dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Das relationale Modell basiert auf einer Tabellenstruktur, die es den Forschenden ausserdem ermöglicht, die Daten ohne Zwischenschritte auszuwerten. Andere, mehr auf Graphen ausgerichtete Datenbanksysteme sind dagegen im Modell zwar offener, doch benötigt man für die Datenauswertung jeweils einen Zwischenschritt, gleich einem weiteren Projekt, um die Daten zuerst in eine übersichtliche Ordnung zu bringen, die eine Auswertung erlaubt. 3 Zur Datenbankmigration (unter Leitung des Autors des vorliegenden Beitrags) siehe Kaspar Gubler, Database Migration Case Study. Repertorium Academicum Germanicum, in: HistData, 03. 02. 2020, [https://histdata. hypotheses. org/545], 04. 10. 2021. Mit dieser Datenbankmigration konnten etwa 10'000 Biographien von Gelehrten der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht werden, die zuvor nur projektintern verfügbar waren.
418. 97 Dagmar Drüll, Heidelberger Gelehrtenlexikon, Bd. 1: 1386-1651, Berlin/Heidelberg 2002, S. 269. 98 Hermann Keussen (Hg. ), Die Matrikel der Universität Köln, Bd. 1, Düsseldorf 1979, S 569, Nr. 9. 120 Zum Stipendium siehe Staatsarchiv Bern, Lateinische Missivenbücher B, p. 146 vom 6. September 1478, erwähnt 2 Für einen Vergleich der Universitätsgründungen Wittenbergs und Frankfurts/Oder vgl. Gerd Heinrich, Frankfurt in: Zahnd, Bildungsverhältnisse (Anm. 2), S. 29; zum Studium in Paris siehe Chatelain, Auctarium (Anm. 114), Bd. 2, und Wittenberg. Zwei Universitätsgründungen im Vorfeld der Reformation, in: Beiträge zu Problemen deutscher 66 RAG (Anm. 5), Thomas von Speichingen -UniquID: ngOE2F779Nm58dkKiPHdxMaN, 10. 06. 2020. 67 RAG (Anm. 5), Nikolaus Schaller -UniquID: ngPF0K274On04elPjQYezNbC, 11.
regional marine cores. Furthermore, isotopic data (δ 18 O and δ 13 C) from Aït Said ou Idder (and from other southeastern Mediterranean tufa deposits where available) suggest no significant difference in terms of temperature or air mass circulation between the Holocene, D-O 8 and MIS 5e. In terms of humidity conditions, no evidence of strong aridity is recorded even if D-O 8 appears drier than both interglacials. Conditions seems slightly wetter during the Holocene than during MIS 5e, but δ 13 C values at Aït Said ou Idder could also reflect strong differences in the seasonality of these interglacials. We demonstrate that calcareous tufa deposits have promising potential for discussing, in both space and time, the climate variability in the southeastern Mediterranean area, but new investigations, including dating and stable isotopes, are required to accurately feed such discussions.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank both reviewers for their kind and constructive comments on the manuscript. Financial support. Fieldwork and analyses at Aït Said ou Idder were mostly funded by the  PALEOMEX (INSU-INEE) Transect Maghreb research programme  ( Jean-François Berger ). Radiocarbon ages have been supported by the  LMC14  ( CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette) Artemis  programme and by the  Czech Science Foundation  (grant no. P504/17-05696S ). Review statement. This paper was edited by  Becky Briant  and reviewed by  Jonathan Holmes  and  Philip Hopley.
Introduction The European Union's Farm-to-Fork Strategy sets out its ambitions and approach to how European's value food sustainability, and the accompanying opportunities for improving the environment as well as the lifestyles and health of EU citizens. It identifies the role of agroecological approaches in primary production as one of the means by which these ambitions can be achieved, through new knowledge and innovations in land management and supply chains. This article concludes the Special Issue on the EU Horizon 2020 projects LIFT and UNISECO, synthesising requirements for the realisation of transitions to agroecology in Europe. It reports the key needs identified of developing human capital, partnerships, cooperation and social capital, access to data and tools, and the links between these needs and relevant EU and national level policies.
