dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
8 kV needle voltage. Data was acquired using Xcalibur 3. 1 software in a data-dependent mode. MS scans (m/z 300-1,600) were recorded at a resolution of R = 70,000 (@ m/z 200) and an AGC target of 3 × 10 6 ions collected within 100 ms. Dynamic exclusion was set to 30 s and top 12 ions were selected from fragmentation in HCD mode. MS/MS scans with a target value of 1 × 10 5 ions were collected with a maximum fill time of 100 ms and a resolution of R = 17,500. Additionally, only + 2 and + 3 charged ions were selected for fragmentation. Other settings were as follows: no sheath and no auxiliary gas flow, heated capillary temperature, 200 • C; normalized HCD collision energy of 27 eV and an isolation width of 2 m/z. Protein identification and Label-Free Quantification (LFQ) were done in Proteome Discoverer 2.
4. MS Amanda 2. 0, Sequest HT and Mascot 2. 4 algorithms were used for protein identification in batch mode by searching against Ensembl B. cinerea database (12 060 entries, release 31). Two missed enzyme cleavages were allowed for the trypsin. Mass tolerances in MS and MS/MS were set to 10 ppm and 0. 6 Da. Oxidation (M), acetylation (K) and deamidation (N, Q) were searched as dynamic modifications and carbamidomethylation (C) as static modification. Peptide validation was performed using Percolator algorithm  (Käll et al. , 2007)  and only "high confidence" peptides were retained corresponding to a 1% false discovery rate at peptide level. Minora feature detector node (LFQ) was used along with the feature mapper and precursor ions quantifier. The normalization parameters were selected as follows: (1) Unique peptides, (2) Precursor abundance based on intensity, (3) Normalization mode: total peptide amount, (4) Protein abundance calculation: summed abundances, (5) Protein ratio calculation: pairwise ratio based.
Endocytosis Assay Conidia of the T2. 16, HUB. 1 and parental strains were used to inoculate 2 ml of PDB 1/4 medium in microtubes (3. 10 5 spores/ml). Following 16 h of incubation at 21 • C, the young mycelia were collected by centrifugation (3,500 g, 5 min), suspended in 500 µl of PDB 1/4 and kept on ice. The samples (20 µl) were deposited onto glass slides and immediately mixed with 20 µl of 10 µM FM4-64 FX (Sigma) in PDB 1/4. Timecourse observations were performed using a confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM510: Exc 488 nm/Em 700 nm). Quantification of the endocytic process was performed using the Fiji-ImageJ software. For all studied strains, the 20 µm apical regions of 10 different hyphae were analyzed. Images were zoomed to 300%. The polygon selection tool was used to outline the plasma membranes and to measure their mean fluorescence.
16 mutant while no significant difference in vegetative growth could be observed under in vitro conditions (Figure  1B  and Supplementary Figure  2A ). Besides, microscopic observations showed that the production of infection cushions was altered (smaller and partially developed) in the mutant strain (Figure  1C ). Finally, expression of the Bcchc gene was investigated by quantitative RT-PCR during a kinetic of spore germination and mycelial growth in vitro. This revealed that Bcchc was less expressed in the mutant than in the parental strain, up to 10-fold at 16 h post-inoculation (Figure  1D ). Altogether, these data indicate that a lower expression of the Bcchc gene in B. cinerea could impair pathogenicity.
16 mutant were consistent with the weak ROS production measured in vitro (see above) and moreover indicates that the plant does not produce much ROS in response to the presence of mutant hyphae. Finally, the HUB. 1 mutant behaved similarly to the T2. 16 mutant with respect to laccase activity and ROS production in vitro and in planta (Figure  4 ). Altogether with the results presented in Figure  3 , these data led to the hypothesis of clathrin playing an important role in the secretion of numerous factors required for virulence in B. cinerea. The Exo-Proteome of Botrytis cinerea Is Modified in the T2. 16 Mutant A deeper exploration of the impact of the Bcchc reduced expression on the fungal secretion was achieved through a comparative shotgun proteomic analysis. The parental and T2. 16 mutant strains were grown in liquid CCPX medium and the proteins extracted from the culture supernatants were analyzed by mass spectrometry.
