dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Note that the altimetric velocity is considered to represent the velocity at the ocean surface, the drifter drogue was centered at 15 m depth, and the ADCP and geostrophic velocity data used for the comparison are at 20 m depth. the circulation, u alt have similarities with u geo and u adcp. A visual comparison with the trajectories of the drifters released during the cruise also highlights the limitations of present-day altimetry (see drifter trajectories in Figure  5 ). The geostrophic velocity calculated from CTD data and the total ADCP horizontal velocity show good agreement with the trajectories followed by the drifters, while altimetric currents cannot explain their eastward displacement. To compare quantitatively the drifter movement with u alt , u geo and u adcp , we have estimated the meridional and zonal velocity components of each drifter from their trajectories between 5 and 12 May 2018.
Note that these velocities are obtained from two independent instruments and following different procedures, hence, different sources of error may contribute to the small differences observed between both velocity fields. First, the geostrophic velocity calculated from CTD data may be underestimated as it is calculated assuming a level of no motion of 1,000 m, while the ADCP velocity does not have this constraint and also includes the barotropic component of the horizontal velocity, which may increase its magnitude. In addition, from 500 to 1,000 m depth the number of CTD casts is reduced and this could imply an additional smoothing to the interpolated fields. Also, the ADCP velocity field has smaller features on the southeastern and northwestern corners of the domain (Figure  5A ) that could be due to (i) the higher resolution along meridional transects of ADCP data compared to the lower resolution of CTD stations, and (ii) potential artifacts of the optimal interpolation close to the boundaries that may affect the estimation of the derivatives involved in the computation of u geo.
In consequence, the gridded ADT anomaly shows one single positive anomaly and does not resolve the variability at the glider scales. The Sentinel-3A ADT properly represents the signal of these two positive anomalies with some differences in amplitude and position with respect to the signals detected in glider data. The amplitude of the northern signature is higher in Sentinel-3A ADT anomaly while the opposite occurs in the southern feature. In addition, the maximum anomalies of both fields are slightly displaced and the length scale solved by the Sentinel-3A dataset decreases to ∼8 km. The glider completed the transect in almost 6 days so these differences may be due to the time lag between the Sentinel-3A and glider Minimum and maximum values of w QG at the depth where the horizontally averaged absolute value of w QG is maximum.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We have analyzed the impact of the scales resolved by different observational platforms on the representation of the horizontal velocity field associated with a meandering front observed from the surface to ∼150 m depth. We compared the surface geostrophic velocity field obtained from present-day altimetric products with (i) the geostrophic velocity calculated from CTD measurements, (ii) the total horizontal velocity measured by the ADCP and (iii) drifter trajectories. The CTD-derived geostrophic velocity and ADCP horizontal velocity have similar distributions with maximum root mean square differences between both fields of the order of 0. 06 m s -1 and correlation coefficients of ∼0. 9 in the upper layers (Figure  6 ). The differences between ADCP and geostrophic velocities could be attributed to different sources of error that arise from the different instruments and procedures used to obtain these fields: level of no motion used to calculate the geostrophic velocity, reduced number of CTD casts between 500 and 1,000 m depth, higher resolution of ADCP data along meridional transects, errors associated with the optimal interpolation, and presence of internal waves and inertial motions in the ADCP velocity field.
The vertical velocity field was calculated through integration of the QG omega equation using the CTD-derived geostrophic velocity and density fields. The w QG distribution is characterized by an upwelling cell surrounded by two downwelling cells with a magnitude that is maximum at ∼ 85 m depth and decreases downward and upward. The magnitude of w QG depends on the correlation scales used to interpolate the original fields. Using correlation scales of 20 km, w QG has maximum and minimum values of 7. 9 m day -1 and -7. 7 m day -1 , respectively. With correlation scales larger than 30 km the magnitude decreases more than 60% for minimum values and 80% for maximum values. The Gaussian function that is most similar to the empirical correlations, estimated using the original density CTD data and both components of the drifter velocities, is that with a standard deviation of 20 km, supporting the choice of spatial scales used for the optimal interpolation.
