dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Syncytin-A and -B are involved in myoblast fusion To characterize further the role of the syncytin genes in myoblast fusion, we isolated mouse primary satellite cells and quantified the expression of both syncytin-A and-B in proliferating myoblasts, as well as during the process of cell differentiation and fusion (day 0, day 2 and day 4, see Fig  5A ). Both genes were detected by quantitative RT-PCR and were found to be upregulated after 2-4 days of myogenic differentiation and myoblast fusion (when myotubes could be clearly observed), whereas the level of the housekeeping gene remained stable. These data suggest that both syncytin genes could be involved in this process. To investigate further their role in myoblast fusion, we knocked-down syncytin-A and-B expression by RNA-mediated interference (Fig  5B ).
Cells were transfected with siRNA (control or specifically designed against the corresponding syncytins), and differentiation induced 2 days later. Following 2 days of differentiation, cells were fixed in 4% PFA, stained with an anti-desmin antibody (muscle cell marker), and nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. The fusion index (number of nuclei in cells with >2 nuclei per total number of nuclei) was determined (middle panels). Representative images of desmin-immunolabeled and DAPIstained myoblasts transfected with either control or syncytin-specific siRNAs, respectively, are shown (right panels). Data are the mean ± SEM (at least three independent experiments; * p<0. 05, ** p<0. 01, Student's t-test). doi:10. 1371/journal. pgen. 1006289. g007 area, and most importantly the number of nuclei per muscle fiber.
Histological and immunofluorescence analyses Mouse Tibialis anterior (TA), Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) and Soleus (SOL) muscles were dissected, weighed and frozen in isopentane/liquid nitrogen baths. Cryopreserved tissues were then cut in 10 μm cryosections. Cryosections were cut in the same central region of the muscle for all analyzed animals. Muscle cryosections were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde on ice for 8 min. Tissue sections were then saturated with 5% Goat serum 2% BSA solution for 30 min. Overnight immunolabeling for dystrophin (Leica Biosystems) and laminin (Sigma) was then performed at 4°C. Nuclei were counterstained with 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 15 min at room temperature. Myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured from stained slides from randomly chosen fields using the ImageJ software (at least 150 myofibers were measured per condition).
Following 2 days of differentiation, cells were fixed in 4% PFA, stained with an anti-desmin antibody (muscle cell marker), and nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. The fusion index (number of nuclei in cells with >2 nuclei per total number of nuclei) was determined (middle panels). Representative images of desmin-immunolabeled and DAPIstained myoblasts transfected with either control or syncytin-specific siRNAs, respectively, are shown (right panels). Data are the mean ± SEM (at least three independent experiments; * p<0. 05, ** p<0. 01, Student's t-test).
Acknowledgments We wish to especially thank  Stéphane Blot ,  Isabelle Punzon , and  Inès Barthélémy ,  Ecole Vétérinaire d'Alfort , for the dog primary cells;  Isabelle Hue ,  INRA Jouy en Josas  for the sheep biopsies;  Olivia Bawa ,  Institut Gustave Roussy , for contribution to the histological analyses;  Gillian Butler-Brown ,  Pitié-Salpétrière ,  Fanny Pilot-Storck ,  Ecole Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Fabien Le Grand and Pascal Maire, Institut Cochin , for fruitful scientific discussion and technical advice; and  Christian Lavialle  and  Jhen Tsang ,  Institut Gustave Roussy , for discussion and critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the  CNRS  and by grants to TH from the  Ligue Nationale contre Le Cancer (Equipe Labellisée, France) , the  ANR (Retro-Placenta, France) , and the  Association Française contre les Myopathies  ( AFM-Téléthon, France ).
9 A sham arm was not used in the CRYSTAL study because the superiority of ranibizumab treatment versus sham was established in the CRUISE study. Laser could not be used as an active comparator because it was shown to be ineffective in improving VA in patients with macular edema secondary to CRVO in the Central Vein Occlusion study. 13 No other approved treatments for macular edema secondary to CRVO were available at the time of study initiation. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the protocol was reviewed and approved by the independent ethics committee or institutional review board for each contributing center. Patients provided written informed consent before entering the study. The study is registered with Clinical-Trials. gov (identifier, NCT01535261).
