dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2020). This study protocol was thus applied to each settlement occupation to obtain technical data on the domestic ceramic assemblages. Performing a comprehensive study of each assemblage through macroscopic observations under a lowangled light helped find diagnostic attributes related to methods, techniques, tools, and gestures used by the potters to manufacture the pottery. Collecting these data ultimately allowed us to reconstruct segments of chaînes opératoires  (Ard, 2014; Roux, 2011 Roux, , 2016 Roux, , 2019)). Looking at a sample of at least 10% of each assemblage with a stereomicroscope (maximum magnification of 40×) then helped validate the macroscopic surface treatment identifications and rule out potential traces tied to taphonomic processes (Figure  4 ). This was done once the macroscopic observation was completed to allow for a representative selection of sherds, depending on the hypothesised surface treatment.
In the current state of knowledge about the Upper Rhône valley, the ceramic technical data would thus either indicate that: (1) more communities interacted with the necropolis during the Final Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age than during the Bell Beaker period, or (2) Bell Beaker communities favoured ceramic productions from a few sites for deposition in the necropolis. 6 Bell Beakers and the 'Petit-Chasseur' Necropolis: Continuity and Change The results presented in this article attest to ceramic technical traditions and constellations of practices undergoing major modifications at the transitions into and out of the Bell Beaker period. But the integration of these data within the general context of the Upper Rhône valley highlights that the emergence of the phenomenon in the region affected more than simply pottery manufacturing techniques.
Conclusion This pottery technology study investigated the connection between short-term settlements and a megalithic funerary and ritual site in the Upper Rhône valley in southwestern Switzerland (3300-1600 BCE). It then discussed the integration of the Bell Beaker phenomenon in the archaeological context of the area. The comparison of domestic and funerary ceramic productions across 1700 years revealed both continuities and discontinuities in knowledge transmission as well as shifts in the structure of pottery constellations of practice between each period. The social practices related to the use and deposition of pottery in the megalithic necropolis of Sion 'Petit-Chasseur' also changed significantly through time. The juxtaposition of data on pottery traditions from the Bell Beaker period (2500-2200 BCE) with those from the preceding Valaisian Final Neolithic context (3300-2600/2500 BCE) and the succeeding Early Bronze Age (2200-1600 BCE) highlighted the arrival of new traditions with the emergence of the Bell Beaker complex.
Acknowledgments: This work would not have been possible without  Pierre-Yves Nicod and Sophie Broccard  from the  Valaisian History Museum , and  Caroline Brunetti  and  Emmanuelle Evequoz  from the  Valaisian Cantonal Service for Archaeology (Sion, Switzerland ), as they gave us access to the pottery and excavation documents related to 13 of the 14 sites studied for this research project. At InSitu Archéologie S. A. (previously ARIA S. A. ), we would like to thank  Manuel Mottet  and his team for granting us access to the pottery and excavation documents of Salgesch 'Mörderstein', as well as its monography manuscript, as the book was still in preparation. Our thanks also go to  Dominique Baudais  for providing us with additional excavation documents and discussing with us the stratigraphy of Sion ' Sous-le-Scex Est/Garage Turbo '.
We offer our heartfelt thanks to Rubis Control SA and  Simon Laisney  for the micro-computed tomography scans of two Bell Beaker potsherds. We also wish to thank  Dr. Valentine Roux  for granting us access to the " Préhistoire et Technologie " laboratory's reference collection for an entire week, and for her very helpful comments regarding an earlier version of this article. Finally, we thank  Dr. Jessica Ryan-Despraz  for proofreading this manuscript, and the three anonymous referees whose reviews led to further improvements. Funding information: This work was supported by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  under Grant  172742  ( PI M. Besse ) and the  Physics and Natural History Society of Geneva  ( Bourse Augustin Lombard 2017 ,  E. Derenne ). Author contributions: ED, VA, and MB conceptualised the study, which was supervised and managed administratively by MB.
