dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
4  of  Fujii and Satake (2007). These 22 separate sets of seismic data are used to find the perturbed surface height using the  Okada (1985)  method with Matlab software written by  Beauducel (2012). (Note that each of the 22 regions provides a separate sea surface height perturbation. ) The initial velocity is taken to be zero. The degree of mesh refinement is controlled by an overall non-dimensional tolerance ε (not to be confused with the relaxation time of the penalization), from which thresholds for height and velocity are deduced  (Dubos and Kevlahan, 2013). The simulation was run with an overall tolerance of ε = 0. 05, and the thresholds for height and velocity were ε h = H max ε 3/2 and ε u = H max g/cε 3/2 where H max is the maximum height perturbation at any given time step. This allows the adaptation to accurately track the waves even though after several hours their characteristic height H max is only 10 % of its initial value.
The wind stresses τ (x, y) are stationary in time and derived from the mean December wind stresses from the NCAR Hellerman and Rosenstein Global Wind Stress Data  (Hellerman and Rosenstein, 1980, 1983)  shown in Fig. 14. This data set consists of monthly averaged wind stress over the global ocean for the years 1870 through 1976 on a 2 • latitude-longitude grid. The wind stress data is evaluated on the adapted grid using bilinear interpolation. The numerical experiment is characterized by a few independent dimensional parameters: τ/ρ with τ the mean wind stress and ρ the density of water, the planetary rotation rate ∼ f and radius R, the basin scale L ∼ R, the mean ocean depth H , gravity g, the Reynolds number Re, the width of the boundary layer δ M , and the Froude number of the boundary layer Fr BC.
Acknowledgements. This research was enabled in part by support provided by a  Resource Allocation Grant  from  Compute Canada/Calcul Canada  (www. computecanada. ca). Computations were performed on the supercomputer at the  SciNet HPC Consortium. SciNet is funded by the  Canada Foundation for Innovation  under the auspices of  Compute Canada , the  Government of Ontario, Ontario Research Fund-Research Excellence , and the  University of Toronto. N. K. -R. Kevlahan would like to acknowledge to support of an  NSERC   Discovery Grant , a  Mobility Grant  from the  French Embassy in Ottawa  and a visiting professorship at  École Polytechnique. M. Aechtner  acknowledges the support of a Mobility Grant from  École Polytechnique. Edited by:  R. Marsh.
Eight sites in Germany and France participated in the study. All investigators had experience with the previous ClosurePlus™ catheter (Covidien) and were trained on the study device before participation. The study protocol was approved by the local ethical review boards; all subjects provided written informed consent. Study visits took place at baseline, time of the procedure, and 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years and 5 years after the procedure. Follow-up visits included clinical and DUS evaluations. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT00842296).
Results Between April 2006 and March 2007, 225 subjects were enrolled and 295 legs (bilateral disease in 70 patients) were treated at eight centres in Germany and France. At 5 years, 177 subjects with 236 treated limbs had completed the follow-up examinations; the study completion rate was 78⋅7 per cent. Baseline characteristics of the study subjects and procedural data have been published in detail elsewhere  9. The mean(s. d. ) preoperative diameter of all study-treated GSVs 3 cm distal to the SFJ (GSV-3 cm) was 5⋅8(2⋅2) (range 2⋅0-18⋅0) mm. The majority of vein diameters were measured in the supine position (222, 75⋅3 per cent), based on the guidance provided in the initial version of the study protocol, with a mean baseline diameter of 5⋅5(2⋅3) (2⋅0-18⋅0) mm. In comparison, the GSV-3 cm diameters measured in the standing position (73 legs) were significantly larger: mean 6⋅9(1⋅8) (2⋅5-11⋅8) mm (P < 0⋅001).
Acknowledgements The study was funded by  VNUS and Covidien. The study was designed by the sponsor (Covidien) and physician advisors. Data were monitored, collected and managed by the sponsor. Study sponsors had no influence on patient selection. The data analyses were performed by a professional statistician. Investigators had access to source data and evaluations as requested. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. T. M. P. and T. N. also received funding from  VNUS  and  Covidien  for consultancy and attending conferences. Disclosure: The authors declare no other conflict of interest.
