dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the  INSU-LEFE French program , the  International Emerging Action program  funded by  CNRS France  ( Cingaz  project), and the  Brittany Council. IMT Nord Europe  acknowledges funding by the  French ANR agency  under contract No. ANR-11-LabX-0005-01   CaPPA (Chemical and Physical Properties of the Atmosphere) , the  Region Hauts-de-France , the  Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche  ( CPER Climibio ), and the  European Fund for Regional Economic Development. This research was also funded by the  Consejería de Educación ,  Cultura y Deportes de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha  through the project  SBPLY/19/180501/000052  and the  University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)  through the projects  2020-GRIN-29016  and  2021-GRIN-31279  (Ayudas para la financiación de actividades de investigación dirigidas a grupos).
Acknowledgements The project leading to this publication has received funding from the  Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University-A*Midex , a  French "Investissements d'Avenir" programme"  ( A-M-AAP-EI-17-06-170223-13. 06-QUINTARD-SAT ). The  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ,  Aix-Marseille Université ,  Université Grenoble-Alpes  and  Labex Arcane  are warmly acknowledged for financial support. This work was supported by the computing facilities of the  CRCMM, "Centre Régional de Compétences en Modélisation Moléculaire de Marseille ".
CH 4 emissions The calorimetry laboratory has two respiration chambers made in  2 Supplement: corn (35. 4%), soybean meal (35%), cotton seed (15%), urea (0. 6%) molasses (8%) and mineralized salt (6%). During the measurement of CH 4 emissions, the air was removed from the chambers at 500 L/min using a mass-flow system (Flowkit 2000, Sable Systems International, Las Vegas, NV, USA). CH 4 concentration in the extracted air column was measured every second with an infrared analyzer (MA-10, Sable Systems International, Las Vegas, NV, USA). The Expedata-UI2 software (Sable Systems International, Las Vegas, NV, USA) automatically calculated CH 4 emissions as liters per minute. The results were corrected for standard temperature and pressure. Figure  2  shows the respiration chamber design and the sampling for CH 4 quantification.
Intake time (IT) measurements To identify eating activity, a video camera was placed over the feeder inside each chamber (Figure  3 ). It was assumed that animals only visit the feeder to eat. To establish if the animal was eating or not, the object detection model YOLOv5x was used  (Jocher et al. , 2020). This model is a Considering that all the video monitoring was taken under the same environmental conditions (e. g. illumination, distance from the feeder), the images data set extracted from the videos (>2 million) was visually inspected to find 1000 images with eating animals. This image sub-set was randomly selected from both chambers and all measured days. In each selected image, the software LabelImg  (Tzutalin, 2018)  was used to find the area where the object of interest (steer head) is located.
convolutional neural network (CNN, or ConvNet), based on the YOLO model (AlexeyAB/darknet) that, in simple terms, divides an input image into multiples grids, and use some of these cells for object detection if the center of an object falls into a grid cell. In general, the YOLO-based models have been trained using several image databases (e. g COCO dataset) to detect 80 different classes of objects, including horse, sheep, and cow. Given that in this work just one object class was necessary (i. e. cow), the model was fine-tuned to increase the cow detection accuracy.
Fitting of spectra was performed with the PeakFit software package, using a linear background and Voigt profiles. Small-angle X-ray scattering experiments were performed on a SAXSLAB Mat:Nordic with a Rigaku 003+ high brilliance microfocus Cu-radiation source and a Pilatus 300 K detector. The data was collected in a single measurement using the WAXS setting covering a Q-range of 0. 1-2. 2 Å -1. Each sample was measured for 30 minutes in a 1. 5 mm diameter glass capillary (sealed with wax in an inert atmosphere) at room temperature. No background sample cell background measurement was needed since the capillaries have a very weak contribution in the measured region. Neutron spin-echo spectroscopy (NSE) was performed on a WASP spectrometer, Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL), France. 24 he momentum transfer is determined by the wavelength of the neutrons and the detector angle according to = i k j j j y { z z z Q 4 sin 2 (1) The time window covered by the spectrometer depends on the incident neutron wavelength, with shorter time scales being probed for shorter incident wavelengths.
