dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Par définition, les pratiques participatives reposent sur des partenariats entre une diversité d'acteurs, dont une partie seulement est issue du monde de la recherche scientifique, aux attentes potentiellement en décalage. Dans le cas des semences, les partenariats, informels au départ, entre collectifs de producteurs et chercheurs ont peu à peu permis d'élaborer une base de données qui rassemble l'ensemble des informations sur la circulation des lots sélectionnés. La capacité des sciences participatives à transformer la relation sciencesociété et également la recherche dans ses modalités, ses partenariats, est à explorer. Pour le cas de la sélection à la ferme, l'analyse montre une transformation des pratiques à deux niveaux. Premièrement, la conception du protocole expérimental proposé par les généticiens doit être revue pour correspondre aux contraintes pratiques paysannes, ce qui engendre des innovations statistiques.
Deuxièmement, la création d'une base de données permettant une centralisation essentielle pour les chercheurs donne lieu à des questionnements récurrents, une fois la proposition faite d'étendre son usage aux agriculteurs eux-mêmes. Cette proposition, qui génère à la fois méfiance et intérêt, entraîne des débats d'où émergera, à terme, une charte formalisant les règles du partenariat. Si toutes ces questions sont importantes, les auteurs proposent de réfléchir plus spécifiquement à la question de la « taille » des projets de recherche participative qui permet ou non la « pérennité des formats émancipateurs de production des connaissances ». Stéphanie Duvail et ses co-auteurs s'intéressent à un observatoire local autour de la gestion des territoires et de l'eau en Tanzanie. Les enjeux environnementaux y sont importants, car ils conditionnement les activités de pêche et d'agriculture.
Scorsonelli et al. (2012))Structuré sur le logiciel libre Lime Survey et passé par téléphone au cours d'une conversation (après un premier contact avec la structure pour l'informer du mode opératoire), le questionnaire a donné lieu à une saisie directe des réponses en ligne. Celles-ci ont donc été directement informatisées puis traitées par des analyses statistiques descriptives simples (analyse de fréquence, tris croisés, etc. ). Les résultats ont ensuite été structurés de façon à permettre des traitements cartographiques et des analyses spatiales. Pour appréhender la géographie des pratiques, une base de données à références spatiales a été constituée sous SIG (logiciel ArcGis). Outre les données environnementales et territoriales nécessaires pour contextualiser le sujet, les éléments spécifiques à la plongée sous-marine ont été collectés, intégrés et/ou numérisés à partir de données analogiques (cartes scannées, photographies aériennes, etc.
). Assurant le lien avec la base de données des pratiques, un fichier des sites de plongée a été créé à partir d'un ouvrage de référence reconnu(Scorsonelli et al. , 2012)et complété de sites cités par les structures interrogées. Les sites ont été répertoriés et ajoutés au SIG, où ils ont été décrits par quatre attributs (type de site, profondeur maximale, niveau requis pour plonger sur le site, sensibilité au vent). Ils ont été répartis en grandes aires privilégiées de la pratique, telles qu'identifiées parScorsonelli et al. (2012). Dès le départ, l'étude a été menée en liaison étroite avec les acteurs locaux. Les structures associatives et commerciales, la FFESSM, les collectivités locales et les gestionnaires des périmètres de protection de l'environnement marin, les services de l'État ont été informés de l'étude et invités à y prendre part.
Dans un second temps, en exploitant la liaison entre la base de données des pratiques et le SIG, diverses cartes thématiques ont été produites au niveau communal pour caractériser les structures pratiquant la plongée sur le littoral marseillais : nombre de structures, ancienneté, statut juridique, volume d'activité annuelle, équipement, accès à la mer les plus utilisés, etc. Enfin, les fréquentations déclarées par les structures interrogées ont été également cartographiées. Liaison avec les acteurs.
Origin and variability in volatile organic compounds observed at an Eastern Mediterranean background site (Cyprus) Abstract. More than 7000 atmospheric measurements of over 60 C 2 -C 16 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted at a background site in Cyprus during a 1-month intensive field campaign held in March 2015. This exhaustive dataset consisted of primary anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs, including a wide range of source-specific tracers, and oxygenated VOCs (with various origins) that were measured online by flame ionization detection-gas chromatography and proton transfer mass spectrometry. Online submicron aerosol chemical composition was performed in parallel using an aerosol mass spectrometer. This study presents the high temporal variability in VOCs and their associated sources.
