dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Patient population. We retrospectively analysed tumours from ASCC patients consecutively treated from 1992 to 2015 at the Institut Curie Hospital. We included all consecutive patients for whom formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumour tissue was available, and collected clinicopathological data and outcomes. This retrospective study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institut Curie (No. A10-024). According to French regulations, patients were informed of research performed with the biological specimens obtained during their treatment and did not express opposition. Staging of the disease was based on the 7th revised edition (2010) of the AJCC Anus Cancer. DNA extraction. Six tissue sections of 6 mm thickness were obtained from FFPE tissues and a seventh tissue section stained with HE staining.
All samples were tested in duplicate. The HRM data were analysed using the Genescan software (Roche). All samples including the wild-type exons were plotted according to their melting profiles on the differential plot graph. Any difference of the horizon line based on the wild-type sample was sequenced with Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequencing. The reaction mixture in a total of 50 ml was made using 1 ml of PCR products without first purification followed by a sequencing reaction with Big Dye Terminator v3. 1 (Thermofisher, Courtaboeuf, France) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The sequencing products were purified with a Sephadex gel (GE Healthcare, Velizy-Villacoublay, France) before running on a 3500 Genetic Analyser (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The sequencing data were visualised using Finch TV (Geospiza, Inc.
We identified a first group of treatment-naive tumours from 57 ASCC patients treated by initial exclusive CRT with a median follow-up of 3. 1 years (range: 0. 3-14 years) (Supplementary Table  3 ). Overall, recurrence rate was 24. 6% (n ¼ 14 of 57). All tumours were HPV positive and 52 of 57 (91,2%) had HPV type 16. Only 1 (1. 7%) KRAS, 3 (5. 3%) FBXW7 and 1 (1. 7%) TP53 mutations were identified in this group, whereas PIK3CA mutations were identified in 10 (17. 5%) of them (8 in exon 9 and 2 in exon 20). No association was found between PIK3CA mutations and clinicopathological characteristics of patients (data not shown). Moreover, no correlation was found between PI3KCA mutation and PFS or OS (Supplementary Table  4 ). We also selected a second group of 40 recurrent tumour samples from ASCC patients who underwent APR for local recurrence after initial RT or CRT.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank  Emmanuelle Lappartient ,  Didier Meseure  and  Carine Perennou  for technical help and  Intidhar Labidi-Galy  for helpful discussions. This work was supported by the  CEST (Comite d'Evaluation et de Suivi des projets de recherche de Transfert ) from the  Institut Curie. This work is published under the standard license to publish agreement. After 12 months the work will become freely available and the license terms will switch to a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4. 0 Unported License.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to make special thanks to the Project " Development of Atmospheric Environmental Risk Management System in South America " ( 2013-2017 ) financed by  JICA-JST  through  Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS). Also we would like to thank  a SAOZ Network  and  FAA (Fuerza Aérea Argentina)  for allowing us to use the Antarctic Storehouse during the campaign.
We describe how monomial chaotic inflation becomes compatible with the latest CMB data thanks to radiative corrections producing a plateau. The interactions of the inflaton with other fields, required for reheating, can flatten the potential and moderate the production of primordial gravitational waves, keeping these below the current upper bound. We show that the appearance of a plateau requires that the inflaton couples to fermions and to another scalar or a gauge group. We give concrete examples of minimal particle physics models leading to plateaus for quadratic and quartic chaotic inflation. We also provide a three-parameter model-independent description of radiatively corrected inflation that is amenable to CMB analyses.
Introduction Since its conception  [1] [2] [3] [4]  and subsequent early development  [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] , primordial inflation remains the best proposal for understanding the homogeneity and flatness of the universe at very large scales, as well as the initial conditions leading to the inferred spectrum of fluctuations on this background. In particular, single-field slow-roll chaotic inflation  [6, 13]  provides the simplest and most successful framework so far to approach these key questions in cosmology. Multiple variants of this idea have been proposed during the years, while the precision of CMB observations was steadily increasing. Thanks to the latest Planck CMB data, several of those proposals are now discarded  [14, 15]. Remarkably, the most economical models of chaotic inflation, based on monomial potentials with a positive and even exponent, p, are either strongly (p > 2) or moderately (p = 2) disfavoured by the data  [15] , since they predict primordial gravitational waves with an amplitude in excess of the present upper bound  [14] [15] [16].
In this branch r is significantly lower, yielding a plateau in perfect agreement with the data. The reason for the existence of two distinct branches can be understood intuitively as follows. A very flat plateau implies a very slow rolling and therefore favours a large number of e-folds, and thus N e can be reduced if φ i is sufficiently smaller than φ 0. However, this implies that the potential will be steeper at φ i , which translates into a larger r ∝ (V /V ) 2. On the other hand, a positive b 1 implies V = 0 at φ 0 and a steeper potential. Then, φ i can be closer to φ 0 , where r remains small. The present CMB data suggest that the inflationary potential could indeed be a very flat plateau, but not excessively flat. In other words: the inflaton must have rolled slowly, ma non troppo. The second branch of solutions yielding potentials in agreement with data is illustrated in Figure  2.
So far, the studies of loop corrections in monomial chaotic inflation have mainly focused on fermionic loops  [33] [34] [35] [36] , which can destabilize the inflaton's potential at large field values. We have considered a more general approach, including gauge bosons and extra scalars, with the aim of studying the possibilities leading to a stable potential with an exact or approximate plateau, as the CMB data points to. We find that the exact (two-loop) quartic plateau is in tension with Planck data, while the analogous quartic case gives predictions compatible with the observations. Allowing for deviations from an exact plateau, and hence alleviating the tuning of the underlying models, the potentials we consider can easily reproduce the primordial cosmological parameters, while at the same time generate an adequate number of e-folds.
Acknowledgements We thank  A. Casas ,  A. Notari  and  K. Schmidt-Hoberg  for valuable discussions. The work of G. B. is funded by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Sk lodowska-Curie  grant agreement number  656794. G. B. acknowledges support of the  Spanish MINECO Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Programme  under grant  SEV-2012-0249. G. B. thanks the  DESY theory group  for hospitality and the  German Science Foundation (DFG)  for funding through the  Collaborative Research Center (SFB)   676  " Particles, Strings and the Early Universe ". G. B. thanks the  CERN Theory Division  for hospitality. C. T. acknowledges support of the  Spanish Government  through grant  FPA2011-24568  (MICINN).
Quantification of behavioural recovery Lesioned and unlesioned control larvae were touched with a glass capillary on the median fin fold caudal to the lesion site. The swim path of their escape response was recorded and analysed using a Noldus behaviour analysis set-up and EthoVision software (v. 7). Data are shown as distance travelled during the first 15 s after touch, averaged from triplicate measures per larva. Completeness of injury was verified by the absence of an escape response in freshly lesioned larvae. Dependence of recovery on continuity of the spinal cord was tested by re-lesioning at the end of the regeneration period.
We used t-tests (for normally distributed data) and Mann-Whitney U-tests (for non-normal distributions) for comparisons of two conditions. For multiple comparisons, we used one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's test for comparisons of individual groups (for normally distributed data) or the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for comparing individual groups (for non-normal distributions), using GraphPad Prism software.
Acknowledgements We thank  Drs Bruce Appel ,  Herwig Baier ,  Yi Feng ,  Joe Fetcho ,  Shin-ichi Higashijima ,  Dirk Meyer ,  Hitoshi Okamoto ,  Michael Parsons  and  Bettina Schmid  for providing transgenic fish lines and reagents. We are grateful to  Maria Rubio  and  Silvere Santos  for expertly running our zebrafish facility.
A. Global Architecture The architecture of our path recommender system is shown in Figure  1. Just like many real world systems, our model is a loop, meaning that each step will be repeated as long as new information (or feedback) enter the system. The "Observations" module could however serves as a starting point to describe how the whole architecture functions. As its name implies, this module will collect all the observations available. The taxonomy of these observations and the data collection process is described in Section III-B. All these pieces of information will then be used in the profiling engine to infer a personalized user model whose structure is described in Section III-C. The main goal of this profiling engine is to extract user characteristics from the observations. It will rely on usage mining techniques and deep learning to build a representation of the active user's internal state as exhaustive as possible.
The "Inference" module inside the profiling engine is detailed in Section IV-A. An evaluation module inside our profiling engine will confront predicted characteristics in the user model with the user's feedback and a posteriori exploratory behaviors (which are both part of the observations) to (i) remove noise, inconsistencies and false predictions in the user model, and (ii) train the parameters of our inference module in real time so as to improve its performances. Once the user model initialized  4  , it will be used for recommendation purpose. The system will also need to extract knowledge about items from the museum database and/or from the web (i. e. processing a large volume of data in order to discover knowledge units that are significant and reusable). Additionally, we will include information about the user context (position of items, opening and closing times, hour and date, map of the museum, global traffic data, exhibit crowd limit,.
We then expect a lot of missing data as regards the explicit preferences. Rather than systematically browsing the whole catalog of items, the system will initialize the observation set (and thus the user preference model) by asking visitors to select preferred items or categories in a small list, like Netflix 6  does after subscription. This list could be a representative subset of the themes present in the museum. We will also combine the use of the visitors' smartphone camera with image recognition algorithms to make them rate items in a click. User preferences will also be implicitly inferred from their traveled paths (see Section IV). Finally, users will be able to provide a global rating to express their satisfaction as regards to their visit in the museum. In addition to user explicit preferences, we will have observations about the path traveled by each visitor.
C. User Model The user model is made of explicit data and implicit user characteristics. Among the explicit data, we can directly import/copy the explicit preferences stated as observations (see Section above), assuming that the active user has a good knowledge about himself/herself. We can also include some demographic data (age, gender) and the global available time for the visit. The implicit user characteristics includes the visiting style, the fatigue, the implicit preferences, the distance tolerance, the crowd tolerance, the precision tolerance, the system intrusiveness tolerance, and the user control. These characteristics will be inferred thanks to usage mining techniques, as explained in Section IV. Let us note, as part of a recently started research project, this inference process is just a first proposal to prove the feasibility of such a user model.
V. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES The CrossCult project aims at helping real users to find their way through major cities and museums while giving them the best visiting experience as regards their personal preferences and characteristics. In order to satisfy these needs, we described in this article a multidimensional user model and recommender architecture capable of taking into account all the crucial contextual features needed to produce suitable recommendations. This proposition of formalism is the first step of an on-going research. In order to experience the validity of our theoretical model, we plan to collect observations, and build a training dataset (with localization data and preferences of as many visitors as possible, along with additional feedback at the end of the visit -e. g.
The CMS detector, simulation and data samples A detailed description of the CMS detector can be found in Ref. [42]. The central feature of the CMS apparatus is a superconducting solenoid of 6 m internal diameter providing a field of 3. 8 T. Within the field volume are a silicon pixel and strip tracker, a crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), and a brass/scintillator hadron calorimeter. Muons are measured in gasionisation detectors embedded in the steel return yoke of the magnet. The CMS coordinate system has the origin centered at the nominal collision point and is oriented such that the x-axis points to the center of the LHC ring, the y-axis points vertically upward and the z-axis is in the direction of the beam. The azimuthal angle φ is measured from the x-axis in the xy plane and the radial coordinate in this plane is denoted by r.
Summary A search for a heavy scalar Higgs boson (H) decaying into a pair of SM-like Higgs bosons (hh) and a search for a heavy neutral pseudoscalar Higgs boson (A) decaying into a Z boson and a SM-like Higgs boson (h), have been performed using events recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 19. 7 fb -1 , recorded at 8 TeV centre-of-mass energy in 2012. No evidence for a signal has been found and exclusion limits on the production cross section times branching fraction for the processes H → hh → bbττ and A → Zh → LLττ are presented. The results are also interpreted in the context of the MSSM and 2HDM models.
30 The inter-and intra-observer intraclass correlation coefficients for this method were very high (0. 96 and 0. 98, respectively). 31 The reliability of this approach in the evaluation of physio-pathological placental vascularisation needs to be confirmed. Furthermore, as the 3DPD indices are all generated automatically by commercial software (VOCAL, Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis, General Electric Healthcare, Austria) using inaccessible raw data, the clinical significance of the indices is still unclear.
Image analysis All Doppler images will be transferred and stored in CIC-IT (Centre d'Investigation Clinique-Innovation Technologique), Nancy. Each 3D utero-placental volume will be analysed using VOCAL software. The placenta and its entire adjacent myometrium will be each traced with 30°rotation, and the 3DPD vascular indices (VI, FI and VFI) calculated automatically (figure  1 ). The 2D colour Doppler waveform parameters of each vessel will be noted.
Data collection and management Participant consent will be obtained after detailed explanation to patients during recruitment. An electronic case report form (e-CRF) will then be created for each patient on a secure website dedicated to clinical research (2008 Clinsight). All information related to patient and pregnancy outcomes mentioned above will Figure  1  Three-dimensional power Doppler (3DPD) volume analysis. After automated 3DPD acquisition of the utero-placental unit with predetermined machine settings, the volume of interest (VOI) is defined by manual segmentation with 30°rotation. In our study, the placenta and adjacent myometrium will be separately traced (the placenta is shown here). After tracing, the 3D VOI is reconstructed using VOCAL software and 3DPD indices (vascularisation index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularisation-FI (VFI)) are then calculated and displayed as histograms.
be noted. Each subject will be anonymized as initials followed by inclusion order. Each investigator will have an individual account allowing them to fill in the e-CRF. Confirmation of participation in this study will be noted in patients' medical records by the investigators. Patients' identities will be kept confidential. The subject code will be used for all related data (case report form, ultrasound and morphological images and undesirable invent declaration form) using the same coding rules (initials followed by inclusion order). One list only with patients' identities and corresponding subject codes will be stored in the principle investigator's file in a secure place, together with patient' consent forms. Data management will be carried out by CIC-IT, Nancy. Queries will be answered in order to solve questions regarding missing data, unreadable text, and coherence.
