dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
RECOMMENDATIONS AND EXAMPLES According to our review, the term scalability is used with multiple meanings and the claims of scalability are sometimes difficult to interpret. The different visualization subcommunities may have different traditions related to scalability. Most of them borrow methods from other computer science fields such as algorithms and databases. The HPC visualization community is familiar with scalability issues but, when attempting to publish work spanning across subcommunities should make sure the wellknown HPC/visualization issues are understood by the others. Similarly, scalability about human issues may be understood by communities connected to HCI or psychology but not always by e. g. , the computer-graphics community within visualization. Therefore, we see the need for a clear communication between the wide range of fields and subcommunities that play a role in visualization research.
Role of Scalability in Future Research A quite fundamental question is the extent to which we-as a community-should consider scalability in future research. Should a majority of papers address scalability as a relevant aspect to characterize visualization contributions? Or is it more appropriate to restrict the discussion of scalability to research in core subfields? The SciVis community has been involved for many years with HPC where scalability is central. In-situ visualization  [74]  is strongly concerned with scalability but in the sense of not interfering with HPC code while providing useful visualizations and sometimes steering. The VAST and InfoVis communities have no identified subfield addressing scalability explicitly, except progressive visual analytics  [75]. The community should keep track of its advancements in scalability and report its progress in a more structured way.
"[58]As shown in Table 1, Protovis consistently has frame rates an order of magnitude higher, up to 20 times faster for large graphs. "[62]Asymptotic function "Overall bound: O(n log(n) + Nα(N) + g × NS). " [50] Case study "We demonstrate a case study with 276 samples which is considered a large study of mRNA-seq data by current standards [. ]" [64] Experimental validation "[. ] we describe additional experiments to evaluate the scalability of Dis-Function in a controlled manner. Specifically, we examine the performance of Dis-Function as the dataset grows in size (in terms of number of rows) and in complexity (in number of dimensions) independently. "[60]Asymptotic function, Theoretical validation"These fields can be computed in linear time on the GPU and queried in constant time. Therefore, the complexity of the algorithm is reduced from quadratic to linear.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the reviewers of our initial submission to IEEE VIS 2021 and the reviewers of this submission for their feedback and suggestions, which helped us improve this article. MA acknowledges support by  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation ) under Germany's Excellence Strategy -EXC 2120/1 -390831618, and MS and DW acknowledge support by  DFG -Project-ID 251654672 -TRR 161. This research was also supported by  DATAIA convergence Institute  as part of the " Programme d'Investissement d'Avenir" , ( ANR-17-CONV-0003 ) operated by  Inria  and  IP-Paris.
compare the scalability of two representation techniques for graphs, adjacency matrix and node-link diagram, regarding their readability. The problem size variables are the number of nodes and the edge density, defined as |E|/[V | 2 for a graph with |E| edges and |V | nodes. The effort variable is the readability measured by participants' response time and accuracy across seven tasks such as finding the most connected node or evaluating the edge density. Example: A Comparison of the Readability of Graphs Using Node-Link and Matrix-Based Representations [33] Expression: sample points (example datasets) Meaning: more scalable means faster completion rate on average number of nodes |V | edge density f task completion time accuracy.
The authors regret that in the original research paper entitled "Inutero and childhood chemical exposome in six European mother-child cohorts" published in Environment International 121 (2018) 751-763, the lipid adjustments for  POPs (i. e. PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 170, PCB 180, DDT, DDE HCB, PBDE 47 and PBDE 153 ) performed in the central HELIX database were incorrect. All lipid adjusted concentrations should have been two times higher than reported in Table  2 , Table  3 , Table  S7  and Table  S8. Thus, the median concentration of DDE reported in Section 3. 1 was incorrect. Below, text and corrected concentrations of POPs in Table  2 , Table  3 , Table  S7  and Table  S8  are presented. No other statements in the original paper are incorrect.
, 2002)  and STEVIN  (Spijns and Odijk, 2013). Interestingly, the special situation of Dutch as a pluricentric language played an important role in these initiatives and both varieties of Dutch managed to develop language and speech corpora and applications and came to be considered as relatively well-equipped in terms of language resources. For French the PFC corpus was compiled in the same period  (Durand et al. , 2003) , which is a large speech corpus covering the world's Francophone area and providing samples of comparable data to document phonological and phonetic similarities and differences of spoken French around the world. For Spanish, data sets containing recordings of Chilean, Columbian, Peruvian, Puerto Rico, and Venezuelan Spanish were compiled,  3  while the Heroico corpus was originally collected to train acoustic models for pronunciation modelling in Spanish language learning applications.
