dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Used Video Dataset Description We have collected roughly 50 videos sequences for three activities with 1500 frames/sequences. An observation sequence is recorded every one and a half second from the 25fps video. The duration of the video sequences is 300 seconds with an average length of circa 90 seconds. In these videos sequences, we distinguish two main classes of activities including: Activities of Doctor (AD) and Activities of Patient (AP) which are composed of two main types of scenarios each. The activities of a patient are derived from these elementary actions, their behavior and their clinical status. As for as the activities of a doctor, they are formed from these elementary actions and these clinical scenes. For each class, two scenarios are recognized in two scenario categories which are: For AD class "Activities of Doctors" have been tested during the experimental phase, and then we have:, "The doctor provides a patient with medical care", "The doctor carries out a general inspection of ward" and for the AP class "Activities of the Patient ": "The patient convulses", "The patient feels pain ".
Remerciements La thèse d'où cet article est issu n'aurait pu aboutir sans le soutien financier d'un nombre important de partenaires financiers. Il s'agit de l'Alliance de recherche universitaire-Développement territorial et coopération (ARUC-DTC), de la Conférence régionale des Élus de la Gaspésie-Île-de-la-Madeleine, du Fonds québécois de recherche Société et culture (FQRSC), d'Hydro-Québec, de l'UQAR (avec le Laboratoire de recherche en  énergie.
Acknowledgements: This work is part of a  CEMRACS  project done while the authors were visiting the  CIRM at Marseille. The authors acknowledge the support of  CEA , DAM, DIF in financing the visit and the project. This work was granted access to the  HPC resources of Aix-Marseille Université  financed by the project  Equip@Meso  ( ANR-10-EQPX-29-01 ) of the program " Investissements d'Avenir " supervised by the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche.
Such developments need dedicated and precise laboratory tools, in particular thermodynamic cells to obtain Vapour-Liquid equilibrium data and kinetic cells to determine the solvent reactivity. In the case of fast chemical reaction, a wetted-wall column or equivalent string of discs are often considered for kinetic measurements  (Chen et al. , 2011; Luo X. et al. , 2012). In these experimental set-ups, a very thin well-controlled liquid film flows down over a wall of well-known geometry and is surrounded by the acid  Velocity contour plots and vector maps in the Robinsongas in such a way that flow distribution must be perfect with a smooth gas/liquid interface. A few years ago, IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN) designed its own wetted-wall column with the help of CFD concerning special items. As illustrated in Figure  6 , the aim of CFD simulations was to check the quality of the gas phase distribution around the central cylinder over which the liquid flows.
The Eulerian two-fluid approach is based on an averaging method of local gas and liquid mass and momentum conservation equations, the packed bed being represented as an "effective porous medium" (Wang et al   (2015)  in order to evaluate CFD modeling. The simulation results were compared with the experimental data of  Marcandelli et al. (2000). The experimental work consists of liquid distribution in a 0. 3 m-diameter and 1. 3 m-high column packed with 2-mm glass beads using air and water. The gas phase was fed through four 25-mm-internal-diameter chimneys, while liquid was injected through two 2. 5-mm-internal-diameter orifices in the co-current mode. The liquid flow rate distribution in the bed was measured using 9 collectors of equal surface at the bottom of the column. Simulations were carried out considering a 3D grid that represents half of the column.
). The results were compared with correlations suggested by  Krishna et al. (2000)  and also with some other results obtained in the group of Prof. Miyauchi, who had the opportunity to perform measurements of gas holdup, liquid velocity and mass transfer in an industrial column of 5. 5 m in diameter and 14 m in height  (Koide et al. , 1979; Kojima et al. , 1980; Kataoka et al. , 1979). Among those correlations, one was preferred to give the reference value for the liquid centreline velocity, V CL_ref. Despite these numerical results, it was considered that the risk of extrapolating to diameters up to 10 m was too high for making safe designs and, as a consequence, original measurements were performed at IFPEN on largediameter columns. The experimental data obtained by  Forret et al. (2003)  on a 1-m-diameter column and by  Schweitzer (2003)  on a 3-m-diameter column are shown in Figure  14  with a comparison with the a priori CFD-chosen reference correlation.
