dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the other members of the VKS collaboration, with whom the experimental runs have been performed. We thank  M. Moulin ,  C. Gasquet ,  A. Skiara ,  N. Bonnefoy ,  D. Courtiade ,  J. -F. Point ,  P. Metz ,  V. Padilla , and  M. Tanase  for their technical assistance. This work is supported by  ANR   08-0039-02 ,  Direction des Sciences de la Matière , and  Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire of CEA, Ministère de la Recherche , and  CNRS. The experiment is operated at  CEA/Cadarache DEN/DTN.
5 K, and a number of intermediate temperatures (155 K, 195 K, 245 K) in shutter-less mode with the PILATUS 6M detector  [42]. The preliminary measurements were performed at beamline X06SA at the SLS, the follow-up data recording took place at beamline ID29 at the ESRF; in both cases a wavelength of 0. 7 Å was employed. The crystal was mounted on a horizontal rotation stage, and the diffuse scattering patterns were recorded with an increment of 0. 1 • over an angular range of 360 • with 0. 25 s exposure per frame, i. e. , 15 min per full dataset. The experimental geometry was refined with the help of the CrysAlis software  [43]  that was also used for the preliminary data evaluation. The reconstruction of the selected reciprocal space layers was performed with a locally developed software. The reconstructed volume was averaged with its symmetrically equivalent orientations employing the Laue symmetry of the average structure, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio and removing the gaps between individual detector elements.
B. Consequences of charge ordering We will now compare the measured diffuse intensities with the scattering pattern of the ordered phase below T V (intensities taken from Ref. [9] ). In the same linear greyscale, the superstructure reflections would be highly saturated. Thus, for the graphical representation we performed the following data transformations: (i) symmetrization by the operations of the m3m point group, (ii) attenuation of cubic spinel Bragg reflections to a constant level, and (iii) convolution of all the reflections with a Gaussian profile. In this way the intensity of superstructure reflections is visualized via both the size and the intensity of spots; the result of this procedure is shown in Figs. 3(a ) and 3(b) (lower panels) and compared to the diffuse dataset taken slightly above T V.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A. B. acknowledges  Clemens Schulze-Briese  for the access to the beamline X06SA at the  SLS , and  Daniele De Sanctis  for the access to the beamline ID29 at the  ESRF. P. P. and A. M. O. kindly acknowledge support by the  Polish National Science Center (NCN)  under Projects No. 2011/01/M/ST3/00738  and No. 2012/04/A/ST3/00331.
Each assay was triplicated, allowing the mean threshold cycle value (C T ) to be calculated from standard curve by the iQ5 optical system software (BioRad). Each gene-specific standard curve was made by 4 fold serial dilution of wild-type strain cDNA (ranging from 9375 to 9. 16 ng) against log input cDNA concentration for each primer (data not shown). For each primer tested, the regression value (DC T versus cDNA concentration) was less than 0. 1, indicating approximately equal amplification efficiencies. Then, for each studied gene the C T value was converted to gene copy number per ng of template cDNA. Western blot analysis of the HoxF and HoxH proteins 40 mg of Synechocystis proteins separated on 12% SDS PAGE (Thermo scientific) were transferred (iBlot system; Invitrogen) to nitrocellulose membrane (Invitrogen), which were blocked for 1 h at room temperature or overnight at 4uC with 5% non-fat milk in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
e. , as prepared) dimensions. For NPGMSi-2, the maximum is located between 20 nm and 28 nm. When compared to the mean diameter size obtained from XRD, we can conclude that all observed particles are, in fact, aggregates. Interestingly, the XRD data of the non-silicified NPGM-2 samples indicate that these nanocomposites mainly contain amorphous ferrihydrite (Figure  3 ). Hence, some crystallization of the iron oxide phase has occurred during the silicification step, probably due to the re-suspension of NPGM-2 particles in an aqueous solution at neutral pH  [44]. In order to evaluate the magnetic properties of these hybrids particles, superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements were carried out. The features of zero-field-cooling/ field cooling (ZFC/FC) susceptibility curves of these samples, reported in Figure  4a , indicate a superparamagnetic behavior for both nanocomposites.
