dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Terminology In this paper, we define well logs (GR, caliper, density and porosity data) and instantaneous well logging data as mud logging (gas anomalies, rate of penetration of the tool and mud losses). The caliper log measures the internal diameter of the borehole. If the well encounters a fracture zone, the diameter of the well will no longer be circular and may be enlarged, which registers as an anomaly in the caliper log. An anomaly in temperature indicates that at one precise depth, there is a higher or a lower temperature than in the surrounding rocks. Natural gas emissions are monitored during the drilling phase. The obtained log indicates which formations have gas emission (alkanes from methane to pentane (C 1 -C 5 ), CO 2 , H 2 S and helium in some wells) and which depths feature anomalies relative to the ambient background.
Conclusions The analyses of the drill cuttings from the doublet of geothermal wells GRT-1, GRT-2) at Rittershoffen combined with a geological calibration on regional outcrops provided a very detailed and complete chrono-lithostratigraphic log. Therefore, the Rittershoffen's logs have been used as a baseline to reinterpret the sedimentary succession in the GPK-1 and GPK-2 boreholes at Soultz-sous-Forêts, which were poorly investigated in the past. This geological studies based on surveys logs, field work, geophysical data and cores/ cuttings from the geothermal wells at Soultz-sous-Forêts and Rittershoffen provided both a chrono-lithostratigraphic log of the historical Soultz-sous-Forêts wells and lateral well-to-well comparisons between the old (Soultz-sous-Forêts 1987) and recent  (Rittershoffen 2014 (Rittershoffen -2015) )  geothermal wells.
Acknowledgements We thank the  LabEx G-EAU-THERMIE PROFONDE  (the  University of Strasbourg ,  IPGS/UMR 7516 ) which is co-funded by the  French government  under the program " Investissements d' Avenir"  for the several years of financial support. We also thank the  GEIE Exploitation Minière de la Chaleur  and the  ECOGI/ES group  ( Exploitation de la Chaleur d'Origine Géothermale pour l'Industrie/Electricité de Strasbourg ) for providing a complete and precious geological and geophysical databases, respectively, for the Soultz-sous-Forêts and Rittershoffen wells. Also, the authors would like to thank the AJE experts for the English language review and the anonymous reviewers for their contributions and the improvement of the earlier version of this article.
Given that analyses were carried out on a public dataset on ARV transactional prices from the GPRM, ethics are respected and consent was not necessary. Results: Originator medicines are on average the least expensive in the sub-Saharan Africa region, where at the same time, generic medicines are on average the most expensive. By contrast, originator medicines are the most expensive in Europe and Central Asia, and generic medicines are the least expensive. In fact, the data suggest mixed strategies by ARV suppliers to exploit opportunities for profit maximization and to adapt to the specific conditions of market competition in each region. Our results also suggest that the expiration of patents is not sufficient to boost additional developments in generic competition (at least in the ARV market) and that formal or informal agreements between generic firms may de facto slow down or even reverse longterm trends towards price decreases.
Dataset Our analysis is based on the effective prices paid for ARV procurement in low-and middle-income countries between 2003 and 2015. The data were obtained from the Global Price Reporting Mechanism (GPRM) managed by the AIDS Medicines and Diagnostics Service of the WHO, and it consists of information that covers approximately 80% of the total donor-funded ARV transactions provided by GPRM partners (Appendix 1). Information from the US Food and Medicine Administration (FDA) market approval dates was included as a proxy for the first launch in any market to calculate the length of medicines in the market; HIV/AIDS guidelines from the WHO allowed the construction of a four-category variable that classified medicines according to the therapeutic line in which they are recommended and that were timevarying according to the WHO guidelines  [6].
