dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Each person was observed during a continuous period of care of 30 min minimum. Data was collected using a standardized document. The succession of gestures and HH to be recorded were already used for previous studies and had been validated. A HR was classified as technically correct if the duration was 20 s or more and if 5 of the 7 steps were made, and if the quantity of product was sufficient for a complete coverage of the hand. Investigators were infection control committee members. A preliminary course was organized for investigators. An investigators guide, with all definitions and the chart of care, was prepared and provided to investigators. The major indicators measured were: The global HH compliance (HH made/HH opportunities), the frequency of technically correct HR (correct HR/ HR made), and the rate of HH made, adapted to the level of risk and technically correct (perfect HH), chosen as an indicator of cross-transmission really stopped.
The absence of jewelry and short sleeves was recorded. These indicators were measured for students and educators, by outpatient services and compared between different dental care situations. Study on the knowledge, attitudes and opinions was achieved through a questionnaire (on 8 points) given to the each person observed, at the end of the clinical observation period. Educators and students were asked whether they could recall have received training, both theoretical and practical aspects in HH. A knowledge note was calculated for each person: 1 point was given for each correct reply and the note was equal to the sum on 8. Comparison of means of knowledge notes were made between formed and not formed persons and relatively to compliance and quality of practices. The data were entered and analyzed with Epi Info 2002 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta Georgia US) and SPSS V 17 software (SPSS Inc.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank  Pr. Guillaume MALQUARTI , who is the head of the dental teaching hospital,  Mathilde PONCET ,  Béatrice CRACCO ,  Dominique DECORET ,  Florence CARROUEL ,  Sylvie IVANES ,  Réjane FERULLO ,  Katalyne DAMBAS ,  Sandrine FRANCOIS ,  Hélène GAUTHIER ,  Laurence BAUME ,  Ouiba LAMAMRA  and  Julian FISHER  for their technical help.
Conclusion: lessons drawn from the evaluation of the degree of implementation; relevance for the international community Positive lessons from the international Programme of Research to Integrate Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy method implementation experiment The Programme of Research to Integrate Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy-France experiment and its institutionalization within the framework of the National Alzheimer Plan 2008-2012 constitute highly original sources of knowledge. Indeed, because the same integration implementation method was applied in France and Quebec, it is possible, for the first time, to obtain transnational data on integrations and to accumulate information on the assessment of the extent of integration implementation. All our results  [8, [10] [11] [12]  underline that the Programme of Research to Integrate Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy method is an adaptive methodology to move towards integrated care in systems as different as France (predominantly Bismarkian) and Quebec (predominantly Beveridgian)  [14].
Tactical roundtable-discussion decisions rely on the database established via the integrated entry site (one point; the difference with the common database is that the point is attributed if only the pilot uses these data; making these data available to everyone is an additional step). The documents issued from strategic meetings of case manager and the Regional Health Agency (gerontology diagram, organization plan…) take the Home for Autonomy and Integration of Alzheimer patients integrated-entry site organization into account (one point).
Case management (five points) Case load for each full-time manager is around 40 (one point; the point is attributed for the first 2 years if the case load reaches or exceeds 30; subsequently, it must exceed 36 but be less that 44). The case-management procedures organize a systematic link with the GP (as attested by the transmission of the 'case-management procedure' document (one point). The case-management procedures organize the place of case managers during hospitalizations and the admission and discharge continuity of care (idem; one point; idem). The mean time between the first application and the case manager's first visit is <10 days, and the number of missing data for the two dates <10% (one point). The tactical roundtable-participants' decisions rely on the data in the case manager's or the database activity report (one point).
Acknowledgements The authors are members of a multidisciplinary international research team; they thank  Yves Couturier, PhD ,  Francis Etheridge, PhD ,  Dominique Gagnon, PhD ,  Sébastien Carrier, PhD , and  Virginie Taprest-Raes, MSc , for their contributions, and the research partners at the  Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Ouest :  Prof. Gilles Chatellier, MD, PhD ,  Prof. Pierre Durieux, MD, PhD , and  Dr. Noël Lucas, MD. The  Programme of Research to Integrate Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy-France  project is a con-.
Resumo O presente estudo avaliou a confiabilidade das causas básicas de óbito por câncer por meio do relacionamento probabilístico entre Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional (RCBP) de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, entre 2000 e 2005. Foi utilizado o RecLink III para o relacionamento e a confiabilidade foi avaliada pela utilização do coeficiente Kappa de Cohen e o ajustado por prevalência e viés discórdia marginal (prevalenceadjusted and bias-ajusted kappa -PABAK). Foram identificados 2. 874 indivíduos no relacionamento para análise da confiabilidade. O kappa bruto variou de 0,336 a 0,846 e o ajustado por prevalência de 0,810 a 0,990 para os 14 grupos de neoplasias. Para os 35 principais cânceres, 12 (34,3%) deles apresentaram valores de kappa bruto abaixo de 0,600 e PABAK de 0,981.
