dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Analysis was done using ImageJ software and appropriate JACoP plugin. [59] gure  15. Emission spectrum of singlet oxygen generated from sensitization of a perinaphthenone standard (black) vs. that generated by sensitization by compound 3M (red) excited at 426 nm in MeCN. near unity in CH 2 Cl 2 and 0. 93 in MeCN. The neutral compounds (1 and 3) show higher quantum yields than their respective dications. The very low QY (0. 03) of 2 is most likely due to vibrational relaxation modes involving the central fluorinated moiety. With stronger acceptors, 3M showed larger two photon absorption (2PA) cross-section than 3. The 2PA properties of 3M are quite similar to other topologically similar substituted 9,10dialkynylanthracene chromophores, for example, triarylamine or dialkylaminophenyl, which represent the popular donor-acceptor-donor motif.
13 C { 1 H} NMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 150. 2, 132. 4, 131. 4, 127. 6, 127. 2, 125. 6,  118. 4, 99. 9, 90. 8 Single crystal X-ray diffraction: Single crystals, suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis, were selected, coated in perfluoropolyether oil under a polarised microscope, and mounted on MiTeGen sample holders. The mounted crystals were cooled by a stream of cold nitrogen using Oxford Cryostreams or Bruker Kryoflex II lowtemperature devices. Diffraction data were collected at 100 K on a Bruker X8-Apex II 4-circle diffractometer with a CCD area detector using Mo-Kα radiation monochromated by graphite or multi-layer focusing mirrors. The corrections for the Lorentz-polarisation and absorption effects were applied on the frames by the Bruker software packages. The structures were solved using the intrinsic phasing method (SHELXT).
[61] All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, with hydrogen atoms 'riding' in idealised positions, by full-matrix least squares against F 2 on all data, using SHELXL  [61]  software and the Shelxle graphical user interface. [61] Structural information was extracted and graphics were produced using Mercury software. [62] Crystal data and experimental details are listed in Table  S1  in the Supporting Information. General photophysical measurements: All measurements were performed in standard quartz cuvettes (1 cm × 1 cm cross-section) fitted with screw caps. UV-visible absorption spectra were recorded using an Agilent 8453 diode array UV-visible spectrophotometer. The emission spectra were recorded using an Edinburgh Instruments FLS920 spectrometer equipped with a cooled red PMT detector from Hamamatsu (R13456-P), or red-sensitive photomultiplier (PMT-R928P), and a near-IR PMT as detectors, and with double monochromators, operating in right-angle geometry mode.
A 5000 kHz (every 200 ns) pulse was generated. The time range was set to 100 ns, and 1024 channels were used. Instrument response functions (IRFs) were measured from the scatter of an aqueous suspension of Ludox at the same excitation wavelength. A reconvolution-fit was performed using F900 version 7. 2. 1 software. The quality of the decay fits was assessed by the calculated values of the reduced χ 2 and Durbin-Watson parameters, and visual inspection of the weighted and autocorrelated residuals. Two-photon induced fluorescence spectroscopy: The 2PA crosssections of 3 and 3M were determined by the two-photon induced fluorescence technique (2PIF), based on measurements of the sample with respect to a reference compound with a well characterized 2PA cross-section and spectrum. A Solstice amplified Ti:sapphire laser from Newport Spectra-Physics operating at 1 kHz repetition rate, delivering 100 fs pulses at 800 nm was used.
After incubation, the medium was replaced with 500 μL of fresh medium and 500 μL of 50 nM LysoTracker Deep Red solution (Invitrogen, Molecular Probes) or 100 nM Mito-Tracker (Invitrogen, Molecular Probes) was added to the cells. The cells were incubated for 30 min with LysoTracker or 20 min with MitoTracker (37 °C, 5 % CO 2 ), allowing the dye to enter the cells. After incubation, the medium was replaced with 500 μL of fresh medium. Co-localization of the compounds (λ ex = 457 nm, λ em = 500-600 nm) and lysosomes or mitochondria, respectively (λ ex = 644 nm, λ em = 665 nm) was visualized using Leica SP8 X confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems). Images were processed with the Leica Application Suite X (LAS X, Leica) software platform. Co-localization was assessed by the Pearson's coefficient.
