dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Correlation between performance in real world and virtual environments To visualize participants' raw data in real world and virtual environments we created a video showing on the left side the trajectories of participants in London's route 6 and on the right side the trajectories of the same participants in the 43rd level of Sea Hero Quest (S1 Video). Table  1. Difficulty of the virtual and real-world wayfinding task. Left: Real-world wayfinding task. For each route, percentage of the goals reached by the participants in London (23 participants) and in Paris (26 participants) within the time limit. Right: Video game wayfinding task. For each level, percentage of participants who completed the level before the helping arrow appeared. One can notice a few outliers in the upper right corner of the scatter plots.
Real-world routes We used an implementation of this algorithm available in a free toolbox  [41]. To confirm that our virtual task captured participants' wayfinding ability, we checked whether the strength of the correlation between performance in real world and in the video game was modulated by the difficulty of the virtual task. Under this hypothesis, the correlation should be null between real world and level 1 performance, since level 1 is a training level where no spatial ability is required: the end goal is visible from the starting point. The correlation should then increase with the difficulty of the level. We broke down the global correlation score for each Sea Hero Quest level, comparing participants' performance in real life with the distance they travelled in each level. To increase the sample size, we combined the data recorded in both London and Paris.
Comparison to the population-level original dataset To check whether the 60 participants we recruited for this experiment were representative of the much larger dataset recorded with the mobile version of Sea Hero Quest  [13] , we plotted in Fig 3 the performance of the participants at this study (vertical red dotted lines) against the corresponding distribution of the performance of the French and British Sea Hero Quest players from the original dataset. Since the number of players per level drops rapidly, we focused on level 11 to maximise the difficulty / number of players ratio (N = 78,724, see  [13]  for full data).
's task being closer to the path integration task than to the wayfinding task discussed in this paragraph. The underlying causes of gender differences in spatial ability are still debated in the literature and include sex hormones variation, evolution, differences in self-confidence and anxiety  [18]. In a previous paper based on the global video game dataset, we showed that gender differences in spatial ability measured in the game correlate with gender differences in the society measured with the Gender Gap Index (World Economic Forum)  [13]. We did not find a significant correlation between the performance at the real world and the Sea Hero Quest path integration task. At least three reasons could account for this null result. First, as mentioned in the introduction, the consistency between spatial navigation ability in the real world and in a virtual environment task depends on the type of navigational task  [27].
In spite of the overwhelmingly peaceful, democratic and legal nature of the vast majority of the protests and the institutional political discourse on the importance of respecting human rights and 'policing by consent,' young dissenters in Britain have encountered increasing levels of military-style policing tools and methods, combined with an expanding authoritarian legislative framework emanating from successive governments. Important changes to policing have been centred on its militarisation through the acquisition of military weapons (Tasers, CS gas, water cannon), the containment (kettling) of protesters for extended periods, the collection and storage of audio-visual material and DNA information on searchable databases and the generalised monitoring of protesters, mass arrests and pre-emptive detentions, as well as police warnings about the potential dangers for young people getting involved in protesting.
They are clearly employing methods that cannot be construed as consensual. 6 Peaceful protesters and bystanders not engaged in any illegal or offensive behaviour are also recorded and filmed. Moreover, the information and images are stored on searchable data bases (see below). In a bid to foster better -more consensual -relations between the police and protesters during marches, Police Liaison Officers (PLO) were introduced in 2012 as uniformed police officers wearing light blue bibs who mingle with protesters during demonstrations and marches. Their official role is to promote dialogue and communication (see Waddington 2012; Stott al 2013), before, during and after protest actions. This is part of an effort to encourage consensual policing and to gain trust following recommendations made by the HMIC in 2009 (see above).
