dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In this paper, the phase behavior of polymorphs and of pyrazinamide is reported using data from DSC, PXRD, synchrotron PXRD and High-Pressure Differential Thermal Analysis (HP-DTA). The melting temperature and enthalpy of have been reviewed and those of have been determined. In addition, a thorough study of the -transition temperature and enthalpy has been carried out. Specific volumes as a function of temperature and pressure of these two polymorphs have been obtained by XRPD. The melting equilibrium of and the transition between and have been measured by HP-DTA. Finally, the vapor pressure and the solubility of the and forms have been measured. All the data has been combined to build a topological phase diagram demonstrating the stability hierarchy of the two polymorphs as a function of pressure and temperature.
Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction The specific volumes of and as a function of pressure at room temperature were obtained using PXRD data measured on the high-pressure diffraction beamline PSICHE at the synchrotron SOLEIL (Gif sur Yvette, France) using a focused monochromatic mode and a Ge solid state detector. High pressure was controlled with a membrane driven diamond anvil cell with an upper pressure limit of 2 GPa. Silicon oil was used as pressure transmitting medium. NaCl was used as an internal reference to determine the pressure. The wavelength used for the experiments was 0. 4859 Å. Pawley fit refinements were carried out using TOPAS-Academic V4. 1 software.
Acknowledgements  K. Li  thanks the ERASMUS organization for a travel grant for three months of research in Barcelona. The authors thank  Jean-Paul Itié  for his support on beamline Psiché, synchrotron  Soleil (Gif sur Yvette ). Funding: This work was supported by the  Region Normandie, synchrotron Soleil (beamline Psiché) ,  MINECO  Project No. FIS2017-82625-P , and  AGAUR DGU  Project No. 2017SGR-42.
Effectiveness of Venom Immunotherapy The main goal of VIT is to prevent a relapse of systemic reaction in a context of hymenoptera re-sting. This treatment is mainly considered as a preventive treatment. Evaluation of efficacy can be challenging especially when the patient undergoing VIT has not been exposed to HV since the last clinical visit. Two meta-analysis studies have evaluated the effect of VIT on the risk of systemic reaction to a sting. Metaanalysis conducted by the Cochrane database pooled the results from 6 studies (392 patients). 41 A subsequent systemic allergic reaction to a sting was observed in 3 out of 113 (2. 7%) participants treated with VIT compared to 37 out of 93 (39. 8%) untreated patients. The risk ratio was established at 0. 10 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0. 03 to 0.
10. 1029/2019JF005416 Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface channel here is straight and laterally confined, 12 m wide, and the riverbed is covered with cobbles that have an intermediate diameter D 50 = 11 cm and D 84 = 30 cm as derived from Wolman counts (particles sampled at a fixed interval, e. g. , every 1 m, along a transect) by  Misset et al. (2020). Misset et al. (2020)  also performed an extensive bedload sampling campaign from the bridge (Figure  2 ; inset). Data are available from 60 cross-sectional averaged bedload samples that were taken during a range of flow conditions (9-25 m 3 /s) in the period 23 April to 26 June 2018. For 16 of these samples (240 kg in total), they also provide a particle-size distribution by weight (Figure  2 ). In this study, we consider the measured bedload transport flux for the particle size range 1.
Seismic Field Setup and Processing In the period May-October 2018, five 3-component Sensor PE-6/B geophones registered ground motion at a distance of 25-50 m from the channel edge (Figure  1 ). Four geophones were placed along the braided reach and one besides the bridge where bedload sampling was performed. They were installed ~30 cm in the ground, oriented north and leveled horizontally. We study Rayleigh surface waves using measurements of the vertical component. The geophones allow seismic measurements over a frequency range from 4. 5 Hz to >100 Hz, which is expected to be suitable for the observation of bedload transport at the considered distance  (Burtin et al. , 2011; Gimbert et al. , 2014). Data from the geophones were recorded with a frequency of 400 Hz on a DiGOS DATA-CUBE logger, allowing the assessment of vibrations up to 200 Hz.
(2008) , and take into account particle size effects at the riverbed surface with respect to the median size (D 50 ), according to  Parker (1990) , equation 7b. Through equating equations 7a and 7b, we solve for water depth and discharge that is required for the onset of particle motion. In this study, we propose to quantify both hop length L and impact velocity u as a function of transport stage. The hop length of a saltating bedload particle can be defined as equation 8: L D ð Þ ¼ a L D τ * τ * c -1 bL for τ * > τ * c ; (8) where a L and b L are dimensionless empirical constants for which  Sklar and Dietrich (2004)  found values of a L = 8 and b L = 0. 88 based on a compiled database of experimental studies. Auel et al. (2017a)  reassessed this database and expanded it with later flume studies  (Ancey et al.
The results vary slightly from those of Scenario 3, where we simplified the bedload dynamics through assessing hop length and impact velocity directly based on transport stage (see Figure  S3 -1 in Supporting Information S3 for a comparison of the L and u values) even through the underlying database on which the empirical formulations are based is the same. For both Scenarios 2 and 3, the exponent b of the regression is larger than in the applied model (0. 94 and 0. 95 vs. 0. 90; Table  1 ). In Scenario 4, we use the values derived for L and u by  Auel et al. (2017a Auel et al. ( , 2017b) )  for flow conditions over a fixed planar bed, which leads to much higher (order of magnitude) estimates of bedload transport due. Double-logarithmic plots of bedload transport rates derived from seismic power q b (P) using the physically-based model compared to sampled loads q b per frequency.
Acknowledgments This work had been conducted within the context of the  SNSF  fellowship granted to  Maarten Bakker  (Project  P2LAP2_181420 ) and the  ANR  project  SEISMORIV  granted to  Florent Gimbert  (Project  ANR-17-CE01-0008 ). Complementary support and field equipment were provided by  EDF. Nathan Philippot  and  Arthur Leclerc  performed preliminary data analysis, and  Nathan Bodereau ,  Nathan Valsangkar , and  Lucas Montbonnet  provided assistance in the field (coordinated by INRAE). We thank  Associate Editor Kate Allstadt ,  Fabian Walter , and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and thorough comments on the initial manuscript. Seismic and discharge data are available at 10-min resolution in Supporting Information  S4  and accompanying file "Bakker_etal_JGR_data. xlsx"with this paper, and are available on Mendeley.
Demyelination triggers Ndst1 up-regulation by OLG and creates a transient N-sulfated belt around the lesion To identify candidates that could regulate interactions between progenitors and the injured environment, a microarray analysis was performed to compare gene expression in purified oligodendroglia from adult healthy and demyelinated animals  (Cayre et al. , 2013). One of the most robustly and significantly up-regulated genes after demyelination was Ndst1, a key enzyme of HS proteoglycan synthesis (fold increase of 48. 9 and 14. 0 in two different trials; p0. 001; microarray data are available at GEO with accession number GSE47486). This up-regulation of Ndst1 was confirmed in vivo at 21 days in mice exposed to EAE by in situ hybridization combined with Olig2 labeling, a pan OLG marker.
NDST1 is expressed by oligodendroglia in multiple sclerosis lesions and correlates with lesion size and remyelination To examine the relevance of our findings for multiple sclerosis (MS) physiopathology, we examined Ndst1 expression in MS tissue. We first probed the snRNAseq data provided by Jakel et al work  (Ja ¨kel et al. , 2019) , and observed that few cells express Ndst1 in both control and MS tissues but when the oligodendrocytes that express Ndst1 are compared, there is a trend to increased expression in MS tissue (Figure  8 -figure supplement 1). Because such approach identifies around 15% only of nuclear RNA, we then directly examined the expression pattern of NDST1 protein in MS patient brain sections. Normal appearing white matter (WM), remyelinating, active, chronic active or chronic inactive lesions were analyzed.
Immunohistochemistry on human post-mortem tissue Tissue was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min. Endogenous peroxidase and AP activity was blocked by 10 min incubation with Vector Bloxall (Vector, SP-6000 VECTOR LABORATORIES, Burlingame, USA). Slides were blocked with ready-to-use 2. 5% normal horse serum from Vector secondary antibody kits for at least 20 min. Primary antibodies were incubated overnight in antibody diluent (Spring Bioscience, ADS-125) at 4˚C. Primary antibodies used: mouse anti-NDST1 (1/50; Abcam, ab55296), rabbit anti-NeuN (1/500; Abcam, ab104225), rabbit anti-IBA1 (1/500; Wako chemicals, 019-19741), rabbit anti-Olig2 (1/100; Sigma, HPA003254). HS staining with the mouse IgM anti-N-sulfated motifs on HS chains (10E4 antibody, Seikagaku, Japan) did not give any signal on human tissue.