Analysis was done using ImageJ software and the appropriate JACoP plugin. [59] rystal structures: Deposition Numbers 2080718 (for 1M), 2080719 (for 2M), 2080720 (for 3M), and 2080721 (for 3M') contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data are provided free of charge by the joint Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre and Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe Access Structures service.
Acknowledgements G. K. K. thanks the  Alexander von Humboldt Foundation  for a postdoctoral fellowship. T. B. M. thanks the  Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg  for financial support. I. P. thanks the  Croatian Science Foundation  (project  IP-2018-01-5475 ) for financial support, and the  French GENCI  ( Grand Equipment National de Calcul Intensif ) is acknowledged for HCP allocation to A. B. and J. -F. H. (Grant  2021-080649 ). Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
If genomic differentiation between sfC and sfR is not supported from populations from diverse geographic locations, the observed genomic differentiation from populations in Mississippi  [3]  should not be considered in the context of speciation because this differentiation might concern only specific geographic populations, rather than a general evolutionary trend in FAW. We re-used the dataset generated by Schlum et al. to test if population structure according to host plant strains is supported in FAW using different bioinformatics pipelines. First, we used the same methods as Schlum et al. to test if the same trend can be reproduced by performing variant calling for each individual and by merging the resulting files into one. Since they used BBDUK  [22] , Bwa  [23] , Bcftools mpileup  [24] , and ref ver3.
1  [25]  for read-filtering, mapping, and variant calling, respectively, we denoted this bioinformatics pipeline BBB3-indi. Second, we used slightly different methods by performing variant calling simultaneously across all individuals. This bioinformatics pipeline is BBB3-all here. Third, we used very different bioinformatics pipelines including read-filtering (AdapterRemoval  [26] ), mapping software (Bowtie2  [23] ), variant calling software (GATK HaplotypeCaller  [27] ), and a reference genome assembly (ver7  [28] ). This bioinformatics pipeline was denoted AOG7. Then, we performed population genetics analyses to test whether genetic differentiation between sfC and sfR is supported.
[21]  is valid anymore. We tested genetic differentiation between sfC and sfR. Pairwise Weir and Cockerham's F ST  [29]  was 0. 067 between sfC and sfR from BBB3-indi. No random grouping out of 200 replications has higher F ST than 0. 067, suggesting statistically significant genetic differentiation between sfC and sfR (p-value < 0. 005). Statistical genetic differentiation between sfC and sfR was also observed from BBB3-all (0. 062, p-value < 0. 005) and AOG7 (0. 079, p-value < 0. 005), again showing that this trend is robust against used methods. Then, we tested if GD is supported by F ST calculation in 200 kb windows. If > 90% of 200 kb windows have F ST > 0, we considered that the dataset has GD, as we defined in our previous study  [3]. We did not use BBB3indi or BBB3-all, because the used reference genome assembly is highly fragmented (N50 = 52.
01). This result suggests that the allele frequencies on the Z chromosome were predominantly affected by genetic differentiation between sfC and sfR, this differentiation had a minor effect on the autosomal allele frequencies. The resequencing data generated by Schlum et al. [21]  is very interesting in that this dataset includes information showing that 19 individuals are resistant and three individuals are susceptible to Cry1F, a type of insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin. Five causal Cry1F resistance mutations at ABCC2 gene have been reported, including GC bi-nucleotide insertion from a population in Puerto Rico  [33, 34]  and a 12 bp insertion from another Brazilian population  [35] , as well as GY deletion, P799K/R substitution, and G1088D substitution in protein sequences from a Brazilian population  [36].
The resulting bcf files were merged into one vcf file using vcftools v0. 1. 15 [38]. If an SNP has a minor allele frequency lower than 0. 05 or the proportion of genotyped individuals is less than 50%, the SNP was discarded using vcftools v0. 1. 15. Lastly, only biallelic SNPs were retained using plink2  [39]. This resequencing data was denoted 'BBB3-indi'. Next, variant calling was performed from all bam files simultaneously using mpileup at bcftools v1. 9  [24]. Then, we discarded SNPs if the minor allele frequency is lower than 0. 05 or if the proportion of genotyped individuals is lower than 50%. This resequencing data is denoted 'BBB3-all'. To generate the third resequencing dataset, adapters and low-quality base pairs were removed from the raw reads using AdapterRemoval v2. 1. 7  [26].
