dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Thus, data from the NutriNet-Santé cohort are linked every year to medicoadministrative databases of the SNIIRAM, providing detailed information about the reimbursement of medication and medical consultations. Regarding T2D specifically: all 969 cases were primarily detected through the declaration by the participants of a T2D diagnosed by a physician and/or diabetes medication use, in follow-up questionnaires. The questions were: "Have you been diagnosed with T2D (if yes, indicate the date of diagnosis)" and "Are you treated for T2D?". ATC codes considered for T2D medication were A10AB01, A10AB03, A10AB04, A10AB05, A10AB06, A10AC01, A10AC03, A10AC04, A10AD01, A10AD03, A10AD04, A10AD05, A10AE01, A10AE02, A10AE03, A10AE04, A10AE05, A10AE30, A10BA02, A10BB01, A10BB03, A10BB04, A10BB06, A10BB07, A10BB09, A10BB12, A10BD02, A10BD03, A10BD05, A10BD07, A10BD08, A10BD10, A10BD15, A10BD16, A10BF01, A10BF02, A10BG02, A10BG03, A10BH01, A10BH02, A10BH03, A10BX02, A10BX04, A10BX07, A10BX09, A10BX10, A10BX11, A10BX12.
In addition to the diagnosis of T2DM and/or a medication report, two sources of confirmation were considered. First, linkage with the SNIIRAM database confirmed more than 80% of the cases surveyed (ICD-10 codes E11). Second, among participants who provided a blood sample at the clinical/biological examination, 85. 3 % of those with elevated fasting blood glucose (i. e. , ≥1. 26 g/L 9 ) had consistently reported a diagnosis of T2DM and/or medication. However, elevated blood glucose without any declaration of T2D diagnosis or treatment was not considered specific enough to classify the participant as a T2D case.
Supplementary Method 1. Ethical considerations and authorizations The study is registered at https://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT03335644, conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB-Inserm) and the "Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés" (CNIL n°908450/n°909216). An electronic informed consent is provided by each participant included in the NutriNet-Santé cohort.
Data were captured using eCRF designed on REDCap software and analysed with Stata 14 software (Stata-Corp). Statistical analysis was undertaken as outlined in the detailed study protocol published previously  [25]. To this end, continuous and normally distributed data and categorical variables were described using mean (standard deviation) and proportions, respectively. For nonnormally data, the median (Q25 and Q75) was used. The effect of the intervention on uncomplicated malaria and on all-cause morbidity was assessed through the diagnosis at each attendance to health facilities (unscheduled visits), while asymptomatic infections were detected during monthly home visits using negative binomial regression, with results expressed as incidence risk ratio (IRR). For this, baseline adjustments were made for age, gender and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, as they generally improve the precision of the treatment contrasts.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the EDCTP2 association for their support through the career development fellowship. Sincere thanks to the local community in Soaw,  Zoetgomdé ,  Kalwaka  and  Rakalo  for their acceptance. We thank  Nutriset ,  Malaunay, France  for the donation of the Plumpy'Doz for the study. We are grateful to  Johanna Roth ,  Flores Neodia ,  Erika Gaspari  and  Danielle Yaméogo  for their daily assistance throughout the fellowship period.
Salt and dietary sodium are ubiquitously present in daily food practices and, at the same time, reducing salt intake presents an important public health issue. Given such an ambivalent position of salt in human diet, we argue that public health guidelines toward dietary sodium reduction require an eater-oriented knowledge framework. In this article we are making the first steps toward a flexible interdisciplinary database which would include nutritional, socio-economic, cultural, material, and sociopsychological determinants of salt consumption for comprehensive public health campaigns. We employ an explorative scoping review of academic articles and reports, limiting our review to the original data on salt or sodium consumption published in English or French between 2000 and 2022. We describe salt consumption as research object, identifying its representation in different research fields, data sources, methodologies, samples, and links with nutritional recommendations.
We therefore propose to rethink existing approaches to the sodium reduction via an eateroriented knowledge framework, categorizing heterogeneous data on salt consumption on the basis of relations and practices at the frontier of food, diet and health. Our aim is to conduct a scoping review of existing literature on dietary sodium consumption, in order to build a flexible and interdisciplinary documentary base of salt consumption factors, exposing the multiple effects of salt for human diet and health and proposing an eater-oriented format for nutritional databases. Our objectives are, first, to identify and categorize the range of disciplinary approaches, methodologies, strategies, and objectives at the crossroads of salt consumption and public health. Second, to identify specific practices and relations through which salt is known (liking, preferences, following a dietary regime).
