dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Stephan van Gils  for his valuable input on the manuscript, and  Paul Nunez  for discussions about experimental and clinical issues. We are also grateful to the anonymous referees for their constructive comments. SV and SC were supported by the  European Commission  through the  FP7 Marie Curie Initial Training Network 289146, NETT: Neural Engineering Transformative Technologies. Moreover, SV was generously supported by the  Wellcome Trust   Institutional Strategic Support Award  ( WT105618MA ).
Ice particles in clouds are a known threat to commercial aviation. They can form areas with high ice water content at cruise altitudes where severe icing conditions may be sustained and not detected with current on-board technologies. In this article, a comparative study between two ice particle mass retrieval methods is presented. Both methods use in-situ measurements of the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) and Ice Water Content (IWC) as input to establish mass-diameter relationships (henceforth m-D). The first method follows the classical approach where the form of the m-D relationship is limited to power laws. The second method is based on an inverse problem approach: it leverages optimal use of in-situ measurements to waive the power law constraint. Both methods are tested on an in-situ measurement dataset collected during one research flight in an oceanic Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) with measured IWC values frequently exceeding 1.
Subsequently, the in-situ data have been collected in 3 flight campaigns, the first two from an international collaboration of the High Altitude Ice Crystals 6 (HAIC) and High Ice Water Content 7 (HIWC) projects started in 2012, and the third from an independent HIWC project focused on pilot radar technology. The resulting data, mostly from high IWC areas in tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems, are now being studied as part of the Appendix D assessment, and for general research on ice crystal icing. The new Appendix D envelope will be used to develop means of compliance for the certification of engines and other aircraft subsystems. Another objective of the European HAIC project is to improve understanding of the ice crystal icing phenomena through the development of both experimental devices and numerical models of ice accretion.
In this context, another desirable outcome of the HAIC/HIWC in-situ measurement data set is the retrieval of ice particle mass-related properties that could be very useful for both ice particles trajectory and accretion models, and icing wind tunnel calibration. Different techniques to retrieve ice particle mass-related properties from in-situ measurements have been published over the last few decades. In this paper, two mass retrieval methods, one following the state-of-the-art power law approach and the other based on a recently developed inverse problem approach, are applied to a set of in-situ measurements extracted from the HAIC/HIWC dataset. The dataset is presented in section II and the two methods are introduced in section III. In section IV, the results are compared with emphasis on two quantities: the ice particle effective density (ρeff) and the Median Mass Diameter (MMD).
II. HAIC/HIWC in-situ measurements and data processing The HAIC/HIWC data set was collected in deep convective clouds ranging in size from individual cumulonimbus to large Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs), the latter being the primary target and providing the majority of the data. The in-situ data were collected from the SAFIRE (Service de Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement) Falcon-20 (F20) aircraft in the Darwin-2014 8 campaign, and by the F20 and the National Research of Canada (NRC) Convair-580 in the Cayenne-2015 9 campaign. The purpose of this technical study, being the comparison between two mass retrieval methods rather than an exhaustive analysis of the HAIC/HIWC data set, the analysis of this study is limited to the data points collected during one single flight performed on February 7 th 2014 in an oceanic MCS near Broome, Australia.
During this flight, labelled Darwin #16, the F20 research aircraft flew several legs at the -38°C temperature level, resulting in 2110 5second average data points. In Fig. 1  the 3-hour flight pattern is superimposed on a color-enhanced infrared satellite image of the sampled MCS. The white areas in the images represent cloud tops that have reached approximately the -80 °C or colder. The state-of-the-art instrumentation package installed on the F20 included the IsoKinetic evaporator Probe (IKP-2, bulk IWC reference instrument)  [10] [11]  and two Optical Array Probes (OAP), the 2D-Stereo (2D-S)  12  and the Precipitation Imaging Probe (PIP)  13. IWC values were calculated by substracting background humidity from the total water vapor measured by the IKP-2 after evaporation of all condensed particles.
