dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In addition to the correlation coefficient, the deviations were summarized by the bias, and the bias relative to the mean of the observation in percent, also named relative bias, and the root mean square error (RMSE), and relative RMSE in percent. For the sake of conciseness, all results are not provided here. These results are available for three different summarizations (hourly, daily and monthly summarizations) at:   1. The correlation coefficient is very large for all stations and the three databases, with an average of 0. 96. These databases reproduce well the hour from hour changes in SSI. The correlation coefficients are similar for the three databases. HC3v4 shows a tendency to overestimate the SSI: the relative bias ranges from -3 to 13 %, with most values comprised between 2 and 5 %.
Figures  3, 4  and 5 respectively exhibit the 2-D histogram of HC3v4, HC3v5 and CAMS radiation service versus the hourly measurements for the INMET station of Ararangua. The results are in line with the average values indicated in Table  1 , with a relative bias, a relative RMSE and a correlation coefficient of: -6. 9 and 22 % and 0. 965 for HC3v4 -1. 6 and 19 % and 0. 969 for HC3v5 and 7. 6 and 25. 9 % and 0. 949 for the CAMS radiation service. The 31 INMET stations are mainly located in the western and the southern part of the country. Even if the global ranking of the databases remain unchanged whatever the area, the quality exhibits worse results for the stations located close to the border and on the west like Porto-Velho, Cacoal and   Vilhena than for the rest of the stations. Indeed, for respectively HC3v5, HC3v4 and CAMS radiation service, the relative bias for these stations is close to 7, 9 and 11 %; the relative RMSE in percent always exceeds 30 %, and the correlation is still good but just above 0.
9. The main explanation to this trend is that the western part of the country is located on the edge of the MSG coverage. As a consequence, the pixel size in the east-west direction is above 12 km, and as the climate of the Rondônia is tropical with a lot of heavy rains and clouds, the estimation from satellite imagery faces difficulty in modelling accurately the SSI. This was observed by  Marie-Joseph et al. (2013)  for a similar climate in Guiana. Though the number of stations is low compared to IN-MET, the 11 INPE stations are more equi-distributed on the Brazilian territory. The global ranking of the databases is the same, with HC3v5 in the first position, and HC3v4 in the second one. A different behaviour of the statistical results can be observed in the north-eastern (NE) area, with the stations of Sao Luiz, Natal and Petrolina, and the south-western (SW) area with the stations of Cuiaba, Campogrande and Chapeco.
Conclusions and perspectives This paper presents an objective comparison of three satellite-derived radiation databases against the measurements of 42 stations in Brazil. A great attention has been paid to the quality check procedure of the measurements; by relying on published papers and by completing the procedure adding a few criteria based on clear sky data to discard the remaining outliers. C. Thomas et al. :  Validation of three satellite-derived databases of surface solar radiation Very satisfactory results have been obtained for HC3v5, and to a lesser extent HC3v4. Both may be used in studies of long-term changes in SSI in Brazil. CAMS radiation service is a recent service and is still in infancy. An overestimation of McClear of approx. 4 % has already been observed for the Baseline Surface Radiation Network station of Brasilia  (Lefèvre et al.
, 2013). At least part of the overestimation of the CAMS radiation service could be potentially explained by the overestimation of the radiation in clear sky conditions. Further work is needed to confirm or infirm this observation, and also to improve the quality of the CAMS radiation service for applications in solar energy. Nevertheless, it is concluded that except for the overestimation by CAMS radiation service, the three databases are suitable for studies of the solar resources in Brazil. This work is an extension of the validation survey carried out over several BSRN stations located in the Meteosat coverage  (Thomas et al. , 2016). It enables a better knowledge of the capacity of these databases in predicting the SSI. These validation results pave also the way to the geographical extension of the HelioClim-3 database scheduled in 2016-2017 by providing a first insight of the quality in the area covered by both MSG and GOES-East satellites to carry out cross validation.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank the  Brazilian company Fotovoltec  for providing the measurements of the  INPE  and INMET stations. The research leading to these results has been partly undertaken within the Task # 46  of the Solar Heating and Cooling Implementing Agreement of the  International Energy Agency. It has received funding from the  French Agency ADEME , research grant no. 1105C0028 , and from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Programme  ( H2020/2014-2020 ) under grant agreement no. 633081  ( MACC-III  project). The  MACC  ( Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate) projects are preparatory projects for Europe's Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS ). Edited by: S. -E. Gryning Reviewed by: two anonymous referees.