In our experiment, a wavelength of 7 Å and a detector angle of 70°were used, resulting in a time window of 6 ps to 6 ns and a momentum Scheme 1. Chemical Structure of P14 Cation, FSI Anion, and HFE The Journal of Physical Chemistry C transfer range of Q = 0. 6-1. 5 Å -1. Data was collected in the temperature range of 180-300 K, and the measurement time was 4 h for each temperature. A measurement of P14FSI/ 0. 2LiFSI at 50 K was used as a resolution, and an empty cell was used for background subtraction. Data was subsequently normalized to a measurement from a fully elastically scattering TiZr sample. Annular TiZr cans, sample thickness of 0. 2 mm, were used as sample holders. The data was reduced using ILLdeveloped routines implemented in Igor Pro 8. 25.
However, even though there is a partial overlap of the curves in Figure  1e , a deviation from a master curve can be seen for low temperatures (high T g /T). This implies that there are also additional changes not accounted for by the glass-transition temperature upon the introduction of HFE, such as changes in local structure, interactions, and/or effective number of charge carriers. To further shed light on this issue, Figure  1f  shows Walden plots for the IL and ILEs obtained from the viscosity, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C ionic conductivity, and density data (see Figure  S3 ). Walden plots were obtained using = + i k j j j j y { z z z z c log log log 1 (2) where Λ is the molar conductivity (conductivity/molar concentration) [Scm 2 mol -1 ], c and α are constants, and η is the viscosity.
The driving safety of autonomous vehicles will strongly depend on their ability to recognize road surface conditions such as dry, wet, snowy and icy road. Currently, the existing investigations to detect road surface conditions still have limitations in daytime and nighttime conditions. The objective of this paper is to propose and develop a new system with three near-infrared (NIR) LED sources. This choice is based on the advantages of LED sources over laser diodes. They are less sensitive to temperature and have lower costs. Considering these advantages, the feasibility of the LED system to recognize road surface conditions is investigated. For this, the appropriate wavelengths of the LED tri-wavelength source are first computed from experimental data taking into account the specific LED spectral shape.
Therefore, for the snow condition, 15 configurations were tested, whereas 40 configurations were tested for the other road surface conditions. The experiment was conducted in a dark room so that no ambient light would influence the measurements. The only illumination source was the halogen lamp. The average backscattering spectra measured are presented in Fig. 5. It was found that the spectral shapes for dry and wet asphalt are very similar, which could make it difficult to distinguish dry and wet road surface conditions. Furthermore, the amplitude of the spectrum in the snow condition below 1200 nm is very high, whereas it is quite low when above 1450 nm. As for water, the data presented here were measured at a short distance (0. 25-0. 35 m). Indeed, above 0. 4 m, only noise could be measured.
Discussion As shown in the previous sections, dry and wet are the two classes which are more difficult to be distinguished in our work. However, in the theoretical calculations, no overlap was observed between the distributions of dry and wet road surface conditions, whereas the experiments in the laboratory showed an obvious overlap. Yet, the calculations were based on data obtained from spectral measurements using a spectrometer together with a lens to collect the backscattered light. Thus, the spectrometer collected the light backscattered from a larger area than that corresponding to one pixel of the NIR camera. Therefore, the measurement of the spectrometer may be equivalent to an integration of several pixels of the NIR camera, which could explain the observed difference between calculations and experiments.
Process model The process model was developed in ASPEN PLUS V10 (Aspen technology, Inc) to perform the heat and mass balance calculations considering the thermodynamics equilibrium in all the components. The Peng-Robinson (PR) property method was used to evaluate the properties for the hydrocarbon streams while IAPWS-95 method was used to estimate the properties of steam. The pyrolysis reactor was modelled using the REQUIL reactor module based on a specified temperature approach, i. e. , conversion is set to equilibrium at a specified temperature below the reactor operating temperature to represent incomplete conversion from reaction rate limitations. The combustor was modelled as RGIBBS module, predicting essentially complete conversion of the fuel. The PSA was modelled as a splitter and the H 2 recovery was estimated based on a literature correlation  [21].
