dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In Di  Valentino et al. 2017b  (in preparation), we consider some physically motivated models that can match the results of the current Planck+R16 data set, in particular particle physics phase transition models. Conversely, we have shown how the preferred region of w 0 -w a phase space shifts for various values of the Hubble constant, if further measurements or reanalyses change the current prior. In particular, for H 0 < 70 km/s/Mpc, the cosmological constant lies within the 68% c. l. , and regions of standard freezing and thawing quintessence are acceptable as well. Before concluding, it is worth mentioning that small, unresolved systematics can be easily present in all the datasets we have considered. The R16 estimate of the Hubble constant is based on the combination of three different geometric distance calibrations of Cepheids  [6].
These three different methods yield three constraints on the Hubble constant: H 0 = 72. 25 ± 2. 51 km/s/Mpc, H 0 = 72. 04 ± 2. 67 km/s/Mpc, and H 0 = 76. 18 ± 2. 37 km/s/Mpc (again, see  [6] ). Discarding the last constraint (based on Milky Way Cepheids) could reduce the current tension and, therefore, change our conclusions (as we showed with Figure  2 ). While there is currently no reason to remove the Milky Way constraint, this emphasizes that the results reported here can be driven just by one portion of the R16 data. A similar result occurs with BAO: taking the four BAO datasets separately, we have found that while the 6dFGS, SDSS-MGS, and BOSS-LOWZ sets are in agreement with the Planck+R16 solution, the major discrepancy comes from the CMASS-DR11 single data point (and even more so for DR12  [48] ).
See, e. g. ,  [49, 50]  for recent discussion of possible BAO systematics. On the other hand, the nature of the Planck A lens anomaly is still unclear. The Planck lensing dataset is in tension with the Planck angular power spectra data and this tension persists also in our 12 parameters analysis. While it does not appear to strongly affect our bounds on the equation of state it may not be optimally described by a single parameter (see Di Valentino et a. 2017b, in preparation). Thus, there is still much to learn about both the nature of dark energy and the robustness of data sets.
h 2 0. 02223 ± 0. 00028 0. 02223 ± 0. 00028 0. 02238 ± 0. 00027 0. 02251 ± 0. 00027 0. 02251 ± 0. 00024 0. 02236 ± 0. 00027 0. 02205 ± 0. 00027 68% c. l. constraints on cosmological parameters in our extended 12 parameter scenario from different combinations of datasets. If only upper limits are shown, they are at 95% c. l. Note that σ8 is a derived parameter.
This work has been done in part within the  Labex ILP  (reference  ANR-10-LABX-63 ) part of the Idex SUPER, and received financial state aid managed by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche , as part of the  programme Investissements d'avenir  under the reference  ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02. The work of EDV and J. S. has been supported in part by  ERC  Project No. 267117  (DARK) hosted by the  Pierre and Marie Curie University-Paris VI ,  Sorbonne Universities  and  CEA-Saclay  and by the  Institut Lagrange de Paris. EL was supported in part by the  Energetic Cosmos Laboratory  and by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics , under Award  DE-SC-0007867  and contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
This paper proposes a new method for guaranteed integration of state equations. Within this framework, the variables of interest are trajectories submitted to both arithmetic and differential equations. The approach consists in formalizing a problem thanks to a constraint network and then apply these constraints to sets of trajectories. The contribution of the paper is to provide a reliable framework to enclose the solutions of these differential equations. Its use is shown to be simple, more general and more competitive than existing approaches dealing with guaranteed integration, especially when applied to mobile robotics. The flexibility of the developed framework allows to deal with non-linear differential equations or even differential inclusions built from datasets, while considering observations of the states of interest.
Section 2 presents the principle of constraint propagation and how it can be related to sets of trajectories. It relies on existing works, that will serve as the basis of Section 3 in which we provide a new approach to consider dynamical systems and solve an initial value problem. The simplicity of the approach is highlighted in Sections 4 and 5 that illustrate, respectively, the tool with robotics simulations and state estimations based on real datasets. A comparison with Capd  [9]  (which can be considered as one of the most efficient libraries in this field) shows that our method can also be considered as competitive, at least for robotics applications. Sections 6 and 7 conclude the paper and present the numerical libraries used during this work.
