dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
using observations with the ANTARES neutrino telescope. The standard methods of the ANTARES candidate list search are applied to six years of data to search for an excess of muons -and hence their neutrino progenitors -from the directions of the six blazars described by the TANAMI Collaboration, and which are possibly associated with two IceCube events. Monte Carlo simulations of the detector response to both signal and background particle fluxes are used to estimate the sensitivity of this analysis for different possible source neutrino spectra. A maximum-likelihood approach, using the reconstructed energies and arrival directions of through-going muons, is used to identify events with properties consistent with a blazar origin. Both blazars predicted to be the most neutrino-bright in the TANAMI sample  (1653-329 and 1714-336)  have a signal flux fitted by the likelihood analysis corresponding to approximately one event.
acknowledgement The authors would like to thank  A. Kappes  for helpful discussions regarding the IceCube analysis. The ANTARES authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies:  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ,  Commissariat  à l'énegie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA),  Commission Européenne  ( FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program ),  Région Alsace  (contrat CPER),  Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Département du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France ;  Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) ,  Germany ;  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy ;  Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) ,  Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) , the  Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation  for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants,  Russia ;  National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS) ,  Romania ;  Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) ,  Prometeo of Generalitat Valenciana and MultiDark, Spain ;  Agence de l'Oriental and CNRST, Morocco.
Signal acquisition EEG signals are referentially recorded using Brain Products actiCHamp system with 32 electrodes placed on the subject's head: nine electrodes are related to imagery EEG data acquisition. The reference electrodes are mounted on the right and left ear. The sampling frequency rate is 500 Hz, and all electrode impedances are maintained below 5 kΩ. Taking into account that the subject needs to achieve right hand, left hand and foot movements accurately and promptly, we chose the subject who had previous experience driving a car (male, 28 years old).
Acknowledgments We thank  J. Matthew Watson  for carefully editing the manuscript and  Nina Daubel  for Figure 1. The authors were supported by  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  grant ' Dynam'Het '  ANR-11 JSV2 009 01  and  ANR grant  ' SINUDYN '  ANR-12 ISV6 0001  to A. V. P. and  Austrian Science Fund  ( FWF I1107 ,  FWF W1238 ) and  Vienna Science and Technology Fund  ( WWTF LS13-057 ) to O. M. S. We apologize to our colleagues whose work we were not able to discuss because of space constraints.
The current work addresses one of the key building blocks towards an improved understanding of flood processes and associated changes in flood characteristics and regimes in Europe: the development of a comprehensive, extensive European flood database. The presented work results from ongoing cross-border research collaborations initiated with data collection and joint interpretation in mind. A detailed account of the current state, characteristics and spatial and temporal coverage of the European Flood Database, is presented. At this stage, the hydrological data collection is still growing and consists at this time of annual maximum and daily mean discharge series, from over 7000 hydrometric stations of various data series lengths. Moreover, the database currently comprises data from over 50 different data sources.
For example, Europe has several hydro-climatologic distinct sub-regions, which offer a unique set of large-scale study areas in which observed floods can be compared and analysed. To improve our understanding of flood processes and associated changes in flood regimes at a European scale, a single extensive large scale database is essential  (Hall et al. , 2014) , as currently this data is dispersed in various national and international data sources, some of which are only recorded on paper. Under the umbrella of the European Research Council (ERC) project "Deciphering River Flood Change" (FloodChange), a joint European flood change research network has being established. Within the network, the time series of the European Flood Database were obtained from different national data sources in a collaborative effort of a joint European flood research agreement based on the exchange of data, models and expertise, and from existing international data collections and open source websites.
In the course of developing this database, an attempt is being made to bring all these different data sources together, and to merge the different formats of existing or new (not yet digitised) data sources into a comprehensive European Flood Database. These ongoing efforts in building the database are a key building block and cross-border research collaborations are contributing to advancing the understanding of regional flood processes beyond individual country boundaries and to making flood research more coherent in Europe. In the following sections, a detailed account of the current state, spatial and temporal coverage of the preliminary state of European Flood Database (as of January 2015), is presented together with a summary and outlook on the still ongoing work on the database.
Data sources of the European Flood Database The raw hydrological data that has been compiled and transformed with the aim to be merged into the European Flood Database has been supplied by many different individual, national, and already existing international data sources. The database comprises of time series from either daily mean discharges, annual maximum peak discharges or both variables, depending on data availability or current data distri-Proc. IAHS, 370, 89-95, 2015 proc-iahs. net/370/89/2015/ bution/sharing policies in place. For few countries that are included in the database, only water levels time series are available, though no discharges. Although these data are not directly comparable with discharge, water level series were included into database to supplement the temporal and spatial coverage of the data.
