dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Drug treatment Treatments at inclusion were similar in the EGB and FAST-MI 2010 populations (Table  2 ). Upon hospital discharge, patients in the EGB database less frequently received dual antiplatelet therapy (P < 0. 001), beta-blockers (P < 0. 001), statins (P < 0. 001) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (P < 0. 001).
Mortality Mortality at 30 days was higher in the EGB database (10. 2% vs 4. 4%; P < 0. 001). Multivariable analysis revealed that chronic kidney disease (OR: 6. 08; 95% CI: 1. 72-21. 49; P = 0. 005), age > 75 years (OR: 4. 41; 95% CI: 1. 18-16. 49; P = 0. 03) and history of heart failure (OR: 4. 50; 95% CI: 1. 12-18. 09; P = 0. 04) were associated with higher mortality (Table  3 ).
Evolution of the EGB database between 2005 and 2013 Unlike in the FAST-MI registry, the clinical picture of STEMItreated patients did not change between the 2005-2007, 2008-2010 and 2011-2013 periods: there were no differences in terms of age (P = 0. 87), female sex (P = 0. 48) or 30-day mortality (P = 0. 87) (Fig. 2 ). In contrast, the EGB database confirmed the increase in the rate of angioplasty (P < 0. 001).
Discussion This study enabled us to compare data from patients hospitalized for STEMI obtained from a validated registry stemming from clinical practice (FAST-MI 2010) and from the French national health insurance system (EGB database). The EGB database appears valid in depicting this STEMI population, as shown previously by our group for heart failure  [12]. Indeed, patients exhibited similar characteristics (comorbidities, cardiovascular risk factors, prevalence of young women), the effect of estimated STEMI was similar to that described in France (75/100,000 vs 78/100,000)  [22] , and there was overlapping evolution of angiograms between the two registries over the past decade  [23]. However, there were several differences between these two databases with regard to epidemiology (higher cardiovascular risk, older and greater proportion of women in the EGB database), initial management (less stenting in the EGB database), medical management (fewer prescriptions for STEMI drugs in the EGB database), as well as prognostic differences.
Indeed, 30-day mortality was more than two-fold higher in the EGB database (10. 5% vs 4. 4%; P < 0. 001). Both epidemiological and management differences may partly account for this poorer prognosis. The EGB database population -older, with a higher female:male ratio -was associated with a greater number of severe comorbidities (chronic kidney disease [+305%], peripheral artery disease [+195%], diabetes [+133%] and atrial fibrillation [+221%]). Accordingly, the FAST-MI 2010 registry revealed that women were found to have much later and less frequent recourse to angioplasty, and thus had a poorer prognosis, despite management in the CICU  [24]. The design of the FAST-MI 2010 registry imposes inclusions secondary to hospitalization in the CICU, and therefore with optimal management of the STEMI.
A segment of the more frail population, with a more uncertain diagnosis or poorer prognosis, is excluded from the registry (i. e. the population receiving medical treatment without hospitalization in the CICU). The EGB database, on the other hand, allows the study of this particular population. Initial management also differs between the two registries. Revascularization after STEMI is less systematic in the EGB database (fewer coronary angiographies, less stenting). Participating centres in FAST-MI 2010 are typically university hospitals or centres equipped with an interventional cardiology platform, while EGB database patients can be hospitalized in centres with no CICU or coronary angiography room. Finally, the study of the EGB database does not allow us to confirm the evolving patterns observed in the FAST-MI registry and other European registries  [8, 9].
FAST-MI 2010 registry The FAST-MI 2010 registry is a 1-month (October 2010) crosssectional snapshot of the CICU management of patients hospitalized for STEMI in France. Conducted every 5 years, this collection of data allows the identification of major epidemiological trends as well as the effect of invasive STEMI management strategies  [23]. However, conducting such a registry is expensive and requires the active and comprehensive participation of coronary emergency unit personnel. These registries also have certain limitations: the FAST-MI 2010 registry only included 62% of patients admitted to CICUs (3079/4970 patients), with a low participation refusal rate of 5. 6%; they are dependent on the voluntary participation of each centre; the exclusion criteria allow homogenization of the studied sample, but exclude a non-negligible subpopulation of patients (acute coronary syndromes persisting for > 48 hours or not hospitalized in the CICU); not all patients admitted for STEMI are managed in CICUs (elderly population, rural regions).
