dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
5 database  [33]  and subsequent extraction of COG categories. Furthermore, signatures for protein families, domains and repeats was determined using Psi-Blast  [34]. The predictions were performed on the basis of D. fangzhongdai ND14b or JS5 gene sequences. The manual functional classification of the species-specific genes was conducted on the basis of RAST annotation, COG categorisation, Psi-blast and structure signatures information.
Statistics and features of the genomes This study included the eight genomes of D. fangzhongdai that were available in GenBank databases. The Nd14b genome has been completely sequenced using PacBio technology  [35]. We built improved versions of B16 and S1 strains genomes using Illumina technology, which resulted in the availability of seven draft genomes that comprise approximately 1-150 contigs, precluding synteny studies of the D. fangzhongdai species (Table  1 ). ANI and DDH analyses confirmed the assignation of the eight strains into the same species and their closeness to the D. solani/D. dadantii/D. dianthicola clade (Fig. 1 ). This is consistent with the MLSA phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 2 ). As already shown by DNA-DNA hybridizations  [14] , the NCPPB 3274 strain is at the limit of being part of the D.
fangzhongdai strains. In addition to the seven clusters described above, shared by all D. fangzhongdai, further five clusters detected by AntiSMASH were found only in some D. fangzhongdai strains-two of them were predicted to comprise genes involved in the synthesis of a bacteriocin or the biosynthesis of arylpropylene. The bacteriocin synthesis cluster is present in all D. fangzhongdai strains, except JS5. The arylpoliene biosynthesis cluster was identified in all D. fangzhongdai strains, excluding MK7, JS5 and B16 isolates. The third cluster encodes an NRPS cluster that is shared by the JS5, B16, S1 and MK7 strains. Since no homologous genetic cluster could be identified in any other bacterial genome in databases, no information on the produced secondary metabolite is available. NCPPB3274 harbours two additional NRPS clusters.
The other genes mainly encode hypothetical proteins and the contig sequence was not homolog to any bacterial or plasmid sequences. In the M005 strain, the IslandViewer server identified a large genomic island (ID_M005. 4077 to 4134) that groups integrase genes as well as plasmid-like replication and recombination functions, as well as a conjugative machinery typical of ICEs related to the Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 PFGI-1 genomic island  [48]. Up to two other genetic clusters related to ICE elements, mainly to ICE elements found in other Dickeya spp. (ICEDda3937-1, ICEDdaEch586-1 and ICEDzeEch1591-1), were found in most D. fangzhongdai genomes, excluding the MK7 and B16 strains.
fangzhongdai in various environments are T5SS and T6SS effectors. It is worth to note that the C-terminal toxic parts of these effectors are very diverse between the different D. fangzhongdai strains (Fig. 4 ). All these secondary metabolites and effectors are known or predicted to harbour several biological activities such as adaptation to unfavourable environments or interspecific competition  [63]  and may contribute to the persistence of D. fangzhongdai in diverse environments. In addition to these secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways, intra-species D. fangzhongdai diversity resides mainly in the presence of genes of extrachromosomal origin since D. fangzhongdai strains carry diverse elements such as prophages, ICEs and plasmids. Plasmids are very rare in Dickeya spp. since, out of the 60 genome assemblies available in NCBI databases, only two plasmids have been identified in Dickeya spp.
Funding This study was funded by the  European Regional Development Fund ; the  Republic of Slovenia's Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology ;  Slovenian Research Agency  (contracts  P4-0165  and  1000-15-0105 ),  Public Scholarship, Development, Disability and Maintenance Fund  of the Republic Slovenia (Ad Futura scholarship);  COST Action   FA1208  and the  Euphresco Phytosanitary ERA-NET  project on Dickeya and Pectobacterium spp. This study was also supported by the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-15-CE21-0003 ).
Availability of data and materials The genomic sequences generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in GenBank database at the NCBI server (https:// www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/genbank/), with the accession numbers provided in Table  1  and Additional file 1: Figure  S1. Gene predictions and automatic functional annotations are available in the RAST server (http://rast. nmpdr. org/ rast. cgi). Manual annotation corrections are presented in Tables 3 and Additional file 3: S2 and S3 Additional file 4: S4.
At the end of each incubation time, 100 µl of liquid contrast solution (LIC001, Biofilm Control) was added on the top of each well and the microplate was put on a magnetic block for 1 min. After magnet contact, free beads were attracted toward the center of each well, forming a brown spot, while beads embedded in biofilms were blocked and remained undetectable. Each microplate was scanned using a BioFilm Control plate reader. The intensity of the spot was analyzed using the BioFilm Ring Test R -software version 3. 0. 3 and expressed as a biofilm formation index (BFI) with values ranging from 20 (non-formation of biofilm) to 0 (high formation of biofilm) that is inversely proportional to attached bacteria that block the beads. BFI values ≤ 5 mean that the isolates are strong biofilm producers; BFI values between 6 and 14, moderate producers; BFI values between 15 and 19, weak producers; non-producers display a BFI value of 20.
Statistical Analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to compare the mean number of virulence genes and the association of variables with biofilm formation phenotypes. Dichotomous variables were described using enumeration and percentage, and compared using two-tailed Fisher's exact test. P-values < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Correlation between quantitative variables was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient, and the assessment of repeatability was via the Bland and Altman (1986) statistical method. All analyses were carried out by XLSTAT statistical software 2.
An expected amplicon was detected in 89 (70. 1%) isolates and an amplicon with a higher size was detected in 28 (22. 0%) isolates (Supplementary Table  S5 ). Sequencing experiments showed the insertion of IS3-like in the fimB gene in these 28 (22%) isolates comprising 25 of the 26 selected CH40-30 ST131 isolates and the three selected CH24-30 ST73 isolates. Overall, an intact fimB gene was significantly more frequent among G1 isolates than among G3 isolates (P = 0. 03) (Supplementary Table  S5 ). Through fimB gene sequencing of the 89 isolates with an expected fimB amplicon, 34 fimB alleles were detected (Supplementary Table  S6 ), of which 11 new variants compared with those currently registered in the GenBank database. These 34 alleles encoded 10 FimB proteins (P1 to P10) (Supplementary Table  S6 ).
FUNDING This study was supported by grants received by the  Spanish team from (i)  projects  PI16/01477  from  Plan Estatal de I+D+I   2013-2016 ,  Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación ,  Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO, Spain); (ii) Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) ; and (iii)  ED431C 2017/57  ( Grupos de referencia competitiva)  from the  Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria and Consellería de Economía, Emprego e Industria (Xunta de Galicia)  and  FEDER. It was also supported by a grant received by the French team from Project  JPI-EC-AMR 2016 , with l' Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France)  as sponsor (No. ANR-16-JPEC-0002-04 ).
, 2015)  and several datasets  (Vuolo et al. , 2015; Nazeer et al. , 2014)  and it is suitable for ecological studies in the Amazon  (van Doninck and Tuomisto, 2018; Valencia et al. , 2016). L5 and L7 are available in Google Earth Engine  (Gorelick et al. , 2017) , which we used to retrieve and analyze these data. The L5 and L7 spectral bands used in this study were BLUE (0. 45-0. 52μm), GREEN (0. 52-0. 62 μm), RED (0. 63-0. 69 μm), Near Infrared (NIR) (0. 76-0. 90 μm), Shortwave Infrared 1 (SWIR1) (1. 55-1. 75 μm), and Shortwave Infrared 2 (SWIR2) (2. 08-2. 35 μm). L5 and L7 measurements provide the fraction of energy reflected by the surface and ranges from 0 (0%) to 10000 (100%). Only scenes from June, July, and August were used since these months present less cloud cover over our study area  (Negrón-Juárez et al.
, 2018). The gap-filled datasets were analyzed using the smoothing spline technique  (R, 2017). To determine whether L5 bands were sensitive to regrowth, we analyzed changes in the slope () of the bands across our chronosequence. A t-test on the slope coefficient was used to test the null hypotheses that  is zero (H0:=0) against the alternative hypothesis (H1:0) at a 5% significant level (=0. 05). If the computed test statistic (t-stat) was inside the critical values then the H0 was not rejected. The critical values (t1-/2, n-2, n is the number of data points) were obtained from statistical tables  (Neter et al. , 1988). Forests affected by windthrows are dominated by tree species from genera Cecropia and Pourouma in about 3-5 years (Magnabosco  Marra et al. , 2018; Nelson and Amaral, 1994)  and the clearcut and burned sites were dominated by Cecropia and Vismia about 6 years after the disturbances  (Mesquita et al.
L5 bands were analyzed using the statistical nonparametric function (univariate fit), with the smoothing spline and the Gaussian regression ANOVA (analysis of variance) model. Calculations were conducted on the R 3. 5. 2 software platform (R, 2017) using the package gss (general smoothing splines)  (Gu, 2018). We calculated the smooth spline (using the cubic fit algorithm) of observed data and the associated standard errors, from which we calculated Bayesian 95% confidence intervals. Predictions of the time after disturbance needed to reach old-growth forests values are based on these data using the function "ssanova" (Fitting Smoothing Spline ANOVA Models) of the R package "gss" (General Smoothing Splines), Version: 2. 1-9. The predictions were compared with field observations where data were available and L7 images were used to assess the reliability of our predictions.
Forest regrowth simulation in ELM-FATES Time series of L5 bands sensitive to disturbances and the pathways of forest regrowth were compared with modeling results from FATES  (Fisher et al. , 2015; Fisher et al. , 2010). The underlying model structure and concepts in FATES are based on the Ecosystem Demography (ED) concept  (Moorcroft et al. , 2001) , and is described in detail at https://github. com/NGEET/fates. A major development is the modularization of the model structure in FATES so that boundary conditions and vegetation can be coupled with ESM land models. FATES is integrated into the E3SM Land Model (ELM)  (Riley et al. , 2018; Zhu et al. , 2019)  and within the Community Land Model (CLM)  (Fisher et al. , 2019; Wieder et al. , 2019)  coupled to the Community Earth System Model  (Hurrell et al.
The average control NIR was 281%. For the windthrow site the NIR become similar to control levels after about 39 years (range 32 to 57 years). For the clearcut and burned sites, this period was estimated to be 36 years (range 31 to 42 years) and 56 years (range 42 to 93 years), respectively. From Figure  4 -6 it is evident that the type of disturbance has a clear effect on the pathways of NIR recovery. L7 data, in general, are within the 95% CI of predictions. During the first 12 years following the windthrow, the spline curve fitted to the NIR data decreased by ~0. 13% y -1 after which the rate of decrease doubled (Figure  4 ). For clearcutting, NIR decreased faster, i. e. ~0. 4% y -1. The decrease of NIR for the clearcutting site appears to be independent of the distance from the edge of the disturbance since the changes in NIR of all selected areas (A1, A2, A3 and AT) are similar (Figure  5 ).
https://doi. org/10. 5194/bg-2019-451 Preprint. Discussion started: 10 December 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4. 0 License. observations datasets. In lieu of this development, we show that with successional aging modeled forest structure returns to pre-disturbed values with similar recovery time as NIR, occurring with the process of canopy closure, all which can be compared against remote sensing metrics.
Once intercalated, Liions were shown to perform rapid lateral diffusion in order to minimize concentration gradients within the flake. In this way, also the uncovered (from the electrolyte) part of the flake gets filled by Li-ions. Here, in situ XRR is measured by focusing the incident X-ray beam onto this uncovered part of the flake as schematically shown in Figure  1b. By having the beam pass alongside (and not through) the electrolyte, the amount of beam damage potentially inflicted is minimized. To reveal crystallographic changes induced by the insertion of Li-ions in between graphene sheets, XRR data is recorded both before and during lithiation.
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge financial support from the  Graphene Flagship. We thank  B. Keimer  as well as  K. von Klitzing  for support and discussions. We are further grateful to  H. Reichert  for discussions,  U. Zschieschang  for silanization, as well as  O. Seeck  and co-workers at PETRA III (DESY) for preliminary experiments and optical microscopy equipment. We also thank  E. Benckiser  for useful comments on the manuscript. We acknowledge the  Synchrotron Light Source ANKA  for provision of the beam. XRR experiments were performed on beamline ID03 at the  European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France.
Ceci concerne par exemple les verres de table, carafes, récipients pour la cuisson des aliments, flacons de parfum. Pour décrire au mieux les mécanismes de relâchement et les modéliser, des études structurales, de caractérisations aux interfaces et d'analyses chimiques en solution ont été conduites sur les verres au cours de leur vieillissement au contact d'un liquide, altération qui s'étend de quelques heures à quelques années. Différents types de traitements de surface (voies gazeuses, chimiques et par dépôts) ont été évalués pour limiter au maximum les relâchements, tout en s'assurant qu'ils permettent aux produits verriers d'atteindre très largement les teneurs admissibles qui pourraient être imposées par de nouvelles réglementations. Les résultats acquis au cours du projet constituent une base de données unique sur les propriétés structurales et la durabilité chimique des principales familles de verres, toutes étudiées dans des conditions directement comparables.
Acknowledgements We thank the other members of the  Center of Evidence  of the  French Society of Dermatology , including:  Antoine Bertolotti ,  Guillaume Chaby ,  Florence Corgibet ,  Laurence Fardet ,  Nicole Jouan ,  Denis Jullien ,  Sophie Leducq ,  Eve Pépin ,  Florence Poizeau ,  Jean-François Sei , and  Delphine Staumont. We would also like to thank  Mr Laurent Elgard  for managing the website of the  Center of Evidence of the SFD.
18 e last MoU expired with the end of the Greek adjustment programme. That being said, the history of the MoUs during the past crisis still casts a shadow long enough to cover the present one. Indeed, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, no Member State opted to have recourse to the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). This is the permanent structure created by EU Member States via an international treaty during the Eurozone crisis, with the goal to provide financial assistance. However, accessing the financial support from the ESM requires the Member State in question to be subject to strict conditionalities, such as those contained in a MoU. In this sense is has been pointed out how the past experience with MoUs and painful (and politically explosive) reforms demanded therein might have dissuaded Member States from requesting the assistance of the ESM.
To address this it might be helpful to consider separately MoUs and CSRs. This is because the effectiveness of MoUs in modifying national policies stems from the specific position of weakness of the recipient Member States. Therefore, for this set of instruments it is relatively easy to conclude that they do have a potentially profound impact on national policies,  87  an impact that sometimes outlasts even the duration of the adjustment programme itself. 88  the other hand, the research on the effective implementation of CSRs provides a picture which is much less clear. As observed by Bekker in the context of the strengthening of the NEG, "stricter rules do not necessarily mean automatic changes in national policy responses". 89 Indeed, the dataset compiled by Efstathiou and Wolff, covering CSRs from 2013 to 2017, suggests that on average the Commission reported "limited progress" or "some progress" (thus, falling short of "substantial progress", let alone "full implementation") for the implementation of CSRs.
Leur usage est amplifié par les incitations de la presse, les publicités, les réseaux sociaux et les associations de patients  [5]. Des établissements hospitaliers spécialisés en oncologie intègrent certaines TC en tant que soins de support aux traitements anti-tumoraux. Or, la littérature évoque l'influence délétère de praticiens de TC invitant les patients à utiliser des « remèdes naturels » dangereux  [6]  jusqu'à refuser des traitements biomédicaux conventionnels  [7]. Cette hypothèse a été testée par une étude nord-américaine publiée au JAMA en 2018  [8]. Elle montre, par une analyse rétrospective d'une base de données de 1. 901. 815 patients touchés par un cancer du sein, du poumon, de la prostate ou colorectal et traités par au moins un traitement biomédical conventionnel (chirurgie, chimiothérapie, radiothérapie), que les 258 patients déclarant utiliser une TC ont une survie deux fois inférieure à ceux qui déclarent ne pas en utiliser.
Population Les patients inclus devaient être un homme ou une femme de plus de 18 ans, allant être traité(e) d'un cancer du sein, de la prostate, du poumon ou colorectal par chimiothérapie orale. Les critères de non inclusion étaient un traitement par chimiothérapie injectable et une consultation pharmaceutique en période de suivi de la chimiothérapie orale. La base de données comporte 636 patients, dont 191 déclarant utiliser une TC et 445 déclarant ne pas en utiliser (Tableau 1), avec des valeurs statistiquement non différentes en termes d'âge, de sexe, de localisation du cancer, de nombre de cancers et de nombre de pathologies associées (Tableau 1).
Mesures Les données ont été extraites d'une copie anonymisée de la base de données hospitalière (date de naissance, sexe, localisation du cancer, nombre de cancers, nombre de comorbidité, date d'initiation de la chimiothérapie orale, date de décès). Les données déclaratives relatives à l'utilisation d'une TC ont été extraites d'une retranscription d'un entretien pharmaceutique individuel en face à face d'une durée de 15 à 30 min à l'hôpital précédant l'administration de la chimiothérapie orale. Ce pharmacien était formé à rechercher systématiquement tous les usages de TC et les indiquer dans une fiche individuelle de compte rendu. Toute mention de plante, minéral, champignon, complément alimentaire, régime, psychothérapie, médecine traditionnelle, nouvelle technologie, pratique psychocorporelle (…) a été recherchée dans chaque fiche individuelle par deux chercheurs, un médecin et un spécialiste des soins de support, de   (5, 8)  16  (3, 6)  manière indépendante.
Ainsi que l'expose l'auteur, cet ouvrage volumineux « souhaite tirer de l'oubli » une forme chantée originale, disparue il y a moins d'un siècle en France et pour partie oubliée. Il s'agit de la complainte criminelle, récit populaire chanté et éphémère, narrant un fait divers d'actualité criminelle sur un air connu. Les lecteurs de Criminocorpus connaissent déjà un peu l'affaire. Notre revue a mis en ligne en 2021 les actes d'un colloque international sur le sujet 1 et le musée Criminocorpus propose depuis 2017 une base de données géolocalisées contenant, au moment de ce compte rendu, le signalement descriptif de plus de 1 200 complaintes 2. Or, ce qu'il faut souligner d'emblée, c'est que ces réalisations ont vu le jour au Clamor grâce à la coopération enthousiaste de Jean-François « Maxou » Heintzen qui, sans avoir suivi une carrière académique d'historien, en possède depuis longtemps toutes les qualités 3.
Toujours à l'échelle régionale, la labellisation du projet I-Site Université Lille Nord Europe (ULNE) en 2017 et confirmée en 2022 s'est organisée autour de quatre hubs de recherche parmi lesquels on trouve Santé et précision ou encore Monde numérique au service de l'humain. Parallèlement à ces programmes, plusieurs initiatives d'excellence portées par des acteurs de la Région ont été labellisées au cours des dernières années. On pense ici aux programmes EQUIPEX FLUX (Fibres pour les hauts flux) et Add4P (synthèse additive de verre pour la réalisation de composants photoniques) ou encore au LABEX CEMPI, positionné à l'interface Physique/ Mathématique. Certains de ces projets se sont appuyés ou s'appuient encore sur les pôles de compétitivité ou les pôles économiques de d'innovation comme Matiken, EuraTechno, CEA-Tech ou EuraSanté.
ANR LIMINAL 2017-2021  ( Projet-ANR-17-CE41-0004> 2. L'article 120 stipule « Il donne asile aux étrangers bannis de leur patrie pour la cause de la liberté. Il le refuse aux tyrans ». En ligne : <https://www. conseil-constitutionnel. fr/les-constitutions-dans-l-histoire/constitution-du-24-juin-1793> 3. Source : Ministre de l'Intérieur, France. En ligne : <https://www. immigration. interieur. gouv. fr/Info-ressources/Etudes-et-statistiques/Statistiques/Essentiel-de-l-immigration/ Chiffres-cles>.
La focale sera ensuite élargie en puisant dans la base de données Europresse. À partir des 11. 409 occurrences du terme « euphémisme » recensées entre 2018 et 2019, ont été sélectionnées 150 de ces « jugements d'euphémisation » qui s'appuyaient sur une rupture syntaxique (phrastique et/ou rythmique), comme dans l'exemple de Polémia. L'hypothèse étant ici que la force pragmatique du jugement est renforcée par la rupture du rythme phrastique. Lorsqu'une production euphémique est catégorisée comme telle par l'énonciateur initial luimême ou par un autre que lui, il s'installe une dimension argumentative plus ou moins revendiquée : s'agit-il de dévoiler pour informer, démasquer, se désengager ou dénoncer ? Après avoir ainsi caractérisé l'opération métalinguistique des « jugements d'euphémisation » selon  Krieg-Planque (2004) , nous nous intéresserons à la manière dont la rupture phrastique met en oeuvre une dynamique dialogique en prenant comme angle d'approche celui de la polyphonie « divergente »  (Bonhomme, 2012 (Bonhomme, , 2020)).
Rupture phrastique et dynamique dialogique Notre approche cherche à mettre en évidence la manière dont la rupture phrastique met en oeuvre une dynamique dialogique de la polyphonie divergente, c'est pourquoi, au-delà de l'exemple de Polémia, nous élargirons la focale à partir d'un corpus issu de la base de données Europresse de janvier 2018 à février 2020. Nous avons sélectionné 150 occurrences de ces « jugements d'euphémisation » qui reposent sur une rupture syntaxique, notre hypothèse de départ faisant un lien entre syntaxe et polyphonie divergente. Nos observations montrent que certains procédés (syntaxiques et textuels) sont utilisés préférentiellement, voire exclusivement, dédiés à la mise en oeuvre de cette polyphonie divergente : le recours à des énoncés paratactiques, aux parenthèses, aux deux points.