A preliminary analysis of their time series was performed on the basis of independent tracers (NO, CO, black carbon), meteorological data and the clustering of air mass trajectories. Biogenic compounds were mainly attributed to a local origin and showed compound-specific diurnal cycles such as a daily maximum for isoprene and a nighttime maximum for monoterpenes. Anthropogenic VOCs as well as oxygenated VOCs displayed higher mixing ratios under the influence of continental air masses (i. e. , western Asia), indicating that long-range transport significantly contributed to the VOC levels in the area. Source apportionment was then conducted on a database of 20 VOCs (or grouped VOCs) using a source receptor model. The positive matrix factorization and concentration field analyses were hence conducted to identify and characterize covariation factors of VOCs that were representative of primary emissions as well as chemical transformation processes.
Daily background values were then averaged, normalized, linearly interpolated onto all other measurements and subtracted from the atmospheric data before final conversion to mixing ratios. Three calibrations were performed (before, during and after the intensive field campaign) with the GCU and a standard gas mixture provided by Ionicon and containing 17 VOCs at 1 ppm (parts per million by volume). The instrument response for the species targeted was determined through the measurement of a standard gas previously diluted to mixing ratios in the range of 1-16 ppb. Gas calibrations allowed www. atmos-chem-phys. net/17/11355/2017/ Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 17, 11355-11388, 2017  us to determine the reproducibility of measurements, expressed here as a mean coefficient of variation. This coefficient was less than 5 % for all targeted compounds underlining a good stability of the instrument.
Remerciements. Les auteurs remercient le projet ANR-ECliS qui a financé en partie cette étude. Les auteurs remercient aussi les éleveurs de la commune de Hombori, ainsi que Boureima Cissé et Aly Maiga, pour leur coopération et leur accompagnement dans la conduite des enquêtes. Enfin, les auteurs remercient les relecteurs pour leurs nombreuses remarques.
More recently, UAVs have started to specialize in various specific sectors such as agricultural mapping and close industrial or heritage inspection. In these cases, the UAVs are usually purposely configured to obtain high resolution close range images. In this paper, the main objective is to assess and compare several dense matching results in the context of heritage documentation. A quick glance on the state of the art regarding UAV applications and protocols in this domain will be presented. Within this section, legal as well as technical aspects (such as external orientation and image matching) of UAV image acquisition and processing will also be discussed. The type of UAVs used as well as the dense matching algorithms will then be presented. Two case studies performed on the Rohan Palace and St-Pierre Church (Strasbourg, France) data sets (Fig.
Existing Image Acquisition and Processing Protocols Several acquisition and processing procedures exist in the literature which deals mainly with terrestrial images. Often these protocols deal also with the calibration and other recommendations (project documentation, tips for radiometric calibration, object metada, etc. ) for facilitating later processing steps, up to the creation of a database. The CIPA Heritage Documentation's 3x3 rules have existed since 1994 with several updates  (Grussenmeyer et al. , 2002). The latest version can be consulted in the CIPA website (http://cipa. icomos. org/). Another protocol called TAPENADE (Tools and Acquisition Protocols for Enhancing Artifacts Documentation) was developed for the documentation of cultural heritage  (Nony et al. , 2012; Pierrot-Deseilligny et al.
It is equipped with multiple sensors, including a still 38 megapixels camera, a thermal and a video camera. Several ultrasonic sensors give an approximate distance measurement of its surroundings, enabling it to fly on a set distance from an object. The still camera is furnished with an 8 mm lens and a 10 mm x 7. 5 mm sensor. This specification theoretically enables a GSD (Ground Sampling Distance) of up to 1 mm at a distance of 6 meters. Another UAV used was the DJI Phantom 3 Professional, also a multi-copter rotary wing type. The Phantom 3 is lightweight and relatively low-cost, but it is not geared for dedicated close-range inspection tasks. It is equipped with a 4 mm lens and a 6. 5 x 5 mm sensor. The software solutions used in this study ranges from the commercial to the open source. From the commercial side Pix4D, Photoscan (Agisoft) and Photomodeler (EOS Systems) were used.
