dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments: We wish to thank the  Agence Régionale de Santé  and particularly  Paul Lechuga  and  Michel Guitton  for having enabled this study to be carried out by agreeing to share their data on drinking-water nitrate and pesticide measurements. We wish to thank the  Conseil Général des Deux-Sèvres , service de protection maternelle et infantile and particularly  Sylvie Strezlec  for having shared their birth record data. We wish to thank the  Centre Maurice Halbwach  and particularly  Alexandre Kysch  for having provided the correlation map between addresses and IRIS. We also wish to thank  Carole Pornet  for having shared the European deprivation index in the Deux-Sèvres department. Finally, we wish to thank  Jeffrey Arsham  for his English-language revision.
Study Selection All of the epidemiological studies assessing the prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents in the CWS were included in the present work. To identify the relevant studies, we reviewed the following databases up to January 30, 2015, and the beginning years of searching were selected according to the creation date of each database: PubMed (from 1966), ERIC (from 1964), FRANCIS (from 1972), PsycARTI-CLES (from 1894), PsychINFO (from 1806), and Science Direct (from 2006). A specific search strategy was developed based on a combination of the following terms: (mental disorders OR psychiatric disorders) AND (epidemiology OR prevalence OR survey) AND (child OR adolescent OR youth) AND (child welfare OR foster OR residential OR out of home OR local authority care OR child maltreatment OR youth welfare institution).
Selection of Studies and Data Extraction Two authors (GB and MA) screened the titles and abstracts of the database records and retrieved the full texts for eligibility assessment and independently examined the full-text records for eligibility. Disagreements were resolved by consensus discussion. The articles of the studies were then independently reviewed by 2 of the authors (GB and MA). The data were independently extracted into a standard electronic form that included the following: the name of the first author, date of publication, country, representativeness of the sample, type of placement, type of population, sex ratio, mean age, age range, sample size, study design (ie, a 1-step procedure that involved applying the diagnostic interview to the whole sample or a 2step procedure that applied screening instruments followed by diagnostic interviews for only those participants who screened positively), participation rate of the screening sample, screening instrument used in the studies with 2-step procedures, participation rate of the diagnostic sample, diagnostic instrument, type of diagnostic instrument (ie, structured or semistructured), diagnostic criteria, informants (ie, youths, parents or caregivers, and teachers), and functional impairment (requirement for the diagnosis and definition).
2 studies included IdenƟficaƟon Records idenƟfied through database searching (n =1219) AddiƟonal records idenƟfied through other sources (n = 0) Records aŌer duplicates removed (n = 1200) Screening Records screened Records excluded (n =1200) (n =1188) Eligibility Full-text arƟcles assessed for eligibility (n = 12) Full-text arƟcles excluded, with reasons (n = 4) LifeƟme prevalence AdministraƟve diagnosis Diagnosis not based DSM/ICD Not apply diagnosƟc interview Included Studies included in quanƟtaƟve and qualitaƟve synthesis (n = 8) FIGURE 1. PRISMA 2009 flow diagram of review process and study selection.
foetuses of sloths or focused on the developmental sequence of their skeleton  14, 15. However, these do not detail the development of the teeth or provide a comparative basis upon which to analyse possible homologies with the dentition of other mammals. Using a large dataset of scanned foetuses of sloths, we provide data on xenarthran prenatal dental ontogeny, identify some developmental criteria with which to recognize homologies with other mammalian teeth, and propose a new hypothesis for the development of heterodonty in sloths.
25  ; they occur transiently during development in all members of a population, and on occasion persist into maturity. While both extant genera have similar development of the lower teeth, including the mineralization of paired mesial vestigial teeth (dv), differences are evident on the upper jaw, with Bradypus displaying premaxillary vestigial teeth and Choloepus maxillary but no premaxillary vestigial teeth. First evidence of tooth replacement in sloths. Vestigial teeth were observed in the maxillae of Choloepus (dCf). These vestigial teeth are very close to the caniniform teeth (Cf). They are located in the same alveolus, and appear apically with respect to the Cf (Fig. 3A, B ), as expected in vertical dental replacement (e. g. 26, 27 ). Determining the epithelial connections of teeth during early developmental stages provides the best criterion for defining the deciduous or permanent homologies of individual teeth  28, 29  , but unstained CT data do not convey this information on the differentiation of the dental lamina.
g. , dP3-4  28, 29  ) although the proposed sequence is only based on two foetal Bradypus specimens. The vestigial premaxillary teeth (dVpmx) of Bradypus likely correspond to vestigial incisors that are resorbed during development and are never observed in adult specimens, not even as anomalies  12. The relative timing of mineralization of the dVpmx, first upper molariform (dMf1), and lower caniniform (dcf) cannot be precisely determined based on our dataset. However, their mineralization likely occurs shortly before that of the distalmost upper and lower molariform teeth (dMf4 and dmf3) since the latter only show an incipient mineralization in the youngest specimen with evidence bearing on that locus (specimen MNHN CG 1995-326A, Figs  1C  and 2C ). If the general trends observed when studying the mammalian dental mineralization sequence (e.
Methods We sampled material from collections of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (ZMB), the Natural History Museum of London (BMNH), the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris (MNHN), and the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique in Brussels (IRSNB). A total of 25 unsexed sloth foetuses were examined, representing four species of both extant genera: Bradypus tridactylus, Bradypus variegatus, Choloepus didactylus, and Choloepus hoffmanni  51. Species identification was based on collection data (especially geographical origin) and cranial anatomy  51, 52  and was possible for 17 of our 25 specimens (S2). They range in size from 70 to 200 mm crown rump length (CRL), measured from the vertex of the skull to the base of the tail. Collections of such non-model organisms often include specimens collected decades ago and invariably lack data on individual age.
Assignment to a relative developmental stage was based on the Skull Length (SL) and the number of discrete ossification centres throughout the skeleton  15, 53, 54. 3-D data acquisition. Skulls were imaged using high-resolution microtomography (μCT) at the Helmholtz Zentrum (Berlin, Germany), at the Natural History Museum (London, UK), at the AST-RX platform MNHN (Paris, France), and at VISCOM SARL (Saint Ouen l' Aumône, France). This method allows 3D renderings of ossified tissues, as well as non-invasive virtual extractions of dental elements. Due to the scan resolution, we could not test for the putative presence of a small enamel cap at the tips of the forming teeth. These reconstruction and visualization were performed using stacks of digital CT images with the AVIZO 7. 1 (Visualization Sciences Group) software.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  M. Herbin ,  C. Bens ,  G. Véron ,  A. Verguin ,  F. Renoult ,  C. Denys  and  J. Cuisin  ( Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris ),  Peter Giere  and  Frieder Mayer  ( Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin )  Paula Jenkins  and  Roberto Portela Miguez  ( Natural History Museum, London ), and their colleagues for access to comparative material. N. Karjilov  ( Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin ),  R. Abel  ( Natural History Museum ),  M. García-Sánz  ( AST-RX platform, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France ),  F. Landru ,  C. Morlier ,  G. Guillemain  and all the staff from  Viscom SARL  ( St Ouen l' Aumône, France ) provided generous help and advice with CT acquisition. We thank  Dennyss Lelaurin  and  Mélanie Canas-Grosso  for their help in the data acquisition.
We acknowledge financial support from the Grant  F/09 364/I  from the  Leverhulme Trust. This work has benefited from an " Investissements d' Avenir " grant managed by  Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France  (CEBA, ref. ANR-10-LABX-25-01 ). This publication is contribution No. ISEM 2016-081  of the  Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier  ( UMR 5554 -UM2 + CNRS + IRD ).