We have analyzed the spatial variability of nitrate and chl-a in relation to the vertical velocity field. An enhancement of nitrate concentration within the photic layer was detected at two stations located close to the upwelling cell. This may indicate a recent input of nutrients from deeper layers induced by the upwelling cell. Chl-a concentration derived from SeaExplorer glider measurements had high values at ∼2. 85 • E, 38. 50 • N between 100 and 180 m depth. This may be the signal of a subduction of chl-a related to the western downwelling cell centered at 2. 84 • E, 38. 53 • N. The DH estimated from glider observations shows the signature of two positive anomalies separated by 0. 5 degree in longitude (Figure  11 ), thus, the length scale resolved by the glider data has a radius of ∼13 km, the same order of magnitude of the Rossby radius of deformation in the western Mediterranean Sea  (Escudier et al.
, 2016; Barceló-Llull et al. , 2019). While the altimetric gridded ADT does not capture this variability due to its lower spatial resolution and the correlation length scale applied to construct the product, the Sentinel-3A ADT correctly represents the signal of these two positive anomalies, with some differences in amplitude and position with respect to the signals detected by the glider. The positive anomalies detected in the Sentinel-3A ADT and glider DH are slightly displaced, and the length scale resolved by the Sentinel-3A dataset decreases to ∼8 km. These differences may be due to the time lag between the glider and Sentinel-3A observations. A comparison between the CTD and glider observations reveals the temporal variability of the estimated DH, which changes over the four transects sampled in Leg 2.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We express our gratitude to the technical staff ( UTM-CSIC ) and crew of the  R/V García del Cid  for supporting our work at sea and to  Andrea Cabornero ,  Esther Capó ,  Noemí Calafat ,  Tim Toomey ,  Juan Gabriel Hern ández ,  David Roque ,  Albert Miralles ,  Manuel Rubio , and  Marc Torner  for their participation in the acquisition of the observations. We thank  SOCIB  staff for the MIO's glider deployment.
FUNDING The  PRE-SWOT experiment  was funded by the  Spanish Research Agency  and the  European Regional Development Fund (AEI/FEDER, UE)  under Grant Agreement ( CTM2016-78607-P ). BB-L was supported by a postdoctoral contract in the framework of the  EuroSea  project that has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under Grant Agreement No. 862626. This study is also a contribution to the  SWOT Science Team (TOSCA-CNES VERSO  and  TOSCA-CNES BIOSWOT-AdAC  project proposals) and to the  EuroSea  project ( Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under Grant Agreement No. 862626 ).
The aim of this study is to demonstrate the requirement to integrate the urban microclimate to predict the energy needs of buildings. To do this, an integrated approach in TRNSYS software was developed and compared with existing experimental results of a street canyon. Afterwards, a case study was carried out in the case of a street canyon located in the city of Tangier in Morocco. The impact of the aspect ratio on the temperature of the building surfaces and the radiation absorbed by them was examined. The results show that there is greater radiation absorption on the building facades in street canyons than on those of stand-alone buildings. These effects lead to higher surface temperatures in street canyons, resulting in increased cooling energy needs in summer and reduced heating energy needs in winter.
5, 1 and 2) on the thermal behaviour of building, considering the case of the city of Tangier in Morocco. A detailed study on radiative fluxes on the building facades and the opaque surface temperatures of the envelopes was carried out. For that a simplified approach integrated in the TRNSYS 18 software is used  [23]. This approach allows the description of thermal as well as aeraulic and radiative phenomena not only in the buildings, but also at the microclimatic scale of the near environment or the neighbourhood.
