dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Most recently, the "Brexit" vote in the United Kingdom makes apparent the significance of antielite/establishment rhetoric for European politics. In this article we examine these issues via two new items in the 2014 wave of the Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES). In the process, we also introduce this most recent round of the longest-running expert survey on party positioning in European democracies, and cross-validate the CHES data with party positions derived from party manifestos and country-level information on political corruption. We show two things: political corruption is much more salient among parties from countries with poor quality of government (QoG), whereas anti-elite salience is more a function of ideology. Extreme leftist and extreme socially conservative parties are most likely to oppose political elites, while the national origin of a party is largely irrelevant.
The 2014 CHES Administered in 2014 to 337 political scientists specializing in political parties and European integration, the 2014 CHES, available at chesdata. eu, provides information about the positioning of 268 parties on political ideology, European integration, and various policy areas. 1 The survey covers political parties in 31 countries, including all European Union member states, plus Norway, Switzerland and Turkey. 2 The 2014 survey has been combined with prior waves to produce a trend file with five time points from 1999 to 2014, making the CHES the longest-running, most extensive expert survey on political parties in Europe. Prior waves of the CHES data have been cross-validated with a variety of alternative sources of party positioning information  (Bakker et al. , 2015; Hooghe et al.
Turning to cross-validation for the CHES salience of reducing political corruption variable, the Manifesto Project Dataset includes party-level data on the percentage of quasi-statements in a party's manifesto devoted to political corruption (per304). Specifically, the category refers to the "Need to eliminate political corruption and associated abuses of political and/or bureaucratic power"  (Volkens et al. , 2016). This variable correlates with the CHES salience of reducing political corruption variable at r = 0. 47, which is a relatively strong correlation given that many parties have 0s in the manifesto data, meaning that no quasi-statements in the manifesto pertained to reducing political corruption. 4  Figure  2  shows variation in the salience of antiestablishment and anti-elite rhetoric across the party families of Europe.
Consistent with our expectations, we see that this type of rhetoric is much more important to the parties of the extreme left and extreme right than the more centrist party families. Cross-validation exercises for this new CHES salience variable are more difficult because of data limitations. To our knowledge, there are no existing party-level measures of anti-establishment and anti-elite rhetoric salience. But as mentioned above, anti-elite and anti-establishment positions are a core feature of populism, and we therefore validate our measure of the salience of anti-elite sentiments with a method  (Rooduijn and Pauwels, 2011 ) that uses a dictionary of populist words to identify the degree of populism in the election manifestos of parties. Rooduijn and Pauwels (2011)  developed language-specific dictionaries for the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom and we used them to identify the degree of populism in recent election manifestos.
At the country-level, we use the PRS Group's International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) country-level indicator of QoG. This variable is the mean value of the ICRG variables measuring corruption, law and order, and bureaucratic quality, and was taken from the QoG Institute's Basic Dataset  (Dahlberg et al. , 2016). 6 The variable ranges from 0 to 1 with higher values indicating higher QoG. The terms u j and e ij represent the country-and party-level random components respectively. Given the multi-level nature of our data, we specify a random intercept multi-level model as follows We summarize the results in Figures  4  and 5  and provide details in Table  1. As expected, anti-corruption salience is strongly influenced by a party's country-specific level of QoG, and to a lesser extent by its ideology.
In particular, northern Eurosceptic parties like UKIP (anti-establishment salience score of 9. 3 on the 0-10 scale) in the UK deploy anti-elite messaging in an attempt to decouple national polities from the European Union and other forms of transnational cooperation. The recent referendum on EU membership in the UK makes abundantly clear the impact that this form of party competition can have on modern European politics  (Hobolt, 2016). This paper has shown that party-based, anti-elite salience is closely related to ideology, but that the salience of political corruption for parties is more closely tied to national context. These results hold in the 2014 CHES data together with-and controlling for-the more general finding that newer and opposition parties tend to emphasize both issues more than older parties, consistent with previous research.
Funding The CHES team gratefully acknowledges funding from the following organizations and grants: dichotomous and ends several years before 2014, making it less suitable for comparison with our measure. 5. The correlation between the economic left-right and GAL-TAN positions of the parties in this analysis is (r = -0. 40). The Dansk Folkparti (DF) and French Front National (FN) illustrate that these positions are often quite independent of one another. The economic left-right position of these parties is centrist (4. 5 for DF) or center-right (5. 9 for FN), but both are extreme in their cultural conservatism: 8. 4 for DF and 8. 9 for FN. Furthermore, note that the squared term is used to test curvilinear relationships. 6. The QoG institute collects data related to the QoG institutions. These data are widely used in corruption research and have been recognized with a dataset award from the American Political Science Association (APSA) Comparative Politics Section in 2009.
