dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Discussion For malaria control, demonstrating the effectiveness of ITENs and ITWS would bring many benefits. ITENs and ITWS have the potential to be long-lasting, cost-effective and should protect everybody in the household at all times when they are indoors. The interventions can be fitted to any house style, unlike traditional house screening that is costly and better suited to improved housing designs. Unlike LLINs, they require no compliance from the user. Data from a pilot study in Kenya indicate that ITENs/ ITWS are far more cost-effective than LLINs, costing USD 1-1. 75 less per household per year (assuming 3 nets and 6 people per household) due to lower material costs and improved longevity, and the saving is even greater compared to indoor residual spraying. In a separate study, the efficacy of ITENs and ITWS in the Semi Field System (SFS) setting against dengue vectors will be examined, and it is likely that ITENs and ITWS could work against other vector-borne diseases such as filariasis.
Acknowledgements Odhiambo Ojera , from the  Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 1578, Kisumu, Kenya , provided advice on the best practice to install the nets efficiently. Dr. Mgeni Mohammed Tambwe  from the  Ifakara Health Institute was involved in the implementation of community sensitisation. Mr. Selemani Mbaga  provided guidance on using ODK to collect information to ensure quality data collection.
Acrylamide, a substance potentially carcinogenic in humans, represents a very prevalent contaminant in food and is also contained in tobacco smoke. Occupational exposure to higher concentrations of acrylamide was shown to induce neurotoxicity in humans. To minimize related risks for public health, it is vital to obtain data on the actual level of exposure in differently affected segments of the population. To achieve this aim, acrylamide has been added to the list of substances of concern to be investigated in the HBM4EU project, a European initiative to obtain biomonitoring data for a number of pollutants highly relevant for public health. This report summarizes the results obtained for acrylamide, with a focus on time-trends and recent exposure levels, obtained by HBM4EU as well as by associated studies in a total of seven European countries.
Our study represents the first approach to investigate acrylamide exposure levels by biomonitoring in Europe populations, based on samples collected by contributing multi-national institutions and using common standards for data sampling quality assurance and evaluation. Despite the fact that the biomarkers of exposure have not been collected in a sufficient number of regions to be representative for the total European population, the obtained large database allows for a first analysis of trends related to acrylamide exposure time development within several contributing European populations.
Data Sources The European countries/studies providing acrylamide data were Italy (Section of   1  and 2 ). GerES V and ESB (Germany) provided extended datasets for this study based on bilateral agreements. GerES V provided samples from children and teenagers, NEB II and EPIUD provided samples from children and ESTEBAN collected samples from children and adults. All other contributing studies collected data from adults only. The actual data characteristics are shown in the table below. The descriptive statistics of the studies are shown in Appendix B, Tables A3-A9. Individual concentrations of urinary exposure biomarkers are generally dependent on urinary dilution. To adjust for this, urinary creatinine, which is fairly independent of the urine water content, at constant glomerular filtration rates and normal kidney function, has also been measured in the urine samples  [47].
Specific gravity, considered a reliable measure of urine dilution, was not consistently available in the datasets used for this analysis. Therefore, the AAMA and GAMA levels used in this study are reported in µg/g creatinine. Included studies provided data for acrylamide biomarkers derived from adults (age 20-39 years) or children and teenagers (age 3-18 years) on an individual level. Studies were performed between the years 2000 and 2021 in specific geographical and demographic population segments. Thus, the results presented herein have to be understood as indicative samples and not generally representative for countries, regions or Europe (no country/population weights were applied, although GerES V was designed to be representative of the German population). The biomarker data were quality assured by the HBM4EU Quality Assurance/Quality Control program  [48] , see also Deliverable 9.
4, The Quality Assurance/Quality Control Scheme in the HBM4EU project (https://www. hbm4eu. eu/work-packages/deliverable-9-4-the-quality-assurancequality-control-scheme-in-the-hbm4eu-project/ (accessed on 14 July 2022). In the applied QA/QC scheme for acrylamide, selected expert laboratories participated in three rounds of interlaboratory comparison investigations. The results were used to identify laboratories capable of generating consistent and comparable results for sample analysis in the frame of HBM4EU. Some datasets (ANSP ESTEBAN (children), UBA ESB, UBA GerES V, EPIUD NACII, NIPH NEBII) were generated before the establishment of the HBM4EU QA/QC program and comparability is therefore not guaranteed by the HBM4EU Quality Assurance Unit (QAU). The level of detection (LOD) was not provided by all studies.
