dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments This project has received funding by the  French National Research Agency  under the program  CHARMMMAT ANR-11-LABX-0039- grant. We thank  Romain Lebars  and  Sandrine Lecart  from  Imagerie Gif light facility  for their kind help in microscopy experiments. This work was granted access to HPC resources from the " Mésocentre" computing center of CentraleSupélec and École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay  supported by  CNRS  and  Région Île-de-France  (http://mesocentre. centralesupelec. fr/). We thanks  Univ. Paris-Saclay NanoPE  platform at  DER Chimie ,  Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay  for using Xenius SAFAS fluorimeter. We thanks the  Région Ile-de-France  and  DIM NanoK  for financial support. The  University Paris-Saclay  and the  CNRS  are acknowledged for funding.
The SEC line consisted of an OHPAK SB-G guard column for protection and two OHPAK SB 806 and 804 HQ columns (Shodex Showa Denko K. K. , Tokyo, Japan) in series. The column packing was a polyhydroxymethylmethacrylate gel. The MALS detector was a DAWN Heleos-II (Wyatt Technology Inc. , Goleta, CA, USA) fitted with a 50 µl K5 cell and 18 photodiodes (normalized relative to the 90 • detector using bovine serum albumin). The viscometer was a ViscoStar II (Wyatt Technology Inc. , Goleta, CA, USA). The collected data were analysed using the Astra 6. 1. 7. 16 software package (Wyatt Technology Inc, Goleta, CA, USA). Molar masses were obtained with the Zimm order 1 method. The concentration of each eluted fraction was determined with DRI (RID 10A Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) according to the known values of dn/dC (0.
Aim > To test the null hypothesis that there was no difference in treatment efficiency between therapies undertaken with conventional (CBs), passive self-ligating (PSLBs) or active self-ligating (ASLBs) brackets. Materials and methods > An electronic search was performed in 3 data bases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) from their origin up to January 2019. Additional references were hand searched. Search was strictly restricted to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and split-mouth design studies (SMDs). RCTs and SMDs were initially processed separately and subsequently combined in a network meta-analysis. The following variables were evaluated: treatment duration, number of visits, occlusal outcomes, alignment rate, transverse arch dimensional changes, incisor position modification, rate of space closure, anchorage loss, bond failure, root resorption, perception of discomfort during the initial phase of alignment, time to ligate in or to untie an archwire, periodontal variables, quality of life.
An electronic search was performed in 3 data bases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) from their origin up to January 2019. Keywords used were "orthodontic appliances'' [MeSH], "brace'' [MeSH], "self-ligat''. "randomized controlled trial''  [MeSH]  or "split-mouth design''  [MeSH]  were added depending on the type of article targeted. Additional references were hand searched in the following three major orthodontic journals from January 2006 to January 2019: the Angle Orthodontist, the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, the European Journal of Orthodontics. We screened the bibliography of the selected papers, and the table of contents of these three journals.
Methods Following data were collected: year of publication and country of origin; details concerning participants (number of participants, intervention and control groups, methods of assessment); measured outcomes. Two reviewers (DW and RM) who were not blinded to the authors nor the research results, conducted the selection process. They independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of potential studies. Then, the full texts of potentially eligible studies were obtained for further consideration about quality of the study. Consensus was achieved through discussion. Six key methodological criteria were assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (5. 1. 0) [18] : sample size calculation, random sequence generation, allocation concealment, complete outcome and description of the participants flux (attrition bias), reporting of withdrawals, use of intention to treat analysis.
The risk of bias (high, medium, low) was assessed for each included trial. RCTs and SMDs were initially processed separately and subsequently combined in the meta-analysis, according to Lesaffre et al. [19]. Clinical heterogeneity was assessed for each variable with I2 statistics. When the P-value !. 05, a fixed effects model was used. When the p-value <. 05, a random effects model was alternatively selected. Methodological heterogeneity and consistency were checked with Q statistics  [20]. All quantitative data were processed with Review Manager 5. In the figure 2, the first line corresponds to this very comparison between PSLBs and ASLBs and more precisely to its 95% confidence interval. Since this interval comprises the 0 value, the conclusion is that there is no statistically significant difference in treatment duration between ASLBs and PSLBs.
Materials and Methods A thorough search of the literature was conducted using the Medline database (via PubMed). A search strategy developed for Medline via PubMed was employed using the following keywords: (CAD/CAM complete denture base); (CAD/CAM complete denture) NOT (implant); (CAD/CAM complete denture base) AND (resin properties). A systematic review according to the PRISMA checklist was applied. A manual search of the included articles was also performed to identify further eligible studies not detected by keyword search and this strategy is outlined in Figure  1. In January 2021, 392 titles listed in PubMed were identified. After screening the initial articles and backward searching, some publications were excluded based on the following criteria: papers not written in English, animal and in vivo studies, case reports, systematic reviews and when only abstracts were available.
