dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
For the measurements at all three distances (0, 4, and 8 mm), all lamps were attached to a device, responsible not only for stabilizing the curing lamp but also to control the distance from the tip to the sensor. The device comprised a movable perpendicular axis with proper articulation. The movement of the axis was precisely controlled by a handle. The irradiance data was collected with a MARC simulator (BlueLight analytics Inc. , Halifax, Canada). The device presented a cosine-corrector optical fiber irradiance probe capable of capturing all emitted light, which in turn was guided into a spectral calibrated radiometer. The MARC simulator was attached to a dedicated computer running the software (version 3. 0. 4. 0) responsible for the data analysis of mean irradiance in mW/cm 2. On the basis of that value, the program calculates the time required to achieve an energy density of 16 J/cm 2 based on the Irradiance required for such a value.
Discussion 6] [27]  In these studies, the authors evaluated the surrounding bone by micro-CT and biomechanical testing. However, they did not analyze the cellular components of the bone/implant interactions. Because of the dual mode of action of strontium ranelate,  [15] [16] [17]  it is difficult to assess in these in vivo studies if the obtained results were directly related to an increase in bone formation. In our study, using an in vitro osteoblastic cell culture system, we provide evidence of a direct effect of strontium ranelate in the interaction of osteoblastic cells with biomaterials with different topographies, presenting new data on how this drug may act on improving implant osseointegration. We show that treatment with strontium ranelate has clear positive effects on the behavior of osteoblastic cells cultured on different titanium substrates, increasing cell proliferation and differentiation into mature osteoblasts and the production of bone-like mineralized matrix.
These changes in the behavior of the osteoblastic cells were seen in all the substrates we used, indicating that strontium ranelate had a similar Reagent. An increase in cell proliferation was seen in both treated samples in all substrates, particularly from day 7 to 21. After 7 days, this increase was quite consistent for both concentrations of the drug. In some cases, an increase in proliferation was seen only in cells treated with either 0. 12 or 0. 5 mM Sr  2C. A large effect size was found for the increase seen on all the substrates (r > 0. 5). *P < 0. 05 vs. control. Figure  5. Analysis of the number of cells adhered on the substrates. The nuclei labeled with DAPI were counted with the ImageJ software in images taken using a 10£ objective lens. (A) After 4 hours in culture, no significant differences were found between control and treated samples in any substrate.
Image analysis Fluorescence images were analyzed with the ImageJ software (version 1. 47v). 44 In order to evaluate the shape of cells, we carefully traced the outlines of individual cells labeled with FITCphalloidin after 24 hours in culture and measured their area and shape descriptors -aspect ratio, circularity, and solidity. Briefly, the aspect ratio is calculated as the major/minor axes of the best fitting ellipse, with values increasing from 1. 0 indicating an elongation of the cells. Circularity is obtained by calculating 4p £ area/perimeter 2 , with a value of 1. 0 indicating a perfect circle. Solidity is the area/(convex area), showing values decreasing from 1. 0 in cells with irregular shapes and distinct prolongations. To analyze the orientation of the cells, we measured the smallest angle between the major axis of their best fitting ellipse and the direction of the grooves in TU0N substrates, obtaining values ranging from 0 (perfectly aligned) to 90 (exactly perpendicular).
Statistical analyses Statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS Ò Statistics software (version 20; IBM). Data are presented as mean § 95% confidence interval. Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric ANOVA) was used for the overall comparison among the control and treatment groups. In cases in which we found a significant difference, we further compared each treatment group with the control using the Mann-Whitney test. Differences were considered significant when P < 0. 05. In order to compare the magnitude of the effects of strontium ranelate seen on the different substrates, we measured the effect size r, considering the standardized estimates of r > 0. 5 for a large effect, r0. 3-0. 5 for a medium effect, and r < 0. 3 for a small effect. 45, 46.
Clinical features of lung fibroblast donors Lung fibroblasts were obtained from 25 patients: 8 non-smokers (C-NS), 8 smokers (C-S) without clinical or functional signs of COPD and 9 smokers with mild and moderate COPD (COPD) according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease classification (http://www. goldcopd. org/). The three groups were closely matched in age and sex and the two categories of smokers, with or without COPD, had similar smoking history (see clinical features in Table  1 ). As expected, patients with COPD showed lung functional alterations, including significantly lower forced expiratory volume in one sec (FEV 1 ) compared to controls. All COPD patients had pulmonary emphysema as assessed by CT scan. Histology of lung tumors was similar among the three groups (data not shown).
