dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The propagation of the shear waves was then imaged during 5 ms with a frame rate of 8000 images/s. A sequence of 8 consecutive supersonic pushes at intervals of 200 ms was triggered on the R-wave peak (maximum) of the ECG. This acquisition sequence was repeated three times for reproducibility assessment. The propagation of the natural pulse wave along the right CCA was imaged in immediate succession with the probe maintained in the same position. A sequence of 1000 images acquired with a frame rate of 2000 images/s was triggered on the R-wave peak through the ECG-coupled imaging system. Measurements were performed three times to assess reproducibility. The in-phase and quadrature (IQ) data were exported, stored and processed a posteriori in a blind manner using MATLAB R2014a (The MathWorks Inc.
Clinical Investigation of HEGP with a supine SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg and no history of cardiovascular disease or additional risk factors. The study was approved by the institutional medical ethics committee of St Germain en Laye hospital and all participants gave informed consent. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials. gov (identifier NCT01743352). The HT group consisted of 29 patients aged between 25 and 71 years, equally distributed by sex, with never treated essential hypertension or under antihypertensive treatment but with insufficiently controlled BP. The NT group consisted in 27 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. In both groups, subjects were equally distributed by age group (25-39, 40-54, 55-71 years). HT patients were recruited from the Hypertension and the Pharmacology Units of Georges Pompidou European Hospital (HEGP).
The aerobic lactate threshold (LTAER) was defined as the point at which blood lactate (bLA) began to rise above baseline levels  (Kindermann et al. , 1979). Anaerobic lactate thresholds (LTAN) were obtained as individual and fixed thresholds. The individual anaerobic threshold was defined as the running speed at a net increase in lactate concentration of 1. 5 mmol/l above the lactate concentration at the aerobic lactate threshold  (Roecker et al. , 1998). The fixed LTAN was obtained at a speed of 4 mmol/l (LT4)  (Faude et al. , 2009). The lactate curve was obtained using the lactate software program Ergonizer (Ergonizer, Software für sportmedizinische Leistungsdiagnostik, K. Röcker, Freiburg, Germany). Continuous measurements of ventilatory variables and oxygen uptake were performed with a breath by breath gas and volume analyzer (Metalyzer 3B, Cortex Biophysik, Leipzig, Germany).
Statistical Analyses Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for Windows (version 24. 0; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Descriptive data were reported as means, SD, and 95% confidence intervals. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test for normal distribution. To examine the relationships between selected outcome measures (LTAET, LT4, IAT) and the race results, the Pearson productmoment correlation coefficient (r) with a 95% confidence interval was calculated. Linear regression analysis was performed to predict the value of race results for either the XS trail races from laboratory outcome measure LT4. Effect sizes for correlations are given in r and for regression analysis in R 2. Statistical significance was set at p < 0. 05 for all analysis.
Data were collected non-anonymously and analyzed using the graphical and analytical features of www. surveymonkey. com and IBM SPSS Statistics, version 24. 0 (IBM Corp. , Armonk, New York, United States). Answers were described as counts and percentages for categorical variables. Continuous variables were summarized as medians and range. Regarding respondents who gave time ranges between treatment sessions, the median value of each range was used to determine the total median value. This study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Statistical Analyses Statistical analyses were computed with R software version 3. 2. 3. All of our measures were normally distributed. Between-group comparisons were conducted with parametric Student t-tests for independent samples on all measures. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the minimal effect size that could be detected with our sample. This analysis was performed with G*Power 3. 1 software  [49]. For a power of 80%, the minimal effect size that could be detected with our study was η 2 = 0. 160. In preparation of multiple regression analyses, we computed a parametric Pearson correlation matrix to identify strong correlations between the measures of our set. We used significantly correlated measures to compute composite scores from socio-emotional processing (SEP) and executive-attentional functioning (EaF) measures.
