dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
All these results provide a complete framework for most of the theories of gravity that are commonly used. As a conclusion we summarize the features of our new results: • all bosonic fields with spin ≤ 2; • topological horizons; • charges m, n, q, p, a (with a only for Λ = 0); • extend to d = 3, 5 dimensions (and proposal for higher). We have written a general Mathematica package for the JN algorithm in Einstein-Maxwell theory. 7 Here is a list of new examples that have been completely derived using the previous results (all in 4d except when said explicitly): • Kerr-Newman-NUT; • dyonic Kerr-Newman; • Yang-Mills Kerr-Newman black hole  [64] ; • adS-NUT Schwarzschild; • Demiański's solution  [7] ; • ungauged N = 2 BPS solutions  [65] ; • non-extremal solution in T 3 model  [63]  (partly derived in  [26] ); • SWIP solutions  [66] ; • (a)dS-charged Taub-NUT-BBMB  [67] ; • 5d Myers-Perry  [68] ; • 5d BMPV  [69] ; • NUT charged black hole 8 in gauged N = 2 sugra with F = -i X 0 X 1 [70].
Acknowledgments I am particularly grateful and indebted to  Lucien Heurtier  for our collaboration and our many discussions on this project. I thank also  Nick Halmagyi  and  Dietmar Klemm  for interesting discussions, and I am grateful to the latter and  Marco Rabbiosi  for allowing me to reproduce an unpublished example of application. Finally I wish to thank the members of the  Harish-Chandra Research Institute (Allahabad, India)  for organizing the set of lectures that helped me to transform my thesis in the current review.
Our refinements indicate that Tm 3+ moments are antiferromagnetically coupled to the Mn-Co sublattice in agreement with the usual negative J R-M interaction found in perovskite compounds with heavy R (R=rare earth and M= 3d transition metal). 19 In order to have exact structural parameters, high resolution neutron patterns were collected at 2 and 25 K (see supplementary section). The results are summarized in ). They are coupled antiferromagnetically to the Co-Mn sublattice in the ac-plane but they also have a y-component so the Tm 3+ moments exhibit a small AFM canting (A-type) along the b-direction. The magnetic (Shubnikov) space group (see table  III ) that gives account of the order described in A and B sublattices is P2 1 '/c' (14. 79, a non-polar group). The best refinements at 2 K and the temperature dependence of the magnetic moments using the D1B data are shown in the supplementary information and the resulting magnetic structure is displayed in the inset of Fig.
These defects may lead to dislocations in the spin arrangement resulting in a rise of magnetic disorder and small magnetic domains with a reduced magnetic moment relative to a sample without defects. An earlier study suggested  12  that the Mn/Co ordering is incommensurate in the ab-plane for Lu 2 CoMnO 6. We have tested this and other possible incommensurate magnetic structures but the corresponding peak splitting failed to account for the broadening and shift of the magnetic peaks. Therefore, we conclude that the particular shape of these reflections is due to the abovementioned extended defects. Accurate refinements of neutron patterns with these defects are very difficult and some refined parameters must be taken with care. In our case, we have used the Fullprof program to refine these patterns using a phenomenological treatment of some individual magnetic reflections with selective shifts and broadenings.
d. Metamagnetic transitions. A phase transition induced by an external magnetic field in Yb 2 CoMnO 6 has been reported in our previous paper. 15 Now, we report the observation of similar features for all Yb 2-x Lu x CoMnO 6 samples exhibiting E-type ordering at zero field. Isothermal measurements of neutron patterns at 2 and 25 K were collected by varying the magnetic field in steps of 5 kOe. The results are shown in Fig. 3. The data at 2 K show a strong change in the neutron patterns for a magnetic field around 25 kOe. Above this threshold field, the intensity of magnetic peaks produced by the E-type ordering decreases whereas the (1 1 0) and related peaks become more intense. These features agree with a spin reorientation at high fields giving rise to a collinear FM ordering of Mn/Co moments (F-phase) in the ac-plane with a main component along the c-axis and the same magnetic symmetry (P21'/c' , 14.