In Fig. 1 , the current database national coverage and data source labels of already existing international collections are depicted, together with the detailed data source information (Table  1 ). For some countries such as Germany or Italy, where the hydrological data is not centrally collected and archived, several different regional data sources exist and were depicted with the same combined national label. It has to be noted that for most countries, only a selection of the countries' available gauging stations has been shared by the data holders. Therefore, the spatial and temporal coverage within the database does not correspond to the entire national observational networks.
Flood Database characteristics All the series that are integrated into the database are checked for consistency for both the actual flood data and their metadata (Station Name, River/Stream, Station elevation, and Catchment Area). If problematic or incorrect information is detected, data providers are involved whenever possible to correct the data appropriately. Additionally, as the hydrological series stem from different sources, some stations have duplicated entries in the database (e. g. one from an international data source and a regional source). Currently there is still extensive work being done in identifying such duplicates and, if the data quality permits, in merging/amending the time series and the associated metadata. To date (January 2015), the preliminary database comprises over 7000 hydrometric stations of various data series length, with more than 60 % of the stations spanning over more than 40 years.
Spatial coverage The aim of the database is to obtain a homogenous flood database across Europe. In practical terms however, depending on data availability and country size, different countries and regions in Europe differ in the number of stations in the database (Fig. 2 ) and their station density (see also Fig. 1 ). If the spatial coverage of the stations is examined together with other station attributes such as catchment elevation (Fig. 3 ) and catchment area (Fig. 4 ), it becomes apparent that not only the spatial density across Europe is highly variably but also the other spatial characteristics. For example, higher elevated stations such as the Alps or the Pyrenees are well covered, whereas the Carpathians, the Kjolen and the Balkan Mountains show a lower density. Central Europe exhibit a better coverage for lower lying stations and for larger catchment areas, compared to for example Eastern Europe.
Temporal coverage The spatial coverage of the preliminary database can be considered satisfactory for investigating changes in floods and proc-iahs. net/370/89/2015/ Proc. IAHS, 370, 89-95, 2015 the associated flood generating processes. However, the temporal coverage of the database shows a more inhomogeneous appearance for some regions. These inhomogeneities become particularly evident when analysing the annual maximum flow series, either the actual peak flow series or derived from daily mean discharges (Fig. 5 ). Several reasons for the differences in record length exist. The most important is for historical reasons with station records in different regions across Europe commencing in different periods (Fig. 6 ). Second, the availability of the most recent or updated series also plays an important role (Fig.
Summary and outlook The preliminary state of the European Flood Database (January 2015) has been presented. The database will be further developed and the associated research questions will be approached through further collaborations and research agreements based on the exchange of data, models, staff, and expertise. The current direction of further database development aims to increase the temporal coverage so that the satisfactory spatial coverage can be maintained across all time periods. This includes a focus on the last 40-50 years to allow for a better understanding of whether floods in Europe have been changing and if so when, where and how the changes have occurred. A key element of the database that needs to be expanded over the course of database development is information associated with the degree of human modifications on the river system related to the station and therefore the time series.
Currently, little metadata on this is in the database, but when data providers with detailed regional knowledge were involved in obtaining the time series, one of the requisites was to have low human influence present in the time series. This proc-iahs. net/370/89/2015/ Proc. IAHS, 370, 89-95, 2015  pre-requisite could not be achieved for some regions due to the high degree of modification of the catchments. Ultimately, when analyses on the database are performed, local knowledge on rivers and the degree of human influence are important and will be considered through the contributions of the established network. The database development is still ongoing; therefore, researchers and data providers interested to join the European  flood change research network are welcome. Generally, due to legal restrictions and economic concerns, various agreements with the data providers have to be signed, before data can be incorporated into the database.
