dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity analyses were also performed, without discriminating participants having responded "I don't know" to the ranking task from those having ranked at least one product out of the expected order, following previous methodology (1 point if the ranking was correct, 0 point if the participant responded "I don't know" or ranked at least one product out of order)  [16]. Similar to the choice analyses, other sensitivity analyses were performed by adjusting the overall models by food category on the corresponding purchasing frequency. Interactions between FoPLs and nutrition-related individual characteristics (i. e. , self-estimated diet quality and nutrition knowledge) on choice and understanding outcomes were tested. All analyses were performed with SAS statistical software. Statistical tests were two-sided and a p-value of ≤0.
Acknowledgements This article is affectionately dedicated to  Professor Wolf-D. Woggon  ( University of Basel ). I should like to thank my coworkers, whose names appear in the references, for their skill and dedication. I have a special debt to  Dr Béatrice Sire , who has made major contributions to our projects over 25 years and who has now retired. I also thank the following companies and organizations that have provided financial support over the years:  Ecole Polytechnique ,  CNRS ,  DGA ,  MNRT , the  Alfred Kastler Foundation , the  China Research Council, and Rhodia (now Solvay ).
Regarding the abovementioned studies, strategic benchmarking was the most improved approach [36,  42, 43] , since it presented several significant advantages for organizations  [43] , such as embracing sustainable growth and revealing in-depth information about the infrastructure of competitiveness. Even though some aforementioned attempts aimed to either improve the deficiencies of the traditional benchmarking approach or to specifically develop new IC benchmarking systems from the LM perspective, these studies still could not resolve the fundamental deficiency of the benchmarking system, that is, prioritization of the benchmarked elements. There was only one close attempt addressing this critical issue and implementing the proposed method with the IC concept. Costa  [44]  suggested the integration of a data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist productivity index to consider the associations between IC investments and corporate performance.
Therefore, to properly highlight the differences of benchmarking cases, we included both top international players and local developing players in the market in this study. Moreover, to usefully suggest improvement opportunities and sustainable development to the local firms, we selected two high-potential and local companies to participate in this study. Although this study carried out strategic benchmarking, which mostly involves non-confidential information, participants that are in middle to top management are still unwilling to disclose their identities, neither their individual identities nor those of their organizations. Regarding this agreement, data and information that could present or imply their identities are not presented. Therefore, general information about these organizations is presented in Table  2.
Stage 2: Analysis Phase All the answers obtained from the second enquiry were input into the Super Decisions software to calculate the supermatrix, weighted supermatrix, and limit supermatrix of each organization. However, between the calculations, the inspection of nonconformity was concurrently carried out throughout sets of pairwise comparisons, and there were some inconsistent results wherein CRs were higher than 0. 10. In the first-round enquiry of pairwise comparisons, regarding the number of indicators and comparative questions, three organizations (Companies A, B, and C) still presented inconsistent results, as shown in Table  6. Therefore, to address this inconsistency issue, pairwise comparison questions related to the unreliable results were sent to the respective experts for reassessment.
Regarding the decrease in the number of questions, this round of enquiry could improve the confusion of experts in making comparisons. Therefore, after the reassessment process, all the CR results, as presented in Table  6 , are lower than 0. 10, which implies the consistency of all answers. The results conforming to an acceptable level were further used for calculating the supermatrix, weighted supermatrix, and limit supermatrix with the Super Decisions software. The results computed from the limit supermatrix interestingly presented weights of strategic concentration on the IC management of each firm, which can be benchmarked at the IC element level and IC indicator level, as shown in Tables  7  and 8 , respectively. Table  7  depicts the strategic benchmarking results of IC managerial concentration, which are mostly different among the firms in focus.
Step three makes use of existing knowledge and theory from various fields to identify those characteristics that drive individual behavior on the topic of interest. Academic knowledge from behavioral, cognitive and social sciences will be of particular interest, as well as market research, economic analyses and demographic databases. Step four covers the development of personas, using existing methods. In step five, a narrative is developed for each persona in each scenario. If three scenarios and four personas are developed, the final product is a set of twelve narratives. In practice, we anticipate that this method will be best implemented in participative workshops with experts and users, supported by a methodological facilitator. This approach builds on collective intelligence to develop both scenarios and personas.
