dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Background: Physical activity is considered as a major component of a healthy lifestyle. However, few studies have examined the relationships between the spatial accessibility to sport facilities and sport practice with a sufficient degree of specificity. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the spatial accessibility to specific types of sports facilities and the practice of the corresponding sports after carefully controlling for various individual socio-demographic characteristics and neighborhood socioeconomic variables. Methods: Data from the RECORD Study involving 7290 participants recruited in 2007-2008, aged 30-79 years, and residing in the Paris metropolitan area were analyzed. Four categories of sports were studied: team sports, racket sports, swimming and related activities, and fitness.
Weather variables We used daily meteorological data provided by Meteo France for 2007-2008. Data from 5 or 6 meteorological stations (according to the weather parameter considered) were averaged to derive daily information on a regional scale. Based on these data, we defined average weather variables for each participant for the recruitment day and 7 previous days. Several daily meteorological parameters were considered: minimum temperature; maximum temperature; average temperature; rainfall; wind speed; time of sunshine; presence of fog or not; and presence of mist or not. All the resulting variables were divided in 4 categories based on the quartiles.
Assessment of sports facilities An exhaustive list of sport facilities present over the study territory and their characteristics and geographic coordinates as of December 2008 was obtained from the Census of Sport Facilities established by the Ile-de-France Regional Direction of Youth, Sports, and Social Cohesion (Direction Régionale de la Jeunesse, des Sports et de Cohésion Sociale d'Ile-de-France, DRJSCS). The Census of Sport Facilities is a fully exhaustive database of all facilities and sites allowing sport activities that are open to the public for free or not  [13]. A geographic Information System (GIS) was used to develop indices of spatial accessibility to the recreational facilities of interest for the present study. Based on road and street network data from the National Geographic Institute, the ArcInfo GIS software and its Network Analyst were used to estimate the shortest distance between each respondent's home and the closest sport facility, and the number of facilities around each respondent's home in 1 km street network radius buffers  [4, 32].
Acknowledgements The  RECORD  project received support from the  Institute for Public Health Research (IReSP, Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique ); the  National Institute for Prevention and Health Education (INPES, Institut National de Prévention et d'Education pour la Santé)  (Prevention Program 2007; 2010-2011 financial support; and 2011-2013 financial support); the  National Institute of Public Health Surveillance (InVS, Institut de Veille Sanitaire)  ( Territory and Health Program ); the  French Ministries of Research and Health  ( Epidemiologic Cohorts Grant 2008 ); the  National Health Insurance Office for Salaried Workers  ( CNAM-TS, Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés ); the  Ile-de-France Regional Council  ( Conseil Régional d'Île-de-France ,  DIM SEnT  and CODDIM); the  National Research Agency (ANR, Agence Nationale de la Recherche)  ( Health-Environment Program 2005 ) ; the  Ile-de-France Regional Health Agency (ARS, Agence Régionale de Santé) ; the  City of Paris (Ville de Paris) ; and the  Ile-de-France Youth , Sports, and  Social Cohesion Regional Direction  ( DRJSCS, Direction Régionale de la Jeunesse, des Sports et de la Cohésion Sociale ).
During 1998-2007, the database was updated every 2 years following the same procedure. Previously unreported patients were also identified with the support of national medical societies (French societies of infectious diseases, parasitology, gastroenterology, digestive surgery, and the French association for the study of the liver). All suspected cases were further investigated by interviewing physicians using a questionnaire that addressed the patient's AE clinical history. Patients were classified into the following 4 groups, according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis  (14, 15) : "1) possible case-any patient with compatible clinical and epidemiologic history and imaging findings, or serology positive for AE; 2) probable case-any patient with clinical and epidemiologic history and imaging findings, and serology positive for AE with 2 tests; 3) confirmed casethe above, plus a) histopathology compatible with AE and/ or b) detection of E.
