dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The evolution of flood-related mortality The final aim of this database is to help reduce the human toll of floods. So, given the data exposed before, what conclusions can be exposed on prevention and especially early warning? Sharif et al. [36]  estimate that ³the annual flood-fatality rates are decreasing significantly. A combination of improved hydrometeorological forecasting, educational programs aimed at enhancing public awareness of flood risk and the seriousness of flood warnings, and timely and appropriate action by local emergency and safety authorities will help further reduce flood fatalities in Texas´. Of course, historical catastrophic events causing hundreds of deaths seem to be a thing of the past  [37]  but the number of fatalities is still too high. It is not possible to reduce to zero the number of deaths but it might be possible to reduce the human toll especially for huge events.
The annual evolution of the number of fatalities (Fig. 12 ) seems to indicate a decrease of huge annual tolls. It does show a positive effect of prevention measures but further research is being implemented to assess the number of fatalities especially according to the exposed population. Also, it must be noted that the database only concerns the Mediterranean regions. Accounting for all flood events in France would show that the decreasing number of fatalities is not definitive. New risks appear like sea surges (41 people died in 2010) or local runoff in urban areas, even outside of Mediterranean regions. A forthcoming extension of the Vict-In DB is planned to cover all of France. The status of the rivers was studied according to flood warning system. When comparing the location of deaths to the gauged and monitored rivers map, 123 (54 %) out of 227 fatalities occurred on rivers where a flood warning system did not exist (Fig.
13 ). It is difficult to draw conclusions on this data. Indeed, the French state administration argues that, without early flood warning service, the toll would be worse, which is undeniably true. The Vict-in database is now being carried out by Clotilde Saint-Martin as part of her PhD work. It has been paired up with a more general impact database. Put together, both those databases will help to test and validate a flash-flood impact model developed during the thesis. This impact model is being implemented within the French institute called Irstea. It is based on a current flood warning method called AIGA that will be crossed with an indicator of the exposure to flooding. AIGA is a flood warning system based on a simple distributed hydrological model run at a 1 km² resolution using real time radar rainfall information  [38].
MATERIALS AND METHODS Human myeloma cell lines (HMCL, n ¼ 10) XG-1, XG-2, XG-6, XG-7, XG-11, XG-13, XG-19, RPMI8226, LP1 and SKMM2 were obtained as previously described  (Moreaux et al, 2011)  or purchased from Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) and American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA). Microarray data are deposited in the ArrayExpress public database (accession numbers E-TABM-937 and E-TABM-1088). Human myeloma cell lines were cultured with graded chetomin (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) concentrations. Human myeloma cell lines' cell growth was quantified with a Cell Titer Glo Luminescent Assay (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined using GraphPad Prism software (http:// www. graphpad.
com/scientific-software/prism/). Gene expression profiling (GEP) of MM cells (MMCs) were obtained from two independent large patients' cohorts: the Heidelberg-Montpellier (HM, N ¼ 206) cohort (ArrayExpress public database under accession number E-MTAB-362)  (Hose et al, 2011; Moreaux et al, 2012)  and the publicly available cohort from University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS, Little Rock, AR, USA, cohort treated with total therapy 2, N ¼ 345) (GEO, http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/geo/, accession number GSE2658). Patients presenting with previously untreated MM (N ¼ 206) at the university hospitals of Heidelberg and Montpellier have been included in the study approved by the ethics committee of Montpellier  (DC-2008-417)  and Heidelberg after written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by grants from  French INCA (Institut National du Cancer) Institute  ( 2012-109/087437 ),  Languedoc Roussillon CRLR  ( R14026FF ),  Fondation de France  ( 201400047510 ),  ITMO Cancer (MM&TT)  and  AXLR SATT (30041633 ). EV is supported by a grant from  Guillaume Espoir association (Saint-Genis-Laval, France).
