dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Conclusion & Future work The proposed CRM method combines three invariant features which is implemented over five different image databases and achieved significant precision values with respect to other existing techniques. Experimental result shows that, this is a good representation of images, and generates very high discrimination power among images. CRM uses the feature vector of length 247, which is comparatively high with respect to other existing techniques may cause of longer time complexity. Thus, reduction of feature vector length would be a future consideration as time is also a pivotal property of CBIR systems. Another issue that would be taken into account is the purification of obtained results by using relevance feedback (RF). The results that are initially returned for a given query would be visually filtered through human intervention and put the feedback to system for better results in the next iteration.
These parameters are threshold of distance in similarity or dissimilarity measurement, and significance level in one sample t-test. Threshold for distance is assumed as 0. 001 which means the distance between a query image and a stored image of 0. 001 or less is considered as a relevant image for that query. In case of one sample t-test, the conventional 0. 05 significance level is considered which, indicates the probability value (p-value) of less than or equal to the significance level 0. 05 would reject the null hypothesis or accept otherwise. Therefore, above mentioned parameters should be considered for validating the CRM model. 3. 2. Data DetailsFive different image databases, Simplicity, Corel-5K, Corel-10K, Caltech-101, and MSR (Microsoft Research) are employed for the experiment. The Simplicity database contains 1000 images with two types of resolution, either 384 × 256 or 256 × 384, and 10 classes in JPEG format.
Large image varieties are present in the Corel databases e. g. , animals, outdoor sports, natural scenes etc. The Corel-5K database contains total 5000 images with 50 different image categories like, fireworks, trees, waves, glasses, etc. , and Corel-10K contains 10000 images including 100 different categories like, doors, buildings, sunsets, etc. Each category contains 100 images of size 192 × 128 or 128 × 192 in JPEG format for both of the Corel subsets. Image database Caltech-101 includes the pictures of objects with 101 categories. Each category contains 40 to 800 images (mostly, 50). The size of each image is 300 × 200 pixels. Microsoft Research of Cambridge is created an image database 'MSR' for machine vision algorithms is also utilize here. It contains 4313 high resolution images with 23 categories.
Precision Values for 30% Query Image from MSR Database 100 100 Recall Values for 30% Query Image from MSR Database Occurrence of Precision Value 20 40 60 80 Occurence of Precision Distribution Shape Occurrence of Precision Value 20 40 60 80 Occurence of Precision Distribution Shape 0 0 -2 -1. 5 -1 -0. 5 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 -0. 3 -0. 2 -0. 1 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 Probability Distribution Probability Distribution Precision.
Materials and methods Zebrafish lines and maintenance WT AB and transgenic stocks of zebrafish were maintained as described previously  (Westerfield, 2000). Embryos were maintained in 0. 003% 1-phenyl-2-thiourea to inhibit pigmentation, for maximum transparency, and anesthetized with 0. 016% (wt/vol) Tricaine before experimental manipulation. The following transgenic lines were used: Tg(mpx:GFP) i114  (Renshaw et al. , 2006) , Tg(lyz:EGFP) nz117 and Tg(lyz:DsRed2) nz50  (Hall et al. , 2012) , and Tg(lyz:H2b-mCherry) ump8 (G. Lutfalla, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France). Their details can be accessed on the Zebrafish Information Network database (http://zfin. org) via their above allele names.
Confocal fluorescence imaging Zebrafish embryos were anesthetized with 0. 02% Tricaine and embedded in 1% low-melting-point agarose/volvic H 2 O in glassbottom µ-dishes at RT. Images were captured using Leica SP8 inverted and SPE inverted and upright confocal microscopy setups; the objectives used were HC PL APO CS2 20×/0. 75 and 40×/ 1. 10 water-immersion objectives on the SP8 setup, PL Fluotar 16×/ 0. 50 and ACS APO 40×/1. 15 oil-immersion objectives on the SPE inverted setup, and a HCX APO L U-V-I 20×/0. 50 water-immersion objective on the SPE upright setup. To generate images of whole embryos, a mosaic of (512 × 512-pixel) confocal z-stacks of images taken with the 20× objective of the SP8 setup was stitched together using the Mosaic Merge function of the LASx software. Pharmacological inhibition of Rho-Rock signaling 2-dpf and 2.
