dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Over the past few years, MA has gradually increased competition (3 instead of 2 brokers) and limited collusion (prioritizing the liberty's process instead of serenity) for the benefit of sellers. It is worth noting that they have decided in 2020 to provide detailed informations on brokers on their website (including performance history). This is consistent with theory (Rochet   and Tirole, 2003), such platforms usually first focus on one side of the market, which is determinant to get the other side "on board". 9 The paper is organized as follows. Section II introduces the data used. Section III presents the main empirical analysis, which focuses on the impact of competition and coordination on real estate agents' estimated values. Section IV provides two complementary analysis, respectively on the sale process (listing price, selling price, and time on the market) and on the strategies of complying with clients' wishes.
The final section of the paper, section V, summarizes the result and offers some concluding remarks. 8 In other words, the mere fact that the client has been in contact with two other agents seems to be enough to put pressure on the broker who hurries to sell. 9 In the case of MA, sellers looking for precise data on the real estate market came naturally to their site, and the main difficulty remained to contract with real estate agents in order to respond to sellers' need. The stake today for this company is more balanced and oriented towards increasing their market share (measured as the share of sales that goes through them). 2 Data and sample.
Data source and sales process We obtain our data from "MeilleursAgents. com" (MA), a firm which provides online estimations of real estate prices and connects potential sellers with real estate agents with whom they have previously negotiated commission levels. The typical process can be divided in five steps defined thereafter: (i) A potential seller informs on the website of MA the characteristics of his property (location, size, number of rooms, etc. ). He may also provide additional information on his motives to sell and his preferred selling price; (ii) MA asks two or three real estate agents to visit the property and estimate its market price. (iii) A negotiation process is initiated with the client, which may lead to the assignment of sales mandates to none, one or the other of the two agents, or both; (iv) If at least one mandate has been given, a sales process is initiated, starting from the listing price established at the previous step; (v) If a sale occurs, fees are divided accordingly between the real estate agents and MA.
During step (iv), real estate agents are competing in order to find buyers and sell the property. There is a significant difference at this level between the two previously mentioned processes. In Serenity, similar exclusive mandates are given (i. e. with the same listing price), so that there are always two and only two real estate agents competing frontally (as detailed in the next section, the Serenity process is analyzed over a period during which the number of agents is limited to two). In Liberty, only one of the agents is selected in 75% of the cases that result in a sales process, but the seller can also decide to give a non-exclusive mandate and sign sales mandates with other real estate agents. 10 Unfortunately, we observe only partly and indirectly if this is the case in the data (this information is not observed by MA, but the seller indicates if he has already started to market his property), so we cannot rule out cases where the sales process put in place suffers from a lack of competition between agents.
However, the impact of non-observed sales in not the same when using OLS and duration models. The latter simply consider that such flats have not been sold during the period of observation, whereas the former use only information on sells realized by MA agents. We provide in the annex a similar analysis restricted to exclusive mandates (cf. table  15 ). The results are less significant but similar. Notes: This tables uses data on housing units on the Parisian real estate markets between 2013 and 2019. We report three specifications in two different samples (2016-2019 and 2013-2019). In all cases, the sample is limited to housing units where we observe a listing price. The estimated models are (1) OLS analysis of the time on market and survival-time models that assume Weibull distributions (2) as well as the Cox proportional hazard models (3).
† This work has benefited from the financial support of the  Institut Europlace de Finance. It has also been funded by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  under grant  ANR-17-EURE-0010  ( Investissements d'Avenir program ). The authors are grateful to meilleursagents. comfor providing the data, with special thanks to  Thomas Lefebvre  and  Pierre Vidal  for helpful advice.
953). Iteration was stopped at 1000× resulting in a convexity at termination of -1. 6881. The significance level at 99 % for taxa to score on the assemblages was 0. 018. To study the correlations between different parameters, we used a linear regression model (least-square regression) on linearly interpolated values (5 kyr steps) from 0 to 790 ka. Correlation coefficients are given in Table  1. For interpolation and testing the correlation, we used the package PAST  (Hammer et al. , 2001  Significant correlation is found between the leaf wax parameters and Cyperaceae data but not between δ 13 C wax (indicative of C 4 inputs) and Poaceae pollen percentages -although a correlation exists between Cyperaceae and Poaceae percentages. While the sedge pollen percentages fluctuate between 10 % and 50 % (mostly > 20 %), the percentages of grass pollen are always lower than 20 %.
The analysis of the extended dataset gave compatible results with the previous analysis  (Dupont et al. , 2011a). The main difference is that the longer sequence allowed to distinguish two assemblages of interglacial vegetation. In terms of analysis, the cumulative increase of explanatory power lessened after four (instead of three) endmembers, and a model with four endmembers was cho-sen. We used the scores of the different pollen taxa on the endmember assemblages for our interpretation of the endmembers (list of taxa and scores in Tables  S1  and S2  in the Supplement). This interpretation is summarized in Table 2. To distinguish between the previous and current analyses (which show strong similarities), we have given new names to the endmember assemblages reflecting our interpretation: E-heathland, E-Mountain-Forest, E-Shrubland and E-Woodland.
