dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (grants  21938010 ,  51903218 ,  21420102008 ,  21536011 , and  2197080461 ),  Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China  under Grant No. LR20B060002 , the  Chinese State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering at Zhejiang University  (grants SKLChE -19D02  and  SKL-ChE-19T03 ),  Institute of Zhejiang University -Quzhou  ( IZQ2019-KJ-010 ,  IZQ2019-KJ-015 ), the  National Key Research and Development Program of China  (grant  2016YFC0206003 ),  China Postdoctoral Science Foundation  (Grant No. 2019M652085 ), and the  Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang  ( 2019R01006 ). The authors thank  Mrs. Na Zheng ,  Mrs. Sudan Shen , and  Mrs. Qun Pu  for their assistance in performing FESEM, TEM, and surface area analyses at the  State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering at Zhejiang University.
Packing in the Solution State Solutions were prepared of all analogs in 100% D 2 O at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were collected for exemplar solutions of 2NapFF, 2dNapFF, and 2NapdFdF (Figure  2 ). In all cases, long anisotropic structures were imaged. Image analysis showed that the diameters of these structures were similar in all cases (6. 87 G 1. 15, 5. 85 G 0. 84, and 6. 51 G 1. 09 nm, respectively). In addition, solutions of all five of these samples have similar viscosities (Figure  S1 , Supplemental Information), implying similar underlying structures. We collected both SAXS and SANS data for the solutions. For SANS, it is usual to use D 2 O as the solvent to maximize excess scattering of the hydrogenated structures. For direct comparison, SAXS was also carried out in D 2 O on identical samples (Figure  3 ).
This again shows that deuteration does not affect the aggregation. However, the SANS data are more complex. What is clear, however, is that there is not welldefined packing. Instead, each gel can be best fit to an elliptical cylinder without clear contrast differences where the deuterated segments are packed, as we found above for the solution phase. Hence, these data imply that there is no well-defined packing in the gel phase. This might be initially surprising considering the (often implicit) assumption that such gels have a high degree of order. To demonstrate that this method is not only viable for 2NapFF, we have also prepared samples of other gelators: 1ThNapFF (Figure  7A ) and 2NapVG (Figure  7C ). These were selectively deuterated, and SAXS and contrast-matching SANS were performed as described for 2NapFF.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS D. J. A. thanks the  EPSRC for a Fellowship  ( EP/L021978/1 ), which also funded K. M. and B. D. E. R. D. thanks the  Leverhulme Trust  for funding ( ECF-2017-223 ) and the  University of Glasgow  for an  LKAS Leadership Fellowship. The Ganesha X-ray scattering apparatus used for this research was purchased under  EPSRC  Grant ''Atoms to Applications'' ( EP/K035746/1 ). The experiment at the  Institut Laue-Langevin  was allocated beam time under experiment numbers 9-11-1879 (https://doi. org/10. 5291/ILL-DATA. 9-11-1879 ),9-11-1907 (https://doi. org/10. 5291/ILL-DATA. 9-11-1907 ),and  9-10-1304. We thank  Beatrice Cattoz  ( University of Greenwich ) for experimental assistance with experiment 9-10-1304. This work benefitted from the SasView software, originally developed by the  DANSE  project under  NSF  award  DMR-0520547.
II. RESULTS A. Resistivity of doped strontium titanate from 2 K to 900 K Fig. 1 (a) shows the temperature dependence of resistivity for six niobium doped samples with carrier concentrations ranging from 1. 4 ×10 18 to 3. 5 ×10 20 cm -3. Our data below 300 K is in agreement with previous old  [45] [46] [47]  and recent  [9, 32, 33, 36, 48]  studies of charge transport in this system (see ref. [10]  for a review). Let us note that reproducible measurements at high temperatures are challenging, because of the possible variation in the number of oxygen vacancies with increasing temperature. Our measurements were performed in presence of adequate air pressure. Frederikse and Hosler  [46]  checked that the Hall number, n H of Nb-doped strontium titanate remains temperature-independent up to 1000 K.
