dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Methods Study design and study population. Details concerning objectives and study design of the cohort CONSTANCES (http://www. constances. fr/index_EN. php) have been previously published  15, 32. Briefly, CONSTANCES is a prospective epidemiological cohort composed of randomly selected adult participants aged 18-69 years at inception affiliated with the French National Health Insurance Fund database (CNAM; General scheme which covers 85% of the general French population) following a sampling scheme stratified on age, gender, socioeconomic status and region of France. Volunteers who agreed to participate in the study had to fill self-administered questionnaires and were invited to attend to one of the 22 selected health-screening centers (HSCs) to benefit from a comprehensive health examination.
They were also linked through French health administrative and national social databases. Through these different sources, social, demographic, health, behavioral, occupational, biological, and anthropometric data were Study participants. The present study is a cross-sectional analysis on participants who were known to have hypertension recorded by the physician or measured during the medical examination at the HSC and receiving antihypertensive medications. From a total of 87,808 volunteer participants recruited between February 2012 and January 2018 and to whom data was available through linkage with the health insurance administrative database, 10,764 subjects met the above definition and were eligible to be included in the current analysis. We excluded 54 participants with BMI <18kg/m 2 and we therefore analyzed 10,710 hypertensive treated participants.
Acknowledgements We thank the  UMS 11 Inserm-Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines University  "Cohortes épidémiologiques en population" who designed and is in charge of the  CONSTANCES Cohort Study. They also thank the "Caisse nationale d'assurance maladie des travailleurs salaries" (CNAMTS)  and the  "Centres d' examens de santé" of the French Social Security  which are collecting a large part of the data, as well as ClinSearch, Asqualab and Eurocell in charge of the data quality control. The Constances Cohort Study was supported and funded by the  Caisse nationale d'assurance maladie (CNAM). The  Constances Cohort Study is an "Infrastructure nationale en Biologie et Santé " and benefits from a grant from  ANR  ( ANR-11-INBS-0002 ) and from the  Ministry of Research. Constances is also partly funded by  MSD ,  AstraZeneca  and  Lundbeck.
Remerciements Nous remercions les membres de l' Unité d'infectiologie expérimentale des rongeurs et poissons (UE 0907) de l'Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) de Jouy-en-Josas pour leur professionnalisme et leur aide  à l'expérimentation animale. Nous sommes reconnaissants à  Adrien Acquistapace ,  Alexandr V. Baklanov ,  Pierre Caillol ,  Amandine Catonné ,  Didier Durieux ,  Soahary Jean-René ,  Luc Jouneau ,  Régine Monnerie ,  Marie-Annick Persuy ,  Audrey Prézelin ,  Aurélien Raynaud ,  Delphine Rousseau-Ralliard  et  Sarah Voisin  pour leur aide expérimentale et dans l'analyse de données et à  Aurélia Bruneau  pour avoir partagé avec nous son expertise. Nous remercions le service de gestion du budget et du personnel de nos unités de recherche.
Statistical analysis All of the data was analyzed using Prism 8 software (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA). The peristimulus time histogram data were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison post hoc test. Food intake, water intake, and body weight data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison post hoc test. The data are expressed as mean ± SEM unless otherwise specified.
Microstructural analysis of drug, food, and water self-administration events during nicotine selfadministration The microstructural analysis graphs were analyzed as a function of any set of events that occurred 1000 s before and after a single event (i. e. , Y vs. X). Data were taken during the first day of nicotine access following a 72 h deprivation period after 2 weeks of continuous LgA to maximize the occurrence of nicotine self-administration events  17  and increase the statistical power of the microstructural meal pattern analysis. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare the effects of time and treatment and time  treatment interactions between animals that self-administered nicotine and animals that self-administered saline. First, the effect of a single nicotine or saline self-administration event on surrounding nicotine or saline intake events was tested.
Time  treatment interaction, p > 0. 9999 (two-way repeatedmeasures ANOVA). Normalized probability was calculated as the average for all rats at a single timepoint divided by the average of all events within the 1000 s time window multiplied by 100. Changes in feeding and drinking bout duration were also analyzed. No significant difference in feeding bouts was observed between treatment groups (Fig. 4A ). No significant difference in water intake that surrounded a single feeding event was observed between treatment groups (Fig. 4B ). No significant difference in drinking bouts was observed between treatment groups. These results confirmed the feeding and drinking bout data in animals that self-administering nicotine or saline.
5B ). Figure  6. Average food and water intake in nicotine vs. saline rats. (A) Average daily food intake in nicotine (red) vs. saline (blue) rats during the nicotine ON and OFF phases. The data are expressed as calories consumed normalized to body weight in a 24 h period. Time  treatment interaction, p = 0. 0195 (two-way ANOVA). (B) Average daily water intake in nicotine (red) vs. saline (blue) rats during the nicotine ON and OFF phases. The data are expressed as milliliters of water consumed normalized to body weight in a 24 h period. Time  treatment interaction, p = 0. 9173 (two-way ANOVA). *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001 (Tukey's multiple-comparison post hoc test). The animals were tested on standard chow and tap water to investigate changes in food and water intake across the self-administration paradigm.
