dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Nous avons retenu les 100 premiers mots puis nous avons exclu les classes grammaticales qui nous semblaient véhiculer le moins d'informations sémantiques pour ne garder que les noms, verbes et adjectifs. Nous avons ensuite étendu notre sélection grâce à la base de données MANULEX (niveaux CP et CE1) pour atteindre 62 familles morphologiques. Notre recherche s'est faite là aussi par la fréquence lexicale (moyenne = 330,41 occurrences/million) et par la catégorie grammaticale. Pour chaque famille, nous avons cherché l'ensemble des membres grâce aux dictionnaires étymologiques (moyenne = 18 Nfam). Nous avons retenu la fréquence lexicale de chaque membre (moyenne = 53. 74selon Lexique 3. 55) et calculé la fréquence cumulée (étendue = 11-5090, moyenne = 897 selon Lexique 3. 55). En étudiant la structure morphologique des membres (1140 mots en français et 504 en LSF ; analyse encore en cours), nous avons séparé les mots dérivés des mots composés et procédé à leur distribution telle que présentée en figure 4.
Experimental Design and Procedure. The experimental task was designed in Python using the Pygame library (http://www. pygame. org/). Participants performed a prospective duration verbal estimation task of 30 s, 60 s or 90 s in a single-task condition (Fig. 1a , ST) or in a dual-task condition (Fig. 1a , n-back). In the single-task condition, participants solely performed a duration estimation favoring the full deployment of attention towards timing. In the dual-task condition, participants concurrently performed a duration estimation and an n-back working memory (WM) task. This experimental manipulation invited participants to split attention between timing and WM. In the dual-task, a typical trial consisted of a visual n-back WM task during the entire length of the duration trial. In the n-back WM task, visual stimuli were white 50-point Arial font capital letters centered on a grey background.
Statistical Analyses. All statistical analyses were carried out in the R programming language (R Core Team, 2017) and RStudio environment (RStudioTeam 2015), using the lme4  54  , betareg  55  and lsmeans 56 software packages. The logic of the statistical analyses reported in this study is described below for the different quantifications. For duration estimates and for the reaction times (RTs) in the WM task, we used linear mixed effect (lme) models, which can be thought of as a generalization of linear regression models. In lme models, data are not aggregated so that statistics are made on all empirical observations. Additionally, and unlike repeated measures ANOVAs in which comparisons are made between averaged data (single-trial observations being lost), each observation was here taken into account and the inter-individual variability was considered as a random effect.
The p-values in the lme models obtained from post-hoc analyses were adjusted using Tukey's HSD. To avoid biases due to unbalanced data, tests of significance were made on the population marginal means 59 estimated from linear models using the lsmeans R package  56. The mean values and standard errors (SEs) reported in the Results section correspond to those extracted from the linear models. The values shown in the figures represent the arithmetic mean and standard errors (SEs) calculated from the empirical data, unless otherwise specified. For clarity, significance levels are sparingly used in Figures to highlight the main effects, but the full statistical effects are provided in the Results section and in Supplementary Tables. The specifics for the assessment of performance in the n-back WM and the duration estimation tasks are provided below.
n-back WM task. We assessed the performance on the n-back task using three dependent variables: Hit Rate (HR), False Alarm rate (FA) and Reaction Time (RT). The HR was the proportion of target letters participants accurately detected, and the FA was the proportion of non-target letters participants incorrectly responded to. A requirement of beta regression models is that response variables do not include the exact values 0 and/or 1  57  : proportions of 0 and 1 were thus converted to 1/(2N) and 1-1(2N), respectively, where N was the number of letters on which the proportion was based (Macmillan and Creelman 2004). RTs were computed from the onset of the displayed letter to the button press. RTs below 100 ms were discarded, representing ~3% of the total number of data points (i. e. 60 out of 2033).
The upper rejection boundary was computed as: 3 rd Quartile + 1. 5 * (IQR) with IQR as the inter-quartile range. The lower rejection boundary was computed as: 1 st Quartile -1. 5 * (IQR). If a prospective judgment or a response time was above or below the respective upper or lower rejection boundaries, they were discarded from further analyses: ~8% of the total number of data points were excluded in both the Single-Task (i. e. , 45 out of 552) and the Dual Task (i. e. , 192 out of 2225). The effect of attention on duration estimation was assessed using lme models. Task (2 levels: single-task (ST), dual-task (DT)) and Duration (3 levels: 30 s, 60 s, 90 s) were included as fixed-effects. Participants were considered as a random effect to control for their intra-class correlations. In order to analyze the general effect of attention on timing, data from the Feedback and No Feedback groups were pooled together given no paradigmatic difference for these conditions.
Acknowledgements We thank members of  UNIACT at NeuroSpin  for their help in recruiting and scheduling participants. We thank  Dr. Jennifer Coull  and  Prof. Andrei Gorea  for providing feedback on the first experimental outcomes as reviewing members of the ENS cogmaster thesis of I. P. (defended in 2015). We are grateful to  Dr Sophie Herbst  and  Dr Tadeusz Kononowicz  for their comments on an earlier version of the MS. This work was supported by an  ERC-YStG -263584 to VvW.
For all measurements a 50x objective was used and spectra were collected on several locations for each artifact to explore the heterogeneity of the materials. All spectra were baseline corrected to subtract the fluorescence background. Mineral identification was achieved mainly by comparison with the Rruff database  (Lafuente et al. , 2015)  completed by some specific publications, and a strict mineralogical denomination was used according to the International Mineralogical Association list  (Nickel and Nichols, 2009). Rock names for polymineralic artifacts and/or gemological appellations were also indicated to be consistent with names commonly used in archaeology.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to  Thomas Romon  (INRAP,  UMR5199   PACEA ) who directed the excavation of the Gare Maritime archaeological site, and to  Eddy Foy  ( NIMBE, LAPA-IRAMAT ) for his help during the mineralogical validation via X Ray Diffraction analysis of some artifacts. This study was conducted in the frame of the  Programme Collectif de.
Methods The cohort we studied were elderly demented patients living at home with AD, who had been followed for at least three months by gerontopsychiatrists for cognitive, behavioral, and memory dysfunction. During a gerontopsychiatric interview, the patients and accompanying family were informed completely and loyally and in understandable language about how the study would be carried out. With the agreement of the patient and his/her assistants, the results of the neuropsychological tests were computerrecorded anonymously. The study protocol was ethically reviewed and approved by the Hospital of Brest ethics committee. Computing procedures for data capture and processing followed the recommendations of the French National Commission on Computer Technology and Freedom. Criteria were determined for inclusion based on the AD patients (MMSE >10)  (Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975)  having given written consent, together with their family assistants, to take part in this study validated by the Hospital of Brest ethics committee.
Following data elaboration, the segmentation and examination of all individual teeth allowed for the attribution to Cercopithecoides williamsi, an extinct primate species  [8]. Corporation (Necsa), some fossil samples from the Ditsong Museum of Natural History in Pretoria were examined at the ANTARES facility. A fist-sized rock (Figure  3a ) had no visible external features except for a few traces of bone at the surface. Neutron computed tomography (N-CT) revealed a nearly complete set of teeth from an upper jaw, with the skull itself missing (Figure  3b ). Following data elaboration, the segmentation and examination of all individual teeth allowed for the attribution to Cercopithecoides williamsi, an extinct primate species  [8].
The Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt and the University of Toulouse examined several sets of teeth at ANTARES  [11] , enabling discriminating between orangutan and human specimens, even for heavily mineralized teeth that delivered more noisy data, because transmission through the densely mineralized mandible was very low in longitudinal direction (Figure  7 ). In mandibular specimens (a), due to fossilization, we sometimes obtained noisy datasets (b), but it was still possible to retrieve reliable morphological information on the internal tooth structure (c)  [11]  (with permission).
Such large dimensions are easy to penetrate with fission neutrons; however, the examination of the samples was still challenging since the available field of view (FOV) at NECTAR was only 30 cm × 30 cm. As the sample dimensions exceeded the FOV, several images had to be taken for each projection angle during the tomography scan. In case of the tomography scan of the lower jaw, it was sufficient to measure two images per projection (Figure  9b ). These two images were taken along the rotation axis, and therefore, it does not affect the further reconstruction. In fact, it is possible to reconstruct the two scans separately. Since the skull dimensions of S. potens exceeded the FOV in all directions (both parallel and perpendicular to rotation axis), a crucial step in the data processing was stitching of the images taken for each angle before the tomography reconstruction.
Acknowledgments:  Ms. Beaudet  was supported by the  Claude Leon Foundation  and the  Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences. Ingmar Werneburg  was supported by  Schweizer Nationalfonds: SNF -grant  P300PA_164720. FRM II measurements were supported by the  European Commission  under the 7th  Framework Programme through the 'Research Infrastructures' action of the 'Capacities' Programme ,  NMI3-II Grant number 283883. Author Contributions: Burkhard Schillinger: Whole text, esp. Sections 1 and 2; Amélie Beaudet: Section 3. 1;  Ottmar Kullmer , Clément Zanolli: Section 3. 2;  Michael Laaß ,  Ingmar Werneburg : Sections 3. 3 and 4; |Malgorzata Makowska: Sections 2. 2 and 4;  Anna Fedrigo ,  Francesco Grazzi : Section 5.
In Ostrevant and Hesbaye, the comparison of pottery assemblages in funerary and domestic contexts shows that tableware is generally over-represented in graves. The contrast would certainly be sharper in Hainaut should the data be available. Tableware found in graves could either reflect the belief in an afterlife or be from the funerary meal, but categories and types belong to Roman culture consumer goods. In a funerary context, tableware can take a symbolic significance that ultimately will allow the different communities or social groups to express their own identity. Internet Archaeology is an open access journal. Except where otherwise noted, content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. 0 (CC BY) Unported licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that attribution to the author(s), the title of the work, the Internet Archaeology journal and the relevant URL/DOI are given.
Results: The current sample consisted of 339 UHR subjects, of which 9. 1% (N=31) experienced speech illusions. Preliminary network analyses in cross-sectional baseline data showed potential pathways from speech illusions to delusional ideation, through hallucinatory experiences. We also found evidence of prospective relations between speech illusions at baseline and transition to clinical psychosis. Pathways ran via baseline psychotic symptoms and affective symptoms, as well as a 'direct' pathway. Discussion: As far as we are aware, this is the first study combining an experimental measure of aberrant experiences with symptom-based network analysis. Although the current reported findings are preliminary and exploratory, they tentatively support a relation between speech illusions as assessed with the White Noise Task and psychosis liability.
21(2): 705-737 to the expedition, in order to complete the dataset. All four embedded researchers were involved in data collection throughout the expedition; they lodged with the alpinists at various base camps nearly every night (except for one week when the alpinists remained in the Cordillera without returning to camp). The researchers worked in two pairs of two, with each pair conducting three weeks of observations. The first author of this paper was part of the pair that recorded observations and interactions during the first three weeks (Days 1-21). She was with the alpinists throughout the episode analyzed herein (Days 9-10) and therefore could log direct observations. "Being there" as the alpinists experienced a breakdown of sensemaking and struggled to reconstruct meaning, while experiencing for herself the difficulties of making sense of the situation, both helped her focus attention on what was at stake and furthered her understanding of the reframing process.
DATA ANALYSIS Once an exhaustive, reliable and transferable database had been compiled, the data underwent an iterative analysis. We began by developing an account of the case study along with a detailed chronology of the events playing out at different times in distinct spaces. We noticed that Days 9-10 were crucial to the way the expedition unfolded. In Weickian terms, we concluded that this "cosmology episode" involved a shift in sensemaking: the project seemed to fully lose its meaning and was entirely reframed during these two days (with a complete change of itinerary, type of crossing, direction, difficulties and rescue possibilities). More importantly, the alpinists were forced to leave their boat during this episode, and we were struck by how difficult it was for them to pack their bags in order to leave the boat.
