dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgement We particularly thank  Michael Anderson  for discussions on closed geodesics and for pointing out to us that the conjectures here should be of interest to mathematicians. We thank  Professor Shing-Tung Yau  for various insightful suggestions, in particular regarding the two notions of stability for a closed geodesic, from length minimization and from dynamical systems perspective. We also thank  Volker Braun ,  Miranda Cheng ,  Sergey Cherkis ,  Martin Roček ,  Katrin Wendland  and  Steve Zelditch  for helpful discussions. P. G. would like to thank  Bing Wang  for many useful conversations on Riemannian geometry in general, and the  Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, Madison and Harvard University  for hospitality.
Optimal regularization weights The accuracy of both regularization methods considered in this paper strongly depend on the choice of the regularization weights ε L2 and ε TV. In practice, these parameters are estimated from the measured data or chosen in some heuristic manner. In order to investigate how the choice of the regularization weight affects the accuracy of phase retrieval, we measured the total RMSE of the reconstructed phase images varying two parameters: standard deviation (STD) of the Gaussian noise and the regularization weight of the phase retrieval algorithm. The phasecontrast images were simulated using the polyethylene spheres phantom using the simulation parameters described in Section 3. 1 and 3. L2 ε L2 ε L2 L2-4 L2-3 L2-2 L2-1 L2-4 L2-3 L2-2 L2-1 TV-4 TV-3 TV-2 TV-1 TV-4 TV-3 TV-2 TV-1 Fig.
Conclusion Phase retrieval in propagation based X-ray PCI can be improved using iterative TV minimization algorithms. Reconstructions based on simulated and experimental data show that phase retrieval based on TV minimization can significantly outperform the current practice, a deconvolution approach with L2 regularization. TV minimization can be used with different linear phase retrieval models including the CTF model, the Mixed model and the phase-attenuation  duality models. Although the method works best for specimen that adhere to the constraints, the method also improves the phase reconstruction for specimen that are not exactly sparse in their gradient magnitude. TV minimization provides an effective regularization instrument for solving an underdetermined linear systems of equations.
Simulations show that TV regularization can suppress errors that occur both due to additive noise and due to non-linearity of the phase propagation. Experimental data has shown that TV minimization can also significantly improve the accuracy of phase reconstruction of real specimen that comply with gradient sparsity condition and imaged under realistic circumstances. These results could allow to decrease the number of phase-contrast images that are needed for the accurate image reconstruction in some applications of X-ray PCI. This is particularly important for in situ experiments or to reduce radiation damage to the specimen.
5 million) were more likely to indicate that their enterprise would never consider an ETD for publication. From the qualitative data we collected, it appeared to be a commonly held expectation that the dissertation or thesis would need to be revised prior to submission to the university press or journal to fit their publishing guidelines (such as length, audience, voice). One journal editor commented, "We have no objection to prior Other electronic publication of dissertations or theses. In most situations, the academic document would have to be significantly revised in order to meet our author guidelines for publication. " Following the publishing guidelines is very important because "a journal article is not going to take the same form as a thesis or dissertation; if it tries, it won't pass peer review.
" A third university press director issues a warning to academia, saying "We understand some book distributors like Yankee Book Peddler specifically search publications to see if they are connected to dissertations, and if they are, then many libraries refuse to buy them on grounds they can already get the material through dissertation databases. As long as that practice continues, we will have no choice but to take a hostile view to pre-publication of dissertations. University administrators can't have it both ways: they can't both expect presses to be solvent, and require us to publish dissertations (in whatever form) so that their PhDs can get tenure. ".
It is unclear if these comments represent a minority view or are shared by a larger group. This is an area for future study. Quality is the main concern about ETDs. Publishers recognize that a book or journal article must be adapted to a new audience and conform to peer review, so the final work will be different in many ways from the original ETD. Because the majority of journals and university presses will consider a social science, arts, or humanities manuscript that has been derived from an open access ETD, scholars in these disciplines are urged to make ETDs openly accessible. With encouragement from the Board of Directors of the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, the authors are pursuing a survey of science journal editors in spring 2012 to expand the data available on publishers' attitudes about ETDs.
