dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Materials and methods This observational study was based on a retrospective analysis of a database that collected the entry information of 1651 dental emergency patients attending the Odontology Department of the Rothschild Hospital during the 6-week lockdown in France (March 17 to  May 11, 2020). The present study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Human Investigation Committee (IRB) of the AP Sorbonne Universite, site Hopital Rothschild, 5 Rue Santerre 75012 Paris, approved this study (#TriDentRTH2022-20220610152256). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, informed consent was waived since the study data were collected in an anonymous manner and thus never linked to an individual.
Statistical analysis For the analysis, triage and diagnoses were categorized into four emergency groups: inflammatory/infectious (group 1), prosthetic (group 2), trauma (group 3), and others (group 4). The distribution of continuous variables was described as the mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables were quantified as percentages. To determine the performance and efficacy of the triage, the PPV, NPV, specificity, and sensitivity were assessed. The χ 2 test was used to compare the prediagnosis at the triage level and the clinical diagnosis. The significance value was set as p value = 0. 05. The analysis was performed using SPSS 25. 0 (IBM).
Acknowledgments: The authors thank  Bruno Payré  ( Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (CMEAB), Toulouse ) and  Jacques Rouquette  ( RESTORE-TRI-GenoToul imaging platform ). The authors also acknowledge the contribution of  SFR Santé Lyon-Est  ( UAR3453   CNRS ,  US7   Inserm ,  UCBL ) facility: CIQLE (a LyMIC member), especially  Bruno Chapuis , for their help in high-resolution microscopy acquisition.
Likewise, the brushing process is connected to the company's application, using software compatible with Android and Bluetooth ® 4. 0, and via the Bluetooth ® wireless application, a personalized progress report is sent back to the user. However, the overall effect size is limited, and the clinical relevance is not yet clear. Studies on the clinical efficacy of sonic brushes have so far been inconclusive. To deliver on the "WHO Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health", innovative  [22] , evidence-based strategies for antenatal care are needed. In relation to the prevention and management of gingivitis, questions need to be asked about evidence-based practices during antenatal care that improve outcomes and lead to a positive pregnancy experience. Because of the potential difficulties of disorganizing dental biofilm in pregnant women such as nausea, acid reflux and vomiting, sensitive or bleeding gums, or fatigue  [23, 24] , which can make it more difficult to maintain a regular oral care routine, powered toothbrushes have been advanced as an alternative to manual toothbrushes.
Ethics Statement The PRE-IOP protocol and design were approved by ethical and regulatory authorities, and will be performed in conformity with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Committee for the Protection of Persons Ile de France II (Paris, France) approved the protocol on 3 July 2023. The National Agency for Medical and Health Product Safety registered it on 18 April 2023 (ID-RCB ref: 2022-A02433-40). This study will be conducted in accordance with the methodology of reference MR-001 from National Commission for Information Technology and Liberties (2116544 v 0). This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials. gov, accessed on 7 June 2023 (identification number NCT05945225). Before taking part in the study, all participants should provide informed consent. The following elements will be included in the consent form: the name and affiliation of principal investigator, a clear description of the purpose of the study, the procedure and the duration of the study, the right to stop at any time, the approval of the ethics committee and a confidentiality guarantee.
Blinding There will be a clear distinction between the assignment generator and the individuals responsible for carrying out the assignments. Intervention implementation will be conducted by staff who are not implicated in the process of data collection. To ensure impartiality, during the assessment and analysis phase, statisticians, clinical research associates and clinicians will not know the group to which the participant belongs. The identification codes will be securely held by the study monitor and will remain sealed until the conclusion of the study to maintain confidentiality and prevent bias.
Data Collection Methods An eCRF, specific to the PRE-IOP study, will be created by a data manager from Arca-Lyon (Lyon, France). The software used will be the ECRF 'EVOOZ', version 4. 90, hosted on an HDS server located in France. This software conforms to the recommendations of the FDA on computerized systems for the management of clinical trials (Guidance for Computerized Systems Used in Clinical Trials) and FDA recommendations on electronic signature (21CFR part 11). Only data required for the protocol and scientific publication will be recorded in the eCRF. Other patient information required for follow-up outside this study will be recorded in the medical dossier. This e-CRF will assign to each pregnant woman a unique identification code that will permit the labeling of all documents, forms and data files.
Thus, data recorded by investigators for each participant will be anonymized according to the Data Protection Act. As data are collected, it must be completed by authorized persons (investigators) with their own identifiers, according to the Data Protection Act. During the entry, the data are immediately checked thanks to consistency checks. The person in charge of filing must validate and justify any value change in the eCRF. Entries and modifications are subject to an audit trail. The quality, precision and relevance of all input data will be the responsibility of the investigator. As such, each page of the patient's eCRF should be dated and signed electronically by the investigator to signify their agreement and their responsibility regarding the data collected.
