dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In addition, linear-regression correlation coefficients are calculated between all the variables to assess the individual relationships. Table  1. Diagnostics from AeroCom Phase II  (Myhre et al. , 2013a; Samset et al. , 2013; Stier et al. , 2013)  used in multivariate data analysis to investigate factors influencing the cloudy-sky contribution to RFari. The variable "Cloudy" is the cloudy-sky contribution to RFari (second term on the right-hand side of Eq. 1). Fixed scattering experiment 2 (FIX2scat) and Fixed absorption experiment 3 (FIX3abs) are the contributions from cloudy sky to RFari in two highly idealized aerosol radiative properties experiments in  Stier et al. (2013) , where FIX2scat is a purely scattering aerosol case and FIX3abs is an absorbing aerosol case. The other variables, from AeroCom Phase II model simulations, are the total short-wave cloud radiative effect (SW_CRE), cloud fraction (CLD_FR), weighted cloud height (CL_ALT), weighted anthropogenic aerosol height (AER_ALT), single-scattering albedo (SSA) of anthropogenic aerosols and fraction of anthropogenic BC mass above 5 km (BC_mass_5km).
The AeroCom Phase II results will be further discussed in Sect. 3. 2. In  Myhre (2009)  several experiments were performed to explain that differences in RFari between observation-based methods and global aerosol models arise from a relatively larger change in absorbing aerosols over the industrial era than in the current abundance of the absorbing aerosols. Whereas an observational method uses aerosol optical properties from measurements of the present time of the combined natural and anthropogenic aerosols, the models simulate a relatively larger change in the abundance of an- thropogenic absorbing aerosols than assuming no change in the industrial-era aerosol optical properties. Figure  3c  shows the cloudy-sky contribution to RFari from several of these experiments. The two experiments screened for missing MODIS data (SCREEN) and MODIS use satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth (AOD), present aerosol optical properties retrieved (single-scattering albedo and asymmetry factor) from AERONET and a model estimate of the anthropogenic AOD.
Data availability. All AeroCom data are available from the Aero-Com server (https://wiki. met. no/aerocom/user-server, last access: 6 June 2020). Financial support. This research has been supported by the Research Council of Norway (grant no. 250573) and the European Research Council (ERC) (grant no. 724602). Review statement. This paper was edited by Pedro Jimenez-Guerrero and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
Study population and data collection We conducted a nested case-control study within a cohort of 289,748 5-year cancer survivors treated between 1943 and 2003 in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Canada or the United States, for first primary breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ [study design and data collection are detailed in  [14] ]. The study was approved by each study centre's institutional review board and exempted from review by the National Cancer Institute because analyses used only existing, de-identified data. Two hundred fifty two women were identified with invasive oesophageal cancer diagnosed !5 years after their primary breast cancer (as their first second primary cancer), based on population-based cancer registry reports. A total of 488 controls were randomly selected from the cohort, matched by registry, race (United States only), birth date (±5 years), breast cancer diagnosis date (±5 years), and survival time without subsequent cancer (of any type) at least as long as the matched case's interval from breast cancer to esophageal cancer.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  Intramural Research Program  of the  National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, United States  and  National Cancer Institute contracts to Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto ,  Canada  ( NO1-CP-31157 );  Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark  ( NO1-CP-31019 );  Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki, Finland  ( NO1-CP-31154 );  Information Management Services, Inc. ,  Silver Spring ,  United States  ( N01-CP-31003 );  Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden  ( NO1-CP-31156 );  University of Iowa ,  Iowa City ,  United States  ( NO1-CP-31155 ); The  University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States  ( N02-CP-55503 ); and  Westat, Inc. ,  Rockville ,  United States  ( N02-CP-31136 ).
Until 2014, it consisted of a unit excise tax of 0. 0716 euro/litre on the producer price. It is levied on manufacturers or importers of SSBs (soft drinks and nectars) and Non-Calorically Sweetened Beverages (NCSBs). For space limitations, however, this study focusses on SSBs. We report additional results for NCSBs in the discussion section. We examine the incidence of the tax on SSB prices using six years of nationally representative homescan data provided by Kantar Worldpanel (KWP)  (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) (2013). This unique and detailed dataset covers 75% of SSB purchases in France and contains information on household purchases at the 1 See the Harvard School of Public Health: https://www. hsph. harvard. edu/nutritionsource/ sugary-drinks-fact-sheet/; and the World Health Organization: http://www.
Derivation of local price indices We construct local monthly price indices from homescan data collected by Kantar Worldpanel (KWP) over the 2008-2013 period. KWP follows a nationally representative sample of more than 21,000 French households, which record every purchase they make, including online purchases. We implement a methodology proposed by  Handbury and Weinstein (2014)  to derive market-level nested-CES EPIs for each of the following four product groups: SSBs, NCSBs, Unsweetened Beverages (USBs) and Water. This will allow us to compare price trends in the taxed (SSBs, NCSBs) vs. untaxed (USBs, Water) categories. The EPIs account for the spatial and time variability in prices and product availability, which are largely related to the heterogeneity in the distribution of retailers across markets.
We assign each household to a living zone according to the city code of its residence. The purchase data are then matched by living zone to the TradeDimensions panel provided by Nielsen, and to INSEE census and fiscal data. The TradeDimensions panel provides exhaustive information about the presence of retailer stores in any given living zone in each month. These information will be used in Section 4 to characterise market heterogeneity in terms of local competition, affluence and size.
2008-2013 2008-2013 2010-2012 2009-2011  Notes: The dependent variable is the log of EPI or, for differential incidence, the log-difference in EPI between low-and high-income households. The EPI is estimated from Kantar Worldpanel data 2008-2013 using marketlevel observations (living zone-month). These estimates represent changes in the EPI, in % points, between 2011 and 2012 (before-after columns: δ in Equation (  3 )) and the difference in the changes between SSBs/NCSBs and Water (DiD: difference-in-difference columns: δ in Equation (  4  the role of income-related preferences, we examine the differences between low-and high-income households at the national level. We use local EPIs for each income group as defined in Section 2. 3. As the EPIs are still corrected for within-group consumer and retailer heterogeneity, they measure the welfare variations of representative households in the low-and high-income groups.
The estimated median substitution elasticities among varieties within brand-modules are almost the same for  SSBs and NCSBs (5. 48 and 5. 39, respectively). This figure is larger for USBs (9. 59) and smaller for Water (4. 57). The across-brandmodule elasticities are fairly large for SSBs and NCSBs (6. 04 and 6. 69, respectively) and lower for USB (3. 35) and Water (3. 13). For USBs, the low elasticity figure is explained by the small num-ber of brand modules and the considerable differences between them (juices are very different from pulps). For Water, we observe strong brand loyalty in our data (see Table  C. 1). We have tested the robustness of our main findings to the use of separate elasticities for 2008-2011 and 2012-2013, as the soft-drink tax may also have altered consumer preferences.
To produce these results, we have estimated models for market heterogeneity (as in Table  D. 5, specification 3) by income groups. The estimates thus provides tax incidence by market for each income group, as a function of market affluence and concentration. The market effect is significant, especially when we also include NCSB in the computation. Notes: This table reports the estimated welfare losses for the low-income and high-income households, in cts of e/cap/year, using a compensating variation welfare measure. In the lower panel, we report the results of the decomposition of the difference between income groups. There are three components:    2008-2013 2008-2013 2008-2013 2010-2012 2009-2011  Notes: The dependent variable is the log of EPI. The EPI is estimated from Kantar Worldpanel data 2008-2013 using market-level observations (living zone-month).
in prep. ). This makes ALPINE one of the currently largest panchromatic samples to study the physical properties of normal high-z galaxies (see a discussion in Le  Fèvre et al. 2019a, and Faisst et al. 2019). The overall ALMA observational strategy/setup and details on the data reduction steps (including data quality assessment) are comprehensively discussed in Béthermin et al. in prep. ; however, a short summary of relevant information is reported here. ALMA observations were carried out in Band 7 during Cycles 5 and 6, and completed in February 2019. Each target was observed for between 20 minutes and 1 hour of exposure time, with phases centered at the rest-frame UV positions of the sources. One spectral window was centered on the [C II] expected frequencies, according to the spectroscopic redshifts extracted from UV spectra, while other side bands were used for continuum measurements.
1 ). Stellar masses and star formation rates are derived using a rich set of available ancillary data, including ground-based imaging observations from rest-frame UV to the optical, HST observations in the rest-frame UV, and Spitzer coverage above the Balmer break. We used  Bruzual & Charlot (2003)  composite stellar population template fitting, using the LePhare code  (Arnouts et al. 1999; Ilbert et al. 2006 ) with a large range in stellar ages, metallicities, and dust reddening. For further details we refer to  Faisst et al. in prep. , where a focused discussion on the ALPINE ancillary dataset and fitted physical properties (including characterization of the systematic uncertainties resulting from modeling assumptions) will be presented.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the anonymous referee for the useful suggestions. M. G. would like to thank  Andrea Ferrara ,  Simona Gallerani ,  Andrea Pallottini ,  Stefano Carniani ,  Jorryt Matthee ,  Emanuele Daddi ,  Andreas Schruba  and  Roberto Decarli  for helpful discussions. G. C. J. and R. M. acknowledge  ERC Advanced  Grant  695671  " QUENCH " and support by the  Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). M. B. acknowledges  FONDE-CYT regular grant   1170618. E. I. acknowledges partial support from  FONDECYT  through grant N • 1171710. F. L. , C. G. , F. P. and M. T. acknowledge the support from a grant  PRIN MIUR 2017. L. V. acknowledges funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Grant  agreement No.
746119. S. T. acknowledges support from the  ERC   Consolidator Grant funding scheme  (project  Con-TExT , grant No. 648179 ). The Cosmic Dawn Center is funded by the  Danish National Research Foundation  under grant No. 140. R. C. acknowledges financial support from  CON-ICYT Doctorado Nacional N • 21161487  and  CONICYT PIA ACT172033. J. D. S is supported by the  JSPS KAK-ENHI  Grant Number *JP18H04346*, and the  World Premier International Research Center Initiative  ( WPI Initiative ),  MEXT, Japan. This paper is based on data obtained with the  ALMA Observatory , under Large Program  2017. 1. 00428. L. ALMA is a partnership of  ESO  (representing its member states),  NSF (USA)  and  NINS (Japan) , together with  NRC (Canada) ,  MOST  and  ASIAA (Taiwan) , and  KASI (Republic of Korea) , in cooperation with the  Republic of Chile.
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank all the members of the  Cecere laboratory  for the helpful discussion during the developing of the project. We thank  Dr. Nicola Iovino  for helpful discussions and suggestions on the manuscript. We thank the  Miska , the  Mello , and the  Seydoux laboratories  for sharing strains and reagents. Some strains were provided by the  CGC , funded by  NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs  ( P40 OD010440 ).
Funding: This project has received funding from the  Institut Pasteur , the  CNRS , and the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  ERC-StG-679243. E. C. was supported by a  Pasteur-Roux Fellowship program. P. Q. was supported by  Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer  ( S-FB19032 ).
Hydroxychloroquine has attracted attention in social and mass media, and has also received US Food and Drug Administration approval for patients with severe covid-19. 7 However, fears have increased about a shortage of this essential treatment for patients with rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematus,  8  and questions have been raised about its safety in patients with covid-19. Because of the lack of unbiased data and the urgency of determining the clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine to treat covid-19, we used observational data collected in a real world setting in patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 who required oxygen. We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of oral hydroxychloroquine at a daily dose of 600 mg on admissions to the intensive care unit or death by any cause.
Study design and population We used data collected from routine care to assess the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 and who required oxygen. 9 Physicians screened the electronic health records of all patients with covid-19 pneumonia admitted to four French tertiary hospitals between 12 March and 31 March 2020. Patients were eligible for this study if they were aged 18-80 years, had PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (supplementary data 1), and required oxygen by mask or nasal prongs (corresponding to a WHO progression score of 5). Exclusion criteria were the presence of a contraindication to hydroxychloroquine at 600 mg/day (including patients receiving dialysis); hydroxychloroquine treatment started before admission to hospital; treatment with another experimental drug for covid-19 (tocilizumab, lopinavir-ritonavir, or remdesivir) within 48 hours after admission; organ failure that required immediate admission to the intensive care unit or continuous care unit; acute respiratory distress syndrome at admission (defined by the need for non-invasive ventilation with provision of continuous positive airway pressure or invasive mechanical ventilation)  10  ; discharge from the intensive care unit to standard care; decision to limit and stop active treatments prescribed at admission; and opposition to data collection by patients or their legal representative.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank their collaborators in the  Deep Carbon Observatory  for numerous ideas and suggestions, particularly  Mark Ghiorso ,  Craig Manning ,  Sami Mikhail ,  Vincenzo Stagno , and  Everett Shock. Financial  support is acknowledged from the  Deep Carbon Observatory (Daniel, Sverjensky) , and  NSF  Awards  EAR-1624325  and  ACI-1550346  (Sverjensky), and  ANR T-ERC  grant,  CNRS INSU-SYSTER  and  MIUR Rita Levi Montalcini (Vitale Brovarone ).
In a more general framework, it may open new avenues for the manipulation of non-linear resonances with the addition of a nonresonant driving field. Aknowledgements This work is supported by the French RENATECH network, the Marie Curie Innovative Training Net- works (ITN) cQOM and the European Union's Hori- zon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 732894 (FET Proactive HOT). M. G. C. thanks the Millennium Institute for Research in Optics (MIRO) and FONDECYT projects Grants No. 1180903 for financial support.
It also tends to test the temperament of the instructor. 3. Students are exhibiting a lack of curiosity or critical thinking of why things are the way they are, given the decline of expertise and eroded societal construct of truth versus so-called 'fake news'. 5 hese collected phenomena may be contributing to an alarming surge of depression and anxiety in college-age students. 6. The access to free, open, unlimited information via search engines and databases has instituted an attitude of what we shall term digital amnesia, or the tendency to not retain or synthesize new information, as it can be so rapidly accessed with an internet connection. 5. Students tend to share ideas, critiques and processes individually or in small groups of two to six persons, but not in large groups of twelve or more.
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is an effective treatment for post-stroke spasticity; however, some patients cannot access treatment until ≥1 year post-stroke. This Brazilian post-marketing study (NCT02390206) assessed the achievement of person-centered goals in patients with chronic post-stroke spasticity after a BoNT-A injection. Patients had a last documented stroke ≥1 year before study entry and post-stroke upper limb (UL) spasticity, with or without lower limb (LL) spasticity. Patients received BoNT-A injections at baseline (visit 1) and visit 2 (3-6 months). Primary endpoint was responder rate (achievement of primary goal from Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS)) at visit 2. Overall, 204 patients underwent GAS evaluation at visit 2, mean (SD) age was 56. 4 (13. 2) years and 90. 7% had LL spasticity.
Consequently, many patients with post-stroke spasticity only receive rehabilitation treatment and BoNT-A in the chronic phase (more than 1 year post-stroke). In clinical practice, there are few studies directly investigating the effectiveness of BoNT-A when first administered during chronic spasticity; therefore, it is not clear whether late administration is effective at reducing disease burden. The BCause study (Botulinum toxin in the treatment of Chronic post-stroke spAStic patiEnts; NCT02390206) evaluated the achievement of individual person-centered goals, using Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS)  [18]. after treatment with BoNT-A injections in Brazilian patients with untreated chronic post-stroke spasticity. The study also aimed to document the time between the onset of spasticity and access to treatment, the sociodemographic profile of the patients, and the standard of care, to identify potential barriers responsible for the delay in receiving adequate treatment.
Socio-Demographic Data Of the 204 patients included in the FAS, 203 patients provided data on their education history. The majority of patients had attended school (93. 1%; n = 189), with a median (range) number of years spent attending school of 6. 0 (1-18) years, and 24 patients (11. 8%) had attended university. The professional status was known for 201 patients: 106 (52. 7%) were retired, 71 (35. 3%) received social benefits, 11 (5. 5%) were unemployed, 8 (4. 0%) had never worked, and 5 (2. 5%) were employed. The patients' working status was a consequence of stroke in 63. 8% of cases (n = 120/188). The majority of patients in the study had public health insurance (90. 7%; n = 185) compared with private health insurance (9. 3%; n = 19). The most frequent reasons that patients reported for not undergoing earlier rehabilitation were either because rehabilitation was only indicated/prescribed recently (44.
Overall satisfaction with treatment effectiveness according to the patient, caregiver, and investigator was assessed at visits 2 and 3 using a 5-point Likert Scale (from "great benefit" to "much worse"). In addition, a number of secondary endpoints described the patient population and treatment practices; these endpoints included any relevant sociodemographic data at visit 1, and injection practices (e. g. , BoNT-A preparation and injection guidance technique). The pharmacoeconomic impact of BoNT-A injections was also assessed at all visits; these included caregiver physical and psychological burden (rated as "not at all", "a little", or "a lot") and the indirect costs of treatment. This was a non-interventional study in which BoNT-A was administered and managed within routine medical care.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank all patients involved in the study, as well as their caregivers, care team, and all the BCause study investigators and research staff in participating institutions. The authors would also like to thank  Thais Cuperman-Pohl , a former employee of  Ipsen , for her contributions to the BCause study and during the initial stages of manuscript development. The authors also thank  Amy Watkins , of  Watermeadow Medical , an  Ashfield Company , part of  UDG Healthcare plc , for providing medical writing support, which was sponsored by  Ipsen  in accordance with Good Publication Practice guidelines.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Dimitri Semikoz  and  Ed Porter  for useful discussions, and  Mark Hindmarsh ,  Christophe Ringeval  and  Géraldine Servant  for useful comments and questions on the first draft of this paper. PA thanks Nordita for hospitality whilst this work was in progress. DAS thanks  Marc Arène ,  Simone Mastrogiovanni  and  Antoine Petiteau. TV thanks  APC  ( Université Paris Diderot ) for hospitality through a visiting Professorship while this work was being done. TV is supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of High Energy Physics , under Award No. de-sc0019470 at  Arizona State University.
Efficacy assessments Patients recorded attack-related information in an ePRO diary daily during the prospective baseline period, double-blind treatment period, and the first month of the open-label period. Patients recorded the number of attacks, average attack duration, average attack pain severity, and acute medication use for cCH. Pain severity was rated as: 0 ¼ none, 1 ¼ mild, 2 ¼ moderate, 3 ¼ severe, and 4 ¼ very severe  (25). The daily diary data were converted into biweekly intervals for analysis (weeks 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8, 9/10, and 11/12 for the double-blind period). The primary endpoint was the overall mean change from baseline in weekly attack frequency across weeks 1-12 of the double-blind treatment period with galcanezumab compared with placebo. Key secondary endpoints were a) estimated mean percentage of patients with a !50% reduction from baseline in weekly attack frequency across weeks 1-12 and b) percentage of patients meeting sustained response through week 12.
For other secondary efficacy outcomes and safety, treatment effects were evaluated based on a two-sided significance level of 0. 05 without adjustment for multiplicity. A categorical, pseudo-likelihood-based repeated measures analysis was used to analyze the categorical longitudinal secondary efficacy outcomes, including at least 50% and at least 30% reduction in weekly attack frequency from baseline at each 2-week interval through week 12, and PGI-I at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Categorical comparisons between treatment groups for safety measures were performed using Fisher's exact tests, where appropriate. For the primary and secondary efficacy endpoints, for which data were captured with electronic diary use, if there were 8 or more days with non-missing diary data and the adherence to using the diary was more than 50% in the biweekly interval, the average number of cluster headache attacks across the nonmissing days was used to impute the missing days.