Meanwhile the open source solution Apero-Micmac was also tested. Pix4D and Photoscan are two commercial solutions with a rather black-box nature. However, concurrent with the results of  (Remondino et al. , 2014) , Photoscan most probably performs a modified SGM (Semi-Global Matching)  (Hirschmüller, 2011)  of stereo pairs to generate depth maps, and then employs epipolar constraints at the end of this process to filter the results. Pix4D may have used a similar albeit different approach, since an SGM-based matching is offered as an additional plug-in. Photomodeler has long been used by the architecture and archeology community for performing 3D image-based measurements  (Grussenmeyer et al. , 2002). This software has an advantage over other commercial solutions in that it provides more statistical information on its results, making it less black-box like.
EVALUATION METHODS In order to evaluate the results of the dense matching of the UAV images, several laser scanning missions were performed. The laser scanner used was the FARO Focus 3D X330. The objects scanned were notably the Rohan façade, the St-Pierre Church main façade, and the St-Pierre southeastern façade. The registration and georeferencing of the laser scanner data was performed using the same photogrammetric control points aided by several automatic spheres. These laser scanner point clouds were then meshed and used as reference surfaces in comparing the dense matching results. Based on some existing literatures, several simple formulas to calculate the expected or theoretical precision of the aerotriangulation as well as the resolution of the photogrammetric dense point cloud were also developed.
In approaches which select master and slave images, the filtering is performed before the matching. In the object space-based approaches, the filtering is performed based on visibility constraints. (4) Correlation coefficient threshold: This value determines the reliability of matched points. When this value is high, more points are generated. However, a higher value risks the generation of more noises. With a lower correlation coefficient, the results are filtered in a more rigorous manner. Less noise is therefore detected, but this may also reduce the number of points in the resulting point cloud. In certain commercial software such as Photoscan and Pix4D, this parameter is predefined. Micmac and Photomodeler users can modify this value manually. From these parameters, estimation for the resolution of the dense point cloud can be done.
Control points were also measured around the church. A traverse network was established around the building which is attached to the French national coordinate system. The photogrammetric control points were measured from these traverse points on the façades of the church. The aerotriangulation delivers several interesting points. First of all, the main façade which was photographed using the Albris gives an average precision of 5 mm for the four software solutions used. It should be noted that each control point measurement was performed independently in each software solution. Apart from Photomodeler, the other three solutions also performed re-projections of control points on the images based on a prior approximate orientation using the minimum requirement of three control points. The role of the automatic tie point matching algorithm is therefore also important.
It is also interesting to compare this value with the aerotriangulation result from the Rohan Palace data set. The two objects are similar in the sense that both are façades. Here the aerotriangulation result of the St-Pierre data set is markedly better to the one obtained from the Rohan Palace project. However, the object to camera distance in this case is almost two times that of the Rohan Palace. The theoretical GSD of the St-Pierre data set is therefore lower (1. 4 mm compared to Rohan's 0. 9 mm). As the focal length of the sensor remains the same between the two projects, a better aerotriangulation result is expected from the Rohan Palace data set. A main cause to this anomaly can be the quality of the images themselves. As previously cited, the UAV Albris had problems regarding image noise.
Indeed, the images on the Rohan data set was noisier than those from the St-Pierre data set, which may be explained by the difference in average object to camera distance. This phenomenon brings into question the interest of taking close range images using this type of UAV, even if they are marketed as close range inspection drones. The Albris' aerotriangulation precision value is also much higher (up to 7 times higher) than the expected value of around 0. 8 mm, based on the average GSD and taking into account pointing error and image quality. The Phantom 3 fared better, with a value of aerotriangulation precision of 14 mm compared to its expected precision of around 5 mm. In any case, using the current flight settings, a centimetric precision is attainable using both UAVs. However, it is worth noting that although theoretically in photogrammetry the precision can be increased by changing the GSD, in this case it is shown that it is nevertheless limited by the quality of the sensor.
