dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
(2001)  analysed the central 100 kpc of this cluster and found an irregular X-ray emission (their Fig. 1 ) very similar to the structure seen in our kT map. Morris & Fabian (2005)  showed that EPIC fits to the central region are consistent with a cooling flow of around 100 solar masses per year. The Chandra observations reveal a central (< 30 kpc) X-ray cavity that is not detected in XMM-Newton data due to the PSF  (Tremblay et al. 2012). These authors also present evidence that in spite of the presence of a central AGN there is a residual cooling-flow. • Abell 2626: This cool-core cluster has been well studied due to the presence of a radio source in its centre. Wong et al. (2008)  presented a detailed X-ray analysis (XMM-Newton and Chandra) focused on the X-ray and radio interactions. The cD galaxy IC 5338 has two nuclei and one of them has an associated hard X-ray point source.
Methods We followed the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) 2015 guidelines  [67]  for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. The study was registered: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 53388093, UK Clinical Research Network ID: 19502, and the protocol published before database lock and statistical analysis. The objectives described in the protocol not reported here (e. g. 12-week outcomes) will be disseminated separately.
Results Study recruitment commenced on 19 October 2015 and was completed on 30 December 2016, with final followup data collection and locking of the database on 29 June 2017. Four thousand nine hundred twenty-eight patients were eligible, from whom 843 individuals (17. 1%) were recruited across the three sites and 2 withdrew before data collection, leaving 841 with data for analysis of whom 19 withdrew, 3 lost contact, 32 were classified as indeterminate from the reference standard data, and 2 had a missing outcome. Therefore, 785 individuals were included in the analyses (Fig. 3 ). Recruitment did not reach the target of 900 through a combination of a lower than expected rate of recruitment and a limit to the available recruitment period. However, the number recruited allowed for adequate power to test the main hypotheses as confirmed by the study statisticians and the Trial Steering Committee.
It is possible that the simpler binary assessment tended to a lower level of positive score than the more complex and nuanced reference standard assessment process. Additionally, the bedside element of the 4AT (items 1-3) usually takes less than 1 min, as compared to around 20 min for the reference standard assessment. This gives more opportunity in the reference standard assessment for the observation of reduced arousal as well as fluctuation of symptoms. Further planned analyses of the present dataset will explore the relationships of individual test components of the 4AT (and the CAM) to the overall test score and components of the reference standard. In this study, the CAM showed very high specificity and modest sensitivity for delirium. The high specificity is aligned with prior studies, the vast majority of which have found specificities of over 90%.
The protocol was published in advance of database lock and analysis, and the study reporting adhered to the STARD guidelines. Some limitations of this study should be acknowledged. In this study, only 17% of those eligible for recruitment were recruited, mostly due to patients declining to participate or no person available to provide proxy consent. The delirium rate was 12. 1% according to the reference standard; prior studies have estimated that the prevalence of delirium in patients aged 70 or above at the early stages of hospital admission likely ranges from 10 to 20%  [84]. The recruitment process, which required consenting (often from a proxy), may have led to a sample with a moderately lower delirium prevalence than in clinical populations. This is a known limitation of delirium studies requiring consent  [85].
Future studies could seek to compare the performance of the 4AT with other delirium assessment tests, such as the Single Question in Delirium (SQiD)  [60] , the Delirium Triage Screen  [86] , the brief CAM (bCAM)  [86, 87] , the 3D-CAM  [88] , and the Simple Query for Easy Evaluation of Consciousness (SQeeC)  [64]. Studies could also evaluate the value of the individual items of the 4AT. This is an important issue because though ideally informant history is used to make a diagnosis of delirium, in a substantial proportion of patients, such history is not available at the point of the initial assessment or even during the inpatient stay  [35, 38]. Additionally, the extent of real-world use in large clinical datasets including rates of positive scores should be evaluated. For example, the 4AT is mandated to assess for postoperative delirium in all acute hip fracture patients in the National Health Service in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland; in 2017, 86% of 63,471 patients were assessed with the 4AT, with 25% showing a positive score  [89].