Grey shading highlights periods with minimum atmospheric CO 2 , minimum values of E-Mountain-Forest and maximum values of E-Heathland and Cyperaceae pollen. VPDB: Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite. which tree cover broke down when atmospheric pCO 2 became too low. Additionally, mountain forests were important during Interglacials 19c, 17c, 15e, 15a, 13a and 7e, in which pCO 2 and Antarctic temperatures were subdued. With an inverse modelling technique,  Wu et al. (2007)  estimated the climate inputs for the vegetation model BIOME4 using as information the biome scores of pollen records from equatorial east African mountains. Wu et al. (2007)  found that lowering of the tree line under glacial conditions (1-3 • C lower temperatures, less precipitation, 200 ppmv pCO 2 ) depended hardly on temperature but primarily on increased aridity and somewhat on lower pCO 2 , whereby lower pCO 2 amplified the effects of water limitation.
Data availability. Data are archived on PANGAEA; https://doi. org/10. 1594/PANGAEA. 771285 (Dupont et al. ,  2011b)  and https://doi. org/10. 1594/PANGAEA. 897922 (Dupont et al. , 2019). Supplement. The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi. org/10. 5194/cp-15-1083-2019-supplement.
The sampling frame aimed to recruit experts from different professional backgrounds within the same country and to obtain representation from experts involved in policy decisions as well as those who were not involved in the national decision process. Interviews were conducted in person or via Skype or phone when a face-to-face meeting could not be arranged. The interviews followed a set of open-ended questions in the topic guide developed based on Boyce and Neale's template  [57]. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcripts were produced based on the audio-file. The transcripts were sent back to participants for checking and signing as an endorsement of accuracy. Upon receiving the endorsed transcript, the audio-recording would be deleted. In cases where the expert had not sent back an endorsed transcript, draft transcript was used for analysis while pending future transcript endorsement to trigger the deletion of the audio-file.
The transcripts were anonymized by the allocation of a transcript ID. Inclusion Criteria 1) Have work experience of 3 years or above in the field related to vaccination policy or pertussis research in the country; 2) Have professional knowledge on pertussis vaccine or vaccination policy in the country; 3) Are able to communicate effectively in English; 4) Are willing to participate and have given informed consent. Exclusion Criteria 1) Vaccine manufacturers and their employees; 2) Withdrawn consent during or after interview. Demographic information and characteristics of participants were summarized by descriptive statistics. Thematic content analysis was performed on the anonymized transcripts using a codebook formulated based on grounded theory. It means that the codebook did not rely on any pre-existing theory but consisted of recurrent concepts emerged from the interviews; therefore the codebook was considered grounded in data  [58].
Inter-coder agreement was assessed after pilot coding. In the third stage, the codebook was deployed to the full set of anonymized transcripts by one knowledgeable coder once inter-coder agreement was established. All codes were arranged into categories and plotted for conceptualization. All transcripts were processed in R version 3. 5. 1 and RStudio version 1. 1. 456 using the package "RQDA". Inter-coder agreement was assessed using Krippendorff's alpha, which is a generalized version of inter-rater agreeability statistic that can be applicable in nominal data and in situations where there are more than 2 observers  [60]. The interpretation of Krippendorff's alpha was based on the guideline drawn up by Landis and Koch  [61].
The outbreak in Mayotte was partly due to insufficient coverage of childhood immunization program caused by the breakdown of health care infrastructure  [65]. Further, the Technical Commission of Vaccinations (Commission Technique des Vaccinations, Haute Autorité de Santé) has affirmed that maternal vaccination is more efficient and beneficial than the cocooning strategy in protecting infants too young to be vaccinated in the context of major epidemics  [66]. Hence, the situation in Mayotte might influence an evolution of maternal vaccination recommendations even in mainland France. As primary research, this study offered abundant data and will allow further analyses. Its sampling frame aimed to obtain representation from all five selected countries. In each country, at least two different professional backgrounds were included in order to maximize data variation and to serve the purpose of triangulation.
Although the sample size was small (n=15), no new code arose towards the last few interviews and a large amount of recurrent codes were observed, suggesting saturation of knowledge, which was the purpose of this qualitative research using the method of interview  [69]. There were a few limitations in this study. Firstly, the study sample included more scientists from the natural and health disciplines than social and political ones, which caused the data to be more science-centric. The reason for such sample composition was driven by the reality that more experts from the field of natural science and health science responded to the study invitation than experts from the field of social and political science. This could be due to no or very few sociologists and political scientists working on pertussis vaccination specifically, and some may not feel comfortable participating in a study on pertussis vaccination policy.