Simulations We compiled an R-script in R 3. 0. 2. (R development core team, 2014) that simulated two different scenarios: In the first simulation, we generated 50 different F1 hybrids as well as 25 F2 hybrids and first generation backcrosses with either parental species based on 50 randomly chosen individuals of each parental species. In a second simulation, we used the same individuals from the parental species to simulate five generations of backcrosses with HP. This scenario should highlight the duration (in generations) how long a hybridization signal persists under a situation of range expansion in HP (i. e. mating partners of just one species become available after the hybridization event,  Secondi et al. 2006 ). Individuals were selected from allopatric sites only (sensu  Secondi et al.
Acknowledgements We thank  Boena van Noorden  for sending us his Limburg samples and  Jane Jönsson  for aliquoting and sending JS's samples from the storage in Lund to Trier. We are also grateful to  Deborah A. Dawson  and  Joachim Kosuch  who helped a lot with the selection of microsatellites as well as  Petra Willems  for genotyping the samples. This work is part of a larger study on the range expansion in H. polyglotta and would not have been possible without the outstanding contributions of  Hilger Lemke. This project was kindly funded by the  German Ornithological Society  and by the  Swiss Society for the Study and Conservation of Birds. JOE received additional funding from the  Ministerium für Umwelt, Forsten und Verbraucherschutz Rheinland Pfalz  and the  German Federal Environmental Foundation.
Acknowledgements We thank  Chiara Arina ,  Brando Bellazzini ,  Marc Besançon ,  Claude Guyot  and  Valerio Rossetti  for useful discussions. We acknowledge the hospitality of the  Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris , where part of this work was done. Funding and research infrastructure acknowledgements: *  European Research Council (Erc)  under the  EU   Seventh Framework Programme  (FP7 2007-2013)/ Erc Starting Grant  (agreement n. 278234 -' NewDark ' project) [work of MC, GG and MT],  * French  national research agency Anr under contract Anr  2010 Blanc 041301.
The calibration target had two planes alternating in different depths (0. 5 mm apart) and consisted of white markers that had a spacing of 2 mm in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Images of the target were captured by the stereo-PIV cameras and were processed to generate a mapping function between 2D image planes and a 3D object plane using the procedure of Soloff et al. [55]. A sequence of 2000 image pairs was taken at each streamwise location at the sampling rate of 1 Hz. As discussed in the previous paragraph, at this sampling rate, the three-component velocity fields obtained were statistically independent. Image acquisition and image processing were performed with TSI Insight TM 4G software. The experimental image pairs were interrogated using a recursive Nyquist rectangular grid algorithm with multiple iterations and a 50% window overlap.
Numerical simulations To support a comparison with the PIV measurements, the experimental setup of the turbulent wall jet over the backward facing step shown in Fig. 2  was numerically produced with the same geometrical dimensions except for the conditioning section, to reduce the required computational cost. Fig. 3  shows the 20. 2million-point mesh of the 3D simulation domain, which was generated using the software GAMBIT based on block-structured grids. The computational domain extended from 10D j upstream of the jet nozzle to 23:8D j downstream of the jet exit and 30 h downstream of the backward-facing step. In the current experiment, Fig. 3. Numerical simulation corresponding to the experimental setup in Fig. 2:  (a) computational domain and the grid on a z-slice located at the vertical wall and (b) X-wall shear stress obtained from RANS simulations on different grids.
Numerical details on RANS simulations The RANS simulation was performed by using the commercial fluid dynamics package FLUENT 6. 3, in which the elliptic partial differential equations were solved by the finite-volume method. Turbulence calculations were performed using a second-order closure Reynolds stress model (RSM), which is the most elaborate turbulence model in FLUENT. The RSM does not apply the eddyviscosity approach but directly solves transport equations for the Reynolds stresses and an equation for the dissipation rate. The exact Reynolds stress transport equation accounts for the directional effects of the Reynolds stress fields. The quadratic pressure-strain RSM introduced by Speziale et al. [57]  with the default under-relaxation constants was used, and a standard first-order upwind discretization scheme was applied for the momentum, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent dissipation rate and Reynolds stresses.
