dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
With this interface we hope to make our diachronic sonnet corpus accessible to a wider audience. The conceptualization behind DISCOver is not about simply querying the database to read the texts contained in the corpus. We intended to create a tool that can help us to gain new knowledge about the sonnet genre in Spanish and that can be used in educational settings. The chapter is structured as follows: Section 2 contains an overview of the state of the art, followed in Section 3 by a description of the corpus. Section 4 presents the DISCOver interface itself. Besides exploring the main functionalities of the interface, we discuss how it can mediate an effective circular reading of the sonnet in Spanish and its metrical and rhyme features: the interface allows us to easily access individual texts in the collection as well as aggregated quantitative data on prosody and rhyme for the corpus overall, or for metadata-based subcorpora (e.
The Biblioteca del Soneto (Sonnet Library) (Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2007) is organized alphabetically, rather than by meaningful criteria for literary scholarship such as periods. Both the Sonnet-Archiv and the Biblioteca del Soneto are traditional websites that only present the poems' text. Author metadata in these corpora are very limited and unavailable in a machine-readable format (for a discussion of related issues, see  Calvo Tello, 2017). DISCO complements this growing ecosystem with the addition of a meaningful representation of sonnets from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries with literary annotations and descriptive information about the authors.
Poem visualization and corpus exploration interfaces Regarding interfaces for poetry exploration, we can distinguish between two main types of work, most of which has been carried out on English poetry. On the one hand, there are interfaces that help perform close readings of a single poem. On the other, we have tools intended to help explore a complete corpus and provide aggregated quantitative analyses on the text collection, along the lines of distant reading. 5 As we discuss, our DISCOver interface allows users to explore the corpus using aggregated data but does show the same annotations at the poem level, thereby helping users to move back and forth between the individual and the aggregated level. Regarding tools for enhancing the close reading of poetry in English, Myopia focuses on comparative analyses of different (manually) TEI-encoded versions of a poem, highlighting areas of divergence across encodings  (Chaturvedi, 2011 , Chaturvedi et al.
, 2012). It utilizes annotations for sound, metrics, and content (e. g. , images or emotion-related language). Continuing with resources for English poetry, Poem Viewer provides detailed phonetic and rhyme analyses, presented in visually appealing ways to help detect patterns  (Abdul Rahman et al. , 2013).  For the ADSO project, see http://adso. gplsi. es/index. php/en/adso-project/ (accessed April 20, 2022).  https://aoidos. ufsc. br/ (accessed April 20, 2022).  A different type of tool has been proposed by  Meneses, Furuta, and Mandell (2013). Their Ambiances platform is geared toward helping authors to visualize their work in progress while writing, thereby allowing the visualization to influence the creative process. Poemage offers a similar functionality to Poem Viewer, emphasizing the dynamics of poetic features and their interactions as they evolve within the poem  (McCurdy et al.
, 2016). SPARSAR allows us to visualize different automatically identified features  (Delmonte, 2015) : sound devices, metrical schemes, and semantic categories such as negative vs. positive polarity or abstract vs. concrete expressions. This resource thus aids in the exploration of sound/meaning correlations. The Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive displays rhyme analyses and rhetorical figures  (Huber, 2020). In addition, it offers morphological and syntactic annotations among other linguistic information. It also integrates Poem Viewer for sound analysis. For Better For Verse is an interface for the visualization and manual annotation of metrical patterns in English poetry, which can be used for pedagogical purposes  (Tucker, 2011). Regarding resources for languages other than English, the Buscador de sonetos del Siglo de Oro 6 offers an interface for exploring Spanish Golden Age sonnets.
7 Its search functionalities allow us to query the corpus with different levels of granularity, including the metrical pattern of a line. The search results provide detailed references to sonnet lines from the corpus matching the search criteria. The result list includes a link to the complete works of the Biblioteca Cervantes in which that particular sonnet is contained  (Candela et al. , 2017). Moving to interfaces that focus on corpus exploration via quantitative analyses, we would like to mention the examples for Czech poetry that inspired our work. Plecháč and Kolár (2015)  have created a visualization interface called the Database of Czech Metres. 8 This offers metrical and rhyme scheme analysis, also identifying fixed forms (e. g. , sonnet or rondel). It provides different quantitative analyses for the poems' features, using metadata like periods or authors to aggregate feature values.
