dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
2  (Stamatakis, 2014)  using the in-built GTR + model with the 'extended majority-rule consensus' criterion as bootstopping option  (Pattengale et al. , 2009). To infer inter-individual relationships, we applied the approach described by  Göker & Grimm (2008)  that allows transformation of data matrices of 'associates' (here: cloned sequences) into 'hosts' (here: individuals). The program g2cef (available at http://www. goeker. org/mg/distance/) was used to transform the primary character matrix ('associates', total cloned sequences) into a character consensus matrix of the individuals ('hosts') using an association file defining the list of clone sequences belonging to the same individual. The uncorrected pairwise distances of the primary character matrix ('associates', total cloned sequences) was calculated and used as input to the program pbc  (Göker & Grimm, 2008).
This program allows transforming the primary inter-clone pairwise distance matrix into inter-individual distances matrices using different flavours, of which the 'Phylogenetic Bray-Curtis' (PBC) transformation performed best in the original study that compared data sets with similar properties than our data set. Here, we applied three of the distance transformations tested by  Göker & Grimm (2008) , in addition to PBC distances (option -b) also the minimum (MIN; -i) and average (AVG; -a) inter-individual clonal distances. AVG, MIN and PBC distance matrices were generated setting different minimum number of associates per host (-m option); m = 4 (the number of cloned sequences obtained in most individuals) was then used to infer a phylogenetic network using the Neighbour-Net (NN) algorithm  (Bryant & Moulton, 2004)  implemented in SplitsTree4  (Huson & Bryant, 2006).
RESULTS In total, 221 individuals effectively covering the taxonomic range of western Eurasian sect. Cerris were analysed (Table  1 , File S1). Sequence quality was high for both marker regions and unambiguous electropherograms were obtained for about 90% of the investigated samples. The primary data matrixes comprised 207 plastid (trnH-psbA) and 856 nuclear (5S-IGS) sequence accessions. The nuclear data (192 individuals) included 651 newly sequenced clones and 205 accessions from  Denk & Grimm (2010). Ten Q. baloot/Q. floribunda sequences, used here as outgroups (cf. Denk & Grimm, 2010) , extended the final dataset to 866 sequenced clones. Individual sequences recovered from positive 5S-IGS clones varied from one (four samples) to 10, with most samples represented by four sequences (70 samples), followed by five and three sequences (44 and 35 samples, respectively).
Plastid trnH-psbA diversity and biogeography After removing the 34-bp inversion, the trnH-psbA marker showed pairwise uncorrected p-distances ranging between zero and 0. 008 (Table  2 ). The highest intra-specific distance (0. 006) was found in Q. suber; four species showed similar values (0. 002; Q. cerris, Q. ithaburensis, Q. trojana, Q. libani), while the marker variation in the remaining taxa converged to zero. The total matrix was 503-bp characters long, including several indels (1-8 bp) and six polymorphic sites resulting in twelve haplotypes (labelled H1-H12) with a medium overall diversity (h = 0. 515). Haplotype H1 hit 100% sequence identity with three nonrepresentative individuals assigned to East Asian species of sect. Ilex in Genbank (haplotype list, occurrence and gene bank matches shown as Files S1 and S2).
A single PIC also defined H4, including three co-occurring Q. trojana and Q. macrolepis accessions from the same locality in western Turkey, and another PIC was limited to two Q. cerris and Q. libani accessions from southern Turkey, corresponding to H3. Table  3  shows that the highest mean intragroup divergence in the West Eurasian dataset was found in Q. suber and Q. libani. The haplotypes of Q. suber and Q. look displayed the highest mean divergence from all other species. Quercus variabilis appeared more similar to its western Eurasian counterparts, while Q. acutissima was highly distinct. The haplotype network (Fig. 1 ) shows the general coherence of the 'Cerris-Ilex' lineage, which collects haplotypes typical of the western Eurasian members of sect. Cerris, clearly distinct from the haplotypes found in East Asian members of sect.