The level of quantification (LOQ) was found to be variable among the study groups and is therefore indicated in graphs (Figures  1  and 2 ). Single values below LOQ were replaced by imputed random values taken between 0 and the limit as based on a determined lognormal distribution for this data segment. The number of samples below LOQ varied between datasets, ranging from 0% to a maximum of 8. 11%. First morning urine concentrations for AAMA and GAMA were reported by ESTEBAN (FRa+c), INSEF-ExpoQuim (PT) and GerES V (DE) (a very small number of samples from GerES V was collected too early or late and is thus considered spot urine). Spot urine was sampled by NAC II (IT), NEB II (NO), Diet-HBM (IS), and Oriscav-Lux2 (LU) and 24 h urine by ESB (DE). Differences in urine density (i. e. , lower density in 24 hsamples compared to first morning and spot urine) as a consequence of these distinct sampling methods are considered not relevant in this analysis as these are based on creatinine-corrected concentrations.
Statistics Statistical calculations were performed using R (R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2021 , https://www. R-project. org/ (accessed on 14 July 2022)). If the sample number per year and study was below 20, it was not considered in descriptive comparisons on a yearly level, but included in the overall analysis. Data distribution was inspected for each dataset using frequency histograms (r-function hist) and by Q-Q-plots (function qqnorm and qqline, package stats, Version 3. 6. 2). Individual AAMA and GAMA levels (non-log-transformed) in µg/g creatinine did not show normal distribution in any dataset. Thus, for parametric statistical tests (including linear models, ANOVA), log-transformed values were used (using natural logarithm, ln) that have been shown to be normally distributed using the methods described above.
Graphical depictions of according linear trends are shown using a non-log-transformed scale to allow for visualization of slopes at an original scale. The collinearity of the independent variables in multiple regression, which was anticipated due to the study design, was tested by the determination of a variance inflation factor (VIF, r-function vif, package regclass Version 1. 6). A value of VIF < 1 was considered low collinearity; 1 ≤ VIF ≤ 5 was considered moderate collinearity; VIV > 5 was considered strong collinearity. Variables were not included in multiple regression if VIF was found to be >5 (this was only the case for dummy-variables indicating the individual studies and expected because of the predefined age range of participants in each study). Multiple regression was used for analyzing trends in pools containing data from more than one study/region, for the consideration of confounding variables associated with study-specific characteristics (age of participants, year of sampling).
The geometric mean was calculated using the function gm_mean of the r-package tbrf (Version 0. 15). For linear models, homoscedasticity was checked by residual plots and the Breusch-Pagan test (function bptest, package lmtest (Version 0. 9-39). Means (after log transformation) were compared by ANOVA (function aov to generate a fit and subsequent function anova to test the generated fit) and the Tukey post hoc test (function TukeyHSD).
Median/geometric mean concentrations of AAMA and GAMA in Germany and Italy, with mean participant ages between 7. 0 years and 10. 3 years, show an increasing trend between 2014 and 2017 (Figure  1 ). The trend was stronger in the dataset from Italy than in Germany, but statistically significant in both datasets. The analysis of differences between single years (ANOVA and post hoc test) revealed significant differences for (ln)AAMA between 2014 and 2015, (p < 0. 006) in data from Italy and between 2016 and 2017 (p < 0. 0001) in samples from Germany. Accordingly, significantly different concentrations of (ln)GAMA were observed in samples from Italy between the years 2014 and 2015 (p < 0. 02) and in Germany between 2016 and 2017 (p < 0. 0001). For children from Norway, sufficient data were only available from one year.