5 L/min, Lenton, Derbyshire, UK), samples are named ZrCN for zirconium carbide-nitridation and numbered (as labeled in table  1 ). Samples were stored under in a vacuum desiccator. For elemental analyses of carbon and nitrogen, oxidation analysis was performed whereby the samples were oxidised at 1173K in air and the resultant CO/CO 2 detected by Infra Red (IR) and N 2 via a thermal conductivity cell (Thermofisher, Loughborough, UK). The chemical analyses are reported as the average of three measurements and the error given as the standard deviation. FactSage software (ver. 16. 2) was used to calculate the reactive gas species at 1873 K and 1 atm. Gaseous species below 10 -6 mole fraction are omitted. High resolution transmission electron microscope analysis was performed on the powders using bright field (BF) imaging and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) (HRTEM FX2100, JEOL, Japan), lattice planes were indexed by calculating the d hkl values from the reciprocal of the separation of diffraction spots.
m χ µ 90  [25]   [25]. The last column contains the 90%CL upper limit on the number of signal events µ 90 evaluated using the likelihood function of micrOMEGAs. An alternative approach to derive the upper limit on the number of events based on Bayesian statistics has been implemented in micrOMEGAs. The likelihood function uses both information about the angular distribution and the number of digital optical modules (DOM) activated for each event. Note that the number of active DOMs is correlated with neutrino energy. The method makes use of the experimental data provided by the IceCube22 collaboration and in the DarkSUSY-5. 1. 2 distribution  [24]   3  , this includes, • A ν (E) -the effective area for neutrino detection; • A ν (E) -the effective area for anti-neutrino detection; • σ(E) -the mean value of the neutrino angle resolution; • ch k (N chan ) -the probability to activate N chan DOMs  [24].
Since our limits are too conservative at low masses we expect that IceCube79 data would exclude some of these points. Indeed a prospective study had shown that in the MSSM several points were excludable by IceCube+DeepCore  [11]. Moreover after applying the upper limit on the SI direct detection cross section such points are concentrated at masses below 250 GeV. Although the two studies are not directly comparable since they are based on different supersymmetric models and we include most recent constraints form the LHC on the Higgs and supersymmetric sectors, it is encouraging that they qualitatively agree.
Conclusion We have shown that upper limits on spin dependent interactions of DM with protons obtained from IceCube22 data are stronger than those from direct detection in a variety of channels and for a large range of masses above 100 GeV. The best limits are obtained for DM annihilation directly into neutrinos, although the τ + τ -, W + W -, ZZ channels also display good sensitivity especially for masses of a few hundred GeVs. Uncertainties from the propagation and the oscillation of neutrinos in the Sun estimated by comparing the neutrino spectra computed by two different methods induce up to a factor two difference on the extracted limits on the DM proton spin dependent cross section. Other source of uncertainties affecting the limits derived from DM capture in the Sun arise from the DM local density, the DM velocity distribution, the escape velocity in the Sun, and the presence of a dark disc.
Acknowledgements We thank  Marco Cirelli ,  Joakim Edsjö  and  Antje Putze  for useful communication. This work was supported in part by the  LIA-TCAP of CNRS , by the  French ANR , Project  DMAstro-LHC ,  ANR-12-BS05-0006 , by the  Investissements d'avenir, Labex ENIGMASS  and by the  European Union  as part of the  FP7 Marie Curie Initial Training Network MCnetITN  ( PITN-GA-2012-315877 ). The work of AP was also supported by the  Russian foundation for Basic Research , grant  RFBR-15-52-16021-CNRS-a.
Dissolution experiments were carried out in triplicate. Mean values of dissolved QTP as well as their standard deviations (SD) and relative standard deviations (RSD) were calculated. KinetDS software  (20)  was used for modeling the dissolution curve and establishing the possible time points, at which dissolution kinetics switch. Piecewise mode was employed with an approximation accuracy, i. e. , a tolerance criterion, of 0. 99 and nonlinear regression enabled. All available models in the KinetDS library were employed in this analysis. MRI was performed in a nonmagnetic flow-through cell at 4. 7 T research system (MARAN DRX, Oxford Instruments, UK) using a flow-compensated spin-echo imaging pulse sequence. Details of the experimental setup and protocol have been described previously  (14).
