dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Method and parameters Despite the importance of such original sources, the definition of evolving perimeters for urban areas from 1960 to 2010 is far from evident. Indeed, National Statistical Institutes seldom provide evolving perimeters' databases. The most complete approach would assume to apply the same rules to the data at each date, with, for instance, a 200-metre criteria for delineating the built-up areas extension for urban areas. However, the availability of such data on a European scale is not guaranteed for each reference year. An alternative approach comprises reconstructing past delineations in an indirect way, on the basis of present-day criteria (case C of Figure  1 ). This approach implies to set up rules in order to identify the administrative units that are part of an urban area at each date.
25 Some inherent limitations due to sources' availability or data geometries should therefore be taken into consideration. First, regarding the 2011 population results, it has not been possible to use more recent urban perimeters than those from UMZ 2000. The perimeters built from CORINE Land Cover 2012 are not available yet and there is still no update of the population density grid which was used to build the dictionary of correspondence with LAUs. As a consequence, the 2011 LAU populations have been attributed to the 2000 perimeter for now and we hope that it will be possible to update them later. Furthermore, the model does not consider cases of spatial retraction: in the data model, when a building block is considered as urban at a particular date, it is conserved later on even if its population decreases under 2,000 inhabitants, for internal coherence reasons (see step 3 of Figure  2 ).
Five decades of urban change in Europe in the light of the TRADEVE database: a multilevel insight The harmonized database TRADEVE is a useful tool to carry out a comparative approach at the European level. Using the same morphological definition of urban areas allows us to perform some reliable multilevel insights. In this section, the first investigations of the TRADEVE database are presented on the basis of different core indicators about urbanization, first at the macro level of countries (urbanization rates) then at the level of the cities (average population variation). This last sub-section will focus primarily on population decreasing issues through a clustering analysis of demographic trajectories.
At the level of countries, urbanization rates The European urbanization level (54% of the total population is living in cities in 2011) seems to be low, compared to the World Urbanization Prospect (WUP) 2014 (74% for UE28). This is because the WUP is a collection of national urban definitions that are not harmonized and most of the time not even representative of the definitions adopted by national statistical boards. Moreover, it is based on a minimum population size/density of urban areas much smaller than in the TRADEVE database 8. Figure  5  displays the evolution of urbanization levels computed for 24 countries 9. The curve representing the average (Europe) is characterized by a slight increase since 1991 (only 0. 8%), which may be explained by the definition of cities adopted in the database: as we do not take into account functional urban areas, we do not include the rural areas located in the fringes of the largest cities and settled by commuters, a phenomenon that increased with the diffusion of automobiles and highways in the recent decades.
They concern mainly polders cities in Netherlands, new cities in United Kingdom or cities with large housing estates in Madrid suburbs. They are  30 between 1961 and 1971, 16 between 1971 and 1981, 8 between 1981 and 1991, 3 between 1991 and 2000. Source: TRADEVE database 2015. 32 The mapping of this evolution displays the succession of two main periods. From 1961 to 1991, urban growth is especially strong in Southern and in Central and Eastern Europe, whereas decreasing situations are beginning to diffuse from the United Kingdom to other countries in Northern Europe: • In the period 1961-1971 (Map 4-a), the urban annual growth of European urban areas has been mainly positive in the whole of Europe (around 1,8%). However, we can already point out at that time the decline of the population of urban areas in Northern Europe (for example, in large urban areas of the United Kingdom) and a higher urban growth comparing to other urban areas in Spain and Greece and especially in Romania and Bulgaria.
At the level of cities, a cluster analysis of population trajectories 34 These first outcomes can be completed by a hierarchical cluster analysis performed on demographic trajectories of 3,962 TRADEVE 11 urban areas. In order to conduct these data explorations, we applied the Ward method (which tends to minimize intra-class variance and to maximize inter-class variance) using Chi-2 distance on a matrix which resulted from a correspondence analysis on the temporal population table. This methodology is 37 Finally, the cluster 3 (in blue) aggregates stagnation and decay profiles and includes some large urban areas in Germany, central Great Britain and Northern Italy, also a large number of small cities in these latter countries, but also in France, Portugal, Scandinavia, Baltic countries, Hungary, Austria, Romania, etc.