Results from experiments in rodents indicate a neurotoxic effect of acrylamide for the developing brain, adding a further potential risk related to acrylamide exposure in early life  [59] [60] [61]. In combination, these results emphasize once again the need for specific attention to younger ages with regard to acrylamide-related health risks. In this context, our finding that acrylamide biomarker levels were increasing between 2014 and 2017 in the populations representing children is worrisome. Limitations of provided datasets imply that children and adolescents were only represented by three regional study groups, one not allowing for a time-trend analysis due to the data structure and provided parameters, and no data from Eastern Europe were obtained. However, because we were able to include data provided by GerES V, the presented trend is based on a large total number of participants.
The other 18 plots were sampled only on the day of harvest. In most cases, the grapes from the same cultivar were harvested within 1 week, with the exact harvest date listed in Table  S2  along with viticultural data on copper treatment on these plots. Additional information on plot 11 must be given, as this plot, which is considered conventional, received a copper treatment 130 days before harvest. This was a pre-flowering treatment which, together with the data on the concentration of copper in the grapes from this plot, led us to consider it as not having been treated with copper.
Observations and Analysis The NIKA2 observations of NGC 891 were obtained between October 2019 and January 2020 with a total on-source integration time of 7 hours. The maps of the galaxy at 1. 15 and 2 mm were reduced using the GILDAS/PIIC 1  (version of 29. 04. 2020) software  [11]  and are shown in Fig. 1  (top and bottom panels respectively). The edge-on orientation of the galaxy and the high resolution of the maps allow us to discern different regions along the major axis with the main characteristics being a peak emission at the nucleus and secondary maxima at ∼ 3 kpc either side of the center. These emission features closely resemble the distribution of the cold dust traced by sub-mm observations  [12]  as well as of the molecular gas  [13, 14]  which are possibly originating either from a ring structure or limb brightening associated with spiral arms (see  [15] ).
In our study we performed a Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) analysis of NGC 891 using multiwavelength data ranging from 3. 4 µm to 5 cm. We used archival data from the WISE telescope (3. 4, 4. 6, 11. 6 and 22. 1 µm), the Spitzer telescope (3. 6, 4. 5, 5. 8, and 24 µm), as well as the Herschel telescope (70, 100, 160, 250, and 350 µm). Along with the NIKA2 observations at 1. 15 and 2 mm we also used centimeter data from the AMI (2 cm) and EVLA (5 cm) radio telescopes. The archival data have been retrieved from the DustPedia 2  and NED 3  databases. The maps were all convolved (using Gaussian Kernels) to the same angular resolution of 25 corresponding to the resolution of the 350 µm SPIRE map. This resolution corresponds to ∼ 1. 1 kpc at the distance of NGC 891. All maps have also been regridded into a common reference frame with a pixel size of 8.
In contrast to the commonly used least-squares fitting method, HerBIE eliminates the noise-induced correlations between the parameters. The code takes into account realistic optical properties and stochastic heating for the dust grains by making use of the THEMIS dust model which is described in detail in  [20, 21]. Free-free and synchrotron emission mechanisms are also implemented in the code. The global SED of the galaxy, fitted by the HerBIE code, is presented in the left panel in Fig. 2. With an angular resolution of 25 (see Sec. 2) the observations used in this study allowed us to perform spatially resolved SED fitting within the galaxy and create maps of the local physical properties associated with the dust and radio emission. The maps presented in Fig. 3  show the total dust luminosity map (left), the free-free luminosity at 2 cm (middle) and the synchrotron luminosity at 2 cm (right).
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the  IRAM  staff for their support during the campaigns. The NIKA2 dilution cryostat has been designed and built at the  Institut Néel. In particular, we acknowledge the crucial contribution of the Cryogenics Group, and in particular  Gregory Garde ,  Henri Rodenas ,  Jean Paul Leggeri ,  Philippe Camus. This work has been partially funded by the  Foundation Nanoscience Grenoble  and the  LabEx FOCUS   ANR-11-LABX-0013. This work is supported by the  French National Research Agency  under the contracts "MKIDS", " NIKA " and  ANR-15-CE31-0017  and in the framework of the " Investissements d'avenir" program  ( ANR-15-IDEX-02 ). This work has benefited from the support of the  European Research Council Advanced Grant ORISTARS  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  (Grant Agreement no.
