dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
As revealed by quantitative RealTime-PCR analysis of immunoprecipitated DNA (Fig. 6a ), treatment with CHF5074   S1a  and S1b ) (c). Ab peptide release was evaluated by ELISAs performed on conditioned culture media from H4swe cells exposed to the indicated concentrations of CHF5074-BpB (0. 1-100 mM) for 18 hours. Data are percentages of control 6 s. e. m. from three independent experiments. (d) Representative results obtained from immunoblot analysis (anti-APP C-terminus and control anti-actin antibodies as in Fig. 2c ) of extracts from H4swe cells treated with vehicle or CHF5074-BpB (1-100 mM). Full-length blots were presented in Supplementary Figure  S4. (e) Cell viability, assayed with the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, was not appreciably affected by CHF5074-BpB at any of the tested concentrations; data are presented as percentages of control 6 s.
2c) of extracts from H4swe cells treated with vehicle or CHF5074-BpB (1-100 mM). Full-length blots were presented in Supplementary FigureS4. (e) Cell viability, assayed with the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, was not appreciably affected by CHF5074-BpB at any of the tested concentrations; data are presented as percentages of control 6 s. e. m. from three independent experiments.
Data management and statistical analysis Data were entered in Epi Info and analyzed using STATA 10. 0 software package. Demographic, clinical and pathological characteristics and recurrence rates of subjects were compared between the intervention and control groups using Chi -squared (χ 2 ) or Fisher's exact test. The effect of the intervention on loco-regional recurrences and second malignancies were estimated with hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence interval (CIs), derived from Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Because of the small sample size, statistical adjustment to measure the effect of the intervention was done in separate regression models for each of the following variables: age (categorized into <50 and ≥50 years), gap between treatment and recruitment (categorized into <6 and ≥6 m), histology {categorized into Early/Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC), moderately and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC/PDSCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)}, N stage (categorized into negative and positive), T stage (categorized into stages T1 -T2 and T3 -T4), composite stage (categorized into stages I -II and II I-IV) and site (categorized into oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx).
With the advent of Over-The-Top content providers (OTTs), Internet Service Providers (ISPs) saw their portfolio of services shrink to the low margin role of data transporters. In order to counter this effect, some ISPs started to follow big OTTs like Facebook and Google in trying to turn their data into a valuable asset. In this paper, we explore the questions of what meaningful information can be extracted from network data, and what interesting insights it can provide. To this end, we tackle the first challenge of detecting "user-URLs", i. e. , those links that were clicked by users as opposed to those objects automatically downloaded by browsers and applications. We devise algorithms to pinpoint such URLs, and validate them on manually collected ground truth traces. We then apply them on a three-day long traffic trace spanning more than 19,000 residential users that generated around 190 million HTTP transactions.
We tune and quantify the performance of the algorithms using the dataset for which we have the ground truth. Our results show that we successfully detect 96% of user-URLs with only 1% of false positive rate and 66% of precision. Besides, precision can be enhanced to 80% with a loss of only 6% of user-URLs. When applied to the ISP trace, we found that only 1. 6% of the 190 million HTTP requests in the dataset corresponds to actual URLs intentionally visited by users. • We propose two algorithms to detect which user-URLs should be promoted also as interesting-URLs. Both algorithms leverage the social network information that is typically present in popular and interesting web sites. We found that only 15% of user-URLs may be classified as interesting-URLs. • We show how rich the perspective of an ISP can be.
We observe users accessing videos hosted on 9 different platforms, and news coming from 80 different news portals. This indicates that the view most OTTs get is different from the wideangle picture an ISP could get. We further demonstrate this view by providing early web analytics results on the referral shares of well known content promotion platforms. We show that, surprisingly, only 11% of all user-URL views happened after (thanks to) a Google Search, and, in the best case, no more than 13% of them came from Facebook, Twitter or Google News. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. First, Sec. 2 describes the background and resumes the related work of this paper. Second, Sec. 3 describes the datasets we use. Sec. 4 describes our algorithms and presents their performance evaluation.
Background and Related Work The structure of a web page has considerably grown in complexity in the last decade. Today, it often consists of a complicated tangle of HTML, JavaScript, multimedia objects, CSS, XML files, etc. As depicted in Fig. 1 , when attempting to view a web page, the browser downloads each of these objects using separate HTTP requests. As a consequence, a simple user's click on a URL generates a cascade of several HTTP requests between the user terminal and an almost unpredictable number of servers and caches that store these objects. Besides, JavaScript, Ajax and Flash objects may generate extra HTTP traffic that was not intentionally requested by the user (e. g. , the automatic fetching of a YouTube video). Furthermore, many non-web applications nowadays rely on HTTP to exchange their data (e.
