dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  Toulouse White Biotechnology (TWB) consortium  (precompetitive financial support NoHighRec to JPC). We thank  Tiphaine Clément ,  Anthony Vollant  and  Julien Cescut  from  TWB  for their contribution in conducting fermentation experiments on bioreactors; and  Alicia Huesca  from  TBI  and  Kevin Aere  from  TWB  for their helpful contribution in analytics (HPLC experiments). We also thank  Raafat Stephan  and  Céline Vanwinge  ( Imaging  and flow Cytometry platform of ULiège ( GIGA )) for cell sorting performing. Finally, we thank the  GeT-Biopuces sequencing platform (Toulouse, France)  for performing the quality control of the DNA samples, and the  INRAE GENTYANE sequencing platform (Clermont, France ), especially  Elodie Belmonte  for preparing the genomic libraries for long-read sequencing and  Vincent Pailler  for the bioinformatics analyses.
This system allows the expression of EGFRTL specifically in the lungs, but only upon doxycycline exposure, thus leading to the development of peripheral adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar features in alveoli as well as papillary adenocarcinomas  [19, 21]. Mice were 13 weeks old when doxycycline was added to their food for lung-specific oncogene induction. Twenty transgenic male mice were involved in our study, 10 CC and 10 NC. weeks (Figure  1 ). At the age of 25 weeks, all mice (NC and CC) were euthanized at the IRCM, where their lungs were examined. The presence or not of lung adenocarcinoma was confirmed by analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung sections that had been stained with hematoxylin-eosin (Figure  2 ). After necropsy, two mice of the CC genotype showed no apparent lesions; although their VOCs were analysed, they were not included in our data set (Table  S1 ).
The GC-MS was equipped with an Optima 5-MS fused silica capillary column (30 m × 0. 25 mm × 0. 25 µm film thickness; Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) with helium as the carrier gas (1 ml/min). All spectra were analysed with resident software (GCMS Solution, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). During the injection of the SPME fibre in the GC for desorption the injector was at 250°C. The oven temperature was maintained at 40°C for 2 min, after which the temperature increased by 5°C every minute until it reached 175°C and by 12°C per minute until it reached 220°C. As described elsewhere  [22] , VOCs were tentatively identified using peak retention time (RT) and mass spectra for each compound visible on the chromatogram. Retention indexes (RI) were calculated with reference to n-alkanes injected in the same GC-MS (Alkanes standard solution, 04070; Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany.
Statistics All statistical analyses were performed with RStudio software version 3. 4. 4  [23]. We used the following packages: ade4  [24] , vegan  [25] , mixOmics  [26] , ggplot2  [27] , RVAideMemoire  [28] , Hotelling  [29] , and nlme  [30]. Normality and heteroscedasticity of residuals were checked visually after plotting the model residuals, and data were transformed when necessary (see below). To compare variations in the relative proportions of VOCs emitted by NC and CC mice across experimental conditions (T0, T2, T4, T6, T8, T10, T12), a multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) followed by permutation F tests were realised  [31]. Relative proportions were CLR-transformed prior to RDAs. Because our data included zeroes, a small constant an order of magnitude smaller than the smallest non-zero value in our data was added to all values prior to transformations (e.
Fibre identity was included as a conditional variable. VOCs showing an absolute correlation coefficient >0. 8 with the main RDA axes were considered as potential diagnostic molecules and were analysed using univariate approaches. These consisted of linear mixed models including experimental condition, status, and their interaction as fixed factors as well as mouse identity and fibre as random factors. Data were log-transformed prior to these analyses to normalize the residuals distribution. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed with the Estimated Marginal Means method (EMMeans). Significance level was set at α = 0. 05 and adjusted for multiple comparisons with the sequential Bonferroni method  [32]. To assess for correlation between discriminate compounds the "corplot" package was used.
To get insight into possible biochemical links between molecules, we first used the KEGG database resource  [33]  in which information on mice metabolic pathways could be found (Mus musculus; animals/chordata/mammalia/rodentia/murcidae/mus). Second, we used a deep learning user-friendly open-source toolkit (the BioNavi-NP developed by Zhen et al. [34] ), a device that allows to predict the biosynthetic pathways of a given molecule. We used the programme on line (http://biopathnavi. qmclab. com/job. html, with the Default settings).
Variation in the relative proportions of the two above mentioned pheromones was not significantly correlated (Figure  7 ), while 3-methylbutan-2-one, pentan-2-one, hept-4-en-2-one and 3,4dehydro-exo-brevicomine variation showed a positive relation, although not necessarily similar responses to experimental conditions (Figure  7 ). Other compounds were negatively correlated (i. e. phenylacetone and the 4 other compounds; or 4-methylhept-6-en-3-one, pentan-2-one and 3methylbutan-2-one). The metabolic pathways of the molecules identified in this study have never been explored. Pentan-2-one is the only compound present in the KEGG database, but not as part of Mus musculus metabolic pathway. The involvement of amino acids such as isoleucine or cysteine in the biosynthesis of the 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydro-thiazole was proposed by Pickett et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank  Pascal Boutinaud ,  Nathalie Barougier ,  Pierre Caminade. and  Camille Rosa  for their support for animal husbandry and lab work. FUNDING FG was supported by a doctoral fellowship from the  University of Montpellier. FT was supported by the  MAVA Foundation  and by the  ANR   TRANSCAN  ( ANR-18-CE35-0009 ). Analyses were realized with the support of  LabEx CeMEB  and an  ANR Investissements d'avenir program  ( ANR-10-LABX-04-01 ).
Adams, 2007, Pubchem, https://pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/), and standards when available. After tentative identification of all compounds and exclusion of those present in the technical controls, we calculated the surface of each compound's peak area based on the total ion current chromatogram (TICC). The surface area of compounds that were only present as traces could not be calculated, so they were given an arbitrary value corresponding to 10% of the value obtained for the smallest peak present in our dataset. Because SPME extraction reflects the relative proportions of components in each sample, our calculations needed to consider this constraint for each compound and each individual to accurately compare VOC profiles of different individuals. For this, we divided a compound's peak surface area by the sum of the peak areas of all compounds present in the individual profile.
In the present research, a novel process was proposed and assessed using an equilibrium thermochemical modelling study to evaluate the performance of a combined disruptive technology of thermal plasma and thermochemical looping to utilise hydrogen for iron reduction processing. The study was aimed at conducting a high-level power performance assessment of the process by integrating a built-in power block with a focus on a novel equilibrium thermal plasma technology for reducing iron scrap particles. The effect of thermal plasma operating parameters such as temperature (1000 • C < T < 1800 • C) and hydrogen-to-iron ratio in the feed stream to the thermal plasma reactor (0 < H 2 /metal < 20) on the performance of the system was numerically investigated using Aspen coupled with Matlab. Also, the self-sustaining factor was evaluated coupled with a quantitative analysis of the sustainability and lifecycle of the process aiming at better understanding the impact of the proposed system on the environment.
Process simulation Fig. 2  shows the detailed process flow diagram of the model developed by Aspen Plus software to simulate the thermodynamic and power performance of the proposed system. The system includes a chemical looping unit, a heat recovery, and a built-in power cycle. The hydrogen tank (LP-H 2 ) is slightly pressurised to be fed into the thermal plasma reactor (TP) in which iron oxide particles (Fe 2 O 3 ) and hydrogen react to generate reduced iron (Fe). Using separators (SEPs), particles are separated from the outlet stream of the thermal plasma reactor and are fed into the metal combustor reactor (Combust). Then, the air is fed into the combustor to oxidise the reduced iron particles. The products of the combustor are vitiated air (air with reduced oxygen) and iron oxide particles which are separated using a solid-gas separator.
Energy analysis and performance criteria To evaluate the energetic and operating performance of the proposed process, several key performance indices were defined to quantitatively measure the effect of different operating parameters on the output of the proposed process. To calculate the Gibbs free energy of reactions, the following equation was utilised: ΔG rxn = ∫ ΔG r - ∫ ΔG p (3) In the above equation, "rxn", "r", and "p" are acronyms for reaction, reactants, and products, respectively. The Gibbs free energy of the formation of components was calculated at the temperature and pressure conditions of each reactor using Aspen Plus and Barin handbook of thermochemical data for pure substances  [27]. Likewise, to calculate the enthalpy of the reaction, the following equation was used: ΔG rxn = ∫ ΔH r - ∫ ΔH p ( 4 ) H r is the enthalpy of the reactants and H p is the enthalpy of the products, calculated with Aspen Plus at the temperature and pressure of each corresponding reactor.
Acknowledgement Dr Mohsen Sarafraz  acknowledges the financial support received via the " Vice-Chancellor Alfred Deakin Research Fellowship program   -June 2020-May 2022  (project code:  PJ06308 ). Dr Mohsen Sarafraz  gratefully acknowledges the support received from the  School of Engineering, Deakin University  during this fellowship. Dr Volker Hessel  and  Dr Nam Nghiep Tran  acknowledge support from the  ERC  Grant  Surface-Confined   fast modulated Plasma for process and Energy intensification (SCOPE)  from the  European Commission  with Grant No. 810182.
, 2007; Brown et al. , 2010 Brown et al. , , 2014;; Appéré et al. , 2011). Since March 2018, ExoMars-Trace Gas Orbiter NOMAD, mainly designed for the study of trace gases, atmospheric aerosol abundances and Martian climatology  (Neefs et al. , 2015; Vandaele et al. , 2015a Vandaele et al. , , 2018;; Thomas et al. , 2016) , has been providing IR observations of Mars at high spectral resolution. Oliva et al. (2022)  demonstrated that the NOMAD nadir IR channel can also be exploited to study surface CO 2 ice. Using a semi-qualitative approach, they studied the respectively narrow and strong CO 2 ice absorption bands at 2. 35 μm and 2. 7 μm over MY34-35. They obtained CO 2 ice seasonal-latitudinal maps in good agreement with the Mars Climate Database v6. 1 (MCD) predictions  (Forget et al. , 1999; Millour et al.
, 2018)  and with the OMEGA spectrometer observations  (Schmidt et al. , 2009 (Schmidt et al. , , 2010;; Appéré et al. , 2011). They hence opened a new possibility of surface science with NOMAD. In direct continuation of  Oliva et al. (2022) , in this work, we further explore the NOMAD nadir data set information content by focusing the analysis on the Southern polar cap. Following a qualitative approach, we present an updated method based on the characterisation of the 2. 7 μm ice absorption band in order to detect the presence of surface ice. We also analyse the seasonal and inter annual changes of the southern polar cap during 3 Martian Years. Nevertheless, this band is not suitable for the identification of CO 2 ice due to the overlapping signal of water ice. Therefore, we use the 2. 29 μm absorption band for CO 2 ice detection and discuss the potential of this band for grain size retrieval.
A complete description of the instrument can be found in the following papers:  Neefs et al. (2015) ,  Vandaele et al. (2015a ), Vandaele et al. (2015b) ,  Thomas et al. (2016)  and  Patel et al. (2017). To study surface ice, we select the LNO channel providing nadir observations with a typical integration time of around 200 ms. This channel covers the 2. 3-3. 8 μm IR spectral range with a spectral resolution of 0. 3 cm -1  (Liuzzi et al. , 2019). From the TGO orbit, the LNO ground track footprint is defined as an elongated rectangle of 0. 5 km by 17. 5 km, allowing to map most of the surface of the planet every 30 sols  (Thomas et al. , 2016). The NOMAD LNO spectrometer has the particularity of not observing the entire spectral range at once. The data are acquired in 22 cm -1 wide spectral windows.
Dataset During an acquisition, NOMAD alternates observations according to orders planned several weeks in advance. The choice of orders depends on several factors, such as their main focus (i. e. different gas, dust, surface) and the limitations of the instrument (see Section 2). Moreover, the LNO channel has reduced instrument sensitivity at the wavelengths above 2. 8 μm. This results in a low SNR. Therefore, not all orders are used with the same frequency of observation, making the available wavelength ranges highly dependent on such strategy. Therefore, this affects the spatial and temporal coverage of the orders, i. e. the availability of the observations for this study. As already described in  Oliva et al. (2022) , CO 2 ice exhibits several features in the LNO spectral range, which are covered by different orders (see Fig.
, 2020). In the southern polar region, Mars Climate Sounder observed a large amount of dust over the polar cap  (Kleinböhl et al. , 2020). The atmosphere and its near surface layers progressively warmed, reaching a temperature of 200 K from L S ~ 190 • to ~235 • , with a peak of ~230 K at L S 215 • -220 • (~130 K-150 K before the global dust storm). Based on the above discussion, an acceleration of the recession of the cap should be observed in MY34 compared to MY35 and 36. Nevertheless, the limited temporal coverage during the global dust storm in MY34 (yellow points in Fig. 7A ) complicates the comparison between the three Martian Years. Moreover, such a comparison must be carried out on a homogeneous spatial coverage between years. To do this, NOMAD has to provide more data in order to reach a significant number of observations of the cap.
Polar projection In this section, we discuss the southern sublimation phase during early and mid-spring for MY34-36 (data are binned 1 • by 1 • of longitude and latitude) by studying the polar projections of NII and BD2292 in 4 periods of time, L S = 180 • -190 • , L S = 200 • -210 • , L S = 220 • -230 • and L S = 240 • -250 •. Due to the specific TGO orbit, LNO observations are acquired up to latitudes 75 • S. Therefore, the retreat of the cap can be observed until L S ~ 250 •. After that period, the polar cap no longer extends to these latitudes  (Langevin et al. , 2007; Brown et al. , 2010). The results are presented in Fig. 8. Left panels show the NII (see Section 4. 1), middle panels the BD2292 (see Section 4. 2), and the right panels present the latitudinal trend of the BD2292. As already mentioned (see Section 2), the main objective of NOMAD is the analysis of trace gases and, hence, the spatial coverage is not optimised for surface analysis.
PSG model The PSG model is an online tool dedicated to the synthesis and retrieval of planetary spectra (atmospheres and surfaces) for a broad range of wavelengths (0. 5 μm to 100 mm) from any observatory (ground based telescope, orbiter or lander). PSG also permits to synthesise/ retrieve mass-spectrometry data of orbiters, landers and laboratory instrumentation. It combines several state-of-the-art radiative transfer models, spectroscopic databases and planetary databases (i. e. , climatological and orbital). This tool is hence suitable for the analysis of the NOMAD observations  (Liuzzi et al. , 2020). For the first time, PSG is used in a frame of a surface ice analysis with the LNO data in order to estimate the CO 2 ice equivalent grain size, i. e. the CO 2 ice thickness. In this work, we consider the Lambert (isotropic scattering) model for simulating the absorbed light at a surface, taking into account the LNO observing geometry.
Conclusion Even if devoted to trace gases in the Martian atmosphere, NOMAD has also proven to be a suitable spectrometer to study surface CO 2 ice of Mars at high resolution using the LNO nadir IR channel  (Oliva et al. , 2022) , despite the instrumental features (see Section 2). In this work, we have further explored the LNO dataset information content. We have defined an updated method using the three diffraction orders (orders 167, 168, 169) located on the short wavelength shoulder of the 2. 7 μm ice absorption band in order to map surface ice by considering the best spatial coverage. The method is based on spectral ratio capable of detecting surface albedo variations related to ice (New Ice Index, see Section 4. 1). Moreover, we have also investigated CO 2 ice by defining a pseudo-band depth for NOMAD (BD2292, see Section 4.
2) through the 2. 29 μm absorption band (order 193). We applied both spectral parameters on the LNO dataset from MY34 (L S = 150 • ) to MY36 (L S = 360 • ) and constructed latitudinal-seasonal maps for surface ice detection. It represents the highest spatial coverage to date of these observations. We focused specifically on the Southern polar cap to analyse the seasonal and potential interannual changes over MY34-36 (see Section 5. 1 and 5. 2). To do that, we have estimated the polar cap edges based on the latitudinal trend of the spectral parameters. Our polar cap edges definition is consistent with the MCD v6. 1  (Forget et al. , 1999; Millour et al. , 2018)  and LMD GCM CO 2 ice column predictions  (Forget al. , 1999; Madeleine et al. , 2011; Millour et al. , 2018; Montabone et al. , 2020).
3. 3). As it was done with order 189 in  Oliva et al. (2022) , another possible perspective with order 193 is the CO 2 ice cloud detection, which can provide additional information on their distribution, seasonality and microphysical properties. Finally, this paper represents one of several studies dedicated to the exploitation of the LNO nadir dataset and opens the way for different follow-up papers. As a direct continuation to this work, an in-depth radiative transfer analysis of the 2. 29 μm feature in CO 2 ice is already planned. Regarding the cloud analysis  (Oliva et al. , 2022; Ruiz Lozano et al. , 2022) , further comparison with the NOMAD-UVIS channel about cloud detection is currently being performed.
Funding The NOMAD experiment is led by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), assisted by Co-PI teams from Spain (IAA-CSIC), Italy (INAF-IAPS), and the United Kingdom (Open University). 1  for more details. This project was funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO), with the financial and contractual coordination by the ESA Prodex Office  (PEA 4000103401,4000121493) , by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIU) and by European funds under grants PGC2018-101836-B-I00 ESP2017-87143-R (MINECO/FEDER), as well as by the UK Space Agency through grants ST/V002295/1, ST/V005332/1, ST/ X006549/1, ST/Y000234/1 and ST/S00145X/1 and the Italian Space Agency through grant 2018-2-HH. 0. US investigators were supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Acknowledgments This work was also supported by the  Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique-FNRS  under grant number  EOS-30442502. F. S. and G. C. M. would like to thank support from the  "Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers" (INSU) , the " Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique" (CNRS)  and " Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales" (CNES)  through the " Programme National de Planétologie ". J. J. L. M. acknowledges financial support from the  State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU  through the ' Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa ' award for the  Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía  ( SEV-2017-0709 ) and by grant  PGC2018-101836-B-100  funded by  MCIU/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033  and by " ERDF A way of making Europe ". M. R. P acknowledges funding from the  UK Space Agency  through grants  ST/V002295/1 ,  ST/V005332/1 ,  ST/ X006549/1 , and  ST/Y000234/1.
The crystal phases of the sintered parts were analyzed using a Bruker D8 X-ray diffractometer (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) with Cu-Kα 1 radiation and λ = 1. 5405 Å. Measurements were taken for 2θ angles between 20 and 60 •. The recorded patterns were compared with the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) powder diffraction files in order to identify the crystal phases according to the 13779-3:2018 ISO standard. The reference intensity ratio (RiR) was selected as a semi-quantitative method for quantifying the crystalline phases  [44]. According to Woolf et al. [45] , this method is based on the use of an internal calibration of the crystalline phases using corundum as a reference. In a 50:50 mixture of analyte and corundum, the ratio of the I/Ic intensities with I the integrated intensity of the largest peak of the analyte and Ic that of the corundum is measured.
Porosity W2P4 had a wall thickness of 200 μm and a pore size of 400 μm, corresponding to the lowest porosity in this study (hereafter, labeled "L"). Measurement of the pore size and wall thickness are illustrated in Fig. 4  for the three geometries. The Schwartz diamond, Schwartz primitive, and gyroid structures are, hereafter, labeled "D", "P", and "G", respectively. The studied structures were designed using Netfabb software, which only allows control of the wall thickness. This parameter is directly related to the cell size and consequently to the pore size. To control both wall thickness and pore size, the targeted ratio R Wt/Ps was calculated for the targeted pore size and wall thickness, as follows: R Wt/Ps = (Wall thickness) / (Pore size) Eq. (4) A random wall thickness is first chosen, and the resulting pore size is measured to calculate the ratio R Wt/Ps.
Then, we show the main optical properties of the different components forming the hybrid system. To investigate the effect of the plasmonic chains on the Nd 3+ : Y 2 O 3 particles, confocal micro-fluorescence experiments for different polarization configurations of the excitation radiation were carried out to analyze the emission of Nd 3+ :Y 2 O 3 in the proximity of the plasmonic chains. Finally, the experimental data are complemented with representative results from numerical simulations to attain a qualitative physical insight of the coupling process taking place. The work evidences the possibility of controlling the emission of the Nd 3+ :Y 2 O 3 submicron particles by means of the coupling and the reorganization of the excitation field distribution inside the fluorescent system using plasmonic NP chains.
Characterization of Nd:Y 2 O 3 and Ag plasmonic chains TEM images of the as-synthetized Nd 3+ :Y 2 O 3 submicron particles were acquired with a JEOL 1010 transmission electron microscope operating at 100 kV. The Nd 3+ :Y 2 O 3 particles dispersed onto the LN substrate and the photo-deposited Ag NP chains were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a Philips XL30 field emission gun scanning electron microscope. Transmission optical microscopy was employed to obtain the main absorption features of Nd 3+ :Y 2 O 3 submicron particles in the visible spectral range. Micro-fluorescence experiments were carried out in a customized Olympus BX41 laser scanning confocal microscope controlled by Lab-Spec 5 Spectroscopy software (Horiba). The 488 nm spectral line of an Ar + laser was used as excitation source and focused on the sample by a 100x MPlan FLN Olympus microscope objective (NA = 0.