dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Status and perspective Six GRANDproto35 antennas have already been deployed at the experimental site in summer 2015 to test their long-term reliability in outdoor conditions. All of these are still in perfect running condition today. Two prototype cards of the LPNHE electronics have successfully been tested. In particular, DAQ live times larger than 95% could be measured up to 20 kHz trigger rate (see Figure  2 ). Onsite tests also resulted in a 100% data recording rate obtained over a period of few hours, while long-term monitoring of the signal baseline exhibited a very stable periodic signal, consistent with Galactic plane crossing the antenna field of view (see Figure  4 ). Therefore, we concluded that this setup performs according to specifications in terms of sensitivity and stability.
Conclusion The GRANDproto35 array is an autonomous radio-array optimized for the self-detection of EAS. It aims at demonstrating that an efficient and background-free detection of EAS is possible with the radio technique only. An independent scintillator array deployed at the same site will provide a tool to quantify the performance of the antenna array. Developments and tests of the detector parts are now completed and deployment is beginning. The full GRANDproto35 array is expected to start taking data early 2018.
g. , an ex ante delineation of acceptable behavior) and a "stakeholder view" (La  Porta, López-de-Silanes, and Shleifer (2008) ,  Allen, Carletti, and Marquez (2015) ,  Magill, Quinzii, and Rochet (2015) ). The level of CSR in a country is therefore a result of both a governance tradeoff concerning the rights and preferences of shareholders and other stakeholders, and the form in which this tradeoff is made (i. e. , by rules or discretion). To empirically test the legal origin view of CSR, we employ several newly assembled international databases on firm-level CSR that together cover more than 25,000 large public companies around the globe. Our CSR data measure corporations' engagement in and compliance with environmental, social, and traditional corporate governance ("ESG") issues, where engagement refers to a firm's voluntary investment in CSR projects while compliance refers to behavior that a firm is required or encouraged to follow.
A. CSR Data and Descriptive Statistics In recent years, a variety of ESG indices measuring firm-level CSR performance have been constructed using different rating methodologies (e. g. , some are based on a box-ticking approach-"compliance," while others are based on interpretative analysis-"engagement"). We have extensively discussed the reliability of these different ratings with practitioners, policy makers, and data providers. Because of the concern that the "G" component of ESG measures overlaps with traditional corporate governance issues, which are materially different from the other stakeholder issues  (Krueger (2015) ), in this paper we deliberately employ databases that minimize the weight on corporate governance issues while putting more emphasis on environmental and social issues.
Our main data on CSR performance come from Morgan Stanley Capital International's (MSCI) Intangible Value Assessment (IVA) database. 5 The IVA indices measure a corporation's environmental and social risks and opportunities, that is, large environmental and social externalities, the costs of which the firm may be forced to internalize in the future. The ratings also take into account the extent to which a company has developed CSR strategies designed to manage its specific risks and opportunities. Such rating methods capture both the legally mandated aspects (unanticipated costs associated with regulatory penalties and lawsuits) and voluntary aspects (risk management strategies and strategies to capture potential opportunities) of CSR. Importantly, companies are rated in comparison to their industry peers across international.
The data are then converted to a relative rating by giving the company with the best performance in its industry sector in a given category an AAA rating, the top rating, while giving the company with the worst performance a CCC rating, the lowest rating, and then converting these ratings to scores between 6 and 0. The IVA ratings are in two waves (as in our sample): 1999 to 2011 and 2011 to 2014. Source: MSCI Intangible Value Assessment. Environmental score The environmental score is the environmental pillar of IVA and applies the same rating metrics based on potential risk or opportunity in each industry. The score rates the following issues: carbon emissions, product carbon footprint, energy efficiency, insurance against climate change risk, water stress, biodiversity and land use, raw material sourcing, financing environmental impact, toxic emissions and waste, packaging material and waste, electronic waste, opportunities in clean tech, opportunities in green building, opportunities in renewable energy, etc.