Model consent form and other related documentation given to participants and authorized surrogates {32} The Supplementary Material le contains the French informed consent form that the patient signs prior to their inclusion in the trial (version 2, updated 1 July, 2017) Additional consent provisions for collection and use of participant data and biological specimens {26b} Biological samples for bacterial strain identi cation will be collected and stored if the patient has signed the biocollection informed consent. In this informed consent form it is noted that the samples may be used for other scienti c research. This biocollection and consent procedure has been registered under number DC-2011-1399 by the French Ethics Committee: CPP Ouest IV.
Sequence generation {16a} and Concealment mechanisms {16b} This balanced block randomization is computer-generated. Subjects are randomized into blocks as the allocation progresses, a block being a subgroup of predetermined size within which there is a random allocation of patients. The software used for the randomization is SAS version 9. 4. The randomization will be centralized and strati ed based on the following four groups of contraception: The randomization key is known only to the biostatistician and data managers, to make it impossible for the investigator to assign a speci c treatment. At the randomization visit (Day0) the investigator, after checking the inclusion and non-inclusion criteria, will validate the randomization on the eCRF. Drug prescriptions for two months will be made out (blindspironolactone/doxycycline).
Data management {19} An electronic Case Report Form (eCRF) will be drawn up for each subject. The identi cation of the subject will be performed using the rst letter of the family name, the rst letter of the rst name, the centre number and the inclusion number, supplemented by the month and year of birth. This code should be the only information featuring in the eCRF, enabling a retrospective link with the patient. The investigator will also encode the patient data on any documents that may be in their possession (imaging, biology test reports, etc. ) and attached to the eCRF. At the end of the study, database reconciliation will be carried out between the CRF database and safety database. This reconciliation will be performed before database locking. Similarly, an annual reconciliation will be carried out when updating the Annual Safety Report (ASR).
Con dentiality Each patient's medical data will only be provided to the sponsor or any person duly authorized by the sponsor and, where applicable, to authorized health authorities, under conditions of con dentiality. The sponsor and the supervisory authorities may request direct access to medical records for the purposes of veri cation of the procedures and/or data in respect of the clinical trial, within the limits authorized by legislation and regulations. The data compiled during the trial may be processed electronically in compliance with CNIL (the French Data Protection Agency) requirements. CNIL is an independent French administrative regulatory body whose mission is to ensure that data privacy legislation is applied to the collection, storage, and use of personal data. Plans for the collection, laboratory evaluation and storage of biological specimens for genetic or molecular analysis in this trial/future use {33} At the end of the study, biological samples resulting from sampling (bacterial strains) will be kept in anticipation of further scienti c bene t, but naturally the subject's written consent should be collected.
ICER = [Costs Spironolactone -Costs Cycline ] / [QALYs Spironolactone -QALYs Cycline ] The cost-effectiveness of spironolactone will be assessed according to a willingness to pay of 50,000 euros. The probability of cost-effectiveness will also be assessed with several willingness to pay thresholds and will be represented in an acceptability curve. A sensitivity analysis will be performed in order to assess the robustness of the ICER result. Methods in analysis to handle protocol non-adherence and any statistical methods to handle missing data {20c} All subjects will receive the assigned study treatment until unacceptable toxicity, death, loss to follow-up, withdrawal of consent, or termination of the study by the sponsor, in accordance with local standards of care. Unacceptable toxicity and death will be considered as failure for the primary criteria analysis.
Loss to follow-up, missing data for the primary criteria and early termination of the study by the sponsor will be also considered as failures by the ITTm and not replaced. Patients who did not reach the inclusion criteria after randomization and those who never began their treatment will be replaced. For the clinical secondary criteria analysis, patients with missing data will be withdrawn. Missing data in cost-effectiveness analysis will be handled according to a multiple imputation method on the ITTm sample. If a patient is released from the study (e. g. in the event of Adverse Reactions (AR) preventing the continuation of the study), her data will not be collected, except for safety data (follow-up of AR or onset of AR associated with the experimental treatment, based on pharmacokinetic data).
Oversight and monitoring Composition of the coordinating centre and trial steering committee {5d} It has to carry out the protocol and the trial thanks to an Executive Committee which includes a Scienti c Committee and a Steering Committee. The Scienti c Committee was created and coordinated by Prof. B. Dreno. Its membership comprises a biostatistician and methodologist, the study coordinator, the health economist and the project manager of the clinical investigation centre (CIC1413). The Steering Committee is composed of the members of the Scienti c Committee with the addition of the data management team, the study's nurse who coordinates assistance for patient inclusion in the other centres, and the monitoring Clinical Research Assistant (CRA). The sponsor project manager coordinates this committee and drafts the "FASCE newsletter" which provides, among other things, the latest news on patient inclusion and amendments to the protocol.
