dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Only 46. 85% of patients in the current study was reported to have epilepsy in contrast to 83. 5% in the overall TOSCA cohort  (35). Since epilepsy is known to have a major impact on QoL  (36) , the burden of illness reported here might reflect the impact at the milder end of the spectrum. Furthermore, these subjects were all recruited from clinicians specialized in TSC care. Therefore, the level of care and satisfaction in the general TSC population is likely to be lower. Although no data on intellectual ability were collected, 65% of children were following mainstream education. Although school systems differ across countries and attending mainstream education does not imply that children have normal intellectual ability, it seems likely that this reflects again a potential bias towards the milder end of the spectrum.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: Novartis supports the publication of scientifically rigorous analysis that is relevant to patient care, regardless of a positive or negative outcome. Qualified external researchers can request access to anonymized patient-level data, respecting patient informed consent, contacting study sponsor authors. The protocol can be accessed through EnCePP portal http://www. encepp. eu/ (EU PAS Register Number EUPAS3247).
United Kingdom In general, UK data and the initiatives developed by the British Orthopaedic Association (BOA) and the British Orthopaedic Trainee Association (BOTA) mirror those of other European and international strategies. National statistics suggest that over the last decade the number of female consultant T&O surgeons has only increased from 4% to 6%; during the same period the percentage of female trainees has doubled at the junior level (15% to 30%) and risen from 13% to 19% at registrar level. Within the BOA, 12% of consultant members are women suggesting a willingness to 'belong' and the percentage of 'early years' consultant members is rising. Twenty-eight percent of BOTA committee members are female. Some subspecialties, notably paediatric orthopaedics, are significantly more diverse at national (25% female consultants), European and international levels (Table  1 ) whilst others such as spinal surgery have yet to make progress.
The ability of high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to detect marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) roll-induced roughness modulation of the sea surface wave field is well known. This study presents SAR measurements of MABL rolls using global coverage data collected by the European Space Agency's C-band Sentinel-1A satellite in 2016-2017. An automated classifier is used to identify likely roll events from more than 1. 3 million images that were acquired at two incidence angles of 23° and 36. 5° in either VV or HH polarization. Characteristics of the detected rolls are examined for different wind speeds, polarizations, incidence and relative azimuth angles. Roll detection counts are much higher at the higher incidence angle and nearly equivalent for VV and HH polarizations. Detection depends strongly on the relative azimuth with roll detection rates at crosswind being 3-10 times lower than for up-or downwind.
WV acquires small SAR image scenes (termed imagettes) at alternating incidence angles of 23 • (WV1) and 36. 5 • (WV2). Both usually operate in linear vertical (VV) transmit and receive polarization and, during special phases, in horizontal (HH) polarization. Each WV image size is 20 km by 20 km, with 5 m pixel resolution. Neighboring images are spaced by 100-120 km. The orbital repeat cycle is 12 days. Approximately 65,000 imagettes per month are collected by each satellite. The S-1 WV SAR data used in this paper are the Level-1 Single Look Complex (SLC) repository, which are managed at IFREMER (http://www. ifremer. fr/datavore/exp/dvor/#/s1quicklook), and are also freely available at ESA's Sentinel Open Access Hub (https://sentinel. esa. int/web/sentinel/sentinel-data-access). This study uses S-1A WV SAR data in VV polarization spanning 2016-2017, and S-1B WV data in HH polarization from 15 March to 01 July 2017.
Inland, near-coastal and poleward of 55 • to avoid possible sea ice images are removed. Fig. 1  illustrates the sample population for the VV and HH datasets on a 5 • by 5 • global spatial grid. The typical S-1 WV coverage is nearly complete over the Pacific, Indian and south Atlantic oceans. There is partial coverage for the eastern north Atlantic because, by default, other standard imaging modes are in operation. The total numbers of image evaluated from these S-1A and S-1B datasets are  1,182,540 and 197,442, respectively. Each image is co-located in time and space with surface variables from the ERA5 hindcast model, including 10 meter wind components, sea surface temperature, 2 meter air temperature, 2 meter dew-point temperature and surface pressure. ERA5 is the latest generation ECMWF reanalysis product and provides these environmental variables hourly on a global spatial grid of 0.