1977)  for ISD in the LIC, and later also studying the influence of various dust compositions on the filtered mass distributions. Sterken et al. (2013)  reported on the simulated filtering of ISD at different locations in the solar system (the asteroid belt, Jupiter, and Saturn) assuming astronomical silicates adapted to the maximum of the β-curve derived from Ulysses data by  Landgraf et al. (1999). Hunziker et al. (2022b)  illustrate how this filtering changes with dust composition for the Destiny+ space mission, and illustrates how the simpler model of filtering in the solar system only, together with sufficient data from ISD monitoring, can reveal information about the time-dependence of the filtering in the heliosphere boundary. Figure  6  from  (Sterken et al. 2013)  illustrates an example of filtering at the distance of the asteroid belt throughout the solar cycle (not including the heliosheath filtering).
These illustrate the strong dependence of the grain penetration in the heliosphere on grain size and magnetic field polarity. The advantage of such models is that they correctly treat grains as particles, since graingrain interactions are not significant on the scale of the heliosphere. As noted above, the models ignore the evolution of the heliosphere with time. More accurate models that include the evolution of the heliosphere are not able to make the steady flow assumption and thus need to follow many more particle trajectories to get the same spatial coverage of the steady flow models. The need for more particle trajectories is challenging computationally and has not been accomplished to date (except for the simplified time-variable models described in Sect. 4. 1, which neglect the heliosheath if not using Ulysses data to calibrate these models).
In Situ Measurements by Spacecraft Interstellar dust has been measured in the solar system with in situ detectors since 1993  (Grün et al. 1993). Ulysses, Cassini, Galileo, Helios, and Wind have detected ISD in the solar system and some of these data show an imprint of the solar cycle (e. g. Ulysses, Wind). Landgraf (1998)  demonstrated for the first time a solar-cycle dependent flux of ISD in the Ulysses data by comparing the data with computer simulations. (Sterken et al. 2015)  showed that the 16 years of Ulysses data, and in particular the change in flux and flow direction in 2005, could be partially explained by such simulations, but not all the data could be fit. It was postulated that adding the heliospheric interface regions to the simulations could resolve this conundrum. However, this solution would imply that the micron-sized particles are porous, while the particles smaller than about half a micron would be compact, in line with observations from Cassini (compact submicron-sized dust particles,  Altobelli et al.
Detecting DIBs associated with local clouds would be a step forward in understanding where these particles reside and how they participate in the ISD lifecycle. Unfortunately, DIBs are weak, and up to now their unambiguous detection has been made only in the spectra of distant stars. In the same way that extinction due to the local clouds could be detected by accumulating a large number of individual measurements, it is hoped that an accumulation of spectra of nearby stars could reveal the weak DIBs potentially associated with local clouds. Vast amounts of data recorded with the Radial Velocity Spectrometer (RVS) on board Gaia are being analyzed. The RVS wavelength range contains the 860 nm DIB already detected in many ground-based spectra. Optimistically, results about the local clouds may occur in the near future.
research  and innovation program  under grant agreement Nr. 851544. K. Herbst acknowledges the funding from the  German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG ) priority program SPP 1992 through the project  HE 8392/1-1. V. V. Izmodenov and  E. A. Godenko  acknowledge support from the  Russian Science Foundation  under grant  19-12-00383. Funding Note Open access funding provided by  Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich.
Brian Stanley, a well-known mission historian, was appointed director of NAMP in 1996, with John Casson as research assistant. This project later expanded internationally to become Currents in World Christianity, occasioning a series 66 For example, by Kairos for international outreach, by Link House for coffee mornings, and by the Chinese Christian Fellowship. New users included African and Japanese Christian Fellowships, Christians in Sport, and the Cambridge Christian Music Society. 67 As examples, one of these visits was to a mission conference in Bangladesh, another to Yale University in the US, another to the Universities of Edinburgh and Birmingham where specialist studies in mission were now established. of 27 books on mission and world Christianity, and the Mission Periodicals Database.
Procedures The field experiment was run during the 20th edition of the traditional music Festival "La Notte della Taranta", that takes place each year in August in the most southern part of the Apulia region (South of Italy). The event is among the most important European folk festivals, and attracted approximately 300,000 attendees per year during editions 2012-2017. It consists of 15 itinerant minor concerts (approximately 85,000 attendees per year, with a median of 7,000 attendees per concert) and a final concert (approximately 200,000 attendees per year). For both types of concerts entry 1 3 Target-the-Two: a lab-in-the-field experiment on… is free. The data employed in our analysis was collected during the rehearsal of the final concert (Friday, August 24 2017: 50,000 attendees) and during the final concert itself (Saturday, August 24 2017: 200,000 attendees), where we observe a higher mass-gathering effect and a higher level of individual alcohol consumption.
We performed our lab-in-the-field in August 2017, i. e. , long before the COVID-19 pandemics, which has dramatically increased the frequency of online experiments, with researchers significantly improving techniques to recruit representative subject pools, implement video controls during the experiment, and perform payment procedures credible to subjects (see, e. g. ,  Buso et al. 2021). At the same time, by replicating traditional laboratory experiments, experimental economists have shown that lab-like findings from online experiments are not so far from those previously found in the laboratory (see, e. g. ,  Buso et al. 2020). Thanks to these new techniques, which involve online visually monitored sessions (e. g. , through Cisco WebEx or Zoom), and thanks to the fact that our TTT game software rests on an online platform (Graphgames), it is nowadays possible to safely replicate our field experiment online.
• Mediterranean forest inventories should be expanded beyond forest productionrelated indicators and be standardised to establish a spatial database, providing the necessary data for multifunctional forest-management planning. Mediterranean Forest Research Agenda 2030 21 Mediterranean Forest Research Agenda 2030 MFRA 2030 The Mediterranean forest bioeconomy captured by the market represents only part of the benefits provided by forests: over 65% of the total economic value of Mediterranean forests comes from non-wood forest products and ecosystem services  (Merlo and Croitoru, 2005 ). Yet, most of this value remains outside traditional markets, and does not flow to the forest owners and managers whose land-use decisions affect their provision (Martinez de  Arano et al. , 2018). Beyond specific markets (e.
A galvo mirror deflector has been used for scanning the beam across the target. At each point (pixel), a CARS spectrum is acquired by the intensified CCD camera of the spectrometer and sent to the pc memory, where it is stored till the end of the acquisition; subsequently, a built-in Matlab Classification Learner application has been used for identification of substances and for constructing hyperspectral images. The classifier is based on a machine learning algorithm, which provides with all the flexibility required for recognizing similarities among highly variable spectra, as for the imaging of powders (glucose/fructose) demonstrated here, where the inherent variance of sample properties and dimensions affects the quality and reproducibility of the spectra. According to the general working principle of machine learning classifiers, the machine has been first trained using a set of reference SR spectra of many different solvents and materials, including toluene, glucose, and fructose.
The inadequate understanding of the mechanisms that reversibly convert molecular sulfur (S) into lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) via soluble polysulfides (PSs) formation impedes the development of high-performance lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Here, we use operando small and wide angle X-ray scattering and operando small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements to track the nucleation, growth and dissolution of solid deposits from atomic to sub-micron scales during real-time Li-S cell operation. In particular, stochastic modelling based on the SANS data allows quantifying the nanoscale phase evolution during battery cycling. We show that next to nano-crystalline Li 2 S the deposit comprises solid short-chain PSs particles. The analysis of the experimental data suggests that initially, Li 2 S 2 precipitates from the solution and then is partially converted via solid-state electroreduction to Li 2 S.
3c  and Ref. 51. ) all suggest that our observed solid short-chain PS phase is Li 2 S 2. To validate this and gain further quantitative insights into the structural evolution of the Li 2 S/ Li 2 S 2 nanostructure, we now analyze equivalent operando SANS experiments during potentiostatic discharge/charge using a deuterated 2 G solvent. Compared to SAXS, the materials contrast of Li 2 S and Li 2 S 2 is improved with SANS (Fig. 4a , Supplementary Table  1 ). Further, the deuterated catholyte (0. 5 M Li 2 S 8 + 1 M LiTFSI + 0. 4 M LiNO 3 in deuterated 2 G) minimizes the carbon scattering contribution due to similar scattering length density (SLD) of carbon and catholyte (see Supplementary Note 2 and Supplementary Fig. 8 ). To avoid the contribution of the electrolyte structure factor and the incoherent background, we subtract the SANS contribution prior to discharge from all operando data obtained (see the Methods section for further details).
Next to electron microscopy, electrochemical methods and Raman spectroscopy, the essential tools for these insights are operando SAXS/WAXS, operando SANS with contrast matching, and advanced data analysis using stochastic modeling. We show that the combination of these techniques offers unique quantitative structural insights into the complex Li 2 S/Li 2 S 2 composite structure, at length scales hardly accessible to other methods. In this study, SAXS/WAXS and SANS were particularly useful because of the integral structural information, the sensitivity for both crystalline and amorphous solids, and the ability to study the nanoscale structure under practical conditions in an operando cell. The example of Li 2 S/Li 2 S 2 deposition demonstrates the power of operando SAXS/SANS and stochastic modelling to clarify mechanisms in complex energy materials more generally and that seamless structural information from atomic to nanometer scale holds key to important mechanistic detail.
154 nm and a Pilatus 1 M SAXS and Pilatus 100 K WAXS detector (Dectris, Switzerland) at a temperature of 25 ± 3 °C. During potentiostatic discharge/charge measurements, SAXS and WAXS patterns were collected with 1 s exposure time (to avoid radiation damage) and 60 s period (to avoid large amounts of data). We discharged the cell partially at 2. 0 V vs. Li/Li + for 2. 5 h (giving a capacity of 1520 mAh g C -1 ) and charged it at 2. 45 V vs. Li/Li + for maximum 2. 5 h (to reverse the capacity of 1520 mAh g C -1 ). Operando SAXS data shown in Supplementary Fig. 2  were recorded on a laboratory SAXS/WAXS instrument (SAXSpoint 2. 0, Anton Paar, Austria) with an EIGER2 R 1 M area detector (Dectris, Switzerland) and a time resolution of 5 min. All recorded SAXS patterns were azimuthally averaged and normalized by transmission values.
The SAXS background intensity was recorded separately for each cell after removing the cathode. The averaged and normalized background intensity was then subtracted from all recorded operando SAXS curves. The azimuthally averaged 2D operando WAXS data were corrected by subtracting the WAXS intensity prior to discharge (at OCV). The Scherrer crystallite size τ in Fig. 2g  was obtained from a Lorentzian peak fit and using the Scherrer equation τ = ðKλÞ=ðβcos θ ð ÞÞ with the shape factor K = 1, the wavelength λ = 0:154 nm, β the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the peak, and θ half of the scattering angle. The mean q B value und thus the q-shift in Fig. 2g  was obtained by numerical integration in the q B region: q B = R q I q ð Þdq= R I q ð Þdq: Operando SANS measurements during potentiostatic discharge/ charge were performed on the D-22 small angle neutron scattering beamline at the ILL neutron source (Grenoble, France) using a wavelength of 0.
Acknowledgements This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant NanoEvolution , grant agreement No  894042. The authors acknowledge the  CERIC-ERIC Consortium  for the access to the Austrian SAXS beamline and  TU Graz  for support through the  Lead  Project  LP-03. Likewise, the use of  SOMAPP Lab, a core facility  supported by the  Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research , the  Graz University of Technology , the  University of Graz , and  Anton Paar GmbH  is acknowledged. In addition, the authors acknowledge access to the D-22 SANS beamline at the ILL neutron source. Electron microscopy measurements were performed at the  Scientific Scenter for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
However, only the type strain of X. hortorum was included in the 2019 study. A comprehensive analysis revisited the taxonomy of those strains, and included all type, pathotype, or representative strains of X. hortorum and X. cynarae  (Morinière et al. , 2020). Standard genome-to-genome comparison parameters, such as average nucleotide identity (ANI), in silico DDH (isDDH), and tetranucleotide frequencies (Tetra), between X. hortorum and X. cynarae fell into the transition zone of the species boundary  (Morinière et al. , 2020) , a concept described previously  (Richter & Rosselló-Móra, 2009; Rosselló-Móra & Amann, 2015). Phylogenetic reconstructions suggested a continuous evolution and diversification of pathovars and phenotypic data did not reveal stable diagnostic traits allowing distinction between X.
| G ENOMIC S The genome of X. hortorum pv. gardneri ATCC 19865 PT  (Potnis et al. , 2011)  was the first X. hortorum genome publicly available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database (accessed March 2021). At the time of writing, 35 X. hortorum genomes have been deposited in the database, and most (46%) were submitted in 2020 (Table  3 ). Their completeness varies, and 74% (n = 26) are incomplete (i. e. , assembled at the scaffold or contig levels; Table  3 ). Eight of the nine complete X. hortorum genomes contain at least one plasmid sequence. The average genome size of X. hortorum is 5. 26 Mb (4. 92-5. 68 Mb). The average G + C content is of 63. 6% (63. 2%-63. 9%), and the average predicted coding sequence (CDS) number is 4260 (Table  3 ). The average size of X.
ACK N OWLED G EM ENTS This article is based on work from  COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth , supported by  COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). N. C. D. was supported by grant no. IZCOZ0_177064  from the  Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). L. M. was funded by a grant from the  French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation. J. M. J. acknowledges the support by  SCRI  (grant no. 2020-51181-32154 ) from the  USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture  and from  Ohio Department of Agriculture Specialty Crops Block Grant  ( AGR-SCG-19-03 ). J. M. J. and E. B. are also grateful to support from  USDA NIFA  award no. 2018-67013-28490  through the  NSF/NIFA Plant Biotic Interactions Program. N. P. acknowledges support by the  SCRI  (grant no. 2019-51181-30010 ) from the  USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
(2021); Uddin et al. (1996) arborescens N BLS Cottyn et al. (2021) Paeoniaceae Paeonia spp. N BB Oliver et al. (2012); Klass et al. (2019) Poaceae Triticum sp. E NA Egorova et al. (2014) Poaceae Hordeum vulgare E NA Egorova et al. (2014) Poaceae Secale cereale E NA Egorova et al. (2014) Poaceae Avena sativa E NA Egorova et al. (2014) Lauraceae Persea americana NA NA Parkinson et al. (2009) a To ensure consistent botanical taxonomy, plant species nomenclature was checked on the World Flora Online database (WFO, 2021). b N, natural host; E, experimental host; NA, not applicable. X.
Acknowledgements J. -M. T. acknowledges the  International Balzan Prize Foundation  and the  LABEX STOREXII  for funding. C. G. and  J. -M. T. acknowledge Brurker  for the instrumental setup. We thank  TIAMAT  for providing the NVPF/HC 18650 cells and  R. Dugas  for his assistance in the cell fabrication. We thank  R. Chometon  for the SEM images. MBY acknowledges the support of the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  under reference  ANR-17-CE05-10  (project  VASELinA ). STB acknowledges the support from the  ENERSENSE research initiative  ( 68024013 ) at the  Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) ,  Norway. Finally , we gladly thank  S. Mariyappan ,  P. Desai  and  D. Larcher  for valuable discussions and comments.
Design and setting This was a retrospective analysis of treatment-na€ ıve eyes that had received intravitreal VEGF inhibitors for nAMD in routine clinical practice tracked in the prospectively designed observational databasethe Fight Retinal Blindness! registry  (Gillies et al. 2014). Patients participating in this analysis were from Australia, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Singapore, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Institutional approval was obtained from the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists Human Research Ethics Committee, the Southern Eastern Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee, the French Institutional Review Board (IRB) (Soci et e Franc ßaise d'Ophtalmologie IRB), IRB of the Mater Private Hospital in Dublin, the IRCCS C a Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Milan IRB, the Caldicott Guardian at the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, the SingHealth Singapore, the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Aragon (Spain) and the Cantonal Ethics Committee Zurich.