dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
From Hypermedia to Shareable Dynamic Media Hypermedia approaches have been applied to software for general personal computing, e. g. , Bill Atkinson's HyperCard [ ] and the Smalltalk programming language and system developed at Xerox PARC [ ]. Each of these systems made a leap in abstraction They introduce the concept of information substrates as ". software artifacts that embody content, computation and interaction, effectively blurring the distinction between documents and applications. Substrates can evolve over time and shift roles, acting as what are traditionally considered documents in one context and applications in another, or a mix of the two. Substrates may be composed in various ways, e. g. , one substrate can give meaning and structure to another. ". According to Klokmose et al.
A programming webstrate provides tools for editing scripts in other webstrates, and transcludes the writing webstrate as its document. It it the possible to share tools with other users, e. g. , a citing tool to manage biblographic references. A slide-editing webstrate is used to create a presentation. It can use the same citation tool as the writing webstrate. The same presentation can then be tran- There is a video demonstration and link to a public repository at www. webstrates. net scluded by audience members for comments and questions and on the projector for presentation. Webstrates also supports straightforward implementations of hypermedia mechanisms beyond transclusion. For example, bidirectional links and collaborative annotations are demonstrated in [ ]. As illustrated by the Webstrates prototype, shareable dynamic media brings the previously enumerated qualities of hypermedia to general-purpose software.
Centralization Webstrates is deployed as a single web server synchronizing all its hosted documents. This allows it to subvert the same-origin policy implemented by web browsers, which prevents interaction between web pages originating on different servers. This centralized architecture limits interactions across documents on different servers, as well as offline use. A more distributed architecture is needed to support practical use on a large scale. Programmable Media Webstrates models shareable dynamic media as markup documents with embedded scripts. But while Webstrates supports sharing document state across users and devices, the program state, held in the Javascript runtime, is not directly accessible and therefore cannot currently be shared. We need to explore better programming models for shareable dynamic media.
For example, Basman et al. develop the notion of convergence between programs and their runtime representation as a measure of programming language liveness [ ]. A live programming environment⁶ may also help users understand and experiment with programming substrates. Simulations and games, among others, require real-time interactive physics engines. Modeling this type of component in a way that is shareable, malleable, and distributable remains an open research question. Security models When users are free to inspect and change every aspect of the shared medium, it becomes impossible to guarantee security properties such as secrecy and authenticity. Webstrates implements basic read/write access controls and the ability to selectively turn off sharing of parts of a webstrate. Obviously, mechanisms must be devised to control the trade-off between openness, to let users appropriate the medium, and control, to avoid security breaches.
Conclusion The early hypermedia pioneers envisioned software as shared, distributed media, with which people could manage a world of complex, changing information. Shareable dynamic media is a software model inspired by systems such as HyperCard and Smalltalk that unifies the concepts of hypermedia and interactive software. The model acknowledges that computer-mediated activity does not happen in a vacuum, and that people break strict procedures and appropriate tools and content all the time. While the current model of apps breaks down in our world of ubiquitous and distributed e. g. , Lively (http://lively-kernel. org/), Chorus (http://www. chorus-home. org/), or Boxer [ ]. computer-mediated activity, shareable dynamic media provides an alternative better suited to this expanded set of needs.
(2011)  to extract coupled trends between SST and latent heat flux using singular value decomposition (SVD). The empirical mode decomposition (EMD;  Huang et al. 1998 ) and its extensions, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD;  Wu and Huang 2009) , and the multidimensional EEMD (MEEMD;  Wu et al. 2009; Ji et al. 2014 ) have been used to decompose a time series into amplitude-frequencymodulated components of increasing time scales, and applied to temperature datasets. Here we compare the ability of several of the observation-based methods at estimating and removing the forced climate response, using two large ensembles (LEs) of climate simulations subject to identical natural and anthropogenic forcing, but slightly different initial conditions, as a substitute for the real climate system.
