dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
0 ± 0. 3 ms after the end of the early evoked MUA period. The late evoked MUA was assessed within the following 20 ms time window. Statistical analysis was performed using the Matlab Statistics toolbox. The two-side Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed to assess the significance of differences between groups of data with the level of significance kept at p < 0. 05. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was used to describe linear relation between variables.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Monte Carlo Simulation Pharmacokinetic modeling was carried out using commercially available software (Phoenix NLME version 7. 0, Certara, St. Louis, MO, United States). A nonlinear mixed effects (NLME) approach was used to generate Pop PK parameter estimates. Twoand three-compartment models were evaluated to identify the model that best described the dataset. After visual inspection of plots for all dogs showing a polyphasic decay of plasma concentration vs. time, data were fitted with a two or three-compartment models. The two concurrent models were then compared using the likelihood ratio test (LRT) that is appropriate when models are nested (one model is a subset of another) and have different numbers of parameters. The critical value of the χ2 distribution to consider was obtained using Excel (Microsoft Office 2016) to estimate the risk of type one.
, 2017). A large number of dogs were enrolled in the study (n = 78) with variable characteristics reflecting the target clinical population of dogs undergoing surgery. Only 19 dogs were healthy, and among the diseased dogs, 60% were oncologic patients. Many different breeds were represented in the study together with a large number of mongrels, accounting for the wide variability encountered in clinical practice. Many blood samples were taken from each animal; thus, the large availability of data (n = 629 samples) made its analysis reliable, especially for the estimation of the BSV that require a minimal number of samples per animal to avoid an ETA-shrinkage, i. e. , the individual parameter estimates "shrink" back toward the population parameter estimate  (Karlsson and Savic, 2007). In the present trial, all ETA-shrinkages were rather low giving confidence in the value of the individual EBE (individual ETA) and post hoc computations.
The availability of genomic data from extinct homini such as Neanderthals has caused a revolution in palaeontology allowing the identification of modern human-specific protein substitutions. Currently, little is known as to how these substitutions alter the proteins on a molecular level. Here, we investigate adenylosuccinate lyase, a conserved enzyme involved in purine metabolism for which several substitutions in the modern human protein (hADSL) have been described to affect intelligence and behaviour. During evolution, modern humans acquired a specific substitution (Ala429Val) in ADSL distinguishing it from the ancestral variant present in Neanderthals (nADSL). We show here that despite this conservative substitution being solvent exposed and located distant from the active site, there is a difference in thermal stability, but not enzymology or ligand binding between nADSL and hADSL.
Therefore, glycine substitutions of surface exposed residues distant from the active site were suggested to be used to fine-tune the enzymatic parameters of protein homologues  29, 30. Interestingly, these substitutions are commonly found in regions or domains whose mobility is necessary for catalysis. In this, it reflects the ADSL Ala429Val substitution. An effect of the Ala429Val substitution on the dynamics of domain 3 would also be consistent with the observed difference in SAXS curve between the product (AMP/fumarate) bound proteins. The biophysical and biochemical analysis presented here of an enzyme that differ between modern humans and extinct homini fits well in a synergetic approach, in combination with genetic data and in vivo/in cellulo studies, to study the impact of these proteins on the human evolution.
The flow-through of these columns was concentrated and applied on a Superdex 200 (GE Healthcare) size exclusion chromatography column run in 10 mM HEPES pH 7. 5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT. ADSL eluted as a single peak at an elution volume corresponding to the molecular weight of an ADSL tetramer. Fractions corresponding to this peak were pooled, concentrated and stored at -20 °C. Due to the appearance of precipitation during the thrombin cleavage of the hADSL mutant D422Y, the thermal shift assay and enzymatic assay (Fig. 6  and Table  S5 ) of the domain 3 mutants (and the control native nADSL and hADSL proteins) were performed with samples not treated with thrombin. Comparison of the obtained data from native nADSL and hADSL with the data obtained from thrombin treated samples showed that the presence of the Histidine-tag did not influence the stability nor enzymology of the proteins.
