dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments We thank  Servier Medical Art  (http://www. servier. com/Powerpoint-image-bank)for providing drawings used in Figure 1. Work in the laboratory of P. C. is supported by the  Institut Pasteur  ( Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules ), the  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale  ( Unité 604 ), the  Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique  ( Unité Sous Contrat 2020 ), the  Fondation Les Mousquetaires  and an  European Research Council   Advanced Grant  ( BacEpiCell 670823 ). The Imagopole is part of the FranceBioImaging infrastructure supported by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-10-INSB-04-01 , " Investments for the Future ") and is grateful to supports by  Conseil de la Region Ile-de-France  (program Sesame 2007, project  Imagopole  to S.
S. ) and from the  Fondation Française pour la Recherche Médicale  ( FRM, Programme Grands Equipements  to N. A. ). J. E. is supported by the  Institut Pasteur  ( PTR-460 ), by the  Institut Pasteur Carnot-MIE program  and by an  European Research Council   Starting Grant  ( RuptEffects 261166 ). J. P. C. is supported by the  Institut Pasteur  ( PTR-460  and  PTR-521 ) and by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-15-CE15-0017 ). P. C. and J. E. acknowledge the  LabEx consortium IBEID. P. C. is a  Howard Hughes Medical Institute Senior International Research Scholar.
15. 15 Remove the DPBS and add 30 μl of 10 μM nuclei dye Draq5. Incubate during 30 min in the dark. 16. Discard the Draq5 solution and wash with 150 μl DPBS. 17. Eliminate the DPBS and leave samples in 100 μl of new DPBS. 18. Acquisition of fixed samples is performed using the automated spinning disk confocal microscope Opera QEHS (PerkinElmer Technologies). The following sequence is used: firstly, CCF4 (excitation/emission [ex/em] 405/535 and 405/450 nm on two separate cameras) and secondly, Draq5 (ex/em 640/690). 23 fields, correspond roughly to 6000 cells, are acquired per well using a 10x air objective (numerical aperture: 0. 4). Recorded images (Figure 3) are transferred to a Columbus database (PerkinElmer Technologies) for storage, management and analysis (see Note 14). 19. Feature extraction was performed for each individual cell by using integrated Columbus building block routines (see Note 14).
Together, they highlight one paradoxical feature of the Gulliver theme: the tendency to anthropomorphize alterscaled worlds. The "change in perspective" is thus frequently minimal, as compared, for instance, to Gulliver's Travels: smaller worlds in many books and movies are essentially the same as the human-scaled world in terms of social and cognitive features. Along with many features already reported above (summarized in the next section), science-fiction's usage of the Gulliver theme adds, as expected, many elements derived from the sciences, such as considerations on the interaction of gravitational and surface tension forces, the physics of the shrinking process (do atoms themselves shrink, or is the distance between them reduced?), the issue of the relationship between sense data and altered sense organs (how would diminished retinas and brains capture and interpret unaltered photons?), and, more interestingly for the field of architectonic embodiment, the altered experience of time during body-environment scaling alterations (see e.
To reinforce this foundation and favor a cross-disciplinary approach to architectonic embodiment, I have also reviewed available experimental data relevant to the psychological features of the Gulliver theme. Although mostly indirect at the moment, such evidence, assembled here for the first time, already indicates that considering body-environment scaling and its effects on the human mind is of foremost relevance and importance for architecture and related fields. The current paper also contributes to the growing field of cognitive literary studies (e. g. ,  Richardson and Steen, 2002; Pinker, 2007; Mar and Oatley, 2008). I suggest that exploring the cognitive foundations of specific genres and subgenres, as well as transversal themes such as the Gulliver theme, will enrich historical, cultural, and linguistic approaches to literature.
g. ,  Francou et al. , 2004; Favier et al. , 2004b). In this study, we developed a basic model based on variations in temperature, precipitation, and wind speed to study the glacier surface mass balance on Antizana Glacier 15 (0. 28 km 2 ; 0 o 28'S, 78 o 09'W). Melting was assessed using a typical positive degree-day approach (e. g. ,  Braithwaite, 1995; Hock, 2003) , whereas sublimation was calculated using only daily wind speeds. The model was calibrated and tested on data from Antizana Glacier 15 (see GLACIOCLIM observatory: http://www-lgge. ujf-grenoble. fr/ServiceObs/) to judge whether such a simple approach can reasonably quantify local glacier surface mass balance and the transient snowline elevation in Ecuador.
