dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
2000)  ver. 2. 3. 3, with a total of 123 reference genotypes: 33 from domestic cats, 24 from wildcats reintroduced in Bavaria, 11 from zoo animals, and 55 from wildcat hair-trapping studies across Germany. Settings were as described in  Steyer et al. (2013). Runs were replicated ten times and averaged using the software Clumpp  (Jakobsson and Rosenberg 2007).
Camera traps were checked every two months. Based on the wildcat pelage characters as described by  Ragni and Possenti (1996)  and  Müller (2011a) , we assigned cat photographs to either 'potential wildcats' or 'domestic cats'. We counted the number of wildcat and domestic cat events, with a cat event defined as all wildcat or domestic cat activities captured in photographs within 5 min per camera trap site. We used all data from all seasons to analyze the habitat of wildcats and domestic cats and to calculate the overall camera-trap capture rates for both subspecies. A day was considered as a trap day when at least one of the two cameras per trap site was functional. We also used the data between September and January from all seasons to determine whether there was a variation in the number of cat events over the years.
To determine the minimum number of photographed individual wildcats in the national park, we used all data from lynx monitoring and data from 19 additional cameratrap sites installed for other purposes. The additional camera trap sites included 16 sites from the annual lynx monitoring that are also operated outside of the season for other monitoring purposes, and three sites with only one infrared camera each (Reconyx HC500, HC600 and RC55) that were installed only for a few days in March 2013 (one camera) and in February and March 2015 (two cameras) for other monitoring purposes (e. g. observing animals at a carcass). Wildcat individuals were identified by two independent observers according to individual coat patterns, such as shape and number of stripes and tail bands  (Ragni and Possenti 1996, Müller 2011b ).
Winter enclosures for red deer encompass a 50-60 ha fenced area with a central feeding place. After the rutting period in October when the first snow falls, deer move into the enclosures. The enclosures are opened in the beginning of May after the flush of ground vegetation, and the animals can again range freely in the park and its surroundings. Because of the fodder in the enclosures, we expected a high rodent abundance there, which in turn could attract cats  (Möst et al. 2015). Elevation and shrub cover were calculated (see  Ewald et al. 2014  for computational details) from full-waveform LiDAR data collected across the national park with a Riegl 680i laser scanner (350 KHz, nominal point density 30-40 points per m², altitude 650 m; collected by Milan Flug GmbH in June 2012;  Latifi et al.
2015). Land-use data for distance to forest edge, distance to residential areas, and distance to winter enclosures were taken from the Authorative Topographic-Cartographic Information System (ATKIS) (Bayerisches Landesamt für Digitalisierung, Breitband und Vermessung) and a mapping of habitat types based on visual interpretation of aerial photographs. GIS analyses were done in ArcGIS 10. 2 (ESRI, Inc. ). We assessed the extent of collinearity between explanatory variables; absolute values of the Pearson correlation coefficient were  0. 6 for all pairs of explanatory variables, which is below the recommended threshold of 0. 7  (Dormann et al. 2013 ). In the analysis, individual camera traps were used as sample units. The number of cat events was summed for wildcats and for domestic cats, separately for days with snow and days without snow, and modeled for each subspecies and snow condition separately.
e. the correlation in the residuals between camera traps is modeled to decline exponentially with the distance between camera traps  (Dormann et al. 2007). For this, all camera traps were assigned to the same group, i. e. there are no separate independent random effects for each camera trap. All analyses were done with R ver. 3. 2. 2 (< www. r-project. org >). GLMMs were fitted with package mgcv ver. 1. 8-7  (Wood 2006).
38 km to residential areas. The domestic cat events farthest from residential areas were at distances of 2. 9 km on days without snow and 2. 58 km on days with snow. Domestic cats were camera trapped at 15 of the 16 sites where wildcats were camera trapped. We found a high variation in domestic cat events between September and January over time (Table  2 ). In total, cameras were active for 31 107 trap days, resulting in 0. 06 wildcat captures/100 trap days and 2. 67 Table  2. Number of cat events between November 2008 and March 2015 used for habitat analysis, trend analysis, and determination of wildcat individuals. Data for habitat analysis were taken from all lynx monitoring seasons, data for trend analysis were taken from all lynxmonitoring seasons between September and January, and data for wildcat individual determination were taken from all lynx-monitoring seasons and additional camera traps.
