dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Determination of ruminant trans-fatty acid intake For the purpose of the codex guidelines on nutrition labelling and other codex-related standards and guidelines, TFA (IP-TFA or R-TFA) are defined as all the geometrical isomers of MUFA and PUFA having non-conjugated, carbon -carbon double bonds in the trans configuration  (18). With regard to dairy fat composition, it has been reported that total R-18 : 1t represents approximately 80 % of the total R-TFA  (19)  , and most trials have evaluated the effects of 18 : 1 TFA. Therefore, in the present study, we used R-18 : 1t data to estimate whether intake levels of R-TFA would be associated with a change in the ratios of TC:HDL-C and LDL-C:HDL-C. When R-18 : 1t data were not available  (20)  , the amounts of total R-18 : 1t in the diet were assessed based on the total R-TFA intake data.
Sex as an independent variable was not included because of a lack of data (six among the twentythree experimental groups were mixed). Compared with classical multivariate regression, PLS regression enabled correlated variables and observations containing missing data  (3)  to be taken into account. PLS regression also took into account the fact that we had an important number of independent variables (fourteen variables). The results of PLS regression using the selected independent variables were extracted for each model (R 2 , parameter coefficients of the final model and CI). Statistical analyses were performed using R software (metafor package; R Core Team), SAS statistical software (version 9. 2; SAS Institute) and Simca-Pþ software (version 12. 0. 1; Umetrics). The significance level was set at the 5 % level.
Study selection and data extracted The initial search allowed us to identify 1313 studies (371 and 942 from the PubMed and Scopus databases, respectively), of which twelve were selected as appropriate for inclusion in the present meta-analysis  (3,4,10,20,24 -31). In addition, one recently published study  (11)  was included after the selection process. Altogether, the thirteen trials that met our criteria yielded twenty-three experimental groups of subjects included as independent data points in the present meta-analysis. We included all the groups of subjects when found to be eligible with respect to the criteria of selection, although the first goal of the clinical trial they were part of was not to assess specifically the effect of R-TFA  (20, 29, 30). Data were derived from 666 volunteers.
The trial flow is summarised in Fig. 1. The data extracted from the thirteen studies included in the present meta-regression are shown in Tables  1  and 2. All the participants were healthy. The mean baseline BMI ranged from 21•1 to 31•2 kg/m 2. Of the thirteen trials, seven enrolled participants with a normal body weight and six included overweight or obese subjects. The mean baseline TC:HDL-C ratio varied from 2•46 to 5•63 mmol/l. We confirmed homogeneity between the TC:HDL-C values at baseline among the studies using the metafor package (data not shown). The total EI varied from 7•9 to 14 MJ/d and the duration of the intervention lasted from 3 to 7 weeks. The intake of total R-18 : 1t varied quite extensively between the studies, ranging from 0•12 to 4•19 % daily EI (Table  3 ). The fat in the intervention diets was mainly dairy fat, resulting in R-TFA as the only source of TFA ingested during the experimental period.
Also, with regard to the various sources of TFA supplementation, other components from the dairy matrix may influence such R-TFA effects. The literature suggests that the unique combination of nutrients and bioactive components may be responsible for the neutral/ beneficial impact on CVD health. The current main hypothesis argues that the null association of R-TFA with CVD or CHD risk may be due to the low level of R-TFA commonly consumed  (14, 35). The present metaregression analysis aims to shed light on this specific point, by increasing statistical power and enhancing the precision of estimates across multiple modest-size trials. We extracted all the available data from the scientific literature, dealing with the dose of R-TFA and blood lipid indicators such as LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations in randomised intervention trials.
Second, some change-from-baseline standard deviation data were missing and then imputed by using the coefficient correlation method referenced in the Cochrane Handbook. Although previous literature reported that standard deviation imputation did not alter the conclusion of the meta-analysis  (43, 44)  , these calculated values may induce a bias. Third, we assessed the effect of total R-18 : 1t that represents approximately 80 % of the total R-TFA. Other R-TFA isomers may contribute to the overall impact of R-TFA intake on metabolism. However, besides R-trans-18 : 1 fatty acids, a well-recognised R-TFA isomer is palmitoleic acid (16 : 1t n-7), whose plasma levels have been recently associated with an improved metabolic profile  (45). Finally, most studies included in the present review had short-term follow-ups, from which we cannot draw a conclusion on the cumulative effect of R-TFA intake.
