dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Financial support. This research was funded by the  South African Medical Research Council  under a  Self-Initiated Research Grant  (to Q. L. ) and the  Harry Crossley Foundation  (Grants  SU-PT-15/10-000005  and  SU-PT-16/10-000057 ; to K. B. ). The PhD from which this study emanated was funded by the  South African Medical Research Council  in terms of the  National Health Scholars Programme  (to K. B. ) from funds provided for this purpose by the  National Department of Health. K. B. was additionally funded by  Subcommittee C of the Research Committee's Early-Career Research Fund, Stellenbosch University. Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the  ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest.
Global use and practice pattern of Peritoneal Dialysis The number of patients with kidney failure requiring kidney replacement therapy to sustain life is increasing. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a form of home-based kidney replacement therapy. This study used data collected from an international survey to evaluate the global use of PD and patterns of treatment delivery. Participants from 160 countries responded. Survey results suggest that PD was not available in 30 countries, especially from Africa and low-income countries. There was high variability in the proportion of new patients with kidney failure receiving PD, costs borne by patients, PD prescription and reporting of quality outcome measures. The findings from this study highlight large inter-and intra-regional disparities in use and adoption of PD.
PD-related data Survey items assessed a broad range of indicators to better understand availability, capacity, and process of PD delivery in each country. These included availability of PD (defined as PD was available as a treatment option in a country), accessibility (defined as proportion of incident kidney failure patients receiving PD), affordability (defined as copayment requirements and funding model for PD delivery), and any intra-country variations in practice patterns. The proportion of units reporting PD quality outcome measures (i. e. , patient-reported outcome measures, blood pressure, small solute clearance, hemoglobin/hematocrit, bone mineral markers, technique survival, mortality) were also evaluated in the questionnaire. Participants were able to provide reasons for several questions (e.
g. for variation in proportion of incident PD patients across PD centers in a country). Using USRDS analytical methods, the incidence (newly reported cases of kidney failure or treatment modality initiation) and prevalence (prevalent cases of kidney failure or specific treatment modality) estimates were directly extracted from the most up to date registry reports (regional and national registries including European Renal Association -European Dialysis and Transplant Association [ERA-EDTA], the United States Renal Data System [USRDS], Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant [ANZDATA] registry) and from published literature when registry data was not available. Survey respondents were asked about the absolute numbers of PD treatment centers in their respective country. The density overall, by World Bank income group and at the country level, was computed by dividing the total number of treatment centers by the total number of general population in millions (population estimates obtained from The CIA World Factbook mid-year 2018)  19.
Data Extraction To limit the impact of profile variations on social networks and publication citations in the bibliometric database, the entire data collection was carried out manually over 10 consecutive days in March 2021. We analyzed the presence of included researchers on the social networks Twitter (professional account, that is, at least one follow of a profile related to anesthesia or intensive care medicine) and ResearchGate. The screening for finding social network accounts followed a step-by-step procedure: • The first and last name were entered into the social network search engine. On Twitter, the author was searched on the account search tool and also on the "TOP" (most relevant Tweets for a given search) and "LATEST" (the most recently posted Tweets matching a given search) tabs; • If no author was found after this first search, only the last name was used in association with the following keywords: "Dr", "Pr", "Anesthésie", "Réanimation" (French keywords), "Anesthesia", and "Intensive care"; • If no author was still found, the first and last name were entered into the Google search engine with the keyword "Twitter" or "ResearchGate"; • If several accounts were found for a given name, all accounts were manually analyzed in search of information on the account, to identify whether or not it was the researcher's account (particularly through her/his hospital and/or academic affiliation).
• When an account was found, the following data were collected: • For Twitter: existence of a professional Twitter profile (an account was considered active if it has published at least one professional tweet over the 6 months preceding the data collection date). For each active Twitter account, the recorded data were presence or not of a photograph, information concerning profession (academic or anesthetist), number of tweets, number of followers, and date of creation of the account (to determine the number of tweets and followers by month spent on Twitter); • For ResearchGate, existence of an active ResearchGate profile (with a least one research work documented); if there is an existing profile, the following data were collected: presence or not of a photograph, number of followers, RG score (which is a measure of scientific reputation on ResearchGate), and Total Research Interest score (which is linked to the reading, citation, and recommendation of the researcher's work on ResearchGate).
• Bibliometric parameters were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics) database in the Science Citation Index-Expanded index. To limit the risk of errors due to homonyms in other research disciplines, we used a search algorithm focused on medical specialties that correspond to the fields of activity of anesthetists in France. Thus, the analysis focused on the publication of reviews, original articles, and editorials in medical journals over the period 2016-2020 on the advanced search tool of Web of Science with the following search formula: For each researcher, the following parameters were recorded: number of publications, h-index, number of citations per publication, and overall number of citations. (.
