dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Main results Our procedures recruited 50 subjects for each of the four treatment cell in a balanced design. All 200 subjects completed the modified MPL experiment, including the terminal buy-back mechanism. There were no drop-outs. Filters for eliminating subjects who declared themselves to be following a vegan diet or to have someone with an egg allergy in their household were present, but no subject triggered these filters in our sample. Data from MPL experiments with general population subjects tends to be noisy and deviations from basic axioms of choice are common. A potential source of inconsistency comes from multiple switching behaviors, i. e. subjects can switch back and forth from one option to the other of each binary decision when they move down the price list. Differently from subjects that have a single switching point, or, in other terms, that maintain the same option up to their WTP and then switch to the other option, for multiple switchers their choices do not allow the researcher to infer their true WTP.
While subjects that have a single switching point always constitute the largest share, subjects exhibit considerable status quo bias. For the terminal buy-back mechanism, from where we draw the data for testing Hypotheses 1 and 3, we obtain 123 observations from subjects that were assigned an egg carton with an expiry date on the day of the experiment by the randomized incentive mechanism. 20 If we restrict the sample in the most conservative way by excluding all those subjects that switched multiple times at least once, this leaves us with exactly 100 subjects. These form the basis of the analysis below. Among the 100 subjects, 15 have a strictly non-positive WTP for a carton, highlighting the potential scale of free disposal censoring in the absence of a terminal buy-back mechanism. Unaccounted for, this censoring would bias WTP estimates upwards.
Econometric evidence We complete the analysis of the experiment by drawing on the additional data about subjects' demographic and shopping characteristics that the survey at the outset of the experiment collected. This econometric approach additionally serves as a robustness check on our main results and allows us to formally test for interaction effects. Tables 5-7 report on the econometric results. Table  5  explains WTP for goods with an expiry date on the day of the experiments as a function of the treatment conditions and subjects' demographic characteristics, moving from very parsimonious (only treatment conditions) to increasingly richer specifications. We use two estimation methods: A basic OLS regression on the mid-points of the buy-back intervals and a tobit estimation. The baseline across all methods and specifications is the treatment condition BB/native.
Acknowledgements Authors would like to thank audience at  EAERE2020 ,  IAERE 2020 and NERI 2020 Conferences  for insightful comments and suggestions. Funding from the  University of Rome Tor Vergata -Mission: Sustainability  projects (WDSC, number  E81I18000760005 ) and from the  Heidelberg Center for the Environment  under its  Small Grants Scheme  are gratefully acknowledged.
Methods The data used came from Jean Verdier hospital (located in the Paris area), where the authors are based. The hospital's Obstetrics and Gynecology department has a neonatology unit and an inpatient unit for high-risk pregnancies. Between 01/01/2012 and 31/12/2018, there were a total of 16,598 deliveries in Jean Verdier (Fig. 1 : Flow chart). For the present analysis, only women with a singleton pregnancy and HIP were included. Twins and triplets were excluded to avoid possible biases induced by lower weight gain and a higher risk of complications  [19]. In Jean Verdier, the midwife present at the delivery routinely and prospectively records all data for the woman giving birth. Screening for HIP is performed in the Obstetrics and Gynecology department in accordance with the International Association of Diabetes Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) / World Health organization (WHO) criteria for HIP diagnosis  [20, 21].
Data collected and assessment of vulnerabilities Baseline characteristics included age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status before pregnancy, parity, history of familial diabetes, hypertension, previous HIP, macrosomia or fetal death, and sociodemographic factors. The latter included occupation, self-reported region of origin, healthcare cover, and our three socioeconomic vulnerability indicators (i. e. , psychosocial deprivation, food insecurity, and French language proficiency). Participants selected their region of origin from a list of world regions provided by the study investigator. The decision to collect data on region of origin was based on observed ethnic disparities in maternal and fetal health outcomes  [23]. In France, healthcare is covered by i) social security (standard health insurance, complemented by private health cover for most of the population), ii) universal health protection for low-income persons, iii) complementary universal health protection for the poorest persons (instead of private health cover), and iv) state medical aid for those who are living in France illegally.
