dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
However, very few studies have dealt with the specific case of nuclear energy, with a wide range of results, depending on the chosen nuclear fuel cycle scenario  [15e18]. The originality of this study is the comparison in terms of environmental impact through LCAs between the French nuclear fuel cycle and an open fuel cycle scenario leading to the same energy production with the same nuclear facilities from the mining to the repository. The LCAs were performed thanks to an homemade tool, NELCAS, which allows life cycle assessment to be performed on nuclear energy systems derived from the French nuclear fuel cycle. In this sense, France lies in a specific position because of the development of a complete fuel cycle industry through the socalled TTC (twice-through cycle). Therefore, NELCAS database has been fed with information coming from all the steps of the French nuclear fuel cycle and further extended by using the CEA expertise on scenario system studies.
The NELCAS tool Calculations were performed by using the Nuclear Energy Life Cycle Assessment Simulation tool, NELCAS. NELCAS is a homemade simple simulation tool which is based on MS Excel sheets. It compiles and relates together all the energy and matter fluxes along the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not aim to replace the existing exhaustive and detailed LCA code (as SIMAPRO for instance), but has been specifically developed to draw a global footprint assessment of the French nuclear energy system taken as a representative situation of a nuclear country. It also allows the calculation of any scenario that would be derived from the French one.
Land-use The land-use appears to be in the mid-range (211 m 2 /GWh e ) of already published data (from 50 to 500 m 2 /GWh e )  [2, 3]. Mining and milling activities are calculated to be 68% of the total land-use for the whole fuel cycle, the second contribution being the reactors Land use was calculated by taking into account the total surface of each site or the anticipated surface for the HLW site. GHG, SO x , NO x emissions were assessed by considering the concrete, the steel, the copper and aluminium used for construction of surface buildings, the excavated earth, the use of building machines, like for other plants of the fuel cycles. Results in mass were converted in volume using a density of 2. 8 for cemented and glass wastes, 6. 5 for hull containers. [  30,44e47]  Transporta-tions Between every sites described above The direct and indirect contributions of transportations were considered (emissions of GHG, SO x , NO x ,.
). In order to assess the total distance, the distance between each successive site in the fuel cycle was determined by using the Google maps route calculator for road or railway (. https://maps. google. com/ ) and the Google map distance calculator for shipping (http://www. daftlogic. com/projects-google-maps-distance-calculator. htm), adjusted according the best sea route it is possible to follow. The most relevant or dominant transport mode was selected for each type of trip (boat, train, truck). [  24,25,27e29,48,49]  Construction, dismantling Data derived from EcoInvent, CEA system studies, ANDRA Inventaire déchets 2009. [18,27,50e52].
The 40]ferent steps of the fuel cycle with assumptions made and references used for building the LCA NELCAS database. Data from AREVA reports (50%, "TSN" report and "Document de référence AREVA 2010 e Propriétés immobilières, usines et équipements" report), Katco (20%), CAMECO, Vattenfall, Ecoinvent. When data not available for a mine on an indicator, data from same type of mines were taken instead. Propriétés immobilières, usines et équipements" report). Additional data from www. francenuc. org,www. world-nuclear. org,andSociété Chimique de France. Several plants are gathered on the same site. All the figures were attributed to enrichment step since enrichment is the most important activity. Enrichment is performed by gaseous diffusion, with a high energy consumption produced by the neighbour PWRs.
The DETA-NO concentration was determined by absorbance at 252 nm (⑀ ϭ 7640 M Ϫ1 cm Ϫ1 ). For recovery after NO or H 2 O 2 exposure, cells were washed extensively and incubated for an additional 1-24 h in fresh cell culture medium. For in vitro NO exposure, holo-mNT was incubated with spermine-NO complex (600 M) for 3 h or H 2 O 2 (100 M) for 3 h in a buffer containing 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7). NO donors were from Cayman Chemical. Immunoblots and Quantitative Real-time PCR Analysis-Equal amounts of proteins (40 g) were separated on SDS-Tricine-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes. The primary antibodies used were anti-ALR (Sigma, catalog no. HPA041227), anti-␤-actin (Sigma, catalog no. A5441), anti-␤tubulin (Cell Signaling Technology, catalog no. 2146), anti-GPAT (IGBMC, Illkirch, France), anti-HSC20 (Sigma, catalog no.