Objectives: As of 2019, quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) has replaced trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) in the national immunization program in The Netherlands. Target groups are individuals of 601 years of age and those with chronic diseases. The objective was to estimate the incremental break-even price of QIV over TIV at a threshold of V20 000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Methods: An age-structured compartmental dynamic model was adapted for The Netherlands to assess health outcomes and associated costs of vaccinating all individuals at higher risk for influenza with QIV instead of TIV over the seasons 2010 to 2018. Influenza incidence rates were derived from a global database. Other parameters (probabilities, QALYs and costs) were extracted from the literature and applied according to Dutch guidelines.
In scenario 2, 3, and 4, the cross-protection rate between the B lineages was changed to 0%, 50%, and 90%, respectively, to account for the uncertainty in the assumption on cross-protection in the base case (70%). In scenario 5, we analyzed the cost-effectiveness of QIV compared to TIV in the predominant risk group of the older adult population (60 years and older) only; we assumed that TIV was replaced with QIV only for the population aged 60 years and older, whereas the remaining age groups belonging to the risk group continued to receive TIV. Lastly, in scenario 6, different epidemiological data, obtained from The Netherlands and England over the period 2003 until 2015, were used as input data for the probability rates for hospitalizations and deaths. 5 Notably, the probabilities for both parameters used in this scenario analysis were lower than the probabilities used in the base case.
Our study has several limitations. First, the data used may be biased by underreporting. Limited numbers of recorded patients only as well as unspecific influenza-like illness symptoms suggest that reliable estimates of influenza incidence, GP visits, hospitalizations, and deaths due to influenza are difficult to obtain. 30, 31 As a result, we may have underestimated the influenza burden in our base case. Our scenario and sensitivity analyses indicate that lower or higher probabilities of hospitalizations and, in particular, mortality have a considerable impact on the ICER, particularly resulting in a potential overestimate. Ergo, assuming hospitalization and death probabilities as used in a previous static analysis  12  -which are higher than the probabilities used in our base case-we found higher incremental break-even prices of QIV versus TIV.
Root mean square (RMS) electromyogram (EMGrms) records of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle the dominant hand were analyzed at rest and during the HS. The EMG signals were treated filtering with a bandpass filter (4th order Butterworth filter of 10-480 Hz) for signal amplitude analysis, and the data was collected in µV, normalized by peaks (peakto-peak) of the HS. EMGrms records were transformed in % RMS by software (MiotecSuite 1. 0. 1065) (Hermens et al. , 2000). Both HS and EMGrms were determined concomitantly by the average of the three repetitions performed before and after the experimental conditions. The handgrip strength frequency was of 3,000 ms (i. e. , 3 s) with simultaneous and synchronized EMGrms registration. As the EMGrms record pattern takes into account the discard of the first and the last contraction second, we used only the middle contraction second, within the interval range of 1,000-2,000 ms.
Statistical Analysis Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) assessed the test-retest reliability of comparing the mean of the HS between experimental conditions. Shapiro-Wilk's test for normality and Levene for homogeneity revealed that the data were normally distributed and homogeneous. This experiment with double treatments (baseline and after the WBVE) and five experimental conditions (Control; Push-up modified; Push-up placebo; Half-squat; Halfsquat placebo) conducted in only one group (n = 19). ANOVA two-way design mixed test, with Tukey post hoc, was used to evaluate the primary outcome (HS) and secondary outcomes (EMGrms and NR). The sample size was calculated from a previous study of our group evaluating the dose-response effect of WBV exercise in the push-up position on HS (primary outcome).
Introduction: In recent years, hybrid methodologies have undergone considerable development. For sport pedagogy research, this mixed methods design is helpful because it moves beyond paradigm wars or conflicts between qualitative and quantitative research. However, mixed research in physical education remains rare, whereas the literature is much richer in the sports field. Purpose: This paper gives a synthesis of the use of hybrid methods in sport pedagogy research both in a literature review and in this special issue entitled "Mixed methods in intervention sciences in PSE: a heuristic enrichment or a weakening of frameworks?". Methods: For the literature review, we used the EBSCO database using SPORTDiscus. The keywords selected were "physical education" and "pedagogy" crossed with "multimethod" or "mixed methods" or 'multilevel analysis' or "multisource" or "multimodal" or "combined analysis".
