dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
They are not predicted to have any transmembrane domains and therefore would be unable to translocate the synthesized polymer across the membrane. BLAST analysis showed that EpsK belongs to the polysaccharide biosynthesis protein family, pfam01943. Members of this family are integral membrane proteins that encode for multiple antimicrobial extrusion protein (MATE)-like transporters, such as the O-antigen flippase Wzx. EpsK was predicted to be an ␣-helical membrane transporter with 14 transmembrane helices using PHYRE 2 and various transmembrane domain prediction servers, respectively (Fig. 3 ) (42). PHYRE 2 predicts EpsK to be structurally similar to DinF, a member of the MATE family, covering 84% of the sequence with 10 -12% amino acid identity and 100% confidence of the fold prediction. The analysis of the EpsI protein (Fig.
The RISTOMED project aimed to use diet as a means to improve health-related quality of life for older people and to prevent agingrelated diseases. It promotes an optimized diet that delivers the recommended daily requirement of nutrients, vitamins and minerals for older people recommended by WHO, and is designed to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress by promoting a healthy gut microbiota. The initiative is also investigating the utility of specific nutraceutical supplements in improving the abovementioned parameters. RISTOMED operates via an internet-based platform known as E-Health Dietary Services. The diet was designed based on data from the literature indicating foods and nutrients known or suspected to modulate oxidative stress, inflammatory activity and gut microbiota composition in older subjects.
The participants were enrolled by the principal investigator at each site. The study was conducted in accordance with International Good Clinical Practice guidelines (ICH, May 1977), the Declaration of Helsinki, and national laws and regulations. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee at each recruiting institution. The participants gave written informed consent at enrollment. The study was conducted under the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission (FP7-SME-2007-1, grant agreement 222230), and is registered at ClinicalTrials. gov, identifiers: NCT01069445 (Bordeaux) and NCT01179789 (Berlin). This report presents the results of the study with respect to the comparison of the RISTOMED diet alone (Arm A) or combined with VSL#3 bacterial blend (Arm B). The data relating to argan oil and AISA 5203-L fruit extract terpene will be reported separately.
a subgroup with low-grade inflammation, based on the hsCRP at the beginning of the study. A cut-off of hsCRP !3 mg/l was used according to previously published data  [20]. Differences of inflammatory parameters before and after dietary interventions were analyzed by 2way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to investigate the effects on inflammation. Two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to correct for baseline difference in inflammatory parameters to compare the intervention arms. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS/Win program version 20 (Spss Inc. , Chicago, IL). The level of statistical significance was defined by a two-tailed p value <0. 05.
Baseline data A total of 69 participants were randomized, 24 at each center in Italy and Germany (12 men and 12 women) and 21 in France (10 men and 11 women). Sixty-two participants completed the study (18/24 in Italy, 20/21 in France and 24/24 in Germany), 29 males and 33 females (the per-protocol population). Seven participants discontinued, due to non-compliance (n ¼ 2) or onset of diseases and/or pharmacological treatment not allowed during the study (n ¼ 5). Among the per-protocol population, 31 subjects were randomized to diet alone (Arm A) and 31 subjects to diet plus VSL#3 (Arm B) (Fig. 1 ). Gut microbiota analyses were performed on 60 participants only, 30 subjects for Arm A and 30 subjects for Arm B. No clinically relevant adverse effects which required intervention or termination of the study were reported (Fig.
Subjects and Setting All consecutive patients who, between June 2005 and October 2007, satisfied the eligibility criteria for receiving SCS were recruited from 9 Italian specialized centers (6 pain units and 3 neurosurgery wards). Centers were distributed across the country, and all have at least five years of experience in the management of patients with FBSS with spinal cord stimulation. Inclusion and exclusion criteria used for this study, listed in Table  1 , reflect recommendations that have been recently published  (18, 19). Eligible patients received information on: 1) the aim of the study; 2) the SCS surgical procedures and potential clinical outcomes; 3) the technical variables (e. g. , the self-regulation parameters), related both to the external neurostimulator (ENS) during the stimulation test period (screening trial) and to the fully implantable neurostimulator (INS); 4) the possible complications; 5) the study data collection procedure.
