dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
During this time, the slice was paced at 1 Hz for 20 min, then 2 Hz for 10-15 min, before checking threshold and commencing stimulation at 4 Hz. For the experimental protocol, electrical stimulation (biphasic pulses, twice current threshold, 2 ms duration, 4 Hz frequency) was applied via one of the microelectrodes. UEGM data were acquired simultaneously from all 60 microelectrodes with MC Rack (Multi Channel Systems, Reutlingen, Germany). S1-S2 train stimulation with a S1-S1 cycle length of 250 ms and S1-S2 starting at 140 ms, was used to assess effective refractory period (ERP). To assess conduction properties, tissue samples were stimulated at 4 Hz, and the UEGMs obtained were processed using LabChart7 (ADInstruments, UK) to define local activation time (LAT) based on the most negative derivative of the UEGM (details below).
Given that longer period waves interrogate deeper or farther from the recording sites in diffusive propagation, resolution similarly diminishes with depth or distance  25. Resolution tests are performed by perturbing model features and assessing change in data misfit. We utilize all four impedance and both tipper elements to minimize the need for a 2D assumption, and allow treatment of a meandering profile plus the patch of soundings near the TAM-PPl transition. The Z xx and Z yy impedance and K zx tipper elements hold directional information and can allow image formation offline even though resolution decreases laterally from the transect. Our inversion algorithm is based on the finite element method using vertically deformed hexahedra to incorporate topography  44, 45  (Fig. 5 ) (see "Methods").
Our finite element formulation assumes that the model asymptotes to a 1D background at the mesh edges so an elevation of 1000 m was chosen as an average to bound the model domain. All 57 stations were included with 33 frequencies per site and 12 data (four complex impedance and two complex tipper elements) per frequency for a total of 22,572 data. Data error floors imposed were 0. 05 for both real and imaginary parts of K zx and K zy , and 5%max{|Z ij |;|Z iva |} for (Z ij ), where Z iva = (Z xy -Z yx )/2 is an impedance rotational invariant  10. The starting model was a 300 ohm-m half-space (similar to average over all Z iva ) down to 410 km, beyond which 20 ohm-m was the start based on laboratory constraints across this mantle phase transition  46. All inversion cells were allowed to vary with exception of an ice layer over the Ross Ice Shelf fixed at 300 ohm-m for the upper cell layer (260 m) and 100 ohm-m for the next layer down to approximate the previous 1D analysis results.
Inversion models were computed on a 24-core Linux workstation with 0. 5 TB RAM as described for the algorithm development  44, 45. The initial nRMS with the inversion starting model was 50. 5. Inversion was allowed to progress until nRMS reduction per iteration became <10% whereupon the regularization parameter λ 45 was halved. We computed inversion models with and without estimates of the impedance static distortion at each MT sounding  45. Distortion parameters were estimated in the latter portion of the model convergence. The best fit without distortion estimation occurred at model 16 with nRMS of 1. 67. Subsequently, distortion parameters were estimated starting with model 13 and a final nRMS of 1. 43 was achieved at model 17. This is the model displayed in the main text in Fig. 6. The relatively minor improvement in overall misfit is consistent with static distortion estimation being consequential at only a few sites, principally in the site cluster near the TAM-PPl transition (Supplementary Fig.
Because one usually has poor control on the strike extent of structures beneath a field profile especially with 2D data, for 2D inversion it is recommended to emphasize the nominal transverse magnetic mode of impedance (ρ yx and φ yx ) (electric current flow along the profile) plus possibly the tipper element K zy. These were selected from the main profile of the CTAM dataset with ρ yx and φ yx given the same error floors as in the previous 1D inversion plus a floor of 0. 05 for the real and imaginary components of K zy. Impedance values were omitted if φ yx reached or exceeded 90°a s such are not permitted in a purely 2D TM mode  71. No attempt was made to fit ρ xy and φ xy. Because it is much less demanding of computer resources, the shallowest mesh elements in the 2D model were only 40 m and data to 100 Hz were utilized.
