dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Coding and Analysis Audio-recordings were transcribed verbatim and coded for qualitative content analysis using ATLAS. ti version 8. 0 (ATLAS. ti Scienti c Software Development GmbH; Berlin, Germany). The goal of the coding process was to identify and organize relevant concepts and expressions of study participants related to the preliminary conceptual model and interview guide. Through review of each verbatim transcript, speci c codes were developed from the participants' words, with conceptually equivalent codes grouped to represent distinct concepts within broad domains of RRMM experience (i. e. , symptoms, HRQOL impacts) and treatment experience (i. e. , effectiveness, tolerability, mode of administration). The preliminary coding scheme was re ned until team consensus was reached and consistency of coding was assessed through repeated consultations among coders.
A subset of three transcripts was coded independently by 2 researchers; after the initial coding, coders met and compared the concepts identi ed and codes assigned, resolving any differences until a consensus was obtained. The coding then proceeded following the agreed upon coding scheme, and coders met regularly to discuss emerging themes and codes. Saturation of treatment experience concepts was assessed in the CE data through a process that examined the appearance of novel concepts across interview transcripts and in accordance with the order in which interviews were conducted.
We acknowledge some limitations of our study. As is common among qualitative interview-based studies, the information reported here was drawn from a relatively small sample of participants (N = 22). Although evidence of concept saturation was observed in the qualitative dataset, suggesting robustness of the qualitative analysis, caution should be taken when interpreting results due to the small sample size. The study protocol was amended partway through data collection and broadened the number of lines of prior therapy from up to 3 lines to up to 6 lines. The study population may be skewed toward patients with fewer relapses (68. 2% of our study sample had ≤ 2 relapses); only four participants (18. 2%) had ≥ 4 relapses, so we may have under-sampled patients with more substantial relapse experience.
RESULTS In vitro experiments. (i) Inhibition of the liver forms of Plasmodium. In vitro liver-stage assays were conducted to determine if M1 possessed activity against Plasmodium parasites. M1 was found to be quite active against the liver stage of P. yoelii, P. falciparum, and P. cynomolgi in vitro. As shown by the data in Table  1 , the activities of M1 (EC 50 = 0. 45 to 1. 5 mM) were very close to those of primaquine (EC 50 = 0. 6 to 2. 7 mM). Regarding P. falciparum in human hepatocytes and P. cynomolgi in simian hepatocytes, the liver-stage development was fully inhibited from 14 mM (EC 50 = 450 nM and 1,500 nM, respectively). Nevertheless, at all tested concentrations (0. 1 to 50 mM), M1 was not active on P. cynomolgi hypnozoites. This inhibition property is unlikely to result from a cytotoxic effect of M1 on hepatic cells, as the drug concentration affording 50% cell viability (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC 50 ]) (Table  1 ) was found to be higher than 60 mM toward all primary hepatocytes (murine, simian, and human), a concentration higher than most used in the experiments.
6B ). In vivo experiments. (i) Inhibition of the liver forms of P. yoelii in a mouse model. In an in vivo liver-stage assay, M1 was administered to mice at 50 mg/kg of body weight intraperitoneally (i. p. ), and liver-stage development was assessed at 44 h postinfection (p. i. ) on day 2. The results showed that, contrary to the data obtained in vitro, M1 did not prevent the development of liver-stage parasites in vivo at day 2 (Fig. 7A ). Thus, at D3 and D6, blood-stage parasites were observed in the bloodstream. However, the time of appearance of the parasites was delayed in the group treated  with M1 (to D4 instead of D3 for the control). In M1-treated mice, parasites were retained at the level of the spleen at days 3 and 4 (Fig. 7A ). All mice were followed for the development of the blood-stage infection.
Cells were incubated for 2 h at 37°C to allow MTT oxidation by mitochondrial dehydrogenase in the viable cells. After this time, the MTT solution was removed and DMSO (100 ml) was added to dissolve the resulting blue formazan crystals. Plates were shaken vigorously (700 rpm) for 10 min. The absorbance was measured at 570 nm with 630 nm as the reference wavelength using a Tecan Infinite F-200 microplate reader. DMSO was used as a blank and doxorubicin as a positive control. Cell viability was calculated as the percentage compared to the control (cells incubated without compound). The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC 50 ) was determined by nonlinear regression analysis processed on the dose-response curve by using TableCurve 2D software version 5. 0. CC 50 values represent the mean values calculated from three independent experiments.
Three hours later, after sporozoite penetration into hepatocytes, cultures were washed and then further incubated with or without the presence of the drug during 6 days. DMSO was used as a negative control. (v) Parasite counting and schizont size determination using high-content imaging. The number, size, and shape of the parasites were determined using a CellInsight high-content screening platform equipped with Studio HCS software (ThermoFisher Scientific). The parasite immunostaining was done using an anti-PfHSP70 antibody raised in mice and a secondary anti-mouse antibody coupled to Alexa Fluor 488  (43). Host cell and parasite nuclei were labeled with DAPI (49,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). Thirty-seven images, representing more than 95% of the total bottom surface area of a culture well in 96-well plates, were captured for analysis.
The custom script used for counting and measuring parasites first required identification of the objects based on a fluorescence intensity threshold. The object identity was then further validated based on size and morphological (shape) criteria. The presence of DAPIassociated fluorescence in the selected objects allowed their final selection and the rejection of false positives. EC 50 s are the drug concentrations at which a 50% reduction of the number of exoerythrocytic forms (EEFs) was observed compared to the numbers in control cultures. EC 50 (estimated with ICEstimators software version 1. 2) is the drug concentration at which a 50% reduction of the number of EEFs was observed compared to the numbers in control cultures  (44). The parasitic size reduction was calculated on the average object area using the total surface area of each selected object (mm 2 ).
In vivo imaging and blood smears were performed to monitor blood-stage development using methods described previously  (45). This experiment was performed twice. IVIS Spectrum (Caliper Life Science, Hanover, MD) was used to capture bioluminescence signals. Prior to analysis, the mice were injected i. p. with D-luciferin (100 mg/kg), anesthetized with isoflurane, and imaged 10 min postinjection. Images were analyzed using the Living Image 3. 0 software (Caliper Life Sciences, Hanover, MD). In order to study the in vivo efficacy of M1 without any hepatic CYP metabolism, we conducted an experiment using 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a nonselective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes  (34, 35). ABT was administered to mice i. p. 1 h before each treatment with 50 mg/kg gamhepathiopine for 3 days starting from the day before sporozoite inoculation.
After treatment with M1 during 2 h or 24 h, exflagellation was induced by decreasing the temperature to 25°C and replacing culture medium with AB serum. The numbers of exflagellation centers were recorded between 10 and 30 min after induction and compared to the numbers in the control (DMSO treatment). Activity was expressed as the percentage of exflagellation inhibition compared to the control. Statistical analysis for the studies regarding the hepatic stage, gametocytes, and sporozoites. Excel 2007 (Microsoft Office) and GraphPad Prism 6 statistical software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) were used for data analysis. All values were expressed as means and standard deviations (SD). A P value of 0. 05 or less was considered statistically significant. In vitro chemosensitivity assay regarding the blood stage of P.