Note that since β in both cases is reported to be very close (β 1. 89 and β 1. 85 in  [11]  and  [12] , respectively), we use the former value to indicate our prediction. (NWO) by a NWO Rubicon Grant 680-50-1520 and from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) by the SNSF Ambizione Grant No. PZ00P2 185843. The project was supported by the Simons Foundation Grant (No. 454953 Matthieu Wyart) and from the SNSF under Grant No. 200021-165509.
05 -1. 10, with an increase in pressure and temperature resulting in a decrease and increase in laminar burning velocity, respectively. Supplementary fuels such as Hydrogen have been shown to improve the combustion performances of ammonia. Lhuillier et al. [36]  produced an extensive dataset of laminar burning velocities for ammonia/hydrogen mixtures at various initial conditions (298-473K, Φ = 0. 8 -1. 4, H2 = 60% vol. max), with further work on ammonia/hydrogen also available in  [37]. For up to 20 to 30% Hydrogen addition, both aforementioned studies highlight a linear correlation between added molar hydrogen fraction and flame speed of hydrogen/ammonia blends, prior to an exponential increase in flame speed upon further hydrogen addition. A fuel blend with an ammonia/hydrogen of 70/30%VOL was specified for this work.
Experimental Facility 2. 1. Constant Volume Combustion Vessel Laminar flame speed measurements were performed using a constant-volume spherical vessel as shown in Fig. 2. Details of the rig and post-processing technique can be found in  [41] , updated for NH3 specifications in  [36]  and thus only a brief summary is presented here. The spherical vessel has a nominal internal volume of 4. 2 L (ID 200mm), with four orthogonal 70 mm quartz viewing windows with PID temperature control. High-speed Schlieren imaging of flame propagation was achieved using a CMOS high speed camera (PHANTOM V1210 (±0. 05%)) set to a suitable fast frame capture rate and facilitating a spatial resolution of ~0. 1 mm per pixel. Flame propagation rates were calculated by edge-detection algorithms written into a bespoke MATLAB script.
Temperature Temperature profiles were obtained at five locations (red dots, Fig. 3 ) via K and R type thermocouples feeding a data logger with a frequency of 1 Hz. Thermocouple data were taken for 120 s for each point and averaged. The thermocouples were calibrated showing an average error of 3% of reading. The acquired temperature data were corrected as per  [54]  to account for the convective and radiative heat transfer of the thermocouples with their surroundings, as well as conductive heat transfer between the thermocouple bead and the connecting thermocouple wires.
Laminar Flame Speed Measurements The CHEMKIN-Pro-package employing the PREMIX module, to simulate a 1-D adiabatic planar flame, was used to provide a better understanding of the reactivity trends displayed in Fig. 6. A simulation domain of 10 cm was considered, with a total of 2000 grid points used, including multi-component diffusion and an assumed air composition of 79% N2 -21% O2. The Stagni reaction mechanism was utilised to generate volumetric heat release rates (Q') and concentration of mole fractions of active radicals (H, OH, NH and NH2). Relative changes in measured flame speed and numerically attained Q', selected radical mole fractions, normalised to that of pure ammonia for Φ 0. 8 -1. 2 are presented in Fig. 6. As can be seen from Fig. 6 , addition of 30%VOL. hydrogen to ammonia-based fuels results in an increased reactivity, with relative changes in flame speed (LBV in Fig.
Conclusions This study investigated premixed 70/30VOL. % NH3/H2 blend under atmospheric condition at a wide range of equivalence ratios (0. 55 -1. 4) for both spherically expanded laminar and swirling turbulent flames. Laminar burning velocities of the blend under investigation were compared with pure ammonia and methane flames. Results from three ammonia-based reaction mechanisms were compared against the experimental data for validation purposes with Stagni's mechanism performing closest to the experimental data. Swirling turbulent flames were investigated with a combination of spatially resolved OH*, NH* and NH2* chemiluminescence, spectrometry analysis and sampled exhaust emissions data. The experimental conditions of the swirling flames were evaluated numerically in Ansys Chemkin-Pro environment by employing a CRN model and utilizing Stagni's mechanism to identify the significant reactions responsible for NOX emissions.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  884157  and the  SAFE-AGT  pilot (no. EP/T009314/1 ) with funding from the  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). The laminar flame speed experiments were undertaken at the  University of Orleans PRISME lab. The turbulent flame research was undertaken at  Cardiff University's Thermofluids Lab  ( W/0. 07 ) with invaluable technical support from  Mr. Malcolm Seaborne. Information on the data underpinning the results presented here, including how to access them, can be found in the Cardiff University data catalogue at http://doi. org/10. 17035/d. 2022. 0218686600.