Depending on these agreements, the use of the time series is restricted to the FloodChange Project or the data can be used for joint research within the network. Due to these legal restrictions, the database cannot be made freely available and is only ac- cessible for partners involved in the research network. The final large-scale database will be used for joint research to improve our understanding of flood processes and associated changes in flood regimes at a European scale. Once European wide patterns of change have been identified, the acquired understanding of the drivers will facilitate an improved understanding of possible future flood regime changes.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank all those involved in the data collection, preparation and screening for their collaborative efforts and we would also like to thank the data providers for sharing the discharge series. This research was supported by the  ERC Advanced Grant  "FloodChange", Project No. 291152. We also acknowledge the  WMO Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) , and the  UNESCO Flow Regimes from International Experimental and Network Data (FRIEND) European Water Archive (EWA). The present work was partially developed within the framework of the " Panta Rhei" Research Initiative  of the  International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). The authors also acknowledge the involvement in the data screening process of  C. Álvaro Díaz  and  M. Kupfersberger  during their internships, as well as  E.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge financial support from the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-13-BS03-0001  " RE-LINQ "). The  LPA-ENS  is a " Unité Mixte de Recherche Associée  au  CNRS UMR8551  et aux Universités Paris 6 et 7". We are grateful for support from the  EPSRC (UK) , the  Royal Society and Wolfson Foundation , and the  ERC programme TOSCA. T. A. S. Pereira  was financially supported by  CAPES  under process  3299/13-9.
From June 2002 to September 2013, we identified 111 patients with a diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disease who received tandem auto-allo at any point during their therapeutic history at two institutions (Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France), selected from the internal transplanta-tion database. The data regarding patients' age, sex, diagnosis, indication for tandem auto-allo, type and number of previous therapy or therapies, ASCT conditioning, interval between ASCT and allogeneic SCT, donor type and HCT-CI score were collected and analyzed as covariates in regression analyses; the hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index was reported or retrospectively calculated whenever possible. Firstline therapy was ABVD (HL patients), CHOP or CHOPlike regimens (patients with aggressive NHL, with the addition of rituximab in cases of malignant-cell positivity for CD20) or chemotherapy associations not including anthracyclines (i.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of a low-copper, high-zinc diet on hepatic copper concentration in Labrador retrievers with subclinical hepatic copper accumulation that had not previously undergone chelation therapy. Client-owned Labrador retrievers with increased hepatic copper concentrations related to dogs with clinical copper-associated hepatitis were fed a low-copper, high-zinc diet. a Effects of diet on hepatic copper concentration were evaluated by repeated liver biopsies. The results of this study provide important data for dietary management of Labrador retrievers with increased hepatic copper concentrations.
12 Histology was evaluated by a single board-certified veterinary pathologist (TSGAMvdI), who was blinded to all clinical data as well as quantitative copper concentrations in the liver biopsy samples. Grading and staging of biopsy samples was performed according to the system of Ishak et al  13, 14  Grading was defined on a scale of 0-5 for necro-inflammatory activity: absent (0), slight (1), mild (2), moderate (3), marked (4), very marked (5). Staging was defined on a scale of 0-4 for the degree of fibrosis: absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2), marked (3), very marked (4). Distribution of copper (centro-lobular or periportal) was evaluated in rubeanic acid-stained sections. Biopsies were only performed when coagulation parameters were within the reference range, which was the case for all biopsy samples obtained in this study.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed in R version 3. 1. 0. d Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the data. The dependent variable was defined as "reaching hepatic copper <400 mg/kg dwl during the study period" (yes, no). Independent factors that were analyzed in this model included: sex (male, female), age on entering the study (years), pedigree (being part of the high-risk pedigree, yes/no), and hepatic copper concentration at start of the study (in 100 mg/kg dwl). The model of best fit was determined based on AIC. For the final model, both multivariable and univariable estimates were reported. Normality of age, hepatic copper concentration, grade, stage, ALT and albumin was assessed by inspecting histograms. Normally distributed data was presented as mean and standard deviation and data that was not normally distributed was presented as median and range.
7-43 months). Three of these dogs were part of the high-risk pedigree with starting hepatic copper concentrations of 690, 900, 927 mg/kg dwl and follow-up times respectively of 43, 25. 3 and 20. 7 months. The dog from the other group had a hepatic copper concentration of 960 mg/kg dwl and was followed for 12. 7 months. None of these dogs reached a hepatic copper concentration <400 mg/kg dwl. Logistic regression analysis was performed using the total data set as well as without the 4 dogs that Data are grouped for dogs being part of the high-risk pedigree (n = 13) and dogs that were part of any of the other pedigrees (n = 15). T0-T7: time-points at which control biopsy samples were obtained. Time in months summarizes the actual time that passed until the dogs returned for their follow-up visits.
