dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
µ-CT acquisition and reconstruction µ-CT analysis was performed on SF and CTRL samples, to deepen the results obtained from RMS and VMH analyses. A µ-CT system Bruker SkyScan 1174 (SkyScan-Bruker, Antwerp, Belgium) was used. Projection's settings were as follows: acceleration voltage 50 kV; beam current 800 μA; aluminum filter of 1 mm; pixel size 11. 5 μm and rotation 180° in 0. 3° step with an exposure time of 10 s per projection. The average scan time was 2 h. A total number of 830 reconstructed sections were obtained for each sample, providing axial information covering an approximate tooth thickness of 12 mm. NRecon software (Version 1. 6. 10. 2, Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) was used to convert the tooth projections into cross-sectional slices, with the following correction settings: Ring artifacts (7.
Statistical analysis Sample size was determined based on preliminary hardness results before and after treatment via the ANOVA, using the software G*Power 3. 1. 9 (Franz Faul, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany) at a power of 0. 8 and a statistical significance of 0. 05  [32]. The effect size and the correlation among repeated measures were 0. 5 and 0. 7, respectively. This calculation indicated that three samples per group were required. After homogeneity and normality evaluations, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc t-test and Tukey's HSD test were used for the statistical comparison (α = 0. 05). Statistical analyses were performed with the software package Prism6 (Graphpad Software, Inc. USA). All data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.
Funding Open access funding provided by  Università Politecnica delle Marche  within the  CRUI-CARE Agreement. This work was partially supported by the  SISOPD Foundation  ( Società Italiana Stomatologia ,  Odontoiatria e Protesi Dentaria-Italian Society of Dentistry, Stomatology and Prosthodontics)  and  CURAPROX Italia S. r. l (Bologna, Italy). The sponsors had no role in the design, analysis, and interpretation of the findings.
| Definition of landmarks A three-dimensional mesh (. stl) representing the orbital content, i. e. the negative volume of the bony orbit, was used to study variations in orbital conformation [Stratovan Maxillo™ software  (Strong et al. , 2013) ]. Geometric morphometry (GM) is based on the acquisition, processing and analysis of landmarks measured on objects, the morphological variation of which is to be quantified, regardless of variation related to position, orientation and scale  (Rohlf & Slice, 1990). GM therefore characterizes the shape of the object by the set of landmark coordinates on the surface of the object  (Strong et al. , 2013). Landmarks can be categorized in several ways but are broadly subdivided into "anatomical" landmarks and semi-landmarks  (Bookstein, 1997). Anatomical landmarks (LM) are discrete anatomical loci that are biologically homologous.
| Principal component analysis To quantify orbital morphological variation, we produced a covariance matrix and then performed a principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensions of the dataset and explore individual positioning in the shape space. Only principal components (PC) representing more than 5% of the total variance were analyzed. "Lollipop" diagrams were used to investigate the variation in orbital shape for the PCs analyzed. This representation highlights the direction and extent of the variations through vectors. The vector starting point represents the landmark considered in the (virtual) average orbit. The end of the vector represents the position of the landmark considered in the orbit corresponding to the selected PC score. For each PC, we then determined the coordinates of the LMs and SLs of the orbits occupying the shape space in the PC score range (positive and negative) and reconstructed the corresponding virtual orbits in 3D by deformation (TPS) to portray variations in orbital shape more clearly.
| Software used We used Stratovan Maxillo™ software to create the STL file of the orbital volume (negative volume of the bony orbit). This software package was specifically developed to extract the orbital volume and shape from patients' CT scans. This information was then exported in a surface file (mesh. stl) format  (Strong et al. , 2013). Avizo (Thermo Scientific™ Avizo™ software) was used to position the LMs on the 3D orbit reconstructions, and to reconstruct virtual 3D deformed orbits (TPS) from the coordinates of the LMs and SLs of the orbits associated with the range of PC scores in order to portray variation in orbital shape. These orbits were then compared by measuring vector distances, represented graphically by a threedimensional vector distance map ("Vertex differences" function which calculates vector distances between homologous mesh vertices).