Social score The social score is the social pillar of IVA and applies the same rating metrics based on potential risk or opportunity in each industry. The score rates the following issues: labor management, human capital development, health and safety, supply-chain labor standards, controversial sourcing, product safety and quality, chemical safety, privacy and data security, responsible investing, insuring health and demographic risk, opportunities in health and nutrition, access to communications, access to healthcare, etc. Similar to the environmental score, the social score is industry-adjusted (compared within the same industry sector on a global scale) and ranges from 0 to 10. Source: MSCI Intangible Value Assessment (2011 to 2014 wave). (Continued).
Countries are graded on a scale of 0 to 100 on their commitment and performance in the measured areas (e. g. , ratification of the Kyoto convention, the Vienna convention, the Stockholm convention, CO2 emissions per head, Gini index, etc. ). Source: Vigeo. (Continued)   I. We triangulate our analysis based on the IVA rating (the overall CSR rating) using the RiskMetrics EcoValue21 Rating and the RiskMetrics Social Rating (hereafter EcoValue Rating and Social Rating), which capture the environmental and social aspects of CSR, respectively. 6 Government databases include, for example, central bank data, U. S. Toxic Release Inventory, Comprehensive Environmental Response and Liability Information System (CERCLIS), and RCRA Hazardous Waste Data Management System. For European companies, many other information sources are available.
Each key issue typically comprises 10% to 30% of the total IVA rating. The weights take into account the impact of companies, their supply chains, their products, and the financial implications of these impacts. For each key issue, a wide range of data is collected to address the question: "To what extent is risk management commensurate with risk exposure?" Our main sample comprises 403,633 firm-time observations from 114 countries that span 123 industries (based on MSCI's industry classification). We employ other CSR indices provided by various ESG rating agencies with a global scope to cross-validate our results. These indices include Vigeo's corporate ESG ratings and Thomson Reuters's ASSET4 ratings. The country coverage and number of observations are shown in Appendices B to D. In contrast to the MSCI IVA data, which focus on engagement (developing strategies to manage risks and opportunities), the Vigeo ESG data are more CSR complianceoriented as they apply a check-the-box approach to rate firm-and country-level compliance with the conventions, guidelines, and declarations of international organizations such as the United Nations, International Labor Organization, and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
C. 2. Alternative Dependent Variables As mentioned above, we obtained the IVA data in two waves: the first wave spans the period 1999 to 2011, and the second wave spans 2011 to 2014. The overall IVA rating that we use in the above tests combines the IVA ratings from the two waves, but we also have ratings for different dimensions of CSR for the first wave. Thus, in additional robustness checks, we repeat the baseline tests but replace the dependent variable in Tables  IV  and V -the overall IVA rating-with (i) the general IVA scores for each of the two waves (models (1) and (4) of Table  VI ) to shed light on whether possible changes in CSR measurement methodology affect the results, (ii) environmental scores capturing a CSR focus on various ecological targets and efficiency (Environmental Score for the 2011 to 2014 wave in model (2), RiskMetrics EcoValue Rating for the   196,232 196,232 196,232 196,232 196,232 196,232 196,232 196,232 196,232 196   6 ), Labor Relations in model (  9 ), and Product Development, Safety, and Materials in models (  7 ), (  10 ), and (  18 )).
VI. Conclusions La  Porta, López-de-Silanes, and Shleifer (2008, p. 326)  claim that "Legal origins-broadly interpreted as highly persistent systems of social control of economic life-have significant consequences for the legal and regulatory framework of the society, as well as for economic outcomes. " Motivated by this insight, in this paper we examine whether legal origin helps explain crosscountry variation in an increasingly important business activity, namely, CSR. We assess a firm's CSR by using proxies for corporate stakeholder concerns, such as environmental and social policies, and by analyzing large-scale public and proprietary databases covering over 25,000 securities of large corporations around the world. We find strong support for the legal origin explanation of CSR scores, much more so than for alternative explanations, such as CSR's relation with social preferences, regulatory quality, political institutions, and culture at the country level and ownership structure, corporate governance, and financial performance at the firm level.
