dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
We determined the proportion of patients in each region who achieved virologic suppression at 6 months on ART (measured between 3 and 9 months). We conducted a sensitivity analysis in which mortality comparisons beyond 6 months on ART were restricted to patients who achieved virologic suppression at 6 months. Background mortality was compared between regions using 1990 country mortality data proportional to cohort size  [27] , standardised by age and gender to the combined study population.
A prospective cohort study follows a group of individuals over time to see whether differences in specific characteristics at the start of the study affect subsequent outcomes. A collaborative analysis combines individual patient data from several studies. What Did the Researchers Do and Find? The researchers combined data from four South Africa cohorts of HIVpositive patients starting ART included in the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS South African (IeDEA-SA) collaboration with data from six North American cohorts and nine European cohorts included in the ART Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC). The South African cohorts were chosen because unusually for studies undertaken in countries in sub-Saharan Africa the vital status of patients (whether they had died) who had been lost to follow-up in these cohorts could be obtained from the national population register.
What Do These Findings Mean? Although the linkage to national vital registration systems (databases of births and deaths) undertaken in this collaborative analysis is likely to have greatly reduced bias due to under-ascertainment of mortality, the accuracy of these findings may still be limited by differences in how this linkage was undertaken in different settings. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that mortality among HIV-infected patients receiving ART in South Africa, although initially higher than in Europe and North America, rapidly declines with increasing duration on ART and, after 4 years of treatment, approaches the rate seen in high-income settings. Intriguingly, these findings also highlight the relatively higher late mortality in North America compared to either Europe or South Africa, a result that needs to be investigated to explore the extent to which differences in mortality ascertainment, patient characteristics and comorbidities, or health systems and treatment regimens contribute to variations in outcomes among HIVpositive patients in various settings.
Additional Information. Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at http://dx. doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1001718. N This study is further discussed in a PLOS Medicine Perspective by Agnes Binagwaho and colleagues N Information is available from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases on HIV infection and AIDS N NAM/aidsmap provides basic information about HIV/AIDS, and summaries of recent research findings on HIV care and treatment N Information is available from Avert, an international AIDS charity, on many aspects of HIV/AIDS, including information on universal access to ART, on HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, and on HIV and AIDS in South Africa (in English and Spanish) N The World Health Organization provides information on all aspects of HIV/AIDS (in several languages); its 2013 Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs f o r t r e a t i n g a n d p r e v e n t i n g H I V i n f e c t i o n s : recommendations for a public health approach are available N The 2013 UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report provides up-to- date information about the AIDS epidemic and efforts to halt it N Information about the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS South African (IeDEA-SA) collaboration and about the ART Cohort Collaboration is available N Personal stories about living with HIV/AIDS are available through Avert, Nam/aidsmap, and Healthtalkonline.
Funding of the International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS,  Southern Africa  ( IeDEA-SA ) collaboration was provided by the  US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) , grant no. 5U01AI069924-05. The ART Cohort Collaboration is funded by  UK Medical Research Council  grants and the  Department for International Development (DFID) , grants  G0700820  and  MR/J002380/1. Sources of funding of individual cohorts include the  Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA  et les hepatites virales (ANRS); the  Institut National de la Santeet de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) ; the  French, Italian , and  Spanish Ministries of Health ; the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (grant  33CS30_134277 ); the  Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish Network for AIDS Research  (RIS;  ISCIII-RETIC RD06/006 ); the  Stichting HIV Monitoring ; the  European Commission  ( EuroCoord grant   260694 ); the  British Columbia  and Alberta Governments; the  National Institutes of Health (NIH) :  UW Center for AIDS Research (CFAR)  ( NIH  grant  P30 AI027757 ),  UAB CFAR  ( NIH  grant  P30-AI027767 ), The  Vanderbilt-Meharry CFAR  ( NIH  grant  P30 AI54999 ),  National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism  ( U10-AA13566 ,  U24-AA020794 ); the  US Department of Veterans Affairs ; the  Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research ; the  Canadian Institutes of Health Research ; the  VHA Office of Research and Development ; and unrestricted grants from  Abbott ,  Gilead ,  Tibotec-Upjohn ,  ViiV Healthcare ,  MSD ,  GlaxoSmithKline ,  Pfizer ,  Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche , and  Boehringer-Ingelheim.
