dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
2D Plane Strain Model For the finite element analysis of the 2D model, we assumed plane strain and used PLANE42 and PLANE182 (ANSYS, 2020R2). Surface Evolver was used to define the shape of the solder joints. Figure  6  depicts the top view of the test vehicle, where the solder joints located in the periphery array format are marked in white. The finite element model was a 2D half model built along the diagonal of the test vehicle (Figure  7 ). Its position is the yellow line in Figure  6. Figure  8  illustrates the finite element model of the stacked FO-WLP (PoP) structure. The upper and lower stacks of the package were connected through soldering and TMV. The TMV was 0. 25 mm in diameter and located atop the solder balls.
S-Parameter Extraction To obtain the precise value of insertion loss contributed by RF redundant TSVs, deembedding was conducted. According to the relevant theory of microwave network parameters, conversion into ABCD parameters with cascade characteristics for RF redun-parameters of each unit structure is converted into S-parameters, and the transmission characteristics of the three TSV interconnections can be compared. Microwave network parameter conversion and other operations in the de-embedding process are performed in MATLAB software(MATLAB, R2020a, MathWorks, Natick, Mass, USA). Using the above de-embedding process, the S-parameters of the two kinds of RF TSV design are obtained, as shown in Figure  14. It can be observed that the S 21 values of the three TSV interconnects are close when the frequency is less than 40 GHz, and the gap is in the range of 0.
Conclusions This paper presented a RF redundant TSV design for a high resistance Si interposer as a package substrate. To verify the feasibility of the scheme, two test structures for connecting CPW transmission lines through redundant TSVs were designed to be able to work in 0-40 GHz. Modeling and simulation were carried out using HFSS, conclusion can be drawn from the obtained S-parameters that the more the number of RF redundant TSV, the lower the resonance frequency, and the greater the insertion loss. This was also solidified with the results obtained with the established modified equivalent circuit model for RF redundant TSV interconnection. The simulation also shows that the designed RF redundant TSV interconnection is capable to work in the range of 0-40 GHz without unacceptable RF property degradation when failure occurs.
Before bonding, Ar plasma treatment (RF power: 200 W, operating pressure: 60 Pa, treatment time: 60 s) was performed for surface activation using the plasma equipment installed in the bonding system (WAP-1000, Bondtech Co. , Ltd. , Kyoto, Japan). The treatment time (60 s) was short enough not to affect the surface roughness of the Au surfaces  [34]. The bonded area was observed with a surface acoustic microscope (SAM; SAM 300, PVA TePla Analytical Systems, Westhausen, Germany), and the percentage of the bonded area was calculated using ImageJ software  [40]. The bonding strength was evaluated using the razor blade test, which is also known as the crack opening method  [41]. The crack length caused by inserting a blade was observed with the SAM.
Acknowledgments: Authors would like to thank the  National NanoFab Center engineers  in the  Department of Nanostructure Development  for thin film deposition and sample preparation. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the  Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan)  under contracts  MOST 109-2221-E-005-040-MY3 , for which the authors are grateful. This work was also supported by the " Innovation and Development   Center of Sustainable Agriculture " from the  Featured Research Center Program  within the framework of the  Higher Education Sprout Project   of the Ministry of Education (Taiwan).
This research was supported by the  Korea Medical Device Development Fund  grant funded by the  Korean government  (the  Ministry of Science and ICT , the  Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy , the  Ministry of Health and Welfare , and the  Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , project number  1711138281 ,  KMDF_PR_20200901_0145-2021 ) and the  Korea Institute of Science and Technology institutional program  ( 2E31642 ). Institutional Review Board Statement: The  animal study  protocol was approved by the  Institutional Review Board of Korean   Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)  (protocol code  KIST-2020-210  approved on  30 June 2020 ).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Funding: This research was supported by the  convergence technology development program  for bionic arm through the  National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)  funded by the  Ministry of Science & ICT  (No. 2017M3C1B2085292 ). This work was also supported by the  Korea Institute of Science and Technology institutional program  ( 2E30090  and  2V08590 ). Funding: This project has received funding from the  Electronic Component Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking  under grant agreement No  737487. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  and  Belgium ,  Netherlands ,  France ,  Germany ,  Austria ,  Spain ,  Czech Republic, Norway.
1. Effect of pristine CNT content on the mechanical properties of geopolymer nanocomposite Since their discovery, carbon nanotubes have aroused the interest of researchers as composite reinforcements and weight reducers thanks to their high elastic modulus of ~ 1 TPa  [43]. The main concern of this section is to address the role of pristine CNT in reinforcing the geopolymer nanostructure. The tensile processes are investigated by using the constant-strain method to assess the elastic and indentation modulus of the CNT/geopolymer nanocomposites with various CNT concentrations from 0. 0 to 8. 31 wt%. First, the obtained elastic modulus for plain geopolymer model is found to be equal to 46. 21 GPa, in agreement with the obtained values of 45. 1 GPa  [23]  and 42 GPa  [44]. Figs. 3  and 4  depict the obtained data of the elastic and the indentation modulus for various CNT concentrations.
