dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Neurosphere size was measured using Zeiss Axiovision (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) software. Spheres with diameters ≥ 30 μm were counted as neurospheres. Results of the neurosphere counts, size, and cell yield were expressed as mean ± SEM and statistical analyses were performed using unpaired t-test or ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparisons post-hoc test in GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software Inc. , La Jolla, CA).
Cells were washed once with PBS, incubated on ice in 1 μg/mL 4', 6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Sigma Aldrich) in PBS containing 0. 1% Triton-X-100 for 30 min, and then subjected to DNA content analysis on an LSRII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ). A minimum of 10,000 cells was analyzed at each time point. Appropriate gating strategies were applied to exclude cell debris and aggregates. Flow cytometry data were analyzed using BD FACS Diva TM (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ) or ModFit TM software (Verity Software House, Topsham, ME).
Louis, MO, diluted at 1:100), which served as a loading control. HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, diluted at 1:2500) and HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, diluted at 1:2500) were used to detect the primary antibodies. The Western Lightning ECL Pro kit (Perkin Elmer, Waltham MA) was used to visualize protein bands. Protein bands were detected and quantified using a Bio-Rad ChemiDoc Imaging System (Hercules, CA) and Lab Pro software (Vernier Software & Technology, Beaverton, OR).
The mice were kept in the escape box for 60 sec and then gently removed and returned to their home cage. Each mouse was trained across 4 trials per day with an inter-trial interval of 12 minutes. On Days 5 and 12, the escape box was removed from the apparatus and the maze was rotated to avoid use of intra-maze cues. Each mouse was introduced to the apparatus as described above for one trial; however, they were allowed to explore the platform for 90 sec after which they were gently removed from the platform and returned to their home cage. Movements throughout the platform were recorded with an aerial camera using the ANY-maze behavioral tracking software (ANY-maze, Wood Dale, IL). The average number of errors, defined as head pokes into any hole other than the target, per trial were recorded for each training day per mouse.
Data Analysis and Statistics Data were imported into Prism 8 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) for statistical analyses using unpaired t-test, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test, or two-way ANOVA followed by either Tukey's or Sidak's multiple comparisons test. For all statistical tests, the significance level was set at α=0. 05. Graphs were produced in Prism 8, BD FACS Diva, or ModFit, and error bars denote standard error of the mean (SEMs).
Funding: This work was supported by grants from the  Leducq Foundation  # 10 CVD 01 , the  Motrice Foundation ,  Inserm ,  Université de Paris ,  Fondation Grace de Monaco  and an additional grant from " Investissement d'Avenir -ANR-11-INBS-0011-" NeurATRIS. These supporting bodies played no role in any aspect of the study design, analysis, interpretation or decision to publish these data. was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
MRI data acquisition and analysis A 3 T MRI system (Siemens Trio, Germany) with a 12-channel head coil was used to acquire the diffusion-weighted images (DWI) of all participants. A single-shot spin-echo echo-planar imaging sequence was applied to collect the DWI data (coverage of the whole brain; TR ¼ 8000 ms; TE ¼89 ms; acquisition matrix ¼ 128 � 128; field of view ¼ 282 � 282 mm 2 ; and slice thickness ¼ 2. 2 mm with no gap). The diffusion sensitizing gradients were applied along 30 noncollinear directions with a b-value of 1000s/mm 2 and one image with a b-value of 0 s/mm 2. The resolution was 2. 2 � 2. 2 � 2. 2 mm 3. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, we repeated the DWI sequence twice. The registration of the raw DWI images and correction for subject motion and geometrical distortions were performed using ExploreDTI software (http://www.
exploredti. com; Leemans and Jones, 2009). The Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear regression was then used to fit the tensor model  (Marquardt, 1963). The fractional anisotropy (FA) was computed based on the eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor  (Basser and Pierpaoli, 1996). The whole-brain tractography was subsequently performed using an interpolated streamline algorithm with a step length of 0. 5 mm and a maximum angle threshold of 35 �. Voxels with an FA below the threshold value of 0. 2 were excluded from the tractography. This initial analysis yielded whole-brain tractography independently from regions-of-interest. Finally, the diffusion tensor maps and tractography data were imported into the TrackVis software tool (http://www. tra ckvis. org; Wedeen et al. , 2008). Tract dissections were performed for each participant's native space using a region-of-interest (ROI) approach.
Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics v. 20 (IBM Corporation, Somers, New York). First, demographics and differences in the FA values of the tracts between the two hemispheres were tested through paired-samples t-tests. Second, partial correlation analyses were used between the early family factors and the FA of the tracts and between the vocabulary growth rate and the FA of the tracts after controlling for age, sex, and whole brain mean FA. Furthermore, to examine the joint influence, particularly the interaction between early family factors and vocabulary development on the property of the tracts, hierarchical linear regression models were performed. FA values of the tracts that had been found in previous analyses to be significantly associated with family factors or vocabulary development were chosen as the dependent variables.
Acknowledgement We thank all the children and their families for their collaboration in this study. We also thank  Zhichao Xia  for his help in the MRI data collection and  Allyson Covello  for the manual correction of the tract dissection. This study was supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 31800934 ,  31271082 ,  31671126 ), the  National Key Basic Research Program of China  ( 2014CB846103 ),  Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission  ( Z151100003915122 ), the  Key Project of Philosophical and Social Science Foundation , ministry of education ( 11JZD041 ), the  Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities  ( 2017XTCX04 ),  General Research Fund of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Research Grants Council  ( 14600818 ), the  Interdiscipline Research Funds of Beijing Normal University , the  Social Science Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission  ( SM201910028008 ), the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-11-BSV4-014-01 ,  ANR-10-LABX-0087 IEC  and  ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* ), the  China Scholarship Council  and the  NSFC-CNRS   Joint Research Project Grant  ( 31611130107 ).
Participants Twenty healthy adults (median age: 27 years, interquartile range [23; 30]; 11 women) (healthy subjects group), eight adult patients with central hypoventilation (CH) (19 years [19-24], 4 women) (CH group), and nine patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring nocturnal non-invasive ventilation (NIV) (66 years [65; 74]; 5 women) (COPD group) were included in this study. The protocol was approved by an ethics committee (Comit é de Protection des personnes Ile de France 6 on 19 October 2016) and was registered in the Clinical Trials. gov registry under number NCT03053011 before inclusion of the first participant. All participants were informed about the study and provided their written consent. Healthy subjects were recruited by word-of-mouth. All of these subjects had a normal respiratory and neurological examination on inclusion.
8 Sleep inertia corresponds to progressive restoration of corticocortical connectivity  9  and depends on individual factors  7, 10  Sleep inertia can be somewhat mitigated by 'cognitive anticipation' before bedtime. Healthy subjects also reported feeling less sleepy upon awakening after having been told that they would be awoken to perform a high-stress task than after having been told that they would be awoken to perform a low-stress task. 11 In the same study, participants displayed better cognitive performance upon awakening in an 'on call' condition (expecting to be awoken during the night) than upon awakening in a control condition. 11 We acknowledge that studying volunteers rather than actual caregivers is among the limitations of the study, and that, therefore, additional data need to be obtained in caregivers.
It seems however reasonable to speculate that sleep inertia would be less marked in caregivers actually responsible for life-saving interventions in response to a ventilator alarm, especially when the expected interventions are clearly defined in a protocol and when the caregivers have been trained in these interventions. Of note, two of our healthy subjects were older than 60; one subject woke up with cognitive arousal in response to the five alarms and the other subject failed to wake up with cognitive arousal only once. We acknowledge that this is not sufficient to rule out the risk that an age-related decrease in sleep quality could negatively influence the awakening performances of the vibrotactile device. Complementary data will need to be obtained in a population of actual caregivers of older age.
