dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The same approach was used to calculate per study standardized species richness. This allowed us to use the European and US data sets in a joint analysis. We used log-linear models assuming a Poisson distribution with standardized abundance or species richness as response variables, and the proportion semi-natural habitat, bee type (dominant cropvisiting bees versus all other bees) and their interaction as main explanatory variables of interest. A significant interaction would indicate that dominant cropvisiting bees and all other bees are differently related to semi-natural habitat. Latitude was again included as a correcting variable. Continent was not included because we had standardized the response variables between the studies on each continent. Analysing effects of measures mitigating biodiversity loss.
Publishing directly human mobility data raises serious privacy issues due to its inference potential, such as the (re-)identification of individuals. To address these issues and to foster the development of such applications in a privacy-preserving manner, we propose in this paper a novel approach in which Call Detail Records (CDRs) are summarized under the form of a differentially-private Bloom filter for the purpose of privately estimating the number of mobile service users moving from one area (region) to another in a given time frame. Our sanitization method is both time and space efficient, and ensures differential privacy while solving the shortcomings of a solution recently proposed. We also report on experiments conducted using a real life CDRs dataset, which show that our method maintains a high utility while providing strong privacy.
Preliminaries Bloom filter. A Bloom filter  [4]  is widely used as a summary data structure originally designed for membership testing (i. e. , testing whether a particular element is contained in the set considered). A Bloom filter can summarize a large dataset using linear space, is very simple to construct and inserting an element or testing its membership can be done in constant time. A Bloom filter is composed of an array of m bits and equipped with a set of k independent hash functions. An element can be inserted into a Bloom filter by passing it as input to each of the hash functions. The k outputs of the hash functions correspond to k positions of the Bloom filter, which are all set to one independently of their previous values. Testing the membership is done in a similar manner by considering that an item is contained in the filter only if the k corresponding bits are all set to 1.
In our setting, the input of the computation is a summary of the CDRs observed by a cellular antenna and the randomized output is a perturbed version of this summary (i. e. , a Bloom filter). Two databases x and x are said to differ in at most one element, or equivalently to be neighbors, if they are equal except for possibly one entry. Definition 1 (Differential privacy  [7] ). A randomized function F : D n → D n is -differentially private, if for all neighbor databases x, x ∈ D n and for all t ∈ D n : Pr[F(x) = t] e • Pr[F(x ) = t]. This probability is taken over all the coin tosses of F and e is the base of the natural logarithm. The privacy parameter is public and may take different values depending on the application (for instance it could be 0. 1, 0. 25, 1. 5, 5 or even more)  [11]. The smaller the value of , the higher the privacy but also as a consequence the higher the impact on the utility of the resulting output.
Differential privacy is known to compose well. In particular, if two functions F 1 and F 2 , that are respectively 1 and 2 differentially private, then the function G combining their outputs G(x) = (F 1 (x), F 2 (x)) is ( 1 + 2 ) differentially private. For a computation applying several differentially private algorithms on the same dataset, the sum of their differential privacy parameters is called the privacy budget. Originally, differential privacy was developed within the context of private data analysis. The main guarantee is that if a differentially private mechanism is applied on a dataset composed of the personal data of individuals, no output would become significantly more (or less) probable whether or not a single participant contributes to the data set. This means that an adversary observing the output of the mechanism only gains negligible information about the presence (or absence) of a particular individual in the database.
This statement is a statistical property about the behavior of the mechanism (i. e. , function) and holds independently of the auxiliary knowledge that the adversary might have gathered. In our setting, the database that we want to protect is a CDRs dataset and the objective of a differentially private mechanism is to hide the presence or absence of a particular user in these CDRs. To compute privately the similarity between profiles in a social platform, Alaggan, Gambs and Kermarrec  [1]  have introduced a privacy-preserving summary technique called BLIP (for BLoom-then-flIP ). In this context, the profile of each user is represented compactly using a Bloom filter and the main objective of BLIP is to prevent an adversary with unlimited computational power from learning the presence or absence of an item in the profile of a user by observing the Bloom filter representation of this profile.
