dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the promoter regions and chromosomal locations of AOX genes To identify the presence of the cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions of the AOX genes, the 1500 bp upstream region from the translation start site of the genes was analyzed using the plantCARE (sphinx. rug. ac. be:8080/PlantCARE/cgi/index. html) software  [20]. The chromosomal locations of the AOX genes were obtained by screening the GFF3 file of each genome (C. clementina and C. sinensis deposited in the Citrus Genome Database) using the AOX sequence ID.
Phylogeny Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the alignment of the amino acid sequence of the AOX proteins from C. sinensis and C. clementina with alternative oxidase proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana. The sequences were aligned with ClustalW2 (http://www. ebi. ac. uk/ Tools/msa/clustalw2/)  [21]. The MEGA 5. 1 program  [22]  was used to construct a phylogenetic tree by using the neighbor-joining statistical method  [23]  reliably established by 1000 bootstrap samples.
Molecular modeling To select the best 3-D template for AOX molecular modeling from resolved 3-D structures, the AOX proteins from C. clementina and C. sinensis were aligned with the Protein Data Bank (Pdb) using the PSIBLAST program  [24]. Target 3-D structures were modeled using templates that presented the highest identity and coverage, starting from a minimum of 25% of identical amino acids in the alignment. Additionally, the minimum template resolution considered was 2. 0 Å. The predicted 3-D protein model was obtained using the SWISS-MODEL server (https://swissmodel. expasy. org) and the Swiss-Pdb Viewer program v. 3. 7  [25]. The α-carbon chain RMSD between targets and their respective templates was calculated using PyMOL V3. 0  [26]. The stereochemical quality of both AOX models was calculated by Procheck 3.
Molecular docking of CcAOXd with ubiquinone Before preforming the docking between the ligand and the target protein, the ubiquinone (UQ) structure (C 59 H 90 O 4 ) was downloaded from pubchem database (https://pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/) in SMILES format. The UQ structure was converted into 3-D format using Mar-vinSketch 15. 7. 13. 0 (https://www. chemaxon. com/products/marvin/marvinsketch/) and saved in mol2 format. Furthermore, AutoDockTools V1. 5. 6  [30]  was used to prepare the protein and UQ structure for docking calculations. First, polar hydrogens were added to the UQ structure and all torsions were checked; the ligand structure was then saved in PDBQT format. Based on the alignment between CcAOXd and AOX structures, the amino acids of the active were marked in order to get the grid box coordinates for the docking process.
Afterward, the CcAOXd structure was saved in PDBQT format. Calculations for the docking between CcAOXd and UQ were performed using AutoDock Vina software  [30]  considering 9 different docking poses and based on UQ bond torsions. All docking results were evaluated using PyMOL V1. 7. 4  [26]  in order to check which UQ poses appeared in the CcAOXd active site and to identify which pose presents the best docking affinity energy. Additionally, Discovery Studio 4. 5 was used to generate the 2-D map of the interaction between CcAOXd and UQ.
In silico C. sinensis AOX gene expression CsAOXa, CsAOXb, CsAOXc and CsAOXd gene sequences were blasted on the Citrus sinensis Annotation Project database (CAP; http://citrus. hzau. edu. cn/orange/ [31] ) to obtain the CAP accession number of each gene. Using the CAP accession number, the complete data of each gene, including the RNA-seq gene expression values in four tissues (callus, leaf, flower and fruit) was obtained  [31].
Results and discussion AOX gene family in the sweet orange and tangerine genomes Existing annotation in the Citrus Genome Database allowed for the identification of a total of 8 AOX genes, with 4 belonging to C. clementina (named CcAOXa, CcAOXb, CcAOXc and CcAOXd) and 4 to C. sinensis (named CsAOXa, CsAOXb, CsAOXc and CsAOXd; Table  1 ). The CcAOX genes were distributed in chromosomes 2, 5 and 8 (Table  1 ). The gene ORFs ranged from 927 to 1150 bp, and the number of exons ranged from 4 to 9 (Table  1 ; Fig 1; S1 Fig). The CsAOX genes were located in chromosomes 2, 3 and 8 (Table  1 ). The gene ORFs ranged from 852 to 1050 bp, and the number of exons ranged from 4 to 9 (Table  1 ; Fig 1; S1 Fig). For most of the genes, the 5' end of the introns presented the GT sequence as a splicing donation site, whereas the 3' end presented the AG sequence as a splicing acceptor site (S1 Fig).
