dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
1d ). In these cases, the annular flow represents specific types of segregated phases. For horizontal cases, OLGA does not recognize an annular flow pattern, and this pattern is grouped with the segregated flow pattern (0 or SG)  [76, 77]. The experimental and synthetic datasets overlapping for a horizontal pipe are shown in Figure  5a  based on superficial velocities and Figure  5b  Reynold numbers. These figures show that the experimental and the synthetic datasets mainly agree in their flow regimes, and only an experimental subset was misclassified by predicting an annular flow, which is a flow pattern that was not obtained in the synthetic dataset. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that it is not possible to generate a grid for the synthetic dataset using the Reynolds number since the randomization of the fluid combinations would generate nonphysical superficial velocities to match a certain Reynolds number.
2. The likelihood function is a term chosen to indicate that the category for which it is large is more "likely" to be the correct category  [74]. Therefore, surfaces from a refined mesh were obtained for all regimes, as is depicted in Figure  8. Z y (i, j), denotes the height of the surface from the flow regime for a given liquid and gas velocities (i, j). Appendix A. 1 in Supplementary Material describes with more details the proposed procedure. The probabilistic flow pattern map was determined for every flow regime for an inclination of À90°(vertical downward pipe), 0°(horizontal pipe) and 90°(vertical upward pipe) and depicted in Figure  9. These probabilistic maps represent encouraging tools for rejecting possible flow patterns under a high level of probability in an experimental dataset.
Conclusion and future perspectives A probabilistic flow pattern map is proposed for liquid-gas phase flow pipelines based on a comprehensive experimental dataset and synthetic records obtained from OLGA. This map aims to predict probable flow regimes given gas and liquid superficial velocities and to evaluate possible transition zones among them, which are sought to replace traditional transition boundaries. This map was developed for several inclinations upward and downward from À90°to 90°with steps of 5°. To build this flow pattern map, acceptable records from the experimental dataset were selected using a tolerable error from synthetic records and their reported void fraction. For those records lacking this parameter, a supervised learning process was proposed to complete this classification.
For this purpose, two learning techniques (i. e. , SVM and KKN) were considered. Finally, a Bayesian approach was considered based on the available information and the overlapping information from the experimental and synthetic datasets. The proposed approach is an alternative to the current flow pattern maps, which are somehow limited to the configurations under they are developed. The synthetic records were determined using random properties from OLGA subjected to the ranges obtained from the experimental dataset. Similar approaches can be proposed using different simulation software, bearing in mind the uncertainty surrounding the experiments and simulations. In case new records are added to the current database, a robust tool can be proposed. For instance, data can be extrapolated to cover a wider number of tilt angles and not only every 5°.
depicts other relevant parameters of the experimental dataset: the distribution for the diameter, L/D relation, and superficial velocities. Note that the pipe diameters follow commercial dimensions (i. e. , 1 in. , 2 in. and 2. 5 in. ), and the mean L/D relation is 455, which ensures flow development for most of the cases. Besides, the flow patterns were classified as Annular flow in 23%, Segregated flow in 21%, Bubbly flow in 14% and Intermittent flow in 42%.
Results and Discussion Breathing pattern and respiratory parameters. Validation of respiratory parameters was performed using 38 respiratory models with various breathing frequencies in the range 30-40 cycles/min. For each respiratory rate, 6 respiratory parameters were assessed: peak inspiratory flow (PIF), peak expiratory flow (PEF), tidal volume (TV), minute-ventilation (MV), resistances (R) and compliance (C). These parameters were calculated for each respiratory model (n = 38) by collecting data from at least 50 breathing cycles to calculate mean values for each respiratory model. Table  1  and Fig. 1  report mean values and the dispersion of the experimental data collected for each of the 38 respiratory models at various breathing frequencies (30, 35 and 40 cycles/min). Breathing frequency and inspiratory/expiratory time.
