dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
line studies to unprecedented depths through stacking. awarded to The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS. EdC gratefully acknowledges the Australian Research Council as the recipient of a Future Fellowship (project FT150100079). DR acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under grant number AST-1614213 to Cornell University. IRS also ac-NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The 3mm-part of ALMA project had been supported by the German ARC.
We thank the anonymous referee for her/his positive feedback and useful comments. M. A. acknowledges partial support from  FONDECYT  through grant  1140099. FW, IRS, and RJI acknowledge support through  ERC grants COSMIC-DAWN , DUSTYGAL, and COSMICISM, respectively. FEB and LI acknowledge Conicyt grants  Basal-CATA PFB-06/2007  and Anilo  ACT1417. FEB also acknowledge support from  FONDECYT Regular 1141218 (FEB) , and the  Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism's Millennium Science Initiative  through grant  IC120009 ,.
line studies to unprecedented depths through stacking. awarded to The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS. EdC gratefully acknowledges the Australian Research Council as the recipient of a Future Fellowship (project FT150100079). DR acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under grant number AST-1614213 to Cornell University. IRS also ac-NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The 3mm-part of ALMA project had been supported by the German ARC. knowledges support from STFC (ST/L00075X/1) and a Royal Society / Wolfson Merit award. Support for RD and BM was provided by the DFG priority pro- gram 1573 'The physics of the interstellar medium'. AK and FB acknowledge support by the Collaborative Research Council 956, sub-project A1, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
E Cl and E HCO3 were calculated from Nernst equation. To calculate g GABA , we implemented a double-exponential function with rise time (tau1), decay time constant (tau2) and a peak conductance (g max, see below) by adapting an Exp2Syn synapse in NEURON (see gabaA_Cl. mod file on ModelDB, accession number 148253). All GABAergic synapses were targeting dendritic shafts  51  , no GABAergic spine synapses were included. Compartmental simulations were run in the simulation environment NEURON (www. neuron. yale. edu). The script for GABAergic synaptic and ionic mechanisms was written in the model description language NMODL  50. Parameters used in our simulations were as follows: [Cl -] i = 5 mM, [Cl -] o = 133. 5 mM, [HCO 3 -] i = 16 mM, [HCO 3 -] o = 26 mM, E GABA = -68. 63 mV, temperature 35 °C, P = 0.
25, relative conductance of HCO 3 -vs. Cl - P/(1 -P) = 0. 25/0. 75 = 0. 33, which was in line with the published relative permeability values  52. D Cl = 2 μm 2 /ms; g GABA of dendritic synapses: tau 1 = 0. 5 ms, tau 2 = 6 ms, g max = 0. 5 nS  53  , V rest = -70 mV, passive properties were taken from  54. Stochastic modeling of Cl -diffusion. For stochastic simulations, we subdivided the 3D space of a dendrite into irregular tetrahedral compartments using the volume discretization software CUBIT (www. cubit. sandia. gov). The diffusion of Cl -was simulated as 3D random transfer of Cl -particles from one tetrahedron to another using spatial Gillespie's Stochastic Simulation Algorithm. The algorithm was implemented in STEPS (STochastic Engine for Pathway Simulation) which is a software for exact simulations of reaction-diffusion systems.
Analysis of simulation results was done using Matlab routines. Morphology of dendrites, neurons and spines. Simulations of Cl -diffusion were performed in different dendritic morphologies with randomly attached dendritic spines of different shapes. First, for initial analyses, spines of increasing densities were added perpendicularly to a smooth cylinder of length 700 μm and diameter 1 μm. Each spine was modeled as a concatenation of two concentric cylindrical compartments. One cylinder represented the spine neck and the other represented the spine head. The following spine parameters were used (Supplementary Table  S5 ): head diameter 0. 6 μm, head length 0. 55 μm, neck diameter 0. 2 μm and neck length 1. 25 μm 5. Cl -diffusion was triggered by focal increase of Cl -in the middle section of the dendrite or by activating GABA A synapses (see above).
