dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2018). As highlighted by the interviewees, a real problem is a disconnect between expectations, reality and awareness. The way doctoral candidates are trained, assessed and supported does not reflect their diverse career perspectives and needs. To address the issue of expectations, data on career destinations should be collected and disseminated to PhD candidates early in their training. Another issue is that understanding the added value of the doctoral degree by employers outside academia varies importantly depending on the country, as does the connection between doctoral education and destination employment  (Marini, 2022). Appreciation of a PhD outside academia, as testified by our interviewees, may be an issue and has been also raised in the literature  (Casey, 2009). Furthermore, interviewees note that non-academic employment is often perceived by PhD holders as an exit from an academic career, a second best choice, often undertaken after having invested a number of years in an academic career.
ACK N OWLED G EM ENTS The authors would like to thank  Mathias Schroijen  for providing feedback on the formulation of research questions and on the draft scenario for interviews. We appreciate the valuable contribution of our interviewed experts. The authors would like to thank  Gareth O'Neill  for proofreading the article and providing suggestions for improvement. Open Access Funding provided by the  National Library of Technology  under the  NCIP VaVaI  project funded by the  Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports in the Czech Republic  (identification code  MS2101 ).
Evaluation and Datasets 3. 2. 1 Evaluating NL Summaries. Scrutable user representations play two key but very different roles: on the one hand, they support good recommendations; on the other, they should be scrutable, supporting the user's understanding and control. A key evaluation of the effectiveness of generated NL summaries is extrinsic, that is, via the quality of the recommendations it allows. Because the generator's input includes interactions (e. g. , ratings), recommendation quality is likely to depend on the number of past interactions. We thus propose to evaluate effectiveness as a function of past interactions, which also allows for a direct comparison with contemporary (rating-based) recommender systems. It is expected that, while the performance of contemporary recommender systems typically increases with the number of past interactions, it may be increasingly challenging to effectively capture additional information in a NL summary.
Existing Datasets. Generating high quality datasets of natural language representations is challenging. However, some existing datasets already highlight preliminary evaluation possibilities. Radlinski et al. [63]  used a Wizard-of-Oz approach to mimic a digital assistant that elicits movie preferences. While this study does not yield NL summaries, it provides useful insights into how users describe preferences in the movie domain. Separately, Balog et al. [5]  generate template-based NL user summaries from item ratings, with users asked to scrutinize their summaries by inspecting individual sentences, and selecting a variant that most accurately described their preferences. Then, the corrected summaries are compared against initial ones in terms of recommendation quality. Narrativedriven recommendation datasets could also be used, trying to infer summaries from recommendations that follow  [1, 14].
There are studies showing that verbose queries perform better than short queries, e. g. ,  [88]. However, in an analysis of hundreds of queries in TREC datasets, Bendersky and Croft  [10]  find that short queries, using the 'title' of the TREC topic definition, consistently outperform long 'description' queries. Another study on web search query logs shows that search engine performance drops significantly with increased query length  [11]. Other techniques developed specifically for verbose queries include query reduction (e. g. , deleting terms  [85]  or selecting key noun phases  [10] ) and assigning different weights to query terms based on their estimated importance  [12, 57, 92]. In general the brittleness of retrieval systems to verbose queries may be due to the presence of more complex search strategies such as negation and hedging  [3].
[87]. They use a BERT-style language models to generate movie recommendations from free-form descriptive text. The main differences to our case is that these descriptions should holistically capture the users' broad interests. Narang et al. [53]  demonstrate that large language models can also successfully extract relevant sub-parts of text (e. g. , sentiment of movie reviews). Although they did not apply their models to extracting preferences, doing so would provide a significantly cleaner dataset for approaches like  [87]. Moreover, this work combined with recent parameter efficient training methods, like that of Lester et al. [47] , suggest that significant further quality improvements are attainable.