These findings are our central result: The low-temperature high-field normal state of Hg1201 has negative Hall and Seebeck coefficients. In Figs. 1(b) and 2(b), comparison with corresponding data in underdoped YBCO, with T c ' 57 K (p ¼ 0:1)  [8, 10] , reveals a striking similarity between the two cuprates. In YBCO, there is compelling evidence that the negative R H and S at low temperature come from a small electron Fermi surface. This evidence includes quantum oscillations  [9, 24]  with a frequency F and mass m ? , which, at this doping, account precisely for the normal-state Seebeck coefficient S at T ! 0, whereby S=T / m ? =F, given that S=T is negative  [7, 8]. By analogy, we deduce that the Fermi surface of underdoped Hg1201 at low temperature also contains an electron pocket. This fact implies that the Fermi surface is reconstructed relative to the topology of cuprates at high doping, namely, a single large holelike cylinder, as observed in the single-layer tetragonal cuprate Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6þ at p ' 0:25  [25] [26] [27].
In other words, the FSR in Hg1201 sets in below a critical doping p ? located somewhere between p ' 0:08 and p ' 0:25, as is the case for YBCO  [8, 19] , Eu-LSCO  [8] , and La 1:6Àx Nd 0:4 Sr x CuO 4  [5, 6, 12, 28]. This quantum critical point at p ? in the phase diagram of Hg1201 marks the onset of some density-wave order that breaks the translational symmetry of the lattice. Our data also show that a transformation occurs upon cooling at fixed p, albeit smoothly, with no sign of a sharp transition. The onset of FSR may be associated with the temperature T max at which R H ðTÞ is maximal, although R H ðTÞ clearly starts to deviate downward from its Ref. [10] ). Note how in both materials, R H ðTÞ drops at low temperature to become negative, a signature of Fermi-surface reconstruction  [12].
We reproduce the splitting of NMR lines in YBCO at p ¼ 0:10 and H ¼ 28:5 T, which reveals the onset of charge order below T CO ' 50 K (green squares, right axis; from Ref. [13] ). high-temperature behavior well above T max , at a temperature labeled T H  [19]. Our Hall data on Hg1201 sample B yield approximately T max ' 100 K and T H ' 240 K. In YBCO, T max ' 100 K and T H ' 120 K at p ¼ 0:12  [19]. In Fig. 3 , T max , T H , and the Hall effect sign-change temperature T 0 in YBCO and Hg1201 are plotted on their respective phase diagrams. This phase diagram is in agreement with the one recently proposed based on the analysis of the dc-resistivity measurements  [29]. Notably, the characteristic temperature below which the planar resistivity exhibits Fermi-liquid-like behavior in temperature  [29]  and frequency  [30]  approximately matches T H.
Globally, surveillance systems showed an increase in norovirus activity in late 2012. Molecular data shared through the NoroNet network suggest that this increase is related to the emergence of a new norovirus genotype II. 4 variant, termed Sydney 2012. Healthcare institutions are advised to be prepared for a severe norovirus season. In the United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands, and Japan, norovirus (NoV) epidemiological and laboratory surveillance systems show increased levels of NoV activity compared to previous seasons, in late 2012  [1] [2] [3]. Similarly, increases have been noted in Australia, France and New Zealand (unpublished data). At this stage, and with the limited surveillance of NoV in most countries, it is difficult to conclude if these increases denote early seasonal activity or truly increased incidence, although for the UK the latter has been suggested.
On 29 November, and on 4 and 6 December, ProMed (http://www. promedmail. org/) messages reported a dramatic rise in NoV hospital outbreaks in England, a 64% higher number of confirmed NoV laboratory reports (hospital-and community-acquired) in England and Wales, and NoV-related deaths in elderly in Japan. The first molecular data uploaded to the international molecular surveillance database NoroNet from Australia, France, New Zealand and Japan indicate that this increase is associated with emergence of a new variant of genotype II. 4 (GII. 4). The first report of this variant was from Australia in March 2012 (personal communication P. A. White, September 2012), and the strain sequence was submitted to GenBank (accession number: JX459908. 1). In the United States (US), the variant (named Sydney 2012) was detected in September 2012 in five of 22 (23%) laboratory-confirmed outbreaks, and in November in 37 of 71 (52%) laboratory-confirmed outbreaks (recorded in the US norovirus surveillance network CaliciNet)  [4].