Procedure All the participants, after the lead implantation, were clinically studied during the screening trial. Following clinical practice (2) and according to the study protocol, those who responded positively to the screening trial were implanted with a non-rechargeable INS and were observed for up to 24 months. A test screening is considered positive when patients experience at least 50% pain relief and at least 80% overlap of pain with stimulation-induced paresthesia. We did not continue to collect data on patients that did not respond positively to the test and on patients that for different reasons stopped the study before the scheduled 24-month follow-up period.
Data Collection We collected data on the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, their HRQoL, and resource consumption (direct and indirect costs) using a Case Report Form (CRF) and a patient diary. Data referring to the retrospective pre-SCS period were collected using a set of questions in the CRF. The physicians answered these questions by asking the patients to recall what happened in the specified pre-SCS period. Data relating to the prospective pre-SCS (i. e. , from enrollment to SCS) and the post-SCS period were collected in the CRF at implant and at each scheduled 6-month follow-up visit. During the follow-up period, the patients had a daily diary to be completed in the week before the follow-up visit, collecting information on pain intensity and drug consumption, which were collected during the follow-up visit.
Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Sociodemographic data comprising age, gender, marital status, working status, and education were collected by the physician at enrollment using the CRF. Pain intensity was recorded using the 0-10 NRS  (20). The level of disability was measured with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), which consists of 10 questions with six possible responses to measure the disability level and functional capability of a person according his/her health status in the last two weeks  (21).
HRQoL Data The patients self-completed 2 generic questionnaires: the Medical Outcome Study Short Form36 (SF-36)  (22)  and the EQ-5D (now known as the EQ-5D-3L)  (23). These questionnaires were chosen for their capability to assess both physical and psychological components of health, as they allow comparison within and between different clinical conditions and with the general population. The use of these outcome measures is consistent with other recent studies on FBSS  (3, 6, 7). In the present paper we focus on the results obtained with the EQ-5D descriptive system (or profile), from which we obtained the QALYs to conduct the economic evaluation. In particular, the EQ-5D is a generic instrument for describing and valuing individuals' health. The tool consists of two parts: a descriptive system (EQ-5D profile) and a visual analogue scale (EQ-5D VAS).
Resources Consumption and Costs Data on resource consumption attributable to FBSS and its treatment were collected in the CRF by the physician (e. g. , hospitalizations, medical visits, examinations, travels/accommodations, days of productivity lost) and in the diary by the patients (drugs). From these data, we were able to quantify in monetary terms direct medical, nonmedical, and indirect costs attributable to FBSS and its treatment. Direct medical costs were grouped into two groups: costs related to SCS-related procedures, and costs incurred for other reasons attributable to FBSS and its treatment. The first group included hospital costs for lead implantation and replacement, implantation and replacement of the INS, and lead removal after screening trial failure. The remaining medical costs included costs related to general practitioner (GP) consultations, specialist consultations and SCS-related follow-up consultations, Emergency Room (ER) visits, medical aids, laboratory and instrumental diagnostic examinations, drug therapies, rehabilitation therapies, complementary therapies, and hospitalizations.
g. , cost of SCS surgery and devices, cost of drug treatment, cost of examinations and medical visits). Patients generally pay for direct non-medical costs (e. g. , formal assistance and travelling/accommodation to reach the healthcare providers) and sometimes also sustain out-ofpocket costs for medical resources absorbed in the private sector. The broadest perspective is the societal one, as it also includes the two specified above. All analyses were conducted using Stata SE 12 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) software.
e. , excluding the two who died between 6 and 18 months), according to the LOCF approach used to manage missing data from those who dropped out or were lost to follow-up. uncontrolled setting, and has been demonstrated to provide insight where the clinical superiority of one option over the alternative is already established  (38). Similarly, SCS treatment has been proven to be effective in pain relief, improvement of HRQoL and disability in patients that are refractory to CMM  (6) (7) (8) (9) 11, 39). Hence, all the eligible patients enrolled during the present study were offered the more effective option. With our approach, we could obtain comparative data attributable to a longer period than those available from previous research. While we collected data on our patients for one year before and up to 24 months after SCS, in the PROCESS trial only six months of follow-up data were available for both groups of treatment, since for ethical reasons the patients had the opportunity to crossover from CMM to SCS beyond that time period.
