dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The global research effort to further our understanding of amelogeneisis imperfecta has contributed towards our knowledge of the fundamental biology of enamel biomineralization and will increasingly inform clinical treatment of those affected. Smith et al. review the genes and mutations underlying non-syndromic AI and present a Leiden Open Source Variation Database (LOVD) used to identify trends in genes and mutations causing AI in some 270 families, together with a discussion of how translation of AI genetics can benefit patient care. Molar hypomineralization (MH) is a "silent public health problem" on a global scale, affecting the dental health of up to 1 in 6 children. Hubbard et al. provide a state-ofthe-art perspective on MH and argue the need for building and a greater collaborative research effort to tackle this emerging issue while Babajko et al.
Medical history and oral examination Information on the medical history of patient was taken through a questionnaire. Selected data for our study was gender, age, lifestyle habits related to alcohol and tobacco, the presence or absence of any CVD, the name of the CVD, the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes. Periodontal condition was assessed using Dutch Periodontal Screening Index (DPSI), The DPSI is a validated index based on bleeding on probing, pocket probing depth, and clinical attachment loss. 13 ull-mouth measurements was made using.
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using the Epi info7 software. Quantitative variables were described by means with standard deviations, and medians with interquartile differences. Qualitative variables were described by frequencies. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the quantitative variables. The chi-square test was used to compare the qualitative variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate and quantify the association between CVD and different variables. The significance threshold was set at P<0. 05.
Study variables and data collection The study was conducted between July 2011 and September 2012 at school. In order to increase the participation rate and ensure the validity of the study, the time for each child's evaluation (examination and questionnaire) was restricted. The number of questions was limited and simple answering options questions were preferred. Investigators' calibration and data collection for oral diseases have been described in a previous paper and are summarised below  [15]. Seven dentists evaluated the children's oral status during a clinical examination. Assistants trained for the stature weight data collection accompanied the dentists. Dental caries was diagnosed at the dentinal level (D3) for deciduous and permanent teeth and the number of decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT, dft) were calculated  [18].
The gingival status was evaluated with the Gingival Index of Loë & Silness and the children were classified in three groups: without gingivitis (score 0 for all sextants), with localised gingivitis (score > 0 in one group of teeth) or with generalised gingivitis (score > 0 for one or both arches)  [19]. The presence of mucosal signs of an infectious process was also recorded. Chewing efficiency was evaluated by recording the number of posterior functional dental units (PFU) which has recently shown to impact the masticatory ability in children  [7, 9]. The presence of severe oro-facial dysmorphology and the type of breathing (oral/ nasal/ mixed) were also recorded  [20]. Prior to the start of the study, all the dentists underwent a two-day training course consisting of projection of pictures illustrating clinical situations and explaining the data collection process.
Data analysis Data entry was duplicated and errors were corrected. The statistical analyses were performed using Stata software (version 13, StataCorp, College Station TX, USA). Prevalence of oral diseases, abdominal and general over-weight and obesity were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to describe the Caledonian children's health status. Mean DMFT, BMI and WtHr were calculated for all the children for whom all data were complete. Then, for the 12-year-olds, indicators of oral and stature/weight status were associated to produce a new combined index which was built for the needs of the study: The Clinical Oral and Global Health Index (COGHI). An algorithm was applied using logical association (If/then/else) to categorise the children into four groups: the group with Oral Diseases (ODG), the Obesity group (OG, including obese children), the Obesity and Oral Diseases group (ODOG) and a Healthy control group (HG).
The GLLAMM (Generalized Linear Latent And Mixed Models) package implemented in Stata Software was used  [26]. These analyses were applied based on factors considered significant in bivariate analysis and according to clinical relevance. In an attempt to reduce the effect of potential bias, a propensity score was performed in order to balance all relevant variables related to masticatory ability. The probability of having a "number of functional units" (<6) was calculated including covariates known to be clinically relevant (mean DMFT, presence of infectious process, presence of severe oro-facial dysmorphology, perception of recent dental pain, presence of mouth breathing, perception of chewing difficulties, presence of dental anxiety, number of permanent teeth). The propensity score estimation was considered as covariate in the multivariate analysis described previously.
Discussion This study provides useful epidemiological data about obesity in New Caledonian children aged 6 to 12 years. A high prevalence was observed with 8% to 20% of the children being obese and the prevalence was increasing with the age of the children. At age 6 and 9, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, according to WHO cut-offs were similar to the most impacted European countries in 2013  [27]. At age 12, the prevalence of overweight (excluding obesity) (22. 2%) was higher than that observed in metropolitan France in 2009 (19. 7% at age 12 years)  [28]  but similar to the average worldwide values calculated for children under 20 in developed countries in 2013 (22. 6% to 23. 8%,)  [2]. In this study, BMI and WtHr data were associated to evaluate accurately the risk of metabolic syndrome.
The study design had a number of limitations. The findings were based on self-reported data from the children, mainly dichotomised, which may have limited the precision of the information collected, particularly for nutritional variables. It is also likely that the true frequency of some behaviours, like tobacco-use, was underreported due to the children's reluctance to admit "bad habits" in front of health or educational professionals. Social status was not investigated because the children's answers would not have been reliable enough and the parents' response rate was highly uncertain. It should also be noted that it is difficult to make comparisons about the prevalence of obesity due to variability in the classifications used. The cut-off values used by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) give different prevalence values than for the WHO cut points  [24].
Acknowledgements The Regional Public Health Services of New Caledonia, the  Sanitary and Social Agency of New Caledonia , the  University of Auvergne, Clermont-1, France  and the  University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, France  financed this study and the authors wish to express appreciation for this support. Clinical parts of the study were assisted by:  Drs R Cagliero ,  P Lefèvre ,  O Moyon ,  R Cagliero  and  G Niquet , whom the authors thank. The authors would like to thank  Prof Paul Riordan  (Write2Publish; http://correction-home. fr) for correction of the English manuscript.
Data Collection A panel of 5 dentists with at least 5 years of experience in oral surgery and implantology were selected for the study. The observers were presented with all 36 images in random order using the software Carestream Health (Carestream 3D Imaging). Following observation of each cut, the observers were asked to answer two different types of questions: 1) quantitative questions that required taking measurements on the observed images and 2) qualitative questions with limited answer choices regarding their perceptions of the observed images. The questionnaires provided to the observers included detailed descriptions of the measurements to be undertaken along with schematic illustrations (Appendix1 and 2). On the maxillary images, the observers were asked to measure alveolar bone height (M1) by drawing a vertical line from the most protruding point on the alveolar crest and alveolar bone width (M2) by drawing a perpendicular bisecting the vertical line (Fig.
Little is known on the prognostic value of Candida spp. phenotypical features (species, antifungal susceptibility profile, biofilm formation, and glycanic derivatives profile). Yeast mannoglycoconjugates, more specifically through the differential expression of β-1-2 oliganomannosides (β-man) and α-1-2 oligomannosides (α-man), are instrumental for fungal cell wall structure/plasticity, biofilm formation and adhesion  (Martinez et al. , 1998; Poulain, 2015). The AmarCAND2 study, characterized by a strongly documented clinical database on a large cohort together with centralized mycological analyses on a large number of strains, offered a unique opportunity to describe strains phenotypical characteristics and decipher their prognostic impact.
, 1995). These data emphasize the need for further analysis of the role of mannosides expression in the outcome of patients with IC and of the impact of the expression of mannosides on antifungal susceptibility. This study had some limitations. First, it was conducted in one country and results may not be fully extended to other countries. Second, it was an observational study with sample collection at the inclusion, without any study-specific intervention. Finally, in vitro sensitivity testing was performed using E-test strips without confirmation using a standardized CLSI or EUCAST method. However, this represents the way antifungal susceptibility is performed in routine in French hospitals, and results presented here were all confirmed results from centralized experienced laboratories. Importantly, this study is the largest study to evaluate the correlation between some virulence factors and clinical outcome in a large cohort of ICU patients with IC, and it provided some interesting data.
