dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
At the clinical level, the use of Denosumab is already proposed for patients with malignancy associated osteolysis  [49]. We could therefore propose to combine Denosumab with chemotherapy in the case of primary bone tumors, including Ewing's sarcoma. Another hypothesis is that osteoclast activation is not only driven by RANKL, but also by other cytokines such as TNF-α or M-CSF (Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor). Indeed, previous data reported that macrophages present in the ES tumor stroma microenvironment could differentiate into osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF and TNF-α  [50]. In complement, the presence of both cytokines in the microenvironment of ES xenograft models was evidenced by immuno-fluorescence and ELISA (not shown). Therefore, a combined treatment could be proposed, associating an anti-RANKL strategy with anti-TNF and anti-M-CSF ones.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by a grant from  Novartis Pharma  ( Rueil-Malmaison, France ), by the  "Fédération Nationale Enfants et Santé" , the  "Société Française de lutte contre les Cancers et les leucémies de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent" and the "Institut National du Cancer"  (Grant number  R09018NN ). The authors wish to thank  G. Hamery  and  Y. Allain  for their kind assistance at the animal facility care platform ( Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France ) and  J. Taurelle  for his kind technical assistance ( INSERM UMR957 ).
, 2000). A new moon tracker has been built in the system. It is based in a fourquadrant detector with new electronics to amplify the signal, incorporating a new software to process data while tracking. This new tracker is also able to track the sun with a special device containing an attenuation filter to reduce the high incoming energy. CE-318U combines the features of the standard Cimel sunphotometers with a rather good signal-to-noise ratio (better than 60 dB). We have estimated the instrument's precision by means of triplets stability calculation for both diurnal and nocturnal measurements, following  Holben et al. (1998). This magnitude accounts for both electronic and instrumental errors. As in sun photometry, each triplet value is defined as the maximum minus minimum raw data divided by the mean value of the three consecutive measurements taken every 30 s.
from 9 to 14 August (not shown here for the sake of brevity). These saharan dust intrusions during 9 and 10 August are clearly seen in Fig. 2. The first event is detected by the MPL with a maximum backscatter signal between 2. 3 and 4 km height from 9 August to 10 August midday. After this time the signal decreases sharply, with minimum values at night. During this period some high clouds are detected by MPL at a height above 8 km and, thus, τ a can be affected. Differences during moonrise and sunset on 9 August are below 0. 01 (Table  4 ), whithin the τ a accuracy limit established in AERONET  (Holben et al. , 1998). Nocturnal data was not available to perform moonset and sunrise comparison on 10 August. In the same day, these differences reached 0. 02 in 440 nm during the moonrise, meanwhile they were reduced to values below 0.
However, discrepancies in 1640 nm do not seem to be related to a general problem in longer wavelengths, but in particular uncertainties associated to astronomical parameters determination for a particular night. The second clean event was on 8-9 February 2012 (Fig. 4 ). This is a very clear night (τ a at 440 between 0. 02 and 0. 04) with a relatively stable aerosol concentration during the entire night, especially over the moonset period. On 9 February a Lunar-Langley was performed. In this case, as expected, moonset data matches pretty well AERONET sunrise data. Differences are slightly greater during moonrise but within the AERONET τ a accuracy limit. τ a validation has been completed with daytime τ a from PFR for 11 and 12 October 2011, and 8 and 9 February 2012. We should note that PFR has only three channels centred at 863.
Nevertheless, at the present state, lunar photometry is an attractive option to complete aerosol databases. Acknowledgements. The authors wish to thank Cimel for providing the two prototypes used in this study as well as all the technical support. In addition, we wish to express special thanks to Stone, at the United States Geological Service (USGS) for helping to implement the ROLO model and provide wise counsel to this paper. The Aeronet sunphotometer at Izaña has been calibrated within AERONET-EUROPE TNA supported by the European Community -Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 "Capacities" specific programme for Integrating Activities, ACTRIS Grant Agreement no. 262254. The GAW-PFR network for AOD at GAW Global observatories has been implemented by the World Optical Depth Research and Calibration Center (WORCC).
