dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Search strategy Five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL with full text, PsycINFO and Web of Science) were searched. The search strategy was based on four key elements: (a) sedentary behaviour and its synonyms (e. g. , sedentariness); (b) correlates or determinants and its synonyms (e. g. , correlates, factors); (c) types of sedentary behaviour (e. g. , TV viewing, gaming) and (d) possible correlates or determinants of sedentary behaviour (e. g. , environmental, behavioural and socio-demographic). Terms referring to these four elements were used as MESH-headings and title or abstract words in all databases. A complete list of the search terms is available in the additional materials section (Additional file 1: Table  S1 ). In addition to the above, the reference lists of all included articles were scanned for articles that met the inclusion criteria.
Data extraction An eight item standardised pre-piloted data extraction form was used to extract data from the included studies under the following headings: (i) general information; (ii) sample characteristics; (iii) study design; (iv) measurement of sedentary behaviour; (v) measures of factors that influence sedentary behaviour; (vi) statistical analyses; (vii) results reported and (viii) general conclusions. Additional file 1: Table  S2  (additional files) provides further detail.
Data synthesis A narrative synthesis of the findings of the review is provided structured around the ecological model of sedentary behaviour  [1]. A narrative synthesis was conducted because of the high levels of clinical, methodological and statistical heterogeneity, making data pooling inappropriate. Qualitative tables illustrate the main study characteristics and show the individual, social and environmental factors that have been investigated and their relationships to sedentary behaviour. Direction and strength of the association between these factors and the different categories of sedentary behaviour are summarised, as well as the gender categories under study. A thematic synthesis was used to summarise the qualitative studies and the findings are integrated with the quantitative findings using the parallel synthesis approach recommended for mixedmethods research synthesis  [21].
Results The process for undergoing the literature search and screening, including numbers of papers excluded and reasons for exclusion is illustrated in Fig. 1. In summary, the electronic search yielded 4584 records and a manual search of personal databases and recent publication reference lists yielded a further 40 records, resulting in a total of 4624 records. 583 duplicates were removed. Of the remaining 4041 records, 3967 were excluded throughout the screening process. Overall, 74 papers passed the eligibility criteria to be included in the review.
Acknowledgements "The preparation of this paper was supported by the  DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity (DEDIPAC)  knowledge hub. This work is supported by the  Joint Programming Initiative 'Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life'. The funding agencies supporting this work are (on alphabetical order of participating Member State): France:  Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) ,  Institut National de Prevention et d'Education pour la Sante (INPES) ; Ireland: The Health Research Board (HRB); The Netherlands: The  Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) ; The United Kingdom: The  Medical Research Council (MRC). "Additional support has been provided by  DEXLIFE  ( EU   FP7 Programme ) Grant agreement no:  27922.
The RepMut methodology is an intergroup relations analysis tool, in the form of a questionnaire in its data collection phase. It uses the various advances on the social categorization model, incorporating a part of the methodology of social representations  (Abric, 1984; Flament, 2001; Le Bouedec, 1984; Moscovici, 1984)  and the notion of co-construction produced from the social psychology of language  (Ghiglione, 1988; Ghiglione & Blanchet, 1991). A research assistant presented a RepMut questionnaire to each participant according to their appearance (junior or senior). They were asked to help with a class project at the university that sought to determine "in the context of an increasing retirement age, the representation of nurses' relationship in the medical field". Anonymity was guaranteed.
Data Collection Teachers participated to semi-structured interviews. These interviews lasted an hour and a half on average and tackled the following themes: the teachers' experience with TEL (Technology Enhanced Learning), the school's computer equipment, the teacher's representation of the VLE, needs related to the VLE, the VLE's usefulness, ease of use and intentions of use, difficulties of use, and the implications of the VLE for the teaching profession. Teachers could speak openly and were able to give their critical point of view on various uses, share their own representations of the tool, and give their opinion on functions that were being developed, such as the planner notebook, the digital parent-teacher notebook and the multimedia notebook. They were also welcome to recount difficulties linked to the use of the VLE, using Flanagan's critical incident technique  (Flanagan, 1954).