Further deletions (1-60 bp) were scattered along the alignment and found only in single individuals (e. g. , it04, Israel; ml10, N. W. Greece). Finally, an 18-bp highly variable region was exclusively found in some clones of four co-occurring Q. trojana samples (tj03-05, tj16; S. C. Turkey). The main diversity values of the investigated dataset are reported in Table  4. Identical 5S-IGS sequences typically occur in the same individual and species, and, to a lesser extent, in sympatric, different species (e. g. , Q. brantii, Q. cerris, Q. trojana, Q. look; see also File S3). On the contrary, Q. afares, Q. castaneifolia, Q. libani, Q. ithaburensis, Q. macrolepis and Q. euboica showed high species coherence. Quercus suber and Q. macrolepis showed the highest number of intra-individual and intra-specifically shared clones, whereas Q.
cerris, Q. trojana and Q. ithaburensis displayed the highest levels of unique variants. No variants were shared between Q. trojana and Q. euboica; Q. suber and Q. crenata (but not Q. cerris) shared 69 identical sequences and are the genetically most similar taxon pair. The pairwise uncorrected p-distance range of the total dataset was much higher than for the plastid marker (0-0. 209), with highest values scored by Q. cerris and Q. trojana. The mean intra-specific molecular diversity estimated within sequence pairs (Table  5 ) was lowest in the two narrow endemics Q. afares and Q. castaneifolia and highest in Q. brantii and Q. ithaburensis. Across the entire dataset, Q. brantii, Q. macrolepis and Q. ithaburensis were the most diverging taxa; the least divergent being Q. afares and Q. castaneifolia.
They were highly variable across the entire dataset and displayed inter-individual patterns that allowed circumscription of most of the investigated species; the intra-individual variation in the 5S-IGS further helped to recognize hybridization and infer other reticulation events such as introgression. Insights gained from the combination of data sources were concordant with the known ecology and biogeography of the studied taxa. So far, all other gene regions sequenced in oaks showed (much) less divergence at the intra-and interspecies level (ITS:  Denk & Grimm, 2010; LEAFY intron: Oh & Manos, 2008 ; various single-copy nuclear genes:  Hubert et al. , 2014; various plastid intergenic spacers and genes: Simeone et al. , 2013). Increased resolution may be achieved by using phylogenomic data (e.
castaneifolia appeared the least diverse (Tables  4  and 5 ), although more data are needed for Q. castaneifolia, which was here represented by only two samples. The same holds true for the two other taxa with narrow ranges in our dataset, Q. euboica and Q. look. Both are characterized by low levels of genetic diversity (Tables  4  and 5 ); however, despite the low number of individuals investigated, our results allow first taxonomic inferences in both cases. + Q. euboica) than in Q. cerris (Tables Quercus euboica appears genetically isolated from Q. trojana, based on the number of unique 5S variants (Table  4 ) and the relative inter-taxa divergence (Table  5 ). This oak grows isolated from Q. trojana on the Greek island of Euboea and differs morphologically by its coriaceous leaf texture and the conspicuous white tomentum of the abaxial leaf surface that is made up of stellate trichomes (T  Denk, pers.
Hybrid detection within Quercus Section Cerris Besides the deletion in Q. libani, some other sequence features, typical of other species (e. g. , the SSR motif in Q. brantii, the deletion in Q. suber), confirmed the hybrid identity of a few samples included in our dataset (sample ml27, tj08 and tj33, supposed hybrids Q. macrolepis × brantii, Q. trojana × Q. suber and Q. trojana × Q. libani, respectively). The haplotypes of these samples (ml27: H6, exclusive of Q. brantii; tj08: H2, never found in Q. suber), also allowed identification of the maternal species. This finding confirms that these oaks can occasionally hybridize in sympatry, and evidence for such hybridization is found in the nuclear genome (see also  Fitzek et al. , 2018). Further instances of hybridization and/or introgression events could be inferred from common sequence features, inter-specifically shared variants (see 'Results' section, Table  4 , Fig.