, 2013)  as well as in inter-pupillary distances and the width of the palpebral fissure  (Barretto & Mathog, 1999). Our analysis is based on 3D coordinates of anatomical points and points semi-automatically positioned on the surface of the orbit. The choice of the anatomical points is crucial for reliable measurements. The decisive criterion is the repeatability and reproducibility of the positioning of these points and their consistency. Studies using intraorbital anatomical LMs are very sparse. The four anatomical LMs we selected are those used in recent three-dimensional orbital morphometric studies  (Dunn, 1993; Khonsari et al. , 2016). They are well delineated, repeatable and reproducible. It is not surprising to find variation at the medial canthal level for each of the PCs. Indeed, this is a diffuse anatomical region which, along with orbital fissures, is difficult to delineate using Stratovan Maxillo software.
However, the variation in relative length shown on PC1 is mostly due to the position of the LM placed at the end of the superior orbital fissure. The latter was manually positioned on a high-definition scanner and chosen specifically for its reproducibility. Therefore, this is a reliable LM that ensures the quality of the analysis of the length of the superior orbital fissure. When investigating the impact of orbit size on its morphology (H2), it seemed more relevant to us to use centroid size as an independent variable rather than orbital volume. Indeed, centroid size is based on the surface SLs as well as on the LMs and curve SLs positioned on the three-dimensional reconstructions. As stated above and as shown in Figure  2 , Stratovan Maxillo software has some inaccuracies regarding the orbital and medial cantal apex.
; M = Male; yrs = years; Class. =Classi cation; ACMG = American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics; VUS = variant of uncertain signi cance pathogenic; P = pathogenic; PM2 = pathogenic moderate: extremely low frequency in gnomAD population database; PVS1 = pathogenic very strong: null varia where the loss of function is a known mechanism; PP3 = pathogenic supporting: missense or splicing region with predicted deleterious effect; NR = not report *Common haplotype Family 2: A seven-year-old French female (V:3), was referred to the Reference Center of Oral and Dental Rare Diseases at Hospital Rothschild in Paris, France, with suspicion of AI. She was the child of consanguineous parents. brother and her sister were not affected by The oral examination revealed.
2000 t e Nikolopoulos Pakistani* F NR Hom 4 c. 164C > T p. (Thr55Ile) VUS NR IVA isovaleric et al. 2000 acidemiaco- s segregating e t This French M 12 Het 4 c. 193T > C p. (Cys65Arg) LP PP3, No PM2, 11 c. 1260_1263dup p. LP (Arg422Glyfs*5) PM2, e c F = Female; M = Male; yrs = years; Class. =Classi cation; ACMG = American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics; VUS = variant of uncertain signi cance pathogenic; P = pathogenic; PM2 = pathogenic moderate: extremely low frequency in gnomAD population database; PVS1 = pathogenic very strong: null varia where the loss of function is a known mechanism; PP3 = pathogenic supporting: missense or splicing region with predicted deleterious effect; NR = not report *Common haplotype.
Diagnostic Workup The diagnosis of CUP is established when a metastatic cancer is histologically confirmed in the absence of identifiable primary tumour site, despite the extensive diagnostic evaluation. Recent research has focused on using genomics and transcriptomics to identify the origin of the primary tumour, but it is still not always performed, especially in lowresource environments  [49]. The development of tissue of origin classifiers for the analysis and diagnostics of CUP using a whole genome sequencing dataset of both primary and metastatic tumours is still an effort in progress  [4].
The presence of pleomorphic neoplastic cells with cytoplasmic vacuolations and/or cytoplasmic, non-membrane bound, electron-dense deposits detected by electron microscopy may suggest the diagnosis of a poorly differentiated carcinomas. Cytogenetic studies may be useful for the evaluation of young patients with poorly differentiated carcinomas or undifferentiated lesions that are responsive to chemotherapy. Finally, neurosecretory granules are specifically detected by electron microscopy in neuroendocrine tumours. Limitations of the IHC are the lack of reproducibility, due to the IHC-generated preparations, along with methodological issues. Failure to ensure that samples are of a high quality can hinder subsequent image analysis processes, negatively impact on data quality, and in some cases prevent an image analysis study from proceeding.