Conclusion 38 The TRADEVE database presented in this paper is part of a larger research field focused on the investigation of urban systems over several decades and on the necessary spatiotemporal harmonization of urban objects. The originality of this work lies in four main contributions: the data extend over a long period (from 1961 to 2011), they allow specific studies on small and medium sized cities  (Bretagnolle et al. , 2019 , Gourdon et al. , 2019) , they take into account the spatial expansion of cities and bring new discussions about the interest of a retropolation method, and finally they aim at the operational objective to be an open database, fully documented with metadata. Even though functional delineations would be important to consider in order to take into account suburban transformations, this is still impossible at this macro-regional scale and for that period of time.
In turn, it is essential to recall the importance and interest of urban areas databases that allow to work on small entities: if the majority of European inhabitants live in urban areas (58%, according to the TRADEVE-UMZ database in 2001), nearly half live in small size ones populated by less than 50,000 inhabitants. 39 First thematic insights of the TRADEVE database allow following the hierarchical and regional expressions of urban growth slowing down during this period. In North-Western countries, urbanization has been more or less steady between 1961 and 2011, whereas it has been increased mainly in the 1960s and 1970s in the Atlantic and Mediterranean periphery, and between the 1960s and the 1980s in Central Europe. In these latter countries, stagnation generally occurs from 1991/2001.
5. Both have already been used: the MUAs  (Vandermotten et al. , 1999)  are based on a 650 inh/ km² density threshold whereas the Geopolis database  (Moriconi, 1994)  is based on a 200m distance and a minimal population threshold (10,000 inh. for the building blocks). 6. R and Postgis were used in order to implement these methods (see Cybergeo data paper). 7. This method is described in : « Composition communale des unités urbaines, Population et délimitation 1999, Nomenclatures et codes », INSEE, mars 1999. This is a method adapted to the fine scale of French LAU2. Morphological patches are first defined using the continuous built-up areas' definitions (from photo-interpretation and field), with a maximum distance between buildings of 200 metres ("zones bâties"). Then only LAU2 with more than 50% of their population laying in these "zones bâties" are retained in the urban area.
8. For instance, according to WUP data sources (https://esa. un. org/unpd/wup/DataSources/), these urban areas are represented by LAU2 larger than 5,000 inhabitants in Belgium (which gives an urbanization level of 98% instead of 81% in TRADEVE), larger than 200 inhabitants in Denmark (urbanization level of 88% instead of 56% in TRADEVE) and denser than 150 inh/km 2 in Germany (urbanization level of 75% instead of 65% in TRADEVE). The large differences between a harmonized approach and the heterogeneous definitions chosen by the United Nations leads us to question the assertion according to which the world population has been urban in the majority since 2003, an assertion which has been, however, cited by many researchers and political actors. 9. Luxembourg, Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta and Lichtenstein were removed, due to the weak surface of the country (less than 600 km 2 ).
11. In order to avoid blanks in the database, 20 small UMZ that had merged into larger agglomerations during the period 1961-2011 have been removed from the hierarchical cluster analysis. 12. This step was processed by using the Trajpop application, which was built by Robin Cura (UMR Géographie-cités). For methodological details and access to R code: Cura R. ,  (2013).
(Gourdon et al. 2019ean areas are decreasing, i. e. 870 out of the 3,930 considered in the Following the population of European urban areas in the last half century (19. Among them, one third is located in three countries, Germany (287 urban areas),Italy (131) and France (114). It remains to be analyzed whether these cities belong to metropolitan areas or not. 40Twomainmethodologicalprospects are raised by this work. A first issue relates to the follow-up of the TRADEVE database in the short and medium term. For the 1961-2011 period, the increased concern about small towns justifies the interest for including urban areas between 5,000 and 10,000 inhabitants. Even though manual validation and expertise are still partly necessary, this upgrade should be greatly eased by the implementation of the process automation for naming UMZ and for constructing longitudinal urban objects.
