dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Mobile money payments were sent to the vendor (Easypaisa), who sent a payout notification and passcode to the registered caregiver via SMS. Caregivers could redeem the cash by presenting their NIC and SMS passcode at any Easypaisa franchise following biometric verification. Caregiverchild pairs in mCCT and SMS arms also received up to 3 automatic SMS reminders: a day before, on the day of, and (if the appointment was missed) six days after the scheduled immunization date (see supplemental material for detail). Immunization dates were automatically calculated by the EIR using Pakistan's EPI schedule and the child's date of birth reported at enrollment. SMS reminders in the mCCT arms also specified the mCCT amount caregiver-child pairs would receive post vaccination on their next visit. All caregiver-child pairs were followed until the child was at least 18 months.
Database and data handling procedures Data for the study was directly captured within the Government's Electronic Immunization Registry. The primary study data collected for the immunization was the same as the routinely collected data as per Department of Health requirements. Additional demographic data was collected for children enrolled in the study. For mCCT transfer via mobile money, the NIC number was also collected which is standard practice for Government programs disbursing funds to individuals. Data on SMS reminder status (receipt or failure) was automatically populated in the database through the EIR. The phones used for data collection by field staff had password locks with additional protection through software "sign-on" passwords. The data was transferred from the device to a server in real-time where possible.
Ethical review The protocol received ethical approvals from the Institutional Review Board at Interactive Research and Development (IRB-IRD) and the Committee on the Use of Humans as Experimental Subjects (COUHES) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (registration number IRB00000522). IRB-IRD is registered with the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) with registration number IRB 00005148. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT03355989), 3ie registry (58f6ee7725fc1), and AEA RCT Registry (AEARCTR-0001953).
Outcomes RCT: The primary outcome measure was FIC at 12 months, defined as receiving one dose of BCG, three doses of Penta, PCV and OPV, and one dose of measles vaccines. We examined the proportion of children receiving timely doses of each antigen (receiving the antigen within 28 days of the recommended age), and up-to-date immunization coverage at 18 months of age (proportion of vaccinated children at 18 months) for the third dose of pentavalent (penta-3), the first dose of measles (measles-1), and the second dose of measles (measles-2) vaccines by study arm, mCCT amount, schedule and design. Children's immunization data for analyzing study outcomes was collected at the study immunization clinics by the study staff during enrollment and follow-up through verifying vaccination administration by the vaccinator and follow-up phone calls if required.
Statistical analyses The analysis was performed by the original assigned group (Intention to Treat). Children with missing vaccination dates (321/11,197, 2. 9%) were included in coverage analysis but excluded from (secondary) timeliness analysis. Means and standard deviations of baseline data across mCCT, SMS, and control arms were described. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were calculated for receiving SMS only versus control and any mCCT versus SMS for our primary and secondary outcomes. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logit regression and adjusted for risk variables selected from all baseline characteristics using one step lasso. We then estimated the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for the four key design choices: high versus low, flat versus sharp, certain versus lottery, and airtime versus mobile money reporting p-values adjusting for multiplicity (using the Romano and Wolf approach).
Now called Ehsaas,  30  the Program has expanded as an umbrella initiative to address poverty and inequality, focusing on human capital formation. Our findings suggest tying a small part of the payment to childhood immunizations would boost immunization while ensuring the marginalized who fail to meet conditions continue to receive some transfer. For countries or populations, including many in Pakistan, not covered by income support programs, our findings suggest small mCCTs can substantially increase immunization at low cost. Our study also demonstrates how EIRs (which are increasingly popular even in LMICs) can be leveraged to automatically deliver small mCCTs at a large scale with little additional administrative burden. A provincial Government EIR is in use throughout Sindh, and pilot projects in other provinces have generated interest in a nationwide EIR, which could provide a platform for large scale implementation of small mCCTs.
