dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Sample selections and elimination This section reports sample selection and elimination of data used in this paper. The entire sample consist of 30 stocks trading firms on NGSE-30 index. Firm's trading stock data as well as their associated Wiki page views data are obtained, with procedures outline in Section 2. 3 as precept. However, firm's corresponding tickers searches listed in Appendix 1 Table  A1 , Panel A and B, either returned insufficient GSV or have ambiguous keywords. Hence, our study used the firm's GSV data. After the selection and elimination process, a total number of twenty-four (24) firms are finally applied in our analysis. Table  A1 , panel B, shown the complete list of companies with no Wiki or Google search data. Thus, these companies were excluded in our final sample selection.
Stock data We downloaded a total of 24,624 daily adjusted closed prices data. And used the weekly (week ending Friday) historical closing stock prices data between August 3, 2015 and August 2, 2019 obtained from the Nigerian Stock Exchange, Lagos. The NSE-30 index is a modified market capitalization index with a fixed number of thirty (30) included stocks. All firms listed on NGSE-30 as at June 1, 2019 were searched for data analysis, but firms which did not meet Section 3. 3 and 3. 4 selection criterion are expunge from our sample. Besides, missing data due to holidays and non-trading days are replaced by simply using the mean imputation procedures  (Batista and Monard, 2003). The weekly return is calculated from the adjusted closing prices as; R t ¼ log P t P t-1 (2) where; R t is the raw log return, P t is the adjusted stock price for week t, P t-1 is the adjusted stock price from the previous week.
Results also indicate that with 99% confidence level, most of the variation in ATVol can be explained by the variable ðATVolÞ using the current and previous weeks. Although the volatility dynamics of the Nigerian stock market. Our analysis covers the top thirty (30) firms in Nigeria stock market exchange with respect to their market capitalization and liquidity. Our analyzed empirical results suggest that the use of data information offered by Wikipedia and Google services can be of great benefit to active and prospective investors as well as individual companies. Results show that the GSV does not influence firms listed on NGSE-30 index. Nevertheless, changes in the numbers of Wikipedia page views related to stock market activities negatively impact both the contemporary explanatory and predictive stock returns.
g. name, date of birth, gender), clinical data using international standard ontologies; b) upload of digital medical images through Picture Archive and Communication Systems (PACS) in multiple formats for ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance (MR), nuclear medicine imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), endoscopy (ES), mammograms (MG), digital radiography (DR), computed radiography (CR), histopathology; c) anatomical pathology data (macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues); d) genetic and genomic information and pedigree/family history in line with international standards. CPMS encrypts and stores the data in a relational database. The system also pseudonymises patient data (at both the level of the patient/clinician and at the level of the researcher) after the case is closed and where consent has been provided, stores the data in a low accessibility database and provides a mechanism to allow an ERN to collect and export data for potential sharing, or future use in clinical decision-making tools, protocols, guidelines, case library or research.
Start the data logging program according to the AMPTS II software manual. Analyze the gas composition to determine the hydrogen fraction in the biogas samples, for each bottle at least once during the kinetics. Disconnect the Tygon 1 hose from the absorber unit and seal it with a pipe plug and take the biogas sample with a syringe from the other hose. Check daily that the hard tubing pieces that connect the bent stir rod to the motor are undamaged and the mixing works properly. Otherwise, change the tubing pieces. 10 Check daily that the water level in the thermostatic water bath reaches the plastic lid and fill it with additional distilled water if necessary. Make sure that the Tygon 1 hose is not bent abruptly, interfering with the gas flow and not being damaged by the rotating parts of the agitator/motor.
End of the test The AMPTS II software automatically upgrades the cumulative hydrogen production curve; review the curve daily to determine the end of the essay following the stop criteria. The stop time criterion (ST) is obtained when the H 2 production curve becomes asymptotic (FT) (Fig. 4 )  [8]. As an additional stop criterion, you can use the coefficient of variation between the last three records of cumulative hydrogen when it becomes lower than 5 %. 2 In the AMPTS II software, generate a report in the Download report menu. Download the report and open it to make sure that the report has been generated correctly and that no errors have occurred during the download of the file. 3 Stop the registration by pressing the pause button and then the stop button. Note: By pressing the stop button, the experiment associated with that particular cell can no longer continue.
