dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
). Many other geospatial data useful to the simulation engine can be imported during the scenario preparation process as xml objects, extracting useful (for the simulation engine) information from shapefiles whenever possible. With the AI incorporated in the simulation, SWORD agents implement doctrinal behaviours specific to their class (population, civil security, police, etc. ) in response to the disaster used. Overall the use of the constructive simulation provides a realistic environment which can then be incorporated in the 2D/3D GIS environment used as a decision support system, and in CBML/MSDL standards compliant  (SISO, 2008 (SISO, , 2017) )  command and control systems if available.              W L i i wind no i wind i i G i i i H dt di h h T T A i cs dt dT , _ _ _ ) ( ) ( ) ( , 4 4 _           W L i i i i vap i T T S dt dMi             W L, i ) T - ( G i wind no i wind i i G G T h h A G cs dt dT ) ( _ _ _            W L i vap i W L i dt dMi T T , _ , 4 4    ) - ( S i i i ) , ( ) )( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) , ( ( T t f T T T h T P T t P v t T               3 / 1 ) ( ) ( ) (     T T c P m V h T h Advances in.
Testing and Results The research group has defined a specific hazard scenario. In this research, test trials have been conducted to actually federate existing disaster models with simulations. The capability of the simulation systems to collaborate was explored. There was also a successful assessment and evaluation of their capabilities to interact with other systems, predictive tools and command and control systems. Changes of the TIGER wildfire model software by University of Naples and World in a Box allowed the successful transfer of TIGER computed data into SWORD whose damage model has the ability to use those data for calculating damage and loss. SWORD output can feed the common operational picture of a web map or a command and control system. In fact, from its side, the GIS will support the analysis, for example, by provide the visualisation of those city districts that will be affected by a disruption caused by a wildfire crossing the high voltage power lines.
In order to visualize the propagation of wildfire on a web map (ESRI environment) used as a decision support tool, TIGER wildfires area files (in kml form) have been imported into a virtual city map via a Java gateway that constantly monitors the presence of new kml files from TIGER and convert them for the ESRI environment. The city GIS has been connected in HLA standard (IEEE, 2010) through a gateway that intercepts data (for examples units and assets simulated in JCATS, another connected simulation systems) from an HLA federation of simulation systems through a Pitch Google Earth Adapter. In SWORD database, a TIGER Wild Fire "Disaster" has been created and the fire temperature thresholds have been associated to colors: 400 °C -yellow, 5000 °Corange, 10000 °C -red. "TIGER Wild Fire" polygon object has been created in SWORD and the TIGER output in terms of temperature values as.
Within EU-CIRCLE, the resilience of interconnected critical infrastructures to climate change has been defined as multi-dimensional components, incorporating risks and capacities. EU-CIRCLE has created a dataset of virtual data allowing for stakeholders and the Critical Infrastructures (CI) community to validate resilience and risk concepts under conditions of strong winds, prolonged high temperatures and low relative humidity values. These conditions resulted to low fuel moisture content and intense fire regime. The CI assets affected by the fire event and the released smoke are defined using spatial overlay analyses functions. Initially, the generated data from the wildfire spreading model and ancillary data were fed into the Fire Emission Production Simulator Model FEPS v. 2. 0 of the US Forest Service (www.
fs. fed. us/pnw/fera/feps). The return from the model was the estimate of fuel consumption, smoke emission -PM2. 5, and heat release characteristics. The output was set on an hourly basis. Then the hourly geolocated emissions -PM2. 5 data were fed into an atmosphere dispersion model that was used in EU-CIRCLE and produced as outputs: 1) air concentrations (in μg/m 3 ) of the pollutant and 2) ground deposition values (μg/m 3 ). The data are available on hourly time steps and can be integrated for longer periods. These data were then used to estimate the impacts of the wildfire on the electricity and transport network. In fact, impacts to the Electricity Network come from:  direct fire crossing with the high voltage -steeltransmission lines. As a pre-cautionary measure and depending on the operational procedures of the electricity network operator the power of the line was cut;  wooden pylon burn outs when the wildfire intersects with their location;  dense smoke over a certain concentration (> 500 μg/m 3 ) causing flashovers in air gaps.
