dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Consequently, technical writers only need to add those project-specific context-related metadata such as product metadata. These proprietary context-related metadata have been modeled within the SOLIS-Doc Twin of Customer (Product) World. Thanks to this pre-labeling, the amount of context-related metadata that need to be 36 Developed within the SOLIS-Doc project no. 20_0162_2A, funded by the state of Hesse, Germany, in the funding line no. 2 Digital Innovation Projects of the Distr@l program Strengthening Digitalization-Living Transfer. https://www. lidia-hessen. de/projekte/solis-docsmart-information-for-aftersales-services/ accessed June 21st 2022. The SOLIS-Doc metadata model not only uses iiRDS standardized vocabularies for labeling information units but also adds semantics to these vocabularies by modeling relations between them.
Thus, SOLIS-Doc becomes an RDF knowledge graph that is a semantically enriched iiRDS twin. This enriched iiRDS twin enables an additional reduction of the number of context-related metadata technical writers must assign to information units. For example, being modeled over the iiRDS twin that the action replacing (e. g. , replacing a battery) is related to the product life cycle phase (PLCP) service (customer:replacing solisdoc:related-PLCP solisdoc:service), technical writers only need to assign the action-related metadata to the topic, while the PLCP-related metadata is automatically assigned to it by the CCMS. As shown in Fig. 8 , SOLIS-Doc consists of three semantic models, each of them based on standard frameworks for the development of semantic web applications. It is the aim of SOLIS-Doc to be interoperable with different CCMS as well as different content delivery portals (CDP).
Evidence base Bibliographic items are appealing because they span time and space, institutional and thematic categories. They can be examined individually, aggregated or put into a relational perspective. As indicators of creative enterprise, formal publications in scientific peerreviewed journals provide a controllable and powerful data-pool. 4 To capitalise on this potential, we conducted a thorough computerassisted literature exploration on the Web of Science (WoS) database. 5 Complementary sources were used. The Scopus database supplies authors' identification since retrieval could be automated through an Application Programming Interface (API). Bibliometrix (an R package) was used since it automatically adds affiliation date to authors' identifications. Descriptors regarding the standing and prestige of periodicals were gleaned from Scimago, the public repository of journal metrics.
Fig. 1  presents the data-collection protocol. A search for academic journal articles only was performed for the complete database with no date restrictions to ensure completeness. Screening took place in which false friend "5G" wordage was identified and expunged to ensure that the final assembled scientific research information contained no false positives. 6 he final sample includes 10,672 articles that mention "5G" in the title, abstract or keywords. These records were authored by 23,695 individuals (estimated) from 108 countries between 2005 and 2020. Items were published in 697 journals (unique ISSNs) and contain 372,623 references to other documents. The publication records and their characteristics were primarily processed from a descriptive perspective (count data, averages, proportions, growth rates, ranks, etc.
7 Self-citations were not considered a major problem for the purposes of the research and were included. Several types of robustness-oriented analyses were performed (in order not to hinder the flow of the text they are placed in Appendixes 2 and 3). "2. 5 GHz" could have confounded the search effort, but no instances were found). After stabilising the 5G-related publication set, the data were further filtered out from papers due in 2021, an incomplete year, as our time window ended in 2020. 7 Authors may have changed affiliation over the course of their career. This implies making decisions: papers were counted for the affiliation at the year of the publication, where change happened all those papers were assigned to the institution and country of the authors' last paper in the database.
Main publishing outlets Fig. 6  shows the major journals in which the research appears. The core fields covered have to do with wireless communications, but also with digital, sensors and computer engineering. Among the top venues for 5G-related research, IEEE journals are dominant. 9  The earliest two publications on 5G in our database came out in IEEE outlets. 10  Overall, the number of journals publishing 5G-related research has been remarkably on the rise, from just 6 in 2013 and 26 in 2014 to no less than 444 in 2020. This statistic is not just about growth in the distribution capacity of research; it should also be understood as indicating the increase in the branching out of thematic strands. Different journals position themselves differently tackling different topics, angles of analysis and address distinct audiences.
Top papers Table  2  shows the Top 20 most cited contributions. The geography is heterogeneous: 17 countries are included. Content is variegated: at least half can be described as surveys or review pieces; substantive articles underline some of the defining features of 5G kit, namely the arrays of small antennas known as "MIMO" (multiple-input multiple-output) and "beamforming" capabilities (optimal delivery of radio waves to mobile devices). Articles are all co-authorships. A sizeable proportion (#8) are partnerships between academic and non-academic authors, while two are by non-academics alone. To gain further insight and highlight the full research and innovation trajectories at play, the top 5G papers that cite the top 5G papers in the dataset were also considered (Appendix 2). This sensitivity analysis captures more recent articles and reveals a number of issues that moved to the forefront.