Existing mobile devices have the capability to use multiple network technologies simultaneously to help increase performance; but they rarely, if at all, effectively use these technologies in parallel. We first present empirical data to help understand the mobile environment when three heterogeneous networks are available to the mobile device (i. e. , a WiFi network, WiMax network, and an Iridium satellite network). We then propose a reliable, multi-path protocol called Multi-Path TCP with Network Coding (MPTCP/NC) that utilizes each of these networks in parallel. An analytical model is developed and a mean-field approximation is derived that gives an estimate of the protocol's achievable throughput. Finally, a comparison between MPTCP and MPTCP/NC is presented using both the empirical data and mean-field approximation.
We then present a model based on  [16]  and  [17] , as well as derive a mean-field approximation for the throughput of both MPTCP and MPTCP with network coding (MPTCP/NC). MPTCP/NC uses network coding prior to packet subflow scheduling to simplify the MPTCP management scheme, and uses network coding a second time below TCP to provide a mechanism to overcome packet losses induced by lossy, wireless networks. We conclude with a comparison of MPTCP and MPTCP/NC using both the mean-field approximation and the experimentally collected data to show that network coding can provide beneficial enhancements to the existing protocols. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we outline the experimental measurement setup and present an overview of the collected data. Section III provides a brief description of MPTCP and MPTCP/NC, develops the analytical models used, and derives the mean-field approximations for both protocols.
A. Testbed Configuration Measurements were taken between a mobile commodity laptop and a fixed server located within the NRL. The computer in the NRL was connected to the NRL LAN which has gateways to both the WiMax base-station and WiFi mesh network. A 56 kbps modem was used to connect the computer to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) in order to utilize the Iridium satellite network. In the vehicle, a single computer with separate WiMax and WiFi cards, as well as a connection to an Iridium data modem, was used to transmit and receive data. A diagram of the setup is shown in Figure  1(a). UDP network traffic was generated using Iperf  [19]  and network traces were collected using tshark (a command line version of Wireshark)  [20]  on both the computers. The vehicle containing the mobile computer travelled a fixed route through the UCLA campus chosen so that the vehicle passed in and out of the coverage areas of all three networks.
B. Collected Data Ten mobile experiments were conducted over a period of five days in August 2011. For each of these experiments, traces were collected and compared for each of the different networks. A sample of the collected traces are shown in Figure  2. These traces show the UDP throughput for each network when all traffic is sent either to (D/L) or from (U/L) the vehicle. The round-trip time (RTT) and packet loss probability for each network was also collected. The CDFs for both the RTT and packet loss probability during the D/L experiment where 1,350 byte packets were used is shown in Figure  3. The RTT was measured using ping messages that were sent throughout the experiment on both the WiFi and WiMax networks, while ping messages were only sent for approximately 60 seconds at the beginning of the experiment on the Iridium network due to the bandwidth constraints of the network.
C. Discussion and Comments on the Experimental Results Data collected during each of the experiments provides information about the expected environment that mobile users are likely to experience. However, there are caveats concerning the methods in which the data was collected that must be noted. First, the only user on each network was the vehicle; although the WiFi mesh network performance was affected by significant interference from adjacent WiFi networks and the Iridium network was setup over an operational system. As a result, the WiMax throughput presented in Figure  2  is much larger than what would be expected when fully loaded, while the WiFi and Iridium throughput is close to what we would expect in the real-world. The RTT shown in Figure  3 (a) is also affected by this situation.
Iridium was developed for world-wide voice communications. Modern satellite systems do provide higher bandwidth, and therefore better performance for packet based communication. Unfortunately, the use of these systems was prohibitively expensive. Regardless, the traces shown in Figure  2  indicate that using a multipath solution can potentially provide significant performance gains over that of using only one of the networks exclusively. Throughout each experiment, the vehicle was connected to at least one network the majority of the time; and in many cases, it was connected to two or more networks. Leveraging this connectivity can help ensure that reliable, continuous data transport is an option in mobile environments. The benefits of leveraging simultaneous networks for data transport will be quantified in the following sections using the collected data.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A large team was required to collect and analyze the experimental data and the authors would like to acknowledge their contribution. Giovanni Pau  and  Mario Gerla  from  UCLA , as well as  Au Teerapittayanon  and  Danail Traskov  from  MIT , were critical to the success of the data collection efforts. Jamie Simons  from  MIT  was also critical to the data processing efforts. This paper would not be possible if it was not for their help.
