dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Quantum chemical calculations Density functional theory (DFT) was used to perform the quantum chemical calculations of the four major NE components (histamine, serotonin, quercetin, and kaempferol). All compounds were optimized using B3LYP linked at the 6-31 g (d, p) level of theory in liquid phase (water) using the conductor polarizable computational model (CPCM)  (Cossi et al. , 2003; Takano and Houk, 2005). Gaussian09 and its graphical interface GaussViewÒ software were used to calculate all quantum chemical parameters  (Dennington et al. , 2016; Frisch et al. , 2016). The theoretical parameters were obtained using the following equations  (Abdallah et al. , 2021)   (Chafiq et al. , 2020) : Energy gap : DE ¼ E LUMO À E HOMO ð5Þ Where: E LUMO and E HOMO , are the energies of the lowest empty molecular orbital and the highest occupied molecular orbital, respectively.
, 2020; Yeganeh et al. , 2020). The impedance data were analyzed using ZsimpWinÒ plot software and fitted by electrical circuit presented in Fig. 5. These equivalent circuits are extensively reported in the literature  (Sedik et al. , 2020; Danaee et al. , 2019; Khadraoui et al. , 2016). The elements related to this circuit consist of:(R e ) represents electrolyte resistance, (R ct ) represents charge transfer resistance, (CPE) represents constant phase element; the CPE was chosen to replace the pure capacitor because of the electrode surface's heterogeneities  (Rabizadeh and Asl, 2019). The inductance element is (L), while the inductive resistance is (R L ). The impedance parameters obtained by fitting electrochemical data using an appropriate equivalent circuit are shown in Table  2. Table  2  shows that the addition of the NE inhibitor leads to a significant improvement in charge transfer resistance (R ct ), indicating that the anticorrosive effectiveness is improved.
Acknowledgements ''The authors would like to thank the  Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University  for supporting this work by Grant Code:  22UQU4131201DSR01 " Fig. 19  Projected density of states of SERO, QUER, KAEM, and HIST at their (a)-(d) isolated, (a')-(d') parallel adsorption on Fe(1 1 0) surface, and (a")-(d") perpendicular  adsorption on Fe ( 1 1 0 ) surface.
The new Ti-based MOF (ICGM-1) was synthesized by the solvothermal reaction between amino-terephthalic acid, imidazole, and titanium isopropoxide in 2-propanol at 150 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis performed on the orange polycrystalline material revealed the formation of rod-shaped nanocrystals with crystallite sizes of ∼600 nm length and ∼100 nm width, which preclude their analysis by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (Figure  S1 ). Consequently, the structure of ICGM-1 was solved using powder X-ray diffraction data (PXRD, Figure  S3 ). The indexation of the ICGM-1 PXRD pattern was performed using the McMaille software, which revealed that ICGM-1 crystallizes in a hexagonal space group P6 3 /mmc (no. 194) with unit cell parameters of a = b = 14. 425(4) Å, c = 11. 835(7) Å.
These cell parameters were confirmed by the whole powder pattern fit using the Le Bail method with Fullprof software. The extracted diffraction peak intensities were used to solve the structure by direct space methods in a Monte Carlo process with the ESPOIR software, using one TiO 6 octahedron and one amino-terephthalic molecule. The final Rietveld refinement led to satisfactory results (Table  S1 , Supporting Information) and allowed the determination of the chemical formula as Ti 6 O 9 (C 8 H 5 NO 4 ) 3. In ICGM-1, each Ti 4+ is surrounded by four μ-O (3 μ3 and 1 μ2) and two oxygen atoms belonging to two crystallographically related amino-terephthalate ligands, giving rise to infinite rods that can be described alternatively as the vertex sharing of hexanuclear clusters (Ti 6 O 12 (CO 2 ) 6 ).