Treatment with Hedgehog pathway modulators Prior to differentiation, flow cytometry and immunosuppressive assays, fibroblasts were treated for 48 hours with 10μM Cyclopamine (LC Laboratories, MA, France), 100nM SAG (Merck Millipore), 5 μM Gant 61 (Merck Millipore) or 5μM Purmorphamine (Enzo Life Sciences, Villeurbanne, France). The concentrations of Hh signaling modulators and the treatment duration have been optimized on NIH3T3 fibroblasts in previous studies  [28, 29]. At these concentrations, drugs were found not cytotoxic as assessed by MTT assay (data not shown). As drugs were solubilized in DMSO, control cells were incubated with equivalent DMSO volumes.
Immunoblot analysis Western blotting was performed using standard techniques. Polyclonal anti-human Patched, anti-human Smo and anti-Shh were generously provided by Dr. Martial Ruat (CNRS-UPR 9040, Gif sur Yvette, France) and used at 1/1000  [28, 29]. Rabbit polyclonal anti-human Gli1 (C68H3, 1/1000) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology  [30]  and monoclonal anti-β tubulin clone TUB 2. 1 (1/1000) from SIGMA. Anti-mouse (1/5000) and anti-rabbit (1/2000) horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary-antibodies came from Dako. Detection was carried out with an ECL kit (Millipore) and a Las3000 imager (Fugi). Patched, Gli1, ShhN, Smo and β-tubulin signals were quantified using Image J software and the intensities of Patched, Gli1, ShhN and Smo signals were corrected for the loading variations using the β-tubulin signals for each patient.
Primary cilia immunodetection Primary cilia detection in cultured lung fibroblast was performed as previously described  [31] [32] [33]. Briefly, fibroblasts were grown to confluence and then switched to medium containing 1% FBS for 48 h. Then, cells were fixed with 4% of paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0. 05% Triton x-100 (Sigma, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France) prior to be with a mouse anti-acetylated tubulin (1:1000, Sigma Aldrich) primary antibodies, overnight at 4°C. Fluorescence signal was detected by using a goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:500, conjugated with Alexa 594, Invitrogen, Cergy-Pontoise, France). The slides were mounted by using prolong DAPI (Invitrogen, Cergy-Pontoise, France) and examined with a fluorescence microscope coupled to a digital camera utilizing axiovision software for image acquisition (Zeiss, Jena, Germany).
Acknowledgments We are indebted to surgeons from the chest surgery department of the  Institut Mutualiste Montsouris  for providing lung tissue samples,  Professor Laurent Lantieri  for skin tissue samples, and  Corinne Duprez  ( Hôpital Henri Mondor, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Créteil, France ) for technical assistance in performing PHA-stimulated lymphocyte assays,  Dr Nicolas Ruffin  ( INSERM U955, Créteil, France ) for PBMC supply,  Adeline Henry  ( Flow cytometry platform, INSERM U955, Créteil, France ) for flow cytometry expertise and  Jean-Marie Gagliolo  for his helpful advices concerning immunostaining. We are also grateful to  Roberta Foresti  ( INSERM U955, Créteil, France ) for critical manuscript reading.
Discussion Identifying the specific organism(s) involved may prove challenging as the majority of strains found in the BGS cannot be currently cultivated in vitro, and we cannot exclude that the mineralization process may be extremely slow and orchestrated by more than one species. Nevertheless, among the identified strains one is particularly intriguing as it shows 11% dissimilarity from other known 16 SrRNA sequences (i. e. , potentially representing a new order of microorganism, GenBank accession number: KJ750906), and it is most closely related to Myxococcales. Some Myxobacteria species are known to efficiently induce the precipitation of calcium carbonate, as well as to tolerate high concentrations of Cu  [22] [23] [24]. Moreover, they possess the unusual ability of gliding, a process whereby the bacterial community can move over solid substrates, forming morphologically complex swarms of cells and EPS  25, 26.
