dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Results Descriptive statistics were calculated for the range of parameters (Table  4 ). Recorded acute gastroenteritis cases and rates were much higher at the French locations due to differences in surveillance methods. Air temperatures represent daily averages in France and daily maxima in Spain (Table  3 ). The maximum amount of missing data was 2. 3% for weather records at location 1. For sensitivity analyses, cleaning of online sensor datasets to remove periods of suspected plant shutdowns and sensor failures at location 3 resulted in a further loss of about 6% of the turbidity data and about 4% of the free chlorine data. At location 3, free chlorine daily averages and daily minima showed very little variation, while raw water turbidity and river flow at location 5 varied widely. When all-causes acute gastroenteritis rates were graphed over time, seasonal winter peaks were apparent in France (locations 1 and 3), likely due to person-to-person norovirus transmission (Figs.
1  and 2 ). Both French locations revealed some tapering off of seasonal peaks in later years of the dataset. Rates at location 5, in contrast, appear to increase over time (Fig. 3 ). Seasonal patterns are less apparent, potentially due to the different public health surveillance methods (lower resolution monthly hospital cases in Spain versus higher resolution daily prescription monitoring in France) and/or the milder climate in Spain (higher and less variable temperature range). Where daily data were available, univariable testing of lag times up to 15 days prior to case reporting showed some significant single-lag relationships for all examined variables prior to introduction of control variables, using the adaptive Holm procedure for p-value adjustment (Table  5 ). In comparison to location 3, stronger multiday relationships between hydrological parameters (related to precipitation, runoff, and flow) and acute gastroenteritis were seen at location 1, where the surface water supply is directly influenced by weather events and alternate water sources are not used.
Sensitivity testing When examining sensitivity to suspected plant shutdowns and sensor failures, the full dataset seemed to offer a better approximation of the exposures of interest. Including all turbidity data improved significance of the exposure variable but increased model deviance. Using the cleaned dataset for location 3, the turbidity variable of interest (15-day moving average of daily maxima with 6% missing data) was not significant (p = 0. 120). More influence shifted instead to the control variables, while decreasing model deviance. The cleaned chlorine data set was not ultimately used; this variable was excluded from the final model due to suspected multicollinearity with turbidity. Sensitivity tests altering the antecedent dry period at location 1 resulted in a non-significant flush indicator (β = 0.
g. , source water types, treatment approaches, cultural factors) varied among locations. Despite concerns about low-resolution public health surveillance data in Spain, location 5 yielded the longest-running eleven-year dataset and the model benefited from matching the health data with high-resolution water quality data (i. e. , central tendencies calculated from hundreds to thousands of measurements per month). Models revealed a number of significant explanatory variables, albeit with slightly less statistical confidence (Table  6 ), demonstrating the potential value of time series models over a range of time scales  (Bhaskaran et al. , 2013). Hospital records of acute gastroenteritis may be common in public health surveillance data in other high-income nations, making location 5 a potentially useful and transferable case example for risk assessment.
WSP implementation status The role of WSP implementation differed among locations. The before period at location 5 could not be modeled due to data paucity. Still, the increase in acute gastroenteritis rates previously noted among adults  (Setty et al. , 2017)  combined with the significant associations between drinking water related exposures and health outcomes found in this study recommend additional attention to risks such as precipitation events and turbidity peaks. At location 1, a protective association between heavier precipitation and health outcomes appeared following WSP implementation, suggesting treatment improvements (e. g. , ultrafiltration installation in 2010 or variable coagulant dosing) have been effective. When time periods were examined individually at location 3, the relationship between turbidity and acute gastroenteritis appears to have weakened in the post-WSP period, perhaps due to the role played by more consistent lower limits for chlorine.
Acknowledgments The authors appreciate the contributions of all personnel who collected data used in this study. Special thanks extend to the manuscript reviewers, as well as  Pascal Beaudeau  and  Catherine Galey  from  Santé Publique France  for providing public health surveillance data in France and aiding in interpretation. Suez, the  Seine River Basin Agency  (AESN; specifically  Véronique Lahoussine ), the  US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences  (grant  T32ES007018 ), and  UNC Chapel Hill's Royster Society of Fellows and Center for European Studies generously  provided financial support for this study. Statistical support was provided by the  Odum Institute at UNC Chapel Hill.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinscha  (grant  Fi-502/23-2 ). H. B. is grateful for a PhD scholarship donated by the  German Chemical Industry Fund. We thank  Prof. T. Marder  and his co-workers at the  Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg and Linden CMS GmbH  for support in mass spectrometry. The  GENCI French national computer resource center  is acknowledged (grant  x2016-087367 ). F. G. thanks the  Région Bretagne  for a  PhD studentship grant  ( ARED NANOCLU 9334 ).