Before starting the experiment, all participants signed an informed consent document, which had received ethical approval from the national ethics committee in France (Ile de France X, N°ID RCB 2019-A02293-54) and registered as clinical trial (clinicaltrials. gov: NCT04183348). The present work focuses on the data collected in the context of a broader sound localization training protocol during the pretraining session only (full results are published in  Valzolgher, Todeschini et al. , 2022; Valzolgher, Gatel, et al. , 2022; Valzolgher, Bouzaid, et al. , 2023; and Alzaher et al. , 2023, for NH, bCI, uCI, and uHL participants, respectively). Although the sample size was determined by the research question of the training studies, it is noteworthy that the sample size in each of the groups matches the numerosity of a previous study that investigated a similar experimental question  (Pavani et al.
For the localization task, 0. 34% of trials were lost due to lack of data tracking or subject error in the procedure. Analyses were conducted using linear mixed-effect modeling (LME), except for accuracy data for which a binomial generalized linear mixed-effect model (GLME) was adopted. All models were run using R (version 1. 4. 1106), employing the R-packages emmean, lme4, lmerTest, car, in R Studio  (Bates et al. , 2014; Fox & Weisberg, 2021). Throughout the Results section, we report the value of Chi-Square obtained by the deviance table extracted using the R function ANOVA (package car) and the post-hoc comparisons obtained using the R function emmeans (package emmean) which included Tukey correction by default. When variables were calculated by collapsing the trials (i. e. , variable error), we instead adopted non-parametric comparisons between groups, such as the Kruskal-Wallis test or Wilcox Test, with Dunn post-hoc test corrected with Holm.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to all participants; we thank  Laura Ratenet  and  Julie Gatel  for their help in coordinating recruiting of CI users, as well as the engineers of  Neuro-immersion in Lyon  for having developed the software for sound localization in VR. We also thank  Giordana Torresani  for graphical support (Figure 1A) and  Ben Timberlake  for English revisions.
Funding The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: C. V. was supported by a grant of the  Università Italo-Francese/Université Franco-Italienne , the  Zegna Founder 's Scholarship, and  Associazione Amici di Claudio Demattè. F. P. , A. F. , P. B. , and V. G. were supported by a grant of the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  [ ANR-16-CE17-0016 ,  VIRTUALHEARING3D, France ], by a prize of the  Foundation Medisite (France) , by the  Neurodis Foundation (France)  and by a grant from the  Italian Ministry for Research and University [MUR ,  PRIN 20177894ZH ]. The study was supported by a grant of the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche [IHU CeSaMe   ANR-10-UBHU-0003  and  ANR 2019CE37 Blind  Touch]. A. C. was supported by a grant of the  Hospices Civils de Lyon.
Ethics statement All experiments were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the local ethical committee (Comited'ethique en sciences comportementales (ref. : 2021-467-S90). Testing was done online via an application hosted on Pavlovia servers (http://pavlovia. org) allowing data to be secured and anonymized  [44]. Participants gave their informed consent by clicking on a pre-specified button on the screen with the information letter. Minors were tested following caregivers consent and the minor's independent decision to participate.
The 'attack option shows the robot broken (scrambled elements) in the center of the semi-circle and the acting individual puts its fist on it. The four response options were displayed four seconds after the end of the video-clip to assure that participants focused their attention on the human-robot interaction before responding. The experiment was preceded by four training trials and took less than 30 min. Thirty-five participants (19 females, 11 males, 1 other; mean age = 24. 7 years; range: 20-35 years) were recruited via the Prolific website (https://www. prolific. co). Data of four participants had to be discarded because of technical problems or because they did not finish the experiment, leaving a total of 31 participants. The same participants also rated the simulatability of the robots function (see below).
Linguistic materials Five experimental conditions were used for the stimulus type: (1) words (W) (e. g. , chaise chair ) taken from the French database Lexique 3  45  ; all the words were 5-to 6-letter monosyllabic concrete nouns (mean length of word stimuli = 5. 3, ± 0. 5) with a high frequency of occurence (M = 148. 1, SD = 110. 9). Orthographic (M = 4. 8, SD = 3. 8) and phonological (M = 10. 9, SD = 6. 6) neighbors, number of homographs (M = 1. 4, SD = 0. 6) and homophones (M = 3. 5, SD = 1. 9) were taken into account when selecting the words. (2) Pseudohomophones (PH; stimuli having a phonological but not an orthographic representation in French, or in other words, non-lexicalized stimuli in French but pronounced in the same way as French words; *chèse same pronunciation as "chaise" (chair) ); Pseudohomophones were created from the list of words by replacing one grapheme at a time with another grapheme corresponding to the same phoneme, by adding or eliminating a double consonant or a silent letter 46 ; (3) Pseudowords (PW; stimuli that are orthographically and phonologically plausible but having neither a phonological nor an orthographic representation in French.
