dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
5 parameter, the dependence on morphology and the described offsets between gaseous and stellar kinematics eventually disappear. Thus, galaxies of any morphology lie on the same scaling relation in agreement with previous studies. C14 found a good agreement in the slope of the S 0. 5 relation derived using integrated kinematics up to 1r e for the SAMI dataset with that derived by  Kassin et al. (2007)  for a sample of star-forming galaxies, using the maximum rotational velocities. However, they found larger differences in the zero-point of their relations. In our analysis the behavior is similar. The slope remains unchanged between both the integrated and resolved kinematics, with small differences compared with the ones derived by Cortese et al. (  2014 ) and  Kassin et al. (2007). However, our best-fit for the total sample (gas + stars) presents a scatter clearly lower than the one found by previous studies, being ∼ 0.
Narrowing down the uncertainties. A critical challenge giving a physical interpretation to galaxy scaling relations are the uncertainties, because they can potentially modify or erase the dependence between the analyzed properties. We have tried to narrow down their effects by performing the analysis twice. Once using the integrated kinematics, following C14, and then, we improved the accuracy by using a spatial resolved kinematic analysis. This second analysis is performed at the expenses of the statistics. We consider that this second dataset is best suited to derive a more accurate S 0. 5 relation. Table  1  shows there is a clear improvement in the TF and S 0. 5 relations (in most of the cases) when adopting the spatial resolved kinematics. On the other hand, there is only a mild improvement in the FJ relation (since this relation does not involve rotation velocities).
Finally, we propose a simple but competitive procedure to estimate the dynamical mass in galaxies, easier to apply to massive surveys than more detailed analysis, although with lower precision. masses from dynamical models for the 54 galaxies from her study. GvdV acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 724857  (Consolidator Grant ArcheoDyn). This study uses data provided by the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey (http://califa. caha. es/). CALIFA is the first legacy survey performed at Calar Alto. The CALIFA collaboration would like to thank the IAA-CSIC and MPIA-MPG as major partners of the observatory, and CAHA itself, for the unique access to telescope time and support in manpower and infrastructures.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the support by  CONACYT  grant  CB-285080. OV and EA acknowledge support from the  PAPIIT  grant  IN112518. S. F. S. thank  PAPIIT-DGAPA-IA101217  ( UNAM)  project. We would like to thank  Damian Mast  for his valuable job observing the CALIFA galaxies. Many thanks to  Gigi Y. C. Leung  from the  Max Planck Institute for Astronomy  for providing us the stellar and dynamical.
In this fresh endeavour of mapping slums, settlements were projected as sites of 'investment' with due focus on 'demand assessment' that included detailed budgets based on infrastructural deficits and socio-economic settlement characteristics  (IN-RIMT & TCG, 2005). The enumeration was marked with technological advancements with regard to city and settlement level maps made using remote sensing techniques and Auto Cad software, and developing new categorizations. 242 settlements were categorized as 'undeveloped' slums requiring investment within the Municipal Corporation of Chennai area; they were differentiated from 'developed' slums that had been improved (Table  3 ). Focusing on 'governance, investment and infrastructure', the enumeration report endorsed the enablement policy of the World Bank and marked a changing role of the state from 'provider' in the early seventies to 'enabler' in the present-day neo-liberal regime  (IN-RIMT and TCG, 2005).
Acknowledgements This research was carried out in the context of the  EU - FP7  project  Chance2Sustain :  Urban Chances ,  City Growth  and the  Sustainability Challenge  (Project no. 244828 ), with EADI as the lead partner of the project. We would like to thank those  Chance2Sustain  project members who have provided valuable comments on this research. We also acknowledge  Jorge Izquierdo Cubero 's design assistance for the figure. We are also thankful to insightful comments given by  Federico Savini ,  Dennis Rodgers ,  Yves van Leynseele  and  Elisabeth Peyroux  on earlier drafts of this article as well as the reviewers for their thorough reviews. Finally, we also thank all the respondents in Chennai for their valuable time and insightful discussions.
