dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Characterizations Different methods were used to characterize the surface modifications that the CO 2treated BCP scaffolds underwent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out using a Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1. 5406 Å) from 2θ = 0 to 80 • (2 h acquisition). XRD data were processed with the Match! 1. 11 software(version 3. 7. 1. 132, Crystal Impact, Bonn, Germany). The Eva ® software (version 5. 1, Brucker, Billerica, MA, USA) was used to evaluate, via Relative Intensity Ratio (RIR) refinement, the amount (wt. %) of crystalline phases before and after CO 2 treatment. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded using a PerkinElmer 1700 spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in the wavenumber range 4000-400 cm -1 at a resolution of 2 cm -1.
The analysis was made in transmission mode with the KBr pellet method. Data were analyzed using the OMNIC 9. 6. 251 software. Morphological characterization was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a FEG-SEM JSM 7100F TTLS (Field Emission Gun, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). To limit electron evacuation artifacts, the samples were preliminarily coated with a 9 nm layer of gold thanks to a SI50B sputter-coater (Edwards, Crawley, UK) for 90 s. The specific surface area was evaluated via the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method using an ASAP 2010 (Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA) apparatus. Krypton gas was used due to the very low specific surface area of the initial BCP ceramics (<1 m 2 /g) with a measurement error of 0. 03 m 2 /g. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (AutoPore III, Micromeritics Instruments Inc.
The two sets of data proved to be in agreement with each other. Tests were carried out for three copper acetate concentrations, denoted Cu Min, Cu Int and Cu Max, as described in the experimental section. ICP results led to the doping rates reported in Table  1. It is important to note, however, that the introduction of a copper salt (here copper acetate) to the high-pressure cell before CO 2 treatment may impact the pH value (initial but also along the process), depending on its concentration. As it is not possible to directly measure the pH inside the reactor during the process because of the high pressure, the pH at CO 2 saturation was estimated using the PHREEQC software (version 2) for the three different initial copper concentrations studied here (Figure  S10 ). As may be seen, upon Cu increases in the medium, the pH at saturation tends to become less acidic, negatively influencing the BCP surface remodeling.
| Inclusion criteria This international study compared the online behaviour of dental students from several schools in three continents when using Internet content as a complementary non-curricular learning tool. As a part of a European Union-funded project (number omitted), several dental schools were invited to collaborate. Eight schools, Athens, Birmingham, Brescia, Cardiff, Melbourne, Paris, Sao Paulo and Valdivia, participated in this study. Local coordinators organised recruitment, data collection and data input. School selection was partly due to previous research relationships and convenience. However, an additional rationale for country selection was related to their cultural background representation. For example, Australia and UK, despite their diverse ethnic composition,  15  place responsibility on the individual and individualcentred programmes, empowerment and personal enrichment.
| Questionnaire An online self-administered structured questionnaire was constructed by adapting and expanding previously published questionnaires. 1, 24, 30, 31 The survey was delivered via Google drive using an account linked to a university email account. A short URL link to the survey was sent to the students, no personal data or email addresses were collected at any time. Each student was asked to create and keep a unique code in case they decided to opt out of the research. The 24 questions were created in English, translated to Portuguese and Spanish and checked by native speakers. French, Italian and Greek dental schools opted to use the English version of the questionnaire. Closed-ended, multiple-choice questions were used. In some questions, the alternative "other" was offered. None of the questions was mandatory.
| Data analysis Jamovi,  32  Bioestat 33 and SPSS 34 were used to analyse the data. Descriptive analysis was used on specific questions. Inferential analysis was conducted for identifying factors (age group, year of the dental course and location of the dental course) associated with students' usage of, and opinions on, online educational content. Parametric or non-parametric tests (e. g. chi-square or Fisher's exact test followed by odds ratio, Phi and Cramer for nominal, and Kruskal-Wallis Mantel-Haenszel for ordinal categories), as required, were used to identify the association between study variables and socio-demographic and study characteristics. (n = 49); the response rates varied from 3. 0% to 30. 5%. We received a similar number of answers from students of all years of the dental course.
