dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Many family of metrics can be used (e. g. ,  Grenier et al. 2013 ) and one of them is distance: The Euclidian distance is chosen in this study. Only one experiment has been set and is called ANALOG. Note that one important difference with the other models is that this method is applied over the entire predictor dataset anomalies, not only over the first two PCs. Hence, much more information than for the other models has been provided to this model, this will be discussed in Sect. 5. 2. A threshold at 1 mm has also been applied to the output values for rainfall occurrences.
Conclusions In this study, an intercomparison of several precipitation downscaling models has been conducted. To this end, an intercomparison framework has been built following some essential requirements. First, all the models had to have common predictors (as much as possible) coming from the same database, here ERAi reanalyses. Second, observations and models outputs with the same spatial resolution and over a common area were considered. So, considering the available RCMs and observational data resolution (E-OBS), a resolution at 0. 44 • has been chosen. Third, the selected models had to represent all the downscaling approaches the authors have defined (TF, WG, WT, MOS statistical families and some dynamical models). So 11 models (six SDMs and five RCMs) have been selected and their outputs confronted according to criteria characterizing the four following aspects of the rain: occurrence, intensity, as well as spatial and temporal properties.
2013; Gallardo et al. 2013 ) and is consolidated as the standard in studies of climate performed with dynamical models. Therefore, future studies should include the multi-model approach when MED-CORDEX and EURO-CORDEX databases are completed. This methodology could be thus extended, as noted by  Haylock et al. (2006)       to a mix of dynamical and statistical models. Note that one major difference between ensemble methods in weather forecasting and in climate studies is that the first must deal effectively with uncertainty in initial conditions, while in climate studies this uncertainty is not as much relevant. Moreover, a way to refine the results would be to study the impacts of E-OBS uncertainties on the downscaled data. Some studies pointed out some quality inconsistencies. For instance in  Hofstra et al.
Acknowledgments The authors are thankful to all the RCM data providers, especially to  R. Vautard  (IPSL) and  A. Colette  ( INERIS ) for the WRF-IPSL-INERIS44 EURO-CORDEX run and  Météo-France/CNRM  ( A. Alias ,  S. Somot ) for the CNRM-ALADIN52 MED-CORDEX run. The MED-CORDEX simulations used in this work are downloaded from the  MED-CORDEX data portal  (www. medcordex. eu/medcordex. php). This work has been partially.
However, the rate of CANTAB-PAL decline, which may be more informative, has not yet been evaluated in this context. It has also not yet been used as an endophenotype in a blood biomarker study. In relation to age-related cognitive decline, Steves et al. 22  have shown that a larger proportion of variance in 10-year change in CANTAB-PAL total errors is explained by the non-shared environment than by additive genetics. A plasma protein biomarker measured in a single blood sample could be more practical in some settings than cognitive testing over a 10year period in healthy older adults. In this study, we use the TwinsUK and AddNeuroMed (ANM) SOMAscan data sets. First a heritability analysis is performed and then the association between plasma proteins and AD endophenotypes (10-year change in CANTAB-PAL and regional brain volumes) is examined in asymptomatic individuals.
Discovery cohort-TwinsUK Subjects used in this study were recruited from TwinsUK, a national register of adult twins. 23 Full details of subject selection is given in Supplementary Methods. In brief, a total of 212 subjects (106 twin pairs) were selected with longitudinal CANTAB-PAL data (~1999 and ~2009). 22 hese subjects had also been assessed using MMSE at the ~2009 visit. Fasted EDTA plasma samples, taken a median of around 16 months before CANTAB-PAL and MMSE testing (~2009), were used for proteomic analysis, that is, around 8 years after the ~1999 assessment. Given the high level of missingness in the APOE E4 genotype, and the small number of double-APOE E4 carriers, we excluded double-APOE E4 carriers from further analysis. Subjects who were homozygous for the APOE E4 allele (10 individuals), or whose plasma sample was haemolysed (six individuals, determined by SomaLogic (Boulder, CO, USA)) or failed SOMAscan quality control (1 individual) were excluded leaving 195 subjects (93 twin pairs and 9 individuals).
Magnetic resonance imaging Specifics of MRI pre-processing for each cohort are described below. Owing to differences in methods, all MRI data were logged and transformed to zero mean and unit s. d. to increase comparability. TwinsUK. TwinsUK MRI scans were performed ~2 years after plasma sampling (median 805 days, interquartile range (IQR) 151 days). Volumes of the hippocampi and the combined Brodman's areas 28 and 34 (equivalent to the entorhinal cortex) in the TwinsUK cohort were obtained from 38 subjects using Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Lie Algebra,  26  Statistical Parametric Mapping  27  and MarsBar,  28  as fully described in Supplementary Methods. AddNeuroMed. Volumes of the hippocampi and entorhinal cortices in the ANM cohort were obtained using FreeSurfer 5.
Characteristics of the TwinsUK-SOMAscan subcohort Characteristics of the TwinsUK subjects with SOMAscan data are summarised in Table  1. The MZ and dizygotic twins are matched well, with the exception of APOE missingness. Despite not being clinically diagnosed as cognitively impaired, there is variability in the cognitive ability of these subjects (MMSE range 23-30). The subject with MMSE score of 23 was included, as they showed no functional deficit and did not affect the results of the following analyses (data not shown); in all other subjects the MMSE score was 425. Heritability of plasma protein levels in TwinsUK Twin modelling was used to estimate the heritability of plasma proteins measured by SOMAscan (Supplementary Table  2 ). The median proportion of variance of plasma protein levels explained by additive genetics (A) was found to be 26% (IQR 3-46%).
Although this trend is visible in Figure  2b , there is a possible outlier remaining in the data set (with the lowest volume and highest protein level). Removing this possible outlier reduces the significance but does not remove the association of MAP2K4 with the volume of LE in asymptomatic females (β = -0. 54, P = 0. 014). No other combination of proteins, subjects or regions showed an association (Supplementary Table  12 ). However, the directions of association were consistent for all the proteins between asymptomatic females from ANM and TwinsUK, and the models including these proteins appeared to explain a higher proportion of the variance (R 2 ) in asymptomatic females versus the other subject groups. Twin models suggest that plasma levels of MAP2K4 may be more affected by additive genetics than by environmental influences (A = 72% (CI: 15-83%), C = 0% (CI: 0-55%) and E = 28% (CI: 17-39%); Supplementary Table  1 ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SOMAscan and SOMAmer are trademarks of SomaLogic. TwinsUK: this work was supported by: the  EU Framework Programme 7 small-scale focused research collaborative project EurHEALTHAging 277849 ; TwinsUK cognitive phenotyping and imaging and was funded by the  Wellcome Trust  in a  Clinical Research Training Fellowship  to  Claire Steves  ( 086904 /Z/08/Z ). The study also receives support from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP7/2007-2013), the  National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Facility at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  and  NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. TS is an NIHR senior Investigator and is a holder of an  ERC Advanced Principal Investigator award.
ANM: this work was supported by  InnoMed (Innovative Medicines in Europe) , an  Integrated  Project funded by the  European Union  of the  Sixth Framework programme priority  ( FP6-2004-LIFESCIHEALTH-5 );  Alzheimer's Research UK (formerly Alzheimer's Research Trust ); the  John and Lucille van Geest Foundation  and the  NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Kings College London ; a joint infrastructure grant from  Guy's and St Thomas' Charity  and the  Maudsley Charity ;  Kuopio University Hospital (HS) ; and funding from  UEFBRAIN (HS). We would like to acknowledge  Abhishek Dixit ,  Helena Zavos ,  Maciej Trzaskowski  and  Fruhling Rijsdijk  for support. SJK is supported by an  MRC Career Development Award in Biostatistics  ( MR/L011859/1 ).
The research leading to these results has received support from the  Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking  under grant agreement no  115372 , resources of which are composed of financial contribution from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP7/ 2007-2013) and in-kind contribution from EFPIA companies. This paper presents an independent research part funded by the  NIHR Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the  NHS , the  NIHR  or the Department of Health.
Kinematic contaminants from the Milky Way In order to estimate the kinematical contamination in our sample by stars from the Galaxy, we simulated the RAVE data with the Besançon Galaxy Model. We used the new version described in  Robin et al. (2014)  where the Thick-Disk and Halo characterizations have been revised according to SDSS and 2MASS data. Moreover, the kinematics of the different populations is computed using a corrected asymmetric drift formula  (Robin et al. 2015, in prep. ) reliable out of the Galactic plane. The velocity ellipsoid of the Halo is assumed to be (131, 106, 85) km s -1 with the major axis pointing towards the Galactic center. To simulate the RAVE data, we run a simulation for all the directions and then a subsample of stars is randomly chosen in each magnitude bin in the I filter, containing exactly the same number of stars observed by RAVE.
Acknowledgements. J. G. F-T is currently supported by  Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)  through  Ph. D grant  0101973  and the  Région de Franche-Comté , and by the  French Programme National de Cosmologie et Galaxies (PNCG). This research was supported by the  Munich Institute for Astroand Particle Physics (MIAPP)  of the DFG cluster of excellence " Origin and Structure of the Universe ". J. G. F-T also thanks to  James Binney  and  George Kordopatis  for discussions of this work during the " THE NEW MILKY WAY " workshop. F. Robles-Valdez  is grateful to  DGAPA-UNAM  for the postdoctoral grant  CJIC/CTIC/0903  and acknowledge the support from the  CONACyT  (grant  167625 ). We are grateful to an anonymous referee for a careful reading and many useful comments that significantly improved the final manuscript.
The scores have the following interpretations: 0: not at all; 1: few studies; 2: some, mainly by academics; and 3: many, by academics and big companies. (c) National LCA database operating. This is the basic infrastructure needed to have the potential to mainstream LCSM. Three cases are considered: 0: there is no database; 1: a database is under development; and 2: local database is available for core sectors in the country. (d) Active national life cycle network(s), including information on size of the network and gender balance aspects (Buckingham-Hatfi eld 2002 ). In general, these networks can function as a major multiplier for applications of LCSM by organisation. The fi rst part (d. 1) indicates the existence ("1") or not ("0") of a network in the country; 0/1 means that there is neither agreement on the existence of a network nor a website available.
The second part (d. 2) refers to the size of the network and the last part (d. 3) to the percentage of women. Only one response was received from this country; hence, the results cannot be considered valid (e) A market for LCA professionals. In this case, an answer equal to 0 means there is no market at all, 1 means that the market is still developing and 2 means that the market is fully developed. The authors conclude that the existence of training activities, LCA studies, LCA databases and life cycle networks are conditions for mainstreaming. Between 2013 and 2014, a global and a Latin American survey took place  (Sonnemann et al. 2015 ; Valdivia et al. 2014 ) , which were the basis for the assessment (see results in Table  19. 1 ). About 80 responses were received from the life cycle national networks.
LCA Studies and LCA Databases The existence of LCA studies indicates the availability of local resources in terms of life cycle experts and tools and minimum funding to cover the costs of performing these studies. Subsequently, it also indicates the availability of some local foreground data, which can feed a national LCA database, so in China, Mexico, Malaysia and Thailand. Survey fi ndings in the area of LCA studies and LCA databases (beyond the list of countries with a database) are presented below: • In Brazil, Chile, India, South Africa and Turkey, a breakthrough is expected, as international organisations (e. g. UNEP and the European Commission jointly) or projects (the ecoinvent project on Internationalisation ( www. sustainablerecycling. org )) as well as national organizations (e.
This can be achieved, for instance, by having more universities provide education on LCA in natural science and engineering programs and on LCM in business schools and economic faculties. The next set of countries -South Africa, Malaysia, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Colombia, India and Turkey -with 4-6 points, have conditions for mainstreaming LCSM in the right direction. However, they still lack two essential ingredients: the business case for companies and the political will (e. g. to establish a national LCA database or create a policy requiring the use of LCA) through which progress is acknowledged and fi nancial resources are made available. Without this push, the impact of efforts made by the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative, national life cycle networks or other groups at the global and regional level will go unnoticed (UNEP/SETAC 2009a ).
Market for LCA Professionals The existence of a market for LCA professionals is a positive development in the countries and constitutes the proof of mainstreaming. If there are already experts in a country contributing to developing life cycle tools or generating LCA data for policymaking or assisting companies, then there is a good basis to move toward a better understanding and managing the countries' and companies' value chains. In the sample analyzed, all respondents indicate that, at best, the markets are under development even in countries with LCA databases and progress on the use of LCA in policies (e. g. Thailand, China, Mexico and Brazil, as introduced in Sect. 2. 7. 1 ). This fi nding shows that, despite efforts made in those countries, additional mechanisms are needed to boost the market substantially.
Due to the enormous amount of data needed to perform an LCA study, capacity-building regarding data development and database management can be also of interest. In this sense, a training kit has been developed, based on the Global Guidance for LCA Databases (UNEP/SETAC 2011 ). Data, however, are not enough for understanding data formation; impact assessment models and further training on the review of the LCA of products are highly recommended to be able to interpret the results. The improved understanding of impact assessment models and frameworks facilitates the interpretation of results and their use in design choices (eco-design), sustainable consumption (sustainable procurement), strategic planning in business and LCA in policies. Further skills and abilities are necessary for communicating sustainability performance, aiming at disseminating best practices and improvements while avoiding greenwashing.
Conclusions and Recommendations 1. General progress since 2002. Countries have advanced since 2002, when none of them counted on a life cycle network or a LCA database (UNEP/SETAC 2015b ). The authors recommend reinforcing the trend in the countries analyzed with continual capacity-building programs, fi nancial support and technical assistance endorsed by national and local governments and facilitated by agencies for international co-operation and inter-governmental organizations. 2. LC networks as a success in capacity-building. The authors' experiences confi rm that national life cycle networks are key to successful capacity-building programs. 3. Insuffi cient number of LCA professionals in the country. The number of LCA professionals in all countries is low in relation to the size of the population.
Outlook Capacity-building programs on LCA/LCM/LCSM are needed to intensify and deepen their activities on a greater pace and to connect them to global programs such as CIP and SLE. Ongoing international co-operation as well as new forms of inter-regional cooperation are key to improving the conditions for mainstreaming LCSM (UNEP/ SETAC 2015b ). According to current experiences regarding capacity-building and capability development trends, LCM, followed by LCA and footprinting approaches as well as data and database management, appear to be the most sought-after areas of skills development. While LCA appeals more to academia and consultants, LCSM is at the core of what companies are interested in. Echoing the refl ections of Paul Hohnen ( 2014 ), more awareness from politicians is essential to boost implementation of LCA in developing countries.
X-Shooter observations The primary datasets analysed here are X-Shooter observations. X-Shooter, a second generation instrument on the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (ESO VLT), covers a large wavelength range from the ultraviolet to the near-IR  (Vernet et al. , 2011)  and is proven to be extrememly useful for studies of accretion in YSOs  (Alcalá et al. , 2014; Whelan et al. , 2014a,?). Using X-Shooter in long-slit mode three epochs of data of LkCa 15 were obtained. LkCa 15 was observed in nodding mode with a single node exposure time of 220 s for the ultraviolet (UVB) and visible (VIS) arms and 200 s for the near-IR (NIR) arm. This yielded a nominal exposure time of almost 30 mins after one ABBA cycle. The slit widths of the UVB, VIS and NIR arms were 0. 8, 0. 7 and 0.
9, respectively. This choice of slit widths resulted in spectral resolutions of 6200, 11000 and 5300 for each arm, respectively. The pixel scale is 0. 16 for the UVB and VIS arms and 0. 21 for the NIR arm. In each epoch two spectra were obtained. In the first epoch (E1) spectra were obtained parallel and anti-parallel to the PA of the  Kraus & Ireland (2012)  CEN component which is assumed to be the PA of the companion. We take this PA to be 333 •. This value comes from the average of the PAs reported for the K band emission in Table  2  of  Kraus & Ireland (2012). The orbital motion reported in  Ireland & Kraus (2014)  translates to a ∼ 8 • change in the PA of the CEN source between the  Kraus & Ireland (2012)  observations and the data presented here. Therefore Lk Ca15 b would be at ∼ 325 • at the time of the X-Shooter observations and therefore would still lie within the slit in our observations.
