dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Zooming on social issues The choice of a large corpus to represent the supply side ensures that no significant research related with obesity has been discarded. However, this large scope together with the coarse grain classification of topics we have adopted means that it is unclear how the relevant issues in policy are supported by scientific research. Moreover, social issues related to obesity are likely to be less represented or less visible in the scientific literature given that the databases we used have a far more comprehensive coverage of the biomedical sciences and do not include books. Given that the previous section provides evidence on the relevance of social environment topics (S14 and S18) for policy, we develop a more fine-grained approach for these topics, as to test if a description more directly related to policy choices can be achieved.
We define a restricted corpus by selecting those documents that have a weight greater than 0. 25 for either topics S14 and S18. As these documents share many documents with topics S19, S7, S5, S9 and S4 (Fig. 4 ), this corpus will also contain documents addressing social issues jointly with medical or biological approaches. Interesting, among these topics there are three topics (S19, S7 and S9) that are, as S14 and S18, among the most connected with parliamentary questions. This selection process therefore gathers a large part of the scientific literature that could support policy options. This choice leads to a restricted corpus SC of 46,507 documents, corresponding to 16. 78% of corpus C. Again, we analyse the corpus with a topic model. We fitted 10 topics to the data (referred to as U1 to U10) and we report a few keywords selected from the 30 most relevant terms on a LDAvis map (Fig.
One way forward to test the technical choices, would be to carry out comparison with other topic extraction methods, as carried out recently by  Velden et al. (2017) , given the lack of a gold standard. In our approach, we have used topic modelling rather than a simple term frequency analysis as provided by various software as VOSviewer text mining facility (Van Eck and  Waltman, 2011)  or CorTexT 5  for instance. For comparison, we also performed a textual analysis of the science corpus with VOSviewer, selecting the 782 most relevant terms among terms appearing in at least 1,000 documents. The overall map of terms (not shown) is similar to the topic map in Fig. 2. We obtained 15 clusters that can be partially related with topics, though some clusters are very small and not easily interpretable.
Although some of the topics in Fig. 9  (detailed science map) have terms related to these social wider issues (e. g. 'beverages' in the diet topic, or 'disparities' in the social environment topic), other key issues such as food production do not pop up as separate topics. In summary, this preliminary analysis suggests that most research related to obesity is focused on biology and medicine and only small part of the obesity research portfolio is related to policy agendas, mainly through public health and social science topics. In other words, our analysis would suggest to develop relatively more research on social environments and determinants rather than on metabolism or treatments. There are reasons to be cautious regarding the robustness of this finding. First, the database used (WoS) is biased towards the biomedical sciences.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Tommaso Ciarli  for suggesting us the use of parliamentary questions as one of the possible representations of  social needs. From CWTS (University of Leiden ), we thank  Ed Noyons  for suggesting the delineation method and  Ludo Waltman  for sharing the article level classification system. We thank to  Kevin Boyack  for fruitful comments and  Christine Cherbut  for explaining her views on policy options and scientific priorities for tackling obesity. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for useful comments on an earlier version of this paper.
Materials and methods This study took place in Guadeloupe (French West Indies), a tropical archipelago in the Caribbean covering an area of 1,628 km 2 , with 402,000 inhabitants (in 2013). The population is mostly of African origin, descended from slaves who arrived from West Africa in the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries. We used two different data sources: the Guadeloupean birth register, covering the entire territory and recording only administrative information, and the birth register from the maternity unit of Guadeloupe University Hospital, which provided individual information about gestational age. Annual and weekly numbers of births from January 1 2000 through December 31 2011 collected by the Guadeloupean Birth Register were provided by the Direction des Actions de Solidarité Départementale.
The French West Indies are an integral part of France, and 100% of civilian births are officially registered. Weekly numbers of births were not available for 2006, due to a loss of data from the computer system. Weeks were defined according to the Gregorian calendar, beginning on Monday and ending the following Sunday. Births were considered to be any product of conception weighing at least 500 g or having completed 22 full weeks of gestation  [14]. The registration of births is obligatory for all children born in Guadeloupe, regardless of the nationality of the mother. We calculated a period for each year, in weeks, corresponding to births resulting from conceptions occurring during the previous carnival. A normal modal duration in days of gestation is commonly used in specific populations, mostly of Caucasian descent, and consequently may not be adapted to populations of African descent  [15].
During this period, 34 to 40% of all births occurring annually in Guadeloupe occurred at this center. We calculated the date of conception from individual information about gestational age (in days) for all pregnancies of at least 14 completed weeks of gestation (observable conceptions) with an outcome recorded at Guadeloupe University Hospital. This approach thus excluded miscarriages and abortions occurring before 14 completed weeks of gestation. We subtracted the gestational age, in days, from the date of the recorded pregnancy outcome, to obtain the date of conception. We retained all observable conceptions occurring from January 1 2007 through December 31 2010. Population data for each year from 2000 through 2011 were obtained from the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques; https://www.
Statistical analysis For each year, we compared the weekly numbers of births occurring during and outside the birth period defined for carnival pregnancies and the weekly number of observable conceptions occurring during and outside the carnival period. We also compared gestational age of observable conceptions occurring during and outside the carnival period. The weekly numbers of births and conceptions, and gestational age were not normally distributed. We therefore used nonparametric Mann-Whitney tests to compare the groups. In addition, we used regression models to compare the weekly numbers of births and conceptions during and outside the birth period defined for carnival pregnancies and the carnival period, respectively. Negative binomial regression models were used to handle over-dispersed data (variance greater than the sample mean).
The extent to which a registry can increase vaccine coverage (not only monitor it) and engage both health professionals and the public in taking a proactive role with respect to vaccination depend greatly on these characteristics. Few countries mentioned the use of their registry for vaccine effectiveness studies. However, 13 of 14 countries mention the possibility of database linkage which would enable this use to increase in future. The next step, as suggested by the authors, is to bring together key stakeholders involved in countries' e-health and vaccination programme management to work together on common standards and share experience, expertise and tools. ECDC has definitively, among other institutions, the legitimacy to take an important part in catalysing such an important endeavour.
Unvaccinated children need to be identified close to the due date so that children are not left unprotected too long, but with enough distance to maximise the effectiveness of reminders. The timeliness of data collection needs to be proportionate and aligned with the effectiveness for action. Coverage data are a key component of immunisation programme research and evaluation designed to innovate and maximise the benefits of vaccines  [13, 14]. Such implementation research and evaluation is applied and usually requires a multi-disciplinary approach  [15]. If immunisation data are collected within the same information system as morbidity data, or easily linked, this brings additional strengths. The potential is beautifully illustrated by a study from Germany by Rieck et al. , demonstrating how the registry can enable vaccine effectiveness assessment, in this case for the varicella vaccine  [16].
If used strategically, as it is the case of intermittent workers, it would make both uncertain hiring prospects and the cycling behavior between working and non-working time far more attractive. On the other hand, independent contract consulting has been promoted by umbrella companies as a way to boost self-employment and entrepreneurship, especially by helping dismissed professional and managerial workers switch to freelancing, and by subsidizing their learning process. The research I conducted took place at a time when the legal and political controversy over the legalization of this hybrid arrangement between employment and self-employment peaked, in the mid-2000s. This explains why the research protocol is quite unique. I was first able to gather data on work and personal income from the umbrella companies and then to match them with data on unemployment compensation provided by the UI organization 9.
Based on individual employment data, I have observed close to 5 000 individual situations over a period of three years; most notably, we looked at 2 300 contract consultants who were in gainful employment in 2003, and compared this data with figures for the two years that followed, to determine whether they maintained this status or had dropped out 10. The conclusions of this observation are easily summarised. One third of those who started out as contract consultants vanished from the database the following year. The rate of attrition was the same for those who stayed on another year: over three years, the initial population decreased by more than half. Correspondingly, the annual rate of turnover of declared contract consultants was very high 11. Intermittent portage, whereby professionals worked as contract consul tants on and off over the three years, was very marginal, because those who drop out of contract work for over one year appear to stand little chance of returning.
DATA AND METHODS The data come from the British Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS 2011) and from the French Enquête Relations Professionnelles et Négociations d'Entreprise (REPONSE 2011). 3  The WERS and REPONSE linked employer-employee surveys are among the most authoritative sources of information on employment relations. Other surveys may offer broader coverage of the two economies or a larger set of harmonized data items, but the WERS and REPONSE surveys offer the unique advantage that the samples of workplaces and employees are fully linkable in each country. In order to have harmonized datasets workplaces with eleven or more employees were selected with at least 15 months of tenure and include private industries except agriculture. The surveys are based on stratified random samples so that when survey weights are applied analyses are representative for this population in both countries.
Cathair Crobh Deargh 2017 This study of the visits to Cathair Crobh Dearg on the first of May 2017 confirms that nowadays no joyful celebration or gathering takes place. Similarly, no lighting of fire whatsoever happened on that day, contrary to what might have been expected in the context of a Bealtaine gathering. No fire or bonfire either within the enclosure of Cathair Crobh Dearg or at the top of the Paps of Ana were lit. Similarly, no cattle were driven within the enclosure; two distinct cow herds passed by the site on that day and the farmers did not make them drink at the well. It does not mean however that cattle are never driven to the site. For instance, a picture featured on the software Google Earth (https://www. google. com/earth/), which displays satellite views of Earth, clearly shows several cows entering Cathair Crobh Dearg (although the satellite picture was taken in April 2013, not on Bealtaine).
CHANGES IN ACTIVITY PATTERNS AND HEALTH OF OLDER ADULTS CAPTURED WITH IN-HOME SENSOR NETWORKS M. Yefimova 1 , D. Woods 2 , J. C. Mentes 1 , M. Rantz 3 , 1. UCLA School of  Nursing, Los Angeles, California, 2. Azusa Pacific University School of Nursing, Azusa, California, 3. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri  Remote monitoring technology may enable proactive care by alerting health providers to early signs of health decline in frail older adults with multiple chronic conditions. Devices embedded in the living environment may identify prodromal symptoms based on deviations from in-home activity patterns that comprise an individual's daily routine. A retrospective multiple case study used secondary data from TigerPlace, a retirement facility that evaluates health technology. Ten participants lived in apartments equipped with networks of unobtrusive motion and bed sensors.
Daily health monitoring data were accessible to participants and their Care Coordinators in an effort to prevent health status declines. Initial results underscored challenges in implementation (e. g. , partnering with health care clinics and specialty providers; training staff), but also highlighted improvements in client care and health outcomes. University, Vancouver, Washington, 2. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington  Aging Services Technologies (ASTs) can assist older adults to maintain their highest level of functioning in the least restrictive environment. However, the adoption of AST's is poor among older adults. Healthcare providers are a trusted resource for health education and must be aware of and recommend available ASTs for their patients. Sixty-five healthcare providers completed an AST related questionnaire to assess their knowledge about ASTs.
This one year-long project gathered about 60 participants. The whole project had different layers of interaction and different agents: designers, experts and the community. The development of the project was supported by a group of specialists giving their expertise with a focus on home as a simultaneously social, private and professional space. Such a large scale project required a strong financial support. The experiment was funded by Departure, the Creative Unit of the Vienna Business Agency. In return, Departure asked the creative team to set up a collaborative project with a manufacturing company. The goal of Departure was to come up with an economically viable product, using new creative methods and experimenting new processes to develop new products with a manufacturing company. Concerned of ease of use and locality, Breaded Escalope design studio chose to use German language for the online platform as well as for the communication made about the project.
Measurements Assessment tools are crucial in single-case-study designs. According to  Kazdin (2011) , they are key to this type of research and methodology for evaluating the effects of an intervention. As part of this study, in order to observe student learning regarding lexical orthography, two tests were devised. These measurements allowed determining the effect of the intervention on processing used in the production of written words. To measure the production of written words, an exhaustive lexicon containing the target morphemes was created using the MTannulex database  (Lété et al. , 2004). Lexical frequencies were identified according to first to grade five word categories. Since words qualified as "frequent" in this study had low frequency, morphographic processing had to be used to produce the suffixes contained in these words.
The first section collects information regarding institutional information of the participants. The next section explores information upon teaching initiatives known by the participants in their universities and in other institutions. The third section includes questions regarding authors, journals, books, and databases used as resources by the surveyees, as well as publication venues from Latin America and Spain to publish their work. This section also collects titles of publications, oral communications, and research projects. Finally, the fourth section asks for the name of other scholars who might be interested in responding to the survey. This study focuses primarily on data from the third section, along with institutional data of the participants to identify academic orientations.
Analytic methods The survey consisted of a mix of closed choice items that could be aggregated quantitatively and open field questions. After the initial round of data gathering from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico a findings report was collected and examined by the team. The quantitative material was descriptively gathered, and the open field material was aggregated for: a) names of universities; b) names of the academic units to which the surveyees were affiliated; c) influential authors (to which we assigned country of origin and theoretical orientation), books, databases, or other resources mentioned by the surveyees in the third section of the survey. The analytic report presented data by country and overall, to allow for comparison of trends in different countries. In this study we will present the overall results, and supplement that with some per country data.
Journals, Websites, and Databases for Reference and Publication Across the region and in all countries, there seems to be no single dominant resource that participants reported using. "Resources" were defined in the survey as journals, databases and websites the respondents frequently consulted in their practice. By far the largest number of identified resources (77 out of 297, comprising 25. 9 percent), were mentioned only once. The largest number of responses for journals that the respondents would desire to be published in were for single-mentioned journals (45 out of 243 responses, or 18. 5%) or none or do not know (43, or 17. 7%). One journal, Signos, stood out as a preferred site for publication for work on writing research with 23 responses (9. 5% of the total responses and about 20% of respondents, representing 6 Spanish speaking countries).
Unlike electronic feedback in which a single comment is determined by conspicuous boundaries such as a Microsoft Word comment bubble, or written feedback, in which summative commentary may be represented as a single paragraph, determining the boundaries of screencast comments is far more subjective and unexplored in the literature. Within Excel the total number for each of the seven codes was calculated and graphed across the two classes. With the first data set, a comparative analysis of lower and upper classmen feedback was conducted (n=7) because the majority of HOS and modeling commentary (a more advanced form of feedback) came from the junior and senior students in the course. In Class 2, class standing was not a marker for advanced forms of feedback. For this data set, a comparative analysis of P2P feedback between Essay 1 and 2 was conducted.
In fact, in Class 1, the junior and senior students provided praise commentary 62% of the time in their data set. Within an audio/visual modality, praise may be one way in which students attempt to personalize feedback, establish a social presence  (Ice et al. , 2007) , and mitigate the expectation to "criticize" student writing. Students can exploit semiotic resources, such as vocal inflections, speech tempo, hedges, gestures, and pauses to reduce the social discomfort of a critique and communicate empathy, all of which are not accessible to students within the margins of a Word document. 3. 1 High-Order Generic and Higher Order Specific Comments  Reynolds and Russell (2008)  report that students in the written modality were more apt to focus on lower-order concerns; while in the audio modality, students discussed higher-order writing concerns.
What written marginal feedback does not afford, however, is the space for students to articulate criteria for effective writing and analyze a text's progress based on those criteria. The video data show students doing this very thing-reading, synthesizing, and analyzing texts as well as verbalizing commentary utilizing multiple semiotic modes, such as highlighting with the cursor specific locations within a draft; scrolling from one paragraph to another to discuss macro-level issues; summarizing student text aloud to make inter-textual connections; modeling aloud modifications to the student text; and modulating voice to reduce the social impact of criticism and offer praise. The use of semiotic resources in screencast feedback functions as a type of socio-rhetorical performance that positions students as critical and engaged, yet empathetic and supportive.
If this were true, instructors would provide effective feedback; research on teacher feedback, however, indicates otherwise (see  Thais & Zawacki, 2006). Also ignored in the literature (excluding L2 research) are discussions about the social and psychological implications of peer feedback. According to the video data and survey results, students are acutely aware of their social presence. Rather than only focusing on teaching students how to improve a draft, perhaps we should be teaching students how to build better connections with peers through their feedback in multiple modes. In a medium such as Camtasia, students have the semiotic tools to point to different text types (e. g. , words, paragraphs, images, hypertext, video) using their cursor; they can verbalize their understanding of the assignment, as well as their objectives, progress, and revision plan; they can think-aloud the skills, knowledge, and strategies that could transfer to writing situations across the curriculum; moreover, they have a medium that can record the evolution of their rhetorical and integrative thinking, which functions as a type of learning artifact that students could archive, analyze, reflect on, and/or repurpose.
Furthermore, screen-capture software like Camtasia can allow researchers to better understand the interconnections between students' digital behaviors and rhetorical decisions, particularly in the ways students use semiotic resources and tools to position themselves as readers and writers across multiple rhetorical contexts. Research in this area is greatly neglected. One reason may be due to the lack of sophisticated data analysis tools for processing multiple streams of dynamic visual, audio, and hypermedia data. Although advancements in computing technologies have allowed researchers to represent multiple modes of communication in their original form (e. g. , NVivo) and collect, analyze, and visualize research data (e. g. , eye-tracking software, video screen-capture software, keystroke software), all of which are paired with traditional qualitative and quantitative research methods  (Getto & Silva, 2012) ,  O'Halloran (2009)  argues that representations of research in the humanities have been predominantly communicated in a reductive manner employing few semiotic channels.