dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
MRI data analysis Structural images were used to manually delineate lesion masks and compute lesion volumes using MRIcron (https://www. nitrc. org/projects/mricron). Diffusion-weighted images were processed with the Diffusionist toolkit derived from FSL software, as previously described  (Soulard et al. , 2020). Each DWI image was visually checked and removed if corrupted. Then, after correction of eddy-current distortions, the diffusion tensor was estimated. We used FA to assess white matter disruptions. Voxel-wise FA images were constructed from the resulting tensors. Linear and nonlinear registration transformations were applied to the FSL FA template in the MNI-152 space by incorporating the knowledge of each brain lesion using manually delineated lesion masks (Renard, Urvoy, & Jaillard, 2015).
Acknowledgements We thank the platform of  France Life Imaging network for partly supporting MRI data acquisition through the grant  " ANR-11-INBS-0006 , the  Clinical Investigation Center (CIC) INSERM UMS 002 CHU Grenoble Alpes  for data monitoring, and  Felix Renard  and  Bérengère Aubert-Broche  for the Diffusionist software (Diffusion MRI processing).
Funding sources This work was supported by:  Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé. Programme hospitalier de recherche clinique -PHRC: ISIS-2007PHR04 ( NCT00875654 ) and HERMES-2007-A00853-50 for patient inclusion and clinical and multimodal MRI data acquisition; IRMaGE platform partly funded by the  French program  " investissement d'avenir " run by the agence nationale pour la recherche, grant  « infrastructure d'avenir en Biologie Santé   » -ANR -11 -INBS-0006m ; and the  Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP)  for  F. F. Hannanu PhD.
CCGCRV curve fitting CCGCRV  (Thoning et al. , 1989 ) is a curve fitting application for long-lived GHG time series maintained at the Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) group of the Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, USA). The version of CCGCRV used here is applied as a stand-alone function in R and is available from the NOAA GML server at https://gml. The method is succinctly summarized by  Pickers and Manning (2015). Basically, a fit to a time series is first obtained using a linear least squares regression following the "LFIT" protocol, in which a linear function describing the data is determined from an x 2 minimization of the residuals  (Press et al. , 1996). The seasonal cycle (an annual, nonsinusoidal oscillatory variation) and the long-term trend (the multi-year growth rate in mean annual CO 2 ) of the time series are then approximated through the combination of a polynomial and a harmonic function: C(t) = a 0 + a 1 t + a 2 t 2 +.
Acknowledgements. This work was made possible by the  Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) , which is funded under regulation no. 377/2014  of the  European Parliament  and of the Council of 3 April  2014 establishing the Copernicus program  ("the  Copernicus Regulation ") and operated by the ECMWF under an agreement with the  European Commission  dated 11 November 2014 (" ECMWF  Agreement"). The authors also acknowledge the persons in charge of the 10 monitoring stations, which are part of the  ICOS Atmosphere  network. ICOS Atmosphere  stations are supported through national consortia and funding agencies. JFJ observations are supported through  ICOS Switzerland , which is funded by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (grants  20FI21_148992  and  20FI20_173691 ) and in-house contributions.
GAT, HPB and LIN observations are supported through  ICOS Germany  and funded by the  German Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (DWD)  and in-house contributions. OPE, PUY and TRN are supported through  ICOS France ,  ANDRA ,  CEA  and  CNRS. HTM and NOR are supported by  ICOS Sweden  and  Lund University. SMR is supported by  ICOS Finland  and the  University of Helsinki. We also wish to thank all members of the  ICOS Atmosphere Monitoring Station Assembly  for their contributions to the discussions surrounding anomalous signal detection techniques. Financial support. This research has been supported by the  Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)  (grant no. ECMWF/Copernicus/2016/CAMS_26 ). Review statement. This paper was edited by  Can Li  and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
Measurement of oxidative stress by DCFH-DA assay Endogenous ROS were quantified by oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) into 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin (Sigma, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France). Briefly, cells were cultivated in six-well culture plates and treated with 50µg. ml -  NPs. Cells were also treated with 250 µM H 2 O 2 as a positive control (data not shown). Cells were incubated with 20 µM DCFH-DA for 30 min at 37 °C and fluorescence recorded for 90 min. Results were expressed as the mean ratio of fluorescence recorded every 15 min during the 90 min period.