Gall crabswFolmer et al. 1994)e corals and photographed in the laboratory with a digital SLR camera equipped with a macro-lens, and subsequently preserved in 80 % ethanol. Crab specimens are deposited in the Crustacea collection of Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, The Netherlands (formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, collection coded as RMNH. Crus. D), and the Ryukyu University Museum, Fujukan (RUMF), University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. The newly obtained material from the Red Sea, Maldives and Japan, as well as the Indonesian and Malaysian material examined inVan der Meij (2014), was sequenced(COI mtDNA;Folmer et al. 1994)following the protocol inVan der Meij (2015b). The sequences are deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KM396420 and KY013332-KY013342.
Acknowledgments We thank  Hiroyuki Tachikawa  for collecting the Japanese material used in this study. Fieldwork in the Red Sea was supported by the  King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  under the  Biodiversity in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea program  (award number  CRG-1-BER-002  to MLB). We are grateful to the  University of Milano-Bicocca Marine Research and High Education (MaRHE) Centre in Magoodhoo , the  Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, Republic of Maldives and the community of Maghoodhoo, Faafu Atoll ,  Simone Montano  and  Davide Seveso  (MaRHE),  Tokyo Metropolitan Ogasawara Island Branch Office , and to  Teturo Sasaki  ( Institute of Boninology ) for their help and dive support during fieldwork in the Maldives and the  Ogasawara Islands. The field work of the first author in the Maldives and Japan was supported by a 2015 grant from the  Academy Ecology Fund  (KNAW), 2015 and 2016 grants from the  TREUB-maatschappij (Society for the Advancement of Research in the Tropics) , and by the  John Fell Oxford University Press Research Fund.
Study setting We used data from the ANRS 12249 TasP trial, an ongoing cluster-randomized trial evaluating the effectiveness of immediate ART on HIV incidence. The trial is implemented since March 2012 in Hlabisa sub-district, northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, a largely rural area, with scattered homesteads, an estimated HIV prevalence of 29%  [22]  and a decentralized local HIV programme  [23].
TasP trial participants can also access HIV and ART care in the Department of Health (DoH clinics). The TasP trial started in 10 (2 )5) clusters from March 2012 to July 2014, with a further 12 (2 )6) clusters from July 2014, bringing the total number of clusters to 22 (2 )11) at full implementation. Each cluster is composed of an average of about 1000 residents ]16 years. Data from the first 10 clusters were used for this analysis.
Study population We included all residents aged ]16 years from both arms of the trial who were (i) contacted by a fieldworker, (ii) ascertained HIV positive (positive rapid HIV test result or selfreported to be HIV positive), (iii) referred to a TasP clinic between March 2012 and June 2014, and (iv) never been or not in HIV care at the time of referral (i. e. no CD4 count or viral load measurements in the DoH or TasP clinics in the 13 months before referral). We excluded individuals with inconsistent dates (date of first clinic visit, death or out-migration before the date of first referral), as well as those with a period of observation shorter than three months. We focused statistical analyses on individuals without missing data for explanatory variables.
Outcome and explanatory variables The outcome was linkage to HIV care following HIV diagnosis within three months of first referral in individuals who had never or not recently been in HIV care. Linkage to care was defined as attending a TasP clinic (the variable used was date of visit) or a DoH clinic (the variable used was date of last CD4 count or viral load measurement), after matching between the TasP trial database and the ARTemis database. We obtained ethics approval to match the TasP trial database with the DoH HIV care and treatment database (ARTemis), both developed and hosted at the Africa Centre  [23]. Matching was based on South African ID number, first names, last names, dates of birth and cell phone numbers. The period of three months (i. e. 91 days) between first referral and linkage to care was chosen in accordance with Fox et al.
