dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
It was also concluded that data exchange and scientific discussions should not take place in the same platform. Based on the exercise evaluation and partners' feedback, a number of areas stood out as needing further work and development. To address them, seven recommendations were formulated by the project team leaders. All of these relate to the more general response capability of the Icelandic Institutions and as such they have been already considered for improvement to and implementation in the operational response plans at IMO, UI and NCIP. The recommendations are also directly relevant to other institutions worldwide that are responsible for responding to volcanic emergencies. They are: 1. Implement platforms for real-time data sharing and discussion between organisations. It is recommended that the local institutions (civil protection, volcano observatory, university and/or related institutions) make the decision together about the tools that they wish to use to communicate during a volcanic crisis with their closest partners.
Legacy of the exercises on operational emergency response The two exercises, in particular the second one, have contributed to reinforcing the collaboration between the local institutions in Iceland (civil protection/observatory/university) and to establishing new procedures in both the notification system as well as data sharing protocols. For example, since the second exercise, the University of Iceland is always activated during the monthly VOLCICE exercises organised by IMO and the London VAAC. Similarly, the contact list at IMO including people from UI has been reviewed and updated within the IMO contingency plans (in terms of both priority and people contacted). The exercises have triggered further changes in Iceland including the implementation of a password-protected blog to share updates, data and opinions about ongoing events.
These participants in particular may require more information in advance of the exercise to help them understand their role and what is expected of them. Lesson 2: Do not under-estimate the time required to build a realistic and consistent scenario for multi-disciplinary datasets, especially when experts from different institutions around the world are involved. Ensuring consistency between the various datasets plays a key role in how the exercise players will respond. Planning for the Katla exercise took ~2 months and approximately 1 day was needed to prepare each dataset. Lesson 3: In addition to preparing data, decisions will be needed in advance regarding the content of any announcements or notifications that are released during the exercise. The relay of these messages during the exercise should be made by the relevant people at the local institutions involved in the exercise, but these contacts should also monitor the progress of the response and intervene, if necessary, to guide or compensate for any misunderstanding or misinformation.
Acknowledgements An exercise of this scale requires the involvement and participation of many individuals and organisations. We would like to thank all the partners in the  FUTUREVOLC  project for their engagement in the process. The Katla exercise would not have been possible without the involvement of the scientists who defined the scenario and acted as end-users and we specifically thank  Bryndis Brandisdóttir ,  Sigrun Hreinsdóttir ,  Thorsteinn Thorsteinsson ,  Trausti Jónsson ,  Maurizio Ripepe ,  Alessandro Aiuppa ,  Matthew Hort ,  Nigel Gait ,  Brian McConnell ,  Claire O'Connell  and  Aoife Braiden. We thank  Thórdis Högnadóttir  for her assistance in preparing Fig. 3. We are grateful to  Agust Gunnar Gylfason  from  NCIP  for providing comments on the manuscript and to the two reviewers for their constructive and supportive feedback.
1747C>T), encoding a premature stop codon [NP_056146Á1:p. (R583*)] (Figure  1c, d ). This genetic variant was not present in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) v. 2Á1Á1. Subsequently, we sequenced NCSTN from his 30-year-old daughter with HS (Figure  1b ) and his clinically healthy son, observing only in the daughter cosegregation of the NCSTN heterozygous single-nucleotide variation (Figure  1c, e ). Interestingly, physical examination of the patient's daughter did not reveal any signs of DDD. As the substitution encoded a premature stop codon, we wondered whether the mutation could cause haploinsufficiency following nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) of NCSTN. To confirm this, we compared NCSTN expression by outer root sheath (ORS) cells isolated from the patient's plucked hairs and those of the healthy son.
