dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Bianchi The Bayesian analysis of Bianchi VII h models using temperature data is performed using the AniCosmo code, which has been extensively validated by  McEwen et al. (2013) , and was used to perform the Bianchi analysis of Planck Collaboration XXVI (  2014 ). The maximum-likelihood template fitting method used to analyse polarization data is straightforward and has been validated on simulations, correctly recovering the amplitude of templates artificially embedded in simulated CMB observations.
Acknowledgements. The Planck Collaboration acknowledges the support of:  ESA ;  CNES  and  CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France) ;  ASI ,  CNR , and  INAF (Italy) ;  NASA and DoE (USA) ;  STFC  and  UKSA (UK) ;  CSIC ,  MINECO , JA, and  RES (Spain) ;  Tekes, AoF , and  CSC (Finland) ;  DLR  and  MPG (Germany) ;  CSA (Canada) ;  DTU Space (Denmark) ;  SER/SSO (Switzerland) ;  RCN (Norway) ;  SFI (Ireland) ;  FCT/MCTES (Portugal) ;  ERC  and  PRACE (EU). A description of the Planck Collaboration and a list of its members, indicating which technical or scientific activities they have been involved in, can be found at http://www. cosmos. esa. int/web/planck/planck-collaboration. The authors thank  Andrew Pontzen  for computing Bianchi VII h polarization templates for the best-fit models resulting from the analysis of temperature data.
See Ref. [36]  for a construction where transverse gauge bosons are composite and have strong dipole interactions. These inequalities determine the region of the plane (Λ, g * ) which is excluded consistently with the EFT expansion for a given κ. This is a conservative bound, since it is obtained by using only a subset of the events (effectively only those with relevant energy up to M cut = κΛ). It is thus less stringent than the bound one would obtain in the full theory with the full dataset, but it is by construction consistent with the EFT expansion. Compared to the constraint implied by the full theory with the same reduced dataset, that of Eq. (2. 2) has an error of order κ 2. For constraints obtained in this way, and for a valid EFT description in general, no question of unitarity violation arises (see for example Ref.
g. [74, 75] ). To summarize, in this section we have discussed how using a power counting is required to assess the validity of an EFT truncated at the level of D = 6 operators and interpret the experimental results in terms of physical masses and couplings of the UV theory. From a practical point of view, the power counting allows one to estimate the relative importance of D = 6 and D = 8 operators (for instance deducing when c(6 ) i c(8) i ). This framework is particularly well suited to interpret the Higgs data at the LHC. One important observation from this discussion is that although the cut-off scale is an integral part of the EFT formulation, its value cannot be directly determined from low-energy experiments. In order to estimate its value and the range of validity of the EFT, results should be presented by the experimental collaborations as a function of the upper bounds, here collectively denoted with M cut , on the kinematic variables that set the relevant energy of the process.
5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 δg W q L × 10 3 [-70, 20] [-16,4] [-7,1. 6] [-4. 1,1. 1] [-2. 7,0. 8] [-2. 2,0. 7] Suppose these constraints are the result of an experimental analysis. A theorist may try to interpret them as constraints on the vector resonance model with -g q = g H ≡ g * using the map in Eq. (4. 2). The larger M cut is, the stronger the limit on g * will be for a fixed M V. instance, by using the limits from the full dataset, M cut = 3 TeV, one would obtain the constraint on g * given by the dashed red line in Fig. 2. For large M V this approximates well the limits obtained by fitting the full BSM model to the same dataset (solid red line). In other words, for M V 3 TeV the theory error of the EFT is well under control, see the right panel in Fig. 1. However, the difference between the EFT and the true BSM limits increases as M V decreases.