The images were acquired during 6 h with a temporal resolution of 15 min. MRI experiments were carried out for three different samples. The image segmentation was performed using a Trainable Weka Segmentation (TWS) plug-in module (http://fiji. sc/ Trainable_Weka_Segmentation), part of the public domain software, Fiji distribution (21) of ImageJ v. 1. 44 (National Institutes of Health, http://rsb. info. nih. gov/ij/). The TWS relies on algorithms included in Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) data mining and machine learning toolkit. Briefly, three separate regions in the matrix were assumed and they were segmented using methods based on image intensity and texture. Central sagittal images (Fig. 1a ) of each hydrated tablet obtained at consecutive time points were stacked. Based on previously acquired knowledge, three regions inside the hydrated matrix plus region outside the matrix, which contained mainly dissolution medium, were assumed  (14, 22).
RESULTS Figure  2  shows dissolution and MRI data analysis results. The dissolution of the drug over the course of the experiment was incomplete (Fig. 2a ). At the sixth hour, about 21% of QTP was released. The analysis of the dissolution data with KinetDS software revealed a change in the kinetics of drug release at the fourth hour. This time point was selected automatically by the KinetDS software independent of the user. Piecewise mode of KinetDS works internally with three points assumed as a minimum of each of the Bpieces^into which the original curve is dissected. Thus, the resulting switch-point should be interpreted as a range-covering point assessed by KinetDS and three preceding time points. In our case, this resulted in the range of 3. 25-4. 0 h. Dissolution in the time range of 0 to 4 h conformed to zeroth order kinetics, whereas beyond 4 h, it changed to nonlinear.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work was supported by the  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education  grant  NN518 407438. The project was co-financed by the  European Regional Development Fund  under the  Infrastructure and Environment Program   UDA-POIS. 13. 01-023/09-00. The authors are thankful to  Prof. Greg Stanisz ,  Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada , for critical reading of the manuscript. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/),which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Crystallization of BvgS, data collection and processing The bvgS sequence was amplified by PCR and introduced into pGEV2  [52]. The resulting plasmid encodes the periplasmic portion of BvgS (A 29 -L 544 ) with N-terminal GB1 and C-terminal His tags. The recombinant protein was purified on a Ni 2+ -Sepharose affinity column (GE Life Sciences) and eluted in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8. 8), 500 mM NaCl, 200 mM at 4°C. BvgS was concentrated by ultrafiltration to 20 mg/mL. The initial crystallization screening was carried out using the sitting-drop, vapor-diffusion technique in 96-wells microplates with a Cybi-Workstation (Cybio) and commercial crystallization kits (Nextal-Qiagen and JBSscreen). Extremely fragile crystals were obtained at 19°C by manual refinement in 100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4. 6), 1.
6 M NaCl, in 5 to 7 days. All manual crystallization attempts were carried out using the hanging-drop, vapor-diffusion technique in 24-well plates. The crystals were soaked in a stepwise fashion to a final concentration of 20% glycerol in the crystallization buffer. A preliminary diffraction screening was performed on 80 crystals. On the best crystal, diffracting at 3. 10 Å, a single diffraction dataset (160 images with an oscillating range of 1°) was collected at an X-ray wavelength of 1. 5418 Å and a temperature of 100 K using an in-house Mardtb goniostat and a Mar345 image plate detector. Diffraction images were indexed and scaled using the XDS program package  [53]. The crystal belongs to the space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 , with cell parameters a = 72 Å, b = 286 Å and c = 128 Å. According to the calculated Matthews coefficient of 2.
