dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Results In Planck Collaboration et al. (  2014 ) and  Ilić et al. (2015) , it was shown that the discrepancy in galaxy cluster counts, could translate into that of the mass observable calibration parameter. In particular, in a MCMC analysis combining CMB and cluster counts with a free calibration parameter, the latter preferred value was found to be (1b) ∼ 0. 6, corresponding to the σ 8 obtained from Planck CMB datasets, while the (1b) calibration value adopted for the Planck SZ clusters sample is equal to 0. 8 more than 4 σ away from the above best value. Massive neutrinos were advocated as a possible solution to alleviate the tension. However it was found in (SK18) and (IL19) that the combination of CMB C and cluster counts still yield the same constraints on the calibration parameter, independently from neutrino mass, indicating that the latter is not able to fix the discrepancy.
Dark energy equation of state parameter and the σ 8 discrepancy In Fig. 1  we show confidence contours for the parameters σ 8 and Ω m along with (1b) the mass observable calibration parameter, obtained from an MCMC analysis using CMB Planck datasets in combination with the cluster counts from Planck SZ detected sample, while allowing w the dark energy equation parameter to vary. We also perform the same analysis but by additionally combining wih BAO. In the first case (green contours and lines) the preferred calibration is still low: 1-b ∼ 0. 64 the tension with 1b ∼ 0. 8 is largely reduced, being less than 2σ. However, with w tightly correlated with (1b), the agreement happens for values of w ∼ -3 far below -1, pushing cosmological parameters in a region : H 0 ∼ 140 km/s/Mpc and Ω m ∼ 0. 08 largely excluded by other cosmological probes.
Dark energy and Growth index interplay As seen above, the dark energy EoS parameter is not able of reducing the discrepancy to less than 2σ. This is mainly limited by the need of w to accommodate with volume change with cluster sample redshift bins but also with the variation of the growth rate in the sample bins. This was also more notably noticed in (IL19) when we introduced a growth index γ to alleviate the tension without success despite observing a strong correlation between γ and the calibration factor (1b). To see if the combination with the SZ sample is able to simultaneously constrain two degrees of freedom when we allow simultaneously w and γ to vary, we show in Fig. 2  the results of a MCMC analysis combining CMB datasets and SZ cluster counts, letting all the cosmological parameters free to vary along with the growth index γ, w and the mass-observable normalisation factor.
Next, we introduced, along with a free w, the γ parametrisation to model the effect of a modification of gravity on the growth rate. Though the discrepancy is further reduced with (1b) maximum likelihood value becoming centered around 0. 8, however, here again, combining with geometrical distance probes like BAO reverts (1b) preferred values back to ΛCDM ones of 0. 6. The same is observed after introducing, along with w and γ, further extensions to ΛCDM like massive neutrinos, where we found that more ease to the tension is allowed for higher neutrino masses only when the latter are not constrained by the combination with BAO datasets. Finally, we compared the effect from allowing an evolving w in time through CPL parametrisation in addition to constant growth index, against the case when the latter is made dynamical through a second parameter γ 1 in addition to a constant w.
So far, when using only CMB datasets and cluster counts, we allowed large priors for the Hubble constant enabling it to potentially reach H 0 ∼ 200. 0, well above the current constraints from other probes like BAO for example. The motivation was to permit w to explore values well below -1 that may reconcile CMB and Cluster counts constraints on σ 8. Indeed, we observed in Fig. 1that the discrepancy on σ 8 , which directly translates into that on (1-b), was alleviated for w -1 where (1-b) likelihood reached ∼ 0. 8, the Planck SZ sample calibration, at less than 2σ and that for values of H 0 ∼ 160. 0. The same was also observed in other cases, in particular Fig. 3where we allowed in addition the growth index γ to vary. Here we repeated, in Fig. A. 1 and Fig. A. 2, the same previous analysis with however limiting the prior range of the Hubble constant to ∈.
Acknowledgements. Ziad Sakr  acknowledges support from the  IRAP  and  IN2P3  Lyon computing centers. Stéphane Ilic  acknowledges financial support from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant  Agreement No. 617656  "Theories and Models of the Dark Sector:  Dark Matter ,  Dark Energy  and Gravity.
Σ Fig. 2. 68/95% confidence contours for the parameters (1b), σ 8 , Ω m , H 0 , w, γ derived from Planck 2018 CMB datasets combined with Planck 2015 SZ detected galaxy clusters sample, then adding BAO probe datasets, all with a free constant w and γ. The vertical black dash line marks the Planck calibration value (1b ∼ 0. 8).