Funding The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Coopigen research project (funding by  INRA-Genomic Selection Metaprogram). This publication has been written with the support of the AgreenSkills fellowship program, which has received funding from the EU's Seventh Framework Program under grant agreement No. FP7-609398 (AgreenSkills+ contract).
Consequently, we adopted the following strategy: on the one hand, we instrument financial development with the Freedom House Political Rights Index, which is supposed to be strongly correlated with our indicators of financial development, but with no direct impact on the indicator of poverty (except indirectly through financial development). On the other hand, all control variables were instrumented using their one period-lagged value. In addition, our results could be polluted by the small sample problem, arising from the presence of a relatively reduced number of countries. To mitigate this problem, we use the Bias corrected LSDV dynamic panel data technique. This technique was found to often outperform other dynamic panel estimations, such as System-GMM, in terms of bias and roots mean square error (RMSE), especially when the number of cross-sectional units is small  (Bruno, 2005) , which is precisely the case of our analysis performed on the CFA Franc Zone countries.
Data Our main sample is composed of 13 CFA Franc Zone countries observed over the period 1981-2010 (see Appendix 1 in the Supplementary Material for the list of countries). This period was divided into 10 sub-periods of 3 years each to match the availability of data on income poverty; consequently, the indicators of poverty take their value of the considered period. The other variables are averaged over each sub-period, to smooth short-run variations. In the following we present our indicators of financial development and of poverty, and the main control variables. Our dependent variable, i. e. income poverty, is measured using the poverty headcount (H0), defined as the proportion of the population living below the poverty line (according to the World Bank, we consider a monthly poverty line of $ 1.
On the other hand, a higher instability of both bank deposit liabilities and private credit ratios does not significantly influence the growth rate of the poverty gap H1, as emphasized by regressions (  3 ) and (  4 ) in Table  4. This suggests that decreasing the volatility of the degree of financial development reduces the gap between the rich and the poor, while it has no significant on the inequalities between the poor population in the CFA Franc Zone countries in our sample. Finally, as a robustness check, we consider financial crises instead of financial instability. The financial crisis dummy equals 1 if the country is in crisis in a given sub-period, and 0 otherwise. Financial crises include banking, currency, and sovereign debt crises, and data come from the datasets of  Laeven & Valencia (2013)  and  Reinhart & Rogoff (2011).
We are indebted to the Editor ( Mark Taylor ), to two anonymous referees and to  Kangni Kpodar  for very helpful comments on a previous version. We thank the  FERDI (Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International)  and the  ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche ) for support through the  "Grand Emprunt " and the  LABEX IDGM+  ( ANR-10-LABX-14-01 ) mechanism. Usual disclaimers apply.
However, the document says nothing about the amount of data transferred, the risk focus of requested data in terms of geographical areas, the selection mechanisms for extracting data, let alone about the methods deployed to analyse SWIFT data and identify suspect leads. 4  The transatlantic dispute over the leaking of the technical modalities document is but one episode in a lengthy struggle over access to TFTP-related information, including access to public information about its oversight structures. In addition to the denial of access to European documents to the EU Ombudsperson mentioned in the introduction, there have been lengthy struggles by MEPs to be informed about the still secret identities of first the interim and later the permanent Washington-based EU-Overseer tasked with controlling TFTP-related searches within the US Treasury to assess whether they are in accordance with the Agreement.
Consequently, the continuing secrecy surrounding aspects of the TFTP prohibit an assessment of whether the protections as set out in the TFTP Treaty are being meaningfully implemented. As MEP Jan Albrecht put it during the LIBE Hearing, it is important to know whether Europol is 'rubber-stamping' US data requests, or whether real, meaningful scrutiny is taking place. 8 The TFTP Treaty entails potentially far-reaching stipulations concerning the limitation of data transfers, as well as citizen rights of access and rectification. In this context, the 4-page unclassified summary of the contested JSB report notes that 'the US must improve the information provided in the [SWIFT data] requests. Specific, relevant and up-to-date information particular to each request is key … This is particularly important considering the amount of non-suspects' data inevitably involved in such a program'  (JSB 2012, 3; emphasis added).
