dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Cela permet de comprendre, au moins en partie, pourquoi un texte ou un schéma a été modifié, et de conserver la trace de la modification et de la version, grâce à l'identifiant unique du commit  [Demaree, 2017]. Distill met à disposition un modèle d'article, modèle et process à suivre pour tout auteur qui souhaite soumettre un texte à la revue. Ce modèle conditionne la production voire l'écriture de tout article proposé, et il prend la forme d'un ensemble de programmes. Il est en constante évolution comme nous pouvons le constater sur la plateforme GitHub < https:// github. com/distillpub/template/releases >, le système se réécrivant au fur et à mesure qu'il est utilisé pour écrire. Nous pouvons constater une forme de réflexivité inscrite et clairement formulée, et qui n'est plus seulement une série de recommandations mais l'outil d'écriture lui-même.
Une communauté s'est constituée, principalement des éditeurs d'institutions muséales pour tester et adopter cette solution de publication. Quire est accompagnée d'une documentation très fournie < https://gettypubs. github. io/ quire/ >, il s'agit autant d'un manuel d'utilisation que d'un suivi de l'évolution du projet et de l'intégration d'un certain nombre de fonctionnalités. Nous disposons de notre second critère, l'inscription : en plus de remplir des objectifs spécifiques, cette technologie d'édition numérique fait communauté face à d'autres solutions logicielles. Ce système de publication a été pensé d'abord pour produire des artefacts numériques, mais il est en mesure de générer des formes imprimées de grande qualité. La voie choisie par l'équipe de Getty Publications est clairement celle de l'hybridation telle que l'entend Alessandro Ludovico  [2016]  : les différentes versions participent de façon complémentaire à une démarche éditoriale, à la fois sur le plan de la diffusion de contenus et sur celui de l'inscription de ces artefacts dans un écosystème économique -l'accès libre étant aussi une économie du savoir.
Agradecimentos Este livro foi produzido a muitas mãos, por isso gostaríamos de expressar nosso reconhecimento e gratidão a todos os profissionais que participaram desse projeto. Além dos organizadores e autores, esta obra se concretizou por meio do trabalho colaborativo e criativo da artista e designer Carol Ohashi, e pelo trabalho dos tradutores e pesquisadores Luísa Assunção Pesché, Luís Matos e Luiz Coppi, que aceitaram o desafio de tornar a obra acessível a um público mais amplo. Convidamos o leitor a conhecer a trajetória desses profissionais na seção "Organizadores e colaboradores".
Options include expectant management, preterm delivery, intrauterine transfusion (IUT) in the donor with or without partial exchange transfusion (PET) in the recipient, fetoscopic laser surgery of the placental vascular anastomoses and selective feticide. Since TAPS is associated with high rates of adverse short-and long-term outcome, it is crucial to investigate which management strategy provides TAPS twins the best outcome  [6] [7] [8]. Unfortunately, due to the low incidence of the condition, studies are limited to small numbers, hampering generalizability of results and demanding extreme caution when comparing the outcomes. To generate more substantiated knowledge on the effects of management strategies for TAPS twins, we set up the TAPS Registry, an international collaboration aimed at collecting data on diagnosis, management and outcome in TAPS.
Collected information Data on maternal characteristics, diagnosis, management, delivery, placental injection studies, and perinatal outcome were collected. The following information was retrieved from local medical records: gravidity, parity, location of the placenta, moment of diagnosis (ante-or postnatal), gestational age (GA) at diagnosis and TAPS stage at diagnosis. For antenatal management for TAPS, the type of management was recorded: expectant management, preterm delivery, IUT (± PET), fetoscopic laser surgery, selective feticide or termination of pregnancy (TOP). For each management decision the GA and TAPS stage were noted, as well as the indication. The severity of antenatal TAPS was determined according to the previously published staging system by Slaghekke et al. 12. For delivery, the following parameters were retrieved: type of delivery (spontaneous or planned), mode of delivery (vaginal or cesarean) and type of cesarean (elective or emergency).
Severe cerebral injury was diagnosed in case of one of the following abnormalities was identified on cerebral imaging: intraventricular hemorrhage ≥ stage 3  17  , ventricular dilatation (including post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation)  18  , cystic periventricular leukomalacia ≥ grade 2  19  , porencephalic or parenchymal cysts, arterial infarction or other severe cerebral lesions associated with adverse outcome. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 25. 0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) or range (minimum-maximum), or n/N (%), as appropriate. A p-value < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. To compare management groups, the outcome in the expectant-management group was set as the reference value. Continuous data on pregnancy level was compared using the one-way ANOVA with Tukey correction.
Time limit for bowel activity, indication for re-hospitalization or repeat surgery, and duration of hospitalization were registered as well. Duration of the protocol (time between injection and fluorescence visualization), total dose of ICG used (a repeat injection of 0. 2mg/kg was possible when needed) were also collected. Study approval: The study was approved by the French Ethic committee "Comite de Protection des Personnes Sud-Est VI, France", 2016-002773-35. The protocol was registered in Clinicaltrials. gov (NCT03080558).
Agradecimientos Los autores desean agradecer al Dr. Oscar Arturo Lozano Cruz, Dr. José Luis Cárdenas Fragoso, Dr. Daniel Alberto Carrillo Vázquez, Dr. Alan G. Contreras, y la Dra. Nayeli C. Flores García. Los autores también desean agradecer al Dr. Quentin Nevers y a Flora Donati por la lectura crítica del manuscrito. Isaac Ruiz es becario de la CHUM Fondation, Montreal, Canadá.
Data analysis The data were analyzed using the SPSS -IBM software, version 20. 0. Descriptive analysis used mean and standard deviation (for parametric data), as well as median, interquartile range and frequency distribution (for nonparametric data). The 2x2 ANOVA was used to verify the effect of the group (experimental and control) and the effect of the condition (pre-and post-intervention) on the studied parameters. Data normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test, the homogeneity of variances by the Levene test, and sphericity by the Mauchly test. The variables that did not meet the assumptions for the 2x2 ANOVA, underwent two-group comparison tests, the independent t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test, when comparing GE and GC, and the paired t-test or the Wilcoxon for sum of posts when comparing pre-and post-intervention conditions.
Results Twenty-four hemiparetic stroke patients (12 men), with a mean age of 57. 8 ± 10. 4 years, and with a mean time since stroke of 16. 8 ± 19. 6 months participated in the study. Table  1  shows the EG and CG participants' sociodemographic, clinical, and anthropometric profile. There was no difference between the groups in any of the variables showed in w. There was a predominance of ischemic stroke in both groups (EG = 80. 0% and CG = 62. 5%), and there was a prevalence of left hemiparesis. All variables have already been classified in the methodology according to the ICF. Data on FMAS, MAS, and muscle strength measurements belong to the domain: Function / Structure Body, the TUGT; the GST, of the domain: Activities. Table  2  shows the results of the groups' effect analysis and the condition on the studied variables that did not present normal distribution.
For this reason,  Ruijer, Grimmelikhuijsen & Meijer (2017)  propose a context-sensitive approach to open data based on existing roles and relations within the local ecosystem of actors. Thus, open data initiatives should be studied in a broader perspective to ensure relative neutrality of created knowledge  (Lourenço, 2015). Second, we outline the origins of the global open data movement and societal causes advocated by various global actors. Third, we assess various models of the ecosystem approach from the perspective of actors' objectives and motivations, namely societal objectives, such as economic development or advancement of participatory democracy, and individual motivations that drive actors to cooperate with each other. Fourth, we study the ecosystem around the Data GrandLyon platform.
] the added value of the data sets and services is enhanced" (European Parliament & Council of the European  Union, 2007). Due to the nature of data treated in this bill, the expressed reasons are primarily focused on efficiency and facilitation of decision-making on environmental issues. The EU Directive on the re-use of public sector information adopted in 2003 and amended in 2013 was motivated by supporting knowledge economy and encouraging social engagement. This directive recast in 2019, became known as the Open Data Directive, defining high-value datasets and focusing "on the economic aspects of the re-use of information rather than on access to information by citizens", according to the European Commission webpage on its digital economy and society policies. The citizens' point of view, that can be traced through non-profit organizations, such as Open Knowledge Foundation going back to 2004, is that open data should serve for transparency and democratic control, participation, self-empowerment, improved or new private products and services, innovation, efficiency and effectiveness of government services, measurement of policies and new knowledge from combined data sources (Open Data Handbook version 1.
Ecosystem approach Many researchers conclude that published datasets will not automatically attract economic actors to create new services, unless there is a vibrant ecosystem of actors having various skills and different interests, collaborating, negotiating and exchanging knowledge such that societal goals are being achieved in a mutually beneficial manner  (Harrison, Pardo & Cook, 2012). The ecosystem approach in open data research literature considers the roles of different groups of actors in creating value from open data through dynamic interaction. Dawes, Vidiasova & Parkhimovich (2016)  distinguish open data providers, users and beneficiaries, who interact not only in the direction of value creation, but also through feedback loops. Pollock (2011) opposes the "one-way street" open data to the ecosystem approach, where interaction can exist in both directions and within the community of intermediaries.
The connectionist approach stresses the importance of fostering communication between platform actors through off-line activities in order to facilitate knowledge creation through interaction and cooperation. Finally, the autopoietic approach focuses on the importance of plural interpretations and recursions between the ecosystem elements for knowledge production, the-   We propose to study such platform characteristics as diversification (diversity of data sources, possibility of dataset and data analysis submission, links to other resources) and interaction (clarity of the website structure, editorial page, user tutorials, responsiveness to requests, interaction with other users, off-line activities). Since participation in knowledge creation requires substantial resources and, hence, a high level of motivation (Gonzalez-Zapata & Heeks, 2015), Figure  3  shows which individual motivations could be addressed by various platform types to attract broader contributions to knowledge creation.
Basic needs and quality of life The individual benefits in Figure  3  are placed according to various platform models and characteristics, but they should be regarded as fluid and dependent on the context. Figure  4  illustrates the connection between a few selected elements of Figure  3 , namely societal and individual benefits, and their level of attraction towards interaction with the ecosystem members on the platform and outside it. The following section analyses the Data GrandLyon initiative and the ecosystem of civil society actors in Lyon from the perspective of societal and individual benefits.
Research method Based on the theoretical model of conditional egoism and drawing from existing research on individual motivations in open government, we proposed a heuristic model of open data ecosystem based on motivations. The open data ecosystem in Lyon was studied through this model by conducting 20 semi-directive interviews during the period from January to May 2019 and one update interview in February 2020. Eight interviews were with GrandLyon representatives from different departments and 13 interviews from the local civil society organisations. All interviews involved four main parts: interviewee's career and individual drives, approach to open data from the societal benefits standpoint, connections with other actors, and barriers. Four observations with a focus on motivations were carried out during participatory events organised by citizen associations.
We also analysed Data GrandLyon platform, news entries from GrandLyon departments' webpages and Seeing that potential re-users of the data, namely entrepreneurs and established businesses, were not taking advantage of this new resource to create new services, an internal working group decided to initiate a public-private partnership to enrich governmental data with infrastructure data collected by private operators (A01). As a result, Lyon Urban Data Association was created in 2014. It brought together several large companies, such as public transport operator Keolis and electricity provider EDF, along with GrandLyon their official reports, as well as websites, documentation and leaflets of citizen associations.
Number of interviewees Code Grand  to work on opening public and private territorial data. The association founded a living lab TUBA the same year, which has since become an independent organisation (with GrandLyon only as a member) aimed at animating the ecosystem of economic actors. As of 2018, TUBA had 45 partners, including GrandLyon, private groups and academic actors. It has contacts with 150 start-ups, of which 15 have been accommodated in its incubator (TUBA, 2019). In 2015, GrandLyon administration merged with the institutions of Rhône department creating a new territorial entity, Lyon Métropole that, unlike other French metropolitan areas, has a larger set of competences under its responsibility. Later in 2015, Lyon was the first French city to recruit a Chief Data Officer (Januel, 2018).
Discrete actors Lyon is rich in citizen associations and various civic actions towards the co-construction of the city. We have conducted interviews with some of them (A02-A12). Association Altercarto creates open source cartography tools with tutorials and proposes numerous visual data representations. Altercarto began when a group of unemployed citizens from Nantes wanted to find an explanation for unemployment in their region through statistics and data analysis. Now Altercarto provides tools for other groups of citizens looking for answers to various problems and helps them find and visualise data. Altercarto cooperates with the City of Lyon, but less so with the greater territorial entity GrandLyon (A07). La MYNE (Eng. : Manufacture of Ideas and New Experimentations) was created by two PhD students as an independent research laboratory, but had quickly gained momentum and harboured a much wider range of citizen activities, from equipment repair to biohacking (A05, A06).
These civil society organisations are committed to open source and participatory culture, treating knowledge as a common good to be shared without restrictions. Many of them are involved in scientific and journalistic research on societal issues. Specifically, Altercarto and Mediacités report using data that they access on various ministerial and sectorial sources on the internet, but they report that they were never able to use the Data GrandLyon platform for reasons ranging from absence of needed datasets to insufficient granularity of published data (A07, A12).
Societal objectives of the open data initiative The objectives of creating the GrandLyon SmartData platform in 2013 were to "facilitate data exchange between local actors, enhance the economic potential of public data at the heart of the digital economy, and encourage citizen participation and enable them to better understand public action"  (Grand Lyon, 2013). Modifications of the open data platform reflect three main underlying processes. First, the administrative reorganisation of the territorial entity in 2015. Septiembre -diciembre 2020 Second, if the first steps of opening data can be described as the "data over the wall" strategy, the city did not content itself with marginal impact of this strategy. With the first change it admitted the need to overpass the limits of strictly governmental data and with the second change it adopted a more flexible technical structure of the platform allowing for incremental changes.
First societal objective: sustainable economic development Projects of GrandLyon are controlled for ROI (return on investments) indicators, both in public-private partnerships and internally (G02, G03). Our interviewees acknowledged the importance of non-economic benefits, but they also stressed the necessity of fiscal returns to continue ensuring the open data commitments of the administration, requiring financial expenditures (G02, A01). There is, however, a clear distinction between the interests of global groups and those of small local businesses. This can be illustrated through what developers call "exotic" open data licenses  (TeamOpenData. org, 2018)  proposed by Lyon's open data platform. Apart from the nationally accepted Etalab Open Licence and internationally used Open Database Licence, which cover around 94% of its datasets (Data GrandLyon, s.
Therefore, we want to safeguard the data to prevent massive data capture by large groups. [. ]  We will have a case-by-case approach. If we can support economic growth, we will be more flexible". An important element of Lyon's open data strategy is promotion of public interests through the ecosystem of local economic actors (G02, A01). There is an established channel of direct interaction with startups. Attentive to any opportunity to have the open data reused to create services and value for citizens, GrandLyon cooperates with a network of public and private organisations, including TUBA, the local chamber of commerce, social economy associations and others to advise entrepreneurs interested in reusing open data rapidly responding to demand from citizen for new urban services.
Second societal objective: citizen engagement in product development Although less technically-skilled users are not taken into account in the Data GrandLyon design, as we will see below, citizens are often involved in testing the services created with the use of open data through projects like TUBA, Erasme experimentation lab and Eurika club targeting citizen in the Confluence district. An iconic project positioned as a step towards citizen empowerment is SelfData, which aims at empowering citizens to extract their behavioural and personal data traced through their accounts in Google, Facebook and other platforms and re-appropriate it in order to make better individual choices, using a server and software of their choice. Users of SelfData may also explicitly choose to share their anonymised data for analysis on the territorial scale towards optimisation of the urban services (G03).
Self-fulfilment According to an interviewee from OpenStreetMap, for most of its contributors, the desire to solve puzzles and find computational solutions to real world challenges is a hobby and genuine passion (A11). Developers of Data GrandLyon have initiated an informal internal laboratory to experiment with open data re-use themselves. Apart from passion and intellectual challenge, our interviewee referred to the level of autonomy to experiment and the flexibility to formally implement some of the results of this experimental work at GrandLyon (G04). Desire for autonomous work can be traced in both Coexiscience and La MYNE, which were created by academic researchers who wanted to conduct independent studies on pressing social issues (A03, A05, A06). Excitement at intellectual challenges also dri-ves their activity (E02).
Open data platform as a space for interaction between ecosystem actors In 2019, GrandLyon published a new version of its Data GrandLyon platform (TeamOpenData. org, 2019), which was in beta testing until May 2020. [2]   [2] The analysed platform version is 2. 6. 3 last accessed on August 2020 Septiembre -diciembre 2020 The goal of this case study is not to analyse the technical characteristics of data, but to see how the need for open data from Lyon citizens and civil society actors can be served by the platform. To analyse the French national open data platform, Mabi (2015) used the following categories: navigation, functionalities to act, functionalities to interact, animation and editorial aspects. Based on our interviews, we have identified two major groups of platform characteristics answering actors' needs: diversification and interaction.
Diversification From the early stages of its open data initiative, GrandLyon adhered to the understanding of open data as broader than open government data. Several urban actors work in close partnership with the metropolitan authority to publish relevant territorial data that can be analysed in combination. Currently, there are 28 data providers listed on the platform, regional public and private organisations, but only two environmental associations. Datasets cannot be submitted for publication directly on the website. Altercarto contributes its datasets to the national open data platform and can potentially contribute its local geographical dataset to Data GrandLyon, but our interviewee noted the lack of partner relationship with GrandLyon and the impossibility of contributing directly to the platform (A07).
Interaction In the new version, the website navigation and clarity have been improved by highlighting the editorial entries about new datasets, partners, relevant projects and events. There is a simple navigation menu, including the Documentation page with the principles of the platform offering a link to the Data GrandLyon's page with documentation for developers. Apart from this, a tutorial article on 3D models addressing developers and a general explanatory video on the Approach page, there are no tutorials for less technically skilled users. The platform is available in French and English. Datasets can be filtered by eight different characteristics including publisher, theme, data format, licence or year. Datasets can be pre-visualised as a table or an interactive map without the need to download the file.
There is contextual meta-data on each dataset page, such as general description, origin, number of views, frequency of updates, date last published, licence and technical characteristics. In terms of communication, during and after the beta version test period there is a slide-out window appearing on every page for visitors to leave their opinion. At the bottom of each page there is a link to the contact form. Using this form on the beta version of the platform, we sent a report of anomaly on the 23rd of May and received a reply on the 19th of June. There is neither a possibility to leave comments or questions under the datasets, nor a dedicated forum or chat page. However, the platform managers acknowledge the advantages of frequent questions being answered publicly by themselves, as well as by other users (G04).