dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Remerciements L'auteur remercie particulièrement  Céline Dubreuil ,  cheffe de programme -Eau et changement climatique au Plan Bleu/Programme des Nations Unies pour l 'environnement pour ses conseils, ainsi que  Hélène Masliah-Gilkarov ,  expert auprès de la Commission internationale pour la protection du Danube (ICPDR) , et  Khaled M. Abuzeid ,  chargé de programme au Centre pour l'environnement et le développement de la région arabe et de l'Europe (CEDARE)  pour leurs réponses aux nombreuses questions posées.
En ce qui concerne la localisation des conflits liés à l'eau et les raisons de ces conflits, 65 % des conflits transfrontaliers en Europe sur la période 1900-1949 sont concomitants aux deux guerres mondiales. En général, le motif militaire semble très structurant et pourrait expliquer la permanence des conflits au Moyen-Orient sur la période étudiée, alors qu'en Europe les conflits ont brutalement chuté après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En Afrique, mais surtout en Asie, le nombre de conflits apparaît fortement corrélé au motif de développement. Développement 0 23 19 42 44 Militaire 100 74 56 31 52 Politique 0 0 17 4 2 Terrorisme 0 3 8 23 2 Réalisée à partir de la base de données http://www. worldwater. org/conflict/list visitée le 25 mars 2019. 25 24 65 94 128 Part des conflits transfrontaliers (%) 80 79 43 25 24 dont conflits bilatéraux (%) 75 78 68 76 83 dont conflits multilatéraux (%) 25 22 32 24 17 dont origine infra-étatique (%) 0 5 25 57 48 Localisation des conflits transfrontaliers (%) Amérique du Nord 0 0 4 0 0 Amérique Latine 0 11 4 0 0 Asie 10 26 25 50 29 Afrique 10 16 25 25 23 Europe 65 0 14 5 13 Moyen-Orient 10 47 28 20 35 Océanie 5 0 0 0 0 Motifs des conflits transfrontaliers (%) Religieux 0 0 0 0 0 9 10 Cette vue d'ensemble montre une diminution relative des conflits transfrontaliers dans la part totale des conflits liés à l'eau, avec un caractère bilatéral prédominant et une origine qui tend de plus en plus à être infra-étatique et structurée par un motif de développement.
Ce travail présente la variabilité intra-saisonnière de la pluviométrie dans le Sud-ouest centrafricain. Les données pluviométriques journalières utilisées couvrent la période 1981-2017. Elles ont été extraites aux points de grilles les plus proches des quatre stations représentatives de la zone d'étude (Bangui, Berberati, Boukoko et Nola) sur la base de données CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data). Un contrôle de qualité de ces données a été effectué à partir d'une inter-comparaison entre les produits d'estimations et les données in-situ sur différentes sous-périodes : 1998-2011 à Nola, 1998 -2012  à Berberati,  1998-2014 à Bangui et 2002-2017  à Boukoko. Le coefficient de corrélation entre les données CHIRPS et les observations au pas annuel est faible à Bangui (r = 0, 46), moyen à Nola (r = 0, 57) et Berberati (r = 0, 60), et bon à Boukoko (r = 0, 73).
Un essai clinique de phase I pour le traitement de patients présentant des glioblastomes récurrents (grade IV OMS) (NCT01491893) a montré que le taux de survie parmi les patients ayant reçu une immunothérapie PVSRIPO est plus élevé à 24 et 36 mois post-traitement que celui observé chez les témoins ; deux patients étaient encore en vie plus de 69 mois après le traitement  [22]. La FDA a accordé la désignation de thérapie de rupture (breakthrough-therapy) du glioblastome au PVSRIPO en mai 2016. En partant du constat que l'immunité anti-infectieuse pouvait conduire à l'élimination plus ou moins rapide du micro-organisme oncolytique et que l'immunité antitumorale pouvait s'avérer insuffisante pour éliminer toutes les cellules cancéreuses et empêcher le développement de métastases, différentes équipes ont alors armé les micro-organismes oncolytiques pour leur faire exprimer des molécules immunostimulatrices telles que le GM-CSF, des interleukines comme l'interleukine 15 (IL-15)  [23]  ou des antigènes tumoraux.
