dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
2015)  and from  Davies et al. (2017). The geometry of the three slabs was initially derived from the European Database of Seismogenic Faults (EDSF;  Basili et al. 2013 ) and then modified according to newer data where available. In particular, the Calabrian Arc is replaced by the more recent model by  Maesano et al. (2017)  which is derived from the interpretation of a dense network of seismic reflection profiles integrated with the analysis of the seismicity distribution with depth. The Hellenic Arc is the same as that in the EDSF, but we verified its consistency with recent works by  Sodoudi et al. (2015)  and  Sachpazi et al. (2016). The Cyprus Arc was slightly modified in consideration of the results of recent works  (Bakirci et al. 2012; Salau ¨n et al. 2012; Howell et al. 2017; Sellier et al.
Seismic inversion catalogs (e. g. , SRCMOD; USGS and others;  Mai and Thingbaijam 2014; Ye et al. 2016 ) could be used to build ''datadriven'' SWF n as a basis for stochastic slip distributions  (Mai and Beroza 2002; Goda et al. 2014). Finally, further consistency testing, such as with mareographic and runup tsunami data  (Davies and Griffin 2018) , would be also desirable. We also point out that given the, on the average, limited sea depths in the Mediterranean and the relatively short distances and propagation times, the dispersion may be considered perhaps negligible (e. g. Glimsdal et al. 2013). Hence, the results produced by the Tsunami-HySEA code used here may be considered accurate enough. Otherwise, the dispersion would influence the final hazard results, combining with the effects introduced by our depth-dependent model.
Acknowledgements The approach proposed here was used in the computation of a probabilistic tsunami hazard map for the North-East Atlantic, Mediterranean and connected seas (NEAM) area in the framework of the European Project  TSUMAPS-NEAM  (http://www. tsumapsneam. eu/),co-financed by the  European Union Civil Protection Mechanism , Agreement Number:  ECHO/ SUB/2015/718568/PREV26. The authors acknowledge  Tom Parsons  and  Kenneth Ryan , for the fruitful scientific discussions about the topics of this work. The authors also sincerely thank the Editor,  Yuichiro Tanioka , and two anonymous Reviewers for their very useful comments which led to a substantial revision and improvement of this manuscript.
The depth-dependent anisotropic structure of the lithosphere under the Borborema Province of northeast Brazil has been investigated through harmonic stripping of receiver functions developed at 39 stations in the region. This method retrieves the first (k=1) and second (k=2) degree harmonics of a receiver function dataset, which characterize seismic anisotropy beneath a seismic station. Anisotropic fabrics are in turn directly related to the deformation of the lithosphere from past and current tectonic processes. Our results reveal the presence of anisotropy within the crust and the lithospheric mantle throughout the entire Province, with the exception of a few stations in the continental interior that lack evidence for any anisotropic signatures. Most stations in the continental interior report consistent anisotropic orientations in the crust and lithospheric mantle, suggesting a dominant NE-SW pervasive deformation along lithospheric-scale shear zones developed during the Brasiliano-Pan African orogeny.
Seismic data Seismic data for this study were obtained at 75 seismic stations in northeast Brazil. These stations belong to a variety of seismic networks, both permanent and temporary. The Rede Sismográfica do Nordeste (RSISNE) consists of 19 broadband stations equipped with RefTek 151-120 sensors feeding RT-130 digitizers (24-bit) sampling at 100 Hz, with an inter-station spacing of about 250 km and a network aperture of ∼800 km. The RSISNE network has been in operation since 2011 and was initially funded by the national oil company Petrobras. The Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Tectônicos (INCT-ET) network, consists of 7 broadband stations and 22 short-period stations. The broadband stations were arranged along an approximately 1000 km-long line with interstation spacing of about 100 km.
They were equipped with STS-2. 5 Streckheisen sensors and Q330 data loggers (24-bit) sampling at 100 Hz. The 22 short-period stations were equipped with L4A-3D Sercel sensors (2 Hz cut-off frequency) and 24-bit RT-130 digitizers sampling at 100 Hz. They were in operations between 2011 and 2012 and recorded continuously between 6 months and 1. 5 years. The INCT-ET network was funded by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Up to 6 broadband stations operated during 2007-2009 under the Institutos do Milênio project. These stations were equipped with KS2000 Geotech sensors and Geotech digitizers sampling continuously at 100 Hz. They recorded continuously for periods ranging from 6 months to 2 years, with two of them still in operation. This network was also funded by CNPq.
