dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
However, uptake success may also be recorded in terms of permanency and stability over time, which we could only analyze through the course of one conversation, or by comparing the two recording sessions, separated by the three months' interval ((non-)permanency of uptake, delayed uptake effects). The analysis of the various instalments of the reading task in the corpus allows for the comparison of how, over time, the same (controlled) speech material is produced by the NNS following their NS partner's CF provision (comparison between the first and second reading in Session 1, and the final reading in Session 2). However, our experimental protocol does not permit the application of this systematic longitudinal comparison to the semi-spontaneous (uncontrolled) speech data (Games 1 and 2). Indeed, the re-occurrence of any problematic language issue at different points in time was only incidental and this un-systematicity prevents any quantitative analysis of the temporal aspect of uptake in this portion of the corpus.
Exploring Learners' Tales of Success and Failure through their Written Questionnaires Upon finishing recording Session 2, all tandem participants completed two written questionnaires (see the English version in the Appendix). The general questionnaire aimed at eliciting introspective declarative data on the learners' impressions about their tandem experience in general (benefits, corrective feedback practices and preferences, self-assessed progress). The second questionnaire focused on their representations of phonetic issues related to their tandem practice (attitudes towards and communicative impact of foreign accent, phonetic development, etc. ). In the general questionnaire, questions 15 and 16 (quoted in full in the Appendix) will be of particular interest when exploring the participants' representations of success and failure in their L2 acquisition through tandem practice.
Through the techno-functional analysis of sickles coming from the Neolithic site of Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (Fig 1 ), we present data about harvesting activities and the expansion of cereal agriculture in the Northeastern Iranian Central Plateau. Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq has an early and long occupation sequence, ca. 1500 years, from the eighth to the late sixth millennium BCE  [74, 90, 91]. To date, the extensive excavations carried out in the 1970s by the Japanese archaeological team from the Tokyo University of Education provided the most comprehensive dataset for studying the establishment and spread of farming life in the region  [90, 92]. Furthermore, Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq is also one of the only known Neolithic sites in the area with reliable evidence of carpological remains  [74, 93]  and represents a unique opportunity to explore the current research question about the harvesting technology in an early agro-pastoral community outside the "core area" of the Eastern Fertile Crescent.
Techno-functional analysis of sickle blades and usewear methods Macrowear and microwear analysis of sickle blades was conducted to collect specific data about ancient harvesting methods. The intensity of sickle use, modes of uses, and hafting techniques were documented. Experimental studies have demonstrated how cutting siliceous plants (e. g. , cereals, various types of grass, and reeds) produces characteristic usewear traces on the flint tools, namely a microwear gloss along both faces of the active edge  [101]. The selection of glossy tools was carried out using a Perfex Science binocular magnifier (up to 45x magnification). At these lower magnifications, all types of glossy surfaces, even the most marginal ones, can be identified. Before proceeding with the analyses, the archaeological toolsand experimental ones used as a reference collection -were cleaned with soapy water.
05%) was not considered, and the non-measured points were later filled. The 3D images generated by the confocal microscope were processed using the Mountain 7 software from Digital Surf to extract ISO 25178 parameters of texture measurement. Subsamples of 200×200 μm, with homogeneous and well-developed micropolish without irregularities caused by the natural surface of the flint, were taken from the 650×500 μm large areas resulting in a minimum of 15 subareas for each tool. Several leveling operators and spatial filtering available in the software were used to correct the horizontality of the surface and isolate the roughness component of the micropolish from the source surface. The statistical analysis has been performed with SPSS, building predictive models for archaeological glossed tools through the quadratic discriminant analysis of experimental groups.
Quadratic discriminant analysis running with SPSS software was used to compare the 3D scans obtained from the archaeological assemblages that have been classified as cereal harvesting implements in the first test. Two predictors that had been already successfully tested in  Mazzucco et al. 2022  to discriminate between low-and high-height cutting experiments were used: Smc (inverse areal material ratio) and Sxp (peak extreme height). Significant mean differences (Wilks' Lambda <0,001) were observed for both predictors and for the discriminant function. Using these parameters, 90% of the 3D samples were correctly classified (Table  5 ).