atténuée exprimant l'antigène humain NY-ESO-1 (CL14-NY-ESO-1) (un antigène dont l'expression est normalement restreinte aux cellules germinales des testicules adultes et des ovaires foetaux mais fréquente sur les cellules tumorales), a montré qu'elle induisait des réponses cellulaires T spécifiques de cet antigène humain et conférait une protection solide contre le développement du mélanome et de ses formes métastatiques, dans un modèle murin  [24]. De plus, diverses études ont montré un bénéfice dans l'association de micro-organismes armés avec la chimiothérapie pour limiter la toxicité générale des cytotoxiques. Trois essais cliniques de phase I/ II effectués avec des patients atteints de glioblastomes, de cancers colorectaux métastatiques ou avancés sont en cours de recrutement (respectivement NCT03294486, NCT04194034 et NCT03724071) pour tester le TG6002 (Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France).
Plusieurs essais cliniques sont en cours avec la souche CRS-207 : en association avec le pembrolizumab (un anticorps monoclonal humanisé anti-PD-1, Keytruda®) pour traiter les cancers gastriques (NCT03122548) ou le mésothéliome pleural (NCT03175172), et avec l'ipilimumab (un anticorps humain anti-CTLA-4, Yervoy®) (NCT03190265) pour traiter le cancer du pancréas métastatique. L'écrasante majorité des anticorps thérapeutiques ayant reçu une autorisation de mise sur le marché sont des anticorps entiers de classe IgG  [30]. Ce format natif se caractérise par une longue demi-vie grâce au recyclage par le récepteur néonatal pour la région Fc (des IgG) (FcRn) exprimé par les cellules endothéliales vasculaires, ainsi que par l'engagement des RFcγ des cellules du système immunitaire, grâce à la présence de cette région Fc.
Only a small shoulder around 60 nm is visible for both distributions. Interestingly, this shoulder is most obvious for the leg at 1,600 m in the region with the minimum in total aerosol number concentration. In addition to the two distributions based on ACTOS observations, the data from OMP at 2,225 m are shown. Qualitatively, this distribution also compares well with the ACTOS observations for comparable heights and shows the same accumulation mode and small shoulder around 60 nm for an Aitken mode. This agreement suggests again that the OMP data are representative of the aerosols well above the ML for the overall region and with little local surface influence confirming previous findings based on trace gases and modeling (e. g. ,  Kleissl et al. 2007; Collaud Coen et al. 2018). The complex aerosol stratification is different to previous observations (e.
In particular, the ACTOS and SMART-HELIOS observations to the north of Graciosa cover the same cloud layers as seen by the remote sensing station, which allows for statistical comparison of cloud and turbulence properties with high fidelity. Energy dissipation rates derived in situ and remotely around cloud top agree remarkably well in terms of their mean values although exhibiting different variability due different averaging. Finally, the utility of the data are further amplified by its coordination with the Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA), for which the first project part (IOP1) overlapped in time. The in situ measurements from the ARM Gulfstream G1 aircraft located on Terceira Island, and which also flew in the vicinity of Graciosa, will provide additional opportunities for intercomparison and for combining complementary measurements.
Acknowledgments. This project was supported by several grants of the  Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG ; with Grants  SI 1543/4-1 ,  WE 1900/33-1 ,  WE 2757/2-1 , and  HE 6770/2-1 ). The campaign was hosted by  SATA Air Açores , which is highly appreciated. In particular, we would like to acknowledge  Rui Medeiros  and  Maria Manuela Santos  (both  SATA ) for their support of our stay at Graciosa airport. For the helicopter operation we thank the two pilots  Alwin Vollmer  and  Jürgen Schütz  and  Georgios Kipros  from  the rotorflug GmbH, Germany. Technical support was provided by  Dieter Schell  ( enviscope GmbH, Germany ) and  Astrid Hofmann  (TROPOS workshop). The  Michigan Tech  group acknowledges support from  U. S. Department of Energy Office of Science  Award  DE-SC0020053. The  University of Warsaw  group acknowledges support from the  Polish National Science Centre  (Grant Agreement  2013/08/A/ST10/00291 ).
Ed Luke and Pavlos Kollias were supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy (DOE)  under Contract  DE-SC0012704. Data were obtained from and our research was supported by the  Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility , a  U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science user  facility managed by the  Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Stefano Viviani  is acknowledged for substantial support of the Mount Pico observations. Data availability statement. All data from the ACORES study are available from the authors on request. There is a plan to archive the final dataset on the PANGEA server for public access.
The model uses the modified UNESCO equation of state  (Jackett & McDougall, 1995). Tracer and momentum equations employed both Laplacian and biharmonic operators with coefficients of 20 m 2 s -1 and -10 10 m 4 s -1 , respectively. At the surface, the ocean model was coupled to the atmospheric boundary layer package, CheapAML  (Deremble et al. , 2013) , which computes wind-stress, latent flux, and sensible flux according to the COARE3  (Fairall et al. , 2003)  flux formula, as well as upwelled long-wave radiation. The Drakkar forcing data set, version 4. 4 (DFS4. 4) was used to produce atmospheric and radiative conditions, and precipitation from DFS5. 3 was used due to higher time resolution. All atmospheric variables are strongly restored toward the prescribed DFS4. 4 values over land. Surface forcing was applied every 6 h and open boundary conditions every 5 days.
Les caractères spécifiques sont plus quantitatifs : diamètres et rapport des diamètres calicinaux, nombre d'éléments radiaires par calice (indiqué en cycles, par pure simplification), distance entre 2 centres calicinaux, nombre de septes par cm (pour les formes méandroïdes). Dans un cadre d'identification précise d'échantillons, les caractères squelettiques sont finalement plutôt fiables, y compris même parfois pour les coraux actuels. Les taxa identifiés ont été confrontés aux bases de données GBIF (2019),  WoRMS (2021 ) et Corallosphère (2021). Dans quelques cas, les options taxonomiques retenues par ces bases de données sont éventuellement discutées au niveau des remarques dans la description des espèces coralliennes de l'Oligocène de Malte.
Introduction 1 Environmental management is the heart of current scientific and societal concerns, notably in the context of global climate change. Plans frequently aim to change the structure of a landscape to achieve management goals, including ecological ones, supporting biodiversity and ecological processes  (Haines-Young & Chopping, 1996). Landscape characterization is thus essential to assess ecological habitat changes within a multiscale approach, from fine (e. g, mesohabitats) to large scales  (Staentzel et al. , 2019). Historical topographic maps and remote sensing products (photographs, satellite and aerial images) are commonly used to evaluate short and long-term landscape changes from data that are manually digitized or extracted with semi-automatic or automatic procedures. For example, such datasets were used in fluvial geomorphology to evaluate diachronic planform changes  (Bizzi et al.
2 However, results about configuration and composition features may be biased by errors arising from various processing phases. These errors includes georeferencing mistakes, operator errors during the digitization step and spatial resolution effects  (Fuller et al. , 2003; Corry & Lafortezza, 2007). Numerous studies have attempted to assess such biases for each type of dataset in order to consider these errors during the analysis of results, and thus to reflect critically on landscape changes. In addition, some studies have evaluated the potential biases of rasterization step of vector dataset  (Bettinger et al. , 1996; Díaz-Varela et al. , 2014). This step requires to use the software Fragstats and associated indicators  (McGarigal and Marks, 1995; McGarigal, Cushman, & Ene, 2012)  or compute transition matrix modelling, developed in 1990s, to apply on statistical models of plant succession  (Usher, 1992).
Poorly used in recent ecological studies, its interest has been demonstrated to quantify the percentage of change and define the transition nature within temporal trajectories of restored ecosystems  (Gallet et al. , 2014 , Staentzel et al. , 2019). Based on this method,  Gallet et al. (2014)  have developed dynamic vegetation models after rasterizing landscape data which consisted in transforming the vector dataset format to raster format. Transition matrix modelling also permitted to quantify the dynamic changes in plant communities following a restoration operation on the Rhine River  (Staentzel et al. , 2019). Nevertheless, the following question can still be asked: are the observed changes related to significant changes in land use or due to biases related to the mapping and/or rasterization step? The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential biases during the rasterization step and to quantify them as a function of (i) the cell size used, and for the first time by (ii) the geometry of the studied features evaluated from five metrics using the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP).
Methodology Dataset rasterization 3 Distributed under the Copernicus Earth observation program, the Urban Atlas layer for 2006 (Fig. 1 ) was digitized using optical satellite imagery with a spatial resolution of 5 m or finer, and other ancillary data, such as OpenStreetMap and HRL Imperviousness  (European Commission, 2016). This study focused on the south part of the Bas-Rhin department located in the Grand-Est Region in France state (Figure  1 ). The minimum mapping unit, which determines the size of the smallest digitized feature, is of 0. 25 ha for urban areas and 1 ha for rural areas. The recommended scale for usage is 1:10,000 (European Environment Agency, 2015).
5 The Urban Atlas layer 2006 was rasterized using the conversion tool implemented in the ArcMap software (v10. 3; ESRI) to assess the consequence of rasterization on landscape analysis. Rasterization was performed using the cell center option, implying that the entity located at the center of each raster cell determines the LULC class to the corresponding pixel. We tested various cell sizes as 1 m, 5 m, 10 m and 25 m to evaluate the size influence on both area and perimeter error estimation (Figure  2 ).
Morphological metrics For each cell size, we evaluated the number of missing features and the effect of geographic features morphology on both area and perimeter estimation errors. The morphology of the geographic features was evaluated using five morphological metrics in order to relate them to area and perimeter estimation errors. The metrics were calculated using the QGIS v3. 4. 7 software (QGIS Development Team, 2014) and based on the equations developed by Zdila et al. (2016) (Figure  3 ). Described mathematically by equation 1 to equation 5, they reflect respectively the aspect ratio, the circularity, the compactness, the roundness and the solidity. So as to better identify and visualize the relationship between rasterization parameters, i. e. morphology and errors, the five metrics that were previously computed were embedded into two dimensions using the UMAP algorithm  (McInnes et al.
, 2018). UMAP analysis is a new multiple learning technique to reduce the size of large dataset with provide the advantage to low run time processing and conserve the global structure  (McInnes et al. , 2018). Moreover, this analysis allows to capture the non-linear structure at the contrary of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)  (McInnes et al. , 2018). Aspect ratio ranges between 1 and +inf. A shape with an aspect ratio of 1 corresponds to a circle. Circularity ranges between 0 and 1. A shape with a circularity of 1 corresponds to a circle. Compactness ranges between 0. 001 and 466. 52. The higher the compactness, the more complex a shape is. Roundness ranges between 0 and 1. A shape with a roundness of 1 corresponds to a circle. Unlike circularity, it is insensitive to irregular borders, since perimeter is not used for calculation.
Solidity ranges between 1 and +inf. A shape with a solidity of 1 is convex. The higher the solidity, the more concave it is. Finally, for each geographic feature (i), the relative error and the absolute error (%) for the area and perimeter parameters were calculated for each cell size. The relative and absolute error for the area and perimeter was calculated as following : where i corresponds to the cell size used for dataset rasterization. We performed multiple linear regressions between morphological metrics, and the relative error measurements for area and perimeter for all cell size to identify relationships between these variables. All statistical analyses were performed using the R v. 3. 6. 2 software. Figure  3  : Illustration of the main variables used to calculate the five morphological metrics described by Eq.
In some cases, a loss of information with a deletion of some geographic features may result as for linear geographic features. In our database, these were the finest structures in the landscape. As since observed by Díaz-Varela et al, (2014), the choice of cell size during the rasterization step must be suitable for the minimum mapping unit of the studied dataset. This implies that the processing time may rise sharply in case of large study area. As expected, our results showed a strong positive relationship between the cell size used during the rasterization step and the relative mean error for area and perimeter estimation. Nevertheless, the nature of errors was not similar between the two parameters (Figure  5 ). Regarding the area parameter, we noticed a quasi-systematic and increasing overestimation (Figure  5.
However, no relationships were found that might explain error measurements for area, based on raster cell size. Corry & Lafortezza (2007) also showed that area as well as cohesion, interspersion or juxtaposition metrics are robust to changes in spatial resolution, while others exhibit erratic results. Landscape analyses based on the area parameter as transition matrix modelling were thus not concerned by such biases even if landscapes are represented by similar scaled data. Conversely, the high error of perimeter estimation for all cell sizes stressed that metrics based on a such parameter must be used cautiously in case of rasterization of a vector dataset. Linear structures (group 1) and water bodies (group 4) were the most affected (Fig. 8 ). Thus, before any rasterization step of vector dataset preliminary analyses must be performed on the geometry of geographic features to define the best spatial resolution to reduce the errors on landscape metrics estimations.
Conclusion 23 The rasterization procedure can induce severe errors in the estimation of usual shape parameters, mainly on the perimeter parameter. This study reveals using UMAP analysis that landscape indices based on perimeter can be subjected to significant errors and must be interpreted cautiously. Sensitivity analyses could be performed to prevent errors in defining the best raster cell size. So as to keep consistency and accuracy in the assessment of spatial-temporal landscape changes, we thus recommend to consider (i) the degree of shape complexity (i. e. morphology of geographical features), (ii) the alignment of temporal vector datasets, and (iii) a relevant selection of landscape metrics or tools, all this taking in consideration the tolerated computation time. Bettinger P. , Bradshaw G.
ABSTRACTS During the last two decades, a wide range of geographical tools including the calculation of landscape metrics were transposed to ecological studies to build models for land-use dynamics. Currently, few studies have evaluated the biases which can occur during the rasterization step which could influence the results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of dataset rasterization on area and perimeter variables, which are frequently used to calculate landscape indices, according to (i) the rasterization cell size and (ii) the shape of geographic features. The Urban Atlas 2006 dataset focused on Bas-Rhin department (France) was used as a vector reference layer. Rasterization was performed for various cell sizes to evaluate the influence of spatial resolution on the errors injected into shape descriptors.
Introduction This chapter outlines the procedures and methods employed for coring and drilling operations as well as in the various shipboard laboratories of the research vessel (R/V) JOIDES Resolution during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 385. The laboratory information applies only to shipboard work described in the Expedition Reports section of the Expedition 385 Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program volume, using the shipboard sample registry, imaging and analytical instruments, core description tools, and the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database. Methods used by investigators for shore-based analyses of Expedition 385 samples and data will be described in separate individual peer-reviewed scientific publications. https://doi.
Igneous rock Pieces were extracted from the core liner on the core receiving platform or directly from the core barrel on the rig floor and subsequently put into split plastic liners in consecutive order. The pieces were then pushed to the bottom of the 1. 5 m liner sections, and the total rock length was measured. The length was entered into the database using the SampleMaster application as "recovered length. " This number was used to calculate recovery. The liner sections were then transferred to the core splitting room. If a core catcher sample was present, it was taken to the core splitting room separately and added to the bottom section of the recovered core. In drilled depth intervals dedicated to microbiology sampling in sill intrusions, selected wholeround igneous rock pieces or sections were taken from certain cores for further microbiology subsampling according to an established sampling plan.
The aim was to maximize the expression of dipping structures on the cut face of the core while maintaining representative lithologic and mineralogic features in both archive and working halves. Any present dipping structures were then measured on the whole-round core pieces by the structural geologist on shift (see Structural geology). A plastic spacer was secured with acetone to the split core liner between individual pieces or reconstructed contiguous groups of subpieces. These spacers can represent substantial intervals of no recovery. The length of each section of core, including spacers, was entered into the database as "curated length," which commonly differs by several centimeters from the length measured on the core receiving platform. Ultimately, the eventual depth of each piece in the database was recalculated based on the curated length.