Experimental Results and Conclusion Experimental setting. In this section, we report on the results obtained by applying our method on a real dataset from a telecom operator. This large dataset includes coarse-grained phone call data for users in a city divided into a number of neighborhoods. More precisely for each call made by the user, his location as well as the time of the call are recorded. In our experiments, we have first extracted the set of users for each neighborhood and for each month and encode them within a Bloom filter. Afterwards, the Bloom filter was flipped according to the recipe of BLIP before release. Then, we use the algorithm from the previous section to estimate the intersection between each pair of neighborhoods given their flipped Bloom filters. To observe the behavior of our algorithm under different conditions, we specifically selected four sets of neighborhood couples.
At inception, the objective of RTTCP was the eradication of tsetse from the entire common fly belt of southern Africa with a view to encouraging cropland farming, tourism and livestock production  [50]. The regional approach was extractive and never incorporated indigenous means of either understanding or controlling tsetse. The focus changed to tsetse control in prioritised areas when it became clear that regional eradication was not achievable. By the end of the RTTCP it was widely considered 'that the farmer must go it alone' with respect to management of tsetse control. South Luangwa national park (SLNP) was selected as a site for monitoring the effects of the RTTCP and as a consequence research into tsetse and trypanosomiasis was undertaken in the park and surrounding GMA. Considerable data was generated that included investigations into the distribution of trypanosome infections  [51] , age prevalence of cattle and tsetse populations  [52, 53] , the dynamics of trypanosome infections  [54]  and the distribution of tsetse species using remotely sensed data  Bushbuck BIIT  [27]  Bushbuck SRA-PCR  [12]  Duiker* BIIT  [27]  Giraffe BIIT  [27]  Impala BIIT  [39]  Impala* BIIT  [27]  Lion* BIIT  [27]  Warthog BIIT  [38]  Warthog BIIT  [37]  Warthog BIIT  [27]  Waterbuck BIIT  [37]  Waterbuck* BIIT  [27]  Zebra BIIT  [39]  *Trypanosome isolates tested by Rickman et al  [27]  that were collected between 1971-1977 by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation, GTZ.
and climate data  [55, 56]. Tsetse densities recorded during monitoring in the SLNP were high, illustrating the suitability of habitat in the Luangwa Valley. The graphs in Figure  3  and Figure  4  below illustrate monthly mean tsetse counts recorded in 1996 and 1997 for G. pallidipes and G. m. morsitans sampled using Epsilon traps. Clear seasonal fluctuations in counts are demonstrated in the two vegetation types sampled, particularly for G. m. morsitans. Glossina brevipalpis were also recorded during this period, but only in very small numbers because of the sampling method used and the occupation of a niche habitat close to rivers. A new international collaborative approach to tsetse control was launched with the formation of the Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT) in 1997.
Acknowledgments This work,  Dynamic Drivers  of  Disease in Africa Consortium ,  NERC  project no. NE-J001570-1 , was funded with support from the  Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation Programme (ESPA). The ESPA programme is funded by the  Department for International Development (DFID) , the  Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)  and the  Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). We would like to thank the  Zambian Wildlife Authority  for providing access to unpublished reports.
II. EXPERIMENT At ISOLDE, CERN, T 1/2 = 28(3) ms  [24]  68 Mn nuclei were produced in a 1. 4 GeV proton-induced 238 U fission reaction and selectively ionized with the resonance ionization laser ion source (RILIS)  [25]. After mass separation, the 68 Mn ion beam was implanted on an aluminized mylar tape, inside a movable tape station surrounded by three plastic E β detectors and two MiniBall γ -detector clusters  [26]  in close geometry. More information on the detection setup can be found in  [27]. The experimental data were recorded on an event-by-event basis using digital electronics, with no hardware trigger applied. The acquisition of the decay data was based on the CERN proton supercycle structure. A supercycle (SC) can contain up to 40 proton pulses (PP) distributed with a difference of 1.
