dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements We are greatly indebted to  Prof. John McNeill  for his passionate comments and suggestions throughout the preparation of this manuscript. We further thank  Claire Banks  for the excellent illustration of the new species,  David Middleton  and  Robert Mill  for nomenclatural input on the manuscript, staff of the scientific and technical services at  Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh ,  Michelle Hart ,  Laura Forrest ,  Ruth Hollands  and  Frieda Christie  for all their technical guidance and support, the  Post Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya , the  Department of Forest  and the  Department of Wildlife in Sri Lanka  for supporting collections and issuing permits, Chithrasekera and  Tharanga Wijewickrama  for field assistance, staff of the  National Herbarium ,  Mahesha Rubasinghe  at  Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya , and  Dr Suranjan Fernando  for their enthusiastic support, the herbaria P and W for access to their virtual collections, the herbaria L, MO, NY, US and W for loans of specimens, the herbarium K for permission to access its specimens, and the  Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh herbarium (E)  for support at its facilities.
Financial support for botanical expeditions came from the  Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources  in Sri Lanka in 2013 and from the  Davis Expedition fund of the University of Fig. 5. Henckelia walkerae at Kikiliyamana Forest Reserve in August 2013. -A: habitat and habit; B: flower front view; C: flower top view. Ranasinghe & al. : Henckelia wijesundarae from  Sri Lanka Edinburgh  in 2014. The work is part of a PhD study financially supported by the  Global Research Scholarship  and the  School of Biological Sciences Scholarship  ( 2013 -2016 ) of the  University of Edinburgh, U. K. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh  is supported by the  Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS)  of the  Scottish Government.
However, none of these accounts cited a particular specimen of Thwaites's CP 542 as the type specimen of C. walkerae var. parviflora. As noted by Stafleu & Cowan (1986: 342) the CP numbers of material distributed by Thwaites were not true collection numbers, the material stemming from various locations. We have located seven herbarium sheets in different herbaria bearing the number CP 542. Two sheets at W with the herbarium accession numbers 162356 and 65460, originally annotated as C. walkerae var. β under CP 542, had in 2014 been annotated as isotypes of C. walkerae by J. Walter (annotation numbers W-1889-0162356 and W-1889-0065460, respectively). Although these two specimens do not bear flowers, there are other important characters, such as leaf pubescence, lateral vein number, fruit length and leaf margin characteristics that are comparable with other specimens of CP 542.
The 238 U fission cross section is an international standard beyond 2 MeV where the fission plateau starts. However, due to its importance in fission reactors, this cross-section should be very accurately known also in the threshold region below 2 MeV. The 238 U fission cross section has been measured relative to the 235 U fission cross section at CERN -n_TOF with different detection systems. These datasets have been collected and suitably combined to increase the counting statistics in the threshold region from about 300 keV up to 3 MeV. The results are compared with other experimental data, evaluated libraries, and the IAEA standards.
Experimental setups The measurements were performed at the CERN n_TOF facility [3-7], which is based on the spallation of 20 GeV/c protons on a lead target. Data were collected in different campaigns from the experimental area 1 (EAR1) approximately 190 m downstream of the neutron source. Two detection setups were used: a fast fission ionization chamber (FIC), in which a single fission fragment (FF) is detected, and an array of parallel plate avalanche counters (PPAC), in which the two FFs are detected in coincidence.
In this configuration the setup is affected by a loss of efficiency for FFs emitted at angles larger than ~60°. To overcome this problem, a new geometrical configuration was adopted in a second campaign, with the detectors and the samples tilted by 45°. Two measurements were performed with the tilted setup, hereafter referred to as "PPAC tilted 1" and "PPAC tilted 2". Details on the analysis of the data in each configuration can be found in [2,8-14]. The PPAC samples were prepared at IPN (Orsay, France), and most of the targets used were characterised by means of alpha spectroscopy and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS).
