dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Individual Variation in Pragmatic Uses There is some variation in the development of pragmatic uses, as observed in  Leclercq (Forthcoming) , where the author found that only 1 of the 5 Erasmus students of the PROLINGSA dataset had developed pragmatic uses of "I think" over the course of the SA, at a rate of 12. 5% of all occurrences of "I think". The other four participants used this marker with stance meanings (evidential, hedge, opinion) only. The author concluded that individual preferences may vary and that learners developed their own style over SA. In the LANGSNAP data, the picture is quite different: two of the native speakers of FrL1 use je pense just once with a pragmatic meaning, against 21 of the 26 L2 French learners at PT, and 12 of the learners at VA3. At PT, these 21 learners all make a relatively moderate use of the device (M = 3.
It is an observation that G ąsior (2015) holds to be true of Irish English speakers as well. In our dataset, Anglophone learners of French also appear less assertive than French speakers, as illustrated by the greater use of epistemic uses by learners of French at PT. This might reflect a transfer from native patterns of use, as suggested by  Mullan (2012) , since learners use je pense in a more tentative way than French natives; nine months abroad may not have been sufficient for learners to modify their deeply engrained cultural scripts regarding the expression of opinion  (Mullan 2010 (Mullan , 2012;; G ąsior 2015). Future comparative research on the expression of opinion by learners of different source languages might shed new light on the possibility to reconceptualize such form-function mappings over a prolonged SA period.
Indicator Measurements Air temperature Online measurements. Calibrated sensors with an accuracy of at least 0. 5 °C shall log temperatures. Measurement duration: one month. Time-interval: from 1 min to 10 min. An additional measurement of outdoor relative humidity is recommended both in offices and hotels; data from the near-ambient measuring station can be used instead. Sound pressure level Online measurements. Measuring period from Monday to Friday in offices and seven consecutive days in hotels. Time-interval: 1 min. Calibrated sensors with an accuracy of at least 1 dB(A) shall be used to log noise levels. Ventilation rate Two measurements shall be performed at the onset and towards the end of continuous measurements carried out for other parameters in buildings with mechanical supply and/or exhaust.
Benzene concentration Passive measurements from Monday to Friday in offices and seven consecutive days in hotels. An additional measurement of the outdoor concentration is recommended, but data from the nearest ambient air quality monitoring station can be used instead. To be representative, it is recommended (not compulsory) that measurements should be carried out twice in the most critical periods of the year in terms of the outdoor temperature, i. e. , in winter and summer. In this case, the average concentration is used for the ranking. Measurements must comply with ISO 16017-2:2003 standard  [83]. Particle (PM 2. 5 ) concentration Gravimetric (preferable) or measurements with calibrated optical counters shall be performed. Measurements must be performed from Monday to Friday in offices and on seven consecutive days in hotels.
Acknowledgments The present work was supported by the coordination and support action on ALliance for Deep RENovation in buildings (ALDREN) as part of the  EC Horizon 2020 Programme , contract number  754159. Thanks to  Rukshala Anton ,  Pablo Carnero-Melero , and  Ane Midtstraum  for performing measurements in the pilot buildings. We thank  Professor David P. Wyon  for his comments and his revision of the manuscript.
Body mass (BM) was estimated following  Delson et al. (2000) -see SOM S2 for details. Extant and fossil macaques as well as Parapapio (cf. ) ado (this concept includes both P. ado and P. cf. ado), 'Parapapio' lothagamensis, and Pliopapio alemui were included in the comparative sample 2. Measurements were taken from the PRIMO (PRImate Morphometrics Online) database (http://primo. nycep. org) or the literature (references in SOM Table  S1 ), or taken by D. M. A. Bivariate plots of BL vs. MD and box-and-whisker plots were used to visually compare dental size and proportions. Differences among some taxa from the comparative sample were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's pairwise post hoc tests, while the studied specimens were compared to these taxa using z-scores (z = [measurement -mean] / SD).