Numerical model In this research work, the TRNSYS 18 software was used for the energy simulation knowing that this software does not include urban modelling. Indeed, we developed a model adapted to this software to be able to integrate the microclimatic simulation. With TRNSYS software, the transfer function method of Mitalas and Stephenson  [24]  is used to express heat conduction through the walls. However, there are two possibilities to model the heat transfer by convection. The first is to set a constant value of the convective heat transfer coefficient and the second one is to use specific correlations. In this study, the heat transfer coefficient value of building facades is assumed to be constant on the inside surfaces of the building (6. 1 W/m 2 K for the ceiling, 1. 6 W/m 2 K for the floor and 4.
e -z ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ π a sol. Δt √ cos ( 2πt Δt -z. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ π a sol. Δt √ ) (4) where ΔT su is the amplitude of the variation of the surface temperature over the period considered, Δt is the period considered and a sol is the thermal diffusivity of the soil. For radiative exchanges, TRNSYS distinguishes between short wavelength and long wavelength exchanges. These are modelled differently for indoor and outdoor surfaces. More specifically, solar irradiation on outdoor surfaces is considered as a gain while the longwave radiation is treated as a heat loss to the cold sky. A 3D radiation model that takes into account of multiple reflections is provided only on interior zones. However, TRNSYS software cannot model the urban microclimate. Thus, the street canyon building is modelled as an outdoor environment, whereas the radiative model does not consider either the shortwave or the longwave interreflections between the facades of street canyon buildings.
The principal aim of this research work is to investigate the influence of microclimatic phenomena generated by the street canyon on the thermal behaviour of a building. The street canyon is modelled by a simplified approach developed in previous studies  [23]. In this approach, the radiative model is based on the Gebhart factor  [32]  to calculate radiative exchanges and inter-reflections as well as the solar radiation distribution coefficients. So to apply this approach, the street canyon is modelled by a single zone (an atrium with an open ceiling and virtual borders). However, the virtual layer must not interfere with the heat transfer between the canyon and the outside environment. Typically, TRNSYS software does not allow to model such openings and some artefacts are used for this virtual wall  [33] : 1) The thermal resistance of the virtual layer is defined with a very low value (massless layer with very low resistance); 2) The convective heat transfer coefficient should be negligible because the heat transfer by convection between the street canyon zone and the ambient air is considered in the specific wind model.
This coefficient is therefore set at a very low value (0. 001 W/ m 2 K); 3) The solar radiation is correctly transmitted to the canyon surfaces because this layer is transparent. However, the TRNSYS software does not consider surface transparency for longwave balance. Therefore, the virtual layer temperature has to be set to the sky temperature. This latter condition is obtained through an additional heat loss for the virtual surface (4) presented in Fig. 2 , see Equations (  5 ) and (  6 ). The sum of longwave radiation to the sky through the virtual surface are represented in Fig. 2. Q g,1 + Q g,2 + Q g,3 = Q g,4 (5) Q g,4 = A 4 σ ( T 4 4 -T 4 fsky ) (6) Fig. 2. Schematization of thermal radiation exchange. T skyf = ( 1 -f sky ) T a + f sky T sky  (7)  where f sky is the sky-view factor seen by surface k, T a is the ambient temperature and T sky is the fictive sky temperature.
Where: α is the albedo, ε is the emissivity, λ is the conductivity, ρ is the density and C p is the heat capacity. Concerning meteorological data (Fig. 5 ), a TMY2 file was created from experimental measurements of the EM2PAU campaign during the period from April 06, 2011 to April 09, 2011. The results analysed below correspond to the temporal temperature variation The experimental mockup was modelled in the TRNSYS software with the specific models of street canyon presented in previous sections (Fig. 6 ).