A. Mass amplification and its implications We saw that our Seebeck data points to a temperaturedependent effective mass. How solid is this conclusion? Can one explain the excess of entropy by a strong energy dependence of the scattering? The answer appears to be negative. Such a route would require an implausibly large r in Eq. 4 as discussed in the supplementary (see Section IV of [77]). There is no independent way to quantify r and ensure that it does not evolve at all with temperature and doping. However, two independent experimental observations establish that r is well below unity and does not evolve with doping. The first is the fact that the Seebeck coefficient at a given temperature is linear in ln(n), which would have not been the case if r depended on carrier concentration. The second is the fact that above 100 K, mobility at a given temperature shows little or no change with carrier concentration over a very wide window.
One extremity of the sample is glued with silver paint to a copper block that act as a thermal drain, the temperature gradient is applied via a RuO 2 resistor and the thermal gradient is measured thanks to two type-E thermocouples. The thermal gradient was kept below 10% of the average temperature of the sample. Electrical resistivity (up to 900 K) and the Seebeck coefficient (up to 800 K) were both measured with a custom-made probe using a 50W Watlow heater. Sample temperature and thermal gradient were monitored by Pt-100 thermometers directly glued on the sample with 6038 Dupont silver paste. To avoid any additional doping through oxygen reduction, measurements were performed under a rough vacuum of about 10 -2 mbar, well below what would dope pristine samples. No hysteresis was found upon heating and cooling the sample The data found in the low-temperature and high-temperature sweeps were found to overlap with a reasonable multiplicative factor of the order of 10% due to a difference in the geometrical factor between the two setups.
e. using the Fermi Dirac distribution for electrons at all temperatures) and the Pisarenko approximation is shown in figure S3. Above the Fermi temperature, the error on S becomes negligible. In the main text, we assumed that r = 0. 5 in Eq. 4 for any temperature and doping. Let us see what would happen if one assumes that the effective mass remained constant and the evolution of the Seebeck coefficient was driven by variation of r. Fig. S4 (a) shows r = e k B |S| -2 + ln (nλ 3 dB /2) as a function of temperature, assuming that the effective mass is constant and equal to m = 3. 8. One can see that that in that case, the Seebeck data would imply a large and variable r, much larger than unity. However, this is implausible, because it would imply a mean-free-path with a superlinear energy dependence.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  S. Fratini ,  A. Georges ,  S. A. Hartnoll ,  J. Hemberger ,  H. Kang ,  S. A. Kivelson ,  X. Lin ,  T. Lorenz ,  D. Maslov ,  A. Millis ,  J. Mravlje ,  C. W. Rischau  and  J. Ruhman  for stimulating discussions. We thank  M. Delbecq  for his help in the early days of this project. This work is supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-18-CE92-0020-01 ) and by  Jeunes Equipes de l Institut de Physique du Collège de France.
, 1995). The nature of these sources makes them predominantly organic. The RVORW samples studied in this investigation are highly loaded suspended solids with mean values ranged from 256 to 1116 mg⋅L -1 and a very high turbidity ranged between 1400 and 10150 NTU with mean value of about 3730 NTU. The obtained results were compared with other studies and showed some similarities  (Aslan et al. , 2009 ; Ben-Sasson et al. , 2013). According to the data from Table  1 , residual Oil released from the refining process is the main responsible of the organic load, this latter was ranged from 1430 mg⋅L -1 and 3750 mg⋅L -1 with mean value of about 2420 mg⋅L -1. Additionally, heavy metals (not mentioned in the table 1) (cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), plumb (Pb), and thallium (Tl)) were detected as trace metals in RVORW samples.
Characterization All the samples were powdered before characterization. Their crystalline structure was checked by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis using an X'pert-Pro diffractometer (Panalytical, Almelo, Netherlands), operating within the Bragg-Brentano θ-θ reflexion geometry, and equipped with a cobalt X-ray tube operating at 40 kV and 40 mA. The peaks indexing were performed with the program McMaille (version 3. 02, Le Mans, France)  [44]. The cell parameter and the size of the coherent diffraction domain were determined with MAUD software (version 2. 55, Trento, Italy)  [45]  which is based on the Rietveld method combined with Fourier analysis, well adapted for broadened diffraction peaks. Polycrystalline strain free LaB 6 certified by the National Institute of Standards was used as standard to quantify the instrumental broadening contribution.