Results for the 238 U(n,f)/ 235 U(n,f) cross section ratio measurement The systematic uncertainties from the different datasets are summarised in Table  1  (assuming a uniform distribution). Fig. 1  shows the results of the different measurements at n_TOF of the 238 U/ 235 U fission cross-section ratio for neutron energies in the range 0. 3-3 MeV. A good agreement among the various datasets was observed, within their uncertainties, especially at the first chance fission plateau. Very few differences bigger than 1ı are noticed at the threshold at ~1. 2 MeV where the systematic uncertainty due to the FF emission anisotropy becomes larger. Each of the five datasets collected at n_TOF represents a new result by itself, and should be considered independently from each other, for re-evaluating the fission cross section ratio.
Nevertheless, in order to compare the n_TOF data with previous measurements and current evaluations, the n_TOF 238 U/ 235 U fission cross section ratio has been calculated as the weighted average value of all the datasets, taking into account the uncorrelated statistical uncertainties. Firstly, all the datasets were normalised to the ratio calculated with the IAEA standards (2006) in the energy range 2. 2-2. 6 MeV, and the normalisation factor did not exceed 3%. An energy shift was applied to all the datasets in order for them to match in the energy region of 1. 34-1. 48 MeV where the slope of the 238 U(n,f) cross section is largest. This energy-matching shift was less than 0. 7%. A binning of 50 bins/decade was chosen for E>800 keV and 25 bins/decade for E<800keV, and a linear interpolation was applied between consecutive points in order to match this binning.
Setup Samples Efficiency Dead-time FIC 0 2 1-2 <0. 5 FIC 1, 2 1. 5 1 <3 PPAC perpendicular 1. 1 3 < 1 PPAC tilted 1 1. 1 2 < 1 PPAC tilted 2 (~1) 1 < 1 The extracted n_TOF 238 U/ 235 U fission cross section ratio is shown in Fig. 2 , along with experimental data from the EXFOR database [19] and major evaluations, as well as the associated residuals divided by 1ı (statistical uncertainty). The systematic uncertainty of the weighted average ratio, taking into account the normalisation to the IAEA standards, can be calculated from the energy-dependent uncertainties given in Table  1  and is roughly estimated to be less than 1. 5% (1ı). It can be noted that at the threshold region the evaluations present differences >5ı from the n_TOF data, and that below ~750keV the latest data of Tovesson (2014) are systematically above the n_TOF data.
Statistical methods Data analysis and reporting were performed according to the CONSORT guidelines for randomised controlled trials. A descriptive table of the baseline characteristics is reported for the participants for both groups. Primary and secondary outcomes were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Sub-group analyses for the variables used to stratify the randomisation (parity and epidural) were performed. The means and their standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables, and the statistical significance of differences between groups was tested using Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test. The mean duration of the first and second stages of labour was calculated, excluding women who had a caesarean section. Proportions were compared between groups, and differences were tested using the Fisher test.
The effects of the intervention were estimated by relative risks and their 95% confidence interval. P values were calculated with Fisher's exact test to test the significance of the differences. We calculated that a sample size of 438 women (219 per group) would be needed, with a risk of type I error of 5% and a power of 80%, to show a statistically significant difference in the incidence of the main outcome measure. We hypothesised that the clinically significant difference between groups in the proportion of fetuses rotating to the OA position 1 hour after randomisation would be 10% (10% in the control group versus 20% in the intervention group). The women received written information, and they signed informed consent forms. The data were treated confidentially, and participants were identified in the computerised database by a number.
Acknowledgements We thank all participants. We also thank the  Swiss National Science Foundation  who sponsored this study. Finally, we thank the midwives in the delivery rooms of the  University of Geneva Hospitals ; the three midwife research assistants,  Rhimou Azbar ,  Catherine Villard  and  Oph elie Boucher ;  Corinne Oberson  for data management; and  Radmila Mirzayeva  for monitoring the data. &.