IT and ET are easily tunable. IT was set at 0. 4 s and then ET values vary (set at 1. 6 s, 1. 3 s and 1. 1 s respectively) in order to obtain chosen breathing frequencies (i. e. 30, 35 and 40 cycles/min respectively). This range of respiratory rates (RR) is similar to those found in infants suffering from BPD, 43. 7 ± 13. 5 cycles/min  36. Experimental data collected demonstrated that, as awaited, no significant difference (p = 0. 0568) were obtained for the experimental IT when compared to aimed value. RR and ET are close from aimed values meaning that this model is tunable at will for these breathing frequencies. 1 ). Results found in different papers showed that TV of infants suffering from BPD are often around 30mL  37, 38. Besides, in another study, they detected lower TV, around 15 mL, but this could be due to body weight of infants, that are lower than those of other studies  36.
Resistances To sum up, all the 6 parameters assessed are found to be very similar to in vivo data reported in literature from infant or animal models frequently used as surrogates. However, due to the narrow dispersion of experimental data collected, significant differences can be observed for some of these 6 parameters measured when the breathing frequency varies (see Fig. 1 ). All things considered, the respiratory rate of 35 cycles/min appears to be the best compromise. To conclude, the ex vivo pediatric model developed in this study satisfactorily mimic breathing pattern and respiratory parameters of a BPD-suffering infant of 3 to 4 Kg of body weight. Assessment of ventilation by 81m krypton ( 81m Kr) scintigraphy. Scintigraphic measurements of ventilation using 81m Kr were made on 13 thoraxes.
Data were recorded for 3 minutes with fixed IT of 0. 4 s and tuned ET to reach 30, 35 and 40 respiratory rates (1. 6 s, 1. 3 s and 1. 1 s respectively). Average, standard deviation and 95% confidence interval were calculated for at least 50 cycles to obtain a representative values for each thorax. Breathing patterns and parameters were chosen to represent infants with BPD at rest. Ventilation and regional aerosol deposition. Regional ventilation was assessed using 81m krypton ( 81m Kr) scintigraphy 50 while regional aerosol deposition was observed with 99m technetium complexed with diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid ( 99m Tc-DTPA) scintigraphy. Aerosol was generated from a 100MBq in 3 mL solution of 99m Tc-DTPA using a Sidestream ® jet nebulizer (Philips Healthcare, Suresnes, France) connected to the infant nasal replica with a naso-buccal mask (Ambu ® , Bordeaux, France).
For ventilation scintigraphies, an acquisition was made for each RR with a naso-buccal mask. Two different regions of interest (ROI) were identified on ventilation scintigraphies to define left and right lung. Additional details about the method are provided in the online data supplement. Scintigraphic measurements of ventilation using 81m Kr were made on 14 thoraxes but 1 (7. 1%) had to be censored due to obstruction of a primary bronchi leading to biased repartition of the gaz. For aerosol regional deposition study, 6 thoraxes were used for 2D scintigraphies. These planar scintigraphic images (matrix 256*256) were recorded with a variable angle dual detector Single Photon Emission Computed TomographY/Computed Tomography(SPECT/ CT, SYMBIA T2; Siemens, Knoxville, TN) equipped with a low-energy, high-resolution collimator (FWHM 8.
The tracheobronchial area included the trachea and the left and right main bronchi. There, 1 thorax was used to collect data. statistical analyses. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (95% confidence interval). For respiratory parameters, Gaussian distribution was assessed with a Shapiro-Wilk normality test. If Gaussian distribution was validated, a repeated-measure one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison post hoc test was used. If distribution was not Gaussian, Friedmann's test with Dunn's multiple comparison post hoc test was performed. For ventilation studies, a paired t-test was used to compare left and right lung fraction of total counted radioactivity. All tests were two-sided and p < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism ® 7 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA).
