dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements The authors from the  University of York  acknowledge support from the  UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)  through grants  EP/K018388/1  and  EP/H003797/1. The authors from the  Ruhr-Universität Bochum  acknowledge support from the  German Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)  in the frame of the package project  PAK  ' Plasma Cell Interaction in Dermatology' ( SCHU2353/3-1 ). A. Wijaikhum  acknowledges financial support from the  Development and Promotion of Science and Technology Talents Project (DPST) ,  Royal Government of Thailand scholarship. This work has been done within the  LABEX Plas@Par project , and received financial state.
Study samples The samples, extracted from the serum bank of the Pasteur Center in Cameroon (PCC), were drawn from individuals in various medical settings throughout Cameroon and sent to the PCC for HCV, HIV or HBV testing from January 2013 to April 2015. They all had provided consent for their samples to be stored and used for future research. The protocol of the present study was approved by the National Ethics Committee for Human Health Research of Cameroon. Group A included sera from individuals with CHC (positive HCV-Ab ELISA serology and quantifiable HCV RNA). Group B comprised sera that was negative for CHC (HCV-Ab ELISA serology, either negative or positive with undetectable HCV RNA). All samples have been tested for the presence of HBsAg and HIV-antibodies. Age and gender were retrieved from the PCC database, as well as the HCV genotype when available.
possession of health insurance (RSBY) cards, and experiences of hospitalisation among family members. Finaly about one-third households were sampled from each stratum using systematic random sampling which lead to 3,350 households (for details about sample method, see S2 File). The head of household was the respondent for the household survey; in his or her absence, other members above 16 years of age and found knowledgeable were selected. Data collection was completed through face-to-face, pen-and-paper interviews conducted with the help of 25 field investigators. This data was entered in raw MS-Access 2010 format (Microsoft, Redmond, USA) and analysed with the Data Analysis and Statistical Software STATA 13. 0 (StataCorp LP, Texas, USA). Results were recorded as frequencies (%) and standard deviation (SD).
Chisquare test of independence was computed to determine independence between epidemiological status of the population and socio-demographic variables. The critical chi squared value is given for α = 0. 05. The dataset collected during the survey consists rich information on a number of demographic, socioeconomic, health status and health service use variables such as age, sex, education, caste, monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) and health expenditure. In this paper, we focus on two domains, knowledge about dengue and preventive measures against the disease. Another point to note is that as there was one respondent per household and as the survey mainly focused on the adoption level of the national social health insurance scheme, it was not possible to interview all the people infected by dengue virus.
Assessment of AF Two sources were used: a twelve-lead resting ECG (Mingorec, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) at all 6 waves of data collection between 1985 and 2013, and interpreted for the presence of AF/flutter at the University of Glasgow (Prof. Macfarlane). Coding was carried out independently in duplicate by trained technicians; Minnesota codes 83x were used to identify cases of AF. 11  The second source was the national hospital episode statistics (HES) database on hospital day cases and inpatients, using ICD9: 427. 3 and ICD10: I48. The National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom provides most of the health care, and record linkage is based on encrypted values of the NHS number, unique for each person.
Dementia We used comprehensive tracing of electronic health records using three databases: HES, Mental Health Services Data Set (MHSDS) and the mortality register. Record linkage until 3Ist of March 2015, using ICD-10 codes F00, F01, F02, F03, F05. 1, G30, G31. 0, G31. 1, and G31. 8 identified cases of dementia. MHSDS is a national database which contains information for persons in contact with mental health services in hospitals, outpatient clinics, and the community. Mortality data were drawn from the British national mortality register. The validity of dementia ascertainment in our study is supported by findings on changes in the global cognitive score, showing accelerated decline in global cognitive score in the 8-10 years before dementia diagnosis (Supplementary material online, Figure  S1 ).
