dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
There is discussion on the importance of water as a pathway for AMR compared to other exposure routes, such as food or from person to person. However, this does not mean that inadequate sanitation and fecally contaminated water could not be important routes for AMR transmission. Little is known about exposure to AMR through WaSH routes and the resulting effects on public health. Therefore, research is needed in this field. So far, experiments to transfer genes in laboratory simulations have not succeeded. The potential risk of infection by AMR bacteria through the consumption of drinking water gives rise to the public's questions and concern. This is especially a concern in areas in which water reuse projects are being developed and implemented. Governments and water companies need to address these questions supported by scientific data that are based on actual evidence of exposure and observed health risks.
It is important that these data are collected in a transparent way with good study design and methods, allowing for easy comparison with studies in other countries or regions. Following this inventory, the discussion shifted towards the needs of resource-limited countries. One of the participants sketched the situation in India, where generic antibiotics are very inexpensive and readily available for a large population, and there is often poor sanitation. A worldwide analysis  (Woerther et al. )  demonstrated that Asia is one of the continents with the highest incidence of ESBL-enterobacteria fecal carriage. From the African region, the aspect of the susceptibility of a resource-limited population to infections from WaSH exposures was mentioned in relation to the increased risk of AMR infections.
Evidence of water as a pathway for AMR exposure The importance of water, wastewater, and wastes as pathways for AMR human exposure (compared to other routes such as food consumption) was identified as a research focus (see also the review by O'Neill ()). Little is known about the exposure to AMR through WaSH routes, drinking water consumption, and water reuse applications and resulting effects on public health. Data based on magnitudes of exposure and objectively measurable health outcomes should be collected in a consistent and transparent way, to achieve data comparability among countries or regions, respecting the basic principles for the 'right to data'.
Guidelines for a consistent and pragmatic approach to prevention and control There is a need for a pragmatic approach to make prevention and control of AMR actionable, accessible, and Development of practical risk management systems and tools (contributes to GAP-objective no. 1): • Develop, exchange and link information, data and experiences from the environmental domain to industrial, clinical and veterinary domains and vice versa (including epidemiological information). • Identify target communities such as septic tank communities in rural settings as well as health care facilities and their professionals (e. g. , nurses) and educational institutions (schools and their teachers) in clinical, educational and rural settings to raise awareness of proper treatment or handling of waste and wastewater for awareness raising on what to do with waste and wastewater and AMs with respect to AMR and produce and implement community specific educational materials.
As suggested by the EFSA's Scientific Committee (EFSA SC Panel, 2009), full dose-response relationships to derive benchmark doses (and their limits) are required and could be linked to specific protection goals. For various types of bee species, those data would be used to generate species sensitivity distributions  (Posthuma et al. , 2002). Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics data for the different chemicals and bee species should be determined under different temperature regimes and diets (e. g. sucrose versus pollen/nectar). In order to collect such data, improvement of bee (laboratory and (semi)field) tests are required. For laboratory testing, lethal and sublethal endpoints, acute and chronic toxicity and toxicokinetics of single and multiple chemicals and contaminants are needed. Given the importance of queens and drones (for reproduction), the development of noninvasive tests is key.
3). As a second step, an intensive focused field survey at a limited but representative number of sites in Europe (at least in the three EU regulatory zones) will be conducted to collect data for the calibration and evaluation of the model. At the interface between the model and the field survey, EFSA will use the list of indicators, factors and methods made by HEALTHY-B to generate a data model and a platform to store the data and feed the model. MUST-B relies on strong networking activities with all involved partners (i. e. the European Commission, the European Reference Laboratory on honeybee health, the Member State authorities and a broad range of stakeholders involving beekeepers, scientists, industry and nongovernmental organisations) (Fig. 1 ).