HPA018447), anti-IRP1 (Agro-Bio, La Ferté Saint-Aubon, France), anti-IRP2 (a gift from Dr. J. M. Moulis, CEA, Grenoble, France), anti-ISCU (Proteintech, catalog no. 14812-1-AP), antim-aconitase (a gift from Dr. R. B. Franklin, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD), anti-mNT (designed by Eurogentec), anti-NARFL (Sigma, catalog no. HPA040851), anti-NDUFS3 (MitoScience, catalog no. MS112), anti-NFS1 (Agro-Bio), anti-NUBP1 (Sigma, catalog no. HPA041656), anti-CIAPIN1 (Sigma, catalog no. HPA042182), anti-RIESKE (MitoScience, catalog no. MS305), anti-MIA40 (a gift from Prof. Pfanner, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany), anti-vinculin (Sigma, catalog no. V9131), and anti-VDAC (a gift from Dr. C. Brenner, INSERM U769, University of Paris Sud, Paris, France). Secondary antibodies used were anti-mouse, anti-rabbit, and antichicken fluorescent IRDye 800CW (Li-Cor).
The spectrometer was operated in a constant acceleration mode in transmission geometry  (28). The isomer shifts were referenced against that of room temperature metallic iron foil. Data were analyzed with the WMOSS program (WEB Research, Edina, MN). NMR experiments were carried out using a Bruker AVANCE 600-MHz spectrometer equipped with a TCI cryoprobe. Twodimensional 1 H- 15 N correlation HSQC spectra were obtained on a 250 M His-tagged 13 C, 15 N-labeled holo-mNT 44 -108 pro- tein sample at 298 K in 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 8. 0), 50 mM NaCl. In Vitro Fe-S Reconstitution-Iron and sulfur incorporation into apo-mNT (44 -108) was carried out by the addition of 10 mM DTT, 500 M [NH 4 ] 2 Fe[SO4] 2 and 500 M sodium sulfide to 1. 13 mg of purified 15 N/ 13 C double-labeled apo-mNT in 2. 5 ml of 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 8.
0), 50 mM NaCl. All reactions were carried out in an anaerobic glove box (Jacomex, O 2 Ͻ9 ppm). After 5 h at room temperature, the protein was desalted on a NAP-5 column (Amersham Biosciences) and analyzed by UV-visible and NMR spectroscopy. Statistical Analysis-All results are presented as mean Ϯ S. D. of at least three independent experiments. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Student-Newman-Keuls test was used for all pairwise comparisons of mean responses among the different treatment groups (SigmaStat). Two-tailed Student's t test was performed for all multiple pair comparisons. Differences between groups were considered significant if the p value was less than 0. 05.
Acknowledgments-We are grateful to  Dr. Jean-Marc Moulis  ( CEA, Grenoble, France ) for the purified holo-IRP1,  Dr. Eric Jacquet  for the help with protein purification, and  Dr. Jérome Bignon  at  ICSN  for assistance with flow cytometry. We also thank  Cendrine Seguin  for assistance with quantitative RT-PCR;  Dr. Nelly Morellet  for help with NMR;  Dr. Benoît D'Autréaux  for expertise in biophysical analysis;  Laurence Reutenauer  for generating and genotyping all mice used in this study;  Adrien Tereygeol ,  Safa Khelifi , and  Héla Allani  for technical support. We also acknowledge the IMAGIF cloning platform (CNRS, 91198  Gif-sur-Yvette, France ).
CC9311) and CC9605 (S. CC9605) were grown in SN medium  (20)  made with seawater obtained from the Scripps Pier (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA). S. CC9311 and S. CC9605 were incubated at 25 • C with a constant illumination of 15-to 20-mol photons m -2 s -1 and were maintained as 50-ml cultures in 125ml glass flasks without shaking. We also evaluated our system in a recently isolated cyanobacterial strain, Synechocystis sp. WHSyn (S. WHSyn). S. WHSyn was isolated in 2001 from a Massachusetts salt marsh. Its 16S rRNA gene sequence is 99% identical to S. PCC6803. It can be grown in outdoor mini-ponds and in media ranging in salinity from freshwater (BG11) to seawater (data not shown). A more detailed report on the growth and other characteristics of S. WHSyn is in preparation (B.
Devices harboring codon-optimized parts were constructed by Life Technologies. These devices were synthesized with the flanking sequences listed in Table  1  and a plasmid backbone carrying an ampicillin resistance marker. PCR amplifications were carried out with Phusion High-Fidelity DNA polymerase (Finnzymes, Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Information about the templates used to make parts and devices is provided in Supplementary Spreadsheet S1, Parts and Devices, through the CYANO-VECTOR portal (http://golden. ucsd. edu/CyanoVECTOR/), or in the GenBank files of the donor plasmids. The sequences of the donor plasmids were deposited in GenBank under the following accession numbers: KM017870 -KM017942.
