dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Results for the A123 Li f ePO 4 BatteryIn the next step, this model was tested for the dataset of A123 Li f ePO 4 battery at different ambient temperatures from -10 to 50 • C, which were prepared based on DST and FUDS tests and datasets collected based on the low current voltage test. 4. 2. 2. ] RoLSTM 0 • C 11. 06 1. 31 2. 08 0. 7 23. 7 5. 07 6. 87 2. 56 2. 44 1. 02 10 • C 6. 75 1. 11 0. 78 0. 65 14. 85 4. 45 4. 04 2. 2 0. 99 0. 90 25 • C 5. 69 0. 71 0. 77 0. 40 11. 29 2. 90 3. 69 1. 9 1. 11 0. 79.
Methods: A narrative review of relevant literature was conducted following a search of all local and online databases known to the authors. Findings: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed the HIV response in Liberia by averting deaths, improving quality of life, and preventing new HIV infections but critical gaps remain. These include weak HIV prevention and testing strategies; suboptimal ART initiation and retention in care; low viral load testing volumes, commodity supply chain disruptions and a HIV workforce built on non-physician healthcare workers. In the context of the prevailing socioeconomic, heath system and programmatic challenges, these will impact achievement of the UNAIDS targets of 95-95-95 by 2030 and ending the epidemic.
2 and 7. 6 ka cal BP, during the Early and Middle Holocene  (Carter 2016; Santoro et al. 2017). Fish data in CV3 were first obtained as part of a larger economic study of the site  (Carter 2016). Later, CV3 was analysed for paleoenvironmental data. In both cases, neither of these studies performed an exhaustive ichthyoarchaeological analysis. The present study consists in a comparative analysis of two ichthyoarchaeological assemblages recovered using different retrieval methods in CV3. We aimed to contribute to the recovery techniques of fish remains, as well as enabling discussion on archaeological interpretations derived from the ichthyoarchaeological analysis, exemplified in this case study focused on Early to Mid-Holocene human occupations at Caleta Vitor archaeological complex. We also aimed to provide new insights regarding fish and the role of fishing within the Chinchorro communities at the local scale, while also considering regional patterns and the implications for the coastal archaeology of the Atacama Desert.
Results As shown in Table  2 , the data available for Samples 1 and 2 do not allow for global comparisons of both assemblages (as already mentioned, data from Sample 1 were not produced within a proper ichthyoarchaeological analysis). As fish weight is the quantitative variable present in both samples, we decided to use this variable to evaluate similarities and variations in fish density between samples. In CV3, Sample 1 is composed of 1207. 41 g of fish remains, whereas Sample 2 shows a total weight of 420. 25 g. In terms of fish density, Sample 2 shows a higher value (4. 77 g/L) than Sample 1 (1. 34 g/L) (Figure  3(A) ). When comparing fish density proportions of identified (NAISP) and unidentified fish (UID), Sample 1 shows a lesser percentage of NAISP (26. 83%) than Sample 2 (61. 54%) (Figure  3(B) ).
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to  V. Hurtado ,  M. Yilales ,  S. Monsalve  and  C. Pozo  for help in the field and curating Sample 2 from  CV3 , within the  FONDECYT 1150763 project. The authors thank  Diego Salazar  from  Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile  for providing the reference collection used in ichthyoarchaeological analysis of Sample 2. The authors would also like to thank  Jill Cucchi  for copy editing. The authors gratefully acknowledge the suggestions of the two anonymous reviewers. Finally, we acknowledge support of the publication fee by the  CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative  through its  Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).
Funding This work was supported by  FONDECYT  [grant number  1150763 ] project under grant  Becas Chile -Doctorado  en el Extranjero 2018. The authors thank  FONDECYT  [grant number  1191568 ] (to C. L. and C. M. S. ) and the  Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile)  [grant number  AFB170008 ] for funding past and ongoing excavations. S. R. and D. Z. acknowledge  Grups de Recerca de Qualitat CaSEs -Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics  [grant number  2017 SGR 212 ],  AGAUR-Generalitat de Catalunya  for funding this work in the 40th AEA Conference. C. L. and.