Acknowledgements The Antarctic fieldwork and data analysis of this project were supported by  U. S. National Science Foundation  Grants  OPP-0838914  and  OPP-1243559  to P. W. G. H. was supported under the  GNS Science AMT program  and under  Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund  award  ASL 1301. We are grateful to the  U. S. Antarctic program  for logistical support within the multi-investigator CTAM field camp of season one and the dedicated RISC fly camp of season two. Field safety/mountaineering support was provided by  J. Pierce ,  S. Norman ,  M. Smith  and  J. Hanna , and by  D. U. Any  use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only.
). Forty-nine stakeholders were then interviewed in six community health centres and two referral health centres (from 11/12/15 to 08/03/16), including health practitioners, administrators, and those involved in implementing and conceptualizing the program (government and NGOs). A theme analysis was done with the software © QDA Miner according to the study's conceptual framework. Results: The results of this project show a weak level of sustainability due to many factors. While some gains could be sustained (ex. : investments in long-term resources, high compatibility of values and codes, adapted design to the implementations contexts, etc. ) other intended benefits could not (ex. : end of investments, lack of shared cultural artefacts around RBF, loss of different tasks and procedures, need of more ownership of the project by the local stakeholders).
The CSCOM's technical directors (DTC) (being the only member of management) and CSREF's member of the administration served as key informants in the recruitment of health care practitioners and ASACO or CC members. Participants' selection was made upon their knowledge and experience regarding the pilot project. Other participants were subsequently recruited to deepen the understanding of the role of other organisations involved in the implementation of the project: the DNS, the DRS of Koulikoro, the SNV, the KIT and the communes. In total, 49 semi-structured interviews were conducted lasting between 30 min and 2 h [see Table  1 ]. Interviews were individual and within the work place or the health centre. While the audio was recorded, notes were also taken during the interviews for better data analysis.
An interpreter was also trained by a senior researcher to facilitate interviews in Bambara (AC). An interview guide was constructed by the research team (MS, VR, LT, AC) and validated through a pre-test with three personnel members of a CSCOM. Minor modifications were made and pre-test data was also used for the analysis. This guide comprised five sections according to the sustainability's determinants. Open ended questions were used to collect data on sustainability's determinants, phases, contexts and critical events (elements based on the conceptual framework described above). Both audio recordings and interview notes were transcribed verbatim. Audio recordings were also re-played and listened to and the verbatim re-read (MS) (exception of the Bambara interviews) to ensure their validity and integrity, as well as to perform an iterative analysis of the data.
The © QDA Miner software was utilised to manage data and help for the thematic analysis. A code tree was created (MS) and reviewed (VR) according to the conceptual framework of the study  [32]. This tree was refined with the addition of new themes emerging from the iterative analysis. Preliminary results were presented to different actors linked to RBF during a workshop in Bamako  [39]. Comments helped to identify other actors and to validate some data and analysis. A documentary research was also done to triangulate data from the interviews and to better understand the functioning of the project. Few documents were available due to confidentiality and administrative constraints. Precautions were also taken during the study to follow different rigorous criteria such as the credibility, authenticity or integrity of the results.
A first limit to this study is the memory bias of the participants which could not always recall all the specific facts due to the gap between the end of the project and the data collection period. A greater number of participants were then recruited to limit this bias and to triangulate data. The collect of critical events also reduces that bias since those events were more easily identifiable and were collectively shared by the actors. A second limit could be the perceived role of the main researcher (MS) by the participants. Despite the clarification of the researcher's role before every interview, many participants would still associate him to a project evaluator, which was apparent in the data (quasi-absence of negative information concerning the project and reluctance to share that information).
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Mahamadou Diabaté  and  Samba Diarra  for their flexibility and understanding as interpreters during the data collection. Thanks also to  Seydou Diabaté  and  Kanuya Coulibaly  for the transcriptions and the hard work. Thanks to the proof-readers  Rosemary Pal  and  Joëlle Quenneville  as well as those who made recommendations during the analysis and process,  Anne-Marie Turcotte-Tremblay  and  Lara Gautier.
