dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The far target was positioned 25 cm away and 20 cm below the close target: in that case, subjects had to make an additional trunk displacement to reach this target (Fig. 1B ). Each target could be illuminated through watertight Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) equally distributed around the border. Target switching and extinction were achieved by using a homemade software (DocometreÓ) piloting a real-time acquisition/control system running at 10 kHz (ADwin-GoldÓ, Ja ¨ger, Lorsch, Germany). Luminescent markers (LED-type) were positioned onto the subjects' index, shoulder and hip. Markers position was recorded by a video motion capture system composed of three cameras sampled at 60 Hz (resolution: 848 Â 480 pixels). These cameras were inserted in custom-made watertight housing for underwater acquisition.
Data processing For each trial, the time elapsed between target illumination and the release of the start push-button by the subjects defined the reaction time (RT). Video data from the three cameras were initially synchronized and sequenced (KinoveaÓ software), subsequently allowing for the appropriate tracking of the selected markers (i. e. , XZ coordinates over time for index, shoulder and hip position). A 3D reconstruction method (Direct Linear Transformation; Abdel-Aziz and Karara, 1971) was used to merge XZ coordinates of a same marker from each camera (Labview TM software). This 3D reconstruction method enabled us to improve the accuracy of markers' position estimates to 3. 3 Â 10 À3 ± 4 Â 10 À3 m on average. Kinematic data presented below were obtained from this video processing and concerned the movement features in the sagittal plane.
Acknowledgments-The authors are grateful to  COMEX S. A. for the fruitful partnership, in particular to  B. Gardette  and  M. Fructus. We also wish to thank  J. -F. Bramard  and  CAMBULLE Company  for technical expertise in video acquisition. This work benefited from  Research Grants  ( DAR 2013 ( DAR -2015 ) ) from the  French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES).
It is especially useful in this latter process of helping visualise and define when, within the workflow, documentation should be created and updated, as well as who is in charge of doing so, providing a well-defined information pipeline within the digitisation team that can be used as a guide for the organisation of the overall process (Figure  1 , 2 and 4). Each of the BPD we propose is accompanied by a set of metadata registers that indicate a schema of fields to be used for the description of the relevant information called for in each step. These registers together form a conceptual schema which can easily be encoded in various languages such as XML (eXtensible Markup Language) or DDL (Data Definition Language) according to individual projects' needs. An example of encoding this data into a database schema is also provided in the additional documentation available on the website noted above.
Explicit recording of this information in a formalised manner was not a part of the usual digitisation practice, with the questions being implicitly understood. In fact, rendering the research questions explicit and available to all members of the team in the Question Register generated useful and interesting dialogue. Questions and research aims included the testing of three different photogrammetry software applications (Photoscan, SURE, and aspect3D) and exploring the use of High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging in photogrammetry as compared to standard images. We also planned to reuse the digital models for dissemination. For each of these aims, we also documented the projected acquisition, processing, and dissemination methods which would be required in order to organise the overall workflow.
Related Control lists: -Evaluation Criteria Step 2: Preliminary Studies Step 3: Data Acquisition Step 4: Data Processing Step 5: Analysis Step 6: Dissemination Step 7: Delivery We therefore proposed the preparation of a Research Register to explicitly document this background research and to stand as a base resource in the project. This Research Register can be linked to Bibliographic Register, previous geometric documentation in the Digital Assets Register and the Site Visit Register. In our case study, the site and objects had not previously been geometrically recorded but several related articles were collected in the Bibliographic Register. Instead of a site visit, given that the site was a rescue excavation, local experts explained the context of the artefacts. The presentation document was appended to the Site Visit Register.
Each data object produced during an acquisition event is the result of the activity of some actor(s) in a certain environment at a certain time, and involves the use of specific equipment, set to particular parameters. Recording these parameters correctly is of paramount importance to allow its interpretation and derive the desired results. The acquisition activity itself should be recorded with regards to: its object (e. g. the artefact or the site under study), acquisition time and environmental factors, actors involved, equipment employed (linked to its technical details) and setup parameters during the capture. These parameters involve the shooting methodology, overlap, calibration and other decision factors which affect the overall outcome of the final digital product (GSD, DoF, distance to the object etc.
