dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements Thanks are due to  Linda Dhondt  and  Christine Noel  for help with lab work. We are also grateful to the associate editor and to the reviewers for the thoughtful comments that really improved the quality of the manuscript. SW and CT were post-doctoral fellows of the FRS-FNRS during this research and acknowledge its financial support. This is publication no. BRC324  of the  Biodiversity Research Centre of the UCL. MB is part of the  Laboratoire d'Excellence TULIP  ( ANR-10-LABX-41 ) and acknowledges grants from the  ANR  (open call INDHET, 6 th extinction call MOBIGEN). Site access and a permission to study the species in the field and in the lab were granted by the  Ministère de la Région Wallonne.
RNA isolation and real-time RT-PCR Total RNA was isolated from pooled frozen tissues by the method of Chomczynski and Sacchi  (Chomczynski and Sacchi 1978)  using Trizol â (Invitrogen) followed by firststrand cDNA synthesis (QuantiTect Rev. Transcription Kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Real-time q-PCR was performed in a MX3005P thermal cycler (Stratagene, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). The protocol comprised 4 min at 95°C followed by 45 cycles of 95, 58, and 72°C for 30 sec each. Based on the cDNA sequences available at the EMBL database, the specific primer pairs for Cyclophilin, Mstn, Fst, MyoD, Pax-7 were designed by the software primer3 (Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA; http://www-genome. wi. mit. edu/cgi-bin/primer/primer3_www. cgi/) and confirmed by the sequences in the NCBI database (http://www.
ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/). All primers were synthesized by Invitrogen. The primer pairs are listed in Table  1. The data were normalized to the Cyclophilin expression as a reference gene using the DDCt method and the relative expression levels of the genes are reported as the fold induction (  Livak and Schmittgen 2001; Pfaffl 2001; Velders et al. 2012). Real-Time qPCR for Fig. 5A -D was performed according to the SYBR Green â protocol (Applied Biosystems). Total RNA was isolated from frozen muscles after pulverization in liquid nitrogen with the Trizol â (Invitrogen) extraction protocol. Isolated RNA was quantified using the NanoDrop â ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo scientific, Waltham, MA) and cDNA was synthesized using the Thermoscript â RT PCR System (Invitrogen). After cDNA synthesis, Real-Time PCR was performed by using the SYBR Green â PCR Master Mix Protocol (Applied Biosystems, Madrid, Spain) in triplicate on The ECO Real-Time PCR System (Illumina, Little Chesterford, Essex, U.
Histological analysis Transverse sections (7 lm) were cut from the mid belly region of gastrocnemius muscle using a cryostat (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany, CM 1510S) and were then mounted on slides coated with polylysine (Menzel Gl€ aser, Hilden, Germany). Cryo-sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and images acquired with a light microscope (Axiophot, Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Myofiber crosssectional area was determined using the ImageJ 1. 33 program software (National Institute of Health, http://rsb.
The software employed for the correlation process was SeptD  [22]. A set of sub-images was considered to determine the displacement field of a given image with respect to a reference image. Each sub-image is referred to as a "Zone of Interest" (ZOI). A bilinear correlation function was employed to calculate the displacement of the center of a given ZOI between the two images. Correlation parameters were chosen to reach a spatial resolution of 10 pixels, corresponding to 101 mm.
Temperature field measurements Temperature measurements were carried out using a Cedip Jade III-MWIR infrared (IR) camera, featuring a focal plane array of 320 Â 240 pixels and detectors with a wavelength range of 3. 5e5 mm. The Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference reported on the data sheet of the camera is 0. 02 C. The integration time was set to 1500 ms. The same acquisition frequency f a as for the kinematic measurements was chosen: 50 Hz. In fact, each recorded image is the average of two successive images captured at 100 Hz. This procedure enables us to improve the resolution of the measurement. The calibration of the camera detectors was performed using a black body and employing a two-point Non-Uniformity Correction (NUC) procedure. The spatial resolution of the temperature fields is the size of the pixel on the surface of the specimen.