1. 5. 0. 22), including: a beam hardening correction of 3/10, automatic ring artefact reduction, and a 'scan optimization' which compensates for small translations of the specimen during scanning and correctly locates the centre of reconstruction. Reconstruction produced an image stack formed by 1024 16-bit grey scale images with dimensions of 1018 by 1018 pixels. Segmentation of the image stack and production of the three-dimensional (3D) models were performed using the free version of the commercial software MeVisLab  28  and includes the following passages: (1) The image stack was rescaled to a voxel size of 15 μ m by means of a "lancsoz 3" filter; (2) We produced a single DICOM file from the rescaled image stack; (3) Using a "2D marked view editor", we placed, on the DICOM file, 77 and 81 seeds (original seeds) on voxels which represented biofilm and calcite, respectively; (4) Two "region growing" procedures searched for voxels adjacent to the seeds and having grey level equal to the original seed grey level ± 6%.
Ten grams of sample were mixed with 5 ml of solution of Elvacite polymer resin and acetone. The mixture was stirred to allow the acetone to evaporate and the resultant powder was placed in a penny-shaped mold and compressed with a vertical pressure of 40 MPa for one minute. A WD-XRF spectrometer Axios-PANalytical (Institute for Mineralogy and Petrology -IMP of ETH-Zurich) equipped with five diffraction crystals was used for this study. The SuperQ software package provided by PANalytical was employed for calibration and data reduction. Calibration is based on 30 certified international standards. The precision of analysed elemental abundances are better than ± 0. 2% for SiO 2 , ± 0. 1% for the other major elements. For trace elements, relative errors are better than 10% for concentrations of 10-100 ppm, better than 5% for higher concentrations and can reach as much as 50% at levels below 10 ppm.
The sequencing PCRs were in a total volume of 10 μ L using 20 to 40 ng DNA, 10 pmol of primer and 2 μ L BigDye reaction mix previously 1:4 diluted. The cycling profile was 10 s denaturation at 95 °C, 5 s annealing at 50 °C and 4 min extension at 60 °C for 100 cycles. Sephadex G-50 DNA Grade F (Amersham Biosciences) was used to clean sequencing reaction prior loading the samples into a 3100 ABI automated sequencer. Sequences were quality checked and visualized using Sequencher version 4. 2 software package (Gene Codes Corporation). Sequences were blasted to the NCBI database using BLASTN algorithm  31  for similarities to previously deposited species. No amplifications were obtained using different ITS primer combinations (ITS5-4 and ITS1-4), suggesting fungal ecology to be absent or a limited fraction of the microbiome.
Acknowledgements We thank  Giovanni Grasselli  and  Bryan Tatone  for the CT-scan analysis,  Marcello Zala ,  Patrick Brunner ,  Elena Maria Comelli  and  Giulio Di Toro  for critical discussions,  Scurion GmbH  for technical support. The present study has been partially supported by:  CFI-LOF  grant  18285  and  Swiss National Scientific Foundation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS A n O s t e o p l a n t ® d e n t a l i m p l a n t t y p e , manufactured in the early 1990s by a team of dentists at the Medical University in Poznan (Poland) was chosen for this study. Figure  1  presents the full Osteoplant ® system screwed and osseointegrated in jaw bone in rigid contact while the abutment is connected to the implant by conical contact and screwed. The mandibular bone is modeled as a cancellous bone surrounded by the cortical bone. The Osteoplant ® components are specified with global dimensions. The full models were assembled using the Solid Works software and exported to Ansys Workbench finite element code. Mastication can be assumed as normal and lateral dynamic cyclic loads on the upper crown area. This implies a fatigue study to determine alternating stress effect on dental implants lifespan.
Acknowledgments The authors thank  Dr. A. Levy ,  Dr. M. Chirila ,  Dr. F. Sahm , and  Professor A. von Deimling. They acknowledge  Dr. S. Benzakin  and  Professor J. M. Ouayoun  involved in the management of the patient. The authors thank  C. Becquelin ,  F. Bouchard ,  V. Akdim ,  C. Van Vetteren ,  L. Jovanov ,  I. Pluchart ,  F. Spindler ,  N. Delva ,  V. Ipotesi ,  A. Poirier ,  J. Diallo ,  V. Moigne ,  I. Alexandre ,  M. C. Portenier , and the  NCA/Avicenne, BIUM , and CDMP/APHP teams and  P. Cusenier.