The documentation of the obtained accuracy is essential, as it determines the success or failure of the process. Success validates the data processing plan and allows the articulation of the next step of the processing project. Failure indicates that the data processing actor/engineer should return to the processing plan, adjust relevant parameters, and then run the processing actions again until a satisfactory result can be obtained, or a negation of one of the relevant factors can be obtained (e. g. software, hardware, methodology or input variables). In this case study, we recorded the processing of exposure bracketing data with the HDR Toolbox in Matlab  (Banterle et al. , 2011). The three different exposures were first used to generate a single HDR image and then the image was tonemapped using  (Reinhard et al.
, 2002)  (Figure  5 ). The possibility of documenting the algorithms and parameters adopted during the processing step and evaluating the success/failure of the latter sequence of actions was seen as a key facility provided by the proposed protocol and registers. It enabled us to build an accurate analysis of the processing cycle, which was recorded and linked to the current processing configuration in order to build up a data-driven library of parameters and acquisition types. The three-step approach to documenting data processing allowed us to capture the array of different algorithms and software platforms that were tested to obtain optimal results. The images were initially aligned in Agisoft PhotoScan and aspect3D. Dense image matching, mesh generation and texture mapping were performed in the former as well as in SURE  (Rothermel et al.
, 2012)  software. Three different processing projects were created in order to discretise the complexity of the operations and achieve a better understanding and record of the distinct operations performed and the resulting data As mentioned in section 3. 3, images were acquired for both sides of each object. All 32 of them (16 for each side) and their masks were used in the bundle adjustment step and successfully registered and aligned (Figure  3  and 6 ). After dense image matching, a final point cloud was generated (Figure  7 , with 500,000 points). Textured 3D meshes of the object were also produced (Figure  8 ). Each of these steps was registered as a different processing plan and activity in order to comply with the provenance principles of the documentation framework. In order to establish a better accountability for the steps taken and influencing factors, the algorithms used were also recorded whenever possible.
Each dissemination project will entail a number of internal development cycles that will require their own planning. In the dissemination cycle, the developers can take full advantage of all generated products within the digitisation pipeline to this point. They may therefore import assets from the research, acquisition and processing phases as part of the base materials from which to construct their final product. This provides a map of provenance of the inputs to the end product, while not imposing overly onerous metadata entry requirements on the user. Each individual product of the dissemination cycle should be subject to at least one planning event. These serve as the control base from which to execute processing for the development of dissemination products. As in the acquisition phase, we suggest that each significant processing event for the creation of a digital asset related to dissemination purposes should be documented and related to its relevant Product Development Plan and the activities initiated to achieve that plan recorded in a Dissemination Product Development Activity Register.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no  608013. We would like to thank the company  ArcTron3D GmbH  which provided the different equipment used in the case study and in particular to  Martin Schaich  and  Oliver Reuss  for their support during the project. We would also like to show our gratitude to the  Bavarian State Archaeological Collection  and  Archäologische Staatssammlung München , responsible for the findings in Ilmendorf, and in particular to  Constanze Schaaff  for the continuous support during the acquisition and the post-processing phase. Finally, we would like to thank our academic supervisors for their comments and insights:  Fabio Remondino (FBK) ,  Andreas Georgopoulos (NTUA) ,  Livio de Luca (CNRS MAP) ,  Dieter Fritsch  ( University of Stuttgart ),  Martin Doerr  ( ICS-FORTH ),  Martin Schaich  ( Arctron3D GmbH ),  Pedro Santos  ( Fraunhofer IGD ),  Alan Chalmers  ( University of Warwick ),  Michael Klein  (7reasons  Medien GmbH ),  Roko Zarnic  ( University of Ljubljana ).