000-0. 002 3 0. 700 H1, H3, H8 1 (8) 0 Q. acutissima c 401 564 0. 000-0. 004 10 n. d. / d 4 (79) 0 Q. variabilis c 528 594 0. 000-0. 004 11 n. d. / d 2 (99) 0 Notes. N, number of sequences; L, Aligned length (bp) with the inversion deleted; p, uncorrected p-distance range (STD); H, Number of identified haplotypes (gaps included); h, Haplotype diversity; Hid, haplotype code; S, Number of polymorphic sites (gaps included); PICs, Number of Parsimony Informative Characters. GenBank haplotype accessions: KT152191, KT152192, KT152193, KT152194, KT152195, KT152196, KT152197, KT152198, KT152199, KT152200, JF753573, JF753574, JF753575, JF753576, JF753577, JF753578, JF753579, JF753580, JF753581, JF753582, JF753583, KM210647, HE585136. a Including subsp. euboica. b Including subsp. macrolepis. c d.
Whether the software has the capacity to execute automated extraction of root traits depends on species, the complexity of the root system, image quality and the root traits required. Also, the degree of accuracy required for root-trait extraction determines the intensity of manual intervention during image processing. Most published software has the capacity to extract global root traits without manual intervention, such as total root area, convex hull area, depth and width  [26, 27]. The dynamics of growth orientation and elongation rate of primary root can also be extracted using Root-Trace and EZ-RHIZO  [28, 29]. Many published software are able to capture various detailed root traits from a single image in a (semi-) automated way  [30] [31] [32] [33]. However, intensive root crossing and parallel growth may occur in 2D space, which is associated with the geometrical constraints of growth devices  [19].
The imaging device The imaging device included a digital single lens reflex camera, a 100 W studio lamp for flashing, a reflector and a rotary table. The camera was a Canon EOS 550D SLR with a Canon EF 10-18 mm IS STM objective (f/5, ISO 3200, Focus 13 mm, 34,565,184 pixels) which was fitted with a polarizing filter to reduce reflection. qDslr-Dashboard software (https ://dslrd ashbo ard. info/) was used to adjust the clarity of image under the auto-focus mode by connecting the camera to the computer using a USB cable. To ensure the constant size of the image, a fixed, manual focus setting was used after the clarity has been set. The distance and the focus yield a depth of field approximately 20 cm wide and 50 cm long, corresponding to a pixel resolution of 12 pixels per mm. The distance between two neighboring white marks was constant.
Image processing The RCM produces a large number of time-course images, so a customized image-processing software, implemented in Matlab, was developed to automatically extract information on root-growth traits. The corresponding m-files, examples of time-course images, as well as an intuitive user guide, can be found at https :// githu b. com/Plant Root/RCM. A screenshot of graphic user interface (GUI) of the software was given in Additional file 4: Figure  S6. Since we chose to use our software for plants with tap roots first, cotton seedlings were used to illustrate the function of this software.
Topological analysis The binary image is skeletonized by applying a morphological thinning function to generate an approximated medial axis. Endpoints and crossing points are extracted from the skeleton points of the root system based on their eight-pixel neighborhood using the matlab function of bwmorph (Fig. 3a ). An endpoint has only one neighboring pixel and a crossing point has at least three neighboring pixels. The coordinates of these extracted points are recorded as list endPts and crossPts, respectively. Root segments are generated by removing the crossing points from the skeletonized images (Fig. 3b ). The root segments generated are labeled using bwlabel and the length of each root segment is calculated using regionprops. Topological analysis is used to extract the primary root (PR) and branching points.
Extraction of local LR traits along the branching zone of the PR As roots grow in a narrow space, they are forced to grow in 2D space. The crossing and parallel growth of the LRs is obvious, especially near the PR base where intensive branching occurs. Hence, automatic and accurate extraction of geometrical data for all individual LRs becomes difficult and impractical. Instead, we designated the aggregated LRs as a LR group (LRG), and extracted some local traits, including the total area, basal area, pseudomean-length, pseudo-maximum-length and pseudonumbers of LRs, to describe the average growth vigor of LRs within a given PR section. First, the LRs were separated from the PR in the images. The root system boundary was extracted from the binary image using edge. The reference points along the PR skeleton were identified in steps of 10 pixels (Fig.
Cotton root traits extracted using our software Figure  7a  shows the time-course binary images with the extracted primary and lateral skeleton of cotton roots. Global root traits, such as root depth, root maximum width, total root area and convex hull area could be extracted directly from these sequential binary images (Fig. 7b ). The PR length in sequential images was automatically calculated from the straightened skeleton of the PR (Fig. 7b ). The total LR area was automatically calculated from LRGs cut from the PR (Fig. 7b ). Inspired by the RootScape  [37]  and GLO-Roots  [14] , we divided the branching zone of PRs into equal depth, and extracted the pseudo-landmarks (minimum and maximum coordinates in each section). Figure  7c  shows the overlapping roots and pseudo-landmarks in different time-course images.
