dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Furthermore, the country has a complex history, with numerous migrant groups mixing or not mixing with indigenous populations over the past four centuries, which makes a complex social fabric with several races, numerous ethnic groups, and several levels of development, all likely to have different nuptiality dynamics. The aim of this study was to reconstruct trends in proportions never-married as far back in time as possible, using census data made available to researchers on computer media by the South African Statistical Office (Stats-SA) and the IPUMS-International program. The recent availability of census data, thanks to digitalization and the open-access policy, gives new opportunities for studying long term changes in marital status in developing countries. This work follows earlier work on nuptiality and household structures using census data in South Africa.
The 1980 census files covered the RSA, and only Bophuthatswana among the TBVC states, although this last census did not include marital status, and therefore was not included in this analysis. The 1985 census covered the RSA only. The 1991 census covered the RSA and three of the TBVC states (Ciskei was not available in the computer files). For the first 4 censuses, the complete datasets were available. For the last 4 censuses, only samples were available. Lastly, the 2007 Community Survey was itself based on a sample in the field, and not a complete census. (Table  1 ) Marital status and terminal celibacy With the sole exception of Bophuthatswana 1980 (excluded from this study), all censuses included current marital status in at least 5 categories: never-married, living with someone (common-law union), married, widowed, divorced/separated.
Furthermore, as true in any census, the declaration of marital status could be misleading, in particular for older persons (age > 80 years). However, as will be seen later, the consistency between censuses was impressive, so that data errors seem to be a minor issue for this study. Age and date of birth All censuses included either age, in integer number of years from birth to age 100 or above (often up to 119 years) or year of birth. Birth cohorts used for this study were therefore defined as either the year of birth if stated, or as the difference between the census year and the age. The study covers therefore potentially all cohorts (year of birth) from 1870 to 1971, which, assuming a mean age at marriage of 30 years, corresponds roughly to the marriage experience during the whole twentieth century.
This characterization provides the ultimate users with reference data on the performance of the cells (e. g. , growth properties, background levels of mutation/chromosome damage and karyotypic stability) that can be used for quality control when expanding and maintaining the cells. The expansion of the selected early source cells was then organized and they were stored in cell repositories to ensure the continuous availability of cells for use in genotoxicity testing from the same source and with the same characteristics in any part of the world. Ampoules of cryopreserved cells are available at the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), Salisbury, UK (www. phe-culturecollections. org. uk/collections/ecacc. aspx) and at the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, Japan (www.
16 × 10 6 total cells. After about 24 h cells were counted before they received a mock treatment for either 3 h or 24 h with 1% (V/V) DMSO. A second cell count was taken a further 24 h later (typical incubation period for a micronucleus assay). The cell growth was slower and the cell counts at both baseline (24 h from seeding) and harvest (48 h from seeding) were lower when cultures were established from heavily confluent cells compared to exponentially growing subconfluent cells. solvent controls both with and without S-9 is 1. 42 ± 0. 19% (SD) with a range for individual cultures (200 cells each) of 0-5. 5% and 99th percentile 4%. Initially, endoreduplication and polyploidy were only recorded if noticed by the observer (roughly a quarter to one third of the cultures in our control data set) but more recently they are recorded routinely.
General recommendations for cell cultures The best way to avoid any selective pressure and genetic drift is to ensure reproducible conditions of maintenance, proliferation and storage. However, the stability of the cell line characteristics is not easy to monitor as many sources of drift may occur, and even if the indicator of genotoxicity is not affected, other genetic characteristics may have been impacted. Therefore, the more precautions that are applied to all steps during the maintenance and use of cell cultures in genotoxicity testing, the more the conditions of culture and the consequent results will be reproducible. It is advisable to regularly check the cells for their growth capabilities, genetic responsiveness and it is useful to record these characteristics in an historical database.