Datasets While per-object information is sufficient to study caching (e. g. , assess caching policies and gains) or filtering (e. g. , blocking unwanted objects), further processing is needed to infer human-induced HTTP transactions. This is one of the challenges that we tackle in this paper. For this purpose, we rely on two types of traces. The first is collected in a controlled test-bed where the ground truth is known and used. The second corresponds to a real traffic trace on which we apply our algorithms to appreciate the type of information that is possible to extract. For the preliminary evaluation of our methods, we collect two ground truth traces. First, similarly to  [9] ,  [10] , we build a trace (HTTP-Alexa) by manually visiting the top 100 most popular web sites according to Alexa ranking.
In each of these sites, we randomly visit up to 10 links contained in them. We manually collect all the clicked URLs as they were reported by the browser bar. In parallel, we capture and extract HTTP requests generated by the browser. This resulted in a total list of 905 user-URLs, corresponding to 39025 browser-URLs. Second, we build a similar trace (HTTP-GNews) by visiting around 900 news sites promoted on Google News. For the real data, we use the open-source traffic monitoring tool Tstat  [12]  to rebuild HTTP conversations. Thanks to this tool, we obtained a three-day long HTTP traffic trace, HTTP-ISP, which we collected at a vantage point of a commercial ISP network. The dataset contains the HTTP requests generated by about 19,000 residential customers. In total we observed more than 190 millions of HTTP requests.
Identification of user-URLs As explained in Sec. 2, we believe that new and simpler methods must be devised to identify user-URLs. As a design choice, we assume the ability to parse only HTTP requests to reduce the complexity at the probe capturing the traffic and the amount of data to process. To this end, we propose four filtering mechanisms and compare their performance as detailed below. 1) F-Referer: This method exploits the Referer field, not to separate requests in different streams as done in  [9] ,  [10] , but to directly pinpoint user-URLs. As shown in Fig. 1 , when the URL of a web page is clicked, a sequence of HTTP requests is generated by the browser to retrieve all the embedded objects, thus generating a cascade of browser-URLs. All these requests have as a referer the starting user-URL (see Fig.
However, instead of relying on the Content-Type field which is exposed in HTTP responses, we inspect the extensions of the objects queried by the HTTP requests: we discard URLs pointing to. js,. css,. swf objects. 4) F-Ad: A large amount of advertisement is embedded in nowadays web pages through the mean of iframe HTML nodes. By design, an advertisement iframe may embed several other objects itself that has as referer the advertisement page. Thus, ads likely to pass all above filters. To counter this phenomenon, we blacklist URLs pointing to known advertisement platforms using the filter provided by AdBlock  [13]. In addition to these methods, we also test a time-based filter (F-Time) as proposed in  [8] ,  [9] ,  [10] , using a static time threshold. Performance on ground truth datasets We first evaluate these methods on the HTTP-Alexa dataset, described in Sec.
In particular we considered two approaches: 1) Active: This method uses a web scraper to actively query the URL and parse the returned HTML code looking for the presence of the OpenGraph protocol 10 [14]. If the protocol is present, the user-URL is classified as interesting. 2) Passive: This approach aims at passively detecting if a web page contains any of the well known social networks buttons. Given a user-URL X, we inspect its children, i. e. , URLs having X as referer, and match them against a list of URLs necessary to load such buttons  11. Such list was built by following the web development guidelines of several different social networks.
Performance on ground truth datasets To evaluate these methods, we test if they already work on platforms that are known to be "interesting". In particular, we test them against Google News. For this purpose, we visit 1000 URLs promoted by Google News. Applying the active and the passive methods on this trace, we find that they classify as interesting respectively 79% and 70. 72% of Google News URLs. For the active method, this means that 79% of Google news URLs actually implement the OpenGraph protocol. To understand the passive method's false negatives, we manually inspect them. We find that they correspond to web sites that use custom methods to embed the social networks buttons and that our filter fails to identify. For instance, YouTube uses a non standard solution. However, since it is OpengGraph compliant, our active method correctly detects it.
Additional problems When considering the real HTTP traffic for filtering, some additional sources of error have been detected and called for more ingenuity. In particular, we noticed two main problems, and we propose two simple mechanisms to factor them out. i) URLs generated by non-browser applications: Most applications use HTTP to automatically download web objects. The queried URLs are clearly not relevant, and must be ignored. We identify those URLs by inspecting the User-Agent field, which informs about which client application generated the HTTP request, and white-listing well-known browsers only. This discards around 15% of URL requests in our dataset. ii) Inflated popularity induced by some users: Sometimes browsers generate multiple HTTP requests for the same content, e. g. , automatically reloading a page, or downloading videos in chunks.
