dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This collaborative work was made possible by CNRS GDR 3570 MECABIO. We wish to gratefully acknowledge  François Caton ,  Sébastien Cazin ,  Paul Duru ,  Emmanuèle Helfer ,  Alexandra Lamouliatte ,  Mickaël Marin ,  Frédéric Risso ,  Anne-Virginie Salsac , and  Annie Viallat  for useful discussions. The collaboration and experiment on cell flipping was developed in the framework of microgravity experiments supported by  CNES  ( VP145 ) and hosted in Novespace facilities while the shear flow chamber was developed by the  Swedish Space Corporation  for earlier ESA sponsored microgravity experiments (MASER 11). Poiseuille flow experiments were supported by the  European Research Council  under  ERC   Consolidator grant  agreements  615102  (BrainMicroFlow) and 772191 (MultiphysMicroCaps).
Conclusions The hydrodesulfurization of 3MT in the presence of 23DMB2N, as model compounds for the FCC gasoline fraction, was carried out in a high-throughput screening reactor as a function of temperature, contact time and partial pressures of 3MT and 23DMB2N at 15 bar. The kinetic data were collected under intrinsic conditions, allowing a Langmuir-Hinshelwood based modeling study. The product distribution showed that different types of reactions occurred: partial hydrogenation of 3MT, desulfurization, double bond and skeletal isomerization, hydrogenation of double carbon-carbon bonds, olefin dimerization, and reactions between sulfur containing species with olefins. 16 main reactions were included in the kinetic model. The experiments also showed an inhibition by 3MT of the hydrogenation of 23DMB2N.
Acknowledgements F. Caron  and  E. Galand  are grateful for the Ph. D. grant from  IFP Energies  nouvelles and support from  CNRS  ( Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ) and  IFPEN. The authors also thank  Mathieu Vidalie  and  Amaury Donnette  for catalytic data acquisition by high-throughput experimentation at IFPEN.
Characterization The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was acquired by using a PANalytical EMPYREAN diffractometer () equipped with a cobalt source (Kα-1. 79 Å). The measurement conditions were as follows: 35 kV voltage, 45 mA current, step size-0. 0263 • , counting time-197 s, total duration-50 min. The magnetic property measurements were carried out by using a vibrating scanning magnetometer (PPMS Evercool II from Quantum Design, San Diego, CA, USA). The magnetization vs magnetic field (M-H) data (hysteresis loop) were obtained at two different temperatures (300 and 5 K) up to ±3 T external field. The magnetic susceptibility concerning the temperature (5-300 K range) at field-cooled (FC) and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) conditions was recorded at a 50 Oe field. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained by using a JEOL JSM-7800F microscope (Akishima, Tokyo, Japan).
The SEM-EDS elemental mappings were acquired by using an EDS Bruker XFlash detector. The Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) method was used for the determination of nickel content within the sample by using an iCAP 6300 ICP Duo Spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Bright-field transmission electron microscopy (BFTEM) imaging was carried out by using a JEOL JEM 1400 TEM microscope (Akishima, Tokyo, Japan) (operating voltage 120 kV). ImageJ software was used for the calculation of the nickel particles size. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging was carried out by using a JEOL JEM-ARM200F microscope (Akishima, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a probe Cs corrector and cold FEG gun. The high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging and the respective energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping were accomplished by using a high-angle SDD CENTURIO-X detector attached to the microscope.
These compounds are detected by using thermal conductivity detectors (TCD 1 and TCD 2 ). The tests were performed in the temperature range from 120 to 400 • C, with the sample kept at steady-state operation for 30 min at each temperature. The heating rate between steps was 5 • C min -1. The stability test was carried out at 380 • C for 45 h, under similar experimental conditions in terms of the gas mixture. Equilibrium CO 2 conversion was calculated by using the HSC Chemistry 5. 0 software. The quantification of the reagents (CO 2 and H 2 ) and products (CO and CH 4 ) present in the reaction was performed from the values obtained from the chromatograms and the calibrations carried out for each gas. The general formulas used for the calculations of CO 2 conversion, CH 4 yield, and selectivity are given below.
