dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The Work Package 11 (WP11) of EPOS-IP was the one whose implementation led to establishing the EPOS ERIC VO-TCS. The TCSs defined during EPOS-PP were organised in pillars in which specific services and data infrastructures were planned to be provided through single or distributed infrastructures. These services and data infrastructures could already exist and consequently, would be adapted for integration in EPOS, or may be new according to the needs identified by the community. Therefore, the main aim of WP 11 was to network the existing volcanological services for sharing data, products and tools within the European volcanology community and, through the link with the ICS, with users and stakeholders outside this community. Provided services were envisaged to be both "virtual" and "physical" and addressed to deliver volcanological data (incl.
Seismic and GPS/geodetic, Volcanological / environmental data) and products (incl. products from Seismic, GPS/geodetic and Satellite data, Volcanic Reports, numerical simulations and software, and hazard assessments). In particular, the WP 11 had to define the VO-TCS governance structure, and categorise and prioritise the services to be provided. Additionally, WP11 worked on establishing the conceptual design of the Volcano Gateway (see section 4. 4). In parallel, the VO-TCS worked at the volcanology community level, to increase awareness of the impact and benefits of the EPOS new research exploitation platform, foster training, outreach, and international cooperation. The details of the structure, governance, and service provision of VO-TCS are reported in the next sections.
The European volcano infrastructure During the EPOS-IP, the WP11 made a profound revision of the Data, Data products, Software and Services (DDSSs). To this end, it defined a clear and verifiable roadmap to fix the main gaps for the technical implementation (revision of the DDSSs and relevant providing services, completion of the submission of the service within GitHub, a common used shared developing framework and putting the services into operational), and governmental, legal and financial aspects (finalisation of the Consortium Agreement and the Supplier Letters, implementation of the Data Management Plan and the cost book). This major effort enabled the VO-TCS to pass the validation criteria fixed by EPOS-IP to be considered as TCS, in 2019. At the end of the EPOS-IP project, the envisioned services were 41, corresponding to 29 DDSSs in total (Table  1 ).
The European volcano infrastructure In order to achieve these goals, the VO-TCS actions consist in: 1) defining the standard services and assessing their quality, as well as coordinating their implementation in accordance with EPOS policy; 2) developing a Data Management Plan; 3) providing access to Data and Data products resulting from monitoring and research activities on European volcanoes, as well as Software and Services aiming at modelling the volcanic processes and assessing the dynamics, extent and impact of volcano-related hazards through Virtual Access (VA) and Trans-national Access (TNA); 4) sharing good practices in the community of the Volcano Observatories and Volcano Research Institutions (VOs/VRIs) in terms of observational techniques, methods of analysis and modelling, service implementation and data management; 5) defining and implementing the information and dissemination outreach strategy; 6) coordinating the community for collaborative projects across VOs/VRIs.
Technical aspects One of the key elements of the EPOS functional architecture is the interaction between ICS and the TCSs (the "Compatibility Layer"; Fig. 1 ). From the technical point of view, in the EPOS-ERIC this is managed by a group named "ICS-TCS Interactions Planning Group (IPG)" (Fig. 5 ). Due to the presence of heterogeneous datasets, one of the problems of the volcanology community in the frame of IPG has been the lack of a pre-defined common format for all data domains. So, at the very beginning, a survey was carried out within the VO-TCS to classify different datasets and to understand their level of compatibility with respect to the ICS requirements. The survey also helped the TeC to collect all parameters needed to describe the main metadata for each VO service. Once the service was "up and running", the EPOS harmonisation process started and ended only when the validation procedure, managed in cooperation with ICS, had been passed.
Adopting this general procedure to provide services to ICS, the VO-TCS has managed the access to two types of services: Virtual Access and Trans-national Access to facility services. To provide virtual access (VA) to data, products or services, the main effort has been defining the metadata standards that could have best represented the services and enabled the data dissemination. So, initially, it was nec- The European volcano infrastructure essary to carry out the metadata definition process working in closely contact with the domain experts and then, associating a conceptual model used to create the database structure, in which the information is stored, managed, and updated. In this way VO-TCS contributed to argument the EPOS metadata model by new entities -i. e. web service, volcano, web categories, staff, end point, institution, and reference.
envriplus. eu) and EUROVOLC projects. In particular, in the latter an ad hoc software tool was implemented. This framework takes up the design scheme envisaged in EPOS, and follows the specifications required by its services. The proposed infrastructure is based on an interactive Web portal solution that uses a relational database. The infrastructure is composed of i) a back end, based on a Linux server that provides all the necessary services and controls; ii) a front end based on the relational "MySQL" database. The main goals of the TNA portal are (i) to detail information on the opportunities provided by each research structure, thus supporting the TNA call dissemination, (ii) to manage the submission phase through the implementation of a TNA submission form and the development of a relational database for data storage and (iii) to guide the evaluation phase of the applications submitted through analysis and statistical procedures.
