dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
However, it is not the only effective one, as some players like Tencent demonstrate. Advertising is not the whole story when it comes to revenues, and new ways like virtual goods or freemium concepts are on the horizon. In the end, convenient e-commerce functionalities offered directly within a social media service-like Facebook's Buy Buttoncould be a condign revenue competitor to advertising. But regardless of the revenue source used, tracking the activities will be of utmost importance. Social media service providers should have this in mind, especially as "managing context in light of Big Data will be an ongoing challenge. " [16, p. 671].
Introduction This paper focuses on finding useful data representations for describing a subset of pixels on a 2D data grid (for an example see Fig. 1 ). The boundary of this subset is sharp, which means that pixels can take one of exactly two values: 0 (outside the set) or 1 (inside). The shape formed by the pixels can be arbitrary (it may, e. g. , be disconnected and/or contain holes), but when judging the merits and drawbacks of the individual representations, it will be assumed that in typical scenarios, the shapes will not be pathological (e. g. they will not consist of clouds of isolated pixels or have fractally convoluted boundaries). The notion of "usefulness" of course requires a usage scenario. For this work, the concrete motivation was to improve support for astronomical databases with typical tasks, such as catalogue cross-matching (finding the overlap between two, potentially very complicated, shapes on the celestial sphere) and cone searches (i.
e. obtaining all database objects lying within a certain shape on the sphere). It was inspired by the IVOA standard for multi-order coverage objects  (Boch et al. 2014; Fernique et al. 2015 ) and tries to evaluate potential shortcomings, as well as to suggest improvements. The choice of describing shapes in an approximate way as a set of pixels on a grid rather than by analytical geometrical expressions was driven by efficiency concerns. Performing database queries using complicated analytical shapes is a difficult and time-consuming task, and trading a small, tunable number of false positives in the query result for much better run time is beneficial in many real-world situations. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 gives an in-depth description of the problem we set out to solve.
Finally, we present conclusions in Section 10. 1. Boolean operations  (merging, intersection, complement,  tests for overlapping and containment) on shapes should be fast. 2. The choice of pixel numbering should provide good locality; that is, typical shapes should be described by relatively few ranges of consecutive pixel numbers. This property speeds up database queries related to the shape. An additional obvious design goal is that the data structure should be reasonably compact. To be more precise: 3. The memory requirement of the data structure should grow, with increasing grid resolution, at a lower rate than the number of pixels covered by the shape. A realistic goal seems to be a growth rate proportional to the number of pixels crossed by the shape's boundary. For "simple" shapes like circles and squares, this implies a structure size proportional to the square root of the number of pixels in the shape.
For very convoluted or fragmented shapes, the MOL representation has the advantage, and the size ratio approaches the limit of 2:1 in favour of the MOL. See Sect. 9. 3 for real-world examples. In contrast to multi-order lists, RSs do benefit from better locality properties of the underlying pixel numbering scheme, which means that a RS representation of a shape on a Peano-Hilbert-indexed grid has, on average, fewer and longer ranges than on a Z-curve-indexed grid. This reduction in the number of ranges is more pronounced for "regular" shapes and vanishes in the limit of complete fragmentation (see the third row of Fig. 5  for real-world examples). When the pixel numbering is used to index entities in a database, the improved compactness of the Peano-Hilbert representation improves query times.
This could be mitigated by using a modified counting scheme, however. For the tests presented in this paper, we have adopted the HEALPix grid for the following reasons: -The MOC standard already specifies HEALPix as underlying pixelisation, making results obtained for this grid especially relevant. -Our test data set (see next section) was already provided as HEALPix MOC objects; re-discretisation on a different grid would have been possible, but cumbersome, without providing additional value. -The existing software for HEALPix is extensive and easily accessible, and already contains a considerable part of the required functionality (e. g. the conversion routines between NEST and Peano-Hilbert indices). -Given our involvement in the development of the HEALPix code, working with this software was the most efficient choice.