Datasets Two LEs are considered. The first ensemble was conducted at Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) with the IPSL-CM5A-LR (IPSL-LE) at about 28 ocean and atmosphere resolution  (Dufresne et al. 2013) , and it contains 30 members for the period 1940-2020. The members start from random initial oceanic and atmospheric conditions selected between 1920 and 1960 in six CMIP5 historical runs. The second ensemble was conducted at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) with the CESM1 (CESM-LE) at about 18 ocean and atmosphere resolution  (Kay et al. 2015) , and it contains 40 members for the period 1920-2100 starting from different atmospheric initial conditions but the same oceanic ones. All IPSL-LE and CESM-LE ensemble members have the same specified external forcing, following the CMIP5 design protocol: historical forcing until 2005, then representative concentration pathway 8.
In the two LEs, there is no clear indication of the global warming slowdown from the late 1990s to 2012 that is seen in the HadISST reconstruction, but not in COBE-SST and ERSST (see section 6). There is much scatter between ensemble members, in particular in CESM-LE (gray lines in Fig. 4 ). The spatial pattern of the global mean SST changes, as obtained by regression, also varies, with a larger equatorial signal in CESM-LE, but larger midlatitude signals in IPSL-LE (Fig. 4 ). For the observations, we consider the 1900-2015 period in three recent SST reconstructions, namely HadISST, version 1. 1 (HadISST1. 1), on a 18 3 18 grid  (Rayner et al. 2003) , ERSST, version 4 (ERSST. v4), on a 28 3 28 grid  (Huang et al. 2015) , and COBE-SST2 on a 18 3 18 grid  (Hirahara et al. 2014 ). The mask using the same criteria as in CESM-LE is used to select open ocean grid points, using the sea ice dataset associated to each SST reconstruction, except for ERSST.
These methods also show the largest Pacific anomalies, and some Southern Hemisphere warming instead of a weak cooling. Note that all AMO estimates lack the equatorial Pacific warming seen in the two LEs. Correspondingly, the AMO evolution in each SST reconstruction is very similar for D1 (or D2) and MEEMD, but substantially different for LIM, LIMopt, and REGR, which behave similarly (bottom panels); GM leads to smaller AMO amplitude during the last few decades, in particular in ERSST. As illustrated for HadISST but found in each SST reconstruction, the PDO patterns are similar among methods (Figs. 17a, b ). However, REGR yields smaller amplitude, consistent with the LE results, while MEEMD yields the largest warming off the west coast of North America. The central North Pacific cooling also varies somewhat between methods and datasets.
21 and 20. 43), which leads to an overestimation of the forced signal. In LIM, 33%-45% of the AMO variance is attributed to the natural variability, but the separation between free and forced signal is rather poor (r ' 20. 2). On the other hand, LIMopt separates well the free and forced signals (jrj # 0. 09) and only attributes a moderate fraction of the AMO variance to natural variability (25%, 34%, and 38% for COBE-SST, ERSST, and HadISST, respectively). This suggests that a substantial fraction of the signals and climatic impacts attributed to the AMO when it is estimated from linearly detrended data (e. g. ,  Knight et al. 2005; Sutton and Hodson 2005; Alexander et al. 2014; Delworth et al. 2017 , and many others) results from more global forcing and should be interpreted with care. The PDO patterns are more comparable among methods, except for REGR, which provides smaller PDO amplitude, and GM, which yields large errors.
Hence, the PDO is more easily separable from the forced signal than the AMO. As the number of LIM modes needed to represent the forced SST signal may vary and LIMopt better separates free and forced variability, we recommend using LIMopt, which was consistently robust. Solomon and Newman (2012)  also noted that the optimal perturbation filter led to more robust representation of ENSO than LIM, and more consistent estimates the ENSO-residual trend in different datasets. On the other hand, using D1, D2, MEEMD, GM, and REGR may lead to biased estimates. Although these differences may not seem striking, they could lead to different interpretations. Consider the tropical transbasin variability, defined by the standardized difference between the yearly mean SST anomaly in the tropical Atlantic-Indian Ocean (158S-158N, 408W-608E) and the tropical central Pacific (158S-158N, 1808-1508W).