75, 95% CI 0. 55-1. 03, p = 0. 069) compared with empiric therapy  [83]. CUPISCO (NCT03498521) is an ongoing prospective, phase II, randomised study designed to elucidate the potential benefit of treatment following genomic profiling, as compared to standard chemotherapy of CUP patients  [84]. The study includes an atezolizumab monotherapy arm for the tumour mutational burden-high patients and a combination chemotherapy/atezolizumab arm for patients with tumour mutational burden-low or unknown tumours. The study experienced severe issues in patients' accrual, along with screen failures. Molecular analyses, such as the identification of currently non-targetable alterations that may affect disease dynamics or be correlated with resistance, should be performed. Since CUP is clinically and molecularly heterogeneous, it would be reasonable to establish master protocols for enhancing the clinical trial strategy and direct patients to individually tailored treatment.
I-PREDICT is an ongoing study that recruits patients with treatment-refractory solid tumours, including CUP, managed with individualised treatment, on the basis of genomic profiling (NCT02534675)  [85]. Patients treated with matched therapy that impacted more than half of their genomic alterations achieved significantly better outcomes than those from the lower match group. Within this context, immunotherapies have the potential to improve outcomes in this population, due to the PD-L1 expression and high tumour mutational burden in 22. 5% and 11. 8% of CUP patients, respectively  [45]. Overall, the genomic mutation correlates of response and resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors do not differ between CUP and tumours that are immune checkpoint inhibitor eligible  [86]. Tumour mutational burden >10 mutations per megabase trended towards better outcomes in CUP patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Furthermore, MDM2 amplification, which is associated with lack of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, has been detected in 2% of CUP patients  [45]. Initially, some anecdotal cases showed clinical activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in CUP, irrespective of the presumed tissue of origin  [30]. Throughout time, we understood that the immune profiling of CUP is similar to that of malignancies responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors and as such several trials investigate their efficacy in CUP  [87]. The phase II NCT03391973 and NCT03752333 trials of pembrolizumab are currently in progress, whereas NivoCUP, an open-label phase II study, has already demonstrated a clinical benefit of nivolumab in CUP patients  [88]. The reported objective response rate (ORR) was 22. 2% in 45 previously treated patients, which met the primary endpoint.
Scanning Protocol The IOS used in this study was the Primescan and the associated software was CEREC Software version 5. 2. 2. The Primescan IOS is sold with a standard sleeve (SS) composed of a stainless-steel body and a highly scratch-resistant coated sapphire glass window. The window sleeve is classified as a "semi critical medical device A" according to the Robert Koch Institute (Berlin, Germany) and as such, does not need to be sterilized  [26]. For those clinicians who wish to adopt more stringent hygiene protocols, the manufacturer also produces an autoclavable sleeve with a disposable window and a fully disposable sleeve. The autoclavable sleeve (AS) is composed of a stainless-steel body The reference object selected was an 8 mm aluminum oxide sphere (Figure  3 (a)), manufactured by CIMAP to a Grade 10 standard according to ISO 3290:2002.
The dimensional accuracy of the sphere is well within the conditions stipulated by ISO 20896-1. A 3D printed base with spherical topographical landmarks was created to improve the scanning ability of the scanner by introducing a non-symmetrical shape (Figure  3(b) ). This was necessary as strictly symmetrical objects can hinder the scanner's image recording and image processing ability  [30] ,  [31]. The base was designed using CAD software (Catia V5, Dassault Systems) and then 3D printed in Model V2 resin (Formlabs 3B, Formlabs) with a 25 μm layer thickness. The rectangular nature of the structure allowed for easy creation of a coordinate system in the mesh processing stage. Before each series of scans, the sleeve was fitted to the IOS, and a calibration was performed according to manufacturer instructions.
Care was taken to use the same scan pattern as variations in scan pattern affect accuracy  [32]. Leon et al. found that deleting portions of mesh and rescanning negatively influenced the accuracy of the IOS, so if a scan was incomplete or had erratic geometries the whole scan was redone  [33]. After each scan, the STL file was exported in the highestquality format according to the software options, and finally imported into GOM Inspect (GOM Software 2022, Rev. 154413, Build 2022-09-09), a reverse engineering tool used for metrological analysis.