Validation and performance tests The practical application of the algorithms and data structures presented above will be demonstrated in the framework of the HEALPix C++ library. This is convenient, since the so-called NESTED ordering scheme for HEALPix pixels is equivalent to Z-curve ordering, and since the C++ library also supports Peano-Hilbert indexing of pixels. This was added to allow the research presented by Schäfer (2005). For our validations we made use of the very extensive collection of astronomical sky coverages available at http:// alasky. u-strasbg. fr/MocServer/MocQuery, which at the time of download consisted of 14 633 data sets, stored as multiorder lists in FITS files. These contain very small, low-resolution shapes as well as large, but compact, survey coverages and highly fragmented star catalogues at high resolutions.
Summary and outlook We have presented and evaluated different approaches to representing coverage information on 2D grids, while investigating alternative pixel numbering schemes and data structures. The most promising candidates for quick data processing and longterm storage were selected and implemented as part of the C++ HEALPix package. Correctness and performance were evaluated using a comprehensive set of VO data. The new functionality has also been integrated in to the HEALPix Java library to allow easier use by software for the Virtual Observatory community, which is largely implemented in that language. Both implementations are available under the terms of the GNU General Public License v2 from the HEALPix Subversion repository at http://sourceforge. net/projects/healpix, and they will be part of the next official release of the HEALPix package.
Numerical experiments performed with the code indicate that the recommendations given in the MOC standard  (Boch et al. 2014)  concerning the data format for shapes on the sphere and Boolean operations between them can be improved upon both in terms of required memory and CPU time, although not generally in both simultaneously. The compression scheme presented in this paper is generally more space-efficient than the multi-order list described in the standard, and the RS representation allows quicker Boolean operations, at the cost of requiring potentially more memory than the multi-order list. For applications that use pixel numbers for indexing objects in a data base, we recommend a Peano-Hilbert-based hierarchical ordering scheme instead of Z ordering, because the superior locality properties of the former scheme lead to better clustering of database accesses for queries of compact shapes.
CT values were collected and analysis was performed using the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method  [36] , using cg11964 to normalize calculations of relative expression. For comparison, we substituted the consensus EBF/Col binding motif established in vitro (TCCCNNGGGA;  [11]  for the endogenous TGTCNNGGGA site in the reporter construct col 2. 6_0. 9 ColCONS -lacZ. Primers sequences for col and col 2. 6_0. 9 ColCONS are available on request. All qRT-PCR data are representative of three independent experiments. DNA from two independent Col and Mock iPs was pooled before ChiP fragment amplification and High-throughput sequencing (Genome analyzer IIx, Illumina; Microarray and sequencing platform, IGBMC, Illkirch). Reads were aligned to the D. melanogaster genome (BDGP5) using Bowtie v0. 12. 7  [37]. Data are available at Gene expression Omnibus, Accession number GSE67805.
Identification of Col binding peaks Col peaks were searched using SISSRs v1. 4  [38] ;  [39] , run with default parameters except for the following options: pValue threshold = 0. 1, eValue threshold = 1500, one read per genomic coordinate, average fragment length = 191. 559 Col binding peaks retrieved by SISSRs were further analysed. de novo motif discovery MEME-ChIP v4. 10. 0  [40]  was used to search 200 bp of DNA, centred on the summit of each of the 559 Col peaks. Motif discovery was performed by scanning both DNA strands for 4 to 25 nucleotides long motifs, with a distribution probability of zero or one occurrence per sequence and a 4-order Markov model as background reference. Results from SISSRS and MEME analyses are provided as S1 File and dataset GSE 67805.