Toolbox with indicators, factors and methods to facilitate harmonised data collection in Europe Weaknesses in the current honeybee surveillance systems in European Member States have been described  (EFSA, 2008; Hendrikx et al. , 2009). A European Reference Laboratory for honeybee health was subsequently established (EC, 2013a), and a pan-European epidemiological survey on honeybee colony mortality was conducted across 17 European Member States over a period of 2 years  (Laurent et al. , 2015). From this large dataset, EFSA contracted a statistical analysis where major lessons learnt were made in terms of training and data collection, in particular on the need to elaborate welldesigned data models with controlled terminologies and strict business rules  (Jacques et al. , 2016). With its mandate to support European Member States in setting up an effective system of data collection and analysis at the Community level  (EC, 2002) , EFSA established an ad hoc working group of experts (i.
e. exposure from multiple stressors and effects at multiple temporal and spatial scales). Finally, to promote knowledge among all involved partners and to foster the exchange of research findings, expertise and best practices, EFSA recommends the development of an open-access and centralised database populated with data and methods to assess risks of single and multiple stressors on bees (EFSA, 2014a). Under the programme of MUST-B, EFSA is currently exploring ways to provide support for this development with the elaboration of a data model to be further populated and used by Member States. The coordination and management of such a database will need to be discussed with all involved stakeholders, at the European and national levels.
Acknowledgements We thank  Robert Luttik , the chair of the working groups issuing the Scientific Opinion and  Guidance Document  on the risk assessment of plant protection products on bees. We also thank all members of the  EFSA Bee Task Force , chairs* and experts of the  MUST-B  project (BEEHAVE, HEALTHY-B and MUST-B working groups):  Gérard Arnold ,  Jos Boesten ,  David Thomas Breeze ,  Howard Browman* ,  Cecilia Costa ,  Magali Chabert ,  Margaret Couvillon ,  Frederic Delbac ,  Gianni Gilioli ,  Fani Hatjina ,  Thulke Hans-Hermann ,  Pascal Hendrikx ,  Robert Luttik ,  Angel Miranda Miguel ,  Raj Mohan *, Simon More*,  Daniel Oberski ,  Jeff Pettis ,  Chiara Polce ,  Melissa Reed ,  Marie-Pierre Riviere ,  Sophie Roelandt ,  Ullrika Sahlin ,  Fabio Sgolastra ,  Robert Smith* ,  Christopher John Topping ,  Richard Sibly  and  Simone Tosi.
In that study, however, there were no data on qualitative dyspnoea descriptors, so it was uncertain whether dyspnoea quality differed between patients who perceive low, moderate or high symptom intensity. COLI et al. [77] addressed this question by assessing changes in IC, FEV1 and Borg score, as well as assessing dyspnoea descriptors after a methacholine challenge. They confirmed that most patients describe chest tightness to a greater extent than work/effort, and that these language descriptors were similarly distributed between "normoperceivers", "hyperperceivers" and "hypoperceivers". It is important to highlight the clinical importance of these so-called "hypoperceivers". Individuals with near-fatal asthma exhibit reduced dyspnoea intensity in response to various challenges, including hypoxia, hypercapnia  [15]  and exercise  [19].
Gaze estimation The main challenges of gaze estimation involved in RET for ASD children are large head movement, illumination variation and eyelid occlusion. Although the designed multi-sensor system can successfully capture the child's face with large head movement, it is also a challenge to determine which camera can obtain the best view of the frontal face. To remedy this, we have proposed a multisensor selection strategy to adaptively select the optimal camera, see  [44]. In the proposed strategy, all sensors are calibrated and used to capture the sensory data in parallel. In order to perform optimal camera selection, a face confidence score of each camera is defined. This score is acquired by measuring the variation of facial landmarks of a detected face with respect to facial landmarks of a predefined frontal face.
