dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Questionnaires and activity diaries The 14 participants in this study aged 22-48 years old, comprising 5 males and 9 females, who were nonsmoker full-time employees, working from Monday to Friday, with 11 of them having tertiary qualifications. Questionnaire data were only used to assess the potential impact of the main activities/microenvironments, namely commuting and home characteristics. The data collected on indoor activities, type of cooktop at home, building age and ventilation at home were analysed against the corresponding estimated exposures, since these activities and building characteristics were expected to have direct effect on exposures indoors. Air-conditioning was used at the workplaces of all the participants (no open/close windows), and driving a private car was the main mode of transport.
Variation in PM2. 5 concentrations Of the 21940 logged measurements of PM2. 5 concentrations, 369 (1-2% of the dataset) had a value less than 1 µg m -3. These were recorded for 2 participants only and over a few consecutive hours. Examination of the activity diary data and comparisons of the logged PM2. 5 concentrations for each of the two participants and between all participants indicated it was likely that the low concentrations recorded were due to improper operation of the instrument, such as an obstructed inlet. Therefore, these readings were omitted prior to calculating exposure and exposure intensity. The values <1 µg m -3 were replaced with the mean concentrations measured at that microenvironment on that day for that participant. For 22 periods of activity where all measurements were below 1 µg m -3 , often indoors at home, the measurements were replaced with the mean PM2.
Effect of housing characteristics Home-indoor, home-eating-cooking and home-sleeping exposures per person per day, on the log scale, were analysed against the following covariates: type of cooktop, ventilation method used, and age of the building. Differences between week and weekend days were analysed to account for differences in activity patterns. Stepwise regression was used to drop non-significant covariates. Building ages were less than 30 years, except for two buildings that aged between 95 and 100 years. The models were fit to all data and, additionally, to the data with building age of less than 95 years. None of the covariates were found to play a role in explaining the variability in exposure at a 5% level of significance in any of the fitted models. A difference between weekday and weekend exposures was observed for home indoors, being 130.
A decrease or an increase of the telescope size to 1 m and to 1. 5 m, respectively, were also considered. These options will be referred to as CORE100 and CORE150. For the CORE 150 configuration we will also consider the added value of an extension of the frequency range to 800 GHz. Since the analysis by Ref. [1]  was completed, considerable relevant new data have become available and more detailed studies have been carried out, motivating an update for the 5th Medium-size mission (M5) proposal. In particular, most analyses of the Planck data have now been published, giving much clearer predictions for the capabilities of next generation CMB experiments. The plan of the paper is the following. In Sect. 2 we present a new assessment of the expected counts of the various classes of extragalactic sources in total intensity.
The WISE/SuperCOSMOS catalogue maps the large scale structure (LSS) at z < 0. 4 for 70% of sky. The deeper CORE surveys, compared to Planck, coupled with redshift information, will make it possible to extend the determination of the luminosity function of dusty galaxies down to fainter luminosities and to higher redshifts. The information from blind detections on CORE maps can be expanded by exploiting the prior knowledge of galaxy positions from optical/IR surveys to push the detection limits to fainter levels, a technique successfully tested in Ref. [20]. Stacking analyses on positions of known galaxies will allow us to reach still fainter flux densities. A variety of photometric data will also be available across the electromagnetic spectrum (radio, IRAS, AKARI, WISE, Euclid, GALEX, ROSAT, eROSITA) in addition to multi-band optical/near-IR imaging.
5-m telescope options. In the right-hand panel only the detection limit for the 1. 5-m option is shown. easier to detect at the highest CORE frequencies. As in the case of strongly lensed galaxies, the CMB-S4 data will contribute to determining the SED, hence the photometric redshift (for an assumed dust temperature), the IR luminosity and the SFR of each source. A complete, unbiased census of these proto-clusters is fundamental to our understanding of the full path of galaxy cluster formation and of the effect of dense environments on galaxy formation and evolution. Such structures, however, are rare and therefore difficult to find. The surface density of proto-clusters serendipitously detectable by CORE (and by CMB-S4) is estimated to be of a few to several × 10 - 2  deg -2 [45, see also  Negrello et al.
They have shown that Planck data provide key information on the energy spectrum of relativistic electrons responsible for the synchrotron emission, with implications for the acceleration mechanisms provided by shocks along the relativistic jets. The further analysis in Ref. [102]  has confirmed that the flattest high-frequency radio spectral indices are close to zero, indicating that the original energy spectrum of accelerated electrons is much harder than commonly thought, with power-law index around 1. 5 instead of the canonical 2. 5. The radio spectra of these sources peak at remarkably high frequencies, tens of GHz, and there are significant statistical differences between subclasses of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) at high frequencies, particularly between highly-polarized quasars and BL Lac objects.
Planck photometry proved to be crucially important to characterize the synchrotron peak of blazars. Surveys at mm wavelengths are the most effective way to select this class of sources, which, among other things, constitute the overwhelming majority of the identified extragalactic γray sources detected by the Fermi-LAT. Planck data have also provided key information on the energy spectrum of relativistic electrons responsible for the synchrotron emission with interesting implications for their acceleration mechanisms. Planck detected several of the most extreme, strongly-lensed, high-z galaxies, with estimated gravitational amplifications, µ, of up to 50; CORE will detect thousands of strongly lensed galaxies. Strong lensing offers the opportunity of detailed follow-up studies of highz galaxies with otherwise unattainable sensitivity: the exposure time to reach a given flux density limit varies as µ -2 and, since lensing conserves surface brightness, it stretches the image, thus effectively increasing the angular resolution by a substantial factor (at least in one dimension).
Acknowledgments Work supported in part by  ASI/INAF  agreement n. 2014-024-R. 1 and by  PRIN-INAF 2014  "Probing the AGN/galaxy co-evolution through ultra-deep and ultra-high resolution radio surveys". JGN acknowledges financial support from the  Spanish MINECO  for a  "Ramon y Cajal" fellowship  ( RYC-2013-13256 ) and the I+D 2015 project  AYA2015-65887-P (MINECO/FEDER ). CH-M acknowledges the financial support of the  Spanish MINECO  through  I+D  project  AYA-2015-66211-C2-2-P. MB is supported by the  Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, NWO , through grant number  614. 001. 451 , and by the  Polish National Science Centre  under contract  UMO-2012/07/D/ST9/02785. CJM is supported by an  FCT   Research Professorship , contract reference  IF/00064/2012 , funded by  FCT/MCTES  (Portugal) and  POPH/FSE  (EC).
ESIMS(+): 397. 1 m/z (M + H + ). Synthesis of 2-[(5,7-Diiodoquinolin-8-ylimino)-methyl]-phenol (Hqsal-5,7-I 2 ), 3. 5,7-Diiodo-8-aminoquinoline (0. 58 g, 1. 5 mmol), salicylaldehyde (0. 39 g, 1. 6 mmol), and glacial acetic acid (0. 1 mL) were dissolved in dry ethanol (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 14 h. The end of the reaction was verified by TLC (2/8 of diethyl ether/petroleum ether). When the reaction was completed, the mixture reaction was filtered, washed, and dried in air. Yield: 0. 35g (48. 0% X-ray Crystallography. Single crystal data were collected with a Bruker APEX DUO diffractometer with a Quazar MX Multilayer Optics diffractometer (Mo Kα radiation; λ = 0. 71073 Å) at 100 K (1a, 2a, and 2b) and with a Bruker Smart APEXII at 200 K (3a and 3b). A summary of data collection and structure refinement for 1a-3a, 2b, and 3b are reported in Table  1.
The intensity data were integrated from several series of exposures frames (0. 3° width) covering the sphere of reciprocal space. 68 Absorption correction were applied using the program SADABS. 69 The structures were solved by the dual space algorithm implemented in the SHELXT code. 70 Fourier analysis and refinement were performed by the full-matrix least-squares methods based on F2 implemented in SHELXL-2014. 71 Graphical material was prepared with the Mercury 3. 9  72  program. CCDC 1812729-1812733 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. ESI-MS. Mass spectra were recorded on a triple quadruple QqQ Varian 310-MS mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization (ESI) technique. The mass spectra were recorded in positive ion mode in the m/z 50-1000 range. The sample solutions (10 mg/L) were prepared in CH 3 OH and infused directly into the ESI source using a Varian HPLC pump with a flow rate of 50 μL/min.
* Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10. 1021/acs. cgd. 8b00753. Additional figures and tables as mentioned in the text (PDF) Accession Codes CCDC 1812729-1812733 and 1816966 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via www. ccdc. cam. ac. uk/data_request/ cif, or by emailing data_request@ccdc. cam. ac. uk, or by contacting The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: +44 1223 336033.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported in Italy was supported by the Fondazione di Sardegna-Convenzione triennale tra la Fondazione di Sardegna e gli Atenei Sardi, Regione Sardegna-L. R. 7/ 2007 annualità 2016-DGR 28/21 del 17. 05. 2015 "Innovative Molecular Functional Materials for Environmental and Biomedical Applicatons" and INSTM. The work in France was supported by the CNRS, the University of Angers, the Erasmus program (mobility grant to N. M. ), and the RFI Regional project LUMOMAT (grant to A. A. ). The work in Spain was supported (1a sing , 2S + 1 = 1), in the configuration featuring two uncoupled Fe III by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia ́ y Competitividad HS ions (1a HS-HS , 2S + 1 = 11) and in the antiferromagnetic complex (1a afc , 2S + 1 = 1, with 5 αand 5 β-spin electrons on the two metal centers) following a broken symmetry approach.
Levels A0, A1, and A2 include most of the high frequencies that reduce the correlation and do not significantly improve the signal characterization. In this work, we used reconstructions from A10 to A3, meaning that only periods longer than 8 min were used in the model. This decision, as well the other assumptions that were used to develop the following empirical equations, were based on several analyses reported in  Guarnieri (2005). In that work, Guarnieri used the classical cross-correlation technique, power spectrum, and multi-taper analysis to correlate the B z and AE, and the results were only significant when periods shorter than 8 or 16 min (depending on the technique) were removed. The studies were performed in both ACE and IMP-8 data. There was no clear correlation employing unfiltered data and even the lag between the two time series showed inconclusive results.
Acknowledgements. The author  Fernando L. Guarnieri  would like to thank  FAPESP (Brazil)  projects  04/14784-4  and  2007/01449-4. Ezequiel Echer  would like to thank the Brazilian CNPq PQ 302583/2015-7 agency for financial support. The work of  Rajkumar Hajra  was supported by  ANR  under the financial agreement  ANR-15-CE31-0009-01  at  LPC2E/CNRS. The authors would also like to acknowledge the  ACE  team for providing the data used in this work (http://www. srl. caltech. edu/ace),and the  World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto , for the geomagnetic indices. Portions of this research were performed at the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology  under contract with  NASA. Sponsorship of the Heliophysics Division of NASA's Science Mission Directorate  is gratefully acknowledged.
Building lexicons for primary connectives Having discussed the linguistic "map"s of primary connectives, we now turn to the task of actually representing the relevant information in a lexicon that, ideally, is readable for both humans and machines. In this section, we explain the design of the two early lexicons DiMLex  (Stede, 2002; Scheffler and Stede, 2016)  and LexConn  (Roze et al. , 2012; Danlos et al. , 2015) , point to recent extensions, and provide recommendations for starting similar projects in other languages.
Further, the "Handbook," for theoretical reasons, excludes prepositions, while DiMLex includes many of them. Notice that when compiling an inventory of connectives, the notion of "entry" is not trivial to define; this will be discussed in the next subsection. For LexConn, a first version was obtained by compiling a list of elements belonging to the syntactic categories described above, which were manually filtered; the result was a lexicon with 325 entries  (Roze et al. , 2012 ). An annotation project supplemented this lexicon with an additional 30 entries  (Danlos et al. , 2015). As the annotation enterprise dealt with 18,535 sentences with 10,429 connective tokens annotated, we believe that this latests version is now nearly exhaustive. When the goal is to build a lexicon for a new language, the starting point is the assumption that primary connectives form a closed class; the sizes of DiMLex and LexConn can be seen as indicative for the target number.
e. , have more than one sense. DiMLex chose to encode this hierarchically embedded within the syntax field of an entry, which thus can have more than one semantic field, corresponding to each sense. (If the two senses also coincide with some syntactic difference, there have to be different syntax fields, though. ) A further complication for the question of "one entry" versus "two entries" arises when the connective can have two syntactic roles, coinciding with an orthographic variant. This is a frequent phenomenon both in German (e. g. , dadurch -adverbial; dadurch, dass -complementizer) and in French (e. g. , avant de ('before') -preposition; avant que ('before') -subordinating conjunction). In English, a corresponding question is the relationship between because (subordinating conjunction) and because of (preposition).
TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION A fundamental decision made originally for DiMLex was to use XML as the technical format, because this allows for straightforward mappings for example, by means of XSL scripts) from the base lexicon to various format variants. These include a reduced version to be used in the semiautomatic annotation tool Conano  (Stede and Heintze, 2004) , an HTML version for the human reader using a web browser, and different language-technological applications such as discourse parsers. In addition, defining mappings to common spreadsheet formats is not difficult. As an illustration, Figure  1  shows an abbreviated form of the DiMLex entry for vielmehr, which is similar to English 'instead' or 'rather', but is used predominantly in contexts of correction. We use this example to explain the remaining aspects of DiMLex entries.
3. 1 above. In the example (Fig. 1 ), vielmehr is specified as a possible correlate of the conjunction sondern (a corrective form of 'but'). This means that when the adverbial vielmehr occurs in a sondern-clause, most likely the two words collectively signal the identical instance of a Substitution relation (instead of two different relations). An example with these two connectives was shown in (26d) above. The DiMLex XML format has proven to be quite compatible with approaches to lexicons in other languages. We converted the original format of LexConn also to DiMLex XML, and new lexicons for Italian  (Feltracco et al. , 2016)  and Portugese  (Mendes et al. , 2018)  have recently been constructed following the DiMLex format. Likewise, we mapped the list of English connectives annotated in the PDTB project to DiMLex format and extended it with some 50 entries from other <entry id="k152" word="vielmehr"> <orths> <orth type="cont" onr="k152o1"> <part type="single">vielmehr</part> </orth> </orths> <ambiguity> <non_conn freq="4" anno_N="25">1</non_conn> <sem_ambiguity>0</sem_ambiguity> </ambiguity> <non_conn_reading>0</non_conn_reading> <focuspart>0</focuspart> <correlate> <is_correlate>1</is_correlate> <has_correlate>0</has_correlate> <correlatee> <corr>sondern</corr> </correlatee> </correlate> <syn> <cat>konnadv</cat> <ordering> <ante>0</ante> <post>1</post> <insert>0</insert> </ordering> <sem> <pdtb3_relation sense="substitution-arg2-as-subst" freq="20" anno_N="25"/> </sem> </syn> </entry> resources  (Das et al.
Acknowledgments We thank  Ewan Dunbar  for editing our English. We also acknowledge support from  Institut Universitaire de France  for the French part, the  Czech Science Foundation  project no. GA17-06123S  for the Czech part,  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  project ' Anaphoricity in Connectives ' and SFB 1287 for the German part, and the  ISCH COST Action IS1312 'TextLink'  for the collaborative part.
Frailty is increasingly recognised as a public health priority due to the associated demand for acute and longer term health and social care support, and the impact on the lives of individuals, caregivers and families. Integrated care is widely considered to be most effective when applied to an older population, but there is limited data on outcomes and costs from studies of integrated care to prevent and manage frailty. This paper describes work by the ADVANTAGE Joint Action (JA), co-funded by the European Union and 22 Member States, to develop a common European approach to the prevention and management of frailty. The authors reflect on the emerging evidence and experience of implementing integrated care for frailty, and invite readers to participate in ongoing dialogue on this topic through the ADVANTAGE JA website and IFIC Academy activities.
Operon sequences The four putative RTX operon sequences analyzed from Xf strains causing Pierce's disease in grapevine (Temecula), citrus variegated chlorosis (9a5c), almond leaf scorch (Dixon), and oleander leaf scorch (Ann1), were obtained through NCBI. The genomic sequence accession numbers for Temecula, 9a5c, Dixon, and Ann1, are AE009442, AE003849, AAAL02000001, AAAM03000044, respectively. The NCBI protein accession numbers and locus tags for each operon's RTX can be found in Additional file 1: Table  S1.
Xf RTX expression in planta Our attention was drawn to the RTX genes from Xylella fastidosa after simple sequence examination showed that these potential pathogenicity factors appeared as a four locus gene family in all three strains but that there were unusual patterns of diversification (see below). Therefore, we set out to see if these four loci were expressed in Xf infected plants. Utilizing qPCR we demonstrated that all four Temecula RTXs are expressed during pathogenesis in naturally infected field grown Chardonnay grapevines. Primer pairs were developed to each Temecula RTX and were validated by conventional PCR (Fig. 1 , positive controls). Further, we constructed qPCR standard curves (data not shown), prepared cDNA from symptomatic leaves, and assessed RTX expression in each leaf.
Operon structure Through similar analyses we compared orthologous operons across all four strains (Additional file 1: Figures  S1  and S2 ). In general, all four RTX operons share a common structure: a region of tandem duplications of a module containing various numbers of putative ORFs (referred to as a "modular repeat"), followed by the full length RTX itself (e. g. Fig. 4a , Additional file 1: Figures  S1  and S2 ). All ORFs contain putative -35 sequences and Pribnow-Schaller boxes at their 5″ ends. The RTX2 and RTX3 operons are similar across all strains, exhibiting regular tandem duplication of a modular repeat containing two putative ORFs lying    and 5 ). One of the ORFs is nearly identical to the N-terminus of the full length RTX (the N-terminal repeats) while the other is an ORFan, in that it shares no homology with any protein in published databases.
The modular repeats The modular repeats in the RTX2 and RTX3 operons show little variation across strains. The individual Fig. 5  ClustalW multiple nucleotide sequence alignment of the Xf (Temecula) RTX2 operon N-terminal repeats (sequences 1-3) and the RTX2 N-terminus (sequence 4). N-terminal repeat sequences contain a large inverted repeat region (arrows and shading) that is coincident with a complete loss of homology with the RTX2 N-terminus modular repeats are highly conserved, and the loss of sequence similarity between the N-terminal repeat and the full length RTX is abrupt (Fig. 5 ). This conservation of sequences between the N-terminal repeat and the N-terminus of the corresponding RTX, followed by no observable similarity between the remaining module sequences and the remaining 3'end of the RTX gene is the classical signature of a gene fusion, or what is also referred to as a mosaic genetic pattern.
ORFans (called "orphans" when described in Eukarkotic genomics literature) are open reading frames that have been found in whole genome sequences that have no identifiable homologs in other, even very closely related, taxonomic groups. Given that there is no sequence homology within the protein database's these are almost by definition of unknown function. These ORFs are not simple sequencing artifacts but represent real genes that are expressed and contribute to organismal phenotype  [44]. At this point the simplest explanation is that they are recently evolved genes, at least since the last bifurcation from the given taxa's last common ancestor. Xf RTX4 in our study of Xf looks like an ORFan but one homolog is found in a distantly related Ralstonia strain suggesting a horizontal gene transfer of a recently evolved gene into another species that occupies a similar habitat.
Chick embryos and implantation on CAM Fertilized chick embryos were handled as described  [16]. For implantation 1x10 6 cells were included in 40μL Matrigel ® (50% culture medium/50% Matrigel ® , growth factor reduced, Corning), incubated 45 minutes at 37° C for polymerization and then deposited on the CAM after mild laceration of the membrane. Three to four independent transplantation experiments with at least 10-30 embryos per group were carried out. Experimental tumors were photographed in vivo using a Nikon SMZ800N Stereomicroscope, connected to a digital image camera (DS Fi2) piloted by Nikon's Digital Sight DS-U3 microscope camera controller and processed using Nikon NIS Elements software (version D4 20. 00).
0. 3-beta) with default settings  [21]. We excluded reads or read pairs that simultaneously mapped to both genomes and kept for subsequent analysis only those that mapped uniquely to either human or chicken genome. Reads were summed-up at the gene level (Ensembl 82) by feature Counts  [22]. Differential gene expression analysis was performed by DESeq2  [23]. We included all genes with adjusted P-value < 0. 05 and absolute value of log2-fold change >1 (Figure  3 , Supplementary Tables  4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ). All heat maps were generated by plotting the number of reads with variance stabilizing transformation (DESeq2) using heatmap. 2 function of the R package and gplots or pheatmap using Euclidian distance and complete clustering method. Differential gene expression results from DESeq2 were also analyzed using QIAGEN's Ingenuity ® Pathway Analysis (IPA ® , QIAGEN Redwood www.