Acknowledgments We thank  J. Cardy ,  A. Gainutdinov ,  V. Gorbenko ,  S. Ribault ,  B. Zan , and  A. Zamolodchikov  for discussions. We are grateful to  S. Ribault  for commenting on the manuscript. This work was supported in part by the  ERC  advanced grant  NuQFT. Moreover ,  L. Liu  benefited from a  Chateaubriand Fellowship of the Office for Science and Technology of the Embassy of France in the United States. Part of the computations described in this paper were supported by the  University of Southern California Center for Advanced Research Computing  (carc. usc. edu).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported in part by the following funds and organizations: OSTIn-SRP/EDB through  National Research Foundation  and in part by  MoE AcRF  ( Rp6/16  Xs), Singapore; I. L. acknowledges the support from the  School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology ; special thanks to  L. Xu ,  M. Lim ,  S. Huang , and the entire PSAC/SPCS for their help. Phys. Plasmas 26, XXXXXX (2019); doi:  10. 1063/1. XXXXXX 26, XXXXXXX-26 Published under license by AIP Publishing.
Outcomes The first study outcome was review of effectiveness of KTP laser therapy, including the feasibility of the procedure for the underlying lesion. The second study outcome was review of potential postoperative complications. The third study outcome was evaluation of voice quality from pre-to postprocedure, for example, use of patient-reported outcome questionnaires, perceptual subjective voice scale, aerodynamic, or acoustic measurements. Heterogeneity among included articles in patient lesions, laser settings, and outcomes measures limited ability to combine data statistically into a formal meta-analysis, limiting analysis of the current systematic review to qualitative rather than quantitative summary of the available information.
Search Strategy A PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus search were conducted by the authors for identifying studies about the effectiveness of KTP laser procedure for benign and malignant laryngeal lesions. The following key words were used: ''KTP''; ''laser''; ''surgery''; ''lesion''; ''vocal''; ''laryngeal''; ''larynx''; and ''voice. '' The authors determined final article selection and provided a critical analysis of the publication's content. The data of studies are summarized in the present publication. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist for systematic reviews. 11.
For this purpose, cells were grown overnight under photosynthesis in the presence of increasing CdCl 2 concentration and CadA expression profile was assessed by Western blot. In contrast to the wild-type, overnight growth of cadR -cells was inhibited beyond 600 µM CdCl 2. Western blot analysis confirmed that CadA is induced  with increasing concentration of CdCl 2 (Figure  3 ) in the wildtype and this induction is CadR-dependent since CadA was not detected in cadR -cells. In conclusion, these data showed that the CadA efflux ATPase is required for cadmium detoxification and its expression is induced by CdCl 2 under the control of CadR. Note that the cadR -mutant tolerates a higher cadmium concentration than the cadA mutant, but less than the wildtype (Supplementary Figure  S4 ). This difference could be due to a low expression of CadA (undetectable on Western blot) in cadR -, but sufficient enough to warrant tolerance toward low cadmium concentrations.
Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics will be used to describe the demographic and baseline characteristics of study participants. The predictive ability of the pre-hospital blood lactate level on mortality will be assessed by the ROC curve methodology. Thereafter, the predictive ability of pre-hospital blood lactate level and pre-hospital lactate clearance will be assessed by multiple logistic regressions. The results will be expressed as the odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. The accepted level of significance for all analyses will be p<0. 05. The data analysis will be performed by independent statisticians from the research team. An analysis will be conducted using the R 3. 4. 2 software (www. R-project. org; the R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
Fixed-target operation Since 2015 the LHCb detector has been able to record data in a fixed-target configuration thanks to the SMOG set up. A schematic view of the collision scenario can be seen in the figure  1. This type of collision is a unique feature within the LHC experiments. The gas species that can be used are limited to noble gases, due to their low chemical potential, and so far the ones that have been used are helium, neon, and argon. A pictorial summary of the different scenarios can be seen in the figure  2. Depending on the beam energy used the centreof-mass energy ranges from √ s NN = 68. 8 -110 GeV, covering the energy gap between the CERN SPS (∼ 20 GeV) and the BNL RHIC (∼ 200 GeV). In fixed-target mode the centre-of-mass rapidity covered by the detector is shifted towards the backward region.