Equipment for the Acquisition of Videographs and for Their Editing, Storage and Viewing A smartphone (Iphone 8 ©, Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA) was used for the acquisition of videographs. Its lens was positioned in the middle of the Smile Lite MDP ©, (Smile Line, St-Imier, Switzerland), which allows a reproducible condition of light, and both were mounted on a 160 cm tripod with a 360 • 3D swivel head (AMZDEAL tripod Camera 160 cm ©, AMAZON, Seattle, WA, USA). The editing software (Imovie ©, Apple) allowed us to keep the most relevant moments of the videographic sequences. The videographs were in MPEG-4 format with a resolution display of 1920 × 1080 pixels. An IPad 2 © (Apple) and a Macbook Pro © (Apple) computer were used to collect the data and to view the videographs.
Data Collection The videographs were anonymized and numbered chronologically from 001 to 065. The questionnaires were available on an online customized Google form (Figure  2 ) that allowed data collection. The score (with a maximum of 10 points) was calculated as the sum of the marks attributed to each of the 10 answers: yes = 1 point; no = 0 point. First, a training phase consisted in watching videographs and understanding each question of the questionnaire by the 3 raters together. Then, separately, each rater watched each video as many times as they wanted with the possibility to stop and go back, and filled in the online Google form. The calculation of the intra-rater agreement consisted of each rater filling in the online questionnaire on Google forms again, one week after the first evaluation.
Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis was carried out using XLstat software, version 3. 1. (Addinsoft ® , Bordeaux, France). Intra-rater agreements of each rater were calculated for each of the 10 questions using Cohen's Kappa tests. In addition, a Fleiss' Kappa test was performed to obtain the interrater agreement for each of the 10 questions. Furthermore, the Cohen's Kappa results were interpreted according to Landis and Koch's scale  [19]. Statistically significant difference was set at a p-value of 0. 05 (p < 0. 05). The score (with a maximum of 10 points) was calculated as the sum of the marks attributed to each of the 10 answers: yes = 1 point; no = 0 point. First, a training phase consisted in watching videographs and understanding each question of the questionnaire by the 3 raters together.
Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis was carried out using XLstat software, version 3. 1. (Addinsoft ® , Bordeaux, France). Intra-rater agreements of each rater were calculated for each of the 10 questions using Cohen's Kappa tests. In addition, a Fleiss' Kappa test was performed to obtain the inter-rater agreement for each of the 10 questions. Furthermore, the Cohen's Kappa results were interpreted according to Landis and Koch's scale  [19]. Statistically significant difference was set at a p-value of 0. 05 (p < 0. 05).
Materials and Methods Using the PUBMED database, we carried out a systematic bibliography search between 2000 and 2021 using the key words: "head and neck" and "adenoid cystic carcinoma" and adding the MESH terms: "anatomy", "histology", "epidemiology", "radiotherapy", "surgery", and "drug therapy". Altogether, we identified 1208 references in the search. The retrieved articles were further analyzed for possible duplicates and irrelevant studies. In addition, to further minimize the risk of omission of additional studies, we manually searched the reference lists of the eligible 387 articles to ensure that all the relevant studies were duly included. Finally, after further analysis of the articles, we selected 87 articles for this review. We added to the final version of the review 11 historical reference articles published before 2000 that could not be replaced as well as 1 methodological reference.
Targeted Therapies Targeted therapies are promising new molecules for cancer treatment. They target specific pathways that play an important role in the proliferation, angiogenesis and/or apoptosis of cancer cells, with limited toxicity. ] [80]  Prolonged stabilization of survival in patients with AdCC is observed with the use of C-Kit, EGFR, VEGF and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. However, no complete response is observed, and a small proportion of patients showed partial response to some therapies (Table  2 ). A Phase I trial testing a NOTCH signaling pathway inhibitor (crenigacestat) showed high toxicity and limited clinical activity (Table  2 ). A Phase II trial testing a NOTCH pathway inhibitor (AL 101) is currently ongoing (AL 101, NCT03691207).