Study 3: open study with instrumental quantification and subject questionnaires In this second open study, 53 female subjects aged 40-55 years old were enrolled to apply Peptide-C ampoules on the face and neck for 29 days (half an ampoule twice daily). The main inclusion criteria specifically included having crow's-feet wrinkles of grade ≥ 2 and <5 (on a scale from 0 [no visible crow's-feet wrinkles] to 6 [very visible crow's-feet wrinkles]) with a main crow's-foot wrinkle of at least 2 cm in length that was not crossed by any other wrinkles. The side where the print of the crow's-foot wrinkle was performed was designated by computer-generated randomisation. The efficacy on wrinkles was assessed by instrumental quantification on 40 women using software (Quantirides) and 3D fringe projection analysis (Toposurf 3D) on day 1 (before application of Peptide-C ampoules) and day 30.
Participants and study design Eighteen PCA patients and 29 age-matched healthy subjects without history of neurological or psychiatric diseases (22/7 women/men; mean age = 63. 3 ± 5. 3 years; mean education = 12. 8 ± 2. 3 years; mean Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] = 28. 5 ± 1. 7) participated in this study. Clinical and cognitive data were acquired at the centre National de Référence "Démences Rares", located at the "Institut de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer" (IM2A), in the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris. Medical records of patients clinically diagnosed with PCA were reviewed by a neurologist (R. M. ) and a neuropsychologist (M. M. ) to confirm they met PCA diagnostic criteria. Diagnosis of PCA was mainly based on recently proposed clinical classification  (Crutch et al.
Fat saturation was performed to avoid chemical shift artifacts. All slices were positioned to run parallel to a line that joins the most inferoanterior and inferoposterior parts of the corpus callosum. 2. 2. 1. 2. Structural mri pre-processing. Structural images were preprocessed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) implemented in SPM12 using MATLAB 7. 14. 0. 739 (Mathworks, Natick, MA). The images were segmented into GM and white matter. Affine registered tissue segments were used to create a custom template using the DARTEL (diffeomorphic anatomical registration using exponentiated lie algebra) approach  (Ashburner, 2007). For each participant, the flow fields were calculated during a template creation, which described the transformation from each native GM image to the template. These were then applied to each participant's GM image.
2. 2. 1. 5. Functional brain network construction. Functional connectivity matrices were obtained on the basis of correlation analysis. Mean time series were extracted from each ROI by averaging the signal from all voxels within each region. RS fMRI data were masked with subject's GM map in order to consider only voxels corresponding to GM and avoid the effect of atrophy. Cortical GM was segmented using SPM12, while basal ganglia (i. e. , bilateral caudate, globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus), hippocampus and amygdala maps were obtained using FIRST in FSL. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between the mean time-series of each ROI pair, indicating the level of functional connectivity between regions i and j, was enter into cell c(i,j) of the matrix. Pearson's correlation coefficients were then converted to z-scores using Fisher's r-to-z transformation.
05, SPSS Statistics 21. 0). 1  for further details). The direct comparison between PCA patients and healthy controls was adjusted for age. Abbreviations: HC= healthy controls; PCA= posterior cortical atrophy. 2. 2. 2. 2. Regional functional connectivity analysis. Network Based Statistics (NBS)  (Filippi et al. , 2017; Galantucci et al. , 2017; Zalesky et al. , 2010)  were performed to compare regional functional connectivity network data (in terms of Pearson's correlation coefficients) between groups at the level of significance p<0. 05. The largest (or principal) connected component and the smaller clusters of altered connections, which were not included in the principal connected component  (Filippi et al. , 2017; Galantucci et al. , 2017; Zalesky et al. , 2010)  were studied. A corrected p value was calculated for each component using an age-adjusted permutation analysis (10,000 permutations), as suggested by Zalesky and colleagues  (Zalesky et al.
