dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Allergy Diary The app collects information on AR and asthma symptoms experienced (nasal and ocular) and on disease type (intermittent/persistent)  [33]  (Table  3 ). Anonymized and geolocalized users assess daily how symptoms impact their control and AR treatment using the touchscreen functionality on their smart phone to click on five consecutive VAS (i. e. general, nasal and ocular symptoms, asthma and work) (Table  2 ; Fig. 1 ). Users input their daily medications using a scroll list that contains all country-specific OTC and prescribed medications available (Fig. 2 ). The list populated using IMS data and revised by country experts is continuously revised by country experts. There is a high degree of correlation between these VAS measurements. The example of VAS global measured and VAS nose is presented in Fig.
MASK algorithm and clinical decision support system Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are software algorithms that advise health care providers on the diagnosis and management of patients based on the interaction of patient data and medical information, such as prescribed drugs. CDSS should be based on the best evidence and algorithms to aid patients and health care professionals to jointly determine the treatment and its step-up or step-down strategy for an optimal disease control. The selection of pharmacotherapy for AR patients depends on several factors, including age, prominent symptoms, symptom severity, AR control, patient preferences and cost. Allergen exposure, pollution and resulting symptoms vary, needing treatment adjustment. In AR, The MASK CDSS is incorporated into an interoperable tablet  [29]  for HCPs (ARIA Allergy Diary Companion)  [10, 26].
Novel phenotypes of allergic diseases Multimorbidity in allergic airway diseases is well known  [6] , but no data exist regarding the daily dynamics of symptoms. The Allergy Diary assessed the presence and control of daily allergic multimorbidity (asthma, conjunctivitis, rhinitis) and its impact on work productivity in 4025 users and 32,585 days monitored in 19 countries from  May 25, 2015  to  May 26, 2016. VAS levels < 20/100 were categorized as "Low" burden and VAS levels ≥ 50/100 as "High" burden. VAS global measured levels assessing the global control of the allergic disease were significantly associated with daily allergic multimorbidity. Eight hypothesis-driven patterns were defined based on "Low" and "High" VAS levels. There were < 0. 2% days of Rhinitis Low and Asthma High or Conjunctivitis High patterns.
Treatment of allergic rhinitis using mobile technology with real world data Large observational implementation studies are needed to triangulate the findings from randomized control trials (RCTs) as they reflect "real world" everyday practice. We attempted to provide additional and complementary insights into the real-life AR treatment using mobile technology. The Allergy Diary was filled in by 2871 users   who reported 17,091 days of VAS in 2015 and 2016. Medications were reported for 9634 days. The assessment of days appeared to be more informative than the course of the treatment as, in real life, patients rarely use treatment on a daily basis; rather, they appear to increase treatment use with the loss of symptom control and to stop it when symptoms disappear. The Allergy Diary allowed the differentiation between treatments within or between classes (intranasal corticosteroid use containing medications and oral H1-antihistamines).
POLLAR (Impact of air POLLution on Asthma and Rhinitis) AR and asthma are impacted by allergens and air pollution. However, interactions between air pollution, sleep  [55, 69]   6 ) assess the societal implications of the interaction. POLLAR will use the freely existing application for AR monitoring (Allergy Diary, 14,000 users, TLR8) combined with a new tool allowing queries on allergen and pollen (TLR2) and existing pollution data. Machine learning will be used to assess the relationship between air pollution and AR comparing polluted and non-polluted areas in 6 EU countries. Data generated in 2018 will be confirmed in 2019 and extended by the individual assessment of pollution (Canarin ® , portable sensor, TLR6) in AR and sleep apnea patients used as a control group having impaired sleep.
Acknowledgements None. 1  University Hospital , Montpellier, France. 2  MACVIA-France ,  Fondation partenariale FMC  VIA-LR, Montpellier, France. 3 VIMA. INSERM U 1168, VIMA : Ageing and chronic diseases Epidemiological and public health approaches, Villejuif,  Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines ,  UMR-S 1168 ,  Montigny le Bretonneux, France and Euforea, Brussels, Belgium. 4 Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 5 Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. 6Transylvania University Brasov, Brasov, Romania. 7Swiss  Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland. 8Project Manager, Chairman of the  Council of Municipality of Salerno, Italy. 9Center for  Health Technology and Services Research-CINTESIS, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto ; and  Medida ,  Lda Porto , Portugal.
