dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Nat. Bot. , sér. III, 3: 47. 1845. Holotypus: USA, locality unknown, ex herb. Léveillé (PC). Epitype (selected here): MBT177386; UK, Scotland, Kincardinshire, Devilly Forest, Betula, B. J. & G. J. Coppins 10274 (E; culture CBS 114738; GenBank Acc. No. AF176965, see  Johannesson et al. 2000). ≡ Daldinia durissima (Fr. ) Sacc. , Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 394. 1882. Lectotypus (selected here): Sweden, Uppland, Uppsala, Fries (K(M) 120970, ex herb. Berkeley). = Daldinia occidentalis Child, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 19: 453. 1932. Holotypus: USA, South Dakota, Black Hills, 1903, H. Schrenk (BPI 594265). Selected illustrations:  Wollweber & Stadler (2001) ,  Abb. 11 (stromata) ;  Stadler et al. (2001d) , figs 3 (anamorphic structure) and 4D (SEM of ascospores). Known distribution/host preference of stromata: Circumpolar (Northern Hemisphere) with preference for temperate and, in particular, hemiboreal-boreal climates.
Daldinia singularis Types: Russia: Primorsky Territory, near Vladivostok, twigs of Carpinus cordata, 26  Sep. 1997, L. Vasilyeva (VLA -holotype n. v. , WSP -isotype, culture not apparently deposited in a public collection, but GenBank Acc. Nos of DNA sequences were released as AY951700 and AY951812 by  Hsieh et al. (2005) ). Selected illustrations:  Ju et al. (1999) , figs 1, 2 and 4 (stromata), 3 (culture) and 8, 9 (anamorph). Known distribution/host preference of stromata: Far Eastern Russia, on Carpinus. For a detailed descrition of the teleomorphic and anamorphic features of this fungus see  Ju et al. (1999). Notes: This fungus has so far only been found on Carpinus in Far Eastern Russia. It is characterised by its small stromata, highly reduced ascal apical apparati, and ellipsoid-equilateral to reniform ascospores.
Abbreviations/Acronyms: AJSW: personal herbarium of A. J. S. Whalley, Liverpool, UK. BNT: 1,1´-Binaphthalene-4,4'-5,5'-tetrol. DAD: Diode Array Detection. JF: personal herbarium of J. Fournier. HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography. JDR: personal herbarium of J. D. Rogers, Pullman, Wa. , USA. KC: accession numbers for cultures deposited at Kew, UK. Kr: personal herbarium of H. Kreisel, Potthagen, Germany. LM: Light Microscopy, MS: Mass Spectrometry. SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy. SDS: Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate. STMA: personal herbarium and culture collection of M. Stadler. TL: fungarium of T. Laessøe (housed in C or K with duplicates of some in QCA, QCNE). Ww: herbarium and notebook of H. Wollweber, used as identifier for specimens located in the mycological herbarium previously housed at the Fuhlrott-.
Diagnosis: A Daldinia grandis differt ascosporibus regulariter ellipsoideoinequilaterales cum perisporibus indehiscentes, apicibus non angustatis. Holotypus: Ecuador, Pinchincha, Pasochoa, 00° 28' S, 78° 30' W, 2900 m alt. , on cut Alnus acuminata trunk in Chusquea dominated mountain forest, 18 May. 2002, T. Laessøe TL-9572, (C-F-58309 -holotype, ex-type culture CBS 116024, GenBank Acc. No. AM749918).
corresponding culture: Mexico, Tamaulipas state, Gómez Farías town, Mar. 1988, Flores 2 & San Martín 1024 (ICTV, culture BCRC34045, CBS 122875; GenBank Acc. Nos AY951805 and AY951693; see Ju et al 1997, Stadler et al. 2001a and Hsieh et al. 2005 as D. clavata; voucher YMJ 106 in the latter study).