Reducing salt consumption: Flexible databases for public health interventions 2. 1. Salt consumption as public health issue Historically, salt has provided a great service to humanity, facilitating the development of agriculture and conservation techniques (4), taxation and exchanges of goods and services  (4) (5) (6) , and the increase of taste values in processed foods  (6). Salt and dietary sodium enhance food taste, flavor, texture, mouthfeel, and palatability; it reduces bacterial growth in meats, cheeses, and other animal products, and it also enhances hedonic attraction to vegetables among children  (5, 7). Finally, iodized salt has proved to be a successful tool for iodine deficiency prevention: due to its ubiquitous use, women and infants who use iodized salt display sufficient iodine levels  (8) (9) (10) (11).
This documentary base proposes an eateroriented framework to categorize data on salt overconsumption, linking nutritional knowledge with social sciences to facilitate heterogeneous and eater-oriented knowledge and evidence production. We suggest that databases built though this framework and grounded into the context of a particular country may provide fruitful evidence for effective public health guidelines for dietary sodium reduction in the second half of the WHO 2013 campaign aiming to decrease the amount of sodium consumed by 30% by 2025.
The effects of databases: Toward new guidelines for reducing salt intake According to Durazzo and Lucarini, a better understanding of the frontier between diet and health requires new databases, especially in the perspective of factors contributing to chronic illnesses  (33). This need is dictated, among others, by the search of adequate food policies, by promotion of nutritional knowledge among the consumers, and by the proven effects of balanced diet on the general health level. In this frame of reference, a collection of articles on the topic of databases and nutrition was published in Frontiers in March 2022 under the direction of Durazzo and Lucarini. This collection has presented new types of databases, dealing not only with nutritional components (for example, systematizing the types of low-or no-calorie sweeteners in products and beverages  (34) ), but also those linking nutritional and social characteristics to understand contemporary food scapes (for example, a database studying modernization of Malaysian food patterns  (35) ).
According to Leonelli, data is material artefacts which can be mobilized in a specific context of knowledge production  (36). Databases thus are information infrastructures, which, according to most practitioners, should represent an open archive of knowledge for the use of many different scientific disciplines  (37). According to Bowker, a "working archive" of a database is a tool for management (public health management, in our case), and it requires that "social, political, and organizational context is interwoven with statistics, classification systems and observational results in a generative fashion"  (37). Since the distribution of data into the categories largely depends on the context, classification systems are doing social and political work  (37). We build on this perspective, arguing that the current state of affairs in the global campaign for dietary sodium reduction requires new flexible databases.
Leaving aside the social dimension of food consumption, however, can result in ineffective, and sometimes even contra-effective food policies and regulations. Therefore, linking nutritional knowledge with psycho-socio-cultural determinants requires new flexible knowledge frameworks. Bowker  (37)  argues for flexible databases which are "as rich ontologically as the social and natural worlds they map (…)" (ibidem), as databases "shape the world in its image". Through the analysis of three experimental databases, Wateron  (38)  has demonstrated that flexible heterogeneous databases include an exposure of the intentions, reflexivity, and policy inscribed inside them, which can be heuristic. In the case of sodium consumption, an effective database would include, at the same time, the interaction of salt with human (linking, perception learning, and body effects), its material dimensions (compositions, formats, and presentation), socio-economic issues (distributions of populations groups most at risk for sodium overconsumption), cultural influences (recipes, traditions, beliefs, and symbolic significations), common salt practices and routines, and knowledge about/attitudes toward food manufacturing and nutritional messages.
Approach We have chosen a scoping review approach to answer to our objective of rethinking salt consumption factors through an eateroriented approach. Scoping reviews aid to explore the range, extent, and nature of existing research approaches, to summarize evidence from multiple disciplines, and to identify research gaps or openings  (39, 40) , which is necessary for proposing a novel eater-oriented knowledge framework. Tricco et al. (40)  and Peters et al. (41)  precise that scoping reviews are useful to answer broad research questions, aiming not to compare but rather to describe existing body of work on the issue and present a type of knowledge synthesis. Therefore, scoping review is consistent with our purpose of identifying the openings for eateroriented databases on salt consumption.
In the initial screening phase, two researchers  4  have reviewed the titles, abstracts, and keywords from the resulting documents, coupling them with two expert interviews (with a restaurant chef and his apprentice) and assembling results into a report  (45). The report was discussed by a larger scientific consortium of Sal&Mieux to identify eligibility criteria and objectives for the current review article  5. The further steps, performed by three researchers  6  , consisted of returning to the full texts of the articles from the report and introducing publications from 2021 and 2022, obtained via the same research protocol. We have identified bibliometric data and bibliographic data of each document: authors, types of publication, publication year, DOI, numbers of quotes, summary, methodology, population, countries/territories of origin, institutions).
