dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Deliberato 2013 (Continued) Ding 2013 (Continued) Hochreiter 2009 Kristo ersen 2009 (Continued) Interventions Methods Participants Participants Methods Participants Included in this study: 68 of 78 randomised participants finished at follow-up. Guiding antibiotic decisions in people with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Randomised clinical trial, single-centre, ICU in Germany Included in this analysis: 210 out of 223 randomised participants; 13 post randomisation exclusions (3 no PCT testing, 6 not meeting inclusion criteria, 4 withdrew informed consent) Inclusion criteria: Included in this analysis: 43 (110); 67 not considered for this analysis due to diagnosis other than ARI Randomised, single-centre, prospective, controlled clinical study in 5 ICUs in Belgium Inclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria: Not meeting the diagnostic criteria Inclusion criteria: Interventions Interventions Algorithm used in this study: Outcomes Guiding antibiotic decisions in postoperative patients in a surgical ICU Guiding antibiotic decisions in CAP patients with initial values only • length of hospitalisation Algorithm used in this study: Outcomes • antibiotic use Algorithm used in this study: Outcomes • antibiotic use • mortality (ICU-free days alive) • mortality Notes • the numbers of participants exposed to antibiotics treatment • duration of antibiotic treatment Funding: B•R•A•H•M•S AG • ICU admission • cases of mechanical ventilation Funding: No funding declared in the main paper.
Follow-up: Until hospital discharge Registration: ISRCTN10288268 Funding: Follow-up: Until hospital discharge Follow-up: 30 days Authors' judgement Support for judgement Registration: NCT00415753 Trial registration: Risk of bias Notes Notes Risk of bias Bias Risk of bias Bias Random sequence genera-tion (selection bias) Bias High risk Authors' judgement Support for judgement Unconcealed drawing of lots Authors' judgement Support for judgement Random sequence genera-(selection bias) tion (selection bias) tion (selection bias) Allocation concealment Random sequence genera- Low risk High risk Low risk Computer-generated randomisation Unconcealed drawing of lots Computer-generated randomisation scheme Allocation concealment (selection bias) mance bias) and personnel (perfor-(selection bias) Blinding of participants Allocation concealment Low risk Unclear risk Low risk Participants were randomly assigned to either PCT-guided antibiotic treat-arm using computer-generated random numbers.
g. infectious endocarditis, osteomyelitis); grade 3 or 4 oral mucositis, since this condition increases the risk of S au- Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Layios 2012 Methods Randomised, single-centre, prospective, controlled clinical trial in Minas Gerais, Brazil Participants Inclusion criteria: reus bacteraemia; and pregnancy Included in this study: 62 randomised participants, 1 post randomisation exclusion due to withdrawal of informed consent Interventions Guiding antibiotic decisions in people with febrile neutropenia Incomplete outcome data Low risk Follow-up for mortality 509/509 (100%) (attrition bias) All outcomes Selective reporting (re- Unclear risk No trial registration found for this research article.
into the control group, results of PCT serum Ievels were kept concealed during the study and were only revealed for the final analysis. However, physicians were aware of the study group. Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Lima 2016 Lima 2016 (Continued) Long 2009 (Continued) Long 2011 (Continued) Blinding of participants and personnel (perfor-mance bias) All outcomes Risk of bias Bias Random sequence genera-Risk of bias For participants randomised Blinding of outcome as-Unclear risk Authors' judgement Support for judgement High risk Odd and even patient ID numbers Follow-up: Fixed period of 4 weeks Registration: NA sessment (detection bias) High risk No blinding of outcome assessment was mentioned in the study.
The funding bodies had no involvement in the design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. People selected for redo cardiac operations, thoracic aortic surgery, as well as people having active endocarditis and people with LVEF < 30%. People with preoperative signs of infection (leukocyte count > 12,000/L; body temperature > 38°C) were also excluded. Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Long 2014 (Continued) cluded stable and unstable angina pectoris, valve insufficiency, le ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) above 30%, and epidemiological status with saprophyte bacteria.
All adult patients 18 years of age or older with suspected severe sepsis or septic shock were assessed for potential inclusion. , patients under immunosuppressive therapy, and patients who received more than 1 mg/kg of prednisone or equivalent; patients under palliative care; patients who suffered multiple trauma, burns, or major surgery in the previous 5 days; patients diagnosed with pulmonary neoplasias, carcinoid tumours, or medullary tumours of the thyroid; and patients who remained in the ICU for 24 hours or less Included in this study: 94/355 patients assessed for eligibility were included in the final analysis (49 in the PCT group and 45 in the CRP group). Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Ogasawara 2014 (Continued) Methods Randomised, multicentre, open-label, controlled clinical trial in the ICUs of 2 university hospitals in Brazil Participants Inclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria: Confirmed microbiological infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Acinetobacter baumannii, Listeria spp,Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or fungi; Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia; sus- pected or confirmed severe infections caused by viruses or parasites; infections that required long- term treatment, regardless of the aetiologic agent (e.
Trial registration: NCT00934011 Risk of bias Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement Patients were excluded if they did not meet the respective inclusion criteria, refused informed consent, or had already received antibiotic treatment prior to admission to the ICU. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Oliveira 2013 Oliveira 2013 (Continued) Incomplete outcome data Low risk All participants were included in the ITT analysis. (attrition bias) All outcomes Selective reporting (re- Low risk Outcomes correspond to study protocol. Trial registered (NCT00934011). porting bias) Other bias Low risk High adherence to the PCT protocol (87. 8%) Methods Randomised clinical trial, single-centre, surgical ICU in Germany Participants Inclusion criteria: Patients after abdominal surgery with antibiotic treatment because of severe sepsis in the surgical ICU Exclusion criteria: Outcomes • antibiotic use • mortality (ICU-free days alive) Notes Funding: NA Follow-up: Until hospital discharge Random sequence genera- Low risk Randomisation was performed using a computer-generated random number tion (selection bias) table.
B•R•A•H•M•S Inc, the major manufacturer of the PCT assay, provided all assay-related material, Kryptor machines if not already available onsite, and kits and maintenance required for 10,000 measurements related to the study. Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Schroeder 2009 (Continued) Schuetz 2009 (Continued) Incomplete outcome data Random sequence genera- Low risk Low risk Follow-up for mortality: 8/8 (100% until discharge) Independent statistician created randomisation scheme. (attrition bias) tion (selection bias) All outcomes Allocation concealment Low risk Central randomisation using a study web site Selective reporting (re-(selection bias) Low risk No selective reporting (oral verification with first author) porting bias) Blinding of participants Unclear risk Open-label trial where physicians knew to which group participants had been Other bias and personnel (perfor- Unclear risk Adherence to PCT protocol not reported/assessed.
Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Shehabi 2014 (Continued) Stolz 2007 (Continued) Stolz 2007 (Continued) Other bias Exclusion criteria: Included in this analysis: 208 out of 226 randomised participants; 18 post randomisation exclusions Unclear risk Adherence to PCT protocol not reported/assessed. due to absence of COPD according to GOLD criteria Methods Randomised clinical trial, multicentre with 7 European and US intensive care units Interventions Guiding antibiotic decisions in COPD patients with repeated measurements • antibiotic use Algorithm used in this study: Outcomes Participants Inclusion criteria: VAP when intubated for > 48 h • "clinical success" defined as improvement of symptoms compared to exacerbation status • "clinical failure" defined as the absence of the attenuation of symptoms, the worsening of symptoms, or death • mortality • ICU admission • hospital readmission after 30 days and 6 months Notes Funding: Registration: ISRCTN77261143 Risk of bias Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement Random sequence genera- Low risk Independent statistician created randomisation list.
total antibiotic exposure days (time frame: 30 days). Total antibiotic exposure, defined as the total number of antibiotic days by day 30 • combined endpoint of adverse outcomes that could be attributable to withholding antibiotics in LRTI (time frame: 30 days) • rate of antibiotic initiation by the initial ED clinician (time frame: during initial ED visit) Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Wang 2016 Other bias Wang 2016 (Continued) Study NCT02130986 (Continued) Low risk > 0. 5 ng/L. Antibiotics strongly recommended High adherence to the PCT protocol (82.
edu ECOPD: exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease EMR: electronic medical record Tang 2009 Notes FEV1%: forced expiratory volume for 1 second expressed as a percentage of the forced vital capacity Meta-analysis of RCTs Collaborators: University of Pittsburgh National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), bioMérieux GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease h: hour Uzzan 2006 Meta-analysis of observational studies Registration: NCT02130986 ICU: intensive care unit ID: identification RCT: randomised controlled trial ITT: intention-to-treat LRTI: lower respiratory tract infection NA: not available Characteristics of ongoing studies [ordered by study ID] ODIN: Organ Dysfunction and/or Infection PaO 2 /FiO 2 : relationship between arterial oxygen tension (PaO 2 ) and inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO 2 ) NCT02130986 Trial name or title Pulmonary embolism and PCT.