µm. Japan, Kobe, J. E. A. Lewis ex Lloyd herb. 11793 as D. vernicosa (BPI 715095). P. R. China, Hebei, 27 May 1950, Z. Ji-Ding, HMAS 17360 (FH 79522). Russia, Primorsky Territory, vicinity of Vladivostok, Sirenevka, on Kalopanax septemlobus, 26 Sep. 1999, L. Vasilyeva (VLA, culture CBS 116996, MUCL 46173, GenBank Acc. No. of DNA sequence FN428829); same locality, on living Fraxinus sp. , 12.
Moravia, vicinity of Hodonín, Ratíškovice,"Mokrý háj", on burnt living trunk of Betula pendula, 17Jun. 1995, C. Kosina as D. concentrica (PRM 885050, culture CBS 116729, GenBank Acc. No. AM407726). Russia, Caucasus Mountains, Dombaj near Teberda, Amanauska dolina, alt. ca. 2. 200 m, on root of Salix caprea near road, 8 Aug. 1986, J. Houda, det. F. Kotlaba as D. concentrica (PRM 842320). UK, England, Norfolk, Ringstead, ex herb. C. B. Plowright (K(M) 91739). USA, Illinois, Cook Co. , Chicago, Lincoln Park, between Montrose and Foster Beach, on trunk wounds of Gleditzia triacanthos, 12 Sep. 1990, S. Huhndorf (NY, specimen largely immature); Oregon, East side of Willamette River, 29 May 1916, C. H. Bryant 27,043 (NY ex Oregon State Univ. ).
1992,  H. Wollweber Ww 2357  ( KR 0026337 , culture MUCL 51689). Germany,  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ,  Burgruine Landskorn , Fraxinus excelsior, Apr. 2011,  K. Toballa , comm. H. Kreisel ,  STMA11178  (KR, culture MUCL 53970); Greifswald,  Lubzower Forst , dead wood of cf. Fraxinus excelsior, 2 May 2007,  N. Amelang ,  STMA 07014  (KR, culture CBS 121672, MUCL 49333);  North Rhine Westphalia, Bergkamen , on fallen trunk of Fagus sylvatica, 13 Feb. 2000,  H. Wollweber Ww  3747 (WUP);  Bielefeld, Brönninghausen , on Fagus, 16 Jun. 1996,  H. Wollweber Ww  3080 (WUP); Cologne, Zoo, Fagus, 7 Apr. 1995,  B. &. M. Stadler ,  STMA 05061  (STMA, culture MUCL 54179);  Haan-Gruiten, Neandertal, Winkelsmühle , 5 Jun. 2001 (M, culture  CBS 113277 ,  GenBank Acc. No. AY616683 , see Triebel et al. 2005); same locality and host, 24 Sep.
2002,  K. Vincennecova  ( PRM 900706 , culture CBS 116030). Latvia, Livland,  Riga District ,  Pabbasch, near farm "Lilaste", Betula pubescens , 30 Aug. 1942,  J. Smarods  ( B70 0009633 ). Norway, Oppland, Vang,  Krok, Betula , 4 Sep. 1969,  L. Ryvarden  ( NY); Troms, Municipal Hallbad, Grytoya, Hallevika, burnt Betula ,  O. Abelsen , 8 Oct. 2000 (TROM, culture CBS 113970); Lenvik, burnt Betula,  O. H. Werle , 30 Aug. 1999 (TROM, culture CBS 113971);  Municipial Nordreisa ,  Rendalen, Vinnelys , on dead branch of Betula, 1 Jul. 2000,  O. Abelsen  (TROM); Lulle, Skibotdalen, Storfjord, on Betula, 19 Aug. 1992,  P. Marstad  ( TROM 6830 ). Russia, Caucasus, near Gagri, Carpinus betulus, 2 Feb. 1910,  F. H. Meyer , ex Ellis collection (NY); Kamchatka, Salix (?) 19 , 1 Aug. 1997, T. Laessøe TL-4630 (C, culture MUCL  51686 ,  GenBank Acc.