For E1 the purpose of the anti-parallel spectra was to check for spectro-astrometric artefacts. In epochs 2 and 3 (E2, E3) spectra were obtained parallel and perpendicular to the PA of the companion. The purpose here was to recover the PA of any spectroastrometric signature. Taking one ABBA cycle as one spectrum a total of six spectra of LkCa 15 were obtained. All this information is summarised in Table  1. The X-Shooter data reduction was performed independently for each arm using the X-Shooter pipeline version 1. 3. 7  (Modigliani et al. , 2010). 1  The pipeline provides 2-dimensional, bias-subtracted, flat-field corrected, order-merged, backgroundsubtracted and wavelength-calibrated spectra. Flux calibration was achieved within the pipeline using a response function derived from the spectra of flux-calibrated standard stars observed on the same night and of LkCa 15.
Hence, for the analysis of the X-Shooter data we use a Voigt fit at all times. The precision in the Gaussian fit calculated using Equation 1 is equivalent to the 1-σ scatter in the position spectrum of the continuum emission. By comparing the 1-σ scatter in the continuum calculated using the Gaussian and Voigt fits it was shown that the precision in the Voigt fit can be well approximated by Equation  1. Finally, it should also be noted that the spectra were binned when doing SA to increase the accuracy. The bin size was three pixels. The first step in our analysis was to apply SA to the UVB, VIS, and NIR spectra produced by the X-Shooter pipeline, in each epoch and at each PA. However, it was found that the UVB and VIS data was affected by a spatial aliasing problem which we found arose due to the rebinning of the spectra from the physical pixel space (x,y) to the virtual pixels (wavelength, slitscale).
Thus the processed UVB and VIS data was not suitable for spectro-astromertic anaysis. This problem is important for any future spectro-astrometric studies with X-Shooter and therefore it is further disucssed in the Appendix. We proceeded with the our analysis by fitting the UVB and VIS spectra produced by the pipeline before the wavelength calibration step. Thus these spectra were bias subtracted, flat-fielded and any field cosmetics were removed. For the NIR arm the wavelength and flux calibrated spectra were used. We investigated the most prominent accretion tracers found across the three arms i. e Hγ, Hβ, Hα, HeIλ6678, CaII triplet, HeI 1. 083µm, Paγ and Paβ. Please refer to  Alcalá et al. (2014)  for a further description of these accretion tracers. In Figure  2  these accretion tracers are shown.
Summary and conclusions Here multi-wavelength spectroscopic observations of the transitional object LkCa 15 obtained with X-Shooter are presented. The goal was to investigate the possibility of using spectroastrometry to detect planetary mass objects in transitional disks. It is planned that the data presented here will be part of an extensive examination of the variability of LkCa 15 and further data will be obtained in winter 2014-2015. Our results and conculsions can be summarised as follows. X-Shooter is not the best choice for a spectro-astrometric study due to the artefacts which can be introduced by the processing of the data and by instrumental distortions of the PSF. The artefacts were primarily a problem for the VIS and UVB arms and for the broadest brightest lines, i. e Hα. X-Shooter is a complex instrument with flexures both from thermal and gravity effects (due to its Cassegrain position), in addition to the curved and tilted spectral format (which necessitates elaborate data processing).
Acknowledgements. We thank the referee  M. Takami  for his very helpful comments. We thank  P. Goldoni  for discussions on the aliasing problems in long-slit spectroscopy in general and for X-Shooter in particular. We thank  S. Moehler ,  V. D'Oricio ,  P. Goldoni  and  A. Modigliani  for their help with the X-shooter pipeline, and  F. Getman  and  G. Capasso  for the installation of the different pipeline versions at Capodimonte. We acknowledge support from the  Faculty  of the  European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC). E. T. Whelan  acknowledges financial support from the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  through the  Research Grant Wh   172/1-1. This research has also been funded by  Spanish  grant.