Due to errors associated with this background humidity subtraction, data points with IWC value lower than 0. 1g. m -3 were discarded for this analysis. In addition, the data were restricted to periods of level flight. The 2D-S and PIP produce monochromatic 2D images of ice particles: their size ranges are 10 µm -1280 µm and 100 µm -6400 µm, with a resolution of 10 µm and 100 µm respectively. OAP images are processed so as to discard data corrupted by splashing/shattering artifacts, to correct out-of-focus images, and to reconstruct truncated particles, as detailed in ref. 14. Then images are analyzed in order to retrieve geometrical quantities of individual particles such as projected area, perimeter or maximum dimension. Particles are then binned into size classes according to a size parameter.
V. Conclusion This paper presents a comparison between two techniques used to retrieve ice particle mass spectra and derived quantities from coincident and collocated PSD and independent bulk IWC in-situ measurements. Whereas the first method assumes a power law form for the mass-diameter relationship, an assumption that has been used for decades in the atmospheric sciences, the second method based on the inverse problem formulation leverages optimal use of the in-situ measurements to remove such specific functional constraints. Both methods are tested on data from a single flight in an oceanic MCS with an IWC mean value in excess of 1. 0 g. m -3 , sampled during the HAIC/HIWC Darwin-2014 flight campaign. Results reveal significant differences in PSD mass-related quantities retrieved by the two methods.
Acknowledgments The research leading to these results has received funding from (i) the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Program  in research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement  n°ACP2-GA-2012-314314 , (ii) the  European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)   Research Program  under service contract n° EASA. 2013. FC27, and (iii) the  Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ,  Aviation Research Division, and Aviation Weather Division , under agreement  CON-I-1301  with the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Funding to support the  Darwin  flight project was also provided by the  NASA   Aviation Safety Program , the  Boeing Co. , and  Transport Canada. Additional support was also provided by  Airbus SAS Operations, Science Engineering Associates , the  Bureau of Meteorology, Environment Canada , the  National Research Council of Canada and Universities of Utah and Illinois.
Introduction Cosmology and astrophysics provide several convincing evidences of the existence of Dark Matter (DM). The observation that some mass is missing to explain the internal dynamics of galaxy clusters and the rotations of galaxies dates back respectively to the '30s and the '70s. The observations from weak lensing, for instance in the spectacular case of the so-called 'bullet cluster', provide evidence that there is mass where nothing is optically seen. More generally, global fits to a number of cosmological datasets (Cosmic Microwave Background, Large Scale Structure and also Type Ia Supernovae) allow to determine very precisely the amount of DM in the global energy-matter content of the Universe at Ω DM h 2 = 0. 1188 ± 0. 0010  [1]   1. All these signals pertain to the gravitational effects of Dark Matter at the cosmological and extragalactical scale.
Acknowledgments This SI emerged from two conferences as mentioned in the text, in which the co-guest editors were involved as organizers. We thank the many people who organized, presented or attended these conferences, as they provided many stimulating discussions and presentations. We thank the many reviewers who volunteered their time to review the articles in this SI. We also thank the enthusiasm and continuing support from the  IUFRO , IALE and ELI communities that make these outcomes possible. We also thank the support of the  EU -funded OpenNESS Project that partially funded the research of some of the papers published in this volume (research funded by the  European Union  EU  FP7  project  OpenNESS  (Grant agreement no. 308428 )). We especially want to thank the authors for their time and patience to participate in this volume and the continuous support from IJBESM to make this SI possible.