Integrated analysis of exosomal miRNA and mRNA expression profiles Integration of the 3 exosomal cargo miRNA putative in silico target predictions (a priori 296 theoretical genes) and mRNA expression profiling of exosome-treated TC1 cells (n = 132 genes) was performed and identified gene targets as follows: miR-5128 -51 gene targets; miR-5112 -178 gene targets; and miR-6366 -67 gene targets, respectively; please note that there was some degree of overlap among the miRNA TC1 target genes). Supplementary Figure  S1  illustrates the integration of miRNAs target predictions and mRNA gene expression from TC1 cells. To further evaluate their potential biological roles, we assessed the KEGG and GO databases using several established computational algorithms. Highly significant KEGG pathways and their genes are shown in Table  3.
01 for all), (Supplementary Figure  S2 ). Using IPA software, the top networks that differentially associated with diseases and functions in SF are illustrated in Figure  6. In addition, using IPA software we identified a list of top networks identified in integrated miRNAs targets and mRNA expression including: cellular development, cell cycle, cellular assembly and organization; carbohydrate metabolism, cellular assembly and organization, cellular development; cell death and survival, tissue morphology; and cell cycle, reproductive system development and function, and cancer. The network involved in cancer is shown in Supplementary Figure  S3. We also verified the inverse correlations between the 3 SF(-) differentially expressed plasma exosomal miRNA and their actual target mRNAs in treated TC1 cells (see Supplementary Table  S3 ).
For example, genetic variations in Mthfr gene influence the susceptibility to occlusive vascular disease, neural tube defects, colon cancer and acute leukemia, and mutations in this gene are associated with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Further exploration of the differentially expressed miRNA-     predicted targets using the Sanger miRBase and using IPA software revealed that several canonical pathways that included Rho GDP-Dissociation Inhibitors (RhoGDIs). RhoGDIs are important regulators of the Rho family of small GTPases and the expression of RhoGDIs is altered in a variety of cancers in which they mediate several processes during tumorigenesis and cancer progression  [41]. We also, identified 4 additional SF-modified networks, with one of these networks being involved in cancer biology (Figure  6 ).
50,000 events were collected for each sample, when possible. Compensation was done using VersaComp beads (Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL) stained with the same antibodies used in the assay. Five hundred beads of each color were collected, and an auto-compensation was done using the IDEAS 6. 0 data analysis software. Each gated population was interrogated via the image gallery to determine the upper and lower limits of exosomes size and shape. Using the IDEAS program, submicron sized events were gated based on BF area and Low SS intensity. Since the ISXMkII is a syringe-based, volumetric system, absolute counts (in objects/mL) are automatically calculated as part of the region statistics. These values were tabulated for each of the populations in each sample.
Three-dimentional spheroid invasion test Invasion assays were performed using TC1 cells (3 × 10 3 ) or human lung adenocarcinoma cells (2 × 10 3 ). Cells were seeded with exosomes and the invasion test was monitored for 6 days, using a commercially available 3D spheroid cell invasion assay (3500-096-K, Trevigen, Gaithersburg, MD). Appropriate controls included samples without invasion matrix. The 3D cultures were visualized by an Axiovert 200 M fluorescence microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), and phase contrast images of the spheroids were obtained at 4× magnification. SlideBook 5. 5 software (Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Denver, CO, USA) was used to measure the radius of the invasive structures to determine the extent of 3D by a blinded investigator. The area of invasion was determined as the area of the spheroid embedded in the invasion matrix minus its corresponding control without invasion matrix.
Target gene predictions and analysis Gene targets for differentially expressed miRNAs were initially computationally examined for miRNA targetprediction programs using miRwalk (http://zmf. umm. uni-heidelberg. de/apps/zmf/mirwalk2/) with 12 predicted target softwares (miRWalk, Microt4, miRanda, mirbridge, miRDB, MiRMap, miRNAMap, Pictar2, PITA, RNA22, RNAhybrid, and Targetscc). In order to improve the reliability of the miRNA targets, only target genes predicted by at least 5 of the programs were selected. The Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of target genes were analyzed using the online DAVID program (http://david. abcc. ncifcrf. gov/). The web-based computational tool DIANA-mirPath v2. 1  [56]  was used to predict the target genes and altered pathways among differentially expressed miRNAs.
