dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Definition and calculation of the source receptor relationship For the period under consideration (2005 to 2009), ensembles of trajectories associated with the measurements were processed to estimate the source-receptor relationship for all measurement points. The results are based on a 20 km × 20 km grid. Every day there are at least 48 rows in the SRR matrix corresponding to the two ground sites (from WDCGG, the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases) hourly data (averaged by the provider). The system required regularisation for the matrix inversion. The matrix is solved on a daily basis, allowing a faster calculation than a full matrix for all the data in the time series. This sets out a simple parallelisation methodology, and is justified by noting that the matrices are close to diagonal.
Emission fluxes from inventory data Figure  10  shows the inventories used in this study. The a priori information for the anthropogenic fluxes is based on two different inventory data sets: from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research-EDGAR version 4. 2  [4] , and from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center-CDIAC  [52]. EDGAR is developed by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. The database allows calculating emissions by country sector and includes specific technologies for combustion/processing and emission abatement measures. We used a resolution of 0. 1° × 0. 1° in this work. EDGAR is provided at yearly resolution. For the time series analysis, we used 2005 as a reference year. The CDIAC database is developed at The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and includes estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel consumption and land-use changes; records of atmospheric mixing ratios of carbon dioxide and other trace gases that impact the radiative balance; carbon cycle and terrestrial carbon management datasets and analyses; global and regional climate data and time series; and analyses of land-cover/land-use change.
Assuming that both prior and posterior probabilities are Gaussian, the centre and second moment of the posterior distribution are given by the following expressions from Tarantola  [55] , Eqs. 3. 37 and 3. 38, in a notation consistent with Ide et al. [56] : The different a priori inventory data are available for all measurements during the winter months (December, January, February and March) from 2005 to 2009. For every month, a local sub matrix with the rows corresponding to each day and the columns corresponding to the relevant emission regions was constructed. The algorithm is based on a pseudo inverse formulation. The calculations used MATLAB and the LAPACK set of linear algebra routines  [57].
When observations are not aggregated, J (x) = Hx -y o T R -1 Hx -y o + x -x b T B -1 0 x -x b x = x b + B 0 H T HB 0 H T + R -1 y o -Hx b , B = B 0 -B 0 H T HB 0 H T + R -1 (HB 0 ) aggregation errors are not taken into account. Therefore the observational error is The diagonal of the instrumental error covariance matrix E is the instrumental variance of the averaged observations. For every individual ground site, the standard deviation of sub-hourly variations within an hourly time window was used as the observation error when available. This information was only available for the Tsukuba tower, and the typical average value found was between ~ 1 and 3 ppm. The same value was used therefore for the data form Kisai and Dodaira and for CONTRAIL. Different instruments are assumed to have uncorrelated errors.
For the error variance, given the lack of error estimates for the EDGAR and CDIAC inventories we have tested a range of values for the prior error and the error covariance. The prior flux error (the "standard deviation") is assumed to be 50% for land grid cells and 100% for sea grid cells. Anthropogenic sea carbon fluxes may be nonzero due to maritime traffic which is non negligible in the Tokyo bay. The values provided by Moriwaki and Kanda  [28]  are available for comparison in the urban areas and, although limited in spatial coverage, are consistent with the error estimate. For the water grid cells no flux measurements are available for comparison. Following Lauvaux et al. [61]  who estimated spatial and temporal correlations in the model-data mismatch for CO 2 inversions, horizontal correlation lengths are of the order of 50 km based on the spatial scale of the minor semi-axis (approximately north-south) of the Tokyo megalopolis.
Funding The corresponding author was funded by a  JAMSTEC  Postdoctoral research fellowship. This work was partially funded by the  Nordic Center of Excellence eSTICC (eScience Tools for Investigating Climate Change  in northern high latitudes) funded by  Nordforsk  (Grant  57001 ). This work was partially funded by the project  URGE-SIS  at  NILU  funded by the  Norwegian Research Council.
