dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Information about the success of developments based on BID is limited and little data is available in order to make a comparison with the traditional innovation process. In addition, the impact of integrating biological knowledge into the innovation process must be evaluated, but no clear methodology is available, yet. However, based on the BioM Innovation Database  [22] , it can be seen that 31% of the developments based on BID were commercially available, even though no information is available about the success of these products. This means that 69% of the ideas, which were considered to be of value, did not make it to a viable product. As a result, working toward a deeper understanding of the BID process-from idea to market, including assessments-will increase its implementation and support the development of biologically inspired solutions in the future.
Materials and Methods Results presented in this article are based on interviews and business case studies. First, the BioM Innovation Database (n = 379) and associated interviews with inventors of the respective products were analyzed (n = 69)  [22]. The number of interviews is lower than the number of cases available. This is due to confidentiality or lack of information available or given in the interviews. The database was gradually filtered, which means that only the cases that provided a full set of data with regard to a certain topic were analyzed and compared. Therefore, results encompass various subsets of the database. Second, an analysis of 14 business case studies was performed at the University of California, San Diego. The case studies were identified through scientific and business literatures and subject matter experts.
The data were accessed through a variety of sources, such as interviews, company news and financial information, government and economic data as well as industry reports. The cases were analyzed in order to understand the commercialization process for BID solutions, to identify go-to-market strategies, and to examine funding strategies. The cases came from seven industry sectors: Energy, Water, Healthcare & Medical Devices, IT & Telecommunication, Built Environment, Manufacturing, and Transportation. The cases can be referenced as biomimicry cases, as its underlying methodology was used  [56, 57].
Innovation and Commercialization Process / Steps Toward Commercialization Figure  3  shows the development of BID concepts and products in the years 1970-2012, as summarized in the BioM Innovation Database  [22]. As data about the year of development were only available for a subset of the cases, 94 concepts were analyzed. The development of BID concepts, based on data from 1970 to 2012  [22] , had an increasing trend over the last decades with the highest number of documented cases so far in the 2000s. It will be interesting to see how this trend developed during this ending decade and how it will in the future. As indicated for the scientific literature, the growth of knowledge in BID is still ongoing  [1, 2, 4, 7]. Moreover, various new fields of application for BID may arise, as the approach can be shifted to systemic and organizational approaches, rather than products and processes alone  [4].
In addition, a stronger connection to other topics and disciplines, such as innovation management, circular economy, regenerative design, cradle-to-cradle design, sustainability, or ecosystem services, may expand the perspective of BID into the future. From the products listed in the BioM Innovation Database  [22] , ~31% were commercially available, ~58% were in development (prototype phase), ~8% were unpatented concepts, and ~2% were discontinued. Figure  4  summarizes the output of 95 cases from the BioM Innovation Database, with regard to resulting patents. The development of BID concepts, based on data from 1970 to 2012  [22] , had an increasing trend over the last decades with the highest number of documented cases so far in the 2000s. It will be interesting to see how this trend developed during this ending decade and how it will in the future.
As indicated for the scientific literature, the growth of knowledge in BID is still ongoing  [1, 2, 4, 7]. Moreover, various new fields of application for BID may arise, as the approach can be shifted to systemic and organizational approaches, rather than products and processes alone  [4]. In addition, a stronger connection to other topics and disciplines, such as innovation management, circular economy, regenerative design, cradle-to-cradle design, sustainability, or ecosystem services, may expand the perspective of BID into the future. From the products listed in the BioM Innovation Database  [22] , ~31% were commercially available, ~58% were in development (prototype phase), ~8% were unpatented concepts, and ~2% were discontinued. Figure  4  summarizes the output of 95 cases from the BioM Innovation Database, with regard to resulting patents.
Some of these topics are part of ongoing research, addressing for instance the relationship between inventions, patents, and bio-inspiration. The commercialization process is one of the key aspects of BID innovations. Figure  5  shows the minimum, maximum, and median time that was needed to develop a prototype and then enter the market, based on cases from the BioM Innovation Database  [22] , which provided full information about the overall process. The analyzed 33 cases can be distinguished in accordance with their fields of application  [2] , namely, (  1  Although the development process in different industry sectors and application fields varies, requiring separate analyses, we combined the cases, because the number of cases in various groups was too small to provide meaningful results.
In order to find out which process of BID (solution-based or problem-driven) was used for the development of BID products, we analyzed the BioM Innovation Database with regard to the time needed to develop prototypes and to enter the market of the respective cases, as summarized in Table  2. Most of the products, documented in the BioM innovation Database, were developed using the solution-based approach in contrast to the problem-driven approach. The results about the duration of the development of a prototype or a product to enter the market show that there is no significant difference. On average, both approaches needed approximately 1. 9 years to develop a prototype, and an additional 3. 6 years to enter the market. That there is no significant difference between both approaches may be due to the fact that some of the individual steps and tasks to be done in both development processes are similar, even though they have a different order and intensity.
Challenges of the Process and Barriers to Market Entry The BioM Innovation Database case studies as well as the 14 business cases were analyzed with regard to documented challenges. Based on these findings, we defined resulting effects and key factors for success, shown in Table  3. In the interviews resulting from the BioM Innovation Database, inventors were asked about challenges arising from interdisciplinary teamwork in particular. Interdisciplinary teamwork refers mainly to the collaboration of biologists and engineers from various disciplines (e. g. , material engineering and biomechanics). From the 56 interviews which provided information to this question, 75% answered that there were no challenges arising, and they emphasized the benefit of interdisciplinary work. However, they mentioned that common sense and open-mindedness are a necessary foundation for collaboration.
, 2000). A material safety data sheet for PFG-3480 (trade name for c-C 4 F 8 O) lists a GWP of 13 900 (100-year time horizon) and a lifetime of < 4000 years  (3M Company, 2007). It is unknown to us how these results were obtained. Information is also lacking on other potential loss processes for c-C 4 F 8 O, such as uptake by oceans and land. In addition, no atmospheric measurements, and consequently no atmospheric observation-based (top-down) emissions estimates, are presently available for c-C 4 F 8 O. The present study aims to improve our knowledge on the chemical and radiative properties of c-C 4 F 8 O relevant to determining its atmospheric lifetime and to provide the first atmospheric measurements from which we derive estimated global emissions to the atmosphere. Measurements were made on atmospheric samples archived in canisters and Antarctic firn, and in modern air from in situ observations.
Northern Hemisphere measurements were compared with the reconstructed mole fractions for that hemisphere, but were not used in the inversion. Uncertainties in the emissions are estimated using a bootstrap method that incorporates temporally correlated uncertainties in the annual values derived from the atmospheric data (see the Supplement), uncertainty in firn measurements, uncertainty of ±15 % in the calibration scale, and uncertainties in the firn model parameters through the use of an ensemble of firn Green's functions.
Infrared spectrum The infrared absorption spectrum of c-C 4 F 8 O obtained in this study is shown in Fig. 1. Over the range of c-C 4 F 8 O concentrations used, the spectra obeyed Beer's law with high precision (∼ 0. 2 %). Spectra recorded at different total pressures had identical band shapes, i. e. , the spectrum was independent of the total pressure (He bath gas) over the range of 30-400 Torr. The IBS over the spectral region 500-1500 cm -1 was determined to be (3. 21 ± 0. 01) × 10 -16 cm 2 molecule -1 cm -1 , where the quoted uncertainty is the precision of the linear least-squares fit of the data to Beer's law (Eq. 1). The absolute uncertainty in the c-C 4 F 8 O spectrum includes estimated uncertainties in the optical path length (±0. 5 %), measured absorbance (±0. 005), temperature (±1 K), and pressure (±0.
Acknowledgements. We acknowledge the station personnel at Cape Grim for flask sampling for the  Cape Grim Air Archive (CGAA)  project, which is jointly operated by  CSIRO  and the  Australian government Bureau of Meteorology. CSIRO research at Cape Grim is supported by  CSIRO ,  Bureau of Meteorology , the  Australian government Department of Environment and Energy, and Refrigerant Reclaim Australia. We gratefully acknowledge the field team and the national research programs that supported the  Aurora Basin North drilling project. Martin K. Vollmer  acknowledges support from the  Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)  within the Swiss National Programs HALCLIM and CLIMGAS-CH, and 2016 grants from  Empa  and the  Swiss National Science Foundation  ( SNSF ) for technical development and archived air and firn air measurements at  CSIRO Aspendale.
Morphometric geometric treatment. The thirty landmarks (LD) were digitized for all horses by one single experimenter (E. S. , previously trained to use this specific set of landmarks), from the photographs, using tpsDig2 software (tps software are available on http://life. bio. sunysb. edu/morph/). The files were then loaded from tpsDig2 into tpsUtil to be combined into a single file. This file was then loaded into R (version 3. 1. 2, The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, http://www. r-project. org/foundation/) to create sliding semilandmarks (SSL) and to begin the shape analysis (R libraries: ade4, version 1. 7-2; geomorph, version 2. 1. 6). SSL were defined according to the approach that minimizes the bending energy  [78]. Generalized Procrustes Analysis  [79]  and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were then conducted to visualize the distribution of the shape configurations corresponding to horse postures.
Sample description The sample included 224 respondents, (191 males and 33 females) from four different home countries: France (56), Germany (53), Korea (60), and Scandinavia 1 (57), who were assigned expatriates in New Delhi, India. They were working in multinational companies headquartered in their home countries, in general management or high technical positions, for a maximum period of four years in India. Like all the research cited so far, our focus is on assigned expatriates sent by their home headquarters to the foreign country. The respondents, on average, were 38 years old (sd=7. 5), reported 2. 16 years (sd=2. 35) of prior international experience, and had job tenure in their current position of 20. 49 months (sd=8. 89) at the time the data was collected. In broad terms, our data reflects the demographic make-up of assigned expatriates found in 10 other studies  (Shaffer et al.
Third, PLS can be used for both exploratory and confirmatory applications, since, unlike covariance-based approaches, it does not try to go beyond the data  (Wold, 1982). Consequently, PLS made it easier to explore the differences between expatriates from four different HC by comparing their path coefficients  (Chin, 2009). To test the first hypothesis, a main effects model was run and evaluated on the basis of the R 2 values 12 for expatriate TTP, the size, t-statistics and significance level of the structural path coefficients (based on 5000 bootstrapping runs), and the Stone-Geisser Q-square test  (Geisser 1975; Stone 1974)  for predictive relevance  (Hair, Sarstedt, Hopkins and Kuppelwieser, 2014). To test the second hypothesis, the moderating role of HC was assessed through group comparisons.
Moreover, the impact of individual antecedents on TTP might also depend on the characteristics of the expatriates' host culture, India. Our research refines the results of many previous studies that have implicitly assumed uniformity in the predictive power of personality traits, regardless of home and host country context  (Wang et al. , 2017). <<insert Table  4   (Lenartowicz and Roth, 2001). That is why we studied expatriates in just one major city, New Delhi. Future studies should include more countries of origin, more host countries and more respondents. Other limitations relate to our measures and data collection. The questionnaire was written in English, which, although it is the working language of expatriates in India, is a foreign language for all the respondents. The dependent and independent variables were collected simultaneously via a single, self-report questionnaire from individual respondents, at a single point in time, which may artificially increase the strengths of some relationships.
Small-scale and microdosimetry in targeted radionuclide therapy Microdosimetry has been applied in the radionuclide therapy, especially in radioimmunotherapy  (Humm 1986 (Humm , 1987;; Humm et al. 1993). Akabani et al. (2003)  carried out microdosimetric analyses for the treatment of EMT-6 lung tumor colonies in nude mice with lung histological images and autoradiography data for microdistribution and alpha particle Monte Carlo transport and evaluated survival fractionbased microdosimetric distributions. Hobbs et al. (2012)  recently simulated cellular-scale dosimetry by creating simple spheres representing marrow cavities and positioning 223 Ra on the trabecular bone surface or in the endosteal layer (Fig. 10 ). The interior of the sphere was divided into cell-size voxels and the energy was collected in each voxel and interpreted as absorbed dose cell histograms.
Visualization by PoV-Ray™ ray tracer software (Persistence of Vision Raytracer Pty. Ltd. , Williamstown, Victoria, Australia) (color figure online)   (Friedland et al. 2017 ) with 10 bp maximum distance of breaks on opposite strands; multiple DSB within 25 bp distance are not resolved and scored as isolated ones. Result for electrons taken from calculations for 60 Co gamma rays  (Friedland et al. 2019)  and later extended to nucleosomes  (Pomplun and Terrissol 1994) , 30-nm fiber structures  (Holley and Chatterjee 1996) , chromatin fiber loops  (Friedland et al. 1998 ) and chromosomes  (Friedland et al. 1999 ) as higher-order DNA structures. Nowadays, a sophisticated description of many structural DNA levels inside the cell nucleus is available for many track structure codes  (Friedland et al.
Acknowledgements Open access funding provided by  Paris Lodron University of Salzburg. The authors want to thank  Dr. Brenda Sandmaier ,  Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA  for her contribution to the generation of the tissue section images,  Dr. Maria Antonia Lopez ,  CIEMAT , Spain and  Dr. Bastian Breustedt ,  KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany , former and current chairpersons of EURADOS WG7-Internal Dosimetry for their encouragement to write this review paper, and  EURADOS  for financial support.
, 2008). Indirectly, drought can reduce water content of plant tissues upon which the insects feed  (Mattson and Haack, 1987). We used long term census data to determine the effects of mid spring frosts and summer droughts on the abundances of these insects. Specifically, we asked: (1) What is the impact at the community level on abundances following such events relative to pre-event abundances? (2) How long do communities require to return to pre-event levels? and (3) What climatic factors are linked to the observed declines? Here, the "community" consists of the leaf-chewing insects (mid spring frost study), or a subset of them (summer drought study), found on Quercus in Missouri, USA. In the case of the mid spring frost events, we hypothesized that abundances would decline in the year of the frost, and that the time to recovery would be greater for the mostly univoltine spring fauna than for the more commonly multivoltine summer fauna.
The spring and summer fauna of leaf chewing insects on Missouri oaks are each themselves quite diverse (75+ species each) but compositionally distinct, sharing fewer than 5 species  (Marquis et al. , 2019). Following the 2012 drought, we hypothesized that recovery would require multiple years, and that large-bodied species would recover before smallbodied species because of the smaller surface area to volume ratio in the former. To illustrate the impacts of two mid spring frost events, we used data originally collected to estimate impacts of forest management on biodiversity and sustainability on forest productivity during the years 1991-2010  (Forkner et al. , 2006). To explore the impact of a major drought in 2012, we used data collected sporadically on the abundances of leaf tying caterpillars prior to the drought year and then continuously through 2018 following the drought.
Mid Spring Frosts We sampled leaf-chewing insect abundance on Quercus alba and Q. velutina for the years 1991-2010 as part of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP), located in southeastern Missouri. The MOFEP experiment consisted of three treatments (control, uneven-aged management, and evenaged management) applied at the landscape scale, with three replicates ("plots") per treatment, each replicate ∼400 ha in size. We present data here only from control plots, which were not directly impacted by local forest management activities. See  Brookshire et al. (1997)  and  Sheriff and He (1997)  for more detailed descriptions of the experimental design. Methods and results based on insect sampling in the MOFEP are presented in detail in previous publications  (Forkner and Marquis, 2004; Forkner et al.
