dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Inter-word writing intervals and target writing durations were then logarithmically transformed to meet normality assumptions. Linear mixed-model analyses were carried out on correct responses for both dependent variables using the lme4 package  (Bates et al. , 2015)  in R (R Development Core Team, 2012). As in Experiment 1, the models included Priming condition (derived, pseudo-derived, unrelated) as fixed effect and Participants and Items as random effects  (Baayen et al. , 2008).
Biographical elements (age, education, family situation and language proficiency) were collected aside through informal discussions or legal support. Data collection was completed by 17 interviews with people working with foreign minors within public institutions or organizations (educators, prosecutors, judges, and minority assessors). Our methodology follows a child-centred approach  (Gornik, 2020). It suggests recognizing children as agents and not passive victims of their situation  (James & Prout, 1990). Therefore, their point of view on their living conditions, the way they understand their past and present experiences, and the scenarios they perceive as desirable or not for the future, become an essential source of information in order to understand their legal consciousness and their relationship to the institutions in charge of their protection.
We are currently very far from such an approach in Calais. Yet it is necessary if we want to reduce the tragedies at the border, protect children, meet their needs and ensure that they develop positive legal consciousness. Annalisa Lendaro is permanent Research Fellow in Political Sociology at the CNRS (France). Her main interests deal with migration policies, their application in border territories and their effects on migrants, and especially on asylum seekers. By using ethnographic methods, her studies shed light on the mechanisms that transform the circumvention of the law in an ordinary practice. Annalisa is also the project coordinator of DisPow, financed by the National Agency for Research (ANR-2018/2022): the project studies the forms and the effects of the Discretionary Power of the State at three borders (the Calais region, the southern French-Italian Border and the Basque border between France and Spain).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, we would like to thank the children who have accepted to tell us a part of their story even though they often found themselves in a very difficult situation. We would like to pay tribute to their courage and their confidence. We are also very grateful to  Mateja Sedmak  and  Barbara Gornik  for the coordination of the  H2020 program MiCREATE  and to activists and volunteers in Calais and Paris for providing much-valued advice and support throughout the writing of this article. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments.
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank  Nicole Lautrédou-Audouy ,  Valérie Deldrève , and  Olivier Barreteau  for their valuable insights during the development of this research work, as well as  Camille Herbreteau  and  Beryl Costales  for their work as engineer and Master's student. This work was supported by the  French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).
Stakeholders agreed that capitalising on this shift to digital and wider technology will be key to elevating the SoC for patients with psoriasis by providing additional communication channel options as long as: it is made as widely accessible as possible (for clinicians and patients alike), patients understand its value, and it does not increase clinicians' workload. This must be a collaborative effort between clinicians, payors and patients to maximise success. Enabling access and upskilling all users of the technologies is essential  [31]  and requires additional funding. Governance of 'sensitive' data is a potential hurdle to implementation. A coordinated effort to set up or support national registries was a clear 'Call to Action'. The coordinated development of collaborative databases systematically recording clinically relevant outcomes including PROs was considered key to supporting guidelines and clinical practice.
In addition, patient-relevant data will be consistently collected using robust, specific tools to generate RWE to inform guidelines that are widely disseminated and followed, elevating the standard of care for patients with psoriasis. This in turn could help alleviate the long-term costs and cumulative life-long burden that this chronic, incurable disease places on healthcare systems and patients. Novartis, UCB; consulting fees from AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, LEO Pharma, Novartis and UCB; and payment/ honoraria for activities such as lectures/presentations/speaker bureaus from AbbVie, Almirall, BMS, Janssen-Cilag, Pifzer and UCB. Simon F Thomsen has received research support from Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis and UCB; and has served on advisory boards for Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Union Pharmaceuticals; and as a speaker for LEO Pharma, Novartis and UCB and has been the recipient of a travel grant to GUF and EADV from Novartis.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines. This manuscript is formed of the opinions of the authors themselves. There was no need to collect any type of patient data. Hence, the approval of an Ethics Committee was not required. Consent was obtained from all participants as they were contracted by UCB Pharma to take part in this programme. Data Availability. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. 0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank  Anusha Patel  for her participation in the Delphi voting, contributions at the  Consensus Council meetings  and for critical review of the manuscript. They would also like to thank  Marcello Pani  and  David Trigos  for their participation in the Delphi voting and contributions at the Consensus Council meetings. In addition, the authors would like to thank the clinicians, payors and patient representatives who completed the questionnaire providing valuable insights to initiate this programme. RBW is supported by the  Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. Funding. This programme, and the journal's  Rapid Service  fee, was funded by  UCB Pharma. Medical Writing and Editorial Assistance. Medical writing and editorial assistance were provided by  Laura Harrington PhD ,  Ogilvy Health UK  and funded by  UCB Pharma.
