dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Methodology Literature search methodology. In this section, we describe the methodology that is used to trace the accounting research that studies gender issues and language. We ran several queries in October 2016 in the bibliographic database EBSCO Business Source Premier. We selected papers in all English-language journals (that is, "Source" contains "accounting") that contained "gender" or "women" and "language" in the title, abstract or keywords. Our most recent query allows us to review the papers that were published (or still in press but available online) up to October 2016. To triangulate our data with the fields that appeared to be non-accounting but were likely to contain research that included both gender and accounting issues, we also conducted computer-based surveys of six organizational journals (Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Administrative Science Quarterly, Organization Science, Organization Studies, and Work and Occupations) and two feminist sociological journals (Gender, Work and Organization and Feminist Economics).
Accordingly, we collected data regarding the Big Four presence around the world as follows. First, we collected data using the Big Four global websites as of 2016. These sources allowed us to gather information regarding the number of countries where each of the Big Four was present in 2016. We also collected data regarding the characteristics (size and gender diversity) of their global boards, which is the highest instance of decision-making. Language data: description and sources. We also gather information concerning the linguistic environment in which the Big Four operate. We focus on the dominant language, which is classified as the most spoken language (Britannica, 2010). Regarding the gender distinctions in language, we use the classification from Corbett (2013) concerning whether a given language grammar makes sex-based distinctions.
These data are available in the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS; Dryer and Haspelmath, 2011), which is the most comprehensive source of linguistic structures data. In linguistics, a grammatical gender system is a set of rules of agreements that depends on nouns of different types. These types can be based on sex (female and male or gender as commonly used) or on other social constructs (that is, animate or inanimate, human compared with non-human and so on). With this data, we then compute the percentage of countries where the Big Four are present and where the dominant language has a sex-based system. As discussed in the previous section, this measure has been used by economists  (Gay et al. , 2013; Santacreu-Vasut et al. , 2013) ;  Hicks et al. , 2015; Gay et al. , 2016 Gay et al.
Results Literature search results. Table  1  presents the papers that we found from our computer-based survey. We first notice that very few papers in accounting investigate gender with the length of the language. Only fourteen papers were identified by our database over the period that is under study, even after we triangulated our data with fields that appear to be non-accounting. Accounting Education, Issues in Accounting Education and AAAJ and CPA account for 49% of all scientific production that links gender studies and language, which indicates that bringing language to gender studies essentially attracts the interest of accounting journals that can be classified as educational or sociological and/ or critical. In the second step, we read the abstracts of the 14 published papers and find that four of these papers were not relevant.
We find that the research that links gender in accountancy to the linguistic environment is scant and that the Big Four indeed operate in diverse linguistic environments. These findings allow us to suggest a set of avenues of future research, which we discuss in detail. We also revisit the existing explanations in the gender and accountancy literature and show how considering language can contribute to nuance and enrich some of the existing explanations. Footnotes: Data for the number of countries where each Big Four is present is for the year 2016 and was collected directly from the Big Four global websites. The dominant language is the most-spoken language, and the classification regarding whether the dominant language gender marking system is gender-based comes from  Corbett (2013). PwC Global Board is defined as "The Board represents the interest of all members of the PwC Network.
Data collection, coding and statistical analysis We collected the sheets on which the students had drawn the energy chains. Audio recordings of the students solving the problems were transcribed and supplemented with information from video recordings. In these scripts, each student's intervention was numbered so that the data could be analyzed in accordance with our categories (see Appendix 2 for an excerpt of a dialogue between students and an example of our category-based data coding). For coding purposes, one or several utterances could correspond to a single category (see example in Appendix 2). We counted the number of times each category featured in the students' dialogues. For example, if the students matched the battery with the reservoir in ref. 10 and reiterated this matching in ref.
Likewise, Intel Vietnam provides up to 80% of the semiconductor chip to the world. 9 Hence, export FDI is different to other types of FDI (that is vertical or horizontal FDI). The database used in this study is identified, checked and matched from two major sources: the Vietnamese enterprises' surveys and the World Bank database. The Vietnamese enterprises' surveys began in 2000 and are conducted annually by the General Statistics Office (GSO), with technical assistance from the World Bank. The surveys refer to all business entities existing at the end of surveyed year and cover annual data on their commercial activities (for example, standard industrial classification, labor, capital, wage, asset, debt, production value, profit, investment, corporate tax, and so forth). Until 2013, 13 surveys were conducted covering firm-level annual data from 2000 to 2012.