Finally, their detailed microstructural analysis was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a JEM 2010 UHR microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan), operating at 200 kV. In practice, small amounts of powdered nickel and nickel hydride were dispersed under ultrasonication in ethanol for a couple of minutes. A drop of each suspension was deposited on a 3 mm sized carbon coated copper TEM grids (EMS) and then dried in air. The images were collected with a 4008 × 2672 pixel CCD Gatan Orius SC1000 camera (AMETEK, Berwyn, IL, USA) and ImageJ software (2. 0. 0-rc-59, USA) was used to analyze them.
The following are available online at http://www. mdpi. com/2079-4991/10/1/136/s1. Author Contributions: This work is conceived by S. A. -M. and M. R. , prepared by S. H. -K. The X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out by S. H. -K. and S. N. The microstructural analyses were made by S. H. -K. and P. B. The cold plasma hydrogen implantation were performed by S. H. -K. and M. R. and discussed by S. H. -K. , M. R. , P. D. R. and S. A. -M. , experiments and analyzes of molecular hydrogenation carried out using S. H. -K. and P. D. R. The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by French Ministry of Research and National Centre for Scientific Research. ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) and CGI (Commissariat à l'Investissement d'Avenir) are gratefully acknowledged for their financial support of this work through the grant number [LABEX SEAM ANR 11 LABX 086].
Deposition of coatings and thennal cwing The deposition process was carried out with a dip coater to obtain single and multiple silica layers. Ce sol was infiltrated in the porous anodized layer by dip coating depositing a Ce coating at 25 cm/min. G1L sols were deposited on bare and anodized substrates as well as on previously Ce infiltrated anodized substrates, at room temperature at a withdrawal rate of 25 cm/min. Table  1  summarizes the different coating systems prepared. The coatings were sintered at 120 •c for 1 h. For double G11. 2 coatings, an intermediary step was applied using a hot air gun at 80 •c11 min followed by sintering at 120 •c. The thickness was measured on coated glass slides by Spectroscopie Ellipsometer (J. A. Woollam Co. , Inc. , EC 400, M 2000U Software: WVASE32). The spectral band was reoorded from 250 nm to 900 nm at incident angles between scr and 60• fitting the data with WVASE32 software with a Cauchy mode1 Table  1  presents the description and labelling of ail the studied systems.
STEM-EELS Scanning transmission electron microscopy has been performed using a Cs corrected Nion USTEM microscope. The operating voltage is 100 keV in order to limit the beam damage. The electron energy loss spectra were acquired using a modified Gatan spectrometer. The EELS aberrations are corrected up to the third order, resulting in an overall energy resolution of 300-400 meV at the coreloss. The overall stability of the system allows an energy shift of ∼10 meV to be measured over several minutes. A back-illuminated electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD) camera is used as a final EELS detector, allowing a high electron sensitivity. The amount of Ti 3+ near the interfaces has been quantified by fitting the EELS data with reference spectra. For Ti 4+ , this comes from the SrTiO 3 substrate. For Ti 3+ , experimental LaTiO 3 , DyTiO 3 , or a computed Ti 3+ spectra in Oh symmetry  25  have been used.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge financial support for STEM microscopy from the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  under Grant Agreement No. 312483-ESTEEM2  ( Integrated Infrastructure Initiative-I3 ). This work was supported by the  Swiss National Science Foundation (Division II)  and the  Institut Universitaire de France  and received funding from the  European Research Council  under the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant  Agreement No. 319286  (Q-MAC). M. C. acknowledges funding from the  Swiss National Science Foundation  under Grant No. 200021-165529.
g. tissue, water or sediment). In contrast, the TD-GC/MS method provided more relevant values with lower contamination; results are presented in Figure  S3  and the corresponding raw data are given in Table  S2. After blank correction (i. e. samples were adjusted by substracting the contribution from the blank control), phthalate concentrations reached 79 and 73 mg g À1 for new and aged spat collectors, respectively, and, 252 and 78 mg. g-1 for new and aged synthetic ropes, respectively. Screening was also performed for PCBs, pesticides and PBDEs and no compounds of these three families were detected in spat collectors and synthetic ropes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank  Lumiphore, Inc. for the gift of Lumi4 reagents. This work was partially funded by the  European Commission (Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, Individual Fellowship of Laura Francés-Soriano) , the  French National Research Agency (ANR projects "PhenX" and "Neutrinos" and Labex "SynOrg") , the  Région Normandie  ( Chaire d'Excellence  " COBRA-FRET "), the  Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , the  Swedish Research Council , and the  Swedish Cancer Foundation.
