dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
2014 , Caple et al. 2017 , Claude 2013 , Corny, Détroit 2014 , Kuhl, Giardina 1982 , Lestrel 1971 , 1989). The harmonic coefficients from EFA were generated using R. Specifically, the "efourier" function from the R package "Momocs" was used to approximate the shape of each tooth using 8 harmonics with the size standardization option implemented. Size standardization in EFA is achieved by rotating, translating and scaling the first ellipse such that differences in magnitude are minimized. Observer error study An intraobserver error study was conducted to demonstrate measurement precision and the reliability of the method. The same observer traced the contours of each tooth type in this study twice, and the resulting outlines were visually compared to ascertain differences between the two trials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following curators generously allowed the first author to examine the materials in their care:  Tony Chevalier  at the  EPCC-Centre Européen de Préhistore de Tautavel ;  Aurélie Fort ,  Liliana Huet  and  Dominique Grimaud-Hervé  at the  Musée de l'Homme of Paris ;  Valentin Fischer  at the  Université de Liège ;  Dominique Bonjean  and  Michel Toussaint  at the  Scladina Cave Archaeological Centre and Patrick Semal at the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique of Brussels. Funding for this research was provided by  Fulbright-Belgium and the Commission for Educational Exchange between the United States, Belgium , and Luxembourg.
A Brief Review of Sources and Methods to Study Roman Demography For Roman times (and later periods), three main categories of data are available for demographic approaches, each with its own biases and modes of analysis and each offering a fragment of the history of populations and their demographic behaviour. Historical demography uses written sources, like ancient censuses, epigraphs, gravestones or literary sources, to reconstruct the size, spatial distribution, composition (by sex, age, marital status and household) of populations and to track their evolution over time. Certain demographic parameters, in terms of mortality, fertility and migration, can then be calculated by applying equations that link these different variables. As these written sources are often limited and fragmentary, quantitative results give limited insights, but can be complemented by qualitative approaches.
Participants Eighty-one female patients diagnosed with BPD (Mean age ¼ 34. 70 years, Mean time from first diagnosis ¼ 31 months). All participants were recruited according to DSM-5 (SCID II criteria). Patients were in the stable phase of the illness according to the current treating psychiatrist. They had no hospitalisations or changes in housing in the month before entering the study. All individuals with BPD were recruited from the University Hospital and the Clinic "Les Sophoras", in France, within the duration of the experiment (12 months long data collection process). Exclusion criteria for both groups were: (a) known neurological disease, (b) developmental disability. In their lifetime history, patients could have suffered from a variety of disorder such as depressive disorder, anxiety disorder or bipolar disorder but at the time of the study, they were all stabilised and had no changes on their treatment (therapeutical activities or medications).
It is envisaged that digital tools will contribute to improved self-management and service provision for people experiencing hallucinations. Highlighted uses include smartphones to monitor and manage intermittently occurring hallucinations, therapeutic applications of audio and video media such as virtual and augmented reality, specific exercises targeting verbal aspects of hallucinations, and avatars to represent hallucinatory voices and to facilitate peer support. Challenges in the further development of digital tools include how to increase access, how to market resources to people who need it, identifying suitable funding schemes, and how to navigate the opportunities and challenges brought about by big datasets. Next, Siddi et al  8  report on a large multicountry study that sought to address similarities and differences in hallucinatory-like experiences across cultures, stability of the continuum construct, invariance, and psychopathological correlates (the E-CLECTIC study).
Rossell et al  11  present validation data for the Questionnaire for Psychotic experiences (QPE) that assess hallucinations in multiple modalities. After receiving input from voice-hearers and ICHR members during scale development, the 50-item QPE was designed to assess the presence, severity, and phenomenology of hallucinations and delusions. Validation was conducted in 173 participants who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar affective disorder, major depressive disorder, and nonclinical participants with psychotic experiences. Analyses showed good psychometric properties, consolidating an argument for the QPE to be used in transdiagnostic assessments. Overall, these reports present several key and priority areas for hallucination research over the coming years.
Acknowledgments The authors have declared that there are no conflicts of interest in relation to the subject of this study. The  International Consortium on Hallucination Research Steering Committee: Flavie Waters (Australia, Chair) ,  Todd Woodward  ( Canada, Deputy Chair ),  André Aleman  (the Netherlands),  Paul Allen  ( United Kingdom ),  Charles Fernyhough  ( United Kingdom ),  Renaud Jardri  (France),  Frank Larøi  ( Norway and Belgium ),  Simon McCarthy-Jones (Ireland) , and  Iris Sommer  (the Netherlands).