Explanatory variables: Care for HIP during pregnancy For the present study, we collected data on two habits (smoking status and fruit and vegetable consumption), and on healthcare during pregnancy. During the dietary survey at HIP care initiation, all women answered the following question "Do you eat fruit and/or vegetables every day?". Data collected on healthcare included gestational weight gain (GWG), insulin therapy (yes or no), the time between their most recent HIP outpatient visit and their first related prescription of insulin (days), the number of consultations with a diabetologist between HIP diagnosis and delivery (number), whether hospitalization was required for uncontrolled diabetes or for pregnancy complications (percentage of women requiring hospitalization, number of hospitalizations for each woman), and hospitalization duration (days).
Statistical analyses We collected all the study data with the help of other physicians, and a research study technician created the database. EC and EV ensured the accuracy of the database contents. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the entire population in terms of sociodemographic parameters, medical history, and glycemic figures. Baseline continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies (percentages). Missing data were not replaced. With regard to French language proficiency level, we created a binary variable: poor combined 'poor' and 'moderate' proficiency, and good reflected 'good' proficiency. Student's t-test was used to compare continuous variables. The Chi-squared or Fisher's-exact test was used for categorical variables, as appropriate.
Strengths and limitations The strengths of our study include a large study sample with three socioeconomic vulnerability indicators to evaluate socioeconomic deprivation (French language proficiency level being investigated for the first time), a multi-ethnic cohort with adjustments being made for confounders, and similar prenatal care provided by specialists, diabetologists and obstetricians to all those included. The study also has several limitations. First, as only women who provided complete data (i. e. , fully completed the EPICES questionnaire, answered the question on food insecurity, and the question on French language proficiency) were included, they differed somewhat from those not included (Additional Table ). Second, as French language proficiency was self-reported instead of using a reading/writing/listening test, social desirability bias cannot be excluded.
Study Population This study examined data from the NHANES dataset collected annually in the US by the National Center for Health Statistics. This ongoing cross-sectional survey aims to assess the nutritional intake and overall health of those living in the US. NHANES data were collected from 1999 to 2010 for participants aged 20 and older. Dietary data were collected by a trained nutritional professional via two separate dietary recalls. An initial 24 h recall was collected during the in-person interview and the second recall was conducted 3-10 days later by telephone. Additionally, participants who reported having cardiovascular disease (n = 668), cancer (n = 511), diabetes (n = 523), or related medication (n = 4788), were excluded from the primary analysis (Figure  S1 ).
The most complex model contained a three-dimensional smooth term that included HEI score, total energy intake, and either enterolactone or enterodiol. Total energy intake was included in the smooth term as an adjustment approach  [28]  while simultaneously allowing for us to explore visual differences at varying energy intakes. A series of models was then designed to sequentially adjust for confounding variables as additive terms. Model one was adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Model two further was adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, including race/ethnicity and education. Model three was the fully adjusted model and further adjusted for lifestyle factors, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, BMI, and physical activity. All models were constructed using the "gam" function of the mgcv package in R statistical software (v.
The following two letters, with the first capitalized, indicate the site ("Es" for Esparros, "Pm" for Pech Merle, "Ch" for Chauvet and "Or" for Aven d'Orgnac Caves, respectively). The capital letter following the site name indicates the location within the site, as given in Fig. 1. Finally, an index indicates the type of measurement ("a" for measurement in air, "r" for measurement at the rock surface). For ex-ample, label TEsA a refers to the temperature measurement in the atmosphere of the Esparros Cave at location A. In this paper, we focus on a subset of the data available at each site ( Table  1  ). The same experimental set-up was used for long-term monitoring in all caves. Temperature was measured using platinum (Pt100) temperature sensors, regularly recalibrated, connected to an AOIP SA32 data logger and, after 2013 in Chauvet and Aven d'Orgnac Caves, to a Campbel Scientific TM CR30 0 0 data logger (USA).