The investigator or the designated study staff evaluated the images according to the standard practice and recorded the required variables in the clinical database. The images also were reviewed by a CRC to ensure a standardized evaluation of CSFT (which is the average retinal thickness of the circular area with a 1-mm diameter around the foveal center), central foveal thickness, and the retinal thickness at the foveal centerpoint and to capture the presence or absence of qualitative parameters (i. e. , intraretinal cystoid fluid and subretinal fluid). Definitions of these quantitative and categorical spectral-domain OCT parameters are provided in Appendix 4 (available at www. aaojournal. org). Image raw data were evaluated using validated CRC software. The inner and outer retinal boundaries were segmented at predefined standardized locations to ensure standardization across the spectral-domain OCT instruments used.
05. All analyses were descriptive. The 95% confidence intervals and P values for the primary (related to the null hypothesis that this mean change is equal to 0) and secondary efficacy analyses comparing response to baseline were calculated based on a t distribution/t test. The last observation carried forward approach was used to impute missing variables. The CRC-assessed categorical OCT parameters were summarized using the observed data for the study eye in the FAS. All efficacy analyses were performed using the FAS, which included all patients who received 1 or more administrations of study treatment and had 1 or more postbaseline assessments for BCVA in the study eye. Safety analyses were performed using the safety set, which included all patients who received 1 or more administrations of study treatment and had 1 or more postbaseline safety assessments.
Acknowledgements. We would like to acknowledge  Laura López  and  Salvador Guerrero  for technical assistance. JMRV has been in part funded by  ASTF   32-2014  ( Short-Term Fellowships EMBO Program 2014 ) and  Ramón Areces Foundation  (Postdoctoral Grants Program 2015); JMM has been funded by a predoctoral fellowship by the programme  FPU ,  Spanish Ministry of Education Culture and Sport. This work was supported by  Junta de Andalucía , project of  Excellence  from  Junta de Andalucía   P07-CTS-0239 ,  P10-CTS-0662 , to FJO,  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness   SAF2012-40011-C02-01 ,  SAF2015-70520-R  to FJO,  BIO-778 ) and SAF2015-64383-P to ALR, and  RTICC RD12/0036/0026  to ALR and FJO. GI, FD and VS were supported by LABEX  ANR-10-LABX-0034-Medalis.
Acknowledgements. The Planck Collaboration acknowledges the support of:  ESA ;  CNES , and  CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France) ;  ASI ,  CNR , and  INAF (Italy) ;  NASA and DoE (USA) ;  STFC  and  UKSA (UK) ;  CSIC ,  MINECO ,  JA  and  RES (Spain) ;  Tekes, AoF , and  CSC (Finland) ;  DLR  and  MPG (Germany) ;  CSA (Canada) ;  DTU Space (Denmark) ;  SER/SSO (Switzerland) ;  RCN (Norway) ;  SFI (Ireland) ;  FCT/MCTES (Portugal) ;  ERC  and  PRACE (EU). A description of the Planck Collaboration and a list of its members, indicating which technical or scientific activities they have been involved in, can be found at http://www. cosmos. esa. int/web/planck/planck-collaboration. Some of the results in this paper have been derived using the HEALPix package. We also acknowledge the support of the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche  under grant  ANR-11-BD56-015.
In phase I, quantitative and qualitative data on involvement in injection initiation collected from PWID aged 18 years and older in three longitudinal cohort studies in North America and one longitudinal cohort study in France are being pooled and analyzed. These data are being used to determine the prevalence and characteristics of PWID participation in injection initiation across multiple study sites, to assess a range of factors at multiple levels that potentially influence the risk that PWID facilitate injection initiation, and to investigate individual pathways and roles that increase the risk of PWID facilitating injection initiation. This consists of both quantitative and qualitative data collection to explore local contexts and social norms related to PWID's initiation of others into injecting in each study site.