The paper is structured as follows. In Sect. 2, we present the CHARRON code and the six reference non-rotating models we consider. We then apply various values of rotation rates and inclination to these models, which gives us a sample of 150 models. In Sect. 3, we explain our methodology and show, in particular, how the V -K colors and the surface brightness are defined. To derive the surface brightness from the intensity distribution of a star, we simulated interferometric observations and proceed as if the star considered was not rotating. For one model, we show how the V -K color and the surface-brightness quantities are varying as a function of the rotational velocity and the inclination of the star. In Sect. 4 we present the derived SBCR relation and estimate its dispersion. We also clarify how this dispersion varies when considering different sets of stars with different rotational velocities.
These parameters are used as input for the CHARRON code for the six non-rotating stars (M1 to M6). We then apply five values of the rotational velocity (0, 25, 50, 75, and 95% of the critical rotational velocity defined as the value of the rotation velocity at the equator such that the centrifugal acceleration compensates for the net radial attracting force, V c in the following) and five values of the inclination angle of the rotation axis (0, 25, 50, 75, and 90 degrees). Zero (resp. 90) degrees corresponds to a pole-on (resp. edge-on) star.
The visibilities The intensity distribution were derived from the CHARRON code for the 150 models we studied. An example is given in the left side of Fig. 1  in the case of M1. We then calculate the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of this intensity distribution following the theorem of  Zernike-Van Cittert (van Cittert 1934; Zernike 1938) , in which the interferometric visibility is defined as uα+vβ) dαdβ V(u, v) = I star (α, β)e 2π( I star (α, β)dαdβ , (6) where (α, β) are the angular coordinates in the plane of sky, while (u, v) are the spatial frequencies, defined as u = B u λ and v = B v λ , with λ the wavelength of the incident radiation, B u the u-component of the baseline vector B, B v the v-component of the baseline vector B. Once the complex visibility is derived, we can determine the squared visibility, which provides the fringe contrast as a function of the spatial frequency (see Fig.
Acknowledgements. This research made use of the SIMBAD and VIZIER databases at the  CDS, Strasbourg France  (http://cdsweb. u-strasbg. fr/), and of the electronic bibliography maintained by the  NASA /ADS system. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Program  under Grant Agreement  312430  and financial support from the  Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR) -Tunisia. W. G. and G. P. gratefully acknowledge support for this work from the  BASAL Centro de Astrofisica y Tecnologias Afines (CATA)   PFB-06/2007. W. G. also acknowledges support from the  Chilean Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism's Millenium Science Initiative  through grant  IC 120009  awarded to the  Millenium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS).
We also gathered a set of data relating to the population and work accidents, produced or collected by the human resources and occupational risk prevention departments. For reasons of industrial secrecy, we were only allowed to consult documents concerning work orders and the traceability of work done by the journeymen: station documents, production schedule, technical specifications and assembly monitoring sheets. The co-construction device deployed during phase 3 involved only the trainers. It consisted in: 1) selecting an existing task that the trainers would perform; 2) filming the trainers while they performed the task; 3) conducting a self-confrontation interview with each trainer. The task chosen (exercise 1), with agreement from the two trainers, presented the advantage of including a wide range of sub-tasks, processes and tools of the profession; it could be carried out in one day without interfering with the arrival of a group of trainees on the workshop line.
3. 2. 5. -New recruits and work accidents In partnership with the prevention department, we worked on the database for work accidents which had occurred at the site over the six years leading up to our study  (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011). The database contained a total of 339 events i. e. approximately fifty recorded events per year. In order to work on the transition phase between training and productive work, our accident analysis focused solely on the population of recently recruited journeymen (between 0 and 2 years of seniority, having previously taken a course at the training centre). It allowed us to identify a certain number of accidentology trends among novices who were for the most part under the age of 30. Out of all accidents, 30% (102/339) concerned novices. They were divided as follows: 52% occurred when handling tools (drill, staple puller pliers) or professional equipment (53/102), 24% related to falls (24/102), 14% involved bumping into aircraft parts or frames and 10% concerned sudden pains (essentially back pains).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-10-CORD-0014 ). We would also like to give heartfelt thanks to the trainers and all of the participants at the production and training sites, without whom this work would not have been possible. BIBLIOGRAPHY Amigues, R. (2003). Pour une approche ergonomique de l'activité enseignante. Skholê, hors-série 1,  5-16.
