dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
An example of this type of staffing system is Cerner Clairvia,  6  which is based on the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) System. 7 Cerner Clairvia works with numerous electronic medical records systems, pulling information to determine the patient's acuity. A patient with multisystem organ failure will have a high level of acuity, as would patients experiencing cardiac, respiratory, or renal failure. By contrast, a patient with mild respiratory distress would have a low level of acuity. The acuity system for each unit estimates the required number of hours of nursing care per shift based on individual patient acuity. The Clairvia system does not require additional paperwork or charting to determine recommended staffing levels. However, with this type of staffing system, nurses must keep their charting up-to-date in real time; the system gathers data when nurses chart information, typically every 4 hours.
In this work, we explore the dependence of AGN activity on properties of their hosts at 0. 5 < z < 2. 5. We mainly focus on two questions: whether AGNs are preferentially found in certain types of host galaxies, and whether the growth of SMBHs is related to the properties of their hosts. The main difference between this study and most previous studies is that we dissect both AGN hosts and non-AGN galaxies by de-reddened rest-frame colors  (Cardamone et al. 2010; Cimatti et al. 2013, also see, e. g. , ). We select our galaxy and AGN samples in the GOODS-North and GOODS-South fields, which have the deepest X-ray observations to date as well as rich ancillary multiwavelength data. In particular, the new near-infrared data from the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS,  Grogin et al.
Acknowledgements. We thank the anonymous referee for numerous comments and suggestions that clearly improved the consistency and overall quality of this paper. This work is based on observations taken by the  CANDELS Multi-Cycle Treasury Program  and the  3D-HST Treasury Program  with the  NASA/ESA HST , which is operated by the  Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. , under  NASA  contract  NAS5-26555. T. W. acknowledges support for this work from the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  under grants  11303014 ,  11273015  and  11133001. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement No. 312725  (ASTRODEEP). YQX acknowledges support of the  Thousand Young Talents program  ( KJ2030220004 ), the  973 Program  ( 2015CB857004 ), the  CAS Frontier Science Key Research Program  ( QYZDJ-SSW-SLH006 ), the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( NSFC-11473026 ,  11421303 ), the  Strategic Priority Research Program  "The  Emergence of Cosmological Structures" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences  ( XDB09000000 ), and the  Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities  ( WK3440000001 ).
Field Sites We used three eddy covariance sites located in Sudan, Niger and Senegal. All three sites are within a narrow latitudinal band between 13°N and 15°N (Figure  1 ). A summary of the sites is presented below and summarized in Table  1. Most studies covering the Sahel base their results on a handful of sites, due to the scarcity of data on C fluxes over the region's 3. 3 million km 2 of surface area  [27]. Thus, Earth observation is an important tool for large-scale studies of the GPP of Sahelian ecosystems. The only global model of satellite-driven GPP estimates is the MOD17 production efficiency model  [28] , which is based on the light-use efficiency concept  [29]. However, this dataset has been shown to considerably underestimate GPP over semi-arid Sahelian ecosystems  [21, 30].
Eddy Covariance Gross Primary Productivity The eddy covariance (EC) systems at all three sites are equipped with LI7500 open path infrared CO 2 /H 2 O analyzers (LI-COR Inc. , Lincoln, NE, USA) and GILL R3 triple-axis sonic anemometers (GILL Instruments, Lymington, UK). Eddy covariance data were recorded at 20 Hz and averaged over 30-min periods. The EC method measures net ecosystem exchange of CO 2 (NEE) and following the approach in Tagesson et al. [41] , NEE was partitioned into GPP and ecosystem respiration (R eco ) using a non-linear asymptotic regression with incoming photosynthetically active radiation and vapor pressure deficit as independent variables. Gaps in the time series of NEE, GPP and R eco were consequently gap-filled, again following the method outlined in Tagesson et al.