Measurements and Data Analysis The 25 solutions were measured with each one of the three sensors under study (CS1, CS2 and 2RS), yielding a total amount of 75 measurements. All the measurements were made with a properly calibrated VNA (Aritsu ref. MS46122A, Atsugi-shi, Japan). For each measurement, a volume of 5 µL of the corresponding solution was placed into the sample holder of the sensor by means of a precise micropipette, and the scattering parameters of the response of the sensor were recorded. The sample holder was carefully cleaned between measurements until the empty (no-sample) response was reached. The room temperature was kept constant throughout the whole measurement campaign, between 22 and 23 • C. After performing all the measurements, they were analyzed and the data were extracted.
e. , the various methods all solve the same problem, but apply different optimization schemes. NA has been most widely used in inversion for 1D seismic site characterization studies due to the availability of a user-friendly software implementation (geopsypack,  Wathelet et al. 2020). For this reason, and because the original algorithm has been modified and improved for this application, the NA is reviewed in greater detail in Section 4. 3. For a more technical discussion on some of the techniques reviewed in this section (for general applications in geophysics), as well as for further discussion on exploitation vs. exploration of the misfit hyper-surface in geophysical inverse methods, see  Sambridge and Mosegaard (2002).
To improve the confidence in finding the global minimum, it is recommended to run the procedure several times, initiated from different starting models. The DHS algorithm has been widely used in 1D site characterization studies, particularly considering surface-wave dispersion data (e. g. ,  Ohori et al. 2002; Parolai et al. 2006; Zomorodian and Hunaidi 2006). García-Jerez et al. (  2016 ) developed a widely used software package (HV-Inv) that applies the DHS method (among other optional optimization methods) to invert HVSR data for shallow 1D velocity structure. The software also supports the joint inversion of HVSR and dispersion data. Baziw (2002)  applied DHS to seismic cone penetration data, which measure seismic body waves rather than surface waves and are typically considered using simplified direct conversions to seismic velocities in soils (as opposed to formal inversions).
Di  Giulio et al. (2006)  published one of the first applications of this inversion method to multiple ambient vibration (microtremor) arrays. The NA core was subsequently re-written in C++ by  Wathelet (2008)  to provide several improvements detailed below. This latter implementation has been widely used since 2008, with only minor modifications. Renalier et al. (2010)  analyzed data from passive and active arrays at 10 documented sites in Europe to propose a parametrization strategy based on several repeated inversion trials with an increasing number of layers. With a database of 14 strong-motion sites in Europe, Di  Giulio et al. (2012)  addressed the parameterization issue following Akaike's information criterion. Such quantitative approaches to parameterization based on formal information criteria are discussed further in the next section.
Cox and Teague (2016)  promoted parameterizations controlled by only a few tuning parameters: the number of layers and a layering ratio for V P and V S. This approach was further refined by  Vantassel and Cox (2021). The original forward code (and inversion) focused on the phase velocity dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves. However, Love waves, group velocities  (Roux et al. 2011) , and Rayleigh-wave ellipticity  (Hobiger et al. 2013)  have also been considered. Rickwood and Sambridge (2006)  proposed an improved algorithm dedicated to parallel computing architectures that is particularly efficient when the computational cost of the forward problem is small. An open-source application dinver (distributed in geopsypack,  Wathelet et al. 2020 ) implements a modified NA with a similar parallel structure.
This cannot be accomplished with other approaches reviewed in this paper. Assessment factors of interest include V S30 , which is used to categorize sites into classes according to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). V S30 is also used to predict peak ground velocity (PGV) and peak ground acceleration (PGA) amplification factors (relative to hard ground). However, amplification spectra calculated using the full V S profile generally provide better indicators of site amplification than V S30 -based measures  (Boore and Atkinson 2008). In Section 5. 5, the inversion methods described in Sections 5. 1-5. 4 are illustrated for dispersion data from two distinct geological settings  (Molnar et al. 2010) , with comparisons to invasive measurements and calculation of probabilistic site assessments  (Molnar et al.