Additionally, the STAHR II and El Cuete IV study instruments were intentionally designed for cross-study comparisons  [42]. Prior to data pooling, each participant's data is assigned a unique identifier (including a site locator) to avoid duplication or misclassification. Recruitment for all participant cohort studies is via targeted sampling methods that include outreach activities, snowball sampling methods, and self-referral. Potential participants are invited to participate in the study, and in the case of STAHR II, El Cuete IV, and VIDUS II, those individuals who consent are asked to provide a specimen for rapid HIV testing (COSINUS participants do not undergo serologic testing). Outreach staff, including interviewers, frontline personnel, and field staff, as well as nurses, are, in all cases, familiar with local neighborhoods and the social structural contexts of injection drug use and have extensive experience in recruiting and following up with participants from local PWID networks.
Qualitative data collection In-depth qualitative interviews will be conducted among participants from all cohort studies. Sampling is purposive and based on either reporting facilitated injection initiation in quantitative interviews or with reporting no injection initiation but having a quantitative "profile" (i. e. , identical answers to a set of relevant cohort survey items) consistent with other participants that report facilitating injection initiation. This approach allows for qualitative comparisons between individuals who do and do not initiate others into injecting despite a profile that suggests that they are at risk; this will facilitate the development of targeted interventional approaches. We will weight our sampling based on the experience with the independent variables of interest.
Qualitative analysis Grounded theory will be used as the overarching conceptual approach to qualitative data collection and analysis  [43, 44]. Grounded theory is founded on an approach that assumes that one's communication and actions express a meaning that is both individually held and shared socially  [43]. As such, grounded theory allows for the identification and delineation of core processes or assumptions that underlie specific individual actions or social interactions, with the ultimate aim of identifying a coherent model for the individual and social actions observed. In the context of identifying individual pathways toward injection initiation, as well as the social relationships that may propel an individual to begin injecting, grounded theory will be employed to collect and analyze data in order to develop a model of injection initiation grounded in social interaction.
Study sites Table  1  provides relevant study site and baseline participant characteristics for each cohort study included in PRIMER. These data do not include COSINUS sample data given that data collection for this cohort has not yet started. We also present data from the VIDUS II cohort, which is being transitioned into the V-DUS study in 2016 in order to integrate cohorts of PWID and streetinvolved youth, some of whom are injection-naïve. The estimated sample sizes for each cohort are as follows: STAHR II, n = 575; Proyecto El Cuete, n = 750; V-DUS, n = 1735; and COSINUS, n = 680. As such, the pooled sample size for PRIMER will approach 3740 participants, though we caution that missing data, loss to follow-up, and incompatibility between variables in cohort questionnaires are likely to reduce this overall number.
prevair. org), Sweden (http://www. smhi. se) and the EU (http://www. macc. eu). The CHIMERE model includes gas-phase, solid-phase and aqueous chemistry, biogenic emission modelling with the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN)  (Guenther et al. , 2006) , dust emissions  (Menut et al. , 2005)  and re-suspension  (Vautard et al. , 2005)  modules. Gas-phase chemistry is based on the MELCHIOR mechanism  (Lattuati, 1997)  and includes more than 300 reactions of 80 gaseous species. CHIMERE treats sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, organic and black carbon, dust and sea-salt. The gas-particle partitioning is treated with ISORROPIA  (Nenes et al. , 1998). The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemistry of CHIMERE is described in  Bessagnet et al. (2009). The MATCH model includes options for data assimilation (e.
Vehicle fleet composition and vehicle exhaust emission factors are based on the Swedish application of the ARTEMIS (Assessment and Reliability of Transport Emission Models and Inventory Systems) model  (Sjödin et al. , 2006). There are also large non-tailpipe emissions due to road, tyre and break wear. In Stockholm the non-tailpipe emissions dominate and emission factors are estimated based on local measurements  (Omstedt et al. , 2005; Ketzel et al. , 2007). The emission database has hourly source-specific, temporal resolution. More details on the emission data and how they were compiled can be found in  Gidhagen et al. (2012).