2 s between each of them. In the present experiment, the proton pulses (2. 8 × 10 13 p/pulse) sent to the target were every odd pulse starting at the third PP and ending with the 33th PP. After each SC, the tape was moved in order to remove long-living activity. The implantation was stopped 69 ms after every PP impact. This limited implantation time of about 2. 5 × T 1/2 ( 68 Mn) was applied in order to suppress the implantation of isobaric T 1/2 = 67. 71(8) min 68 Ga  [28] , produced in the spallation of 238 U and surface ionized  [29]  in the hot cavity of RILIS. This background was measured by periodically blocking one of the RILIS laser beams (laser-off mode). Decay data corresponding to a total measuring time of 18 152 s in the laser-on mode and 5036 s in laser-off mode were recorded.
III. RESULTS By using coincident events in which two plastic detectors were hit within 2 μs and by inspecting the time difference between these two hits, 590 coincident events were observed outside of the prompt window [-125,50] ns (the counts in the prompt window are due to scattering of β particles from one detector to the other). Random coincidences in this off-prompt time window contribute to 6(2)% of these events and were determined using data collected with a 67 Mn beam during the experiment. The delayed time difference between the two coincident plastic signals for these 590 events is presented in Fig. 1  and the deduced half-life [235  (23)  ns] is in reasonable agreement with the known half-life of the first excited 0 + state of 270  (5)  ns  [20]. These events are understood as the delayed coincidence between 68 Co β rays and delayed E0 conversion electrons or e -/e + signals from the electron-positron pair creation in the decay of the first excited 0 + to the ground state in 68 Ni.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work has been funded by  FWO-Vlaanderen (Belgium) , by  GOA/2010/010  ( BOF KU Leuven ), by the  Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme  initiated by the  Belgian Science Policy Office (BriX network   P7/12 ), by the  European Commission  within the  Seventh Framework Programme through I3-ENSAR  (Contract No. RII3-CT-2010-262010 ). This material is based upon work supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics  under Award No. DE-FG02-94-ER40834 , by  Spanish MINECO  via Project No. FPA2010-17142 , by the Slovak grant agency  VEGA  (Contract No. 2/0121/14 ), and by the  Slovak Research and Development Agency  (Contract No. APVV-0177-11 ).
, 2011) , or inversion methods to extract the vertical flow profile  (Moir et al. , 2014). A limitation of this method is that when the vertical velocity or losses from the borehole to the aquifer are high, the EC signal rapidly dissipates and monitoring this process over a large depth interval with a single EC logger yields an incomplete dataset. Additionally, density induced flow effects in well bores are significant even for small gradients of fluid density  (Berthold, 2010). Instead of a hydrochemical signal that can be difficult to monitor over space and time,  Leaf et al. (2012)  introduced a slug of warm water to a target depth. By using temperature as the tracer, it is possible to monitor the response continuously over depth and time along a fibre optic cable installed in the well with the Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technique (see  Selker et al.
T-POT results and interpretation Figure  2  shows successive DTS temperature depth profiles from the 5 T-POT experiments. A background temperature depth profile, defined by a 1 min time average immediately prior to the start of heating, was subtracted from each dataset. During the heating phase (t < 0 min), it appears that the plume develops asymmetrically, with the base of the plume at 68 m at the approximate depth of the heater. The heater is switched off at t = 0 and at this moment pumping is initiated. The plume is then advected upwards at higher velocity. In all cases, the linear path of the plume in the temperature-depthtime plot suggests a uniform velocity from 68 m to around 45 m, as would be expected given the lack of transmissive fractures and uniform borehole diameter in this interval.
Funding for this work was provided by the INTERREG IV project CLIMAWAT, the national network of hydrogeological sites H+, the ANR project CRITEX ANR-11-EQPX-0011, and a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) studentship (NE/J500069/1) to Tom Read. Part of the support for the participation of John Selker and provision of some of the fibre optic cables were provided by the Center for Transformative Environmental Monitoring Programs (CTEMPs) funded by the National Science Foundation. The data collected for this study will be available from the national network of hydrogeological sites H+, at http://hplus. ore. fr/en/. Figures.