High resolution FT-ICR-MS 2 analysis of GalCer MLI Fourier transformation-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR)-MS and -MS 2 were performed on a solariX 7T XR magnetic resonance mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics) equipped with a dual ESI/ MALDI ion source. Spectra were acquired in ESI positive ion mode with a size of 4M data points and active absorption mode; transfer time-of-flight was 0. 700 ms, and the Q1 mass was set on the mass of interest to achieve highest sensitivity. Calibration was performed on clusters of sodium formate followed by internal lock mass calibration for MS 2 on the precursor ion of interest. For each spectrum in MS mode, 20 scans with an accumulation time of 0. 01 s were added, and in MS 2 mode, 200-800 scans with an accumulation time of 1. 1 s were added. CID fragmentation was performed with a collision energy of 25 V after isolating the respective precursor with a width of ±0.
On-going research aims to further improve ostomy appliances and develop innovative technical means to regain control over body waste discharge while avoiding problems associated with pouch wearing. After several years of research, a new device (AOS-C2001-B) elaborated on an innovative concept of a stoma covering cap has been developed, tested and European Conformity (CE) marked. It is indicated for left colostomates having stool consistency ranking from hard to soft. The most essential part of this device is a "capsule cap" (CC) which contains a folded bag allowing collection of formed stool when deployed, either deliberately by the patient or spontaneously i. e. triggered by pressure within the bowel. This CC evolved through several design configurations studied in bench tests and clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.
gov ID: NCT02602236) permitting improvement of its functionality that led to the present device. Wearing it could have a positive impact on the patient's well-being, including body image and comfort. As part of a research and development program, a prospective pilot study was designed to assess device efficacy and safety when used by left colostomates (ClinicalTrials. gov ID: NCT03108105). As the device aims to allow control over bowel emptying, preferred outcome was assessed according to the mode of CC removal (manual, i. e. deliberately, or spontaneous) and the absence of fecal leaks with the stoma appliance. "Manual removal of the CC linked to a pressure feeling" and "no leaks" was the preferred outcome.
Moreover, it is well recognized that leakage is the criterion that has the highest impact on QoL  [4]. In our study, more than 85% of cases reported no leakage during the device wearing period. However, as no comparable device exists on the market, it is difficult to compare to the level of leakage reported in clinical trials conducted in colostomates with the two-piece system. Nevertheless, in different trials, the leakage rate occurring under the base plate was collected: one study conducted on colostomates reported the absence of leakage in 70% of bag changes with one-piece flat standard appliance (ClinicalTrials. gov ID: NCT01243294). Based on these data, our results suggest a similar efficacy of the new device in that respect. Due to a number of anatomical and physiological reasons, it has been so far impossible for colostomates to regain fecal continence.
Therefore, data reported by the patient's own rating of the study device are a good indicator of performance and reflect physical well-being. In this study, it was shown that 70% of patients rated the overall feeling of security as "good" or "very good", 67% when evaluating how comfortable the device was to wear answered "good" or "very good" and 60% had a "good" to "very good" general impression of their body image during the use of the device. The alteration of the body image after stoma creation implies a change in awareness of both appearance and function of the individual  [18]. With the current findings, we can postulate that AOS-C2001-B is a real opportunity for colostomates to improve self-esteem and well-being. Adoption of the new device has been challenging for the study patients as a majority (77%) were using a one-piece appliance prior entering the study, which by definition is more discreet than a two-piece appliance.
Consequently the device was considered discrete (not bulky) by only 40%, even if 79% judged that the device is soundless and prevents stoma-related noises. Some problems associated with pouch use such flatus, odor, and noise can often become stressful and embarrassing for the patient  [15]. Present results show that the device could influence patients' daily life and allow them to recover a better social life including leisure activities. As regards safety, no serious AEs occurred and only a few AEs were considered "possibly" to "certainly" related to the investigational device. These skin and subcutaneous complications are well known and occurred less often than those reported in other clinical trials performed with a twopiece appliance (ClinicalTrials. gov, ID: NCT02362360). In this randomized, cross-over study adverse events for skin and subcutaneous tissue occurred in 17/49 (34.
