dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Downstream analyses were then restricted to positions with a genotype quality of at least 30 and between 5 and 22 reads sequencing depth at each position. ROH. Runs of homozygosity was estimated for modern populations and the diploid calls of syr013 using PLINK 100 with parameters -homozyg-density 50, -homozyggap 100, -homozyg-kb 500, -homozyg-snp 100, -homozyg-window-het 1, -homozyg-window-snp 100, -homozyg-window-threshold 0. 05 and -homozyg-windowmissing 25 for the Human Origins dataset. For the SGDP dataset, the analysis was restricted to 6,383,589 sites with a minor allele frequency of at least 0. 01 and no missing data after adding syr013. Therefore, -homozyg-window-missing 25 was set to 1 for the SGDP dataset. IBD. Segments showing identity-by-descent between the UEB individual syr013 and modern human populations were determined using Beagle 4.
1  37. We used Human Origins 2. 0 as well as the Simons Genome Diversity Project (SGDP  46  ) to compare results between the HO panel and the SGDP data, which was filtered to remove missing sites from syr013. Beagle's IBD was run using VCF files with the following parameters: ibdtrim = 30 and 150 for the Human Origins and SGDP datasets respectively; ibd = true; and impute = FALSE, for all chromosomes. We selected segments with a LOD score >3 and length >1 cM for both panels.
Acknowledgements This work was funded by a grant from the  Royal Physiographic Society of Lund (Nilsson-Ehle Endowments)  to T. G. and C. V. and the  La Trobe Internal Research  grants to C. V. M. S. was part of the  Erasmus Mundus Master Programme in Evolutionary Biology (MEME). C. V. is supported by a  Ramón y Cajal grant  ( RYC2018-025223-I ). T. G. is supported by a grant from the  Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet  ( 2017-05267 ). M. J. and A. G. were supported by grants from the  Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet  and the  Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation. J. S. is supported by a grant from  Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (European Commission , no. GA 750460 ;  H2020-MSCA-IF-2016 ) and a  Ramón y Cajal grant  ( RYC2019-028346-I ). The archaeological research at  Tell Qarassa  was supported by the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness  (grant  HAR2016-74999-P ) and the  Palarq Foundation.
The authors would like to thank  Nikolay Oskolkov ,  Claudio Mirabello  and  Per Unneberg  from the  National Bioinformatics Infrastructure of Sweden (NBIS)  for their assistance with Kra-kenUniq, Pathogenome databases and metagenomic workflows. We thank  Arielle R. Munters  for initial data processing and  Carolina Bernhardsson  for assistance with the diploid genotype calls. The computations were performed on resources provided by  SNIC  through  Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX)  under projects sllstore2017020 and  2018/8-150. Shotgun sequencing was performed at the  National Genomics Infrastructure (NGI) Stockholm. We also thank  Phillip Edwards  for valuable comments on the manuscript and  Christina Warinner  for discussion.
Morphoconstitutional analysis of renal stones The Cristal laboratory has been collecting stones sent for identification and classification from >200 hospitals in France during several decades. Morphologic examination and classification of urinary stone surface and section were combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to classify stones and identify the different crystalline phases  [14, 15]. Starting from a database of more than 78,000 urinary stones collected in adults between 1990 and 2020, stones whose origin side (left or right kidney) was certain have been selected, limiting the study to 38,349 stones. Other clinical data including the notion of diabetes were recorded in the database when available. The proportions of the main stone components were assessed, as well as the internal structure of the stone according to FTIR and to the morphoconstitutional stone classification  [14, 15].
Uric acid fractional excretion and pH in renal transplant kidneys To assess whether kidney side would influence uric acid excretion or urine pH, we also measured urinary uric acid and pH in a cohort of renal graft recipients who received either a left or a right kidney. Uric acid fractional excretion and fasting urine pH were analyzed retrospectively in 181 renal transplant recipients whose data had been recorded in the Bichat Hospital (Paris) transplant recipient cohort  [17]. Renal transplant recipients had a systematic measure of GFR 3 months or one year after kidney graft and uric acid fractional excretion was calculated as stated above.