Calculations H 2 cumulative volume From the cumulative hydrogen volume graph adjust the curve to the modified Gompertz model  [10] , record the software used and the correlation coefficient, make the adjustment for each replicate: HðtÞ ¼ H max exp Àexp 2:71828R max H max l À t ð Þ þ 1 ! & ' Where H(t) (mL) is the cumulative hydrogen production at time t (h); H max (mL) is the maximum gas produced; R max is the maximum production rate (mL h À1 ); and l is the lag-phase time before the exponential hydrogen production (h). For cumulative hydrogen production results using the manual version, adjust the recorded volume to standard conditions (0 C and 1 atm). The automatic device AMPTS II reports the gas production at standard conditions, according to internal temperature and pressure sensors.
Acknowledgements This work was performed in the frame of the  Biohydrogen Latin America network. The authors thanks the funding of the following projects:  Fondo de Sustentabilidad Energética SENERÀCONACYT ,  Clúster Biocombustibles Gaseosos , 247006  and  CONACYT240087 ;  Fondecyt3160219; Program ECOS-CONICYT  project  N C12E06 ,  GRAIL613667  ( FP7-KBBE-2013 );  ANII-FSE102488 (Uruguay) ;  FAPESP  ( 2015/06246-7 ) and  CNPq  processes  406751/2013-7 ,  150641/2015-0 ,  150475/2016-0  (Brazil); and program  EU   Waste2bioHy  project ( FP7-MC-IEF -326974 ). The cofunding of  Bioprocess Control AB (Lund, Sweden)  for the open access publication of this method is also acknowledged. The authors thank the technical assistance of  Carolina Mejía Saucedo ,  Gloria Moreno Rodríguez ,  Jaime Pérez Trevilla ,  Ángel A.
For the grain size distributions GB8 and GB7, we were able to get a mesh with the Trelis meshing software but Trelis failed to generate a mesh for GB6. Only the Gmsh meshing software was able to generate a mesh but at the price Fig. 8. Signal obtained with GM model for different grain size distributions. The amplitude is normalized by the maximum value of the signal reflected from the aluminum block (in this case, the data are normalized with GB4 from HM model as a reference). 9. Normalized f rms value of backscattered signal amplitude obtained in the experiments (red circle and line) and the results obtained with the HM model (blue triangle and line) for different grain size distributions. The error bar shows the standard deviation calculated from 70 data sets. f rms was calculated using the signal between 20 and 40 µs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank  H. Suganuma ,  H. Muto , and  R. Oshimi  who were students in the  Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , and  K. Ohira  who works at  Japan Probe Co. Ltd. , for their assistances in conducting the experiments. The authors would also like to thank the  Centre de Calcul Intensif de Pays de la Loire  as some of the computations were performed with its resources. The authors would also like to dedicate this work to their colleague  D. Komatitsch  who passed away during its realization. The authors feel great honor for being able to work with him.
This work was supported in part by  Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists A  ( 17H04974 ) from the  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  and in part by the  International Training Project for Young Researchers  from  The University of Tokyo. This work was granted access to the French HPC resources of TGCC under allocation gen7165, mam0305, and  gen0305  and of CINES under allocation  A0020407165 ,  A0030410305 , and  A0070410305 , made by  GENCI. This work was also granted access to the  HPC resources of Aix-Marseille Université  financed by the project  Equip@Meso  ( ANR-10-EQPX-29-01 ) of the program " Investissements d'Avenir " supervised by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  under allocations b025. The work of  Yann Capdeville  was supported by the  ANR HIWAI  Grant  ANR-16-CE31-0022-01.
Materials Acetonitrile (ACN), LC/MS-grade (Carlo Erba, Val-de-Reuil Cedex, France #412342), and formic acid (FA) for mass spectrometry (Fluka, Steinheim, Germany, #94318-50ML-F) were used for the preparation of buffer A and buffer B as eluents during liquid chromatography. Buffer A: 0. 1% FA; buffer B 90% ACN/10% in water, in 0. 1% FA. The LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted with a nanoflow HPLC system (Thermo Dionex Ultimate 3000, ThermoScientific, Bremen, Germany) with an Acclaim PepMap100 C18 pre-column, 5 mM × 300 µm, 5 µm particles (Thermo Scientific, #160454), and an Acclaim Pep-Map RSLC column, 15 cm × 75 µm, 2 µm particles (Thermo Scientific, #164534). The MS/MS analysis utilized a QTOF Impact II mass spectrometer (Bruker, Bremen, Germany). Raw LC-MS/MS data were interpreted with the Bruker Compass Data Analysis (version 4.
