dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
However, the ITT is designed to increase both data throughput and data power because it evaluates eight nets and two controls per night using mosquitoes of identical physiological status. In addition, the same number of mosquitoes can be released into each of the compartments so that the effect of the efficacy of the nets is measured in the same way in each compartment. In contrast, field tests require far greater numbers of replicates to achieve good statistical power due to both spatial and temporal heterogeneities in mosquito numbers  [50]. We will also determine the WHO-recommended hole index (pHI) by location on the net, with the potential of influencing further net product design with strengthened material in the bottom quarter of the net. National and international public health policy makers may therefore use the information provided by this, and other ongoing studies, to procure the most cost-and health-effective nets.
Acknowledgements We thank the  Global Health and Vaccination Research (GLOBVAC)  program of the  Research Council of Norway  for funding this project (Project no. 220757 ). We acknowledge the  LLIN manufacturers Sumitomo Chemical (Olyset ® ) ,  Vestergaard Frandsen  (PermaNet ® ) and  BestNet (Netprotect ® )  for their donation of the LLINs free of charge. We thank  NIMR  for permission to publish this work. We would like to sincerely thank  Dr Jo Lines  (LSHTM),  Dr Rose Nathan  ( IHI ) and  Dr Albert Kilian  for their continued support and advice.
ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. IL-8/ CXCL8 primers forward 59-AAG AAA CCA CCG GAA GGA AC-39, reverse 59-AAA TTT GGG GTG GAA AGG TT-39; MCP-1/CCL2 primers forward 59-TGT CCC AAA GAA GCT GTG ATC-39, reverse 59-ATT CTT GGG TTG TGG AGT GAG-39; Gro-a/CXCL1 primers forward 59-AAC CGA AGT CAT AGC CAC AC-39, reverse 59CCT CCC TTC TGG TCA GTT G39; GAPDH primers forward 59-GGC ATG GAC TGT GGT CAT GAG-39, reverse 59-TGC ACC ACC AAC TGC TTA GC-39). Amplification curves were read with the StepOne software V2. 1 using the comparative cycle threshold method. The relative quantification of the steady-state mRNA levels was normalized against GAPDH mRNA.
Indeed, in healthy volunteers the inhalation of LPS at 5-50 mg/ml elicits neutrophilic airway inflammation  [30]. Based on these studies, we conclude that concentrations of LPS between 1 mg/ml and 10 mg/ ml would be extremely high for in vitro experiments with human cells. Moreover, LPS up to 1 mg/ml was not different from CSE 4% associated with LPS 1 mg/ml in chemokine release (data not shown). The production of cytokines and chemokines may be regulated by a range of signal transduction pathways such as MAP Kinases  [9]   [31]. Thus, we examined by western blotting the phosphorylation pattern of p38 kinase, JNK and ERK1/2 in response to CSE+LPS. Although the generation of IL-8/CXCL8, MCP-1/ CCL2 and Gro-a/CXCL1 was reported to be dependent on p38 kinase and JNK in several experimental models this was not the case under our conditions  [9, 31, 32].
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  Austrian Science Fund FWF  (grants  T414-B09  and  V235-B09  to SB; grants LIPOTOX,  I1000 ,  P23490-B12 , and  P24381-B20  to FM). TE is a recipient of an  APART fellowship  of the  Austrian Academy of Sciences  at the  Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz. This work was also supported by grants to GK from the  Ligue Contre le Cancer (Équipe Labelisée) ,  Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) ,  Association Pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC) ,  Cancéropôle Ile-de-France ;  AXA Chair for Longevity Research, Institut National du Cancer (INCa) ,  Fondation Bettencourt-Schueller ,  Fondation de France ,  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) , the  European Commission (ArtForce) , the  European Research Council (ERC) , the  LabEx Immuno-Oncology , the  SIRIC Stratified Oncology Cell DNA Repair and Tumor Immune Elimination (SOCRATE) , the  SIRIC Cancer Research and Personalized Medicine (CARPEM) , and the  Paris Alliance of Cancer Research Institutes (PACRI).