Due to the increasing pressure brought by recent global environmental problems, building designers are embracing regionalism and the knowledge of traditional structures, arguing that these structures are energy efficient and highly sustainable. We observe clear evidence of the increasing interest in vernacular architecture among the research community. This study therefore aims to clarify the contents and issues raised in the studies on vernacular architecture and the knowledge and recommendations that can be derived from them. A database of the research is established by collecting many studies from primary sources. Obtained data is carefully refined and categorized into a table where synthesized information is introduced. The results of this study show an uneven geographic and climatic distribution of the studies; the trend in selecting research objectives and research objects; the choice of research methods with a clear shift towards quantitative research methods, and the generic findings from the database of the research.
Research methodology This study employed the archival research method. This involves the investigation of primary sources held in an archive, a special collections library, or other repository. The archival research method is one of the common methods applied to architecture studies as carefully described in section 3. 4. 1. We collected studies on sustainable features of vernacular architecture from two primary databases: Scopus and SpringerLink. These are the resources where the authors were granted the access right. Other studies were also obtained from open sources such as Google Scholar, or by contacting authors directly. To reduce the possibility of omitting key information, different keywords were repeatedly applied in the searches in these databases in August 2018. The intension was not to attempt to collect all relevant research as this is not possible.
Finally, a total of 127 studies were collected, including papers, theses, books, and articles in recognized conference proceedings, forming thereby a relatively large sample of studies. For each study, we collected the most important information, including: author names and title of the study, year of publication, sites of the study, related geographic and climatic regions, types of investigated buildings, research objectives, description of research methods, research method classification, and key findings of the study. Obtained data were refined and categorized into a table (see Supplementary data) where synthesized information was analyzed, and crucial findings of this study were derived. The whole process can be divided into 3 phases as described in Fig. 3.
In our database, the first study on vernacular architecture was found in Yemen in 1986  (Al-Motawakel et al. , 1986). Five years later, vernacular architecture was nearly forgotten as we have not found any study through this period. Until 1996, studies were only found in the Middle East and East Asia. In Asia and Europe, the high number of studies in the last 10 years indicates that there was a great interest in vernacular architecture in the research community. This increased interest may serve to reinforce the preservation of cultural and natural values of the vernacular human heritage. Fig. 6  shows a map with the geographic distribution and density across the world of the 127 studies investigated. For ease of displaying this information, each study on Fig. 2  Evolution of the number of publications on sustainable features in vernacular architecture over time (data collected until August 2018).
Image collection and preparation Digital photomontages were created on one of three microscope setups. Canines from the NCL collection were imaged using a Leica EZ4 microscope, digital camera, and LAS EZ software (1 pixel = 1. 28 μm resolution; Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). Specimens from the RCS and UZH were imaged using Motic BA310 microscope and Moticam2 digital camera/software (1 pixel = 1. 26 μm resolution; Motic, Richmond, Canada). MGSP canines were imaged using Zeiss AxioImager microscope, Optronics MicroFire CCD camera, and StereoInvestigator software (1 pixel = 0. 74 μm resolution; MBF Bioscience, Williston, VT, USA). In all cases, transmitted light was used to collect overlapping images along the labial side of canine crowns. With the first two setups, it was necessary to align adjacent image fields using Photoshop CC2015 software (Adobe, Inc.
, San Jose, CA, USA). Images were 'photomerged' using the reposition function without the blend option selected. Photo pairs that did not successfully automerge in the software were aligned by hand. As the Virtual Slice tool in StereoInvestigator automatically creates photomontages, the mountain gorilla specimens did not require further image alignment. Full resolution photomontages were viewed and measured at 150-300% zoom in Adobe Photoshop CC2015. The best-preserved canines of those available were selected for this study. Some level of wear was unavoidable given the need to optimize sample size, but we were particularly careful to select the least worn specimens when calculating enamel extension rates, thus further reducing the sample size for that analysis. Enamel extension rates were calculated down the entire EDJ, whereas linear enamel thickness and outer enamel striae angle measurements were collected at three equidistant locations within the midcrown (middle 3/5ths of crown height; described below).
, 2001). We were able to directly calculate cuspal daily secretion rates for each mountain gorilla thin section by 1) counting individual cross striations, and/or 2) measuring the length of individual cross striations throughout the inner, middle, and outer cuspal enamel and multiplying by the curvilinear length of an individual prism coursing from the dentine horn to the cusp tip. While calculating crown formation times was not a major goal of this research, we report the data as their calculation was necessary to determine enamel extension rates for the first decile(s), or before striae reach the outer enamel surface in the imbricational enamel. Defect depths are derived from a larger sample of canine replicas of the same great ape taxa  (McGrath et al. , 2018 ; SOM Table  S4 ). In that study, epoxy replicas were imaged using a Sensofar PLu Neox white-light confocal profiler (Sensofar, Barcelona, Spain).