The comparison of patients hospitalized for STEMI from the Global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) registry  [25]  revealed a lower mortality rate in patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial (3. 7%) compared with eligible non-enrolled patients included in a registry (7. 1%). This difference was also observed among patients not participating in a randomized trial and ineligible for enrolment (11. 4%; P < 0. 001). These latter patients had the same characteristics as the EGB database patients (older, more often women, higher cardiovascular risk, longer history of surgical revascularization).
EGB database The EGB database is a representative sample of beneficiaries covered by the health insurance system; it has already enabled assessment of medication adherence in coronary patients  [13]  and its effect on outcomes  [26]. The EGB database has certain limitations. The collection of data is based on PMSI coding and, as such, certain clinical data (e. g. body mass index, tobacco use) and therapeutic data (e. g. prehospital fibrinolysis non-coded by Emergency medical services) are entered incorrectly or not entered at all. In addition, the EGB database does not contain any test results or paraclinical data (e. g. left ventricular ejection fraction, biological results). By contrast, it does contain all of the information regarding reimbursed care, albeit limited to the French metropolitan area  [27].
medusiformis  (13) , Nycteria houini, and Nycteria erardi  (14). The schizogonic stages of N. heischi are unknown. Gametocytes differ morphologically from (i) N. medusiformis by the absence of filaments on the erythrocyte; (ii) N. houini by their effect on RBCs, which stain a dark-pink color in the latter (i. e. , N. houini) but are colorless when seen in N. heischi, and by the "rice grains" aspect of the pigment, scarcer and irregularly disposed in N. houini and abundant, dispersed, and in small grains in N. heischi; and (iii) N. erardi by the "pine needle" pigment, scarcer, irregularly disposed, and abundant, yet dispersed and in small grains in N. heischi. (C289), show the same genome organization as that of all other species of Haemosporidia parasites currently known (Fig. 2A ). GenBank accession numbers of the four Nycteria mt genomes are N.
medusiformis (273VI), KX090645; Nycteria sp. (273VI), KX090646; N. gabonensis (289VI), KX090647; and N. heischi (C289), KX090648. Phylogenetic analyses based on the datasets (3PCG and cytb) supported the monophyly of the genus Nycteria [posterior probabilities (PP) > 0. 90] as well as a sister-group relationship between N. medusiformis and Nycteria sp. from N. grandis (PP = 1) (Fig. 3  and Fig. S1 ). The branch leading to the two latter species is much longer than other branches of the tree. The placement of the genus Nycteria in deep-level relationships within the Haemosporidia could not be confidently determined.
Inserts were sized using Agencourt AMPure XP beads (±500 bp; Beckman Coulter Genomics) and enriched using 10 cycles of PCR before library quantification and validation. Hybridization of the Nextera DNA libraries to the flow cell and bridge amplification were performed to generate clusters; paired-end reads of 100 cycles were collected on a HiSeq 2000 (Illumina). Raw sequence files were filtered using the Fqquality tool, read-quality filtering software developed by the gensoft team at the Pasteur Institute, which enables the trimming of the first and last low-quality bases in reads. Perl software named iSeGWalker was developed to accomplish a de novo genome reconstruction from the reads file in fastq format provided by nextgeneration sequencing data (Illumina). The exact-matching algorithm removed all variations due to sequencing errors.
iSeGWalker was based on a unique and specific seed to Haemosporidia parasites. The sequence TCTTGAGGCAGTTTGTTCCCTATCTACC, conserved throughout 72 Haemosporidia species, was chosen as initial seed. The search step is an exactmatching read selection using a regular expression and a very simple Perl script, reading each sequence one by one. Once all matching reads have been selected, a consensus sequence is determined. Once consensus is determined, a new seed, composed by the 30 last consecutive nucleotides, is obtained and a new search is performed. Reads are then mapped using the new sequence as a reference (BWA software) for all samples to identify the parasitic variant present in mixed infection (N. grandis). Assessment of de Novo Reconstruction. The accuracy of the de novo iSeG-Walker software was first validated by reconstructing the complete mitochondrial genome of the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 reference strain from NGS data.
