dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Background A two arm, pragmatic, open, multicentre randomised controlled trial (REFORM) was conducted in nine National Health Service (NHS) trusts based in primary and secondary care in the UK and one international site in the Republic of Ireland to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multifaceted podiatry intervention compared to usual care for the prevention of falls. Methods Individual patient data were used to perform a cost utility analysis where health related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured in terms of quality adjusted life years (QALYs). Health care resource use data included hospital visits and primary and community care. The base case analysis was conducted on the imputed dataset following an intention-to-treat (ITT) approach and from the perspective of the UK NHS and personal social services.
Methods In this sub group analysis, 21 people with severe DPN, and 27 people with moderate DPN, were observed standing for three 30 second trials, with eyes closed, under five test conditions presented in a random order; 1) no insole, 2) standard offloading insole, 3) three other insole types with one design component systematically altered (including texture). The validated F-scan pressure measurement system captured movement of the centre of pressure (COP). Total velocity of COP and velocity of COP in the medial/lateral (ML), anterior/ posterior (AP) directions were calculated. Likewise, total path length of COP and path length in the ML and AP directions were calculated. DPN severity was quantified using a neurothesiometer applied to the apex of the hallux. Mixed between-within subject ANOVA, using data collected under each test condition were used to compare differences in postural balance between moderate (vibration perception threshold VPT range: 20-40 volts, mean age: 72 years) and severe (VPT: >40 volts; mean age 68 years) DPN groups.
A dedicated thermistor was placed on two locations of the footthe web space between the hallux and second toe and below the navicular. After acclimatizing for 15 minutes, participants walked on a treadmill for 40 minutes while continuously recording foot temperature. This protocol was repeated on two different occasions representing ambient winter (17. 1 °C at 67% RH) and summer (28. 2 °C at 70% RH) conditions, at the same treadmill speed and whilst wearing the same socks and shoes, on both occasions. Data was recorded every minute throughout the 40-minute trial.
Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of fatigue on the biomechanics of running by comparing the kinematics of runners before and after a half-marathon (21 km) race. It was hypothesised that variables associated with injury and reduced muscular strength (Table  1 ) would be significantly different in the fatigued compared to the nonfatigued state. Methods Twelve male subjects (38. 4 (8. 3) years) attended two gait analysis sessions: one before and one immediately after completing a halfmarathon. Reflective markers were placed on both lower-limbs and Vicon infrared cameras collected data at 200Hz as subjects ran on a treadmill. 3D joint angles were calculated and discrete parameters (Table  1 ) extracted from the data. Paired t-tests were used to compare the parameters before and after the half-marathon race.
Methods Thirty PwP (survey respondents recruited from the larger study) mean age = 69, 15 females, mean time since diagnosis 64 months attended a single assessment at Southampton General Hospital. Those who were able to walk at least 5 metres, with or without a walking aid, were medically stable, able to answer simple questions and give informed consent were eligible for inclusion. Descriptive data on age, past medical history, time since diagnosis, more affected side, Hoehn and Yahr staging, Unified Parkinson's disease Rating (UPDRS III) were recorded by a physiotherapist followed by foot status using an IMFAA protocol by a trained assessor (podiatrist). This measure includes 20 foot status measures including observation, palpation, Range of Motion, muscle strength and foot posture.
Methods Search criteria were defined by three experts in podiatry (CB, AR, and AB) through consensus agreement. The 'PICO' statement was used to establish inclusion criteria for the review. Electronic databases were searched for guidelines, standards of care and recommendations for the management of foot health in patients with chronic conditions published in English between 2000 and 2015. Additional references were identified from grey literature sources. The methodological quality of selected studies was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II, 2010).
1,2Background Ankle sprain is a very common injury amongst the sport population yet uncertainty exists in what is appropriate time to return to play. Such guidance may inform treatment pathways and effective practice. The aim of this review is to determine if consensus exists about potential prognostic factors that are associated with return to play in conservatively treated acute ankle sprain. Method A systematic search of databases was conducted in DelphiS and EMBASE, unpublished literature and ongoing trials and two main ankle and foot injury sport-related journals. Inclusion criteria were full text studies in English assessing prognostic factors for return to sport following conservatively treated acute ankle sprain, any grade of injury of acute ankle sprain (new and recurrent), athletes practising any sport activity at whatever level, both male and female patients with age 14 and above.