[p1] (m) mobile robots trajectories. The principle is to model the problem as a constraint network and generate a contractor from each constraint. The contractors contract all tubes as much as possible up to a fixed point. In order to deal with dynamical systems, a dedicated differential contractor has been proposed. Its use is well suited in high order differential contexts, non-linear equations, fleeting observations and real datasets. Hence, this approach appears to be competitive for robotics applications while providing reliable sets of robots trajectories. t.
Acknowledgments This work has been supported by the French Direction Gnrale de l'Armement (DGA) during the UK-France PhD program. We also thank DGA Techniques Navales Brest for their kind help during Daurade's experiments. [1] M. Konecny, W. Taha, J. Duracz, A. Duracz, A. Ames, Enclosing the behavior of a hybrid system up to and beyond a zeno point, in: Cyber-Physical Systems, Networks, and Applications.
Tens of frequencies have been detected in the object compatible with nonradial g-modes. Additional high-resolution ground-based spectroscopic observations were obtained at La Silla (HARPS) and Haute Provence (SOPHIE) observatories during the month preceding CoRoT observations. Additional information was obtained from low-resolution spectra from the BeSS database. From spectral line fitting we determined physical parameters of the star, which is seen equator-on (i = 90 • ). We also found in the ground data the same frequencies as in CoRoT data. Additionally, we analyzed the circumstellar activity through the traditional method of violet to red emission Hα line variation. A quintuplet was identified at approximately 1. 113 c d -1 (12. 88 µHz) with a separation of 0. 017 c d -1 that can be attributed to a pulsation degree ℓ ∼ 2.
CoRoT photometric observations The main light curve of HD 171219 was obtained with the seismology core program of the CoRoT (Convection, Rotation and planetary Transits) space observatory  (Baglin 2016) , which studied bright pulsating stars (6 < V < 9) with cadences of 32 and 512 seconds. For detailed information on the CoRoT satellite, see  Auvergne et al. (2009)  and  Samadi et al. (2007). Data on HD 171219 were taken during 77. 56 d of the LRc06 long run from July 08th 2010 to September 24th 2010 with a cadence of 32 seconds. The light curve is shown in Fig. 1. It contains 209 418 photometric observations. Five small-scale outbursts were observed in the light curve during the CoroT observations. For the purpose of the pulsation analysis we then divided the light curve into six regions as shown in Fig.
Ground-based spectroscopic observations Spectroscopic observations of HD 171219 were obtained with HARPS (3. 6m telescope, ESO, La Silla, Chile) and SOPHIE (1. 93m telescope, Haute Provence Observatory, OHP, France) spectrographs as a part of the ground-based campaign on the CoRoT targets (see Table  1 ). We also used low-resolution observations from the BeSS database  (Neiner et al. 2011 ) from about the same epoch. HARPS was used in the high-efficiency EGGS mode R=80,000 with a fast readout  (Mayor et al. 2003). From June 14 to July 2, 2010, 41 spectra were collected. The average exposure time was 1200s and the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) ranges from 97 to 236. HARPS spectra are available in the SISMA  database  (Rainer et al. 2016). Strong fringes in the reduced data were carefully corrected, as detailed in  Neiner et al.
(2012). Figure  2  shows the average HARPS spectrum around two of the Balmer lines. The Hα line profile depicts the status of emission activity during observations. SOPHIE was used in the high efficiency mode (HE) yielding a resolving power of R=40,000. Twelve spectra were obtained in late June, 2010 with an average exposure time of about 900s. The resulting S/N ratio varies from 90 to 213. Usual bias, flatfield and wavelength calibration was performed using the SOPHIE pipeline. We also retrieved reduced spectra in the Hα line region obtained by amateur astronomers in June and July 2010 from the BeSS database. The data were obtained with telescopes ranging from 21 to 30 cm in diameter, and a resolving power of R ∼ 15,000. Red line is our best fit used to derive the stellar parameters (Table  2 ) and green line is the solution obtained previously with only one FEROS spectrum  (Frémat et al.
Three measurements from the BeSS database  (Neiner et al. 2011)  were also included (see Fig. 5 ). V/R = [V -V c ]/[R -R c ] The V/R variations indicate two epochs of sudden change in V/R, centered around CJD 3818 and 3828. In both cases there is a definite increase in the V/R ratio and in the V+R relation, which can be attributed to minor outbursts. The time interval between these episodes is compatible with the outburst occurrence (10 to 20 d) seen in the CoRoT observations that began the following month.
NRP and line-profile variations Telting & Schrijvers (1997) showed that pulsation quantum numbers ℓ and m can be estimated in a series of spectra from the blue-to-red phase variations of the observed pulsation frequency and its first harmonics, respectively. The method is especially valid for rapid rotators as is the case of HD 171219. Again, our spectroscopic observations are limited, yielding a resolution in frequency of the order of just 0. 026 c d -1. This resolution hinders a precise analysis of the CoRoT frequencies. Nevertheless, variations in spectroscopic data can be inspected visually. We thus searched for phase variations in the Hβ spectral series formed by HARPS and SOPHIE data for the main frequencies found with CoRoT (Table  3 ). In Fig. 9  we plotted the amplitudes and phases of the variations of the multiplet frequencies as a function of the position in the Hβ Balmer line profile.
Conclusions We have detected twenty periodicities in the CoRoT light curve of HD 171219 compatible with nonradial pulsation g-modes (see Table  3 ). Indeed, they are expected to be present in a B5e star. Frequencies f 1 to f 5 are identified as a quintuplet and some of their harmonics may be present. High-resolution spectroscopic data were obtained during the month preceding the CoRoT observations; a detailed analysis of spectral data points out to a quite rapidly rotating B5 III star, seen equator-on. The phase variations of fundamental tones along the Hβ line are compatible with an azimuthal number ℓ = 2 ± 1. Four relatively small and a medium outbursts were observed in the light curve during the almost 80d time span of CoRoT observations. The frequency amplitudes vary neatly between outbursts.
Acknowledgements. We wish to thank the  CoRoT team  for the acquisition and reduction of the CoRoT data. This work was supported in Brazil by  FAPESP  (project  2008/57866 ),  CNPq  (projects  312581/2013-0  and  312738/2013-7 ) and  CAPES  ( PNPD scholarship ). EP acknowledges financial support from  PRIN INAF 2014. MR acknowledges financial support from the  FP7-Space project SpaceInn. JCS  acknowledges funding support from  Spanish public funds  for research under project  ESP2015-65712-C5-5-R (MINECO/FEDER ), and under  Research Fellowship program  " Ramón y Cajal " ( MINECO/FEDER). This work has made use of the BeSS database, operated at  LESIA, Observatoire de Meudon, France : http://basebe. obspm. fr.
Cabozantinib, an inhibitor of kinases, including MET, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, and RET  [15] , is approved in the United States and Europe for progressive, metastatic MTC based on findings of the EXAM trial (Trial Registration Number: NCT00704730)  [14]. In this phase III study, cabozantinib significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS), the primary end point, compared with placebo in patients with documented radiographic progression of metastatic MTC (estimated median PFS 11. 2 versus 4. 0 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0. 28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0. 19-0. 40; P < 0. 001)  [14]. At the primary analysis, a planned interim analysis of OS showed no difference between treatment arms (HR, 0. 98; 95% CI, 0. 63-1. 52), but only 96 of the planned 217 deaths for the final analysis had occurred.
The HR was estimated using a Cox regression model with treatment group as the main effect and included the randomization stratification factors. In an exploratory subgroup analysis, we assessed OS and PFS by baseline demographics and characteristics, and RET and RAS mutation status. Analyses on the basis of RET mutation status were pre-specified (RET mutation-positive, RET mutation-negative, and RET mutation-unknown subgroups), while analyses based on RAS mutation status or the presence of the RET M918T mutation were post hoc. The primary analysis data cut-off of 6 April 2011 was used for all PFS analyses. Calculated P values for subgroups are descriptive only.
The majority of patients underwent dose reductions, suggesting that with appropriate dose reductions and AE management, patients can maintain long-term treatment with cabozantinib. The study of cabozantinib in MTC is continuing, including a trial comparing the 140mg starting dose in capsules to a 60-mg starting dose in tablets (ClinicalTrials. gov NCT01896479). This study will also evaluate the relationship of RET M918T status with clinical activity. In conclusion, in this final analysis of OS from the EXAM trial, the secondary end point of OS was not met. A statistically nonsignificant increase in OS of 5. 5 months was observed for cabozantinib compared with placebo in patients with metastatic MTC with documented radiographic progression. Among subgroups, the largest OS benefit was observed in RET M918T-positive patients.