The HRTEM image of 5Ni/TiO 2 shows the lattice fringes, and the corresponding FFT pattern could be indexed to the fcc phase of bulk Ni (<110> zone axis orientation). The STEM HAADF image and the STEM-EDS elemental mapping are shown in Figure  2. The STEM HAADF image shows that the nickel nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed on the titania support. This observation was further validated by using the STEM-EDS elemental mapping. The SEM image and the corresponding EDS elemental mapping are shown in Figure  S2  (ESI). The SEM-EDS elemental mapping also demonstrates an even distribution of Ni over the titania support. The Ni concentration from the EDS spectra was measured to be 4. 1 wt%. All these characterization data prove that the 5Ni/TiO 2 sample is composed of titania homogeneously decorated with Ni nanoparticles.
(  7 ) and (B. 3), we have: 𝐸 debit = ∫ ℎ 0 𝜖 𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ℎ 0 𝜎 𝑖𝑖 3𝐾(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ℎ 0 1 𝐾(𝑧) + 4∕3𝐺(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧𝜎 𝑧 = 𝐶 𝑜 𝜎 𝑧 (B. 5) where 𝐶 𝑜 = ∫ ℎ 0 1 𝐾(𝑧) + 4∕3𝐺(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 (B. 6) V. -V. Lai et al. By applying the equation of equilibrium on the stress tensor Eq. (  7 ) we have: 𝛾(𝑧) 𝜕𝜎 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝛼 + 𝜕𝜏 𝛼 𝜕𝑧 = 0 (B. 7) and by integration, we obtain: where  is the shape function vector. Here, the linear shape function was chosen for all elementary calculation. ) were numerically computed using the function trapz in Matlab. As the film thickness at the center was very small compared to the sphere radius, the contact pressure is mainly localized around the center point,  = 0. Thus, the mesh size varied from ℎ  ∕1000 around the center point,  = 0, up to ℎ  at  = ∕20. This choice of mesh size was validated by comparing numerical results and analytical solutions.
Instrumentation Elemental mapping was performed using an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyzer (XMaxN) with a 20 mm 2 SDD detector (Oxford instruments). Carbon double tape was used to attach the sample to the stub holder. The measurements were carried out using a 10 kV electron beam. The images were analyzed by AZtecEnergy software. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were recorded on an Avatar 360 (Nicolet) spectrometer using the attenuated total re ection (ATR) mode between 4000 and 508 cm - 1 with an average of 200 consecutive scans and a resolution of 1. 93 cm - 1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed on a TA Q100 calorimeter under a nitrogen atmosphere with a heating rate of 10°C•min - 1 from - 100°C to 300°C. In order to standardize the effects of previous thermal history, the T g value was determined as the mid-point temperature between the glassy and rubbery asymptotes using the second heating scan.
Two of them come from scientific articles and the other two from a manufacturer's documentation. Their references and central frequencies are respectively as follows: -Sensor 1 (SS433FB2), F 1n = 434. 56 MHz (SAWComponents, 2013), -Sensor 2 (AlN-SAW), F 2n = 501. 18 MHz  (Wang et al. , 2023) , -Sensor 3, F 3n = 897. 37 MHz  (Liu et al. , 2017) , -Sensor 4 (SS2414BB2), F 4n = 2. 41635 GHz (SAW- Components, 2014). The considered elements characterize the TCF (Fig. 20a ). These data establish with the desired level of precision the temperature-frequency relationship (Fig. 20b ). We apply our frequency measurement method to the different sensors mentioned above. To compare the results for these sensors, we choose to calculate the TCF as TCF = 10 6 × F max -F min F n (T max -T min ). (9) Equation (  9 ) leads to the temperature-frequency relationship: T = 10 6 × 1 TCF × F F n.
Cyclic voltammetry Electrochemical experiments were performed at PGSTAT302N Autolab Metrohm potentiostat interfaced with Nova 2. 1 software. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out on a three-electrode setup consisting of a glassy carbon disk (3 mm in diameter) as working electrode, a platinum wire as a counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl (NaCl 3 M) as a reference, called hereafter Ag/AgCl, isolated from the solution by a salt bridge containing the same electrolyte solution as in the cell to prevent any leakage of NaCl into the cell (EAg/AgCl = -0. 066 V vs. SCE). The working C disk electrode was soaked for 10 min in KOH (2 M), polished with 0. 1 µm alumina, etched for 10 min in concentrated sulfuric acid (2 M) and sonicated 10 min in water, and then in absolute ethyl alcohol. The cyclic voltammograms were performed in CH2Cl2 containing 0.