In order to make calculation the Finite Element software is then used in a third step, with the previous material model. Detailed hypotheses to perform the simulation of a rolling wheel on the pavement structure are explained. Results of the simulation are presented in terms of dissipated energy inside the pavement for a 40 ton truck. To give an order of magnitude, an estimation of the fuel consumption excess is given. Different temperature and vehicle speeds are considered. The Time Temperature Superposition Principle has been applied to estimate the dissipated energy at any temperature and vehicle speed. The simulation results show that energy dissipation in bituminous pavement due to the rolling weight of the considered 40 ton truck may induce a fuel consumption excess of a few percent for very unfavourable climatic conditions.
An adapted modelling and finite element (FE) calculations are used and applied to a classical French pavement structure. Beyond the modelling considerations, the objective is to better understand the influence of both vehicle speed and pavement temperature. In this paper a powerful method is proposed to calculate the dissipated viscous energy in pavements due to the viscoelastic behaviour of bituminous materials and then to evaluate resulting fuel consumption excess. Linear behaviour of each bituminous material is first determined experimentally and simulated using previous developed model in University of Lyon, which has already proved its efficiency. This model is implemented in Comsol FE software. Then simulations of a classical French pavement structure are performed to estimate the fuel excess consumption of a 40 t (ton) truck due to viscous dissipation.
viscous energy dissipation in asphalt pavement Finite Element (FE) calculations are performed using COMSOL software considering 3D analysis. The linear visco-elastic model DBN has been implemented in the FE software as described in  Pouget et al. (2010a Pouget et al. ( , 2012a)). This enables to simulate the behaviour of any pavement structures under any rolling load. These developments previously validated for orthotropic steel bridge and mix surfacing structures  (Pouget et al. 2010a (Pouget et al. , 2010b (Pouget et al. , 2012c)) , are applied in this paper on a classical French pavement structure. Stress and strain are evaluated in the pavement structure under a rolling wheel. Energy dissipation is calculated. Temperature and vehicle speed are also considered.
summary and conclusions In this paper the method to evaluate the dissipated energy in a classical French pavement structure due to viscous properties of bituminous constituent materials is developed. The method is divided into three steps that should be followed whatever the materials, the rheological model or the Finite Element software are used. 1. First, a 3D experimental characterization of two typical bituminous materials was carried out. Their linear behaviour, supposed to be isotropic, was completely defined. 2. The DBN model was then calibrated and used, which constitutes the second step of the proposed method. Its ability to simulate the behaviour of each material is shown. This model was implemented in a finite element code allowing for the simulation of a pavement structure composed of the two characterized bituminous materials.
3. In a third step, simulations of a rolling wheel on the pavement structure were performed using the Finite Element software. From these simulations, the dissipated energy for a 40 t truck was estimated. The results were also expressed as an estimated fuel excess consumption. In particular, results show that, for very unfavourable condition, at 63 °C, the dissipated energy may represent up to 5. 5% of the total energy consumed to make the truck moving at a speed of 100 km/h. Yet, at 15 °C (reference mean temperature for pavement design in France) and for the same vehicle speed of 100 km/h, the increase in fuel consumption is limited to 0. 25%. At low temperature (< 15 °C) and at very high temperature the dissipated energy is very low as bituminous material is considered as purely elastic in a first approximation.
RT-PCR assays Our collection of alternative splicing units was derived from the RefSeq database. Sets of primers mapping in the exons flanking all the simple alternative splicing events were designed using Primer3 with default parameters. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol and quantified using a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Inc. Santa Clara, CA, USA). A total of 2 mg of RNA was reverse transcribed using a mix of random hexamers and oligo(dT) and the Omniscript reverse transcriptase (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA) in a final volume of 20 ml. Twenty ng of cDNA were amplified with 0. 2 U/ 10 ml of HotStarTaq DNA Polymerase (Qiagen) in the buffer provided by the manufacturer, and in the presence of the specific primers (IDT) for each splicing unit (at concentrations ranging from 0. 3 to 0. 6 mM) and dNTPs.