1 I am grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments. I also thank participants at the  Annual Conference of the Association for Public Economic Theory in Strasbourg  (APET received funding from the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  as part of the research project  GREENGO -New Tools for Environmental Governance: The Role of NGO -Contract   ANR-15-CE05-0008. https://.
Les variables PV et QL sont relativement aisées à recueillir par enquête ou consultation de bases de données techniques. Si la variable MG n'est pas accessible, nous proposons de la fixer à 4 % ; si la durée de la période de pâture est inconnue, nous proposons de fixer un temps de présence en pâture et en stabulation de 33 et 67 % de l'année, respectivement. Ainsi, l'équation simplifiée (2) ne prend en compte que les deux variables qui ont le plus de poids (PV et QL) et qui sont également les plus accessibles. (2) BesENt_VL (MJ/an) = 156 × PV 0,75 + 3,07 × QL b. Vaches allaitantes Comme pour les vaches laitières, nous déterminons un animal moyen, calculons ses besoins annuels en ENt et réalisons une analyse de sensibilité. L'animal moyen est une vache allaitante française (la France détient un tiers du cheptel européen de vaches allaitantes) de 720 kg qui produit 1 900 litres de lait  (Sepchat et al.
Le poids de la portée à la naissance intervient dans les besoins de lactation de la brebis. Or, ce poids est dépendant du poids de la brebis et de la prolificité. Selon  Thériez (1991)  Où PVb est le poids de la brebis ; PV1, PV2, PV3, le poids de naissance des agneaux simples, doubles et triples, respectivement. Les équations (d), (e) et (f ), établies sur une large base de données de mises bas (avec des prolificités variant de 110 et 230 %) donnent les proportions des agneaux nés simples, doubles ou triples selon le niveau de prolificité de la mère. En considérant ensuite que les mortalités des agneaux doubles et triples sont majorées respectivement de 50 et 150 % par rapport à celle des agneaux nés simples, nous pouvons in fine estimer le poids moyen des agneaux nés et allaités. Ce dernier nous permet de calculer la production de lait de la brebis pour la croissance de ses agneaux, de la naissance au sevrage (via la variable « Prol », équation (8)), selon l'équivalence de cinq litres de lait pour un kg de gain de poids (IPPC, 2019) : Pour calculer la valeur UGB du troupeau, nous proposons, pour les ovins et les caprins, de considérer toutes les femelles à partir d'un an d'âge comme constituant le troupeau de femelles reproductrices.
Remerciements Cette proposition méthodologique est issue du projet européen MIX-ENABLE qui a bénéficié du support financier des états participants (dont la France) et de la  Commission Européenne , au travers du programme  H2020 ERA-NET CORE Organic Cofund. Nous remercions Jacques Agabriel pour sa lecture attentive et avisée, ainsi que les relecteurs de la revue  INRAE Productions Animales.
Recruitment and Data Collection We recruited participants mainly through CBOs, which provide services mainly to PLWHA and have been cooperating closely with HIV clinical service providers in the 5 study sites. In China, HIV outreach services to PLWHA have been transferred from government agencies to CBOs  [31]. At present, CBOs are the primary providers of these routine tasks. In addition, a large portion of PLWHAs is followed up by CBOs. The questionnaire survey was carried out using Golden Data, a commonly used, encrypted, web-based survey platform. Each participant took about 13-15 minutes to complete this survey. An electronic coupon with a value of 20 Chinese yuan (US $3. 10) was sent to the participant upon completion. The database we used was protected by a password and could only be accessed by designated research team members.
Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics were performed to summarize the background characteristics associated with and frequencies of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. The total average scores and dimensional average scores for vaccine hesitancy, perceived benefits, perceived risks, self-efficacy, and subjective norms were generated. A 1-way ANOVA test was used to identify the factors predicting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. SPSS software (version 24. 0; IBM Corporation) was used to perform all data analyses. The significance level was set at a 2-tailed P value of <. 05.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank all participants in this study and the staff who contributed during the data collection process. We are also thankful to the  Changzhi Medical College and National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health  for funding this project. This study was funded the  Academic technology leader project of Changzhi Medical College  (Grant No. XSQ201902 ). The funders had no role in study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Such methods have already been used to map taxonomic diversity based on remote sensing  [51] [52] [53] [54]. Given that different ways of utilizing this framework continue to be developed, no consensus has yet been reached on one single method  [55]  or application  [56]. In this study, we surveyed forest sites on the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean at different stages of regeneration following cacao (Theobroma cacao) agroforest abandonment. We defined cacao agroforests as forested areas cultivated predominantly for cacao production, but which included other tree and shrub species, including shade trees. We quantified tree species alpha-diversity (species richness and evenness) and beta-diversity (change in species composition over succession) using field survey data and Sentinel-2 data, in order to compare the effectiveness of the two methods for monitoring biodiversity.
Survey Methods The 29 forest sites were surveyed between November 2018 and August 2019. All of the trees (woody vegetation > 3 m tall and >6 cm DBH) within five metres of a 50 m transect line were identified to the species level  [64]. Transects were randomly placed and oriented within each site using a random number table. If a transect line reached an impassable obstacle, the path was diverted by 90 degrees. Samples and photographs were taken of the trees, and the species were re-identified by the National Herbarium of Trinidad and Tobago where necessary. Topographical and environmental data were collected, including altitude using a GPS, land gradient using an inclinometer, and canopy cover using a densiometer.
These Level-1C images were atmospherically corrected and converted into Level-2A images with the Overland software developed by Airbus  [67]. All the plots surveyed in the field are located on a single S2 110 × 110 km 2 tile (T20PPS of the S2 tiling grid), allowing the use of a single image to observe all the plots at once. We used the image acquired on 13 February 2019 (wet season), which had <50% cloud cover and covered the largest number of plots.
Remote Sensing Analyses An increasing number of approaches are being proposed to monitor plant biodiversity from remotely sensed images  [36, 74]. Supervised approaches are based on the training of models with remote sensing data and field data. However, most of these methods are not easily reproducible, as their reliability depends on the quality and abundance of the training data. Aiming for a more general and reproducible approach, we opted for a method requiring minimum supervision and no ground information for calibration. We used the R package biodivMapR  [75] , which includes an adaptation of the method initially developed by Féret and Asner  [52]  for the analysis of airborne imaging spectroscopy. This method aims to extract information corresponding to the spatial heterogeneity of spectral information, and to express it as diversity indices commonly used in ecology.
Alpha and Beta-Diversity Analyses The field and RS Shannon's D results were compared using a Spearman correlatio coefficient, which computes the correlation of two variables based on their rank [79]. A 0. 5 quantile regression  [80]  was used to further test whether BC changes with i creasing age difference between sites. Quantile regressions were used because they a more robust to unequal variance and outliers than standard linear regressions  [81, 82]. W used a tanglegram dendextend package  [83]  to compare the extent of concordance b tween the field and RS-derived BC results. To do this, we created a dendrogram for t field BC results and for the RS-derived BC results using agglomerative nesting, hiera chical clustering, agnes function in cluster package R,  [84]  and the Ward method. Differe methods within the untangle function in dendextend were used to optimise the alignme between the two dendrograms.
Alpha and Beta-Diversity Analyses The field and RS Shannon's D results were compared using a Spearman correlation coefficient, which computes the correlation of two variables based on their rank [79]. A 0. 5 quantile regression  [80]  was used to further test whether BC changes with increasing age difference between sites. Quantile regressions were used because they are more robust to unequal variance and outliers than standard linear regressions  [81, 82]. We used a tanglegram dendextend package  [83]  to compare the extent of concordance between the field and RS-derived BC results. To do this, we created a dendrogram for the field BC results and for the RS-derived BC results using agglomerative nesting, hierarchical clustering, agnes function in cluster package R,  [84]  and the Ward method.