Electrochemical measurements Prior to the electrochemical measurements, the surface of the working electrode was cleaned electrochemically by potential cycling in 0. 5 M H 2 SO 4. The electrochemical properties of the Au electrodes were investigated using CV and SWV in a deaerated PBS solution (pH=7. 2, Sigma-Aldrich) with glucose (D-(+)-Glucose, ACS reagent grade, Sigma-Aldrich). All the electrochemical measurements were carried out at room temperature using a three compartment electrochemical cell with an Ag/AgCl, 3 M NaCl reference electrode and a platinum coil as a counter electrode. Measurements and data acquisition were conducted with an Autolab potentiostat/galvanostat from Eco Chemie.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge  Dr. M. Kunst  ( Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, Germany ) for his help in TRMC measurements, and  Dr. Lidia Pérez  and  Lic. Alejandra Fontanille  for the BET area measurements. This work was performed as part of  A11E05   ECOS/MINCyT  collaborative project, and  Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica   PICT-512  and  PICT-0463  projects.
The photocurrent response (IPCE) shows that though the N719 device performs better at longer wavelengths, RK1 performs significantly better at shorter wavelengths, in agreement with the respective absorption spectra of these dyes (Figure  2 ). The Voc of a DSC is determined by the quasi-Fermi-level of the metal oxide semiconductor, which is correlated with its conduction band edge (Ec) and electron density. Electron density is itself dependent on rate of recombination between semiconductor electrons and oxidized electrolyte species. To investigate the difference in voltage for these devices, charge extraction and transient photovoltage measurements were conducted. Charge extraction data (Figure  5(a) ) show that the RK1 device has a slightly higher charge density with respect to the N719. This indicates that the TiO 2 conduction band in RK1 devices is shifted downward somewhat compared to N719 devices.
Acknowledgments Gaelle Berthoux  and  Yann Kervella  are acknowledged for their assistance in the synthesis of some of the intermediates. Dr Pascale Maldivi  is acknowledged for the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Authors acknowledge the  European Union Research Executive Agency  for funding through the  Adios-Ru research project. This  project is funded by the  European Union Research Executive Agency  (contract  315131 ) on the Research for SMEs programme. Emilio Palomares would like to thank  ICIQ  and  ICREA  for economic support.
Sequence retrieval and alignment We retrieved from the literature  [11, 12, 14, 17]   In order to retrieve angiosperm sequences available for each gene family, we used all reference sequences as queries against the NCBI databases (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ sites/gquery) using tBlastx. Sequences sharing more than 85% identity with any of the reference sequences were conserved, except for AGT for which we used an identity threshold of 50% following  [14]. In addition to angiosperm sequences, we also retrieved outgroup sequences from other chlorobiontes (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Micromonas pusilla, Ostreococcus tauri, Physcomitrella patens, Selaginella moellendorffii), rhodophytes (Cyanidioschyzon merolae, Galdieria sulphuraria, Gracilaria gracilis) and glaucophytes (Cyanophora paradoxa).
Phylogenetic analysis We used nucleotide sequences from the protein sequence alignments to build gene family phylogenies, except for AGT and DBE for which we used protein alignments, due to greater divergence between sequences. We obtained phylogenies by Maximum Likelihood (ML) method using the PHYML software (http://www. atgc-montpellier. fr/ phyml/;  [51] ). We employed the GTR (General Time Reversible) substitution models determined by MODELTEST (https://code. google. com/p/jmodeltest2/; [52] ). We rooted phylogenies with cyanobacteria as outgroups for all enzymes except AGT for which we used Physcomitrella patens. Bootstrap supports were calculated using 500 replicates.
Detection of branches and residues deviating from neutral evolution We checked our gene phylogenies with the known species phylogeny within each paralog  [53]. No tree incongruence with the species evolution was observed except for few terminal branches whose nodes were poorly supported by low bootstrap values. In such cases, we left the nodes unresolved. Topologies used to test for evidence of deviation from neutral evolution along branches (names as a and b) emerging from major duplications (D) were based on these phylogenies. We first determined for each phylogeny the most parsimonious equilibrium codon frequency model using CODONFREQ (CF) in the Site model M0 of CODEML package (PAMLv. 4; [54] ). We compared 4 nested models of codon frequencyequal frequencies (0 parameters -CF0), frequencies deduced from average nucleotide frequencies (3 parameters -CF1), frequencies deduced from average nucleotide frequencies at each codon position (9 parameters -CF2), frequencies different for each codon (60 parameters -CF3)using likelihood ratio tests (LRTs).