12. 0. The background corrected data were normalized between arrays using cyclic Loess method  [57]. We applied limma moderated t-test to detect differentially expressed genes, considering the batch effect caused by different chips as covariates in the linear model. P-values were adjusted by Benjamini-Hochberg method  [55]. The differentially expressed data were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software (Ingenuity Systems, Redwood City, CA) to perform functional classifications comparing SC and SF conditions. Pathway analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis were performed to reveal the biological functions of differentially expressed genes.
Integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles Integrated analysis of the miRNA putative targets and mRNA expression profiles derived from TC1 treatments were carried out using the differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs. The predicted mRNAs were initially computationally predicted by miRNA target-prediction programs using miRwalk (http://zmf. umm. uni-heidelberg. de/apps/zmf/mirwalk2/) as described above. We used the negative regulation relationship between the miRNAs and mRNAs to associate the differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNA expression data, using FDR, p < 0. 05 and fold-change 1. 5. The Agilent identifiers of the FDR significant probes were uploaded and mapped to genes in the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) for functional annotation.
Also, the data were uploaded into Ingenuity software (Qiagen). For the transcription factors in the miRNA-mRNA interaction network, we used AnimalTFDB (www. bioguo. org/AnimalTFDB/download_index. php?spe=Mus %20musculus). These transcription factors were annotated in the miRNA-mRNA interaction networks using mygene (http://mygene. info; [58] ).
Validation of miRNA and mRNA expression Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) were utilized for assessment of mRNA and miRNA expression using the ABI PRISM 7500 System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Total RNAs were validated using SYBR Green Master Mixes (life technology) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Primers for gene of interest were designed using Primer 3 software (http://bioinfo. ut. ee/primer3-0. 4. 0/), and each primer made was synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT, Coralville, IA). Total RNA of 500 ηg was reverse transcripted into cDNA using a High-Capacity www. impactjournals. com/oncotarget cDNA Archive Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Expression levels of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were used for normalization levels.
Statistical methods For tumor malignancy related variables measured in vitro, 2-Way ANOVA were conducted with treatment (SC vs. SF) followed by post-hoc tests. Differences were determined by Student t tests or ANOVA with 2-tailed p < 0. 05 accepted as statistically significant. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 21. 0 software for Windows (IBM, Armonk, NY).
25 Fe 0. 75 Sb 1. 75 Pb 0. 25 O 4 and hence other related phases. It is clear that oxidation of cations within the chains of octahedra occurs, but the level of interstitial oxygen is higher than this mechanism can support; in this respect, the data endorse the results from TGA analysis. At this stage, two mechanisms remained plausible to explain the enhanced oxygen content for the materials oxidized without phase decomposition: (i) Peroxide links occur across the channels, e. g. , Sb-O-O-Sb as shown in Figure  6 ; (ii) Another oxidation process accompanies the oxidation of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+. In order to resolve this uncertainty, additional information was sought from Raman spectroscopy, neutron PDF analysis, Mossbauer spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); the results are discussed below and in Supporting Information.
The formation of Fe 4+ ions in the presence of Sb 3+ was considered highly unlikely, and the most plausible mechanism to explain the experimental obervations was one involving the simultaneous oxidation of Fe 2+ (to Fe 3+ ) and Sb 3+ (to Sb 5+ ) during the low temperature oxidation reaction. Since Mossbauer spectroscopy is the most powerful probe to determine Fe and Sb oxidation states, 57 Fe and 121 Sb Mossbauer spectra were collected to test this hypothesis. Although data were collected on a variety of materials, here we focus only on Co 0. 25 Fe 0. 75 Sb 1. 75 Pb 0. 25 O 4 and its oxidized product for which we are able to compare results with those from the detailed in situ NPD data. Figures  10  and 11  show 57 Fe and 121 Sb Mossbauer spectra for the initial compound and the sample after oxidation in air at 350 °C for 3 h, respectively.