Cholesterol emboli are small, yellowish, reflective, and often multiple. They localize at arteriolar bifurcations and may move and finally disappear following an ocular massage. They usually originate from an ulcerated atheromatous plaque within the carotid arteries and can cause a visual field defect when they block the vascular flow or remain asymptomatic. Other types of emboli (tumoral, fatty. ) are less frequent  [3, 5, 6]. Finally, retinal emboli can be associated with a rare entity, defined as cholesterol crystal embolism (CEE). In this disorder, emboli are multiple, involving several organs and leading to death in up to 73% of the cases  [7]. Systematic review of the literature using PubMed database only found 3 publications relating cholesterol crystal embolism with ocular involvement  [8] [9] [10].
This study was Supported by  Institut National de la Santeet de la Recherche Medicale, UniversitePierre et Marie Curie, UniversiteParis Descartes ;  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  [ FP7-2007-2013]-HEALTH-F2-2010-260338-ALLFUN. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. No additional external funding received for this study.
The duration of IST was determined, and any changes in cGVHD severity over time were documented at 6-month intervals for up to 36 months, then annually thereafter. Clinical and biological information allowed to calculate the organ-specific and the global score at each timepoint. Information on cGVHD presentation was collected: progressive, quiescent or de novo, as well as classic, overlap, or late-onset acute manifestations. An example of longitudinal data collection and NIH-defined classification is provided in Appendix 1. First-line systemic treatment of cGVHD was methylprednisolone 1 mg/ kg/day with or without cyclosporine. IST was initiated in the presence of an extensive cGVHD according to the Seattle criteria  [9]. Local steroids and/or other treatments have been used for limited forms (eg, isolated oral, ocular, or mild skin involvement).
If improvement or even resolution was observed but the patient was still under IST, then cGVHD was coded as the previous time point, until definitive IST withdrawal occurred; in that case, the patient was considered a complete responder and coded as 0. Data on other important patient and transplantation characteristics were collected, including patient age, diagnosis, disease risk at the time of allo-SCT, donor type, stem cell source, comorbidity index  [22] , GVHD prophylaxis, and platelet count at development of cGVHD. Data were collected retrospectively from electronic clinical records. Data collection started at the time of allo-SCT and continued until the last observation, death from any cause, or relapse/progression of the original disease. The study design was approved by the local Institutional Review Board.
Patient and Transplantation Outcomes A total of 313 patients meeting our inclusion criteria underwent allo-SCT at our institution between May 1999 and June 2010. One-hundred twenty-nine of these patients developed cGVHD, 128 of whom were evaluable for complete data; 184 patients did not develop cGVHD. Median patient age at allo-SCT was 52 years (range, 18-70 years). Patient and transplantation characteristics are summarized in Table  1. Median follow-up after allo-SCT was 30 months (range, 7-120 months). Data on comorbidity score were available for 271 patients (86%); median score was 2 (range, 0-8). OS was 59% (95% CI, 53%-65%) at 3 years. Cumulative incidences of TRM and relapse/progression at 3 years were 21% (95% CI, 17%-27%) and 22% (95% CI, 17%-27%), respectively. A total of 159 patients (51%) developed aGVHD (cumulative incidence, 50% [95% CI, 44%-55%]; median onset, 38 days post-SCT [range, 8-99 days]).
In the following sections, the experimental setup will be described for standard and spectral measurements. Then standards measurements will be analyzed in terms of specific optical density and transmittance. They will be compared to the spectral measurements. The spectral transmittance and extinction coefficient will be analyzed and compared to other data  [3, 4, 8, 9]. Finally, a special attention will be paid to the specific extinction coefficient, which allows to deduce particle mass concentration from extinction measurements and a comparison with other works will be performed  [5] [6] [7].
