dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
It will also produce a stream of 'Burst' events from the DFB burst memory (DBM). A typical Survey Mode for the DFB might be to transmit 2 antenna voltages, 3 electric field measurements (differential voltages), and the 3 SCM magnetic field measurements all as waveforms at 128 S/NYs. This rate might be stepped down to 64 S/NYs or lower at higher altitudes where the physical timescales are longer. In addition, Survey Mode will include power spectral density measurements at the native spectral resolution (df/f ~ 3-6 %) and band-pass filter bank (BP) data, as described above. Both AC (75 kHz Nyquist) and DC (~4. 7 kHz Nyquist) spectra and BP data will be provided, from some combination of sensors. Table  4  shows a nominal stream of Survey Mode data. This configuration would give good waveform coverage of electric and magnetic fields and density fluctuations to the convected ion scales over the whole orbit, and spectral density measurements to the electron cyclotron frequency.
Time Domain Sampler (TDS)- As described above, in order to increase overall mission reliability, the FIELDS instrument was split into two parts, FIELDS1 and FIELDS2. Each half has some instrumentation, control over some of the FIELDS antennas and a power supply. The core of FIELDS2 is the TDS. As originally planned, the TDS subsystem was a single board processor controlled burst acquisition system designed to collect transient wave phenomena from the FIELDS electric and magnetic sensors. The new design added an interface to the SPP spacecraft command and data handling system, control of one of the two FIELDS DC magnetometers (the in-board MAGi), control of one of the two FIELDS antenna electronics boards (AEB2 controlling antennas V3 and V4) and control of one of the two FIELDS power supplies (LNPS2).
In addition, the TDS also maintains a communications interface with the SWEAP instrument. The FIELDS TDS derives heritage from a similar instrument on the STEREO spacecraft  (Bougeret et al. 2008). As the core of the FIELDS2 side of FIELDS, the TDS performs a number of typical data processing functions. Especially crucial is the way the TDS keeps track of time. In normal circumstances, the spacecraft interface provides the TDS with precise information as to the mission elapsed time (MET). The TDS can use this time in its time-stamping of data. However, in order to synchronize the two halves of FIELDS, the TDS also receives information for the FIELDS1 side (from the DCB) indicating the precise MET as it was acquired by the DCB. In normal circumstances, the TDS uses the MET received from DCB as the source of its internal clock.
In addition, in order to reduce noise and coordinate measurements, the various clocks throughout the FIELDS suite are synchronized. The FIELDS1 DCB produces a set of master clocks, all derived from a single internal high frequency master clock. These clocks go to the data acquisition samplers and to the various chopping power supplies. In normal circumstances, the TDS operational clocks are taken from the DCB. In the case where the DCB clocks are unavailable, the TDS also includes its own internal clock. The TDS block diagram is shown in Fig. 15. The Time Domain Sampler instrument (TDS) makes rapid samples of waveforms for the study of high frequency waves. The rapid simultaneous sampling of five channels to nominally include two orthogonal electric dipoles, a single ended electric monopole, the radial (sunward) component of the electric field provided by V5, and a single axis from the search coil magnetometer allows the study of waveforms, their distortions, and, through ground-based spectral analysis, a frequency determination which is far more accurate than an on-board filter analysis system.
Once per minute, TDS will give the peak value observed on each channel (during the preceding minute), the mean value, the RMS power value and zero-crossing counters which give an indication of wave frequency and the number of dust impacts in the period. 100 % of the incoming data stream (at 1. 92 MSa/s) will be processed here. Examination of this low bit-rate stream will allow after-the-fact selection of events saved in the massive FIELDS burst memory. While the TDS is a "wave" instrument, as part of the TDS, one of the data acquisition channels will be devoted to counting particles. The TDS includes an interface to the SPP SWEAP instrument. SWEAP will provide the TDS with a signal line indicating particle counts. Each pulse received will indicate a particle collected by a part of SWEAP and will result in incrementing a counter in the TDS.
Each time a TDS waveform voltage is sampled (at 1. 92 MSa/s), the incrementing counter will be latched and sampled. In this way, TDS events will provide a snapshot of voltage as a function of time as normal and, in addition, will provide a high resolution picture of the simultaneous particle flux as a function of time. This will give an unprecedented view of wave particle correlation. In addition to the SWEAP particle counts, FIELDS2 and SWEAP will exchange timing and messages to allow SWEAP data acquisition to be synchronized with the FIELDS master clock. The messages will allow both SWEAP and FIELDS to collect and identify periods of high activity and interest.
The DSP signal chain for the RFS starts with a time series of voltage measurements recorded by the ADCs. These time series contain the physical signals of interest as well as the power supply harmonics, which must be removed via spectral processing. Ordinary fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques are subject to spectral leakage, which would cause the power supply noise to spread from its narrow frequency peaks and overwhelm the signal throughout the RFS frequency range. To reduce this spectral leakage, the RFS implements a polyphase filter bank (PFB) digital signal processing algorithm  (Vaidyanathan 1990 ), followed by a standard FFT. The PFB algorithm weights the data with a windowing function, splits the data into N blocks of equal size ("taps"), then adds the taps together to produce a single time series which can then be passed to a standard FFT algorithm.
Data Control Board (DCB)- The DCB is the primary controller of the FIELDS instrument. It serves as the primary link between the spacecraft (S/C) and the FIELDS instrument, receiving, decoding and distributing S/C commands to the FIELDS subsystems. Note that as described in Sect. 2. 2. 3, the TDS subsystem can recover some C&DH capability should the DCB or its power supply fail. The DCB operates autonomously using both Absolute and Relative Time Sequences (ATS and RTS), loaded from the ground prior to each solar encounter. The DCB processes instrument data into two streams, called Survey and Burst, storing the latter in a 32 GB Flash memory. At commanded downlink rates approaching 245 kbps, the DCB selects, compresses and mixes Survey and Burst data into the S/C telemetry stream. The DCB consists of an embedded processor (CPU) with associated CPU memory (PROM, SRAM, EEPROM) and a dedicated bulk memory array (Flash).
The DCB block diagram is shown in Fig. 19. The CPU is a Coldfire 32-bit IP-Core implemented in a radiation-hard RTAX-4000 FPGA. The startup Flight Software (FSW) is stored in a radiation hard 32 kB PROM. Operational software, on-board scripts, tables and other parameters reside in a 512 kB EEPROM, and are transferred to the 2 MB SRAM at start up. Instrument data messages are transferred at 4 Mbps to the SRAM via Direct Memory Access (DMA). The analog housekeeping, instrument control, S/C Interfaces, bulk memory controller subsystems and Radio Frequency Spectrometer logic are also implemented in the same FPGA. The FIELDS instrument operates synchronously with the DCB managing the clocks and timekeeping. The 38. 4 MHz Master Clock, resident on the DCB, provides all FIELDS instrument system clocks as well as the power supply synchronization and interface signal timing.
The 38. 4 MHz operation, common across the FIELDS subsystems, results in deterministic noise bands. Much of this 'picket fence' noise is either removed by selective filtering or recognized by the upstream data processing algorithms. DCB FSW interfaces with the AEB, RFS, LNPS, DFB, TDS and MAG boards, routing commands from internal ATS and RTS scripts as well as commands from the S/C. FSW collects completed CCSDS packets from the DFB and TDS, then routes these by APID to either the telemetry (Survey) or to the Flash memory (burst). FSW controls the AEB and LNPS, collecting housekeeping analog data, limit monitoring and telemetering them. FSW collects MAG vectors, averages them and generates CCSDS packets at commanded data rates. FSW operates the RFS FPGA logic (as detailed in Sect. 2. 2. 4), collecting waveforms and performing FFTs.
FSW performs median-filtering and production of CCSDS packets with High and Low Frequency spectra, cross spectra, phase and coherence data. FSW also performs Peak Tracking of the Low Frequency data to determine the plasma frequency and thus select the proper high resolution channels to telemeter. The DCB exchanges burst status, electric and magnetic field information with the S/C and keeps track of Mission Elapsed Time (MET) via S/C messaging. An important part of FIELDS operations is the coordination of bursts by FSW. In order to maximize the collection of the most important and interesting scientific data, the FSW uses a linear combination of incoming data from DFB, TDS, RFS and SWEAP and a table of commandable weighting factors to determine when FIELDS should collect and save burst data in concert.
The amplification cycling protocol had the following profile: initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at XX°C, and 45 seconds at 72°C, followed by 5 min final extension at 72°C, where XX was 58 °C for the SQR-G1 primer set and 52 °C for the SQR-G4 primer set. The dsrA gene from sulfate-reducing microorganisms was amplified using primers designed to target conserved regions of the gene, based on multiple alignments of cultured and environmental SRB sequences retrieved from GenBank. dsrA1FM (5'-ACS CAY TGG AAR CAY GG -3'; modified from Wagner et al. [13]  to widen a range of amplified the dsrA genes) and dsr225R1 (5'-TCD CCD GTD GMR CCR TGS AWR TT -3'). Each amplification reaction mixture was as described above for the sqr gene. The amplification conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of 30 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 55°C, and 45 seconds at 72°C, followed by 5 min final extension at 72°C.
Phylogenetic Analysis Potential homologs of the generated sequences were identified in the GenBank database using the BLASTn program. To perform phylogenetic analyses of the cloned genes, alignments were built that included sequences of respective genes from several representatives of known cultured bacteria as well as sequences from the closest cultured and non-cultured relatives identified by BLASTn. Sequences were aligned using the ClustalW v2. 0 aligner  [24]  through the EMBL-EBI framework  [25]  and the MAFFT aligner  [26]. Phylogenetic trees were calculated with the neighbor joining and maximum likelihood algorithms using MEGA  [27]. Bootstrap analysis (1000 replicates) was used to obtain confidence estimates for the phylogenetic tree topologies.
Both cDNA preparations (i. e. , S2 and R6) were amplifiable with universal bacterial 16S rRNA primers, albeit indicating incomplete removal of 16S rRNA (data not shown). DNA obtained by either method could be amplified with the universal bacterial 16S rRNA and dsrA primers. The SQR-G1 primers but not SQR-G4 successfully amplified the sqr gene from S2 DNA. With the R6 sample the situation was opposite, sqr was amplifiable with the SQR-G4 but not SQR-G1 primer sets.
2 ). Sulfur oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria is believed to sometimes comprise up to 90% of all bacteria present in the Cariaco redox transition zone  [8]  and it is enigmatic that only one gammaproteobacterial sqr sequence was retrieved. The SQR-G1 and SQR-G4 primer sets used in this work should amplify all gammaproteobacterial sqr genes so far been deposited in GenBank. Perhaps, sulfur oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria use for sulfide oxidation an as yet unknown enzyme, which is distinct from sqr. T. sibirica has been described as a strictly anaerobic, obligately phototrophic, purple sulfur bacterium, which utilizes hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur as electron donors during photosynthesis  [43]. One sqr gene sequence in the S2 cDNA library was closely related to sqr from the green-sulfur bacteria, phylum Chlorobi (Chlorobium tepidum and Chlorobaculum parvum).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Support for this work came from  NSF  grant  MCB03-47811  to AYC, MIS, and  GTT  and  NSF  grant  OCE-1061774  to VPE and CT. We gratefully acknowledge the captain and crew of the B/ O Hermano Gines  and the staff of the  Estación de Investigaciones Marinas de Margarita  ( Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Punta de Piedras, Edo. Nueva Esparta, Venezuela ), specially  Prof. Ramon Varela  and  Yrene Astor.
Preparation of samples for morphological study The sand flies were preserved in 100 % ethanol and then the whole carcasses (thoraces, wings and legs) were kept for molecular studies, while heads and genitalia were dissected and mounted in Euparal after different successive baths: 2 h in 10 % potassium hydroxide; 2 h in distillated water; 10 h in a Marc-André solution  [7] ; 10 h in distillated water; 20 min in 70 % ethanol; 20 min in 90 % ethanol; 20 min in 100 % ethanol; and 10 h in a beech wood solution. The spermathecae of the Sa. moucheti females were first removed from the abdomen and then observed with a simple clearing of heated Marc-André solution (90 °C). Specimens were observed using BX 53 (Olympus, Japan) and Leica DM2000 microscopes. Measurements (in micrometers unless otherwise indicated) were taken using the Stream motion software (Olympus, Japan) and a video camera (Leica and Olympus, respectively) connected to the microscope.
The molecular datasets were analysed by Bayesian methods with MrBayes 3. 2  [18]. Trees were rooted with a sequence for Ph. papatasi (specimen code Ph-papatasi-HM992927) as outgroup. One partition for each codon position of the mitochondrial gene (Cyt b) and one partition for the nuclear genes D1D2 and D8 were implemented to explore the best substitution model, individually and concatenated. The best-fit models of nucleotide substitutions were selected with jModelTest v2. 1. 4 [19]  using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Bayesian analyses were carried out independently for each gene and for the concatenated data (2 million generations, saving trees every 100 generations). The first 25 % of the generated trees were discarded as 'burn-in'. The robustness of trees nodes was assessed by clade posterior probability values (CPP).
Molecular analyses The origin of the specimens of this study and their accession numbers are listed in Table  1. We performed three analyses: the first with the mitochondrial gene with 402 aligned base pairs (bp), the second with all 1,266 bp nuclear genes (662 for D1D2 and 604 for D8) and a third combined-data analysis of all the molecular data with 1,668 bp. The symmetrical model with a gamma distributed among-site variation (SYM + G) was indicated as the best-fit model for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The general time reversible model with gamma distributed among-site rate variation (GTR + G) was indicated as the best-fit model for both separated and concatenated 28S rDNA markers (D1, D2 and D8). The GTR + G + I model was indicated as the best-fit model for concatenated mtDNA and rDNA.
Discussion Spelaeomyia has been defined as a group of cavernicolous sand flies, according to the following characters  [1] : Fig. 3  Bayesian tree resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of the combined dataset from rDNA and mtDNA. The tree is rooted with one sequence of Ph. papatasi (specimen code Ph. papatasi-HM992927). Robustness of nodes is indicated by the Clade Posterior Probability values (CPP) style with two spines of which one is terminal and with a small seta; process with long hairs near the base of the coxite; penis sheet rudimentary; genital filaments short and thick with terminal process; legs very long; cibarial armature consisting of a row of long pointed teeth; pharynx unarmed; spermathecae irregularly crinkled sack. Lewis & Kirk  [21]  redefined later the genus Spelaeomyia as follows: several erect hairs on the second to sixth abdominal tergites; style with one or two spines and a small seta; a paired process, with short hairs, and a median process between bases of coxites; penis sheath of unusual shape, either very short and blunt or very long and pointed; penis filament with a flat hyaline process near tip; legs very long; buccal cavity with no more than 14 principal teeth some of them widely separated; a sensory papilla on antennal segments III, IV and V; pharynx unarmed; spermathecae irregularly crinkled sack.
This definition needs to be modified: (i) the males of Sa. darlingi and Sa. emilii exhibit only one distal spine on the style and their coxal setae cannot be considered as a spine in our opinion; (ii) Sa. darlingi has long genital filaments; (iii) the penis of Sa. darlingi is long and pointed. Moreover, the females are characterized by their sensorial trough (translation of the French "dépression sensorielle" used by French-speaking authors observing this structure) at the distal part of the abdomen, first observed in Sa. mirabilis  [22]  and then confirmed in all species of the genus Spelaeomyia  [7]. The ecological data also need to be modified. Based on literature  [7, [22] [23] [24] , the genus Spelaeomyia is strictly cavernicolous. In our prospections in Gabon, Sa. emilii was indeed exclusively collected in caves.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the  CIRMF (Gabon)  and the  IRD  for the logistical support and funding of this project. We also deeply thank the  Ranch de la Lékabi  and the  Parc de la Lékédi  for their assistance during the field survey (Gabon). We also wish to thank  Marc Ngangué  for his field assistance and  Heïdi Lançon  for the English revision of the manuscript. Special thanks to  Ray Gaab  for assisting us during the fieldwork and discussions.
Zero Rating The developed countries have recently legislated for or regulated for "net neutrality", the principle that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) should not discriminate between different applications, services and content accessed by their users. 31 This victory for net neutrality proponents came after twenty years of attempted discrimination between content streams within the walled gardens of both fixed and mobile ISPs, such as AOL in the 1990s, and Vodafone Live/360 in 2002-11, which was intended to challenge the Apple AppStore and Android/GooglePlay. 32 Alongside their walled gardens, these ISPs enforced monthly data caps preventing their customers having unlimited use of the Internet. Fixed line walled gardens failed in view of the easy access to the open Internet at increasingly low cost offered by broadband access.
Cases in the US such as Madison River and Comcast were about blocking, and is it this that rouses much consumer anger and political action. 34 ositive" net neutrality violations involve not blocking, but treating some content better than general Internet traffic. As cable TV provides High Definition and standard video and television channels at high fees in a separate logical pathway to the general Internet traffic on its cable, some telecoms companies hope to partition its Internet traffic to replicate this business model. Several ISPs attempted this practice over lengthy periods, notably by excluding television channels from monthly data caps for users, positively discriminating in favour of their affiliated content and against other video providers (such as YouTube). In this way, "walled gardens" reappear with much more "specialized service" wallsrestrictions that affect only certain non-affiliated types of Internet traffic, such as social networks or video.
" He explains: "In two cases, the Authority investigated the bundling of data packages with free services (i. e. a mobile subscription with 'free' access to Spotify). To deal with these cases, a new guideline has been drafted by the ministry involved. "  63 This clarifies that zero rating is illegal in the Netherlands, though it may not be a ruling that is compatible with the new draft European law which may be implemented in 2016. The decisions made in January 2015 have been severely criticized but remain the regulatory standard at the time of writing. 64 I discuss this further in the European Union case study.
In fact, Claro (subsidiary of Mexican operator America Movil, also active in Brazil, Columbia and other Latin American nations) was permitted by the Chilean regulator to continue zero rating as long as it formed part of a wider data plan that customers could choose. 73 This was because data plans were included in the new zero rating offer, removing the part of the complaint relating to "cuando los usuarios salen a través de un enlace externo, las empresas piden pagar"that non-zero rated websites have to pay for users to exit zero rating onto the wider Internet. Zero rating would have to stop when users exhausted their data plan each month, in order that they were not left with only zero rated content which would be very explicit discrimination.
Marcelo Bechara, counselor of Anatel, refused to regulate in the absence of specific prohibitions "If there is no prioritized traffic, I do not see why it breaks the Marco Civil. This is the free market. It's free business. "  81  2015, Claro abandoned a previous offer that offered zero rating only, and adopted its Chilean approach with free WhatsApp, Facebook and Twitter offered only to users who also subscribed to data plans (pre or post-pay). 82 Claro CEO Carlos Zenteno had said in April that zero-rating plans were no longer part of the carrier's strategy as less than 1% of customers used only Facebook or Twitter, and in June added: "It's an evolution. We realized that it has no purpose only to offer zero-rating access to one site. " Claro argues that zero-rating on top of existing data plans represents a positive discrimination that the consumer chooses.
Examples are Zambia, Myanmar, Kenya, Peru and Guatemala. Privacy remains a thorny issue, as well as being largely unregulated in developing countries. The wider issue of how Internet users of "free" apps such as Facebook and others are being monetized by advertisers is associated with the net neutrality and zero-rated debates, and in particular the correct policy responses. In countries such as Indonesia where monthly Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) is only $2. 20 for calls, texts and data, it is unsurprising that advertising is attractive as a further revenue partnership with zero rated apps. 146 Freischlad considers: Users of zero-rated apps should definitely be aware that aspects of their browsing, downloading, and searching behavior are likely being recorded and analyzed, as both the zero-rated app itself and the sponsor who footed the bill are interested in monetizing this data further.
These pairs were selected before launch to meet radiometric, geometric, and space-time constraints. The prelaunch studies were based on simulations and sensitivity studies using the 4A/OP radiative transfer model and the more than 2300 atmospheres of the climatological Thermodynamic Initial Guess Retrieval (TIGR) input dataset further sorted into five air mass types. Using data from over 9. 5 years of on-orbit operation, and following the relative approach technique, collocated measurements of IIR and of its companion channels have been compared at all latitudes over ocean, during day and night,.