dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
E. D. M. , D. P. G. , L. M. V. , B. B. , B. F. , P. K. , O. N. K. , N. N. S. , A. N. O. , J. -G. H. , J. S. -D. , R. L. C. , K. L. V. , and L. M. identified the specimens. All authors contributed to the collecting of samples. L. H. L. obtained the funding, coordinated the project, performed analyses downstream of phylogenetic analyses with R. J. S. O. and R. C. M. W. , and cowrote the first draft of the manuscript with R. J. S. O. , E. D. M. , and D. P. G. , which all coauthors revised. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper, the Supplementary Materials,  Dryad , and Zenodo. Submitted 15 October 2021 Accepted 2 February 2022 Published  30 March 2022 10.
Similarly, facilitation, another facet of complementarity  (Wright et al. , 2017) , usually expected to positively affect productivity with increasingly severe environmental conditions  (He et al. , 2013) , may collapse among herbaceous species in areas prone to severe drought  (Michalet & Pugnaire, 2016). Nevertheless, the portfolio effect should support the recovery capacity and resilience of species-rich mixtures subjected to severe drought  (Kreyling et al. , 2017). Thus, under severe stress combining species with distinct identities for high dehydration tolerance seems promising, while under moderate stress combining species for complementarity effects should be the preferred strategy (Figure  2 ).
| Valuing inter-specific variability To assess how species diversity is used in today's European sown grasslands and to exploit adaptation of forage production in ley-farming systems to drier conditions, a survey was conducted. As an easy-to-derive proxy for plant species' suitability for growth under wet/dry conditions, we chose the Ellenberg indicator value for moisture (F: 'Feuchte' in German;  Ellenberg & Leuschner, 2010). Values were derived from the TRY database  (Kattge et al. , 2020) , which included indicator values from Central Europe  (Ellenberg & Leuschner, 2010) , the UK, and Ireland  (Fitter & Peat, 1994; Hill et al. , 2004). The median was calculated, where more than one value per species was available. We are aware that, for more quantitative analyses, Ellenberg indicator values would be too coarse a proxy; here, however, we use these values to visualize a specific feature of forage plants.
(E) Distribution of spindle Z-angles at metaphase (Z-angle m ) for different applied strains. Gray shaded area highlights Z-angles <30°. The number of mitotic cells examined for each condition was N = 147 for -30% strain, N = 81 for 0% strain, N = 27 for 30% strain, and N = 68 for 50% strain. Experiments were performed on n = 14 independent days for -30% strain, n = 8 independent days for 0% strain, n = 4 independent days for 30% strain, and n = 8 independent days for 50% strain. The P-value compared with 0% strain was P = 0. 003 for -30% strain, P = 0. 93 for 30% strain, and P = 0. 243 for 50% strain. (F) Difference between spindle Z-angles at the beginning of metaphase and the end of division for each applied strain. The data correspond to the same experiments as in (E). Distributions were compared with 0 with a Z-test.
Finally, the localization of LGN did not appear qualitatively changed by the Y27632 treatment (SI Appendix, Fig. S9G ). Overall, these data further suggest that changes in shape, density, or localization of Measurement of the deflection of the flexible rod allows determination of the stress applied to the epithelium (see Methods). (B) Example of cell division in a monolayer treated with 50 μM Y27632 at 0% (Top row) and 50% strain (Bottom row). Spindle Z-angle is measured at the beginning of metaphase (Left) and at the end of division (Right). Nucleic acids are visualized with H2B GFP (green), the cell membrane is labeled with CellMask 568 dye (white). In the profile views, the horizontal yellow dashed lines indicate the plane of the monolayer, while the angle between the slanted and vertical dashed lines indicate the orientation of the metaphase plate or the division furrow.
Gray box highlights Z-angles <30°. The number of mitotic cells examined for each condition was N = 147 for -30% strain, N = 66 for 0% strain with Y27632, N = 81 for 0% strain, N = 53 for 50% strain with Y27632, and N = 68 for 50% strain. Data from n = 14, n = 8, n = 8, n = 11, and n = 8 independent days, respectively. The data shown for -30% strain, 0% strain, and 50% is from Fig. 1E. Comparisons are as follows: P(0%, -30%) = 0. 003, P(0%, 0% + Y27632) = 0. 002, P(0%, 50% + Y27632) = 0. 117, P(0%, 50%) = 0. 243, P(-30%, 0% + Y27632) = 0. 468, P(50%, 50% + Y27632) = 0. 621. (F) Distribution of the spindle Z-angles at metaphase for monolayers subjected to -30% strain in control conditions or treated with 35 nM calyculin. WRST, P = 1. 945 10 -5. Gray box highlights Z-angles <30°. N = 147 mitotic cells for -30% strain and N = 21 for -30% strain with calyculin treatment.