A search is presented for the production of new heavy quarks that decay to a Z boson and a third-generation Standard Model quark. In the case of a new charge +2/3 quark (T ), the decay targeted is T → Zt, while the decay targeted for a new charge -1/3 quark (B) is B → Zb. The search is performed with a dataset corresponding to 20. 3 fb -1 of pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV recorded in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Selected events contain a high transverse momentum Z boson candidate reconstructed from a pair of oppositely charged sameflavor leptons (electrons or muons), and are analyzed in two channels defined by the absence or presence of a third lepton. Hadronic jets, in particular those with properties consistent with the decay of a b-hadron, are also required to be present in selected events.
The ATLAS Collaboration Abstract: A search is presented for the production of new heavy quarks that decay to a Z boson and a third-generation Standard Model quark. In the case of a new charge +2/3 quark (T ), the decay targeted is T → Zt, while the decay targeted for a new charge -1/3 quark (B) is B → Zb. The search is performed with a dataset corresponding to 20. 3 fb -1 of pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV recorded in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Selected events contain a high transverse momentum Z boson candidate reconstructed from a pair of oppositely charged same-flavor leptons (electrons or muons), and are analyzed in two channels defined by the absence or presence of a third lepton. Hadronic jets, in particular those with properties consistent with the decay of a b-hadron, are also required to be present in selected events.
Data sample and event preselection The data analyzed in this search were collected with the ATLAS detector between April and December 2012 during LHC pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 20. 3 ± 0. 6 fb -1  [36]. Events recorded by single-electron or single-muon triggers under stable beam conditions and for which all detector subsystems were operational are considered. Single-lepton triggers with different p T thresholds are combined to increase the overall efficiency. The p T thresholds are 24 GeV and 60 GeV for the electron triggers and 24 GeV and 36 GeV for the muon triggers. The lower-threshold triggers include isolation requirements on the candidate leptons, resulting in inefficiencies at higher p T that are recovered by the higher-p T threshold triggers.
The jet reconstruction efficiency was estimated using minimum-bias and dijet events. to be at most 2. 7% for low-p T and at the per mil level for high-p T jets. This uncertainty is taken into account by randomly removing jets in simulated events. A requirement is made on the tracks associated with central jets in order to reduce the contribution of jets that arise from pile-up. The performance of this requirement was compared in data and simulation for Z(→ + -) + 1-jet events, selecting separately events enriched in hard-scatter jets and events enriched in pile-up jets. Simulation correction factors were determined separately for both types. For hard-scatter jets they decrease from ∼ 1. 03 at p T = 25 GeV to ∼ 1. 01 at p T > 50 GeV, while for pile-up jets they are consistent with unity. b-tagging Dedicated performance studies of the b-tagging algorithm have been performed and calibration factors determined  [34, 35].
Conclusions A search for heavy quarks that decay to a Z boson and a third-generation quark has been performed with a dataset corresponding to 20. 3 fb -1 that was collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in pp collisions at √ s = 8 TeV. No evidence for a heavy quark signal is observed when selecting events with topologies sensitive to heavy quarks produced either in pairs via the strong interaction or singly via the electroweak interaction. The results are used to set lower mass limits of 685 GeV and 755 GeV (at 95% CL) on vector like B quarks when assuming the SU (2) singlet and doublet hypotheses, respectively. Likewise, lower mass limits of 655 GeV and 735 GeV (at 95% CL) are obtained for vector-like T quarks when assuming the SU (2) singlet and doublet hypotheses, respectively. Lower mass limits are also derived for all sets of B and T quark branching ratios to third-generation quarks and W , Z, or H bosons.
Acknowledgments We thank  CERN  for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of  ANPCyT , Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia;  ARC, Australia ;  BMWFW  and  FWF , Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus;  CNPq  and  FAPESP, Brazil ;  NSERC ,  NRC  and  CFI ,  Canada ; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS,  MOST  and  NSFC , China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF,  DNSRC  and  Lundbeck Foundation , Denmark; EPLANET,  ERC  and  NSRF ,  European Union ;  IN2P3-CNRS ,  CEA-DSM/IRFU , France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF,  DFG ,  HGF ,  MPG  and  AvH Foundation, Germany ;  GSRT  and  NSRF, Greece ;  ISF, MIN-ERVA, GIF, I-CORE  and  Benoziyo Center , Israel; INFN, Italy;  MEXT  and  JSPS, Japan ; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and  NWO, Netherlands ;  BRF  and  RCN, Norway ;  MNiSW  and  NCN , Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain;  SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ;  SER ,  SNSF  and  Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland ;  NSC, Taiwan ;  TAEK ,.