We convert these alpha ratings to numeric scores from 6 to 0. Information needed to complete the IVA ratings comes from several sources, including corporate documents (environ-mental and social reports, annual reports, securities filings such as 10Ks and 10Qs, Web sites, etc. ), environmental groups and other NGOs, trade groups and other industry associations, government databases, 6 periodical searches (e. g. , Factiva and Nexis), and financial analysts' reports. Following a review Percent of revenue represented by identified beneficial products and services. of various corporate documents IVA Factor IVA Factor Environmental risk factors Strategic governance Human capital Environmental management capacity Stakeholder capital Products and services Environmental Emerging opportunity markets factors 7and cover over 23,000 large public companies (past and current) in major equity indices worldwide, including all companies of the MSCI World Index, the MSCI Emerging Markets Index, the MSCI US, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and South Africa indices, the FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 (excluding investment trusts) indices, the ASX 200 Index, and the Barclays Global Aggregate-Corporate Index.
Here, we present data over 14 months on the monthly spawning of 13 wild pairs prior to the bleaching event: before (5 months), during (5 months), and after (4 months) the bleaching event. We also present data on anemonefish hormonal levels from the same 13 anemones, as well as from anemonefish in an additional 39 anemones, prior to and during the bleaching event (but not after the bleaching event). During the warming event, anemonefish in bleached anemones experience a significant increase in plasma cortisol levels, whereas fish in unbleached anemones do not. Furthermore, reproductive hormones, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and 17β-estradiol, are significantly lower in male and female anemonefish, respectively, in bleached anemones. Finally, anemonefish couples associated with bleached hosts show a striking decrease in fecundity (produce fewer viable eggs, spawn less frequently) compared to before and after the bleaching period.
From March 2016 onward we became especially vigilant for anemone host bleaching and photographs of host anemones were taken every week from March until May, after which photographic campaigns occurred on a monthly basis. Photographs before and during peak bleaching are given in Fig. 2. Water temperature data. A continuous time series of water temperature data, measured using bottom-mounted thermistors (Onset HOBOs) at 1 and 6 m on the fringing reef of Moorea, was provided by the Moorea Coral Reef Long-Term Ecological Research site. Temperature data were processed and resampled to a 20 min time step with an accuracy of ±0. 2 °C. The average monthly temperature was calculated for the most recent 14-month period (September 2015-October 2016), which includes the warming and bleaching event and average monthly temperatures were calculated for the previous 8 years data (September  2005-August 2015).
These data are given in Fig. 1a. Blood sampling. Two scuba divers using a barrier and hand nets captured fish underwater. Blood samples of approximately 0. 1 ml per fish were collected out of water, on the boat, laterally from the caudal vein using heparinized 1 ml syringes and kept on ice until processing. Individual blood samples were centrifuged (Sigma Centrifuge 1-14; http://www. sigma-zentrifugen. de) at 10,000 × g for 5 min. The supernatant, a yellow plasma layer, was collected without disturbing the white buffy layer or the blood cells. Stress-induced cortisol response times vary among fishes, from as short as 2. 5 min in striped bass Morone saxatilis  58  to as long as 120 min in the sea raven Hemitripterus americanus  59. Therefore, the time lapsed from first approaching the anemonefish until blood was flowing in the syringe was kept as short as possible in order to record baseline plasma levels of cortisol (time mean ± SE: females: unbleached = 5.
The plate was washed five times to remove any unbound reagents and 200 µl of Ellman's reagent, that contains the substrate to AChE, was added to the wells. The plate was placed on an orbital shaker in the dark for 80 mins. The intensity of the yellow color was measured spectrophotometrically (Beckman Coulter AD 340 Spectrophotometer) at 405 nm and is proportional to the amount of cortisol-, 11-KT-, or estradiol-AChE, respectively, bound to the well, which is inversely proportional to the amount of free cortisol, 11-KT, or estradiol present, respectively. Sample cortisol, 11-KT, or estradiol concentrations, respectively, were determined by interpolation from the standards calibration curve using a common functional model for calibration curves. The data were plotted as % maximum bound (% B/Bo) vs.