Each object has several dimensions of interest such as height, width, conicity, as well as inter-object distance. For each scan performed, a single value for each dimension of interest is recorded upon analysis of the STL file. Calculations for trueness and precision are then performed individually for each dimension. Future studies should consider analyzing trueness and precision using these ISO models as they contain more dimensions of interests to study and may offer more nuanced datasets. Of course, these models do not offer the same geometric complexity as the organic shapes of human teeth. The sphere fulfills the aim of this study which was to use objective metrological principles to evaluate IOS, something which cannot be directly applied to the more complex forms within the oral cavity.
This systematic review aims to investigate the possibilities of ultrasound imaging in the field of periodontal tissues exploration to visualize periodontal anatomical structures and to assess reliability in clinical evaluation using the PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search through the MEDLINE database was realized to identify studies that have explored ultrasonography in the field of periodontal imaging published from 2000 to March 2022. The search resulted in 245 records; after exclusions, a total of 15 papers were included in the present review. Various publications have shown the possibility of using intraoral ultrasound for a precise exploration of intraoral tissues and to perform measurements of periodontal structures. Studies argue that ultrasounds open the prospect of a complete paradigm shift on the diagnosis and follow-up of periodontal disease.
Search Strategy An electronic search was conducted through the MEDLINE (PubMed) database to identify publications that met the inclusion criteria. (9)  The search was performed from 2000 up to March 2022, in order to identify the studies that explore the contribution of ultrasound imaging in periodontology, using the following search terms and keywords alone or in combination with the Boolean operator "AND"/"OR" according to the following equation ("alveolar ridge" [Mesh]) OR ("alveolar bone" [Mesh]) OR ("caries" [Mesh]) OR ("cementoenamel junction" [Mesh]) OR ("periodontal attachment" [Mesh]) OR ("periodontal probing" [Mesh]) OR ("periodontal charting" [Mesh]) OR ("dental implant" [Mesh]) OR ("periodontitis" [Mesh]) OR ("gingivitis" [Mesh]) OR ("periodontium" [Mesh]) AND ("sonography" [Mesh]) OR ("diagnostic ultrasound" [Mesh]) OR ("ultrasonography" [Mesh]).
Study Selection The initial studies retrieved from the databases were first selected, and studies that met the eligibility criteria were reviewed and analyzed. After 220 reading abstracts and 7 full articles, only 15 articles were selected from the 245 studies. The percentage of agreement between the reviewers was 100%. The complementary detection did not result in the selection of new publication for analysis. Finally, a total of 15 articles were included in the analysis (Figure  1 ). The initial studies retrieved from the databases were first selected, and studies that met the eligibility criteria were reviewed and analyzed. After 220 reading abstracts and 7 full articles, only 15 articles were selected from the 245 studies. The percentage of agreement between the reviewers was 100%. The complementary detection did not result in the selection of new publication for analysis.
The articles on the PubMed database are mainly addressed to the medical community. However, the description of the acquisition protocol of the ultrasound imaging is not detailed or sometimes not presented. In the context of this research, none of the publications clearly mentioned the participation of a commercial partner or the cost/effectiveness ratio of ultrasound imaging compared to existing means. Technological locks persist and require the continuation of research funding. According to dental access, to produce new probe heads suitable for perfecting image processing software and continuing the process of miniaturization of the transducer, it is necessary to improve the utilization of the imagery approach. Dentists are not trained in reading ultrasound images, and the results obtained with an ultrasonography device must be clear and easy to read and to analyze.
Limitations This work should not give rise to hasty conclusions due to the low number of publications and the intrinsic limits of the studies. Indeed, the use of only one electronic database is a particular limitation of this study. On the other hand, there are many biases in these studies and those related to the operators' manipulations. In addition, many of the studies presented are animal studies that do not fully correspond to clinical conditions. These are feasibility studies and pilot tests with a medium level of proof (grade B). In addition, the heterogeneity of frequencies and acquisition protocols used in the current literature may hinder direct comparison between studies and necessitate more studies with homogeneous ultrasound measurements. All of the studies presented here do not allow to draw conclusions on the routine clinical use of ultrasounds in periodontology and require the setting up of randomized clinical studies.