Materials and Methods Ethical statement. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ile de France 1 ethical committee (N°2020-A01249-30 protocol, 06/08/2020). Demographics, clinical data and samples were collected uniquely after the understanding of the study protocol and consent acknowledgement by the participants. A case report form, including health status and clinical data of each participant was provided. All participant information and samples were anonymized prior use. The sample manipulations were carried out under class II biological safety cabinets MSC-Advantage TM (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Villebon sur Yvette, France).
Statistical analysis. After verifying that values in each group did not assume a Gaussian distribution, the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests were computed when appropriate with GraphPad Prism 7. 0. 0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA). Frequencies were compared by the Chi-square test and confidence intervals reported. All differences were considered significant at p < 0. 05.
Clinical data A total of 319 samples pairs of NPSs and saliva samples from 145 OP and 51 HW were collected at ten days of interval. Details about the participants and collection time points were presented in the Table  1. No significant differences were noted between age (p=0. 932, Kruskal-Wallis test) or gender (p=0. 279, df=3, Pearson's Chi-square test) among the groups, taking into account collection time point. Nearly two thirds of the OP (n=89, 64. 5%) presented symptoms at the enrolment day. The more common symptoms were headache (n=38, 27. 5%), tiredness (n=26, 18. 8%), cough (n=24, 17. 4%), fever (n=21, 15. 2%) and myalgia (n=20, 14. 5%), corresponding to flu symptoms, frequently described in COVID-19 clinical diagnosis  [19, 20].
Moreover, the difference of HRNP Ct values between washed and unwashed mouths prior saliva collection was modest (about 1. 6 Ct). Variations of HRNP Ct values in the same order were obtained for saliva samples tested at successive days corresponding to deviations from replicate experiments  [33]. The significant decrease of SARS-CoV-2 detection in OP after mouth washing and the remaining detection of the human cellular control (HNRP), in saliva, suggest that the virus detection corresponds more to it accumulation in buccal cavity rather than a direct secretion by salivary glands  [34]. These data could explain some mitigate results obtained by direct drooling into plastic tubes for COVID-19 diagnosis  [35, 36]. At the time that saliva tests happened to the rule for schooled children in France, the determination of the performance of saliva collection procedures become imperative.
The authors detailed recent results and brought the last available dis cussions about slurry based, powder based and solid based techniques. It was also pointed out by these last authors that post processing and pa rameters optimization are the great and next challenges  [14]. Fig. 1. -Articles published between 1991 and August 2020, catalogued, listed and found in the webofknowledge. org database with the following keywords on article title: "selective laser sintering" or "SLS" or "selective laser melting" or "SLM" or "Powder bed fusion" or "PBF" or "laser sintering" or "laser melting" and the selected ceramic names or formula. 3. Powder bed selective laser processing (PBSLP) The terms selective laser sintering and selective laser melting in ad ditive manufacturing are not yet properly standardized.
Study design A secondary cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from the WHO STEPS  (17, 18)  survey conducted in Burkina Faso. The current study is a recommended tool for surveillance of chronic diseases and their risk factors in WHO member countries. The survey is a standardised method to collect, analyse and disseminate data. It is a sequential process that starts with gathering key information about risk factors with a questionnaire; subsequently, simple physical measurements and blood samples for biochemical analysis are collected. The WHO STEPS includes a representative sample of the study population, which allows the results to be generalisable to the entire population  (18).
The field staff was trained to collect the data using standard tools and methods. They were trained over a period of 5 d and participated in a field pre-test of the study instruments. Data were collected using a questionnaire and physical measurements. Data collection was conducted from 3 September to 24 October 2013. The data were collected using standardised WHO STEPS questionnaires input into laptop computers. Household sociodemographic information was recorded via face-to-face interviews in the language spoken by the participant after blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were collected. After data collection, 105 individuals were not eligible or had invalid data regarding sex. Of the remaining population, 2257 were men, 518 were urban women and 1920 were rural women. Our analyses included only nonpregnant rural women with complete socio-demographic, lifestyle and nutritional data and with responses on items used to screen for dental problems.
Variables of interest extracted from the Stepwise Approach to Surveillance survey database The participants' demographic variables included age (25-64 years), marital status (grouped into (i) married or cohabitating; (ii) single; (iii) education level (grouped into i) no formal schooling; (iv) primary school or higher; (v) occupation (grouped into i) public or private formal employment or self-employed; (vi) employment with inconstant or (vii) irregular income, such as students, housekeepers or unemployed. We also reported women living in households with or without at least one member aged ≥ 18 years. Anthropometric characteristics were weight (kg), height (m), BMI (weigh/height 2 , kg/m 2 ) and waist circumference (cm). Height was measured to the nearest 0•1 cm using a stadiometer (SECA 214) on a subject without shoes, while weight was measured to the nearest 0•1 kg with a personal scale (SECA 813) on a lightly clothed subject without shoes.