Acknowledgements Financial support was provided by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-11-JSV7-012-01/Live  and  Let Die ) to S. C. M. and ( ANR-14-CE02-0005-01 /Stay or Go) to  Glenn Almany , S. C. M. and  R. B. , LabEx "CORAIL" ("Where  do we go now?" to R. B. and S. C. M. ),  Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia  ( SFRH/BPD/26901/2006 ) to R. B. and to the  European Commission 's Erasmus program that made possible for RO to carry out a traineeship at CRIOBE as part of an agreement between  Ulster University  ( Northern Ireland ) and the EPHE. We thank  Gerrit Nanninga ,  Georgia McDowell ,  Oscar Prado Merini ,  Adri Sparks ,  Lauriane Derrien ,  Tara Cousins , and  Zoe Scholz  for assistance with data collection;  Chris Gotschalk ,  Gastil Buhl , and  Andy Brooks  from the  LTER  for temperature data;  Nathalie Tolou  for logistical help;  David Duneau  for graphical help; and  Isabelle Côté  for constructive comments on the manuscript.
Image Analysis The image analysis concept was focused on two aspects of immune cell evaluation where computer-assisted approaches provide an added value over visual inspection: (1) concordance testing of multiple sectioning levels across a block, and (2) evaluation of automatically detected ROIs, complementing the established practice of manually selecting representative fields for evaluation. This ROI detection approach enables expansion of the evaluated area, standardization of scoring criteria, and streamlining of the analysis process. The first aspect was addressed by a three-dimensional (3D) histology reconstruction of serial H&E sections, performed using the Voloom software (microDimensions, Munich,  Germany) in one out of the 53 clinically annotated cases (follicular cycle phase; on oral contraceptives).
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Prof. Dr. Dr. U. Welsch ,  Department for Cell Biology, Biomedical Center Munich , for his kind permission to use materials from previous studies that were collected during his term as  Head of the Department for Microscopic Anatomy and Cytology (Chair II), Institute for Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Germany. The authors thank  Pia Unterberger  for organizing and storing archival material of the reduction mammoplasty series. The authors thank  Gregory Apou  for collaboration and scientific discussions on image analysis. The authors thank  Priv. -Doz. Dr. M. Christgen ,  Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School , for breast pathology expertise. The authors thank the team of the  Immunohistochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School  for technical assistance, and the team of mi-croDimensions, Munich, for help with 3D histology reconstruction.
MS/MS step was reiterated for the eight major ions detected during full MS scan. Dynamic exclusion was set to 45 s. A database search was performed with X!Tandem  [31]  for protein identification. Enzymatic cleavage was declared as a trypsin digestion with one possible miscleavage. Cys carbamidomethylation and Met oxidation were declared as fixed and variable modifications, respectively. Precursor mass and fragment mass tolerance were 10 ppm and 0. 02 Th, respectively. The Amborella Genome database (http://www. amborella. org/;\T1\textquotedblleftevm_27. model. AmTr_v1. 0_scaffold00004. 99\T1\textquotedblright) and a contaminant database (trypsin, keratins) were used. Identified proteins were analyzed using X!TandemPipeline  [32]. Only peptides with an E-value smaller than 0. 05 were validated, and at least two valid peptides were required to validate a protein.
Desiccation Tolerance of the Mature Amborella Seeds After harvest, Amborella seeds displayed a water content of 12. 9% (in terms of fresh weight). These seeds (after scarification) displayed a germination percentage above 90%. It was interesting to determine the level of desiccation that seeds of this rainforest shrub could tolerate in order to confirm this trait for this basal angiosperm. For this purpose, desiccation tolerance experiments were carried out on Amborella seed batches. To test the endocarp permeability toward moisture, non-scarified seed batches were placed in three different relative humidities (RHs), namely RH 9%, RH 45%, and RH 85%, and then weighed until equilibrium was reached (data not shown). Change of mass variation with respect to control seeds for each seed batch was -8.
Acknowledgments: Authors thank the  Province Sud de Nouvelle-Calédonie  for permission to collect seeds. They also thank to the  Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS) LabEx  supporting  IJPB infrastructures  ( ANR-10-LABX-0040-SPS ). The post-doctoral grant of MG was supported by the  French Ministry of Industry (FUI , NUTRICE agreement #  092906334 ). Special thanks to  Charly Zongo  (deceased) for field collection of seeds.
Background: Sickness absence has been shown to be a risk marker for severe future health outcomes, such as disability retirement and premature death. However, it is poorly understood how all-cause and diagnosis-specific sickness absence is reflected in subsequent physical and mental health functioning over time. The aim of this study was to examine the association of all-cause and diagnosis-specific sickness absence with subsequent changes in physical and mental health functioning among ageing municipal employees. Methods: Prospective survey and register data from the Finnish Helsinki Health Study and the Social Insurance Institution of Finland were used. Register based records for medically certified all-cause and diagnostic-specific sickness absence spells (>14 consecutive calendar days) in 2004-2007 were examined in relation to subsequent physical and mental health functioning measured by Short-Form 36 questionnaire in 2007 and 2012.
Participants This study is part of the Helsinki Health Study (HHS), which examines the health and well-being among the ageing employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland. The staff of the City of Helsinki is in charge of general local administration, health care, social welfare, education and culture, public transport and technical service, and includes hundreds of different occupations from manual workers to non-manual clericals, professionals and managers  [16]. Fig. 1  shows inclusion of the participants during the different phases of the data collection. Phase 1 data were collected by postal surveys in 2000, 2001 and 2002 among employees reaching 40, 45, 50, 55 or 60 years of age in each year (n = 8960)  [16]. Phase 2 follow-up survey was conducted in 2007 (n = 7332, response rate 83%) and Phase 3 in 2012 (n = 6814, response rate 79%).
As a continuous measure SF-36 is well-suited for analysing changes of functioning and it captures even small changes in functioning better than commonly used dichotomous health measures. [19]  Covariates Survey based information on age and gender, and register based information on occupational class were obtained at Phase 2. Occupational social class included managers (managerial and administrative work) and professionals (e. g. teachers and doctors), semi-professionals (e. g. nurses), routine non-manual employees (e. g. child minders and assistant maids), and manual workers (e. g. transport and cleaning work)  [10]. Data on retirement between Phases 2 and 3 were obtained from the national registers of the Finnish Centre for Pensions, providing complete information on all retirement events.
Study population characteristics are reported as percentages and mean values with standard deviations (SD). The effect of all-cause and diagnosis-specific sickness absence was analysed in two steps: First, the adjusted differences in PCS and MCS scores at Phases 2 and 3 were calculated by number of sickness absence days (Table  2 ) and diagnostic causes (Tables  3  and 4 ) using linear regression analysis. To assess whether the observed group differences at the end of the sickness absence follow-up remain also during the subsequent 5year follow-up, we report the mean differences separately for Phases 2 and 3. Second, adjusted group specific changes of PCS and MCS scores from Phase 2 to Phase 3 were calculated with repeated measures ANOVA using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS (Tables  1, 2  and 3 ).
This group specific approach allows to examine whether the change in physical and mental health functioning differs between the different sickness absence groups during the subsequent follow-up. We tested potential interactions between gender and sickness absence, retirement and sickness absence, and occupational class and sickness absence on PCS and MCS scores during the follow-up. None of the interactions were statistically significant (range from p =. 106 to p =. 909) and the analyses were conducted in pooled data. The results are reported as regression coefficients (β) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The SAS 9. 4 Statistical Package was used for all analyses (SAS institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA).