dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
LABORATORY-SCALE QUALIFICATION AND DATABASE ACQUISITION FOR MODELING 2. 1 Objective of the Laboratory-Scale Qualification In flexible pipeline applications, the aim of anti-H 2 S materials is to ensure that no H 2 S crosses the anti-H 2 S sheath during the whole service life of the pipe. To achieve this goal, we need to understand the mechanisms that take place in the material in order to develop a predictive physical model. In the presence of H 2 S, anti-H 2 S material is the place of a competition between two mechanisms: diffusion of H 2 S in the polymer matrix, and chemical reaction of H 2 S with metal oxide particles. These two mechanisms have opposite effects on H 2 S advance in the composite material. As illustrated in Figure  3 , the competition between H 2 S diffusion in the matrix and H 2 S reaction with particles forms a reaction area within the anti-H 2 S layer.
This breakthrough time fully characterizes the behavior of the material since the test conditions are very similar to the application. Moreover, several analyses can be performed on the sample after the breakthrough test: degree of conversion measurements in the thickness, position of the reaction front at breakthrough time, etc. Nevertheless, this kind of test can be very long since the breakthrough time can be equal to several tens or even hundreds of days. So, we will favor the performing of this kind of test during the validation step on middle-scale and full-scale representative structures; immersion test: coupons are placed in a vessel in which they are immersed in an environment containing pure H 2 S or a gas mixture including H 2 S. Pressure and temperature are adapted to perform the tests in appropriate conditions to build the database.
Typically, the H 2 S partial pressure during the test is less than 6 bar, and the temperature is between 20°C and 60°C. Samples are collected after several intervals of time in order to follow the position of the H 2 S front, degree of conversion, weight evolution, etc. Mainly pure H 2 S tests were performed to produce the database needed for the development and identification of the model. These conditions have the effect of accelerating the mechanisms in the material. Tests were performed at several temperatures representative of the application in order to be able, afterward, to differentiate the temperature dependence of each mechanism. The pertinence of this approach will be confirmed by small-scale and full-scale tests performed in more representative conditions of the application (low partial pressure of H 2 S, for instance).
Analytical Techniques Used for Data Determination To produce the database, we focus on H 2 S front progression and measurements of the degree of conversion, both measured in the thickness of the material. To this end, immersion tests were performed in several conditions of temperature and H 2 S partial pressures. During these tests, samples were placed in a pressure vessel which was then filled with the test gas at the test temperature and pressure. To follow the mechanisms with time, samples were then removed at regular intervals of time, and subsequently cut in half along the diameter for analyses.
DEVELOPMENT OF A DEDICATED MULTIPHYSICS DIFFUSION-REACTION MODEL At the time of an anti-H 2 S flexible pipe design, the initial thickness of the anti-H 2 S layer will be chosen in order to ensure that the reaction front does not cross the entire anti-H 2 S layer to reach the annulus before the end of the lifetime of the pipe. As a consequence, the model will be developed to be able to predict the position of the reaction front, for all testing conditions. The first step consists of identifying the right physics, based on the comprehension of the mechanisms that take place in the material and experimental characterizations described in Section 2. Then, parameter identification will be performed on the database.
Identification Assessment A total of more than 50 tests were performed to establish the database. These tests were performed in different conditions: temperatures ranging from 38°C to 71°C; -H 2 S partial pressures ranging from 26 mbar to 5. 8 bar; nature of the fluid: pure H 2 S, gas mixture (H 2 S-CO 2 -CH 4 ), multiphase conditions (aqueous + gas). The results of these tests, in terms of front advances, along with the results of the KilHyS model predictions, are Experimental degrees of conversion (dots) and corresponding KilHyS calculations (solid curves) in the thickness of the material, from the surface to the core (Fig. 4 ). X. Lefebvre et al. / Development of Reactive Barrier Polymers against Corrosion for the Oil and Gas Industry: From Formulation to Qualification through the Development of Predictive Multiphysics Modeling presented in Figure  9.