However, this recommendation relies on intermediate quality evidence: PORT could still be discussed in early stages of the disease after a resection with clear margins. The SANTAL/ GORTEC 2016-02 trial, which is currently ongoing, will provide some answers to the question of whether chemotherapy can be used to potentiate radiotherapy in patients with cancer of the salivary glands. Its main objective is to assess the impact on progression-free survival of potentiating adjuvant radiotherapy with high-dose cisplatin for salivary gland cancers of every histology (NCT02998385). Targeted therapies have not provided convincing results to date (Table  2 ). They show a small number of partial responses, no complete response, and a variable level of stabilization. It should be noted that disease stabilization is a poor indicator in AdCC, where little or no progression of metastases can be observed for several years even in the absence of treatment.
Process of Study Selection First, all articles resulting of the search equation were entered in Zotero software. Elimination of duplicates was performed. From the 1,273 articles found in PubMed included in the search, 46 studies were included and 28 selected in this review for their analyses. Among the 28 articles, 19 only listed the estimated total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) (Table  1 ). The other nine articles had information regarding both the TDFI and the daily urinary fluoride excretion (DUFE) (Table  2 ). Then the screening of title and abstract by two independent reviewers (HS et SH) was carried out according to the first step of the exclusion process. The same reviewers proceeded to select the articles by applying the inclusion criteria. The content of the abstract of each study was analyzed and the articles with relevant information regarding the subject of the current review were carefully chosen.
• All the articles selected in Excel are listed in Table  1  for those estimating F intake and in Table  2  for those estimating F intake and urine monitoring with the number of subjects, their mean age, countries of residence, and F concentration in tap water. For outcome measures, we extracted information for the following parameters when they were available: • The concentration of F in tap water in the area was entered in Excel. From our database, a range of F concentration was determined and quartiles were calculated. We obtained different categories of water depending on F content: poor (<0. 3 mg/L), low (0. 3-0. 51 mg/L), medium (0. 52-0. 77 mg/L), and high (0. 77-1. 5 mg/L). • Estimated intakes of F sources were water, beverages, diet, dental products, and supplements. Depending on the authors, the report of the sources may vary by combination of the listed sources.
• Method of assessment of F in urine: urinary F concentration, urinary F excretion (by collecting 24-h urine, or spot urine, or time-controlled urine). Daily urinary fluoride excretion (DUFE) or F retention were reported when presented in the article. • Analytical method: F-ion selective electrode, hexamethyl-disiloxane diffusion, or not reported. • Validity of data and methods: F intake, F excretion (urine collection), and F analytical method, or not reported. • Reporting of the investigation of any relationship between F-containing dental products and F excretion.
Data Reporting All data were reported and homogenized for intercomparisons in µg/day or µg/kg bw/day for F intake from diet and toothpaste, TDFI and DUFE, and in mg/L for F concentration in tap water. In some publications, the contribution of diet and toothpaste was not reported. To be able to compare all the selected published data, we calculated the percentage of contribution of diet and toothpaste to the mean TDFI. This was based on the mean F intake extracted from the included articles regardless of the availability of percentage data. Despite not being optimal, this allowed to keep the maximum number of articles (Figure  2 ).
RESULTS From our initial selection of 1,273 articles, 46 met the inclusion criteria and only 28 were included in our systematic review as digital data concerning the estimation of daily F intake was reported by authors (Figure  1 ). Among these 46 articles, 18 were used only for the discussion and were not included into our database since they reported urine F excretion without any estimation of the TDFI  [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66]. Concerning the 28 selected studies, they were carried out in countries all over the world with almost half of the studies (43%) carried out in Brazil (Supplementary Figure  1 ). In our database, we reported the estimated F intake and urinary F monitoring. However, 19 publications only reported the estimated TDFI (Table  1 ) and the other nine reported both (Table  2 ).
