dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
HUBIN: This study was financed by the Swedish Research Council (K2007-62X-15077-04-1, K2008-62P-20597-01-3. K2010-62X-15078-07-2, K2012-61X-15078-09-3), the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research between Stockholm County Council and the Karolinska Institutet, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and the HUBIN project. Genotyping was performed by the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala. The platform is part of Science for Life Laboratory at Uppsala University and supported as a national infrastructure by the Swedish Research Council. Early Growth Genetics (EGG) consortium: Data on head circumference, birth weight, and birth length have been contributed by the EGG Consortium and has been downloaded from www. egg-consortium. org.
IGAP: We thank the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project (IGAP) for providing summary results data for these analyses. The investigators within IGAP contributed to the design and implementation of IGAP and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. IGAP was made possible by the generous participation of the control subjects, the patients, and their families. The i-Select chips was funded by the French National Foundation on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. EADI was supported by the LABEX (laboratory of excellence program investment for the future) DISTALZ grant, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 2 and the Lille University Hospital. GERAD was supported by the Medical Research Council (Grant n° 503480), Alzheimer's Research UK (Grant n° 503176), the Wellcome Trust (Grant n° 082604/2/07/Z) and German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF): Competence Network Dementia (CND) grant n° 01GI0102, 01GI0711, 01GI0420.
IMAGEN was supported by the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT-2007-037286), the FP7 projects IMAGEMEND (602450) and MATRICS (603016), and the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300-2), the Medical Research Council Programme Grant "Developmental pathways into adolescent substance abuse" (93558), as well as the NIHR-biomedical Research Center "Mental Health". Further support was provided by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, and the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research BMBF (eMED SysAlc 01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL; 1EV0711) and the National Institutes of Health, U. S. A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; MH085772-01A1). the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam.
This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, which is part of the NWO, and which is partly funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs. MAI is supported by ZonMW grant number 916. 13. 054. HHHA is supported by the Van Leersum Grant of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Saguenay Youth Study (SYS): The Saguenay Youth Study project is funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (TP, ZP), Heart and Stroke Foundation of Quebec (ZP), and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (ZP). TP is supported by the Tanenbaum Chair in Population Neuroscience at the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto. SHIP and TREND: The SHIP datasets are part of the Community Medicine Research net (CMR) of the University of Greifswald, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the German Ministry of Cultural Affairs, as well as by the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (grants no.
01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), and the network 'Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine (GANI_MED)' funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 03IS2061A). Genomewide data and MRI scans were supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany, and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. The University of Greifswald is a member of t the Caché Campus Program of the InterSystems GmbH. Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (Sydney MAS): We would like to thank the Sydney MAS participants, their supporters and respective Research Teams. Sydney MAS was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Program Grants 350833 and 568969 to P Sachdev, H Brodaty and G Andrews.
The Bipolar Family Study wishes to thank the Scottish Mental Health Research Network for research assistant support, the Brain Research Imaging Centre Edinburgh, a center in the Scottish Funding Council Scottish Imaging Network-A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, for received a proportion of funding from the UK Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. Work from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland was supported by research grants from the Science Foundation Ireland (Research Frontiers Programme award 08/RFP/GEN1538) and Brainwave-the Irish Epilepsy Association. M. Matarin is funded by Epilepsy Research UK (grant F1206). The ERF study as a part of EUROSPAN (European Special Populations Research Network) was supported by European Commission FP6 STRP grant number 018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947) and also received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 by the European Commission under the programme "Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources" of 5th Framework Programme (no.
IMAGEN: IMAGEN was supported by the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT-2007-037286), the FP7 projects IMAGEMEND (602450) and MATRICS (603016), and the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300-2), the Medical Research Council Programme Grant "Developmental pathways into adolescent substance abuse" (93558), as well as the NIHR-biomedical Research Center "Mental Health". Further support was provided by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, and the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research BMBF (eMED SysAlc 01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL; 1EV0711) and the National Institutes of Health, U. S. A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; MH085772-01A1).
the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, which is part of the NWO, and which is partly funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs. MAI is supported by ZonMW grant number 916. 13. 054. HHHA is supported by the Van Leersum Grant of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Saguenay Youth Study (SYS): The Saguenay Youth Study project is funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (TP, ZP), Heart and Stroke Foundation of Quebec (ZP), and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (ZP). TP is supported by the Tanenbaum Chair in Population Neuroscience at the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto. SHIP and TREND: The SHIP datasets are part of the Community Medicine Research net (CMR) of the University of Greifswald, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the German Ministry of Cultural Affairs, as well as by the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (grants no.
There is little experimental data with careful surface characterization to properly relate the dielectric property of modified fillers with the silane, despite this being a crucial factor to understand the dielectric properties of the final nanocomposite materials. To clarify these approaches, in this paper, we focus on the use of g-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane (g-APS) as a coupling agent to modify the surface of BaTiO 3 particles. We experimentally investigate, in detail, the influence of surface treatment on the microstructure, surface properties and dielectric properties of BaTiO 3 powders (with and without silane functionalization), which is related to an enhancement of the polarization of the nanoparticles. We also show the role of the g-APS coupling agent at the BaTiO 3 surface on the dielectric property enhancement when incorporated in a polymer network of epoxy with 5 wt.
2 ). The incremental cost of achieving Swedish building code standards for all new buildings in China from 2014 to 2020 is estimated to be ¥520 billion CNY †. (Green building investments in China are expected to be ¥97 billion -240 billion CNY, so they will likely not meet Swedish standards. ) Financial incentives for encouraging energy efficiency are partly undermined by energy price subsidies, and the retrofitting of existing buildings remains underdeveloped due to insufficient financial and technical capacity. Li and Colombier  [19]  propose a clean development mechanism (CDM)-like carbon financing scheme that involves aggregating individual development projects in a programmatic manner. Li and Shui  [17]  note that information about building energy information is limited. There is a recently established nation-wide building monitoring system; however, transparent and integrated databases on energy use have not been established.
Besides, long lifetime cyclones are better identified with this method, whereas the frequency of extreme cyclone tracks is underestimated. The detection algorithm is applied to ERAI reanalysis data and the 10 members of ALADIN, previously interpolated on the ERAI grid. It is worth to note that the relaxation zone is removed before the analysis, and that the tracking algorithm is applied on a domain smaller than the initial ALADIN domain, in order to discard those grid points near the edges and to eliminate any spurious effects at the borders. Once the cyclone tracks are identified, a pre-selection 1 3 of cyclones is performed for the analysis. In our study only those systems lasting at least two days (9 points in the 6-h track) are retained. In the following, intense cyclones are defined here as those systems exceeding (at least once in their lifetime) the value of ζ 850 = 170 × 10 -6 s -1 , that corresponds to the 90 % percentile of the intensity statistical distribution.
Simulation of Mediterranean cyclones by the RCM ALADIN The Mediterranean cyclones simulated by climate models have been already investigated in some studies as  Trigo et al. (2002) ,  Lionello et al. (2008) ,  Flaounas et al. (2013 Flaounas et al. ( , 2014)). In their inter-comparison analysis,  Flaounas et al. (2016, this issue)  already shows that ALADIN is able to simulate correctly some properties (location, intensity) of the Mediterranean cyclones. In this section a more detailed evaluation of ALADIN is presented. We compare the model to the driving conditions ERAI. We are aware that the use of reanalysis data as reference dataset could lead to misleading interpretations. Indeed, horizontal resolution of the atmospheric reanalysis (80-100 km) is not adapted to a correct representation of cyclone systems.
When the westerly flow weakens and shifts northwards in summer, the RCM is less controlled by the large-scale flow, and the ALADIN members exhibit stronger RIV values. Temporal evolution of RIV shows several burst occurring over the analysed period. We show here that the largescale conditions associated with those days of RIV bursts occurrence are reminiscent of the Scandinavian Blocking. This pattern is characterized by a stronger anticyclone circulation centered over the north of the domain, which reduces the strength of the North Atlantic westerly flow. Similar results were found for the European domain in  Sanchez-Gomez et al. (2008) , by using the EU-FP6 ENSEMBLES multi-model database. They identified the Scandinavian Blocking as the atmospheric pattern excited in those periods in which the different RCMs, forced by the same LBCs, showed the largest discrepancies.
The first of these parameters was estimated to serve as a proxy of the coalescent age of a given 50 kb window in humans while the second parameter was designed to distinguish cases of complete and incomplete lineage sorting among modern and archaic humans. We chose to focus on African genomes only, rather than the full 1000 Genomes panel, to minimize the effect on these statistics of archaic admixture that has been documented in non-Africans  18, 32. To estimate the age of the haplotypes associated with ancestral copy number of the AMY1, AMY2A and AMY2B genes we used phased high coverage data for 480 whole genome sequences determined with the Complete Genomics platform  19. We examined firstly the patterns of linkage disequilibrium, using the D' statistic (Figure  S1 ), in a region of ~100 kb both up and downstream of the AMY locus to define the boundaries of a region of extremely high linkage disequilibrium in our global data set for further haplotype based analyses.
001/011 from January 21, 2011) and by the AMIS-UPS Research Ethics Committee, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier (Ethical approval no. 005/011). All genetic analyses and data manipulations were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines approved by the Cambridge Human Biology Research Ethics Committee (HBREC. 2011. 01). To determine the AMY1, AMY2A and AMY2B copy numbers from the read depth data we used the 'relative coverage' (R) metric reported by CG. Considering the fact that the reference genome contains three haploid copies of AMY1 genes (AMY1A, AMY1B, AMY1C) the combined AMY1 copy number per diploid genome was determined by (R AMY1A /R AMY2B ) × 6. This method yielded a Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0. 92 with the results based on AMY1 paralogue ratio test. All 68 samples tested had two copies of AMY2B by the read depth and paralogue ratio tests.
AMY2A copy numbers inferred from the CG output showed Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0. 85 with the assay results. In order to reveal the haplotypes on the background of which AMY2A deletion occurs (Table  3 ) we determined the phase of the AMY2A deletions in the context of the phased data for 891 binary SNPs in the Chr1:104,303,310-104,369,301 (hg19) region. Firstly, we estimated the genotype of AMY2A deletion for each sequenced individual by subtracting the read-depth inferred number of AMY2B copies from the AMY2A copy number. We assigned samples with equal or higher number of AMY2A copies as homozygous non-carriers of the deletion, individuals with single difference as heterozygotes and individuals with two more copies of AMY2B as homozygotes for the deletion. Beagle 4. 1  36  was used to phase the heterozygous samples and to impute samples with missing AMY2A information.
Acknowledgements We thank  Richard W. Wrangham  for his critical reading and helpful comments on the manuscript. This research was supported by  European Research Council Starting Investigator  grant  FP7-261213 (T. K. , C. E. I. , L. P. , T. E. ),  Estonian Research Infrastructure Roadmap  grant no. 373 3. 2. 0304. 11-0312 , the  European Union European Regional Development Fund Centre of Excellence in Genomics  to the  Estonian Biocentre and Estonian Institutional Research  grant  IUT24-1 (T. K. , L. S. , G. H. , M. M. and R. V. );  French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs and French ANR  grant number  ANR-14-CE31-0013-01  (F. -X. R. );  Program of the RAS Presidium "Basic research for the development of the Russian Arctic " (B. M. ).
If operating in 2022, JEM-EUSO will match the accumulated number of events of TAx4 after less than 1 year of observations given the planned deployment for TAx4. Subsequent years would double and triple the number of events at the interesting energy region in the northern hemisphere. The increase in statistics by JEM-EUSO will be over the complete sky which enables the identification of other regions of higher flux from the direction of other sources. In terms of UHECR composition, Auger observes a trend towards heavier nuclei at the highest energies starting above about 5 EeV  [23]. (This trend can also signify a change in hadronic interactions at the extreme interaction energies. ) TA reports a proton dominated spectrum throughout their sensitivity range and the data between the two experiments is consistent within errors  [24].
Identifying the sources with JEM-EUSO can help determine the composition with studies of source shape distortions at the highest energies. In addition, the two orders of magnitude increase in fluorescence data from JEM-EUSO will enable good determination of the shower maximum for a good fraction of the events, helping to determine the composition above 60 EeV. In addition to the significant increase in exposure, an advantage of an orbiting observatory, such as JEM-EUSO, with respect to a ground observatory is the full sky coverage. An all-sky survey with the same instrument offers access to large scale multipoles such as dipoles and quadrupoles which are challenging for observations with partial sky coverages. In addition, discrepancies between the spectra reported by Auger and TA (shown in 2) can be settled by JEM-EUSO.
Acknowledgment: This work was partially supported by  NASA  award  11-APRA-0058  in the USA, by  Basic Science Interdisciplinary Research Projects of RIKEN  and  JSPS KAKENHI  Grant ( 22340063 ,  23340081 , and  24244042 ), by the  Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation , by the  'Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics HAP ' funded by the  Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany , and by  Slovak Academy of Sciences  MVTS JEM-EUSO as well as  VEGA  grant agency project  2/0076/13. Russia is supported by the  Russian Foundation for Basic Research  Grant  No 13-02-12175 -ofi-m. The Spanish Consortium involved in the JEM-EUSO Space Mission is funded by  MICINN & MINECO  under the Space Program projects:  AYA2009-06037-E/AYA, AYA-ESP2010-19082 ,  AYA-ESP2011-29489-C03 ,  AYA-ESP2012-39115-C03 ,  AYA-ESP2013-47816-C4 ,  MINECO/FEDER-UNAH13-4E-2741 ,  CSD2009-00064  (Consolider MULTIDARK) and by  Comunidad de Madrid (CAM)  under projects  S2009/ESP-1496 & S2013/ICE-2822.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study has been conducted within the framework of the  Observatory of Urban Pollutants in Paris (OPUR)  and the  ROULEPUR research program. The authors gratefully acknowledge OPUR partners (AESN,  SIAAP ,  CD92 ,  CD93 ,  CD94 ,  Ville de Paris), ONEMA  and the  Seine Normandie Water Agency  for financial support. We also acknowledge the  Seine-et-Marne Departmental Council , and especially  Eric Thomas  and  Tina Ratovelomanana , for their partnership and technical support.
Targets, films and MIR structure characterization The chemical composition of Ge 28. 1 Sb 6. 3 Se 65. 6 and Ge 12. 5 Sb 25 Se 62. 5 targets and films was measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDS, JSM 6400-OXFORD Link INCA). The SEM technique was also applied to observe thin films and MIR structure morphology using a field emission gun SEM (JSM 6301F). Linear refractive indices of glasses, thin films and each layer of MIR guiding structure were obtained from the analysis of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) data measured using two ellipsometers: a rotating analyzer ellipsometer measuring in UV-Vis-NIR (300-2300 nm) and a rotating compensator ellipsometer working in NIR-MIR (1. 7-30 µm) (J. A. Woollam Co. , Inc. , Lincoln, NE, USA).
The VASE data were recorded at three angles of incidence (65°, 70° and 75° for thin films and MIR structure, 50°, 60° and 70° for bulk glasses). The resolution of UV-Vis-NIR ellipsometer of 20, 10 or 5 nm was selected. NIR-MIR ellipsometer resolution was set to 2, 8 or 16 cm -1. The resolution used for individual measurement was selected in accordance with expected thickness of MIR structure, Ge 28. 1 Sb 6. 3 Se 65. 6 and Ge 12. 5 Sb 25 Se 62. 5 thin films. The Cody-Lorentz model  [35, 36]  was used to analyze VASE data of targets and films; this model is appropriate for the description of amorphous chalcogenides optical function  [37, 38]. The Sellmeier model was used for IR structure analysis. Thicknesses and optical band-gap values were also deduced from VASE data, where possible. Finally, roughness of thin films was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM, Ntegra Prima, NT-MDT).
Optical characterization of ridge waveguides Optical loss measurement was executed at 1. 55 µm using surface imaging method  [40]  within the IR guiding structure. The single-mode laser light was singled-mode fibercoupled into the waveguide. The intensity of the scattered light was recorded with a camera placed above the sample. Transverse scanning along the direction of light propagation enabled us to obtain the two-dimensional light intensity distribution of the waveguide modes. The longitudinal variation was obtained by integrating the data along transverse lines. Optical characterizations at 7. 7 µm (1290 cm -1 ) were performed by coupling a QCL (Alpes Lasers) into the ridge waveguides through a ZnSe microscope objective (Innovation Photonics) and imaging the output facet on a microbolometer-based focal plane array (FPA, Optris PI400) using a second ZnSe microscope objective.
Simulation of optical waveguide From the MIR refractive index data of the RF sputtered thin films, simulations based on the effective index method were performed to determine the geometrical parameters of the optical waveguide. In first approach, the coating layer as susperstrate was not considered in the simulation of this paper. Figure  4  presents the limits of single-mode propagation as a function of the width and the height of the guiding Ge 12. 5 Sb 25 Se 62. 5 layer. The effective index of the guided mode is between that of the guiding layer and of the cladding layer. Based on these limitations, evanescent power factor ƞ of the fundamental mode as a function of w and h was calculated in the same figure by taking into account the high-index-contrast structure  [46]. Thus, values of evanescent power factor ƞ in MIR (λ = 7.
0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 C D B A 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 L a+1,b,c,d L a,b+1,c,d L a,b,c+1,d L a,b,c,d+1 z abcd z abcd z abcd z abcd z abcd z abcd (A) (B) (C) (D) Repeating this for each of the six edges we construct all the cross-ratio and triple-ratio coordinates on X un K (∂∆, t) assigned to the canonical triangulation of the tetrahedron boundary. There are 4 × K-1 2 + 6 × (K -1) coordinates altogether, with 4 × (K -1) relations coming from the unipotent-holonomy constraints at the four vertices. This leaves exactly 2(K -1) 2 independent coordinates on X un K (∂∆, t). Just as in the SL(2) case, if we fill in the bulk of the 3d tetrahedron, the flat P GL(K, C)connection must be trivial. The choice of flags is the only data remaining.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Christopher Beem ,  Nicolas Bergeron ,  Elisha Falbel ,  Davide Gaiotto ,  Stavros Garoufalidis ,  Antonin Guilloux ,  Sergei Gukov ,  Lotte Hollands ,  Daniel Jafferis ,  Juan Maldacena ,  Greg Moore ,  Andrew Neitzke ,  Nathan Seiberg ,  Roland van der Veen ,  Edward Witten , and  Don Zagier  for helpful comments and discussions. We would especially like to thank  Dan Xie  and  Masahito Yamazaki  for collaboration at an early stage of this project. All the authors would like to thank the  Simons Center for Geometry and Physics  for hospitality during the completion of this work, both during June 2012 and during the 2012  Summer Workshop in Mathematics and Physics. TD is also grateful to the  Max Planck Institute for Mathematics, Bonn , for hospitality during September, 2012; and MG would like to thank the  Institute for Advanced Studies  for hospitality.