cinerea. Considering the 25 proteins without SP, 11 showed a similar accumulation in the mutant and parental exo-proteomes, 11 were downaccumulated in the mutant exo-proteome and three were upaccumulated (Supplementary Table  2 ). Following functional classification (Supplementary Table  2 ), comparison of the datasets revealed less proteases, less CAZy targeting plant cell wall components and less oxidoreductases in the mutant exo-proteome than in the parental counterpart (Figure  5 ). These down-accumulations were consistent with the previously measured enzymatic activities and ROS productions (Figures  3, 4 ). Protein degradation represented the function the most affected by the mutation as 18 proteases were down-accumulated in the exo-proteome of the T2. 16 mutant. These proteases include aminopeptidases, subtilisins, carboxypeptidases and the deuterolysin Bcin12p06300 which accumulated 250-fold less in the mutant than in the parental exoproteome.
Methods/Design The LANDMARK trial (ClinicalTrials. govNCT04275726, EudraCT number 2020-000,137-40) is a prospective, randomized, multinational, multicenter, open-label, and noninferiority trial of approximately 768 patients treated with TAVR via the transfemoral approach. Patients will be allocated in a 1:1 randomization to Myval THV series ( n = 384) or to contemporary THV ( n = 384) (either of SAPIEN THV or Evolut THV series). The primary combined safety and efficacy endpoint is a composite of all-cause mortality, all stroke (disabling and nondisabling), bleeding (life-threatening or disabling), acute kidney injury (stage 2 or 3), major vascular complications, prosthetic valve regurgitation (moderate or severe), and conduction system disturbances (requiring new permanent pacemaker implantation), according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 criteria at 30-day follow-up.
Study design The LANDMARK trial is a prospective, randomized, multinational, multicenter, open-label, and noninfer ior ity trial. Clinical data of the primary endpoint will be adjudicated by an independent Clinical Event Committee, and ongoing safety monitoring will be performed by an independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) ( Supplemental materials ). Each patient must provide written informed consent as approved by the ethical committee of the respective clinical site in order to participate in the LANDMARK study.
Sample size calculation The event rate for primary composite safety and efficacy endpoint at 30 days is assumed at 26. 1% in both groups based on the data of different trials  4-7 , 18-21 , 27 , 28. Assuming noninfer ior ity margin of 10. 44% (40% of the assumed event rate) with allocation ratio of 1:1 (Myval THV series: contemporary THV [SAPIEN THV series and Evolut THV series]) a sample size of 692 patients (ie, 346:346) are required at 93% power, with 5% level of significance. Considering 10% dropout rate, a total of 768 patients (ie, 384:384) will be required to be enrolled into the LANDMARK trial. † Severity of patient-prosthesis-mismatch will be based on followings: For patients with BMI < 30 kg/m 2 , iEOA 0. 85-0. 65cm 2 /m 2 considered as moderate and < 0. 65cm 2 /m 2 considered as severe.
Follow-up After the THV implantation, the patient will be followed up at 30 days, 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, 7 years, and 10 years at the clinic. Intermediate telephonic follow-up will be carried out at 6 months, 2 years, and 4 years after the implantation. The interim analysis of the primary and secondary endpoints, based on Data and Safety Monitoring Board's recommendation, will be performed at the 30-day, 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year time-points after the procedure ( Table  5  ). All patients lost to follow-up will be included in the last observation carried forward population and will be evaluated for efficacy. All injuries and/or deaths will be reported as an adverse event or serious adverse event.
Data collection Investigators and their teams will be responsible for recruitment and ethical conduct of the study. All data will be collected in the Electronic Case Report Form with a unique patient ID only. All data used in the analysis and reporting will be without identifiable reference to the patient. The 12-lead ECG will be performed at baseline, predischarge, 30 days, 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year. Echocardiography will be performed at baseline, predischarge, 30 days, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years.