Exposure to air leads to darkening of the surface within a few hours. The results presented in this communication originate from the same sample, but different samples prepared to ensure reproducibility demonstrate comparable properties. Crystal structure characterization. Temperature-dependent powder x-ray diffraction experiments were carried out on a rotating anode Rigaku TTRAX system using Mo K α radiation. This system was modified to reach low temperatures using a cold finger He cryostat and to allow in situ application of magnetic field  46. The powder consisting of particles smaller than 22 μm was mixed with petroleum jelly, then deposited on a copper sample holder. Room temperature XRD characterization was performed using a PANalytical diffractometer employing Cu K α1 radiation. The powder XRD patterns were refined by the Rietveld method using the Fullprof software.
A search for high-mass resonances decaying to τν using proton-proton collisions at √ s = 13 TeV produced by the Large Hadron Collider is presented. Only τ-lepton decays with hadrons in the final state are considered. The data were recorded with the ATLAS detector and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36. 1 fb -1. No statistically significant excess above the standard model expectation is observed; model-independent upper limits are set on the visible τν production cross section. Heavy W bosons with masses less than 3. 7 TeV in the sequential standard model and masses less than 2. 2-3. 8 TeV depending on the coupling in the non-universal G(221) model are excluded at the 95% credibility level.
The data were recorded with the ATLAS detector and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36. 1 fb -1. Only τ decays with hadrons in the final state are considered; these account for 65% of the total τ branching fraction. A counting experiment is performed from events that pass a high transverse-mass threshold, optimized separately for each of the signal mass hypotheses. A direct search for high-mass resonances decaying to τν has been performed by the CMS Collaboration using 19. 7 fb -1 of integrated luminosity at √ s = 8 TeV  [8]. The search excludes W SSM with a mass below 2. 7 TeV at the 95% credibility level and W NU with a mass below 2. 7-2. 0 TeV for cot φ NU in the range 1. 0-5. 5. The most stringent limit on W SSM from searches in the eν and µν final states is 5. 1 TeV from ATLAS  [9]  using 36.
The simulated samples are normalized using the integrated luminosity of the collected dataset and their theoretical cross sections. The W/Z/γ * cross sections are calculated as a function of the boson mass at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO)  [49]  using the CT14NNLO PDF set, including electroweak corrections at next-to-leading order (NLO)  [50]  using the MRST2004QED PDF set  [51]. Uncertainties are taken from Ref. [52]  and include variations of the PDF sets, scale, α S , beam energy and electroweak corrections. The variations amount to a ∼5% total uncertainty in the W/Z/γ * cross section at low mass, increasing to 34% at 2 TeV. The t t and single top-quark production cross sections are calculated to at least NLO with an uncertainty of 3-6%  [53] [54] [55] [56]. The diboson cross sections are calculated to NLO with an uncertainty of 10%  [44, 57].
Acknowledgments We thank  CERN  for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of  ANPCyT , Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia;  ARC, Australia ;  BMWFW  and  FWF , Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus;  CNPq  and  FAPESP, Brazil ;  NSERC ,  NRC  and  CFI ,  Canada ; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS,  MOST  and  NSFC, China ;  COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR  and  VSC CR, Czech Republic ;  DNRF  and  DNSRC, Denmark ;  IN2P3-CNRS ,  CEA-DRF/IRFU , France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF,  HGF , and  MPG, Germany ;  GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China ;  ISF, I-CORE  and  Benoziyo Center , Israel; INFN, Italy;  MEXT  and  JSPS, Japan ; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway;  MNiSW  and  NCN , Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania;  MES of Russia  and  NRC KI , Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain;  SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ;  SERI ,  SNSF  and  Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan ;  TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom ;  DOE  and  NSF ,  United States of America.