Next, Cl -dynamics was analyzed in morphologies constructed in CUBIT using STED images of dendrites and spines from cultured hippocampal slices (see below). The morphologies were imported into the STEPS package and contained experimentally determined dendritic diameters, spine locations as well as widths and lengths of spine necks and heads. To obtain dendritic geometries of sufficient length, identical copies of imaged segments (n = 9 for cell1, n = 5 for cell 2) were concatenated and used in stochastic simulations. Finally, large scale simulations of Cl -diffusion were run in realistic whole-cell morphologies which were reconstructed from light-microscopy images: dentate granule cells (8 cells from  54  , ModelDB -Accession Number: 95960), CA1 pyramidal cells (3 cells from  55  , ModelDB -Accession Number: 64170; 3 cells from  56  ) and cerebellar Purkinje cells (10 cells with NeuroMorpho.
Spine morphology was analyzed using ImageJ on raw image sections. Spine neck widths were obtained as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) from Gaussian fits of line profiles through the neck region, each line being three pixels wide. Spine neck length was measured from the base of the spine head to the base of the dendrite, following the curvature of the neck. Only spines extending in the lateral plane were included in the morphological analysis and simulations. The displayed dendritic segments are surface renderings of z-stacks of 300 nm steps prepared using an ImageJ plugin  58. Experimental procedures were in accordance with the French National Code of Ethics on Animal Experimentation and approved by the Committee of Ethics of Bordeaux (No. 50120202). Active compartmental models of dentate granule cells.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Hermann Cuntz ,  Steffen Platschek  and  Marcel Beining  for helpful suggestions and discussions and  Weiliang Chen  and  Erik De Schutter  for help with STEPS. The work was supported an  EMBO  fellowship ( ALTF 1518-2010  to J. T. ),  CRC1080  ( Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  to T. D. ), grants from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-12-BSV4-0014 ;  ANR-12-NEUR-0007-03  to UVN) and by a  BMBF-NSF  grant ( Germany-USA Collaboration in Computational Neuroscience  to P. J. and T. K. , No. 01GQ1203A  and to F. S. , No. NSF-IOS 1208029 ). We would like to thank anonymous reviewers for very constructive comments and suggestions.
Chap. 4 provides the definition of the AMADEOS conceptual model that captures SoS basic concepts and their interrelationships, and describes a SysML profile semi-formalization supporting the definition of SoS platform independent models (PIMs). Part 2 of the book deals with the engineering framework developed in AMADEOS and the technical solutions adopted to deal with time, dynamicity, and evolution. More precisely, Chap. 5 defines the overall tool-supported AMADEOS Architectural Framework (AF), with its main building blocks and interfaces. Chap. 6 elaborates on the role of time and clocks in SoS and presents the design of a Resilient Master Clock (RMC), a hardware-software solution that has been developed in the course of the AMADEOS project. The final chapter in this part presents the AMADEOS dynamicity management and the different Monitor-Analyze-Plan-Execute (MAPE) components.
Apart from the mission block, all the remaining levels are organized in slices, each corresponding to a specific viewpoint. The following viewpoints of an SoS are explored: structure, dependability, security, emergence, and multi-criticality. Finally, for SoS modeling, a supporting facility tool based on Blockly is demonstrated. Blockly is a visual Domain-Specific Language (DSL) and has been adopted to ease the design of SoS by means of a simple and intuitive user interface; thus requiring minimal technology expertise and support for the SoS designer. Chap. 6 stipulates that a global notion of time with known precision, shared by all CSs, is essential for the dependable operation of an SoS. Such a global notion of time is needed to specify the temporal properties of interfaces, to enable the interpretation of timestamps in the different CSs, to limit the validity of real-time data, to synchronize input and output actions across CSs, to provide conflict-free resource allocation, to perform prompt error detection, and to strengthen security protocols.
