dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The Performer Manager is responsible for keeping data about performers, so as to optimize task allocation. Some pipelines are designed to receive feedback from the user on the results of a query. This feedback is routed to a Relevance Feedback Manager module that updates the level of trust of performers (human and automatic) in the component and performer store. The Query Processing Tier consists of one or more Query Apps, which contain the front-end for issuing queries and viewing results; queries are expressed in a multimodal query language, serialized and submitted to a CUbRIK platform. Last, the Search Tier contains a set of independent search engines that can access the content and annotation store(s).
CONTENT PROCESSING PIPELINE In this section we describe the baseline workflow implemented to support the use cases of HoE. It consists of a completely automated sequence of multimedia analysis steps that produces a social graph from a collection of historic images. The purpose of this description is to highlight the accuracy of a purely automated approach, understand its weaknesses, and reveal where the injection of human intelligence tasks into the workflow has the highest potential for improvement. The first phase of the pipeline is represented by the analysis of the whole HoE dataset by a state-ofthe art face detection/recognition automatic tool (Kee Square 2013). The component is basically divided in two parts: the first devoted to face detection and the second to face recognition. The process begins with the face detection phase: the detector component receives as input a collection of images that are processed one by one.
This issue is mainly related to the noise in the image (a bunch of noisy pixels can be detected as a face) or to the high amount of details in the image (plants, clothes patterns, etc. ). • False negatives: a face in a photo is not detected by the component (The tool is capable to detect approximately the 75% of the total faces in the dataset). There may be several reasons: bad lighting in the image, occlusion around the face region, position of the face (e. g. , particularly crooked faces are not detected). A possible solution to the issue of false positives is represented by analyzing the detection confidence provided by the tool: a threshold below which a bounding box is not considered a face and is thus discarded can be introduced, so as to reduce the occurrences of false positives. Reducing the false negatives requires preprocessing such as applying noise-cleaning filters and rotating the same image so that the undetected faces are put in a position useful for the detector.
In order to perform the identification phase, the dataset was enriched with portraits of characters present in the HoE photos and whose names were known. Those portraits were themselves processed by the detector and their bounding boxes were used for face matching with the ones detected in the HoE dataset. The main problem encountered in this phase is that the matching score between a character in a photo and his portrait is not always the highest one. This can be due to several factors, e. g. , different person's ages in the two photos, different position of the face, different lighting, different face expression, etc. Some possible solutions to this issue can be: 1. Increasing the number of portraits of a single character (varying the face pose, the lighting, the age of the character and the face expression) can provide more faithful matching scores.
The incidence of acute grade II-IV graft-versus-host disease was 31%, while that of overall chronic graft-versus-host disease was 53%. Treatment-related mortality was 17% at day +100 and 31% at 5 years. The 5-year relapse, eventfree survival and overall survival rates were 31%, 36% and 44%, respectively. Although the event-free and overall survival rates in patients without BCR/ABL transcripts detectable at time of transplant were better than those in whom BCR/ABL transcripts were detected (46% versus 24% and 60% versus 30%, respectively) these differences were not statistically significant in the univariate analysis (P=0. 07). These results demonstrate that umbilical cord blood transplantation from unrelated donors can be a curative treatment for a substantial number of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
In fact, as far as we know, only one pilot study of eight patients with Ph + ALL who underwent UCBT has been published so far. 10 e report here the outcome of a relatively large series of 45 patients with Ph + ALL who underwent busulfan-based myeloablative single-unit UCBT from unrelated donors. Apart from confirming the safety and efficacy of the procedure in this specific disease, an additional aim of the study was to identify variables influencing short-and long-term outcomes. an unrelated donor within the Grupo Español de Trasplante Hematopoyético (GETH) and the Rome Transplant Network of the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Most of the patients were included in two subsequent prospective trials: TSCU-GETH2005 and TSCU-GETH/GITMO2008 (registered with EudraCT with code 2008-000927-24).