Gunstick -Database of Czech Rhymes focuses on rhyme pair analysis  (Plecháč, Ibrahim, 2013). The first thing that differentiates our DISCOver interface is, of course, that it is designed for Spanish sonnets. 9 It offers similar functions to the Database of Czech Metres with the exception that the metrical information in DISCOver is always accessed through the text. However, one original feature of our work is the addition of enjambment annotations. Our rhyme visualization utilizes code from the Database of Czech Rhymes but improves navigation between the level  This translates as "Golden Age Sonnet Search Tool. "  https://data. cervantesvirtual. com/goldenage/ (accessed April 20, 2022).  http://versologie. cz/v2/tool_dcm/ (accessed April 20, 2022).  Adding other Spanish forms would be feasible.
It would involve annotating the metrical patterns with tools designed (unlike Navarro Colorado's) for non-fixed meter, such as Rantanplan (de la  Rosa et al. , 2020). DISCOvering Spanish Sonnets: A Circular Reading Experience of aggregated rhyme analysis and the individual poem level. In short, given the set of metadata that can be used to aggregate results, the literary annotations available, and the focus on moving across the single text and aggregated data level, the DISCOver interface provides an original way to explore a poetry corpus. 3 Source description: The DISCO corpus Electronic corpora are an effective way to create resources with wide coverage specific to a poetic form or genre. Sonnet-specific anthologies for Spanish are not abundant; the same is true of other poetic forms of major importance in Spanish, like the décima.
The corpus is available in plain-text and in TEI formats. XML-TEI P5 was used given this standard's advantages in terms of reuse, storage, and retrieval. Author metadata were extracted or inferred from unstructured content in the sources (year, places of birth and death, and gender), and placed in the TEI header or in a metadata table in the case of the plain-text version. To prepare the corpus, we closely followed the TEI guidelines and RIDE's criteria for Digital Text Collections (Henny-Krahmer, Neuber, 2017). Additionally, authors have been assigned VIAF identifiers and have been described using RDFa attributes. 10 This gives the corpus an entry point to the Linked Open Data Cloud, enhancing its findability. The corpus is available as a GitHub repository 11 and has been saved in Zenodo 12 in line with good practice for data use, reuse, and conservation.
 VIAF is the Virtual International Authority File: https://viaf. org/ (accessed April 20, 2022).  https://github. com/pruizf/disco (accessed April 20, 2022).  https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 1012567 (accessed April 20, 2022). The DISCO corpus was intended for research, teaching, and also for nonspecialist use. Although it would be possible to extract information from DISCO using XML query languages, not all target users have such skills. Therefore, with DISCOver we created a user-friendly interface that would allow a wider audience to benefit from the corpus. In 4. 1 we introduce the interface functions and intended uses. In 4. 2 we describe the circular reading process enabled by the interface, highlighting how iterative access to single texts and aggregated data on different text sets can help us to test and improve our hypotheses regarding meter, rhyme, and enjambment.
Search and subcorpus creation DISCOver offers corpus query and navigation via two main search functions: author search and faceted search based on author metadata. Facets are available for periods, author gender (female or male), and author origin (Latin America or Europe). Our intention was to highlight the work of female poets and Latin American authors by including specific facet values for them (Fig. 1a ). For author search, we implemented a free text predictive search box (Fig. 1b ). The set of authors matching a query is displayed on a results pane (Fig. 1c ). From there, one can select either individual poems or all poems for a single author. The user can provide a name for the selected subcorpus; this name will be used to identify results for that subcorpus in the charts. For the selected poems, users can access several charts providing quantitative aggregated data on prosodic and rhyme features for the selection.
Technical remarks Two SQLite databases were used: one for rhymes and the other for text and author metadata. The back end has been programmed in PHP. The front end is mainly coded in HTML5/JavaScript. 14 Fig. 5 : Corpus-level overview of rhyme pairs for the word sombrío (shaded, somber) in pie chart and table format. This is the top-left pane of the interface's rhyme view (Fig. 4 ), and it allows us to select rhyme pairs in order to display their context (bottom panel in Fig. 4 ) and subcorpus distribution (top-right in Fig. 4 ).  The interface repository with no safety-sensitive materials is available at https://github. com/HelenaSabel/DISCOver (accessed April 20, 2022).