In previous studies, ChCl-based DESs have been used to extract both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds from marine biomass  [77] , such as macroalgae  [78]  or microalgae [79], for example. The exoskeleton of Polybius henslowii has been shown to contain proteins and lipids, in addition to chitin  [30] , which could also be co-extracted by the DESs and reduce the purity of the calcium lactate fraction. The N% of the calcium lactate extract was measured using elemental analysis. It showed that the extract contained around 0. 30% N (data not shown). This result, coupled with the slight band observed around 1745 cm -1 on the ATR-FTIR, corresponding to C=O stretching vibrations, indicated that the calcium lactate extract presented some impurities. This calcium lactate could be used as an additive to bioconcrete, as inclusion of the material enhances self-healing of this type of material  [54] , even in aquatic environments  [80] ; however, further work to increase the purity of the fraction is necessary to extend application to fields, such as calcium supplements [56] or feed  [50].
The dried exoskeletons were then ball-milled in a rotary ball-mill RETSCH PM100 (Haan, Germany) for 20 min at 400 rpm, with changes in direction every 4 min to ensure a homogenous powder. The powder was sieved through a 0. 2 mm mesh and stored at 4 °C until use. In previous studies, ChCl-based DESs have been used to extract both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds from marine biomass  [77] , such as macroalgae  [78]  or microalgae [79], for example. The exoskeleton of Polybius henslowii has been shown to contain proteins and lipids, in addition to chitin  [30] , which could also be co-extracted by the DESs and reduce the purity of the calcium lactate fraction. The N% of the calcium lactate extract was measured using elemental analysis. It showed that the extract contained around 0. 30% N (data not shown).
Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) The WAXS data were collected on the Swing beamline at SOLEIL (Saclay, France). The X-ray wavelength used was 1. 033 Å, with a sample-to-detector distance of 0. 1248 m. In the present paper, the scattering curves are plotted as a function of the scattering vector norm q, defined as q = 4π/λ. sin(θ) with 2θ the scattering angle. Standard data corrections were applied, i. e. , background subtraction and sample thickness normalisation. Before collecting the data, the powdered samples were slightly pressed to obtain 7 mm pellets in order to be self-supported. The crystallinity index (C. I. ) was determined from Equation (3), according to the method of Focher et al. [82].
Funding: This work was carried under the framework of  E2S UPPA Partnership Chair MANTA (Marine Materials ) supported by the ' Investissements d'Avenir' French program  managed by  ANR  (ref number #  ANR-16-IDEX-0002 ), by the  Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine , by the  Communauté d'Agglomération du Pays Basque (France) ; and by the  FLAG "Côte basque-Sud Landes " through the communityled local development (CLDD: ref number #  PFEA621219CR0720024  and #  PFEA621219CR0720005 ) program funded by the  European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF)  and the  Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Funding The project leading to this publication has received funding from the  Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University -A*Midex , a  French "Investissements d'Avenir" programme"  ( A-M-AAP-EI-17-06-170223-13. 06-QUINTARD-SAT ). The  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  and  Aix-Marseille Université  are warmly acknowledged for financial support.
The sample injection volume was 0. 5 μL, and the split ratio was 150:1. The temperature of the injector was 533. 15 K as well as the detector. The chromatographic column temperature was 413. 15 K for 20 min. Each sample was analyzed at least three times to ensure that the error is within ± 0. 5%, and use the averaged data. The method used to analyze the measured chromatographic data was area normalization method.