Mapping Forest Age While land cover maps that include different forest types have already been produced for this region  [85] , in this particular study we also explored the possibility of using field data in conjunction with satellite data to produce a map of forest successional age. We hypothesized that part of the variation in the spectral species produced from S2 data is linked to the successional age of each forest site. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between PCoAs from the S2-based BC and forest age in the 19 surveyed forest sites, and used the most relevant axis to generate a map of forest ages in the region of interest.
18, p < 0. 001) and the field data (t(169, 171) = 6. 70, p < 0. 001). A tanglegram was used to further explore the concordance in patterns of BC between the field and RS data. The tanglegram (Figure  6 ) shows the dendrograms for the field data (left) and RS data (right). Corresponding sites are connected by gray lines, and sites are labeled according to their age category: (A) active cacao agroforests, (B) 25-50 yo, (C) 60-80 yo, (D) > 100 yo, and (E) primary forest. Although the two dendrograms align well (entanglement = 0. 15 using the step2side method), there is no significant correlation between the topologies of the field and RS dendrograms (cophenetic correlation = 0. 08). A 0. 5 quantile regression showed there was a significant increase in compositional change (BC) (Figure  5 ) with increasing age difference between sites for both the remote sensing data (t(169, 171) = 5.
18, p < 0. 001) and the field data (t(169, 171) = 6. 70, p < 0. 001). A tanglegram was used to further explore the concordance in patterns of BC between the field and RS data. The tanglegram (Figure  6 ) shows the dendrograms for the field data (left) and RS data (right). Corresponding sites are connected by gray lines, and sites are labeled according to their age category: (A) active cacao agroforests, (B) 25-50 yo, (C) 60-80 yo, (D) > 100 yo, and (E) primary forest. Although the two dendrograms align well (entanglement = 0. 15 using the step2side method), there is no significant correlation between the topologies of the field and RS dendrograms (cophenetic correlation = 0. 08). A tanglegram was used to further explore the concordance in patterns of BC between the field and RS data. The tanglegram (Figure  6 ) shows the dendrograms for the field data (left) and RS data (right).
Alpha and Beta-Diversity Comparison In agreement with the field results, other studies indicate that tree diversity tends to increase with forest age as species naturally colonize abandoned areas  [24, [86] [87] [88]. The RS data may not be able to capture these changes in alpha-diversity because of local spectral diversity being more strongly driven by the structure and density of vegetation than by the diversity of tree species. While other studies have had success applying hyperspectral, high-resolution data to alpha-diversity estimates through remote sensing  [54] , here the spatial and spectral resolution may be too coarse to capture the fine variation of spectral signatures of the species variability at a local scale (Figure  3 )  [89]. RS analyses at this scale may be more closely related to functional diversity of photosynthetic traits at the community scale,  [43, 90, 91]  or to forest structure, [57,92] rather than to tree species diversity.
As a result, data in the field presented differences when compared to RS data, which mostly detected the canopy trees. Differences in the canopy tree composition and the sapling composition could be diminishing the distinction between younger and older secondary forest sites for the field data, driving the differences in the field and RS results. Overall, successional processes, including changes in species composition, are highly variable and can be affected by many different factors, including: the composition of nearby forests, the condition of the soil seed bank, the amount and type of seed rain, local environmental conditions, and other abiotic factors  [22, 57, 60, [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104]. Cacao farming itself can alter successional processes. Abandoned cacao agroforests already have canopy cover from the remnant cacao and shade trees which can affect local abiotic conditions, the behavior of animal seed dispersers, and the tree species that are able to colonize  [22, 92, 105].