Definitions Complete remission was defined according to standard morphological criteria as outlined by the International Working Group. 13 A negative molecular status was defined as <1x10 -4 BCR-ABL transcript copies, assessed by qualitative or quantitative PCR. Graft failure was defined as the failure to achieve myeloid engraftment in patients alive at day +28 after transplantation. Secondary graft failure was defined as the loss of previously achieved engraftment. Acute and chronic GvHD were diagnosed on the basis of previously published criteria. 14, 15 For event-free survival, hematologic relapse, death and graft failure were considered as treatment failure.
Event-free and overall survival Univariate analyses showed that the fludarabine-containing conditioning regimen was associated with higher event-free and overall survival rates while treatment with the TSCU-GETH2005 and TSCU-GETH/GITMO2008 protocols and no minimal residual disease prior to UCBT showed a trend for higher event-free and overall survival rates (see Online Supplementary Table  S1 ). We did not find any differences in event-free or overall survival between children (age <20 years) and adults. Nineteen patients remained alive and disease-free at their last follow-up (range, 12-129 months) after UCBT. The 5-year event-free and overall survival rates were 36% (95 CI, 20-51) and 44% (95% CI, 28-60), respectively. The 5-year event-free and overall survival rates were 46% (95% CI, 27-80) and 60% (95% CI, 40-88), respectively for patients in molecular remission at the time of transplantation compared to 24% (95% CI, 11-51) and 30% (95% CI, 15-58), respectively for patients with detectable BCR/ABL transcripts (P=0.
008], suggesting that patients had a better remission status at UCBT. The introduction of TKI during induction-consolidation chemotherapy protocols around 2005 is probably the major reason for these improved remissions. An important observation in this study was the impact of molecular minimal residual disease status before UCBT. In fact, patients who had detectable BCR/ABL transcripts before UCBT had a trend towards lower event-free and overall survival rates, as has been reported in the minimal residual disease setting. 36 The validity of these results is limited by the use of different PCR methods (quantitative or qualitative) among the different participating centers as well as the lack of standardization of PCR techniques to detect BCR/ABL transcripts. In conclusion, these results show that single-unit UCBT from unrelated donors after myeloablative busulfan-based conditioning may be a curative treatment for a substantial number of patients with Ph + ALL.
Participants Patients with CADASIL without dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score Ͼ 24)  10  and without significant disability (modified Rankin Scale score Յ 1)  6  were recruited from our French data base on a voluntary basis. Twenty-three patients were included. Thirty healthy controls from a local volunteer data base were age-and sex-matched. A local ethics committee validated the protocol.
The next speaker was Sadallah (University Hospital Basel, Switzerland) who showed earlier that platelet-derived microparticles (ectosomes) had suppressive activities on macrophages, DC and CD4 T cells. In the presentation at the Boston meeting, evidences have been summarised on the suppressive effects of plateletderived vesicles on NK cell functions also. The last three presentations of the session included data obtained by gene expression microarrays. M. M. Keber (National Institute of Chemistry, Slovenia) has demonstrated that partially oxidised phospholipids in microvesicles from plasma of patients with RA or cells submitted to oxidative stress induce activation of TLR4 in cultured cells and in vivo. She discussed that hydro(pero)xyl phospholipids in microvesicles represent a ubiquitous endogenous danger signal released under the oxidative stress, which underlies the role of TLR4 signalling in inflammation.
He presented data that indicate that the plasma membrane is the primary site of protein budding from animal cells, including human and fly cells. Finally, A. Brisson (University of Bordeaux and IECB, France) presented data obtained using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-EM) imaging and receptorspecific gold labelling. With this approach, he reported the presence of three major types of EVs in normal human platelet-free blood plasma: he described smaller spherical objects (50Á500 nm) representing 80% of the structures in blood plasma, tubular vesicles (15% of all MVs) and large objects (up to 7 mm). Strikingly, he found that only about 25% of vesicles bind Annexin V. He also found that about 20% of platelet-free plasma microparticles expose CD41, while most large cell fragments derive from red blood cells.
