dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2006). An overview of the data contained in the logbook is available in Appendix 1. The logbook was designed in a free and open database software format (www. openoffice. org/download/ or https:// fr. libreoffice. org/) that allows the EE to make a quantitative compilation of the actions taken and stakeholders met at each step. This file can be consulted upon request to the first author (VA). Based on the quantitative data from the logbook, the researchers generated several charts in order to illustrate the progression in the types of activities performed by the EE, in the categories of stakeholders involved, and in the frequency of contacts with key stakeholders These charts were presented during the self-confrontation interview to assist the EE in identifying contextual factors that influenced his/her actions and the strategies put forward to overcome obstacles and to obtain an in-depth description of each step in the intervention.
H2 Stereo provided by the 3D glasses may induce eyestrain so, we hypothesis that stereo increases the simulator sickness. of view (FoV) and a 71 • vertical FoV. e resolution is 1400 x 1050. For the interaction, participants used a tracked Nintendo Wiimote. Stereo was possible through active shu er glasses tracked using a Vicon tracking system based on 6 IR Bonita cameras (200Hz) providing a tracked space of 6 m 2 (see gure 1). e refresh rate was of 60Hz per eye. e virtual eyepoint height was set automatically corresponding to the subject's eye height. Interocular distance was xed to 6. 3cm. Our program is developed in C++ and is based on the VRJuggler library for devices management. e virtual scenes were four houses at scale 1:1 created according to real 2D mockups. ey were furnished with beds, sofa, tables, chairs, etc.
Based on the resistivity model, the potential of each quadrupole of a given protocol is computed by forward modelling, resulting in a synthetic apparent resistivity data set. This synthetic data set can therefore be inverted and the resulting ERT model can be compared to that produced with observed data. Synthetic apparent resistivities are computed using BERT forward model for full DD and GD protocols (i. e. without removing electrode #12) together with a randomly distributed noise level of 5 %. The synthetic data sets are inverted afterwards with an error model defined as the mean error distribution used for the inversion of the whole DD and GD field data time series. Figure  9b  and c  present the results of the DD and GD protocols respectively. The first remark is that these reconstructed images look very similar to the inverted field results presented in Fig.
5. The sensitivity of the GD protocol does not allow proper recovery of the fracture anomaly while the DD survey successfully images it. Nonetheless, the thickness and the original resistivity value (200 m) of this fracture area are not properly recovered, which is most likely due to the fact that the thickness of the anomaly is smaller than the electrode inter-distance and model cells sizes. Moreover, the inversion uses a smoothness constraint in the regularisation  (Constable et al. , 1987)  which tends to blur the boundaries between areas with different resistivity values. Using structural constraints on the ERT inversion could have mitigated such effects. However, as stated in Sect. 4. 2. 2, we chose not to include such constraints to avoid introducing biases. More interestingly, with a model value of 600 m, the clayey limestone layer is also clearly imaged after inversion of the synthetic data set.
In this case, both the thickness and the resistivity value set in the theoretical model are successfully retrieved, albeit with a progressive resistivity gradient at the boundary with massive limestone layers. To explain the moderate resistive circular anomaly in the middle of the plateau, a value of 3000 m was chosen for the porous limestone. This leads to a poor reconstruction of this layer, resulting in a ∼ 8 m deep circular anomaly surrounded by high resistivities accounting for the massive limestone regions. This is both attributed to the lack of resolution at greater depth and the lower contrast in resistivities between the altered and the massive limestones. In any case, such a circular anomaly compares well with that identified in the inversion of field data of the DD surveys and to a lesser extent of the GD surveys.
Resistivity values of the deeper regions (4, 5, 6, 7, 8) come from the DD surveys, because of the greater imaging resolution at depth and especially the inability of GD arrays to properly image the fracture anomaly. It results in fewer but better constrained data points. To compensate for the lack of DD surveys, especially during winter 2016, corresponding GD data sets are added with a transparent mask as a guide in Fig. 11. Note that resistivity values of the surface layers from DD surveys and their temporal variations compare well with those of the GD surveys. The first point to stress is that, as already visible in Fig. 6 , all the regions experience a seasonal resistivity variation that seems related to the effective rainfall distribution. The time series displays two annual cycles: April 2015 to March 2017.