Discussion The data presented show major differences in otolith's C and Sr isotopic composition among the studied populations of Arapaima. In general, the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr measured in otoliths of wild specimens were similar to the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr reported in the dissolved fraction of the river water in which they were caught. Furthermore, the pattern of variation of the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio throughout the life of these individuals was mostly flat, indicating that studied Arapaima predominantly stayed in water with the same chemical composition  (Araripe et al. , 2013; Castello, 2004 Castello, , 2008;; Hermann et al. , 2016; Núñez-Rodríguez et al. , 2015; Queiroz, 2000; Viana et al. , 2007). However, some variations were recorded and are related to the lack of precise information of the fishery site and the intricate mosaic of the Amazon water chemistry.
Acknowledgements. This manuscript is the result of the masters degree of  Luciana Alves Pereira in the Graduate Program in Ecology at the University of Brasília. The authors would like to thank  CNPq  ( Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e tecnológico)  for the financial support to RVS ( 310641/2014-4  and  428843/2016-6 ); the  University of Brasília  for the financial publication support; the  Laboratory of Ichthyology and Fishery at Universidade Federal de Rondônia ,  Porto Velho ; the  Mamirauá Institute  for the logistical support on field sampling; the  IRD (Institute pour Recherche et Development) ; the  Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS , LIABLE-IPREM, Pau, France ; the  Geochronology and Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory of University of Brasília ; and  Wikus Jordan  and an anonymous referee for the review and input to this paper.
Data availability. Isotopic data are available at https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 2646436 (Pereira et al. , 2019). Data includes (1) mean carbon isotopic signature and mean Sr isotopic ratio 87 Sr / 86 Sr of Arapaima spp. (see Table  1 of the  paper);  (2) water 87 Sr / 86 Sr (see Table  S1  in the Supplement); (3) wild fish Sr profile: data used to draw Fig. 5  (Variation of 87 Sr / 86 Sr values measured by LAfs-MC-ICPMS on wild fish otolith cores -edge transects); and (4) Farmed fish Sr profile: data used to draw Fig. 6  (Variation of 87 Sr / 86 Sr measured by LAfs-MC-ICPMS on farmed fish otolith cores -edge transects). 87  Sr / 86 Sr profile data correspond to the last 30 % of each otolith transects. For some fishes tagged with * , less than the entire column was used in the graphic of Figs.
Capillary density assessment in the RV To assess the capillary density (CD), RV samples were incubated with a rabbit antihuman CD31 (CD31 clone 1A10, 1:100, Diagomics, Blagnac, France) detected by ultraView Universal DAB Detection Kit (Ventana, California USA) staining with Benchmark GX (Roche, Boulogne-Billancourt, France). The CD was determined by the number of capillaries per mm 2 in five fields of view for each animal at 400x (NIS-Element software, Nikon).
Cardiomyocyte surface assessment in the RV RV samples were incubated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-AF488, Invitrogen, USA, 10 µg/mL) and DAPI (1:10,000, Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA). The cardiomyocyte surface was determined, as previously described  (19) , using ImageJ software in 15 fields of view for each animal at 630x (NIS-Element software, Nikon).
Participants/Population We considered all publications that targeted people aged 65 years and older with at least two concurrent chronic diseases (multimorbidity). We included publications if (1) at least 80% of participants were aged 65 years and older, (2) the data from people aged 65 years and older could be extracted, or  (3)  the focus of the publication was older adults (for reviews or other type of publications that did not recruit patients). We included all settings (community, hospital, nursing homes) and types of health care (public, private, others).
Data Extraction Two independent reviewers (NSD/AZ, CS) conducted a full-paper evaluation and data extraction. In the event of disagreement that could not be resolved by discussion, a third reviewer was invited to make a final decision. Established data extraction forms adapted for the objectives of the review were created using FileMaker MD (https://www. filemaker. com). This allowed all researchers to access the data in real time. For each publication, we recorded bibliographic details, type of publication, context, participants and the definition of polypharmacy. We then extracted information about the definition of polypharmacy, the types of medications included (including prescribed or not/regular or as needed/oral or other route of administration), the counting method and qualitative criteria (e.