Propionylation was used to protect the nonbiotinylated BAP peptide from tryptic cleavage on the target lysine. Such an approach allows one to obtain modified and nonmodified peptides of comparable sizes, facilitating the interpretation of the results. On-bead protein digestion is preferable over in-gel protein digestion, because the on-bead workflow significantly reduces the number of fractions to be measured by mass spectrometry, as compared with in-gel digestion. After desalting on Ziptip, the peptide mixtures, containing biotinylated and nonbiotinylated BAP peptides, were analyzed by LC-MS/MS, using the Bruker Compass Data Analysis software (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Germany).
This method has been widely used elsewhere, for example, in the analysis of histone modifications  [27, 28]. Such an approach allows one to obtain modified and nonmodified peptides of comparable sizes, facilitating the interpretation of the results. The digested peptides were analyzed using a nanoreverse-phase HPLC system coupled to a QTOF mass spectrometer. The instrument was used in two modes: targeted MRM analysis for the relative quantification of biotinylated and propionylated BAP peptides and shotgun (or discovery) mode for the identification of all proteins nonspecifically bound to the resin (Supplementary Tables  S1-S4 ). The raw data obtained from MS were examined using the Data Analysis program by performing extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of the precursor ions at 563. 2001 m/z (propionylated BAP) and 648.
4190 m/z (biotinylated BAP) and calculating the areas for fragment ions y 8 , y 7 , y 6 , y 5 , and y 4. To predict the m/z values of the fragment ions, we used an accessible online program that allowed us to calculate these values for y and b ions for both propionylated and biotinylated BAP peptides (http://db. systemsbiology. net/proteomicsToolkit/FragIonServlet. html). The raw data were processed by the Data Analysis program by using the "protein analysis" function on the menu to generate an mgf file. The mgf file was used to perform a "target-decoy" search on the Mascot server, applying 1% false discovery rate (FDR) for peptide spectrum matches (PSMs) above the homology threshold (Supplementary Tables  S1-S4 ). The MS proteomics data have been deposited into the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository, with the data set identifier PXD015756.
Acknowledgments: A. K. is greatly thankful to  Yerlan Ramankulov  ( National Center for Biotechnology, Kazakhstan ) for funding acquisition,  Undine Mechold  ( Institute Pasteur, Paris, France ),  Tess Branon  ( Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA ),  Modesto Redrejo Rodríguez  ( Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain ), and  Ruslan Kalendar  ( National Center for Biotechnology, Kazakhstan ) for carefully reading and editing this manuscript.
Methods: To better characterize this condition we utilize a three-pronged approach. First, we provide a comprehensive summary of the world's literature encompassing 1157 cases in 27 separate manuscripts. Next, we describe the clinical features of 727 OMD subjects enrolled by the Dystonia Coalition (DC), an international multicenter database. Finally, we provide details of the treatment approach and response from two expert centers where large numbers of OMD patients are followed. Cases from expert centers were utilized to analyze whether response to botulinum toxin varied by etiology of OMD. Results: In all cohorts, typical age at onset was in the 50s and approximately 70% of cases were female. Although the literature OMD more commonly described as a focal dystonia, analysis of the DC database revealed it more commonly appears as part of a segmental dystonia.
Literature Review The PubMed database was queried from January 1989 through March 2020 for reports using the keywords 'oromandibular dystonia,' 'jaw dystonia,' 'Meige syndrome' and 'lingual dystonia. ' Other reports were found through the bibliographies of these articles. Only those papers published in the English language were included. Case reports of fewer than 5 subjects were excluded. Series that described dystonia due to peripheral injury or of lower facial twisting phenomenology typical of psychogenic or functional dystonia were excluded due to diagnostic uncertainty. However, other secondary forms of OMD (e. g. tardive syndromes) were included because the majority of prior reports described combined etiologies and it was often difficult to distinguish tardive from idiopathic cases.