Overview Mucoromycotina, Pucciniomycotina, Saccharomycotina and Agaricomycotina phylogeny Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) of 64 278 trees resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the LSU sequence alignment (90 taxa including outgroup; 838 aligned positions; 611 unique site patterns) using MrBayes v. 3. 2. 6  (Ronquist et al. 2012). Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1. 00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Families, orders and classes are indicated with coloured blocks to the right of the tree. GenBank accession or Fungal Planet numbers are indicated behind the species names. The tree was rooted to Phytophthora moyootj (GenBank KP004499. 1) and the taxonomic novelties described in this study for which LSU sequence data were available are indicated in bold face.
centenaria) are known to produce a phoma-like asexual morph. Ten species are recognised in the genus, and although the majority are sexual, W. centenaria is clearly distinct based on its DNA data (ITS: highest similarities are with unnamed isolates from soil in Oman, e. g. 500/508 (98 %) identity, 1 gap (0 %), with GenBank KU945963; closest named species is Westerdykella reniformis GenBank KM678366, 409/436 (94 %) identity, 6 gaps (1 %). On LSU, the best match is Westerdykella cylindrica GenBank NG_027595, 862/880 (98 %) identity, 1 gap (0 %), and on tub2, the best match is Westerdykella dispersa GenBank KJ413346, 308 /366 (84 %) identity, 5 gaps (1 %)). Colour illustrations. Portrait of Prof. dr Johanna Westerdijk (by A. Roland Holst); laboratory bench in sterile preparation 'clean room'; conidiomata sporulating on PNA (scale bar = 200 mm); ostiolar region of conidioma, conidiogenous cells and conidia (scale bars = 10 µm).
On MEA surface ochreous, reverse sienna. On OA surface saffron. On PDA surface luteous, reverse pale luteous. Germinating from both ends, and elsewhere (irregular); ascospores becoming brown, verruculose, constricted at septum, 5-6 µm diam, with prominent mucoid sheath. Typus. australia, Western Australia, S35°01. 320 E117°16. 598, on leaves of Cyperaceae, 19 Sept. 2015, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23077, culture ex-type CPC 29168 = CBS 142165; ITS, LSU, and actA sequences GenBank KY979736, KY979791, and KY979853, MycoBank MB820930); CPC 29170 ITS and LSU sequences GenBank KY979737, KY979792. Notes -The isolates (sexual morph, no asexual morph observed in culture) included in this study cluster close to Toxicocladosporium  (Crous et al. 2007b ; see phylogeny in  Bezerra et al. 2017 ), but are not congeneric with the genus Toxicocladosporium s.
str. , being separated by clades representing Cladosporium and Neocladosporium. This suggests that the present collection represents yet another genus in the Cladosporiaceae (see  Bensch et al. 2012  for generic overview). Interestingly, ascospores of Davidiellomyces have angular inclusions such as those observed in ascospores of Cladosporium s. str. (see  Crous et al. 2007b , Bensch et al. 2010 ), which appears to be a conserved character in the Cladosporiaceae. However, based on a megablast search of the NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database using the ITS sequence, the closest Cladosporium sequences have less than 90 % similarity over almost 500 nucleotides.
Paraphaeosphaeria xanthorrhoeae Notes -The genus Paraconiothyrium (based on P. estuarinum) was established by  Verkley et al. (2004)  to accommodate several microsphaeropsis-like coelomycetes, some of which had proven abilities to act as biocontrol agents of other fungal pathogens. In a recent study,  Verkley et al. (2014)  revealed Paraconiothyrium to be paraphyletic, and separated the genus from Alloconiothyrium, Dendrothyrium, and Paraphaeosphaeria. Paraphaeosphaeria xanthorrhoeae resembles asexual morphs of Paraphaeosphaeria, having pycnidial conidiomata with percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells and aseptate, brown, roughened conidia. Phylogenetically, it is distinct from all taxa presently known to occur in the genus, the closest species on ITS being Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa (GenBank to conidiogenous cells or with a supporting cell lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform; proliferating percurrently at apex.
Typus. australia, Western Australia, Gull Rock, Albany, on leaves of Banksia coccinea (Proteaceae), 20 Sept. 2015, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23121, culture ex-type CPC 29192 = CBS 142163; ITS, LSU rpb2, tef1, and tub2 sequences GenBank KY979739, KY979794, KY979846, KY979889, and KY979910, MycoBank MB820933). Notes -The Proteaceae appears to harbour an unusually large number of new fungal genera  (Crous et al. 2011) , as was recently shown with the description of a new order of Dothideomycetes, namely Superstratomycetales, and the phoma-like species Superstratomyces flavomucosus occurring on Hakea  (Van Nieuwenhuijzen et al. 2016). The present collection represents yet another phoma-like genus on Proteaceae, this time occurring on Banksia. Banksiophoma appears to be distantly related to Neosetophoma  (De Gruyter et al.