The temperature was increased from 30° to 800 °C at 5 °C/min in reconstituted (80 % N 2 + 20 % O 2 ) dry air (40 mL/min). XPS measurements of the samples were carried out in a SPECS spectrometer equipped with a PHOIBOS 150 MCD analyzer working at fixed pass energy of 35 eV and 0. 1 eV resolution for the studied zones. Al Kα radiation (1486. 6 eV) was used at 250 W and 12. 5 kV. Prior to analysis, each sample was pressed into a thin disk. All XPS spectra were recorded at room temperature. The analytical chamber operates under an ultra-high vacuum (10-10 mbar). Binding energy correction was performed by fixing Si 2p at 103. 4 eV corresponding to the unchanging zeolite support, and spectra were analyzed with CasaXPS software. To analyze the different Mo-species (MoO 2 , MoO 3 , Mo 2 C, MoS 2 ) and the presence of coke or sulfur, high-definition spectra of the regions corresponding to S 2p, Mo 3d, O 1s, and C 1s levels were acquired and quantified.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  Region "Hauts-de-France " (Grant STaRS  2019 ),  Centrale Lille Institut , the  Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche  ( CPER IRENE  and  CPER ECRIN)  and the  European Fund for Regional Economic Development. ICP-OES analyses were performed in the « Spectrométrie par torche à plasma » platform of the  Research Federation Michel-Eugène Chevreul  hosted by the LASIRE laboratory thanks to  Veronique Alaimo. Olivier Gardoll  from  UCCS laboratory  is warmly thanked for H 2 chemisorption experiments.
Moreover, solution properties like density, heat capacity and enthalpy should be better described when considering the contribution of the various complexes or ion pairs, the standard properties of which differ from the simple weighted sum of the fully dissociated species. Despite these advantages, one must acknowledge that this option also has significant drawbacks due to the semi-empirical character of the Pitzer equations. In particular, increasing the variety of aqueous species increases the number of specific interaction parameters to consider when parameterizing the Pitzer equations. The risk is generating an exponentially growing dataset of interaction parameters, which poses an open question. In addition, the use of aqueous complexation constants determined for dilute solutions to constrain the estimation of specific interaction parameters for higher concentrations may be tricky.
In the present work, the robust, well-known and well-documented revised-HKF theory is applied  [50] [51] [52]. The combined use of the revised HKFtheory and of the Pitzer equations has been previously described in the literature and proved to be a powerful approach able to cover very large conditions of temperatures and concentrations  [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]. The geochemical calculation code used in the present work is PHREESCALE  [48, 58] , which is an evolution of PhreeqC  [31] , software that is widely used in the geochemical modelling community. The general description of the model development performed in the present work is extensively detailed in the supplementary materials (Appendix 2). Regardless of the formation constants of the aqueous complexes which were set according to  [59] , 12 specific interaction parameters were found necessary to reproduce the osmotic coefficient data, each parameter being variable with temperature (in Kelvin) according to the following expression (equation (  1 )) implemented in PhreeSCALE: Y(T) = a 1 + a 2 T + a 3 T² + a 4 T 3 + a 5 /T + a 6 ln(T) (1) For all Y parameters, which are presented in Table  1 , the a 4 coefficient was set to 0.
[85]  at 75°C show very different behavior (Figure  7-C ). Because of the very large stability domain of the CaCl 2 :2H 2 O salt, in comparison with the observations made by all the other authors, and at different temperatures, these data were excluded from the optimization procedure. The results shown in Figure  7  were obtained by using constant (Na + /Ca 2+ ) and (Na + /CaCl + ), and temperature-variable (Na + /Ca 2+ /Cl -) and (Na + /CaCl + /Cl -) parameters. Experimental heat capacity data were also found in the literature. Saluja et al. [69]  measured heat capacities of mixtures for ionic strengths comprised between 3 and 5 eqkg -1 , temperatures between 25 and 100°C, and a pressure of 0. 6 MPa. These data could not be used as constraints for the optimization procedure of the model, but can be used for checking as illustrated in Figure  8.
At 25°C, the values recommended by Pitzer and Oakes  [45]  are consistent with those recently measured by Azougen et al. [64] , which are also consistent with the critically selected experimental data and smoothed values recommended by Rard and Clegg  [65]. this time and to our knowledge it is the only model with such capabilities that can be used with a free geochemical code like PhreeSCALE. As such, it extends the range of application to hydrothermal environments in the domain of geosciences, or to specific industrial issues dealing with chloride brines like the geological storage of CO 2 in deep saline aquifers.