Acknowledgments: The authors want to thank  Vicky Tessier , librarian at the  Institut National de santé publique du Québec  for her help in elaborating the search strategy and for the management of the files. The authors also thank  Sandrine Vachon  from the  Université du Québec à Rimouski  for double-checking the search strategy and  Marylène Dugas  for performing the first steps of cleaning the databases and reviewing titles and abstracts. We are grateful to all the students that have reviewed the bibliographies of publications and helped retrieved publications:  Étienne Frappier ,  Sarah Henry ,  Winnie Teng ,  Jennifer Gasse ,  Marie-Philippe Jolicoeur  and  Andréanne Tourigny. We are also indebted to the authors that generously provided us with additional information about their studies.
Biological criteria To assess nutritional disorders, biological criteria should be able to identify and risk stratify patients with PEW/cachexia, distinguishing the causes and consequences of PEW/cachexia and the underlying diseases that lead to PEW/cachexia. However, some nutritional markers used in cachexia, such as anaemia, are influenced by CKD and cannot be used. There is also no consensus on the role and pertinence of inflammation in the criteria of PEW and cachexia. In the initial definition of PEW, it was proposed that inflammation could be a source of confusion by supposing that PEW was exclusively because of inflammation. 16 The central role of cytokines or inflammation into the pathophysiology of cachexia is still an outstanding question. Numerous experimental and clinical data have highlighted that inflammation acts directly on target tissues as well as through alteration of central nervous system (dysregulation of appetite), neuroendocrine targets (such as the release of adrenal steroids), sickness behaviour (such as anorexia and fatigue), and muscle catabolism.
Acknowledgement This study was supported by  Université de Lyon  and  Hospices Civils de Lyon, France. L. K. and D. F. have no conflict of interest to disclose. K. K. Z. has received honoraria from  Abbott Nutrition and Fresenius Kabi. All authors declare that the submitted work has not been published before (neither in English nor in any other language) and that the work is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The authors certify that they comply with the ethical guidelines for publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle: update 2017. 44.
Background: Non-vitamin K antagonist (VKA) oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have substantially improved anticoagulation therapy for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The available routine care data have demonstrated the safety of different NOACs; however, such data for edoxaban are scarce. Here, we report baseline characteristics of 13,638 edoxaban-treated patients with AF enrolled between November 2016 and February 2018. Methods: ETNA-AF-Europe is a multinational, multi-centre, post-authorisation, observational study conducted in 825 sites in 10 European countries. Patients will be followed up for four years. Results: Overall, 13,980 patients were enrolled of which 342 patients were excluded from the analysis. Mean patient age was 73. 6 years with an average creatinine clearance of 69.
Recent, real world evidence (RWE) studies have been enrolling patients with AF into various registries such as GLORIA-AF  [9] , ORBIT AF-II  [10] , XANTUS  [11] , GARFIELD-AF  [12] , DRESDEN NOAC Registry  [13] , PREFER in AF  [14] , EORP-AF Registry  [15] , Danish Registry  [16]  and retrospective claims analyses  [17] [18] [19] [20]. These have demonstrated the safety of different NOACs in routine clinical use. Since edoxaban was the last of the four NOACs to enter the market, published data on the use of edoxaban in routine clinical practice are still limited compared with other NOACs  [16]. The objective of this analysis was to describe the characteristics of unselected European patients with AF initiated on edoxaban, to compare these characteristics with the European patients enrolled into ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48, and to describe adherence to the dosing recommendations for edoxaban.
Details of the design of ETNA-AF-Europe including the statistical rationale have been published  [21]. In short, ETNA-AF-Europe is a multinational, multi-centre, post-authorisation, observational study (Clinicaltrials. gov: NCT02944019) conducted in 825 sites (with at least one patient enrolled) in 10 European countries. All patients with non-valvular AF treated with edoxaban according to the summary of product characteristics (SmPC), could participate in the study with prior provision of written informed consent and no simultaneous participation in an interventional trial. No explicit exclusion criteria were defined. Over a period of 3 years, ETNA-AF-Europe enrolled 13,980 patients with AF confirmed within the last 12 months before enrolment. AF had to be confirmed by the investigators by electrical tracing (e.