It approximately increases linearly during 2001-12, but the contributions of the forced signal  (Fig. 18, red bar) , the AMO (green), and the PDO (gray) differ between estimation methods and, to a lesser extent, datasets. Indeed, the forced signal does not contribute at all to the linear trend in GM and very little in REGR, D1, D2, and MEEMD, but it contributes substantially in LIM and LIMopt; the contribution of the PDO is smallest in GM, and the AMO contribution is small. This could lead to different assessment of forced versus natural climate impacts.
Acknowledgments. Support from the  NOAA Climate Program Office Climate Variability and Predictability program  ( NA13OAR4310139 ),  NSF   EaSM2  ( OCE-84298900 ), the  European Community Horizon 2020 Framework  under Grant Agreement  727852  ( Blue-Action ), and the  ANR   MORDICUS  project ( ANR-13-SENV-0002-02 ) is gratefully acknowledged. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under allocation 2015-017403 made by  GENCI. We thank the reviewers for insightful and constructive comments.
Integral transmission coefficients T Firstly, we evaluate the integral transmission coefficient T(x) which is defined as follows: T(x) = R(x) / R(0) (1) where R(x) defines the microscopic activation rate on the dosimeter placed behind a thickness of Uranium Δx and R(0) is the microscopic activation rate on the dosimeter placed on the front size of the Uranium slab. Table  1  presents the calculated coefficients for three kinds of threshold reactions (E50% represents the energy corresponding to half of the total reaction rate in a pure 252 Cf spectrum). They have been obtained with TRIPOLI4. 9 and the JEFF-3. 1. 1 nuclear data library. For a qualitative appreciation of the influence of the room return effect, we have computed the same transmission coefficients without the concrete walls of the target hall.
This manuscript focuses on issues related to the implementation of the Future Multiband Multiwaveform Modular Tactical Radio (FM3TR) waveform on two different SCA platforms with similar hardware but different SCA development and deployment environments. Our experimental results showed that a SCA standardization based on technologies such as CORBA, XML, IDL, is not enough to ensure the portability of the waveform. Indeed, the files generated by SCA 2. 2. 2 environments (ZCE, SCA Architect, http://nordiasoft. com/products/scari-software-suite/sca-architect/) may often use a specific non-standard IDL interface to generate software components. To corroborate our statement, specific examples of SCA components are considered. The portability of the waveform depends on the waveform software used by the porting team.
In this manuscript, three types of SCA  [4]  component software design architecture and source code generation are considered. Architectures of WF and platforms used in this porting work are introduced. In addition, this manuscript describes porting situations and proposes a Model Driven Engineering (MDE) tool chain prototype to port SCA waveforms on various platforms. Hereinafter, the porting limitations observed in our experiments are analyzed. It is worth mentioning that our study showed how hard can be the porting of a target waveform even thought it was based on standardized software architecture. However, Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) can provide various tools (Rapsody, MDWorkbench, Modelio, QVT, …) based on meta-models allowing the transform of code models using transformation rules which can take into account the specificities of a platform and could release a comparison report to enhance major differences between original and target platforms.
SCA component generation A main objective of the SCA specification is the definition of an Operating Environment (OE) for a software radio terminal. This OE defines a set of software interfaces that forms the SCA v2. 2. 2 Core Framework (CF) and other software architecture elements such as the Application Environment Profile (AEP). The SCA v2. 2. 2 also relies on technological choices such as XML Language for the Domain Profile, Object Oriented technologies, Design Patterns and UML Language. The CF of the SCA specification is mainly defined by its interfaces (API). The CF controls, manages, and deploys the waveform on a SDR platform. In the context of a JTR (Joint Tactical Radio) System, ''a waveform is used to describe the entire set of functions that occurs from the user to the RF output and vice versa''.
