dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Thus the Fauna Europaea database provides a unique reference for many user-groups such as scientists, governments, industries, conservation communities and educational programs. Fauna Europaea (FaEu) began in 2000 as an EC-FP5 four year project, delivering its first release in  2004 (de Jong et al. 2014)). After thirteen years of steady progress to efficiently disseminate Fauna Europaea results and to increase the acknowledgement of the Fauna Europaea contributors, novel e-Publishing tools have been applied to prepare data papers of all major taxonomic groups (see below). Most families included in the Coleoptera 2 Section (ca. 13,000 species) have been updated in the most recent release of the Fauna Europaea index, or are ready to be updated as soon as the FaEu data management environment completes its migration from Zoological Museum, Amsterdam to Berlin Museum für Naturkunde.
Adopted systematics follows that used in the first release of the database  (2004). Recent changes in family-level systematics of beetles introduced by Bouchard et al. 2011 (although not all were accepted by specialists) are foreseen to be implemented as soon as the FaEu data management environment completes its migration. For example, in Fauna Europaea the classic treatment of Chrysomelidae Galerucinae and Alticinae as separate subfamilies was used instead of the current view of Alticini as a tribe in Galerucinae, and the current families Megalopodidae and Orsodacnidae are not used, the European species being listed in subfamilies Zeugophorinae and Orsodacninae. The same is true for some other families which changed for different reasons their present-day taxonomic rank (e. g. , Anobiidae vs.
Data-papers & gap-analysis To improve the dissemination and citation of Fauna Europaea and to increase the acknowledgement of the Fauna Europaea contributors, a special Biodiversity Data Journal (BDJ) Series has been compiled, using novel e-Publishing tools, called Contributions on Fauna Europaea, preparing data-papers of all major Fauna Europaea taxonomic groups. This work was initiated during the ViBRANT project and is further supported by the recently started EU BON project. This paper represents the first publication of the Fauna Europaea Coleoptera (excl. Elateriformia, Scarabaeiformia, Staphyliniformia) data sector as a BDJ data paper. Further steps will be made on implementing Fauna Europaea in the EU BON project as a basic tool and standard reference for biodiversity research in Europe, and to evaluate the status of European taxonomic expertise.
General description Purpose: Fauna Europaea is a database of the scientific names and distribution of all living, currently known multicellular European land and fresh-water animal species assembled by a large network of experts. An extended description of the Fauna Europaea project can be found in de  Jong et al. 2014. A summary is given in the sections below. Coleoptera is the largest of the 58 Fauna Europaea major taxonomic groups, covering nearly 29,000 species in Europe [its Coleoptera 2 Section includes > 13,000 species (Fig. 1 ) and is represented by a network of more than 40 specialists (   (Bologna 1991; Bologna et al. 2008; Bologna et al. 2010; Bologna and Di Giulio 2011; Lawrence et al. 2010). Scarabaeoidea include thousands of species mostly associated with dung of vertebrates, or having rhyzophagous or xylosaprophagous larvae, whereas adults are mostly floricolous.
Some of them, like the rare but popular Osmoderma eremita, drives most of the European and local policies on invertebrate conservation biology and forest management  (Chiari et al. 2013 , Chiari et al. 2014). Other beetles are excellent indicators of quality  (Trizzino et al. 2013) , and several studies have been aimed to the use of this group as a tool for river quality assessment, for the management of lotic ecosystems  (Trizzino et al. 2015) , and for the evaluation/prediction of Climate Change's effects. Finally, the use of certain groups of terrestrial Coleoptera such as ground beetles (Carabidae) and darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) in the evaluation of the biological quality of the soil is covered by a vast literature  (Kotze et al. 2011  As shown in Table  1 , the taxonomic coverage of Coleoptera 2 Section of the FaEu database is generally good, with few remaining gaps (most of them should be filled in the next upcoming phase of data base updating, probably in Summer 2015).
Personel: The taxonomic framework of Fauna Europaea includes partner institutes, providing taxonomic expertise and information, and expert networks maintaining data collation. Every taxonomic group is covered by at least one Group Coordinator responsible for the supervision and integrated input of taxonomic and distributional data of a particular group. For Coleoptera 2 the responsible Group Coordinator is Paolo Audisio (versions 1 & 2). The Fauna Europaea checklist would not have reached its current level of completion without the input from several groups of specialists. The formal responsibility of collating and delivering the data of relevant families has resided with the below appointed Taxonomic Specialists (see Table  1 ), while Associate Specialists deserve credit for their important contributions at various levels, including particular geographic regions or (across) taxonomic groups.
Data management tasks are taken care primarily by the Fauna Europaea project bureau. During the project phase (until 2004) a network of principal partners managed the diverse management tasks: Zoological Museum Amsterdam (general management & system development), Zoological Museum of Copenhagen (data collation), National Museum of Natural History in Paris (data validation) and Museum and Institute of Zoology in Warsaw (NAS extension). Since the formal project ending (2004-2013) all tasks have been taken over by the Zoological Museum Amsterdam.
