dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
This time we intend to retain data from all the stages leading to the statement of a text reuse: identification, close delimitation, characterization. To allow access to the corpus by canonical biblical reference, patristic author's name or work title on the one hand and access to the text of a reuse in its context on the other, the project architecture has two main components: a MySQL 3 database and a collection of texts encoded in TEI-XML. This dichotomy reflects the history of the corpus construction; we are now considering the option of a native XML database. All the metadata about the authors (dates, biography, additional documents, bibliography, etc. ) and about the works (date of composition, topics, summary, etc. ) are stored in the MySQL database. In order to make them easily available for a common use as linked Open Data, links to the BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) authorities are foreseen where they exist 4  but currently this only concerns about a third of the works in our corpus  5.
Each text reuse corresponds to a record in an association table between a Biblical passage and a passage from a patristic text. The data is entered using a list of abbreviations; the start and end line numbers can be stated. Moreover, to allow the use of several biblical referencing systems beyond the Bible of Jerusalemas has been the case until nowbiblical texts written in different ancient languages (Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Syriac), as well as modern translations in English and French, were added to the database and closely aligned to one another. This additional biblical data was segmented at the verse level and sometimes at the part of verse level. As a result of this work, a multilingual concordance between Bibles was added to the BIBLINDEX platform and is freely searchable online [http5].
The biblical text itself is now also stored in the MySQL database, which makes it easy to display the verses sought by the user. The patristic texts are stored as TEI-XML files, which won't be available online in their exhaustive form, because of complex copyright issues, but freely searchable 6. At present there are only a few test samples, namely three complete works written by Bernard of Clairvaux 7   [Bernard of Clairvaux, 1990 , 2009 , 2010]. Each work is stored in a separate file. The TEI Header of each file contains the unique identifier of the work, which is also recorded in the database. This link enables all the relevant metadata for a work to be extracted from the database and automatically re-injected into the relevant XML file. All information regarding the basic structure of the texts are embedded in the XML files: the logical structure specific to a work (book, chapter, section, paragraph numbers,.
Encoding scheme Our encoding scheme follows the TEI guidelines. Each patristic work is encoded in a separate file which contains the following key details. The TEI Header title statement <fileDesc/titleStmt> is used to encode the full and abbreviated title of the work and the name of the author (including a link to BIBLINDEX page for the author). The <body> part consists of a single element <div>. Each <div type="work"> element can be divided in chapters, <div type="chapter"> elements. The chapters contain a mandatory title and one or more paragraphs.
Delimitation of the biblical targets Biblical targets fall into one of two categories, depending on whether or not they are linked to precise verse numbers. The first category, described in  [Mellerin, 2013:21-24] , gathers vague allusions to larger biblical subcorpora such as Johannine writings or healing narratives, which cannot easily be characterized by verse numbers, as well as common biblical formulations, names of characters (e. g. the disciples of Christ, David) and global reminiscences of heterogeneous episodes (e. g. the life of the Hebrew people in the desert). The database contains several records of such subcorpora and named entities in dedicated tables, which will be expanded in the course of our work. In the TEI files, pointers are built from database keys: instead of targeting a canonical reference, they use the identifiers of these records, and/or the PersNames, PlaceNames tags.
[Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses:II, 24, 4 (244, l. 145)]: <rs type="bookgroup" key="PentateuchID">In quinque libris legem populo <persName key="MosesID">Moyses</persName> tradidit</rs> It is the second, predominantly major category, of text reuse that we will focus on in this paper. This category comprises of the citations that can be linked to canonical references. At present, any reference to the biblical text is made to a whole verse or set of verses, defined by the name of the Bible edition used as the versification reference, the biblical book, the chapter number(s) and the verse number(s) 8. This universal referencing system is convenient, insofar as it allows access to the data in BIBLINDEX using the verse numbering, but it cannot express the specific details when only a few words of a verse are actually targeted.
