dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
This paper presents an online application called 3D integrator enabling visual cross-examinations of architectural and acoustic data on web browsers, and explains the rationale behind its development. The tool consists of a series of overlays developed over the Potree 3D point cloud renderer. The 3D integrator is used to display visually, in an interactive environment, the 3D point clouds resulting from a survey protocol tailored to the specific needs of the corpus under scrutinyfifteen small scale edifices often referred to as "minor heritage assets -and to the research's overall ambition, co-reasoning on architectural and acoustic features at an interdisciplinary level. One of the tool's distinctive features is to project abstract information (acoustic indicators) in a "close to real" 3D space (point clouds), hence merging scientific visualisation and information visualisation practices.
INTRODUCTION This contribution reports on the development of a web-based 3D data visualisation tool, based on the Potree library, and aimed at helping actors to co-examine the architectural and acoustic features of small-scale architectural heritage assets. The tool, named 3D integrator, exploits the results of a specific data acquisition protocol through which metric, visual and acoustic data are co-extracted. Its distinguishing trait is to represent in the 3D space a set of acoustic indicators (quantitative data resulting from Room Impulse Responses analyses). The tool's overall design can be summed up as follows: • A 3D point cloud (resulting from a photogrammetric process) acts as a sort of spatial background for various analytical overlays. In that sense it somehow plays the same role as cartographic layers in leaflet-powered web-based cartographic interfaces.
RELATED WORKS The prototype is built on top of the Potree 3D point cloud renderer for web browsers  (Schütz, 2016) , a well-established solution in the application field (see for instance  Thivet et al, 2019). The input data results from an ad-hoc survey protocol (see section 3) based on the use of a 360 panoramic camera (a technology discussed in  Barazzetti et al. , 2018) , and on the use of a 3D microphone (Figure1, b), the mhacoustics em32 Eigenmike microphone (a spherical array of 32 microphones relevant for sound field analysis and for sound perception studies as demonstrated in  Farina et al. , 2011). The strategy adopted is to introduce a series of JavaScriptpowered overlays on top of Potree. They are used to trigger userside actions (volume calculation for instance) or to project abstract information in the 3D space.
• The photogrammetric acquisition is carried out with a 360 panoramic Camera positioned on each tripod forming the grid, and then moved in different positions decided in situ (pyramidal sequence in each position). The 3D Integrator aggregates heterogeneous outputs of the survey step and of the post-processing chain: raw photographic material, panoramas, XYZ coordinates of the spatial grid (DXF files), 3D point clouds (including localisations of the grid of acoustic devices), room impulse responses, auralizations calculated for the 4 points recording points (MA, MC, MD,MG and quantitative acoustic indicators. The pyramidal data acquisition protocol (see Figure  4 ) consists of an overlapping block of 5 pictures for each tripod position (instead of a single one) in order to i) cover more quickly the space to survey hence to speed up data capture and ii) densify and improve the panoramic-based camera network.
The resulting point cloud is converted for Potree, and the rest of the process consists in developing JavaScript-powered overlays that project pieces of data and information in the 3D space. The 3D integrator is basically an enhanced Potree interface: in addition to the native 3D point cloud visualisation and manipulation tools, a selection menu (top bars) allows users to select one out of the fifteen buildings studied, and specific tools are added to Potree's native toolbar (positioned on the left side). When relevant the selection of one of these specific tools triggers the displaying of a sub-menu (typically user configurations) on the right side (Figure  2 ). These tools and sub-menus are part of the JavaScript-powered overlay that has been developed, as well as the scientific and information visualisation solutions developed for the project.
This development required no less than 10,000 lines of code, not including PHP requests. The Potree renderer is used to display a complete point cloud, but also allows users to display only subclouds. These sub-clouds are slices calculated externally and then integrated into the application. Their purpose is to facilitate the reading of the data (avoiding occlusions when observing the whole 3D scene), typically DXF paths, spheres representing panoramas, etc. In most of the figures presented in this article, such sub-clouds selections are represented.
The data resulting from the survey protocol also includes the panoramas extracted from the 360 camera, which are materialised in the 3D integrator by spheres (XYZ positions extracted during the photogrammetric processing). These spheres are positioned according to the aforementioned pyramidal data acquisition protocol (Figure  4 ). The intersection between the mouse pointer and the 3D spheres is obtained using the raytracing method, hence clicks on these spheres can be detected. Clicks on spheres give access to online immersive panoramas viewed using the panolens. js library. These panoramas include auralizations (simulations of how one same soundtrack would be perceived if played in the various chapels). They act as a general public end product useful for local communities in charge of preserving the buildings and enhancing their value.
