dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Because we lack data on the invertebrates that share the range of Bale monkeys, we are unable to assess the importance of Bale monkeys as an umbrella species for invertebrate conservation. However, we also compiled a list of the endemic and/or threatened vascular plant species in Ethiopia (cf. ,  Asefa et al. , 2020; IUCN, 2020). We consider a species endemic if its range falls entirely within Ethiopia's boundaries. We consider a species threatened if it is classified as Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered in the most recent IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2020). We identified 128 endemic and/or threatened terrestrial animal species for Ethiopia, including mammal species, 46 bird species, 11 amphibian species, and 5 reptile species (Appendix A). Among these species, 80 are endemic (45 mammal, 20 bird, 11 amphibian, and 4 reptile species) to Ethiopia and 84 (38 mammal, 36 bird, 9 amphibian, and 1 reptile species) are classified as threatened (Appendix A).
We also compiled a total of endemic and/or threatened plant species for Ethiopia. Of these, species are endemic (19 tree, 133 shrub, 278 herb, 35 grass, 10 epiphyte, 12 climber and 2 geophyte species) to Ethiopia and 60 (22 tree, shrub, 6 herb and 1 climber species) are classified as threatened (Appendix B). In addition, the IUCN (2020) classifies 9 endemic mammal and 8 endemic plant species as Data Deficient; based on our experience we consider these species as threatened though we did not include them in our analyses. We extracted the geographic range map (extent of occurrence) of each endemic and/or threatened species from the IUCN Red List. Although the IUCN range polygons provide useful information regarding the species' geographic boundaries, they incorporate some areas that are not suitable for a particular species  (Li and Pimm, 2016).
Thus, we collected elevational range and primary habitat data for each animal species from BirdLife International, the IUCN Red List, and supplemental missing elevational data from the literature. We produced species richness maps across Ethiopia using Spatial Analysis in Macroecology (SAM) version 4. 0  (Rangel et al. , 2010)  and ArcGIS 10. 8. 1 to identify the concentration of threatened species and centers of endemism by summing the range map for each threatened, endemic, and threatened and/or endemic animal species as well as for all terrestrial animal species. We estimated species richness by the total count of species recorded in each grid cell (0. 1 • × 0. 1 • latitude-longitude resolution, i. e. , 11 × 11 km) built in SAM software. We did not produce richness maps for endemic and threatened plants of Ethiopia due to a lack of IUCN range polygon data for most species.
Thus, like the giant panda in bamboo forest habitat in China  (Li and Pimm, 2016) , the Bale monkey is promising as both a flagship species and an umbrella species for the restoration and protection of bamboo forest at the landscape level in southern Ethiopia. Of the 489 endemic plant species recorded in Ethiopia, 425 are Not Evaluated, and 8 are recorded as Data Deficient by IUCN (IUCN, 2020). Therefore, we suggest urgent IUCN Red List assessment for these endemic species because they generally have more significant global conservation concerns, smaller geographic ranges, smaller population sizes, fewer potential sites for conservation intervention, and overall greater vulnerability to extirpation and extinction than non-endemic species  (Brooks et al. , 2006; Mekonnen et al. , 2020a). Bale monkey habitat protection will likely benefit many of the species/subspecies that are not evaluated.
Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease with increasingly complicated management. Our objective is to use on-demand computational power to address the challenges of dynamically managing MS. Methods: A phase 3 clinical trial data (NCT00906399) were used to contextualize the medication efficacy of peg-interferon beta-1a vs placebo on patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Using a set of reference patients (PORs), selected based on adequate features similar to those of an individual patient, we visualize disease activity by measuring the percentage of relapses, accumulation of new T2 lesions on MRI, and worsening EDSS during the clinical trial. Results: We developed MS Vista, a functional prototype of clinical decision support system (CDSS), with a user-centered design and distributed infrastructure.
15, 16 Many of the existing clinical decision support systems (CDSSs)  17  for MS combine real-time access to data and on-demand computation. To individualize clinical decision making, PM also requires considering individual patient's contextual factors, i. e. , individual features relevant to his or her care. Here, we propose the CDSS, MS Vista, a functional prototype designed to assist physicians and patients during clinical follow-up visits for MS. MS Vista uses new contextualization and data projection concepts that enrich patients' data displays and assist in shared clinical decision making. We illustrate the usefulness of this prototype through the visualization of the medication efficacy of peginterferon beta-1a versus placebo for each individual patient with relapsingremitting MS (RRMS), based on the projection of key features of disease activity from a phase 3 RCT data.
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents The current research does not include any human experimentation. The physicians with whom we collaborated are members of the project. The study was approved by the non-interventional research ethics committee of Nantes University (IRB n°: IORG0011023), with the reference number n°09122021. The data used in this study are extracted from a previous trial registered with ClinicalTrials. gov, number NCT00906399, and approved for research use in the original trial patients' consent forms. The trial study was done according to the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki. All information regarding the standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents of this trial are described by Calabresi et al.