Background: The Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) is an Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQOL) tool that assesses the impact of oral diseases on quality of life in children. This study aimed to assess the validity of the COHIP French questionnaire (45 items) and to evaluate the OHRQOL of 12-years children in New Caledonia. Methods: After cultural adaptation of the COHIP questionnaire, data were collected from clinical oral examinations and self-administered questionnaires in a representative sample of children aged 12 years in New Caledonia. Questions related to socio-demographic status or children's perception of their oral and general health were added to the COHIP questionnaire. Studying the association between COHIP scores and health subjective perceptions or dental status indicators assessed concurrent and discriminant validity.
The relationship between socio-demographic or behavioural variables, dental status and the COHIP scores were also studied. It was hypothesised that patients with a poorer dental status (presence of decayed teeth, calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, infectious dental processes, mucosal lesions, untreated fractured permanent anterior teeth and children with treatment needs…) would have lower COHIP scores. The COHIP score was also supposed to vary between participants with different socio-demographic characteristics (sex, ethnic group, school attendance) and dental behaviours (dental attendance, dental fear). Discriminant validity was explored by measuring the degree to which COHIP scores and clinical data were related using the Spearman correlation coefficient. The items of the COHIP were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA).
Prior to performing PCA, the suitability of data for factor analysis was assessed. Inspection of the correlation matrix revealed the presence of many coefficients of 0. 3 and above. The Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin value was 0. 858, exceeding the recommended value of 0. 6  [35]  and the Bartlett's Test of Sphericity reached statistical significance, supporting the factorability of the correlation matrix  [36]. The number of components was assessed using the principal component analysis with eigenvalues exceeding 1, the inspection of the screeplot results and the parallel analysis with eigenvalues exceeding the corresponding criterion values for a randomly generated data matrix of the same size (34 variables and 236 respondents)  [37]. Reproducibility was measured using the data on the 60 children who were re-interviewed 1 week after the first evaluation.
Acknowledgements The Regional Public Health Services of New Caledonia, the  Sanitary and Social Agency of New Caledonia , the  University of Auvergne, Clermont-1, France  and the  University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, France  financed this study and the authors wish to express appreciation for this support. Clinical parts of the study were assisted by  Drs R Cagliero ,  JP Cassagne ,  P Lefèvre ,  G Niquet ,  O Moyon , and  K Tran Ba , whom the authors thank. The authors would like to thank  Prof Paul Riordan  (Write2Publish; http://correction-home. fr) for correction of the English manuscript.
Biomechanical analysis The compression characteristics of the two types of β-TCP granules were determined on an Instron 5942 machine with Bluehill software (Instron, Elancourt, France) (Figure  1A ). As the test is destructive, new intact granules were placed into the cylindrical test cell of the machine and compacted with an adapted punch 10 mm in diameter. The maximum applied load was fixed at 400 N with a 2-mm min -1 displacement. For each type of stacks of granule (HP or LP), the load-displacement curve was recorded (N/mm) automatically by the machine. Stiffness was automatically provided by measuring the slope of the tangent to the curve at the beginning of the deformation (N/mm). The maximum displacement of the punch (in mm) was obtained when the load reached 400 N. The work to failure (N⋅mm) was determined as the area under the load-displacement curve from yield until failure and represents the energy absorbed by bone during plastic deformation (Figure  1B )  (13).