Conclusion In summary, while adverse cardiometabolic effects of IP-TFA are well established, data from the present meta-regression analysis of existing randomised controlled trials indicate that R-TFA intake levels do not substantially influence the changes in the ratios of TC:HDL-C and LDL-C:HDL-C in healthy adults. We included observations related to TFA from natural sources only, where doses of R-TFA were clearly documented. The present meta-analysis provides new data with respect to R-TFA intake levels, and has shed light on this specific question that remained unclear. Although more intervention trials are warranted draw a definitive conclusion, the present meta-analysis strongly suggests that R-TFA at current levels of intake have no harmful effects on two well-recognised CVD risk markers.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Dr A. Lichtenstein ,  Dr T. Tholstrup ,  Dr G. Jahreis ,  Dr K. Kubena  and  Dr R. Wood  for generously sharing the unpublished baseline data of their studies;  C. Greenhalgh  and  Dr G. Reyes-Soffer  for kindly reviewing and correcting the manuscript;  M. Bignol  and  V. Bodot  for their helpful comments and assistance in the literature search. The present review was supported by  CNIEL. The authors' responsibilities were as follows: C. G. -B. and J. -M. C. reviewed the literature and selected the eligible studies; C. G. -B. and C. P. extracted the data; F. T. -A. and C. P. performed the statistical analysis; C. G. -B. , F. T. -A. and J. -M. C. wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. C. G. -B. and F. T. -A. contributed equally to this work.
Whereas, in the UK, although the NICE guidelines were developed independently, they have gained government support and are aligned with the government performance managed health policy [quality outcomes framework (QOF)], a scheme to improve the quality of care through providing financial incentives to general practitioners. The QOF system both incentivises clinicians and has generated an electronic database that can be used to monitor BP control rates and measure the impact of new interventions. In England, BP control rates have steadily improved; in 2011, 66 % of men and 61 % of women receiving treatment for hypertension were classified as having controlled BP  [52]. It is difficult to accurately assess the impact of implementing guidelines, however, there is some evidence that suggests guidelines are proving beneficial.
Acknowledgments This review was funded by  Bayer HealthCare. Medical writing and editorial assistance were provided by  Katie White  and  Victoria Panagakis  at  Fishawack Communications Ltd. Conflict of interest  Prof. Kjeldsen  has received lecture honoraria from  AstraZeneca ,  Bayer ,  Medtronic ,  MSD ,  Takeda , honoraria for consulting from  Bayer ,  Medtronic ,  Serodus ,  Takeda , and unrestricted grants from  AstraZeneca ,  Hemo Sapiens  and  Pronova. Dr Feldman  has received research support from  Servier Canada , serves as a consultant/advisory board member for  Actavis, Medtronic. Novartis and Servier  and has received CME support from  Forest. Prof. Chiang  has been on the speaker's bureau for  AstraZeneca ,  Bayer ,  Boehringer Ingelheim ,  Chugai ,  Daiichi-Sankyo ,  GSK ,  MSD ,  Novartis ,  Pfizer ,  Roche ,  Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Tanabe, Takeda  and  TTY.
Statistics Sensor response data obtained from e-tongues was evaluated univariate and multivariate using Excel 2010 (Microsoft, Redmond, US) and Simca-P + V12 for principal component analysis (PCA) (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden), respectively. Results of the assessment using the two electronic tongues were additionally evaluated complimentary by the help of multivariate data analysis (MVDA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions given by the sensors to a two-dimensional plot. By the help of multivariate data analysis software the samples received new coordinates (scores) according to the principal components describing the resumed sensor information.
