dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
We do not disaggregate the parts of MEAT and MIL that are not subjected to TRQs. The information for the product and tariff lines affected by TRQs are obtained from the official WTO MFN tariffs for the benchmark and from the CETA agreement text (European Union, 2017) for the counterfactual, including changes in IQTRs, OQTRs, and TRQ volumes. The AVEs of tariffs for products not affected by TRQs are obtained from the MAcMap-HS6 dataset (2014).
09 5. 64 2. 0 100 Cattle, sheep, goats, 0. 03 0. 56 0. 2 100 0. 02 20. 72 0. 0 100 horses (CTL) Animal products nec 0. 16 1. 09 0. 6 99. 9 0. 37 35. 86 0. 0 95 (OAP) Vegetable oils and 0. 04 0. 10 2. 8 100 0. 18 12. 23 1. 0 99. 9 fats (VOL) Dairy products (MIL) 0. 02 0. 05 38. 7 100 0. 18 29. 57 1. 7 6 Sugar (SGR) 0. 06 0. 70 4. 2 100 0. 01 1. 15 2. 8 100 Food products nec 0. 93 0. 61 16. 1 99 1. 26 8. 97 4. 4 74 (OFD) Beverages and 0. 08 0. 14 2. 2 100 2. 03 43. 05 0. 5 99. 9 tobacco products (B_T) Extraction 5. 02 0. 90 0. 1 100 0. 22 1. 00 0. 1 100 Manufacturing 25. 43 0. 60 1. 0 100 45. 56 11. 32 1. 6 100 Services 21. 33 1. 35 - 36. 37 40. 65 0. 0 - Note: * Meat refers to the aggregate of Meat: cattle, sheep, goats, horse (CMT) and Meat products nec (OMT). Source. GTAP database (GTAP 10, 2014 reference year) for initial trade volume and import tax rates;Jafari et al.
Compositional data In order to confirm that the manufacturing process is consistent and adequate to produce on a commercial scale a product with certain characteristics, the applicant provided qualitative and quantitative data on chemical and microbiological parameters for a number of different batches of the NF formulations, i. e. (a) whole, thermally dried yellow mealworms and (b) powder from whole, thermally dried yellow mealworms. For all parameters, at least three to five batches were analysed. Considering the production process, the Panel considers the two formulations of the NF as representative of each other regarding most of their compositional parameters, excluding microbiological aspects and oxidative status of fats. Grinding increases the surface area of the NF and the possibility of cross-contamination, thus making it more prone to deterioration.
Certificates of accreditation for the laboratories that conducted the analyses were provided by the applicant. Analytical data were produced using methods validated for other types of matrices. Whenever in-house methods were employed, a full description of the method as well as results of the respective validation procedures have been provided. It should be noted that the NF is a 'whole food' as defined by the EFSA Scientific Committee (2011), meaning that all its constituents cannot be fully identified and/or characterised  (EFSA NDA Panel, 2016). The NF mainly consists of protein, fat and dietary fibre (mainly chitin). The results of the proximate analysis of the NF are presented in Table  1. The amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin and mineral compositions are reported in the section '3. 9 Nutritional information'.
Anticipated intake of the NF EFSA performed an intake assessment of the anticipated daily intake of the NF based on the applicant's proposed uses and maximum proposed use levels (Table  8 ), using individual data from the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database  (EFSA, 2011). The lowest and highest mean and 95th percentile anticipated daily intakes of the NF [on a mg/kg body weight (bw) basis], among the EU dietary surveys, are presented in Table  9. The estimated daily intake of the NF for each population group from each EU dietary survey is available in the excel file annexed to this scientific opinion (under supporting information).
The detailed analytical data on the fatty acid composition can be found in Appendices C and D. The applicant provided analytical data on the levels of some minerals and vitamins (Table  10 ). The levels of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 have been determined only in one batch of the NF (< 0. 25 and 0. 989 lg/100 g of the NF, respectively), according to EN 12821: 2009-08. Considering the mean contents reported in Table  10  and the estimated P95 of exposure to the NF, the Panel notes that none of the existing upper levels for the analysed micronutrients are expected to be exceeded, for any population groups. It has been reported that chitin can be partially digested in the human stomach by the acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase)  (Paoletti et al. , 2009; Muzzarelli et al. , 2012). However,  Paoletti et al.
However, the Panel notes that there are no safety concerns regarding stability if the NF complies with the proposed specification limits during its entire shelf life. The Panel could not conclude on the stability of the NF when used as an ingredient in other foodstuffs due to the limitations in the stability data provided by the applicant. The applicant intends to market the NF as an ingredient in several food products. The target population is the general population. Intake was estimated based on the use of the NF as an ingredient in the intended food categories at the maximum proposed levels across surveys in the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. The highest intake estimate was calculated for young children (toddlers), ranging from 60 to 902 mg NF/kg bw per day at the 95th percentile.
