dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments We would like to thank all of the members of the GAZEL cohort for their participation in this study. Financial support was obtained from the  French Ministry of Research and Innovation  for the  POPGEN  project from the  French Medical Genomics Plan. Administrative  and regulatory support was provided by  Inserm. The extraction and WGS sequencing of blood samples was supported by the  Laboratory of Excellence GENMED (Medical Genomics)  grant no. ANR-10-LABX-0013  managed by the  National Research Agency (ANR)  part of the  Investment for the Future program. The whole genome sequencing of saliva samples was supported by the  CNRGH, CEA. We also thank the  CEPH-Biobank team  for their involvement in DNA extractions for the GAZEL cohort and the CNRGH teams for their involvement in DNA whole-genome sequencing.
Data Availability The complete WGS data generated in this study will be submitted to the French Centralized Data Center of the France Medicine Genomic Plan that is under construction. A synthetic dataset has been generated that allows the replication of our principal results but without a full disclosure of individual level sequencing data. This dataset is currently available on our website http://lysine. univbrest. fr/~aherzig/BloodSaliva/; read counts and relative abundances for the microbiome profiling analyses are similarly available at the same location.
Three-dimensional printing (3DP), a novel and innovative technology used to manufacture complex objects, is well suited to addressing these shortages  [4, [6] [7] [8] [9]. 3DP is an essential technique in all specialties of medicine  [10, 11] , as well as for the manufacture of PPE  [12] [13] [14] [15]. Tino described the potential of 3DP in the current outbreak  [9] , but no article that enables assessment of the impact, need, and solutions to increase access to 3DP based on precise nationwide data has been published. We assessed the medical role of 3DP during the COVID-19 outbreak in French hospitals.
• The mode of introduction of 3DP (investment or donation). • The date of introduction of 3DP. • The benefits of 3DP, evaluated by estimating the number of patients and caregivers for whom 3DP was used. • The subjective opinion of users of the role of 3DP in this epidemic (major, moderate, or minor) and their intention to reuse 3DP if the situation were to recur. • Media coverage of use of 3DP, evaluated by the number of press articles. We excluded centers that did not respond and those that did not care for COVID-19 patients. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel software.
The objective of this article was, therefore, to identify and discuss the evidence regarding the twoway relationship between PD and SLE. The present review was conducted through the PubMed/MEDLINE database, searching for articles written in English and published from 1990 to 2020. The keywords were searched in MeSh (Medical Subject Headings), and the terms used to target peer-reviewed articles were: (systematic lupus erythematosus) AND ((periodontitis) OR (periodontal disease)).
Case ascertainment All study participants were followed by annual telephone surveys or home visits to collect information about deaths and incident cancers. Provincial cancer and death registry databases were also reviewed monthly to identify cancer cases and deaths. When a cancer case or death was reported, trained staff visited the participant's home and the medical center where any diagnostic or therapeutic procedures were performed. All available clinical or pathology reports and hospital records were collected. In the case of death, a validated verbal autopsy was also performed, where a family member or a primary caregiver of the deceased participant were interviewed by a trained general practitioner to obtain information about the cause of death  (33). Cancer cases and deaths were independently verified by two physicians based on all available documents, and the date of outcome occurrence and the outcome code [according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10)] were determined by each physician.
Statistical analysis Nine subjects missing oral health variables and 50 subjects with other missing covariates were excluded, leaving a total of 49,979 participants in the analysis. Because tooth loss and DMFT tend to be strongly correlated with age and sex, we used a loess model to calculate the age-and sex-specific predicted number of teeth lost and DMFT score  (16, 34, 35). To do this, a loess model was fit to estimate predicted (defined as the median) number of lost teeth or DMFT score at each integer year of age using data stratified by sex. The difference between the actual and predicted number of lost teeth/DMFT score was calculated for each participant. Those with a difference less than or equal to 0 were categorized into one group, while the remaining subjects with excessive tooth loss or DMFT were categorized into quartiles.
Acknowledgments The  Golestan Cohort Study  was supported by  Tehran University of Medical Sciences  (grant no:  81/15 ),  Cancer Research UK  (grant no:  C20/ A5860 ), the  Intramural Research Program  of the  NCI ,  NIH , and various collaborative research agreements with  IARC. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U. S. C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been identified as a risk factor for poor oral health, however, a limited number of oral health and T2D characteristics have been studied so far. We sought to assess T2D status, age at diagnosis, duration since diagnosis and treatment in relation to a variety of oral diseases. Methods: Cross-sectional data were analyzed from the E3N (Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de l'Education Nationale) cohort study which enrolled 60,590 women. Participants self-reported oral health status, and T2D cases were identified using diabetes-specific questionnaires and drug reimbursement insurance databases. Multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs were estimated using logistic regression models.
