dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
sourceforge. net/) [76]. In this toolbox, the left and right Heschl's, superior temporal and middle temporal gyri were selected from the AAL database and combined to form two large regions (the left and right hemispheres), which covered the superior and middle parts of the temporal cortex. Symmetric ROIs were generated after flipping each region along the x-axis, and a mean image from the original and flipped images was subsequently created for each side (Figure  S1 ). In each pre-defined ROI, a small volume correction (SVC) was applied, with the statistical threshold set at P<0. 05 (cluster level -FWE-corrected). A correlation analysis between the morphological observations and performance on the speech-innoise intelligibility test was performed. In our speech-in-noise test, only the Monaural condition was associated to significant interindividual variability inside both groups and to a significant difference between groups, the two other conditions leading to roof effects.
Discussion This study was designed to characterize and compare the inter-hemispheric cerebral asymmetries of gray and white matter distribution in dyslexic adults and normal readers and establish relationships between these morphological characteristics and the speech-in-noise processing deficit observed in dyslexia. To achieve this aim, we explored the distribution of the different types of brain tissue using a VBMbased asymmetry analysis. Correlations with the speech-innoise intelligibility measures were also performed to examine the structure/function relationships in both groups. Asymmetry analyses in the WM primarily identified a leftward asymmetry in the arcuate fasciculus, a well-characterized group of WM bundles involved in the specialization of language and speech in the left-hemisphere of the human brain.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the dyslexic adults and individuals in the control group who participated in this study. The authors would also like to thank  Jean-Luc Anton ,  Muriel Roth  and  Bruno Nazarian  from the  'Brain Imaging Center La Timone' (Marseilles ) for invaluable help with the fMRI data collection and analyses and  Dr. Evelyne Veuillet  and  Aurore Gautreau  for additional assistance with the data collection and stimuli generation. Moreover, the authors thank the three anonymous reviewers for invaluable assistance with the previous versions of the manuscript.
The first author is funded by a PhD grant from the  Rhône-Alpes Region, France , attributed through the  "Cluster régional de recherche Handicap, Vieillissement et Neurosciences. This research was supported by a  European Research Council  grant to the  SpiN  project (n°209234). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements The project was supported by the  French "Fondation pour la Recherche Psychiatrique et la Santé Mentale" and "Fondation Orange ". A-S. M was funded by the  Conseil Regional d'Ile de France (PICRI). CC was partially supported by Health Research Grants from the  Pennsylvania Department of Health  (SAP#  4100047863  and  410042728 ). We are grateful to  Dr J. Grèzes  for her invaluable assistance in the setting-up of the Autism Spectrum Disorder section of the DETENDOEMO study (RGB: 2007-A01068-45 ). We would like to thank  Pr B. Rogé  for training CC and LP on the use of the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule. We acknowledge the help of the  CENIR-Pitié Salpétrière hospital  for hosting us and the ASD participants and for making the clinical interview easier on the day of their scanning session.
Stimuli Visual Stimuli. The visual stimuli consisted of social stimuli (feminine faces) and non-social stimuli (cars). Twelve color photographs of Caucasian women's faces and of cars were selected from the authors' personal image database or from the Internet. Each female face was photographed in a frontal pose, with an emotionally neutral facial expression and with gaze directed at the perceiver. The faces differed in hair color and style. Female faces were chosen because they seem to be more attractive for young infants than male faces  [62]. The pictures of the faces were paired with pictures of cars, often considered as having face-like properties  [63]. Each car differed in shape and color (e. g. , white Peugeot, red Renault) and was presented in frontal or 3/4 pose. The dimensions of the photographs were 5006500 pixels, corresponding on the screen to a face of 17 cm in height and 10 cm in width and, for the car, to an object of 11 cm in height and 18 cm in width.
