dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Exposure to air pollution Exposure to PM2. 5, black carbon (BC), and NO 2 was estimated at the geocoded baseline residential address of each participant using hybrid land use regression (LUR) models  (de Hoogh et al. , 2018)  that were developed for Western Europe within the framework of the Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe (ELAPSE). Briefly, PM2. 5 and NO 2 concentration data for the year 2010 derived from the European Environment Agency AirBase network that collects data recorded at routine monitoring stations (including traffic, industrial and underground sites). The annual mean BC concentrations (measured as PM2. 5 absorbance based on reflectance measurement of the filters) for the 2009-2010 period were derived from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)  (Eeftens et al.
, 2012). Finally, as exposure to PM2. 5 has been associated with endothelial dysfunction  (Krishnan et al. , 2012)  that may precipitate neurodegeneration, PM2. 5 might impair cognition indirectly, even without reaching the brain parenchyma. In our study, vascular risk factors differently influenced the association between PM2. 5 and dementia type, suggesting that the mechanisms that underlie the effects of this air pollutant may be distinct for AD and VaD. The few previous epidemiological works, which relied on population-based health administrative databases, showed associations between exposure to PM2. 5 and dementia risk. First, a cohort study (n = 96 000 older adults) in Taiwan observed a substantial increase of AD incidence (HR = 2. 38) for each 4 µg/m 3 increase in PM2. 5 levels  (Jung et al.
, 2018). Studies relying on health administrative databases exploited aggregated exposure estimates at the postcode level. On the other hand, the estimates of PM2. 5 levels were at a finer spatial resolution level (almost the individual level) in our study and in the other two longitudinal population-based studies. Besides these exposure assessment issues that can lead to biased estimates, PM2. 5 composition and levels vary among regions, and the intensity of the relationship between PM2. 5 exposure and risk of dementia might change in a non-linear manner along a wide range of concentrations. The levels observed in the three French cities were close to those reported for Europe (European Environment Agency, 2011), but they were lower than those of the study in Taiwan  (Jung et al. , 2015)  and higher than those of the Swedish study  (Grande et al.
Acknowledgments: The study was funded by  Nestlé Health Science. The authors acknowledge  Ananya Das , of  imc , for medical writing support. Open Access: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/),which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The locations and numbers of attacks resulting in livestock deaths, and the number of recovered dead animals, are made public about every month for each French administrative department. These reviews come from a national database, named 'GeoLoup', completed by the damage control officials who work on each location after farmers notify local authorities. They record all predation events and their conditions at the scale of grazing plots or night pens. This information is unavailable to the general public, but most state administrations have access to it, including researchers from public institutions. We exclusively refer to this official database for the graphs and analyses presented below. The GeoLoup database does not consider missing animals (not found in uneven terrain and/or in deep wooded and brushy locations), or those found dead after an attack but where the origin of predation cannot be certified (late findings, after consumption by vultures, crows or foxes).
This can be up to half of the animals found in uneven or steep terrain  (Bacha et al. 2007). The compensation currently covers 20% of the value of animals not found after the attack, in addition to animals found dead or mortally wounded. Beyond the GeoLoup database, we used the two other existing databases. Estimated wolf numbers are published annually by OFB (see methodology in ONCFS 2017), from the observations of the Wolf -Lynx network, as is the number of protection contracts. Farmers apply for a five-year protection contract with the Departmental Direction of Territories of the administrative department where their farms are located. Data on protection contracts are then gathered at the national level by the DRAAF (Regional Direction of Agriculture, Agrifood and Forest) Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes.
These tasks require ,200 hours per month for a collective sheep flock herded during summer on high mountain pasture  (Silhol et al. 2007 ), and at least 100 hours per month for an individual sheep or goat herd during all other seasons  (Garde et al. 2007). On an individual livestock farm, and outside the summer season in high mountains, additional work periods generally occur in the early morning, evening and night. Since all neighbouring farmers have similar work requirements, they cannot share an employee. Livestock guard dogs were absent for over a century in the French Alps and in the Massif Central areas of France. They were urgently introduced into herds in the Alps and Provence from the late 1990s. According to administrative data from the national funding support, 4258 LGDs were recorded in France in 2019, 92% in the French Alps and Provence.