The number of dogs that were present at each follow-up visit is indicated. Values are indicated as mean AE standard deviation, or as median (range). Laboratory references for ALT were <70 U/L and for albumin 26-37 g/L. When data for ≤2 dogs was present, values for the individual dogs were included in the table. were lost to follow-up (Table  2 ). For both datasets, the logistic regression model with the lowest AIC comprised pedigree and hepatic copper concentration at start of the study. Dogs that were part of the high-risk pedigree and dogs with higher hepatic copper concentrations at the start of the study had a significantly higher risk for not reaching a hepatic copper concentration <400 mg/kg dwl (Table  2 ).
Discussion Clinical copper-associated hepatitis in Labrador retrievers is preceded by a subclinical phase in which copper accumulates in the liver. Development of clinical disease likely is influenced by environmental factors, including dietary intake of copper and zinc. 6, 8, 9 The objective of the current study was to investigate the influence of a low-copper, high-zinc diet on hepatic copper accumulation in Labrador retrievers with increased hepatic copper concentrations. The copper concentration in the diet used here (   19  or a mean zinc concentration of 52. 4 AE 17. 8 mg/Mcal). 6 There were no data available about the copper and zinc concentrations of diets that were fed to the dogs before entering this study. Hepatic copper concentrations in this study were measured in biopsy samples obtained using 14G tru cut needles b.
The methodology for analysis of these loci should be standardised, so that data from different sources can be easily compared. Moreover, accumulated data especially on EmsB, should be gathered into a common public database in order to advance international cooperation in epidemiological studies of this dangerous zoonotic disease. On top of genotyping studies, epidemiological data should be collected for each human case, based on the rules set by the existing national reference centres. The FrancEchino-Alveolar Echinococcosis National Reference Centre in Besanc on, France, or the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin, Germany have already conducted health monitoring for several decades. These reference centres investigate population risk factors, which were highlighted by European collaboration programs such as the EurEchinoReg project, based on collaboration of western and central European countries  (Kern et al.
Acknowledgments We are very grateful to  Benoît Valot  and  Gérald Umhang  for complementary studies on the EmsB microsatellite, and  John Davison  for language editing. This work was supported by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (grant no. 31 , 003A 141039/1 ); institutional research funding ( IUT-2032 ) from the  Estonian Ministry of Education and Research ; by grant  ESF-8525  from the  Estonian Research Council ; by the  European Union  through the  European Regional Development Fund  ( Centre of Excellence FIBIR ); by the  French National Institute for Health Surveillance  and the  French Ministry of Health  through the  National Reference Centre For Alveolar Echinococcosis.
Patients This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed the data of 59 patients (21 boys and 38 girls) seen for pubic hair development before one year of age and diagnosed with mini-puberty between May 2004 and May 2012 by a senior pediatric endocrinologist (R Brauner) in a university pediatric hospital. The data from these patients were compared to data from 13 patients (2 boys and 11 girls) seen by the same physician for pubertal development including pubic hair development beginning at the same age and diagnosed with PP between 1982 and 2013. Some of the data from these patients had previously been included in larger studies that included patients seen for PP by the same physician  [9] [10] [11] [12]. Girls seen during the same time period for isolated PT were not included. Instead, they were evaluated once to confirm the diagnosis of PT, and their physician and parents were asked to redirect them to us if their breast development increased, if pubic hair development occurred, or if growth acceleration was noted before 8 years of age.
Molecular genetic analysis was performed by Sanger sequencing of polymerase chain reaction amplicons of all 10 PEX7 exons and flanking intronic regions according to reported methods  (5). The results indicated the patient was homozygous for an unreported PEX7 variant, c. 192delT (p. F64Lfs*10). This variant was found in the heterozygote state in both parents (Figure  4 ). It was not found in public exomes databases and is considered highly likely to be pathogenic and consistent with the diagnosis of RCDP type 1. The parents were informed about this disease and genetic counseling was provided. The family gave informed consent to use the X-rays, the patient's photograph and test results for publication.
In Sec. 12, we specify our general formulae to few simplest cases of junctions of two and three wires. Finally, Sec. 13 collects our conclusions and discusses the possible generalizations and open problems. Appendix A contains the calculations of the generating functional of FCS for charge transfers at general t and L. Appendix B performs the computation of certain bosonic Fock space expectations that are needed to obtain the generating function of FCS for heat transfers through the junction. Appendix C calculates the quadratic contribution to the Levitov-Lesovik large-deviations rate function of charge transfers for free fermions. Acknowledgements: The authors thank D. Bernard for discussions on nonequilibrium CFT and J. Germoni for Ref. [44]. A part of the work of K. G. was done within the STOSYMAP project ANR-11-BS01-015-02.