dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
These virus strains originated from 16 bat species of 10 genera and three continents. The official species demarcation criteria for circoviruses and cycloviruses are based on whole genome sequences  (Breitbart et al. 2017 ). As these were not available for comparison, a new partial-Rep amino-acid-based threshold for species demarcation was defined. Based on the pairwise sequence identity of partial Rep-amino acid sequences of circoviruses (family Circoviridae), the highest sequence identity between reference strains of two accepted species was 95. 17%, measured between reference strains of Human associated cyclovirus 9 (KC771281) and Bat associated cyclovirus 16 (KT732787)  (Male et al. 2016; Smits et al. 2013). This defined provisional threshold was used to classify strains into already accepted species and to delimit datasets representing new species, in other words, clades representing novel species.
As previously mentioned, this provisional threshold does not replace the formal species demarcation criteria set by the ICTV Circoviridae Study Group: 'species demarcation threshold is 80% genomewide nucleotide sequence identity based on the distribution of pairwise identities'  (Breitbart et al. 2017; Rosario et al. 2017). However, as complete genome sequences were not available, we classified virus strains into probable species based on this provisional threshold. Of course, mainly due to frequent recombination events  (Kazlauskas et al. 2018 ), this species classification was probably not always accurate. The results of the pairwise amino acid sequence identity analysis are summarized in Table  S2. Of the 54 bat strains detected, five were classifiable into already accepted species and 31 datasets representing new species could be generated with the defined threshold: these datasets, in other words these clades, contained virus strains with sequence identity of at least 95.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Gábor Csorba ,  Levente Barti  and other bat researchers for their sampling. The phylogenetic calculations were performed with computational resources provided by the  KIFÜ, Hungary , while AlphaFold2 was run with the support of the  GPU-Lab supercomputing facility of the Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungary. The research was funded by the  National Research, Development and Innovation Office  under grant numbers  NN140356  and  FK137778. The fieldwork in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was funded by  LabEx BCDiv   2012-2013  and LabEx WIFI 2012-2013. The research of GLK and TG was supported by the  János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , while  VTT  was supported by the  Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology  (Project No:  QTHU01.
Discussion In our study, we included all clinical stages of patients operated on for colon cancer. We showed that clinical factors independently associated with overall survival, including male sex, age less than 70 years, right location, absence of synchronous metastases and absence of tumor deposits, infiltration mode and budding, were also important factors to consider. In our cohort, the average age of the patients was 71 years, which is consistent with data from the French National Cancer Institute which describe an average age of 71 years at diagnosis in men and 73 years in women  [21]. On a global scale, studies show an average age of between 53 and 73 years, depending on sex  [22] [23] [24] [25]. However, in recent years, there has been a decrease in the incidence in patients over 50 years of age and an increase in patients under 50 years of age.
Clinical Data The clinical data of each patient were collected using the software of the information system of the University Hospital or from clinical files. This information included the date of surgery, the right or left colon location of the tumor, its occlusive or nonocclusive character, the presence of synchronous hepatic or extrahepatic metastasis, and the occurrence of a recurrence, its date of discovery and any possible treatment. Finally, the dates of the last follow-up and the date of death, if applicable, were sometimes retrieved after telephone contact to establish overall survival and recurrence-free data.
Statistical Analysis Qualitative and quantitative variables were compared using a Chi2 or Student's t-test, respectively (Mann-Whitney test or Fisher's exact test when the validity conditions of the Student's and Chi2 tests were not verified). Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. A univariate and multivariate Cox model was performed to identify prognostic factors for overall survival and recurrence-free survival. The variables that were associated with the variable to be explained (survival) were selected by a backward selection process to perform the final multivariate model. A difference was considered significant when p was less than 0. 05. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9. 4 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Participants wore video-oculography binocular goggles (Neurolign DX Falcon, Neurolign Technologies; Toronto, ON) and were seated 213 cm from a target display. They were instructed to focus on a wall-fixed target that was straight ahead and to keep their neck muscles relaxed during a video head impulse test (vHIT)  [22]. The operator rotated the participant's head in rapid 20-30 • impulses alternately to the right and left, paus-ing between each impulse, without returning to the center between impulses. The peak head velocity was 140-260 • /s. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain for each impulse (i. e. , the average ratio of eye velocity overhead velocity from 40 • /s to 90% of peak head velocity) was calculated on multiple valid recordings for both leftward and rightward head impulses using the commercial analysis software (VEST 2019, Neurolign Technologies; Toronto, ON)  [23].