Carbon-membrane coated copper grids were ionized to make them positively charged to favor electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged FONs. A drop of undiluted FONs was deposited on such grids for 1 min, dried, contrasted with a drop of uranyl-acetate for 3 min and left to dry prior to imaging. Values reported in Table  1  are median values of the size distributions determined in a semi-automated analysis using an in-house Matlab script. Hydrodynamic diameters were determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) on a Zetasizer Nano SZ-100Z Horiba instrument operating at 173°. Analyses were performed using the software supplied by the manufacturer using the "Nano" measurement mode. Values reported in Table  1  are the peak values (mode) of number based size distributions. Zeta-potential measurements and analyses were performed on the same SZ-100Z Horiba instrument.
Single particle tracking FONs suspensions were diluted a hundred times in mQ water or in PBS supplemented with 10% FBS. A coverslip was placed over the sample in the Ludin chamber so as to seal off a small volume of liquid. A drop of water was then added on top of the upper coverslip, allowing the objective to immerse in water without disturbing the sample. The 2D projection of 3D FON movements were recorded and then analyzed using the Fiji (ImageJ) Mosaic plugin  16  with the following parameters: Radius: 4, Cutoff: 0. 001, Per/Abs: adjusted according to the signal to noise ratio of each video (typically between 0,05 and 0. 25), Link Range: 3, Displacement: 3, Dynamics: Brownian. Output trajectories were exported and further analyzed with an in-house Matlab script deriving the 2D diffusion coefficient D.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreements n°  841379  to M. R. and n°793296 to C. P. The work was performed in the frame of the " DynHippo" project  ( ANR-15-CE16-0004 ) and was supported by the  LAPHIA Cluster of Excellence. Transmission electron microscopy was done in the  Bordeaux Imaging Center , a service unit of the  CNRS-INSERM and Bordeaux University , member of the national infrastructure  France Bioimaging  supported by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-10-INBS-04 ).
In a recent paper by Li et al. ,  7  the passive films on Al and Al 2 CuMg were analysed. AES data show that the passive layer on Al is thicker than on Al 2 CuMg. The authors modelled with DFT several surfaces, namely Al(100), Al(111), Al(101), Al 2 CuMg(101) and Al 2 CuMg(001). According to the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the average charge transfers and adsorption energies of the adsorbates (O 2 /OH/H 2 O) on the Al surfaces are larger than those on the Al 2 CuMg surfaces, meaning that O 2 and H 2 O preferably dissociate and adsorb on the Al surfaces. Moreover, the electronic interactions between the adsorbates and Al surfaces are stronger. The authors conclude that this is the reason why the growth rate of the passive film on the Al 2 CuMg particle is slower. Adsorption of water and Cl on Al 2 Cu (001) surface was investigated.
Calculation Details All calculations were performed using the periodic density functional theory (DFT) method based on the generalized gradient approximation (GGA),  34  employing the Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof (PBE)  35  exchange-correlation functional as implemented in the plane-wave program Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP). 36 The projector-augmented wave (PAW) potentials  37, 38  were used for the core electron representation with a PAW core radius of 1. 52 Å for oxygen. For the bulk materials, the simulation supercells contained 4 atoms for Al and Cu, 6 atoms for θ-Al 2 Cu and 40 atoms for γ-Al 2 O 3. The model of γ-Al 2 O 3 was taken from the studies of Digne et al. 39  A converged K-points mesh of (6 × 6 × 6) was used for bulk Al, Cu and θ-Al 2 Cu and (4 × 4 × 4) for Al 2 O 3.
For the analysis of PE and PP particles on the filters, the Fourier transform infrared microscopy system (μFT-IR; Spotlight 200i FT-IR microscopy system, PerkinElmer ® ) was used in reflection mode. The entire surface of the filter was observed and each identified particle was examined individually. A number of 8 accumulations ranging from 600 to 4000 cmˉ¹ were selected to record each spectrum which was then compared to the polymer database (PerkinElmer Polymer database) to validate the type of plastic.