, 2013). It is consistent with the long-term climate projections of the RCPs but also spatial algorithms to improve the representation of short-term continental and national air quality legislations. In this study we used the "Current Legislation Emission" scenario (CLE) for mid-21st century in Europe, which includes both climate and regional air quality policies and assumes full enforcement of all legislated control technologies until 2030 and no climate policy thereafter. CLE projects that NO x , NMVOCs, PM 10 and PM 2. 5 emissions drop in 2050 by 43, 35, 32 and 32 % respectively compared to the present day. The MATCH simulations include biomass burning emissions as well taken from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) database  (Lamarque et al. , 2010).
As discussed in the previous section, ozone production in the coarse-resolution simulation by 2050 will shift from a VOC-to a NO x -limited photochemical regime and therefore be more responsive to reductions of NO x emissions compared to the urban-scale simulation where the transition to NO x -limited conditions is smoother. Given that the coarse inventory implements assessment at the large scale, its stronger mitigation over the city of Paris compared to the AIRPARIF projection is due to omission of local policy. The downscaling of coarse inventories on regional-scale CTM grids passes through spatial proxies (such as land-use) to distribute emissions and the related bias induced to the air quality simulation over finer areas increases the overall bias of the application as well. The difference in the response of the regional-and urban-scale simulations is due, to a large extent, to the spatial allocation algorithm (inherited by the RCPs) used in the compilation of both GEA and ECLIPSE databases  (Riahi et al.
For Stockholm the comparison of regional-and urbanscale simulations shows small discrepancies given the major role of long-range transport over the area. This stresses the need to better understand the mechanism of bias propagation across the modelling scales in order to design more successful local-scale strategies. Acknowledgements. This work was carried out within the AC-CEPTED project, which is supported by the ERA-ENVHEALTH network (grant agreement no. 219337), with funding from ANSES, ADEME, BelSPO, UBA and the Swedish EPA. Part of the work was also funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the project 760 IMPACT2C: Quantifying projected impacts under 2 • C warming, grant agreement no. 282746. The ECLIPSE emissions used in this study have been developed by IIASA under the European Commission FP7 project ECLIPSE (Project no.
5). Combination of oxygen data with carbon data (e. g. Sabine et al. 2008 ) and pH data (e. g. Byrne et al. 2010) has allowed separation of DIC/pH changes along repeat sections into anthropogenic and ventilation/remineralization components, including their respective effects on carbon storage and ocean acidification. The deoxygenation in the open-ocean thermocline over the past two decades is consistent with the expectation that warmer waters will hold less dissolved oxygen (solubility effect), and that warming-induced stratification leads to a decrease in the transport of dissolved oxygen from surface to subsurface waters (stratification effect)  (Matear & Hirst 2003; Deutsch et al. 2005; Frölicher et al. 2009). About 15% of the oxygen decline between 1970 and 1990 can be explained by warming and the remainder by increased stratification  (Helm et al.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge support from:  Climate Observations Division of the U. S. NOAA Climate Program Office and NOAA Research ;  Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO)  under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA10OAR4320148;  U. S. National Science Foundation  [ OCE-0223869 ;  OCE-0752970 ;  OCE-0825163 ;  OCE-1434000 ;  OCE 0752972 ;  OCE-0752980 ;  OCE-1232962 ;  OCE-1155983 ;  OCE-1436748 ]; U. S. CLIVAR Project Office; Global Environment and  Marine Department ,  Japan Meteorological Agency ;  Australian Climate Change Science Program (Australian Department of Environment and CSIRO); U. K. Natural Environment Research Council ;  European Union 's  FP7  grant agreement  264879  (CarboChange);  Horizon 2020  grant agreement No  633211 ;  ETH Zurich Switzerland.
First, each single-frequency catalogue is compared with the appropriate external radio catalogues. Next, all the remaining unidentified sources outside a |b| > 20 • Galactic cut are examined on a source-by-source basis by performing a manual search in archival repositories such as the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED). Second, a multifrequency analysis is used to assess whether or not a source is present in more than one Planck channel between 30 and 100 GHz. All sources with plausible identifications in external catalogues are assigned to the PCCS2 with a high degree of reliability. Additionally, all sources that are detected in two or more Planck channels in the multifrequency analysis are also placed in the PCCS2, albeit with a lower degree of reliability. Given the Fig. 2. Top: distribution of the validated sources from the PCCS2.
Second, the fact that they are not in the external catalogues suggests that, if real, they could be potentially interesting objects, maybe going through a flaring phase. alogue was produced by analysing the WMAP maps, and this dataset is very similar to that of Planck in terms of format (allsky Healpix maps), background characteristics, and angular resolution (∼13-33 in Planck LFI, vs. ∼14-56 in WMAP), which makes it a very good dataset for validation. In addition, the two catalogues, PCCS2 and NEWPS, were produced using the same source-extraction tool (the Mexican Hat wavelet). For the search radius, we use 1. 5 × σ b , which includes ∼87 % of the area of the Planck beam, as a compromise between the arcsecond resolu-Planck Collaboration: Second Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources tion of CRATES and AT20G, and the ∼ degree resolution of the 23 GHz WMAP channel.
External consistency The limited number of polarimetric millimetre surveys, the small number of bright Planck sources with a high significance in polarization, and the fact that the majority of polarized sources are variable, makes it difficult to validate the Planck polarized flux densities with external datasets. One of the objects from the catalogue that we have studied in detail is Tau A, also known as M1 or the Crab Nebula. This object is resolved in the higher frequency Planck channels and may not be the best source for validation at these frequencies; nevertheless it is the brightest compact source in polarization in Planck and has been thoroughly studied in other experiments. In Table  12  we compare the total intensity and polarized flux densities, polarization fraction, and polarization position angle for Tau A with measurements from WMAP  (Weiland et al.
Although there are 130 and 133 sources common to both samples, if we restrict the comparison to those with measured Planck polarized flux densities (rather than upper limits), we are left with five and seven sources at 70 and 100 GHz, respectively. At 70 GHz, two of the five sources (3C 273 and 3C 279) have similar polarized flux densities in both data sets, 559 and 522 mJy in IRAM, as compared with 519 ± 93 and 368 ± 85 in Planck. At 100 GHz, three of the seven sources (3C 273, 3C 279, and PKS 1055+01) have similar polarized flux densities, 522, 559 and 305 mJy in IRAM as compared with 566±38, 430±37, and 349±31 mJy in Planck, respectively. Additionally, we have compared the polarized flux densities found for 3C 273, the only bright source in polarization in the sample of sources observed simultaneously with the VLA and Planck in the spring of 2013.
Acknowledgements. The Planck Collaboration acknowledges the support of:  ESA ;  CNES  and  CNRS/INSU-IN2P3-INP (France) ;  ASI ,  CNR , and  INAF (Italy) ;  NASA and DoE (USA) ;  STFC  and  UKSA (UK) ;  CSIC ,  MINECO , JA, and,  RES (Spain) ;  Tekes, AoF , and  CSC (Finland) ;  DLR  and  MPG (Germany) ;  CSA (Canada) ;  DTU Space (Denmark) ;  SER/SSO (Switzerland) ;  RCN (Norway) ;  SFI (Ireland) ;  FCT/MCTES (Portugal) ;  ERC  and  PRACE (EU). A description of the Planck Collaboration and a list of its members, indicating which technical or scientific activities they have been involved in, can be found at http://www. cosmos. esa. int/web/planck/planck-collaboration. We are grateful to the  H-ATLAS Executive Committee  and primarily to the PIs,  S. Eales  and  L. Dunne , for permission to use the unpublished H-ATLAS catalogue for the validation of the present catalogue.
This research has made use of the " Aladin sky atlas " (Bonnarel et al. 2000), developed at  CDS, Strasbourg Observatory, France. Part of this work was performed using the  Darwin Supercomputer of the University of Cambridge High Performance Computing Service  (http://www. hpc. cam. ac. uk/), provided by  Dell Inc. using Strategic Research Infrastructure Funding  from the  HEFCE  and funding from the  STFC. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , under contract with the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Planck Collaboration: Second Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources Dipartimento di Fisica ,  Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen ,  Denmark European Southern Observatory ,  ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile European Space Agency, ESAC ,  Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo , s/n,  Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo ,  Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20 ,  FIN-21500 ,  Piikkiö ,  Finland Gran Sasso Science Institute ,  INFN , viale F.