D-Sorbitol-synchronized ringstage parasites at 3% parasitemia (2% hematocrit) were exposed to the drug for 48 h. After drug exposure, parasite cultures were washed with RPMI 1640 medium and replaced in normal drug-free culture conditions. The time to parasite recrudescence was determined as the time required to reach initial parasitemia. If no parasites were observed in the following 30 days, the culture was considered not recrudescent  (30, 31). Each experiment, performed in parallel for F32-ART5 and F32-TEM cultivated under the same conditions to generate paired results, was carried out at least three times independently and data statistically analyzed. The tested doses corresponded to 10-to 50-fold the EC 50 s (31). (iv) QSA. Chemosensitivity evaluation of artemisinin-resistant parasites at the quiescent stage was performed on the F32-ART5 strain using the quiescent-stage survival assay (QSA) (33).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was financed by the grants of the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  ( FRM Palukill DMC20181039565 ) and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR Plasmodrug 18-CE18-0009-01 ). This study was also supported by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). The investigations on P. cynomolgi were funded through a grant from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France  (grant number  ANR-17-CE13-0025-01 ). This work benefited from equipment and services from the  CELIS cell culture core facility  ( Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris ), a platform supported through  ANR  grants number  ANR-10-IAIHU-06  and  ANR-11-INBS-0011-NeurATRIS. IDMIT infrastructure is supported by the  French government Program d'Investissements d'Avenir (PIA)  under grant number  ANR-11-INBS-0008  ( INBS IDMIT ).
HI-NESS imaging in eukaryotic cell lines: spinning disk microscopy Cells were imaged with a Nikon Ti-E microscope equipped with a Yokogawa CSU X-1 spinning disk unit, a 60× objective (Plan Apo, VC, oil, DIC, NA 1. 4), a 100× objective (Apo, TIRF, oil, DIC, N2), Perfect Focus System, and the Nikon NIS elements software. Images were acquired with an Andor iXon 897 CCD camera. mTurquoise2 was imaged using a 440 nm laser line, a triple dichroic mirror (suitable for 440, 514, 561 nm laser) and a 460-500 nm emission filter. mEos3. 2 was imaged using a 488 nm laser line, a triple dichroic mirror (suitable for 405, 488, 561 nm laser) and a 500 nm long pass emission filter. mEos3. 2 was photoconverted with a 405 nm laser line and imaged using 561 nm laser line, a triple dichroic mirror (suitable for 405, 488, 561 nm laser) and a 600-660 nm emission filter.
HI-NESS imaging in eukaryotic cell lines: wide-field microscopy Dividing cells were imaged on a Nikon Ti-E widefield microscope, equipped with a 60x objective (Plan Apo , 60×, oil) and a 20× air objective (Plan Apo, VC, DIC, N2), a Lumencor Spectra X light source, the Perfect Focus System, a Hamamatsu C11440-22C camera (SN:100256), and Nikon NIS elements software. For overnight time lapse movies, HeLa cells were imaged in DMEM + FCS at 37 • C and 5% CO 2 in an Attofluor cell chamber (Thermo Fischer Scientific) in a humidified environment. mTurquoise2 was imaged with an excitation wavelength of 440/20 nm and emission light was detected at 459-499 nm with an emission filter in combination with a dichroic mirror (455-491, 523-557, 590-800 nm transmission bands). mScarlet-I was imaged with an excitation wavelength of 550/15 nm and emission light was detected at 570-616 nm with an emission filter in combination with a dichroic mirror (411-452, 485-541, 567-621, 656-793 nm transmission bands).
DATA AVAILABILITY Fiji/ImageJ are open-source image processing programs made available by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA. Prism8 is an analysis and graphing software developed by GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA. Flow Cytometry data have been made available via the FlowRepository under the Repository ID: FR-FCM-Z3NP. Microscopy data have been made available via the 4TU Repository (DOI:10. 4121/14464842).
C. Theoretical calculations DFT calculations were performed in Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package 9 with Projector Augmented Wave method 10 and Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof parametrization 11 of general gradients approximation of an exchangecorrelation functional. A plane wave basis energy cutoff of 550 eV and a Γ-centered Monkhorst-Pack k-grid of 12×10×4 were found sufficient to converge the lattice constants up to 0. 001 Å. Geometrical parameters were optimized until the interatomic forces and stress tensor components were lower than 10 -5 eV/Å and 0. 01 kbar, respectively. The interlayer vdW interactions were taken into account by the use of Grimme's D3 correction  12. Phonon dispersion of GeS was calculated within Parliński-Li-Kawazoe method  13  , as implemented in Phonopy software  14. The 4×4×2 supercells were employed to find the interatomic force constants within the harmonic approximation.
Based on considerations on the analytic continuation of the pentagon functions, the continuation of each helicity amplitude is reduced to a linear-algebra problem that can be efficiently solved using evaluations of the amplitudes in a finite field  [18, 42, 43]. These evaluations are performed with the program Caravel  [44]. This is a new generic procedure that allows to upgrade results for amplitudes in the Euclidean region to results valid in other regions. Finally, we assemble all partial amplitudes into squared color-and helicity-summed finite remainders, which can be numerically evaluated over phase space with the provided C++ library  [45]. We perform several checks on our results and verify the efficiency and numerical stability of our implementation. The paper is organized as follows.
Numerical Evaluation Having phenomenological applications in mind, we implemented a C++ library that allows for the efficient evaluation of finite remainders and squared finite remainders. In this section we comment on this numerical implementation. Let us start by describing the quantities which can be evaluated with our C++ library  [45]. The code performs the numerical evaluation of one-and two-loop (partial) remainders for each channel, each helicity configuration and each power of N f. That is, we evaluate each of the R (i) [j] (σ(h), σ(p)) for i = 1, 2 and present each power of (N f /N c ) j separately. We stress that we have implemented all permutations, and not only the generating set for which we provide analytic expressions. For physical applications, one might be interested in the squared finite remainders defined in eqs.
Acknowledgments We thank  Simon Badger  and  Simone Zoia  for the correspondence on an independent calculation of the finite remainders in the purely gluonic channel. The work of B. P is supported by the  French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche , under grant  ANR-17-CE31-0001-01. V. S. is supported by the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme , Novel structures in scattering ampli-.
Background: Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging treatment modality, but its current clinical use and organisation are unknown. We aimed to describe the clinical use, conduct, and potential for FMT in Europe. Methods: We invited all hospital-based FMT centres within the European Council member states to answer a web-based questionnaire covering their clinical activities, organisation, and regulation of FMT in 2019. Responders were identified from trials registered at clinicaltrials. gov and from the United European Gastroenterology (UEG) working group for stool banking and FMT. Findings: In 2019, 31 FMT centres from 17 countries reported a total of 1,874 (median 25, quartile 10À64) FMT procedures; 1,077 (57%) with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) as indication, 791 (42%) with experimental indications, and 6 (03%) unaccounted for.
Participating FMT centres Active FMT centres in the European Council member states were identified within the UEG working group  [4]  and from completed or on-going clinical trials, registered at www. clinicaltrials. gov by February 2nd, 2020. FMT sites registered at clinicaltrials. gov were identified using the search string "f(a)ecal microbiota transplantation", and contact information for investigators and sponsors was extracted and reviewed. Hospital-based, European FMT sites that had provided contact information were contacted for potential participation in the survey. Following initial consent to participate, dedicated members from each FMT centre answered the survey. A unique participation link was e-mailed to every participant. All participants had a four-week window to respond to the survey with biweekly automated reminders.
Statistical analysis All data were entered in REDCap. All working group members were offered access to all data. Institution-specific data are presented anonymously. For statistical analyses, we used R version 3. 6. 1 with the "dplyr" extension package. The statistics were descriptive, and were presented as counts for proportional data with rounded percentages of totals, and as medians with 25À75% interquartile ranges (IQR) for continuous, numerical data. Proportional data was derived from the total number of participating FMT centres if not stated otherwise, and missing data were counted as no where appropriate. Answers not listed among the original options was added as categorical options. When applicable, data were grouped based on country and standardised towards a population size of 100,000 according to each country's population size.
Results From the clinicaltrials. gov registrations, we identified 65 European FMT sites. Fig. 1  presents the inclusion process for screening the FMT centres included in the study. Of the 42 FMT sites eligible for contact and screening as an FMT centre, 33 were already part of, or identified by, the UEG working group collaboration, and 9 FMT sites were unrelated. Eight FMT sites did not respond to the initial contact. In total, 34 FMT sites (Fig. 1 ) from 17 countries across Europe agreed to participate in the survey and confirmed FMT activity consistent with being FMT centres in 2019. In total, 31/34 (91%) FMT centres completed the survey (Table  1 ) that was sent on 10 March 2020. Among these, 12 (39%) were part of the UEG working group, 18 (58%) were identified by UEG working group members, and 1 (3%) from clinicaltrials.
Organisation of the FMT centres Maintaining the FMT centres engaged a variety of multi-disciplinary personnel that included physicians, nurses, laboratory technicians, pharmacists, production managers, and research assistants. Follow-up of all patients was documented in 27 (87%) of the 31 FMT centres and was practiced largely through clinical face-to-face appointments (20/27, 74%), telephone calls (20/27, 74%), medical record follow-up (16/27, 59%) and/or by written questionnaires (2/ 27, 7%). The longest median follow-up time for patients who received an FMT for CDI was 26 months (range 12À52 months). Eight (26%) of the 31 centres had a formal auditing system, and 26/31 (84%) maintained a centralised database for their FMT activities and procedures. Standardised recording of adverse events was done at 19/31 (61%) centres, and 12/31 (39%) reported them to an external party, i.
A united European approach is necessary to respond to future adverse events and inform clinical practices  [28]. Most participating FMT centres maintained a centralised database and recorded adverse events in a predefined manner, which allows for long-term donor/recipient traceability. Compiled, annual summaries of the long-term follow-up from these registries may prove valuable in addressing the long-term safety of FMT and indicate whether the risk profile changes with indication. Regulation of FMT is handled differently across Europe and greatly influences the national conduct and access to FMT. About 40% had formal regulation from either the national medical or tissue authorities, and most others reported they were in dialogue with their respective national competent authorities, although without formal regulation.
Step 1. Potentially Relevant Publications for Retrieval As a first step we defined the shared keywords between the three fields. After several discussions among authors, as well as trying out the results produced by the queries using different key words, the decision was made to use the following four terms: • museum* • heritage • access* • inclusiv* We decided to use Scopus database as it covers important publication venues for all of the three domains and in digital humanities and cultural heritage. Table  1  was composed, it contains shared keywords that we used for all the three of the sub-domains, as well as field specific keywords that were coined by each of the author expert in the domain. Although Scopus provided a good starting point and a common base for evaluation/comparison of literature between the different disciplines, in the particular case of Human computer interaction literature, it does not index sources that cover important research in the domain, such as Virtual Archaeology Review or ISPRS Archives, Annals and journal.
Thus, these were not taken into consideration in our literature review. We still do believe that the review, as presented below, is representative for the domain as a whole, although it is worth acknowledging the shortcomings in this respect. We hope that this literature review can represents a first step towards future works that can also include other indexing databases. We chose to review Scopus because it is a reference and wellknown point shared by all our respective domains (interaction design, pedagogical design, participatory design). The willing to offer a multidisciplinary perspective in conjunction with the demand of a rigorous literature review methodology, led us to this choice. In this paper, each of the authors reviewed the papers of their own subdomain that were identified in the first step and excluded papers that were false positives or less relevant for the aim of the paper.
In AI, the pedagogical design counterpart to open-ended learning experiences can relate to agents deciding or inventing what problem to solve next (focusing on meta-diversity search and language [49] as a tool for creative exploration  [50] ),which could relate to the use of automatic tutors in CH-and generic-pedagogical design. EvoCraft  [51] , for instance, provides a benchmark for open-ended learning  [52]  and autonomous development [53] of agents. Automatic curriculum learning  [13] , as a methodology that tries to design the set of tasks to be learned by an agent, and the order in which they are learned, could as well be used in CH online sites. From the perspective of pedagogical design, certain design aspects allow enactment of the experiential learning; starting with involving the visitor on the cognitive, physical as well as affective level with the presented content and acknowledging their prior knowledge and experiences that a visitor brings to the site.