Conclusion Various countries around the globe have reported a higher incidence of NoV outbreaks or illness late 2012, and the first molecular data available via NoroNet suggests that this increase is related to emergence of a new variant of NoV GII. 4. More data is needed to confirm the association between a higher NoV incidence and the new NoV GII. 4 2012 variant. For this, we invite new members to join the NoroNet network (http://www. noronet. nl). Noronet is a worldwide network for NoV molecular and epidemiological surveillance, through which countries in Europe, Asia, and Australasia have shared NoV outbreak data, sequences, and other information. The NoroNet database, including analysis tools, is accessible for all NoroNet members. With the early signs of a severe NoV season, healthcare institutions are advised to be prepared for NoV introductions.
9 (≈ 0. 347) should be greater than the relevance achieved by dLSH @r = 0. 5 (≈ 0. 525). However, contrarily to MMR where scores are obtained by averaging relevance of recommendation lists of all articles in the dataset collection, dLSH scores are obtained only from those articles having at least K + 1 nearest neighbors within a radius r. This results in a higher relevance in the case of dLSH that is always greater than or equal to r. In the remaining figs, we decided to plot results of dLSH under different diversity distances and values of r along with results of MMR@0. 7. Setting MMR parameter λ to 0. 7 is a reasonable choice as it provides a good balance between relevance and diversity. Figs 6 (e) and (g) strengthen the previous remark and show clearly that relevance@k (number of requested articles) obtained by dLSH (with r = 0.
However, one can use location-based instead which is 24. 68x faster than MMR and achieves almost the same relevance and diversity scores than userID-based diversification. In cases where we requested more articles (K = 15 and K = 20), the gain achieved by dLSH was even bigger. This gain is due to the nature of MMR which for a given input article, scans the collection of articles K times, at each iteration it updates the MR scores of the hole dataset and picks only the T op1. Comparing dLSH to dLSH* This section reports results of comparing dLSH to dLSH *. The comparison is conducted to measure the impact of precomputing diverse buckets on the diversity and relevance of recommended related articles. As pointed before, LSH algorithm reduces significantly the execution time compared to the exact r NN algorithm.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK We addressed the problem of providing diverse news recommendations related to an input article. We leveraged user-generated data to refine lists of related articles. In particular, we explored different diversity distances that rely on the content of user comments on articles such as sentiments and entities. Given the real-time nature of our recommendations, we applied locality-sensitive hashing techniques to find candidate articles that are within a relevance distance r from an input article a. Then, we adapted a greedy algorithm to identify the k articles that collectively 2-approximately maximize diversity. Our user study showed that user-generated data achieves a good balance between relevance and diversity compared to other diversification techniques. We also showed with an extensive set of experiments on Al Jazeera English and Reuters collections, that using LSH makes our proposals effective in an real-time environment.
Our algorithms are implemented in JDK 6 with 2GB virtual memory. All experiments were conducted on an Intel dual core workstation with 4GB Memory, running Windows 7 OS (64-bit). Obtained results are the average of three separate runs. : offline process Input: G = {g1,. , gL}: set of L hashing functions, D: collection of articles. s: size of precomputed diverse buckets. Output: A = {A1,. , AL}: set of L hash arrays. Datasets We conducted our experiments on two different datasets: a collection of AlJazeera English (AJE) opinion articles and a collection of Reuters news articles. • AJE opinion articles 4 This dataset contains 2040 articles published between April 24 th , 2010 and February 07 th , 2012. Each article comes with a set of comments (389k in total) posted by 35k different users from 179 different countries.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Alex Judge  for discussions on the CAR model as well as  Luke Helt  and  Mike Steel  for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported in part by the  Centre of Excellence  ( CUDOS , project number  CE110001018 ),  Laureate Fellowship  ( FL120100029 ) and  Discovery Early Career Researcher Award  ( DE120102069 ,  DE130101148 , and  DE120100226 ) programs of the  Australian Research Council (ARC) ,  EPSRC UK Silicon Photonics  (Grant reference  EP/F001428/1 ),  EU   FP7   GOSPEL  project (grant no. 219299 ), and  EU   FP7  COPERNICUS (grant no. 249012 ).