The HLPE (2019) examined how agroecology and innovative approaches to sustainable agriculture can contribute to transforming food systems and concomitant links to policy areas in climate change, biodiversity, human rights and inequalities. It identified needs for policy coherence across sectors (e. g. agriculture, environment, trade, energy, health, education, gender), strengthening knowledge systems and better use of learning outcomes in policymaking, and rebalancing investment between public and private sectors. Findings from the LIFT and UNISECO projects align with those conclusions, with evidence on the importance of understanding what measures are most effective in agroecological transitions: human capital for exploiting that understanding, social capital and collaboration, data and tools for practitioners and policymakers, expanded upon below, and how these deliver in related policy areas.
Cereal-protein mix in an arable farm © INRAE Aster Mirecourt To benefit from ex-post policy evaluation to inform future policy design, data requirements should be identified at data requirements should be identified during its early stages or implementation, in particular ecological and social information at the farm level. Dialogue between researchers and policymakers early in the process is required to identify what data are required, how they are collected, and what and how they are made available. The new tools, data, and dashboards (e. g. Copernicus, LTVRA Rural Action Plan Rural Observatory) offer good prospects for enhancing collaboration (within communities of place; between citizens, civil society, businesses, policy and research), and fostering innovation and transformative visions (social and technical innovation).
Funding information LIFT ('Low-Input Farming and Territories -Integrating knowledge for improving ecosystem based farming') received funding from the European Union's H2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 770747 (https://www. lift-h2020. eu/), and UNISECO ('Understanding & improving the sustainability of agroecological farming systems in the EU') under grant agreement No 773901 (https://unise co-proje ct. eu/). Open Access funding was provided by the James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, through the JISC agreement with Wiley.
Es wurde gezeigt, welche Herausforderungen zu lösen sind, um satellitenbasierte Beobachtungen mit andersartigen In-situ-Messungen von Tauchrobotern zu verschneiden. Diese Arbeit wurde von Kiel Marine Science (KMS) und dem Future Ocean Network (FON) unterstützt (V. Grossmann), außerdem durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Projektnummer 396311425) im Rahmen des Emmy-Noether-Programmes (D. Nakath, K. Köser). R. Kiko wurde vom Programm "Make Our Planet Great Again" der Agence National de la Recherche (Frankreich) im Rahmen des "Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir" (Projektnummer "ANR-19-MPGA-0012"), sowie vom Heisenberg-Programm der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (Projektnummer 469175784) unterstützt. Funding Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Open Access Dieser Artikel wird unter der Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.
Agroecological farming (together with the other principles) Creation and maintenance of landscape features on farm, such as hedgerows, tree lines, herbaceous strips, ponds, fallow land. Application of the typology using FADN data Subsequently, the values from the FADN were processed to account for inflation and price differences between Member States using official Eurostat data to homogenise the whole dataset and allow comparison across time and countries  (Rega et al. , 2021). For a subset of variables -feed, seeds, electricity, energy -the share of on-farm production is reported, which is used to measure the integration/circularity dimension described above. For each variable, the percentiles of the value distribution across the entire set of available observations (individual farms from the years 2011 to 2015) were calculated.
Potential application of the LIFT farm typology The use of FADN data to apply the typology guarantees that its application is not dependent on ad-hoc data collection efforts, but on a survey that is regularly carried out at the EU level, following a standardised approach. One potential application of the typology is the identification and evaluation of Note: Variables denoted with an asterisk (*) have been corrected for inflation and price differences between Member States using official Eurostat data. Source:  Rega et al. (2021). method for the evaluation of the Low-Input type can be considered an advance on current approaches as it considers a wider array of production inputs relevant for determining overall farming intensity (e. g. fuel, energy, machinery), as well as allowing for comparisons among countries.
The application of the typology at different points in time can provide information on the extent to which established policy objectives have been achieved. As the ambitions of the F2F strategy, namely to reduce the use of mineral fertilisers and pesticides, are achieved, an increase in the share of low-input and integrated/circular farms would be captured by the LIFT typology. From FADN to FSDN: identification of data gaps and possible solutions Establishing a protocol to quantitatively assign farms to farming approaches has highlighted the identification of information and data gaps. In the future, these could be partly filled by adding variables in the FSDN questionnaire, and partly by deriving them from existing agricultural databases. In addition, the FADN itself already includes some additional variables like the physical quantity of nutrients in fertilisers.
This is certainly an improvement compared to using expenditures as a proxy as it could eliminate possible inaccuracies when accounting for price differences between fertiliser types and countries. Missing information mostly concerns the adoption of farming practices not directly linked to purchased inputs, such as those aiming at enhancing soil health (no-tillage, reduced tillage, crop rotation, and use of cover crops). As for farm-level circularity, information on the share of own produced feed is present in FADN whilst no information on the share of own-produced manure used as fertiliser is available. Another relevant gap is lack of data on the presence and maintenance of seminatural vegetation on farms. Different strategies and actions can be put in place to fill these gaps, building on already existing information.
Many Member States already collect data on the application of measures associated with conservation agriculture (e. g. no-tillage, crop rotation) financed by their rural development programmes and will continue to do so under the new CAP Strategic Plans. Including such information in the FSDN could build on this base of knowledge, though it would require an EU-wide harmonised data collection process. The same is true for other environmentally friendly farming practices that would reduce total input intensity, like the use of biological pest control techniques, or a decreased reliance on external purchased inputs, such as green manuring or crop rotation with legumes as alternative fertilisation options. Again, a harmonisation effort will be required to maintain the standardised bookkeeping principles of the FADN being used in the FSDN.
However, the advantage is that this type of information, to a large extent,  is already collected within the CAP framework and collected in Member States as part of their monitoring and reporting obligations. Therefore, we consider that the additional effort would be more than compensated by the added value that this would bring to policy monitoring and evaluation. A further possibility for filling the information gap would be linking FADN/FSDN data with the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) of Member States, the main system for the management and control of payments to farmers under the CAP. As the great majority of the farming practices of relevance for the LIFT Typology are adopted by farmers under support schemes financed by the CAP, they are recorded in IACS. Therefore, establishing a link with these two datasets would be a cost-effective approach to augmenting our typology.
Importantly, this typology focuses on only the environmental pillar of sustainability. The economic and social viability of more ecological farming systems are considered elsewhere within the LIFT project but our approach allows us to identify trade-offs and possible synergies across the three pillars. Good policymaking requires a robust information base. collected at the EU level, but data gaps still exist and need to be filled to improve assessment of progress towards sustainability goals. Echoing results from previous research projects, such as the EU Farm-Level Indicators for New Topics in policy evaluation (FLINT) project  (Latruffe et al. , 2016) , we consider that significant improvements in our knowledge of the ecological performance of EU agriculture can be achieved with a relatively limited effort, in many cases by exploiting synergies with already existing collection efforts.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the contributions of all stakeholders in the EU and case study level activities of the  LIFT  project. The authors also acknowledge the contribution of the partners in the  LIFT  project to the research this article is based on. CR and MLP wish to thank  Ernesto Tabacco  for his contribution and fruitful discussions. Finally, the authors are grateful to two anonymous referees and the journal Editors for their comments and suggestions.
Acknowledgements This research was funded by the  European Commission  via the two sister projects EFFECT (Environmental public goods From Farming through Effective Contract Targeting) and  CONSOLE  ( CONtract SOLutions  for Effective and lasting delivery of agri-environmental-climate public goods by  EU agriculture and forestry)  under grant agreement No  817903  (EFFECT) and No  817949  (CONSOLE). The authors thank an anonymous reviewer and the Editor for helpful comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript.