Earth Observation Data The moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on board NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites has a viewing swath width of 2330 km and images the entire surface of the Earth every one to two days. The MCD43A4 nadir bidirectional reflectance distribution function adjusted reflectance (NBAR) product, which is produced every 8 days within 16 days of acquisition, is preferable over the other surface reflectance products (MOD09A1/MYD09A1) because it is adjusted using a bidirectional reflectance distribution function to model at-nadir values  [42]. The Collection 5. 1 MCD43A4 NBAR Level 3 and MOD17 8-day GPP product (MOD17A2) products were downloaded for each site from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL-DAAC, daac. ornl. gov/modisglobal).
Statistical Analysis Data processing, statistical analysis and visualization were performed in R 3. 1. 1 (www. r-project. org). Both linear and multiple linear regression (MLR) were used to examine the relationships between VPD, PAW, LST, EVI, NBAR Band 7, and EC GPP. The relationships were used to build GPP models composed of field metrics of water stress and vegetation indices as input data. Additionally partial correlations were performed on both the field and Earth-observation variables during the greening and browning phases using Spearman's rank order correlation  [64]. This was done to assess the relationship of each variable with EC GPP while keeping the influence of the other variables constant. Within each year, the greening phase was delineated as the period from the lowest to the highest GPP value, and the browning was delineated as the following period from maximum GPP to its lowest value.
Since EVI, LST, and MODIS NBAR Band 7 are based on Earth observation data, the MLR model presented here is potentially scalable with repeatable estimates of GPP at relatively high spatial and temporal resolutions. Moreover, the availability of standardized EC flux measurements, such as the recently released FLUXNET2015 database, can potentially eliminate variability in systematic and processing-induced uncertainties between sites. This can further improve model estimates when relating EC GPP with The ability of the MLR model to explain cross-site variability in EC GPP was improved (from 85% to 89%) when data from both the growing and dry seasons were included in the model. Although, there is no green herbaceous vegetation during the dry season, the small C fluxes that were observed could be due to the sparse tree cover  [36].
Since EVI, LST, and MODIS NBAR Band 7 are based on Earth observation data, the MLR model presented here is potentially scalable with repeatable estimates of GPP at relatively high spatial and temporal resolutions. Moreover, the availability of standardized EC flux measurements, such as the recently released FLUXNET2015 database, can potentially eliminate variability in systematic and processing-induced uncertainties between sites. This can further improve model estimates when relating EC GPP with Earth observation data. Studies of the C cycle often focus on the growing season as it is the principal period where C assimilation takes place, however, the inclusion of dry season dynamics can potentially improve the explanatory capacity of GPP models by accounting for land memory effects. Further evaluation of this approach using more dryland sites from the FLUXNET2015 database as well as other types of in-situ validation data is required to test its efficiency in modeling GPP in water-limited areas.
Acknowledgments:  Abdulhakim M. Abdi  received support from the  Lund University Center for Studies of Carbon Cycle and Climate Interactions (LUCCI)  and the  Royal Physiographic Society in Lund. Data for the Wankama (Niger) site were produced through the AMMA-CATCH regional observatory, funded by the  French IRD  and INSU national research institutes. Funding for this study was provided by the  Swedish National Space Board  (contract No. 100/11  to  Jonas Ardö ). The authors would like to thank all three reviewers of this manuscript for providing thoughtful and helpful comments.
In addition, the use of different scattering techniques is also beneficial in characterizing the structural and functional properties of various sHSPs, as discussed by Stephanie Finet (France) who presented data concerning nuclear Hsp27 from Drosophila melanogaster, obtained in collaboration with R. M. Tanguay's group  (Michaud et al. 2008; Moutaoufik et al. 2016). The use of these techniques demonstrated that the major population of DmHsp27 obtained after a two-step chromatography purification was monodisperse and compatible with globular oligomers constituted by 18-20 SU, similar to the smallest population previously produced with His-tag construct. The effects of mutations of the R residues in the ACD of the nuclear Hsp27 of Drosophila were also evaluated by Robert M. Tanguay (Canada) in collaboration with Stephanie Finet.
CI and CII proteins also showed distinct biochemical behavior in vitro and in vivo. Thirty-six proteins that were specifically associated with affinity-tagged CI sHSPs during heat stress in vivo were identified by mass spectrometry. Of these, 12 are involved in translation and have previously been identified as components of heat stress granules in yeast. These data support the hypothesis that CI sHSPs are involved in recovery of translation after heat stress  (McLoughlin et al. 2016). A similar question (the role of sHSPs in stress response) was addressed from a different perspective and using a different model by Melinda Toth (Hungary), who, in collaboration with Miklós Sántha's and László Vígh's groups studied the role of HSPB1 in the regulation of neuroinflammation  (Toth et al. 2010 (Toth et al.
Conclusions and future perspectives The Bertinoro workshop brought together investigators representing core laboratories in the sHSP field to identify and discuss current and future trends in sHSP research. New trends were featured including characterizations of a rapidly expanding repertoire of binding partners, association with a variety of diseases, elaboration of the roles of sHSPs as stability sensors, development of drugs to induce sHSPs, creating protected presurgical states and post-surgical therapies in humans, and the expansion of the concept of sHSPs as polydisperse dynamic oligomers, to name several. Another example of the growing interest in this field is the recent establishment of a database (sHSPdb) for analyses of sHSPs by  Jaspard and Hunault (2016). To accommodate the increased research efforts on sHSPs, the third in this meeting series will be held in Québec, Canada, in 2018.
The Xe measurements were carried out during a series of dedicated low-altitude orbits, between 10 and 7 km from the comet's center of mass, from 14 to 31 May 2016  (12). Because of the high resolution of DFMS, mass/charge ratios of 129, 131, 132, 134, and 136 u/e were essentially free of interfering species of similar mass, as confirmed by the shapes of the peaks, whereas interference presumably due to S 4 + was detected at mass/charge = 128 u/e and corrected using peak deconvolution  (12). A slight contribution of a few percent at mass/charge = 130 u/e, due to S 4 + -containing 34 S, was also corrected. The average Xe isotope ratios were derived from this database, with uncertainties corresponding to 1 standard deviation (s) of the mean. The ROSINA instrument was equipped with a gas calibration unit that permitted in-flight analysis of reference gases, including xenon  (12).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Y. Marrocchi  for comments and  G. Avice  for help in compiling solar system xenon data. Work was funded at the  University of Bern  by the  State of Bern , the  Swiss National Science Foundation , and the  European Space Agency (ESA) PRODEX program  ( Programme de Développement d'Expériences Scientifiques ); at MPS by the  Max-Planck Society  and the  Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy  (contract  50QP1302 ); at  Southwest Research Institute by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory  (subcontract 1496541 and JPL subcontract to J. H. W. NAS703001TONMO710889); at the  University of Michigan  by  NASA  (contract  JPL-1266313 ); through the A* MIDEX  project by the  French National Research Agency  (grant no. ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ); by  Centre National d'Études Spatiales  grants at  Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, LATMOS, LPC2E, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille and Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ; by the  European Research Council  (grants no.
We visited four mine sites-Ramu and Porgera in June 2009, Lihir in February 2010, and Ok Tedi in October 2010-for periods of between three and seven days (see Figure  7. 3). The sites were chosen in part to reflect the different geographical settings-from insular Lihir to the huge area impacted by the Ok Tedi mine-and in part to reflect the length of time they had been operating -Ok Tedi since 1984, Porgera since 1991, Lihir since 1997, and Ramu, which was still halfway through construction during our visit. At each site we interviewed management, community affairs staff and other company personnel involved in local community development, local government officials, and local representatives and organisations. We also collected and collated secondary data on community development at each site, and spoke to representatives of other national stakeholders, such as the PNG Chamber of Mines and Petroleum.
Demographic Monitoring The social impact monitoring program for the Lihir gold mine, managed by the company's social performance department, has maintained a consistent focus on demographic monitoring. The current program has its origins in the baseline population survey and landowner identification work, and the earlier mapping of Lihirian men's houses  (Filer 1992; Burton 1994 ). In 1994, John Burton developed the Lihir 'village population system' (VPS) database built on his customised genealogy software. An in-house team of research officers continues to work closely with a group of village-based informants to collect quarterly population updates for the VPS database, and since 2003 demographer John Vail has provided the team with technical support and produced annual population reports.
The VPS now comprises a genealogical database of the Lihirian population and a database for the non-Lihirian population. The reason for this separation reflects Lihirian concerns over maintaining the 'purity' of Lihirian data to ensure that non-Lihirians are not mistakenly ascribed Lihirian status, which might allow them to access mining benefits. These two databases are linked through a third geographic information system database that combines aerial imagery and ground-level surveys, and contains information on the location of residential houses and their inhabitants. Research officers and village informants have maintained relatively accurate data on the Lihirian population, partly due to the quality of the original genealogical survey, the ease of identifying Lihirians, and because many Lihirians tend to reside close to their natal village.
On the other hand, it has proven more difficult to maintain accurate data on the migrant population because it is more mobile and less integrated into Lihirian society. For this reason, a residential household mapping approach has been required. Demographic datasets collected through a variety of other sources, including birth and death records from the health centres, attendance at maternal and child health clinics, school enrolment records and employment applications, are cross-referenced for inclusion in the VPS. Overall, the longevity of this program has started to allow for a more sophisticated analysis of changes in fertility, mortality and life expectancy in the Lihirian population, and a more detailed understanding of the migrant population and its residential patterns. The VPS has proven to be an important corporate risk management tool, as it allows for a detailed level of information on local demographic trends and broader stakeholder connections.
It also provides the basis for understanding the customary ownership of mining lease areas, the lack of which has been the source of considerable social tension and financial cost at other operations in PNG. In the absence of reliable government census data, the VPS has been of great value to local stakeholders, including the landowner association and the local-level government, and it has assisted with community development planning and land dispute resolution. While the VPS has many positive applications, and is maintained with the express endorsement of the landowner association and the local-level government, in its capacity as the curator or manager of this genealogical and personal identity database, the company has a clear duty of care to safeguard against its improper use and ensure its preservation for future generations  (Burton 2007).
Datasets for 1975-97 indicated that one in every seven families was headed by a woman, and one in every nine births, or about 10. 8 per cent of all births, was to a single mother. Inquiries as to the whereabouts of the father were met with the habitual reply em karim pikinini long rot ('the child was conceived during her wanderings'). More recent data suggests a further increase, with 36 per cent of births recorded to single mothers in 2014. We might conclude that this increase is a result of rapid social changes; however, more research is required to understand whether these mothers are indeed single, or if this reflects an increase in de facto relationships that Lihirians may not report or 'recognise' as legitimate marriages for religious or cultural reasons. At this stage, it is impossible to conclude whether an increase in the number of single mothers has contributed to population growth.
Acknowledgments An early version of this chapter was presented at the  Institute of Australian Geographers  annual conference in 2009 and has benefited from helpful comments from  John Connell  and  George Curry. A later version was also presented at the 2013 annual conference of the  German Anthropology Association. Thanks to  Bettina Beer  and her colleagues for organising my involvement and for their feedback. Thanks to past and present staff and consultants of the  Lihir gold mine social impact monitoring program , especially  Elly Sawa ,  Walter Pondrelei ,  Ephraim Lenturut ,  Bill Sagir ,  Mary Arau ,  Bernadette Samsam , late  Emma Zanahien ,  Jacinta Tami ,  Wesley Kenneth ,  Francis Kupe ,  John Vail ,  John Burton  and  Joyce Onguglo , and the team of Lihir village information officers.
, 2011; Shikata et al. , 2016). To date, it comprises over a thousand genotypes which have been used to   Houel et al. , 2015; Malacarne et al. , 2015  Genome-wide Association studies Collection of germplasm/cultivars that retain some extend of linkage disequilibrium. Collections of germplasm are already available. The selection of the proper collection and the analysis is complex. Major gemplasm banks are listed in Table  2. create the TOMATOMA database, representing an interesting resource to research scored traits/phenotypes easily. Other EMS tomato mutant collections include the M82 processing tomato collection (http://zamir. sgn. cornell. edu/mutants/) and the Red Setter collection (http://www. agrobios. it/tilling/). These monogenic mutant populations could be directly screened to identify the genes responsible for a specific function  (Menda et al.
