dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
They found that microscopic approach was most cost-effective at 5 years whereas EEA was most costeffective at 10 years. Interestingly, medical therapy was found to be most costly at both time horizons. The authors concluded that EEA was the most cost-effective treatment strategy in the long term. 1413  Other authors have reported    the cost-benefit of EEA over other interventions but the level of data is substantially less due to the deficiency of sensitivity analyses. 1416  In contrast to the above data, several authors have performed level 4 studies that report less favorable cost scenarios for EEAs. 282, 1414 282, Azad et al. 1414  completed a level 4 retrospective, observational administrative database study that reported the total index payment was higher for EEA ($32,959) vs microscopic approach ($29,977) and that EEA benefits were not seen at population level.
encompassing aggregate patient data from 80 endoscopic endonasal resections, Zoli et al. 1020 reported 24 patients (40%) presenting with concern for recurrence and/or residual tumor (several recurred multiple times), with a median time of recurrence at 20. 5 months. Interestingly, 22 patients experienced regrowth after a partial resection, and only 4 had recurrence as demonstrated on MRI after GTR. Ultimately, 26. 2% of patients in Zoli et al. 1020 passed away from tumor progression. It is important to understand these results come from a larger cohort of 80 surgeries, and contrast them with many of the smaller available series with limited follow-up. In dataset of Koutourousiou et al. 1010 encompassing 60 patients, 14 patients (23. 3%) demonstrated either growth of residual tumor or recurrence, undergoing revision surgery.
other after the use of nasal 4. Use of nasal septal flap decreased from 5% to 2. 9% septal flap. 5. Endocrine outcomes after nasal septal flap use. 6. Postoperative CSF leak rate. For both cohorts of sellar repair. Soudry 242 2014 3a Systematic review 22 Studies remaining for final To systematically review the Level 4 evidence, in cases of of case series analysis, all were case series. A literature concerning low-flow intraoperative CSF studies. total of 673 patients were techniques of closure of leaks, skull-base included in the analysis. endoscopically created reconstruction with skull-base defects based multilayered free grafts and on site of skull-base defect synthetic materials offers and flow rate of CSF. Data similar outcomes to sources: PubMed, SCOPUS, vascularized flaps. and Cochrane databases.
OS and DFS compared to CRF, though also lower resection (n = 95) 3. Locoregional stage on average. metastases 2. Intracranial and orbital involvement were 4. Distant metastases independent factors affecting OS and DFS. 3. Long-term surveillance necessary with recommendation for exam and MRI of neck and intracranial compartment every 4 months for 2 years, then every 6 months for the until 5 years, then every 9 months for life. Konuthula 834 2c Outcomes Patients with ONB in the 1. OS 1. Kadish B had greater survival than Kadish A research National Cancer Database 2. 5-year survival regardless of treatment. (n = 1167) 2. Age <60 years, female sex, having private insurance, and margin-negative resection was found to be associated with improved survival on univariate analysis. Stokes 835 2c Outcomes Males and females with ONB 1.
DFS 1. Male patients presented with higher grade research in the SEER program from and a trend toward higher stage. 1988 to 2010 (n = 611) 2. Male patients had worse DFS than female patients (significance was lost after case-matching). Tajudeen 836 2c Outcomes Patients in the SEER database 1. OS 1. Advanced tumor grade and modified Kadish research with diagnosis of ONB 2. DFS stage were associated with worse DFS. between 1973 and 2010 2. RT improved DFS. (n = 281) 3. Surgery was found to be the only prognostic factor for DFS in low-grade tumors. 4. In high-grade tumors, modified Kadish stage predicted worse DFS and RT independently predicted improved DFS. Fu 831 3a SR of Patients with ONB undergoing 1. DFS 1. Endoscopic approaches have improved OS for retrospective CRF vs endoscopic 2. OS all patients, those with Kadish C/D disease, case series resection; subgroup 3.