Statistical Analysis JASP software (version 0. 11. 1, https://jasp-stats. org/) was used to analyze quantitative data. Nonparametric ANOVA was used to compare multiple groups. Paired comparisons with Mann-Whitney test were performed if the differences using ANOVA were statistically significantly different. Data were presented as mean values ± standard error of the mean (SEM), and results were considered statistically significant if p< 0. 05.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION TF prepared and analyzed NPs, performed chemical experiments and critically reviewed the manuscript. TF, MZ and DE performed biological experiments. TM, MH, and SL critically reviewed the manuscript and worked on its final elaboration. TI contributed to the design of the study, critically reviewed the manuscript and worked on its final elaboration. JB designed the study and wrote the first and final drafts of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
004 • 30) -SOC model 30 (I )|, ( 7 ) where I is the 1 × 4 vector of C inputs to minimize over, SOC 0 is the initial SOC stock and SOC model 30 (I ) is the SOC stock after 30 years of simulation. During the optimization, the M : S fractions were allowed to vary to estimate the quality of the optimal C inputs. Instead, we kept the AG : BG ratio of the C inputs fixed to its initial value, to bind the model in order to represent agronomically plausible C inputs. In fact, if not bound, the model tends to increase the BG C fraction to unrealistic values (assuming the same crop rotations persisted on site). On the other hand, keeping the AG : BG ratio fixed implies that the simulated additional C inputs will be spread equally on the surface and belowground. As for the previous optimizations, we used the Python function SLSQP to solve the minimization problem.
Acknowledgements. We acknowledge  Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona  for maintenance and access to Arazuri site data. Research grant  RTA2017-00088-C03-01  was received from the  Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA (Spanish Agency). We acknowledge  Margaret Glendining , curator of the electronic  Rothamsted Archive (e-RA) , for providing the Broadbalk data. The Colmar and Feucherolles field experiments form part of the  SOERE-PRO  (network of long-term experiments dedicated to the study of impacts of organic waste product recycling) certified by  ALLENVI (Alliance Nationale de Recherche pour l'Environnement ) and integrated as a service of the " Investment for future" infrastructure AnaEE-France , overseen by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-11-INBS-0001 ).
Code availability. The code used for simulations is publicly available and can be accessed at https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 5036268 (Bruni, 2021). Data availability. Data used for this work were provided by the data owners of the different long-term experiments. Please contact them to get access to the data (see Table  2 ). Supplement. The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi. org/10. 5194/bg-18-3981-2021-supplement.
Axes 1 and 2: Multi Origin Bulletin and Reference Catalogue In metropolitan France, several actors are involved in seismicity monitoring and analysis, either at a national level (CEA, BCSF-RéNaSS) or at a regional scale (Observatoire Midi Pyrénées (OMP-Toulouse), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA-Nice) and Observatoire des Sciences des l'Univers Nantes Atlantique (OSUNA)), based on the analysis of data acquired by the RESIF and CEA seismic network (figure  1 ), as well as other French or border networks. In the overseas French departments (Martinique, Guadeloupe, La Réunion), IPGP is in charge of the monitoring of each island active volcano and its surrounding regional seismicity (see below). There is a volcanological and seismological observatory on each island: Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Martinique (OVSM), Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Guadeloupe (OVSG) and Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF), respectively.
At the operational level, the service carries out rapid (automatic and non-validated) and routine (manual, validated) locations of all seismic events detected, using signals from all the RESIF-RLBP stations, but also from networks of neighboring countries (Germany, England, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Switzerland). In addition, the BCSF-RéNaSS also uses temporarily deployed networks such as AlpArray (AlpArray Seismic Network,  Hetényi et al. (2018) ) or those of citizen seismology projects using RaspberryShake stations  (Schlupp et al. , 2019a). Since 2012, the seismicity analysis has been carried out using the Seiscomp3 software with the Locsat earthquake location program  (Bratt and Nagy, 1991). A 1D velocity model for metropolitan France is used : Haslach  (Rothé and Peterschmitt, 1950)  as well as 1D regional velocity models for the Pyrenees  (Pauchet et al.