A third limitation could be ascribed to the LOCF approach adopted to manage the missing data of the 25 patients (31%) that did not continue the study until the 24th month of follow-up. Actually, from our analyses applied using the LOCF approach we do not expect results that are biased in favor of SCS, rather we consider our approach conservative. From the data that were collected during the follow-up, we estimated costs that were on average decreasing, and utility index and ODI results that were on average increasing after the SCS implantation. Accordingly, mean costs carried forward to fill missing data were generally higher, and mean utility indexes and ODI estimates carried forward were generally lower than those estimated from the data available. In particular for the patients that failed the SCS test, we assumed that the mean costs and health indexes of these patients remained equal to those registered before the test.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, the results of this study, which is novel in providing real-world data on both outcomes and costs of the treatment options compared suggest that in clinical practice SCS+CMM treatment of FBSS patients refractory to CMM provides good value for money, from the NHS, the patient, and society perspectives. These results can help clinical practitioners, together with budget holders, to arrive at more informed and appropriate decisions aimed to optimize the management of FBSS patients responding to the selection criteria used in this study. However, additional research conducted for longer observational periods, using high quality routine healthcare data sources such as administrative databases or registries, can provide more insights on the overall benefits and costs for the patients and their families, for the third party payer and for the society as a whole.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  G. Beccagutti ,  M. Grifi , and  D. D'Ostilio  from  Medtronic Italy  and  T. De Santo  from  Medtronic EMEA Regional Clinical Center  for their technical assistance. For the support provided during data collection, the authors would like to thank:  C. Bonezzi ,  MD-Unità di Medicina del Dolore IRCCS Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia ;  B. CIoni ,  MD-U. O. Neurochirurgia Funzionale e Spinale Policlinico Gemelli, Roma ;  G. De Carolis ,  MD-U. O. Terapia del Dolore Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana ,  Presidio Opsedaliero "S. Chiara , " Pisa;  G. De Falco ,  MD-U. O. Fisiopatologia del dolore e Cure Palliative A. S. O. "S. Croce e Carle , " Cuneo;  E. Obertino ,  MD-U. O. Algologia e Cure palliative A. S. O. "S. Croce e Carle ,  " Cuneo; MG Rusconi, MD-Dipartimento Anestesia ,  Rianimazione, Cure Palliative e Terapia del Dolore Azienda Ospedaliera " G.
Acknowledgements D. F. , D. V. and T. R. acknowledge support from  European Research Council  under the  European Unions Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP/2007-2013)/ERC GA 306559  and  EPSRC (UK , grant  EP/J00443X/1 ). S. T. acknowledges funding from  Italian Ministry of Research  (grant  PRIN 2012BFNWZ2 ). A. P. and G. X. acknowledge support from the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-12-BS04-0011 OPTIROC ) and the  Labex ACTION  ( ANR-11-LABX-01-01 ) programme. A. P. acknowledges  C. Conti  and  S. Rica  for discussions during the early stages of the work. We also acknowledge  F. Biancalana  for the organization and funding of the conference, The Nonlinear Meeting, held in Edinburgh (May 2014) during which this work maturated in a significant way.
Accession numbers Sequence data from this article can be found in the Arabidopsis Genome initiative or GenBank/EMBL databases under the following accession numbers: ZM_BFb0227G12 (Zmptac12), At2g 34640 (Atptac12), NP_001044373 (Osptac12), XP_002298838 (Ptptac12), XP_001783761 (Ppptac12), XP_003569910 (Bd-ptac12), DAA64282 (Zmptac2), AFW84282 (Zmptac10), AFW87925 (ZmmurE), AFW59605 (ZmDNApolA) and AFW75491 (ZmWhy1).