Questionnaires and Data Analysis Patients with possible, probable, or confirmed AE were further investigated by a questionnaire addressing the epidemiologic context of their infection. Questions explored the patient's life, using each past address to search for risk factors. Six binary questions were asked about behavior regarding picking wild berries, eating raw salads, hunting, having a kitchen garden, and having contacts with dogs and foxes. Interviews were carried by telephone by a physician or during a medical consultation. To assess behavior of the general French population, these questions were also included in a survey conducted by Ipsos Observer (Paris, France), an opinion poll marketing company (Certified ISO 9001: 2000 Bureau Véritas Certification), following the quota method  (16).
Quotas were calculated on the basis of sex, age (>15 years), occupation, and location, according to the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. Interviews were conducted on January 7, 2008. The sample size included 517 persons. Each questionnaire contained data about age, sex, and socioprofessional characteristics and "commune" (smallest French administrative unit) of living. Nine factors were taken into account for analysis: the 6 above questions, occupation (previous occupation for retired persons), living in rural setting or not, and living in a département (second largest administrative unit in France after province) located in an area where persons were at risk for AE (DAR). A département where a cluster of cases occurred, identified with SaTScan software (Kulldorff, Boston, MA, USA, and Information Management Services, Inc.
, Rockville, Md, USA)  (17) , was considered a DAR. SaTScan moved an elliptic window of increasing diameters over the studied region (maximum size allowed for the smallest diameter was 120 km, whereas the largest diameter was not limited) and compared the observed AE case numbers in the window with the expected number under the null hypothesis, that is, the random location of cases among all départements. Statistical significance was obtained through Monte Carlo testing (results of the likelihood function were compared with 999 random replications of the dataset generated under the null hypothesis, following Kulldorff's approach)  (18, 19). Data were recorded anonymously by using ACCESS 2000 (Microsoft Corp. , Bellevue, WA, USA). Data obtained from the Ipsos Observer survey were weighted to reduce the bias due to the quota sampling.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to the  Conseil Régional de Franche-Comté  and the  Mutualité Sociale de Franche-Comté , especially to  Jean-Jacques Laplante , for support of our work on the epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in France from the beginning of the data collection. We also thank  Dominique Angèle Vuitton ,  Patrick Giraudoux , and  Francis Raoul  for their invaluable help in preparing, discussing, and revising the manuscript. This study was supported by the  Mutualité Sociale Agricole of Franche-Comté  and the  Conseil Régional de Franche-Comté  and based on the data of the  FrancEchino Network , which is supported by the  Institut de Veille Sanitaire. J. G. was also supported by the  Association pour le Développement des Recherches Biologiques et Médicales. Ms Piarroux  is an MD and PhD student at  Aix-Marseille University in Marseille, France.
Agradecimentos Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) / Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP) / Mestrado Profissional em Gestão e Regulação de Serviços Públicos de Saneamento Básico, pela oportunidade de aprimorar conhecimentos e incentivar a produção científica no cotidiano do trabalho (POZZER, 2012).
Sampling design The French national prison service has a complete listing of prison establishments in France, and an exhaustive national database of prison inmates which is updated several times per day. Prisoners in the national database are assigned a unique identification number. To limit the number of prison establishments, we implemented a two-stage sampling design instead of using simple random sampling. Prison establishments and prisoners were selected at the first and second stage, respectively. At the first stage, the exhaustive list of prison establishments was stratified according to ten geographical regions in France, i. e. covering the nation's territory. Within each region, establishments were further stratified to take into account the type of establishment (short, medium or long sentences, female-only or male-only).
Data collection The study did not use biological testing. Instead, for each person sampled, an anonymous individual questionnaire was completed by the Prévacar researchers or by health professionals based in the prison establishments using information in medical records. Proposing HIV and hepatitis C testing for all prisoners on admission to prison is mandatory in France, and French guidelines recommend that this offer be repeated periodically during prison stays. The questionnaire also collected information on modes of transmission, clinical stage, treatment, viral load, CD4 lymphocyte count, and hepatic fibrosis. Additional information concerning continent of birth, socioeconomic status and employment before imprisonment was collected from the national prisoner database and merged with the questionnaire data using the unique identification number.