" It was then replaced by the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 that allows certain surveillance powers and certain safeguards to them through covert monitoring in an obviously non-consensual way. The extensive amount of information obtained through such means and other methods is held on various searchable police data bases, including the Police National Computer (PNC) and the Police National Database (PND) to be replaced by the National Law Enforcement Data Programme (NLEDP) that will "introduce new and enhanced data sets into LEDS such as, Biometrics, Images from DVLA & Passports, ANPR and analytical tools" (Home Office 2018). Other databases comprise IDENT1 and the Crimint (criminal intelligence) database used by the London Metropolitan Police Service, as well as the National DNA Database (NDNAD), which is the biggest in the world in relation to the size of the population and the quantity of information held.
At the start of 2019, there were 6. 38 "subject sample profiles retained on NDNAD," with samples of an estimated 5. 49 million "individuals" classified according to gender, "ethnic appearance" and age, with 32. 72% of people aged 16-24 when their information was loaded onto the database as of 2019 (Home Office 2019). 7 Moreover, information on people with different statutes (convicted criminals and suspected criminals, but also political campaigners and protesters) is all held in the same data bases  (Lewis and Vallée 2009). The legislative framework has thus been considerably widened and adapted regarding protests in recent years, whereby "antiterrorist laws, restrictions on individual freedoms and individual rights have been presented as necessary in order to defend  de-mocracy" (della Porta, Peterson and Reiter 2006: 5) , as part of a securitisation process that particularly affects young people.
3c ). LMP African hominin diversity. Figures  4  and 5  show the first two bgPCs of four bgPCAs based on the Procrustes residuals of     7  and Supplementary Fig. 6 ). Figure  4a  shows the first two bgPCs (52. 9% of variance, Supplementary Table  8 ) of the bgPCA run on the full skull (Analysis A). 1  and Supplementary Table  1 ). Source data are provided as a Source Data file to Australians (0. 0240). Florisbad is the African LMP specimen which resembles the vLCAs the most, particularly vLCA1 and 2 (0. 0419), while Irhoud 1 is the only LMP specimen sharing the most similarities with Neandertals (South Europe Neandertals: 0. 0617). Figure  4b  shows the two first bgPCs (60. 7%, Supplementary Table  9 ) of the bgPCA run only on the calvarium and excluding Florisbad (Analysis B, Supplementary Table  7  and Supplementary Fig.
The Euclidean distances (Supplementary Data 3) underline this pattern of affinities: vLCAs 1, 2 and 1b are closer to the early H. sapiens, while vLCA2b is closer to Australians. Florisbad is the most similar to the vLCAs (0. 0502 with vLCA2) and Irhoud 1 is closest to the early H. sapiens (0. 0480). Finally, Fig. 5b  presents the morphospace (56. 4%, Supplementary Table  11 ) of analysis D. The exclusion of the missing landmarks of KNM-ES 11693 modifies slightly the relative phenotypic affinities, with early H. sapiens being more closely grouped with current modern human populations. The vLCAs cluster close to the centre of early H. sapiens variation, with the exception of vLCA2b (Fig. 5b ). Florisbad and KNM-ES 11693 are the closest to both the H. sapiens fossils and the vLCAs. Omo II occupies a central position between modern and Neandertal populations, while Irhoud 1 presents strong affinities to Neandertals.
Finally, the associated Euclidean distances (Supplementary Data 4) underline the strong similarities between vLCAs 1, 2 and 1b and early modern humans (respectively, 0. 0211, 0. 0212 and 0. 0187), while vLCA2b is closer to Papuans (0. 0214). Florisbad is the closest African LMP specimen to the vLCAs (0. 0364), followed by Omo II (0. 0605) and KNM-ES 11693 (0. 0678). Irhoud 1, as in analysis A and B, is closest to the South European Neandertals (0. 0476). The Procrustes distances-based boxplots (Supplementary Figs. 4  and 5 ) present the similarities of the vLCAs to the African LMP, Neandertal and H. sapiens specimens for analyses A B, C and D. In analysis A (Supplementary Fig. 4a  and b ), the vLCAs are closer to the modern human groups, especially to early H. sapiens, with which vLCAs 1, 2 and 1b share the shortest median distance.