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all the patients and carers who have taken the time to take part in the study. We would also like to thank all the  NHS  staff who supported the study in the three sites. The authors acknowledge the help of the Trial Steering Committee. We thank all the administrative staff in the three study sites for their support. We thank  Dr. Valentina Assi  for contributing to the statistical analyses. We acknowledge the help of the  Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit. We thank  Miranda Odam ,  Mia Paderanga , and  Louise Ross  from the  Emergency Medicine Research Group of Edinburgh (EMERGE). We thank the research nurses and other research staff in the Clinical Research Facilities who took part in the recruitment and testing.
Special markers were glued to the beam, and a movie was recorded with the Panasonic 4K camera (Panasonic Corporation, Osaka, Japan). Next, frames were processed in a GOM Correlate software (2016, GOM GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany). After executing all of the operations, it was possible to read out the vertical displacements of the points. The results were correlated with those obtained from the testing machine, based on a relative vertical displacement of the rolls (δ), which was measured in both cases. The DIC method enabled to capture relations between the several important parameters as λ, ψ, and η, which are marked in Figure  4. The relations ψ(δ), λ(δ), and η(δ) are presented in Figure  5. On the basis of the tests, a diagram for relations P(δ) and P(CSD) was created. It is presented in Figure  3.
Special markers were glued to the beam, and a movie was recorded with the Panasonic 4K camera (Panasonic Corporation, Osaka, Japan). Next, frames were processed in a GOM Correlate software (2016, GOM GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany). After executing all of the operations, it was possible to read out the vertical displacements of the points. The results were correlated with those obtained from the testing machine, based on a relative vertical displacement of the rolls (δ), which was measured in both cases. The DIC method enabled to capture relations between the several important parameters as λ, ψ, and η, which are marked in Figure  4. The relations ψ(δ), λ(δ), and η(δ) are presented in Figure  5. In parallel, there were performed simple measurements with DIC method. Special markers were glued to the beam, and a movie was recorded with the Panasonic 4K camera (Panasonic Corporation, Osaka, Japan).
Next, frames were processed in a GOM Correlate software (2016, GOM GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany). After executing all of the operations, it was possible to read out the vertical displacements of the points. The results were correlated with those obtained from the testing machine, based on a relative vertical displacement of the rolls (δ), which was measured in both cases. The DIC method enabled to capture relations between the several important parameters as λ, ψ, and η, which are marked in Figure  4. The relations ψ(δ), λ(δ), and η(δ) are presented in Figure  5. The parameter η might be defined as a beam deflection in the middle of the span. The parameter ψ described a deformation which was caused by the timber crushing near the top machine roll. The parameter λ was similar to the previous one but described a deformation near the bottom machine roll.
FEM Model Assumptions To model the behavior of the GLT beam in a plane stress, the authors proposed to use Simulia ABAQUS software (2019, Dassault Systemes, Paris, France). A constitutive law for a plane stress orthotropic timber material (Equation (1) and Figure  6 ) was defined as in  [18]  and  [22] :    The parameter η might be defined as a beam deflection in the middle of the span. The parameter ψ described a deformation which was caused by the timber crushing near the top machine roll. The parameter λ was similar to the previous one but described a deformation near the bottom machine roll. The influence of crushing was especially significant in the case of the tested softwood, where the damage processes in a transversal direction started very early.                             - - =          .
FEM Model Assumptions To model the behavior of the GLT beam in a plane stress, the authors proposed to use Simulia ABAQUS software (2019, Dassault Systemes, Paris, France). A constitutive law for a plane stress orthotropic timber material (Equation (1) and Figure  6 ) was defined as in  [18]  and  [22] :  The parameter η might be defined as a beam deflection in the middle of the span. The parameter ψ described a deformation which was caused by the timber crushing near the top machine roll. The parameter λ was similar to the previous one but described a deformation near the bottom machine roll. The influence of crushing was especially significant in the case of the tested softwood, where the damage processes in a transversal direction started very early.                             - - =          .