Daily temperature and precipitation We used data recorded at five meteorological stations and two tipping bucket rain gauges (Table  1  and Figure  1 ). We were able to obtain a continuous homogeneous temperature dataset at daily time scale from the temperature sensor of the glacier station located at 4,900 m a. s. l. (hereafter referred to as AWS G1 , see Table  1 ). We filled the data gaps (Table  2 ) by applying simple correlations between the daily temperature recorded at 4,900 m a. s. l. and at various neighboring stations when the stations were working simultaneously (r 2 always higher than 0. 75, Table  3 ). The stations used to fill the gaps were in order of descending priority, first AWS M1 (installed on the lateral moraine of Glacier 15 at 4,900 m a. s. l. ), second AWS G2 (installed on Glacier 15, at 5,000 m a.
s. l. ), when AWS M1 was not working, third AWS G3 (installed on a nearby glacier, Glacier 12 at 4,900 m a. s. l. ) and finally AWS M2 (installed off-glacier at 4,785 m a. s. l. ). Figure  1  and Tables  1  and 2  show the location and provide additional information for each station and explain how the continuous dataset from 2000 to 2008 was obtained. For AWS M2 and AWS G2 data, lapse rate corrections allowed us to account for the difference in elevation between the two stations and AWS G1. The quality of the temperature data was checked during regular field visits conducted approximately every 10 days to detect any AWS malfunction (i. e. failure of artificial ventilation) and by comparing with data from the closest sensors. When data were considered to be suspicious (1. 2% of a total of 3,288 days) they were not used in the present.
Wind speed used to compute sublimation Turbulent heat fluxes are known to be very sensitive to wind velocity  (Garratt, 1992). Since on Antizana Glacier 15, the latent heat (LE) and wind speed are indeed closely correlated at a daily time scale (r = -0. 79, n = 530, p = 0. 001, see Supplementary Materials, Table  S2 ), like in  Favier et al. (2008) , sublimation amounts for 2000-2008 were computed using surface wind speed recorded at the same stations as temperature (see Section 3. 1). When wind speeds were not available (18% of a total of 3,288 days), we used daily wind speed at 600 hPa available from the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis1 (NCEP1) dataset closest to Antizana volcano (77º W; 0. 2º S)  (Kalnay et al. , 1996)  (r = 0. 7 for n = 2,685 days with data). A comparison with field data at 4,900 m a.
Data used for modeling the surface energy balance The surface energy balance (SEB) was computed at 4,900 m a. s. l. for 530 days between  March 14, 2002 and August 31, 2003. Continuous data were available at the AWS G1 , except between May 2 and May 6, 2002. The sensors installed on the AWS G1 and the available data are described in  Favier et al. (2004a&b). A second data set was used to compute the surface mass balance from  January 1, 2005 to November 30, 2005. Except for incoming long-wave radiation, which was available only at AWS M1 , all the meteorological variables came from AWS G1. These results allowed us to calculate daily ablation, which was Finally, the albedo measurements collected at AWS G1 and AWS G3 were used to get information on surface state between 2000 and 2008 (Table  1&4 ).
The albedo data used in 2006 were collected at 4,900 m a. s. l. on Antizana Glacier 12 located on the south-western flank of the volcano, 3 km from Antizana Glacier 15. The slope and the aspect of the two glaciers are similar and albedo was measured at the same elevation. The sensors used for radiation measurements on the latter AWS were the same as those installed on AWS G1.