Materials And Methods "DOVIREIN" a multi-center, parallel-group, non-randomized prospective survey compared medical economic and quality of life data of four surgical donor nephrectomy approaches, over a 33-month period (from July 2010 to April 2013). The survey of ergonomic assessment was a secondary outcome measure of the study. Twenty centers were enrolled. Each center performed only one of the four surgical approaches. Six centers performed nephrectomy using open surgery retroperitoneal approach (OS), six using transperitoneal standard laparoscopy (SL), three using transperitoneal hand-assisted laparoscopy (HAL), and three using robot-assisted laparoscopy (RAL). Two centers that began implementing SL switched to RAL during the study. One or two surgeons performed all the nephrectomies at each center.
This tool has been validated in many work settings. 10, 11 A visual analogue score of  nephrectomy difficulty for the surgeon was obtained at the end of the procedure using a score from 0 (very low) to 10 (very high) for each of these subscales. This study was approved by the French Advisory Committee on Information Processing in Health Research (CCTIRS approved on July 26, 2012) and the National Commission on Informatics and Liberty (CNIL: DR-2010-090). The trial was registered at clinicaltrials. gov (NCT02830568 on June 10, 2010). This study was registered with the French High Court. Patients undergoing renal transplants were approved and registered by the French BioMedicine Agency. All participants provided written informed consent, and that this trial was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Results Two hundred and sixty-four patients underwent donor nephrectomy using OS (n = 65), SL (n = 65), HAL (n = 65) and RAL (n = 69). Data were obtained from the primary surgeon in 258 nephrectomies and from the assistant in 256. (p < 0. 0001) and consequently sat for longer periods of time than those performing other procedures RAL (n = 69; 142. 0 ± 55. 5 mins), HAL (n = 65; 1. 769 ± 7. 9 mins), SL (n = 65; 0. 516 ± 2. 3 mins), OS (n = 65; 4. 254 ± 10. 3 mins) (p < 0. 001).
Acknowledgments The study was coordinated by  INSERM   CIC-EC 1433  at  Nancy University Hospital  and involved 20 centers in France. We thank all the investigators for their investment in the project. This project was funded by the  French Ministry of Health  ( DHOS STIC 2009 ). Opinions expressed in the present article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the sponsor. The study sponsor did not take part in the study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the report or decision to submit the article for publication.
Data sample and analysis strategy The measurement of the Λ c -baryon production was performed by reconstructing the decays Λ + c → pK 0 S with a branching ratio (BR) equal to (1. 58 ± 0. 08)% and K 0 S → π + π -with BR = (69. 20 ± 0. 05)%  [19]. The D 0 mesons were reconstructed in the decay channel D 0 → K -π + with BR = (3. 93 ± 0. 04)%  [19]. The Λ c and D 0 candidates were reconstructed in the same transverse momentum, rapidity and centrality intervals. The analysis benefits from the tracking and particle identification capabilities of the ALICE central barrel detectors located within a large solenoidal magnet that provides a magnetic field of 0. 5 T parallel to the LHC beam axis. A complete description of the ALICE apparatus and its performance can be found in Refs. [17, 20]. The main detectors used in this analysis include the Inner Tracking System (ITS)  [21] , the Time Projection Chamber (TPC)  [22] , the Time-Of-Flight detector (TOF)  [23]  and the V0 detector  [24]  located inside the solenoidal magnet, as well as the Zero Degree Calorimeters (ZDC)  [17]  located in the LHC tunnel at about ±112.
8 and that in |y| < 0. 5. The factor 1/2 takes into account that the raw yield is the sum of particles and anti-particles, while the production yield is reported as their average. The correction for the detector acceptance and reconstruction efficiency was determined by means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The underlying Pb-Pb events at √ s NN = 5. 02 TeV were simulated using the HIJING v1. 383  [28]  generator and prompt and feed-down Λ c (D 0 ) were added using the PYTHIA v6. 421  [29]  generator with Perugia 11 tune. The generated particles were transported through the ALICE detector using the GEANT3  [30]  package. A realistic detector response was introduced in the simulations to reproduce the performance of the ALICE detector system during data taking. The p T distributions of the Λ c and D 0 in PYTHIA were corrected in order to obtain more realistic distributions.
However, the limited precision of this first measurement prevents us from drawing a firm conclusion. A higher precision for a Λ + c -baryon production measurement with finer granularity in p T and centrality will be achieved with future datasets to be collected during LHC Run 2 and, in particular, during the LHC Run 3 and 4, following the major upgrade of the ALICE apparatus  [45, 46]. The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A.
patients. Between January 2008 and May 2017, 653 colorectal resections were performed at our institution. For 64 of them (36 M, 28 F; mean age 71 (range 26-93), 27 in the right colon, 3 in the transverse colon, 20 in the left colon and 14 in the rectum) all the data and material required for our retrospective investigation were available: clinical and histopathological data, CT scans, outcome information (date of diagnosis, surgery, progression or last follow-up and death) and tissue samples (from our local registered tumor tissue collection). According to the UICC staging, there were 12 stage I, 25 stage II, 15 stage III and 12 stage IV tumors. Informed consent was obtained from each participant included in the study. Tumor localization was determined by colonoscopy and the tumor was visible on CE-CT images.
Radiomics analysis. Primary tumors were semi-automatically delineated by one experienced physician using the 3D Slicer ™ software 25 on the portal phase CT images. Imaging Biomarkers Standardization Initiative (IBSI) compliant radiomic features were extracted from each segmented volume using an in-house software that was validated with the most up-to-date IBSI reference document and benchmark values  26. For textural features, matrices were constructed in 3D according to the merging technique (Supplementary Material 1). No filter-based analysis (either textural features on wavelet decompositions 2 or histogram analysis in sub-volumes identified by log of Laplacian filters  27  ) was included to reduce the number of considered features and because these have not yet been included in the IBSI  24.
Acknowledgements The manuscript is part of a PhD thesis "Caractérisation multiparamétrique des cancers colorectaux" by  Bogdan Badic ,  Université de Bretagne Occidentale  (HAL Id: tel-02078409). We thank  Dr Laurent Doucet , for providing colon cancer tissue, and  Dr Marie-Cécile Nicot  for extracting tissue fragments from  Brest Tumor tissue Bank. We thank the  Ligue contre le cancer, comité du Finistère  and the  INSERM  for funding the project. This study was funded in part by the  Ligue contre le Cancer, comité du Finistère , and by  INSERM. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Data analysis and statistics For each condition, the previously described P0. 1 values were recorded or measured five times. As the five measurements were very similar, the results are presented as the mean of the five values. A Bland and Altman plot of differences between P0. 1 vent and P0. 1 ref versus their mean was constructed to evaluate agreement between these two values  [16]. Similarly, Bland and Altman plot between P0. 1 vent and P0. 1 aw was also performed. The statistical analysis was Fig. 1  Experimental setup. A chamber of a two-chamber test lung was connected to a driving ventilator set in volume-controlled ventilation mode. The second chamber (2) was connected to the tested ventilator by a double limb circuit with an active humidifier. The two chambers of the test lung were linked by a rigid metal piece, so that the positive pressure insufflated by the driving ventilator into the first chamber (1) generates a negative pressure in the second chamber, recognized as an inspiratory effort by the tested ventilator.
In most of the cases the pairwise differences in the age distributions of genes belonging to different classes are statistically significant (see Supplementary Dataset 1). As follows from Figs 2-5 the curves are organized in clusters. The existence of the clusters is supported by hierarchical cluster analysis (Fig. 8 ). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance classification demonstrates moderate bootstrap reliability. If we remove from consideration housekeeping genes (control), and replace BMC GSTSE non-coding sequences with GSTSE-X non-coding sequences, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance classification  demonstrates perfect bootstrap reliability (Fig. 9 ). The difference between the three clusters' evolutionary ages is statistically significant (chi square P-value not exceed 1 * 10 -300 ; X 2 = 1756 under 30 df) as well as the pairwise difference of the ages of each pair of clusters (see Supplementary Dataset 2).