The Hubble constant prior range and its impact on the posteriors So far, when using only CMB datasets and cluster counts, we allowed large priors for the Hubble constant enabling it to potentially reach H 0 ∼ 200. 0, well above the current constraints from other probes like BAO for example. The motivation was to permit w to explore values well below -1 that may reconcile CMB and Cluster counts constraints on σ 8. Indeed, we observed in Fig. 1that the discrepancy on σ 8 , which directly translates into that on (1-b), was alleviated for w -1 where (1-b) likelihood reached ∼ 0. 8, the Planck SZ sample calibration, at less than 2σ and that for values of H 0 ∼ 160. 0. The same was also observed in other cases, in particular Fig. 3where we allowed in addition the growth index γ to vary. Here we repeated, in Fig.
Methods It is a randomized, controlled, open and interventional study in two Emergency Departments. The included patients will be adults admitted for acute abdominal pain. Exclusion criteria will be a documented end-oflife, an immediate need of life-support therapy and pregnant or breast-feeding women. Patients will be randomized in intervention (POCUS) or control groups. POCUS, only be performed by trained physicians, will be added to the diagnosis procedure in the intervention group. In the control group, the diagnosis will be established after clinical examination and reception of biological analysis results. In the interventional group, the diagnosis will be established after clinical exam, biological analysis reception and POCUS. An adjudication committee will review all data from case report forms and will determine the index diagnosis which will be used for the analysis.
Sample size calculation According to Lindelius  (7) , a correct diagnostic has been reached in 56. 8% of patients consulting to the ED for acute abdominal pain after clinical exam and biological results. The hypothesis is based on an improvement of 30% of diagnostic accuracy by POCUS. Jang  (10)  demonstrated an improvement of diagnostic accuracy by 45% while Lindelius by 8%  (7, 8). A correct diagnostic rate of 57% is expected in the control group and 74% in the intervention group. With a 0. 05 alpha risk and a 80% power, 244 patients will be required. A 5% attrition rate (patients randomized but presenting an exclusion criteria) is expected, thus 256 randomized patients are needed for this study. Data management eCRFs will be used via a web-based interface. All data will be stored in Nantes University Hospital's secured databases.
Trial status The current protocol version is V2 from March 2021, 21, the recruitment began on July 2021, 23 and the expected completion date is June 2022. This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT04912206). It was approved by an Ethics Committee (Comité de protection des personnes EST 1) on  May 11, 2021. The research will be performed under the Helsinki principles. We intend to publish echoPAIN results in an international journal of emergency medicine.
The ERA-NET TRANSCAN call aims at combining translational cancer research funding programs in 19 Member States and Associated Countries. TRANSCAN will concentrate translational research resources and will provide relevant financial support to address large scale problems that will be relevant for the improvement of translational cancer research in every Member State and possibly overall in Europe. TRANSCAN will identify opportunities for coordinated translational research, and will thus contribute to the development of a coordinated funding research policy shared by European countries. The activation of an international, non-profit clinical trial supported by the ERA-NET (Aligning national/regional translational cancer research programmes and activities) and funded by the European Commission requires specific timelines according to the EU rules.
Acknowledgements. CSW and MV thank the  Austrian Science Fund (FWF)   P32035-N36. SRM was funded by the  Swedish National Space 675 Agency  under contracts  145/19  and  79/19. The authors thank  C. Möstl ,  Z. Vörös ,  L. Preisser  and  O. Roberts  ( IWF-ÖAW, Graz ) for useful discussions with respect to bow shock crossings, Earth's turbulence, mirror modes and magnetosheath jets. The authors would like to thank  ISSI  and the  ISSI  international team # 517  " Towards a Unifying Model for Magnetic Depressions in Space Plasmas " led by MV, as well as team # 499  " Similarities and Differences in the Plasma at Comets and Mars " led by  C. Götz.
However, at the scale of the western Alps, the D1 MU phase is the witness to the involvement (underthrusting) of the European continental units (here Briançonnais units) in the Alpine continental collision as proposed by  Lanari et al. [2014]. The D2 MU phase can be related to a NE-directed-backthrusting    Elter et al. , 1966 , Marroni et al. , 2010] , which are regarded as the sedimentary cover of the ocean-continent transition along the Adria Plate  [Marroni et al. , 2017, and quoted references]. Geochronological data on the age of the deformations recorded by each unit are not yet available. Nevertheless, based on the age of deposits at the top of the sedimentary sequences and, the cross-cutting relationships between different tectonic structures a possible timing for the tectonic evolution consid-ered can be proposed at the regional scale.
For example, there are archives of multi-spectral remote sensing products that are freely open to all, most notably the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) archives (earthexplorer. usgs. gov) that include Landsat multi-spectral images dating back to the 1970s for much of the Earth's surface, as well as aerial photographs that date to earlier. What's missing from these archives is three-dimensional data that record the structure of the Earth's forest cover as well as the cultural and ecological features found beneath forest canopies. There have been calls to use remote sensing technologies, such as light detection and ranging (Lidar), to fill in this gap and record these broad areas of the A rapidly changing Earth presents a grand challenge for humanity: We must preserve or record our cultural and ecological heritage, along with information about habitats critical for biodiversity-before they are lost completely.
