dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Climate The climatic response concomitant with the AMOC collapse has already been described in detail in  Kageyama et al. (2009) (comparison between  LGMb (= ON ctrl) and LGMc (= ONtoOFF grad)). We briefly recall here the main features of the response in the mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. The collapse of the AMOC in ONtoOFF grad leads to a typical bipolar see-saw, with cooling of the Northern Hemisphere and warming of the Southern Hemisphere (Fig. 2a ), as simulated with other models (e. g. Claussen et al. , 2003; Kageyama et al. , 2010)  and in broad agreement with data for stadials (see the review by  Voelker, 2002). The strongest temperature anomalies in ONtoOFF grad compared to ON ctrl are found over the Atlantic ocean. The mean annual surface air temperature at the end of ONtoOFF grad compared to ON ctrl is decreased by more than 5 • C South of Iceland, and by about 4 • C in the mid-latitude North Atlantic.
Three states are used in the analysis: 1-able to perform all ADLs, 2-unable or in need of help to perform one or more ADLs, and 3-deceased. For every observation, disability status is known at the rst wave. If people are interviewed only once and no other information is known, they will not be included in the estimate without imputation: missing data at the second wave are automatically dropped out by IMaCh. In order to reduce the bias due to the attrition, missing data for individual known to be alive in the second wave, but not interviewed, were assigned through CART as explained in detail in section 2. 2. 1. In ve cases death was recorded by the interviewer, but no information was available by vital statistics. In this cases individuals have been coded as deceased.
The probabilities of transition are then parameterized using the following logistic multinomial logit: ln p x ij p x jj = α jk + β jk x j = k (2) The software IMaCh is able to provide standard errors for the estimated parameters, which are then used to derive standard errors for the life expectancies implied in the transition probabilities. This is an important characteristic which allows for the assessment of whether results are statistically meaningful. On the basis of transition probabilities estimates, IMaCh provides the so-called period (or stable) prevalence, which can be interpreted, analogously to the stationary population of a life table, as the proportion of the disabled amongst the survivors of successive ctitious cohorts, subject to the ows of entry on disability and recovery observed in the period under examination.
In structures 07/55 C1 and 09/69 C1 the presence of unburnt cranium, mandible as well as hyoid fragments may suggest that the cattle head was placed in the structure with soft tissues still attached. Differences in the frequency of burning were recorded also between cattle and ovicaprines when present in the same structure in significant numbers, as well as sometimes between the corbeille and the associated external stele. Considering the available faunal data it is clear that, although with some variability and few exceptions, the ritual in this region was quite standardized. In most contexts domestic cattle played the main role with ovicaprines representing only a secondary species, as also suggested by the different treatment of the two animals (e. g. , frequency of specimens, skeletal element representation, age, burning).
; 1 of Ovis vel Capra), while 4 teeth were selected from the Edeyen of Murzuq (MQ, respectively 2 of Bos taurus; 1 of Ovis vel Capra; 1 of Hippopotamus amphibius), and 1 from the Erg Uan Kasa (UK, Bos taurus). For strontium isotope analysis we collected 8 further specimens of terrestrial shells (Pupoides hogarensis) from the stone structures in the Messak: bulk readings could provide a measure of the local Sr isotope signature. While terrestrial shells are good indicators of the local geology, their association with the structures remains uncertain thus data should be considered with caution. Three samples of carbonate concretions from the nearby wadis were also collected. Bulk analysis of modern animal teeth from other areas (respectively 3 modern goat teeth-leftovers provided by local-from the area of Mathendous in the Messak and 2 teeth of Ammotragus lervia from carcasses found during our surveys in the Acacus Mountains) was performed as a further proxy of the local geology (see Fig.
A relatively more intense frequentation around these two structures is signalled by the Plantago+Urtica sum (8. 0-7. 4%, respectively). In structure 07/79 C1, sample mc3 contains a very high amount of Rumex cyprius/vesicarius and, just below, sample mc2 shows the highest diversity of seeds/fruits in these deposits. In this monument, a special consideration for this plant is confirmed, though also other plants were collected. On the basis of these data some palaeo-ethnobotanical inferences can be drawn. Burials have specific features that make their archaeobotany fairly different from that of settlements. Sometimes, distinctive pollen assemblages witness floral depositions and rituals, and mixed pollen spectra could reveal subsequent input of terrigenous material in burials e. g. ,  [79]. According to  [80] , these contexts are particularly hard to interpret since samples  can include pollen and plant remains from different sources (floor context, objects lain on the floor, stomachs, hairs, etc.
Methods During the desktop phase, available and published data on stone monuments were entered in a GIS platform, in order to perform analysis on Landsat satellite imagery, together with highresolution spots (Quickbird; Google Earth ß). In particular, we targeted the corbeilles ('baskets'): circular platforms with slabs obliquely set around their external perimeter often with an associated standing stone. They appeared to be in spatial connection with rock art concentrations  [44] , with early excavations revealing their function as favoured loci for the deposition of cattle  [33]. In the field, we focussed on a specific region, the northern Messak Settafet (Figs. 1  and 4 ). Survey was carried out on foot with sampling kept to the minimum. Areas of particular relevance were mapped by means of Differential GPS and ETS (Electronic Total Station) with the aim of creating 3D terrain models (DTM).
Acknowledgments The research has been carried out within the activities of The Archaeological Mission in the Sahara,  Sapienza University of Rome  and the  Department of Archaeology (DoA) ,  Tripoli , directed by SDL. We thank  Dr S. Agab , DoA chairman and the staff from Tripoli, Sebha and Ghat: in particular  B. Galgam ,  M. Turjman ,  A. Khalfalla ,  M. Denda. We are profoundly indebted to Axel and  Anne-Michelle Van Albada  for advice and help. We thank  M. Cremaschi  for providing faunal samples from Murzuq. We thank  S. AbdulAziz ,  F. Del Fattore ,  A. Felici ,  A. Jamali ,  M. Massussi ,  L. Mori  and  D. Zampetti  for helping during field survey and excavations. Many thanks to  I. Massamba  N'siala who surveyed the vegetation of the Messak area, and to  R. Rinaldi  for her help on plants identification.
The study was approved by the National Data Protection Boards and ethical committees in all participating countries. Data collection. Cases diagnosed before June 2006 (Norway: December 2007) and corresponding controls were included retrospectively. All other cases were included prospectively. A structured personal interview was performed with the child and one or preferably both parents by a trained interviewer during the time period 2006-2009. For ethical reasons, the interview was conducted at least 6 months after the date of diagnosis. Questionnaire translations were validated and pilot tested in all participating countries. Variables and analysis strategy. We used the following variables as measures of social contacts and of exposure to infectious disease: living with other children before 6 years of age of index child (yes/ no); birth order (1st born/41st born); attending daycare in first year of life (yes/no) and before 6 years of age(yes/no); attending baby groups (at least once a week) within the first year of life (yes/ no); mean number of days where child's general condition was appreciably affected by infectious disease (once or less per month, 2-3 days per month, 4 days or more per month) at different ages (o1, 1-o3, 3-o6 years), calculated as a weighted average of answers provided per semester for the first 3 years of life and for the next 3 years of life combined (see Supplementary Appendix 1 online).