Conclusions, Open Problems and Future Work Driven by the intuition that ISPs have a great deal of information at their disposal that can be extracted from passive observation of the traffic flowing in their networks, we propose in this paper a set of algorithms to extract popular URLs from real Internet traffic. In this study we analyzed the feasibility of the automatic extraction of useful/interesting URLs from the humongous amount of HTTP data that flows through an ISP-wide network. Other challenges must be clearly faced, and ingenuity must be used to find appropriate solutions: i) Users' privacy: tracking users' activity is (commonly) performed by OTT providers and it has been strongly criticized recently  [16]. ISPs face similar issues. They are allowed to monitor traffic for troubleshooting or even marketing purposes.
This is a post-processing application based on portable open source libraries, making GIDE compatible with various OS (Windows, Linux, Unix, MacOS etc. ). GIDE is a vector tool; this alternative approach to current display tools allows the discrete aspect of bodies to be conserved; two bodies interconnected by a third are not transformed into a 3D image, they remain 3 graphically representative elements that can be selected individually. The choice of libraries has been a determining factor, whether with HDF  [6]  for the handling of data files or OpenSceneGraph (OGS)  [7] [10] for managing of 3D scenes in OpenGL. GIDE is also a post-processing application enabling a body to be tracked in time or data to be extracted with the aid of the tool called "capteur" in reference to the tool that can be found when experiments are carried out.
Second version of the data The second phase in the development of the GIDE project was to integrate the recording of data directly in the format HDF5 into the simulator application such as MULTICORPS. The constraints were as follows: • Ability to consult the data from the simulator without going through the GIDE graphic interface, • Enable the selection of only a part of the variables from the set of time steps, which the first version of the file format did not allow, • Not cause any increase in the current processing time of simulator applications, and possibly improve this. The first point is resolved natively by the choice of HDF5 format, since the files saved in this format can be consulted with ancillary tools such as "hdfview", which even allow the exporting of a selection of data. The second point made us think about an alternative in the representation of data in the HDF5 file, and the solution adopted is a matrix: With the possibilities afforded by the DATASET of the HDF files, there are then two solutions possible: • Build the matrix initially with the desired size, from the start of the program, and update it at each time step (Figure  4 ), • Use a redimensionable matrix of initially empty size, and expand it at each time step, with the size of a vector of dimension [ 1: N ] (Figure  5 ).
For a solution to the third point a series of tests on the various solutions had to be devised, and the best solution selected. The possible solutions are as follows: • Write the data in text form, using standard recording primitive (current solution), • Write the data in raw binary form, using the standard recording primitives (reference solution), • Use the HDF5 format of the first version of the GIDE, • Use an initialised matrix at maximum size, • Use a matrix of empty size, increasing it by one vector at each time step. Step Each of these solutions was tested with the recording of 4096 variables of the « long int » type (32 bits), over 4096 time units. These tests were carried out with the "time" command under Linux, and the result is given in the table of figure  6  The good results from solution B are due to the possibility in binary mode of recording a vector in a single operation, stating the memory address and the length of this vector.
Flexibility of representation In GIDE a discrete element is an indivisible entity, it is a unitary element. It is thus possible to select it, to manipulate it, to track it, to decorate it etc. This approach is very different from representations by meshing. It more closely matches the granular world and enables the virtual experimental medium to be observed and dissected, and its characteristics extracted for comparison with theory. The drawing of an element in GIDE is done via plugins, affording a representation library adapted to each phenomenon under study. By default the name DATASET is the name of the plugins giving, for example, the possibility of changing the representation during display. Some simulations are done in 2D or the body is considered mechanically as a cylinder when it is actually comprised of spherical elements; in this case, the user needs to change the representation according to the desired approach.
Conclusion The language C++ was chosen for the development. With this language the OpenGL graphic card capacities can be fully exploited, which is necessary for the processing of 3D scenes rich in bodies. Moreover, as libraries such as OSG are also written in C++, we have been able to exploit them and use them to the full via the inheritance. The data organisation tree in the HDF file has enabled a cache to be implemented; this is managed with the aid of a thread whose parametrisable number has up to now enabled smooth animations. GIDE has a threadsafe cache and OSG is also threadsafe. The graphic interface has bee developed with the aid of the WxWidget toolkit portable on all the OS. This is a display tool for better exploitation of data from a Discrete Element code. It provides a representation that supports the researcher's discourse.
Background and purpose: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) credentialing for a EORTC study was performed using an anthropomorphic head phantom from the Radiological Physics Center (RPC; RPC PH ). Institutions were retrospectively requested to irradiate their institutional phantom (INST PH ) using the same treatment plan in the framework of a Virtual Phantom Project (VPP) for IMRT credentialing. Materials and methods: CT data set of the institutional phantom and measured 2D dose matrices were requested from centers and sent to a dedicated secure EORTC uploader. Data from the RPC PH and INST PH were thereafter centrally analyzed and inter-compared by the QA team using commercially available software (RIT; ver. 5. 2; Colorado Springs, USA). Results: Eighteen institutions participated to the VPP.