En réalité, le type de données utilisées (transversales ou, plus appropriées pour l'analyse des événements démographiques comme la mortalité, longitudinales), la définition du statut migratoire et l'opérationnalisation du concept en terme de variables et la disponibilité et la finesse de la base de données sur la migration, expliquent ces conclusions divergentes  (Bocquier et al. , 2011). Finalement, il ressort que la recherche reste encore embryonnaire sur l'accès des migrants aux services urbains de base, et notamment comment les femmes migrantes tirent profit de la disponibilité de ces services, comme l'accès à l'eau courante. Plus encore, et partant du postulat que l'accès à l'eau courante reste le moyen le plus efficace pour réduire les maladies diarrhéiques  (Dos Santos, 2005 ; Howard et Bartram, 2003) , un différentiel dans l'accès à l'eau selon le statut migratoire des mères pourrait avoir des conséquences sur la survie de leurs enfants.
Enfin, ce type d'analyse permet l'intégration de variables explicatives variant dans le temps : au cours de la période d'observation de chaque individu, la modalité correspondante à chaque variable variant dans le temps n'est pas fixe ; elle peut changer au cours du temps, et au moment précis où le changement a eu lieu, si un changement a été enregistré dans la base de données. Par exemple, le type d'accès à l'eau dans le modèle sur la survie des enfants n'est pas fixe : si le type d'approvisionnement en eau a changé au cours de la période allant de la naissance au cinquième anniversaire de l'enfant, le fichier de données distingue les deux périodes correspondantes aux deux modes d'accès, la fin de la première période correspondant au début de la deuxième, la date de ce changement marquant la coupure entre ces deux périodes.
Regpoly estime une fonction d'étalonnage polynômiale avec des méthodes de régression pondérée (GLS). Elles prennent en compte à des degrés divers l'hétéroscédasticité et la corrélation des variables. Regpoly calcule avec la fonction estimée une nouvelle valeur de y en mode direct et une nouvelle valeur de x en mode inverse. Il propage à cette valeur prévue, l'incertitude des variables en entrée et le cas échéant, celle du prédicteur. Regpoly est une interface graphique utilisable aisément. Les données d'entrée sont soigneusement vérifiées et notamment la structure des incertitudes. Regpoly comprend des outils statistiques et graphiques d'aide à l'interprétation des résultats. Le logiciel est diffusé avec un recueil d'exemples issus de cas concrets analysés au laboratoire.
Abstract. Regpoly estimates a polynomial calibration function with weighted regression methods (generalized least squares). They take differently into account heteroscedasticity and correlations in variables. Regpoly uses the estimated function to evaluate a new value for y (direct evaluation) and a new value for x (inverse evaluation). It propagates uncertainties associated with input variables and sometimes with the predictor to the new value. Regpoly is a graphical interface simple to use. The input data are scrupulously checked and especially the uncertainties structure. Regpoly incorporates statistical and graphical tools to assist with the analysis of the results. The software is distributed with a collection of examples issued from real cases analyzed in LNE.
Organisation générale de Regpoly Regpoly est un programme exécutable développé avec le logiciel Matlab et compilé pour être utilisable hors de l'environnement Matlab. Il se compose de 2 interfaces graphiques : un écran d'accueil (Figure  1 ) et un écran de calcul (Figure  2 ). La navigation dans le logiciel s'effectue principalement en cliquant sur des boutons ou en sélectionnant une option dans une liste déroulante. Aucune compétence en programmation n'est requise. L'écran de calcul regroupe l'ensemble des opérations liées à l'estimation et à l'utilisation de la fonction. Ces opérations sont organisées séquentiellement dans des rubriques numérotées : Données d'entrée (I), Degré du polynôme (II) , etc. Ces rubriques sont activées au fur et à mesure de la progression dans le processus de calcul.
Les estimations OLS sont souvent comparées à celles obtenues avec les autres méthodes. Regpoly détermine les coefficients du polynôme avec leur incertitude associée. Ce polynôme estimé permet de déterminer les valeurs y_modélisées avec une incertitude. Lorsque la méthode GLS_GGMR est sélectionnée, Regpoly détermine également les valeurs de la variable x. A priori, Regpoly est un des seuls logiciels à fournir ce type d'information. Les calculs évoqués précédemment sont réalisés avec les outils matriciels. Dans le cas où la variable x est sans incertitude, l'estimateur est défini analytiquement. Lorsque x et y sont connues avec une incertitude, l'estimateur des paramètres inconnus (coefficients du polynôme et/ou valeurs de la variable x) est défini par un système d'équations non linéaires résolu par calcul numérique.
