dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Background considerations In the monograph on Pharmaceutical Preparations (Ph. Eur. 9. 0/2619), the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur. ) states: "Health care professionals involved in unlicensed preparations have a duty of care to the patient receiving these preparations: a risk assessment is required to determine the extent and significance of testing. " Based on this risk assessment, the person responsible for the preparation must ensure that the pharmaceutical preparation is fit for purpose throughout its shelf life. Storage conditions and shelf lives must be justified based on physicochemical and microbiological stability. Published experimental data may be available to support the shelf life assigned to a preparation. In the absence of data, professional judgement is required. Numerous publications regarding the physicochemical stability of ready-to-use and ready-to-administer aseptic preparations prepared in hospital pharmacies are available in specific databases.
Parenteral preparations contain a wide range of active substances, additives and diluent(s), as well as proposed holding times and conditions. 8 Microbial growth studies are performed to get an understanding of the growth rate of selected microorganisms in readyto-administer preparations. Knowledge about the viability (i. e. ability to survive) of microbes in parenteral preparations can give additional useful information for the assignment of shelf lives. Therefore, the expert panel suggests consideration of literature data on the viability of microorganisms in comparable hospital pharmacy aseptic preparations or the performance of novel standalone viability studies. Studies should be designed to determine the extent to which microorganisms survive in the ready-to-administer preparation (Box 8).
Background: Stretching is commonly used in physical therapy as a rehabilitation tool to improve range of motion and motor function. However, is stretching an efficient method to improve gait, and if so, for which patient category? Methods: A systematic review of randomized and non-randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis was conducted using relevant databases. Every patient category and every type of stretching programs were included without multicomponent programs. Data were meta-analysed where possible. Estimates of effect sizes (reported as standard mean difference (SMD)) with their respective 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were reported for each outcome. The PEDro scale was used for the quality assessment. Results: Twelve studies were included in the analysis. Stretching improved gait performance as assessed by walking speed and stride length only in a study with a frail elderly population, with small effect sizes (both SMD= 0.
Design and literature screening The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was employed in this systematic review  45. A completed PRISMA checklist was submitted to an online repository (Reporting guidelines). PubMed, Science Direct, Springer and Sage databases were used for a comprehensive systematic literature search for articles published prior to 28 April 2020 with no time limit. In addition, a manual search was conducted using the reference list of selected studies. The keywords used for the search strategy in PubMed were: "stretching" AND (gait OR walk). We included only articles published in English or French. The selection procedure was conducted by two experts in rehabilitation (TV and AD). Disagreements were discussed with a third expert in a group until a mutual consensus was reached.
Any further responses from the reviewers can be found at the end of the article We included all categories of subjects, all stretching techniques and different durations of treatment since standardized protocols are lacking in the purpose of the present study. Gait could be evaluated by functional tests, electromyographic (EMG) or biomechanical analysis. The following exclusion criteria were used: lack of gait assessment, non-application of muscle stretching, multimodal exercise programs, no control group, case report and review. Data extraction and main measurements examined Data were extracted from the selected articles by one of the authors (TV). The extracted data were checked by another author (AD) and disagreements were resolved with a third (EY). The following data were extracted for each selected article: (1) the names of the authors and the date of publication; (2) the number of subjects involved in the experiment with their characteristics and breakdown in each group; (3) stretching training details (in the following order: number of participants, stretching technique, muscle groups stretched, number of sets, duration of stretch, frequency, protocol duration); (4) control group details; and (5) the main outcomes related to gait with the main results.
Statistical analysis Estimates of effect sizes (comparing the intervention group and the control group) accompanied with a measure of statistical uncertainty (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) were calculated for each outcome when sufficient data were reported. Estimates of effect sizes were reported by standard mean difference (SMD) and their respective 95% CI. In this way, the magnitude of the overall effect can be quantified as trivial (<0. 2), small (0. 2-0. 49), moderate (0. 5-0. 79) or large (≥0. 8)  48, 49. When data were lacking to calculate estimates of effect sizes, exact p values were reported. When at least two studies used the same outcome, meta-analysis was performed, comparing the intervention groups with the control groups. When outcomes were identified in only one study, no meta-analysis could be performed but the effect of intervention was still calculated, reporting the estimate of effect size and its 95% confidence interval.
