dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Study sites and capture data We used clutch data from Black Grouse captured at from one to seven winter feeding sites in Central Finland during 2001-2006. Adults were captured using walk-in traps, ringed, and aged as yearling (1 year old) or older (C2 years old) based on colouration of the outermost primary wing feathers  (Helminen 1963). Females were then weighed and several morphometric measurements taken (including wing length, tarsus length). All females were fitted with metal rings and combinations of coloured plastic rings to aid long-distance identification. A subset of females was fitted with 16-to 20-g necklace radio transmitters (approximately 1. 5-2. 7% of body mass) with a mortality sensor, and lifetime of 104 weeks (Holohil RI-2D); recaptured females were fitted with new transmitters.
Survival analysis and behavioural data Transmitters did not influence female survival as recapture rates of ringed females with and without transmitters were similar  (Pekkola et al. 2014). Monthly female survival was monitored by searching the study areas within an approximate 5-km radius by car and scanning the signals at elevated locations. During the incubation, a few females in more remote summer ranges or hidden by natural obstacles were located from an airplane within an approximate 10-km radius. We assessed total lifespan using females of exact known age (i. e. females caught as yearlings). As yearling females may continue to disperse up until their first breeding season  (Marjakangas and Kiviniemi 2005) , which may lead to biases in our measures of female survival, we assessed total lifespan (weeks) of yearling females located from calendar week 24 (n = 75 females 5391 bird-weeks monitored) onwards from their first breeding season.
Multilocus heterozygosity Genomic DNA was extracted from the red blood cells using reagents from the BioSprint 15 DNA Blood Kit (reference 940017; Qiagen) and a Kingfisher magnetic particle processor. All individuals were genotyped at 11 autosomal microsatellite loci (BG6, BG15, BG16, BG18, BG19, TTD2, TTD3, TTT1, TUD6, TUT3, TUT4) and one-sex linked locus (BG10) (see  Lebigre et al. 2007  for details). The software package CERVUS  (Kalinowski et al. 2007 ) provided summary statistics for the data set including heterozygosity, number of alleles per locus and v 2 goodness-of-fit tests for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Inbreeding occurs in this population [*13% of all clutches were produced by close relatives  (Lebigre et al. 2010) ]. We used standardised multilocus heterozygosity (sMLH) as a measure of female MLH; sMLH was calculated from all adult genotypes using the Rhh package  (Alho et al.
2010 ) run in R version 3. 2. 1 (R Core Team 2014). We tested whether our markers captured genome-wide heterozygosity by calculating heterozygosity-heterozygosity correlations and tested for identity disequilibrium with g 2 using the inbreedR package  (Stoffel et al. 2016 ). However, our statistical power to capture genome-wide heterozygosity is likely to be biased by our low numbers of loci (e. g. Chapman and Sheldon 2011).
Data analyses We first tested the relationship between female total lifespan (weeks) in relation to sMLH and female mass at first capture using linear models. This meant we had estimates for both sMLH and body mass that we could subsequently use in our dummy dataset. Using data for these females, we also correlated female mass and sMLH. Using a separate dataset of females (n = 130-135 females/142-147 clutches depending on clutch parameter), we then tested the relationship between sMLH and female mass on five clutch parameters (mean egg mass, mean egg volume, mean chick mass, clutch size, clutch sex ratio). Clutch parameters are often collinear, so we analysed them separately as they may show different responses to female reproductive investment. We predicted that egg size (egg mass, egg volume) and clutch size would correlate with sMLH because previous work showed chick mass was related to pairwise relatedness of parents  (Soulsbury et al.
2011). In all models, sMLH and (log-transformed) female body mass were set as fixed factors and female ring number was included as a random factor. We chose not to use female age (i. e. yearling or C2 years old) as a cofactor because (1) female age and body mass are interdependent (yearling females are 6-7% lighter than older females; mean individual increase in mass ± SD = 57. 0 ± 1. 3 g) and because body mass is more likely to directly influence female clutch parameters than age per se. Egg mass, egg volume and chick mass were analysed using the lmer function from the lme4 package  (Bates et al. 2011 ) and lmerTest package  (Kuznetsova et al. 2013). To account for the underdispersion of clutch size data (Devenish-Nelson et al. 2013), we used a generalized linear mixed-effects model using the glmmPQL function with a quasi-Poisson family from the mass package  (Venables and Ripley 2002).
