dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
This level of uncertainty is supported by the work of  Nitta and De Rosa (2008)  who considered the location of open-field lines in relation to Type-III radio bursts. Previous studies that used this technique have been described by  Zhao, Zurbuchen, and Fisk, 2009; Zhao, Gibson, and Fisk, 2013a,b and by Zhao and Fisk (2011). In the second step, by using the PFSS software and the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI:  Scherrer et al. , 1995)  data  (Schrijver and DeRosa, 2003) , we can continue mapping the solar wind and magnetic field down to the photosphere following PFSS coronal-field lines. There are a number of model-dependent factors that are known to affect the distribution of open vs. closed magnetic flux in photospheric-field extrapolations (e. g. Poduval and Zhao 2004, Lee et al. , 2011).
This indicated that during  CR 1955 (October, 1999) , a contribution to the slow solar wind came from a site located between an equatorial coronal hole and a complex active region. We have applied our two-stage back-mapping technique, as used to obtain the result in Figure  9  above, to the ACE data from CR 1955 and obtained essentially the same outcome as that shown by  Ko et al. , (2006) : their Figure  8. The corona above this site was sampled in some detail by the UVCS line-of-sight passing through the relevant plasma when the region was at the west limb, some seven days after the region crossed disc centre and released the plasma later detected by ACE. By occulting the disc, UVCS allows the detailed sampling of plasma properties above the AR/CH site with the possible disadvantage that the sampled plasma is observed about seven days after the material emitted at disc centre that was observed at ACE.
Acknowledgements The work of DHB was performed under contract with the  US Naval Research Laboratory  and was funded by the  NASA   Hinode programme. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Commission 's  Seventh Framework Programme  under the grant agreement No. 284461  (eHEROES project). DB's and LvDG's work was supported by the  STFC  Consolidated Grant  ST/H00260X/1. LvDG acknowledges the Hungarian research grant  OTKA K-081421. CHM acknowledges financial support from the  Argentinian grants UBACyT 20020100100733 (UBA)  and  PIP 2009-100766  (CONICET). CHM is member of the  Carrera del Investigador Científico (CONICET). The work of LZ was supported by  NASA  grants  NNX11AC20G ,  NNX13AH66G  and  NNX09AH72G.
We investigate new physics scenarios where systems comprised of a single top quark accompanied by missing transverse energy, dubbed monotops, can be produced at the LHC. Following a simplified model approach, we describe all possible monotop production modes via an effective theory and estimate the sensitivity of the LHC, assuming 20 fb -1 of collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, to the observation of a monotop state. Considering both leptonic and hadronic top quark decays, we show that large fractions of the parameter space are reachable and that new physics particles with masses ranging up to 1. 5 TeV can leave hints within the 2012 LHC dataset, assuming moderate new physics coupling strengths.
A detailed investigation of the monotop phenomenology at the LHC, employing the above-mentioned framework, considering both the hadronic and leptonic decay modes and focusing on the 2012 LHC run, is therefore still missing. This paper has the aim to fill this gap and provides, by means of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo event generation, a first estimate of the LHC sensitivity to monotops by making use of the 2012 dataset. We base our analysis on a simulation of 20 fb -1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV and achieve an accurate background description by using multiparton matrix-element merging techniques, precise total cross section predictions for the Standard Model background subprocesses as well as an advanced modeling of the effects yielded by a CMS-like detector.
III. 1. Simulation setup In order to investigate monotop production at the LHC, we rely on Monte Carlo simulations of the 20 fb -1 of collisions that have been produced during the 2012 run at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. Event generation for the monotop signal relies on the implementation of the Lagrangian of Eq. (2. 1) in the FeynRules package  [21, 22]  and follows the comprehensive approach for new physics proposed in Refs. [23]  that links a theory to the study of its phenomenology in a straightforward fashion. We hence export the simplified theory of Section II to the UFO format  [24]  and make use of the MadGraph 5 event generator  [18]  to simulate parton-level events including the decays of all massive Standard Model particle. Using the QCD factorization theorem, tree-level matrix elements are convoluted in this way with the leading order set of the CTEQ6 parton density fit  [19] , the renormalization and factorization scales being set to the transverse mass of the produced heavy particles.
Concerning the background, we directly employ the built-in Standard Model implementation of MadGraph 5. Parton-level events are further integrated into a full hadronic environment by matching hard scattering matrix elements with the parton showering and hadronization infrastructure provided by the Pythia 6  [25]  and Pythia 8  [26]  programs for the background and new physics processes, respectively 2. In the case of the background, we employ the k T -MLM prescription  [27]  to merge event samples described by matrix elements containing additional jets. While we allow events associated with the production of a single gauge boson to contain up to four extra jets, this number is restricted to two for any other process. In addition, tau lepton decays possibly arising from the decays of heavier states are handled with the Tauola program  [28]  and detector effects are accounted for by using the Delphes 2 package  [29]  together with the recent CMS detector description of Ref.