This value is chosen to satisfy the overall demand of | | = 100 items with average demand ̄ = 550 units with average resource requirements ̄ = 2 for all ∈ over 100 periods. As the key performance indicators, we consider average computational time and optimality gap compared between the solution of the Spillover Algorithm implemented in Matlab and the optimal solution computed with IBM ILOG CPLEX Studio 12. 8 with CPLEX solver, both run on an Intel Core i5 with 2. 4 GHz and 16 GB RAM. We tested scenarios, from very decongested ones with the overall demand representing 50% of the available production resources in the horizon, to very congested scenarios where this percentage increases to 150%. We combine the 11 cases of demand varying from 50 to 150 items with increment of 10 over 100 periods with 2 cases of variability and 4 cases of back order costs related to the holding costs, resulting in a total of 88 experiment setups.
Acknowledgements This work has been partially supported by the  "E-Logistics " project funded by the  French Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME)  and by the " AGRIFLEETS " project  ANR-20-CE10-0001  funded by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  and by the  STSM Grant  funded by the  European ICT   COST Action   IC1406 , "cHiPSeT", and by the  Spanish MINECO  projects  RTI2018-095390-B-C33  ( MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE)  and  TIN2017-88476-C2-1-R.
Conclusion This study was intended to provide empirical evidence and theoretical analysis in the context of preliminary study regarding how individual's perceptive factors influence behavioral intention and lead them to do such stock investment activities, including demographic characteristics that play a moderating role in the relationship. The current study obtained a data sample from 64 young Indonesian generations with various demographic characteristics, including those with and without investment experiences and those who ever and never had any financial literacy class. Generation Y and Z were chosen due to their potential to move the national economy of an emerging country like Indonesia in the future to better directions. However, in filling the survey, these young generations might have quite enough constrained that influenced the response.
The overall analysis of the data used a mix of inductive and deductive approaches  (Graebner et al. , 2012)  and was based on the Grounded Theory approach  (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). We opted for a thematic analysis carried out with the Nvivo 12 software, which allowed us to gradually arrive at a hierarchical categorization of the themes by a process of constant comparison and inductiondeduction oscillation. Three successive types of coding were carried out  (Saldana, 2015) : open coding to give meaning to data by creating codes; selective coding to group the codes into significant categories and axial coding to identify the links between the subcategories and relations between the most significant categories, all with reference to the literature  (Gioia et al. , 2013). The results of this qualitative study will be presented at the same time as the hypotheses to be tested.
Doing so would improve inter-organizational trust and inter-organizational commitment because collecting data without a predefined contractual framework leaves franchisees with no reassurance about the fate of the data collected. This could result in the franchisor-franchisee relationship losing the security ostensibly guaranteed by the terms of the contract between them  (Heide and John, 1988). In addition, contracts are put in place to protect investments in the relationship  (Williamson, 1985). Contractual quality specifications can also reduce the opportunities for free-riding  (Hopkinson and Scott, 1999). Relational exchanges and contracts are complementary  (Crosno et al. , 2021) , especially in the specific context of customer data management: "if the database belonged to the franchisor under the contract, frankly I would tell you that we would be more reluctant to collect data because we work for ourselves, we are the boss" (Franchisee 6).
Technical and human resources therefore correspond to the human manpower, skills and know-how, software, IT and statistical resources made available to the partners in an organization  (Keramati et al. , 2010; Eller et al. , 2020). This also appears to be an important element in the success of customer data management: "the franchisee cannot act alone on the management of the customer database. Technology is needed to manage it" (Franchisee 9). A part of the problems related to the collection and use of customer data could be explained by the lack of ergonomic and efficient technical resources provided to franchisees. The expressions used are many and varied and tend towards the same conclusion: "system that bugs", "unusable", "difficult to handle"… Human resources are also cited by franchisees in terms of lack of numbers and/or the lack of training in the field of data management: "I could not be everywhere.
The selection of the measurement scales was based on a four-step process. First, the initial psychometric quality of the different scales was checked. Second, a bilingual French-English expert did a double translation of the scales based on the research work in English to ensure the accuracy of the translation. Third, certain scales were adapted to the particular context of our study. Finally, content tests were carried out by submitting adapted scales to experts in the franchising field. In addition, most of the measurement scales used were adapted to the context of franchise networks. The "technical and human resources" and "marketing performance" scales are derived from studies conducted within an organizational framework. The contractualization of customer data management scale was created ad hoc for the needs of our research and using the respondents' verbatims when talking about contractualization (Appendix 4).