Image analysis and statistics For quantifying neutrophil numbers in live embryos as in Fig. 1  B, lyz:GFP + neutrophils were manually counted on maximumprojection images from mosaic confocal z-stacks of whole embryos obtained by stitching tile scans obtained with the 20× objective. For the quantitative analysis of immunohistochemically stained embryos, confocal image z-stacks acquired and then deconvoluted via the Lightning deconvolution system implemented in LASx software driving the Leica SP8 setup were then analyzed with Imaris software (Bitplane). Individual neutrophils were segmented in 3D from their histological environment based on their GFP content, and their content in phalloidin/F-actin, cofilin, p-cofilin, and pMLC was quantified via the 3DView module. The colocalization of F-actin with the immunolabeled molecule was then analyzed within each segmented neutrophil via the Colocalization module.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  A. Huttenlocher  and  P. Lam  ( University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI ) for mpx:Lifeact-Ruby and lyz:H2b-mCherry encoding plasmids,  G. Lutfalla  for Tg(lyz:H2b-mCherry) ump8 transgenic zebrafish,  N. Trede  for supporting M. Redd in the molecular elucidation of the carmin causative mutation,  E. Sahai  for sharing unpublished data from his laboratory, and  J-Y. Tinevez  for guidance in image analysis software. This work was supported by an  E-Rare  grant from the  European Union  ( Neutro-Net ) and by  Equipe Fondation Recherche Médicale  grants from the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  ( DEQ20120323714  and  DEQ20160334881 ) to P. Herbomel. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Author contributions:  M. Redd  and  P. Herbomel  conceived the project.
We stopped trials when mating event occurred. Videos were analyzed using QuickTime software (Apple). Between each days/trials the different pairs were maintained isolated. With this set-up we obtained 5 biological replicates with 5 technical replicates for every pairs. Experiment 2: this experiment we placed 1 male and 1 female from the general stock population in 8 × 6 cm plastic box containing water without food or resting area and captured every interaction using a Phantom Miro M310 Digital High-Speed Camera and PCC Software (Vision research, Ametek) for video acquisition. We recorded interactions until we reached 20 videos per couples or until a mating event occurred. We used 3 couples (biological replicates) with 3 trials each (technical replicates) for the 4 different possible morph combinations: wingless male with wingless female, winged male with winged female, wingless male with winged female, and winged male with wingless female.
The different rounds of this experiment occurred for few minutes to several hours depending on the activity of the bugs. For each replicate males were actively harassing females. At the end, we were able to obtain the following rank for both males and females: successful for males that have mated twice and females that have never mated, intermediate for individuals that mated once, and unsuccessful for males that have never mated and for females that mated twice (Figure  S3 ). Then, using SteREO Discovery V12 (Zeiss) with ZEN 2011 software (Zeiss) we took pictures of each individual to quantify the individual phenotypes. We measured the length and the width of the rear-leg femur, the length of the rear-leg tibia and we counted the number of spikes on the rear-leg femur and the number of spikes on the rear-leg tibia.
We also recorded the presence of a pronotum projection, narrow abdomen and body length in females. To further test the role of the pronotum projection, we manually removed the pronotum projection from 18 winged females using forceps and kept these females in lab condition during 1 week to allow them to recover and assess whether they behaved normally. Then we set-up 6 new tournaments to compare the ability of these 18 winged females in rejecting males against 30 wingless females. Prior experiment, all females were kept isolated from males. All data are available in the Dryad Digital Repository (doi: 10. 5061/dryad. 8cq6427) (Crumière et al. , 2019).
Phylogenetic Reconstruction Sequences were retrieved from in house transcriptome databases and from  Crumiere et al. (2016)  for the following markers: 12S RNA; 16S RNA; 18S RNA; 28S RNA; Cytochrome Oxydase subunit I (COI); Cytochrome Oxydase subunit II (COII); Cytochrome Oxydase subunit III (COIII); Cytochrome b (cyt b); NADHubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 (ND1); Ultrabithorax (Ubx); Sex combs reduced (Scr); Gamma interferon inducible thiol reductase (gilt); Antennapedia (Antp); Distal-less (dll); Doublesex (dsx). All these markers were submitted to GenBank and their accession numbers can be found in the Dryad Digital Repository (doi: 10. 5061/dryad. 8cq6427) (Crumière et al. , 2019). Phylogenetic reconstruction (Figure  S5 ) was performed using MrBayes version 3. 2. 6 (GTR model; one million generations; 25% burnin) and PhyML version 3.