Computation of phase-velocity dispersion curves from the recordings was carried out using geopsy software  (Wathelet et al. 2020). The two observed dispersion data sets are shown in Fig. 8. As mentioned, various Bayesian inversion approaches have been applied to these data. Molnar et al. (2010)  determined the model parameterization from a number of choices using the BIC, and computed the error covariance matrix from the residual autocovariance of an initial inversion. This analysis indicated that a power-law gradient was the preferred parameterization for the delta data, while a linear gradient was preferred for the Victoria data. Gosselin et al. (2017)  applied a BP parameterization with the polynomial order determined by the BIC, and used AR error modelling (only the delta data were considered by  Gosselin et al.
Acknowledgments This is Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) contribution number  20200797. The  Consortium of Organizations for Strong Motion Observation Systems (COS-MOS ) consisting of the  U. S. Geological Survey , the  Geological Survey of Canada , and a group of North American power utility companies ( Southern California Edison  and  Pacific Gas and Electric)  identified the need for the development of this publication and contributed funding and encouragement to facilitate this project. This work is also partially supported by the  Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada  through a  Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship  to JMG.
Methods We included consecutive patients referred to our institution for possible heart transplantation or VAD implantation between 2000 and 2014 with the exception of patients with complex congenital heart disease. Patients were included if they were ambulatory, clinically stable and receiving optimal medical therapy with maximal tolerated doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (before 2010, in patients in New York Heart Association [NYHA] class III-IV; after 2010, in all patients, without contraindications). The study conforms with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and all patients provided signed informed consent for the collection and use of their data for scientific purposes.
We performed analyses with quantitative and qualitative parameters at baseline, after the inotropic challenge and with the combination of qualitative parameters at baseline and after the inotropic challenge. Best cut-off values were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. The incremental prognostic value of mPAP to PVR after the inotropic challenge was assessed using net reclassification improvement. For multivariable analyses, we chose the model with the highest global Wald statistics. Independent hazard ratios (HRs) are presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). P ≤ 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Statistics were performed with the SPSS software version 15. 0 (Chicago, Illinois).
This paper presents a simulation of an insulated micro-grid system based on the three-level converters control for energy management. Different renewable power sources (wind turbine and Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems) are used to energize the micro-grid. However, a battery energy storage system (BESS) and a variable diesel generator are also used to improve the reliability of the system. The contribution of this research is focused on the power control method based on improving the quality of energy transfer, mastering dynamic interactions and maximum energy production from renewable energies to reduce the fuel consumption by the diesel. Firstly, the proposed control model for each renewable energy was carried out through simulation in the environments of Matlab and Simulink to test the robustness and performance.
The compensation of reactive power and transient stability issues has been studied for hybrid systems (PVwind-DG) using mode of fuzzy-sliding  [4]. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) was implemented to increase the voltage stability for the synchronous generator in the hybrid energy system. The optimal configuration of a hybrid system (PV-wind-DG) has been investigated for remote off-grid Peruvian villages in Peru  [5]. HOMER software was utilized for seven configurations to minimize the cost to determine the optimal size. An optimal tool based on an agent-based model and meta heuristic optimization technique was used to optimize the capacity of PV and storage units integrated into grid  [6]. Cost and reliability of hybrid system consist of PV-wind-biomass sources were the main objectives of the optimization method based on genetic and annealing algorithms in  [7].
The combination of two or all of these objectives has been given less attention and creates new challenges to address more complexity for the system. On the other hand, using simulated models such as HOMER can simplify the design task, but mostly with some limitations. To overcome these shortcomings, the simulation of the system was designed under the Simulink environment to represent the performance of the sources, converters, and load with different profiles. The combination of controlling the system by using the three-level converters with the power management challenges has been presented. The real collected data for irradiation and wind energy was used to apply for this simulation and will be applied to real experimental equipment in the future work. In this work, the more important challenges that face the hybrid micro-power plants with renewable energy sources were considered.
Insulated Micro-Grid System Simulation Results To illustrate the feasibility of the micro-grid system, the Matlab/Simulink software is used to simulate the energy management strategy. The 800 V DC bus supplied by 25 kW diesel generator, 30 kW wind turbine, 22 kW PV arrays, and 65 kW backup batteries. As shown in Figure  1 , the three-level DC-DC converter is linked between the power source (PV) and the DC bus link. The wind power source energizes the micro-grid through the three-level rectifier and diesel generator connected to DC bus link by the three-level converter. The storage energy from the pack of batteries with 372 V maximum voltage is controlled by the bidirectional buck-boost converter and the three-level NPC inverter was used to connect the DC bus link to the variable load. The reference for the DC bus voltage was fixed to 780 V and 890 V, while the load reference voltage on the d-axis was fixed to (400 V and 460 V) and that of the q-axis was fixed to zero.