Statistical analysis Analyses took into account the weighted sample design, i. e. oversampling for size and type of establishment, and estimates were adjusted by post-stratification on the total prison population  [22]  (n=60,975 on the sampling day) using available prison data (including sex, age group, continent of birth and geographical prison region) recorded for all prisoners in the national prisoner database on the date of sampling. Post-stratification took into account the national distribution of inmates by type of establishment. This means that even for persons whose medical records did not contain a biological test result, i. e. unknown HIV and/or unknown HCV status, the following information was available: sex, age, continent of birth and prison establishment type (short, medium or long term sentences, female-only or male-only).
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the French national prison service for its support ( Dominique de Galard ,  Jean-Claude Cognet ,  Dimitri Legrand ). We would also like to thank the staff of all the participating prison health facilities,  Martine Clément , the physicians who conducted the survey in the prisons ( Bernard Faliu ,  Lionel Lavin ,  Christophe Michon  from the Ministry of health), and the members of the survey steering committee ( Gregory Braz ,  Emeline Chaigne ,  Sandra Essid ,  Caroline Gasiglia ,  Hélène Morfini ,  François Moreau ,  Rhida Nouiouat ,  Fabrice Pilorgé ,  Pierre Pouyanne, Chantal Vuldy ). We also thank  Charlotte Verdot. Finally , our thanks to  Jude Sweeney  for the English revision and editing of the manuscript.
DATA ANALYSIS First, exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were carried out on IDCS, CCS, and AMS using SPSS for Windows 15. 0. 0. These were followed by confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) using AMOS 17. 0. G * Power 3 was used for reporting statistical power and reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted with Maximum Likelihood (ML) extraction and promax rotation (Kappa = 4), because on one hand, this method provides a more realistic representation of how factors are interrelated, and on the other hand, ML oblique solutions are more likely to generalize to CFA than orthogonal solutions  (Brown, 2006). In order to assess an appropriate number of factors, we took into account both the Guttman-Kaiser criterion  (Guttman, 1954; Kaiser, 1960)  and the scree test  (Cattell, 1966).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to  Dezso Németh ,  Karolina Janacsek , and  István Winkler  for the helpful comments on the manuscript. This research was supported in part by grants from  Hungarian Research Fund : (1) individual, developmental, contextual, and cultural predictors of rule keeping and not rule keeping competition (K  77691 ), project leader: Márta Fülöp; (2) The role of individual differences and situative factors in skill learning ( PD 106027 ), project leader:  Gábor Orosz. Furthermore , the first author was supported by  Institut Français , with a postdoctoral scholarship, during the preparation of the article ( Laboratoire de Psychologie Appliquée ,  Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ).
This equation was fitted to the experimental data using Kaleidagraph software. Once the partition coefficient is calculated, the free energy (⌬G) of transfer of the peptide from water to membrane was calculated according to  (31) , ⌬G ϭ ϪRTln(K X ), where ⌬G is the free energy (kcal/mol), R is the gas constant (R ϭ 1. 98 10 Ϫ3 kcal⅐mol Ϫ1 ⅐K Ϫ1 ), T is the temperature in Kelvin, and K X is the partition coefficient. The partition coefficient is related to the apparent dissociation constant as follows. K X ϫ K D ϭ W (Eq. 4) with K D ϭ P W ϫ L P L (Eq. 5) Surface Plasmon Resonance-Binding kinetics were determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using a BIAcore 2000 instrument (GE Healthcare), as described previously  (35, 36). Briefly, lipid monolayer reconstitution on a hydrophobic acyl surface (chip HPA; GE Healthcare) was achieved at 25 °C by the injection of a total volume of 80 l at a flow rate of 2 l/min for 40 min of a lipid vesicle suspension (1 g/liter) composed of POPC/DOPE/DOPG/Chol (molar ratio 4:3:2:1).
To determine ⌬H, six injections of 5 l of the P454 peptide at 85 M were performed into the sample cell containing 1. 41 ml of anionic SUVs at 5 mM. For both experiments, the duration of each injection was 10 s with a spacing of 600 s. The heats of dilution were determined by titrating (i) SUVs into buffer, (ii) buffer into P454 or P414 peptide solutions, (iii) peptides into buffer, and (iv) buffer into SUVs. Data were analyzed using Microcal Origin software by fitting a one-site binding model to the experimental data. Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy-CD spectra were recorded on an Aviv circular dichroism spectropolarimeter model 215. CD measurements were carried out at 25 °C at a scan rate of 0. 5 nm⅐s Ϫ1 (step, 0. 5 nm; integration time, 1 s) with a time constant of 100 ms and a bandwidth of 1 nm.
We also consider the amino acids, such as glutamines at 1635 cm Ϫ1 (E M ϭ 550/M/cm), asparagines at 1648 cm Ϫ1 (E M ϭ 570/M/cm), and arginines at 1609 cm Ϫ1 (E M ϭ 480/M/cm)  (11, (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43). All acquisitions and data processing were done using Spectra Analysis (Jasco). The deconvoluted absorption bands were redrawn using Kaleidagraph (Synergy Software, Reading, PA). Orientation of the Secondary Structures by ATR-FTIR-Attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra were recorded on a FP-6100 Jasco spectrometer, equipped with a liquid nitrogen-cooled mercury cadmium telluride detector. The internal reflection element was a germanium ATR plate (50 ϫ 20 ϫ 2 mm; Pike Technologies) with an incident angle of 45°. The penetration depth of the evanescent wave is ϳ0.
Taken together, fluorescence and ITC data indicate that the membrane insertion proc-ess of P454 is a spontaneous reaction, which involves both hydrophobic effects and electrostatic interactions between the peptide and the membrane. Secondary Structure Changes of the Peptides Followed by Circular Dichroism-Conformational changes of the peptides induced by the addition of membrane were then investigated by circular dichroism. The far-UV CD spectrum of P414 is typical of a mainly unfolded peptide in solution (supplemental Fig. S5 ). Its far-UV CD spectrum did not change upon the addition of SUVs up to 2 mM lipid, whatever the lipid composition. P454 is also mainly disordered in solution (Fig. 3A ) and exhibited weak changes upon the addition of neutral SUVs up to 2 mM lipids (data not shown).
The orientation of P454 in negatively charged membranes was then investigated by ATR-FTIR and molecular dynamics. Both approaches clearly indicate that the helix axis of P454 is oriented in the plane of the lipid bilayer. ITC experiments further indicate that the P454 membrane partitioning in negatively charged membrane is driven by both entropy and enthalpy contributions. These thermodynamic data suggest that P454 is partially dehydrated and acquires secondary structures upon membrane insertion. Finally, we also showed that P454 permeabilizes lipid vesicles in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of negatively charged lipids. The strict dependence on anionic lipids for the membrane binding and insertion process of P454 might be explained as follows. Both membrane partitioning and folding steps of P454 should overcome the cost of transferring two positively charged arginine side chains in the vicinity of the membrane.
NMR spectroscopy NMR data were measured on a Bruker Avance DRX600 spectrometer equipped with a TCI cryoprobe. 1D 1 H NMR spectra were recorded using a watergate sequence for solvent suppression  [58]. For samples at a concentration of 0. 1 mM, 512 scans were usually acquired. 1 H- 15 N TROSY experiments  [36, 37]  were carried out with 128 t1 increments and 2048 t2 data points per increment. The t1 dimension was acquired with the echoantiecho method. The spectral widths were 3600 Hz and 1900 Hz in the proton and the nitrogen dimensions, respectively. NOESY experiments with a mixing time of 150 ms were recorded at 15uC using a watergate sequence for solvent suppression  [58]. 256 t1 increments and 2048 t2 data points per increment were recorded. The t1 dimension was acquired with the States-TPPI method.
Among the 4 independent lungs and repeated immunostainings, the SP-C pos /CCSP pos cells remained rare and only present on few lung sections. But this first in vivo evidence for the presence of progenitor-like pulmonary cells prompted us to search for these rare cells among cells obtained from lung dissociation. To quantify the respective frequency of AECIIs, club cells and progenitors, cell suspensions obtained by enzymatic dissociation of lung tissue from 10 lambs (0 to 3 month old) were analyzed for their expression of SP-C and CCSP by flow cytometry. Based on the dot plot analysis from a representative lamb (Figure  1C ) and the compiled data from 10 lambs (Figure  1D ), the suspensions of lung cells repeatedly contained 40% (± 18. 5) SP-C pos cells and 0. 65% (± 0. 60) CCSP pos cells (Figure  1D ).
Phenotypic analysis The sorted cells were characterized for their expression of SP-C and CCSP by flow cytometry. After their elution from the columns, cells were rinsed in the 1X PBS and 4% fetal calf serum then centrifuged at 450 g 10 min at 4°C. Aliquots of 1. 10 5 cells were stained with a 1:600 dilution of a rabbit anti-human proSP-C polyclonal serum (Millipore, AB3786) and a 1:500 dilution of mouse anti-human CCSP monoclonal antibodies (Abnova H00007356-M01). After incubation at 4°C for 1 hour, cells were stained with goat anti-rabbit IgGs conjugated to Alexa 488 (InVitrogen) and/ or goat anti-mouse IgGs (Whole molecule) conjugated to R-Phycoerythrin (Sigma) for 30 minutes, at 4°C in the dark. Stained cells were centrifuged at 1000 g for 2 min at 4°C then fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde before flow cytometry quantification on a Becton Dickson FACSCalibur™ Flow cytometer and analysis using the CellQuest Pro software.
Acknowledgements Funding from the  Ligue Nationale de Recherche sur le Cancer (Ardèche committee) , and  Rhône Alpes Region. The "Platim"  and " AniRA -Flow  cytometry" platforms are part of the  UMS 3444 SFR BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud. AAR was the recipient of an  AUF  ( Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie ) PhD. fellowship and received financial support from  Saint Esprit de Kaslik University, Lebanon.
Three days later, growth of U. atrum (U13) was observed around leaves tissues (data not shown), indicating that the isolate had colonized the whole plantlets. As endophyte, the U13 has the advantages of escaping microbial competition and of influencing the host's response to pathogen attack. Colonization of the roots is considered one of the most important characteristics of PGPF, and helps them to interact with plants to enhance growth and protection. As far as we know, this is the first time that U. atrum behaves as PGPF in grapevine. Endophytes infection may enhance disease suppression whether the mechanism involves local induction of host resistance or direct interaction with the pathogen  [31, 32]. In accordance with our results, Raghavendra and Newcombe  [33]  have reported that U. atrum colonize leaves of Populus, concluding that as endophytes, U.
Statistical Analyses Each experiment was repeated at least three times, with twenty-four plants evaluated per treatment, unless indicated otherwise. Antifungal activity test was done using ten petri dishes for each treatment. For chitinase activity, the results are expressed as the mean of two separate experiments (in each experiment three different extractions were pooled). For other experiments, results were analyzed statistically by subjecting data to ANOVA. Means for each treatment were separated with a least significant difference (LSD, p < 0. 05) multiple comparison test (Fisher's protected). Bars or means with the same letters represent values that are not significantly different according to Fisher's protected LSD test (p < 0. 05).
c. North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) The NAO has been extensively studied over the last two decades  (Hurrell et al. 2003) , and its strength has been quantified using several indices. We use here the monthly index over the years 1823-2008, as compiled by  Jones et al. (1997) ; see Fig. 1  for the monthly low-pass filtered record. This index is the difference between the normalized sea level pressure at Gibraltar and the normalized sea level pressure over southwestern Iceland; Jones and colleagues used early instrumental data back to 1823. The dataset has been modified in November 2000 and the effect of this change is most evident in the summer; see http: //www. cru. uea. ac. uk/ ~timo/projpages/nao_update. htm. The significant oscillatory modes have periods of 7. 8 yr, 5. 9 yr, 5 yr, 4. 3 yr, and 2.
Acknowledgments. YF and MG's work was supported by  DOE's Earth System Modeling (EaSM)  grant  DE-SC0006694  and by  ONR's Multi-University Research Initiative (MURI)  grant  N00014-12-1-0911. AG was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship of the  Groupement d'Intérêt Scientifique (GIS)  " Réseau de Recherche sur le Développement Soutenable " ( R2DS ) of the  Région Ile-de-France , while AWR was supported by  DOE's EaSM  grant  DE-SC0006616  and by  ONR's MURI  grant  N00014-12-1-0911.