Isothermal titration calorimetry. ITC experiments were performed in triplicate with a MicroCal ITC200 Instrument (GE Healthcare). The product AMP at a concentration of 1 mM (solubilised in 10 mM HEPES pH 7. 5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT) was titrated into the cell containing 90 µM hADSL or nADSL at 20 °C. For each experiment a preliminary 1 μL injection (not included in data analysis) was followed by 20 injections of 2 μL each at a stirring speed of 800 rpm and in intervals of 180 seconds. The data were fitted using MicroCal Origin version 7. 0. A blank measurement in which AMP was titrated into the cell containing only buffer displayed a very low heat of dilution for AMP and no apparent binding signal (Fig. S3 ).
Acknowledgements We wish to acknowledge the use of beam time at the Structural Biology beam lines at the  ESRF (Grenoble, France)  through the in-house research programme and thank  Dr. Caroline Mas  for support with the ITC experiments and the  EMBL High Throughput Crystallisation laboratory at Grenoble, France  for carrying out the high throughput crystallisation screens. This work used the platforms of the Grenoble Instruct centre (ISBG;  UMS 3518 CNRS-CEA-UJF-EMBL ) with support from  FRISBI  ( ANR-10-INSB-05-02 ) and  GRAL  ( ANR-10-LABX-49-01 ) within the  Grenoble Partnership for Structural Biology  (PSB). K. M. and S. P. were supported by the  Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group.
Data Availability The described crystal structures are accessible through the Protein Data Bank with PDB code 5NX8 for apo nAD-SL, PDB code 5NX9 for AMP/fumarate bound nADSL and PDB code 5NXA for AICAR/fumarate bound nADSL. The SAXS data is deposited in the Small Angle Scattering Biological Data Bank (SASBDB) under the project name 'Human and Neanderthal Adenylosuccinate lyase'. All other data are available on request from the authors.
For each material (e. g PVC, PE and PE/PVC), average recovery percentage was calculated. Percentage recovery of product ¼ measured product concentration over original product concentration Â 100 ð3Þ The cumulative amount of insulin and preservatives over the first eight hours was measured and compared to the theoretical amount so as to identify the amount administered to patients. The amount at the end of infusion (at T24h) was also measured. Statistical analysis. After a Shapiro-Wilk normality test, data were compared by nonparametric tests. For each compound, the AUC of the three materials was compared by a Kruskall-Wallis test. This test assessed insulin delivery with each extension set. In the presence of a significant p value (< 0. 05), an analysis using the Conover and Iman method with Bonferroni correction was made to detect significant differences between couples of extension sets.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This chapter reworks and updates the information published in the FIGO Cancer Report 2015 ( Bermudez A, Bhatla N, Leung E. Cancer  of the cervix uteri. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2015;131(Suppl. 2): S88-95 ),with approval granted by the original authors. Dr Jayashree Natarajan 's help in reviewing the literature is gratefully acknowledged.
FUNDING This work was supported by grants from the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  ( ANR-CRCNS Dopaciumcity ) and the  LabEx Paris-Sciences et Lettres  (PSL). AM was supported by the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  (FRM). KB and JJ-S were supported by the joint  NIH-NSF CRCNS program  through  NIAAA  grant  R01DA03889.
Stimulation The hairy side of the rat left forepaw was glued on a plate placed in a nearly vertical plane, perpendicularly to the table supporting the animal, and formed a natural angle with the forearm. The tips of shafts of custom-made electromagnetic stimulators were placed on the glabrous side of each of four fingertips with the help of a binocular microscope. The probes contacting the skin had a 1-mm 2 surface area. These devices were individually controlled via a custom-made Matlab (RRID:SCR_001622) program via a PCI acquisition board (National Instruments). Stimulation consisted of ϳ200 -300-m-square-wave pulse indentation and lasted 20 ms. The stimulation of single digits (D2, D3, D4, and D5) was randomized with the costimulation of two digits (D2D3, D2D4, and D2D5).