Dummy dataset generation and analysis Our survival dataset and our clutch datasets are essentially separate, with very little overlap in data. To examine whether the combined effect of sMLH and mass were impacting survival, we created a dummy dataset. We used the standardised heterozygosity values of 479 females. Each individual sMLH was assigned a body mass of 740-1110 g at 10-g increments which represented the lightest and heaviest female in our dataset. In total, there were 17,723 females in our dummy dataset. Predicted lifespan was calculated using coefficients derived from the linear model of female lifespan and sMLH and body mass (see Results section). For each individual we then calculated predicted egg mass, egg volume, chick mass and clutch size based on linear mixedeffects models of clutch parameters and log female body mass only.
To avoid large sample sizes impacting the results, we random resampled 1000 individuals from this initial dummy dataset. We then tested the relationship between clutch parameters, and sMLH on (1) all data, and (2) individuals predicted to survive C24 weeks. We generated 1000 randomly sampled datasets, for which we extracted the coefficients from the model. We then compared estimates with and without viability selection using two-sample t-tests and tested differences in frequency distributions using a two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
Genetic profile of population A total of 1657 full-grown Black Grouse were genotyped leading to a total number of alleles for each locus which ranged from five to 23 (mean = 12 alleles; Table  S1 ). Deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg expectations were found at one locus (BG15; Table  S1 ), and may be partly explained by the weak population subdivision observed in this study system [the Wahlund effect  (Lebigre et al. 2008) ] and the pooling of samples collected in different years within each lek (the presence of transgenerational close relatives might strengthen deviations from the HWE). There was a non-significant positive heterozygosityheterozygosity correlation (r = 0. 01; 95% CI = -0. 03/ 0. 05). Identity disequilibrium estimated from these loci did not differ significantly from zero in the complete dataset (g 2 = 0.
Heterozygosity and fitness Neither identity disequilibrium (g 2 ) nor heterozygosityheterozygosity correlations were significantly different from zero. This is not surprising, as most reported g 2 are non-significant [mean g 2 = 0. 007 with only 26 of 129 estimates of g 2 significantly different from zero  (Miller and Coltman 2014) ]. Without variance in inbreeding (i. e. when g 2 = 0) HFCs cannot arise  (Szulkin et al. 2010 ). However, inbreeding  (Lebigre et al. 2010 ) and inbreeding depression occur in our study population [e. g. chick mass  (Soulsbury et al. 2011) ]. Non-significant values of g 2 do not contradict the observation of HFC, and low levels of inbreeding are typically easier to detect through its effect on the phenotype or fitness, rather than its effect on heterozygosity. At the same time, our genotyping data are from adult birds in the population.
Acknowledgements We thank  Rauno V. Alatao ,  Heli Siitari ,  Matti Halonen ,  Gilbert Ludwig ,  Tuomo Pihlaja ,  Elina Virtanen  and the numerous people over the years who have helped both in the lab and the field. We also thank  Shinichi Nakagawa  for useful comments on an early draft of this manuscript and two anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions. Funding was provided by the  Academy of Finland  (grant nos. 7211271  and  7119165 ) and the  Finnish Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research  ( Academy of Finland ).
1, pp. 277-324 ; Amy M. M o r r i s, Art and  Advertising. Late Medieval Altarpieces in Germany, in: ibid. , vol. 1,  Particularly important here are objects associated with some of the main iconography of devotional indulgences, such as the Mass of St Gregory (for which see the database, URL: http://gregorsmesse. uni-muenster. de;  26. 1. 2017 ). The challenges of determining the significance of indulgences textually but not physically linked to objects whose veneration might procure them is evident in the uncertainty over responses to those associated with the "Well of Moses" sculpture at the Carthusian monastery at Champmol, Susie N a s h, Claus Sluter's "Well of Moses" for the Chartreuse de Champmol  Reconsidered. Part III, in: Burlington Magazine 150 (2008) ,  pp. 724-741, here pp. 724, 726f.
