dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Materials To examine where Vietnamese SS&H scholars publish their work, we use the Social Sciences & Humanities Peer Awards (SSHPA) database (URL: https://sshpa. com/). The database is a part of a national project, which aims to create a semi-automatic system to record the scientific output of Vietnamese researchers in the field of Social Sciences and Humanities since 2008. Since each data point corresponds to a publication and includes information regarding its journal and publishers, we are able to extract the information. The database's logical structure, the data collection process, and the data validation process were peerreviewed and published in the article by  Vuong (2018). In terms of quality control, the SSHPA covers all articles published in international and national journals in the field of SS&Hwhich includes journals indexed in ISI Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, or journals published by reputable publishers based on the official list as devised by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science & Technology Development (NAFOSTED)  (Nafosted, 2018).
Moreover, the SSHPA database collects the data daily, making it the most updated database regarding the scientific production of SS&H scientists in Vietnam. The data collection process also goes through several layers of quality control. Firstly, people who enter the data will list the attributes of the article. Then, the system will automatically find duplicates and other possible errors. Finally, an administrator will review the data for acceptance. A comprehensive dataset of Vietnam SSH in the 2008-2019 period was extracted from the database. The final dataset is available in OSF (URL: https://osf. io/4mwqr/). Specifically, the following information was extracted from the dataset: Publisher, which refers to the agency that is listed as the publisher of journals, books, edited books, or conference proceedings, including commercial publishers, university publishers, society publishers, or even a conference organizer who publishes conference proceedings.
Is the article closed or open? Where is it hosted? Is it published in a fully OA source? Is it published under an open license? In the dataset, the OA status was categorized into five types, which based on the categorization by  Piwowar et al. (2018) : Gold Access: an article that is published in a fully OA journal. Green Access: an article that is not accessible on its journal homepage but available in an official repository. Hybrid Access: an article that is published under an open license in a subscription journal. Bronze Access: a gratis OA article that is published in a subscription journal, but not under an open license for redistribution or reuse. Closed Access: an article that is published in a subscription journal, and inaccessible without subscription or fee. It should be noted that for Bayesian analysis, we grouped Gold, Green, Hybrid, and Bronze types as Yes and Closed Access articles as No for the "OpenAccess" variable (Table  1 ).
Methods In this paper, the authors employ both descriptive and Bayesian statistics to answer the research questions. The descriptive statistics are used to examine the following information extracted from the SSHPA database: -Top publishers by the number of publications; -The number of publishers and sources annually -The number of new publishers and new sources annually; -Top journals by the number of publications; -The number of sources by their publishing models; As these OA results are manually integrated into our original dataset, concerns over human errors are raised. To overcome this an ensure the dataset quality, we implement a cross-checking step in which data collectors will double-check the results collected by each other. The Bayesian estimation is employed in the current study due to its advantages.
However, since 2017, the growth of new journals have decreased (only 150 new journals in 2019). Table  3  shows the top ten journals by the number of articles by Vietnamese authors. Among these ten, five journals were about interdisciplinary research (Sustainability, PLOS One, Journal of Development Studies, Asian Social Sciences, Culture, and Health & Sexuality), three journals were about health and medicine sciences (International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Global Health Action), and three journals were about Economics and Business (Management Science Letters, Applied Economics, and Journal of Risk and Financial Management). Subfields such as Health Economics and Public Health have both characteristics of social sciences and health sciences. Thus, they are included in the database as their contribution is significant.
During the 2008-2019 period, the database recorded 3,122 publications that were published under five different types of Open Access: Gold, Green, Bronze, Hybrid, and Closed (See Figure  3 ). Although the percentage of OA publications increased slightly from 35. 23% to 47. 65% after 11 years, the increasing proportion of Gold OA publications from 9. 09% to 41. 00% was substantial. The selection of Gold OA rather than other modes of OA became very transparent in 2019, in which 253 over 294 OA publications were Gold standard. Given the superior meaning of Gold OA standards over other modes of OA, these findings hint that Vietnamese SSH scientists are progressively participating in the OA movement.
Open access model For examining the influence of the number of Vietnamese and international authors on the OA status of the publication, we construct the model as shown in Figure  4  and simulate the posterior distribution of all parameters in the model. The Stan code generated by the bayesvl package is available in the Supplementary. The simulated results are shown in Table  4. All the effective sample sizes (n_eff) are larger than 4000, indicating a high number of effective samples, and thus, a good signal of correlation between dependent and independent variables. Also, the Gelman shrink factor (Rhat) of all parameters is 1, showing the convergence of Markov chains. MCMC trace plot of the model also confirms the Markov property of the coefficients' distribution (see Supplementary)  (Vuong, 2020a; McElreath, 2020).