PCR cycling conditions were 2 min 30 s denaturation at 95 °C followed by 30 s at 54 °C and 1 min 30 s at 72 °C for 40 cycles, and a final 5-min extension at 72 °C. The PCR products were sent to Eurofins Genomics for sequencing using nested-PCR primers. Phylogenetic Analyses. The four complete mitochondrial genomes of Nycteria specifically produced for this study were compared with the mitochondrial sequences available in the nucleotide databases for Haemosporidia parasites. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using two different datasets, named 3PCG for the protein alignment of three protein-coding genes (1,014 amino acids; 59 taxa, including 50 Haemosporidians and 9 outgroups) and cytb for the DNA alignment of the cytb gene (1,054 nt; 110 Haemosporidians). For protein analyses, the Haemosporidian tree was rooted using nine outgroup species belonging to Eucoccidiorida (Cyclospora cayetanensis, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria tenella, and Hepatozoon catesbianae) or Piroplasmida (Babesia bovis, Babesia microti, Cytauxzoon felis, and Theileria parva).
GenBank accession numbers of all the genomic and cytb sequences are provided in the trees in Fig. 3  and Fig. S1. Complete mitochondrial genomes were aligned using MUSCLE  (23)  and then further adjusted by eye with Se-Al version 2. 0a11 (tree. bio. ed. ac. uk/software/ seal/). For cytb datasets, the best-fitting model of sequence evolution (GTR+I+G) was selected under jModelTest 2. 1. 4 (24) using the Akaike information criterion. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using Bayesian analyses with MrBayes version 3. 2. 1  (25) , and posterior probabilities were calculated using four independent Markov chains run for 10 million Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo generations, with tree sampling every 1,000 generations and a burn-in of 25%. For the protein alignment (3PCG dataset), phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed with the same Bayesian approach by applying the mixed model  (25).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank the individuals who helped in collecting tissue samples:  Raphaël Colombo ,  Laurent Daudet ,  Tamas Görföl ,  Ros Kiri Ing ,  Jean-François Julien ,  Prescott Musaba Akawa , and  Vuong Tan Tu. We also thank  Faustin Toengaho Lokundo , the  Rector of the University of Kisangani , for his invitation, and  Benjamin Dudu Akaibe ,  Keunen Hilde ,  Erick Verheyen , and all other members of the  Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité  for technical support and administrative assistance. This research study was funded by  Labex BCDiv (Biological and Cultural Diversities)  and  ATM (Actions Thématiques Muséum) Génomique et Collections ,  Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris.
Binding energies of gas-phase dimers are calculated with an accuracy of 10% or less. Lattice energies of molecular crystals can be calculated to slightly below 1 kcal/mol per molecule. The cubic unit cell lattice parameter and the atomic positions were optimized first at zero pressure in both the empty host lattice (the water network only; no guest molecules) and in the fully occupied clathrate structure with one CO 2 molecule in each of the eight cages. Pressure effects were studied by performing a series of periodic calculations in which we fixed the volume of the cell and relaxed the atomic positions. We took several volumes around the equilibrium value at zero pressure. In these calculations, pressure (p) was obtained from the calculated stress tensor at the corresponding volume (V). The final set of V-p data points is the input for an equation of state (EOS) fitting using the Vinet equation  [31] : p = 3B 0 1 -x x 2 e 3 2 (B 0 -1)(1-x) ; x = V V 0 1 3 , (1) where B 0 and B 0 are the zero pressure bulk modulus (inverse of the compressibility) and its first pressure derivative, and V 0 is the volume at zero pressure.
The RDG is defined as follows: RDG = s = 1 2(3π 2 ) 1/3 |∇ρ| ρ 4/3 , (3) with ρ being the electron density at a given point of the space. We used the NCIPLOT keyword in the CRITIC2 program (version 1. 0)  [34, 35] , a computational tool that performs topological analyses of different electron-density-related functions in solids. Isosurfaces of the s function, colored using the sign of the second eigenvalue of the electron density Hessian times the value of the electron density at each point of the space (sign(λ 2 )ρ), are useful in order to find the type and strength of the interactions. The coloring scheme is as follows: blue is used for attractive interactions that are related to λ 2 < 0 and high values of ρ typical of hydrogen bond interactions, red is used for repulsive interactions where ρ is also relatively large, but λ 2 is positive as in steric repulsions, and finally, green for dispersion interactions with small values of the electron density.
Due to the large number of atoms in the unit cell, phonon calculations are very time-consuming for these systems. Cluster calculations constitute a reasonable and accurate alternative due to the local nature of the guest vibrational modes, which are the most representative in the search for characteristic spectroscopic signatures of this gas clathrate hydrate system. We used the Gaussian09 code  [36]  to obtain vibrational frequencies using the geometries obtained from the periodic calculations. The popular B3LYP hybrid functional  [37, 38]  was used due to its overall good performance, combined with the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set  [39]. Vibrations were computed in the harmonic approximation, using a cluster formed by one P and one H cage sharing a pentagonal face (see Figure  2 ) mimicking the atomic arrangement in the crystal.
In these experiments, the Rietveld refinement of the diffraction data showed a better fit when the oxygen atoms of the CO 2 molecule inside the H cage are treated as a torus. These results are in agreement with our rotation plane centered at φ = 90 • with a spread of around 20 • in both clockwise and anti-clockwise directions. In reference  [8] , it was also determined that the most frequent orientation of the molecule, which is the most stable one, is not totally parallel to the hexagonal faces but has a tilt angle between 6. 5 • and 14. 4 •. After detailed exploration of Figure  5 , we observe that the dark blue color associated with the lowest energy (φ = 90 • ) orientation of CO 2 in the H cage has a narrow width that is in agreement with the experimental tilt angle. We also estimated the libration frequency related to the hindered rotation orthogonal to the free rotation plane in the H cage.
Acknowledgments: Funding support from the  Spanish MINECO  under projects  MAT2015-71070-REDC ,  CTQ2012-38599-C02-01 ,  CTQ2015-67755-C2-2-R  and  ESP2014-55811-C2-1-P , and  Principado de Asturias  under  GRUPIN14-049  project are gratefully acknowledged. Fernando Izquierdo-Ruiz  thanks the  MECD  for a Ph. D. grant from the  FPU program.
taeniaeformis  (Okamoto et al. , 1995a; Lavikainen et al. , 2008; Galimberti et al. , 2012a; Jia et al. , 2012; Nakao et al. , 2013a) , there has been no attempt to validate their taxonomic status. The number of published H. taeniaeformis isolates has remained too low to reliably determine the geographic distributions of the cryptic lineages. In addition, the intermediate host associations suggested by previous infection experiments  (Nonaka et al. , 1994; Azuma et al. , 1995)  are only indicative due to a limited number of isolates analysed and lack of data on natural infections. In this study, many isolates of H. taeniaeformis in various intermediate and definitive hosts from different continents (including Eurasia, Africa and Australia) were analysed to elucidate the geographical distribution and natural hosts of the three lineages.
DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis Haplotypes of cox1 were compared with previously published sequence data of H. taeniaeformis s. l. (Table  2 ) and classified into molecular clades A, B and C. The analyses were performed in MEGA 6  (Tamura et al. , 2013). A total of 81 sequences, including present and previously published haplotypes and a cox1 fragment of H. krepkogorski (derived from mitogenomic data, DDBJ/EMBL/Gen-Bank accession AB731762), were aligned using ClustalW  (Chenna et al. , 2003). The final alignment contained 380 nucleotide sites. Pairwise nucleotide sequence divergences were calculated using the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model  (Kimura, 1980)  with a gamma setting of 0. 5. A neighbour-joining (NJ) phenetic tree, based on the comprehensive dataset with H. krepkogorski as the outgroup, was constructed using the K2P distances, and assessed with 10,000 bootstrap replicates.