Microscopy and quantification For mouse tissue analysis, imaging was performed with the Apotome system (Zeiss). The demyelinated area and cell counts were evaluated using Zen software (Zeiss). Immunofluorescent or in situ hybridization positive cells were counted in every fourth section through the whole demyelinated lesion per mouse and averaged for each mouse. Cell counts are presented as the mean of at least three mice. For RNAscope ISH, each punctate dot signal was counted around lesion (by using ROI and analyze particule Fiji Plugins) and reported to total nuclei number. For Heparan sulfate labeling quantification, 10E4-mmunopositive area was analyses on five sections per mouse. A constant exposure time was applied to all sections and for image acquisition, and the area occupied by 10E4+ labeling was quantified using ImageJ software.
Gene expression profile of demyelinated versus healthy mouse progenitors This protocol is fully described in  Cayre et al. , 2013. Briefly, OPC from eight mice induced for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE mice) at the peak of paralytic symptoms and from eight adult healthy mice as controls were purified using magnetic cell sorting (Miltenyi Biotec). This experiment was replicated in an independent similar experiment. cDNAs were prepared and used (250 ng) as template for Cy3 and Cy5, combined and hybridized to Agilent Whole Mouse Genome Oligo Microarrays 4 A ˚~44K. Agilent Feature Extraction Software (FES) determines feature intensities and ratios (including background subtraction and normalization), rejects outliers and calculates statistical confidences (P-values). We obtained a gene list with all normalized Cy5/Cy3 log10 ratios, Cy5/Cy3 fold changes, sequence description and P-values.
5 ± 1. 0 Gt a -1 mass gain of Icelandic glaciers during that period. Mass change records for Icelandic glaciers have been made from the glaciological observations provided to the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) database  (Zemp et al. , 2019)  (a subset of the observations presented in Figure  3 ), from ICESat data  (Nilsson et al. , 2015)  (-10 ± 3 Gt a -1 for 2003-2009), CryoSat2 data  (Foresta et al. , 2016 ) (-5. 8 ± 0. 7 Gt a -1 for October 2010-September 2015), and the GRACE observations  (von Hippel and Harig, 2019; Wouters et al. , 2019; Ciracì et al. , 2020). The results of von Hippel and Harig (2019) are not corrected for isostatic rebound and the mass loss rate of Ciracì et al. (  2020 ) (-15. 9 ± 4 Gt a -1 for 2002-2019) is almost twice as large as estimate, possibly due to signal leakage from mass changes of the neighboring Greenland Ice Sheet or an overcompensation for the effect of glacial isostatic rebound (e.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We express our gratitude to  Þorsteinn Jónsson ,  Hlynur Skagfjörð Pálsson ,  Sveinbjörn Steinþórsson ,  Vilhjálmur Kjartansson , members of the  Iceland Glaciological Society , and many others for their important contributions during decades of mass-balance measurements in the field. We thank three reviewers and the scientific editor  Michael Zemp  for constructive comments on the manuscript.
FUNDING This work and collection of data on which this work is based has been supported financially by and with the participation of the  University of Iceland Research Fund ; the  National Power Company of Iceland ; the  Icelandic Public Road Administration; Iceland Glaciological Society ;  Reykjavík Energy Environmental and Energy Research Fund ; three multinational European Union research projects TEMBA, ICEMASS, and SPICE; two projects supported by  Nordic Energy Research: Climate and Energy (CE)  and  Climate and Energy Systems (CES) ; the  Nordic Centre of Excellence SVALI (Stability and Variations of Arctic Land Ice) , funded by the  Nordic Top-level Research Initiative (TRI) ; and the  Icelandic Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources  through the cooperative project Melting glaciers.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The regional mass-balance record constructed here is provided in Supplementary Tables  S1, S2 , together with mass-change rates for various periods. A subset of the mass-balance observations from Vatnajökull, Hofsjökull, and Langjökull is submitted to the WGMS database on annual basis. The geodetic mass balance estimates from  Belart et al. (2020)  are in the last version of the WGMS database (10. 5904/wgms-fog-2020-08). The outlines of glaciers in Iceland published by  Hannesdóttir et al. (2020)  are submitted to the GLIMS database. Glacier length changes measured by members of the Icelandic Glaciological Society are available at spordakost. jorfi. is.
4. Computational details The geometry and frequencies of TPSe were obtained from the density functional (DFT/B3LYP) with the 31G(d) level basis set. Any, the calculations have gone to an optimized geometry which, coincides to a true energy minimum disclosed by the absence of imaginary values in the wavenumbers calculations. All these calculations were employed using the Gaussian 03 program  [25]. Vibration modes assignments have been expressed by visual inspection of eigenvectors animated using the Molekel program  [26]  and as well by comparison with the results of the similar compounds.
