dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements This study has been partly funded by the  Société d'Histoire naturelle Alcide-d'Orbigny , the program Terres et Mers Ultramarines, the  Société des Amis du Muséum , the  Société entomologique de France (Grant Germaine Cousin)  and the  CNRS ATIP SymbioCode  grant to SC. All these structures and programs are thanked for their trust; without them the ongoing studies on the entomofauna of French Polynesia would not exist. The collection of specimens in the  Te Mehani  'ute 'ute plateau protected area was authorized by the management committee of the  Te Mehani  'ute 'ute plateau protected area ( N°521/2012 , 8 th of June, 2012). We also thank the  Direction de l'Environnement de Polynésie Française  to allow Fenua Environment,  Fred Jacq  and  Thibault Ramage  to collect specimens in the  Te Faaiti National Park  (agreement no.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  J. Penedones  for numerous useful suggestions, and in particular  V. Gonçalves  for collaboration in the early stages of the project and for many useful discussions. We also thank  ICTP-SAIFR in São Paulo  for hospitality during the Bootstrap 2017 workshop, and the  Simons Collaboration on the Non-perturbative Bootstrap  for providing many stimulating workshops and conferences during which this work carried out. In addition, we thank the  Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , where part of the project was carried out. Research at  Perimeter Institute  is supported by the  Government of Canada through Industry Canada  and by the  Province of Ontario  through the  Ministry of Research & Innovation. EL would like to thank  A. Bernamonti ,  M. Billò ,  N.
Bobev ,  L. Di Pietro ,  F. Galli  and  M. Hogervorst  for many interesting conversations and suggestions. EL is supported by the  Belgian Federal Science Policy Office  through the  Inter-University Attraction Pole   P7/37 , by the  COST Action   MP1210 ,  European Research Council  grant no. ERC-2013-CoG 616732 HoloQosmos , as well as the  FWO Odysseus  grants  G. 001. 12  and  G. 0. E52. 14N. MM is supported by the  Simons Foundation  grant  488649  (Simons collaboration on the non-perturbative bootstrap) and by the  National Centre of Competence in Research SwissMAP  funded by the  Swiss National Science Foundation. The work of ET is supported by the  Simons Foundation  grant  488655  ( Simons Collaboration on the Nonperturbative Bootstrap ), by the  Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)  through the fellowship  SFRH/BD/51984/2012  and by  Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics.
Body Composition Body composition was determined using an "in vivo Micro-CT Scanner for Small Lab Animals" (LaTheta LCT-100, Hitachi Aloka Medical Ltd. ). Mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (20 mg/kg) mix and about 60 CT slices per mouse were made at 500 µm intervals between shoulders and posterior legs. Slices were analyzed by Aloka software for fat (visceral and subcutaneous) mass, lean mass, and for bone mineral density in the spinal cord. The fat ratio was calculated by the following formula: total fat mass/(total fat mass + lean mass) × 100.
Statistics The difference in body mass between genotypes was compared across time using a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U-test on individual time period. A Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare WT and Thy1-aSYN mice for a given phase or light and dark phases for a given phenotype. Unless otherwise noted, values in the figures and text are mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Values of p < 0. 05 are considered to be statistically significant. Data were analyzed and graphs were plotted by GraphPad Prism R software version 6. 05.
67 ± 1. 36 vs. WT: 28. 88 ± 3. 29%; p = 0. 0001). Bone mineral density was also calculated and showed no difference between transgenic and WT animals (data not shown). At euthanasia, the weight of subcutaneous adipose tissue (consisting of inguinal and gluteal adipose tissues) was lower in Thy1-aSYN mice compared to that of WT mice (121. 1 ± 10. 58 vs. 447. 4 ± 77. 32 mg; p < 0. 001) (Figure  2D ). Therefore, both CT Scan imaging and subcutaneous fat weighting show that Thy1-aSYN mice have a reduced fat accumulation.