Statistical analysis and figures (i. e. forest plot to facilitate the visualization of values) were produced using a random-effect model in Review Manager software (RevMan, v 5. 3, Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford UK). A random-effect model was used to take into account heterogeneity between study effects. Statistical heterogeneity was calculated using the I 2 and Cochrane Q statistic tests  48. Statistical significance was set at p<0. 05.
Further randomized controlled trials are needed to explore the impact of stretching on gait in this population. To reduce the risk of bias, data were meta-analyzed when at least 2 studies with similar populations and training characteristics were found. Considering these constraints and the great heterogeneity in the gait outcomes, we only performed metaanalyses in healthy older adults for 4 outcomes. The Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group recommends the application of Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) in the Evidence from Qualitative Reviews to assess the level of confidence in systematic review with meta-analyses  87. However, the GRADE necessitates assessing the risk of publication bias with a funnel plot, determining its asymmetry, which can be performed with at least 10 studies  88.
In young adults, two studies by Johanson are reported. Is it not clear if both groups of young adults with limited range of motion were identical in both studies and had the same characteristics? If yes, merging the two studies should make the deal, if not please provide specification about the second group. Arnaud Delafontaine on behalf of all the authors Competing Interests: None Reviewer Report 14 September 2020 https://doi. org/10. 5256/f1000research. 28219. r69874 1  2020 Mégrot F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Fabrice Mégrot1.
Recruitment Via online panels, with quotas for sex (50% male) and age (equal distribution of 18-25 years, 26-35 years, and 36-45 years), slight deviations were allowed. The final sample included 2. 858 participants (see Fig. 1  for Flow chart). All participants gave written approval. Non-monetary incentives like iTunes points were offered after questionnaire completion. Data were recorded and analyzed anonymously.
Statistical Analysis Total fluid was calculated in means (standard deviations between brackets). Declared total fluid consumption above 8 L/day was considered missing due to low plausibility (n = 16). To understand what drives attitudes and to classify the studied population, a Bayesian network-based classification  [22]  was conducted. BayesiaLab-7. 0. 1  [23]  was applied to describe the data dependencies and classify Mexican respondents according to their answers on attitudes. This Machine Learning tool included several supervised and non-supervised Bayes Learning versions. Here, the Markov augmented cover algorithm was applied.
Driving Ability on Simulator Driving ability was tested on the CI2N driving simulator (Center for Neurocognitive and Neurophysiological Investigations, UMS 3489 -CNRS, University of Strasbourg, France; see Supplementary Video). The driving simulator consisted of the front portion of a car passenger cabin mounted on a mobile platform with 4 + 2 levels of freedom (longitudinal, vertical, rolling and pitching the passenger cabin, and rolling and pitching of the driver's seat) associated to a realtime interactive display unit. Eye movements, actions on vehicle controls, as well as vehicle position in the virtual environment, distance covered, and driving time and speed were recorded at 30 Hz. A three-dimensional virtual city was created using the Cityengine (Esri) software. The scenery was projected using eight Epson EB-W10 projectors at a rate of 60 frames per second and a resolution of 1280 × 800 pixels.
Acknowledgments The authors thank  Jules Marchal  for the organization of patients' follow-up visits. The authors thank  Gabrielle Cremer  ( Cremer Consulting, Strasbourg, France ) for the linguistic revision. This work was funded by the  GIRCI-Est  (National Health System grants). Disclosure:  D. Derhy , None;  S. Lithfous , None;  C. Speeg , None;  D. Gaucher , None;  O. Despres , None;  A. Dufour , None;  T. Bourcier , None;  A. Sauer , None.