Characterization of the cell isolates in the end-user laboratory The characteristics of the cell lines are described in this publication (see Table  2  for summary). Characteristics such as cell cycle length/growth properties should be verified in the end-user laboratory when they establish their laboratory master stocks. Historical data on background levels of gene mutations, chromosome aberrations, micronuclei and polyploidy are provided as a guide for users. Note that these ranges reflect values from experienced laboratories handling the cells under rather standardized procedures.
Acknowledgements We want to thank the cell depositors:  M. O'Donovan ,  M. Fellows ,  S. Galloway ,  M. Honma  and  A. Kohara  for having managed the cell line expansion and hosting at the cell banks, and the representatives of the cell banks:  P. Thraves  ( ECACC, Salisbury, UK ),  H. Ikeda  ( JCRB Cell Bank, Japan ). Ms Catherine Hilliard  and  Ms Elizabeth Freeland  made valuable technical contributions for the CHO-WBL cells. We also thank the  ILSI HESI Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee  for intellectual and financial support and  J. Kim  ( HESI ) for his contributions. M. Aardema was supported by  Bioreliance. We especially thank  David Kirkland  for his helpful advices and support to this project.
In addition, there was an overall increase in flam nuclear staining detected by larger foci in Nxt1-SKD, suggesting a nuclear retention of flam precursor in this exportin mutant (Fig. 2b  and Supplementary Fig. 2 ). RT-qPCR experiments indicated that the level of flam transcripts in Nxt1-SKD ovaries was higher than in WT ovaries probably because flam precursors are not exported to the cytoplasm to be processed (Fig. 2c ). Taken together, these data show that the Nxt1-Nxf1 complex is involved in the export of flam transcripts. If flam precursors are not exported to the cytoplasm in Nxt1 or Nxf1-SKD mutants, we should expect that flam piRNA precursors cannot be processed into piRNAs. Thus, we sequenced small RNAs from mutant fly-ovaries and examined the level of piRNAs mapping to flam. We observed a large decrease in the levels of flam piRNAs in Nxt1-SKD flies compared with WT flies (5 versus 41 rpkm) (Fig.
5 ). We found that the expression of none of these genes is affected in these mutants except piwi whose expression decreases in Rnps1-depleted line as earlier reported  36, 37  (see Discussion). Immuno-FISH experiments were then performed to examine flam export in SKD mutants for EJC components and UAP56. As seen in Fig. 3d  and Supplementary Fig. 6 , flam transcripts accumulate in a single focus in all depleted lines. In addition, the proportion of cells having cytoplasmic, transmembrane and nuclear accumulation of flam transcripts in mutant lines was similar in SKD lines and WT (Fig. 3e ). Overall, these data indicate that in EJC and UAP56-depleted lines, flam transcripts are properly spliced and exported to the cytoplasm. To assess piRNA production, we sequenced ovarian small RNAs from Mago-and RnpS1-SKD lines.
8 Si 1. 2 was prepared by arc melting in argon atmosphere, followed by annealing at 1373 K for 7 days under argon atmosphere in a quartz tube and subsequent water quenching. The composition of the sample was confirmed by XRD analysis and determination of the Curie temperature by a Quantum Design MPMS 5XL (not shown). The sample was crushed in a mortar and a piece with a length of approximately d = 1 mm was chosen and mounted on top of a small piece of wax. Tomographic datasets have been acquired at the beamline ID-19 (ESRF, Grenoble, France) using a pink photon energy of E = 54 keV. 2000 projection images with a pixel size of x px = 0. 558 µm have been taken at an exposure time of t exp = 0. 4 s using a thin-film single-crystal scintillator screen (10 µm-thin Eu-doped Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 )  13  and a magnifying optical setup (10× Olympus objective/0.