Our study has limitations. Firstly, as we used individual randomization among those attending immunization clinics, we could not advertise the existence of mCCTs to those not reached by immunization services or test the impact of mCCTs on this group. Other studies  18  have found community-level information on mCCTs increases their impact, and thus the program might have a larger impact at scale with broader communication. Secondly, out of those eligible for mCCTs, 14. 4% could not be incentivized in the mobile money arm due to the unavailability of NICs, and 0. 3% could not be incentivized in the airtime arms due to incompatible mobile subscriptions (only pre-paid mobile connections could be sent airtime). Lastly, some children may have been vaccinated outside of the study province or through door-to-door campaigns which do not use the EIR.
Contributors SC, AJK and RG conceptualized the study. SC and RG designed the study with input from ED. SC, AJK and RG acquired funding. SC, RG, and DAS developed the methodology. SC supervised the changes in EIR software. RG generated the randomization sample. DAS and SA implemented the project and curated the data under supervision of SC. ED and RG conducted the statistical analyses with input from SC and DAS. SC, DAS, and RG interpreted the data and wrote the original draft. All authors contributed to and reviewed the final submitted manuscript. All authors had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
Acknowledgments We thank  Karen Levy  for her contribution during the protocol development of the study and for providing insights during the initial implementation of the trial. We thank  Dr. Sundus Iftikhar  ( IRD Pakistan ) and  Tam Minh Trinh  ( University of Chicago ) for the data analysis support. We also thank  Dr. Agha Ali Akram  for his contribution during the protocol development phase of the study. We extend our gratitude to the  Expanded Programme for Immunization -Sindh  for their support throughout the study and thank the front-line health workers and  Town Administration  for their cooperation during implementation. We acknowledge the efforts of the entire study team, who were part of the implementation throughout the four years.
Germ cell quantification The sections of the gonads from the animals sacrificed at 2 dpp were stained with Trichrome. The number of germ cells was calculated in the 10,000 µm 2 area in 5 crosssections from each gonad using the ImageJ software. The diameter of testes, testis cords, and ovaries was measured in the five widest cross-sections. Average values and standard deviation were calculated using Microsoft Excel software.
Patients and Methods The OFSEP cohort and participating centers OFSEP is a French multimodal nationwide MS registry  [24]. Data are prospectively collected during follow-up in the European Database for MS (EDMUS) software  [24,  ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT/ CLEAN  COPY 25]. For the current study, five French MS centers were selected according to their systematic strategies in PP. Two of them, defined as "treating centers" (TC), propose a systematic standardized intravenous corticotherapy after delivery contrary to the three others, defined as "non-treating centers" (NTC).
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents All patients signed an informed consent to allow the registration of their medical data in the OFSEP database. The present study received approval from the Comité de Protection des Personnes on April 16th 2019 (registration number SI: 19. 03. 05. 63609) and was declared to the Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de santé (ID RCB:2019-A00567-50). The study was also registered in clinicaltrials. gov (NCT03917589). All patients received an information letter and a non-consent form.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT/ CLEAN COPY Following variables were collected using extraction from EDMUS database (from 2 years before pregnancy onset to 2 years after delivery): age and MS duration at delivery, clinical activity (ARR, relapses, EDSS), radiological activity and DMDs exposure (considering first-line therapies (interferon, glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide, dimethyl-fumarate), second-line therapies (natalizumab, fingolimod), third-line therapy (mitoxantrone, alemtuzumab) and off-label therapies (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, laquinimod, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab)). Missing data were collected directly on site by two neurologists (SL, LL) and data (as relapses, EDSS, MRI parameters) were checked using MS patients' files in each center. A questionnaire about breastfeeding (exclusivity/duration), vitamin D supplementation and smoking habits before/during/after pregnancy was sent to patients.
Then, outcomes were studied using Kaplan-Meier methods weighting by the stabilized inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTW), a weight obtained from PS and the corresponding log-rank test. In each balanced group, we reported and compared the ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT/ CLEAN COPY weighted restricted mean time (RMST) before reaching outcomes  [30]  (significance level: 5%). RMST were restricted at six months, one year and two years of PP. Binary outcomes were assessed using IPTW weighted logistic regression. Confidence interval were obtained by bootstrap (k=1000). Analysis was performed using R software (R4. 0. 3), the weighted Kaplan-Meier estimators were obtained using the package RISCA  [31].
Characteristics at baseline and at delivery Database extraction identified 390 eligible patients. Inclusion process led to 350 patients retained for the analysis (Figure  1 ). 1. A for the main analysis and available in supplementary for the secondary analysis (eTable 1. A). Overall, 116 (33. 1%) patients were followed in TC and 234 (66. 9%) in NTC, and 71 (20. 3%) patients were actually treated with IVMP in the PP period (69 from TC, 2 from NTC). Clinical data (ARR, EDSS), radiological activity and DMDs use were similar between patients of TC and NTC within the two years before pregnancy. Overall, 150 patients were exposed to DMDs during pregnancy (72. 7% with first line, 25. 3% with second line and 2% with off-label therapy), with a mean duration of 2. 4 (±3) months and no difference between TC and NTC.
Considering breastfeeding, no difference between the two groups was reported in the American study, but data were not available for the French one. Considering the statistical analysis, the authors did not balance their treated/not treated groups that were not comparable and they did not consider the indication bias especially in the American study. In our study, we retrospectively included 350 patients of five French MS centers with a prospective follow-up. Our findings were consistent with recent literature, confirming an increase of ARR in PP but lower than the ARR firstly described in historical cohorts, with 13% of patients presenting a relapse during the 3 months PP  [4, 7, 8, 10-12, 15, 32]. These data confirmed a decrease of the risk of inflammatory disease reactivation in PP. Unlike the two previous studies, we found no benefit for a preventive corticotherapy in our cohort on clinical parameters  [16, 17] , maybe partly explained by the difference in term of disease activity before pregnancy between our contemporary cohort and these two older cohorts (ARR of 0.
Characteristics of breastfeeding such as exclusivity or duration, assessed after baseline, could thus be influenced by that occurs after baseline, such as disease activity, preventing their inclusion in the PS. Early DMD resumption after delivery could reduce the risk of disease reactivation  [8, 9, 13, 14, 23]. In our study, no difference for delay of DMD resumption was found between TC and NTC and did not influence our results. One of the main strengths of our study is the large sample of MS patients with a prospective follow up, composing a representative cohort. There were very few missing data concerning our clinical endpoints, thanks to the use of EDMUS database, on-site data control and additional data collected with questionnaires. Regarding methodological choices, all women of TC did not receive IVMP (40% of patients from TC remained untreated).
Main limitations of our study are classical ones in such retrospective studies, linked to the challenge of data collection. We ensured quality of our collected data using a national database, on sites files' checking and questionnaires. However, a selection bias could exist as we included patients followed exclusively in MS expert centers whose representativeness may be questionable. Only 71 patients of the entire cohort were actually treated, among which 69 patients of TC. The quite low proportion of treated patients in TC could be explained by different management strategies in PP according to neurologist. Moreover, even in a systematic approach, several patients ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT/ CLEAN COPY may have declined the proposal of a preventive corticotherapy administered monthly. Despite these limitations, collected data remains of great interest as no randomized study would be easily achievable on this purpose on a cohort of MS patients.
Acknowledgments: The present study is supported by a grant from the  ARSEP. This work has been done with data from the OFSEP (http://www. ofsep. org/fr/),which is supported by a grant provided by the  French State  and handled by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  within the framework of the  Investments for the Future program  under the reference  ANR-10-COHO-002  OFSEP and by the  Eugene Devic Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis. The authors thank the technicians of participating centers for their help ( Mr Leport  from  Rennes ,  Mrs Moyon  from  Nantes ,  Mrs Callier  from  Nice ,  Mrs Berthe  from Strasbourg). The authors also thank  Merck Serono  for partly supporting this study. Acknowledgments: The present study is supported by a grant from the  ARSEP. This work has been done with data from the OFSEP (http://www.
ofsep. org/fr/),which is supported by a grant provided by the  French State  and handled by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  within the framework of the  Investments for the Future program  under the reference  ANR-10-COHO-002  OFSEP and by the  Eugene Devic Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis. The authors thank the technicians of participating centers for their help ( Mr Leport  from  Rennes ,  Mrs Moyon  from  Nantes ,  Mrs Callier  from  Nice ,  Mrs Berthe  from Strasbourg). The authors also thank  Merck Serono  for partly supporting this study.
45 ± 0. 25 × 10 5 a. u. for the shPrickle2 group). Together, these data suggest that the underlying morphological AIS alterations and reduction of sodium channels as a consequence of Prickle2 depletion correlate with changes in AP generation. We next performed current-clamp recordings from neurons at DIV22 to investigate whether the decrease in excitability at DIV8 was transient or long lasting (Fig. 8I , left). At this stage, the resting membrane potential, as determined from current-clamp recordings, was more hyperpolarized than at DIV8 but not different between the two groups (Table  2 ). The input resistance remained higher in Prickle2-depleted neurons than in controls. We next assessed AP firing as a response to long current injection steps. Control neurons continuously increased their firing rate with larger current injections, whereas shPrickle2 neurons fired earlier and, after reaching a peak firing rate at an earlier current threshold, showed a decline in AP frequency (Fig.
Experimental design Sample sizes were not predetermined using power analysis, since they were not chosen on the basis of prespecified effect size. Instead, multiple independent experiments were carried out using several biological replicates. Detailed descriptions of sample size and statistical analysis used to test normality and calculate P values are given in Tables  1  and 2 , in supplementary figure legends, and in the "Data and statistical analysis" section. Data were collected and analyzed by multiple researchers, who were blinded to the conditions whenever experimentally possible.
Live-cell imaging and MT severing-Photoablation CF640R-coupled (Mix-n-Stain, Biotium) extracellular anti-pan neurofascin antibody (used 1/200 in Neurobasal; NeuroMab, clone A12/18, 75-172, RRID:AB_2282826) was incubated on live neurons for 5 min at RT. After two washes in Neurobasal, neurons were returned to their conditioned medium until imaged. Live-cell imaging experiments were performed in a Nikon Eclipse Ti-E inverted microscope (Nikon), equipped with a Plan Apo VC 100× 1. 40 numerical aperture (NA) oil, a Yokogawa CSU-X1-A1 spinning disk confocal unit (Roper Scientific), a Photometrics Evolve 512 EMCCD (Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device) camera (Roper Scientific), and an incubation chamber (Tokai Hit) mounted on a motorized XYZ stage (Applied Scientific Instrumentation), which were all controlled using MetaMorph (Molecular Devices) software.
Image acquisition and processing Most of the IUE brain slice imaging was performed using a Zeiss AxioImager Z1 (63×/1. 40 NA oil objective) equipped with an AxioCam MRm, the Zen software (Zeiss), and a light-emitting diode (LED) light source, Colibri 7, from Zeiss [wavelengths: ultraviolet (UV), 385/30 nm; V, 423/44 nm; B, 469/38 nm; C, 511/44 nm; G, 555/30 nm; Y, 590/27 nm; R, 631/33 nm]. Stacks of 18. 98 m (73 slides, step size of 0. 26 m) were taken for analysis. For dissociated neuron analysis, except for those in Fig. 2 , Z-stacks were collected per cell with the abovementioned Zeiss microscope (five slides with a step size of 0. 25 m and a total depth of 1 m). COS7 cells were imaged as single plane acquisitions. All the acquisitions were collected with sequential wavelength acquisition.
A confocal/ STED microscope (TCS SP8; Leica) with module STED x3 was used for some of the neurons (DIV1 to DIV3 in Fig. 2 ), COS7, and tissue acquisitions. For illustration, brains from rat IUE were imaged using a Z step from 0. 25. For MT dynamics analysis, movies and images were processed using Fiji (https://imagej. net/Fiji). Kymographs were generated using the ImageJ plugin KymoResliceWide v. 0. 4 (https://github. com/ekatrukha/KymoResliceWide). Image editing was performed using ImageJ or Photoshop 7. 0 (Adobe).
Cordelieres (Bordeaux Imaging Centre). The same macro was used to draw the linescans of Prickle2 and AnkG profiles at the AIS in cultured neurons at different stages. Linescans in STED images were performed using ImageJ by drawing the lines at the specified regions and exporting the data of the fluorescence profiles. For AIS thickness measurements, stacks (five slides with a step size of 0. 25 m and a total depth of 1 m) were collected with Zeiss AxioImager Z1 (63×/1. 40 NA oil objective) equipped with an AxioCam MRm, the Zen software (Zeiss), and an LED light source, Colibri 7, from Zeiss (wavelengths: UV, 385/30 nm; V, 423/44 nm; B, 469/38 nm; C, 511/44 nm; G, 555/30 nm; Y, 590/ 27 nm; R, 631/33 nm). Three vertical lines (one for the proximal region and two for the distal part) were traced with ImageJ crossing the AIS from top to bottom along its thickness.
Absolute peak locations were determined by using an automated peak detection mechanism (AxographX). The distance between peaks was subsequently calculated as the differences between two peaks. We calculated histograms for control and shPrickle2-transfected neurons and fitted the data with a Gaussian equation. HEK293T and COS-7 culture, transfection, and immunofluorescence HEK293 containing the SV40 large T antigen [HEK293T, from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), CRL-11268-G1TM, RRID:CVCL_0063] and COS-7 (ATCC, CRL-1651, RRID:CVCL_ 0224) were cultured with advanced Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco), 1% l-glutamine (200 mM; Gibco), and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 U/ml; Gibco). Cell cultures were grown in a humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO 2.
Electrophysiology recordings and data analysis Neuronal cultures from DIV7 or DIV8 to DIV21 or DIV22 were transferred to RT recording solution composed of 125 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 25 mM Hepes, 2 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgSO 4 , and 10 mM glucose, and the pH was set to 7. 4 with NaOH. All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France). For electrophysiology recordings, neurons were continuously perfused with recording solution, and recordings were carried out at RT to extend the survival of the neurons. Nucleofected neurons were identified by their GFP fluorescence on upright microscopes [LN-scope (Luigs-Neumann, Ratingen, Germany) or Olympus BX51 (Olympus, Rungis Cedex, France)] using a standard GFP filter set (GFP-30LP-B-000, Semrock, IDEX Health & Science LLC, Rochester, NY, USA) and LED illumination for transmitted and epifluorescence light.
4 megohms. Whole-cell current-and voltageclamp recordings were performed with Sutter double IPA amplifiers (Sutter Instruments) controlled by SutterPatch software (Sutter Instruments). Recordings were sampled with a minimum rate of 10 kHz and four-pole Bessel filtered at 5 kHz. In current-clamp recordings, bridge balance and capacitance were compensated. At DIV22, neurons with a resting membrane potential more depolarized than -50 mV were excluded from analysis. All recordings were analyzed with SutterPatch software and Igor Pro (Wavemetrics, Lake Oswego, OR, USA) or AxographX (Axograph. com). Analysis routines were set up in SutterPatch to automatize analysis. Input resistance was determined from a linear fit to the steady-state voltage in response to small current injection steps (±5 pA at DIV8 and ±30 pA at DIV22).
Data and statistical analysis Experimenters were blinded to the conditions to perform the data analysis. Data analysis and plotting were performed using GraphPad (San Diego, CA). Details about data display in graphics, sample size, and statistical tests are found Tables  1  and 2. To choose the right statistical test, datasets were first tested for normality using D'Agostino and Pearson or Shapiro-Wilk tests. Statistical significance was then determined by the corresponding test, considering the distribution of the data and the variance (equal or unequal). We generally refer to biological replicates as independent experiments. For IUE experiments, we considered the number of brains as biological replicates, while the independent experiments refer to the pregnant rats. Statistical significance was defined as *P < 0.