Data source: RCT We used pseudonymized RCT data (NCT00906399) from a global multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallelgroup, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of peginterferon beta-1a in reducing relapse rates in patients with RRMS. 19 In 26 countries, 1512 patients between the ages of 18 and 65, with EDSS scores of 0 to 5 and at least two clinically documented relapses in the three years prior to the trial, have been randomized to placebo (500 patients) or peginterferon beta-1a (500 patients with 125 mcg every 4 weeks and 512 with 125 mcg every 2 weeks) during the first year of the trial. In the present study, we use exclusively data from patients on placebo and peginterferon beta-1a 125 mcg every 2 weeks, as approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration).
Contextualization Contextualization  20  introduces external quantified evidence to better assess the uniqueness of each clinical situation. Contextualization has been further developed using the concepts of "patient of interest" (POI) and "patients of reference" (PORs). POI data refer to data from individual patients: the subjects of the clinical decision. PORs represent data from a subgroup of relevant patients who share similar disease characteristics with the POI: the subject of statistical modeling. This distinction reflects different data processing methods related to clinical decision making for POIs or mathematical modeling for PORs and shapes the data architecture of computational medical applications. We used the following demographic, clinical, and MRI criteria for PORs data selection: -current age, -sex, -age at MS onset, -disease duration, -MS type, -expanded disability status scale (EDSS) at the last visit, -number of relapses within the last 12 months, -number of T2 lesions on baseline MRI, -gadolinium-enhanced lesions on baseline MRI, -number of new T2 lesions within the last 12 months.
All these criteria have been validated by expert neurologists and documented in previous epidemiological studies  21, 22, 23  as being predictive markers. Furthermore, we categorized some of these criteria as they have been calibrated in previous studies to demonstrate their predictive value. 24, 25 64 ª 2022 The Authors. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Neurological Association. The selection of PORs data relies on a screening of the entire dataset to retain only data from patients with similar disease characteristics (criteria mentioned above) to the POI.
MRI visualization The increased availability of MRI and its sensitivity in detecting MS lesions  26  make it central to modern decision making in the management of MS patients. In clinical practice, interpreting and comparing brain MRI scans can vary greatly in terms of quality, especially in radiology centers that do not specialize in MS. CADIMS software was developed to facilitate MRI viewers' integration in a global architecture. It was designed to provide quick and intuitive access to preprocessed volumes and new lesions segmentation masks. It consists of an MRI viewer usable from a standard web browser and was developed using the AMI framework  27  for visualizing medical images. CADIMS is part of a workflow for computer-aided assessment of brain disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients described and evaluated in detail by B.
Participants primarily expressed satisfaction that MS Vista offered the ability to contextualize the patient to illustrate the reasonable probability of remaining in a given condition under different therapeutic scenarios. They also declared that MS Vista can assist in clinical decision-making and prognosis. Some suggestions for changes in the application were made, such as age at onset and disease duration instead of patient's date of birth and onset date, measure of EDSS worsening, etc. The possibility of including other factors and other types of treatment was discussed. Thus, we made another iteration of this prototype to implement the participants' suggestions. For the inclusion of other factors and treatment types, we remain limited to the data we currently possess.
Application infrastructure MS Vista is a web application developed with the programming languages Python/R and PostgreSQL to manage databases. To ensure data privacy and confidentiality, the distributed application structure "client-server model" was (2) If the POI ID exists in the POI's database, the data will be automatically displayed. Otherwise, the physician must select the POI's features. If the MRI images of the POI are available, the user can access them. (3) Depending on the POI's features, a first suggestion of the PORs criteria will be automatically defined, then the PORs data will be selected. (4) The physician can modify the PORs selection criteria. Once the PORs are selected, computations will be performed, (5) then the graphs of the obtained results will be displayed. used and tested using RCTs data.
Each database was stored on a different server; the workloads were partitioned between the front-end (client side, e. g. , the physician's computer) and the back-end (server on which the application is deployed) (Fig. 1 ). This structure prevents users from directly accessing raw data. Consequently, when physicians use the application, it sends a request to the remote server, which checks whether the client has the right to access the service. If so, the server communicates with the database required for computations and sends the result back to the physician. As a web application, MS Vista also enables the integration of MRI visualization tools such as CADIMS.