18. 3x10 6 and 14. 6x10 6 immuno-precipitated fragments of 190 bp average size were sequenced for the Col-IP and mock (HA-IP) samples, respectively (dataset GSE 67805). The sequences were aligned to the D. melanogaster genome (BDGP release 5) using Bowtie v0. 12. 7  [37]. 16. 1x10 6 and 13. 1x10 6 unique reads for the Col and mock-IP, corresponding to 25 and 22 times the Drosophila genome size, respectively, were kept for analysis. Peak calling using the SISSRs software  [42]  detected 559 Col binding peaks (pvalue threshold = 0. 1, eValue threshold = 1500), with a fold enrichment ranging from 1. 94 to  16. 1 (Fig 1B and S1 Table). The peaks were located either in introns or intergenic regions, consistent with Col binding in vivo to cis-regulatory regions. de novo motif discovery was then performed on the entire set of 559 Col peaks, using the MEME suite software  [43].
GO terms further revealed a statistically significant enrichment in the category "regulation of transcription", with 64 of 397 (16%, P-value 9x10 -30 ) annotated Col targets present in this category. This could, in part, be due to larger than average regulatory regions of developmental control genes  [49]. Yet, several of these TF genes were already shown to act genetically downstream of Col in different cell types, thus validating our dataset. One example was cap n' collar (cnc), which acts downstream of Col in head patterning  [5] ;  [26]. In addition to cnc, the dataset included pox-meso (poxm), slouch/S59 and col itself which are regulated by Col in specific muscle lineages  [33] ;  [32] , and apterous (ap), evenskipped (eve), and eyes-absent (eya) which are regulated by Col in specific subsets of VNC neurons  [28] ;  [31].
Among TFs, ap and eya were chosen because of prior evidence for their regulation by Col in specific neurons, with no evidence that this control was direct  [28] ;  [52]. eya encodes a protein with tyrosine phosphatase activity which is a partner of SIX homeodomain TFs (D-Six4, Optix and So in Drosophila)  [53, 54]. so is the only SIX gene bound by Col in vivo. Oaz is the Drosophila ortholog of vertebrate Oaz/ Zfp243, the only TF reported to physically interact with EBF  [55] ;  [56]. For each gene in our selection, we cloned 1 kb fragments centered on the Col peak summit, upstream of a moe-GFP reporter construct and followed GFP expression in transgenic Drosophila lines. Each CRM construct was given the name of the gene, followed by _Col (Table  1  and S2 Table ). For jing and Oaz which display 5 and 4 Col peaks, respectively, we analyzed one peak per gene, where the nucleotide sequence of the predicted Col recognition site was well conserved between 12 different Drosophila species (  [57] ;  [58] ; Dataset GSE 67805).
Col targets in dorso-lateral muscles Col is transiently expressed in muscle PCs at the origin of DL muscles, before being uniquely maintained in the elongating DA3 muscle. Time-series datasets for Mef2 and RNA Pol II binding to chromatin and marks of open chromatin and/or active enhancers, H3K79me3 and H3K27ac  [64] ;  [65] ;  [66]  were suggestive of eya_Col, Mrtf_Col, Oaz_Col and so_Col activity in the mesoderm (S2 Table ). We found that eya_Col was stochastically expressed in the DA3 muscle, mainly in thoracic segments (see below, Fig  5A ). so_Col and Oaz_Col were expressed in the DA3 and other DL muscles. The expression pattern of so_Col mut did not, however,   Cross-regulation between col and eya reveals new complexity in the muscle specification process eya_Col expression was also observed in the DA3 muscle.
In the last few years, French West Indies observatories from the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), in collaboration with The UWI Seismic Research Centre (SRC, University of West Indies), have modernized the Lesser Antilles Arc seismic and deformation monitoring network. 15 new, permanent stations have been installed that strengthen and expand its detection capabilities. The global network of the IPGP-SRC consortium is now composed of 20 modernized stations, all equipped with broadband seismometers, strong motion sensors, Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors and satellite communication for real-time data transfer. To enhance the sensitivity and reduce ambient noise, special efforts were made to improve the design of the seismic vault and the original Stuttgart shielding of the broadband seismometers (240 and 120s corner period).