We retained the CF0 model for PGM, PHO, BE (D1 and D2) and GBSS&SS (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5), the CF1 model for BE (D3) and GBSS&SS (D6) and the CF3 model for DBE (D1 and D2) and AGT. Second, we used the output of the codon frequency model previously determined to compute dS for all branches of the phylogenies under the nearly neutral Site model (M1a) of the CODEML package (PAMLv. 4; [54] ). Note that all models we used in PAML were named after  [54]. This model allows the ratio ω to vary among sites  [55]. Because models of sequence evolution rely on the infinite site model assumption, we discarded saturated branches, i. e. branches likely bearing sites with multiple substitutions, where dS value could not be estimated by PAML. Third, for the non-saturated target branches, we estimated the non-synonymous substitution rate (dN), the synonymous substitution rate (dS) and their ratio ω (dN/ dS).
total, we retrieved 19, 23, 27, 31 and 23 angiosperm sequences plus 2, 7, 10, 8 and 14 outgroup (non-angiosperm) sequences for AGT, PGM, DBE, BE, GBSS & SS and PHO, respectively. The source and accession numbers of sequences analysed are indicated in Additional file 1. Protein sequence alignments were obtained using ClustalW in the BIOEDIT 7. 0. 5. 3 software (http://www. mbio. ncsu. edu/bioedit/bioedit. html; [50]), followed by manual inspection. Poorly aligned regions (>50% gap in local alignment) and insertion-deletions were excluded from alignments resulting in alignment lengths of 286, 285, 724, 628, 317 and 785 residues for AGT, PGM, DBE, BE, GBSS & SS and PHO respectively.
Acknowledgements We thank  Brandon Gaut  and members of the  Gaut Lab  for their hospitality during our stay at the  Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology in U. C. Irvine , and for many useful comments and discussions. We are grateful to  Jean-Louis Prioul  for insightful discussions throughout this work. We also thank  Douglas M. Eudy  for proofreading, and the two reviewers for the interest they have shown in our study and for their constructive remarks. Financial support to ON was provided by the  UMR GénétiqueVégétale.
Silica microstructure The microstructure characterization was performed at the LNLS SAXS2 beamline in Campinas, Brazil. The measured intensity is displayed as a function of the reciprocal space momentum transfer modulus q = 4 sin(Â)/ , where 2Â is the scattering angle, and = 0. 1488 nm is the radiation wavelength. The typical q range was from 0. 09 to 2. 2 nm -1. Data analysis was done with SASfit program. The microstructure of the sample was evaluated as a function of distance from silica-alginate interface. Samples were prepared as described in Section 2. 3, except for the addition of pH indicator and cut in 0. 5 mm width slices in the direction perpendicular to pH gradient. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) inspection was performed at the Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, using Zeiss Gemini-FESEM microscope.
Acknowledgments This work was performed in the frame of the  ECOS-Sud A12B02 program  and has been supported by the  Université de Lyon, ENTPE , the  University of Buenos Aires  ( UBACyT 20020100100636 ), by the  National Agency for Science and Technology Promotion of Argentina  ( PICT-2012-1167 ), by the  National Research Council of Argentina  ( CONICET PIP 11220110101020 ) and  Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory  ( SAXS1-13426 ;  SAXS-15361 ). MP, MJ and  SAB are Research Scientist of CONICET (Argentina). The authors thank  Dr. Claudia Marchi  from the  Centro de Microscopías Avanzadas, FCEyN, UBA.
Recently, distributed power generation systems especially with renewable sources have shown a promising result all over the world and have been a technical solution to demand growth for electricity. Among these, solar thermal power plants show a trustworthy source for electricity generation especially for rural areas where small scale solar plants are used. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a suitable means for electricity generation from low grade heat and has shown a good compatibility with parabolic trough solar collectors (PTC). Here, a PTC integrated with an ORC cycle is being investigated for small scale electricity generation near Tehran. The system includes a solar field, a storage tank, and a small scale ORC engine. Performance evaluation has been done by means of commercial software Thermoflex19.