The EU-funded projects GROUNDMED  (Montagud et al. 2013) , GROUNDHIT  (Sanner et al. 2007 ) and the ongoing H2020 projects Cheap GSHPs  (Bernardi et al. 2015)  and G€OTECH  (Solintel et al. 2015)  have been implemented to reduce the installation costs of shallow geothermal systems. Electricity is highly taxed in Europe, i. e. 33% of average in EU28 and over 50% in Germany (Eurostat 2017), and hence a tax reduction would be highly desirable. Knowledge exchange on GHP has been addressed by projects such as REGEOCITIES  (European Geothermal Energy Council-EGEC et al. 2015) , LEGEND  (Tinti et al. 2016 ) and GEOPOWER  (Giambastiani et al. 2014). This paper presents the GRETA project, funded by the EU program INTERREG-Alpine Space. The objective is to sustain the use of shallow geothermal energy in the Alpine regions and it is pursued by improving the knowledge of general public and decision makers on this renewable energy source, exchanging best technical and administrative practices and developing decision support tools for individual installations (maps of the near-surface geothermal potential) and energy planning at local and regional scale (e.
BRGM is studying the viability on the French Alps of borehole thermal energy storage (BTES); • Case studies of existing shallow geothermal installations are reviewed by partners in different parts of the Alpine Space, covering a wide range of utilizations (residential, commercial, touristic and industrial sector, road and platform de-icing, ice rinks, swimming pools etc. ) and techniques (mostly BHE and GWHP, but also horizontal collectors). Data collected from these plants serve both as a guidance and as an example of how widely can GHP be applied. As reported above, the authorisation process of these installations is analysed by WP2 to assess the effectiveness of different regulation schemes in different countries and regions. To date, a catalogue of existing NSGE techniques and practices has already been published  (Bottig et al.
2 : Region Valle d'Aosta (Italy), Parc des Bauges (France), Davos (Switzerland), Oberallgau (Germany), Saalbach (Austria), and Cerkno (Slovenia). In these areas, the G. POT method developed by Casasso and Sethi (2016) will be adopted to assess the amount of heat that can be efficiently extracted by a BHE with a typical depth (100m) for building heating. G. POT is based on a simplified model of heat transport in the ground and inside the BHE, which is used to simulate the operation of a heating-only or cooling-only GHP. The thermal properties of the ground are derived based on measures and on empirical correlations with geological data  (Casasso and Sethi 2017). A flowchart of the process is shown in Fig. 3.
WP4 -data collection The first year of activity of this WP was dedicated to the definition of mapping criteria and to the collection of data to build the web GIS accordingly. For the large-scale mapping, a number of criteria, shown in Tab. 2, was derived based on peculiar geological features, such as the presence of anhydrites, artesian wells, landslides etc. , and a questionnaire has been distributed to practitioners and public bodies to get their feedback on the validity of these criteria to identify suitable and unsuitable areas for the installation of GHPs. Large-scale (e. g. , 1:1M) and medium-scale (e. g. 1:250k, 1:100k) geological maps will be used for this purpose. Tab. 2 -Criteri tecnici, legali ed ambientali utilizzati per la mappatura su larga scala della fattibilità degli impianti geotermici nel territorio dello Spazio Alpino.
Regarding the mapping of shallow geothermal potentials in the six case-study areas, partners collected input data about detailed stratigraphy, hydrogeology and ground thermal properties. When available, detailed geological maps (e. g. 1:50k, 1:25k) will be used to achieve the highest accuracy in the characterization of the subsurface. In addition, information was collected on existing GHP installations in the three pilot areas identified by WP5 (Oberallgau, Cerkno and Valle d'Aosta). This dataset is key for the implementation of shallow geothermal systems in local energy plans, since it provides a practical demonstration of the viability of this technology, an indication of how this technology is diffused in a certain territory and where interferences between neighbouring plants may occur.
Sistemi spaziali di supporto alle decisioni Negli ultimi anni è stata sviluppata l'applicazione di sistemi spaziali di supporto alle decisioni (Spatial Decision Support Systems -SDSSs), progettati per aiutare il pianificatore e gestore forestale nel definire le possibili soluzioni a problemi aventi componenti che si configurano spazialmente sul territorio. Questi sistemi, in genere interattivi, integrano sistemi di sup-porto decisionale (DSS) che prevedono la produzione di output nell'ambito di sistemi informativi geografici. Un SDSS comporta, dunque, l'utilizzo di: (i) un sistema di gestione di database (DBMS), che contiene e permette di manipolare i dati geografici; (ii) una libreria dei potenziali modelli che possono essere utilizzati per prevedere i possibili esiti delle decisioni (MBMS); (iii) un'interfaccia grafica (Graphical User Interface -GUI) per supportare gli utenti nella fase di interrogazione e nell'interpretazione dei risultati.