Genes that are readily adjustable-for example, those that respond to stress-generally exhibit a smaller number of introns, which results in a slower response time for the production of the protein and gives to these genes them a selective advantage  [38]. The presence of introns may result in production delays due to the steps required for splicing and transcription, as well as an additional energy costs caused by the additional length of the nascent transcript  [38]. Collinearity analysis was performed for the AOX genes in the C. clementina and C. sinensis genomes using the MCScanX toolkit, and the analysis showed that the citrus AOX genes did not come from duplication events (data not shown). Promoter sequence analysis of the citrus AOX genes. In smaller proportions, cis-elements were found that were responsive to i) hormones or inducers such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), gibberellin, ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid and salicylic acid; and ii) biotic, abiotic or mechanical stresses such as drought, wounds, heat, low temperature, fungal elicitors and anaerobiosis.
Moreover, a high variability in the nucleotidic N-terminal region was observed across the citrus AOX genes (both within and between species; data not shown). It is still not known how this variability can affect the regulation of gene expression and/or the protein transport or activity. All proteins showed phosphorylation sites: CcAOXb has 40 phosphorylation sites (9Thre/ 26Ser/5Tyr); CcAOXa has 36 phosphorylation sites (11Thre/21Ser/4Tyr); CsAOXa, CsAOXa Ã and CsAOXb have 34 phosphorylation sites (10Thre/21Ser/3Tyr, 9Thre/19Ser/3Tyr and 7Thre/24Ser/3Tyr, respectively); CcAOXd has 31 phosphorylation sites (11Thre/18Ser/2Tyr); and CcAOXc, CsAOXc and CsAOXd have 30 phosphorylation sites (14Thre/14Ser/2Tyr, 14Threo/14Ser/2Tyr and 11Thre/17Ser/2Tyr, respectively; Table  3;    The motif analysis of the predicted citrus AOX proteins by the MEME program showed that the mandarin and orange AOX proteins contained the typical LET, NERMHL, LEEEA and RADE-H conserved motifs (Fig 3 ; S4 Fig).
Molecular modeling of CcAOXd protein and docking with the ubiquinone The best alignment of the citrus AOX proteins with the Pdb was obtained between the CsAOXd and CcAOXd protein orthologues and the AOX protein from Trypanosoma brucei (TbAOX, PDB ID: 3VV9, MMDB ID: 108244). The protein CcAOXd was chosen for the molecular modeling and the subsequent docking. The alignment of the amino acid sequences of CcAOXd and TbAOX presented 68% coverage, 45% identity (E-value 7e-55) and an RMSD of 2. 85 Å (Fig 5A ); these values (identity >25%) indicate that the TbAOX protein is a good model to be used as a template  [48]. The validation analysis (Ramachandran plot) of the CcAOXd model showed that 92. 9% of residues was in most favored regions and 5. 7% was in additional allowed regions, indicating that 98.
In silico CsAOX gene expression The expression of the CsAOX genes was previously obtained and was available in the CAP database  [31]. Four tissues were analyzed: callus, flower, leaf and fruit (Fig  6 ). The CsAOXa, CsAOXc and CsAOXd showed high expression levels (>3 Reads Per Kilobase Million/RPKM excepted for CsAOXc in leaf) while the CsAOXb was lowly expressed (<1 RPKM) (Fig  6 ). The CsAOXa gene was highly expressed in the fruit (17. 5 RPKM) but also showed significant expression levels in callus, flower and leaf (6. 6, 5. 9 and 4. 3 RPKM, respectively; Fig  6 ). The CsAOXc gene showed the highest expression level in callus (78. 5 RPKM) and significant expression levels in fruit and flower  (7. family members were spatially differentially expressed among citrus organs; some similar results were previously described in A.
fragment belonging to the upstream region of each AOX gene was analyzed to find plantspecific cis-elements using the PlantCARE database. Except for the CsAOXd gene, for which the only fragment available in the Citrus Genome Database was 353 bp in length, the promoter fragment size used was 1500 bp (S2 Fig). The TATA and CAAT-box elements were found in all citrus AOX promoter regions (S3 Fig); the other cis-elements varied between sequence promoters (Fig 2, S3 Fig). Most of the cis-elements (quantity of 4 to 21, according to the promoter) were involved in the response to light (Fig 2).
Acknowledgments We thank  Dr. Sara Pereira Menezes  ( UESC ) for advice on the bioinformatics analysis, and  Dr. Marcio Costa  (UESC) and  Tahise Magalhães de Oliveira (UESC)  for their contribution to the organization of the manuscript. We thank the  Nucleo de Biologia Computacional e Gestão de Informacões Biotecnologicas (NBCIGB)  from  UESC  for providing the infrastructure for the bioinformatics analysis. This work was made in the frame of the  Consortium International in Advanced Biology (CIBA).
A fragment belonging to the upstream region of each AOX gene was analyzed to find plantspecific cis-elements using the PlantCARE database. Except for the CsAOXd gene, for which the only fragment available in the Citrus Genome Database was 353 bp in length, the promoter fragment size used was 1500 bp (S2 Fig). The TATA and CAAT-box elements were found in all citrus AOX promoter regions (S3 Fig); the other cis-elements varied between sequence promoters (Fig 2, S3 Fig). Most of the cis-elements (quantity of 4 to 21, according to the promoter) were involved in the response to light (Fig 2).
Detection of Viral RNA and Capsid Proteins Total RNAs were extracted from protoplasts as described by Veidt et al. [38]. Viral RNA was detected by Northern blot using a 32 P-dCTP labelled PCR probe complementary to a domain common to TuYV-WT and TuYV-RT GFP (nt 4411-4827). RNA loading was controlled by staining the membrane using methylene blue. RNA quantification on Northern blots was performed using ImageGauge software (Fujifilm, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France) and the ImageJ processing program (https://imagej. nih. gov, Rockville Pike, MD, USA). The presence of the EGFP sequence in the viral progeny of the infected plants was analysed following the extraction of total RNA from the plant tissue using a commercial RNA purification kit (NucleospinRNA plant, Macherey Nagel). RNA was then subjected to reverse transcription (M-MLV reverse transcriptase; Promega), with the reverse primer (RP) complementary to the 3'-untranslated region of TuYV (Table  S1 ).
Forty-eight hours after inoculation, both genomic and subgenomic RNAs of TuYV-RT GFP were detected by Northern-blot (Figure  2a ). Since the TuYV-RT GFP genome was 215 nt longer than the wild-type genome (TuYV-WT), both RNA species migrated more slowly than the wild-type genomic and subgenomic RNAs. A reduction of TuYV-RT GFP genomic and subgenomic RNAs accumulation ranging from 40 to 60% was observed compared with the TuYV-WT RNAs, suggesting that the introduction of the EGFP sequence into the TuYV genome slightly impaired virus replication in C. quinoa protoplasts (Figure  2a  and data not shown). The detection of CP and RT-derived products was performed by western blot on the same C. quinoa protoplasts. Antibodies directed against the CP allowed The detection of the CP of 22 kDa and the RT protein fused to EGFP (RT:GFP) or the RT proteins in protoplasts infected either with TuYV-RT GFP or TuYV-WT (Figure  2b , left panel).
The data presented in Figure  3  correspond to the representative experiments. In a further experiment, the viral progeny of N. benthamiana (five plants) infected with TuYV-RT GFP was analyzed by sequencing the DNA fragments produced after RT-PCR from total RNA using the aforementioned primers. The sequencing results confirmed the presence of the viral genome containing the entire EGFP sequence and some deleted forms in N. benthamiana. In conclusion, these results show that TuYV-RT GFP is able to spread in its full-size genome to non-inoculated leaves in the plant species tested. However, the stability of the recombinant genome varies between the plant species, with N. benthamiana being the host in which TuYV-RT GFP undergoes the least rearrangements.
Acknowledgments: We greatly thank  Catherine Reinbold  ( INRA, Colmar, France ) for transmission electron microscopy observations of the purified viruses. We are also grateful to  Marion Clavel  ( IBMP, Strasbourg, France ) for technical advice to strip the epidermis and collect the veins of A. thaliana before the fluorescence observations. We would also like to thank  Nicole Bochet  and the members of the experimental unit of  INRA-Colmar (France)  for their valuable technical assistance with aphid rearing and plant production. Pauline Rigo (IBMP, Strasbourg)  is acknowledged for her help in protoplast infection and analysis. This project was financed by the  French National Agency for Research (ANR)  in the frame of the  Viraphiplant  project ( ANR-14-CE19-0010-01 ). Céline Sorin  was financed in the frame of the  ANR-06-BLAN066-0009 P0-SUPP.
