dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Secondly, concerning the data that were collected, the temperature data used in this study is based on a period covering the years 1970-2000, as the province is covered by a single synoptic weather station that would not allow any spatial variation to be observed. Spatial modelling based on 30 years of data  (Fick & Hijmans, 2017)  seems to be a reliable source to overcome this difficulty. Similarly, we used projected population data up to 2017 because the available data come from the 2006 population and housing census. Due to political instability (insurrection in October 2014 and coup d'état in September 2015), the country was unable to update the demographic data in 2016. Thirdly, the average values of malaria prevalence and independent variables were reported to the CSPS, which is the centroid of the polygons of the health area.
Conclusion This study confirmed the relevance and intensity of the relationship between several key geographical variables and malaria prevalence. The least squares regression showed a strong positive association between vegetation density and malaria prevalence, and a strong negative association between both temperature and soil clay content with malaria prevalence. Rainfall, population density and distance from water bodies play a secondary role. The correlated variables explain two-thirds of the variability of malaria in the province. Further analysis should investigate the contribution of socio-economic variables. 1 3 Vol:. (  1234567890 ) Ethical approval Ethic approval is not applicable. This study is a secondary analysis of anonymous data from the Health Ministry of Burkina Faso. Data are collected by health facilities, aggregated progressively by the health district and the regional health direction.
Acknowledgements We thank the  Direction Régionale de la santé des Hauts-Bassins  ( DRS/HB ). The authors are members of the Target Malaria not-for-profit research consortium, which receives core funding from the  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation  (Grant  INV006610   Target Malaria Phase II ) and from the  Open Philanthropy Project Fund  (Grant  O-77157 ), an advised fund of  Silicon Valley Community Foundation.
Furthermore, it has been argued that a key to understand resulting processes of dispossession is the dual role played by state officials involved in both land administration and investment negotiations: they are at once "regulators and rent-seekers" (Peluso and Lund, 2011, p. 670; see also Bélair, 2018; Blache, 2018;  Maganga et al. , 2016), observations that proved important to our study. During a total of 27 months, data was collected through 666 semistructured interviews with village, district and central government officials, village members, civil society organisations, corporate executives and agency staff. We conducted 58 focus group discussions and participatory observation and a large share of the 666 interviews in 73 villages and 4 subvillages (see Table  1 ). In addition, document analysis constitutes an important part of the study, not least to triangulate interview data, 2 including analyses of title deeds, official letters, District and Village Land Use Plans and Village Land Certificates-when available, and regional maps, corporate documents, key legal frameworks and development policies.
For Rufiji and Missenyi districts, data collection was conducted between June 2016-September 2017 (9 months). For Bagamoyo and Kigoma districts, fieldwork was conducted over 1-3 months each year between 2012 and 2016 (7 months), with a shorter follow-ups in 2017 and 2020. For Kilombero and Ulanga 1 Findings presented here were collected through three distinct ethnographic Ph. D. research projects looking at the local impacts of land deals in those four regions. 2 For instance, signatures on Village Land Use Plan documents could be used to verify the participation/consent (or the lack theref) from village councils and chairmen. districts, fieldwork was conducted from May to September 2015, June to August 2016 and in March and April 2017 (11 months) with a short follow-up in September 2019 (see Table  2 ).
The land formalisation agenda Apart from land acquisition for investment purposes, the second development orientation under scrutiny in this paper, is a re-emphasis ▪ Not operational 1In all our cases, the status of land before any transfer was contested. Neither the historical recognition of customary rights before villagisation in the 1970 ′ s, nor customary claims by villagers based on the Village Land Act were taken into account by the Tanzanian government. Furthermore, in some cases the issue of who were natives or not, and how that influenced their rights, complicated the situation. 2 Data on status was collected between 2017 and 2019 for the different cases. 3 AgroEco Energy has been replaced by a domestic investor on 10 000 ha, making rapid progress. 8 Public agencies with such authority include the Tanzanian Investment Center, the Rufiji Basin Development Authority (RUBADA), the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) Center Ltd.