Frequency of and plans for trial conduct {23} An or audit may take place as part of this study, performed by the sponsor and/or by the regulatory authorities. Inspectors will check the documents, logistics, records and any other resources that the authorities consider to be associated with the clinical trial and that may be located at the trial site itself. Plans for seeking research ethics committee/institutional review board (REC/IRB) approval {24} Statement of who will have access to the trial and disclosure of contractual agreements that such access for investigators {29} The investigators will share the entirety of the nal trial dataset.
| Sampling approach A target of 139 households with children under the age of 3 years per district and per data collection round was calculated necessary based on an assumed prevalence of drinking water samples free of faecal contamination in rural areas of 22. 8% (Ministry of Rural Development & WHO, 2013) and a desired impact of 4. 5% per year (factoring in a 20% refusal). The list of households with children under 3 years of age from the main project "The Cambodian Health and Nutrition Monitoring Study" served as the sampling frame for sample selection process. Using random tables, the households were systematically selected. Therefore, in each district, a random subsample of 139 households was selected during each season from the sample of 5,419 households list included in the main project.
| Data collection The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Water Quality Module (UNICEF, 2017) was used as part of UNICEF's early childhood longitudinal study questionnaire. Two types of water samples were obtained: one collected from the source of drinking water used for children under 3 years of age and one from the main drinking vessel used by caregivers to provide water to their children aged 0-36 months (hereafter referred to as "point-of-collection" and "point-of-use" samples, respectively). For bottled water, point-of-collection samples were taken directly from the water bottle. Point-of-use samples were collected from the drinking container, or if the water was also consumed directly from the bottled water, then the point of use and point of collection were identical: at the water bottle.
CDHS datasets. Analysis indicates a total increase of the use of bottled water for drinking by almost 1. 5-fold between 2005 and 2010 and by 5-fold between 2010 and 2014 (National Institute of Statistics et al. , 2015). However, as shown in our study, local bottled water is also susceptible to contamination as almost 50% had a high concentration (>100 CFU/100 ml) of coliform contamination. Several studies on the microbiology of bottled and packed water in other regions of the world report similar violations of international quality standards (Kassenga, 2007; Obiri-Danso, Okore-Hanson, & Jones, 2003; Olaoye & Onilude, 2009; Oyedeji, Olutiola, & Moninuola, 2010). In addition, arecent small market survey conducted in Kratie and Ratanakiri (ILCC, UNICEF, 2017, internal report) revealed poor quality of bottled water in these areas, with counts of fungi, yeast, and heterotrophic bacteria (total count plate) above the national limit in more than 75% of water samples.
Atherosclerotic Lesions in Aortic Root The heart and 2-3mm long aortic arch were frozen by isopentane -80 • C embedding medium for serial 10 µm-thick cryosectioning. Serial cross-sections of three valve leaflets were sectioned (from 200 to 250 µm, from 400 to 450 µm, from 600 to 650 µm, and from 800 to 850 µm between the base of the heart and aortic arch). All the sequential sections were stored at -80 • C until use. Then, the four glass slides were stained with Oil red O and counterstaining with hematoxylin. Images of all stained slides were captured using a digital slide scanner (Nanozoomer Hamamatsu 2. 0 HT, Japan). Quantitative analysis of neutral lipid-stained lesions was performed using image analysis software 'Nanozoomer Digital Pathology View software'. (http://rsb. info. nih. gov/ij/).
Statistical Analysis Data were represented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), n represents the number of animals  (6) (7) (8) (9) (10). Statistical analyses were performed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA), or Mann-Whitney U tests and subsequent Bonferroni/Sidak post hoc test. p < 0. 05 is considered to be statistically significant. All analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism 6 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).
01% Sirius Red F3B 1 h. The sections were then washed twice in acidified water, dehydrated thrice in 100% ethanol, then cleared in xylene and mounted. For the morphometric analysis, liver sections were scanned using a NanoZoomer (Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan) with a 20 × objective. The degree of hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis were, respectively, evaluated on Oil Red O and Sirius Red stained slides, and scored using Image J software as described  [16].
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Biocampus  for animal staff from Metamus DMEM facility which belongs to RAM, Montpellier animal facilities network, for technical support and expertise for metabolism phenotyping, and for RHEM Facility for histology/immunohistology experiments. We acknowledge  SIRIC Montpellier Cancer (Grant INCa_Inserm_DGOS_12553 ) to RHEM, and Metamontp platform supported by the  European fund for the regional development of Occitanie (FEDER). The authors express their deep acknowledgements to  Guillaume Reversat ,  Amandine Rocher  and  Camille Oger  for their technical aid in the isoprostanoid analysis,  Charlene Couturier  for the WAT qPCR analysis and  Annabelle Tavernier  for the GLP-1 analysis.
