dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Detections of continuous sources like rotating neutron stars  [44, 45]  and the stochastic background  [42]  will offer the ability to directly measure and/or constrain gravitational-wave polarizations, even in the absence of additional detectors. In this Letter, we have conducted a search for a generically polarized stochastic background of gravitational waves using data from Advanced LIGO's O1 observing run. Although we find no evidence for the presence of a background (of any polarization), we have succeeded in placing the first direct upper limits (listed in Table I) on the contributions of vector and scalar modes to the stochastic background. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and Advanced LIGO as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society Supplement To: A Search for Tensor, Vector, and Scalar Polarizations in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background Although this search utilizes the full 20-1726 Hz frequency band, different frequency sub-bands contribute variously to our overall search sensitivity.
(MPS), and the  State of Niedersachsen/Germany  for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the  Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the  Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) , the  French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  and the  Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter  supported by the  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research , for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the  Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India , the  Department of Science and Technology, India , the  Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India , the  Ministry of Human Resource Development, India , the  Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación , the  Vicepresidència i Conselleria d'Innovació ,  Recerca i Turisme  and the  Conselleria d'Educació i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears , the  Conselleria d'Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana , the  National Science Centre of Poland , the  Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) , the  Russian Foundation for Basic Research , the  Russian Science Foundation , the  European Commission , the  European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) , the  Royal Society , the  Scottish Funding Council , the  Scottish Universities Physics Alliance , the  Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA) , the  Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO) , the  Paris Île-de-France Region , the  National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI) , the  National Research Foundation of Korea, Industry Canada  and the  Province of Ontario  through the  Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation , the  Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada , the  Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , the  Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations , and Communications, the  International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) , the  Research Grants Council of Hong Kong , the  National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) , the  Leverhulme Trust , the  Research Corporation , the  Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan  and the  Kavli Foundation.
Vectors and Sequences Adeno-associated viral vectors were pseudotyped with either extant or ancestral viral capsids. Extant capsids include AAV1 (GenBank [GB]: AAD27757. 1), AAV2 (GB: AAC03780. 1), AAV3 (GB: U48704. 1), AAV4 (GB: U89790. 1), AAV5 (GB: AAD13756. 1), AAV6 (GB: AF028704. 1), AAV7 (NC_006260. 1) Rh. 10 (GB: AAO88201. 1), AAV8 (GB: AAN03857. 1), AAV9 (GB: AAS99264. 1), and Rh32. 33 (GB: EU368926). Ancestral AAV capsids include Anc80L65, Anc81, Anc82, Anc83, Anc84, Anc110, Anc113, Anc126, and Anc127 (KT235804-KT235812). In this study, Anc83 has the following mutation in the presumed AAP ORF: Q1L (83AAP-KI). Site-Directed Mutagenesis AAPstop60, AAPstop20, and 82DI single revertant mutations were generated using the QuikChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Molecular Representations All molecular representations in this study were generated using PyMOL and PDB: 2QA0 (AAV8) and PDB: 3UX1 (AAV9). Production and Purification of AAV3, AAV3s, AAV9, and AAV9s Vectors were purified by affinity chromatography using either AVB Sepharose HP (25-4112-11, GE Healthcare) (AAV3 and AAV3s) or POROS CaptureSelect AAV9 affinity resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions (AAV9 and AAV9s). For more details, please see the Supplemental Experimental Procedures.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Dirk Grimm ,  Itay Koren , and  Steve Elledge  for discussions and reagents;  Ru Xiao  and the  Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center Gene Transfer Vector Core ;  Phil Seifert  for technical expertise with TEM studies;  Amanda Dudek  for technical assistance;  Eric Zinn  for discussions and providing draft graphics and values for Figure 3E; and  Mohammadsharif Tabebordbar  and  Connie Cepko  for discussions and feedback. This work was supported by  NIH National Eye InstituteCore  Grant  P30EY003790 , the  NIH Common Fund  ( 5DP1EY023177-03 ),  Giving/Grousbeck , and  Lonza Houston  (to L. H. V. ).
This was done by fitting the model with these 4 parameters in addition to the 13 parameters described before. In practice, this is achieved by shifting the observed right ascensions and declinations of the star measured with the Keck observatory by the quantities ∆α + ∆v α (tt ref ) and ∆δ + ∆v δ (tt ref ), respectively. I repeated this procedure here for the combined data set. Throughout this work, I derived the posterior probability density function of model parameters using PyMultiNest (Buchner et al. 2014), which relies on the MultiNest code  (Feroz et al. 2009 ) based on the multimodal nested sampling Monte Carlo technique  (Feroz & Hobson 2008). Multimodal nested sampling is particularly suitable for studying high-dimensional parameter spaces with possible degeneracies between parameters.