Likewise, cases with task specific musician's dystonia were not excluded because they could not typically be distinguished from idiopathic cases in the literature. Cases of bruxism are sometimes reported to be a feature of OMD, but the mixed pathophysiology is often inconsistent with dystonia and includes mechanical alignment issues, dental problems, disturbed sleep physiology and peripheral nervous system pathology. 14  Therefore, such patients were only included if concurrently diagnosed with OMD. Data extracted from published case series included patient demographics and dystonia etiology, clinical features, and treatment response.
Dystonia Coalition (DC) Cohort Data from the DC natural history of dystonia study database were collected and analyzed for 727 OMD subjects enrolled across 26 international sites from 2011-2019 (http://clinicaltrials. gov/show/NCT01373424). To be included in the DC database the patients had to be diagnosed with isolated dystonia of any type (focal, segmental, multifocal, generalized); and inclusion for the analysis of OMD required dystonia to be present in jaw, tongue, and/or perioral region. Exclusion criteria for database entry were any evidence of a secondary cause for dystonia, significant medical or neurologic conditions that preclude completing the neurologic examination, significant physical or other condition that would confound diagnosis or evaluation, other than dystonia or tremor.
Expert Center Cohorts Data were collected from two clinical centers with expertise in the management of OMD. Retrospective chart review identified 116 additional subjects evaluated at the Emory University Movement Disorders Clinic between 2015 to 2019, and 57 subjects evaluated in Head and Neck Surgical Group (HNSG) and the NY Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders. The primary inclusion criterion was diagnosis of OMD of any type (focal, segmental, multifocal, generalized). Secondary forms of dystonia (e. g. tardive dystonia and post-stroke dystonia) were included. Exclusion criteria were loss to follow up after initial evaluation and significant medical or physical conditions that would confound diagnosis or treatment outcomes. Demographic and clinical features including age at onset, gender, race, distribution of dystonia, and areas affected were extracted from retrospective chart review.
Statistical Analysis Analyses were completed separately for each of the four cohorts (Literature review, DC, EMDC, and HNSG due to the different types of data that were available for each cohort. For each cohort, descriptive analyses for all demographics (age, sex, race) and clinical characteristics (distribution, areas affected, and severity) were completed. For the expert center cohorts with detailed treatment data, additional descriptive analysis was performed for therapies employed and response to treatment. To evaluate whether treatment response varied by etiology, ANOVA was utilized. Within the DC cohort, additional descriptive analyses were performed for BDI, LSA, and SF-36 scores for the subset of subjects within five years of onset. Univariate linear regression was performed to estimate the association between QOL and demographic/clinical characteristics.
DC Cohort Table  2  presents a cross-sectional analysis of demographics and clinical features for subjects with idiopathic OMD enrolled in the DC database. Among the 727 cases, 70% were female and the average age at onset was 50 ± 16 years. In this cohort, 87% of subjects identified as White. The distribution of dystonia was most commonly segmental (43%), and less commonly focal (39%) or generalized (10%). Sixty one percent had involvement of the jaw, 85% had involvement of the lower face, and 17% had involvement of the tongue. GDRS severity scores averaged 2. 85 ± 2 for the lower face 1. 84 ± 2 for the jaw and tongue, with average total scores of 16 ± 13. Among the subjects, 32% reported having received BoNT treatment. Concurrent dystonia in other regions of the body did not increase the chance that OMD patients received botulinum toxin injection therapy (p=0.
Discussion: In this study, we summarize the clinical characteristics and treatment of OMD in the largest combined cohort reported, 2,057cases. This included 1,157 cases from the world's literature, 727 cases from an international multicenter biorepository, and 173 cases treated at two expert centers. The data from these three cohorts were not uniform. The cohort from the DC included only idiopathic OMD, while cases from the literature and the 2 expert centers included secondary cases. Anatomic treatment distribution of dystonia was reported by the DC and expert centers, but not consistently in the literature. Treatment data were described most thoroughly by the expert centers. Despite these differences among the cohorts, overall results were strikingly similar. OMD tends to occur in the early 50s and is more common in women and more common in whites compared to other races.
