dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In panel B the the Herfindhal is the same as the one used in the main analysis. The instrument is the average of the log of the inverse of the number of firms in the same occupation and year but in other districts. All regressions in panel A include firm and district-by-year fixed effects. In  Notes: Own calculations based on the 'Quadros de Pessoal' data set. Analysis of a particular occupation (Construction and public works technician, code 31120) in a particular district (Leiria) in a particular year  (2006). Each observation in the histogram corresponds to one of 240 firms located in the district that employ at least one worker with this occupation in that year. The Herfindhal index (which ranges between 0 and 10,000) for this local labour market in this year is 52. 7. Notes: Each observation corresponds to a district-occupation-year combination.
This type of information bias is due  (1)  to the difference between what is asked of the certi er (i. e. reporting a causal sequence of injuries and diseases leading to death) and the information that would be expected for epidemiology (i. e. diseases reported regardless of their potential causal link with death). [19]  This speci city gives multiple causes-of-death databases their particular interest as they thus provide the opportunity to assess causal relations between diseases or morbid conditions. In return, the information available in causes-of-death data is very conservative. Reporting bias is also due  (2)  to the incompleteness of certi cate lling by certi ers. This depends on the certi er's knowledge of the deceased patient's medical history and knowledge (or intuition) of the possibility of a causal association between the underlying cause of death and its comorbidities.
In analyses of cause of death associations exclusively from death certi cates, if the reporting bias is too strong, there is little use in correcting for collider bias and results from these analyses should not be extrapolated to the general population. Multiple causes-of-death data are still a remarkably rich source because of their standardized construction and international comparability and because they contain directed causal information, integrating the expert knowledge of the physician or coroner certifying death. The analyses of these data should be performed after full linkage to comprehensive databases, such as registers or medical administrative databases, to take full advantage of these qualities and avoid drawing conclusions based on spurious associations. [45]  The issue raised here regarding collider bias can be extended to other case-only designs,[16] including studies on pharmacovigilance databases or disease registries; reporting bias issues are speci c to each data type.
Sharing health data could avoid duplication of effort in data collection, reduce unnecessary costs in future studies, and encourage collaboration and data flow within the scientific community. Several repositories from national institutions or research teams have making their datasets available. These data are mainly aggregated at spatial or temporal level, or dedicated to a specific field. The objective of this work is to propose a standardized storage and description of open datasets for research purposes. For this, we selected 8 publicly accessible datasets, covering the fields of demographics, employment, education and psychiatry. Then, we studied the format, nomenclature (i. e. , files and variables names, modalities of recurrent qualitative variables) and descriptions of these datasets and we proposed on common and standardized format and description.
Introduction Sharing health data could avoid duplication of effort in data collection, reduce unnecessary costs in future studies, and encourage collaboration and data flow within the scientific community. It would also improve the reproducibility and transparency of clinical research by allowing researchers to validate each other's results and reduce the impact of publication bias  [1]. Many institutions are now making their datasets available. For example, in France, open platform contains French public data about demographics, COVID-19, elections, energy consumption, health and employment  [2]. Researchers are increasingly encouraged to deposit their work on these platforms. These data were previously crossed for a study on the relationship between the immigrant rate and health status  [3].
Institutions data are generally aggregated at a geographical level (e. g. , a city or region) over a defined period (e. g. , day, month, year). More specific repositories also propose individual data  [4] , from generic domain or specific data as hospital intensive care units  [5] [6] [7]. The datasets are spread over different repositories, with heterogeneous formats, nomenclatures and descriptions. The objective of this work is to propose a standardized storage and description of open datasets dedicated to psychiatry and mental health.
Methods We have selected useful datasets for research in psychiatry available as open access on various national or international data sharing platform. They provide ecological variables which often supplement individual psychiatric variables (e. g. , in a cohort) to gain information about their environment and adjust the statistical models. We studied the format, nomenclature (i. e. , files and variables names, modalities of recurrent qualitative variables) and descriptions of these datasets. We had to select a unique file format (i. e. , type of file, column separator, decimal character, header, encoding), standardized files names, variables names and description. We also provided a standardized description of the variables composing the data file with a non ambiguous and meaningful variable name for printing and the type of variables (i.
e. , binary, qualitative, continuous quantitative, discrete quantitative). We did not take into account non relevant variables as unique identifier, qualitative variable with too much modalities and variables (e. g. , zipcodes) corresponding to the statistical unit of the file. For each of the datasets, we kept the original dataset and we added the standardized file. We also provided a data management script when necessary. We developed a script to automatically generate descriptive statistics based on the cleaned and managed data file and the description of the variables. Statistics are generated according to the type of variables previously documented. All the documents are available in a gitlab directory, with one folder per dataset and a README file to describe each folder  [8].