Very good agreement between the database and the model is obtained. Even if the aim of the identification step is to obtain a good fit between experimental data and numerical simulation, the fact that experimental data and numerical simulations are consistent in various experimental conditions of temperature, the pressure and nature of the fluid, and resulting in the determination of physical parameters that follow some Arrhenius laws, promotes the idea that the diffusionreaction mechanisms described in Sections 3. 1 and 3. 2, and present in the KilHyS model, correctly describe the experimental behavior of the anti-H 2 S material. Described in the next section, the validation in representative environments of both the material and the model will confirm this choice of modeling.
CONCLUSION As a result of a collaboration between IFPEN and Technip, a barrier material against H 2 S has been successfully developed for large-scale and severe industrial applications. From the development of the material (selection of raw materials, compounding, characterization) to its qualification in a representative environment, multiphysics modeling based on the coupling of Fick diffusion in the polymer and gas-solid reactions enables the interpretation of experimental data and the assessment of the results' relevance. The parameter identification was carried out on the results of immersion tests performed on anti-H 2 S material samples in several conditions. Then, the robustness of the model was confirmed through the results of middle-scale tests performed on twolayer tubes with a thermal gradient in representative conditions (gas mixture with gasoil, for instance).
Les architectures de processeurs ARM qui dominent ces marchés ne sont pas appropriées pour faire fonctionner des outils de traitement du signal propriétaires généralement compilés pour processeur compatible Intel x86 fonctionnant sur un système d'exploitation donné. La disponibilité des codes sources de GNURadio permet d'une part de déployer cet outil sur toute plateforme compatible POSIXen particulier exécutant le système d'exploitation GNU/Linux, avec ou sans interface graphique -et d'autre part d'apprendre par la lecture des codes sources en C et Python, les méthodes de traitement mises en oeuvre par les auteurs de ces outils. Un développement original concerne le détournement de récepteurs de télévision numérique terrestre -DVB-T -formés (Fig. 1 ) d'un premier étage de transposition de signaux radiofréquences (amplificateur -démodulateur I/Q sans fréquence intermédiaire -filtre passe-bas) et d'un convertisseur analogique-numérique avec interface USB (Realtek RTL2832U).
Généralités sur GNURadio GNURadio est un environnement libre de traitement de signaux, fonctionnant sur toutes les plateformes les plus communes (GNU/Linux, *BSD, MacOS, MS-Windows). Sa compilation est rendue quelque peu fastidieuse par l'activité intense des développements et une refonte d'un certain nombre des interfaces avec le passage récent à la date de rédaction de cette prose à la version 3. 7. Elle est cependant conseillée afin de garantir une version à jour et une cohérence avec les bibliothèques contre lesquelles les blocs de traitement que nous allons développer seront liés. L'utilisateur qui veut se contenter des blocs de traitement existant et n'envisage pas de développer ses propres fonctions peut se contenter des paquets binaires de leur distribution favorite (la version stable de Debian/wheezy propose encore la version obsolète de GNURadio 3.
La capacité à exécuter le code Python par gnuradio-companion sur une plateforme sans interface graphique ou tout au moins sans devoir exécuter l'interface utilisateur est un argument en faveur de l'application sur systèmes embarqués. GNU/Linux est le système d'exploitation le plus utilisé sur systèmes embarqués 5 et la compilation de GNURadio pour les diverses architectures de processeurs équipant les systèmes embarqués est un point clé qui n'est possible que par la disponibilité des codes sources de l'application. Nous avons ainsi été capables d'exécuter GNURadio sur plateformes Zedboard (processeur Zynq 6 ) et Armadeus Systems APF51 (processeur iMX  [5] ). Dans les deux cas, l'affichage est soit déporté vers un écran d'ordinateur personnel, ou simplement inutile si le traitement du signal ne nécessite pas d'interface graphique (démodulation de signaux audiofréquences modulés en fréquence pour une sortie sur carte son).
Remerciements Les images Pléiades présentées sont soumises à copyright : © CNES 2013 distribution Airbus DS / Spot Image. Les auteurs remercient Y. Lacaze  du SPC GAD  pour les échanges  constructifs et la mise à disposition du fichier de synthèse « enveloppe de crue ». Un grand merci à  Caroline Wittwer  qui a initié ces travaux avec le SCHAPI et aussi à l'équipe du  SPC Rhin-Sarre ,  Cl. Husser ,  M. Klipfel  pour les échanges et leurs participations aux travaux ORFEO tout au long de ces dernières années.