Statistical Analysis To estimate the time to recovery after the two spring freezes and the 2012 drought, we calculated the 95% confidence intervals for each census. We concluded that when the confidence interval for the insect abundance in a particular post-event year did not overlap with the 95% confidence interval for the most immediate pre-event year, recovery to "normal" had yet to take place. For the leaf tying caterpillar data set, body size (average adult body length measured on 10 reared adults) was correlated with the number of years passing before a species was recorded post-drought. We followed the lead of  Augspurger (2013)  in seeking weather variables linked to declines in insect abundance for the MOFEP over the 1991-2010 period (see also  Story and Congalton, 1986). Augspurger (2013)  found that the magnitude of leaf freeze occurring in Trelease Woods, ∼480 km to the northeast of MOFEP, was most strongly linked to the number of days >20 • C in March, in combination with the number of days experiencing <0 • C in April.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank numerous undergrad and graduate students at the  University of Missouri-St. Louis  for help with insect sampling. In addition to the many students, we thank  F. DiTirro ,  N. Greig ,  J. McGrath , and  G. Wang  who all helped with data collection. R. Jensen helped with logistics on the ground in MOFEP, and  B. Schuette  did the same at  CRSP. Patrick Guinan  provided information on the  NCEI  climate data base, and  V. Redensek  and  S. Bahar  provided many helpful suggestions regarding climate data analysis. The  Missouri Department of Conservation , the  USDA , and the  National Science Foundation  provided funding. The  Missouri Department of Natural Resources  provided access to  Cuivre River State Park , and  Washington University  gave us access to the  Tyson Research Center.
Among 1,283 PAH patients, 738 (58%) received anticoagulation (VKA for 93% of them). The use of anticoagulant therapy was associated with a better three-year survival in patients with PAH, except in those with PAH associated to scleroderma. Of note, the results were confirmed in patients with idiopathic PAH, in a match-pair analysis built with a propensity score. The role of important confounding factors in these last results remains unclear, like the presence of comorbidities that could have directly influenced the anticoagulation prescription, and an "immortal time" bias (patients were classified in the anticoagulation group whatever the time of initiation and/or the duration of anticoagulant treatment). On the other hand, the REVEAL registry did not find any survival benefit of anticoagulant therapy in their dataset of US patients  [27].
The major bleeding hazard ratio was 2. 7 (p=0. 036) for anticoagulated PAH patients versus PAH control patients. Interestingly, HAS-BLED equal or superior to 3, history of prior bleeding, poor anticoagulation control, number of concomitant medications were associated with an increased risk of major bleeding  [30]. Like Henkens' study, Roldan's work may be biased by retrospective design. One prospective multicenter cohort is on-going (NCT02800941)  [31]. Moreover, the risk/benefit ratio of VKA highly depends on the quality of anticoagulation, which is usually assessed by the time in the therapeutic range (TTR). In a retrospective bicentric analysis, Roldan et al. found that anticoagulation control was poor in a cohort of 121 patients with PAH  [30]. The mean TTR was 57%. Receiving a combination therapy for PAH was associated with a poorer control in the anticoagulant therapy (effect on TTR: -11.
DOAC safety in PH However, DOAC safety in PH patients is unclear. DOACs have not been evaluated in the context of PH and the favorable risk/benefit ratio found in AF and VTE patients may be compromised by several pitfalls  [29]. First, DOACs are available at several dosages, each of them having been evaluated for the distinct risk periods in VTE  [12] : a higher dose for the initial therapy (for rivaroxaban and apixaban), a regular dose for the maintenance therapy, and a reduced dosage for the extension therapy (for rivaroxaban and apixaban). The efficacy of reduced dose to protect patients at high risk for recurrent VTE is currently under investigation (NCT03285438)  [41]. It is unclear whether reduced dosage is efficient in patients with PH. Interestingly, DOACs pharmacology is characterized by a bioaccumulation risk, risk associated to conditions which have been excluded from most of AF and VTE trials.