SVV and VR Asymmetry All participants completed the unilateral centrifugation test. However, SVV data from one participant were excluded due to a misunderstanding of the test instructions. VR data from three participants were not collected, and VR data from one participant were excluded due to a misunderstanding of the test instructions. On average, participants perceived greater roll tilt when translated left (SVV: 6. 5 • ± 4. 8 • , VR: 13. 8 ± 12. 0 • ) than when translated right (SVV: 4. 7 ± 2. 9 • , VR: 12. 0 ± 12. 6 • ) (SVV: p = 0. 006, VR: p = 0. 245); paired t-test on the absolute values). The SVV asymmetry index was -12. 8 ± 29. 5% (absolute: 24. 4 ± 20. 1%). The VR asymmetry index was -9. 6 ± 39. 9% (absolute: 28. 7 ± 25. 1%). The errors in perceived tilt relative to the GIA for each individual SVV trial and SR reports are presented in Figure  1A ,B, respectively.
Body Rotation All participants completed the Fukuda stepping test. However, body rotation data from four participants were not collected. On average, during the completion of 50 steps, participants tended to move forward (77. 0 ± 31. 5 cm) and deviate to the right (-12. 3 ± 27. 5°) with a clockwise body rotation (-15. 3 ± 53. 0°) (Figure  4 ). The absolute mean displacement, deviation of displacement, and body rotation were 77. 0 ± 31. 5 cm, 23. 6 ± 18. 7°, and 38. 3 ± 39. 9°, respectively. Note that for all but one participant, the deviation of displacement and body rotation were in corresponding directions (e. g. , a leftward deviation of displacement was accompanied by a counterclockwise body rotation).
Body Rotation All participants completed the Fukuda stepping test. However, body rotation data from four participants were not collected. On average, during the completion of 50 steps, participants tended to move forward (77. 0 ± 31. 5 cm) and deviate to the right (-12. 3 ± 27. 5 • ) with a clockwise body rotation (-15. 3 ± 53. 0 • ) (Figure  4 ). The absolute mean displacement, deviation of displacement, and body rotation were 77. 0 ± 31. 5 cm, 23. 6 ± 18. 7 • , and 38. 3 ± 39. 9 • , respectively. Note that for all but one participant, the deviation of displacement and body rotation were in corresponding directions (e. g. , a leftward deviation of displacement was accompanied by a counterclockwise body rotation).
Vestibular Screening Tests Vestibular screening tests were used to challenge the vestibular systems of normal, healthy participants and reveal naturally occurring vestibular asymmetries that are normally compensated for by central processes. As we describe here, the mean values are within established norms, despite the limitations of having a small sample size and high variances. Data from all trials are presented in the figures above for visualizing these variances. The magnitudes of asymmetry are relatively small compared to patient populations, to which comparisons are made for context of how these tests are typically used in clinical settings. Although these are not direct measures of vestibular function/symmetry,.
Vestibular Screening Tests Vestibular screening tests were used to challenge the vestibular systems of normal, healthy participants and reveal naturally occurring vestibular asymmetries that are normally compensated for by central processes. As we describe here, the mean values are within established norms, despite the limitations of having a small sample size and high variances. Data from all trials are presented in the figures above for visualizing these variances. The magnitudes of asymmetry are relatively small compared to patient populations, to which comparisons are made for context of how these tests are typically used in clinical Brain Sci. 2023, 13, 189 9 of 12 settings. Although these are not direct measures of vestibular function/symmetry, some consistent directional asymmetries between participants suggest that there may be natural biases in the population  [4] , similar to left/right handedness.