Similar analyses were performed for infections. In view of the nonrandomized nature of this study, a bias of treatment attribution is inevitable. Differences between the two groups due to ATG indication may greatly in uence the outcomes. To face these constraints, we calculated propensity scores to correctly adjust for confounding factors and to address potential confounding by indication  (10). We assessed the propensity score of receiving ATG through multivariable logistic regression model with ATG use as the dependent variable. Data known to in uence the choice of using or not ATG were used to calculate the propensity score and included age, pretransplant history of malignancy, duration of dialysis before transplant, pre-transplant anti-HLA antibodies, previous history of transplantation, Other factors such as sex, previous cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, body mass index, smoking status, and diabetes, were also tested in the model.
They also suggested, but without evidence, that parenteral nutrition improves chemotherapy effectiveness. Recent imaging technologies allows investigating this crucial question in a non-invasive manner, by performing serial 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( 18 F-FDG PET/CT). 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging data are used to compute static and dynamic FDG parameters. Several studies have shown than dynamic FDG uptake measurements are more accurate than the standardized uptake value (SUV) to assess differences between benign and tumour tissues and to highlight changes in tumour metabolism after treatment  [5, 6]. Moreover, 18 F-FDG PET-based quantification of glucose metabolism is reproducible with a coefficient of variation of approximately 10% (test-retest studies for repeated scans of the same patients)  [7].
Image analysis was performed using the PMOD software. For all patients, the region of interest (ROI) was drawn around the primary tumour by the same experimented nuclear medicine physician to calculate the imaging parameters. SUV is the most commonly used parameter for glucose metabolism quantification, and represents the FDG concentration in a volume of interest (i. e. , the tumour or part of the tumour) normalized to the patient's weight and total injected activity: SUV = activity concentration in tissue (injected activity/ body weight) On static 3D PET images (acquired 60 minutes after 18 F-FDG injection), the following parameters were extracted from the ROI within the tumour: -SUVmax: the voxel with the highest radioactivity within the ROI; is the most widely used parameters with good inter-observer reproducibility; -SUVmean: reflects the metabolic activity within the whole tumour; however, it is sensitive to the tumour volume delineation; -SULpeak (SUL = SUV normalized to the lean body mass): represents the average activity in a small fixed-size ROI that includes the maximum voxel; this is considered to be the best parameter for the assessment of solid cancer response to treatment  [12].
SUVmean and SUVmax were also assessed in peritumoral healthy tissue. To reflect variations over time, the dynamic PET (dPET) images acquired just after 18 F-FDG injection were used to calculate the following parameters. The glucose metabolic rate (MRGlu, expressed in µmol. min -. 100g -1 of tumour tissue) was calculated using the "MRGlu Patlack" mode of the PMOD software, as previously described  [14]. The vascular input function was set on an artery found in the view field, and the lump constant (LC) was set to 1. Another PMOD mode ("the two-compartment" mode) allowed calculating the transport constant rates (k) of the two-compartment model (Figure  1 ): k1, k2, k3, k4 (expressed in h -1 ). These variables are associated with molecular biological processes, such as GLUT (k1-k2) and hexokinase activities (k3-k4).
In Vivo Electromyographic Recordings Recordings were made in the ipsilateral biceps femoris muscle with two Teflon-coated stainless-steel electrodes (Phymep, Paris, France; diameter 200 µm). Electrical stimuli (500 µs, single chocks, master 8 stimulator (A. M. P. I, Jerusalem, Israel) were delivered with electrodes placed under the paw skin in the region of the sural nerve. A maximum response was obtained for a stimulus intensity of 60 to 80 V, as determined with single shocks delivered at 30 s intervals, to avoid central sensitization. At this stimulus intensity, a slight muscle contraction was elicited without movement of the limb. Data were acquired by a CED 1401 interface and analyzed with Spike 2 software (CED, Cambridge, UK).
Data Analysis and Statistics The electromyographic signals were integrated by measuring the area under the curve after rectification of the signal. Windup plots (e. g. , Figure  1A ) were normalized to the first response of the series. For extracellular recordings, spikes in the C+PD part of the response were counted, and data were plotted with the Prism software (v 5. 0, GraphPad Inc. , San Diego, USA). All values are mean ± SEM, and N indicates the number of tested animals. A windup coefficient was calculated by dividing the sum of the 15 responses by 15 times the first recorded response. Comparison of windup plots were performed by using a two-way ANOVA. Windup coefficient comparison between two populations was performed, using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Windup coefficient comparison between before and after drug applications were compared by using paired t-test, or a one-way ANOVA when 2 drugs were applied.