The data were collected over a range of 20°-60° with a scanning step of 0. 08° min -1. Highscore 3. 0a software (PaNalytical, Almelo, the Netherlands) was used to identify the phase. The thermal behavior of nHAp, MWCNT-GO, and nHAp/MWCNT-GO nanocomposites was evaluated using a Netzsch STA 449-Jupiter. The samples (6-8 mg) were placed on a platinum pan and heated from 25°C to 1,000°C at 10°C min -1 under a nitrogen-purged atmosphere (50 mL min -1 ). A mercury porosimeter (Pore Master 60-GT; Quantachrome Instruments, Boynton Beach, FL, USA) was employed to characterize the total area of the nanocomposites through their macropores' size distribution, while BET was used to evaluate the micro-and mesopores based on the classical helium-void volume method. Quantachrome Pore Master (version 7. 01), Quantachrome NovaWin 2, and Quantachrome Instruments (version 2.
2) software were used for data analysis. Attenuated transmission reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR; Perkin-Elmer Spotlight 400 FTIR Imaging System) was performed, and data were collected at room temperature in the 4,000-700 cm -1 region. Raman spectra were recorded at ambient temperature using a Horiba microprobe system, employing an argon laser for excitation (λ=514. 5 nm) with a laser power of ~6 mW.
Acknowledgments Regarding the financial support to this work, the authors would like to thank the  Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (PVEs-CAPES ,  88887. 095044/2015-00 ), the  National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq  grant  474090/2013-2 ), the  Sao Paulo Research Foundation  ( FAPESP , grants  2011/17877-7 ,  2011/20345-7  and  2013/20054-8 ), and the  Brazilian Innovation Agency (FINEP ;  0113042800 ). BVMR would also like to thank the  FAPESP  for the postdoctoral fellowship ( 2015/08523-8 ). The authors would also like to thank the  Northeastern University  for sponsoring this study.
Adding to that, the area of the Nordic Seas together with the need of adequately including the boundary areas towards the northern North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean within the model domain, limits the spatial resolution due to the computational demand, especially within an operational framework. Other complicating factors include, among others, large ocean-atmosphere heat exchange associated with vigorous atmosphere dynamics (e. g. ,  Ivanov and Shapiro, 2005; Segtnan et al. , 2011) , as well as sea-ice-atmosphere interactions (e. g. ,  Smedsrud et al. , 2013). In addition, the data assimilation itself adds challenges related to the freshwater balance and dynamical consistency, among other things. Our analysis includes assimilation and non-assimilation experiments performed by the two CMEMS models, as well as a non-assimilation mode only simulation using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS).
ROMS is currently used operationally at the Norwegian met office and served as a backup system within the MyOcean projects, i. e. , the pre-operational phase of the CMEMS, and is also used at the Institute of Marine Research, Norway, for physical oceanography purposes as well as coupled ecosystem models. These three models represent the three main classes of numerical ocean models, namely z-level models, sigmacoordinate models and isopycnic-coordinate models. Moreover, the inclusion of the ROMS model represents a high-resolution regional simulation specifically set up for studying the AW flow through the Nordic and Barents seas. This allows for a direct comparison between two large-domain models using data assimilation and a non-assimilating model dedicated to a specific region. The aim of this paper is to objectively assess the performance (against observations) and agreement (between one another) of these models based on key metrics, such as ocean transports and temperature and salinity distribution and variability.
eu), 25 km resolution Sea-Ice Concentration (SIC) from IFREMER/CERSAT, ¼°L4 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from AVHRR sensor  (Reynolds et al. 2007) , and in-situ profiles of temperature and salinity (ARGO profiles principally) from the CORA3. 3 database made available by the In Situ TAC (http://marine. copernicus. eu). In terms of data amount, no specific numbering is available for the Nordic seas as a whole in the system. However, a Barents Sea area is for example specifically monitored in which 2000 of satellite data (mainly from Envisat and Geosat) are assimilated on average in the system with a strong seasonal cycle. For the in situ data give similar statistics can give an erroneous view of the impact as the network has strongly evolved since the early 90's. However, and to give an idea, a maximum of few dozens of profiles per year are assimilated in the Barents Sea sector and so only during the end of the period.