Sampling interval was 15 minutes. The absolute precision of temperature is estimated to be about 0. 05 °C with a relative precision of 0. 01 °C and a sensitivity of 0. 001 °C. At Esparros, Chauvet and Aven d'Orgnac Caves, the atmospheric pressure was measured, with a 15 min sampling interval, using a Druck TM PTX510 model (UK) and, after 2013, with a Vaisala TM PTB110 sensor  (Finland). At the Pech Merle Cave, atmospheric pressure was measured with a BaroLogger TM model 3001 (Solinst, Canada) with a sampling interval of 5 minutes. In addition to the permanent set-up, complementary temperature data were acquired with autonomous SB recorders (with variants SB56, SB39 and SB39 + ) from Seabird TM (USA). Temperature measurement with these SB probes is performed using a high-precision thermistor with an absolute precision better than 10 -3 °C, a relative precision better than 0.
5 × 10 -3 °C and a sensitivity of 10 -4 °C. This probe can accumulate up to 30 0,0 0 0 data points with a sampling interval of 2 minutes. Possible long-term drifts of Pt100 are checked at regular yearly intervals, and corrected for when observed. No drift of SB probes was identified so far. In the present study, we are concerned with time-scales shorter than 20 days and drift artefacts of the sensors are therefore ruled out. At the Esparros Cave (Es), temperature data from several locations were used. The most comprehensive records, starting in 1998, were located in the Aragonite Gallery (point A in Fig. 1 c ), with one temperature TEsA r at rock surface, taken 1 m above ground level, in a 5 × 6 m 2 section corridor, and one temperature TEsA a in the air taken 1 m horizontally away from TEsA r.
Acknowledgements This work contributes to the  IdEx Université de Paris   ANR-18-IDEX-0 0 01. The authors express their gratitude to  Joël Ughetto  and  Stéphane Tocino  at the  Aven d'Orgnac Cave , to  Dominique Baffier ,  Marie Bardisa ,  Charles Chauveau ,  Paulo Rodrigues  and the scientific team coordinated by  Carole Fritz  at the Chauvet Cave, to  Bertrand Defois  and the late  Jean-Luc Zimmermann  at the  Pech Merle Cave , and to  Francis Ferran ,  Danielle Forgue  and  Federica Hanrard  at the  Esparros Cave. The speleological team ( Jean-Pierre Bermond-Gonnet ,  Josiane Dassain  and  Adrien Lorentz ) is thanked for their highly technical assistance to access the remote parts of the  Esparros Cave. François Bourges thanks Eric Mauduit and Pascal Foucher at the DRAC Occitanie Services  and the members of Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Monuments Historiques from the  French Ministry of Culture  for their support over the years.
PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that analyzed data from participants enrolled in the Scleroderma Patient-Centered Intervention Network (SPIN) COVID-19 Cohort. The SPIN COVID-19 Cohort study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the CIUSSS du Centre-Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal. This report was documented in accordance with COSMIN guidelines  (11). See Appendix A for additional members of the SPIN COVID-19 Patient Advisory Team and the SPIN investigators and their affiliations. Participants and procedure. Participants were recruited from the ongoing SPIN Cohort and additionally via social media and patient organization advertisements  (12). The SPIN Cohort includes over 1,800 participants from 47 centers in Canada, the US, the UK, France, Spain, Mexico, and Australia who complete regular 3-month online assessments.
Statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics, including means and SDs for each ULS-6 item and the total, were first calculated (SPSS software, version 27). Cohen's d standardized mean difference effect sizes between English and French ULS-6 total scores were compared with 95% CIs  (19). The magnitude of effect size was interpreted as small (0. 20 ≤ d < 0. 50), medium (0. 50 ≤ d < 0. 80), and large (d ≥ 0. 80). CFA was used to evaluate the previously identified single-factor structure of the ULS-6, following the recommendations of Bentler  (20). The following indicators of good model fit were used: 1) the chi-square test; 2) a comparative fit index (CFI) of >0. 95; 3) a root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of <0. 08; and 4) a standardized root mean residual (SRMR) of <0. 08. The chi-square test was not used as a sole indicator of model fit, given its sensitivity to large sample sizes; therefore, the additional descriptive fit indices were employed, which do not depend on sample size  (20).