Dataset The dataset we use is made up of 27, 612 messages extracted from blogs about finance. Messages are an- In this dataset, messages are annotated with 4. 8 items on average, ranging from 1 to 50 and the median is 4. There are about 4, 000 distinct annotations (items), with an average frequency of 88. 5. 1, 981 of these items have a frequency equal to 1. These items will be automatically filtered out in the initialization phase of our algorithm.
When w between = 30, the average temporal confidence is 0. 6, which is quite high. A thorough study shows that among 2. 7 • 10 5 rules (see Figure  6 ), about 40 ones have a temporal confidence equal to 1 (the consequent never occurs in Win between ) and 1,400 rules have a temporal confidence higher than 0. 9 (the consequent appears in Win between in less than 10% of the cases). This shows that in this dataset there is a strong temporal dependence between events, and that some events are interdependent at a distance of 30. So, when exploiting the temporal confidence as a filter, a great number of rules remain. Table  4 : w between vs. Temporal confidence (con f t ). w between min-con f t max-con f t mean-con f t median-con f t 70 0 0. 5 0. 2 0. 2 50 0. 2 0. 9 0. 4 0. 4 30 0. 3 1 0. 6 0. 6 10 0.
Acknowledgments The authors are very grateful to emeritus  Professor Leif Ryvarden  of the  University of Oslo in Norway  for cross-checking our preliminary identifications of Ganoderma resinaceum specimens monitored on the field in order to compute the correlation equation. The authors specially thank  Vivien Onka Mouanda ,  Statistics Engineer  at the  Sub-Regional Institute of Statistics and Applied Economics (ISSEA) for central Africa in Yaoundé, Cameroon , for assisting us in computing the correlation equations. We are also grateful to the  Cameroon Ministry of Higher Education (MINESUP)  for the special support fund for research and the grant  N°16-00433/MINESUP/SG/CS  thanks to which part of the field work was carried out.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Renate Renkawitz-Pohl  and  Cristina Rathke  for fly stocks. This work was supported by research grants from the  French ANR  ( ZygoPat - ANR-12-BSV6-0014 ), the  Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer  ( SFI20121205765 ), and the  NSF Frontiers in Integrative Biological Research  ( EF-0328363 ). S. T. is supported by a  doctoral fellowship  from the  Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. S. K. is supported by a fellowship from the  Uehara Memorial Foundation.
( , 2010) )  and  Ibrahim (2010) , which used similar vertical profiles to characterize GWs in the UT/LS. At Ivato airport (389 m altitude), 40 GPS radiosonde profiles were obtained twice a day at 00:00 and/or 09:00 and/or 12:00 UTC with a vertical resolution of 300 m and a mean maximum altitude of 23 km. The FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (Formosa Satellite Mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) data set from the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC) consists of 70 daily soundings of temperature between 2 and 40 km altitude over the SWIO between 13 and 18 February 2008. Vertical profiles have high accuracy for temperature (< 1 K from 5 to 25 km) and spatial resolution varying from 100 m at the surface to 1. 5 km at 35 km altitude (1 km at the altitude of tropopause)  (Pirscher et al.
6 ). In the LS, energy intensity of the 3 km vertical mode is greater from the intensification to landfall of TC Ivan (from 15 to 18 February) and maximal during TC intensification on 16 February. The opposite is observed in the UT. The contrast in energy intensification in the UT and the LS is consistent with climatological observations of GW activity during TC seasons  (Ibrahim et al. , 2010). Vertical wavelengths of collocated profiles of GPS RO temperature fluctuations and radiosonde data (distance < 100 km and time < 3 h) on 15 and 16 February at Gillot and Ivato are also examined. A dominant mode of 3 km vertical wavelength is observed in radiosonde and GPS RO profiles in the UT/LS on 15 February above Gillot (Fig. 7 ). Better vertical resolution of radiosonde data at Gillot enables observation of smaller vertical wavelengths of ∼700 m in the LS.
