dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements This work was partly funded by the  Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya , the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness  and the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)  under Grants  2017 SGR 646 ,  AGL2007-66093-C04-03 ,  AGL2010-22304-04-C03-03 , and  AGL2013-48297-C2-2-R. The authors also wish to thank  Mr. Antonio Checa  ( Randex Iberica , S. L. ) for giving us free Albuz nozzles for the spray tests. Universitat de Lleida  is also thanked for  Mr. X. Torrent 's pre-doctoral fellowship.
CO 2 capture capacities of large crystals H-ZSM-5 zeolites were evaluated using a TGA analyzer in order to monitor the weight changes of each sample under a constant CO 2 flow. Prior to analysis, the sample surface was cleaned by means of two calcination steps in situ under inert flow. Afterwards, CO 2 capture abilities were evaluated at low temperature (40 The data acquired at low temperature strongly depend on the Si/Al content in zeolites (Figure  2A ) which is in agreement with former literature reports  (Chen H. et al. , 2017). CO 2 adsorption capacity was enhanced while diminishing the Si/Al ratio. This can be attributed to the presence of more Alatoms in the framework. CO 2 interaction with zeolites is governed by the hard Lewis base character of oxygen atoms  (Pham et al. , 2014 ) that strongly interact with hard Lewis acid sites as Al 3+.
Numerical Modeling For each experimentally studied structure, 3D finite element (FE) calculations were performed using COMSOL software (Multiphysics version 4. 5), with Radio Frequency (RF) and Wave Optics modules adapted to the electromagnetic waves affecting objects at the nanoscale. Our calculations were beforehand confirmed by comparing numerical results with analytical results obtained in the Mie's theory field. Dimensions of each modeled Au Np were based on the corresponding AFM topography images. The environment surrounding nanoparticles has been assimilated to the air (with an optical index of 1. 00015). The absorption and scattering cross sections are defined by the rate of electromagnetic energy W that is absorbed or scattered across the surface of an imaginary sphere (centered on the particle) divided by the incident irradiance P inc (W/m 2 ): σ abs = W abs P inc and σ diff = W diff P inc (1) With W abs total absorbed power rate (W), obtained by the integration of the energy loss Q loss (W/m 3 ) in the particle volume V p : W abs = V p Q loss dV (2) and W diff the total scattered power rate [W], obtained by the integration of the Poynting vector of the scattered field P dif (W/m 2 ) on the surface of a virtual sphere around the particle, between air domain and a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML): W diff = S P dif.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank  Olivier Heintz  ( ICB ) for XPS measurements;  Fadoua Sallem  ( ICB ) for preparation;  Myriam Heydel  ( Sayens ) for ICP measurements; and  Véronique Morgand  (CGFL),  Camille Drouet  (CGFL), and  Mélanie Guillemin  ( CGFL ) for their help during in vitro and in vivo assays. This work was performed within a regional center of excellence in pharmaco-imaging ( Pharmimage GIE, Pharmaco-imaging "groupement d'intérêt scientifique " (GIS). Finally, the authors also thank  Isabel Gregoire  ( CGFL ) for editorial assistance.
Funding: This work was supported by the  Cancéropôle Est  through the call " Emergence 2015" (Région Bourgogne Franche Comté ). This work is also part of the project " Nano2Bio ", funded by the  "Université de Bourgogne" and the "Conseil Régional de Bourgogne" through the "Plan d'Actions Régional pour l'Innovation (PARI) ", the  European Union  through the  PO FEDER-FSE  Bourgogne  2014/2020  programs and this work has been supported by the  EIPHI Graduate School  (contract " ANR-17-EURE-0002 ").
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  DN (Direction du Numérique)  from  Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour ,  MCIA  ( Mésocentre de Calcul Intensif Aquitain ) and  GENCI-CINES  (Grant  2017-c2016087698 ) for providing computation power needed for this project. Isifor-Carnot Institute and Total Rening & Chemicals  are also acknowledged for their nancial support to this research project. We thank  Drs J. -P. Korb ,  Ahmad Alfarra ,  Agnès Rivaton , and  Mohamed Sarakha  for fruitful discussions.
Indeed, when performing Monte-Carlo simulations of the diffusion process in the generated phantoms, the decomposition of objects into spheres enables a diminution of the computational time (measured up to 70%), due to the fact that the collision checking between diffusing particles (spins) and the cell membranes is more efficient with spheres than with a triangular mesh. Provided that a one-to-one mapping exists between each generated substrate and the corresponding synthesized signal in the diffusion MRI space, which notably depends on the employed diffusion-weighting MRI sequence, such a dictionary-based machine learning approach could prove useful to inversely decode white matter microstructure. While remaining very challenging, such an approach is one of the main motivations and potential outlooks of the MEDUSA framework.
A phenomenon of functional expansion affecting the development of commercial aircraft We counted the accumulation number of paragraph modifications, additions and deletions in CS-25 and FAR-25 with time: the results are given by the two increasing curves below. Focusing on the data collected on FAR-25 (because they feature a longer time span), we tested whether these trends correspond to a phenomenon of functional expansion. The endogenous regimes of functional expansion (mentioned in the literature review -2. 4) can be identified by representing the evolution of 22 0 rr where r is the rank of a matroid and by identifying whether or not the data fit with a linear regression. If they do, this means that we are in the face of an endogenous regime of functional expansion  (Le Masson et al. , 2019 ).
Results and Discussion C gc (V g ) and I d (V g ) measurements have been performed on FD-SOI and bulk devices. Here the  diff concept is illustrated with data taken on FD-SOI p type transistors, but similar results have been obtained on n and p type bulk structures. The FD-SOI devices feature a 2. 2 nm gate oxide, a 145 nm bottom oxide, and an undoped silicon channel of thickness t si = 10 nm. Figure  1  shows typical I d (V g ) and C gc (V g ) characteristics for two substrate biases V b. These curves have been used to calculate the corresponding g m (V g ), g b (V g ), and Q i (V g ) characteristics. The effective mobility and differential effective mobility have then been evaluated using (  1 ) and (3). Their variations with inversion charge are shown in Figure  2(a) , where  diff and  diffb refer to the font gate and back gate differential mobilities, respectively.
We followed the methods of Shen et al. described in  [9]. We used a monochromatic beam of 19 keV X-ray energy. Volumes were reconstructed from angularly equidistant 2000 projections with an exposure time of each projection of 100 ms. A voxel size of 0. 7 µm was chosen. Details of the experimental method and image reconstruction are given in  [23, 24]. For image analysis performed on as-received material, the analyzed volume is 700 × 700 × 700 μm 3 corresponding to the representative elementary volume (REV). Only objects with a size larger than 2. 1 × 2. 1 × 2. 1 μm 3 are considered. For the analysis of arrested CT samples, after the reconstruction of tridimensional images, cracks were first binarized with the morphological algorithm "connected threshold growing" by using the software ImageJ and then analyzed using a "sum along ray algorithm"  [2, 25, 26].
e void coalescence takes place by internal necking and a second mechanism on a second population of precipitates, i. e. , dispersoids of chromium and manganese  [35, 38]. e quantitative void volume fraction analysis has been conducted on SRCT data of the arrested cracks for the two  configurations. e void volume fraction at crack tip was evaluated at 1. 5% for TL configuration and 5. 6% for LS configuration for a region of interests of 140 × 140 × 70 μm 3. e anisotropic damage mechanism has been validated by the finite element simulations based on the GTN micromechanical damage model with different sets of damage parameters for different configurations. e void volume fraction at crack tip was used as the critical void volume fraction for failure of elements with the same element size. Other parameters were identified by in situ SEM experiments and SRCT microstructural analysis.
B. Simulation Technique e GTN model was implemented in the finite element software Cast3m (http://www-cast3m. cea. fr/), developed by the CEA in France. Due to symmetry, a quarter of the threedimensional SRCL specimen is meshed by using quadratic elements with reduced integration (Figure  12 ). When modeling crack propagation using continuum damage mechanics, the crack is a thin volume which height is half the element height in the case of quadratic elements with reduced integration (type CU20 with 20 nodes and 8 Gauss points)  [43]. e mesh is refined in the crack region with element size of about 140 × 140 × 140 µm 3 , which means 70 × 70 × 70 μm 3 for inter Gauss point size equivalent to the size of ROI in the quantitative experimental analysis in Section 3. 5 with respect to the symmetric condition.
Gamma production cross sections have been obtained for 81 transitions in 232 Th from (n,n'γ), 11 in 231 Th from (n,2nγ) and 7 in 230 Th from (n,3nγ) reactions using prompt gamma spectroscopy. Incident neutron energies were determined using the neutron time-of-flight technique. Sources of uncertainty have been examined and their correlations have been computed. Total uncertainty on cross sections ranges from 4 to 20%. Obtained cross sections are in agreement with prior experiments, but are not well reproduced by the TALYS-1. 8 reaction code using default parameters. During analysis, discrepancies between our findings and the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF) were noted. Future work related to the present experiment includes: improving theoretical models, quantifying the influence of the 232 Th inelastic neutron cross section on reactor core parameters, and conducting additional measurements.
Introduction Today, the lack of precision in nuclear data affects our capability to predict accurately some phenomena in nuclear reactors. For example, inelastic scattering off 238 U is the main source of uncertainty due to nuclear data in power distribution of large reactor  [1]. To answer to the need of lower uncertainties in nuclear data for applications, new precise measurements of cross sections are necessary. In this paper, measurements of neutron inelastic scattering off 232 Th using prompt gamma spectroscopy are presented. 232 Th is an alternative nuclear fuel using the 232 Th/ 233 U cycle. Inelastic scattering off 232 Th may play the same role in this fuel as the one off 238 U in usual fuel. Cross section measurements referenced in the EXFOR database  [2] , are mostly anterior to 1990, and used mainly direct neutron detection.
Shortcomings in the nuclear structure knowledge Some discrepancies in the ENSDF  [11]  nuclear structure database were found during data analysis. First, we found an erroneous Relative Intensity (RI in the following) in ENSDF for the level 7 -at 1043 keV in 232 Th. 486 keV and 159 keV transitions from this level are reported with RIs of 65 and 100 respectively. Yet, our measurements suggests RIs of 100 and 18. 5(30). Indeed, RIs of 4. 5 and 6. 9 (relative to another transition) in Nuclear Data Sheets  [12]  were instead reported to be 45 and 6. 9 in original reference  [13] , equivalent to RIs of 100 and 15. 3. The original values are compatible with our measurements. Second, there are ten levels in ENSDF for which at least one γ-ray observed in our measurement has an unknown RI. Yet, these are not necessarily weak.
The receiver m is now located on the hyperbola given by δd( m, i, j) = d( m, i) -d( m, j) (2) Several sources of uncertainty in measuring the timings t(i) and δt(i, j) will eventually lead to uncertainty in the physical distance value. We assume an upper bound on the error is known, thus cast the estimation in the UBBE. Using the notations introduced in Sect. III, the measurement data obtained are now interval data, denoted [d i ] for the distance to a beacon as in eq. (  1 ), and [δd i,j ] for the distance difference between two beacons as in eq. (  2 ).
A. Anyplace software Anyplace uses Wi-Fi Radiomap-based indoor localization, which stores radio signals from Wi-Fi APs in a database at a high density. The localization subsystem of Anyplace utilizes the following routine: • In an offline phase, a logging application records the so called Wi-Fi fingerprints, which comprise of Received Signal Strength (RSS) indicators of Wi-Fi Access Points (APs) at certain locations (x, y) pin-pointed on a building floor map (e. g. , every few meters). • Subsequently, in a second offline phase, the Wi-Fi fingerprints are joint into a N × M matrix, coined the Wi-Fi RadioMap, where N is the number of unique (x, y) fingerprints and M the total number of APs. • Finally, in the online phase, a user can compare its currently observed RSS fingerprint against the RadioMap in order to find the best match, using known algorithms such as K-nearest neighbour (KNN) or weighted KNN (WKNN)  [4].
We further assume an indoor positioning server s that has constructed beforehand a RadioMap (RM ), which is a database of offline fingerprint v l measured at various locations p l ∈ I. Contrariwise to standard approaches, we further assume that at each unique location l, l = 1,. , N , the range of variation of the signal intensity is captured, e. g. by sampling data during short time windows. Using the notations introduced in Sect. III, the RM now contains interval fingerprint [ v l ] measured at location l. Fig. 4  shows for instance one interval vector [ v l ] available in the RM (there are M = 206 AP). Note that the RSS interval range includes -110 which emphasises well the very noisy nature of RSS measurements. The actual coordinates of location l may also be subject to bounded uncertainty, i.
VII. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE LOCALISATION METHOD USING INTERVAL FINGERPRINTS Le us illustrate indoor localisation using a RM database that contains interval fingerprints as explained in Sect. V-B. The interval-RM contains N = 52 interval fingerprints obtained at positions covered by M = 206 unique AP. At each position, several RSS measurements were made over a short time interval. The range of RSS values obtained were used to compute the interval fingerprint, along with an averaged value, in order to compare the two approaches, i. e. , the interval data approach proposed in this paper with the standard approach using averaged values. Fig. 5  shows the position RMS error at a given location. The position is reconstructed using the RM. On the one hand, we use a range of RSS measured over a short time interval and search for similarities in the interval-RM, the RMS errors are denoted interval query.
VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS We have shown that there exist effective algorithms that make it possible to use interval data within indoor localisation techniques. With infrastructure-based techniques, interval data may be used to provide uncertainty bounds for the reconstructed localisation, thus ensuring more reliable navigation in noisy environment without the need of probabilistic assumptions. With infrastructure-less techniques, the new method we propose for RSS fingerprint-based localisation works directly with interval RSS data to provide smoother and more consistent localisation estimates. Future work will consider further experimental evaluation of the new method and its implementation into the Anyplace software.
Perceptual or empirical data are always limited and incomplete. And this is why the "Real-Objects," for instance of physics, are conceptual constructs defined via experiments and in terms of theories. As Karen Barad 11 makes so clear, experimentation allows the experimenter to claim that some effect of the Real-Object justifies a proposed assertion. The physicist sees the results of the experiment, but the physicist never sees the Real-Object. Researchers probe the world with their experimental apparatus and interpret the results of their probes on the basis of their ideas. We do have some indirect access to the Real-Object; but that access is never direct or simple. Corrolationism is just too simple. What is in the mind is not totally devoid of the Real; nor is the Real ever entirely in the mind.
This work has been funded by:  ORAU program  at  Nazarbayev University  through grants LIFESTART (PI:  Daniele Tosi ) and  FOSTHER  ( PI: Carlo Molardi );  ANR  project  NanoSlim  ( ANR-17-17-CE08-0002 );  FCT -Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I. P. , in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law  57/2016 , of August 29, changed by Law  57/2017 , of July 19, and when applicable co-funded by  FEDER-PT2020  partnership agreement under the project  UID/CTM/50025/2019. Tiago Paixão  was funded by  Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)  for the grant with the references  PD/BD/128265/2016. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge support from the  European Regional Development Fund  for the following projects:  HiFI  (No. CZ. 02. 1. 01/0. 0/0. 0/15_003/0000449 ), CAAS  (No. CZ. 02. 1. 01/0. 0/0. 0/16_019/0000778 ), ADONIS (No. CZ. 02. 1. 01/0. 0/0. 0/16_019/0000789 ), and  ELITAS  (No. CZ. 02. 1. 01/0. 0/0. 0/16_013/0001793 ). This work has received funding from the  European Union   Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme  under Grant Agreement No. 633053  ( EUROfusion  Project No. CfP-AWP17-IFE-CEA-01 ). Computational resources were provided by the  MetaCentrum  under the  LM2010005  project, by the  IT4Innovations Centre of Excellence  under the  CZ. 1. 05/1. 1. 00/02. 0070and LM2011033 projects, and by the  ECLIPSE cluster of ELI-Beamlines. The EPOCH code was developed as part of the UK EPSRC-funded  EP/G054940/1  project.
Experiments have been conducted on the Visual Concept Extraction Challenge in RadioLogy (VISCERAL) database  [8]  of living individuals suffering that visceral pathologies. This challenge focused on comparing segmentation and anatomical landmark positioning. The CT scans are shared by the Medical University of Heidelberg (Germany), with the approval from the local ethics board  [9]. Collected CT scans were only of patients older than 18 years that signed an informed consent to agree with the use of their This tool is based on a worldwide hip-bone metrical database of 2040 adult specimens of known sex, from 12 different reference populations, with 95% accuracy  [5] , and the implementation is freely available on the internet. This method requires 10 measurements from 18 anatomical landmarks using anthropology tools.
Further works will focus on taking a much larger number of measures for each individual, and to include a larger population in the study, to increase robustness and accuracy. Our aim is to access the database of Lyon's hospitals (PACS) to study larger sets of images. Note that the used groupwise registration approach relies only on keypoints, which do not disclose patient appearance, which guarantees anonymous data. This can give promising opportunities for the creation of a public anatomical database. In conclusion, sex determination by computational anatomy is a promising means to automatically extract anthropological information. Afterwards the DSP tool is applied for each individual.
Funding: This research was funded by the  ANR , grant number  FiberAmp/ANR-16-CE24-0009 , the  EUR EIPHI program  ( ANR-17-EURE-0002 ), the  Franche-Comté councils (SIMULIE  and  CORPS  project). Funding: This research was funded by the  ANR , grant number  FiberAmp/ANR-16-CE24-0009 , the  EUR EIPHI program  ( ANR-17-EURE-0002 ), the  Franche-Comté councils (SIMULIE  and  CORPS  project).
Force and Momentum Coefficients Database Two-dimensional aerodynamic computations are commonly carried out based on databases of the drag and lift coefficients for several angles-of-attack. In 3D, the situation is more complicated, since there is no single angle which can describe the orientation of the relative velocity. In the present article we use the versors of the relative velocity to identify individual cases. To populate the database, CFD computations are carried out to compute the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the ice chunk for several different directions of the relative velocity. The magnitude of the forces and moments are normalised by the velocity magnitude square and the square (for the forces) or cube (for the moments) of a lengthscale specific to the object. The dependence on the Reynolds number could be added in future studies as an extra dimension in the database.
During the trajectory computations, the required force and momentum coefficients need to be interpolated depending on the instantaneous orientation of the relative velocity in the body-fitted coordinate system. Figure  1  visualises the procedure. In Figure  1 , the points labelled A, B, C denote positions on the unit sphere for which data exists in the database, the blue arrow indicates the direction of the relative velocity for which the force and momentum coefficients are needed and V is the point where this relative velocity vector intersects the unit sphere, i. e. , the position where we need to interpolate the data. The interpolation is carried out proportionally to the inverse distance along the unit sphere surface to the two closest known points, i. e. , if A and B are the closest points, c V = (c A /d A + c B /d B )/(1/d A + 1/d B ), c V being the force or momentum coefficient to be determined and d X is the length of the arc on the unit sphere between points X and V, computed as  d X = acos(OX • V rel /|V rel |).
Results Two sets of results have been computed. First, the trajectories of ice chunks are computed taking into account only the translation of the ice chunks. Since, to our knowledge, no available experimental data exists, the set-up matches the conditions reported in  [8]  and the results are compared to the results therein. The main goal of this section is, besides validation, to assess the influence of azimuthal and radial release position, wind velocity and the drag coefficient of the ice chunk on the impact positions. The second set of results targets the trajectories of ice chunks with 6DOF motion. The main objective of these results were to assess differences compared to point-like objects for parked and rotating wind turbines. Furthermore, the sensitivity to the quality of the force and momentum coefficient database has been investigated as well.
In the last step, the object was removed from the mesh and the mesh was further refined close to the object surface, again using the snappyHexMesh utility. The values of the aerodynamic forces and moments were integrated using the forces function object. In this manner, a semi-automated method was developed to compute the force and momentum coefficients in the body-fixed coordinate system having the origin at the center of gravity of the object. Two force coefficient databases have been generated. For the first database (denoted DB1 in the following), six cases have been computed, the components of the relative velocity for the six cases being listed in Table  3. Accounting for the symmetry of the object, the obtained coefficients resulted in 14 items in the database. Thus, the resolution of the database is very low and the results should be interpreted only qualitatively.