Gross national income per capita (GNIpc) from the World Bank accounted for countries' economic contexts and was imported to the dataset as a time-varying variable. Finally, the initial patent expiration year was obtained from the Medicines Patent Pool (www. medicinespatentpool. org/) to calculate the years before and after expiration at the time of purchase of both originator (i. e. medicines under patent protection when launched onto the market) and generic medicines (i. e. bioequivalent products). We assumed that the latter transactions were made under either voluntary or compulsory license or sold by taking advantage of TRIPS flexibilities. Only adult ARVs were selected, resulting in a sample that comprised 64,423 transactions for 126 developing countries and that referred to 45 single formulations, 10 co-blister combinations and 27 fixed-dose combinations.
The ''blind trust'' strategy of negotiation adopted by the International Dispensary Association and the United Nations Children's Fund is consistent with the features of our dataset. These procurement agencies negotiate important proportions of both generic and originator medicines that are procured to the E&CA region (35. 5 and 22. 8%, respectively). Although the main advantage of this type of procurement lies in the very low transaction costs that could be the basis for the lowest generic prices estimated for the E&CA region, manufacturers may exploit the ''passive'' role of purchasers to set prices that will not be verified, which could be an alternative explanation for the highest originator prices estimated for E&CA. This result highlights the need for transparency in negotiation methods to improve the understanding of ARV market dynamics.
e. lowest generic prices but highest originator prices), where the difficulty in assessing the use of TRIPS flexibilities [16Á18] underlines the lack of promotion for improving access to ARV therapy by introducing generic medicines (see, e. g. the Ukrainian situation, where the inefficient functioning of its IP office has been found to be one of the main barriers to the entry of generic medicines  [19] ). The lowest generic prices in E&CA could be reflecting the inefficiency of IP offices in the ARV market, where the only given that the dataset used in the study comprises transactions from 2003 to 2015, the therapeutic class accounts for the changes in WHO guidelines (time-varying variable); c the F-statistic: 209. 7 is higher than the critical value for the F-distribution with (24, 64, 371) degrees of freedom (approximately 1.
57 at the 5% confidence level). The null hypothesis is rejected, indicating that separate estimations for the originator and generic segments better fit the data than the pooled estimation. generic medicines procured are those whose IP status is certain. The impermeability of the ARV market in the E&CA region with regard to generic medicines could also suggest that this market is reserved not only for originator medicines but also for other generic medicines that were not reported on our dataset (i. e. local manufacturer medicines).
Limitations of the analysis Our dataset consisted of only donor-funded transactions and did not include ARV procurements by nationally funded HIV treatment programmes; thus, our results might not extend to national procurement settings. Another limitation of our study relates to the lack of information at the level of transactions regarding the terms of negotiation, release of funds and types of procurement including the mechanisms of large pooled procurement supported by the Global Fund and PEPFAR, all of which prohibited us from quantifying the variability in prices that was attributable to these factors.
Quantitative Data Results Marie completed CORE-OM (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure), PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire), and GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) outcome measures on eight occasions: at the beginning and end of each of the two sets of therapy sessions together with 3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 1-year follow-up intervals to check for stability of change.
We treated the cDNA with RNase before RT-PCR. The primers used for RT-PCR analysis were selected with PRIMER3 software, on the basis of published sequences. The primers were produced by Eurogentec (Angers, France). Quantitative PCR was carried out on a 96-well Light Cycler 480 machine (Roche Diagnostics, Manheim, Germany), with a Light Cycler 480 SYBR Green I Master kit (Roche). Results were analyzed with Light Cycler software, by the three-fit point method. Relative abundances in endometriotic tissues were calculated by the -2ΔΔCt method with respect to the mean for the three control genes (mean for 3 housekeeping genes SDHA, HPRT and HISTH1A genes) and normalization with the mean value for a pool of genes from control endometria. We also studied FSHR and LHR expression in 12 additional patients with endometriosis and six supplementary controls from the same cohort already described  [10].
Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were performed with XLSTAT software. Parametric analyses were carried out as the data for all experiments were normally distributed. We used Student's t-test for quantitative variables and Pearson's χ 2 or Fisher's test for qualitative variables, as appropriate. A one-way ANOVA was conducted for comparisons of more than two groups. If group means were significantly different on one-way ANOVA (P b 0. 05), we carried out pairwise comparisons with Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc tests. A two-way ANOVA was used when two or more datasets were compared for different factors. Results are means ± SD. P b 0. 05 was considered significant (*P b 0. 05; **P b 0. 01).
Again, as in geography and contemporary references, authors are not presented or classified according to their political leanings. Early supporters of the idea that the state has a specific responsibility towards the poor are dragooned into the basic income brigade, just as the souls of 19 th century peasants from the South West of France are claimed by Mormons and registered in their database. Yet, not all social schemes can be considered as forerunners of the "Citizen's income". So references to Vives, and to the old Poor Laws are probably exaggerated. Many references are made to Tom Paine in Basic income literature, but they seem somewhat overenthusiastic and far-fetched. Paine, in a pamphlet written in 1797, "Agrarian Justice", advocated a redistribution of income derived from land ownership to the whole population, through the form of a pension for old people, or a lump sum at adulthood.
Acknowledgements Marie Dior ,  Jasmine Matysiak ,  Jonathan Marey ,  Lucile Regard  and  Sophie Jumel  were the residents who participated in training program I. Anais Codorniu ,  Arnaud Valent ,  Camille Godart ,  Hannan Arana ,  Inès Bellaroussi  and  Noemie Abisror  were the residents who participated in training program II.
To estimate magnetic field homogeneity, we calculated the influence of its different axial components. In an axisymmetric plane, the vectorial magnetic field -→ B is composed of the sum of a vertical field component B z and a horizontal component B r , with their directional unit vectors -→ e r and -→ e z , and can be written as: -→ B = B r -→ e r + B z -→ e z (2) Modeling of the predicted magnetic field (MATLAB, MathWorks, USA;  Battocletti et al. , 2000; Simpson et al. , 2001)  showed a homogenous field at the location of the explant (Figures  1B  and 2B ), 4 mm vertically above the base of the coil (1 mm plastic shell + 2. 5 mm of culture plate plastic and free distance + 0. 5 mm half thickness of the sample). With a value of -→ B = 9. 6 mT at the explant (Figures  1B, C ), the vectorial component of the magnetic field -→ B at a radius of up to 2.
Circuit Design and Construction The circuit was created to generate parameters defined by previous experiments (300 µs pulses delivering 10 mT at a range of different frequencies), specifically the fast rise-time of the magnetic field (100 µs;  Rodger et al. , 2012) , as well as to fulfill in vitro requirements (no excess heating or vibration). We also wanted the device to be able to generate electric field pulses repeated within a broad range of defined frequencies. Thus, we built the circuit so that the minimum possible pulse width was 200 µs, giving a maximal stimulation frequency of 5 kHz (1/200 µs). The performance of the resistor-inductor circuit (RL circuit, Figure  4A ) was simulated in TINA software. In an RL circuit, the response of the circuit to a voltage step is given by: I(t) = U R (1 -e -t τ ) with τ = L R (3) where I(t) is the electric current flowing in the circuit at a time t, U the value of the voltage step at time t = 0, R the total resistance of the circuit, and τ is the characteristic time for current to rise within the coil, a factor which depends on the inductance L of the coil and total R of the circuit.
Coil Calculation and Construction At the same time, the circuit inductor (coil) had to fulfill the requirements for pulse rise-time and magnetic field intensity and homogeneity, while also conforming to the needs of the in vitro culture system (e. g. , sterility and stable temperature). To find a feasible solution, the magnetic field and the coil characteristic for a given geometry and a given current were modeled in MATLAB. First, to avoid perturbation of the culture environment, coil temperature (heating/dissipation) must not exceed the temperature of the incubator (35 • C). Heat production (Joule effects) in the coil increases with increasing wire resistance and electric current intensity, which in turn is defined by the intensity required to produce the desired vertical magnetic field at the center of the coil.