Bien que ces piliers soient le plus souvent présentés comme complémentaires, soulignons combien le poids donné par ses promoteurs à chacun d'entre eux a pu varier en fonction des interlocuteurs auxquels ils faisaient face. Ainsi, transformés en modules, ces piliers peuvent être sélectionnés et regroupés en « packages » en fonction de la perception qu'ont les promoteurs des attentes des partenaires. C'est évidemment le cas du partenariat public-privé, qui, s'il est pleinement assumé par les promoteurs du programme, n'a pas toujours été transposé dans les pays étrangers : « Question : Les Australiens conservent la même philosophie, les mêmes piliers qu'EPODE ? Réponse : Exactement. Il n'y a que le partenariat public-privé qui n'est pas conservé mais qui est assez transparent pour l'instant, parce que, pour lancer politiquement le projet, le ministre ne voulait pas être embêté avec les polémiques permanentes sur ce partenariat avec l'opposition.
EchoGéo, 24 | 2013 Once the video and photographic materials were submitted to the project, these were analysed by project researchers through a process of coding individual segments/photos based on visual and audio content. The NVivo qualitative software was used for this process. Coding then led to the development of spray diagrams of indicators illustrating parent-child relationships (see illustration 2). These diagrams were then presented to the community facilitators through in-depth discussions; the representations of indicators and their relationships were adapted and refined where necessary. Final spray diagrams of indicators were then presented back to communities in the three villages for final agreement and comments.
Aneuploidy scoring Two trained technicians blind scored the slides on a Nikon Eclipse 80i epifluorescence microscope. Chromosomal aneuploidies were analyzed simultaneously for chromosomes 18, X and Y with Aqua, FITC and Spectrum Orange filters. In both situations, strict criteria  [19]  were used. Only clearly defined sperm nuclei with a flagella and containing at least one spot were analyzed and two signals of the same color were considered as different if they were the same size and were separated at least by a spot diameter. Since, the whole research protocol had been designed before data of Tempest and coll  [13]  were published, approximately 5000 cells were counted per sample, one half automatically, the other half manually. We did not modify the design because it also allowed us to detect statistical differences in each group (more than 1000 in the manual and in the automated group, and also between the two operators in the manual group).
Discussion Concerning aneuploidy scoring, the automated results are consistent with the manual ones and aneuploidy rates obtained by both methods are comparable for all our values. These results are in accordance with recent publications on the subject, using either a Metafer  [20]  or other systems (Spot AX system  [18, 19]  or BioImage and Atto Imaging Vision software  [17] ). But the largest study published so far included only 24 samples  [19]  on a Spot AX system and our study is now the largest one. A second point to be discussed is the ability of the machine to classify the spots in the cells without any error. Since the automated method was in evaluation, manual verification of the gallery was done systematically, in order to avoid any misclassification done by the software. For good quality slides, the rate of misclassified cells remained low.
Acknowledgment We are very grateful for patient inclusion in the protocol to  Dr U Bergues  and  Dr C Thomas  ( CECOS Grenoble ),  Dr F Brugnon  and  Dr L Janny  ( CECOS Clermont-Ferrand ),  Dr C Guillemain  and  J Saias  ( CECOS Marseille ),  Dr J Auger  and  JM Kuntzmann  ( CECOS Paris-Cochin ),  Dr F Eustache  ( CECOS Bondy Jean Verdier ),  Dr M Daudin  and  N Moinard  ( CECOS Toulouse ),  Dr C Ravel  ( CECOS Paris-Tenon ),  Pr N Rives  ( CECOS Rouen ),  Dr A Sauvalle  and  Dr E Szerman  ( CECOS Caen ). We also wish to thank  Dr F Devillard  for Metafer® use,  Dr M Walschaerts  for assistance in statistical analysis and  Dr P Ray  for careful reading and advices in English.