Tests were conducted for several months, involving different types of countermeasures, to achieve the highest performance level of the seismometers. GPS data, realtime and validated seismic data (only broadband) are now available from the IPGP data centre (http://centrededonnees. ipgp. fr/index. php?&lang=EN). This upgraded network feeds the Caribbean Tsunami Warning System supported by UNESCO and establishes a monitoring tool that produces high quality data for studying subduction and volcanic processes in the Lesser Antilles arc.
In 2006 and 2007, KNMI (Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologicsh Institut), USGS (United States Geological Survey) and SRC committed themselves to update their seismic networks with digital broadband stations (Fig. 1 ) and real-time communications to meet the tsunami warning requirements. However, these modernized stations, while greatly improving regional monitoring capability, did not cover the whole Antilles arc (French West Indies and Grenada Islands). Hence around 2008, IPGP began modernization of Guadeloupe and Martinique seismic networks, in collaboration with the Seismic Research Centre (University of West Indies-Trinidad) and initiated data sharing in real-time via satellite communications (VSAT). In 2010, IPGP and SRC had the opportunity to further fill gaps in the geometry of the seismic network of the Antilles arc with four additional stations installed in Cariaccou (Grenada), Saint-Lucia, Dominica and Antigua, but also to strengthen the network by adding several radomes, notably providing protection from severe weather.
Moreover IPGP and SRC paved the way to a new strategy regarding the installation of regional seismic broadband stations to achieve high scientific standards regarding data quality. Thus best practice in observational seismology  (Trnkoczy et al. , 2011; Forbriger, 2012)  and GPS networks  (Sakic, 2013 ; UNAVCO) has been implemented to achieve performance goals and special care was taken in the construction of the seismic vault and sensor shielding with systematic tests carried out. Finally, SRC and the two French West Indies observatories designed, installed and now jointly operate an arc scale seismic network in Lesser Antilles. This paper, describes: (i) the station distribution within the context of existing regional networks and the design strategy of the network, (ii) the global characteristics of stations, (iii) strategies used to improve data quality, (iv) results achieved with this network.
The WI network The WI network was installed by SRC and IPGP between 2008 and 2014. It is composed of stations geographically distributed all along the Lesser Antilles subduction zone, from Grenadine islands in the south, to St Barthélémy in the north (Fig. 1 ), and from Eastern Guadeloupe in the west to La Désirade in the east. Together with the other networks (CU, NA, G and TR), the WI stations complete the coverage of the subduction zone. The Caribbean is subject to hurricanes, earthquakes and volcanic events, therefore, measures were employed to promote system robustness and reliability; damage to any one component does not lead to complete network failure. Data are collected in real-time by three VSAT hubs located in Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad, at the OVSG/IPGP, the OVSM/IPGP and at the SRC respectively.
Network performance These measures have led to a good level of performance across the network, homogeneous at the arc scale. Figure  7  shows the noise performance of 6 Trillium240 and 6 Trillium120PA stations installed in Guadeloupe, Martinique, Carriacou, Dominica, Antigua and Saint-Lucia, during November 2014. The stations PSDs were calculated and merged with PQLX software  (McNamara and Boaz, 2005). Then, PDFs median noise and their 50, 80 and 90 % contours were calculated. Despite very different siting condi-tions (rock, clay, natural soil, volcanic deposits), the vertical PDF median noise level above 10s is close to the NLNM (New Low Noise Model,  Peterson, 1993). It is also important to highlight that the stations are installed on islands and are never more than 50 km from the shore and the breaking waves of the Atlantic Ocean.