The detection accuracy is 0. 1 μg/l Ti. Early postoperative, 1-year, and last follow-up radiographs were analyzed for implant position and signs of loosening. Clinical function was evaluated with WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index)  [17]  and UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) activity scores  [18]. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21. 0 (SPSS, Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD, and categorical variables, as frequency and percentages. Between-group differences in continuous variables, such as age, body mass index (BMI), follow-up time, WOMAC, and UCLA scores were assessed by independent t-test. Metal ion levels were analyzed by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Fisher's exact test compared gender and neck length (short versus long).
statistical analysis Data are given as the mean ± the standard error to the mean. The effects of Xe-He were analyzed using Statview software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and compared in addition of its neuroprotective action. If such, it is likely that Xe-He-37. 5 could be administered advantageously after rtPA-induced reperfusion has occurred to provide both neuroprotection and reduction of rtPA adverse side effects, mainly brain hemorrhages and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, we believed that future studies should investigate the organ protective properties of equimolar concentrations of Xe-He-37. 5 (shown to offer similar neuroprotection as Xe-50 with, advantageously, lower molecular weight and higher thermal conductivity and specific heat) in clinically relevant models of thromboembolic stroke, traumatic brain injuries, and renal and cardiac ischemia.
INTRODUCTION In this era, selling strategy has witnessed major development. It has progressed from personally engaging the consumer in a one situation to mass marketing even as mass marketing is acknowledged to create only but short term sales. The grim realization that mass marketing cannot yield loyal customers compelled marketers to appreciate the unviability of treating the consumers as a homogeneous group  (Spiller & Baier, 2010). Marketers responded by developing targeted marketing communications that boast the potential building and maintaining successful and profitable customer relationships. According to Spiller and Baier (2010), targeted marketing is "a database interactive process of directly communicating with targeted customers or prospects using any mediu obtain a measurable response or transaction" which becomes truly successful when associated with direct marketing.
According to Spiller and Baier (2010), targeted marketing is "a database-driven interactive process of directly communicating with targeted customers or prospects using any medium to obtain a measurable response or transaction" which becomes truly successful when associated with direct Targeted marketing started with the Internet marketers' desire for real time interaction with their customers increased the need for mobile platforms that provide the most dynamic, effective and personal medium for marketing communication  (Yaniv, 2008). The emergence of the mobile phone and other mobile communication devices bridged this gap. As a means of instant communication, mobile phone no longer served only private purpose as firms also use it to reach out and interact with potential and existing customers  (Grant & Donohoe, 2007; Siau, Sheng & Nah, 2005).
Sample and Sampling Techniques The primary data for this study was sourced from a sample of 400 mobile phone users in the study site. The sample size was derived with a standard formula: SS = Z 2 × (p) × (1-p)/C 2 , used for an infinite population or where the population is greater than 50,000 (Freeman, Pisani, and Purves, 1997) or 10,000  (Babalola, 1998). The calculated sample size was 384 respondents, but was increased to 400 for replacement of likely none or missing responses, as well as to increase the adequacy of the sample. The respondents were selected through convenience on the consideration of their accessibility and availability. Both genders were selected to participate to reflect fair gender balance. In addition to owning a mobile, the participant must be resident in Onitsha to be considered for participation.
The researcher distributed copies of the questionnaire with the assistance of four trained field assistants who were conversant with Onitsha environment. During administration of the questionnaire, potential respondent was asked if he/she owned or have access to a mobile phone and whether he/she had in the past one month received marketing messages on product/services on their phones. Frequency tables, percentages and Spearman Correlation Coefficient (rho), worked on SPSS version 20, were used in the data analysis.
Data Analysis and Results The 400 questionnaires distributed were properly completed and retrieved indicating 100% return rate. Therefore, the 400 respondents that participated in the study were used in the analyses. Results in Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5 below are non-parametric, Spearman's Rank Order correlation analysis of relationship between consumer perceptions of mobile ads values of entertainment, informativeness, irritation and credibility and consumers' overall attitude towards mobile advertisements. The results answer research question 1, 2, 3, and 4 and, test the corresponding hypotheses. On the educational background of the respondents, result indicates that 60 (15%) participants had primary school education; 160 (40%) had high school education, 144 (36%) are undergraduates while, 36 (9%) are graduates.