Acknowledgements. We are indebted to the  Meso-NH team at Météo-France and Laboratoire d'Aérologie  for the source code and assistance. The Meso-NH model was run on supercomputers of the  University of La Réunion and Météo-France. We also thank the editor  Timothy J. Dunkerton  and the anonymous reviewers for providing constructive comments. This work was financially supported by  La Région Réunion  and the  European Union , the  Fondation MAIF  ( PRECYP  project) and by  ANR  ( StraDyVariUS  project). Edited by:  T. J. Dunkerton The publication of this article is financed by  CNRS-INSU.
[25]  Each sample was made of ten finely ground tablets The mobile phase preparation was a mix of 480 mL of water with 520 mL of acetonitrile, the wavelength was 200 nm with a flow rate of 1 ml/min and an expected retention time of 8. 5 minutes. All HPLC tests used for determining misoprostol or decomposition products dosage were carried out in presence of corresponding standards. Tablets water content, pharmaco-technical characteristics-i. e. weight, thickness and diameter-and composition in misoprostol and decomposition products were compared between the samples of tablets exposed to environmental conditions for different durations and reference tablets (T0). Any change above 10% for tablets characteristics, i. e; diameter, thickness, resistance, and weight leads to data outside the range described by the European Pharmacopeia and therefore to non-conform tablets  [22, 23, 24].
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Dr KW Janczak  for providing the KG-1 cell line. This study was supported by the  Frederick GL Huetwell  and  William D Robinson ,  MD Professorship in Rheumatology (AEK) ; the  Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs (AEK) ; the  Arthritis Foundation (PT) ; the  French Society of Rheumatology (HM) ,  Bettencourt-Schueller Foundation (HM) , and  Philippe Foundation (HM).
Acknowledgements. This work was funded by grants from the  NIH/NIAMS  ( AR055686 ,  HD040677 ,  AR060836 ) and  MDA  ( MDA277389 ) to JKJ, and from the  AFM  to AD. KN is supported by the  NIH  ( K26OD011171 ;  R24HD050846 ), the  MDA  (translational grant), and the  US Department of Defense  ( W81XWH-05-1-0659 ,  W81XWH-11-1-0782 ,  W81XWH-11-1-0330 ) grants. Drs Terry Partridge  and  Jonathan Cohen  generated the pool of dys-WT and dysf-KO immortomouse myoblasts from which the clone used here was identified. Dr Isabelle Richard  provided the  B6. A/J mice, and  Dr Eduardo Gallardo  provided the patient biopsy. AB generated the immortalized human cells using the platform for immortalization of human cells at the  Institut de Myologie ,  Paris. RBa  generated the C2C12-shRNA cells with funding from  Jain Foundation.
For example, it was found that under transport restrictions using a 20-km zone in 2006, 85% of the transmission between farms was limited to distances within a 20 km range. The year 2006 was a meteorologically exceptional year featuring an extremely warm summer period  [8]. Therefore, it remained a question to what extent the results and conclusions would apply to other weather conditions. To address this question, we analysed the BTV-8 outbreak data from 2007, during which new farms in an extended area were affected under different weather conditions.
Data and data handling In the framework of the European FP6 Network of Excellence of Diagnostics and Control of Epizootic Diseases EPIZONE  [9] , National Reference Laboratories from Germany (FLI), the Netherlands (CVI) and Belgium (CODA-CERVA), together with the Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France collaborated on an epidemiological analysis of the BTV-8 epidemic in ruminant herds in  2006 and 2007. The epidemiological data we used were the following: the geographical coordinates for each outbreak farm (in total the datasets include 40 927 reported farms) and the date when clinical suspicion was reported to veterinary authorities. Furthermore, we used information on the number of all farms housing cattle, sheep and goats per municipality as administrative unit.
FLI provided a secure database platform and server making these and some further background data on the 2007 BTV-8 epidemic available to all group members. The number of non-outbreak farms per administrative unit has a mean of 16, a standard deviation of 41, a minimum of 0, a maximum of 1668, while the quartiles are: Q 1 = 3, Q 2 = 7, and Q 3 = 15. The nearest-neighbour distance between administrative units has a mean of 3. 1 km, a standard deviation of 1. 4 km, a minimum of 0 km, a maximum of 48. 6 km, while the quartiles are: Q 1 = 2. 2 km, Q 2 = 2. 8 km, and Q 3 = 3. 7 km. The daily mean temperature data during the epidemic period was obtained from four weather stations, with a central location in the affected area per country; De Bilt (Netherlands), Kassel (Germany), Ukkel (Belgium) and Aulnois-SO (France).
We assume that a herd becomes infectious two weeks after introduction of the infection, when the infection has spread substantially in a herd. We assume that the reporting date equals the time at which a herd becomes infectious. From the available data it is not possible to determine in detail when an outbreak farm ceases to be infectious, i. e. when the infection would have died out in both the livestock and surrounding vector population. Since the infection can spread and persist in the livestock and in vectors in and on the farm for several months  [11] , we therefore assume that all infected farms remain infectious during the whole remainder of the vector-active season. We analysed the full data set of the 2007 epidemic under these assumptions. To assess if there was a regional effect on transmission we also analysed the data from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands separately.
As proxy for the infected area we used the first six months (220 days) of the 2007 epidemic. We approximated the infected area by a circle with a radius of 200 km around the centre of this part of the epidemic. This radius was chosen because 94% of cases was situated inside this circle. All the farms inside this circle were removed from the dataset and the modified dataset was used in the likelihood estimation. The outcome of this first step shows the direction in which the transmission kernel is changing by modifying the dataset. This step justifies the application of a more refined strategy in the next step. In this second step, a more refined approximation of the infected are is used. We assumed that each case farm in 2006 gave rise to an infected area at the start of the 2007 epidemic.
Thus, this kernel estimation functions as a diagnostic tool for the 2007 outbreak, indicating that the pattern analysed is dominated outbreaks due to local reemergence rather than by outbreaks due to actual between-farm transmission. We tried to separate the two types of transmission by eliminating the potential re-emergence area from the dataset, using the two-step approach described in the Materials and Methods section. First, we excluded this area by means of removing from the data all the farms within a circle with a radius of 200 km around the centre of the 2006 epidemic (see Figure  1 ). This results in a transmission kernel that does show distance dependence. This distance dependence is quite similar to that seen in the transmission kernel derived for Germany based on the 2006 data (see Figure  6 ).
However, as the spatial analysis has indicated, the new cases in Belgium in 2007 arise mostly from local reemergence rather than from between-herd transmission. For that reason the calculation of the effective reproduction ratio becomes invalid, and thus we cannot derive any conclusions here concerning the threshold temperature for Belgium. Other methods are more suitable for answering such questions  [3, 22]. From the overall 2006 dataset, the actual spatial transmission was elucidated in  [2]  only after taking into account the spatial heterogeneity in control measures. For the 2007 epidemic analysed here this was not an issue, as the control strategies in the newly infected areas were more or less comparable and in line with the EU regulations. However, in the analysis of the 2007 data it was necessary to correct for widespread virus re-emergence.
period of 2007. With that, many of the new cases in the first period of 2007 may result not from between-farm transmission in 2007, but instead from persistence and subsequent local re-emergence of the infection in the area already infected in 2006. As explained in the Materials and methods, the estimation of a spatial transmission kernel can serve as a diagnostic tool to assess the importance of such local re-emergence. A joint analysis of the complete dataset of 2007 as one epidemic results.