5. For the combined 2009 and the VLT-only 2016 data sets, the limits are about a factor of 2 weaker. The analysis of McMillan (2017) seems to favour cuspy halos (γ ∼ 1), whereas a recent study on the dynamics of the Galactic bar favours a DM halo with slope γ < 0. 6  (Portail et al. 2017 ). For such cored halos, our constraints are weaker, with a maximum spike radius of a few hundred pc. Nevertheless, these limits are the first direct constraints on a DM spike at the GC, valid for non-annihilating DM. This is especially interesting because it is applicable to any CDM candidate with no significant annihilation cross section. It should be noted that the limit already improves by about a factor of 2 when going from the combined 2009 data set to the combined 2016 one. Significant additional improvements can thus be expected on the constraints with the more recent S2 data.
Conclusion and outlook In this work, I have used an orbit-fitting procedure similar to those developed in  Gillessen et al. (2017); Boehle et al. (2016)  to derive specific constraints on the size of a DM spike for given outer DM halos dynamically constrained by larger scale observations. These limits are the best direct constraints on a DM spike at the GC for non-annihilating DM and exclude a spike with radius greater than a few tens of pc for cuspy outer halos and a few hundred pc for cored outer halos. The addition of the 2017-2018 data from the VLT, which has monitored the pericentre passage of S2 (GRAVITY Collaboration 2018), will make these constraints significantly more stringent, especially thanks to the impressive capabilities of the imaging NACO instrument, the SINFONI spectrometer, and the exquisite astrometric precision of the GRAVITY instrument.
However, I postpone the study of the subsequent constraints on the DM profile at the GC to a future work since additional subtleties related to the relativistic effects that have been detected using the new data (GRAVITY Collaboration 2018) may appear, and this warrants a dedicated study. The problem is also complicated further by having to model two pericentre passages when accounting for the entire data set since 1992, which increases the computing time. Additional improvements on the data could lead to even stronger constraints on the very inner DM profile at the GC. Firstly, in principle, S stars located further out than S2 would be more suited to probe the extended DM distribution for which the mass increases with radius. However, this comes at the price of longer periods, so that unlike S2, no additional stars have been monitored for about 1.
5 periods. As a result, our constraints do not improve when including other stars further out such as S1 or S13 for which no significant precession is detectable yet. However, the situation will change when complete orbits are recorded for these stars. In addition, even more accurate astrometric and spectroscopic data will be instrumental to further improve upon these constraints. In particular, a 30 m extremely large telescope (ELT) should be able to probe an extended mass component as low as a few 10 3 M , i. e. about one order of magnitude better than the current sensitivity, after only 10 years of observation  (Weinberg et al. 2005). Moreover, an ELT would be able to break the degeneracy between relativistic effects and precession from an extended mass component. This would translate into sensitivity to DM spikes as small as a few pc even for cored outer halos, and even smaller for steeper halos.
Acknowledgements. I thank  Benjamin Jaillant ,  Julien Lavalle ,  Vivian Poulin , and  Martin Stref  for fruitful discussions on this topic, and the anonymous referee for the very useful comments and suggestions. My work is supported by  CNRS-IN2P3. I also acknowledge support from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreements No  690575  and No  674896 , in addition to recurrent institutional funding by  CNRS-IN2P3  and the  University of Montpellier.
Evaluation of cell proliferation, and oxidative stress The UptiBlue Viable Cell Counting assay was used to measure quantitatively the proliferation. Intra-cellular oxidative stress was evaluated by glutathione and H2O2 measurement using a spectrofluorimeter (Fusion microplate reader fluorometer, Packard). Cell viability, glutathione and H2O2 measurement were calculated using the GraphPad Prism 5. 0 software (GraphPad Software Inc. , San Diego, CA) was expressed relative to untreated control.
Images acquisition and analysis Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed with a Jeol transmission electron microscope (Jeol TEM, USA). Fluorescence images from spheroids were acquired using a straight confocal microscope, SPINNING DISK Leica DM6000 (Leica, Germany), using a 25X objective. Images were processed using Metamorph (Molecular Devices, USA) and ImageJ (ImageJ software, W. Rasband, NIH, USA) softwares. The size of spheroids was estimated by measuring the largest diameter. Measuring Cell Fluorescence using ImageJ, was fulfilled by a method previously described  [24, 25]  based on the following formula: Corrected Total Cell Fluorescence (CTCF) = Integrated Density-(Area of selected cell X Mean fluorescence of background readings).