measurements of Macaca cf. sylvanus from Guefaït-4. 2 and the comparative sample, including: maximum recorded crown height (H, in mm; only for incisors), mesiodistal length (MD, in mm), buccolingual (or labiolingual) breadth (BL, in mm; both at the mesial [BLm] and distal[BLd] lophids for the molars), and breadth/length index (BLI, in %; computed based on BLm for molars). Values within parentheses are estimates. Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum (Terrestrische Zoologie), Frankfurt am Mein, Germany (formerly Senckenberg Museum Forschungstinstitut); UG = Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; UM = Universidad de Murcia, Spain; ZMA = Zoologisch Museum, Data taken from the PRIMO (PRImate Morphometrics Online) database (http://primo. nycep. org), measured by one of the authors (D. M. A. ), or available from the literature.
Acknowledgments We thank the  Jerada Government and Local Authorities of Aïn Beni Mathar and Guefaït  for local permits to develop geological, archaeological and paleontological fieldworks in the region. This work has been funded by  Palarq Foundation ,  Spanish Ministry of Culture and Sport  ( 42-T002018N0000042853  and  170-T002019N0000038589 ),  Direction of Cultural Heritage (Ministry of Culture and Communication, Morocco), Faculty of Sciences (Mohamed 1r University of Oujda, Morocco) ,  INSAP (Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie  et.
's research is funded by  CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. A. M. A and M. F. are beneficiaries of a fellowship from the  Erasmus Mundus Program  to do the Master in Quaternary and Prehistory at the  Universitat Rovia i Virgili (Tarragona, Spain). A. R. -H. is the beneficiary of a postdoctoral scholarship from the  MICINN ,  Subprograma Juan de la Cierva  ( IJC-037447-I ) and member of the consolidated research group 2017 SGR 1040 of the  Generalitat de Catalunya. The  Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA ) has received financial support from the  Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the "María de Maeztu" program for Units of Excellence  ( CEX2019-000945-M ). The µCT images were obtained in the  Laboratory of Microscopy of the CENIEH-ICTS (Spain)  in collaboration with CENIEH staff, and were processed by  ICP technician Alejandro Serrano.
The concept of an individual, liberal data subject, who was traditionally at the centre of data protection efforts has recently come under scrutiny. At the same time, the particularly destructive effect of digital technology on Black people establishes the need for an analysis that not only considers but brings racial dimensions to the forefront. I argue that because Afrofuturism situates the Black struggle in persistent, yet continuously changing structural disparities and power relations, it offers a powerful departure point for re-imagining data protection. Sketching an Afrofuturist data subject then centres on radical subjectivity, collectivity, and contextuality.
Afrofuturism has its roots in response and resistance to persistent structural racism and the grim future that results from it. An, at first sight, unlikely match to that is the so-called ' Afro-census'  (Aikins et al. , 2021) , a first nationwide survey of Black people in Germany published in November 2021, that aims "to obtain as comprehensive a picture as possible of the experiences of people of African descent in Germany"  (Afrozensus, n. d. ). I will later explore the connections between Afrofuturism and the Afro-census, by illustrating how an Afrofuturist data subject can guide a critical approach to data protection. Both Afrofuturism and the Afro-census find very distinct ways to oppose and question the status quo. Furthermore, what unites both is the re-imagination of the relationship to data in a positive manner in order to assemble a better future.
Specifically, how can we rethink the data subject in light of current digital discrimination and racism? Examining the data subject makes it necessary to recognise long-standing notions of who counts as human and therefore enjoys protection within that category. In concurrence with  Benjamin's (2019a)  call for rethinking the role of technoscience, Afrofuturism will aid to re-imagine data protection and form new narratives while building on the specific nature of the injustices. I argue that looking at Afrofuturism can help us move toward an emancipatory approach to the data subject in our digital age. In the following, I will, first, explore why our current digital working models are inadequate to address digital racism and injustices and how Afrofuturism may fill a conceptual gap. Second, I will sketch out an Afrofuturist data subject, guided by the main themes of collectivity, contextuality, and subjectivity, illustrated by the Afro-census, before, third, delineating how the Afrofuturist data subject emancipates through subjectification.