We also measured vibration (single-point vibrometer, Polytec, USA) and observed it was not above background of the bench surface (Figure  5B ). Second, to ensure the best balance between induction efficiency while avoiding magnetic field spillover, and therefore induction of eddy currents in other explants within the same culture plate, coil size should not exceed the culture well dimensions, i. e. , 30 mm outer diameter. To optimize uniformity of the magnetic field at the tissue (vertical vector component) the inner diameter was set at 10 mm (Figure  5A ). Also, we calculated in MATLAB and FEMM (Finite element method open-source software, USA) the minimal distance necessary to stimulate different culture wells simultaneously without interference between adjacent magnetic fields. Results show that at 85 mm distance between the two target tissues the influence of the adjacent magnetic fields was negligible (<11 µT) being less than the earth's magnetic field (25-65 µT;  Hulot et al.
cDNA was amplified on a LightCycler R 480 (Roche Applied Bioscience, USA) for 10 µl reaction volume using SYBR Green I Master Mix (annealing temperature 58 • C, 50 cycles). Housekeeper primers were obtained from the mouse-reference gene panel (Tataa Biocenter, Sweden) for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT 1). Primer sequences of test genes (TM = 59. 0-59. 6) were designed as follows: BDNF: forward TCACTGGCTGACACTTTTGAGCA, reverse CGCCGAACCCTCATAGACATGTTT. Pax3: forward AGCAAACCCAAGCAGGTGACA, reverse AGGATGCGGCTGATAGAACTCACT; Sia2: forward AGCACAATGAACGTGTCCCAGAA, reverse GAGCCAGGTTGCACCTTATGACA; Sia4: forward TTCCGGCATTCTGCTAGACAGTG, reverse CGAAAGCCTCCAAATGCTCTTTGC. Raw data were pre-processed with Lightcycler 480 software (Roche Applied Bioscience, USA) and only samples with >90% efficiency were retained for analysis.
The sensors were Delta-T ML3 devices with a 1 % accuracy. At each spot, several measurements (typically 5) were taken in an area of 2 m of radius due to the high variability of the measurements and the final data for each spot was the average value. A gentle slope towards SW favours accumulation of water at this part of the small square after rainy events. Multicopter: from 1 to 5 July, a team of the Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe operated a remotely piloted multicopter  (Wrenger et al. , 2013; Jiménez et al. , 2016)  over the small square, making 27 transects following a defined pattern that covered most of the well-defined land-use areas, at a height near 7 m a. g. l. In a limited number of cases, profiles were made up to 50 m. Here, we use only the air temperature data -as sampled by a fast thermocouple supplemented with a slower Sensitron SHT75 sensor -and the surface temperature, provided by a factory-calibrated sensor Melexis MLX90614.
2. The turbulent fluxes are computed every 30 min using the eddy-correlation method with the standard corrections, the same used for all equipments in BLLAST (De Coster and Pietersen, 2011), using the EC-pack  (van Dijk et al. , 2004)  that includes the computation of the planar fit angles to virtually rotate the sonic into the mean flow  (Wilczak et al. , 2001)  and the Webb correction for the fluctuations of density  (Webb et al. , 1980). Errors in the values of the turbulent fluxes are estimated to be approximately 10 %. Furthermore, the ensemble of the BLLAST data set was quality controlled. This includes verifying record timing and de-spiking. The net radiation term in Eq. (  1 ) is the result of the budget of the four terms measured by the CNR1 (long-wave and short-wave upward and downward fluxes).
Acknowledgements. The BLLAST field experiment was made possible thanks to the contribution of several institutions and supporters:  INSU-CNRS (Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers ,  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LEFE-IDAO program ),  Météo-France ,  Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées  ( University de Toulouse ),  EUFAR (EUropean Facility for Airborne Research)  and  COST ES0802  (European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical). The field experiment would not have occurred without the contribution of all participating European and American research groups, which have all contributed a significant amount (see supporters). BLLAST field experiment was hosted by the instrumented site of  Centre de Recherches Atmosphériques, Lannemezan, France (Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire d'Aérologie).