Kilic 875 2b Retrospective Patients from National Cancer 1. Clinical/disease 1. Patients with sinonasal SCC treated with cohort database with sinonasal characteristics endoscopic surgery had statistically SCC treated between 2010 2. Overall Survival similar 5-year overall survival compared and 2014. to patients treat with open approaches. 1. Endoscopic approach 2. Poorer survival associated with large 2. Open approach tumor size, advanced stage, and positive margins. 3. Endoscopic approach associated with shorter hospital stays. Luong 876 4 Retrospective Patients with sinonasal 1. Clinical/disease 1. Patient outcomes support efficacy of case series malignancy treated with characteristics endoscopic approach. endoscopic approach 2. Overall survival 2. The endoscopic approach also useful in 3.
Clinical outcomes 1. Patients with IP-SCC had improved case series from 2000 to 2015 2. Surgical approach disease-specific survival compared to 1. de novo SCC 3. Overall and disease de novo SCC. 2. IP-SCC specific survival 2. Difference between tumors noted in early stages. 3. Endoscopic approaches have similar outcomes to open approaches. 4. Distant metastases are a poor prognostic indicator for all SCC. months with an average follow-up of 41. 6 months in this cohort. A recent National Cancer Database review of SNSCC by Kilic et al. 875 compared outcomes of endoscopic and open resection of SNSCC. This retrospective cohort review identified 353 patients undergoing endoscopic resection and 1130 undergoing open resection. Propensity score matching generated a cohort of 652 patients with equal endoscopic and open contributions with no statistically sig- nificant difference in OS between the 2 groups (50.
Endoscopic endonasal approaches recurrent tumors and technique should be considered 2. Microscopic endonasal before radiation therapy, technique particularly for symptomatic patients Cohen 1156 2018 4 Prospectively acquired 25 Patients Role of the LD in patient with A lumbar drain may be useful database of EESs elevated BMI and to prevent postoperative endonasal surgery for CSF leak, particularly in suprasellar meningiomas patients with elevated BMI.
evaluation at 5 year and 2. EEA was most cost-effective from 3rd 10 year time at 10 years. party payer points 3. Medical therapy most costly at perspective both time horizons. 4. ICER of $80,235 at 5 years. and $40,737 at 10 years. Azad 1414 4 Retrospective EEA vs MA for sellar lesions 1. Estimates of 1. Total index payment was observa- cost higher for EEA ($32,959) vs tional 2. Clinical MA ($29,977). administra- outcomes 2. No difference in long-term tive payments database 3. EEA benefits not seen at study population level Little 282 4 Comparative EEA vs MA for pituitary lesions 1. Mean hospital 1. No statistical difference in cost charges mean charges between analysis of 2. Variable procedures. hospital influencing 2. LOS and Cushing's disease charges charges were primary drivers of charges.
McLaughlin 1415 2c Activity-based Consecutive patients having 1. Cost of care 1. Most costly parts of care were cost endoscopic pituitary operating room costs and analysis surgery after QII inpatient care = made >60% of costs 2. Costs related to readmission/reoperation were <5% of care costs. Eseonu 1416 4 Comparative EEA vs MA for sellar lesions 1. Inpatient costs 1. EEA was less costly ($19,736) cost 2. QALYs than MA ($22,853). analysis 3. Clinical 2. QALY, LOS, and outcomes outcomes were similar between approaches. Little 1409 4 Retrospective Patient undergoing 1. Mean hospital 1. Mean hospital charges were observa- transsphenoidal surgery for charges $48,272 ± $32,600. tional Cushing's disease - 2. Resource 2. LOS, surgeon volume, hospital database includes both EEA and MA utilization characteristics, and study drivers postoperative complications had most influence on resource use.
Usefulness of 1. Endoscope can be safely used observa- used for cisternal pathology endoscope for microneurosurgical tional and EEA 2. Clinical procedures with good database outcomes outcomes study 3. Cost 2. Average cost of use of endoscope per patient was $326 Stapleton 1420 2015 4 Activity-based Children (ages 1-19) 1. Cost of care 1. Cost of care for EEA in children cost undergoing EEA for 2. Costs was $34,056/patient. analysis skull-base lesions comparison of 2. Angiofibromas were most various costly ($59,051) and pathologies fibro-osseous were least costly ($10,931/patient).