, 2001). Because of this limited spatial representativeness of charcoal records, several individual records must be assembled to derive a regional reconstruction of fire activity. In this way, paleo-fire records have been obtained at regional, continental, and global scales and can be compiled from the paleofire database for specific regions  (Blarquez et al. , 2014). Published North American paleo-fire compilations covering the Holocene, for example, already are available for four distinct regions (northwestern boreal, St. Lawrence, western US, and central North America)  (Marlon et al. , 2013). Studies of the chemical composition of snow and ice allow examination of natural variability of the chemical composition of the past atmosphere; see  Legrand and Mayewski (1997)  for a review. Numerous chemical species emitted or produced in combustion plumes are trapped in glacial archives.
(2016)  in the Swiss Alps (the last 40 years). In this paper, we first review available ice core chemical records of biomass burning focusing mainly on Greenland cores, exploring the quality of different proposed proxies, considering the intensity of their emission factor during combustion and their atmospheric behavior (lifetimes and budgets). We then compare several high-resolution (subannual) records extracted at different sites and scrutinize recent decades  during which meteorological data are available for backward air mass trajectory calculations and burned boreal forest area more accurately known. This comparison permits exploration of boreal source regions influencing the Greenland ice core records of forest fires and evaluation of the extent to which atmospheric transport influences these records.
Previously published and unpublished data Ice core studies from different Greenland sites that investigated past boreal forest fires are summarized in Table 1. From north to south, the documented sites include NEEM (77 • 26 N, 51 • 03 W), North GRIP (75 • N, 42 • W), Summit (72 • 36 N, 38 • 18 W), D4 (71 • 24 N, 43 • 54 W), and 20D (65 • N, 44 • 52 W). In addition to these published data, we used several unpublished seasonally resolved CFA records obtained by the Desert Research Institute (DRI) on firn and ice cores from some of the sites shown in Table  1  (NEEM-2011-S1, SUMMIT-2010, SUMMIT-2015-Place, North GRIP2, and D4), and from the Humboldt site located in northwest Greenland (78 • 31 N, 56 • 49 W; 1985 m a. s. l. ; accumulation of 14. 4 g cm -2 yr -1 ). Other unpublished data used in this study were obtained in the field during the GRIP campaigns at Summit, including CFA measurements of ammonium and formaldehyde (Physics Institute and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research at Bern), and IC investigations of short-chain mono-and dicarboxylates (Laboratory of Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement at Grenoble).
Note that this record still represents the only profile documenting carboxylates during recent decades in Greenland snow. In order to examine the chemical signature of ammonium events with respect to background levels, data from this firn core were used to examine the relationship between ammonium and nitrate as well as between ammonium and the different carboxylates (Fig. 2 ). Anthropogenic emissions impacting the budget of nitrate and carboxylates in Summit snow layers led us to restrict our examination to the pre-1940 time period (520 samples). Indeed, the level of nitrate between 1250 and 1940 AD (60 ± 17 ppb;  Savarino and Legrand, 1998)  was enhanced to 99 ± 37 ppb during recent decades as a result of growing NO x emissions  (Mayewski et al. , 1990; Fischer et al. , 1998). Furthermore,  Legrand and De Angelis (1996)  demonstrated that the levels of formate close to 9 ± 3 ppb between 1750 and 1940 have decreased to 6 ± 2 ppb as a result of acidification of the atmosphere following emission of SO 2 and NO x.
The most striking are the absence of record of the 1908 event at NEEM, and the smaller magnitude of the 1863 and 1961 events at NEEM compared to Summit. Conversely, the 1980-1981 events are better detected at NEEM (at least in the 2011 S1 core) than at Summit. The large discrepancy between Summit and NEEM will be discussed in more detail in the following section for the most recent 1961 event. The records for the year 1908 are discussed in Appendix A. For the most recent years, we examined the extent to which air mass transport influences the record of fire events at a given Greenland site. The main boreal fire sources are Siberia and Alaska/Canada. Data on area burned in Canada are available since 1920  (Van Wagner, 1988)  and became more accurate after 1959 with the Canadian National Fire Database (Canadian Forest Service, 2015, National Fire Database -Agency Fire Data, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta; http://cwfis.