The camera with the highest face confidence score will be selected as the optimal camera. Once the face is detected, a Supervised Descent Method (SDM) trained with a database as described in  [45]  is employed to locate the feature points in the face and an object pose estimation method (POSIT)  [46]  is utilised to calculate the head pose. Then we propose an improved convolution based integro-differential method to localise the iris centres of the child  [47, 48]. Compared with the conventional integro-differential method  [49] , the improved method is computationally much faster and it also achieves higher accuracy even in challenging cases of partial eyelid occlusion occurs or illumination varies (as shown in Figure  5 ). Based on the obtained head pose and iris centres, we have proposed a two-eye model based method to estimate the final point of gaze of the ASD child.
For each child, ten joint positions are tracked by the skeleton tracker. The position coordinates are then normalised so that the motion is invariant to the initial body orientation and the body size. We have also presented a novel skeleton joint descriptor based on 3D Moving Trend and Geometry (3DMTG) property for human action recognition, see  [53]. Specifically, a histogram of 3D moving directions between consecutive frames for each joint is constructed to represent the 3D moving trend feature in the spatial domain. The geometry information of joints in each frame is modelled by the relative motion with the initial status. After creating the descriptor, a linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm  [54]  is used for action recognition. We have evaluated the proposed method on a publicly available dataset MSR-Action3D  [55]  and the results demonstrate that our method can achieve high recognition rates on both similar actions and complex actions.
Child behaviour classification To operate in a supervised-autonomy mode, it is necessary to appraise the current behaviour of the child. This brings together the strands previously discussed in Sections 2 and 3. 1. This appraisal happens in two stages (Figure  9 ). In the first stage, the data collected from the sensory interpretation setup (Section 3. 1) is mapped onto the behaviours identified as relevant by the therapists (Section 2). This mapping draws on process knowledge from therapists, used to create and annotate training and validation sets of example child-robot interactions. The outcome of this process is not a winner-takes-all; rather, the classifiers -here, we use support vector machines trained on trajectories of the child's skeleton joints (Section 3. 1) -identify the probability that a given behaviour is currently observed, for all behaviours.
This makes it straightforward to add new scripts or modify existing scripts as required. This logic management has in the first instance been achieved using a Finite State Machine (FSM). There is currently no algorithm in the literature completing all the desiderata for our Action Selection Mechanism: keeping a supervisor in control whilst providing autonomy and adaptivity to the robot. Classical learning algorithms (such as classical Reinforcement Learning  [79] ) rely on exploration which could end with the robot executing actions that have a negative impact on the child. Algorithms such as Deep Learning  [80]  require large datasets to be able to learn (which do not currently exist for this application domain). An alternative for RET is to use the knowledge of the therapist to teach the robot appropriate actions using Interactive Machine Learning  [81, 82]  by allowing the human to provide input at run time to guide the robot action selection and learning.
A number of robots capable of gesturing have been developed to study different aspects in HRI. Gestures implemented in robots are however, until now, subject to two important limitations. Firstly, the gestures implemented in a robot are always limited to a set of gestures necessary for the current research, and often limited to one type of gestures, see  [94]  for an example. The reason for this can be found in the second limitation: gestures are mostly preprogrammed off-line for the current robot configuration. The resulting postures are stored in a database and are replayed during interaction. This is the case for, among others, Robovie  [95] , HRP-2  [96]  and Kobian  [97]. Since the postures are dependent on the morphology, they cannot be used for other robots with other configurations.
Importance-The causal direction and magnitude of the association between telomere length and incidence of cancer and non-neoplastic diseases is uncertain owing to the susceptibility of observational studies to confounding and reverse causation. Objective-To conduct a Mendelian randomization study, using germline genetic variants as instrumental variables, to appraise the causal relevance of telomere length for risk of cancer and non-neoplastic diseases. Data Sources-Genomewide association studies (GWAS) published up to January 15, 2015. Study Selection-GWAS of noncommunicable diseases that assayed germline genetic variation and did not select cohort or control participants on the basis of preexisting diseases. Of 163 GWAS of noncommunicable diseases identified, summary data from 103 were available.