Background: Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhoea in middle and highincome countries. Up to 2018, there has been no systematic, annual surveillance for C. difficile infections (CDI) in France. Aims: To provide an updated overview of the epidemiology of CDI in France between 2010 and 2017 based on five different data sources. Methods: This is a descriptive study of retrospective surveillance and alerts data. Incidence of CDI cases was estimated through the CDI incidence survey (2016) and data from the French National Uniform Hospital Discharge Database (PMSI; 2010-16). Testing frequency for CDI was estimated through the CDI incidence survey and point prevalence studies on healthcare-associated infections (HAI; 2012 and 2017). The national early warning response system for HAI (HAI-EWRS, 2012-17) and National Reference Laboratory data (2012-17) were used to follow the number of severe CDI cases and/or outbreaks.
difficile. In addition, information on inpatient hospital stays with CDI was collected from the French national hospital stays database (French acronym PMSI), for the 2010-16 period. The aim of this study is to provide an updated overview of the epidemiology of CDI in France based on these five different data sources: (i) the 2016 CDI incidence survey, (ii) the 2012 and 2017 PPS, (iii) PMSI data, 2010-16, (iv) HAI-EWRS notifications, 2012-17 and, (v) NRL data, 2012-17. These five data sources have never been compared to each other, and only data from the PPS have been published elsewhere. Of the five data sources, two have the purpose of alert: (i) notification to HAI-EWRS allows for a rapid real-time alert, communication between local team and regional or national support to help implementation of control measures, (ii) microbiological data from the NRL are used to follow the epidemic clone 027 and the potential emergence of more epidemic-prone or more virulent clones.
The purpose of the other three data sources are surveillance of CDI: (i) the CDI incidence survey, launched in 2016, was useful in providing a point estimation of the CDI incidence in acute HCF, (ii) PPSs are done every 5 years in France and provide a point estimation on CDI prevalence and testing frequency in a representative sample of HCF in France, (iii) PMSI data were analysed for the first time at national level to estimate CDI incidence in acute HCF.
Analysis The testing frequency for CDI was estimated using the ratio between the number of stools tested for C. difficile to the number of PD in acute HCF over the study period (data source were the annual administrative survey of HCF statistics for 2016  [18] ). The incidence of stools that tested positive for CDI and the incidence of HA CDI cases per 10,000 PD was estimated using the ratio between the number of stools that tested positive for CDI or HA CDI to the number of PD in acute HCF over the study period. We also calculated the proportion of HCF performing CDI diagnosis using one of the reference algorithms.
Source of information In the 2012 and 2017 PPS, data on all HAI (including CDI), treatments and risk factors were collected for all patients present on the hospital ward on the day of the survey. In 2012, the PPS was sent to all HCF in France and the participation rate was 75% (1,938/2,594). In 2017, the PPS was conducted on a representative sample of 449 HCF (stratified by region and hospital type), with 403 (91%) participating. The methodology of these PPS has been described elsewhere  [19]. A patient infected with C. difficile was defined as a compatible clinical presentation (diarrhoeal stools or megacolon) with detection of toxins A and B in the stools or pseudomembranous colitis diagnosed after colposcopy or compatible histology at endoscopy or autopsy.
The French national uniform hospital discharge database data, 2010-2016 Source of information PMSI is a standardised national database describing all inpatient hospital stays  [20]  and is used for the production of standardised healthcare billing information and medical information concerning patients (comorbidities, age and sex). Pathologies are coded by principal diagnosis and optional associated diagnoses, by a clinician using the French version of the international classification of diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10)  [21]. The ICD-10 code A04. 7 'C. difficile enterocolitis' must be used for every patient with a CDI, left to the appreciation of the physician that coded the stays. a Including oncology centres only. b When there is only one primary sampling unit within a stratum, there is insufficient information to compute an estimate of that stratum's variance.
Analysis The PMSI was analysed for the period 1 January 2010-31 December 2016. Stays with an ICD-10 code A04. 7 for principal or associated diagnosis were extracted from the PMSI database for acute wards in acute HCF and stratified by type of facility, type of stay, age, sex and region. The variable 'type of discharge' was used to identify in-hospital deaths (attributability was unknown). Stays, where a colectomy was performed, were identified with the following CCAM codes: HHFA002, HHFA004, HHFA005, HHFA006, HHFA008, HHFA009, HHFA010, HHFA014, HHFA017, HHFA018, HHFA021, HHFA022, HHFA023, HHFA024, HHFA026, HHFA028, HHFA029, HHFA030 or HHFA031. To calculate incidences, the ratio between the number of cases and stays to the number of PD (source: SAE 2016) were calculated. Regional data were estimated using the variable 'region of hospitalisation'.
Source of information The e-SIN database contains all healthcare-associated infections (HAI) notifications that have been reported since January 2012. Notifications report data on HCF (name and location) and data on date of detection of the first case, the number of cases and death, ward of hospitalisation, the microorganism responsible for infection and any control measures. A comment box for any additional information was available. Analysis HAI-EWRS notifications received between 1 January 2012-31 December 2017 were extracted from the e-SIN database. CDI notifications were identified based on the 'microorganism' item. The variables 'region', 'number of cases', 'number of deaths', 'infectious site' and 'ward' were extracted directly from the notifications. Ribotype of the strains was extracted from comments when necessary.
The French national uniform hospital discharge database data, 2010-2016 Between 2010 and 2016, 86,953 patients were hospitalised in acute HCF in France with a coded diagnosis of CDI, corresponding to 105,717 stays. A steady increase was observed from 2010 to 2015, followed by a slight decrease in 2016. The estimated incidence of stays with a CDI diagnosis significantly increased from 1. 5 per 10,000 PD in 2010 to 3. 4 per 10,000 PD in 2016 (+ 14% per year (95% CI: 13-16), Figure  1 ). This increase was observed in all French regions (Figure  2 ).
Discussion This study has provided an updated overview of the epidemiological data available on CDI in acute HCF in France between 2010 and 2016, combining for the first time five different data sources. The CDI incidence survey, launched in 2016, was repeated in 2017 and 2018 but is time-consuming for laboratories and regional centres. The results of the 2017 and 2018 survey are not currently available (as at July 2019) and it will not be repeated after 2018. However, the CDI incidence in acute HCF in 2016 estimated using PMSI data were consistent with the incidence estimated from the CDI incidence survey conducted in the same year. A pilot study conducted in 2010 by the NRL  [24]  compared the sensitivity and specificity of a surveillance programme using PMSI data with laboratory-based surveillance data.
It found that the PMSI data underestimated the incidence of CDI, compared with the laboratory results from the NRL (sensitivity 35. 6%). This suggests the PMSI coding has improved since 2010 and that PMSI data in 2016 could closely represent the true incidence of CDI cases -opening up the possibility for a national surveillance system utilising routine monitoring of the incidence of stays with CDI (PMSI data), complemented with microbiological-based surveillance carried out by the NRL. The ICD-10 code A04. 7 is specific for CDI, making easy the use of PMSI for surveillance purpose. In addition, HAI-EWRS is still needed to help monitoring alerts and repeated PPS will provide a point estimation on CDI prevalence and testing frequency in a representative sample of HCF in France. The 2016 CDI incidence survey estimated the CDI incidence in acute HCF as 3.
). Incidence of CDI-related hospital stays differed with the age of the patient. It would be interesting to estimate incidence in different age groups, and that will be the subject of further work. A limitation of our study is the difference between CDI definitions between the data sources: (i) in the CDI incidence survey, definition is based on clinical elements and microbiological confirmation as recommended per the ESCMID, (ii) in the PSSs, definition is based on clinical or histological elements +/ -detection of toxins in the stools, (iii) in the PMSI and HAI-EWRS, CDI case definition is decided by the physician coding the stays or making the notification, but should normally match the ESCMID definition as recommended in France.
Conclusion This study which combines five different data sources on CDI epidemiology in France for the first time shows that despite an increase of CDI incidence between 2010 and 2016, the incidence of CDI cases in France in 2016 remains below the European average. There is a low number of CDI outbreak notifications and there is a decrease in the number of 027 strains analysed by the NRL. Surveillance and alert for CDI remains however essential and thanks to this study, we have opened up the possibility for a national surveillance system utilising routine monitoring of the incidence of stays with CDI (PMSI data), complemented with microbiologicalbased surveillance carried out by the NRL. In addition, further studies will be needed to estimate incidence in different age groups and to explore the difference in regional incidences.