Each photograph subtended a visual angle of 19 degrees. From these photographs, 12 pairs of visual stimuli were created, each composed of a female face presented side-by-side against a car (Figure  1 ) on a white-background screen. Each face was paired with a different car. The cars were selected to be variable in color and shape with the intention of maintaining infants' attention in the car during the four trials of the test while, at the same time, avoiding the possibility of ceiling effects for face-directed attention. The visual stimuli were displayed by the Clearview software (Tobii's Clearview AVI presentation software, Stockholm, Sweden) designed for the eye movement-tracking system (Tobii 2150, Tobii Technology, Stockholm, Sweden). The different pairs of pictures were counterbalanced between infants and between olfactory conditions, so that each pair appeared as frequently during the different trials in each odor condition Odor Stimuli.
Introduction of Concurrent Engineering and Ergonomic Approach Introduction of concurrent engineering implies modifying design habits and requires changes in the project structure. This methodology involves different dimensions such as organizational, social, technical and economic  (Bossard, 1997). In this context, it is possible to think that ergonomics can take place in this process at several levels  (Fadier, 1997; Sagot, 1999). The design process is complex and includes different cultures, actors and methods. Also, collaboration can be difficult and tensions may appear  (Gronier, Sagot, 2005). A good collaboration environment requires some infrastructures such as databases, processes, and applications. This leads the company towards a common model oriented in an intuitive way that can be consulted by PLM users.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDING AND ANALYSES Electrophysiological data were recorded (Brain Vision Recorder 1. 05; Brain Products) in reference to an electrode placed on the participant's nose at a rate of 250 Hz from 31 tin electrodes placed according to the 10-20 convention (FPz, FP1, FP2, Fz, F3, F4, F7, F8, FC1, FC2, FC5, FC6, Cz, C3, C4, T3, T4, CP1, CP2, CP5, CP6, Pz, P3, P4, T5, T6, PO1, PO2, Oz, O1, O2). Impedances were kept below 3 k. EEG activity was filtered off-line with a 30 Hz low-pass filter and a 0. 03 Hz high-pass filter (24 dB). Eye blink artifacts were mathematically corrected using  Gratton and Coles (1989)  procedure, implemented in Brain Vision Analyzer 1. 05 (Brain Products), and any remaining artifacts were manually dismissed. Trials where the participant's response was incorrect, absent, or before stimulus offset, were rejected from the dataset before averaging.
No-switch), Language of response [L1 vs. L2 (or L3)], Hemisphere (Left vs. 5 Visual inspection of the data also suggested the presence of two other ERP components: An occipital P1 in the [80-120] ms time-window and a frontal P2 in the [150-180] ms time-window. Analyses of variance performed on mean amplitudes and latencies of these components did not reveal any significant main effect or interaction, except for the effect of hemisphere. Right) and Electrode (2 sites) as factors. Each component was studied at the four electrode sites with maximal mean peak amplitude. The N2 component was studied over frontal sites (F3, FC1, F4, FC2) and the LPC was studied over parietal sites (C3, CP1, C4, CP2).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by grants from the  Spanish Government  ( PSI2011-23033 , Consolider Ingenio  2010 CSD2007-00012 ) and the  Catalan Government (Consolidado SGR   2009-1521 ). Clara D. Martin  was supported by the  Spanish Government  ( Grant Juan de la Cierva ) and is now supported by the  IKERBASQUE foundation for science and the Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language. Mikel Santesteban  was supported by the  Basque Government  ( IT665-13 ). Carles Escera was awarded by the  ICREA Academia Distinguished Professorship.
3 However, the treatment used was mainly antidepressant medication, which has been found to be associated with decreased DRF, on the contrary  (Pace-Schott et al. , 2001). developmental deficit in mental imagery persistently associated with an extremely low REM dream recall, and mentioned no sleep problems  (Foulkes, 1999). Pagel studied a group of adults with primary anoneira, whose absence of dreaming had been confirmed through REM and NREM awakenings, and reported no increase in sleep problems  (Pagel, 2003). However, the study was conducted within the consulting population of a sleep medical center, with most of patients suffering from sleep obstructive apnea, and the comparison was made only between non-and raredreamers. Taking their limits into account, data collected in primary anoneiric subjects represent a minor argument against conjecture #2.
