dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data collection and management The applicable local regulations of data privacy protection will be followed. Prior to inclusion, patients will be informed that any patient-related data and materials will be appropriately pseudonymized and that these data may be used for analysis and publication purposes, pursuant to GCP regulations. All trial data will be recorded in eCRFs in a central database of the MSZ (MACRO™ version 3, Microsoft SQL Database, using Microsoft Internet Explorer version 6 or higher). After inclusion, baseline data (demographical data, medical history including history of SSI and history of radio/chemotherapy, concurrent medication, body mass index (BMI), ASA score, smoking/alcohol use, length of preoperative hospital stay, National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) risk score) will be documented accordingly.
At the end of the clinical study all study-relevant data must be archived for at least 10 years. Patient identification lists and patient files are retained in the respective study sites separately. The infrastructure and the personnel for the data management will be provided by the Data Management Centre at the MSZ, a member of the German Network of Coordinating Centres for Clinical Trials (Koordinierungszentren für Klinische Studien (KKS)). The eCRFs are checked for completeness, plausibility, and correctness at entry. The investigator is responsible for the accuracy and verifiability of each entry. Validating programmes as well as individual inspection of data through the MSZ will ensure completeness, validity, and plausibility. Each remaining question or missing response is documented through data clarification requests, to which the local investigator is obliged to respond as quickly as possible.
Access to data and dissemination of results Only the sponsor, personnel authorized by the sponsor, and the trial statistician will have access to the final dataset. After completion of the clinical study, the sponsor-delegated coordinating investigator will prepare a multicentre manuscript of the study results for publication in a reputable scientific journal. Authorship eligibility will be regulated in the Clinical Trial Agreement for all study sites. The publication of the principal results from any single-centre experience within the trial is not allowed until the preparation and publication of the multicentre results.
Monitoring Monitoring will be performed by the MSZ, an institution experienced in the monitoring of multicentre, surgical RCTs, in order to guarantee high quality of the study conduct and data retrieval. Monitoring will be carried out in accordance with ICH-GCP guidelines  [21]. Monitors will visit all participating centres on a regular base, starting with an initiation visit at each site. Furthermore, close-out visits are planned for each centre. A monitoring manual describing the scope of the monitoring activity in detail will be provided. The monitor is authorized to compare trial documents and original data in adherence to data protection rights. The investigator provides direct access to patient's documents/original source data to the monitor at any time. The monitor will also contact all participating centres and the sponsor on a regular basis.
Sample size calculation The sample size was calculated (nQuery Advisor software version 7. 0, Statistical Solutions Ltd, Cork, Ireland) based on the primary endpoints of the study, assuming SSI rates of 2. 2% in the PHX group (according to the trial by Roth et al. [17] ), 8. 7% in the saline group (according to the results of the trial by Cervantes-Sanchez et al. [15] ) and 16. 2% in the control group (according to results of the meta-analysis by Mueller et al. [14] ). The global significance level was set to 5%. Since the PHX arm will be used twice for a comparison, the Bonferroni-Holm procedure was used to set the local alpha level to 2. 5% for test 1 (PHX versus no irrigation) and to 5% for test 2 (PHX versus saline). If 230 patients are recruited in the PHX arm, 230 patients in the saline arm, and 80 patients in the control arm (a total of 540 patients), the two-sided Fisher exact test will have a power of 94% for test 1 and 85% for test 2 to detect differences between the treatment groups.
Internal validity and data quality assurance are established by adherence to the SPIRIT statement and GCP regulations regarding recruitment, training of study personnel, methods against bias, outcome reporting, and documentation. All patients undergoing visceral surgery by laparotomy within 27 months will be screened for this trial. Broad inclusion criteria were applied to ensure rapid and sufficient recruitment of the target sample size. After closure of the abdominal fascia according to local standards, laparotomy wounds will either be irrigated with PHX or saline. The volume of 1000 ml was chosen to be sure that large laparotomy wounds would be sufficiently irrigated. This was determined by the clinical experience of senior surgeons at our institution since, so far, no recommendations for the optimal volume of surgical wound irrigation exist.
Acknowledgements Silvia Egert  (MSZ) has served as scientific advisor. Petra Wagner  (MSZ),  Jutta Wagner  and  Ursula Boecher  ( Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München ) have contributed as clinical trial assistants. Alfred Zollner (MSZ) has contributed as the main data manager of the IOWISI trial. We also thank all members of the  IOWISI Study Group  and the Data and  Safety Monitoring Board  (DSMB; see below) for their participation in the trial. Besides the authors of this manuscript, the IOWISI Study Group consists of all local principal investigators of the participating study sites:  André Mihaljevic  ( Chirurgische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg );  Christian Vay  ( Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Allgemein-, Thorax-, Viszeral-und Kinderchirurgie, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf );  Hans-Georg Olbrich  ( Asklepios Langen, Viszeral-und Thoraxchirurgie, Röntgenstr.
This endeavour needs to be further supported through the implementation of adequate preservation measures at the local scale, starting with an inventory of the existing diversity. At this time, there is no national collection of pearl millet landraces from Benin and moreover, very little information is available on the diversity of cultivated pearl millet accessions in the northern part of the country. Overall, 22 Beninese pearl millet accessions have been sampled as part of larger studies targeting landraces spanning  Western and Central Africa (Haussmann et al. , 2006; Stich et al. , 2010) , and stored in the international genebank. However, these population is insufficient to provide information of their genetic diversity. It therefore appears necessary to conduct a new sampling campaign in this region in order to close the gaps in the previous datasets and to prevent the loss of existing local pearl millet diversity.
Amplification products were then diluted and mixed with GS 500Liz (Applied Biosystems Inc. ) internal size standard and denaturated through heating at 95°C for 5 min prior to capillary electrophoresis in an ABI Prism 3500 Genetic Analyzer sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Fragment analysis and allele scoring were performed using the GeneMapper Software version 4. 1 and double-checked manually.
Data analysis GenAIEx software version 6. 502  (Peakall and Smouse, 2012)  was used to perform the genetic data analysis. Total number of alleles, allele frequencies, number of alleles per locus for each locus and population, observed heterozygosity and gene diversity (He)  (Nei, 1973)  were calculated. In order to graphically represent the relationships between accessions, genetic similarity indices between genotypes were calculated using the DARwin 6 software Table  1. List of microsatellites markers used for diversity study.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank  Islamic Development Bank (IDB)  for funding through the  Merit Scholarship Program  attributed to the first author. We also wish to thank  Christine TOULON  from  Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques  ( INRA-Montpellier -FRANCE ) for technical assistance during laboratory jobs; Cedric MARIAC and  Marie COUDERC from Dynadiv  for primers providing.
DNP-enhanced ssNMR experiments The experiments were performed on a wide-bore AVIII 400 MHz ( 1 H Larmor frequency) Bruker DNP-NMR spectrometer equipped with a 263 GHz gyrotron, a mw transmission line and a low temperature 3. 2 mm MAS-DNP probe in double-resonance mode operating at $105 K. All spectra were recorded at a MAS frequency of 13. 889 kHz with a recycle delay of 6. 5 s. More details on the experimental conditions and data extraction can be found in the ESI. †.
DFT-GIPAW Quantum chemical calculations on the cyclo-FF crystal structure were run using the planewave pseudopotential approach, with the gauge including projector augmented wave (GIPAW) method  29  for computation of CSA tensors. The calculations were performed with the PWSCF module version 5. 2. 1, and GIPAW version 5. 1. within the Quantum ESPRESSO package. 30 Normconserving pseudopotentials of the Troullier-Martins type  31  were used for all atoms, employing the PBE exchange-correlation functional. 32, 33 The crystal structure of cyclo-FF  15  was used as an initial input, and hydrogen positions were optimized prior to GIPAW calculations. A planewave cutoff energy of 96 Ry, and a 2 Â 2 Â 2 Monkhorst-Pack k-point grid  34  were used. The results are summarized in the ESI (Table  S1  †) and were used as an input in SPINEVOLUTION simulations.
This avoids the use of a DQF, which would decrease the sensitivity of the experiment by a factor of 2. It should be noted that this advantage can only be taken for pure double-quantum (e. g. [S 3 ]) recoupling sequences. Sequences like S 3 , which contain both ZQ and DQ terms, would require the use of a DQF for the observation of polarization transfer. Overall, the 1D approach benets from immensely decreased experimental times compared to the acquisition of DQF 2D spectra. In addition, data extraction by deconvolution and integration of 1D spectra is relatively straightforward. A selection of 1D spectra acquired with the sequence of Fig. 2a  using different recoupling times (s mix ) is presented in Fig. 2b. The full dataset, consisting of 15 1D spectra, was recorded in $7 h, corresponding to only 28 min per spectrum.
Two complementary experimental approaches are presented. The rst one allows polarization buildup curves to be obtained from a series of 1D spectra, enabled by the use of selective pulses. It has the advantages of very short experimental times (less than half a day for 15 points here) and results in very precise buildup curves. The second approach is more universally applicable and consists in the more traditional way of recording a series of 2D DQ-SQ spectra to follow the buildup of different cross-peaks. Both approaches are demonstrated on nanotubes of cyclo-FF, investigating structurally relevant distances between carbonyl and aromatic carbons (1D approach) and among the aromatics (2D approach). The efficient recoupling of such carbons with very large CSAs is made possible by the S 3 and [S 3 ] pulse sequences, which additionally allow the use of sufficiently long recoupling times required to probe long distances.
Acknowledgements Hiroki Takahashi  and  Patrice Rannou  are acknowledged for stimulating discussions. This work was supported by the  French National Research Agency  through the " programme blanc"  ( ANR-12-BS08-0016-01 ), the  Labex ARCANE  ( ANR-11-LABX-0003-01 ) and the  European Research Council  ( ERC-CoG-2015 , No. 682895 ). Funding from the RTB is acknowledged. SEM images were taken at the  PFNC platform at MINATEC (CEA Grenoble ).
Methods Data collection. Anatomical specimens. As part of the specimen acquisition program at the Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, the remains of deceased European zoo animals are regularly collected and processed. Our larynges came from these zoo specimens and all samples came from animals that had died of natural causes. For each individual, body size was measured as the distance between the ischium of the pelvis and the top of the skull (head-body length, without tail). Body length was preferred over body weight because: (1) obesity is a potential problem in zoo animals 61 ; (2) bodies can dehydrate once deceased  62  making post mortem weight dependent on measurement delay; and (3) weight data could not be obtained for some of our specimens. Larynges from the cadavers of 11 individuals, each of a different primate species, were excised, frozen and stored at -20° Celsius at the National Museums Scotland before being shipped to the Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna (see Supplementary Text for additional information on the freezing method).
All signals were acquired, synchronized and stored within ELLApp. Phonation and data acquisition followed an adjustable computer-controlled sequence. Pressure sweeps were applied to each excised larynx, consisting of a slow linear increase in Psub followed by a slow linear decrease of the same duration; the lowest Psub value was set just below the PTP, and the highest value varied with specimen size. Each larynx was exposed to 4-8 pressure sweeps, 2-4 with the epiglottis covering the airway and 2-4 with the epiglottis retracted. The aim of epiglottis manipulation was to evaluate whether a source-filter interaction (so-called "feedback" system, refs  5, 64  ) exists between the vibrating vocal folds and what is left of the vocal tract in our setup, i. e. the space between the glottis and the epiglottis.
The number of sweeps was chosen to allow us to evaluate repeatability of acoustic production while avoiding damage or drying of the sound source. Throughout the experiments, larynges were kept moist using a spray-bottle containing saline solution (0. 9% NaCl). S1. Data analysis. Anatomical measurements: CT scans. Both macro and micro CT data were analyzed using AMIRA software (version 5. 6. 0). Along their length, the vocal folds are composed of a membranous and a cartilaginous section  65. Soft tissue geometry is difficult to visualize in CT, and direct measurement of VFL would have required tissue destruction and perhaps histology to be accurately determined. Thus our aim was to obtain clear 3D visualization of the laryngeal cartilages (hyoid bone, thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages 66 ) to estimate the total vocal fold length (membranous + cartilaginous length).
The minimum, maximum and mean f o (minf o , maxf o and meanf o , respectively) were queried from this corrected pitch object based on the remaining annotated sections, using the Praat 'Get minimum…' , 'Get maximum…' and 'Get mean…' functions. Using the calibrated data from ELLApp, we also extracted the Psub values obtained at minf o and maxf o to evaluate the effect of Psub on f o and verify our approach of using minimal tension and Psub to attain minf o. Statistics. Following assessment of data normality using Shapiro-Wilk tests, body size, VFL and minf o were log-transformed (base 10; see raw data values Table  1 ) and the following OLS linear regressions (i. e. standard linear regression models) were computed: log minf o vs. log body size, log minf o vs. log VFL, and log body size vs. log VFL.
Acknowledgements We thank  Andrew Kitchener  and  Georg Hantke  of the  Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland  for access to the specimens used in this study, and  Riccardo Hofer  for help creating the excised larynx system, and for designing and 3D-printing custom-made laryngeal holders. CTH's contribution was funded by an  APART grant  awarded by the  Austrian Academy of Sciences. DLB's contribution was funded by a  Lisa Meitner fellowship  ( M1773 ) from the  Austrian Science Fund (FWF). WTF acknowledges the support of  ERC  Advanced Grant SOMACCA (AdG # 230604 ) in the development of the excised larynx setup.
34 ne recent study analyzed the clearance of all variants found in 50 AMLs. 10 Such clearance after one course, defined as variant allele frequency (VAF) below 2. 5%, was associated with both better event-free survival and overall survival (OS) probabilities. In the present study, we asked whether an architecture-based clone-specific MRD strategy could provide more powerful prognostic information than evaluating the clearance of all variants. A combination of highly sensitive NGS (HS-NGS) assay and chromosomal analyses was used to monitor MRD. We found only a trend towards association of a residual clonal disease below 3. 33% with better leukemia-free survival (LFS). Strikingly, the earliest event of the clonal architecture was frequently detected, even in long term-responders. In contrast, our data revealed that persistence of the two or three first lesions of the clone was strongly associated with a poor prognosis, and was predictive for relapse at one year.
Targeted resequencing Sequencing was performed using a 122 gene panel (HaloPlex Target Enrichment System®, Agilent Technologies) on a MiSeq® sequencer (Illumina INC ). Whole exome sequencing was performed in 4 patients with KMT2A translocations. Detailed protocols have been reported previously  3  (Online Supplementary Tables  S1  and S2 ). After alignment, described variants were called using an Ensembl database. Non-described variants of potential interest were also sequenced using the Sanger method in the CD3 + fraction or in the CR samples. One patient had no target (normal karyotype and no mutation) and was excluded from the analyses. *Not available (NA) in 2 patients (failure). CR: complete remission; VCF: variant cell fractions; M: male; F: female; NS: not significant; mutated; CR1: first complete remission.
5%; P=0. 023) (Figure  6B ). (57±11. 8% vs. 19. 4±10. 5; P=0. 0048) and a trend to lower OS (85±8% vs. 61±11. 9%; P=0. 07) (Figure  6B ). Similar results were observed when restricting the analyses to the 42 prospectively included patients with two or more MRD targets (LFS at 2 years 73±10% vs. 24±10%, P=0. 0026, and OS at 2 years 90. 2±6. 6% vs. 62. 8±11. 5%, P=0. 036) (data not shown). Results were the same when censoring observations after allo-HSCT (Online Supplementary Figure  S1 ). Multivariate Cox models were constructed including variables of clinical interest and censoring data after allo-HSCT. In all analyses, persistence of 2 or more lesions was an independent variable for LFS and OS (Table  2 ). Finally, we analyzed the 50 patients with 3 or more lesions. The persistence of 3 or more markers after one course was associated with a very high risk of relapse (LFS 23.
Data collection A preliminary survey was carried out in each region with local extension service agents during April-May 2016 to identify villages to be investigated. The villages where sesame is widely produced were selected, and the more distant ones were retained in order to cover a wide geographic area in each region. The sampling of farmers per village was not totally random: we included 30% of women in the participants as well as young people and adults. The participants included were individuals who have a good experience in sesame cultivation and have been fully identified, thanks to village chiefs' help. The questionnaire was pre-tested in two villages (not included in this study) from each region and adjusted prior to data collection. Data collection was conducted in May-August 2016 and in total, 146 farmers (76 in Koulikoro and 70 in Segou) were surveyed in Mali whereas in Senegal, 110 farmers (69 in Casamance and 41 in Sine-saloum) were surveyed.
Statistical analysis The survey data were doubled-checked and inputted using Excel 2007. Thereafter, we used a range of descriptive statistics to characterize and summarize the farmers' responses in each region. Categorical variables (items) were expressed as frequencies and percentages. To test whether some items varied significantly across the regions, we performed the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Minitab ® 16 software. The partitioning of the means was made with the Tukey test at a 5% probability level. To identify the most important traits in sesame to be improved and the main constraints the farmers faced during sesame production, we defined the main variables (items) based on the preliminary survey and asked the farmers to rank them. Data were analysed by adopting Garrett's ranking technique  [18].
Acknowledgements We are immensely grateful to all the farmers interviewed and local extension service agents who were the main actors of this study. Special thanks to  Pape Ndiaye  for his assistance during data collection, to  Dr. Naa Dodua Dodoo  and  Tertsea Igbawua  for the language editing,  Faustin Katchele Ogou  for helping in the map construction,  Aoua Maiga  for field work assistance,  Kyky Komla Ganyo  and  Louis Wilfried Yehouessi  for their critical comments on the manuscript.
Both these cultures are associated with early cultivation of maize (3500-300 AD), geographically far from maize's domestication origin. In South America, several cultural regions can be identified, including the Amazonian and Chaco regions. The central Andes were the site of the emergence of the Chavin, Vicus, Moche, Tiwanaco, Nazca, and Inca cultures (1000-1532 AD). The southern Andes encompass southern Bolivia, northwest Argentina, and the southern section of the Andes along Chile; cultures including the Aconcagua, Diaguita, and Tafi (300-1532 AD) can be linked to this region. The Caribbean and northern Venezuela are principally linked with the Taino-Arawak culture (450-1500 AD)  [4, 8]. Investigation of the spread of maize from its center of domestication has been extensive, based on cytogenetic data  [9] , historical and anthropological-ethnographic studies  [10, 11] , archeological studies  [4, 6, 7, 12, 13] , and genetic data  [1, 3, 14, 15, 16, 17].
A SNP dataset was scored in a large number of accessions of both teosinte and maize to highlight new geographic elements of the earliest cultivated maize in America  [16]. Finally, more recently, a multidisciplinary approach was used in order to reconstruct possible global patterns of maize diffusion out of the Americas  [17]. Archeological studies include the study and dating of macrobotanical remains, phytoliths (the small opal silica bodies found in the cells of most of plants), and pollen samples recovered from sediments in lakes, wetlands, and archaeological deposits  [4, 6, 7]. Key developments in two different branches of science, genetics and archaeology, have shed light on the early domestication and dispersal of maize, including the accumulation of genetic evidence that maize was domesticated from an annual Balsas teosinte  [1] ; and the ability to date maize fragments and phytoliths.
Here, we hypothesize that morphological and genetic variation present in modern maize populations were influenced by geographical factors and reflect the distribution of human historical and cultural events in the New World. To this end, we performed genetic characterization using SSR markers of native Latin American maize populations, in order to study diversity and population structure and argue that they relate to the migration of maize from its center of origin in Mesoamerica towards South America and the Caribbean. We first analyzed SSR data from Mexican maize landraces alone, to validate the genetic data in germplasm for which very good historical and anthropological evidence are available. This was followed by an analysis of 194 maize landraces from all over Latin America, to clarify some of the gaps and disputes concerning early maize diffusion.