Specifying limitations for relating resistivity variations to groundwater content changes Converting resistivity variations to groundwater content changes is one particular advantage of ERT monitoring. However, this requires specific site characteristics in terms of subsurface homogeneity that a complex karst system may not offer. Figure  12  presents the co-evolution between data of the 10 cm deep WCR and the resistivity of the surface layer on the plateau side of the ERT profile. The porosity of the layer was estimated based on the maximum VWC value reached (0. 33), which represents the wettest situation measured at a depth of 10 cm. Assuming that this corresponds to a state very close to saturation, this provides a first estimate of the porosity in the top layer. Depending on the rainfall and ET 0 conditions, the relationship between saturation and resistivity displays several distinct trends in Fig.
13e. Effective rainfall and data of the 10 cm WCR probe are affected by the surface weather conditions as mentioned in Sect. 3. At first sight, three resistivity dynamics can be identified with respect to surface conditions: (D1) regions that correlate the most with the shallow WCR probes, and thus with the fracture drip discharge (PWD1); (D2) regions that exhibit a delay in the increase and the decrease in resistivity, hence correlating more with the deeper WCR probes and especially with the matrix (PWD2) and stalactite (PWD3) drip discharge; and (D3) the fractured region that, despite showing a damped behaviour close to the second group, is characterised by higher variability in response to separate rainfall events. Superficial regions on the plateau side of the profile, attributed to the soil and epikarst, are very dynamic and hence are members of the D1 type.
These D2-type regions stay in high resistivity conditions for approximately 75 more days: until the end of November 2015 and the end of January 2017, fol-lowing a particularly dry fall and winter. Conversely, the clayey limestone, despite a much lower seasonal amplitude, reaches its maximum resistivity more than 4 months after the D1 types. Overall, the similarity between the D2 curves and PWD2 or PWD3 data sets is indubitable. As shown in Fig. 13 , the top of the D2 curves corresponds to dry periods identified from drip discharge data, except for the clayey limestone for which it corresponds only to resistivity increases. The reactivation of groundwater recharge in this layer, evidenced by a general decrease in resistivity in winter, can be correlated to the reactivation of PWD2 and PWD3 high drip discharge regime.
Resistivity response to rainfall events Figure  14  particularly focuses on ERT data on the rainfall event scale, showing cross-correlation functions of the eight resistivity regions with the environmental variables on a lag window of -5 to +5 days. In order to consistently correlate these different types of data sets, the first derivative of the resistivity time series was selected and cross-correlated with the rainfall, the first derivative of the 10 and 105 cm WCR data, and the first derivative of the log PWD data sets. The first derivative highlights the variations of the measured variables from one day to the next, while centring the time series on 0. Taking the log of the PWD data sets provides a way to account for minor variations in dry periods. To take into ac-count the different sampling rates of all the data sets, cumulative rainfalls and mean WCR and PWD values are computed within 8 h windows from 6 h prior to 2 h after each ERT time step.
Such time windows account for the average delay necessary for a rainfall event to be detected in the 10 cm WCR probe and PWD1 data, which are the monitored spots that are most reactive to infiltration of rain water. As a result, most of the correlation peaks occur at lag 0 or lag 1 day. No significant peaks are noticed at negative lags, except for the clayey limestone region that exhibits a behaviour totally different from the rest. This will be discussed further in this section. For other regions, no interpretation can therefore be drawn concerning variations of resistivity that could precede variations of the environmental variables. D1-type regions exhibit very similar patterns, being unsurprisingly most negatively correlated either to the rainfall, the 10 cm WCR or the PWD1 data sets at lag 0 day (Fig.