VOR gain asymmetry is often observed in unilateral loss patients, such as after vestibular neuritis or unilateral vestibular deafferentation  [35] ; however, it is not always consistent with the symptoms observed or with caloric nystagmus asymmetry  [36]. McGarvie et al. [33]  suggest that asymmetries can be a systematic effect of geometry that occurs with single eye measurements, but the current study used combined left/right eye data to avoid this confounder. The Fukuda stepping test results suggest that participants tend to rotate to the right and have a mean magnitude of body rotation around 38 •. This test is designed to assess descending vestibulo-spinal control by measuring changes in body position that occur while stepping in place with the eyes closed. The degree of deviation and body rotation are more reliable indicators of vestibular loss than displacement  [9].
UV index data from a Brewer Spectrophotometer (MKIII #167), located in south of Brazil, in the Southern Space Observatory (29. 42° S, 53. 87° W) was analysed with data collected between 2005 and 2017. Ground data was compared to satellite-derived from OMI/Aura, resulting in a correlation coefficient of 0. 95%. The climatology of Brewer data was done, analysing seasonal and interannual variability. Wavelet analysis showed the influence of ENSO, QBO and solar cycle on the variability of UV index. The results show a typical seasonal behaviour of UV Index, reaching extreme during summer season. Events of secondary effects of Antarctic ozone hole, identified between 2005 and 2016 (Bittencourt, 2018), were selected and the behavior of UV index and UV-B non-weighted during those events were studied.
Brazil is a tropical country and its levels of UV index can easily reach extreme values specially in certain periods of the year and region. The main part of the country is exposed to high levels of UV index mostly of the year. The south region shows a decrease of UV index during winter season with an increase tendency during spring and extreme levels during summer  (de Paula and Pires, 2013). This study aimed to investigate the variability of UV index in the south region of Brazil with UV radiation data measured with a Brewer Spectrophotometer, between the years of 2005 and 2017 and UV index retrieved from OMI/Aura satellite for the same period. Comparison of both measurements was done and climatology of ground measurement was obtained showing seasonal and interannual behaviour of UV radiation on the region.
It was considered data from all sky conditions and, in parallel, clear sky days were analysed, considering the influence of clouds in solar radiation intensity. Interannual variabilities were investigated by the use of wavelet analysis. Ten events of low-ozone air masses were analyzed with regard to UV radiation intensity in Santa Maria region, in South Brazil. UV radiation parameter used were UV index and UV-B non-weighted and as ozone parameter it was accounted ozone total column. One event occurred on October, 2016 was thoroughly described due to its significant drop in ozone content and consequently extreme UV index reached.
Ground measured UV index data Ground measurements were taken in the south region of Brazil where the National Institute of Space Research (INPE) has one of its research centres, the Southern Space Observatory (SSO). It is located in the city of São Martinho da Serra, the geographic coordinates of the site are latitude 29° 26' 24" South and Longitude 53° 48' 38" West, at 488 meters above sea level. The Brewer spectrophotometer is placed on a platform and connected to a station where all collected data is stored as well as the It also measures the intensity of UV-B on the surface, the Total Column Ozone and Total Column Sulphur Dioxide. The instrument accounts with a double monochromator system which provides good accuracy in spectral intensity profiles of UV radiation, in a spectral range of 286.
Measurements of UV are done every 30 minutes from approximately 7 am, local time and the last measurement is done around 6 pm also local time, the systems use GMT time. UV files generated during measurements are analysed in the software developed by Ing Martin Stanek (Solar and Ozone Observatory of CHMI/International Ozone Service). UV Data can be processed using filters to obtain UV radiation spectrally weighted for biological effective UV, in this case the action spectrum is given by CIE Erythema (mW/m2). The UV index is also accounted at the moment of each measurement. The UV radiation data can also be processed without filters to obtain the measurements of UV-B non-weighted. Regarding ozone total column data used in the study of UV radiation behaviour during events of secondary effects of Antarctic ozone hole, it was collected with Brewer and OMI overpass data was used in order to fill the missing data due to days without measures from the Brewer instrument (OMI-ERS2/NASA, 2017).
Clear-sky day selection Data analysis in the Brewer's software provides the plot of the daily UV scan. UV measurements of clear-sky days result in a very smooth bell-shaped curve. Clouds normally cause an attenuating affect in the UV and end up changing the shape of the curve with spikes. The clear-sky days were, firstly selected through visual observation of the curve shape where its highest pick is around noon time, when the sun is stronger. Then, days selected as clear-sky were reviewed with cloud fraction and images from an All sky camera. Total cloud fraction data and images from an All-sky camera were considered in this study to corroborate with clear-sky days selected. The All-Sky Camera (EKO Instruments) used is digital composed by fisheye lens and with a field of view of 180°, protected with a water prof box and heating system to protect from weather and temperature changes  (Luiz et al.
Satellite-derived UVR data Satellite data used in this study are derived from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), a spectrometer aboard Aura satellite, part of NASA's Earth observing System. It was launched in 2004 and is part of an atmospheric chemistry mission. Specifically, the OMI sensor, since 2004, collects data regarding to ozone layer, aerosol sources and solar UV radiation  (OMI, 2012). Therefore, UV index data were retrieved from GIOVANNI platform (https://giovanni. gsfc. nasa. gov/giovanni) that contains data of UV index from OMI/Aura available for download. All sky UV index and clear-sky UV index were used to be compared with ground-based data, for the period from 2004 to 2017.
Methods of analysis Ground based data series was analysed considering all-sky conditions and also, separately, considering only days of clear-sky, according to the selection of clear-sky days criteria as described previously. Clear-sky conditions dataset from Brewer was compared to UV index data from OMI, and the correlation coefficient (r) was calculated (Equation  1 ) to observe their similarities and the daily bias to understand the differences between them. The correlation between satellite and ground measurements of UV index was done with a data series from 2005 to 2017, since satellite data is available from the end of 2004. Eq. (1): 𝑟 = ∑ ∑ (𝐵𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑛 -𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑚 )(𝑂𝑀𝐼 𝑚𝑛 -𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑂𝑀𝐼) √(( ∑ ∑ (𝐵𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑛 -𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝐵𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑚 ) 2 (∑ ∑ ( 𝑛 𝑚 𝑂𝑀𝐼 𝑚𝑛 -𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑂𝑀𝐼) 2 ) , ( 1 ) where the root means square error (RMSE) was calculated (Equation  2 ), it is a measure of the difference between satellite and Brewer UV index values.
And the mean absolute bias error (MABE) (Equation  3 ) was found to ensure the good result of correlation. Bias (Equation  4 ) to see the difference between the two datasets and the dispersion of bias was determined through standard deviation (Equation  5 ) Eq. (2): 𝐵𝑖𝑎𝑠 (%) = 100 𝑁 ∑ 𝑂𝑀𝐼-𝐵𝑟𝑒 𝐵𝑟𝑒 𝑁 𝑖=1 , (2) Eq. (  3 ): 𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸 = √ 1 𝑁-1 ∑ (𝑂𝑀𝐼 -𝐵𝑟𝑒) 2 𝑁 𝑖=1 , (3) Eq. (  4 ): 𝑀𝐴𝐵𝐸 = 100 𝑁 ∑ |𝑂𝑀𝐼-𝐵𝑟𝑒| 𝐵𝑟𝑒 𝑁 𝑖=1 , (4) Eq. (  5 ): Climatology of ground-based UV index was done for both data sets all-sky and clear-sky conditions using the same criteria. 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √ 1 𝑁-1 ∑ ((𝑂𝑀𝐼 -𝐵𝑟𝑒) -𝐵𝑖𝑎𝑠) 2 𝑁 𝑖=1 , ( 5 Daily, monthly means of the whole period and the daily mean by season were calculated. Equation (  6 ) corresponds to the calculation of the mean, whereas Equation (  7 ) was used to calculate standard deviation.
Eq. (  6 ): 𝜇 = 1 𝑁 ∑ 𝑈𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑖 𝑁 𝑖=1 , (6) Eq. (  7 ): 𝑆𝑡𝑑 = √ 1 𝑁-1 ∑ |𝑈𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑖 -𝜇| 2 𝑁 𝑖=1 , (7) Interannual variability were investigated by the use of wavelet analysis. Those tools are very useful to observe variability patterns and also point variation that may occur in a time series  (Torrence and Compo, 1998). Reconstructed time series, from 2005 to 2017, with Brewer and OMI measurements of UV index on clear-sky days, was used in this study. The anomaly was obtained by the subtraction of the monthly climatological mean from the daily value of UV index. The wavelet transformed -Morlet was applied to the anomaly data series. This method of transformed wave consists in a plane wave modulated by a Gaussian function, represented by Equation (  8 ), where: 0 is the non-dimensional frequency; is the non-dimensional time parameter.
, 2006)  of stratospheric fields. After identifying the events meteorological fields of troposphere dynamics were done in order to observe its behaviour prior, during and days after the events  (Bittencourt et al. , 2018). Usually the events tend to be persistent for a couple of days after its arrival on the region, until ozone total column is recovered. Besides that, in some events it was cloudy at day of event, shading the UV radiation increase at this day, for this reason, in some cases, it was selected a day after the day of event when UV index reached higher values, instead of the specific first day of event. A total of 10 events were selected to be studied in this research considering availability of UV radiation data from Brewer. The events occurred between 2005 and 2016, being seven events with its first day happening with a clear sky condition and seven events with cloudy sky condition in its first day.
Ozone total column and UV index from Brewer spectrophotometer were used in this study. Eventual gaps in ozone data set was filled using data retrieved from OMI sensor. With daily values of ozone total column and maximum daily UV index from Brewer, the climatological monthly mean was obtained for both ozone and UV index. Those daily values of ozone total column and UV index were plotted considering 10 days before and 10 days after the day of event, in order to visualize UV index response to the decrease in ozone total column. Satellite images of each event studied were included with the intention to observe cloud cover in the region. Satellite images GOES 13 are from thermal infrared channel, it helps in analysis of troposphere, identifying the systems influencing the region of study  (CPTEC, 2017).
Comparison between ground measurement and satellite data UV index from OMI is measured once a day and the overpass time is around noon time. The satellite started in 2004, even with the measurements being ongoing until the present day, they were considered in this study until 2018. UV index from OMI (orange dots) and from Brewer (blue dots) were overlap in Figure  1. All-sky measurements are depicted in the upper panel, while clear-sky values are given in lower one. Visually, the comparison between UV index measured with Brewer and UV index from OMI satellite show a similar behaviour of UV index, well representing the seasonal pattern along the years. Correlation between the two sources of measurements, satellite and ground-based, was done, yet with a shorter data series, from 2005 to 2017, considering clear-sky days and data collected around noon time (Figure  2 ).
The data series was shortened to be used in this analysis because the original data series, from Brewer and from OMI, differ in length. In order to perform indicate that the difference between daily measurements are small, 0,02% and RMSE was 0,30%. It means a positive correlation was found and the datasets do not vary much when compared to each other. The typical pattern identified and good agreement between ground and satellite UV radiation found in this study was also reported by cadet2017comparison for Reunion site, when considering clear-sky conditions. There is an overestimation of satellite-derived UV measurements when compared to ground-based data, reported by many authors. It is attributed to many factors influencing satellite and surface measurements, including aerosol load in the atmosphere, site elevation, and cloud cover at the time of measurement  (Antón et al.
Interannual variability of UV radiation The data used in the study of interannual variabilities and periodicity of UV index in the south of Brazil was done with the reconstruction of Brewer ground-based data together with satellite observations from OMI. It was used UV index of clear-sky conditions from Brewer, the missing data was completed with UV index from OMI and the eventual gaps found in data set Brewer-OMI were filled with mean values of the most proximate dates on the data set. This study was developed with data from 2005 to 2017, the annual distribution of UV index is seen in Figure  8. Anomaly of Brewer-OMI data series can be seen in Figure  9a , it was calculated in order to remove the strong annual periodicity and to be able to see other influences in wavelet analysis of anomaly (Figure  9b ).
UV radiation during the events of secondary effects of Antarctic ozone hole The events were selected based on some criteria, first the availability of ground data of UV index and UV-B, considering there are many gaps in the UV radiation data series, second, the sky condition during the days of events. It is very complex to determine the exactly amount of UV radiation incident on the surface when in presence of clouds, as well as to precise the time when UV radiation is more or less intense with a cloudy sky. Since in cloudy days the resulting effects of variation of ozone total column on UV radiation could be masked and lead us to erroneous results  (Guarnieri et al. , 2004) , then it was considered in the analysis of the events of secondary effects of Antarctic ozone hole, only days with clear-sky conditions, so considering the persistence of ozone poor air masses over the region of study for a couple of days until ozone total column is re-established  (BITTENCOURT et al.