National Land Bank "This area is farmed by thousands of peasants and there are more and more pastoralists coming in the area. If they say it is a land bank, a  25  In the VLUPs, it was stated that the land use planning process was hand in hand with SAGCOT and meant to allocate land for investment. 26 In the VLUPs, one village was dispossessed with 62% of the village to a sugar plantation and 10% for the nearby RAMSAR site. The second village was dispossessed with 17% of its land to the sugar investment. In the third village, the VLUP demarcated 31% reserved for the RAMSAR site. In the fourth village, 13% of the total village land was allocated to the sugar company. Data is retrieved from VLUP and VLC documents and described more in detail in Blache  (2018). 27 The plantation was established in 1992 on 28,000 ha.
The delimitation of the plantation borders was done with village council members. However, elders in one involved village argued that the borders were trespassing on village land, even excluding villagers from accessing the main river of the area. 28 It was in focus group discussions with village council members and chairman held in 2017 that the villagers found out about the existence of their new VLUP. 29 The existing VLUP was dated 2008 and the new one 2013. 30 Missenyi District is a relatively new district (2007). Out of 77 villages, 72 villages have been surveyed and received their Village Land Certificates, but by 2016 none of them had yet received their Village Land Use Plan (Interview District officers, 2016). 31 Interview with district head of land department, August 11 2016. 32 Data was retrieved from Village Land Use Plan documents.
Acknowledgements Engström wishes to thank the  Swedish Research Council  ( 229-2011-1417 ) and  Sida U-forsk  ( SWE-2011-140 ) for funding. Bélair thanks the  University of Ottawa , and the  Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)  ( CRSH-BESC-767-2016-1945 ), and  SSHRC  ( PDF 756-2019-0140 ) and Blache wishes to thank the  University of Toulouse  and the Rurban Project. The authors thank three anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on draft versions.
Cette réflexion souligne également le besoin d'une structuration des collectivités pour gérer cette problématique des sols. Cela donnerait l'opportunité de développer des bases de données assurant une meilleure connaissance de ces derniers, il s'agirait aussi de garantir le maintien des compétences au sein des services. Cet investissement ouvrirait des possibilités pour intégrer de façon plus systématique l'enjeu sol dans les projets d'aménagement, et d'assurer une meilleure préservation de cette ressource sur le long terme.
Research methodology A complete review of the literature was performed on numerous databases mainly Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, SciFinder and Science direct. The keywords that are relevant for this paper were included, such as Lebanese endemic plants, biological activities and folk medicine. The articles were then screened for their relevance and whether their content matches the scope of the review in question. The screening first took place based on the individual title of each publication, then on the abstract and finally on the scientific content. This was taken in charge by the primary investigator "Michella Dawra".
Conclusion The present review aims to gather all the data describing the traditional medicinal use, phytochemical profile and biological activities of some endemic Lebanese plant species belonging to the Stachys, Berberis, Origanum, Salvia and Cousinia genera. The data collected from all the research studies performed till present, emphasized on the importance of these plant species in the pharmaceutical, medical, agricultural and food domains. The chemical characterization, biological and antioxidant activities were assessed for both the extracts and essential oils prepared from these plants. Particularly, the evaluation of the antioxidant potency using many assays was extensively investigated. The majority of these Lebanese endemic plants were proven to be effective antioxidant agents. Concerning the antimicrobial activity, the Origanum syriacum and Origanum ehrenbergii essential oils and extracts as well as the Salvia fruticosa extracts can be considered as interesting antimicrobial agents.
Non-inferiority of GMC ratios (DoRIS trial vs historical cohort) was predefined as when the lower bound of the 95% CI was greater than 0•50. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials. gov, NCT02834637. Findings Between Feb 23, 2017, and Jan 6, 2018, we screened 1002 girls for eligibility, of whom 930 were enrolled into DoRIS and 155 each were assigned to one dose, two doses, or three doses of 2-valent vaccine, or one dose, two doses, or three doses of 9-valent vaccine. 154 (99%) participants in the one-dose 2-valent vaccine group (median age 10 years [IQR 9-12]) and 152 (98%) in the one-dose 9-valent vaccine group (median age 10 years [IQR 9-12]) were vaccinated and attended the 24 month visit, and so were included in the analysis. 115 one-dose recipients from the CVT (median age 21 years [19-23]) and 139 one-dose recipients from the IARC India trial (median age 14 years [13-16]) were included in the analysis.
Research in context Evidence before this study We identified a 2019 review of published reports of the efficacy of single dose HPV vaccination. All studies in the review were observational studies of participants in three large HPV vaccine trials who did not complete their allocated schedules. These included the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) HPV vaccine trial in India, the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial (CVT), and the PATRICIA multicentre trial conducted in 14 countries. HPV16 and HPV18 infection was rare in all vaccinated participants up to 7 years after the first dose and all studies reported comparable efficacy of one, two, and three doses of HPV vaccine against HPV16 and HPV18 infection despite differences in antibody levels between the dose groups. We updated this review by searching the Medline, EMBASE, Global Health Database, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases for publications between Aug 1, 2018, and Dec 10, 2021, using the terms "human papillomavirus" AND "vaccines" AND ("immunogenicity" OR "efficacy/effectiveness") AND "dosage".
We identified two additional studies that extended the CVT and IARC India studies, which found that vaccine efficacy against HPV16 and HPV18 infection endpoints was similar between participants who received one, two, or three doses, and antibody responses remained stable over 11 years for CVT and 9 years for IARC India. Additionally, we identified the first randomised controlled trial of single dose HPV vaccine efficacy, the KEN SHE trial, in girls and women aged 15-20 years in Kenya, which found 97•5% vaccine efficacy for one dose of HPV vaccine compared with a control vaccine at 18 months. However, there is still a paucity of efficacy data from girls in the target age for vaccination (9-14 years).
Added value of this study The Dose Reduction Immunobridging and Safety Study (DoRIS) trial in Tanzanian girls is the first randomised clinical trial to our knowledge to assess the safety and immune responses of a single dose of HPV vaccine compared with two and three doses in girls in the target age for vaccination (9-14 years). Here we present an immunobridging study comparing single-dose vaccine immunogenicity data from the DoRIS trial with historical immunogenicity and efficacy against persistent HPV16 and HPV18 infection data derived from single-dose recipients from two previous, large HPV vaccine clinical trials (CVT and IARC India). We found that HPV16 and HPV18 antibody concentrations and seropositivity at 24 months after one dose in young girls in Tanzania were non-inferior to those in adult women (aged 18-25 years) who received one dose in the CVT or girls (aged 10-18 years) who received one dose in the IARC India trial.
Written or thumbprint informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians of participants, with written or thumbprint assent from participants. For our immunobridging analysis, we chose two historical cohorts that received one dose of HPV vaccine. These cohorts came from two HPV vaccine trials: the Costa Rica Vaccine trial (CVT)  14  and the Institutional Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) India trial. 15 We chose these studies because they are the only two largescale studies of one dose of HPV vaccine to our knowledge that have data on long-term efficacy (11 years for CVT and 9 years for the IARC India trial). Although the IARC India trial used the 4-valent vaccine Gardasil rather than the 9-valent vaccine, both vaccines have the same manufacturer (Merck), and have similar immunogenicity and efficacy against HPV16 and HPV18.
Procedures In DoRIS, girls were asked to collect a vaginal swab before vaccination, which was used to detect HPV DNA. We collected blood samples for HPV immune responses including IgG antibodies to HPV16 and HPV18 VLPs and antibody avidity at baseline, and month 1, 7, 12, 24, and 36. Girls in the one-dose and two-dose groups have been enrolled in a trial extension and samples will also be taken at month 60. Here we report data from the 24-month follow-up visit for the one-dose groups. The CVT was a community-based, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial of the 2-valent vaccine Cervarix in women aged 18-25 years in Costa Rica. 14, 18 etween June 28, 2004, and Dec 21, 2005, 7466 women were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive three doses of the 2-valent vaccine or a control vaccine (hepatitis A vaccine), given at baseline, and at 1 and 6 months.
11 n this immunobridging study, we used blood samples from all girls in the one-dose groups in DoRIS who attended the 24 month visit within a window of 22-28 months after vaccination. For the CVT and IARC India trial, we took a random sample of up to 140 participants from the one dose groups in each trial; participants were eligible for the immunobridging study if they attended the 24 month visit within the same window as in DoRIS, had efficacy data available, and had sufficient serum samples from the day 0 and month 24 visits remaining for re-testing. The one-dose 2-valent vaccine group in DoRIS was compared with one-dose group of the same 2-valent vaccine in the CVT, and the one-dose 9-valent vaccine group in DoRIS was compared with one-dose group of the 4-valent vaccine in the India trial.
Interestingly, GMCs in DoRIS were not significantly higher than those in the CVT, despite the older age of participants in the CVT than in DoRIS. The higher GMCs and seroconversion rates observed in DoRIS than in the IARC India trial might in part be due to the higher dose of antigen and adjuvant in the 9-valent vaccine than in the 4-valent vaccine, particularly for HPV18, for which the antigen dose has been doubled. This finding might also be explained in part by the age difference, because participants in DoRIS were younger on average than those in the IARC India trial. Data from the CVT have shown that one dose of the 2-valent vaccine provides sustained HPV16 and HPV18 antibody levels for at least 11 years and that vaccine efficacy among women who received one dose was not significantly different from those who received three doses.
DoRIS was run in a region with an extremely high burden of cervical cancer and where vaccination is most needed. We tested the samples from DoRIS, CVT, and the IARC India trial in the same batch, using a well validated assay,  21  to minimise potential variability and allow robust comparisons between the studies. Our study also had several limitations. One limitation of our study is that, although the vaccines used in DoRIS and the IARC India trial are similar (9-valent and 4-valent vaccines), they are not identical. However, a randomised trial of the two vaccines has shown that, despite their differences, they have similar efficacy and immunogenicity for HPV genotypes in common. 30 ther limitations include a follow-up period of only 24 months. Immunogenicity data will also be collected from DoRIS participants at 5 years after vaccination and immunobridging analyses to later timepoints from CVT and the IARC India trial are planned.
Additionally, a trial in Tanzania of one-dose HPV vaccination in boys is underway (NCT04953130). In summary, our findings contribute to the evidence that one dose of HPV vaccine might provide strong protection against cervical cancer and be a promising strategy towards achieving cervical cancer elimination in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere. A single dose HPV vaccine schedule could substantially reduce the costs of vaccine purchase and delivery, alleviate vaccine supply constraints, and expand access in the countries that need it most. Contributors KB, DW-J, LAP, ARK, AH, and PB developed the initial idea and design of the immunobridging study. KB, ARK, PB, LAP, and DW-J developed the protocol. DW-J, KB, and JC were joint principal investigators and CJL, RJH, JD, JI, PM, and HW were coinvestigators of the DoRIS trial.
KB and DW-J accessed and verified the DoRIS data that were used in this study. AH and RH were joint principal investigators and CP and ARK were coinvestigators of the CVT. ARK and JTS accessed and verified the CVT data that were used in this study. PB was the principal investigator for the IARC India trial; EL and RM contributed to the conduct of the trial, and accessed and verified the data that were used in.
We thank the women of Guanacaste and Puntarenas, Costa Rica, who participated in the study. The IARC India trial is a collaboration between investigators in IARC and India. IARC is the autonomous cancer research agency of WHO. The study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Merck provided the vaccines through a memorandum of understanding with WHO. Establishment of the Luminex-based assays at Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) was partly supported by the European Commission-Seventh Framework Programme grant HPV-AHEAD (FP7-HEALTH-2011-282562). We thank the field staff at the project sites in India and scientists and technicians at RGCB for their tremendous effort and dedication; the district administrative, civic, education, and health authorities, and medical practitioners in the districts of India where the studies are located for their cooperation, facilitation, and assistance in implementing the study; and the study participants, their parents, families, and legal guardians for their understanding, cooperation, excellent and continuing participation in the study, and follow-up procedures despite the challenges and misinformation after suspension of HPV vaccination.
Data in parentheses are 95% CIs. CVT=Costa Rica Vaccine trial. DoRIS=Dose Reduction Immunobridging and Safety Study. HPV=human papillomavirus. IARC=Institutional Agency for Research on Cancer. GMC=geometric mean concentration. *Includes DoRIS and CVT participants who were ELISA antibody negative and HPV DNA negative, and IARC India participants who were ELISA antibody negative, at baseline (before vaccination) for the HPV genotype under analysis. †Adjusted for age. ‡Adjustment not done for comparisons between DoRIS and CVT because there is no overlap in the age range.
Acknowledgments The DoRIS trial was funded by the  UK Department for International Development/UK Medical Research Council/Wellcome Trust Joint Global Health Trials Scheme  ( MR/N006135/1 ) and the  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation  ( OPP1167526 ). This work has also been funded in part with Federal funds from the  NCI, National Institutes of Health  (under contract numbers  HSN261200800001E  and  75N91019D00024 ). We thank the staff and management of the MITU, the study site team, laboratory and data team, and administrative, project management, and other support staff at MITU and LSHTM. We thank the community engagement team and DoRIS trial participants and their parents and.
Data in parentheses are 95% CIs. CVT=Costa Rica Vaccine trial. DoRIS=Dose Reduction Immunobridging and Safety Study. HPV=human papillomavirus. IARC=Institutional Agency for Research on Cancer. GMC=geometric mean concentration. *Includes DoRIS and CVT participants who were ELISA antibody negative and HPV DNA negative, and IARC India participants who were ELISA antibody negative, at baseline (before vaccination) for the HPV genotype under analysis. †Adjusted for age. ‡Adjustment not done for comparisons between DoRIS and CVT because there is no overlap in the age range. •• ‡ -0•4% (-4•4 to 4•4) DoRIS vs IARC India 2•57 (2•02 to 3•27) 1•75 (1•22 to 2•50) 21•0% (13•5 to 29•5) Aged <15 years (post hoc) 2•12 (1•59 to 2•83) 1•75 (1•23 to 2•49) 15•2% (6•1 to 26•3).
Fieldwork conducted at Dajinshan received the financial support of different institutions across the years, including: the SHIFU international ANR project directed by Adeline Herrou at the Laboratory of Compared Ethnology and Sociology at Paris Nanterre University (ANR-12-BSH3-0006); the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies on Buddhism (CEIB) directed by Ji Zhe in Paris; the GEO (UR 1340) Research Center directed by Sandra Schaal at the University of Strasbourg; and the Interdisciplinary Thematic Institute (ITI) of History, Sociology, Archeology and Anthropology of Religions (HiSAAR) coordinated by Guillaume Ducoeur at the University of Strasbourg.
Acknowledgments: I wish to thank  Ester Bianchi  and  Nicola Schneider  for inviting me to participate to the conference " Gender Asymmetry in the Different Buddhist Traditions Through the Prism of Nuns' Ordination and Education " (Perugia,  16-17 May 2022 ), which received a Conference Grant  2020/2021  by the  Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation of International Scholarly Exchange (CCKF). I am also grateful to participants of this conference, and especially to  Ann Heirman , for their insightful comments and suggestions. I would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers who greatly helped me to improve this paper with their comments and questions. I am especially indebted to the resident community of  Dajinshan Monastery , and especially to retired abbess bhiks. un. ī  Shi Yinkong 釋印空  and abbess bhiks.
Funding: Fieldwork conducted at Dajinshan received the financial support of different institutions across the years, including: the SHIFU international ANR project directed by Adeline Herrou at the Laboratory of Compared Ethnology and Sociology at Paris Nanterre University (ANR-12-BSH3-0006); the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies on Buddhism (CEIB) directed by Ji Zhe in Paris; the GEO (UR 1340) Research Center directed by Sandra Schaal at the University of Strasbourg; and the Interdisciplinary Thematic Institute (ITI) of History, Sociology, Archeology and Anthropology of Religions (HiSAAR) coordinated by Guillaume Ducoeur at the University of Strasbourg.