dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
| Variables and data measurements Before the oral examination, women provided information about: age, parity (primiparous or multiparous), nationality, socioprofessional status, working status during pregnancy, matrimonial status, height and weight for body mass index calculation (BMI ≤25 kg/ m 2 , 25 kg/m 2 < BMI < 30 kg/m 2 , BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) and smoking status (non-smoker, former smoker who stopped during pregnancy, and smoker during pregnancy). The last dental visit was recorded (oral exam ≤1 year, oral exam >1 year). Complete oral and periodontal examinations were then carried out. Prior to the onset of the study, the investigators were trained in periodontal charting and oral and periodontal health assessment (plaque index, gingival bleeding [GB], periodontal probing) with the overall inter-rater Cohen's Kappa coefficient value of 0.
CPI varies from 0 to 4. Periodontal status was dichotomized as follows: a CPI between 0 and 2 corresponded to "no periodontitis", while a CPI of 3 or 4 corresponded to "periodontitis", as it reflects the presence of periodontal lesions or pockets. 32 nally, variables concerning the course of the pregnancy, the delivery and newborn birthweight and gestational age were extracted from medical records after delivery. Data recorded for the course of the pregnancy were the presence of gestational diabetes, iron supplementation (ie given in cases of anemia or which could be considered a proxy of anemia), infectious episode and type if applicable (defined by the antibiotic intake during pregnancy), pregnancy complications (including at least one of the following: preeclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation, obstetric hemorrhage, premature rupture of the membrane, risk of preterm delivery).
Comparisons between the two groups were performed with Student t-tests (under the double hypothesis of normal distribution values and variances in equality) or non-parametric Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon tests for quantitative variables. Fisher tests were applied for qualitative variables. The database was created using Microsoft EXCEL 2010 and statistical analyses were performed using STATA 13. 0. Next, we performed an exploratory data analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) to best identify which parameters characterized the two groups of women with periodontitis, those with profuse GB and those with minimal GB. 35, 36  The number of women needed was not calculated due to the main descriptive objective to determine the oral and periodontal health status of pregnant women in the first trimester.
39 e major limitations in our work are the small sample size of 121 pregnant women and insufficient statistical power. This limited number of participants is partly due to the population selection criteria because the PERISCOPE study was an ancillary study of DROP. Overall, the data on 29. 7% (121 women) of the 407 DROP patients who agreed to participate, were included in PERISCOPE and analyzed. The others were not included for different reasons: 14. 2% refused to participate and some women declared that they had just visited their dentist and did not sign the non-opposition consent form. Also, oral examination of the women was conducted in the first trimester when they came for a full checkup and sonography. The duration of this first trimester appointment was sometimes incompatible with adding an oral health exam.
, 2008). Using nanoarchaea specific 16 S rRNA gene primers, amplifications sequences were detected on environmental samples including sandy underwater sediments, vent water, and black smokers from different geographical locations: the East Pacific Rise, Guaymas Basin, Vulcano Island, and Italy. The same detection was made from mud sediments and spring waters from the continental solfataric areas of YPN, USA (Obsidian Pool), Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia (Uzon Caldera, Makinski, Puchino), Atacama Desert, Chile (Thermas de Jurasi, Thermas de Pollequere, Puchuldiza geyser area, Tatio volcanic area), and Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea  (Hohn et al. , 2002). Further, to investigate the distribution of nanoarchaea sequences, the identified complete nanoarchaea genomes, chromosomes, scaffolds, or contigs from the Genbank database were listed and categorized according to geographic location, sample type, and sequencing method used (Table  1 ).
In fact, numerous hypotheses suggested that resolving DPANN phylogeny was relative to taxa sampling and analytical methods used: further works were needed to robustly place DPANN archaea in the tree of life. Neverthless, the marine N. equitans and terrestrial N. acidilobi, N. statteri and N. minutus nanoarchaea were shown to belong     (St. John et al. , 2019). Using a dataset of 16 16 S rRNA gene sequences including 12 archaea representative of 12 families and four nanoarchaea, we constructed a phylogenetic tree using Mega according to the maximum likelihood method following the Gamma distribution law, whose goal was to estimate the divergence time between the first nanoarchaea appeared and the other archaea using the estimates proposed by TimeTee. The nanaorchaea formed a basal branch with respect to the other archaea, with a divergence is estimated at 4193 Ma.
