dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The normality of data distribution was verified by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The density, microhardness, and fracture toughness values were analyzed by using the 1-way Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn post hoc test. Three-point flexural strength was analyzed by using a 1-way ANOVA test and the Tukey multiple comparison post hoc test (GraphPad 5; Prism) (a=. 05).
Material and methods. In this study, an economical approach for rapid scanning of faces in the clinic was developed and validated to record valuable 3D patient data using smartphone cameras and photogrammetry software. Five novice operators were recruited to watch an instructional video developed on the technique before scanning 20 healthy adult participants. Results. The smartphone-based photogrammetry approach produced scans with 1. 3 mm (±0. 3 mm) accuracy in comparison to a metrology-rated gold standard device and were 88% (±14%) complete, with no significant difference observed between operators. A moderate to strong intrarater reliability was determined for all novice operators, suggesting that first-use operators can capture consistent scans based on watching an instructional video.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses for most experiments were performed in GraphPad Prizm 8. 2. 1 (GraphPad Software, Inc. , CA, USA). Cells survival in glycerol film and cytokines binding were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Dunnett's multiple comparison test. Inhibition of luminescence due to the binding of polymers or excipients with the S1 or RBD protein were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Sidak test. A p-value less than 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant, with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%.
The analysis reported here focused on the responses to the questions in Sections 1 and 2. A number of these questions refer to clinical activity conducted during "lockdown", defined as "the most restrictive period of confinement according to the government public health measurements in each country". The survey, directed at dentists who provide SCD worldwide, was available in English on Google Forms between the 10 and 31 of July 2020. To recruit participants, opportunistic sampling was used and the survey was disseminated on social media and promoted through global and regional SCD networks. Snowballing, by sharing the survey URL with professional colleagues working in SCD, was encouraged. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS program v. 26 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Demographic data are presented using numbers and percentages.
Search strategy A literature search was performed using two electronic databases (PubMed & Web of Science) on articles published until December 2019. Language restrictions were not applied. The keywords used in the electronic search (in "Title/Abstract" for MEDLINE database and "Topic" for Web of Science database) were as follows: periodont � AND (oral hygiene OR root planing OR treatment OR therapy) AND (end-stage renal disease OR renal failure OR chronic kidney disease OR hemodialysis OR dialysis) Authors (TD, KG) independently reviewed and screened the title and abstract of potentially relevant records and determined final eligibility through examination of full texts. Citations were screened for additional publications that were missed by the electronic search. Review articles and short communications were excluded.
Methodology Design A qualitative study that explored the views and experiences in oral health and OHRQoL of PWS was conducted in the Côte d'Or department (530,000 inhabitants). In particular, semi-structured individual interviews were used. Participants were encouraged to provide accounts of their experiences and elaborate on the problematic issue. 16 rticipants A sample of 20 PWS (both inpatient and outpatient) registered in the administrative database of the Chartreuse Hospital (Dijon, France) were recruited on a voluntary basis, using telephone invitations for outpatients and face-to-face invitations for inpatients. Inclusion criteria were as follows: native French-language speakers aged > 18 years with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision: ICD-10).
Ethics This study was approved by the Committee for the Protection of Persons of the Eastern French region (registration number: 2015-A01741-48). After providing participants with a complete description of the study, informed consent was obtained from each participant or from their legal guardians for individuals under guardianship. In the latter case, patient's legal guardian(s) signed the informed consent. The study was registered on www. ClinicalTrials. gov under the number NCT02730832.
Interview content analysis Given the lack of previous knowledge on this particular matter, a conventional content analysis approach was chosen in order to highlight unrevealed themes. 27 The coding process was performed manually and independently by two researchers in order to limit personal bias in the interpretation of participants' responses. Codes were then discussed and organized in themes in an inductive way. Interviews were coded consecutively, when they were available, allowing the investigator to compare them during the process of data collection. Saturation was considered to have been reached when no new themes could be extracted from the last interview. At this step, multiple readings of the interviews were performed in order to verify key themes and identify recurrences and differences among the interviews.