Notice that the fact that the EFT constraint obtained with the full dataset (dashed line) matches the corresponding one in the exact theory (solid line) at M V ≈ 1. 5 TeV is a mere accident of the multi-bin analysis: for this value of M V , the limit in : Limits on the coupling strength g * ≡ -g H = g q as a function of the resonance mass M V. The solid and dashed red curves are obtained respectively from the vector resonance model and a naive analysis in terms of a D=6 truncated EFT, including data from all energies. The dark (light) blue region corresponds instead to the bound derived from a consistent EFT analysis where only data with M W h < M cut = κM V are used with κ=0. 5  (1). the full model is dominated by the bin at M W h = 1. 5 TeV, while that in the EFT is dominated by the highest bin at M W h = 3 TeV.
Acknowledgments We acknowledge comments and feedback from the participants of the LHCHXSWG and in particular from Christoph Englert,  Ayres Freitas ,  Martín González-Alonso ,  Admir Greljo ,  Fabio Maltoni ,  Aneesh Manohar ,  David Marzocca , Jose-Miguel No,  Alex Pomarol ,  Frank Tackmann. R. C. and F. R. would like to thank  Riccardo Rattazzi  for useful discussions and suggestions. The research of F. G. is supported by a  Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship  within the 7th  European Community Framework Programme  (grant no. PIEF-GA-2013-628224 ). C. G. is supported by the  European Commission  through the  Marie Curie Career Integration Grant   631962  and by the  Helmholtz Association. The work of R. C. is partly supported by the  ERC Advanced  Grant No. 267985  Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Flavour and Dark Matter: One Solution for Three Mysteries (DaMeSyFla).
Introduction In recent years, several deviations from the Standard Model (SM) have arisen in B-physics observables, with the experimental confirmation of the anomaly  [1]  in the B → K * µµ observable P 5  [2] [3] [4] [5] , several tensions in branching ratios for b → sµµ transitions  [6] [7] [8]  and evidence for the violation of lepton flavour universality (LFU) in different observables (R K , R(D), R(D * ))  [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]. 1 Global analyses of the deviations in b → s transitions point towards a large additional contribution to the Wilson coefficient C 9µ of the semileptonic 1 The observable P2  [14, 15]  exhibited also a coherent deviation in the bin  [2,4. 3]  with the 1 fb -1 dataset  [3]. Given the large experimental error in the 3 fb -1 dataset in the bin  [2. 5,4]  due to F exp L 1 in that bin  [4] , it was not possible to confirm nor disprove this deviation.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Lars Hofer  and  Nicola Serra  for interesting discussions and comments, as well as all the participants of the Workshop " Rare B decays 2016 -Theory and Experiment " in Barcelona for stimulating conversations on these topics. SDG, JM and JV acknowledge financial support from  Explora  project  FPA2014-61478-EXP. BC has been supported by  FPA2011-25948  and the grant  2014 SGR 1450 , and in part by the  Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa   SEV-2012-0234. This project has received support from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  grant agreements No  690575 , No  674896  and No. 692194. JV is funded by the  DFG  within research unit FOR 1873 (QFET).
Introduction Measurements are reported of Z boson production 1  at the LHCb experiment in protonproton collisions at √ s = 13 TeV. The analysis uses a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 294 ± 11 pb -1 and considers events where the boson decays either to a dimuon or a dielectron final state. The two final states offer statistically independent samples with largely independent systematic uncertainties. The analysis is performed using similar methods to previous LHCb measurements of electroweak boson production at lower pp collision energies  [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. The LHCb detector measures particle production in the forward region; the ATLAS and CMS collaborations have reported similar measurements at √ s = 13 TeV  [6, 7]  in a different kinematic region. Measurements of electroweak gauge boson production are benchmark tests of Standard Model processes at hadron colliders, and are of interest for constraining the parton distribution functions (PDFs) that describe the structure of the proton.
The Z differential cross-section results are also compared to simulated datasets produced using MadGraph5 aMC@NLO  [27]. Different schemes are used to match and merge these samples. The MLM  [28]  sample has leading-order accuracy for the emission of zero, one or two jets; the FxFx  [29]  sample has next-to-leading-order (NLO) accuracy for zero-or one-jet emission; and the UNLOPS  [30]  sample is accurate at NLO for zero-or one-jet emission and accurate at LO for two-jet emission. Higher jet multiplicities are generated by a parton shower, implemented here using the Monash 2013 tune for Pythia 8.