The tanning materials in historical leathers can be analysed by FTIR technique after extraction with aqueous acetone, followed by lyophilization. The presence of the four strong bands at 1615-1030 cm -1 , as referred above, is a strong indication that the material had been tanned with vegetable tannins. Further characterization is possible looking for the marker bands of each class (Table  3 ). Ellagitannins can only be identified if marker bands for hydrolysable tannins are present and marker bands for condensed and gallotannins are missing. Table  3  presents data obtained with ATR device. If other technique is used like KBr pellet or diffuse reflectance identical or very close values are obtained. Usually historic leather tanned with sumac like morocco leather are easily identified since the characteristic bands of gallotannins are well defined.
Methods: Twenty-four patients with ASD (mean age: 60. 1 years, range 20-80 years; 24 women) were evaluated. A slotscanning three-dimensional X-ray imager (EOS) was used to assess the whole spine in the standing position. Computed tomography was used to assess the whole spine in the supine position. The computed tomography DICOM dataset of the whole spine in the supine position was transformed to two-dimensional (coronal and sagittal) digital reconstructed radiography images. The digital reconstructed radiography images were input for three-dimensional measurement by the EOS software and compared with the standing whole spine alignment measured by EOS.
Measurement of supine whole spine alignment with CTgenerated digital reconstructed radiographs Following EOS scanning, the whole spine, including the head and pelvis of the patient, was also scanned in the supine position with CT (Activion16, TSX-031A, Toshiba Medical Systems Corp. , Tochigi, Japan). Currently, the most accurate 3D bone information may be obtained with CT imaging. To eliminate software-related bias and to guarantee equivalent computational methods during spinopelvic parameter comparisons between the supine position in the CT and the standing position in the EOS, the same analysis software must be used. Therefore, we chose to transform the CT dataset into an EOS-like dataset using the digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) technique. The DRR technique consists of simulating X-rays passing through the reconstructed CT volume based on an absorption-only optical model, thus generating an X-ray-like image.
These biplanar projections were reconstructed using the same calibration parameters and geometry as the EOS cabin (Fig. 1 ). These projected anteroposterior and lateral DRRs, as well as those performed with the EOS system, were used as inputs for stereoradiographic spine modeling. Thus, for each position, 3D spine modeling was obtained using sterEOS software (sterEOS 1. 6, EOS Imaging, Paris, France)  [15]  with both the EOS data (standing position) and the CT-generated DRRs (supine position), and compared between the two positions (Fig. 2 ).
Spino-pelvic parameters for comparison Using the full-spine workflow of the sterEOS software, the following spinopelvic parameters were calculated: kyphosis T1-T12 and T4-12, lumbar lordosis (LL) with respect to L1-L5 and L1-S1, pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), and pelvic incidence (PI). PI is the angle between the line perpendicular to the sacral plate at its midpoint and the line connecting the midpoint of the sacral plate to the center of the axis connecting both acetabulae. PT is the angle defined between the line connecting the midpoint of the sacral plate to the center of the axis of both acetabulae and the vertical axis. SS is the angle between the sacral plate and the horizontal line. Regarding the deformity, the Cobb angle of the major curve (Cobb angle) and the axial vertebral rotation of the apex in the major curve (Rotation) were measured.
Statistical analysis JMP (version 9; SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24. 0, IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY) were used for all statistical analyses. Mean, range, standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE), and the interquartile range, 25%/75%, were calculated for all the demographic and radiographic parameters. All variance-dependent variables were checked for normality and homogeneity of variance. Alpha was set at p < 0. 05. An intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to explore consistency within and between examiners for measurements with the original EOS images and the CT-generated DRRs. To evaluate intra-rater reliability, we compared the measurements obtained by two examiners who completed the EOS measurement training and had worked with these measurements for 3 years, and measured all the parameters of the 24 subjects twice with a 1-week interval.