Statistical analyses StataCorp. ™ Stata Statistical Software for Windows (Version 14. 0) was used to analyse the data. The quantitative variables are expressed as the means ± SD, and the qualitative variables are expressed as percentages (%) with 95 % CI. Student's t test or ANOVA was used to compare quantitative variables, and the χ 2 test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare categorical variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify clinical and lifestyle factors associated with underweight status after adjustment for socio-demographic features. The second analysis considered dental problems as a dependent factor. All independent variables with a P-value <0•20 in the univariate analyses were included in the final model. The final model was established by backward elimination, i.
Acknowledgements Acknowledgements: The authors thank the  Ministry of Health  for providing them with the STEPS survey database,  M. Ilyasse Kaboré  for the figure management and  Dr William Kofi Bosu  for proofreading the manuscript. Financial support: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Conflict of interest: There are no conflicts of interest. Authorship:  J. D. initiated the study design. J. C. D. , J. D. , A. N. Z. and S. K. contributed to statistical analyses. S. K. , O. O. S. , A. M. , P. J. , P. F. , A. S. and H. T. provided the first the interpretation of results. J. D. , A. N. Z. and J. C. D. reviewed results' interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ethics of human subject participation: The current study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the  Declaration of Helsinki , and all procedures involving human subjects/patients were approved by the  Ethics Committee for Health Research of the Ministry of Health  (deliberation no.
Culture and characterization of D. fairfieldensis and D. desulfuricans strains Immediately on arrival in lyophilized form, the strains of D. fairfieldensis (ATCC # 700045, a generous gift of D Raoult, Rickettsies unit, Marseilles, France) and D. desulfuricans DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen) # 642 were rehydrated in 0. 5 mL of DSMZ medium. Once hydrated, the bacteria were cultivated on Columbia blood agar then incubated in an anaerobic box (Coy Chamber, USA) under an N 2 /H 2 (98/2 v/v) atmosphere at 30°C ± 2°C. The strains were kept in a mixture of mixture glycerol/ growth medium (15/85 v/v) at -80° C. After 4 d of incubation, small translucent colonies typical of the genus were visible (data not shown). After a 7-d incubation period, a subculture was performed on CBA for bacterial identification.
Acknowledgements The work presented in this document was carried out within the framework of the IMPLANT operation (Positive Medical Personalised innovANts implanTables) co-financed by the  European Union  through the  ERDF-ESF Operational "Programme Lorraine et Massif des Vosges 2014-2020 ". The authors are indebted to  Sinan Kamagate  (LCPME, UMR # 7564   CNRS ,  Université de Lorraine)  for its technical contributions and its immense contribution to bacteriology studies, to  Sébastien Crémel  ( LCPME ) for Raman spectroscopy and  Luc Marchal  ( Core Imaging, School of Medicine ) for SEM studies. The authors also thank  Lozniewski Alain  for its help in bacterilogy studies and  Bertrand H Rihn  for manuscript revision as well as the members of the microbiology team of the laboratory of physical chemistry and microbiology for the environment (LCPME).
Radicals formed during polymerization could be observed by Electron Spin Resonance (Spin Trapping) experiments using an X-band spectrometer (Bruker EMXplus), enabling to confirm the proposed chemical mechanisms. The solutions (dye/Iod or dye/EDB in tert-butylbenzene) were treated under a nitrogen saturated atmosphere at room temperature before irradiation. N-tert-Butyl-phenylnitrone (PBN) was used as the spin trap agent. ESR spectra simulations were carried out using PEST WINSIM software. 37, 38. Computational procedure Geometry optimizations were performed at the UB3LYP/6-31G* level. Geometries were frequency checked and the molecular orbitals (MOs) involved in these transitions were extracted. The triplet state energy levels were calculated at this DFT level. 45, 46   Results and Discussions.
Funding:  China Scholarship Council (CSC)  for  Ke Sun. The  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR agency ) is acknowledged for funding through the PhD grant of  Corentin Pigot  ( ANR-17-CE08-0010   DUALITY  project). Acknowledgments: This research project is supported by  China Scholarship Council (CSC)  (No. 201808440451 ). PX acknowledges funding from the  "Australian Research Council  ( FT170100301 )". This work was granted access to the  HPC resources of the Mesocentre of the University of Strasbourg.