Data Processing The HHpXRF dataset was treated in a qualitative manner. In the cases where the concentration of the elements was either absent or unsystematically represented to all samples, the specific elements were excluded from the statistical treatment. Therefore, for the statistical manipulation of the picrolite specimens the following elements were used: Mg, Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu and Sb. The extraction and inspection of SR-μXRF raw data was conducted using the SMAK data processing software package developed by Dr Sam Webb and available at SLAC  [24]. For each elemental map, the number of counts for each element under investigation was extracted and normalised to 100%. Subsequently, the processed datasets of both HHpXRF and SR-μXRF were further manipulated in Excel and statistically treated in MatLab.
HHpXRF Elemental Analysis Multivariate statistical analysis of the dataset resulted in tentative source discrimination. Identification is based on the following major elements: Mg, Al, Si, Fe and, to a lesser degree on the trace elements, Mn and Cu (Figure  4 ). Principal component analysis showed that the first two eigenvectors explain 74% of the variance in the assemblage. There was a strong positive correlation of northern outcrops with Mn, Fe, Cu, Si and Mg on the first eigenvector and slightly negative correlations of Al on the first eigenvector. The second eigenvector was positively correlated with Al, Mn, Fe and Cu, but was not unambiguously able to separate the two source regions from each other. There were two clusters of samples which were plotted in discrete regions, giving good discrimination; however, six samples from the north ('agn' outcrops, and one 'bri' sample) and nine samples from the south ('pla' outcrops, two 'epi' samples, 'dex', 'eri' and 'geo') plotted close to each other, necessitating further analyses to increase source discrimination.
SR-μXRF Elemental Analysis Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the concentrations of the elements Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn and As. These elements were selected to maintain a comparative dataset with HHpXRF data (Supplement Table  S1 ). The first two principal components explain 76. 6% of the total variance (Figure  5 ). Component 1 accounts for 52. 2% of the variance in the data and is characterised by high positive loadings of Ca, Ti, Cr, Zn and As. Component 2, which accounts for 24. 4% of the total variance, separates strongly on second eigenvector where Fe is negative and Co positive. According to the multivariate analysis, SR-μXRF increases the source discrimination based on the chemical composition of the two major localities (i. e. , north and south), in that only five samples from the south (one sample of each of the 'pyl', 'par' and 'epi', and 'pla' outcrops) overlap with samples from the north.
The round inclusion had a diameter of approximately 100 μm diameter which is sufficiently large to be identified by analysis with a microscope. Well-designed archaeometric studies can provide useful information in the study of ancient materials. The use of synchrotron radiation techniques to the study of archaeological and cultural heritage objects has undergone a steep increase over the past ten years or so. The methodology has been applied to a wide range of materials, including paintings, metals, glass and organics, such as bone, teeth and wood. Stone has rarely been the focus of such studies, particularly regarding the characterisation of raw materials for the manufacture of stone tools and other lithic objects. The results obtained from the application of SR-μXRF on picrolite samples add significant new data to the modest dataset of stone materials analysed via synchrotron radiation techniques.
In-situ cosmogenic nuclides were successfully used in constructing chronologies for MIS 2 palaeo-ice sheets (e. g. ,  Marsella et al. , 2000; Rinterknecht et al. , 2006; Clark et al. , 2009). In the Fig. 1. The study area with reconstructed positions of the Late Weichselian (MIS 2) ice margins. The maximum expansion of the last SIS correlated with the Brandenburg (Leszno) and the Frankfurt (Poznan) Phases are indicated as well as a significant ice margin standstill, which was so far correlated with the Pomeranian Phase (light blue lines). Location of case of the vast southern periphery of the last SIS, a large chronological dataset is required to elucidate the full picture of former icemarginal positions associated with multiple ice streams. Here, we present a new set of 25 10 Be surface exposure ages of boulders located on the Pomeranian moraines and of erratic boulders located directly upstream of the Pomeranian moraines in northern Poland.
Together with recalculated 10 Be surface exposure ages along the Pomeranian ice-marginal belt, the full data set (n ¼ 86) enabled us to constrain the timing of the ice front standstill and its subsequent retreat. In this study we provide the largest dataset of direct chronology for the southern periphery of the last SIS associated with the Pomeranian ice-marginal belt. This makes it possible to understand in details the behavior of an ice stream dominated ice margin in the context of climatic improvement and to understand the response of individual ice streams to local conditions. We propose a new history of ice-marginal oscillations and a time-slice reconstruction of the last SIS's southern fringe for the period ~20e15 ka. Our results provide a strong argument for the need to revise the pattern of the last deglaciation in the southern fringe of the SIS and define a new framework for the Late Weichselian glacial phases in the area south of the Baltic Sea.
a Corresponding to self-shielding (direction and angle of surface dip). b surface exposure ages not used (outliers) in calculation of the arithmetic mean with the standard deviation of the mean (italic). Therefore, the most likely age of the ice margin positions is proposed as a time interval located between the minimum age of the ice margin retreat inferred from our 10 Be dataset and radiocarbon/OSL ages of deposits overlying till, and the maximum age of the ice margin stillstand and retreat inferred from OSL ages of sandur deposits. Details for the ice margin age estimation within regions of particular ice streams are described in section 5. 1.