5 3 (2) (n = 2) 3 (-) (n = 1) The number of publications concerned by the category of F concentration in water was reported for each area. body weight (Figure  2D ), corresponding to 1-84% in published data, which discrepancy was due to the same reasons as those cited above. Extremely high F concentrations in the water (>1. 5 mg/L) were associated with a lower contribution of toothpaste, <20% of the total F intake. Among the three measurements included in our database, one was measured on an adult population supposed to have a better use of toothpaste (no swallowing)  [47]. Therefore, between the two studies carried out in extremely high-fluoridated areas in children (>1. 5 mg/L), only one reported an extremely high daily dietary input (Figure  2C )  [36, 46]. When all the data were taken into consideration, the mean contribution of dental care products to the total exposure was 38 ± 27%.
Only data recorded 24 h after exposure have been reported for the kinetic studies. Data reported by Levy et al. [20, 22, 24]  were not included because the different areas with different F concentrations could not be distinguished. Calculated correlations (R 2 ) were all below 0. 14 showing the absence of correlation between daily F intake from toothpaste and the age of children regardless of the tap water F concentrations (Figure  3 ). Nevertheless, there was a tendency to present the highest estimation of daily F intake from toothpaste for the youngest children (younger than 4 years old) for all types of water (Figure  3 ). This observation was even more pronounced in poorfluoridated areas, where the subjects under 4 years-old and older children were exposed to F from toothpaste between 50-90% and 0.
| The live session The live session was online and used the Zoom video conferencing software (Zoom 2021). Delegates were made aware that the session was going to be recorded and the Zoom platform reminded delegates that this was happening and asked for the participants' consent. Without consent, it was not possible to continue with the session. The purpose of the recording was discussed in the introduction to the session-the primary purpose being that of making the session available to conference delegates at a later date. The session consisted of a brief introduction by the session chairs, which included a breakdown of the SIG activity to date. Time was spent explaining the rationale behind the workshop including discussion around how learning outcomes should be formulated. Delegates were then automatically transferred into their respective breakout rooms by the Zoom hosts (ADEE administrators).
Dissemination The survey was disseminated to French dentists and orthodontists in four ways. Each one provides a URL link: (i) a manual search in the directories of scientific societies; (ii) e-mail campaign by the County Councils of the Order, professional unions, Regional Union of Health Professionals; (iii) sending paper mail containing QRcodes to dental laboratories that agreed to redistribute them to their clients; (iv) distribution on the social network Facebook via professional pages. The privacy policy of the survey ensured that all data collected were stored and processed anonymously on the LimeSurvey server. The platform's settings have been made compliant with the standards of the General Data Protection Regulation, i. e. no IP recording and no time stamping of participation. The approval of an ethics committee was not necessary given the type of study.
Statistical analysis Data obtained from the Lime Survey platform were exported into a Microsoft Excel ® spreadsheet and analyzed for the three groups. Statistical analysis was performed with RStudio ® software version 1. 4. 1103 (RStudioTeam) in R language version R 4. 0. 2 (RCore Team). Qualitative data were analyzed by Pearson's χ 2 test with Yates' continuity correction. The Shapiro-Wilk test and Q-Q plot reading were used to determine the normality of the distribution of quantitative data. Group means were compared by Student t-test or ANOVA. Internal validity of Likert scale questions was checked by calculation of Cronbach's alpha. P values ≤ 0. 05 were considered statistically significant.