Data availability Data from NEEM-2011-S1, SUMMIT-2010, North GRIP2, D4, and Humboldt can be made available for scientific purposes upon request to J. McConnell at DRI. CFA analyses of ammonium and formaldehyde at GRIP as well as CFA ammonium on the NEEM deep ice core can be made available for scientific purposes upon request to H. Fischer at the Physics Institute and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research at Bern. IC data from GRIP, GRIP 1993, and Eurocore can be made available upon request to M. Legrand at the Laboratory of Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement at Grenoble. Canadian fire data are made available by the Canadian Forest Service under http://cwfis. cfs. nrcan. gc. ca/datamart.
Kawamura et al. (2012)  measured biomass-burning organic tracers in an ice core spanning 300 years extracted from the Ushkovsky ice cap. Although discontinuous, the levoglucosan record showed sporadic peaks in  1705 , 1759 , 1883 , 1915 , 1949 , and 1972 , with the largest peak in 1949. Similarly, vanillic and phydroxybenzoic acids exhibited peaks in 1705 , 1759 , and 1949. Although estimates of burned area in Siberia are likely greatly underestimated, the year 1915 was well recognized as a dry year during which a total of 140 000 km 2 were estimated to have burned in Siberia  (Shostakovitch, 1925)   and Humboldt (d). At Summit and D4, data on carboxylic acids also were available, formate at Summit  (Legrand and De Angelis, 1998), and vanillic acid at D4 (McConnell et al. , 2007). Note the presence of the Katmai volcanic layer (1912) in the sulfate records, permitting accuracy of the dating to be < 1 year during this sequence of years.
Later, Delibrias (1985)  obtained an average 14 C reservoir age of 350 ± 35 yr through the analysis of pre-bomb mollusc shells from the French and Algerian shelves. The average marine reservoir age for the whole Mediterranean Sea was estimated by  Siani et al. (2000)  to be some 390 ± 85 yr. Finally, mollusc shells were also used to yield a more significant dataset for the Mediterranean Sea with a mean sea-surface reservoir 14 C age of 400 ± 16 yr  (Reimer and McCormac, 2002). More recently, the first annually-resolved sea-surface 14 C record was obtained from a 50-year-old shallow-water coral (Cladocora caespitosa) from the western Mediterranean Sea, covering the pre-and post-bomb period  (Tisnérat-Laborde et al. , 2013). However, all these observations are discrete both in time and/or space, they cannot give a clear description of radiocarbon evolution between the past and the actual situation now at either the regional or the global scale.
, 2010)  in order to conserve the Mediterranean Sea water volume. The Black Sea is not explicitly represented in NEMO-MED12 configuration; exchanges with the Black Sea consist of a twolayer flow corresponding to the Dardanelles' net budget estimates of  Stanev and Peneva (2002). The atmospheric forcing of NEMO-MED12 is provided by daily mean fields of momentum, freshwater and heat fluxes from the high resolution atmospheric model (ARPERA) over the period 1958-2013  (Herrmann and Somot, 2008; Herrmann et al. , 2010). The sea-surface temperature (SST) and water-flux correction term are applied using ERA-40  (Beuvier et al. , 2012a). River runoff is derived from the interannual dataset of  Ludwig et al. (2009)  and  Vörösmarty et al. (1996). The initial conditions (temperature, salinity) are prescribed from the MedAtlas-II  (Rixen et al.