Study monitors will be responsible for obtaining written and signed answers by investigators to all questions. Before the database is frozen, a data review will be conducted in order to identify errors during recruiting and data input. The clinical study coordinator, study monitor and data manager will jointly conduct the data review and approve the list of omitted data. When the queries process has ended, the data manager will declare database closure so that the dataset can be sent to the statistician. The database will be frozen once all corrections required by the investigators have been implemented and all data reviewed. All ultrasound and morphological images will be anonymized and archived in the ARCHIMED database, which has been declared to CNIL (National Commission for Data Protection and Liberties; declaration number: 1410005).
The volume density (Vv), surface density (Sv) and length density (Lv) of different placental structures will be calculated using STEPanizer software. by the Bland and Altman plot. Reference data should be morphological results. The impact of ultrasound settings and maternal characteristics on 3DPD indices will be evaluated using a multivariate linear regression model. Differences in 3DPD indices and/or morphological indices between normal and pathological pregnancies will be evaluated with the t test or Mann-Whitney test according to data distribution. p<0. 05 will be considered to be significant.
Study monitoring The method of data monitoring has been established by DRI (Department of Clinical Research and Innovation) of CHRU, Nancy. A clinical research associate (CRA) will regularly visit the Nancy regional university maternity unit of the CHRU for the quality control of reported data entered in the e-CRF. The CRA will verify that the study is being conducted according to protocol and ensure that the data form contains all requested information. During monitoring, the source documents of each patient should be provided (medical files) and must be consistent with the e-CRF. The CRA will have access to the e-CRF, medical files and all other related documents. The CRA is bound by a duty of confidentiality regarding the reviewed patients' information. The risk of the study has been classified as category B by the CHRU of Nancy according to the GT5 work group of the national assembly of the Delegation of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), which is validated by the primary healthcare department (Direction Générale de l'Offre de Soins, DGOS).
DISCUSSION This study aims to evaluate concordance between 3DPD indices and placental morphology. The reliability of 3DPD for the evaluation of utero-placental vascularisation will be validated if a high correlation between 3DPD indices and morphological indices is found. Stereological analysis, which can provide three-dimensional unbiased and quantitative data from two-dimensional cross-sections, has been widely used in placental morphological analysis. When defining our 3DPD indices, we found similarities with stereological indices such as volume density, surface density and length density. Therefore, we will use stereology for our primary morphological analysis for relationship assessment; traditional morphological analysis will also be used for further physio-pathological interpretation.
As far as we know, this is the first study to evaluate the relationship between utero-placental 3DPD and morphology in pregnant women. Furthermore, the clinical use of 3DPD will also be assessed in this study. The impact of different Doppler settings, including the new SNG setting, on 3DPD indices in women with normal and pathological pregnancies will be evaluated. To our knowledge, such evaluations have only been carried out in phantoms and animal models. The homogeneity of 3DPD indices in a specific population, as well as the relationship between 3DPD and morphology with one particular setting, will be considered regarding future suggestions for clinical settings. We anticipate that our study data will inform recommendations about machine settings to provide the maximum information about utero-placental physiology and pathophysiology while minimising ultrasound exposure for the pregnant women and elucidate the impact of maternal physical characteristics such as BMI and placental position on Doppler signals.
Acknowledgements We thank  Mrs A. Willm  of  DRI  of the  CHRU of Nancy  for project monitoring. We thank  Mr E. Micard  for clinical and images data management. We thank the staff of the feto-placental anatomical laboratory, especially  Mr R. Toussaint  who kindly provided technical support for placental examination and sampling. Contributors JD participated in study design and is carrying out or will carry out recruitment, Doppler acquisition, placental examination, data analysis and manuscript writing. A-CC-L is carrying out or will carry out recruitment, Doppler acquisition and data analysis. EP-G and OM are major investigators for clinical assessment, Doppler acquisition and study design. CC is in charge of placental morphological analysis. AC is project manager. GH is in charge of statistical analysis.
Other discoveries, such as the roles of serotonin and transferrin receptors, also heralded significant progress in our understanding of normal erythropoiesis. Recently, purified cells have been characterized using "omics" techniques to determine their transcriptional profiles, epigenetic programs, and responses to cell signaling. A database dedicated to erythroid disorders has been established  18  aiming to integrate data from fundamental and translational research with data from routine clinical care. Translational research has resulted in optimized BMT protocols, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) monitoring of iron overload, improved iron chelation therapies, and targeted inhibition of signaling pathways mutated in (pre)leukemic conditions. 19.