dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The pressure to respond in a socially-desirable way is likely lower in the present study relative to other psychology studies that use self-report measures, because the present study collected data from anonymous website visitors who did not receive payment or interact with an experimenter. However, it is impossible to eliminate socially-desirable responding in self-report measures. As a result of this response bias, the effects of the risk map and risk quiz decreasing willingness to take risks may be exaggerated. However, we expect that any effects of socially-desirable responding would consistently decrease reported willingness to take risks, regardless of other variables. We demonstrated that participants reported greater decreases in willingness for larger event sizes (after viewing the risk map) or after receiving feedback about risk underestimation (after completing the risk quiz).
g. , the same household), these visits would be recorded as multiple visits from the same user. However, if the same user accessed the website from multiple locations, or via a VPN, their activity would be recorded as if multiple unique users had accessed the website. Our estimated number of unique users may thus be greater than reality. Furthermore, some risk quiz data may have been erroneously excluded (because we analyzed only the first risk quiz submission from each unique user; see S1 Text). Note that due to the limitations of location tracking via IP addresses, we used user-verified location data to provide risk quiz feedback and investigate political differences across counties. Another related limitation is that we were not able to obtain subject-level metrics of general website activity (e.
By 2009, the Bureau of European Policy Advisors had already done important work that put social innovation on the European policy agenda as an instrument to address societal challenges  [18]. Over time, social innovation has found its way into the EU's research and innovation programmes, including FP7 and Horizon 2020, and into policies by the European Social Fund  [19]. Recent policy renewals for the funding period 2021-2027 (Horizon Europe) frame social innovation as a horizontal 'key specific issue'  [20]  and provide dedicated support for social innovation research. Furthermore, the European Commission recognises the relationship between energy transitions and social innovation, as demonstrated by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission's engagement with the role of social innovation for energy transitions  [21].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research perspective has been written as part of the  SONNET  project which has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  837498. We would like to thank all speakers and participants at the policy dialogue on January 14, 2022, co-organized within ICLEI's Breakfast at Sustainability's event series. We would also like to thank our SONNET city partners in Antwerp,  Bristol, Grenoble, Mannheim , and  Warsaw  for validating our ref lections and sharing their insights on the role of the local level. We are grateful for research assistance provided by  Daniel Lange  and for illustrations by  Carlotta Cataldi  and  Maria Fraaije.
Employee performance is one of the key factors in achieving organizational goals. Employee performance is a measure of the extent to which an employee is able to fulfill his duties and responsibilities properly and effectively. This study utilised a systematic review factors affecting employee performance scopus database. A systematic review is a form of research study that seeks to answer a particular research question by systematically identifying, selecting, and evaluating all relevant evidence. After conducting the screening, the researchers found 7 articles that met the predetermined criteria. The focus of research on factors affecting employee performance are focuses on several things such as trade organizations, motivation, management system, key performance indicators, perceived overqualification, chefs, continuous improvement, system dynamics model, implementation of performance management, the level of pay, the offer of benefits and job satisfaction.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This study utilised a systematic review factors affecting employee performance scopus database. A systematic review is a form of research study that seeks to answer a particular research question by systematically identifying, selecting, and evaluating all relevant evidence. This methodology is characterised by a comprehensive search strategy designed to identify all relevant published and unpublished work on a topic, a systematic integration of search results, and a critique of the quantity, nature, and quality of evidence in relation to a specific research question. Systematic reviews are regarded as providing the highest level of evidence on the evidence pyramid and are conducted according to rigorous research methodology. (Caldwell & Bennett, 2020; Siddaway dkk. , 2019).
4  in Appendix). Then, from September 2020 to March 2021, four workshops brought together inland navigation stakeholders according to their activities. They were prepared by researchers from the engineering and social sciences in order to apply the IDM to the problem of severe low water levels (using Triz software). The IDM is a participatory engineering approach that enables breakthrough solutions to be proposed to resolve problems in the industrial system especially for designing new products  (Cavallucci 2018; Coulibaly et al. 2022). The IDM highlights an overview of the logical links between these problems and the actions (already implemented or only envisaged) to try to solve them (fig. 3  in Appendix). The links between problems and solutions imposed by the software in the construction of the tree diagrams facilitate the understanding of the overall problematic situation 5.
Geometric morphometrics The occlusal view of the third lower molars was photographed using a Nikon d90 LSR camera paired with a 60 mm macro lens (AF-S Micro NIKKOR) attached to a photographic arm (manfrotto 244RC) following a previously published protocol  [49]. Right molars were preferentially photographed, and when necessary, photographs of left molars were mirrored prior to GMM data acquisition. Third molar size and shape were quantified using two dimensional landmarks and sliding landmarks based geometric morphometrics approaches following the protocol developed in our previous study  [49]  (figure  2 ). The coordinates of seven landmarks and of 48 sliding semi-landmarks distributed along six curves (eight equidistant points in each) were acquired using TPSdig2  [68]  (for a formal description of the landmark positions see SI table 2 of  [49] ) (figure  2 ).