3 NA). The images were captured with the ESRF in-house developed CCD camera FReloN 2k. 14  The sample temperature was monitored by an Oxford cryostream 800 with a temperature stability of ∆T ≤ 0. 1 K. The measurements were performed upon cooling, where the image acquisition started 5 min after reaching the set temperature. The temperature was decreased to the next temperature setpoint at a rate of Ṫ = 5 K/h, leading to an undershoot of just 0. 02 K at each temperature step. Eleven temperature steps were taken between T = 183. 6 K and T = 181. 6 K at an interval of ∆T = 0. 2 K. The tomograms were reconstructed using standard filtered-back projection via the ESRF in-house software PyHST_2 (RAM-LAK filter). 15 The tomographic datasets have been evaluated using the Avizo® software package. First, thresholding of the datasets has been carried out using Avizo's ISO-50 algorithm.
Second, the fill holes 3D algorithm has been applied to the dataset in order to eliminate an imaging ring artifact in the center of the sample. For determining the volume change as a function of temperature, the number of volume elements (voxels) representing the sample has been counted for the dataset of each temperature. The volume increase ∆V is compared against the volume V of the sample measured at the highest temperature of the series (T = 183. 6 K) in order to get relative values for the volume change. To correct for a temperature drift occurring with decreasing temperature, the datasets have been digitally registered (aligned) by a two-step process: First, the sample's moment of inertia tensors were rotated onto the ones of the starting dataset (T = 183. 6 K). Second, the center of mass coordinates of the labeled volumes taken at the different temperatures have been translated to the center of mass coordinates of labeled volume taken at T = 183.
The data were evaluated by the Rietveld method using Fullprof in the WinPlotR program package. 17 From these measurements, the temperature dependence of the volume change of LaFe 11. 8 Si 1. 2 relative to its value at 293 K was determined. Scanning Hall probe imaging has been carried out upon cooling in 0. 2 K steps in a µ 0 H = 1 mT magnetic field, applied perpendicular to the sample surface, using a homemade scanning probe system in an Oxford Instruments superconducting magnet. The image window covered the central portion of the sample with a window size of 1. 8 × 1. 8 mm, and the size of one image pixel is approximately 7 × 7 µm 2. The Hall sensor was raster scanned vertically As the two curves connect up very well, this proves that the volume change found by tomographic imaging in a very narrow temperature window fits to the data acquired with diffraction in a broader temperature interval.
In particular, the nucleation of the high volume phase avoids regions with pronounced concave sample surface features, like "valleys" or troughs at the surface. This most prominent feature is evident throughout the whole temperature series, not only for the first two temperature steps (see the full video in Multimedia view). Our data suggest that the low volume phase (the paramagnetic phase) can "survive" at the bottom of the concave regions at all temperatures covered in the experiment. The high volume phase (the ferromagnetic phase) grows very evenly on flat sample regions. The described observations are visible for all datasets with increasing volume, but they are more pronounced by taking successive temperature steps spanning the temperatures where the volume change is large. 3D X-ray computed microtomography is able to image the sample volume and some of the sample's inner features, like minority phases, pores, and cracks; it is however not sensitive to the magnetic state of the sample.
8 Si 1. 2 as calculated from the Rietveld refinement of the XRD data (open circles) is shown together with the change of the volume of the sample in a much narrower temperature interval (full circles) as determined by counting the voxels of the tomograms at each temperature step. The sample expansion is tracked by counting the voxels of each dataset and visualized (right side of the image) by superimposing the surface contour of the sample at different temperatures A (183. 6 K), B (183. 4 K), and C (181. 6 K). While the volume change originating from XRD data is normalized using the room temperature value of the material, the volume increase of the tomograms is expressed relative to the first data point of the series.
The synchrotron microtomography experiments were performed on beamline ID19 at the  European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France  via Proposal No. MA1739. We are grateful to  Elodie Boller  and  Jean-Paul Valade  for providing the sample environment (cryostream). A. W. and S. F. would like to gratefully acknowledge funding from the  DFG SPP "Ferroic Cooling"  under Grant Nos. WA3294/3-2  and  FA453/11-2. L. F. C. would acknowledge European Community's  7th Framework Programme  under Grant Agreement No. 310748  "DRREAM" and E. L. acknowledges  EPSRC  for funding.