Therefore the aim of the EU FP7-funded SiteChar project was to provide the key steps required to achieve readiness for large-scale implementation of CO 2 storage in Europe and establish the feasibility of CO 2 storage on representative potential storage complexes suitable for development of CO 2 geological storage in the near term. Several studies have addressed, at variable levels, site characterisation for CO 2 geological storage, such as, amongst others, the SACS 1  -Best practice for the storage of CO 2 in saline aquifers  (Chadwick et al. , 2008)  which provides a summary of data requirements for site characterisation, the best practice manual for site screening, site selection, and initial characterisation for storage of CO 2 in deep geologic formations  (NETL, 2010)  which describes a workflow from project definition, site screening and initial site characterisation, and the CO 2 QUALSTORE Guideline (DNV, 2010) which provides a detailed summary of approaches to site selection and site characterisation and which has partly been used to develop the guidelines on how to meet the requirements of the EC Storage Directive.
Characterisation of a site relies on the following steps (Fig. 2 ): 1) data acquisition and quick analysis; 2) qualitative and quantitative risk assessment; 3) geological assessment; 4) dynamic behaviour; 5) geomechanical assessment; 6) geochemical evaluation; 7) migration path analysis; 8) well integrity analysis; 9) monitoring and remediation plans. Qualitative and quantitative risk assessment is conducted iteratively throughout the site characterisation project. Dynamic simulations of CO 2 behaviour, geomechanical assessment, and geochemical evaluation have to be conducted simultaneously and in close coordination. Indeed exchange of emerging, interim and final results of all activities is required throughout site characterisation to reduce risks, in particular between hydrodynamic simulation and geomechanical integrity, static geological model attribution and hydrodynamic simulation, static geological model construction and geomechanical modeling, hydrodynamic modeling and well integrity, flow migration path analysis and shallow geohazards assessment, shallow geohazards assessment and monitoring planning.
Fit-for-Purpose Characterisation Process High-level objectives of site characterisation are common to all sites, reflecting the need to demonstrate permanent, secure containment of volumes of CO 2 at cost-effective rates. However, each site is unique and therefore even if characterisations of different sites rely on a similar workflow, the scope and detail of site investigations is intrinsic to each site. Site characterisation actually requires a fitfor-purpose workflow aiming to demonstrate that the permit applicant has sufficient understanding of the site and that the proposed site operation will permanently and safely contain CO 2. Characterisation of a site for the purpose of obtaining a CO 2 storage permit is a risk-based process designed to demonstrate safe and permanent storage and closely depending on the site-and project-specific characteristics, the available data as well as the uncertainties and the risks to be investigated.
Volumetric grid Figure 4 Workflow chart applied to build the geological model for the South Adriatic Sea site. The model has a regional extent of 227 km by 96 km. Its construction required more than a year without any further data acquisition. This duration is of course highly site dependent according to the availability of good-quality seismic survey data, adequate borehole data and specific core analyses. scenarios were run to infer the impact of the uncertainty on fault geometries and fault properties considering faults either fully transmissive or fully closed (Fig. 6 ). Results of 'best' and 'worst' case scenarios should be considered with care since they might present a too pessimistic or a too optimistic vision of the storage site behaviour. Significantly, the SiteChar experience concluded that pressure management might be required in most CO 2 storage sites hosted in aquifer strata because of the lower compressibility of strata with 100% water saturation relative to the higher compressibility of any remaining hydrocarbons in a depleted field.
(2015). The models also predict expansion deformation of the storage sandstone due to CO 2 injection (Fig. 7 ). Geomechanical modeling requires input data on the strength properties of the storage site rocks and knowledge of the in situ stress state. Where there was a lack of good measurements of the in situ stress state, these initial stress conditions were derived from published literature. Information on fault properties appeared as a critical limitation for the characterisation of CO 2 storage sites and the assessment of their integrity. Understanding fault behaviour during CO 2 injection required additional activities, such as sensitivity analyses or use of cautious 'worst' and 'best' case scenarios for measurements of stress and injection tests. Overburden properties were also often not sufficiently known since they have not been investigated by the oil and gas industry.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement No. 256705  as well as  Enel, Gassnova, PGNiG, Statoil , the  Scottish Government, Vattenfall  and  Veolia Environnement. They  are gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank all the partners of the  SiteChar  project for their contributions: AGH, ECN, Enel,  GEUS, GFZ, IMPERIAL, BGS, OGS, PGNiG, Statoil ,  TNO ,  SINTEF-PR, UniRoma1-CERI, UfU, Vattenfall  and the  Scottish Government.