The dense matching process for the principal façade was performed using all four software solutions (Table  II ), while the rest of the church which was photographed by the Phantom 3 was processed using only Photoscan and Pix4D (Table  III ). In general, a similar analysis to the Rohan data set can be obtained from this data set. Photoscan and Pix4D generated more homogeneous and complete point clouds than Micmac and Photomodeler, with Photomodeler giving a noisier result compared to the others. A laser scanning survey was also conducted on the main and southeastern façades, in order to compare the results of the dense matching process for both UAVs. Four samples, two each from the results of each drone, were analysed (Fig. 6 ). For the main façade, photographed by Albris, all solutions except Photomodeler gave standard deviations of around 1.
Photoscan and Pix4D gave similar results, consistent with the Fig. 9  shows the comparison between the point clouds generated from Phantom 3 images to the laser scanner data. In this analysis, a systematic error is observed on the two results, as shown by the mean error. However, this may be caused by the quality of the reference point cloud, which was obtained from only one station. Furthermore, the portal is also situated at the borders of the laser scanner point cloud, which further explains the existence of systematic error. Both standard deviations are of a similar value of 1. 4 cm, which is well within the expected theoretical resolution for this setting of dense matching. One of the two gargoyles above a flying buttress on the southeastern façade was also analysed (Fig. 10 ). This object is situated right in front of a laser scanning station, which influences the minimal mean error of both software solutions employed.
CONCLUSIONS The application of UAVs for close range photogrammetry was assessed in this paper. A brief review of the fundamental concepts and procedures in image-based heritage documentation using photogrammetry and SfM was given, and a simple method to assess the quality of both the aerotriangulation and the dense matching results was derived. Comparisons with respect to laser scanner data was performed for the two case studies, and several analyses and issues discussed. In terms of processing time, the Rohan data set took around 2 days of processing work while the larger St-Pierre data set was processed in around 15 days worth of laboratory-processing. Oblique flights were performed to cover difficult angles and to emulate the detailed stereo pairs taken in terrestrial close range photogrammetry.
A noted disadvantage to this method is the flight time which could be up to five times longer. However, it should be noted that an integrated oblique system of cameras which takes the five photos simultaneously has existed in conventional aerial photogrammetry  (Murtiyoso et al. , 2014; Rupnik et al. , 2014). The development of such systems for UAVs may thus solve the problem of redundant flight time. The image quality and sensor stability also plays a very important role, as shown by the degradation of precision in using noisy images. In regards to the software solutions tested, Pix4D and Photoscan generated precise point clouds. As already discussed, there is a possibility that these algorithms perform a post-processing in order to give a more homogeneous point cloud. As their algorithms are of a black-box nature, it is difficult to ascertain, nevertheless caution is advised for highprecision projects.
Among the four algorithms tested, Photomodeler is marked with its focus on photogrammetry rather than SfM. Indeed, in several cases Photomodeler managed to give the best aerotriangulation results among the solutions tested. However, the dense matching module of Photomodeler still has several shortcomings compared to other SfM-based software. Finally, Micmac gave precise results both in terms of aerotriangulation and dense matching. Its parameters are also easily modifiable. It is therefore a very useful open-source alternative to the existing commercial solutions. The dense matching parameters play a very important role in the determination of the quality of the generated point cloud. Often times, users may rely solely on the most evident parameter of image downsampling, while in reality more parameters are involved.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was performed in collaboration with the company  Drone Alsace  which provides the UAV images used in the tests. 3D meshed models of both data sets can be accessed from  Drone Alsace 's Sketchfab channel (https://sketchfab. com/dronealsace). The authors also wish to thank  Fabio Remondino  and the  Micmac Forum  (http://forummicmac. forumprod. com/) for useful discussions regarding dense matching issues.
enfin, l'utilisation du terme « submersion marine » pourrait être plus facilement accessible pour un large auditoire et permettrait de capter plus facilement l'attention des européens qui pourraient, à tort, négliger une fiche dédiée aux tsunamis, du fait d'une fausse certitude que ce risque ne concernerait pas les littoraux européens. finanCeMent Ce travail a été financé dans le cadre du programme astarte -assessment, strategy and risk reduction for tsunamis in europe -fP7 -enV2013 6. 4 -3, Grant 603839. La perception du risque tsunami à sines, Portugal: de l'importance du paysage dans la perception sociale du risque.