Independent data adjudication All echocardiographic, angiographic, and electrocardiographic data of this study will undergo independent adjudication. Echocardiography will be sent to an independent core lab (CORRIB, Galway, Ireland) for analysis purpose at baseline, predischarge, 30 days, 1 year and 5 years. Echocardiography at 3, 7, and 10 years clinic visit may be assessed by a cardiologist/expert independent of site or it will be site reported. The 12-lead ECG will be sent to an independent core lab (CERC, Paris, France) for analysis purpose at baseline, predischarge, 30 days, 1 year, and 5 years. The 12-lead ECG at 3-year clinic visit may be assessed by the cardiologist/expert independent of site. An independent core lab (CORRIB, Galway, Ireland) will analyze contrast aortography imaging after THV implantation to evaluate PVR (videodensitometric analysis  31 , 32  ), implantation depth after TAVR, and association between final device position and rates of conduction system disturbances (requiring a new PPI) and PVR.
lowest mean STS score of 3. 4%. In the LANDMARK trial, all operative risks will be included and depending on the prevalence and distribution of STS categories, an exploratory analysis will be subsequently performed. The estimated event rate in the LANDMARK trial is set at 26. 1%, which is based upon published data on the incidence of the components of the composite primary endpoint at 30 days among all operative risk categories. 7 , 20 However, if the majority of included patients in the LANDMARK trial have a low operative risk, the observed event rate might be lower than expected.
7] [38]  We expect that the Myval THV design will mitigate both PVR and conduction disturbances. Follow-up duration after TAVR varies in the designs of each study, and there are very few data regarding very long-term valve durability. Assessments of valve function in the early RCT cohorts and registries have consistently shown preserved valve function up to 5 years after TAVR. 9 , 17 , 39-42  Between 5 and 10 years after TAVR using data from the U. K. TAVI registry, long-term transcatheter aortic valve function was shown to remain free of structural valve degeneration in 91% of patients. 43 linical follow-up of the LANDMARK trial is up to 10 years, whereas the longest follow-up period of the previous 6 head-to-head TAVR device comparison RCTs is up to 5 years in the REPRISE-III  19  and SOLVE-TAVI  20  trials.
Study Protocol The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. In this retrospective multicenter study, we reviewed data of patients who underwent PPVI using the folded valve technique between April 2012 and June 2018 in European centers accepting to collaborate to this survey. Data were collected anonymously and retrospectively from medical records focusing on demographic characteristics, procedural data, and both early and mid-term follow-up data. All participating centers had exhaustive computerized databases for data collection of consecutive patients. The implantation of a Melody valve using the folded valve technique was performed according to operators' preferences. As previously described, the main indications of this technique were (1) short RVOT with early pulmonary bifurcation (ie, expected landing zone shorter than the length of the fully deployed Melody valved stent, according to the manufacturer's data, depending on the size of the delivery system to be used), (2) bioprosthetic valves, (3) coronary arteries proximity, and (4) prevention of sternal compression (ie, by implanting a shorter valved stent away from the sternum, to decrease stent fracture risk).
Procedural Data All procedures were performed under general anesthesia, with or without endotracheal intubation and ventilation through a femoral approach. PPVI procedure was performed as previously described. 10 Briefly, a preprocedural detailed hemodynamic assessment was done in all patients, with measurements of right atrial, right ventricle (RV), PA and aortic (Ao) pressures. Balloon interrogation of the RVOT with simultaneous aortic root or selective coronary artery angiograms were performed to assess the proximity of the valve landing zone with the coronary arteries or aorta. The indications for the use of the folded valve technique were recorded, followed by valve implantation. The folded valve modification has been already reported. 10 Briefly, the terminal Melody stent struts on either sides of the Melody valve were folded over itself from inside out on a 10-mL syringe to obtain a length reduction of the device.
The data acquisition system: FASTER All the pre-amplifier or anode signals are sent to a fully digital acquisition system called FASTER (Fast Acquisition System for nuclEar Research) [16] developed at the Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire in Caen, France. It is used to measure relevant observables (deposited energy and time of each hit) extracted online from the traces. FASTER has been built to be modular and fully integrated to satisfy the needs of any type of experiment in nuclear physics, particularly those, which combine detector types with significantly di↵erent characteristics. FASTER is capable of on-line processing of traces, to sort them and group them into "events" (depending on each scientific goal) through a software event builder module, no matter what is the type of detector.