Setting and data collection We applied the method described above in a pilot project on the future of mobility in Paris region. Steps one, two and three were performed as desk research, and steps four and five were carried as a two-hour expert workshop held in October 2017 (Fig. 2 ). We recruited experts for the workshop by email through our project network. Twelve experts participated in the first workshop. The workshop was repeated one week later with five participants recruited from the first workshop sample in order to do the same for the remaining mobility profile. We collected data through observation by the three facilitators during the workshop and through collecting the outputs produced by participants. We analyzed and synthesized this data in a descriptive way  (Sandelowski, 2000)  to illustrate the main steps of the process and to present exemplars of the outputs of the workshop.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank all the participants of the workshop for their valuable contributions. They express their special gratitude to  Ouail Al Maghraoui ,  Feirouz Ksontini  and  Abood Mourad  for their insights and help. This research work was carried out as part of the Anthropolis research project at the  Technological Research Institute SystemX , and was supported with public funding within the scope of the  French Program "Investissements d'Avenir". Guillaume Lamé  is supported by the  Health Foundation 's grant to the  University of Cambridge for The Healthcare Improvement Studies Institute.
Country control variables Since we are using a panel data analysis, it is necessary to control for countryspecific characteristics. We include the real GDP growth (RGDPG) to control for the business cycle. This latter has a pro-cyclical effect on the profitability via lending activity and provisioning  (Demirgüç-Kunt and Huizinga, 1998, Bikker and Hu, 2001). Market concentration (MC) is measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and controls for the banking market structure. No clear relationship has been found between market concentration and performance. On the one hand, a high concentration is expected to increase profits because banks have greater market power and might be able to charge higher interest rates for loans and lower for deposits  (Goddard et al. , 2004). On the other hand,  Athanasoglou et al.
41 (7. 79) 1. 40e-3 74. 94 BankScope and Fitch Connect assets of each country (%) Country control (C) MC Market concentration, computed with Herfindahl index 7565 0. 081 (0. 05) 0. 02 0. 41 DataStream and authors computation RGDPG Real GDP growth rate (%) 7565 2. 09 (3. 02) -14. 81 26. 28 DataStream INFLATION Percent change of average consumer prices 7565 2. 91 (4. 46) -1. 68 45. 8 FMI database Notes:.
Data Collection and Analysis Data on the enabling factors were collected using key informant interviews and a semistructured questionnaire. Five key informants were identified and interviewed: the president and senior vice-president of the Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA), the vicepresident of the Herbal Entrepreneurs Association of Nepal (HEAN), the chairman of the Ayurvedic Medicine Producers Association of Nepal (AMPAN), and the owner of a secondary processing enterprise that had closed down. All interviews were open-ended, implemented as a dialogue, and provided contextual understanding that informed the design of the semi-structured questionnaire (Supplementary Materials, Table  S1 ). Each of the five factors were divided into a number of sub-Figure  1. Analytical framework for investigating secondary processing enterprises in the medicinal plant production network in Nepal: factors promoting and/or hindering establishment and operation (derived from  [17] ) and quantification of key enterprise characteristics (based on  [36] ).
Data Collection and Analysis Data on the enabling factors were collected using key informant interviews and a semi-structured questionnaire. Five key informants were identified and interviewed: the president and senior vice-president of the Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA), the vice-president of the Herbal Entrepreneurs Association of Nepal (HEAN), the chairman of the Ayurvedic Medicine Producers Association of Nepal (AMPAN), and the owner of a secondary processing enterprise that had closed down. All interviews were open-ended, implemented as a dialogue, and provided contextual understanding that informed the design of the semi-structured questionnaire (Supplementary Materials, Table  S1 ). Each of the five factors were divided into a number of sub-topics (2-17 per factor) identified from existing descriptions of the medicinal plant production network in Nepal  [12, 26, 28, 32, [35] [36] [37] [38].
Acknowledgments: The authors thank all the people at the medicinal plant enterprises for their time and valuable information; the representatives of the  Ayurvedic Medicine Producers Association of Nepal (AMPAN) , the  Herbal Entrepreneur Association Nepal (HEAN) , and the  Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA)  for their inputs;  Dipesh Pyakurel  for his assistance in contacting informants and companies;  Arjun Chapagain  and  Gandhiv Kafle  for their contributions to compiling the enterprise population list and collecting data; and  Abhoy Kumar Das  for administrative support.
Summary Following the submission of application EFSA-GMO-RX-002 under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 1 from Monsanto Company, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of EFSA (GMO) was asked to deliver a scientific risk assessment opinion on the data submitted in the context of the renewal of authorisation application for the herbicide-tolerant genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape GT73. The scope of the renewal application EFSA-GMO-RX-002 covers feed containing or consisting of GM oilseed rape GT73, and products other than food and feed containing or consisting of it, excluding cultivation within the European Union (EU). In delivering its scientific opinion, the GMO Panel took into account application EFSA-GMO-RX-002, additional information provided by the applicant, scientific comments submitted by the EU Member States and relevant scientific publications.