Statistical Analysis Statistical calculations were computed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA, version 21). The baseline characteristics of the participants are stated as means ± SD for all the parameters and as a percentage for the HbA1c variable. The primary outcomes of the study were the changes observed in serum concentrations of TNF-α, hs-CRP, and IL-6 from baseline and after six months of administration of vitamin D. Data distribution was checked for normality; histograms and the Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test demonstrated a normal distribution. The evaluation of the mean changes within the same group (from baseline and after the sixth month) was completed using the paired-samples t-test, while two-way ANOVA analysis was used for group comparison.
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method Development Ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE) was completed with an ultrasonic bath (USC1200TH, Prolabo, Sion, Switzerland) composed of a 300 x 240 x 200 mm (inner dimension) tank, with electric power of 400W corresponding to an acoustic power of 1W/cm 2 and maximal heating power of 400W. The variable frequencies of this device can be selected thanks to a frequency controller, and it also has a temperature regulator as well as an automatic digital timer. Each sample was placed in 50-mL quartz tubes equipped with a vapor condenser, and was suspended in 10 ml extraction solvent. A liquid to solid ratio of 10:1 mL/g DW (dry weight) was used and extraction was performed at 45°C. For Extraction optimization a Box-Behnken design was used and the resulting response surface plots drawn with the help of XLSTAT2019 software (Addinsoft, Paris, France).
HPLC Analysis After extraction, each extract was centrifuged for 15 min at 3,000 rpm and the resulting supernatant filtered using a syringe filter (0. 45 µ m, Millipore, Molsheim, France) prior to analysis. Separation and identification of the main extract constituents was done by HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) with a Varian system (Varian, Les Ulis, France) composed of: Prostar 230 pump, Metachem Degasit, Prostar 410 autosampler, Prostar 335 Photodiode Array Detector (PAD) and driven by Galaxie version 1. 9. 3. 2 software. A Purospher RP-18 column (250 x 4. 0 mm internal diameter; 5 µ m) (Merck Chemicals, Molsheim, France) was used for the separation performed at a temperature set at 35 °C. The mobile phase was a mixture of: i) A, which was acidified HPLC grade water with acetic acid (0.
DNA Damage Evaluation by Comet Assay We performed the alkaline comet assay according to the procedure described by Singh  [33]  and adapted by Baumgartner  [34] , which has already been described in previous publications by our team  [26, 27, 31]. DNA damage was quantified by the percentage of DNA in the tail of 100 randomly selected sperm cells from each triplicate slide per condition (at least 300 raw values analysed per experiment, at least 900 in total per condition). Statistical Analysis. The data presented the medians of % Tail DNA values, with 1st and 3rd quartiles. We performed a linear mixed model analysis with "condition" (exposure condition) as a fixed effect and "cells" (sperm cells) within the replicate slide as a random effect using linear mixed effects regression (lmer) function of R software, version 3.
Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at www. mdpi. com/xxx/s1, Figure  S1  Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No713750. Additionally, it has been performed with the financial supports of the Regional Council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and A*MIDEX (n° ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), funded by the Investissements d'Avenir project funded by the French Government and managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR). The project has also received funding from Fédération de Recherche ECCOREV n° 3098.
Acknowledgments: This work is a contribution to the  Labex Serenade  (No. ANR-11-LABX-0064 ) funded by the " Investissements d'Avenir" French Government program  of the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  through the A  MIDEX  project (No. ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ). This work is also a contribution to the  OSU-Institut Pythéas. The authors acknowledge the  CNRS  for the funding of the IRP iNOVE.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( RECYFUEL  project ( ANR-16-CE05-0026 ) and  DynOCP  (project  ANR-18-CE11-0005 ), and from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement no. 675006  ( SE2B ). F. M. 's salary.
Identification of a novel galactosidase from M. tuberculosis The seminal observation of arabinan-degrading activity in M. smegmatis introduced the idea that mycobacteria may produce a set of specific glycosidases designed to remodel endogenous cell wall polysaccharides  (8). Hence, we initiated the search of such enzymes by looking for galactosidases capable of cleaving the galactan chain of AG in M. tuberculosis. To initiate this work, a first search in the CAZy database (February 2019 update) failed to identify possible galactofuranosidases out of the 31 predicted glycosidases of M. tuberculosis. Based on the known similarity between D-galactosidase and L-arabinase activities  (10)  and the structural similarity between L-Araf and D-Galf, we have used ␣-L-arabinofuranosidases as a template to search for potential ␤-D-galactofuranosidases (EC 3.