Morphometrics identification All modern and archaeological specimens were superimposed together using a Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) during which the sliding semi-landmarks were allowed to slide by minimizing the sum of the Procrustes distances between each individual and the mean conformation  [69] [70] [71]. The Procrustes residuals were first analysed using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA)  [72] [73] [74]  (SI figure  1 ). A predictive linear discriminant analysis (pLDA), computed on the 20 first PCA scores that maximise the differences between groups  [75] , was then used to predict to which species the archaeological specimens belonged. Because unbalanced sample size can have a profound effect on discriminant analyses  [76] , and the fact that sheep greatly outnumber goat in the reference dataset, we used a resampling procedure to down sample the number of sheep to the smaller number of goats, as recommended by previous analysis  [77].
Graphics were created in R using the 'ggplot2' package  [84]  Change in molar shape and size variance between archaeological and modern specimens of sheep and goat was assessed, respectively, using the disparity test of the geomorph R package  [85, 86]  and Fligner test (stats package,  [87] ). All the analysis were performed in R version 6. 1. 524  [87]  through Rstudio version 4. 2. 2  [88].
g. temporal or geographical) variation. Modern specimens are often the only available reference of securely identified species, however, it has been demonstrated that modern references can lead to misidentifications. For example, modern dog breeds are not a good proxy to identify archaeological specimens  [93]. This is also the case for other domestic species for which it is well known that direct selection over the last two centuries was intensified, followed by standardization of morphology and performance with the emergence of the breed concept  [94] [95] [96] [97]. This also applies to sheep and goat, whose breeds became genetically more and more uniformized  [95] , even if our morphometric results do not detect increase in diversity between our ancient and modern datasets. However, we detected morphologies that exist today that were not present in the studied archaeological dataset.
Similarly, two waves of exotic foods are known during Iron Age [100], the Roman and medieval periods [101,102] that may have influenced the diversity we observe in our archaeological dataset. Consequently, we cannot exclude that these five individuals may reflect animal translocation across regions, from areas where sheep dental morphology was similar to that of present-day goats. Second, these animals could correspond to taxa not included in our analysese. g. the mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon, a feral form of sheep ), the alpine (Capra ibex) or Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) or the Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)-whose dental morphology and geographical distributions in the past are largely unknown, and whose distinction based on collagen peptide sequences is limited. Due to the highly conserved nature of the amino acid sequence of collagen, ZooMS cannot be used to distinguish between domestic and wild specimens of the same species, and sometimes cannot distinguish between closely related taxa, as their collagen sequences are identical or near identical  [80].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  (Grant Agreement No. 852573 ). We would like to thank the  Laboratori de Proteòmica CSIC-UAB at the   Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona  for access to the  Bruker Ultraflex III MALDI-TOF-MS , and the  Centres Cientifics i Tecnologics of the Universitat de Barcelona  for to the AB SCIEX 4700 MALDI-TOF-MS. We acknowledge the  Service Regional de l'Archéologie of the Occitanie Region  for permission of studying and destructive sampling of the archaeological material, as well as the directors of the different excavations included in this study. We also acknowledge  Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) ,  Museum für Haustierkunde, Oniris Nantes  and the  Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Nîmes  for allowing to consult their collections.
The 109 identified were based on 31 LDA with cross-validation percentages above 94. 22% [90% Confidence Interval, CI: 93. 01-95. 50]. For the same 109 specimens, ZooMS identified 64 (58. 7%) specimens as sheep and 45 (41. 3%) as goat (all spectra supporting the results are available in the Dryad Digital Repository https://doi. org/10. 5061/dryad. fj6q5741m [89] ). The two approaches provided the same species identification for 104 (95. 4%) of the archaeological specimens corresponding to 59 sheep and 45 goats. The five (4. 6%) remaining specimens are from the sites of Can Gambús (Catalonia, Late Antiquity) (n=3) and Missignac (France, Late Antiquity and Middle Age) (n=2). These misidentified specimens are all morphometrically identified as goat but molecularly identified as sheep. All of these misidentified specimens fell into the most common age category of 4-8 years old (i.