Description of the case study In order to analyse the microclimatic impact on the energy performance of buildings, an energy modelling was carried out with the developed model for two different cases: a stand-alone building (SAB) in an open field by using only the TRNSYS software (Fig. 9-a ) and the same building but located in a street canyon environment (Fig. 9-b ). The street canyons have a length of 84 m and aspect ratios of 0. 5, 1 and 2 are considered. In the set of simulation only one orientation for the street canyon axes was adopted: W-E. The studied building of the street canyon, has the same thermophysical properties and the same geometry as the stand-alone building. The studied building consists of three floors with a length of 84 m, a width of 12 m and a height of 9 m (Fig. 9-a ).
5 vol/h while the infiltration flow rate of the envelope is estimated to be equal to 0. 2 vol/h. The set point temperatures for cooling and heating are respectively 26 • C and 20 • C. The climatic data used are those of the city of Tangier (Latitude: 35 • 46 ′ 02 ′′ North Longitude: 5 • 47 ′ 59 ′′ West) (Morocco) from Meteonorm software  [41] , which are illustrated in Fig. 10. [37, 38]  temperature values for the South-West surfaces. [37, 38]  temperature values for the North East surfaces.
Conclusion This research aims to study the impact of urban microclimate on building energy needs. To do this, a simplified model developed and integrated in TRNSYS 18 software in a previous work has been validated and used. This new model takes into account the effects of prevailing winds, solar radiation and inter-reflections. With this model, a comparative study was conducted between the energy needs in winter and summer for a stand-alone building and for the same building located in a street canyon in the city of Tangier in Morocco. First, the results obtained show the importance of taking into account the effect of the street canyon microclimate when forecasting the building energy needs, instead of using only building energy simulation software. Indeed, in the case of buildings located in street  canyons, the radiation of long wavelengths towards the cold sky is partially blocked.
In terms of heating energy requirements in winter, the most disadvantageous configuration is the one whose aspect ratio is equal to 2. This is because narrow canyons, radiation input is reduced during the day due to shading, while at night, the blocking of long-wave radiation to the sky increases. Finally, the results obtained show that the use of the TRNSYS software only without taking into account the microclimate close to the building, leads to an incorrect estimation of the building energy needs. Consequently, this may potentially contribute to correct errors of the dimensioning of heating and cooling systems in buildings.
As soon as the fuel was in contact with the epiradiator surface, time and temperature recordings were started. Five ammability variables were measured during the burning experiments: (i) time-to-ignition, (TTI, s), de ned as the time necessary for the fuel to ignite once laid on the radiant disc; (ii) ignition temperature (tTTI, °C), de ned as the temperature recorded when the ame appeared; (iii) aming duration (FD, s), time elapsed between the ame occurrence and its extinction; and (iv) the maximum temperature reached during the burning (Tmax, °C). Just before the burning experiments, three samples of 5 g-leaf subsamples of each individual were ovendried for 48 h at 60°C in order to measure their moisture content (i. e. FMC, calculated on a dry mass basis) at the time of burning. Data Analyses.
The statistical analyses were performed on each species' dataset taking into account the content of terpenes assessed at the subgroup, and single compound levels as well as FMC as explanatory factors of ammability. Although leaf thickness was an important driver of ammability (along with other structural leaf traits such as surface-to-volume ratio) and was taken into account in our previous work  (Romero et al. 2019) , it was not included in the present analyses as this parameter does not signi cantly change from one season to another. The different ammability variables (using a single mean value per individuals of each species) were used as dependent variables. All tests were performed using StatGraphics Centurion XVII -X64 software (StatPoint Technologies, Inc®). First, we performed variance analyses (one-way ANOVA) to highlight the effect of season on FMC, terpene content and ammability for each species.
5). The seasonal variation of the proportion of ammability (R 2 ) explained by terpene compounds (Tab. 6) was highlighted in the different models. When the results were signi cant within a given species, the season in which the coe cient of determination, R 2 , was the highest varied according to the ammability variable. The highest proportion of FD and TTI explained by terpenes occurred in the models run on the summer datasets except for H. arizonica and P. halepensis (spring datasets) while that of tTTI occurred in the models run on the spring dataset except for P. halepensis (winter dataset). The highest proportion of Tmax was found in the models run on the summer datasets for C. sempervirens and H. arizonica, on the winter dataset for C. leylandii, and on the spring dataset for P. halepensis.