Phylogenetic relationships within the main clades were analysed separately for clade A (haplotype B20 as an outgroup) and closely related clades B + C (haplotype A1 as an outgroup). The best fitting nucleotide substitution model GTR+G+I  (Tavaré, 1986)  was selected for the datasets with Akaike information criterion, and phylogenies were reconstructed with the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Initial trees were built with the NJ algorithm, and the nearest-neighbour-interchange method was used to search for the best trees. Robustness of the trees was tested with 500 bootstrap replicates. The phylogenetic analyses were repeated at least twice to verify the consistency of the results. Representatives of H. taeniaeformis s. l. and H. krepkogorski were included in the phylogenetic analysis of nuclear sequences (seven operational taxonomic units (OTUs)) and mitogenomic sequences (four OTUs).
The sequences were aligned using MAFFT  (Katoh and Standley, 2013) , and all of the alignment gaps were removed. The data set of nuclear 18S rDNA comprised 2,472 nucleotide sites, while the data set of nuclear protein-coding genes (pepck and pold) consisted of 3,141 sites including introns. The intronic regions could be well aligned due to close genetic relationships among the OTUs. The data set of mitogenomes was made up of 10,065 sites from all protein-coding genes. The substitution models were selected using MEGA 6. The model HKY+G+I  (Hasegawa et al. , 1985)  was applied to the data sets of 18S rDNA and nuclear protein-coding genes. The model GTR+G+I was used to the set of mitogenomes. Phylogenies were reconstructed with the ML method implemented in the program PhylML 3. 0  (Guindon et al.
Morphological observations Representatives of clade B, including specimens from the present and previous studies (TtaFi in  Lavikainen et al. , 2008, and ACR in Iwaki et al. , 1994) , were used in the morphological examination and description of the new species. The material consists of 12 adult tapeworms obtained from five domestic cats (natural infections) and a Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx; natural infection) from Finland, and a domestic cat from Japan (experimental infection;  Iwaki et al. , 1994). In addition, 12 strobilocerci from rodents from Finland, Russia and Sweden were examined. For comparative purposes, morphological data of H. taeniaeformis s. s. (clade A) were obtained from 16 adult specimens from a domestic cat from Japan and seven Amur leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) from the Russian Far East, as well as from five strobilocerci from rodents from southeastern Asia.
The hook crowns extracted from cysticerci were mounted in glycerin or chloral-gum medium for study. Only well-aligned rostellar hooks were used for the morphometric analysis. Scoleces, rostellar hooks and proglottids were drawn using a camera lucida. Observations of mature and gravid proglottids were done for five consecutive proglottids of each strobila. Measurements were taken from these drawings or photographs using a personal computer with ImageJ software (U. S. National Institutes of Health, available at http://rsbweb. nih. gov/ij/), or using a Nikon microscope digital camera system (DS-Fi1 and DS-L2). The number of testes was counted from the drawings. For comparison of the numbers and lengths of rostellar hooks, one to five large and small hooks were measured from each worm. Detailed morphometric analysis of the rostellar hooks was based on adult worms, and included eight different measurements (total length, total width, basal length, apical length, guard length, guard width, blade curvature and handle width)  (Gubányi, 1995; Haukisalmi et al.
, 2011). The total length was recorded from five small and large hooks from each crown (except for four large hooks from a single worm), but the other variables were recorded from three representative large and small hooks from each crown. The differences in the measurements between two species were statistically analysed by a Student's t-test. To analyse the ability of hook measurements to separate the species A and B, increasing stepwise discriminant function analysis was performed using R version 3. 2. 3 in the package MASS version 7. 3-45. Type and voucher specimens of the new species, and vouchers of H. taeniaeformis s. s. , have been deposited in the Meguro Parasitological Museum (MPM), Tokyo, Japan. Two vouchers of the new species from lynx and four from muskrats have been deposited in the Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland.
, 2011; Duque et al. , 2012;  museum specimens in the Arctos database, e. g. http://arctos. database. museum/guid/HWML:Para:10302). Domestic cats and murines did not occur in the Americas before European colonisation, suggesting human-mediated introductions of H. taeniaeformis s. s. In a very recent study, taeniid egg specimens from seven domestic cats from Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, were identified based on a partial sequence of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene  (Hoopes et al. , 2015). Comparison with mitogenomic data reveals that H. kamiyai and clade C were present in both provinces, and the latter was more prevalent (5/7 specimens). Absence of H. kamiyai in northeastern Eurasia in our material and the very restricted geographical distribution of clade C in Europe suggest that both of them were probably introduced with domestic cats to North America.