4  and 5 , Supplementary Data 1-4). Finally, the modelling approach used here computes ancestral shapes which are weighted averages derived from the terminal taxa of a phylogenetic hypothesis  54  of given topology using a Brownian motion model for evolution that mostly estimates drift. Those ancestral estimations are not intended to accurately represent evolution, but to act as tools to study the African LMP hominin fossil record in order to bring new insights into the origin of H. sapiens. Our findings show that, first, the phenotypic data presented in this study relate closely to the genetic history  39, 55  of the considered populations. This is illustrated by the phylo-morphospace based on mean population shape data (Fig. 2 ), but also by the distribution of individual specimens' shapes (Figs.
Those three specimens present the shortest Euclidean distances to modern humans in all four analyses when the vLCAs are not taken into consideration (Supplementary Data 1-4). Indeed, the second shortest Euclidean distances observed is between Florisbad and early H. sapiens, between KNM-ES 11963 and the San, and between Omo II and early H. sapiens, and for analysis D with Alaskan Inuit (Supplementary Data 1-4). On the other hand, shortest Euclidean distance between Irhoud 1 and other groups is always to the South European Neandertals, except for analysis B where it is with early H. sapiens. Analysis B focuses mostly on the face which is where modern human-like traits have been identified in Irhoud 1  18. Finally, Florisbad is the LMP fossil most similar to the vLCAs, as exemplified by the Euclidean (Supplementary Data 1, 3, and 4) and Procrustes distances (Supplementary Figs.
We did not have access to the BOU-VP16/1 specimen. 3D models building. The 3D models were obtained following three procedures (Table  1 ): (1) medical computed tomographic scans (voxel size between 0. 449219 and 0. 488281 mm) processed in Amira (v5. 5, FEI); (2) photogrammetry using the Photoscan software (Agisoft, v1. 2. 6); and (3) 3D surface scans using an optical scanner (HDI Advance, 45 µ accuracy, LMI) and the FlexScan 3D software (v. 3. 3, LMI). The accuracy of photogrammetry is sufficiently good to produce reliable 3D Models with an error margin similar to that of laser surface scanning  47. Comparison of 3D models obtained from medical computed tomographic scans and laser surface scanning also show that both methods produce comparable quality models  48. The resulting models (on average 1.
The difference in the morphology of the vLCAs is small (Analysis F, Supplementary Figs. 8-10, Supplementary Tables  14 15 16 17 ). Sliding of semilandmarks minimises shape differences between each specimen and the average shape in the sample (i. e. , variation due to arbitrary spacing of the points coordinates)  50. The approach modifies slightly the raw data coordinates and has been debated in the past  50, 51. Missing landmarks are estimated by mirroring existing landmarks onto the other side, and when this is not possible, the few remaining missing landmarks were estimated by thin-plate-spline interpolation (i. e. , TPS  76  ). Florisbad, Omo II and LH18 required major reconstruction to be aligned (GPA) with the vLCAs and the phylogeny sample. However, the analysis and comparison of their morphology is based on the preserved anatomical configuration of each specimen.
In the case of a deep ancestry between two sister taxa, the uncertainty is larger, a more recent common ancestry will present less uncertainty  54. The ancestral PCs are rotated back into the landmark space  86  giving a set of coordinates in which a unique modern human skull (specimen Kh-1739; see Supplementary Table  1 ) is warped (TPS warping  76  ) to produce the different fully rendered 3D vLCAs (see ref. 36  and Fig. 3 ). Finally, to assess the correlation between each phylogenies and the data imputed, we computed their phylogenetic signal for the PCs and the aligned 3D coordinates using a multivariate K statistic  37, 38. Surface spectrum deviation. To assess the morphological differences between the vLCAs obtained through the 4 models tested here (i. e. , hypotheses 1, 2, 1b and 2b), we used a surface spectrum deviation method that quantifies the surface deviation between a reference and a test specimen.