, 2019). Furthermore, a nanoarchaeal genome detected in Lake Nymphy, YPN, showed integration of a prophage DNA indicating that nanoarchaea from different ecosystems were susceptible to viral infection  (Munson-McGee et al. , 2020). However, targets of the nanoarchaeal CRISPR-case system remained elusive because the interspersed regions did not show significant homology to viral sequences available in the NCBI database, suggesting these repeats may correspond to yet undescribed viruses  (Munson-McGee et al. , 2015; St. John et al. , 2019).
oralis  (Introducing Clinical Nanorachaeaology, 2022). Based on this seminal work and the expertise acquired in the search for nanoarchaea, we recently further extended the repertoire of human-associated nanaorchaea. An exhaustive search for nanaorchaea conducted on 110 left-over residual fecal samples unprecedently documented a 17% prevalence of nanoarchaea in the digestive tract; co-detected with their host Methanobrevibacter smithii. Further whole genome sequencing allowed for the description of a new species of nanoarchaea of human digestive origin that we named Candidatus Nanopusillus phoceensis  (Hassani Y. et al. , unpublished data). To better understand the metabolic repertoire of nanoarchaea, we annotated the genomes available in GenBank using the RAST server and compared the metabolism of nanoarchaea of environmental origin to that of N.
08/09/ SAMN08286294 USA: Illinois, Champaign Water Illumina Miseq 2014 (metagenome) Candidatus Nanobsidianus Acidicryptum 12/05/ SAMN06968111 Yellowstone National Park acidic hot spring Single cell stetteri nanophilum 2017 USA environmental sequencing samples Candidatus Nanoclepta Zestosphaera 23/01/ SAMN06250747 New Zealand geothermal springs Single cell minutus tikiterensis 2017 sequencing Candidatus Nanobsidianus 12/09/ SAMN02470757 Yellowstone National Park hot spring water and Single cell stetteri 2011 USA gravel sequencing unclassified 05/12/ SAMN13483415 Pacific Ocean: Okinawa Hydrothermal vent Illumina Miseq Nanoarchaeota 2019 Trough sediments (metagenome) Nanoarchaeota archaeum 14/10/ SAMN16436372 Bulgaria: Black Sea Brackish water Illumina Miseq BS750m-G70 2020 (metagenome) Candidatus Nanopusillus 28/08/ SAMN09926542 Atlantic Ocean:Mid Cayman Mid-Cayman Rise Vent Illumina Miseq sp.
2018 Rise Fluids (metagenome) unclassified Vazella pourtalesii 03/04/ SAMN14532967 Canada: Scotian Shelf pooled samples from Illumina Miseq Nanoarchaeota 2020 sponge host and sea water (metagenome) Candidatus Nanoarchaeia 23/04/ SAMN14675760 Pacific Ocean: North Pacific ocean water from marine Illumina Miseq 2020 Gyre, Station ALOHA abyssalpelagic zone (metagenome) unclassified 22/04/ SAMN14482957 USA:Wisconsin, near Picnic biofilm growing on a Illumina Miseq Nanoarchaeota 2019 Point on the coast of Lake polymer composite week (metagenome) Mendota 18 unclassified 04/11/ SAMN13193080 Rifle (Colorado) groundwater Illumina Miseq Nanoarchaeota 2019 (metagenome) unclassified 10/01/ SAMN13824558 USA: Yellowstone National sediment sample from Illumina Miseq Nanoarchaeota 2020 Park, Evening Primrose Hot Evening (metagenome) Spring Primrose shelf (continued on next page).