16. Proteomics C. Jimenez (VUUniversityMedicalCenter,TheNetherlands) started the session discussing mass-spectrometry data obtained analysing 9 human cancer cell lines and 2 primary human cells comparing exosomes and the soluble secretome. The exosome-enriched proteins were associated with the ontology terms RNA post-transcriptional modification, protein synthesis and cell signalling, tumourtype-specific antigens and proteins belonging to oncogenic pathways. The next speaker was C. La ¨sser (University of Gothenburg/Krefting Research Centre, Sweden) who talked about using exclusion proteomics and quantitative proteomics to identify immune-related proteins in nasal exosomes. Exosomes were isolated from pools of nasal fluid exosomes from healthy controls, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients, asthma and asthma/CRS.
Next, F. Dervin (Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, Ireland) described that the platelet releasate, known to play a role in atherosclerosis, comprises both soluble and exosomal contents. Dervin quantified a panel of released proteins, and for the first time, released miRNA, also. D. Di Vizio (Cedars Sinai Medical Center, USA) presented data obtained by the comparative proteomic analysis of the shedded ''large oncosomes'' (1Á10 mm) that can be induced by over-expression of oncoproteins. She demonstrated a 90% overlap between the proteomic composition of large oncosomes and smaller size EVs, however, found 79 proteins enriched in large oncosomes (e. g. fibronectin) while canonical exosome markers were enriched in small EVs in comparison with large oncosomes. The session continued with the presentation of D.
Late breaking abstracts Among the speakers of the late breaking sessions, A. Arakelyan (Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, USA) reported on the flow cytometric analysis of individual microvesicles and virions, using antibody capture on magnetic particles and multicolour flow cytometry. This was used to characterise EVs contained in HIV viral preparations and showed differences in CD45, CD81 and CD63 expression between EVs and virions. A novel assay platform using a membrane capture technique was presented by M. Mitsuhashi (Hitachi Chemical Research Center, Inc. , Irvine, USA). Following capture, EVs were lysed prior to poly(A) RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and gene amplification. J. Smith (Nanosight, UK) then outlined improvements to Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis software, which will lead to improved accuracy of sizing and concentration measurements of EVs.
Z. Wang (The University of Texas at Austin, USA) developed fabrication protocols for novel ciliated micropillars (the micropillars with porous silicon nanowires on the sidewalls) as a convenient microfluidic tool for simultaneously multi-scale filtration of biofluids to isolate exosomes from complex biological samples. The authors validated their microfluidic system using both liposomes and biological fluids. Also among the late breaking presentations, S. Montoro-Garcia (University of Birmingham, UK) presented data on circulating smallsize microparticles as indicators of worsening status in patients with systolic heart failure. K. R. Qazi (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden) investigated the mechanism of action of exosomes in sarcoidosis. More than 1500 distinct proteins were identified on the BALF exosomes.
33. Bacteria-infection E. Ligeti (Semmelweis University, Hungary) launched the session on bacteria and infection by showing data demonstrating that neutrophil-derived anti-bacterial microvesicles are increased in bacteremic patients. Next, F. Vazirisani (University of Gothenburg, Sweden) discussed the effect of membrane vesicles from Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis on monocytes and macrophages. R. Ovstebo (Oslo University Hospital, Norway) then reported that the inhibition of complement protein 5 reduces Neisseria meningitidis-induced microparticle-associated tissue factor activity as measured by thromboelastography in whole blood. J. Schorey (University of Notre Dame, USA) described the characterisation of exosomal RNA from M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages and discussed the potential use of these RNAs as molecular biomarkers for tuberculosis.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to  Michael O'Neill  ( Editor & Publisher BioQuick News, Scarsdale, NY, USA ) whose blog written during the meeting served as a useful source of information during the preparation of the report. The authors also thank  Dr. Nobuyoshi Kosaka  ( National Cancer Center, Tokyo ) for his contribution to writing up this meeting report. Funding EIB would like to acknowledge funding sources by  OTKA 84043  and  FP7-PEOPLE-2011-ITN _ PITN-GA-2011-289033  '' DYNANO. ''.