Sernander  ( UPS ); Villingsbergs skjutfält,  Lövbråten, Betula , 7 May 1967, I. Nordin 4300 (UPS) ;  Norrbotten, Övertorneå, between Hiriioja and Korpilombolovägen , in swamp forest, 9 May 1959, O. Lönnequist 586 (UPS); Tärendö, 17 Jul. 1958,  E. R. Julin  ( UPS ); Öland,  Persnäs Parish , between Persnäs Railway St. and Legenäs, trunk of Betula, 24 Aug. 1953,  J. A. Nannfeldt  13132 (UPS); Östergotland, Omberg, Väversunda, Sorbus aucuparia, 16 Apr. 1967,  I. Nordin 4233  (UPS, 2 packets); Småland, Femsjö, 1854,  M. A. Lindblad  ( UPS );  Torne Lappmark ,  Jukkusjärvi ,  Luopakte, Betula , 11 Jul. 1964,  E. Kankainen  ( UPS );  Uppland, Almunge, near Uppsala, Betula, comm. H. Johannesson HJ  105 (UPS, culture MUCL  51688 ,  GenBank Acc. No. AF176967 , see Johanneson et al. 2000);  Vaksala, Jälla ,  Hassellund , SW from agricultural school, Betula, 19 Mar.
Wollweber Ww  3316 (WUP); Styria, Alnus, 23 Sep. 1986, "AMO" ex herb Krieglsteiner  KR 842/86 ,  Ww 4123  ( STU, WUP ); Tyrollia,  Rotholz ,  Inn-Aue , Alnus incana, 27 Aug. 1998,  E. Wollweber ,  Ww 3393  (KR, WUP); Hochpillberg, Zillertal, Alnus incana, 30 Aug. 1998,  U. Helm , Ww 3391 (WUP); same collection data,  J. Keller ,  Ww 3392  (WUP, KR, culture CBS 119988, MUCL  49214 ,  GenBank Acc. No. of ITS nrDNA sequence AM749937, see Bitzer et al. 2008);  Vorarlberg, Feldkirch, "an Buchen" (Fagus) ,  J. Rick  as D. concentrica in herb. Saccardo (PAD); Feldkirch, Fagus, Winter 1848,  J. Rick  in Rehm: Ascomyceten 1228 (NY). Canada, Ontario, Toronto, Alnus incana, Oct. 1902,  J. L. Paull  as  D. vernicosa  ( FH 79500 ). Czech Republic, Bohemia, Novy Hradec Králové, near Biriċka , on branch of still living ("semivivum") Alnus incana, 22 Sep.
Further corresponding culture: Mexico, Tamaulipas state, Gómez Farías town, Mar. 1988, Flores 2 & San Martín 1024 (ICTV, culture BCRC34045, CBS 122875; GenBank Acc. Nos AY951805 and AY951693; see Ju et al 1997, Stadler et al. 2001a and Hsieh et al. 2005 as D. clavata; voucher YMJ 106 in the latter study).
5-)10-12 × 5-6 1 M-0079879 P. R. China 9. 5-12 × 4-5. 5 2 (80)38154, BPI 594758, Saccardo 1817 (PAD), BPI 717066, BPI 717062, S-F 38156, S-F 43786, C. J. Baker 5488 (PAD), S-F 43789, S-F 43789, S-F 43790, S-F 43791, S-F 43791, Saccardo "Laguna" (PAD) Philippines Ww 4166 (M), Ww 4171 -Ww 4173 (ASJW), Demoulin 5405 (NY) Epitype (selected here): MBT177380; Philippines, La Laguna Prov. , Luzon Island, Mt. Makiling Peak, 1 Apr. 2001,T. H. Quimio & M. M. Baldovino (K(M) 136899 ex CALP 11206; GenBank Acc. No. of DNA sequence: HE590883). =DaldinialuzonensisRehm,Philipp. J. Sci. Bot. 8:260. 1913. Lectotypus(Ju et al. 1997: 266): Philippines, La LagunaProv. , Los Baños, C. F. Baker 516, comm. Merrill ex Lloyd herb 12401 (BPI 716999). Selected illustrations:Ju et al. (1997), figs 9, 30-32, 73; Van der  Gucht (1994), figs 10c, d and 11a-c.