In this work we present a study with MUSE of the nearby (z = 0. 059) host galaxy of GRB 100316D/SN 2010bh, a sub-energetic burst (E iso ≥ 5. 9 × 10 49 erg), associated with the SN 2010bh  (Olivares E. et al. 2012; Bufano et al. 2012)  and characterized by the presence of a possible thermal component in its X-ray emission  (Starling et al. 2011). The host galaxy of GRB 100316D is a blue galaxy with an extended (diameter ∼ 12 ) and disturbed morphology. Imaging obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) shows the presence of a large number of giant H ii regions, with the GRB located close to the brightest of these knots  (Starling et al. 2011). We complement the analysis with an additional dataset obtained with the IFU FLAMES/GIRAFFE at the VLT, whose field of view covers a limited region of the host containing the GRB site, but its higher spectral resolution provides more detailed information on the velocity distribution in the galaxy.
2012). Bias, arc, and flat-field master calibration files were created using a default set of calibration exposures. These include an illumination-correction flat field taken within one hour of the science observations to correct for temperature variation in the illumination pattern of the slices. All data cubes were sampled to 0. 2 × 0. 2 × 1. 25 Å and the three exposures were combined. After reducing the data, we removed sky lines with the Zurich Atmosphere Purge (ZAP) software package  (Soto et al. 2016)  on the combined image for each spectral pixel (spaxel). The final MUSE data cube has a nominal resolution of 1. 1 (due to the seeing conditions) which corresponds to a distance of 1. 3 kpc at the redshift of the host galaxy. For the kinematic analysis of the host we furthermore used data from FLAMES/GIRAFFE at the VLT in ARGUS mode (Program ID 092.
D-0389, PI C. C. Thöne). Observations were made in the LR6 set-up (wavelength range 6438 -7184 Å , resolving power R = 13500), with a total integration time of 9 × 15 min. Data reduction was done using the standard ESO pipeline (version 2. 11) without the sky subtraction options. In order to verify the fiber-to-fiber wavelength calibration, we checked the wavelength of two skylines in the ARGUS data cube. Data cubes for each single exposure were constructed using IRAF and IDL dedicated software  (Flores et al. 2006; Yang et al. 2008)  and then combined to a final datacube.
Bersier) F625W-filter image and the eight H ii regions found with the algorithm described above, together with the exact location of the GRB. The coordinates of the emission peak for the H ii regions and of the GRB location are reported in Table  1. In all H ii region spectra we detect the strong emission lines of Hα, Hβ, the doublets of [O iii] λλ 4959,5007, [N ii] λλ 6550/86, [S ii] λλ 6718/32 , and [O ii] λλ 7320/30. 4. Fluxes for these lines are reported in Table  6. All the maps presented in this paper have been reprojected onto the World Coordinate system (WCS) of the HST /WFC3 image, after an appropriate astrometrical correction of the MUSE and FLAMES cubes using the astropy python package  (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013) , whose set of libraries has been extensively used in this work.
We then extract the rotation curve along the kinematic major axis. Since the spectral resolution of the FLAMES dataset is better than that of MUSE, we have also used the FLAMES dataset for the fit of the rotation curve. After correcting the FLAMES cube for the astrometry, we note that FLAMES data do not cover the entire host galaxy, see left panel in Fig. 13 , and the final rotation curve refers only to the blue-shifted side of the galaxy. The rotation curve is very detailed, with a good spatial sampling (at the redshift of the host, we have 1. 0 = 1. 15 kpc) and resembles the typical rotation curves of dwarf galaxies (characterized by a uniform slowly rising behavior, Sparke & Gallagher 2007), evidence that is also sustained by the stellar mass and the absolute magnitude of the host: from the rest-frame B filter map (obtained by extrapolating the derived host galaxy SED to λ = 4215 Å) we estimate an absolute integrated magnitude of M B = -18.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the referee for her/his scientific comments that allowed to improve the analysis as well as the current manuscript. LI, CT, ZC, AdUP and DAK acknowledge support from the  Spanish  research project AYA 2014-58381-P. CT and AdUP furthermore acknowledge support from Ramón y Cajal fellowships RyC-2012-09984 and RyC-2012-09975. DAK and ZC acknowledge support from  Juan de la Cierva Incorporación  fellowships  IJCI-2015-26153  and  IJCI-2014-21669. RSR is supported by a 2016  BBVA Foundation  Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators. SS acknowledges support from the  CONICYT Chile FONDE-CYT Postdoctorado  fellowship  3140534  and the  Feinberg Graduate School. SS and FEB acknowledges support from  CONICYT-Chile  ( Basal-CATA PFB-06/2007 ,  FONDECYT Regular 1141218 ), the  Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism's Millennium Science Initiative  through grant  IC120009 , awarded to  The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS.
RA acknowledges the support from the  ERC Advanced  Grant  695671  'QUENCH'. PJ acknowledges support by a  Project Grant  ( 162948 -051 ) from  The Icelandic Research Fund. SDV acknowledges the support of the  French National Research Agency  (grant  ANR-16-CE31-0003 ). SDV acknowledges the support of the  French National Research Agency  (grant  ANR-16-CE31-0003 ). AR acknowledge support from Premiale  LBT 2013.
Interactions of Organotypic-Derived Cells with IPN Hydrogels Organotypic culture was performed to validate the biocompatibility in a more complex situation than the in vitro culture and to assess the behavior of different cell types in contact with the IPN materials. The use of this technique is particularly relevant knowing that the biocompatibility of a specific material is not only dependent on its own characteristics, but has also to be considered within the context in which the material will be used  [53]. The overall organotypic results obtained after one week of culture of the different explants in contact with PEO(5%)coHSAm(5%)fb(0. 5%) IPNs compared to those obtained with the control (Thermanox ® , tissue-culture treated coverslips) are summarized in this section. These data highlight the significant differences in terms of migration, adhesion and proliferation of cells from the corresponding explanted tissues or organs to the IPN hydrogels.
Cell Migration from Tissues to IPN Hydrogels As cell migration is a defining step essential to numerous biological processes such as skin wound healing  [19] , it is crucial to study this parameter when characterizing the cell behavior. The cell migration area (expressed in mm 2 ) was measured after seven days of culture from the different explants to the IPN hydrogels (Figure  4 ). 5% )fb(0. 5%) IPNs (white) and Thermanox ® (black) after a week of culture. The surface of cell layers surrounding the explants was determined using ImageJ software on neutral red-stained sample pictures taken with a stereomicroscope fitted with a camera. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, ** p ≤ 0. 001 compared to the Thermanox ® group. Except for the gonad tissues, our fibrin-based IPNs allowed cell migration similarly to if not better than Thermanox ® , used as our positive control for cell culture.
Cell Adhesion Assessment on IPN Hydrogels Cell adhesion is one of the most relevant characteristic to examine when assessing the biocompatibility of a biomaterial. This parameter is directly related to the surface, composition and the structure of the biomaterial considered  [54]. The cell adhesion parameter was measured by using an arbitrary index inversely proportional to the cell detachment kinetics. As depicted in Figure  6 , across all the organs and tissues investigated, cell adhesions were increased when compared to our cell culture positive control (Thermanox ® group). These data suggest that our fibrin-based IPNs are bioactive as they can attract and retain a large number of cells. Figure  5. Cell density (cells/mm 2 ) on PEO(5%)coHSAm(5%)fb(0. 5%) IPNs (white) and Thermanox ® (black) after a week of culture.
Cell Adhesion Assessment on IPN Hydrogels Cell adhesion is one of the most relevant characteristic to examine when assessing the biocompatibility of a biomaterial. This parameter is directly related to the surface, composition and the structure of the biomaterial considered  [54]. The cell adhesion parameter was measured by using an arbitrary index inversely proportional to the cell detachment kinetics. As depicted in Figure  6 , across all the organs and tissues investigated, cell adhesions were increased when compared to our cell culture positive control (Thermanox ® group). These data suggest that our fibrin-based IPNs are bioactive as they can attract and retain a large number of cells.
Discussion In this study, we checked the potentiality of PEO-SAm/fb IPNs to be biomaterials for tissue engineering. Primarily, we evaluated the biocompatibility of our materials and their capacity to be used as biomaterials in a number of biomedical applications. Assessing the biocompatibility of a new biomaterial is a critical step before its use  [55, 56]. The MTT cytotoxicity assay is often used to evaluate the biocompatibility as a first screeningand the ISO 10993-5 guidelines proposes to test the in vitro cytotoxicity using an MTT assay on the L929 cell line  [56] [57] [58] [59]. Therefore, we performed an MTS assay which is equivalent to the MTT assay on L929 cells with extraction vehicles from our materials. Our preliminary data suggested that our hydrogels were cytocompatible. These results were validated ex vivo using an organotypic chick embryo model.
Fibrin is involved in various biological processes including vascularization, angiogenesis and hemostasis  [19]. Fibrin hydrogels are thus widely used as scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering  [17, [67] [68] [69] [70] [71]. In our study, neither the endothelial cell proliferation nor migration were seen to be influenced by the fibrin-based IPNs. However, endothelial cell adhesion, the last parameter investigated with our technique, was significantly enhanced on the tested IPNs compared to the controls. These data indicate that our scaffolds provide a good balance between migration, proliferation and adhesion of endothelial cells, which is suitable for blood vessel reconstruction  [60]. Next, the behavior of cornea cells on the fibrin-based IPNs was investigated. The results showed that these cells were more prone to adhere and grow on the IPN hydrogels when compared to the control groups.
5%) IPNs and PEGDM was replaced by HSAm for HSAm(10%)fb(0. 5%) IPNs. Once all of the prepolymer solutions were prepared, they were transferred into a mold consisting of a glass Petri dish on which 1 mm-thick Teflon pieces were sealed. The mold was exposed to UV light (365 nm, power 1. 16 mW/cm 2 , distance lamp-samples: 8. 4 cm) for 1 h at 37 • C. The distance lamp-samples was adjusted using a sensor (PowerMax PS19Q, Coherent Inc. , Santa Clara, CA, USA) and the PowerMax PC software (version 1. 0).
Statistical Analysis All values in the present study were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad InStat 5. 03 software. Statistical significance for MTS cytotoxicity assays was determined using a one-way ANOVA. The data from the organotypic culture experiment comparing IPN samples to Thermanox ® were analyzed using a Student's paired t-test. Differences were considered significant at p ≤ 0. 05 and indicated in the figures as * (p ≤ 0. 05), ** (p ≤0. 001) and *** (p ≤ 0. 0001).
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the  French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR) Technologies for health and autonomy (TecSan) Fibriderm  fundings (Project Number  ANR-13-TECS-0014 ) and the Picardy region. We also wish to thank  Fréderic Nadaud  for his technical help with the SEM and ESEM characterizations. We also would like to acknowledge the company  Meccellis Biotech  for having graciously provided us collagen samples used for animal experiments.
HPLC analysis for drug loading and release determination An HPLC assay for the quantification of both PTX and Sq-Gem was developed using an Agilent Technologies 1200 Series HPLC system. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Phenomenex Synergit 4 mm Polar-RP 80 Å, LC Column 250 Â 4. 6 mm. Methanol and water (85 : 15) was introduced to the column as mobile phase under isocratic conditions. The mobile phase was pumped through the column at a flow rate of 1 mL min À1. The UV detector was set at 250 nm and the injection volume was 20 mL. The PTX and Gem-Sq standard solutions used for quantification were prepared by suitably diluting a 100 mg mL À1 working standard of each drug in a mixture of 80 : 20 methanol : water. The data was acquired and analysed using ChemStation for LC, software by Agilent Technologies, UK.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) Particle size measurements of the polymeric micelles were recorded using a Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern Instruments Ltd, UK. The scattered laser beam (632. 8 nm) was measured at an angle of 1751. Samples were prepared using polymer (5 mg mL À1 ) and PTX/Sq-Gem (500 mg mL À1 each) dispersed in 1 mL of PBS pH 7. 4 (0. 01 M). All samples were measured in a quartz cuvette at 25 1C and the data were recorded by Malvern Zetasizer software 7. 11.
In vitro cytotoxicity assay The cytotoxicity studies were performed with the use of the MTT assay. MiaPaca-2 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a density of 1 Â 10 4 cells per well. Cells were incubated in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium-high glucose and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin-Streptomycin and 1% diluted in 1997 mL of medium to achieve 10 mM for each drug. Further dilutions were carried out to obtain less concentrated samples. After incubation for 72 h, the medium was replaced by 100 mL of fresh medium and 25 mL of MTT stock solution (5 mg mL À1 in PBS) and incubated for an additional 4 h. Subsequently, the medium was removed and the formazan crystals were dissolved in 200 mL of DMSO. The plates were shaken for 2 min at room temperature before measuring the optical density (OD) at 570 nm on a SpectraMax s M2/M2e Multimode Microplate Reader, with SoftMax s Pro Software.