Both feminist theorists (E. Anderson, 2009)  and critical race scholars  (Mills, 2017)   (Buolamwini & Gebru, 2018, p. 11). Thus, taking into account the unique type of bias data subjects face, requires the recognition of intersectionality from the get-go. Section 3: The Afrofuturist data subject From the above, it follows that we need to reframe the data subject. The-what I call-Afrofuturist data subject has three specific characteristics: it is radically subjective, collective, and contextual. Furthermore, I will examine how these ideas are present within the Afro-census.
d. ). In its emphasis on self-determination and the subsequent need for appropriate data, the Afro-census also resembles recent movements of Indigenous data sovereignty, which focuses "on the need for data, which meet Indigenous data needs and aspirations"  (Walter & Suina, 2019, p. 236). Moreover, making visible what is often deemed invisible actively opposes the denying of Black people's existence in Germany as well as the denial of structural racism within the country (Arte Tracks, 2020; Deutsche Welle, 2020). With that, the Afrocensus goes beyond the creation of statistical group categories. Data in its broadest sense has always been entangled in the power and the politics of knowledge (see Tuhiwai Smith, 1999). Way too often, the credo seems to be that there is no racism, where it is not documented (or recorded) and efforts to therefore start documentation are in turn encountering strong resistance.
In order to substantiate political demands against racism quantitatively one simply needs more data. The Afro-census explicitly aims to make the matter politically actionable in order to reduce racial discrimination based on the data collected (EOTO, 2020). In fact, the census has formulated concrete policy recommendations spanning a variety of areas such as healthcare, police reform, media coverage, asylum law, and university curricula  (Aikins et al. , 2021, pp. 261-279). Within this 'paradox' , data protection then transforms from protection of data to protection through data. It produces knowledge and creates a different context in which to judge data and information flow. Another example of contextuality's importance is the call to ' Abolish Big Data' by the US-American activist group 'Data 4 Black Lives' , which denounces the 'weaponization' of data  (Watson-Daniels et al.
, 2020, p. 26). Principally, the demand to abolish big data is not about abolishing technology, but about abolishing the current flawed system in exchange for an emancipated version of it. Calls for abolition are calls for a genuine recognition of misgivings, the subsequent redirection of resources, and radical renewal. With this in mind, data protection emerges as a fluid endeavour, in which what is emancipatory and what is oppressive depends on the context. The need for contextuality hence stems from the structural disparities and power relations within the digital sphere that currently go unnoticed in traditional views on data protection. Re-imagining the data subject along Afrofuturist lines is then about opening up futures that transcend injustices in the overlapping categories of privacy, data protection, surveillance, and algorithmic governance because the data subject is involved in all of those.
Emancipation through subjectification What follows from the Afrofuturist data subject is an emancipatory approach to data through subjectification. The word emancipation has been used in multiple ways, for instance to describe the movement for women's suffrage  (Evans, 2013) , the US-American Civil Rights movement  (Branch & Edwards, 2013) , or Marxist theory  (Marx, 1843 (Marx, /1994 ). Yet, at the heart of the matter are power struggles, defined as "the process of giving people social or political freedom and rights" ('Emancipation  ' , n. d. ). 8 What we see today is a digital continuation of the historical objectification that Black people have experienced for centuries. It can be argued that objectification is an inherent part of digital data management and does affect everybody as it "enframes the human subject in a new and different way  […]  [in] which an entity is recognisable and can be indexed"  (Ansorge, 2016, p.
Indeed, "America possesses no monopoly on either blackness or death. A planetary perspective on black suffering and human subjugation would provide globalisation with a conscience irreducible to national identity or imperial ambition. "  (Youngquist, 2016, p. 205). Nonetheless, theories of Blackness and the Afrofuturist data subject can teach us about marginalisation, defiance and empowerment. The value in this exercise thus lies in starting to reimagine and deconstruct the data subject, not in conclusively determining it now. 10. For instance, to analyse the use of data with regards to other diaspora demographics or specifically vulnerable groups such as refugees (see  Brouwer, 2020).