µm. Japan, Kobe, J. E. A. Lewis ex Lloyd herb. 11793 as D. vernicosa (BPI 715095). P. R. China, Hebei, 27 May 1950, Z. Ji-Ding, HMAS 17360 (FH 79522). Russia, Primorsky Territory, vicinity of Vladivostok, Sirenevka, on Kalopanax septemlobus, 26 Sep. 1999, L. Vasilyeva (VLA, culture CBS 116996, MUCL 46173, GenBank Acc. No. of DNA sequence FN428829); same locality, on living Fraxinus sp. , 12 Specimens examined:.
Scotland, Alva, Silver Glen, Fagus, exposed trunk, old tree, stromata occuring on burnt wood of hollow trunk and on unburnt parts, 23Aug. 1981, B. J. Coppins 8630, det. as D. grandis by Johannesson et al. 2000 (E, ex-type culture CBS 113729, GenBank Acc. No. AF176982). Wollw. & M. Stadler, Mycol. Res. 108(9): 1030. 2004. Figs 7F, 14D, E, 55. Selected illustrations: Stadler et al. (2004d, all from holotype), figs 3, 4 (stromata), 10-12 (ascospores) and 24, 29, 30 (anamorph). Etymology: For its similarity to D. loculata. Holotypus: UK,.
Moravia, vicinity of Hodonín, Ratíškovice,"Mokrý háj", on burnt living trunk of Betula pendula, 17Jun. 1995, C. Kosina as D. concentrica (PRM 885050, culture CBS 116729, GenBank Acc. No. AM407726). Russia, Caucasus Mountains, Dombaj near Teberda, Amanauska dolina, alt. ca. 2. 200 m, on root of Salix caprea near road, 8 Aug. 1986, J. Houda, det. F. Kotlaba as D. concentrica (PRM 842320). UK, England, Norfolk, Ringstead, ex herb. C. B. Plowright (K(M) 91739). USA, Illinois, Cook Co. , Chicago, Lincoln Park, between Montrose and Foster Beach, on trunk wounds of Gleditzia triacanthos, 12 Sep. 1990, S. Huhndorf (NY, specimen largely immature); Oregon, East side of Willamette River, 29 May 1916, C. H. Bryant 27,043 (NY ex Oregon State Univ. ). Additional specimens examined: Canada: British Columbia, Vancouver, on Acer, 27Jul.
Additionally, 54% of the territory is classified as having a moderate soil erosion risk. The estimate by the National Action Programme to combat desertification and the desertification information system for the Mediterranean Region project  (Rosário, 2004)  of the areas sensitive to desertification shows that 36% of Portuguese territory is classified as 'critical', with the southernmost of Portugal emerging as especially fragile. Yearly and seasonal precipitation data using a network consisted of 90 udometric stations between the hydrological years 1950/1951 and 2007/2008 were analysed (Figure  1 ), located between 39°62′ and 37°15′N and 7°00′and 9°12′ W Greenwich. The altimetric gradient oscillates between 1 and 552 m asl. The dataset was collected from the National Institute of Water database (INAG-Instituto da Água/SNIRH-Sistema Nacional de Informacão de Recursos Hídricos, http://snirh.
, 2007; de Luis et al. , 2009). This non-parametric test is considered robust against outliers and when data are not normally distributed. The statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS (IBM SPSS software) (19•0 for Windows). Relationships among large-scale geographic variables (latitude, longitude and elevation) and distribution and trend in annual and seasonal precipitation (amount, erosivity and concentration) were performed in order to check for specific spatial pattern in precipitation distribution and change tendencies.
Background: Heart failure places a significant burden on patients and health systems in high-income countries. However, information about its burden in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) is scant. We thus set out to review both published and unpublished information on the presentation, causes, management, and outcomes of heart failure in LMICs. Methods and Findings: Medline, Embase, Global Health Database, and World Health Organization regional databases were searched for studies from LMICs published between 1 January 1995 and 30 March 2014. Additional unpublished data were requested from investigators and international heart failure experts. We identified 42 studies that provided relevant information on acute hospital care (25 LMICs; 232,550 patients) and 11 studies on the management of chronic heart failure in primary care or outpatient settings (14 LMICs; 5,358 patients).