Microarchitecture parameters were obtained with the CTAn software (Bruker) after global thresholding of the pores  (16). They included measures of porosity (Po, in %), mean pore diameter (Po⋅Diam, in μm), and specific surface [representing the interface between bone or biomaterial and the porosity, BS/ TV, in mm 2 /mm 3 , where BS is the whole pore surface and TV is the volume of interest according to the ASBMR nomenclature  (17) ]. For the bone cylinders and the granule stacks, the region of interest (ROI) over-imposed on the 2D binarized sections was a 5-mm wide square; the height of analysis of the samples has concerned 15 mm. Pore diameter was determined by the spherefitting method in the CTAn software  (18). In order to further investigate the porosity, the binarized stacks of 2D microCT sections of each sample were analyzed by software written in Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).
acKnOWleDgMenTs The authors thank Mrs. Laurence Lechat for secretarial assistance. This work was made possible by grants from ANR, program LabCom "NextBone. " The authors thank Kasios, 18 chemin de la Violette, 31240 L'Union -France for providing the different formulations of granules. The analysis software (VECTOPOR) is now licensed by the Agence de Protection des Programmes (APP). Authors also thank Mrs. Nadine Gaborit for her skillful technical assistance with microCT and Phil Salmon for having reviewed the manuscript.
100% cotton V-neck M The tests were carried out in working conditions at the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg in France. The dentist offi ce was at a temperature of 25°C+/-2°C with humidity of 65%+/5%. The infra-red camera was installed in two positions: in front of and behind the dentists. The volunteers included four dentists (two men and two women). The treatments that dentists performed on patients included tooth extractions, which require moderate physical movements with moderate-to-long treatment time in comparison to the majority of dental treatments. Data analysis was carried out using the ThermaCAM Researcher version Pro 2. 8 SR2 software and Microsoft Excel 2007. We divided each gown into twenty-one zones (ten zones at the front of the gown and eleven zones at the back of the gown) (Figure  2 ).
• Protective layer: A triple-layer laminated fabric was placed in the front of the gown. This fabric consists of two layers in woven fabric and a microporous membrane of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in sandwich. This layer provides protection against liquid and infective agents with less impact on comfort. • Breathable layer: A breathable mesh is proposed for heating zones on the gown. Its numerous closely spaced holes help to cool the body. With each sleeve structure, the movements were performed with the same position, speed and intensity. The force applied on the sensors during the movements of the volunteer was recorded and analysed by the software 'LabVIEW'. Using the same methods, the signals of all movements were analysed. The final results showed that the forces on the shoulders of basic sleeves were generally found to be stronger than that of raglan sleeves (with seven out of eight movements were to be kept constant, a change in the level of satisfaction between the two gowns could only be the consequence of the gowns themselves.
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank  Sandy Eap ,  INSERM ,  UMR 1109  for her technical help. Author Contributions:  David-Nicolas Morand  contributed to the design of the study, the experiments, results analysis and manuscript writing. Olivier Huck ,  Henri Tenenbaum  and  Jean-Luc Davideau  contributed to the design of the study, results analysis and the manuscript writing. Laetitia Keller  and  Nadia Jessel  critically revised the manuscript.
Study Design After inclusion, the patients were randomized based on instructions in sealed envelopes, which were prepared using a computer-generated randomization list by a third-party not involved in the randomization. A 23 G or a 25 G needle was assigned to each patient. All arterial punctures were performed by one of the five nurses in the ambulatory unit without subcutaneous injection of lidocaine nor topical anaesthesia. The nurses who performed the arterial punctures were board certified nurses with at least 3 years experience in working in the respiratory ward. They collected anthropometric data from the patients, including the diameter of the punctured wrist. They also assessed the quality of the radial pulse, which was classified as imperceptible, weak, normal, strong, or visible.
Secondary outcomes were the anxiety experienced before and after arterial puncture using VAS-A, time to perform arterial puncture, the most painful moment of the procedure. The present study was conducted in accordance with the amended Declaration of Helsinki. Our Institutional Review Board approved the protocol (CPP-SC 2011/01), and written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior the study. The study was registered with ANSM (Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé/French Drug and Healthcare Product Safety Agency) (number 2010-A01373-36) prior its initiation. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials. gov (identifier NCT02320916) after completion, as it was already registered in the national registry. All the data were collected in Rouen Respiratory Department.
A multiple linear regression was performed to look for independent variables related to the pain experienced by the patient. Following univariate analysis, a p value lower than 0. 20 for a clinically relevant variable was necessary to enter stepwise multiple regression analysis. Assumptions of linearity and normality and no multicollinearity have been fulfilled before performing multiple regression analysis. Multiple linear regression was used for multivariate analysis. All tests were two-sided, the type I error rate was set at 0. 05. The analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6 1 for Mac OS X 1 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA).