dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In addition to the actual design process and the different perspectives in approaching a particular problem, software tools are also an important consideration. In fact, a number of programmes such as Blender (https://www. blender. org) are commonly used to create animations or illustrations. It is now possible to use such programmes for rendering molecular systems (http://www. bioblender. org) and their properties, paving the way to even more insightful renderings. In this case, the choice of colouring and lighting is critical to our understanding of these systems (Supplementary Figure  S11 )  [51]. Again, collaboration with designers, illustrators, and artists is essential to harness the power of these new tools. Our plans for the future include strengthening such collaborations, with the explicit goal of developing useable software implementations that translate the design concept into actionable tools.
Acknowledgments: We thank  Théodore d'Avray ,  Antoine Barnaud ,  Patrick Bourdot ,  Julie Borgese ,  Renaud Chabrier ,  Elsa Depont ,  Joana Gouin ,  Carsten Janke ,  Margaux Khalil ,  Quentin Lebeau ,  Xavier Martinez ,  Eve Nagy ,  Annaïck Péron ,  Hubert Santuz ,  Alex Tek ,  Claire Thibon ,  Mikael Trellet  and  Estelle Villemin  who contributed to this line of research over the years.
The assessors (medical expert and instructor) were randomly assigned to each simulation session considering their availability. The participants were assessed individually by the assessors. Then results were shared among assessors in order to find a consensus on the final scoring. Participant demographics were collected using a paper questionnaire to be completed before the simulation session. This data was then transferred to an anonymized Excel file. In the Confederate group, two confederates playing the role of a nurse and a medical support worker were part of the session. The confederates are familiar with the simulated environment. They were asked to take no initiatives and to wait for the participant instructions without guidance. The role assigned to the confederates was to play their professional role (nurse emergency or medical support worker) and to help learners work in an unfamiliar simulation environment, guide learners to meeting learning objectives (for example, if the learner did not realize the patient was having a severe blood loss, the confederate could ask: "do you want me to do a hemoglobin test?"), protect simulators from damage, increase learners' engagement in the scenario by selectively increasing participants' cognitive load (by taking no initiative without a formal demand from the leaner (i.
Statistical analysis The number of simulation sessions was determined on the primary assumption that participants in the Confederate group would have a 0. 4 point variability on the OGRS Overall Performance, compared to participants in the Control group  [21]. Based on Cohen's definition of statistical analyses in behavior science, a standard deviation of 0. 5 was used  [22]. Given the initial hypothesis, a two-tailed test with a power of 80% was used. With these parameters, the number of simulation sessions required is a minimum of 50 sessions, i. e. two groups of 25 sessions. Statistical analysis of the anonymized data was performed using BiostaTGV ® software. All study variables were analyzed individually, checking for missing data and outliers. No imputation method was used for missing values.
Expanding and adapting the current clinical research framework 3. 3. 1. Network of professionals There are a number of networks working in the field of PIBD [with individual academics often being members of more than one], but there is currently no formalized link with regard to trials in PIBD. Collaborations tend to occur on an ad hoc basis driven by the academics involved. An example of this was the PIBDNet-sponsored PIBD SETQuality Study collaborating with CIDSCann to share the Canadian PIBD database. PIBD-Network [PIBD-Net] is an international group of academics and physicians intended to create a transparent infrastructure to advance the care of children with IBD through investigator-and industry-initiated research. Other communities of healthcare professionals and industry researchers include groups such as the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] including a paediatric-focused committee [paediatric ECCO; P-ECCO], the Paediatric IBD Porto group within the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition [ESPGHAN], North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition [NASPGHAN], Canadian Children IBD Network [CIDsCANN] and ImproveCareNow.
Acknowledgments Andrea Demadonna  provided administration support for the main meeting as well as for all the planning meetings and is employed as a Project and Research Coordinator by the  Société Internationale d'Oncologie Pédiatrique [SIOP]. Isabella Haaf , from the  European Federation of Crohn's and Ulcerative Colitis Association  [EFCCA], provided support to contact and open a dialogue with different patient organizations. Celia J. Parkyn PhD , of  FleishmanHillard UK , provided medical writing support for manuscript development.
Funding This work was supported by the  Collaborative Network for European Clinical Trials for Children  [conect4children; c4c], including medical writing support, and has received funding from the  Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking  under grant agreement No. 777389. The Joint Undertaking receives support from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  and  European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations.
with adult approval and/or ongoing CD/UC trials but with no PIP for CD/UC 32wnloaded from https://academic. oup. com/ecco-jcc/article/17/2/249/6710188 by Erasmus University Rotterdam user on 04 April 2023 Improving Drug Development for Paediatric IBD 253underweight at diagnosis and one-third have impaired linear growth. 31Moreover,childrenwith very early onset IBD [diagnosis <6 years] are likely to include 10-20% patients who have underlying primary immunodeficiencies [monogenetic disease],32who would normally be excluded from PIBD trials after screening. Certolizumab Anti-TNF CD Approved for use in adults with No ongoing registered paediatric Unknown CD in the USA ¶ trials. Previous paediatric CD trials terminated Natalizumab Selective adhe- CD Approved for use in adults with No ongoing registered paediatric Unknown sion molecule CD in the USA ¶ trials inhibitor Primary completion dates of trials collated from clinicaltrials.
Variables included in the initial regression model were: obesity, parity, history of labour induction, induction method, indication for labour induction, adequate information, satisfaction regarding pain management, assisted vaginal delivery, caesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage and delivery within 24 hours after the start of induction. Odds ratios were expressed with their 95% con dence interval. All tests were two-sided with p-values 0. 05 de ned as statistically signi cant. All analyses were performed using R STUDIO version 1. 0. 136. The lack of data on women's choice of labour induction did not allow for sample size calculation. Based on the study of Ten Eikelder ML et al. , we planned to include more than 500 women. In their study, 502 patients were included and the authors assessed experience and preferences among term women undergoing induction of labour with oral misoprostol or Foley catheter  [20].
Further measurements on a larger set of screen protectors will be performed to confirm this observation. In addition, the intrinsic background dose may be regarded as the main limitation for the detection limit only if measurements are carried out immediately after irradiation or if the radiation-induced TL signal is thermally stable. In a real accident, hours, days or even weeks may pass between exposure and dose assessment. While little fading of the radiationinduced TL signal was observed for three screen protectors in a previous study  (7) , preliminary results on a larger dataset in a follow-up study showed that this is not always the case (Discher, Bassinet, and Woda, A TL study of protective glasses of mobile phones for retrospective dosimetry, submitted). For those screen protectors, where fading has a pronounced effect, the achievable detection limit will be influenced by both, the degree of fading and the intrinsic background dose.
Methods: participants, interventions and outcomes The second version of this protocol (Additional file 1) was published on February 7th, 2019, before the inclusion of the 1st patient in the study. The current version is the fifth version of the protocol, which was accepted by the research ethics committee on September 17th, 2021 (Additional file 2). Modifications between version 2 and 5 are summarized in Table  1. The WHO Trial Registration Data Set is provided in Additional file 3.
Plans for assessment and collection of outcomes {18a} Assessment and collection of outcomes will be done by the clinicians in charge of the patients. Case report forms are provided in Additional files 6 and 7. Case report forms are then entered in database with range checks. In case of obviously wrong data, investigators can check the electronical medical file of the patient. Subjects will be assessed daily while hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU). Day 28 et day 90 assessment will be performed by investigators or delegated team members using electronic medical records, and phone call to the patient's general practitioner and to any MD involved in patient care after ICU discharge if required.
Trial status This is the fifth version of the protocol, written on September 7, 2021. First patient was included on May 10, 2019. We expect to complete the recruitment by the end of 2022. • fast, convenient online submission • thorough peer review by experienced researchers in your field • rapid publication on acceptance • support for research data, including large and complex data types • gold Open Access which fosters wider collaboration and increased citations maximum visibility for your research: over 100M website views per year.
Acknowledgments Financial support. This Brown University collaborative research was supported by  Sanofi. Dr. Zullo  was also supported, in part, by the  National Institute on Aging  ( R21AG061632 ,  R01AG065722 ,  RF1AG061221 , and  R24AG064025 ). Some authors are VA employees (A. R. Z. ). Disclaimer. The content and views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or official policies of the United States Government or the  US Department of Veterans Affairs. Potential conflicts of interest. R. v. A. and M. M. L. are employed by  Sanofi  and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. The other authors: no reported conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest.
Material and methods Data. National inventory of animals (cattle, poultry and pig). Two datasets were used to quantify demands for animal health care. All cattle farms were extracted from the French National Bovine Database Identification 2019 (BDNI), whereas all other swine and poultry farms were extracted from SIGAL (Sanitary Information System). The BDNI database, managed by a specific office of the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food, was described 11 and used  12. All animals, farms, and farmers in the cattle sector are individually identified. The BDNI contains an identification number, date of birth, sex, farm of birth, geographic coordinates of farms, breed and date of first calving for females. These characteristics were used to compute Livestock Units (LU), which facilitates aggregation of livestock by taking into account the type of cattle (e.
g. , dairy or beef cows) and their age. In addition, geographic coordinates and animal populations of all French swine and poultry farms in the SIGAL database 2019 were provided by the General Directorate for Food (DGAL) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry. Veterinary population and workload. To quantify the supply of animal health care, we used a dataset from the 2019 Veterinarian National Order Database, which includes the number of veterinarians, the species for which they provide service, and the site where they practice. Each year, every practitioner is required to be registered in the National Order Database. We geocoded professional addresses to pinpoint geographic coordinates (longitude and latitude) of veterinarians. Second, to estimate the percentage of full-time equivalent (FTE) dedicated to each sector for all veterinarians, we used data from a previous survey  13.
To compare between 2SFCA scores distributions generated by various travel time thresholds, we compared the minimum, 1st quartile, median, 3rd quartile, maximum, mean and variation of each distribution. Additionally, we compared the coefficient of variation (CV). In general, standard deviation is used to measure the variation of values in a single dataset; although this measures how far the average value lies from the mean, it does not allow a comparison of variation between two datasets. However, the coefficient of variation (CV), defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, is more commonly used to compare the degree of variation from one data series to another. The higher the CV, the greater is the level of dispersion around the mean. Expressed in percentage, the CV formula is: CV = σ µ * 100% where σ is the standard deviation and µ the mean of a given distribution.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank an anonymous reviewer and an Associate Editor for their valuable comments and suggestions which helped make the paper published, and  Marjorie Sweetko  for her thorough re-reading of the English. This work was supported by the  French National Research Agency  Grant  ANR-17-EURE-0020 , by the  Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University -A*MIDEX and by the  Allied Health, Environment and Development Research Network (AHEAD) Research Network.
Participants Neurotypical children in their last two years of elementary school (equivalent of Year 5 and Year 6 in the United Kingdom, or 4th and 5th Grade in the United States) were recruited from six French classrooms in Corsica. The classrooms were situated across both urban and suburban areas. The classrooms were only moderately exposed to external environmental noise, and the noise levels generated inside the classroom typically covered the sound that could be heard from the outside (more information on noise measurements can be found in  [48] ). Parental consent was obtained for 113 pupils (52 Year 5s, and 61 Year 6s). One classroom additionally contained eight children in Year 4 who participated in the research project, but their data were excluded from the current analyses for the purpose of homogeneity.
Descriptive Statistics In total, 8. 41% of data points were missing. This was due to children being absent at the testing session, or not replying to a given item. Little's MCAR test was non-significant (χ 2 (501) = 521. 99, p =. 250) [50] , indicating that the data were missing completely at random. The average of the items constituting a given subscale was calculated for every child who had no more than one missing item at this given scale. Descriptive statistics are reported in Table  1. A visual analysis of the distributions showed that several variables deviated from a normal distribution. The distribution for the single-item measure of noise sensitivity was positively skewed, with 81. 6% of the children saying they were not at all or only a bit noise sensitive; and so was the case for the item assessing hearing difficulties (48.
(2020) , Study 2 investigated the associations between children's effortful control, prosocial behaviour and their reactions to classroom noise. Participants were 240 children recruited from an elementary school in the South of England, in the United Kingdom. Children were attending classes between Years 3 and 6, equivalent to 2nd to 5th Grade in the United States. Data from three children were removed from the analyses: one child was partially deaf and the other two had been diagnosed with autism, a condition that can be associated with hyper-or hypo-reactivity to sensory input  [53, 54]. The final sample was composed of 237 children (47% female), from 7. 38 to 11. 27 years of age (M = 9. 39; SD = 1. 09). There were 52 Year 3s, 63 Year 4s, 62 Year 5s and 60 Year 6s.
Descriptive Statistics In total, 4. 27% data points were missing. This was due to children being absent at the testing session, or not replying to a given item. Little's MCAR test was non-significant (χ 2 (698) = 694. 90, p =. 526), indicating that the data were missing completely at random  [50]. The average of the items constituting a given subscale was calculated for every child who had no more than one missing item at this given scale. Descriptive statistics are reported in Table  3. A visual inspection of the data showed that teachers tended to report good effortful control skills and prosocial behaviour in children. The distributions for the attentional focus, inhibitory control, activation control and prosocial behaviour subscales were negatively skewed. In contrast, the distribution of scores for the impulsivity subscale was positively skewed.
Mortality Data and Approach Cancer mortality data consisted of the number of deaths for each cancer site by sex and five-year age groups (from 15-64 years where deaths were assumed to occur at the midpoint of each 5-year age group) and was obtained from the Global Cancer Observatory, GLOBOCAN 2020 database (https://gco. iarc. fr/today/data-sources-methods, accessed on 4 March 2022). Twenty-three individual cancer sites in addition to a total for all cancer sites were considered following the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). We included 31 European countries (the 27 countries of the European Union (EU), plus Norway, Switzerland, Iceland and the United Kingdom (UK)), which we hereafter refer to as 'Europe,' and four European regions (Northern, Southern, Central-Eastern, Western Europe).
Friction Cost Approach The estimation of the FCA required an estimate of the friction period (the period of time to restore the production level of a firm following the loss of an employee and to fill a vacancy that has arisen) and monetary valuation data for lost production to the economy. Our estimate of country-specific friction periods, updated to 2020, followed a recently published methodology  [18]. Initially, the average vacancy duration following the loss of an employee was calculated according to: Annual vacancy duration (VD) = 365 * ∑ 4 i=1 Vi 4 ∑ 4 i=1 Mi where V = stock of unfilled vacancies M = flows of filled vacancies Estimates for the stock of unfilled vacancies were derived from annual Labour Force Surveys reported by Eurostat in 2020  [19]. Vacancy stock data are missing for France, Italy, Denmark, Hungary and Malta.
Nevertheless, there are several limitations of our study. Our study is an underestimate of the productivity costs of cancer in Europe due to the explicit exclusion of other forms of cancer-related lost productivity including morbidity in the form of temporary work absences, permanent absenteeism, reduced working hours and presenteeism. The lack of a standardised database across Europe for these productivity costs for cancer resulted in their exclusion in this case. We also excluded unpaid productivity costs from our study, which have been shown to be significant for cancer  [11]. This was a deliberate choice made by the authors, as non-market activity, by its nature, does not result in the need to replace employees in a firm. To aid the comparability of our estimates with previous studies of cancer productivity costs in Europe, we also excluded those individuals who die prematurely from cancer but would have worked beyond 65 years of age.
Robust estimates for individuals working beyond 65 are difficult due to the limited economic data availability for wage rates, labour force participation rates and unemployment rates for this group. Our study employed gross national wage rates rather than self-reported wage rates and therefore does not reflect variations in the socio-economic background of the population under study. Nor do our estimates reflect variations in vacancy duration by occupation due to a lack of routinely collected data at a national level on vacancy stock data by sector or by occupation. Our forecasted labour market data used for the HCA was based on an average of historic trends, which may not accurately reflect future trends. This is a common shortcoming of HCA estimates, however, and one we undertook sensitivity analysis to mitigate as much as possible.
Patients We included patients with IBS from two prospective cohort studies that were conducted at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden: one large study focussing on the link between different pathophysiological factors and symptoms, and one intervention trial (NCT01252550), from which baseline data before the intervention was used. All patients were referred to our unit from primary care or via self-referral, or responded to advertisements regarding participation in research studies, and met the Rome criteria for IBS in use at the time of inclusion (Rome II or III). 15, 16 For the present study, we included patients who had completed the IBSQOL questionnaire, self-report symptom questionnaires and tests for measurement of oroanal transit time and rectal sensitivity (see below for detailed descriptions).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The study was funded by grants from the  Swedish state  under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the  ALF-agreement  ( ALFGBG-726561 ,  722331 ,  875581 ), the  Swedish Research Council  ( 2018-02566 ), and the  Faculty of Medicine at the University of Gothenburg. CM has been awarded the  UEG Research Award 2020  for her stay at The  University of Gothenburg. Mahrukh Khadija  has been awarded  Mary von Sydow  research award 2021.
Ethical Statement Tumor-free bronchial biopsies were obtained from patients with lung tumors with or without COPD and who underwent surgery for non-small cell lung cancer in the Thoracic Surgery Department (The University Hospital Center, Tours, France)  [54]. The study was conducted with the agreement of the local bioethical committee of the University Hospital Center (Tours, France) and tissue collections were declared to the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation (approval DC-2008-308). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical standards set out in the Declaration of Helsinki were respected. Data on age, histological examinations, smoking, and COPD status were recorded for each patient.
Statistical Analysis Data were expressed as median ± quartile. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between two groups, while comparisons between three or more groups were performed with Kruskal-Wallis test using GraphPad Prism 6. 0 (GraphPad software, San Diego, CA, USA). Statistically significant correlation between two variables was determined with the non-parametric Spearman test. Differences were considered significant at p-values < 0. 05, <0. 01, and <0. 001, and were represented as *, **, and ***, respectively.