Acknowledgments: The research team would like to thank  Yoriko Masunaga ,  Institute of Tropical Medicinein Antwerp ;  Richard Cooper ,  University of Sheffield ;  Didier Guillemot ,  Tamara Giles-Vernick  and  Matthieu Domenech de Cellès ,  Institut Pasteur , for their valuable advice and resourcefulness. We would also like to express our heart-felt gratitude to  Daniel Levy-Bruhl ,  Daniel Floret ,  Nicole Guiso ,  Tine Dalby ,  Michał Zabdyr-Jamróz ,  Sven-Arne Silfverdal  and other experts who have offered their support to this project.
Materials and Procedure Numerical Comparison Task Adapted to a Negative Priming Paradigm The task stimuli were pairs of dot arrays, generated using Matlab and presented on the left and right side of the computer screen. The participants were seated approximately 50 cm from the screen. Each array of black dots was presented on a white circle (diameter visual angle of 8°) at a visual angle of 5. 3° from a central-fixation cross. The sets of dots were generated using the Number, Size and Spacing dimensions as defined by DeWind and colleagues  (DeWind, Adams, Platt, & Brannon, 2015). This allowed us to manipulate the congruency between Number and Size while keeping the Spacing dimension constant. Size in both arrays were either identical (neutral item), congruent (congruent items) or incongruent with the number of dots (incongruent items).
Results The data for one child was removed due to technical failure. We first removed individual trials with RTs differing by two standard deviations from the average individual RT on either the prime or probe items of the control or test trials, which corresponded to 6. 7% of the total number of trials across all participants in the children group, and 7. 9% of the total number of trials across all participants in the adults group. For each participant, we averaged the proportion of correct responses and the response times (RTs) on items correctly performed, separately on the prime and the probes of the control and the test trials. The data from three additional children and two adults were removed due to overall accuracy rates (ARs) more than two standard deviations below their age group's average, leading to a final analyzed sample of 43 children and 30 adults.
A report of the interview was sent to the interviewees for approval and correction, and served as the primary source for data analysis. To facilitate the analysis of the data collected, we used four data reformatting models, as illustrated in Figure  1. Sheet A (Fig. 2 ) compiles the main input data on capacity to influence the effectiveness of the structures incubated as location, incubation programme (and hence selection), support and exit policies, together with outcomes data. Sheet B focuses in on the business model and thus shows data about the target audience and the main mission, governance, source of funding and fees for the entrepreneurs. Sheet C details the network mediation frame. Sheet D captures information on source of ideas and future of the entrepreneurs post-graduation. These different representations were then analysed to tease out their similarities, complementarities and differences, to serve as basis for the analysis proposed in Part 4.
For the interviewed structures that track their alumni, data collected on entrepreneurs mainly encompasses survival rate in a more or less long-term horizon and the allied growth indicators such as number of new employees, revenues, or market value. Job creation, total revenues and market value are the metrics most commonly used to measure the impact on the region's/country's economic development. However, some noteworthy differences are perceived by incubatees in terms of coordinated ongoing support between the structures. Not all structures follow the same indicator or even have long-term tracking. Moreover, in almost half of the structures, there is no tracking of the entrepreneurs' success. In certain cases, this might be related to the fact that the programs or structures were only recently created.
Data and sample Our data come from two sources. We obtain information on board directors around the world from the BoardEx database. More specifically, the data cover the ratio of athlete directors and other board-level characteristics including board size, the ratio of non-executive directors, the ratio of nationality diversification, and the ratio of male directors. We obtain firm performance measures, including Tobin's Q and the ROA, and other firm-level characteristics, from Thomson Reuters' Worldscope. Country-level variables (i. e. rule of law and corruption) are collected from the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG). After cleaning up observations with any missing values for the variables used in our main analysis, we obtain a sample with 94,496 firm-year observations for 14,328 firms in 71 countries from 1999 to 2015.
We are aware that the potential survivorship bias could distort the results. That is, we are more likely to observe the outperforming firms than the underperforming (i. e. failed firms). To minimize this concern, we exhaust the databases and ensure that our sample covers all observations available, including both active and inactive (i. e. failed) firms. However, we still need to be cautious when interpreting the results, considering that the databases are likely to cover more active than failed firms. In this study, we identify the athlete directors by reviewing the achievements profiles of board directors. An athlete director is defined as one who was a professional or collegiate athlete and obtained achievements or prizes in any sports competition. For the sports competitions, we obtained lists of summer and winter Olympic sports (www.