Conclusions hsv Results on the measurement of hidden and open charm states were reported on pHe and pAr collisions, where no evidence for strong intrinsic charm has been seen. There is still data to be analysed from Run 2, including proton-neon and lead-neon collisions at √ s NN = 69 GeV, which is an ongoing endeavour. The upgrade for SMOG, namely SMOG2 promises to drastically improve the fixed-target programme of LHCb, with an increased luminosity, more versatile running conditions, and broader possibilities in the choice of a target, making it possible to expand significantly the physics reach of LHCb.
70% of antibiotics ingested end up in the natural environment. Various studies have confirmed the presence of a large number of medicinal substances in all the environmental compartments: surface waters, soil, sediment and groundwater  [1, 2]. According to the type of medicinal substance and the different water categories, the concentrations found will vary within a bracket ranging from one nanogram per litre in fresh or marine surface waters, groundwater and water intended for human consumption, up to a microgram, or even several hundred micrograms per litre in effluents and residuary waters, with spatio-temporal variations depending on human activities. Several authors have found pharmaceutical molecules in drinking water  [1]. A compilation of the concentrations of pharmaceutical pollutants found in the environment by country is presented in a database developed by the German Federal Environment Agency  [3].
Trends in Microbiology Cross-Regulations between Type II TA Systems Type II TA systems are also abundant in bacterial genomes (Table  1 ). In M. tuberculosis, 79 systems were identified after research in the toxin-antitoxin database (http://bioinfo-mml. sjtu. edu. cn/TADB/) and through a homologue search of the M. tuberculosis genomes for toxin and antitoxin protein sequences from each of eight major type II families (CcdBA, HigBA, HipBA, MazEF, ParDE, RelBE, VapBC, and Doc/PhD). These type II systems include 50 from the VapBC family and 10 from the MazEF family, likely the result of extensive gene duplication events (Table  1 )  [38] [39] [40] [41]. Cross-regulations between type II TA systems are more documented than for the type I systems as type II antitoxins and toxins possess global regulatory functions.
Acknowledgments We are thankful to  Juliana Berland  for help with editing the manuscript. C. R. is the recipient of a fellowship funded by the  French Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche  (grant  MENRT ) and the  School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences of the 'Université de Rennes 1'. This work was funded by the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  (grant number  ANR-15-CE12-0003-01  ' sRNA-Fit ' to B. F. ); by the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  (grant number  DBF20160635724  'Bactéries et champignons face aux antibiotiques et antifongiques' to B. F. ); and by the  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  M. Morel  and  G. Gonzalez  for fruitful discussions. This work was funded by  ANID -Millennium Science Initiative Program -ICN17_012. The authors acknowledges the financial support of the  Millennium Institute for Research in Optics (MIRO) ,  Fondecyt  project  1180903  and  1170164 , and  Fondo Basal CMM-Chile.
In this paper, we illustrate some of the current methods for the exploitation of data from Earth Observing satellites to measure and understand earthquakes and shallow crustal tectonics. The aim of applying such methods to Earth Observation data is to improve our knowledge of the active fault sources that generate earthquake shaking hazards. We provide examples of the use of Earth Observation, including the measurement and modelling of earthquake deformation processes and the earthquake cycle using both radar and optical imagery. We also highlight the importance of combining these orbiting satellite datasets with airborne, in situ and ground-based geophysical measurements to fully characterise the spatial and timescale of temporal scales of the triggering of earthquakes from an example of surface water loading.
Instead, we aim to improve hazard assessment by measuring and understanding the deformation of the Earth's crust to illuminates the location, potency and rate of major earthquake-generating sources-information and knowledge that can be subsequently used to better estimate future strong ground motion when combined with other sources of information and models. Here we provide examples of the use of Earth Observation (EO) and associated geophysical datasets (airborne and ground based), to measure the deformation associated with failure of the crust on faults, a consequence of the earthquake cycle. The earthquake cycle encapsulates our current understanding of the physical solid Earth process of earthquake generation in terms of deformation  (Savage and Prescott 1978)  measurable with geodetic techniques using satellite systems.