Similarly, the RER was significantly decreased during the light cycle compared to the dark cycle in WT animals (0. 848 ± 0. 015 vs 0. 900 ± 0. 014; p < 0. 01) but no such difference was observed in Thy1-aSYN mice (Figure  4D ). Altogether these data suggest that temporal rhythms in energy metabolism may be deregulated in Thy1-aSYN mice. Finally, as the Thy1-aSYN transgenic mice have lower body fat mass than WT mice, we calculated the fat oxidation to better evaluate their use of fat as intrinsic energy source. Our results did not reveal significant difference for this parameter between genotypes (dark cycle: Thy1-aSYN: 0. 23 ± 0. 04 vs. WT: 0. 18 ± 0. 02 kcal/h; p = 0. 485; light cycle: Thy1-aSYN: 0. 235 ± 0. 02 vs. WT: 0. 23 ± 0. 02; p = 0. 74) (Figure  4E ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Dr. Eliezer Masliah ,  Dr. Marie-Françoise Chesselet  and  Dr. Amandeep Mann  for giving access to the Thy1-aSYN transgenic mice and their helpful assistance with this model. We thank  Romain Dehaynin  and  Delphine Taillieu  for transgenic mouse production and animal care. We also thank  Christine Bourgois  for great administrative support and  Jean-Marc Taymans  for helpful discussion.
INTRODUCTION Multicarrier modulation is a method of transmitting data by splitting it into several components so that a higher data transmission rate can be achieved  [1]. Many multi carrier modulation techniques have been developed by researchers to support higher data transmission rates and UFMC, FBMC and OFDM are some of them  [2]. UFMC is one of the multicarrier modulation techniques which are being considered as potential candidates for next generation wireless communication  [3]. In UFMC input data stream is divided into number of sub carriers and groups of these sub carriers are formed to make sub bands which are filtered through pulse shaping filters before transmission. Like other multicarrier modulation techniques it also suffers from the drawback of higher peak to average power ratio  [4].
UFMC SYSTEM MODEL Multicarrier modulations are based on the principle of splitting data into several components and send these over many different sub channels, so that a higher data transmission rate can be achieved. UFMC system is also based on the principle of frequency division multiplexing (FDM), in which input data stream is divide into several lower rate sub-streams. Basically, it provides better sub carrier separation like FBMC and less complex system like OFDM. Filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) filters the signal on per subcarrier basis i. e. each sub carrier is assigned its own filter  [5]  which provides better sub carrier separation but on the other hand use separate filer for each sub carrier, makes the system more complex while orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) filters the signal on single shot i.
Now, the input data stream of k th user, is divided into multiple sub streams denoted by  Then, the signal of each sub band is applied to individual N point IFFT represented by matrix 'V'. The output of IFFT is converted to serial form and applied to respective filter represented by matrix 'F'. 'F' is a Toeplitz matrix, composed of the filter impulse response, performing the linear convolution in equation  (1). For p th ISSN 1335-8243 (print) © 2018 FEI TUKE ISSN 1338-3957 (online), www. aei. tuke. sk sub band, (where p varies from 1 to B) , , , and , represents data blocks, IFFT matrix and filter respectively. For filter length 'L' and IFFT matrix of size 'N', the symbol x k of duration N+L-1 is generated at the output of transmitter section. UFMC system is more robust to transceiver imperfections such as carrier frequency offset (CFO) and timing offset (TO) and it is a low-cost low-complexity system.
Bit Error Rate Bit error rate can be defined as the ratio of bits that have errors relative to the total number of bits received in a transmission. In digital transmission received bits of a data stream over a communication channel get altered due to noise, interference or distortion. Bit error rate is a performance measure of any communication system and defined in percentage. The definition of bit error rate can be given as: BER = (4) In this paper, effect of PAPR reduction techniques on BER performance of system has been studied. It has been evaluated that with the reduction of PAPR, bit error rate the system starts increasing. Fig. 5  shows the bit error rate of UFMC system, without and with PAPR reduction techniques. Here, a comparison of conventional UFMC signal has been done with Comp-UFMC, CF-UFMC and CFC-UFMC on the basis of BER.