Follow-up of 348 SNPs reveals seven sexually dimorphic anthropometric trait loci In the follow up, we examined the 348 SNPs for the phenotype that the SNP was selected for in 18 studies with in-silico genotype information (up to 20,340 men and 41,872 women) and in 30 studies with Metabochip data (up to 42,055 men and 32,785 women; which contained assays for 43% of selected SNPs prioritized for follow-up). Study-specific information is given in Tables S1, S3, S4A,S4B, S5 and Methods. Meta-analyses of the follow-up studies as well as jointly with discovery studies were conducted for each sex separately (P-women, P-men) and both combined (P, Methods). As all 348 SNPs were derived from the sex-specific discovery scan, the follow-up was then used to establish unbiased estimates of sex-difference in an independent data set (Methods).
Potential functional or biological role of the seven loci Regarding the biological role of the SNPs and genes in the proximity of the seven sex-specific SNPs, we searched literature and functional annotation data bases and catalogues (Methods). The genes inflicted in the seven regions of interest generally highlighted genes with a reported role in insulin sensitivity (PPARG, VEGFA, ADAMTS9, GRB14) and lipid-related traits (fatty liver: LYPLAL1; triglyceride concentrations: MAP3K1, HDL-C: GRB14). Among the index SNPs or their proxies (pairwise correlation, r 2. 0. 8) in the immediate region (49 SNPs altogether), we found one SNP (rs10478424; r 2 = 1 with lead SNP at HSD17B4) that was a predicted transcription factor binding site (TFBS). Interestingly, one of the transcription factors predicted to bind at this TFBS is PPARG, which itself is located near one of our other association signals.
None of the other 48 SNPs tagged any known copy-number variant, was a non-synonymous coding variant, or was present in any of the other predicted functional classes. When extending this search to SNPs that were more moderately correlated (r 2. 0. 5) with the lead index SNPs (146 SNPs altogether), these included several proxies of rs2820443 (near LYPLAL1/SLC30A10) that annotated as TFBSs as well as proxies of rs10478424 that disrupt predicted microRNA binding sites. These findings may indicate potential involvement in the regulation of gene transcription near those loci. A specific description of potentially functionally elements in the association regions as indicated by UCSC and Ensembl genome browsers and more details from the literature and functional annotation data base searches can be found in the Text S1.
Pathway analyses In order to explore whether certain pathways are enriched among the genes depicted by loci with evidence for sexdifference, we applied MAGENTA  [77]. Briefly, MAGENTA calculates gene-specific scores (for ,18,000 genes) by combining the p-values (here: the sex-difference P-values from our discovery stage for a specific anthropometric phenotype) of SNPs in and around the genes (40 kb down-, 100 kb upstream). The genetic score is corrected for potential confounders, such as gene size, number of independent SNPs, LD pattern, length in genetic distance, and number of recombination hotspots. These scores are ranked and the genes within the top 5% of these scores are tested for enrichment in certain pathways (separately for each phenotype) as given by different databases (GO: http://www.
Search for biological and functional knowledge of the seven association regions For the seven confirmed sex-difference loci (defined as the regions depicted by SNPs within 1. 0 cM of the respective lead SNP showing a certain level of association, P#100 * P leadSNP ), we searched several catalogues and data bases to depict potential biologically relevant links or functional entities. We extended the regions of interest to +2500 kB around the lead SNP if the regions were very small and no gene was inflicted (as for the PPARG, VEGFA, MAP3K1 loci). First, we performed an automated search for reported genes or variants in our regions in PubMed (http://www. pubmed. com) and OMIM (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/omim) using Snipper (http://csg. sph. umich. edu/boehnke/snipper) or manually inspected UCSC (PMID: 22086951) and Ensembl (PMID: 21045057) genome browsers as well as the NHGRI GWAS catalog  [78, 79].