Concluding remarks In this study, the synthesis, molecular structure, vibrational study (IR and Raman), optical properties, thermal investigation, NMR of 13  The structural data and the vibrational spectra were calculated by DFT/B3LYP-31G(d) level of theory to support the experimental results discussion. The infrared and Raman studies show the presence of organic and inorganic groups, with good consistency found between the experimental and theoretical IR and Raman spectra. The polarizability α, the hyperpolarizability β, and the electric dipole μ values were calculated using DFT/B3LYP-31G(d), showing that the TPSe materiel is a good NLO material, and can be improve located for optical applications. The NMR of 13 C spectra declares the solid-state structure resolved by X-ray diffraction. The electrical measurements of the reported material were studied versus temperature (290 to 363K) and frequency (1 kHz to 100 kHz).
e. AMOC-EKM  (Mielke et al. , 2013). EKM is calculated from the zonal wind stress component τ x integrated over the Atlantic, i. e. EKM = -τx ρf dx, where ρ is the reference density (1025 kg m -3 ) in MPIOM and f is the Coriolis parameter. For ASF we use the total surface heat fluxes over sea, which include shortwave, longwave, latent and sensible heat fluxes. ASF is parameterized as described in  Marsland et al. (2003) , with fluxes defined positive downward. We calculate monthly means of AMOC, EKM, SSTA and air-sea heat fluxes. Our main data set consists of model output, in addition to AMOC observations from RAPID and SST from the ERA-Interim reanalysis  (Dee et al. , 2011). This data set is deseasoned by removing the 12-month climatology obtained from the monthly data and the linear trend is removed.
We refer to these detrended, deseasoned quantities as anomalies. Time series are smoothed using a 3-month running average to filter out high frequency variability. Seasonal means are defined as December-January-February (DJF) for winter, March-April-May (MAM) for spring, June-July-August (JJA) for summer and September-October-November (SON) for autumn. To assess the variability of the AMOC fingerprint and to evaluate its role on seasonal SST predictability, we perform lagged correlations from 0 up to 12 months, with the AMOC leading SSTA. Additionally, we compute lagged correlations for ASF, EKM and AMOC-EKM leading SSTA to explore the atmospheric contribution. For our hindcast skill analysis, we assess predictive skill of the hindcast simulations against the ERA-Interim data with the point-wise Anomaly Correlation Coefficient (ACC,  Collins (2002) ).
Although we achieve significant improvement in SST hindcast skill for important regions of the North Atlantic with our method, one major limitation of our analysis is that we only consider a limited set of predictors over the North Atlantic (e. g. Our analyses support further investigation of the AMOC strength and its associated heat transport as complementary information for the seasonal prediction of SSTAs. Both high-resolution coupled models and the two ongoing AMOC monitoring programs RAPID-MOCHA  (Cunningham et al. , 2007)  and OSNAP  (Lozier et al. , 2017 (Lozier et al. , , 2019) )   understanding of the mechanisms analysed here. In fact, the seasonal relationship between AMOC and SSTA could contribute to the knowledge of the potential applications of a real-time data delivery system, when finally implemented in the RAPID array  (Rayner et al.
Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank  Joel Hirschi  and  Simon Josey  for helpful discussions, as well as to the  Climate Modelling group at the University Hamburg. This work was funded by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation ) under Germany's  Excellence Strategy EXC 2037 'Climate, Climatic Change , and Society' Project Number:  390683824 , contribution to the  Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) of Universität Hamburg (JB). It was further funded by the  International Max Planck Research School  on Earth System Modelling and by the  European Union  under  Horizon 2020  Project  EUCP (Grant Agreement 776613 ) (LB). JO was supported by the  MER consortium  under an  Erasmus Mundus scholarship. The model simulations were performed using the high-performance computer at the  German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ).
In silico analysis In silico prediction analyses were assessed by using SIFT/Provean, Polyphen-2, and mutation taster  (Adzhubei et al. , 2013; Kumar et al. , 2009; Schwarz et al. , 2014). NM_001128166 transcript sequence from NCBI and ENSP00000361077 protein sequence from Ensembl version 93 were used for this study  (Zerbino et al. , 2018). Common variants of this mutation were investigated by analyzing 1000 Genome Project, gnomAD (genome aggregation database), and Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (dbSNP) databases (1000 Genomes Project  Consortium et al. , 2012; Sherry et al. , 2001). Analysis of Φ and ψ angles was done using RAMPAGE server  (Lovell et al. , 2003). The PAK3 3D structure referred as PDB entry 6FD3 and the unphosphorylated activation loop taken from the structure of unphosphorylated PAK1 (PDB entry 3Q4Z) were extracted from Protein Data Bank and modeled with PyMOL  (Sorrell et al.