Data management. The data records could either be entered offline into a preformatted MS-Excel worksheet or directly into the Fauna Europaea transaction database using an online browser interface (see: Fig. 3 ). Since 2013, the data servers are hosted at the Muse um für Naturkunde in Berlin. Data set. The Fauna Europaea basic data set consists of: accepted (sub)species names (including authorship), synonyms (including authorship), taxonomic hierarchy / classification, misapplied names (including misspellings and alternative taxonomic views), homonym annotations, expert details, European distribution (at country level), Global.
Sampling methods Study extent: See spatial coverage and geographic coverage descriptions. Sampling description: Fauna Europaea data have been assembled by principal taxonomic experts, based on their individual expertise, including literature study, collection research, and field observations. No less than 476 experts contributed taxonomic and/or faunistic information for Fauna Europaea. The vast majority of the experts are from Europe (including EU non-member states). As a unique feature, Fauna Europaea funds were set aside for paying/compensating for the work of taxonomic specialists and group coordinators (around five Euro per species). To facilitate data transfer and data import, sophisticated on-line (web interfaces) and offline (spreadsheets) data-entry routines have been built, well integrated within an underlying central Fauna Europaea transaction database (see Fig.
3 ). This includes advanced batch data import routines and utilities to display and monitor the data processing within the system. In retrospect, it seems that the off-line submission of data was probably the best for bulk import during the project phase, while the on-line tool was preferred to enter modifications in later versions. This system works well until it supposed replacement in 2013. A first release of the Fauna Europaea index via the web-portal has been presented at 27 of September 2004. The most recent release (version 2. 6. 2) was launched at 29 August 2013. An overview of Fauna Europaea releases can be found here: http:// www. faunaeur. org/about_fauna_versions. php. Quality control: Fauna Europaea data are unique in a sense that they are fully expert based. Selecting leading experts for all groups included a principal assurance of the systematic reliability and consistency of the Fauna Europaea data.
th Further all Fauna Europaea data sets are intensively reviewed at regional and thematic validation meetings, at review sessions on taxonomic symposia (for some groups), by Fauna Europaea Focal Points (during the FaEu-NAS and PESI projects) and by various end-users sending annotations using the web form at the web-portal. Additional validation on gaps and correct spelling was effected at the validation office in Paris. In conclusion, we expect to get taxonomic data for 99. 3% of the known European fauna. The faunistic coverage is not quite as good, but is nevertheless 90-95% of the total fauna. Recognised gaps in Coleoptera includes some tribes of Staphylinidae, some minor tribes of Curculionidae, and a few minor families of Polyphaga, chiefly in SE Europe and in European Russia. Checks on technical and logical correctness of the data have been implemented in the data entry tools, including around 50 "Taxonomic Integrity Rules".
This validation tool proved to be of huge value for both the experts and project management, and significantly contribute(d) to preparation of a remarkably clean and consistent data set. This thorough reviewing makes Fauna Europaea the most scrutinised data set in its domain. Step description: By evaluating team structure and life cycle procedures (data-entry, validation, updating, etc. ), clear definitions of roles of users and user-groups, according to the taxonomic framework were established, including ownership and read and writes privileges, and their changes during the project life-cycle. In addition, guidelines on common data exchange formats and codes have been issued (see also the 'Guidelines for Experts' document).
distribution (only for European species), taxonomic reference (optional), and occurrence reference (optional). Fauna Europaea was funded by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework Programme and contributed to the Support for Research Infrastructures work programme with Thematic Priority Biodiversity(EVR1-1999-20001)for a period of four years (1 March 2000 -1 March 2004), including a short 'NAS extension', allowing EU candidate accession countries to participate. Follow-up support was given by the EC-FP5 EuroCAT project (EVR1-CT-2002-20011), by the EC-FP6 ENBI project (EVK2-CT-2002-20020), by the EC-FP6 EDIT project (GCE 018340), by the EC-FP7 PESI project (RI-223806) and by the EC-FP7 ViBRANT project (RI-261532). Continuing management and hosting of the Fauna Europaea services was supported by the University of Amsterdam (Zoological Museum Amsterdam) and SARA/Vancis.
scientificNameAuthorship The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode (http://rs. tdwg. org/dwc/terms/ The nomenclatural code under which the scientificName is constructed (http:// rs. tdwg. org/dwc/terms/nomenclaturalCode). taxonomicStatus The status of the use of the scientificName as a label for a taxon (http:// rs. tdwg. org/dwc/terms/taxonomicStatus). Download URL: http://www. faunaeur. org/Data_papers/FaEu_Coleoptera-2_2. 6. 2. zip the data set from which the record was derived (http:// rs. tdwg. org/dwc/terms/datasetName). Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status (http://purl. org/dc/terms/accessRights). taxonName The full scientific name of the higher-level taxon scientificNameAuthorship The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode (http://rs.
) version 2. 6. 2 -hierarchy Character set: UTF-8 Use license: Open Data Commons Attribution License Data format: CSV Column label IP rights notes: Data resources datasetName The name identifying version Column description Release version of data set. versionIssued Issue data of data set version. Column label Column description datasetName The name identifying the data set from which the record was derived (http:// taxonID rs. tdwg. org/dwc/terms/datasetName). scientificNameAuthorship). An identifier for the set of taxon information (http://rs. tdwg. org/dwc/terms/ version authorName Author name information Release version of data set. taxonID) versionIssued parentNameUsageID namePublishedInYear An identifier for the name usage of the direct parent taxon (in a classification) of Issue data of data set version.
Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including important synonyms) of all extant multicellular European terrestrial and freshwater animals and their geographical distribution at the level of countries and major islands (east of the Urals and excluding the Caucasus region). The Fauna Europaea project comprises about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies, which is much more than the originally projected number of 100,000 species. Fauna Europaea represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing taxonomic specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many user communities in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education. The For the Diptera-Brachycera, data from 96 families containing 11,751 species are included in this paper.
Diptera-Brachycera is one of the 58 Fauna Europaea major taxonomic groups, and data have been compiled by a network of 55 specialists. Within the two-winged insects (Diptera), the Brachycera constitute a monophyletic group, which is generally given rank of suborder. The Brachycera may be classified into the probably paraphyletic 'lower brachyceran grade' and the monophyletic Eremoneura. The latter contains the Empidoidea, the Apystomyioidea with a single Nearctic species, and the Cyclorrhapha, which in turn is divided into the paraphyletic 'aschizan grade' and the monophyletic Schizophora. The latter is traditionally divided into the paraphyletic 'acalyptrate grade' and the monophyletic Calyptratae. Our knowledge of the European fauna of Diptera-Brachycera varies tremendously among families, from the reasonably well known hoverflies (Syrphidae) to the extremely poorly known scuttle flies (Phoridae).
Introduction In 1998 the European Commission published the European Community Biodiversity Strategy, providing a framework for the development of Community policies and instruments in order to comply with the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Strategy recognised the current incomplete state of knowledge at all levels of biodiversity, a state which makes a successful implementation of the Convention difficult. Fauna Europaea was conceived to contribute to this Strategy by supporting one of the main themes: to identify and catalogue the components of the European biodiversity, with the cataloguing implemented as a taxonomic and faunistic database serving as a basic tool for scientific documentation and discovery, environmental management, and conservation policies/ priorities. With regard to biodiversity in Europe, science and policies depend on sufficient knowledge of the relevant components.
The assessment of biodiversity, including monitoring changes and ensuring sustainable exploitation, as well as much legislative work, depend upon a validated taxonomic overview, in which Fauna Europaea will play a major role by providing a web-based information infrastructure with an index of scientific names (including the most important synonyms) of all living European multicellular terrestrial and freshwater animals, their geographical distribution at the level of countries and major islands, and some relevant additional information. Fauna Europaea (FAEU) kicked off in 2000 as an EC-FP5 four-year project, delivering its first release in  2004 (de Jong et al. 2014)). This online-only version has continuously been updated, and after a further decade of steady progress, to efficiently disseminate the results of Fauna Europaea and to properly credit the Fauna Europaea contributors, modern e-publishing tools are being applied to prepare data papers on all 58 major taxonomic groups.
For this purpose a special Biodiversity Data Journal Series has been compiled, called Contributions on Fauna Europaea (see also: Pensoft News item 17 Dec 2014). This work was initiated during the ViBRANT project and is further supported by the recently started EU BON project. This paper is the first publication from the Fauna Europaea Diptera-Brachycera data sector as a BDJ data paper in the Fauna Europaea series, and further contributions should be expected when warranted by major updates. In the EU BON project  (Hoffmann et al. 2014 ) further steps will be made to implement Fauna Europaea as a basic tool and standard reference for biodiversity research and as a means to facilitate taxonomic expertise evaluation and management in Europe. The Fauna Europaea data papers will contribute to a quality assessment on biodiversity data by providing estimates on gaps in our taxonomic information and knowledge.
General description Purpose: Fauna Europaea is a database of the scientific names and distributions (at national or in some cases regional level) of all currently known extant multicellular European terrestrial and freshwater animal species. The database has been assembled by a large network of taxonomic specialists. An extended description of the Fauna Europaea project can be found in de  Jong et al. 2014. A summary is given in the sections below. The Diptera-Brachycera is one of the 58 Fauna Europaea major taxonomic groups, covering 11,751 species (Table  1 ), and the data have been gathered by a network of 55 specialists (Tables  1, 3 ). Taxonomic specialists per family for Diptera-Brachycera and their responsibilities. Expert replacements to be implemented for coming versions are given in Table  2.
The actual numbers of databased species are given per family. For most families is also given an indication of the actual number of known/described species (showing a potential information gap) plus an estimate of the total number of existing species (i. e. , described/known plus undescribed/undiscovered) for Europe. Table  2. Changes in group coordinatorship and taxonomic specialists for Diptera-Brachycera, which will take effect from Version 3.
Personel: The taxonomic framework of Fauna Europaea includes scientists from the 34 partner institutes, which together with a number of citizen scientists provide the taxonomic expertise and faunistic quality assurance and take care of data collation. Every taxonomic group is covered by at least one Group Coordinator responsible for the supervision and integrated input of taxonomic and occurrence data of a particular group. For Diptera-Brachycera the responsible Group Coordinators are Thomas Pape (versions 1 & 2) and Paul Beuk (version 2). The Fauna Europaea checklist would not have reached its current level of completion without the input from several taxonomic specialists. The formal responsibility of collating and delivering the data for relevant families has resided with the appointed Taxonomic Specialists (see Table  1 ), while Associate Specialists deserve due credit for their important contributions at various levels, including particular geographic regions or (across) taxonomic groups (see Table  3 ).
The Fauna Europaea 'Guidelines for Group  Coordinators and Taxonomic Specialists' (Suppl. material 1) include the standards, protocols, scope and geographical limits and provide the instructions for the more than 400 taxonomic specialists contributing to the project. Data management. The data records could either be entered offline into a preformatted MS-Excel worksheet or directly into the Fauna Europaea transaction database using an online browser interface. Since 2013 the data servers are hosted at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, and an updated data entry tool is under development. Additional support for preparing the Diptera-Brachycera data set was received through the numerous institutions allowing for the proper allocation of time by the taxonomic specialists.
Sampling methods Study extent: See relevant sections on coverage. Sampling description: Fauna Europaea data have been assembled by the principal taxonomic specialists based on their individual expertise, which includes studies of the literature, collection research, and field sampling. In total 476 taxonomic specialists contributed taxonomic and/or faunistic information for Fauna Europaea. The vast majority of the experts are from Europe (including EU non-member states). As a unique feature, Fauna Europaea funds were set aside for paying/compensating for the work of taxonomic specialists and Group Coordinators (around five Euro per species). To facilitate data transfer and data import, sophisticated on-line (web interfaces) and offline (spreadsheets) data-entry routines were built, well integrated within an underlying central Fauna Europaea transaction database (see Fig.
1 ). This included advanced batch data import routines and utilities to display and monitor the data processing within the system. In retrospect, it seems that the off-line submission of data was probably the best for bulk import during the project phase, while the on-line tool was preferred to enter modifications in later versions. This data management system worked well until its replacement in 2013. A first release of Fauna Europaea via the web-portal was presented on 27 September 2004, whereas the most recent release (version 2. 6. 2) was launched on 29 August 2013. An overview of Fauna Europaea releases can be found at: http://www. faunaeur. org/ about_fauna_versions. php. Quality control: Fauna Europaea data are unique in the sense that they are fully expertbased. Selecting leading experts for all groups provided a principal assurance of the systematic reliability and consistency of the Fauna Europaea data.
Further, all Fauna Europaea data sets have been intensively reviewed at regional and thematic validation meetings, at review sessions at taxonomic symposia (for some groups), by Fauna Europaea Focal Points (during the FaEu-NAS and PESI projects) and by various end-users sending annotations using the web form at the web-portal. Additional validation on gaps and correct spellings was effected by the validation office at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris. Checks on technical and logical correctness of the data were implemented by the data entry tools, including around 50 'Taxonomic Integrity Rules'. This validation tool proved to be of considerable value for both the taxonomic specialists and project management, and significantly contributed to the preparation of a remarkably clean and consistent data set.
This thorough review procedure makes Fauna Europaea the most scrutinised data set in its domain. In general we expected to get taxonomic data for 99. 3% of the known European fauna directly after the initial release of Fauna Europaea  (de Jong et al. 2014). The faunistic coverage is not quite as good, but is nevertheless 90-95% of the total fauna. Currently, for the Diptera-Brachycera the taxonomic completeness is considered to be around 93% (see Table  1 ). To optimise the use and implementation of a uniform and correct nomenclature, a crossreferencing of the Fauna Europaea Diptera data-set with relevant nomenclators, including Systema Dipterorum, is recommended, following the global efforts on establishing a socalled 'Global Names Architecture' (Pyle and Michel 2008). Step description: By evaluating team structure and procedures (data-entry, validation, updating, etc.