9 The examples that follow do not use the full encoding system finally chosen, but present a simplified version, highlighting only the precise aspects the example is illustrating. The complete encoding model is presented in the third part of this paper. 10 CTS [http9] is a component of the CITE citation architecture designed by the Homer Multitext Project. The CTS URNs (Uniform Resource Names) follow a naming pattern that has the capability to represent with precision the cited entity. Hence the CTS scheme allows to cite at the text level or at the level of a passage of text. The version (or instance) of the text or the level of the generic notional work that the text represents may also be expressed with this citation scheme. As it follows a hierarchical structure that is aligned to the BIBLINDEX database structure, it will be easy to retrieve metadata information of text passages from CTS canonical reference in the BIBLINDEX platform.
[Jerome, Epistula 36 ad Damasum 12 (59, l. 17)], whose text is mostly related to the Vulgata, quotes sometimes the Septuagint. <seg type="scripturalQ" xml:id="B01"> <seg type="insertion">ubi Septuaginta posuerunt</seg> quinta autem generatione ascenderunt filii Israhel de terra Aegypti</seg> <note type="scripturalNote" subtype="translation_latin 11  "> <seg type="bRef"> <bibl type="biblical"> <ref cRef="LXX:Ex:13:18:15-26"/> <ptr target="http://www. biblindex. info/fr/biblical/content/ref/LXX_Ex_13_18:15-26"/> </bibl> </seg> </note> In addition to the reference Bibles stored in the BIBLINDEX database, "Bible" entities under construction can be targeted. In Greek for example, the translation made from the Hebrew by Aquila (2 nd c. AD) is assumed as a work on the whole Bible, but has to be reconstructed from fragments.
A fine-grained TEI markup could be used to refine the description of these "morpho-syntactic modifications", ad locum. But such an approach would be a considerable burden in the encoding work and would not be useful for the further data processing. Instead these differences will be directly visualized by comparing texts in the user interfaces of BIBLINDEX. This solution is favored by the project as, rather than data mining, its primary aim is to provide human users with an easy way of seeing text reuses both in their original and their reuse contexts. To indicate a text reuse that exhibits changes from the original, the attribute value "inexactQuotation" is used. Finally, each time several canonical references are related to the same text reuse, either a probability coefficient must be specified 15  , or the canonical references must be ordered.
BIBLINDEX also aims at being part of a shared project among the patristic community: building a common and freely available referencing system for authors and works, based on the model provided by the Clavis Patrum. As the BnF, in the context of the Biblissima project [http4], has already begun to classify ancient authors and makes this data available online with persistant IDs, it seems more useful to help improving this existing database than to build an independant one.
A large part of the works we have to deal with are fragments, published in reviews as single articles, and/or which authors are unknown; for the time being, the BnF mainly identifies entire works, published in books, which authorship is known with a good certainty level. Several authors may be associated to a work, according to the certainty of the attribution; the works have different kind of relationship with each other. The structure of the database makes it possible to create workgroups, to specifically manage the collections of fragments and the works that quote each other. Each work is linked to one or more reference editions, classified according to their date and relevance. The metadata on the 823 authors and 7,585 works [http6] gives some idea of the complexity of the data and their relations.
Study population Between June 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014, 256 CT scans of the distal femur met our inclusion criteria (Fig. 1 ). There were 134 women and 122 men. The average age was 58 ± 15. 2 years. The right side was analyzed 122 times and the left side 134 times. The groups were comparable (Table  1 ). The analysis was carried out on the CT images of 256 distal femurs stored in our facility's imaging database. Only scans showing the entire distal femur (tip of femoral groove to most distal aspect of femur) without signs of disease conditions or osteoarthritis were retained. The included CT scans had mainly been performed to assess leg vasculature (CT angiogram) or to evaluate a tibial plateau fracture without previous history of knee problem and without lesions in the distal femur. The CT scans were taken on a Sensation 16 Scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany).
Reliability studies The analyzed data were taken from the same database and analyzed twice on separate occasions by two observers. This made it possible to calculate the intra-and inter-observer variability for each landmark. For each observer, landmark deviations were calculated relative to the landmark mean value. The percentage error for each landmark was calculated, as described previously  (von Cramon-Taubadel et al. 2007 ) (Table  2 ). The results were deemed acceptable if this error was less than 5% (von  Cramon-Taubadel et al. 2007 ).
Procrustes analysis All morphometric geometric analyses were carried out with Morpho J software (CP 2008) and R 2. 2. 0 software (Team 2014). The chosen landmarks made it possible to characterize the shape of the distal femur (Fig. 1 ). The first step consisted of a generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA)  (Klingenberg 2002). As described previously  (Bilfeld et al. 2013) , this strategy expresses the results in graphical format by showing the average shape of the subgroups of interest.
2013b ). The femur is the longest bone and it is often well preserved. As a consequence, we feel it is relevant to develop a method that can be used to determine a person's age based on this bone  (King et al. 1998; Fig. 4  Creation of 3D reconstructions using the Amira 4. 1. 1® software (Mercury Computer System, Inc. , Chelmsford, MA, USA). First, the axial plane in which the epicondyles were most prominent was identified. Reconstructions in the orthogonal planes were generated to position the landmarks  This is the first 3D study to show age-related differences in the overall shape of the distal femur, as the shape was different in subjects under 40 years of age and those over 40 years of age (Fig. 3 ). Discriminant analysis showed that 80% of subjects were correctly classified (original CVA).
For these reasons, only adjusting the implant size does not solve the problemthe shape must be taken into account. Our study is the first to show age-related differences (<40 years and > 40 years) in a Caucasian population. The design of total knee arthroplasty implants is based on the anatomy of a Caucasian population  (Mahfouz et al. 2012). Successful component placement in knee arthroplasty includes minimal overhang and good bone coverage  (Bonnin et al. 2013 ). As a consequence, the age-related variations in a Caucasian population have to be take into account by manufacturers to modify the implant design over time. Han et al. studied age-related anthropometric differences in Asians by analyzing MRI images of 535 knees. They used 20-year bands to evaluate successive generations. They found statistically significant differences in the classic anthropometric data between all the age bands.
2015 ). Bias will be introduced into the analysis if the populations being compared are not from the same generation. In our study, osteometric analyses were carried out in addition to the 3D analyses. By placing easily identifiable points on the apex of the bone contours, we obtained data in the traditional manner, which allowed us to verify that these data were consistent with published values (Table  6 ). The EB values reported by  Han et al. (Han et al. 2015)  were comparable to ours (Table  3 ) : group < 40 years, EB = 74. 2 ± 2. 1; group 40-60 years, EB = 73. 4 ± 2. 99 and group > 60 years, EB = 74. 12 ± 3. 24. Origin-based variability  (Purkait & Chandra 2004 ) and sex-related variability must be taken into account when performing comparisons with published data, but the results of EB measurement are consistent (Table  6 ).
A longitudinal study would be needed to measure changes in anthropological measurements as a person ages. While only the distal femur was analyzed in this study, it would be interesting to pair our analysis with data Fig. 6  PCA obtained for the shape of the distal femur based on age. The ellipses correspond to 68% confidence intervals on the patients' morphotype or other femur anatomy data. However, additional analyses could not be performed since the records were anonymized and the patients had no complaints related to their knee joint.
Software and data exploitation Images were treated using Image J by subtracting the background obtained by measuring air in the same acquisition conditions as the samples. The images were then cropped to define proper regions of interest (ROIs). The greyscale ob- tained image was then treated according to procedures previously described  (Brisard et al. , 2012)  to derive small-angle scattering (SAS) curves. In short, in view of the high penetration depth of neutrons, neutron projection images take into account the 3-D organization of the investigated material. Using the Fourier slice theorem  (Kak and Slaney, 2001) , it is possible by fast Fourier transform to derive, for a statistically isotropic medium, the small-angle scattering curve of the object. The extension of the SAS pattern is then defined by application of Shannon's theorem  (Kak and Slaney, 2001) : q max = π pixel size and q min = 2π min(L x ,L y ) , where L x and L y are the x and y global size of the ROI.
Languages and data Kriol is an English-based creole spoken by up to 30,000 Indigenous people (Lee and Obata 2010) across a vast portion of central northern Australia (Figure  1 ). In this article I consider the variety spoken in and around the community of Barunga, i. e. , in remote Aboriginal communities where Dalabon speakers and their descendants reside, to the east of the town of Katherine. Kriol was adopted in this region just after the Second World War  (Sandefur 1986: 21)  and is now spoken by a few thousand speakers in this area. These remote Aboriginal communities are equipped with basic facilities such as schools, simple health services, small supermarkets etc. , many of them staffed with mainstream Australians who usually interact with the local population in English. However, apart from these contexts, as well as television, Kriol is the main daily language of all inhabitants in these communities.
In this study, I use one of these four languages, Dalabon, as a point of comparison for the figurative features that represent emotions in Kriol. This is feasible because, unlike for the other three languages, there exist extensive descriptions of the linguistic encoding of emotions in Dalabon  (Ponsonnet 2014a). With both Dalabon and Kriol, the analysis is based on extensive firsthand audio and video corpora. Data collection relied on a range of stimuli designed to target the emotion domain and to elicit quasi-spontaneous emotional speech  (Ponsonnet 2014b). The Dalabon data was collected between 2007 and 2012, mostly with four elderly female Dalabon speakers. The analyses have largely been published elsewhere  (Ponsonnet 2014a ) and will only be summarized here (Section 2). The Kriol corpus comprises ~20 hours collected in the communities of Barunga, Beswick/Wugularr, Bulman and Weemol in 2014 and 2015, with about twenty female speakers between 13 and 80 years old.
a handful in English (see  Kövecses 2000: 169-170, for instance). Furthermore, Dalabon belly-based emotional compounds are not only a large cohort: several of them are also common in ordinary speech. As a result, they are both numerous and frequent. The associated tropes are commonly used linguistic tools that pervade ordinary Dalabon speech. The data currently available on emotion tropes for other Australian Aboriginal languages suggests that this characteristic is broadly shared across the continent. The other Gunwinyguan languages formerly spoken in the Kriol region (Bininj Gun-wok, Jawoyn and Rembarrnga, see Section 1. 1) also have a large number of emotional compounds featuring body-parts (see Garde 2011; for Bininj Gun-wok,  Merlan and Jacq [2005a; 2005b]  for Jawoyn, and Saulwick 2003a; for Rembarrnga, complemented by my own data).
In other words, tropes that are widespread in Australian languages may have had more chances to occur in Kriol. The reinforcement principle may also explain why atkrek 'heart'+'crack', 'be very surprised, be shocked' occurs in Kriol as spoken in and around Barunga, given that comparable tropes occur in all the languages of the Barunga area. As noted in Section 1. 2, the comparison between Dalabon and Kriol alone does not suffice to draw firm conclusions here. Further data on emotional tropes in Australian Aboriginal languages is needed before the above hypotheses can be tested and refined. Nevertheless, the present comparison suggests that purely linguistic factors partly determine what tropes occur in Kriol, and that it will be worth scrutinizing the role of the morphological profiles of Australian languages in order to explain the selective transfer of figurative expressions for emotions into Kriol.
Although we currently lack the data to assess how frequent these metaphors are in other Australian Aboriginal languages, there is evidence that they do occur. For instance, the accessibility metaphor is attested in Arnhem Land in Yolngu languages  (Blakeman 2015). But at any rate, both metaphors must reflect Australian rather than English influence, since they are conceptually much closer to Dalabon metaphors than to English metaphors. Some of the body-based emotion metaphors attested in Kriol are not attested in Dalabon, but are attested in other Australian languages. This is the case with the BELLY AS A CONTAINER metaphor, suggested in (10) above for emotions (second line, 'feel no good in the belly'), and more clearly attested in (12) for premonitions. [BKriol] 20140406a_002_MJ 26  [Film]  (12) Im gede strong-wan filing la im binji.
Yet, a Dalabon lexicalized expression offers a possibly better match (turning feelings for negative feelings), and the Kriol gesture is remarkably similar to the Dalabon gesture. This data shows that in at least four occurrences, and for at least three speakers and three different metaphors (one of them instantiated twice), Kriol gestural metaphors come closer to Dalabon than to Kriol verbal metaphors. In two of the cases presented above, the speakers' gestural metaphors are not matched verbally in Kriol, but they do match lexicalized Dalabon metaphors. While these observations concern a low number of occurrences and speakers, this should be compared to the size of the corpus considered in this study. My videoed Kriol corpus is a ~9-hour subset of the full corpus (Section 1. 1), comprising just 11 speakers and less than a dozen gestures involving the belly.
Acknowledgements: I am immensely grateful to speakers of Dalabon and Kriol speakers for their support with this project, as well as to  Siva Kalyan  for his help on a first version of this article. I would also like to thank  Sarah Cutfield  for sharing her data with me, in particular videos that crucially helped my analysis (Section 5. 2). My thanks also go to the  ASLAN  project ( ANR-10-LABX-0081 ) of  Université de Lyon  within the program " Investissements d'Avenir"  ( ANR-11-IDEX-0007 ) of the French government operated by the  National Research Agency (ANR) , for funding this research project, including fieldwork.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank  Bert Hobmayer ,  Johanna Kraus , and  Aldine Amiel  for sharing unpublished and published images that were used in Figure 4. We are also grateful to  Evelyn Houliston ,  Aldine Amiel , and  Chiara Sinigaglia  for comments on the manuscript and to the reviewers for their comments that helped improving the final version of the manuscript. LL is supported by the  ANR  ( MEDUSEVO - ANR-13-PDOC-0016 ). ER is supported by an  ATIP-Avenir award  ( Plan Cancer ), a  Marie-Curie Career Integration Grant  ( CIG-FP7 -631665 ) as well as by the  "Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer ".
Data collection We used a film retelling task eliciting narrative discourse. The stimulus was the five-minute long Reksio cartoon (Watorek 2004) featuring a dog and his master. The task instruction was: "Watch the cartoon and then tell the interviewer what happened". The task therefore involved watching the cartoon and memorizing the events with the aim of telling the story to the interviewer. The oral productions were recorded and transcribed using CLAN procedures. Our database comprises a total of 50 participants, divided as follows:   3  For the purpose of this study, we grouped advanced and very advanced speakers.
Data coding and analysis Our database comprises a total of 3234 utterances, defined on the principle that one verb corresponds to one utterance, except when a modal expression precedes the main predicate: (2) we can see the boy / drinking some tea (2 utterances) (3) he tries to walk (1 utterance) Data coding focused on the following variables: modalization (presence, absence), modalization type (personal, logical, mood), and modal semantics (ability/possibility, necessity, inference…). Note that most examples of the subjunctive mood (such as vienne in Table  3a ) were not coded for modal semantics (see footnote 1). Exceptions to this were modal verbs used in the subjunctive. Thus, for the example provided in (1) -pour qu'il puisse enlever le manteau -the modalization type of the subjunctive form puisse of the modal verb pouvoir 'can' was coded as both Mood (for the subjunctive) and Personal meaning (for the use of pouvoir).
The modal semantics of pouvoir in this case was judged to be ability/possibility. Examples of short passages for two NSs of French and a NS of English are provided in Tables  3a  and 3b  To respond to our two research questions, we first examined the corpus in order to determine whether all groups used modalized verb forms. We then concentrated on those modalized verb forms found in the dataset and analyzed them according to type (personal, logical, mood). Finally, we looked at modal semantics expressed by each example of personal and logical modality and at the inventories of modal forms used. At each stage of the analysis, we looked for potential development across proficiency levels and compared findings from the NNS portions of our corpus to the NS narratives. Given the exploratory nature of this study and the relatively small number of occurrences for certain groups, we chose a qualitative approach supported by descriptive statistics to account for the phenomena under scrutiny.