Much of the debates surrounding the concepts of health in philosophy of medicine have been between 'naturalism' and 'normativism'. Here, the aim is to apply the revisionist naturalists' recommendation and to look for definitions of health in the biomedical literature. Based on our own research experience with neuroendocrinology, neuroimmunology, psychoneuroendocrinology, psychoneuroimmunology and microbiota-gut-brain research, we speculated that these interdisciplinary fields mobilize notions of health including: 1) health as constancy of internal milieu or homeostasis, 2) health as absence of or due to specific interoception, 3) health as absence of stress or as the result of eustress or hormesis, and 4) health as result of (immune) defense. To assess which health concepts interdisciplinary research fields studying interacting biological systems mobilize, the PubMed database was interrogated with search strings linking 1) proposed health concepts-related terms and biological systems, 2) health and health concepts-related terms, and 3) health and interdisciplinary research fields.
Methodology To assess which health concepts interdisciplinary research fields studying interacting biological systems mobilize, the biomedical literature database PubMed (https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed) was interrogated with search strings linking 1) proposed health concepts-related terms (homeostasis, interoception, stress, defense) and biological systems, 2) health and health concepts-related terms, and 3) health and interdisciplinary research fields. For searches undertaken to evaluate the penetration of health concepts-related terms in relation to biological systems, the relative (compared to the total amount of PubMed articles) numbers of publications per year were analyzed. In contrast, analyses pertaining to health and health concepts-related terms and to health and interdisciplinary research fields were more aimed at contents.
Discussion The overall conclusion of our investigations on how "health" is employed in articles available on the biomedical literature database PubMed is that in the vast majority of cases the term is encountered in the context of "health and disease" without being further specified. In these cases, the disease part is often developed whereas health is not. Among the terms that we proposed may be employed in relation to health in articles found on PubMed, stress, homeostasis and defense were the most frequently encountered with stress recently making up for 4% of the indexed articles. When using these terms and health as title words, by far the most hits were obtained for "health and stress" and "health and immun*", even when limited to reviews. However, many reviews containing health and immun* in their titles concerned immunization, immunizing or immuno(histo)chem*, health care or health professionals.
, 2015) , which is particularly efficient for Xe purification and for detection, and for detection a new highresolution βγ coincidence spectrometer (Le  Petit et al. , 2015). In 2015, the CEA contracted with CEGELEC Defense © for the design and realization of the SPALAX-NG prototype The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Short descriptions of the system design and the data analysis method are provided. The events that occurred during the six-month operation are summarized. The SPALAX-NG data reliability is verified by comparison with a collocated former version of a SPALAX (SPALAX-1) and by re-measurements of different samples at the CTBT-certified French Radionuclide Laboratory (FRL08). Finally, the data obtained during this period enable a major dataset for radioxenon in western Europe to be recorded.
In this manner, the detection system produces unambiguous signals for the four relevant radioxenon isotopes and provides highly reliable data. The chronology of the sampling and detection is schematized in Figure  2. The system is flushed for approximately 1 h 30 min before starting the first sampling (sampling 1). Following the first sampling period and in parallel with sampling 2, approximately 1 h 20 min is required to flush the gas cell and to transfer sample 1 into it. The QC spectrum is acquired during this period. Thereafter, the sample is counted for a period that is dependent on the cycle duration. Approximately 10 min before the end of the cycle, the spectral acquisition is stopped, the sample is transferred into an archive volume, and the full spectrum is sent to the International Data Center (IDC) of the CTBTO as well as to the French National Data Center (NDC).