Cohort and study population for analysis Women included in the present study are from the E3N cohort, a large ongoing French prospective cohort study, set up in 1990. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethical approval from the French National Commission for Computerized Data and Individuals (CNIL); all participants gave written informed consent. The detailed protocol has been described elsewhere  [20]  and registered at clinicaltrials. gov as NCT03285230. Briefly, 98,995 women born between 1925 and 1950 were selected from the French national health insurance plan for teachers and coworkers, the Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale. Data were collected at inclusion and every 2 years by self-administered questionnaires. Information recorded included health conditions, lifestyle, diet, treatments, etc.
Furthermore, all outpatient reimbursements for health expenditure since January 1, 2004; of each participant were determined through a health insurance plan. These data included brand names, doses, and dates of drug reimbursements. The average response rate to a follow-up questionnaire is 83%, with a total loss to follow-up between 1990 and 2011 (date of wave 10 questionnaire which had items on oral health) was below 3%. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of the E3N 10th wave questionnaire where 70,592 women completed information on oral health. From this sample, we further excluded all participants with missing data on one or more oral health items (n = 9152) and all incident type 2 diabetes cases that occurred after December 07, 2011, date of the 10th wave questionnaire return (n = 852).
Ascertainment of type 2 diabetes and its characteristics The detailed procedure has been described in detail elsewhere  [21]. Subsequently, a diabetes-specific questionnaire was sent to all potential cases identified through follow-up questionnaires. In order to be considered as validated, a potential case must have reported at least one of the following (1) fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7. 0 mmol/l or random glucose ≥ 11. 1 mmol/l at diagnosis; (2) use of a glucose-lowering medication; (3) values of fasting glucose or HbA1c concentrations ≥ 7. 0 mmol/l or ≥ 7%, in the diabetes-specific questionnaire. After 2004, cases identification was based on the drug reimbursement insurance database. All women with at least two reimbursements for any glucose-lowering medications during 1 year were considered to have validated diabetes, with the date of diagnosis defined as the date of first reimbursement.
Daily brushing of teeth (wave 10) was considered in four categories (less than once, one, two, and three or more). Missing values were < 5% for all variables and therefore were imputed by the median and mode for quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively. We use simple imputation as we have empirically shown that results were most often unchanged when using more complex imputation techniques such as multiple imputation when analyzing E3N data  [21]. There are few missing data for covariables, overall that the imputation technique does not have any impact on the results.
Fourth, not all covariables were obtained from the 10th wave questionnaire. However, availability of data at E3N cohort study recruitment and over the follow-up allowed us to incorporate measurement of the closest wave. Fifth, we could not include all the population because of the missing data on one or more oral health items, however, the 60,590 women included did not differ from the 9152 others in terms of age, sociodemographic characteristics, and risk factors. Seventhly, our study population was exclusively composed of women; however, this limitation should have been minor because no difference in biological mechanisms has been reported between men and women regarding the influence of diabetes and its characteristics on oral health. Finally, our results are not directly generalizable to the French population because the E3N cohort is composed of women who were affiliated to the French national health insurance plan for teachers, the Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale.
Funding This work was supported by a grant for the Nutriperso Project (IDEX Paris Saclay). This research was carried out using data from Inserm's E3N cohort with the support of the MGEN, the Institut GUSTAVE ROUSSY and the Ligue contre le Cancer for the constitution and maintenance of the E3N cohort. This work has also benefited from State aid managed by the National Research Agency under the program "Investissement d'avenir" under the reference ANR-10-COHO-0006 as well as a subsidy from the "Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur, de la recherche et de l'innovation" for public service charges under the reference n°2102 918823. Guy Fagherazzi is supported by the Luxembourg Institute of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, writing the manuscript, decision to publish, or preparation of manuscript.
Morphometric analysis of periodontal alveolar bone loss overnight and then stained with 1% methylene blue. Digital images of both buccal and lingual/palatal root surfaces of all molar teeth were captured under a stereo dissecting microscope (SMZ1000, Nikon) at the magni cation shown in the images, then the line tool of Image J software (NIH Image) was used to measure the alveolar bone loss from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to alveolar bone crest (ABC). For bone loss measurements, the distance between CEJ and ABC were measured from a total of 28 sites on the buccal and lingual/palatal surfaces of the molars (3 sites on the rst molar, 2 sites on the second molar, and another 2 sites on the third molar)  [12, 84, 85]. Two blinded examiners (experienced periodontists) performed all measurements twice at separate times.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; Mm99999915_g1) was used as a housekeeping gene to normalize the amount of mRNA present in each reaction. PCR was performed in 20 μl reaction mixtures containing the TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix, cDNA template (20 ng/well), primers, and probes using a QuantStudio 3 Real Time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scienti c). The optimized thermal cycling conditions were as follows: 20 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles per 1 min at 95°C, and 20 min at 60°C. To compare the expression levels among different samples, the relative expression level of the genes was calculated by the comparative CT (ΔΔCT) method using QuantStudioTM Design & Analysis Software.