, 2004; Long et al. , 2006) , or individual mutant lines could be analyzed to confirm the function of a gene previously identified by other means, such as QTL analysis  (Goldsbrough et al. , 1994). Unlike tomato, collections of grapevine-induced mutants are quite rare  (Fortes et al. , 2015). Consequently, almost all studies in grape aimed at deciphering the molecular basis of traits use natural mutants  (This et al. , 2006). The FAO/IAEA Mutant Variety Database (MVD) maintains a wide range of plant mutant cultivars including tomato and grapevine. In grape, the counterpart of the conspicuous tomato/carotenoid system is represented by the phenylpropanoid pathway and, more specifically, by the synthesis of high-value sub-classes of phenypropanoid compounds (anthocyanins, stilbenes etc). An overview of grape genes and genetic resources for important phenylpropanoids affecting fruit quality is shown in Figure  2.
TILLING was also used to screen the Transcription factors positively (activators) or negatively (repressors) affecting phenylpropanoid pathway are represented by "Play" and "Stop" symbols, respectively. Red arrows and green crosses pinpoint overexpression and knockout GM interventions, respectively. Asterisks indicate genes and metabolites previously reported to be not/low expressed and accumulated, respectively, in white genotypes. Degrees refer to ME studies in which grapevine genes were ectopically expressed only in heterologous systems. tomato mutant database  (Kurowska et al. , 2011)  for validation of gene function and as a source/tool for crop improvement  (Minoia et al. , 2010). Furthermore, it can also be applied to the identification of SNPs in spontaneous mutants (EcoTILLING) making it, thus, extremely useful in characterizing the variability present in germplasm banks  (Mba, 2013).
Currently, a Tomato Epigenome database (http://ted. bti. cornell. edu/epigenome/1196099620) is available to investigate the presence of DNA methylation phenomena for each tomato gene. Epigenetic mechanisms have also been reported as being involved in defining the levels of Vitamin E accumulation in tomato fruits  (Quadrana et al. , 2014). Epigenetic marks may participate in the priming mechanisms to better withstand biotic and abiotic stresses, a topic that deserves attention in order to moderate stress susceptibility and increase climate change resilience in grapevine and tomato (reviewed by  Fortes and Gallusci, 2017).
, 2014; Rousseau et al. , 2015). In a recent study,  Legland et al. (2012)  coupled microscopic and macroscopic approaches to create a synthetic representation of cell morphology variations at the whole fruit level. The complexity and the high volume of data produced by highthroughput phenotyping platforms require computing power and robust bioinformatic tools  (Araus and Cairns, 2014). Furthermore, to date, phenotyping data are still dispersed in different file types, programs, and databases and, therefore, efforts to comply with defined standards, which enable comparison and information exchange between phenotyping experiments and conditions, are needed  (Krajewski et al. , 2015).
cRN was defined as symptomatic RN or asymptomatic RN that resulted in surgery or bevacizumab treatment. cRN was ascertained based on all available clinical data and confirmed by a panel of 3 radiation oncologists blinded from treatment information. Cumulative incidence was calculated using competing risks. Risk factors were identified using Cox proportional hazards. Results: Median follow up was 28. 5 months. Median prescription dose was 5940cGy (5040-6300cGy). Eighteen patients developed cRN (proton¼6, photon¼12). Median time to cRN was 11 months (2. 8-34. 2 months). There was no significant difference in two-year cumulative incidence of cRN between proton vs. photon (18. 7 vs. 9. 7%; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]:7. 5-33. 8% vs. 5. 1-16%; p¼0. 16). Proton was not a significant risk factor for cRN as compared to photon (Hazard Ratio [HR]:1.