In this work we present a faults detection method for photovoltaic systems (PVS). This method is based on the calculation of sets of parameters of a PV module in different operating conditions, by means of a Neuro-Fuzzy approach. The PV system status is determined by evaluation and comparison of norms based on the aforementioned parameters, with threshold values. This intelligent system developed in Matlab&Simulink environment, consists on the study of the crucial information that the six parameters in normal and faulty condition contain. They are calculated using the I-V curves and synthesized by "hybrid" models. Results show that the diagnosis system is able to discern between normal and faulty operation conditions and with the same defective existence of noise and disturbances.
The detection system initially uses an I-V curves estimation by the ANFIS PV model simulator. Secondly it uses a Norm-test to generate the difference among sets of parameters calculated in different conditions at operating conditions. The diagnostic method can detect the fault and classify the specific fault type and it deals with noises and disturbances. The models of the PV system and the whole diagnostic procedure has been developed on Matlab&Simulink environment. This intelligent procedure of fault detection has been tested for a a-Si:H triple layer amorphous module (Uni-Solar ES-62T), that is installed at the MIS laboratory renewable energy platform at the University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens (France).
On other hand this type of modelling works well if there are a large number of data to be used for training. To obtain these data, we have employed a hybrid simulator PV model, implemented in Matlab Simulink/ Simscape / SimElectronics / Pspice library  [13, 14, 22]. By the hybrid model a set of I-V curves of a PV module are calculated in different operating conditions, defined by means of PV module temperature (T PV ) and global irradiation on the plane of the array (G PoA ). For each I-V curve, four parameters (I mpp ,V mpp , I sc , V oc ) are extracted. Knowing the first four parameters, we can define and calculate other two parameters named S 1 and S 2, where: -S 1 is the incremental derivative ratio calculated considering the following relevant points in the I-V curve: short current point (0; I sc ) and maximum power point (V mpp ; I mpp ); -S 2 , is the incremental derivative ratio considering the two points (V mpp ; I mpp ) and open circuit (V oc ; 0).
"Norm-test" of the six attributes of an intelligent system of faults diagnosis We have found that the Neuro-Fuzzy PV model performs well and fast in both normal and faulty conditions and we have identified it with six attributes that allow us a nearly complete knowledge of the I-V characteristic. The problem is that we used hybrid model, develop in Matlab / Simscape Environment, to simulate the behavior of the PV system (module), in this way we have neglected the impact of disturbances, that are always present in real PV systems, on the calculations of the six parameters. In fact, for example, irradiance is measured by pyrometer and cell temperatures are measured according to IEC61724 standard with a thermocouple and these signals have some noises due to both the variations of the measured variables and to measurements error.
Conclusions In this work, an intelligent fault diagnosis system, in the MATLAB&Simulink environment, has been developed. It includes: a Neuro-Fuzzy model of PV modules, I-V characteristic analysis of the six attributes, and the application of a Norm-test. The main idea of the proposed system of diagnosis and fault detection of a PV module is based on a periodical inspection of the I-V curve six parameters calculated by using an hybrid model. Through this parameters extraction we can recreate, at first, the PV system as a "Neuro-Fuzzy PV system" and, secondly, we define the theoretical PV system status by the norms evaluation in normal and faulty condition, according to a certain threshold value. Finally cataloged these norms information, the intelligent fault diagnostic system effectiveness is ready to be checked in a PV system in a real time application.
2010 , Holt and Barfield 2011 , Bocedi et al. 2013 , Henry et al. 2013 , Schiffers et al. 2013 , Bocedi et al. 2014 , Bourne et al. 2014 ). Here, we present the modeling framework ALADYN (ALlelic Adaptive DYNamics). Aladyn is a forwards-intime simulator. Unlike backwards-in-time approaches it explicitly simulates the life-cycle of individuals and allows the monitoring of changes of the genetic structure of populations over time. In contrast to most existing population genetics software (these include for example cdpop  (Landguth and Cushman, 2010) , kernelpop  (Strand and Niehaus, 2007) , Nemo  (Guillaume and Rougemont 2006) , QuantiNemo  (Neuenschwander et al. 2008) , Pedagog  (Coombs 2010) , Splatche  (Currat et al. 2004 ) and others), ALADYN allows one to describe the location and dispersal of individuals in continuous space as well as associated patters of selection (see Table  1  for a comparison of several softwares, for a more comprehensive overview see  Hoban et al.