Settling Tests The settling tests consist of monitoring the extent of phase separation with time. It is carried out with a Turbiscan TM LAB apparatus that acquires transmission and backscattering data every 40 lm while moving along the 55 mm cell height. The acquisition along the product is then repeated with a programmable frequency to obtain product profiles and reveal the stability or instability of the product. The extent of phase separation in static conditions was estimated at around 45%. It can be mentioned that the supernatant phase is clear and transparent. IR and DSC analysis have been performed on it. They reveal that it does not contain any water nor solid particles. The previous settling tests have been repeated on a reformulated mud. It contains alternative weight materials composed of 1/3 of standard barite (8 lm) and 2/3 of finegrind barite (2 lm) in weight.
In Section 3, the derivation of the Landau collision operator is undertaken based on a quasilinear approach to calculate the correlation function of the fluctuating distribution functions of interacting particles. This provides an elegant formalism where the physical insight presented in Section 1 is used as a guideline. The step to the Lenard-Balescu collision operator is then straightforward by further expanding the correlation function and the propagator formalism, Section 3. A simple renormalisation scheme then allows one to sum-up the contributions that readily appear as an expansion of the plasma permittivity. The issue of distribution function gradients at the Debye scale is addressed in Section 4 together with the collision operator for magnetised plasmas. The latter issue is more developed in  [2]  but requires to be revisited in the framework of modern gyrokinetics  [5]  and for optimum application for gyrokinetic codes such as the GYSELA code  [6].
) et d'un gros volume de documents scientifiques (études, dossiers d'expertises, rapports d'évaluation, notes techniques, fiches techniques, rapports de mesures, procédures qualité, dossiers de suivi de projet, comptes rendus de réunions, dossiers de suivi d'essais, dossiers de suivi de programmes, dossiers de coopération internationale, plans techniques, bases de données, préparation de normes ISO (exemple : radon)). Produits des années 1950 à nos jours, ces fonds se répartissent entre plusieurs types de supports, que ce soit du papier, des photographies, des microfilms, des microfiches, des prélèvements dans l'environnement, des lames de microscope, des cédéroms ou encore des fichiers électroniques.
Les archives intermédiaires restent sous la responsabilité des unités qui les produisent et les reçoivent. À partir de 2008, le changement de l'outil de gestion informatisé des fonds d'archives est mis en oeuvre par l'acquisition de Spark Archives. Ce progiciel permet une gestion conjointe des descriptions archivistiques des dossiers et de leurs localisations. Doté d'un module de recherche accessible et convivial, il est disponible pour l'ensemble du personnel IRSN et interfacé avec un métamoteur interne de recherche dans les silos d'informations institutionnels constitués en bases de données électroniques. Assistée par les correspondants archives, l'archiviste de l'institut a pu ainsi proposer une campagne de formation en accès libre à l'utilisation de cet outil et à la technique d'inventaire.
Les fonds IRSN sont composés d'un petit volume de documents administratifs (budgets, arrêtés de comptes, factures, ordres de missions, dossiers individuels de personnels, etc. ) et d'un gros volume de documents scientifiques (études, dossiers d'expertises, rapports d'évaluation, notes techniques, fiches techniques, rapports de mesures, procédures qualité, dossiers de suivi de projet, comptes rendus de réunions, dossiers de suivi d'essais, dossiers de suivi de programmes, dossiers de coopération internationale, plans techniques, bases de données, préparation de normes ISO (exemple : radon)). Produits des années 1950 à nos jours, ces fonds se répartissent entre plusieurs types de supports, que ce soit du papier, des photographies, des microfilms, des microfiches, des prélèvements dans l'environnement, des lames de microscope, des cédéroms ou encore des fichiers électroniques.