So most of the increase in the number of victims comes from the historically predated area of France. Another commonly stated hypothesis is that wolf attacks occur in unprotected herds, but that hypothesis is invalidated by the census of conditions for each successful attack. In the most predated area (the historically predated area that include the seven administrative departments cited above), the majority of wolf attacks (. 92%) occurred in herds assessed as protected by damage control officials implementing the GeoLoup national database (Fig. 6 ). A herd recognised as protected belongs to a farmer and/or a farmers' grazing trust that has subscribed to an effectively implemented protection contract, that condition being most frequently checked by damage control officials. Why then did the number of livestock killed return to a linear increase with wolf number, and at the same rate as before implementation of protective measures? And despite widespread use of such measures that appeared successful from 2005-2009 among farmers exposed to wolf predation? Which process, in the complex relationship between livestock, protective measures and wolves, explains the sharp deterioration of the situation post-2009? The late adaptation of wolf-livestock management policy From 1993 to 2013, France was reluctant to allow lethal wolf control, due to legal commitments in 1992 to host a wolf population in a favourable conservation status.
Acknowledgements The authors thank the numerous herders, farmers, extension officers, mayors, administrators and policymakers who were involved in our research. We are grateful to the  French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE)  who created our research network and then provided the research funds needed. Please refer to https://coadapht. fr/en for a detailed list of our network activities and products over the years. We acknowledge the advice of three anonymous reviewers and of the editors, whose comments helped to improve an earlier version of the manuscript. Lastly, we deeply thank  Fred D. Provenza , professor emeritus at  Utah State University , for having helping us to polish our English.
Sample and procedure The data for this study came from a survey of Pakistani employees, who worked in five private telecommunication organizations (Mobilink, Telenor, Ufone, Zong and Warid). These five companies were targeted because they are the largest and highly competitive companies in Pakistan. Moreover, the telecom sector is a private sector where jobs are temporary or contractual  (Kundi et al. , 2018). Hence, the investigation of how employees' perceptions of job insecurity influence their psychological well-being and its outcomes is highly relevant in this context. Studies exploring such a phenomenon are needed, particularly in the Pakistani context, to have a better insight and thereby strengthen the employee well-being and job performance literature. Two of the authors had personal and professional contacts to gain access to these organizations.
The paper-and-pencil method was used to gather the data. Questionnaires were distributed among 570 participants with a cover letter explaining the purpose of the study, noted that participation was voluntary, and provided assurances that their responses would be kept confidential and anonymous. After completion of the questionnaires, the surveys were collected the surveys on-site by one of the authors. As self-reported data often render itself to common method bias (CMB;  Podsakoff et al. , 2012) , we applied several procedural remedies such as reducing the ambiguity in the questions, ensuring respondent anonymity and confidentiality, separating of the predictor and criterion variable and randomizing the item order to limit this bias. Of the 570 surveys distributed initially, 280 employees completed the survey form (response rate = 49%).
Hypotheses testing The hypotheses pertaining to mediation were tested using a structural model in AMOS 22. 0 (Figure  2 ), which had an acceptable goodness of fit (x 2 = 298. 01, df = 175, CFI = 0. 97, RMSEA = 0. 04 and SRMR = 0. 04). Hypotheses about moderation were tested in SPSS (25 th edition) using PROCESS Model I (Hayes, 2017; Table  3 ). Table  2.
Limitations and future studies There are several limitations to this study. First, we measured our research variables by using a self-report survey at a single point of time, which may result in CMB. We used various procedural remedies to mitigate the potential for CMB and conducted CFA as per the guidelines of  Podsakoff et al. (2012)  to ensure that CMV was unlikely to be an issue in our study. However, future research may rely on supervisors rated employees' job performance or collect data at different time points to avoid the threat of such bias. Second, the sample of this study consisted of employees working in cellular companies of Pakistan with different demographic characteristics and occupational backgrounds; thus, the generalizability of our findings to other industries or sectors is yet to be established.
Ethics -Patients Recruitment An 18-year-old male patient was referred in 2014 for oral rehabilitation at the Reference Center of rare dental diseases (Rothschild Hospital, CRMR O-RARE, Paris, France). Diagnosis of ERS was based on clinical and radiological features (see section "Results"). This patient and healthy age-matched controls (n = 3) were recruited following informed consent in accordance with the principles outlined in the declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the proband for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article. The samples used were considered as operating waste according to the French law. Samples from the proband and controls were harvested during oral rehabilitation and were prepared for histological or cell culture analyses (authorization CODECOH  DC-2018-3382).
Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ,  Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ,  Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)  and  Programa de Pósgraduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and University of Reims, France.
Temperature dependence of methyl iodide self-broadening coefficients in the fundamental ν 6 band is evaluated theoretically by the use of a semi-classical and a semi-empirical approaches in the range 200-400 K recommended for HITRAN. In the absence of not-room-temperature measurements, comparisons are performed solely between line-width sets computed by the two methods at some fixed temperatures. Traditional temperature exponents as well as parameters of the recently suggested double power law [JQSRT 2018;217:440-52] (going beyond the considered temperature range) are determined for (J,K)-lines with 0 ≤ J ≤ 70, K ≤ 20 requested by spectroscopic databases. Because of the negligible vibrational dependence, these data can be safely used for other perpendicular and parallel bands studied in atmospheric applications.
Despite the growing needs for atmospheric monitoring, line-shape parameters for this molecule are still absent from spectroscopic databases such as e. g. HITRAN  [7]  and GEISA  [8]. This lack can be partly attributed to the existence of Coriolis interactions inside lowlying manifolds of vibrational levels (for instance, between v 6 =1 and v 3 =2 states) and to the presence of well-spaced nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structure observable even in the IR region and complicating the assignment of spectral lines. Separate studies of line positions and intensities in several IR-absorption bands had been reported during decades (see Ref. [9]  for a short review) before the need of exhaustive line-parameters sets was generally admitted by the spectroscopic community. In order to generate line lists for CH 3 I detection, a series of works on line positions and intensities has been performed very recently for the ν 6 , 2ν 3  [9, 10]  and ν 5 , ν 3 + ν 6  [11]  bands.
Computations are done for all 6 sub-branches of the the ν 6 band ( R,P P, R,P Q, R,P R,) in large intervals of rotational quantum numbers (0 ≤ J ≤ 70, K ≤ 20) requested by spectroscopic databases. In the next section we remind briefly the salient features of the semi-classical and semiempirical approaches. Section 3 is devoted to comparison of line widths computed by these two methods at various temperatures. Two different ways to model the temperature dependence (traditional temperature exponents and the recently suggested double power law  [18] ) are considered in detail in Sec. 4. The final section summarizes the main conclusions of our work. Numerical values for the obtained temperature-dependence parameters are provided in Supplementary material.
Theoretical Calculations H-ZSM-5 has been chosen for the present study for a number of reasons. Besides, it being an active acid catalyst, the medium-sized opening pores of its straight channels are comparable to the dimension of some aromatic compounds. A straight channel of H-ZSM-5 is simulated by a cluster of 32 tetrahedral centers (32T), extracted from the straight channel of a silicious crystallographic H-ZSM-5 structure (http://www. iza-structure. org/databases/). The dangling bonds are terminated by H atoms replacing the next crystallographic atoms. It consists of three 10-membered rings (10R) and covers the intersection between the straight channel and the zigzag channel (Figure  1 ). For the cluster of Si/Al = 31, one Al atom is located either at the first 10R in the open region or at the third 10R in the closed region generating one Brønsted acid site to compensate the negative charge of the framework around the Al site.
This would further imply that future millimeter observations of FUor objects could, in general, benefit from coordinated optical/IR observations so as to better constrain the disk's properties  (Reipurth et al. 2007 ). On the other hand, observing solely a change in millimeter flux density would indicate that the millimeter emission is disconnected from perturbations in the thermal structure of the disk, perhaps pointing towards gravitational instabilities or other alternative mechanisms. In the following, we present millimeter observations of six FUor objects and coordinated millimeter and optical observations for a subset of three of these objects in order to determine the manner in which they vary over time. Details of our observations, as well as our data reduction techniques can be found in Section 2.
Sample Our entire sample consists of six known FUor objects (V1735 Cyg, V2494 Cyg, V2495 Cyg, V1057 Cyg, V1515 Cyg, and V733 Cep). All six targets had one observing run at 2. 7mm in May-June 2017. In this paper, we focus primarily on V1735 Cyg, V2494 Cyg, and V2495 Cyg, which were selected for two follow-up observing runs including both millimeter and optical observations in June and August 2018. V2494 Cyg and V2495 Cyg were chosen for follow-up observations because  Liu et al. (2018)  found tentative evidence for millimeter variability in these objects at 1. 3 mm. V1735 Cyg was chosen because our 2017 data displayed variability relative to 2014 observations taken by F17. Our 2017 observations of V1057 Cyg, V1515 Cyg, and V733 Cep were consistent with 2014 flux densities reported by F17, so we elected not to carry out follow-up observations of these targets.
Data reduction was done in GILDAS (Pety 2005; Gildas Team 2013) using the NOEMA pipeline in the CLIC package. Minimal flagging was required to remove spurious data. The calibrated data were then transferred to CASA 5. 3. 0  (McMullin et al. 2007 ) for cleaning and further analysis. The flux calibrator MWC349 was used for all observations. J2037+511 was the phase calibrator for V2494 Cyg and V2495 Cyg, while J2201+508 was used for V1735 Cyg. The flux calibration source MWC 349 is time variable at 3 mm by <10%. Taking this and other factors into account, the nominal absolute flux uncertainty of NOEMA at 2. 7 mm is estimated to be 10%. We note that we cannot exclude the possibility that unaccounted instrumentation errors also affected the flux calibration (e. g. , antenna pointing errors). We ex-pect any other possible effect to have a lower impact than the nominal 10% absolute flux calibration uncertainty.