Similarly, there is still work to be done in shifting the year of reference for UMZ delineation, from the 2000 to the 2006 version, in order to better adjust the 2011 results to the actual extension of urban areas. Another matter of concern tackles the updating of the TRADEVE database in future periods and raises distinct challenges, where uncertainty prevails as far as the following up of the UMZ database seems gradually replaced by the European settlement data implemented as part of the Copernicus system (https:// land. copernicus. eu/pan-european/GHSL/european-settlement-map/view). Beyond these considerations related to the TRADEVE database upgrade and update, a second major issue lies in the potential explorations of the existing database. We provided here some first insights into classical views of urban population variations from 1961 to 2011; however, other promising focus on decay and stagnation trends requires more in-depth analysis in order to test alternative methods such as, for instance, temporal sequence analysis(Gourdon et al.
2019). The city-size distribution debate: resolution for US urban regions and megalopolitan areas. Cities, Vol. 29, 17-23. Bretagnolle, A. , 2009, Villes et réseaux de transport : des interactions dans la longue durée (France, Europe, Etats-Unis). PhD thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne-Paris I. Bretagnolle A. , Paulus F. , Pumain D. , 2002, "Time and space scales for measuring urban growth », in Cybergeo [online journal], 219, 12 p. Bretagnolle A. , Delisle F. , Mathian H. , Vatin G. , 2015, "Urbanization of the United States over two centuries: an approach based on a long-term database (1790-2010)", International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 29, No. 5, 850-867. Following the population of European urban areas in the last half century (19.
Countries where the proportion of cities with declining trajectory is over European average Total number of cities with declining trajectory Proportion of cities with declining trajectory as compared to the total number of cities in the country (%) Following the population of European urban areas in the last half century (19. France 114 31 Belgium 14 30 Baltic states 12 26 Italy 131 25 Denmark 11 23 Sources: TRADEVE Database 2015. Germany 287 37 Hungary 37 37 Sweden 29 35 Austria 18 35 Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography , Espace, Société, Territoire.
2019). The city-size distribution debate: resolution for US urban regions and megalopolitan areas. Cities, Vol. 29, 17-23. Bretagnolle, A. , 2009, Villes et réseaux de transport : des interactions dans la longue durée (France, Europe, Etats-Unis). PhD thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne-Paris I. Bretagnolle A. , Paulus F. , Pumain D. , 2002, "Time and space scales for measuring urban growth », in Cybergeo [online journal], 219, 12 p. Bretagnolle A. , Delisle F. , Mathian H. , Vatin G. , 2015, "Urbanization of the United States over two centuries: an approach based on a long-term database (1790-2010)", International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 29, No. 5, 850-867. Following the population of European urban areas in the last half century (19. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bernt M. , 2015, "The limits of shrinkage: conceptual pitfalls and alternatives in the discussion on Urban population loss", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, doi:10.
1111/1468-2427. 12289, https://ideas. repec. org/a/bla/ijurrs/v40y2016i2p441-450. html [Online]. Berry, B. and Okulicz-Kozaryn, A. , 2012, Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography , Espace, Société, Territoire database. Bretagnolle A. , Guérois M. , Le Nechet F. , Mathian H. , Pavard A. , 2016a, "La ville à l'échelle de l'Europe : Apports du couplage et de l'expertise de bases de données issues de l'imagerie satellitale", Revue Internationale de Géomatique, 26-1, 55-78. Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography , Espace, Société, Territoire.
With the originality of the TRADEVE method being related to the evolving delineation of urban areas through time, it is worth assessing the consequences of this specific approach on the evolution of urban populations and delineations. An important concern lies in the measure of urban population from 1961 to 2001 and in the changes implied by the choice of an evolving perimeter rather than a constant one. When considered at a macro level (total urban population in Europe), differences seem to be very small (Table2). Among the 3,217 cities present in the database at each date (without considering cases of appearance, fusion…), 15% of them show changing limits. This could be interpreted as a very limited result, but one has to consider the fact that the large majority of cities are small ones (urban areas from 10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants represent 70% to 90% of the total number of cities in each European country,(Bretagnolle et al.
Méthode : Il s'agissait d'une revue systématique de la littérature, utilisant cinq bases de données : Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus et Cochrane Library, et ayant inclus les études, publiées anglais, ayant recueillie toutes les blessures liées à la pratique du basketball, et rapportant à minima le nombre de sujets basketteurs, le nombre de blessures et une donnée d'exposition en heures de pratique ou en athlète-exposé AE.