Participant recruitment The national research programme to improve HPV vaccine coverage among French adolescents, PrevHPV, is a cluster-randomised study in mainland France evaluating the effect of a multicomponent intervention on HPV vaccine uptake among adolescents irrespective of their sex  [12]. Between 22 November 2021 and February 2022, we collected data from students in French middle schools via an anonymous webbased questionnaire published on the REDcap tool (https://www. project-redcap. org/). Middle schools in nine regions throughout the French mainland were randomised as previously described  [12]. Ninety-one schools were invited to participate in the survey. A total of 19,885 third and fourth grade students, typically aged 13-15 years, were eligible to participate. No written consent was required for an anonymous survey in France, but all participants were informed of their What did you want to address in this study? Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause genital cancer.
Questionnaires, data collection and management The questionnaire included questions on socio-educational characteristics of the adolescents' family, awareness, knowledge, perceptions and behaviour around HPV-related disease and vaccination, their selfdeclared HPV vaccination status and intention to get vaccinated. We assessed intention to get vaccinated among unvaccinated adolescents aware of HPV vaccine as follows: refusal ('HPV vaccination is not relevant for me'), indecision ('I consider HPV vaccination as relevant for me, but I am not sure about getting vaccinated') or intention ('I have the intention to soon get vaccinated'). More details can be seen in Supplementary Table  2. To assess the socio-educational characteristics, we collected individual and ecological variables. Educational level of the mother and the father was grouped as 'below or equal to high school', 'above high school' and 'do not know'.
Data analysis We performed descriptive analyses on socio-educational characteristics by sex and on HPV vaccine knowledge and attitude items between subgroups according to socio-educational and mitigation variables. We used chi squared tests for differences between subgroups. For the first analysis on determinants of HPV vaccine awareness (binary), vaccine status (binary) and vaccination intention (three levels: refusal, indecision, intention), we built multivariable logistic and multinomial regression models including all socio-educational variables and variables related to contact with GP, health-related knowledge, behaviour and aptitudes and social influence. For each outcome, we included in the final multivariable model only variables associated in bivariable models at p value < 0. 2. For the main objective of exploring social inequalities, we analysed, for each outcome, a model including only socio-educational variables (grade level, sex, parental education, language, deprivation level).
Our results suggest that these barriers contribute to social inequalities in vaccine awareness, uptake and vaccination intention. LCL: lower 95% confidence limit; OR: odds ratio; UCL: upper 95% confidence limit. Multivariable regression model including only socio-demographic characteristics. No significant interaction between a recent visit to the general practitioner or school lessons on vaccination was found. on adolescent routine consultations and vaccine provision, improved medical training and decision-aid tools, could address these difficulties. The PrevHPV project, for which our data were collected, includes an evaluation of the effectiveness of such decision-aid tool and communication training for GPs to improve practice and increase HPV vaccine uptake. Knowledge and perceptions on HPV vaccine among teenagers have been well researched across Europe and the world  [19, 20] , however, with little attention to social disparities.
Across all study participants, 21% reported a multilingual background, which corresponds to national survey data from the French Ministry of Culture  [30]. Furthermore, our sample included adolescents from a wide range of socio-demographic and socio-economic backgrounds, urban and rural areas and several regions, which allowed an analysis of determinants and should allow a reasonably good generalisability of the identified determinants to the adolescent population in France. Although our study included a relatively large sample, the small sample size in specific subgroups did limit some stratified analyses. Finally, the requirement of parental consent to vaccination in France could have impacted in a differential way the vaccine intention expressed by adolescents in different socio-educational subgroups.
Acknowledgements The authors thank members of the  National Education  for the collaboration in this study, in particular the direction  générale de l'enseignement scolaire (DGESCO)  and participating schools. The  PrevHPV Study  group includes, beyond the authors of the present manuscript, for team 1:  Nelly Agrinier ,  Estelle Fall ; for team 2:  Marie Ecollan ,  Serge Gilberg ,  Josselin Le Bel ,  Henri Partouche ,  Juliette Pinot ,  Louise Rossignol ,  Arthur Tron ,  Minghui Zuo ; for the team 3:  Julien Ailloud ,  Julie Bros ,  Olivier Epaulard ,  Catherine Juneau ,  Gaëlle Vareilles ; for team 5:  Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers ,  Emily Darlington ,  Géraldine Jambon ,  Florian Jeanleboeuf ,  Julie Kalecinski ,  Christine Lasset ,  Laetitia Marie Dit Asse ,  Mabrouk Nekaa ; for team 7:  Anne-Sophie Barret ,  Isabelle Bonmarin ,  Daniel Levy-Bruhl ,  Jocelyn Raude ,  Jonathan Sicsic ; for team 8:  Bruno Giraudeau ;  Clémence Castagnet  ( Inserm/PRC ) and  Mélanie Simony  ( IReSP ).
Intervention The intervention, primarily aiming to improve participants' sense of empowerment with regard to their sexual health, was designed by a multidisciplinary team and pilot tested to adapt the study protocol (Trial registration Clinicaltrials. gov, NCT04468724)  [23]. It consisted of a motivational interview conducted by trained professionals. The idea behind the intervention was to understand each participant's needs and work with him/her to develop strategies to reduce their social and health needs. The intervention included: a personal sexual health assessment; information about the French healthcare system; referral to a social worker or partner NGO to address healthcare, housing, immigration or other social issues. The intervention was implemented at 11 transit places such as train stations and metro exits  [1]  known for their high immigrant population in Paris and suburbs, between April 2018 and September 2021 (illustrative map of intervention sights in appendix).
Acknowledgements: This study was supported by the  French National Agency for research on AIDS and Viral hepatitis (ANRS) and Health regional agency  ( ANRS 14057 ). The sponsor of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the paper. We would also like to thank the contributions given by  Véronique Sébille  and  Myriam Blanchin  from  Nantes University. The  MAKASI Study Group  included  Annabel Desgrées du Loû ,  Nicolas Derche ,  Flore Gubert ,  Romain Mbiribindi ,  Maria Melchior  (scienti c coordinators),  Séverine Carillon ,  Karna Coulibaly ,  Angèle Delbe ,  Jacques Ebongue ,  Fabienne El Khoury ,  Charles Gaywahali ,  Anne Gosselin ,  Veroska Kohou  ,  France Lert ,  Belinda Lutonadio ,  Eve Plenel  ,  Laura Maspeyrat ,  Patricia Mbiribindi ,  Thierry Miatti ,  Jean-Paul Ngueya ,  Andrainolo Ravalihasy ,  Valéry Ridde ,  Corinne Taéron ,  Faya Tess ,  Jean Voza Lusilu ,  Iris Zoumenou  and the Makasi group of peers.
This paper examines how the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) displays notices of correction and retraction, and how their status is reflected across various venues. With a corpus of 1083 editorial notices , we first show that even on the JACS website, the original source, there are mistakes and inaccuracies. Additionally, our study demonstrates some improvements in certain contexts in comparison to earlier studies, as well as significant variations between platforms (bibliographic databases and open access archives). It also reveals that the same types of issues still remain, including the lack of accurate information close to the updated publications, and the lack of a two-way link between notices and original publications. This preliminary research seeks to provide an overview of what constitutes the scientific record and what it means to correct it, in order to avoid the spread of unsubstantiated claims by ill-informed readers.
Introduction In this paper, we consider the scientific record, especially the preservation of its integrity through editorial actions, i. e. , retractions or publication of correction notices 1. When errors or misconducts have been detected, it is essential to undertake the "cleaning of the published body of evidence"  (Bouter, 2023)  to limit the consequences that compromised or invalid results could have within the scientific community (e. g. , with false leads, or funds dedicated to research doomed to fail), but also beyond with harmful usage in society (when used by policy makers, for instance). Publishers are often reluctant to make such corrections for fear of compromising the reputation of their journal, but when they do, to what extent do they do it properly? How is the information disseminated across the various venues and databases? This is what we propose to address in this paper, by presenting the results of a case study on a single journal, namely the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
While in both cases we refer to correcting the scientific record, the focus in our study is on updates performed by publishers (initiated by authors or not). It is critical that these updates should be easily findable, clear and prominently displayed. In 1987, the Director of the National Library of Medicine in charge of the Medline bibliographic database already called for better indexing of retractions: "the general reader of the published scientific literature must be able to learn that an article he or she has read has subsequently been retracted"  (Lindberg, 1987). At the same time,  Garfield (1991)  pointed out the crucial role of retraction and correction notices in scientific communication by presenting them as "important devices to ensure that science progresses on firm ground". There is a long-standing consensus on the importance of editorial notices for the successful development of science and the imperative that they be easily accessible, visible and properly linked to the version they are updating.
Methods In line with the idea that the scientific record is generated and updated by publishers, we use the JACS website as the primary source to identify corrections that are tagged as Addition/Correction or Retraction. Insofar as we seek to evaluate their dissemination across other venues, we do not start by querying a bibliographic database as  Hubbard (2010)  and  Jones et al. (2003)  did by querying the Web of Science and Medline respectively. Even with this approach, by looking for potential corrections and retractions right at the source, it is not impossible that some are completely invisible because they have not been dealt with individually, and are listed in a set of errata, as was the practice in the days of paper journals. However, this risk is mitigated by the fact that our investigation focuses on the last 2 decades (while the JACS has been founded in 1879) in order to have a view of the ongoing correction practices.