The next big thing "6G" is putatively the next generation of wireless communications technologies supporting cellular data networks. The technological configuration is still under development, and its full features are yet to be articulated. Table  5  indicates that the early days of 6G can be traced to the mid-2010s. 19 China entered early and retained its leadership; the US was a laggard but by 2020 was second in terms of papers. Overall, 6G seems to be developing faster than the previous generation, and with a quite diverse array of contributors from the outset. The search for substitutes and complementors of 5G within the database yields the following results: only two papers address "Open RAN", an alternative to the known 5G set-up (both published in 2020); six papers refer to Wi-Fi 6 (five published in 2020; of the total three are by China-based authors, and the other three are North-American-based).
Conclusions The origins and growth of ensembles of interlinked electronic computers is a defining feature of the current information revolution (see  Freeman & Louçã, 2001). 5G is an important vector of this expansive informational realm, especially as it has been touted as a "revolutionary mobile communication technology" (IDB 2020, p. ix), a "critical and emergent" infrastructure (UK Parliament, 2021; UK Parliament, 2020) associated with the "next production revolution" (OECD 2021, p. 115), and even "a key battleground in a broader struggle for control over the industries of the future" (EIB, 2021). In this paper, we apply an enhanced bibliometric and text-mining methodological approach to a large dataset from individual journal articles carrying detailed information on authors, institutions, geographies, collaborations, disciplines, impact, and topic dynamics.
Note: Preference was given to the free display of the authors' own labelling making this is an informationally cost-efficient (raw) representation, derived directly from the original paper keywords as they were found in the sample material; no join-up of terms or construct build-up was attempted, only duplicates were collapsed together (e. g. singular/plural variations for the same term). Some methodological limitations constrain the reach of our findings. Indeed, these limitations also flag future ways to improve our empirical paper. First, we relied on codified contributions of a high level of sophistication; for reasons of database reliability, we did not consider proceedings and grey literature that, arguably, are faster to appear and closer to tacit expertise and industrial application.
Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the Special Issue editors and three reviewers for the iterations and advice. We would also like to express our gratitude to  Erik Bohlin  and  Martin Richard Whitehead  for their useful comments. Sandro Mendonça acknowledges support from  FCT  ( Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ), Portugal, and the support provided by  Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL)  and  Research Unit on Complexity and Economics (UECE-REM). The work also benefited from grants  UID/GES/00315/2013 , UIDB/00315/2020 ;  UIDB/05069/2020; PTDC/EGE-ECO/30690/2017  and is part of the project  PTDC/EGE-ECO/30690/2017. Bruno Damásio  acknowledges the financial support provided by  FCT Portugal  under the project  UIDB/04152/2020  - Centro de Investigação em Gestão de Informação (MagIC).
g. , Asset4 and MSCI KLD) do not always converge  (Chatterji et al. , 2016). Rating agencies gather ESG data from the financial reports of firms, electronic media, press articles, and other sources. However, firms do not disclose all the information about their ESG activities, making it difficult for rating agencies to measure and compare data across time, firms, and industries  (Awaysheh et al. , 2020). Furthermore, ESG scores are clustered around the median for each industry. To consider time trends, industrial differences, clustering around the median, and the possibility that a nonlinear relationship exists between ESG scores and financial performance,  Awaysheh et al. (2020)  suggest comparing firms that are best in class with other firms, including worst in class, to study the relationship between ESG and financial performance.
| Sample selection and data sources Following recent studies  (Carpenter et al. , 2019; Chen, 2019)      Note: This table presents the Asset4 environmental performance score (ENV) and the scores of its subdimensions, namely environmental emission reduction (ENER), environmental product innovation (ENPI) and environmental resource reduction (ENRR) for the US firms in each year from 2002 to 2017. Firms with limited assets (total assets < $100 M) and limited sales (net sales < $50 M) are excluded from the sample. Our final sample consists of 12,563 firm-year observations. T A B L E 3 Distribution of environmental performance scores by industrial classification. Note: This table shows the statistics of Asset4 environmental performance score (ENV) and the scores of its subdimensions, namely environmental emission reduction (ENER), environmental product innovation (ENPI) and environmental resource reduction (ENRR) for the US firms in each industry (One Digit-SIC Code) from 2002 to 2017.
Data and research setting We collected data from the Thomson Reuters ASSET4 database, consisting of 11 years of data from 2009 to 2019 on Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG). This database comprises more than 11,000 firms across 138 sub-industries. The compilation includes publicly available information, covering annual reports, sustainability issues and proxy filings with news  (Reuters, 2011). The unit of analysis is the firm subjected to EI monitoring. Our research analyses 724 firms across 33 countries and 11 industries, which are predominantly in the manufacturing and technology sector. These firms are selected based on having been involved in EI activity within the past decade and possess a relatively stable market share across the period of observation. Table  1  summarizes the model variables and the related operational definitions.
Data Collection Potential interviewees were identified from the entrepreneurs listed in Jordan's main business incubators, such as Oasis 500, Zinc and Orange Grow. These business incubators are sponsored by major telecommunication companies in Jordan and accommodate many entrepreneurs at different stages. They also provide boot camps and training activities for entrepreneurs on how to engage with the market and investors. Entrepreneurs from these lists were contacted by email to introduce the research and to get their approval and consent to participate in our study. This led to 25 entrepreneurs agreeing to participate in the study. The purposively selected sample  (Patton, 2002)  had sufficient experience of the phenomena to provide in-depth insights and rich data. The sample was composed of participants from different business incubators, different start-up stages and a mix of genders to achieve the greatest possible variation in the sample so that the collected data reflects a wide range of understandings.
We started the process of analysis by assessing the answers to the question, 'What motivated you to pursue entrepreneurship?' to build the sequence and capture the phenomena. This was followed by 'How do you feel now about being an entrepreneur, and what drives you to continue on this journey?' to capture a richer set of meanings regarding the activity and understand the entrepreneurial action. The interviews focused particularly on the entrepreneurs' understandings by capturing their stories. Data collected from the interviews were coded to identify emerging patterns or themes using NVivo software. The process of analysis was guided by the entrepreneurs' understanding of what formed or influenced their decisions.
Sample We start with all European countries covered by the Eurostat's Eurobarometer survey. We extract from the Thomson Financial Securities Data Corporation (SDC) Mergers and Acquisitions database all announced cross-border deals between these countries over the period 1990-2018. Our sample includes completed and withdrawn M&A transactions, as well as transactions pending for more than 2 years. 3 We drop M&A transactions for which the status of the bidder and target firms is government, joint ventures, and mutual funds, and for which the acquisition form is buyback, exchange offer, recapitalization, and acquisition of partial interest. Our data filters yield a sample of 21,468 announced cross-border deals, totalling an aggregate value of $2,103 billion, out of which 2,291 deals, corresponding to an aggregate value of $439 billion, were not completed.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  Azizjon Alimov ,  Olivier Bertrand ,  Varun Jindal  (discussant),  Markus Lithell ,  Vesa Pursiainen ,  Robert Reardon  (discussant),  Tereza Tykvova , and participants at the 2nd Boca Corporate Finance and Governance conference, 2022 FMA Global conference, and the  International French Finance Association (AFFI)  May 2022 conference for helpful comments and suggestions. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
H1d: Adoption of IoT technology (AIT) positively impacts the production system sustainability (PSS) of a firm. Adoption of another cutting-edge technology like blockchain has a positive contribution towards firm performance  (Kamble et al. , 2021). Blockchain is a digital ledger that presents past transactions, distributed in several systems which are called the node, and is operated through various users  (George et al. , 2019). This allows different participants to introduce records supported by immutable and validated cryptographic protection  (Oh & Shong, 2017). With the help of advanced cryptography, blockchain functions as a distributed open-service database  (Kirkland & Tapscott, 2016). Applications using blockchain technology cannot be hacked and as such, it is a trusted platform  (Orcutt, 2019).
Data Collection This study aims to investigate the impact of cutting-edge technologies on the betterment of the firm's performance. Hence, data need to be obtained from respondents who have at least a preliminary concept regarding the domain of the present study. Hence, the purposive sampling technique  (Apostolopoulos & Liargovas, 2016)  is utilized. In this method, researchers principally depend on one's judgment to target the respondents. A purposive and convenient sampling technique was used in the study  (Garg, 2019). In this context, the co-authors based in India attended conferences and seminars on the subject matter of this study. A list of potential respondents was prepared using the inputs from the conference participants and their professional networks. In this way, details of 903 prospective respondents could be developed.
The Gender Observatory coordinated the publication of the first gender balance report, in 2020, entitled Diversity is Excellence 9. The 150-plus-page publication highlighted through extensive data analysis the main gender characteristics of PoliTo community. Noticeably, the better performance on average of the female component emerged both among students and in the academic staff -presumably a byproduct of their under-representation. The analysis was the starting point for preparing the subsequent gender equality plan (GEP 2021-2024, Towards diversity) 10  , which 67 actions grouped into six thematic areas address the principal stresses highlighted in the gender balance report and will be monitored in their implementation through five key performance indicators. Among the actions it is certainly worth mentioning the WeAre-HERe project 11  , aimed at attracting more female students on engineering courses.
Politecnico di Torino has chosen to adopt a data-driven approach to inclusion policies. In particular, a strategic gender mainstreaming approach is pursued, integrating data analysis -namely gender budgeting-with a gender perspective in policy making activities-the aforementioned PoliTo Gender Equality Plan. Each year, key gender indicators of the academic population -from student population to teaching, technical and administrative staff -are monitored both at the level of the university and individual courses, departments and 14 The concept of intersectionality describes the ways in what systems of inequality based on gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, class and other forms of discrimination "intersect" to create unique dynamics and effects. administrative structures.
e. , CMR Convention: Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road). In a coopetition context  [12, 13] , both carriers and shippers are looking to cooperate for cost optimization and efficiency gains  [10, 14]. Especially, carriers can also use the platforms to exchange on-hand merchandise. Indeed, platforms optimize transportation costs and enact allocations autonomously. Multi-modal freight transportation among carriers is a practical example. It is worth noting that the platforms' service procurement process will be the same for either shipper-to-carrier or carrier-to-carrier allocations. A blockchain is a distributed database based on a peer-to-peer network, i. e. , a database spread across multiple nodes, or servers  [15]. Blockchains keep track of the transfer of assets between several parties.
They lower the cost of trusted transactions by making databases tamper-proof by design  [16]. Blockchain systems store data transactions hierarchically, using linked blocks of aggregated transactions  [5]. Cryptography hashes and asymmetric encryption enforce the non-tampering of the transactions. The trusted behavior of blockchain systems builds upon the consensus protocol used to update the chain of blocks. The consensus protocol states the strategy used to settle on a shared state of truth. This protocol ensures the tamper-proof growth of the database  [5]. Smart contracts are deterministic scripts enforcing a set of agreements between parties in the blockchain  [17]. Smart contracts can use oracles to connect to off-chain data, coming from sensors or databases  [18]. Design science research refers to a scientific method to develop artifacts answering real-world problems  [19, 20].
Two design science research papers,  [30, 31] , focus on the use of blockchain for logistics but do not focus specifically on the FTSP protocol. The first paper focuses on the management of bills of lading via blockchain. Retrieved design principles are process digitization, tamper-proof storage, accessibility, and user authentication. The second paper focuses on food supply chains; the retrieved design principles are mainly related to data privacy and keeping sensitive data off-chain. It is also to note that none of the retrieved work leverages oracles to realize a QoS-based allocation. Thus, in this research, we address this research gap regarding the potential of decentralized FTSP mapping using blockchain, smart contracts, and oracles. We do so using a design science research approach.
QoS-metrics privacy The allocation mechanism must keep sensitive data off-chain in competitive markets triggered some concerns during the user testing stage. More precisely, the use of an oracle raised concerns related to integrity gains. Having no access to the decision protocol, several users were puzzled regarding the end result, as they did not have access to the smart contract reasoning for such allocation. Thus the FTSP platform should display the decision protocol alongside the data output to avoid the technological black-box effect. The blockchain architecture indeed requires strong technical skills to understand its benefits (decentralized governance, tamper-proof data, autonomous scripts). For non-expert users, the prototype thus consists of a box where data comes in (e. g. , their delivery request), and data comes out (e.
QoS metrics act as private and sensitive data in our setting. In the future, the QoS metrics of our proposed mechanism should consequently whether be ciphered so that they cannot be understandable by other competitors, or kept off-chain. Thus, (DP1-3) can be considered as design principles for the development of a blockchain-based FTSP solution. The contribution of this paper to theory lies into investigating the use of the blockchain in the logistics industry with respects to coopetition  [12]. The current FTSP related literature mostly focuses on the traditional carrier-to-shipper market. Little attention has been paid to carrier-to-carrier market; and the application of blockchain and smart contract in such market is still a brand new research topic. The FTSP process is applied in a cooperative and coopetive environnement as  (1)  competing carriers agree to use the same platform to gain a service auction, and (2) competing shippers agree to use the same platform to find an adequate carrier.
First, smart contracts use oracles to aggregate blockchain-available QoS data using an API. Issues related to API tampering may occur. The oracle could call independent computation APIs and compare the results to ensure results integrity. Additionally, a party wishing to claim a computation failure may use blockchain data to verify computations. What is more, we use a public blockchain to demonstrate the feasibility of the solution, which may lead to an inadequate balance of powers. To ensure an adequate balance of powers between shippers and carriers, a future solution would require a permissioned blockchain dedicated to the mapping process, whose smart contracts are generated by a consortium of shippers and carriers. To be close to the field's reality, we designed the artifact by extracting the main allocation metrics used in FTSP.