PARTICIPANTS The twenty four participants who took part in the study were healthy, right-handed, monolingual, English-speaking adult males (median age = 23, range = 18-27). A software malfunction corrupted the data for one participant in the first treatment arm, leaving 11 who took VPA, and 12 who took placebo. Participants gave informed, written consent following the protocol approved by the University of British Columbia clinical ethics review board and Health Canada. Exclusion criteria for the study included taking any medication with psychoactive effects, recreational drug use in the 6 months prior to participation, drug or alcohol abuse, being functionally bilingual or studying a second language at the university level, having perfect pitch or AP for musical tones, and being involved in an occupation requiring a high level of vigilance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Tatiana Ramirez-Aponte ,  Holly MacPherson ,  Andrea Blair ,  Brock Ferguson ,  Pere Mila ,  Pamela Lau ,  Julia Leibowich ,  Marissa Mar , and  Trisha Pranjivan  for their help with data collection. Funding was provided by the following grant agencies:  Human Frontiers Science Program (HFSP)  ( RGP0018/2007-C  to  Takao K. Hensch  and  Janet F. Werker ),  Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research  (to Bradley W. Vines),  Coast Capital Savings Depression Research Fund  (to  Bradley W. Vines  and  Allan H. Young ), and a  Quinn Fellowship  (to  Lawrence M. Chen ).
In a combined dataset from five clinical trials in 5-to 15-year-old children treated with risperidone, serum prolactin showed a raise with a peak observed after 2 months of treatment, followed by a gradual return to normal levels after 5 months  [29] , but other studies have shown persistence of high levels of prolactin in subjects treated with risperidone 1 year or more  [30]. In a pubertal sample of males aged 10-20, receiving long-term risperidone (mean duration 52 months), hyperprolactinemia was present in 47 versus 2 % in those without treatment and 14 versus 0 % reported sexual dysfunction  [31]. Clinical consequences of the increase of prolactin levels are inconsistent across studies and effects may vary with dose, treatment duration and the pubertal status of patients  [32]. The analysis of a series of placebo-controlled studies showed that risperidone induced extrapyramidal effects in a variable percentage of patients between 8 and 26 %.
Further, we will assess the long-term effects of risperidone on cognitive functioning and on ADHD symptoms, and collect extensive data on safety and tolerability. Participants will undergo four study periods. After screening (Study Period I), Study Period II will be a 16-week titration and open-label treatment period (7 visits). This acute treatment period was chosen to increase the chance to reflect the change based on medication treatment. All patients who complete Study Period II and maintain clinical response are eligible to participate in Study Period III. Two consecutive positive evaluations that meet the criteria for response are required to enter into the randomised discontinuation phase. Study Period III will be a 12-week double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled discontinuation period (8 visits).
Based on power calculations on previous studies with risperidone in CD with mild mental retardation, 150 (50 % children 6-11, 50 % adolescents 12-17. 5) patients should be enrolled in Study Period II. A sample size of 150 using a 1:1 randomization over risperidone and placebo will have 80 % power to detect an increase in relapse rate from 33. 3 % in the risperidone group to 66. 6 % in the placebo group, using a proportional hazards analysis with a censoring of data following a uniform distribution between the 6th and the 12th week (simulations, functionspower, li-braryHmisc, R software 2. 14). Considering that 25 % of patients enrolled in Study Period II will not meet inclusion criteria to continue in Study Period III, 200 patients should be enrolled in Study Period II.
Also, any possible concomitant medication will be allowed. The pharmacovigilance study will be fully embedded within regular clinical practice and will solely collect data from patients' medical records, without imposing any impact on choice and duration of treatment. Participating clinical centres have therefore agreed on systematic safety monitoring, in accordance with international recommendations  [25]. Main objectives of the PERS pharmacovigilance study are to follow the course of BMI, waist circumference and biological parameters and to systematically collect the frequency, nature, and course of subjectively reported possible side effects. Subjects will be enrolled at the start of risperidone treatment. The PERS pharmacovigilance study includes clinical and/or laboratory parameters prior to and after 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of treatment will be collected.
PERS, however, is not without challenges. The regulatory framework is tight and complex, and the regulatory requirements and associated timelines are difficult to reconcile with the straightforward time planning of milestones and deliverables in a typical EU grant. Specifically, the need to obtain approval from all national regulatory bodies and ethics commissions was source of unexpected delays and called for numerous revisions of the study protocol. This point makes it also difficult to consider any changes or amendments once the protocol has been approved, because any further delays will impact the feasibility of patient recruitment and available budget. Furthermore, budget has to be allocated for a supporting infrastructure that involves a Contract Research Organization (CRO), a clinical trial database, a central lab and ECGs, and central management of drug supply and logistics.
A. Functional Model of the Framework The architecture of the framework is shown in Figure  1. Similar to the architecture of SEMAINE  [12] , it comprises components of the classes: Analyzers, Interpreters, State, Proposers, and Realizers. The different instantiations of each class of component reflect the multi-modality required for REVERIE, each instantiation dealing with a specific aspect of human behavior. To ensure modularity and flexibility in integrating modules we rely on standard markup languages. Inputs and outputs of modules are represented with the XML languages: EmotionML  [13] , FML  [14] , BML  [15]  and MPEG-4's FAPs and BAPs  [16]. The following subsections describe the components of this framework.
d) Emotion & Social Behavior Proposer The emotional and social proposer module will allow the autonomous agent to choose the non-verbal behavior to display during its interaction with other virtual characters. The nonverbal behavior will be selected based on the emotions of the autonomous agent, its social relation and the social relations it thinks the other has toward itself. The role of the agent (for instance "supporter" or "guide") will determine the initial social relation of the autonomous agent and its personal goals. A dominant agent will for instance do wider gestures. Figure  2. illustrates an example of the different gestures generated by the model. This social behavior model is the one described in  [19]  and implemented in the virtual agent Greta  [20]. The same input was sent to the model, an intention to inform, but the social relation was different.
Data We studied patients who attempted suicide as reported by their GP to the French Sentinel General Practice network (FSN). Study authorization was given from the scientific board of the FSN. The network consists of a sample of approximately 500 GPs all over metropolitan France, who continually report on an unpaid volunteer basis the occurrence of well-defined health related events in their daily practice  [21]. Data are collected via an online survey. The surveillance of suicide (fatal) and of suicide attempt (non-fatal) was introduced in 1999. A suicide attempt is defined according to the WHO/EURO para-suicide definition as "an act of self-inflicted injury (for example, self-mutilation, jumping from high places, hanging, gunshots, asphyxiation) or self-poisoning with drugs in excess of the generally recognized therapeutic dose  [22, 23].
We were also not able to consider the reason for attending the GP which may have affected the results: consultations for mental health are more likely to lead to disclosure of psychological distress than those for a somatic reason. Finally, the interpretation of results should take into account that information was collected at different time frames as GP were instructed to report data about the last consultation (time and suicidal ideas expression) (even if it was more than 6 months before), about their recognition of depression or psychological difficulties in the last year and about their management in the three months preceding the suicide attempt.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by  Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris  ( Département de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement ), and funded by  Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique -Ministère de la Santé   PHRC AOM11209 , and  Agence Nationale de la Recherche   ANR 12 SAMA 011 01 SENSO  and under the program " Investissements d'avenir "  ANR-10-IAIHU-06.
The open-field paradigm Motor activity was quantified in Plexiglas OF boxes 43 Â 43 cm (MED associates, Georgia, VT, USA) during a 10 min session  (Popa et al. , 2010). Two sets of 16 pulsemodulated infrared photobeams were placed on opposite walls 2. 5 cm apart to record xey ambulatory movements. Activity chambers were computer interfaced for data sampling at 100 ms resolution. The centre was defined as a 32 Â 32 cm central arena. Dependent measures were: total time spent in the centre, the numbers of entries into the centre and distance travelled in the centre divided by total distance travelled. Overall motor activity was quantified as the total distance travelled (cm).
Sholl analysis For Sholl analysis, DCX þ cells with tertiary, relatively untruncated dendritic branches were traced for each 35 mm hippocampal slice using Neurolucida software (MicroBrightField, Williston, VT) on an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with a motorized stage device and Â100 immersion oil objective. DCX immunohistochemistry was done to maximize the labelling of dendrites. Sholl analysis for dendritic complexity was performed using the accompanying software (NeuroExplorer; MicroBrightField, version 10), calculating dendritic complexity including dendritic length and number of intersections (branch points).
number DCXþ cells with tertiary dendrites were performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient "R". For ex vivo autoradiography experiments, surface radioactivity (expressed as cpm/mm 2 ) was measured using Beta visionþ software version 2. 0 (Biospace Lab, Paris, France). Radioactivity was quantified from a ROI defined a priori on the basis of receptor mapping experiments performed by this laboratory. This region remained consistent across each slice of tissue within a given assay. Specific binding was determined by subtracting nonspecific binding from total binding. Specific binding for each brain was normalized to the average specific-bound radioactivity from vehicle-treated individuals and expressed as a percentage of vehicle binding. These percentages were subtracted from 100% to obtain percent receptor occupancy.
09 respectively). An antidepressant-like effect was also observed in NIH-Swiss mice (significant effect at 15. 9 mg/kg, s. c. )   3. Effects of chronic vortioxetine treatment in the open field paradigm and the forced swim test in BALB/cJ@Rj mice. Behavioural effects of vortioxetine were studied after 21 days of administration at doses of 5 and 20 mg/kg/day, compared to those of vehicle and fluoxetine (18 mg/kg/day) in the open-field paradigm or the mouse forced swim test. Data are expressed as mean AE SEM. Anxiety was expressed as total of the time spent in the centre (A) and the number of entries in the centre (B) for the entire session. Locomotor activity was reported as total ambulatory distance travelled in the centre (C) and in the periphery (D) for the entire session. In the FST, mobility (E), swimming (F) and climbing (G) times were recorded.
SUBJECTS AND CLINICAL DATA A total of 20 patients (47. 5 ± 12. 6 years) volunteered to participate in this experiment. All patients attended a tertiary care tinnitus clinic at European Hospital Georges Pompidou in Paris; tinnitus perception being stated as their main medical complaint. They were selected for this study because of their ability to modulate their tinnitus by somatic stimuli (movements, muscle pressure). Complete otologic and neurologic testing was performed on each subject (audiometry, tympanometry, stapedial reflexes, auditory evoked potential, and/or MRI). All patients suffered from tinnitus for at least 1 year (6 years on average). Tinnitus was predominantly left sided in 12 patients and predominantly right sided in eight patients. Table  1  summarizes the characteristics of both populations.
[28]  We analyzed the difference in eye color between the older and younger faces in our set of images with a x 2 test, and found no significant difference in iris color between the different ten-year age classes (p = 0. 65). The labeling of facial regions and the measurement of the contrast was performed using MATLAB 7. 8. 0 (R2010a). Similar to the procedures of  Russell, 2009 [25] , each image was individually labeled to define regions corresponding to the eyes (including a narrow band of skin around the lashes), the lips, the eyebrows, annuli surrounding the eyes (with the approximate width of the eyes but not including the eyebrows), an annulus surrounding the lips (with the approximate width of the mouth), annuli surrounding the eyebrows (with the approximate width of the eyebrows) and the face contour (Figure  1 ).
Data Analysis. To quantify the effect of visual tasks on the postural performance we analyzed the surface area and the mean speed of the center of pressure (CoP). The surface area allowed the measurement of the CoP spatial variability  [27] , and the mean of speed represents a good index of the amount of neuromuscular activity required to regulate postural control  [28]. Statistical analysis was performed by the Mann-Whitney  test to compare the two groups of children in the different dual task conditions; furthermore, for each group of children tested, the Friedman test was also run for comparison between the three different conditions. The effect was significant when the  value was below 0. 05.