Dataset and event selection This analysis uses a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 294 ± 11 pb -1 recorded by the LHCb experiment in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV. This integrated luminosity is determined using the beam-imaging techniques described in Ref. [31]. Candidates are selected by requiring two high p T muons or electrons of opposite charge. Additional requirements are then made to select pure samples; these and the resulting purity are now discussed in turn for the dimuon and dielectron final states.
The difference between this number and the sum of the hadron misidentification and heavy-flavour contributions is assigned as an additional uncertainty on the purity estimate. The contribution from Z → ττ decays where both τ leptons subsequently decay to muons is estimated from Pythia 8 simulation to be 30 ± 10 events. The background from muons produced in top-quark decays is determined from simulation normalised using the measurement of the cross-section for top-pair production measured at the ATLAS experiment  [32] , and is estimated to be 28 ± 10 events. The background from WW decays is also determined from the simulation and found to be negligible. Overall, the purity of the dataset is estimated to be ρ µµ = (99. 2 ± 0. 2)%, consistent with purity estimates found in previous LHCb measurements at lower centre-of-mass energies  [3, 5].
Backgrounds are determined using similar techniques as in previous analyses  [1, 4]. A sample of same-sign e ± e ± combinations, otherwise subject to the same selection criteria as the standard dataset, is used to provide a data-based estimate of the largest backgrounds. Hadrons that shower early in the ECAL and fake the signature of an electron are expected to be the dominant background, and should contribute roughly equally to same-sign and opposite-sign pairs. The contribution from heavy-flavour decays is also expected to contribute approximately equally to same-sign and opposite-sign datasets, and is much smaller than the background due to misidentified hadrons. Overall, 1 255 candidate same-sign events are selected, with no significant difference observed between the e + e + and e -e -datasets.
In order to ascertain the reliability of this procedure, a hadron-enriched sample is selected by requiring that one of the electron candidates is associated with a significant energy deposit in the HCAL, suggesting that it is likely to be a misidentified hadron. The numbers of same-sign and opposite-sign pairs satisfying these requirements are found to agree within 6. 2%. Consequently a 6. 2% uncertainty is assigned to the estimated yield of background events, which corresponds to a 0. 5% uncertainty on the signal yield. In addition, simulated background datasets of Z → ττ decays, tt events and WW events are generated  [16]  and studied similarly to the dimuon final state. These all contribute at the level of 0. 1% or less. The overall purity of the electron dataset is found to be ρ ee = (92.
The GEC efficiency determines the probability that the dielectron candidates pass the GEC present in the hardware trigger. There is no such requirement in the dimuon trigger. The GEC efficiency for dielectron data is determined from the dimuon data, correcting for small differences in the detector response to muons and electrons. The average GEC efficiency is 79% and exhibits a weak dependence on rapidity and φ * η. The trigger efficiency is determined directly from data using a tag-and-probe method, and is typically 93%. The efficiency with which both electrons are identified by the calorimetry is typically 78% and is determined from simulation that has been calibrated with data. This efficiency exhibits a significant dependence on the boson rapidity, since the LHCb calorimeter acceptance only extends as far as η ≈ 4.
The method of treating each muon independently and applying the efficiencies as a function of the muon pseudorapidity is also studied in simulation, and is found to be accurate to better than 0. 6%. This is also assigned as a systematic uncertainty. For electrons, the accuracy of the method used to determine the trigger efficiency is studied by applying it to the simulated dataset and comparing the resulting efficiencies to those directly determined in the same dataset: no bias is observed, and no additional uncertainty is assigned. For the electron track reconstruction efficiency the relative performance in data and simulation is studied using a tag-and-probe method and an uncertainty of 1. 6% is assigned. The uncertainty associated with potential mismodelling of the electron identification efficiency is determined by comparing between data and simulation the distributions of calorimeter energy deposits used to identify electrons.