The planned activities have included: -definition of a wider target audience within both the VO scientific community and the academic field, with particular attention to PhD students and young researchers; -organisation of the community meetings to present the status of the services and their implementation to the community, as well as meeting with selected stakeholders to show the VO-TCS services and infrastructures; -taking into account the EduBox tool implemented in EUROVOLC (see later) as an outreach resources database suitable for multi-query searches, to structure a custom sub-site in the Gateway to able sharing of output and outreach materials (files, videos, references etc. ).
The operational EUROVOLC service The "Software List" refers to the VA to a catalogue of "Existing volcanic hazard tools" and represents one of the expected EUROVOLC products. Because hazard tool software versions are continuously modified/updated, the main effort in planning the system is to develop an interactive tool, a "web catalogue", very simple to use and easy to upgrade. From a technical point of view, experts or no-expert users can find details even if they do not know appro- The European volcano infrastructure priate keywords; a free search area can be used to search, filter, and also to group the needed information and allow to discover metadata in a very intuitive way. This catalogue can be considered a useful use case for developing a new EPOS service starting from an existing structured tool, but not yet compliant with EPOS requirements.
Under the Volcano-atmosphere interaction theme metadata standards for the various characteristics of volcanic tephra deposits were harmonised, adapted to EPOS standards and a common metadata structure defined. Characteristic information from a list of volcanic eruptions was collected to populate the database. Best practices in data sampling were also defined. The database, which can be used as a testbed for testing atmosphere-plume interaction and models for transport and dispersion of volcanic ash, was shared with the research activity on volcano-atmosphere interaction. Two community meetings were held on strategies for sharing data on volcanic ash in the atmosphere and improved communication between VOs, VRIs, VAACs and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The first meeting was in Exeter, the second a virtual meeting held jointly with the EPOS SP project.
Special emphasis was on opening access to quality checked multidisciplinary data from several recent important volcanic events. Examples of datasets prepared were seismic and GNSS data from the Bárdarbunga 2014 eruption and interferograms from the recent Reykjanes peninsula unrest and eruption. Most of the prepared data fulfil EPOS standards and are shared though existing EPOS VO-TCS services or existing services of the other EPOS TCS communities such as seismology and GNSS. Under the management of volcanic hazard theme, a list of a scientific advisory group to respond to volcanic emergencies was defined and surveys were carried out to determine the information needs of Civil protection and define standards for communicating hazard to authorities, civil protection, and the public. This networking activity was the one most affected by the pandemic as well as repeated volcanic unrest and eruptions in Iceland and Italy during the project, often making Civil Protection personnel unavailable for the project.
, 2022; Rossi et al. , 2021]. Plume height measurements were also estimated with webcams  [Barnie et al. 2022 ]. The methods were tested in case studies at Etna and in Iceland by comparing ash accumulation rates, and particle sizes  [Marzano et al. , 2019; Mereu et al. , 2022]. The Database on eruptive parameters from the Networking activity was used and geophysical data were integrated in dispersal models to produce source parameter Probability Density Functions for future eruptions  [Pardini et al. , 2018]. Joint research on sub-surface processes involved developing tools for automatic real-time processing of pre-eruptive seismic signals, RETREAT  [Smith and Bean, 2020] , correlation of seismo-acoustic signals  [Ripepe et al. , 2018]  and near-real time processing of geodetic signals with the GBIS and LiCSAR software  [Lazecký et al.
Seven virtual accesses services were created or improved upon in EUROVOLC. They provide free open access to modelling tools for full seismic wavefield modelling (DIAS), inversion of surface deformation for subsurface sources (UAC), magma ascent, simulation of pyroclastic density currents, and calculation of saturation surface of fluids in silicate melts (VDCC INGV in Pisa). The University of Leeds provides access to a forum on petrological diffusion modelling, the University Manchester provides access to SO 2 time series for volcanic plumes and their heights obtained from satellites and the UAC provide access to satellite products. INGV OE provides access to the EPOS VO-TCS Gateway to data products and software networked in EPOS (see section 4. 4).
The overarching objective of the VO-TCS is to implement a sustainable system to access the data, products and services provided by the VOs and VRIs to the volcanology community as a component of the EPOS delivery framework. To achieve this objective, technical, governance, financial and legal aspects have been analysed and managed over time (in the framework of EPOS-PP, EPOS-IP, and EPOS-ERIC). Indeed, the main technical issues concerned the heterogeneities of the data and metadata formats, as well as the different structure and aims of the IT systems managing this information. A deep and detailed harmonisation work was carried out at different levels (from the source of the information from the observation systems in the field to the databases archiving such information) in the framework of the implementation of the EPOS ICS.