Acknowledgements We thank  Peter Mombaerts  and  Ulrich Boehm  for supplying OMP-Cre mice and eR26-τGFP reporter mice, respectively, and  Martina Pyrski  for help with genotyping. This work was supported by grants from the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  to PC ( CH 920/2-1 ),  FZ  ( SFB 894/A17 ) and TL-Z ( SFB 894/A16 ), the  Intramural Research Program  of the  NIH  to LB (Project  Z01 ES-101643 ),  Volkswagen Foundation  to TL-Z and the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( Pherosex grant ) to MK. EJ was supported by the  DFG-funded International Graduate Program   GK1326. TL-Z is a Lichtenberg Professor of the  Volkswagen Foundation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors want to thank  Jeremie Naudé  and  Lauriane Harrington  for valuable comments on the manuscript. This work was funded by the  French ANR  " Programme national de Recherche en alimentation et nutrition humaine. " AROMALIM Project: "Représentations sensorielles de l'arôme des aliments et état nutritionnel: de la réception à la cognition. "Resp:  Rémi Gervais  ( UMR 5020 , Lyon) and supported by the  LABEX Cortex.
MRI DATA ACQUISITION The functional MRI study was performed on a 3-Tesla (GE Healthcare Signa HDxt, Milwaukee, WI) MR system with a standard 40 mT/m gradient using blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI. Foam cushions were used to minimize head movements within the coil. The experiment began with the acquisition of a high-resolution, T1-weighted, 3-dimensional anatomical scan (BRAVO sequence). This scan was acquired in 134 slices with 0. 47 × 0. 47 × 1. 2 mm resolution. Functional images were then obtained parallel to the anterior-posterior commissure line, covering the entire cerebrum (30 slices) using an echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence (slice thickness = 4. 5 mm; TR = 2500 ms; TE = 35 ms, matrix = 128 × 128; FoV = 256 mm; Flip Angle = 90 • ; phase acceleration factor = 2; auto-shimming).
fMRI DATA ANALYSIS Image time-series analysis was performed using BrainVoyager QX 2. 1 (Brain Innovation, Maastricht, The Netherlands). The time-series were corrected for slice acquisition time, realigned with their corresponding T1 volumes, warped into standard space  (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) , re-sampled into 2 mm isotropic voxels, motion-corrected using Levenberg-Marquarts's least square fit for six spatial parameters, highpass-filtered for removal of low frequency drifts, corrected voxel-wise for linear drifts, and spatially smoothed using a 5-mm full-width at half-maximum Gaussian kernel. The general linear model (GLM) was computed from the 20 z-normalized volume time courses. For all stimuli of interest, i. e. , rest period, taste period and after-taste period, box-car time courses with a value of 1 for the stimuli of interest and values of 0 for the remaining time points were convolved with a theoretical hemodynamic response function  (Boynton et al.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank  Holly Sandu  (Medical and scientific translator) for her assistance in translating and proofreading our manuscript. We would like to thank  Christophe Menozzi  ( 2001 ,  Maître Sommelier de France UDSF ) for his contribution to the establishment of the experimental scheme and the choice of wines. We would like to thank the wine domains that provided the wine: Arbois 2004,  Chardonnay "Les Brulées "  Domaine St Pierre, Mathenay, FR; Côte du Jura 2006, Pinot noir "Cuvée dédicacée," Benoît Badoz, Poligny, FR. We wish to give special thanks to the  "Conseil Regional de Franche-Comte"  for its financial support allowing the use of the MR-3T Scanner for this research.
Model cider solution and experimental design The aim of the experimental design was to study the effect of the degree of polymerization and the interactions with each main component of cider on bitter, astringent, sweet and acidic characteristics. For this reason, it was decided to build a model cider using a water solution of ethanol, fructose and malic acid at a range of concentrations encountered in commercial French ciders. A large database of 90 products  (Le Quéré, Husson, Renard, & Primault, 2006)  was used to determine the low and high levels of fructose, malic acid and ethanol. Fructose was fixed at two levels: 20 g/L and 60 g/L, and ethanol at 2. 7% Vol. and 5. 7% Vol. For the acidic compounds, it was decided to combine malic acid composition and pH. The low level of acidity was fixed at 3.
Acknowledgements This work has been partially funded by the  European Community Seventh Framework Program  under Grant agreement reference n • 227498 ( BABETHANOL PROJECT ). The authors would like to thank the staff from  VTT  for the enzyme hydrolysis analyses and the staff from  LISBP-INSA Toulouse  for the fermentation analyses. We thank  Advanced Enzyme Technologies  and  Novozymes  for having kindly provided enzymatic cocktails. We thank  Palma Tica  (grupo Numar) and  PATRON Spirits Company  for having kindly providing OPEFB and BAB.