For more detail about FDI and export-oriented industrialization strategy in Vietnam, please see Lim (2011). production value). Then, we obtain the total domestic and foreign demands for a given input by using the 2007 Input-Output Matrix. The 2007 Input-Output Matrix is also used to select the supporting (or equivalently upstream) industries (see Appendix B. 3 for the list of these industries). At the first step, any industry which supplies the export-oriented industries is chosen. At the second step, we exclude all industries which supply themselves or are figured in the list of export-oriented industries. After examining the raw data and deleting firms with missing key information, we have a database including 382 year-industry observations. The database covers different variables at sectoral level such as the number of foreign firms, labor force, capital stock, production value, investment, wage, and so forth.
To search for the role of third country size, we use the GDP of principal trade partners of Vietnam. According to GSO statistics, these countries include the members of the APEC and the EU. During the period studied, the export value of Vietnamese manufacturing products to these countries always covers more than 80 per cent of the total export value of the country. 12 Using the World Bank database, we obtain the GDP of those countries (at US 2005 constant price) from 2000 to 2012. Then, we match them with the initial database. 13.
Role of structural variables To search evidence for the role of different structural variables, we use the following regression: lnY it = α + β SV t + γX it + ε it (20) where SV t is a vector of structural variables. It first includes trade agreements signed between Vietnam and other countries during the period studied. These agreements include the BTA with the United States (denoted by usa t , usa t = 0 if t < 2001 and usa = 1 otherwise), and ,the entry of Vietnam into the WTO (denoted by wto t , wto t = 0 if t < 2007 and wto t = 1 otherwise). Second, parameter DBF2 (DBF2 := log FBL * log FBL) is used to identify impacts of LCR. Indeed, information about LCR is not available in the database. Therefore, the 2007 Input-Output matrix can be useful because the parameter a i j in this matrix reports the proportion of output level of a given supporting industry i that supplies an exportoriented industry j including foreign production.
For instance, although researchers have explored the effects of prompts/reminders on environmental behaviors at home, this topic has received little to no attention in workplace settings. Deriving hypotheses from behavior change theory, the authors tested the effects of a three-pronged intervention (visual modeling, communication, and prompts) among employees of an Australian hospital using a pre-post-intervention design that included post-intervention measures taken 1 and 6 months later. Study data included objective measures of energy conservation (e. g. , use of lights, and turning off computers and monitors) and subjective measures of the same variables, plus attitudinal measures like the degree to which participants felt energy conservation was part of the organizational culture and norms, and perceived commitment to such practices among top management.
The authors also distinguish between employees in non-profit vs. for-profit organizations, which may have important implications in terms of their perceptions and experiences. Using an exploratory inductive approach, Seivwright and Unsworth conducted semi-structured interviews with 32 employees, gathering data from both types of organizations (i. e. , non-profit and for-profit). They asked employees about any instances of their CSR-related behavior at work, as well as why they engaged in that action, whether it was encouraged by the organization, any perceived obstacles, and how the CSR behavior made them feel. The results of this study showed important contrasts in how employees from non-profit vs. for-profit organizations conceptualized and engaged in CSR, especially regarding how CSR contributes to their experience of meaningfulness at work and in work.
To operationalize CSR tradeoffs and assess such multilevel processes and effects, researchers could collect objective indicators of corporate performance and firm-level investments in multiple types of CSR practices, which is a legally mandated reporting requirement in some countries (e. g. , Pakistan). Researchers could also collect individual-level survey data to measure trust and trustworthiness to assess whether firm-level CSR tradeoffs have effects on individual-level trust among important stakeholder groups that might ultimately shape meso-level CSR-corporate performance relationships. Most of the other Research Topic articles focus on responses to CSR among incumbent employees, such as engagement and other indicators of employee commitment and performance that are known to contribute to corporate performance.
Analysis and statistics The data were collected and analysed in EpiData (v. 3. 1 for entry and v. 2. 2. 2. 182 for analyses, EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark). A descriptive analysis was performed. The proportions of patients with the selected NCDs were also analysed and compared between the pre-Ebola and the Ebola periods for each level of care using the χ 2 test, odds ratios (OR, where appropriate, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and levels of significance set at 5% (P  0. 05).
The original BETA method was slightly amended and was used extensively for a wide range of other public programmes supporting S&T with a common focus on R&D activities performed by companies (often in collaboration with public labs) and operating on a project basis, that is, according to objectives and resources and time constraints (see  Bach and Matt, 2005a  for an extensive survey of these different studies). In 2013, as part of the EU FP7 EvaRIO project, the approach was revised substantially and applied to the special case of RIs, broadly defined as unique facilities, resources or services used by researchers to produce excellent science. EvaRIO was aimed more precisely at developing a method and implementing preliminary tests of its feasibility and interest through case studies. Although the method is not (yet) fully operational since it has not been applied on a large scale, the methodological developments (including some after the EU project at the request of an RI operator), and the nine RI case studies carried out in biological and medical sciences, are sufficiently advanced to provide some fruitful lessons.