We assembled a team of researchers from the fields of management and linguistics and then turned our attention to the role of materiality in sensemaking through an in-depth linguistic analysis of the data from the 2 perspective of Bakhtin's notion of chronotopes. For this analysis, we selected two data categories: recordings of conversations held during these two days, and logbook posts published on the website both as the episode was unfolding and over subsequent days. The conversations offered a setting in which change was discussed and accepted. The Logbook, written as a collective effort throughout the expedition, provided a running account and directly contributed to sensemaking before Days 9 and 10, during the two-day episode and then afterwards. We conducted an analysis of both the structure and organization of the conversations and Logbook entries (words, morphemes, syntactic structures analyzed in relation to their discursive functions) composing these discourses.
Beyond these linguistic analyses, the ethnographic analysis was based on the first and second authors' contributions to the data collection process. The extensive discussions held with the alpinists and other researchers in situ, plus the first author's previous knowledge of alpinism and mountaineering yielded a detailed account of the stakes involved during the expedition and of what actually was taking place in the conversations and logbook entries analyzed. More specifically, this approach served to clarify what kinds of frames were being successively updated. As recommended by  Kaplan (2008: 734) , we "identified frames from statements made in interviews, interactions and documents". We thus tracked the frames used to organize sensemaking, both before and after the change (pre-and post-expedition interviews, documents), as well as the step-by-step procedure of the reframing exercise itself.
From collective to distributive mode of organizing In addition, the preparation of bags involved each team member's identity and exposed them to a process of redefining their role through a revised allocation of tasks and loads. As such, the bags were contributing to another crucial element for the subsequent part of the expedition: they served to "distribute the collective". The relationship with time had become more individualized. Dropping the boat reconfigured the space, by splitting the group into different teams, each of which sorted their bags differently. The boat corresponded to a shared time and space, whereas the packing of bags was strictly correlated with the distinct identity and role of each expedition member. Packing their bags struck team members as a relevant course of action, especially since bags implied a "who".
Data processing was performed using the Limage software (L. Nittler, Carnegie Institution in Washington DC), and the enrichment values were obtained by selecting only the amorphous silica matrix of the altered layer. The areas of precipitated phases (mainly syngenite for EV1), the resin zones, the pristine glass, and the interfacial enrichments were all subtracted to obtain only the value of the amorphous silica phase. ToF-SIMS analyses of D/H and 18 O/  16  O were done with a ToF-SIMS 5 from IONTOF. Primary ion beam was generated from a bismuth source in burst mode (25 kV) to avoid hydrogen and  16  O detector saturation. Cs + (140 nA, 2 kV) were used for sputtering. Before each analysis, a presputtering was performed over an area of 300 × 300 μm 2 for 5 min to remove the palladium coating.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  for their financial support ( ANR GLAM ). The NanoSIMS Facility at MNHN was funded by  CNRS ,  Région Île de France ,  Ministère délégué à l'Enseignement supérieur et à la Recherche  and  MNHN. The authors are grateful to  Patrick Ausset  for the SEM-EDS analyses. This work was supported by the  French National Research Agency (ANR).
We obtained U-Th ages for 53 samples removed from 25 carbonate formations stratigraphically related to paintings in these caves. Full methods and dataset are presented in (20). Here we present and discuss the results most significant for the antiquity of the art. In La Pasiega C (Fig. S2 ), a cauliflower type carbonate formation on top of a red scalariform sign (Panel 78 of Hall XI, Fig. 1  and (20)) yielded U-Th dates for three subsamples (outer, middle and inner) that increase in age with depth, i. e. towards the pigment layer. They provide a minimum age of 64. 8 ka (PAS 34) (Table  1  and (20)) for the sign. In Maltravieso (Fig. S7 ), we dated samples from five locations on various carbonate formations overlying the same red hand stencil (motif GS3b, Fig. 2  and (20)). Carbonate deposits almost completely obscure this hand stencil, making it difficult to see it by naked eye and to record by conventional photography.