L'identification et la prévention de ces blessures liées à la pratique du basketball constituent ainsi un enjeu majeur en France. Cependant, selon le modèle de prévention des blessures de van Mechelen et al  [11] , l'initiation de mesures de prévention (comme l'élaboration d'un programme d'entrainement ou échauffement spécifique par exemple) passe préalablement par l'établissement de bases de données épidémiologiques dans le sport étudié, en termes d'incidences, sévérité ou facteurs de risques par exemples (étapes 1 et 2 du modèle). Ces données serviront à l'élaboration de ces mesures, mais aussi dans l'évaluation de l'efficacité de ces dernières.
recherches ont été effectuées sur les bases de données PubMed/Medline, SPORTdiscuss, Scopus, Web of Science et Cochrane Library entre le 15/02/18 et le 09/04/18. Les algorithmes utilisés pour chaque base de données ont été listés dans le Tableau 1, utilisant le système booléen (AND/OR) avec les termes « injury » (blessure en anglais) ou synonymes (wound, pain), « epidemiology » ou les idées similaires (surveillance, pattern, profile, screening, incidence, prevalence) et « basketball » (ou basketballer). Les articles ont été sélectionnés en utilisant le système informatique Covidence (https://www. covidence. org), indépendamment par deux auteurs différents (CF et PE). Les doublons étaient exclus, la sélection des articles s'est faite tout d'abord par le titre et l'abstract, puis le texte entier était lu et analysé.
Dans ces 21 articles, aucun ne s'est intéressé à recueillir si la blessure survenait durant la phase d'attaque ou de défense. 4. 2. La méthodologie et la qualité des articles Nous avons recherché des articles dans 5 bases de données différentes, qui sont très souvent utilisées dans les revues systématiques, afin de sélectionner le plus d'articles possible et limiter le biais de sélection. Nous avons pu inclure 21 articles et les données regroupées ont pu donner des résultats significatifs. Cependant, lors de la sélection avec texte entier, nous avons dû exclure de nombreux articles par manque de données pour faire notre analyse globale (42 articles par manque des données d'exposition et 33 par manque du nombre de basketteur). Par conséquent de nombreuses études qui nous ont semblé intéressantes et qui sont très régulièrement citées dans la littérature ont été exclues.
C'est le cas des études reprenant les bases de données de suivi des joueurs américains universitaires de NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) [6,7,39-41], qui ne donnaient pas le nombre de sujets basketteurs inclus dans leur cohorte. Ces études reprenaient en effet les données de survenue des blessures sur plusieurs saisons, et le manque de données sur les nombres de basketteurs suivis peut être dû au fait qu'il n'y ait actuellement pas de consensus sur le calcul du nombre de sujets lorsque des cohortes sont suivies sur plusieurs saisons (par exemple, un joueur suivi sur 3 saisons va-t-il compter autant qu'un sujet n'ayant participé à durant une saison mais qui n'entrainerait pas de limitation en temps de sa participation aux entrainements ou matchs, ou qui ne nécessiterait pas de consulter un médecin, ne serait pas recueillie selon ce type de définition.
interrater agreement (0. 92). These data were compared to TCI index of 50 children matched control group with samples stratified according to socio-economic level of parents as well as age. Chi square method was used to compare the two groups. Results. -A TCI cut off of 0,25 allows us to differentiate statistically the two groups (Chi2:  19 ,01; p<. 001). Such a cut off enables us to identify 72% of the clinical group and only 6% of the control group as false positives, showing the interest of TCI index applied to children suspected of sexual abuse. We agree with point of view issued from Kamphuis-Kugeares & Finn research  (2000)  upon adults in their own samples (n=100). That study compared Rorschach records of non-dissociative outpatients with histories of (a) definite sexual abuse, (b) suspected but unconfirmed sexual abuse or (c) non-sexual abuse.
Les autres identifiants sont en général pilotés dans d'autres pays, à part ISNI co-piloté par la BnF et la British Library. Depuis 2012, la base Wikidata est devenue progressivement le point de convergence mondial des identifiants ouverts. Les principaux systèmes d'identifiants décrits ci-dessus sont alignés avec Wikidata ou y versent leurs propres données.