0 (GTR model with 100 bootstraps) in Geneious 7. 1. 9 as described in  Crumiere et al. (2016). Concatenation of sequence alignments and phylogenetic tree in Newick format are also available in the Dryad Digital Repository (doi: 10. 5061/dryad. 8cq6427) (Crumière et al. , 2019).
Reconstruction of ancestral state was performed using ML reconstruction in Mesquite version 3. 2  (Maddison and Maddison, 2018). Mapping of phenotypic complexity (ML reconstruction) and estimation of phylogenetic signal were performed using, respectively contMap and phylosig (package phytools,  Revell, 2012). Correlation test with phylogenetic independent contrast has been conducted using the package ape  (Paradis et al. , 2004). These different analysis have been performed in RStudio version 1. 0. 153.
Observation and Imaging of Egg Position and Egg Counting We used CT Scan to observe egg position without disrupting internal morphology of our samples. We fixed females of R. antilleana (n = 5 winged; n = 5 wingless) and R. obesa (n = 5 wingless) during 2 days using Bouin solution (MM France). Then, samples were washed twice with PBS 1X and were emerged 4 days in 0. 3% phosphotungstic acid + 70% ethanol + 1% Tween20 solution to improve the contrast during microtomography acquisition  (Metscher, 2009). Specimens were scanned using Phoenix Nanotom S (General Electrics) using the following parameters: 30 kV tensions, 200 µA intensity, 2,400 images with time exposure of 2,000 ms and a 2. 5 µM voxel size. Three-dimensional images were reconstructed with the software attached to the machine (data rec) and then visualized with VGStudioMax (Volume Graphics).
Two-Dimensional Morphometric Analyses of Body Shape Pictures of adult females of R. antilleana (n = 10 winged; n = 10 wingless) and R. obesa (n = 9 wingless) were acquired using SteREO Discovery V12 (Zeiss). The body outline of each individual was extracted using Adobe Illustrator CC 2017 (Adobe). The analysis of outlines of the different conditions and Principal Component Analysis were performed using the package Momocs  (Bonhomme et al. , 2014)  in Rstudio version 1. 0. 153.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  A. Herrel ,  N. Nadeau ,  J. Abbott , and  L. Rowe  for helpful discussions. A. Le Bouquin ,  S. Viala ,  C. Finet ,  F. Bonneton ,  A. Decaras ,  R. Arbore , and  W. Toubiana  for comments on the manuscript. S. Viala  for help with scanning electron microscopy and  Centre Technologiques des Microstructure at Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1  for access to SEM microscope,  M. Bouchet  for help with CT Scan,  L. Souquet  for help with shape analysis, and  A. Le Bouquin  and  P. Joncour  for help with statistics. This work was supported by  ERC-CoG  #  616346 ,  CNPq -PVE #  400751/2014-3  and by  CEBA : ANR-10-LABX-25-01  to AK. This manuscript has been released as a Pre-Print at https://www. biorxiv. org/content/10. 1101/430322v1(Crumière et al. , 2018).
FUNDING This work was supported by the  European Research Council (ERC-CoG  #  616346 ), by the  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq-PVE  #  400751/2014-3 ) and by the  Centre d'Etude de la Biodiversité Amazonienne  ( CEBA : ANR-10-LABX-25-01 ) to AK. The  European Research Council (ERC-CoG  #  616346 ) supports open access policies.
Fatigue simulation methodology In this part, we aim at reproducing the experiments that we did. The phenomenon that we observed allowed us to make some hypothesis to simulate it. In order to have a numerical prediction of the lifetime of the sample, the software which was used is Zcracks. It allowed us to propagate an initial crack which is inserted in a sane model meshed on Abaqus. The used crack growth algorithm is restrained to the case of fatigue loading. The Paris' law is used as crack propagation law. During computation, the energy release rate G is computed using the G-Theta method  [5]. The particularity of the method is to consider a crack front discretized with nodes (or points) so that a curvilinear coordinate system can be defined. The number of control points of the crack front ( ) is chosen by the user.
