dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
At DESY, ex-situ X-ray scattering data were collected at 80 °C in a home-built aluminum heating block (see in situ experiments) in rapid acquisition mode, using a 2D Varex 4343RF amorphous silicon detector (2880 × 2880 pixels and 150 × 150 μm pixel size) with a sample to detector distance of 800 mm. During the measurement, the sample stage was placed in a helium filled chamber to avoid air scattering. The incident wavelength of the X-rays was λ = 0. 1220 Å (101. 62 keV). Calibration of the experimental setup was performed using a Ni standard sample. In Situ X-ray Total Scattering Experiments. Samples were prepared in a nitrogen-filled glovebox by mixing the precursors (see ZrO 2 synthesis) in molten tri-n-octylphosphine oxide. The mixture was then transferred to a 3 mm NMR tube and sealed.
The samples were measured using beamline P21. 1 at DESY in Hamburg, Germany. A home-built aluminum block with an NMR tube holder and cartridge heaters was used to establish the reaction environment. The temperature was first ramped to 340 °C followed by a plateau for 2 h with Lakeshore 336 cryogenic temperature controller. The sample stage was placed in a helium-filled chamber to avoid air scattering. The data were continuously collected in rapid acquisition mode using a 2D Varex 4343RF amorphous silicon detector (2880 × 2880 pixels and 150 × 150 μm pixel size) with a sample-to-detector distance of 800 mm and an exposure time of 2 s. The incident wavelength of the X-rays was λ = 0. 1220 Å (101. 62 keV). Calibration of the experimental setup was performed using a Ni standard sample. Analysis of X-ray Total Scattering Data.
Raw 2D data were corrected for geometrical effects and polarization, then azimuthally integrated to produce 1D scattering intensities versus the magnitude of the momentum transfer Q (where Q = 4π sin θ/λ for elastic scattering) using the program Fit2D. The program xPDFsuite with PDFgetX3 was used to perform the background subtraction, further corrections, the normalization to obtain the reduced total scattering structure function F(Q), and Fourier transformation to obtain the pair distribution function (PDF), G(r). 55, 56 The refinement for each data point was carried out using Diffpy-CMI with a dual-phase fit. 57 mall-Angle X-ray Scattering Experiments. The SAXS experiments were performed on the SWING beamline at SOLEIL synchrotron (Saint Aubin, France). The sample to SAXS detector distances was 0.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS J. D. R. , R. P. , and J. P. M. thank the  University of Basel  and the  SNF Eccellenza funding scheme  (Project Number: 194172). S. J. L. B. was supported by the  U. S. National Science Foundation  through Grant  DMREF-1922234. K. M. Ø. J. , J. K. M. , and S. R. C. are grateful to the  Villum Foundation  for financial support through a  Villum Young Investigator Grant  ( VKR00015416 ). Funding from the  Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science  through the  SMART Lighthouse  is gratefully acknowledged. We thank  DANSCATT  (supported by the  Danish Agency for Science and Higher Education ) for support for beamtime travel. S. R. C. received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant  Agreement No.
Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Zenodo at https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 7829202. A preprint of this manuscript is available on ChemRxiv: Pokratath, R. ; Lermusiaux, L. ; Checchia, S. ; Mathew, J. P. ; Cooper, S. R. ; Mathiesen, J. K. ; Landaburu, G. ; Banerjee, S. ; Tao, S. ; Reichholf, N. ; Billinge, S. J. L. ; Abećassis, B. ; Jensen, K. M. Ø. ; De Roo, J. An amorphous phase precedes crystallization; unraveling the colloidal synthesis of zirconium oxide nanocrystals. ChemRxiv, February 10, 2023. DOI: 10. 26434/chemrxiv-2023-9bnjv-v2 (accessed on  April 6, 2023).
Latent heat storage systems (LHSS), using solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs), are attracting growing interest in many applications. The determination of the thermophysical properties of PCMs is crucial for selecting the appropriate material for an LHSS and for predicting the thermal behavior of the PCM. In this context, the thermophysical characterization of four paraffins (RT21, RT27, RT35HC, RT50) at different temperatures, including the solid and liquid phases, is conducted in this investigation. This work is part of a strategic technological brick in the CERTES laboratory of the Paris Est University to build a database for phase change material properties. It contains the measurements of the thermophysical, optical and mechanical properties. It will serve as input for the numerical simulations to study the behavior of PCMs in LHSS.