14a,  b  and d ). This means that decreases in resistivity are mostly concurrent, with respect to the temporal resolution of 1 day, to rainfall events as well as increases in soil moisture content or drip discharge (see Fig. 13 ). Logically, the crosscorrelation function rapidly decreases with positive lags for the correlation with rainfall and the 10 cm deep WCR data sets. Resistivity data of the D1-type regions also exhibit nonlagged cross-correlation peaks, although smaller, with the 105 cm WCR and PWD2 data (Fig. 14c-e ). No correlation comes out for any of the regions with PWD3 data (Fig. 14f ), which highlights their non-reactivity to storms during dry periods, as visible in Fig. 2. Interestingly, the fractured region exhibits cross-correlation functions similar to those of D1type regions, albeit more damped, displaying peaks with negative cross-correlation coefficients at lag 0 day with all the variables except the PWD3 data.
However, the fractured region becomes positively correlated as early as lag 1 or 2 day, suggesting a rapid resistivity increase following a first decrease concurrent to a rainfall event or VWC increases. That particular trend of the fractured region is also visible for the cross-correlation with the PWD1 and PWD2 data sets. In contrast to this, D2-type regions exhibit patterns different from each other and from those of D1-type regions. The matrix plateau and porous limestone region evolve quite similarly with a cross-correlation peak at 1 day lag for the rainfall, 10 cm WCR probe and PWD1 data sets, with the matrix plateau region still showing a noticeable cross-correlation coefficient at lag 0 day. This particular region is characterised by a succession of thin massive and porous limestone.
Le recueil d'informations : mesures et questionnaire Les compteurs de gaz des dix maisons ont été relevés le mardi 24, le mercredi 25 et le jeudi 26 février 2015 à 19 heures, de manière à pouvoir évaluer les consommations sur deux journées complètes successives pendant une semaine froide. Les températures extérieures relevées par la station météorologique de Saint-Martin-d'Hères toute proche sont, pour le minimum des deux journées, respectivement de 3 et 1 °C, et pour le maximum de 8 et 11 °C. Le temps était nuageux, le vent faible. Les données de consommation de gaz sont exprimées en mètres cubes. Par ailleurs, un questionnaire détaillé a été rédigé à l'attention des habitants de la copropriété. Composé de deux parties distinctes, il a permis dans un premier temps de mettre à jour la base de données concernant les spécificités techniques de chaque maison, notamment en cas de remplacement du matériel chauffant ou isolant (nouvelle chaudière, double vitrage…) ou d'un réaménagement de l'habitation (aménagement des combles notamment).
REMERCIEMENTS L'enquête portant sur l'usage de l'infrastructure publique de charge rapide a été réalisée dans le cadre du projet Corri-Door, financé par l'INEA, agence exécutive de la Commission européenne. L'enquête portant sur l'usage de petits VE en autopartage a été réalisée dans le cadre des travaux du comité d'évaluation du projet Cité Lib by Ha:Mo. Nous remercions l'ensemble des partenaires industriels et institutionnels à ces deux projets pour leur appui à ces travaux de recherche.
FullSWOF is mainly developed in C++. It is freely available, easy to use, and open for further development. Manuals, as well as variable names and comments, are written in English. Reproducibility of the computation is ensured by benchmarking scripts. The codes and manuals are hosted on a web-based forge, making convenient to share code and to interact with users and developers (https://sourcesup. renater. fr/projects/ fullswof-1d/ for FullSWOF_1D; https://sourcesup. renater. fr/projects/fullswof-2d/ for FullSWOF_2D). A basic graphic user interface (FullSWOF_UI), written in Java, is also available (https://sourcesup. renater. fr/projects/fullswof-ui/). A generic webpage (http://www. univ-orleans. fr/mapmo/soft/FullSWOF/) summarizes the recent developments, case studies and citations.
A comparison between two different curvature transformations has been done in order to emphasize the influence of the transformation choice. For instance, plastic deformations and stresses present discrepancies when the transformation (  8 ) is imposed or when heterogeneous tensions along the strip thickness at both ends of the infinitesimal strip portion are applied (in order to have a genuine boundary value problem for the curvature step). In the example presented in figure  3 , performed with the Finite Element software Castem  [16] , the radius of curvature is around 600 mm for a 2 mm thick strip with a Young modulus E = 210, 000 Mpa, a Poisson ratio ν = 0. 3, a yield stress σ 0 = 200 MPa and no hardening. Discrepancies are mainly due to the fact that the imposed transformation  (8)  does not allow the strip thickness to reduce during the curvature, which generates unwanted radial stresses.
