dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Bibliographic methods More than 7000 published references were examined for this study. The initial set of publications on myiasis in cats were obtained by PubMed indexed literature and the search was extended through web engines. The search had no time and language limits. For each publication obtained via web or interlibrary services or by direct contacts with the authors, the reference list was checked for further cases of myiasis in cats. Publications not specifically reporting myiasis on cats in their titles were also investigated, examining the abstracts or the entire publication for useful information. All publications reporting myiasis on cats were classified according to infesting taxon, type of myiasis, number of cases, sex, age and country. The literature data were then described according to the Diptera family and to the genera or species agents of obligatory and facultative myiasis.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank  Dr Egizia Zironi  and  Dr Maria Silvia Bellotti , librarians of the  University Library Network  ( University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy ), and  Dr Michele Donegatti  of the  University Library (University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy ) for their special and valuable assistance in providing hard-to-find references. Thanks are also due to  Dr Jeffery T. Alfred , M. S. , from the Parasitology section of the  National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service , for his special and valuable assistance in providing data on myiasis by Wohlfahrtia vigil in cats in the USA. The authors are also grateful to  Mr Michele Mantovani  for valuable technical assistance. The manuscript is dedicated to the loving memory of  Mr Romano Ancarani , grandfather of MP.
Data analysis Four stabilometric parameters were used to describe the postural behavior of the participants: -the COP surface (in mm 2 ) which corresponds to the area of a 95% confidence ellipse and constitutes a measure of the CoP spatial variability; -the mean COP velocity (in mm. s -1 ) which represents the sum of the cumulated COP displacement divided by the total time and constitutes a good index of the amount of activity required to maintain stability  [26] ; -the VFY parameter which has been obtained by dividing the rectified standard deviation velocity by the mean position on the AP axis. This parameter would help monitoring short length-high velocity compensating movements used to maintain the upright position  [27] [28] [29] ; -the Romberg Quotient (RQ) which corresponds to the relation between the COP surface parameters in EO and EC conditions on hard and foam ground.
Statistical analysis The statistical significance threshold was fixed at 0. 05 (Statistica, StatSoft, USA). A Shapiro test and a Levenne test were performed on data to verify the normality of the data and the homogeneity of the variances, respectively. Then, a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 3 factors was carried out: 2 Groups (DR vs NA) x 2 Vision conditions (EO vs EC) x 2 Foam conditions (wF vs noF). The three balance conditions (STA, AP, ML) were independently analyzed. Newman-Keuls post-hoc was used to test differences among means. As the RQ included EC and EO visual conditions, postural quotients were specifically tested with a ttest, for each foam condition.
Acknowledgments We would like to sincerely thank the  Equestrian French Federation (FFE)  with  Sophie Dubourg  (National Technical Director) and especially  Emmanuelle Schramm  (National Dressage Technical Director), for their welcome at the European Pole du Cheval and all Professional Dressage riders for their availability. Moreover, all co-authors would like to thank the  Academic Editor  and the Reviewers for their expertise and comments, which definitely improved the quality and understanding of this article.
The questionnaire also addressed the farmers' knowledge of homeopathic principles, their homeopathic education and their attitude towards seeking veterinary advice. All homeopathic questions were based on the principles of individualised homeopathy. Farmers were interviewed according to a standardised procedure, beginning with the inspection of the stall pharmacy followed by a faceto-face interview with the farmer. Farm visits lasted from approximately 120 to 240 min. All of the respondents' answers were recorded using an online survey tool (LimeSurvey software package©). After completing the data recording, one Excel file was extracted. The farmers' responses to each question addressing certain prerequisites (e. g. anamnesis procedure, selection of remedies, documentation) were subsequently evaluated by one of the researchers (DK).
When a choice was possible, piglets were chosen at random within their litter and group. Since, in some litters, there was only one piglet per experimental group, we had to compensate by including a third piglet from the same experimental group in another litter. Litters were observed by blocks of 3 (except for one block of 4 l). Each litter of a block was observed alternately four times by 2 min scan sampling. It took ∼25 min to perform this series of observations. The observer recorded body posture, tail posture, and movements of each identified piglet of the litter on a hand-held PC (PsionWorkabout, Psion PLC, London, UK) fitted with Pocket Observer 3. 1. (Noldus, Netherlands). Data were transferred to The Observer XT11 (Noldus, Netherlands) to calculate the total number of observations of each posture and movement per piglet and day.
Once all litters had been observed, they were observed a second time in a similar manner. The observer recorded posture and activity on a hand-held PC (Psion Workabout, Psion PLC, London, UK) fitted with Pocket Observer 3. 1. (Noldus, Netherlands). Data were transferred to The Observer XT11 (Noldus, Netherlands) to calculate the total number of observations of each posture and activity per animal and day of observation.
Regarding tear staining, maximum scores were either equal to 1 or 2. Therefore, all scores were analyzed as binomial data with generalized linear models using lme4, assuming a binomial error and a logit-link function. Batch and treatment were included as fixed effects. Live weight and growth rate were analyzed by analysis of variance using lme, with batch and treatment included as fixed effects and litter as a random effect. In addition, live weight at birth was added as a covariate for analyses of live weight on D25 and growth rate. A difference was considered significant when the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis was ≤0. 05. When non-parametric tests were used, values are presented as medians and interquartile range (Q25-Q75). Otherwise, percentages or adjusted mean ± SEM are presented.
Statistical Analyses All data were statistically analyzed using GraphPad 5 Prism software (GraphPad Software Inc. , San Diego, CA, USA). Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis with Dunn's post-test was employed to evaluate the statistical significance of the specific Ab levels in relation to different antigens. A comparison between infected and uninfected dogs was done using the Mann-Whitney U test, while the difference in reactivity of the specific Abs before and after the enzymatic treatment was tested with the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Outliers were identified with Grubb's test using an online calculator (https://www. graphpad. com/quickcalcs/Grubbs1. cfm) and removed from the final data. The correlation between immune responses to α-Gal and tick SGP was evaluated with the non-parametric Spearman test.
Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to  Andrea Feiler  ( University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ) and  Katharina Rozborial  (Clinic for small animals Föttinger) for providing samples for the study,  Shi Yan  ( University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ) for helpful discussion,  Roman Peschke  ( University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna ) for his excellent technical assistance, and  Lesley Bell-Sakyi  ( Tick Cell Biobank, University of Liverpool, UK ) for providing tick cell line IRE/CTVM20. We also thank  Angelika Schnieke  and  Konrad Fischer  ( Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany ) for providing kidney samples of ggta1 knockout (KO) pigs (Sus scrofa).
5 , where the Δ quantities in the right-hand part of the formula represent the differences between the corresponding coordinates of the two treatments groups  (Brainard, 2003). The data for animal performance, carcass characteristics, fat and LTL muscle colour, AVMI, and skatole and indole concentrations were analysed by ANOVA using a mixed model  (SAS 9. 4, 2013 ; Supplementary Material S2) with feeding treatment as fixed factor and slaughter session as random factor. The data for lamb chop sensory evaluation were analysed by ANOVA using a mixed model, with feeding treatment and panel session as fixed factors and panellist as random factor (Supplementary Material S2). Data variance for perirenal fat AVMI was stabilized using the natural logarithmic transformation. Data variance for skatole concentration in both fat tissues and for indole concentration in subcutaneous dorsal fat were stabilized using the log + 10 transformation.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  L. Lavelle ,  A. Cercy ,  C. Coustet ,  S. Faure ,  C. Labonne  and the staff of  Herbipôle Experimental Unit  for their collaboration. The authors thank  Wesley Gros  for analysing the Lamb meat sensory quality and authentication  Assignment Account 'Agricultural and Rural Development' (CASDAR)  of the  French Ministry of Agriculture, Agrifood and Forestry , under project  CASDAR IP 5560 -ECOLAGNO.
Acknowledgments: EFSA wishes to acknowledge the contribution of the hearing expert Carsten Br € uhl, the trainees Joanke Van Dijk, Lucie Ctvertckova and EFSA staff Rachel Sharp and Stefania Barmaz to this scientific statement. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Bats are an important and large group of mammals, in terms of ecosystem services and conservation status. They help to regulate arthropod populations, including pest species in farmland, forests and urban areas. The 53 European bat species provide an important component of vertebrate diversity, all being protected under the agreement 'Conservation of Populations of European Bats' (Annex I to the Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats,  EUROBATS, 1991)  under 'The Convention on Migratory Species (UNEP/CMS)' (also known as the Bonn Convention).
This includes establishing standard residues per unit dose (RUD) values for the food items eaten by bats. While standard RUD values are available for ground-dwelling and leaf-dwelling arthropods, there is no generic RUD value currently available for flying insects. Residues data in flying insects were available from an EFSA supporting publication. This data set was analysed and several factors were identified which potentially have an influence on the insect residue values and might explain the high variability in measured residue values. These factors relate to the sampling method used, toxicological profile of the substance, insect behaviour and insect size. The current standard estimates for drinking water exposure for birds and terrestrial mammals cover the exposure of bats via drinking water.
s. /kg bw per day) (EC review report for the active substance deltamethrin: http://ec. europa. eu/food/plant/pesticides/ eu-pesticides-database/public/?event=activesubstance. ViewReview&id=60, accessed on 14/05/2019). Similarly,  Eidels et al. (2016)  conducted a study in big brown bats (E. fuscus) to investigate the sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos. Briefly, adult female brown bats were orally dosed by gavage with either 0, 10, 30 or 60 mg/kg bw. chlorpyrifos (single exposure, 24 h observation). A second comparable trial used lower doses (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mg/kg bw). In addition, a short-term toxicity test was conducted with 0 or 60 mg/kg bw followed by a 1, 3, 7 or 14 day observation period, using 5 bats per duration-group. All animals were sacrificed at variable time points in the study to measure brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity.
The major variable in body temperature fluctuation appeared to be the diurnal cycle and external temperature, but some interactions with chlorpyrifos were observed. The authors concluded that more attention should be paid to this effect in further studies. Based on behavioural evaluation, the BMDL 10 (benchmark dose 10, lower limit of the confidence interval) could be determined at 3. 5, 6. 6 and 5. 3 mg/kg bw for impaired flight, impaired movement or tremors, respectively. The BMDL 10 was 3. 5 mg/ kg bw for brain AChE activity after 24 h (short-term study). These values are in the range of other toxicity values obtained for chlorpyrifos in other laboratory experiments. Available data for chlorpyrifos  (EFSA, 2011)  indicate a NOEL of 2. 88 mg/kg bw in Mallard ducks (reproduction), an acute LD 50 of 13.
Exposure routes The working group investigated the different exposure routes for bats (see Table  1 ). Oral exposure from uptake of contaminated food items and drinking water were calculated and compared with the exposure estimates for birds and terrestrial mammals. Dermal and inhalation exposure was also estimated and their relative importance in the overall exposure was assessed. The available data were not sufficient to provide a quantitative estimate for oral exposure via grooming and for dermal exposure from residues on leaves or on soil for bats which glean insects from the canopy or from the soil surface. For exposure of bat pups via residues in milk, only an explorative calculation could be provided. Although it was not possible to provide a quantitative assessment, it does not mean that exposure via these routes is negligible.
The residues measured in insects were higher in the study by  Stahlschmidt and Br € uhl (2012)  than in the other available studies. Therefore, it is unlikely that the meteorological conditions in the study were such that they would have caused a rapid decline of residues. The number of replicates was not sufficient to meet the quality criteria which were originally defined for refinement of the risk assessment for individual substances. However, in the context of deriving an overall estimate on residues levels in flying insects for different compounds, locations and crops, it was considered as useful to retain the study for the oral exposure calculations. Overall 17 measurements of residues in flying insects from 9 different studies were included in the database. Seven of the measurements were from three studies with insecticides and 10 measurements from seven studies with fungicides.
This is the case for acute and for long-term risk assessment. It is noted that the exposure for bats might not be covered anymore in those four scenarios if the first-tier risk assessment is refined. Ideally for every combination of crop and BBCH growth stage for which registration is sought, the exposure of the four feeding guilds of bats is covered by one (or more) scenarios. Overall, it is concluded that specific risk assessment scenarios for oral exposure need to be developed for bats taking into consideration their different feeding guilds. The current methodology used for exposure assessment calculations for birds and mammals is in principle also applicable to bats, but with bat-specific parameters for bat-specific FIRs. Future research should focus particularly on enhancing the database for flying insects' residues and the type of insects eaten by the different feeding guilds of bats.
À/+ The food intake rate is based on a small bat species which can be considered representative for small European bats. Some European bats such as Pipistrellus pipistrellus are smaller and may have higher FIRs but the majority of European bats are larger. The FIR was measured in lactating bats and hence covers the life stage with highest FIRs. Further studies measuring FIR or energy requirements of bats may broaden the database and the resulting FIRs may change to higher or lower values but the magnitude of change is likely to be low Residue per Unit Dose (RUD) for residues in insect food items.
ÀÀ/+ The residues for flying insects were taken from a study where insects most relevant as food items for bats were collected. The study was conducted with a substance which has no acute toxic mode of action for insects and as such may be well representative for substances with low toxicity to insects. However, the data are from one study only and hence broadening the database may lead to a lowering or increase of the RUD For substances which are highly acutely toxic to insects, the real residues are most likely lower as the insects with high pesticide load will not be able to fly anymore and hence will not be available to bats feeding on flying insects The drinking water demand was taken from a study with lactating females of a small bat species. The life stage with highest drinking water demand is therefore covered.
In such cases, suitable roosts might in fact, act as 'ecological traps' leading to occasional high mortality. Assessing oral exposure requires an in-depth knowledge of the generic residue per unit dose (RUD) values for flying insects as currently there are adequate RUDs only for ground-and canopy-dwelling insects. The available database for flying insects residues is limited and should be broadened to derive robust RUDs specific for the type of insects eaten by the different feeding guilds of bats. It is also recommended establishing density, composition and pesticide content of insects on which bats feed in areas as the ones described above. The aim is to obtain insight into the temporal and spatial distribution of insects, and their pesticide contents, on which the bats feed. Exposure of young bats to pesticides in maternal milk is of importance since mothers feed their young intensively on milk for ca.
To provide a comparison between bats and other common terrestrial small mammals, we examined 10 life-history traits, selecting for analysis 227 species of bats (order Chiroptera), 433 species of rodents (order Rodentia, families Muridae and Cricetidae) and 72 species of shrews (order Soricomorpha, family Soricidae). The mammal taxa considered have several characteristics in common, including similar body sizes, broad geographic distribution, high metabolic rates, and in many cases, the use of torpor as an energy-saving strategy  (Barclay and Harder, 2003). Life-history data were extracted from the AMNIOTE database  (Myhrvold et al. 2015 ). An approach similar to adopted by  Barclay and Harder (2003)  was used for statistical comparisons. A general linear model was used where 'mammal order' was the main treatment and 'adult body mass' entered as a covariate to adjust for the effects of interspecific differences in body size on life history traits.
For all topics covered in the literature review, relevant sources were selected from the databases using the keywords listed in Table  B. 1, which cover the topics of the Terms of Reference. For every search that was run, a keyword was combined with the following search string: (Chiroptera OR Bat OR Bats OR Pteropodidae OR Rousettus OR Rhinolophidae OR Rhinolophus OR Vespertilionidae OR Myotis OR Nyctalus OR Eptesicus OR Vespertilio OR Pipistrellus OR Plecotus OR Barbastella OR Miniopteridae OR Miniopterus OR Molossidae OR Tadarida OR Megabat OR Megabats OR Serotine OR Pipistrelle OR Barbastelle) The searches were run between June and September 2018. The total amount of hits for every search for all databases used (this is including duplicates), as well as the number of relevant articles after the first screening are summarised below in Table  B.
1. As a first step, the title and abstracts of papers were scanned for relevance to exclude obviously irrelevant sources. Articles were considered relevant when the keywords were mentioned in the title and/or abstract and the source related to bats. Relevant articles after first screening were further analysed with a full-text screening. Articles were considered relevant in the full-text screening when they related to the topics of the Terms of Reference. In this step, additional relevant papers were retrieved from the reference lists of the screened articles. Articles identified in searches on ecological *: Relevant sources on these topics were identified by using the EFSA library in order to obtain reports on general information on population trends and ecology. Articles identified in the Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were not included for the data extraction as these articles did not provide relevant information.
parameters (e. g. diet and habitat) were only classified as relevant if they concerned European bat species. For all other topics, studies on non-European bats were considered relevant as well. Information was retrieved from 254 articles and 33 additional sources (such as reports and book chapters obtained from the EFSA library) and collected in excel data collection sheets. These sheets were designed to summarise all information on the desired topics. Different sheets were developed for the extraction on different topics:.
The survey was open from May to July 2017. As an incentive for participation, respondents were given the opportunity to enter their names for a draw of three Amazon gift vouchers. Survey responses were monitored by the authors and where low participation was observed, the collaborators engaged their professional networks by direct contact thereby encouraging survey uptake and participation in a targeted manner. Responses were considered if a respondent answered about half of the questionnaire, i. e. , all questions up to (and including) the use of existing tools (apart from the tools for aquaculture which were deemed to be more specialized). Descriptive statistics were conducted using IBM SPSS statistics 24 and Microsoft Excel. Open-ended questions (e. g. , further explanations given or suggestions made) were coded manually by theme or topic and summarized in an interpretative way.
In order to promote a more consistent approach to communication of animal health surveillance activities and their outputs, for the benefit of stakeholders, trade partners, decision makers, and risk assessors, a set of Animal Health SUrveillance guiDelines (AHSURED) have been developed, partly within SANTERO, and partly in an EFSA funded project (HOTLINE). The full AHSURED checklist with detailed item descriptions can be accessed on https://github. com/SVA-SE/AHSURED/wiki. The survey underlined the importance of using economic evaluation criteria when planning the adoption of new standards, but only a bit more than a third of respondents indicated to conduct a formal financial or economic evaluation. Common constraints mentioned were a lack of human, time and financial resources as well as a shortage of economics skills.
After 48 h the incubated eleuthero embryos were morphologically screened, and the mean scores calculated, as described in methods. Three independent experiments were performed, the data were pooled and the mean ± SD was calculated. Hence, a total of six eleuthero embryos were processed per concentration, except in the case of Med samples (n = 10) and RLM samples (n = 10). For the statistical analysis, the mean score of RLM was compared with the mean scores of the other samples by using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test. ** p ≤ 0. 01, *** p ≤ 0. 001. Control conditions consisted of eleuthero embryos exposed to the RLM extract (without compound spiking) in the medium (indicated as RLM), and eleuthero embryos exposed to the medium without the RLM extract and without spiking (indicated as Med).