dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2004). No later data than that reported in the 2004 EFSA opinion were identified in the recent literature. Yoshizawa and Morooka (1974)  (not included in the EFSA, 2004) reported for the 10-day old duckling the minimum emetic dose subcutaneously administered of 10 mg DON/kg bw. Based on these studies above on ducks, the CONTAM Panel identified concentration of 7 mg DON/kg feed from the study of D € anicke et al. (  2004 ) generating no zootechnical parameters change as the NOAEL for ducks in this study. Grimes et al. (2010)  performed a trial on 168 male turkey poults placed into 24 pens (7 birds/pen; 6 pens/treatment) and reared to 3 weeks (21 days) involving four diets with naturally contaminated corn: (1) clean maize as control, and diets containing (2) 0. 1 mg aflatoxin B1, (3) 1. 7 mg DON and (4) 0.
, 2015). Two consecutive morning urine samples were collected approximately from 200 subjects per country (~40 children (3-9 years), ~40 adolescents (10-17 years), ~30 adults (18-64 years), ~20 elderly (> 65 years), ~30 vegetarians and ~40 pregnant women). A total of 635 subjects were recruited, and a total of 1,270 urine samples were collected. The consumption data were obtained through a food frequency questionnaire and harmonised food diary survey. Urinary DON, DON-glucuronides and DOM-1 were measured in the UK, Italy and Norway by a single biomarker analytical method following an interlaboratory study (see details in  Brera et al. (2015) ). The results are not published in a peer-reviewed journal but as an EFSA external report. tDON was detected in 93%, 76% and 97% of the samples collected from UK, Italy and Norway, respectively  (Brera et al.
5 L for children  (Haga and Sakata, 2010 ) and 2 L (EFSA FEEDAP Panel, 2012) for adults, the CONTAM Panel estimated the exposure to DON using the following formula: DON exposure estimate (lg/kg bw per day) ¼ Urinary tDON concentration (ng/mL) Â 24-h urine volume (mL) Excretion rate 0. 7ÂBodyweightðkgÞ Â1000 In Table  56 , these DON exposure estimates reported together with the exposure estimates for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside obtained from the diet-based calculations in this opinion (Section 6. 1) using the country specific food consumption data available for UK and Italy. For Norway the Danish food consumption data were used to due to the lack of Norwegian food consumption data in the EFSA Comprehensive Food Consumption Database. Overall, the CONTAM Panel concluded that the exposure estimates based on the biomarker data were within the same order of magnitude with the estimates based on diet.
5 and 2 L for child and adult, and DON excretion percentage is estimated at 70%. (b): The individual urinary DON and glucuronide concentrations as ng/mL were extracted from the EFSA database as submitted to EFSA in the DON biomarker project in 2015  (Brera et al. , 2015). (c): The chronic exposures for UK and Italy are the estimates from the diet as presented in this opinion (see Appendix F. 1). The food consumption data reported for Denmark were used to compare to the exposure estimate from biomarker in Norway due to the lack of Norwegian food consumption data in the EFSA Comprehensive Food Consumption Database. Research on DON biomarkers in the past decade has made great progress. The DON urinary biomarker (DON and DON-glucuronides) has been frequently detected in several European and non-European populations, largely attributed to the high urinary excretion and frequent contamination in food.
Mode of action Due to the large database on biochemical mode of action on DON, the CONTAM Panel decided to report only the main reviews and the studies relevant with regard to the adverse effects observed in vivo. For 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside all the available studies were reviewed. 7. 7. 1. DON 7. 7. 1. 1. Induction of a ribotoxic stress DON as other trichothecenes is known to target the ribosome. It binds to the 60S subunit of this organelle and crystallographic studies indicate that DON more specifically targets the A site of the peptidyl transferase centre. This interaction inhibits the chain elongation step of protein synthesis leading to an inhibition of RNA, DNA and protein synthesis  (EFSA 2004; Pestka, 2010a; Garreau de Loubresse et al. , 2014). This binding of DON to ribosome activates also several ribosome-associated mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), an effect called ribotoxic stress response  (Pestka, 2010a,b).