This phenomenon, called flickering, was identified through measure of the similarity between the place-cell population activity and its averaged patterns across both environments, recorded earlier in respective reference sessions. Typically, a given 120 ms time window activity of the test data strongly correlated with the average reference activity in one map, and had essentially no correlation with the reference activity in the other map. Success of such comparison-based decoding methods reflects the strong orthogonality of spatial maps in CA3: across two environments, activity of place cells broadly differ in their mean frequencies and receptive field locations, see Fig. 1(b). Hence, simple map decoders, essentially assuming that cells fire independently of each other, are sufficient to reliably identify the representation expressed by the animal.
(2011). Signal was recorded differentially against the reference tetrode. Hyperdrive was connected to a multichannel, impedance matching, unity gain headstage and its output conducted through a 82-channel commutator to a Neuralynx digital 64 channel data acquisition system. Signal was band-pass filtered at 600 Hz-6 kHz. Unit waveforms above individually set thresholds (45-70 µV) were timestamped and digitized at 32 kHz. Position of the light emitting diodes on the headstage was tracked at 50 Hz to assess the animal's position. For the purpose of this study only data from intervals when the rat's movement speed exceeded 5 cm/sec were used. Broadband EEG from each tetrode was recorded continuously at 2000 Hz. Spike sorting and cell classification. Spikes were sorted manually using 3D graphical cluster-cutting software (SpikeSort, Neuralynx) The feature space consisted of threedimensional projections of multidimensional waveform amplitudes and energies.
As a general feature we observe that the performances of all decoders improve for larger discretization time scales (Fig. 3 (c) ). This result does not come from better inference of the Ising parameters, as couplings remain remarkably unchanged as ∆t varies, see Appendix C. The increase in performance may be simply understood as follows. Decoding performances were evaluated from the fraction of time bins in which the decoded map matched the one of the external environment evoked by the light conditions. In test sessions with stable external environment for several minutes, it is natural that merging larger portion of data results in more stable decoded maps, and, hence, in a larger fraction of correctly decoded maps. Similarly, improvement in decoding stability is obtained through the introduction of a continuity prior, which prevents switching back and forth between spatial maps in nearby time bins, see below for further discussion.
5% ± 5. 8 SEM of all bins). Interestingly, the rate of flickering remained significantly increased beyond 30 seconds after the teleportation (0. 034±0. 021 SEM, F = 19. 38, p < 0. 01). Jezek et al. (2011)  used temporal binning that reflected local theta oscillation (6 -11 Hz) in the hippocampal circuitry. While all the results reported so far were obtained with a fixed, regular binning with a similar rate (∆t = 120 ms, i. e. about 8 Hz), we decided to re-analyze the teleportation data in a natural theta binning as done by  Jezek et al. (2011). We detected the phase of local theta oscillation based on minimum place-cell activity criterion, and the corresponding timestamps were used to define the temporal bins. We got the same pattern of results as with fixed binning (pre = 0. 014 ± 0. 002 SEM, short post = 0.
g. of retinal data with tens of neurons. Instabilities in hippocampal space representations. In the CA3 area of hippocampus, patterns of place-cell activity across different environments behave as uncorrelated network states with attractor properties  (Wills et al. , 2005). Transitions between those hippocampal activity states were recently studied based on recordings taken during a free exploration in two environments in an experimental paradigm shown to induce rapid switches  (Jezek et al. , 2011). In the present paper we used multiunit recordings from hippocampal area CA1. Both CA3 and CA1 are parts of the entorhino-hippocampal loop, an essential circuit for spatial memory and navigation in mammalian brain. Despite being directly connected in series (CA3 signalling into CA1), they very much differ in their architecture -while CA3 is organized as a recurrent network with attractor properties, CA1 has a feed forward structure -and in their connections with other brain areas involved into space representation  (Knierim, 2006).
acknowledgements We are indebted to  S. Rosay , who contributed to the early stage of the data analysis. We are grateful to  J. Tubiana  and  A. Treves  for useful discussions and suggestions. This study benefited from partial fundings from the  CNRS-InphyNiTi   INFERNEUR  project and from  GACR   15-20008S ,  Q-39  and  NPU I LO1503  of the Czech Republic.