Conclusions The vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data measurement of 1-dodecene & n-dodecane is verified by the Gibbs-Duhem equation, which shows that the data obtained is effective and can be imported into the Aspen Plus. Therefore, the simulation accuracy of the normal olefins and alkanes' separation process can be improved. Then, the three processes of F-T heavy oil and two processes of normal olefins and alkanes were simulated and optimized by Aspen Plus V11. The results show that, compared with TDS, the IDWC and DDWC processes can reduce energy consumption by about 4. 7% (i. e. , 804 kW) and 15. 4% (i. e. , 2612 kW), respectively, while TAC by about 5. 8% (i. e. , 7. 1 × 10 5 $) and 13. 8% (i. e. , 1. 68 × 10 6 $), respectively. In addition, under the same product purity and distillation rate, the TAC of the DPTD process is lower than the corresponding TD by 4.
Consequently, and following the methodology recently introduced in  [27, 28] , a full central composite design of experiments (DoE) was coupled to a genetic algorithm-based optimizer (the ga function of MATLAB®) to identify a set of parameters allowing to obtain simulated signals matching measured ones. To that end, a DoE was first built to find suitable (, 532) and  , values by defining an objective function based on the minimization of the least square sum between numerical and experimental fluence curves for fluences below the sublimation threshold (other unknown parameters not considered at this stage as they have no impact on the increasing section of the fluence curves, as discussed in  [28] ). As can be seen by looking at the results reported in Figure  2 , this procedure led to the finding of optimized (, 532) and  , of ⁓0.
The measurement signal was recorded by the optical spectrum analyzer (Ando AQ6319, Yokogawa, Japan). The electrochemical measurements were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry (CA). The EC measurement system consists of the working electrode (boron doped diamond, BDD), having an area of 0. 2 cm 2 , the counter electrode is a platinum wire and the reference electrode is an AgCl-coated Ag wire. The measurement of electrochemical working electrode properties was carried out in 1 M KNO 3 /1mM Fe(CN) 6 3-/4-solution as the electrolyte, at scan rate mV/s. Electrochemical oxidation (CA) and characterization of bisphenol A (CV) was taken in 200 mg/L bisphenol A solution in 0. 5 M Na 2 SO using a potentiostat-galvanostat (VMP-300, Bio-Logic, France) driven by EC-Lab software.
Acknowledgements Financial support of these studies from  Gdańsk University of Technology  by the  11/2020/IDUB/I. 3/CCgrant  under the  Curium Combating Coronavirus -EIRU program  is gratefully acknowledged. The research was supported by  Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange -NAWA  under bilateral exchange of scientists between France and  Poland PHC Polonium  ( PPN/BFR/2019/1/00005 ), and the  DS Programs of Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics of the Gdańsk University of Technology. This work has been also supported by the  DS funds of the Faculty of Telecommunications, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology. Monika Kosowska  acknowledges support from  Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange  under the  Iwanowska Programme  ( PPN/IWA/2018/1/00058/U/0001 ).
The described mechanism has been reduced using the direct relation graph with error propagation method implemented in the software ARCANE  [21, 22]. The reduction procedure has been applied considering the numerical solutions of the flames at the three different equivalence ratios of the experiment and with electric potential difference im posed at the electrodes equal to = -250 V , -150V, -50V, 50V, 90V, 130V, 170V, 210V, and 250V. These numerical solutions have been computed using the open-source solver CANTERA  [23]  , whereby minor modifications have been included to set the boundary conditions of the problem and to output quantities relevant to the mechanism reduction  [24]. Further details about the mathematical formulation are provided in Sec. S1 of the Supplementary Material. The maximum error tolerance allowed during the reduction algorithm is 5% on the ion current density, integrated heat release, and maximum temperature produced by the flame.
Electrochemical Tests The conventional three-electrodes system consisted of PE_0i, commercial Zn and CNT paste as working electrodes, a platinum plate with the geometrical surface of 1 cm 2 as counter-electrode, and a saturated calomel (SCE) reference electrode, coupled at Autolab potentiostat/galvanostat PGSTAT 302 (Eco Chemie, Utrecht, The Netherlands) controlled with Nova 2. 2 software, was used for all electrochemical measurements. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique was used for the electrochemical characterizations of paste electrodes considering electroactive surface areas and for the electrochemical behavior of uric acid (UA). Two levels-based chronoamperometry (CA) and two/four-pulsed amperometry techniques were employed for the selective detection of uric acid in the presence of dopamine (DA), glucose (GL) and ascorbic acid (AA).