Finally, based on the application of the surface energy balance model (Section 4. 2), we calculated that melting occurring below 20 cm under the surface represented  1. 6 % of The Cryosphere Discuss. , doi:10. 5194/tc-2016 -105, 2016  Manuscript under review for journal The Cryosphere Published: 9 June 2016 c Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3. 0 License. total melt and was thus negligible. 2) The monthly mass balance and snow accumulation at 4,900 m a. s. l. from 2000 to 2008. These data allowed us to assess the thickness of the snow cover and the changes in the level of the surface due to ablation. Data from 2000 to 2003 were already used and described by  Francou et al. (2004). 3) The annual Antizana Glacier 15 climatic mass-balance profiles (hereafter referred to as b(z)) obtained in the ablation zone from field measurements and the ELA from 2000 to 2008 (available on the GLACIOCLIM and WGMS databases).
(2009) , the agreement between simulated and measured mass balance would have been much worse. In conclusion, this basic model is able to properly simulate the mass change and the melting of Antizana Glacier 15 provided that it is thoroughly calibrated using a substantial dataset, which is a prerequisite for such modeling. This study suggests that insitu measurements tend to underestimate precipitation amounts (strong undercatch of snow, especially when the weather is windy), and a significant correction is needed to assess real precipitation.
On the existing relationship between T and energy fluxes To understand which physical processes are responsible for the good performance of this basic model, we compared the basic model melting amounts (hereafter referred to as T/melting) with the different energy fluxes recorded at AWS G1. A significant correlation was found between the T/melting and the net shortwave radiation S (r = 0. 71, n = 530 days, p = 0. 001). A moving correlation coefficient (r) between S and the T/melting over 30 days revealed variations over the annual cycle but the coefficient was generally 0. 8 when temperatures underwent significant variations over a period of one month (data not shown). However, the correlation decreased when there was no variation in temperature over a longer period. An in-depth analysis of correlations between daily energy fluxes and temperature (see Supplementary Materials) revealed moderate but significant (at p = 0.
collaboration with the INAMHI (Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e HIdrología), the EPMAPS (Empresa Pública Metropolitana de Agua Potable y Boulder, Colorado, USA, from their Web site at http://www. esrl. noaa. gov/psd/. Special thanks to Marlon Calispa (EPN), Juan Carvajal and Ricardo Felix (INAMHI) for support in the office and in the field, sometimes in harsh conditions. This work was supported by a grant from LABEX OSUG@2020 (Investissements d'avenir -ANR10 LABX56). We also thank the two anonymous reviewers of the first version of this paper and Mauri Pelto for their relevant comments. The.
A country or territory's score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0-100, where 0 means that a country is perceived as highly corrupt and 100 means that it is perceived as very clean. 42  q Reflects perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. Ranges from approximately ¡2. 5 (weak governance performance) to C2. 5 (strong governance performance). 39 r Based on The Global Fund database. Th rant portfolio includes more than 1,000 programs across more than 140 countries. Grants are measured and rated against country-owned targets at each periodic disbursement of funding.
Data Collection and Synthesis We assigned each of the 17 sampled countries to an iDSI delivery partner, who gathered qualitative data for each given country following the standard reporting template (Appendix 3). iDSI partners collected and synthesized data from January through May 2014 from various sources, including selective review of published and unpublished academic and gray literature, supplemented with personal communications with key stakeholders or opinion leaders, both informal and formal (including questionnaires and semistructured interviews). We placed no other restrictions on data sources or identification of questionnaire or interview respondents. Three authors (KHV, AT, and RL) collected and synthesized the quantitative data from public data sets.
Political Commitment The countries could be categorized into three groups with respect to rational priority setting 1 : clearly established and centralized HTA institutions at different levels of maturity (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, China, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam),  2  HTA applied on an unstructured or informal basis (South Africa, India, Indonesia, Myanmar),  3  and no contribution of HTA to priority setting (Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Uganda  Probability of dying by age one per 1,000 live births. Source: Data extracted from data. worldbank. org. 24 The gross domestic product for Myanmar was extracted from data. un. org. 46.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the following individuals for their contributions:  Paul Barnsley ,  Francoise Cluzeau ,  Derek Cutler ,  Lou Garrison ,  Ursula Gideion ,  Amanda Glassman ,  Kate McQueston ,  Dominic Nkhoma ,  Tran Thi Mai Oanh ,  Natalie Phaholyothin ,  Moriah Pollock-Hawthorne ,  Paul Revill ,  Francis Ruiz ,  Yot Teerawattananon , and  Nattha Tritasavit.