Statistical analysis We performed a detailed descriptive analysis using SAS 9. 4 software (SAS Institute Inc. ) and R Software version 3. 5. 2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Qualitative variables were presented as number and percentage (n, %). Quantitative variables were expressed as number, range, mean, SD, and medians sorted at the 25th and 75th percentiles (interquartile intervals) (Tables  1e3 ). The Fisher's exact test was used to compare the distribution of Cawood and Howell classifications between men and women. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables. We used the two-sample Student's t-test to compare the mean symphysis height between men and women, and the paired Student's t-test to compare the mean lingual and buccal cortical thickness and mean cortical thickness at the minimum and maximum symphysis heights.
22 However, in a literature review, De Vos found that the available data do not confirm the perception of the low irradiation level with CBCT, since the doses are related to the utilized imaging devices, and the irradiation doses vary between 41 and 53 mSv. 21, 23 In our present study, each examination was conducted by the same operator and using the same calibrated CBCT imaging unit (Planmeca). Diagnostic imaging is based on evaluation of the gray level of hard and soft tissues obtained with CT or CBCT devices. With CBCT, the degree of X-ray attenuation is shown by gray scale (voxel value, VV). Mah reported data indicating a strong linear relationship between the gray scales in CBCT and HU in CT. 24  Razi et al. stated that gray scale in CBCT is the standard for measuring bone density before implant treatment, and that this method is recommended because of the lower radiation dose and cost compared to CT scanning.
Data acquisition A CBCT scan of the maxilla was acquired before the placement of the TADs using NewTom VGi EVO (NewTom, Verona, Italy) set at 110 kV, 6. 9 mA, exposure time of 4. 3 s, 12 × 8 cm field of view and 0. 150 mm voxel size. The DICOM (digital imaging and communications in medicine) files were exported. On the same day (T*), an IOS of the maxilla arch was performed with TRIOS scanner (3SHAPE, Copenhagen, Denmark) and the Standard Tessellation Language (STL) file was exported. These two acquisitions were used to digitally design and manufacture the personalized lingual device. The orthodontic treatment started 14 days later (T0). A new IOS of the maxilla arch was done on this day and at every appointment of the patient (every four to five weeks). This resulted in the export of n STL files of the maxillary teeth crowns in high resolution, which were used to create the initial and intermediate models.
3D reconstruction of initial (T0) model The segmentation of the initial CBCT scan was performed by a trained operator using Mimics Innovation Suite software (version 17 Research edition, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). A semi-automated process was followed in accordance with best practice usage, by thresholding the main elements (maxilla and teeth) and manually refining the missing parts and artifacts. The maxillary bone and the teeth were individually isolated into different elements (see Fig. 2 , top-left panel) and, for each of them, 3D surface parts were exported in STL files. At this step, the periodontal ligament was not modeled. For the following steps of the study, detailed anatomy of the posterior teeth crowns (premolars and molars) was needed. This anatomy could not be retrieved from the CBCT scan, due to the resolution of the acquisition and to artifacts caused by metallic restorations  (Baan et al.
, 2021; de Waard et al. , 2016). To get a surface model with precise anatomy of posterior teeth crowns, Geomagic Studio software (version 2012, Geomagic, Rock Hill, USA) was used to fuse the result of the segmentation of the initial CBCT and T0 IOS (no clinical changes were found between superimposed T* and T0 IOS which were taken 14 days apart, see Figure  S1 ). In order to align the IOS with the segmentation, we used an Iterative Closest Point algorithm (ICP)  (Besl and McKay, 1992)  localized on the posterior teeth crowns ("Best Fit Alignment" in Geomagic software). ICP registration is a reliable and frequently used method for alignment of similar surfaces  (Baan et al. , 2021; de Waard et al. , 2016; O'Toole et al. , 2019). This process is illustrated in Fig. 2  and detailed in the Supplementary Material, Section B.