Membranes were then incubated using anti-mouse (Biorad, #172-1011) peroxidase-linked secondary antibodies. Membranes were then revealed with Luminata Crescendo (Millipore). Quantification was assessed using a CCD camera (Fusion FX imaging system, Vilber Lourmat) and analysis was performed with ImageJ software. Amounts of co-immunoprecipitated FLAG-PIX proteins, detected and quantified by western blot were expressed relatively to HA-immunoprecipitated PAK3 proteins.
Slips were mounted on slides with Fluoromount + Dapi (eBioscience, #00-4959-52), and cells were imaged using a Leica DMI6000B microscope and pictures were double blind analysed with ImageJ software (counting, Feret diameter measurement and colocalization). Paxillinpositive dots corresponding to adhesion points were classified as peripheral focal complexes and as central focal adhesions. The two classes of adhesion points were quantified for each mutant cell line with or without doxycycline induction. Each quantification was then normalized to its own non-induced control. Illustrating images were obtained with a confocal microscope LSM700 (Zeiss, Germany).
Wound healing assay COS7-Lv-PAK3 cells were plated at 7. 10 5 cells/mL as recommended by Ibidi using a culture insert with two wells separated by a 500 μm gap (Ibidi GmbH, #81176). One day after, 50 μM of Cytosine Arabinoside (AraC) was added to each well and 2 μg/mL of doxycycline to half conditions. Twenty-four hour later, insert was removed, and wells were washed twice with PBS and a fresh complete growth medium (described before) with AraC and doxycycline (in induced wells) was added. Pictures were then taken using a Leica DMI6000B microscope at 0, 3 and 5 h after insert withdrawal. Migration analysis was performed with ImageJ software: each induced cell line migration was normalized and compared to its non-induced control. To quantify cell apoptosis in these conditions, we performed anticleaved caspase 3 labelling using the following protocol: cells were fixed with 4% p-formaldehyde for 15 min, washed with PBS and permeabilised/blocked with 5% goat normal serum and 0.
3% Triton for 2 h at room temperature before an overnight incubation at 4 °C in PBS with 1% BSA and 0. 3% Triton containing rabbit anti-cleaved caspase 3 antibody (Cell Signaling #9664). Cells were then washed and incubated for 2 h:30 in PBS with 1% BSA and 0. 3% Triton containing goat antirabbit A568 antibody (Mol Probes #A11036). Slips were mounted on slides with Fluoromount + Dapi (eBioscience, #00-4959-52), and cells were imaged using a Leica DMI6000B microscope and pictures were analysed with ImageJ software.
1B ). He had no other brain or extra-cerebral malformations. Clinical examinations of the patient over a long period did not reveal any ichthyosis or other cutaneous abnormalities. Karyotyping and microarray of the patient were normal. In search for the etiology, we performed trio-based whole exome sequencing and identified a single nucleotide variation in the PAK3 gene (ChrX (GRCh37):g. 110439731G > A, c. 1270G > A in the NM_001128166 transcript, p. Gly424Arg) inherited from his mother. Familial segregation showed that the sibling aborted fetus with hydrocephaly and CCA also carried the mutation at hemizygous state whereas the healthy maternal uncle did not. This mutation is absent from the control subject databases GnomAD, dbSNP, and 1000 Genome and was not found in the clinical database ClinVar (1000 Genomes Project  Consortium et al.
, 2006; Zhao et al. , 2000). Cell adhesion points were detected by paxillin immunolabeling and quantified in dox-treated COS7-Lv-PAK3 cell lines relative to those observed in untreated cells. We first checked that doxycycline addition had no effect on the number of paxillin-positive adhesion points in non-transduced COS7 cells (Fig. S3B ) and that the different expression levels of HA-PAK3-WT (low, medium or high) had no effect on the number of paxillin-positive points per cell (Fig. S3A ). This result was also observed for the PAK3 mutants (data not shown). The expression of the WT protein did not change the number of paxillin-positive points compared to non-induced cells as indicated by a ratio around 1 (Fig. 6B ). In cells expressing the A365E PAK3 mutation, the total number of paxillinpositive points was not significantly modified whereas the number of peripheral focal complexes was increased compared to WT-expressing cells (WT median = 1; A365E median = 1.