Methods This systematic review was designed and undertaken according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines  [13]. A study protocol describing the methodology has been published previously  [14]. In brief, we searched Medline, Embase, Global Health Database, and WHO regional databases for articles published between 1 January 1995 and 30 March 2014 with the subject terms ''heart failure'' or ''cardiomyopathies'' or any related terms AND ''incidence'', ''prevalence'', ''cause*'', ''etiology'', ''aetiology'', ''epidemiolog*'', ''burden'', ''management'', ''treatment'', ''prevent*'', ''population based'', ''community'', ''trends'', ''survey'', ''surveillance'', ''mortality'', ''morbidity'', ''fatalit*'', or ''attack rate''. Relevant studies from LMICs on the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of heart failure were included.
There were no language restrictions. We also scrutinised the reference lists of study reports and review articles, and inquired among our collaborators and international heart failure experts about any additional databases or studies of which they may be aware. We further searched the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Global Health Data Exchange as well as the websites of regional and country-specific societies of cardiology to identify further datasets. Figure  1  summarises the retrieval and selection process for studies and relevant databases. After removing duplicate reports, two reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts for their potential eligibility and extracted data using a pre-designed form. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported on heart failure patients from LMICs as defined by the World Bank  [15].
Studies from community primary care or outpatient clinics were designated as non-acute, and studies from inpatient populations, acute. Studies reporting both inpatient and outpatient data were included in the non-acute category. Additional subgroup analyses were performed by level of country income and by study time period. For income level analyses, studies were divided into low-income, low-middleincome, and upper-middle-income groups according to World Bank  [15]  country classification at the final year of the recruitment period of the study. The relationship between a study's mean age at admission for heart failure and the human development index (HDI)  [18]  for the country involved was estimated with linear regression analysis; the HDI was taken for the closest year to the final year of patient recruitment for the studies representing each country.
Geographic Distribution and Study Description Overall, 49 published studies  and four unpublished datasets (  [68] [69] [70] ; S. Rahimzadeh, F. Farzadfar F, M. Ghaziani, unpublished data) were included; their geographical distribution is presented in Figure  2 , and key study characteristics, divided by WHO region, are summarised in Tables  1 2 3 4 5 6. We obtained unpublished country datasets from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry (ADHERE)-International  [68]  regarding Malaysia and the Philippines, as well as the Identification of Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Systolic Function (I PREFER) registry  [70]  including Iran, Lebanon, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. Additional unpublished data were contributed from Iran (S. Rahimzadeh, F. Farzadfar F, and M.
Ghaziani, unpublished data) and India  [69]. Most studies were based in a single hospital, although 21 datasets documented multi-centre studies in Algeria  [70] , Argentina  [21, 43, 44] , Brazil  [40, 45] , Chile  [41, 70] , Colombia  [70] , China  [55, 57, 62] , Egypt  [70] , Indonesia  [20] , India  [69] , Iran (S. Rahimzadeh, F. Farzadfar F, and M. Ghaziani, unpublished data;  [70] ), Lebanon  [70] , Thailand  [52] , Malaysia  [68] , Mexico  [70] , Philippines  [68] , Romania  [50] , Tunisia  [70] , Turkey  [49, 63, 64] , and a further nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa  [35]. Four studies involved both inpatient and outpatient data  [22, 24, 26, 36] , six studies referred solely to patients seen at outpatient clinics  [27, 39, 61, 66, 67, 70] , three studies described heart failure in primary care settings  [62] [63] [64] , and the remainder reported solely on inpatient populations.
In this study, the mean LVEF of patients was 38%, and just over one-third of patients had a LVEF. 45%  [76]. Here, 71% of individuals were prescribed ACEIs, 48% a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and 61% a beta-blocker at discharge  [76]. The corresponding figures across our dataset are 57%, 32%, and 34%, respectively. Across represented LMICs, patients admitted with heart failure had a poorer immediate prognosis than those in many HICs. However, as is the case for HICs, the estimates from LMICs varied substantially, although we found the difference between the two outlying regions in terms of prognosis, the Americas and South East Asia, was not statistically significant (p = 0. 27). On average, the in-hospital mortality rate was 8. 3% in LMICs, compared to 6. 7% in the EuroHeart Failure II Survey  [76]  and 4% in ADHERE in the US  [77].