Breadfruit Cultivars Vanuatu is one of the most diverse nations in terms of the number of indigenous languages per head of population. Tryon (1997)  quoted a figure of 113 languages, some of them spoken by a handful of people. Because of the biology of breadfruit, which is heterozygous and sometimes propagated by seeds, and the number of languages spoken in Vanuatu, a very large number of cultivar names might be expected at island and country levels. Indeed, a database of 580 named entries has been compiled from various sources (Supplementary Table  1 ). Once synonyms and very similar names were discarded, 539 distinct names were left. The local taxonomy for the cultivars follows the model described by  Ragone et al. (2004)  with a binomial composed of a local head term for breadfruit modified by a descriptive term, or with a monomial in which a descriptive term is used and the term for breadfruit is understood.
But when they had accumulated several thousands of anomalies, they decided to build a webapplication. They also invented a "table of anomalies", a printed A4 sheet distributed during photowalks in order to keep track of all anomalies noticed. This "table" -useful because it could be transportable during photowalks -was later replaced, or, better say, complemented, by a smartphone application for Android and iOS. The application was developed only in 2014, two years after the actual creation of KP movement. As in the case of "Web Nabludatel", the advantage of having a mobile 15 API -Application Programming Interface -is a particular set of rules and specifications that software programs can follow to communicate with each other. It serves as an interface between different software programs and facilitates their interaction, similar to the way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers.
Represented on a map of RosYama, every pothole becomes part of a struggle against corruption  (Ermoshina, 2014: a). The app reinforces particular cases, inscribes them into a bigger movement, helps producing statistics on sensible issues, on which state institutions do not have data or are not willing to share this data with citizens. The apps help to build a civic expertise of these problems and even to transform political agenda. Thus, SLCAF brings a project of "police deontology reform", RosZKH has made several amendments to the Housing code that have been accepted in 2013, RosYama has managed to build a dialogue with Moscow city Road police and developed a common informational system and database of road quality problems. Civic apps can become tools for politicization of ordinary problems.
I approach the fieldwork through the questionings I previously exposed, in order to make generalizations based on the raw data I collected. I am using a qualitative approach in order to get a in-depth insight of the interviewees' personal path, of their experience as tourists and of their representations about France and the places they visit. I'm also interested in the meaning they give to their practices. In order to collect this kind of data, I interview Chinese tourists, since this methodology allows the interviewee to give developed responses and to revisit his or her personal, social and professional experiences. This is why is of utter importance for me to pick a fieldwork location where I can meet tourists.
2009; Chakroun and Zaghbib Turki, in press ). Unfortunately, the sedimentary deposits covering the internal and external surfaces of the shells limited observation and the descriptive terminology. Our observations were compared to the former data of P. Pallary (1934) and H. Sidi Maamar (1987). However, we did not re-examine the objects photographed by H. Sidi  Maamar (1987). The nomenclatures used by the different authors were updated using the database: World Register of Marine Species (http://www. marinespecies. org). The quantification by family was carried out using the method developed by C. Dupont (2006). In this way, we counted the Number of Remains (NR) belonging to marine shells, as well as the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI). For the gastropods, such as the Patellidae, Trochidae, Turritellidae, we counted the MNI using the apex.
5l ). We also observed rare fragments of Stramonita haemastoma shells, a widespread gastropod in Upper Pleistocene Mediterranean deposits (Chakroun, Zaghbib-Turki, Moncef-Turki 2016; Chakroun and Zaghbib-Turki in press). This rather large-sized species (50-60 mm) is adorned with tubers and characterized by a last developed whorl and a wide aperture  (Perrier 1954). The Turritellidae belong to the Turritella triplicata species, which is a gastropod with a shell with a rounded aperture and many turns, giving it an elongated shape  (Hörnes 1852 (Hörnes -1856;; Esu and Girotti 2010). The Scaphopod shells are abundant and correspond taxonomically mainly to the Dentaliidae family. The fragments that we identified seem to belong to three common Preliminary data on the exploitation of marine malacofauna by the Iberomaurus.
Conclusion 53 The malacological collection from Abri Alain comes from an excavation carried out at the beginning of the 20 th century. This collection has undergone a complex history, perhaps with different occupation periods, but has nonetheless yielded unprecedented results on subsistence and the symbolic behaviour of Iberomaurusian groups. The latter collected molluscs from rocky biotopes (mainly Patellidae, Mytilidae, Trochidae) in the intertidal zone, probably at low tide. The Muricidae, Ostreidae, Pectenidae, Cerastoderma edule could also have been consumed, but their status has yet to be defined. The Iberomaurusians also used a wide diversity of marine mollusc shells, gathered in secondary position, to make ornamental elements (Dentaliidae, Preliminary data on the exploitation of marine malacofauna by the Iberomaurus.
I am grateful to  Dick Carter ,  Guillaume Dezecache ,  Martin Fortier ,  Richard Moore  and anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and references. This research has been supported by an  ERC   Advanced Grant  'Dividnorm' # 269616 , and by two institutional grants:  ANR-10-LABX-0087 IEC  and  ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to  Francis Schaffner , who provides the cylindrical vessel of black plastic container to perform the experiments and to  Erion Muhaxhiri  for technical assistance. This work has been funded by  Institute of Public Health, Tirana  and the  EU  grant  FP7-261504 EDENext , and is catalogued by the EDENext Steering Committee as EDENext343. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. RR was partially funded by the  Autonomous Province of Trento (Italy) ,  Research funds for Grandi Progetti ,  Project LExEM  ( Laboratory of  excellence for epidemiology and modelling; http://www. lexem. eu).
Acknowledgments We are grateful for funding from the  National Research Agency (ANR) , which provided support for the doctoral position of R. S. through the  AMTools French ANR  project ( ANR-11-AGRO-0005 ). We thank  G. O'Neill  for his invaluable help on the subject and the many informative discussions. Finally, we thank sincerely all the actors who participated in the interviews and who offered their time to the project.
Database -GMES Urban Atlas Land-use patterns for the identification of the particularities of the urban morphology of Iasi and Lyon are derived from the GMES Urban Atlas, that is a database developed by the European Environment Agency (EEA). This database represents a significant improvement from Corinne Land Cover datasets (scale: 1:100. 000 ; MMU : 25 ha), as the GMES program has allowed the realization of maps with a higher degree of resolution (scale:1:10. 000 ; MMU : 0. 25 ha -artificial surfaces and 1 ha -other surfaces ) which allow a more detailed analysis in what concern the land use in the 27 countries of the European Union. [13]  This program covers the urban areas with more than 100 000 inhabitants, as by the Urban Audit for the reference year 2006. Data processing and satellite images were done by specialists, according to the GSE mapping guide, realizing adjustments where necessary.
Methodology Taking into account the fact that the GMES Urban Atlas provides, as mentioned above, data concerning the land-use types in an urban area, the methodology used in this study is limited to the analysis of the land-use patterns, that were derived using indicators that focus on identifying spatial patterns of the structure of the urban tissue. Thus, a set of indicators combining statistics and GIS techniques were calculated varying from simple ones like the median area of residential/green/industrial zones or the average distance from a residential zone to a green urban area to more complex ones like Compactness coefficient, Circularity index, Diversity index, Coefficient of Geographical Linkage and Moran's I Autocorrelation Index. The Compactness coefficient, as well as the Circularity Index focus on the regularity of the spatial extent of an urban area, being a good indicator for the degree of the urban sprawl phenomenon.
Therefore, when analyzing the morphology of an urban area, one should not forget that the urban tissue keeps the memory of the past through its spatial structures, a good evidence being the fact that the socialist policies could not alter the already built-up environment and therefore created new spatial structures, which in turn cannot be erased overnight and that's why the cities that were under the socialist regime will always have some distinctive features in regard to the western capitalist city. Finally, it is important to emphasis the fact that this study has limitations derived from its extensive focus on the functionality and form of the urban areas, while a city is not limited to only these two elements. It is also necessary to consider adding socioeconomic datasets in order to capture the social dimension of the city, not just the physical one in what concerns the future researches, but for an exploratory study it offered valuable information.
Various studies assessed the levels and identified the determinants of maternal malnutrition in Ethiopia using large-scale datasets, some of which focused on smaller geographical areas  (8, 9) , while others were representative of the entire country  (6, 10). Although health outcomes heavily depend on contextual factors such as community-based services and norms operating at community level  (2) , studies investigating women's nutritional status differentials in border areas are Global Health Action ae Global Health Action 2016. # 2016 Tefera Darge Delbiso et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Methods Our analysis was based on the third comprehensive Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) 2011 dataset. The survey was conducted to provide information mainly on fertility, family planning, HIV/ AIDS, maternal and child health, and nutrition indicators at the national and regional levels. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling design was used to select the sample households. The sample initially included 624 enumeration areas (clusters) Á 437 rural and 187 urban areas. However, in the Somali region, 28 of the 65 clusters were not interviewed due to drought and security concerns. Overall, 16,515 women of reproductive age (15Á49 years) were selected from 596 clusters to form a representative sample of this age group. The data was collected using a questionnaire, which was adapted from the MEASURE DHS project  (4).
Statistical analysis The EDHS data has a hierarchical structure, as women are grouped within clusters. This structure often yields data that are correlated and thus cannot be assumed independent. A multilevel approach adequately represents the unexplained variability of the nested structure, which is often difficult to represent in the single-level approach  (18). Taking into account the hierarchical structure of the dataset and the possible correlation that may exist within and between clusters, we used a two-level random intercept multinomial logistic regression model. In order to get unbiased estimates for the parameter in multinomial logistic regression, the Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) method was used as recommended by Browne  (19). For the MCMC estimation, we used diffused prior distributions: normal priors with large variances (mean00, variance 010 6 ) for regression parameters and inverse gamma (0.
Finally, we reported the posterior odds ratio (OR) and 95% Bayesian credible intervals (CrI) for each of the variables in the full model (Model 3). The statistical significance was based on the non-inclusion of 1. 0 in the 95% CrI. The statistical analysis was performed in STATA/IC 12. 1 using runmlwin command, a program to run the MLwiN multilevel modeling software from within Stata  (20). The map was produced using QGIS  (21).
Our study presents some limitations. First, BMI is influenced by the body shapes found in a population with heterogeneous body proportions (the ratio of leg-length to torso-length) (1). As the EDHS dataset lacks a sitting length that can be used to standardize the BMI, we used the BMI provided in the survey. Second, since cluster-level characteristics, such as community-level poverty, education, and access to toilet facilities, were not collected in EDHS, we included only three cluster-level covariates in our analysis (place of residence, agro-ecological zones, and distance to the border). Third, the cross-sectional nature of the data allows inferences on associations, but precludes establishing causal links. Finally, but important, our study only addressed one health component, the nutritional status in women 20Á49 years of age.
AGRADECIMENTOS Sanabria obteve aprovação ética por sua pesquisa da University of Cambridge e do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Seu trabalho teve o apoio do British Economic and Social Research Council (Grant PTA 03020033301669). Edmonds obteve aprovação ética da Princeton University e recebeu verba de Princeton, do Social Science Research Council e da Woodrow Wilson Foundation. Os autores expressam sua gratidão a Eileen Moyer e Vinh-Kim Nguyen, que organizaram a conferência "Beyond Biosocialities in Medical Anthropology" na University of Amsterdam em janeiro de 2013, para a qual o presente estudo foi desenvolvido, estendendo agradecimentos a Marian Burchardt, a Carlo Caduff e aos participantes da REFERÊNCIAS ARAUJO, Thalia V. Barreto de; AQUINO, Estela M. L. Fatores de risco para histerectomia em mulheres brasileiras.