To relate the channels among the CSs and their environment across all interface layers, we draw all channels related to a distinguishable service with the same style. Cyber Channels (CCs) are drawn with a solid line style, while Physical Channels (PCs) are drawn with a dashed line style. Some of the CCs and some of the PCs are labeled for easier identification. CC 1 and CC 2 are direct cyber channels of the same service (e. g. , a database lookup service realized by a request and a response channel). CC 3 and CCs originating from CSs 3 to n-1 are writers of an indirect channel. For example, they publish information whether an alarm occurred. This indirect channel has only one reader (CC 4): CS n which could be an alarm monitor. Further, there is a stigmergic channel realized by PC 1 (actuator which is part of the CS 1 RUPI), physical state variables, and PC 2 (a sensor device of the CS 2 RUPI).
Service Layer The service layer of the example CPSoS consists of four services in the dependency relation shown in Fig. 6. For example, service A depends on the environmental services C and D. Service A might be a database lookup service provided by CS 2. The incoming and outgoing arrows on the left of the service vertex symbolize the two Itom channel ports from the perspective of the service provider (one input port and one output port). The three environmental services B, C, and D are provided by ECSs (e. g. , environmental service D is provided by ECS 3 in the informational layer). CSs that consume such services need to either act as an influence/writer, or as an observer/reader. The ports on the left side of an environmental service represents the influence/writer service consumer (e. g.
For example, take a CS that offers a database service. This database service requires a request and a response Itom channel per client CS. For n client CSs one would need to specify 2n dedicated channels at the cyber-physical or informational interface layer. When considering the same situation at the service layer, only the database service together with the two required channels needs to be specified. The mechanisms of service discovery and service composition allow a scheduler to automatically instantiate the request and response channels for each client CS during runtime. Finally, CSs might need to react to the changing environment and need to reconfigure the set of offered services in order to: (1) accomplish overall CPSoS goals (e. g. , limit total energy budget, enter a safe state, …), or (2) tolerate faults (e.
In this section we focus on the technical realization of managed evolution  [32]  which is most appropriate for collaborative SoSs (but also directed and acknowledged SoSs, see Chap. 1 for details about SoS classifications). Managed evolution has been originally suggested in the context of large, long-term operational software systems that also show many similarities with CPSoSs (complex functional, semantical, temporal, technical, and operational interdependencies of interacting systems with non-trivially replaceable legacy subsystems). In collaborative SoSs, managed evolution must be planned and supervised by an SoS authority, i. e. , an organizational entity (for example established by a CPSoS consortium or enterprise), such that "the efficiency of developing and operating the system is preserved or even increased"  [32].
Introduction In the European Union FP7-610535-AMADEOS project, a conceptual model for Systems of Systems (SoSs) has been conceived to find a common language allowing experts to collaborate on modelling, engineering, and analyzing SoSs (see public deliverable D2. 3 "AMADEOS conceptual model -Revised"  [1] ). Analogously to the conceptual model for the architecture of software intensive systems, we separated the description of basics SoS concepts into different perspectives. These perspectives are called viewpoints, each of which is focused on different concerns of the SoS: structure, evolution, dynamicity, dependability, security, time, multi-criticality and emergence. • Structure: It represents architectural concerns of an SoS. In particular it defines the manner in which Constituent Systems (CSs) are composed  [17]  and how do they exchange semantically well-defined messages  [10]  through their interfaces  [22].
In particular, DANSE focuses on the six models that can be represented as executable forms of SysML as partially reported in  [6] , according to a well-defined formalism to relate basics SoS concepts and their relationships. In the context of DANSE, the Goal Specification Contract Language (GSCL) assures the achievement of dependability and security requirements and it guarantees the timely response of an SoS. All these approaches have shown the utility of adopting SysML formalisms to model architectural aspects of SoSs, thus supporting different types of analysis and a first step towards executable artifacts which can be automatically derived. Although these approaches provide detailed insights for different viewpoints aspects, it is still missing (i) an homogeneous synthesis at a more abstract level of key design-related SoS concepts, and (ii) a viewpoint-based vision.