Statistical analysis Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). An ANOVA test was performed considering the number of conditions studied (more than 2). Mann-Whitney test was used for pharmacokinetic results (i. e validation of nanoparticles biocompatility). Statistical analyses were performed by Graphpad Prism software (GraphPad Software, Inc. , La Jolla, California, USA). Results were considered to be statistically significant for a p value <0. 05. For each condition, 6 samples were analyzed (total 84 samples). NS potentiated ultrasound cell sensitivity at highest levels of cavitation index-CI 16, CI18 and CI 20 (respectively p = 0,0024, p = 0,0417, p<0,0001)-as shown by a reduction of cell proliferation for the DT66066 cells incubated with NS (NS+) (Fig 3 ), but not at lower CI indexes.
data without prior agreement of the CNIL. The data may be made available by the authors but according to French law, researchers wishing to obtain the data must obtain additional authorization with the CNIL. In practice, the first step for any researcher wishing to obtain the data should be to ask the Coordination Regionale de lutte contre le SIDA (corevih@ch-cayenne. fr) who will guide the researcher through the process with the CNIL. The COREVIH collects data for all of French Guiana and analyzes the data for the purposes of improving interventions. Interested researchers may also contact Mathieu Nacher, chair of the COREVIH and author, using the following email address: mathieu. nacher@ch-cayenne. fr.
Study design Setting and participants. Data on HIV patients has been available since 1989in French Guiana. Clinical, biological and epidemiological data are collected by specific trained research technicians in the DMI2 government software until 2008, and then in eNADIS/DATAIDS  [10]. Inclusion criteria. We included patients who were followed in Cayenne, Saint Laurent and Kouroubetween 1997 and 2016 for whom the initial CD4 count at the time of diagnosis was available.
Median CD4 counts were also plotted to see if this objective measure was coherent with the estimated durations between infection and diagnosis. This was performed separately for patients originating from Brazil, France (French Guiana), Guyana, Haiti, and Suriname. The choice of these risk groups was based on the fact that most HIV-infected patients are of foreign origin and that in an operational perspective, identifying differences would help scale up HIV testing efforts. Comparisons used the ranksum test and the Kruskal Wallis test. Multivariate analysis used robust regression for modeling the delay between estimated HIV seroconversion and diagnosis and quantile regression for CD4 at HIV diagnosis. Ethics and funding. Patients included in the FHDH give informed consent for using their case record data for research and publication of research results.
Results Overall, in 2016, there were 1383 patients actively followed in the database of whom 279 were of French origin, 607 were of Haitian origin, 419 were of Surinamese origin, 173were from Brazil and 173 from Guyana. The median interval between HIV seroconversion and HIV diagnosis was 3. 5years (Lower-Higher estimates = 0. 5-6. 7) in women and 6. 4years (IQR = 8-9. 3) in men, P<0. 001. The median interval between the estimated HIV seroconversion and HIV diagnosis was 5. 1years for patients fromBrazil, 4. 5 years for those from Haiti, 7. 2 years for those from Suriname, 2. 9 years for patients from Guyana, and 3. 1 years forFrench patients (Fig  1 ). These differences were statistically significant, P<0. 0001 (Kruskal Wallis). A simple quantile regression model with French patients as reference group adjusting for sex and age at the time of diagnosisshowed that the interval was significantly longer Surinamese patients (β = +4.
Although, the parameters in this method were calculated in the UK, populations from Latin America and the Caribbean were present and most of the viruses are also HIV1-B as in French Guiana. However, the slope parameters used and the estimations of median CD4 at diagnosis are susceptible to variation between ethnic groups and we cannot exclude distortions in our estimates. [18] Other authors have used methods relying on additional variables which may have been more precise  [19] [20] [21] , but because some of the information used was not available in our dataset, we used the above simpler method. Some of the computed infection dates were estimated to be after the diagnosis which is impossible. Thus calculated intervals should be taken with caution on an individual basis. However, at the population level, which was ourframe of reference, central measures may be an acceptable approximation.
Data available We selected three Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) in each country covering a period over  15   DHSs are funded by the U. S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and have been conducted approximately every 4 or 5 years in more than 90 countries (https://dhsprogram. com) since the beginning of the 1980s. These household surveys are nationally representative with large sample sizes (usually between 5000 and 30,000 households) that provide a wide range of information on, for example, child health, education, domestic violence, HIV prevalence and maternal health. These surveys are free and available on demand. In DHSs, interviews were conducted with women aged 15 to 49 years old who spent the night before the interview in the surveyed household. Women were interviewed on their pregnancies in the last 5 years prior the survey.
We selected information on the last birth for each of the surveyed women (if a woman delivered more than one child during this period, we selected the last birth only). Data on household characteristics (demographic, socioeconomic and environmental conditions) and on the last pregnancy, including information on the use of maternal health services, were extracted from relevant questionnaires. During the interview, the woman was asked whether her child was born by C-section. As recommended, for greater accuracy, C-section cases among births that occurred at home were recoded as vaginal birth deliveries  [28]. Furthermore, on the DHSs, socioeconomic status was evaluated using principal component analysis  [29, 30]. The wealth index is a composite measure of a household's cumulative living standard.