Results A 360-degree view of patient's data over time including MRI The POI is the starting point for all operations offered by MS Vista (Fig. S2 ). The MS Vista presents an overview of POIs features already existing in the POI database (Fig. 2A ): sex, age, age at MS onset, disease duration, MS type, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) at the last visit, relapse within the last 12 months, number of T2 lesions on brain MRI at baseline, gadolinium-enhanced lesions, number of new T2 lesions within the last 12 months, type of treatment at the visit, and the treatment start date. Additionally, the saved information for the POI is accessible through the archive. We also initiated the integration of the CADIMS viewer to display MRI images for POIs with available MRI scans (Fig. 2B ). The CADIMS viewer is composed of three synchronized views, where two are combined in a third panel (from left to right: initial image, follow-up image, follow-up image with new lesions mask).
according to the expert neurologists and the literature,  23, 24, 25  (Fig. S3 ) or the user's own filters (Fig. S4 ). Once the PORs are selected, MS Vista shows (see (Fig. 3 )) the potential risks of worsening EDSS (progression of 1 point for EDSS between [1-5. 5], 0. 5 point for EDSS≥6, and 1. 5 point for EDSS = 0), new relapses (0, 1, or >1), and new T2 lesions on MRI (0, 1-2, >2) and enables visualizing and comparing the effects of peginterferon-beta versus placebo through the projection of the RCT data. As shown in (Fig. 4 ), MS Vista displays descriptive statistics of factors and data used for PORs selection to enable the physician to review the quality of the selected PORs data for each patient. Thus, they can decide whether the PORs data are sufficient and suitable for decision making.
To enrich doctor-patient communication about treatment options, MS Vista displays the evolution of key features of disease activity with each treatment option. (Fig. 5 ) illustrates the potential benefit of interferon beta after 1 year compared to placebo in the PORs of an individual patient: female, 38 years old, age at MS onset 30 years, MS duration 8 years, EDSS = 2, having 16 focal lesions on brain MRI, and one relapse in the previous 12 months. PORs were selected from the RCT data as follows:.
Conversely, among the 42 patients on placebo, 76% had accumulated new lesions and 69% had no relapse. In POR2, 41% of placebo patients and 50% of interferon beta patients did not accumulate new T2 lesions. Thus, the difference between the two groups was small. In both groups, about 70% of patients did not relapse. However, half of the placebo patients versus a quarter of the interferon patients did accumulate more than 2 lesions. In POR3, 40% of the 42 patients on interferon compared to 21% of the 43 patients on placebo did not accumulate new lesions. However, more than 60% of the 43 patients on placebo and 45% of the 42 patients on interferon accumulated more than 2 new lesions. For POIs whose data exist in the POI database, MS Vista provides also an intuitive visualization of the history of T2 lesion changes and EDSS trajectory of the POI in the context of PORs percentile distributions over time until the last visit (Fig.
Discussion A collaboration between MS physicians, computer scientists and human factors researchers has enabled developing MS Vista, a prototype of web-based CDSS driven by data from a phase 3 clinical trial. MS Vista relies on distinguishing between POI (the patient of interest) and PORs (patients with adequate features similar to those of the POI) selected according to relevant features validated in the literature  23, 24, 25  and commonly used by expert neurologists. Through the projection of PORs data, MS Vista displays potential outcome predictions for the main predictive factors of MS activity (presence of new lesions on MRI, new relapses, EDSS worsening). While EDSS captures multiple indicators of disability functions, it is thought to be heavily weighted towards ambulation and poorly assesses factors such as cognition,  Another obvious limitation of the present CDSS for therapeutic decisions is the lack of consideration of potential long-term side effects of the therapeutic options.
Hosseini et al. 33  developed a CDSS for MS to help physicians accelerate and enhance the diagnosing of MS with a relapsing-remitting phenotype using a rule-based method that manages problems with text-based knowledge. Using long-term natural history cohorts of patients with MS, Veloso  34  developed a CDSS for predicting long-term disability and the effect of treatment on individual prognostic estimates based on patient characteristics. Gourraud et al. 9  developed MS BioScreen, a CDSS for contextualizing MS patients and visualizing the disease course using cohort data. Similar applications, such as Open MS BioScreen, have emerged from this idea. 10 Compared to MS BioScreen, Open MS BioScreen is a patient-facing tool based on a user-centric design. For a disease as complex as MS, a CDSS is important to help physicians interact with databases and facilitate physician-patient communication through visual language.
A patient-facing tool can easily lead to misinterpretation. Physicians must decide whether the results provided by the CDSS are sufficient in making a decision and whether to show them to the patient. The CDSS must also enable clear and transparent outcomes both in terms of data quantity and quality, and decision-making methods. Thus, we designed MS Vista to support MS patients' clinical visits monitored by the physician. MS Vista offers an ergonomic and interactive visualization interface for patient contextualization and real-time data projection. It may help enrich physician-patient communication through interactive displays that show how different factors contribute to disease progression and illustrate the potential benefits of each treatment option to help choose the most appropriate treatment for each patient.
Funding Information This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme  under Grant Agreement No. 754995 , and the scholarship " Bourse R egion Pays de la Loire " number  2019_11235. MS Vista  is part of the  PRIMUS  project. This work was supported in part by the  French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche ,  ANR ) as its 3rd PIA, integrated to France 2030 plan under reference [ ANR-21-RHUS-0014 ].
Conflict of Interest Pierre-Antoine Gourraud is the founder of MethodOmics (2008) (www. methodomics. com) and the co-founder of Wedata (2018) (www. wedata. science). He consults for major pharmaceutical companies, all dealt with through academic pipelines (AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boston Scientific, Cook, Edimark, Ellipses, Elsevier, Methodomics, Merck, M erieux, Sanofi-Genzyme, WeData). PA Gourraud is board member at AXA mutual insurance company (2021). He has no prescription activity, drugs or devices; David-Axel Laplaud receives consulting fees from Alexion, Biogen, BMS, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi and Roche.
Simões and Brunner [104], applied high pressure phase equilibrium data of the system olive oil/CO2 to simulate a countercurrent packed column for the deacidification of olive oil, by using a staged-equilibrium model self-made program, and the simulations compared with experimental mass transfer data. Mendes et. al. [105], studied the concentration of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate, represented as a synthetic mixture of tocopherol/squalene/carboxylic acids, by simulating the separation of tocopherol from a synthetic mixture of tocopherol/squalene/carboxylic acids using SC-CO2 as solvent within a flowsheet consisting of a one stage extractor and a flash separator using the commercial simulator ASPEN+. The PR-EOS with the LCVM mixing rule thermodynamic fluid package used to correlate the equilibrium data of the system soybean oil deodorizer distillate/CO2 [106].
The RK-Aspen EOS with the adjusted binary interaction parameters was selected as fluid package to compute the mixture properties for the multicomponent mixture OLP/SC-CO2  [112] [113]. Organic liquid products obtained by thermal catalytic cracking of palm oil at 450 °C, 1. 0 atmosphere, with 10% (wt. ) Na2CO3 as catalyst, containing 89. 24% (area. ) hydrocarbons and 10% (area. ) oxygenates was used as feed stream  [17, 112]. The operating conditions by simulation of OLP deoxygenation process, using SC-CO2 as solvent, with aid the chemical process simulator Aspen-HYSYS 8. 6 (Aspen One, 2015) are described in Table  1. Table  1. Operating conditions by simulation of OLP deoxygenation process, using SC-CO2 as solvent, with aid the chemical process simulator Aspen-HYSYS 8. 6 (Aspen One, 2015).
Simulation methodology and procedures The Aspen-HYSYS chemical process simulator uses, for all separation processes and procedures, rigorous calculation for the mass and energy balances, providing a strong basis for simulations inclosing unit operations, thermodynamics, and chemical reactors. The software has a huge flexibility and can simulate different chemical processes according to the user's assembly  [112]. In this work, the Aspen-HYSYS was applied to perform simulations aiming to deacidify OLP in a multistage absorber column, in countercurrent mode, using SC-CO2 as a solvent. In general, process simulations using Aspen-HYSYS 8. 4 consist of in the following steps [112]: 1-Selection of component list type; 2-Formulation of the list of components; 3-Basis formulation; 4-Flowsheet assembly of the process, as shown in Figure  2.
Statistical Analysis: Patients' characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics, including the median (range) for continuous variables and frequency (percentage) for categorical variables. Multivariate analysis for acute GVHD, chronic GVHD, NRM, PFS, and OS, was performed using a binary logistic regression using a backward stepwise elimination process in which only signi cant variables that best explained the data were kept in the model. The survival rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by a log-rank test. All P values were 2-sided, with a signi cance level of. 05. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 27.
Sample Data were collected through Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC), a World Health Organization collaborative cross-cultural study, which collects nationally representative data on the well-being and health behaviors of adolescents  (Roberts et al. , 2009 , Inchley et al. , 2018). Cluster sampling was used in accordance with the structure of national education systems within countries/regions. The primary sampling unit was school class. Data were collected anonymously using a questionnaire completed in the classroom. A subset of seven countries (Bulgaria, Switzerland, England, France, Hungary, Iceland, North Macedonia) and one region (i. e. , French-speaking Belgium) asked their 15-year-old participants about romantic love. The raw sample contained data from 14,545 respondents (mean age: 15.
Statistical analysis Data analysis was carried out in SPSS version 25. 0 (IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY, USA). In order to test the relative risk of sexual minority youth to be engaged in different types of bullying in comparison to their non-minority counterparts, binary logistic regression models were built to test the associations between involvement in bullying behaviors and romantic love categories. Three univariate models testing the associations between different romantic categories and (1) traditional bullying victimization, (2) traditional bullying perpetration and (3) cybervictimization were built. First, we obtained crude (uncontrolled) odds ratios (cOR) for romantic love groups' odds of bullying behaviors and experiences. Then multivariate models controlling for country, gender, and relative family affluence were built and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were computed.