Source files We selected 8 datasets, covering the fields of demographics, employment, education and psychiatry. We also provided a dataset giving a correspondence between two French zip codes nomenclatures. Raw files were available in heterogeneous formats (csv in French or International format, xls, xlsx), delimiting character in the case of flat files, decimal character ("," and ". ") and encoding (LATIN-1, LATIN-3 and UTF8). Some datasets formats were often of poor quality, with empty lines at the top or bottom, specifying the source and the generation date. A file presenting social disadvantage indicator was generated based on several other variables: tax income, unemployment, workers, graduates.
Standardization Each repository contains 5 files: the raw data file in its original format with a prefix for the type of file and a suffix for the years covered by the file, the cleaned data file in csv format, the variables description, the data management script and the descriptive statistics. The table 1 provides the standardized names and description of each file. Standardization of the cleaned data file complies with the following characteristics: x File format: csv, column separator ",", decimal character ". " x Variable names: lowercase, no special characters except the underscore x Standard modalities for sex (M/F) x Date in YYYY-MM-DD (year, month, day) x Frequent Standardization of variable names for the most frequent ones (e. g. , insee_code, postal_code). Each dataset was documented with a README file at the root of the folder.
The elements of this file are described in table 2, The figure  1  represents the folder dedicated to the finess (FIchier National des Etablissements Sanitaires et Sociaux, French designation for the national register of health and social establishments) dataset, a list of all French health facilities. The figure  2  is the subdirectory containing the raw finess dataset and the R data management file. 3  represents descriptive statistics for the variable "Number of bed-days for full time hospitalization", available in the dataset dedicated to annual hospital activity in psychiatry.
Discussion and Conclusions In this study, we implemented OpenDataPsy, a standardized storage and description of open datasets dedicated to psychiatry and mental health. These datasets are directly ready to be used, after being transformed into a common standard format. The description of variables allowed to automatically generate descriptive statistics of each dataset, in common format. It remains to manage the recovery of the data sets when they are updated on the initial source site. We also need to spread the repository inside the psychiatric community. After several months of use, we will evaluate with the users if the standardization of the data sets is relevant and how they use the dataset in real life. In the future, we will feed the directory with new datasets. In particular, we plan to integrate free text data coming from forum and social media.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank all the people who shared with us their stories about motorization and demotorization. We also thank the editors of the issue and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. This research was funded as part of the  MODE  project ( ANR-16-CE22-0004 ) by the  French National Research Agency (ANR). This article is dedicated to our dear colleague and co-author,  Joseph Cacciari  ( 1982Cacciari ( -2022 )), who sadly passed away on 10 June 2022. He was a passionate and exciting researcher, one of a kind. We miss him deeply, every day.
Introduction: Despite similarities between compulsive sexual disorder and substance use disorder, the issue whether problematic sexual behavior should be viewed within an addiction framework continues to be a subject of debate with no consensus regarding its conceptualization and diagnosis criteria. Examining the presence of addiction criteria among clinical and no clinical samples in the existing literature could permit to ascertain clinical validity of sex addiction diagnosis and support its overlapping feature with other addictive disorders. The aim of this systematic review was to examine this issue by assessing DSM-5 criteria of substance use disorder among individuals engaged in problematic sexual activity. Methods: Using PRISMA criteria, three databases were comprehensively searched up to April 2022, in order to identify all candidate studies based on broad key words.
Search strategy This review was based on the following databases: MEDLINE, Psy-cINFO, Embase. The search was performed for all years up to April 2022. The following search terms were used: ("hypersexual disorder" OR "sex addict" OR "sexual addiction" OR "sexual compulsion" OR "compulsive sexual behavior disorder" OR "sexual impulsivity" OR "paraphilia related disorder" OR "excessive sexual disorder" OR "pornography" OR "internet pornography addiction" OR "cybersex" OR "problematic pornography use") AND ("assessment" OR "craving" OR "increased time spent" OR "unsuccessful efforts to reduce or stop use" OR "tolerance" OR "withdrawal" OR "negative consequences" OR "addiction diagnostic criteria" OR "out of control" OR "addiction" OR "loss of control" OR "diagnostic criteria") NOT ("case report" OR "case study").
This paper explores the effects of reduced load work arrangements (i. e. RLWAs) in a context where employees are seeking to balance their work-personal life while employers are reducing costs and staying competitive. We draw on the job-demands control theory and social information processing (SIP) theory to introduce two novel elements mainly to examine how and when the influence of RLWAs unfold: employee's perceived job autonomy as a mediating mechanism and role of social context (i. e. , overall justice perceptions at workplace level) in shaping the consequences of RLWAs. We use a large representative data set acquired through WERS (  2011 ) in the United Kingdom. Our findings partially support our hypotheses by shedding light on how and under which conditions the effects RLWAs unfold on employee outcomes.