Some PIs can prevent a theoretical or minimally adverse event, whereas others may avoid damage and even death. In a study by Cornish et al,  [21]  most (61. 4%) of the discrepancies detected during medication reconciliation were judged to have no potential to cause serious harm. In our university hospital, a computerized prescription system is used for 163 beds (out of a total of 2365), spread over 5 medical wards. In these wards, at patient hospital admission, medication reconciliation is performed by a pharmacy student, and medication review is then performed by a senior qualified pharmacist with biological results, previous medical history and data collected during medication reconciliation. In usual practice, medication reconciliation and medication review are therefore not exhaustive in our institution because of insufficient human resources: about 25 medication reconciliations and reviews are performed at hospital admission every week in these wards.
Data collection and outcomes Data were collected using a structured and standardized data collection form. Administrative data included ward and length of stay. Clinical characteristics included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), Charlson Comorbidity Index Score,  [24]  and history of allergy. Laboratory results included estimated glomerular filtration rate (according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, CKD EPI expressed per 1. 73 m 2 ) and Child Pugh score. Medication data included both over the counter (OTC) medications and prescription medications (all formulations), number of medications on the BPMH, number of unintentional discrepancies. All drugs were classified according to the ATC classification. During medication review, the type and outcome of each DRP were classified according to the stratification tool of the SFPC.
Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics were reported as number (percentage) for categorical variables; and as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution; or median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed variables. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to assess inter-rater reliability of the clinical impact. [28] ivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression modeling were conducted to identify possible variables independently associated with a clinically significant PI at hospital admission. The variables included were: administrative data, clinical characteristics, laboratory results and medication data described above. We preselected these variables that we can have in routinely practices at patient's admission. The following variables were tested by univariate analysis: number of medications on BPMH (≥ 5 drugs vs < 5 drugs); high-risk ATC drug class on BPMH (ATC B-blood and blood forming organs; C-cardiovascular system; J-general anti-infectives for systemic use; N-nervous system) (≥1, nil);  [29]  Charlson comorbidity index score (≥ 2, < 2).
V. , Wageningen, The Netherlands, VERSION 7. 1). These results were used as a relevant indicator of the emotional reactivity because the emotional reactivity of the quail increases as it becomes more agitated in an attempt to find its congeners  (Mills et al. , 1993; Formanek et al. , 2008; Schweitzer et al. , 2010). The Ethovision XT software was also used to measure the number of entries and the time spent by the quails in each of the following zones of the test compartment (Figure  2 ): -An area close to the wall separating congeners: the "wall" zone-An area far from the wall separating congeners: the "far" zone-An intermediate zone between the two previous zones: the "intermediate" zone.
Novel Object Test To test the emotional reactivity of quails in response to novelty, we recorded their behavior in the presence of a novel object  (Miller et al. , 2006). On Day 13, two quails (to limit the social isolation component) were simultaneously placed in the test compartment containing in the center a previously irradiated pink plastic worm (1 cm in diameter and 15 cm long) for 10 min. The number of interactions with the object such as pecking it, considered as investigatory behavior in poultry  (Hughes and Black, 1974)  and moving the object were recorded with The Observer XT (version 12. 5) software. By defining zones around the object (Figure  3 ), the time spent close to or far from the object was also recorded.
Statistics Behavioral data were analyzed with R software using generalized linear mixed models (package "lme4") with the treatment (GF or COL), the sex and the interaction between treatment and sex as fixed effects and with the order in which the quails have been tested as the random effect. We used generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) with different laws than a normal one when needed: a GLMM with Poisson errors was used to compare the numbers of inductions in tonic immobility test and the numbers of interactions with the object in the novel object test and a GLMM with Gamma errors was used for the total distance, the velocity and the time spent in the various zones during the social separation test and the novel object test. In the novel object test, where two quails were tested together, the pair number was used as the random effect.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank  Julie Lemarchand ,  Paul Constantin  and  Céline Parias  ( UMR PRC, INRA Centre Val de Loire ) for their help during the experiments. We are grateful to  Sandrine Rivière  and  Michael Troquet  for providing germ-free eggs ( Experimental unit, UEPEAT, INRA Centre Val de Loire, France ) and to  Sébastien Lavillatte ,  Patrice Cousin ,  Olivier Dubes  and  Thierry Chaumeil  ( Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE ,  UE-1277 ,  INRA Centre Val de Loire, France)  in charge of animal care and maintenance of the isolators. We would like to thank  Olivier Zemb  ( INRA of Toulouse ),  Irène Gabriel  ( INRA Centre Val de Loire ) and  Marie-José Butel  ( University Paris Descartes ) for valuable scientific discussions and  Pierrette Menanteau  ( INRA Centre Val de Loire ) for her technical advice.