2018; Schweizer, del Rio Carral, and Santiago-Delefosse 2020; Tashakkori and Teddlie 2003) , and the increase in research mentioning "mixed methods". Timans et al. (2019)  showed on Web of Sciences a very steep increase after 1994 with an increase of 855% between 1994 and 2008. Also,  Creswell and Poth (2016)  report an almost hundred-fold increase in the number of theses and dissertations with "mixed methods" in the citation and abstract  (from 26 in 1990-1994 to 2524 in 2005-2009). The definition of MMR has evolved from a focus on methods  (Greene et al. , 1989) , to methodology  (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003) , and finally to theoretical concerns with philosophical orientation  (Johnson et al. , 2007). Currently  Creswell and Plano Clark (2018)  state that in mixed methods, the researcher collects and analyses both qualitative and quantitative data rigorously in response to research questions and hypotheses, integrates (or mixes or combines) the two forms of data and their results, organises these procedures into specific research designs that provide the logic and procedures for conducting the study, and frames these procedures within theory and philosophy.
2018). Explanatory sequential design occurs in two distinct interactive phases. It starts with the collection and analysis of quantitative data, then the collection and analysis of qualitative data, to explain or expand on the first-phase quantitative results. For example, in this special issue, Girard et al. (in this special issue) use a quantitative method with questionnaires on a large number of students to identify those with the greatest variation in perceived teacher support. These students are then selected for further qualitative case studies with self-confrontation interviews to understand the underlying experiential processes. On the other hand, the exploratory sequential design begins with the collection and analysis of qualitative data in the first phase. "Building from the exploratory results, the researcher conducts a development phase by designing a quantitative feature based on the qualitative results.
Method: Identification of Studies This literature review was conducted to make an inventory of the use of hybrid methods in physical education in pedagogy field. We used the EBSCO database, as was done in other literature reviews published in PESP (S. Program/Fitness Canada, Sport History Project. The selection of articles was carried out in three stages: keywords choices, inclusion criteria, and exclusion criteria. The keywords selected were "physical education" and "pedagogy" crossed with "multimethod" or "mixed methods" or 'multilevel analysis' or "multisource" or "multimodal" or "combined analysis". The research was extended to "Apply related words" and "Apply equivalent subjects". The inclusion criteria were: English language, academic journal, peer-reviewed. The exclusion criteria were: literature reviews, conference proceedings, article about sport, article using only one methodology, article evaluating scale or an instrument.
Articulation of Data Articulation of data is also an important trend in MMR. First, it is important to characterise the data. The type of data collected is relatively similar (Table  1, Columns 3  & 4 ). The quantitative data analysed are audio and/or visual recording (in five out of eleven cases), measures of performance or motor skills (four studies) and surveys (four studies). For example, motor skill performance in the study of  Wainwright et al. (2018)  is evaluated with the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 as a quasi-repeated measure with 18 children. Freak and Miller (2017)  use a survey on preparation to teach physical education in primary school with 400 pre-service teachers. In this special issue (Table  2 , Columns 3 & 4), the quantitative data are questionnaires or tests (in three out of six studies), motor activity measures (three studies), analysis of tasks with coding system (one study), or occurrences of interaction patterns (one study).
Harvey and Jarrett 2014; Hastie, Ojeda, and Luquin 2011), using SPORTDiscus, based on fifteen databases: AAFLA, Atlantes Database, Coaching Association of Canada Documents, Grosse Adapted Aquatics Database, Handicapped/Disabled Sport and Recreation Documents, Heracles Database, Indexing Partner Contribution, National Coaching Certification Program of Canada, Olympic Museum Library Database, Passor Bibliography, Recreation Research Report, Recreation and Leisure, SIRLS Database, Sport Canada Applied Research Grant.
SITUATING NANOMATERIALS FROM THE OUTSIDE Although the nanomaterials registry was created in part in response to demands by associations and unions, the raw data in the registry is kept con idential. 12 Publicization of data is thus limited to tonnage bands for various categories of materials (for example, carbon black, titanium dioxide, amorphous silica, etc. ), but there is no way of accessing information about the production, usage, location, or toxicity of these materials in commercial products. In principle, the registry could have been a useful resource for situating the production and use of nanomaterials, but restrictions on access to raw data and a lack of institutional oversight of risk management constitute major obstacles to this. State and public expertise organizations do have the right to access the raw data, but only the Ministry of the Environment has direct access codes to the registry; all other departments-in particular, labor departments-have to submit an authorization request.
Methods The study data was drawn from the 2018 household health survey (Shaanxi Province, China) using multistage, stratified cluster random sampling. We measured HRQoL using EQ-5D-3L based on the Chinese-specific time trade-off values set. Coarsened exact matching (CEM) technique was used to control for confounding factors between residents with and without a contracted family physician. The concentration index (C) was calculated to measure equity in health.