We compared Θ a,mi in monolayers treated with Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Y27632, since rho-kinase inhibition leads to more frequent out-of-plane divisions without any detectable change in mitotic cell shape. Θ a,mi did not change in response to treatment (P = 0. 691, WRST, Fig. 5B ). As treatment of compressed monolayers with calyculin reduces out-of-plane divisions without changes in cell shape, we examined its effect on Θ a,mi but found no effect (P = 0. 162, WRST, Fig. 5B ). These data suggest that both drug treatments affect cortical tension in a similar way in mitotic and interphase cells, in line with the conclusions of our simulations. As a complement to this analysis, we also measured the curvature of lateral junctions R l between mitotic cells and their interphase neighbors using UZ profiles.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank  Maxine Lam ,  Susana Godinho  ( Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom ), and past and present members of the  Charras and Baum labs  for comments and discussions. We also thank anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. A. L. was supported by an  EMBO Long-term fellowship  ( ALTF 29-2016 ). M. K. was supported by a  SNSF  early postdoc fellowship  P2LAP3_164919. A. L. , J. F. , M. K. , T. P. J. W. , and J. D. were supported by a  European Research Council  consolidator grant ( CoG-647186 ) to G. T. C. J. F. was supported by a  BBSRC  grant ( BB/M003280 ) to G. T. C.
, 2008 (Torsvik et al. , , 2012)). Paleomagnetic directions measured at a given locality result in a paleomagnetic pole, which virtually coincides with the paleoposition of the Earth's spin axis relative to the sampling site  (Dallanave & Kirscher, 2020; Tauxe, 2010; Vaes et al. , 2021). Compilations of consecutive poles then are combined to establish an apparent polar wander path (APWP, called apparent because it rather reflects the changing orientation and distance of the plate with respect the geographic pole;  Besse & Courtillot, 2002; Creer et al. , 1954; Torsvik et al. , 2008; Van der Voo, 1993). However, the Cenozoic paleomagnetic data set used to create the global APWP is strongly biased by data from the North American continent. Examination of middle Eocene to the early Miocene (48-18 Ma; Chrons C21n-C5En) paleomagnetic entries compiled by  Torsvik et al.
Published Paleomagnetic Data All sediment cores retrieved from boreholes during Exp. 371 were cut into sections (typically 1. 5 m in length) and subsequently split longitudinally on board the JR into working and archive halves. Following standard shipboard procedures  (Sutherland et al. , 2019a) , the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of core archive halves was demagnetized with an alternating magnetic field (AF) up to 20 mT. NRM inclination after 20 mT demagnetization is used as base for determining the series of paleomagnetic reversals through the records for correlation with the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) (Figure  2 ). The above shipboard data was supplemented with paleomagnetic information obtained from fully demagnetized discrete specimens collected initially onboard the JR and after, during the sampling party, at the IODP Gulf Coast Core Repository (College Station, TX, USA).
These samples (∼8 cm 3 cubes) were trimmed directly from lithified sediments of the working halves, and additional data were generated as follows. For Hole U1507B, 72 discrete samples were collected and measured on board the JR using seven AF demagnetization steps up to a maximum of 70 mT (or up to 90 mT in some few cases). The remanence was measured with an AGICO JR-6 Spinner Magnetometer. To refine the magnetostratigraphic control, during the post-cruise sampling party we collected a total of 151 from the two intervals between cores 4-17R and 32-52R. A set of 74 samples from these was processed by applying 15 AF demagnetization steps up to 100 mT. The remanence was measured automatically after each step with an in-line 2G Enterprises superconducting rock magnetometer at the paleomagnetic laboratory of the University of Bremen  (Mullender et al.