These paleochannel groups differ considerably regarding their channel patterns, morphological characteristics, and sedimentary sources of the infilling sediments. The interpretation of the different datasets indicates that the development of these different paleomorphologies is attributed to significant changes in hydro-geomorphodynamic processes in the area during the Holocene, especially lateral migrations of the Rhine and Ill rivers. The findings reported here are promising and will have significant implications for reconstructing the long-term (Late Glacial to Holocene) evolution of the Upper Rhine fluvial hydrosystem in response to various controlling factors.
Remote sensing Paleochannels within the study area were identified and comprehensively mapped through the combined use of a lidar-derived DEM, a photogrammetric digital terrain model (DTM), aerial photos, and historical maps from the 18th and 19th centuries. The elevation data, aerial photos, and historical maps are found in the Supplement. The primary data used are a lidar-generated DEM with a resolution of 50 cm and pixel values ranging from 132. 47 to 556. 82 m. However, a portion of the research area (approximately 65 km 2 ) currently lacks lidar coverage (Fig. 4 ); it is covered by a photogrammetric DTM with a 1 m resolution. The photogrammetric DTM was developed in 2018 and obtained from the RGE ALTI ® database of the National Institute of Geographic and Forestry Information, France (IGN-F).
In addition to the elevation data, aerial photographs, and historical maps dating from 1702 CE to 1838 CE were geo-referenced and digitized to complement the identification and mapping of paleochannels. Prior to mapping, the datasets were processed, and enhancement techniques (e. g. , contrast stretching, hill shading, and slope maps) were applied to improve visualization and enhance the appearance of the microtopography and detectability of the geomorphologic features of interest (paleochannels). After their mapping, the paleochannels were further characterized in relation to their surface topographic properties, including channel width, channel depth, width / depth ratio, sinuosity, and orientation (paleochannel direction). For the determination of these geometrical properties, four transect lines were drawn across the study area, perpendicular to the orientation of the main valley (Fig.
S3  in the Supplement). Based on the surface topography, paleochannel width and depth were measured at points where they intersect with these profile lines using the Measure tool and 3D Analyst   , 1977; Carbiener and Dillmann, 1992; Schmitt, 2001; and Schmitt et al. , 2019). tool in ArcMap 10. 4. The sinuosity index (P ) of the paleochannels was also estimated using the Measure tool in Ar-cMap 10. 4, following the method of  Fuller et al. (2013). All morphometric parameters were determined three times, with the average values reported. Except for the measurements of paleochannel orientations, which were performed using the open-source GIS program QGIS V10. 3, all dataset processing, paleochannel mapping, and planform measurements were carried out using ESRI ArcGIS 10. 4. 1.
The cores were placed at irregular (3-5 m) intervals along transects that spanned the entire width of the paleochannels, while the thickness of fine sediment infill determined the depth of the cores. Almost every coring penetrated fine sediment (clay, silt, and sand) and terminated in underlying gravel beds. The gravel deposits were encountered at depths ranging from less than 0. 5 m near the channel margins to depths up to 5 m at the deepest portions of some paleochannels. Sediment samples were collected at 20 cm depth intervals and described in terms of dominant grain size, color, and organic matter content (qualitatively). These data were compiled to delineate stratigraphic units filling the paleochannels. (Colmar-Sélestat; Hirth, 1971 , modified by Schmitt, 2001 , and Schmitt et al. , 2016).
Provenance analysis The source region of sediments and the contributions from different drainage basins within the same sedimentary basin can be determined by performing provenance studies  (Haughton et al. , 1991). The data from these analyses will facilitate a better understanding of fluvial paleodynamics at large spatiotemporal scales  (Chapkanski et al. , 2020). Following  Chapkanski et al. (2020) , the provenance of paleochannel infills and basal gravel deposits was determined by combining mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) measurements and discriminant analyses (DAs). MIRS is a molecularbased, non-destructive and rapid method permitting the characterization of both mineralogical and bio-chemical properties of sediments  (Bertaux et al. , 1998). Therefore, using mid-infrared spectra to feed discriminant analysis allows mineralogical similarities to be established between samples from a sedimentary reference dataset and samples from pa-leochannel infills  (Chapkanski et al.
, 2020). The reference dataset used in this study contains 196 (sub-)surface samples covering the main potential sedimentary sources in the study area (i. e. , Rhine River, Ill River, and Vosges tributaries;  Chapkanski et al. , 2020 ; see also Fig. 1b ). A total of 46 additional reference samples were collected and incorporated into the original reference dataset. A total of 73 samples from the paleochannel infills (referred to as target samples) were collected in the 12 paleochannels from different stratigraphic units. Both the reference and target samples were dried for 7 d at 30 • C before sieving through a 2 mm sieve. The samples were then ground for 3 min using a vibratory disc mill equipped with an agate grinding set to obtain a fine, homogenous powder. Spectroscopic measurements were performed on a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) frontier spectrometer (PerkinElmer, USA) with KBr beam split- ter equipped with a diffuse reflectance sampling accessory.
Reconstructing the temporal trajectories of the five paleochannel groups Remote sensing combined with qualitative and quantitative morphometric analysis of the surface topography provided a basis for classifying five paleochannel groups within our study area. Additional datasets from the fieldwork and provenance analysis provide information into further complexities amongst these paleochannel groups. In the following section, we combine all of the datasets, as well as information from earlier studies, to provide insights into the origins and the temporal trajectories of these paleochannel groups and speculate on the various basin-fed rivers with which they may be associated.
Conclusions Using remote sensing data, we identified and mapped a detailed and extensive network of paleochannels spanning a 19 km wide corridor within the French Upper Rhine alluvial plain. The mapped paleochannels exhibit a range of surface morphological characteristics, including planform character, geometry, and paleo-flow orientations. Additional data from field investigations and provenance analysis revealed considerable differences in the sedimentary characteristics and provenance of the infillings of the paleochannels, indicating significant changes in hydro-geomorphodynamic processes, especially lateral displacements of the main rivers. Five paleochannel groups (PG 1 to PG 5) were delineated in the study area based on assessments and interpretations of the remotely sensed data, hand-augured core data, and mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis.
The PG 1 paleochannels correspond to remnants of the Holocene braided Rhine hydrosystem which is currently predominantly an anastomosing system, while the PG 2 paleochannels represent relicts of the Late Pleistocene braided Rhine. The PG 3 paleochannels, on the other hand, are a complex mixture of paleochannels from the Ill hydrosystem superimposed on the Rhine braided channels. The PG 4 paleochannels are ancient Ill flood channels, while the Fecht river system formed the PG 5 paleochannels. While our findings unequivocally establish the presence of at least five paleochannel groups in the area, their temporal trajectory remains vague. Age assignments for the paleochannel systems, as well as additional sedimentological analyses, need to be established. Accordingly, further studies on these paleochannels will be carried out to develop these datasets, which will provide new insights into the chronology of paleochannel development, the paleoenvironments in which they formed, and the processes that controlled their formation, all mainly linked to the Holocene lateral dynamics of the Rhine, Ill, and Fecht rivers.
Acknowledgements The authors thank all stakeholders in the EU and case study level activities of the UNISECO project for their contributions, and the project partners for the research underpinning this article. Thanks also to two anonymous referees and the Editor for their very valuable comments and suggestions. J Miller ,  D. ,  Legras , S. , Barnes et al. (2022). Harnessing the potential of transitions to agroecology in Europe and requirements for policy. EuroChoices, this issue. J Miller ,  D. R. ,  Ode Sang ,  A. ,  Brown ,  I. ,  Munoz-Rojas ,  J. ,  Wang ,  C. and  Donaldson-Selby , G. (2020). Landscape modelling and stakeholder engagement: Participatory approaches and landscape visualisation. In: Sang, N. (ed. ). Modelling Nature-Based Solutions Integrating Computational and Participatory Scenario Modelling for Environmental Management and Planning.