However, the measurements of paraffin properties in a large temperature range are of great importance for the selection of a suitable paraffin for LHSS. They are also important for the numerical prediction of the thermal behavior of PCMs during heat storage and heat release. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study that investigates the thermophysical characterization of paraffins RT21, RT27, RT35HC and RT50 at different temperatures including the solid and liquid phases. Therefore, the present experimental investigation aims to establish a database of the thermodependency of the properties of these paraffins. This exhaustive dataset will be reliable as input data for numerical simulations of the thermal behavior of paraffins in LHSS given the scarcity of this information in the literature.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) DSC measurements were performed using a power compensation calorimeter  [38, 39]  (Diamond Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with the Pyris software 13. 3. 2 for thermal data analysis. The temperature and power accuracies of this calorimeter are 0. 1 °C and 1%, respectively. The measurements were carried out at heating-cooling rates of 10 °C. min -1 and 0. 2 °C. min -1 under a constant nitrogen rate. Indium (TS-L = 156. 6 °C, ∆HS-L = 28. 61 J. g -1 ) and distilled water (TS-L = 0 °C) were used as standard materials for the temperature and the enthalpy calibration of the calorimeter.  DSC measurements at a heating-cooling rate of 10 °C. min -1 The measurements conducted at a heating-cooling rate of 10 °C. min -1 were used to evaluate the temperatures and latent heats of the melting and solidification of the paraffin waxes, to study their thermal reliabilities under thermal cycles and to measure their specific heat capacities at different temperatures.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) DSC measurements were performed using a power compensation calorimeter  [38, 39]  (Diamond Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with the Pyris software 13. 3. 2 for thermal data analysis. The temperature and power accuracies of this calorimeter are 0. 1 • C and 1%, respectively. The measurements were carried out at heating-cooling rates of 10 • C. min -1 and 0. 2 • C. min -1 under a constant nitrogen rate. Indium (T S-L = 156. 6 • C, ∆H S-L = 28. 61 J. g -1 ) and distilled water (T S-L = 0 • C) were used as standard materials for the temperature and the enthalpy calibration of the calorimeter. • DSC measurements at a heating-cooling rate of 10 • C. min -1   The measurements conducted at a heating-cooling rate of 10 • C. min -1 were used to evaluate the temperatures and latent heats of the melting and solidification of the paraffin waxes, to study their thermal reliabilities under thermal cycles and to measure their specific heat capacities at different temperatures.
Conclusions This study presents an experimental investigation of the thermophysical characterization of four commercial paraffins at different temperatures. It serves as a database for future numerical simulations of the solid-liquid phase change in LHSS. The temperatures and the latent heats of the phase changes were assessed using DSC measurements. The results showed that the latent heats of melting of the paraffins are between 5% and 12% lower than those indicated by Rubitherm. It was revealed also that the melting temperatures and the latent heats decrease with the heating rate. Furthermore, the DSC study under ten thermal cycles showed good reliability of the paraffins. Moreover, the specific heats were measured at different temperatures. The results obtained yielded polynomial equations of thermal dependence of the specific heats.
For the crystalline intermediates, SAED patterns also lead to reticular distances that are consistent with the 6. 5 Å phase already discussed. Because of the crystallite size at 5-8 nm and associated peak broadening, our first attempts to identify a definitive lattice system and possible crystalline structure were inconclusive but work is in progress to derive the exact chemical composition and to stabilize larger crystallites. Noteworthy, hydrothermal synthesis of niobate compounds is known to result in several transient phases and still unidentified polyoxoniobate phases despite careful examination of the available structures in the crystallography databases. [53]  In the following section, the influence of the co-solvent and thermal stability of these crystalline intermediates are further studied to elucidate the crystallization mechanisms of the LiNbO 3 phase.
SAXS measurements were performed with another PANalytical X'Pert 3 powder diffractometer (40 mA, 45 kV) equipped with a copper anode and a 1D Pixel detector. The angular range is set between -0. 11°and 5. 00°for an exposure time of 1 s per step size fixed at 0. 01°. In the data treatment carried out with the EasySAXS interface, the scattering vector q was typically fixed between 0. 07 and 1. 50 nm -1. Spectra were all corrected from the background signal measured from two mylar sheets used as the sample holder containing the gels or powders extracted at various aging times. The scattering intensity I p (q,R) was fitted with the form factor of homogeneous spherical particles of radius R given in Equation (  1 ) 3(sin qR -qR cosqR) (qR)  3  (1) DLS Nano ZS, Malvern Panalytical, Palaiseau, France) was used to qualitatively investigate the first steps of the condensation process after the addition of water in the initial alkoxide solution.