Experimental protocol and data HUT tests were performed on 8 healthy subjects and 12 BS patients (5 were symptomatic), recruited at the University Hospital of Rennes, in France. Controls were healthy volunteers with no major cardiorespiratory pathologies diagnosed, non-smokers, asymptomatic and not taking cardioactive medication. BS patients were diagnosed according to current guidelines, when a coved STsegment elevation (≥ 0. 2 mV) was registered in at least one right precordial lead placed in the second, third or fourth intercostal space, either in the presence or absence of sodium channel blockers  [1]. After approval by the ethical committee of the University Hospital of Rennes, all subjects provided written informed consent to participate in the study. Table 1 summarizes participants clinical baseline characteristics, including their mean HR, mean SBP and mean baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in supine position, calculated as in  [39, 17].
The systolic blood pressure associated with each heartbeat was detected as the maxima above a manually adjusted threshold and heart rate signals were detected by means of a noise-robust wavelet-based method for QRS identification and R-wave peak location  [44]. In order to ease the comparison with model simulations, experimental data were low-pass filtered at 0. 04 Hz with a 4 th order Butterworth filter applied in both forward and backward directions so as to remove phase distortion. Moreover, since we were particularly interested in the response induced by changing from supine to upright posture, cardiac signals were only analyzed for 2. 5 minutes before and after tilting onset.
Statistics All results are expressed as means ± standard error of mean (SEM). All statistics were performed using Statistica v. 12 software (StatSoft, France). Normality of population was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Adapted tests were then performed (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann and Whitney U test, two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and ANOVA for repeated measures). ANOVA were followed by a post-hoc test (HSD for n different). Significant differences (p < 0. 05) between groups were mentioned by different letters (a, b, c…) in the tables and figures.
Otherwise, higher heart weight FF group compared to control can be associated with a higher systolic blood pressure  [48]. In our previous data  [11] , a similar fructose supplementation induced hypertension that is maintained for 21 weeks. Renal function is often affected in T2D cases  [49]  and can be linked to higher blood pressure. In this purpose, theoretical creatinine clearance was calculated and surprisingly the fructose enriched diet increased this marker thus indicating a better renal function. More surprisingly, exercise trained animals appear to have a lower renal function as they display a reduced theoretical creatinine clearance. This result is not consistent with the current knowledge, as plasma protein clearance is known to be increase with ET  [50]. However, in our knowledge, no study on the modification of the theoretical creatinine clearance following ET was found.
The substrate was chosen to be fused silica, 500 m in thickness; however, it does not directly appear in the analyses in this paper. Fig. 9 (a) and (b) shows the calculated relationships of inductance and resistance, respectively. The points were calculated using a spreadsheet program (GNU gnumeric version 1. 12. 11) and plotted using a graphing utility (GNUplot version 4. 6 patchlevel 5). In the calculations, the coil turn n was varied from n = 3 to n = 9, and the width w was increased from w = 1 m to 30 m in steps of 1 m. The values varied from (L, R s ) = (5. 21nH, 1. 88 ) at (n, w) = (3,30 m) to (L, R s ) = (53. 0 nH, 180 ) at (n, w) = (9,1 m). The trend could be observed more clearly by plotting R s as a function of L, as shown in Fig. 10. The solid lines on the figure were directly calculated by the GNUplot graphing utility using equations, thereby confirming the calculations and showing the dependency on coil turns more clearly.
Acknowledgments This project was partially supported by  JSPS Kakenhi Grantsin-Aids  ( 23686053  and  16H04345 ), and  French national research grants  ( ANR-2011-BS03-005  and  ANR-16-CE33-0022 ). CAD software for the layout design, MEMS process in the  MEXT Nanotechnology Platform  open facilities at the  Takeda Sentanchi Supercleanroom  were used through the  VLSI Design and Education Center (VDEC) ,  The University of Tokyo. We thank all members of the nanotechnology platform  UTokyo VDEC  for their invaluable assistances. Dr. Yasuyuki Ozeki  of  UTokyo  is acknowledged for theoretical discussions.
Statistical analysis Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni-Dunn correction of the post hoc tests was used to analyze quantitative differences of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts and the VAS score. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. The level of significance was set at p < 0. 05. GraphPad Prism 5. 02 software (GraphPad Software, Inc. , La Jolla, CA) was used for statistical analysis.