Unlike cerebral and thoracic aneurysms, AAAs are much less common in women than in men. The reasons for this difference have been difficult to pin down. A protective effect of female sex hormones has been postulated and demonstrated in animal models, but studies of hormone use and biomarkers in humans have been inconclusive  [33]. Also unexplained are the apparently higher rupture rate of AAAs in women and the more frequent finding of concurrent aneurysms in the thoracic aorta  [34]. With few answers available, gender differences remain an important area of AAA research. Another topic discussed at IMAD3 involved factors that contribute to AAA enlargement. Large data sets have been examined looking especially for evidence of reduced enlargement rate associated with use of common drugs such as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and calcium blockers.
Another highly significant (P ϭ 0. 00006) association was found recently with AAA and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the apolipoprotein(a) (LPA) gene  [45]. Future genetic discovery in AAAs is likely to be made via two complementary strategies. First, metaanalysis of GWAS data sets will significantly improve the statistical power to detect disease-associated SNPs. The largest AAA GWAS reported to date included 1866 cases  [41] ; however, meta-analysis of all currently existing GWAS, from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Iceland, New Zealand, and the United States, would combine Ͼ5,000 cases and Ͼ60,000 controls. This approach has been shown to be an effective discovery tool in other cardiovascular phenotypes, such as coronary artery disease (CAD)  [46]  and dyslipidemia  [47].
A strategy to combine all published and unpublished AAA GWAS data and perform a meta-analysis with follow-up replication was discussed and endorsed at IMAD3. The second alternative SNP discovery strategy is to utilize prior knowledge of biological associations, such as CAD and dyslipidemia, to facilitate analysis of GWAS data sets  [48]. For example, because Ͼ100 loci have been convincingly associated with CAD or dyslipidemia in large-scale meta-analyses, these regions may also be risk loci for AAA, as is the case for the chr9p21 CDKN2BAS1 locus. Investigation of AAA GWAS data sets by use of a "focused" set of SNPs with prior knowledge significantly reduces the multiple testing correction requirements typically associated with whole-genome analysis. Regardless of the approach to genetic discoveries, it is clear that there is potential overlap between genetic risk for concurrent vascular diseases, such as AAA, CAD, and peripheral artery disease, and associated risk factors, such as dyslipidemia and smoking  [49].
PET studies are performed with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) F 18, a glucose analog, which reflects glucose uptake and metabolism in the cell. Once inside the cells, FDG is phosphorylated to FDG-6-phosphate, which is not a substrate for the enzymes of the glycolytic chain. Several PET studies have investigated its usefulness to monitor the development and rupture risk of AAAs. An association between 18 F-FDG uptake by the aneurysm wall and rapid expansion of the aneurysm was found in some cases  [95] [96] [97] [98] [99]. A correlation between the increased FDG uptake and high macrophage activity in symptomatic AAAs has also been reported  [97] , but no correlation between maximum standard uptake value and maximum cross-sectional infrarenal AAA diameter was found  [98]. In their recent study of Ͼ270 patients (unpublished data presented during IMAD3), Sakalihasan et al confirmed an association between 18 F-FDG uptake by the aneurysm wall and rupture of the aneurysm in seven cases, four of which were Ͻ55 mm in diameter.