Multivariate analyses Multivariate analyses were applied to the cyst assemblages in order to extract major patterns in species abundances, and to investigate their spatio-temporal organization according to the various environmental settings of the studied sediment cores. The analyses were conducted using the R Project free software package for statistical computing, version 3. 0. 0 (R Development Core Team, 2008, http://www. r-project. org/) and paleontological statistics software "PAST" (http://folk. uio. no/ohammer/past/) by  Hammer et al. (2001). Since dry bulk density measurements were only conducted in one core (MC 99-1), it was not possible to calculate the species accumulation rates in all cores based on the cyst concentrations. All statistical analyses were therefore conducted using the relative cyst abundances only, i.
We therefore strictly followed the standard procedure according to de Vernal et al. (  2001 ) and Guiot and de Vernal (  2007 ) using one of their most recently validated n = 1207 databases (see the successive steps in the construction of the modern database at http://www. geotop. ca/fr/bases-de-donnees/ dinokystes. html; see also  Radi and de Vernal, 2008; Radi et al. , 2009; Bonnet et al. , 2009)  as summarized as follows: Hydrographic (summer and winter SST and SSS) and annual primary productivity data at 0 m water depth, which were averaged over the period 1900 to 2001  (NODC, 2001) , and 2002 to 2005 (VGP model applied to MODIS chlorophyll data), respectively, were assigned to each of the reference modern sites (i. e. analogues). The sea-surface conditions were reconstructed from the fossil records with regard to the similarity to the modern dinocyst spectra.
In order to determine the best number of analogues to retain with regard to the estimated values and the associated degree of accuracy, we conducted MAT with different numbers of analogues (Table 2). The maximum weight is given for the closest analogue in terms of statistical distance and the associated range of the environmental parameters. Best results for the seasurface parameter reconstructions and the associated errors were achieved using 5 analogues as previously tested with the other databases (see  de Vernal et al. , 2000 de Vernal et al. , , 2001)). This choice was justified after several tests done to determine the best number of analogues according to a compromise regarding the degree of accuracy of estimations (Table  2 ). A minimum number of analogues (3) minimized the error bar on reconstructions but is not statistically robust, whereas a number of analogues > 5 (e.
g. 10) provided an artificially high error bar. Reconstructed values based on the assemblages from the different core locations using 3, 5 and 10 analogues also did not reveal large differences but, in turn, confirmed the use of 5 analogues for the estimation of the sea-surface parameters as a relative mean/compromise. The associated estimated parameters are presented as the weighted averaged values and the related minimum and maximum values, e. g. SST, min. SST and max. SST found in the 5-analogue set (Table  3 ). The accuracy of the approach is assessed by the correlation coefficient between observed and estimated values for each reconstructed parameter when the test is performed on the calibration data set (i. e. the modern database excluding the spectrum to analyse, see  de Vernal et al.
, 2001 de Vernal et al. , , 2005)). This step furthermore provides residual differences between observations and estimates from which is derived the root mean square error (RMSE), equivalent to the standard deviation of these residuals (e. g. de Vernal et al. , 2001 de Vernal et al. , , 2005;; Radi and de Vernal, 2004; Guiot and de Vernal, 2007). Additionally, we tested our data for the risk of autocorrelation by running the MAT with the reference data sets without (1) the identified analogues sites in the Norwegian Sea and (2) sites with the highest recall ratio. The MAT was run using R Project for statistical computing, version 3. 0. 0 (R Development Core Team, 2008, http://www. r-project. org/) and a script developed by J. Guiot in the BIOINDIC package (https://www. eccorev. fr/ spip. php?article389).
We calculated the reconstructions of winter and summer SSTs and SSSs as well as PPs using the original data set of  Radi and de Vernal (2008)  collected in the northern hemisphere of the North Atlantic, Arctic and North Pacific oceans with additional data points (database available from the DINO9 workshop: http://www. geotop. ca/upload/files/babillard/congres_ et_ateliers/Handout%20Dino9-Workshop. pdf), bringing the total number of sites to 1207. With this database, most accurate reconstructions (based on linear regressions of estimated vs. observed data) can be achieved for winter and summer SSTs with R 2 = 0. 95 and RMSEP = 1. 1 • C, and R 2 = 0. 96 and RMSEP = 1. 49 • C, respectively. Summer SSSs similarly reveal a good accuracy with R 2 = 0. 74 and RMSEP = 2. 40 PSU. The lowest accuracy was achieved for winter SSSs with R 2 = 0.
Results of validation test for the reconstructions of the winter and summer sea-surface temperature (SST) parameters, salinity, and primary productivity based on the database comprising 1207 reference sites (see Sect. 3. 4) with 3, 5 and 10 analogues; R 2 is the correlation coefficient between observed and estimated values. The RMSEP (Root Mean Square Error of Prediction) is calculated by dividing the database into calibration and verification data sets. mean refers to the mean of the ranges between the estimated minimum and maximum values.
Acknowledgements. This work is a contribution to the  CASE  initial training network funded by the  European Community 's  7th Framework Programme   FP7 2007/2013 ,  Marie-Curie Actions , under grant agreement no. 238111  (http://caseitn. epoc. ubordeaux1. fr/index. php/home. html). Temperature and salinity data sets from the fjord mooring hydrological stations are provided by the  Trondheim Biological Station of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. We gratefully acknowledge  Bendik Eithun Halgunset  from  Sør-Trøndelag Fylkeskommune ,  Viggo Finset  from  TrønderEnergi Kraft AS , as well as  Arne Jørgen Kjøsnes  and  Eva Klausen  from the  Norwegian Water Resources  and  Energy Directorate  for their cooperation, helpful suggestions and data access. Anne de Vernal (GEOTOP, UQAM)  is gratefully acknowledged for her support, helpful suggestions and reference data.
The visual feedback on movement duration was provided only in the trials where no unexpected change in the force condition was applied (unperturbed trials); in trials where the hand-path was perturbed (by an unexpected diminution of the amplitude of the force-field), the donut remained white regardless of the duration of the movement. The visual feedback was used to induce a FRN, which will be used in the present study for comparison purposes. Therefore, for data analysis, the FRN was calculated using the EEG signal recorded during the unperturbed trials, whereas the ERP related to the kinematic error was computed from the perturbed trials.
In contrast, reducing the force-field amplitude in catch trials to ␣ ϭ 0, 3, or 6 produced usually large, medium, and small kinematics errors. Behavioral data recording and analysis. The angular position and velocity data of the motor resolvers were collected at 1000 Hz. Off-line signals were resampled at 100 Hz then filtered with a second order, zero phase-shift Butterworth filter (cutoff frequency of 10 Hz). Finger position and velocity were calculated from these angular data. Kinematic data were analyzed using MATLAB (MathWorks). All the trials in which the maximum velocity was reached after crossing the outer ring were excluded from the analyses (ϳ5% of the trials). To quantify kinematic errors, we computed the perpendicular deviation (PD) at maximum velocity; that is, the deviation from the straight line that connects the starting position to the donut, measured at peak velocity.
For each participant, electrode locations and nasion and preauricular points were recorded by an infrared camera (Rogue Research). EOG activity was recorded with surface electrodes placed near both outer canthi (saccades) as well as under and above the left orbit (blinks). Electrode impedance was kept Ͻ5 k⍀. EEG preprocessing. Data were cleaned from nonstereotyped artifacts (e. g. , electrode drift or movement artifacts and spurious muscle activity) using the free software ELAN (http://elan. lyon. inserm. fr/; Aguera et al. , 2011). The continuous EEG signals were re-referenced to the average of the mastoids and bandpass filtered between 0. 1 Hz and 30 Hz (Butterworth order 2). First, changes in signal amplitude exceeding 100 V/500 ms were automatically detected. Then data were visually inspected for remaining nonstereotyped artifacts; corresponding channels and signal segments were excluded from further analysis.