Limitations The data included are derived from a heterogeneous group of studies that set out with differing research goals. Variation in the methodologies used, particularly in methods of standardising the diagnosis and assessment of heart failure, may impact on some of the findings. These factors likely explain the high estimates of between-study variation that we found. Such variation may lead to underestimation of the true prevalence of heart failure, as well as inaccuracies in the causes ascribed to cases of heart failure. Our study includes individuals from three groups: those with their first presentation with acute heart failure, those with acute decompensation of chronic heart failure, and those with stable chronic heart failure seen in the outpatient clinic setting. Differences between healthcare systems may mean that the characteristics of patients seen in various settings may differ between countries, whilst adherence to gold-standard management may be more common amongst those with stable chronic heart failure seen in outpatient settings staffed by cardiologists than amongst those with acute heart failure treated in hospitals staffed by general internal physicians.
LMICs need to plan for this eventuality, but little is known about the current burden of heart failure in LMICs. Here, the researchers undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished information on the presentation, causes, management, and outcomes of heart failure in LMICs. A systematic review uses predefined criteria to identify all the research on a given topic; a meta-analysis uses statistical approaches to combine the results of several studies. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? The researchers identified 49 published studies and four unpublished databases that provided information on nearly 240,000 hospitalizations for acute and chronic heart failure in 31 LMICs. Across these LMICs, the average age of patients admitted to hospital for heart failure was 63 years, more than ten years younger than the average admission age in HICs.
Moreover, because the data were derived mainly from urban tertiary referral hospitals, these findings may not reflect the broader picture of heart failure in the community in LMICs. However, although additional studies are needed to completely assess the burden of heart failure in LMICs, the present findings nevertheless highlight the need to implement better strategies for the management of heart failure in LMICs. Additional Information. Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1001699. N This study is further discussed in a PLOS Medicine Perspective by Druin Burch N The US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute provides information for patients about heart failure N The UK National Health Service Choices website provides information about all aspects of heart failure N The American Heart Association, a not-for-profit organiza- tion, also provides detailed information about heart failure for patients and their carers N The British Heart Foundation, a not-for-profit organization, provides additional information about heart failure, including a personal story about heart failure; further personal stories about heart failure are provided by the not-for-profit organization Healthtalkonline N Heart Failure Matters provides practical information about heart failure for patients, families, and caregivers in several languages; its website includes an animated journey through heart failure and several personal stories about the condition N MedlinePlus provides links to further resources about heart failure (in English and Spanish).
This work was supported by the  National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)   Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme  and  NIHR Career Development Fellowship. KR and SM are supported by the  Oxford Martin School  and the  George Institute for Global Health. The researchers conducted this study totally independently of the funding bodies. No funding bodies had any role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: CL is funded by a  Clinician Scientist Award  from the  National Medical Research Council of Singapore ; receives research grants from  Boston scientific, Medtronic , and  Vifor Pharma ; and serves as a consultant for Bayer and  Novartis. JML is employed by the contract research organization  Effi-Stat , which receives funding from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.
outpatient clinic of Hospital das Clı ´nicas of the Federal Limitations: Brazil [65] University of Goias. Exclusion: those who died in 2008 (their medical records were incomplete) or who were not from the state of Goias. Prospective 1997 100 patients were randomly selected from the outpatient Echocardiography. 100 Strengths: All patients had echocardiography performed, aiding with department of the Hospital das Clinicas, a tertiary referral the accuracy of diagnosis. centre in Sa ˜o Paulo. Patients were included if they were Limitations: Single urban tertiary referral centre that may not be found on echocardiography to have a LVEF of ,60%. representative of the broader population. Brazil [66] Retrospective 1995 Analysis of those patients admitted with heart failure to Not specified. 903 Strengths: Dataset of all patients admitted over the course of 1995 the Heart Institute of Sa ˜o Paulo using the PRODESP with heart failure to this hospital.