Acknowledgments The study was supported by the  Philippe Chatrier and France Alzheimer Foundations. R. Migliaccio  has received research supports from  Philippe Chatrier  and  France Alzheimer Foundations. F. Agosta  is Section Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical; has received speaker honoraria from  Biogen Idec ,  Novartis  and  Philips ; and receives or has received research supports from the  Italian Ministry of Health, AriSLA  ( Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA ), and the  European Research Council. S. Basaia , and  C. Cividini  report no disclosures. M. Montembeault has received research supports from  Quebec Bio Imaging Network  and  Fonds de recherche du Québec en Santé. M. O. Habert  has received speaker honoraria from  Lilly ,  GE Healthcare and Piramal. A. Kas  has received speaker honoraria from  GE Healthcare  and  Piramal.
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder characterised by a set of impairments including social communication problems. • The promising accuracy indicated that the sequence-based modeling of fixations and saccades could serve as an applicable basis to this end. • This could open a fruitful avenue for future research of NLP methods for developing diagnostic tools in the autism context or other comparable diagnostic problems. • However, the lack of a benchmark dataset in the ASD literature makes it difficult to objectively compare our results to other ML approaches.
Purpose: Loss of photoreceptors in atrophic age-related macular degeneration results in severe visual impairment, although some peripheral vision is retained. To restore central vision without compromising the residual peripheral field, we developed a wireless photovoltaic retinal implant (PRIMA; Pixium Vision, Paris, France) in which pixels convert images projected from video glasses using near-infrared light into electric current to stimulate the nearby inner retinal neurons. Design: We carried out a first-in-human clinical trial to test the safety and efficacy of the prosthesis in patients with geographic atrophy (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier, NCT03333954). Participants: Five patients with geographic atrophy zone of at least 3 optic disc diameters, no foveal light perception, and best-corrected visual acuity of 20/400 to 20/1000 in the worse-seeing study eye.
Patients The aim of this first-in-human feasibility study of the PRIMA implant (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier, NCT03333954) was to test safety and functionality of this device in 5 patients with AMD. The study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethics committee approval from the Comité de Protection des Personnes Ile de France II and the Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé. Study participants were older than 60 years and had advanced dry AMD with an atrophic zone of at least 3 optic disc diameters and best-corrected visual acuity of 20/400 or worse in the worse-seeing study eye; no foveal light perception (absolute scotoma), but visual perception in the periphery, with preferred retinal locus determined by microperimetry; absence of photoreceptors and presence of the inner retina in the atrophic area as confirmed by OCT; and absence of choroidal neovascularization verified by retinal angiography.
Acknowledgments The authors thank the patients who participated in the study; the  Pixium Vision team  who designed, fabricated, and tested the PRI-MA system; the  Scientific and Medical Advisory Board of Pixium Vision  for its guidance on the clinical trial design; and all the scientific, research and development, medical, and clinical research staff who continue the patient care, rehabilitation, and evaluation. Presented in part at:  American Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois , October 2018;  Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting, Vancouver, Canada , May 2019; and  EURETINA Annual Meeting, Paris, France , September 2019. Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have made the following disclosure(s): D. P. : Consultant e  Pixium Vision, Topcon Medical Laser Systems ,  Kedalion Therapeutics ; Patents and  Royalties e Pixium Vision Y.
L. : Consultant e  Pixium Vision, Bausch & Lomb ; Lecturer e Allergan. S. M-S. :  French state fund LABEX LIFESENSES  [ ANR-10-LABX-65 ];  French state fund IHU FOReSIGHT  [ ANR-18-IAHU-0001 ]. J. A. S. : Equity owner e  Pixium Vision, Gensight Biologics, Sparing Vision, Prophesee, Chronolife ,  Tilak Supported  by  Pixium Vision, Paris, France ; the  Sight Again Project (via Structural R&D Projects for Competitiveness and Investment for the Future funding managed by Bpifrance ); the  National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland  (grant no. :  R01-EY027786  [D. P. ]); the  Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital , which is supported in part by the  National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom ; and the  Clinical Investigation Center at the Quinze-Vingts National Hospital , which is supported in part by the  Inserm-DHOS, France.