Design and Participants This longitudinal study recruited participants via national media outlets (e. g. , BBC news online) and social media websites alongside invitations distributed through existing researcher networks. Eligible participants were UK-based adults aged ≥18 years old. Participants provided their written informed consent after reading an information sheet using a data-encrypted website (i. e. , JISC survey platform). All data were anonymous and stored on secure university servers. The initial online survey was launched in the UK on 17 March 2020 and was available until 11 May 2020, while the second online survey was launched on 28 May 2020 and was available until 26 July 2020. In the first online survey, participants were asked to answer questions related to health-related behaviours and mental health before the COVID-19 pandemic (Timepoint 1/T1) and during the introduction of the first set of COVID-19 public health restrictions (Timepoint 2/T2).
Statistical Analysis Analyses were completed using SPSS Version 26 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) with continuous data presented as median (25th-75th interquartile range) and categorical data as number (percentage) unless otherwise highlighted. In order to compare demographic characteristics for participants providing valid data at T3 compared with those that did not complete the T3 survey, chi-square tests were performed. Normality testing highlighted that all the health-related behaviours and mental health outcome variables were not normally distributed, which required non-parametric statistical analyses. Friedman tests were used to highlight whether there were any differences between T1, T2 and T3 for the relevant health-related behaviours (diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sexual activity) measured on a continuous scale.
Where significant differences were identified, post hoc testing was conducted using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests without correction were used to compare T2 and T3 only (i. e. , no T1 data available) for the mental health outcome variables measured on a continuous scale. Where significant differences were identified, then post hoc testing was conducted using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction. In order to examine differences between the timepoints for categorical variables with three levels (e. g. , DINE fibre categories low, medium or high), separate McNemar-Bowker tests were completed. When comparing across timepoints for categorical variables with two levels (e. g. , drank alcohol (yes or no)), McNemar tests were undertaken.
Data collection We collected data from SIEs through a two-wave data collection process using an online survey. The SIEs' contact information was obtained through a registration system of a largescale online training program on leadership and management organized and run by a renowned public university in France. The program was offered to individuals who are employed full-time but would like to upgrade their professional qualifications in their free time. From altogether 30,000 targeted program participants, we collected 14,692 responses during the first wave (response rate 5 49%), and 6,243 during the second wave (response rate 5 42. 5%). Among the latter 6,243 observations, we identified 209 useable responses from SIEs who participated in both waves. Based on  Cerdin and Selmer (2014) , we identified participants as SIEs if they were currently working outside of their home country, have expatriated without organizational support and were abroad for less than 10 years.
Using these criteria, we were able to exclude students, migrants and assigned corporate expatriates from the sample. The survey was administered in both French and English. In designing the French version of the survey, we adopted the French translations of the scales from published academic sources. To alleviate the common method variance bias, we followed the recommendation of  Podsakoff et al. (2003)  and administered the survey in two stages separated by approximately four calendar weeks that it took the participants to complete the course. At Time 1, at the beginning of the course, we collected responses concerning political skill (i. e. our independent Political skill and CCA among SIEs variable) and employer's PC fulfillment (i. e. our mediating variable), whereas at Time 2, at the end of the course, we gathered data on CCA (i.
We used SAS (V 9. 2) and bootstrapped CB-SEM (5,000 iterations) to test the relationships between SIEs' political skill and CCA as well as the mediating role of employer's PC fulfillment in these relationships. As for the control variables, age and cultural novelty had significantrespectively positive (0. 14; p 5 0. 02) and marginally negative (À0. 12; p 5 0. 09)relationships with general living adjustment. Being a manager was also positively and significantly associated with general living (0. 13; p 5 0. 04) and work (0. 23; p < 0. 01) adjustment. Other relationships involving the control variables were nonsignificant. Hypothesis 1 predicted that SIEs' political skill is positively associated with their interactional and work-related adjustment. As shown in Table  3  and Figure  1 , we found a significant and positive relationship between political skill and work-related (b 5 0.
Furthermore, host organizations are advised to use the political skill measure as a selection criterion to identify and recruit SIEs with high potential (see  Todd et al. , 2009). At the same time, given that politically skilled SIEs can use impression management tactics to influence their performance evaluations by the supervisor  (Wayne and Kacmar, 1991) , host organizations should be cautious in how such evaluations are used for important organizational decisions, such as pay increases, promotions, responsibility allocation, involving the SIEs in question. In such situations, SIEs' evaluations need to be done collegially by several decision-makers rather than individually by the supervisor. Our study has several limitations. First, we collected our data from the same source. However, we used a two-wave data collection procedure and collected data for our dependent and independent variables in two different questionnaires.
We also conducted several statistical tests, which indicated that CMV is not a serious threat in our analyses. If possible, future research could try to obtain data from several sources to evaluate the effects of SIEs' political skill. For instance, SIEs' supervisors or host country national colleagues could be asked to assess SIEs' CCA. Second, we surveyed SIEs who in their free time participated in an online training program that might have introduced a certain self-selection bias into our sample of respondents. Future research should study the role of political skill for CCA and other outcomes, such as performance or turnover intentions, among other groups of SIEs and draw comparisons with corporate expatriates. It might be interesting to investigate how the level of expatriates' political skill and its positive effects spill over into affecting the adjustment or wellbeing of expatriates' spouses and partners, or into influencing the performance of expatriates' host country national colleagues as well as these colleagues' attitudes and trust toward expatriates.