Data analysis During performance of the phonological decision task by the participants, we measured the occurrence and the duration of single and double xations for each stimulus presented on the screen. In the case of double xations, we measured the occurrence and the duration of the rst and the second xation. The occurrence and the amplitude of the rst saccade were also measured. Eye movement analyses were performed using the Data Viewer software (SR Research Ltd. ). We analyzed eye movements solely during the period of stimulus appearance on the screen (maximum time 700 ms). We excluded from the data trials of incorrect responses, when xations and saccades fell outside the area of interest, and trials including blinks. Figures.
Structural connectivity data between the 90 AAL ROIs was obtained from 16 healthy subjects (5 female) using diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI), registered to the MNI space and parcellated according to the AAL atlas on the subject's native space. Then, for each subject the histogram of fiber directions at each voxel was obtained, yielding an estimate of the number of fibers passing trough each voxel. The weight of the connection between regions i and j was defined as the proportion of fibers passing through region i that reach region j, which (since the directionality of connections cannot be determined using dMRI) yields a symmetric 90 × 90 Structural Connectivity (SC) matrix. Finally, the SC matrix of each subject was thresholded, pruning any connection lower than 0. 1%, and SC matrices of all subjects were averaged to obtain a single SC matrix used in all simulations.
Acknowledgements A previous version of this article was published in Scientific Reports 55 but had to be retracted 56 due to a typo in the formula used to compute the differential entropy from Gamma distribution parameters. In this version the formula was corrected. R. H. was funded by  CONICYT  scholarship  CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2018-21180428. P. M. is funded by the  Wellcome Trust  (grant no. 210920/Z/18/Z ). F. R. is supported by the  Ad Astra Chandaria Foundation. R. C. was supported by the  Human Brain Project ,  H2020-945539. E. T. is funded by  ANID/FONDECYT Regular 1220995.
Stimuli Ten hand action verbs were selected for the experiment, half describing finger and wrist extension (e. g. , "I extend"), and half describing flexion of these joints (e. g. , "I squeeze"). These verbs always appeared in the first person present tense. Using the Lexique. org database  [77] , we controlled various psycholinguistic factors between the two sets of verbs (written frequency, number of characters, number of syllables and spelling neighbors; see supplementary section for details). The Trick trials (Control Imagery condition) consisted of five words that did not evoke movement (e. g. , "people"; see Supplementary section for details). In these Trick trials, what we called the "correct" response did not correspond to a correct identification of the subliminal word, but rather to the word that was similar to the imagination.
Data and statistical analysis We measured the percentage of correct responses at the forced choice subliminal task, i. e. when the participants selected the verb that was indeed subliminally presented. In Trick trials, although neither of the two choices had been presented, we considered a response "correct" when the action verb just imagined was selected (only non-related action verbs were presented). To eliminate imagery strategies, we excluded participants that nearly always (≥85%) selected the verb that matched the imagined action in Trick trials (not reflecting a possible effect of real verb perception). This resulted in the exclusion of 5 participants. Then, performance (% correct responses) for Congruent and Incongruent trials was normalized to Trick trials (Δ). Reaction times (RT) for the forced choice task reflected the time between the presentation of the two alternatives on the screen and the pedal press.
Experiment 2 3. 2. 1. Participants Twenty healthy right-handed individuals (9 women; mean age = 22. 57 years-old; range 18-28) participated in the experiment. Participants' handedness was assessed by the Edinburgh inventory  [76]. All subjects were French native speakers without neurological, physical and psychiatric pathology. Volunteers confirmed their participation with written consent at a medical visit before the TMS protocol. The local Ethics Committee approved experimental protocol and procedures in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (CPP SOOM III, ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT03334526).