3D reconstruction of intermediate (T1 to Tn) models To reconstruct the intermediate 3D models (named T1 to Tn), Geomagic Studio software was used to reposition the segmented canines of the T0 model on the canines' crowns of the intermediate IOS. To align the IOS on the model, we used the same process of ICP alignment ("Best Fit Alignment" in Geomagic software) localized on the crowns of the premolars and molars, considered as stable references. These "Best Fit Alignments" of several IOS using a reference structure have been shown to be highly reliable  (O'Toole et al. , 2019). Then, we used a second ICP alignment localized on the canine crowns to align the segmented canines (T0 model) with the intermediate position of the canines. Since the segmented teeth contained their roots, we were able to precisely track the position of the canines in the maxilla at any time of the study.
Validation of the tracking protocol To validate our intermediate model reconstruction, a CBCT was used to retrieve the final position of the canines. This final position was compared to the position of canines from the last intermediate model (Tn). First, the final CBCT was aligned with the initial CBCT using a local 3D voxel-based superimposition taking the maxillary bones as stable structures  (Dot et al. , 2020). To this aim, we used the open-source software ITK-SNAP (version 3. 6. 0; www. itksnap. org) (Yushkevich et al. , 2006)  and 3D Slicer (version 4. 7. 0; www. slicer. org) (Fedorov et al. , 2012) , following Dental and Craniofacial Bionetwork for Image Analysis (DCBIA) method  (Ruellas et al. , 2016). Once the final CBCT was aligned with the initial one, it was imported in Mimics software to retrieve the segmented models of the canines at the end of the study.
Evaluation of clinical results The displacement of the canines was evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively using 3D Slicer software. We performed visualization via the "Model To Model Distance" and "Shape Population Viewer" modules of the SlicerSALT project (salt. slicer. org) (Vicory et al. , 2018). The global rigid body displacements of the canines' centroids were calculated. Rigid body translation components were calculated along the x, y and z axis. Euler extrinsic angles were calculated based on a right-handed orthogonal basis centered on the centroid of the canines, with the z axis pointing towards the apex of the teeth, the y axis towards their distal side and the x axis orthogonal to the yz plane. The order of the rotations was x, y', z''.
Validation of the tracking protocol A qualitative evaluation of the 3D voxel-based superimposition of initial and final CBCT visually showed no displacement of maxillary  premolars and molars (Fig. 6  and movie SM1 in the Supplementary Material). This confirmed the possibility of using these teeth as stable structures for the construction of the intermediate models. Incisors teeth and especially left lateral incisor showed a small displacement with a spontaneous resolution of a few millimeters of their crowding, probably due to the space created by the recoil of the canines. These observations justified the assumption to have considered only the maxillary bone around the canines in this study. The differences in positions of the canines in the T7 model and in the final CBCT were quantified by the rigid body displacements between the two models, computed through Geomagic Studio software (Table  ST1  of Supplementary Material).
, 1996). They derived a macroscopic model more adapted to polycristalline Cu-based SMAs by applying a self consistent scale transition technique to a Representative Volume Element (RVE) composed of a high number of grains. Each grain has a different crystallographic orientation related to the measured texture  (Entemeyer et al. , 2000). Other models considering the same approach are also available in liter-ature and detailed in the review paper  (Cissé et al. , 2016). The single crystal version, initially proposed by  (Patoor et al. , 1996) , improved by  (Niclaeys et al. , 2002; Merzouki et al. , 2010; Collard and Ben Zineb, 2012)  is implemented in the finite element code Abaqus. It well describes the martensite variant activation in a Cu-based single crystal SMA, particularly for torsion loading.