Data Analysis Methods Statistical analysis will include the production of descriptive data summaries, modeling of data with a mixed (linear) model and assessment of correlations between bleeding rates. SPSS 12. 0 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA) will be used to calculate descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations and percentages). For repeated measurements at different times during the study, the SUDAAN 7. 0 test (Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA) will be used to perform statistical tests (p-values). The mixed linear model to explain the evolution of the quantification of bleeding over time as a function of certain independent variables first requires working on the log transform of the quantifications of bleeding. Then, in the linear mixed model, the estimated coefficients are tested for each independent variable, with the null hypothesis being that the estimated coefficient is equal to zero, at the threshold of 0.
Push-Out Bond Strength Application The specimens were placed in a metallic jig with a hole underneath to allow the canal filling material to fall from the canal after dislodgement. The vertical load was applied in an apical to coronal direction and generated by a universal testing machine (YLE, GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany) at a speed of 1 mm per minute. A standardized size plunger with a tip diameter of 0. 3 mm for the apical third and 0. 5 mm for the middle and coronal thirds was used to apply the vertical load on the filling material, with an equal distribution of the load on 60 to 85% of the area  [4]. The applied load generated by a software (YLtestS Testing Software) and the bond failure illustrated by a sudden reduction of load, recorded in Newton (N) is shown by a graphic illustration.
Failure Mode Evaluation After dislodgement of the root canal filling, each specimen was observed under 20× magnification using microscopy (Olympus BX60 Japan) and photographs of each specimen were taken afterwards. The photographs were separately evaluated by two calibrated blinded operators and the mode of failure was recorded. In case of disagreement a joint meeting of all authors was made until a consensus was reached. There are three possible categories of failure (Figure  2 ): adhesive failure (no sealer left on canal walls), cohesive failure (sealer present on entire canal walls) and mixed failure (sealer in patches on canal wall). The applied load generated by a software (YLtestS Testing Software) and t failure illustrated by a sudden reduction of load, recorded in Newton (N) is sho graphic illustration.
Statistical Analysis Data analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, ve (IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY, USA). The level of significance was set at 5%. Descrip tistics for quantitative and qualitative variables were presented as mean ± standa ation (SD) and frequency (percentage), respectively. Welch's ANOVA was used pare push-out bond strength means among sub-groups or root levels, follo Games-Howell post-hoc multiple comparison tests. Shapiro-Wilk test was used t the normality of distribution of the push-out bond strength variable. Kruskal-W was used as well, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test when comparing mean each category (sub-groups or root levels). Chi-square tests were used to evaluat sociation between the failure modes and the sub-groups or root levels.
Statistical Analysis Data analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26 (IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY, USA). The level of significance was set at 5%. Descriptive statistics for quantitative and qualitative variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and frequency (percentage), respectively. Welch's ANOVA was used to compare pushout bond strength means among sub-groups or root levels, followed by Games-Howell post-hoc multiple comparison tests. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of distribution of the push-out bond strength variable. Kruskal-Wallis test was used as well, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test when comparing means within each category (sub-groups or root levels). Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the association between the failure modes and the sub-groups or root levels.
The sintering cycles were adjusted to obtain a similar microstructure for dense HA and SiHA ceramics (referred as dHA and dSiHA), on the one hand, and for porous ones (referred as pHA and pSiHA), on the other hand. The sintering parameters were 1200 • C for 30 min for dHA and 1240 • C for 30 min for dSiHA (LHT04/17 furnace, Nabertherm, Lilienthal, Germany), and 1000 • C for 30 min and 1160 • C for 30 min (LH30/13 furnace, Nabertherm, Lilienthal, Germany) for pHA and pSiHA, respectively. Sintering was performed under air atmosphere. The phase purity of the sintered ceramics was checked by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using CuKα radiation (D8 Advance, Bruker, Saarbrücken, Germany). Crystalline phase identification was performed by comparing the experimental diagrams with the powder diffraction files (PDF) of the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD).
5, 0. 75, 1 and 1. 5 mM, Sigma-Aldrich). The cells were then cultured for 48 h in an Incucyte system (Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany) equipped with a camera taking two images per well each hour. The wound area was measured for all of the resulting pictures using ImageJ software, and the percentage of wound closure was calculated as follows: 100 -100 × wound area t wound area t=0 Wound closure speed was calculated by linear regression (slope) from the curve of the percentage of the wound versus time during the first 24 h of the experiment.