DISCOvering Spanish Sonnets: A Circular Reading Experience Interactive charts rely on the Highcharts JavaScript framework. 15 Thanks to this framework, all charts produced on the interface can be exported in vector or bitmap format. The ability to download the data itself would be a useful future addition. There has been minimal use of RDFa, and it will be extended in the future by utilizing the richly encoded source dataset (see Section 3). We are committed to developing a fully accessible interface. Continuous efforts are being made to become fully compliant with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines  (Caldwell et al. , 2008).
Methods/design Participants and ethical consent The TTM2-trial (Clinicaltrials. gov NCT02908308) was an international, multicentre, parallel group, investigator-initiated trial which randomised 1900 adult patients with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest to a target temperature of 33°C or to a strategy to maintain normothermia and early treatment of fever (37. 8°C). 16, 20 he TTM2-CT-substudy (Clinicaltrials. gov NCT039130659) is a prospective international multicentre observational study examining the prognostic accuracy of head CT for prediction of functional outcome after CA. Between 11/2017 and 01/2020, patients were recruited at 13 TTM2 sites routinely examining patients still unconscious at 48 hours post-arrest with head CT (Flowchart Fig. 1 ). Unconsciousness was defined as not obeying verbal commands and a response to painful stimulus < 4 on the Full-Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) motor response (at best localizing pain).
Technical requirements and data collection For this substudy, collection of the original Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images was initiated after randomisation of the last patient in the TTM2 trial. Images were collected and stored in a digital database labelled with the patientś trial identification number. Data will be kept according to national legislation for record keeping. All types of scanners and software were permitted, and specifics for each scan will be registered and analysed. Technical prerequisites for including CTs in the analysis are: Axial slices of 4-5 mm slice thickness of the entire brain available with tube voltage 120 kV. We will extract the following technical metadata: time of CT examination, manufacturer, scanner and convolution kernel. Radiological evaluations will be started after this study protocol has been accepted for publication.
Automated density measurements In addition to our qualitative and quantitative SOPs, we will apply automated techniques for CT evaluation. First, we will validate an already published algorithm for automated GWR-assessment. Scans fulfilling technical prerequisites as stated above and without significant artifacts or acute/chronic pathologies other than HIE will be analysed. CT scans will be co-registered to an MRI-based digital standard brain using the free analysis software FSL-FMRIB Software v5. 0 by Analysis Group, FMRIB, Oxford, UK) as previously described. 17 Tissue probability maps derived from standard brain atlases will then be used to automatically identify anatomical regions on each CT scan. GWR will be calculated by the densities of the putamen and of the posterior limb of the internal capsule (Fig.
Funding The TTM2 trial is supported by independent research grants from nonprofit or governmental agencies (the  Swedish Research Council  [Vetenskapsra ˚det],  Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation ,  Stig  and  Ragna Gorthon Foundation, Knutsson Foundation ,  Laerdal Foundation ,  Hans-Gabriel and Alice Trolle-Wachtmeister Foundation for Medical Research , and Regional Research Support in Region Ska ˚ne) and by governmental funding of clinical research within the  Swedish National Health Service. In addition, the CT substudy is supported by grants from the  Bundy Academy , the  Segerfalk Foundation  and the  Elsa Schmitz Foundation. MK is supported by the  Laerdal Foundation  and the  Berlin Institute of Health Junior Digital Clinician Scientist Program. The authors are solely responsible for the design and conduct of this study, all study analyses, the drafting and editing of the manuscript, and its final contents.