The consistency of the proposed approach relies on a comparison between the complete coiling simulation (considering both step 1 and step 2) and a Finite Element modeling. Indeed, the second step, consisting in making contact with the rest of the coil, is expected to slightly reduce discrepancies between different possible loading paths during the curvature step. Since the imposed transformation does not allow variations of the strip thickness, displacements (obtained by using  (8)  or by applying heterogeneous tensions at both ends of the infinitesimal strip portion) are different. This latter differences are taken into account during the contact, which highly depends on nominal surfaces positions. This idea has been validated by producing, with the Finite Element software Abaqus  [17] , a complete numerical calculation of the coiling process for a few cycles (considering the very long computation times).
Nowadays, some frameworks like Arcane and Dune offer a number of advanced tools to deal with the complexity related to parallelism, meshes and linear solvers. However, they do not handle the high level complexity related to discretization methods and physical models. Generative programming and Domain Specific Languages (DSL) are key technologies allowing to write code with a high level expressive language and take advantage of the efficiency of generated code with low level services. DSL may be embedded in host languages like Python or C++. Such languages, named in that case Domain Specific Embedded Languages (DSEL), are applied for instance in frameworks like Fenics or Feel++ which are dedicated to the domain of Finite Element (FE) methods and Galerkin methods. ArcFVDSL is a DSEL developed on top of the Arcane framework, aiming to implement various lowest order methods (Finite-Volume (FV), Mimetic Finite Difference (MFD), Mixed Hybrid Finite Volume (MHFV), etc.
) for diffusive problems on general meshes. In this paper, we present various implementations of different complex academic problems. We focus on the capability of the language to allow the description and the resolution of these problems with several lowest-order methods. We illustrate the benefits of such technology combined to runtime system tools like Heterogeneous Abstract RunTime System (HARTS) and its ability to handle seamlessly new heterogeneous architectures with multi-core processors enhanced by General Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units (GP-GPU). We present the performance results of each implementation on different kinds of heterogeneous hardware architecture.
Over the last few years, we have extended this kind of approach to lowest-order methods to solve the PDE systems resulting from geo modeling applications. Indeed, a recent consistent unified mathematical framework which allows a unified description of a large family of these methods has emerged. It enables then, as for FE methods, the design of a high level language inspired from the mathematical notation. Such languages help then physicist to implement their application writing the mathematical formulation at a high level, hiding the complexity of numerical methods and low level computer science services guaranty of high performance. We have developed such a language, that we have embedded in the C++ language, on top of Arcane plateform  [1]. We have used the Boost Proto library  [2] , a powerful framework providing tools to design this DSEL.
In  [3]  we have presented ArcFVDSL, our DSEL aiming to implement various lowest-order methods (Finite-Volume, Mimetic Finite Difference, Mixed Hybrid Finite Volume, etc. ) for diffusive problems on general meshes. In  [4]  we have presented technical details on how this language has been designed with the Boost Proto library. In this paper, we focus on the capability of the language combined to runtime system tools like Heterogeneous Abstract RunTime System (HARTS)  [5] , to handle seamlessly new heterogeneous architectures with multi-core processors enhanced by General Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units (GP-GPU). We present the performance results of various implementations of different academic problems on different kinds of heterogeneous hardware architecture. In Section 1, we briefly present the mathematical framework, our DSEL relies upon.
We present the C++ concepts used to define the back end and the front end of the language and explain how to parse expressions representing bilinear and linear forms. We show how our framework enables to generate useful algorithms to solve the discrete problems. In Section 2, we present how by introducing HARTS, a runtime layer to handle new heterogeneous hardware architecture, we have improved the generated algorithms to take advantage of multi-core architectures. In Section 4, we present some performance results on various academic test cases that we have implemented with our framework.