However, we have retained institutional reports based on nutritional epidemiological surveys in France  (2, 46, 47)  since they have largely informed the initial discussion within the scientific consortium of Sal&Mieux. Although there exists 'gray literature' on the use of salt by consumers (by agro-industrial companies or food distributors), we could not access it to include in our exploratory literature review. Our selection, therefore, includes only the sources accessible through academic databases. We have retained 71 published peer-reviewed articles in French and English based on original data, published between 2000 and 2022. The older articles from medical and experimental sciences (prior to the year 2000) were also included if they marked an emergence of themes, sub-fields, and experimental designs still heavily referred to in contemporary research works (n = 12).
Categorization process Our next step was to synthesize and categorize retained articles from an eater-oriented perspective, that is on the basis of relations and practices at the frontier of food, diet and health. The goal was to come up with new flexible categories, speaking to everyday eaters' practices and capable to contain heterogenous multidisciplinary data. First, we created a descriptive form to extract authors, journal type, disciplinary fields, population and sampling size, salt/sodium sources discussed, methodology and data type, and key findings for each included article. Second, this descriptive form was enriched by two ad-hoc columns: 1. Though what kind of relations/what practices is salt becoming an object of study (what we called "relational features"), and 2. How the study links salt consumption with nutritional recommendations.
Results The 71 research articles coming from 29 sources 9 were selected for this scoping review. The geography represented in our sampling included North America (United States n = 18; Canada n = 3) and South America (n = 6), European (n = 23), Asian n = 11), African (n = 8), Nordic (n = 3), and Oceanian countries (n = 10). Most of the selected articles focused on one country (n = 64), while five articles took a comparative perspective: Menyanu et al. (9, 15)  involved samples from two countries, and four other studies based their analysis on a worldwide cross-country data collection  (48) (49) (50) (51). Two studies took samples from two countries without a comparative perspective  (52, 53). The selected studies were based both on the sampling representing general population and specific population groups (those at risk, for example).
Eater-oriented categories to represent data on salt consumption Five different sources of salt intake, or modalities of salt presence in eaters' diet, were identified: • SF: salt in raw or processed food, • TS: table salt, • CS: cooking salt, • CAS: controlled added salt, • Global: sodium consumption from all sources To obtain an overview of daily sodium intake from the consumers, the data was mostly collected via dietary recalls before converting food intakes into nutrients, using standard food composition tables 10 (n = 7). Other methodologies included 24-h urine collection tests 11 (n = 10) or both dietary recalls and urine collection tests  (54) (55) (56). One study used data modelling to assess the potential impact of reformulated products on the population salt intake  (48). Out of the 39 studies that included table salt use, 21 used frequency scales (from never to always), binary yes/no questions about salt use in general or self-perceived quantities (from too little to too much) to determine salting habits.
Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs on nutritional norms This category includes 21 works. Like in the previous category, declarative data was used in studies relying on questionnaires or food records (n = 14). Six publications combined questionnaires and objective measures (24-h urinary sodium excretion). Four works were based on the qualitative material obtained through the semi-structured interviews and focus groups; one relied on intervention to reduce added salt during cooking  (56). The choice to include knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in the same category was consistent with the combination of keywords chosen by the articles' authors  (15, 49, 55, 56, 61, 72). However, some works demonstrate the relevance to distinguish the roles of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs, since practices and recommendations in the three cases may differ.
Salt practices associated with dietary or medical regimes This thematic category includes eight works on adherence and attitudes toward nutritional and medical guidelines, as well as on the impact of some dietary regimes on salt intake. All records in this category used reported data collection in the form of questionnaires and diet recalls. Four studies went further, measuring excreted sodium from participant's urine or comparing declarative data to the data obtained via objective biomedical measurements. In these cases, objective measures allowed: (a) to evaluate the effects of a multi-faceted and population-wide salt reduction intervention (80); (b) to assess the impact of a controlled experiment where healthy adults would follow an appropriate amount of daily salt intakes  (81) ; (c) to assess the impact of a controlled experiment where people with heart failure would follow an appropriate low-sodium diet (53); (d) to assess the role of the absence of the table salt or the use of salt substitutes on hypertension and stroke  (82).
This approach also reveals regional specificities of sodium intake. In this article, we aimed for the development of a new, eater-oriented approach at the intersection of salt consumption and public health. This approach challenges the boundaries between the different communities of practice (nutritional science, sociology, public health, etc. ) and assembles heterogeneous knowledge on salt intake around the figure of an eater. Such an approach serves as a model for flexible and eateroriented databases on dietary sodium consumption for effective public health interventions. Our eater-oriented categories synthesize a wide array of relational dynamics involved in salt consumption: sociodemographic, methodological, contextual, technical and technological, affective, communicative, and deliberative.