Acknowledgements. We acknowledge  ILL  and  D1B-CRG  ( MINECO ) for beam time allocation (experiment codes  CRG-2419 ,  CRG-2154  and  5-31-2233 ) and the use of  Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación-SAI, Universidad de Zaragoza. We thank financial support from the  Spanish MINECO - Projects No. MAT2015-68760-C2-1  and  MAT2015-68760-C2-2 , co-funded by  ERDF  from  EU , and ' Severo Ochoa Programme  ( SEV-2015-0946 ) -and  DGA  ( E69-CAMRADS ).
Despite the increasing use of mussels in environmental monitoring and ecotoxicological studies, their genomes and gene functions have not been thoroughly explored. Several cDNA microarrays were recently proposed for Mytilus spp. , but putatively identified partial transcripts have rendered the generation of robust transcriptional responses difficult in terms of pathway identification. We developed a new low density oligonucleotide microarray with 465 probes covering the same number of genes. Target genes were selected to cover most of the well-known biological processes in the stress response documented over the last decade in bivalve species at the cellular and tissue levels. Our new 'STressREsponse Microarray' (STREM) platform consists of eight sub-arrays with three replicates for each target in each sub-array.
galloprovincialis. Q-RT-PCR analysis was performed to confirm the over-represented biological processes in response to B[a]P exposure (i. e. , DNA metabolism, oxidative stress, and cytoskeleton). An important aspect of this study was to investigate the consequences of transcriptomic changes depicted by microarray data on relevant biological processes in gills and DG at the cellular/tissue level. To complement the microarray and transcriptomics responses, genotoxic responses were assessed by determining DNA strand breaks using the comet assay and determination of bulky DNA adduct formation by 32 P-postlabelling method. The presence of oxidative stress was evaluated by lysosomal lipofuscin accumulation and the alteration of cytoskeletal structures by immuno-histochemistry. Concentration of B[a]P in water and tissue samples were also determined using analytical chemistry techniques.
Laser scanning of microarrays was performed with an Agilent G2565CA scanner (Agilent Technologies, Inc. , USA) at 5-μm resolution. Sixteen-bit TIFF images were analyzed using Genepix 6. 0 (Axon) to extract raw fluorescence data from each spot. We performed global mean normalization across microarray surfaces and local mean normalization across element signal intensity. Log2 transformation was performed for each expression level. Each experimental condition was evaluated as 12 separate values (3 technical and 4 biological replicates). Differentially expressed genes were identified by Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM, http://statweb. stanford. edu/~tibs/SAM/). Gene expression was considered to be significantly different in the test condition versus the reference condition when the log value was > 0.
7. The experimental design accounted for a complete "triangular loop" in which each RNA sample from the tissue taken from mussels exposed to the three B[a]P conditions was hybridized with RNA from control mussels (DMSO-exposed mussels). Each experimental condition had at least four biological replicates from individual female animals using the day-swap procedure, for a total of 24 experiments. MIAMI-compliant microarray data, including a detailed description of the experimental design and each hybridization experiment, were deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/geo/query/) under identifier GSE84605.
were designed using Beacon Designer v3. 0 (Premier Biosoft International, Inc. ). All primers and dual-labeled TaqMan probes were synthesized by MWG-Biotech GmbH (Germany). The cDNA (25 ng RNA reverse-transcribed to cDNA) was amplified in a CFX384 Real-Time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad Laboratories) with iQTM Multiplex Power mix (Bio-Rad Laboratories) according to the manufacturer's instructions for the triplex protocol. All multiplex combinations accounted for the following dual fluorescence tags: 6-carboxyfluorescein/Black Hole (BH) 1; 6-carboxy-2 0 ,4,4 0 ,5 0 ,7,7 0 -hexachlorofluorescein/BH1; and Texas Red/ BH2. Briefly, cDNA was amplified in a final reaction volume of 10 μL including 1X iQTM Multiplex Power mix, 0. 3 μmol/L of each primer, and 0. 1 μmol/L of each probe (S1 Table ). Relative expression data were geometrically normalized to 18S rRNA (L33452), an invariant actin isotype (AJ625116), and ribosomal protein riboL27 (AJ625928), which were selected from a list of genes for which expression does not vary over more than 50 conditions, including toxic treatments, stages of the life cycle, and various tissues  [3].
Lysosomal lipofuscin content Lysosomal lipofuscin content in the cells of the digestive glands was estimated on cryostat sections (10 μm) obtained as previously reported  [42]. The lipofuscin content was assessed using the Schmorl reaction  [43]. Lipofuscin accumulation was quantified by image analysis as described above and expressed as a percentage variation with respect to controls. Data were analyzed by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test. Immunofluorescence analysis. For histochemistry, tissues were mounted on aluminum chucks, frozen in super-cooled n-hexane and stored at-80 ˚C. Frozen digestive gland sections (10 μm) of ten mussels from each exposure condition were cut by cryostat (Leica CM3050) and flash-dried by transferring them onto poly-L-lysine-coated microscope slides at room temperature.
Controls for non-specific staining included sections that were processed in the absence of the secondary antibodies. Slides were viewed under 400 x magnification by an inverted photo-microscope (Zeiss Axiovert 100M connected to a digital camera Zeiss AxioCamMRm) equipped for fluorescence microscopy using FITC emission filter  [44]. Images were analysed using an image analysis system (Scion Image) that allowed for the quantification of the mean fluorescence intensity. Data were analysed by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test. F-actin staining: after fixation, sections were washed three times in PBS (5 min) and incubated in a permeabilisation solution (0. 5% Triton X-100) for 1 h at 20 ± 1 ˚C. After rinsing, sections were incubated with Green Fluorescent Phalloidin Conjugate (CytoPainter F-actin Labeling Kit-Green Fluorescence-Abcam) for 1 h at 20 ± 1 ˚C.
Microarray test and applications Dual colour hybridization revealed evident alterations in gene expression patterns in the investigated tissues due to the B[a]P treatments (Table  2 ,  Fig 1 and S3 Table). Our data revealed distinct patterns for 205 and 109 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the gills and DG, respectively. Of the 205 DEGs in gills, only 14 genes were shared among the three experimental condition datasets, whereas no target was shared between the three conditions in DG tissues (Fig 2 and S3 Table ). As our new platform is based on annotated genes that are already ranked into well-known biological processes (S2 Table ), thus it was easier to generate the list of   biological processes involved in the mussel's response to B[a]P-induced stress from the DEGs obtained for each condition (Figs  3  and 4 ).
qRT-PCR We carried out qRT-PCR to confirm and refine the relative expression levels of 10 homologous genes belonging to the most important biological processes, including the genes encoding caspase, p53, DNA ligase and topoisomerase (DNA metabolism), tubulin (cytoskeleton), hsp70, hsp27, (heat shock response), catalase, Zn-Cu superoxide-dismutase (oxidative stress), and the gst(phase II detoxification). Gill tissue was used for qRT-PCR analysis because it exhibited the most important responses to B[a]P and stronger bioaccumulated B[a]P than DG tissue (Table  1 ). Microarray and qRT-PCR data indicated a positive relationship in all cases (S3 Fig).
Discussion We have presented the development of a new low density oligonucleotide microarray to study alterations in mussel gene expression profiles after exposure to anubiquitous environmental stressor. Genes represented on the microarray were identified from public databases, mainly NCBI Genbank. The gene list included 465 annotated genes known to be implicated in the stress response of bivalves  [3, 11, 4, 29, 2]. The annotated genes were collected in different gene data banks and represent a more complete list among genes involved in the selected pathways involved in the mussel's stress response. Some features of the novel 'STREM-chip' that guarantee a good performance and reliable data include the simultaneous presence of eight replicated sub-arrays on the same slide and the use of a single probe covering the 3' region of the mRNA, improving the accuracy of measurements.
Acknowledgments Funding: This study is supported by  Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), UK  (Grant No. NE/L006782/1 ;  PI: ANJ). Work at King's College London  is further supported by  Cancer Research UK  (Grant  C313/A14329 ), the  Wellcome Trust  (Grants  101126/Z/13/Z  and  101126/B/13/Z ) and in part by the  National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit  ( NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London  in partnership with Public Health England (PHE). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the  National Health Service , the  NIHR , the  Department of Health or PHE.
TDSS targets a total of around 80,000 objects not otherwise included by eBOSS targeting. In executing these programs, we exploit several efficiencies allowed by the SDSS observing facilities. First, there is substantial common infrastructure and technology invested in the plate and cartridge hardware at APO and in the associated software. Second, the SDSS-IV survey teams closely coordinate the observing schedule on long and short time scales to maximize efficiency. Finally, MaNGA and APOGEE-2 are able to co-observe, which allows APOGEE-2 to observe a large number of halo stars during dark time and for MaNGA to create a unique optical stellar library in bright time. In addition to these overlaps in infrastructure, there exist substantial scientific synergies between the SDSS-IV programs. These connections allow the surveys to explore a number of critical aspects of baryon processing into and out of gravitational potentials from scales of stars to galaxy clusters.
As is the case for the APOGEE and BOSS systems, all of these fibers have 120 µm active cores; however, the cladding and buffer on the fibers were reduced to increase the filling factor of the IFU. The resulting spectra have nearly the same properties of those taken with the BOSS spectrographs. These six cartridges are capable of simultaneous APOGEE and MaNGA observations. The first MaNGA cartridge was commissioned in 2014 March, and the final one became operational in 2015 January. Section 5 describes the system and its use in more detail. In addition to the science fibers, each cartridge contains a set of 16 coherent fiber bundles that are plugged into holes centered on bright stars and are routed to a guide camera that functions at visible wavelengths (∼ 5500 Å). The operations software uses the guide camera feedback to control telescope position, rotator position, and focal plane scale.
During APOGEE observations, the guiding software accounts for the chromatic differential refraction between visible wavelengths and APOGEE wavelengths in order to best align the APOGEE fibers with the images in the focal plane at 1. 66 µm. A special purpose fiber connection exists between the NMSU 1 m Telescope and the APOGEE spectrograph. Seven fibers are deployed in the NMSU 1 m focal plane in a fixed pattern; one fiber is used for a science target and the remainder for sky measurements. This mode can be activated when the APOGEE spectrograph is not being used by the Sloan Foundation Telescope. A database (apodb) at APO tracks the status and location of all plates and cartridges. An automatic scheduling program (autoscheduler) determines which plates should be plugged or observed at any given time.
The pluggers and observers use a web application (Petunia) to interface with the database and view autoscheduler output. Occasionally, human intervention and re-prioritization of the automatic schedule is required; this action is performed by Petunia. The observers use a graphical user interface (STUI) to send commands to and receive feedback from the operations software controlling the telescope and instruments. In SDSS-IV, APOGEE-2N, MaNGA, and eBOSS share the APO observing time from 2014 July 1 to 2020 June 30. The observatory functions all year except for the summer shutdown period, a roughly six-week hiatus for engineering and maintenance in July and August, during the season with the worst weather for observing. Major engineering work is scheduled for this period. The baseline plan for observations allocates the bright time to APOGEE-2 and splits the dark time between eBOSS and MaNGA; the exact allocations are adjusted to best achieve the overall science goals depending on progress during the survey.
The plate profile is verified and the profile measurements are stored in the SDSS-IV LCO database (lcodb). Figure  1  shows the configuration during observations, in particular, the fiber run. The bottom of the du Pont Telescope and the primary mirror are shown as the yellow box and the inset gray annulus, respectively. The secondary focal plane is located approximately 8 feet above the dome floor when the telescope points to zenith. During APOGEE-2S operations, a focal plane scaling mechanism is attached at the secondary focus. Cartridges must latch to this scaling mechanism in order to be observed. As shown, the fibers exit the cartridge, run along a boom to the dome wall, and travel down a level to the instrument room. The scaling mechanism allows real-time changes in plate position along the optical axis.
(2012). To calculate the distance limit, we use the dust extinction prescription of  Bovy et al. (2016a)  and limits of H = 12. 2 for APOGEE-2, V = 14 for GALAH, and V = 19 for Gaia-ESO (their faintest limit across all fields). Longer cohorts in APOGEE-2 extend correspondingly further. substantial increase in numbers of halo stars over what was possible in APOGEE-1. APOGEE-2 expands an ancillary APOGEE-1 program in the Kepler satellite Cygnus field into a main survey objective including the fields observed with the K2 mission. Two main goals focus on asteroseismology and gyrochronology targets and observations relating to Kepler exoplanets. The APOKASC collaboration combines the resources of APOGEE and the Kepler Asteroseismology Science Consortium (KASC) to determine precise age and mass constraints on stars of a range of stellar types  (Pinsonneault et al.
2014 ). The Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) program provides multi-epoch observations on five of the modules in the original Kepler Cygnus field, targeting KOIs to characterize planet-host versus control star properties as well as to improve our understanding of the frequency of false positives within the KOI sample. In addition to these observations of the primary Kepler field, APOGEE-2N is conducting a campaign of Kepler K2 fields, using the combined space asteroseismology/gyrochronology plus APOGEE spec-tral data to determine high-quality ages for stars in a wide range of Galactic directions. The samples listed in Table  2  complete APOGEE-2's homogeneous sampling of all Galactic regions with the RGB and RC survey. We are also targeting fainter stars from the upper RGB of the LMC, SMC, and several dSphs, and probing the chemistry of open and globular clusters.
A new program observes RR Lyrae stars in the bulge from OGLE-IV and VVV to measure the detailed structure and kinematics of the ancient bulge. Both the northern and the southern components also contain ancillary program targets with a diverse range of science goals. These programs include using low extinction windows to examine the far disk at distances of over 15 kpc in the plane, measuring Cepheid metallicities across the disk, characterizing young moving groups, determining the detailed and precision abundance trends in clusters, and studying massive AGB stars. APOGEE is also conducting an extensive cross-calibration program between APOGEE, SEGUE, GALAH, and Gaia-ESO, and between the APOGEE and APOGEE-South spectrographs. Each APOGEE-2N fiber is encased in a metal ferrule whose tip is relatively narrow at 2.
2015). ASPCAP uses the FERRE 2  code to minimize χ 2 differences between the pseudo-continuum-normalized spectrum and synthesized stellar spectra interpolated from a precomputed grid (Allende  Prieto et al. 2006). The synthetic spectra used in ASPCAP are computed   These models consider variations in carbon and the α elements of ±1 dex from the solar abundance ratios. In DR13 and DR14, the radiative transfer calculations are performed with the code Turbospectrum  (Alvarez & Plez 1998; Plez 2012). This code differs from the code ASS T  (Koesterke 2009 ) used in DR12, and includes an upgrade of the H-band atomic and molecular line lists presented by  Shetrone et al. (2015). In the fitting, we usually tie the micro-turbulence (v micro ) to the surface gravity. In the models, oxygen abundance is taken to scale with α.
2013 ). In the context of cosmic acceleration, clustering measurements can distinguish between models for acceleration that rely on dark energy and those that require modified gravity  (Huterer et al. 2015). This measurement yields f σ 8 , where f measures the growth rate and σ 8 measures the amplitude of matter fluctuations. Currently the most robust constraints on f σ 8 are from BOSS, with large-scale model-independent constraints of ∼ 6% (9% when marginalizing over other parameters;  Beutler et al. 2014; Samushia et al. 2014; Alam et al. 2015a ) and model-dependent constraints on smaller scales of 2. 5%  (Reid et al. 2014 ). These critical tests distinguishing dark energy and modified gravity models are possible only with a spectroscopic redshift program such as eBOSS. The fundamental properties of neutrinos are imprinted in the distribution of galaxies.
eBOSS Targeting Strategy Dawson et al. (  2016 ) presents an overview of the eBOSS targeting strategy, which aims primarily at surveying a large volume of the universe. The eBOSS footprint covers 7500 deg 2 , with approximately 4500 deg 2 in the North Galactic Cap (NGC) and 3000 deg 2 in the South Galactic Cap (SGC). Luminous red galaxies (LRGs) and quasars are targeted over the full eBOSS footprint. An emission-line galaxy (ELG) sample is targeted over 1000-1500 square degrees starting in Fall 2016. A 466 deg 2 pilot program was conducted in SDSS-III and early SDSS-IV, designated the Sloan Extended Quasar, ELG, and LRG Survey (SEQUELS;  Dawson et al. 2016; Alam et al. 2015b). SEQUELS tested these target selection techniques. Figure  7  shows the the currently planned eBOSS footprint, and Table  4  summarizes the planned eBOSS samples and the resulting cosmological constraints.