Procalcitonin algorithm versus no procalcitonin algorithm stratified by clinical setting Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of partici- pants Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2. have undergone oro-tracheal intubation for a coma (Glasgow Coma Score ≤ 8) 3. with mechanical ventilation initiated in the first 48 hours following hospital admission Experimental: Optimal PEEP patients submitted to general anaesthesia and open radical cystectomy and urinary diversion (20 participants) will be submitted an alveolar recruitment maneuver using the sustained airway pressure by the CPAP method, applying 30 cmH 2 O PEEP for 30 seconds followed by a decremental PEEP titration procedure directed by static pulmonary compliance (Cstat). During PEEP titration procedure, PEEP will be decreased from 14 cmH 2 O by 2 cmH 2 O every 4 minutes, until a final PEEP of 6 cmH 2 O.
Optimal PEEP is considered to be a PEEP value resulting the highest possible Cstat measured by ventilator. After PEEP titration procedure, a lung protective mechanical ventilation will be performed using optimal PEEP and low tidal volumes. Active comparator: Standard PEEP. Patients submitted to general anaesthesia and open radical cystectomy and urinary diversion (20 participants) will be submitted an alveolar recruitment manoeuvre using the sustained airway pressure by the CPAP method, applying 30 cmH 2 O PEEP for 30 seconds followed by a standard lung protective mechanical ventilation using a PEEP value of 6 cmH 2 O and low tidal volumes (6 mL/kg) Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews NCT02862314 (Continued) NCT02931409 (Continued) ICU: intensive care unit 1.
85 [0. 69, 1. 05] Contact information als Gilles Capellier, MDPH; gilles. capellier@univ-fcomte. fr Starting date 2. 3 Intensive care unit trials October 2016 Sophie Depierre; sdepierre@chu-besancon. fr 16 5233 Odds Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) 0. 92 [0. 81, 1. 05] Notes Contact information Collaborators: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besancon Zoltán Ruszkai, MD; ruszkai. zoltan@peterfykh. hu Notes Registration: NCT02862314 Collaborator: Péterfy Sándor Hospital, Szeged University Registration: NCT02931409 Analysis 1. 1. AB: antibiotic NCT02931409 ACCP: American College of Chest Physicians Trial name or title APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II Intra-operative PEEP optimisation: effects on postoperative pulmonary complications and inflam-BMI: body mass index matory response BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide Methods COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Randomised trial, parallel assignment, single-blind in Hungary CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure Participants CRP: C-reactive protein CT: computed tomography Inclusion criteria: d: day ED: emergency department ESBL: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase 1.
to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections (Review) Copyright © 2019 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Study or subgroup PCT-guid- Controls Odds Ratio Weight Odds Ratio ed care n/N n/N M-H, Random, 95% CI M-H, Random, 95% CI 1. 1. 2 Emergency department trials Christ-Crain 2004 4/124 3/119 0. 68% 1. 29[0. 28,5. 88] Christ-Crain 2006 18/151 20/151 3. 38% 0. 89[0. 45,1. 75] Stolz 2007 3/102 2/106 0. 48% 1. 58[0. 26,9. 63] Schuetz 2009 34/671 33/688 6. 5% 1. 06[0. 65,1. 73] Long 2009 0/63 0/64 Not estimable Kristoffersen 2009 2/103 1/107 0. 27% 2. 1[0. 19,23. 51] Long 2011 0/77 0/79 Not estimable Tang 2013 1/132 2/133 0.
to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections (Review) Copyright © 2019 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Study or subgroup Outcome or subgroup title PCT-guid-n/N ed care n/N Controls No. of studies M-H, Random, 95% CI pants Odds Ratio No. of partici-Statistical method Weight M-H, Random, 95% CI Odds Ratio Effect size Test for overall effect: Z=1. 28(P=0. 2) 5. 1 Trials with blinded outcome assess- 9 4664 Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 1. 05 [0. 84, 1. 32] Total (95% CI) ment 5016 5030 95% CI) 100% 0. 9[0. 81,0. 99] Total events: 1053 (PCT-guided care), 1143 (Controls) sessment Heterogeneity: Tau =0; Chi =21.
to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections (Review) Copyright © 2019 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Study or subgroup PCT-guid- Controls Odds Ratio Weight Odds Ratio ed care n/N n/N M-H, Random, 95% CI M-H, Random, 95% CI 2. 1. 2 Adherence to procalcitonin algorithm < 70% or not available Stolz 2007 3/102 2/106 0. 48% 1. 58[0. 26,9. 63] Schroeder 2009 3/14 3/13 0. 48% 0. 91[0. 15,5. 58] Long 2009 0/63 0/64 Not estimable Hochreiter 2009 15/57 14/53 2. 18% 0. 99[0. 43,2. 32] Kristoffersen 2009 2/103 1/107 0. 27% 2. 1[0. 19,23. 51] Stolz 2009 8/51 12/50 1. 58% 0. 59[0. 22,1. 59] Bouadma 2010 65/307 64/314 10. 43% 1. 05[0.
to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections (Review) Copyright © 2019 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Study or subgroup PCT-guid- Controls Odds Ratio Weight Odds Ratio ed care n/N n/N M-H, Random, 95% CI M-H, Random, 95% CI Verduri 2015 19/88 12/90 1. 52% 1. 79[0. 81,3. 95] Lima 2016 6/30 4/31 0. 5% 1. 69[0. 42,6. 7] Wang 2016 2/96 5/95 0. 34% 0. 38[0. 07,2. 02] Subtotal (95% CI) 2206 2216 41. 34% 0. 87[0. 75,1. 02] Total events: 433 (PCT-guided care), 481 (Controls) Heterogeneity: Tau =0; Chi =12. 79, df=13(P=0. 46); I =0% Test for overall effect: Z=1. 76(P=0. 08) 2. 2. 2 Adherence to procalcitonin algorithm < 70% or not available Stolz 2007 13/102 15/106 1.
Comparison 2 Procalcitonin algorithm versus no procalcitonin algorithm, sensitivity analyses, Outcome 3 Mortality at 30 days stratified by allocation concealment. Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Study or subgroup Analysis 2. 4. PCT-guid- Controls Odds Ratio Weight Odds Ratio ed care n/N n/N M-H, Random, 95% CI M-H, Random, 95% CI Stolz 2009 8/51 12/50 1. 58% 0. 59[0. 22,1. 59] Kristoffersen 2009 2/103 1/107 0. 27% 2. 1[0. 19,23. 51] Bouadma 2010 65/307 64/314 10. 43% 1. 05[0. 71,1. 55] Burkhardt 2010 0/275 0/275 Not estimable Maravić-Stojković 2011 3/102 3/103 0. 59% 1. 01[0. 2,5. 13] Deliberato 2013 2/42 4/39 0.
Comparison 2 Procalcitonin algorithm versus no procalcitonin algorithm, sensitivity analyses, Outcome 4 Treatment failure at 30 days stratified by allocation concealment. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Study or subgroup PCT-guid- Controls Odds Ratio Weight Odds Ratio ed care n/N n/N M-H, Random, 95% CI M-H, Random, 95% CI Study or subgroup Test for subgroup differences: Chi =0. 71, df=1 (P=0. 4), I =0% PCT-guid-ed care n/N Favours PCT-guided care Controls n/N 0. 01 Odds Ratio M-H, Random, 95% CI 10 0. 1 1 100 Weight Favours controls Odds Ratio M-H, Random, 95% CI 2. 4. 1 Trials with concealed allocation Nobre 2008 9/39 9/40 0. 86% 1. 03[0. 36,2. 96] Briel 2008 73/232 68/226 6. 05% 1. 07[0. 72,1. 59] Kristoffersen 2009 Stolz 2009 Analysis 2.
Comparison 2 Procalcitonin algorithm versus no procalcitonin algorithm, sensitivity analyses, Outcome 5 Mortality at 30 days stratified by blinded outcome assessment. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Study or subgroup PCT-guid- Controls Odds Ratio Weight Odds Ratio ed care n/N n/N M-H, Fixed, 95% CI M-H, Fixed, 95% CI Total events: 416 (PCT-guided care), 483 (Controls) Heterogeneity: Tau =0; Chi =9. 22, df=19(P=0. 97); I =0% Test for overall effect: Z=2. 6(P=0. 01) Total (95% CI) 5016 5030 100% 0. 89[0. 78,1] Total events: 606 (PCT-guided care), 666 (Controls) Heterogeneity: Tau =0; Chi =14. 3, df=27(P=0. 98); I =0% Test for overall effect: Z=1. 89(P=0. 06) Study or subgroup Test for subgroup differences: Chi =3. 4, df=1 (P=0.
2 Trials without blinded outcome assessment Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Study or subgroup PCT-guid- Controls Odds Ratio Weight Odds Ratio ed care n/N n/N M-H, Fixed, 95% CI M-H, Fixed, 95% CI Verduri 2015 19/88 12/90 1. 08% 1. 79[0. 81,3. 95] Najafi 2015 5/30 4/30 0. 39% 1. 3[0. 31,5. 4] Bloos 2016 140/552 149/537 13. 12% 0. 88[0. 68,1. 16] De Jong 2016 187/761 219/785 18. 92% 0. 84[0. 67,1. 06] Wang 2016 2/96 5/95 0. 57% 0. 38[0. 07,2. 02] Lima 2016 6/30 4/31 0. 37% 1. 69[0. 42,6. 7] Corti 2016 22/62 15/58 1. 16% 1. 58[0. 72,3. 46] Subtotal (95% CI) 2692 2690 55. 87% 0. 88[0. 77,1. 01] Total events: 592 (PCT-guided care), 648 (Controls) Heterogeneity: Tau =0; Chi =16. 89, df=22(P=0. 77); I =0% Test for overall effect: Z=1.
Comparison 2 Procalcitonin algorithm versus no procalcitonin algorithm, sensitivity analyses, Outcome 7 Mortality at 30 days stratified by follow up. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Study or subgroup PCT-guid- Controls Odds Ratio Weight Odds Ratio ed care n/N n/N M-H, Fixed, 95% CI M-H, Fixed, 95% CI 2. 7. Study or subgroup PCT-guid- Controls Odds Ratio Weight Odds Ratio ed care n/N n/N M-H, Fixed, 95% CI M-H, Fixed, 95% CI 2. 7. 1 Trials with 1 month follow up for mortality Christ-Crain 2004 4/124 3/119 0. 56% 1. 29[0. 28,5. 88] Briel 2008 0/232 1/226 0. 29% 0. 32[0. 01,7. 98] Nobre 2008 8/39 8/40 1. 19% 1. 03[0. 34,3. 09] Schuetz 2009 34/671 33/688 5. 88% 1. 06[0. 65,1. 73] Stolz 2009 8/51 12/50 1. 94% 0. 59[0.
Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections (Review) Copyright © 2019 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. tial > 1. 0: R against: > 90% Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews lems), 36 patients with a drop final diagnosis other than ARI Schroeder Germany Surgical ICU, Severe sep- Duration; R against AB: < 1 or 8 (27) AB use Hospital 19 non-ARI patients Parameter 2009 single cen- sis following Control (n = 3372) > 65% drop over 3 d PCT group (n = 3336) stay tre abdominal Demographics surgery Schuetz Age (year), mean (SD) Switzerland ED, medical Lower ARI 61. 2 ± 18. 4 Initiation and duration; R 60. 7 ± 18. 8 1304 (1381) AB use 1 month 22 post randomisation ex- 2009 ward, multi- with X-ray against AB: < 0.
The optical density (OD) of each sample was measured with a spectrophotometer (Multiskan EX, Thermo Scientific, Vantaa, Finland). The concentration at which the drugs were able to inhibit 50% of parasite growth (IC 50 ) was calculated with the inhibitory sigmoid E max model, with estimation of the IC 50 through non-linear regression using a standard function of the R software (ICEstimator version 1. 2)  [36]. IC 50 values were validated only if the OD ratio (OD at concentration 0 / OD at concentration max) was greater than 1. 8 and the confidence interval ratio (upper 95% confidence interval of the IC 50 estimation/lower 95% confidence interval of the IC 50 estimation) was less than 2. 0  [36].