1 nm and 20 μm (Fig. 5 ). From a consumer exposure scenario point of view, the application period of three minutes is a conservative duration, however the SMPS required this interval to scan the entire particle size range. Nazarenko et al. (2012b)  used the data generated by  Nazarenko et al. (2012a)  to calculate various particle size fractions inhaled and deposited in different parts of the respiratory tract. Inhaled and deposited dose was determined using a bodyweight of 60 kg and an assumed exposure time of one minute (an exposure period that may be more akin to the consumer use scenario). Under the simulated use testing conditions, the highest inhaled particle mass (equivalent to 30 μg/kg bodyweight/application) was found in the fraction 2. 5-10 μm, with more than 85% of all inhalable mass deposited in the head region (highest total deposited dose of 32 μg/kg bodyweight/ application), while deposition was less than 10% in the alveolar region (equivalent to approximately 2 μg/kg bodyweight/application).
Sepsis-3 definitions The process for revising the Sepsis-3 definitions of sepsis and septic shock was a 2-year-long process that involved several components  [3]. Critical efforts in this process included a discussion of the concept of sepsis, identification of criteria alerting clinicians for the patient's risk to develop sepsis, and the development of the criteria to identify septic shock. The clinical criteria for sepsis were formulated by using a data-driven approach. Electronic health record data of 1. 3 million encounters at 12 community and academic hospitals within the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center health system in southwestern Pennsylvania were studied, and among them, there were 148,907 patients with suspected infection. The power of the Sequential [sepsis-related] Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) was equivalent to Logistic Organ Dysfunction Score (LODS) and higher than SIRS in predicting hospital mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU).
The choice of the SOFA to measure organ dysfunction was due to its greater simplicity. The task force introduced the rapid bedside quick SOFA (qSOFA) tool for determined patients outside the ICU who likely develop sepsis from the retrospectively derived databases. Confirmatory analyses were performed by using data sets from the USA and Germany. The clinical criteria for septic shock were formulated by using multiple methods: (a) a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the criteria used in observational studies reporting sepsis epidemiology, (b) a Delphi process among the 19 members of the task force to achieve consensus on the new definitions, and (c) cohort studies to test variables identified by the Delphi process using the Surviving Sepsis Campaign registry, along with two other data sets from the USA.
The Sepsis-3 definitions requiring the presence of organ dysfunction to define sepsis may hinder the awareness of the importance of early recognition and treatment of infections before organ dysfunction appears, de-emphasizing intervention at earlier stages when it is most treatable. Ideally, patients at risk for sepsis should be identified before organ dysfunction is established. Therefore, it may be questionable if it is helpful to have a definition that recognizes a patient once organ dysfunction has occurred and the patient already needs intensive care. An observational study conducted at 132 medical institutions worldwide over a 4-month study period enrolled 4533 patients to validate a predictive score for patients with intra-abdominal infections  [17]. Data from the WSES cIAIs Score Study (WISS) showed that mortality was significantly affected by the previous sepsis definition.
Outside the ICU, SOFA was found only as good as the previous SIRS criteria (AUROC = 0. 79 vs. AUROC = 0. 76). Moreover, it is a valuable predictor of unfavorable outcome. The SOFA score was proposed in 1996 by the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine  [18]  to objectively describe the degree of organ dysfunction over time and to evaluate morbidity in patients in the ICU with sepsis. It was demonstrated to be a good indicator of prognosis in critically ill patients during the first few days of ICU admission  [19]. The use of the SOFA score in research is commonly performed and constitutes a routine component of data collection for clinical trials in ICUs. However, the SOFA score is not universally accessible, especially for PaO 2 , which would require an arterial blood gas measurement.
" However, it seems to us that Sepsis3 definitions have the opposite outcome. Sepsis 3 definitions exclude from the concept of sepsis those patients who are in transition from infection to sepsis and who have a SOFA score of 2 or more points. Probably, a pre-sepsis scoring concept is missing  [31]  and should be mandatory. Fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, and increased WBC count are consistent features of critical illnesses, including those induced by infection. Although the SIRS criteria have been criticized for their lack of specificity, since 1991, they have gained widespread acceptance among clinicians all over the world and are still used worldwide to recognize early sepsis in clinical practice. Instead of replacing the SIRS score with the new qSOFA score to identify early patients with sepsis, why not use both of them together, taking advantage of the sensitivity of SIRS and the specificity of qSOFA? The new definitions are based on a retrospective evaluation of large hospital databases from two countries (the USA and Germany).