Numerical methods Zonation was calculated separately for pollen and spores, and dinocysts by cluster analysis (CONISS) after square root transformation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was also applied separately for pollen and dinocyst datasets. PCA exploration was performed using SPSS 15. 0, in correlation mode and applying varimax solutions. Data were square-root transformed prior to analysis. For pollen data, hydro-hygrophytes and NPP were excluded. For trees, shrubs and herbs, only taxa with percentages higher than 1% in at least one sample were considered. The sums of trees and shrubs were also incorporated. All dinocyst taxa have been included, and in this PCA of dinocyst data, data from the nearby core CP14  (Leroy et al. , 2007)  have also been included in an attempt to identify what the possible overlap is between the two cores.
The Late Pleistocene For core GS05, the PCA has shown that the factor explaining a high percentage of the variance of the pollen dataset is the abundance (or not) of shrubs that negatively correlate with the abundance of desertic/steppic taxa. Therefore the development of shrubs is clearly the most important change in this pollen diagram. An increase in the importance of shrubs during the Allerød contrasts with the desertic/steppic vegetation reconstructed for the Last Glacial and the YD (PC1-p, Fig. 5 ), showing a clear climate improvement during this interstadial. Moreover, PC3-p has a local peak, meaning that some trees were also important during this warmer period of the Late Pleistocene. In diagrams of the Marmara Sea  (Valsecchi et al. , 2012)  and in the east of the Black Sea  (Shumilovskikh et al.
Acknowledgements This study has been conducted within the European Contract  INCO-Copernicus "Understanding the Caspian Sea erratic fluctuations " n  IC15-CT96-0112. This was funded by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  within the framework of the  INSU-DYTEC (DYnamique de la Terre et du Climat) Program (France). Thanks are due to the French and Russian colleagues, who organized and participated in the coring and hydrological sea expedition of August 1994. P. -J. Giannesini  kindly provided the carbonate data and he and  E. Moreno  are the curators of the cores at the  Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, France. We are especially grateful to  P. Tucholka  and  F. Guichard  who actively contributed to the scientific part of this project. The publication is a contribution to the  INQUA QuickLakeH  project (No.
Real-time PCR qPCR primers were designed using the GenScript software. Polm primers (Polmu long For and Polmu long Rev) were defined in exons 7 and 8 to quantify only the longest isoform (Table  1 ). DNA-PKc-, Gadd45-, GAPDH-, a-actin-, TAFII-and mtRNA16S-specific primers were described previously  [12]. qPCRs were performed using the Mesa Green qPCR Master Mix (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) in a MastercyclerH realplex2 realtime PCR engine (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). The cycling protocol was as follows: 3 min at 95uC, then 40 cycles of 15 s at 95uC and 30 s at 59uC. Standard curves were generated to ensure that the amplification efficiencies were similar and in the range of 95%-105%. Each qPCR was performed in triplicate and repeated at least 2 times. The data were analyzed using the relative Pfaffl model  [32].
Relative expressions, expressed in arbitrary units (A. U. ), were calculated using 4 housekeeping genes (a-actin, mtRNA16S, TafII and GAPDH), the GeNorm software and the Vandesompele method  [33]. Primers Polmu long For and Polmu Rev (Table  1 ) were used to amplify, using conventional PCR, Polm variants in the spleen and testis of P. waltl.
Statistics Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v13. 0 (SPSS Inc. , USA). Outlier values were determined by a boxplot of each studied group. When normality and homogeneity of variances were ascertained, as determined by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene tests, respectively, Student's t-test analyses were performed to establish two group comparisons. Otherwise, Mann-Whitney tests were used for two group comparisons. p-values ,0. 05 and ,0. 10 were selected to indicate significance and trends, respectively.
P. waltl Polymerase m To isolate the Polm cDNA of P. waltl, we designed primers in conserved regions revealed by the alignment of Polm sequences from different species. These primers allowed the amplification of two products that presented strong homologies with the corresponding regions of human, mouse, Xenopus and zebrafish Polm mRNAs. Specific primers were then designed to perform RACE-PCR and recover both extremities of P. waltl Polm cDNAs. The sequence of the full-length cDNA has been submitted to the EMBL database (accession number HE583591). We predicted the P. waltl Polm exon limits by alignment with Polm cDNA sequences from species whose exon borders are known. This analysis revealed that, as in other species  [23, 25, 34] , P. waltl Polm is encoded by 11 exons, of which exon 8 could be alternatively spliced (Figure  1 ).
