dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Within the smaller set of nondirected alternations, only one labile verb is attested in the dataset: männam 'fill', whereas suppletive and equipollent pairs are almost equally frequent. The two verbs in the equipollent pairs contain derivational prefixes, either mediopassive tä-vs. direct and indirect causative a-and at-, or the nonproductive intransitive and transitive derivations marked by the prefixes ɨn-and an-. In addition, equipollent pairs marked by light verbs (bäʲäm 'say' for the noncausal and amäɲɲäm 'make' for the causal correspondent) express the causal alternation with complex predicates, which are not included in the Muher translational equivalents of the original 31-item list. In addition to the basic noncausal/causal alternation, a number of verbs have secondary correspondents, which for causal expressions are typically derived by the indirect causative marked by at-, while a secondary noncausal correspondent usually occurs in the mediopassive derivation.
The net weight of the instrumented frame in water is -80 kg. The frame is rigidly attached to a 12-cm-thick 1. 5x1. 3 m concrete slab, weighting 300 kg in water. The assembly of the heavy slab and buoyant frame is stable in upright position in the water and on the seafloor. Moreover, it is estimated that a current of 1 m/s would cause a total horizontal drag of 75 kg when the device is in upright position, which is insufficient to destabilize it. If a stronger current, or other external forces, cause the assembly to tilt and lay on one side, the moment of the gravity and buoyancy forces should straighten the device back to upright position when these external forces are removed. Measurement of current speed and direction by a tilted instrument is a related issue that we here consider. The orientation and attitude of the Seaguard RCM is measured with a 2-component accelerometer and a magnetic compass and the recorded data include tilt in X and Y direction and the heading of the X axis.
Acknowledgements Financial support was provided by the bilateral  ANR/TÜBITAK collaborative research  project  MAREGAMI  ( ANR-16-CE03-0010-02  and  Tübitak  Project  116Y371 ) and by  CNRS-INSU  through the  European Multidisciplinary Sea Observatory ( EMSO) Research Infrastructure program. DT-INSU and  Istanbul Technical University hydrodynamic engineering department  provided technical support for device design, construction, and deployment. Bernard Mercier de Lépinay  provided processed sediment sounder profiles. We thank the crew and Captain of  R/V Yunus ( Istanbul University ) for their support during installation and recovery of the instruments. https://doi. org/10. 5194/nhess-2021-323 Preprint. Discussion started: 22 November 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC  BY 4. 0 License.
Methods Field work and laboratory analyses focused on two sites (Fig. 1 ): Manganari on the southern coast of Ios, and Psathi on the eastern coast. The rocky substratum is a garnet-mica schist, with marble at the southern point of Manganari, and gneiss to the South of Psathi (van der  Maar & Jansen, 1983). The Psathi section (PS1) is located 100 m inland at altitudes ranging from 7 to 13 m. At Manganari, a first section was found in the coastal plain (MA-4, 200 m inland at 2 m a. s. l. ), and a second one on the slopes (MA-5, 600 m inland, alt. 13 m). Grain size of bulk loose samples was analysed using a particle analyser (Morphologi G3, Malvern Panalytical) at LMV (Laboratoire Magmas & Volcans, France). The size and shape of pumice lapilli clasts were characterised from scaled image analysis (using ImageJ software).
Standard-sample JA-1 was used for normalizing the data. X-ray tomography was realised on a 1. 5 x 3 cm conglomerate sample from Manganari (EasyTom RX Solutions) at LMV, with the following parameters: voltage 100 kV, current 100 µA (power 10 W), and meaning of 20 images. Running a filtered back-projection algorithm on the projections allows reconstructing 1435 slices with a pixel resolution of 10 µm. Dating the deposits studied here was challenging because we found very few macrofossils and almost no organic content. A marine shell sampled at Manganari (Fig. 1 : site MA-4) was 14 C dated at the Beta Analytic laboratory, Dublin, Ireland. Calibration at 2σ was performed using the Marine20 dataset  (Heaton et al. , 2020) , assuming a DeltaR of 35 ± 70 for local reservoir correction.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the support of  Paraskevi Nomikou  ( National University of Athens ),  Martina Ulvrova  ( ETH Zürich ),  Claire Fonquernie ,  Christophe Constantin ,  Mhammed Benbakkar , and  Tim Druitt  ( Laboratoire Magmas & Volcans ). The authors are also grateful to  Dave Tappin  and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive and in-depth reviews. This work was financed by the  French Government Laboratory of Excellence initiative  n°  ANR-10-LABX-0006 , the  Region Auvergne  and the  European Regional Development Fund , and by the  ASTARTE  collaborative project  FP7-ENV2013 6. 4-3. This is Laboratory of Excellence ClerVolc contribution n° 563.
Terminological Knowledge Bases The most tangible evidence of this rapprochement between the two disciplines was the creation of the concept of Terminological Knowledge Base (TKB)  (Condamines, 2018). Compared to existing terminology databases, the major evolution of TKBs was to replace (or at least accompany) the definitions of terms with explicit relationships as in example (1): 1) The payload is the part of the malware that performs a malicious action. Payload: is-part-of malware. Has-for-function: performing a malicious action. This concept of TKB was worked on by different multidisciplinary teams at about the same time but was first proposed by Meyer's team  (Meyer et al. , 1992). In the specific field of corpus-based terminology, Meyer named Knowledge Rich Contexts (KRC) the linguistic contexts that can be used to identify relations between concepts: "We define knowledge-rich contexts as naturally occurring utterances that explicitly describe attributes of domain-specific concepts or semantic relations holding between them at a certain point in time, in a manner that is likely to help the reader of the context to understand the concept in question"  (Meyer, 2001, p.
KRCs in a Translation Assistance Task Some studies have focused on the role of KRCs in a translation task  (Bowker, 2012; (Condamines et al. , 2013). In  Picton and Josselin-Leray (2019) , the authors considered two kinds of KRCs: Conceptual KRCs and Linguistic KRCs. Terminology and translation have long followed a common path. And often, terminology databases have been built with the idea of a translator user in mind. While this was not the idea behind Meyer's proposal with KRCs, it was legitimate for the notion of richness suggested by KRCs to be evaluated for the task of translation itself. As part of the research project CRISTAL (Contextes Riches en Connaissance pour la Traduction), an experiment was conducted in order to examine how translators use (or could use) KRCs. Picton and Josselin-Leray (2019)  presented the results of experiments conducted with 42 participants to find out which KRCs are really used by translators, when they use them, and for which terms.
Experimental procedure Data collection was carried out at the Brain Language Laboratory at the Freie Universität Berlin. Subjects were invited to sit in a sound-proof cabin, facing a computer monitor. They were instructed to read all questionreply pairs that would be displayed on the screen and to rate them. The ratings were prompted by the questions reported in Table  4  and were given on a 7-points Likert scale with the respective anchor labels written below the extreme values (1 and 7) andwhen applicablethe middle (4) of the scale. Subjects were encouraged to provide intuitive ratings and to use the whole range of the scales. The written stimuli were visually presented using PsychoPy 2  (Peirce et al. , 2019)  in five distinct blocks. In each block, subjects had to rate all question-reply pairs under one of the following aspects or dimensions on a scale: (Function, FUN-R) the affirmative's function as a positive or negative reply, (Coherence, COH-R) the coherence between the speech acts performed by using the two sentences of the pair, (Directness, DIR-R) the directness of the speech act performed with the second sentence, (Predictability, PRE-R) predictability of the second sentence in context of the first, (Semantic Similarity, SSI-R) semantic similarity between the two sentences.
Analysis Data preprocessing and statistical analyses were performed in Matlab 2014b (The MathWorks Inc. , Natick, MA, 2000), R 3. 6. 1 (RC-Team, 2019) and SPSS Statistics 26 (IBM, Armonk, NY). First, all ratings where the anchor labels of the Likert scale were presented in a mirrored fashion (see above) were inverted such that they matched the ratings that had non-mirrored anchor labels. Values produced during the Function rating were transformed to produce an additional variable, namely Certainty (CER-R), which was the rectified distance of the interpretation rating from the centre of the scale (range 0-3). For comparability with the other scales which started from 1, we added the value 1 to the rectified values. Therefore, our final Certainty scale ranged from a minimum score of 1 to a maximum score of 4, which captured how close function ratings were to the "yes" or "no" extremes.
Linear mixed models analysis Our a priori hypotheses concerning differences in measured propertied between direct and indirect replies and the effect of speech act-matching (see introduction) were tested using linear mixed models (LMM) Table  3. Psycholinguistic properties defining the relationship between the critical replies and their context question (after exclusion of a few items, see Material and Methods section). 0. 67 ± 0. 13 0. 65 ± 0. 17 0. 64 ± 0. 15 0. 64 ± 0. 13 0. 67 ± 0. 12 0. 66 ± 0. 13 0. 64 ± 0. 12 0. 63 ± 0. 12 Length context question in words (mean ± SD) 5. 67 ± 1. 20 5. 50 ± 1. 36 6. 06 ± 1. 31 6. 19 ± 1. 37 5. 91 ± 1. 55 6. 18 ± 1. 13 5. 97 ± 1. 33 5. 94 ± 1. 27 from the R package lme4  (Bates et al. , 2015). The models all included a random intercept for both subject and item, which accounted for inter-subject and inter-item variability, respectively.
The present study includes three independent variables: In/Directness [Direct, Indirect], Speech Act (SA) matching [SA-matched, non-SAmatched] and Polarity  [yes, no]. For each rating, we started building a null model, which did not contain any fixed effects. Subsequently we progressively increased the complexity of the model by adding the various factors alone or in interaction. All models were based on the default contrast of lme4 package (the socalled treatment contrast) and the base level of the In/ Directness predictor was direct, of the SA-matching predictor was SA-matched and of the Polarity predictor was no. For each increase in complexity, the model was compared with the previous one in a pairwise fashion using a likelihood ratio test (LRT). The residuals were visually inspected for normality, equivariance and independence.
Principal component analysis To examine whether, in face of the documented strong correlations, any of the five dimensions could be dissociated from the others, principal component analysis was performed. Ratings of Certainty, Coherence, Directness, Predictability and Semantic Similarity to Context Question were entered into one analysis. The sampling adequacy was confirmed by a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) of 0. 883. Conceptually, the KMO indicates the ratio between the variance that is shared between the variables and the one that is not shared. It can vary between 0 and 1 and a value larger than 0. 8 is considered appropriate for PCA and indicates that "the pattern of correlations is relatively compact"  (Field, 2000). Correlations between input variables in our dataset were large enough as confirmed by Barlett's Test of Sphericity (χ 2 (10) = 2395.
460, p < 0. 001). Yet the variables were not collinear, as indicated by a determinant of 0. 00015. Therefore, our dataset met the assumptions for reliable PCA  (Field, 2000, pp. 683-686). Of the five resulting principal components, principal component 1 (PC1) had an Eigenvalue of 4. 59 and by itself explained 91. 86% of the variance in the data. All further dimensions had Eigenvalues below 0. 3 see (Table  7 (A) and Figure  4 ), thus not passing the Kaiser criterion of Eigenvalue of 1  (Kaiser, 1960). Additionally, all original dimensions loaded similarly onto PC1, with rotated factor loadings above 0. 9 (Table 7(B)). Thus, one single principal component (PC1) seemed to explain most of the variance in our set of items.
Limitations and outlook One criticism that can be raised concerning the present study, is to which degree the cognitive properties rated by lay subjects can be considered reliable. Patterns that we find in our data seem to confirm that the subjects had an appropriate understanding of these dimensions. First, the Directness ratings reflected the a priori categorisation of stimuli as direct or indirect. Second, the rating of Semantic Similarity between context question and critical replies was slightly higher (although not significantly) for direct positive replies than for direct negative replies in the SA-matched set. This seems reasonable, given that the latter, but not the former were a paraphrased form of the context question. Direct replies which entail a "yes", as opposed to those entailing a "no" consisted in a reformulation of the question's propositional content in an affirmative form, which might have increased the semantic similarity of the reply to the context question.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Nathalie McCormick Miller ,  Daniela Palleschi  and  Malte Henningsen , for their proofreading of stimulus material, as well as  Laura Potisch  and  Milena Osterloh  for their support during data collection. Additionally, we would like to thank  Rasha Abdel Rahman  and  Thomas Picht  for their helpful comments.