): (i) Metadata definition, (ii) Metadata Conceptual model implementation, (iii) Data structure development, (iv) Data discovery implementation. The first step, the Metadata definition process, defines a set of entities and associated properties, which identifies, in a universal and univocal way, a resource. In this sense, the defined entities are used to create a Metadata Conceptual model, which allows the data organisation in terms of a standard representation of assets and the relationship between them. The obtained model represents the starting point for the Data structure implementation; from a technical point of view, this question relates to the use of MySql as the chosen relational databases that have been created to store the different types of information. At this stage, different solutions create efficient tools for data visualisation and for the dynamic management of the resources in terms of sharing and discovering datasets.
Acknowledgments. The authors are deeply grateful to all the people leading and participating in EPOS-PP ( ECGA 262229 ),  EPOS-IP  ( ECGA 676564 ) and  EPOS-SP  ( ECGA 871121 ) projects for inspiring, encouraging and helping the volcanological community to make the VO-TCS a reality. The VO-TCS is also thankful for the benefit received from the  FUTUREVOLC  ( ECGA 308377 ) and  MED-SUV (ECGA 308665) Supersite projects and the EUROVOLC (ECGA 731070 ) infrastructure project. It is worth to note the fundamental contribution of all the colleagues that participated, either directly in the projects or in the different institutions managing the volcanic research infrastructure and helped to achieve the results shown in this paper. We appreciate the work done by the editor and reviewers that has allowed us to improve the previous version of the manuscript.
Defining what is considered optimal care First of all, VASCERN aims to define what optimal care is, which is not clearly established for many diseases because of the rarity of experts, and because the data to support a specific scheme is often lacking. For this purpose, VASCERN leads two actions. One is defining optimal care through expert discussions in which patients participate, in order to issue clinical decision support tools; these may include patient pathways, clinical guidelines or consensus documents (Table  1 ). The other is collecting the necessary data. This can be made through the creation of questionnaires with simple questions and rapid answers, but also and mainly through the creation of registries to gather the data that is lacking and to clarify the natural history of the disease, the genotype phenotype relations, the differences between children and adults, the difference between countries, etc.
They take part to the various projects of the RDWGs where they carry the patient perspective (notably POKs, Do's and Don'ts, research, pathways …). They also have specific actions like spearheading projects that empower and inform patients and their families (posters presented in scientific meetings, campaign to have people with Marfan syndrome engage in regular physical activity, translation of books for patients/children, VASCA patient magazine …) and one of our patients is chair of VAS-CERN's Ethical & Legal issues working group and represents VASCERN in the ethical interERN working group. The clarity of VASCERN's program also makes it a strong network. The project has been clearly defined during the application phase and redefined over the years to adapt to the difficulties and opportunities met by the network.
Dissemination/communication (Fig. 5) A great deal of effort has been put into this work package which is a key component. Obviously, resources can be used only if they are known by the target groups (healthcare professionals, patients or general public). We also want to raise awareness for the rare diseases of our network which are requiring interdisciplinary expertise and therefore easily under-represented. We made our communication activities a priority from the start with the VASCERN website and Twitter accounts being created before the official launch of the ERNs. In our first year of activity we had an informative website, sent out monthly VASCERN newsletters and created our various social media accounts (see table ): The VASCERN website (https://vascern. eu) contains a list of our members and dedicated pages for each of the working groups (RDWG, ePAG, transversal WGs), where their outputs can be found easily.
It also has an information page and access link for the clinicians to the Clinical Patient Management System (CPMS), the VASCERN Resources page (where all documents/media translated into the various European languages can be found), and many other features. The website has been designed and updated thanks to feedback from all target groups and is increasingly viewed (see Fig. 5 ). We have equally worked with a graphic designer in order to produce our logo (Fig. 1 ) and visual brand identity. The VASCERN informational video, created with the help of a video production company, has been viewed more than 2600 times and has subtitles available in 20 European languages.
Patient pathways Patient pathways are simple consensus documents that clearly indicate criteria for referral to expert centers (including VASCERN HCPs), optimal evaluation for diagnosis making, medical management, follow-up and therapy (Fig. 2 ). Each of our five RDWGs have produced one or more patient pathways during the first four years of VASCERN. We have a dedicated page on our website where all the patient pathways can be found (https://vascern. eu/what-we-do/patient-pathways/). They are updated when necessary and are being translated from English into other European languages. Many of them are the subject of specific papers in this EJMG special issue, and the plan is to explain these pathways though dedicated webinars (some of which have already taken place).