Antibiotic resistance assays To determine the range of antibiotic concentrations in which selective growth may occur, three independent clones for each strain containing an antibiotic resistance gene and the wild-type strain were inoculated at OD 750 of 0. 1 in 2 ml of BG11 medium supplemented with the appropriate antibiotic. The experiments were carried out in 24-well plates at 30 o C under continuous illumination of 70-150 mol photons m -2 s -1 for eight days. For some antibiotics, published data were used to establish antibiotic concentrations for strain construction experiments. For gentamicin and the codon optimized ampicillin and nourseothricin resistance markers, a range of antibiotic concentrations was used in mating experiments on plates and these data are noted in the Results section.
Antibiotic-resistance devices are self-explanatory. The functional devices include expression and reporter systems (Supplementary Spreadsheet S1, Devices). An automated annotation of each device was performed using a database of parts (Supplementary Spreadsheet S1, Parts) that was built based upon published sequences retrieved from GenBank. The automated annotation was carried out with scripts written using BioBIKE  (29). To construct a new shuttle plasmid, one or two devices, depending on the shuttle vector type, are chosen from each category. The construction of self-replicating cyanobacterial plasmids requires: an E. coli origin of replication, a cyanobacterial origin of replication, an antibiotic resistance marker and a functional module or custom sequence carrying the proper adaptors.
In silico construction of shuttle plasmids using the CYANO-VECTOR assembly portal To organize and annotate the various devices/modules, facilitate the in silico construction of shuttle vectors, and encourage the use this system; we have created a web service, the CYANO-VECTOR assembly portal (http:// golden. ucsd. edu/CyanoVECTOR/, Supplementary Figure  S1 ). It allows a user to build new shuttle plasmids from the collection of existing devices and from custom sequences, and then display them as maps or sequences, or export them as GenBank files (Supplementary Figure  S1 ). The software also generates specific protocols for the in vitro construction of desired shuttle plasmids. A detailed description of the software is provided as Supplementary Method S1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank  Tyler Swinney ,  Edward King ,  Ron Cook ,  Eammon Riley ,  Matthew Paddock ,  Susan Cohen ,  Joseph Boyd ,  You Chen  and  Amy Ma  for their contributions to the construction and/or the evaluation of several genetic devices. We thank  Susan Cohen  for suggesting the Gibson assembly technology. We thank  Amy Ma  for critical reading of this manuscript. We thank  Jeff Elhai  and  Carlisle G. Childress  ( Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA ) for hosting a  BioBIKE server dedicated  to the CYANO-VECTOR web-portal. T. C. P. and F. H. were employees of  Life Technologies Corporation , a global life sciences company with certain commercial rights to some of the fluorescent proteins, antibiotic resistance genes and genetic tools described in this research.
Department of Energy [DE-EE0003373] ;  California Energy Commission  [ CILMSF 500-10-039 ];  Life Technologies Corporation ;  Research Supplement  to Promote Diversity in Health-Related Research [ R01GM062419-10S1  to F. U. and S. S. G. ];  Postdoctoral fellowship  from the  People Programme  ( Marie Curie Actions ) of the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP7/2007-2013) under REA [275289]. Funding for open access charge: UCSD research funds.
The QCM is connected to the ALD chamber and driven by a SQM-160 controller for data acquisition. The morphology of Al 2 O 3 templates and Pd/Ni electrocatalysts has been observed by SEM and TEM using, respectively, JEOL 6320-F and JEOL 3010 equipment. Some additional morphological investigations have been carried out by non-contact AFM using a XE 100 microscope from Park systems. The crystalline structure of NiO, Ni and Pd has been characterized by X-ray diffraction using an INEL diffractometer equipped with a quartz monochromator and a horizontally disposed 1D curved position detector (CPS-120) that covers a 2θ angle of 120°. The measurements were obtained in reflection mode with an incident angle of 10° and Cu Kα1 (1. 54056 Å) radiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy by using a Mg electrode Kα (1253.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge  Damien Chaudanson  and  Serge Nitsche  for their precious help with the electron microscopy,  Jean-Yves Hoarau  for XPS analysis and  Vasile Heresanu  for XRD measurements and interpretation. This work was supported by the  France Canada Research Fund. The  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) , the  PACA Regional Council , the  French Ministry of Higher Education and Research  and the  CNRS  are also acknowledged for funding.