Migratory behaviour of GC-P and PGN-P is indistinguishable First, we compared GC-P and PGN-P during their tangential migration in the RMS using two-photon time-lapse imaging on acute brain slices at 5 days post lateral or medial electroporation (Fig. 1D, E ). To increase the number of labelled cells for precise quantitative analyses, we used CRE-mRNA electroporation into R26 tdTomato transgenic mice. This approach allows specific targeting of the ventricular stem cell compartments at higher transfection efficiency  (Bugeon et al. , 2017). Individual cells were manually tracked using Imaris software (Bitplane The instantaneous speed and other migratory parameters of the cells were then derived based on their tracked position at each frame of the time-lapse. Speed profiling of cell bodies (Fig.
52 µm. Z-stack maximum projections were then realized on every time points, and registered for horizontal drifting using the StackReg plugin from ImageJ software. For calcium imaging, single plane time-lapse were acquired every 1 s, for at least 2 minutes. Only movies with low Z drifting were analyzed. Again, movies were registered using the StackReg plugin from ImageJ. All acquisitions were done at least 50 µm below the surface of the slice, to avoid strong slicing artefacts.
Cell tracking and migration analysis Individual cells were manually tracked using Imaris software (Bitplane). Cell positions were then saved in individual excel files for each movie. The parameters of saltatory migration were then analyzed in R. Instantaneous speed at time t was calculated by dividing the distance separating the positions at t-1 and t+1 by two time intervals. A cell was considered as moving when this speed reached 20 µm/h corresponding to a displacement of 1. 3 µm per time frame (for a 5 minutes time interval), a distance sufficient to avoid noisy movements detection. From the speed vector, we could determine phases of active migration and phases of relative immobility (stationary phases). This allowed the calculation of the mean speed of nuclear translocations corresponding to the mean of all speed above 20 µm/h and the percentage of stationary phases which is the percentage of time points with a speed lesser than 20 µm/h.
Calcium imaging analysis All calcium imaging experiments were performed on GCaMP6s/Ai14 mice electroporated with the RNA Cre recombinase. The expression of this calcium sensitive probe in electroporated cells allows the visualization of intracellular calcium fluctuations. Calcium time-lapse movies were averaged over time to obtain cell contours. Averaged images were then segmented to obtain a binary mask that was treated with the "Analyze Particles" methods in ImageJ software. Automatically drawn ROIs (Region Of Interest) were then manually curated to remove lost cells, duplicates or mistakes. The mean intensity of green fluorescence for each ROI was measured over time and saved as text file. A homemade Matlab interface was used to import, filter (with running average) and normalize intensities.
Statistics Statistical analyses were performed using R software and R Commander Package (https://CRAN. R-project. org/package=Rcmdr). Data are presented as boxplots using the ggplot2 package. Non-parametrical Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to assess mean differences between two groups. Levene's test was used to assess equality of variances which were considered statistically different if p<0. 05. For figure  3  and figure  3-1 we used a paired Wilcoxon test. Probability assignment: p > 0. 05 (not significant, ns), 0. 01< p < 0. 05 (*), 0. 001< p < 0. 01 (**) and p < 0. 001 (***). Mean neurite extension length, frequency of neurite extension events, frequency and duration of swelling formations. We found no major differences in neurite length, frequency of neurite extension, frequency of swelling between GC-P and PGN-P.
Acknowledgements The authors thank the Cremer lab,  Jenelle Wallace  and  Dominique Debanne  for critical reading of the manuscript. We are particularly grateful to the local PiCSL-FBI core facility (IBDM,  AMU-Marseille ) supported by the  French National Research Agency  through the  « Investments for the Future' program  ( France-BioImaging ,  ANR-10-INBS-04 ) as well as the IBDM animal facilities. This work was supported by  Fédération pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau (FRC)  to HC,  Agence National pour la Recherche  (grant  ANR-13-BSV4-0013 ),  Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (FRM)  grants  ING20150532361 , to HC and  FDT20160435597  to SB,  Fondation de France (FDF)  grant  FDF70959  to HC.