Antioxidant enzyme gene expression Total RNA was extracted from the frozen powder of gills and digestive gland with TRI Reagent following the manufacturer's instructions. Determination of RNA concentrations and integrity plus reverse transcription were conducted as previously described  (Revel et al. , 2019). The levels of SOD, CAT, GST and GPx transcripts were then measured by real-time PCR using two reference genes: Elongation Factor 1 alpha (EF1α) and GAPDH. The software Primer 3V 4. 0. 0 was used to design the specific primers  (Untergasser et al. , 2012)  and the PCR efficiency (E) was determined for each primer and each organ on serial dilutions of a pool sample containing cDNA from all experimental conditions and was comprised between 95% < E < 104%. Genbank accession numbers, primers sequences and efficiency are in Supplementary Material 2.
Statistical analysis The normality of the data was evaluated using a Shapiro-Wilk test and the homogeneity of the variances was verified with the Levene's test. The means of the different conditions were then compared with a 1-factor ANOVA test and if significant the Tukey's test was applied. Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by multiple comparisons were used instead of the ANOVA when the conditions of application were not verified and for the tissue alterations (expressed by ordinal values). For determination of reproductive status, the proportions of the different gametogenesis stages between experimental conditions were analysed using a Chisquare test. The statistical analyses were processed with software R (R. 3. 3. 1) or Statistica 6. 0.
Physiological impact During the exposure period, 10% of mortality was measured. Mean CI of oysters was not significantly modified between organisms from T0 (16. 7 ± 3) and the control at T10 (16. 6 ± 1. 5) and between the control and other exposure concentrations (0. 008 µg/L: 14. 7 ± 1. 3, 10 µg/L: 15. 2 ± 1. 3 and 100 µg/ L: 16. 3 ± 2. 3) at T10. CI values were close to previously published data on C. gigas for good physiological conditions  (Seguin et al. , 2016). MPs did not induce any significant modification of the CR of oysters either during the exposure or the depuration period (Fig. 1 ). Comparing these results to literature is tricky as in previous studies (e. g. Wegner et al. 2012; Xu et al. , 2016; Sussarellu et al. , 2016; Oliveira et al. , 2018)  experimental conditions differ in MP particle nature, size, shape and/or concentration, all variables known to especially affect particle capture and selection by suspension-feeding bivalves (see the review by  Ward and Shumway, 2004).
In this work, electron energy spectra and absorbed dose ratios in the immediate vicinity (nanometer ranges) and at larger distances (micrometer ranges) from GNPs, were simulated and compared by using different MC codes, namely Geant4/Geant4-DNA, TOPAS/TOPAS-nBio, PENELOPE, PARTRAC, NASIC, MDM and MCNP6. The exercise was performed by different research groups involved in the EURADOS network and other MC simulation labs from the USA and China by applying a simple geometry, where one single GNP was irradiated by pre-defined X-ray spectra. This is a study, which compares the results of different Monte Carlo codes, in order to assess which MC code is more accurate, a comparison to experimental measurements would be required.
The associated atomic cross section is proportional to Z. Electron-positron pair production happens for photon energy larger than 1. 022 MeV and its cross section is proportional to Z 2. Calculated cross sections for the processes in liquid water and gold are available from the database of NIST/XCOM  [43]  for use in combination with other database for quantifying the energy deposition in the investigated materials. Fig. 1  shows (a) the total mass attenuation coefficient of interactions of photons with liquid water and gold and (b) the ratio of the mass absorption coefficients of gold and liquid water. The ratio in Fig. 1 (b ) was calculated based on the interpolated cross sections retrieved from NIST/XCOM. The dose enhancement around high-Z nanoparticles results from two main physical processes: photoelectrons emitted by photoelectric absorption of atoms in the high-Z nanoparticles and Auger electrons produced by the ensuing atomic de-excitation processes.
The emission of Auger electrons is dominated by outer shells, e. g. M-and N-shell for gold, with a total probability of 98. 5%  [3]  (data from ENDF database explorer: https://www-nds. iaea. org/exfor/). These Auger electrons have mostly low energies in the order of a few hundred eV. For the M shell, about 33% of Auger electrons have energies between 100 eV and 200 eV and about 33% have higher energies, about 10% have energies in excess of 8 keV  [3, 45]. These Auger electrons deposit their energies in the immediate vicinity of the GNP and contribute mostly to the dose enhancement effect. Around the surface of smaller GNPs, the emission of multiple lowenergy Auger electrons may result in a highly charged nanoparticle. Such a positively charged nanoparticle is highly reactive and may extract electrons from neighboring water and other biomolecules.