© 2014 Cabrera et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons. org/publicdomain/zero/1. 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Finally, as we included only anterior circulation strokes, our findings cannot apply to posterior circulation stroke patients. Further data would be needed to determine if our score can be adapted for posterior circulation stroke prediction, for example using the Posterior DWI ASPECTS score  [16]. In conclusion, the MRI-DRAGON score showed good prognostic performance in the external validation cohort. It could help identifying patients unlikely to respond to IV-tPA alone and may be candidates for additional therapeutic strategies, if they are otherwise eligible for such procedures based on the institutional criteria.
Iron forms The content in total iron for cooked beef (23 mg per g FW, Table  2 ) was in the range of data reported for total iron for raw beef (19. 5-26. 1 mg per g)  [29] [30] [31]  and cooked beef (24. 1 mg per g). 31 In the beef, F&V and PE meals, total iron levels were respectively 10, 8 and 9 mg per g FW as a result of the dilution by the different meal constituents. There is no apparent contribution of F&V although artichoke, apple and plum could theoretically contribute for 2. 1 and 2. 6 mg per g FW to the F&V and PE meals (USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http:// www. ars. usda. gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl, accessed 15/7/2013). A small dilution by gastric juice (12-15%) may be observed aer 15 min with total iron contents of 8.
However, there is no mention of the children's age in the label/marketing authorisation. Paediatric dosing is adapted by body weight of children, as indicated in the product label. The analysis of the European market for paediatric rectal dosage forms was conducted for five countries which readily offer access to their drug product databases: France [49,50], Germany  [51] , Portugal [52], Spain [53], and the United Kingdom  [54]. European countries such as France  (18)  or Germany  (23)  possess more drugs available as paediatric rectal dosage forms than the USA  (10)  or Japan (4). Among all marketed drug products available within these five countries, a series of six active ingredients were selected for their common use in at least two countries and reported in Table  5. Like in the USA and Japan, the main rectal dosage form is the suppository.
8A , translocation of HRP was not significantly affected by MA infection. We further investigated the involvement of Src kinase activation which had been linked to Stx1 macropinocytosis in earlier studies  (Malyukova et al. , 2009). Infections with EDL933 under MA or AE conditions were performed for 4 to 8 h, and T84 cell lysates were examined for Src kinase phosphorylation by Western blot analysis. As a positive control, T84 cells were incubated with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) for 4 h to induce Src phosphorylation. As shown in Fig. 8B , neither microaerobiosis nor EDL933 infection triggered Src activation after 8 h of incubation. Similar results were obtained after shorter incubations of 4 and 6 h (data not shown). Finally, we tested several inhibitors of macropinocytosis which had previously been shown to decrease Stx1 uptake and/or translocation  (Lukyanenko et al.
Acknowledgements We thank  Anne Kane  ( Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA ) for providing purified Stxs, Stx antiserum and P1 glycoprotein. Stxspecific antibodies were obtained free of charge through the  NIH Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository, NIAID ,  NIH. We are grateful to  Roberto La Ragione  ( University of Surrey, Guildford, UK ) and  Geraldine Smith  ( Public Health England, London Colindale, UK ) for providing STEC strains. This work was supported by the  Medical Research Council  (grant number  MR/J002062/1 ); and the  Wellcome Trust  (grant number  WT082560MA ).
Statistical analysis Demographic data and clinical features were analysed using descriptive methods. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean +/-standard deviation and compared using the Student-t-test, or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. Comparison between groups was performed using Chi-square test and in the 2*2 tables, Fisher's exact test as appropriate. The independence of each limb was confirmed by intra-class correlation coefficient measurement. Statistical analyses were performed using STATVIEW (Version 5. 0 de SAS Institute Inc. ) program. P value lower than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.
