dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements. We acknowledge the use of CloudNet data which are part of the  European Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS)  project. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  654109  and the  Cloudnet  project (European  Union  contract  EVK2-2000-00611 ) for providing the Cloudnet classification product, which was produced by the  Department of Meteorology, University of Reading  using measurements from the atmospheric observatory SIRTA at Palaiseau. ERA5 data (Hersbach et al. , 2018) were obtained from the  Copernicus Climate Change Service  ( C3S ) Climate Data Store. The  European Environment Agency (EEA)  is acknowledged for the CORINE land cover (https://land.
Acknowledgements We thank  Pr Jean Pierre Siffroi  and  Sylvie Lucchini  for karyotype analysis ( Service de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Trousseau ), technician personnal of  UF de Cardiogenetique  et myogenetique moleculaire et cellulaire of Pitié Salpétrière hospital for qPCR and sequencing support. We thank  Marie Gizon  for plamids PCR primers design. We thank  Quentin Francheteau  for help in ICAN403. 3 culture and characterization. This work was supported by the patient's association " La ligue contre la Cardiomyopathie ".
We show that, in each case, when people deem that a given alternative is innovative, we can identify a modal statement relevant to this alternative, which is such that those people used to hold this statement implicitly but figured, thanks to the collective discussion process, that this statement should be discarded. This mechanism is a specific case of the general process studied by C-K theory, but here modal statements, interplays between implicitly and explicitly held modal statements, and the relativity of innovativeness assessment, which are the hallmarks of our refined version, play a key-role. We thereby illustrate how our framework accounts for people's apprehension of innovativeness. The information reported in the following tables summarizes data gathered from meetings and workshops notes, and ex-post discussions between the authors.
Acknowledgements We thank  O. Cailloux ,  A. Mangos ,  G. Pigozzi ,  A. Osorio ,  A. Richard ,  J. Rouchier  and  A. Tsoukias  for useful comments and interesting discussions. We also thank the journal's editor and reviewers for comments that helped us improve the paper. Apulia Region case study -ex-post analysis about generated policy alternatives, implicit and explicit modal statements (from Pluchinotta et al. , 2019).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We thank Cecilia de Agrela Pinto, Tomás de Garay, and Katharina Häußermann for their assistance with mass photometry (iSCAT) experiments; Arjen Jakobi and Wiel Evers for their help with TEM; Lucia Baldauf for her assistance with TIRF; Pascal Verdier-Pinard for his advice concerning native electrophoresis; and Agata Szuba and Marjolein Vinkenoog for their help in setting up the Drosophila septin purification efforts. This research received funding from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO/OCW) through the 'BaSyC-Building a Synthetic Cell' Gravitation grant (024. 003. 019) and from the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR grant ANR-17-CE13-0014; SEPTIMORF).
Funding: This study was supported by grants from,  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)   PICen-19-CE11-0003-02  and  EpiCAST-19-CE12-0029-01  grants,  NIH   1R01GM131626-01  and  NIH MIRA  ( R35GM139564 ) grants, ' Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale ' (FRM) association ( EQU-2021-03012631 ) grant (to LT) and  ANR-20-CE12-0014-02  grant (to DD), and an  ANR-10-LABX-0030-INRT grant  under the  frame program Investissements d'Avenir   ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02  (to IGBMC).
Besides the heterogeneity in changes, there is also substantial variation in terms of the levels. Belgium and the United Kingdom have low levels of unemployment protection legislation, while Austria, 5 The Netherlands and Denmark do not provide regional information in the EU LFS, which is the main data source to compute regional labour market frictions. The exclusion of Finland and Norway is based on the lack of employment data in the manufacturing subsectors previous to 2002. Germany, Italy and Sweden have high levels of EPL. Spain and France see medium levels of EPL. However, Spain had the second-highest employment protection for permanent contracts in the OECD until 1994 behind Portugal. Outcome variables on sectoral employment shares and wages, as well as the unemployment rate and the labour force participation rate stem from the European Regional Database (ERD).
The sectors of activity cover manufacturing, private services, construction and public services. 6 he sectoral employment shares are computed relative to working-age population, which is restricted to the age from 20 to 64 and stems from Eurostat Regional Database. One main issue with this feature could be that this study, in contrast to  Autor et al. (2013) , exploits variation in administrative units (NUTS 2 regions) instead of commuting zones. Administrative regions do not form closed labour markets in the same form, but comparing data on region of residence and region of work in the EU LFS exhibits that the share of workers crossing administrative borders is 4. 47% for the NUTS 2 regions in this study; hence, any potential bias arising from non-closed labour markets are negligible. For the measure of import exposure per worker, this paper exploits three different data sources.
