dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Objectives: For more than twenty years, dental practice-based research networks (D-PBRN) have helped to structure clinical research in private practice. They bring together practitioners working in several structures and may include a greater number of subjects. The aims of this study were thus to systematically explore the scientific production from dental private practices in general and to map and describe the D-PBRN activity worldwide. Data sources: Two research procedures were carried out in parallel. The first was conducted as a scoping review to examine peer-reviewed literature indexed in the PubMed database and the second was performed on the World Wide Web to identify the main characteristics of the networks (location, scientific production…). Study selection: 368 publications were identified among which 202 were published by PBRN members and the others by private practitioners not affiliated to any network.
Network and study selection The requests performed on Google search engine enabled to specifically identify PBRN having developed at least one study in the field of dentistry, whether it implicated dental surgeons, hygienists, or physicians. Were excluded the networks that 1) were not dealing never dealt with oral medicine or dentistry, 2) were not dealing with private practices, 3) did not conduct the studies themselves. The results of this search were compared to those obtained by screening on PubMed. The iterative requests on PubMed aimed to identify publications related to practice-based research in dentistry, including studies and reviews, and conducted by the networks themselves or independent teams and/or practitioners. Articles not dealing with dentistry, proceedings of international conferences unrelated to practice-based research, studies dealing with student training, publications unrelated to practice-based research, studies conducted exclusively in university hospitals, and articles published in languages other than English were excluded.
Data collection process Websites of the different networks were analyzed by one evaluator (TC) to identify all usable information characterizing their activity in the field of dentistry. This included the date of foundation, the state of registration, eventually their main fields of interest, the number of studies carried out or still in progress, the number of publications it has generated and also their sources of funding. All articles obtained during the search were first screened by two calibrated evaluators (TC and EFC) to evaluate inclusion criteria. Included publications were then assessed twice, and required data were collected using a data extraction form. The form comprised year of publication, country where the research took place, journal, network membership or not, type of study, number of participants, type of practice for the implicated practitioners, sources of funding, and research topics.
However, it is easy to understand how difficult it would be for each network to bring dentists from several regions of the world or a nation together for calibration sessions. Therefore, this must be taken into account when interpreting the results of practicebased research and when compiling data for eventual future meta-analyses. This study has some limitations which that need to be considered. There may be a small bias some approximations in the geographical places where studies were conducted because data on the origin of the main structure involved in the protocol were not always available, and in these cases we had to arbitrarily define the location as the country of origin of the first author. Another limitation is that there is also a large number of articles on PubMed that have been produced without the frame of a clearly identified PBRN.
Our strategy for selecting networks and primary studies was guided by the sole concern of the reproducibility of our research. Thus, we proceeded to a two-step search, using a forward approach: first we searched for networks, then we searched for primary studies. We did not conduct a backward search (which would have led to the retro-identification of the networks from articles) for the main analysis. The reason is that this would have led, in too many situations, to subjectively affiliate a study to a network, with no certainty (and no reproducibility). This argues in favor of a need for a better identification concerning the work produced by networks. The AZT in Germany for example seems to have an important activity; however it does not appear clearly in our network analysis. In a society where the visibility of scientific data is crucial, improving the visibility of research helps accelerate the dissemination of scientific messages  [41].
Micro-CT Follow-Up The micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis was performed with a Quantum FX µCT scanner (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA), allowing image resolution ranging from 10 to 295 µm using low doses of radiation. A 30 mm field of view was used, and the reconstruction was performed with NRecon software (Skyscan, Aartselaar, Belgium). The 3D images acquired were analyzed with Osirix DICOM viewer software (version 3. 7. 1) in multiplanar reconstruction mode. A longitudinal follow-up was carried out, with measurements taken before and after the induction, after pulpotomy and at D4 or D15 (immediately before sacrifice). Representative images are shown in Figure  1  and Figure  4. Mineralization was assessed in 3D sections of several teeth. Roots were analyzed one by one with CTAn software (Skyscan).
Acknowledgments: The researchers thank the technical staff of the  Laboratory URP 2496 of Université of Paris  involved in histology and immunohistology; all the co-authors from Ile de France region are part of the  FHU DDS Net; Arnaud Mallet from Septodont  ( Saint Maur des Fossés, France ) for his support; the support of the  French institute for dental research (IFRO) ,  Karine Bailly  ( CYBIO, Institut Cochin, Paris FRANCE ) for her assistance with the MesoScale Discovery technology immunoassay; and  Fatima Lamraoui  ( Meso Scale Discovery, Rockville, Maryland 20850-3173 ) for her expert advice.
In the anterior mandible, direct composites were planned to reconstruct the incisal edges, and a resin-bonded bridge with a one wing design was to replace the missing tooth 41. The initial mock-up was used as a reference for implant placement (tissue level implants, Straumann, Basel, Switzerland) in the posterior regions. After an uneventful healing period, digitally designed and computer-assisted- manufactured reconstructions with a cobalt-chromium framework (Coron cobalt-chromium alloy, Straumann, Switzerland) and feldspathic ceramic veneering were fabricated (Fig. 3 ). This re-established a correct vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) and stabilized the bite. Before starting the rehabilitation of the esthetic zone however, a smile proposal using an AR software (IvoSmile, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) was realized in collaboration with the patient (Fig.
4 ). This co-diagnostic session represented a discussion platform where the patient could evaluate and visualize his opinion regarding the future position, length, and shape of his teeth. The AR software allowed for projecting different teeth length, width, and color onto the patients face in real time  [11]. As the posterior restorations were already in place, the AR projection could be performed accurately, using teeth and restorations as fixpoints. The patient could modify the smile projection until he felt comfortable with the result, and an overall harmonious result was achieved (Fig. 4 ). The chosen AR projection was saved and later imported into a computer-assisted design (CAD) software and matched with intraoral scan data. Using the multiple 2D pictures including the smile proposal out of the IvoSmile app to create the patient driven design accordingly.
Study design The structured closed cross-sectional survey was developed with a modified Delphi method using a standardized questionnaire developed and pretested in Italy during April 2020  [9]. Briefly, following the Stehr-Green scale, the questionnaire was built up and structured into three domains: 1) personal data including age, gender, area of living and working, and working status; 2) dental professionals infection rate and symptoms/signs presumably related to the COVID-19; 3) working conditions and PPE adopted after the outbreak of the infection. (Appendix 2). A pre-test before the Italian survey was performed with twelve dental professionals, reaching a satisfactory Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) value of 0. 80 for each item. The protocol of the study was previously described and registered in the World Pandemic Research Network (WPRN) WPRN-486352  [10].
The number of invited dental professionals ranged from all personnel registered by the national Dental Board to members of the professional social media groups. A mixed strategy was used; direct email to individual dental professionals, invitations to participate through national dental associations and other related organizations and dissemination on social media (i. e. Facebook), so it was not possible to estimate how many invitations had been disseminated in many countries. The number of respondents and relevant demographic data for each country is shown in Table  1.
Statistical Analysis Data were exported to an Excel (Microsoft Corp. , WA, USA) spreadsheet and quality-checked to ensure accuracy, sent to the management team (GC, MDB, MGC, TGW) and transferred to STATA16™ (Statacorp, TX, USA) for statistical analysis. The raw data were added as a supplementary file (Appendix 3). Data analysis was performed centrally. Demographic data and the impact of COVID-19 on dental professionals and oral health provision were descriptively presented. All demographic data were completed without missing data. Missing data were present on the outcome variables and complete case analysis was selected as the primary analysis with no imputation  [21, 22]. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for each item. Differences in proportions were evaluated with χ 2 test or Fisher exact test if one cell had a value of less than five.
Acknowledgments The authors thank all participants of the study. Bernadette Rawyler  and  Ines Badertscher  ( University of Bern, Switzerland ) This survey did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The survey was self-supported at country/group team level. The first three authors of the COVIDental Collaboration Group had full access to all the data. Individual participant data are available as supplementary material. The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form. DB reports non-financial support and other from  Curaden AG Switzerland , outside the submitted work. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. This work was partially supported by  Curaden AG, Kriens, Switzerland and by Laboratory 'Systemic Health Care ',  EA4129 ,  University of Lyon, France. The funder of the study had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. All the authors have full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge the contribution of all the patients and trial team members at each recruitment site. Most particularly,  Sophie Lengagne ,  Eva Geraud  and  Anthea Loiez  from the  Emile Roux Hospital Centre (le Puy-en-Velay, France );  Louis Gauthier  from the  Protestant Infirmary (Lyon, France) ,  S everine Poupblanc ,  Anne-H el ene Boivin  and  J erome Dimet  from the  Intercommunal Hospital Centre of 'Mont de Marsan et du Pays des Sources' (Mont de Marsan, France) ; and  Armand Sophie ,  Caroline Gagneux ,  Adrien Didelot ,  Matthieu Pecquet ,  Marie Paul Perraud  and  Josiane Thimonier  (Cadres des services) from  Saint Joseph Saint Luc Hospital (Lyon, France). We also thank all the technicians from the  CNR  for their work. We thank  Stephane Morisset  independent statistician and special adviser.