Automated WV image classification Oceanic SAR images have been used to identify numerous oceanic, atmospheric, and sea ice features (e. g. Jackson et al. , 2004; Wang et al. , 2019a,b). The automated image classifier method applied to this WV data catalogue is briefly detailed here, with an emphasis on MABL roll identification  (Wang et al. , 2019a,b). We first defined the ten most commonly observed geophysical phenomena in the WV image data  (Wang et al. , 2019a). These phenomena were ocean swell, wind streaks (induced by MABL rolls), micro-convective cells, rain cells, biological slicks, sea ice, icebergs, low wind areas, atmospheric fronts, and oceanic fronts. Visual selection was used to build a large representative collection for each class, leading to an open-access labelled database called TenGeoP-SARwv  (Wang et al.
Fig. 3  shows the percentage of MABL roll events relative to the total number of WV scenes acquired in each month. The image count per month of approximately 20k is about the same for WV1 and WV2. The overall fraction of identified roll events in WV2 is ∼15%, while that for WV1 is ∼9% with no apparent monthly variability in roll frequency observed for either WV1 or WV2. The higher identification rate for WV2 compared to WV1 is likely related to higher visibility of the roll-induced wind speed changes at the larger incidence angle. The percentages of CMwv-classified roll events using the much smaller S-1B HH SAR dataset are approximately 11% and 6% for WV2 and WV1, respectively (not shown). Note, these detection rates are significantly lower than the reported average of 40-50% using visuallyselected images in coastal studies  (Levy, 2001; Zhao et al.
Occurrence statistics WV dataset. The distributions for WV1 and WV2 roll events are similar. The most likely wind speed when rolls are identified is 9-10 m•s -1 , which is higher than the 7 m•s -1 mode for the entire dataset. The low wind speed threshold for roll detection is near 2 to 3 m•s -1 for both WV1 and WV2. This is consistent with a postulated threshold of 3 m•s -1  (Weckwerth et al. , 1997; Young et al. , 2002; Zhao et al. , 2016). The probability for roll detection rises rapidly with wind speed above this threshold. This is consistent with theoretical models that rolls usually form when shear production is an important aspect of the MABL dynamics  (Brown, 1980; Etling and Brown, 1993 ). MABL roll identification versus wind speed and relative azimuth, which is the angle between the radar beam and surface wind direction, is shown in Note that the roll detection rates for either WV1 or WV2 can reach 25-35%, which are above the average 9% and 15% rates shown in Fig.
3  and are closer to the preciously reported detection rates  (Levy, 2001; Zhao et al. , 2016). While not shown, the detection rates of rolls from the smaller S-1B HH SAR dataset show similar behavior as S-1A VV for various wind speeds and relative azimuth. It is thus clear that the identification of roll events in S-1 SAR WV data depends strongly on all of incidence angle, wind speed and relative azimuth.
S-1 WV NRCS response to roll imprints In this section, we take advantage of the large dataset to address the question of roll detection systematically. The parameters dσ 0 , dσ 0 /σ 0 and dU/U are extracted from all the WV images that were identified as rolls by CMwv. The distributions of these quantities are binned as functions of ERA5 surface wind speed and relative azimuth for the different incidence angles and polarizations.
Similar to the dσ 0 /σ 0 measurements, dU/U mean values for WV1 and WV2 in VV and HH are relatively constant with wind speed. The average level of wind perturbation is 8% (standard deviation of 3. 5%). This value is consistent with previous field measurements of 7-10% obtained using low-level aircraft observations  (Vandemark et al. , 2001). The global ocean estimates show a slightly wider range of roll-induced wind perturbations, and the maximum wind perturbation seldom exceeds 15%. For both VV and HH, the dU/U levels are slightly larger at low winds (3-7 m•s -1 ), which is similar to the dσ 0 /σ 0 behavior. For wind speeds above 13 m•s -1 , the detected rolls in WV1 (WV2) tend to be those with stronger (weaker) roll-induced wind perturbations. For a given wind speed, MABL roll event data show that the observed SAR backscatter and wind speed perturbation estimates depend on the relative azimuth.