Funding for this work was provided by the INTERREG IV project CLIMAWAT, the national network of hydrogeological sites H+, the ANR project CRITEX ANR-11-EQPX-0011, and a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) studentship (NE/J500069/1) to Tom Read. Part of the support for the participation of John Selker and provision of some of the fibre optic cables were provided by the Center for Transformative Environmental Monitoring Programs (CTEMPs) funded by the National Science Foundation. The data collected for this study will be available from the national network of hydrogeological sites H+, at http://hplus. ore. fr/en/. Figures Back Close Full.
(JM3527)' was ultimately described as a new variety: Tapeinosperma tchingouense var. longipetiolatum  Schmid (2012: 336; Primulaceae). A full summary of results of the RAP, including data from the plots and list of all the collections made, was recently published  (Munzinger 2013). During inventory work on the summit of the Roches de la Ouaième, fertile material was collected of a plant belonging to the genus Planchonella Pierre (1890: 34; Sapotaceae) that had first been observed sterile in 2005 (JM pers. obs. ) but could not be identified at the time to a known species. This new material supported the idea that it represented a new entity, and this was confirmed when immature fruits were collected during a subsequent field trip in 2013, making it possible now to provide a detailed description of this new species.
Acknowledgements This work was conducted under the " Convention Province Nord / IRD N°10C319, Relative à la contribution au composant botanique du programme d'évaluation rapide de la biodiversité du mont Panié ". We thank  Jean-Jérôme Cassan  (DDEE) and the team at the herbarium at  IRD Nouméa (NOU)  for help. Jacques Florence (IRD) provided the Latin translation of the diagnosis, and  Roger Lala Andriamiarisoa  ( Missouri Botanical Garden, Antananarivo ) provided the fine illustration. Thanks to the organizers of the RAP,  Romain Franquet  ( Association Dayu Biik ) and  François Tron  ( Conservation International ), and to the other members of the botanical team ( Philippe Birnbaum ,  Jean-Pierre Butin ,  Martin Callmander ,  Vanessa Hequet ,  Pete Lowry ,  Isaac Rounds ,  Mathias Teimpouene ,  Thomas Teimpouene ,  Hervé Vandrot ) as well as those who participated in the other components of the RAP,  Jean-Jacques Folger ,  Gabriel Teimpouene  and especially  Maurice Wanguene.
B. besnoiti ITS-1 amplification was performed with the commercial PCR kit AdiaVet™ Besnoitia (AES Chemunex, Bruz, France). The quantitative PCR was performed with the Stratagene MX3005P thermal cycler (Agilent Technologies, La Jolla, CA), and results were analysed using the MxPro QPCR version 4. 10 software (Agilent Technologies, La Jolla, CA). A Ct value of 40 corresponded to a negative result.
Statistical analyses For the rectal temperature, pairwise comparisons between experimental groups were performed using the exact procedure of permutation test with the Bonferroni correction. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test with the exact procedure was used to compare antibody titres determined by IFAT between groups B and T with the Bonferroni correction. The mean Ct values found in the tissues and skin were also compared using permutation test with the exact procedure. All statistical analyses were carried out with the software package StatXact® release -10 (Cytel Software Corporation, USA). For all analyses, values of p<0. 05 were considered significant.
Assessment of neutrophil influx was performed on 0. 5-cm samples of proximal colon tissues (50 mg/ml), thoroughly washed in PBS, and homogenized in 0. 5% hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (Sigma). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration was assayed in the supernatant by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (R&D Systems). Quantification of the proinflammatory cytokines released (TNF-␣ and IL-1␤) by the colonic mucosa was performed by ELISAs (R&D Systems). Statistical analysis. Data are expressed as means Ϯ standard errors of the means (SEM) or as medians. Data were compared by Student's t test analysis or nonparametric one-way analysis of variance Mann-Whitney test, when appropriate. Differences were significant when the P value was Ͻ0. 05. Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism 6.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Abdelkrim Alloui  for animal care (animal facilities,  Clermont-Ferrand, France)  and the  CICS platform  ( Université Auvergne ) for technical assistance with tissue preparation for microscopy analysis. We thank  Laëtitia Dorso  from  LUNAM University, Oniris, PASAP (Plateforme d'Analyses et de Services en Anatomie Pathologique ),  CRIP  ( Centre de Recherche et d'Investigation Préclinique), Nantes, France  for histological examinations. We thank  Jeffrey Watts  for help revising the English in the manuscript. This study was supported by the  Ministère de la Recherche et de la Technologie ,  INSERM (UMR INSERM Université d'Auvergne   U1071 ),.