7. 8. Identification of critical effects and dose-response/concentrationresponse modelling for hazard characterisation Since the previous evaluations of the  SCF (1999 SCF ( , 2002) )  and EFSA (2004) (see Section 1. 1) several new studies on DON were reported for experimental, farm and companion animals and few on 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. While a wealth of toxicokinetic and toxicity data was available for experimental animals to identify and characterise the hazard of DON, the database on adverse effects and toxicity of 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside was still scarce for this opinion (see  Sections 7. 3 and 7. 4) , and only a limited number of toxicokinetic studies were identified for 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside (see  Section 7. 1). Based on that information, the CONTAM Panel assumed that the acetylated forms were largely deacetylated prior to systemic distribution and rapidly metabolised to DON, such that they might induce the same acute and chronic effects as DON.
In addition, the CONTAM Panel identified reproductive and developmental toxicity of DON in experimental animals (see  Sections 7. 2. 2. 1 and 7. 2. 7)  as suitable to characterise the chronic hazard of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in humans. The CONTAM Panel noted that suppression of growth and anorexia has been identified as a chronic effect in experimental and some farm animal species such as pigs. In particular, feed refusal and reduced feed intake have been associated with hormonal and immunotoxic effects of DON since changes of satiety hormones (e. g. CCK and PYY) and changes of proinflammatory cytokines (e. g. IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-alpha) have been observed to be related to DON-induced anorexia. However, this database was too weak to identify any critical endpoint based on immunotoxic or hormonal effects in experimental animals for chronic hazards of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in humans.
8. 5 below). However, the concentration-response relationships reported in the only available study for cats and dogs were not so well expressed but still suitable for the application of the BMC analysis (see  Appendix G). Therefore the CONTAM Panel identified also the NOAELs and/or LOAELs for the acute exposure of these animal species (see Section 8. 2). 7. 8. 5. Concentration-response modelling for acute toxicity in pigs, dogs and cats, and dose-response modelling for acute toxicity in farmed mink The CONTAM Panel noted that vomiting was occasionally reported for pigs, while reduced feed intake was consistently (occasionally also reduced weight gain) reported after exposure to DON in feed. From a large database of studies (see Table  48 ), the CONTAM Panel identified the two studies of  Young et al.
The lack of analytical methods formally validated through interlaboratory studies hampered a reliable conclusion on the uncertainty of the currently available results in EFSA's database or in the cited literature on DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. The lack of certified reference materials for DON-3-glucoside, 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON (as calibrants and in particular matrix materials) are additional limitations that hamper an uncertainty estimation for individual laboratories. Both issues, as a result, contribute to the overall uncertainty of the occurrence data. These limitations are equally valid for the chemical analysis used in toxicokinetic and toxicity studies and in studies for human urinary biomarkers and their metabolites. The use of the UB approach for high percentage of occurrence data < LODs/LOQs, even when 100% of the data were left-censored, is conservative and represented an overestimation of both the acute and the chronic risk, while the use of the LB approach represented an underestimation.
Mode of action • DON, 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON bound to the ribosome peptidyl transferase centre, inhibiting protein synthesis. This binding also induces a ribotoxic stress and activates different MAPKs. Activation of MAPKs explains several effects of DON such as apoptosis/survival, inflammatory effect and oxidative stress. • Because of steric hindrance DON-3-glucoside could not bind to the ribosome and thus it did not activate MAPKs and induce inflammation. • Both pro-inflammatory cytokines and satiety hormones have been proposed as major mediators of DON-induced anorexia/emesis. • The anorectic and emetic potencies of DON-3-glucoside were lower than those of DON and underlying mechanisms are so far unknown. Combined effects of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside with other mycotoxins • The database describing possible effects of combined exposure to DON and other mycotoxins was not sufficient for establishing the nature of combined effects.