Data collected at day 30 or EOS, whichever date was earlier, included clinical outcome, scores, laboratory parameters, chest radiographies, body temperature, discharge from the ICU, and discharge from the hospital. Clinical outcome was defined as follows: Continuation: clinical signs and symptoms of pneumonia present during the whole assessment period until day 30 (or EOS) Resolution: complete resolution of pneumonia signs and symptoms present at the time of enrollment, no new symptoms or complications attributable to the pneumonia, no recurrence of pneumonia, and alive, until day 30 (or EOS) Recurrence: return of all clinical signs and symptoms of HAP/VAP, including infiltrates after initial clinical resolution Death: assessment period until day 30 (or EOS). Actual mortality was compared with predicted mortality according to APACHE II score  [24].
Patient demographics and characteristics Patients' flow chart is shown in Figure  1. Of 143 patients, 123 patients were included in the prevalence analysis and 129 in the overall clinical outcome analysis. Among 123 patients with serotype available, 114 patients had VAP (93%) and 9 had HAP (7%). Clinical and demographic data are shown in Table  1. At pneumonia onset, median length of hospital stay was 13 days, median length of ICU stay was 8 days, and median duration of mechanical ventilation was 8 days.
(2) Studies that reported findings expressed as odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR) or hazard ratio (or reporting sufficient data to compute them) for at least two levels of alcohol consumption vs nondrinkers and/or occasional drinkers. (3) Studies that reported standard errors or confidence intervals (CIs) of the risk estimates or provided sufficient data to calculate them. We excluded studies reporting on a specific type of alcoholic beverage only (e. g. , beer only) because in those studies the nondrinkers of a specific beverage could possibly be drinkers of other types of alcoholic beverages. We included all cancer sites for which five or more papers were available. Data abstraction. The reports available for each cancer site were independently reviewed by one of the authors to determine the eligibility of each article for inclusion in the meta-analysis.
We also recorded whether the reference category of nondrinkers included occasional drinkers or not. Where possible, separate risk estimates were extracted for men and women. Data extraction from the original studies for the meta-analysis was carried out according to the following procedure. First, as different studies used different units of measure to express alcohol consumption (g, ml, ounces or drinks consumed every day, week, month or year), we used g per day as a standard measure of ethanol intake using the following equivalencies: 0. 8 g ml À 1 , 28 g per ounce and 12. 5 g per drink. Second, as the levels of consumption were often given by a range, the value x of exposure was assigned as the midpoints of the ranges of the reported categories of alcohol intake (as suggested by  Berlin et al, 1993 ; the x values were calculated as 1.
013). We found no significant evidence for an effect of the year of study publication on the association between alcohol and cancer (data not shown). The list of main confounders by cancer site is reported in Supplementary Material S2. In a first sensitivity analysis, we  Studies that reported gender-specific estimates were counted twice (in both M and W columns). b The site-specific list of main confounders considered is reported in Supplementary Material S2. c Fifty-six studies reported more than one site-specific estimate, and therefore numbers in columns do not sum up to totals (with the exception of the number of cases in brackets). limited the analysis to studies reporting adjusted estimates only, and results did not materially change (Supplementary Material S3). In a second sensitivity analysis, we excluded the estimates from studies that included occasional drinkers in the reference category, and again results did not materially change (Supplementary Material S3).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the  Italian Association of Cancer Research (AIRC) , Project No. 10258  ( My First AIRC Grant ), and by the  Italian Foundation of Cancer Research (FIRC). FT was supported by a fellowship from  FIRC. MR and CG were supported by  Fondazione Umberto Veronesi. This work is published under the standard license to publish agreement. After 12 months the work will become freely available and the license terms will switch to a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3. 0 Unported License.