The statistical uncertainty on the FSR corrections is treated as a systematic uncertainty on the corrections. This is combined in quadrature with the difference between the corrections derived using the Herwig++  [34]  and Pythia 8  [16]  simulated datasets. The uncertainties on the FSR corrections are taken as uncorrelated between all bins. The dimuon analysis is repeated using a momentum scale calibration and detector alignment determined from Z → µµ events, in a similar approach to that documented in Ref. [35]. The impact on the measured total cross-section and the differential y Z and φ * η measurements is negligible. The mean effect in any bin of transverse momentum is typically 1% and is not statistically significant. However this is assigned as an additional uncertainty on the differential cross-section in each bin of transverse momentum.
The integrated cross-section in the fiducial acceptance and the differential measurement as a function of the Z boson rapidity are compared in Figs. 1  and 2  to the fixed-order predictions for both dimuon and dielectron final states. The measured differential cross-sections are tabulated in the appendix. Fixed-order predictions describe the LHCb data well for a range of PDF sets. The measured differential cross-section is slightly larger than the next-to-next-to-leading order pQCD predictions at lower rapidities, in line with observations in Ref. [7]. The differences between the PDF sets, and the PDF uncertainties, are larger than those at lower values of √ s. Larger LHCb datasets with the uncertainty on the luminosity determination reduced to the level of previous studies (1. 2%) should significantly constrain the PDFs.
The differential cross-sections as a function of p T and φ * η , normalised to the total cross-section, are shown in Figs. 3, 4  and 5. Since the largest systematic effects are independent of these variables, systematic uncertainties largely cancel when these distributions are normalised, and the uncertainties on the normalised distributions are dominated by the statistical components. The LHCb data agree better with Pythia 8 predictions than with Powheg + Pythia 8 predictions, as seen also in previous analyses  [2, 3]. The LHCb specific tune of Pythia 8 does not describe the data significantly better than the Monash 2013 tune. In addition, the data do not favour a particular matching and merging scheme generated using MadGraph5 aMC@NLO.
Conclusions The Z production cross-section measured in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV is presented using LHCb events where the Z boson decays to two muons or two electrons. The crosssection is measured in a fiducial acceptance defined by lepton pseudorapidity in the range 2. 0 < η < 4. 5, transverse momentum p T > 20 GeV, and dilepton invariant mass in the range 60 < m( ) < 120 GeV. The cross-section is measured to be σ Z = 194. 3 ± 0. 9 ± 3. 3 ± 7. 6 pb, where the uncertainties are due to the size of the dataset, systematic effects, and the luminosity determination respectively. In addition, the measurement is performed in bins of the Z boson rapidity, transverse momentum and φ * η. The measurement is compared to theoretical predictions calculated at O(α 2 s ) in pQCD as a function of the boson rapidity.
The results do not favour any specific parton distribution function, but the differences between the PDF sets suggest that, with more data and a reduction in the uncertainty associated with the luminosity determination, LHCb results will significantly constrain the PDFs. The φ * η and boson transverse momentum distributions are compared to theoretical predictions that model higher orders in pQCD in different ways. No significant deviations are seen between the data and the Standard Model. η , compared between theory and data. The bands correspond to the data, with the inner band corresponding to the statistical uncertainty and the outer band corresponding to the total uncertainty. The points correspond to the theoretical predictions from the different generators and tunes. The different predictions are displaced horizontally within bins to enable ease of comparison.
Acknowledgements We express our gratitude to our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC. We thank the technical and administrative staff at the LHCb institutes. We acknowledge support from  CERN  and from the national agencies:  CAPES ,  CNPq ,  FAPERJ  and  FINEP (Brazil) ;  NSFC (China) ;  CNRS/IN2P3  (France);  BMBF ,  DFG  and  MPG (Germany) ;  INFN (Italy) ;  FOM  and  NWO  (The Netherlands);  MNiSW  and  NCN (Poland) ;  MEN/IFA (Romania) ;  MinES  and  FANO (Russia) ;.