Electrophysiology Neural activity was acquired extracellularly using a 16-channel tungsten microelectrode array (MEA, Alpha-Omega). A reference and a ground electrode are located near electrode 1 and 8, respectively, reducing the uncertainty about the source location of the recorded LFP signal  (Kajikawa and Schroeder, 2011). Two neighboring electrodes were separated by 250 m. The 2 rows of 8 electrodes were also separated by 250 m. The signal was amplified, filtered, and digitized with a commercially available neurophysiological system [multichannel acquisition processor (MAP), Plexon]. LFPs (1-200 Hz at 1 kHz) and spiking activity (400 -5000 Hz at 22,000 kHz) were stored, single units were isolated, and the discrimination of waveforms was performed online, then refined offline using principal component analysis with commercially available software (Offline Sorter, Plexon).
Analysis of unitary responses For each unit, the mean evoked firing rate was extracted within a 40-ms time window starting 10 ms after the stimulation was delivered. The probability of response was also used, treating trials in which at least one action potential was fired within the 40-ms time window as positives, and those without any as negatives. A binomial test on these binary values was performed on each unit to determine its responsiveness to our stimuli, and possible differences between the responses to two different stimuli. A binomial distribution parameters estimate was made for each unit response to every stimulus, to determine a 95% confidence interval encompassing the real value of positive response probability (Matlab binofit function, using the Clopper-Pearson method). The decision was made by comparing the probability of a response to one stimulus with the interval from the binomial parameter estimate of another response.
Decoding analysis Decoding was performed using the k nearest neighbors (KNN) method from Matlab (fitcknn function). The procedure involved two steps: learning and testing. For n neurons, the learning step is to build an n-dimensional space to which all training trials are projected. Neural responses were simplified to binary values, according to the presence or absence of an action potential in a 40-ms time window starting 10 ms after the stimulus. Therefore, each trial was an n-length vector of 1s and 0s. For the testing step, in which predictions were made, test trials were projected in that N-dimensional space containing all training trials, and the most frequent label within the k nearest neighbors is predicted for the test trial. The cortical surface assigned to the representation of each digit followed a D2-D5 gradient, with D2 being the widest.
Each trial consisted of 256 100 ϫ 100-pixel images acquired at a 333-Hz rate with a high-speed CMOS based camera (MiCAM Ultima). Recordings blocks alternated trials with (stim trials) and without (blank trials) stimulation. A Gaussian filter with a 1-pixel-wide SD was applied to smooth the data in both spatial dimensions of the frame. Evoked activation was retrieved by dividing the signal from consecutive stim and blank trials. The latencies of the evoked activation for each pixel were computed (Fig. 8B ). We started by detecting, for each pixel, the frame for which the relative fluorescence changes (DF/F) value was significantly larger than baseline (t test, p Ͻ 0. 05) and extracted the first-order linear relation by using the previously extracted DF/F and the DF/F corresponding to the frame T -1: F ϭ at ϩ b, where t is the time (in milliseconds) and F is the DF/F value.
Units LFPs provide information about the distribution of synaptic inputs within layer 4. To gain insights into the spatial representation of costimulation, we investigated the discharge properties of single units in this layer. Of the 450 units recorded and sorted, 152 showed a significant response to at least one of the control stimuli, i. e. , singledigit stimulation. The input increase suggested by our LFP data was paired with an increase in the response probability of units (Wilcoxon test, p ϭ 0. 0001; Fig. 3A, B ). Before analyzing the spatial representation (digit location) embedded in the discharge of the recorded units, we needed to characterize their response properties. The large majority of units' responses to any digit stimulation was a single spike (84%; Fig. 1C ). Hence, the probability of responding was used in the subsequent analyses.
Inspection of the MNHN catalog indicated that one further individual was exchanged with H. von Berlepsch in 1892 and is now cataloged in the Senckenberg Museum (SMF 78404). We here provide the first biometric data for the Cambodian/Vietnamese populations of O. ruficeps as well as preliminary genetic evidence for its distinctiveness from other Orthotomus populations in South-east Asian mainland. We also included in the genetic analyses three individuals of O. atrogularis nitidus Hume, 1874. This mainland subspecies was not included in the genetic analyses of  Mahood et al. (2013)  for the description of O. chaktomuk. Instead, only one individual of O. a. atrogularis from Singapore was included. Yet, several studies now showed that the populations distributed south of the Isthmus of Kra are genetically very differentiated from populations distributed north of the Isthmus  (Sheldon et al.
Molecular data We extracted DNA from toe pads of nine specimens housed in the collections of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN, Table  2 ) using the Qiagen DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Inc), following the manufacturer's protocol or the modified protocol described in  Zuccon and Ericson (2010)  for the toe-pad samples. We obtained complete sequences for the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase II (ND2) gene by performing several overlapping PCR (size 200-250 bp) using specific primers designed in this study (Additional file 1: Table  S1 ). The amplification profile was: initial denaturation 5 min at 95 °C, followed by 35-40 cycles of denaturation 30 s at 95 °C, annealing 30 s at 57 °C, extension 45 s at 72 °C, with a final extension of 5 min at 72 °C. PCR products were cleaned using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) and run on an ABI Prism 3100 automated DNA sequencer (Perkin-Elmer Applied Biosystems).
Biometry Measurements were taken on specimens housed in the MNHN and the Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM) from O. sericeus (n = 12), O. atrogularis (n = 50), O. ruficeps (n = 23) and O. sepium (n = 10) for five characters: culmen length (to skull insertion), bill width at posterior edge of nostril, bill height at posterior edge of nostril, tarsus length (both sides) and wing chord (both sides). All measurements were taken by JF using a wingrule (measurements to the nearest 0. 5 mm) and a caliper (measurements to the nearest 0. 1 mm) (data available in Additional file 1: Table  S2 ). The average measurement was taken for the tarsus length and the longest measurement was taken for the wing length for the further analyses. We performed a principal component analysis in R, using the prcomp function, on all taxa.
ruficeps borneoensis and O. ruficeps cineraceus (1. 3%). The sister-species relationship between O. ruficeps ssp. and O. sepium was strongly supported (PP: 1. 0). O. chaktomuk was nested within O. atrogularis, the two taxa forming a strongly supported clade (PP: 1. 0). Among the four newly sequenced O. atrogularis individuals,  MNHN ZO 1989-120, collected   S1 ), suggesting that the three taxa could not be differentiated using these two loci. Fig. 2  The 50% majority rule consensus rule tree resulting from the Bayesian analysis of the ND2 gene (only unique haplotypes are included). Numbers close to nodes refer to posterior probabilities greater than 0. 95. Number close to nodes refer to Genbank accession numbers excepted for the newly sequenced individuals (MNHN ZO codes) Results from the molecular species delimitations methods indicate that eleven species could be recognized in Orthotomus, as opposed to the thirteen recently proposed  (Sheldon et al.
Description of holotype We used the colour designations from Smithe (1975; corresponding number in parentheses) when relevant. Forehead, lores, ear-coverts and legs TAWNY (38), rectrices, primaries, secondaries, crown and nape CINNAMON BROWN (33) back and rump DARCK NEUTRAL GRAY (83), flanks and sides LIGHT NEUTRAL GRAY (85) chin, throat, and abdomen white and washed with MEDIUM NEUTRAL GRAY (84). The mitochondrial ND2 locus was sequenced for the holotype (Genbank Accession Number MH507592).
Paratype. MNHN ZO 1866-573 (Fig. 6) Adult female collected by Louis Rodolphe Germain (collector number 170) on the 28 February 1864 in 'Cochinchina' , corresponding now to southern Vietnam. Measurements: left/right tarsus: 17. 7/18. 0 mm, left/ right wing-chord: 46/46 mm, culmen length: 16. 0 mm, bill-width at anterior end of nostril 3. 0 mm, bill-depth at anterior end of nostril 2. 9 mm. The mitochondrial sequence of ND2 of the paratype MNHN ZO 1866-573 (Genbank Accession Number: MH507590) differs by two substitutions from that of the holotype.
Paratype. MNHN ZO 1882-742 Adult male collected by Louis Rodolphe Germain (collector number 170) on the 29 February 1864 in 'Cochinchina' , corresponding now to southern Vietnam. Measurements: left/right tarsus: 19. 2/19. 5. 0 mm, left/ right wing-chord: 53/52 mm, culmen length: 17. 6 mm, bill-width at anterior end of nostril 3. 0 mm, bill-depth at anterior end of nostril 3. 2 mm. The mitochondrial sequence of ND2 of the paratype MNHN ZO 1882-742 (Genbank Accession Number: MH507594) differs by two substitutions from that of the holotype and is identical to that of the paratype MNHN ZO-1866-573.