Acknowledgments We are extremely grateful to all the researchers and institutions involved in this research who granted access to the lithic assemblage from  Tappeh Sang-e   Chakhmaq. The usewear analysis was conducted under the supervision of  Prof. A. Tsunaki  at the  Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba , in the framework of the  JSPS  postdoctoral project " From Tools to People: Early Neolithic Farming Societies in Southwest Asia  (8th-6th mill. cal BCE". The confocal analysis was carried out at the  Milay Fontanals Institute (CSIC) in Barcelona (Spain)  in the framework of the  MSCA ObsTrade  project. We gratefully acknowledge  Dr. O. Maeda  ( Tsukuba University ) for his guidance during our research stay at the  University of Tsukuba (Japan).
The use-wear analysis was conducted under the supervision of  Prof. A. Tsunaki  at the  Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba  in the framework of the postdoctoral project " From Tools to People: Early Neolithic Farming Societies in Southwest Asia  (8th-6th mill. cal BC", funded by the  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  ( JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship  -Standard  2019  to FP) and a financial support of the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 5133-CNRS , internal funding to FP). The confocal analysis was carried out at the  Milay Fontanals Institute (CSIC) in Barcelona (Spain)  in the framework of the EU-funded  ObsTrade  project ( H2020   Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions ,  101032910  to FP). We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the  CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative  through its  Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).
(See References). Lays out the view that humans should be equipped with cognitive mechanisms whose function is to evaluate information communicated by others. Williams, D. (2018). Hierarchical Bayesian models of delusion. Consciousness and Cognition, 61, 129-147. An accessible critique of the predictive coding/computational psychiatry approach to delusions. Robert L. Goldstone Editor: Robert L. Goldstone Declaration of Conflicting Interests The author(s) declared that there were no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship or the publication of this article. Funding R. McKay's work is supported by a grant from the NOMIS Foundation ("Collective Delusions: Social Identity and Scientific Misbeliefs"). H. Mercier's work is supported by a grant from the John Templeton Foundation ("An Evolutionary and Cultural Perspective on Intellectual Humility") and by two ANR grants, to FrontCog (ANR-17-EURE-0017) and to PSL (ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02).
Acknowledgments: This research was financed by research strand 3 " Typology and dynamics of linguistic systems" of the LABEX EFL (Empirical Foundations of Linguistics) (Investissements d'Avenir ,  ANR-10-LABX-0083/CGI ). It is part of  IdEx Paris University  ( ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ). I wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their thought-provoking questions and remarks.
Two spectra were obtained for each point in order to increase the detection threshold of light elements. For heavy elements, voltage was set at 45 kV and the current was fixed at 15 µA. The spectral information was acquired during 60 s using a Ti 25 µm-Al 300 µm filter. The instrumental parameters for the detection of light elements (Z < 25) were lower voltage (13 kV), higher current (40 µA) and longer acquisition time (120 s). The spectra were acquired and analyzed using the following software: Bruker Remote Control, Bruker Instrument Tools, Spectra EDX Launcher and Artax 8. 0. 0. 476. Three randomly selected areas were measured directly (double acquisition for light and heavy elements detection) on each sample. Due to the small amount of sample, it was not possible to analyze the historical pigment by HH-EDXRF.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted using the datasets obtained from the single point measurements acquired with both EDXRF spectrometers. For that, R (3. 0) and RStudio (2021. 09. 1) were used. Semi-quantitative data (% w/w normalized) were used to construct the datasets (direct measurements of mineral samples and powdered mineral samples respectively) acquired with the benchtop instrument. A two-step technique that first calculates the sample composition from the net peak intensities was utilized. The resulting XRF spectra were simulated (forward computed) using key parameters based on an estimated sample composition (FP). Standardless FP quantification was applied in this instance. These simulated spectra were then compared with the measured spectra and matched by iterating the sample properties.
No specific corrections were incorporated to the FP method already implemented in the instrument. Hence, the results can only be considered semi-quantitative. The dataset prepared from the spectral information acquired with the handheld instrument includes the counts of each element detected in a spectrum normalized by the total number of counts in the spectrum. Concerning the molecular composition of the cinnabar ores and the pigment, the results obtained using two Raman spectrometers were compared: a portable innoRam™ (B&W Tek, Inc. , Newark, NJ, USA) and an inVia confocal microscope (Renishaw, Gloucestershire, UK). The portable Raman spectrometer employed uses a 785 nm wavelength excitation laser of CleanLaze ® technology. Additionally, it has a CCD detector that is thermoelectrically cooled to -20 • C in order to minimize energy loss and increase dynamic range.
A 4. 0 cm -1 spectral resolution (measured at the 912 nm line) is achieved thanks to double pass optical transmission. The spectra were obtained between 65 and 3000 cm -1. Spectral acquisition was made using the software BWSpec™ version 4. 0215. To determine if the spectral information acquired during the direct measurements of the mineral ores using the portable Raman spectrometer allows discriminating cinnabar minerals depending on their sampling location, canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was performed. For that, the whole spectral range acquired was considered. JMP ® 13. 2. 0 software was used (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). The confocal Raman apparatus is equipped with a CCD detector cooled by the Peltier effect (-70 • C). A Leica DMLM microscope with a choice of long-range lenses (5×, 20×, 50× and 100×) is paired with the spectrometer.
Confocality enables the microscope to achieve its highest lateral resolution. The microscope has a motorized XYZ turntable with X and Y axis position sensors (Renishaw). Three excitation lasers are available: 785, 633, and 532 nm. To be able to compare the results with the spectra acquired with the portable instrument and to avoid any fluorescence problems, the measurements were all carried out with the near-infrared laser (785 nm) with a power source of 350 mW (output power) and around 150 mW (setting at 100% the laser power) on the sample surface The interpretation of the spectra was performed through free databases such as RRUFF  [23]  and the evaluation and processing of the spectra was conducted using the software WiRE 4. 2 (Renishaw) and OMNIC version 7. 2. Ore samples were measured by Raman directly on the specimens and using the isolated powder from the cinnabar veins of the mineral ore.
54060 Å, λCuK α,2 = 1. 54439 Å), secondary graphite monochromator, automatic sample changer, vertical goniometer (Bragg-Brentano geometry), adjustable divergence aperture and PixCel detector. The angular range (2θ) was scanned between 5 • and 70 • , while the operating parameters for the Cu tube were 40 kV and 40 mA. The diffractogram data were processed using the X'pert HighScore Plus program. For the analyses, each of the previously mentioned samples was manually pulverized in an agate mortar. In order to gain knowledge about the morphology of the cinnabar crystals in the mineral ores and in the pigment from Pompeii, an EVO40 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (Carl Zeiss NTS GmbH, Oberkochen, Germany) was used. Moreover, elemental analysis of the samples was also conducted using a X-Max energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK) coupled to the SEM.
Apart from that, the concentrations of Ca and Si are also higher. The increase in the concentration of these three elements is in good agreement with the presence of Egyptian Blue (cuprorivaite, CaCuSi 4 O 10 ), detected by Raman (see Figure  7 ). As Cu is associated to Egyptian Blue, this element was removed from the dataset of the semi-quantitative information obtained by the benchtop EDXRF instrument before PCA. In Figure  9a , the scores and loadings plot obtained is presented. As can be appreciated, El Entredicho differs from Las Cuevas and Almadén according to its elemental composition. As clear differences were noticed in the Hg concentrations, an additional PCA with the data of the cinnabar ores was obtained excluding Hg. As can be observed in Figure  9b , a clearer separation of Almadén and Las Cuevas samples from El Entredicho sample was obtained.
