dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The second study presented here regards the impact on the PDF uncertainties when adding additionally positron data of different luminosity to a baseline fit on 50 fb -1 of e -p data, the "LHeC 1st run" dataset. The results are illustrated in Fig. 3. 17. It is observed, that the addition of positron data does bring benefits, which, however, are not striking in their effect on the here considered PDFs. A prominent improvement is obtained for the d-valence PDF, primarily due to the sensitivity gained via the CC cross section of the positron data. The benefit of the precise access to NC and CC weak interactions by the LHeC is clearer when one studies the cross sections and their impact on PDFs. This is illustrated in the subsequent section.
Assuming the prospects described in Chapter 3, α s and PDF uncertainties are smaller than the statistical fluctuations and can be neglected in a first approximation. The results are summarised in Tab. 9. 6. Everything else equal, increasing the sample size from 36 fb -1 to 3 ab -1 enhances the CI reach by a typical factor of two. Accounting for the improvement in the theoretical modelling of the DY process brought by the LHeC brings another factor of 1. 5-1. 8 in the limits. In the last case, the limits reach well into range directly accessible with proton-proton collisions at √ s = 100 TeV, as envisioned at the FCC-hh. Model ATLAS (Ref. [709] ) HL-LHC   9. 6: Contact interaction limits from ATLAS based on 36 fb -1 of data  [709] , and extrapolated to the full HL-LHC dataset (3 ab -1 ). The extrapolation is performed assuming the same PDF and α s uncertainties as in Ref.
PDF Prospects with the HL-LHC and the LHeC In Ref. [258]  the HL-LHC potential to constrain PDFs was analysed in detail, focussing on SM processes that are expected to have the most impact at higher x. In particular, projections for the production of top quark pairs, inclusive jets, forward W + charm quark and direct photons, as well as forward and high-mass Drell-Yan and the Z boson p ⊥ distribution were included. It was found that PDF uncertainties on LHC processes can be reduced by a factor between two and five, depending on the specific flavour combination and on the optimistic assumptions about the reduction of the (experimental) systematic uncertainties. It is of interest to compare these constraints with those expected to come from the LHeC itself, as well as potential improvements from a combined PDF fit to the HL-LHC and LHeC datasets; this was studied in  [59].
The basic procedure consists in generating HL-LHC and LHeC pseudodata with the PDF4LHC15 set  [254]  and then applying Hessian PDF profiling  [256, 759] , in other words a simplified version of a full refit, to this baseline to assess the expected impact of the data. While the HL-LHC datasets are described above, the LHeC pseudodata correspond to the most recent publicly available official LHeC projections, see Section 3. 2, for electron and positron neutral-current (NC) and charged-current (CC) scattering. As well as inclusive data at different beam energies (E p = 1, 7 TeV), charm and bottom heavy quark NC and charm production in e -p CC scattering are included. The expected impact of the HL-LHC, LHeC and their combination on the PDF uncertainties of the gluon, down quark, anti-up quark and strangeness distributions are shown in Fig.
9. 10. One observes that at low x the LHeC data place in general by far the strongest constraint, in particular for the gluon, as expected from its greatly extended coverage at small x. At intermediate x the impact of the HL-LHC and LHeC are more comparable in size, but nonetheless the LHeC is generally expected to have a larger impact. At higher x the constraints are again comparable in size, with the HL-LHC resulting in a somewhat larger reduction in the gluon and strangeness uncertainty, while the LHeC has a somewhat larger impact for the down and anti-up quark distributions. Thus, the combination of both HL-LHC and LHeC pseudodata nicely illustrate a clear and significant reduction in PDF uncertainties over a very wide range of x, improving upon the constraints from the individual datasets in a non-negligible way.
m H = 125 GeV µ F = µ R = m H /2 ratio to N 3 LO s [TeV] ggH production cross section ---effect of small-x resummation N 3 LO using f. o. PDFs N 3 LO using res PDFs N 3 LO+LL using res PDFs N 3 LO+LL (LL') using res PDFs Figure  9. 13: Ratio of the N 3 LO Higgs cross section with and without resummation to the N 3 LO fixedorder cross section, as a function of the collider centre-of-mass energy. "f. o. " denotes fixed order, "res" denotes resummed and "LL " a different anomalous dimension matching at leading logarithmic accuracy, see the legend on the plot and Ref. [765]  for details. The PDFs used are from the global dataset of Ref. [252]. Figure taken from Ref. [765]. Fig. 9. 14 indicates the size of the different uncertainties on the absolute values of the cross section with increasing accuracy of the perturbative expansion, at HL-LHC and FCC-hh energies.
Figure3. 14: PDF uncertainties at Q 2 = 1. 9 GeV 2 as a function of x to illustrate the constraints from additional heavy quark sensitive measurements at LHeC. Displayed is the gluon distribution on a logarithmic and linear scale. The yellow band illustrates the uncertainties of the nominal "LHeC inclusive" PDF, obtained in a 4+1 PDF fit. From the same dataset, results of the more flexible 5+1 fit (see text) are displayed as a cyan band. When further including LHeC measurements of F c 2 and F b 2 , the PDF fits yields uncertainties as displayed by the blue band.
Acknowledgement The analyses and developments here presented would not have been possible without the  CERN Directorate  and other laboratories, universities and groups supporting this study. We admire the skills of the technicians who successfully built the first 802 MHz SC cavity. We thank many of our colleagues for their interest in this work and a supportive attitude when time constraints could have caused lesser understanding. Special thanks are also due to the members and Chair of the  International Advisory Committee  for their attention and guidance to the project. From the beginning of the LHeC study, it has been supported by  ECFA  and its chairs, which was a great help and stimulus for undertaking this study performed outside our usual duties. During the time, a number of students, in Master and PhD courses, have made very essential contributions to this project for which we are especially grateful.
Virus strains The ancestral non-D614G SARS-CoV-2 strain (BetaCoV/France/IDF0372/2020) was isolated in France from an imported case from Wuhan by the National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses (NRC) hosted by Institut Pasteur. The reference D614G strain (hCoV-19/France/GE1973/2020) was supplied by the NRC. This viral strain was supplied through the European Virus Archive goes Global (EVAg) platform. The B. 1. 1. 7 strain originated from an individual in Tours (France) who returned from the United Kingdom  [11]. The B. 1. 351 strain (CNR 202100078) originated from an individual in Créteil (France)  [11]. The P. 1. strain (TY7-501), first identified in Brazil, was obtained from Global Health security action group Laboratory Network (GISAID sample ID: hCoV-19/Japan/TY7-501/2021; GISAID ID: EPI_ISL_833366).
S-Fuse neutralization assay Neutralization was performed using the S-Fuse reporter system, as previously described  [11]. Briefly, U2OS-ACE2 GFP1-10 or GFP 11 cells, which become GFP + upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, were mixed (1:1 ratio) and plated at 8 × 10 3 cells per well in a μClear 96-well plate (Greiner Bio-One). SARS-CoV-2 strains were incubated with sera at the indicated dilutions for 15 min at room temperature and added to S-Fuse cells. All sera were heat inactivated 30 min at 56 °C before use. After 18 h incubation at 37°C 5%CO2, cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde, washed and stained with Hoechst (1:1,000 dilution; Invitrogen). Images were acquired on an Opera Phenix high-content confocal microscope (PerkinElmer). The GFP area, the number of syncytia and nuclei were quantified using the Harmony software (PerkinElmer).
positive SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) admitted to Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (APHP, Paris, France) for at least 48h. All patients were initially enrolled from March 17 th to April 29 th 2020 and were then proposed for a clinical and serological follow-up at month 3 (M3) and M6 post-infection. The study is part of The French Covid cohort (NCT04262921) sponsored by Inserm and was authorized by the French Ethics Committee CPP Ile-de-France VI (ID RCB:2020-A00256-33). This study was conducted with the understanding and the consent of each participant or its surrogate. Data collection Demographic, clinical presentation, and comorbidity data during the index COVID-19 hospitalization were extracted from the electronic medical records collected in a standardized data collection form in the Clinical Data Warehouse (CDW) of our hospital.
Funding: The French COVID cohort is funding by the  REACTing (REsearch & ACtion emergING infectious diseases)  consortium and by a grant of the  French Ministry of Health  ( PHRC n°20-0424 ). Work in OS lab is funded by  Institut Pasteur ,  Urgence COVID-19 Fundraising Campaign of Institut Pasteur ,  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) ,  ANRS , the  Vaccine Research Institute  ( ANR-10-LABX-77 ),  Labex IBEID  ( ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID ),  ANR/FRM  Flash Covid PROTEO-SARS-CoV-2 and IDISCOVR. Outside the submitted work, JSH is supported by  AP-HP, INSERM , the  French National Research Agency  (NADHeart  ANR-17-CE17-0015-02 ,  PACIFIC ANR-18-CE14-0032-01 ,  CORRECT_LMNA ANR-19-CE17-0013-02 ), the  ERA-Net-CVD  ( ANR-16-ECVD-0011-03 ,  Clarify  project),  Fédération Française de Cardiologie , the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale , and by a grant from the  Leducq Foundation  ( 18CVD05 ), and is coordinating a French PIA Downloaded from https://academic.
Data collection Each centre retrospectively sampled consecutive series of adults referred for electrodiagnostic testing between 12-10-2011 and 23-07-2020 on suspicion of ALS. Inclusion criteria as specified in the protocol were: 1) Patients referred for electrodiagnostic testing on the suspicion of ALS; 2) Age between 20-80 years; 3) Disease duration 36 months; 3) EMG including motor unit potential (MUP) analysis in at least two muscles innervated by different nerves and roots in each of the cervical and lumbosacral regions, and in one bulbar muscle  (Brooks, 1994) ; 4) Nerve conduction studies in at least two motor and two sensory nerves; 5) Available clinical follow-up was sampled prospectively according to predefined criteria (see below). If more than one electrodiagnostic examination was performed in the inclusion period, the first one was chosen.
Data analysis Index tests were classifications according to the GC, AW, and rEE criteria given by the laboratory performing the investigation. The diagnoses were subsequently checked by two authors (KP and BJ) and in case of disagreement the diagnosis was discussed with the laboratory performing the investigation and a consensus was reached. Reference standard was independently determined by clinical follow-up as ALS diagnosis confirmed by death, need for assisted ventilation, and/or disease progression causing more severe functional status evaluated from patient records. Patients with other diagnoses and patients without progression for at least 12 months were classified as non-ALS. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each criteria set. The rEE and the AW criteria were applied in two versions, one using the traditional approach including only the 'Definite' and the 'Probable' disease categories, and for rEE also 'Probable labora-tory supported' category, and one more recently used version also comprising the 'Possible' category (+ Poss), which have been shown to increase sensitivity  (Geevasinga et al.
The data of the present study support that PMA should be included in the diagnostic criteria as 27 of 28 patients classified as ALS (PMA) according to the GC criteria fulfilled the reference standard. It can, however, not be excluded that choosing a reference standard with longer follow-up time might have revealed that some patients had other diagnoses. Interestingly, the inclusion of PMA in the diagnostic criteria weakens the need for objective methods for detection of UMN involvement in order to increase the sensitivity  (de Carvalho et al. , 2008). In 11. 7% of the true positive patients according to the GC criteria, UMN signs were not detected. This is a higher percentage of PMA patients than estimated in other studies  (Kim et al. , 2009; Swinnen and Robberecht, 2014)  and this may emphasize the importance that also more subtle UMN signs as preserved reflexes in a wasted weak limb or spread of reflexes might be detected.
In the present study, we present the longest in situ time series of CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations monitored in West Africa, from the Lamto station (LTO), located in the wet tropical region of West Africa in Côte d'Ivoire. The observatory of Lamto was setup in 2008 as part of the CARBOAFRICA European project (www. carboafrica. eu). The main use of this type of data is to feed global to regional inversion studies. This paper presents a synthesis of the seasonal and diurnal cycles of greenhouse gases recorded over the 10 years  (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) (2013) (2014) (2015) (2016) (2017) (2018). Besides, we present a record of carbon monoxide from the station, CO being a key pollutant and a surrogate tracer that can detect combustion processes  (Turnbull et al. , 2006; Wang et al. , 2010; Duren and Miller, 2012).
At the same time a weather station is installed in the vicinity of the air inlet. 25-05-2017 to 15-06-2017: lightning of the station. The analyser is safe, but not the computer, time server, and power converter. A maintenance mission is organized in mid-June to replace the damaged parts. 2. 2. 2. Regional data from ASC, ASK, IZO and CVO stations. The closest measurements of CO 2 and CH 4 are performed on a weekly basis by NOAA/ESRL as part of their cooperative air sampling network (www. esrl. noaa. gov/gmd/ccgg/flask. php) at Assekrem, Algeria (ASK); Ascension Island (ASC) and Izana, Canary Islands (IZO). In situ measurements are also performed at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVO) and retrieved from the WDCGG database  (Kozlova and Manning, 2009)  (see Table  2 ). These stations are the closest to LTO in the global network (Fig.
1 ), at distances of 1900 to 2700 kilometers from LTO. The air flask samples are taken twice a week between 11 h and 16 h (sampling by glass flask) and then analysed at the NOAA/ESRL/ GMD laboratory in Boulder, Colorado for the three NOAA stations. The data for CO 2 , CH 4 and CO concentrations are available since 1996 (ASK), 1997 (ASC), 1992 (IZO), and 2012 (CVO), respectively.
Methods To characterize the long-term trend, seasonal cycle and short-term variations of CO 2 and CH 4 over the 2008-2018 period, we proceeded by filtering the data measured at LTO, CVO, and at the three nearby NOAA stations (ASC, ASK and IZO). The HYSPLIT  (Stein et al. , 2015)  and FLEXPART  (Stohl et al. , 2005)  models were used to calculate air mass trajectories associated with significant peaks of CH 4 and CO concentrations observed in December 2014 during the peak of the fire season. 2. 3. 1. Calculating the trend and seasonal cycles. The curve fitting and data filtering routine (CCGvu) developed by NOAA/CMDL  (Thoning et al. , 1989)  was used to calculate short-term variations, growth rates, and the average seasonal cycle of CO 2 , CH 4 and CO. For this purpose, the time series of mid-afternoon averages X(t) of each gas (i.
Growth rate of CO 2 and CH 4 Long-term trends and interannual variability of CO 2 and CH 4 have been calculated from the CCGvu software  (Thoning et al. , 1989). The mean growth rate of CH 4 over the 2008-2018 period is of 7 ppb year À1 , which is equal to the global mean growth rate obtained from marine boundary layer stations (Dlugokencky and Tans, 2020; https:// www. esrl. noaa. gov/gmd/ccgg/trends_ch4/). The mean growth rate of CO 2 of 2. 24 ppm year À1 is close to the estimated global trend of 2. 3 ppm year À1 from marine sites  (Dlugokencky and Tans, 2020; www. esrl. noaa. gov/gmd/ ccgg/trends). In addition, further analysis of the CH 4 and CO 2 trends is illustrated in Fig. 7. This figure shows all trends for time segments of 2 to 11 years (total length of the time window), associated with a 95% confidence level by Student's t-test.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge the  Laboratory of Climate Sciences and Environment (LSCE, CEA/CNRS/UVSQ) , which provided the greenhouse gases analyzers, as part of the  SNO-RAMCES/ICOS monitoring network. Thanks to  NOAA/ESRL  for sharing the observations from their global flask sampling network, and to  University of Exeter  for sharing the CVO observations. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on this article.
Analysis and quantifications of smFISH images Quantification of the brightness of transcription sites was made with a modified version of HotSpot  40. This is a user-friendly MatLab software that allows to quantify smFISH signals in very noisy images, unlike FISH-quant  53, 54. Briefly, the user can navigate in 2D or 3D bicolor images to manually select transcription sites and single RNAs, and the script finds the local maxima and fits 2D or 3D gaussians to the selected transcription spots. The images of single RNAs are averaged and also fitted to 2D or 3D gaussians, and the integrated intensity of the transcription sites are divided by the intensity of average of single RNAs, yielding the exact number of molecules present at transcription sites. In this work, quantifications were done in 2D on MIPs using 100-500 single RNA per image to generate the average.
HotSpot is available on GitHub (https://github. com/muellerflorian/hotspot). To calculate initiation rates, we assumed that initiation occurs at random with a constant rate. This produces a uniform distribution of RNA polymerases along the SPX1 gene following arithmetic series. Because the MS2 and SPX1 probes are distributed homogeneously along the corresponding pre-mRNAs, incomplete nascent RNAs are labelled with only a fraction of the probes. If one assumes that the pre-mRNAs immediately leave the transcription site once polymerases reach the 3'-end of the gene (in agreement with experimental data), the barycenter of the polymerase distribution is the middle of the gene, and the average brightness of a nascent pre-mRNA is thus half that of a full-length pre-mRNA. In this case, the number of polymerase on the gene, Npol, is thus twice the brightness of transcription sites, expressed in number of full-length pre-mRNA (noted TS RNA ).