Thus, the observations and the models may capture spatiotemporal variability differently. Examples of discrepancies between the models and the observations, possibly due to incomplete observational datasets, include the modelled BSO inflow maxima during the winters 1999/00 and 2004/05 when no concurrent maximum is seen in the observations with regard to the former peak, while the latter maximum (2004/05) was investigated by  Lien et al. (2013b) , who proposed a mechanism for transient increases in the AW flow through the BSO outside the monitoring array. Similarly, the most prominent peak in the observed AW flow through the BSO (winter 2005/06) is only to some degree captured in the model simulations. These findings call for further efforts in identifying the mechanisms for spatiotemporal variability in the BSO throughflow.
Acknowledgement This work was supported by the  EU  within the projects  My-Ocean2  (grant number  283367 ),  MyOcean FollowOn  (grant number  633085 ) and  Copernicus Marine Environmental Monitoring Service. A grant of  CPU  time (nn2993k) from the  NOTUR2  Norwegian supercomputing project has been used for the TOPAZ simulations. Bogi Hansen ,  Kjell Arild Orvik  and  Randi Ingvaldsen  are acknowledged for help in preparing the observation data from the fixed sections. We thank  Karen Gjertsen  for preparing Fig. 1.
BACKGROUND: Flow disruption with WEB is an innovative endovascular approach for wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms. Initial series have shown a low complication rate with good efficacy. OBJECTIVE: To report clinical and anatomical results of the WEB treatment in the cumulated population of WEBCAST (WEB Clinical Assessment of Intrasaccular Aneurysm) and French Observatory series. METHODS: WEBCAST and French Observatory are single-arm, prospective, multicenter, Good Clinical Practice studies dedicated to the evaluation of WEB treatment. Ruptured and unruptured bifurcation aneurysms located in the basilar artery, middle cerebral artery, anterior communicating artery, and internal carotid artery terminus were included in both studies. Clinical data were independently evaluated. Postoperative, 6month (in WEBCAST), and 1-year aneurysm occlusion was independently evaluated with a 3-grade scale: complete occlusion, neck remnant, and aneurysm remnant.
METHODS The WEBCAST and French Observatory are both single-arm, prospective, consecutive, multicenter studies dedicated to the evaluation of WEB treatment for bifurcation aneurysms conducted in Europe and France. Both studies received national regulatory authorization, including approval from the Consultative Committee of Information Processing in Healthcare Research program, Reims Institutional Review Board approval, and National Commission for Data Processing and Freedom approval in France. For WEBCAST centers outside France, national or institutional approval was obtained according to the regulations of each country. Written informed consent was obtained for all patients.
Data Collection Each center completed a patient file with the following data: demographic information, including patient age and sex; aneurysm information, including rupture status, location, size, and neck size; and procedure information, including date, type of device used (DL or SL/ SLS), perioperative antiplatelet medications, occurrence of complications during or after the procedure, and use of additional devices during the procedure (coils, remodeling balloons, stents, or flow diverters). Preoperative Hunt and Hess grade was collected in cases of ruptured aneurysms. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was collected before treatment (unruptured/recanalized aneurysms), at 30 days (67 days), and at 12 months (63 months) for all patients. Vascular imaging was collected at 6 months in WEBCAST and at 1 year in both studies.
Data Analysis Clinical data were independently monitored and analyzed, including all adverse events (A. M. ). Morbidity was defined as an mRS score. 2 when the preoperative mRS was #2 (or in case of ruptured aneurysm) and as an increase of 1 point when the preoperative mRS was. 2. An expert interventional neuroradiologist (J. B. ) independently evaluated aneurysm occlusion using the previously validated 3-grade scale: complete occlusion, neck remnant, and aneurysm remnant. According to a previous publication, opacification of the proximal recess of the WEB device was considered complete occlusion. 14, 19 n both studies, postoperative and 1-year aneurysm occlusion was evaluated. In WEBCAST, 6-month anatomical results were also evaluated. Direct comparison of postoperative and 1-year aneurysm occlusion was performed with a simple 3-grade scale: stable, improved, or worsened.