Adaptation challenges raised by RI impact evaluation The BETA-EvaRIO method was developed from a different perspective and in a different context. RIs are specific S&T policy tools, and their evaluation required drastic changes to many features of the BETA method. According to the EU (EC 2010), 'research infrastructures' refer to facilities, resources or services of a unique or rare nature that are needed by the scientific and technological communities to conduct basic or applied research. They generally require a sizeable investment and entail high operating costs. They include the associated human resources and cover major equipment or group(s) of inter-related instruments, knowledge-based resources (collections, archives, databases) and e-infrastructures (grid computing, communication networks).
Second, we exploit a large variety of ad hoc metrics that rely on 'external' data or objective observation. Both analyses are structured following the five dimensions of capacity defined above. Thus, our approach mixes qualitative assessment and quantitative data in order to provide a multifaceted, but structured image of the capacity change. EvaRIO proposes a long list of metrics. One primary source is direct interviews with the actors involved; others include publicly available databases of S&T indicators (e. g. , publications, patents, collaborative R&D projects); official/acknowledged actor rankings (of labs or firms' market positions). Note that it is not possible to combine these indicators to obtain a unique synthetic figure. We would emphasize that this part of the study on the potential of impact is exploratory and the list of indicators could be extended.
Sources of information are diverse: the BETA-EvaRIO method is based mainly on information originating from the RI actors, but data collection also entails statistics from existing large S&T indicator databases and dedicated/ad hoc systematic data. The corresponding collection methods are similarly diverse: case studies based on direct interviews with actors, specific data surveys if relevant and feasible, use of sampling techniques to select actors for interview or survey purposes, etc. The dual nature of the method relates to the fact that looking for figures is not inconsistent with fine analysis of impact processes in the BETA-EvaRIO approach. The main figures are derived from interviews, which allow detailed analysis of learning mechanisms and impact (cf. the interview protocol). Of course, the figures obtained are declarative and could be biased, but the risk of overestimation is countered by requesting conservative numbers.
Despite their exhaustiveness, these knowledge databases remained most of the time unused because they were maladjusted to collaborators needs and characteristics; particularly regarding information access and training  (Hager, 2004; Graesser, 2009). Moreover, access tools to this information are not dedicated to learning process. Indeed,  Graesser (2009)  recommended to privilege training objectives based on auto-regulation and meta-cognition ; and by this way help learners to "learn how to learn'. He describes  (Graesser, 2011)  various principles based on fun, feedback or control to support learning. The second generation focus was on expertise sharing and identification of experts able to provide useful information to collaborators. Communities of practice (CoP) were commonly adopted by enterprises to help practitioners express, share and exploit their knowledge  (Pettenati and Ranieri, 2006; Wenger, 2000).
025% glutaraldehyde and stained with 2× SYBR Green I (Lonza) in PBS. Parasite histone methylation analysis. Parasites were treated with drugs for 12 h. After treatment, infected red blood cells were collected and lysed with PBS containing 0. 15% saponin. Free parasites were lysed by bath sonication in 1% SDS-PBS and analysed by Western Blot. Blots were probed with primary antibodies specific for H3K4me3 (Abcam ab1012 1 : 1000), H3 core (Abcam ab1791, 1 : 3000) and H3K9me3 (Abcam ab8898, 1 : 1000) diluted in TBS-T (50 mM Tris pH 7. 5, 150 mM NaCl, 0. 05% Tween-20, 5% BSA), followed by anti-mouse HRP (GE NA931V) or anti-rabbit HRP (GE NA934V) secondary antibodies. Blots were revealed using SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Scientific) and quantified using Bio-Rad Image Lab software.
Acknowledgements This work was funded by the  French Parasitology Consortium ParaFrap  ( ANR-11-LABX0024 ), the  Agence Nationale de Recherche (HypEpiC   ANR-14 CE 160013 02 ), and by  Cancer Research UK  ( C33325/A19435 ). N. M. was supported by a  Institut Carnot Pasteur MI fellowship. S. S. acknowledges the  European Commission  for awarding a  Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship  (Agreement No. 299857 ). A. L. was supported by an  Imperial College Schrodinger Scholarship. The SGC is a registered charity (number  1097737 ) that receives funds from  AbbVie ,  Bayer Pharma AG ,  Boehringer Ingelheim ,  Canada Foundation for Innovation ,  Eshelman Institute for Innovation ,  Genome Canada ,  Innovative Medicines Initiative  ( EU/EFPIA) ,  Janssen ,  Merck & Co. ,  Novartis Pharma AG ,  Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ,  Pfizer ,  São Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP, Takeda , and  Wellcome Trust.
Acknowledgments We are particularly grateful to  Dr Shirley Longacre (Vaximax, Paris)  who generously provided the PfMSP1p19. We thank  Micheline Guillotte-Blisnick  for characterizing purity and stability of the recombinant antigens,  Pr Alioune Dieye  for laboratory support,  Dr Makhtar Niang  for PCR results and  Joseph Faye  for Dielmo/Ndiop database management. We thank gratefully all villagers from  Dielmo and Ndiop  for their generous and committed long-term participation to the study.