31 Effective cervical cancer screening coverage for women 32 General availability of breast d /bowel e cancer screening at the primary health care level 33 Probability of premature death from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease f,34 Gini coefficient g,23 Out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of total health expenditure h,23 Incidence of catastrophic health expenditure due to out-of-pocket payments i,35 Presence of essential drugs lists 36 Presence of national clinical guidelines: National treatment guidelines for adult and pediatric treatment of HIV (year of the first record in the AIDSTAR-One database) 37 Standard treatment guidelines, national and regional osteoporosis guidelines (year of the first record in the International Osteoporosis Foundation database) 38 Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (2012) j,39 Researchers, headcounts/million population (2012) k,40 QS World University Rankings, average score top three (2012) l,40 University/industry research collaboration (2012) m,40 Statistical capacity scientific and technical journal articles (per 100,000 people) (2009) n,41 Scientific and technical journal articles (per 100,000 people) constant 2009 USD) t,43 External resources as percentage of total health expenditure (2009) Disbursements to recipient countries for health (per capita, (2011) u,44 o,23 Governance in health resource allocation Corruption perception index p,42 Government effectiveness (2012) q,39 Performance of grants by component: tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV r Health system financing HTA D health technology assessment, UHC D universal health coverage, NCDs D noncommunicable diseases.
Discussion This case report illustrates the first mutation S645P in the hot spot coding the beta glucansynthase target enzyme of the echinocandin in C. tropicalis (Genbank accession number KP313858). On the identification of species, all isolates were subcultured on CHROMagar™ Candida medium (develeped by Becton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) to ensure purity and viability. Isolates were identified at the species level by standard mycological procedures including the assimilation patterns obtained with the commercialized strips ID32C (developed by bioMérieux, Marcy-l′Etoile, France). For all Candida albicans isolates a specific PCR amplification  [15]  was performed to distinguish this species from C. dubliniensis. About sequencing, parts of the Fks ORF, containing Hotspot 1 and 2 regions, were sequenced and analyze by using primers previously described (Table  2 ).
The 7 MLST loci described by Tavanti et al. [12]  for genotyping of Candida tropicalis, were sequenced for the three isolates (CNRMA13. 526, CNRMA13. 694, CNRMA13. 778) (Table  3 ). Sequences were compared with sequences available in the online database  [16]. The three isolates have same allelic profile suggesting that they are genetically linked (Table  3 ). This profile is not known in the MLST database. In this case, a catheter was essential to the treatment of XDR TB. But the patient was used to having heroin injected. The recurrence of candidemia and the multiple species involved were puzzling, probably explained by: a wide spectrum of antibiotics and careful questioning of the patient uncovered the fact that through the CVC, he had been injecting himself with heroin during hospitalization.
The N 2 O data around 225 6 ka are from a compilation of published data from EDC  (Fluckiger et al. , 2002; Spahni et al. , 2005)   The data are splined with a nominal cut-off period of 700 yr and the resulting N 2 O concentration at 6 ka is 262 ppb. The realistic GHG concentrations used for the midHolocene PMIP4-CMIP6 experiment are different from those used in the PMIP3 experiments  (Braconnot et al. 2012). The PMIP3 experiments were designed simply to examine 230 the effects of changes in orbital forcing, and the CO 2 concentrations were therefore kept the same as the value typically used in pre-industrial experiments (280 ppm) although other GHGs were prescribed from ice-core measurements. The use of realistic values for all the GHGs in the PMIP4-CMIP6 midHolocene experiment may improve comparisons with paleoclimate reconstructions and will ensure that the midHolocene experiment is consistent with planned transient Holocene simulations (see Section 3).