Funding This work was supported by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany  via the grants " Brain Signatures of Communication, BraiSiCo " [Pu 97/23-1] (as part of the  Priority Program "XPrag. de:New Pragmatic Theories Based on Experimental Evidence" [SPP 1727 ]), and the  Cluster of Excellence  " Matters of Activity. Image Space Material" under Germany's Excellence Strategy  [EXC 2025e390648296]. Additionally, it was funded by the  European Research Council  through the  Advanced Grant  " Material constraints enabling human cognition, MatCo " ( ERC-2019-ADG 883811 ). Finally, it was supported by the  Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Germany  and by the  Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
During its long way, the interaction of archaeology with other sciences has experienced important transformations and passed through key stages, including the use of computers  (Djindjan 2009) , the application of mathematical and statistical approaches to archaeological data , the commercial development of Geographical Information Systems (GIS)  (Conolly and Lake 2006) , and more recently the explosion of digital technologies  (Daly and Evans 2005; Huggett 2017; Zubrow 2006). Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Computer-Aided Design and Mapping (CAD/CAM), including Building Information Modeling or Management (BIM), 3D modelling, relational and semantic databases, multimedia web-based visualisation, X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), μCT, virtual, augmented and mixed reality, are all rapidly becoming popular terms in an archaeologist's vocabulary.
Thus, primary zooarchaeological material should be protected and preserved in order to be properly analysed in the future and add meaning to archaeological narratives. Digital technologies provide the perfect means towards implementing this goal. During the last two decades, zooarchaeological communities across the world have tremendously benefitted from the proliferation of the Internet, which offered them a unique opportunity to exchange and share knowledge with other colleagues. In addition, the digital era has enabled zooarchaeologists across the world to improve their data recording protocols through the replacement of spreadsheet softwares and flat files (e. g. Microsoft Excel) with relational databases; the latter providing greater analytical flexibility and more potential for organising, communicating, sharing and integrating zooarchaeological data  (Jones and Hurley 2011; Keller 2009).
Zooarchaeological reference collections and their impact in academia Zooarchaeological reference collections fulfil multiple roles. Primarily, they support the identification of anatomical element, taxon and other data categories, including age-at-death, sex and pathological conditions, but they can also be used to address questions relevant to domestication, history of different animal breeds and all other aspects of human-animal interactions that require the use of comparative anatomy. A satisfactory zooarchaeological reference collection takes many years to build and is never complete, due to the animal kingdom's nearly-infinite diversity. Research needs in zooarchaeology brought about the positive development of proliferation of faunal reference collections, especially during the last three decades.
Many of these were developed in university departments to enable efficient teaching and research in zooarchaeology, palaeontology and veterinary science. For this reason, and because of their usually small size compared to those in natural history museums, such collections are tailored to the needs of zooarchaeological studies. The creation and curation of faunal reference collections are painstaking and 'unglamorous' undertakings involving the defleshing of carcasses, cycles of degreasing, and documentation in databases, requiring overall high levels of organisation, planning and maintenance  (Betts et al. 2011: 756). In all these procedures, it is of paramount importance to maintain an ethically (e. g. in the acquisition of animal carcasses), legally (e. g. conformation with conservation laws), and environmentally (e.
The user's points gained could be stored in a database, and as more users from local or global groups are participating, a contest could be held and the winners could acquire prizes. Growing the general crowd accustomed to these gamification principles and by following affordance methodologies in such interactive applications, we can assume that designing serious games to help archaeology students and the wider crowd understand, examine, observe and gain knowledge about zooarchaeology is an opportunity which, as a tool, is missing from current curricula and academia's quiver more generally (but see, e. g. Stockhammer 2020 ). From desktop to virtual reality applications, the users could experience virtual comparative collections, virtual museums, and narrative-based adventure games, to name a few.
Today, many ontologies and schemas are available which produce standard sets of metadata. A good example of generic standards is the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, while there are domain specific metadata standards such as the related Darwin Core, an extension of Dublin Core for biodiversity informatics representing a reference for sharing information on biological diversity. One of the most useful standards, created by the museum sector and with increasing use in archaeology and cultural heritage is the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model and its derivatives (CIDOC CRF; see  Crofts et al. 2009). The CIDOC CRM aims to promote a shared understanding of cultural heritage information through the provision of a common semantic framework for evidence-based cultural heritage information integration.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the  A. G. Leventis Foundation  for supporting the workshop through the A. G. Leventis Chair in Archaeological Sciences at the  Cyprus Institute (CyI). One of us (Allowen Evin ) has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant agreement No. 852573 ). The project has also received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant agreement No  811068 ,  Promised -Promoting Archaeological Science in the Eastern Mediterranean). We are also grateful to the  CyI technical team , especially  Angelos Alexandrou , for facilitating the workshop in a fully remote format, as well as the sponsors of the work reported here as case studies.
026 • 2θ and a step time of 47. 5 s. Crystalline phases were examined using the High-Score Plus software by PANalytical, which includes the Joint Committee of Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) data bank. The study was complemented with the petrographic analysis of four geological clay samples, potentially used for ceramic manufacture, that were collected from the vicinity of some of the sites: one (Clay-1) from Castellar del Vallès, near PMCV and HCT, and three (Clay-3, Clay-5, and Clay-6) from Sabadell, near CG1 (Fig. 1b ). Experimental briquettes were prepared for each clay sample and fired for 3 hr at two different temperatures, 850 • C and 950 • C, in controlled oxidizing conditions due to the technical characteristics of the kiln. This was enough to obtain information about the viability of the clay samples and their geological composition.
3 ), likely associated with a higher relative frequency of plagioclase inclusions in the former. To summarize the chemical results the dataset was further explored through cluster analysis (CA), after an additive log-ratio (alr) transformation of the concentrations  (Aitchinson, 1986; Buxeda i Garrigós, 1999) , using Al 2 O 3 as a divisor as it was the lowest variable element according to the CVM. The resulting cluster tree (Fig. 4 ) revealed the presence of four main chemical groups (n > 5), V1 to V4, whose normalized composition is given in Table  5. Group V1 comprises samples with calcareous composition, and it corresponds well with the 'fine calcareous' fabric group. Group V2 is a small and heterogeneous group of samples -related to various granitic and granitic-metamorphic fabrics-that show slightly higher CaO percentages (3-4 wt%) compared with the low calcareous ceramics in the assemblage in which CaO is usually lower than 3 wt%.
Acknowledgements This work was performed in the framework of the project  Late Roman Pottery  in the Western Mediterranean: exploring regional and global trade networks through experimental sciences (LRPWESTMED) (ref. HAR2013-45874-P ), funded by the  National Plan of I + D + I Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ,  Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación , with contributions from  FEDER  funds, PI:  Miguel Ángel Cau Ontiveros. This is part of the activities of the  Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètrica de la Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB) ,  Consolidated Group  ( 2017 SGR 1043 ), thanks to the support of the Comissionat per a Universitats i  Recerca del DIUE de la Generalitat de Catalunya. The work of  L. Fantuzzi  was possible thanks to a  Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación grant  ( IJC2019-039327-I ) from the  Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation  ( MCIN/AEI/ 10.
Data Collection In this step, the components of the crafting process are digitally recorded, post-processed, and curated in an online platform. These digital assets record objects and actions, acquired from documenting photographically and in 3D materials, tools, products, and workspaces and recording practitioner crafting actions, in recording sessions. The organization of these sessions is facilitated by the vocabulary and storyboard, in identifying the objects, sites, and practitioner actions to be digitized. Moreover, some of the photographic and video assets may be recorded in combination with ethnographic fieldwork. A requirement relevant to the glasswork, but also relevant to other crafts, is that the viscous nature of hot glass prohibits the pause of the crafting process during some sequences of tasks.