mendes  for technical help;  Diogo R. Anjos  and  Natacha G. Sousa  for administrative support; and the Animal and  Flow Cytometry  facilities of iMM-JLA for technical assistance. Our work was funded by  Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia  ( PTDC/DTP-PIC/4931/2014  to B. S. S;  PD/BD/105880/2014  to B. D. L;  BPD/85947/2012  to D. V. C. );  Lymphact S. A. (upon investment from Portugal Capital Ventures ,  S. A , and  Busy Angels SCR) ;  GammaDelta Therapeutics (Sponsored Research Agreement  to B. S. -S. ); and  Télévie-FNRS  ( 7. 4555. 14F  to D. V. ). We also acknowledge  LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007391  and  LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-016394 , projects cofunded by  FEDER , through  POR Lisboa 2020 -Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa, PORTUGAL 2020 , and  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.
g. Leroy et al. 2008). In this article, we analyse new molecular gas observations obtained with IRAM Plateau-de-Bure interferometer achieving a 11 pc resolution. This resolution well below the typical size where a tight correlation is observed between star formation rate and gas density (K-S law). We study the properties of this gas and how it relates with the star formation activity in this region. In Sect. 2, we present the analysis of the data cube, enabling an automatic selection of 12 molecular clouds. In Sect. 3, we discuss the properties of these clumps. In Sect. 4, we discuss how this detection of molecular clouds in the equivalent of the Central Molecular Zone correlates with the information available on the star formation activity.
Data analysis We here describe the identification of molecular clumps in the IRAM-PdB data cube. In Sect. 2. 1, we describe the IRAM-PdB observations and data reduction. In Sect. 2. 2, we select the core of significant clumps above a given threshold and discuss their significance. In Sect. 2. 3, we compute the 3D size, velocity dispersion and total flux of these core clumps following the method proposed by  Rosolowsky & Leroy (2006). In Sect. 2. 4, we discuss the velocity distribution of the detections and proceed to clean side lobes. In Section 2. 5, we apply the principal component analysis statistical method to discriminate reliable candidates using the descriptive parameters of the previous subsections. A final check is performed with a visual inspection of each selected clump. Last, in Sect.
Observations and data reduction We present here an analysis of an IRAM-PdB interferometer mosaic of 4 fields covering the centre of Andromeda and a field of view of about 2 arcmin off-centred to the South-East. As described in  Melchior & Combes (2017) , the initial motivation of these observations was to search for molecular gas next to the black hole, and the region corresponding to the sphere of influence of M31's black hole, i. e. R S OI ∼ 14 pc, has been explored. A 2 mJy signal with a line-width of 1000 km s -1 was expected by  Chang et al. (2007) , but were excluded at a 9 σ level. Only a small 2000 M clump, lying most probably outside the sphere of influence of the black hole, has been detected, and is seen in projection. In this article, we extend this first exploration to the whole data cube that covers the equivalent of the Central Molecular Zone for the Milky Way  (Morris & Serabyn 1996; Oka et al.
1996 ). The observations have been performed in 2012 with the 5-antenna configuration with the WideX correlator. It covers a wide velocity band  [-3000, 6000 ] km s -1 , with a velocity resolution of δv = 5. 07 km s -1 and a pixel size of 0. 61. Four fields have been observed at the positions provided in Table  1  and integrated for about 4 hours. A standard reduction has been performed with the GILDAS software and these fields have been combined. We perform our analysis on the mosaic assembled with a beam of 3. 37 × 2. 45 (PA = 70 • ) and a pixel size of 0. 61. We focus our work on the [-600, 0] km s -1 velocity band, binned in 119 channels. A quick view of the data cube confirms the absence of large amount of gas in this region. However, there are numerous clumps of molecular gas with a low velocity dispersion.
Principal Component Analysis We apply PCA to the full sample of molecular cloud candidates (both negative and positive clumps), using the following parameters: S NR peak , S NR tot , R eq and σ v. These four parameters are first standardized as follow: T = (T -T )/σ T , where T is the studied parameter, T its mean value and σ T its standard deviation. Second, with the Python ScikitLearn library, we ex- The bottom panel displays candidates rejected as side lobes and/or exhibiting a negative signal. This shows the limitation of this analysis. Amplitude of side lobes can be important and 4 positive side lobes with relatively high significance with respect to the selected signals (in the top panel) are rejected. We thus keep 12 clumps whose parameters are displayed in Table  3. They have SNR peak ≥ 4.
Certainly, they are transient agglomerations of smaller entities, which might be virialized. 5. The darkened region represents beam of the single dish observation from  Melchior & Combes (2013). We notice a position offset and that the whole clump is not always contained in the single dish observations, which explains the missing flux. Velocities obtained with HERA IRAM-30m observations do correspond to the velocities measured with PdB IRAM interferometric data. Fig. 12 : CO(1-0) spectra corresponding to the CO(2-1) detections from  Melchior & Combes (2013, hereafter MC13). The PdB IRAM interferometric data has been reprojected on the grid of the data cube obtained with HERA on IRAM 30-m telescope as described in MC13. We show here the spectra in the 12-arcsec beams displayed in the Figure  11.