Trade statistics on the manufacturing subsector level are taken from World Integrated Trades Solutions (WITS) by the World Bank, which provides trade data on the level of manufacturing subsectors (NACE Rev. 1) based on the UNComtrade database. 7 This feature of the WITS provides concordance of imported goods and exports to manufacturing subsectors. Employment on the manufacturing subsector level is taken from Eurostat Regional Database and the initial values of 1997 and 2002 are used to compute the regional weighting factor in equation (  1 ). 8  Regional working-age population, the normalisation factor, comes from Eurostat. Both measures of regional labour market friction originate from aggregating individual level data in the EU LFS to the regional level. 9 The survey contains information of employment status in the year the survey was conducted and the year before.
This includes the initial shares of sectoral employment shares relative to working-age population and wages, the share of tertiary education and the percentage of women in employment in each region. As  Xu et al. (2019)  argue that Chinese import competition can be amplified through housing markets, the analysis accounts for geographic housing supply conditions based on  Saiz (2010). First, the percentage of land covered by water and wetlands provided by Eurostat, and second the percentage of coarse fragments is taken from the LUCAS Topsoil data  Panagos et al. (2012). Both variables are measured in the year 2009; however, due to the difficulty to change these variables in a significant manner, they are included to account for geographic constraints of the housing market. Table  A2  in the Appendix S1 shows summary statistics subdivided into pre-and post-entry period for changes in sectoral employment shares and (log) hourly wages, (net) import exposure per worker using bilateral trade between the EU countries and China and both measures of regional labour market frictions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to my thesis supervisors,  Fadi Hassan  and  Davide Romelli , for all comments and remarks aiding me to advance this paper. This paper has also benefited from comments by  Réka Juhász ,  Paul Scanlon  and  Guy Michaels. Furthermore, I would like to thank all members of the  Economics Department of Trinity College , and participants at the conferences ' Labor Market Challenges' (Prague), 'Spatial Dimensions of Labor Markets' (Marseille), 'Workshop on Globalization and Structural Change' (Maastricht) and 'Workshop on Regional Economics' (Dresden)  for helpful comments. For financial support, I want to thank the  Grattan Scholars program.
Relatives were asked to complete the questionnaire from the patient's point of view. In the rest of the manuscript, the data presented represent the characteristics and opinions of the patients, regardless of whether it was the patients themselves or a relative who completed the questionnaire. Participants were eligible for the study if they or their relative were currently or previously treated with an ICI (atezolizumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or ipilimumab). As members of the Carenity platform, patients or relatives participating in the study provided explicit informed consent to the collection, handling, and keeping of their personal and health data. They were also provided with specific information about the goals and procedures of the study, as well as about the notion of HRQoL, and asked to agree to participate before receiving the study questionnaire.
The themes and attributes evaluated during the study are listed by theme in Table  1. The first set of 14 general questions collected data on patient demographics, cancer history, recent treatment (12 months), HCPs consulted, and treatment location. The second set of questions started with an open-ended question asking patients to sum up in 3 words or phrases the aspects of their HRQoL that were most impacted by cancer and its treatments. Participants were then asked whether they had ever discussed QoL with an HCP and when. The period of time covered was not restricted to the period of treatment by ICIs but related to the entire period since the diagnosis of cancer was given. Only patients for whom this was the case completed the other questions in this set. in total, 10 questions collected information about the dialogue between the patient and the medical care team, covering the type of HCP involved, when HRQoL was discussed, the aspects of HRQoL discussed, and satisfaction with the discussions.
Strengths and Limitations Like all studies, this one had a number of strengths and limitations. The study included patients with many different types of cancer (principally lung cancer, lymphoma, and melanoma) representative of the principal cancers treated with ICIs in France. The study sample was relatively representative of the target population in terms of age, gender, geographical area, and the type of care received. No data were collected on stage, since there was a doubt as to whether this information could be reliably ascertained from the panel without medical ascertainment, since the patient may not remember and because the stage might have evolved between the time of treatment and the time of the survey. Likewise, panelists were not asked about the specific ICI prescribed, although the list of treatments was specified in the questionnaire, and treatments used by patients in the Carenity platform are not documented in the platform database.
Participants forwarded to the coordinator their measurement results-the average of radon activity concentration in the exposure period which was defined by SUJCHBO. Based on data provided by the participants, the values of the z-score and deviation estimation for each level of radon activity concentration were calculated. Determination of Z Score: Z = Xi -X pt δpt ( 3 ) where Xi is the participant's result; X pt is the reference value; δpt is the standard deviation (in this case 10%)  [9]. The standard deviation level of 10% was determined based on experiences with previous rounds of proficiency testing for the same measurement with comparable property values and by using compatible measurement procedures by participants  [7]. Interpretation of Z Score |Z| ≤ 2. 0 the result is considered acceptable 2.