15 NA; 0. 6 mm DT). Z-stacks were made every 3 minutes with a scan size of 100-150µm (0. 5µm step size; ~200 steps per Z-stack). The data was analyzed with the ImageJ software using the TrackMate plugin to track transcription sites on 2D MIPs. The intensity of SPX1 transcription sites was assessed for several nuclei per sample. In each nucleus, the mean intensity of the nuclear background was subtracted to the maximum intensity of SPX1 transcription site, and the resulting intensities were plotted against time. (A) RTqPCRs of roots of seedlings grown for 7 days either in the presence of Phosphate (+Pi), in the absence of Phosphate (-Pi), or in the absence of Phosphate for 7 days followed by Phosphate resupply for 30 minutes (Re30) or 60 minutes (Re60). EIF4A, a translation initiation factor known not to react to cordycepin addition was used as control  45  ; n =2-3.
Acknowledgements S. H. was supported by a PhD fellowship from the  CEA  and  PACA  region,  ANR Reglisse 13-ADAP-008  fellowship and CEA  DRF impulsion program  with  FOSSI  project supported EM, LC, LN, MCT, PD. Additional grant support were also received by HJ from  CEA-Enhanced Eurotalent  and  ANR PhlowZ 19-CE-13-0007. We thank  Heliobiotech  platform for the access to their RTqPCR machine. We thank  Dr E. Basyuk  for her help with the MS2 plasmids,  Dr L. Laplaze  and  Dr G. Desbrosses  for providing access to the growth chambers of IRD and Montpellier University. We thank  Dr. O. Radulescu  for his help with calculating total, extrinsic and intrinsic noise for an undefined number of alleles;  Dr T. Desnos  and  C. Mercier  for their assistance on Figures drawing and  Dr S. Kanno  and  Dr H.
Garcia  for critical reading of the manuscript. We express our gratitude to the  Dr J. M. Escudier  for the synthesis of the SPX1 set of fluorescent probes. We acknowledge the  MRI imaging facility  (belonging to the  National Infrastructure France-BioImaging  supported by the  French National Research Agency ,  ANR-10-INBS-04 ), and the ZoOM platform (supported by the  Région Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur , the  Conseil General of Bouches du Rhône , the  French Ministry of Research , the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  and the  Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives ).
DSPs can consume the monitoring information as this is arranged per slice via the NSPs Data Lakes as well as invoke actuation information through the layered orchestration entities. DSPs maintain higher level slice counters and metrics, in their own Data Lakes, as these have been made available through exposure functions instantiated per slice. At the level of DSP, Data Lake information is subject to be processed by Cognitive, QoE and P&P functionalities that have been activated per slice to deliver higher level and novel FCAPS strategies. Beyond the bottom-up approach for the delivery of slice specific metrics and due to the vertical centric approach, verticals can contribute to the Data Lake information for the exploitation of service metrics that the user endpoints are able to produce. In this respect the vertical tailored user interface (UI) view provided by P&P and OSA is augmented to create slice specific endpoints that expose the existing P&P options towards more automated (UI less) procedures to contribute to the slice segment of the DSP Data Lake and trigger cognitive and QoE functions via direct quantitative vertical feedback.
For the latter, additional processing functions may be dynamically instantiated at suitable MEC locations. Dispatch may trigger a handover of a paramedic's communication stream to a different hospital. Handover between domains might be needed while the ambulance is moving. The vertical customers only see services provided by their DSP. For data collection, we installed G-Net Pro application in a Samsung phone and configured the application to capture the statistics for down-link traffic within 1s. Following the ambulance paths, the application collected the network statistic information including the timestamp, longitude, latitude, mobility speed, technology (e. g. , 4G, 3G, WiFi), technology mode, bit-rate, cellID, serving cell, operator ID, etc. in multiple files. We then applied a data pre-processing program to extract the interesting fields for data training which is described in Table  1.
Functional data extraction In real life, the QoP metrics are extracted with discrete time points (every second). Therefore, a smoothing  [18]  is applied to every set of QoP metrics observed for the last 5 minutes in order to reflect their functional nature in a continuous time interval. Smoothing assumes that each observed curve x ij (1 ≤ i ≤ n, 1 ≤ j ≤ p) can be expressed as a linear combination of basis functions {φ l } =1,. ,M : x ij (t) = M =1 a ij φ l (t), t ∈ [0, T ], where {a ij } =1,. ,M are the basis expansion coefficients. As a result, every KPI curve is a functional object that is represented by M values. These latter are the coefficients of the corresponding QoP curve after its projection in the new functional space.