In order to update the database for specific questions arising during the discussion, separate searches were conducted when needed. After the cut-off date, the publication of new papers from the major journals expected to publish articles on mycotoxins was monitored from their email alerts for content of the issue till the end of 2016 in order to verify if new relevant papers, which would change the outcome of the risk assessment were published but no new search was conducted. As background information, the CONTAM Panel considered the earlier scientific evaluations of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed conducted by other national risk assessment bodies, and other national and international independent expert advisory committees than SCF and EFSA (see Section 1. 1).
A. 1. 2. Study selection process and its results The obtained literature database for the this opinion, which was retrieved as outlined above, included scientific peer-reviewed papers published in scientific journals and relevant non-peer reviewed papers (such as risk assessment reports by national/international bodies and book chapters). The following criteria were considered for the inclusion of studies in the selection process: • Experimental toxicity studies in vitro (including biological models) and in vivo. • Experimental toxicity studies in laboratory animals (oral route), epidemiological studies in humans addressing associations between exposure to DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in humans and adverse health outcome(s) in the general population (via the diet). • Experimental toxicity studies on farm and companion animals (oral route), addressing associations between exposure to DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in farm and companion animals and adverse health outcome(s).
Identification of evidence The following sources of evidence were used: • The occurrence data on food and feed collected by the Member States/European Countries submitted in the framework of the EFSA continuous call for data. 48 • The EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database as a source of information on food consumption across the EU. 49 • An external scientific report on 'Experimental study of deoxynivalenol biomarkers in urine" (GP/EFSA/CONTAM/2013/04 -;  Brera et al. , 2015)  (to support the exposure assessment). 50 • The catalogue of feed materials specified in the Commission Regulation (EU) No 575/2011 of 16 June 2011 creating the Catalogue of feed materials. 51   • In the absence of EFSA feed consumption database, external databases and the literature on the public domain were used as outlined in the opinion.
Other sections of the draft scientific opinion The sections on Introduction (Section 1 and subsections therein), Legislation (Section 2), Sampling and methods of analysis (Section 3 and subsections therein), Previously reported literature data on DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed (Section 4. 1) and previously reported human exposure assessment (Section 6. 3 and subsections therein) provide generic background information to support the overall conclusions. The identification of evidence for these chapters was limited to the most relevant information and the following sources of evidence were used: • Previous scientific evaluations by national agencies, national and international independent expert advisory committees. • Search in scientific databases (Web of Science) aimed at identifying studies and reviews that have appeared in the open scientific literature and published in scientific peer-reviewed journals.
Occurrence of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in feed EFSA reviewed the occurrence of DON in feeds in 2004 (EFSA, 2004), and therefore the CONTAM Panel has only reviewed papers reporting the occurrence of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside published from 2004 onwards. In common with many other reviews, EFSA (2004) concluded that the occurrence of DON is predominantly associated with cereals and cereal byproducts. A number of other surveys of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in feeds, particularly on DON, have been undertaken since 2004 but have come to similar conclusions. In this section, more emphasis is given to those studies which reported occurrence of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in other feed materials than cereal grains because the occurrence of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in cereal grains was well covered by the EFSA occurrence database.
The details on the identification of the evidence Search in scientific databases aimed at identifying studies published in the open scientific literature and in scientific peer-reviewed journals. The collection of scientific studies available in the public domain published since 2001 for humans and since 2004 for the farm and companion animals was done through searching the scientific literature database Web of Science. The approach taken for searching was selected in such a way that relevant studies were retrieved for the hazard identification and characterisation of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. The literature searches were performed at different time points inMay 2013 , June 2014 , October 2014, April 2015, October  2015, August 2016 and September 2016. The key words reported in TableA.
4. 1. 3. 13 Occurrence of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in feed EFSA reviewed the occurrence of DON in feeds in 2004 (EFSA, 2004), and therefore the CONTAM Panel has only reviewed papers reporting the occurrence of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside published from 2004 onwards. In common with many other reviews, EFSA (2004) concluded that the occurrence of DON is predominantly associated with cereals and cereal byproducts. A number of other surveys of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in feeds, particularly on DON, have been undertaken since 2004 but have come to similar conclusions. In this section, more emphasis is given to those studies which reported occurrence of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in other feed materials than cereal grains because the occurrence of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside in cereal grains was well covered by the EFSA occurrence database.