Blood analysis. Blood was collected by retro-orbital puncture on anesthetized mice. Blood gas and electrolytes were analysed on an ABL80Flex analyser (Radiometer). Telemetry. Experiments were performed on 5 control and 5 WNK1 +/FHHt :SPAK 243A:243A male mice. The catheter of the BP telemeter (model TA11PA-C10; Data Sciences International) was inserted into the right femoral artery. The telemetric transmitter probe was positioned subcutaneously on the flank. To reduce any infection Immunoblot analysis. Renal cortex samples were homogenized in a cold extraction buffer containing 0. 25 M sucrose, 20 mM tris-Hepes pH 7. 4, proteases and phosphatase inhibitors (Complete and PhosSTOP tablets; Roche Diagnostics). The homogenates were then subjected to a first centrifugation (4,000 g for 15 min) to obtain post-nuclear fractions.
For all experiments, control gels were run prior to western blotting and were stained with Coomassie. An example of such a gel is provided in Supplementary Fig. S6. Several representative bands were then quantified by densitometry to assure equality of loading between samples  37. Quantification of the band(s) corresponding to the protein of interest was performed by densitometry using the Image J software. Densitometric values were normalized to the mean of the control group that was defined as 100%, and results were expressed as mean ± s. e. m. Immunofluorescence on frozen kidney sections. Kidneys were fixed by perfusion in the aorta with 10% formol -pH 7. 0 (Microm-Microtech, France). Dissected kidneys were washed in cold PBS and frozen in isopentane cooled with liquid nitrogen. 4 µm thick cryosections were blocked with PBS-0.
02% BSA and then incubated overnight at 4 °C with the primary antibodies [sheep anti-OSR1 and sheep anti-NCC (Division of Signal Transduction Therapy of the University of Dundee), rabbit anti-NCC (Millipore), and rabbit anti-WNK1 (Bethyl)]. After three 5-min washes with PBS, the sections were incubated with the two fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies [AlexaFluor ™ 488 Donkey-anti Sheep, AlexaFluor ™ 546 Goat-anti Rabbit (Invitrogen ™ , ThermoFisher Scientific)] for two hours at room temperature and then washed with PBS. Sections were mounted with the Mountant Permafluor medium (ThermoFisher Scientific). Representative images were acquired with an inverted Olympus IX83 microscope. Quantification of the OSR1 signal was performed using the Image J software. Regions of interest (ROI) were set on individual DCTs as lines across the height of a single epithelial cell, avoiding the nucleus.
Acknowledgements The authors thank all the technicians of the  Elevage Rongeurs Inserm  for the care given to the mice. This work was supported by the  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) , the  Fondation pour la Recherche pour l'Hypertension Artérielle , the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  ( ANR-12-ISVS1-0001-01/ New-BP-KIT ). CR received a fellowship from the  Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Circulating iron is uptaken mainly by maturing erythroid cells through binding of circulating holo-TF to transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) and internalization of the complex. Mirciov and colleagues described an increase in Tfr1 mRNA expression as a potential cause of reduction of circulating diferric TF. 7  Bone marrow (BM) and spleen erythroblasts of EPO or saline treated WT mice were analyzed by flow cytometry using Ter119 and CD44 antibodies staining and forward scatter to separate cells at distinct stages of terminal differentiation: proerythroblasts (I), basophilic erythroblasts (II), polychromatic erythroblasts (III), orthochromatic erythroblasts and immature reticulocytes (IV), and mature red cells (V) (data not shown). We show that despite unchanged proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow (BM) (Online Supplementary Figure  S3A ) and spleen derived erythroid cells (Online Supplementary Figure  S3B ) surface TFR1 protein is increased after EPO treatment in immature erythroid cells both in the BM and spleen of WT mice (Table  1 ).
Funding: this work was supported in part by:  Fondazione Telethon  Grant n°  GGP15064  to  Laura Silvestri ;  ANR-16-ACHN-0002-01  and by  European Research Council  grant  715491  to  Léon Kautz ; the  Telethon SR-TIGET   Core Grant  to  Giuliana Ferrari ; the  National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia ,  Early Career Fellowship   GNT1035339  to Sant- Rayn Pasricha. Antonella Nai  was supported by the  European Hematology   Association Josè-Carreras Junior Research fellowship. Correspondence: LAURA SILVESTRI -silvestri. laura@hsr. itdoi:10. 3324/haematol. 2018. 199810Information on authorship, contributions, and financial & other disclosures was provided by the authors and is available with the online version of this article at www. haematologica. org.
Study 1 To provide a broad compilation and systematization of facets, subdimensions, and dimensions of traditional and modern eating behavior, the authors performed an extensive international literature review and held a series of discussions. The literature review was performed in major databases (e. g. , Web of Science, Google Scholar). Several combinations of the terms traditional, modern, food, eating, and nutrition transition were used. Also, references of relevant articles were screened and books were reviewed. No limits were established regarding the year of publication, but only English literature was included in the review. The literature review and discussions revealed 45 facets of traditional and modern eating behavior (see Table  1 ). Using the Constant Comparative Method  [21] , two researchers sorted these 45 facets into categories, by grouping similar facets.
Analytical Procedure Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS (Version 24 for Windows). Facets were classified as traditional eating behavior if they had a mean below 3. 5, with a value of 1 meaning 'very traditional', 2 'traditional', and 3 'slightly traditional'. To get reliable and consistent results, facets were only classified as traditional if they had a mean below 3. 5 in all four groups; that is younger and older men, as well as younger and older women. Similarly, facets were classified as modern eating behavior if they had a mean of 4. 5 or higher, with a value of 5 meaning 'slightly modern', 6 'modern', and 7 'very modern'. Again, we required a mean of 4. 5 or higher in all four groups. If a facet's mean was between 3. 5 and 4. 499, in at least one of the four groups, the facet was classified as neither traditional, nor modern, as a value of 4 indicated 'neither nor'.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the  JSPS KAKENHI  Grant (Grant Number  JP16KT0097 , granted to  Sumio Imada ) and by the  German Research Foundation (DFG)  within the project " Why people eat in a traditional or modern way: A cross-country study " (Grant  SP 1610/2-1 , granted to  Gudrun Sproesser). Additional funding came from the  Zukunftskolleg  and the  International Office of the University of Konstanz  within the second funding period of the  Excellence Initiative of the German Federal Government. Publication costs were kindly covered by the  DFG  and open access publication funds of the  University of Konstanz.
Calcification staining is positively correlated with immunohistochemical ucMGP staining. To investigate matrix Gla protein in relation to calcification of vascular tissue, MGP mRNA level was quantified in testis, lung and kidney according to the genotype and diet. mRNA expression of MGP was not significantly different in CC-K3 compared to other groups in any of the tissues analysed (data not shown). Subsequent staining with conformation-specific antibodies against ucMGP (Suppl. information) revealed high staining in heart, kidney and testis of CC rats fed with diet -K3, whereas low staining was detected in other groups (Fig. 5 ). Moreover, addition of vitamin K1 or vitamin K3 during the feeding period with diet -K3 prevented increased ucMGP presence. These immunohistochemical stainings enabled to establish a positive correlation between Von kossa staining and ucMGP staining (Fig.
Histology study. Tissues were fixed at least 48 hours in a 4% formaldehyde solution prior to being embedded in paraffin. Von Kossa and hematoxylin & eosin staining were subsequently carried out on 3. 5 µm thick sections. Images of sections were obtained using an Olympus microscope BX50 (Olympus, France) mounted with a Coolpix 4500 camera (Nikon, France). Pictures were treated using eclipsnet software (version 1. 20. 0).
To compute such parameters, we generated two identical datasets by duplicating the experimental data. We then simultaneously fitted both datasets with the constraints ν na ano = 0 for dataset 1, and ν cl ano = 0 for dataset 2. In this way there was no procedural difference between the two scenarios. Because it is difficult to implement a fitting procedure based on the spatial model, we used the well-stirred model to perform the fitting using the Data to Dynamics (D2D) software  [59, 60]  based on maximum likelihood estimators. Fig. S1  shows that the data was equally well fitted in both scenarios. In a next step, we used the parameters (given in Tables  S1  and S2 ) together with the assumption of homogeneous odorant stimulation along a cilium to perform simulations with our spatial model.
Acknowledgements We thank  G. Fain ,  C-Y. Su ,  G. Lowe ,  M. Zapotocky  and  P. Lucas  for helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by a  National Institutes of Health  grant to  J. Reisert  ( R01DC016647 ). J. Reingruber would like to thank the  Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge , for support and hospitality during the programme Stochastic dynamical systems in biology: numerical methods and applications where work on this paper was undertaken. This work was supported by  EPSRC  grant no  EP/K032208/1.
DAPI was preferred to FITC and syto9, which, respectively need long labelling times and are associated with fast loss of the fluorescent, as already mentioned by Stiefel et al. [46]. DAPI was therefore chosen for further experiments. The results obtained with L. paracasei are shown in Figure  1. Clear differences in fluorescence can be observed depending on the mucin coated, with mucins from the colon indicating much higher adhesion than mucins from other sources. No signal was detected with the negative control, bovine serum albumin (BSA). Purified mucins were spotted on nitrocellulose membrane before incubation with DAPI-labeled bacteria. Fluorescence signaling was detected using the Chemigenius2 Bio-imaging system before quantification with GeneTools software. Spotted samples were BSA (1); pig gastric mucin (2); and human mucins purified from ileum (3); jejunum (4); colon (5); stomach  (7)  and ovarian cysts  (8).
For the following experiments, mucins were systematically spotted at a quantity of 20 µg. Fluorescence signaling was detected using the Chemigenius2 Bio-imaging system before quantification with GeneTools software. Spotted samples were BSA (1); pig gastric mucin (2); and human mucins purified from ileum (3); jejunum (4); colon (5); stomach  (7)  and ovarian cysts  (8). After chemical removal of sialic acids, mucins from human colon and ovarian cysts were spotted respectively at positions (  6 ) and (9). To establish the optimal conditions required to obtain a strong signal without using excessive amounts of purified mucins, mucins from human jejunums, ileums and colons were spotted at quantities ranging from 1 µg to 20 µg and the signal obtained with DAPI labelled E. coli K12 was quantified.
It also mediates adhesion to mucins  [57]. In another study  [58] , the crucial role played by sialic acid residues bound to mucin O-glycans on the adhesion observed for two lactobacilli strains and one bifidobacteria strain was assessed. Lactobacillus exhibits numerous mechanisms for adhesion to mucus, among which mucus-binding proteins (MUBs) have been well characterized. The MUB proteins contain repeated functional domains (Mub repeats), which share homology with the Pfam-MucBP (mucin-binding protein) domains (PF06458). Mub repeats have been shown to adhere to pig gastric mucins and hen intestinal mucus  [59]. Adhesion assays of MUB from Lactobacillus reuteri on mammalian tissue sections and a mucus-secreting intestinal cell line demonstrated the binding of MUB to sialylated mucin glycans  [60].
Figure1. Adhesion of DAPI-labeled L. paracasei on mucins. Purified mucins were spotted on nitrocellulose membrane before incubation with DAPI-labeled bacteria. Fluorescence signaling was detected using the Chemigenius2 Bio-imaging system before quantification with GeneTools software. Spotted samples were BSA (1); pig gastric mucin (2); and human mucins purified from ileum (3); jejunum (4); colon (5); stomach (7)  and ovarian cysts (8). After chemical removal of sialic acids, mucins from human colon and ovarian cysts were spotted respectively at positions (6) and (9).
Acknowledgments: We are indebted to the  Research Federation FRABio (Univ. Lille, CNRS ,  FR 3688 ,  FRABio, Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle des Assemblages Biomoléculaires ) for providing the scientific and technical environment conducive to achieving this work. We thank  Eric Oswald  and  Jean-Philippe Nougayrede  for kindly providing us E. coli Nissle 1917 strain. This work was supported by  Association Vaincre la Mucoviscidose  (Grant  N • RF20150501357 ) and  Association Grégory Lemarchal  (Grant  N • RIF20160501690 ).
The type and number of other domains differ for each type of GH-H enzyme, suggesting that additional domains determine the reaction specificity of GH-H enzymes  [18]. Nonetheless, the reaction specificity is largely determined by the catalytic domain. Moreover, N and C-terminal domains have many carbohydrate binding pockets that provide the enzymes with carbohydrate binding functionality  [19] [20] [21]. Among the threedimensional structures of sucrose-active transglucosylases from GH70 family available to date (GTF180-ΔN from L. reuteri (pdb entry: 3klk  [22] ); GTF-SI from S. mutans (pdb entry: 3aie;  [23] ); GTFA-ΔN reuteransucrase from L. reuteri (pdb entry: 4amc;  [24] ; DRS-M from L. citreum (pdb entry: 5lfc;  [20] ), that of the truncated variant ΔN123 GBD-CD2 (pdb entry: 3ttq;  [7] , 4ttu  [25] ) is the only one of a branching sucrase.
The use of the two halves of the MD simulation was driven by the considerable computing needs required to carry out additional MD simulations at μs scale and supported by previous reports on various biological systems that compared the two halves of an MD simulation to evaluate the convergence of the simulation  [37, 41]. S1 Fig shows that KLD for the 3 first PC projections accounting for ~58% of the total motion reaches the equilibrium and remains around 0. 03, indicating the reproducibility of the conformational space exploration on the two halves of 1μs MD simulation, and ensuring a reliable sampling. As a check of the global dynamics evolution of the enzyme structure during the course of the MD simulation, the time evolution of the heavy atom RMSD resulting from alignment of the MD frames with respect to the X-ray structure (PDB code: 3TTQ) was calculated after least square fit (S2 Fig).
Local dynamics and loop flexibility of ΔN123-GBD-CD2 during the course of MD simulation With the aim of investigating in details the local flexibility of the different domains of the enzyme, the B-factors were calculated along the MD trajectory on the basis of the Root Mean Square Fluctuations (RMSF) (Fig  1A ). Overall, the B-factors calculated on enzyme Cα atoms from simulation frames were found to be in good agreement with the B-factors derived from X-ray structure (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0. 71). Analysis showed that globally, domain C is the most stable domain while domain V is by far the most flexible region. As expected, the highest mobility is observed for the N-ter region 1832-1854, corresponding to the β-hairpin motif of domain V and for which the central turn region was unresolved in ΔN 123 -GBD-CD2 X-ray structures crystallized as a unique molecule in the asymmetric unit (S1 Table ; pdb entries: 3TTQ  [7]  and, 4TTU, 4TTV and 4TVC  [25] ).
Only in the case of an asymmetric unit containing four molecules, where each domain V is constrained by the C-ter domain of the neighbouring molecule, this region was structurally resolved (S1 Table ; pdb entry:3TTO  [7] ). The domain IV presents moderate continuous fluctuations except for the loop 2105-2114. The B-factor values of amino acid residues from the (β/α) 8 catalytic barrel (domain A) are variable with an alternation of rigid and flexible regions. Four flexible structural motifs surrounding the catalytic pocket and belonging to the domain A are identified in the B-factor plot (Fig 1A ): the 2290-2300 and 2757-2780 β-hairpin motifs, that interact with each other via their central loops, the 2324-2368 helix-loop-helix motif, also called subdomain H1-H2  [7] , and its adjacent loop 2592-2605 (Fig  1B ).
To ensure the experimental relevance of NMA and EDA sampling, a comparative analysis of B-factor values per residue was carried out between these computational methods and eight crystallographic structures of the ΔN 123 -GBD-CD2 available in the Protein DataBank (S1 Table ). Interestingly, the calculated atomic fluctuations of Cα for the three first modes of NMA or EDA (more than 50% of total motions for both), when considered together, have a good correlation with respect to the crystallographic B-factors, i. e. R-Pearson coefficients of 0. 68 and 0. 76 for NMA and EDA, respectively (Fig  4 ). Moreover, including remaining modes did not alter the general shape of the B-factor profile, but decreased the correlation coefficient. Compared to experimental values, calculated atomic fluctuations from NMA are relatively poorly reproduced for domains IV and V with an R-Pearson coefficient of 0.