"Functional Limitations" was mainly comprised in Factor 2 (Oral Functions) with 3/5 items. "Emotional Well being" domain with its 5 items was comprised in Factor 1 (Feelings). It might be assumed that these discrepancies could be related to linguistic and cultural specificities. Following PCFA by using SPSS, the results indicated a validated model fit with all χ 2 , p > 0. 05, NFI > 0. 8, CFI and TLI > 0. 9 and RMSEA < 0. 6  [19]. The discriminant validity expressed the apparent differences in the quality of life as a function of state of oral health. In this study, the clinical groups compared were children attending consultations for paediatric odontology, children presenting oral-facial clefts and a group subject to dental anomalies linked to a rare disease (dental agenesis, shape and structural anomalies).
Vickers Indentation Fracture (VIF) Resistance For evaluation of VIF resistance, ten Vickers indentations at eight loads ranging from 150 g to 500 g were carried out on the five glasses. Dimensions of indent diagonals and cracks lengths were measured on optical micrographs and using the image analysis software ImageJ©. The first step in the determination of VIF resistance is the calculation of the Meyer's index n from the slope of the plot of ln(P)-ln(d). As shown in Table  3 , the Mayer's index varied from 1. 92 to 2. 05, that is, very close to 2. When the Meyer's index n = 2, then there is no Indentation Size Effect (ISE). In order to identify the cracking mode the experimental slopes of the ln(c)-ln(P) and ln(l)-ln(P) plots were compared to 0. 66 and 2(1-1/n), respectively. Glass GP0 GP1 GP2 GP3 GP4 At.
Raman data acquisition and analysis Raman spectra were collected using a Witec Confocal Raman Microscope System alpha 300R (Witec Inc. , Ulm, Germany). Excitation in confocal Raman microscopy is generated by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (Newport, Irvine, CA, USA) at a wavelength of 532 nm. The incident laser beam is focused onto the sample through a 60× NIKON water immersion objective having a numerical aperture of 1. 0 and a working distance of 2. 8 mm (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The laser power after the objective is 15 mW but the power absorbed by cells in PBS is lower. The spatial resolution and depth resolution are 300 nm and 1 μm, respectively. The mixed Raman and Rayleigh scattered radiation was then passed through an edge filter to block the Rayleigh radiation from the Raman signal.
The acquisition time of a single spectrum was set to 0. 5 s. An area of 150 × 150 points per image was recorded leading to a total of 22,500 spectra for one image, each spectrum corresponding to a spatial unit defined as a voxel. Data acquisition was performed using Image Plus 2. 08 software from Witec. Raman data analysis is based on three methods. The first method provides integrated Raman intensities in specific spectral regions, in particular that of the C-H stretching mode providing a chemical map. Data processing is performed using Image Plus software from Witec. Using a look-up table, an image is created: bright yellow hues indicate the highest intensities and orange hues the lowest integrated intensities of the chosen region. The second method is K-means cluster analysis (KMCA). K-means clustering partitions data into K mutually exclusive clusters.
The K-mean treats each observation in the data set as an object having a location in space. It finds a partition in which objects within each cluster are as close to each other as possible, and as far from objects in other clusters as possible. KMCA was realized using Witec Project Plus (Ulm, Germany) software. As a third analysis method, the spectral correlation matrix was calculated  [37]  to find the most similar spectrum to the reference spectrum of PTX. To quantify the similarity, as a "distance", Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated for each pair of spectra, given by the following formula: r ¼ P N i¼1 x i -X ð Þ y i -Y ð Þ ð Þ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi P N i¼1 x i -X ð Þ 2 P N i¼1 y i -Y ð Þ 2 q ; where N is the number of points within the spectrum, x i and y i are the individual points, and X and Y are the mean value of each spectrum.
Wound healing assay Approximately 30×10 3 cells per well in triplicate in a 24-well plate were seeded. When a complete confluence monolayer was obtained, the cells were incubated for 24 h in medium without FBS to synchronize the cells. Then a scratch was made through the confluent cell monolayer with a 200-ml pipette tip. After wounding, the cells were washed with PBS to remove cellular debris and then incubated by direct contact with 800 μL of basal solution and 200 μL of material stock solution for 24 h, 48 h or 7 days. 1 mL of basal solution served as a control. Microphotographs were taken after scratching. The cultured cells were observed with a Zeiss microscope equipped with a digital camera. Scratch-wound closure rate was determined using ImageJ software: we measured the distance from the origin of the wound to the point where each of the cells had migrated.
Analysis of mRNA expression by qRT-PCR RNA was extracted from cultured cells using Tri Reagent solution (Molecular Research Center) according to the manufacturer's protocol. RNA concentration and purity were evaluated by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop, Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, MA, USA). Total RNA concentration and purity were measured and samples with an OD260/280 ratio above 1. 8 were used for the study. cDNA was synthesized using the Superscript II kit (Invitrogen, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions. All primers were designed to anneal to the boundaries of exons when possible, and analyzed by BLASTn software (http://blast. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/Blast. cgi) for specificity and DNA-fold for secondary structures. For the qRT-PCRs, diluted reverse-transcribed products were mixed with 7.
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA (Dunn test) and was carried out using Prism GraphPad 5 software (GraphPad Software Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA). Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Results were considered significant with a p value <0. 05. (on graphs Ã : p<0. 05; ÃÃ : p<0. 01; ÃÃÃ : p<0. 001; ÃÃÃÃ : p< 0. 0001).
Acknowledgments We thank  S. Legoff  for his technical expertise with SEM. We thank the  "Cytometry and Cell Image Center" of the Cordelier Research Center  and especially  C. Klein  and  H. Fohrer-Ting  for their technical expertise. We thank  DSHB  for providing affordable antibodies: HFN 7. 1 was deposited into the DSHB by  R. J. Klebe  ( DSHB Hybridoma Product HFN 7. 1 ); 3CB2 was deposited into the DSHB by  E. J. De La Rosa  ( DSHB Hybridoma Product 3CB2 ).
Design In total, 34 individuals participated in the study. The sample size was sufficient to obtain a "point of saturation" of the data  [27]. In accordance with Lancaster et al. , 30 persons with schizophrenia were included in the feasibility study  [31]. All persons with schizophrenia were offered financial compensation for the time spent on the research (€20 for the first step of the study and €10 for the feasibility study).
Ethics This study was approved by the Committee for the Protection of Persons of the Eastern French region (registration number: 2015-A01741-48). After providing participants with a complete description of the study, informed consent was obtained from each participant or from their legal guardians for individuals under guardianship. In this case patient's legal guardian signed the informed consent. The study was registered with www. ClinicalTrials. gov under the number NCT02730832. Translational Neuroscience Generation of items (figure  1 ) First step: Qualitative study.
Analysis of the interview content The transcripts were examined, and a reading grid was applied to individual quotes. This approach aimed to identify emergent or repetitive themes and patterns throughout the transcript, to interpret data accurately from the participants' perspectives, and to select potential items, e. g. , assertions likely to be included in the self-report questionnaire, after each interview  [34]. Codes were then grouped into concepts, followed by grouping into major themes. We also evaluated the impact of the themes mentioned (e. g. , the number of verbatim references to subthemes or dimensions). the SOHP was explored using 7 questions with 3 possible answers each (Table  1 ). SOHP questionnaire. There were 5 possible answers for each item, matched with scores from 1 to 5, where "1" equated to "strongly disagree" and "5" to "strongly agree.
qualitative study that explored the OHrQOL values of importance to PWS to obtain a conceptual questionnaire for the development of a measurement instrument was conducted between June, 2016, and November, 2018, in France [27]. Semi-structured individual interviews and a focus group were used to gather information on OHrQOL components of importance for PWS. Verbatim transcriptions were recorded and data were analysed to identify the hypothetical structure of the SOHP questionnaire. The second step was a feasibility study conducted in a sample of PWS who answered the SOHP questionnaire. The acceptability and understanding of the SOHP were evaluated using a specific questionnaire (Figure 1). Participants A sample of 20 PWS (inpatients and outpatients) recorded in the administrative database of the Chartreuse Hospital (Dijon, France) were recruited using telephone invitations for outpatients or face-to-face invitations for inpatients.