2018 Nevada Candidatus Nanopusillus 19/04/ SAMN09639022 USA:Sandy's Spring West geothermal springs 454 pyrosequencing sp. 2018 unclassified 07/09/ SAMN07619508 Indian Ocean Tara Oceans Consortium Illumina Miseq Nanoarchaeota 2017 (metagenome) Nanoarchaeota archaeon 24/05/ SAMN05172240 New Zealand: Tikiteri hot Sediment of a hot spring Illumina Miseq NZ13-N 2016 spring pool (metagenome) unclassified 23/04/ SAMN02440424 USA Fresh water Single cell Nanoarchaeota 2013 sequencing Nanoarchaeota archaeon 25/07/ SAMN02441766 USA (Homestake Mine) Water Single cell JGI OTU-1 2013 sequencing Nanoarchaeota archaeon 26/07/ SAMN02441767 USA (Homestake Mine) Water Single cell SCGC AAA011-D5 2013 sequencing Nanoarchaeota archaeon 27/07/ SAMN02441768 USA (Homestake Mine) Water Single cell JGI OTU-2 2013 sequencing Nanoarchaeota archaeon 28/07/ SAMN02441769 USA (Homestake Mine) Water Single cell SCGC AAA011-J2 2013 sequencing Nanoarchaeota archaeon 29/07/ SAMN02441770 USA (Homestake Mine) Water Single cell SCGC AAA011-L15 2013 sequencing Nanoarchaeota archaeon 30/07/ SAMN02441771 USA (Homestake Mine) Water Single cell SCGC AAA011-G17 2013 sequencing Nanoarchaeum equitans Ignicoccus hospitalis 19/06/ SAMN01055339 Germany Culture Illumina HiSeq 2000 Kin4-M 2012 unclassified 01/10/ SAMN22939301 China: Yinshan Lead- acid mine Illumina Miseq Nanoarchaeota 2017 Zinc Mine, Jiangxi Province drainage sediment (metagenome) uncultured 25/09/ SAMN18452473 China: South China Sea deep sea sediment Illumina Miseq Nanoarchaeota 2017 (metagenome) archaeon unclassified 19/07/ SAMN16244007 Pacific Ocean: Mariana sediment core Illumina Miseq Nanoarchaeota 2019 Trench (metagenome) Fig.
To overcome this limitation, a new field in CT technology termed "spectral CT imaging" has been developed. The general idea is to take advantage of a tissue's energy-dependent data, by mainly measuring and differentiating between tissues based on their weighting photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. m E ð Þ ¼ m P E ð Þ þ m C E ð Þ ¼ a P f P E ð Þ þ a C f c E ð Þ ð1Þ with f P ðEÞnd f C ðEÞ two known mathematical functions that depend only on the energy of the photon beam. a P and a C are the coefficients describing the contributions of the photoelectric and Compton effects respectively. These values only depend on the tissue's atomic number (Z). T a g g e d E n d T a g g e d P From the two datasets at two different energies obtained at acquisition or detection, it is then possible to solve a system of two equations with two unknowns, a p and a c : This reconstruction can be made in the projection domain or in the image domain depending on the temporal resolution of the technique.
T a g g e d E n d T a g g e d P On the dual-source CT (DSCT) platform, image datasets are acquired with two X-Ray tube/detector pairs dephased by 95°for the Somatom Force and Somatom Drive. One X-ray tube uses a low kVp (70-100 kVp) and the other uses a high kVp with or without a tin filter (140 kVp or Sn150 kVp), resulting in better spectral separation than other platforms developed by this manufacturer. Different kVp pairs are available depending on the CT system, allowing adaptation to the patient's morphology or clinical indication for the CT examination. The use of two tubes, a low rotation time and smaller pitch factor means that cardiac gating CT scans can be performed with temporal resolutions of 66 to 75 ms. However, the detector array of the second tube is reduced to a width of 33 or 35 cm (50 cm for the first tube), limiting the acquisition and reconstruction FOV to 33 or 35 cm.
Dental implant failure is primarily due to peri-implantitis, a consequence of bacterial biofilm formation. Bacterial adhesion is strongly linked to micro-/nano-topographies of a surface; thus an assessment of surface texture parameters is essential to understand bacterial adhesion. In this study, mirror polished titanium samples (Ti6Al4V) were irradiated with a femtosecond laser (fs-L) at a wavelength of 1030 nm (infrared) with variable laser parameters (laser beam polarization, number, spacing and organization of the impacts). Images of 3-D topographies were obtained by focal variation microscopy and analyzed with MountainsMap software to measure surface parameters. From bacteria associated with peri-implantitis, we selected Porphyromonas gingivalis to evaluate its adhesion on Ti6Al4V surfaces in an in vitro study.