Receiver function processing and migration Receiver functions were computed for the 75 stations making the combined network for northeast Brazil. Most of the receiver function estimates were developed by  Luz et al. (2015a)  in order to investigate lateral variations in crustal thickness and bulk Vp/Vs ratio across the Borborema Province. This dataset was later utilized by  Almeida et al. (2015)  to study the crustal architecture of the region from receiver function Common Conversion Point (CCP) stacks. We developed 1400 new receiver The receiver function approach aims at retrieving P-to-S converted phases within the coda of teleseismic P waves that result from the interaction of the teleseismic P-wavefront with crustal and upper mantle discontinuities under the recording station  (Langston, 1979 (Langston, , 1977) )  in order to produce estimates of the depth of the discontinuities.
Acknowledgements. Data used for this study were acquired due to funding from the  national oil company Petrobras  and the  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). GL was supported by a 1-year scholarship from the  Programa Nacional de Pósdoutorado da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (PNPD/CAPES). This work was also supported by the  "Laboratoire d'Excellence" LabexMer  ( ANR-10-LABX-19 ) and co-funded by a grant from the  French government  under the program " Investissements d'Avenir ", and by a grant from the  Regional Council of Brittany  (SAD programme). JJ thanks the  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)  for his research fellowship ( CNPq , process no  304421/2015-4 ). We used the open-source toolbox GMT v.
S1a, c ), but another student (student B, girl, 14 years old) is usually responsible for household cooking using solid fuels (wood) (Fig. S1d ). Two motorcycle drivers (driver A and B) at MT work for a local motorcycle operation company whose working time is usually from 06:30 to 10:30, 12:00 to 17:00 and 18:30 to 21:00 UTC. They were on the road almost all the working hours and returned home for meals. They did not participate in any cooking at home (energy source for cooking is charcoal) (Fig. S1a ). In order to verify the comparability of PE samples and data caused by nonidentical sampling devices, 10 pairs of PM 2. 5 samples were synchronously collected by two sets of actual PEMs with SKC pumps. The comparison results show a significant correlation between the PM 2. 5 mass concentrations obtained from two sampling devices (y = 0.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank all the personal exposure sampling participants who helped a lot in this study. Financial support. This research has been supported by the  Natural Science Foundation of China  (grant no. 41503096  and  41877376 ), the  European Union   Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement no. 603502  ( EU  project  DACCIWA: Dynamics-aerosol-chemistry-cloud interactions in West Africa ), the open fund of the  Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control  (grant no. KHK1712 ), a project funded by the  Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)  and the open fund of the  State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS  (grant no.
Accuracy and precision per element, per standard are reported in Table  1. In total, 441 chambers were measured; 142 ablations on 59 specimens for a temperature of 21. 2 • C, 189 ablations on 63 specimens for 26. 3 • C and 110 ablations on 42 specimens for T = 29. 5 • C. Element concentrations were calculated by integrating individual laser-ablation profiles using an adapted version of the data reduction software SILLS (Signal Integration for Laboratory Laser Systems;  Guillong et al. , 2008)  package for MATLAB  (Geerken et al. , 2018; van Dijk et al. , 2017b). Profiles were selected to avoid contamination of the outer or inner part of the foraminifera (for examples of profile selection see, e. g. ,  Dueñas-Bohórquez et al. , 2011; Mewes et al. , 2014; van Dijk et al. , 2017c). Average element/Ca (E/Ca) per temperature conditions were calculated We applied a t test to assess if E/Ca is different between temperature conditions using a bilateral test.