Sample, data collection and synthesis The survey with vignettes (supplementary material 4) was sent to experts in 11 countries, including Bulgaria, Estonia, France, Germany, Republic of Ireland (Ireland), Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Sweden. The country selection was made to ensure variation of health systems (i. e. , social health insurance vs. tax-nanced, multi-vs single payer, centralised vs decentralized) as well as geographical distribution. Depending on the country, vignettes were completed by health services researchers knowledgeable on dental care, dentists, or teams consisting of a health systems expert working together with dental specialists. The information provided by individual country experts in the survey were extracted and summarized in one table per vignette (supplementary material 1-3): per country, for each service of the patient pathway and along three dimensions: coverage, cost-sharing, and physical availability/determinants of access.
3. 0 software and the Hierarchical Genome Assembly Process (HGAP_3) workflow. For both strains 250. 09 and CC3_PB, a genome hybrid assembly based on the PacBio and HiSeq sequences was obtained using SPAdes 3. 14. 1. The reference strain 250. 09 genome assembly was ordered against the closest related species with an available complete genome, C. beijerinckii NCBIM 8052 (accession no. NC_009617. 1). The reference strain 250. 09 genome was subsequently used for ordering the other draft genome assemblies. All genome assemblies were annotated automatically using the MicroScope pipeline platform v3. 14. 3  [22]. The C. neonatale 250. 09 reference strain genome automatic annotation was manually curated and each CDS function was verified and amended when necessary using the Microscope platform tools  [22]  and as described by Monot et al.
Comparative genomic analysis The genetic diversity among the genomes was analysed using the average nucleotide identity (ANI) based on ANIm (MUMmer) by applying the Jspecies web server (last accessed March 2021)  [24]  and the resulting matrix was clustered and visualized using R package heatmap software  [25]. Genome visualization of the coding regions was compared using the CGViewer web server (last accessed July 2021)  [26]. The assignment of each CDS in the C. neonatale 250. 09 genome was transferred to the other genomes included in this study using the MicroScope pipeline (sequence values of similarity and identity of 80 %). The pan-and core-genome analyses were performed using the Bacterial Pan Genome Analysis BPGA pipeline (v. 1. 3) [27] : sequence data were pre-processed and clustered to generate orthologous proteins using the USEARCH algorithm (settings: 80 % cut-off)  [28].
0. 0) tools included in the MicroScope pipeline. Potential homologous genes associated with virulence were identified using the VFDB database default parameters (blast settings E-value <1×10 -5 and an additional cut-off of 75 % minimum alignment)  [31]. The Resistance Gene Identifier software of the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database web server (last accessed June 2021) was used for identification of potential homologous genes associated with antibiotic resistance  [32].
Identification of insertion elements, genomic islands, CRISPR-Cas systems, prophages and plasmid elements The presence of genomic islands (GIs) was predicted by integrating the IslandPath-DIMOB and SIGI-HMM methods using the IslandViewer 4 database (last accessed June 2021)  [33]. Insertion sequences (ISs) were predicted using the ISFinder database (E-values <0. 01) (last accessed June 2021)  [34]. Putative CRISPR-Cas systems were identified using the CRISPRCasFinder online tool with default parameters (last accessed June 2021)  [35]. Bacteriophage sequences were identified using the PHAge Search Tool Enhanced Release web server (last accessed June 2021)  [36]. Identification of plasmid elements was performed using PlasClass  [37]  which assigns probabilities to sequences that are classified as having a plasmid origin if the probability that it belongs to a plasmid class is >0.
Objectives: The challenge for general dental practitioners to provide maxillary implant overdenture treatment for their patients is complicated by multiple, diverse parameters, compared to mandibular implant overdentures. This topic review on maxillary implant overdentures takes into consideration the specifications and challenges of different prosthodontic treatment options for clinicians in 2022. Data sources: A broad search of the published literature was performed using MEDLINE and PubMed to identify pertinent articles published in English from 1990 to 2021. From an original total of 1176 titles, 106 references were selected. They were reviewed and categorized with respect to seven factors related to the prosthodontic design. These were interarch restorative space, implant number, implant distribution and spread, overdenture base reinforcement, palatal coverage, selection of attachment system and splinted/unsplinted prosthodontic designs.