Data sources Data were derived from the 2018 cross-sectional household health survey that was conducted in three districts and two counties in Shaanxi Province, an area about 205,800 km 2 in northwest China with a population of 37. 9 million Participants were recruited by multistage, stratified cluster random sampling. In short, out of 5 districts or counties, 25 sub-districts or townships were randomly selected. , Out of those sub-districts we randomly selected 50 communities or villages (two for each sub-district or township). All members from 3,000 households including 7,819 individuals were collected. Only participants aged 15 years and above were included in this study, since children who were below 15 years could not answer several questions regarding socioeconomic characteristics and health status.
Demographic characteristics of responders and matching performances Table  1  represents basic sociodemographic and economic characteristics of the respondents before and after data matching. A total of 6503 respondents were included, and data from 4612 individuals were further analyzed after data matching. Prior to data matching, individuals with and without a contracted family doctor significantly differ with respect to age groups, chronic conditions, economic status, educational level, marital status, employment status, basic medical insurance coverage, and residential areas. After matching using CEM method, covariates imbalances were eliminated between the two groups. Table  2  shows  1 statistics of each variable, and multivariate  1 statistics before and after data matching. Consistently, in the two groups,  1 values of each variable decreased and were close to zero after data matching.
Discussion Benefiting from the CEM technique and a representative dataset (the 2018 household health survey in Shaanxi Province, northwest China), our study found that individuals with a contracted family physician had significantly better HRQoL that was measured with EQ-5D-3L than those without. Moreover, it also suggested that the inequities in HRQoL were lower among those who contracted with a family physician than those who did not. Family physician services are favorably helpful in promoting HRQoL  [18, 37] -which was reconfirmed in this study showing that the EQ-5D-3L utility value among individuals who contracted with family physician services (0. 9355, 95% CI: 0. 9302-0. 9409) was greater than those who did not (0. 8995, 95% CI: 0. 8926-0. 9063). HRQoL is a generic outcome measure to assess the cost-effectiveness of interventions and a way of reflecting an one's subjective perceptions and experiences  [38].
Database This study used data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA). Full details of the database have been published elsewhere  [24]. Briefly, the sampling method for the Disease Analyzer database is based on summary statistics from all doctors in Germany published yearly by the German Medical Association. The panel design of the database is determined using several strata (i. e. , age of physician, specialist group, community size category, and German federal state). Data are encrypted for data protection before transmission, and sociodemographic, diagnosis and prescription data from general and specialized practices are transmitted to IQVIA on a monthly basis. Diagnosis data are based on the German adaptation of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10). Given that the Disease Analyzer database does not provide information on patients' specific symptoms, new cancer diagnoses correspond to cancers that are documented for the first time in the database by physicians with the ICD-10 classification.
Strengths and Limitations The major strengths of this study are the number of practices included in the analyses and the use of data that are representative of general and specialized practices in Germany. Nevertheless, the study results should be interpreted in the light of several limitations. First, cancer diagnoses were documented using ICD-10 codes only, and no information was available on the clinical context in which the diagnoses were made or the length of time between the initial onset of symptoms/first consultation and the actual diagnosis. Second, patients diagnosed with cancer in general practices may have been referred to specialized practices and hospitals, but these data were not available in the Disease Analyzer database. Third, it is possible that a significant proportion of patients newly diagnosed with cancer consulted emergency departments directly.
Unlike in the adult population, limited data are available on children with DS and COVID-19. Some reports have highlighted a few cases of children who had one or more comorbidities, including cardiovascular anomalies, obesity, and/or obstructive sleep apnoea  [7, 8] , but these reports were based on only 55 and 4 participants, respectively. This study aims to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children with DS, including risk factors for a severe course of illness, compared to those in the general paediatric population. In this study, severe COVID-19 is assessed holistically by comparing the rate of hospitalisation (including the rate of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and shortness of breath, in addition to mortality.
T21RS DS Survey We used data from the Trisomy 21 Research Society (T21RS) international survey, the largest survey of individuals with DS who had COVID-19. Caregivers and clinicians caring for people with DS provided information about the symptoms, outcomes, and existing health conditions of COVID-19 patients using an anonymous online format. The clinician surveys also asked about COVID-related treatments and medical complications. From all paediatric cases under 18 years of age reported to T21RS from 9 April 2020 and 22 October 2020, after excluding patients with missing relevant information such as age, gender, or clinical information, our sample included 328 paediatric COVID-19 patients with DS. We excluded duplicated participants identified based on age, gender, and country, and other specific demographics.