dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The subjects wore the MVN Biomech straps full body which also included a wireless data link. The sampling frequency was equal to 100 Hz. Kinetic analysis was performed with the software provided by MVN Biomech software. The global subject's centre of mass of each measurement was extracted directly from the MVN Biomech software. The optoelectronic system (Vicon) consisted of eight infrared MX camcorders. A dynamic and static calibration around the area was done. Root mean square (RMS) and maximal error of three dimensional reconstructions  [16]  were respectively equal to 0. 07 mm and 0. 5 mm. The sampling frequency of the Vicon system was 100 Hz. For this experiment, 38 reflective markers were attached on the subject. According to information provided from Xsens, the global subject's centre of mass of each measurement was computed according to De Leva  [15]  anthropometric model associated with the kinematic data of the vicon system in order to perform a centre of mass as close as possible with that provided by the MVN Biomech software.
Centre of mass data of both systems were synchronized when the subject left the ground during the vertical jump at the end of the 30 seconds of quiet standing. Each component (X, Y, Z) of the reference frame of both devices was synchronized at the beginning of recording. The validation procedure consisted in comparing the centre of mass position computed by the MVN Biomech system versus optoelectronic system (Vicon). Paired t-test was used to compare the significant difference between the centre of mass data measured by both system. The normality of the data was tested using asymmetry and kurtosis coefficients. Correlation coefficient (r) was used to estimate the relationship between the centre of mass data measured by both system. Paired t-test and root mean square (RMS) were used to define the difference and accuracy between the centre of mass variables of both devices.
Discussion This study compared the centre of mass position computed with MVN Biomech and Vicon systems and showed that data presented similar patterns. The result of the MVN Biomech system appeared accurate comparing to the optoelectronic system with mean difference lower than 6 mm on each component axis. However, these differences stay significant according to the paired t-test. The small significant differences could be explained by i) the relative motion of the respective sensors and markers of both systems on the soft tissues of the subject, ii) the low perturbation of the magnetic field that could involve perturbations that progressively create drift on the centre of mass computation during the computation process of the centre of mass provided by MVN Biomech system. The correlation and RMS results showed significant and high relationships between the measurements in each component of the mean centre of mass position computed with both systems.
Second, clinicians may use the graphical representation of ACM-v1 as a case management tool to ensure that all relevant medical and behavioral support has been taken into account when providing care and interpreting treatment outcomes (eg, ascertain to what extent poor outcomes may be due to treatment decisions or patient behaviors). Moreover, it represents a framework in which communication tools for guideline implementation can be developed, and updates of asthma management guidelines can structure practicebased and research input and formulate recommendations and research needs. These practical applications await further testing. The current ACM version is limited by the contextual constraints of its development-for use within the ASTRO-LAB study and predefined timelines-and by the availability of empirical data on specific components.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Community 's 7th Framework ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement no. 282593. Conflicts of interest:  A. L. Dima  has received research support from the  European Commission  (7th Framework [FP7/2007-2013] under grant agreement no. 282593 ) and  Respiratory Effectiveness Group ; and has received travel support from the  Respiratory Effectiveness Group. E. van Ganse has received research support from the  European Commission  (7th Framework [FP7/2007-2013] under grant agreement no. 282593 ),  Merck ,  GlaxoSmithKline ,  ALK-Abelló, Bristol-Myers Squibb , and Bayer; is on the  Pfizer  Board; has received consultancy fees from Steve Data/PELyon; has received lecture fees from  Bristol-Myers Squibb ; has stock/stock options in PELyon; and has received travel support from  Novartis ,  AstraZeneca , and  Boehringer Ingelheim.
In total, we received 255 usable responses from 126 firms in the two surveys. Table  1  shows the demographics of the survey sample by respondents and firms. All of the 255 managers responding via the survey had senior product development or quality management roles. The companies' sales revenues for the target period ranged from $5 million to $5. 9 billion, totaling up to $11 billion, or 43% of global sales in the industry in 2008. Among these firms, 36 were fully owned foreign firms from the United States, Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, and 90 firms were either local Chinese firms or joint ventures. As China has a 70% share of the worldwide toy trade (TJPA website), the return rates between China-based and international firms are comparable. To ensure the comparability of the survey data used in this analysis, several preliminary tests of significance were carried out using MANOVA with the five constructs (MCS, PSC, CE, DFS and PSP) as dependent variables and respondent manager type, firm size, country, and survey time as categorical independent variables.