291294 ). F. R. acknowledges financial supports provided by  NASA  through  SAO Award Number   SV2-82023  issued by the  Chandra X-Ray Observatory Center , which is operated by the  Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory  for and on behalf of  NASA  under contract  NAS8-03060. This work was supported by the  Programme National "Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire" (PCMI)  of  CNRS/INSU  with  INC/INP  co-funded by  CEA  and  CNES.
"-": cells without stimulants. (G) NFAT-GFP reporter cells expressing hCLEC-2 were incubated with mock transfectants or 2B4 cells expressing hDectin-1 (0. 3, 1, and 3 × 10 4 cells/well). "-": cells without stimulants. (H) Mouse platelets were incubated with the indicated number of 2B4 cells expressing mDectin-1 (mD1), or hDectin-1 (hD1) or mock transfectants. Surface expression levels of mCLEC-2 on platelets were subsequently analyzed using flow cytometry. Mean fluorescence intensity of anti-mCLEC-2 is indicated on the Y-axis as mCLEC-2 expression. Data are representative of two independent experiments. (I) CD14 -or CD14 + cells isolated from human peripheral blood cells were analyzed by flow cytometry using an isotype control (mouse IgG1  open histograms) or an anti-hDectin-1 antibody BC2 (gray histograms) (upper panel).
Microscopy Embryos (E17. 5) were photographed at autopsy, and the skin on the back was subjected to immunohistochemical analysis as described previously  (Fu et al. , 2008; Uhrin et al. , 2010). For the observation of the junction of cardinal veins and lymphatic sacs, whole E13. 5 embryos were dissected and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis as summarized in Supplemental Methods. Confocal microscopy was performed using an Olympus FV-10i (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Separate green, red, and blue images were collected and analyzed with Fiji ImageJ software  (Schindelin et al. , 2012). Maximum intensity projections of z-stack images were presented in each figure.
The mass scanning range was set from 300 to 1700 in m/z and the ion mobility revolution mode was set to custom range from 0. 85 to 1. 30 in Vs/cm 2. The ion spray voltage was set at 1. 6 kV in the positive ion mode. The MS/MS spectra were acquired by automatic switching between the MS and MS/MS modes. Data Analysis (Bruker) software was used for processing the mass data. Peptides were identified by database searching using the MASCOT Server (Matrix Science, London, UK). Precursor mass tolerance was set to 15 ppm and fragment mass tolerance was set to 0. 05 Da. Carbamidomethylation of cysteine was set as static modification. Oxidation of methionine, acetyl of protein N-terminus, and deamination of asparagine and glutamine were set as variable modification. The database for searching was SwissProt (2019_08) or taxonomy-limited by Homo sapiens.
The capillary and tube lens voltages were set to 15 V and 50 V, respectively. MS data were obtained in positive-ion mode (m/z 300-m/z 3,000 resolution, 60,000; mass accuracy, 3 ppm). MS/MS data were obtained using an Ion Trap LTQ Orbitrap XL (data-dependent top 3, CID). To detect and quantitate the levels of the hDectin-1 glycoforms of (z = 2) of the corresponding glycopeptide using Xcalibur software ver. 2. 2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) The overall complex was subjected to energy minimization and extensive molecular dynamics simulation to allow sampling of the binding mode between CLEC-2 and hDectin-1. The input structure for molecular dynamics simulation was prepared using the tleap module of AmberTools20. The proteins and glycans were described by AMBER ff14SB and GLYCAM (version 06j) force fields, respectively. All initial structures were solvated in an octahedral box of TIP3P water molecules extending 12 Å in each direction using tleap. Two sodium ions were added to neutralize the charge of this system. The CLEC-2-Dectin-1 complex was equilibrated using the multistep equilibration protocol published elsewhere  (Nagae et al. , 2017). A 100-ns MD simulation at NPT was then performed for each case using CUDA implementation of the pmemd from AMBER20.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  D. Motooka ,  S. Iwai ,  F. Sugihara ,  K. Kaseda ,  M. Ikawa ,  H. Shimizu ,  K. Matoba ,  W. Okawa  and  D. Murai  for technical support;  M. Netea ,  Y. Kizuka ,  Y. Yamaguchi ,  N. Taniguchi ,  J. Takagi  and  Y. Ogawa  for discussion. We also thank the  Cooperative Research Project Program  of the  Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University , the  NGS core facility  of  Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University  for their technical support. This work was supported by  JSPS KAKENHI  Grant Number  JP 16H06276  (AdAMS),  20H00505 ,  20K06575 , and  A22H051830  and by the  Grant for Joint.
In vivo indocyanin green fluorescence imaging Mice were anesthesized with 2% isoflurane and positioned on their ventral side inside an IVIS Spectrum (Xenogen, Caliper Life Sciences). The imaging parameters were: λex = 745 nm, λem = 840 nm, exposure time 0. 1 s, f/stop 2, medium binning, field of view 6. 6 × 6. 6 cm 2. Five µL of Indocyanin Green (ICG) dye (Verdye, 0. 1 mg/ml) were intradermally injected into each mouse hind foot paw. Immediately after injection, serial images were acquired at different times (time 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 h). Living Image software (Caliper Life Sciences) was used for image analysis. Regions of interest (ROI) were delineated over the hind foot paws. Average signal intensity values were recorded for each ROI and plotted versus time in GraphPad Prism 9. 0 software.
Computerized image analyses Digital images of whole tissue sections were acquired at ×20 magnification with the NanoZoomer 2. 0-HT system (0. 23 μm/pixel, scanning resolution). Computerized quantifications were conducted on a minimum of 21 images per experimental conditions. Image processing and quantification of the various staining's were performed using the images analysis toolbox of MATLAB R2021b, according the following steps  (Blacher et al. , 2008; Balsat et al. , 2014; Blacher et al. , 2016) : 1) original images were registered in the full-color red, green, blue (RGB) space; 2) contrast was enhanced by calculating the excess of each color (for example by performing 2*R-G-B, for the red component); 3) the resulting images were binarized using an automatic thresholding technique, and then systematically compared to the original ones and corrected manually if required.
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 9. 0 software using Mann-Whitney non-parametric test, nonparametric Kruskal-wallis with Dunn's multiple comparison or two-way ANOVA with multiple comparison (Tukey's test), as indicated in the figure legends. Data are shown as median ± interquartile range and differences were considered statistically significant when p < 0. 05, as indicated by asterisks with p < 0. 05 (*), p < 0. 01 (**), p < 0. 001 (***) and p < 0. 0001 (****).
Acknowledgments The authors thank the  GIGA (Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liege, Belgium)  for the access to the  GIGA-Imaging  and  Flow Cytometry  platform, and the  GIGA-Mouse  facility and Transgenics platform. They are grateful to  Emilie Feyereisen  and  Isabelle Dasoul  for their technical help, as well as to Animascience for its contribution in the elaboration of Figure 1.
Funding This work was supported by grants from the  Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-FNRS (F. R. S. -FNRS, Belgium) , the  Fondation contre le Cancer (foundation of public interest, Belgium) , the  Fonds spéciaux de la Recherche  ( University of Liège ), the  Fondation Hospitalo Universitaire Léon Fredericq (FHULF, University of Liège) , the  PROTHERWAL  project No. 7289  from the  "Direction Générale Opérationnelle de'Economie" , the  Walloon Region  through the  FRFS-WELBIO strategic research programme  No. WELBIO-CR-2019 A-03  R and the A. R. C. (Concerted Research Actions) No  19/23-21  "INovLYMPHATIC" from the  Wallonia-Brussels Federation. This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research aid innovation programme  under grant agreement No. 874708  (Theralymph).
Design This double-blind, placebo-controlled, outpatient RCT with balanced randomization (1:1) included patients from 11 sites in Austria, Germany, Italy, and Poland. The trial was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practices, and the European guidelines for the development of AD treatment  (Plinius Maior Society, 1994). The study was approved by ethics committees/institutional review boards at all sites and written informed consent was obtained from all the patients. The trial is registered in  ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT04648423). In a previous review by  Skala et al. (2014)  on SMO in the treatment of AD, some preliminary information on the GATE 2 trial was provided. The detailed study protocol is provided in Supplement 2.