Hybrid anodes, with capacities exceeding 300kC, manufactured using 18 mm zinc cylinders and length 165-220mm were then installed into predrilled holes using an activated proprietary ready-to-use mortar around the anodes and a high-quality low-shrinkage repair mortar to cap the hole. The titanium connector wires were embedded in chases between the anodes to allow a current to be impressed via a junction box housed on the abutments of each bridge. This junction box also contained a connection to the steel reinforcement and a data logging system. A manganese Oxide reference electrode was used to record continual monitoring data, measuring the steel potential, anode current, and corrosion current density from polarisation resistance. These are used to calculate both the steel polarisation and corrosion rate which can be used to assess the corrosion risk.
Monitoring of H6 canal bridge and Whiteadder bridge Patch protection and hybrid systems tend to have different intensities of monitoring. The H6 canal bridge project was installed as a low maintenance system and therefore had no in-built reference electrodes. The Whiteadder project, by contrast, had continual monitoring taking data several times a day to allow off-site employees to monitor the system remotely. After 4 years, the H6 canal bridge underwent a visual inspection and a surface half-cell potential measurement using a calibrated copper sulphate electrode with a steel connection to the local reinforcement. Examination of the structure shows that there was no concrete delamination or cracking despite the continued contamination with salt water from the failed joint on the bridge above: Potential testing was undertaken at small intervals along the concrete to determine if those anodes could be identified after 4 years of operation.
This is due to the anodes having very low corrosion currents when there is little moisture present and little risk of corrosion. The lowest corrosion rates, in fact, were calculated from data recorded in the highest risk areas. Galvanic systems are well suited to dealing with sudden changes in environment such as flooding, rainfall, and tides, instantly increasing protection during the event and maintaining adequate protection during the high risk drying out period. On the H6 canal bridge we see that anodes react locally to risk, only active in areas with high moisture to prevent the steel corroding. Using this knowledge, structures may be designed to use larger capacity anodes in higher risk areas, increasing the design life of the project efficiently. The SH16 bridges are the first utilisation of a hybrid system on a pre-stressed structure.
16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing and Data Processing The DNA library for amplicon sequencing was prepared according to  Williams et al. (2017). In brief, the V3 region (∼190 bp) of the 16S rRNA gene was PCR amplified using AccuPrime SuperMix II (Life Technologies, CA, United States) and primers NXt_388F and NXt_518R compatible with Nextera Index Kit (Illumina). Amplification steps included initial denaturation at 95 for 20 s and elongation at 72 • C for 20 s, followed by an extension at 72 • C for 5 min. Amplifications were performed in a Veriti 96-well thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, United States). The amplified fragments with adapters and tags were purified using AMPure XP beats (Beckman Coulter Genomic, CA, United States). Tag-encoded 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed using Illumina NextSeq 550 Sequencing System using the 2 × 150 cycles MID V2 kit (Illumina, CA, United States).
Analysis of Sequencing Data and Statistic Quantitative insight into microbial ecology (QIIME) software package (version 1. 8. 0) was used for subsequent analysis steps  (Caporaso et al. , 2010). The sequences were classified using Greengenes database (version 13. 8) as a reference 16S rRNA gene database  (Mcdonald et al. , 2012). Alphadiversity was evaluated by the number of observed species and Chao1 (97% similarity OTUs) computed for each OTU table rarefied to 10,000 sequences per sample, based on the lowest number of sequences produced per sample. Good's coverage estimates were over 98. 2% across the samples (data not shown), suggesting that sampling depth of 10,000 reads was sufficient to capture majority of the OTUs. Differences in alpha-diversity over time were tested using Student's t-test, employing the non-parametric (Monte Carlo) method (999 permutations).