Statistical Analysis A minimum of 3 independent in vitro experiments were conducted for each biological evaluation. Data were assayed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test using Graph-Pad Prism 9 (version 9. 5. 1, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). According to the data set and normality test results, the Kruskal-Wallis test was followed by a Dunn's post hoc test, or one-way or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed and followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Differences were considered significant when p < 0. 05. All of the results with error bars are presented as mean ± standard deviation. The values given for the analysis of metabolic activity were normalized on the absorbance measured for dHA at 24 h. The results of image analysis obtained for the quantifications of the Western blots were normalized to the dHA ceramic as a reference before statistical evaluation.
Study Design This is a descriptive epidemiological study using estimates of cancer incidence in mainland France. These estimates have been obtained by the analysis of incidence data from the 19 regions covered by a general cancer registry, i. e. , 22% of the mainland population and approximately 14 million people  [1]. We included all patients aged over 15 years newly diagnosed with OCC, laryngeal, or hypopharyngeal cancer between 1990 and 2018, regardless of histological type. Hematological malignancies were not included. According to the International Classification of Diseases in Oncology (https://icd. who. int/ (accessed on 1 May 2019)), OCC includes the following groups: cancers of the mobile tongue (C02), gum (C03), the floor of the mouth (C04), palate (C05), vestibule, inner cheek and retromolar trigone area (C06).
Statistical Analysis We considered subjects aged 70 years or more as elderly. This threshold is clinically relevant and regularly used in scientific literature, i. e. , the common age limit for the use of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer patients  [15]. Elderly subjects were then divided into 2 groups: 70-79 years and 80 years or more. The incidence in mainland France from 1990 to 2018 was estimated with the incidence data from all general cancer registries of the Francim network. The methodology used has been detailed and validated in a previous study  [16]. In summary, the national incidence was estimated using registries' incidence data only, without using mortality as a correlate of the incidence, since the area covered by the registries was considered representative of mainland France in terms of cancer incidence.
It was derived from a Poisson model in which the incidence rate was modeled by a two-dimensional penalized spline of age and year of diagnosis plus a random effect corresponding to the registry. This two-dimensional model was compared to simpler models (without age-year interaction or year effect), using the Akaike information criterion to select the best model in terms of parameter adequacy and parsimony. The numbers presented herein were obtained by this modeling. The presented incidence rates are age-specific incidence rates calculated for the following periods:  1990-1999, 2000-2009, and 2010-2018. Results for 2016-2018 are projections based on the incidence data from up to 2015. The population data used (population, population by region, sex, year and annual age between 1990-2018) were made available by the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE).
| CON CLUS ION The ALICBCT algorithm presented an adequate level of accuracy in automatic landmark placement in CBCT scans. The precision and performance of this novel automated tool make it an important contribution to 3D imaging analysis in clinical and research studies. ALICBCT's open-source code and machine learning models offer the capability of continuous retraining with additional datasets to improve its performance. We expect to continue adding landmarks for future studies that require automated measurement and/or diagnostics.
) annotated by clinician experts. Twenty-seven additional large field of view scans were used for initial location training of 119 landmarks, commonly required for 3D quantification of skeletal and dental structures. Future studies are needed to train a more robust generation of agents with larger datasets towards refining, testing and improving landmark placement accuracy with decreased failures in landmark location. Given the preliminary robustness and good timing performance, the algorithm has been deployed for clinical and research use in an open-source web-based clinical decision support system (https:// dsci. dent. umich. edu), and in a user-friendly open-source 3D Slicer module, with the code and detailed read me files available in Github (ht tps://github. com/DCBIA -Or tho L ab/Slice rAuto mated Dent a lTools) and video tutorials posted in Youtube (https://www.
Case Presentation This article describes the restoration of all deciduous teeth in a 4-year-old boy with high individual caries risk under general anesthesia  [28, 29]. The data collection (patient's identification) and the constitution of the patients' medical file (medical assessment) were assessed and revealed an absence of any general pathology. Clinical (Figure  1a-e ) and radiological examinations (Figure  2a-d ) were also carried out. The patient had previously been seen by five other dental practitioners but had always been extremely anxious during treatment. The use of gas sedation to help calm the child had already been attempted, but unfortunately, it did not work due to buccal respiration, and the child developed a phobia of dental treatment. Given the severity of the child's anxiety and phobia, it was decided that the best course of action would be to treat the child under general anesthesia.
METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on patients undergoing extended EPLA, performed by the senior author (P. H. ), at a tertiary referral hospital. The study, which was conducted according to the ethical standards established in 2011 by the Declaration of Helsinki, was approved by the French authority (CNIL #2225234). Two patients were included: the first case is that of an inverted papilloma of the MS pedicled on the zygomatic process; the second case involves a hemangioma of the antero-medial wall of the MS. Postoperative data were collected on peri-operative complications and clinical and surgical outcomes.