Based on the pilot data and suggestions from experts in the industry, some items were removed from the initial survey. The data collected are self-reported and represent the managers' perceptions within their product category or business unit. Respondents were required to rate the predictor variables on a five-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = to a great extent) and dependent variables (product safety performance) between 1 and 10 (where 1 = strongly dissatisfied, 6 = acceptable, 10 = strongly satisfied). When the measures of predictors and criteria variables are rated by the same respondent, common method bias might exist. To address this problem, we followed recommendations by  Podsakoff et al. (2003) : 1) Application of all procedural remedies for questionnaire design; 2) Separation of criterion and predictor variables proximally and psychologically, with criterion and predictor variables on different pages; 3) Response anonymity and confidentiality were guaranteed during the survey; 4) Different scaling formats for the independent variables and dependent variables in the survey.
Model analysis We applied a two-step approach to formulate and test the model  (Hair et al. , 2010; Koufteros & Marcoulides, 2006) , meaning that the measurement model is tested prior to the testing of the structural model to avoid possible interactions between measurement and structural models. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on the entire set of items simultaneously  (Anderson et al. , 1987). SPSS 18 and AMOS 18 were used for data analysis. The initial measurement model with the instrument of 30 items indicated an inadequate model fit. Model fit was improved for the measurement model through iteration of standard CFA refinement procedures  (Hair et al. , 2010). A good model fit was achieved after reducing the scale items from 30 to 26 in the five constructs (see Table  2 ).
Structural model and hypothesis testing As the measurement model showed a good model fit with construct validity and reliability, we proceeded to test the hypotheses with path estimates and t-values. The model fit indices (CMIN/DF, CFI, IFI, TLI, and RMSEA) were calculated and evaluated. As the model fits the data adequately, the t-values of the structural coefficients were used to test the hypotheses. The outputs of the standardized regression weights from the SEM analysis are presented in Figure  2. A significance level of 0. 05 was used to test the hypotheses. The main advantage of SEM analysis over conventional regression is its ability to decompose the observed empirical correlation or covariance between any two variables into three components: direct, indirect, and unexplained effects  (Land, 1969).
Study population EPIC is an on-going multicentre prospective cohort study that recruited approximately 520,000 participants in 10 European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) from 1992 to 2000. Approximately 70 % were women and most were aged between 35 and 70 years at baseline. A detailed description of the methods employed has previously been described  [33, 34]. Blood samples were collected at baseline according to standardised procedures, and written informed consent for the baseline data collection and follow-up for vital status was provided by all study participants. For this analysis we excluded participants who were ≥ 75 or < 40 years old when recruited (n = 62,775); participants with missing questionnaire information (n = 30,048) or blood pressure measurements (n = 161,693); and participants with missing follow-up information (n = 1908).
1, 0. 5, or 1. 0 cm. Waist circumference was measured either at the smallest torso circumference or at the midpoint between the lower ribs and iliac crest. Hip circumference was measured horizontally at the level of the largest lateral extension of the hips or over the buttocks. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure was measured on the right arms of participants while in sitting positions by trained personnel at baseline. Two separate readings were performed for each participant using a standard mercury manometer or oscillometric device, except in Denmark and Sweden, where one single measurement was taken in the supine position. To avoid any possible "white-coat" effect, if available, the second reading was used. Finally, the EPIC Biomarkers sub-cohort of 16,775 randomly-selected participants (10,524 with complete risk factor data for the present analysis) was used to measure levels of circulating cholesterol (TC:HDL ratio) and HbA1c as a marker of average plasma glucose concentration.
Within these models we employed restricted cubic splines with three internal knots to model the baseline hazard using attained age as the time-scale. Separate models were fitted for men and women, as well as for both sexes combined. All models included age at baseline, smoking status, dietary score, alcohol intake, physical activity, blood pressure, and either BMI or WHR. Finally, we considered models that also included the TC:HDL ratio or HbA1c in the subcohort which had these measures available. We present HRs and CIs for premature mortality estimated using models fit to follow-up data censored at 70 years of age. We investigated non-proportional hazards by fitting interactions between covariates and the time-scale (attained age), and the final models allowed the parameters for smoking status to vary over time.
Results Among the 264,906 EPIC participants (172,119 women and 92,787 men) with complete baseline and follow-up data who were included in this analysis, we identified 11,930 premature deaths (i. e. before the age of 70) during a median follow-up of 11. 5 years. These deaths were predominantly due to cancer (5907, 50 %) and circulatory diseases (2580, 22 %). Survival functions for men and women in our study sample are presented in Additional file 4: Figure  S1. Survival to age 70 was somewhat higher in EPIC (93 % for women and 86 % for men) than that expected based on the general European population (89 % for women and 80 % for men, calculated based on mortality rates from the EU15)  [2]. After accounting for sex and smoking status, the survival functions were similar across all countries, with the exception of Italy and France, which had higher survival in each of the sex/smoking strata (Additional file 5: Figure  S2 ).