FEM Model Assumptions To model the behavior of the GLT beam in a plane stress, the authors proposed to use Simulia ABAQUS software (2019, Dassault Systemes, Paris, France). A constitutive law for a plane stress orthotropic timber material (Equation (1) and Figure  6 ) was defined as in  [18]  and  [22] :  The parameter η might be defined as a beam deflection in the middle of the span. The parameter ψ described a deformation which was caused by the timber crushing near the top machine roll. The parameter λ was similar to the previous one but described a deformation near the bottom machine roll. The influence of crushing was especially significant in the case of the tested softwood, where the damage processes in a transversal direction started very early.    ε 11 ε 22 γ 12    =    1 E 1 -ν 12 E 1 0 -ν 21 E 2 1 E 2 0 0 0 1 G 12       σ 11 σ 22 τ 12    (1).
FEM Model Assumptions To model the behavior of the GLT beam in a plane stress, the authors proposed to use Simulia ABAQUS software (2019, Dassault Systemes, Paris, France). A constitutive law for a plane stress orthotropic timber material (Equation (1) and Figure  6 ) was defined as in  [18]  and  [22] :  Hashin damage initiation criteria  [7, 8] , are described below and given by the formulas (2-5). The particular strengths of the timber f t,1 , f c,1 , f t,2 , f c,2 , and f v,12 are defined in Table  1  in Chapter 2. The parameter determining shear participation in the fibers rupture if the tension was set α = 1 as defined in  [8]. The names of the failure modes are adopted from the paper  [9]. The timber's fibers rupture in tension is described with equation:                             - - =           σ 11 f t,1 2 + τ 12 f v,12 2 = 1 f or σ 11 ≥ 0 (2) The timber's fibers buckling and kinking in compression is expressed by formula: σ 11 f c,1 2 = 1 f or σ 11 < 0 (3) The timber's matrix cracking under transverse tension and shearing is described with equation: σ 22 f t,2 2 + τ 12 f v,12 2 = 1 f or σ 22 > 0 (4) The timber's matrix crushing under transverse compression and shearing is expressed by formula: f c,2 2 f v,12 2 -1 σ 22 f c,2 + σ 22 2 f v,12 2 + τ 12 f v,12 2 = 1 f or σ 22 < 0 (5) The response of the timber damaged material was calculated from the general formulas (Equations (  6 )-(  8 )), where d f and d m were the damage rates for the fibers and the matrix.
Results and Discussion The aim of the paper was an attempt to describe failure processes occurring in a glue laminated timber made of softwood. The chosen method was a FEA with damage taken into consideration. Generally, a non-linear finite elements analysis is affected by uncertainties  [26]. Therefore, the correlation between the laboratory tests and the numerical modelling was necessary to be obtained. The model was fitted to the experiments by the modification of the damage rate parameter d for timber material. Simulia ABAQUS software enabled that modification for the whole material model  [23]. Unfortunately, it was impossible to differentiate the variables df and dm. Both of them were set at the same level. In future work, the authors plan to create a similar material model with different values of df and dm parameters.
Results and Discussion The aim of the paper was an attempt to describe failure processes occurring in a glue laminated timber made of softwood. The chosen method was a FEA with damage taken into consideration. Generally, a non-linear finite elements analysis is affected by uncertainties  [26]. Therefore, the correlation between the laboratory tests and the numerical modelling was necessary to be obtained. The model was fitted to the experiments by the modification of the damage rate parameter d for timber material. Simulia ABAQUS software enabled that modification for the whole material model  [23]. Unfortunately, it was impossible to differentiate the variables d f and d m. Both of them were set at the same level. In future work, the authors plan to create a similar material model with different values of d f and d m parameters.