We estimated infections in the first 6 years of life from selfreport (infectious calendar developed for the purpose of this study, see Supplementary Appendix 1 online). Accurate recall of infectious episodes is, however, demanding  (Schmidt et al, 2010)  and laypersons may have difficulty in separating sick days due to infection from sick days for other reasons. Furthermore, case parents may have over-reported exposure, in an attempt to provide an explanation for the disease of their child; if so, one might expect them to do this for all age periods in the questionnaire, but inspection of the data for the most sick children showed no clear evidence of such an effect (data not shown). Alternatively, one could speculate that case parents might under-report sick days, as infections may be trivial compared with the later burden of having a child with a cancer diagnosis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Danish part of the CEFALO study was supported by the  Danish Strategic Research Council  (Grant numbers  2103-05-0006  and  2064-04-0010 ). This particular part on social contacts and infections was funded by the  Danish Childhood Cancer Foundation. The Swedish CEFALO study was supported by grants from the  Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research  (Grant numbers  2004-0504  and  2007-0224 ), the  Swedish Research Council  ( K2008-70X-15366-04-3 ), the  Swedish Cancer Society  ( 09 0666 ), the  Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation  (Grant numbers  PROJ06/050  and  PROJ09/086 ) and the  Swedish Radiation Protection Authority  ( SSI P 1572 ). The Swiss part of the CEFALO study was supported by the  Swiss Federal Office of Public Health  (Grant number  05. 001626 ), the  Swiss Research Foundation on Mobile Communication  (Grant number  A2006.
Participating cohorts and inventory A detailed description of the cohorts included in the ENRIECO project has been published elsewhere  [5]. In brief, cohorts were included in an inventory if they a) collected data on at least one of the following exposures: air pollution, water contamination, allergens and microbial agents, metals, pesticides, POPs, other chemical pollutants, noise, and radiations; b) started enrolment of mothers into the cohort during pregnancy or at birth; c) included in their protocol at least one follow-up point after birth with direct contact with mothers and children; d) included at least 200 mother-child pairs; and d) were based in a European country. Between March 1, 2009 and February 15, 2011 37 different European birth cohorts (counting the cohorts of the Faroes, the old and the new INMA cohorts as one cohort each) completed inventory questionnaires with detailed information on the study protocol, exposure and health outcome assessment  [5].
Ultraviolet (UV) •Only six cohorts are collecting UV-related data through questionnaire questions on sunburn in children, use of sun beds during pregnancy, and time spent outdoors. •None of the cohorts collect data on maternal and child skin type, sunscreen use, or clothing. •Standard questionnaires are not available. monitoring. Information on environmental monitoring for assessment of allergen and microbial exposures is provided in Additional file 1: Table  S3. Sometimes, biomonitoring and/or environmental monitoring were performed in addition to questionnaires to assess SHS exposure (Additional file 1: Table  S4 ). Exposure to metals, POPs and other chemicals such as phthalates and phenols was mainly assessed by means of biomonitoring. More detailed information has been published elsewhere  [5] [6] [7].
Coverage of different exposure assessment methods Exposure data was generally available for the vast majority of the study participants if exposure was assessed by means of exposure modeling, questionnaires, routinely collected data or a combination thereof (see e. g. www. enrieco. org). Biomonitoring was sometimes performed in addition to other methods (e. g. for assessment of exposure to water contaminants, smoking and SHS exposure) usually in small subsets of the study population for validation purposes (Additional file 1: Tables  S4  and S6 ). Also for other exposures such as metals, POPs, phthalates and phenols, where exposure assessment largely relied on biomonitoring, biomonitoring was often restricted to subsets of the cohorts due to the costs involved (Additional file 1: Table  S6 ).
As an example, a challenge of the case study on POPs  [6]  was the development of conversion factors to facilitate combined analyses with persistent organic pollutant measurements performed in different media. Collaborative studies performed within the EU-funded CHICOS project (www. chicosproject. eu) currently build on these experiences. Both, existing collaborative studies as well as our recommendations regarding future metaanalyses and/or pooled analyses within the European birth cohort studies, so far, were very much focused on the study of one exposure at a time. Possible interactions between different exposures are of course of major interest as environmental exposure is not limited to a single agent and basically all cohorts have data on multiple exposures. Limited statistical power of single cohort studies is a much bigger issue in the study of interactions between exposures than in one-agent-at-a-time studies, resulting in an even greater need for collaborative studies here.
The main reasons for collaboration between population studies are replication, studying heterogeneity, and increasing statistical power to study small relative risks, rare events and/or complex interactions. Apart from subject-matter specific recommendations, progress can only be achieved with further harmonization of methods, including those for environmental exposure assessment. The ENRIECO project shows the potential as well as the limitations to use data from existing, locally funded studies for this. Assuming that the majority of future studies will continue to be locally designed and funded, there is a need to periodically review methods for exposure assessment as they become available. Investigators and funding agencies can then make use of this information to choose methods.
The algorithm was also stopped once greater than 5,000 iterations were performed. In MDS, points are related in a low-dimensional Euclidean space  [57] , with data spatially projected by regression methods admitting non-linearity. The use of MDS in the present study, thus, complements the PCA test. A canonical variate analysis (CVA) was also used (see Appendix S1). CVA focuses on data grouped into K classes by transforming original variables into canonical variables defined by square distances between the means of the groups obtained by Mahalanobis's D 2. This is scale invariant. CVA produces a higher degree of separation between the group means than either PCA or MDS  [58]. In CVA, biplot axes are determined by the group means. Analyses were performed in R. Graphic display of PCA and MDS tests were carried out with biplots using the R library ''BiplotGUI''.
Bivariate display of AP and ML measurements was produced with the ''ggplot2'' R library. Graphic display of multiple correspondence analysis biplot with categorical variables for femora was conducted with the UBbipl R library  [59]. For the analysis of the OH 80-12 femur specimen, measurements were taken directly on the proximal shaft, which exhibits a section slightly inferior to the missing lesser trochanter, and on the mid-diaphysis thanks to the natural breaks exposing these sections. In addition, after restoration of the bone, CT scanned sections were taken at the mid-diaphysis section. Average estimates after six repeated measurements were taken in each case, first with digital calipers and then with image software (IQ View Pro 2. 6. 0). Geometric section properties were obtained from biplanar external and cortical breadths using an Eccentric Ellipse Model  [60].
The ITC France Wave 1 Survey was conducted just before the Phase 1 smoking ban was implemented in workplaces and other public venues in February 2007. The cohort was recontacted for the Wave 2 Survey after Phase 2 of the smoking ban. The Wave 3 Survey was conducted approximately 5 years after the ban in hospitality venues and 6 years after the workplace ban to provide an evaluation of the longer term impacts of the smoking ban and other policies. The effectiveness of the smoking ban in France has been reported in the literature based on ITC France Wave 1 (pre-ban) and Wave 2 (post-ban) data  [16] [17] [18]. However, the long-term effectiveness of smoke-free legislation in France has not yet been reported. Moreover, the post-ban effects from the perspective of non-smokers have not been reported before, as other studies have compared France with other countries that did not include a sample of non-smokers in their ITC Survey  [16] [17].
Analyses Sampling weights were rescaled to population totals based on the prevalence of smoking in France. These inflated weights were then rescaled to the total number of smokers and non-smokers in the sample. Logistic regression models for longitudinal data (generalized estimating equations or GEE) were used to analyze differences in the measure of interest across waves. An unstructured within-group correlation matrix was used in the modeling to account for within-subject correlation. All of the models simultaneously controlled for gender, age at recruitment (categorized as 18-24, 25-39, 40-55, and 55+), wave, and smoking status (smoker vs. non-smoker). It has been documented that respondents who are newly recruited may vary in their responses compared to those who have completed one prior wave, who may vary from those who have completed two prior waves, and so on  [25] [26] [27].
We exploit the Senegalese data to investigate the determinants of hiring channel choice and wage differentials imputable to the hiring channel. 31 http://www. izajold. com/content/2/1/3 A fundamental concern undermines the analysis: is the hiring channel choice exogenous to unobservable determinants of wage? If hiring channel and salary share some unobservable determinants, sample selection 32 biases the estimation of coefficients. If for instance less able individuals are more likely to be hired through social networks than through formal channels and therefore receive lower wages ceteris paribus, then failing to control for this correlation would yield biased estimates of the impact of hiring channel on wages. Besides the potential sample selection bias, a further concern is that the hiring channel may have an indirect impact on the salary through the standard wage determinants.
Acknowledgements We thank for constructive and insightful comments anonymous referees, participants at IARIW, AFSE, DIME, ADRES, and  EEA conferences, Bicocca and OECD Development Centre seminar, IZA  and GREQAM summer schools, and  J. P. Azam ,  S. Avouyi-Dovi ,  R. Berlinschi ,  P. Dubois ,  G. Fields ,  G. Friebel ,  J. Y. Lesueur ,  M. O. Jackson ,  E. La Ferrara ,  M. Gilli ,  J. Miquel-Florensa ,  J. Ortega ,  L. Pagani ,  F. Portier ,  R. Rathelot ,  F. Salanié ,  P. Seabright ,  N. Treich ,  G. Verdugo , and  Y. Zenou. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their institutions. Responsible editor:  Jackline Wahba  Received: 2 October 2012 Accepted: 24 February 2013 Published: 29 April 2013.
Acknowledgements The editors would like to thank the translators,  Joseph P. Elacqua ,  Gaynor Sekimori ,  Jon Morris , and  Dylan Luers , not only for their timely translations, but also for providing supplemental information that is helpful for the English or Western reader. Finally, the guest editors would like to address their thanks to the editorial staff and advisory board of the JJRS for their support and patience throughout the preparation of this special issue. references in japanese.
Considering these answers, groups of participants as heterogeneous as possible were built to obtain maximum variation sampling. Each focus group included younger and older, more experienced physicians, male and female, from both urban and rural areas. The focus groups had to gather six to twelve people, recruitment stopped when the number of participants was in this range. Anti-vaccination physicians were excluded from this selection. As they did not participate to vaccination campaign, they would not have been able to bring any interesting information to this study. Vaccination schedule modification would have little or no consequences on a non-vaccinating physician's practice. To test data saturation of focus groups (a situation in which data has been heard before), individual semistructured interviews were conducted with GPs who could not participate in focus groups, which completed the focus groups' results.
Results Four focus groups and four individual interviews, involving 45 physicians, were carried out. Data saturation was reached after four focus groups, and the four individual interviews did not bring any additional themes or sub-themes. The selection process resulted in a heterogeneous study population. The characteristics of the participants are summarised in Table  2. Each quote is the comments expressed by one physician, although they can be agreed, moderated or disproved by the other participants. Each quote was chosen because it best represents recurring ideas arising from discussions.
Acknowledgements We express our gratitude to all the general practitioners who took part in the study. We thank the Editor in Chief and the two reviewers for helpful comments and remarks. We thank the members of the French association of ambulatory paediatrics, who also took part in the study. We also thank the members of university group of French qualitative medical research (GROUM. F). In particular, we thank  Drs I. Auger-Aubin ,  M. David ,  F. Dumel  and  A. Mercier  for animating focus groups.
Background: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies -Depression scale (CES-D) is a validated tool commonly used to screen depressive symptoms. As with any self-administered questionnaire, missing data are frequently observed and can strongly bias any inference. The objective of this study was to investigate the best approach for handling missing data in the CES-D scale. Methods: Among the 71,412 women from the French E3N prospective cohort (Etude Epidémiologique auprès des femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale) who returned the questionnaire comprising the CES-D scale in 2005, 45% had missing values in the scale. The reasons for failure to complete certain items were investigated by semi-directive interviews on a random sample of 204 participants. The prevalence of high depressive symptoms (score ≥16, hDS) was estimated after applying various methods for ignorable missing data including multiple imputation using imputation models with CES-D items with or without covariates.