dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Experimental setup The experimental apparatus is composed of a steel beam with constant rectangular section. The beam is clamped at one end and simply supported by a 17 000 N. m -1 stiffness cylindrical spring at the other end. The actuators are placed 0. 368 m from the clamped end. This position is chosen as a function of the mode shape so that the measurements stemming from the actuators can be assessed with the influence of the first four modes. The displacements are measured by using four proximity sensors (Vibrometer TQ 102) located along the y axis, namely, C1 to C4 (Fig. 1 ). The real time data acquisition and signal processing is performed by using the A/D-D/A and DSP Dspace r specialized cards. The four first modes of vibration of the beam are considered in this study. Thus the sampling frequency was set to 4 kHz.
The signal acquisition and data processing were done by using Dspace cards, as described in the following: a calculation card (DS1005) equipped with a digital signal processor (DSP TMS320C40), a 12 bit acquisition card (DS2002) with analog to digital time conversion rate of 3. 3 μs per channel, a 12 bit restitution card (DS2101) with digital to analog time conversion rate of 3. 3 μs per channel. The displacements stemming from the eddy current sensors were recorded; were used in order to estimate, by modal approximation, the colocalized displacement. The mode shape matrix issued from the numerical calculations was utilized. In this study the first four modes were only considered. The results obtained in time domain (Fig. 6 ) show a good consistency. Measurements were done for several impact locations that were selected depending on the mode shapes of the first four modes.
This article presents a generic and efficient method to register terrestrial mobile data with imperfect location on a geographic database with better overall accuracy but less details. The registration method proposed in this paper is based on a semi-rigid point to plane ICP ("Iterative Closest Point"). The main applications of such registration is to improve existing geographic databases, particularly in terms of accuracy, level of detail and diversity of represented objects. Other applications include fine geometric modelling and fine façade texturing, object extraction such as trees, poles, road signs marks, facilities, vehicles,etc. The geopositionning system of mobile mapping systems is affected by GPS masks that are only partially corrected by an Inertial Navigation System (INS) which can cause an important drift.
Context Over the last years, a growing number of mobile mapping systems have been developed in order to obtain large amounts of accurate georeferenced data on urban canyons. In this context, a number of problems arise especially in georeferencing because buildings cause GPS masks which are partially corrected by the inertial measurements. That is why, it is not possible to use these data with a high level of detail directly without making a registration pass. In this paper, we propose not to find the ideal absolute position, but to register such data on the geographical database that it is supposed to help improve. In the following, the term model will denote any such 2D or 3D geographical database. Such models give a rough and generalized representation of reality. They have a reliable georeferencing (even if not perfectly accurate ) because they are built on points measured by human operators.
For instance the one we used in this study has a precision around 30cm. However, they usually have a low level of detail (details smaller than 1m were not represented in our database). A model is constituted of geometrical primitives which can be: punctual (0D, such as a levelling network point, apex of polyhedral objects, tree trunks position or posts in 2D), linear (1D, such as edges of 2D polygons, edges of 3D polyhedral objects or linear objects in 3D, land registry, topographic database or fragmented data in 2D representation and curbs), or surface (2D, such as sides of polyhedral objects). In this paper, the term mobile data will denote any data (image or laser) acquired by a terrestrial mobile mapping system. A mobile mapping system is a vehicle which integrates camera and/or laser sensors in order to perceive the environment and a positioning system that allows to localize the data acquired by these sensors.
Motivation For all these reasons, it is interesting to register mobile data on models, particularly for applications such as change detection, updating geographical databases, increasing their level of detail (geometry and texturing) and making all datasets correspond to a common standard. The underlying motivation is twofold: • combine the model robustness (less detailed) with a high level of detail of mobile data (less precise), • make the model and the mobile laser data compatible in order to improve the model geometry, and its texture because if the vehicle is equipped with cameras, this compatibility will also be beneficial to the registration of the laser data on the model. The method described here can be used for any positioning system for whose drift variations are slow enough (which is the case with all the systems integrating IMU or precise accelerometers).