Co-infection mining We aligned the P. malariae (AB354570) and P. ovale (AB354571) mitochondrial genome sequences against those of P. falciparum18, P. vivax19, and P. knowlesi20 using MUSCLE21. For each species, we identified three 15-bp stretches within the Cox1 gene that contained two or more species-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We searched for these 15-bp species-specific barcodes within the sequencing reads of all 2,512 samples from the Pf3K global collection that mapped to the P. falciparum mitochondrial genome (http://www. malariagen. net). Samples that contained at least two sequencing reads matching one or more of the 15 bp barcodes for a specific species were considered to be positive for that species (Extended Data Table  2 ). We found good correspondence between the three different barcodes for each species, with over 80% of positive samples being positive for all three barcodes.
Genome assembly The PacBio-sequenced P. malariae sample, PmUG01, was assembled using HGAP27 with an estimated genome size of 100 Mb to account for the host contamination (~85% human). The resulting assembly was corrected initially using Quiver27, followed by iCORN28. PmUG01 consisted of multiple haplotypes, with the majority haplotype being used for the iCORN28, and a coverage analysis was performed to remove duplicate contigs. Additional duplicated contigs were identified using a BLASTN29 search, with the shorter contigs being removed if they were fully contained within the longer contigs or merged with the longer contig if their contig ends overlapped. Host contamination was removed by manually filtering on GC, coverage, and BLASTN hits to the non-redundant nucleotide database29. The Illumina-based genome assemblies for P.
malariae-like). The assemblies were manually filtered on GC, coverage, and BLASTN hits to the non-redundant nucleotide database29. iCORN28 was used to correct frameshifts. Finally, contigs shorter than 1 kb were removed. Using two more samples, PocGH02 and PowCR02, additional draft assemblies of both P. ovale species were produced using MaSURCA30 followed by RATT36 to transfer the gene models from the high-quality assemblies. The genome sequences and annotations are currently available on GeneDB for P. malariae (http://www. genedb. org/Homepage/Pmalariae) and for P. ovale curtisi (http:// www. genedb. org/Homepage/Povale). The genome sequences have been deposited into the European Nucleotide Archive (http://www. ebi. ac. uk/ena). Accession numbers for all reads generated for this study can be found in Supplementary Information.
Gene annotation RATT36 was used to transfer gene models on the basis of synteny conserved with other sequenced Plasmodium species (P. falciparum18, P. vivax19, P. berghei37, and P. gallinaceum (http://www. genedb. org/Homepage/Pgallinaceum). In addition, genes were predicted ab initio using AUGUSTUS38, trained on a set consisting of manually curated P. malariae and P. ovale genes respectively. Non-coding RNAs and tRNAs were identified using Rfam 12. 0 (ref. 39 ). Gene models were then manually curated for both the P. malariae and P. o. curtisi reference genomes, using Artemis40 and the Artemis Comparison Tool41. These tools were also used to manually identify deleted and disrupted genes (Extended Data Table  5 ). The P. malariae-like and P. o. wallikeri genomes were both annotated using the Companion tool42.
A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed using RAxML47 version 8. 2. 4. with 100 bootstraps48 (Fig. 2 ). To confirm this tree, we used different phylogenetic tools including PhyloBayes49 and PhyML50, a number of different substitution models within RAxML, starting the tree search from the commonly accepted phylogenetic tree, and removing sites in the alignment which supported significantly different trees (Supplementary Information). Figtree was used to display and colour the tree (http://tree. bio. ed. ac. uk/software/figtree/). A phylogenetic tree of four P. malariae (PmID01, PmGN01, PmGN02, PmMY01) and all P. malariae-like samples (PmlGA01, PmlGA02) was generated using PhyML50 on the basis of all P. malariae genes. For each sample, the raw SNPs, as called using the SNP calling pipeline (see below), were mapped onto all genes to morph them into sample-specific gene copies using BCFtools51.
Divergence dating Species divergence times were estimated using the Bayesian inference tool G-PhoCS52, a software which uses unlinked neutrally evolving loci and a given phylogeny to estimate demographic parameters. One additional sample per assembly (PmGN01 for P. malariae, PocGH02 for P. o. curtisi, PowCR02 for P. o. wallikeri, and PmlGA02 for P. malariae-like) was used to morph the respective assembly using iCORN28. Regions in the genomes without mapping were masked, as iCORN28 would not have morphed them. Unassigned contigs and subtelomeric regions were removed for this analysis owing to the difficulty of alignment. Repetitive regions in the chromosomes of the four assemblies and the four morphed samples were masked using Dustmasker53 and then the chromosomes were aligned using FSA54. The P.