Conclusions Concluding, the series of numerical analyses and laboratory tests confirmed the possibility of modelling glue laminated timber, using Hashin damage model for wood and traction-separation law for adhesive. Both progressive damage models were accessible in Simulia ABAQUS software. Timber anisotropic material was brought to the orthotropic one and the results which occurred were satisfactory. It was proved that the model can reproduce the measured test responses. Despite this fact, the type and amount of control parameters require more accurate study in simpler experimental tests and numerical analyses. This model is primarily functional only when associated with validating experimental tests. After some future modifications and calibrations, similar model assumptions may be used to observe and describe damage processes in glue laminated timber or timber-polymer composites.
A measure that summarises crucial data provides opportunities to understand the complexity of how much health differs within and across urban areas, given how it offers a comprehensive picture of health and health disparities. Nevertheless, the ability to include meaningful information into a single metric that captures the level of health, the intensity of health determinants, and the extent of disparities, is limited  [44]. It was within the scope of the EU-funded project EURO-HEALTHY (shaping European policies to promote health equity) whose aim was to advance the knowledge on policies with the highest potential to promote health equity, that a multidimensional and multilevel index-the Population Health Index (PHI)-was built. This measure evaluates European population health across a wide range of areas of concern, dimensions and indicators of health determinants and health outcomes  [31].
A score was calculated for each component, area of concern, dimension and indicator allowing the comparison of population health between geographical areas in an aggregated or disaggregated way. The value-scores ranged from 0 to 100, where 0 represented the lowest score of population health and 100 the highest score. The colour coding of the classes uses a gradation inspired by a traffic system: Red representing low values and green colours representing high scores. Indicators 39 indicators where selected for inclusion in the PHI and framed by component, area of concern and dimension (Table  2 )  [31]. From these, 26 indicators were requested to be collected at the municipal level. The data collection process followed six steps: (a) Identification of a focal point (designated researcher) in each metropolitan area responsible for the data collection; (b) application of a survey to the focal points to identify the availability of the indicators at local level; (c) selection of the indicators to be collected at the local level; (d) production of a manual detailing how to build and deliver the indicators; (e) data collection and processing of the data; and (f) delivery performed through a web platform with data quality procedures.
Statistical Analysis In order to provide an integrated description of population health inequalities across and within metropolitan areas, three main analyses were performed. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to detect whether there were statistically significant differences in the PHI scores of the Health Determinants and Health Outcomes components across the metropolitan areas. The procedure works by comparing the variance between pairs of metropolitan areas means versus the variance within metropolitan areas as a way of determining whether there are similarities or disparities. Scheffe's test was used at a statistical significance level of 0. 05. The analysis was performed using SPSS software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated to measure dispersion on value-scores for both Health Determinants and Health Outcomes Indices across municipalities of the same metropolitan area.
The smaller the CV value, the greater the data homogeneity and the smaller the variation. The analysis was performed using Excel software (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). Finally, the LISA (Local Indicator of Spatial Association) measure was used to identify local patterns of spatial association between spatial units (municipalities), upon confrontation with their neighbours. This spatial correlation method allowed the identification of geographical clusters with identical values, defined by the spatial concentration of low scores (Low-Low) and high scores (High-High). The analysis was performed using ArcGIS software (Esri, Redlands, CA, USA).
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge  Adriana Loureiro ,  Cátia Leal ,  Conrad Franke ,  Didier Willaert ,  Iwa Stefanik ,  Joaquim Patriarca ,  Lluis Camprubi ,  Nathalie Coué ,  Ricardo Almendra  and  Sophia Rodopoulou  for giving support to the data collection,  Scott Culp  for English review services, and the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and their many insightful comments and suggestions. Moreover, the authors would like to acknowledge the official institutes that provided the data, namely the  Hellenic Statistical Authority (Athens)  and the  Statistics Portugal (Lisbon).
ELISA Assays In order to evaluate the consequences of the decreased IL-1β gene expression in DSG-positive B cells from pemphigus patients whether they were treated with corticosteroids or rituximab, we performed longitudinal dosages of serum IL-1β using ELISA assay. We observed a non-significant decrease of serum IL-1β ELISA values in pemphigus patients during the first 3 months of treatment, that was secondarily followed by a re increase of serum levels to baseline values when corticosteroids doses were tapered during patients' follow-up (Figure  8 ). Finally, the IL-23p19 cytokine, whose gene expression was downregulated after CS treatment in autoreactive B cells, was also analyzed by ELISA. No significant variation in the IL-23p19 serum level was detected in pemphigus patients whether they were treated with rituximab or CS alone (data not shown).