Acknowledgements. This work was carried out with the contribution of the LIFE financial instrument of the  European Union  ( LIFE15 ENV/IT/183 ) in the framework of the  MOTTLES  project " Monitoring ozone injury for setting new critical levels " and published within the  International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Task Force on Climate Change and Forest Health  and  IUFRO RG 7. 01. 09 " Ground-level ozone ". Edited by: Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath Reviewed by: three anonymous referees.
Histological and Immunohistochemical Analyses (IHC). For histological and immunohistochemical analyses, DEs were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 h at room temperature, dehydrated, and paraffin-embedded. Paraffinembedded specimens were cut with a rotary microtome (3. 5 μm thick slice) and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and cytokeratin staining with phloxine B-Orange G-Alcian Blue. Staining was performed according to standard histology protocols. Epidermis thickness was assessed by Photoshop software (Adobe) on microphotographs taken on 9 slides stained with H&E: they were equally distributed from the periphery to the center of the wound; within the wound area, three fields were selected and 5 thickness assessments were completed on each of them. Data were standardized on mean ± SD of normal epidermis (z-score).
As for collagen evaluation, we analyzed the microphotographs of the slides upon Masson's trichrome staining by Photoshop software: we selected and counted, in the wound area, all pixels within the same color range of the adjacent normal skin, compatible with specific collagen staining. The pixel number was normalized for the area value where they were assessed. Pixels related to matched normal skin areas were also counted and normalized as said above. This analysis was carried out on 5 slides uniformly distributed from the periphery to the center of the wound per each sample. The obtained values, relative to the samples taken at the same experimental point (from two mice at 21 days and two mice at 36 days), have been calculated and normalized for normal skin area values. Data were presented as percent of detected collagen, as compared to that associated with normal skin.
Statistical Analysis. For epidermis thickness measurements and for collagen evaluation, distributions of variables were assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test and data were standardized, for each treatment, on mean and SD of normal skin thickness (z-score). Two-way analysis of variance for repeat measures (RM-ANOVA) was used to detect differences among the groups. A two-tailed p value < 0. 05 was considered significant. qPCR data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) in at last three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by the calculation of the 95% CI. Viability data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) in at last three independent experiments. Two-sided Student's t-test was used for comparison between groups. The significance level was set at p < 0 05.
Development and Characterization of Dermal Equivalent (DE). hUCMS were prepared by our method  [4]  and expanded in vitro in CMRL supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in polystyrene flasks that had been pretreated with hyaluronic acid (HA) (Figure  1(a) ). Culture on HA allows for higher production of ECM as compared to untreated ones (data not shown). To generate DE, we use IV-VIII passaged cultured hUCMS. Initially, a fibrin scaffold is generated containing the cells; thereafter, upon O/N incubation, other cells are multiple layered on the scaffold (Figure  1(b) ). Cell morphology was first assessed by phase-contrast microscopy. Fibrin matrix-entrapped cells appear spindle-shaped and homogeneously distributed throughout the scaffold (Figure  1(b) ). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the cell embodied in fibrin plus the scaffold's texture, where polymerization creates a dense net holding the cells and allows for gas/nutrient diffusion (Figure  1(d) ).
The sample purity was checked by an x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, followed by neutron diffraction (ND). The XRD was performed in Bragg-Brentano geometry, using Cu Kα radiation, with a scan step of 0. 05 • , and an angular 2θ range from 10 • to 90 •. ND patterns were recorded with the double-axis high-flux diffractometer D1B operated by the CNRS at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, using a 2. 52 Å wavelength selected by a pyrolytic graphite monochromator. D1B is a powder diffractometer operating with a monochromator take-off angle of 44 • (in 2θ ). In this configuration the multicounter is composed of 1280 cells, covering a total angular (2θ ) range of 128 • , in detector steps of 0. 1 •. A vanadium sample holder was used. A Rietveld refinement with the FULLPROF suite package  [13]  was performed for XRD and ND data to extract the crystallographic and magnetic parameters.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank  C. Darie ,  C. Goujon , and  M. Legendre  for interesting discussions, and help with sample synthesis. Funding for this project was provided by a grant from  Région Rhône-Alpes  ( MIRA scholarship ). The present work was also supported in part by the  Brazilian agency Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico  and by the  Brazilian-France agreement CAPES-COFECUB  (No. 600/08 ).