93). Locations are validated and updated during working days (Monday to Friday) by a seismologist analyst. BCSF-RéNaSS locates several thousand events per year in metropolitan France and in border areas, more than 7,000 in 2019 (figure  2 ). The recent increase in the number of RLBP stations (since 2016) has led to a completeness magnitude close to 1. 8 at the national scale, with regional disparities. For instance, the improvement in detection level as well as in magnitude completeness is significant in the north-western part of the territory, in which the number of stations has increased the most, and less in the Alps where the network was already dense. In recent years, the evolution of the seismic network and data analysis practices have led to a strengthening of collaboration and exchanges with regional observatories (in particular with OMP, OSUG, OCA and recently with OSUNA) in order to better integrate the earthquake locations done by these observatories, to improve the visibility of the work done, and to benefit from cross-expertise, particularly on discrimination (natural versus anthropogenic activities).
When the ML cannot be calculated, a duration (MD) magnitude is determined. Over the last decade, the completeness magnitude of the LDG bulletin is approximately ML =1. 8  (Duverger et al. , subm. ). The seismic bulletins are published on a weekly basis in GSE2. 0 format on the CEA website (http://www-dase. cea. fr) and are also sent to the ISC. Although the GSE2. 0 bulletins only contain natural events and the seismic phases picked on CEA stations, the complete bulletins (with anthropogenic events and the complete list of seismic phases) are sent to the BCSF-RéNaSS in QuakeML 1. 2 format. In addition to the seismic bulletin, the CEA produces automatic locations for events located in the French metropolitan territory and the surrounding areas and publishes them on its web site. These automatic locations are also sent to the EMSC but without any verification or discrimination.
Contemporary Macroseismic Data Collection Since the year 2000, when an earthquake occurs, and following the example of the USGS "Did you feel it" questionnaires  (Atkinson and Wald, 2007) , the first macroseismic data are collected spontaneously via an open testimony interface. Anyone who has felt the effects of a shake potentially linked to an earthquake can provide, via a questionnaire, details of the observed effects through a field of questions, itself parameterised on the EMS98 scale. A specific version of the form has been generated for each of the French territories: a form for metropolitan France, and forms for the various overseas territories (West Indies, French Guiana, Mayotte, Reunion Island). Thus and in a quasi-systematic way, the BCSF-RéNaSS receives the first testimonies within a minute after the earthquake.
Contemporary Macroseismicity Macroseismic products available to scientists, authorities or the general public are mainly : -Preliminary macroseismic intensity data (rapid intensities from internet testimonials). -Definitive macroseismic intensity data from all available data (MFC-DB -Contemporary Macroseismic Database). The MFC database contains nearly 181,000 digitized forms (after the year 1996) and more than 120,000 communal intensities since 1921, for nearly 2,000 recorded events. -The paper archives of the macroseismic surveys represent since 1921 about 200,000 documents over 40 linear meters, archived at EOST. They are accessible on site by all scientists. In 2020, all the macroseismic investigation documents for earthquakes of intensity greater than VII over the period 1921-2020 have been digitized with the aim of safeguarding and valorizing them.
Historical Macroseismicity In France, the work of systematic characterization of historical seismicity through research and analysis of testimonies preserved in archives is carried out by the SISFRANCE consortium (BRGM, EDF, IRSN). The SISFRANCE macroseismic database (which covers the historical period and in part the contemporary period up to 2007) is the result of work begun nearly forty years ago and is still being constantly updated. Its objective is to guarantee the best state of knowledge of macroseismicity for the French territory  (Scotti et al. , 2004). To date, the SISFRANCE database contains more than 11,000 documents, recording more than 100,000 observations relating to nearly 6,300 events, including 5,695 real earthquakes. The SISFRANCE data are made public via the website www.