Measurements and naming (DXF points) Other specific modules or add-ons allow users to manipulate the survey data. The first one provides users with means to perform on-the-fly measurements on the aforementioned DXF points (native Potree tools only allow the calculation of distances on the point clouds). The pointing of DXF points is done with the same method used for panoramas, ray tracing. The module enables an on-the-fly displaying of the distance between two points (Figure  5 ), and can calculate distances in sequence or separately. Another module has also been added to Potree through which measurements can be saved locally or online in JSON format. Measurements made by one user can then be re-used outside the integrator or re-loaded into it via the corresponding sub-menu. Another add-on allows the naming of DXF points (Figure  6 ).
We needed this module because the points in the DXF files are not named, and accordingly cannot be identified and associated unambiguously with the systematic identifiers used in the survey protocols (ec, eg, cc,. ) when displayed in the 3D integrator. As for the access to panoramas and measurement calculations, this naming is done by choosing a DXF point and using the raytracing method. A point can then be named using the sub-menu corresponding to the tool. This sub-menu also allows to edit an erroneous name. As for measurements, a module has been added to the Potree menu which allows the names of the points and their coordinates to be saved in JSON format, so that they can be redisplayed in the integrator at a later date.
On the other hand, the specifications of modules having evolved during the project, it was necessary to satisfy new requests progressively, which sometimes required a partial or complete rewriting of some functions. This was particularly the case for acoustic data, an issue that was raised at half-way of the integrator's development. The use of the tool by project members has also made its ergonomics evolve to meet new requirements. Thus, the sub-menus mentioned earlier in this article have been implemented for each of the integrator's tools to facilitate their use. An offline mode has also been created. More generally, this development feeds an open debate on how to provide local actors or citizens with means to collect and exploit such datasets in the context of poorly funded, unprestigious, minor heritage assets (low-cost survey protocol, analytical overlays inside a web browser, with the corresponding limitations to expect at this stage).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The 3D Integrator builds on the results of a survey protocol that was co-designed, and implemented, with the  PRISM research unit (UMR 7061 PRISM ,  Aix Marseille  Univ / CNRS / MChttps://www. prism. cnrs. fr/). The PRISM research unit also provided the 3D Integrator's development team with fruitful insights on the nature of the acoustic data and indicators concerned by the experiment. Authors are particularly thankful to  A. Vidal ,  S. Fargeot ,  M. Aramaki ,  S. Ystad ,  R. Kronland-Martinet. The project is funded by the  ANR , the project-based funding agency for research in France, under the id  ANR-18-CE38-0009-01.
New results acquired in the south-Brittany shelf (core MD08-3204 CQ: Bay of Quiberon and core VK03-58bis: south-Glénan) allow depicting Holocene paleoenvironmental changes from 8. 5 ka BP to present through a multi-proxy dataset including sedimentological and palynological data. First, grain-size analyses and AMS-14 C dates depict a common sedimentary history for both study cores. After the post-glacial sea-level (RSL) rise and related high sedimentation rates, the parallel slowdown of the RSL rise and the drop of sedimentation rates occurred between 8. 3 and 5. 7 ka BP. This interval leads to the establishment of a shell-condensed level, identified in the VK03-58bis core by the "Turritella layer" and interpreted as a marker for the establishment of the maximum flooding surface. Palynological data (pollen grains and dinocyst assemblages) acquired in the core MD08-3204 CQ argue for an amplification of the fluvial influence since 5.
Local stakeholders are not only the testers of these tools, but they are also the active contributors to the design and implementation. They have directly participated and provided input in the process, and they have also helped define the customization of each tool allowing for the future use of these tools by other stakeholders/citizens within the research project and also after its completion. To this end, the RURITAGE Resources Ecosystem (RRE) is conceived as a distributed software platform establishing a data ecosystem and open standards for the management of information, aimed at providing different services and customizable applications to suit the needs of the various end-users identified in the project and also future end-users that will benefit from the ecosystem  [21]. Both the integration of tools and the engagement of local stakeholders in the customization of tools have special benefits to better enable end-users to integrate different and concomitant aims by empowering heritage and local stakeholders.
To achieve this, the researchers developed an independent online space open to the contribution of the community of heritage researchers, practitioners, professionals and citizens interested in promoting the value of cultural heritage and supporting its public recognition. Basically, the platform consists of a series of databases to collect and expose data, information and a collection of blogs on the theme of cultural heritage and participatory activity in culture. The PLUGGY platform, conceived within the scope of the H2020 project Pluggable Social Platform for Heritage Awareness and Participation (PLUGGY)  [27] , l enables citizens to share their local knowledge and everyday experience with others, with the participation of cultural institutions and digital libraries, building extensive networks around a common interest in connecting the past, present and future.