Il s'agit là d'une pratique habituelle du CRPF qui se refuse généralement à partager ses bases de données, y compris avec ses partenaires, sous couvert de protection des données personnelles. En réalité, cette attitude tient également à la fragilité de la relation asymétrique entre le technicien et le propriétaire. Longue à instaurer auprès de personnes souvent absentes et aux capitaux économiques et symboliques importants, la relation ne doit pas être menacée. De fait, les propriétaires disponibles et volontaires étant peu nombreux, ils se retrouvent souvent « sollicités ». Les techniciens locaux se font ainsi les protecteurs de leur relation et de propriétaires qui, selon eux, n'ont pas à être « dérangés ». Ainsi, seuls les propriétaires investis dans les associations de propriétaires forestiers ou au CRPF ont répondu à nos sollicitations.
Deux phases d'enquête ont été menées, l'une à l'échelle nationale, l'autre sur dix études de cas 4  sélectionnés pour leurs caractéristiques d'intégration. Les terrains d'étude sont localisés sur la figure 1. L'étude repose sur des entretiens (n = 212) auprès des membres du réseau des réserves et de leurs partenaires territoriaux, complétés par des ateliers participatifs et une analyse de bases de données et de documents (archives à l'échelle nationale, plans de gestion, comptes rendus de comités consultatifs). L'idée d'intégration a été mise à l'agenda de façon différente dans les deux types d'ENP étudiés. Dès les années 1990, les sept parcs créés sous le régime de la loi de 1960 ont connu des difficultés. Ils ont été confrontés à des tensions locales et la création de nouveaux parcs est apparue impossible.
4 ) : pour le coton et pour le maïs : dose de fumure organique appliquée (kg/ha), dose d'engrais minéraux appliquée (kg/ha) ; pour l'élevage : stocks de fourrage et stocks d'aliment concentré (en unité fourragère/unité de bétail tropical [UF/UBT], teneurs en UF relevées dans  Rivière [1991]  ; 1 UBT = 1 bovin adulte de 250 kg). Une exploitation durable devant être économiquement viable, socialement vivable et écologiquement reproductible  (Landais, 1998) , nous nous sommes basés sur des indicateurs couvrant ces dimensions pour évaluer la durabilité selon le niveau d'AAE : pour la dimension technico-économique : le rendement en coton graine et maïs grain (en kg/ha), la productivité du travail pour le coton et le maïs (kg/h de travail), et la marge partielle après remboursement des intrants (hors herbicides et insecticides car données non collectées) : MpARI (en F/ha) = produit/ha À charge engrais minéraux/ha À charges de main-d'oeuvre/ha À amortissement du matériel) pour le coton et pour le maïs ; la production de céréale par personne (en kg/an/capita) pour évaluer le niveau de sécurité alimentaire sur l'exploitation (le seuil étant fixé à 200 kg/an/capita par la FAO ; voir FAOSTAT À Agriculture Database) ; pour la dimension environnementale : la quantité de C retenue sur l'exploitation sous forme de fumure et de résidus de culture fourragers rapportée à la main-d'oeuvre (en kg/ actif) et au cheptel (en kg/UBT) ; et la surface théorique nécessaire à l'alimentation du cheptel de l'exploitation (à raison de 2 ha/UBT) rapportée à sa surface (ce ratio traduisant une certaine empreinte écologique de l'élevage sur le territoire lorsque le ratio est > 1).
The visualization of the isometric size variability per localities was made through boxplot graphs  [39] [40] [41] [42]. Sexual dimorphism and geographic variation were also tested with MANOVA on size and shape characters. A principal component (PCA) on logshape ratios allowed us to visualize the global variability trends of the data set. A discriminant analysis (noted AFD) based upon log-shape ratios allowed us to verify specific attributions in regard with molecular information and cross-validation  [31]. Finally, a UPGMA was performed to visualize Euclidian distances between populations and build a phenetic tree. The morphometrical analyses were performed by using Statistica software version 10. 0. 228. 2.