STATE OF THE ART REGISTRATION Data registration is a topic that has been studied for many years by various scientific communities (computer vision, computer graphics, photogrammetry, medical imaging, artificial intelligence). The main objective consists in registering at least one dataset on an other. One of the dataset usually serves as a reference on which the second will be overlapped. The purpose is to determine the transformation (rotation and translation) necessary to bring them as close as possible. Data registration technique combine two important steps. The first one consists in comparing all the datasets to extract common characteristics for each of them. The second uses these characteristics to determine the optimal transformation to use. These methods, summarized in  (Gressin et al.
, 2013 ) may be rigid or non-rigid, 2D or 3D, and use point to point or point to plane distances. Currently, the reference technique which is most often used  (Salvi et al. , 2007)  for registration problems is the ICP (Iterative Closest Point). This registration method has the advantage of being simple to use while giving very good results. The major drawback is it requires a good initial estimation of the relative position of the objects to register  (Chen and Medioni, 1992). It works in a iterative way and consists in minimizing a distance until convergence to determine the optimal transformation between the objects. The ICP was introduced for the first time by  (Besl and McKay, 1992)  and worked by finding matches between two initial entities. This matching was simple and consisted in looking for the closest point to point match in both datasets.
ICP (ITERATIVE CLOSEST POINT) 4. 1 Principle The ICP is a registration technique that works by matching different datasets thanks to an iterative method. Every iteration tries to move the datasets closer to each other by minimizing an energy Ereg. The iterative process is stopped when a criterion is reached. The key of this method is that it can be adapted to various types of metrics such as point to point, point to primitive and primitive to primitive distances. The major drawback is that it needs a good initial guess of the drift values (rotation and translation). This is not limiting in our case where the acquisition system ensures a correct geolocalization of the mobile data.
The six steps of ICP The ICP algorithm described in  (Rusinkiewicz and Levoy, 2001)  is decomposed in six steps: (1) selection of characteristic primitives on each dataset, (2) match these selected primitives, (3) matching agreement, (4) weight of the matches,(5) term definition, (6) system minimization. In this paper, the method is explained following these steps. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume II-5/W2, 2013 ISPRS Workshop Laser Scanning 2013, 11 -13 November 2013, Antalya, Turkey.
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES The purpose of our approach was to define a process capable of registering mobile laser data on a geometrical database by taking into account the non-linearity of the deformations in time. A registration algorithm was set up based on a point to plane ICP method and a piecewise linear deformation model according to time. The obtained results are satisfactory because the evaluation of the robustness shows that the algorithm can register drifts up to 80 times higher that of our system which guarantees its reliability. The registration method described in this article is easy to parametrize because it only has two influential parameters: the rigidity term λ rigid and the maximal matching distance dmax which are both simple to interpret. The method is also generic as it is applicable to both 2D or 3D models, and because the hypotheses on the real drift are not too limiting; the most binding one is probably the requirement for a highly accurate orientation as it is not re-estimated.
Temperature probes are placed at the top and the bottom surface of the bag (Fig. 1 , T1 and T2). Relative humidity (RH) and a third temperature reading, are measured in the sampling lines directly adjacent to the chamber (Fig. 1 , RH/T3). Data from the gas phase instruments (NO x , CO 2 , total hydrocarbon (THC), O 3 , Table  1  and Sect. 2. 4) and the RH sensor are recorded and saved in real time using a data acquisition (DAQ) system (NI 9201 8 channel analogue input module and cDAQ-9178 8 slot USB chassis, National Instruments). Temperature at T1 and T2 is also recorded using the same DAQ system (NI 9214 16 channel module for high accuracy thermocouple measurements, National Instruments).
Particle phase measurements Time-resolved online measurements of particle composition were performed using a high-resolution time-offlight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and an aethalometer (Model AE33 prototype). A detailed description of the working principles of the HR-ToF-AMS and associated data analysis may be found in  DeCarlo et al. (2006). The instrument provides quantitative size-resolved mass spectra of non-refractory PM 1 components, empirically defined as vaporisable species over a 1 s time interval, at 600 • C and 10 -7 torr. These include organic aerosol (OA) and ammonium nitrate and sulfate (NH + 4 , NO - 3 and SO 2- 4 ). Data from the high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer are analysed using high-resolution analysis fitting procedures. Black carbon (BC) concentrations and aerosol optical absorption spectra were measured using an aethalometer (Model AE33 prototype).
, 2009; Graus et al. , 2010). The high mass resolution of the PTR-ToF-MS (m/ m ranging from 3200 to 4500 between m/z 21 and m/z 149) combined with an accuracy below 20 ppm allows separation and formula assignment of most of the ions comprising the mass spectra of both primary and secondary ve-hicle emissions. Based on a 2 min integration time, typical limits of detection determined as the 3σ uncertainty measured with a Pt catalyst heated at 350 • C were below 10 ppt. Data analysis was carried out using ToF Viewer 1. 4. 3. ToFto-mass assignment was performed using hydronium ion isotope (H 18  3 O + , 21. 022) and protonated acetone (C 3 H 7 O + , 59. 049). Peak fitting and integration was performed using Gaussian functions.
However, the potential use of a gasoline particle filter (GPF) in gasoline vehicles would be ineffective at reducing hydrocarbon emissions which may lead to SOA formation. Indicated in Fig. 5  is the O : C ratio of the POA and of the aged OA, which increase with time and OH exposure in the chamber. Normalised high-resolution mass spectra of the fresh (primary) and aged aerosol for Exp. 2 are also shown in Fig. 9. An increasing O : C, reflecting increasing oxygen content following oxidisation, is predicted by theory  (Jimenez et al. , 2009)  and has been observed in ambient datasets  (Ng et al. , 2010). Highly aged ambient aerosols typically have O : C ratios approaching unity, whereas urban combustion related aerosol have been observed in the range 0. 06-0. 1  (Aiken et al. , 2008). The O : C ratio of 0.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the  Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) , the  Federal Roads Office (FEDRO) , the  Swiss National Science Foundation  ( SNSF ) for SAP-MAV (No. 200021 13016 ) and  Ambizione (NF-BBB-A) , and  The French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME , Grant number  1162C00O2 ), EUROSTARS grant E!4825 FC Aeth and JR-KROP grant  3211-11-000519. Operation part-financed by the  European Union ,  European Social Fund. The  VELA  staff is acknowledged for its skilful technical assistance, in particular  Franz Muehlberger ,  Urbano Manfredi , and  Philippe Le Lijours. We appreciate the insights into the details of the Carnegie Mellon mobile chamber and would like to thank the whole group of  Allen Robinson  and especially  Albert Presto. Edited by:  N.
Acknowledgements  D. Dutykh  acknowledges the support from  ERC  under the research project ERC-2011-AdG 290562-MULTIWAVE. F. Fedele acknowledges the travel support received by the  Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (GFD) Program  to attend part of the summer school on "Spatially Localized Structures: Theory and Applications" at the  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in August 2012.
Experimental setup The study was performed using a controlled wing suspended in a Perspex tank (400×400×500 mm) filled with water-glycerin solution of kinematic viscosity ν = 3. 92 • 10 -6 (±6%) m 2 /s (Fig. 1a  and c ). A real-time control unit (National Instruments cRIO-9022 controller together with the NI-9505 DC brushed servo module) controlled a servo motor which rotated the wing around a vertical axis. The wing's planform was a triangle machined from a 1. 5 mm thick stainless steel flat plate. The distance between the centre of rotation and the wing tip (i. e. the wing length) was R=100 mm and the tip chord length was 50 mm (Fig. 1b ). The flow field was obtained using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry. Data was acquired at five equidistant span locations between Z/R = 0. 4 and Z/R = 0.