Earth's surface  (3) , along with several national initiatives such as the 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) in the United States (4) and Canada's state-level programs  (5). However, these efforts are limited in geographic scope, and they propose or use technical solutions that are inadequate to collect, at the spatial resolution needed, the information that must be preserved. Thus, we call for a massive international effort to three-dimensionally scan, using airborne Lidar, the entire land mass of the planet (29. 2%) to create a digital Earth Archive in combination with other open source data such as the Landsat archives and field-based measurements, such as the National Ecological Observatory Network [NEON  (5) ]. This will provide a comprehensive baseline database of the Earth's surface, and everything on it, at a very high resolution that exceeds standards used by current national scanning initiatives, which is stored as an open access database.
An Earth Archive The solution we propose is an "Earth Archive Initiative" that entails the acquisition of very high-resolution Lidar over large areas; the data would be stored in an open access repository for future generations. In conjunction with current efforts to collect above-canopy multi-spectral data and in situ field data, the resulting datasets will serve both as a focus for current scientific analyses and an archive of the landscapes in their current form. Recent Lidar applications have made its impact clear. In the last decade, archaeologists have performed landscapescale scans using airborne Lidar to document legacy cultural landscapes and their associated geology and ecological habitats. Some studies have fundamentally altered understandings of long-term trajectories of coupled human/natural systems.
These records also contain important information about the ecology of these sites that future researchers might analyze. One of the key problems we face is that airborne Lidar scans are currently being conducted on an ad hoc basis without standard protocols for data collection (e. g. , nominal pulse density and other specifications) or for creating metadata and archiving the resulting datasets as open access resources. But we now have the technology to expand and coordinate these scattered efforts and systematically collect and archive global landscape data to well-defined standards. Already the Norwegian government has initiated such an effort, procuring high-resolution satellite imagery for tropical rainforest areas over the next 4 years and making those data freely available to researchers and nongovernmental organizations for monitoring and analysis of land change.
One of the key limitations of this effort, however, is that high-resolution satellite imagery records only the top of the canopy-what's under the canopy (i. e. , any structural and land surface information) is not documented. The Earth Archive Initiative would carry out Lidar scans of the entire land surface of the planet, excluding Antarctica, beginning with the areas that are the most threatened by the climate crisis, such as the Amazon and public lands within the United States. The initiative has three main goals. The first is to create a baseline record of the land surface of the earth as it is today. The only way to measure change is to compare two sets of data, before and after. Currently, there is no very high-resolution, three-dimensional "before" dataset for the land surface of most of the planet.
The third goal is to encourage the use of the resulting open access digital archives as a "digital seed bank" by supporting explorations of these voluminous datasets through developing technologies, protocols, visualization, and analyses based on artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ ML) as well as developing improved data storage and sharing technologies. As science and technology advance, tools, algorithms, and other technical capabilities will also advance in ways that we can't anticipate. These advances may be applied to the archived Lidar data, facilitating ongoing analyses and meeting future "grand challenges" related to planning and resource use that will face the Earth as the human population continues to expand. Across many disciplines, we find examples of new technologies being applied to old datasets in ways that are unpredictable and not foreseen by the original collectors of the data.
Examples range from moon rocks recovered during NASA Apollo missions  (14) , to imagery in the Landsat archives, originally collected in the 1970s and 1980s, being used for Google Earth today  (15). The Earth Archive will preserve landscape records of critically endangered areas. There are three major technical and social challenges involved in the creation of the Earth Archive. They are: 1) the need for large unmanned aerial vehicles capable of multi-hour flights to optimize the collection of data; 2) the use of AI/ML to accelerate processing times of the collected data; and 3) the development of open access storage and dissemination infrastructures that have the capacity and connectivity to both store and provide access to the data on a global scale, including indigenous and underserved populations.
(Regarding this last challenge, the data dissemination infrastructure in use by USGS and the Landsat Archive should provide a model. ) Another critical obstacle is the sequential methodology of collection, storage, management, and analysis that is conventionally followed by researchers in many disciplines. Generally, researchers first collect and store a partial dataset, then analyze and publish that dataset, before starting the next collection phase. In contrast, the proposed Earth Archive Initiative will focus initially on collection, management, and storage, so that we can maximize the amount of data collected before the destruction of more landscapes and further loss of critical land surface records. A major priority of the initiative will be identifying the critical landscapes that researchers should focus on first.