Utilizzazioni forestali Uno specifico campo di applicazione della selvicoltura di precisione è la cosiddetta Precision Forest Harvesting. Apposite strumentazioni permettono di raccogliere informazioni dalle macchine abbattitrici/allestitrici sulla specie, qualità e assortimento legnoso, che possono essere utilizzate per effettuare operazioni in tempo reale (pezzatura) o in post-processamento (valutazione del prezzo di macchiatico). Tali misure possono essere integrate ad informazioni rilevate a terra o disponibili da dataset georeferiti (carte della viabilità e del volume legnoso) processate da un terminale SDSS equipaggiato sulle macchine, che permette di effettuare valutazioni sulle caratteristiche dell'intervento (intensità dei diradamenti, densità dei fusti arborei, linee di percorrenza).
La massa legnosa e la biomassa epigea sono state determinate tramite le equazioni elaborate per i pini mediterranei in occasione dell'Inventario Nazionale delle Foreste e dei serbatoi forestali di carbonio (Gasparini & Tabacchi 2011). Inoltre, per l'esatta determinazione dell'età del po-Fig. 2  -Bacino del Bonis con copertura forestale e ubicazione della stazione di misura. polamento è stato effettuato un campionamento di carotine prelevate a 1. 30 m da terra, con succhiello di Pressler, con le quali è in fase di esecuzione la misura dello spessore degli anelli, mediante uno stereomicroscopio binoculare Rinntech Lintab 6, interfacciato ad un computer tramite il software TSAPWin V. 4. 70d, per la simultanea registrazione dei dati. Nel complesso, questi rilievi rivestono particolare importanza perché hanno consentito di raccogliere informazioni utili non solo per l'aggiornamento dei dati sulle formazioni forestali presenti all'interno del bacino sperimentale ma anche per la parametrizzazione del modello 3D-CMCC-CNR-FEM.
Protocollo di campionamento del suolo La pianificazione di uno schema ottimale di campionamento ha rivestito particolare importanza poiché il numero e la disposizione dei campioni influenzano i tempi e i costi delle analisi in campo e laboratorio, oltre che l'affidabilità dei risultati. L'ubicazione dei campioni è stata ottimizzata tramite l'algoritmo dello Spatial Simulated Annealing (SSA) implementato all'interno del software SANOS  (Van Groenigen & Stein 1998 , Van Groenigen et al. 2000 , Van Groenigen 2000 , Castrignanò et al. 2006). Tramite una procedura iterativa, l'algoritmo SSA genera una configurazione casuale di punti, modificata ad ogni iterazione con la finalità di soddisfare un criterio di ottimizzazione o di minimizzare un indice areale di efficienza. Disponendo di limitate informazioni pedologiche pregresse per l'area di studio  (Busoni et al.
Risultati attesi I parametri raccolti rispetto a dati dendrometrici, dati di suolo e dati meteorologici confluiranno nel database di progetto e, oltre ad essere utilizzati per le simulazioni modellistiche qui descritte, saranno inseriti nel Sistema Osservativo Integrato delle Risorse Forestali della Calabria (SIRFOR), prodotto dal laboratorio pubblico-privato ALForLab. Nelle precedenti versioni, il modello ha fornito risultati di qualità decisamente elevata per 11 foreste europee di diverse tipologie (decidue, sempreverdi e con specie forestali miste). È stata riscontrata una correlazione elevata tra la GPP e la produttività simulata e quella osservata, come altresì confermato dai valori degli indici statistici calcolati  (Collalti et al. 2016). Alla luce delle buone prestazioni del modello sui siti europei, per i popolamenti di una specie sempreverde (il pino laricio) presenti sul bacino del Bonis sono attesi risultati altrettanto positivi, con valori di GPP simulati che risultino prossimi a quelli osservati nei 3 anni disponibili  (2006) (2007) (2008)  non utilizzati per la calibrazione.
Funding: This research was funded by the  IDEX Paris-Saclay  grant number  ANR-11-IDEX-0003-02. Acknowledgments: This work is supported by the " IDI 2017 " project funded by the  IDEX Paris-Saclay ,  ANR-11-IDEX-0003-02. M. R. thanks  S. Lesieur  for helpful advices during the doctoral study.