PERFORMANCE RESULTS In this section, we present some performance results obtained on the heterogeneous diffusive problem. We focus on the two most expensive parts, the global linear system assembly and the linear system resolution. In Figure  3 , we can notice that, even if the linear system assembly is not trivial to parallelize due to concurrent access matrix and vector entries, we can obtain not so bad accelerations. For the linear system resolution, our generic layer ALIEN gives us access to various linear solver packages that can perform on multi-core nodes or on GP-GPU. In Figure  4 , we see the solver performance up to 16 cores on multi-cores architecture. We can also see how we can even take advantage of the power of GP-GPU with the dedicated solver package for GP-GPU.
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE We have presented ArcFVDSL, a DSEL developed on top of the Arcane framework. This high level language enables to implement various lowest-order methods for diffusive problems on general meshes. It hides low level optimisations for new heterogeneous architecture. We have shown how this generative framework combined to the HARTS layer can generate efficient codes and allows to handle seamlessly architectures with multi-core processors enhanced by GP-GPU. This combination turns to be a good solution to provide high level tools to implement new complex numerical methods preserving the performance of the generated code on heterogeneous hardware architectures. In the future, we plan to introduce at the numerical level, new features in the language to handle for example non linear models.
visait à identifier les utilisateurs du portail et leurs objets de recherche, mais également à recueillir leur avis sur l'outil et leurs besoins. À partir des trente-sept réponses obtenues 16 auprès de chercheurs travaillant majoritairement en France (étudiants en master, doctorants, post doctorants ou titulaires de l'ESR) et figurant dans la base de données de l'association, se dégagent quelques orientations présentées ci-après. Les principaux utilisateurs académiques du portail sont les sociologues et les historiens, suivis des politistes puis des ethnologues et anthropologues. En revanche, les chercheurs en sciences de l'information et de la communication ne sont pas représentés alors que le portail est riche en iconographie et en titres de presse. Les répondants définissent leur objet de recherche en des termes correspondant aux grandes tendances de la recherche sur l'immigration telles qu'elles furent décrites par Gérard Noiriel et François Dubet à la fin des années 1980 17 (politiques d'immigration, d'intégration et d'insertion ; politique de la ville ; colonisation-décolonisation ; immigration de travail et familiale ; descendants d'immigrés ; classes ouvrières et populaires ; mobilisations anti-racistes ; rôle des associations comme canaux de participation des étrangers à la vie publique).
cières, nécessaires à leur mise en oeuvre. n Cette étude sur l'impact et les modes d'appropriation du portail, menée par Narguesse Keyhani dans le cadre du Labex Les passés dans le présent : histoire, patrimoine, mémoire, a bénéficié d'une aide de l'état gérée par l'Agence nationale de la recherche au titre du programme Investissements d'avenir portant la référence ANR-11-LABX-0026-01. Le rapport intégral est disponible sur le site internet de l'association Génériques à l'adresse suivante : <http://www. generiques. org/rapportimpact-scientifique-et-appropriation-sociale-du-portail-odysseo/>. 4. <odysseo. generiques. org/> 5. Les archives de Saïd Bouziri et de Driss El Yazami sont conservées à la BDIC. 6. Elle accompagne notamment le dépôt des fonds privés de l'immigration dans les centres publics de conservation du patrimoine comme en témoigne l'instruction n° DAF/DPACI/ RES/2009/010 de la Direction des archives de France (actuel Service interministériel des archives de France).
144 p. 18. Voir Philippe Rygiel, "Les sources de l'historien à l'heure d'Internet", Hypothèses n° 1, 2003, p. 341-353. Notes 1. Le laboratoire d'excellence Les passés dans le présent : histoire, patrimoine, mémoire est un projet de recherche collectif qui associe des partenaires issus du monde universitaire et d'institutions patrimoniales, basé sur l'Université Paris Nanterre. <www. passes-present. eu>. 2. Voir par exemple le projet Devenir du patrimoine numérisé en ligne : l' exemple de la Grande Guerre, portant sur la manière dont les internautes appréhendent et s'approprient les contenus de bibliothèques et bases de données en ligne sur la Grande Guerre. Voir dans ce même numéro, Valérie Beaudouin, Lionel Maurel, "La commémoration de la Grande Guerre sur le Web : présence et diffusion du patrimoine numérisé", p.