02 • step size (step time = 1 s). Identification of the crystalline phases was performed using EVA software comparing the registered pattern with the ICDD PDF-4 database cards. The sample was crushed to obtain powder to fill the XRD sample holder and smoothed flat. The crystallite size of copper oxide was determined by the Scherrer equation: D = kλ βcos(θ) ( 1 ) where D is the crystallite size, k is a constant dependent on the shape of crystallite (fixed at 0. 89 by considering it spherical), θ is the Bragg angle and β is the corrected full peak width at half-maximum intensity: β = FW HM exp 2 -FW HM LaB 6 2 ( 2 ) FWHM exp is the experimental FWHM determined by using Origin software for the studied diffraction peak, and FWHM LaB6 is the FWHM at 2θ = 30 • of the LaB 6 used as reference. Raman spectra were collected with an XploRA PLUS Raman Microscope (HORIBA Jobin Yvon, Palaiseau, France) equipped with a CCD silicon detector cooled by means of a Peltier device.
Raman analysis was conducted using a laser wavelength of 532 nm with an output power of 20 mW, which was reduced by attenuation with a filter of 1% on the sample and a grating of 1200 (750 nm). For all conducted analyses, a 100× std objective was employed, resulting in a laser spot of 0. 72 µm. The Raman spectrometer was controlled using the software package LabSpec 6. The presented spectra corresponded to the average of 3 scans, with 600 s acquisition time for each scan. The spatial resolution was about 100 µm. All measurements were taken at room temperature. Preceding the Raman analysis, a calibration step was performed using a silicon wafer characterized by the Si line at v = 520. 7 cm -1. The H 2 -Temperature programmed reduction (H 2 -TPR) was carried out using a Micromeritics Autochem II 2920 apparatus.
Acknowledgments: The  Chevreul Institute  is thanked for its help in the development of this work through the  CHEMACT  project supported by the " Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur de la Recherche et de   l'Innovation" , the  region "Hauts-de-France" , the  ERDF program  of the  European Union  and the " Métropole Européenne de Lille ". The authors thank  Martine Trentesaux  for Raman analysis,  Pardis Simon  for XPS analysis,  Olivier Gardoll  for redox characterization,  Laurence Burylo  for the XRD experiment and  Maya Marinova  for TEM analysis.
Detection of Nitric Oxide Released from Stimulated Endothelial Cells in Culture 2. 6. 1. Cell Culture Conditions The immortalized human liver endothelial cell line TMNK-1 (RRID:CVCL_4W79, kindly provided by Marina Macias-Silva) was used as an endothelial cell model and maintained in high glucose DMEM complemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% Anti-Anti (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific). For the experimental conditions, the TMNK-1 cells were cultured in fibronectin-coated polystyrene wells of a 48-well plate, using DMEM supplemented with 1% Anti-Anti. After 24 h of culture, having a confluent monolayer, two different assays were carried out for stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and then for quantification of the production of nitric oxide.
Burning velocity measurements Adiabatic laminar burning velocity measurements were performed under atmospheric pressure. The vapor pressure of acetone is high enough to allow experiments at several fresh gas temperatures: 306, 358 and 398 K. The ranges of investigated equivalence ratios are limited by flame instabilities or extinction under lean and rich conditions. For each temperature, the experiments are performed over larger equivalence ratio ranges than previous studies in the literature. Numerical data is calculated using the Premixed Laminar Flame-Speed module in Chemkin Pro software. The Soret effect is considered and the numerical parameters GRAD and CURV are both equal to 0. 1. At 1 bar, while a lot of measurements were performed at ambient temperature  [21, [24] [25] [26] 29, [32] [33] [34] , only Nilsson et al.
Conclusion In this work, IDTs were measured at pressures of 20 and 40 bar and temperatures from 850 to 1100 K. Experiments in a JSR coupled with GC were performed for pyrolysis (700-1200 K) and for oxidation (600-1150 K), with the quantified products being methane, ethane, and ethylene in both cases, with also acetaldehyde, CO and CO2 for oxidation. A detailed investigation of the observed transient behavior above 1000 K was also made. In addition, laminar burning velocities were measured at various fresh gas temperature (ambient temperature, 358 K and 398 K). Overall laminar burning velocities agree with the existing values from the literature and in particular those obtained with a similar device. However, the literature experimental data are somehow scattered which could seem surprising for such a small fuel.
Nancy work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (BUILDING A LOW-CARBON, CLIMATE RESILIENT FUTURE: SECURE, CLEAN AND EFFICIENT ENERGY) under Grant Agreement No 101006744. The content presented in this document represents the views of the authors, and the European Commission has no liability in respect of the content. In Aachen, this work was performed as part of the Cluster of Excellence "The Fuel Science Center" and funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany´s Excellence Strategy -Cluster of Excellence 2186 -ID: 390919832.
PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS DOI: 10. 1063/5. 0153089 The pre-generated turbulence was characterized  39  by 𝑢 ′ = 6. 7 m/s, 𝐿 = 3. 1 mm, 𝜂 𝐾 = (𝜈 𝑢 3 〈𝜀〉 ⁄ ) bins are adopted for 𝑐 𝐹 (𝐱, 𝑡), as well as for all other quantities 𝑞(𝐱, 𝑡) whose PDFs are sampled. Thus, data conditioned, e. g. , to 𝑐 𝐹 (𝐱, 𝑡) = 0. 5 are sampled from zones where 0. 495 < 𝑐 𝐹 (𝐱, 𝑡) < 0. 505. Turbulent fluctuations inside so thin zones are controlled by small-scale turbulent structures. Results reported in the following were sampled at 55 instants from 1. 291 ms till 1. 566 ms. Thus, decay of small-scale turbulence within flamelets is indicated neither in Fig. 3  nor in Fig. 4.
Acknowledgements ANL gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by  Chalmers Area of Advance Transport. VAS gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by  ONERA  and the  Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation  (Grant agreement of December 8, 2020, No. 075-11-2020-023 ) within the program for the creation and development of the  World-Class Research Center "Supersonic " for 2020-2025.
Such advantage results in a lower amount of noble metal to be loaded on the surface, which determines a cost reduction in the reactor design. Moreover, we also demonstrated that an increase of the catalyst loading (as mg of catalyst per cm 2 of OCF) drives to a greater dominance of the internal mass transfer resistance and limited residence time to complete the reaction (Moncada  Quintero et al. , 2021b). Moreover, a correlation for mass transfer in OCFs at low Reynolds number was proposed. The data were collected from lean CH 4 combustion tests carried out under gas/solid diffusional control in zirconia foams of 30 ppi. However, although the derived expression fitted well with our experimental data, the correlation was limited to a narrow range of pore diameters (Moncada  Quintero et al. , 2021b).
To further stress the practical implications of our research, we conducted lean CH 4 combustion tests were also performed on 3 wt% PdO/Co 3 O 4 coated ceramic foams by varying the volumetric flow rate and inlet methane concentration. Analyzing the data, we discussed the controlling regimes (kinetic or diffusional control) across the temperature range of 100-700 • C. To assess mass transfer properties, we measured mass transfer coefficients by monitoring oxidation reactions under diffusion-controlled conditions, deriving a dimensionless correlation (Sh = A⋅Re m ⋅Sc 1 3 ) applicable to a wide range of foam geometrical properties. Finally, we evaluated the pressure drop across OCFs as a function of superficial velocity, comparing our findings with experimental data and models from the literature.
Image processing After image acquisition, the micro-CT slices were reconstructed by filtered back projection algorithm using the RX Solutions software integrated into the device. The tomograms obtained were then exported as a 16-bit grayscale image stack. Subsequently, a three-dimensional (3D) model was reconstructed using Avizo Thermo Fisher Scientific software version 2019. 1 for further image processing (visualization, correction, segmentation, and data quantification) based on the principles of morphological image analysis  (Lacroix et al. , 2007; Moreira et al. , 2004). Micro-CT sub-volumes (1006 × 1006 × 736 voxels) were selected to remove uninteresting regions from the original micro-CT image. Afterwards, a Gaussian filter (Kernel size factor of 2) was employed to blur and reduce the noise introduced during the image acquisition/transmission step  (Große et al.
The resulting virtual slices exhibited a voxel size of 14 × 14 × 14 μm 3. At this point, the images were ready for data processing and analysis, leading to the complete characterization of the OCFs. In addition to Avizo, the free software FijiImageJ was used to extract information such as mean strut length (l s ), mean pore and strut diameter (d p , d s ), etc. The characterization of geometric surface area (S ga ) and open porosity (ε o ) was performed using Avizo. It is worth highlighting that before applying the thresholding, a volume of interest (VOI, in our case cylindrical) containing the sample to be analyzed was selected. Therefore, once the material of interest within the VOI was segmented, the binary volume could be processed. Briefly, the process consisted of 1) applying the 'Label Analysis' operator on the image data; 2) assigning the original data as an 'Intensity Image' in the specific port of the module; and 3) selecting the fundamental measurements in the 'Measure port' of the 'Label Analysis' operator, followed by subsequent processing  (Ou et al.