Study procedures In the participating centers, eligible children and their legal representative were asked to participate when they came for their rst dental session under EMONO. For patients requiring only one session under EMONO, data were collected only during this session. For patients with several sessions under the EMONO plan, data were collected during the rst session and during the last session. Data were collected both by questioning the patient and their legal representative and by the practitioner's observation during the session according to Table  1. Information on the characteristics of the context of EMONO treatment (dosage, open or closed box, midazolam association, sedative premedication) and effects felt with EMONO was also collected. For each effect of the nitrous oxide summary of product characteristics, children were asked about the presence or absence after EMONO administration (ANSM 2021).
25 in the univariate analysis, and then a backward selection was applied. Sedative premedication and type of box were taken into account through the center effect because they depend on the usual practice of each center. The capacity of discrimination of the model was tested with the area under the curve (AUC) and con dence interval (95% CI). The threshold of statistical signi cance was xed at p < 0. 05. All analyses were conducted using SAS 9. 4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Acknowledgments To the  French Pediatric Dentistry Network  (FPDN):  Caroline Delfosse ,  Estelle Bray ,  Sahar Moussa-Badran ,  Estelle Moulis ,  Marie-Cécile Valera ,  Charlotte Baron ,  Frédérique D'Arbonneau ,  Hervé Foray ,  Dominique Droz ,  Estelle Casazza ,  Isabelle Hyon ,  Prune Sadones ,  Ariane Camoin ,  Hala Al-Azawi ,  Tiphaine Davit-Beal ,  Elody Aiem ,  Elsa Garot ,  Jean-Jacques Morrier ,  Lia Yacoub ,  Marion Strub ,  Stephanie Jager , and  Yves Delbos.
The present paper is structured as follows: Section 2 is focused on early-age strength testing of Biodentine and the analysis of the results. In Section 3, the early-age strength data of Biodentine is evaluated exploiting knowledge from compressive strength testing of concrete. Section 4 refers to multiscale modeling of the uniaxial compressive strength of mature Biodentine. Section 5 provides a discussion of the results. Section 6 closes the paper with conclusion. 2 Compressive strength testing from early to mature material ages In the following, i. e. from here throughout Section 4. 2, compressive forces and stresses as well as the related shortening of the specimens will be quantified by positive numbers.
Destructive compression testing The mechanical testing machine was employed for performing destructive uniaxial compression experiments under displacement control, realized through software TW Elite v4. 6. 0. 23, MTS Systems Corporation, United States. When it came to the definition of the speed of the cross-head, it was accounted for the fact that the strength of cementitious materials increases with increasing speed of loading, see, e. g. , Figure  2  in  (Fischer et al. , 2014)  for strength values of 2-day-old construction "cement paste". Therefore, the same speed of loading had to be prescribed in the present study, in order to achieve direct comparability of strength values obtained with  specimens of different sizes. To this end, the nominal strain rate was set equal to ≈ 1. 5 × 10 -3 /s.
Biofilm Imaging Glass control surfaces were treated using a protocol previously described  [18]. Briefly, they were washed thrice in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and left in 2. 5% glutaraldehyde and PBS for 24 h. Then, they were washed in PBS (×3), and left for 15 min in a series (50%, 70%, 90%, 96% and 100%) of ethanol solutions. Finally, the samples were immersed (×1) in hexamethyldisilazane and then left to dry for at least 10 min  [18]. For SEM imaging, the samples were coated with platinum by standard procedures. Observations were made in a FEG-ESEM QUANTA F200 (FEI, TFS), using secondary electron imaging at 20-30 kV and a working distance of 8-11 mm. Images were analyzed by the AnalySIS iTEM 23082007 kjsoftware (Olympus, Münster, Germany).
Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software (version 22. 0, IBM Corp, New York, USA), using a one-way ANOVA test with a Tukey HSD post hoc test when analyzing the variance between the means of three or more groups, and using the Student's test or the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test when analyzing the variance between the means of two groups. Statistical significance was set to a p < 0. 05.