S1-S3. All EPMA data were further processed using MATLAB, following similar protocols used by  van Dijk et al. (2017a)  and  Geerken et al. (2018). In summary, pores and resin were excluded from the final maps by excluding areas where Ca levels were below a certain level (mostly around < 10 000 counts). The resulting concentration (level) maps were converted to semiquantitative E/Ca EPMA by applying a calibration based on mineral standards (diopside for Ca, tephroite for Mn, forsterite for Mg, celestine for S and jadeite for Na). We choose to report these ratios as E/Ca EPMA to distinguish this data from quantitative data obtained by, e. g. , LA-Q-ICP-MS and SF-ICP-MS. Mn, Mg, S and Na matrices were divided by the Ca matrix, to allow for a semiquantification of the counts to concentrations to obtain E/Ca EPMA (mmol mol -1 ) maps.
Peak-base analysis Based on 12 peak analyses, A. tepida has both the lowest peak and base values (E/Ca PEAK /E/Ca BASE ) with 4. 9/3. 5  and 2. 1/1. 5 mmol mol -1 for Mg/Ca EPMA and S/Ca EPMA , respectively. For B. marginata we analyzed eight transects, with average peak and base values of 7. 0/4. 1 and 2. 5/1. 5 for Mg/Ca EPMA and S/Ca EPMA , respectively. Based on nine transects, A. lessonii has the highest values for mmol mol -1 both S/Ca EPMA and Mg/Ca EPMA for peak and base, 56. 6/20. 2 and 6. 9/1. 9 mmol mol -1 for Mg/Ca EPMA and S/Ca EPMA , respectively. These data are summarized in Fig. 7  and Table 2. Peak factors of Mg/Ca EPMA and S/Ca EPMA are very similar within the species A. tepida and B. marginata, respectively, between 1. 4× (Mg/Ca EPMA ) and 1. 5× (S/Ca) for A. tepida and 1.
, 2013). Although this explains the lack of a clear temperature effect on S/Ca values, it does not explain the co-regulation of S/Ca and Mg/Ca. Speciation of elements in seawater as a function of carbonate chemistry parameters (e. g. , [CO 2- 3 ] and/or pH) has been proposed as an explanation for the incorporation of Zn and U in foraminiferal calcite  (Djogić and Branica, 1991; Keul et al. , 2013; van Dijk et al. , 2017c). The effect of temperature and pH on the activity or bioavailability of different chemical species of Mg and S in seawater has not been studied so far but can be modeled using the software package PHREEQC  (Parkhurst and Appelo, 1999)  using the insoftware llnl database and standard seawater composition. This allows us to test two different conditions: (A) variable temperature with stable pCO 2 (current atmosphere) and salinity (  35 ) and (B) constant temperature and salinity (25 • C and 35, respectively) and increasing pH and stable alkalinity of 2300 µmol kg -1 seawater (Fig.
Conclusions Systematics in the incorporation of different elements in foraminiferal shells can be used to test calcification models and hence processes involved in precipitation of calcium carbonates. Our dataset, including both hyaline and porcelaneous species of foraminifera with a wide range of shell Mg content, shows a positive relation between Mg and S incorporated in their shells. This correlation can be found on species scale but also between specimens of the same species and on a microscale in the heterogeneous distribution in the shell wall. In contrast, we find no effect of temperature on the S/Ca values of foraminiferal calcite, even though shell Mg/Ca increases. The lack of an observed temperature effect on S/Ca for Amphistegina lessonii might be due to the decrease in activity of sulfate with temperature, counterbalancing the increase in S/Ca due to increasing shell Mg/Ca.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank  Wim Boer  for support with LA-Q-ICP-MS and SF-ICP-MS measurements and both  Tilly Bouten  and  Sergei Matveev  for technical support with the EPMA analysis. Lastly, we thank  Jan-Berend Stuut  for the usage of the Hitachi TM3000 SEM. Financial support. This research has been supported by the  Darwin Centre for Biogeosciences  (project  3020 ), the  Netherlands Earth System Science Center  (grant no. 024. 002. 001 ), the  University Bretagne Loire and Angers Loire Metropole  (grant project  MOXY ), and the  EC2CO-LEFE  and  CNRS  (grant project  MANGA   2D ). Review statement. This paper was edited by  Hiroshi Kitazato  and reviewed by  Guillaume Paris  and one anonymous referee.