In fact, it shows that responses of Cu-SC-SMA rotary endodontic files are close to the ones of commercial instruments made of NiTi. This is true for both separated and combined bending-torsion loadings. Indeed, obtained values of rotations and their induced moments are in the same range as what is measured for commercial instruments. Furthermore, the analysis of sensitivity to geometrical parameters also leads to the same tendencies for commercial instruments  (Gavini et al. , 2018). The present paper is organized as follows: after the introduction, section 2 details the finite element numerical model with geometry, meshing, boundary conditions, loading cases and the adopted micromechanical constitutive model and its implementation in the finite element code Abaqus. Section 3 presents the experimental testing device and the Cu-SC-SMA prototypes.
Geometry, mesh, boundary conditions and loading The studied Cu-SC-SMA endodontic file presents a parameterized geometry defined by figure  1. It presents a cylindrical part characterized by its diameter and a tapered helical part characterized by its cross-section shape, its length, its taper, its constant or variable pitch and its tip diameter. The variation of these geometrical parameters allows to analyze their effects on the global bending-torsion response. For each set of geometrical parameters, the CAD software CATIA generates the corresponding instrument geometry which is exported into the finite element code Abaqus. Then the meshing process a 3 mm length starting from its tip is clamped. Two rotations corresponding to bending and torsion are applied in two reference points as depicted in figure  3.
Micromechanical constitutive law for Cu-SC-SMA and its implementation in a finite element code The thermomechanical behavior of the Cu-SC-SMA is described by a constitutive model, developed by  (Patoor et al. , 1996) , and  (Niclaeys et al. , 2002). Its implementation in Abaqus via the subroutine UMAT, initially undertaken by  (Merzouki et al. , 2010; Collard and Ben Zineb, 2012) , is deeply redrafted in this work leading to an updated version enhancing the convergence process and reducing computation CPU time. It is based on a crystalline plasticity-like approach and describes the activation of martensite variants in the crystalline lattice and its effect on the macroscopic thermomechanical behavior. This Z Y X RP-1 RP-2 X Y Z Z Y X RP-1 X Y Z Torsion Reference point Bending Reference point Boundary conditions for torsion                U X = f ree U Y = 0 U Z = 0 θ X = θ T θ Y = 0 θ Z = 0                Boundary conditions for bending                U X = 0 U Y = 0 U Z = 0 θ X = 0 θ Y = θ B θ Z = 0                εn ij = 1 2 g(m n i n n j + m n j n n i ) = 1 2 gR n ij (1) where R n is the symmetric part of the Schmid tensor for the variant (n).
Identification of External Factors First, we hypothesized a change in people's internet behavior immediately after the lockdown enforcement, since the measure was a major disruption to their daily routine. Second, we hypothesized that the first announcement of a potential association between chilblain-like lesions and COVID-19 could have led to curiosity-driven internet searches. Therefore, GT data on acral lesions were assessed and compared through 3 periods: (1) from early 2020 until the lockdown was enforced, (2) from lockdown enforcement to the date when the association between acral lesions and COVID-19 was first reported, and (3) from the date of the first report of the aforementioned association until May 16, 2020. For each country, we documented the dates of lockdown enforcement and the dates when an association between the acral lesions and COVID-19 was first reported (Table  1 ).
Generation of the Data Set GT data from January 1 to May 16, 2020, were extracted for all six countries. We selected January 1 as the starting date to assess baseline interest before the pandemic in Europe, and May 16 because it allowed for data collection before, during, and after the lockdown (varying depending on the government measures in each country). Day-to-day relative search volume (RSV) data were retrieved from GT on May 19, 2020. RSVs were calculated by GT as follows: search results are proportionate to the time and location of a query. Each data point is divided by the total searches from that geographical region and the time range it represents to compare relative popularity. The resulting numbers of a topic are then scaled 0-100 on the basis of its proportion to all searches on all topics.