Contents This is a citation summary for Somatostatin receptors in the Guide to Pharmacology database (GtoPdb). It exists purely as an adjunct to the database to facilitate the recognition of citations to and from the database by citation analyzers. Readers will almost certainly want to visit the relevant sections of the database which are given here under database links. GtoPdb is an expert-driven guide to pharmacological targets and the substances that act on them. GtoPdb is a reference work which is most usefully represented as an on-line database. As in any publication this work should be appropriately cited, and the papers it cites should also be recognized. This document provides a citation for the relevant parts of the database, and also provides a reference list for the research cited by those parts.
Based on the specimens collected during three deep-sea cruises, and deposited at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) in Paris, we analysed the diversity of benthic communities within the EEZ of French Polynesia. The literature and the MNHN database allowed us to inventory 471 species of invertebrates, among which 169 were newly described. We mainly found data for Mollusca, Crustacea, Brachiopoda and Crinoidea. We also found samples from other taxa, which still remain unidentified within the collections of the MNHN. Although this inventory is incomplete, we demonstrate that the deep waters of French Polynesia host unique benthic communities and endemic species. Using diversity and multivariate analyses, we show that the deep-sea benthic communities are structured by depth, habitats, geography and also by the presence of polymetallic crust.
Within this context, our aims were (i) to gather available data on the deep-sea benthic communities of the French Polynesian EEZ; and (ii) determine if the observed polymetallic crusts, occurring mostly on seamounts, are associated with unique benthic communities. The sole cohesive dataset available for the analysis of the biodiversity of the deep-sea benthic communities in the area is provided by the sampling of the Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos (TDSB) program  18. TDSB is an informal program driven by a naturalist exploration approach aiming at discovering new taxa, and at characterizing their range of geographic distributions. The majority of the data provided by these expeditions are in the form of biological specimens, which are deposited at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) in Paris.
Taxonomic identifications for these specimens can be found primarily in the published taxonomic literature, while unpublished identifications (or records) are available from the MNHN databases. Three TDSB cruises were carried out in French Polynesia (Fig. 1a ): MUSORSTOM 9 (1998), BENTHAUS (2002) and TARASOC (2009). Parallel to these three TDSB surveys, a consortium of French and Polynesian institutes launched a suite of oceanographic campaigns under the umbrella of the Zone Economique de la POLYnesie Française (ZEPOLYF) program  19. The aims of these campaigns were to chart the seabed of the French Polynesian EEZ, and to make an inventory of the mineral and biological resources within the area. For this study, we used the largest biological dataset available (comprising data for crustacean, molluscs, brachiopoda and crinoidea) and all available geological data for the EEZ.
Methods study area and deep-sea surveys. In 1998, the MUSORSTOM 9 cruise explored bathyal slopes of Marquesas. Most of the islands had abrupt steep slopes starting around 100 m water depth, with some terraces between 400-600 m depth. As the R/V ALIS, used for most TDSB cruises, was not yet equipped with a multibeam echo-sounder, uncharted zones were poorly explored and a single seamount was visited (see Fig. 1a ). In 2002, the BENTHAUS cruise explored slopes and seamounts of the Austral Islands. In 2009, the TARASOC cruise explored both the bathyal slopes of the Society and Tuamotu Islands, and the Tarava Seamounts chain. For these two cruises, data from the ZEPOLYPH cartography program (1996-1999), and a multibeam echo-sounder, newly available at that time on board the R/V ALIS, allowed sampling on deeper, steeper, and more rugged terrain, which are typically found on seamounts (Fig.
1a ). TDSB sampling metadata are available on the MNHN expedition website: https://expeditions. mnhn. fr. This database provides metadata for each station, such as the geographic coordinates and the sampling depth and if available, photos taken during the sorting process on board. All the sampled organisms are labelled on board with a station number and are available for research to an international network of taxonomists. After taxonomic identification, specimens are registered into the MNHN database, and linked to station data provided by the expedition database. Note, however, that some of the identifications that have been published in scientific papers, are not yet registered in MNHN database and, conversely, some of the identifications that are registered, have not yet been published in scientific papers.
species occurrences data. We compiled a list of occurrences of benthic invertebrate species below 200 m depth in the French Polynesian EEZ (see Supplementary Material) using a variety of sources. First, we reviewed all the literature concerning samples from the MUSORSTOM9, BENTHAUS and TARASOC cruises (the list of publications used for each cruise is available at expeditions. mnhn. fr). Second, we cross-checked the species occurrences against the information available within the MNHN collection database (https://science. mnhn. fr), and the Joseph Poupin's crustacean database (http://crustiesfroverseas. free. fr/). This enabled us to add: (1) species that are currently under description (referred to as sp. nov. ); (2) known species that had been identified by taxonomists as occurring in French Polynesian EEZ, but for which the records have yet to be published.
MUSORSTOM9 BENTHAUS TARASOC Sampling events (stations) After reviewing the literature and databases, we compiled the data over the three surveys, for the Mollusca, the Crustacea, and the Brachiopoda. For other taxa, such as Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Porifera and Vertebrata (i. e. fishes), we found occurrences to be fewer than ten species, or we only found species occurrences for one of the three surveys. Third, we explored the MNHN collections for unidentified and/or unregistered specimens. We found important amounts of unstudied material, mostly for Cnidaria, Porifera, Echinodermata, Vertebrata (fishes) and Mollusca; but with the exception of Crinoidea and Mollusca, no experts were available to identify these specimens. Nadia Améziane and Marc Eleaume, kindly accepted to sort the crinoids from the three surveys into morphospecies.
The micromollusc Turridae were not included in the morphospecies sorting as it represented too much material. Moreover, the assessment of the species diversity based on morphological traits for this group is difficult to establish  24. Last, we made an additional quality control for shelled molluscan species. Empty shells may be carried from shallow to deeper seafloor, and may not be representative of the depth at which the animals are living. Therefore, molluscan species recorded from the literature or in our specimens, occurring at shallow depths (0-200 m), but also present as dead shells below 200 m, were considered as belonging to shallow-waters species and thus discarded from the final dataset. environmental data. The presence of polymetallic crusts was established for each sampled locality (geomorphological features such as islands or individual seamounts) based on the reports from the geological surveys in the area.
Four surveys provided information about the presence of polymetallic crusts. The NODCO (1986) cruise discovered the first site with thick crusts on a seamount in the Tuamotu Archipelago. The Tarava Seamount Chain was discovered during ZEPOLYF1 (1996) cruise. The POLYDRAG (1998) cruise then sampled the crusts and complemented the bathymetric maps. Last, the ZEPOLYF2 (1999) cruise surveyed the Austral Islands  11. Since the sampling area of BENTHAUS and ZEPOLYF2 overlapped, the presence of polymetallic crusts for BENTHAUS stations were inferred from the ZEPOLYF2 results  16, 25. For the TARASOC cruise, we complemented the available geological data using the photos of the content of the trawls and the dredges. These photos, taken on board of the R/V ALIS, allowed us to assess, for each station if crusts were present.
Data analyses. In order to characterise the deep-sea benthic communities of French Polynesia, we defined two datasets corresponding to two distinct geographic scales and taxonomic coverage. Dataset #1 encompasses all occurrence data over the area covered by the three cruises, (not including micromolluscs from the TARASOC cruise). We grouped the stations by localities corresponding to geomorphological features, such as islands or individual seamounts, and defined regions corresponding to the three surveys (see Fig. 1a ). For dataset #2, we focused only on molluscs from the set of stations of the TARASOC cruise (Fig. 2a ). For each species of the dataset #2 we recorded the size, by either measuring the biggest specimen, using a digital calliper, or we used the size documented for the holotype.