Each of these stages of deformation (when onshore) is measurable by Earth Observing systems. InSAR/GNSS data are applicable to observing and modelling all three parts of the cycle, whilst optical imagery is predominately used when large coseismic offsets have occurred. EO derived measurements of coseismic ground deformation (coupled with other a priori constraints from seismological, optical, topographic and field mapping) can be used as inputs for geophysical inverse models (e. g. ,  Elliott et al. 2016). These models aim to approximate the Earth, typically as an elastic medium in a half-space, from which the parameters of the earthquake source  (Okada 1985)  such as fault location and orientation (e. g. ,  Bagnardi and Hooper 2018)  and the distribution of slip are determined (e. g. ,  Simons et al.
InSAR data are available in b ascending (track 58) and c descending (track 138) directions (Az indicate direction of satellite, los is the line of sight look direction). These data are then modelled as elastic dislocations to determine the best fitting fault parameters, and the residual difference between these two datasets f, g indicates the noise in the interferograms and any mis-modelling of the data from the simplified assumptions of modelling a fault as a single rectangular dislocation of constant slip. The area of slip on the two possible fault planes is indicated by the rectangles and the up-dip projections of these faults to the surface are indicated by the lines (with the ticks indicating the down-dip direction). There remains a focal ambiguity where it is not possible to determine if the fault dips to the east (black outline) or west (grey outline) as both these solutions yield almost the same pattern of deformation at the surface (the east dipping solution is shown here in the model).
Therefore, not only do we find a model that fits the data well, but we also get a sense of the range of uncertainty and trade-offs between the various fault parameters based upon how noisy the input datasets are assessed to be (Table  2 ). The fault parameter modelling results (Figs. 1, 2 ) indicate that the fault strikes NNW-SSE and is predominately normal dip-slip. This corroborates the seismological solutions.
The availability and resolution of topographic data are highly variable globally, but it often acts as an important underlying dataset for geomorphic analysis of active faulting (e. g. ,  Arrowsmith and Zielke 2009 ) and for landscape evolution in mountainous terrain (e. g. ,  Boulton and Stokes 2018). Open global datasets from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)  (Farr and Kobrick 2000)  provide 30 m (1 arc second) topographic data (Fig. 3b ) for most of the mid and low latitude areas of the world (60 degrees north to 56 degrees south,  Farr et al. 2007 ) and these are typically used in the InSAR processing chain to correct for topography (originally prior to 2015 only 90 m (3 arc second) data was available outside of the USA-Fig. 3c ). Higher-resolution datasets exist commercially or may be available from national agencies but are not openly available.
Klinger et al. (2006)  used cross-correlated SPOT data before and after the Kokoxili earthquake (2002, M w 7. 8, Tibet) to extract features suggesting a rupture model with fault segments separated by strong persistent geometric barriers. Michel and Avouac (2006)  used sub-metric resolution aerial photographs to precisely map the coseismic displacement field of the Landers earthquake (1992, M w 7. 3, California) and studied in detail the Kickapoo step over. The use of aerial photographs was crucial to measure volcano deformation at Piton de La Fournaise (La Reunion Island) by de  Michele and Briole (2007). The method is further used in  Leprince et al. (2007) ,  Ayoub et al. (2009)  and also in  Milliner et al. (2015). Avouac et al. (2006)  analyzed the 2006 M w 7. 6 Kashmir earthquake by modelling both seismic waveforms and using sub-pixel offset of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images to measure ground deformation.
Artificial Water Reservoir-Triggered Earthquakes Earth Observation data typically allow for wide area coverage and measurements of major deformation events, as illustrated in the previous examples. However, in many cases, the geophysical phenomena of interest are small in magnitude, or the background rates from which we try to detect a deviation are themselves small. Thus in situ and local measurements made using sensitive ground-based instruments are often required to fully characterised the evolution of the geophysical process. Additionally, the kind of information sought may require inferences of subsurface structures, which are more suited to be determined from airborne data using differing geophysical tools than perhaps that available from high altitude orbiting satellites. For this case study, we highlight a range of remotely derived observations as applied to understanding the potential for triggering of earthquakes from artificial reservoirs.