After removing surface pollution and oxide, the atomic composition of the various films is quite stable. The XPS spectrum of the sample grown at 720 ○ C is shown in Fig. 2(a). The peaks with binding energies of 75, 397, 401, and 405 eV correspond to Al 2p, N1s, Sc 2p 3/2, and Sc 2p 1/2 , respectively. The relative Sc content in ScAlN was calculated from the Sc2p and Al2p peak areas with the Advantage software, which takes into account the sensitivity factors of each atomic element and corrects the energydependent analysis thickness. The ratio of the normalized areas is then used to determine the relative content of Sc, compared to Al, in the ScAlN film. For all samples except the one grown at 670 ○ C, the relative percentage of Sc is between 15% and 16% [Fig. 2(b) ], and a slight decrease in Sc content is observed as the growth temperature increases.
The scandium contents in the films were defined as the average of the values obtained at different erosion times, t = 50 s, t = 70 s, and t = 100 s for each sample, which exhibits a fluctuation inferior to 1. 5% for each growth temperature. The time necessary for the erosion of the whole ScAlN film is 170 s. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) has been performed on the sample series to accurately determine the barrier thickness. The XRR spectrum for the sample grown at 670 ○ C and the corresponding fit obtained using GenX software are shown in Fig. 2(c ). Within the accuracy of the fitting procedure, the extracted thicknesses are unchanged for the whole studied temperature range [Fig. 2(d) ]. 30  The little influence of the growth temperature on the Sc composition and the layer thickness highlights the stable Al and Sc sticking coefficients in this temperature range, resulting in a ScAlN growth rate of 150 nm/h.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work has been carried out in the framework of the European Project  GaN4AP (Gallium Nitride for Advanced Power Applications). The project has received funding from the  Electronic Component Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking (ECSEL JU) , under Grant Agreement No. 101007310. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program , and  Italy ,  Germany ,  France ,  Poland , the  Czech Republic , and the  Netherlands. It was also supported by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  through the " Investissements d'Avenir" program GaNeX  (Grant No. ANR-11-LABX-0014 ) and the  French technology facility network RENATECH.
which is similar to the continuum model in the preceding section. Viscosity of air usually leads to losses in acoustic systems  42  and can influence the high-quality-factor resonances near the expected BIC points. Therefore, in what follows, we will show and discuss numerical results with and without losses. We simulate the sound wave propagation in the metamaterial shown in Fig. 8 (b) by using the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. A plane-wave radiation condition is applied at the bottom of the model to mimic an incident plane wave. A perfectly matched layer is employed at the top to mimic a semi-infinite transmission region with no reflections  43. All other boundaries are treated as acoustic rigid boundaries  23. The linear acoustic equation in frequency, ∇ ⋅ (∇𝑝 𝜔 (𝐫)) = - 𝜔 2 𝑐 air 2 𝑝 𝜔 (𝐫) (24) is solved with the above specified boundary conditions.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge support by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)  under Germany's  Excellence Strategy via the Excellence Cluster "3D Matter Made to Order " ( EXC-2082/1-390761711 ), by the  Carl Zeiss Foundation  through the " Carl-Zeiss- Foundation -Focus@HEiKA ", by the  Helmholtz program "Materials Systems Engineering ", by the  Alexander von Humboldt Foundation  (Y. C. ), and by the  China Scholarship Council  (K. W. ).
Primary Systemic Treatment Low-grade serous carcinoma shows substantially lower sensitivity to chemotherapy compared with high-grade serous carcinoma. 77  The panelists concurred that the NCCN and European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)-ESGO guidelines represent the currently accepted standard of care for primary systemic treatment of low-grade serous carcinoma. 15 43  However, hormonal therapy is not well defined in the guidelines. Based on available evidence, aromatase inhibitors appear superior to tamoxifen as suggested by retrospective data and the response rates observed in the physician's choice arm of GOG-0281/LOGS (14% with letrozole (n=44) vs 0% with tamoxifen (n=27)). 41 46  The NRG-GY019 study will help clarify whether post-surgery hormonal therapy could be used alone versus chemotherapy plus hormonal therapy maintenance (NCT04095364).