Identifiants et registres Les identifiants sont attribués et gérés au travers de registres, administrés par des organismes privés, publics ou encore associatifs. Chaque registre est une base de données spécialisée qui, pour chaque entité décrite par diverses propriétés, attribue un identifiant unique, selon des règles définies. La création de registre est libre et chaque registre est indépendant des autres. Il peut exister plusieurs registres pour une même entité, chaque registre répondant à un usage spécifique ou aux besoins d'une famille d'utilisateurs (ORCID, IdHAL, Handle par exemple). Tous les registres visent cependant des buts communs : l'identification univoque des entités gérées et la visibilité sur le web rendant les recherches des entités efficaces. Un bon registre pour la science ouverte est un registre qui attribue des identifiants : précis (1 identifiant correspond à 1 entité).
La gamme des entités à identifier est pratiquement infinie. Une initiative internationale à laquelle la France participe a développé un système d'identifiant de logiciels prometteur (https://www. softwareheritage. org). Les archives institutionnelles et les bases de données elles-mêmes disposent d'un identifiant, l'ISSN (https://portal. issn. org/). En France, le noeud français de la Research Data Alliance est le porteur de ces actions.
Research entity PID types used Maturity of PID Infrastructure Publication DOI, Accession number, Handle, URN, Scopus EID, Mature Web of Science UID, PMID, PMC, arXiv Identifier, BibCode, ISSN, ISBN, PURL Citation OCI (secondary aggregation of information) Emerging Conference DOI, Accession number Emerging Researcher (or Scholar) ORCID iDs, ISNI (also DAIs, VIAFs, arxivIDs, Mature OpenIDs, ResearcherIDs, ScopusIDs) Organization DOI; ISNI, GRID, Ringgold IDs Emerging Data DOI, Accession number, Handle, PURL, URN, ARK Mature Data repository ISSN Immature Grants DOI, PURL Emerging Project local identifier, accession number, RAiD Emerging Experiment none immature Investigation DOI, Accession number Emerging Analysis Git gist Immature Software DOI, SHA-1 hash Emerging Computer Simulation UUID Emerging Software License none Immature Instrument, Device, Sensor, DOI, RRID, UID Emerging Platform, Research Facility Archival/Storage facility URI, DOI, UUID Emerging Field Station none Immature Geological or Biological Sample Accession number, RRID, DOI, IGSN Emerging Cultural artefact DOI, URN, Accession number Emerging Historical or mythical person URI Emerging Temporal period & historical place ARK, URI, accession number Immature Clinical trial; non-clinical registration accession number; DOI Immature Data Management Plan DOI Immature Workflow URI, DOI Immature Protocol DOI Immature CoSo Collège Europe et International -Les identifiants ouverts sont indispensables à la Science ouverte -06/19.
En contraste, les trajectoires économiques et métaboliques de régions de la planète hâtivement classées dans des camps distincts, sinon opposés, convergent de façon spectaculaire. L'évolution, depuis 1950, de deux variables, illustre cette tendance : -la répartition, entre les grandes régions du monde, du revenu mondial, estimée par les équipes du projet World Inequality Database 234 ; -la consommation de matière par grandes régions, que mesurent les analyses de comptabilité matérielle des flux (material flow account)  (voir Schaffartzik et al. , 2014  pour une analyse comparée à l'échelle mondiale, les données jusqu'en 2015 sont disponibles sur le site http://www. resourcepanel. org/global-material-flows-database). L'évolution de la répartition du revenu mondial est présentée dans la figure 20.
chapitres 2 et 6)193. La France est en effet très dépendante du soutien financier américain, pour l'importation de biens de consommation qui font alors défaut comme pour les investissements que réclament la reconstruction et la « modernisation ». Le Plan Monnet fait explicitement référence aux financements américains pour sa mise en oeuvre. Les premiers accords de prêts conclus par Léon Blum avec le Secrétaire d'État américain Byrnes en 1946, tout comme les financements du Plan Marshall en 1948, s'accompagnent de conditionnalités aussi précises et diverses que l'ouverture du marché français au cinéma américain ou une politique de stabilisation du taux de change194. Les trois décennies qui suivent la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, appelées « Les Trente Glorieuses » par Jean Fourastié, sont pour l'Europe une période de croissance exceptionnelle, et sans comparaison avec son expérience historique(Fourastié,  1979).