Furthermore, the SoS PSM can represent the base step for other activities such as the following: • Source code generation: through an automatic transformation the SoS model can be translated in source code; • System analysis: the SoS model can be the starting point for a lot of system analysis like: hazard analysis (HA), Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA); • System testing: the SoS model can be the basic layer to identify test procedures or resolve problems of testing coverage.
High-Level View The high-level representation of the AF is shown in Fig. 1  as a pyramid made of four different layers, namely Mission, Conceptual, Logical and Implementation. Apart from the Mission block, all the remaining levels are organized in slices, each corresponding to a specific viewpoint. The starting point of the AF consists in defining the Mission of an SoS. The mission is commonly formalized by means of a document of intents created by enterprise managers having in mind a high-level perspective of the system and a clear definition of business-related issues. The document of intents is written in natural language to formalize the overall objectives and functionalities of an SoS starting from a shortened version of the glossary illustrating main SoS concepts and other related mission-relevant arguments.
SoS Requirements Definition Fig. 1. AMADEOS architectural framework AMADEOS Framework and Supporting Tools pyramid), the SoS is examined and described. The resulting description should be the requirements of the SoS (these can be expressed in natural language, as well as using formalisms for the description of requirements). The identification of relations between the different viewpoints is carried out at this phase. The Logical Level provides support for designing an SoS based on the viewpoints requirements in the AMADEOS SysML profileand the Building blocks defined in Sect. 4. The output of this phase consists in the platform independent description of the SoS in a semi-formal language (SysML), for the different viewpoints. The Implementation Level leads to the integration of new CSs with already existing and deployed CSs starting from the logical architecture defined at the previous level and domain/enterprise specific techniques.
This evolution is driven by incremental, new, and changing requirements of the SoS. An architectural framework for SoS should provide a tool aimed at predicting possible evolutionary paths based on anticipated requirements and use-cases. Scenario-Based Reasoning for SoS Architecture Design. In architectural systems engineering the use of scenarios is not uncommon. It is a cost-effective means of controlling risk and to maintain system quality throughout the processes of software design, development and maintenance  [15, 16]  Preparing for evolution of an SoS, a scenario-based approach can also be adopted to guarantee that the development that an architecture undergoes is sensible, i. e. it must guarantee that the quality goals of the system are still met. By using scenarios to guide the design of an SoS architecture, the context of the envisioned SoS is incorporated into the possible design choices by the architect.
g. , by constantly heating the crystal oscillator) -to keep these conditions stable. In contrast, sensors to determine the environmental conditions are often already available in those systems, or can be installed at relatively low cost. While the presented improvement by temperature, acceleration and pressure compensation are already promising, further experiments have to be performed with more sophisticated compensation models and a more advanced experimental equipment that allows higher ranges of pressure, the up-and down variation of humidity, as well as experiments under other environmental conditions (e. g. , vibration, radiation, electromagnetic fields). 4 Reliable and Self-Aware Clock (R&SAClock) Module The Reliable and Self Aware Clock (R&SAClock,  [12] ) is a software component that provides IEEE 1588 compliant techniques for the analysis and improvement of the synchronization quality among CSs interacting in SoS.
Proof-of-Concept and Exemplary Runs The R&SAClock has been implemented in the Beagle Bone  [16]  board with Debian OS as described in the AMADEOS deliverable D4. 4  [15]. The R&SAClock uses GPS for clock synchronization; it acquires data on the estimated offset and drift from the Network Time Protocol (NTP)  [9]  component. When the synchronization uncertainty exceeds a given threshold, the Checker module is notified by reading the FLAG field of the enriched time value. The communication channel between the Checker and the R&SAClock is socket-based. In the following we show an exemplary run with the R&SAClock executing on the Beagle Bone board proof-of-concept. We acknowledge that an extensive assessment activity is required  [13] (i) to give evidence that the defined software executing on the proof-of-concepts satisfies the identified requirements, and (ii) to opportunely tune the R&SAClock parameters (Table  2 ).