Patients are to be followed up once a year for a total of 4 years. The patient baseline characteristics from ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 are used as an external comparator to the baseline data collected in ETNA-AF-Europe to better understand how the usage of edoxaban in routine clinical practice reflects on the trial setting in which edoxaban was tested. The ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 cohort used for this purpose includes patients from only those European countries that are also participating in the ETNA-AF-Europe registry.
These findings suggest that physicians may have overestimated the risk of stroke and underestimated the risk of bleeding in the ETNA-AF-Europe population. Specifically, the HAS-BLED score may potentially not be widely used in daily clinical practice so the physicians' lack of familiarity with this score could have played a role in the underestimation of bleeding risk. Further investigations in the ETNA-AF-Europe database for the potential reasons related to a wrong perception of risks such as consideration of specific comorbidities or patient history may bring more clarity to this finding. For now, this finding highlights the continued need for educating health care professionals and patients in Europe concerning anticoagulation  [22]. Fig. 6  Difficult-to-treat patients at baseline categorised by dose groups.
The details in the EHRA guide differ somewhat from the criteria outlined in the SmPC. It will be interesting to apply these additional criteria to the ETNA-AF-Europe population and this study provides an opportunity to look into this. It is widely accepted that randomised trials are the gold standard for ascertaining the efficacy and safety of a given therapy. However, RCTs are not fully representative of an unselected real-world population due to their highly controlled settings. For example, in all phase 3 AF NOAC trials, patients with very high bleeding risk were largely excluded, resulting in paucity of data on these patients. In addition, the patient population specified in the label is usually broader than the key inclusion criteria of the pivotal trials. On the other hand, a prospective registry might also have limitations, due to the lack of randomisation: physicians might tend to prescribe a certain therapy to a specific category of patients, and furthermore patients could opt in for enrolment.
cDNA was synthesized from the RNA using Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) and random hexamer primers (Roche). Virus detection of AnCV and AnCPV by simple RT-PCR followed by agarose gel analysis was carried out as described  16. A duplex Taqman real-time RT-PCR assay (Taqman RT-qPCR) was developed (Supplementary Table  S2 ) to detect and quantify the two viruses simultaneously. Taqman primers and probes were designed using Primer Express Software v2. 0 (Applied Biosystems). Probe and primer sequences are listed in Supplementary Table  S3. All have a minor groove binder/non-fluorescent quencher (MGB-NFQ) at the 3′ end and the 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM), VIC and NED fluorophores at the 5′ end for AnCV, AnCPV and The An. coluzzii rpS7 gene respectively. Taqman RT-qPCR was performed with Taqman Universal Master Mix II, with UNG on a QuantStudio 12 K Flex instrument (Applied Biosystems).
Analysis of the expression of transcript relative to rpS7 was performed according to the 2 -ΔΔCt method  47. Intensity is the log10 of relative expression of virus to rpS7. statistical analysis. All statistical details are presented in Supplementary Table  S4. For comparisons of virus infection prevalence of different mosquito developmental stages, the chi-square test was applied, and p-values with a null distribution were estimated by the Monte-Carlo method with 10,000 permutations. Multiple testing correction was done by the Bonferroni method. Box and bar plots were made using the beeswarm package in R  48. For viral load (infection intensity), statistical significance was determined using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank-sum test, and p-values were assessed with a null distribution of the statistical test approximated using Monte-Carlo resampling with 1,000,000 permutations.
Acknowledgements We thank the  Center for Production and Infection of Anopheles platform (CEPIA) at the Institut Pasteur, Paris  for rearing mosquitoes. This work received financial support to K. D. V. from the  European Commission ,  Horizon 2020 Infrastructures # 731060 Infravec2 ;  European Research Council , Support for frontier research, Advanced Grant # 323173  AnoPath; and  French Laboratoire d'Excellence  " Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases " # ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Our data demonstrate that young Scn2a +/-mice display autistic-like phenotype associated to impaired memory and reduced reactivity to stressful stimuli. Interestingly, these dysfunctions are attenuated with age since adult mice show only communicative deficits. Considering the clinical data available on patients with loss-of-function SCN2A mutations, our results indicate that Scn2a +/-mice constitute an ASD model with construct and face validity during the juvenile/adolescent period of development. However, more information about the clinical features of adult carriers of SCN2A mutations is needed to evaluate comparatively the phenotype of adult Scn2a +/-mice. Mutations of the SCN2A gene, which encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel Na v 1. 2, have been associated to a wide spectrum of epileptic disorders ranging from mild forms, as benign familial neonatal-infantile seizures (BFNIS), to very severe ones, as early-infantile epileptic encephalopathies, Ohtahara syndrome or West syndrome 1-6.
The latency and the distance traveled before finding the target hole as well as the number of visits to each hole were automatically recorded using ANY-maze video-tracking system. The Barnes maze were divided into 4 quadrants: the correct (where the target hole was located), opposite, left and right quadrants. Measurements of time spent in each quadrant were also made on days 5 and 12. Statistical analysis. Data were analyzed for normality (Shapiro-Wilk test) and equal variances using Origin 8. 0 (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, USA). When data were normally distributed, comparisons between genotypes in young or adult mice were evaluated using unpaired Student's t-test or Welch's t-test (when variances were different), otherwise non parametric tests were applied. When appropriate, a two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test or paired t-test (for within subjects comparisons) was used.
Place learning in the water-maze Spatial reference memory was evaluated using platform location learning in a circular pool (diameter 140 cm, height 40 cm)  (Maurice, 2016; Rodríguez Cruz et al. , 2017). The water temperature (23 ± 1°C), light intensity, external cues in the room, and water opacity were rigorously reproduced. A transparent Plexiglas non-slippery platform (diameter: 10 cm) was immersed under the water surface during the acquisition step. Swimming was recorded using the Videotrack software (Viewpoint, Lissieu, France), and trajectories were analyzed as latencies and distances. The software divided the pool in four quadrants, with the platform set in the middle of one quadrant. Acquisition. Training consisted in 3 swims per day for 5 days, with 20 min interval between trials.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR For each sample, real-time PCR was performed in triplicate using a LightCycler 480 Instrument (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions; data were from four independent experiments for each group. PCR reactions were performed in a final volume of 6 μl that included 1 × LC-DNA Master SYBR Green I mix, 1 μM of each primer and 1/25 diluted RT mixture added as PCR template (water was used as negative control). Amplification conditions were: (i) cDNA denaturation (1 cycle: 95°C for 10 min); (ii) amplification (45 cycles: denaturation at 95°C for 10 s, annealing at 60°C for 10 s, elongation at 72°C for 10 s); (iii) melting curve analysis (one cycle from 65°C to 95°C for 60 s); (iv) cooling (one cycle: 40°C for 60 s). Real-time detection of SYBR Green I fluorescence intensity, which indicates the amount of PCR product formed, was measured at the end of each elongation phase.
Statistical analyses Data were expressed as the mean ± SEM, but for the passive avoidance latencies that are non-parametric data because an upper cut-off time was set and were expressed as median and interquartile range. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (F values), followed by the Dunnett's post hoc multiple comparison test for parametric data or Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA followed by a Dunn's test for non-parametric data. Acquisition profiles in the water-maze were analyzed using the non-parametric repeated-measure Friedman's ANOVA (Fr value), followed by the Mann-Whitney's test for the different groups. Probe test data were compared to the 15s level using the one-sample t-test. For qPCR quantification and cell counting, group comparisons were performed with the unpaired t-test. When ANOVA values were < 1, the probability could not reach significance whatever the degrees of freedom.