Numerical setup Rigid wings moving in an incompressible viscous fluid are considered, as described in  [10]. The no-slip boundary condition at the solid boundary is modelled using the volume penalisation method  [11]. The penalised Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a classical Fourier pseudo-spectral method. The spatial computational domain is a rectangular box with periodic boundary conditions imposed on all its faces. The computational domain of size L x × L y × L z = 12 3 was uniformly discretised with 768 3 grid points. The time integration is exact for the viscous term and an adaptive second-order Adams-Bashforth scheme is used for the nonlinear term  [12]. The parallel implementation of the code employs the P3DFFT fast Fourier transform package.
In this paper are described measurements at high-altitude of both radiation environment and effects. These measurements comprise cosmic ray neutrons and SBU/MCU on nanoscales devices. Results obtained at Pic-du-Midi, France, and in the city of Puno, Peru, are presented and analyzed. Analyses and cross comparisons based-on MUSCA SEP calculations show a good agreement between experimental data and modeling, thus illustrating the importance of the knowledge of the radiation field for a reliable prediction. Index Terms-Atmospheric neutrons,.
In all the cases, the SEU occurrence model used by the predictive platform and based on critical charge concept needs to be adjusted and validated. An interesting consequence of these experiments in the SEE modeling field is that the technological and SEE occurrence models can be optimized thanks to neutron and SEU measurements coupled with MUSCA SEP analyses. To define the SEU occurrence model, radiation ground tests have been performed  [27] , and two different facilities were considered: the ILL, Grenoble, France, for thermal neutrons, and the KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands, for high-energy protons. Moreoever, additional experimental data of neutron irradiation from ASP and TRIUMF facilities have been used  [50]. Results issued from the ILL facility indicate a very low sensitivity to thermal neutron, i.
V. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES This paper presents test platforms and experimental data issued from simultaneous and continuous measurements coupling SEU and neutron dynamics in high altitude. Results obtained at the sites where the platforms were activated (Pic-du-Midi station and Puno) were presented in detail. These coupled measurements are integrated in the framework of in two international projects (HARMLESS and DAARES). A very good agreement is observed between measurements performed at the two considered sites and calculations issued from MUSCA SEP. Compared to previous work  [11] ,  [27] ,  [28] , the agreement is improved and reinforces the fact that the radiation field knowledge is a key issue for predictive approaches on nanoscales devices. In addition, results demonstrate the relevance of modeling for the SBU and MCU analyses.
45 The GULP program  46  has been employed for the constant temperature molecular dy-namics (MD) simulations using empirical Brenner potential. 47 he simulation temperature was taken to be 2500 K. Each simulation step was produced with the equilibration time of 3. 5 ps and the production time of 100 ps. Once the local thermodynamical equilibrium was reached the structure was quenched to 300 K, and further MD simulations produced to provide "frozen phonons" configurations at the equilibrium. A single molecular dynamics simulation run of a "flake-tofullerene" structural transformation containing 120 simulation steps takes approximately 12 h to complete in a serial run. Calculations of the frozen phonon configurations using molecular dynamics take a similar amount of time. In order to estimate fullerene yield under the e-beam radiation and acquire good statistical distribution of possible pathways simulation runs have been repeated 300 times.
IV. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a general computational approach for the inclusion of the dynamics of atomic rearrangements under the imaging electron beam into transmission electron microscopy image simulations. The effect of the electron beam on atomic structure is described by the event driven molecular dynamics, in which events of the electron collision with a sample are represented by the corresponding displacement cross sections specific to the energy of the electron beam and the type of atom interacting with the imaging electron. The influence of the sample on the imaging electron wave is also included and described using a standard multislice approach utilizing the snapshots of structure transformation and thermal vibrations obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. A software implementation of this approach, COMPUTEM, provides a sequence of images of sample evolution with time during its observation in HRTEM for given experimental conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This was work was funded by  ERC Starting Grant ,  EPSRC Career Acceleration Fellowship, and New Directions for EPSRC Research Leaders Award  to  E. B. ( EP/G005060 ), and by the  Royal Society international exchanges  grant to A. C. E. B. and A. S. thank the  High Performance Computing (HPC)  facility at the  University of Nottingham  for computing time. A. C. acknowledges financial support from  FEI Co. (Netherlands)  in a frame of collaboration project. J. K. acknowledges computational resources from the  Vienna Scientific Cluster  and funding from  University of Helsinki Funds as well as the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) :  M 1481-N20.