Acknowledgements Special thanks to  Deidre Curtin  for inspiring us to think more explicitly about secrecy in relation to the TFTP. Many thanks to  William Walters ,  Anna-Marie D'Aoust  and to participants in the ACCESS Europe research seminar for their helpful comments on this paper, especially  Ben Crum ,  Luc Fransen ,  Marijn Hoijtink ,  Daniel Muegge  and  Jonathan Zeitlin. Two  reviewers for Journal of European Integration offered valuable comments. Financial support is acknowledged from the  European Research Council (ERC) ,  CoG-682317.
The platform runs on mobile devices and allows the therapist to (1) characterize the child's initial difficulties/strengths, ensuring tailored and adapted intervention by choosing appropriate games and (2) investigate and track the temporal evolution of the child's progress through a set of automatically extracted quantitative performance metrics. The platform allows the therapist to change the game or its difficulty levels during the intervention depending on the child's progress. Performance of the platform was assessed in a 3-month open trial with 10 children with autism (Trial ID: NCT02560415, Clinicaltrials. gov). The children and the parents participated in 80% of the sessions both at home (77. 5%) and at the hospital (90%). All children went through all the games but, given the diversity of the games and the heterogeneity of children profiles and abilities, for a given game the number of sessions dedicated to the game varied and could be tailored through automatic scoring.
To do so, we used both objective data computed from the platform and clinical annotations produced by therapists during weekly sessions at hospital. (4) Finally, subjective views from users were also explored through a questionnaire. At the beginning of the study, a 3-month open trial was planned with 60 sessions (four sessions at home per week + one session at the hospital per week = five sessions per week × 12 weeks = 60 sessions). To assess in detail the usability of the gaming platform, we planned a systematic recording of the number of times each game was played in each session by each of the 10 children included in the 3-month study period. Details are shown individually in Table  3.
Software Design The game software has been developed in Microsoft Visual Studio 10 Platform in C# language. The platform has as many classes as the number of included mini-games; thus, creation of new games will not alter the existing ones. Real-time communication between two devices is performed through a multi-threading process that includes: (1) game flow thread in which all the game tasks are performed (including sending objects to the other user) and (  2 ) receiving thread in which the objects sent by the other user are received and fire the semaphore in the game flow thread. The two players are connected to a server, developed in C#, which acts as a bridge between them. In fact, the objects exchange occurs through a Socket connection based on a TCP/IP protocol that ensures that the information exchange will not be lost during the transmission.
AUthoR CoNtRIBUtIoNs VB created the entire gaming platform with help from WJ and SH. KM and MW first conceptualized the gaming platform and KM coordinated the work. AN made critical evaluations of the stimuli to be selected from ESDM protocol, recruited and evaluated the children in Pisa, and ran the open trial; A-LJ adapted ESDM stimuli in serious game stimuli; JX recruited the children in Paris; ET recruited and evaluated children in Paris and ran the open trial; MC, DC, and FM provided supervision and reviewed the paper. The MICHELANGELO study group contributed to the overall project and study design, help in managing computational data and engineering issues.
Study participants We used longitudinal data from the GAZEL cohort from France  (30) , the Finnish Public Sector Study (FPS) from Finland  (31) , and the Whitehall II study from the UK  (32). These cohorts were chosen as they have detailed data on job strain, informal caregiving, and longitudinal register-based data on sickness absence. The GAZEL cohort was established in 1989 and includes 20 625 employees of the French national gas and electricity company (response rate, approximately 75% annually). FPS was established in 1997 and comprises all 151 901 public employees in ten towns and five hospital districts in Finland. A nested open cohort with 16 948 responders at baseline (baseline response rate, 70%), FPS includes data on psychosocial work and domestic factors, along with health outcomes.