Discussion The Matlab/Simulink software simulated the performance of the sources, converters, and load of the micro-grid system. In addition, the control system of each component and the strategy of the management of sharing power has been presented. The diesel generator, wind turbine, PV arrays, and backup batteries were set according to the data in Table  1. The three-level converter is linked between the power source (PV), wind power source, diesel system, variable load, and the 800 V DC bus. Different generation conditions have been considered for the schematic management, including for emergency cases, as in Figure  10. The power profile of the wind turbine, PV, and load variation was created based on real data collected from a site in France. The results show that power fluctuations from resources and load have been efficiently compensated based on the proposed management strategy.
Future Work The proposed control system was implemented in the environments of Simulink blocks, and the results satisfied the main objectives of this research. The real data were collected from a site in Le Havre, France, to test the proposed system. The design of this system based on the available equipment at the center of research at the University of Le Havre, Le Havre, France. The team of researchers are intending to experimentally test the proposed control strategy to manage power production at GREAH laboratory. The experimental and simulations results will be compared in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed control strategy.
Under CM, continuous monitoring is carried out to detect faults in the system. This involves the observation of machine conditions, which arranges the maintenance tasks by using a data-driven approach. The data can be temperature, vibration, motor current, images, acoustic emission signals, shock pulses, etc. This paper gives a comprehensive review on the fault diagnosis (FD) and condition monitoring (CM) of IMs. With regards to the databases accessed, journal articles, book chapters, as well as conference proceedings of the common engineering repositories were consulted (IEEE Xplore, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, CRC, and more as per the references). In this review, up to 60% of the publications with respect to FD and CM were journal articles spanning over the last 2 decades, with the majority of publications considered in between 2010 and 2022.
In addition, about 13% of the references in this paper contained books as well as book chapters, with the majority of publications produced in between 2005 and 2022. Up to 17% of the important conference proceedings were considered for this review paper, where most publications happened in the years 2010-2020. Selected review articles were also considered for this review paper and the majority of them were published in between 2013 to 2021. Utmost care was taken with regards to the searches made at respective databases and selecting the papers for review. This was to ensure that the major aspects of FD and CM were captured, starting from the background till advancements to date. Following an extensive statistical study on rotating machinery faults, major faults associated with IMs are explored.
• The failure of one or more power electronic components of the drive framework. IMs are symmetrical electric systems in view of the rotating magnetic field, so any sort of deficiency can change their symmetrical properties. Mainly all the electrical deficiencies that happen in the rotor impacts include a dissymmetry of the rotor circuits, both for the wounded IMs (dissymmetry of the windings impedances) and for the squirrel-cage IMs (broken bars or split-end ring designs). Regarding the statistics available from surveys in  [6] [7] [8] , EPRI and Allianz databases are consulted for faults related to IMs, while IEEE working group considers the statistics of all the types of motors that are reported to have failed components, as shown in Table  1. Statistics in Table  1  show that majority of associated faults come from IMs.
In this regard, MCSA or current signature analysis (CSA) can be used as the sensor-less fault detection method which can be implemented without additional hardware. MCSA or CSA is achievable on an online basis, meaning current spectra can be acquired and analyzed while the IM is running. Most recent studies in the field of IM FD utilize MCSA or CSA as the base technique  [3, 5, 17, 44, 45]. According to  [20] , MCSA or CSA comprise four important steps: (a) data acquisition, (b) data pre-processing/signal conditioning, (c) feature calculation, and (d) fault assessment. a. Data acquisition: the three-phase stator currents of the IM are measured by means of current transducers, which are identical for all the phases. The acquisition is completed for both transient and steady states under various loading conditions.
Fault Monitoring and Diagnosis Framework While the foremost techniques applied for the diagnosis of rotating machines in industries were mostly invasive (these tests include AC high-potential tests, capacitance, core loss-loop, DC high-potential tests, dielectric absorption, grease analysis, growler, insulation resistance, partial discharge, polarization index, single-phase rotor tests-  [20] ), and FD and CM via non-invasive means became much popular towards the end of 20th century. The non-invasive techniques are mostly based on various mathematical approaches, which simply allow a diagnostic engineer to acquire data (current, vibration, temperature, or sound data) and analyze the condition of the IM without leaving the production line  [72]. In a similar manner, this identification of faults enables one to develop a database that consists of healthy and faulty logs.
Although many researchers strive to generalize this procedure, this is still an ongoing issue. In this context, the utilization of AI tools in the FD and CM of electrical machines has brought about a remarkable advantage in the diagnosis process with resulting early and exact fault detection  [120, 121]. AI techniques can be significantly useful during the fault classification and decision-making process, once features are extracted from the signal. In the pre-processing phase of any classification technique, the feature extraction and the DR procedure are crucial to keep essential features  [47, 48]. However, both linear and also non-linear-based techniques have been used to reduce the number of features in the dataset. An overview of the recent advances using nonlinear DR techniques for feature reduction is given in Section 7.