LL consulted for  Eisai, Bristol-Myers Squibb ,  Merck Sharp & Dohme, Corp. ,  Merck Serono, Boehringer Ingelheim ,  Debiopharm Group ,  Sobi ,  Novartis ,  AstraZeneca ,  Bayer ,  Roche , and  Amgen , received research grant support from  Eisai ,  Merck Sharp & Dohme, Corp. ,  Merck Serono, Boehringer Ingelheim ,  Novartis ,  AstraZeneca , and  Roche , and has received travel-related financial support from  Merck Sorono ,  Debiopharm Group ,  Sobi ,  Bayer , and  Amgen. JK is a member of  Bayer Health Care Advisory Board , and received honoraria from  AstraZeneca ,  Eisai ,  Exelixis, Inc. ,  Ipsen ,  Novartis ,  Oxigene ,  Sanofi-Genzyme , and  Sobi. MK received non-financial support from  Exelixis, Inc. , and he has also received personal fees and non-financial support from  Sobi ,  Sanofi , and  Eisai.
Arid regions are a major source of mineral dust aerosol. Transport from these sources can have a great impact on aerosol climatology in distant regions. In order to assess the impact of dust on climate we must understand how dust properties change after long distance transport from sources. This study addresses the changes in columnar aerosol properties when mineral dust outbreaks from western Africa arrive over the eastern Caribbean after transport across the Atlantic Ocean, a transit of 5-7 days. We use data from the NASA Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) located at five Caribbean and two western Africa sites to characterize changes in columnar aerosol properties: aerosol optical depth (AOD), size distribution, single scattering albedo, and refractive indexes. We first characterized the local aerosol climatology at each site and then using air mass back trajectories we identified those days when trajectories over Caribbean sites back-tracked to western Africa.
In Sect. 2 we present an overview of the database and methodology used to match daily averaged AERONET data at both sides of the Atlantic Ocean using air mass backwards trajectories. Section 3 describes, separately, the longterm aerosol climatology observed at the western Africa and the Caribbean sites and the correlation between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and dust concentration observed at the Caribbean sites. Section 4 presents the monthly variability of size-related aerosol parameters. Section 5 presents the seasonality of African-Caribbean Sea air mass connections, as well as the change in aerosol optical depth, size distribu-tion, and single scattering albedo, among others after the long-range transport. Finally the conclusions are presented in Sect. 6.
AERONET measurements and sites The main database for this study includes the daily mean values of columnar aerosol data measured by CIMEL CE-318 Sun photometer in the AERONET framework  (Holben et al. , 1998). The direct sun algorithm provides a database that contains instantaneous values (every 15 min) of spectral AOD at 7 wavelengths in the range 340-1020 nm (in some cases also 1640 nm depending on the instrument model) and the associated Ångström exponent (AE) based on the wavelengths 440 and 870 nm. We only use AOD and AE quality-assured cloud-screened level 2. 0 data (version 2) which ensures the reliability of the measurements (see http://aeronet. gsfc. nasa. gov/new_web/PDF/ AERONETcriteria_final1. pdf; last access: 18 June 2018). In this work we use only the 440 nm measurements. Figure  1  and Table  1  present the five AERONET sites in the Caribbean (CAR) area and the two sites in the western Africa (AF) region chosen in this study.
g. ,  Burgos et al. , 2016)  with minor loss of accuracy  (Mateos et al. , 2014). All the available inversion products are daily averaged in this study. With the threshold of AOD ≥ 0. 2, estimated uncertainty for dust retrievals of the single scattering albedo is 0. 03, REFR is 0. 04, REFI is 50 %, and the VPSD is 35 % (see  Dubovik et al. , 2000). The climatology of key aerosol properties measured at western Africa and Caribbean sites is addressed in Sect. 3. All daily available records (see Table  1 ) at the two western Africa and five Caribbean sites are averaged in the 1996-2014 period, resulting in two databases with 5656 and 5099 days of data, respectively.
g. l. ). The core of the SAL is typically at around 2500 m. For the trajectory vertical motion, we used the model vertical velocity. The meteorological database used as input for HYSPLIT is the global NCAR/NCEP Reanalysis  (Kalnay et al. , 1996). The evaluation is performed for each day in the period 1996-2014 at 16:00 UTC (around local noon). -Step 2: If any of these trajectories for Barbados (at one, two or three heights) passes through a 3 • × 3 • box centered on the western Africa sites, we consider that a link has been established between the two sites. The transit time is typically about 5-7 days. In some cases an air mass back trajectory may link both the Capo_Verde and Dakar boxes. In such cases the mean of the aerosol observations is used. -Step 3: Once the dates in which the air mass is measured in Barbados and in Capo_Verde or Dakar (or both) sites are established, the associated AERONET aerosol data are identified.
For the Barbados-African cases with air masses overflowing both Capo_Verde and Dakar sites, the corresponding average of aerosol data is used. These three steps described above are applied to all Caribbean sites as shown in Table  1. This methodology yields five databases (one per site) in which each Caribbean site is linked with data for western Africa sites. For each day between 1996 and 2014 we determine which Caribbean sites present an air mass link with western Africa sites. If more than one western Africa site yields a link for a specific Caribbean event, we use the mean properties as discussed above. We identify a desert dust event on the basis of the following criteria: AOD ≥ 0. 2 and AE ≤ 0. 6 (e. g. ,  Dubovik et al. , 2002; Guirado et al. , 2014). In the evaluated global Caribbean-African linked database, the Caribbean and African data are analyzed separately.
Scatter plot of AE-AOD in the western Africa and Caribbean areas The next step focuses on the comparison of the aerosol properties observed at the Caribbean sites and the values of the same properties which were observed 5-7 days earlier over the western Africa sites. In this way, the impact of the longrange transport can be quantified. Figure  7  presents the scatter plot of AE-AOD for those days with aerosol data and air mass links between the two areas. When the criteria for identifying mineral dust (AOD ≥ 0. 2 and AE ≤ 0. 6) are applied to the global Caribbean-African connected database, three different cases are identified (see Sect. 2. 2). At the western Africa sites (Fig. 7a ), as expected because of the proximity to the Saharan Desert, the influence of the mineral dust aerosol properties is predominant: 86 % of the available data have AOD ≥ 0.
2 and AE ≤ 0. 6, (1000 out of 1162 days). We identified the occurrence of 498 dusty days at the Caribbean sites, about 42 % of the entire global Caribbean-African connected database, but just 484 days (in the period 1996-2014) are shown to be dusty days at the Caribbean sites with aerosol origin in the Saharan desert (indicated as a D AF + D CAR case in Fig. 7 ). Intense dusty days (AOD larger than 0. 5) occur in western Africa and Caribbean sites in 430 and 67 cases, respectively. This difference is attributable to a decrease in aerosol load during transport between the two regions. Out of the total of 1162 cases 516 meet the dusty criteria only in the African database (D AF + NoD CAR case in Fig. 7 ). This decrease in dust loads is also observed in the change of the AE and AOD using ground-based and satellite measurements (see, e.
g. ,  Yu et al. , 2014). For instance, there are 102 cases in the Caribbean  database where AE > 0. 6, whereas the same air mass yielded AE < 0. 6 at the western Africa sites days before. Probably there are days with presence of dust with AOD and AE values close to the required thresholds (156 and 59 days in the interval of 0. 15 < AOD < 0. 20 at the Caribbean and western Africa sites, respectively). We considered lowering the AOD threshold so as to include more cases but this would reduce confidence about the actual presence of dust.
, 2010; Valenzuela et al. , 2012; Burgos et al. , 2016). The SSA in dust events at the Caribbean sites is essentially identical to that at the western Africa sites. The same is true for REFI: 0. 0025 at 440 nm and 0. 001-0. 0015 in the interval 670-1020 nm. The values in the visible and near infrared ranges are slightly larger than those reported by  Dubovik et al. (2002)  which were about 0. 0007; their value at 440 nm is very similar to the value we present here. There is no significant change in the REFR either, as it is the mean real part of the refractive index in the African and Caribbean database, at about 1. 45 ± 0. 01. This value is slightly lower than that reported by  Dubovik et al. (2002)  which was about 1. 48. Finally, the asymmetry factor g at 440 nm decreases slightly from 0.