Sample usage 4. An example for the usage of the model can be found in  Schiffers et al. (2013). Here, the effect of local adaptation to a spatially variable environmental condition on the potential for evolutionary rescue during climate change was tested. Habitat conditions were assumed to follow a fractal pattern and climate changed gradually during a period of 100 generations following an earlier stable phase. Depending on the amount of habitat heterogeneity and offspring and gamete dispersal distances, adaptation to local conditions could significantly hamper evolutionary rescue or lead to only partial rescue of the population. This example can be easily recreated with the material provided in the downloadable files. The only requirements are a C++ compiler and the program 'make'. A manual ('Readme.
e. antivenoms produced using synthetic peptides corresponding to identified epitopes as immunogens). We have showed that synthetic peptides corresponding to linear and conformational epitopes previously mapped using laboratory methods, are capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies against L. muta muta crude venom  [6, 7]. Although laboratory techniques, such as Phage display  [8]  and Spot method  [9] , are effective in identifying epitopes, they are expensive and time consuming. Therefore, computational analysis can provide a rapid method to identify functional epitopes using data routinely collected from toxins. STING Millennium Suite (SMS)  [10]  is web-based, publicly available software developed to aid researches in their quest for translating information about the structures of macromolecules into knowledge.
Molecular modeling of 3D structure of the Mut-II Mut-II 3D structure model was constructed based on its homology to atrolysin C (a hydrolase; EC 3. 4. 24. 42) bound to batimastat which is a potent metalloproteinase inhibitor (pdb code: 1dth. pdb) utilizing the Swiss-Model as described earlier  [13]. The validation was performed by Anolea tool  [14]  and the visualization of the model by the DeepView/ Swiss-PDB-Viewer software  [15]. The predicted epitope was located in the three-dimensional model of Mut-II and visualized using Swiss-PDB-Viewer package  [15].
Prediction of the epitopes by selecting amino acid residues with specific physical-chemical and structural attributes available in Blue Star Sting database Due to the rich repository of protein characteristics offered by BlueStar STING (BSS) platform  [16] [17] [18] [19] , which is the latest version of SMS, has already been used to predict enzyme class  [20] , proteinligand analysis  [21, 22] , protein mutant analysis  [23, 24] , protein-protein interaction pattern analysis  [25]  and others  [26, 27]. In this work, BSS platform was used as a tool to predict a conformational epitope of Mut-II based on its physicochemical properties. For this, we used Java Protein Dossier (JPD) module of BSS  [28]  as a tool to select amino acids, which could form possible epitopes in the 3D model of the Mut-II.
Molecular modeller and Identification of conformational epitopes We used the website BSS platform to predict/select those amino acid residues that could constitute a potential conformational epitope. The BSS itself is not a program for predicting epitopes; it is a web based software for interactive analysis of the sequence/structure/function of proteins and their complexes with DNA and ligands, allowing the user to interactively analyze molecular structures, cross-referencing visualized information with correlated attributers stored in the BSS database  [11]. BSS has a module, (the JPD)  [28]  that communicate a large set of the physicochemical properties of proteins at a residueby-residue level through a unique graphic interface. JPD currently connects to a total of 1540-numerical/textual descriptors for any given protein structure deposited in the PDB in a residue by residue manner ((8.
Neutralizing ability of anti-peptide antibodies In order to confirm it as a conformational epitope, the peptide sequence PYCQCLNKPYL was synthesized and its immunogenicity tested. The peptide was synthesized using Fmoc Chemistry Technique  [7, 29]. The N-terminal portion was acetylated and the C-terminal portion was amidated. Subsequently, it was purified by HPLC in C18 columns and the major peak was validated by mass spectrometry, having an expected monoisotopic mass of 1382. 67Da (data not shown). After, the peptide was incorporated into liposomes using the dehydration-rehydration method  [30]. Then, three New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with liposome containing the peptide. As a control, two rabbits were also immunized with empty liposomes, containing no synthetic peptides. After the first immunization, eight boosters were performed as described before.
Acknowledgments This research was supported by  Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil -CAPES  (Toxinologia N o  23038000825/2011-63 ),  Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil (FAPEMIG)  and by funds of the  INCTTOX Program  of  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil (CNPq). We would like to thank the  Núcleo de Estudo de Estrutura e Função de Biomoléculas [Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas ,  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) ,  Belo Horizonte ,  Minas Gerais , Brasil] for technical support for mass spectrometry.
In the frame of the FP7 POPDAT project the Ionosphere Waves Service (IWS) has been developed and opened for public access by ionosphere experts. IWS is forming a database, derived from archived ionospheric wave records to assist the ionosphere and Space Weather research, and to answer the following questions: How can the data of earlier ionospheric missions be reprocessed with current algorithms to gain more profitable results? How could the scientific community be provided with a new insight on wave processes that take place in the ionosphere? The answer is a specific and unique data mining service accessing a collection of topical catalogs that characterize a huge number of recorded occurrences of Whistler-like Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena, Atmosphere Gravity Waves, and Traveling Ionosphere Disturbances.
IWS online service (http://popdat. cbk. waw. pl) offers end users to query optional set of predefined wave phenomena, their detailed characteristics. These were collected by target specific event detection algorithms in selected satellite records during database buildup phase. Result of performed wave processing thus represents useful information on statistical or comparative investigations of wave types, listed in a detailed catalog of ionospheric wave phenomena. The IWS provides wave event characteristics, extracted by specific software systems from data records of the selected satellite missions. The end-user can access targets by making specific searches and use statistical modules within the service in their field of interest. Therefore the IWS opens a new way in ionosphere and Space Weather research.
At present, several new techniques are available in ionospheric data evaluation, providing the chance to assemble an integrated database, containing characteristics of different kind of ionospheric phenomena, categorized by type, by satellite mission, covering a longer time period. New data mining techniques form the base of the idea of the Ionosphere Waves Service (IWS). IWS, serving most important derivatives and characteristics of wave phenomena, with its higher level processing is thought to represent new approach of ionospheric research. In this new way the operator or end-user is provided by a processed data, searching for a specific physical phenomenon by querying the database and let predefined recognition process to run during data collection procedures. Processing the data of the satellite experiments includes some important levels: the level 1 is the raw data conversion, decoding of the control parameters, removing erroneous data records, adjustment to the universal time, etc.
This process transforms the telemetry data flow to the basic electrical signals relevant to the specific application of the onboard instrumentation as a chain of equidistant records in time. At the level 2, these records of electrical values are transformed to the real physical one by the use of the next level (calibration, etc. ) algorithms quite specific for different experiments. The idea of the IWS has been to apply third level data processing, using level 2 data as input, and with this step creating a new, unified database: the goal to achieve in the EU FP7 POP-DAT project (see more at the project official website at: http:// popdat. org). The main purpose of this level 3 processing is to offer an opportunity to the user to select specific wave categories (listed in Sect. 5) from the processed satellite data set which corresponds to the intriguing physical phenomena, by use of specifically designed software tools.
Since the wave-like phenomena are one of the most informative ''tools'' in investigating the ionosphere and huge variety of ionosphere related physical processes (e. g. atmosphere-ionosphere coupling, including possible seismo-electromagnetic effects, emissions due to wave-particle interactions), the IWS database has been selected to include 3rd level processed waves, in general transients. These wave-like phenomena cover a wide range of known phenomena in the plasma, from propagating VLF signals to ion density variations at different scales, or ''double layer'' structures in quasi DC electric field, etc. This level 3 of data processing requires a priori knowledge about the selected wave type to be processed, and the specific algorithm to be adjusted accordingly. Data processing covers here mass wave recognition, detection, and first-order automatic derivation of wave characteristics in level 1 and 2 data sets, detailed in Section 3.
Besides date, time, and satellite location, set of event specific parameters are determined and stored during the processing. Interested reader (potential user) finds detailed description on IWS database items, query options at the service website (http://popdat. cbk. waw. pl). The current level of information technologies reveal realistic opportunities, level 3 data mining to be used over sets of data taken from different satellites at different places and times, combined with sort of solar-geophysical data. The aim of the IWS is not that it would include any new kind or set of measured data, but serving purely the derived parameters of described wave-like phenomena, obtained by specific algorithms. All processed data are archived, stem from not operational missions. IWS assists to gather and serve new information out of them, especially for comparative/statistical studies.
Satellite missions interesting in ionosphere investigations Since the beginning of the satellite investigations of the Earth and Earth's environment more than 20 satellites were launched for the investigation of the ionosphere. Table  1  contains the list of a subset of satellites, providing direct waveform records and/ or particle data, which could be involved for the investigations In the upper picture several fractional hop whistlers appeared and accompanied to the first fractional-hop (0 + ) whistler appeared the more dispersed second trace of a trapezoid whistler pair. In the lower picture (proton and helium) ion whistlers are also seen where the proton whistler has the higher and the helium whistler has the lower upper frequency asymptote, according to H/He gyro-frequencies. of transient phenomena in the ionosphere and therefore it was necessary to investigate the possible application of the recorded data sets of these missions during the creation of the IWS.
During the creation of the IWS the first step was a critical review of this list of satellites to select the most appropriate satellite missions in data base buildup point of view. The broadening of the satellite list in the future after the start of the operation of the IWS is already possible, however, in the first step we must have used only the fully available data sets. This means that the incorporation the data of new satellite missions which are in operation at this time or will start in the near future is also possible. The selection criteria of a satellite mission, preferable for the creation of the IWS are the following: In general the accessibility and availability of recorded data sets was one important criterion. For example the APEX (USSR) mission was a considerable space project.