Discussion The current study's descriptive analysis employing data retrieved from the SSHPA database from 2008-2019 indicates several significant findings. First, Vietnamese social scientists have been diversifying journals and publishers for scientific publishing. Then, publishing in OA journals is one of the primary alternatives among Vietnamese social scientists. On the other hand, Bayesian simulation results highlight the significant impacts of internal and external collaborative power (measured by the number of domestic and international authors) and the likelihood of OA decision.
These impressive findings might result from the many benefits of publishing in an OA journal for scientists from emerging countries, like Vietnam. OA publishing is an opportunity for researchers from emerging countries to proliferate their scientific records due to the rapid processing time, higher recognition and rapid dissemination of research findings  (Eysenbach, 2006; Harnad and Brody, 2004). For example, manuscripts are peer-reviewed and given a first decision approximately 17-17. 6 days after submission into Sustainability and International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Both journals are also indexed in many reputable databases, namely: Social Science Citation Index, MEDLINE, Scopus, EconPapers, IDEAS, and Chemical Abstracts, etc. OA journals in which Vietnamese scientists publish are of quite high quality.
Conclusion and recommendations The current study is the first study to use data from an exclusive database to examine the journals and publishers in which Vietnamese social scientists publish during the period 2008-2019. Our study showed the publication pattern of Vietnamese SSH researchers during the period with various changes in Vietnam science. We noticed that the Vietnamese scholarly community has gradually been accepting OA publishing, but there remain some challenges to achieve a sustainable scientific production system. We recommend the government to implement, in due time, regulations and financial support for projects that integrate OA publishing framework, in order to not only promote the OA movement but also better assess the quality of OA journals. Currently, Plan S and its achievement in pushing open science are valuable lessons for Vietnam.
As the French member of the Steering Committee of SPPEXA, it is my great pleasure to give a short address to this volume from the perspective of the French partners in this German-French-Japanese cooperation. To highlight the types of software supported by SPPEXA, we first present a classification of highperformance software types. We then take a look at the recent activities of HPC software in France under the SPPEXA umbrella. Next, some local impacts of the SPPEXA collaboration on the French HPC community is provided, and lastly, an outlook to future collaborations.
Treatment Software The HPC software in the processing phase concerns mainly high-performance numerical simulation of physical phenomena, social networks, etc. These softwares could be classified as (1) "standard" libraries and (2) ad-hoc libraries done by application field programmers, which implement their application by making use of building blocks (partially or totally) of the libraries of class (1). The latter implement numerical methods with the main parallel/distributed programming methodologies, such as ScaLAPACK, PETSc, SLEPc, ATLAS, etc. In the fields of application , HPC ad-hoc software targets epidemiology, electromagnetism, gamma astronomy, safety, or health and nutrition. Some ad-hoc software examples are CEDRE which targets simulation for energy and propulsion, CELESTIA and STELLARIUM which is a space simulator and a planetarium for observing the solar system and the rest of the universe in real time and in 3D, GAUSS, which is a flexible platform for data analysis, and AREPO, which is a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation code on a dynamic unstructured mesh.
Post-processing Software Post-processing software essentially involves the analysis, visualization, and performance evaluation of the treatment phase results. Some examples of such software are ParaView (a multi-platform data analysis and visualization application), VisIt (an interactive platform for visualization, animation and data analysis), MAQAO (sets of software tools for code optimization in the core or node level of a parallel architecture), and Maya (a software for modeling, simulation, and 3D animation). All these software packages generally translate a physical phenomenon, social behaviour, etc. into mathematical equations. Their high-performance implementation on parallel and/or distributed systems is a delicate task and requires a huge ecosystem with people having interdisciplinary skills.
Trilateral Projects in SPPEXA and Their Impact SPPEXA targeted fundamental research on different aspects of HPC software and covered software categories cited before with a co-design approach. Thanks to ANR, DFG, and JST, the trilateral French/German/Japanese projects have been funded within SPPEXA. Some of these projects, such as MYX, have benefited from pre-existing bilateral collaborations. This allowed a dynamical and productive work from the beginning and for a rapid progress towards the objectives set. In addition to project meetings, the cross-project SPPEXA workshops have given a new dynamic to the trilateral collaborations paving the way for the organization of other conferences, workshops or seminars. The EXAMAG (Exascale Simulations of the Magnetic Universe) project is an example of an SPPEXA trilateral French/German/Japanese project with the aim of improving the astrophysical moving-mesh code AREPO and extending its range of applicability for high scale computing platforms.
EXAMAG is an ad-hoc HPC software of the processing category of the classification given in the previous section. MYX (MUST Correctness Checking for YML and XMP Programs) also is a trilateral French/German/Japanese project which aims to offer a guideline how to limit the risk to introduce errors and how to best express the parallelism to catch errors at runtime. From a practical viewpoint, MYX aims at the design and the application of a scalable correctness checking tool MUST to YML and XMP. In the MYX project, the main developed software packages (YML, XMP and MUST) belong to the last category of HPC software; the ones providing the logistics of highperformance application programs. However, in order to validate the design and development of these softwares, many other benchmarks and/or real applications are developed.
This simplifies the calculation, as current h values are readily available. In fact, it is often assumed that calculating historical h values is difficult or impossible  [10]. However, Leydesdorff et al. argued that using current h values can lead to significant instabilities in the resulting of h α 's for collaborating scientists, since small relative changes in the h values of the collaborators can lead to a shift of the α-author status in many co-authored papers  [10]. Hirsch has addressed both aspects of this criticism in Ref. [11]. The consequences of using the current h values for the historic ones at the time of a paper's publication when calculating h α are, in fact, poorly understood and closely related to the time dependence of h for individual scientists. In the present work, we show that historical h values can be readily calculated using retrievable data from Web of Science and we study the time dependence of h for a large number of condensed matter physicists.
METHODS The data set used in this study has already been introduced in Ref. [12]  and it is described in detail there. In short, it consists of general citation data for 302 condensed matter physicists (number of publications, citations and h-values today) extracted from ResearcherID between April and December 2018, combined with detailed citation data for every paper co-authored by these individuals (24,286 papers), extracted from Web of Science (WoS). For a given individual from the group, the value of h at any desired point in time can be determined as follows: In WoS, a search for all the individual's papers is performed using the Researcher ID number as unique identifier. Using the "create citation report" function, the details of every single paper can be obtained, i. e. the author list and the number of times the paper has been cited in each year after its publication.
Data Regarding the data in this study, 9 years of sustainability disclosure and sustainability performance measures were extracted from the ASSET4 database (from 2002 to 2010). ASSET4 is a Swiss-based sustainability ratings agency and a subsidiary of Thomson Reuters that provides sustainability disclosure and sustainability performance ratings for 958 firms from 2002 and 3,258 firms from 2010. The data set covers major financial indexes worldwide 1 and thus includes large companies from both developed 2 and developing 3 countries. It has been widely used in recent academic literature for its granularity and limited biases  (Cheng, Ioannou, & Serafeim, 2014; Eccles et al. , 2014; Hawn & Ioannou, 2016; Roulet & Touboul, 2015). The 2002-2010 period is most relevant to test our hypotheses for two reasons.
g. annual reports, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports, newspapers, and NGO websites). Raw data are then transformed through a proprietary algorithm into several ratings and sub-ratings. ASSET4 is one of the world's largest databases for extra-financial information. It is estimated that investors representing €2. 5 trillion of assets use its data  (Cheng et al. , 2014). Although some scholars measure sustainability-related constructs using databases such as Kinder, Lydenberg and Domini (KLD)  (Barnett & Salomon, 2006; Surroca, Tribo, & Waddock, 2010; Waddock & Graves, 1997) , Vigéo  (Cavaco & Crifo, 2014) , Calvert, FTSE4Good, DJSI, or Innovest  (Chatterji, Durand, Levine, & Touboul, 2016) , we prefer to rely on the ASSET4 database for its granularity, reliability, and higher adequacy within our theoretical setting.
ASSET4 data are more granular than other rating agencies' data in the sense that it rates firms by scaled scores (0 to 100%), whereas other agencies such as KLD only provide dichotomic indicators (0 or 1). This granularity provides greater robustness to our econometric results. ASSET4 data are also less likely to be biased because its analysts do not use self-administered questionnaires as in other agencies, which limits the risk of misleading answers from rated firms. In addition, ASSET4 ratings are computed through algorithms applied to collected indicators. They are thus protected from cognitive biases that may arise from analysts' subjectivity. Finally, ASSET4 aptly fits our framework as it clearly differentiates between firms' sustainability performance (outcome of sustainability practices) and sustainability disclosure (amount of information provided).
While most stakeholders do not observe a firm's actual sustainability performance, ASSET4 analysts collect and analyze hundreds of data sets and spend hours examining primary and secondary information. In comparison with stakeholders who have limited time and access to information, ASSET4 analysts are better positioned to evaluate the difference between what a firm actually did (its sustainability performance) and what it disclosed (its sustainability disclosure), which perfectly matches the purpose of this study. We also gathered financial performance and control measures from Bureau van Dijk's ORBIS global database (audited financials of companies worldwide). Our final data set consists of the intersection between the ORBIS and ASSET4 databases for firms having available financial and sustainability data for at least three consecutive years.
In the same way, we measured firms' long-term financial performance by their average ROA over the 3rd and 4th years following the year when their sustainability performance and sustainability disclosure were measured. As an example, if the independent variable was a firm's 2005 sustainability disclosure, we considered its long-term financial performance as its average ROA during the 2008-2009 period. Measuring a firm's short-term financial performance by its forward-looking, 2-years' average ROA and its long-term financial performance by its average ROA in the 2 years following its short-term financial performance provides three things: first, consistency and comparability across our dependent variable measures (both 2 years' average); second, the ability to take advantage of the longitudinal dimension of our data (when independent variables are measured in year n, they are regressed on dependent variables measured in n+1 and n+2 or n+3 and n+4); and, third and most importantly, the capability of limiting the risk of reverse causality.
Illustrative example As an example, we report here the sketch of a procedure for finding the most appropriate measure of similarity, expressing the idea of "no more similar 12 A s i a n J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m i c s a n d B a n k i n g than" of an expert, referring to a bank, and the relevant study of the numerical measure agreeing with his/her comparative similarity. This procedure can be implemented by combining two different methodologies: presenting direct explicit queries on the simplest axioms and preparing simple fictitious pairs of bank customers applying for a loan, focusing on some axioms, and requiring the expert to compare these pairs in "similarity". This last method permits to test which axioms are violated and which are accepted in the expressed similarity ordering. To this end, the plan is to ask the bank staff of experts to prepare a database consisting in profiles of customers.
Pre-test, Pilot Test and Data Collection Survey data were collected from the U. S. under a service analytics project in 2018 through a leading market research firm. We define the population as service systems analytics professionals in the mid-level management, who have an experience of dealing with big data analytics in service systems for at least three years. Before undertaking the main study, we conducted a pre-test over 20 random samples to confirm that the wording, format, layout and scales (5-point vs. 7-point) were appropriate. The feedback from this phase helped us to develop the final instrument. The sample represents various service systems ranging from banking, tourism to transportation, healthcare and retail.
Half of the participants received accuracy feedback in the intermediate block. In Study 1, we tested the potential impact of feedback with a multiple-choice response format and a quasi-experimental design. That is, we compared data from a previous study  (Raoelison & De Neys, 2019)  where participants solved bat-and-ball problems without receiving feedback (no-feedback condition) with new data specifically collected for the purpose of this study, in which bat-and-ball reasoners received the feedback manipulation in the intermediate block (feedback condition). With Study 2, we aimed to replicate the results of Study 1, while applying a full experimental design with a freeresponse format. 1 The algebraic equation behind the problem is (x + 1) + x = 1. 10. 2x + 1 = 1. 10 2x = 0. 10 x = 0. 05 Hence, the required calculation to solve the problem is (1.
Study 1 Method Participants. A total of 50 participants were recruited for the feedback condition (all gave informed consent). Half of the participants (n = 25) were volunteers, recruited via personal networks. The other half (n = 25) was recruited on Prolific Academic (www. prolific. ac) and were paid at a rate of £5/h. All participants were native English speakers (30 females; age: M = 27. 4 years, SD = 8. 5) 2. Most participants reported high school (50. 0%) or a Bachelor degree (38. 0%) as highest completed level of education, followed by a Master's degree (6. 0%), less than high school (2. 0%) and a Doctoral degree (2. 0%), respectively. We used data of a previous a study  (Raoelison & De Neys, 2019)  as a base-line to compare with our feedback data. In this study, 62 participants solved the same bat-and-ball problems without receiving feedback (no-feedback condition).
Collected data As part of the initial studies on workplace socialization and inclusion/exclusion, data were collected from several sources (e. g. , interviews, observations, and secondary data), but the main method of collection was the semistructured interview. Individuals were asked about changes in their work and within their collective, as well as their daily problems with adjusting to the changes. Among the 13 collectives we studied, five harbored cases of scapegoating clearly identifiable from the retrospective accounts provided by the collective members. In all, seven cases of scapegoating were identified, two collectives (1 and 5) having experienced the phenomenon twice. These collectives varied in size, ranging from 10 to several dozens of people, depending on the local organizational context and the working hours (day/night).
Within the framework of an action research project, she had joined a working group of human resources employees and union representatives and was responsible for helping the members to get a handle on the changes in job descriptions and issues of inclusion/exclusion within the various work collectives. On this occasion, the interactions were documented, and the key informants were interviewed (e. g. , senior executives, station managers, a human resources manager, local managers, and train drivers). The interviewees provided valuable information on the contexts of crisis, and all interviews were also recorded and transcribed in full. Finally, this active presence in the field made it possible to collect secondary data that were later reused (excerpts from meeting minutes and communication campaigns on railway careers, and internal documents on the future of professions) and strengthened the researcher's legitimacy in the stations and with local teams.