dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements This project received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement number  874583 -the  Advancing Tools for Human Early Lifecourse Exposome Research and Translation (ATHLETE)  project. The author  Mousumi Chatterjee  is grateful for a  Daphne Jackson Trust (UK)  fellowship. The authors would like to thank EFSA providing the food consumption databases, data owners for giving permission to use the data, and  Gerda van Donkersgoed  and  Matthijs Sam  ( RIVM ) for organising the food consumption data and chemical concentration data.
Operando Diffraction Experiment A diffraction experiment while applying an electrical bias was performed at the diffraction endstation of the NanoMAX beamline of MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, using a 100-nm diameter beam and a wavelength of 1. 379 Å. The setup of the experiment is graphically illustrated in Figure  1c. Triangular voltage waveforms varying from -V max to V max of 97 Hz were applied in 50-60 successive bursts, always grounding the bottom electrode. Structural data were acquired every millisecond on a 2D detector aligned at 2θ = 26. 60 o , which is the (111) Bragg peak of HZO. In this setup, any HZO (111) lattice parameter variation translates into a subtle movement of the Bragg peak along the vertical axis on the 2D detector. The instantaneous displacement current was simultaneously measured using an electrometer capable of detecting nA currents.
The signal on the detector image contains two contributions (Figure  1e ): a sharp central peak, which arises from the crystal truncation rod of the coherent heterostructure, and a broad diffuse intensity (along the 2θ axis) that is generated by the HZO film and relates to the lattice spacing of the HZO (111) planes (d 111 ). We followed in situ the evolution of the diffuse intensity during the application of the triangular voltage wave, by acquiring data with a frequency about ten times higher than the voltage pulses. The 97 Hz frequency was chosen to reduce the occurrence of artifacts due to the sole acquisition scheme. The measurement of repeated bursts was used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio by integrating all the images corresponding to the same voltage (this is practically done by associating to each dataset a specific time-stamp over all the bursts).
Triangular pulses of 1 kHz in frequency and 3. 5 V in amplitude were used, with a delay time of 250 µs in between each pulse. The data presented in Figure  1a  is the PUND-corrected data: the current response during the up (down) pulse was subtracted from the current response of the positive (negative) pulse, resulting in a current response that contained only the displacement current. A Keithley 4200A-SCS parameter analyzer equipped with Source Measure Units (SMUs) and a Pulse Measurement Unit (PMU) was used for the measurement. In-Situ Biasing Burst Diffraction Experiment: The operando experiments were performed at the NanoMAX beamline of the MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, Sweden. [24]  Following a synchronisation scheme developed elsewhere  [25]  beam of wavelength 1. 379 Å and a beam size of 100 nm in diameter was used.
A burst voltage scheme was used consisting of triangular pulses of 97 Hz frequency while acquiring X-ray images and current measurements at 1 kHz. A R&S HMF2550 pulse generator was used for the formation of the biasing train, and an electrometer (ALBA) was used to measure the current, while the bias was sampled with a PandABox (Quantum Detectors) acquisition unit. A two-dimensional Merlin detector (Quantum Detectors) was used, which was at a fixed position during the bursting experiment, corresponding to the 2θ angle of the main Bragg peaks of the films. First-Principles Calculations: Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed as implemented in the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP). [26, 27]  For the exchange-correlation functional, the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof formulation for solids (PBEsol)  [28]  of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) was used.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge  MAX IV Laboratory  for time on Beamline NanoMAX under Proposal 20190954. Research conducted at MAX IV, a Swedish national user facility, was supported by the  Swedish Research Council  (under contract grant No. 2018-07152 ), the  Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems  (under contract grant No. 2018-04969 ), and  Formas  (under contract grant No. 2019-02496 ). Work at LIST was supported by the  Luxembourg National Research Fund  though (grant Nos. INTER/NOW/20/15079143/TRICOLOR  (to B. M. , H. A. , J. I. ) and  PRIDE/15/10935404/MASSENA  (to S. D. ). P. N. acknowledges national nanofabrication and micro-nano characterization facilities at the center for nanoscience and engineering, IISc. P. N. also acknowledges  SERB grant  ( SRG/000285 ) and  Infosys Young Scientist Award.