Conclusions In summary, we used individual level data from a large European prospective cohort study to estimate the relative contributions of various factors to premature mortality both on the population level and the individual level. While smoking remains the predominant risk factor for premature mortality in Europe, poor diet, obesity, and hypertension also have a substantial additional effect. We also provided an estimate of the incidence of death prior to age 70 years that could be expected among an otherwise healthy non-smoking population (about 4 %). Our results indicate that it is of public health importance to persist and extend the fight against smoking as well as to promote healthy behaviour, including better diet, avoidance of overweight/obesity, physical activity, and blood pressure and blood lipid control with the aim of minimising premature mortality.
Financial support This work was supported by the  French Social Affairs & Health Ministry, Department of Health  ( Direction Générale de la Santé ). The work undertaken by  David C Muller  for this project was performed during the tenure of an  IARC-Australia fellowship  supported by  Cancer Council Australia. Elio Riboli  was supported by the  Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre  funded by the  National Institute of Health Research of UK. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the  European Commission (DG-SANCO)  and the  International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by  Danish Cancer Society (Denmark) ;  Ligue Contre le Cancer ,  Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale ,  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France) ;  Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) ; the  Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece) ;  Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy) ;  Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS) ,  Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR) ,  LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland) ,  World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) ,  Statistics Netherlands  (The Netherlands);  Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food , Nutrition and Health.
METHODS We analyzed trends in HIV prevalence in Burkina Faso over a 16-year period. Data came from national ANC surveillance surveys conducted between 1998 and 2014 as well as from national surveys conducted by the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program in 1998-99, 2003, and 2010. We also analyzed trends in reported sex behaviors from the DHS. The HIV serosurveillance system of pregnant women was established in Burkina Faso in 1997, initially with 3 urban sites. The system evolved over time, covering 5 urban sites in 1998 and 10 urban and rural sites in 2003 (6 in urban areas and 4 in rural areas). Since 2004, 13 sites have been included in the surveillance system (the same 10 sites from 2003 plus 3 additional sites, for a total of 7 in urban areas and 6 in rural areas). The progressive increase in sentinel sites was meant to provide a roughly representative picture of levels and trends in HIV prevalence throughout the country.
To avoid potential bias as a result of expanding ANC surveillance over time, only data from those urban sites that were consistently included in surveillance between 1998 and 2014 (i. e. , 5 urban sites) and the rural sites included between 2003 and 2014 (i. e. , 4 rural sites) were included in the analysis. Pregnant women presenting for the first time for their current pregnancy at the participating ANC sites during the survey period were enrolled in an anonymous unlinked HIV serosurvey. We also obtained data from the DHS on HIV prevalence and reported sexual behavior. As reported elsewhere, the DHS was designed to obtain national and regional estimates of HIV prevalence and associated sociodemographic and behavioral indicators among women and men. 6 riefly, the DHS surveys followed a 2-stage selection process, in which a random sample of clusters from the most recent national sample frame was first selected.
Trends in HIV Prevalence The number of pregnant women ages 15-49 years included in the ANC surveillance surveys varied from 2,010 in 1998 (from urban areas only) to 3,129 in 2014 (from urban and rural areas), with a maximum of 3,276 in 2008 (urban and rural). Between 1998 and 2003, HIV prevalence declined among 15-49-year-old pregnant women in urban areas (data not collected in rural areas) from 7. 1% to 3. 5%, a decline of 51% (Figure  1 ). While prevalence increased somewhat in urban areas between 2003 and 2006, from 3. 5% to 4. 0%, by 2007, prevalence had begun to decline again and continued to drop-to 2. 0% in 2014. HIV prevalence among pregnant women in rural areas followed similar trends, falling from 2. 0% in 2003 to 0. 5% in 2014 (Figure  1 ). Age-specific data were available between 2007 and 2014.
DISCUSSION We analyzed and assessed, for the first time, all data available on trends in HIV prevalence in Burkina Faso from the onset of the epidemic. These data provide a consistent picture of a decline in HIV prevalence among pregnant women ages 15-49 starting in 1998 and continuing up to 2003, from 7. 1% to 3. 5%, followed by further decline after 2007 to 2. 0% in 2014. National DHS data also indicate a reduction of HIV prevalence in the country. 7, 8  We also presented the first comparisons of data on trends in sexual behavior of comparable populations over time since the onset of the HIV epidemic. The percentage of never-married young women and men ages 15-24 who have never had sex increased substantially during precisely the same time period as when HIV prevalence dropped. Furthermore, the percentage of young individuals reporting having multiple partners decreased, particularly among males, while reported condom use at last sex with non-regular partners increased.
Limitations Although HIV decline in Burkina Faso was paralleled with safer sexual behaviors, these findings have limitations. Data collected on sexual behaviors over time may be subject to social desirability bias, as prevention programs can change the social norms regarding sexual behavior. 20 In addition, although the HIV prevalence data from the ANC surveillance surveys confirm the trends observed in the DHS data, pregnant women are not representative of the general population. In general, estimates based on pregnant women tend to overestimate HIV prevalence among all women at young ages, due to selection for sexual activity,  21  as we observed in the current study. The Burkina Faso DHS sample may also be biased due to differential non-response in the survey and/or exclusion of most-at-risk persons.
Direct Spatial Learning and Navigation Performance Within a two-step task including spatial learning of a route followed by a route wayfinding test, two main experimental conditions were manipulated: the Real-world Environment (RE) and Virtual-laboratory Environment (VE). The Real-world Environment consisted of a district near Bordeaux's hospital while the Virtual-laboratory environment was a replica of the real-environment (i. e. , the district near Bordeaux's hospital) (Figures  1, 2 ) created using the Virtools© software. Significant landmarks (signposts, signs, and urban furniture) were included in the VE. Subjects were placed at a distance of 2 from the screen to initiate a semi-immersion effect into the VE. This corresponded to an external 65 • horizontal point of view and a 50 • vertical point of view for the subjects.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Dr. V. Kashparov  for providing deposition fields from the  CEZ. The funding source of the  STRADI  project  (Source-Term Determination of Radionuclide Releases by Inverse Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling ) of the  Czech-Norwegian Research Programme  (project  ID :  7F14287 ), in the frame of which this work was carried out, is also acknowledged.
Module 3 (5-7 days) focused on writing a manuscript for scientific publication. [10]  Specific milestones needed to be achieved if participants were to proceed from one module to the next. A participant was judged to have successfully completed the course if s/he completed all milestones, including submission of a completed manuscript to a peer-reviewed journal within four weeks of completing Module 3. Milestone achievement was closely monitored by course coordinators. Successful course participants, who showed high motivation, active participation and quick learning skills as judged by senior facilitators at each course, were invited to participate in future courses as facilitators. A dedicated SORT IT facilitator inventory was used to compile data on the numbers of former participants who became facilitators on subsequent SORT IT courses.
Data collection and analysis Information on socio-demographic characteristics of participants, course outcomes, publication outputs and new facilitators were obtained from participant application forms and/or course files. EpiData software was used for data entry (version 3. 1 EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark) and STATA (Version 11, CDC, Atlanta) for analysis (S1 Variables, S1 Dataset). Maps were generated using the StatPlanet software, (http://www. statsilk. com/license) which is available free-of-charge for non-commercial use.
Analysis All focus group meetings were audio-and video-recorded and notes were taken by observers during meetings. Data saturation was reached after 5 focus group in each population (i. e. each of the 10 focus groups met once), therefore, no additional focus group had to be created. ALB transcribed the interviews verbatim and performed a thematic content analysis using the interview grid and NVIVO software (NVivo QSR International). The content analysis followed steps defined by Bardin  [10]. Vertical and transversal analyses of interviews were performed to categorize the whole verbatim transcripts into themes and subthemes. This type of analysis helps to highlight opinions of the majority of participants and select the most representative quotes. The word association task (i. e. the first three words cited by the participants at the mention of the word "stroke") was analyzed separately.
Data description This study uses data from the 2006 and 2008 VHLSS. Vietnam's General Statistics Office has conducted these surveys every two years since 2002, with technical support from The World Bank. However, only the 2006 VHLSS contains basic information on the smoking behavior of individuals aged 10 years and above, including whether they are current smokers or have quit smoking. Therefore, we use the 2006 VHLSS to examine the prevalence of smoking among individuals and the demographic characteristics of smokers. The 2006 VHLSS covers 9189 households and 39 071 individuals. The sample is representative at the national, urban/rural, and regional levels. It contains very detailed information on households with respect to basic demography, employment and labor force participation, education, health, income, expenditure, housing, fixed assets and durable goods, participation of households in poverty alleviation programs, etc.
It also comprised a nonrespondent telephone survey to assess nonresponse bias. The aim of this paper was to describe and evaluate the methodological innovations of EOLF and to assess their impact on data collection quality. It describes response rates, representativeness of the sample, motives for nonresponse, and differences resulting from the data collection modes. Regarding the mixed-mode methodology, we assessed whether the choice of Internet over paper questionnaires was linked to the characteristics of the participating physician or of the deceased person, and whether this choice had an impact on the reporting of end-of-life medical decisions.