Defects were visually identified, matched for presence on the antimere when available, and scanned to create high resolution digital elevation models of individual defects (see example in Fig. 3 ). ImageJ software  (Schneider et al. , 2012)  was used to extract 2D transects of points in order to measure maximum defect depth (n = 255 defects). Interobserver error was assessed by comparing the percentage difference in cuspal formation times and imbricational striae counts made independently by two coauthors (n = 4 specimens). The mean difference in cuspal formation times between the two observers is 3. 1% (range = 1. 1-6. 2%). The mean difference in imbricational striae counts is 1. 6% (range = 0. 5-3. 3%). Intraobserver error was assessed by comparing the linear enamel thickness and outer enamel striae angle measurements of the first author with repeated measurements collected one to two years apart (n = 10 specimens).
Differences between multiple levels of significant fixed effects were examined using Tukey's post hoc tests. Significance values were adjusted to compensate for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate method  (Benjamini and Hockberg, 1995). No statistical tests were conducted to examine whether there are intra-or interspecific differences in enamel extension rates; the sample sizes were too small given that repeated measurements were collected for each individual in deciles of EDJ length. To assess the relationships between each of the three enamel growth variables (i. e. , enamel extension rates, outer enamel striae of Retzius angles, and linear enamel thickness) and defect depth, we conducted a pairwise correlation analysis using the Pearson method. Data density differed among each of the variables: linear enamel thickness and striae angles were calculated for the full sample of thin sections in this study (n = 40), but enamel extension rates were only calculated for 16 individuals.
Therefore, we used sex-and species-specific means of enamel extension rates in this analysis. We also included median defect depths reported in  McGrath et al. (2018)  for a larger sample of great ape canine replicas of mostly non-overlapping individuals (SOM Table  S4 ). Three of the four mountain gorilla specimens included in this study were also included in  S4 ), but it was not possible to examine defect depths for most histological specimens analyzed here because original teeth were not available for replication via dental impressions, and vice versa. As defect depths were measured within the middle 3/5ths of the crown in  McGrath et al. (2018) , we averaged the enamel extension rates within the middle six deciles to make the data most comparable. Only midcrown values for linear enamel thickness and striae angles were included in this analysis for the same reason.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  National Science Foundation  (grant numbers:  IGERT 0801634 ,  BCS 0852866 ,  BCS 0964944 ,  BCS 1520221 ,  BCS-DDRIG 1613626 );  The Leakey Foundation ;  National Geographic CRE  (grant number:  8486-08 ); The  Smithsonian Institution Graduate Student Fellowship ; and the  GW Anthropology Department Cotlow Award. We gratefully acknowledge the Rwandan government and national parks authorities for permission to work in their country, and for access to mountain gorilla skeletal data for research. The sample utilized in this study is curated by the  Mountain Gorilla Skeletal Project in Rwanda , which is indebted to the many field assistants, researchers, and other staff of the  Rwanda Development Board-Department of Tourism and Conservation, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project , and  Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International's Karisoke Research Center , and  The George Washington University , and the many participants from academic institutions in Rwanda and the  USA  who have contributed to the MGSP since 2008.
Acknowledgement. I am hugely grateful to  Andy Gardner , with whom I developed many of the ideas of this paper, and who provided me with invaluable comments, as well as materials for elaborating the present account. The present ideas couldn't have been elaborated without him. I am indebted to  Jonathan Birch ,  Arnaud Pocheville  and  Sébastien Dutreuil  for many useful suggestions and criticism. I also thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments greatly helped to improve the paper.
2. The geographical provenance of each instance of like was determined by reading it in its wider context, thanks to the Gutenberg Project. In each case, the location where the story takes place is clearly mentioned. 3. Similarly, an extensive database such as the Old Bailey Proceedingssuggests that the use of like AS IF was virtually absent from British English during the Late Modern period, even from rather informal types of discourse. While like AS appears numerous times in the Old Bailey, I only found three occurrences of like AS IF , in two different passages from the 19 th century. The word appears in italics, which suggests that it was considered a mistake by the clerks of the court. Like AS , conversely, never appears in italics in the Old Bailey. In addition, it has been shown that the use of like AS IF is more frequent in American than in British Present-day English[Quirk et al.
Beyond the increasing density and accuracy, which are already a problem, complexity also arises from a tendency to work with multimodal and multiscalar data sets. Multimodality, from a technical point a view, describes the fact that we are combining multiple means of acquisition and technology: high altitude and low altitude LiDAR (ALS), terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, structured light scanning (SLS) or even ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Those technologies are not exclusive and prove to be advantageous to employ, depending on circumstances and needs (Table  1 ).