Background Activity Concentration All measuring devices were placed in the LLRCH with the zero-radon activity concentration. The resulting value of the background activity was calculated over 24 h of exposition in the atmosphere without radon. The uncertainty of participant measurement (after the exposition in the LLRCH, participant received their device back, downloaded the data and sent their results to SUJCHBO) is an expanded uncertainty, as the product of the standard measurement uncertainty and the coverage factor k = 2 indicates approximate 95% confidence. The deviations of participants nos. 2, 3 and 8 were very low, so they cannot be shown in the plot. The reader should take into account that the participants order is not the same as in Table  1  (measurements are reported in random order).
Method As a pre-test, eight members of the target communities were asked to assess the comprehensibility of items. A large majority of items were perceived as fully understandable. However, minor adjustments were necessary for the SCS. All the scales were completed using an online form. Communities were selected purposefully using maximum variation sampling in order to capture a wide range of variations across traditions, practices, activities, meanings, and values for each community. Participants were recruited using the snowball method. Representatives of each community were initially contacted in person and were encouraged to share the announcement widely. Another fifth community (i. e. , a humanist society) was also contacted, but the number of respondents was not sufficient to allow data collection.
Imaging assessments included changes from baseline in the Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) MRI spine inflammation score (range 0-108) and sacroiliac (SI) joint inflammation score (range 0-72). 16 17 wo-year SPARCC MRI inflammation results are based on reading session 2, which included images from baseline, week 14 and week 104 (2-year reading) and from premature discontinuation visits or unscheduled visits prior to week 104. Of note, data from reading session 1 (which included images from baseline and week 14) have been previously presented. 10 In addition, spinal radiographic progression was assessed based on the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS; range 0-72)  18  in patients with available conventional radiographs of the spine from baseline and week 104.
DISCUSSION The results of the SELECT-AXIS 1 study, which is the first JAK inhibitor study with 2-year data in patients with AS, showed that upadacitinib 15 mg once daily therapy led to sustained and consistent efficacy over 2 years in both NRI and AO analyses in patients with active AS who had an inadequate response to NSAID therapy. Improvements with 2-year continuous upadacitinib therapy were consistently seen across various endpoints, including disease activity, pain, physical function, spinal mobility, quality of life, enthesitis and objective signs of inflammation as measured by CRP. In addition, clinically meaningful improvements in fatigue as measured by FACIT-F and BASDAI question 1 among patients receiving continuous upadacitinib were maintained from week 14 through weeks 52 and 104.
15 hese 2-year results now also include imaging data based on MRI and spinal radiographs and complement the 1-year analysis. The level of improvement of MRI inflammation (SPARCC spine and SI joints) achieved at week 14 was maintained through week 104 among patients on continuous upadacitinib, and patients who switched to upadacitinib at week 14 achieved a similar magnitude of improvement at week 104 as the continuous upadacitinib group. Of note, the baseline and week 14 MRI data from the new reading session (reading session 2) were overall consistent with the findings from reading session 1, which also included baseline and week 14 MRIs. 10 Additionally, there was a low grade of spinal progression (0. 7 over 2 years as measured by mSASSS), which, despite small numerical differences, is overall in line with what has been reported in more recent trials of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors and interleukin-17 inhibitors in AS.
39 Predictors of clinical response were not assessed over 2 years. Strengths of this study include that it is the first longterm (2-year) study to report a combination of clinical, imaging (including MRI and radiographs), and patientreported outcomes in patients with AS receiving a JAK inhibitor with a low proportion of patients receiving concomitant csDMARDs. However, longer-term studies (3-4 years) assessing radiographic progression are needed to fully understand the benefits of JAK inhibitors in AS. In conclusion, SELECT-AXIS 1 is the first study to report long-term (2-year) data in patients with active AS treated with a JAK inhibitor. Treatment with upadacitinib 15 mg once daily over 2 years showed sustained and consistent maintenance of improvements across domains relevant for AS. Upadacitinib was well tolerated, and safety results were comparable with previous upadacitinib studies.
Acknowledgements AbbVie and the authors thank the patients, study sites, and investigators who participated in this clinical trial. All authors had access to relevant data and participated in the drafting, review, and approval of this publication. No honoraria or payments were made for authorship. Medical writing support was provided by  Maria Hovenden, PhD , and  Janet E. Matsuura, PhD , of  ICON  ( Blue Bell , PA) and was funded by  AbbVie. Contributors Study concept and design: DvdH, AD, FVdB, WM, JS, I-HS. Acquisition of data: AD, FVdB, WM, T-HK, MK. Analysis and interpretation of data: all authors. Writing of the manuscript: all authors;  Maria Hovenden  prepared the first draft based on author guidance. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors.