The emergence of long-term longitudinal studies of wild animal populations in the 1970s has allowed revisiting this fallacy  (Nussey et al. , 2013). Basically, in longitudinal research programs individuals are monitored from birth to death, which thus provide accurate estimation of age-specific demographic parameters (e. g. survival) in a given population and across years based on Capture-Recapture methods. Such analyses of long-term datasets have repeatedly documented senescence through declines in both age-specific survival and fecundity. One of the last syntheses of published literature reporting evidence of senescence  (Nussey et al. , 2013)  has compiled 340 different studies of 175 different species that reported statistical evidence for senescence in the wild. The great majority of the compiled studies were performed on vertebrates, especially birds and mammals, likely because most long-term studies of animal populations in the wild have so far focused on these taxa.
So, we consider a Multinomial Naïve Bayes classifier for this task. In this case, the term Multinomial Naïve Bayes lets us know that each p(f i |c) (where f i is a feature and c the category or the class) is a multinomial distribution, rather than some other distribution such as a Bernoulli distribution. To develop our system, we used Python, relying on Scikit-Learn module  (Pedregosa et al. , 2011).
Salameh et al. (2018)n of the Egyptian dialect was based on lexical, morphological and phonological information. They show that accounting for such information can improve dialect detec-They performed an experiment on six dialects from different Algerian regions. InSalameh et al. (2018), the authors present the first system dealing with fine-grained dialect classification task and covering 25 specific cities from across the Arab World, in addition to Standard Arabic. For this purpose, they build several classification systems using a Multinomial Naïve Bayes classifier and exploring a large space of features. For the experiments reported in this paper, we only use the training and the development data available in the subtask 1 of the shared task. The dataset of this subtask is the same as the one reported onBouamor et al.
Aim: To evaluate treatment data from DISCOVER (NCT02322762 and NCT02226822), a global, prospective, observational study programme of patients with type 2 diabetes initiating a second-line glucose-lowering therapy. Materials and Methods: Data were collected using a standardized case report form. First-and second-line treatments were assessed in 14 668 patients from 37 countries across six regions. Among patients prescribed first-line metformin monotherapy, Firth logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with second-line treatment choices.
| Data collection Data were collected using a standardized electronic case report form and were transferred to a central database via a web-based data capture system. Some data were extracted from existing electronic health records in Canada, Denmark, France, Norway and Sweden; in these countries, an abbreviated case report form was used. All data not automatically extracted from electronic medical records were manually transferred from existing medical records (electronic or otherwise) to the web-based data capture system by the participating physicians. To ensure data quality, a risk-based monitoring model was implemented. On-site visits were organized at each data collection time point, and key variables entered into the web-based data capture system were checked against the original medical records for a random sample of 10% of patients at each site.
Variables collected at baseline included: physician and site characteristics; patient socioeconomic demographics; physiological variables [including body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure]; laboratory test results (including HbA 1c , fasting plasma glucose and cholesterol levels); change in glucose-lowering therapies and reason(s) for change; co-morbidities including microvascular (nephropathy, retinopathy or neuropathy) and macrovascular (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure or implantable cardioverter defibrillator use) diseases; and comedications. In line with the observational nature of the study, clinical variables, such as HbA 1c levels, were measured and recorded in accordance with routine clinical practice; data collection was not mandatory for any of the clinical variables.
| Statistical analysis For the present analysis, patients from China (n = 1293) were excluded because complete data were not available at the time of publication. Patients were also excluded if they had treatment information missing in the database (n = 4), or if they had metformin monotherapy recorded as both first-and second-line therapy (n = 27). The total number of patients included in the analysis was therefore 14 668 (91. 7% of the total DISCOVER population). Descriptive data are presented as numbers and percentages for categorical variables; mean (standard deviation) values are reported for continuous variables. Factors associated with choice of second-line therapy were exclusively assessed in participants who were receiving metformin monotherapy at first line, to increase homogeneity and eliminate differences in choice of second-line therapy because of differences in first-line therapy.