sisfrance. net, with a three-yearly update periodicity, allowing for better consolidation of updates and a more stable work base for users. The online consultation allows, for a given earthquake, to consult the point and epicentral intensity values and their reliability code, the list of associated bibliographical references, or isoseismic maps established for the most important earthquakes. In addition, the downloading of all the epicentres of the database is proposed, as well as the downloading of all the observations associated with a given earthquake. In addition, the AHEAD European Historical Macroseismicity Database,  Locati et al. , 2014 ) also provides access to SISFRANCE data corresponding to earthquakes that occurred up to the 19th century.
o Calculation of loss scenarios, for past earthquakes  (Riedel et al. , 2015)  or in real time  (Auclair et al. , 2015a). -Coverage of earthquake costs : o The use of the macroseismic intensity established by the BCSF-RéNaSS as an important parameter to establish the list of communes eligible for compensation. In the French framework of the procedure for recognising the state of a natural disaster (guarantee allowing compensation for victims of rare natural events), the macroseismic intensities established by the BCSF are the main data used by the interministerial commission in charge of defining the list of disasterstricken communes whose economic losses are covered. o Financial estimate of seismic risk (Rey and Tinard, 2015). -Crisis management : o Seismic scenarios (real or fictitious) expressed in macroseismic intensity maps, are the main tools available to civil protection to establish crisis management planning with regard to earthquakes.
Axis 4: implementation of Shakemaps The seismicity of France is considered moderate in its metropolitan part and more important in the West Indies due to a subduction context. Every year, dozens of earthquakes are felt and some reach EMS98 VI intensity, causing limited damage to the most vulnerable buildings. = Imax IX) with a wider impact on buildings depending on their vulnerability. Beyond the maximum known intensity, knowledge of the regional distribution of shakes and its mapping, "shakemap", are essential  (Wald et al. , 1999). If this shakemap is produced and disseminated rapidly, it becomes a useful product for crisis management as it is one of the indispensable input data for estimating potential damage. But it is also a formidable tool for testing and comparing the parameters and models used in seismic hazard or even risk studies against reality.
The RESIF network, which includes Broad Band stations operated by LDG, as well as the IPGP seismological observatories and neighbouring countries, disseminate their instrumental, accelerometric and velocimetric measurements, in near real time. The BCSF-RéNaSS collects macroseismic data (see axis 3, above) and provides intensities for the affected communes. Preliminary values are calculated automatically and are based on rapid testimonies from citizens in the minutes and hours following the earthquake on www. franceseisme. fr, their number often reaching several thousand for earthquakes of Mw> 4. 5. The final EMS98 intensity values are based on detailed surveys and, in case of damage, dedicated field missions. For border countries, macroseismic data are currently shared rapidly with Italy and Spain in the framework of INTERREG projects.
Whether manual or automatic, the shakemap calculation time itself is of the order of the minute. Since 2017, axis 4 of the ATS has been working on this theme and its potential for improvement and development. The shakemap is a transverse product, drawing on RESIF data from axes 1, 2 and 3 of the ATS (bulletin, catalogues, macroseismic data) and illuminating axis 5 (seismic hazard).
The systematic realization of shakemap for any earthquake that has been the subject of an alert has made it possible to highlight gaps in the attenuation relationships and an overestimation of the magnitude in the Armorican zone (figure  9 ). It appears indispensable to use regionalized attenuation models  (Bakun and Scotti, 2006) , but remains to be built for GMPEs. Shakemaps can be considered as scientific research tools that are frequently used as input for calculations, in association with other data (vulnerability, losses), for damage estimation. For example, the Interreg POCRISC project foresees rapid damage estimates with the shakemaps as input seismic motion. The interfacing between the shakemap outputs and the inputs of the damage tool Armagedom  (Sedan et al. , 2013)  is operational.