Statistical Analysis Continuous variables were described as mean 6 SD. Categorical data were described numerically as a categorical total and as a percentage of the analyzed population. Binomial data were described as a ratio of the true value and the analyzed population (x/n). Confidence intervals for binomial data were calculated by the Clopper-Pearson method, and P values were calculated by the Fisher exact test. Analyses were conducted with SPSS statistical software and ExactX Software for confidence intervals and P values.
WEB Aneurysm Treatment vs Surgery (Clipping) Comparison of WEB treatment with surgery (clipping) is difficult because no surgical series is specifically dedicated to wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms. Certainly, in some cases reported in the present series, surgical clipping would have been a therapeutic option, but in all centers participating in WEBCAST and French Observatory, endovascular treatment was selected by multidisciplinary teams 1-YEAR CLINICAL AND ANATOMICAL RESULTS AFTER WEB ANEURYSM TREATMENT that included neurosurgeons. Recent series reporting the treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (the majority of aneurysms treated in the present series) have shown good safety of aneurysm clipping. 30 rom the data we have from the literature comparing clipping and coiling (International Subarachnoid Trial and Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial), it is clear that the short-term and midterm safety is higher with coiling, and the present series shows that WEB treatment has a safety similar to that of coiling.
These data are certainly encouraging. However, as with any early technology, the results should be taken with caution. Complete aneurysm occlusion at 1 year was observed in only 56% of patients. In the subarachnoid hemorrhage population, incomplete aneurysm occlusion has been shown to increase the risk of future rupture in the Cerebral Aneurysm Rerupture After Treatment (CARAT) study. 1  Additionally, a recent systematic review evaluating the predictive nature of the Raymond grading scale (which is used in the present study) found an increased risk of aneurysm rupture for class II (residual neck) and class III (residual dome) aneurysms. 2 This review included both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. The present study quotes an "adequate" occlusion rate of 82%, defining both class I and Class II as adequate.
The location of each absorption feature in time is determined by its location in frequency relative to the scanning modes and their initial frequencies at the start of the scan. Thus, the temporal signal can be translated into changes in transmission as a function of frequency of the scanning modes. Since the spectral locations of the absorption lines are available from a suitable database such as HITRAN  [19] , when the laser mode parameters are also known, the resulting MUMAS signature can be calculated and compared with the experimental data. Previously, MUMAS has been demonstrated for the measurement of concentration, temperature and pressure of molecular oxygen using multi-mode near-IR diode lasers  [18] , the detection of C 2 H 2  [20] , CO and CO 2  [21]  using an Er:Yb:glass microlaser, as well as the simultaneous detection of C 2 H 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O in the 1.
Furthermore, the rate of change of ν m with cavity length varies across the spectrum as the cavity length changes. All of these factors are incorporated into the modelling procedure used here to simulate a MUMAS signature. The modelling is accomplished by importing from the database the values of spectral line position, the line strength adjusted for temperature and the partial pressure of the absorbing species  [19]. Inclusion of the initial frequency location of the laser modes and their scan rate then allows the model to determine the location at which each spectral feature will appear in the scan. Usually, the scan is carried out and simulated for an interval exceeding Δν mode to ensure all features are analysed within this range. Line broadening incorporating Doppler and collisional (pressure) broadening is then applied to each feature together with a contribution from the laser mode linewidth, Δν width , if necessary.
25 %. The centre wavelength of the ICL emission could be varied by a combination of temperature and injection current settings over a range from 3620 to 3770 nm. As explained previously, the bandwidth of the output was narrowed using an interference filter (Northumbria Optical Coatings), and the centre of the band pass was adjusted by varying the angle of incidence on the filter. Thus, by a combination of current/temperature tuning and adjustment of the interference filter, different spectral envelopes could be selected. Figure  2a  shows three such envelopes within the wavelength range 3630-3760 nm. The upper trace in Fig. 2a  shows the methane absorption spectrum in this range, derived from the HITRAN database  [19]. The spectral location and envelope shapes were measured using the Bristol Instruments Michelson interferometer.