Although the OMDQ-25 provides valuable patient reported outcomes, this scale is influenced by mood and may not be specific to motor symptoms. Despite the heterogeneity of etiology and phenomenology, most cases improved with BoNT treatment. Of the 23 manuscripts reporting treatment response, 11 reported 100% of cases improved, 10 reported greater than 65% of cases improved, and only two reported less than 50% of cases improved (Table  1 ). Future work is necessary to determine whether the phenomenology or injection approach plays a role in response. There several limitations to our literature review, including relatively small subject samples from single centers. Of the 27 reports summarized in Table  1 , only 4 describe cohorts greater than 100 subjects. The analysis using the DC multicenter international database minimizes the idiosyncrasies often present in single center analyses providing valuable information on the clinical characteristics of subjects diagnosed with OMD from a database of clinical characteristics of all types of dystonia.
Interestingly, review of the DC database reveals that OMD was typically present as part of a segmental pattern of dystonia involving a contiguous body region such as the upper face and neck. Most published reports have described OMD primarily as a focal dystonia. This finding draws attention to the need to carefully evaluate subjects with blepharospasm and cervical dystonia for dystonia in the oromandibular region. Given our finding that OMD commonly occurs in combination with other forms of dystonia and previous reports that 50% of subjects with blepharospasm have spread of dystonia to the oromandibular region,  19  it is possible that the oromandibular region is particularly sensitive to dystonia spread. Future longitudinal studies are needed on the natural history of OMD to assess likelihood of progression of dystonia to other body regions.
7 ± 7. 8). Interestingly, exposure to BoNT treatment did not significantly alter QOL scores in the DC cohort. Given results that anxiety and depression significantly affect QOL, it will be important to assess for these non-motor features of disease in clinical care and to address these symptoms as part of the treatment plan for subjects. One limitation of treatment data collected in the DC database is the cross-sectional nature, without details of treatment dose or injection pattern. Given centers enrolling subjects are typically tertiary care centers, there may be an enrollment bias such that subjects presenting at these centers have failed routine treatment approaches in the community. A small prospective trial reported improved QOL after BoNT treatment at an expert center, indicating further longitudinal studies are needed.
Additionally, the use of a multicenter international database minimizes the idiosyncrasies often present in single center analyses. This is also the first study to examine the influence of psychiatric features in subjects with OMD, further expanding our knowledge of the disease. Furthermore, review of expert center cases provided greater insight into treatment methods and prognosis. Finally, the expert center cases provided an opportunity to address whether disease etiology affects treatment outcomes. The finding that OMD responds well to BoNT regardless of etiology may encourage more widespread use of this therapy. Future directions include investigating the natural history of OMD to determine predictors of progression or remission of symptoms. To better track dystonia severity over time, it will be necessary to develop a disease specific severity rating scale.
Acknowledgements DC investigators that contributed to the recruitment of subjects for these analyses included  Alan Freeman ,  Alberto Espay ,  Alex Pantelyat ,  Alfredo Berardelli ,  Allison Brashear ,  Andres Deik ,  Brian Berman ,  Christine Klein ,  Claudia Testa ,  Cynthia Comella ,  Daniel Truong ,  Emmanual Flamand Roze ,  Fatta Nahb ,  Francis Walker ,  Ihtsham Haq ,  Irene Malaty ,  Hyder A. Jinnah ,  Joseph Jankovic ,  Joel Perlmutter ,  Julie Leegwater-Kim ,  Laura Scorr ,  Lawrence Severt ,  Lydy Shih ,  Mahlon DeLong ,  Mark Hallet ,  Mark S. LeDoux ,  Natividad Stover ,  Oksana Suchowersky ,  Philipp Capetian ,  Pinky Agarwal ,  Pravin Khemani ,  Rachel Saunders-Pullman ,  Ramon Rodriguez ,  Richard Barbano ,  Sarah Richardson ,  Stephen Grill ,  Stephen Reich ,  Stewart Factor ,  Susan Fox ,  Sylvain Chouinard ,  Tanya Harlow ,  Tao Xei ,  Victor Fung ,  William Ondo , and  Zoltan Mari.