M. & Dorenbosch, 2015; Kossek & Ollier-Malaterre, 2020). RLWAs are becoming increasingly popular across the globe: In 2017, on average in OECD countries, 14. 2% of employees worked voluntary part-time hours (less than 30 weekly hours)  (OECD, 2018). In North America, reduced load work jobs are decreased from 60-50 h to 40 weekly hours. In the UK, according to the most recent, nationally representative dataset, Work Employment Relations Survey (i. e. ,  WERS, 2011) , it is the most frequently provided/used flexible work arrangements within the right to request is RLWAs. Approximately, more than 35 percent of employees used RLWAs, which makes this practice relevant and salient in the context of the UK. Increasing prevalence of RLWAs in the UK, accompanied with a recently adopted statutory right to "request flexible working" 1 renders the context of the UK interesting and novel.
Utilising the WERS as nationally representative dataset  (WERS, 2011) , the overall goal of this research is to explore the mechanisms and boundary conditions of how RLWAs unfold and impact on recipients' work (i. e. , job satisfaction and affective commitment) and non-work outcomes (work to family conflict; i. e. , WTF conflict). We introduce perceived job autonomy as a mechanism and overall perceived justice at workplace level as a boundary condition to delineate our model (seen in Fig. 1 ). Our focus on these outcomes is important for a variety of reasons: Firstly, RWLAs are intended to provide recipient's with discretion and sense of self-confidence over their tasks, driving job satisfaction. Secondly, these practices also serve to enhance employees' commitment in the workplace, so that they can manage their lives better in relation to their work, and thereby enhancing their willingness to stay with the organization  (Barnett & Gareis, 2002; Herold & Waldron, 1985).
Relying on the aggregate sources of social comparison, such as the justice perceptions at group level that pervades one's work group  (Buckingham & Alicke, 2002) ; we propose that employees' use of RLWAs are likely to be influenced by the norms of their social context. We propose that when a context is characterised by high perceived justice, RLWAs are less likely to be salient for the recipients (e. g. ,  Mayer, Nishii, Schneider, & Goldstein, 2007; Weigl, Müller, Hornung, Zacher, & Angerer, 2013). This paper makes two contributions to research on RLWAs. Using a large representative dataset in the UK (i. e. WERS 2011), our study makes a number of contributions to research on RLWAs, perceived overall justice at workplace level and the role of social context: First, we introduce job autonomy as a key mechanism that explains why the positive effects of this work arrangement translate into recipients' enhanced work outcomes while also reducing recipients' conflict in their non-work domains.
Research context and sample We used linked employer-employee data from the WERS 2011 management and employee surveys. WERS is considered a nationally representative dataset of British workplaces with five or more employees in all industry sectors (with the exception of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, and mining and quarrying). Being sponsored by the British government, the Economic and Social Research Council, the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, and the Policy Studies Institute; it is widely regarded as a highly authoritative data source. In the survey, a workplace is defined as a premise consisting of the activities of a single employer  (Van Wanrooy et al. , 2013) , for example, a bank branch. In each of these workplaces, face-to-face interviews were conducted with the manager who was the primary responsible for employee relations.
Analytical strategy Due to the nested structure of the data, i. e. , employees (Level 1) nested in their workplaces (Level 2), multi-level regression modelling is used. We utilized MPLUS software to test our proposed hypotheses in a comprehensive, multilevel, path model. The WERS is based on sample designs that involve departures from simple random sampling. Weighting is needed to account for the probability of selection of the respondent's workplace into the main management sample, the respondent's own probability of selection from the employee population at the workplace, and bias introduced as a result of employee nonresponse. Accordingly, we used weighting procedures as suggested by the WERS team. 2 Specifically, in weighting the analyses, we used the variable: svyset serno [pweight = seqwtnrc -(seqwtnrc_apr13)] from the raw dataset, where: seqwtnrc is the employee weight variable and serno is the unique workplace identifier.
Results Table  1  reports the mean, standard deviation, and correlations among study variables. For correlations between continuous variables, we made use of Pearson correlation coefficients, while for correlations with dichotomous variables (i. e. those with RLWAs), we made use of Kendall's tau coefficients. We conducted statistical analyses  (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, & Podsakoff, 2012)  to see if CMB is a problem. Building on our findings 3 and the various measures taken by the WERS team, it can be concluded that CMB was not an issue. 2 First, we conducted split-half reliability test, which is suggested when single item measures are used and sample size is relatively large  (Wanous, Reichers, & Hudy, 1997). Accordingly, we split the data into two groups: according to use and non-use of reduced work load arrangement.