Even strong signals can be generated by various forms of confounding  [16] , so once a signal is generated, signal strengthening and signal evaluation are necessary in order to reinforce or refute the potential signal  [13, 16, 17]. While information on true medication safety signals should not be withheld from physicians and patients, false positive signals may cause substantial harm if they limit access to safe medications  [17]. Traditionally signal detection has relied on national or international spontaneous reporting systems which pool reports of adverse medication events provided by healthcare providers, consumers and medication manufacturers  [15]. Spontaneous report databases have a number of limitations such as under-, over-and duplicate reporting, limited information on concomitant medication or comorbidities and susceptibility to bias  [12] [13] [14].
To overcome some of these limitations, programmes have been initiated to make use of large data pools besides spontaneous reports such as healthcare databases and disease registries  [13, 18, 19 ]. EUROmediCAT's populationbased reproductive pharmacovigilance system is based on the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) network. A statistical signal detection analysis was conducted using the EUROmediCAT central database to find highly statistically significant CA-medication exposure associations  [20]. The aim of this paper is to describe the protocol used for evaluation of the signals produced by the EUROmediCAT statistical signal detection analysis, and to give the results of evaluation of 27 CA-medication exposure associations to determine which should be prioritized for further investigation.
Dataset and statistical signal detection analysis EUROCAT registries record all cases of major CA seen, among live births, fetal deaths ≥20 weeks' gestation and termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA)  [25] [26] [27]. Births from 15 EUROmediCAT registries across 13 countries (1995-2011) were used to create a signal detection dataset (see Supplementary Table 1  [20] ). This included 14,950 infants with a CA, excluding genetic conditions 1 or isolated congenital dislocation of the hip, who were exposed to a medication in the first trimester, excluding folic acid, minerals, vitamins and/or topical medication  [20] , coded to the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system  [28]. Data on maternal medication exposures are mostly obtained from prospectively recorded maternity records  [29, 30].
In order to limit the number of false positive associations, multiple testing procedures were implemented, using a 50% false discovery rate (FDR), where the cut-off P-value for associations at the 5th ATC level was 0. 00040 and at the 4th ATC level was 0. 0011  [20]. As the individual medications at the 5th ATC level all contribute to the 4th ATC level group, if an association arose at both the 4th and 5th ATC levels, the 5th ATC level association was taken as the result. This analysis produced 11 CAmedication exposure signals  [20]  which were from medication groups not already being investigated as part of the EUROmediCAT project  [32] , i. e. excluding antiepileptics, antidiabetics, antiasthmatics and SSRIs/psycholeptics. A previous analysis of the same dataset without some of the analytic refinements reported here (such as the amalgamation of duplicate ATC codes)  [33] , and cut-off P-values for associations at the 5th and 4th ATC levels of 0.
Signal validation Initially, the exposed cases for each of the 27 CA-medication exposure associations were validated, in terms of diagnosis, medication exposure and timing of exposure, with the local registries. The OR based on these validated data were then adjusted for confounding by registry, i. e. where a registry may differ in both their (recorded) exposure proportion and (recorded) CA subgroup proportion in such a way as to produce artificial relationships between the exposure and outcome. Adjustment for registry was done by conducting a meta-analysis in STATA/SE 12. 1 using the fixed effect Mantel-Haenszel method  [34, 35]. Continuity corrections were made as per the method by Sweeting et al. [36]. With the exception of chromosomal anomalies, most CAs are not strongly associated with maternal age  [37].
Signal literature review A literature review was then conducted, for the validated statistical signals, by searching REPROTOX, TOXBASE, the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Database (DART) and PubMed. For those signals at the 5th ATC level, this involved searching initially for the specific medication and then for the 4th ATC level medication group. For signals at the 4th ATC level a literature review was conducted for both the medication group and each specific medication in the group. REPROTOX and TOXBASE were searched using the medication/group name alone. DART and PubMed were searched using the name of the medication/group combined with search terms for teratogen and CA (see Supplementary Document 1 for more detail). The reference lists of relevant articles were also searched.