Structure determination and refinement The crystal structure containing four monomers in the asymmetric unit was determined by molecular replacement using MOLREP  [54]  and the crystallographic structure of the isolated VFT2 domain (PDB code: 3MPK) as a search model. Eight copies of the model were located, four occupying the actual positions of VFT2 domains and the other four those of VFT1 domains, whose sequence identity to VFT2 is 24%. The former four copies were positioned using the conventional Patterson search. The latter four copies were found using an iterative procedure alternating refinement of a partial structure with REFMAC  [55]  and molecularreplacement search in the electron density maps  [56]. Subsequent model rebuilding and refinement of the 3. 10 Å structure were conducted iteratively using Coot  [57]  and phenix.
refine [58] , with the use of local non-crystallographic symmetry restraints. Torsion angles of the structure were optimized by using the Godzilla web server (http://godzilla. uchicago. edu/) [59]. The structure was refined to final R work of 18. 1% and R free of 24. 4%. The two BvgS homodimers (AB and CD) found in the asymmetric unit can be superimposed with a Cα rmsd of 1. 234 Å. A Ramachandran analysis performed with the program Phenix indicated that 94. 4% of residues are in preferred conformations and 1. 4% in disallowed conformations. The GB1 domains are not seen in the electron density. Analysis of crystal packing revealed an empty space close to the N-terminal segment of each polypeptide chain, indicating that they might be unseen because of crystallographic disorder.
Structure analyses The 1026-residue AB dimer was used for all analyses. The opening angles for VFT1 and VFT2 were measured using three residues structurally equivalent between the two VFTs, one on the lip of each lobe and one in the hinge. They are Tyr 70 , Gly 244 and Ser 199 for VFT1 and Leu 314 , Glu 490 and Pro 444 for VFT2. The inter-domain interfaces were defined using the PISA server (http://www. ebi. ac. uk/pdbe/prot_int/pistart. html)  [60] , and http://capture. caltech. edu/ was used to identify cation-π interactions. A model for the closed VFT1 domain was made with Modeller  [61]  based on its closest homologous structure (PDB code: 1WDN), and residues to be replaced by cysteines were chosen by using http://cptweb. cpt. wayne. edu/DbD/ [62].
in B, showing that they are all produced localized in the membrane. (DOCX) S5 Fig. β-galactosidase activities of recombinant B. pertussis harboring BvgS variants. The histograms show the β-gal activity levels from the Bvg-regulated ptx-lacZ fusion in the respective strains grown in different conditions. Nic indicates the addition of nicotinate to the growth medium at the given concentrations (in mM). TCEP was added to 10 mM to the growth medium where indicated. WT corresponds to the TohamaI strain with the K 705 E substitution in BvgS. The bars represent the standard errors of the mean that were calculated from three different experiments. (DOCX) S6 Fig. BvgS represents a distinct paradigm of VFT-containing signal-transduction proteins. Cartoon representations compare the structures of an AMPA receptor in A (pdb code: 3KG2), an NMDA receptor in B (pdb code: 4PE5) and of the periplasmic moiety of BvgS in C.
, 2013). The propagation of (dT m /dC) C→0 values errors was estimated on the basis of N error (±0. 5, determined by  Panuszko et al. , 2011)  and the intercept errors of the fitted quadratic curves from Fig. 1. DFT calculations were performed using GAUSSIAN 03 package  (Frish et al. , 2003). The optimized geometries and energies of the non-hydrated and hydrated structures of osmolytes were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP hybrid functional using the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set  (Krishnan et al. , 1980). The polarizable continuum model (PCM) formalism of the self-consistent reaction field theory (SCRF) was used to study systems in the liquid phase  (Cossi et al. , 2002; Mennucci & Tomasi, 1997; Tomasi et al. , 1999). Initial structures of all studied systems showed C1 symmetry and no symmetry constraints were imposed during geometry optimizations.
1977 First life cycle impact assessment method: Swiss ecoscarcity. 1984 and 1991  Ecological balance of packaging materials I  (Bus 1984; Habersatter and Widmer 1991) : Comprehensive packaging LCA that also provided data on energy and materials, acting as a precursor to existing LCA databases. 1992 Club of Rome's founder claimed that the first limitation encountered was typically environmental pollution rather than lack of resources. 1992 CML guide to LCA published by the University of Leiden (the Netherlands)  (Heijungs et al. 1992). Rather than focusing simply on air, water, or soil damage, this guide organized environmental impacts into effect-oriented categories, such as acidification and climate change. 1993 LCA "code of practice" published by SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry)  (SETAC 1993).