Con icts of interest/Competing interests : The authors declare that they have no con ict of interest. Simple linear regression: F= Fisher test, p= probability, R 2 = adjusted coe cient of determination, NS= non-signi cant Table5Main driving terpene compounds and their effect (+: positive, -: negative) on ammability according to the season for the four species studied Results of Partial Least Squares regression analyses showing the proportion of ammability (FD: aming duration, TTI: time-to-ignition, Tmax: maximum temperature, tTTI: ignition temperature) explained by the different terpene compounds according to the models run on the four species' datasets.
Data analysis Data were analyzed in R v3. 6. 3 (R Core Team, 2018). We compared the proportion of responses for each question between the 5th and 6th NRs using Fisher's exact tests. For example, we determined whether the frequency of each category of indicators differed between the reports (e. g. the relative length of each bar in Fig. 2 ). We also compared the number of responses recorded between the 5th and 6th NRs (for example, the number of reports in which genetic diversity indicators were identified, where each category of answer is paired between the reports, e. g. the Red List Index used as an indicator) using paired t-tests when data met the conditions of normality, and Wilcoxon tests when not. Levene's test was used to test homogeneity of variance. Responses from low-, medium-, and high-income countries (according to the World Bank, see Appendix A) were also compared for 5th and 6th NRs separately and pooled together.
Genetic diversity indicators (question 6) The number of genetic resources in conservation facilities, the number of plant genetic resources known/surveyed, and the Red List status were commonly mentioned indicators of the status of genetic diversity. These indicators are recommended by the CBD (Appendix S2), and have high data availability in existing national and international databases. The first two indicators also likely reflect Aichi Target 13's emphasis on agricultural species, and the importance of genetic resources for national food security  (Esquinas-Alcázar, 2005; Khoury et al. , 2014). Despite their status as official genetic CBD indicators, they do not directly or indirectly assess genetic diversity (see Glossary) and are inadequate for reporting on genetic diversity change  (Willoughby et al.
(2020a Hoban et al. ( , 2020b Hoban et al. ( , 2021a Hoban et al. ( , 2021b)) , which are quantifiable, better reflect changes in genetic diversity and enable evaluation of actions taken to protect and restore genetic diversity (also see  Frankham, 2021 and Laikre et al. , 2021). Indicators and data relating to indigenous and local use and knowledge of genetic diversity should be developed. Databases on national strategies for conserving genetic diversity would also be very useful for tracking and reporting. 3. Adopt improved and consistent terminology relating to genetic diversity and genetic approaches. Clear definitions of terms in reporting instructions via glossaries, with examples, in at least the six major CBD languages would help to improve consistency in reporting on genetic diversity.
4. Enable clearer comparisons of reporting on genetic diversity among countries and over time. We suggest clearer structure for National Reports and greater guidance to countries on what to report and how. For example, National Report formatting could include lists of genetic diversity support actions performed, or categories of species managed, which can be "checked off". Also, countries should maintain a database of genetic studies, genetic management programs, and genetic diversity strategies on taxa within their territory and report an updated list of studies, management, strategies, and publications in their NR, using a standard form. Standardization and higher frequency of reporting on genetic diversity would allow better analysis of upcoming reports, and comparison among countries. Meanwhile, to allow unstructured information, the CBD could encourage inclusion of additional reports and/or case studies (for example Scotland included a supplemental report entirely on genetic diversity conservation, see  Hollingsworth et al.
Acknowledgements This article is based upon work from  COST Action G-BiKE ,  CA 18134 , supported by  COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). www. cost. eu. and the  Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network. SH was supported by  IMLS  award mg- 30-16-0085-16. We thank  Cindy Johnson  for checking references. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the  United States Government.