Second, we explored whether SNPs known to provide reliable tags for Copy-Number-Variations (CNVs) in European-descent samples (combining four catalogues including 60167 CNV-tagging SNPs as described previously  [31] ) correlated with our lead SNPs. Third, we performed several online database searches to establish whether known variants within 500 kb of each lead SNP, that are correlated (r 2. 0. 8 or 0. 5) with our lead SNPs (using SNAP Proxy search  [80] ), might have putative or predicted function. (i) We searched the SIFT database  [81]  to determine whether any of these SNPs was predicted to affect protein function. (ii) We used SNPinfo  [82]  to investigate predicted and putative function in several functional classes, including splicing regulation, stop codons, polyphen predictions, SNPs3D predictions, transcription factor binding site (TFBS) prediction, and miRNA binding site prediction.
Transcripts of genes near each of the identified seven SNPs were examined in four differenet data sets (DeCode, MoIOBB, childhood asthma study, HapMap, details in Text S1). Sexspecific associations with the transcript are shown for the identified SNP with and without conditioning on the most significant SNP for that transcript (peak SNP) and also for the peak SNP with and without conditioning on the identified SNP, if FDR,5% (DeCode) or FDR,1% (MolOBB, childhood asthma study, HapMap) in one sex. For GRB14 and ADAMTS9, our identified SNP was highly correlated (r 2. 0. 8) with the peak transcript SNP in men. No SNP showed nominally significant sex difference (P diff. 0. 05).
Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute Netherlands (ICIN); the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+); the Emil Aaltonen Foundation; the Erasmus Medical Center; Erasmus University; the Estonian Government (SF0180142s08); the Estonian Biocentre Centre of Excellence in Genomics; European Commission (FP5-QLG2-CT-2002- 00896, FP5-QLG2-CT-2002-01254, FP5-QLRT-2001-01254, FP6-LSHM-CT-2004-005272, FP6-LSHM-CT-2004-503485, FP6-LSHG-CT-2004-518153, FP6-LSHG-CT-2006- 018947, FP6-LSHM-CT-2006-037593, FP6-LSHM-CT-2006-037697, FP6-LSHM-CT-2007-037273, FP7-HEALTH-201413, FP7-HEALTH-201536, FP7-HEALTH-201550, FP7- HEALTH-201668, FP7-HEALTH-201865, FP7-HEALTH-230374, FP7-HEALTH-245536, FP7-HEALTH-261433), the Directorate C-Public Health (grant 2004310), the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship, EURO-BLCS, Framework 5 award (QLG1-CT-2000-01643); the European Regional Development Fund; the European Science Foundation (ESF); Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; the Finnish Cultural Foundation; the Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation; the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research; the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES; 40058/07 and 70103/06); the Finnish Heart Association; Finnish Medical Society; the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture (OKM; 627:2004-2011); the Finnish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (5254); the Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare; the Finnish Slot Machine Association (RAY); the Folkha ¨lsan Research Foundation; the Fondation LeDucq; the Foundation for Life and Health in Finland; the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN); the German Diabetes Association; the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; 01KU0908A, 01AK803A-H, 01IG07015G, 01GS0823, 01GS0834, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03ZIK012, 01ER1206); the German Research Center for Environmental Health; GlaxoSmithKline; Go ¨teborg Medical Society; The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River region of Western Australia; Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology (PENED 2003);.
Possibility of seizure occurrence during "interictal" PET acquisition should however be taken into account since this might result in false lateralization of PET abnormality; (ii) PET findings should be assessed with reference to structural imaging, especially in patients with normal MRI. Indeed, PET/MRI coregistration allows to more easily distinguish true hypometabolism from the sole impact of focal atrophy or wide sulcus, and to detect subtle MRI abnormalities which would not have been recognized otherwise. It has been shown that [ 18 F]-FDG-PET/MRI coregistration in patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) improved detection of focal metabolic abnormalities by 35-40%, both in patients with abnormal and normal MRI  (6). A study in children with MRI-negative epilepsy also reported that coregistered [ 18 F]-FDG-PET/MRI data resulted in the detection of subtle MRI abnormalities not previously recognized in 9 out 31 patients (  7 ); (iii) interpretation of PET images primarily relies on standard visual analysis, but statistical analysis, with the widely used Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software, might improve the diagnostic yield of PET.