Athlete directors and firm value In this section, we examine the impact of athletic backgrounds within the board of directors on firm value using our large global dataset. As previously discussed, we use Tobin's Q as the main measure of firm performance. The key independent variables Athlete and Athlete ratio capture the presence and relative presence (proportion) of athlete directors siting on the board. Following previous studies, we control for some board and firm characteristics that may affect firm value (e. g. Devos et al. , 2009; Francis et al. , 2015). Other board-related variables include Board size, Independence, Male, and Foreign. The firm-level controls include Firm size, Sales growth, Leverage and Cashflow. All variables are defined in Appendix A. Table  2  reports the results from regressions of Tobin's Q on the two athlete director variables using different specifications.
Further guidance concerning the PCI RR track may be found in the Registered Reports author guidelines. NEW! Clinical Postcards (click here for more details). Very short insights about some patient or condition, descriptions of symptoms rarely or never reported, interesting observations or incipient theories. The ideas may be tentative rather than fleshed out with experimental data and theoretically clad, but they should be novel. NEW! Behavioural Neurology (click here for more details). These submissions should have some relevance for diagnosis and/or care of patients affected by cognitive and behavioural disorders. NEW! Exploratory Reports (click here for more details). These studies are inductive/hypothesisgenerating, and tend to address relatively open research questions, without strong a priori predictions.
Reference formatting There are no strict requirements on reference formatting at submission. References can be in any style or format as long as the style is consistent. Where applicable, author(s) name(s), journal title/ book title, chapter title/article title, year of publication, volume number/book chapter and the article number or pagination must be present. Use of DOI is highly encouraged. The reference style used by the journal will be applied to the accepted article by Elsevier at the proof stage. Note that missing data will be highlighted at proof stage for the author to correct. If you do wish to format the references yourself they should be arranged according to the following examples: Reference style Text: Citations in the text should follow the referencing style used by the American Psychological Association.
The art of writing a scientific article. Heliyon, 19, Article e00205. https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. heliyon. 2018. e00205. Reference to a book: Strunk, W. , Jr. , & White, E. B. (2000). The elements of style (4th ed. ). Longman (Chapter 4). Reference to a chapter in an edited book: Mettam, G. R. , & Adams, L. B. (2009). How to prepare an electronic version of your article. In B. S. Jones, & R. Z. Smith (Eds. ), Introduction to the electronic age (pp. 281-304). E-Publishing Inc. Reference to a website: Powertech Systems. (2015). Lithium-ion vs lead-acid cost analysis. Retrieved from http://www. powertechsystems. eu/home/tech-corner/lithium-ion-vs-lead-acid-cost-analysis/. Accessed January 6, 2016 Reference to a dataset: [dataset] Oguro, M. , Imahiro, S. , Saito, S. , & Nakashizuka, T. (2015).
Data collection and analysis This paper reports the results of a student-led research project. Five Bachelor students collected and analysed data under the guidance of the author. We conducted fieldwork on Hooge during a one-week period in November/December 2017. Additionally, we returned to Hooge in April 2018 to present and discuss preliminary results with the local population. Overall, we conducted 24 semi-structured interviews. Additionally, we also spoke with two people on neighbouring Langeness as well as two people in Husum on the mainland. On Hooge and Langeness, we contacted as many residents as possible, while we talked to two organisations working on and with the Halligen, the responsible authority, the "Landesbetrieb für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz Schleswig-Holstein (LKN.
Regional trends of foraging (Figs. 4B & S6D ), reveal early declines from 10,000-6,000 BP in Southwest Asia, with other regions exhibiting declines in foraging lifeways either gradually, beginning circa 4,000 BP, or with hardly any declines at all until after 3,000 BP. This pattern is congruent with recent global assessments indicating that the majority of domesticated species appeared in the interval from 8,000-4,000 BP, with a smaller number in earlier intervals  ( 28 ). The current dataset draws attention to the prevalence of agricultural economies across the globe (Fig. 4A ), rather than focusing on centers of initial domestication, of which there are now at least 11 worldwide  ( 28 ). At 10,000 BP these centers were limited to minimal or common components in parts of Southwest Asia. Subsequently, agriculture became much more widespread both through secondary dispersal, from Southwest Asia and eastern China, as well as through new domestications in the Americas, New Guinea, and Africa.
Early onset of intensive land use: assessments vs. models Regional onsets of intensive agriculture, described by archaeologists, were generally earlier than estimates of cultivated crop areas derived from the most commonly used, spatially explicit, global reconstruction of land-use history (the HYDE dataset (  14 ) ). ArchaeoGLOBE findings complement previous regional (e. g. , Europe) land-cover studies based on palaeoecological data  ( 36 , 37 ). Of the 130 ArchaeoGLOBE regions currently making up Earth's agricultural regions (regions with >1% crop area in HYDE at 2000 CE), 69 archaeological onsets were earlier when assessed at the "common" level, in regions encompassing 54% of global crop area at 2000 CE (Fig. 5C ), and >67 were earlier at the "widespread" level (56% of global crop area at 2000 CE; Fig.