Working outline and inclusion criteria This observational retrospective bibliometric analysis used search data collected from Google©, Wikipedia© and Twitter© users in the 28 EU countries between January 1 st , 2004 and September 30th, 2018. The data on press articles published and the bibliometric analysis of scientific articles during the same period were collected. The temporal association between these results and the introduction of public health programs in the EU over the same period was studied. On September 30, 2018, the countries included in this study had to be members of the EU, have an internet penetration rate (percentage of the population with internet access) of over 50%, have a Google© search engine usage rate of over 50% and participate in the MSC.
Identification of public health programs related to oral cancers in the EU The oral cancer risk factor prevention awareness campaigns of each EU country included were researched alongside public data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the EHNS. A search was carried out on the WHO website (http:// www. euro. who. int) in the 'health topics' category. The health programs of each EU country were then identified using the ' Alcohol Use' , 'Oral Health' , 'Tobacco' , 'Vaccines and Immunization' and 'Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer' pages.
a) Google Trends© Search terms based on these keywords were entered into Google Trends© in the official language(s) of each included country to generate data linked to interest shown during the time period and in the geographical area studied. The research was executed according to recommendations from Nuti et al. by entering each keyword as a 'search term' in the 'health' category  [12]. Google Trends data do not provide an absolute value for interest in each search term. However, they do provide an index (relative search volume -RSV-) that refers to the number of searches completed for each term compared to the total number of searches completed on Google. This reported volume is scaled so that the maximum value on a given Google Trends search is 100. Search terms that generated no data (RSV = 0) for a country were excluded from the analysis.
iii) Twitter© Public messages on Twitter© (tweets) about oral cancers between January 1, 2013 and September 30, 2018 were identified using a keyword search in the 24 official languages of the EU. The start date was chosen empirically by the authors, considering that before 2013, this social network was not as widely used in the EU as in the period of 2013-2018. A preliminary search that found more than 100,000 tweets about oral cancers during this period confirmed the choice. The keywords used were identical to those used for the collection of data on Google Trends© and Wikipedia. The number of users posting tweets and the number of reactions ('retweets' and 'likes') were recorded.
Graphical and statistical methods of analysis Using the data generated by Google Trends©, Wikipedia, Twitter and Europresse©, descriptive statistics and scatterplots were created for each search term with adjusted polynomial trendlines  [12, [19] [20] [21]. Linear regression demonstrated the evolutionary trend of the bibliometric analysis of scientific articles. To observe the relationship between 1 (searches carried out on Google©, Wikipedia, Twitter, Europresse) and 2 (the introduction of health care programs), the student's t test was implemented. Thus, one could compare the data linked to interest before and after the introduction of a health care program and assess the significance of its variations. Therefore, because the significance threshold is not impacted by a possible cumulative effect of the measurements over time, a Bonferroni correction was applied for each data collection.
02) did not significantly increase the search volume in these countries due to the potential cumulative effect of the introduction of health warnings on cigarette packs ahead of these campaigns (significance level with Bonferroni correction p = 0. 0008). In contrast, the data obtained for Wikipedia searches showed a significant decrease in the number of average monthly visits after the enforcement of directive 2014/40/EU on the French (P < 0. 001) and Portuguese (P < 0. 001) pages. There was no significant temporal association between MSCs and the number of Wikipedia page visits concerning oral cancers. On Twitter, the number of tweets increased significantly in April (P < 0. 001), as shown in the regular peaks seen in Fig. 5. There was no change during the MSC (P = 0. 13). The study of the temporal association between the introduction of public health care programs and the publication of articles in the press showed a significant increase in the number of publications about oral cancers during each awareness campaign.
Several peaks of interest common to several databases were observed in September, 2010, January and October, 2016, March, 2017 and January, 2018. The analysis of the relationship between the ANOVA results and the calculation of the Spearman correlation (Table  3 ) showed that associations and correlations existed between our results. There was no relationship between articles in the press and the number of Wikipedia page visits. Apart from this finding, the other results were positively associated. That is, the analyzed variables increased with one another. A weak correlation was found between the publication of articles in the press about oral cancers and (1) the interest shown in them on Google© (0. 11; P < 0. 001) and (2) the publication of scientific articles (0. 12; p < 0. 001). We observed a weak correlation between the publication of scientific articles and interest shown in oral cancers on Google© (0.
The influence of the names of prevention campaigns The Wikipedia and Twitter© search tools include data from the United States in their English language search results since the algorithm does not allow for messages to be isolated or for searches by geographical area. The United States organized an awareness campaign that appeared to generate an upturn in online interest. Oral cancers are clearly identified in the name of the campaign, such as those organized in Ireland and the United Kingdom, but in a way unlike the MSC. A peak in interest in English databases in January, 2018, after the launch of the American screening campaign called, "Check Your Mouth ™ ", confirms this assessment. Figures  2  and 3  show a downward trend. This is the linear trend of the curve constructed from the monthly absolute values from Wikipedia and Twitter.