325 piControl and historical simulations, it should not be included in the midHolocene and lig127k simulations. The impact of dust on the radiation balance is sensitive to the optical properties prescribed  (Perlwitz et al. , 2001) ; it is uncertain how optical properties might change during interglacials  (Potenza et al. , 2016; Royer et al. , 1983). Uncertainties in the protocol and in the interplay between dust and vegetation will be a focus of the analyses. There is no observationally-constrained estimate of the volcanic stratospheric aerosol for either the mid-Holocene or The simulations should follow the CMIP6 data request and format. For groups only contributing to PMIP, the data format and organization on the ESGF archive is the same as for CMIP6, except that the provision of daily values can 345 be limited to 2D surface variables, including temperature, precipitation and winds.
Groups are also asked to keep a 20 year period with all the output needed to force regional area-limited models, since we would like to strengthen the linkages between global and regional simulations for regional model-data comparisons. The required detailed documentation of the PMIP4-CMIP6 simulations is documented in  Kageyama et al. , 2016. Documentation should be provided via the ESDOC website and tools provided by CMIP6 (http://es-doc. org/) to 350 facilitate communication with other CMIP6 projects. This documentation should be mirrored on the PMIP4 website to facilitate linkages with non-CMIP6 simulations to be carried out in PMIP4. For the midHolocene and lig127k, the documentation should include: -A description of the model and its components; -Information on the implementation of the forcings.
565 The LIG is the most suitable of the pre-Holocene interglacial periods as a focus in PMIP4-CMIP6 because of the relative wealth of data compared to earlier interglacial periods. However, there is an order of magnitude less information than for the Holocene, and there are larger uncertainties in dating of specific events. This means that the LIG data-model comparisons will focus on large-scale features, such as the strength of the high-latitude amplification of warming and the role of snow and sea-ice feedbacks in this warming. There will also be a major 570 focus on the tropical water cycle. These analysis will exploit available datasets for the LIG which mostly document surface sea and air temperatures across the globe  (Anderson et al. , 2006; Bakker et al. , 2013; Brewer et al. , 2008; Capron et al.
5 Conclusions The PMIP4-CMIP6 midHolocene and lig127k simulations provide an opportunity to examine the impact of two different changes in radiative forcing on climate at times when other forcings were relatively similar to present. Together with planned sensitivity experiments, this focus on the two interglacials will allow us to explore the role of feedbacks in the climate system and to quantify their contribution to large-scale phenomena relevant to future 600 projections such as land-sea contrast and high-latitude amplification of temperature changes. They will also allow us to address the implications of changes in forcing and feedbacks for the tropical circulation and monsoons -again an issue that is relevant to interpreting future projections. Given that both periods have been foci for model-model and data-model comparisons during previous phases of PMIP, a major focus during CMIP6 will be on evaluating the realism of the midHolocene and lig127k simulations using a wide range of paleoenvironmental data and 605 paleoclimate reconstructions.
and new, Clim. Past Discuss. , doi:10. 5194/cp-2016-106, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Clim. Past Published: 25 October 2016 c Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3. 0 License. unpublished data measured at University of Bern using ice from Greenland (NGRIP) and Talos Dome (TALDICE).
The outputs stored in the CMIP6 database should be representative of the equilibrium climates of the midHolocene and lig127k time periods. A minimum of 100 years of output is required to be uploaded for each simulation (usually the final 100 years of the simulation). However, given the increasing interest in analyzing multi-decadal variability (e. g. 340Wittenberg, 2009) and the availability of reconstructions of ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) and other modes of variability (see Sect. 3), modeling groups are encouraged to provide outputs for at least 500 years if possible.
3) Modern Same as piControl Same as piControl Vegetation (2. 5) CMIP DECK piControl Prescribed or interactive as Prescribed or interactive as in piControl in piControl Aerosols (2. 6) CMIP DECK piControl Prescribed or interactive as Prescribed or interactive as in piControl in piControl Dust, Volcanic, etc. 1135 1 More information on the CMIP DECK piControl and CMIP6 historical protocols can be found at: http://www. wcrp-climate. org/wgcm-cmip/wgcm-cmip6 2 Datasets for midHolocene and lig127k are available on the PMIP4 web page:.