The availability of shells within the sieve residues also allowed us to compare, for this subset of stations, the diversity of the communities of micro-and macro-molluscs. All analyses were carried out with a species by localities (dataset #1) matrix or a species by sampling sites (dataset #2) matrix, in R using the packages vegan  27  , iNEXT  28  and recluster  29. To compare diversities among localities that were not evenly sampled, we evaluated species and families richness using sample-based rarefaction and extrapolation curves with Hill Numbers  30, 31. Species richness was compared among the three surveys (MUSORSTOM 9, BENTHAUS, and TARASOC) for dataset #1, and between habitats (Seamount vs Slope) for the dataset #2. For dataset #1, we used a Venn diagram to visualize the amount of species shared among regions.
For dataset #2 we analysed separately the richness of the micro-and the macro-molluscs. For both datasets, we computed a similarity matrix using the Sørensen -coefficient. For dataset #1, first, non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS)  32  allowed us to visualize similarities of communities among the different localities. Then, for both datasets, we tested the influence of environmental variables (e. g. , the mean depth and the presence of crusts for dataset#1, and the topography and the presence of crust for dataset #2) on the structure of the communities using a distance-based Redundancy Analysis (db-RDA)  33. Finally, we conducted PERMANOVA  34  -analyses. This test is used to test the significance of the variance of the dissimilarity in the composition of communities. We looked at the dissimilarity, among the regions and habitats for dataset #1, and among the regions, the habitats, and the life history traits for dataset #2.
Results Over the three cruises, 471 species belonging to Mollusca, Crustacea, Echinodermata and Brachiopoda were included in dataset #1 (Table  1 ). More dredges were deployed for the BENTHAUS and TARASOC cruises, during which, more seamounts were explored than for the MUSORSTOM9 cruise. However, among the three cruises, the relative numbers of mollusc species (better sampled with dredges) and crustacean species (better sampled by trawls or traps), were similar. BENTHAUS was the most species diverse of the three surveys (Table  1  and Fig. 3a ). By rarefying the number of sampling events to a comparable number (80), we obtained an estimated species richness of 175 for BENTHAUS, 135 for MUSORSTOM 9, and 153 for TARASOC (Fig. 3a ). Focusing on a higher taxonomic rank (e. g. Family), MUSORSTOM 9 was the most family-rich survey (Table  1 , Fig.
3b ). The Venn diagram (Fig. 3c ) shows that 2. 3% of the whole diversity was shared among the three surveys, and that more species were shared between MUSORSTOM 9 and BENTHAUS (21) than between MUSORSTOM 9 and TARASOC (12). Three groups were distinguished in the nMDS plot obtained for dataset#1 (Fig. 4a ): (1) localities from the MUSORSTOM 9 survey (green), (2) localities from the BENTHAUS survey (red), and (3) localities from the TARASOC survey (blue). The TARASOC group presented two sub-groups corresponding to islands slopes (circles in the top box), and seamounts (triangles in the bottom box). Three points fell outside of these groups, corresponding to localities with very low species richness; even though the number of stations per locality was of the same order than for the other localities.
The PERMANOVA test showed that species assemblages were significantly different among the three cruises (F statistic = 0. 001). Both the mean depth of the sampled locality, and the presence of crust, significantly structured the species assemblages (p-value = 0. 015 and 0. 009, respectively; db-RDA plots, Fig. 4b ). The dataset #2 included 287 molluscan species (of which 216 are morphospecies from the TARASOC residues), over 74 sampling sites of the TARASOC cruise: 155 species of micromolluscs and 132 species of macromolluscs. Molluscan communities were structured by both topography (Seamount or Slope, p-value = 0. 001) and the presence of crust (p-value = 0. 001) (db-RDA, Fig. 2b ). For macromolluscs, the slopes were more species-rich than seamounts. For example, for 24 sampling events, the curves indicate an estimated species richness of 80 and 51, respectively, for slopes and seamounts, whereas for micromolluscs, no difference in species richness between these two environments, could be observed (Fig.