Acknowledgements -We are very grateful to  Martin Gahbauer  for helpful comments and support with lure stick preparation, site selection and handling of camera traps. We also thank  Horst Burkhardt ,  Hannah Jüngling ,  Fabian Tillmanns  and  Lisa Mühlbauer  for technical assistance. Jürgen Thein ,  Ludek Bufka ,  Wolfgang Scherzinger  and  Werner Kirchner  provided valuable information on the local situation of the wildcat. We thank  Karen A. Brune  for language revision. Genetic analyses were funded through the SAW-2011-SGN-3 grant of the  Leibniz Association.
Data collection Patient demographics, previous medical history and ICU admission diagnosis, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPSII), Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA), Injury Severity Score (ISS) for trauma patients and clinical outcomes were prospectively collected  [19] [20] [21]. In case of sepsis, data on infection sites and on the type of bacteria were also collected. For each patient, blood samples were collected at admission to the ICU to assess total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, leukocyte count, platelets, hematocrits, protein, creatinine and serum lactate. Analyses were performed in the biochemistry laboratory of the hospital. Concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were determined using routine enzymatic methods on a Bayer ADVIA 1650 analyzer, and LDL cholesterol was calculated according to the Friedewald equation.
Zona-free hamster ova were fertilized by transfected or non-transfected sperm to obtain two-cell embryos. Total RNA was extracted from T-and C-sperm-derived embryos, respectively and then subjected to SMART amplification, followed by SSH in both forward (T as tester) and reverse (C as tester) directions to enrich for up-regulated genes (T-C amplicon) or down-regulated genes (C-T amplicon). After T-A cloning and bacterial amplification, the forward and reverse libraries were cloned by PCR to obtain single insert-containing clones that were used for microarray assay. Clones with a fold change value greater than 2 or less than 0. 5 when compared with the average Cy5/Cy3 intensity ratio, the differential expression of which was statistically significant, were selected for sequencing. For the acquired sequences, BLAST was used to search for sequences homologous to human genes in the GenBank nucleotide database.
Microarray hybridization and data analysis Microarray hybridization and data analysis were performed by TaKaRa Biotechnology (Dalian) Co. , Ltd. Briefly, the PCR products for differentially expressed genes from 152 clones, obtained from the subtraction libraries, were purified using 2-propanol precipitation and then spotted in triplicate onto TaKaRa glass slides (TaKaRa) using an Affymetrix Arrayer 417 (TaKaRa). The PCR products from the forward-and reverse-subtracted libraries (2 g each) were labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 fluorescent dyes and separately used to probe the glass slides containing the PCR-amplified cDNA. The slides were hybridized overnight at 65 • C with labeled purified probes. Quality control of the microarray chips was performed according to TaKaRa's method and standard. Array slides were scanned using an Affymetrix 428 Array Scanner (Affymetrix, Buckinghamshire, UK).
Selection of target genes and confirmation of their transcription in embryonic cells For the acquired sequences, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) was used to search for sequences homologous to human genes in the GenBank nucleotide database. Of the sequences, five with statistically significant differential expression were selected as the target genes, and a non-statistically significant sequence without statistical significance of differential expression was selected as a control. The transcriptions of both target and control genes in the two-cell embryos were confirmed using RT-PCR. The extraction and reverse transcription of total RNA was performed using an Ambion Cells-to-cDNATM II Kit (Life Technologies, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. PCR amplification was performed in a 25 l reaction mixture containing cDNA (5 l), premixed Taq polymerase (12.
§2 Identities: the extent to which two nucleotide sequences have the same residues at the same positions in an alignment, often expressed as a percentage  [36]. §3 E value: the Expectation value or Expect value represents the number of different alignments with scores equivalent to or better than S that is expected to occur in a database search by chance. The lower the E value, the more significant the score and the alignment  [36]. * The target genes. ¤The control gene.