The analysis considers the production of 1 kg of CPO-27-Ni and it does not account for its CCS utilization and disposal, so the LCA is not cradle-to-grave. Due to lack of data on utilization of this material, its energetic performance in industrial scale, the period of its service life and the disposal routines, it is not possible to perform a cradle-to-grave analysis. In this sense, a cradle-to-gate analysis is presented. The analysis has been performed with the software Simapro v8. 0. 4. and we have selected 5 of the 16 midpoint impact categories in order to have a better understanding of the results. These indicators are: climate change, particulate matter, freshwater euthrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity and resource depletion (mineral, fossil and renewable). From these indicators, more emphasis will be given to the climate change indicator, which relates the amount of CO 2 generated to produce the CPO-27-Ni from components present in nature and energy (either heat or electricity).
Study system and data collection Bulb mites live in the soil and feed on bulbs and tubers and are pests of many crops and ornamentals  (Diaz et al. , 2000). Bulb mites are small (0. 1-1. 0 mm) and live for up to a few months  (Diaz et al. , 2000). From egg to adult, they go through a larval and two to three nymph stages, which take between 11 and 40 days depending on food quality  (Smallegange 2011). Additionally, bulb mites have male dimorphism and males are either fighters, which kill other mites with their thickened third pair of legs, or scramblers, which do not have this modification and are defenceless  (Radwan et al. , 2000). Male morph is determined by the final instar (tritonymph) size, with larger tritonymphs developing into fighters. Dispersal occurs in both sexes via phoretic association with an arthropod host; attachment to the host is through the use of a sucker plate that is unique to the deutonymph stage  (Diaz et al.
, 2000). Deutonymph expression is induced by unfavourable environmental conditions (e. g. low temperature, humidity, food quality) and is a non-feeding stage within the life-cycle  (Diaz et al. , 2000). Data from  Deere et al. (2015)  were used to parameterise the IPMs. Briefly, in these experiments, first, females were isolated from stock cultures and allowed to lay eggs. The eggs were then reared individually to the adult stage and their life-history trajectory documented. Survival was scored on a daily basis for each individual. Surviving individuals were photographed daily, until maturation, using a Lumenera Infinity 3. 1 camera (Lumenera Corporation, Ottawa, 22 Ontario, Canada) connected to a Meiji 20 EMZ-8TRD (10-45×) stereomicroscope and its length (body size) without mouthparts measured to the nearest 0.
001 mm using Infinity Analyze Imaging Software (Lumenera Corp. ). Mature females were mated with randomly chosen virgin males and eggs were counted and measured (measurements were limited to max. 10 eggs) on a daily basis until the female's death. However, this initial dataset contained a very small proportion of individuals that expressed the deutonymph. We therefore isolated individual deutonymphs and protonymphs from the stock population to supplemented our dataset. By doing so we make two assumptions: (1) development during the egg to protonymph stages did not differ between individuals that did not develop into the deutonymph stage and those that did, and (ii) any differences in life-history traits between dispersers and non-dispersers are due to deutonymph expression and occur after this point in development.
We were able to test the first assumption only. We compared the demographic trajectories of non-dispersing individuals (i. e. individuals that do not express the deutonymph stage) that were either isolated as eggs (initial dataset) or as protonymphs (supplemented data) and found no significant difference in growth and survival between non-dispersing individuals isolated from the stock culture as eggs or as protonymphs (see  Deere et al. , 2015). Given this we combined the initial and supplemented data.