2010). Only distant hits (less than 93 % similarity) with phaeosphaerialike sequences were obtained from a megablast search of the NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database; the LSU sequence was 99 % identical to species in numerous different genera, e. g. Loratospora aestuarii (GenBank GU301838), Neosetophoma italica (GenBank KP711361), and Diederichomyces cladoniicola (GenBank LN907482). Conidiomata solitary, erumpent, globose, 200 -250 µm diam, dark brown with central ostiole, exuding a white conidial mass; wall of 3-8 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform to doliiform or subcylindrical, 4 -10 × 2. 5 -5 µm, phialidic with periclinal thickening or tightly aggregated, percurrent proliferations.
Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, aseptate, subcylindrical with obtuse ends, straight, (5 -)6(-7) × 2 (-2. 5) µm. Culture characteristics -Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins. On MEA surface pale grey olivaceous with diffuse brown pigment, reverse pale olivaceous grey. On OA surface olivaceous grey. On PDA surface and reverse olivaceous grey. Typus. australia, Western Australia, Perth, King's Park Botanic Gardens, on leaves of Podocarpus sp. (Podocarpaceae), 27 Sept. 2015, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23122, culture ex-type CPC 28972 = CBS 142162; ITS, LSU, and tub2 sequences GenBank KY979740, KY979795, and KY979911, MycoBank MB820936). Notes -Perthomyces is a phoma-like genus in the Pleosporales  (Chen et al. 2015) , being phylogenetically related to Camarographium koreanum (GenBank JQ044451; Identities = 813/834 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Corynespora olivacea (Gen-Bank JQ044448; Identities = 810/834 (97 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Massaria platani (GenBank DQ678065; Identities = 811/836 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) based on its LSU sequence.
Highest similarities based on ITS are for species of Darksidea, e. g. Darksidea alpha (GenBank JN859354; Identities = 404/441 (92 %), 7 gaps (1 %)). Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, septate, branched, 1. 5-2 µm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, straight to flexuous, hyaline, smooth, with basal septum, 20 -60 × 2-3 µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, hyaline, smooth, thick-walled at base, subcylindrical, 15 -55 × 2 -2. 5 µm; apex phialidic, 1-1. 5 µm diam with minute flared collarette. Conidia solitary, but accumulating in slimy mass, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, straight with obtuse ends, (5 -)6 -7(-8) × 1. 5 µm. Culture characteristics -Colonies flat, spreading, reaching 10-20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C, with sparse aerial mycelium, folded surface, and smooth, lobed margins.
On MEA surface and reverse buff. On OA surface pale luteous to luteous. On PDA surface and reverse pale luteous. Typus. australia, Western Australia, Perth, on leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae), 21 Sept. 2015, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23123, culture ex-type CPC 29272 = CBS 142161, ITS, LSU, and tub2 sequences GenBank KY979741, KY979796, and KY979912, MycoBank MB820938). Notes -Myrtacremonium is a new genus in the Acremonium complex  (Gräfenhan et al. 2011 , Lombard et al. 2015). Phylogenetically, it is related to Eucasphaeria (e. g. E. rustici, LSU GenBank KY173501; Identities = 767/785 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Niesslia (e. g. N. exilis, LSU GenBank AY489718; Identities = 782/798 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), and Rosasphaeria (e. g. R. moravica, LSU GenBank JF440985; Identities = 782/798 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), although it appears to cluster apart (only distant hits were also obtained when the ITS sequences were compared).
Notes -Rosellinia australiensis is known only by its asexual morph, which is hansfordia-to nodulisporium-like in morphology. Phylogenetically, however, it clusters among several species of Rosellinia, consequently a name in this genus was chosen for it. There is considerable confusion regarding the sexual and asexual morphs in Xylariales, and sequence data are required for a greater number of taxa in order to produce a solid taxonomic backbone for the order. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence of the ex-type culture, the best matches were with R. thelena (GenBank KF719202; Identities = 491/513 (96 %), 9 gaps (1 %)), R. aquila (GenBank KY610392; Identities = 494/518 (95 %), 11 gaps (2 %)), and R. corticium (GenBank KT149736; Identities = 416/444 (94 %), 10 gaps (2 %)). Classification -Incertae sedis, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes.
On MEA surface and reverse buff, on OA surface olivaceous grey. On PDA surface and reverse dirty white with patches of olivaceous grey. Typus. australia, Western Australia, near Kojonup, on leaves of Corymbia calophylla (Myrtaceae), 18 Sept. 2015, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23125, culture ex-type CPC 29246 = CBS 142080, ITS, LSU, cmdA, and tub2 sequences GenBank KY979745, KY979800, KY979866, and KY979913, MycoBank MB820941). Notes -Disculoides represents a genus of foliar pathogens of Corymbia and Eucalyptus  (Crous et al. 2012a) , which is presently known to accommodate three species. Disculoides calophyllae is morphologically most similar to D. corymbiae (conidia 10-15 × 3. 5-4. 5 µm;  Crous et al. 2016) , although it is only 95 % similar to D. corymbiae (ITS GenBank KY173403; Identities = 397/420 (95 %), 9 gaps (2 %)), and 97 % similar to D.
5 µm. Germinating ascospores irregular, with ascospores becoming brown, verruculose, with prominent distortion, 6-8 µm diam. Culture characteristics -Colonies erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium, and smooth margins, reaching 8 mm diam after 2 wk. On MEA surface and reverse olivaceous grey. On PDA surface olivaceous grey, reverse iron-grey. On OA surface olivaceous grey. Cultures sterile. Typus. australia, Western Australia, Albany, Stirling Range National Park, Stirling Range Drive, S34°23'24. 4" E118°6'31. 7", on leaves of Stirlingia sp. (Proteaceae), 23 Sept. 2015, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23078, culture ex-type CPC 29252 = CBS 142623; ITS, LSU, tef1, and tub2 sequences GenBank KY979747, KY979802, KY979890, and KY979914, MycoBank MB820942. Notes -Although the Teratosphaeriaceae includes several important foliar pathogens of Proteaceae  (Crous et al.
2008 , Quaedvlieg et al. 2014) , no species of Terato sphaeriaceae have thus far been reported on Stirlingia. Furthermore, Pa. stirlingiae appears to be phylogenetically distinct from all species of Parateratosphaeria thus known from DNA sequence data. This species is consequently introduced as a novel taxon. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the best matches were to Pa. bellula (GenBank EU707860; Identities = 525/531 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), Pa. altensteinii (GenBank FJ372394; Identities = 498/507 (98 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), and Pa. persoonii (GenBank NR_145096; Identities = 512/523 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Classification -Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes. Leaf spots pale grey to brown, covering large areas of the leaf lamina. Mycelium consisting of pale brown to subhyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 2-3 µm diam hyphae.
Conidiophores subcylindrical, flexuous, erect, medium brown, smooth, multi-septate, 50 -100 × 4-6 µm. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, terminal and intercalary, 15 -50 × 4-6 µm, denticulate; denticles up to 1. 5 µm long, 0. 5 -1 µm wide. Conidia oblong to obovoid, (15 -)16 -17(-18) × (7-)8(-9) µm, 1-septate, thickwalled, brown, with truncate base, 1 µm diam. Culture characteristics -Colonies flat, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium, and feathery margins, reaching 30-40 mm diam after 2 wk. On MEA surface dirty white, reverse plate luteous. On PDA surface umber, reverse umber. On OA surface honey. Typus. Morocco, leaves of Musa sp. (Musaceae), 2010, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23079, culture ex-type 29777 = CBS 142624, ITS, LSU, actA, rpb1, and tub2 sequences GenBank KY979748, KY979803, KY979854, KY979885, and KY979915, MycoBank MB820943); CPC 29140, 29777, 29779, ITS, LSU, actA, rpb1, and tub2 sequences GenBank KY979749 -KY979750, KY979804 -KY979805, KY979855 -KY979856, KY979886 -KY979887, and KY979916 -KY979917.
Notes -Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015)  introduced the genus Neocordana to accommodate four species of hyphomycetes causing a foliar disease of Canna and Musa. Crous et al. (2016)  added a fifth species, N. musarum, causing a foliar disease on bananas in La Réunion. Neocordana musigena (conidia 15 -18 × 7-9 µm) is most similar to C. musicola (conidia 14. 5-20 × 6. 5-9. 5 μm), but is phylogenetically distinct from it. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence of the ex-type culture, the best matches were to Neocordana musae (GenBank LN713281; Identities = 571/571 (100 %), no gaps), Neocordana musarum (GenBank KY173424; Identities = 565/571 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)), and Neocordana musicola (GenBank LN713283; Identities = 544/550 (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). Based on a megablast search using the rpb1 sequence of the ex-type culture, the strain is identical to Neocordana musarum (GenBank KY173577; Identities = 749/749 (100 %), no gaps), while the actA sequence is 99 % identical to Neocordana musarum (GenBank KY173568; Identities = 357/358 (99 %), no gaps).