Data analysis The γ emission probabilities lead to efficient detection in single γ spectrometry of the Xe-133 and Xe-135, but not of the metastable isotopes, namely Xe-131m and Xe-133m, as the internal conversion is the main decay process (Table  1 ). The internal conversion process is characterized by the emission of CEs and Xrays at specific energies following electronic rearrangement. The coincident detection of the characteristic CE and Xrays emissions, is the most sensitive means of measuring the Xe-131m and Xe-133m isotopes. Furthermore, the Xe-133 and Xe-135 isotopes can be analyzed efficiently in the coincidence mode by detecting the β and γ emissions simultaneously (Table  1 ). The French NDC has developed specific software to analyze the coincident spectra (2D spectra) provided by SPALAX-NG automatically: the RadioNuclide ELectron-PHoton (RNELPH) software.
The SPALAX-NG system converts the spectra into the ASCII format (which is compliant with the IMS format), and delivers the single electron spectra and 2D spectra together in a unique file. The photon spectra are analyzed independently using the Genie 2000 software (Mirion Technology © ) as for the SPALAX-1 system to determine the radioxenon activities based on their γ emissions only. The 2D spectrum is analyzed based on the Ready To Go method, detailed in Cagniant et al, 2018-b. The major aspects are detailed here. Several regions of interest (ROIs) have been defined for the 2D analysis (Table  1 ): ROI-5 and ROI-6 are related to the metastable isotopes, ROI-2 and ROI-3 are related to the Xe-135 and Xe-133 isotopes, respectively, and ROI-0 and ROI-1 are related to two Rn-222 progenies, Bi-214 and Pb-214, respectively, which interfere with the xenon isotope ROIs.
In contrast, similar values within the uncertainties were reported for both systems within a range from 2 to 100 mBq m -3. The Xe-133 activity concentrations measured by single γ analysis and βγ coincidence analysis are also presented for the same period to illustrate the ability of SPALAX-NG to cross-check the produced data (Figure  6 ). Good agreement was observed for concentrations higher than 0. 3 mBq m -3. Values are more scattered below this concentration (up to a factor of two) so close to the MDC. Nevertheless, the concentrations measured for both methods were consistent considering the associated uncertainties. Several injections of different radioxenon standards mixture provided by the Seibersdorf Laboratories (Austria) were performed before and during the qualification period to verify various parameters: the activity concentration measurements, memory effect of the gas cell (PIPSBox TM ), and overall crosscontamination of the system.
The mixtures were injected at the system air inlet with a syringe. The activity concentration measurements were quality controlled by comparing the data obtained at the station and those obtained when re-measuring the sample at the FRL08 laboratory, which is certified by the PTS for Xe sample measurements. The PTS certification process includes annual intercomparison exercise and a PTS assessment visit every three years. The memory effect was estimated by injecting a spike directly into the gas cell, and calculating the ratio between the activity measured from the spike and that from a sample measurement after pumping PIPSBox TM cell to vacuum. The cross-contamination level was controlled by injecting a spike at the air inlet pipe of the system, and calculating the ratio between the activity measured for the spiked sample and that for the following cycle performed under air or nitrogen.
Furthermore, the Xe-131m/Xe-133, Xe-135/Xe-133, and Xe-133m/Xe-133 isotopic ratios measured on the SPALAX-NG for the September 20, 2018, March 20, 2019, and March 25, 2019 spiked samples were plotted with the reference isotopic ratios of the standard certificate from the Seibersdorf Laboratory (Figure  7 ) for the sake of comparison. Perfect agreement was observed for all of the isotopic ratios. This strong correlation, in addition to the good agreement between the βγ and single γ measurements at the station itself, as well as the good agreements with the collocated SPALAX-1 and the certified FRL08 laboratory, provides a high level of confidence in the reliability of the data produced by the SPALAX-NG. The cross-contamination and memory effect were verified several times over the test period.
Clinical Evaluation DPN was diagnosed according to the inability to sense the pressure of a 10-g Semmes-Weinstein monofilament at three plantar foot sites and/or a vibration perception threshold > 25 V as assessed using a biothesiometer (Me. Te. Da. s. r. l. , Via Silvio Pellico, 4, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy)  [10, 18]. Critical limb ischemia was diagnosed as an absence of both distal pulses and an ankle brachial index of < 0. 39, ankle systolic pressure < 50 mmHg, and toe pressure < 30 mmHg or transcutaneous oxygen pressure < 30 mmHg  [17]. Body mass index was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m 2 ). The clinicopathologic data collected included diabetes type, mean duration of diabetes, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values in the previous 3 months. The patients' renal and retinopathy statuses were assessed.