The European Network for Rural Development (ENRD)  [29]  is a framework aimed at (i) increasing the involvement of stakeholders in rural development, (ii) improving the quality of rural development Programs (RDPs), (iii) better informing people of the benefits of a rural development policy and (iv) supporting the evaluation of the RDPs. ENRD is a hub for exchanging information on how rural development policy, programs, projects and other initiatives are working in practice and how they can be improved to achieve more. This is achieved by sharing information stored in databases among the various end-users.
Although research projects also provide new kinds of advanced tools, they mostly work independently without an integrated distributed software platform. Table  1  presents the nine above-mentioned platforms to show how digital transition in the world of cultural heritage includes several tools. Some of them especially face the challenge of engaging users in cultural heritage practices; some others address other issues such as rural development or heritage social accessibility. Moreover, it also includes the RRE. This platform is a component of an overall methodology of RURITAGE research project, which aims to sustainably enhance local heritage for regional and community development. The project frames six systemic innovation areas (SIA)-Pilgrimage, Resilience, Sustainable Local Food Production, Integrated Landscape Management, Migration and Art and Festivals-that help the identification of unique heritage potential within rural communities.
Its digital platform, RRE, is to ensure effective knowledge sharing, mutual learning and communication, and provide stakeholders with data, information and support through innovative, integrated tools developed within RURITAGE. For these multiple purposes, the RRE hosts and integrates six key interactive tools accessible to all users interested in promoting rural regeneration. That way, the gathered data and shaped local heritage-led knowledge are finalized by each tool to various interlinked objectives. These objectives range from heritage historic knowledge to territorial issues up to supporting decisions for sustainable development. MPPS will connect to a database of 3D-scanned objects, allowing users to take a closer look at objects in the exhibition and to learn more about the collections and history from their devices at home.
In the distributed software platform, all data are findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR)  [32, 33] , enabling the information system to fully re-use databases for the functions of the various tools. All tools were customized by bottom-up processes through co-shaping activities for local heritage-led knowledge building. Activities were performed throughout four years of the research project in different steps by including data in interoperable datasets. Tool integration and harmonization also include communication strategies for user-friendly accessibility and the final perception by end-users of the RRE as a whole. For this purpose, a unified user interface of RRE was developed with a welcome page as well as tool welcome pages and user guidelines. Having defined the main user requirements and functionalities of the RRE (see Table  2 ), graphical user interfaces were optimized to allow for accessibility, intuitive use, visual consistency and appeal, as well as easy navigability between the different components of the RRE.
Furthermore, 62 additional users (7 playing as additional role models, 17 additional replicators and 38 digital replicators) also tested the RRE as a second step when additional replicators joined the RURITAGE research project. As mentioned above, the gender aspect was also considered, the testing process also considered the COVID-19 pandemic period. Although the threat of limitations to movement and direct interaction among different stakeholders has posed certain limits, the RRE has highlighted the potential of the digital environment with data management, data sharing and tools integrated for activating local stakeholders. A main engagement of local stakeholders in the RRE has thus been as tester-beds and data providers, and their direct use of the RRE is mainly as co-developers. The end-users of the RRE are supposed to be those who will use the RRE tools after the completion of the research project.
In the RRE, following the research methodology, they will find tools and methodologies that will allow for the implementation of strategies, collecting and refining data in order to undertake new processes of rural regeneration based on mutual learning and collaboration within local communities. In addition to the physical engagements, virtual communities can also provide heritage interpretations and help develop a sense of place  [39]. Similarly, also in the RRE, virtual engagements provide not only concrete regeneration strategies, but also shape a new heritage building process. For engaging local stakeholders in RRE building for local heritage-led knowledge, each tool adopted various methodologies. The Atlas provided a co-mapping activity; the My Cult-Rural kit provided apps for co-monitoring.
Conclusions The RRE capitalizes on a novel collaborative creative approach. Besides testing the RRE, the local stakeholders activated by the research project are also to be understood as the main data providers and tool testers. They strongly contribute as co-builders of the strategic information and the customization of the tools of the RRE, which will be made available for future local stakeholders. Lastly, the RRE is an open platform available for contributing to building and addressing a rich holistic CNH knowledge in an integrated vision of territorial development and making it available for new regeneration processes by effectively engaging local stakeholders. Therefore, the methodology adopted in local heritage-led knowledge building for the creation of RRE based on the collaboration of local stakeholders and bottom-up processes is applicable to other contexts where there is a need not only for a novel holistic heritage-led knowledge of territories and a new consideration of local knowledge, but also for a more effective user-friendly engagement.
For this purpose, the same concept of tools integration in a holistic digital platform can be upscaled for the goal of a digital transition at all levels. The RRE integrates various kinds of heritage resources both for its understanding and management at local level. It enables local stakeholders to recognize some strategic innovation axes and identify tangible and intangible features of CNH in the context of historical as well as current development of their territories. Users can interact, for instance, with the Atlas that they have helped develop, which provides evidence on culture and heritage related places, experiences, territories and stories, and supplement this information with more data. Tool integration allows for the display in this environment of the performance graph from the monitoring platform and images from various databases (MyCult Kit, photo contest, Atlas).
It allows for the exploration of the best practices of heritage enhancement and management to be extracted. At the same time, the DSS allows for the exploration of data from the Lesson Learnt and DRHH, while the monitoring platform allows for the consideration and measurement of the capitals. By interacting with the RRE, local stakeholders gain an understanding of rural areas, their heritage assets and their regeneration opportunities and can undertake a supported heritage-led regeneration process properly based on a multifaceted knowledge of CNH. They are enabled to search for and visualize information that also contextualizes CNH in their territories. They reflect on the diversity of heritage and its exploitation as a cultural, social and economic resource for sustainable development. The integrated environment allows for the exploration of good practices and filtering to address the scope of an active exploitation and preservation of CNH by communities in their territories.
network and a chart of good practices to enhance and capitalize Library with database. The WebGIS is practices at European level, on the international experiences of password protected, whereas the gathering a maximum the consortium members to carry Library provides a bibliography number of actors engaged in out a joint action plan, with shared collected through Zotero and made the preservation of toolkits and a research and public through BiBbase. cultural heritage. innovation roadmap. ARCHES: Accessible To help European museums To create apps, games and an Sign language video avatars, tactile Resources for Cultural to become barrier free with interactive multimedia guide. Apps artwork reliefs, barrier-free apps for Heritage EcoSystems 3D art replicas, mobile phone are available in App Stores.
algorithms. ENRD: The European Network To increase the involvement of To serve as a hub for the exchange Project database, Evaluation for Rural Development (works stakeholders in rural of information on how rural knowledge Bank, Share your alongside the European development, to improve the development policy, programs, Rural Story, LAG Database Innovation Partnership for quality of rural development projects and other initiatives are (allows Local Action Groups Agricultural Productivity and programs (RDPs), to better inform working in practice and how they (LAGs) to get in touch, network Sustainability (EIP-AGRI)) on the benefits of rural can be improved to achieve more. and cooperate with each other), development policy, to support CLLD Partner Search, LEADER the evaluation of the RDPs. resources (includes News, Publications, Good Practices, Guides, Videos, LEADER Historical resources), NRN Toolkit and myENRD.
REACH RE-designing Access to To have a wider participation in To create an independent online REACH Good Practice about Cultural Heritage preservation, (re-)use and space open to the contribution of participatory approaches in management of European culture the community of heritage culture and social innovation researchers, practitioners, database, MEMOLA Archive professionals and citizens about rural heritage, the CINE interested in promoting the value Gate about culture in Northern of cultural heritage and environment, the RICHES supporting its public recognition. Showcase and Taxonomy about cultural heritage in a changing world. SOPHIA: Social Platform for To promote collective reflection To create a social platform, a vast The impact assessment model, Holistic Impact within the cultural and political and diverse community of best practices identified Heritage Assessment sector in Europe on the impact stakeholders from different fields and report.
Acknowledgements This research was funded by the  HimalCo  project ( ANR-12-CORP-0006 ) and is related to the research strand  LR-4. 11 ''  Automatic Paradigm Generation and Language Description '' of the Labex EFL (funded by the  ANR/CGI). I would like to thank  Marc Bavant ,  Lauren Gawne ,  Simeon Floyd ,  Nathan W. Hill ,  Theo Lap ,  Holger Markgraf ,  Alexis Michaud ,  Nicolas Tournadre  and two anonymous reviewers for useful comments on previous versions of this work.
For the Pointillist painting, a small piece of fiber (5 mm long) coated on the varnish layer and found during the investigation was taken for radiocarbon dating (Fig. 1d ). This fiber may come from the brush used for varnishing. The pigment of the paint sample was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), using a RU-200B (Rigaku) rotating anode X-Ray generator equipped with a Mo anode. Mo radiations are monochromatised around the Kα emission lines (λ = 0. 7093 Å) using a FOX-2D (Xenocs) toroidal mirror. The beam was focalized on the sample with a beam size of 100 µm and a photon flux of about 2. 10 7 ph/s. XRD data were collected on a Pilatus 300 K (Dectris) hybrid pixel detector in transmission mode. 2D images were circularly integrated using the fit2D software and phase identification was carried out with Diffrac-EVA software (Bruker) integrating a reference database from ICDD.