Study design We conducted a randomized, cross-over, controlled trial in Le Havre CF Centre. Three backpack positions were evaluated at rest and while walking: unilateral backpack (UB), bilateral backpack (BB) and no backpack (NB). All children (CF and healthy) were evaluated in all positions, in a randomised order. This study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the French Comitede Protection des Personnes Nord-Ouest III. This trial is registered as NCT02700282 (www. clinicaltrials. gov).
Statistical analysis A previous study in healthy children showed a 290mL decrease in FVC with a unilaterally worn backpack compared to a control condition  [5]. Considering a decrease of 350mL in a sample of children with CF and a power of 80%, 9 participants were necessary. It was assumed there would be no dropouts as all measurements were performed on the same day. The use of a 1:2 ratio meant that 18 healthy children should be included. Data were expressed as means (±standard deviations) or medians (interquartile ranges) depending on the normality of the distributions. The effect of the three backpack positions on each variable was evaluated using multivariate repeated-measures analyses of variance (MANOVA) for within and between-group comparisons. Post-hoc analyses were conducted to determine where differences lay using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni adjustments for within and between-group comparisons.
This model focuses on the two types of energy involved in the loss of control with which the sociotechnical system must cope: energies specific to process operation and energy related to workers's movements. This paper is divided into three sections. The first one examines the current status of the contents of databases, which capitalise on different accident types in sociotechnical systems. It allows to highlight the issue related to each kind of safety and the fuzzy perimeter between process and occupational accidents. It also emphasizes different types of hazard that are present and managed in these systems, before going on to examine the hazard concept. The second section of the paper describes development of a damage production model using a set of 6 accidents embracing the different types of hazard encountered in sociotechnical systems.
PROCESS ACCIDENTS/PERSONAL ACCIDENTS: ISSUES, PERIMETERS AND HAZARDS Examining the contents of databases, which capitalise on different accident types in sociotechnical systems, is a way of assessing the risks present and managed in these systems and of taking up the challenge represented by their prevention. We note that these accidents are covered by different surveys based on the targets jeopardised by them (workers, provided service beneficiaries, environment, installations, etc. ) and on the type of declaration required by the system, (e. g. when work accidents occur). The ARIA (Analyse Recherche et Information sur les Accidents) database was developed by BARPI (Bureau d'Analyse des Risques et Pollutions Industriels 1 ) to record process accidents occurring at "Installations Classées Pour l'Environnement" (ICPE), environmentally classified facilities in France, and those involving transport of hazardous materials, gas distribution and domestic usage, mines, quarries and hydraulic structures.
These are accidents that have caused (or could have caused) damage to targets such as company installations, the environment, surrounding populations and/or company personnel. Such accidents result from loss of control of hazardous materials or technical equipment, so the term process is here used to characterise technical equipment and hazardous materials and does not include the associated personnel. Data on French accidents listed on the ARIA database come from different sources, in particular, public authorities, the press and sometimes professional bodies. Moreover, a number of international organisations also provide information on accidents outside France. Finally, the ultimate aim of creating the ARIA database was to ensure that prevention could benefit from experience feedback. With regard to occupational accidents, databases have been drawn up using compulsory declarations made by companies for each employee injured at work; the ultimate purpose of these surveys being to ensure redress on the part of the victims.
We note that these surveys are performed neither uniformly nor exhaustively. On the one hand, there are overlapping areas in their records: for example, an ARIA database accident causing so-called major damage, which has inflicted bodily injuries on several workers, appears as many "personal accidents at work" database entries as there are worker victims. On the other hand, an accident revealing loss of process control, whose resulting damage is qualified as minor and limited to the company, is not systematically listed on a process 1 Industrial hazard and pollution analysis unit at the French Sustainable Development Ministry's General Directorate for Risk Prevention accident database. It will appear on the database that lists occupational accidents in the form of as many events as there are victims among the workers.
It should also be stated that the ARIA database does not only include accidents that have occurred in France and that the database consolidating occupational accidents at companies belonging to the French general social security system only covers approximately 75% of French employees. Despite these limitations, it is still interesting to examine the frequencies of the accidents recorded on these two databases. Since 1992, the ARIA database has been enriched with a total of 43,976 accidents and incidents. 37,586 of these are in France, of which 26,368 involve classified facilities. 899 accidents were recorded in 2013; each of these gave rise to an intervention by public emergency services and a declaration to the French classified facility inspectorate. These accidents had consequences, in particular environmental in 251 cases and human in 160 cases.
Unlike the previous definitions, these refer to the fact that hazards can originate from humans or objects, both energy carriers (kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical or radiant) that can be harmful to humans  (Hoyos, 1980). The expression "physical ergonomic hazard" is also used to qualify work activities and/or workplace conditions that create biomechanical stress for the workers  (Tak and Calvert, 2011). The developed damage production model is intended to be generic and not specific to one given activity sector. The set of 6 accidents was composed from the literature and from databases. The underlying aim was to best cover the possible types of hazard and the resulting degrees of damage. Two very different activity sectors were considered for this purpose.