The sole density was categorized into the semirigid rocker sole (Wellwalk technology with Vibram strips, density 240 kg/m 2 , shore A 50) and the rigid (composite fiber, density 330 kg/m 2 , shore A) rocker sole (Figure  1 ). To ensure the proper position of the pivot point in the rocker outsole, the principal investigator used a weight-bearing lateral X-ray of the shod feet as previously described  [12]. [10, 18]. Critical limb ischemia was diagnosed as an absence of both distal pulses and an ankle brachial index of < 0. 39, ankle systolic pressure < 50 mmHg, and toe pressure < 30 mmHg or transcutaneous oxygen pressure < 30 mmHg  [17]. Body mass index was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m 2 ). The clinicopathologic data collected included diabetes type, mean duration of diabetes, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values in the previous 3 months.
Kinematic Analyses A dynamic pressure measurement system (Footscan ® system, RSscan International, 3583 Olen, Belgium) was used to record the maximal mean pressure (kPa) and force time integral (kPa/s) in barefoot conditions. In addition, the following spatiotemporal parameters were checked in three different conditions (i. e. , barefoot, semirigid sole footwear, and rigid sole footwear): the stance phase of the gait cycle, stride length, and gait velocity. The hardware included a 2-m plate with four sensors/cm 2 and a 3D-Box interface that was synchronized with a motion capture system. All data were recorded at a measurement frequency of 500 Hz and were processed using Scientific Footscan ® software (RSscan International, 3583 Olen, Belgium).
Kinematic Analyses A dynamic pressure measurement system (Footscan ® system, RSscan International, 3583 Olen, Belgium) was used to record the maximal mean pressure (kPa) and force time integral (kPa/s) in barefoot conditions. In addition, the following spatiotemporal parameters were checked in three different conditions (i. e. , barefoot, semirigid sole footwear, and rigid sole footwear): the stance phase of the gait cycle, stride length, and gait velocity. The hardware included a 2-m plate with four sensors/cm 2 and a 3D-Box interface that was synchronized with a motion capture system. All data were recorded at a measurement frequency of 500 Hz and were processed using Scientific Footscan ® software (RSscan International, 3583 Olen, Belgium). The stance phase was divided into four subphases (ms) according to the Footscan software results as follows.
Data Analyses Every foot was analyzed individually due to the differences in foot type (FPI), previous ulceration, minor amputation, and foot deformities. Stance phase (ms) was assessed barefoot and in both shoe conditions using a rigid and semirigid rocker sole. Three screenshots were taken, and the mean was calculated for all four subphases. The investigator who analyzed and extracted data from spatiotemporal parameters was blinded to the type of outsole used during trials. Stride length (cm) and gait velocity (m/s) were recorded in the three conditions, and the same protocol was used to calculate the means.
uccs. edu/~{}lbecker/) and considering the values > 0. 2, > 0. 5, and > 0. 8 as small, moderate, and large effects, respectively  [23]. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistics version 25. 0 for Mac OS (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Furthermore, GraphPad ® for Mac OS was used to generate graphics to assess the differences between different shoe conditions and barefoot. P values < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant with confidence intervals of 95%.
Exercise-tracking device: Polar OH1 bracelet The Polar OH1 is an optical heart rate (HR) monitor bracelet worn on the upper arm (©Polar Electro). Waterproof and suitable for all sports, it has been previously demonstrated to provide accurate heart rate data during moderate-and high-intensity exercise  [18]. The device connects to the manufacturer's website via a smartphone or computer allowing HR information and wearing times to be stored. These data will be used to calculate the intensity, duration and frequency of each participant's exercise each week.