Conclusion Starting from the question how we can rethink the data subject in light of digital racism and discrimination, I have looked towards Afrofuturism. Recent examples of racism and algorithmic bias have shown the inadequacy of the traditional data subject paradigm, making it necessary to recognise long-standing notions of who counts as human and therefore enjoys protection within that category. Furthermore, to recognise the interacting gender and race biases we thus need to re-conceptualise the data subject along intersectional lines. Consequently, the Afrofuturist data subject has three specific characteristics. First, the Afrofuturist data subject is a radical opposition to the historical trajectory that has conceptualised Black people as objects rather than subjects. Second, the Afrofuturist data subject goes beyond the current individual data subject paradigm and highlights the collective factor that should inform data protection going forward.
Third, the Afrofuturist data subject needs to be contextual because it recognises the societal and political power dynamics that data protection is set in. This radical subjectivity, collectivity, and contextuality can be seen in the German civil society initiative Afro-census  (Aikins et al. , 2021). Taken together, and in an attempt to reclaim digital humanity, the three characteristics of the Afrofuturist data subject emancipate the data subject through subjectification. Certainly, the Afrofuturist data subject sketched out here is only the beginning and a call for more subjectivity in data protection in order to counter the digital racism we see right now with an emancipated data subject. The Afrofuturist data subject is about resistance in the form of knowledge. According to  Womack (2013) , "the absence of Africa's contribution to global knowledge in history, science, and beyond is a gaping hole so expansive it almost feels like a missing organ in the planet's cultural anatomy.
Surface characterization by non-electrochemical measurements on naturally corroded samples Considering the relevance of the aesthetic impact of a treatment in the field of conservation, colorimetric analyses were performed on the naturally corroded samples by using a portable Minolta CM-2300d spectrophotometer coupled with SpectraMagic NX software. Colorimetric measurements on three samples for each treatment were performed. Reflectance spectra were collected between 360 nm and 740 nm using a standard D65 illuminant / 10 °degrees observer angle. An auto average of five flashes on a spot of 8 mm diameter was recorded for each series of measurements. Data obtained were computed from the reflectance spectra and expressed in the CIEL * a * b * color space  [20]  ; the color difference ( E) between untreated and treated samples was calculated as: E = ( L * ) 2 + ( a * ) 2 + ( b * ) 2 (1) where L * , a * and b * represent the differences for each color parameter (L * , a * , b * ) before and after treatment with the various inhibitors.
Changes in surface morphology due to the different treatments were evaluated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optical observations were made using an Olympus Light microscope with 5 ×, 10 ×, 20 ×, and 50 × magnification lenses in bright field mode, while SEM images were obtained with a JEOL JSM-7001F scanning electron microscope. The micrographs were taken using an incident beam of 5 keV at a working distance of 4-6 mm. EDS analysis was performed only on the surface of the sample treated with sodium decanoate, using an acceleration voltage of 2 keV at a working distance of 10 mm. To avoid charging phenomena, the sample was coated with a carbon film. The change in surface tension after each treatment was evaluated by the sessile drop method. For this purpose, a OCA20 Dataphysics Instruments tensiometer equipped with SCA20 software was employed.
Electrochemical measurements on uncorroded and naturally corroded copper samples Open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization measurements were performed on the naturally corroded samples and, for comparison, on bare copper specimens, both untreated and treated with the different inhibitors. A Bio-Logic Science Instrument potentiostat (Mod. SP-200), controlled by EC-Lab® software, using an electrochemical cell in a three-electrode configuration was employed. The copper samples were used as working electrodes; a platinum spiral (0. 6/250mm) and an Ag|AgCl|KCl (3M) were employed as counter and reference electrodes, respectively. In all cases, the electrochemical tests were performed in the synthetic acid rain solution. Before PDP measure- ments, all samples were soaked in the solution and the OCP was measured for about 1 h, during which the potential reached a constant value (within ± 5 mV).