The arithmetic means, SD, and CVs in the validation of this method were calculated using routine descriptive statistical procedures by spreadsheet (Excel 2019, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, DC, USA). The percentage of difference in the activity or amount of each WB band before and after sample treatment was calculated using the formula: [((B -A) × 100)/B], where B and A are the values obtained before and after the treatment, respectively. The normality of distribution for sAA activities in the stimulation models and the results obtained in the STAI-P questionnaires were assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Data showing non-normal distribution (NGsAA and GsAA in the physical effort, and TsAA, NGsAA, and GsAA in the psychological challenge) were base-e log-transformed by applying the formula ln (x + 1) before the statistical analyses  [4, 24] , which restored normality.
Then, a one-way ANOVA of repeated measures was calculated, and Tukey's multiple comparison test was used to assess the significant changes at each time, for the sAA activities. A paired Student's t-test (2-tailed) was used to determine if the values obtained from the STAI-P State questionnaires at Tb and T + 0 in the psychological challenge were statistically different. Results were described as mean or median based on their normality distribution. In order to guarantee a correct significance level (α = 5%, p < 0. 05) and the power required (1β ≥ 80%) with the number of participants evaluated for each stress model, a post hoc analysis using a standalone power program for statistical testing (G-Power)  [25]  was employed using the means and SD of the sAA activities (TsAA, NGsAA, and GsAA). The Spearman r was calculated between the sAA activities in the psychological challenge at Tb and T + 0, and the STAI-P questionnaires in order to determine whether there was a correlation between them.
9% of patients. The forensic examination differs from the clinical examination in terms of where it takes place, the condition of the deceased person, and the time between death and data collection, which could alter the accuracy of the odontogram via teledentistry. An odontogram is a set of observations made on the teeth. The quality of an odontogram carried out in teledentistry is therefore based on the quality of each of these observations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic validity of the elements constituting the post-mortem odontogram, carried out using images collected via an intra-oral camera in subjects autopsied for medical or judicial reasons.
Protocol The protocol consisted of 3 stages: the gold standard examination, the recording of videos and the remote analysis of the images obtained (Fig. 1 ). All the data were recorded in an online research file developed by the University Hospital of Montpellier. The first dental surgeon (A) performed all the gold standard examinations corresponding to a typical consultation. The data were directly recorded in a clinical file and the procedure time was measured. The second dentist (B) collected data with the intra-oral camera on the software provided. The data were collected at the very beginning of the subjects' autopsies and the acquisition time was recorded. For the Soprocare camera, we used the DAYLIGHT mode, which projects "daylight" light, and we chose the lowest magnification, which provides an excellent visibility of dental surfaces.
Statistical analysis The data collection was carried out on a secure software programme with an anonymity number (attribution of a random number) and then the data were transcribed in an Excel file. The statistical analysis was carried out at the Medical Information Department at the University Hospital of Montpellier using the SAS version 9. 2 software programme (SAS Institute, Cary, N. C. ) with a significance threshold of 0. 05. For the teeth characteristics, each tooth constituted a statistical unit. The maximum total number of units was therefore 800 (25 patients, 32 teeth). Similarly, for the surface characteristics, the maximum number was 4000. For each endpoint, we calculated the values of sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for each of the analysed endpoints.
Learning curve (Fig. 2) As the data were collected, practitioner B became more skilled at recording the videos with the intra-oral camera. One can therefore note an ease in the handling of this digital tool, which gradually improved with the number of subjects included in the study, going from an average video duration for each sector of one minute to 35 s. The time needed to film the 4 sectors in the mouth decreased from 4 min 45 s to 2 min 30 s ( Fig. 2 ).
In situ Hybridizations All probes and in situ hybridization procedures used here with Scyliorhinus canicula and Xenopus tropicalis were previously described  (Espinoza et al. , 2010; Enault et al. , 2018) , except for the frog SCPPA2 gene (GenBank EU642617) for which a 968 bp product was amplified and cloned into pBluescript using the following primers (5′ to 3′) Forward-GAG TCA TAC TAC AGG ACC TGC, Reverse-CAT GCA ACT CAG CCA AAG CT.