Evolutionary relationships between strains were analyzed using the DNA sequences of 1549 single-copy genes of the core genome identified by singlelinkage clustering (E-value ≤ 1e-5 in blastp v2. 2. 26 pairwise proteome comparisons, alignment with amino-acid sequence identity ≥85% and length ≥70% of the shortest sequence). To mitigate the effect of recombination that introduces random and often large number of linked nucleotide differences per diversification event, a whole-genome MLST approach was adopted  (Jolley and Maiden, 2010). Pairwise distances were computed as the fraction of genes where alleles differ between two strains and a tree was then obtained and drawn using the 'nj' and 'plot. phylo' functions of R package 'ape'  (Popescu et al. , 2012).
8e-7) and all 35 strains retrieved from ayu belong to Type-3 (p-value = 0). FIGURE 2 | Genomic organization of the polysaccharide encoding loci. The polysaccharide encoding loci were analyzed using the Microscope platform. Gene conservation was predicted using both homology and synteny criteria. White arrows represent core genome genes (i. e. , genes conserved in the whole genome dataset which deduced proteins display >80% identity over >80% coverage) and colored arrows represent genes belonging to the variable genome (i. e. , genes not conserved in the whole genome dataset).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are very grateful to  Lisbeth Schade Hansen ,  Kári Karbech Mouritsen  and  Catherine Fournel  for very skillful technical assistance; to  Ellen Lorenzen ,  Ruben Avendaño-Herrera ,  Mitsuru Eguchi  for providing bacterial strains and to  Luc Jouneau  and  Sébastien Bridel  for help with statistical analysis. The LABGeM ( CEA/IG/Genoscope & CNRS UMR8030 ) and the  France Génomique National  infrastructure are acknowledged for support within the MicroScope annotation platform.
Acknowledgments LuAG:Ce single crystalline films were grown in a frame of Polish  NCN 2016/21/B/ST8/03200  project. The growth of GGAG:Ce was supported by  European Social Fund 's  Doctoral Studies and Internationalisation Programme DoRa. We thank  Natalia Vasil 'eva and  Stefan Stutz  for scintillator preparation,  Pablo Villanueva  for critical comments and  Zachary Lapin  for help with lasers.
g. the tracking cut in lead is set to 1 cm, while in copper to 1 mm). The generation of nuclear transitions is based on an ad hoc implementation of the G4RadioactiveDecay database, performing a concatenation of the tabulated single isotopes decays to correctly simulate chains of radioactive decays in secular equilibrium taking into account their specific time structures. In the simulation the geometries of the detector, of the cryostat, and of the internal and external shields are reproduced (see Fig. 2 ), namely: the TeO 2 crystals, the copper structure holding the array (i. e. frames and columns), the PTFE supports, the wire trays, the NTD Ge thermistors, the calibration source guiding tubes, the lead support steel bars, the various thermal shields and other cryostat parts, the internal and external lead shields, and the external polyethylene shield.
4 months elapsed from casting of the raw materials to underground storage for all the machined and cleaned CuNOSV components. Requirements were less stringent for OFE copper since this is used in the far region. The activation levels of TeO 2 crystals at the start of CUORE have been estimated based on the results of neutron and proton activation measurements published in  [65]  and  [45]. Estimation of activation levels for CuNOSV follows  [66]  and incorporates the CUORE-0 results. The estimates of the activation levels are given as conservative upper limits, evaluated approximately one year prior to the beginning of CUORE data taking. These are: -< 20 nBq/kg of 110m Ag + 110 Ag (in secular equilibrium with each other) in the TeO 2  [65] ; -< 1 nBq/kg of 60 Co in the TeO 2  [65]. This level of contamination is far below both the HPGe sensitivity and the sensitivity achieved in CUORE-0 (30 µBq/kg  [42] ); -< 35 µBq/kg of 60 Co in the CuNOSV.