Implementation possibilities In a SCA development tool chain, the implementation containers of SCA components can be generated by a code generator. In our experiments, three implementation concepts of SCA component are considered: 1. In the first scheme, the SCA component class specializes the ''Resource'' class of the CF. 2. A second scheme separates the functionalities of a SCA component and its ports. 3. The last one consists in distributing the component's services on its possible ports. The three concepts are developed from the study of three SCA Domain Specific Modeling tools: ''OSSIE'', ''SCA Architect'' and ''Zeligsoft CE'' v2. 4 (ZCE). The codes generated by these three concepts conform to SCA specifications; however, the code portability depends on the implementation choices. The drawback of the first concept is that the waveform functional code or business code is mixed with the platform non-functional code or glue code (SCA code).
OSSIE example The software component generated by the OEF (OSSIE Eclipse Feature) for the interface of Fig. 1  produces three C?? files: A file for the component class declaration, the second file and the last one ''main. cpp'' are required to start the component in a thread of middleware (e. g. omni_thread). In addition to the source files, the tool generates configuration scripts of installation and XML files for the ''DomainProfile'' of the SCA CF. The class ''Component1'' generated by OEF inherits the ''Resource_impl'' class which includes all classes necessary for SCA support, such as for example ''getPort'', ''start'', and ''stop''. In addition to these SCA methods, the component body, file ''Component1. cpp'' contains several methods such as ''Run'', ''releaseObject'', ''boot'', ''query'', ''configure'' and ''ProcessData''.
ZCE example The description of ZCE SCA component which fulfills the concept of component container (glue code) that encapsulates the functional code is illustrated in Fig. 2. ZCE adds proprietary infrastructure and scripts (written by developers) to make Component Based Software Design (CBSD) possible. The CBSD offered by the Zeligsoft tool addresses the limitations of IDL2. 0 based design by establishing architectural choices for component implementations. ZCE can integrate Object Request Broker (ORB) from different providers and various Operating System (OS) and CF. According to  [13] ; SCA components which are generated by ''ZCE'' satisfy the concept of SCA specification  [1]. It is worth mentioning that the architecture of a ZCE component is divided into three parts: the functional part, the SCA connector and the linking code.
When ZCE generates a SCA component three classes ''SourceMain'', ''SourceServant'' and ''SourceWorker'' are produced: ''SourceMain'' creates an object of class ''SourceServant'' connected to the CF, ''SourceServant'' instantiates the ''SourceWorker'' and uses or provides ports. The functional code describing the functionalities of a SCA component must be completed in the class ''Source-Worker'' according to coding rules of the waveform designer. The component of Fig. 1  cannot be generated in exactly the same way by two environments. As illustrated Listing 2, ports implement specific classes ''SimpleOctetPack-etSink'' and ''SimpleOctetPacketUses'' that are specific to ZCE. Moreover, the functional code of the worker class is executed in a lightweight process (e. g. dmtkThread from Harris dmTK SCA Core Framework (CF) v2.
SCA architect example Like ''Zeligsoft CE,'' the ''SCA Architect'' modeler generates for each SCA component C?? code dedicated to OS, ORB and SCA CF embedded by the target platform. In this component generation step ''Use'' and ''Provide'' ports can thus be added by the developer to satisfy functional requirements, each port being associated to a class enabling the implementation of queues and methods associated to the services implemented in the components. Thanks to this tool, each component associates a class to a component port. Each class is instantiated by a parent class which builds the architecture of the component. As with the two preceding tools, ports are found enabling parameters, data and events to be conveyed. The implementation class which carries the ''golden code'' (or the signal processing tasks) inherits this architectural definition class and adds the processing methods that should be performed on the data.
Software architectures The software architecture of the FM3TR waveform developed by Calit2 is illustrated in  [14]. The Calit2 demonstrator is composed of two SDR-4000 platforms associated with two computers supporting a GUI which encapsulates sound or Instant Text Messaging (ITM) over TCP/IP. As  [14]  demonstrates that waveform components can be decomposed into software components using a network point of view. The Calit2 implementation of FM3TR is organized around two kinds of source files: the ''SCA components'' and the ''Devices''. The software components are generated using the ''SCA Architect'' of the Nordiasoft tool chain  [10].