A qualitative study that explored the OHrQOL values of importance to PWS to obtain a conceptual questionnaire for the development of a measurement instrument was conducted between June, 2016, and November, 2018, in France [27]. Semi-structured individual interviews and a focus group were used to gather information on OHrQOL components of importance for PWS. Verbatim transcriptions were recorded and data were analysed to identify the hypothetical structure of the SOHP questionnaire. The second step was a feasibility study conducted in a sample of PWS who answered the SOHP questionnaire. The acceptability and understanding of the SOHP were evaluated using a specific questionnaire (Figure 1). Participants A sample of 20 PWS (inpatients and outpatients) recorded in the administrative database of the Chartreuse Hospital (Dijon, France) were recruited using telephone invitations for outpatients or face-to-face invitations for inpatients.
Persons with schizophrenia from the administrative database of the Chartreuse Hospital 20 Persons with 6 health 4 Persons with 4 health schizophrenia professionals schizophrenia professionals Individual semi-directive interviews Focus group interviews 3545 verbatims First step Verbatims n=837 Work group Analysis 1 First selection: n=166 subthemes and 277 items for OHrQOL Analysis of Interview Analysis 2 Second selection : 134 items for OHrQOL Content Analysis 3 Third selection SOHP n=62 items and 13 dimensions in OHrQOL Analysis of Interview Second step Feasibility Study with other PWS (n=30) Content Statistical analysis Work group SOHP Final selection: n=42 + 1 Additional Module Psychometric validation Figure 1. Flow chart of item generation.
At the end of their third year, they start clinical work with patients in hospitals, which involves semiology, prevention consultation, periodontics, surgery, dentistry and dentures. In each of these disciplines, they can thus apply the lessons learned in individual oral prophylaxis. All anonymous data was collected as part of the students' compulsory curriculum. This is part of the traditional process of evaluating teaching within the faculty. No additional data was recorded for the purposes of the study. With respect to the research on the use of a new curriculum on interproximal oral prophylaxis, the students were not aware of the intention to communicate the evaluation of the results.
Respondents also have the option of saying, "Do not know". When calculating, the "Do not know" responses were treated as missing values. Data from Likert scales were treated as interval data. Secondary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were perceptions of IDB use in terms of acceptability, traumatism (pain, iatrogenia, sensibility) and efficacy, rated with Likert scales scored from 1 (very good) to 5 (very bad). This 3 criteria have priority to ensure the patient's engagement  [14] [15] [16]. The latter requires the practice of the good hygiene methods taught on the disorganization of the interdental biofilm and use of the material recommended by the practitioner. These were assessed in IDB users only. Student recommendations of IBD use to their community (T1 to T4) and prescription to their patients (T4) were also appraised.
Those factors were forced, for being potentially confounding factors. We did not statistically test the assumptions (linearity, homocedascity and normality), of those regression models, for the high risk of multiple testing (many regression models) and for this technique (linear regression), as it is wellknown, being very robust. Instead, we decided "a visu", looking at the residuals distributions graphs looking for outlayers or high deviations that could affect this robust technique. No problem was found for applying the models. Furthermore, as a further checking, we did not find in the distribution of the studied variables any atypical value separated more than 3 times the interquartile range, from Q1 (first quartile) or Q3 (third quartile). SPSS Windows 20. 0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the descriptive statistics (mean values with SD and percentages) and analytical statistics (p-values calculation) in those analyses with the student as the unit of analysis.