Patient demographic data Mean age and body mass index were 60. 1 years (20-80) and 22. 2 kg/m 2 (18. 0-31), respectively. Mean value with SD, SE, and 25%/75% interquartile range of all the demographic and radiologic standard parameters are reported in Table  1. The mean ODI score was 31. 4% (0-52%) and the mean SRS-22 (subtotal) score was 2. 9 (1. 8-4. 4). Reliability of the measurements in the supine (CT-generated DRR) and standing (EOS) positions The mean ICCs of intra-rater reliabilities for supine and standing positions were 0. 98 (0. 96-1. 00) and 0. 98 (0. 96-1. 00), respectively. The mean ICCs of inter-rater reliabilities for supine and standing positions were 0. 97 (0. 93-0. 99) and 0. 99 (0. 97-1. 00), respectively. Overall, the ICC data suggested excellent measurement consistency and reliability in both the standing and supine positions (Table  2 ).
9°and that for interobserver variability was 7. 2°. Thus, due to the inherent inter-and intra-observer error in conventional X-ray measurements, it is difficult to conclude whether there are quantitative differences in the curve magnitude due to the positioning of the subjects. In the present study, we transformed the CT dataset (supine position images) into an EOS-like dataset with the DRR technique, which generates two-dimensional X-ray-like images using the same calibration parameters and geometry as the EOS cabin. The projected anteroposterior and lateral DRRs were used as inputs for routine-like EOS stereoradiographic spine modeling with   In the present study, we confirmed the reliability of this comparison method using repeatability tests with ICC in the 24 subjects, and found that the ICCs were excellent in all the values, both in CT-generated DRRs and EOS measurements.
Conclusion We established a method for comparing spinopelvic alignment between the supine and standing positions by converting CT DICOM data into an EOS-like dataset, a DRR technique. Comparison revealed that the Cobb angle and axial apical rotation of the major curve, mostly in the thoracolumbar area, were significantly greater in the standing position than in the supine position. Lumbar lordosis in the standingweight-bearingposition was significantly less lordotic and the pelvis was significantly more retroverted, with a smaller SS, greater PT, and even greater PI, compared with that in the supine position.
Funding for Open Access, A. M. Funding: HG thanks  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)  for a PhD scholarship ( SFRH/BD/103009/ 2014 ). FF thanks  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)  for the financial support to QOPNA ( FCT UID/QUI/00062/2013 ). GB and AM are thankful to  POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006939  ( Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology  and  Energy-UID/EQU/00511/2013 ) funded by the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) , through  COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI)  and by national funds, through  FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia  and  NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000005-LEPABE-2-ECO-INNOVATION , supported by  North Portugal Regional Operational Programme  ( NORTE 2020 ), under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
This work also received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  687008. HG and JCV acknowledge funding by  National Funds through FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, Reference   UID/CTM/50025/2013  and  FEDER  funds through the  COMPETE 2020 Programme  under the project number  POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007688 (i3N ).
The height and the weight were measured and the body mass index was calculated by dividing the weight (kg) by the square of the body height (m 2 ). The patient treatments were recorded based on medical prescriptions. Data were collected using electronic or manuscript medical records, as well as by a computer software program named Clini-com® (InterSystems Corporation, Cambridge, USA). Imaging data were recorded and extracted from the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS®) multiple modalities software. Post-processing analysis was performed using the Aquarius® workstation (TeraRecon Inc. , San Mateo, USA). In total, 55 patients were included. To investigate the link between glycaemic parameters, insulin resistance and AAA size, the study population was divided into 2 subgroups (N = 28 and N = 27, respectively) based on the median value of the AAA diameter.
Statistical analysis Categorical data were expressed as the number of patients and ratios, and continuous variables were expressed as the median with interquartile ranges. Given the low number of patients, group differences were compared using non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Fisher's exact test was used for categorical data. Correlations were determined by non-parametric Spearman's correlation coefficient. A P value < 0. 05 was considered as significant. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism® software (version 7. 00, La Jolla California USA).
Fieldwork Teams worked under the supervision of the National Coordinator of the Onchocerciasis Control Program (FM). At each household, the team recorded global positioning system coordinates, obtained informed verbal consent, and recorded residents' responses to questions about access to water and sanitation, in inspecting (where present) the households latrine, in accordance with the GTMP standard protocol. 19 oth eyes of each consenting individual were examined by a GTMP-certified grader, who used a binocular loupe (magnification 2. 5) and good light to examine for trichiasis, TF, and trachomatous inflammation-intense. 14  The definition of the WHO simplified trachoma grading scheme  14  were applied for each sign. Data were recorded in the GTMP Android smartphone app. Individuals with active trachoma were given topical 1% tetracycline ointment to be used twice daily for six weeks.
Individuals with trichiasis were informed of the risks of the disease and referred to the nearest medical center for surgery. In order to prevent pathogens from being transferred from one examinee to the next, graders cleaned their hands with alcohol gel after each examination. When a resident 1-9-year-old was absent at the time of the field team's first visit, the team returned to the same home a second time in the same day. If the individual was not then found, he or she was declared "absent. " Data were uploaded to the GTMP server at the end of each day, and cleaned, analyzed and approved as described in detail elsewhere. 19 In brief, cluster-level data on TF were adjusted for the age of those examined, and cluster-level data on trichiasis were adjusted by the age and gender of those examined.
Ethical considerations Protocols were approved by the National Ethics/ Bioethics Committee (000705/MSP/CAB/DGELM-15) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (6319 and 8355). Verbal consent was obtained from all participants (or their parents or guardians, in the case of children). Data were only collected on eligible, consenting subjects. As indicated above, antibiotics or referral for surgery were provided, as indicated. Both antibiotics and trichiasis surgery were available at no cost to participants who needed them.
To study the assembly mechanism of partition complexes, we used the archetypical type I partition system of the plasmid F from E. coli. By varying several key parameters, we evaluated ParB binding patterns in vivo in relation to predictions of each model. We also investigated the chromosomal ParABS system of the main chromosome of Vibrio cholerae. In all tested conditions, our data indicate that ParB binding profiles robustly correlate only with the predictions of the 'Nucleation & caging' model.
2 and 68-Kbp; Fig. S4B ). In the case of a single cluster constraining the three parS, the profile would only depend on the genomic distance from parS 2 resulting in a symmetrical pattern, while in the case of three independent clusters, an absence of symmetry due to the occupation of the specific sites is expected. This indicates that the system displays three independent clusters nucleated at each parS sites. However, the possibility that these clusters mix together at a frequency dependent on the genomic distance between parS sites is not excluded. At larger distances from parS sites, differences between the experimental data and the simulation probably arise from strong impediments to ParB binding, such as the presence of the rRNA operon. These data strongly support that the partition complex assembly mechanism is conserved on plasmid and chromosome ParABS systems.
ChIP-sequencing assay, analysis and fit procedure ChIP-seq were performed as previously described  (Diaz et al. , 2017)  with minor modifications (Supplemental experimental procedures). Graphing the DNA portion of interest from ChIP-seq data was done using Excel or R softwares. Background levels were determined by normalizing the number of sequence reads between cognate input and IP samples. Data plots superimposed with power law equation were normalized after background subtraction and set to the value of 1 at the last bp of the 10 th repeat of parS F.
suggesting a large reduction of ParB availability to non-specific sites in the vicinity of parS F on the chromosome. ChIP-seq analyses in the two titration conditions revealed that ParB binding in the vicinity of parS F was dramatically reduced as expected. However, rescaling the signals by a factor of 10 and 50 for the pBR322 and pBSKS parS F -carrying derivatives, corresponding to a ParB F /parS F ratio of 0. 04 and 0. 016, respectively, revealed a ParB F binding pattern above the background level (Fig. 2B, inset). In both datasets, ParB F binding decreases progressively over about the same genomic distance and with a similar power law decay as without titration. Moreover, even with these very low amounts of available ParB F , the dips and peaks in the profiles are present at the same positions.