Picosecond pulse radiolysis experiments The ultrafast kinetics of the solutions was accessed by picosecond pulse radiolysis with the laser-driven electron accelerator ELYSE. [14, 15]  A pump-probe setup installed at the experimental area 1 was used whose basic optical configuration and data acquisition scheme are described in references  [14, 15]. The transient absorbance of the samples was probed in a flow cell with 5 mm nominal optical path collinear to the electron pulse propagation. The electron pulses were delivered with pulse duration of about 7 ps and electron energy of 7. 6 MeV at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. The broadband pump-probe system was operated using a single crystal of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) for continuum light generation optimized in the NIR. [16]  Both probe and reference beams were coupled into an optical fiber, transmitted to an adapted spectrometer, and dispersed onto the specific line scan detectors.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge CEA's  DSM Energie program  for funding. This work was also supported by a public grant from the " Laboratoire d'Excellence Physics Atom Light Mater " ( LabEx PALM ) overseen by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  as part of the " Investissements d'Avenir" program  (reference:  ANR-10-LABX-0039 ). Last, the authors want to thank  Vincent Dauvois  and  Vincent Steinmetz  for their help in the GC-MS and HRMS experiments.
In section 2 we present the IASI datasets and the different numerical weather prediction model re-analysis that we have used and we provide some guidance on the interpretation of δD-humidity variations. We analyse the seasonal and inter-annual δD variations observed at Izana in sections 3 and 4, respectively. Then in section 5, we describe the spatial distribution of δD observed in July 2012. Finally, the results are discussed in the conclusion section. 2 Data and methods.
The retrievals are also filtered based on the residual of the fit. On an individual basis, the observational error on δD between 4 and 6 km has been estimated and cross-validated to 38‰  (Lacour et al. , 2015). When several retrieved values are averaged (from N measurements), this error is reduced by a factor √ N. Because of the large number of IASI measurements, there is presently no near-real-time processing of IASI radiances for δD. The availability of this quantity is thus limited. In this study we use three different datasets to investigate the isotopic characteristics of water vapour in the North Atlantic: a 5 year (2009-2013) dataset above Izana (26 Figure  1. Simple models describing the domain of existence of δD-q pairs. The two purple curves describe the progressive depletion of a tropical boundary layer source and a drier one according to a Rayleigh distillation.
Backward trajectories analyses and reanalysis data To help in the interpretation of δD data we use backward trajectory calculations from the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT)  (Stein et al. , 2015)  where GDAS (Global Data Assimilation System) re-analyses have been used as the meteorological fields. Backward trajectories have been mainly used in the analysis of the dataset above Izana for which we computed a trajectory reaching the centre of the 4 • by 4 • box for every day. We also used ECMWF re-analysis data to characterize atmospheric dynamics.
Spatial extent of the SHL influence As the high seasonality in the water isotopic composition observed at Izana is closely associated with the activity of the SHL, it can serve as a diagnostic to evaluate the spatial influence of the SHL. In Figure  7 -a we first present the seasonality in δD signal (defined as δD July-August -δD January-February ) observed from the TES instrument. We use the TES δD data here as they are available over a longer time period than the IASI dataset considered here and at a global scale. We plot the seasonality of δD as a zonal mean with its associated standard deviation, calculated for the 2005-2010 period. The seasonality observed off the Western African coast, on an entire latitudinal band of narrow longitudinal extent (30 • W-25 • W), is also drawn in orange.
with an average of 65 measurements available per day; a 1 year dataset (2011) along a latitudinal band of narrow longitudinal extent (0 • N-60 • N, 30 • W-25 • W), which is used in section 3. 4 to evaluate the variations of δD seasonality along the Western African coast; a 1 month dataset (July 2012) above the North Atlantic (0 • N-40 • N, 40 • W-5 • W) which is also used to illustrate the spatial extent of the influence of the SHL (subsection 3. 4) and to analyse the different sources and processes controlling the humidity above the North Atlantic in section 5.
It is flown on-board the Metop satellites as part of the EUMETSAT Polar System. The IASI L1 data are received through the EUMETCast near real-time data distribution service. Jean-Lionel Lacour is grateful to the CNES for post-doctoral grant. The research in Belgium was funded by the F. R. S. -FNRS, the Belgian State Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs (Prodex arrangement 4000111403 IASI. FLOW). C. Clerbaux is grateful to CNES for scientific collaboration and financial support. 20 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. , doi:10. 5194/acp-2017-152, 2017 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discussion started: 21 March 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC-BY 3. 0 License.
5, 0. 54, and 0. 56). In contrast, transplantation in very good partial or complete response significantly favored melphalan 140 mg/m 2 for overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio: 2. 02). Age, renal function, prior proteasome inhibitor treatment, gender, or Karnofsky score did not interact with overall/progression-free survival or relapse rate in the melphalan dose groups. There were no significant survival or relapse rate differences between melphalan 200 mg/m 2 and melphalan 140 mg/m 2 patients with high-risk or standard-risk chromosomal abnormalities. In conclusion, remission status at the time of transplantation may favor the use of melphalan 200 mg/m 2 or melphalan 140 mg/m 2 for key transplant outcomes (NCT01362972).
Study criteria and data management The Collaboration to Collect Autologous Transplant Outcomes in Lymphoma and Myeloma (CALM) study (NCT01362972) is an observational clinical outcome analysis of a defined cohort of patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma who underwent ASCT between 2008 and 2012, with data reported retrospectively to the EBMT. Patients were eligible for the CALM study if they were ≥18 years old and received their first autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant using cells mobilized with one of the following mobilization regimens: plerixafor plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), plerixafor plus G-CSF plus chemotherapy, G-CSF plus chemotherapy, or G-CSF alone. For this non-planned subgroup analysis, patients were selected from the CALM study population in the EBMT registry if they had a diagnosis of multiple myeloma and received a first single ASCT.
Tandem transplants (defined as an ASCT followed by a second transplant within 6 months of the first and no relapse/progression between the two transplants), and patients who received melpha-lan doses other than 200 or 140 mg/m 2 , were not included. A total of 2253 patients from the CALM study EBMT registry fulfilled these general criteria. We excluded 289 of these patients from further analysis because of missing or inconclusive data regarding subsequent transplants (n=213), relapse date (n=67), or renal function (n=9), resulting in a final study population of 1964 patients. The database for this study was closed on December 14, 2016. The study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of the EBMT, a non-profit scientific society representing more than 600 transplant centers mainly located in Europe.
Discussion While Mel200 is generally recommended as standard conditioning prior to ASCT for multiple myeloma,  27  Mel140 is often used in clinical practice in those perceived to be at risk of excess toxicity from Mel200. However, the effect of melphalan dose on transplant outcomes remains undetermined. Here we present data from a large number of patients undergoing ASCT as part of real-world treatment practice. These data suggest that remission status at the time of transplantation may favor Mel200 or Mel140 for key transplant outcomes including overall survival. One of the key findings of the study is that transplantation in less than partial response favored Mel200 over Mel140 in terms of overall survival, progression-free survival, and relapse risk. This may be explained by a greater dose-dependency of melphalan-induced anti-myeloma effects in cells with limited chemosensitivity.
A B ] [38] [39] [40]  The CALM study is based on the retrospective analysis of registry data that were collected in a defined cohort of patients. Thus, the choice of Mel140 or Mel200 was made by transplant physicians and influenced or determined by local practice, thereby introducing a potential for biased treatment decisions. The paucity of data on post-transplant treatments, including maintenance, is another limitation of the analysis. However, the large number of patients from multiple centers across Europe is likely to have formed a representative 'real-world' sample of myeloma patients undergoing up-front ASCT. This notion is supported by the distribution of baseline clinical and cytogenetic features and the outcomes of patients with high-risk compared to standard-risk disease. Moreover, we applied robust statistical methods for the estimation of hazard ratios.
Introduction 40 K is the most abundant radioactive isotope in sea water. Its Cherenkov light spectrum is equal to the one produced by muons detected by the ANTARES neutrino telescope  [1]. It constitutes the principal source of background light. However, 40 K is as well an important calibration tool. In ANTARES, the optical modules (OMs) are arranged in groups of three (storey) and, if a 40 K decays near a storey, its Cherenkov light can be recorded by two OMs simultaneously. Such coincidences are dominated by 40 K, therefore the measured rates can be used to tune the overall OM efficiency in a detailed GEANT4 [5] simulation of the OM. This simulation provides valuable input for the global detector simulation. The document is organized as follows: in Section 2 a brief description of the ANTARES neutrino telescope is given; the 40 K method for the computation of the OM efficiencies is described in Section 3; in Section 4 the used data set is presented; the fitting procedure together with the quality cuts applied are explained in Section 5, while the results of the analysis are presented in Section 6.
This makes the 40 K method also a useful tool to cross check the time calibration. However in the following we concentrate on the derivation of relative OM efficiencies from 40 K data. The fit parameters can then be used to estimate the rate of events corresponding to the peak area, as: R = a • σ • √ 2π T • ∆τ (3. 2) where ∆τ is the bin length used for the histogram (in this work ∆τ = 0. 4 ns), and T is the total lifetime of the data set. For each detector storey three coincidence rates are measured (R 01 , R 12 and R 20 ). These quantities are directly related to the sensitivities of the three OMs (s 0 , s 1 and s 2 ): PoS(ICRC2017)1058 ANTARES OM Efficiencies I. Salvadori R i j = R * s i s j (3. 3) where R * is the rate for two nominal OMs with sensitivities equal to 1. In this work a value of R * = 15 Hz was used.
Data Set Data collected from October 2009 to December 2016 have been used in this work. A dedicated 40 K trigger was used during the data-taking. For this trigger, coincidence hits in adjacent OMs are stored if they occur within a narrow time window of typically 50 ns. The trigger is applied with an important down-scaling factor of 200 in order not to saturate the readout chain. Taking into account this scaling factor, a total lifetime of 11 days has been analyzed. The runs have been collected in groups of 6 calendar days, which corresponds to a lifetime of around 40 minutes for each data point.
Conclusions and Outlook Using data collected by the ANTARES neutrino telescope with a dedicated 40 K trigger, the OM efficiencies have been computed until the end of 2016. The results show a good stability over time. The 40 K method can also be used to cross check the time calibration. The individual time dependent OM efficiencies, as calculated with the procedure presented here, are used on all recent ANTARES physics analyses. The next generation of neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea is called KM3NeT  [7]. It will be constituted by two main detectors, ARCA (Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss), in Sicily, devoted to high energy studies, and ORCA (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss), in France, optimised for GeV atmospheric neutrinos. The general detector layouts are similar to the one of ANTARES, with a series of detection lines, each one equipped with floors of digital optical modules (DOMs).
This paper is organised as follows. A description of the detector is given in Section 2, the Monte Carlo (MC) simulated event samples and the dataset used are described in Sections 3 and 4, while Section 5 outlines the relevant properties of topo-clusters. The particle flow algorithm is described in Section 6. Section 7 details the algorithm's performance in energy subtraction at the level of individual particles in a variety of cases, starting from a single pion through to dijet events. The building and calibration of reconstructed jets is covered in Section 8. The improvement in jet energy and angular resolution is shown in Section 9 and the sensitivity to pile-up is detailed in Section 10. A comparison between data and MC simulation is shown in Section 11 before the conclusions are presented in Section 12.
Data sample Data acquired during the period from March to December 2012 with the LHC operating at a pp centre-ofmass energy of 8 TeV are used to evaluate the level of agreement between data and Monte Carlo simulation of different outputs of the algorithm. Two samples with a looser preselection of events are reconstructed using the particle flow algorithm. A tighter selection is then used to evaluate its performance. First, a Z → µµ enhanced sample is extracted from the 2012 dataset by selecting events containing two reconstructed muons  [49] , each with p T > 25 GeV and |η| < 2. 4, where the invariant mass of the dimuon pair is greater than 55 GeV, and the p T of the dimuon pair is greater than 30 GeV. Similarly, a sample enhanced in t t → b bq qµν events is obtained from events with an isolated muon and at least one hadronic jet which is required to be identified as a jet containing b-hadrons (b-jet).