Activités et conséquences socioéconomiques En raison de son développement rapide, l'AIS est un fantastique outil de suivi. Avec les agences de renseignements, les armateurs ont été les premiers à s'en emparer : il leur permet de suivre leur flotte depuis la terre et d'optimiser la logistique. Si la gratuité des données existe, en ce qui concerne l'observation des positions AIS en temps réel, elle ne fait pas force de loi, notamment pour accéder à des bases de données archivées. Les enregistrements d'arrivée et de départ sont également mis à disposition par le Lloyd's Register Fairplay à des fins commerciales dans le cadre de sa base de données Sea-web 11   (Kaluza, Kölzsch, Gastner, Blasius, 2010). Ces grands groupes proposent des informations AIS au niveau mondial, mais dont l'accès est payant, et relativement onéreux.
En couplant ces informations avec une base de données navires, il est par ailleurs possible de déterminer les capacités offertes sur ces mêmes lignes maritimes. Une utilisation plus poussée des données AIS est possible grâce au développement d'un réseau de stations couvrant de plus en plus de zones côtières, ce qui offre de nouvelles possibilités à la cartographie de l'activité de transport. « Plusieurs travaux menés à l'Institut de recherche de l'école navale (IRENAV) sont basés sur l'exploitation de données AIS dans le but de détecter des situations inhabituelles (risques de collision) et de qualifier le comportement des navires en temps réel. Grâce à la mise à disposition des données AIS, il est possible d'identifier, quantifier et cartographier les couloirs de navigation des navires » (Le Guyader, Brosset,  Gourmelon, 2011).
La méthode fondée sur une analyse spatiale au sein d'un système d'information géographique (SIG) associé à un serveur de base de données, permet de reconstruire les trajectoires de chaque navire de manière à identifier les couloirs de navigation puis d'y associer le trafic journalier dans ses dimensions temporelles et quantitatives. Il est ainsi possible de compléter la cartographie du transport maritime traditionnellement tournée vers l'analyse des réseaux et flux maritimes au niveau mondial, les enregistrements des ports de départ et d'arrivée ou pour l'analyse de l'emprise spatiale du transport maritime. « Dans une approche globale du déroulement des activités maritimes, ces informations peuvent être analysées avec d'autres décrivant le déroulement des activités nautiques et de pêche, afin de caractériser leurs interactions et mettre en évidence des conflits potentiels.
Les problèmes à régler sont multiples. Ils relèvent du traitement d'une grande masse de données de qualité inégale, de la capacité à compléter les informations issues des signaux AIS avec des bases de données externes, sur les navires, les ports, les conditions de navigation et sur la réalisation d'une interface de consultation qui tiennent compte des différentes échelles géographiques et temporelles auxquelles se prête l'analyse des signaux AIS.
The horizontal and vertical variabilities of the reservoirs were estimated through laboratory data (effective porosity measurements -PORO, and total permeability -PERM) as well as log data comprising shale volume (V sh ), porosity (u), total permeability (K ), water permeability (K w ), gas permeability (K g ) and water saturation (S w ). We modeled all listed properties using 10 stochastic realizations of Gaussian Random Function simulations. Finally, base-case models of properties were estimated as an arithmetical or geometrical average of these 10 realizations depending on the distribution type of the parameter. The models calculated with this workflow used hybrid (deterministic and stochastic) solutions. They offer smoother results than individual stochastic realizations; however, they reflect the uncertainty of results away from data better than the pure deterministic solutions.
Facies Models Facies models were created for reservoir zones, as only there were suitable data available. In general, the stratigraphic zonation of the overburden was considered as lithologically uniform stratigraphic complexes. Within the reservoirs, the facies model is also simple as a consequence of the genetic zonation and rather low resolution of input data. Four basic facies systems were defined: aeolian sandstones (code 0); fluvial and alluvial deposits (code 1); marginal playa deposits (code 2); and undivided carbonates (code 3) (Fig. 9 ). The procedure of facies modeling of the three potential reservoir zones is summarized in Table  4. Carbonates of the topmost Ca1 -Carbonates (Reservoir I) zone in the ZZA area represent open basin deposits displaying low thickness and very poor reservoir properties  (Peryt et al.
, 2010). As a result of such uniformity, the whole zone was assigned as carbonate facies (code 3). The sandstones of the Upper Rotliegend building the Saxonian aeolian zone (Reservoir I) are productive rocks within the ZZA. According to data analysis, this complex is dominated by aeolian sandstone at 95. 5% (code 0). The intercalations of fluvial deposits (code 1) were recorded within data only in its basal parts, close to the ZZA margins (Tab. 4). Facies in this zone were modeled using indicator kriging with isotropic exponential variograms with a range of 5 000 m. These values were adopted arbitrarily as data analysis does not work properly with such a homogeneous input data set. The Saxonian fluvial zone remains in hydraulic contact with the aeolian reservoir but is very distant from the gas/water contacts of the fields existing in the ZZA.
CONCLUSIONS The work presented allows us to draw a set of conclusions and recapitulations related to the specific results of modeling in the Załęcze-Żuchlów Area and some general conclusions on the workflow presented. Regarding the specific results for the ZZA, the following aspects of the work can be highlighted: the models presented in this paper are based on a very extensive input database covering: very rich stratigraphic identification in wells (up to 231 wells); seismic identification based on low-quality 2D seismic data, and covering only part of the project area. There are no 3D surveys and no seismic inversion results in the ZZA; good well log characterization of the reservoir section of the area (up to 71 wells) and considerably worse log control of the overburden (up to 26 wells).
Lorsque les informations utiles à l'établissement de ces indicateurs font défaut dans les bases de données habituelles, l'usage des technologies satellitaires peut s'avérer un atout particulièrement pertinent. Parallèlement, les logiciels libres s'implantent progressivement dans les administrations et favorisent l'innovation. En ce sens, l'adoption de l'Orfeo Toolbox comme outil de traitement des images satellites constitue une continuité naturelle. L'outil est utilisé ici comme support à une méthode collaborative impliquant dans une même démarche les porteurs de politiques publiques, les géomaticiens et les télédétecteurs. Ainsi, l'Orfeo Toolbox est utilisée au service des différentes thématiques. Quelques illustrations de cet usage sont présentées ici d'une part pour la caractérisation de la densité urbaine et d'autre part pour la localisation du trait de côte.
Cependant, les porteurs de politiques publiques ont souvent besoin d'indicateurs ne correspondant pas aux produits existants. Des produits à façon s'avèreraient alors plus pertinents. Pour mettre en place les indicateurs répondant à leurs besoins, les services du MEDDE, les Directions Régionales de l'Environnement, de l'Aménagement et du Logement (DREAL), les Directions Départementales des Territoires (DDT), les collectivités territoriales ou les experts du CEREMA mobilisent leurs compétences internes. Ces travaux rassemblent des thématiciens et des géomaticiens. Ces spécialistes des SIG, généralement conscients du potentiel de l'imagerie satellitaire, sont toutefois démunis lorsqu'il s'agit d'utiliser concrètement les produits du spatial. Comment obtenir une image satellite? Comment extraire une information pertinente ? Quels outils utiliser ? Comment concevoir une méthode utilisant des images satellites et des bases de données « classiques » ? comment combiner les outils, les méthodes de télédétection et de géomatique pour mettre en place un indicateur défini par des thématiciens ? 3.
In Figure  1a , it can be seen that the metal sheet of structured packing is not smooth, but is perforated and composed of small-scale texture (embossed metal sheet). For computing resource reasons, the wall texture of real packing and the perforation are not represented in simulated geometry. Indeed, in this work, the packing wall considered is smooth. A similar approach was considered by  Raynal et al. (2004), and Nikou and Ehsani (2008)  for the simulation of pressure drop in structured packings. As boundary conditions, opposite faces are considered periodic and a pressure gradient is imposed in the flow direction. The CFD simulations presented in this section were carried out with the commercial CFD software ANSYS Fluent 14. One critical aspect of CFD simulations of gas flow for pressure drop in structured packings is choosing the appropriate turbulent model, especially when the range of gas Reynolds numbers is within laminar and fully turbulent flow, as discussed in  Raynal et al.
Physical and Reactive Liquid-Side Mass Transfer In recent years, with the development of numerical methods for simulating a deformable interface, the direct numerical investigation of interfacial reactive mass transfer in complex geometry has become possible. Haroun et al. (2010a, b)  developed VOF modeling for physical and reactive mass transfer study in two-dimensional geometries corresponding to a slice of a structured packing. The computational method is based on the VOF method  (Hirt and Nichols, 1981; Scardovelli and Zaleski, 1999) , where the chemical species concentration equation is solved coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations by using the JADIM code developed at IMFT  (Haroun et al. , 2010a, b). The resolved equations are: Experimental and simulated dry pressure drops versus Re number for the Mellapak 250X REU.
In this work, the analogy of Chilton-Colburn  (Chilton, 1934)  is used to calculate the gas-side mass transfer coefficient from heat transfer simulations from the packing wall. The energy equation is solved with the mass and momentum equation. The dimensionless numerical gas-side mass transfer coefficient, the Sherwood number, is then calculated from the CFD Nusselt number computed from the thermal gradient at the wall and Chilton-Colburn analogy as follows: Nu ¼ 1 S ZZ S krT k T w ÀT b d eq dS ð6Þ Sh Sc 1=3 ¼ Nu Pr 1=3 ð7Þ where k, T w , T b , Sh, Sc, Nu and Pr are the effective conductivity, wall and bulk temperatures, Sherwood numbers, Schmidt numbers, Nusselt numbers, and Prandtl numbers, respectively. The CFD simulations presented in this section were carried out with the commercial CFD software ANSYS Fluent 14.
In this work, an illustration of such CFD calculations carried out with the commercial CFD software ANSYS Fluent 14 is presented. The CFD VOF approach is applied to calculate the effective interfacial area in REU structured packings with different channel angle orientation from horizontal h for a fixed packing geometric area a G = 250 m 2 /m 3. Computational options as well as boundary conditions and fluid system property details can be found in  Haroun et al. (2014). Characteristic shapes of the liquid film flow on the surface of corrugated sheet are shown in Figure  7  for different channel angle orientation. The simulation results show that an increase in channel angle orientation from the horizontal leads to a decrease in the packing wetted area and thus in the interfacial effective area.
The inventors used the VOF method in floating conditions to evaluate the performance of a standard orifice pan distributor tray and new partitioned distributor tray. The motion effect on reactive absorption columns has been taken into account in the calculation through body force terms  (Celebi and Akyildiz, 2002)  derived from a moving coordinate system and introduced, in the framework of the moving distributor, as source terms via an in-house userdefined function using Fluent CFD software. These forces introduce into the calculation the effect of rolling motion and acceleration of fluids. The rolling conditions considered correspond to distributors positioned at the top of the column, about 50 m above the gyration centre of the boat. The roll oscillation amplitude and period used are ±5°and 15 s, respectively.
The raw material selection is based on both accurate requirements for their use in a flexible pipe and expected performances in a sour service environment over a long period of time. Some laboratory qualifications and experimental techniques are used to qualify the behavior of the material and build the material database. A dedicated multiphysics model is developed based on the coupling of permeation mechanisms and gas-solid reactions. Qualification of both the material and the model is performed thanks to middle-scale and full-scale tests conducted in representative sour service conditions. Résumé -Développement de matériaux barrières réactifs contre la corrosion pour l'industrie pétrolière : de la formulation à la qualification industrielle en passant par le développement de modèles multiphysiques prédictifs -La corrosion liée à la présence de gaz acides tels que CO 2 et H 2 S en présence d'eau dans les effluents pétroliers est un enjeu majeur pour les opérateurs pétroliers.