Data and statistical analysis EMG data were extracted with Matlab (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) and we measured peak-to-peak MEP amplitude. Data falling 2. 5 SDs above or below the mean for each experimental condition and for each participant were removed before analysis (1. 63%). Then, the average MEP amplitude for each condition (Congruent, Incongruent and Control Imagery) was normalized in comparison to Rest condition (%). One participant was removed from the final analysis due to extreme values. To ensure that MEP amplitudes were not contaminated by muscular pre-activity, we compared with an ANOVA the EMGrms (100 ms window before the TMS artifact) between the experimental and Rest conditions (see Supplementary section). Statistics and data analyses were performed using the Statistica software (Stat Soft, France).
The study aimed at a sample size of a minimum of 100 participants per cohort which was obtained. Power analysis with alpha = 0. 05, power = 0. 8, showed that 34 participants were needed per cohort for a moderate to large effect size with 6 predictors in a regression analysis, which was obtained in this study. Of the 482 participants, 8 participants (5 from cohort 1 and 3 from cohort 2) were excluded prior to data analysis, due to not understanding the instructions because of language barriers. An information sheet and consent form were handed to the parents and children were asked orally whether they wanted to take part in the study. Children, parents, and schools had the option to opt out from the study at any time. Parents from participating children were asked to complete a questionnaire on their level of education (1: primary education completed, 2: secondary education completed, 3: university education completed, 4: PhD completed).
Returned responses showed that parent/guardian A had an average of 2. 77 and parent/guardian B had an average of 2. 73. The study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the Université de Paris Cité (Comité D'Etique de la Recherche U-Paris): 2020-10-KNOPS. This work was supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-18-CE28-0003). The anonymised data that support the findings of this study and the analysis script have been made available on OSF and can be accessed at https://osf. io/pe3uc/.
Non-symbolic magnitude comparison To measure ANS acuity, the Panamath Software by  Halberda et al. (2008)  was used. The perceptual controls chosen were the default settings which were adapted at the different age ranges (cohort 1: 3 years, cohort 2: 5 years, cohort 3: 7 years) by using the default settings for the respective age. This was necessary to avoid ceiling effects as the age differences between the cohorts were too big. In this task, two arrays of spatially separated red and blue dots were simultaneously presented on a laptop screen. Children were instructed to decide whether there were more red or blue dots. The dots were presented in a frame of their colour for 2533ms for cohort 1, 2128ms for cohort 2 and 1789ms for cohort 3, followed by the empty frames until the child gave a response by pressing a red-dot (the key 'f' on a Azerty keyboard) or a bluedot (the key 'j' on a Azerty keyboard).
The number of dots ranged from 5 to 21 dots and the ratios between the two quantities to be compared varied from 1. 2 to 1. 5 based on the default parameters of the Panamath software for the respective ages. Due to the longer display time and to limit the duration of the task, the number of trials was less in cohort 1. All participants had 2 practice trials and 56 experimental trials for cohort 1 and 72 experimental trials for cohort 2 and 3. In addition, cohort 1 children had 6 practice trials on paper to explain the instructions and to verify whether instructions and the meaning of 'more' were understood. Instructions were repeated when participants made at least one error. Half of the trials had a cumulative surface area that was congruent with the number of dots and half was incongruent.
Visuospatial short-term memory To assess visuospatial short-term working memory, a computerised version of the Corsi block tapping task was used on the experiment builder PEBL2  (Mueller & Piper, 2014) , a free psychology software for creating experiments. Nine blue squared appear on screen in a pseudorandom pattern. At a frequency of 1Hz, one of the squares changed colour to yellow until a button "ready" appears at the bottom. The child's task is to remember and reproduce the flashed sequence by touching the squares on the screen in the same order. The length of the flashed sequences increases in difficulty, starting with two flashed squares up to nine flashed squares. Every length is presented two times with a different order to the sequence and the experiment.