A. 1. 1. 1. 111 The details on the identification of the evidence Search in scientific databases aimed at identifying studies published in the open scientific literature and in scientific peer-reviewed journals. The collection of scientific studies available in the public domain published since 2001 for humans and since 2004 for the farm and companion animals was done through searching the scientific literature database Web of Science. The approach taken for searching was selected in such a way that relevant studies were retrieved for the hazard identification and characterisation of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. The literature searches were performed at different time points inMay 2013 , June 2014 , October 2014, April 2015, October  2015, August 2016 and September 2016. The key words reported in TableA.
Isothermal reduction studies followed by time-resolved DRIFTS The isothermal reduction with H 2 (30 cm 3 /min) was studied at 523, 543 and 623 K (for Ce90Ga10) and 523, 573 and 623 K (for Ce80Ga20) by means of step experiments, using aliquots (50 mg/ ea. ) of the oxidized materials. A Harrick high-temperature cell (model HCV-DRP, Praying Mantis) with ZnSe windows, located in the sample compartment of a Nicolet 8700 FTIR spectrometer furnished with a HgACdATe detector was used. The experimental protocol was as follows: (1) heating under H 2 flow from 298 to 623 K (10 K/min); (2) isothermal treatment at 623 K with a H 2 AHeAH 2 AHeAO 2 AHe gas sequence (10 min under the flow of each gas); (3) isothermal reduction at 623 K under H 2 flow (first step FTIR measurement, under constant data acquisition, during 20 min); (4) oxidation by O 2 at 623 K, 15 min; (5) purging of the cell with He, at 623 K, for 10 min;  (6)  cooling under He to 543 (for Ce90Ga10) or 573 K (for Ce80Ga20), respectively;  (7)  isothermal reduction experiment under H 2 flow at the indicated temperatures for each catalyst (second step FTIR measurement, for 20 min); (8) purging of the cell with He, for 10 min; and (9) H 2 treatment for 10 min.
Samples were pressed as self-supported wafers and submitted to a cleaning oxidizing treatment, at 523 K, under flowing O 2 (5%)/He, followed by successive reduction under flowing H 2 (5%)/Ar at 473, 573 and 773 K (20 min each), in a reaction cell coupled to the spectrometer. This cell allows a clean transfer of the sample to the ultra-high vacuum chamber. Spectral processing was performed with the CasaXPS software, version 2. 3. 17dev6. 3a from Neal Fairley, Casa Software Ltd.
Solid-state NMR 71 Ga NMR experiments were performed on a 700 MHz AVANCE III Bruker spectrometer operating at 213. 47 MHz, using a 3. 2 mm Bruker probe spinning at 22 kHz. A spin-echo h-s-2h pulse sequence with h = 90°was used with a recycle delay of 2 s. The s delay was synchronized with the spinning frequency. Chemical shifts were referenced to Ga(NO 3 ) 3. Simulations of the NMR spectra were performed by using the DMFit software  [30].
Acknowledgment The financial support from  Universidad Nacional del Litoral  ( CAID 2011 ,  PI PI 501 201101 00311 ),  ANPCyT  ( PICT-2012-1280  and  PICT-2014-0497 ) and  CONICET  ( PIP-2014-086 ) is acknowledged. This work was performed using HPC resources from  GENCI-CINES/IDRIS  (Grant  2015-x2015082131 ,  2016-x2016082131 ) and the  CCRE-DSI of Université P. M. Curie. MC is grateful to  Dr. B. Diawara  for the  Modelview visualization program  and  Dr. F. Tielens  for fruitful discussions. The  French Région Ile de France -SESAME program  is acknowledged for financial support (700 MHz spectrometer). The  COST Action  CM  1104  is also acknowledged.