1 M HCl. 100 mg Mohr's salt was added to the solution. The neptunium alpha source was prepared by adding 100 mg Mohr's salt to the strip solution. The uranium strip solution was evaporated to dryness with 3 × 2 mL 65% HNO 3 and re-dissolved in 20 mL 0. 5 M HNO 3. 100 mg Mohr's salt was added. The americium alpha source was prepared directly from the strip solution. Measurement and spectrum evaluation Alpha sources were measured with Ortec 576A alpha spectrometer (Ortec, USA) attached to Canberra 8701 ADC, 556 AIM and Genie-2000 spectrum acquisition and analysis software (all Canberra, USA). Typically, overnight counting was performed. Alpha spectra were evaluated according to isotope dilution principle. Chemical recoveries were determined from the measured tracer activity compared to the initial activity added to the samples before processing.
(2002). Baillie et al. (2002)  showed that the ARFIMA-FIGARCH model is useful for describing monthly CPI inflation rates across several industrialized countries. Karanasos et al. (2006)  investigated the integration properties of monthly US real interest rate and its uncertainty using an ARFIMA-FIAPARCH process. Nevertheless, these models are not fully efficient in modeling the volatility of financial time series. The main feature of such data is the strong evidence of cyclical patterns in volatility. Empirical evidence highlights the importance of modeling the periodic dynamics of volatility. To fulfill this aim,  Bordignon et al. (2007 Bordignon et al. ( , 2009) )  suggested a new category of GARCH models characterized by periodic long-memory behavior. This category of models introduces Gegenbauer polynomials into the equation of the standard GARCH model, which are considered as the generalized periodic long-memory filters to estimate time-varying volatility.
(  1 )), whereas the conditional variance equation is expressed as a powerful transformation of the standard deviation as follows: (3) h t = ω + 1 -(1 -β(L)) -1 ̟ (L) 1 + α (1 -L) d v -1 ε 2 t. where -1 < γ < 1 and δ > 0. Here, the power term δ plays the role of a Box-Cox trans- formation of the conditional standard deviation h 1 / 2 t , while γ denotes the asymmetry coefficient accounting for the leverage effect. When γ > 0 , negative shocks give rise to higher volatility than positive shocks. The reverse applies if γ < 0 ; the magnitude of the shocks is captured by the term (|ε t | -γ ε t ). It is noteworthy that using the power term δ allows us to go beyond the Gaussian assumption. If the datasets are assumed to follow a conditional normal density, then the first two moments (i. e. , the mean and variance) completely typify the distribution of returns.
Data Our dataset consists of the daily stock market indices of six GCC countries, namely, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE from June 1, 2005 to July 1, 2019, which corresponds to T = 3545 observations. The chosen period allows us to consider the effect of different financial and economic circumstances. These countries are divided into two groups: (1) the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), including Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE and (2) non-OPEC, including Bahrain and Oman. As a proxy for stock markets, we use the major stock market index for each country extracted from Morgan Stanley Capital International. These data are transformed into their logarithmic form and considered in the first difference; so the series obtained correspond to stock market returns.
Perron and Qu (2010)  developed a simple test based on the log-periodogram estimator proposed by  Geweke and Porter-Hudak (1983)  and demonstrated that the test statistic follows a Gaussian process under the null hypothesis. They showed how the distribution of this estimator is highly dependent on the number of frequencies used, especially when the data generating process is a stationary short-memory process influenced by structural changes in level. This test is thus helpful to distinguish structural change from long-memory. Due to the distributional properties of the stock returns, the Student's t distribution 3  is assumed for the innovations, as suggested by  Bollerslev (1987). It is remarkable to note  Parameters' estimates of the ARFIMA-FIGARCH specification show that the fractional order of integration d v in the scedastic function is highly significant and statisti- cally different from unity and zero (at the 1% significance level).
Predictive performances of the dual long-memory processes: a comparative study In this section, we evaluate the out-of-sample forecasts of the stock market returns. For both the series, we use data until July 1, 2018 for estimation purposes and reserve those from July 2, 2018 for generating out-of-sample prediction values. The forecast horizons considered in this study correspond to five, ten, and fifteen steps in the future ( s = 5, 10, 15 ). To evaluate the accuracy of the forecasts, we apply three evaluation crite- ria: the mean square error, mean absolute error, and logarithmic loss function. Additionally, we employ the Diebold-Mariano (DM) (1995) test to compare the predictive accuracy of two competing forecasts. The DM test uses a loss function associated with the forecast error of each forecast and tests the null hypothesis that the expected differential loss is zero, that is, E(D t ) = 0 , where the loss differential D t = h(e 1t )h(e 2t ).