[26]. Matching between TasP and ARTemis databases was also used to define the variable ''HIV care status at referral'' with four categories: (i) newly diagnosed (positive rapid HIV test through HBHCT, no self-report of HIV diagnosis and not in the ARTemis database before referral); (ii) already diagnosed but never accessed HIV care in the local HIV programme (selfreported HIV positive through HBHCT, not in the ARTemis database before referral); (iii) already accessed HIV care in the local HIV programme but considered lost-to-follow-up (LTFU) for 13 to 24 months (in ARTemis database before first referral but no CD4 count or viral load measurements in the DoH or TasP clinics in the 13Á24 months before referral); or (iv) LTFU for more than 24 months. Further explanatory socio-demographic and HIV-related variables were based on questionnaires administered face to face by trained interviewers during the repeat homebased visits; we considered information from the home visit before and closest to the date of first referral.
We first assessed the excitability properties of this neuronal population from uninjured WT and Fxyd2 -/-animals, using whole cell patch clamp recordings in vitro. Under control conditions, 500 ms step increases in current injection evoked a progressive increase in action potential burst frequency and no significant difference in current evoked spikes were observed between WT and Fxyd2 -/-neurons (Fig. 4c-e ). This absence of excitability changes of mutant IB4+ cell bodies contrasted with the altered response of C-fiber subtypes following natural stimulation of their receptor fields, supporting the view that Fxyd2 mainly acts in the periphery. These data also raise the possibility that it is differences in the mechanotransduction apparatus and not electrical excitability that underlies the different receptor properties of C-M and C-MH fibers.
For each isolated fiber the conduction velocity was calculated by dividing conduction distance over electrical latency for the spike. A computer-controlled nanomotor (Kleindiek, Reutlingen, Germany) was used to apply controlled displacement stimuli of known amplitude and velocity. The probe was a stainless steel metal rod and the diameter of the flat circular contact area was 0. 8 mm containing a force transducer (Kleindiek, Reutlingen, Germany). The signal driving the movement of the linear motor and raw electrophysiological data were collected with a Powerlab 4. 0 system (ADInstruments) and spikes were discriminated off-line with the spike histogram extension of the software. Behavioral testing on mice. Locomotor coordination was evaluated with a rotarod accelerating procedure (0-16 rpm for 3 min) and the latency to fall was measured.
Amplified products were sequenced at least once (Beckman Coulter Genomics, UK). The relative amounts of specifically amplified cDNAs were calculated using the delta-CT method  37, 38  on three independent experimental replicates and normalized by dividing with an appropriate normalization factor. For mice samples, this factor was the geometric mean of two stable control genes: polymerase (RNA) II polypeptide J (Polr2j) and DEAD box polypeptide 48 (Ddx48). Beta actin (ACTB) was used for human samples. Sequences of the primer pairs were as follows: Polr2j (GenBank:NM_011293): F-ACCACACTCTGGGGAACATC, R-CTCGCTGATGAGGTCTGTGA; Ddx48 (GenBank:NM_138669): F-GGAGTTAGCGGTGCAGATTC, R-AGCATCTTGATAGCCCGTGT; Atf3 (Genbank: NM_007498): F-ACAACAGACCCCTGGAGATG, R-CCTTCAGCTCAGCATTCACA; mouse Fxyd2 (Genbank: NM_007503, NM_052823): F-GGACAGAGAATCCCTTCGAG, R-CCGATTTCATTGGCAGTTG; ACTB (Genbank: NM_001101.
3): F-GCACTCTTCCAGCCTTCCTT-; R-GTTGGCGTACAGGTCTTTGC; Human FXYD2 (GenBank:NM_001680) primers were purchased from Clinisciences (HP205498). In situ hybridization, double in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Simple and double in situ hybridization were performed as previously described  12. Digoxigenin (DIG)-or Fluorescein-labeled antisense RNA probes were synthesized using the DIG-or Fluorescein-labelling kit (Roche), respectively. Fxyd2, Ret, SCG10, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and TH probes were used in this study. Immunofluorescent and isolectin-B4 staining were performed as previously described  12. Rabbit anti-C-terminal Fxyd2 antibody (provided by Dr. S. Karlish, diluted 1:2000) and Alexa Fluor-594-conjugated secondary antibody were used (Molecular Probes, diluted 1:2000). Human lumbar DRG were collected through the "Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvement et Agence de Biomédecine" and harvested according to the French Biomedical Agency guidelines, from two brain-dead adult patients who were organ donors, as previously reported  39.
The bathing solution contained NaCl, 140 mM; KCl, 5 mM; CaCl 2, 2 mM; MgCl 2 , 1. 5 mM; HEPES, 10 mM; glucose, 10 mM and the pH was adjusted to 7. 4 with NaOH. Recording pipettes (3-4 MΩ ) were filled with the following solution: KCl, 140 mM; HEPES, 10 mM; Mg-ATP, 2 mM; Na 2 -GTP, 0. 5 mM; EGTA, 10 mM; pH 7. 35, adjusted with KOH. Signals were filtered at 5 kHz and sampled at 10 kHz. Whole-cell recordings were obtained with an Axopatch 200B amplifier (Axon Instruments). The experimental parameters were controlled with a computer equipped with a Digidata 1322 analogue interface (Axon Instrument). We used pClamp software (Clampex 8. 02 and 9. 2; Axon Instruments) for data acquisition and analysis, respectively. Following patch membrane disruption for whole-cell recordings, only IB4 + neurons displaying membrane resistance above 150 MΩ were selected (300 ± 22 MΩ , n = 39).
Statistical analyses. For cell counting, statistical analyses were performed using Unpaired Student's t test. For RT-qPCR experiments, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used followed by a post-hoc Newman-Keuls test. For behavioral studies, group and time effects were validated by two-way ANOVAs for repeated measurements. When ANOVAs showed a significant effect, Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to determine the significance of the differences. For electrophysiological analyses, data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni test. Fiber conduction velocities were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Fiber type distribution was analyzed using the Chi-squared test. P values < 0. 05 were considered as statistically significant. All data presented are means ± SEM. How to cite this article: Ventéo, S.
Acknowledgements We thank  W. Joly  for critical reading of the manuscript;  P. Quintana ,  C. Cazevieille ,  H. Haton  and  H. Boukhaddaoui  for technical help; and the animal house staff of the  INM. We are grateful to  F. Vachiery-Lahaye  for her assistance in human samples collection through the  "Coordination Hospitalière de Prélèvement et Agence de Biomédecine ", and to  F. Perrin  and  N. Lonjon  for their contribution to human DRG dissections. We also thank  Drs Anderson ,  Angebault-Prouteau ,  Brunet, Castren, Karlish, Lamballe and Pachnis , for the kind gift of materials. This work was supported by the  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  and the  Association Française contre les Myopathies. Additional support was provided by a grant from the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinshaft  ( SFB 958 ) and an  ERC  grant to GRL.
To tackle this issue effectively, we used the Window data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. The main advantage of such an approach is that small data samples can be dealt with, which is particularly convenient in our case where ryokans data are aggregated on a size and regional basis. It also allows for the examination of trends in efficiency over different time periods. Window DEA has been applied to measure efficiency in different economic sectors such as energy and environment  (Halkos and Tzeremes, 2009; Sueyoshi et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013; Zhang et al. , 2011) , banking  (Webb, 2003) , transportation  (Yu et al. , 2008) , semiconductor market  (Chung et al. , 2008) , telecommunications  (Yang and Chang, 2009) , and health  (Kazley and Ozcan, 2009). However, except for the work of  Pulina et al.
Data and hypotheses The data set used in this study is sourced from the reports of the Japan Ryokan & Hotel Association, which conducts an annual survey of member ryokans and is designated as the ''Statistical Survey on the Operation of International Tourism Ryokans (ITR) (in Japanese). '' Membership in this association is limited to ryokans designated as an ''international tourism ryokan'' by the Tourism Agency. These designated ryokans are required to offer services that would satisfy the requirements of international tourists, which means that ITRs are relatively high-end ryokans with higher managerial capability than the average. Required services are language skills, signboards in English, Western breakfast menus, bed-style sleeping equipment, and so on. In April 2013, a total of 3234 ITRs were registered.
Data were available from 2005 to 2012 according, on the one hand, to nine administrative regions and, on the other hand, to three sizes of ryokans (small, medium, and large). The regional classification in 2012 is illustrated in Figure  2. The data, however, have the following constraints. First, delivered survey sheets were returned without identification to maintain the privacy of respondents and to make those surveyed more likely to respond. Second, statistics about Japanese ryokans were gathered during periods of two zoning changes, respectively, in 2009 and 2012. Third, data on the basis of regions and sizes were aggregated and available separately. Then, two assessments were implemented in this study in order to compare the differences in efficiency in the ryokan sector in terms of regions and sizes.
Points that should be taken into account are that small ryokans need service innovations that are applicable to multiple market segments and that support measures for capability building among operators of small ryokans should be provided. This first empirical contribution on Japanese tourism and hospitality performance opens new paths for future research. First, mainly due to data constraints, the limitations of this study are that micro-level data evaluation was not possible, and this contribution is limited to the analysis through size and regional levels. Second, comparative analysis with hotels was not conducted, and it should be very interesting to implement it in order to compare Western and traditional Japanese hospitality. Third, how Omotenashi, that is, Japanese hospitality, is connected to ryokan efficiency was not analyzed.
Acknowledgments We thank  Andrea Speckin  and  Valorie Thompson  for their assistance in organizing the meeting, and  Allison H. Lin ,  PharmD, PhD , for her valuable participation. At the time of the meeting on which this article is based, several authors were employed by pharmaceutical companies and others had received consulting fees or honoraria from one or more pharmaceutical or device companies. Authors of this article who were not employed by industry or government at the time of the meeting received travel stipends, hotel accommodations, and meals during the meeting provided by the  Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities , and Networks (ACTTION) public-private partnership with the  US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , which has received research contracts, grants, or other revenue from the  FDA , multiple pharmaceutical and device companies, and other sources.
The online collection of earthquake testimonies in Europe is strongly fragmented across numerous seismological agencies. This paper demonstrates how collecting and merging "Did You Feel It?" (DYFI) 15 institutional macroseismic data strongly improves the quality of real-time intensity maps. Instead of using ZIP code Community Internet Intensity Maps we geocode individual response addresses for location improvement, assign intensities to grouped answers within 100 km 2 grid cells, and generate intensity attenuation relations from the grid cell intensities. Grid cell intensity maps are less subjective and illustrate a more homogeneous intensity distribution than the ZIP code intensity maps. Using grid cells for ground motion analysis offers an advanced 20 method for exchanging transfrontier equal-area intensity data without sharing any personal's information.
, 2004; Sbarra et al. , 2012a) , induced seismicity  (Hough, 2014)  and vulnerability assessment in civil engineering  (García Moreno and Camelbeeck, 2013; Stefano and Chiara, 2014). The DYFI website of the US Geological Survey (USGS) questions nationally and internationally felt earthquakes. The advantage of the USGS DYFI system is that macroseismic data are collected systematically over the whole North American continent through a well-calibrated algorithm  (Dengler and Dewey, 1998; Worden et al. , 2000). In Europe, however, the situation is more complex: at least 32 seismological institutes in 22 countries manage and maintain their own DYFI inquiry (Fig. 1 ; see Appendix A for hyperlinks), sometimes more or less modified from the original questionnaire of  Wald et al. (1999). Despite this high number of inquiries, only the following institutes map DYFI results in real-time: the British Geological Survey (BGS), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), the French Central Seismological Office (BCSF), the European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC) and the Royal Observatory of Belgium -Erdbebenstation Bensberg network (ROB-BNS).
However, important disadvantages are that (  1 ) people can answer to multiple national or international inquiries when they felt an earthquake and that (2) the data of the perception of transfrontier-felt seismic events is strongly fragmented across different institutes and countries. Merging databases carries the risk of duplicate entries in the database but, more importantly, also has the risk of merging intensities that may slightly differ from questionnaire Solid Earth Discuss. , doi  :10. 5194/se-2016-150, 2016  Manuscript under review for journal Solid Earth Published: 9 November 2016 c Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3. 0 License. to questionnaire or country to country due to a different intensity calculation procedure which will smooth the mean of the merged intensities. Because of this European fragmentation, performing a proper macroseismic assessment of transfrontier-felt earthquakes remains a complex and not straight forward task.