ORC cycle has been put under investigation by many authors, Wang and et al. presented a detailed analysis of organic Rankine cycle coupled with solar collector with a thermal storage system during a whole day  [2]. MCMAHAN designed and optimized a solar-thermal ORC  [3]. Quoilin and et al. presented an optimization and sizing procedure of heat exchangers in a small scale solar driven ORC by pinch and pressure drop and optimized it by turbine input pressure and evaporator temperature  [4]. Ferrara F and et al. compared different organic fluids and in a 20 KWe solar plant  [1]  and chose Acetone as the best organic fluid choice with supercritical pressure. In this study a small scale organic Rankine cycle driven by a parabolic trough solar collector was simulated using Thermoflow software  [5]  with various organic fluids and different schematics, results were compared and the effect of key parameters in the cycle such as turbine inlet pressure and turbine inlet temperature, were investigated, also optimum pressures were selected in each case.
MAC curves at the World Bank: MACTool The World Bank develops and promotes a piece of software called MACTool, which can produce achievablepotential MAC curves. One aim of the MACtool is to provide policy makers with a common framework to analyze available mitigation measures. MACTool takes as inputs the key socio-technical parameters of a set of large mitigation measures, and macroeconomic variables. For instance, technology options to produce electricity are characterized by required capital and operation expenditures, as well as their lifetime, energy efficiency and type of fuel used. Physical constants as the carbon intensity of each fuel are factored in. The user must also specify at least one scenario on the future macroeconomic variables of interest, such as the price of fossil fuels and the future demand for electricity.
We thus extend the model by Vogt-Schilb and  Hallegatte (2014)  to allow for growing abatement potentials (see below and Appendix A). We use data collected at the World Bank to build a MAC curve (using MACTool) for Brazil (de Gouvello, 2010). The MAC curve provides a list of emission-reduction measures, their marginal abatement cost, and the potential achievable by 2030. While the list of measures and their cost can be used directly in our spreadsheet program (see the first two columns of Tab. 1), our program requires the full-abatement potential and diffusion speed. Since the diffusion speed and the full-abatement potential were not reported separately, we have to reconstruct them with indirect methods, using the emission-reduction pathways that were provided to MACTool. For each measure, the shape of the emissionreduction pathways can be classified in one out of three cases.
Acknowledgments We thank  Pierre Audinet ,  Mook Bangalore ,  Luis Gonzalez ,  Jean-Charles Hourcade ,  Pedzi Makumbe ,  Baptiste Perissin-Fabert ,  Julie Rozenberg ,  Supachol Suphachalasai , three anonymous referees and seminar participants at the  French Ministère du Développement Durable , the  World Bank , and the  International Energy Agency  for useful discussions on the work performed here. All remaining errors are the authors' responsibility. We thank the  ESMAP  ( World Bank)  for financial support. The views expressed in this paper are the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the  World Bank , its executive directors, or the countries they represent. A previous version of this paper is Vogt-Schilb et al. (2014).
Results and discussion The temperature coefficients of the main electrical parameters have been obtained from the IV curves at different temperatures using a class A solar simulator. The irradiance has been set to 1000 W/m 2 , and under AM1. 5G spectrum. The measurement takes less than 1/3 of a second. Therefore, the heating of samples during the characterization is negligible. Fig. 1  summarizes the average temperature coefficients and standard deviations of the solar cells against the wafer resistivity. MINITAB ® Statistical Software has been used to analyze the temperature coefficients presented in Fig. 1. A factorial design has been selected to study the effects of the wafer type, its resistivity, the fabrication process and the electrical parameters of the solar cells on the temperature coefficients.
Since many X-ray bunches delivered by the synchrotron will fall within the time window defined by such a gate pulse, the time resolution is defined by the width of this pulse. The detection efficiency of pump-probe methods also depends on the gate, its shortening corresponds to higher time resolution but lower efficiency. Acquiring kinetic data with this approach requires scanning the delay between laser and gate pulses. In the present manuscript we report a pump-sequential-probes setup to study photocatalytic intermediates that have lifetimes in the microsecond range. This setup is realized at the SuperXAS beamline of the Swiss Light Source and described in the experimental setup section. With this approach the arrival time of each photon in respect to the laser pulse is measured (method known as time-tagged photon counting) and therefore, in contrast to currently available pump-probe setups, full kinetic information is obtained without any delay scan.
