dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed on original published studies of experimental animal models of TOF. The search was conducted on PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE (from 1985 to October 2018) databases. The search terms used were as follows: (tetralogy of Fallot) and (animal models) or (right ventricular function) and (animal models). Initially, the articles were screened by title and abstract. Only full articles, peer-reviewed in English language, without time limitation, based on animals models with RVOT modification, either due to RV volume-overload or RV pressure-overload, or both, independent of the type of animal used, or the type of studies carried out, were reviewed. Exclusion criteria were articles written in other languages, case reports, studies that did not include animal models or those that studied a heart disease that did not meet the characteristics of our study.
and proposes a decision algorithm for its creation. -EV was supported by a research grant from the Spanish Foundation Alfonso Martín Escudero. Less suitable for genetic manipulation Graves et al. 8  Hearse et al. 9  Hamlin et al. 10  Yong et al. 11  Smith et al. 12  Milani-Nejad et al. 13  Camacho et al. 15  SMALL mammalian models of rTOF Hearse et al. 9  Patten et al. 16  Ou et al. 17  Van den Akker et al. 18  Urashima et al. 19  Reddy et al. 20  Table  2. Main characteristics according to the type of dysfunction depending on the postoperative sequelae performed in rTOF models. De Vroomen et al. 25  Gray et al. 26  Yerebakan et al. 27  Mori et al. 28  Reddy et al. 20  Agger et al. 29  Kuehne et al. 30  Smith et al. 31  Ersboell et al. Lambert et al. 34  Minegishi et al. 35  Bove et al. 36  Hodzic et al.
Therefore, each of the three analytical parameters was explored at five levels: -1. 682; -1; 0; +1; +1. 682 (see Table  2 ). The software used to assist in this work was JMP ® trial version, (S. A. S Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA). Judging from the screening experiments, the initial co-solvent percentage was fixed at 50%. Again this unusual initial percentage is due to the high molecular weight (~900 g/mol) of the API and degradation product. Overall, 20 experiments were conducted, in a random order generated by the software.
Acknowledgments Waters Corporation is warmly thanked for the support received at the  University of Orleans  through the  Centers of Innovation program. We also thank  Régis Guyon  ( Macherey-Nagel ),  Dave Bell  (formerly at  Sigma-Aldrich) ,  Magali Dupin  and  Marc Jacob  (Phenomenex),  Thierry Domenger  (Thermo) and  Pilar Franco  ( Chiral Technologies ) for the kind gift of columns.
Photodegradation experiments were performed in the absence and presence of a photocatalyst; for the latter, commercial TiO 2 powders (P25, Evonik, Essen, Germany) were used as benchmark catalyst, with a catalyst loading of 250 mg/L. The main characteristics of the semiconductor are compiled in Table  S1. All photodegradation experiments were performed at least in duplicate; average data is herein presented (accuracy of ca. 5%).
The sample was first characterized using single-crystal XRD at ambient conditions. On compression, the lattice parameters were extracted from the powder XRD data (Figure  2a ,b; Supplementary Figures  4 5 6 ; Supplementary Table  5 ). The pressure-volume dependence was described using the third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state  29  with the following fit parameters: V0 = 107. 21(4) Å 3 , K0 = 428(10) GPa, K' = 1. 6 (5). Figure  2c  shows a plot of correlated values of K0 and K' to different confidence levels. The bulk modulus K0 lies within the range of 410-447 GPa at the 99. 73% confidence level. Thus, K0 of ReN2 is larger than that of any compound in the Re-N system and is comparable to that of diamond (K0 = 440 GPa) and IrN2 (K0 = 428(12) GPa)  17. Among very incompressible pernitrides of transition metals, ReN2 is the only compound, in which the metal atom has oxidation state (+V) higher than (+IV).
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction High-pressure single-crystal and powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of the reaction products were performed at the beamlines P02. 2 (DESY, Hamburg, Germany)  44   Powder diffraction measurements were performed either without sample rotation (still images) or upon continuous rotation in the range ±20°ω. The images were integrated to powder patterns with Dioptas software  45. Le-Bail fits of the diffraction patterns were performed with the TOPAS6 software.