Results 4. 1. Full 10 Be dataset (n ¼ 86) 10 Be ages of boulders scattered along the Pomeranian icemarginal belt range between 3. 6 ± 0. 5 ka and 84. 0 ± 9. 1 ka (Table  1 ), however the age range between 12. 0 ± 1. 3 ka and 21. 6 ± 2. 0 ka fall into a confidence interval arithmetic average ± 1. 5 Â IQR (interquartile range, which is the range between the third quartile e Q3 and the first quartile e Q1 of the population) (Fig. 3 ). Variability of the ages falling into this confidence interval (12. 7%) slightly exceeds the average analytical uncertainty (10. 2%), suggesting that the random uncertainties are dominated by geological uncertainties rather than by analytical ones. The skewness is 0. 17 indicating a slightly positively skewed distribution. The arithmetic mean of the 77 exposure ages is 16.
1 ± 1. 2 ka and 21. 0 ± 1. 8 ka and a reduced chi-squared test shows a much better cluster: c 2 R ¼ 2. 76. The variability of the remaining ages is 13. 5%, with a c 2 R > 2, and the dataset can be described as moderately clustered  (Blomdin et al. , 2016). The arithmetic mean and the standard deviation of the mean for these 11 surface exposure ages are 17. 9 ± 0. 7 ka (Fig. 4A ). Reliable 10 Be ages of boulders located on landforms associated with the line indicating the maximum extent of the Pomeranian ice sheet are 18. 6 ± 1. 6 ka and 17. 9 ± 1. 6 ka (with an arithmetic mean and a standard deviation of the mean of 18. 2 ± 0. 4 ka), while 10 Be ages of boulders located up to 50 km from this line upstream along former ice stream flowlines range between 14. 1 ± 1. 2 ka and 21. 0 ± 1. 8 ka (with an arithmetic mean and a standard deviation of the mean of 17.
Odra Ice Stream (B 2 ) area In the region where the Odra Ice Stream (OIS) was operating, the highest number of 10 Be ages were reported among all analyzed regions (n ¼ 24). The ages range between 7. 1 ± 0. 9 ka and 24. 2 ± 5. 9 ka, and their distribution is relatively tight with the mode occurring around 16. 5 ka (Fig. 4B ). However, a reduced chi-squared test shows that these 24 ages are poorly clustered: c 2 R ¼ 6. 55. The youngest age in the dataset (7. 1 ± 0. 9 ka) and the oldest (24. 2 ± 5. 9 ka) were identified as outliers e they lie beyond a confidence interval arithmetic average ± 1. 5 Â IQR. We invoke similar reasons as for the BIS to explain why one boulder is "too young". For the boulder that is "too old", it most probably contains beryllium inherited from episodes of exposure pre-dating the last deglaciation.
After excluding these two outliers, the remaining 22 ages range between 12. 0 ± 1. 3 ka and 20. 1 ± 2. 1 ka with a reduced chi-squared test showing a cluster of 1. 62. Because c 2 R is < 2, and the variability of ages is <15% (11. 1%), we may describe this dataset as well clustered  (Blomdin et al. , 2016). The arithmetic mean and the standard deviation of the mean are 16. 6 ± 0. 4 ka (Fig. 4B ). Ten out of twenty-two 10 Be ages come from boulders located on landforms associated with the line delineating the maximum extent of the ice sheet. These ages range between 15. 0 ± 1. 5 ka and 20. 1 ± 2. 1 ka, with the arithmetic mean age and the standard deviation of the mean 17. 3 ± 0. 5 ka. 10 Be ages of erratic boulders located up to 50 km from this line upstream along former ice stream flowlines range between 12.