Esse relacionamento foi realizado com o software RecLink III, baseando-se em padronização, blocagem e pareamento de registros  10, 11. A blocagem permite que as bases de dados sejam logicamente divididas em blocos mutuamente exclusivos, segundo uma chave de ligação, sendo as comparações e cálculo de escores limitados aos registros pertencentes a um mesmo bloco. Para encontrar os pares verdadeiros, tal etapa foi desenvolvida em três passos. No primeiro deles, a blocagem foi realizada com base na combinação do primeiro e último nome mais a variável sexo; no segundo, utilizou-se a combinação do primeiro nome mais a variável sexo; e, no terceiro, a combinação do último nome mais a variável sexo  10, 11. Os campos usados no pareamento foram nome, sexo, data de nascimento, diagnóstico, óbito e bairro de residência.
Data sampling and data analysis All competitors who ever participated in a 24-hour ultramarathon between 1977 and 2012 were analyzed regarding the associations between age, sex and race performance (Table  1 ). The data set for this study was obtained from the race website ''Deutsche Ultramarathon-Vereinigung'' (www. ultra-marathon. org). To facilitate reading and to increase the comparability of similar analyses of races of various distances, all race distances were transformed to running speed (km N h -1 ) before analysis. Running speed was calculated using the equation [running speed in km N h -1 ] = [race distance achieved in km]/24 hours (h). To determine changes in peak performance in running and the age of peak running speed, running speed and the age of the annual top, annual top 10 and annual top 100 women and men were analyzed.
A hierarchical regression model was used to avoid the impact of a cluster effect on the results of the analysis of overall performance and sex difference if one competitor finished more than once in the annual top, annual top 10 or annual top 100. Furthermore, performance regression analyses were corrected for competitors' ages to prevent misinterpretation of the ''age effect'' as a ''time effect. '' To analyze differences between two groups, the Student's t-test was used for cases of normally distributed data, and the Mann-Whitney test was used for non-normally distributed data. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software (Version 21, IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism (Version 6. 01, GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). Significance was accepted at p,0.
Limitations and implications for future research The strength of this study is that the results are based on an extensive dataset with a large sample size. This dataset provides a good overview of the sex differences among 24hour ultra-marathons worldwide. However, the nationalities of the participants are unknown, and we do not have data concerning athlete physiology, psychology, body composition, training, previous experience, weather, race route, etc. A recent study identified that one's longest training run and the best marathon time were important predictor variables for successful 24-hour ultra-marathon performance. Anthropometric characteristics, such as body fat or skinfold thickness, did not influence performance  (25). For the 100-mile ultra-marathons, Hoffman and Fogard (29) investigated factors related to successful finishing, such as body mass index, training volume, ambient temperatures at the events, medication use, etc.
Statistical analyses Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to explore the links between burnout scores, socio-demographic characteristics, perspective taking and empathic concern. A multiple linear regression explored the effects of empathic concern, perspective taking and their interaction on burnout. Further, we performed logistic regressions to compute the odds ratios regarding the presence of extreme burnout associated with perspective taking, empathic concern as well as their interaction. Odds ratios were adjusted for marital status, as this was related to burnout in preliminary analyses. We set the probability of type 1 error at an alpha of. 05. SPSS version 19 was used to perform the statistical analyses.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank  Philippe Jaury ,  Annie Catu-Pineault  and  Laurent Rigal  for their help with data collection and stimulating discussions on burnout. The authors wish to thank  Willow Burns  for her help in the revision of the manuscript. The research was supported by an  Investigator Initiated Research grant  awarded to  Serge Sultan  by  Sanofi Aventis France.
These detailed surveys thus explore social participation (work, family, social relations, leisure activities), discrimination and administrative recognition of disability and human, technical and financial assistance. The methodology used in the disability health survey has been described in detail elsewhere  [13]. For the present study, data from two parts of the survey were analyzed: Disability Health at home, carried out in 2008, which covered the population living at home, and Disability Health in institutions which covered the population living in long-term institutions (2009). The study was on a national level.
Questionnaire and constitution of the database The interview questionnaire was practically identical for both surveys. Medical history was sought via the question ''Do you have, or have you ever had one of these illnesses or health problems?'' with a list of 51 diseases including stroke (''cerebro vascular accident, stroke, brain hemorrhage, brain thrombosis''). In the case of a positive result, the subject, or a relation or caregiver if the subject was unable to reply, was then questioned regarding any sequelae from the stroke. The questions regarding limitations of motor function and basic activities of daily living (ADL) included in all the surveys were used to compare the functional level of the subjects who reported a history of stroke with that of subjects who did not report a history of stroke.
Ethics statement This study was planned as a research project. It was performed in collaboration with the French National Institute of Statistics. This study was declared of public interest by the CNIS (Conseil National d9Information Statistique) and was approved by the CNIL (Commission Nationale de l9Informatique et des Liberte's, French law no. 78-17). According to the French law, written informed consent is not required for this type of study. The data used were taken from the National Disability-Heath survey and were anonymized prior to access.
Weightings and analysis First, a database including the variables of interest was constructed for each of the surveys. Subjects under 18 years of age were excluded. The databases (DHH and DHI) were then merged in order to represent the global French adult population living both at home and in institutions. In order to ensure a national representation, weightings were calculated by the Insee for both the DHH and the DHI surveys in order to take into account any unequal sample probabilities as well as non-responders. Adjustment variables included age, gender, marital status, health status measured during the DLH survey, type of accommodation and type of urban unit. All statistical analyses were carried out using statistical procedures adapted for complex survey plans (proc surveyfreq and proc surveylogistic, SAS Enterprise Guide version 4.
We consider that workers are likely to feel more secure with respect to their job if living in a country where employment is strongly protected by the law, and relatively more so if employed in sectors where employment protection legislation (EPL) is more binding. We thus instrument perceived job insecurity by the stringency of the employment protection legislation in the country where the individual lives interacted with the natural rate of dismissals in the sector where she is employed. This instrument is valid if workers do not self-select into sectors-by-country on the basis of characteristics correlated with their health. We show that this condition holds so that our instrument is truly exogenous. Using cross-country data from the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (  2012 )), we show that when the potential endogeneity of job insecurity is not accounted for, the latter appears to deteriorate almost all health outcomes (self-rated health, suffering from back problems, muscular pain, headaches or eyestrain, stomach ache, depression or anxiety, overall fatigue and insomnia).
Our empirical strategy uses the employment protection legislation index for individual and collective dismissals of workers on regular work contracts (EPRC). This index is available for only 22 countries (out of 34). 8 Moreover, as it is defined only for individuals employed with a regular contract in the business sector, we exclude from the sample self-employed individuals, individuals working in non-business sectors 9 , as well as individuals who did not have a regular work contract at the time of the survey. As is standard in the literature -see OECD (2010) -we also exclude individuals working very short hours (less than 15 hours during the reference week). We further restrict our sample to men only since in our data women are overrepresented in very small establishments (less than 5 employees) 10 for which the scope of employment protection legislation is reduced in most countries.
However, the probability of reporting good or bad health may suffer from individual reporting heterogeneity  (Etilé and Milcent (2006) ;  Tubeuf et al. (2008) ). This is why we also use more objective measures of health capturing specific diseases or symptoms. In the EWCS database, respondents are asked whether they have suffered over the last 12 months from either backache, skin problems, muscular pain in shoulders, neck and/or upper limbs, muscular pain in lower limbs, headache or eyestrain, stomach ache, cardiovascular diseases, depression or anxiety, overall fatigue, or insomnia or general sleep difficulties. For each above-mentioned health disorder, we build a corresponding dummy variable taking value 1 if the individual suffered from it, 0 otherwise. We also use some information on individuals' well-being.
Conclusion In this paper, we provide evidence of the causal effect of perceived job insecurity on various health outcomes in a sample of men from 22 European countries. We instrument perceived job insecurity by the stringency of employment protection legislation in the country where the individual lives interacted with the natural rate of dismissals in the industry where he is employed. Using cross-country data from the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey, we show that when the potential endogeneity of job insecurity is not accounted for, the latter appears to deteriorate almost all health outcomes (self-rated health, suffering from back problems, muscular pain, headaches or eyestrain, stomach ache, depression or anxiety, overall fatigue and insomnia). When tackling the endogeneity issue by estimating an IV model and deriving weak-instrument-robust confidence intervals, findings are more mixed.
Whatever the mechanism through which perceived job insecurity affects health, this effect is likely to be stronger for workers with low employability, i. e with a low probability of finding a new job if losing the current one. According to  Green (2011)  employability is indeed a key determinant of the impact of job insecurity upon job satisfaction. Unfortunately, the information available in the EWCS database does not allow us to tackle this issue properly. A promising avenue for future research would consist in investigating the potential role of employability on the health-damaging effects of perceived job insecurity using reliable measures of employability.
Their database contains dismissal rates over 1996-2006 and uses an industry classification that can be matched, at a sufficiently disaggregated level, to the Nace Rev. 1 classification used in the EWCS. To capture the natural dismissal propensity at the industry level, we compute a quantitative indicator equal to the average US industry dismissal rate between 2000 and 2006. 14 Overall, we have information on 23 industry-level US dismissal rates. Data on employment protection legislation are provided by the OECD. The EPRC index that we use refers to the legislation regarding individual and collective dismissals of workers on regular labour contracts and varies at the country level. As regards individual dismissals,.
2% by mass as of 1 July 2000 and 0. 1% by mass as of 1 January 2008. Our study used data from 20 cities included in the Aphekom (Improving Knowledge and Communication for Decision Making on Air Pollution and Health in Europe) project, a research programme involving 60 scientists from 12 countries across Europe. Aphekom's objective was to provide new information and tools to enable decision-makers to set more effective European, national and local policies. To this end, it used traditional health impact assessment (HIA) techniques as well as innovative methods to explore the impact of air pollution on health in 25 European cities totalling nearly 39 million inhabitants.
Background Because the implementation dates for the EC directives on SO 2 were 1994 (first stage), 1996 (second stage) and 2000 (third stage), cityspecific daily data on urban background (UB) SO 2 concentrations, temperature and humidity measures and numbers of deaths [allcause excluding external causes (ICD9: <800)] from 1990 to 2008 were collected using common guidelines based on the Apheis project. 17 Five cities were excluded due to missing data, leaving 20 cities from 11 countries in the analysis (see list in table  1 ). However, not all countries complied with the implementation dates as specified in the council directives, because of local derogations for instance. Hence, the number of stages implemented and their corresponding implementation dates were not the same for every city. The following 14 cities implemented all three stages of the council directives: Athens, Bordeaux, Brussels, Dublin, Le Havre, Lille, London, Lyon, Marseille, Paris, Rome, Rouen, Stockholm and Strasbourg.
Acknowledgements The huge amount of work behind the  Aphekom  project is the fruit of generous and constructive input from all the members of the  Aphekom network. The Aphekom project was co-funded by the  European Commission's Programme on Community Action  in the Field of Public Health ( 2003-8 ) under Grant Agreement No. 2007105  and by the many national and local institutions that dedicated resources to the fulfilment of this project. We wish to mention our thanks and appreciation of all their contributions. The authors thank  J. -P. Lacharme ,  A. Lefranc ,  M. Sweetko ,  J. -M. Thiolet  and two anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions on the manuscript.
Data collection Anonymized data were automatically extracted from the EMR. Some data were routinely available: the age and gender of the patient, the date and hour of admission and the ICD-10 diagnosis code. Other data were entered by the clinicians in the EMR during the study period, using a specific query form with checkboxes and drop-down menus: non-inclusion criteria, ending the query (chronic prostatitis, urinary catheter and/or healthcare-acquired infections), junior/senior doctor, urine dipstick results (leucocytes and nitrites), severe sepsis or septic shock, fluoroquinolone treatment in the previous 6 months, pregnancy, antibiotic prescription (antibiotic and duration of treatment) and detailed diagnosis (asymptomatic bacteriuria, uncomplicated cystitis, complicated cystitis, uncomplicated pyelonephritis, complicated pyelonephritis or acute prostatitis).
CDSS The CDSS was integrated into the workflow of the usual EMR and was used at the point of care on desktop computers. The CDSS was automatically triggered by the ED computer system when a UTI diagnosis was validated, i. e. at the supposed time that antibiotic prescription was considered. The CDSS software included a decision support application and a tool to collect limited additional data from popup screens. Relevant information was also extracted from the EMR to autopopulate the required data fields in the CDSS. The time spent by the clinician entering the data into the CDSS was automatically recorded; the recorded duration of use was the time needed to read and fill in the required data input forms to get the CDSS recommendations (the time needed to read the CDSS recommendations was not recorded).
Outcome measures The primary outcome assessed was the prescription of empirical antibiotic therapy that was concordant with national guidelines, using an intent-to-intervene analysis. The antibiotic therapy was considered compliant with guidelines if both the antibiotic and the duration prescribed were in accordance with the 2008 national guidelines (Table  S1 , available as Supplementary data at JAC Online). 20 All the prescriptions were independently analysed by two infectious diseases specialists at the end of the study, with the assessors blinded to the study period and the ED. All disagreements were discussed to reach a consensus. Compliance with guidelines for the antibiotic and the duration of treatment were also treated separately as secondary outcomes. We also assessed the impact of the CDSS on the diagnosis, i.
Statistical analysis Bivariate analyses used a x 2 test (or Fisher's exact test) for categorical variables and analysis of variance (or the non-parametric Wilcoxon test) for continuous variables. Paired tests were used when comparing periods within each ED, as defined a priori in our protocol. Global analyses were later performed using multivariate logistic mixed models, taking into account the centre as a random effect. To correct alpha risk inflation when multiple testing was performed, we considered a P value ,0. 017 significant. All analyses were carried out using SPSS (version 18) and R (package lme4) software.