Various therapeutic approaches are available for the treatment of gambling disorder (GD), especially cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; the most widely used treatment). However, CBT has high dropout and relapse rates as well as non-compliance issues, which may be partly due to resistance to changing core characteristics, such as executive functioning, attention, and emotional regulation abnormalities. Finding new therapeutic approaches to treat GD is thus a key challenge. Cognitive remediation (CR) interventions represent a promising approach to GD management, which has recently been demonstrated to have efficacy for treating other addictive disorders. The objective of this review is to describe the possible benefits of CR interventions for GD management. Two systematic searches in MEDLINE and ScienceDirect databases were conducted up until January 2017.
Search Strategy The searches were performed in MEDLINE and ScienceDirect databases up until January 17th 2017 and were limited to articles published in English. For the first review on potential targets for CR interventions in GD, the search terms were a combination of medical subject headings (MeSH) terms and keywords including: "pathological gambling, " "problem gambling, " "gambling disorder, " "gambling addiction" AND "cognitive functions, " "cognitive dysfunction, " "executive function, " "memory disorders, " "neurocognitive disorders, " "attention, " "cognitive impairment. " For the second review on the use and efficiency of CR interventions in GD, the search terms were also a combination of MeSH terms and keywords including: "gambling, " "pathological gambling, " "problem gambling, " "gambling disorder, " "gambling addiction" AND "cognitive remediation therapy, " "cognitive training, " "cognitive rehabilitation therapy, " "cognitive retraining, " "cognitive bias modification, " "executive training, " "cognitive remediation, " "cognitive reappraisal.
Study Selection and Data Extraction All studies were screened for eligibility based on their titles and abstracts by the first and last authors (  GCB and MGB)  for the first review and by the first two authors (GCB and MB) for the second review. Reasons of exclusion are reported in the flow diagrams (Figures  1, 2 ). Then, the full texts of all eligible studies identified in the search processes were read and several pieces of information were extracted: sample size and participants, mean age of participants, main exclusion criteria, objectives, design, tasks, or questionnaires used to measure neurocognitive functions, main results, and limitations.
First Review on Potential Targets for CR Interventions in GD As depicted in Figure  1 , 50 studies fulfilled all the criteria to be included in the review. Studies are reported in chronological order, in order to highlight changes in the methods used or results obtained over time. We observed that the high number of studies wrongly identified by the database search was due to the huge use of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in the scientific literature to assess decision-making related processes in a large number of pathologies. As the IGT includes the word "Gambling" in its name, the database search initially led to an overinclusion of studies. The methods of all studies included are presented in Supplementary Table  1. The oldest study was conducted in 1995, but the large majority of the studies were conducted between 2000 and the present.
Second Review of the Use and Efficiency of CR Interventions in GD As depicted in Figure  2 , despite the fact that the initial database search resulted in 192 records, only one study fulfilled all the criteria for inclusion in the review. The main reasons for exclusion were that the targeted problem was not GD (the fifty studies excluded were mainly about schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) or that the aim was not therapeutic (the one-hundred and four studies excluded were mainly on the benefits of videogames for cognitive functioning, cognitive enhancement in healthy subjects, aging well, pedagogy, or productivity management, or were theoretical papers for modeling cognitive or neurobiological functioning in gambling or other domains).
We suppose that there are two reasons for the huge number of studies incorrectly identified by the database search. Firstly, CR interventions are often game-like exercises so that the use of the word "gambling" (often linked to the word "gaming") within the search strategy could have led to an over-identification of studies not related to GD. Secondly, the majority of the studies excluded were about CR interventions on healthy subjects (to improve or take advantages of cognitive training-like exercises in everyday life), but our focus was on studies into the use of CR interventions as a therapeutic approach for patients with GD. Due to studies on the use of CR interventions for addictions being quite recent in the literature, and because the use of such interventions is less obvious for GD than for substancerelated addictions due to the absence of the neurotoxic effects of a psychoactive substance, there is a scarcity of studies on the use CR interventions in GD in the literature.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to warmly thank  Anne-Françoise Goalic , for her help with the bibliographic research. Members of the IGNACE group are:  Marie Grall-Bronnec  ( CHU Nantes/INSERM UMR 1246, France ),  Gaëlle Challet-Bouju  ( CHU Nantes/INSERM UMR 1246, France ),  Caroline Victorri-Vigneau  ( CHU Nantes/INSERM UMR 1246, France ),  Jean-Benoit Hardouin  ( CHU Nantes/INSERM UMR 1246, France ),  Philippe Tessier  ( CHU Nantes/INSERM UMR 1246, France ),  Luke Clark  ( University of British Columbia, Canada ),  Jean-Claude Dreher  ( CNRS UMR 5229 , France),  Ruud van den Bos  (The Netherlands),  Anneke Goudriaan  ( University of Amsterdam/Arkin Mental Health Care, The Netherlands ),  Mélina Fatséas  ( CNRS USR 3413 , France),  Joël Billieux  ( University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg ),  Sophia Achab  ( Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève/University of Geneva EA834-PSY, Switzerland ),  Susana Jimenez-Murcia  ( Bellvitge University Hospital, Spain ),  Philip Gorwood  ( Sainte Anne Hospital/University Paris Descartes/INSERM U894, France ),  Lucia Romo , ( Sainte Anne Hospital/University Paris Nanterre/INSERM U894, France ),  Isabelle Giroux  ( Université Laval, Québec ), and  Alex Blaszczynski  ( University of Sydney, Australia ).
Flow diagram of the first review on potential neurocognitive targets of Cognitive Remediation (CR) interventions for Gambling Disorder (GD) management. Records identified through database searching: Pubmed : 266 ScienceDirect : 76 Records after duplicates removed: 311 Records identified through other sources: 1 Records screened (title and abstract): 300 Records excluded (chapter, poster, oral communications, not in English, etc. ): 11 Full-text articles assessed for eligibility: 55 Records excluded: 245 (1) The study did not focus on gambling: 187 (2) The sample was not composed of individuals with GD: 5 (3) The aim was not to identify the neurocognitive processes altered in GD: 19 (4) The study was not a clinical study: 7 (5) The study was not an original research: 27 (18 review and 9 case reports) Full-text articles included: 25 Records excluded: 30 (1) The study was about GD only in the framework of Parkinson's disease: 4 (2) The sample was not composed of individuals with GD: 17 (3) The aim was not to identify the neurocognitive processes altered in GD: 7 (4) The study was not an original research: 2 Additional records included after screening of the bibliographic references: 25 Full-text articles included: 50 database searching: Pubmed : 15 ScienceDirect : 241 Records identified through other sources: 3 Records after duplicates removed: 192 Records screened (title and abstract): 158 Records excluded (chapter, poster, proceedings, study protocols): 33 Full-text articles assessed for eligibility: 2 Records excluded: 156 (1) The targeted problem was not GD: 50 (2) The treatment used was not a CR intervention: 1 (3) The study was not a clinical study: 2 (4) The aim was not therapeutic: 104 Full-text articles included: 1 Records excluded: 1 (effects of a CR intervention on the FIGURE 1 | Records identified through Identification Screening Eligibility Included Identification Screening Eligibility Included gambling behavior of GD-free gamblers).
Study design, study site and population This study is a post hoc analysis of a single-center prospective database aiming to describe transfusion practices in PICU  [19, 20]. The PICU of Sainte-Justine University Hospital is a multidisciplinary PICU, serving both medical and surgical specialties. All consecutive admissions to PICU, from  April 21, 2009 , to April 20, 2010, were prospectively screened for recruitment. A priori defined exclusion criteria were: newborn with gestational age less than 40 weeks at the time of PICU admission, age less than 3 days or more than 18 years at PICU admission, pregnancy or admission just after labor. We excluded a posteriori all children with no Hb level at PICU discharge (as defined below).
Data collection Trained research assistants prospectively collected data daily in a validated case report form. All information was abstracted from medical charts. Patient characteristics and baseline data collected within 24 h after PICU admission included age, gender, medical past and admission diagnoses. (More than one diagnosis could be attributed to each patient. ) A predictive score of mortality, the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM score, first version)  [23] , and a descriptive score of severity of multiple organ dysfunction, the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD score, first version)  [24] , were used to describe severity of illness at PICU admission. Several data were prospectively collected during the entire PICU stay. Organ dysfunctions and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were defined according to Goldstein et al.
This assertion could not be true and could result in information bias leading to an over-or underestimation of the prevalence of anemia at PICU discharge. However, as stated above, the vast majority of our patients had their last Hb collected the day before or on the day of PICU discharge. The risk of such information bias is thus significantly reduced. Fourth, we excluded 163 cases a posteriori that differed from the included cases; this may have induced a selection bias, which may limit the external validity of our study. Fifth, our study was single center, which also limits its external validity; however, our critical care unit is comparable to most multidisciplinary university-affiliated North American PICUs with regard to case mix and severity of illness. Sixth, our database has been collected in 2009-2010 and some practices may have changed since then, so that our study population may not appropriately reflect children discharged from PICU nowadays.
INTRODUCTION "Every system has an architecture" ("IEEE Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software-Intensive Systems," 2000) and describing it is the point of the development process. However, in the context of complex system engineering, the development is made from various developers and each of them contributes his/her expertise on his/her specific activities. Also, throughout the development process, those various developers produce documents (as source code, graphics, database schema, text document, data sheets, diagrammatic representations, specification or design models, screenshot) describing the system. Those documents encode information in various formalisms with various degrees of formality, from structured data with formal semantics to completely unstructured-data.
Collaborative Development Tools Version Control System (as Subversion, CVS, Git or Mercurial) is widely adopted to store a set of files and the chronology of modifications made. These tools effectively manage different versions of source file for distributed teams. However, these tools are not really suited to handle other file format than text files. Furthermore, these tools do not allow to propagate changes. The repository does not know the architecture of the system being designed and therefore are unable to know the impact of a change. Other kinds of tools may be used to maintain consistency in the corpus of documents, such as the requirement management tools (as DOORS  (Avanthi and Sreenivasan, 2010) , REQTIFY  (Systèmes, 2013) , IRqA). These tools allow engineers to describe requirements in natural language and to record dependency as links between requirements and documents (or part of document) that covers the requirement.
The blockchain (r)evolution Backfeed is a social operating system for decentralised organisations. It builds upon blockchain technology to develop a distributed governance model for decentralised value creation and distribution  (Davidson et al, 2016). Before presenting the Backfeed model, we introduce its technological backbone: blockchain technology and the practices associated with it. As most existing implementations of the blockchain are to a large extent on an experimental phase, there is still no definite terminology to describe the relevant concepts. A blockchain is a distributed ledger or database of transactions recorded in a distributed manner, by a decentralised network of computers  (Wright & De Filippi, 2015:6). As the name implies, it is organised in a linear sequence of smaller encrypted datasets called 'blocks', which contain timestamped batches of transactions.
Justification and methods Backfeed presents a conceptual model that makes the case for a new form of governance with an incentivisation system implemented on the blockchain. There are many online communities that cooperate in a decentralised manner, as in the case of Free and Open-Source Software, Wikipedia, OpenStreetMaps, CouchSurfing or WikiHouse. Such communities aggregate smaller and larger contributions from a large number of people cooperating for the achievement of a common goal. Yet, while some of these communities have acquired a sufficient degree of visibility to become self-sustainable, the majority of such communities operate on a very small scale, often on a local territory or in a niche area. These communities often comprise a small handful of highly motivated contributors, and a slightly larger number of people who contribute on an ad hoc basis  (Fuster Morell et al, 2014).
The Randstad region is a polycentric urban region clearly identified as a cultural, social, or political entity, which makes it an interesting case study. This study aims to present comparable data for the two metropolitan areas. We used two databases: 'Local Knowledge of the Productive System' (CLAP) provided by INSEE (National Statistics Institute) for the French data and the Lisa database for the Dutch data. These two databases have the advantage that both use the NACE (Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community), so we can use the same categories for our comparison. We chose to use Category 52. 1 "Storage". This category applies to activities that require a logistics building, namely a warehouse. In this category, the floor size of warehouses is not specified.
According to DRIEA (2009), about 20% of the warehouses in the Paris region are less than 5,000m 2. Our databases also lack precision because they do not include all logistics buildings of the "warehouse" type. This is because the NACE classification only considers the principal purpose of a building, so some warehouses that serve the parcel industry or the distribution sector may not be recognized. The classification used by NACE and by extension the CLAP and Lisa databases have many shortcomings, which make it difficult to obtain an accurate estimate REGION : Volume 4, Number 1, 2017 of the number of establishments and their location. Because of these limitations, the final number of logistics facilities presented in this study is only an estimate of the total. We used the aggregated number of warehouses in municipalities for the years 2004 and 2012 for Ile-de-France and for the years 2007 and 2013 for the Randstad.
Each Randstad province contains a rather well defined monocentric urban structure (with the exception of Flevoland, with no major city). To measure sprawl, we used the change in the average distance of terminals to their center of gravity. We used the calculation method that is included in the ArcGIS software  (Mitchell 2005). The data on warehouses is aggregated for each province of the Randstad region and for each canton for the metro area of Paris. We weighted each province and canton by the number of warehouses.
Measuring logistics suburbanization To measure logistics suburbanization, we have established a profile for each municipality for the Randstad and each statistical canton for Ile-de-France, according to two criteria: firstly population density, and secondly the number of warehouses, which to some extent reflects logistics intensity. We have used the same data as before: the number of establishments classified as "warehouses" in the CLAP data for Paris and the Lisa data for the Randstad. These municipal (or cantonal) profiles were prepared using quartile-based discretization for each of the studied variables (population density and number of logistics facilities). This gave sixteen profiles. For ease of understanding we have grouped these profiles together to form four major types (see Table  2  and Figure  1 ).