Taguchi Design of Experiment (DoE) Approach In order to optimize the parameters and suspension composition for EPD, a Taguchi array of experiments was designed by using the software (Minitab 17™, Beijing, China) which gave an array of 16 runs. Three control factors, applied voltage (A), deposition time (B) and conc. of Zn-Mn MBGNs in zein suspension (C) were used to construct an orthogonal Taguchi DoE array. Four levels were assigned to each factor, as illustrated in Table  2. Table  2. Control factors along with four levels of deposition parameters. The control factors were varied according to the selected levels and their effect on deposition yield (mass of zein/Zn-Mn MBGNs composite coating) was taken into consideration.
2 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 in 12-well plates and cultured in RPMI 1640 (Gibco) containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 1% glutamin (Sigma-Aldrich), 1% PSF (Sigma-Aldrich) during 96 h. Human MuStem cells, BM-MSCs, human macrophages or RAW cells were fixed in cold methanol (15 min, -20 °C) and treated with 0. 3% triton X-100 (30 min, 4 °C). After incubation (1 h, RT) in blocking buffer (5% goat serum in PBS), cells were incubated overnight with iNOS Ab (1:100, sc-651 clone, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and counterstained (15 min, 37 °C) with DAPI fluorescent cell-permeable DNA probe (Life Technologies Ltd, Paisley, UK). The number of positive cells was determined using Fiji image analysis software  [72]. For each condition, more than 300 cells were counted.
Reverse transcription and real-time semi-quantitative PCR Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy mini or micro kit following the manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen, Santa Clara, CA, USA), quantified using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Labtech, Wilmington, DE, USA) after DNase treatment (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) and converted to cDNA by reverse transcription as described previously  [64]. Oligonucleotide primers used for semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of gene expression were designed using Oligo Primer Analysis Software v. 7 (Molecular Biology Insights Inc. , Colorado Springs, CO, USA) and are listed in Additional file 4: Table  S2. Data were normalized to mRNA levels of the housekeeping gene RPS18 and were calculated using the 2-∆Ct method.
Spontaneous calcium fluorescence recording For the characterization of spontaneous calcium activity of C57BL/ 10 myotubes in differentiation, GCaMP6s fluorescence was recorded with a fast-spinning disk confocal microscope composed of an Olympus IX81 microscope (IX81-ZDC, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) enclosed in a thermostatic chamber (Solent Scientist) coupled to an Andor Revolution Imaging System (Andor Technology, Oxford Instruments, Belfast, UK). This system was equipped with an EMCCD/iXion + -DU-897 camera coupled to a sutter filter wheel and a Yokogawa CSU-X1 (Yokogawa, Tokyo, Japan). IQ3 acquisition software (Andor Technology, Oxford Instruments, Belfast, UK) was used to acquire images of 512 × 512 pixels. Fluorescence recordings were performed at the physiological temperature 37 • C and perfused with 5% CO 2 in atmosphere.
GCaMP6s was illuminated at 488 nm with an argon laser and fluorescence emission was collected with a GFP filter set (dichroic mirror: 488 nm, emission filter: 525 nm). Several acquisition protocols were used to record GCaMP6s fluorescence. Fast acquisitions were performed with a x40 objective at an acquisition speed of 40 frames/s for 2 min. Another acquisition protocol was realized with a x40 objective at 1 frame/s for 15 min for calcium oscillation characterization and slow acquisitions were also assessed with a x10 objective at 5 frames/min for long acquisition experiment of 8 to 12 h. From fluorescence image series, fluorescence measurements were extracted under ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). Fluorescence changes were expressed as the fluorescence normalized to basal values (ΔF/F0).
Calcium response parameters as amplitude peak (ΔF/F0, U. A. ), area (U. A), time to peak (TTP, s), recovery time (RT, s), event frequency (events/min), percent of time spent in activity (%) and inactivity time between each event (s) were analysis with a macro-software developed under the imageprocessing IDL 6. 1 language (Research Systems Inc. , Boulder, Colorado).