Systemic Therapy at Recurrence Notably, the NCCN guidelines were recently updated to address low-grade serous carcinoma as a separate disease category. 43  Options for recurrent disease include a clinical trial, a MEK inhibitor, dabrafenib+trametinib for BRAF V600E-positive tumors, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy (including platinum-based chemotherapy for patients who have not received prior chemotherapy and either platinum-based or non-platinum chemotherapy in the recurrent setting, with or without bevacizumab), or bevacizumab as a single agent. 43  The best hormonal therapy is unknown. As noted previously, aromatase inhibitors appear superior to tamoxifen (Table  2 ). 41  Clinical trial enrollment should be considered for all patients with recurrent low-grade serous carcinoma. Ongoing phase II trials (Table  3 ) in recurrent low-grade serous carcinoma include GOG-3026, which is evaluating letrozole plus ribociclib (NCT03673124)  99  ; BOUQUET, which is evaluating multiple biomarker-driven treatments (NCT04931342) 100 ; and RAMP 201/ENGOT-ov60/GOG 3052, which is evaluating the novel dual RAF/MEK inhibitor, avutometinib, with or without the novel focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor, defactinib (NCT04625270).
Platinum resistance in ovarian cancer has been historically defined as relapse within 6 months from prior platinum treatment. 15  However, the natural course of low-grade serous carcinoma differs from high-grade serous carcinoma, and a 6-month cut-off is unlikely to be applicable nor driven by susceptibility to platinum. In low-grade serous carcinoma, initial objective response rates to platinum therapy are substantially lower than in high-grade serous carcinoma. 77 115  An exploratory analysis of an AGO meta-database identified objective response rates to first-line platinum-taxane-based chemotherapy of 23% among patients with low-grade serous carcinoma and >1 cm measurable residual disease versus 90% among matched controls with high-grade serous carcinoma (p<0. 001). 77  The panel concluded that response rates to platinum-based chemotherapy are not of sufficient magnitude to qualify patients with low-grade serous carcinoma as having platinum-sensitive disease.
5 mm diameter Lindemann capillaries which rotate perpendicularly to the X-ray beam during the experiments to improve the averaging of the crystallite. The indexing of the X-ray patterns, structure solutions, and Pawley and Rietveld refinements was performed using the Materials Studio Program version 5. 5 (BIOVIA, San Diego, CA, USA)  [55]. Molecular energy minimization with the Forcite module using the Dreiding forcefield available in the Materials Studio Program software has been used to build up rigid body molecules. To solve the structure, rigid molecules of L-menthol and lidocaine were placed in a randomly oriented general position, and through the Powder Solve using the Monte-Carlo approach, both the position and orientation of molecules within the unit lattice were found. After refinement, the reliability factors obtained were not satisfactory.
Indeed, although the space group is centered, the monocrystal data showed that the L-menthol molecule is disordered with two levogyre menthol molecules in the same place. The second molecule was obtained from the first one after two 180-degree rotations (Table  S1 ). The first one was carried out in the mean plane of the molecule and the second in a plane perpendicular to the mean plane of the molecule. This allows the oxygen atom to return to a good position to have an H bond with lidocaine. D-menthol molecules were obtained through the symmetry center of the space group. The ultimate disordered structural solution was obtained employing Rietveld refinement, in which the position and orientation of the molecules, within the rigid-body constraint, with a single overall isotropic displacement parameter, were refined.
The obtained R factors were Rwp = 5. 49% and Rp = 3. 85%. X-ray analyses of single cocrystals were carried out on an FR-X Rigaku diffractometer with a rotating anode at monochromatic Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1. 54184 Å) and a Pixel Hybrid detector HyPix 6000. Data collection and reduction were performed with CrysAlisPro  [56]. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined using the Shelx 2014 suite of programs  [57]  in the integrated WinGX system (University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK)  [58]. The positions of the H atoms were deduced from the coordinates of the non-H atoms and confirmed by Fourier synthesis. The non-H atoms were refined with anisotropic temperature parameters. H atoms were included for structure factor calculations but not refined. The program Mercury CSD version 2. 0 (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK)  [59]  was used for analysis and drawing figures.