However, there exist new MATLAB tools for structured H ' synthesis (Hinfstruct and Hifoo) in Robust Control Toolbox, which allows the controller order to be fixed. The design problem is to minimize the H ' norm of the transfer function for the closed-loop plant. This is a difficult optimization problem due to the nonconvexity and nonsmoothness of the objective function. The purpose is to optimize the criterion given by equation (  17 ) f u ð Þ : = F L P, K u ð Þ ð Þ k k ' = max v2R n s C cl K u ð Þ ð Þ jvI À A cl K u ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ À1 B cl K u ð Þ ð Þ+ D cl K u ð Þ ð Þ ð17Þ where s is the largest singular value and K(u) is the controller which is structured with the parameter u 2 R n T w!z : _ x z ! A cl K u ð Þ ð Þ B cl K u ð Þ ð Þ C cl K u ð Þ ð Þ D cl K u ð Þ ð Þ ! x w ! ð18Þ where A cl , B cl , C cl , and D cl are the closed matrices of the plant G.
Simulations results The considered control architecture is evaluated with the normalized European cycle as speed reference. Normalized European cycle ECE-15 is a driving cycle designed to assess the emission levels of car engines and fuel economy in passenger cars (excluding light trucks and commercial vehicles). The proposed controllers of both speed and current loops are tested by simulations using MATLAB/Simulink. For each control loop, simulation results are compared in order to evaluate the trade-offs between performances and the structural complexity of the synthesized controllers. Speed control. The control aim is to minimize the error between desired speed and the SRM speed. The two synthesized H ' controllers are tested using the normalized European cycle ECE-15. Figure  11  shows a good response of the motor speed, the system still able to follow the reference signal with a high performance (the tracking performances are good as well in dynamics as in statics).
Habitat notes are based on the Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World  (Olson et al. 2001). Specimens were georeferenced using the point-radius method  (Wieczorek et al. 2004) , with coordinate uncertainty calculated using the Georeferencing Calculator  (Wieczorek & Wieczorek 2015). Coordinates are not given for localities when uncertainty or imprecision is too great. Conservation assessments in species accounts apply IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2012), using GeoCat  (Bachman et al. 2011)  to calculate Extent Of Occurrence (EOO) and Area Of Occupancy (AOO) metrics. Protected areas were located using the World Database on Protected Areas online interface (  IUCN & UNEP-WCMC 2016).
comm. ); in addition, the Harvard University Herbaria Botanist database lists Pervillé specimens at L and B, but no Rhamnaceae specimens from the Seychelles were found at either institute. It is interesting that in the first Flora of The Seychelles,  Baker (1877: 11) , twenty years after the first publication of V. lanceata, noted that in writing the Flora, Kew had received some specimens from "the Paris Museum, the latter gathered by M. August Pervillé" but describes only Colubrina asiatica Brongn. from the Seychelles and does not mention Ventilago within the Flora account. On making the combination to  Smythea, Summerhayes (1928)  noted "there seems no doubt from the description [of V. lanceata] that Tulasne's species is identical [with S. dupontii and S. pacifica]". In his subsequent updated list of the flora of the Seychelles,  Summerhayes (1931: 273 ) also cites Pervillé 126 but without an exclamation mark.
Data deficient (DD). IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee Guidelines (2016) state that if data are so uncertain that both Critically Endangered (CR) and Least Concern (LC) are plausible categories, the DD category can be used for a taxon. The only specimen available was collected in 1995 and the species is known only from a single collection location in the Luang Prabang Range and thus meets the B1a criterion for Critically Endangered (CR) status. However, the species was found inside an IUCN Category II (National Park) area. Lack of collections and field observations of the species do not allow inference of decline or fluctuation in population size or EOO and AOO. PHENOLOGY. Collected in fruit in August. ETYMOLOGY. Smythea poomae is named in honour of botanist Rachun Pooma, based at the Bangkok Forest Herbarium, who has undertaken much botanical exploration throughout Thailand and collected the type specimen in 1995.