Limitations and future research suggestions This study has notable methodological strengths including (1) it's use of a nationally representative large data set, (2) its rigorous measurement of normativeness of RLWAs for each workplace and (3) its use of a matched employee-employer, multi-level design when testing the hypotheses. However, some limitations need to be noted. One is its cross-sectional nature. Our creation of a dichotomous variable (use/nonuse of reduced load work) and the calculation of overall perceived justice at workplace level can be considered as more objective measurement approaches compared to subjective Likert scales (e. g. ,  Bal, de Jong, Jansen, & Bakker, 2012; Golden & Fromen, 2011). Moreover, our results are in line with causal predictions based on SIP theory  (Folger & Cropanzano, 2001; Guyer and Vaughan-Johnson.
Fact #4: Subadditive Discounting To illustrate the quantitative implications of our model we again examine the discounting data of  Epper, Fehr-Duda, and Bruhin (2011). In the experiment, future equivalents FEs of a fixed sooner amount of CHF 60 were elicited for various time delays. We define the observed discount fraction as f (t 1 , t 2 ) = 60 FE , where t 1 is the payment date for the sooner amount 60 and t 2 the payment date for the later amount FE  (Read, 2001). If the product f (t 1 , t 2 ) f (t 2 , t 3 ) is smaller than the discount fraction over the total period, f (t 1 , t 3 ), then discounting is subadditive. According to our model, indifference between sooner and later payments is given by u(60)w(s t 1 ) exp(-ηt 1 ) = u(FE)w(s t 2 -t 1 )w(s t 1 ) exp(-ηt 2 ). Assuming power utility with parameter γ the predicted discount fraction equals to f (t 1 , t 2 ) = 60 FE = w(s t 2 -t 1 ) exp(-ηt 2 ) exp(-ηt 1 ) 1 γ.
Beuf et al. , 1971) , satellite imagery has been widely used to complement and enhance prior studies, e. g. in Uruguay  (Assine et al. , 2018)  and Namibia  (Andrews et al. , 2019). Satellite imagery is available for analysis. These datasets play a powerful role in determining the Fig. 1. False colour image based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM-1 Arcsec) of the Ennedi Plateau with mapped glacial lineations (GLs) and ice stream boundaries developed on Devonian deposits (A), inset images correspond to Figs. 2, 3  and 4. Area mapped in this paper shown next to the area mapped in Le Heron (2018) (B). (C) Geology after  Persits et al. (1997). C. Kettler, R. Wohlschlägl, C. Russell et al. Sedimentary Geology 455 (2023)  106470 character of flow and meltwater release in ancient ice sheets.
Methodology Planform mapping and spatial analysis of 20,000 km 2 of the Ennedi Plateau were undertaken using satellite imagery acquired from BingMaps  (Microsoft Corporation, 2023)  and elevation data acquired from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 1 Arc-Second maps (U. S. Geological  Survey, 2023)  with a resolution of 30 m/pixel. These images are freely available in the public domain for examination. The SRTM images were processed in QGIS to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) at different scales. The study-area consists of sub-horizontal to gently northward dipping plateaux, exposing bedding surfaces over hundreds of kilometres. The mapped area straddles strata mapped as middle to Upper Devonian  (Wolff, 1964) , but which are otherwise undifferentiated. Features mapped at the regional (small) scale include linear structures on different topographic levels on the plateaux.
A distinction between inalienable and alienable possession is considered to be crosslinguistically common. For the Tungusic languages, it is generally illustrated with examples that contrast inherently possessed body parts with body parts belonging to a non-inherent possessor, with the latter being formally marked with a suffix -ŋ(V). However, as we argue here for Negidal (Northern Tungusic), rather than marking 'alienable' or 'indirect' possession, the suffix -ŋ(i) flags the occurrence of non-canonical possessive constructions; the supposedly straightforward interpretation of the oft-cited examples involving body parts is merely a secondary effect of the particular kind of non-canonical construction involved. This analysis unifies the diverse constructions in which -ŋ(i) occurs, namely with obligatorily possessed body parts, with non-possessible items such as nouns denoting humans or environment terms as well as demonstratives or adjectives, and with other modifiers when the possessee is elided.
Introduction So-called (in)alienable possession is described as a crosslinguistically common feature whereby two distinct kinds of possessioninherent and permanent versus loosely associated and non-permanentare formally distinguished in adnominal constructions (e. g. ,  Chappell and McGregor 1996; Haspelmath 2017; Nichols 1988 ; see also the overview of the literature in the introduction to this issue). This category has also been widely noted in the Tungusic languages  (Boldyrev 1976 ; see  Avrorin [1959: 155-163]  specifically for Nanai,  Boldyrev [2007: 122-139]  for Evenki,  Nikolaeva and Tolskaya [2001: 135-141]  for Udihe,  Novikova [1960: 145-152]  for Even, and  Pevnov and Khasanova [2006: 503-504]  for Negidal), which are also included by  Nichols (1988: 591-592)  in her classification of (in)alienable possession types.