Any excess solvent from dental adhesive systems must be eliminated prior to material photopolymerization. For this purpose, numerous approaches have been proposed, including the use of a warm air stream. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different temperatures of warm air blowing used for solvent evaporation on the bond strength of resin-based materials to dental and nondental substrates. Two different reviewers screened the literature in diverse electronic databases. In vitro studies recording the effect of warm air blowing to evaporate solvents of adhesive systems on the bond strength of resin-based materials to direct and indirect substrates were included. A total of 6626 articles were retrieved from all databases. From this, 28 articles were included in the qualitative analysis, and 27 remained for the quantitative analysis.
Information Sources and Search Strategy The search strategy (Table  1 ) was firstly described for the MEDLINE database using keywords for each concept of the following PICOT strategy: population, permanent enamel and dentin, and indirect substrates; intervention: application of warm air for solvent evaporation; control, application of room-temperature air; outcome, bond strength; and type of studies, in vitro studies. The MEDLINE search strategy was adapted to other electronic databases, including Scielo, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. Additionally, the first 100 results of Google Scholar were also consulted.
Selection Process and Data Collection Process After running a search strategy, an online software program (Rayyan, Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU, Doha, Qatar) was used to store the files from all databases, and for duplicate detection. The same software program was used for evaluating the title and abstract of the articles. This phase was carried out by two independent reviewers to check whether they encountered the following inclusion criteria: (1) in vitro studies recording the effect of the use of different temperatures of warm air blowing to evaporate solvents from an adhesive system on the bond strength of resin-based materials to enamel, dentin, glass-based ceramics, oxide-based ceramics, metal alloys, and indirect composites; (2) evaluated the bond strength of adhesive systems to the aforementioned substrates with 2 antagonists: composite resin or resin-based cement; (3) comprised a control group; (4) included mean and standard deviation (SD) data in MPa on shear, microshear, microtensile, and tensile bond tests; and (5) available in the English, Spanish, or Portuguese language.
Statistical Analysis A meta-analysis was executed by means of a software program (Review Manager version 5. 3. 5; The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). A random-effect model was used, and estimates were acquired by comparing the standardized mean difference between the bond strength values for the groups where a warm air stream was used against the control group in which a room-temperature air stream was considered. The bond strength from etch-and-rinse (ER), self-etch (SE), and silane-based materials was analyzed separately. For each analysis, subgroups were formed considering the type of solvent used for the adhesive formulation. A p-value < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. The heterogeneity was designed by means of the Cochran Q test and the inconsistency I 2 test.
Results A total of 6626 articles were retrieved from all databases. Figure  1  shows the flowchart that summarizes the study selection according to the PRISMA statement. A total of 4867 documents were screened by title and abstract after duplicate removal. From these, 4831 were excluded after the initial screening. Thirty-six studies were chosen for full-text reading, and one article was included after hand searching the references from these documents. After reading the full text, nine articles were excluded due to several reasons: in (4), the bond strength was not evaluated  [18, [30] [31] [32] ; in (4), a warm air stream was not tested  [33] [34] [35] [36] ; and (1) was a thesis  [37]. Then, a total of 28 articles were included in the qualitative analysis  [12] [13] [14] 16, 20, 21, 23, 24, 29, [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56].
Funding: This research received no external funding. Acknowledgments: T. G. is supported by the  UQ Graduate School Scholarships (UQGSS) , funded by the  University of Queensland , Australia. K. G. acknowledges a  National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)   Early Career Fellowship  ( APP1140699 ). J. -C. S. is supported by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).
org/). The assembled sequences were cut to the correct length and the corresponding STs were obtained from the pubMLST webpage (https:// pubml st. org/). To define the relationships between the different ST types, the eBURSTv3 (Based Upon Related Sequence Types; http:// eburst. mlst. net/) software was used. Clonal complexes were defined as closely related STs that shared at least five of seven alleles with one other ST in the group and also shared six of seven alleles with the founder ST, according to the website (http:// eburst. mlst. net/).
Statistical analyses Proportions were compared using Fisher's exact test. The population counts and virulence scores were compared between different STs using the Mann-Whitney U-test in the IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 25. 0 program (IBM Inc. , Armonk, NY, USA). Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the independent contributions of ST origin (ST15, ST30, and ST45), virulence gene carriage and age of the infant on fecal population counts of S. aureus (SPSS Statistics ver. 25. 0). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the Simca-P ver. 15. 0 software (Umetrics AB, Umeå, Sweden).