The MAUS tool  (Kisler et al. , 2017)  for phonetic segmentation, for instance, is available for an increasing number of languages. Whereas its models trained on German work also reasonably well for read Austrian German, they do not for conversational Austrian German  (Schuppler et al. , 2014b). Second, whereas in some languages there is a situation of diglossia, where speakers clearly differentiate between standard and regional variety when speaking in different speaking styles (e. g. , in Arabic  (Horn, 2015) ), in others there is a continuum from regional dialect to the standard language. With respect to pluricentric languages, one variety might show diglossia (see e. g. , (Stepkowska, 2012) and  (Siebenhaar, 2006)  for Swiss German), whereas another variety of that same language does not (e.
For instance, if the pronunciation variant ["hEd] is allowed for the English word had, it can be confused with the full pronunciation of head  (Saraçlar et al. , 2000). In order to reduce the number of pronunciation variants in a lexicon, one might combine the knowledge-based approach for generating the variants with a forced alignment to select those variants which most frequently occur in a given speech corpus  (Adda-Decker and Snoeren, 2011; Adda-Decker and Lamel, 2018). This method only works reliably if a large enough database is available from the target variant. A further line of research consists in investigating how to combine pronunciation modelling with information from other linguistic layers, which also showed to improve ASR. For instance, the system proposed by  Demynck et al.
Comparing word lists from different countries supposed to speak the same language highlights lexical differences. A well known example of such specific lexical differences are the numbering conventions in French. For example, the number eighty is termed quatre-vingts in French, whereas French-speaking Belgians and Swiss say respectively huitante and octante. Beyond spotting lexical differences, the major benefit of transcribed oral resources is the opportunity to carry out pronunciation, phonetic, phonological and prosodic studies. The famous Praat software  (Boersma, 2001)  from the Amsterdam University is widely used by linguists for extensive phonetic analyses. The combination of Praat (or similar tools such as VoiceSauce  Shue et al. , 2009)  with automatically labelled and segmented speech corpora opens a large panel of scientific perspectives which former phoneticians only may have dreamt of.
The contribution by  Wu et al. (2023)  makes use of large corpora and automatic speech processing tools to contribute to the debate on tone duration in Chinese Mandarin. Beyond previous studies on Mandarin tone duration, which mainly focused on controlled speech material from relatively small datasets, this study investigates tone duration as a function of lexical and prosodic positions in journalistic and casual speech totalling 1000 h of data. Furthermore, regional variation was investigated using speakers from different cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanking, Wuxi, Suzhou)). The article by  Pucher et al. (2023)  investigates whether German and Austrian speakers of German recognize the regional origin of German and Austrian German TV newscasters. For this purpose, naturally produced stimuli from the two varieties were taken as a starting point to produce intermediate samples, where spectral and f0 features were interpolated separately.
It is placed under the umbrella of the various eHealth practices and tools  (Giacalone et al. , 2022; Belso-Martínez et al. , 2020). Its potential is still undervalued; nevertheless, it is considered a tool that allows the digitalization of traditional health services  (Schmitz-Grosz, 2021, pp. 73-92). To gain an overview of the scientific articles in the literature on this topic, we collected articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, the primary sources for citation data  (Mongeon and Paul-Hus, 2016). Both sources have proven their robustness, validity, and utility, and their usage in literature reviews elevates this technique  (Abramo and D'Angelo, 2011). A Boolean keywords search ("Pharmacy" OR "Pharmacies" OR "Pharmacist" OR "Pharmacists" OR "Chemistry", "Chemistries" OR "Chemist" OR "Chemists" AND "eHealth" OR "eHealth services" AND "Telemedicine" OR "Telemedicine Services") provided us with the number of studies on conducted eHealth services and telemedicine over the years.
Sample and data collection From September 2021 to May 2022, we sent a questionnaire to 600 Italian pharmacists who had the title of a pharmacist, worked as a pharmacist in a private pharmacy (we excluded municipal pharmacies because of the difficulty in identifying decision-makers), and had not employed telemedicine technology yet. The questionnaire was distributed by certified electronic mail through a database provided by Federfarma. We also made follow-up calls to remind those who had not completed the questionnaire two weeks after receiving it. To answer the research question, we decided to focus on Italian pharmacies with a convenience sampling technique, excluding pharmacies that had joined the "Smart-Telemedicine" network. It would have been inappropriate to conduct a cross-national study, given the many different forms of retail distribution present in Europe and Italy being, to the best of our knowledge, the only country having implemented telemedicine services through pharmacies.
Measures and data analysis We measured the constructs, adopting established multi-item scales developed in prior research and adapting them to our research context. Effort expectancy and behavioral intention were measured respectively through four and three variables from  Venkatesh et al. 's (2002)  study. Performance expectancy was measured using four items developed from Song and Kim's (2022) concept of anticipated service quality caused by the introduction of new technologies. Social influence was assessed using two items from a study conducted by  Cobelli (2020, pp. 55-86). For the measures, 7-point Likert scales (1 = completely disagree; 7 = completely agree) were used. A Harman's single-factor test confirmed that no single factor could account for the majority of the variance, suggesting that common method bias does not influence our data  (Podsakoff et al.
, 2003). Two control variables were included in the analysis: the age of the respondent and the length of pharmacy ownership. These variables were considered because age and experience have been suggested to affect behavioral intention to adopt new technologies  (Venkatesh et al. , 2012). Data were analyzed using PLS-SEM  (Hair et al. , 2019). When the primary intent is a predictive-oriented model assessment, PLS-SEM is a suitable alternative to covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM)  (Sarstedt et al. , 2022). In fact, PLS-SEM provides for both the assessment of structural paths between latent variables and the assessment of a model's overall in-sample and out-of-sample predictive accuracy  (Hair et al. , 2022; Shmueli et al. , 2019). Moreover, according to  Astrachan et al.
(2014) , "In comparison with CB-SEM, which imposes rigid sample size restrictions on the researcher(s), PLS-SEM works efficiently with small sample sizes and complex models and makes practically no assumptions about the underlying data" (p. 118). Hence, it is possible through this method to understand the extent to which the model can forecast novel data points not included in the estimating procedure  (Shmueli et al. , 2019). This characteristic makes PLS-SEM particularly suitable for this study, which aims to not only explain but also predict telemedicine adoption. SmartPLS 4. 0. 9. 3 software was used for the analysis.
On average, they have approximately 14. 5 years of firm tenure. A small proportion (11 percent) of the firms they work for are exportoriented, while the majority of participants (67 percent) report that their firms are in highly competitive markets. One key advantage of our data is that they provide information about managers' personality traits and economic preferences. Previous vignette studies of worker training have either focused solely on the attributes of training scenarios themselves (see  Fleischmann and Koster, 2017; Poulissen et al. , 2021)  or accounted only for managers' age, education, and organizational position  (Karpinska et al. , 2015). Our data include among other things, measures of locus of control, Big-5 personality traits, patience, and, most importantly for our analysis, attitudes towards risk.
The authors thank  Thomas Zwick  and participants at the virtual EALE conference 2021 (Padova) for valuable feedback and  Sophie Wagner  for excellent research assistance. Marco Caliendo  gratefully acknowledges funding from the  German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ,  DFG , project number:  407087322 ). Arne Uhlendorff is grateful to  Investissements d'Avenir  ( ANR-11-IDEX-0003/Labex Ecodec/ANR-11-LABX-0047 ) for financial support.
Data We extract annual bank-level data for the Central American and Caribbean region from Orbis for the period from 1990 to 2020. We assume that banks manage their entire set of banking activities on a consolidated basis. Therefore, we work with the consolidated financial statements of banks. Where it is not possible to obtain consolidated statements, which is likely the case for subsidiaries of foreign-owned banks, we use banks' unconsolidated financial statements. Our study focuses on the vulnerability of deposit-taking entities to tropical storms and we exclude non-bank entities from the sample. 2 We also exclude banks with less than three observations and countries where no damaging tropical storms occurred during our sample and those for which we were unable to obtain relevant information.
In this regard, the Bahamas is the most vulnerable with an average of 3. 3 percent of damage per year, whereas Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and El Salvador experienced tropical storms with little damage during the sample period, as measured by our index. Examining the years in which damages occurred, there is also a large variation amongst those countries affected. More specifically, while Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands experienced on average at least 4 percent of damages when affected by tropical storms, for countries like Aruba, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Costa Rica and Guatemala, the average damage was less than 0. 1 percent. Destruction due to tropical storms was traditionally measured using ex-post damage estimates, as, for instance, reported in the Emergency Events Database (EMDAT), or fairly generic characteristics of tropical storms, such as a dummy variable for the incidence of landfall or total maximum wind speed  (Albala-Bertrand, 1993 , Skidmore and Toya, 2002 , Rasmussen, 2004 , Raddatz, 2007 , Hochrainer, 2009 , Noy, 2009 , Noy and Nualsri, 2011 , Loayza et al.
Given the maximum wind speed, the functional form in (2) will depend on the choice of parameters V thresh and V half. Emanuel (2011)  notes that for V thresh there is unlikely to be any damage for winds below 92 km/h and we also employ this cut-off point, even though this depends on the quality of infrastructure, 2 We cross-referenced the list of financial institutions obtained from the database with the registry of licensed banking entities reported by central banks to distinguish deposit-taking entities from the other types of financial firms (that are classified by the database as commercial banks). 3 Due to data limitations and unavailability, we did not include Anguilla, Curacao, Dominica, Montserrat, and St. Kitts and Nevis. Moreover, we excluded Guyana, Panama and Suriname from our sample given that no damaging tropical storm incidents occurred in these countries during our sample period and generally do not affect these countries.
4 Foreign-owned banks are entities that are majority-owned by a foreign parent bank. We used several sources to identify foreign banks and track changes in foreign ownership, including online searches, central bank webpages, the database of  Claessens and Van Horen (2014) , and information obtained from  Noel et al. (2021). We note that foreign ownership changes have been rare in our sample, possibly due to stringent entry regulations in the region, stable international banking relationships (e. g. Canadian banks in the Caribbean) and high market power of foreign banks. The table is based on information on 111 banks over the period 1990-2020. "No. of damaging storms" indicates the number of damaging storm incidents per country. "Assets" is the sum of banks' assets in a given country at the end of the sample period.
We explicitly use the population weight at t-1 rather than t so as to avoid that our weights are influenced by the tropical storm shocks and thus are potentially endogenous. One should note that f ijc in essence measures the percentage of property destroyed, broadly defined. Additionally we sum the damage of all storms j that occur within a year t in country c. Our wind field model requires tropical storm tracks data. For these we use the National Hurricane Center (NHC) HURDAT database, which provides tropical storm track data on all known storms in the North Atlantic Ocean Basin since 1850. For our sample period, Fig. 1  shows tropical storms that occurred in the Caribbean. For each storm, the database provides information on the time and location of the tropical storm eye and the maximum wind speed for every six-hour interval of the storm's lifespan.
We linearly interpolate these to hourly positions. To derive local population weights, w ict , we use the gridded decadal population estimates from the HYDE database version 3. 2. 1. It provides global population maps at a spatial resolution of 0. 5 arc minutes for every ten years from 1700 until 2000, and yearly thereafter  (Klein Goldewijk et al. , 2017). For the period prior to 2000, we linearly interpolate the decadal population figures to arrive at annual values. We depict the distribution of the proportion of observations and the distribution of the (logged) non-zero TS index for our estimation sample for Caribbean islands and continental Caribbean jurisdictions in Fig. 2. Accordingly, the continental sample has a larger proportion (86. 9 percent) of bank-year data points where there was no tropical storm damage compared to the island economies (70.
The results from this exercise are reported in Tables  A5 to A8. As can be seen, the results are generally robust to these alternative functional forms. Lastly, it is important to note that thus far we have proxied damage due to tropical storms only in terms of wind exposure. However, another by-product of these storms that can cause damage is extreme rainfall. While the extent of rainfall does tend to be positively correlated with the maximum wind speed of a tropical storm, this is not perfectly so. Our wind exposure proxy hence may not be capturing the full extent of potential damage. To explore this further we generated population weighted total rainfall during the days when our tropical storm index took on a positive value using the CHIRPS gridded precipitation database. The results for our baseline regressions including these additional controls are reported in Tables  A9  and A10.
Sixth, using only data from the male and female participants, we conducted a linear regression analysis to predict the value of CCU (mean centered) from Sex and the three PCE-S subscales (Imagery, Intensity, and Intrusions) -Table  4  shows the main results. SPSS (version 29. 0) and AMOS (26. 0) were used for statistical analysis. R replicated all analyses. The Open Science Framework hosts R data, code, and Markdown files: https://osf. io/mt6re/.
Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA) The theoretical internal structure of the PCE-S (resulting from the adaptation of the CEQ) was tested by applying CFA using AMOS statistical software. Figure  1  shows the path diagram of the improved model with the standardized estimates. [Insert Figure  1   The standardized regression weights (factor loadings) were between 0. 68 and 0. 92, being statistically significant (p < 0. 001). All these ratings are acceptable, except for chi-square (for which the p-value should be not significant), the X 2 /df values (which should be under 5), and the RMSEA value (which would be ≤ 0. 080)  (Collier, 2020; Kline, 2005). For an acceptable model, the SRMR should be ≤ 0. 080 (which is the case here); the other indicates should be > 0. 90 (acceptable model) and > 0.
We present V-Mail, a framework of cross-platform applications, interactive techniques, and communication protocols for improved multi-person correspondence about spatial 3D datasets. Inspired by the daily use of e-mail, V-Mail seeks to enable a similar style of rapid, multi-person communication accessible on any device; however, it aims to do this in the new context of spatial 3D communication, where limited access to 3D graphics hardware typically prevents such communication. The approach integrates visual data storytelling with data exploration, spatial annotations, and animated transitions. V-Mail "data stories" are exported in a standard video file format to establish a common baseline level of access on (almost) any device. The V-Mail framework also includes a series of complementary client applications and plugins that enable different degrees of story co-authoring and data exploration, adjusted automatically to match the capabilities of various devices.