It was found that either the adsorption was so small that it could not be detected by spectrophotometer with absorbance accuracy 0. 001 or the dyes have no affinity for control and functionalized fabrics. To study the stain degradation, the functionalized samples (3 cm Â 2 cm) were dipped in solution of each dye for 3-5 s for staining (pickup 120 AE 5%), then dried and conditioned for 15 min. These samples were exposed to UV by placing them below the light source at a distance of 18 cm. The K/S values as function of time were measured with the help of DATA COLOR spectrophotometer SPECTRA FLASH SF 600 PLUS using illuminant D65 excluding UV at band width of 10 nm. The aperture size was 2. According to Kubelka-Munk equation, K/S ¼ (1 À R) 2 / 2 R. Where K ¼ absorption coefficient, S ¼ scattering coefficient and R ¼ reflectance.
[**] We acknowledge support by the  Christian Doppler Research Association (Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research, and Economy  and the  National Foundation for Research, Technology, and Development) , the  OMV Group , the  EPSRC  ( EP/H00338X/2  to E. R. ), and a  Marie Curie fellowship  ( GAN 624997  to C. C. ). Financial support by the  Max Planck Society , the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  ( LO 1801/1-1 ),  Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , and the  Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (FCI)  is also gratefully acknowledged. We thank  Dr. J. C. Fontecilla-Camps  for providing us with Dmb [NiFeSe] hydrogenase,  Marielle Bauzan  for growing the bacteria (Biomass and  Biohydrogen Platform ,  IMM, CNRS, Marseilles, France ),  Dirk Mersch  for preliminary experiments with C 3 N 4 -H 2 ase and  Dr.
g. Constantinides et al. , 2002; Ospitali et al. , 2012). However, its presence did not reduce the corrosion rate of Cu4Sn, cf. Fig. 5  opposite to findings for environments of low chloride contents  (Scholes and Jacob, 1970; Holm and Mattsson, 1982; Goidanich et al. , 2008). The occurrence of streaks of tin oxides within the relatively thick inner layer of cuprite was also confirmed by GDOES measurements showing an enrichment of tin compared to the bulk alloy content (4 wt. %) in certain streaks within the patina (data not shown). Both Cu sheet and Cu4Sn revealed poorly adherent corrosion products that easily detached (spalled) in flakes from the surface. Flaking of corrosion products formed on copper-based alloys exposed in marine environments has been reported elsewhere  (Scholes and Jacob, 1970).
Acknowledgment Financial support from the  European Copper Institute (ECI)  for longterm fundamental studies of atmospheric corrosion of copper and copper-based alloys is highly acknowledged. The authors are also very grateful to  Jon Brunk ,  Div. Surface  and  Corrosion Science ,  KTH  for his invaluable efforts during field exposure initiation and to  Jean Michel Hamoignon ,  Cécile Hall-Fournier ,  Vanessa Le Verne  and  Melen Le Moigne ,  Institut de la Corrosion, Brest, France , for their tireless and dedicated work maintaining the test sites and collecting samples. Alexander Mörsdorf ,  KTH  is acknowledged for the literature survey. Oskar Karlsson  and  Mats Randelius  at  Swerea Kimab, Stockholm, Sweden , are acknowledged for generating SEM/EDS linescans and GDOES depth profiles, respectively.
The neutral lipids were analysed in single ion monitoring mode (SIM). The SIM targets for mono-, di-and triacylglycerols were created using all combinations of the identified FAs from the total GC-MS data  [37]. A maximum of 100 MRMs or SIMs (5 ms dwell times) were analysed per time segment providing approximately 12-16 data points across a chromatographic peak. Optimized parameters for capillary, fragmentor, and collision voltages were 4,000, 60-160, and 0-60 V, respectively (details in Table  S1 ). Single ion monitoring was used to quantify neutral lipids due to the different response factors which arise from fragmentation of DAGs and TAGs. The predominant product ions arising from MS/MS of DAGs and TAGs are from the neutral loss of fatty acids. The product ions produced from TAG's with three different fatty acids do not necessarily produce a 1:1:1 ratio from the neutral loss of each fatty acid.
Also, the fragmentation of a TAG with the same fatty acids in all three SN positions also produces a higher response factor when compared with a TAG with a mix of fatty acids. This means that a single MRM cannot be selected for TAGs and DAGs when using a single representative standard, in this case triolein (TAG18:1/18:1/18:1) and diolein (DAG18:1/18:1) and therefore single ion monitoring was used for DAGs and TAGs. This acquisition approach measures the abundance of intact lipids species. The data were processed using Agilent Mass Hunter Qualitative (for scan data) and Quantitative (for MRM and SIM data) analysis software. A combined 50 mM external calibration standard containing deuterated phospholipids PC(16:0/18:1)d31 (5 isotopomers), PE(16:0/18:1)d31, PG(16:0/18:1)d31 (3-isotopomers present), PA(16:0/18:1)d31, PS(16:0/18:1)d31, PI(16:0/18:1)d31 and glycolipids MGDG(34:6/36:6), DGDG(34:6/36:6), SQDG(34:1) was prepared.