While the development of comprehensive dynamic digital models is a key component for 3D data analysis, the literature about multi-resolution 3D modeling in archaeology is relatively scarce  [Guidi et al. 2009 ]. This observation may also be related to technological boundaries that have been lifted in recent years. From the data management and data fusion side, photogrammetry and laser scan software are slowly converging toward an all-in-one solution. The visualization and analysis side, which is our focal point of attention, is also evolving very quickly, especially through the release of new web visualizations standards (eg, HTML 5 and WebGL)  [Dworak and Kuroczynski 2016]   3D online visualization tools are expected to fulfill multiple needs  [Vergnieux and Giligny 2016]. Obviously, displaying 3D objects efficiently is the main purpose.
2016]. Those tools are also custom-developed software, a solution which is only conceivable for a mid-to long-term project with a reasonably sized team of researchers, including developers (professional or non-professional). For everyone else, other options available are often unsatisfactory or, at least, incomplete  [Alliez et al. 2017]. The Ariadne Portal is a great initiative, but its Visual Media Service is only intended to publish visual data as individual "scenes. " Inception, another project funded by the European Union  [Peter Bonsma et al. 2017] , has built up a lot of expectation, but one may be surprised that they still rely on Sketchfab to show off their preliminary results. Sketchfab has indeed been getting a lot of attention lately among other commercial products (Autodesk A360, ShareMY3D, etc.
). It is an efficient 3D web viewer, easy to use, which includes the latest web technologies (eg. gltf 2. 0 and VR support) and customization options, but again, it is intended to display a single "scene. " Open-source self-hosted solutions exist such as Potree for massive point-cloud visualization or 3DHop for mesh display. Cesium is another alternative with a spatial approach, but we will introduce it later, since it is also the base framework of our project. Now, if we move the scope of our investigation toward "interpretation tools," our options are becoming very scarce. The aforementioned software packages allow for basic "highlighting," but advanced editing and annotation are only available through a specific subset of the program. Most of them are desktop products that are no longer being updated (3D Semantic Annotation, ShapeAnnotator, Project Arrigo, Hyper3D, CHER-Ob, etc.
The ongoing Aspectus Project  [Vurpillot et al. 2017]  was born out of necessity a few years ago, during a post-excavation season at Autun (France), while we were working on La Genetoy's monumental district of Augustodunum, civitas capita of the Aedui after they left Bibracte. Needless to say, as an important archaeological site we were running multiple excavations each year, along with extensive survey campaigns ranging from long-range to close-range remote sensing. Our first intent was to fuse multi-resolution 3D data coming from high altitude LiDAR surveys, geophysical surveys and many photogrammetrical surveys spread over multiple excavations and recorded iteratively at diverse degrees of progress. At first, our goal was only to deliver a comprehensive 3D representation of the monumental district's archaeological activity (Fig.
Moreover, there are plenty of available open-source solutions that one can link together and leverage as blocks to achieve a more comprehensive platform. By enhancing those blocks and carefully weaving links between them, we are fast-tracking the development process. Our main visualization block is Cesium, a JavaScript library for 3D geospatial visualization  [Pinkos 2017 ]. It uses WebGL and is cross-platform, cross-browser, and tuned for dynamic-data visualization. We will not dive into the depth of HTML5 and WebGL  [Dworak and Kuroczynski 2016]  but the ability to provide hardware supported rendering using a graphics card (GPU) through a browser has been a game changer. Cesium is extremely interesting because it natively displays a wide variety of spatial information with dynamic capabilities (Fig.
2 ). Additionally, because Cesium was developed with  In Aspectus, a first instance of Cesium, called "the hub", behaves as the entry point of our 3D visualization. Spatial data sets are then displayed on top of a 3D globe. Depending on the project, the density of a 3D object and all related information may vary and can be passively filtered using LOD algorithms by moving the camera directly to point of interest and actively filtered by interacting with the menu. The hub's purpose is really to provide a broad overview of available data sets for any given project along with some information accessible by clicking on a 3D object. That information can be hard-coded directly inside the data (derived from native file attributes, for example) or linked to a database. At the moment, it is not intended to be able to run cross data analysis over massive 3D spatial data sets directly into "the hub".
Beside the sheer amount of computing power obviously required, we feel that it is the kind of task that should be operated outside of Aspectus and with specialized software. Furthermore, in order to preserve navigation efficiency and quality, we intend to provide tools with only a light impact over performances. Otherwise, we would go against the general philosophy of cross platform compatibility and ease of access. It is also a reminder that "graceful degradation" is tuned in the direction of user groups with specific needs and should not be limited by one's platform. From "the hub", one can then move to a second instance of 3D visualization, what we call "isolation pods". Even if a point of interest (a site, a structure, etc. ) is visible and can be queried via "the hub", it is our understanding that working on a subset of data, isolated from its global visual context, appears to be more practical.