Surface topography Surface parameters were measured on images taken with an optical 3-D microcoordinate system by InfiniteFo-cusIF G4, ALICONA (Graz, Austria), which uses the focus variation microscopy technique. The measurements were made with a 1000× magnification, 400-nm lateral resolution and 10-nm vertical resolution. Data topographies were analyzed with Mountains Map ® 8. 2 software to measure surface roughness parameters focusing on the following: Sa, Sp, Sv, Ssk, Sku, Sdq, Sdr, density of furrows, and mean furrows depth. Definitions of surface parameters are stated by ISO 25178 standards.
gingivalis adhesion in Fig. 4. Surface level evolution was evaluated with Sdq and developed surface was measured with Sdr. The polished controls as well as textured surfaces with the lowest laser irradiation (linear; S8; S17) showed a Sdq close to 0. 1 (± 0. 025) and a Sdr close to 0. 5 (± 0. 19) due to the low complexity of these surfaces compared to the other  MountainsMap software provided qualitative renderings that were also obtained from Fourier transforms to the profile height function (Fig. 5A ). These renderings simulated furrows and arranged contour lines along the surface that represent qualitative aspects of the surface texture. Graphical representations of P. gingivalis.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Maryane Jacquier  ( SEM ) and  Marie-Ange Eyraud  (bacterial culture) for their technical support. Also thanks to  Ashlyn Hicks  for the Alicona and MountainsMap analysis; and to  Myriam Normand  for help with the statistical analysis. Thanks to  Priyanka Garg  for the proofreading. We finally kindly acknowledge  Claire Bardet  for precious advice and scientific discussion.
Funding This work is supported by a public grant overseen by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  as part of the " Investissements d'Avenir" program  ( Labex NanoSaclay , reference:  ANR-10-LABX-0035  and  Labex PALM , reference:  ANR-10-LABX-0039-PALM ). This work was also funded by  ESILV ,  CEA ,  CEA PTC Materials program  and  CEA Focus circular economy program.
Funding information Work on the T9SS in our laboratory is supported by the  CNRS , the  Aix-Marseille Université  and by grants from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-15-CE11-0019  and  ANR-20-CE11-0011 ), from the  Institut National des Sciences Biologiques (INSB)  of the  CNRS (AAP Diversity of Biological Mechanisms) , and from the  Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University  ( A * MIDEX ,  A-M-AAP-ID-17-33-170301-07. 22 ), a  French 'Investissements d'Avenir' programme. M. P. is supported by a doctoral fellowship from the  French Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation.
Methods This prospective, monocenter, pilot study included patients over 18 years of age (no upper age restriction) with suspicion of obstructive or inflammatory disease of a parotid or a submandibular gland based on the medical history and clinical examination. The exclusion criteria comprised having a known allergy to iodinated contrast agent, known or suspected pregnancy, lesion of the oral mucosa preventing catheterization, relative contraindication to MRI (prosthesis or metallic foreign body and/ or claustrophobia), and signs of a salivary tumor (salivary mass, adenopathy, facial paralysis). Patients with a head and neck scan in the previous 6 months, either by conventional or three-dimensional sialography, were also excluded from this study. For each patient, the following clinical data were collected prior to the imaging procedures: age, gender, medical history, affected gland, side, complaints (swelling, salivary colic, or infection), and clinical parameters (palpable stone, increase in glandular volume, and the presence or absence of saliva at the ostium).
After being provided information regarding the study and obtaining informed written consent, the included patients underwent MR sialography followed by 3D-CBCT sialography on the same day. The study was approved, and ethical approval was obtained from our institutional review board CPP Ouest IV-Nantes (reference 17/16, first registration on 18/03/2016, acceptance on 11/05/2016). This study was registered on Clinical-Trials. gov (number NCT02883140) on 30/08/2016. The STARD checklist for diagnostic studies  [26]  and the.
Image analysis The imaging data were anonymized and archived using imaging software (CARESTREAM View PACS v. 11. 3; Carestream Health, Inc. , Rochester, NY, USA). Analysis of 3D-CBCT sialography was performed using maximal intensity projection and multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) with 0. 25-mm cuts, isotropic voxel size and image pixels 492 × 492. MRI scans were analyzed on a high-resolution visualization workstation with native 2D image analysis (viewer mode) for TSE/T1/T2 sequences, and MPR for the 3D T2 MR-sialography sequences. Images were analyzed twice by two radiologists experienced in head and neck radiology (A. S. D. and E. M. L. ), in separate viewing sessions (wash-out period of at least one month) and following a standardized pathway. The readers were blinded to the clinical data.