The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutathione reductase (GR) in seminal plasma were measured according to Richterich  [11]. G6PD and GR activity was expressed as μmol of NADPH produced and utilized, respectively, per minute per liter of seminal plasma (U/l). CAT activity in seminal plasma was measured by the method of Johansson and Borg  [12]. The activity of catalase was expressed as U/l. 3. 2. 2. Nonenzymatic Antioxidants. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured according to Erel  [13]. Data were shown as mmol/l. The levels of uric acid (UA), bilirubin, and albumin were determined in seminal plasma by colorimetric methods. For uric acid and bilirubin, concentrations are provided in mg/dl, and albumin is expressed in g/ml. The concentration of thiol groups (SH) in seminal plasma was determined by Koster et al.
3. 2. 4. Cytokines. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, MCP-1, and MIP-1β were measured in seminal plasma using a Bio-Plex 200 System (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. , USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Data were presented in pg/ml. 3. 3. Statistical Analysis. A database was created in MS Excel 2007. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10. 0 PL software. Statistical methods included mean and standard deviation (SD) for normal distribution and median and interquartile range (IQR) for abnormal distribution. Shapiro-Wilk's test was used to verify normality and Levene's test to verify homogeneity of variances. Statistical comparisons between groups were made by a t-test, t-test with a separate variance, or Mann-Whitney U test (nonparametric test). Spearman's coefficient R for nonparametric correlation was calculated.
Slide modelling: physical background and limits We use the AVALANCHE code that has been successfully tested from comparisons with tidal measurements for the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami  (Heinrich et al. , 2000)  and the 1979 Nice event  (Labbé et al. , 2012). Two approaches are commonly used to model the dynamics of a submarine landslide. A first approach assimilates the slide to a viscous flow, with a Bingham rheology. The slide is divided into a bottom layer submitted to shear along the glide plane and a top plug layer with a uniform velocity profile  (Jiang and LeBlond, 1993). This approach efficiently reproduced some landslides in the Mediterranean Sea  (Iglesias et al. , 2012; Løvholt et al. , 2015). However, in our case, all the simulations carried out for a reasonable range of dynamic viscosities (25-500 m 2 s -1 ) failed to reproduce the first-order morphology of the Thasos slide and led to excessive run-out and volume values.
definition of ABMR in intestinal transplantation: (1) the high incidence of DSA, at least in pediatric population and the importance of C1q testing, (2) the importance of lesions of the microcirculation and vascular disorders, (3) the fluctuation of C4d status, and (4) the potential high incidence of mixed rejection. Beyond the traditional acute TCMR, the recognition of the humoral arm as a major component of acute intestinal allograft outcome may lead to a better identification of potential targets for investigation and intervention, which may improve the SBT outcomes. Molecular studies with the determination of the transcriptomic signatures of ABMR and TCMR and exhaustive DSA testing may help better clarify the pathogenesis of intestinal rejection. ACK N OWLED G M ENTS This work was supported by Agence de la Biomédecine grant 2013 to MR and by a research grant from Astellas Pharma to J-PDVH.
However, the approach presented here is distinct from other strategies in its non-invasiveness and its ability to achieve longlasting drug levels in systemic circulation. The choice of drugs in the current work was motivated in part by the mounting evidence supporting the efficacy of DTG, CAB and RPV either alone or in combination (integrase inhibitor +non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) for maintenance therapy. For example, the combination of CAB and RPV was recently tested in HIV-1 patients who had achieved viral suppression  63. In these patients the combination was found to be safe and effective at maintaining viral suppression for up to 72 weeks. Other clinical trials are underway to evaluate safety and tolerability of a combination of long acting formulations of CAB and RPV in healthy individuals (clinicaltrials.
gov identifier: NCT01593046) and their efficacy in patients (clinicaltrials. gov identifier: NCT02938520) that have achieved viral suppression with an integrase inhibitor-based single tablet regimen. DTG has also been shown to be effective as monotherapy or in combination with RPV for treating patients with suppressed viral loads  [64] [65] [66] [67] [68]  , albeit cases of resistance to DTG monotherapy are emerging and its use as such needs serious consideration  [69] [70] [71]. In addition to these clinical studies, a long acting formulation of CAB has been shown to protect against simian immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques  29, 30  , providing support for its clinical testing for PrEP. We do not anticipate all three drugs to be used together in a single patient. To evaluate the potential clinical and public health impact of long-acting oral antiretrovirals, we employed established mathematical modelling frameworks to predict their impact on patient outcomes and epidemiologic trends.
