dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
EEG Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing Participants seated in a dimmed and acoustically shielded room at about 110 cm distance from a monitor and were instructed to fixate a cross presented at the center of the screen in order to minimize eye movements during EEG recording. Continuous EEG (57 electrodes + 2 eye channels, provided by Easy Cap) was recorded with a sampling rate of 500 Hz and a high pass filter of 0. 1 Hz by using an EEGamplifier (Brainproducts, Munich, Germany). The electrodes (sintered silver/silver-chloride) were located at frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital scalp sites according to the international (ranging from a1 to c2). AOA [foreign languages], Age of acquisition of foreign languages: the first number between brackets refers to the AOA, the second one to the self-estimated proficiency in the range from 1 to 6.
10-10 system (Fp1, Fp2, AF3, AF4, F7, F5, F3, F1, Fz, F2, F4, F6, F8, FT7, FC5, FC3, FC1, FCz, FC2, FC4, FC6, FT8, T7, C5, C3, C1, Cz, C2, C4, C6, T8, TP7, CP5, CP3, CP1, CPz, CP2, CP4, CP6, TP8, P7, P5, P3, P1, Pz, P2, P4, P6, P8, PO7, PO3, POz, PO4, PO8, O1, Oz, O2). The online reference electrode was placed over the left mastoid (TP9), and electrode impedance was reduced to <10 kΩ by using electrogel conductant. For all pre-processing steps, we used the Brain Vision Analyser Software Package (Version 2. 01, Brainproducts, Munich, Germany). Data were re-referenced offline to an average reference, filtered from 0. 1 to 30 Hz, and artifacts were corrected by using an independent component analysis (ICA;  Jung et al. , 2000)  in association with a semiautomatic raw data inspection. After data pre-processing and baseline correction relative to the -100 to 0 ms prestimulus time period, the brain responses to the first word, as well as the ISI period (central period between the two single nouns), were segmented into single sweeps of 800 ms, and data were subjected to intracranial functional connectivity analyses by using the eLORETA toolbox.
Intracranial Functional Connectivity Analyses Functional connectivity was evaluated in the same way as in a previous work of our group  (Elmer et al. , 2015)  by estimating intracranial lagged phase-synchronization and by using the eLORETA Software Package. 5  Lagged phase synchronization is a measure for the similarity (a corrected phase synchrony value) between signals in the frequency domain based on normalized (unit module) Fourier transforms; thus it is related to nonlinear functional connectivity. This lagged connectivity measure is accurately corrected as it represents the connectivity between two signals after the instantaneous zero-lag contribution has been excluded  (Nolte et al. , 2004; Stam and van Straaten, 2012). Such a correction is preferable when using scalp EEG signals or estimated intracranial signals (EEG tomography), because zero-lag connectivity in a given frequency band is often due to non-physiological effects or intrinsic physics artifacts.
Statistical Analyses Prior to statistical analyses, all data (autobiographical-, behavioral-, and EEG data) were tested for normal distribution by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov procedure (p > 0. 25). Normal The data were analyzed by using analyses of variance (ANOVA) as well as parametric correlations (according to Pearson's r). Since the cumulative number of training hours as well as functional connectivity is dependent on age  (Satterthwaite et al. , 2013) , the relationship between these two variables was assessed by using partial correlations (i. e. , corrected for the influence of age). English listening comprehension was evaluated by means of a Mann-Whitney-U test.
Syndromic surveillance at the sentinel sites The surveillance unit in the Ministry of Health was established in June 2012 with the purpose of early detection and reporting of unusual cases and clusters of disease to the Ministry of Health and WHO and to respond rapidly to limit the impact of outbreaks. The 11 sentinel sites include six hospitals, one in each province, and five health centres located in five islands in three provinces selected because of remoteness, population sizes or damage from Cyclone Pam. The population sizes in the catchment areas of the sentinel sites varied from 2600 to 15 000. At each sentinel site, doctors and/or nurses record the number of outpatient consultations each day on specially designed forms. Any patient who has one or more core syndromes has details entered into the syndromic data form along with appropriate clinical and laboratory action taken (see Table  1 ).
better appreciation from front-line health workers of the importance of syndromic surveillance; 4. a re-design of the sentinel site paper-based collection forms to record daily consultations (these data were not previously collected) and for ease in recording core syndromes; By May 2015, and based on the surveillance system that was in place, the number of outbreaks and public health events had decreased in Vanuatu to the number before Cyclone Pam. Since the introduction of the improvements to the syndromic surveillance system, there has been no formal evaluation of whether this system works for regular reports of patient consultations or counts of the four core syndromes. We therefore carried out a descriptive study in the 11 sentinel sites in Vanuatu conducting syndromic surveillance between July and December 2015 to determine the numbers of weekly consultations and.
The syndromic surveillance situational report and follow-up action The syndromic surveillance report is generated on a weekly basis from the central unit and sent in Vanuatu to all Ministry of Health cluster members, the national disaster management office and other government ministries. The report also goes to provincial health authorities who disseminate it to health centres, dispensaries and community-aid posts. An Epi-net response team then uses standardized procedures, as described in the Pacific Outbreak Manual, 10 to carry out field investigations. The syndrome data are shared weekly with WHO upon which the Pacific Syndromic Surveillance Report is generated and posted on PacNet. The syndromic surveillance reports highlight countries where thresholds for core syndromes are exceeded.
Syndromic surveillance at the central unit The consultations for one week at each of the 11 sentinel sites are sent routinely on Monday of every week to the central unit. If an alert threshold is exceeded in any of the four core syndromes at a sentinel site, the officer in charge of the central unit is immediately informed by telephone and initiates an in-depth investigation to confirm the alert. Syndromic data forms and laboratory samples, if available, are either collected by the officer in charge from nearby sentinel sites or sent to him by courier. The officer in charge then enters data for each core syndrome into the syndromic database. Data variables include the sentinel site, the name and contact details of the patient, age, sex, core syndrome, date of reporting of the core syndrome, clinical diagnosis, and, if available, details of the laboratory samples received at the central unit.
DISCUSSION This study shows that the new syndromic surveillance system in Vanuatu set up to document the number of weekly consultations and the number of the four core syndromes worked with data being collated and produced in the electronic Excel database by the central unit. The main findings were a gradual decrease in weekly consultations in the fourth quarter of 2015 compared with the third quarter, reports of influenza-like illness in the third quarter that stopped completely in the fourth quarter, and one to two cases of acute watery diarrhoea that generally continued throughout the observation period. Thirty-seven per cent of patients with influenzalike illness and 32% of patients with acute watery diarrhoea were children aged less than 5 years. An important finding was the large number of weekly consultations and yet the relatively small number of these presenting with one or more of the core syndromes.
Detailed biodistribution/pharmacokinetic studies and accurate and sensitive assessment of fetal exposure, drug accumulation and toxicity will be critical in allowing these approaches to move past the animal model stage into preclinical trials. Currently, only 0. 1% of the trials listed at Clinicaltrials. gov are in nanoparticles, mainly due to the many challenges to transition nanomedical research into a commercial product. Of the multiples barriers are the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approval process that can delay the initiation of the trial for over 2 years, patient enrolment, comparison with conventional medicine, investment as well as safety concerns. Interestingly, establishment of regulatory guidelines from the FDA, which are specific for nanomedicine and nanotechnology products, has been proposed.
Method The search term 'expression of concern' was entered in the PubMed database (N = 275 items as of May 10th, 2015) of which 123 were of some type of EoC. Only 'editorial' EoCs where selected, that is, only those entries with headings, such as 'expression of concern' and 'statement of concern' that were published by the journal's editor (N = 95) were included. Of the 95 EoCs, 3 were behind a pay wall, but only one could not be freely obtained for inclusion in the analysis.
Within industry, we included large international and small companies (until data saturation was reached). Interviews were conducted in English, French and Dutch. We took an explorative, qualitative approach because to date no thorough research has been conducted aimed at this population. Because of the explorative approach and the unique insight of this population, we opted for semistructured interviews, where the structuring elements came from our previous research findings (Godecharle, S. , Nemery, B. , Dierickx, K. (2013). Guidance on research integrity: no union in Europe. The Lancet, 381 (9872), 1097-1098). Due to the sensitivity of the topic, interviews were preferred over focus groups. All interviews were fully transcribed. The results were processed using the software NVivo. We performed a narrative and inductive content analysis.
The significance of the curriculum includes that (1) the project is funded by the Taiwanese government, but the development of curriculum, contents, and instructional approaches are guided merely by academia; (2) the needs analysis of the curriculum is carefully conducted before the launch of the project; (3) the curriculum meets mobile learning trends; (4) the curriculum designs are supported by learning theories and affection educational principles; (5) learning contents are informed by empirical research findings; (6) the curriculum follows cognitive theory of multimedia learning, and  (7)  formative and summative evaluations of each unit are conducted by educational measurement specialists based on related theories. The applications of these well-developed materials are various. They could be delivered through full-time online courses (e.
CS09. 3 What have we learnt?: The CrossCheck Service from CrossRef Rachael Lammey CrossRef, Lynnfield, MA, USA Research Integrity and Peer Review 2016, 1(Suppl 1):CS09. 3 CrossRef (http://www. crossref. org) is a not for profit membership association for scholarly publishers, which aims to provide collaborative services for the publishing industry. In 2008, CrossRef launched the CrossCheck service that aims to help publishers check papers for originality as part of the peer review process. CrossCheck works by giving publishers access to the iThenticate (http://www. ithenticate. com/) system, and when they submitted manuscripts to the system they checked against three databases of content. It is checked against web content, the CrossCheck database, which contains the content from all of the participating CrossCheck publishersnearly 700 -and a growing repository of online and offline content that iThenticate is gathering and indexing, including databases from Gale and Ebsco, and sites such as PubMed and Arxiv.
This abstract elaborates on some ideas thought to help in improving the reviewers' reports and the review process in general, which is important in promotion of research Integrity. Some of the discussed ideas are practiced at present by some journals, but not widely adapted. 1. Reviewers training to improve their efficiency in reviewing scientific literature. Reviewers' workshops (i. e. How to Review a manuscript, Reviewer Responsibilities, etc. ). Online/virtual format can be considered to reach all reviewers. Providing specific reviewer Instructions and/or Guiding Program. Giving the reviewers opportunity to browse through examples of quality reports 2. Empower reviewers with some tools to improve their reports, such as: Access to the related literature databases. Access to plagiarism detection tools.
Data and methods This research used a qualitative comparative case study design, which involved an in-depth analysis of data collected from three RECs operating in different settings (medical, academic and specialist). Data collected included a) REC documents (mission statements, terms of reference, operational procedures, etc. ), b) structured field notes from observations of actual REC meetings (two per REC), and c) semi-structured follow-up interviews with any individually consenting committee members. Portions of this data collection were based on the findings of a preliminary study, which provided initial support for the applicability of bounded rationality. There was also an openended component to data collection which was intended to allow for the organic expression of unexpected aspects of decision-making which might support alternative theoretical orientations.
In April 2013, the detail of the breach which occurred and the demographic information being recorded was expanded and the recording mechanism was improved so that data being collected could be analysed. The purpose of this was to identify commonly occurring themes and trends and identify areas of concern to undertake service improvements projects and direct future healthcare research policy development. In the majority of cases the breach was an isolated incident but patterns of poor practice were also identified and addressed with individual organisations. Some evidence of fraudulent practice was also identified. The information which was collected in the 12 months from April 2013 to March 2014 has been analysed and key areas have been identified for further improvement and development work.
These unpublished findings will also be presented. Finally, anecdotal evidence for false or revenge accusations of plagiarism will be discussed, as to how this can have dramatic effects on those accused and significant time/resource consumption by those that must respond to such accusations. Text analytics has been applied to plagiarism and grant fraud detection, but how effective has it been and what are the consequences of the "discoveries"? We applied text similarity searching to large databases, including MedLine and a database of funded grants from a variety of US Government and non-governmental agencies to identify those documents that had high levels of similarity. This resulted in several findings reported in various journals (Nature, Science, Bioinformatics). The research on grant funding overlap continues, by attempting to identify the network of publishing practices and grant acknowledgments in those papers as indicators of appropriate acknowledgement and to settle new ethics questions, specifically are PIs/authors properly acknowledging funding agencies? Additional computational and manual reviews of acknowledgements are being conducted.
To yield conclusive tests and inform specific policies, such personal accounts need to be combined with direct evidence of the problems affecting specific fields. We randomly sampled over 3000 meta-analyses from the biomedical and social sciences, extracted data from the primary-studies these meta-analyses are based upon, and thus obtained a standardized estimate of how each primary study over-or under-estimated the effect it was trying to measure. Thanks in part to the cooperation of the authors of the sampled meta-analyses, we compiled a data set of over 50,000 primary studies. Using multi-level meta-regression analysis, we assessed how the likelihood to report exaggerated, selected and possibly manipulated results varied across disciplines, across fields, across countries and how it has changed over the last century.
Research question: Retractions increased in the last decades, and recent research indicates that, in high-visibility databases such as Pubmed, misconduct accounts for most retraction notices. Several reasons have been proposed to explain this raise and the increasing number of misconduct cases in publications. However, we do not have a complete picture of the problem, as criteria to retract papers are not consistent across journals in the broader context of scientific publishing. This scenario thus calls for a careful look at retractions and at the relationship they may establish with their research environment. Although these notices may not exactly reflect the real motivations for authors to retract papers, our question is whether they can enrich our understanding of authors' motivations.
Data and methods: We addressed this question by drawing upon retraction notices issued until September 2014, made available through two major Latin American/Caribbean databases: SciELO and LILACS. Retraction notices were searched and independently verified by three researchers, using the keywords "retracted", "retraction" "withdrawal", "withdrawn", "removed" and "redress", followed by an analysis of the content of the documents. Results: Thirty retraction notes were located, almost all of which co-authored by Brazilian authors. We identified that plagiarism is recurrent and that vagueness does not seem to be prevalent, what "goes against the grain". For instance, some of the notes included lengthy considerations on the nature of plagiarism or on the reasons leading to the event. Only four notes did not state reasons for retraction.
CS25. 3 A preliminary report of the findings from the Reproducibility Project: Cancer biology Elizabeth Iorns 1,2 , William Gunn It's a common belief that research that builds upon previously published findings has reproduced the original work. However, because of current incentives that promote innovation over verification, performing or publishing direct replications is rare. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is an open effort to identify predictors of reproducibility in preclinical cancer biology research. We identified 50 high impact cancer biology articles from a 2010 to 2012 publication year sampling frame, of which a subset of experimental results will be replicated. Quality assurance will be maintained by using a Registered Reports publishing format in which peer review of experiments and protocols is conducted prior to data collection.
Research question In addition to the pursuit of education and research, universities and other institutions of research and higher education have a commitment towards the so-called "third mission" concerning service, science communication and public outreach activities. How may national guidelines for research ethics contribute to improve national systems promoting responsible research communication? Data and methods The presentation is based on written sources and documents related to the implementation since 2004 of a new performance-based funding system for the national research system in Norway. This economic discourse is subsequently compared to the ethical discourse as outlined in the Guidelines for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (rev. ed. 2005). Applying a critical discourse analysis, the aim is to emphasize that while quantitative indicators were successfully implemented for both education and research, it proved impossible to develop similar indicators for third mission activities.
CS29. 2 Overcoming publication bias and selective reporting: completing the published record Daniel Shanahan (daniel. shanahan@biomedcentral. com) BioMed Central, London, UK Research Integrity and Peer Review 2016, 1(Suppl 1):CS29. 2 The reproducibility and reliability of published research is increasingly coming into question, with concerns about publication bias and selective reporting leading to calls for increasing transparency around research data. The idea that 'negative' , non-confirmatory results are valuable and should be published is gaining increasing support, as evidenced by the widespread support for initiatives, such as AllTrials. The latest front is availability of data, with journal and funder policies becoming increasingly stringent. This is a great step forward. Ensuring that the full data, regardless of outcome or significance of findings, are available allows readers to see if the analysis and conclusions drawn are accurate for that dataset.
The EQUATOR Network was launched in 2008 with the primary goal of improving the reliability and value of the medical research literature by ensuring medical research is reported accurately, completely, and transparently. CONSORT, the first and most well-known Reporting Guideline for randomized trials has had a major impact, but more needs to be done to increase awareness of and adherence to Reporting Guidelines for the many other healthcare related study designs, such as observational and diagnostic studies. The EQUATOR Network website provides a searchable database of Reporting Guidelines and extensions, now numbering nearly 300, covering many different study designs, clinical areas, and sections of reports. A main focus of EQUATOR over the next few years is to develop educational resources, courses and tools which will embed the use of Reporting Guidelines into the research process at every stage.
Previous results from the social/human science group show that authorship is perceived both as individual challenge and group responsibility, that giving credit to others for ideas and texts is controversial, that writing must be more productive in the social/human sciences and clear criteria for collaborative authorship are yet to be established if the number of papers published and cited are to be the sole measure to evaluate academic productivity, that in claiming rewards researchers can sometimes step in the way of other colleagues' integrity. The Biology research group data are still in need for systematization.
For example, personally identifiable information (PII) that our organization is authorized to receive has been emailed to us un-encrypted, paper with PII is misplaced for several months, and non-participant data has not been excluded from our cohorts' datasets! Our Institutional Review Board has partnered with our Information Security and Contracts Departments to create strategies to reduce these risks that include 1) explicit security requirements in contracts and data agreements, 2) training of partners on data security procedures and responding to incidents and 3) procedures to protect research participant data while stored and in transmission. Our program targets three key areas of security in program implementation, starting with the contract and data agreements. We have required language built into our sub-contracts that describes the required data security procedures such as transferring data via secure web portal and encrypting data.