dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Background: Registering details of thoracic surgical activity has a long tradition in Hungary. Implemented first as a procedure based register, characteristics of the treatment, complications and outcomes has been noted for the last three decades. Although the limitations of the used database hindered the scientific analysis in the dataset and restricted the possibility of benchmarking. The European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) database is offering a specialty-specific, procedure-specific, web-based electronic database for data contribution enabling international comparisons. Our aim was to accommodate and implement the ESTS database as the new Hungarian national thoracic surgical registry. Methods: In 2014, cooperation of the ESTS Database Committee and the Hungarian Society of Thoracic Surgery evolved a new structure for contributing national thoracic surgical data, called the ESTS database "Hungarian model".
The European dataset was translated into Hungarian, extended questionnaire and continuous data access helped the completion of the dataset. The "Hungarian model" was incorporated into the common practice of all the thoracic surgical centers in Hungary. Results: In the first year of its implementation the "Hungarian model" of the ESTS dataset became the platform to use for contributing thoracic surgical data in Hungary. All the data included in the dataset were completed and periodically analyzed to form the annual Hungarian report ("the Hungarian Silver Book"). The dataset is permanently accessible for national scientific analysis and serves as a basis for quality improvement intentions. Conclusions: The Hungarian model proved to be able to serve as a national database. The complete dataset of the thoracic activity has become eligible for scientific analysis and international benchmarking, highlighting the most important core messages of the ESTS database project of improving quality and patient safety thoracic surgeons.
Working at the National Korányi Tuberculosis and Pulmonological Institute he initialized and organized the contribution and analysis of patient data involving all 13 individual thoracic surgical centers in Hungary. The evoking aims of the register were-apart from monitoring the national thoracic surgical activity-creating the background for national benchmarking, assuring quality of treatment and the potential for national scientific analysis  (3, 4). The initial system of data collection was organized along surgical preferences assessing the number of different pathologies and surgeries performed by each individual center. The procedure-based dataset included the summary of complications occurred and co-morbidities with their effect on hospital stay. During three decades of collection the circumstances of data contribution changed and the initial system has gone through several evolution steps following its introduction.
The first paper based reports became computerized, and text format was converted to spreadsheet version enabling easier scientific work-up of the results. National standards were recently expanded by the European guidelines followed the need and the obligation of international benchmarking  (5). The use of a procedure-based register restrained the spectrum of statistical analysis as some of the patient-based calculations were not computable that way  (6). Meanwhile the need of an online contribution platform became not only important but preferred, attributing major security issues on the other hand exceeding the professional sight of a physicians' society dealing with an overgrown structure of precisely designed registry of expanded thoracic surgical activity. The inevitably important upgrading of the Hungarian thoracic surgical register met the idea of the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) database implemented in the last decade.
The appreciably extending, well organized European system endorsed the capability to deploy important attributes lacking in the Hungarian register being a voluntary specialtyspecific, procedure-specific, prospectively maintained, periodically audited and web-based electronic database, collecting data of all general thoracic procedures  (7). The system of the European society has been proven to maintain the dataset of an individual thoracic surgical center, but its structure projected the potential to become a nationwide database host. After careful consideration of the possible harmonisation of the Hungarian register and the ESTS database registry a vision of a hybrid structure evoked gaining all the advantages of the European registry formed according to the needs of the Hungarian thoracic centers.
Methods In 2014 collation between the society of the Hungarian thoracic surgery and the database committee of the ESTS with cooperation of the Dendrite Clinical System Italia srl created a new structure of data contribution and access system dubbed "the Hungarian model". This new structure gained benefits of the ESTS data registry broadened with three attributes added to enhance its use as national database: (I) The possibility of data contribution and access in Hungarian, to dismantle language barriers arising at data upload. The aim was to better control the provided data quality and reducing the administrative obligations of the physicians including administrators in data management. (II) Expandable questionnaire based on national interest. Including viewpoints in the database requested by the native Society of thoracic surgeons helps to form the national dataset.
Starting the Hungarian model After constructing the ESTS "Hungarian model" in 2014 the Hungarian society of thoracic surgery started subsequent establishment of the new registry in the everyday use. Data uploads of the individual centers were assisted and supported, in regular thoracic surgical meetings academic and personalized help was available. Getting accustomed to the spirit of the European system continuous data contribution was emphasized. In the first year of implementation the complete annual national dataset was uploaded to the ESTS database. A complacence questionnaire among the Hungarian thoracic surgeons revealed, that 72. 2% of the society members considered the new contribution system as clear cut and logical, 77. 8% welcomed the online platform, and 50% suggested to improve the uploaded data access.
Management of the Hungarian model Data contribution and access are individually managed by the institutions. Annual deadline for contributing all patient data is 31th December of each year, parallel to the ESTS database terms of use. Completeness of the institutional dataset is the obligation of the contributing center; the following cumulative analysis builds upon the submitted patient data. Statistical work up is provided by the Kdata Clinical srl (former Dendrite Clinical System Italia srl) according to a bilateral consensus, the viewpoints of analysis are led by the manner of the European database ("Hungarian Silver Book"). The complete sets of data are incorporated into the ESTS database for further workup. Institutions have 24/7 unrestricted data access to their own activity, the summary of the complete national database is controlled by the assigned national ESTS regent.
Benefits of the ESTS Hungarian model Implementing the ESTS Hungarian model has certain positive impact not only at the local patient management, but on national and international level. Apart from the opportunity to participate in a European quality improvement effort for general thoracic surgery there are well defined practical benefits. The vernacular ESTS database can provide a thematically well-organized web based patient registry containing all important key data of practice. The system enables the comprehensive analysis of individual cases, as well as cross section statistics  (8). The focus of analysis can be adjusted from an individual patient, clinical condition or surgical intervention or the treating surgeon to a level of the whole center. Since there is a nationwide consensus in Hungary for contributing to the ESTS registry, there is immediate basis for national multi-level benchmarking.
Measures taken since the use of the ESTS database Hungarian model Feedback from the ESTS database composite score analysis had a clear message on national level indicating the need for extending DLCO measurements during the preoperative patient investigations. The hints of the European database could give a firm basis for individual center negotiations resulted in increased preoperative DLCO percentage. The improved circumstances and the fact, that the ESTS Hungarian model is used for more than 3 years successively, the majority of the Hungarian thoracic surgical centers could consider focusing on becoming applicant to the ESTS institutional accreditation program. Two-eleventh centers are already gained accreditation in the last years (Debrecen, Szeged) motivating all other future applicants to achieve elevated treatment quality control through the hints of the database.
Hepatitis A data Surveillance of hepatitis A at the EU/EEA level is carried out by the Food-and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses Network (FWD-Net) under the coordination of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The network comprises all 28 EU Member States, Iceland and Norway, which annually report hepatitis A cases among their residents to the European Surveillance System (TESSy) database hosted by ECDC. Cases are reported with a set of variables including age, sex, importation status and probable country of infection. A travel-associated case of hepatitis A is defined as any case reported as imported, i. e. infected following exposure outside the reporting country during a time compatible with the incubation period. For the purpose of this analysis, we included data from 13 EU/ EEA countries (Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway and Portugal) for the years 2009 to 2015.
Travel data We obtained travel denominator data for the period from 2009 to 2015 from the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat)  [17]. We used the total number of nights spent, by destination country, which includes all nights that EU/EEA residents, aged 15 or older, spent in a collective accommodation establishment or in private tourist accommodation for personal  or professional purposes. In most countries, this information is collected through household surveys. The collection of data should conform to the specifications described in the Methodological manual for tourism statistics  [18]. A country may apply weighting procedures according to the sampling design used. Since travel nights were not available for all combinations of the different countries of residence with the different destination countries for all years, we estimated the total number of nights from the mean number of nights for the available years multiplied by 7 (study period of 7 years).
Acknowledgements We are very grateful to our colleagues in the FWD-Net who provided the data. We particularly would like to acknowledge  Sophie Quoilin (Belgium) ,  Sanja Kurečić Filipović  and  Iva Pem Novosel (Croatia) ,  Jitka Castkova  and  Vratislav Nemecek  ( Czech Republic ),  Sofie Gillesberg Raiser (Denmark) ,  Irina Filippova  (Estonia),  Ruska Rimhanen-Finne (Finland) ,  Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso (France) ,  Kassiani Gkolfinopoulou (Greece) ,  Niamh Murphy (Ireland) ,  Stefania D'Amato  and  Anna Rita Ciccaglione (Italy), Tanya Melillo (Malta) ,  Bernardo Guzmán Herrador (Norway) ,  Piotr Polanski  and  Anna Baumann-Popczyk  (Poland),  Maria Avdicova  and  Jan Mikas  ( Slovak Republic ),  Elena Vanessa Martínez  and  Carmen Varela  (Spain).
F I G U R E 1 (a) Fire activity for 2015 (NASA Observatory). White pixels represent the high end of the fire count, with as many as 100 fires/1000 km²/day, yellow pixels represent as many as 10 fires/1000 km²/day, orange pixels represent as many as 5 fires/1000 km²/day, and red pixels represent as few as 1 fires/1000 km²/day. Black areas correspond to grassland distribution from  Dixon et al. , 2014. (b)  Site selections by biome classifications (red dots) from the Global Charcoal Database (blue dots corresponding to all the available sites in the GCD): grassland and savanna biomes following L12 classification; all the sites overlapping the current grassland distribution published by  Dixon et al. (2014) ; grassland and savanna biomes following  Ramankutty and Foley (1999)  classification (RF99); and grassland biomes as described by contributors of the GCD (bGCD; www.
| Multidecadal to centennial-scale fire history records Several key long-term grassland burning analyses come from South African National Park records  (van Wilgen et al. 2004; Archibald, Roy, Wilgen, Brian, & Scholes, 2009). Van Wilgen et al. (2004) , for example, used a spatial database of all fires in the 2-million ha Kruger National Park from 1957 to 2002 to examine the controls on fire regime under several different fire management approaches, including a lightning-only regime. Regardless of approach, burned area was driven largely by variations in climate, particularly rainfall patterns that determined grass fuel levels. However, during the lightning regime (when prescribed burning was not conducted), a greater proportion of the park's area burned occurred during the dry season and thus suppression requirements increased.
Regardless of management approach, fire-return intervals were also largely determined by annual rainfall sequencing. The spatial heterogeneity and seasonal distribution of fires, however, was affected by management policies, and the current approach does include some prescribed burning to manage fuels  (van Wilgen et al. 2004 ). Some longer grassland fire history records have been obtained through dendrochronological methods. Fire scars on trees have long been used to reconstruct past fire events in a wide range of ecosystems, providing baseline estimates of fire-return intervals for research and natural resource management  (Abrams, 1992; Allen & Palmer, 2011; Guyette & Stambaugh, 2004; Ramankutty & Foley, 1999). In grasslands, where trees are necessarily limited, dendrochronology provides data on fire frequency, regeneration, and resilience in areas adjacent to grasslands or on their periphery  (Arno & Gruell, 1983; Hély & Alleaume, 2006; Veblen, Kitzberger, Villalba, & Donnegan, 1999).
| Global charcoal database and grassland biomes None of the many syntheses constructed from the Global Charcoal Database (e. g. ,  Daniau et al. , 2012; Marlon et al. , 2016; Power et al. , 2008; Vannière et al. , 2016; Marlon et al. , 2008)  have focused on grassland systems. In part, this is due to the difficulties in identifying which sites should be considered "grassland" given that they can be defined in many ways and their spatial distributions vary through time. Some records that are defined today as grassland, for example, were forested in the past, and vice versa. Nonetheless, by limiting our focus to the Holocene, many sites that are considered grassland today have been grasslands throughout their history. In other cases, sites that may not be grassland today due to human influences are thought to be grassland for most of the Holocene prior to the Industrial Era.
| Classifying grassland biomes Defining and identifying grasslands for analysis in a consistent fashion globally is a nontrivial challenge. Unlike forests, for which satellite-based products such as the Global Land Cover dataset clearly defines eight distinct types  (Bartholomé & Belward, 2005) , there is a profusion of grassland definitions with no well-established categorization system. In part, this is due to the difficulty in characterizing the limits of grasslands, which exist as a physiognomic continuum between forests and deserts  (Dixon et al. , 2014). Dixon et al. (2014)  developed a broad definition of grassland as a distinct biotic and ecological unit, with similarities to savanna but distinct from woodland and wetland. While this definition seems suitable for comparing modern grassland ecosystems, past grassland distributions derived from pollen assemblages requires substantial and often complex interpretation.
Specifically, we consider (a) how has biomass burning inferred from charcoal data varied on centennial and millennial scales in grasslands; (b) how trends in biomass burning differ among grassland types and how sensitive these trends are to modern versus mid-Holocene grassland definitions; and (c) what future research is needed to advance our understanding of fire history in grasslands. In order to provide context for the analyses, we first review the past and present role of fire in maintaining and shaping grasslands, and discuss the use and utility of different proxies for reconstructing past fires. Second, we examine global fire history from 121 "grassland" sites based on charcoal records available in the Global Charcoal Database (GCD; www. paleofire. org) subdivided based on four different biome classifications of grasslands.
Normalized biomass burning trends for charcoal records using different classification schemes. (a) All sites in the Global Charcoal Database (GCD) version 3. 0; (b) All sites within forested biomes following the Levavasseur et al. (2012) classification (L12); (c) All sites within nonforested biomes following the L12 classification; (d) All sites overlapping the current grassland distribution published by Dixon et al. (2014); (e) All sites within nonforested biomes following the Ramankutty and Foley (1999) classification (RF99); (f) All sites within nonforested biomes as described by contributors of the GCD (bGCD). Charcoal records are first rescaled to values between 0 and 1 (i. e. , min-max method), and then normalized using Box-Cox followed by Z-score transformations. The red lines represent the normalized charcoal data smoothed with a 250-year half window, and the dashed lines represent the 95% confident intervals.
An extensive number of research studies have attempted to capture the factors that influence the severity of vehicle impacts. The high number of risks facing all traffic participants has led to a gradual increase in sophisticated data collection schemes linking crash characteristics to subsequent severity measures. This study serves as a departure from previous research by relating injuries suffered in road traffic accidents to expected trauma compensation payouts and deriving a quantitative cost function. Data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Crash Injury Research (CIREN) database for the years 2005-2014 is combined with the Book of Quantum, an Irish governmental document that offers guidelines on the appropriate compensation to be awarded for injuries sustained in accidents.
Although the statistical techniques that are used vary widely, traditional literature has generally focused on predicting the damage sustained in an impact by means of an ordinal or probabilistic scale. A recent emphasis on improving the quality of data collection has led to a surge of databases with a wealth of information that offer more precise insights into the factors involved in RTAs. This study makes use of such data by generating a risk measure that associates the specific crash characteristics with the expected compensatory costs from the sustained injuries, while also exploring possible practical applications of this risk measure. As a result, the methodology presented in this article serves as a departure from categorical injury severity factors by utilising a proxy variable in order to quantify the expected severity of an incident.
Furthermore, the expected 'cost' of the crash itself offers a partial view of the economic impact of road traffic accidents. Software developers could also potentially adapt such a model to generate an on-board navigation system that operates by navigating the path of least economic risk. The shifting landscape of the non-life insurance industry also benefits from the precise results offered by a continuous-result model as ADAS technology continually alters the most common risks faced by road users. This study offers a brief discussion on the advancement of ADAS and its relation to insurance prior to concluding. The remainder of the paper is contained within two sections. Section 2 outlines the CIREN database used as part of this research, and describes both the process used to collate the different sources of data and the procedure used to associate the expected medical costs with the injuries sustained in each incident.
Data Source: The data examined in this paper is derived from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Crash Injury Research (CIREN) database for the years 2005-2014. The establishment of the CIREN program allowed for a combination of both medical and engineering research, with the goal of promoting traffic safety and reducing human and economic costs stemming from RTAs. The inclusion requirements for CIREN are quite strict and as a result, data is somewhat limited. Patients included in the sample must have sustained at least one serious or disabling injury based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) system. In addition, the injuries must have been sustained in a vehicle no greater than 8 years old at the time of the incident, and the injured party must have been treated at a CIREN-participating trauma centre in the United States.
After combining the crash characteristics with the occupants involved, and collating all injuries sustained by each patient, the dataset totals  = 1,274 incidents involving 1,439 injured parties. In order to ensure a corroboration between the damage sustained by the vehicle and it's speed at time of impact, each case has an estimate determining the level of confidence in the reconstruction of the incident. This level of confidence is determined by technicians who examine both vehicle and scene data. Only accurate reconstructions are retained, to ensure optimal accuracy in the derived results, which reduces the final sample to  = 425 cases. The compensation costs for the injuries sustained are gleaned from the Book of Quantum (Personal Injuries Assessment Board 2016). The Book of Quantum is an Irish governmental document that offers guidelines on the appropriate compensation to be awarded for accidents in which there is medically supported evidence of pain and suffering.
The document offers a range of values that are expected based on the most severe injury sustained in the incident, categorised similar to the AIS system. The scale is then adjusted based on the number of secondary injuries and their associated severities. Acting under the assumption that the physiological differences in drivers in both the United States and Ireland are minimal, the severity of RTAs can be taken as constant between the two territories. As such, it is assumed that the Book of Quantum is an appropriate set of guidelines to measure the expected compensatory costs stemming from RTAs. Full details for combining the data into a single database are outlined as follows: 1. Variables that may serve as predictive indicators of the severity of an incident are gathered. 13 variables are chosen, comprising of Barrier Equivalent Speed (BES) ( 1 ), Age of Vehicle ( 2 ), Number of Airbags Available ( 3 ), Evidence of Alcohol Consumption ( 4 ), Accident Type Category ( 5 ), Weather Conditions ( 6 ), Vehicle Body Type ( 7 ), Lighting Conditions ( 8 ), Road Surface Conditions ( 9 ), Road Alignment ( 10 ), Movement Prior to Crash ( 11 ), Evidence of Speeding ( 12 ), and Evidence of Seatbelt Use ( 13 ).