We also use aircraft measurements obtained during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) campaign in 2006  (Hopkins et al. , 2009; Redelspeger et al. , 2006)  and the Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor aboard Airbus In-service Aircraft (MOZAIC) program in 2003e2004  (Marenco et al. , 1998 ; http://www. iagos. fr/ mozaic). We interpret these data with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM) in terms of the information they provide for Nigerian emissions and air quality.
The model roughly reproduces the CHOCHO observations over Lagos but is too high in the Delta. Aromatics are the dominant anthropogenic source of CHOCHO  (Liu et al. , 2012) , and were greatly increased in the model to match the AMMA aircraft data over Lagos (Fig. 5 ). It may be that such an increase is not appropriate for the Delta as oil/gas emissions are dominated by alkanes. The CHOCHO and HCHO enhancement east of Nigeria is from oxidation of isoprene emitted in central Africa that is still too high after decreasing emissions there (see Appendix). The high CH 4 levels in the Niger Delta, observed by SCIAMACHY and reproduced in GEOS-Chem, are dominated by emissions from the oil and gas industry. According to EDGAR v4. 2 (EC-JRC/PBL, 2011), the default anthropogenic inventory for CH 4 emissions in GEOS-Chem, oil/gas emissions account for 75% of DJF CH 4 emissions in the Niger Delta (oil/gas extraction) and 40e50% across coastal Nigeria (pipeline network linking the Delta and Lagos).
Appendix. GEOS-Chem description We use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (version 9-01-03, http://geos-chem. org) driven by GEOS-5 assimilated meteorological data from the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). The GEOS-5 meteorological data have a native horizontal resolution of 0. 5 Â 0. 67 with 72 vertical pressure levels and 6-h temporal frequency (3-h for surface variables and mixing depths). We use data for year 2006 and degrade the horizontal resolution to 2 Â 2. 5 and 47 pressure levels for input to GEOS-Chem. GEOS-Chem results use a one year spinup for chemical initialization. The simulations presented here include the standard GEOS-Chem representation of oxidant-aerosol chemistry as described for example by  Mao et al. (2010). We added chemical mechanisms for the oxidation of benzene, toluene, and xylenes  (Calvert et al.
Acknowledgments This work was funded by  NASA  through the  Aura Science Team  and by a  South African National Research Scholarship for Study Abroad  awarded to EAM. The authors grately acknowledge  James Hopkins  and  Claire Reeves  for access to the NMVOC measurements obtained onboard the BAe-146 aircraft as part of the AMMA campaign in JulyeAugust 2006. The authors acknowledge the strong support of the  European Commission, Airbus , and the  Airlines (Lufthansa, Air-France ,  Austrian ,  Air Namibia ,  Cathay Pacific , Iberia and China Airlines so far) who carry the MOZAIC or IAGOS equipment and perform the maintenance since 1994. MOZAIC is presently funded by  INSU-CNRS (France) ,  M et eo-France ,  CNES ,  Universit e Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France)  and  Research Center Jülich (FZJ, Jülich, Germany ).
16-0. 44 MPa) and corresponding temperature (143. 6-165°C) for a heating time (t) ranging between 12 s and 68 s. The instant vacuum releasing was about -0. 5 MPa/s to reach a final pressure of about 4 kPa. This abrupt adiabatic pressure drop provoked autovaporization of superheated water of the material, instantaneously cooling and swelling the matrix and possibly rupturing the cell walls. In this work, an initial dehydration step allowed water content of the raw material to be 100% or 30% db throughout the controlled pressing and drying processes of the microalgae viscous slurry. The response surface methodology was used after preliminary experiments for optimizing the DIC parameters. Statgraphics for Windows software (5. 1 version) for designing experiments and statistically treating the responses was used.
High performance liquid chromatography analysis: A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system (Agilent Instruments, 1100 series, Germany) was used to analyze the extracts containing lutein. The LC system was interfaced with a mass spectrometer (MS) (LC-MS 6110, Agilent) fitted with an electrospray ion source. The MS was operated in the single ion monitoring mode to detect chlorogenic acids (CGA) and chlorogenic acid lactones (CGL) specific mass ions. Data were collected and processed using an HPLC Chemstation software program (Agilent, version B. 04. 01, Germany). Chromatographic separations were achieved using a C18 HPLC column (2. 0 × 150 mm; porosity 28 μm; maximum particle size 3 μm; Agilent: Santa Clara, CA, USA; Varian, Les Ulis, France) maintained at a constant temperature of 40°C.