Acknowledgements We thank the platform  GeT-Biopuces (Genopole, Toulouse)  for sequencing experiments and bioinformatics analyses,  S. Cantaloube  ( LITC-CBI platform ) for microscopy advices. We are grateful to  F. Cornet ,  P. Polard ,  P. Rousseau ,  M. Nollmann ,  I. Junier  and members of the team for fruitful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. We thank  C. Lesterlin  for sharing the plasmid  F1-10 ,  D. Chattoraj  for the anti- ParB Vc1  serum and  Y. Yamaichi  for pSM836 and V. cholerae strains.
Funding This work was supported by  Agence National pour la Recherche  ( ANR-14-CE09-0025-01 ) and the  CNRS INPHYNITI program , RD by a PhD grant from  Université de Toulouse  ( APR14 ), AP, FG, JP and JCW by the  Labex NUMEV  ( AAP 2013-2-005 ,  2015-2-055 ,  2016-1-024 ).
EBSD measurements To measure the crystallographic orientation of the anorthite, we used a Hitachi S-3400N scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD analyzer provided by HKL Technology. The analyses were performed for highly polished thin sections with an accelerating voltage of 20 kV, a stage current of 1 nA, and a working distance of 18 mm for specimens that were tilted 70°. The EBSD data were analyzed by the HKL Technology Channel 5 software. An index of Kikuchi patterns with a mean angular deviation of < 1° was accepted as orientation data.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  J. Tullis ,  G. Hirth , and  R. Cooper  for their experimental support at  Brown University  and  M. Nakamura  and  S. Okumura  for conducting the IR measurements at  Tohoku University. Detailed reviews by  T. Okudaira  and two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the manuscript. We also thank  T. Takeshita  for his editorial handling and comments.
To determine if these proteins belong to specific physiological categories, we next performed a gene ontology (GO) analysis based on both biological process and cellular component domains. Interestingly, numerous proteins are involved in signaling pathways, transport, and neuronal functions. In search for proteins involved in mGlu1 receptor trafficking, we focused on proteins annotated to the 'intracellular transport' GO term (GO:0046907). Among the 173 potential interactors of mGlu1 C-tail, 29 proteins belong to this functional category, 9 with known protein-protein interaction in the IntAct database (Figure  1 ). We identified Kif5b (kinesin-1 heavy chain), a molecular motor involved in the vesicular trafficking of AMPA receptors along microtubules  (Hoerndli et al. , 2013) , and SNAP23, a SNARE protein involved in the vesicular transport and exocytosis of various membrane proteins  (Lin and Scheller, 2000; Jahn and Scheller, 2006).
Kif5 controls microtubule trafficking and membrane targeting of the mGlu1a receptor Since we found that mGlu1a receptor is part of a Kif5containing complex and because Kif5 is involved in vesicular transport of proteins  (Hirokawa et al. , 2010) , this molecular motor could regulate trafficking along microtubules and cell surface expression of the mGlu1a receptor. We investigated this hypothesis using rapalog-induced reconstruction of Kif5 protein (see  Jenkins et al. , 2012  for the methodology) in C6 glioma cell line. Briefly, this approach, based on the reconstruction of a Figure  1  mGlu1a receptor-associated protein network. Searching for proteins involved in mGlu1 receptor trafficking, the network is focused on the nine proteins displayed in the internal circle that are annotated to the 'intracellular transport' GO term and have protein-protein interactions in the IntAct database.
It consists of 28 nodes and 22 edges. Node colors reflect the MS/MS ratio and vary from red (high ratio) to light yellow (low ratio). Thick node border highlights proteins annotated to the 'intracellular transport' GO term. Node shapes represent different protein taxonomies: circle (mouse), diamond (human), square (rat), and hexagon (bovine). The edge width is proportional to the number of published manuscripts-curated in the IntAct database-that have reported molecular interaction data. The edge stroke color maps the confidence value: from 0. 6 (light gray) to the local maximum 0. 92 (dark gray). split kinesin by chemical dimerization, enables the identification of motor proteins that interact with specific vesicle populations. To characterize the trapping of SNAP23 and mGlu1 receptor by Kif5 on microtubules, we used the rigor mutant of Kif5, which is stalled on microtubules.