In the true dispersal IPM, disperser data are used to parameterise the survival, transition, growth and reproduction functions of tritonymphs and adults that went through the deutonymph stage in the true dispersal IPM (see Eqs. (3. 1), (3. 7)-(3. 10) and (3. 12) in Table  1 ), thus incorporating individuals with different life-histories. Since only adults reproduce, the R(z,s,t) and D(z'|z,s,t) functions are zero for all non-adult stages in all IPMs. Life-history data on female bulb mites were used to parameterise the IPM for the three different dispersal simulations (2. 1. Study system and data collection). Parameter values used can be found in Table  2. These data showed significant differences in life-history traits between individuals that went through the deutonymph stage and individuals that did not  (Deere et al.
Acknowledgements We are thankful to  Susanne Schindler ,  Julia Barthold  and  Hal Caswell  for various discussions on the manuscript. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous version of the manuscript. The work was funded by a  European Research Council Advanced Grant  awarded to  Tim Coulson , and a  MEERVOUD  grant no. 836. 13. 001  and  VIDI  grant no. 864. 13. 005  from the  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research  to  Isabel Smallegange.
Data set and sensor comparison For this paper, temperature and salinity measurements were utilized from the following instruments: Sea-Bird CTDs from Alliance and Planet, an Oceanscience Underway CTD (UCTD), a towed CTD chain, a towed ScanFish, three Seagliders named Fin (SG537), Kong (SG524), and Minke (SG510), and six Slocum gliders called Elettra, Noa, Jade, Zoe, Dora, and WTD71. The CTD data were mainly obtained along 11 zonal transects, partly repeated several times and spaced by 6 nmi (nautical miles) or about 11 km from each other. Further zonal transects situated in between were surveyed several times back and forth by the gliders (Fig. 1 ). A comparison between the different CTD instruments was carried out to ensure that observed differences were based on actual environmental variability.
Short-term variability Due to various repetitions of CTD casts at fixed positions, the REP14-MED data set is perfectly suited for studying shortterm variability. Since most CTD casts covered only the upper water column, the variability estimations were restricted to MAW and LIW. Therefore, the differences between the CTD sensors were not considered. They were negligible with respect to the natural variability of the system. In order to study variability of water mass characteristics in the region, a grid of stations was designed and for each grid point all profiles obtained from various instruments in close vicinity were gathered to investigate short-term temporal changes at a fixed location. The grid consisted of 259 stations, 107 of them almost matched the positions of the CTD stations which were 6 nmi apart (Fig.
1 ). The other 152 stations were located along the glider tracks between 39 • 21 N and 40 • 3 N and between 7 • 15 E and 8 • 18 E with a distance of 3 nmi in the east-west and 6 nmi in the north-south directions. The glider as well as the ScanFish data were split into separate, alternating dive and climb profiles. For each profile, a geographical position was determined by calculating the mean position during the respective dive and climb period. All CTD, UCTD, CTD chain and ScanFish profiles within 2 nmi of a grid station were collected. The glider profiles within a zonal and meridional distance of 1 and 2 nmi, respectively, from a grid station were assigned to this position. All CTD chain, ScanFish, and glider profiles recorded in quick succession and allocated to the same grid station were replaced by the corresponding mean profiles.
Circulation Underway current measurements were carried out with a vessel-mounted 75 kHz ADCP on Alliance and a 150 kHz ADCP on Planet. Due to severe functional problems all Planet ADCP data before 10 June were discarded. The later current measurements only had sufficient quality between 100 and 150 m. There, they agreed well with the simultaneously recorded ADCP data of Alliance  (Knoll et al. , 2015b). Three periods of continuous current measurements at 125 m are presented in Fig. 12. Northward currents were mainly observed offshore, while a southward flow often occurred over the continental slope. At the end of the experiment, the ADCP measurements at 125 m depth showed southward currents in the southwest of the domain (Fig. 12c ). The geographical position, depth, and time of these southward currents coincided with the TML water mass that appeared in this region.