Conclusion In this manuscript, we investigate the portability of FM3TR waveform on SDR-3002. Initially, Calit2 implemented FM3TR waveform on the SDR-4000. This platform is quite similar to our target platform SDR-3002. Even though the two platforms are similar, the portability of the code is not an easy task. In fact, our experiments showed that the generation of source codes depends on software development kits (SDK), CORBA ORB, and OS for the implementation. We have to emphasize again that the execution model is not defined in the SCA specification. This model can be affected by the implementation of software  components and the setting of the ORB. Accordingly, this affects the waveform code portability by creating dependencies on the platform. Our experimental works demonstrate that the SCA development tool chain (such as ''Zeligsoft CE'', ''Spectra CX'' or ''SCA Architect'') improves the development of a SCA waveform.
, 2016] , which makes them easier to track than their terrestrial counterparts. Using change detection software on orthorectified images with corresponding DEM topography, dune ripple displacements can be tracked across entire dune fields, with the positions relative to local terrain measured with subpixel accuracy. In essence, such detailed analyses serve as proxy surface weather stations from which the response to and intensity of the wind can be gauged. The change detection software we use is COSI-Corr (Co-registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation)  [Leprince et al. , 2007]. The COSI-Corr methodology allows for automatic and precise orthorectification, co-registration, and subpixel correlation of push broom satellite and aerial images. Orthorectified images are resampled to a common grid; that is, each pixel is projected onto a specific geographic location.
Finally, single-frame stereo Mastcam images were acquired 4 times of transverse ripples and fractures within and mostly to the east of the central imaging area (Figure  3 ), with a REMS EB spanning the two instances on sol 1202. As in some other cases, other data indicated that these images would likely not show significant changes, so they were not returned at full resolution. 2. 3. 3. 3. Solitaire Curiosity next drove northwest toward Gobabeb at the western secondary slip face of Namib Dune. Prior to the final arrival at this location, M34 and M100 images of the target "Solitaire" were acquired on sol 1217 at two different times. This area consisted of rippled sand, rock outcrop, and cobble-sized float. Further imaging occurred on sols 1219 and 1220 (Table  2 ). REMS EBs spanned the intrasol imaging of this target on each sol.
HiRISE-Derived Change Detection The changes seen by HiRISE and quantified with COSI-Corr are shown in rose diagrams and maps in Figure  5b. A sense of overall activity is best seen by looking at the longest time interval, from images T2/S1 to T4 over a period of nearly two Mars years (1153 Earth days). Displacements are seen on all of the dunes but generally absent in sand trapped within small craters and other topographic lows, such as those in the eastern part of the maps. Comparing T2/S1-T4 over about two Mars years to T4-T10 over about 1 Mars year shows that the amount of displacement and the number of 2 m correlation pixels are proportional to time. Note that in the T2/S1-T4 case the elevation on the dune at which maximum displacements are measured is lower than for T4-T10. This is because above this elevation the ripples have moved so much that they cannot be tracked with the correlation software.
e. , periods outside of the coldest times of sol when the wind data were too noisy and wind speeds are unknown  [Newman et al. , 2017]. Although these results show an approximate increase in typical wind speeds with sol, the results are biased by the rover orientation and location. In the case of the ripple crossing site, the rover was facing nearly due south (azimuth 176. 5°) and therefore facing the wrong way to best sample the strongly northwesterly winds that dominate daytime measurements in this area  [Newman et al. , 2017]. As discussed above, at Namib Dune Curiosity was pointed WSW, but in this case, because of flow around the dune resulting in strong westerly circulation, this orientation was optimal. The Solitaire, Hebron, and dump pile change detection observations were all achieved with the rover at the optimum northwesterly heading.