In a recent revision of the genus,  Lombard et al. (2012)  delineated five species complexes based on morphology and phylogenetic inference. Van Coller et al. (2005)  described C. viticola (vesicles ellipsoid to clavate, conidia 8-15 × 2-3 μm), a species associated with cutting rot of grapevines. Cylindrocladiella vitis is distinct in having ellipsoidal to lanceolate vesicles, and larger conidia (12-18 × 2-3 μm). Furthermore, it is also phylogenetically distinct from all other species known in the genus. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the best matches were to Cylindrocladiella elegans (GenBank JN100609; Identities = 505/512 (99 %), 2 gaps (0 %)) and Cylindrocladiella novae-zelandiae (GenBank NR_111055; Identities = 498/506 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The best match based on tef1 was to Cylindrocladiella cymbiformis (GenBank JN098989; Identities = 475/499 (95 %), 7 gaps (1 %)) and based on tub2 it was closely related to Cylindrocladiella elegans (GenBank JN098755; Identities = 607/623 (97 %), no gaps).
On MEA surface saffron, reverse pale luteous. On PDA surface pale luteous, reverse dirty white. On OA surface dirty white. Notes -The genus Wallrothiella is commonly isolated from plant litter and soil, although its ecology remains largely unknown. Wallrothiella has a phialophora-like asexual morph, Pseudogliomastix  (Gams & Boekhout 1985). Wallrothiella gmelinae is phylogenetically similar to W. subiculosa  (= Pseudogliomastix protea; conidia 3. 7-5. 6 × 1. 6-3 μm; Gams 1971). Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the best match was to W. subiculosa (GenBank AB540576; Identities = 549/555 (99 %), no gaps), followed by Gliomastix murorum (GenBank JQ354922; Identities = 490/505 (97 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Colour illustrations. Gmelina arborea trees in Malaysia; conidiophores sporulating on PNA; conidiophores and conidia.
Paraconiothyrium hakeae Notes -Paraconiothyrium hakeae is phylogenetically similar to P. brasiliense (from fruit of Coffee arabica in Brazil; conidia 3-5 × 1. 8-2. 5 μm;  Verkley et al. 2004 ; GenBank JX496099; Identities = 579/589 (98 %), 1 gap (0 %)), although its conidia are slightly smaller (2. 5 -4 × 2 μm). However, the tub2 sequences are only 93 % similar (GenBank JX496438; Identities = 419/450 (93 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The ecology of P. hakeae, which occurs on leaves of Hakea sp. in Australia, is unknown. Notes -The genus Peyronellaea is characterised by species having setose pycnidia and dictyochlamydospores. Aveskamp et al. (2009 Aveskamp et al. ( , 2010) )  showed that these structures have evolved several times within the Phoma complex. Peyronellaea eucalypti is phylogenetically related to Peyronellaea glomerata (GenBank KM979831; Identities = 523 /535 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)).
It cannot be compared based on morphology because P. eucalypti only occurs as a sexual morph. This is interesting, because it links a didymella-like sexual morph to the genus. The protein-coding sequences did not reveal any highly similar sequences in the NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database. Colour illustrations. Eucalyptus pellita trees growing in Malaysia; ascomata sporulating on PNA (scale bar = 200 µm); asci and ascospores (scale bars = 10 µm). Notes -The genus Didymocyrtis was recently resurrected for lichenicolous species previously assigned to Diederichia,  Diederichomyces, Leptosphaeria, and Phoma (Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014, Ertz et al. 2015). Didymocyrtis banksiae appears to be a non-lichenicolous species, although it occurs on hard, leathery leaves of Banksia, which frequently have some lichen growth on the leaf surface.
It is, therefore, quite possible that D. banksiae has some lichenicolous association not observed at the time of isolation. Based on a megablast search using the ITS sequence, the best match was to D. cladoniicola (GenBank JQ238623; Identities = 563/585 (96 %), 3 gaps (0 %)), followed by D. foliaceiphila (GenBank JQ238638; Identities = 562/584 (96 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). The protein-coding sequences did not reveal any highly similar sequences in the NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database.