dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Design and population A cross-sectional study was performed between February 27 and March 6, 2018 with 3200 individuals living in France and representative of French workers. Individuals aged 18 to 80 years who declared currently having a job (even a part-time job) whatever their occupation or status (employee or self-employed) were eligible. We excluded students, unemployed individuals, housewives/husbands and retired people. People were recruited in the "Ipsos Access Panel" and were invited by e-mail to participate in the study. Representativeness was achieved by using quota sampling for sex, age, occupation and residence locality and the rim weighting method (raking)  [11]. All data were collected by using a standardized questionnaire (S1 Table ).
Discussion This study allowed us to estimate the prevalence of probable psychiatric disorder (GHQ-28 score exceeding the threshold 24) in the working population in France: 22. 2% [95% CI 20. 6; 24. 0]. This prevalence was congruent with 17. 2% of participants having taken psychotropic medication during the 12 last months (antidepressants or anxiolytics) (Table  1 ). As a comparison, in a meta-analyses of epidemiological data between 1980 and 2013, the prevalence of mental disorders was estimated at 17. 6% (95% CI 16. 3-18. 9) during the 12 months preceding the assessment  [19]. This is the first French study made on a representative sample of the working population since previous study focused on specific population  [7]. Our study found that probable psychiatric disorder were more numerous among women than men and those with a long commute time, working more than 50 hours a week and earning less than 15 000 euros per year (Table  1 ), which is consistent with the literature  [18, 19].
All covariates of a domain were included in the first model for each analysis. We rejected models that did not satisfy validation conditions for ordinal regression: (i) model has to differ from the intercept based on the Chi2-square test on -2log-likelihood ratio (p value < 0. 05) and (ii) model has to validate the proportional odds assumption with no difference on the parallel lines test (p-value > 0. 05). The final model was created by removing variables one by one with a descending stepwise method and was the first one to validate both the test of parallel lines and the test on -2log-likelihood ratio. The analyses were performed using SPSS software v23. 0 (IBM Corp).
Results Among the 203 patients who were fulfilling inclusion criteria, we excluded 6 patients in whom data concerning PEM assessment were missing in their medical records, so 197 patients were included in the study. The whole population had a median age at disease onset of 32  [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]  years, a median body mass index of 22. 8 [20. 0-25. 9] kg/m 2 , and a male to female ratio of 1:2. 9. The median delay in diagnosis was 47  months. Table  1  provides a descriptive representation of the study population characteristics according to quartiles of PEM severity. Fatigue scales showed high levels of fatigue and fatiguerelated impairment with no differences between PEM severity groups. The multivariate ordinal regression analysis of patients' characteristics showed that only the age at disease onset (≥ 32 years) (OR 1.
, 2020; YueZou et al. , 2020). Volunteers were excluded if they had: (1) diagnosis of a mental and/or physical illness; (2) history of neurodegenerative diseases or brain disorder; (3) drug and alcohol addiction; (4) contraindications for MRI. 46 participants were included for magnetic resonance imaging conducted in the Brain Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. All participants provided written informed consent and all study procedures were in accordance with the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki. Four individuals were excluded from data analysis due to excessive head movement (n = 3) and claustrophobia (n = 1), leading to a final sample size of 20 and 22 in the Tai Chi group (TCG) and walking group (WG), respectively.
Data Acquisition A 3Tesla whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system (Philips Ingenia) was employed to collect the data. For each participant, we conducted one functional MRI resting-state assessment using gradient echo planar imagine (EPI) sequence with the following scan parameters (FOV: 220mm×220mm, TR: 2000ms, TE: 30ms, slices: 36, flip: =90°, slice thickness: 4mm, matrix size: 64×64, total scan time: 400s. For the brain structural assessments each participant additionally underwent acquisition of T1-weighted images using a magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo sequence (MPRAGE) with the scan parameters: voxel size: 0. 625×0. 625×1mm, TR: 7. 1ms, TE: 2. 98ms, flip: 9°, slice thickness : 1. 0mm, FOV: 256×256mm, matrix size: 256×256, scanning layer by layer). MRI acquisition was conducted by an experienced radiologist.
Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) Structural MRI data was analyzed and processed in Matlab 2013b (The Mathworks®, Natick, MA, USA). A SPM12 (Statistical Pararmetric Mapping; https://www. fil. ion. ucl. ac. uk/spm/) and CAT12 (Computational Anatomy Toolbox; http://www. neuro. uni-jena. de/cat12/CAT12). The recommended default parameters were employed to preprocess the structural image data. The 3D structural image of each participant were initially segmented into gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Voxel resolution was set to 2*2*2mm. Spatial smoothing was performed using a Gaussian kernel with a full width at half maxima (FWHM) of 8 mm. To avoid a partial density effect in the boundary between GM and WM all voxels with GM value below 0. 2 were excluded. Total intracranial volume (TIV) was calculated and considered as a covariable in all further statistical analysis.
Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) Analysis The RESTplus software was used to preprocess the resting-state fMRI data in Matlab2013b  (Jia et al. , 2019). Data preprocessing included standard processing steps, including: (1) deletion of the first 1-time points, and the data of 190 time points in the resting-state were retained; (2) time layer and head motion correction according to the realign curve. Participants with head motion at x, y and z-axis translation greater than 3 mm and rotation greater than 3° were excluded; (3) registration of the motion-corrected to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space via normalization of the functional time-series MNI EPI template to account for interindividual anatomical differences; (4) Finally, a linear regression was used to remove linear drift, white matter signals, CSF signals, and 24 head parameters were regressed as covariables to remove physiological influences  (Murphy et al.
, 2009) ; (5) temporal band-pass filtering (0. 01-0. 08 Hz). Based on Kendall's coefficient of Concordance (KCC), the ReHo value of each voxel was subsequently calculated using RESTplus software to obtain whole brain ReHo maps of each subject was obtained. For standardization purpose, each ReHo map was divided by the average ReHo value of the entire brain. A Gaussian kernel of 8 mm FWHM was used for spatial smoothing  (Zang et al. , 2004).
Statistical Analyses The SPSS 19. 0 software (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. A T test was performed to compare differences between measures obtained from the Tai Chi and walking groups, and the level of significance was set at 0. 05. Cohen's d (effect size) was classified as small (d = 0. 2), medium (d = 0. 5), and large (d ≥ 0. 8). The independent-samples T test in SPM software was used to analyze the differences on GM and ReHo between the Tai Chi and walking groups. Analysis with a threshold of voxel-level p < 0. 001 and cluster-level p < 0. 01 GRF (Gauss Random Field) correction was applied for the ReHo and VBM analyses. A partial correlation analysis was used to compare the correlation between sub-items of MOCA and GM and ReHo, with age (years), sex, and education (years) as covariates.
We used the Bonferroni correction to control for multiple comparisons. The correlation coefficients were defined as follows: 0. 00 to 0. 19 no correlation; 0. 20 to 0. 39 low correlation; 0. 40 to 0. 59 moderate correlation; 0. 60 to 0. 79 moderately high correlation; 0. 8 high correlation  (Zhu, 2012). The Xjview (http:// www. nitrc. org/projects/bnv) (Xia et al. , 2013)  and Origin 9 software were used to present the results.
Aim of article selection was to respond to three pathophysiologic axis of TMD onset in the oral oncologic context: the role of biopsychosocial model of pain, the mechanical paradigm including dental occlusion, mandibular condyle positioning and related-structures reconstruction, and finally the stomatognathic system changes induced by radiation. The search of publications included the MEDLINE, the Cochrane library, clinicaltrials. gov, and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform databases. The terms searched in each database depended on the pathophysiologic axis explored. Terms searched were "Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and Disorders and Psychological Distress", "Neoplasms and Psychological Distress", "Cancers and Psychological Distress", "Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and Mandibular Reconstruction", "Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and Radiotherapy" and "Pain and Mouth Neoplasms".
Data We manually downloaded the situation reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) from Report no. 1 (21 January 2020) to Report no. 70 (30 March 2020). With the extracted data, we then combined them with data from the World Bank's Development Indicators and the WHO's Application Programming Interface (API) for the selected variables. Due to the availability from data source, we took the value of the most recent year. The description of variables is presented in Table  1. In the following step, we computed the death rate from each report and selected a sample of countries that had more than 100 confirmed cases (so we had 95 countries in the studied sample). The final panel data set consisted of 70 points of observation, in which the least minimum country-time observation of variable was 3447 (Table  2 ).
This methodology, using the time-averaged data, was suitable with the dataset of this study since all independent variables were collapsed at one time. Table  4  presents the results from pooled, fixed-effects (FE) and between-estimator methods. The results clearly showed the confirmation on the sign and significance of variables "hospital beds", "HR" and "population 65". More importantly, the R 2 was at 0. 599, meaning that the model was better than the other. It is worth noting, however, that we could not apply this estimator when splitting the sample for further analyses since we had limited observations. Note: * p < 0. 1; ** p < 0. 05; *** p < 0. 01. HR: sum of physicians (per 1000 citizens) and nurses and midwives (per 1000 citizens); DoC: probability (%) of dying between age 30 and exact age 70 from any of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease.
Although CDSSs are recommended by international companies as part of AMS programs  [3] , physicians are often reluctant to accept new technologies  [7]. Understanding the determinants of physicians' perception of the new intervention and its components  [9]  is a fundamental prerequisite for its implementation. In the COMPASS randomised multicentre controlled trial (clinicaltrials. gov: NCT03120975), we implemented a CDSS containing local antimicrobial guidelines  [8] , which was preceded by a qualitative study to understand barriers and facilitators perceived by inhospital physicians for guideline adoption and use of CDSSs. This qualitative study aims to 1) provide insights from end-users to assist in the design of the COMPASS CDSS, and to 2) help with the interpretation of the quantitative findings of the randomised controlled trial (RCT) assessing the COMPASS CDSS once data will be analyzed.
Participants recruitment and data collection Participants were recruited through convenience sampling and snowballing to enroll a heterogeneous group of individuals according to age, gender and seniority. The study was advertised at department meetings and information leaflets were distributed. Two pilot interviews were conducted in Geneva and the interview guide was refined later. Following the theoretical saturation criteria  [9] , we progressively recruited participants until no new information was gained from the interviews in each center (data saturation). Three researchers (GC, NSC, HC) conducted interviews that were recorded using an audio recorder, transcribed verbatim, and de-identified. These researchers were all physicians trained in qualitative research without direct connection with participants.
Systems embedded into the workflow are also more likely to be accepted  [16, 17]. Vashitz et al. described how unsolicited advice might lead to opposite behaviour as a means of preserving autonomy  [18]. Reminders and alerts should be presented in such a way that the user does not find them threatening or obtrusive. "Alert fatigue", a consequence of too many alerts being presented, is an established and enduring problem for prescribers  [19, 20]  which did, however, not emerge from our interviews. Repeated requests for data entry are another major source of physicians' dissatisfaction with EHRs since they contribute to the time burden associated with EHRs themselves  [20]. However, this finding emergedonly in one center (Geneva). Usability testing should be performed early in the design process and throughout the development cycle.
Acknowledgements We thank all the participants in the interviews. We thank members of the teams involved in the  COMPASS  project, in particular  Valentina Coray ,  Serge Da Silva ,  Emmanuel Durand ,  Francesco Pagnamenta ,  Marie-Françoise Piuz ,  Javier Portela ,  Roberta Valotti ,  Brigitte Waldispuehl Suter. We thank  Simonetta Incerpi  for English proofreading.
The reasons for PBF implementation in Mali were diverse, but the initiative mainly sought to improve health indicators, the management and motivation of healthcare personnel, and access to care  [14]. The expansion of PBF is one of the strategic priorities of the Health and Social Development Program 2014-2018  [15]. The PBF project in Mali discussed in this article was funded by the World Bank as part of a larger initiative to strengthen reproductive health. It was implemented in the 10 health districts (HDs) of the Koulikoro region between July 2016 and February 2017. We refer to it here as the 'second pilot project'; as it followed the implementation of an earlier project in three HDs in this region between 2012 and 2013. This first project was supported by the Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (Royal Tropical Institute) and the Dutch development agency Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers (we refer to this as the 'first pilot project').
According to the CFIR, to understand an intervention's implementation, five 'domains' must be studied, namely (1) the characteristics of the intervention; (2) the external context of health facilities; (3) the internal context of health facilities; (4) the characteristics of individuals; and (5) the implementation process. The CFIR consists of 39 constructs and sub-constructs divided among these five domains. The research design we adopted was that of a contrasted multiple case study with several embedded levels of analysis  [34]. The cases were community health centres (Centre de santé communautaire; CSCOMs), i. e. primary care centres. Data were collected between December 2016 and January 2017 in three of the 10 HDs in the Koulikoro region -HD1, HD2 and HD3. The three HDs were selected on the basis of specific criteria, namely an agricultural site that had experienced being involved in a cash transfer programme for the poorest; a site where it was planned to test a communal mutual insurance program; and a site with an urban character.
Techniques for data collection and sampling Formal and informal interviews Applying a purposive selection sampling strategy, data were collected from different individual actors involved in PBF implementation in the CSCOMs. We hired research assistants (n = 3) to collect the data. The first author (AC) trained them to use the interview guides. At the start of data collection, AC also provided 'formative supervision' by monitoring some interviews conducted by the assistants or by conducting some interviews in their presence. In total, we conducted 161 formal interviews (Table  5 ) and 69 informal interviews (Table  6 ) in the three HDs based on the respondent profiles. This informal approach was adopted so the interviewers could collect "confidences and gossip" that would have been difficult to access otherwise.
Our deductive approach is based on the application of predetermined codes to the data and, in such an approach, saturation refers to the extent to which predetermined codes or themes are adequately represented in the data  [38]. Among CSCOM personnel, the illiterate or least educated are often healthcare assistants or hygienists. We have taken into account the influence of this reality on certain facts, particularly the level of information on PBF, i. e. by comparing this category of staff's perceptions to those of respondents with higher levels of education, such as nurses, TDCs, depot managers. At the level of each CSCOM, the first interview was typically conducted with the TDC, who then introduced us to the other actors (health workers, ASACO members, etc. ). Research assistants used a recorder to record the interviews as well as personal notebooks to record their own reflections along with data collection.
Observations Non-participant observations were conducted in the CSCOMs to study interactions between service providers and patients during medical consultations as well as changes made at the managerial level since the launch of the PBF activities (hygiene of premises, data recording procedures). The observation results were recorded in a logbook. The investigators conducted 96 observation sessions for the 12 CSCOMs (HD1 = 32, HD2 = 32, HD 3 = 32), i. e. an average of 8 observations per CSCOM. We considered that this amount of observation sessions were sufficient to reach saturation and address key topics of interest, namely hygiene, the way in which the tools used by the personnel were filled, etc.
Data coding and analysis process The researchers classified all interviews conducted and observation notes according to HDs and CSCOMs. All formal interviews, conducted in Bambara, were audio-recorded and then fully transcribed directly into French. Translations from Bambara to French and from French to English were performed by the first and second authors and were further polished by professional translators. The entire dataset (transcripts and notes) was subsequently coded using QDA Miner Lite software. The researchers familiarised themselves with this software beforehand in a 3-day training workshop led by LG. For coding and data analysis, we adopted a deductive-inductive thematic analysis using the CFIR domains, constructs and sub-constructs. These CFIR dimensions guided the definition of the initial codes, subcategories and themes.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the  Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) ,  Canadian Global Affairs  and the  International Development Research Centre (IDRC)  whose funds made this research possible through the 'Innovating for Maternal and  Child Health in Africa' (IMCHA) initiative. We also would like to thank the heads of the  PBF  project implementation agency (CGIC) as well as the physicians in the HDs and all those interviewed for the study who made themselves available and became involved in ensuring the interviews went smoothly. Many thanks to the members of the  Project Coordination Unit (World Bank ), who provided us with information and documents concerning the project,  Laurence Touré , Miseli's coordinator, who supported the work of developing and adapting the interview guides, and  Heather Hickey  for English language proofreading.
Kinematic and electromyographic recording Eight re ective markers were attached to their right upper and lower main joints (i. e. index, wrist, elbow, shoulder, fth metatarsal, ankle, knee, and hip) and kinematic data was recorded using a threedimensional motion analysis system (Simi Motion) by using three cameras at a 120 Hz sampling frequency. The study assessed surface electromyographic (EMG) data, from their dominant-side leg muscles using disposable self-adhesive electrodes (Medtrace® 200 -Kendall, Canada): tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL), rectus femoris (RF), semitendinosus (ST) and Deltoids anterior (DEL). Lower limb muscles were chosen due to its role in the ankle and knee control, especially during sitting without feet support and previously demonstrated to be related to APAs  [4].
Such data were obtained by using two EMG equipment (EMG System ®, EMG System do Brasil, Brazil), using a sampling rate of 2 KHzper channel and a passband ranging from 20 to 500 Hz. EMG signals were ampli ed (4. 000) and digitized with a 16-bit resolution. Instrumentation and sensor location followed the international guidelines of the Surface Electromyography for Non Invasive Assessment of Muscles  [19].
Kinematic characteristics Kinematic data referring to axis x, y and z were ltered by a 10-Hz low-pass, second order Butterworth lter. Tzero was de ned on the nger trajectory and corresponded as the moment when the tangential velocity of this marker reached 5% of the maximum velocity  [5]. The total movement duration (MD) was considered the time interval between the Tzero moment and the trial end, when the index nger stopped pointing to the LED. Movement velocity (MV) and reaction time (RT) were also evaluated. The differences of index tangential velocity pro le in function of participant postures were also calculated. To do so, we Results considered the fraction of movement time required to reach peak velocity, which is known as the ratio of acceleration time to total movement duration (ACC/MD).
EMG data By using MatLab programs, we synchronized and analyzed data off-line. Every EMG signals were recti ed (RMS) and ltered by a 100-Hz low-pass, second-order Butterworth lter. Individual trials were displayed off-line on a monitor screen. All data were aligned related to Tzero and EMG signals were integrated from - 150 with respect to Tzero (∫EMG150) in order to quantify anticipatory changes in muscle activity prior movement -what was later corrected for background activity, de ned as the integral from - 500 to -450 ms with respect to Tzero (∫EMG50) as the following: ∫EMG = ∫EMG 150-3*∫EMG 50 To allow comparisons, integrated EMG (EMGi) data were normalized by the peak muscle activity across all postures within an experiment for each muscle for each subject  [15, 20]. As a result of the normalization all EMGi data are within the range from + 100 to -100, with the positive values indicating an activation of the muscle and negative values indicating inhibition.
Finally, we calculated the average of data obtained in each subject's trials within a series of postures. We detected muscle latency in a time window ranging from - 450 ms to + 200 ms in relation to Tzero by using a combination of computer algorithm and visual inspection of the averaged trials. Timing of activation or deactivation for a speci c muscle was considered the moment after which, for at least 50 ms, its EMG amplitude was greater (activation) or smaller (deactivation) than the mean of its baseline value, measured from - 500 to -450 ms, plus or minus 2 SD  [15, 20]. After having the onset of each trial, we calculated the timing of each muscle activation with reference to DEL onset  [12]. This EMG synergy allowed us to clearly identify the muscles involved mainly in APA within each group, without misinterpreting factors associated with electro-mechanical delays.