Data In  Melchior & Combes (2013) , we analysed IRAM-30m CO(2-1) data obtained with the HERA instrument. These data overlap the IRAM-PdB CO(1-0) mosaic studied here. We do not find a priori a one-to-one correspondence with the signals detected in  Melchior & Combes (2013). The CO(2-1) signal is detected in more regions than CO(1-0). However, many detections were below 4σ and were not recovered by the IRAM-PdB data presented here. While this is not surprising given the low S/N ratio, the signal could be affected by interferometric filtering if the gas is extended. Indeed,  Rosolowsky & Leroy (2006)  studied that for a given mass, a significant fraction of the flux can ben lost when the peak S/N is lower than 10. 3 spectra (labelled 15, 28 and 36 in  Melchior & Combes (2013) ), actually detected above 4σ in CO(2-1), have a counter-part in the CO(1-0) interferometric data cube.
Conclusion We have analysed molecular observations made with the IRAM-Plateau de Bure interferometer, towards the central 250 pc of M31. The CO(1-0) mosaic was compared with previous CO(2-1) single dish mapping with the IRAM-30m HERA instrument. The spectral energy distribution of the region and tracers of star formation have been studied. The main results can be summarized as follow : 1. We first identified molecular clumps from high S/N peaks in the map, and selected genuine clouds using both robust data analysis and statistical methods. Our modified approach to the CPROPS algorithm allowed us to extract a catalogue of 12 CO(1-0) clumps with a total S/N ratio larger than 15 in a region of low CO density. 2. We derived the size, velocity dispersion, H 2 mass, surface density and virial parameter for each cloud.
Acknowledgements. Based on observations carried out with the  IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. IRAM is supported by  INSU/CNRS (France) ,  MPG (Germany)  and  IGN (Spain). We acknowledge the  IRAM Plateau de Bure team  for the observations. We thank  Sabine König  for her support for the data reduction. We warmly thank  Eric Rosolowsky , our referee, for his very helpful and constructive comments. We are grateful to  Pauline Barmby  for providing us with reduced Spitzer data in the nucleus region. ALM has benefited from the support of  Action Fédératrice Structuration de l'Univers et Cosmologie from Paris Observatory. This research has made use of the  NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive , which is operated by the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , under contract with the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Data collection Questions related to healthcare units' equipment, knowledge, and practices of HCWs included 13, 7 and 13 items, respectively. Three scores were calculated by summarizing all the item responses and one point was given for each positive answer (yes=1 point; no=0 point) as follows: • Healthcare units' equipment: Score 1 (Well-equipped units: 11 to 13 points), score 2 (Intermediate: 7 to 10 points) and score 3 (Bad-equipped units: 0 to 6 points), • HCWs' knowledge: Score 1 (HCW with high level of knowledge: 7 points), score 2 (HCW with intermediate level of knowledge: 5 to 6 points), score 3 (HCW with low level of knowledge: 0 to 4 points), • HCWs' practices: Score 1 (HCWs with high level of practice: 10 to 13 points), score 2 (HCWs with intermediate level of practice: 6 to 9 points), score 3 (HCWs with low level of practice: 0 to 5 points).
One point was scored when the answer was "always" or "never" according to the question. Data related to ESBL-PE incidence were collected from the laboratory database with an automatic daily alert. Incidence rate was stratified by type of healthcare units included in the study. Incidence rate was the ratio between the number of patients with ESBL-PE hospitalized in 2015 (numerator) and the cumulated number of patient-days (denominator) x 1,000. ESBL-PE incidence rate was coded 1 if it was higher than or equal to the global hospital median ESBL-PE incidence rate (0. 47/ 1,000 patient-days [0. 03-0. 97]) and coded 0 if it was lower. The alcohol hand rub variable was coded as 1 if it was higher than or equal to the global hospital median consumption (36. 67/ 1,000 patient-days  [7. 37-41. 39] ) and coded 0 if it was lower.
Data management and analysis Data were collected using Sphinx Plus-V5® software (Chavanod, France). Data were described using the median and interquartile ranges for continuous variables and proportions (%) for categorical variables. A simple linear regression was performed using STATA V15® software (StataCorp LP, Texas, USA) to examine the relation between scores of performance (predictor continuous variable) and the ESBL-PE incidence rate or alcohol hand rub consumption. Correlation coefficients R were tested and all P values were two sided. P values <0. 05 were considered significant.
To estimate the cellular concentration of Trx2, total lysates of PC T. brucei and different amounts of the recombinant protein were studied by comparative Western blot analyses. Based on the data from seven independent analyses and using 96 fl as volume of PC cells  [27] , we calculated a cellular concentration of Trx2 of 131 ± 49 nM. The mitochondrion of PC T. brucei has been reported to occupy about one fourth of the total cell volume  [28]. Thus, the local concentration of Trx2 in the mitochondrion would be in the order of 0. 5 μM.