We first examined the impact of long-acting DTG and RPV in the context of treating existing infection. We evaluated each drug individually, and assumed that patients who were completely virologically suppressed by existing combination therapy were transitioned to long-acting maintenance monotherapy. Predictions for longacting DTG and RPV were favourable, especially if individuals who missed scheduled doses could decide to restart any day of the week. In reality, drugs may be given in combinations, and may be used in treatment-naïve patients, altering these predictions. Adherence patterns may change in more complex ways than simulated here. Like any model, ours is limited by the availability of detailed data characterizing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, knowledge of dominant resistance pathways, and the reliability of ex vivo/in vivo correlations in viral fitness.
This analysis was performed using efficacy and adherence data from trials of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for PrEP. An implicit assumption of our modelling is that any new drug that would be approved for PrEP use in the general population would be at least as effective as current tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based prevention. However, to account for potential differences, we consider a wide range of efficacy values in our sensitivity analysis. Once the pharmacology and efficacy of the drugs we used in our studies is established, such a framework can be applied to those drugs as well. There are several limitations to the current study that need to be addressed going forward. We used a swine model for studying the gastric residence and antiretroviral pharmacokinetics, as the anatomy of the pig stomach closely resembles that of humans  72  and pigs used in this study had a body weight comparable to adult humans.
The elastomeric core in the dosage forms used in our studies was made of Elastollan ® 1185. Elastollan ® R6000 was used as the structural polymer, and a combination of poly(sebacic anhydride), poly (adipic anhydride) and poly(ethylene glycol) as the release polymers. We first manufactured the Elastollan ® R6000 arms using a microcompounder extruder and injection moulder as described above. Post-moulding, pockets were milled into these arms using an Othermill CNC (Other Machine Co. , USA) using a file generated in MasterCAM software (Mastercam, USA). The arms were secured in a custom 3D printed fixture in order to allow for repeatable CNC machining. We developed the capability to machine multiple arms in one run to scale up manufacturing. The feed-rate of the machine was 75 mm/min with a spindle speed of 10,500 r.
Samples were vortexed and sonicated for 10-20 min and then centrifuged (21130g, 10 min). Two hundred microliters of solution were pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 200 µL of nanopure water. Finally, 2. 5 μL was injected onto the UPLC-ESI-MS system for analysis. UPLC separation was carried out on a Waters ® UPLC aligned with a Waters ® Xevo-TQ-SMS mass spectrometer (Waters Ltd. , UK). MassLynx ® 4. 1 software was used for data acquisition and analysis. Liquid chromatography separation was performed on an Acquity ® UPLC CSH C18 (50 × 2. 1 mm, 1. 7 μm particle size) column at 50 °C. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile spiked with 0. 1% formic acid and 10 mM ammonium formate solution. The mobile phase was flowed at a rate of 0. 6 mL/min using a time and solvent gradient composition.
Acknowledgements We want to thank  S. Kern ,  D. Hartman ,  S. Hershenson  and  W. H. Gates  from the  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation  for helpful discussions around the application and development approach of the extended release gastric resident system with respect to HIV. We thank  J. Haupt  and  M. Jamiel  for help with the in vivo porcine work. We thank  P. Lozano ,  C. Fucetola  and  D. Freeman  for assistance with microscopy. We thank  C. Settens  for X-ray diffraction analyses of the drugs. We are grateful to all members of the Langer and  Traverso Laboratories  for helpful discussions around gastric resident systems and in particular to G. Gaiha. Funding: This work was funded in part by the  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation  Grants No. OPP1139937 ,  OPP1139921  and  OPP1148627 ,  NIH  Grants No.