5 ), associated with the long equilibration time with the radiocarbon depleted deep waters, and to vertical mixing. Nevertheless the model simulation shows that the bomb-produced radiocarbon signal has reached the deep layers of the Mediterranean Sea due to the rapid transfer of surface waters to intermediate and deep depths, especially in the Cretan Sea, where a high 14 C is simulated in the deep waters (Fig. 7 ). The new 14 C data obtained from the analysis of the seawater samples collected during the Meteor M84/3 cruise represent a unique opportunity to critically assess the dynamics of the NEMO-MED12 ocean model and to evaluate its ability to reproduce the main features of the present day radiocarbon distribution in the Mediterranean. The model produces realistic simulated 14 C values in the surface layer that are in agreement with in-situ measurements, thus supporting our modelling approach.
Ethical Approval This work was conducted as part of the LiveWell program. Ethical approval was acquired from Newcastle University Ethics Committee (No 00423). Informed consent was obtained from participants in the qualitative study. The workshops were based on a co-design methodology where all stakeholders (research team, older adults, and health professionals) held shared "power" in the development of the new intervention. No personal data were collected, thus ethical consent to participate in the workshops was not obtained. However, informed consent was obtained for the purpose of photographically recording the activities at each workshop. Table  1. The LEAP features and modules, and the objective(s), tools, and evidence on which they were based at different stages of the intervention development process.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank the stakeholders who provided invaluable input during the co-design process and the other members of the  LiveWell team  for their contributions at different stages of the project. This work was conducted as part of the  LiveWell program  (Grant Reference Number G0900686), which is funded through the  Lifelong Health  and Wellbeing cross-councils initiative in partnership with the following:  Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council ;  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council ;  Economic and Social Research Council; Medical Research Council; Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates ;  National Institute for Health Research/The Department of Health ; The Health and Social Care Research & Development of the  Public Health Agency  ( Northern Ireland ); and  Wales Office of Research and Development for Health and Social Care, Welsh Assembly Government.
Field-BaSed data Meteorological data was acquired from the Rio Grande Pilots Station located on the southwest side of the Rio Grande navigation channel (Fig. 2 ). The instruments collect hourly averages of wind speed and direction at 22 m above the surface. Beach profiles were conducted from March 2005 to February 2007 by the Geological Oceanography Laboratory (LOG) research group at the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG). One hundred fifty seven profiles were acquired using a total station and an optic prism. The total station was positioned over a benchmark located in front of the Argus video cameras. The benchmark was assigned as the local coordinate system origin (0,0). The profiles were performed by recording the morphological difference along the line and then interpolated to have a regular spacing between points of 1 m along the cross-shore direction.
aRguS data The Cassino Beach Argus station has four video cameras installed on a 14 m high tower. The station has been operational since March 2005 and continues to capture images during the daylight hours (current as of 01/2016). Similar to others Argus stations, the three main data products are: 1) snapshot images; 2) a 10-minute time-exposure image; and 3) a 10-minute variance image  (Holman and Stanley 2007). The snapshot is a single video frame: the first of a ten-minute video recorded by the system. The time-exposure image, or timex, is an average of all 600 video frames collected.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to  Nisia Krusche , who helped with the meteorological data processing. We would like also to thanks  Renato Espirito Santo ,  Rafael Guedes ,  Claudia Parise  and  Natan Maia  for sharing the profiles data. The first author would like to express his gratitude to  Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)  for the scientific initiation scholarship and for the  Rio Grande Pilot's Station  for making wind data available through a collaborative effort with the LocFis/FURG. JTE acknowledges the  Fulbright Scholars Program.
, 1999)  that showed the same fluorescence location and intensity in old flagella of induced samples (data not shown). These data indicate that the presence of structural axoneme and PFR components is not altered in the absence of IFT, in agreement with the apparently normal ultrastructure observed during the TEM analysis (Fig. 1 ). Therefore, we conclude that IFT is not necessary for the maintenance of these constituents after construction. These results raise the question of the role of IFT in flagellum motility. Trypanosomes grow in suspension and swim actively in liquid medium  (Heddergott et al. , 2012). The movement of IFT140 RNAi cells was quantified in non-induced control conditions and after 3 days of RNAi induction. Non-induced cells exhibited an average speed of 9. 8 ± 2. 8 µm/s (n=380)(Supplementary material Fig.