Existing Datasets. Several existing datasets can be leveraged for evaluating scrutable NL-based recommendation. As mentioned above, TREC filtering and ad hoc retrieval datasets include verbose narratives that contain challenging language, including restrictions and difficult to support negations  [35]. These collections, including the TIPSTER data  [34] , deserve revisiting with modern language modeling techniques. While the relevance criteria are different, these collections are still useful from a language understanding perspective. Particularly relevant are narrative-driven recommendation datasets for books  [14]  and points-of-interest  [1] , as the ground truth aligns with our definition of item utility. The difference, and thus limitation of these, lies in the nature of the narratives, which focus on ephemeral contextual information needs as opposed to standing preferences.
Closest to our setting, Balog and Radlinski  [4]  solicited self-provided descriptions of liked and disliked items (movies) from users, along with specific item examples. This somewhat simplified version of our task also had recommendations made by humans from a small set of (60) candidate items. Nevertheless, the methodology can be adapted to facilitate dataset construction on a larger scale. Note that all the above are offline test collections, which focus on this task in isolation. We discuss desiderata for more holistic evaluation in Sec. 5. 5.
Disclosures Purpose: This study aims to systematically review and critically appraise costeffectiveness studies in the field of spine surgery, and is conducted as part of a methodological approach to develop evidence-based recommendations for economic evaluations in spine surgery. Study Sample: Cost-effectiveness analyses for any type of spine surgery published after 2011. Outcome Measures: The following data items were evaluated: pathology, number of included participants, intervention(s) studied, year, country, study design, time horizon, comparator(s), utility measurement, effectivity measurement, costs measured, perspective, main result, and study quality. Methods: A systematic search was conducted amongst six databases to identify studies reporting cost-effectiveness in spine surgery.
This illustrates the need for uniformity in conducting and reporting economic evaluations in spine surgery. Background: The hypoxic environment following high-altitude can adversely affect the multi-system development of embryos, neonates and children. Animal experiments have shown that hypoxic environment could cause abnormal spine development, but there is still lack of epidemiological data to support the changed prevalence of scoliosis at higher altitude. In order to explore the relationship between scoliosis prevalence and different altitudes, a local spinal health screening project was performed in Yunnan Province, China, which included 140,026 students aged 6-18 yrs in 64 regions (altitudes span 1224m-2379m). The angle of trunk rotation (ATR) !5 was used as the positive standard of suspected scoliosis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to the previous efforts of those who enabled us to conduct lobster research which led to the development of these concepts. This includes the  State of Maine Department of Marine Resources, Maine Lobster Research Education and Development (RED)  board,  University of Maine Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory  Staff,  Emily Thomas  and  Dawna Beane , as well as  University of Maine  undergraduate students  Laurel Anderson ,  Emily Tarr , and  Helen Reese.
Purpose The natural history of prostate cancer (PC) almost always evolves to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) status, sometimes comprising pure or mixed neuroendocrine prostate cancers (NEPC) differentiation. In CRPC, monitoring using only prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is not optimal since neuroendocrine differentiated cells do not secrete PSA. Thus, monitoring with PSA and chromogranin A (CgA) may be useful. This review aims to evaluate evidence for the usefulness of CgA assessments during the monitoring of prostate cancer. Method This review was based on three recent meta-analysis concerning CgA and prostate cancer. Further data were obtained from PubMed and Embase databases by searches using keywords, including chromogranin A and prostate cancer. Results CgA levels remain largely unchanged during the early PC evolution.
Methods To identify articles with relevant information, we performed a systematic literature research in the Pubmed and Embase electronic databases. The following search was performed in each database: prostate AND cancer AND chromogranin. Articles published prior to 2010 were not included. An article published by Aggarwal et al. was not identified during the PubMed and Embase database searches, but was considered relevant for the review  [12]. The flow chart of the literature searches is shown in Fig. 1. Finally, 24 articles were included in this review (see Table  1 ).
Study design and population We conducted a follow-up study of a single-center, open-label, parallel-group RCT assessing the effect of exercise training on physical fitness and body composition over the first six months after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) (clinicaltrials. gov identifier: NCT01113996)  [27]. Recruitment took place between May 2010 and December 2014  [27]  among patients followed-up at the Department of Nutrition of Pitie-Salpêtrière University Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris) in Paris, France. Patients were contacted by their physician or by the study investigators during planned preoperative hospitalizations or outpatient clinics. Inclusion criteria were female gender, age between 18 and 65 years, living in Paris (France) or its region, and displaying the usual inclusion criteria for bariatric surgery (i.
, FL, USA) before RYGB and at 6-month and 5-year follow-up. The accelerometer was worn at the hip for 7 consecutive days during all waking hours except during water-based activities. Data were considered valid when the accelerometer was worn for at least 4 days during at least 8 h each day  [30]. Cutpoints published by Freedson et al. were used to quantify sedentary behavior and light-, moderate-, and vigorous-intensity PA  [31]. MVPA bouts were defined as 10 or more consecutive minutes above the MVPA activity count threshold with allowance of 2 min below this threshold  [23]. The proportion of MVPA spent in bouts was calculated as: (MVPA spent in bouts [min] / total MVPA [min]) x 100. At the 5-year follow-up examination, the Sedentary, Transportation and Activity Questionnaire (STAQ)  [32]  was also used to assess the type and duration of actual leisure-time PA and sedentary behavior, as well as transport-related PA over the past month.
Associations between weight regain and change in habitual PA after RYGB Weight regain at the 5-year follow-up time point after RYGB was � 10% in 32 (61. 5%) patients and <10% in 20 (38. 5%) patients. Total percent weight loss since surgery significantly differed between these two groups (-24. 2 [SD 7. 6] % vs. -33. 3% [SD 4. 6] %, respectively, P<0. 001). However, no significant difference was observed between the two weight regain groups in terms of preoperative characteristics (body weight, percent body fat, frequency of obesity comorbidities), intervention group, RYGB-induced weight loss and changes in body composition at 1-year follow-up, or time elapse between surgery and last follow-up (S3 Table ). Valid accelerometry data were obtained before and 5 years after RYGB in 45 patients, of whom 27.
Discussion In this study, we provide data on body composition, physical fitness and activity, and nutritional status of patients examined 5 years after bariatric surgery, those patients having been included initially in an RCT with exercise training and protein supplementation in the first 6 months after surgery. An important previous result from that RCT was that muscle strength was found increased with supervised resistance training and protein supplementation compared to usual care or usual with protein supplementation but no exercise  [27]. At 5 years however, the present study shows no significant difference in muscle strength between groups. This is in agreement with previous studies that reported a progressive decline in traininginduced adaptations after training cessation  [16]. This is however in contrast with data from our recent meta-analysis  [10]  which suggested that exercise-induced gain in muscle strength may be sustained after bariatric surgery up to 3 and 12 months of follow-up without exercise  [13, 14].
Finally, we measured body weight 12 months after RYGB but were not able to determine the exact time when the nadir weight occurred. However, data from the SOS Study showed that maximal weight loss was obtained on average one year after RYGB  [7] , and previous analyses from our group showed the relevance of assessing 12-month body weight when investigating 5-year weight regain and relapse of metabolic comorbidities  [9].
Live B. anthracis Challenge Preliminary data indicated that there was a divergence in the susceptibility of mouse strains to anthrax challenge. Therefore, naïve mice were challenged with B. anthracis STI strain by the intraperitoneal route at one of two dose levels: 11 HLA-DR1 and 10 HLA-DQ8 mice were challenged with 10 6 colony forming units (CFU), while 9 HLA-DR15, 10 HLA-DR4, 8 HLA-DQ6 and 10 C57Bl6 were challenged with 10 4 CFU per mouse. The animals were monitored for 20 days post-infection, after which all survivors were sacrificed and their spleens were removed and homogenised in 1 mL of PBS, before plating out onto L-agar plates. Colonies were counted after 24 h of culture at 37 • C, and the mean bacterial count per spleen was determined.
Bound biotinylated peptide was detected by addition of streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (GE Healthcare, Buc, France) and 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate substrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier Cedex, France). Emitted fluorescence was measured at 450 nm post-excitation at 365 nM on a SpectraMax Gemini fluorometer (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA). The PA peptide concentration that prevented binding of 50% of the labelled peptide (IC50) was evaluated, and data expressed as relative binding affinity (ratio of IC50 of the PA competitor peptide to the IC50 of the reference peptide that binds strongly to the HLA-DR molecule). Sequences of the reference peptides and their IC50 values were as follows: HA 306-318 (PKYVKQNTLKLAT) for DRB1*0101 (4 nM), DRB1*0401 (8 nM), DRB1*1101 (7 nM), YKL (AAYAAAKAAALAA) for DRB1*0701 (3 nM), A3 152-166 (EAEQLRAYLDGTGVE) for DRB1*1501 (48 nM), MT 2-16 (AKTIAYDEEARRGLE) for DRB1*0301 (100 nM), B1 21-36 (TERVRLVTRHIYNREE) for DRB1*1301 (37 nM), DQB45-57 (ADVEVYRAVTPLGPPD) for DQ8 (100 nM) and INS1-15A (FVNQHLAGSHLVEAL) for DQ6 (100 nM).
Scatter plots showed responses of individual mice transgenic for (A) HLA-DR1 (n = 3 for each peptide data point, and n = 11 for the rPA data point), (B) HLA-DQ8 (n = 6 for each peptide data point, n = 18 for the rPA data point) and (C) HLA-DR4 (n = 6 for each peptide data point, and n = 17 for the rPA data point). Data are presented as the SI calculated as the mean CPM of triplicate wells in the presence of peptide divided by the mean CPM in the absence of antigen. Values twice the mean CPM in the absence of antigen were considered positive responses. Confirmed epitopes are highlighted in red.
Population All patients hospitalized in ICU for or with a viral pneumonia between October 2009 and February 2021 were extracted from an institutional ICU database. Patients without RT-PCR to confirm the viral pneumonia or patients for whom the viral pneumonia was not the cause of ICU hospitalization were excluded. All patients who underwent an enhanced abdomen and pelvic CT were finally included. Demographic data including age, sex, main comorbidity such as Hypertension, Chronic kidney disease, Diabetes, Obesity (BMI>30kg/m2), Cancer, Solid organ transplantation or immune-suppressive medications and Cirrhosis, was collected for each patient according to the clinical chart of ICU hospitalization. Details of ICU hospitalization including acute respiratory failure, bacterial pulmonary coinfection and liver function tests at admission, numbers of days in ICU and deaths during the ICU hospitalization were noted.
This is partly due to the limited number of patients with COVID-19 who underwent an abdominal and pelvic CT. However, a total of 727 patients were screened in our database to define the study population. Moreover, even if abnormal findings on CT are not uncommon, significant findings such as bowel ischemia were less frequently encountered. Second, because the study looked retrospectively at patient files over a study period extending from 2009 to 2021, the CT technique of the abdominal CT scan was not identical. Hence, arterial phase acquisitions were not systematically performed. However, the rate of unenhanced, arterial phase and portal phase acquisitions was similar in both groups. In addition, the combination of unenhanced and portal venous phase acquisitions is known to be highly specific when looking for bowel ischemia  [26].
Data Collection and Patient Inclusion We used a large database of P. aeruginosa bacteremia collected during 2009-2015 from nine countries, 25 centers  [16]. The collection of data was approved by the medical ethical committees of each participating center. STROBE guidelines for reporting in epidemiological studies were followed for the reporting of the current study. We included consecutive adult patients (age C 18 years) hospitalized with P. aeruginosa bacteremia. Further details on patients' identification and data collection are published elsewhere  [12, 16, 17]. For the current analysis, and considering previous studies  [11, 15] , we included patients who received at least 6 days of antibiotics and less than 16 days, assuming that patients with prolonged treatments probably had a complicated course, with confirmed/suspected metastatic foci of infection, and endovascular or osteoarticular infection.
Statistical Analysis Categorical data are expressed as numbers and percentages. Continuous data are expressed as means with standard deviation (SD) or medians with interquartile range (IQR), as appropriate. The t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed variables, and Mann-Whitney test for abnormally distributed variables. Comparison of categorical variables was conducted using v 2 test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. A propensity score for duration of therapy was calculated for each patient by adjusting for all pretreatment variables potentially confounding the duration of treatment. Variables used to estimate the propensity score are detailed in Supplementary Material. Assuming baseline differences between groups, we used inverse probability weighting to control for these differences.
RESULTS In the original database, 2396 patients were included. Of these, 657 patients were treated for 6-15 days with an in vitro course of antipseudomonal therapy that fulfilled our inclusion criteria above (see Supplemental Fig. 1   1 ). The primary outcome of mortality or recurrence/persistence occurred overall in 93 patients, 61/384 in the long-duration group (15. 9%) and 32/273 in the short-duration group (11. 7%) (p = 0. 131). Components of the primary outcome were without significant difference between groups (Table  2 ). All-cause mortality at 30 days was 41 (10. 7%) among those treated with longer duration, compared with 25 (9. 2%) among patients treated with short antibiotic course (p = 0. 523). Repeated blood cultures were obtained from 105 patients, 69/384 (18%) in the long treatment group and 36/273 (13.
Study population The PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier NCT00391872) was a double-blind, phase III, randomized controlled trial that studied the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel in 18 624 patients with ACS, including patients with STEMI and NSTE-ACS. The follow-up was up to 12 months, with a median follow-up of 9 months. The study design, detailed endpoint definitions and outcomes have been previously published. 13 Patients were included in the PLATO trial if they were hospitalized for STEMI or NSTE-ACS with onset within 24 h. For NSTE-ACS, at least two of three criteria were required: ST-segment depression or transient elevation > _1 mm in two or more contiguous leads, positive biomarker indicating myocardial necrosis, or one additional risk factor: age >60 years, prior myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary artery bypass grafting, carotid artery disease, previous ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, carotid stenosis or cerebral revascularization, diabetes mellitus, peripheral artery disease, or chronic kidney disease.
For STEMI, inclusion required a planned primary PCI. Among exclusion criteria, the most important included fibrinolytic therapy within 24 h, need for oral anticoagulation therapy, need for dialysis, and clinically important anaemia or thrombocytopenia. 14 he PLATO angiographic substudy was designed in collaboration with the academic chairs and members of the steering committee and data were reviewed by the core lab at the academic research organization Pharmacologic/Percutaneous Endoluminal Revascularization For Unstable Syndromes and its Evaluation (PERFUSE). 15 All sites with accurate angiographic equipment for digital acquisition of cineangiograms were invited to participate in the angiographic substudy. Angiograms were performed according to local practice patterns and saved and sent by compact discs to the PERFUSE angiographic core laboratory for analysis.
Statistics Data management and statistical analyses were performed at UCR, Uppsala, Sweden. Patient characteristics including demographics, risk factors, medical history, and management were assessed as medians with 25th-75th percentiles for continuous variables and as frequencies with percentages for categorical variables. Characteristics were reported separately for patients with STEMI and NSTE-ACS, and separately for TFG < _2 (incomplete reperfusion) vs. TFG 3 (complete reperfusion), and for TMPG < _2 (abnormal myocardial perfusion) vs. TMPG 3 (normal myocardial perfusion). In supplementary analyses, characteristics were reported separately for patients with APS 0-9 (failed-partial perfusion) vs. APS 10-12 (full perfusion). Changes of biomarker levels over time (at baseline, discharge, 1 month and 6 months post-randomization) were presented in a tabular format and illustrated using line graphs indicating median values with confidence intervals.
Data collection At inclusion, participants were asked to complete a set of five questionnaires related to socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics (e. g. date of birth, sex, educational level, smoking status),  19  anthropometry,  20, 21  physical activity [validated 7-day International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)],  22  health status (e. g. personal and family history of diseases, menopausal status, drug use including hormonal treatment for menopause and oral contraceptives) and dietary intakes.