Acknowledgments Damien Garreau PhD  scholarship is financed by  DGA / Inria. Sylvain Arlot  is also member of the  Select project-team of Inria Saclay. At the beginning of this work,  Sylvain Arlot  was financed by  CNRS  and member of the  Sierra team in the Département d'Informatique de l' École normale supérieure  ( CNRS / ENS / Inria UMR 8548 ), 45 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France. This work was also partly done while  Sylvain Arlot  was supported by  Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES ,  Le Bois-Marie ,  35 , route de Chartres, 91440  Bures-Sur-Yvette, France ). The authors thank  Alain Celisse  and  Aymeric Dieuleveut  for helpful discussions.
Purpose of the study. -No studies have compared the risk of mortality or graft-versus-host disease, in an inpatient setting in France, in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients who develop cytomegalovirus disease with those who do not. This study assessed the impact of cytomegalovirus disease on clinical outcomes and healthcare resource utilization in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients using the French Programme de Medicalisation des Systemes d'Information database. Patients and methods. -Recipients who had undergone allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant in French hospitals between 2008 and 2011 were included in this retrospective, matched cohort study. Those with cytomegalovirus disease were each matched with two allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients without cytomegalovirus disease according to demographic and clinical characteristics.
Study design and data source This was a retrospective, multicenter, matched cohort study using data from the PMSI database, a comprehensive French hospital database containing records of all hospitalizations (public and private) across the country. Three related datasets were used: the Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Odontology database (Medecine, Chirurgie, Obstetrique et Odontologie) for short-stay hospitalizations, the Follow-up and Rehabilitation Care database (Soins de Suite ou de Readaptation), and Complementary Files (FICHCOMP) for drugs taken during hospital stays. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki. allo-HCT recipients were identified via an anonymized code assigned by data holders, and the authors did not have access to the original data containing personal information.
For each allo-HCT recipient, information was collected on whether total body irradiation (TBI) or anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) infusion was used as part of the transplant preparatory regimen. The use of TBI was identified using procedure codes, and the use of ATG infusion was identified using UniteCommune de Dispensation codes in patient medication records. ICD-10 codes were used to identify cases of CMV-D based on primary and secondary diagnoses provided in the PMSI database. allo-HCT recipients were considered to have CMV-D if they had a primary or secondary diagnosis of a specified CMV-D (CMV pneumonia [B25. 0], colitis [K93. 820], hepatitis [B25. 1], cholangitis [K87. 00], mononucleosis [B27. 1], pancreatitis [B25. 2], or retinitis [H32. 00]), or if they were hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of an unspecified CMV-D (B25.
Study outcomes All outcomes were assessed over 3, 6, and 12 months from the index date. The clinical outcomes assessed were all-cause inhospital mortality (death is not recorded in the PMSI database if it occurs outside of the hospital, and thus was not taken into account in the analyses), and GR and/or GVHD, which were detected based on primary and secondary diagnoses provided in the PMSI database using ICD-10 codes (Table  1 ). Healthcare resource utilization was also assessed. Healthcare costs were defined as total hospitalization costs, which included costs of inpatient stays in short stay (medecine chirurgie obstetrique) and rehabilitation (soins de suite et de readaptation) medical units (including any additional costs of medication incurred during these stays). Additional measures of healthcare resource utilization were total inpatient days and the number of hospital admissions (stays lasting for at least 1 day).
Discussion This retrospective analysis of data for 4884 allo-HCT recipients in France between 2008 and 2011 allowed the impact of CMV-D on clinical outcomes and healthcare resource utilization to be investigated. These data demonstrate that exposed allo-HCT recipients have a higher probability of mortality and higher cumulative number of inpatient days than non-exposed allo-HCT recipients over the 12 months after CMV-D diagnosis. CMV-D was not associated with significantly higher healthcare costs or number of hospital readmissions. In this national hospitalization database study, 16. 9% of allo-HCT recipients had a reported primary or secondary diagnosis of CMV infection or CMV-D. Based on the strict pre-defined criteria, the incidence of CMV-D in this study was 4. 0%, which may not reflect the true incidence owing to the way that CMV infection and CMV-D are recorded in the PMSI database.