Potentiodynamic polarization measurements The performances of each treatment on both bare copper and naturally corroded copper samples were evaluated by performing PDP measurements after 24 hours immersion in synthetic acid  rain solution. Fig. 8  shows typical PDP curves thus obtained, while Tables  2  and 3  include the associated electrochemical parameters: corrosion potentials ( E corr ), corrosion current density ( I corr ) and inhibition efficiency ( IE% ). The latter was evaluated by using Eq. (  2 ). Data shown in Tables  2  and 3  are average values obtained from three different specimens of the same sample immersed in the same test solutions. All polarization curves recorded for the copper samples ( Fig. 8 a ) showed a regular pattern, regardless of the inhibitor employed. A drop of the corrosion current density occurred with respect to the untreated sample for both the anodic copper dissolution and cathodic reduction reactions.
A recent gender study allowed us to specify the LBK social structure, the main results of which are recalled later as a starting point of the discussion on ideological values  (Augereau, 2021). The gender analysis concerns funerary data representing about 3,000 LBK individuals from cemeteries, isolated burials, or small groups of graves (Figure  1 ). These sites are located from the Carpathian Basin to the Paris Basin. However, the methods used for determining sex vary, and the entire sample is not sufficiently representative for a relevant gender study that requires reliable sex and age determination. Therefore, the study is based on a dataset of 378 LBK individuals (109 men, 106 women, and 163 children) for whom sex and age were determined using the most reliable method (measurements of coxal bones compared to a current population;  Bruzek, 2002; Murail, Bruzek, Houët, & Cunha, 2005).
They are located in the Paris Basin, Alsace, and Germany and notably from the site of Schwetzingen  (Gerling, 2012). However, data from other archaeological sites seem to be consistent when looking at the correlation between sex and funerary goods; indeed, this group of hypothetical men and women follows the same pattern as the reliable dataset. In addition, the reliable dataset and the entire sample are representative of a well-balanced population, with an equal number of men and women and the proportion of immatures consistent with an archaic population  (Crubézy et al. , 1997; Thevenet, 2010). Comparing age, sex, and grave goods with information about origin and nutrition provided by stable isotopes analysis brings to the fore the inegalitarian aspect of the LBK society. The initial analysis consists of detecting social identities by analysing the link between the age and the sex of the individuals and their grave goods.
During the LBK, the list of objects within the graves is relatively vast: pottery, dyes, tools, jewellery, embroidered fabrics, and faunal remains. However, not all these objects are markers of identity. Pottery vessels are often found in a corner of the pit or in the fill and were probably deposited on top of the perishable cover of the burial pit during or after the funerary ceremony. Faunal deposits are very rare (eight examples in the reliable dataset) and only found in adult burials with abundant grave goods. As is the case for pottery, faunal deposits were probably included in the funerary ritual. Finally, dyes (ochre) are frequent, but their distribution does not follow any specific pattern. The "coloured" burials are male, female, or infants, with or without goods, regardless of their nature or abundance; otherwise, the function and status of dyes in funerary contexts remain unclear: viaticum, part of the burial ritual, colouring of dress and ornaments worn by the deceased, antiseptic  (Labriffe de, 1985; Thevenet, 2010 Thevenet, , 2016)) ? Only goods deposited close to or worn on the body testify to the deceased's identity.
Finally, as in the case of male burials, a majority of female burials Circle: funerary sites (cemeteries, isolated burials, small groups of graves); star: other sites with human remains (massacre sites and others); in black: selected sites used for the reliable dataset (reliable determination of sex and age); site numbers with circle: samples used for strontium analysis (map: M. Ilett & F. Giligny, UMR 8215 Trajectoires, Université de Paris I). 1: Polgár-Ferenci-hát, Hungary  (Raczky, 2004) ; 2: Mezökővesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary  (Kalicz & Koós, 2001) ; 3: Füzesabony-Gubakút, Hungary  (Domboróczki, 2001) ; 4: Balatonszárszó, Hungary  (Oross, 2013; Zoffmann, 2012) ; 5: Nitra, Slovakia  (Pavúk, 1972) ; 6: Vedrovice, Czech Republic  (Dočkalová,  have no ornaments but can sometimes contain everyday tools (flint flake, bone awl or needle, grinding tools).