To better characterise these processes, the suitability of the Koyna region for setting up a deep borehole laboratory was examined during the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) workshop held at Hyderabad and Koyna in 2011. However, prior to committing to an expensive project, a range of datasets were acquired to assess the tectonics of the region to enable the suitable design and deployment of a deep borehole. These included airborne gravity, gravity gradient and magnetic surveys and LiDAR coverage of the Koyna region, amongst several others  (Gupta 2017 (Gupta , 2018)). A 3 km deep pilot borehole has so far been drilled, with observations currently being made to design the final ~ 7 km deep borehole laboratory. Airborne gravity-gradient and magnetic (AGGM) surveys provide measurements from which density structures and magnetic anomalies can be delineated.
There were surface traces of the faulting caused by the Koyna earthquake of 10 December 1967  (Gupta et al. 1999 ). However, neither the M 5. 8 earthquake of 13 September 1967, nor the later M ~ 5 earthquakes in the Koyna-Warna region, provided any surface evidence of faulting at depth. One question that remained unanswered was whether the faulting was confined to the basement only or propagated through the basalt cover as well. A combination of rugged topography and dense vegetation makes fieldwork looking for possible traces of faulting difficult. To overcome this difficulty LiDAR surveys were carried out in the area covering the region of RTS in the Koyna-Warna area. The area covered 1064 sq. km and is shown in Fig. 9  where LiDAR and orthophotograph data were acquired in April 2014  (Arora et al.
2017). A total of 21 ground control points were established before acquisition of multiple return and waveform LiDAR and orthophotograph data. The NNE-SWW trending lineament, starting just south of the Koyna Reservoir and running through the Warna Reservoir is the surface expression of the Donachiwada Fault responsible for most of RTS in the region, including the 10 December 1967 M 6. 3 Koyna main earthquake. The 1967 earthquake occurred more than two decades before the first observations of ground deformation associated with major seismic events were possible with SAR satellites. However, the magnitude 5 events in 2009 occurred in the era of ALOS SAR data and were just large enough to have surface deformation associated with them. Arora et al. (2018)  have focused on the lineaments within the Deccan Traps in the area of RTS in the Koyna Warna region and have shown their connection with the subsurface basement using LiDAR and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry.
Interferometric measurements conducted for the Koyna-Warna region indicated displacement associated with two M ~ 5 earthquakes that occurred on 14 November 2009 and 12 December 2009. Both these earthquakes had normal faulting dominated movement. The size of these events is beyond the detectability limit of InSAR data using single interferograms (as used in the earlier section) and instead a time series approach is required to use larger data volumes before and after the earthquakes to reduce the noise due to atmosphere in the data. As depicted in Fig. 10,    with repeated earthquakes causing upward propagation of faulting, which in turn causes fractures permitting water from the reservoirs to percolate into faults and consequently triggering earthquakes. Near-field investigations are of utmost importance to comprehend the initiation of an earthquake in a fault zone and observe what proceeds and follows the nucleation process.
For these near field studies, it is crucial to locate a suitable place for setting up the necessary near field observation laboratory. At Koyna, India, due to a thick basalt cover and dense vegetation, it was very difficult to trace the surface manifestation of the causative fault of the 1967 M 6. 3 earthquake and the continued RTS in the Koyna-Warna region. By combining a range of datasets we have shown that a range of remotely sensed data from airborne gravity-gradient and magnetic surveys, through to LiDAR and SAR Interferometry have provided evidence for the nature the subsurface structure in the Koyna-Warna region. This has helped in tracing the causative Donachiwada fault, and the association of gravity and magnetic anomalies with hypocenters, and that the basement faulting extends to the surface.