Biodentine is a calcium silicate/calcium carbonate/zirconium dioxide/water-based dental replacement biomaterial, significantly outperforming the stiffness and hardness properties of chemically similar construction cement pastes. We here report the first systematic micromechanical investigation of Biodentine, combining grid nanoindentation with ultrasonic testing and micromechanical modeling. Histograms of nanoindentationprobed hardness and elastic modulus, comprising more than 5700 values each, are very well represented by the superposition of three log-normal distributions (LNDs). Most of the data (74%) belong to the intermediate LND, representing highly dense calcite-reinforced hydration products with on-average more than 60 GPa elastic modulus and 3 GPa hardness. The remaining data refer, on the one hand, to lower density hydration products, and on the other hand, to single-micron-sized unhydrated clinker and zirconium-dioxide inclusions.
Statistical evaluation of nanoindentation test results The data sets of hardness and modulus values, respectively, are represented in terms of histograms. For choosing appropriate bin widths, we resort to the Freedman-Diaconis rule  (Freedman and Diaconis, 1981) , 𝑏 𝐹 𝐷 𝑋 = 2 IQR(𝑋) 𝑁 -1 3 𝑖 , 𝑋 = 𝑀, 𝐻 , (9) where   = 5746 stands for the total number of measurements represented by the histogram and IQR() stands for the interquartile range of the hardness or moldulus data set, respectively. Based on the numbers suggested by the Freedman-Diaconis rule, the actually chosen bin widths are 𝑏 𝑀 = 2 GPa , ( 10 ) and 𝑏 𝐻 = 0. 15 GPa. ( 11 ) The central value   of each of these bins reads as 𝑋 𝑖 = (𝑖 -1) × 𝑏 𝑋 + 𝑏 𝑋 2 , 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑁 𝑏 , 𝑋 = 𝑀, 𝐻. ( 12 ) with   = 100 being the total number of histogram bars.
Light microscopy imaging of polished surfaces The ultrasonically tested specimens were embedded into epoxy resin, before being cut, polished, and cleaned in an ultrasonic bath. Color as well as black-and-white images of 2584 × 1936 pixels and 1292 × 968 pixels, respectively, with pixel sizes ranging from 0. 34 to 0. 54 microns, were taken by a Zeiss AxioCam MRc5 camera connected to a light microscope Zeiss Axio Imager Z1m. The images were postprocessed by Software ImageJ, in terms of a threshold-based conversion into binary images revealing a matrix-inclusion morphology.
Acknowledgments This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant  Agreement No. 764691. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of  Wolfgang Dörner  from the  Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures at TU Wien  with the preparation of the molds and the temperature chamber for the ultrasound experiments. Moreover, the authors acknowledge  TU Wien Bibliothek (Library of TU Wien)  for financial support through its  Open Access Funding Programme.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the bilateral financial support provided by  German Research Foundation: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) , Grant No. PA 837/47-1  and  French Research Foundation: Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR) , Grant No. ANR-18-CE92-0056. Moreover, the authors acknowledge  E. Voirin  and  N. Beyer  for their technical support and the  MEB-CRO  platform at IPCMS as well as the technicians of IMET for supporting with the mechanical tests.
Interventions During the appointment, the study nurse explained the study and procedures to the child and the parents and study eligibility was discussed. If the child was eligible, the study nurse collected general study information and the child was randomised, using fixed blocks in a ratio of 1:1 and stratified by centre. The study statistician generated the allocation list using computer-generated random numbers. Children were randomly allocated to either the PATCH or BUZZY group, using the Ennov Clinical® Software. For the children in the PATCH group, the lidocaine patch was applied to the puncture area for one hour before the procedure. After the consultation with the physician, one of the two practising nurses present removed the patch and performed the injection or venepuncture according to usual clinical practice.
Following the vaccination or venepuncture procedure, both the child and parent were simultaneously asked to estimate the level of pain using the Revised Faces Pain Scale. The child looked at the scale of faces and rated the pain they felt according to the appropriate face. The parent looked at the faces and rated the pain they perceived their child had felt. The child's evaluation was performed in the presence of the parent to eliminate possible anxiety if separated. If more than one procedure had been prescribed (several vaccinations, or vaccination and venepuncture), the pain was evaluated after the first one. The following data were to be recorded: Demographic information such as child and parent age, gender, ethnicity, and whether this was the first vaccination or venepuncture experienced by the child.
Also, data concerning the type of act prescribed, the administration mode (intramuscular or subcutaneous), and the anatomical zone for the puncture were collected. In the PATCH group, the number of patches used, the application time, and if the patch was applied, together with the reason if not applied. In the BUZZY group, whether the refrigerated wings were used. For both groups, data concerning other distraction methods used, including the parent's involvement, the type of distraction and the number of nurses involved were collected. The child and parent Revised Faces Pain Scale scores were recorded on separate scales. The duration of the appointment and the use of other analgesics were recorded.
Descriptive analysis of the data collected was done in the two groups. Continuous variables were described using mean, standard deviation, and range (minimal and maximal values). Qualitative variables were described using frequencies and percentages. Statistical analyses were performed with SAS® version 9. 4. A micro-costing analysis of the cost associated with preventing pain was planned. The nursing time was estimated for each group using the number of nurses present and the duration of each consultation. The results were to be presented as a differential cost effectiveness ratio.
Results From January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019, 805 patients were considered in multidisciplinary meetings; 157 of those patients were included in the study. Data were collected from April to September 2020. Of the 157 cases in this study, 27 percent (42 patients) were eligible to receive oral rehabilitation. The rate of oral rehabilitation according to the resection surgery was divided as follows (Fig. 1):  -Partial mandibulectomy: 20 patients (32%). -Total mandibulectomy reconstructed with a titanium plate: 7 patients (19%). -Total mandibulectomy reconstructed with a fibula flap: 15 patients (25%). The type of oral rehabilitation according to the resection surgery was as follows: -Implant rehabilitations (11 patients): fibula flap (6 patients; 10%), titanium plate (3 patients; 8%), partial mandibulectomy (2 patients; 3%).
Work History and Exposure Assessment Work histories (employment in industry, occupation, periods) of the patients were obtained by interviewing the patient or the next-of-kin. In Finland, the information obtained through interviews on lifelong employment history was supplemented by data from pension records and other statistics  [16]. For each case, exposure to wood dust and other risk factors were assessed for the entire work history by one to three experienced industrial hygienists who were blinded to other information of the study. The evaluation of wood exposure was carefully coordinated between the countries  [16]. Wood dust exposure estimates were subdivided by wood species and products used (softwood, hardwood, wooden boards). Frequency of exposure (proportion of annual and daily exposure periods/working times) was also estimated.
3 mg/m 3 ), low (0. 3-1 mg/m 3 ), medium 1 (1-2 mg/m 3 ), medium 2 (2-5), or high (≥5 mg/m 3 ). Quantitative estimations were based on collected national measurement data in France and Finland  [16]. A level of exposure was calculated for each job by multiplying the concentration by frequency. Probability of occupational exposure to wood dust was coded in three categories: possible, probable and definite. In all cases, the exposure information was retrospective and obtained only from patients who had developed SNC. The occupational hygienists assessing the patients' wood dust exposure were not aware of the histology results in the assessed cases. In this study, all patients with any occupational exposure to wood dust were combined into one group of patients exposed to wood dust. The comparison was between this group and those not exposed.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank  Joelle Févotte , for methodological advice and  Sauli Savukoski , for excellent technical assistance with the histology. We are also grateful to  Tero Vahlberg , for expert help and advice with the statistics. The study was possible due to earlier work performed in the EU 5  FW  project  WOODRISK  ( QLK-2000-00573 ).
Study Population This pilot cross-sectional comparative study was carried out according to the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2000 for studies involving human participants and was approved by the Ethical Committee at the Nantes University Dental Hospital. The trial protocol was registered in the US Clinical Trials Registry NCT04251650, and all participants were informed of associated risks and benefits and provided their informed consent. These participants were recruited from the Department of Periodontology of the Dental Care Center of Nantes University Hospital between May 2019 and November 2019. Patients were subjects with periodontitis, diagnosed according to the clinical and radiographic criteria proposed by the 2018 International Workshop for the Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions  [5, 6].
Clinical Examination A single qualified and experienced operator (P. E. ) measured clinical parameters and carried out the samples collection. All patients were interviewed to obtain their demographic data and medical history. All of them benefited from a full-mouth periodontal examination, including their pocket depth (PD, distance from the free gingival margin to the bottom of the pocket), clinical attachment level (CAL, distance from the cementoenamel junction to the bottom of the pock), bleeding index (FMBS) and plaque score (FMPS). These clinical parameters were assessed at six sites around each tooth (mesiobuccal, midbuccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, midlingual and distolingual locations) with a millimeter periodontal probe (Colorvue, HuFriedyGroup, Frankfurt am Main, Germany). Additionally, a radiographic examination was performed to consider the alveolar bone loss.
Cytokine Quantification by Multiplexed Bead Immunoassay The cytokine levels were determined using high-sensitivity human magnetic bead kits from Merck Millipore (St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France), as well as a Luminex ® 100TM instrument and Bio-Plex Manager 6 software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). The commercial 7-plex kits were used to analyze the sample levels of 7 cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17a) with the CIMNA platform of Nantes University Hospital according to the manufacturer's instructions. These cytokines were measured in the samples and the results were calculated with Bio-Plex Manager Software (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).