Odra/Vistula interstream area In the interstream area between the OIS and the Vistula Ice Stream (VIS) 10 Be ages range between 14. 7 ± 1. 6 ka and 43. 2 ± 5. 5 ka (n ¼ 13). The distribution is bimodal with the main mode occurring around 16e17 ka (Fig. 4C ). The oldest age (43. 2 ± 5. 5 ka) clearly deviates from the rest of the data set, and it was identified as an outlier (age which lies beyond the confidence interval mentioned above). After removing this age from the dataset the  distribution is unimodal and well clustered as indicated by the reduced chi-squared test: c 2 R ¼ 1. 51. The ages range between 14. 7 ± 1. 6 ka and 21. 6 ± 2. 0 ka with a variability of 12. 4%. The arithmetic mean and the standard deviation of the mean for 12 ages are 17. 6 ± 0. 6 ka (Fig. 4C ). 10 Be ages of four boulders located on landforms associated with the line indicating the maximum extent of the Pomeranian ice sheet range between 15.
Conclusions Our study provides the largest dataset for a direct chronology of the southern periphery of the last SIS associated with the Pomeranian ice-marginal belt. A new set of 25 10 Be surface exposure ages of boulders located on the Pomeranian moraines and of erratic boulders located directly upstream of the Pomeranian moraines in northern Poland. Together with recalculated 10 Be surface exposure ages along the Pomeranian ice-marginal belt in the European Lowland we document a clear asynchrony of the ice margin positions with about 3e5 ka difference between the Baelthav ice margin in Denmark and the Braslav ice margin in Belarus. Our best age estimates constrain deposition of the Pomeranian ice-marginal formations to discrete intervals: (1) ~20e19 ka in the area of the Baltic Ice Stream, (2) ~19e18 ka in the area of the Odra Ice Stream, (3) ~20e19 ka in the interstream zone between the Odra and the Vistula Ice Streams, (4) ~19e18 ka in the area of the Vistula Ice Stream, (5) ~18e17 ka in the area of the Mazury Ice Stream, (6) ~17e16 ka in the area of the Riga Ice Stream, and (7) ~16e15 ka in the area of the Novgorod Ice Stream.
Sample Site Dated material Stratigraphic context Method 14 C age [yr Calibrated age [cal ka References BP] BP] Ua-1023 Nivå (section) bone Late Glacial lacustrine AMS 14 100 ± 300 17. 16 ± 0. 44 Lagerlund and Houmark-Nielsen deposits (1993) Gd-15891 Rega River (section) carbonate Late Glacial gyttja conv. 14 430 ± 150 17. 63 ± 0. 23 Gliwice Radiocarbon Database (GRDB) Gd-15907 Rega River (section) carbonate Late Glacial gyttja conv. 16 450 ± 260 19. 88 ± 0. 32 Gliwice Radiocarbon Database (GRDB) Gd-12636 Jasie n Lake (core) organic Late Glacial gyttja conv. 13 360 ± 240 16. 10 ± 0. 36 Gliwice Radiocarbon Database (GRDB) Gd-6311 Bo _ ze Pole (section) organic Late glacial peat conv. 13 010 ± 220 15. 58 ± 0. 34 Błaszkiewicz (1998) Gd-10818 Stary Cieszyn (core) organic Late Glacial peat conv.
Performance of the MA Cattle This section summarises the experimental work researchers conducted to assess the animal performance and traits of the MA cattle. These results were obtained from four data sets described in the Supplementary Material (S1). Some of the rusticity traits mentioned by the breeders are well demonstrated by scientific long-term data. Roche et al. [32]  confirmed the "ease of calving" of the MA breed. From 2000 to 2005, more than 97% of the MA cows calved without incidents, whether they wintered in a stall or were free range. Conversely, in the same herd, Charolais (CH) cows were helped in 6 to 46% of calvings, depending on the year. Data collected on MA cows exclusively from 2010 to 2020 showed the same trend with 99% of births requiring no calving assistance (652 calves in total).
Nozières et al. [34]  reported that CH steers performed equally well, or better than MA steers under marshlands conditions. The authors suggest that the level of performance of these CH steers could be explained by an adaptation of the herd reared and selected in this environment for 25 years. A dataset provided by Hocquette et al. [35]  on carcass characteristics confirmed the lower carcass value attributed to the MA animals according to meat sector criteria. Most of the INRAE-SLP MA steers (n = 74) are classified R+ (22% of the animals), R= (43%), and R-(15%) according EUROP classification, similar to Salers steers (R=: 74% and R-: 24%; n = 72), while CH steers are classified U (41%, n = 535) and R+ (45%), and Limousine in U (17%, n = 59) and R+ (83%). Lastly, measurements on the muscle characteristics and meat quality showed that it was difficult to assertively characterise MA meat due to a high variability of the results between animals, whereas CH steers were associated with a higher percentage of fat and a lower tenderness  [35].
Funding:  Fondation de France Appel  d'offres 2018. Pratiques, savoirs, visions et représentations. Les futurs du littoral et de la mer. Practices, knowledge, visions and conceptions. The future of the coast and the sea. This work is part of the  Soil to Nutrition Institute Strategic Program  Grant  BBS/E/C/000I0320 ) at  Rothamsted Research  funded by the  UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). MJ Rivero was supported by the research programme  NE/N018125/1   LTS-M ASSIST-Achieving Sustainable Agricultural Systems , funded by  NERC  and  BBSRC.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Acknowledgments: INRAE and Rothamsted Research are members of the Global Farm Platform initiative (https://globalfarmplatform. org, accessed on 24 December 2021), which attracts researchers from different communities and disciplines seeking to develop sustainable ruminant production globally. The authors would like to thank the Association pour la Valorisation de la Race Bovine Maraichine et des Prairies Humides, which welcomes and co-constructs research projects with INRAE-SLP. They also thank Elsa Berthet (INRAE UMR SADAPT), who allowed them to take a step back and analyse this partnership.
While these data show the existence of a semantic contrast between AM and MVC in Manchu similar to that found in Japhug, this contrast is a strong tendency rather than an absolute principle. Without restricting oneself to Di  Cosmo (2006) , it is possible to find in the Manchu corpus (unlike in Japhug) examples of AM verbs in past form where only the motion event is completed. For instance, in (17), the AM hûlha-nji-ha and the corresponding MVC hûlha-me ji-he are synonymous and clearly mean 'came to steal (the bull)' rather than 'came and stole (the bull)'. 8   (17) taidzu sure beile jortai hendu-me ere hûlha ainci Taidzu wise ruler pretending say-ipfv. conv this thief perhaps mini ihan hûlha-me ji-hebi =dere seme hendu-he 1sg:gen bull steal-ipfv. conv come-pst. fin probably quot say-pst 7.
(Jacques 2013: 209). Note that one of the texts used in our corpus, the Manju-i yargiyan kooli is of disputed date. Manuscript copies that have come down to us date at the earliest from 1779-1781, although they contain the description of historical facts from 1635/1636. Specialists are undecided about the exact dating of the text and the majority simply refers to  Fuchs' (1936: 59-71, esp. 62-64)  insightful presentation of the problem (cf. Imanishi 1992: 19-21). Needless to say, the lack of a detailed study regarding the linguistic features of the text contributes to this unfortunate state of affairs. Be that as it may, seen from the perspective of the AM vs. MVC issue at hand, our interpretation of the data would seem to favor the second scenario, that is, original composition of the text sometime in the 17th century.
At the same time, he built up a system for collecting information after each earthquake, by sending questionnaires to the municipalities affected. With this system, BSCF obtained systematic data in sufficient quantity to assess earthquake intensity and for each intensity, to draw the damage extent area after the earthquake (isoseismal line). Edmond Rothé's actions provided France with a full network for collecting data on its seismicity: an orderly catalog of available archives on historical earthquakes, systematic surveys of effects after an earthquake and an instrumental recording network. At the European scale, he developed a mechanism to share seismological data across countries. However, despite his activism in this field, 6  his work was not used for seismic risk prevention. From a macroseismic study point of view and more precisely, for the conversion of earthquakes into hazards, Jean-Pierre Rothé could be considered pioneering and may be the most decisive figure in France.
Jean-Pierre Rothé: a bridge between earthquakes studies and the nuclear industry The year 1962 marked a turning point in the seismic risk perception of nuclear industry engineers in France. Between April 12 and July 15, 1962, a series of 28 earthquakes hit Grenoble and its surroundings, even though it was located in a region previously considered non-seismic. The strongest earthquake was on April 25, known as the Corrençon earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 5. 5 on the Richter scale. This earthquake caused significant damage in Grenoble ("a hundred chimneys were overturned"), estimated at the time at an intensity equivalent to VIII on the EMS-98 scale. In the SisFrance database, the earthquake of April 25, 1962, located in Corrençon, is characterized by an intensity VII-VIII. This earthquake is estimated at a moment magnitude of 5 and a depth of 5 km  [Lambert et al.