Introduction Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) integrates data processing, mathematics and statistics into computerized techniques to maximize the information that may be extracted from medical imaging datasets. One of the goals of CAD is to assist the clinicians in the differential diagnosis between several conditions with overlapping clinical features. This problem is commonly encountered in patients with a presumed progressive adult-onset chronic neurodegenerative disorder, in which the clinical phenotype only fully expressed several years after the onset of brain damage. Most CAD in this context addressed a binary classification problem i. e. , involving the distinction between two diagnostic classes. One of the challenges of CAD is multiclass classification  (Kloppel et al. , 2012) , which better reflects a situation encountered in routine clinical practice.
Imaging data acquisition Image acquisition was performed between 1993 and 2009 either at the CRC (N = 87) using a CTI 951 R 16/31 tomograph (CTI, Knoxville, TN, USA) or at the CHU (N = 33) on a Gemini PET/CT scan (Philips Medical Systems) after an intravenous bolus injection of FDG. The proportion of images acquired on the 2 scanners is the following: overall 72/28%; 74/ 26% and 72/28% for the PD and APS, respectively; 74/26%, 68/32%, 62/38% and 90/10% for the PD, MSA, PSP and CBS respectively. Globally, the scans from different categories are thus similarly distributed across scanners, except for the CBS, which also counts the fewer scans over all. Participants were studied on their usual medications in a quiet wakeful resting-state, with eyes closed in dimmed ambient light. Head movements were reduced using foam padding and a restraining strap.
Imaging data processing After gross manual image reorientation and approximate definition of the image center point, the PET images were spatially processed using the Statistical Parametric Mapping toolbox (SPM8, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, 2008) implemented within Matlab 7. 4. 0 (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). All images were spatially normalized onto a population-specific FDG PET template created in MNI space, as previously reported  (Phillips et al. , 2011) , and then spatially smoothed using a 12 mm FWHM Gaussian kernel  (Garraux et al. , 2000). To minimize any bias in the RVM analyses due to differences in brain coverage in the axial direction, we next created a binary mask image representing the brain voxels common to all scans. Furthermore, within this mask, we only considered voxels that had a probability of being grey matter higher than.
Relevance vector machine (RVM) classification Voxel-based multivariate analysis of FDG PET scans was performed using a RVM  (Tipping, 2001)  and lead to 'pattern recognition' in the data. RVM relies on the same principle as "Support Vector Machine" (SVM) but is framed within a Bayesian framework contrary to SVM (which is expressed as "maximal margin" problem). The linear RVM method applied here on FDG-PET data was similar to that described in  Phillips et al. (2011)  and allowed the classification of data points, i. e. PET scans, into two classes. This is a so-called supervised learning approach since the machine is trained on a training dataset where the true class membership of each data point is provided. Briefly, the RVM belongs to a set of sparse machine-learning approaches that builds a classification/regression function from a weighted linear combination of kernel functions, in which the weights are tuned during the learning phase to produce an optimal classification of the training data  (Krishnapuram et al.
Bootstrap resampling ("bagging") For cross-validation and assessment of prediction accuracy, RVM was combined with bootstrap aggregation (also known as "bagging")  (Breiman, 1996; Efron and Tibshirani, 1993). In statistics, resampling techniques are used to validate models and to assess their statistical accuracy by using random subsets (bootstrapping cross-validation)  (Efron and Tibshirani, 1986; Efron and Tibshirani, 1995). Bootstrap resampling consists in uniformly sampling objects from a dataset, with replacement. "Bags" of data were created by random sampling, with replacement, from the original pool of training data. Here, we performed 100 iterations, involving a new bootstrap sample per iteration. At each iteration, a fixed number of PET images were randomly sampled (with replacement) from each category to form the training set, used to build the RVM models (Fig.