Inside the cave: data from the clandestine excavation and SU 2010 Various archeological remains from the clandestine excavation have also allowed considering the existence of assemblages older than the Upper Magdalenian inside the cave. These are scalene microliths, four fork-based points (Fig. 2 , No. 11-13), two of which bear traces of resection, and fragmentary half-round rods of the Isturitz type (Fig. 2 , No. 10). The question that now arises is whether (a) stratified level(s) is/are still in place at the back of the cave with this type of remains. Originally described on the clandestine excavation sections, SU 2010 has been excavated since 2012. Immediately underlying SU 2007, it differs from it by a yellow color and the absence of ferro-manganic deposit. The coarse fraction, less abundant than in SU 2007, consists of large stones and some limestone blocks, often burned.
" Indeed, the highly dissymmetrical profile of the tracing of the tip of the nose as well as the inability to deepen the chest line by passing over exactly the same grove associated to a good mastery of proportions and to a high number of anatomical details would show the work of an experienced engraver but still in apprenticeship. Comparing the horse figuration described here with the regional corpus inevitably leads to the Pyrenean Middle Magdalenian, even though style data do not offer a sufficiently fine resolution to decide between Late Middle Magdalenian and Early Upper Magdalenian. In other words, it is not presently possible to know if the rupture in style is synchronous with the appearance of the forked bases or of the harpoons. The factor analysis carried out by O. Rivero and G. Sauvet (2014)  on a sample of 273 horse figurations from Magdalenian portable art identifies styles that are unevenly distributed over time and space.
Cloud data and trajectory sources We characterize cloud tops using the NWCSAF (EUMET-SAT Satellite Application Facility for Nowcasting) software package  (Derrien and Le Gléau, 2010; Sèze et al. , 2015)  that determines cloud type and cloud top height from geostationary satellites using visible and infrared channels. The 2016 version of the NWCSAF package has been applied to the MSG 1 (Meteosat 8) and Himawari satellites with 15 min sampling for MSG 1 and 20 min sampling for Himawari during June-July-August 2017. MSG 1 is used west of 90 • E and Himawari east of this longitude. The auxiliary temperature profiles are provided from ERA5 at hourly temporal resolution and 32 pressure levels, as well as the altitude and the temperature of the thermal tropopause. The cloud data at full spatial resolution are projected onto a regular grid in the Ful-lAMA domain with spatial resolution 0.
1 • in both longitude and latitude using the closest neighbour method. The data are updated on this grid every 5 min to the most recent satellite data. When a satellite image is missing, the gap is filled by the last image available for this satellite. The NWCSAF package uses an ensemble of retrieval algorithms choosing the best one for each pixel according to a selection tree. See  Bucci et al. (2020)  for a more detailed account of the method. Depending on the retrieval path, the cloud top pressure can be determined among a continuous range or within a set of discrete values. In particular, a small number of single-pixel cloud tops are found at 100 and 70 hPa. We have not filtered these values as they are found at the core of very high and cold systems and are liable to capture overshooting events.
No convective clouds are considered outside of the FullAMA domain. In forward runs, cloud tops are used to initialize trajectories every hour over the period June-July-August 2017 by selecting high clouds in the FullAMA domain. We retain all cloud pixels above 250 hPa within high, very high opaque and thick semi-transparent types as per the NWCSAF classification. For each of the selected cloud pixels, a new trajectory is launched at its top and is integrated forward in time for 2 months. Notice that a large number of mid-level clouds which are associated with heavy monsoon precipitation es-cape this selection. Four separate integrations of 2 months are performed. The first two use the ERA5 dataset and are bounded within the FullAMA domain. In the following, the diabatic version is labelled EAD and the kinematic version is labelled EAZ.
The additional two integrations are performed using the ERA-Interim dataset, and the trajectories are integrated within the global domain. The diabatic version is labelled EID and the kinematic version is labelled EIZ. Overall, 1. 2 billion trajectories are launched during summer 2017. In backward runs, the trajectories are initiated on a 1 • grid at selected potential temperature and are launched every 15 min in the FullAMA domain and every hour in the global domain for July-August-September 2017. The trajectories are integrated backward for up to 2 months when they do not exit the domain. The trajectories are then processed to find encounters with clouds. This is done, for each parcel, from 6-hourly outputs by interpolating the parcel position every 5 min and comparing the parcel pressure with that of the cloud tops from the NWCSAF image at 0.
More generally, the fact that the clouds that contribute to the upward flux in the TTL and in the stratosphere are a small fraction within the upper tail distribution opens the question of the role of small-scale intermittent overshooting convection above the anvils, which is seldom observed by the geostationary satellites. Although the effect was found by  James et al. (2008)  to be small in the Asian monsoon region, this deserves further investigation within the context of Lagrangian studies. Overall, our estimates of the convective impact using highresolution datasets and advanced satellite products essentially corroborate that of  Tissier and Legras (2016) , made with lower-resolution data and less advanced estimates of the high clouds. It is also in good qualitative agreement with  Garny and Randel (2016)  regarding the role of the crossover and with  Orbe et al.
Acknowledgements. We thank  Alexandra Tzella  for pointing out the Gardiner's solution to the exit time problem. Meteorological analysis data were provided by the  European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. ERA-5 trajectory computations were generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information. We also thank the  AERIS Data and Service Centre  for providing access to the MSG 1 and Himawari data as well as to processing resources. The  EUMETSAT NWCSAF  and in particular Hervé le Gléau and  Gaëlle Kerdraon  are thanked for providing access to their software Financial support. This work has been supported by the  Strato-Clim  project of the  European Community Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013 , grant agreement no. 603557 ) as well by the  CEFIPRA  (grant no. 5607-1 ) and the  TTL-Xing  project of the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (grant no.
(2016). Code and data availability. Most of the programs used in this study are freely available and documented under GitHub (https://github. com/bernard-legras/STC/tree/master/STCforw, last access: 1 June 2020) and STC-back with dependencies in https://github. com/bernard. legras/STC/tree/master/pylib (last access: 1 June 2020). This study generated a multi-terabyte ensemble.
The DUACS system produces sea level global and regional maps that serve oceanographic applications, climate forecasting centers, geophysics and biology communities. These maps are constructed from optimal interpolation of altimeter observations and are provided on a global ¼°x ¼° (longitude x latitude) and daily grid resolution framework (1/8°x1/8° longitude x latitude grid for the regional products) through the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). Yet, the dynamical content of these maps is not ensured to have a full ¼° spatial and 1-day resolution, due to the filtering properties of the optimal interpolation. In the present study, we estimate the "effective" spatial and temporal resolutions of the newly reprocessed delayed-time DUACS maps (aka, DUACS-DT2018). Our approach is based on the spectral coherence between maps and independent datasets (along-track and tide gauge observations), which represents the correlation between two sea level signals as a function of wavelength.
The temporal resolution capability of the observations was estimated ~20 days. In the present study, we further investigate the effective resolution of the DUACS-DT gridded products using a cross-spectral approach. The objective of the paper is threefold: 1) to deliver the spatial distribution of the effective resolutions as key information to the users about the quality and the limitations (in term of resolution) of the newly produced DUACS-DT2018 gridded products, 2) to access and compare the spatial and temporal resolution capabilities of the DUACS-DT2018, DUACS-DT2014 and DUACS-DT2010 maps (i. e. , to identify the impact of system upgrades), and 3) to verify the impact of the varying satellite constellation on the effective resolutions of the maps. The paper is organized as follow: the data and method are introduced in section 2.
Input data In the present study, we consider two kinds of data: • Independent dataset: we used two independent (i. e. , not used in the mapping) datasets to evaluate the effective resolutions of the maps: 1) Level 3 SLA from independent 1Hz along-track and 2) the SLA estimated from tide gauges. The along-track SLA are constructed using a procedure similar to Level 3 CMEMS products and are used to estimate the effective spatial resolution. The SLA at tide gauge locations originate from the Global Sea Level • The maps of SLA are constructed using optimal interpolation, based on the a priori statistical knowledge of the field (e. g. , variance, correlation scales, noise). The mapping procedure is based on merging of calibrated multi-satellite altimeter (Level 3) data and follows the same protocol as described by  Pujol et al.