Reads were mapped against the ver7 reference genome  [28]  withvery-sensitive-local preset using bowtie2 v2. 3. 4. 1  [40]. Variant calling was performed using GATK v4. 1. 2. 0 HaplotypeCaller  [27]. An SNP was discarded if the QD score was lower than 2. 0, the FS score was higher than 60. 0, the MQ score was lower than 40. 0, if the MQRankSum score was lower than -12. 5, or the Read-PosRankSum score was lower than -8. 0. In addition, if a proportion of genotyped individuals was lower than 80% or if minor allele frequency was lower than 0. 01, the SNP was discarded using vcftools v0. 1. 15 [38]. The resulting resequencing dataset was denoted AOG7. The information of identified strain was obtained from Additional file 2: Table  S1  at Schlum et al. [21]. Here, a single position at TPI exon 4 was used as a marker  [41].
Pairwise Weir and Cockerham's F ST  [29]  was calculated using VCFtools v0. 1. 15 [38]  for each resequencing dataset. PCA was performed using plink2  [39]. We used sNMF v1. 2  [42]  for ancestry coefficient analysis. Loci under selective sweep were identified using SweeD v3. 2. 1  [30]. The number of grids was 1,000 per chromosome.
This dataset allows exploring the crust evolution from the late-Eocene to the Quaternary. Data processed and interpreted in the related article published in Tectonics  (Gérard et al. , 2021)  are stored in PANGAEA repository (108 AHe single-grain ages and 27 AFT ages). We furthermore present in this article 12 extra single-grain AHe ages obtained after the related article publication. We also present the details of fission-track length measurements published in the related article. Thermochronological ages could be reused for testing He diffusion or fission track annealing processes or investigating the broader tectonic/geodynamic evolution of the Andes.
Type of data 4 Tablesthis article 1 Figurethis article 3 Tables (metadata, AHe data, AFT datafrom the related research article) stored in the PANGAEA repository  [1]  How the data were acquired Rock samples were collected during a field trip in the Abancay region (Peru) in 2017. For each sample, 5 -10 kg of rocks were collected from magmatic lithologies. Apatite (U-Th)/He ages were obtained via mass spectrometry  [2, 3]. Apatite fission-track ages were obtained using the external detection method (optical microscopy at 1250 x magnification) and calculated with the BINOMFIT program  [4].
Description of data collection Apatites were concentrated according to standard crushing, sieving, electromagnetic and heavy liquid mineral separation techniques. AHe and AFT dating protocols were performed under standard laboratory conditions. (U-Th)/He ages were obtained after He, U, Th, Sm and Ca content measurements for each single-crystal. 4 He content was determined after single-crystal degassing under vacuum and analyzed by quadrupole mass spectrometry using a calibrated 3 He spike content. U, Th, Sm and Ca contents were obtained after acid digestion and mass spectrometry analysis with the use of spikes.
Data accessibility With the article (Tables  1, 2 , 3 & 4) and online at PANGAEA  [1]  Repository name: PANGAEA  These thermochronological data allowed us to propose a new view/model of the Abancay Deflection tectonics as a proto-syntaxis rather than a simple fold-and-thrust system  [5].  AFT data can be used for testing or validation of fission-track annealing models  [10].
Data description The data files processed in the related research article are available at PANGAEA  [1]. All data files can be downloaded in html or Excel format (tables). All variables displayed are clearly specified in the tables. The metadata file contains the sample name, the sampling date, the geological unit sampled, its precise location and elevation information: https://doi. org/10. 1594/PANGAEA. 929199. The AHe data (https://doi. org/10. 1594/PANGAEA. 929196) and AFT data (https://doi. org/10. 1594/PANGAEA. 929194) tables contain all necessary data and information for their respective analytical protocol. We also present in this article 12 extra single-crystal AHe ages from 3 samples (AB-17-06, AB-17-15 and AB-17-24). Details regarding the sample locations and lithologies are presented in Table  1.