Maximum Likelihood (ML)-estimates for the transmission rate parameters during the BTV-8 epidemic in 2007 Parameter values estimated from the 2007 dataset in which the 2006 epidemic area is removed by taking out an area with a radius of 200 km, and from the 2007 dataset in which the 2006 epidemic area is removed by taking out areas with a radius of 80 km around each case of the 2006 epidemic; the parameter values estimated for the 2006 German kernel are added for comparison.
Acknowledgements This work was partly financed by the  Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, LNV  ( KB  project nr. KB-08-006-006 ,  WOT  project nr. 01-001-004 ), and  The European Network of Excellence , EPIZONE (IC 6. 6: BTV Epidemiology, IC 6. 7: BT-DYN-VEC and 6. 9: Validation of results from BT-DYNVECT).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the study's Community Reference Group members  Jocelyn Boylen ,  Kelly Jeffries ,  Sheree Lawson ,  Josie Maxted ,  Stacy Maxted  and  Julie Whitlock  and investigators  Nadine Henley ,  Gary Kirby  and  Heather Monteiro  for their guidance on project design and implementation. Our thanks also go to  Marie Ryan  for her support with the analysis of the data. We are very grateful to those women and men who participated in the project, and those organisations and coordinators that assisted with recruitment of participants. This work was supported by  Healthway  (Research Project Grant # 18044 ) and the  National Health and Medical Research Council  ( Public Health Postgraduate Scholarship # 480109  to K. F. , Fellowship # 634341  to C. B and Practitioner Fellowship #  457084  to E.
An exception to this is work by Sean Yom and Gregory Gause, who have recently identified rentierism, foreign patronage and cross-cutting coalitions of popular support as three central aspects to account for monarchical durability in the region. 20 Our macro-comparative analysis of all Middle East monarchies from 1945 to 2011 reveals three main groupings among the eight surviving monarchical states. 21 In Table  I , we summarize some of our main findings. Whereas rents and elaborate family participation are of overwhelming importance for explaining monarchical durability in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE, the factors that matter most for Jordan and Morocco are military and financial support by external actors combined with religious-traditional legitimacy claims. Oman falls between the two categories as the sultan relies on a traditional legitimacy claim, which is supported by his close relationship to the religious sector.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Marguerite Delaval  ( Office National des Forêts, ONF ) and  ONF  for funding the expedition to the  Trinité National Nature Reserve ;  Christine Rollard  and  Christophe Hervé  ( Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle -Paris ) for allowing access to the bibliography of the  Arthropod laboratory  and permitting the consultation of Caporiacco's collection;  Christophe Hervé  who found the type of Eustiromastix guianae; and  Alain Canard  and  Boris Leroy  for field support. Jeremy Miller ,  Tamás Szűts  and two anonymous referees provided useful comments on an earlier draft.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Susanne Fenz  for useful discussions. ASS and TB acknowledge the funding of the Cluster of Excellence: Engineering of Advanced material at the  University of Erlangen  and the  ERC  StG 2013-337283 Mem-branesAct. CM is grateful for the support by the  Deutsch-Französische Hochschule  and the  Exzellenzcluster Cellnetworks at the University of Heidelberg.
Experiment and data analysis Data were taken from the 2011 Pb-Pb run at √ s NN = 2. 76 TeV at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with ALICE  [11]. The VZERO detectors  [12] , located in the forward and backward regions of the detector, were used to form a minimum-bias trigger by requiring a simultaneous signal in both  [13]. The charged-particle multiplicity in the VZERO detectors is used to determine the collision centrality. Approximately 34 × 10 6 minimum-bias collisions were used in this analysis. Particle tracking was performed with two azimuthally complete detectors: the inner tracking system (ITS) and the time projection chamber (TPC)  [14]. The ITS consists of six layers of silicon detectors: silicon pixel (layers 1-2), silicon strip (layers 3-4), and silicon drift (layers 5-6) detectors.