Conclusions This study highlights the potential benefits of using RS to measure tropical forest biodiversity, as well as its limitations. We did not find direct correlations between diversity indices based on field and RS data. However, RS-derived BC shows potential for the identification of a gradient of regeneration in abandoned cacao agroforests, as there is clear compositional dissimilarity between active cacao agroforests and secondary forests at different stages of succession. Combining accurate but laborious field data with remote sensing methods allows us to scale up our results. With RS we can extrapolate field data to assess landscape-level patterns of biodiversity and forest regeneration. RS-based indices may allow us to explore aspects of biodiversity and forest cover change that are complementary to field studies in areas that would be otherwise inaccessible.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank  Nicholas Manchouck ,  James Josaphat ,  Keshan Mahabir ,  Aidan Farrell ,  Ada Fontrodona Eslava ,  Linton Arneaud ,  Vicki Balfour , and  Shane Ballah  for their fieldwork assistance. We further thank  Shane Ballah ,  Mike Oatham ,  Linton Arneaud ,  Yasmin Baksh-Comeau , and the technicians at  The National Herbarium of Trinidad and Tobago  for confirming plant identifications. Lastly, we thank all the landowners and local residents who provided historical information and allowed us to conduct surveys on their property. H. Arnold acknowledges support from the  University of St Andrews  through the  Harold Mitchell bequest. J. -B. Féret  and  E. Chraïbi  acknowledge financial support from  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France)  ( BioCop  project -ANR-17-CE32-0001 ) and  TOSCA program  grant of the  French Space Agency (CNES)  (Hy-perTropik/ HyperBIO  project).
AAOD (the absorption aerosol optical depth) is the corresponding equivalent for the absorptive power of an aerosol column and tends to be small relative to AOD (ca. 5 %-10 % of AOD). Both AOD (dominated by scattering) and AAOD (absorption) are of particular relevance for aerosol forcing assessments (e. g. Bond et al. , 2013). Remote sensing of these parameters by sun photometers, for instance, within the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET;  Holben et al. , 1998) , or via satellite-borne instruments has provided an enormous observational database to compare with model simulations. The AE describes the wavelength dependence of the light extinction due to aerosol and can be measured via remote sensing using AOD estimates at different wavelengths. AE depends on the aerosol species (and state of mixing), due to differences in the refractive indices and size domains (e.
, 2020). Kinne et al. (2006)  provided a first analysis of modelled column aerosol optical properties of 20 aerosol models participating in the initial AeroCom phase 1 (AP1) experiments. They found that, on a global scale, AOD values from different models compared well to each other and generally well to global annual averages from AERONET (model biases of the order of -20 % to +10 %). However, they also found considerable diversity in the aerosol speciation among the models, mainly related to differences in transport and water uptake. They concluded that this diversity in component contribution added (via differences in aerosol size and absorption) to uncertainties in associated aerosol direct radiative effects. Textor et al. (2006)  used the same model data as  Kinne et al. (2006)  and focused on the diversities in the modelling of the global aerosol, by establishing differences between modelled parameters related to the aerosol life cycle, such as emissions, lifetime, and column mass burden of individual aerosol species.
This study aims to provide this basic assessment and will also facilitate interpretation of other recent AeroCom phase III experiments. This study thus investigates modelled aerosol optical properties simulated by the most recent models participating in the AeroCom phase III 2019 control experiment (AeroCom wiki, 2020, in the following denoted AP3-CTRL) on a global scale. It makes use of the increasing amount of observational data which have become available during the past 2 decades. We extend the assessment by  Kinne et al. (2006)  and use ground-and space-based observations of the columnar variables of total, fine, and coarse AOD and AE and, for the first time, surface in situ measurements of scattering and absorption coefficients, primarily from surface observatories contributing to Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW), obtained from the World Data Centre for Aerosols (GAW-WDCA) archive.
This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 introduces the observation platforms, parameters, and models used, followed by a discussion of the analysis details for the model evaluation (e. g. statistical metrics, re-gridding, and co-location). The results are split into two sections. Section 3 provides an inter-model overview of the diversity in globally averaged emissions, lifetimes, and burdens, as well as mass extinction and mass absorption coefficients (MECs, MACs) and optical depths (ODs) for each model and aerosol species 1. This is followed by a discussion of the diversity of simulated aerosol optical properties (AOD, AE, scattering and absorption coefficients) in the context of the speciesspecific aerosol parameters (e. g. lifetime, burden) from each model. Section 4 presents and discusses the results from the comparison of modelled optical properties with the different observational data sets.