El Entredicho differs from Las Cuevas and Almadén according to its elemental composition. As clear differences were noticed in the Hg concentrations, an additional PCA with the data of the cinnabar ores was obtained excluding Hg. As can be observed in Figure  9b , a clearer separation of Almadén and Las Cuevas samples from El Entredicho sample was obtained. The differences in the elemental composition of Almadén and Las Cuevas samples against El Entredicho are based on the detection of Cr, V, and Ti. In Figure  9c , the scores and loadings plot obtained for the dataset including the measurements conducted on the ores with the HH-EDXRF spectrometer is presented. As can be observed, the conclusions that might be extracted using the data coming from the portable device are the same comparing with the benchtop instrument.
In Figure  9c , the scores and loadings plot obtained for the dataset including the measurements conducted on the ores with the HH-EDXRF spectrometer is presented. As can be observed, the conclusions that might be extracted using the data coming from the portable device are the same comparing with the benchtop instrument. In this case, it was not necessary to consider the exclusion of Hg, maybe due to higher representativeness of the measured points at 8 mm of lateral resolution. As with the benchtop measurements, in this case, the analyses performed with the HH-EDXRF also revealed that Cr is the main element that differentiates El Entredicho from Almadén and Las Cuevas. Even if Ti was identified in the three ores, its proportion is much higher in Almadén (166,000 ± 70,000 normalized counts) and Las Cuevas (185,000 ± 17,000 normalized counts) than in El Entredicho (8900 ± 4000 normalized counts).
Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful for the technical and human support provided by  SGIker (UPV/EHU/ERDF, EU ), more concretely to  Francisco Javier Sangüesa  (General X-ray Service of the  UPV/EHU: Rocks and Minerals ),  Aitor Larrañaga  (General X-ray Service of the  UPV/EHU: Molecules and Materials ), and  Alfredo Sarmiento  ( Coupled Multispectroscopy Singular Laboratory :  Raman-LASPEA ). Francisco Javier Carrasco-Milara  and  Ana Conde  from  Minas de Almadén y Arrayanes S. A  ( MAYASA ) are also thanked for providing the cinnabar minerals and for their collaboration.
Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from  "la Caixa" Foundation  ( Silvia Pérez-Diez ,  ID 100010434 , Fellowship code  LCF/BQ/ES18/11670017 ). This work has been supported by the project  DEMESOS  ( PES21/85 ) funded by the  University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)  and project  CERIBAM  (Grant  PID2020-113198GB-I00  funded by  MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/ 501100011033  and by " ERDF A way of making Europe ", by the  "European Union ".
Acknowledgments The Chez-Pinaud excavation is under the supervision of the  Service Régional d'Archéologie of Nouvelle Aquitaine, Poitiers. We are grateful to the  Conseil Général of the Charente-Maritime  for its support. The field work will not be possible without the major help of the  Communauté de Commune de Haute Saintonge and Jonzac Municipality. We thank the two reviewers whose comments contributed to the improvement of this article.
Conversational dataset We use the ChiCo corpus  (Bodur, Nikolaus, Kassim, Prévot, & Fourtassi, 2021). This corpus consists of video call recordings at home 1 of 10 conversations between children (aged between 6 to 12 years old) interacting with their caregivers (Child-Caregiver condition) and 10 conversations between the same caregivers interacting with other adults (Adult-Caregiver condition). To elicit a balanced exchange between children and caregivers, the conversation takes the form of an intuitive and weakly constrained game where interlocutors try to guess each other's words, giving participants the freedom to talk spontaneously. Each conversation lasted around 15 minutes, for a total of 5 hours and 49 minutes across both conditions. The setup required that interlocutors use different devices and that they communicate from different rooms (if they record from the same house) to avoid issues due to echo.
Characterization of MC and BC MC coding We segment the conversations into "turns", i. e. , when an interlocutor is understood to be taking the MC. We follow research in dialog systems regarding how we define a turn and how we automatically detect it using speech technology  (Skantze, 2021). A turn is defined/approximated as a stretch of speech from one interlocutor without any silence exceeding a certain amount (also known as Inter-Pausal Units, IPUs). We segmented speech into IPUs using the voice activity detector in SPPAS software  (Bigi, 2015). The corpus comes with two separate audios for interlocutors (since each is recorded with a different microphone/computer), which allowed us to segment IPUs for each speaker without having to do speaker diarization or deal with speech overlap issues.
This effort to bring poisonous fishes from th rock shelters was observed in almost every cultural layer of the three Ilin St clear anthropogenic origin of all the fish remains recovered, the continuou Diodontidae in the cultural layers, the effort that carrying these specimens f to the sites would have required, and the repeated burning of the spines, leav that Diodontidae were intentionally caught and returned to the shelters. Table  1. Edibility and toxicity of Japanese porcupine and pufferfish organs after Mas guchi and Arakawa  [56] , and Khora  [57]. For Khora  [57] , only the highest concen have been taken into account. Taxa in bold letters: species present on the Philippi Froese and Pauly  [39]. In light grey: edible parts; in dark grey: nonedible parts; in available. ◌: <10 MU/g tissue; •: 10-100 MU/g tissue; ◎: 100-1000 MU/g tissue; ✖ tissue; -: no data available.
The clear anthropogenic origin of all the fish remains recovered, the continuous presence of Diodontidae in the cultural layers, the effort that carrying these specimens from the shore to the sites would have required, and the repeated burning of the spines, leaves little doubt that Diodontidae were intentionally caught and returned to the shelters. Table  1. Edibility and toxicity of Japanese porcupine and pufferfish organs after Mastuura  [43] , Noguchi and Arakawa  [56] , and Khora  [57]. For Khora  [57] , only the highest concentration of toxin have been taken into account. Taxa in bold letters: species present on the Philippines coasts after Froese and Pauly  [39]. In light grey: edible parts; in dark grey: nonedible parts; in white: no data available. ◌: <10 MU/g tissue; •: 10-100 MU/g tissue; ◎: 100-1000 MU/g tissue; ✖: > 1000 MU/g tissue; -: no data available.
Acknowledgments: We thank the members of the  Mindoro Archaeological Research Team , the  National Museum of the Philippines, and the municipalities and people of San Jose and Magsaysay in Occidental Mindoro. The Ilin Strait explorations and archaeological research were supported by the  University Research Council  and the  Loyola Schools of Ateneo de Manila University , the  University of Western Australia, National Geographic Society ,  POSCO TJ Park Foundation ,  University of the Philippines OVPAA , and the  University of the Philippines Diliman OVCRD. We acknowledge  Helen Yap ,  Michaela Webb , and  Jet Magloyuan  for their information on Diodontidae and Tetraodontidae fishing today in the Mindoro and Samar Provinces. We also thank the  UMR7209 laboratory (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ) and  Philippe Béarez  for giving us access to the fish osteological reference collection they patiently built year after year.
This use for conservation purposes is currently an application under development  [10, 18, 19]. Among the software currently used for rock arts, the "standard" is Photoshop©, produced by the company Adobe©  [2, 3, [20] [21] [22]. Another software appears to be particularly well adapted to the study of rock paintings, because of its processing speed, very low cost and ease to use: DStretch®, a free plugin for ImageJ©, specifically designed in 2005 by Jon Harman  [23, 21]. Ever since it became available  [3] , DStretch® has been widely used over the last 15 years by many rock art archaeologists  [5, [24] [25] [26] [27]  as well as by Learned Societies like the AARS (Association of the Friends of Saharan Rock Art)  [28]. To enhance digital photographs of cave paintings, DStretch® uses a decorrelation algorithm originally developed in 1978 at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, where it was used to improve the contrast of Landsat multispectral images  [29].
This feature presents a severe limitation when attempting to detect remaining painting pigments invisible to the naked eyes. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology may be used for this challenging application by recording hundreds of bands across a wider spectral range (see e. g. [33] ). Those bands are contiguous, narrow and regularly sampled and are not limited to the visible part of the spectrum. HSI provides a well sampled spectral signature at each pixel of the image creating a three-dimensional data cube or hypercube. A frame hypercube is composed by a sequence of images each corresponding to individual spectral bands acquired by the camera (Fig. 1 ). Fig. 1. In a hyperspectral imaging's pushbroom mode, the camera scans the surface line by line and record a full spectrum at each pixel location.