MATERIALS AND METHOD Healthy adolescents were studied from the European multi-center neuroimaging-genetics IMAGEN project  [20]. A total of 1,412 adolescents had ApoE genotype available. MR images were acquired using 3T MRI systems from major MR manufacturers (Siemens, Philips, Bruker, and General Electric). A standardized imaging protocol was used to ensure homogeneity in data acquisition across different scanners. The protocol included a high resolution 3D T1-weighted ultrafast gradient echo volume (voxel size 1. 1 × 1. 1 × 1. 1 mm 3 ) and axial proton density T2-weighted fast spin echo images based on the ADNI study protocol (http://adni. loni. ucla. edu/). Full details have been previously reported  [20]. Quality control was carried out using previously described criteria for scanner related phantom work and to ensure adequate quality control of the T1-weighted volume images such as avoidance of wraparound artefacts and minimal levels of subject motion  [20] [21] [22].
The Freesurfer analysis pipeline (version 5. 1. 0) was used to produce left and right hippocampal volumes for each subject. Raw hippocampal volumes and hippocampal volumes normalized by their respective intracranial volumes were determined  [23]  as detailed in previous publications  [24, 25]. Blood samples were collected for DNA analysis and extraction from each subject in the study. Samples were subsequently genotyped using the Illumina Quad 610 and 660 arrays (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA)  [20]. Two ApoE single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs429358 (T, C) and rs7412 (C, T), were used to identify 3 allelic variants of ApoE (2, 3, and 4) in order to define a subject's genotype. The R statistical software environment, version 2. 15. 2, was used to perform all statistical analyses. To compare demographic statistics (age, gender, CANTAB SWM strategy scores, verbal and performance IQ), Fisher exact tests and two sample t-tests were conducted.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Support for this study was provided by the  IMA-GEN  project, which receives research funding from the  European Community 's  Sixth Framework Program  ( LSHM-CT-2007-037286 ) and coordinated project ADAMS (242257), as well as the  NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health  and  NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Alzheimer Research UK  and the  IMI funded European Medical Information Framework. GJB received honoraria for teaching during the course of this study and receives consultancy payments from  IXICO. Authors' disclosures available online (http://www. jalz. com/disclosures/view. php?id=2007).
Patients and Study Design This retrospective single-center study included patients who underwent their first allo-SCT at the University Hospital of Nantes (Nantes, France) between 1983 and 2010. For the purpose of this study, only patients aged over 18 years at time of transplantation were included. As part of standard practice, patients and donors gave their approval for use of their data for research purposes. The study was approved by the local institutional review board.
Outcome Measurements Outcome measurements included OS, PFS, NRM, relapse, and the frequency and severity of acute and chronic GVHD. The database was locked on January 31, 2013. For NRM, we considered all deaths occurring after allo-SCT that were not caused by relapse or progression of the underlying disease. The severity of acute GVHD was graded according to the Glucksberg classification  [20, 21]. The severity of chronic GVHD was graded as limited or extensive, according to the historical classification  [22] ; because of the retrospective nature of our study and its spread over time, we were not able to apply the National Institutes of Health revised criteria  [23].
Statistical Analysis OS and PFS were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and subgroups were compared using the log-rank test. For categorical variables, comparison between groups was carried out using the chi-square test for patient gender and the Fisher exact test for diagnosis, disease status at transplantation, stem cell source, donor type, conditioning regimen, use of TBI, use of ATG, GVHD prophylaxis, acute GVHD occurrence, graft failure, and cause of death. For continuous data (patient age and median follow-up), the comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney test. Probabilities of relapse, NRM, and chronic GVHD were calculated using the cumulative incidence procedure and comparisons were performed using the Gray test. All data were computed using GraphPad Prism 5. 0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA) and the R package (R Development Core Team, 2006.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the nursing staff and the following physicians for their dedicated patient care:  N. Blin ,  A. Clavert ,  V. Dubruille ,  T. Gastinne ,  S. Le Gouill , and B. Mahe. M. M. thanks  Pr J. V. de Melo  ( Adelaide, Australia ) for critical reading of the manuscript. We also thank the  Région Pays de Loire , the  Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC ; grant # 3175  to M. M. ), the  Fondation de France , the  Fondation contre la Leucémie , the  Agence de Biomédecine , the  Association Cent pour Sang la Vie , the  Association Laurette Fuguain , the  International Research Group on Unrelated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (IRGHET) , and the  Ligue contre le Cancer Grand-Ouest  for their generous and continuous support for our clinical and basic research work.
Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to indicate an autochtonous transmission occurs in Reunion Island. Specifics studies have to be conducted to assess the impact on public health, and to describe the epidemiology of the disease (vector, reservoir, human cases). Health professionals should be aware for early diagnosis and early administration of effective treatments. Methods & Materials: Viral RNA was extracted from infected Vero cell culture supernatant fluids and the entire S, M and L RNA segments amplified. RT-PCR products were purified and sequenced using the Ion Torrent sequencing platform. MEGA software using a neighbor-joining distance method was used to perform phylogenetic analysis of sequence data of isolates from recent outbreaks in South Africa including sequences obtained from Genbank of isolates collected throughout Africa, Madagascar and the Arabian Peninsula.
3 Between these surveys, birth and death rates are estimated. In 2007, the Government of Malawi, through the National Registration Bureau (NRB), introduced a national registration system that is devolved to districts using paper-based village registers to record information on the number of persons living in a village, new births and deaths. Each village has a register and the responsibility for completing and safeguarding the register lies with the village headman. Registers are a potential source for obtaining vital registration statistics. The NRB information flow architecture was designed to be in line with the district commissioner's village activities. The NRB looked at this arrangement as an opportunity for collating the information in the village register. However, an operational research study conducted in nearly 300 villages serving a population of 150 000 in Zomba District showed first that the recording of births and deaths was inaccurate, and second that the collation and analysis of data from villages up to traditional authorities and then up to the district commissioner was almost impossible due to poor infrastructure, lack of intermediary human resources and inadequate transport.
4 A potential solution to the problem of collation and analysis of village-level data was to develop and deploy an electronic register at the village level so that data could then be collected and transmitted through existing cellular phone networks or wireless communication links from village headmen, to group village headmen, to traditional authority chief, to district commissioner, and at the same time shared with health facilities. The first challenge was to deploy and use an electronic register in a rural district of Malawi where there is no established electricity supply. The aim of this study was to report on the deployment of the electronic village register (EVR) in a rural village. Specific objectives were to document and report on 1) the challenges of setting up the EVR; 2) village demographics, along with new births and deaths, over three quarters; and 3) the costs of setting up the system.
Specific objectives were to document 1) challenges in setting up the electronic village register (EVR); 2) demographics of village residents, along with births and deaths over three quarters; and 3) the costs of setting up the system. Design: A descriptive study. Results: The main challenges were slow adoption of the EVR by the village headman, lack of health passports for village residents, double counting of some residents and difficult connectivity. These challenges were overcome. In terms of data, of 790 village residents, 379 (48%) were male, 417 (53%) were aged 15 years and 29 (3. 6%) 65 years. From April to December 2013, there were 18 births and 5 deaths. The cost of the EVR, including maintenance costs for 12 months, was US$6210. Conclusion: An EVR was successfully deployed in Chalasa village, rural Malawi, and data on the resident village population, along with quarterly births and deaths, are now available.
DISCUSSION This is the first report from Africa of an EVR being set up in a rural village with no electricity with the prime purpose of collecting demographic information about the resident village population and new births and deaths in the village each quarter. Despite several challenges, the system was made operational over a period of 9 months, with all residents entered into the system and births and deaths recorded on a quarterly basis. The concept and installation of the hardware and software was simple-solar power and a deep-cycle battery to provide the elec-tricity not only for the computer but also for the electric light bulb in the village headman's house, which was perceived by the headman and the village as an added bonus; a touchscreen computer with the user interface developed in the local language to overcome the lack of computer skills; and the identification of a young person in the village headman's clan to act as the village headman's clerk, with sufficient education to be able to accomplish the task of entering demographic, birth and death data and generating electronic quarterly reports.