, 2016). Within some specific stratigraphic intervals, the AF protocol resulted in a characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) direction failing to point toward the origin of the demagnetization axes. Therefore, for other 72 specimens, we applied stepwise thermal demagnetization up to 600°C to using a Schönstedt thermal demagnetizer, measuring the remanence after each demagnetization step with a 2G Enterprises superconducting rock magnetometer  (Dallanave & Chang, 2020). For Hole U1511B, quasi-continuous shipboard NRM measurements on the archive half (after 20 mT AF cleaning) were integrated with data from 33 discrete specimens demagnetized with AF protocol up to 120 mT. To refine the magnetostratigraphic control, during the post-cruise sampling party we selected 105 cube specimens of 8 cm 3 volume from cores 12R-30R.
To increase the paleomagnetic data set for this work, we requested from the Kochi Core Center (Nankoku, Japan) further 67 oriented specimens from Hole U1507B, 41 of which were from cores 18R-30R, and 26 were from cores 31R-50R. These were all subjected to AF demagnetization with 17 steps between 3 and 100 mT at the University of Bremen. Thus, in total, 306 discrete sediment samples were demagnetized for paleomagnetic direction analysis: 213 from Hole U1507B and 93 from Hole U1511B. To improve the quality of the directional data set, all data from the 306 AF and thermally demagnetized specimens were inspected using stricter statistical criteria than previously used by  Dallanave and Chang (2020). Specifically, we investigated the NRM behavior through visual inspection of vector end-point diagrams  (Zijderveld, 1967)  using the PuffinPlot open source software  (Lurcock & Wilson, 2012).
, 2016). The paleomagnetic data set from holes U1507B and U1511B in this work is used for paleolatitude calculation. Hence, it is fundamental to detect and correct for paleomagnetic inclination shallowing, otherwise uncorrected data can misplace paleolatitudes by several degrees  (Tauxe et al. , 2008). In order to detect and estimate the degree of inclination shallowing there are two families of methods. The first is based on the shape of paleomagnetic direction distribution that is, for a given locality, compared with the one expected from the paleosecular variations model  (Tauxe & Kent, 2004). This method has been successfully applied to a wide variety of sedimentary rocks (e. g. ,  Dallanave, Agnini, et al. , 2012; Dallanave, Muttoni, et al. , 2012; Dallanave, Kirscher, et al. , 2018; Dallanave et al.
Inclination Results Paleomagnetic inclination data from the two sites can be assigned to time intervals (Figure  5 ), here adopting the CENOGRID geomagnetic polarity timescale  (Westerhold et al. , 2020). Notably, given the detailed paleomagnetic information, age breaks can readily equate to polarity chron boundaries. The corrected ChRM inclination data set of Hole U1507B can be divided conveniently into four intervals of approximately 5 Myr duration, which encompass chrons C5Er-C6Cn, C6Cr-C9r, C10n-C13n, and C13r-C18n. These intervals roughly correspond to the early Miocene, late Oligocene, early Oligocene and late Eocene, respectively. For Hole U1511B, paleomagnetic inclination data shows no appreciable variations. Given age constraints, we consider the whole data set generated at this location as representative of the Lutetian to lowermost Priabonian interval (Chrons C17n-C21n; Figure  5c ).
(2012). For any time after 53 Ma, the Australian coordinates are suitable for comparing global poles with data from northern Zealandia because the Tasman Sea, which separates the two continental blocks, ended its spreading activity during Chron C24 (∼53 Ma;  Gaina et al. , 1998). After rotation, we averaged the position of the selected poles by means of standard spherical statistics  (Fisher, 1953 ; Table  2 ). Overall, colatitudes from our work agree very well with averaged global reference poles for the Eocene to Miocene. All cases are statistically indistinguishable within a 95% confidence margin (Figures  6a-6e ). Only the colatitude from Hole U1511B appears to be biased at some extent toward the site. In fact, the paleomagnetic reference pole falls out of the Hole U1511B 95% colatitude confidence (Figure  6a ).
(2019)  and GPlates software  (Müller et al. , 2018) , and we observe a significant mismatch for the late Eocene (Figure  7b ). We suggest that the very sparse paleomagnetic data but abundant hotspot trails in the Pacific hemisphere bias the  Tetley et al. (2019)  model. The reference APM model is anchored to the spin axis by poles that are from studies that date even back to the 1960s, and none of them are from the Cenozoic or younger. A larger and higher-quality paleomagnetic data set is required, particularly for the Cenozoic, and one that has a better global geographic distribution. Our paleomagnetic data are geographically significant.