Differences between the pectins in Chao1 indices were assessed by a one-way ANOVA with LSD post hoc test using data obtained in two independent experiments. Community differences (beta-diversity) were revealed by weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances matrices computed from the rarefied OTU tables and evaluated by analysis of similarities (ANOSIM). PCoA plots were generated with Jackknifed Beta Diversity workflow using 10 subsampled OTU tables. Group differences in microbial community structure were assessed by hierarchical clustering of OTUs (97% similarity), applying UPGMA (unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages) algorithm and visualized using R-studio software heatmap2 (cut-off 0. 01%). Statistical differences in bacterial abundances were evaluated for pooled data set (48, 56, and 72 h from two independent experiments, n = 6 for each substrate) compared to time 0 h (baseline, n = 20) by the non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Sum test combined with Bonferroni multiplicity correction, using 0.
05 as significance level. Correlation between the relative abundances of OTUs and the structural characteristics of nine pectins (P1-P9) was evaluated with the Spearman rank correlation test implemented in the otu_category_significance. py script (QIIME 1. 8. 0). Statistical significance was evaluated from the conservative FDR corrected p-values for multiple comparisons (FDR-adjusted, p < 0. 05).
FUNDING This research was funded by the  Danish Council for Strategic Research (DSR ,  Project BioSyn , No. 3050-00005B ) within the frame of the project " Strategic Research Collaboration in Food Science in the State of São Paulo, Brazil and Denmark " and supported by the  Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) , the  Program "Science without Borders. "From the  CNPq-Brazil CBS  received a scholarship 246027/2012-6, and TC -scholarship 233521/2014-3. This research has additionally been supported by the  Dutch Province of Limburg.
Description of the Hybrid Course Fourth-year pharmacy studies are organized as coordinated courses (CCs) in several disciplines. The CCs take place between January and May; a 2-week CC in hepatogastroenterology is followed by a 4-week CC in infectious diseases and then a 3-week CC on the bronchopulmonary tract. For the sake of consistency, the course's independent (online) working and in-class tutorials were organized in the same manner (Figure  1 ). The course module was made available on the Moodle learning management system (LMS), which was hosted on the Lille Faculty of Pharmacy's server. It began with a conventional lecture during which the lecturer presented the teaching and earning objectives, the course's timeline (notably the dates of the in-class teaching), the evaluation procedures (based on the continuous appraisal of coursework), the Moodle LMS (through which the students could access the learning resources), the examination sessions, and a discussion forum.
Online Evaluations At the end of an independent learning period (corresponding to a CC), knowledge acquisition was assessed via an online set of 20 MCQs that had to be completed in under 20 min. A total of 3 MCQs were administered between January and May (Figure  1 ). After connecting to Moodle, the student had up to 20 min to complete the MCQs; after that time, the results were recorded and the session closed automatically, regardless of whether or not the student had answered all the questions. For each student, 20 MCQs were randomly drawn from a database containing 40 to 70 questions, depending on the course. The MCQ session could be accessed over a 5-day period.
Data Collection and Analysis The study took place between January and June 2017. Several types of data were collected: 1. To assess the students' participation in the online learning module, we recorded the time connected to the course's Web page in each session, the number of forum messages, the total number of learning resource views per month, and the number of students having consulted each teaching resource between January 13, 2017, (the date on which the module was opened), and June 30, 2017, (the date on which the module was closed). 2. To assess the students' level of success in the course module, the marks obtained in the MCQ sessions and in the evaluations performed at the end of each tutorial session were recorded, and the mean value was calculated for each student. 3. To quantify the students' opinion of the hybrid course, we analyzed the answers to a modified version of the lecture evaluation questionnaire that has been used at the University of Lille for the last few years.
Statistical Analyses The coefficient r for the linear correlation between the MCQ marks and the tutorial marks was calculated, and the residuals were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows software (version 19. 0, IBM Corp, Armonk, NY)  [20]. After a linear model (Y=aX+b) had been built, the residuals were calculated as the difference between the marks obtained and those predicted by the model. Residual values above 3 or below -3 were considered to be aberrant. This analysis enabled us to detect and then exclude 8 aberrant values. The time spent connected to the course's Web page was analyzed by calculating Pearson coefficient r for the linear correlation with the overall mark on one hand and the in-class mark on the other hand. The coefficient r ranges between -1 and 1: the further away the value is from 0, the more significant the correlation.