Acknowledgments This work was partially supported by the  FP7-610535- AMADEOS  project. Acknowledgments. Warm regards to  Sorin Iacob  and  Andrea Bondavalli  for the insightful discussions about stigmergic channels. We thank the following experts for reviewing and helping to improve the chapter:  Wilfried Elmenreich  ( Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, AT ),  Sorin Iacob  ( Thales, NL ), and  Wilfried Steiner  ( TTTech , AT).
(2004) 's dataset composed of 702 sentences extracted from a newspaper 6. In Spanish, the TASS corpus 7 is composed of 70,000 tweets annotated with global polarity as well as an indication of the level of agreement or disagreement of the expressed sentiment within the content. In German, the MLSA 8  (Clematide et al. (2012) ), is a publicly available corpus composed of 270 sentences manually annotated for objectivity and subjectivity. Finally for Italian, the Senti-TUT corpus 9 includes sentiment annotations of irony in tweets  (Bosco et al. (2013) ). Multilingual sentiment annotation has also been explored: the EmotiBlog corpus consists of labeled blog posts in Spanish, Italian and English  (Boldrini et al. (2012) ),  Mihalcea et al. (2007)    annotated 500 sentences in English, Romanian, and Spanish 10.
Annotating EDUs not quite corresponding to either sentences or clauses has been standard in discourse annotation efforts for many years (see Section 2. 2 for an overview). However, annotating sentiment within EDUs is still marginal. Among the few annotated sentiment corpora at the EDU level, we cite  Asher et al. (2009) , who analyzed explicit opinion expressions within EDUs. Somasundaran et al. (2007)  used a similar level in order to detect the presence of sentiment and arguing in dialogues. Zirn et al. (2011)  performed subjectivity analysis at the segment level. They used a corpus of product reviews segmented using the HILDA tool 11 , an RST discourse parser. Lazaridou et al. (2013)  used the SLSeg software package 12 to segment their corpus into EDUs following RST. The corpus was then used to train a joint model for unsupervised induction of sentiment, aspect and discourse information.
Annotation levels Our annotation scheme is multi-layered and includes: the complete discourse structure, segment opinion orientation, and opinion expressions. At the document level, we propose to annotate the document overall opinion as well as its full discourse structure following the SDRT framework. Global opinion annotation resembles previous document level annotation  (Pang and Lee (2004) ). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first sentiment dataset that incorporates discourse structure annotation. At the segment level, we propose to associate to each EDU a subjectivity type (among four main types: explicit evaluative, subjective non evaluative, implicit, and objective) as well as polarity and strength. Segment opinion type mainly follows  Wiebe et al. (2005) ;  Toprak et al. (2010)  and  Liu (2012).
The CASOAR corpus We selected data according to four criteria: document genre, the number of documents per topic, document length and the type of opinion conveyed in the document. To better capture the dependencies between discourse structure and corpus genre, the annotation campaign should be conducted on different types of online corpora, each with a distinctive style and audience. For each corpus, topics (a movie, a product, an article, etc. ) have to be selected according to their related number of documents or reviews. Our hypothesis was that the more attractive a topic is (i. e. , it aroused a great number of reactions), the more opinionated the reviews are. In addition, the number of positive and negative documents has to be balanced. Given that discourse annotation is time consuming and error prone, especially for long texts where long distance attachments are frequent, documents should not be too long.
On the other hand, documents should have an informative discourse structure and hence should not be too short either. Finally, the data should contain explicit opinion expressions as well as implicit opinions. One of our aims was to measure how these kinds of opinions are assessed in discourse. Given these criteria, we chose to build our own corpus and not to rely on existing opinion datasets. Indeed, in French, the only existing and freely available opinion dataset (the Blogoscopy corpus Daille et al. (2011) 17 ) was not available when we began our annotation campaign. In English, there are several freely available corpora already annotated with opinion information. Among them, we have studied four resources: the well known MPQA  (Wiebe et al. (2005) ) corpus 18 , the Sentiment Polarity DataSet and the Subjectivity DataSet 19  (Pang and Lee (2004) ), and the Customer Reviews Dataset 20  (Hu and Liu (2004) ).