The various different TPSs and INST PH CDC measurement systems used in this VPP are shown in Table  1. The INST PH CDC was performed at each of the EORTC institutions and one or more 2D dose distributions were generated. The TPS DICOM-RT datasets of the INST PH CDC, and the institution's IMRT QA measurement system datasets were collected and compressed into one file and sent to the EORTC virtual QA platform (https://uploader. eortc. be/qat/). Using the institution's TPS and dosimetry QA measurement data, the institution's TPS and QA measurement comparisons  were performed by the EORTC QA team using the Radiological Imaging Technology software 113 (RIT; ver. 5. 2; Colorado Springs, USA). The RPC analysis used an inhouse software with a rectangular area of interest while EORTC used the RIT113 software from RIT disregarding the dose below 5% of the prescribed dose.
Due to lack of usable reference points an automatic registration option based on best guess was used for film dosimetry that may have introduced some rotational uncertainty in the registration of the two dose distributions, but is not anticipated to significantly influence the results. RPC and VPP gamma indexes were compared using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Differences were regarded as statistically significant at the p < 0. 05 level. Analyses were performed on the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Ver. 18. 0, SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL).
INST PH CDC study An INST PH CDC was performed by 12 centers (Table  2 ). Table  2  details the average dose distribution gamma evaluation percent of pixels meeting the 3 different criteria levels for the multiple planes of data provided by each institution to the EORTC QA team representing the multiple gantry angles for the entire dose delivery. The IMRT QA measurements from six out of 18 institutions (33%) could not be analyzed centrally at the EORTC for the following reasons. Downloaded files (in. opd,. asc or. dcm format) from 2 centers could not be read by the RIT software, a header file from a Tomotherapy data file was missing in 2 other centers, missing files with the scanned measurement file uploaded to the digital platform in another center and finally a missing. opg MatriXX measurement file that could not be uploaded in an additional center.
The inability to receive and analyze the institution's TPS and dosimetry data for a third of the institutions warrants further investigation and an improved data receipt method before the VPP can be implemented. In total, 20 INST PH dose maps from 12 EORTC institutions were analyzed using gamma QA criteria of ±3%/ 3 mm, ±5%/5 mm and ±7%/4 mm (Table  2 ). Nine (75%) of the 12 centers met the more stringent 3%/3 mm (90% of pixels passing) gamma criteria that is commonly used by institutions to perform their own IMRT QA as compared to only 17% (2/12) of the RPC phantom irradiations. Likewise, 12 (100%) of the 12 EORTC centers as compared to 11 (92%) of the RPC phantom irradiation met the 5%/5 mm gamma criteria (90% of pixels passing).
RPC and VPP institutional dosimetry comparison The RPC and institution VPP dosimetry measurements for the two datasets were compared (Table  3 ). Using the current RPC gamma criteria ±7%/4 mm (85% of pixels passing)  [2] , the dose distributions from all 12 centers meet the criteria using both the RPC and VPP measurement data sets (Table  2 ). Using more stringent gamma criteria, such as the ±5%/5 mm pass at the 90% pixel level, the RPC had one dataset not meet the criteria whereas all VPP datasets continue to meet the criteria. Significant differences in the dosimetry data gamma evaluations for the RPC sagital plane vs. the VPP gamma evaluations were observed for the ±3%/3 mm gamma criteria. A statistical trend was observed for the ±7%/ 4 mm gamma criteria, but no dosimetric significant difference was observed for the ±5%/5 mm gamma criteria (Table  3 ).
Reduced deviation rates in clinical trials have been observed with various forms of credentialing  [2, 4, 11]. This is particularly relevant for IMRT, for which the participating institutions must show that they have the ability to generate dose distribution conformity to complex target structures with OARs near the target per a protocol requirements  [1]. This initial study comparing the gamma evaluations for a single dosimetry plane between the RPC and VPP dosimetry measurements suggests that further investigation is required prior to allowing IMRT credentialing for clinical prospective studies in H&N cancer to be performed using an institutions' own phantoms whose data are centrally evaluated. Critical issues that still need to be addressed include the inclusion of all of the dosimetry evaluations for the whole credentialing process (e.
g. , for RPC CDC use both film planes and the TLD results), data submission issues for the VPP, the differences in the measurement analysis techniques between RPC and VPP methods, and method to designate a pass/fail criteria between the RPC phantom CDC and the VPP. The second issue requires that RPC phantom failures be compared to their VPP counterpart to verify whether the institution's own measurements will not only identify passing CDCs but also failing CDCs. Another issue is that RPC comprehensively assess the whole QA procedure, ranging from the CT calibration, data transfer, dose calculation-and dose deliveryaccuracy, which is obviously not the case of the VPP paradigm. Finally, specific assessment criteria appropriate to the dosimetry gamma evaluation analysis must be determined that is specific to the VPP method.