Data Processing and Analysis The data collected during the interviews was our main source of information, supported by the observations. The audio recordings of the interviews were transcribed verbatim, checked for completeness, and anonymised by the first author (R. D. ). Data from the field notes and observations were incorporated into the transcripts. The first author generated the initial codes from the notes. Then two researchers (R. D. and P. S. ) identified and organised themes and reflected on and discussed findings and interpretations. Disagreement was discussed until reaching consensus. Findings were presented to S. S. and P. K. for comments and feedback.
In Australia, a paediatric medicines advisory group has been established and a national paediatric dosing reference has been established  [35]. In Switzerland, an on-line database for national dosage recommendations for children based on the latest available scientific evidence and best clinical practice has been developed  [44]. In Tanzania and Ireland, national guidelines for medicine compounding in hospitals have been established  [45, 46]. These initiatives provide supporting structures for children's access to medicines in their counties. The findings from this study call for the development of specific medicine management systems for children at national and local levels. To improve children's access to medicines, a systematic approach focusing on the interconnections between system components: national policies and regulations, drug management systems, health financing, human resources, health information and service delivery should be considered  [16, 47].
Acknowledgements We thank all the research coordinators, family, and patients who contributed to make the work possible. We thank  Myoline , the platform for immortalization of human cells from the  Institute of Myology , for provision of the AB1167 human skeletal muscle cell line and  Dr Linglong Kong ,  University of Alberta , for his expert statistical and computational review of the manuscript. The authors of this manuscript certify that they comply with the ethical guidelines for authorship and publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 41.
Via this calibration procedure, for each of the 44 proton beam energies, the corresponding WEPL in the detector is mapped to the ADC number produced by the detector. The exact procedure, including the correction of the spatial dependence of the signal with respect to the locations of the energy deposit and the photomultiplier, is described in detail in DeJongh et al. 43  Since the system's energy detector is too thin to cover the desired WEPL range directly, data from multiple energies are merged. The calibration needs to be performed only once, since calibrated WEPLs can be shifted by the difference in range of a lower incident energy. For the imaging runs presented in this work, three incident energies (118 , 160, and 187 MeV) were acquired throughout the field of view, which resulted in an increased imaging dose, but could be avoided in case prior knowledge of the scanned object is available.
52 ach of the beam energies covered a specific WEPL range in the object scanned in this experiment, with some overlapping WEPLs between them, as indicated in Table  1. The first overlap region extends from approximately 50 to about 90 mm and is covered by 118 and 160 MeV beams, respectively. The second overlap region spans 100 -125 mm and was sampled by 160 and 187 MeV beams. For that particular dataset, it was found that using protons from 187 MeV beam together with protons from the other beams for sampling the same WEPL regions caused considerable ring-shaped image artifacts. Therefore, the use of 187 MeV was reduced to the bare minimum, namely, for WEPLs larger than 125 mm. With this filtration, the number of protons available for reconstruction was reduced by 38% compared to the initial dataset.
Datasets The phase-II scanner data of the cylindrical phantom were acquired at the Northwestern Medicine Chicago Proton center using a 200 MeV wobbled beam of approximately 1. 7 cm size (1  at isocenter). The acquisition was obtained in a continuous rotation mode, which means that the phantom was rotating throughout the beam-on time and the data were later on split into 360 projections, each one covering an arc of 1 o , using the timestamp of each proton and the known rotation speed (1 rpm) of the stage. The scan time was approximately 5 min, during which about 3. 6 × 10 8 protons were acquired at a 1 MHz rate. From the 360 projections, 90 projections at 4 o steps were kept and used in the reconstruction. This choice was made in order to have the same number of projections and at the same angular steps as in the pVDA dataset, which was acquired in a step-and-shoot mode.
2 mm pixels in the case of the spatial resolution determination. The projections were then filtered and backprojected. In the last step, the pCT images were reconstructed as RSP maps in a grid of 1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm for RSP analysis or 0. 2 mm × 0. 2 mm × 1 mm for spatial resolution. The reconstruction was applied to both scanner datasets without change of parameters.
DISCUSSION The scope of this study was to compare, in terms of RSP acc and spatial resolution, two pCT scanners of different design available for testing in the same clinical facility. The data were collected for the same object on F I G U R E 4 RSP accuracy comparison between the phase-II and the pVDA scanners. Each point represents an RSP acc value in % from Tables  2  and 3  The values and their uncertainties in brackets were obtained as described in Section 2. 8. different days, albeit using different proton beam delivery methods for the two scanners, namely, a wobbled beam for the phase-II scanner and a pencil beam for the pVDA scanner. No direct imaging dose estimation was possible, which prevented a comparison of the two scanners in terms of RSP noise. This limitation was due to lack of information on the total number of protons delivered by the beamline, which has to be operated in low-fluence mode for both scanners.