Statistical analysis For a sialolithiasis detection rate of 100% by sialography  [16]  and 80% by MR sialography  [24] , at least 37 patients were needed for this study (power: 80%). The statistical analysis was performed using SAS software, version 9. 4 (SAS Institute Inc. ). The intra-and the inter-observer agreement (IOA) was tested using the weighted Kappa coefficient: An IOA ≥ 0. 8 was considered to be perfect, IOA between 0. 6 and 0. 8 was strong, IOA between 0. 4 and 0. 6 was moderate, and an IOA < 0. 4 was considered as poor. McNemars's χ 2 test was used to determine differences between the two imaging modalities with regard to the same outcomes. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the last branch of division that could be visualized, the number of sialolithiasis, and their location in the salivary tree.
Clinical data Between June 2016 and November 2017, 56 patients were enrolled in the study. Five patients were primarily excluded because of failing to present for one of the two procedures (n = 2), one patient was excluded due to an incidental finding of a tumor lesion by MRI, one patient for an ongoing pregnancy, and one for relative contraindication to MRI. Five patients were secondarily excluded in the per-protocol analysis due to a discrepancy in the side explored between the two examinations (n = 3), these patients exhibited an atypical symptomatology with multifocal salivary involvement, and due to catheterization failure for 3D-CBCT sialography (n = 2) (Fig. 1 ). The final analysis included 46 patients, with a mean age of 50. 1 years. Six patients suffered from systemic disease, one had previously received radioactive iodine treatment, and one patient had already undergone a Wharton papillotomy.
Aim: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated teledentistry research with great interest reflected in the increasing number of publications. In many countries, teledentistry programs were established although not much is known about the extent of incorporating teledentistry into practice and healthcare systems. This study aimed to report on policies and strategies related to teledentistry practice as well as barriers and facilitators for this implementation in 19 countries. Methods: Data were presented per country about information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, income level, policies for health information system (HIS), eHealth and telemedicine. Researchers were selected based on their previous publications in teledentistry and were invited to report on the situation in their respective countries including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, Finland, France, Hong Kong SAR, Iran, Italy, Libya, Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United Kingdom, Zimbabwe.
Two other indicators were also used to assess coverage of internet-based ICT services: (2b) Active mobile-broadband subscriptions/100 inhabitants and the (2c) percentage of internet users based on results from national households surveys. The denominator for this last percentage is the total population of the country; or at least individuals of 5 years age and older. We also compared countries regarding the situation of (3) policies and programs for telemedicine or telehealth using the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Observatory 2015 data for eHealth, published in the Atlas of eHealth country profiles  (16). This comparison assumed that countries with existing telehealth or telemedicine related policies and programs may be more likely to establish teledentistry policies and programs.
Projects Remote dental services provided in Iran include specialized telephone or video consultation, tele-triage, remote examination, screening of dental patients for COVID-19 symptoms, patient education and monitoring, e-prescription, remote follow-up of treatment and management and dental health education. The infrastructure used to deliver teledentistry services include internet, telephone, smartphone, video call, SMS, email, central database, electronic prescribing, electronic patient record, Dental Information Systems, picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and educational platforms. The services might be provided as synchronous or asynchronous teledentistry. Asynchronous teledentistry includes transmission of recorded health information such as radiographs or digital impressions by a practitioner to send to specialized laboratories to provide aligners in orthodontic treatments or bridge and crowns in CAD-CAM technology in prosthodontics and cone beam CT scans to create a custom surgical guide for implant placement.
Projects During teledental consultation, clinicians follow standard procedures including informed consent. Patient's identity and personal details must be verified and any health personnel present in the virtual consultation room must be introduced before the session to ensure that patient's privacy is protected. Patient records should be accurately documented and stored in a secure computer system with authorized software, firewalls, antimalware and a backup system. The virtual platforms commonly used for teledentistry in New Zealand include Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, Cisco Webex, and Zoom. Teledentistry has been widely used in New Zealand since the COVID-19 pandemic  (122, 123)  for triaging to determine whether treatment is urgently needed or could be delayed (123).
According to data originating from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, 1. 1 billion cases of severe periodontitis were present globally in 2019, and an 8. 44% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6. 62%-10. 59%) increase in agestandardized prevalence rate of severe periodontitis was observed between 1990 and 2019  (Chen et al. , 2021). Periodontitis also presents a major public health burden because of its associated morbidity, leading to disability due to impaired masticatory function, speech and aesthetics or edentulism. It is a source of social inequality, significantly impairs quality of life, has a negative impact on general health and is associated with significant dental and medical care costs  (Tonetti et al. , 2017). Periodontitis has been associated with a range of systemic diseases including diabetes  (Sanz et al.