The automation of the process is in progress. A SEISAID alert is an automatic tool based on the PAGER approach  (Auclair et al. , 2015b)  for the Civil Security, to give in quick response estimated damage and human balance sheets of a possible strong earthquake. This tool, developed by BRGM for metropolitan France, is currently being transposed for Mayotte following the seismic-volcanic crisis of 2018-2019. Next step will be its transposition to French West Indies. The input data are shakemaps. All of these tools are grouped together in a web platform under development  (Tellez-Arenas et al. , 2019)  Shakemap calculation has been developed mainly for rapid public information and decision support for emergency response. But this tool can also contribute to a wide range of research studies from the characterisation of historical earthquakes, bringing another light on the coherence between macroseismic data, estimated magnitudes and associated interpretations, until their comparison with complex direct calculations of seismic wave propagation from the fault to the site.
Conclusion The ATS products described above (multi-origin bulletin, reference catalogue, macroseismic data, shakemaps) will soon be available on the new website of Franceseisme. This website will be redesigned and will integrate on a single web portal all the information on the seismicity in France most of them put online as soon as available: for the seismicity of metropolitan France (currently available on the website of te ReNaSS), but also the one affecting the West Indies (mainly Guadeloupe and Martinique, but more widely the seismicity of the whole arc), Mayotte and the Reunion Island. These data are available to the scientific and professional community, as well as to the public, as they are totally free of copyright. Each ATS axis leads technical groups that work to improve the methods used and the products delivered, and to ensure that the work carried out meets the expectations of the community.
All these described product are also the input data for the axis 6 of the ATS related to seismic hazard in France. This axis aims at encouraging interactions between all the actors involved in the study of seismic hazard (universities and CNRS laboratories, organizations such as BRGM, IRSN or CEA, public and private companies) in order to build a database to assess the seismic potential of seismic sources, and then to develop new seismic hazard models incorporating the latest research results. Within the framework of this axis 6 it is necessary to use standard data (seismicity catalogues, palaeoseismology, …) but also more original data (geodesy, numerical modelling, …) to better define seismotectonics and seismogenic properties in France. One of the long term objectives will be to build a seismic hazard reference model, which will serve as a basis for both research projects and seismic hazard calculation.
In a near future, to continue improving the quality and the dissemination of the products, the ATS will face several challenges, one of those is the inevitable evolution of data management and data analysis due to the huge increase of data amount and computing facilities. The improvement of the dissemination will require a better integration at the European level. Since a few years, the ATS has been recognized as the French interlocutor for the TCS (Thematic Core Service) Seismology of EPOS (European Plate Observing System) and more particularly its two services EMSC (European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre) which is in charge of the seismological products and EFEHR (European Facilities for Earthquake Hazard and Risk) which delivers services for earthquake hazard and risk.
Data and Ressources Data used for seismicity analysis are from the following networks : -RESIF. (1995a). -RESIF. (1995b). -RESIF. (  2018 ). -Landesamt Fuer Geologie, Rohstoffe Und Bergbau. (  2009 ). -  GEOFON Data Centre. (1993). -French Landslide Observatory -Seismological Datacenter / RESIF. (  2006 ). -Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain. (1999). -University Of Genova. (1967). -Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. (1976). -Swiss Seismological Service (SED)  At ETH Zurich. (1983). -Royal Observatory Of Belgium. (1985). The reference catalog of the metropolitan France covering the period 1962-2009 (SiHEx project) is available at http://www. franceseisme. fr/sismicite. html. The seismicity bulletin and catalog of BCSF-ReNaSS and those resulting from the axes 1 and 2 are or will be available at http://renass.
unistra. fr (which will be integrated into the franceseisme site in 2021). The seismicity bulletin of CEA-LDG can be found at http://www-dase. cea. fr. The software SourceSpec (doi:10. 5281/zenodo. 3688587) currently tested for the moment magnitude computation can be downloaded at SourceSpec software : https://gitlab. com/claudiodsf/sourcespec. The macroseismic intensity database of BCSF-ReNaSS is available at http://www. franceseisme. fr//donnees/BD-MFC. Macroseismic reports for French earthquake can be downloaded at http://www. franceseisme. fr/donnees/publications. php.