We applied these methods to extract the thermal evolution of the upper crust in the Abancay Deflection at the northern edge of the Altiplano (southern Peru). Thermochronological data presented in this study were derived from the analysis of magmatic apatites. We collected samples of igneous rocks (Granite, Monzonite, Diorite, Gabbro, Orthogneiss) across the Abancay Deflection in order to have optimal thermochronological data coverage with the aim of carrying out thermokinematic numerical modelling of the upper crust in this uninvestigated remote part of the Peruvian Andes. The Abancay Deflection is located at the northern edge of the Peruvian Altiplano. Its hinge-like morphology is emphasized by the deflection of its fault patterns, its internal cordilleras and its captured hydrographic networks from the overall elongation axis of the Andes (deflection > 45°).
We determined the individual grain geometry (to compute the sphere equivalent radius of hexagonal crystal (R s )) and calculated the -ejection correction factor using the Qt_FT program  [13] [14]  [15]  (based on Monte Carlo simulation). The -ejection correction factor was computed from the crystal dimensions. This takes into account the loss of He atoms located beneath the grain boundaries. Small crystals would consequently lose a larger proportion of He during ejection than large grains. We selected five replicates per sample for analysis. Some samples present less than five aliquots analysed because the number of suitable apatites for AHe dating was too low or because He content extracted from the mineral after analysis was too close from the blank to be reliable. After this first phase of identification, we encapsulated individual apatites in platinum tubes (Figure  1b ).
Finally, AHe ages were computed following the methodology detailed in  [3]. Durango apatite crystals were also analyzed over the same period to ensure the data quality. The 1 error on each AHe age amounts to 8%, reflecting the analytical error and the uncertainty on the ejection factor correction  [3]. Regarding the AFT dating, initial mounting and fission tracks revealing procedures were done at the GTC Laboratory (ISTerre, Grenoble, France). Almost 3200 apatites were mounted in epoxy resin in Teflon molds (Figure  1c ), polished, and etched for 20 s at 21°C using a 5. 5 M HNO 3 solution to reveal spontaneous fission tracks. Using the external detector method  [17] [18] [19] , all samples were irradiated together with Durango and Fish Canyon Tuff age standards and IRMM540R dosimeter glasses at the FRM II reactor (Munich, Germany).
Tracks were counted and horizontally confined track lengths were measured dry at 1,250X magnification under an Olympus BX51 optical microscope, using the FTStage 4. 04 program at ISTerre. Only TinT (Track in Track) were measured following recommendations from  [20]. We performed AFT central ages computation using the BINOMFIT program  [4]  according to the -calibration technique  [17, 19]. Measurement of five Durango and five Fish Canyon Tuff age standards allowed establishing a -value of 275 12 to be constrained for the operator B. Gérard. These thermochronological data were subsequently processed in thermo-kinematics model (PECUBE;  [8] ) after consideration regarding the geothermal gradient in order to test the upper crust evolution of the Abancay Deflection area. Indeed, PECUBE modelling allows quantification of thermal histories for rock particles at depth in exhumation or burial contexts.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), ISTerre , the  INSU (Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers) , and the  ANR-12-NS06-0005-01  project for the AHe analysis. We are grateful to the SERNANP, the  INGEMMET (Cusco-PATA  convenio  006-2016-Fondecyt ), and the  National Archaeological Park of Machu Picchu , for the provided facilities. We thank  P. H. Leloup  and  G. Mahéo  ( Géode laboratory, Lyon ) and the  GTC platform  ( F. Coeur  and  F. Sénebier ,  ISTerre, Grenoble ) for sample processing, as well as  M. Balvay ,  R. Pinna-Jamme , and  F. Haurine  for assistance during AFT and AHe dating. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for instructive feedback on this manuscript.
Explanation : The term "data" is mostly used in the recommendations/incentives to Open Science to designate all information leading to the production of scientific results. Research data has been defined by the OECD as factual records (numbers, texts, images and sounds), which are used as primary sources for scientific research and are generally recognized by the scientific community as necessary to validate research results. Aside from this definition, other terms are more commonly used within the research communities to describe the elements that are used to obtain research results. Thus, it is advised not to remain with the notion of "data", but to use more precise and specific terms to designate the different objects manipulated and produced in the course of research. Depending on the research community one is addressing, several expressions can be used: "databases", "datasets", "corpus", "archives", "sources", "materials", "measurements".
). An Open Science approach (cf. Figure  2 ) was also tested in order to make the collected information available (in compliance with the GDPR) to facilitate the progress of the research (sharing of intermediate syntheses) and the reproducibility of the quantitative results (scripts, making data available). 6 5 The results of the qualitative phases were obtained through grounded theory analysis. Quantitative results were obtained through univariate (flat and cross tabulation) and multivariate (MCA and HCPC) statistical analysis. For more information, see the methodological guide referenced in section 7. 2 (in French). 6 4.
Other terms are more inclusive to address the issue of research quality more broadly in different research communities. For example, the principle of "transparency" is to be used in a privileged way in multidisciplinary research contexts 11. The concept of "explicability" is used in the context of SSH work that requires the constitution of corpora or the construction of databases. On the other hand, the notion of "replicability" can be used preferentially in the framework of experimental research when it is a question of reproducing an experiment. This implies considering access to methodological protocols (not exclusively to data and source codes). Several comments also pointed out the importance of associating the ethical principles and values (integrity, honesty, etc. ) of research and its impacts (social, economic, technical, etc.
Key takeaway 15: Provide training in computational practices, but without wanting to turn all research actors into data scientists. Provide sufficient background to be able to exchange and understand the issues. Explanation: Graphical interfaces are essential in the data processing and analysis stages. They help to easily manipulate data, filter information, classify it, visualize it quickly and dynamically, and facilitate continuity between different actors with differentiated access layers. For teamwork, extractions of graphs or elements from a database facilitate exchanges and collective analysis. However, turnkey tools, also called "click and play", make the underlying algorithmic processing invisible. With the rise of data science platforms (AI-oriented statistical data science tools), a literacy in computational principles is necessary from the first cycles of higher education in order to cultivate a critical eye regarding these turnkey platforms.
Explanation: The requests for assistance formulated by the research communities consist first of all in requests for human and financial resources: creating or renewing permanent positions , financial assistance for access to databases, or for digitization. As far as data is concerned, the assistance requested concerns storage during data processing, archiving and availability. For the Social Sciences and Humanities, support for dissemination to the general public in the form of videos or blog posts is an important issue that is often not covered in research project budgets.
Be vigilant about mediation issues within research teams Key takeaway 19 : Pay attention to the necessary translation and mediation issues that arise when managing and making data available within research communities. This involves finding "common denominators" among tools and documentation that are being used, as well as data and protocol standardization processes. Explanation: For many, adapting to new data processing, analysis, and sharing practices is accompanied by new and/or complementary work processes and environments to be appropriated. This also reconfigures the working methods between different team members (IT departments, engineers, researchers, etc. ) with a set of possible frictions. The constitution of databases between different disciplinary or professional profiles as well as their availability in data warehouses (sharing or opening) crystallize tensions (constitution of vocabularies, reduction of the complexity of a study, recognition of the people who participated in the creation of the database, etc).
Tools used associated with the data • Majority use of spreadsheet software (Excel, Calc) (74. 5%). • More than 40% use solutions based on the use of programming languages (R, Python). • QGIS is one of the most frequently cited data analysis and visualization software (24%). • Integrated database software/platforms (18%) frequently cited are FileMaker, PostgreSQL, MySQL. • Data warehouse platforms were used by only 12% of respondents. • The most widely used operating system is Windows (62%) versus 26% for MacOS and 12% for Linux and other Unix.
In STS, several studies looked at the constitution of data/databases and frictionless processes related to it. Data are considered as a construct that is subject to different stages, exchanges, use of tools, processes, until the production of what is called "data" with the aim in particular of being shared, exchanged and having value as evidence. Other concepts at the heart of this study are, for example, those of data journeys, datafication or the "public of data"(Jaton and Vinck 2016; Gruson-Daniel and De Quatrebarbes 2019; Gitelman 2013; Bowker and Star 2000; Heaton  and Millerand 2013).