Conclusions There are very few paleomagnetic data from the Australia-northern Zealandia plate during the Cenozoic. Paleomagnetic data are assumed to provide a direct estimate of the paleolatitude of a specific plate with respect to the spin-axis reference frame, because the geomagnetic field geometry is related to fluid motion in the outer core and thus is largely independent from the Earth's mantle. We calculated a set of five paleolatitudes using paleomagnetic directional data (corrected for sedimentary inclination shallowing) from IODP Expedition 371: one for Site U1511, centered at ∼42. 5 Ma (middle Eocene), and four for Site U1507, centered at approximately 37, 30, 25, and 20 Ma (late Eocene, early and late Oligocene, early Miocene, respectively), which are tied with the recent CENOGRID GPTS  (Westerhold et al.
Hydrological catchments at the scale of the ski resorts were derived from the high resolution DEM BD-Alti, using the method HydroDEM approach. HydroDem is a set of computer routines for processing digital elevation models from a hydrological perspective. Developed to support the scientific development of geostatistically based runoff mapping routines (e. g. Gottschalk et al. , 2006) , the HydroDem computer code is quite similar in its basic features to the well-known TauDem software (https: https://doi. org/10. 5194/egusphere-2022-1186 Preprint. Discussion started: 29 November 2022 c Author(s) 2022. CC BY 4. 0 License. //hydrology. usu. edu/taudem/taudem5/index. html). Over the years, HydroDem has been used as an aid for delineating drainage patterns in a variety of medium-and large-scale distributed hydrological model applications (e.
In this area, information on hydrology is rather sparse: 1. river flow measurements have been collected between June and mid-November at a single location (corresponding to a catchment surface area of 3. 85 km 2 ) along the Frasses river since 2013 ; 2. a gauging station now closed ("Gauging station" in Figure  3 ; 4 km 2 ) recorded discharges over two discontinuous periods  (1948-1968 and in 1980). The discharge data were corrected for upstream water diversion (transfer out of the gauged catchment mainly in summer for irrigation purposes through an open channel) to assess natural water resources. Water abstraction data were provided by the French national database BNPE (Banque Nationale des Prélèvements quantitatifs en Eau, https://bnpe. eaufrance. fr/), including time series of annual withdrawals, location, use (industry, energy production, irrigation.
) and source (surface-or groundwater) since 2008. Local databases provide complementary information on water management such as the location of the main withdrawing point for snowmaking ("Withdrawing point SAP"), weekly water volumes stored in each reservoir for snow production between 2007 and 2020, contribution of each reservoir to snow production over each ski piste, synoptic diagram of the drinking water networks, monthly volume abstracted for and released from reservoirs for drinking water supply between 2016 and 2020. For reasons of national security, the exact location of the pumping structures for drinking water 190 (referred as "Withdrawing point BNPE" in Figure  3 ) is not publicly available.
Acknowledgements. The project conducive to this manuscript has received funding from Compagnie Des Alpes and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 730203). 21 https://doi. org/10. 5194/egusphere-2022-1186 Preprint. Discussion started: 29 November 2022 c Author(s) 2022. CC BY 4. 0 License.
In this paper, we identified, via a genetic screen, a role for Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) in the consistency of neuronal cell fate specification and maintenance. PRC1 is a chromatin-modifying complex that ubiquitylates histone H2A on lysine 119  [19, 20]. While PRC1 factors have been historically implicated in gene repression, more recent data suggest that they can also play a role in gene activation  [19] [20] [21]. The PRC1 complex often works with another Polycomb complex, PRC2, however cases where PRC1 works independently of PRC2 have also been observed  [19] [20] [21]. The PRC1 complex is composed of a core of two proteins: RING1, the catalytic subunit, and PCGF (polycomb group ring finger), its cofactor. C. elegans has one RING1 protein (SPAT-3) and one PCGF (MIG-32)  [22].
Only two studies have analyzed so far the role of PRC1 in C. elegans  [22, 23]. They identified a role in neuronal cell migration and axon guidance, however whether PRC1 factors also affect neuronal cell fate specification and maintenance is currently unknown. In this paper, we show that PRC1 factors affect the differentiation program of the AIY neuron. We quantified, in single AIY neurons, the mRNA levels of the terminal selectors ttx-3 and ceh-10 using smFISH, as well as their protein levels using CRISPR tagging with fluorescent proteins. We observed that PRC1 factors are required to set the accurate level of terminal selector expression during neuronal specification in the embryo. Later, PRC1 factors are needed to ensure a 100% efficient maintenance of terminal selector expression in larvae and adult animals.
We then placed mig-32 cDNA under the control of the ttx-3 promoter K (maintenance element), which drives expression only in the postmitotic AIY neuron during the maintenance phase (3-fold embryo to adult)  [15]. This ttx-3pK::mig-32 construct also significantly rescues the loss of AIY fate observed at late larval stage (Fig 6B ). Taken together, these data suggest that the PRC1 complex directly acts in postmitotic AIY neurons to regulate their differentiated state. We noticed that the rescue is partial, which could be due to suboptimal expression levels of mig-32 or contributions of other cell types in addition to AIY. vba3 )) and the CEH-10 protein (ceh-10endo::yfp (vba1)) in embryos (epidermal enclosure for TTX-3, 1. 5-fold for CEH-10) and early larvae. Ventral views, anterior is left, scale bar = 10 μm.
This suggests that PRC1 also affects the consistency of the differentiation program of the ALM and PVM touch receptor neurons. Taken together, these data suggest that the PRC1 complex affects the consistency of the differentiation of several neuronal types in C. elegans, and that the sensitivity of neurons to a loss of PRC1 varies depending on neuronal types. Due to the time delay induced by protein synthesis, the optimal time point for detection of ttx-3 mRNA is in the SMDD/AIY mother cell, while the optimal time point for detection of TTX-3 proteins is a bit later in the early postmitotic AIY. Ventral view, anterior is left, scale bar = 10 μm. (B) Detection of ceh-10 mRNA by smFISH in a wild type embryo at 1. 5-fold stage. In addition to AIY in the ventral head, ceh-10 mRNA are also present in a few other neurons in the dorsal head.
Imaging Standard observations were performed under a Zeiss Axioplan 2 epifluorescence microscope equipped with a Zeiss AxioCam MRm camera and the AxioVision software. Quantifications of fluorescence levels in ttx-3endo, ceh-10endo and hlh-3endo CRISPR lines were performed on a Nikon Eclipse Ti microscope equipped with a spinning disc module (Yokogawa CSU-X1), 515 nm / 561 nm lasers, an EMCCD camera (Photometrics Evolve), and the Metamorph software. Embryos or L4 larvae were mounted on a 2% agar pad between a slide and a coverslip. After 3D image stacks acquisition, fluorescence intensity inside the nucleus of the AIY neurons was measured using the Fiji software and corrected for background autofluorescence. At L4 larval stage we observed a positive correlation between the fluorescence intensity and the depth of the neuron (z position).
Samples were washed twice in 10% formamide / 2x SSC buffer (30 minutes incubation at 37˚C for the second wash), then washed twice in 2x SSC buffer before being mounted in Vectashield Mounting Medium. Imaging was performed using a Nikon Ti2E microscope equiped with a 100x 1. 45 NA objective and an Andor Ikon-M high sensitivity camera. Quantification of the mRNA numbers was performed using a previously developed MATLAB script  [51]. The AIY neuron and SMDD/AIY mother cell were identified by their stereotyped position.
This work was funded by grants from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-17-ERC2-0018 ,  ANR-11-LABX-0054  and  ANR-21-CE13-0007 ) and from the  Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale  ( DEQ20180339160 ) to VB. GB was supported by a PhD fellowship from the  Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale  ( FDT20160435125 ). maintenance of terminal selector expression at later stages. PRC1 role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
2000 (Corbel et al. , 2003 (Corbel et al. , 2013 ; ; Gallo, Fender & Pooley 2003 ; Bright et al. 2020 ; Shaw et al. 2021 ). On the other hand, sources on the lower track are labelled as outliers (or radio-quiet ) and display indices β 1 -1. 4  (Coriat et al. 2011 ; Jonker et al. 2012 ; Gallo et al. 2014 ; Monageng et al. 2021 ; Carotenuto et al. 2021b  ). The majority of BH LMXBs appears now to belong to this second group. Interestingly, thanks to dense monitoring campaigns, some of the outliers were found to display a hybrid correlation, transitioning between the two tracks at different X-ray luminosities, between 10 -4 and 10 -3 L Edd  (Coriat et al. 2011 ; Carotenuto et al. 2021b ). While the size of the available data sets of BH LMXBs on the radio/Xray diagram increased considerably in the recent years, the reasons for the observed distribution of sources on the diagram are still unclear.