In addition, the same data can be transferred to real command and control or operational systems. The results of the simulation from SWORD, in Military Scenario Definition Language MSDL (SISO, 2008) standard, enable the creation of scenarios that can be shared and reused between a variety of simulation systems, between simulation and Command and Control (C2) systems, and between C2 systems. Contribution to knowledge include the effort to fill the gap between specialized disaster models and military simulations and their applications to urban and per-urban complex populated environments and their critical infrastructures.
Conclusions, Lessons Learned and Way Forward In this paper an example of application disaster simulation within a complete GIS environment has been presented. We introduced a set of complementary software tools for computationally intense modelling of cities, infrastructures and their interconnections. This research represents an innovative approach for assessing disasters impacting the human dimension of urban and peri-urban areas, by exploiting interoperable urban high resolution GIS and web map, historical datasets, hazard and climate models, This architecture model has the ability to support applications for emergency management simulation in a comprehensive innovative framework implementing virtual command and control capabilities to support an agile emergency management approach. In fact, it would be possible to train disaster managers, military commanders and other decision-makers remotely in a virtual Emergency Operations Centre.
We then discretise the linearised equations on an appropriate staggered grid, and solve for eigenvectors and linear steady solutions with the use of a parallel library for linear algebra: ScaLAPACK. We also implement a posteriori calculation of an energy equation in order to obtain more information on the underlying physics of the mode. Results. Our code is benchmarked against classical wave and instability test cases in multiple geometries (2D, 3D, two layer equivalent depth). The steady linear circulation calculations also reproduce expected results for the atmosphere of hot Jupiters. We finally show the robustness of our energy equation, and its power to obtain physical insight into the modes. Conclusions. We have developed and benchmarked a code for the study of linear processes in planetary atmospheres, with an arbitrary steady state.
The algorithm 2. 1. Linearised equations  Thuburn et al. (2002)  show that even the simplest atmospheric waves exhibit behaviour that cannot be accurately expressed by separating variables (requiring a height-dependent shift in latitude, see  Thuburn et al. 2002, for details). Therefore, in the general case, no assumption can be made on the mathematical expression of the wave regarding spatial coordinates. As our steady state is arbitrary, we will linearise the full equations with no simplification. However, to more easily describe the main capabilities of ECLIPS3D we detail how ECLIPS3D solves the Euler equations, omitting diffusion or viscosity, although dissipative processes have been implemented (and discussed in the steady circulation case in section 3. 5 and Appendix A. 5). This basic 1 https://github.
Conclusion In this paper we introduced and benchmarked ECLIPS3D: a parallel code for identifying linear instabilities, waves and circulations around a steady state of the Navier-Stokes equations in planetary atmospheres. The linearised equations only omit viscosity and an a posteriori energy equation is used to identify contributions from each component. The time-dependent eigenvector solution or time-independent matrix inversion calculations are performed through discretisation onto a staggered grid and subsequently ScaLAPACK routines. The benchmarks cover various well studied wave and instability tests, namely a simple atmosphere at rest  (Thuburn et al. 2002) , a Rossby-Kelvin unstable jet  (Wang & Mitchell 2014) , a baroclinically unstable jet  (Ullrich et al. 2014 ), an unstable Rossby-Haurwitz wave  (Thuburn & Li 2000)  and a linear circulation with atmospheric drag  (Komacek & Showman 2016 ).
Acknowledgements. FD is indebted to the  ScaLAPACK team  for both the provision of their libraries but also their response to numerous questions. FD thanks the  European Research Council (ERC)  for funding under the  H2020 research & innovation programme  (grant agreement # 740651  NewWorlds). NJM is part funded by a  Leverhulme Trust   Research Project Grant  and partly supported by a  Science and Technology Facilities Council  Consolidated Grant ( ST/R000395/1 ), both of which we gratefully acknowledge. This study uses material produced using Met Office Software. Additionally, used the DiRAC Complexity system, operated by the  University of Leicester IT Services , which forms part of the  STFC DiRAC HPC Facility  (www. dirac. ac. uk ). This equipment is funded by  BIS National E-Infrastructure capital  grant  ST/K000373/1  and  STFC DiRAC Operations  grant  ST/K0003259/1.
At the end of the MI induction hearts were extracted, immersed in fixative solution (4% paraformaldehyde), embedded in OCT, cut into 5 μm thick serial sections and placed on poly-L-lysine coated slides. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's Trichrome staining was performed to visualize tissue structure and calculate the damaged area in the left ventricle and interventricular septum. Images were captured by Leica MZ95 stereomicroscope and digitized by Retiga 1300i Fast camera. A section every five cuts was analyzed and myocardial injury was measured by Image J software as the percentage of the damaged area in relation to the total left ventricle. In order to reduce variability, myocardial injury assessments were all performed by the same investigator and blindly to mice genotype. One group of Wt and Lrp5 -/-mice was treated with CHIR99021 (15mg/kg, i.
Western blot Sample extracts (30μg protein) were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, blocked with 5% skim milk and probed for monoclonal GSK3β and LRP5 (Abcam), LEF1 (Millipore)or polyclonal pY216 GSK3β, VEGF (Abcam) primary antibodies at a concentration of 1μg/ml. Membranes were then washed and blotted with the appropriate secondary antibody (Dako). Band densities were determined with the ChemiDoc XRS system (Bio-Rad) in chemiluminescence detection modus and Quantity-One software (Bio-Rad). Normalization was performed against β-ACTIN.
Statistical analysis The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to verify the normal distribution of data. Intergroup comparisons were performed by using unpaired Student t tests or analysis of variance tests followed by Fisher protected least significant difference as post hoc analysis. A p value of <0. 05 was considered significant, and results are reported as mean ± SEM. All the experiments were performed at least three times. All statistical analyses were conducted using Statview and R version 3. 3. 0 software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing).
Results Measurement of the plasma conditions. The evolution of the spatial density fluctuations measured by Schlieren imaging is shown in Fig. 2 , along with the corresponding plasma properties, which have been extracted by fitting the spatially resolved emission spectrum using the collisional-radiative code PrismSPECT (details of the fitting procedure are given in the supplementary methods). The temporally resolved magnetic-field fluctuations, measured in the central region by the induction loop, are shown in Fig. 1. The ionization state of the plasma was inferred to be Z * ≈ 1-2, from both optical interferometry and spectral-line fits, while the electron temperature was found to be T e ≈ 3-4 eV. The collisional electron-ion temperature equilibration time is ≈10 ns, suggesting that the plasma quickly achieves thermodynamic equilibrium, T e ≈ T i , with a sound speed of c s ≈ 10-12 km s -1.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Prof. Steve Cowley  for a useful discussion. The research leading to these results has received funding from  AWE plc , the  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council  (grant numbers  EP/M022331/1 ,  EP/N014472/1 ,  EP/ P010059/1 , and  EP/N002644/1 ), the  Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom , the  U. S. Department of Energy  under Field Work Proposal No. 57789  to  Argonne National Laboratory , and grants no. DE-NA0002724 ,  DE-NA0003605  and  DE-SC0016566  to the  University of Chicago. We acknowledge support from the  National Science Foundation  under grant  PHY-1619573. Awards of computer time were provided by the  U. S. Department of Energy ASCR Leadership Computing Challenge (ALCC) program. This research used resources of the  Argonne Leadership Computing Facility at Argonne National Laboratory , which is supported by the  Office of Science of the U.
Ethics approval This single-centre prospective proof-of-concept study was approved on April 19, 2018, by the local institutional Ethics Committee (Comit e Ethique de l'hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium) under identification number P2018/276-CCB-B406201835963 (Principal Investigator: Alexandre Joosten) and registered with ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT03515161) on May 3, 2018. The study was conducted at Erasme Hospital in Brussels, Belgium, between May 17, 2018 and August 30, 2018. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before surgery.
The algorithm was coded in Microsoft Visual C (Microsoft Corp. , Redmond, WA, USA). Software version 2. 804 of the CLV controller was used for all the patients in this study. The controller software was run on an ACER laptop using Windows 7 (Microsoft Corp. ). It was connected to the serial output on an EV1000 monitor (Edwards Lifesciences) and to a Q-Core Sapphire Pump (Q-Core Medical Ltd. , Netanya, Israel). Figure  1  shows the CLV interface.
All errors were attributable to a pump communication error between the CLV system and the Q-core infusion pump related to third-party software in which the Commands Server software lost contact with the remote pump. An audible alarm sounded to alert the supervisor when this occurred and restarting the system immediately fixed the problem in every case. These processes lasted less than 2 min. The system was overridden once during a thoracic case when the MAP goal was deliberately decreased to 65 mm Hg for 30 min to help control bleeding. The system was never stopped for inappropriate drip rate management, and the additional line with the norepinephrine manually delivered by an infusion pump was never used.
Although there may be additional room to fine-tune the system gain in specific patient populations or cases, the current balance between response speed and stability appears to be acceptable. Renewed interest in automated titration of vasopressor drugs has been generated by data demonstrating an association between perioperative hypotension and morbidity after surgery. Multiple retrospective studies based on large patient databases have identified associations between intraoperative hypotension (both magnitude and duration) and adverse events in both surgical and ICU patients. 1e15  Personalising perioperative blood pressure management may be beneficial. 35, 36 However, this approach may not be easy to implement given the other tasks anaesthetists have to perform simultaneously. As a result, patients may spend a significant period of time with an inappropriate MAP value.
Materials and Methods Subjects. Sixteen healthy adults (age range: 18-25 years), all with normal or 12/20 corrected-to-normal vision and no reported history of neurologic or psychiatric disorders, were recruited from the University of Oxford. Subjects provided written consent before participating in the experiment and received £30 in compensation for their participation. Approximately £5 of bonuses could be additionally obtained depending on subjects' performance on the two-alternative forced-choice task. The study followed local ethics guidelines. The data from one participant was excluded because of eye artifacts. The investigation of subjects' decisions at the end of each sequence is reported in  (Wyart et al. , 2012). Procedure. The stimuli were displayed on a CRT monitor (1024 × 768 pixels, refreshed at 60 Hz) placed approximately 80 cm away from subjects' eyes, and controlled with the MATLAB (The Mathworks, Natick, MA) Psychophysics-3 toolbox  (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997).
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research & innovation program  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant  Agreement No. 660086  (J-R. K. ), as well as by the  Bettencourt-Schueller  and the Philippe Foundations (J-R. K. ). We are thankful to  Gyorgy Buzsaki ,  Marisa Carrasco ,  Saskia Haegens ,  David Heeger ,  Lucia Melloni ,  David Poeppel  and  Eero Simoncelli  and their teams for their valuable feedback. We are also grateful to the contributors of the MNE open-source package for their generous support.
Analysis Strategy Statistical analyses were run using SPSS and AMOS 21 software. We primarily used confirmatory factor analyses in order to validate the structure of our measurement tools. Several fit indices were used to assess each measurement scale: CMIN/ddl < 3  (Kline, 1998) , CFI ≥ 0. 95  (Hu and Bentler, 1999) , GFI ≥ 0. 95  (Schermelleh-Engel et al. , 2003) , AGFI ≥ 0. 90  (Schermelleh-Engel et al. , 2003) , and RMSEA < 0. 06  (Hu and Bentler, 1999). In addition, reliability analyses were carried out (i. e. , Cronbach's alpha coefficient). Finally, Pearson correlations were tested in order to examine the relationships among outcome variables.
Sampling bags were covered with aluminium foil to avoid direct solar irradiation, which would result in the condensation of high amounts of water inside the bags. All trees were sampled once, except KB which was sampled twice (different flowers, data averaged). Vegetative controls, for discriminating between floral and vegetative scents, were collected from non-flowering shoots (20 cm from tip) of VDB, WDB, and twice of AL 2 using the method as described before. Controls were only taken from some of the cultivars, as we expect that the vegetative scents are similar among cultivars. Indeed, the vegetative samples of the three cultivars were very similar (unpublished data). Volatile sampling for electroantennographic analyses and high-resolution MS (see below) was conducted similar as described before but with larger adsorbent tubes (8 cm long, external diameter 0.
Chemical analysis Headspace samples collected with the smaller tubes were analysed with an automatic thermal desorption (TD) system (model TD-20, Shimadzu, Japan) coupled with a GC/ MS (model QP2010 Ultra El, Shimadzu, Japan), which was equipped with a ZB-5 fused silica column (5% phenyl polysiloxane; 60 m long, inner diameter 0. 25 mm, film thickness, 0. 25 μm, Phenomenex, Aschaffenburg, Germany). Samples were run with a split ratio of 1:1 and helium was used as carrier gas (flow: 1. 5 mL min -1 ). The temperature of the GC oven started at 40 °C, increased with 6 °C per min to 250 °C, and was held constant for 1 min. The MS interface worked at 250 °C. Mass spectra were obtained at 70 eV (El mode) from mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) 34-350. GC/MS data were processed using the GCMSolution package, Version 4.
After the Fukushima accident, initiatives emerged offering the public the possibility to realise measurements of the radioactivity in the environment with various devices and to share data and experiences through collaborative tools. The objective of the OpenRadiation project is to offer the public the opportunity to perform measurements of the radioactivity using connected dosimeters on smartphones. The challenge is to operate such a system on a sustainable basis in normal situations and in order to be useful in an emergency situation. In normal situations, this project is based on a collaborative approach including pedagogical activities. In case of emergency situation, data from the field will be available in "real time" providing an opportunity for the emergency management and the communication with the public.
In an emergency situation, OpenRadiation is a platform that will be useful in managing the emergency response, with a view to: gathering together measurements taken by the public in the field and in real time; forward planning for mass data uploads and processing, and then for various stakeholders to share and use the data; enabling the public to be involved and provide data that could be used in assessing a radiological accident. For the citizen, it is a chance to take part in a participatory science project, taking measurements that will be made available to the general public, the scientific community and to all the stakeholders involved in emergency response management, as well as being able to use the system to assess the risk they face themselves, especially in an emergency situation.
The OpenRadiation project OpenRadiation is made up of a website (https://www. openradiation. org) and a dose measurement app for use on a smartphone (https://apps. apple. com/us/app/openradiation/ id1246249831, https://play. google. com/store/apps/detailsid= org. openradiation). The main functions of the website are for: collecting measurements that may have been taken using different types of sensor, received via the OpenRadiation app or directly on the website, and that may have been taken either at ground level or on a plane; mapping measurements, by default using raw data or using filters: dose range, time window, specific tag, etc. ; discussing any questionable measurements: special functions have been developed for comments or for giving an opinion if needed; providing information for educational purposes: on the effects of ionising radiation, good practice relative to taking measurements, which dosimeter to choose, etc.
; providing a dedicated space for facilitating interaction and data sharing for groups of citizens who wish to carry out specific "missions" in line with the project. A dosimetry application for smartphones, combined with an external dosimeter, has been developed for taking measurements and sending them to the OpenRadiation database. The dosimetric quantity measured is the ambient dose equivalent rate given in mSv per hour. Every measurement is accompanied by around fifty metadata used to contextualise data and designed for data analysis. Some of these metadata are automatically generated by the app (geolocation, start/end of measurement, type of detector, type of telephone, etc. ) while others are entered by the user (indoors/outdoors measurement, on the ground/on a plane, weather conditions, etc.