Background: Refractory post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS) is a relatively rare phenomenon that can lead to rapid multi-organ dysfunction syndrome and is almost invariably fatal without advanced mechanical circulatory support (AMCS), namely extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or ventricular assist devices (VAD). In this multicentre observational study we retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of salvage venoarterial ECMO (VA ECMO) and VAD for refractory PCCS in the 3 adult cardiothoracic surgery centres in Scotland over a 20-year period. Methods: The data was obtained through the Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen cardiac surgery databases. Our inclusion criteria included any adult patient from April 1995 to April 2015 who had received salvage VA ECMO or VAD for PCCS refractory to intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and maximal inotropic support following adult cardiac surgery.
Methods Scottish adult cardiothoracic surgical services are provided by three regional centres covering a population of 5. 2 million individuals  [11]. The relevant data was collected from the databases of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (surgical case load ≈ 900/year), the Golden Jubilee National Hospital in Glasgow (surgical case load ≈ 1300/year), and the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary (surgical case load ≈ 500/year). Our inclusion criteria included any adult patient from April 1995 to April 2015 who had received salvage VA ECMO or VAD for PCCS refractory to IABP and inotropic support following adult cardiac surgery. We acquired information regarding the patients' 12 month follow-up status by accessing the cardiology follow-up clinic letters on the TrakCare R system in Edinburgh, the AMCS database in Glasgow, and through making direct enquiries with the surgeons involved in the long-term outcomes of the patients in Aberdeen via email and telephone communications.
Results A total of 28 patients met the inclusion criteria with one patient excluded due to lack of recorded information in the TrakCare R database regarding the type of AMCS support used, any potential complications and the short and the long-term outcomes of this individual. Overall, 16 patients from the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh met the inclusion criteria, 8 patients from the Golden Jubilee National Hospital in Glasgow and 3 patients from Aberdeen Royal Infirmary cardiothoracic surgery unit. The reason why more cases belonged to Edinburgh rather than Glasgow, despite the latter being a larger unit, was because AMCS was rarely used to salvage refractory PCCS patients in the west of Scotland prior to 2007 (the year of the merger between Glasgow Royal Infirmary and the Glasgow Western Infirmary forming the Golden Jubilee National Hospital).
They reported a 54. 1 % survival rate to hospital discharge and concluded that VAD is a valuable, life-saving therapeutic manoeuvre. By comparison, the survival rate in our study was lower but firm conclusions are difficult given the low number of patients in our cohort. However, other smaller studies (relative to the Hernandez study)  [5, [15] [16] [17] [18]  all using either ECMO or VAD for refractory PCCS, reported less impressive survival to hospital discharge rates of 24. 8 %-37 % and a 5 year survival of 13. 7 %-16. 9 %. Unfortunately, we do not have long-term survival data as many of the survivors were ultimately discharged from the outpatient clinics when no further medical or surgical interventions were required, hence longer term follow up data post out-patient clinic discharge had not been recorded in the database.
Total mRNA content was transcribed into coding DNA (cDNA) according to Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Roche R ) protocols. Quantitative analyzes were performed using the SYBR-Green kit (Roche R ). qPCR was performed on biological duplicates (by sorting two different embryo series) with technical duplicates. The results obtained were analyzed by calculating the 2 ∧ -Ct. Hprt1 was used as reference gene. Oligonucleotides of the following genes were selected, tested and verified according to their efficiencies and specificities: was used for image analysis and to determine probe signal levels. The quality and statistical analysis of the data were finally made using the GeneSpring GX11 analysis software (Agilent Technologies). EphB1: FWD 5 ′ -CCGTGGATGACTGGCTAAGT -3 ′ REV 5 ′ -TACCGATGGTGACTGGTTCA -3 ′ Zbtb4: FWD 5 ′ -CGCTTCTCCATGTTGGCTAT -3 ′ REV 5 ′ -GTGAGCAGGGAACTTGGTGT -3 ′ Zbtb20: FWD 5 ′ -AATGCGAAAGGGAAGCAGTA -3 ′ REV 5 ′ -ACAGGACCCGTGGAGTAATG -3 ′ RNA Preparation,.