X-Ray diffraction Basic characterization of the CaT Mg 2 and CaT Cd 2 (T = Rh, Pd, Pt) samples was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction using the Guinier technique: imaging plate detector, Fujifilm BAS-1800, CuK α1 radiation, and α-quartz (a = 491. 30, c = 540. 46 pm) as an internal standard. The orthorhombic lattice parameters (Table  1 ) were deduced from least-squares refinements of the Guinier powder data. Correct indexing was ensured by comparison of the experimental patterns with calculated ones  [15]. Crystal fragments of CaPdMg 2 and CaPdCd 2 were selected from the crushed samples annealed in the muffle furnaces. The crystals were first characterized on a Buerger  camera (using white Mo radiation) to check their quality. Intensity data of a suitable CaPdCd 2 crystal were collected on a Stoe IPDS-II image plate system (graphitemonochromatized MoK α radiation; λ = 71.
Structure refinements The diffractometer data sets of CaPdMg 2 and CaPdCd 2 showed primitive orthorhombic lattices, and the systematic extinctions were compatible with space group Pnma. The starting atomic parameters were deduced from Direct Methods with SHELXS-97  [16, 17] , and the two structures were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters for all atoms with SHELXL-97 (full-matrix least-squares on F 2 o )  [18, 19]. The refinements readily revealed isotypism with YPd 2 Si  [11] , and in the following cycles the setting of the silicide was used. The occupancy parameters were refined in separate series of least-squares cycles for both data sets. The sites of CaPdCd 2 were fully occupied within two standard deviations, and the ideal composition was assumed again in the following cycles.
The single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for CaPdMg 2 revealed a small homogeneity range Ca 1-x PdMg 2+x. In this context it is interesting to note that binary Ca 3 Pd  [44]  with cementite structure is known, while related binaries are not known for the corresponding Ca-Rh and Ca-Pt systems. The refined composition of the single crystal was Ca 0. 94 PdMg 2. 06. One can thus assume an extension towards higher and lower calcium contents as well. Detailed preparative work on these solid solutions is in progress. From Table  1  it becomes clear that substitution of calcium by the smaller magnesium atoms leads to anisotropic changes of the lattice parameters, i. e. the a parameter is increasing, while b and c are decreasing. Towards the magnesium-rich side one can expect a change in structure type since binary Mg 3 Pd  [45]  crystallizes with the hexagonal Cu 3 P type.
Following the conduction NGWF optimization, the valence and conduction NGWFs are combined to form a joint valence-conduction basis set, which is capable of representing both the occupied and unoccupied Kohn-Sham states. Further details have been given elsewhere,  21, 22  including a demonstration of the linear-scaling behaviour of the method. Once one has a process for calculating the Kohn-Sham conduction states as well as valence states, Fermi's golden rule can be applied to the calculation of optical absorption spectra. The methodology  35  used here is the same as that applied in the cubic-scaling plane-wave pseudopotential (PWPP) code CASTEP. 36 sing the dipole approximation, whereby only first order terms are included, one can write the imaginary component of the dielectric function as: e 2 ðoÞ ¼ 2e 2 p Oe 0 X k;v;c hc c k jq Á rjc v k i where v and c denote valence and conduction bands respectively, |c n k i is the nth eigenstate at a given k-point with a corresponding energy E n k , O is the cell volume, q ˆis the direction of polarization of the photon and ho its energy.