Acknowledgements L. X Chen ,  X. Zhang  and  V. Sundstrom  are acknowledged for constructive discussion. This work was supported by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (grant nr  200021-135226 ),  European Commission 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement n. ° 290605 (COFUND:  PSI-FELLOW ), the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR, Labex program  ARCANE,  ANR-11-LABX-0003-01 ) and the  European Research Council  ( ERC grant  agreement n. 306398). The  COST Action   CM1202 PERSPECT-H2O  is also acknowledged. AG would like to thank  Russian Foundation for Basic Research  (project # 14-02-31555 ).
RIXS-MCD analysis In order to identify the phases building the inner structure of the particles, RIXS and RIXS-MCD 2D-spectra were recorded at the Fe and Mn K-edges on the CS particles. Additionally, we recorded RIXS and RIXS-MCD spectra at xed emission energy while scanning the incident energy, i. e. , XAS and XMCD onedimensional spectra using the so-called High Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detection (HERFD). Note that although HERFD-XAS (HERFD-XMCD) spectra might show strong similarities to XAS (XMCD) spectra, signicant differences may be observed. 42 ompared to the TEM-FFT analysis, the added value of EELS and X-ray spectroscopy is obviously the chemical selectivity. However, due to the irregular particle shape, the data available in EELS are not sufficient to allow for a quantitative analysis of the chemical state.
The composition prole shown in Fig. 1c  is averaged over the data measured for three different particles. XRD patterns were collected using a PANalytical X'Pert Pro diffractometer with Cu Ka radiation. The measurements were carried out in a range of 10-100 2q in steps of 0. 012 and a collection time of 300 s. The composition of the (Mn,Zn) ferrite nanoparticles was analyzed using the Cameca SX50 electron microprobe at the CAMPARIS Facility (Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France) using a 15 kV voltage with a 40 nA beam current. X-ray intensities were corrected for dead time, background and matrix effects using the PAP correction procedure. The standards used were a-Fe 2 O 3 , MnO and ZnO. The structural formula obtained for the (Mn,Zn) ferrite particles is Mn 0. 45 Zn 0. 47 Fe 2. 05 O 4 , which is very close to the expected composition Mn 0.
Acknowledgements AJ thanks  T. Allard  for help with the microprobe. A. J. and C. C. acknowledge  P. Rochette  ( CEREGE ) for help during the FORC measurements. The  ESRF  is acknowledged for provision of beamtime. C. Mazzoli  and  ID26  staff are thanked for their help in setting up the  Quarter Wave Plate. This work has been supported by the  2014-SGR-1015  and  2009-SGR-35  projects of the  Generalitat de Catalunya , by the  MAT2010-20616-C02  and  MAT2010-16407  projects of the  Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). MS acknowledges support from the  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. ME acknowledges the  Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Juan de la Cierva Program. MDB acknowledges partial nancial support from an  ICREA-Academia Award.
Energy calibration was performed using a Fe metal foil, with the Fe K-edge set at 7110. 75 eV  34. All micro-XANES spectra were collected in fluorescence mode, calibrated, deadtime corrected, pre-edge background subtracted and post-edge normalized using standard procedures. SSRL data were analyzed using the software package SMAK (Sam's microprobe analysis kit)  35. Micro X-ray powder diffraction experiments (m-XRD) on the glaze surfaces were conducted at ALS BL12. 3. 2  36. The energy of the incident beam was set to 8 keV. Powder diffraction patterns were collected using a 2D DECTRIS Pilatus 1 M X-ray area detector. The detector was positioned at around 150 mm and 45u (2h) with respect to the incident beam, and the sample at 2. 5u incident angle (reflection geometry). 2D patterns were processed with the XMAS software  37.
Acknowledgments This work is supported by  key project of Natural Science Foundation of China  (No. 51232008 ). The authors would like to thank  Robin Cours ,  Sebastien Joulie, Sebastien Moyano, Frederic Neumayer and Nicolas Ratel-Ramond from technical Poles of CEMES Lab  for support during the experimental measurements. The Advanced Light Source at the  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  is supported by the  Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Scientific User Facilities Division of the US Department of Energy  under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Portions of this research were carried out at the  Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , a national user facility operated by  Stanford University  on behalf of the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences.