dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data processing and analysis A deductive coding approach was followed with the seven HPS spectra and the four categories: characteristics of the socio-political-, organisation-, user-and innovation context  (Fleuren et al. , 2004) , followed by specific inductive codes from themes that emerged. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded by the second author, and analysed by the first and second author using the software NVivo Version 12 (QSR International Pty Ltd. , Australia). Interpretation differences between the first and second author were discussed, and when doubts arose the last author was consulted. To support the interpretation of the results, quotations were translated into English if necessary.
Procedure Email contact was sought with all Protection Civile departmental sections whose email address was available. Five sections responded and forwarded our invitation letter to their first aiders. Their participation was entirely voluntary, and no monetary reward was given. The questionnaires were all digitised and available on a Lime Survey site. The first aiders form a subpopulation of emergency workers, and it is therefore impossible to calculate the attrition rate. Ethical approval was given to this study by the University of Nantes (SY/GD/CB 2021 DRPI n°143). Data were analysed with The jamovi project (2021). Due to the non-normality of the sample, we used a series of non-parametric tests, primarily Spearman's rho for correlations as well as Mann-Whitney's U for the sex variable and high/low reporters.
A. Hedhili  et al. : Cah. Agric. 2022, 31, 22 `Acknowledgments. The authors would like to thank  Severine Jaloustre  and the  French South African Agricultural Institute (FSAGRI)  for financial and logistic help, and the  PHC Protea program  for their financial support towards this work. We gratefully thank  Asanda Sokombela  for her assistance during the  Focus Group Discussion at the University of Fort Hare. Catalina Onofrei  is particularly acknowledged for English proofreading.
Inclusion criteria The CAPACoV-19 cohort is part of a prospective study (number EudraCT/ID-RCB: 2020-A01081-38) carried out in the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Department of Reims University Hospital, Reims, France, which aimed to evaluate the physical, cognitive, and psychological consequences of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in patients hospitalized at the acute phase of disease. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 18 years, SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR and/or undisputable clinical and/or paraclinical arguments; need for hospitalization at the acute phase, with referral to the PRM department; ability to read and write French fluently; ability to follow a rehabilitation programme, and consent to participate. Exclusion criteria were: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score < 22, and patients under legal protection.
Measurements Anthropometric data (age, weight, height), comorbidities and lifestyle habits were recorded for all patients. Return to work and/or leisure activities were also noted at 6-month follow-up consultation (binary response, yes/no). Data regarding the acute management were collected from the patients' medical files. Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) was collected to classify disease severity  (18). During the follow-up consultation, patients were asked whether they had had rehabilitation, either in a PRM unit, or in private community practice. To evaluate the prevalence of PICS, the presence of physical, cognitive, and/or mental impairment were assessed. Patients were considered to have PICS if they had physical and/or cognitive and/or mental impairment, assessed as described below.
Statistical analysis No imputation was applied for missing data. Description and analysis were performed assuming a nonnormal distribution. Data are described as number and percentage or median and interquartiles for qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. Data were compared using the χ 2 or Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney tests, as appropriate. Logistic regression was used to identify the factors related to the primary outcome. The multivariate model included factors that yielded a p-value < 0. 10 by univariate analysis. Results are reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A p-value < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using SPSS 28. 0.
Ethical considerations The CAPACoV-19 cohort was registered with Clinical-Trials. gov under the number NCT04356378 and was approved by the ethics committee CPP Nord Ouest IV under the number CPP 3838-RM. The RETRO-REA was a follow-up cohort. In accordance with French legislation (namely the Jardé law), this retrospective study was approved by the French national commission for personal data protection (CNIL, Comité National de l'Information et des Libertés) (number 2049775 v 0).
This association reveals an important point for patient care. Chronic pain is described in ICU survivors  (41) , as described here. Fatigue is also an important issue for patients, and was significantly higher in patients with PICS. However, it should be noted that sleep quality was not assessed in the current study. In view of the reported frequency of sleep disorders after COVID-19  (32) , this information must be taken into account in the interpretation of fatigue questionnaires. Lastly, quality of life has been reported in the literature to be reduced by 29% to 63% after ICU admission  (42). In the current study, patients with PICS had lower scores in all dimensions except for the social domain. Finally, with very few missing data on the questionnaires in the current study, PROs seem to be a useful and easy tool to screen for patients with activity limitations and participation restrictions after ICU, which is essential for proposing and planning the necessary care.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank all participants and all patient organizations for contributing to this study and for sharing their experiences. We particularly want to thank  Fiona Ecarnot, PhD  ( University Hospital Besancon, France ) for her work in the article translation, and the  Fondation de France  and the  Reims University Hospital  for funding the  CAPACoV-19 study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Data collection The method used to collect the information took into account the data collected at two different periods data of ve  (5)  years and those of one (1) year). This approach has already been developed in the study conducted by Reinke and his colleagues. (49). Indeed, the authors justi ed this procedure by the fact that the data collected over a long period were considered incomplete or not representative. In this regard, Ntambue explains that if in developed countries the system for registering maternal deaths is considered effective, it seems utopian in developing countries where the national health information system (SNIS) is experiencing real weakness (4). Thus, the ve-year data including 97,000 women were collected in all the health structures under study (health centers, reference health centers, general reference hospitals and maternities), but only allowed the determination of the number of pregnant women who have given birth, their maternal mortality rate, the time of death and the delays justifying these deaths, without giving more details.
This made it possible to generate complete and speci c data, with a great possibility of carrying out more detailed analyzes on 5085 women. Data were collected electronically using a data entry mask programmed into the KoBoCollect® server and downloaded to tablets. KoBoCollect is an open source software that is used for the collection, management and use of o ine data with mobile devices such as, tablets, smartphones, mobile phones even in very remote areas and contexts of limited means. It also allows the construction of a questionnaire through a web interface  (52). Based on this data, a team of six members (one doctor and ve nurses) with extensive experience in primary healthcare was selected in October 2020. They were trained for two days by the principal investigator on the data collection tools (KoBoCollect®: installation on the tablets, data recording, and transmission in the pourer), research considerations, collection of information from primary and secondary sources, research on maternal deaths in the community, and cross-referencing data collected in health structures (i.
e. , CS, CSR, HGR, and maternity units) and those consolidated at the central o ces of health zones. Documentary analysis of the survey questionnaires was used to identify maternal deaths. The questionnaires were designed using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and deployed on the KoBoCollect® platform. The data sources were consultation registers, delivery registers, obstetric records, operative reports of pregnant women, antenatal consultation registers and records, and death registers. A test with a sample of 40 respondents (10 for each interviewer and 10 for the monitor) with the same characteristics as that of the participants in this study was conducted at Kindu General Referral Hospital. The purpose of this test was threefold: to ensure that the interviewers had mastered the use of the KoBoCollect® tool such that they would achieve the desired objectives, to compare the questionnaire with the information contained in the various information sources for the nal validation of the questionnaire, and to assess the participants' understanding of the questionnaire and estimate its duration.
Data quality control The following steps were used to control the quality of the data collected: First, at the data collection level, this study examined the juxtaposition of the data collected from health facilities and the data from the central o ces of the health zones by the interviewers, the monitor, and the database manager. This check was used to eliminate duplicates. A cross-check was conducted by the monitor on samples in certain health facilities, and the error rate was 2%. The principal investigator directly contacted some managers of the health facilities for which discrepancies were observed between the data collected by the investigators and the cross-check by the monitor.
Statistical processing and analysis of data Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA version 15 software at the signi cance level α = 0. 05. Descriptive statistics comprised presenting the characteristics of the study population. The mean and standard deviation were used as a measure of central tendency and dispersion for the variable "age" as normally distributed and percentages for the categorical variables. The maternal death rate was calculated and presented per 100,000 live births. For the bivariate analyses, the percentages of death in the modalities of the categorical variables were compared using Pearson's chi-squared test when the numerical conditions for application were ful lled; otherwise, the exact le test was used. For logistic regression, automatic FORWARD selection was used to identify independent predictors of maternal deaths in health facilities.
Discussion This study investigates maternal mortality in 59 health facilities using the PBF approach in the province of Maniema in the DRC. The method used considered data collected in two periods ( ve years and one year). The ve-year data were collected from all health facilities under study, allowing the determination of the number of pregnant women who gave birth, their maternal mortality rate, the time of occurrence, and delays justifying these deaths. Additional data were unavailable because of limitations linked to health centers' incomplete les  (24). This state of affairs had been discussed at the Seventy-second session of the World Health Organization for the eleventh revision of the International Classi cation of Diseases, during which the member states acknowledged that despite the efforts made, the system of noti cation, registration, and declaration of maternal deaths and obstetrical causes remains limited at the community level and in primary healthcare facilities at the rst level  (25).
Based on of our results, a qualitative study could further our understanding of the reasons for these delays in our study environment. However, before discussing the results of this study, the method used is discussed. Limitations and strengths of this study. The study has some limitations. First, the data were collected in two stages, the rst being that of ve years where the data were collected in all the health structures (CS, CSR, HGR and maternity). And the second phase is that of a year when the data collections were made in the reference health structures (HGR, CSR and maternities). Second, the data collected during the rst step did not allow us to perform speci c analyzes that could allow us to associate the dependent variables with our variable of interest. However, the data collected during the second phase, exclusively in the reference health structures (HGR, CSR and maternities), which allowed us to generate complete data and carry out more detailed analyzes, as well as the studied population ( nearly 100,000 pregnant women), could justify the power of this study.
Authors' contributions: Bibliographic research, drafting of the research protocol, and investigation: IRBE, SDMT, and MRT; management of the database: IRBE and IKD; analyses and interpretations of the data: IRBE, IKD, MA, and MRT; drafting of the study report: IRBE, SDMT, and MRT; drafting of the manuscript: IRBE, SDMT, IKD, and MRT; coordination and supervision: MRT. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
Quantification was performed by using TraceFinder software (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Separation was achieved on a Symmetry C18 column. A gradient elution utilizing 0. 1% formic acid (FA) in water as solvent A and 0. 1% FA in methanol as solvent B was performed having a varying flow rate, a nonlinear gradients steps and a total run of 3 min. The gradient was as follows: 0 min (100% A and 0% B, 0. 3 mL/min, 0. 6 min (90% A and 10% B, 0. 6 mL/min), 1. 9 min (3% A and 97% B, 0. 6 mL/min) and 2. 4 min (100% A and 0% B, 0. 3 mL/min). TPP, PLP, T and P were measured by electrospray ionization in positive ionization mode with the following selected mass transitions: m/z 425. 1 > 121. 8 and 425. 1 > 303. 9 for TPP, m/z 428. 2 > 124. 9 for TPP-d3, m/z 265. 0 > 122. 1 and m/z 265. 0 > 144. 1 for T, m/z 248.
Blood vitamin C concentration was measured by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection with a H-Class Waters chromatographic system (Waters, St Quentin-en-Yvelines, France) and Empower3_HF1_Enterprise software (version 7. 30. 00. 00, Waters). Briefly, to guarantee stability of vitamin C, blood samples collected on lithium heparin tube were centrifuged at 2500 g during 10 min for a maximum of 3 h following blood collection. Supernatant was stabilized in a solution containing 6% of sulfosalicylic acid to induce precipitation of proteins, EDTA (2 mM) to chelate bivalent ions, which could disturb electrochemical measurement, and N-ethylmaleimide (20 mM) to stabilize vitamin C in its reduced form. After acidification and stabilization, diluted sample was frozen at <-18 • C and analyzed the following week.
Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using Graphpad Prism 5. 0 (GraphPad software, La Jolla, CA, USA) software. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). To compare blood concentration before and after the HDF session, we used a paired t-test with two tailed p values. A p value < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant in all analysis. For analyses involving the dialysate, we used the mean concentration ± SD and compared the amount of each nutrient loss with the recommended dietary allowance (RDA, defined as the average daily dietary intake of an essential nutrient that is sufficient to meet the requirement for that nutrient in nearly all (97-98%) of healthy individuals of a given life stage and gender). To determine the total amount of nutrients lost during one session, we multiplied the concentration of each compound found in the dialysate sampled by the total effluent volume.
For vitamin B1, the loss in dialysate was moderate, corresponding to 1. 12 mg, which is roughly equivalent to the RDA and comparable to the results of Schwotzer et al. [17]. Because of a lack of sensibility of our technique, thiamine pyrophosphate was undetectable in the dialysate for most patients, and we only measured the inactive form of vitamin B1 (thiamine). There are conflicting data available on the loss of thiamine during HD, as different dosing methods were used  [2, 18, 19]. Moreover, low thiamine pyrophosphate blood level in MHD patients is infrequent at the beginning of the session  [20, 21] , a finding that is confirmed in the present study, probably in response to the western diet and the absence of loss into the dialysate. However, because of the functional thiamin deficiency in plasma that is well described in end-stage renal disease  [2, 22] , dietary vitamin intake must be evaluated and supplemented if necessary.
Resources, E. B. and F. P. ; writing-review and editing, A. B. and E. N. -C. ; supervision, E. B. , S. P. , L. K. and D. F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by Hospices Civils de Lyon. Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Comité de Protection des Personnes-Recherche Biomédicale, CPP Lyon Sud-Est IV (NCT05099185).
Author Contributions: Resources, E. B. and F. P. ; writing-review and editing, A. B. and E. N. -C. ; supervision, E. B. , S. P. , L. K. and D. F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by Hospices Civils de Lyon. Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Comité de Protection des Personnes-Recherche Biomédicale, CPP Lyon Sud-Est IV (NCT05099185).
Introduction: Incremental hemodialysis (iHD) may attenuate "dialysis shock" and reduce costs, preserving quality of life. It is considered difficult to reconcile with HD wards' routine; fear of underdialysis and increasing mortality are additional concerns. The aim of this study was to evaluate mortality, morbidity, and costs in a large HD ward where iHD is the standard of HD start. Methods: This observational study included all incident HD patients in 2017 to 2021, stratified according to HD start: iHD (1-2 sessions/wk), decremental HD (dHD, 3 sessions/wk at start, later reduced), or standard (3 sessions/wk). Results were compared with data recorded in the same unit before the incremental program (2015-2017) and with a propensity score-matched cohort from the French Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (REIN) registry.
REIN Registry REIN is the national French dialysis registry, with full coverage of all public, associative, and private centers. 37 It is organized in regional areas, and data from the Pays de la Loire region were selected. Of the 2209 patients who started dialysis in 2017 to 2021 in the 25 centers of the Pays de la Loire other than CHM, we selected 1583 patients who started with thrice-weekly HD. Patients on PD (n ¼ 265), who had recovered kidney within 3 months (n ¼ 75), patients on HD schedules other than thrice-weekly (n ¼ 247, 186 on once-or twice-weekly HD and 61 on more frequent schedules), and patients with incomplete data (n ¼ 39) were excluded.
Indications for HD Start and Changes in HD Frequency Details on dialysis prescriptions and on control policies are reported in the Supplementary Material. The choice of when and how to start HD is determined by a comprehensive clinical and laboratory evaluation that takes into consideration clinical condition, the presence of fluid overload (in particular, in patients with cardiorenal syndrome), uremic symptoms (such as fatigue, loss of appetite, attention deficit, restless leg syndrome), and poor blood pressure control. Details on biochemical data (eGFR, urea, potassium, acidosis, anemia, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, albumin, and brain natriuretic peptide) and the thresholds considered are available in the Supplementary Materials. The same clinical and biochemical indexes are considered when deciding whether to increase dialysis frequency.
] [40]  In addition, beta-2-microglobulin (b2m) levels are tested monthly and considered, in the absence of inflammatory status, as markers of residual kidney function in iHD and as indicators of middle-molecule depuration in patients without relevant kidney function. Furthermore, since 2021, the formula based on b2m level and serum creatinine, urea, sex, and age proposed for the evaluation of residual kidney function, has been integrated in the monthly tests. 41 ochemical Data Biochemical data were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. Data are reported "per protocol. " They were gathered at dialysis start (first dialysis session), regardless of hospitalization status, for urea, creatinine, hemoglobin, calcium, phosphate, and total proteins, integrated, when necessary, with data recorded in the previous or following week.
Conversely, for the analysis of biochemical data at 3 months and at the last control, only patients who had been hospitalizationfree for at least 1 month were considered. Data are obtained at midweek for conventional HD and at the first or only dialysis session per week in iHD-dHD patients. Although, for the above-mentioned reasons, urea clearance was not routinely used to assess residual renal function, for the sake of this study, we took advantage of the regular assessment of b2m levels to calculate residual renal function according to the formula proposed by Jaques and Davenport  41  in 2021.
Ethical Aspects All patients who started dialysis in our center signed an informed consent form authorizing the anonymous use of their clinical data for research purposes. The forms were signed by tutors in cases of minors or patients with cognitive impairment. In keeping with the French legislation, the retrospective observational study was approved by the ethics committee of the Le Mans hospital on July 10, 2021. Data from REIN were agreed on in all centers in the Pays de la Loire region.
11 As a consequence, we did not model dialysis schedule on urea clearance in our elderly population and considered the data, whenever available, as ancillary in the decision to modulate HD frequency, and based the decision on blood tests. Furthermore, we included in the monthly evaluations of the outpatients the residual renal function calculated on the levels of b2m. While this formula is not free of interferences with inflammation and myeloproliferative diseases, this was a precious integration to the monthly data (Supplementary Tables  S8  and S9 ). ] [55] [56]  Most importantly, as it is a proof-of-concept study, we deal only with 1 center, the one in which this "prototype" experience was developed. ] [59] [60]  While the different analyses regarding the risk of death were performed on larger cohorts (per period and with respect to the REIN Registry), the analysis on hospitalizations was limited to the last period, and numbers are still relatively low, so that large-scale confirmation on a longer period is needed.