The ⌫-Ballcampaign The ⌫-Ballspectrometer was operational over a one year period from November 2017 to June 2018. Over 150 researchers participated in the experimental campaign and approximately 3200 hours of beam time were provided by the ALTO facility. A detailed description of the campaign progress is given in  [18]. Eight experiments were performed, a short description of some of them is given in  [19] [20] [21]. The variety of physics cases necessitated several transformations of the geometry during the course of the campaign. After construction a commissioning experiment was performed using an ionisation chamber with a Frisch grid containing a 252 Cf spontaneous fission source of 3 kBq on a lead backing at the central cathode to stop one of the fission fragments. The chamber of 15 cm diameter was placed in the center of the array and the ⌫-Balldata acquisition triggered with the chamber cathode signal.
The test was performed to validate the DAQ system at a low count rate with fission events of an average gamma multiplicity around 8. Data were acquired for around 50 hours. Subsequently, a first set of experiments  [19, 20]  based on heavy-ion induced fusionevaporation reactions were performed with all ⌫-Balldetectors placed in the most compact geometry possible -identical to the previously simulated GEANT4 setup. The trigger condition was multiplicity of two γ rays detected in any LaBr 3 module (or one Ge module and one LaBr 3 ) within 2 µs. Clover modules had a local trigger on the card, to provide a multiplicity of one, even in the event of more than one clover crystal firing. Later experiments required a change in geometry to couple the array with the LICORNE neutron source  [21]. The neutron source produces naturally directional neutrons in a cone that depends on the primary beam energy.
Neural networks Neural ntworks are a branch of artificial intelligence that knows a rebirth of interest in science as it is an efficient way to get the results of complicated calculations with simple algorithms. It is now commonly used for instrumentations and physics application  [23] [24] [25]. The design of a neural network is made of three major steps: understanding the useful input parameters, defining the architecture, the training procedure. Then, a neural network quality is characterized by its generalization capability. That is to say to give the correct output for a new dataset.
Training Procedure After a given NN layout has been chosen, all the normalisation factors and inputs weights for every neurons must be calculated. The ROOT software  [17]  provide a library named TMVAnalysis. This package has been created to be capable to quickly define a neural network structure and perform its training from lists of inputs taken from a ROOT file. The next step is to build several data sets that will serve to train (fit) the neural network and to test its response. As mentioned earlier, there are three main processes that will be considered: fission, natural thorium target intrinsic activity and (p,p') reaction in the gas cell. Experimentally, several runs were acquired: • During the commissioning of the spectrometer, an ionization chamber containing a 252 Cf spontaneous fission source was used.
One file was used for training (named "Training Set") and the other one for checking the neural network response (named "Test Set"). In the training process, several file sizes were chosen. As the procedure is very similar to a fit, the initial naive step was to take a large number of training events. However, during the training procedure, it was shown to be not necessary. The TMVAnalysis library training procedure consists of two steps. In the first one, the program will read all the inputs from the training set to determine normalization factors so that the input value cannot exceed 1. In a second step, it will fit all the weights of all the neurons on the test set. A user defined proportion of the test set can be used as a verification that the fit is good enough. If not, the neuron weights are reseted and the program tries a new fit.
9 EPJ Web of Conferences 256, 00008 (2021) https://doi. org/10. 1051/epjconf/202125600008 Theory-5 • The representation of each process in the training set was also studied: equally likely, same ratio as reaction rate ratios,. • The expected output value was also modified to include the likeliness of processes. For example, one can assume that the (p,p') reaction is more similar to intrinsic decay in the target than to fission when comparing the input data: the expected response of the NN was 0 for both intrinsic activity and (p,p') reaction. At the end, one neural network architecture has been selected. It is using six metadata as inputs: the prompt spatial distribution of γ-rays, the 400 ns average spatial distribution, the event/prompt multiplicity and the event/prompt total energy. Its ROC curve is named "Cleanest 6:12" in Fig.
It is an achievement in itself as these peaks are generally in an energy range dominated by parasitic reactions. Again, these fission fragment induced structures are not visible on the matrix projection built with a multiplicity filter. The rejection rate of the neural network algorithm seems to be reasonable as the measured fission rate (measured with the 140 Xe 2 + ! 0 + transition) is about the same order of magnitude as the calculated one. However, this success has to be mitigated. Indeed, the measured fission rate greatly depends on the considered fission fragment and it might vary from the expected value to a fifth of the calculated rate. Added to this, construction of cubes and matrices based on the selected 10 EPJ Web of Conferences 256,  00008 (2021)  https://doi. org/10. 1051/epjconf/202125600008 Theory-5 data leaves a very small amount of data, which makes the identification of weakly populated transition almost impossible.
Conclusion In this paper, a brief overview of the ⌫-Ballcampaign has been given. The ⌫-Ballarray, built in a similar way to EUROBALL, EXILL, is one of the first to combine high energy resolution detectors with high time resolution crystals. During the campaign, a significant beam time has been dedicated to induce fission on 238 U and 232 Th with fast neutrons produced by the ALTO LICORNE source. The high activity of the natural thorium target, made the fission event reconstruction difficult. Thus, a new technique based on neural network has been studied. It has been proven to be successful. However, several improvements can be performed and should be implemented in the future. If given the opportunity, the construction of a real fission dataset of the fissioning system with exactly the same response function of the array is a must have.
Functional status Right panel includes information elements missing for more than 20% of hospital-SNF pairs. Missingness of all 23 data elements included in the survey is reported in the eAppendix in the Supplement. For usability, the only characteristic associated with no more than 1 usability challenge was having a hospital clinician on site at the SNF (OR, 1. 73; 95% CI, 1. 16-2. 59; P =. 02). In multivariate analyses, having a hospital clinician on site at the SNF was the only characteristic that remained statistically significant and was significant for all 3 dimensions: OR, 1. 72 (95% CI, 1. 07-2. 78; P =. 03) for completeness; OR, 1. 76 (95% CI, 1. 08-2. 88; P =. 02) for timeliness; and OR, 1. 64 (95% CI, 1. 02-2. 63; P =. 04) for usability (Table  2 ). Hospital accountable care organization participation was also significantly associated with improved information continuity in multivariate results but only for timeliness (OR, 1.
The final response rate was 53. 0% (following AAPOR Response Rate Option No. 2). 27 We received responses from 265 SNFs, representing 471 SNF-hospital pairs. Completed surveys were then linked to publicly available data that included organizational characteristics. The SNF characteristics came from the Skilled Nursing Facility Utilization and Payment Public Use File. 28 The hospital characteristics came from the 2018 American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database and from data publicly reported by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services on hospital participation in bundled payment initiatives that include postacute care services. 26,29 Finally, we used 2017 Medicare claims data to measure hospital-SNF referral volumes. 30.
Openings characterization To investigate the openings' size and distribution, close view SEM images are further used for analysis with GWYDDION software  [14] , see Supplementary material. If the distribution of the equivalent diameters of the openings plotted for each alumina layer thickness is investigated, it is seen that there is no correlation between the alumina layer thickness and the size of the created openings, see Supplementary material. Thus, in Figure  4 , the summarized openings distribution is represented, while including the results from all tested samples regardless the Al2O3 layer thickness. According to Figure  4 , at average around 95% of the produced openings have the equivalent diameter of less 700 nm. In Table  3  the percentage of the released opened area in the different alumina layer thicknesses is given.
Users were invited to provide their contact details for a qualitative evaluation interview. The objective was to learn what in uence such a video had on their practice. The tool developed by Boyko  [10]  based on the theory of planned behaviour inspired the development of the qualitative interview guide to understand a) attitudes, b) subjective norms, and c) perceptions of control over behaviour. Twenty respondents were contacted, and interviews lasting 20 to 40 minutes were conducted by telephone and recorded. These audio les were imported into the qualitative data processing software NVivo 10© and partially transcribed. The comments collected were analyzed using a thematic analysis method that made it possible to identify, group, and structure all the themes addressed in the statements  [11].