The number of congruent trials was twice the number of incongruent trials to create a prepotent response, which had to be inhibited in the incongruent trials. The presence of a congruency effect will be verified in the RT of the tasks before using the RT as measure. No accuracy data is available as the trial was ended when the cheese was pressed, hence resulting in 100% accuracy for all children. For cohorts 2 and 3, a child-friendly version of the Attentional Networking Task (ANT) was adapted to measure spatial attention  (Rueda et al. , 2004). Each trial started with a fixation cross in the middle of the screen with a random variable duration between 600ms and 1200ms. After this, an asterisk appeared in 2/3 of the trials above (1/3 of the trials) or below (1/3 of the trials) the fixation point for 100ms.
ANALYSIS PLAN The main analysis consisted of three mixed effect regression models, using the 'nlme' package in R (R Core Team, 2021; RStudio Team, 2020) to explore the variance in overall mathematics scores accounted for by each cognitive skill at different education levels (i. e. , per cohort). Per cohort, in the first step age, gender, and SES (i. e. , education level of parent A and education level of parent B separately) were entered as fixed predictors of overall maths scores, while school and year of testing were entered as random effect. Note that R-square per regression model will not be reported due to the complexity of the mixed-effect model including two random effect, because the random effect capturing variation at the group-level is not directly quantified by R-square and interpretations would be challenging or misleading  (Harrison et al.
To retain a maximum of the sample size and because the reason for missing values were judged to be missing at random, the missing values were imputed using the 'mice' package in R (v3. 13. 0; van Buuren & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, 2011) with 10 imputations following the rule of thumb that the number of imputations should be similar to the percentage of incomplete cases  (White, Royston, & Wood, 2011). Results from regression analyses were combined across the 10 imputed datasets and the combined results are presented. Outliers that were 2 SD from the task mean were explored but not deleted because they were judged as reflecting the true variability in classrooms.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is supported by a collaborative (PRC) grant of the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-18-CE28-0003 ) to  André Knops  in support of  Ilse Coolen  and  Sixtine Omont-Lescieux. The authors would like to thank all involved children, parents and teachers and all the interns and students who helped with data collection, as well as two anonymous reviewers for their excellent comments and suggestions.
Participants The sample size was calculated a priori based on procedures suggested by  Beck (2013)  and using the software G * power  (Faul et al. , 2007). Values were set at 0. 05 for α and 0. 80 for power. Based on the studies of  Henz and Schöllhorn (2019)  and discussions between the authors, the effect size was estimated to be 0. 5 (medium effect). The required sample size for this study was 22. Twentyfour healthy adults were recruited to voluntarily participate in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to either a control (i. e. , conventional meeting environment, CG) or experimental (Aeris R dynamic meeting-environment, DG) group with a 1:1 allocation as per a computer-generated randomization schedule stratified by sex and educational levels. After receiving a description of the protocol, potential risks and benefits of the study, participants gave their written consent to participate in this investigation.
, 2017). The measurements were carried out under laboratory conditions. Changes in brightness, volume, and temperature were standardized or kept to a minimum. By using a PRE-and POST-test design, it was possible to make statements about the short-and mid-term effects of using the Aeris R -meeting environment. Particularly, the data from the preand post-simulated 90-min meetings recorded during the first test session (PRE-test session) was used to determine the acute effects. While data from both PRE-and POST-test sessions (intercepted by the 2-week intervention period) was compared to determine the mid-term effects.
Mobile EEG headset Electroencephalogram can monitor subjects' cognitive states by directly capturing electrical brain activity. The emergence of low-cost and wireless EEG makes it affordable and easier to use. In the present study, the EEG data was recorded simultaneously from the three tested interlocutors using the wireless EEG headset Emotiv TM Epoc + (version 2020). Emotiv EPOC is a lightweight, low-cost, high-resolution, wireless, multi-channel headset that uses an array of 14 sensors to detect electrical signals generated by the brain  (Sánchez-Reolid et al. , 2018). This headset is composed of 14 saline electrodes organized according to the 10-20 system  (Jasper, 1958 ) (F3, F4, AF3, AF4, F7, F8, FC5, FC6, O1, O2, T7, T8, P7, P8) and 2 references on parietal sites (P3 and P4) (Figure  3 ).