The closer the CC is to the line of equity, the less important the inequalities in access to C-section are. We performed a CC by period for each country. We tested whether the concentration index (area under the curve) was significantly different between periods (Z-test). No imputation of missing data was performed. Tests were two-tailed, and p < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. We managed the data with SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL), and analyses were performed using Stata version 13. 0 software (Stata Corp. , College Station, TX, USA).
Mali still needs to focus more on the poorest women to achieve wealth-related equity. This study has limitations. First, we used DHS data to investigate access to C-sections and FBDs. The reliability of this kind of survey can be questioned as every variable is self-reported and thus potentially subject to possible misclassification and recall bias. Moreover, this kind of survey collects information only on live births, leading to the omission of all stillbirths in these analyses. Stillbirth rates are high in western African countries  [49] , and there is evidence that C-section rates and intrapartum stillbirth rates are correlated  [50]. However, we could not study these cases with our data. Second, this study did not consider the level of implementation of the free C-section policy in both countries.
The transverse momentum is defined relative to the beam axis. dissociation. For photon virtualities Q 2 < 5 GeV 2 and masses of the dissociating system m N < 2 GeV, low-multiplicity states from the production and decays of ∆ resonances are usually created. For higher Q 2 or m N , the system decays into a variety of resonances, which produce a large number of forward particles. The Lpair package was interfaced to JetSet 7. 408  [23] , where the Lund  [24]  fragmentation model is implemented. The Herwig and Lpair generators do not include any corrections to account for proton absorptive effects. Hence the normalisation of these MC samples is further constrained by a data-driven procedure, as described in Section 6. For double-dissociative (D-diss) reactions, Pythia 8. 175  [25]  was used with the NNPDF2.
The resulting uncertainty in the measured cross-sections is determined from the variance of the measurements for the ensemble. Muon-related sources: Uncertainties related to the muon trigger and selection efficiencies are studied using the J/ψ → µ + µ -, Υ → µ + µ -and Z → µ + µ -processes, and a tag-and-probe method  [14]. The muon trigger efficiency is estimated in simulation, with a dedicated data-driven analysis performed to obtain the simulation-to-data correction factors and the corresponding uncertainties. The uncertainty in the correction factors C i in Eqn. (1) due to the statistical (δ trig. stat. ) and systematic (δ trig. syst. ) uncertainties in the trigger efficiency are around 0. 3% and 0. 9% respectively. The muon selection efficiencies as determined from simulation are corrected with simulation-todata correction factors, which have associated statistical and systematic uncertainties.
Summary A measurement of the cross-sections for exclusive γγ → µ + µ -production in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC is presented. The measurement uses a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3. 2 fb -1. The fiducial cross-section in the dimuon invariant mass range of 12 GeV < m µ + µ -< 70 GeV is measured to be σ excl. fid. γγ→µ + µ -= 3. 12 ± 0. 07 (stat. ) ± 0. 14 (syst. ) pb. The differential cross-sections as a function of the dimuon invariant mass are also measured. The cross-sections are compared to theoretical predictions which include corrections for absorptive effects. The finite-size parameterisation of absorptive corrections provides a good description of the data, yielding σ excl. fid. γγ→µ + µ -= 3. 06 ± 0. 05 pb. It is observed that the absorptive corrections tend to increase with the energy fraction of protons passed to the initial-state photons.
The precision of the measurement can be improved by using dedicated forward proton detectors. Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Région Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers.
The selection of non-target hosts was based on phylogenetic relatedness, sympatry of target and non-target species and information on the geographical distribution and occurrence of European Drosophilidae available from the literature (FlyBase database, NCBI Taxonomy database;  Kuhlmann et al. 2006; Fleury et al. 2009 ) (Fig. 1 ). In total, five European Drosophila spp. (D. busckii Coquillett, D. hydei Sturtevant, D. immigrans Sturtevant, D. melanogaster Meigen and D. subobscura Collin) and one Tephritidae species [Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)] were selected as non-target test species. The latter was selected as an out-group species as it is also able to oviposit into fresh berries as D. suzukii, in contrast to other European Drosophila spp. that usually attack decaying fruits and other organic matters.
melanogaster in artificial diet for 3-4 days. A drop of honey was added to each tube as food source. The rearing tubes were checked daily and Drosophila subpulchrella, were added to the tree. The tree is based on Fauna Europaea and the phylogenetic tree was built with NCBI Taxonomy database, Software iTOL  (Letunic and Bork 2016)  for newly emerged parasitoids, which were immediately transferred to the rearing boxes.