04-Mbp assembly in 712 scaffolds. The transcriptome was assembled using Rnnotator  (14). The genome was annotated using the JGI annotation pipeline, resulting in 13,206 predicted genes. The assembly length and estimated number of genes are typical of saprobic basidiomycetes. Multiple gene models encoding enzymes implicated in lignin degradation are present (nine manganese peroxidases and nine laccases). A single lignin peroxidase gene, but no versatile peroxidase, was detected. Among Polyporales, the carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy)  (15)  profile is most similar to that of the closely related Gelatoporia subvermispora. Accession number(s). This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession no. MAXV00000000. The version described in this paper is MAXV01000000.
FUNDING INFORMATION This work, including the efforts of  Robert Riley ,  Kerrie Barry ,  Rita Kuo ,  Kurt LaButti ,  Anna Lipzen ,  Laura Sandor , and  Igor Grigoriev , was funded by  U. S. Department of Energy (DOE)  ( DE-AC02-05CH11231 ). This work, including the efforts of  Otto Miettinen , was funded by  European Commission (EC)  ( PIOF-GA-2011-302349 ). This work, including the efforts of Kristiina Hildén, was funded by  European Commission (EC)  ( PERG08-GA-2010-276794 ). The work was conducted under the  1000 Fungal Genomes Program  by the  U. S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute , a  DOE Office of Science User Facility , supported by the  Office of Science of the U. S. Department of Energy  under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
Methodology This paper follows a meeting in September 2014 of a board of six European dermatologists, specialized in dermatology, cosmetology, and geriatrics. During the meeting, the board defined and discussed the key topics, in view of the literature and their clinical experience. Each author conducted a literature search in their area of expertise using PubMed, and papers were selected between 2004 and 2014. Where no recent data were available, earlier papers were explored and their conclusions discussed. The initial key words included skin barrier, emollient, skin ageing, geriatrics, well-being, incontinence associated dermatitis, MASD, skin cleansers, cosmetology, cosmetic ingredients, biophysics, and skin disease elderly, etc. Where no original research was available, references were made from review articles.
The maximum length of the transverse cracks at the bottom of the plate before the first load drop is taken as a characteristic feature of the plate damage and is reported in Table  2. The CT-scans carried out on the specimens interrupted after the first load drop give detailed information on the delamination and transverse crack patterns within the plates. These data are extensive and can not all be included in this paper. Overall views of the damage pattern for each case are given in Figure  11 , while some characteristic interfaces are extracted and compared across the test cases in Figure  12  and Figure  13. The full comparison of damage in all the interfaces is available for download from the Research Data Repository of University of Bristol at data. bris. ac. uk/data/dataset/12gx6827n337u1dxy6iilf3t1f.
Data structures We introduce two data structures to guarantee the integrity of our design against malicious nodes. The first concerns the integrity of UTxO shards, while the second guarantees the integrity of blocks distributed through the DHT. As explained in Section 2, we partition the UTxO set into 2 k shards, where each coin's placement is determined by the first k bits of the coin's hash. To guarantee the shards' integrity, we define a two-layer set of hashes, as highlighted in red in Figure  3. The lower level of hashes consists of one hash per shard, Hi = HASH(Si), ∀i ∈ Z [0,k-1]. The upper level consists of just one hash of all Hi, that is, HUTxO = HASH(∪ k-1 i=0 Hi). The hashing function HASH is the one used in Bitcoin, i. e. , HASH(x) = SHA-256(SHA-256(x)), noted SHA-256 2 throughout this document.
Secure thin nodes A user willing to verify an incoming payment may now use a secure thin node in her smartphone, instead of the less secured SPV client. Upgrading to a secure thin node enables a user to verify the validity of transactions contained in a block by querying the UTxO set built by other nodes and stored in the DHT. More details on the security aspect of our proposal on secure thin nodes can be found in Section 4. 1. When a secure thin node joins the system, it bootstraps by downloading from another node: (i) the last few blocks (e. g. , 6), (ii) the list of UTxO shard hashes, and (iii) the list of block hashes. The last few blocks are used to resolve blockchain forks as well as to extract HUTxO and H index. These hashes are used to verify the integrity of the data retrieved from the DHT.