Late accretion of chondritic material to differentiated planetary bodies is thought to have been common in the early solar system. However, the timing and scale of admixing this material to terrestrial planets are poorly constrained. Using platinum (Pt) stable isotope data in a range of solar system bodies, we show that Earth's post-Archean mantle has chondritic 198 Pt/ 194 Pt, consistent with addition of a chondritic late-veneer after core formation. Conversely, terrestrial Archean samples record non-chondritic, heavy, 198 Pt/ 194 Pt, indicating preservation of early mantle components that escaped complete mixing with the late-veneer. These data suggest admixing of ≤50 % of the eventual full late-veneer inventory. Such effective mixing within Earth's mantle by 3. 85 Ga is most consistent with modern-style plate tectonics.
In contrast, iron meteorites represent the cores of their respective parent bodies and have very high HSE abundances and chondritic Pt stable isotope composition (δ 198 Pt = -0. 19 ± 0. 11 ‰; Fig. 1 ). We note that larger uncertainties in iron meteorite data potentially arise from cosmogenic effects, as discussed in the Supplementary Information. The post-Archean terrestrial mantle, represented by mantle peridotites sampled from various geological settings and localities (Table  S-1 ), has a mean δ 198 Pt of -0. 10 ± 0. 10 ‰ (2 sd; Fig. 2 ), which is indistinguishable from the chondritic value. There is some variability amongst post-Archean mantle xenolith samples, possibly reflecting mantle processes such as melt extraction or metasomatism, but the limited range suggests that the Pt stable isotope composition of Earth's convecting mantle has been homogeneous since the Proterozoic.
This is consistent with 182 W data from Isua and other ancient rocks  (Willbold et al. , 2011 (Willbold et al. , , 2015;; Touboul et al. , 2014) , which have also been interpreted to reflect long-term preservation of prelate-veneer mantle that had escaped complete mixing with late-veneer. Although both sets of Archean samples have lower Pt concentrations than post-Archean samples (Table S-1), Pt is not as depleted as would be expected for pre-late-veneer material under low-pressure and -temperature coreforming conditions. Experimentally determined HSE partition coefficients at high-pressures and -temperatures cannot explain mantle abundances by equilibrium core formation alone  (Mann et al. , 2012). However, if the core formed under these conditions, the Pt depletion in the pre-late-veneer mantle would be significantly reduced (e.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank  Henning Haack  for providing the sample Savik,  NASA  for providing ureilite meteorite samples,  Minik Rosing  at the  Natural History Museum of Denmark  and  Tod Waight  at  IGN, Copenhagen University  for use of rock powdering facilities, and  Rosemary Arts  for help in the laboratory. This research was supported by a  Royal Society of New   Zealand Marsden Grant  to MH and JB and grants from the  Danish National Research Foundation  (grant number  DNRF97 ) and from the  European Research Council  ( ERC Consolidator  grant agreement  616027-STARDUST2ASTEROIDS ) to M. B. F. M. acknowledges funding from the  European Research Council  ( ERC Starting grant agreement 637503-Pristine ) as well as the financial support of the  UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cité  ( ANR-10-LABX-0023  and  ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ) and a chaire d'excellence  ANR-Idex Sorbonne Paris Cité.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the  United States National Science Foundation  ( NSF ) for the construction and operation of the  LIGO Laboratory  and  Advanced LIGO  as well as the  Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)  of the United Kingdom, the  Max-Planck-Society (MPS) , and the  State of Niedersachsen/Germany  for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the  Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the  Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) , the  French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  and the  Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter  supported by the  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research , for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium.
Fitting Procedure The complex spectrum and spatial extension of the extended central source is represented as three constituents: (i) Prompt emission, (ii) IC and (iii) a bremsstrahlung component. For the first case, we use a 2D spatial map given by the square of a generalized Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile with an inner slope of γ = 1. 2. The prompt energy spectrum depends on the final states and the different sources of the case of interest. The remaining two secondary components are modelled by spatially extended sources as explained in Sec. II. Their corresponding spatial templates account for spatial variations in energy and are, in this sense, 3D MapCube maps. All three spatial model components have been appropriately normalized  5  to input in the LAT Science Tools software package.