Study Design The design of our study, illustrated in eFigure 1 in Supplement 1, had 3 key components:  (1)  the identification of genetic variants to serve as instruments for telomere length; (2) the acquisition of summary data for the genetic instruments from genomewide association studies (GWASs) of diseases and risk factors for noncommunicable diseases; and (3) the classification of diseases and risk factors into primary or secondary outcomes based on a priori statistical power. As a first step, we searched the GWAS catalog15,16 on January 15, 2015, to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with telomere length. To supplement the list with additional potential instruments, we also searched the original study reports curated by the GWAS catalog (using a P value threshold of 5 × 10 -8 ).
17-25 We acquired summary data for all SNPs identified by our search from a meta-analysis of GWASs of telomere length, involving 9190 participants of European ancestry. 18 The second key component of our design strategy involved the acquisition of summary data, corresponding to the selected genetic instruments for telomere length, from GWASs of noncommunicable diseases and risk factors (eFigure 1 in Supplement 1). As part of this step, we invited principal investigators of noncommunicable disease studies curated by the GWAS catalog15,26 to share summary data for our study. We also downloaded summary data for diseases and risk factors from publically available sources, including study-specific websites, dbGAP, ImmunoBase, and the GWAS catalog (eFigure 1 in Supplement 1). The third key component of our design strategy was the classification of diseases and risk factors into either primary or secondary outcomes, which we defined on the basis of a priori statistical power to detect associations with telomere length.
Acknowledgments Funding/Support: This work was supported by  CRUK  grant number  C18281/A19169  (the  Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme ). Dr Haycock  is supported by  CRUK   Population Research Postdoctoral Fellowship   C52724/A20138. The  MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit  is supported by grants  MC_UU_12013/1  and  MC_UU_12013/2. Dr Martin  is supported by the  National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) , the  Bristol Nutritional Biomedical Research Unit  and the  University of Bristol. Dr Timpson  is supported by  Medical Research Council   MC_UU_12013/3.
Economists, rather than being summoned to provide tests and black-or-white evidence regarding the economic importance of biodiversity, are good candidates to bring up the material interests involved in the policy processes that lead to biodiversity depletion (or protection). This would be worthwhile, in particular, to enlighten our understanding of the "underlying causes" of biodiversity depletion  (Rankovic et al. 2016). We indeed need to better understand how economic choices, constraints and opportunities are key drivers and major explanatory variables of biodiversity depletion worldwide, and how this relates to globalization. Although this is closely related to the "economic value system", it is fairly different from commodifying nature. This article has received financial support from the French government through the programme "Investissements d'avenir", managed by ANR (the French National Research Agency) under the reference ANR-10-LABX-01.
5  Illustration of the changing persistent emission during an X-ray burst (Section 4. 2. 3). Shown is NuSTAR data from 4U 1608-52 during its 2015 outburst when it was in a hard spectral state. Top: The 2-30 keV flux evolution of the X-ray burst (black) and persistent (red) emission. Middle: Changes in the power-law index Γ of the persistent emission, suggesting a possible softening (i. e. an increase in Γ ) along the X-ray burst. Bottom: The amplification factor of the persistent emission during the X-ray burst. Dashed horizontal lines indicate the pre-burst values of the different quantities. This analysis made use of the NMF technique to decompose the spectrum (see Section 4. 2 and 6. 2. 3). This figure was adapted from  Degenaar et al. (2016a). compared to the range of values found for (short) X-ray bursts in the sample studied by  Worpel et al.
Acknowledgements We thank the  International Space Sciences Institute in Beijing  for hosting the meetings that initiated the writing of this review. We are most grateful to Jean in 't Zand,  Wenfei Yu , and  Philippe Peille  for kindly providing plots for their publications for use in this review, and to  Duncan Galloway ,  Jean  in 't Zand and  Valery Suleimanov  for providing valuable comments on a draft version of the manuscript. We thank  James Miller-Jones  and  Andrzej Zdziarski  for useful discussions. We thank the anonymous referee for constructive comments that helped improve this manuscript. ND is supported by a  Vidi grant  from the  Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)  and a  Marie Curie Intra-European fellowship  from the  European Commission  under contract no.
FP-PEOPLE-2013-IEF-627148. TMB acknowledges financial contribution from the agreement  ASI-INAF I/037/12/0. JM acknowledges financial support from the  French National Research Agency  ( CHAOS  project  ANR-12-BS05-0009 ). ZSN, ZS and CYP thank support from  XTP  project  XDA 04060604 , the  Strategic Priority Research Program  "The  Emergence of Cosmological Structures" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , grant no  XDB09000000 , the  National Key Research and Development Program of China  ( 2016YFA0400800 ) and the  Chinese NSFC 11473027 ,  11733009.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  G. Biroli ,  R. Jack ,  M. Ozawa ,  I. Procaccia ,  G. Tarjus , and  M. Wyart  for useful exchanges about this work. We thank  R. Gutierrez  for providing additional information regarding simulations performed in Ref. [51]. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Research Council  under the  European Unions Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant  Agreement No. 306845. This work was supported by a grant from the  Simons Foundation  (#  454933 ,  Ludovic Berthier ).
Results from the international cooperative programme on effects on materials including historic and cultural monuments are presented from the period 1987-2014 and include pollution data (SO 2 , NO 2 , O 3 , HNO 3 and PM 10 ), corrosion data (carbon steel, weathering steel, zinc, copper, aluminium and limestone) and data on the soiling of modern glass for nineteen industrial, urban and rural test sites in Europe. Both one-year and four-year corrosion data are presented. Corrosion and pollution have decreased significantly and a shift in the magnitude is generally observed around 1997: from a sharp decrease to a more modest decrease or to a constant level without any decrease. SO 2 levels, carbon steel and copper corrosion have decreased even after 1997, which is more pronounced in urban areas, while corrosion of the other materials shows no decrease after 1997, when looking at one-year values.
However, ICP Materials is unique in its persistence, which has enabled it to perform exposures for thirty years  and there are currently plans for continuation of the program up to at least 2021. The purpose of this publication is twofold. The first, and maybe most important, is to give an overview of the data, not only in normal publication format, but also to release a comprehensive database on corrosion, soiling and air pollution, available for download. This will enable independent researchers to quickly access the data, to check conclusions and to perform their own analysis. Naturally, this database does not include all data from the program, but this is the first time data from ICP Materials are released in this format, and releases will hopefully continue. The second is to provide an overview of the main trends in corrosion, soiling and pollution during the whole period  and during recent years.
Among the urban sites, notably low values were measured at the sites of Stockholm and Madrid. Among the rural sites, the highest concentrations measured overall were in Toledo, and the lowest concentrations were measured in Birkenes and Svanvik. Some sites showed notable trends of decreasing PM10, including the urban site Berlin and the rural sites Chaumont and Lahemaa. Figure  8  shows the concentration in air of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM 10 ). It is not possible to make any general conclusions regarding trends based on this limited dataset. Among the urban sites, notably low values were measured at the sites of Stockholm and Madrid. Among the rural sites, the highest concentrations measured overall were in Toledo, and the lowest concentrations were measured in Birkenes and Svanvik.
Materials and Methods Procedures used in ICP Materials are described in the technical manual, which includes information on materials, environment, how to run a test site (29 pages) and detailed descriptions of all test sites (86 pages). It is beyond the scope of this paper to repeat all this information, but, in general, exposures conform to procedures described in ISO 8565. The technical manual and all reports produced by ICP Materials are available for download at the ICP Materials home page. In addition, all data discussed and presented in this paper can be found at the Supplementary File. They are also available for download, submitted as open access, at the ICP Materials home page.