Conclusion In this paper the different sources contributing to the CUORE background figure of merit are analyzed in detail. The study exploit the available data on bulk and surface contamination of CUORE construction materials and is based on the final design of the experiment. All possible background sources are investigated by means of accurate dedicated measurements, and using the most sensitive available techniques with realistic experimental setup. A specially developed simulation code allows us to calculate the effects of the various background sources and to compare them with the required experimental sensitivity. A dedicated R&D program (for material selection or improvement of the measurement sensitivity) was initiated each time an experimental result was not consistent with the corresponding design sensitivity.
This fieldwork experience and analysis echo Lissant Bolton's work on objects and bodies in Vanuatu, in which she argues that a focus on 8 Anna Paini, 'Un art des femmes à explorer, le tressage à Lifou', Conférence-ethno, Musée de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, 25 June 2010. 9 The pandanus mats manufactured by Korafe women (PNG) can also be said to create safe spaces for daily family activities such as eating and resting, as well as for ritual moments in ceremonies connected to the life cycle (Gnecchi-Ruscone forthcoming). engendering must not neglect 'the intersection in relationships between gender, status and clothing as an embodiment of difference' (2003a: 120, see also  Bolton 2001 and Bolton 2003b). 10 e can analyse this kind of ethnographic data by stressing the value given to an object that has become scarce.
9 The I asked him to be more specific, and Sahlins told a little story: a few years earlier, he had begun to research a particular genealogy at the National Archives of Fiji. However, when he returned to Suva a couple of years later the material was gone, and he was never able to complete his study. His conclusion? The same might just as easily happen to the tangible or intangible cultural heritage material they are trying to protect now. To me it seemed we were at an impasse. I argued that it is precisely cases like that of the lost genealogy that demand 'cultural mapping' programs, traditional knowledge databases and sui generis legislations. I could tell that Sahlins was genuinely perplexed, as well as unconvinced, but he indulgently allowed the session to come to an end, and we all proceeded to a nearby pizzeria to have lunch.
Instead of allowing lawyer consultants and policymakers to decide these issues through debates based on hot air, achieving what Annelise  Riles (2006: 194)  would call the '"infinity" of consultations', the policymakers introduced the idea of first having in place an ad hoc, Fijian language database of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture, shifting the focus from economy to social capital. In 2004, the Institute of Fijian Language and Culture (recently renamed iTaukei Institute of Language and Culture) 18 launched the ambitious Na ituvatuva ni kilaka itaukei kei na kena matanataki, the national inventory of indigenous Fijian traditional knowledge and expressions of culture currently referred to as the Cultural Mapping Programme. From its inception, cultural mapping 17 According to Article 34 of the Convention, it entered into force on 20 April 2006 for those States that had deposited their respective instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession on or before 20 January 2006.
Designed as a collaborative process involving face-to-face, culturally protocolled dialogues and interviews between stakeholders and trained indigenous Fijian researchers, the project, regardless of Fiji's political turmoil, remained on track. With over 1,700 villages visited, and all but one of Fiji's 14 provinces culturally mapped, the iTaukei Institute of Language and Culture research teams are now in the process of returning to the first province mapped, Namosi, to update information gathered in the last 10 years. Carried out in three phases-'pilot tests', 'focal collection of cultural data' and the 'assessment and input of final data'-the Cultural Mapping Programme initially planned to complete the project in three years  (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007). In the meantime, according to the Institute's former director, Pita Tagicakirewa, nine more years have been added for the 'refinement of data collection methodologies, the improvement in digital equipment use and storage of data, the digitisation of archived materials, the recruitment of additional field officers, the refresher training programs and the improvement of the Fijian language database of Traditional Designated in Fijian as na ituvatuva ni kilaka itaukei kei na kena matanataki, the national inventory project envisages the diverse traditional knowledge and cultural expressions that explicitly exists within the culture of the iTaukei (native Fijians).