Minimum ages are calculated as the mean minus 2σ and maximum ages as the mean plus 2σ. A secular equilibrium standard, uraninite URAN 84. 5, was repeatedly analysed for the duration of the period of data collection as a demonstration of both accuracy and external reproducibility. A single aliquot of the uraninite solution was spiked and prepared following the methods detailed above before being analysed multiple times with every sequence of unknown samples. Our analyses gave the following activity ratios: ( 230 Th/ 238 U) = 1. 0026 ± 0. 0007 and ( 234 U/ 238 U) = 1. 0001 ± 0. 0002 (errors are given as 2σ standard errors of the mean, n = 50 over a ~1. 5 year period). This is comparable to the values published for the same solution  (37). Analyses of a dissolved pristine speleothem sample, which serves as an internal standard solution, were also performed as a further demonstration of external reproducibility.
Maltravieso The Cueva de Maltravieso is located in the city of Cáceres, Extremadura, in centralwestern Spain (Fig. S1 ). Re-discovered in 1951 during quarrying operations, it was found to contain a rich set of Palaeolithic parietal art. Animal paintings and engravings, including horses, bulls and ibex, are found alongside dots, triangles, red-painted speleothems, red discs and lines and an impressive collection of over 60 red hand stencils. For this study we collected samples from a carbonate crust overlying hand stencil GS3b in the cave's Galería de la Serpiente (Fig. S7 ). The stencil is covered by thick carbonate formations rendering it difficult to see today. DStretch software is therefore used to enhance digital photography and help view this panel (Fig. S8 ).
Acknowledgments: This research was financially supported by the  Natural Environment Research Council (UK)  (Grant  NE/K015184/1 ), the  National Geographic Society (USA)  (Grant  EC0603-12 ) and the  Max Planck Society (Germany)  and a  Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award  (to AWGP). The work of MGD was supported by the Research Group  IT622-13  of the  Basque Government. We thank the  governments of Andalucía, Cantabria and Extremadura  for sampling permissions. We are grateful for fieldwork support by  Juan Carlos Aguilar ,  Mireille Batut ,  José Ramón Bello ,  Daniel Garrido ,  Raúl Gutiérrez  and  Carola Hoffmann. The data described are presented in the supplementary materials.
Potential impacts of marine food consumption on S and Sr isotope ratios are assessed using previously published δ 13 C values  11  by evaluating the absence or presence of a correlation between these isotope ratios. In this paper, we present stable Zn and radiogenic Sr isotope data from the analysis of dental enamel of 54 individuals from the Dominican convent of Rennes. The associated fauna (6 terrestrial animals) was also analyzed to better interpret the diet of this population and compared the isotopic data of C, N and S previously conducted on the collagen from the same teeth.
Sr isotope analyses. The Sr isotope ratios of terrestrial mammal teeth (n = 6) range from 0. 7115 and 0. 7146. Terrestrial domestic animals (pig, cat, dog, cows and sheep) being raised in the city or in the nearby country  15  , have local bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values. This range also fits with the local values expected from the IRHUM database  16  (Isotopic Reconstruction of Human Migration), ranging from 0. 710 to 0. 716 (Fig. 2A ). The IRHUM database documents a really limited sea spray effect on the coasts of Brittany (Fig. 2B ). The individuals exhibiting, lower, "non-local" tooth values are supposed to have spent the end of their childhood or the beginning of their adolescence in a sedimentary or volcanic region. Seventeen percent of the individuals analyzed are exhibiting   non-local 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr < 0.
710 based on the subdivisions from the IRHUM database reproduced in Fig. 2 ), and are therefore likely to have spent their childhood outside of Brittany (9/54 teeth). By combining S isotopes that provide information on the relative distance to the coast -or more exactly, the existence of a marine influence on local values  17  -to Sr isotopes, tracers of the local geology, 6 categories of geographical origins were defined/ can be defined (Table  3 ). Two individuals exhibit inland S isotope values (NC-non-coastal) -therefore are not compatible with the observed Breton range-but 87 Sr/ 86 Sr > 0. 710 (R-radiogenic) -compatible with the local range (R_NC). One individual is characterized by a coastal (C, δ 34 S > 11‰)  11, 17  but non-local Sr (NR-non-radiogenic, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr < 0. 710) isotope signature (NR_C).