Statistical analyses All analyses were performed using the Stata statistical software (version 13, StataCorp, College Station, US). Qualitative data (including ''sex'' and ''PCR +/2'') were expressed in numbers and associated frequencies, whereas quantitative data (''age'' and bacterial quantifications) were expressed as mean (and associated standard deviation) according to the statistical distribution. Considering the non-normality distribution of several bacterial quantifications, a log-transformation was proposed. Then, comparisons between independent groups (''IBS patients''/''control subjects'') were performed by Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests for qualitative parameters and by Student's t or Mann-Whitney tests when conditions of the t test were not respected (homoscedasticity studied by the Fisher-Snedecor test and normality by the Shapiro-Wilk test).
The multivariate analysis (linear or logistic regression according to statistical distribution of dependent variable) was used to study the interaction ''sex''6''IBS group''. P-values of 0. 05 or below were considered as significant (twosided). Due to multiple comparisons, the type-I-error inflation was considered when appropriate. Finally, Comprehensive Metaanalysis (version 2, Biostat Corporation)  [57]  was used with Stata software to conduct the meta-analytical statistical analysis. Heterogeneity in the study results was evaluated by examining forest plots, confidence intervals and using formal tests for homogeneity based on the I 2 statistics. Random effects metaanalyses were conducted when data could be pooled. Forest plot graph was presented.
Study design, sampling strategy, sample size and data collection This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving a survey of households with children under 5 years old. The inclusion criteria were households with children under 5 years in selected communities. Pre-tested interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaires were used to interview the primary care giver in the households. The two communities used in the study were randomly selected from a list of all the six communities in Oji LGA using the balloting technique. A list of all the households with children under five years in the two communities were compiled using the Primary Health Care (PHC) house numbering system. This was done in order to get a sample frame of the households with children under five years. An adequate sample size was computed based on a power of 80% and confidence interval of 95%.
A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 500 households for the study. Every k th household (in this case 2nd) from the list of enumerated households was selected until the sample size of 500 was completed. The primary caregiver or representative in each of these households was interviewed after obtaining informed consent. Data was collected from the household respondents (primary caregivers or representatives) by field workers using a pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. Having obtained written informed consent, information was collected on personal data and demographics of respondent, malaria status of children under five years within the past one month, ownership and utilization of ITNs and untreated bed nets (those who slept under a net the night before the interview), use of other malaria preventive tools as well as the costs expended by the respondents on purchasing these bed nets and other malaria prevention methods.
Data analysis Tabulations, descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests were the major data analytic procedures that were used. A pooled data from the two communities were used to examine the type of malaria prevention methods that households sought, ownership and utilization of ITNs, differences in cost incurred by different households and inequity in total costs. In equity analysis, an asset based and household expenditure was used to categorize the households into SES quintiles: rich, least poor, poor, very poor and most poor. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to generate the index  [12]  that was used to investigate the equity implications of the findings. Information on ownership of a radio, bicycle, motor car, grinding machine and motorcycle together with the weekly per capita cost of food was used to generate the SES index.
25, and at a time resolution of 1 s over 50 s. The pinhole size was increased to 2 Airy units in order to facilitate the extended tracking of particles in the focal plane. Specimens were scanned 40-60 mm below the coverslip. The number of tracked beads was typically kept in the range of 5-20 per field of view in order to avoid their mutual interactions. Trajectories of 100-150 beads per experiment were analyzed. Experiments were performed in triplicate for each condition. Measurements were carried out on the intestinal ex vivo mucus obtained from three individual animals for each group. The results are shown as means 6 SD and/or distribution of data from individual measurements. The trajectories were analyzed by using Image-Pro Analyzer 7. 0 software (Media Cybernetics Inc. , Silver Spring, MD) and are 2D representations of a 3D transport.
f-potential Measurements The f-potential of dispersions of particles (i. e. dispersed mucus, latex beads) was obtained from dynamic light scattering measurements at 37uC using a Nano-ZS Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, UK). Prior to analysis, ex vivo mucus samples (both, the non-treated controls and the DNase-treated) were gently dispersed in PBS buffer (pH 7. 4) to give a concentration of ca. 0. 1% w/v. The latex dispersions were diluted in PBS buffer to the concentration of ca. 0. 001% w/v. Diluted dispersions were then injected into a DTS1060 folded capillary cell (Malvern Instruments Ltd). Each sample was analyzed at least 20 times and the results displayed as a mean. Data shown are the mean and standard deviation from three dispersions prepared under the same conditions.
Adam Macierzanka is receiving the  Research Based University Chair of Excellence -West France (RBUCE WEST)  grant, co-funded by the  European Commission  through the  UniversiteEuropeenne de Bretagne, France. The work at the  Institute of Food Research  was funded by the  BBSRC  through an  Institute Strategic Programme Grant  (research grant  BB/J004545/1 ). The authors are participants of the  EU  funded  COST action INFOGEST (COST FA   1005 ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
In order to facilitate sequence analysis of long cloned DNA fragment, the Deletion Kit for Kilo-Sequencing (TaKaRa Bio Inc. , Dalian, China) was used according to manufacturer's instructions. The sequencing products were analysed on an ABI 3730/xl Genetic Analyzer in the Laboratory of DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide   (Petersen et al. , 2011) , sortase recognition sites with LPxTG-type motifs were predicted with the CW-PRED method  (Litou et al. , 2008)  (http://biophysics. biol. uoa. gr/CW-PRED/index. jsp) and MUB domains were predicted with a developed HMMs  (Boekhorst et al. , 2005; 2006). Other domains in MucBP domain-containing proteins were identified using Pfam database  (Punta et al. , 2012). Nucleotide sequence accession number. The complete nucleotide sequence of the mub gene coding for the LPXTG-anchored mucus-binding protein (in this work also mentioned as the MucBP domain-containing protein) from IBB477 determined in this study has been deposited in the GeneBank under accession number JX845572.
Searching for genetic determinants encoding adhesion and muco-adhesion capacity of L. lactis IBB477 The genes were selected for analysis based on the current knowledge pertinent to adhesion of bacteria from the genus Lactococcus  (Giaouris et al. , 2009). Amplification of cluA and yhgE2 genes gave the expected DNA products of 2022 bp and 813 bp only for positive controls, MG1363 (cluA + ) and TIL448 (yhgE2 + ), which suggested that these genes are absent in the IBB477 genome. The PCR reaction with the prtPF and prtPR primers resulted in the generation of DNA products of 895 bp for the control strain J60011 (prtP + ) as well as for IBB477. The PCR product obtained for IBB477 was positively verified as prtP by DNA sequencing and comparison of the sequence against the NCBI nucleotide database.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  Prof. Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier  from  INRA/AgroParisTech   UMR1319  Micalis (Jouy-en-Josas, France) for providing the TIL448 strain. The "Studies of nucleic acids and proteins -from basic to applied research" project is realised within the  International PhD Projects Programme of Foundation for Polish Science  ( MPD/2009-3/2 ). The project is cofinanced by the  EU -Regional Development Fund. This work was funded by  European Funds Portal Innovative Economy  " Centre of medicinal product biotechnology. Package of innovative biopharmaceuticals for human and animal therapy and prophylactics "  POIG. 01. 01. 02-00-007/08-06.
Approval for this study was obtained from the ethical review boards of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and from all local institutions where subjects had been recruited for the EPIC study. Individuals in the top and bottom 1 % of the ratio of energy intake to estimated energy requirement (calculated from age, sex and bodyweight) were excluded from the analyses to reduce the effect of implausible extreme values (n = 1,033), in addition 6,627 persons with missing dietary data and 21,113 persons with missing info on non-dietary covariates were excluded. The number of subjects included in the analysis of total fish was 480,535. Due to missing information on lean and fatty fish in the cohorts from Naples, Heidelberg (Germany), Potsdam (Germany) and Umea ˚(Sweden), we had to exclude all 79,324 individuals from these centres, leaving 401,211 subjects for the separate analysis on lean and fatty fish.