Image contrast and wind perturbations within ±15 • of the up-, cross-and downwind sectors for different wind speeds are shown in Fig. 8. Up-and downwind dσ 0 /σ 0 and dU/U are comparable for all wind speeds. When the SAR view is crosswind, both parameters markedly increase, particularly for WV1 measurements. For winds below 10 m•s -1 , the identified crosswind roll events are associated with perturbation levels twice these for up-and downwind. These differences are largest at lower wind speeds. In terms of wind perturbation, detected crosswind roll events suggest a level twice that for up/down looks at speeds of 6-8 m•s -1. It is worth noticing that the limited S-1B HH SAR data show similar results.
g. Eq. 3 and 4 in  Kudryavtsev (2003) ). For WV1, pure-Bragg wave growth predicts a factor of 1. 75 between VV and HH σ 0 , which is consistent with the global downwind WV1 observations in Fig. 9. But at crosswind, the statistical distributions of HH and VV dσ 0 are similar, and the mean levels are much lower than the along-wind data. So for crosswind, the dominant radar scattering mechanism must be almost scalar. That is because non-polarized scatters control the C-band radar-detected contrasts at crosswind. These waves are likely to be steeper intermediate scale (10-50 cm) gravity waves that require much stronger and longer duration wind forcing than for cm-scale Bragg waves  (Kudryavtsev, 2003; Kudryavtsev et al. , 2014). The data then suggest that the roll-induced wind perturbations must be significantly enhanced when the S-1 SAR detects roll events in crosswind.
036 at upwind to about 0. 026 at crosswind, and 0. 037 at downwind. The corresponding C-SARMOD VV dσ 0 are 0. 042, 0. 013 and 0. 046, respectively. Similar discrepancies are found for other wind speed ranges. These differences between S-1 WV and C-SARMOD simulations are larger for WV1 than for WV2 in both VV and HH, and increase with increasing wind speed. As might be expected from the results discussed in section 4. 2, crosswind data show the largest differences with C-SARMOD. For WV1, the SAR dσ 0 is larger than 0. 02, and increases with wind speed. In contrast, the C-SARMOD dσ 0 is less than 0. 02, with no obvious wind speed trend. For WV2 at crosswind, both C-SARMOD and WV dσ 0 increase with wind speed, although C-SARMOD increases less rapidly. It should be noted that the constant 8% wind modulation due to rolls will not be valid across the full scope of the model-data comparison.
Discussion and Conclusions The combination of S-1 SAR WV data with automated image classification provides thousands of new MABL roll observations across most of the global ocean. Assessment results show that the 36 • incidence angle measurements have a clear benefit for MABL roll investigations and improve on wave mode data from the earlier ERS and Envisat SAR ocean missions. In particular, there is a nearly 50% increase in event detection for WV2 compared to WV1. While more roll events are detected at the larger incidence angle, the two incidence angles show several important similarities for MABL roll remote sensing. First, they share a lower detection threshold near 4% in NRCS contrast at wind speeds from 3 to 19 m•s -1. Estimates of the roll-induced surface wind speed perturbations at both incidence angles fall in the range of 5-10%.
Future investigations may also take advantage of these findings to focus on radar measurements under highly unstable atmospheric conditions, possibly using dual-and quad-polarized SAR measurements  (Kudryavtsev et al. , 2014 (Kudryavtsev et al. , , 2019;; Fan et al. , 2019). It is certain that observed detection rates and thresholds depend to some extent on the per-formance of the CMwv automated image recognition algorithm. In the case of MABL rolls, the model was intentionally trained to find scenes that were clearly visible by eye. Given the consistent roll detection statistics and results in Fig. 7 , this visibly-evident criterion corresponds to a 4 % threshold in backscatter modulation. This implies that conditions with weaker, less visible, roll imprints are not captured in the present analysis and datasets.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that improved the paper. This study is supported by ESA Sentinel-1 Mission Performance Center σ 0 ES A = DN 2 i /A 2 i -NES Z [Linear] where A i is the calibration lookup table (LUT) provided in the annotation files for each image pixel. NESZ is the noise equivalent σ 0 estimated from the mode of DN 2 i /A 2 i histogram for wind speeds less than 1 m•s -1  (Li et al. , 2019a,b). The NESZ is 0. 0014 and 0. 0062 for S-1A WV1 and WV2 in VV, and 0. 0012 and 0. 0040 for S-1B WV1 and WV2 in HH. The chosen NRCS reference, or benchmark, is the C-band SAR GMF of C-SARMOD  (Mouche et al. , 2006). It is selected because of its applicable skill in both VV and HH polariza- HH is nearly 0 dB for all wind speeds.
However, the WV2 NRCS residual has a nearly constant negative bias at all wind speeds of about -1. 6 dB for VV and -2 dB for HH. This is consistent with the NRCS assessment that discrepancies exist between S-1 WV data (after built-in calibration processing) and CMOD5. N predictions, particularly for measurements at the WV2 incidence angle of 36 •  (Li et al. , 2019b,a). A recalibration constant C OC is calculated for each 12 day repeat cycle using C-SARMOD and ERA5 wind direction. This factor is then used to correct the WV NRCS as σ 0 = σ 0.
isolated to more precisely analyze local roll signatures. The growing number of quad-polarization observations, from Radarsat-2, Gaofen-3 and the new Radarsat Constellation Mission (RCM), are expected to serve this purpose. On the other hand, though the weak roll imprint cases are excluded in the present classified dataset, this S-1 SAR database is still state-of-the-art in terms of providing an overall global view of roll field characteristics (wavelength & orientation) as well as the ability to relate these data to near-surface forcing from the tropics to high latitudes. This massive classified WV SAR images can thus be used to support boundary layer studies over the world's ocean to advance understandings of km-scale MABL coherent roll structures on turbulent momentum fluxes.
4000107360/12/I-LG), ESA S1-4SCI Ocean Study (4000115170/15/I-SBo), and CNES TOSCA program (COWS) projects. Foster and Vandemark were supported by NASA Physical Oceanography grant NNX17AH17G. C. Wang is grateful for financial support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC) for his PhD, and the French ISblue project (ANR-17-EURE-0015) for this work. Appendix A. S-1 WV NRCS recalibration For each WV SAR image, ESA's Level-1 SLC product provides the digital number DN = I 2 + Q 2 per pixel (I and Q indicate the real and imaginary parts of SAR measurements). It can be used to compute the NRCS through radiometric calibration and noise correction:.
( 4000107360/12/I-LG), ESA S1-4SCI Ocean Study (4000115170/15/I-SBo), and CNES TOSCA program (COWS) projects. Foster and Vandemark were supported by NASA Physical Oceanography grant NNX17AH17G. C. Wang is grateful for financial support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC) for his PhD, and the French ISblue project (ANR-17-EURE-0015) for this work. Appendix A. S-1 WV NRCS recalibration For each WV SAR image, ESA's Level-1 SLC product provides the digital number DN = I 2 + Q 2 per pixel (I and Q indicate the real and imaginary parts of SAR measurements). It can be used to compute the NRCS through radiometric calibration and noise correction:.
Acknowledgements The members of the ERTM are listed as Finland: 1818  Centres Work Group, Berlin. Prof. Dr Margarete Landenberger ,  Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Medical Faculty of Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale). Prof. Dr Olaf Ortmann ,  President of the German Cancer Society , Director  Department Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Regensburg. Prof. Dr Wolff Schmiegel , Director of the  University Clinic  at the  University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum. Prof. Dr Christian Thomssen , Director of the  University Clinic and Polyclinic for Gynaecology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale).
Consecutively, the upcoming international guidelines are likely to adopt a COAPT-like approach and propose criteria for MC aiming at patients with a "tertiary" functional MR rather than the currently recommended compassionate approach  [11] : moderate or severe, LVEF 20-50% and left ventricle endsystolic diameter ≤ 70 mm with symptoms despite maximally tolerated medical therapy. The results of the RESHAPE-HF2 (NCT02444338) and MATTER-HORN trial (NCT02371512) trials might provide more insight on the prospect of a future for the MitraClip device for the treatment of functional MR. It is worth noting that Mitraclip repair is guided by transoesophageal echocardiography, thus the feasibility as well as the result of the procedure are dependent on the echogenicity of the patient and the skills of the interventional imager.