A well containing 100 CD19+ cells and a well without cell were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. To limit potentially biased measurement, cells with <2 expressed genes among the five control genes (HPRT1, B2M, GUSB, TUBB, and GAPDH) were excluded from the analysis. Data were analyzed using Real Time PCR Analysis software with or without normalization of the Ct value for each gene using GAPDH as calibrator gene. We considered that sorted cells expressed a gene if the Ct (threshold of detection) value was < 40 and if the detection curve was a sigmoid. Eleven genes were found to be unexpressed by single B cells including IL-2, IL-5, IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-27p28, IFNγ , TGFβ2, and APRIL. This absence of detection was due to a too low RNA amount since positive control wells containing 100 CD19+ cells showed detectable expression levels of all tested cytokine genes.
CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of data from 9 clinical trials, we observed a high rate of SVR12 (approximately 97%) among patients treated with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for HCV infection-even among patients taking concomitant ARA or high-dose PPI. This was despite decreased glecaprevir exposures in patients when on high-dose PPIs. ClinicalTrials. gov numbers, NCT02243280 (SURVEYOR-I), NCT02243293 (SURVEYOR-II), NCT02604017 (ENDURANCE-1), NCT02640482 (ENDURANCE-2), NCT02640157 (ENDURANCE-3), NCT02636595 (ENDURANCE-4), NCT02642432 (EXPEDITION-1), NCT02651194 (EXPEDITION-4), NCT02446717 (MAGELLAN-I).
Use of PPI at any dose (high-dose and low-dose), high-dose PPI, and ARA drugs other than PPI (including H 2 -blockers and antacids) were tested as covariates in the model, and their impact on bioavailability of G/P were evaluated in the population PK analyses. Exposure data from population PK analyses are expressed as AUC for patients. The AUC values were estimated based on the projected individual concentration-time profiles over the dosing interval using the PK models and individual PK parameter estimates.
Safety Outcomes Overall, 1603/2369 (67. 7%) patients experienced a treatment-emergent AE with 12 (0. 5%) patients discontinuing because of an AE, 5 (0. 2%) of which were considered DAA-related. Seventy-three (3. 1%) patients experienced serious AEs, of which only 1 (<0. 1%) was determined to be study drug-related. Because of the low rates of serious AEs and subsequent study drug discontinuations, data were not stratified by concomitant ARA use.
Based on data from G/P's clinical trials and subsequent guidelines, G/P is not recommended for treatment in this dual DAA-experienced patient population. 17, 21 SOF/VEL/voxilaprevir can be used in patients taking ARAs with prior treatment experience with both an NS5A and protease inhibitor; however, there are restrictions for its use with ARAs, including limiting PPIs to the low-dose. 6 here are limitations to this integrated analysis inherent to its design. This was a post hoc analysis integrating data from 9 controlled clinical trials, thus endpoints were not prespecified and the studies were not designed to answer the impact of ARA on efficacy. Patient populations from the real world also may inherently be more heterogeneous than this clinical trial population. This pooled dataset demonstrated high SVR12 rates across HCV genotypes 1-6, including in patients receiving concurrent ARAs.
Although phase 1 data showed decreased glecaprevir exposure when patients were on high-dose PPI, this larger dataset of HCVinfected patients receiving G/P for 8-16 weeks achieved similar efficacy in patients receiving high-dose PPIs or other ARAs compared with those not receiving ARAs. Overall, G/P was well-tolerated with few serious AEs, discontinuations caused by an AE, and DAA-related serious AEs. Thus, G/P is a pangenotypic DAA regimen suitable for patients taking concomitant ARAs, including high-dose PPI.