Nanoindentation Nanoindentation was performed using a Nanoindenter G200 platform (KLA-Tencor, Milpitas, CA, USA), equipped with a Berkovich diamond tip (Synton MDP, Nidau, Switzerland) and featuring the continuous stiffness based method (CSM)  48. Each sample was indented at 16 different locations separated by a distance of at least 10 µm, so that their plastic zones did not overlap. For each measurement, loading was performed at a constant strain-rate of 0. 025 s -1 up to a maximal indentation depth of at least 400 nm. A 2 nm large oscillation superimposed on the loading signal allowed continuously measuring the contact stiffness. The acquired data were evaluated using the Oliver-Pharr method  49, 50. To this purpose, the diamond punch geometry was calibrated from 1000 nm deep references measurements in fused silica and the machine frame stiffness value was refined so as to obtain a constant ratio between stiffness squared and load during indentation of the samples.
The elastic tensor Cij has been calculated from the total energy applying (+/-) 1 and 2% lattice distortions. The Born mechanical stability conditions have been verified using the elastic constants. The phonon calculations have been performed within quasiharmonic approximation at temperature T = 0 K using the finite displacement approach implemented into PHONOPY software  60. Converged phonon dispersion relations have been achieved using a (3×3×3) supercell with 324 atoms and (5×5×5) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France. We thank Sven Linhardt and Gerald Bauer for the help with electrical resistance measurements. Representative powder diffraction patterns. Synthesis of ReN 2 via a reaction with nitrogen Note 1: Due to the small lattice parameters of defect WC-type ReNx, we could not reliably detect it on some powder patterns, where it could be in a mixture with ReN2 and Re2N.
Acknowledgements M. B. thanks the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  ( DFG  project  BY112/1-1 ). N. D. and L. D. thank the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG  projects  DU 954-11/1  and  DU 393-10/1 ) andthe  Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (BMBF , grant no. 5K16WC1 ) for financial support. S. V. and W. S. are grateful for a PhD fellowship granted by the  Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (FCI) ,  Germany. B. M. thanks the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  ( DFG  project  ME 4368/7-1 ) for financial support. Parts of this research were carried out at the  Extreme Conditions Beamline  ( P02. 2 ) at  DESY , a member of  Helmholtz Association (HGF). Portions of this work was performed at  GeoSoilEnviroCARS (The University of Chicago , Sector  13 ),  Advanced Photon Source (APS) ,  Argonne National Laboratory.
Re2( N2 ) N2  stable at ambient conditions  Maxim Bykov ,  Stella Chariton ,  Hongzhan Fei ,  Timofey Fedotenko ,  Georgios Aprilis ,  Alena V. Ponomareva ,  Ferenc Tasnádi ,  Igor A. Abrikosov ,  Benoit Merle ,  Patrick Feldner ,  Sebastian Vogel ,  Wolfgang Schnick ,  Eran Greenberg ,  Vitali Prakapenka ,  Michael Hanfland ,  Anna Pakhomova ,  Hanns-Peter Liermann ,  Tomoo Katsura ,  Natalia Dubrovinskaia , Leonid Dubrovinsky Contents Analysis of multigrain/multiphase datasets. 21 Estimation of the nitrogen content in the WC-type ReNx. 22 Refinement and crystal structure details of ReN2. 24 Compressibility of ReN2. 25 Representative powder diffraction patterns. Synthesis of ReN2 via a reaction with nitrogen. 25 Choice of solid nitrogen precursors. 27 Synthesis of ReN2 in a multianvil apparatus.
Osteoarthritis should be treated in compliance with international guidelines for the management of osteoarthritis and the use of analgesics  (40). A randomized controlled trial has evaluated burosumab in 134 adults with XLH  (41). In addition to correcting the biochemical abnormalities, burosumab induced improvements in stiffness, pain, and bone healing. Restless leg syndrome was observed in several patients in both the burosumab and placebo groups. As with children, real-life and long-term data are needed in adults, notably regarding the rheumatic complications.