Mobile Application VASCERN App is a free mobile application that has been created for patients in order to facilitate cross-border healthcare within the European Union, one of the core aims of the ERNs. The structure of this mobile application has been translated into the 24 European languages for easier navigation and search as well as disease names, which are also translated into various European languages. Within this mobile application, a patient can look for his rare disease by typing its name in the search bar. Thanks to geolocalization, they will then be able to find the closest relevant HCP and Patient Organisation in order to get all the information and care needed. There is a continuous monitoring of the VASCERN App: quality controls checks and updates of the online back office, inclusion of new HCPs and Patient Organisations, and a tutorial video for users is available.
So, what is FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable)? Findable implies that the registry is cataloged in a database of registries (ERDRI; European Rare Disease Registry Infrastructure). Accessible indicates that access is possible (through contactwith the owner of the database, or not, depending on the registry). Interoperable indicates that the parameters necessary for the use of the database (type of registry, organisation of the registry, definition of each items …) are made available. Reusable indicates that because of all the available information it can be used for other studies (information is not lost), and storage duration and accessibility are guaranteed.
VASCERN registries (Fig. 3) A specific transversal VASCERN WG is devoted to the various registries of VASCERN. Due to the heterogeneity of the diseases within VASCERN, it was decided that each RDWG would develop its own registry, all including the minimum dataset defined by the EU. 3 preexisting registries were chosen for 3 RDWGs (HHT, HTAD, MSA), and 2 new registries were developped for PPL and VASCA. The preexiting registries have been translated from French into English, and are being FAIRified. The new registries are directly developed in a FAIR environement using Castor. None of the registries is running at present.
7. 12. Writing clinical practice guidelines (CPGs)  (Eker et al. , 2020; Lokhorst et al. , 2021; van de Laar et al. , 2019)  We started by identifying and selecting existing national, European and international guidelines, which were then indicated on the website (https://vascern. eu/what-we-do/clinical-guidelines/). Experts from VASCERN have participated in many. However, due to the rarity of the rare diseases covered in our network, data is lacking to support classical guidelines, and therefore VASCERN produced consensus statements obtained after complete literature search, and discussions during teleconferences and/or dedicated meetings. During the COVID-19 pandemic, each of our 5 RDWGs produced a general COVID-19 statement document as well as a statement concerning SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
Future development VASCERN is constantly aiming at enlarging the number of European countries included in the network. An active policy is put in place with this aim, which uses the knowledge of the patients and their outreach activities, as well as the scientific relationships between experts to help new centers from non-represented countries join VASCERN in the  future. We also hope to start communication and outreach campaigns targeted to these countries and their rare disease community. Now that the network is up and running, new projects can be envisaged, especially in the field of training and knowledge sharing, which includes exchanges of professionals between centers, interactions with the Erasmus system in order to set up a Summer School program for future European doctors, the development of a Moodle platform with modules dedicated to rare vascular diseases and the organization of clinic days for patients with general presentations and expert opinions.
After solving stem-level target, J stem,t+1 is known, which is the water demand at root. The detailed calculations of these water flow variables are explained below in the order of leaf, stem and root. Thus, water potentials are solved to let the water supply be equal to water demand at each organ. In the model, the HY-BRD1 function from Minpack package in Fortran is used, which seeks a zero of N nonlinear equations in N variables. The evaluated function is the difference between water supply and water demand at each organ level. This function iteratively minimizes the absolute value of the evaluated function. The initial estimate of the solution vector is quite important and comes from the water potential at the last time step. For example, the initial estimate for leaf water potential at time step t that will be used in the formula is the stem water potential at time step t -1.
Therefore, more experiment data manifesting the tree https://doi. org/10. 5194/gmd-15-7809-2022 Geosci. Model Dev. , 15, 7809-7833, 2022 tolerance should be well included to constrain the drought exposure threshold uncertainties in our model framework. Towards the enrichment of parameters for the regional simulation, generally, three means can be resorted to for the benefit of such realizations. The first one can be embedding the plant trait database like TRY  (Kattge et al. , 2020)  into our process-based model, although the records are still limited in aspect of hydraulic traits. The second solution can be the optimization of hydraulic parameters using e. g. , Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology with measurements or remotesensing products as constraints like the retrieval of traits in Y.
Code availability. The ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA model (r7236) code used in this study is deposited at https: //forge. ipsl. jussieu. fr/orchidee/browser/branches/publications/ ORCHIDEE_CAN_NHA (last access: 17 June 2021) and archived at https://doi. org/10. 14768/8C2D06FB-0020-4BC5-A831-C876F5FBBFE9 (Yao, 2021a). The detailed code used to reproduce the analysis and figures is publicly available at https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 5721245 (Yao, 2021b). Supplement. The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi. org/10. 5194/gmd-15-7809-2022-supplement.