Transcatheter mitral valve replacement Mitral repair is favored over replacement for open surgical treatment of MR in the international guidelines  [11]. However, this recommendation is based on observational data. Recent randomized data showed that replacement nearly eliminates the risk of long-term recurrence of moderate or severe MR at 2 years (58. 8% after repair vs 3. 8% after replacement)  [39]. By avoiding the morbidity of open mitral surgery and effectively preventing recurrence of MR, transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) could provide the best option  [12]. The first-in-human TMVR was performed in 2012with the CardiAQ valve (Edwards Lifesciences)  [40]. More recently were published two TMVR feasibility studies. One of them included patients treated with the Tendyne (Abbott Structural Heart) device, while the other with the the Intrepid (Medtronic) transcatheter heart valve.
The studies included patients at very high surgical risk and both devices were implanted transapically The 30-day mortality rate was 14% with the Intrepid device and 6% in the Tendyne study (26% at 1 year). However, it is important to notice that the complete correction of significant MR was constant in both studies  [28, 29, 41]. Following these favorable results, the first trials aiming at comparing TMVR with to open surgery are already underway. In the he APOLLO trial (NCT03242642) patients in the TMVR group will be treated with the Tendyne device, while in the SUMMIT trial the TMVR device will be the Intrepid (NCT03433274). The recent report of a successful first-in-man implantation of the Abbott CEPHEA™ is notable because of the lack of transseptally implantable transcatheter mitral valves  [42].
The CardioValve Mitral Tech™ is another example of this promising technology. Both devices are delivered transseptally, which illustrates the urge to develop transcatheter heart valves (THV) that will be delivered through a less invasive approach than transapical. Numerous feasibility and safety single-arm studies with other transapical and transseptal TMVR devices are underway. It is the case for Edwards EVOQUE™ (NCT02718001), Neovasc Tiara™ (NCT02276547) and the HighLife™ (NCT02974881). The first TMVR systems use 32-to 45-F transapical delivery catheters which are incompatible with percutaneous accesses. Thus, adaptation of the technology for transseptal implantation is a major engineering challenge. The trileaflet Sapien 3 29 mm device used in for transcatheter aortic replacement was previously used transseptally for valve in ring and valve in valve mitral replacement.
It is essentially a modification of the MitraClip NT' percutaneous delivery system (both owned by Abbott) and was investigated in the TRILUMINATE study (NCT03227757). The PASCAL device has also been successfully adapted from mitral to tricuspid use in one case report  [75]. However, data regarding its safety and efficacy are lacking. The Forma device (Edwards Lifesciences) has been advocated to reduce TR by creating a new surface for coaptation for tricuspid leaflets. It consists of a foam-filled spacer, available in 12 and 15 mm both with a length of 42 mm, that is inserted via the subclavian or the axillary vein, placed in the regurgitant orifice and anchored in the RV apex  [76]. The first-in-man experience with 7 patients and a feasibility study that included 16 patients that showed reduction in TR.
Formulating "climate-informed targets" and the associated dynamically responsive policies is an immense challenge. Enhancing the dialogue between important conventions, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the associated science-policy platforms of the IPCC and IPBES could help align policy and create added value to address this challenge. The POST20 targets could become one further element in the global strategy against climate change. A better alignment of conventions and scientific assessments could also stimulate the urgent decarbonization of the economy and ensure that climate change is minimized through actions that benefit from rather than compromise biodiversity protection. Data Availability. All study data are included in the article and SI Appendix.
Data collection Data were obtained from the electronic health records of the infants and included antenatal data (in utero exposure to tobacco, history of oligoamnios, antenatal steroids), neonatal data (gender, gestational age, birth weight, history of hyaline membrane disease, pulmonary hypertension, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, duration of mechanical ventilation, NIV), infant's data at the time of starting the pulse(s) of methylprednisolone (age, comorbidities, respiratory support) and during follow-up (respiratory support, weight and length converted to z-scores). Frequency of other potential adverse effects was also collected.