Vanuatu, the first Pacific Island nation to complete its 'cultural mapping', adopted a trilingual database for the Vanuatu Kaljoral Senta (Vanuatu Cultural Centre) (see  Geismar and Mohns 2011). Warning us against being taken in by 'surface appearances', Gray emphasises how cultural policy does not operate in splendid isolation from broader societal pressures  (2007: 205). Cultural policies are the result of conscious choices made by political actors. Andrew Arno observes that 'policy and rule are a linked discursive pair, and neither makes sense without the other  ' (2009: 153). Fijian policymakers realised the necessity of a policy to inform the legislative drafting process after setting up a body of self-contained rules and formulating some amendments based on the suggestions of international consultants, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community's guidelines, Panama's legislation on collective rights of indigenous communities and the Peruvian laws protecting the collective knowledge of indigenous peoples.
Clearly emerging from the spirit of the policy are the vital role of customary law and protocols and their complex relationship with intellectual property rights and existing regulations (i. e. copyrights, trademarks, patents, designs and geographical indications) and, ultimately, with the Cultural Mapping Programme and related database, which are aimed at identifying the small communities that may be the holders of traditional knowledge or stewards of heritage sites  (Pigliasco 2011). Meeting all the goals that are proposed in the Draft Cultural Policy, in particular those aimed at establishing a viable framework for the use of traditional knowledge and expressions of culture in Fiji, will be, obviously, quite challenging. As of 2013, the Draft Cultural Policy indicated a mandatory connection with customary law and protocols as well as national policies and laws on copyright and related matters.
26   In this sense, the Fijian language database of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture becomes an arm of the Draft Cultural Policy and subsequent Draft Legislation. The database's information will be needed to enforce and expand the protection of intellectual property rights, arrange benefit-sharing among the traditional custodian communities, and control access to the traditional knowledge and expressions of culture in the cultural database itself by both research and educational institutions, as well as by private sector entities. While the Database of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Culture and the application of customary law and practices remains a priority of the Draft Cultural Policy, the development of a sui generis legislation to protect traditional knowledge and expressions of culture still represents one of its major objectives and obstacles.
A delicate point will be the relationship of the Draft Legislation with existing intellectual property 26 In January 2005, the iTaukei Institute of Language and Culture (formerly, Institute of Fijian Language and Culture) supported the A ituvatuva ni vakadidike e sawau (the Sawau Project), a multimedia DVD project narrated by the Sawau people of Beqa  (Hennessy 2009; Pigliasco 2009a; Pigliasco and Colatanavanua 2005) , within the pilot project's part of Fiji's Cultural Mapping Programme, and Cultural Mapping Traditional Knowledge Database and Server, which was officially launched in May 2005. rights to ensure consistency and complementarity with them. 27 According to von Lewinski, commenting about the Model Law, this is 'nothing new'. These overlaps are expected: where an existing intellectual property right applies in an individual case, the specific folklore protection may apply cumulatively.
and inspiring is the perspective developed in New Caledonia which considers the Kanak objects stored abroad as ambassadors of Kanak culture. In the 1980s, at the bequest of Jean-Marie Tjibaou, French anthropologist Roger Boulay undertook an extensive project to locate the Kanak collections in Europe and metropolitan France. The aim was not to carry out an exhaustive inventory of what is known as 'dispersed Kanak heritage' but to build a database of the major museums holding Kanak December of the same year. 8Inorderto prepare for the temporary return of dispersed heritage to New Caledonia, Roger Boulay and Emmanuel Kasarhérou, the exhibition curators, undertook a series of visits to different communities so that they could not only explain the exhibition aims and contents, but also understand people's expectations and anticipate their reactions.
Acknowledgements Acknowledgements This derives from the opening keynote lecture for the European Society for Oceanists' biennial conference held in Verona, Italy  10-12 July 2008. My heartfelt thanks to  Anna Paini  and  Elisabetta Gnecchi-Ruscone  for their welcome invitation to deliver this in Verona and for their hard work in translation for the Italian version published in Paini and Gnecchi-Ruscone 2011. In editing that spoken lecture I have tried to retain some of the.