And after beam convolution, the resolution was constant at 4. The resulting continuum images show compact emission for all the sources. The morphology of this continuum emission remained unchanged. No source was resolved, either fully or marginally, at 2. 7 mm, before or after uv restriction or beam convolution. Continuum data of V1057 Cyg, V1515 Cyg, and V733 Cep were cleaned in the same manner, but were not uv-restricted nor convolved to a 4 ×4 beam. The line data were also processed using the clean task and natural weighting, but were corrected using imcontsub to remove continuum emission. The spectral resolution for all data cubes was about 0. 25 km/s. Continuum rms values were obtained from emission-free regions, whereas line rms values were determined using emission-free channels. Note that the continuum rms values therefore include the effects of thermal and phase atmospheric noise as well as some contribution from the imaging reconstruction process due to the limited uv-coverage, whereas the line rms values do not include the latter effect.
24 per pixel). The bias, flat-field, and overscan calibration of the CCD images were performed using a custom Python routine utilizing the Astropy package  (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2018). The photometric calibration of all images was carried out interactively also using a custom Python routine utilizing the Astropy package. Exposure times varied among the targets, dependent on precise seeing conditions and object brightness. V2495 Cyg was too faint to detect in any of our observations. We were therefore unable to extract optical magnitudes for this object. Using the standard stars SA92 253 and GD 246 (Landolt 2009), we obtained V, R, and I magnitudes for our targets in August 2018. To obtain magnitudes for our June 2018 observations, we utilized differential photometry. This involved normalizing the flux density of our target to that of the total brightness of several background stars, which fluctuated by less than 3% throughout the observations.
Variable Disk Heating In FUors, the inner disk is significantly heated by viscous heating from the accretion process and produces strong optical/IR emission  (Hartmann & Kenyon 1996)  and possibly millimeter emission as well  (Takami et al. 2019). This hot inner disk irradiates the outer disk. Therefore, changes in the temperature of the inner disk may lead to changes in the heating of the outer disk, which we can trace with millimeter emission. If temperature changes in the inner disk were the cause of the millimeter variability we see in V1735 Cyg, we would also expect to see a corresponding increase in its optical and/or IR flux as well. To the best of our knowledge, there is no optical data of V1735 Cyg taken close in time to the 2014 NOEMA data and so we cannot test this using our 2018 optical data.
SUMMARY We observed six FUor objects (V1735 Cyg, V2494 Cyg, V2495 Cyg, V1057 Cyg, V1515 Cyg, and V733 Cep) in 2017 at 2. 7 mm. Motivated by comparison to previously published works, we then followed up with coordinated 2. 7 mm and optical (V, R, I) observations for three objects (V1735 Cyg, V2494 Cyg, and V2495 Cyg) to probe for flux variability. We did not see variability outside our stated uncertainties (∼10-15%) from 2017 to 2018 in either our millimeter or optical observations. However, we do see a ∼ 80% increase in the 2. 7 mm flux density of V1735 Cyg in our June 2017 data relative to archival April 2014 data from F17. Although we took steps to mitigate the effect of differing uv coverages for each observation, it should be noted that they may still have had effects on our measurements.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the anonymous referee for a careful review and suggestions that greatly improved this paper. JW, CCE, and EM acknowledge support from the  National Science Foundation  under  CAREER  grant  AST-1455042. ÁK acknowledges funding from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement  716155  (SACCRED). This work is based on observations carried out under project number  SX17AG  and  S18AX  with the IRAM NOEMA interferometer. IRAM is supported by  INSU/CNRS (France) ,  MPG (Germany) , and  IGN (Spain). These results made use of the  Lowell Discovery Telescope (formerly Discovery Channel Telescope) at Lowell Observatory. Lowell is a private, nonprofit institution dedicated to astrophysical research and public appreciation of astronomy and operates the LDT in partnership with  Boston University , the  University of Maryland , the  University of Toledo ,  Northern Arizona University, and Yale University.
General information Unless otherwise specified, reagents were obtained from commercial sources and used without further purification. Solvents were obtained from Fisher Scientific and dried by standard methods. Reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using ALUGRAM®Xtra SIL GUR Silica Gel 60 F254 plates and visualized using UV light (254 nm). Melting points were determined on a Kofler hotstaged apparatus and were uncorrected. NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 as the solvent with TMS as the internal standard on a Bruker-300 spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm (δ) downfield relative to TMS. Data are reported as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, bs = broad singlet, m = multiplet), coupling constants (Hz), integration.