Acknowledgements This study was partially funded by the  Fyssen Foundation  and an Advanced  ERC Award  ( IN-AFRICA Project ,  ERC 295907 ). For permission to study specimens in their care, we thank directors and curators of the following institutions:  Duckworth Collection (Cambridge, UK) ;  Institut de Paléontologie Humaine (Paris, France) ;  Musée de l'Homme (Paris, France) ;  Museo di Antropologia G. Sergi  ( Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy );  Museo preistorico-etonografico "L. Pigorini" (Rome, Italy );  National Museum (Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa); National Museums of Kenya (Nairobi, Kenya) ;  Natural History Museum (London, UK ); OR: ORSA database,  Penn Museum (Philadelphia, USA) ;  Peabody Museum ,  Harvard University (Cambridge, USA), American Museum of Natural History (New York, USA).
Data availability The 3D model of the vLCAs are available in Supplementary Data 5-11 along with the 3D models showing the deviation patterns between the vLCAs (Supplementary Data 12-18). In order to visualise properly Supplementary Data 5-18, please use the open source Meshlab software or use the R software (see Description of Additional Supplementary Files). The 3D geometric morphometric data (i. e. , landmarks coordinates) are available in the Source Data File.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  Masha Krakovsky ,  Netta Mitki ,  Nadav Nir ,  Marion Prevost ,  Ahiad Ovadia ,  Micka Ullman  and the Schattner family for their help in the field and beyond. We thank  Amanda Henry  and  Charly French  for their support and  Tonko Rajkovaca  for helping with the preparation of the thin sections. Dan Cabanes helped with the preliminary results of the phytholith analyses. We are grateful to  Paul Goldberg  and the two anonymous reviewers for their comments that helped in improving this article. Permission to excavate in the  Nahal Amud Nature Reserve  was granted by the  Israel Nature and Park Authority.
SEARCH STRATEGY Published studies with measures of SB at work were retrieved through a systematic search of the Pubmed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science databases. We selected articles published between 1st January 2000 and 27th March 2019 because SB gained momentum in recent years, with more diversity on assessing SB at work, and because only recent articles distinguished between SB and physical inactivity and their specific health effects  (6, (17) (18) (19). The search strategy and keywords used are detailed in Supplementary Material Appendix 1. We restricted our search to articles in humans and written in English. We did not restrict our search to specific countries or regions, nor on a minimal sample size. Included articles had to describe tools used to measure SB at work. The search strategy is displayed in Figure  1.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS We extracted the following information: type of study (longitudinal, cross-sectional), category of material (questionnaire, one common sensor, multiple sensors, complex physiological system), number of subjects and the main measure of sedentariness. Identified devices which assessed sedentary behavior at work where tabulated to highlight the performance and the usability of methods and devices to access sedentary behavior at work (see Table  S1  for the complete lists of included articles with those details).
Visual Observation (Direct or Videotaped) SB at work can also be assessed by visual observation, either recorded or on-site. Visual observation is still a classical method used by ergonomics, occupational physicians, or researchers  (30). This method of assessment is often use for assessing body postures at work in delimited space (e. g. , work space). Contextual information (such as location, clothing, or time) and details  on SB (such as type or personal activities) could be assessed with this method. However, direct observations are costly and time consuming  (31) , and are therefore mostly adapted for small populations and on short periods. Visual observations are also dependent on observers who may rate differently the same behavior  (32). Observed workers may also modify their behavior (observational bias) because of the logistic burden associated with data collection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by  Université Clermont Auvergne, Institute of Occupational Medicine , by the  Physiological and Psychosocial Stress team from the Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology (LaPSCo, CNRS ), by the laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological conditions ( AME2P EA 3533 ), and by  INRA ,  UNH ,  Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH, INRA ).