Acknowledgments IMAD3 was made possible by generous support from  Sorin Group ; Johnson & Johnson; Edwards Lifesciences; Hospithera; Maquet Getinge Group; St. Jude Medical; Lemaitre Vascular; Cardoz;  Cook Medical ; Baxter;  B. Braun ; Endologix; Ethicon; Eurox; Medicor; Vitalitec; Medtronic;  Aneurysmal Pathology Foundation ; Fighting Aneurysmal Disease; the  Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, CHU Liège ; and the  Province of Liège. The Divine [id] agency from France (www. divine-id. com) and personnel, in particular Genevieve Peters, at the  Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, CHU Liège , are gratefully acknowledged for taking care of the practical matters of the conference. The authors of this report were directors of IMAD3. They thank their colleagues for their help in summarizing the discussions.
Materials and methods national health and Wellness survey sample The study sample and data were taken from the 2008, 2010, and 2011 waves (2008, n = 15,457; 2010, n = 15,501; 2011, n = 15,000) of the French NHWS. The NHWS is an annual Internet-based questionnaire developed by Kantar Health and the Ailment Panel of Lightspeed Research. It is a crosssectional study of subjects aged 18 years or older, conducted with a strictly identical methodology for the 3 years (2008,  2010, and 2011). Only a small proportion of individuals from the sample were common between waves (approximately one in five) and data from recent participation were retained. The primary objective of the NHWS is to provide a comprehensive database of epidemiological and treatment information, health care attitudes, behaviors, demographic and disease characteristics, and health-related outcomes.
The 2011, 2010, and 2008 surveys employ a stratified random sample (with both sex and age group quotas), in order to replicate the demographic composition of each of the population of each individual country. Representation of NHWS data has been validated against reliable sources, including government agencies' health statistics and nonaffiliated third parties. Results are projected to reflect the total population in each country using known population characteristics. In France, data are weighted by sex and age using the United States Bureau of the Census and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. A self-administered questionnaire is completed by a sample population identified through a web-based consumer panel. All data from the NHWS are self-reported by participating respondents.
Rates of transition between systems The literature proliferating in the last decade on the merits of presidentialism and parliamentarism has a prescriptive fl avor that implies reasonable odds of transition between systems (Linz, 1990, 1994; Stepan  and Skach, 1993; Riggs, 1997). The reality is that such transitions are rare. In fact, the records of one leading Zachary Elkins dataset (Alvarez et al. , 1999) do not contain a single case of transition between the two systems between 1950 and 1990 (the time period covered by the data) 4. To some degree, such continuity is a methodological artifact of the Alvarez et al. (1999), which do not differentiate between parliamentary and presidential systems in cases that they deem non-democratic (a category which includes 60% of the cases in the sample).
Notwithstanding the Alvarez et al. (1999) coding decision, system-of-government transitions are a rare event. A useful World Bank dataset, which covers the period 1975 to 1987 and excludes far fewer nondemocracies (14. 7% are coded non-democracies), shows roughly one or two transitions a year in each direction. Table  2  reports these transition probabilities for shifts in each direction and identifi es the cases of transition. Note that these rates should be considered an upper limit since some transitions, like that of Spain and Portugal to parliamentarism, might be better understood as transitions from authoritarianism than from presidential democracy. Nevertheless, transitions in either direction (the rates of which are less than 2%), are a rare event by most standards. For comparison, they are similar to those for transitions to democracy, which in the last fi fty years average a little less than 2%, and about half the rates of transitions to liberal economic policies which tend to occur about 4 to 5 % of the time (Simmons and Elkins, 2003)   5.
, 1998; Iwaniuk et al. , 1999) , marsupials  (Ivanco et al. , 1996; Landy, 1997) , and primates  (Christel, 1993; Jones-Engel & Bard, 1996; Christel, Weiss & Bavar, 1998; Christel & Billard, 2002; Pouydebat et al. , 2008 Pouydebat et al. , , 2009 Pouydebat et al. , , 2011)). The grasping pattern in mice and rats consists of several components  (Whishaw et al. , 1998). Food is detected by olfaction and then usually grasped with the mouth. Rodents then typically adopt a 'sitting' posture on their haunches and use their digits to manipulate the food in their mouth. The marsupial motor pattern based on data for the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), opossums, and gliders, shows a few characteristics in common with those of rodents  (Schwensen, 1994; Ivanco et al. , 1996; Landy, 1997). The food is detected by olfaction and in some cases by proprioception.