Acknowledgements We are very grateful to  U. Johansson  ( NRM ) for access to the NRM collection and  I. Bisang  and  E. Dock  for help with the Synthesys grant. M. Päckert  and  G. Mayr  provided information for the specimen housed at the  Senckenberg Museum. This work was supported by  'Service de Systématique Moléculaire'  ( UMS2700 Outils et Méthodes de la Systématique intégrative, MNHN ). Help during laboratory work was kindly provided by  C. Bonillo ,  D. Gey  and  J. Lambourdière  ( UMS2700 , MNHN). P. Bousses (MNHN) provided the photos of the specimens.
Availability of data and materials Newly generated data have been deposited in Genbank (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov). Biometric data analysed in this study are listed in Supplementary Table  2  (Additional file 1: Table  S2 ). All specimens examined and measured are deposited in the collection of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) and Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM).
It is foreseeable that if a small amount of O 2 is mixed in the c-C 4 F 8 /N 2 mixture, the gas insulation performance will be greatly affected. In order to test the effect of O 2 on the self-recovery characteristics of c-C 4 F 8 /N 2 gas, 30 consecutive breakdown tests were carried out on c-C 4 F 8 /N 2 gas with O 2 content from 0 to 3% with test interval 5min. Figure  6  shows the breakdown voltage of the gas mixture with the breakdown times. The initial breakdown voltage of the mixed gas without O 2 is 26. 2kV and the 30th breakdown voltage is 26. 0kV, which shows the relative breakdown voltage value decreases by 0. 76%. The linear fitting of the data points shows that the rate of change of the fitted curve is -0. 00537, that is, with the increase of the number of breakdown, there is no obvious change on the breakdown voltage of the mixed gas.
1. The IEEE 1687 standard allows to split the scan chains accessible through the JTAG's Test Access Port (TAP), and to program their configuration; in this way, the designer can flexibly choose the best trade-off between different parameters, such as area or access time. The newest version of the IEEE 1149. 1 standard  [3]  also describes ways to design RSNs within a circuit. Typical RSNs are composed of chains of flip flops interleaved with special modules (called Segment Insertion Bits (SIBs) and ScanMuxes (SMs) by the IEEE 1687 standard), allowing to dynamically split the whole chain into segments that may be connected in series or in parallel, and to support a faster and more efficient access to the resources; the user first configures the network, selecting the subset of instruments to be accessed and shifting-in a proper sequence of bits to program the SIBs and SMs, then uses the network to serially read and write the flip-flops belonging to the currently active segments.
Some heuristics are considered in order to match configurations which may reduce the cost. For example, states representing configurations in which accessible SIBs that provide access to the deepest hierarchical level are not asserted may increase the number of required sessions and therefore the cost. Additionally, configurations in which a SIB is still asserted while already being fully tested together with its subhierarchical modules increase the cost. Not setting minimal path length configuration of a ScanMuxes that is fully tested together with its sub-hierarchical modules increases the cost. Experimental evaluations indicate that such extensions are not quite beneficial, but the designers may explicitly add relevant states to this state or provide any additional heuristic.
The tool supports network structure extraction from files in different formats including ICL. Moreover, the tool is able to distinguish all faults that are undetectable, due to the inability to produce any difference in the path length. For example, faults affecting SIB modules that do not have any register or any other module on their branch are considered to be undetectable. Additionally, faults affecting ScanMux modules that have registers of equal lengths on their branches are also considered as undetectable, again taking into account the faut model that was used in this approach. However, there is only a small number of undetectable faults in the set of benchmark networks that were used to evaluate the algorithm,for which we provide details in Table  Table  V. [14] , A DEPTH-FIRST ALGORITHM  [11] , AND AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH  [13]  The cost of every configuration phase expressed in clock cycles has been increased by five (JTAG overhead)  [13].
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This is an extension of the paper published in ITC Asia 2018, which is selected as one of the top three papers from  ITC   Asia 2018  to appear in ITC special session on ITC Asia. This work has been partially supported by the  European Commission  through the  Horizon 2020 RESCUE-ETN project  under the  Marie Skodowska-Curie  grant agreement No. 722325.