Such a risk always involves process energy. The accidents included on the ARIA database (cf. Section 2. 1. ) are effectively those that caused (or could have caused) damage affecting multiple targets. Unlike accidents causing major damage, loss of a person's movement control usually only threatens that person himself or herself, even though that person may lose his or her life. Such which there is accidental contact). Considering the lethality nature of hazards as well as exposure leads us to note that it is not the most lethal hazards which cause the most deaths  (Bellamy, 2015).
Background: Over two-thirds of the world's cancer deaths occur in economically developing countries; however, the societal costs of cancer have rarely been assessed in these settings. Our aim was to estimate the value of productivity lost in 2012 due to cancer-related premature mortality in the major developing economies of Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). Methods: We applied an incidence-based method using the human capital approach. We used annual adult cancer deaths from GLOBOCAN2012 to estimate the years of productive life lost between cancer death and pensionable age in each country, valued using national and international data for wages, and workforce statistics. Sensitivity analyses examined various methodological assumptions. Results: The total cost of lost productivity due to premature cancer mortality in the BRICS countries in 2012 was $46•3 billion, representing 0•33% of their combined gross domestic product.
Data sources The GLOBOCAN project uses country specific data and methods to estimate cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence for 168 countries worldwide. The most recent available GLOBOCAN data for the BRICS countries were used to derive 2012 cancer mortality rates for all invasive cancers (except non-melanoma skin cancer) and 28 cancer types by country, sex and age group (15-39, 40-44, 45-49, …, 60-64 years)  [3]. Economic data on workforce participation and unemployment rates in 2012 were obtained from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), by sex and age-group (15-19, 20-24, …, 60-64 years)  [12]. Pensionable ages for each country by sex in 2012 were taken from the OECD  [13]. Standardised life tables were used to calculate country-and sex-specific life expectancy to pension age  [14, 15].
Data analysis For each cancer death in working age persons, years of productive life lost (YPLL) were calculated as the difference between pensionable age and age at death from cancer (based on the age group mid-point), adjusted for background mortality using standardised life tables to account for individuals who would have died from other causes prior to retirement  [14, 15]. The YPLL for each death were valued using the average wage adjusted annually for wage growth, workforce participation, and unemployment rates. For example, in 2013 a 49-year old male in China had an average annual wage of ¥37,890. 74 (2012 wage plus 3. 7% growth), a 95. 14% probability of participating in the workforce, and a 2. 12% probability of being unemployed if participating, giving an adjusted wage value of ¥35,285.
In these rapidly changing economies, the timeliness of data is also important. We used the most recent available GLOBOCAN data (2012), however, the current health and economic picture could be somewhat different. For example, reduced commodity prices has meant reduced growth among the BRICS countries, while Brazil has exceeded the other BRICS countries in social development of late  [42]. Using international validated datasets such as GLOBOCAN maximises comparability across BRICS countries and internationally, however it should be noted that GLOBOCAN estimates cancer rates where national registry data is not available, such as the BRICS countries which all have regional registries. The sensitivity analyses demonstrate that our results are robust to various assumptions, although highlight that local factors such as pension age, urban/rural differences and workforce participation are important in interpreting the results.
Funding sources This work was supported by a Health Research Board (HRB) Interdisciplinary Capacity Enhancement (ICE) Award, which funded a post-doctoral fellowship for Alison Pearce (grant number ICE/2012/9). COST Action IS1211 CANWON funded a Short Term Scientific Mission for Alison Pearce to IARC, to establish this project (no grant number). These sources of funding and support had no involvement in the study design, data collection, analysis or interpretation, or the writing of the report. Fig. 4. Sensitivity Analysispercentage of base case total cancer-related productivity costs due to varying growth and discount rates in the BRICS countries.
Introduction Although most healthcare professionals must deal with patients with mental illness, many are not prepared for the various situations that can ensue. Simulation may be a powerful pedagogical tool for simultaneously teaching knowledge, skills and attitudes. We aim to assess the effectiveness of simulation for initial and continuous training in psychiatry for healthcare professionals. Methods and analysis A comprehensive search for randomised and non-randomised controlled studies and single-group pretest/post-test reports will be conducted in electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, PsychINFO, ERIC, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Web of Science (Science and Social Sciences Citation Index), with a detailed query. The reference lists of selected studies, key journals and trial registers will also be searched for additional studies.