The data received in the context of the renewal application EFSA-GMO-RX-002 contained: post-market environmental monitoring reports, an evaluation of the literature retrieved by a systematic search, updated bioinformatics analyses and additional studies performed by or on behalf of the applicant. The GMO Panel assessed these data for possible new hazards, modified exposure or new scientific uncertainties identified during the authorisation period and not previously assessed in the context of the original application. Under the assumption that the DNA sequence of the event in oilseed rape GT73 considered for renewal is identical to the sequence of the originally assessed event, the GMO Panel concludes that there is no evidence in the renewal application EFSA-GMO-RX-002 for new hazards, modified exposure or scientific uncertainties that would change the conclusions of the original risk assessment on oilseed rape GT73 (EFSA, 2004).
Data The data for application EFSA-GMO-RX-002 provided by the applicant at the time of submission, or in reply to requests for additional information, are specified below. In the context of this renewal application, no new sequencing study was submitted among the additional documents or studies performed by or on behalf of the applicant. In accordance with the GMO Panel guidelines for renewal of applications of GM food and feed authorised under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (EFSA GMO Panel, 2015), the GMO Panel evaluated the data provided in the context of this oilseed rape GT73 renewal application under the assumption that the GT73 event sequence is identical to the sequence of the originally assessed event (EFSA, 2004).
Systematic search and evaluation of literature 9 In addition to the 11 separate searches provided as part of the annual PMEM reports, the applicant performed several systematic literature searches covering the period from January 2007 till March 2020, in accordance with the recommendations on literature search outlined in EFSA (2010, 2017a). Searches in electronic bibliographic databases and in websites of relevant organisations were performed to identify relevant publications. Altogether, 204 publications were retrieved (after removal of duplicates). After applying the eligibility/inclusion criteria defined a priori by the applicant, two publications were identified as relevant for food and feed safety assessment or environmental safety assessment. The list of relevant publications is provided in Appendix A.
Updated bioinformatic data 10 At the time of submission of the renewal dossier, the applicant provided a complete bioinformatic dataset for oilseed rape GT73 event including an analysis of the insert and flanking sequences, an analysis of the potential similarity to allergens and toxins of the newly expressed proteins and of all possible open reading frames (ORFs) within the insert and spanning the junction sites, and an analysis of possible horizontal gene transfer (EFSA, 2017b). Additionally, upon EFSA request during the risk assessment, the applicant provided a new bioinformatic analysis using up-to-date databases. The outcome of the updated bioinformatic analyses is presented in Section 3. 3.
Evaluation of the updated bioinformatic data The results of the updated bioinformatic analyses of oilseed rape GT73 confirm previous analyses indicating that no known endogenous genes were disrupted by the insert (EFSA, 2004; EFSA GMO  Panel, 2009, 2013). Analyses of the amino acid sequence of the newly expressed CP4 EPSPS and GOXv247 proteins show no relevant similarities to toxins or allergens. In addition, bioinformatic analyses of the newly created ORFs within the insert or spanning the junctions with genomic DNA confirm previous conclusions indicating no similarities to toxins or allergens for the event GT73 (EFSA, 2004; EFSA GMO Panel, 2009, 2013). The updated bioinformatic analysis for oilseed rape event GT73 does not reveal any DNA sequence that could provide sufficient length and identity which could facilitate double homologous recombination (HR), confirming the previous conclusions (EFSA, 2004; EFSA GMO Panel, 2013).
Motivation of this work The features of market demand and its relation with price is a cornerstone in retailers' reactions to the different This work was partially supported by the French National Research Agency and this is the project ANR-17-CE10-0001-01 called FILEAS FOG. contracts. When the suppliers choose their return policy to buy back the unsold of products of the retailers by the end of selling season, the question is, can they decide about return policies only based on the features of market demand? The answer to this question lies down on the behavior of retailers. The sequence of events we consider is as follows: At time 0, the retailer receives a take-it-or-leave-it wholesale price contract with buy-back. The retailer reacts to the supplier's contract by simultaneously setting an order quantity and a retail price, which has negative effect on demand size.
These discussions led to the addition of a few keywords to our initial list. Table  2  shows the final list of keywords used in our literature search. We set the review's starting point to 1984 to cover all literature published after  Hambrick and Mason's (1984)  seminal paper, which highlighted the importance of strategic leaders for organizational outcomes and laid the foundations for upper echelons theory. We then identified an initial sample of 937 articles published before the end of 2019 using the Web of Science database. We read all articles' abstracts and, if necessary, their main texts and retained those articles that fulfilled two criteria. First, each article had to examine strategic leaders (i. e. , boards of directors, CEOs, other TMT members, and/or business unit heads)  (Finkelstein, Hambrick, & Cannella, 2009).