, 2 MiB) as described in Section 3. 3. This results in an overall storage requirement of about 47 MiB, about thirty times less than the size of the entire UTxO set. Bandwidth When joining the network, a secure thin node initially downloads the aforementioned 45 MiB to fill its data structures and to initialize its local DHT storage. Next, for each new block, it needs to update its list of UTxO shard hashes by downloading it from full nodes, which corresponds to 512 KiB every 10 minutes. Finally, the secure thin node downloads actual shards from the DHT whenever it encounters a transaction that it wants to verify for a shard that it does not currently own. Clearly, secure thin nodes face a trade off between the number of shards they store locally either as part of the DHT or in their local cache, and the number of shards they download from other DHT nodes.
Acknowledgments This work has been partially funded by the  Region of Brittany, France , by the  Doctoral school of the University of Brittany Loire (UBL) , by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  project  SocioPlug  under contract  ANR-13-INFR-0003  (http://socioplug. univ-nantes. fr)and by the  Dutch national research program  COMMIT/ (a public-private research community).
Background: Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises a highly heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by exacerbated skin and/or mucosal fragility and blister formation after minor mechanical trauma. Level of cleavage in the skin, clinical features with immunofluorescence antigen mapping and/or electron microscopy examination of a skin biopsy and/or gene involved, type(s) of mutation present and sometimes specific mutation(s), allow to define the EB type and subtype. This family of genodermatoses exposes patients to several complications, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) being the most severe of them. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to document patients with EB who developed cSCC. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed, from inception to March 2014, using Medline, Embase, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.
gov databases. Only articles published in English and French were selected. The diagnosis of EB had to be confirmed by EM and/or IFM and/or mutation analysis, while cSCC had to be confirmed by histological analysis. Results: Of 167 references in the original search, 69 relevant articles were identified, representing 117 cases. cSCCs were identified in all types of EB, though predominantly in recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB) forms (81 cases (69. 2 %)). The median age at diagnosis was 36 years old (interquartile range (IQR), 27-48 years and range, 6-71 years) for all forms. Of those with measurements in the literature (88 cases (75. 2 %)), tumor size was greater than 2 centimeters in 52 cases (59. 1 %). The histopathological characteristics were specified in 88 cases (75. 2 %) and well-differentiated forms predominated (73.
Material and methods We performed a systematic review of all studies reporting or investigating the association of EB with cSCC. Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register and Clin-icalTrials. gov databases were systematically searched. Data from registries were not collected. An expert in the field, and member of the French group "Association Recommandations en Dermatologie (aRED)", oversaw our activities to ensure that no relevant studies were missed. We used a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for our search. The search terms, listed in Table  1 , were defined with a librarian member of the aRED group. We limited the literature search to articles in English or French. No restrictions concerning the age or sex of the patients or date of publication were imposed. Full copies of the relevant papers were obtained.
Microstructures of the Nanocomposite Crystals The nanocomposite crystals were analyzed using a number of diffraction and spectroscopic techniques to determine the effect of the occluded nano-objects on the short-range and long-range structures of the crystals. High resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to provide information about the effects of the guest species on the lattice spacings and inhomogeneous strains where this has been shown to be highly specifi c to the crystal host and the type of occluded species. [ 9, 13, 14 ] he data revealed that negligible shifts in the peak positions occurred for either the vesicle/calcite or worm/calcite samples as compared with pure calcite, and that the peaks were nearly symmetric in shape ( Figure  4 a ). Occlusion of the worms and vesicles did however cause some broadening of the peaks, where this was quantifi ed by measuring the peak full-width at half maximum height (FWHM).