SOME COMMENTS TO RESONATE A GENERATIVE MEETING There is a very ancient and rich tapestry of indigenous peoples native to Brazilian land (OLIVEIRA;  ROCHA, 2006). Officially, the IBGE, Brazilian Institute for Demography and Statistics maintains a regular database that officially lists more than 260 different languages and some 254 different peoples 25. It must be taken into account the fact that, in the Seventies, based upon developmentist assumptions, in Brazil there was the widespread idea that indigenous populations were either going to be extinguished soon, or else, those that would survive were to be considered mestizos, and not indigenous any longer 26. Nonetheless, the indigenous populations resisted, albeit with difficulties. Some of them faced a serious risk of extinction. A major part of these populations still preserves specific insights and ancestral wisdom that other peoples can draw from, in order to integrate their worldview, especially when dealing with issues such as sustainability and respect for the environment.
The rendering also defines if the visualization is to be seen in a standard application or an element that can be integrated into another context of use. A flexible rendering is illustrated here by the framework Webcharts  [11]  which can adapt the rendering to three types of users: for developer who uses the framework for creating an application; for the visualization developer, who extends the framework with new visualizations; and for the end-user, who may dynamically change the visualization of the data in the application, with no need of waiting for an update of the application that incorporates the latest visualizations. The pipeline, shown in Figure  1 , is part of all visualization tools regardless of the technology used for the implementation. As far Web technology is a concern, there are many libraries based on JavaScript that manipulate DOM and CSS to build visualization techniques that can be displayed inside the Web browser.
Web scrapping and Web augmentation We suggest that information visualization of data sets over the Web can be enhanced with Web augmentation and Web scrapping technology. Web Scrapping allows transforming unstructured data available on the Web, typically in HTML format, into structured data that can be analyzed and stored analyzed in a central local database. For example, MeatBrain  [14]  is a tool that extracts data from Web sites and, eventually, aggregates different data into a new Web page. It is also very common that scrappers let their users define which part of Web sites to extract, meanwhile others may do it automatically. Web scrapers are often the base for other applications such as search engines, Web automation, Web testing, and Web augmentation tools. It is interesting to notice that, although not every Web augmentation tool employs Web scrapping, most of them contain some scrapper functionality that is used to parse the Web pages' DOMs in order to materialize the augmentation.
At the micro-level, they present time-referenced Google data in a time-plot when the user highlights some Web content. At macro-level, they offer a wide range of visualizations on a floating panel, as a tag cloud based on the important words from the text on a Web page, a search engine to Google extra information or an editor to merge content from different pages. Similarly, another approach (Enhanced Web Page Content Visualization with Firefox) use natural language processing and machine learning techniques to help users to get a better overview of the pages they read, presenting graph-based visualizations.
Validation Before starting with the development of our prototype, we checked how much data available in the Web is a potential target to be visualized. Starting from the same sample described in Section 4, which was focused on the kinds of HTML structures, we also analyzed if such structures have data that makes sense to visualize without making data transformations. We discarded all the cases with no numerical variables and no repeated textual values or dates (e. g. , a new's dataset with just two variables: «title» and «description»). The number of highlighted sites was 10, leaving 22 sites with data that could make sense for some user to visualize. In order to check the extractors, and for the sake of space, we took the two first sites from the sample matching each type of HTML structure (Table  1 ), and we used our described techniques to check if the proposed extraction techniques succeeded.
Setting and Study Population In this study, we analyzed baseline data of adults (age: 18-40 years) enrolled in the ASTRO-LAB cohort who completed the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. The ASTRO-LAB project is a prospective longitudinal study of asthmatic patients designed to provide new evidence regarding the safety of long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) in routine primary care in France and the United Kingdom. Details of the study are described elsewhere  [27]. The inclusion criteria were as follows: persistent asthma and age <40 years. Patients were considered to have persistent asthma when they had >6 months of prescribed treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICs) and LABAs or ICs alone during the 12 months prior to inclusion. Persistent asthma requires controller therapy on a regular basis, whereas intermittent asthma can be treated with rescue medication as needed.