Whitehall II was established in 1985 and includes 10 308 British civil servants from 20 London-based departments (baseline response rate, 73%). Further information about each cohort can be found in the cohort profiles  (30) (31) (32). We used data from year 2000 as baseline in GAZEL, year 2012 in FPS, and years 1991-1994 in Whitehall II, due to the availability of data on informal caregiving in the present years. We included individuals in paid work and excluded individuals on sick leave at the day of the baseline questionnaires. The present study comprised 6798 individuals from GAZEL, 14 727 individuals from FPS, and 5275 individuals from Whitehall II, a total of 26 800 individuals in paid work. Participants gave written consent to participate in the cohort studies, and all three cohorts have been approved by the respective human ethics committees.
Lastly, we did a sensitivity analysis were we looked at job demands and job control separately to see if they were better predictors of sickness absence than the combined job strain measure. We used the ipdmetan statistical software package in STATA v13/IC for analyses. Ipdmetan performs twostage individual participant-data meta-analysis using the inverse-variance method. The syntax used is "ipdmetan, study(studyID) : stcox…", which fits the model command once within each level of study ID.
3. 3 Better data on crime. The study takes advantage of a unique dataset on criminal facts. The dataset we use, known as the "Sistema di Indagine" (Investigation System or IS), supplements the information collected in victim reports with that on criminal facts that the police department collects in its day-by-day investigation activity. 11 Therefore, the data we use should be considered as less spoiled by the underreporting issue that plagues the empirical analysis of crime. As the data are gathered for investigation/punishment purposes, it is more likely that the timing of the crime documented in the dataset accurately reflects the true timing of the offense (and this is clearly an important element for our study that uses overtime variation). 12 Along with the LLM and year (by region) fixed effects present in all our specifications (which absorb the local and temporal component of underreporting: see  Bianchi et al.
All specifications include NATIVES and FOREIGNERS. In the fourth column, the instrument is referred to 1991. In the fifth column, the estimation sample is limited to the period between 2007 and 2009. The unit of observation is the Local Labour Market (LLM). All variable are in logs. Robust standard errors clustered at LLM level in parenthesis. *** significant at 1% ** significant at 5% * significant at 10%. Source: Authors" elaborations on ISTAT, CERVED, and IS database.
Study and sampling design One cross-sectional survey was conducted in each region in November 2013, using a two-stage cluster sampling design. Sixty-three clusters were selected in each region by probability proportional to the size using ENA delta software  [23]. Twenty households were chosen in each cluster by random sampling, using a random number table. A complete list of households with children under 5 in each cluster was prepared before the survey date. Households were visited for verification if necessary. Sample size was calculated to detect a 10 percentage point reduction in stunting among children 24-47 months by the end of the project in each region. Power was set at 80%, level of confidence at 95% (one-tailed test), design effect at 1. 5 and non-response at 10%. A sample of 501 children in the age group 24-47 months per region was required.
Measurements Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire on a digital data gathering (DDG) device, via face-to-face interview with the main caregiver of the child. The following data were collected for anthropometric measurements of all children under 5: sex, age, weight, height and presence of bilateral pitting oedema. Length was taken for children under 24 months in horizontal position; height was taken standing for older children; both to the nearest 0. 1 cm with a standard 130-cm height/length board. Weight was measured with an electronic scale to the nearest 0. 1 kg. Stunting was defined as height-for-age z-score (HAZ) below À2 SD from the median height of the WHO reference population. Additional data were collected to reflect selected immediate, underlying and basic causes of undernutrition as illustrated in the UNICEF Conceptual Framework  [24].
These were regrouped in child characteristics: IYCF practices, occurrence of diseases, supplementation and treatments received; maternal characteristic: nutritional status, pregnancy and breastfeeding status, workload, habits and supplementation during pregnancy and nutritional information received; and household characteristics: water source, sanitation facilities, use of iodized salt, household dietary diversity and farm diversity. When more than one child aged 6-23 months was present in a sampled household, only data from the youngest child were collected. Definition and measurements of variables used in the analysis are presented in Table  1.