Second, each article had to focus on technological innovation  (Damanpour, 1987). We removed articles in which the hypotheses or propositions were not related to both criteria. Moreover, we removed articles dealing with young firms and start-ups owing to the specific context in which these firms and their strategic leaders operate (e. g. ,  Park & Tzabbar, 2016). Overall, we retained 158 articles and systematically coded each article for central theoretical and methodological aspects. For example, we examined the theoretical lens(es) that each study applied as well as the methodological approaches and the results. Table  A1  in Data S1 summarizes the studies we reviewed. In line with the growing importance of technological innovation for organizations  (Tidd & Bessant, 2018) , the number of studies on strategic leadership and technological innovation rose over time.
As Figure  1  shows, only one-third of the identified studies were published between 1984 and 2009, although the number of articles grew substantially in the last decade. An analysis of the studies' research approaches and geographical focus reveals other interesting insights, which are summarized in Table  3. First, most studies employed a quantitative research approach, usually based on archival data or, to a lesser extent, surveys. Few studies used qualitative research methods, such as case studies, or employed experimental or conceptual approaches. In addition, many of the empirical studies focused on the United States, followed by a focus on multicountry datasets. Little research investigated individual countries other than the United States, with China being a distant second. T A B L E 1 Selected journals.
Comparing Data Lake, Ecosystem and Supply Chain Each system consists of different components that work effectively together to achieve certain goals under deterministic or probabilistic restrictions and conditions. Furthermore, each system applies strategies to optimize different objective functions and improve overall performance. The performance of this system is evaluated according to several criteria to examine how many optimal levels have been fulfilled. As previously mentioned, an ecosystem and the supply chain inherently act as a system, and in many aspects are comparable with each other. Similarly, a data lake, as a centralized storage system, behaves in accordance with analogous systematic paradigms. Regarding this point, we have elaborated tables that compare supply chain, data lake, and ecosystem with each other, thus explaining the relationship we identified between a set of concepts.
Qualitative Performance Measurement Qualitative performance measurement is essential for evaluating any system efficiency, and to examine actual gaps between the existing and the desired system  [27]. For example, customer satisfaction or rate of Flexibility are characterized as qualitative performance measurements for seasonal product supply chain, and the degree of adaptation of the chain to environmental standards for green supply chain  [40]. Resilience and optimal ecosystem functionality are important quantitative qualifications which are determined by diversity measures like response diversity  [53]. Similarly, agility, data quality, and data lake flexibility could be determined as fundamental qualitative measurements to evaluate data lake performance.
For this purpose, we aim to define the cost in the objective function, reducing the impact of all data that have no value for data lake or increase the risk of the data swamp. Decision variable(s) and constraint(s) for this mathematical model will be determined, respectively. Finally, based on our analogy table, we will use biological models to recommend and manage relevant and promising data localization in the file systems, data crossings, etc. , as DNA and biological materials do in nature.
Computational Experiments and Result In order to investigate the speed convergence of the solution provided by the MC optimization, this section presents numerical results that prove our findings. All approaches were solved using optimization software for small instances. All formulations are implemented in C using Concert Technology and are solved by IBM CPLEX 12. 4 on a PC with processor Intel (R) Core ™ i7-5500 CPU @ 2. 4 GHz and 8 Go RAM under Windows 10 Professional. We considered a finite planning horizon with 5 periods and a disassembly system with 3 items (See Fig. 1 ). The number in parentheses represents the number of items obtained from the EoL product. The number of scenarios K takes a value in  [2, 10, 30, 50, 150, 200, 400, 600, 1000]. For each K, we performed 100 independent runs of the MC-MIP to provide 100 optimal solutions X * and the related average costs.
Our work has led us to conclude that our proposed optimization method can provide the convergence of the solution to the optimal one as the set of scenarios increases. As expected, our experiments show that for K = 10 3 , the MC-MIP approach can generate a good approximate solution for the stochastic problem. As previously noted, we realized 100 independent runs of the same data set of the MC-MIP with 10 3 scenarios. Then, 100 optimal estimated solutions are obtained (Sol 1000 ). Among these solution, the Best Known Solution (BKS) is selected. As Fig. 3  witnesses, the results founded are stable and the average gap from BKS is no more than 4% for all runs.
Household food waste The ratio of FW production per capita is provided by the literature (e. g. 83e101 kg y À1 per capita,  Manns et al. , 2017). The FW production in each building is then calculated by disaggregating the census data at the building scale (L. L etinois, 2013). The residential buildings are extracted from topographic databases according to their main use or function (Fig. 4 ). The number of dwellings of the buildings are estimated with their floor surface (surface of the building times the number of floors). The surface of the buildings is calculated with their shape and the number of floors is estimated with their height (L. L etinois, 2013) as shown in Fig. 4. The population census is allocated according to the floor surface of the buildings. Finally, the quantity of FW generated is estimated with a ratio of production per capita and per year (equation (  12 )).