Méthode Présentation de l'outil cartes L'outil se présente sous la forme d'un ensemble d'une vingtaine de cartes de format cartes à jouer. C'est un outil qui tente de reproduire une certaine forme de réalité  (Boutinot et al. , 2008)  avec une approche privilégiant des éléments visuels  (Petheram et Campbell, 2010). Sur chacune des cartes figurent un intitulé et des pictogrammes qui illustrent une thématique (pollution, population desservie, cadres réglementaires, occupation du sol…). Les champs couverts par le jeu ont été construits sur la base de l'expertise acquise lors d'une vaste enquête nationale sur les AAC dites Grenelle 1 et affinés par des échanges avec différents acteurs de la gestion de l'eau. Le travail d'enquête avait alors conduit à la constitution d'une base de données  (Durpoix et Barataud, 2012)  et à la reconnaissance de critères multiples pour caractériser ces territoires  (Barataud et al.
Field data A total of 30, 15 m radius plots were surveyed during April-June 2011. Within each plot, all trees having a circumference at breast height (C, 1. 3 m) greater than 23. 5 cm, were mapped using angle and distance measurements from the plot centre. For each countable tree, species, status (i. e. dominant, co-dominant, dominated), and height (H) were collected. Height, distance and angle were assessed using a clinometer (Haglöf, Sueden). Each plot centre was geolocated with a sub-decimeter accuracy using a differential GPS (Leica GPS 120, Switzerland) and a total station (Leica TS02, Switzerland). A total of 709 trees were measured on the field (Table  1 ), 94. 35% of which were maritime pine (n = 669), sometimes mixed with a few pubescent oaks (Quercus Pubescens Willd. ) (n=40). Total aboveground wood volume (TV) was derived from species-specific allometric equations based on height (H) and circumference at breast height (C) and developed in the framework of the EMERGE project  (Deleuze et al.
, 2013) : = * ( * ^2 /(4 * * (1 -1. 3/ )^2) (1) where SH is a shape factor computed using equation (2) : = + * √ / + * / (2) where a, b and d are species-specific parameters. Along with individual tree volumes, plot volumes (PV) were computed by summing the individual volumes of all the countable trees of the plot. Field data characteristics are summarized at tree and plot levels.
LiDAR data LiDAR data were acquired during April 2011 by Sintegra (France) using a Riegl LMS-Q560 fullwaveform system (Riegl, Austria). This small footprint fullwaveform airborne system was operated at 550 m above the ground level using a 29. 5° maximum scan angle and a 10 kHz pulse frequency of 10 kHz, leading to a pulse density of 8 pulses. m -2. A 40 % overlap was set between adjacent flight lines to increase point density and avoid slivers. At the aforementioned flight altitude, the 0. 5 mrad beam divergence produced a 27. 5 cm footprint at the ground level.
LiDAR preprocessing Waveform processing and ground point classification were performed by the data provider. Waveform processing was performed using RiAnalyze software (Riegl, Austria), and led to an average density of first returns of 10 pts. m -2. Ground point classification was performed using the TIN-iterative algorithm  (Axelsson, 2000)  implemented within Terrascan (Terrasolid, Finland). The resulting triangulated irregular network (TIN) was then converted into a 1 m digital terrain model (DTM).
Tree extraction Individual tree extraction was performed for each plot using PTrees algorithm  [Vega et al. 2014]. PTrees is a hierarchical, multi-scale and multi-criteria segmentation algorithm extracting tree segments from untransformed elevation data (Z). The Z to Height (H) conversion is achieved at the tree crown level following a two stage procedure. First, tree apex height (Hapex) is computed by subtracting to the elevation of the highest point of the crown the DTM value corresponding to the planimetric position of this apex (Hapex = Zmax -DTM). Then, the height of each point (HPt) associated to the tree crown is computed with reference to Hapex (HPt = Hapex -(Zmax-ZPt)). The performance of PTrees over 10 plots of the study area was reported in  Vega et al. (2014). The algorithm enabled to detect 93 % of the trees, among which 94 % of the dominant trees and 50 % of the dominated ones.