Quality control The SMART methodology was used to ensure standardized procedures and tools  [28]. After a 6day training, data collectors had to pass a standardization test to assess accuracy and precision of their anthropometric measurements. The questionnaire was piloted and finalized. Team leaders ensured data quality during data collection. Checks, skip functions and acceptable ranges were pre-established in the DDG devices to reduce mistakes. Implausible anthropometric measurements were defined as 66 SD, as per WHO criteria  [29].
R E S U L T S Data were collected on a total of 3280 children aged 6-59 months. The region or district was missing in 16 records that were excluded, leading to a sample of 3264 children. Descriptive statistics are presented in Table  2. We further excluded 17 records from the inferential analysis due to implausible anthropometric measurements. The final sample includes 3247 children aged 6-59 months, of which 1360 are in the age group of 6-23 months. Mean HAZ was À1. 79 among 6-23-month-old children and À1. 99 in the older group. Prevalence of stunting was 42. 2%, and 45. 7%, respectively. Table  3  presents results from the bivariate and multivariate logistic regression for 6-23-month-old children, and Table  4  for the age group 24-59 months. In both groups and after adjusting for confounding factors, children in Njombe and Iringa have higher odds of being stunted than children in Mbeya.
0 showed HIV-1 RNA load above 1,000 copies/ml (the threshold of therapeutic failure according to the 2013-revised WHO recommendations). HIV-1 subtypes were determined from genotyping results from protease and reverse transcriptase pol genes and indicated that the children in this study showed broad genetic diversity of HIV-1 group M [CRF11 (35%), CRF01_AE (19%), A1 (15%), G (8%), CRF02_AG (8%), D (3%), H (3%), CRF13 (3%), F1 (2%), CRF15 (2%), B (1%), C (1%)] (data not shown). HIV-1 subtypes of the 9 discordant samples are also shown in Table  2 , with no dominant subtype among the group. We also examined the fluorescent measurement and the cycle threshold (Ct) values (as reported by the AmpliLink ® version 3. 3. 1 software) of CAP/CTM results between samples with concordant positive results between the qualitative and quantitative assays, to those with discordant results.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Jean-Yves Cocaign , head of the  Ecomusée de la Baie du Mont-Saint-Michel (Mont Saint-Michel Bay Interpretative Centre ) in Vains, for his advice and for the information he provided, and  Philip Hayward  for his comments on an earlier version of this article. BIBLIOGRAPHY Audouin, J. V and  Milne Edwards , H (1835) Histoire naturelle du littoral de la France,  Crochard ,  Paris Dawson , H and Hayward, P (2016) ' Submergence-An Introduction ', Shima v10 n2: 1-6  Conseil Régional de Basse-Normandie  (1998) Le Mont-Saint-Michel rendu à la mer,  Caen: CRBN Corbin , A (1988) Le territoire du vide : L'occident et le désir du rivage ( 1750-1840 ), Paris, Flammarion.
Field measured data (both indoor and outdoor data) were collected from a greenhouse (with a length of 27. 0 m, a width of 5. 8 m and a height of 2. 3 m) located in Beijing, China. Figure  2  shows both the predicted air temperature by EnergyPlus and the field measured temperature in the greenhouse (maximum error: 2. 6 ˝C; mean error: 0. 1 ˝C; standard deviation: 0. 7 ˝C)  [25]. The version of DesignBuilder used in this study is V4. 2, which adopts EnergyPlus 8. 1 as the engine for thermal dynamic simulations. The same as in EnergyPlus, in DesignBuilder, PCMs can be modeled using some general thermal properties, e. g. , thickness, conductivity and density, with some specific properties, i. e. , the material temperature-enthalpy curve. Energies 2016, 9, 605 3 of 15 applicability for this study was demonstrated.