1%. Therefore, the minimum sample size was calculated to be 237 participants (197 + 20% reserves), following the age/gender distribution shown in Additional file 2: Table  S1. The participants were recruited by convenience sampling at the Henriques de Gouveia laboratory and the Madeira Medical Centre among patients coming for routine blood analyses in November in 2015. After presenting the purpose of our study, each volunteer who agreed to participate filled out a questionnaire with personal data and relevant health information: age, gender, weight, county of residence, history of travel to dengue endemic countries and history of yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis vaccination. Blood samples were collected from each participant using BD Vacutainer tubes, and one extra-tube using a BD Vacutainer SST II Advance 8.
Viruses The reference viruses used for the neutralization test were the following: DENV-1 Hawaii (GenBank: AF425619), DENV-2 New Guinea C (GenBank: AF038403), DENV-3 strain H87 (GenBank: M93130), DENV-4 H241 (Gen-Bank: AY947539) and JEV strain Nakayama (GenBank: EF571853). As no DENV-1 isolate from the Madeira epidemic was available, we used a virus that was isolated from a patient in French Guiana in 2009 (FGU 2009; GenBank: MH279620) that belongs to genotype V  [22]  (Additional file 3: Figure  S1 ). The recombinant DENV-1 ED3 protein was produced based on the DENV-1 strain FGA/89 (accession no. AF226687)  [28].
Phylogenetic analyses were performed in MEGA7 software using the maximum-likelihood method with a general time reversible model. Bootstrap values, indicated at the nodes, were obtained from 1000 bootstrap replicates and are reported as percentages. DENV-1 French Guiana 2009 strain (genotype V) and DENV-1 Hawaii reference strain (genotype I) used or for the foci reduction neutralization test are indicated by red colour. The DENV-1 strains from Madeira outbreak (genotype V) in 2012 are indicated by blue colour. The ID of each sequence is structured as follows: GenBank accession no_country_name_year of isolation. The scale-bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site. Additional file 4: Table  S2. Serological results of ELISA-positive individuals and comparison with foci reduction neutralization test (FRNT) (n = 39).
Acknowledgements The authors thank all study participants on Madeira Island as well as the medical personnel at the  LANA Laboratory ,  Dr Henriques de Gouveia , and the  Madeira Medical Centre/SynLAB Clinical Centre ,  Dr Castro Fernandes , for collecting the serum samples and questionnaires. We also thank  Anna-Bella Failloux  from the  Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur  who kindly provided the DENV-1 genotype V strain.
Funding This work was partially funded The  DENFREE Consortium  ( European Union   FP7  grant no. 282378 ),  Agence National de la Recherche PANIC  (Grant no. ANR 14 CE 02 0015 03 ), Fundação para a Ciência e  Tecnologia (FCT)  through  GHTM-UID/Multi/04413/2013  and by the  Virology Unit of Institut Pasteur du Cambodge. GS was supported by a  FCT doctoral grant  ( SFRH/BD/98873/2013 ). The postdoctoral fellowship of HA was supported by the  Calmette  and  Yersin Programme  of the  Institut Pasteur Department of International Affairs.
Funding: This work is supported by  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (Grant No. 11975122  and Grant No. 21906083 ) and  Jiangsu Province Science Foundation for Youths  (Grant No. BK20190384 ). This research was funded by the  National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health  (Grant  RO1CA045424 ) and by the  National Science Foundation  under Grant No. CHE-1920110  to AA. In addition, A. A. thanks R. E. F and C. B. R. at  Oakland University  for support. The authors are also grateful to  David Becker ,  Anil Kumar , and  Michael D. Sevilla  ( Department of Chemistry, Oakland University ) for their comments and critical reading of our manuscript.
Study participants This was an observational cross-sectional study performed between January 2012 and January 2016 in 11 French PECs (Bordeaux, Caen, Lille, Limoges, Lyon, Montpellier, Paris, Reims, Rouen, Strasbourg and Toulouse). Subjects included into the database were patients with a parkinsonian syndrome referred to the Movement Disorders clinics of the aforementioned PECs. Eligibility criteria were all consecutive patients diagnosed with any cause of Parkinsonism by one of the Movement Disorder specialist of the PECs. Movement disorders specialists were then asked to characterize the patients according to international criteria for diagnosis of PD, multiple system atrophy (MSA), supranuclear palsy (PSP), Lewy body dementia, corticobasal syndrome (CBS), or as "other". Patients were assessed at the time of their first visit since the PEC creation.
NS-Park data collection Data were prospectively collected using a structured questionnaire including demographic data and a physical examination form. Data were obtained during a regular outpatient visit at the PEC. Data were collected by a Movement Disorders specialist interviewing patients and/or their caregivers. Patient characteristics were captured on a standardized paper form which included: age, diagnosis, disease duration, sex, geographical origin, presence or absence of motor and non-motor symptoms, and current PD treatments. Patients were also asked if they would agree or not to be contacted for future clinical trials or studies. Motor and non-motor symptoms were systematically assessed as present or absent as per the opinion of the Movement Disorders specialist, and classified as follows: (i) motor complications (motor fluctuations and dyskinesia);.
Standard Protocol Approvals, Registrations, and Patient Consents According to French regulations at the time this study was conducted, the database was registered at the French National Commission for Data Protection and Liberties (CNIL) and the proposed analysis of the database received approval from the CNIL after a positive advisory opinion from the CCTIRS (the French Advisory Board regarding data processing in Health Research), the medical and scientific section of the CNIL, on the 17 th of November 2016. Oral consent was obtained for all patients by the movement disorder specialist entering the data in the database.
Statistical analysis Extraction of individual data was performed locally at each center, and then centralized for a pooled data monitoring and analysis. Centralized analyses were done using anonymized data to protect privacy. Individual anonymized data were made available for age at examination and disease duration from which age at onset was calculated. For categorical variables, centers were asked to provide summary statistics with the total number of patients with a positive (Yes), negative (No), or missing data (MD) for each symptom. Data management on missing data and outliers was centrally performed on the pooled dataset, and queries were sent to each center for corrections. For the MCA performed only on data from the Paris center, individual data were made available for all variables.
We performed a descriptive analysis for each variable. Categorical variables are expressed as the ratio of the number of patients presenting the symptom to the total number of patients assessed and as percentages [n/N (%)] so missing data were reported for each item; and continuous variables as mean ± SD. To further explore and describe relationships between variables, individual data were extracted from one center (Paris center), and a more detailed analysis was performed. The relationship between categorical variables was summarized by cross-tabulations and analyzed by multiple correspondence analyses (MCA) which studies cross-frequency tables (contingency tables). MCA explores the simultaneous relationships between variables in an n-dimensional space, and then uses the distance between the variables in each dimension to establish the similarity degree of variables.
Patients' inclusion and case demographics Between 2012 and 2016, 11,157 patients with a parkinsonian syndrome were included into the database, among which 9,454 (85%) had PD (Figure  1 ). The rate of recruitment of PD patients was of 197 new patients per month. The distribution of PD patients from the 11 French PECs was 690 from Bordeaux, 334 from Caen, 1,347 from Lille, 350 from Limoges, 1,532 from Lyon, 432 from Montpellier, 2,553 from Paris, 188 from Reims, 529 from Rouen, 413 from Strasbourg and 1086 from Toulouse. Demographic data of PD patients are shown on Table  1a. Mean age at examination was 67. 8 ± 10. 5 years and mean disease duration at examination was 9. 3 ± 7. 2 years, with a sex ratio of 1. 4:1 (Table  1a ). There was no more than 10% of missing data for all parameters but two (RBD and periodic movements), in which data were particularly missing (Table  1a ).
Detailed analysis of Paris Center data To describe in more detail how the clinical data may capture the relationship between variables, we further analyzed individual data from the Paris center. Characteristics, complications and treatments of the 2,553 PD patients from Paris center were similar to the general population of the global dataset (see Table  1b  and Supplementary Table  1 ). Among the 2,553 patients from this center, 536 had disease durations below one year (21%) and 1,248 below five years (49%) (Table  1b ). Overall, 309 patients were drug naive "de novo" patients. Ages at examination were between 25 and 94 years and their distribution is shown in Supplementary Figure  1 , with a mean age of 66. 2 years. Early onset PD was observed in 165 (6. 5%) patients with an age at diagnosis below 40 years (Table  1b ).
DISCUSSION This feasibility study including over 11,000 patients of the NS-Park database is one of the largest datasets of PD patients ever reported. The number of PD patients in France is estimated at 150,000  [9] , thus this initial report of the NS-Park registry represents approximately 10% of the French PD population. A recent review reported the results of 44 studies with a total of 14,666 participants (cohorts' median: 138; range: 23-3. 090) [10] , hence placing the number of patients in the NS-Park database above any of the cohorts previously reported. Compared to the literature, our results provide a congruent picture as compared to the general parkinsonian population. The relative frequencies of the various parkinsonian syndromes reported here are in accordance to previous reports  [2, [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17].
PD is by far the most frequent parkinsonian syndrome with a male-to-female sex ratio and age as previously reported  [2, 18]. Rates of complications reported here are also in accordance to previous reports  [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]. Additionally, depression and anxiety also seem to be closely correlated on the MCA  [23] [24] [25]. The clustering with MCA shows relevant relationships between disease duration, motor and non-motor symptoms, and treatments. It shows the NS-Park/F-CRIN database can easily provide extended correlation information on a large-scale population as individual level data is made available to the researchers of the NS-Park network in the new computerized version of the NS-Park/F-CRIN database. It is a powerful tool to screen for patients with specific clinical characteristics.
The global pooled analysis and the MCA analysis from one center both confirmed that the NS-Park PD population reported here seems representative and congruent with the literature  [2, [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] 26]. Almost all parameters are very similar between the Paris Center and the global dataset from all centers. The percentage of patients with short disease durations is slightly higher at the Paris Center. This may be due to the specific early state outpatient clinics, the "De Novo" consultation, which was set up in this center in order to offer an expert opinion to patients referred by physicians early during disease course  [27]. The NS-Park/F-CRIN database may also help identifying or validating novel clinical correlation findings. For instance, we showed an association between ICDs and sleep disturbances, an observation previously suggested by a smaller sample study reporting an association between RBD and pathological gambling  [28].
Results correlating disease duration with symptoms and treatment has thus to be taken with caution. However, patients being evaluated at the first visit were of various profiles: de novo, short or long disease duration. Hence, a partial picture of the PD population with different disease duration and treatments was already available. In the future version of the NS-Park database, it is planned to prospectively assess patients at each visit at the center, i. e. usually once to twice a year. The population referred to PECs, tertiary university-based centers with special expertise in movement disorders, may differ from the general PD population, for instance regarding the age at onset, the percentage of De novo patients with no treatment or the percentage of patients undergoing DBS treatment.
Our results here however show congruency with the characteristics of the PD population usually reported in the literature, probably because such results are often reported by similar tertiary centers. Another limitation is that motor and non-motor symptom assessments were not quantitative, and they were based on movement disorder specialists' opinion, not standardized definitions. To prevent both of these limitations, the future NS-Park/F-CRIN cohort will allow further evaluation of each parameter by using the international validated scoring of the MDS-UPDRS scale  [30]. A webbased interface has been implemented for easier collection by the Movement Disorder specialist to limit missing data. We demonstrate here the feasibility to implement, at a national level, a unique homogenous multicenter database, a potent tool for future longitudinal studies and clinical trials' population selection.
Since this feasibility study reporting the feasibility of the recruitment of a large registry, NS-Park/F-CRIN has moved towards a more structured cohort of PD patients involving all PECs in France, using semi-quantitative items for motor and non-motor symptoms, a web-based interface for collecting data, and a quality management plan. The perspective of this new longitudinal cohort will have to be reported in a future study to confirm the feasibility of the prospective evaluation. This initiative is in agreement with precompetitive data sharing to address unmet needs in PD encouraged by others  [31, 32]. Pairing with national Health insurance databases will soon be available and will allow for pharmaco-epidemiology and costeffectiveness studies in the French population as it has also been recently reported in the Netherlands  [33].