It should be noted that the small discrepancy between the measurement in nitrogen and the low temperature measurement in air can be traced to a significant difference in pellet densities: 50% for the pellet in air cf. 77% for the pellet in nitrogen. Figure  15c  reports data for subsequent isothermal oxidation at 350 °C of the pellet that had previously been heated in nitrogen to provide the data (in blue) shown in Figure  15a, b. The data are recorded against time after the gas was switched from nitrogen to oxygen. After an initial delay corresponding to gas diffusion in the system, virtually complete pellet oxidation is achieved after approximately 7 min. This rapid reaction suggests the likelihood of high oxide ion mobility for the interstitial ions within the channels of these materials.
DISCUSSION The NPD and TGA data clearly indicate that low-temperature oxidation of schafarzikite materials that contain both Fe 2+ and Sb 3+ is associated with oxygen entering the channels and bonding to Sb 3+ ions. However, the level of oxygen incorporation is greater than that corresponding to oxidation of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ within the octahedral chains. Moreover, the data consistently suggest that for Fe 2+ concentrations of <0. 5 pfu in the unoxidised samples, the oxygen uptake is ca. twice that expected. Mossbauer spectra reveal that charge balance associated with the extra oxygen content is provided by oxidation of Sb 3+ to Sb 5+. To examine the change in oxidation states of all four cations in Co 0. 25 Fe 0. 75 Sb 1. 75 Pb 0. 25 O 4 , XPS data were collected but the changes observed were insufficient to resolve the details of the redox reactions.
Objectives: Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) impacts the daily living and quality of life (QoL) of affected individuals and the functioning of family caregivers. In the specific context of voluntary medical checkups, we examined sample dyads (ARHL individual and the caregiver) to determine whether QoL of patients and caregivers is influenced by coping strategies implemented either by themselves or their relatives. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a descriptive/correlative design performed in a French preventive health center (Regional Institute for Prevention of Aging, Marseille, France) for the beneficiaries of pension funds of private sector employees. The samples included beneficiary-caregiver dyads. The beneficiaries had bilateral (mild to moderately severe) ARHL. Self-reported data were collected as follows: QoL using the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire, coping strategies using the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Scale, and anxiety and mood using visual analog scales.
Data collection Enrollment was performed on the day of the prevention visit. For the beneficiary, the following clinical data were gathered using their medical records and an examination by a doctor of the center: dizziness, tinnitus, visual deficit, and chronic disease. The nature of the relationship between the beneficiary and caregiver was recorded as the partner, child, or other. The age, sex, educational level, marital status, and professional status were recorded for both the beneficiary and his/her caregiver. Self-reported data, including QoL, emotional status, and coping strategies, were collected by means of questionnaires that were completed by the beneficiaries and caregivers. • QoL was assessed using the French version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQoL) questionnaire, which is a generic questionnaire used worldwide,  18, 19  that describes four domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment.
These markers have been successfully applied for this purpose previously in many major crops (e. g. Myles et al. 2010)  including rice (e. g. Huang et al. 2012; Xu et al. 2011). Databases of SNPs have been developed from the sequencing of numerous accessions of cultivated rice and wild rice  (Duitama et al. 2015; McCouch et al. ; 2016 Xu et al. 2011)). The large-scale SNP database available at IRIC portal (http://oryzasnp. org/iric-portal/), for instance, has been generated as a result of re-sequencing 3000 rice genomes  (3K RPG 2014). This huge amount of information constitutes an invaluable tool for breeders. However, breeding activities concern local varieties adapted to specific agro-climatic conditions, and therefore they should be complemented by studying the genetic variability within these local varieties to identify specific alleles that may introduced improvements by combination.