Lastly, samples were incubated with 200 μl of Buffer AE in the spin column, which was placed in a clean 1. 5 ml microcentrifuge tube at room temperature for 5 min, then DNA were eluted by centrifugation at 6000 x g for 1 min. The purity and quantity of the DNA were evaluated using the NanoDrop™ OneC Microvolume UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scienti c), which met quality control measures for subsequent shotgun sequencing analysis. Metagenome shotgun sequencing and microbiome data production and analyses Shotgun metagenomic sequencing library preparation was performed by Novogen, Inc. The libraries were prepared according to a standard protocol from Illumina, and at least 1 Gb of 150 bp pair-end reads per sample were sequenced on the Illumina Hiseq4000 machines. FASTQ les were generated from the sequencing machines and used for the analyses of the bacteriome/microbiome and virome as described below.
Taxonomy annotation The following taxonomy annotation scheme was used. We aligned unigenes to the NCBI nonredundant database with DIAMOND to taxonomically annotate each metagenomic homolog (MEGAN). According to the abundance table of each taxonomic level, various analyses were performed using custom scripts by R and Python. Statistical analysis SPSS 21. 0 statistical software (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis of the non-sequencing data. Student's t-test was used to compare two independent groups. For comparison of intrabony defects, data were expressed as frequency and percentage, and a chi-square test was used for analysis. Further, analyses of the PCR data from the oral swabs and quanti cation of in ammatory cells were performed using an ANOVA followed by a Tukey's test.
Data were presented as means ± standard deviations (SD). Values of p < 0. 05 were considered signi cant. For the microbiome/virome analyses, we normalized the data to have 1 million reads per sample (reads per million, RPM). We ltered out taxa with average read counts less than 1 RPM. We removed 5 samples, namely Infection 1, Infection 6, Non-nisin L. lactis + Infection 4, Non-nisin L. lactis + Infection 6 and Nisin + Infection 3, that have low sequencing coverage. We used the Shannon diversity index to quantify bacterial and viral diversity across different groups. In order to compare the difference of bacterial contents, viral contents, and Shannon diversities between different groups, we computed the p-values using a twosample t-test assuming equal variance of samples from the two groups.
Data Extraction from the Included Relevant Studies and Classification of Publications According to the GRADE Process and Summarizing of the Results For each publication in each level of evidence and category (nutrition-PDs, nutrition-CDs or PDs-other CDs), the size of the study population, the study design, objectives, results and conclusions obtained were analyzed and coded using the GRADE process. The GRADE process was used to assess the quality of the studies  [19, 20]. The publications were graded independently by two assessors using the following levels: -High: The true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect; -Moderate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different; -Low: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect; -Very low: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect.
The samples were examined at different zones in the processed area. IR spectra of the β-TCP discs before and after laser treatment were obtained using FTIR spectrophotometer (IR Affinity-1, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with resolution of 4 cm -1 , in order to gain information about chemical bond changes and the phase transformations in the samples. The measurements were taken in transmittance mode in the range 4000-500 cm -1. XRD analysis was performed using a PANalytical-Empyrean system (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK) equipped with a Cu tube and a PIXcel 3D detector. Software High Score Plus (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK) was used to analyse the obtained X-ray diffraction data of the β-TCP discs' surface after laser treatment. The experimental conditions were as follows: 40 kV, 40 mA, exposition 100 s, and step 0.
Live/dead staining with calcein-AM/propidium iodide was performed on day 7 of culture to evaluate cell viability and cell morphology. After rinsing the samples, the supernatant was replaced with 500 µL PBS supplemented with 1 µL (1 mg/mL) calcein-AM (Anaspec, Fremont, CA, USA) and 1 µL (1 mg/mL) propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich; P4170). After 10 min incubation in the dark at room temperature, the samples were evaluated with the Zeiss Zen software by an AxioCam (ICc 1) camera mounted on a fluorescence microscope (AxioVert A1, Zeiss, Jena, Germany).
Detailed images without the red filter show the clear cell elongation (Figure  9 ). An Alamar Blue Assay was performed on days 1, 4, and 6 to evaluate cell proliferation. Cells showed a limited proliferation in the function of time. Moreover, for some samples (β-TCP S5 and ATZ 6), there is a decrease in proliferation. In general, cell proliferation was the highest on the B-TCP S11 and ATZ 5 samples. This was also confirmed by live/dead assay (Figures  9  and 10 ), where more viable cells were seen on both samples. However, the tests performed with Alamar Blue Assay did not show the highest signals for cell proliferation, but there is a sign showing different sensitivity in close relation to the type of patterning performed. These data suggest that, by depositing large amounts of energy into the sample, either by increasing the laser fluence and keeping the least number of applied laser pulses, or by lowering the scanning velocity, we monitor the decrease of cell viability.
The above results conrm the biocompatibility of all prepared nanocomposites. They also demonstrate the stimulating effect of these nano-composites on MG-63 cells when applied at a low concentration range of 2-10 mg ml À1. The above results are in agreement with previous reports that dealt with the enhancement in the cellular proliferation percentage upon treatment with BG, AuNPs and AgNPs. 34, 35 ârza et al. reported that BG has the ability to promote the growth of granulation tissue. In addition, AuNPs accelerated the Fig. 7  Cell viability determined using MTT assay after treatment of MG-63 cell line with serial concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg ml À1 ) of proposed treatments. Data were measured after 24 h. (*) means significant difference (P < 0. 05) compared to control, (#) means high significant difference (P < 0.
In each well, 10 ml of the MTT (5 mg ml À1 ) were added four hours before completion of the incubation period. At the end of the incubation period, 100 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were added per well to dissolve the formazan crystals. It was le for a duration of 20 min, aer which colour development was measured at 450 nm using a Bio-Tek microplate reader. 3. 3. 3 Statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS (version 25) with a population at (P < 0. 05) and (P < 0. 01) as compared to control. Kinetic studies were conducted in triplicates and linear regression was performed to predict the tting kinetic models and the relevant kinetic parameters (n ¼ 3). Three different cell proliferation replicates were performed (n ¼ 3).
Acknowledgements This work was nancially supported by the  Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF) , grant number  5024 , Egypt. In addition, the authors would like to acknowledge  Prof. Omaima M. Kandil ,  Supervisor of the Embryo and Genetic Resource Conservation Bank (EGRB)  in the  National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt , for performing the inverted microscope photos of Bare and treated MG-63 cell lines using the inverted microscope (Zeiss).
All experiments were conducted at 25 • C using a rotational rheometer MCR300 (Anton Paar). The parallel plate diameter used was 50 mm, and the gap between the plates was 0. 1 mm, corresponding to the thickness of a layer to print. Measurements were carried out in four steps: i/at a fixed shear rate of 2 s -1 for 3 min to stabilize the movement of the upper plate ii/followed by a ramp with an ascending shear rate up to 150 s -1 for 30 min iii/a dwell shear rate at 150 s -1 during 3 min, with 30 points of viscosity data collected, is then applied. This dwell enables to calculate the mean values of viscosity according to the mean shear rate iv/to finish the cycle, a descending shear rate ramp up to 2 s -1 is imposed.
There are limited data on the relationship of acute dental infections with hospitalisation and new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to assess the relationship between acute periapical abscess and incident AF. This was a retrospective cohort study from a French national database of patients hospitalized in 2013 (3. 4 million patients) with at least five years of follow up. In total, 3,056,291 adults (55. 1% female) required hospital admission in French hospitals in 2013 while not having a history of AF. Of 4693 patients classified as having dental periapical abscess, 435 (9. 27%) developed AF, compared to 326,241 (10. 69%) without dental periapical abscess that developed AF over a mean follow-up of 4. 8 ± 1. 7 years. Multivariable analysis indicated that dental periapical abscess acted as an independent predictor for new onset AF (p < 0.
7% of all emergency attendances are related to dental problems  [28] [29] [30]. Acute periapical abscess is more prevalent for people in disadvantaged groups and can have a significant impact causing sleepless nights, missed work and reduced quality of life  [31]. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the relationship of acute dental periapical abscess with new-onset AF in a nationwide cohort study. We tested the hypothesis that acute periapical abscess is associated with incident AF, in relation to risk strata (using the CHA 2 DS 2 VASc score) using data from the French national hospital database from the Program de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information (PMSI)  [32].
Study Design This was a retrospective longitudinal cohort study which covers the full population and admissions across 1546 hospitals in France. All patients in France are discharged using the PMSI database and categorised with codes relating to diagnosis and treatment, as in the US Medicare system  [33]. Patients are linked with unique identifiers for multiple ad-missions, ensuring the data remains anonymised. The inpatient International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes were captured and commonly used for gathering large amounts of data  [34]. The population for analysis was taken from French hospitals using the PMSI database, which included adults who were admitted from 01 January until 31 December 2013 and had at least five years of follow up, unless deceased. The Tenth Revision codes, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 codes) were used to identify primary and secondary diagnosis specified as infection inside and surrounding the root of the tooth and including hospital admission (dental periapical abscess K04.