The storage of the data, in an appropriate open access form, will ensure that it's analyzed quickly. Data analysis and publication will occur on an ongoing basis; but the process of collection will take precedence, rather than analysis and incremental "discovery. " The other major challenge will be working together. For the Earth Archive Initiative to be successful, it must entail the involvement of, and collaboration with, researchers across disciplines, as well as the support of international research groups. Only by reaching across disciplines, embracing the technological tools at our disposal, and devoting the necessary resources will we be able to record the Earth's biological and cultural heritage in high resolution. Given the dire climatic circumstances we face, it could turn out to be one of the most important endeavors of our time.
Funding. National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 61605142 ,  61827821 );  Tianjin Research Program  of  Application Foundation and Advanced Technology of China  ( 17JCJQJC43500 );  Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics) ;  European Research Council  ( 682032-PULSAR );  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-15-IDEX-0003 ,  ANR-17-EURE-0002 ).
Conclusion A space-based solution has been proposed for providing the space community with an exquisite data catalogue of the resident space objects in the GEO region down to 10 cm. The concept is based on one medium-sized motherand two small satellites continuously scanning the GEO ring from a sub-GEO equatorial orbit. The multispacecraft measurements of the RSO angular position carrying a wide-field imager deliver hundreds to thousands of measurements of the RSO position vector with an accuracy of a few hundred meters each. The orbit restitution is robust against angular measurement errors, and its accuracy is compatible with long term RSO motion prediction. The time needed to construct the catalogue of RSO with inclination varying from zero to 15 degrees in the GEO region is about 7. 5 months.
A. GAP8 error rate Figure  3a  shows the experimental cross-section measured in the beam experiments (y-axis) for the five codes we evaluated and the average cross-section. We present the error rate split into two categories, Silent Data Corruption (SDC) and Detected Unrecoverable Error (DUE). The results show that the DUE error rate varies less than the SDC rate for the evaluated configurations. The highest DUE rate variations come from FIR (72% higher than the average) and MNIST (54% lower than the average). The FIR code is split into steps interleaved with operations sequentially performed by the master core. The majority of FIR execution is composed of sequential code and managing memory on the main core, leading to less efficient utilization of GAP8 resources. Consequently, an incorrect synchronization between the cluster of cores and the main core controller is expected to generate a DUE.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  grant agreement No  899546  and with the support of the  Brittany Region , and partially funded by  ANR FASY  ( ANR-21-CE25-0008-01 ) and  ANR   RE-TRUSTING  ( ANR-21-CE24-0015-02 ). Neutron beam time was provided by  ChipIR  ( DOI:10. 5286/ISIS. E. RB2200004-1 ). We acknowledge the researchers that supported and helped with the neutron experiments,  Dr. Paolo Rech ,  Dr. Christopher Frost , and  Dr. Carlo Cazzaniga.
Bulgaria Venelin Boshnakov and Konstantin Bobchev (some of which extended by the so-called 'Regulation on Implementation' instruction). The most general treatment of the planning system at the national and regional level is provided by the Regional Development Act (RDA), which regulates the programming, management, resource provision, control and assessment of the "implementation of the strategies, plans and programmes for conducting the state regional development policy" (RDA, Art. 1). A key role in the management of real estate development processes plays the cadastral authority (Agency of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre of the Ministry of Regional Development and Urban Development), which maintains core maps and datasets on real estate properties: legal boundaries of administrative-territorial units, land plots within a unit, landed properties, buildings, etc.
, and property rights on real estate objects. These maps and databases provide information for the maintenance of the Land Registry, real estate development plans and investment projects in general. According to the Regional Development Act, any owner may organize construction activity on the land plot on the basis of 'development plan'. The latter needs to be submitted to and approved by a local authority -typically, a municipal architectural unit or the mayor. In cases of more complicated large-scale plans, approval is needed by the Regional Governor or, ultimately, the Minister of Regional Development. This development plan should define in an itemized way the land plot description, financing, construction details (e. g. building type and height, the maximum density and intensity, etc. ) as well as the 'greening' components of this plan.
1-2. 5%), and the local government sets the specific tax rate. To assess the value of land for tax purposes, a mass valuation is used. A mass valuation means a periodic valuation for taxation, and as a result, the value of land by zones and intended purposes or by land-use types is determined  (Land Valuation Act, 1994, §5(1) (2)). The results of a mass valuation are prepared as maps of value zones and a list of the value of land by value zones and intended purposes. A mass valuation is carried out based on data in the database of transactions of the land register as of June 30 of the valuation year (Land Valuation Act, 1994, §5(1)(2)). There have been three mass valuations in Estonia since 1991  (1993, 1996, 2001). Today, the land tax is based on the taxable land value determined in 2001, and it does not express the actual land value anymore.