Research results The statistical data were analyzed on the SPSS software for the exploratory investigations and on the XLSTAT software for the confirmatory investigations using the PLS (Partial Least Squares) method. In the first stage of the exploratory analyses, the psychometric quality of the measurement scales was verified. All the scales selected meet the reference standards and allow further analysis of the results (Appendix 5). The measured constructs have stable factor structures and satisfactory levels of loyalty and convergent and discriminant validity (Appendix 6): In a second step, the stability of the model as well as its explanatory power were tested. To do this, the hypothesis that there are no significant differences between the responses of franchisors and those of franchisees was tested.
Thus, preventing opportunistic behavior improves inter-organizational trust and inter-organizational commitment  (Morgan and Hunt, 1994) , and could encourage the collection of more quality customer data and its sharing within the network. It is therefore very important to clearly define the rights and obligations of each party in the franchise agreement in relation to the management of customer data, in order to foster a climate of trust and commitment, which are essential in a customer data management context. In addition, technical and human resources can have a positive, direct impact on a network's marketing performance. Having qualified personnel in customer relationship management would make it possible to build quality databases, put the data collected to good use and turn it into marketing performance and revenue.
Acknowledging the limitations of managerial control over the development of CSR corporate brands and engaging in a cocreation approach over the long term offer multiple advantages to the company. For example, such an approach can increase stakeholders' perceptions of CSR authenticity and thus reduce their criticisms and accusations of CSR-washing. It can also limit the risk of decoupling (i. e. , a perceived inconsistency between a company's internal practices and its external image; see  Crilly, Hansen, & Zollo, 2016)  and thus contribute to a better alignment and consistency between organizational identity and reputation  (De Roeck et al. , 2013; Schouten & Remmé, 2006). Finally, our conceptual work reaffirms the need for managers to explicitly recognize the continuous nature of the interpretive processes underlying the shaping of CSR corporate brands and the importance of adopting a long-term perspective on stakeholders' relationships  (Golob et al.
The following sections discuss the empirical papers. Section 4 focuses on high-profile industrial accidents and their impact on shareholder value. Section 5 investigates with the stock market response to policy events. Section 6 addresses the impact of CSR events on shareholder value. Section 7 concludes the paper. An open access bibliographic database is provided as supplementary material online. It holds all the information used in the paper and allows researchers to work with it 6.
The accident displays the limitations of the market disciplining approach to environmental protection, as well as how financial markets value environmental damage. We conclude that the 5 It should be noted that Milton Friedman himself considers that if the social responsibility of managers is to make profits, their action must be bound by rules: the responsibility of corporate executives is 'to make as much money as possible while conforming to their basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom'  (Friedman 1970 ). 6 https://adriendesroziers. com/data-and-databases/. 7 www. wsj. com/articles/brazils-vale-vowed-never-another-damcollapse-then-an-even-worse-one-11577809114. Brumadinho dam disaster casts doubt on the societal value of CSR practices.
Then, unexpected changes in stock returns caused by a specific event can inform about investors' expectations regarding the impact of this event on the value and viability of the firm  (Malkiel and Fama 1970). Therefore, if different categories of events have different impacts on companies' stock returns, it informs to which event type firms are most sensitive in terms of their market value and their viability. An event study measures the impact of a specific event on the value of a firm using financial market data (MacKinlay 1997). The usefulness of such a study results from the fact that, given rationality in the marketplace, the valuation effect of an event immediately reflects in stock returns (MacKinlay 1997). Using stock prices, it is possible to measure the economic impact of an event over a short time period  (Brown and Warner 1985).
However, these data do not cover all pollutants and do not provide information about companies' environmental policies and efforts. In addition, only US firms report this information. Further, several online portals provide accidents databases, which are usually constructed and maintained public institu- Compared to these information sources, the information and data provided by the firms themselves are neither regular, objective nor uniform, but are nevertheless a widely used source of information. More and more companies report about their social or environmental performance in their annual reports. Such information has taken on a strategic dimension  (Aerts et al, 2008, Lyon and Maxwell 2011). For several years, the amount of information disseminated by companies has exceeded what is required by law.
It is based on all the CAARs we have collected for the meta-analysis, by event type. Figure  4  shows a strong dispersion of the estimates, in particular for the studies with the largest impact (in absolute value). On average, the shortterm drop in market value consecutive to eco-harmful events is almost 2%, whereas the 'reward' for ecofriendly events is 0. 2%. We also included the median results. With eco-harmful events, the median of the stock market responses is -0. 6%. With eco-friendly events, the median response is 0%. As we aim at a synthesis of the literature in the past four decades, we will not dig deeper into the studies that are used to compile this Figure. We put together a database that can be used for such research purposes as well as for education. We feel that including a full-fledged meta-analysis in this review would take too much space and would damage the flow of our analysis.
Since the study of Hamilton (1995), many papers have been written and continue to appear dealing with this topic. The upper panel of table 4 reports some of these studies. For example,  Konar and Cohen (1997) , using a sample of 130 firms, show that investors respond to information published by the media on the TRI database, rather than to the TRI itself. They also find that firms that experienced the largest stock price decline subsequently reduced their emissions more than their industry peers did. Khanna et al (1998) extend Hamilton's analysis over several years  (1989) (1990) (1991) (1992) (1993) (1994)  for a sample of 91 chemical firms. They find that firms whose toxic release rates increased between 1991 and 1994 suffered significant negative ARs (ranging from 0. 23% to -0. 71%). Arora (2001)  investigate the market response to the TRI in 1997 for 645 firms.
The data are extracted from the KLD database. The results confirm that negative news is followed by a stock price decrease, while the impact of good events is positive only in cases of poor stakeholder relations. In the content analysis, they show that investors react more strongly to ESG news containing more economic and legal information. Capelle-Blancard and Petit (2019) investigate the stock market's reaction to about 33 000 ESG news flashes from 2002 to 2010 provided by Covalence-EthicalQuote, which targets 100 multinational companies. The interesting feature of this paper is that their extensive database allows examining the impact of day-to-day environmental news. They find that firms coping with negative ESG events experience a low but statistically significant drop in their market value, namely -0.
Corporate practices While most of the debate focuses on the damage that companies cause to the environment, some companies can be proactive and aim to limit their negative impacts and reduce their ecological footprint. Takeda and Tomozawa (2008)  analyze the stock price reaction during 1998-2005 of the annually published environmental management ranking of the Nikkei newspaper. They find negative ARs from 1999 to 2000 and positive ones after 2003. To explain this market reversal, they consider that the ratification of the Kyoto protocol and the establishment of the Ministry of the Environment have been strong signals, which are thought to have incentivized this market sentiment reversal. However, using the same database but controlling with a GARCH model for the heteroskedasticity of the residuals, Yamaguchi (2008) shows 43 Relatedly, several papers examine the impact on firm's market value of being include in (or exclude from) socially responsible (SR) indices.
Further, the tone of the debate becomes more positive. In addition, the focus expands to a multitude of environmental corporate practices. Novel big data techniques support this line of research. Thus, in the 40 year period reviewed, the perspective changes from financial markets to policy, and from policy to business, as such reflecting broader societal processes. Our literature review provides a structured setting. It is not only a narrative, but also provides analysis and additional materials, which we hope will be useful to the scientific community for further research, strategy and policy. In this regard, the references collected here are available in the form of an online open access bibliographic database 46. We aim to update this database. This material is designed to be used as a source and point of departure for other synthesis studies, such as meta-or bibliometric analysis, and intended to help especially young researchers progress and improve their research design and to contribute to the academic literature and societal debate.
We feel this a very poor proxy for the actual impact on the natural habitats of plants and wildlife, on ecosystems, and on health, wellbeing and livelihoods of people affected by a case such as the Brumadinho dam disaster. With the development of the study of ecosystem services and willingness-to-pay instruments, the literature tries to put a price tag on these items. This is highly useful, but we feel that using monetary values alone is not helpful to address the degradation of ecosystems as it presumes the existence of trade-offs. Monetizing and making trade-offs is the hallmark of economics and management, but we do not think it useful to transpose this tool to the natural environment and to social relations. This concern is supported by our analysis, which shows that 46 Bibliographic database: https://adriendesroziers.
com/data-anddatabases/. there is no convincing evidence that financial markets can be entrusted with the responsibility of disciplining companies for their environmental performance. This results from the fact that there is insufficient theory and data as to the effects of externalities in relation to firm and industry performance and the role of financial markets and institutions in this regard. Therefore, we think multidisciplinary, and preferably interdisciplinary, research and theory is required to progress and to allow for addressing and internalizing the economic externalities. In the beginning of our review, we questioned the place and role of financial markets in the framing of environmental policies. Our analysis does not provide support for the notion that financial markets can be put central in this regard.
Besides issues dealing with agility, creativity, and innovation, the interviews also intended to understand what the main perceived challenges of the function were, and what the respondents thought about the necessary qualities to be successful in the job. We ended with questions investigating the area of identity,i. e. , whether they still identified themselves as linked to a specific country or continent after working for many years in a global environment. To write this paper, we used data coming from the interviews of 35 international managers, and we intend to interview eventually eighty persons, to have the best possible representative mix of world regions and activities. Around 70% of the interviews were conducted in person, whereas most of those performed remotely concerned managers located outside Europe.