Conclusions This redundant and robust regional network now allows homogeneous earthquake location in the region and a minimal level of monitoring and early warning in the event of major natural events without relying on terrestrial data transmission links. The completion of this network makes high quality broadband seismic data from the Lesser Antilles subduction zone available. It should lead to improved understanding of the tectonic processes at work in this region and allow for improved hazard assessments. This network meets its main three objectives, allowing accurate location of earthquakes in this zone, providing real-time data for the CARIBE-EWS with a high level of availability and offering quality data sets for researchers to understand Lesser Antilles subduction. This network deployment shows how important it is to invest in station infrastructures to achieve high quality data and a reliable and resilient network.
in Martinique (2) by the French Environment Ministry, the VSAT stations and the hub of Guadeloupe (  7 ) by CPER PO Guadeloupe funds, co-funded by the French Ministry of Research, the French Ministry of Environment, the Guadeloupe Regional Council and IPGP. We thank all the local communities and authorities for their support, the private owners or the local authorities that made land available for the station installation in their territories. The results presented in this paper rely on the data collected at the San Juan geomagnetic observatory, Puerto Rico. We thank USGS, for supporting its operation and INTERMAGNET  (Kerridge, 2001)  for promoting high standards of magnetic observatory practice (www. intermagnet. org). Edited by: Damiano Pesaresi Reviewed by: two anonymous referees.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank everyone, from  Trinidad and Tobago, Paris ,  Martinique  and Guadeloupe, involved in the different projects, spanning many years, that led to the completion of our network. In particular: SRC team, who pioneered the installation of VSAT broadband stations in the region, board of direction of  IPGP  and  Sara Bazin , who fully supported the  Lesser Antilles network project ,  Christian Anténor-Habazac  and his colleagues from Guadeloupe observatory who installed the first VSAT station in a French territory,  Tanguy Maury  and his colleagues from  Martinique  observatory for their efforts during the VSAT station installations in Martinique. We are also grateful to all the funding French agencies without which this project would not have been possible: VSAT stations in Martinique (2),  Saint Lucia  (1), Carriacou (1), Dominica (1), Antigua (1) were co-fund by the  European INTERREG   Tsuareg  project, lead in Martinique.
Therefore, and considering the clinical symptoms associated to ASD, our data led us to study whether a dysregulation of MOCOS expression could have an impact on functions known to be involved in the related disease phenotype. We found that the genetic ablation of mocs-1 (the MOCOS ortholog) in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) induces an alteration of the response to oxidative stress and is responsible for abnormal neurotransmission phenotypes. Then, we confirmed these data in human cells. First, in OSCs that displayed a higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Second, in human induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) in which the gene MOCOS was partially knocked down and showed a reduced synaptogenesis when differentiated into neurons.
The patients were diagnosed according to ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1993) and DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) criteria for pervasive developmental disorders and ASDs, respectively. Control patients were recruited to match the age and gender of each ASD patient that was endorsed in the cohort. The healthy controls were neither presenting a neuropsychiatric disorder nor taking medication. Demographics of the cohort are summarized in Supplementary Tables  1  and 2. Details on risk factors, comorbidity, medication and magnetic resonance imaging data of ASD patients of the cohort are given in Supplementary Tables 3.
Statistical evaluation Statistical analyses were performed by using standard unpaired Student's ttests (two-tailed, 95% confidence intervals) or one-way analysis of variance, and were carried out using Prism software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) or Excel software (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). For microarray data analyses, right-tailed Fisher's exact test was used to calculate a P-value determining the top statistically significant biological functions assigned to the data set. Normal distribution was confirmed before applying statistical tests. All data are presented as mean ± s. d. and represent a minimum of three independent experiments with at least three technical replicates except when otherwise indicated. Estimate of variance was performed within each group of data being statistically compared.
23 e observed GFP expression as early as the eight-cell stage of the intestine and throughout the larval and adult life of the animal in the cytoplasm of cells in the intestine as well as in the head (Figure  2g ). Regarding the latter, mocs-1 reporter expression was detected in sheath-and socket-glial cells (Figure  2g  and Supplementary Figure  1c ). Altogether, these data suggest that throughout evolution, MOCOS has an important role in development and adult life. Importantly, the multicellular/multiorgan distribution of MOCOS fits with the search a pleiotropic gene that could explain complex disorders such as ASD.