Conclusion In this article, we argue that in order to achieve the WHO goal for decreasing the amount of dietary sodium consumed by 30% by 2025 there is a need for interdisciplinary and eater-oriented knowledge framework, which would include nutritional knowledge, as well as the dominant beliefs, attitudes, and practices of salt consumption. This knowledge framework would serve as guidelines for building flexible databases, informing public health campaigns. As health-and-diet databases are performative, that is to say that they both emerge from and perpetuate certain practices  (38, 104) , they have a considerable implication for the social and natural orders. For example, a relational database of rare diseases in France (assembling knowledge across communities of patients, health practitioners, and institutions) have challenged the production of knowledge on rare diseases  (105).
New eater-related databases of salt and sodium consumption, we argue, may not only inform more effective public health measures, but also make a subject more accessible for the general population. We therefore have built an eater-oriented documentary base (available in the Supplementary Table  1 ), which would serve as knowledge framework for further databasing the factors of dietary sodium consumption. For this, we conducted a scoping review of existing academic literature on dietary sodium consumption, following a PRISMA-ScR checklist and best practices for scoping reviews  (40, 41). We have selected 71 studies published in English and French and falling into the nexus of salt consumption and public health for a detailed review and categorization. The selected works presented a heterogeneous pool of disciplines, methodologies, geographies, salt sources, population samples, and data types.
Through the two steps of categorization, we have designed a knowledge database around eater-oriented interdisciplinary categories:  [1]  Socio-demographic and cultural descriptors of salt consumers;  [2]  Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs on nutritional norms;  [3]  Salt practices associated with dietary or medical regimes;  [4]  Salt materialities: interactions and contexts. We have also categorized each article according to the dominant relational features (how salt becomes an issue): Intake; Knowledge; Awareness; Beliefs; Attitudes; Behaviors/social practices; Liking or Preference; Taste perception; Consumer practices. Finally, we have extracted ten different strategic and methodological approaches to the issue of excessive sodium consumption, which we called 'links with nutritional recommendations'.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Christophe Lavelle  and the chefs  Lionel Beylat  and  Vincent Gayraud  for accepting an expert interview. We also thank  Christelle Abraham  for the administrative support of this research project, as well as  CNRS  and  Université Toulouse II JeanJaurès  for facilities and hosting the project. 10. 3389/fnut. 2023. 1110446Frontiers in Nutrition 13 frontiersin. org.
Definition and diversity of CAZymes Carbohydrate-active enzymes, commonly known as CAZymes or carbohydrases, are classified within the CAZy database (available at www. cazy. org) as "responsible for the synthesis, modifications and   Agger et al. , 2010; Attia and Brumer, 2016; Déjean et al. , 2019; Luis et al. , 2018; Ndeh et al. , 2017; Ralet et al. , 2005; Rogowski et al. , 2015; Saulnier and Thibault, 1999; von Freiesleben et al. , 2019). While going through the process of oil extraction, the structure of oilseeds cell walls is modified, and the carbohydrates content of the meals is concentrated in non-starch polysaccharides. Due to a lack of oilseeds meals characterization, the non-starch polysaccharide structures presented herein are standard structures, reported for different plant sources than oilseeds.
These structures can vary in oilseeds meals, depending on multiple parameters such as the extraction method and the origin of the seeds. HG: homogalacturonan; XG: xylogalacturonan; RG-I: rhamnogalacturonan-I; RG-II: rhamnogalacturonan-II; D-Dha: 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-lyxo-heptulosaric acid; D-Kdo: ketodeoxymannooctulopyranosylonic acid. breakdown of glycoconjugates, oligo-and polysaccharides". Based on their protein sequence similarities and 3D structure, CAZymes are sorted into five classes: glycoside hydrolases (GH), glycotransferases (GT), polysaccharide lyases (PL), carbohydrate esterases (CE) and auxiliary activities (AA). The CAZy database also includes the carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM), secondary non-catalytic domains commonly associated with the catalytic modules to enhance the binding of CAZymes to their substrates.
As of April 2023, the database encompasses 180 GH, 116 GT, 42 PL, 20 CE, 17 AA, and 97 CBM families. The database is constantly updated with the new (meta)genomes sequenced and the new enzymes discovered by the scientific community  (Drula et al. , 2022; The CAZypedia Consortium, 2018). When talking about enzymes active on NSPs, it is common to hear the term "NSPases", which actually encompasses a large number of enzymes depending on the polymer targeted (Figure  2 ;  Singh and Kim, 2021). Cellulose-degrading enzymes are often referred by the generic name "cellulases". Cellulases designate several CAZy families, some having an hydrolytic activity, like the GH7 β-glucanases, others exhibiting an oxidative cleavage activity, like the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (or LPMOs) from AA9 family  (Vandhana et al.