7 s. Each 1D free induction decay had 16k complex points. The diffusion gradients were ramped from 2% to 98% of the maximal gradient field strength of the probe at linear increments to generate 32 increments in the diffusion dimension. DOSY NMR data processing was performed using Bruker Topspin software. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images from a JEOL 2100 HT apparatus operating at 200 kV (JEOL Europe SAS, Croissy Sur Seine, France) were acquired to further estimate the final mean nanocrystal size and size distribution. Size histograms were obtained from the surface analysis of at least 100 nanocrystals by assuming a disk-shaped morphology. SAED patterns and EDS spectra were also recorded to further analyze the structures and chemical compositions of all transient solid species. Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements were performed from a Shimadzu (IRAffinity-1, Shimadzu France, Marne-la-Vallée) spectrometer within the attenuated-total-reflection configuration.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (projects  RACINE ,  ANR-17-CE24-0029-03 , and  DARE ,  ANR-21-CE09-0036-01 ), the  French-Swiss Interreg V program  (project OncoNanoscreen), and the  Swiss National Science Foundation (DARE , grant  200021E_205754 ).
Acknowledgements G. M. and L. M. contributed equally to this work. Sustained support from  MICINN ,  FEDER ,  AGAUR ,  CNRS , the  University Paul Sabatier-Toulouse , and the IRN-HC3A Franco-Catalan action are gratefully acknowledged. Recent research projects and grants include  PID2019-104171RB-I00-, PID2021-128197NA-I00 ,  TED2021-129237B-I00 ,  IDEX UNITI Emergence  project (UFTMIP:  2015-209-CIF-d-DRD-127185 ),  CTP2013-0016  and  CTP2013-Midi-Pyrénées13053026. L. M. and G. M. acknowledge the  UAB  and  MICINN  for PIF and FPU predoctoral grants, respectively. L. F. is indebted to the  Ramón y Cajal Program  ( RYC2018-025394-I  Fellowship) and to the  Royal Society of Chemistry  ( R20-8077  Research Fund). X. S thanks  ICREA  for the ICREA Academia prize 2020.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge  Dr. Miquel Salmeron  ( Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ) for fruitful discussions. We also acknowledge the SOLEIL scientists for the provision of synchrotron radiation facilities at the beamline TEMPO. We thank the  GIST-ESCA research group  ( Ms. Moonjung Jung ,  Mr. Dongwoo Kim ,  Mr. Minsik Seo , and  Mr. Hyunsuk Shin ) for their assistance with AP-XPS experiments. This work was supported by the  National Research Foundation of Korea  ( NRF-2022R1A2C3004242 ,  NRF-2022R1A2C2008448 ,  NRF-2020K1A3A7A09080400 , and  NRF-2019K1A3A1A21030984 ) and the  GIST   Research Institute Grant  funded by the  Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)   2023.
Experimental Section Materials and methods: All the syntheses of complexes 1-3 were carried out under an inert atmosphere, using Schlenk techniques. Solvents were deoxygenated and dried according to standard procedures. 2,2-dialkylpropane-1,3-dithiol,  [113]  complexes [Fe 2 (CO) 6 (μ-pdt R2 )],  [78]  were prepared according to reported procedure. 1 H NMR data of 3 were recorded at room temperature in CDCl 3 on a Bruker AMX 400 spectrometer of the 'Service général des plateformes, Université de Brest' and referenced to SiMe 4. The infrared spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer spectrometer. Chemical analyses were made by the "Service de Microanalyse I. C. S. N. ", Gif sur Yvette (France). Electrochemical measurements were conducted using a PG-STAT 128 N Autolab or a μ-Autolab (type III) electrochemical analyser driven by the GPES software.
All the electrochemical studies were carried out in a conventional three-electrode cell under an inert atmosphere (argon) or CO atmosphere. The preparation and the purification of the supporting electrolyte [NBu 4 ][PF 6 ] were as described previously. [114] The working electrode was a vitreous carbon disk of 0. 3 cm in diameter, polished with alumina prior to use. A platinum wire was used as counter electrode. The reference electrode was an Ag j Ag + electrode, however, all the potentials (text, tables, and figures) are quoted against the (Fc + /Fc) couple; ferrocene was added as an internal standard at the end of the experiments. Crystal data for 3 were collected on an Oxford Diffraction X-Calibur-2 CCD diffractometer, equipped with a jet cooler device and graphite-monochromated MoÀ Kα radiation (λ = 0.
71073 Å). The structure was solved and refined by standard procedures. [115] position Number 2224778 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data are provided free of charge by the joint Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre and Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe Access Structures service. Computational (DFT) details: Geometry optimizations have been carried out with the TURBOMOLE 7. 4. 1 suite of programs. [116] The BP86 functional of the electron density has been used in conjunction with a triple-ζ TZVP basis set,  [117]  in light of the suitability demonstrated by such a computational scheme in previous investigations regarding analogous complexes based on Fe/Ni-thiolate scaffolds. [118] Grimme's D3 corrections have been considered to account for dispersive interactions.
Operating conditions The operating conditions of each cell are listed in the Table  1. The analyses carried out in the following should thus lead us to general conclusions applying in a relatively wide range of operating conditions, and in different geometries of cells. The impedance data were measured in galvanostatic mode, at 0. 5 A cm -2 for cell A and B and at 1 A cm -2 for cell C -except otherwise statedwith a perturbation amplitude of 10 % for frequencies ranging from 10 mHz to 10 kHz, and with 10 data points per decade. Detailed description of operating conditions and measuring procedures is given in previous works  [13, 39, 40].
Acknowledgments This work has received funding from the  European Union 's  EIT Raw Materials  project n •  19247 ,  ALPE : " Advanced Low-Platinum hierarchical Electrocatalysts for low-T fuel cells , as well as from the region  Grand Est , the  European Fund for Economic and Regional Development FEDER , the  French Environmental and Energy Management Agency ADEME  and the  French National Research Agency ANR - projects  LOCALI and   MULTISTABLE  ( ANR-17-CE05-0016  and  ANR-18-CE05-0027 ).
Clinical Trial Status Clinical trials for several anticancer substances derived from marine cyanobacteria and microalgae are underway  [112]. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of the marine peptide-derived drug, brentuximab vedotin (marketed as Adcetris), for the treatment of cancer in 2011  [113]. Enfortumab vedotin, Glembatumumab vedotin, Tisotumab vedotin, and other derivatives in the form of antibody-drug conjugates are in Phase III clinical research, while ABBV-085, ASG-15ME, and AGS-67E are in Phase I of clinical research for various types of malignancies (www. clinicaltrials. gov). Soblidotin (also known as TZT-1027, auristatin PE), a dolastatin 10 derivative, has demonstrated potential in the treatment of human colon cancer and has moved into phase II clinical trials  [114].
[19]  All five hydrides could be localized in the Fourier difference map, allowing for an estimation of the Mo-H bond lengths that range from 1. 56 to 1. 74 Å (averaging 1. 65 Å with 0. 08 Å standard deviation), in line with the reported Mo-H bond lengths for terminal hydrides (a mean value of 1. 665 Å was found from an analysis of the CCDC database using the ConQuest software). Although discussing metal-hydride bond distances obtained from sc-XRD data remains subject to caution, the significant disparity found in those measurements may found a preliminary explanation when examining short contacts found within the structure, since the longest Mo-H bonds interact with C-H ones in the lattice. Addition of benzoic acid (1 equiv. , pKa in THF = 25. 1  [20]  ) to a solution of 1 in C6D6 was monitored by NMR spectroscopy.
The two axial positions are occupied by oxygen atoms from the oxo and bisulfate ligands. A Mo-O bond length of 1. 68 Å is found that is typical of such bonds in phosphine-supported molybdenum complexes (a mean value of 1. 728 Å was found from an analysis of CCDC database using the ConQuest software). The relatively long distance between the molybdenum centre and the bisulfate ligand (2. 187 Å, a value 1. 1 times greater than the sum of the covalent atomic radii of molybdenum and oxygen) suggests a loosely coordinated ligand. Beyond first-row transition metals, and particularly copper,  [32]  κ 1bisulfate ligands are relatively uncommon and are typically poorly coordinated to the metal centre.
1 H, 11 B,  19  F and 31 P NMR spectra were recorded in C6D6 or THF-d8 by using Wilmad quick pressure valve NMR tubes or J. Young high-vacuum valve NMR tubes on a Bruker Avance III 400 spectrometer. Chemical shifts are in parts per million (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane and are referenced to the residual solvent resonances as the internal standard (C6HD5: δ reported = 7. 16 ppm; C4HD7O2: δ reported = 1. 72, 3. 58 for 1 H NMR). 11 B,  19  F and 31 P NMR spectra were calibrated according to the IUPAC recommendation using a unified chemical shift scale based on the proton resonance of tetramethylsilane as primary reference. [33, 34]  Data are reported as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (br = broad, s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, quin = quintet, sext = sextet; m = multiplet), coupling constant (Hz), and integration.
Acknowledgments The authors thank the European Union's  Horizon Europe research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  101070856  ELOBIO for funding. Coutanceau C, Baranton S: Electrochemical conversion of alcohols for hydrogen production: a short overview. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 2016, 5:  388-400 , https://doi. org/10. 1002/wene. 193. The authors provided a comprehensive review of the electrochemical conversion of alcohols for hydrogen production based on analyses of thermodynamics and kinetics aspects.
Crystallographic Study of BaM Samples Manufactured with Different Texturations X-ray diffraction data were processed with HighScore Plus software (Panalytical, UK)  [27]  for phase analysis and Jana2020 for Rietveld analysis. The latter made it possible to examine the purity of the samples and to characterize the stacking of the crystallites. The crystallographic model used comes from the ICSD 259873 CIF file with cell parameters a = b = 5. 8909 Å, c = 23. 1882 Å and space group symmetry P6 3 /mmc. The Rietveld analysis shows that all samples are single-phase (Figure  5 ). When comparing the X-Ray diffraction pattern of all the samples from BaM-0 to BaM-100, it appears that (00l) basal reflections become stronger (Figure  5 ). This is explained by an increasing orientation of the crystallites  [28].
First, the effective permeability of the structure (microstrip line and sample) was calculated from the measured S-parameters using a specially written Matlab code based on the NRW equations  [36]. Then, conformal mapping applied to permeability  [37, 38]  was used to extract the intrinsic permeability of the sample from the effective multilayers structure. Finally, the anisotropy field H K of the hexaferrite was deduced from the resonant frequency determined by the maximum of the imaginary part µ" of the intrinsic permeability. The frequency evolution of µ"(f ) normalized to its maximum is shown in Figure  9. The maximum of µ"(f) occurs for f R = 46. 6 GHz, to which corresponds H K = 1330 kA/m (i. e. , 16. 6 kOe). This result agrees with the value of the anisotropy field H K of BaM ferrites, which is close to 1360 kA/m (i.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the  National Key Research and Development Program of China  (No. 2021YFA1500502  (X. L. )), the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 22102176  (X. L. ) and  21925803 (Y. H. ) ),  CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research  ( YSBR-051 (X. L. ) ), the  Strategic Priority Research Program  of the  Chinese Academy of Sciences  ( XDB36030200 (Y. H. ) ), the  City University of Hong Kong  start-up fund (B. L. ). We thank the BL11B beamline at the  Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF)  and the BL17C beamline at  National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC, Taiwan ) for their help in performing the XAS measurements. We also thank the  Photon Science Center for Carbon Neutrality of CAS  for its support in instrument characterization.
The average area of the pore at each etching time was evaluated using the high-resolution SEM images and ImageJ software  [26, 27]  the public domain image processing program developed by the National Institutes of Health and the LOCI laboratory University of Wisconsin. An example of s SEM image of the nanofoam surface after dealloying as well as its exploitation using ImageJ is shown in Fig. 4. We can clearly notice that the nanofoam forms an interconnected network of ligaments and pores (Fig. 4-a ), but also that image processing (Fig. 4-b ) and SEM image (Fig. 4-a ) images match well.
Acknowledgments This work is part of the project  20FUN04   PrimA -LTD that has received funding from the  EMPIR programme  co-financed by the  Participating States  and from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. This work was done within the C2N micro nanotechnologies platforms and was partly supported by the  RENATECH network  and the  General Council of Essonne. The authors thank  Laetitia Leroy  for PVD deposition,  Sebastian Kempf  and  Joern Beyer  for fruitful discussion in the choice of Au electrolyte.