Furthermore, as acceleration techniques are routinely performed in clinical settings, another objective of our study was to evaluate that the new method is compatible with parallel imaging. Indeed, most of the MR reception coils are now arrays of multiple surface coils in order to improve SNR and decrease acquisition time. After theoretical considerations, this method was applied at 7T in mice and also at 3T for human studies for several applications. collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the 'author contributions' section. Competing Interests: DW is an employee of Bruker Biospin GmBH. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Abbreviations: WS, Water-Selective; bSSFP, balanced Steady State Free Precession; TE, Echo Time; TR, Repetition Time; RF, Radiofrequency; SOS, Sum-Of-Square; SOS2, Sum-Of-Square performed with 2 opposite phase offsets; SOS4, Sum-Of-Square performed with 4 opposite phase offsets; SAR, Specific Absorption Rate; OR, On Resonance; SENSE, Sensitivity Encoding; SENSE2, Sensitivity Encoding performed with a factor 2; SENSE4, Sensitivity Encoding performed with a factor 4; T1, T2, longitudinal and transversal relaxation times; FOV, Field-Of-View.
Image analysis All the data were analyzed using IgorPro (Wavemetrics, Lake Oswego, OR). On small-animal images, signal of subcutaneous fat, kidney cortex (mentioned as "kidney") and leg muscles have been measured by drawing regions-of-interest (ROI) in these structures and the standard deviation of the noise was measured by placing a ROI outside of the mouse body. The SNR was calculated as the ratio between the signal of a ROI and the standard deviation of the noise. The locations of the ROI were maintained on the different offset images, so that alteration of SNR due to the presence or not of banding artifacts was taken into account. In human images, ROIs were placed on subcutaneous fat, bone marrow, muscle, articular cartilage and synovial fluid. Then, the signals from these structures were divided by the standard deviation of the noise that was measured from a ROI placed outside of the knee.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Dr A. Bikfalvi  for providing and injecting RenCa cells in mice. This work was supported by a public grant from the  French National Research Agency (ANR)   ANR-12-TECS-0011   TecSAN IneoV. Emeline Ribot  is also partly supported by a public grant from  ANR  within the context of the Investments for the  Future Program , referenced " NewFISP "  ANR-10-LABX-57  and named TRAIL.
This work was supported by a public grant from the  French National Research Agency (ANR)   ANR-12-TECS-0011   TecSAN IneoV. Emeline Ribot  is also partly supported by a public grant from  ANR  within the context of the Investments for the  Future Program , referenced " NewFISP "  ANR-10-LABX-57  and named TRAIL. Author Didier Wecker is employed by  Bruker Biospin. Bruker Biospin  provided support in the form of salary for author DW, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data.
Restoration results We start this section with a study, in Table  2 , of the influence of the choice of parameter ∆ in the restoration quality of image x 1 , when the exact Gaussian-Poisson likelihood (  6 ) is used as data fidelity term. One can observe that the restoration performance is stable for ∆ ≥ 3. This setting will be adopted for the remaining experiments. Tables  3, 4 , 5, and 6 present the evaluation scores MAE (Mean Absolute Error), SNR and SSIM  [71]  for the initial and restored images using the various data fidelity criteria. Note that the provided relative MAE values are normalized with a factor 255/x One can observe that the exact model always leads to the best qualitative results. Conversely, Poisson, WL2 and GAST strategies lead to relatively poor performance. Although Gaussian and EXP data fidelity terms may be competitive in some situations (see, for instance, Table  3 ), the performance gain in terms of SNR between the exact and EXP data fidelity term reaches up to 0.