We employ state-of-the-art regional climate datasets and the widely used impact chain approach to identify the different components that might drive such risks. Larger islands (e. g. , Corsica, Cyprus and Crete) are found to be more resilient to the impacts of climate change on maritime operations. Our findings also highlight the importance of adopting a low-emission pathway, since this will keep the risk of maritime transport disruption similar to present levels or even slightly decreased for some islands because of an enhanced adaptation capacity and advantageous demographic changes.
Acknowledgements This work has received funding from the  European Union 's  H2020 Research and Innovation Programme  under grant agreement no. 776661  ( SOCLIMPACT  project). It was also supported by the  EMME-CARE  project, which has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme  under grant agreement no. 856612 , as well as matching co-funding by the  Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
We provide an overview of the World Amphipoda Database (WAD), a global species database that is part of the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). Launched in 2013, the database contains entries for over 10,500 accepted species names. Edited currently by 31 amphipod taxonomists, following WoRMS priorities, the WAD has at least one editor per major group. All accepted species are checked by the editors, as is the authorship available for all of the names. The higher classification is documented for every species and a type species is recorded for every genus name. This constitutes five of the 13 priorities for completion, set by WoRMS. In 2015, five LifeWatch grants were allocated for WAD activities. These included a general training workshop in 2016, together with data input for the superfamily Lysianassoidea and for a number of non-marine groups.
Philanthropy grants in 2019 and 2021 covered more important gaps across the whole group. Further work remains to complete the linking of unaccepted names, original descriptions, and environmental information. Once these tasks are completed, the database will be considered complete for 8 of the 13 priorities, and efforts will continue to input new taxa annually and focus on the remaining priorities, particularly the input of type localities. We give an overview of the current status of the order Amphipoda, providing counts of the number of genera and species within each family belonging to the six suborders currently recognized.
Introduction The order Amphipoda forms part of the superorder Peracarida, uniting a diverse group of small shrimp-like taxa that brood their young in a pouch, with no independent larval dis persal stage. Amphipods range in size from a millimetre in length to the supergiant amphipod, Alicella gigantea Chevreux, 1899, at 340 mm body length. Amphipods can be found in all marine habitats from beaches to the deepest ocean trenches, and have also colonized freshwaters and terrestrial habitats. Amphipods are important herbivores, detritivores, micropredators, scavengers, and ectoparasites and they form an important component of aquatic ecosystems. The World Amphipoda Database (WAD)  (Horton et al. , 2022;  https://www. marinespecies. org/ amphipoda/ ) is a global species database, providing the most up-to-date classification and catalogue of amphipod species names from all habitats, and is based on published literature.
It is part of The World Register of Marine Species, a community-driven program to provide "An authoritative classification and catalogue of marine names" (WoRMS Editorial Board 2022; https://www. marinespecies. org/;  (Horton et al. , 2017; Vandepitte et al. , 2018) , which is now accepted as a global standard for marine species names  (Vandepitte et al. , 2018). As a global species database, WAD includes not only marine species, but also brackish, freshwater, and terrestrial amphipods. WoRMS (and WAD) is managed within the Aphia platform  (Vandepitte et al. , 2015)  following a successful collaborative model between taxonomists and data managers  (Costello et al. , 2018; Kroh et al. , 2018). Each taxonomic editor is responsible for the updating and curation of a taxon (or taxa). This editing process can take place online through the editor interface or, if uploads of larger amounts of data are needed, with the help of the Data Management Team (DMT).
The aim of the World Register of Marine Species is to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms, including information on synonymy and the most up-to-date higher classification. While highest priority goes to valid names, other names that have been used are included in order to serve as a guide to interpret the taxonomic literature and results in a scientifically valuable catalogue and bibliography. Each taxon page can hold a great deal of information in addition to the currently accepted taxonomic name and authority. Associated data can include, but is not limited to, the original description of the taxon (including links to the actual publication), additional references, type locality, type specimen, environment, geographic distribution and images. In contrast to many earlier web-based checklists, WoRMS has a permanent host institution, the Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, in Belgium, that is a professional data centre, collaborating with the scientific community through an editorial board of around 300 peer-selected experts from all around the world and for all taxonomic groups.
WoRMS is open-access and archived monthly with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to ensure long-term preservation of content, and is working towards full compliance with FAIR data practices  (Wilkinson et al. , 2016). This collaboration between a team of expert amphipod taxonomists and the DMT support of the WoRMS database has resulted in the generation of a freely available global database of amphipod names. This is a large dataset of more than 10,600 accepted species names (as of 6 November 2023 there are 15,897 total name entries, including higher taxa and unaccepted names), which can be used for a wide range of research and non-research applications. WAD/WoRMS can be used by individuals checking on the validity of names or conducting research on the dataset, and also by institutes and other globally important scientific databases (e.
g. , GenBank  (GenBank, 2022; Benson et al. , 2008) ; Barcode of Life Data System  (BOLD, 2022; Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2007) ; Catalogue of Life (CoL;  Bánki et al. , 2022) ; Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; GBIF, 2022); and Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS; OBIS, 2022)), which use WoRMS as the taxonomic backbone for their own databases. Beneficiaries of the information, which is often accessed through other databases that are fed by WoRMS, include scientists, consultants, conservationists, journalists, the general public, and many others. The WAD has facilitated several studies on the Amphipoda, including analyses of the taxonomic impediment  (Coleman, 2015) , species discovery  (Arfianti et al. , 2018) , global biogeography  (Arfianti & Costello, 2020) , surveys of types in museum collections  (Lo Brutto, 2017) , and genetic barcode gap analysis  (Jażdżewska et al.
, 2021). Amphipod taxonomists and others also make frequent use of the WAD, to provide or confirm information on the systematic and taxonomic status of entities from the species level and upwards (e. g. , to provide the most up-to-date list of species in a particular genus). This is exemplified by the 328 citations of the WAD to date (via google scholar) and the number of web hits for the database (800K in 2021).
History of the World Amphipoda Database The World Amphipoda Database, in its current format, arose from a merger in 2010 of the World Amphipoda List, compiled over many years by Jim Lowry, with the European Register of Marine Species (ERMS) amphipod list, compiled by Mark Costello, Denise Bellan-Santini and Jean-Claude Dauvin, and edited up until 2013 with significant additions from the Register of Antarctic Marine Species (RAMS) Amphipoda list  (De Broyer et al. , 2007)  and from other regional editors. Original Amphipoda editors within WoRMS were Mark Costello, Denise Bellan-Santini, Jean Claude-Dauvin, & Wim Vader, with Claude de Broyer as editor of the Register of Antarctic Marine Species (RAMS) Amphipoda. The north-Atlantic lists were initially compiled from  Costello et al. (1989) ,  Brattegard (1997)  and  Vader et al.
(1997). The Mediterranean and south Atlantic lists were compiled from  Bellan-Santini et al. (1998) ,  Marques and Bellan-Santini (1990; 1991), and Lopes et al. (1993). Antarctic species were compiled from De  Broyer et al. (2007). Additional species were then found in  Dauvin (1999)  and  Dauvin & Bellan-Santini (2002)  for the French metropolitan coasts, and for Arctic seas, from  Palerud & Vader (1991)  and  Vader & Bryzagin (1998). Jim Lowry had, for many years, compiled an unpublished list for his own use and to share with other taxonomists. This comprehensive catalogue extended over four Microsoft Word documents in alphabetical order by amphipod family, and was submitted by Jim Lowry to the Data Management Team at VLIZ for incorporation into the APHIA database in 2009. In 2010, the information was added to WoRMS, after which Jim Lowry became Chief Editor of the World Amphipoda Database.
A new editorial team and launch of the World Amphipoda Database (WAD) In 2012, following efforts to improve the list of deep-sea Amphipoda in the World Register of Deep-Sea Species (WoRDSS;  Glover et al. , 2022) , it was recognized that although Jim Lowry's catalogue had been incorporated into WoRMS in 2010, the database had not been comprehensively edited or updated since that time, and an entry page with an introduction to the database was lacking. The chief taxonomic editors, Tammy Horton, Claude de Broyer, and Jim Lowry, therefore enlisted 30 amphipod taxonomists to each take on responsibility for particular taxa in the database. With almost 10,000 species to manage, it was recognized that more experts were needed to share the task of keeping the database up-to-date and to enter more information about each taxon (e.
g. , original descriptions, environments, type localities, life-history traits etc. ). Particular expertise was required to cover the non-marine amphipod taxa. An independent account and enumeration of all freshwater amphipod taxa had been made in connection with the global Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment project, FADA  (Väinölä et al. , 2008; Balian et al. , 2008). The list from that project was integrated with the WoRMS database when the WAD was established. The > 2100 amphipod species and subspecies recorded from fresh or inland waters account for ca. 20 % of the total known amphipod diversity  (Väinölä et al. , 2008; Horton et al. , 2022). In July 2013 the World Amphipoda Database http:// www. marinespecies. org/amphipoda was launched and it was first presented at the 15th International Colloquium on Amphipoda, in Szczawnica, Poland, in September 2013.
A front page was created with a logo (Fig. 1 ), a comprehensive introduction to the database, and a menu allowing users to access additional information, including the back catalogue of Amphipod Newsletters, which was first produced in 1972 and is still produced annually (https://www. marinespecies. org/amphipoda/newsletter. php). By the time it was launched, the order Amphipoda contained 9329 species divided into four suborders; there were just over 200 unchecked names and 30 quarantined taxa. The first job was to deal with these, and then to add all the new taxa that had been described since Jim Lowry's catalogue had been incorporated. This was managed with the help of the Data Management Team at VLIZ and involved the addition of data from around 200 publications. Once the database was more up-to-date, focus was turned to improving other aspects (see below) and continuing to add new taxa annually.
Priorities for improvement and aims for completion The main priority of WoRMS, and therefore WAD, is to ensure that all valid species names are entered into the database, enabling users to find information on which names are currently accepted, which are unaccepted and which are uncertain (or temporary names)  (Horton et al. , 2017). Every newly input species requires data in addition to the species name and authority, and there is a priority list for entering further information on older taxa into the database. The WoRMS Steering Committee (SC) has provided priority aims for completing the database over the next ten years. These are: 1 To have at least one active editor per taxonomic group 2 To mark (accepted) species as "checked by editor" 3 To document the basionym (original name) 4 To complete missing authorships 5 To document the original description of each species 6 To complete the environment flags 7 To document higher classification 8 To document type localities 9 To document type species 10 To document all published name combinations 11 To make available at least one image per species 12 To document (the general) distribution for each species 13 To document relevant species traits Italicized priorities have been completed already for the WAD.
These extra pieces of information are critical to the usability of the dataset. The authority and date of publication must be included, and the original description is linked to the original name as a reference, but preferably also made available as a PDF. This is particularly important when adding older taxa, as some older literature is hard to find. Unaccepted names including synonyms and older name combinations are also added to the database and linked to the currently accepted name. This allows users to find the valid name even if their taxon list is old and changes have taken place (as often happens in taxonomy!). Literature references that record changes in taxonomic status are linked to the taxon page so that the user can access this information. All information entered into the World Amphipoda Database reflects what is already published.
LifeWatch Data Grants 2015 The E-Science European LifeWatch Infrastructure for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research targets different aspects of biodiversity research, and the Taxonomic Backbone of LifeWatch aims at bringing together taxonomic and species-related data and filling gaps in our knowledge, expanding the content and enhancing the quality of taxonomic databases. In 2015, five Lifewatch grants were awarded to support amphipod editors to facilitate improvements to the taxonomic quality of WoRMS and the World Amphipoda Database (WAD) through editorship of particular taxa. These included an editor training workshop for all Amphipoda editors, and four small data grants for the non-marine Gammaroidea (excluding Baikalian taxa), other non-marine amphipod families, the superfamily Lysianassoidea and the family Niphargidae.
Amphipod editor workshop Since the original launch of the WAD, bringing together the editorial team, there had not been a meeting of the editors and it became evident that the editing team would benefit from meeting physically together and having the opportunity to organize their editorial responsibilities. A further meeting was therefore planned that would provide training on how the editing should take place in a consistent manner, illustrate the methods and requirements of editing, work on particular projects and propose new analyses for the future. The workshop took place in 2015 at the Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), the host institute of WoRMS (Fig. 2 ). By the time of the workshop, the database held 9,915 valid species names. Priority editing tasks that needed to be completed were tackled to ensure that the database was an accurate reflection of the published literature, that it was up-to-date with newly published species, and that it remained the authoritative global list of amphipod species.
Non-marine Gammaroidea (excluding Baikalian taxa) Taxon data (including original name, authority, environment, fossil status) were edited for 319 taxa on-line in Aphia, and updates for a further 105 taxa  (Echinogammarus Stebbing, 1899, and Chaetogammarus Martynov, 1924)  were provided to the data management team for upload. Missing genera (Boeckia G. O. Sars, 1894, Fontogammarus S. Karaman, 1931 , Rivulogammarus S. Karaman, 1931 , Trichogammarus Hou & Sket, 2016)  were added with their respective constituent (child) taxa. Type localities and holotype specimen information were added when this information was available in the literature. Distribution and habitat information was added with appropriate reference sources linked for each taxon. Original description references as well as additional sources (re-descriptions, identification keys) were linked and in many cases supplemented by pdf files  (Mamos & Grabowski, 2015).
Superfamily Lysianassoidea The Lysianassoidea is a large superfamily that, at the time of the grant, contained 22 families, 173 genera, and just over 1000 accepted species in the WAD list (1,447 total accepted and unaccepted names). Targeted work resulted in the addition of 115 taxon names to the Lysianassoidea (54 accepted names, 21 of which were described in 2014-2016; 47 unaccepted, with the remainder being temporary names etc. ). The 29 taxa (unaccepted) without authority were checked and the authority added; 316 original names and 271 original descriptions were linked. An additional 353 edits were made to existing taxon names in the database  (Horton & Thurston, 2015).
Family Niphargidae The Niphargidae is a large family of freshwater Amphipods living almost exclusively in subterranean waters of the Western Palearctic. The original lists of genera and species (nine accepted genera; 274 accepted species) in the WAD were outdated and incomplete. The data grant allowed one genus  (Niphargopsis Chevreux, 1922)  to be moved to Niphargus Schiödte, 1949, and two new genera (Exniphargus G. S. Karaman, 2016, Niphargobatoides G. S. Karaman, 2016) were added; 111 subspecies were raised to species rank; 34 new species were added; two species were moved into synonymy. The original names for 377 taxa (species and subspecies) were documented and missing original description sources were scanned and linked  (Fišer & Horton, 2015). The authorities were completed for all taxa, and years of publication were revised where necessary.
The "Talitraits" project In 2018, a group targeting the inclusion of talitrids' traits ("Talitraits") in WoRMS met at the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Crete, for a workshop sponsored by LifeWatch Belgium, https://www. marinespecies. org/ amphipoda/talitraits. php. The workshop supported the broad vision to combine taxonomy and ecology, to allow the formulation of clear, testable hypotheses with respect to the category "talitrids" in a species-environment approach. Providing a taxonomic backbone for talitrids and related traits was identified as the crucial passage to do so. A dataset in WoRMS was seen as the first step towards this timely change, and the "Talitraits" project was initiated to support this aim. "Talitraits" thematic editors met to select a set of traits, consistent with the attributes already present in WoRMS, and sufficient to define coastal talitrids.