Some genomic resources are available for T. officinale, including an expressed sequence tag (EST) database (Compositae Genome Project, compgenomics. ucdavis. edu) and a de novo assembled transcriptome based on RNAseq data of a different apomictic genotype than used for the current study  (Ferreira de Carvalho et al. , 2016) , but currently no annotated reference genome has been published. For this study, we generated a new de novo assembled reference transcriptome specific for the A68 apomictic genotype (see below). Parental generation Eight 'control' and eight 'JA' parental treatment lineages were derived from a single A68 founder individual by subjecting plants for two subsequent generations to either JA or control treatments under common climate chamber conditions (14 h : 10 h, light : dark at 20°C : 15°C, fully randomized pots) using single-seed descent between the generations.
488 with default settings) from EA-UTILS  (Aronesty, 2011) , which trims adapters and filters reads based on a minimum phred score of 20. In addition, the first 10 nucleotides of all reads (both forward and reverse) were trimmed using SEQTK (https://github. c New Phytologist (2018) 217: 871-882  www. newphytologist. com om/lh3/seqtk), because this has been shown to improve the assembly of full-length transcripts  (van Gurp et al. , 2013). Overlapping paired-end reads were merged using FASTQ-JOIN from EA-UTILS  (Aronesty, 2011). De novo transcriptome assembly was performed using TRINITY v. trinityrnaseq-r2013-02-16  (Haas et al. , 2013)  using default settings. The final assembly (Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi. org/10. 5061/dryad. b15tr) contained 192 951 contigs (unique TRINITY comp_c_seq combinations) with minimum, median, mean and maximum lengths of 200, 809, 1107 and 17 258 bp, respectively.
16, CV-ANOVA P = 0. 12; positive mode Q 2 = 0. 19, CV-ANOVA P = 0. 15). We therefore considered evidence from S-plots as suggestive, but not as conclusive, for the detection of associations between mass signals and treatment. Second, each mass signal was modeled using an ANOVA, testing the effects of direct JA treatment, parental JA treatment and the direct JA 9 parental JA interaction on mass signal scores. Normalized mass signals were ln-transformed before this analysis. P values were subjected to FDR correction for multiple testing (across all P values from all model factors simultaneously) and were considered to be significant at FDR = 0. 1. Only mass signals were considered for which at least three samples were present in the filtered dataset (normalized signal > 0) in each of the four experimental groups, and for which analysis of model residuals showed that residuals did not deviate significantly from a normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test P > 0.
Data deposition Dandelion leaf chemical data (LC-MS peak intensity signals and total phenolics) and the de novo assembled dandelion transcriptome are deposited in the Dryad digital repository (https://doi. org/10. 5061/dryad. b15tr). Dandelion RNA-seq reads are deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (BioProject accession no. PRJNA316842; samples SRS2047454-SRS2047475).
Effects of direct and parental JA exposure on leaf chemical composition Untargeted LC-MS metabolomics profiling detected, on average, 968 mass signals per sample (in total 1210 across all samples) in the negative ionization mode and an average of 5151 mass signals per sample (in total 7728 across all samples) in the positive ionization mode (data accessible at Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi. org/10. 5061/dryad. b15tr). The two ion modes show a slightly different selectivity based on the propensity of a molecule to gain or lose a proton. For example, phenolic compounds are detected well in the negative mode, whereas N-based metabolites, such as alkaloids, are generally better detected in the positive mode. In both modes, PCAs clearly separated samples based on the direct JA treatment 24 h before tissue sampling (CJ and JJ vs CC and JC, Fig.
The ESSD FEES Accreditation Program The above-mentioned data indicate that swallowing impairment is a nearly ubiquitous problem in the today's medical world. Affected patients are either treated as outpatients or on an inpatient basis, where dysphagia is observed at all levels of care, from the general ward to the intermediate care/stroke unit and the intensive care unit. To manage all the needs of patients with dysphagia, two complementary strategies should be established: first the development of well-coordinated multidisciplinary teams and dysphagia units in hospitals and second, the creation of a new professional profile, the deglutologist, to bring together knowledge and skills from different disciplines, to fully cover the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of our patients with dysphagia.