1 and Fig. 1 ). This criterion, typical of stability analysis  (Otto and Day 2007) , was designed for constant environments, but also largely drives evolutionary outcomes when FD is combined with a changing environment (Figs. 3 4 5 6 ), so it should be a key ingredient for understanding and predicting evolution in this context. Empirical estimates for D can be extracted from a few examples from the literature. Goldberg et al. (2020)  recently reported a slope of D = -0. 23 for changes in the frequencies of morphs of the plant Datura wrightii over 20 years. Nosil et al. (2018)  studied changes in the frequency of a striped morph among all green morphs of the walking stick Timema cristinae over 18 years; by reanalyzing their dataset, we find that D = -1. 06. Similarly reanalyzing the dataset of le  Rouzic et al.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  S. Lion ,  E. Svensson , and an anonymous reviewer for very useful comments on this manuscript. LMC acknowledges support from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (grant  ANR-21-ERCC-0001-01 InterAdapt ) and the  European Research Council  (Starting Grant 678140 FluctEvol). This work is part of a project that has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Hori-zon 2020 (EE-Dynamics 770826 , https://erc. europa. eu/) to PN. ZG was supported by the  NSF  ( DEB 1844941 ).
6. Carcasses are classified according to European grid. The conformation (muscular development) is rated by a letter (E, U, R, O, and P) with E as strong muscular development and P the opposite, the fatness by a number from 1 (skinny) to 5 (overfat). 7. Data from Ovins Berry Limousin (OBL): purchase grid 2021 from OBL for lambs, cull ewes and rams. 8. Ratio of meat weight over carcass weight.
| Participants and data collection In this study we collected the data from employees working in groups of approximately six to nine employees and their direct supervisors at local Palestinian NPOs. These NPOs attract qualified personnel to ensure effective delivery of services and project outputs to the community (Palestinian NGO Network 2020). They play an important role in the socioeconomic development of Palestine  (Aboramadan, Dahleez, Farao, & Alshurafa, 2021)  and run projects targeting healthcare, economic development, education, social services, among others. NPOs in Palestine also act as development agencies, and possess institutional and management capabilities that allow them to provide services to targeted beneficiaries. In general, Palestinian NPOs operate in a context characterized by instability, complexity, and lack of resources.
Work identification codes were used to match data from employees and supervisors. Respondents were asked to include their completed questionnaires in sealed envelopes. In the first wave (T1), paper-and-pencil surveys were distributed to 540 subordinates, and 377 completed surveys were returned, generating a response rate of 69%. In addition to potential control variables (e. g. , gender, experience, and age), employees were asked to selfreport on our model's independent and mediating variables (servant leadership and work engagement). Two weeks later (T2), HR managers distributed paper-and-pencil surveys to 45 supervisors, asking them to assess their subordinates' work-related behaviors (respondents' IWB, OCB, and creativity [Figure  1 ]). We received data from 320 pairs of supervisors   2.
| Data analyses We used two stages to assess the data. In the first stage, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the construct validity of the measures used in this study. We used four indices to assess model fitness: comparative fit index (CFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and standardized root mean residual (SRMR). Previous research has suggested that a good model fit must have CFI > 0. 90, RMSEA < 0. 08, and SRMR < 0. 08  (Hair et al. , 2010; Kline, 2005). Next, we tested our hypothesized mediation model following  Baron and Kenny's (1986)  guidelines using SPSS version 24.
| Preliminary analyses After removing the missing values, we examined the normality of the data using kurtosis and skewness scores. The results showed that the skewness and kurtosis scores were less than 2. 0, and 3. 0, respectively, suggesting adequate normality of the data  (Kline, 1998). Table  3  presents the means, standard deviations, and correlations between the study variables. The correlations indicated that servant leadership was positively correlated with employee work engagement (r = 0. 54, p < 0. 01), IWB (r = 0. 28, p < 0. 01), OCB (r = 0. 22, p < 0. 01), and creativity (r = 0. 23, p < 0. 01). Work engagement was positively correlated with IWB (r = 0. 60, p < 0. 01), OCB (r = 0. 32, p < 0. 01), and creativity (r = 0. 45, p < 0. 01). To assess the psychometric properties of the measures, we conducted a CFA on five study variables: servant leadership, work engagement, IWB, OCB, and creativity.
The results of the CFA indicated that the hypothesized five-factor model exhibited the best fit to the data (χ 2 = 717. 34, df = 278; CFI = 0. 92; RMSEA = 0. 07; SRMR = 0. 06) and was superior to two alternative measurement models, that is, a three-factor model in which IWB, OCB, and creativity were combined (Δχ 2 = 611. 98, p < 0. 001), and a one-factor model in which all items loaded on a single factor (Δχ 2 = 1578. 82, p < 0. 001). We further assessed the convergent validity and reliability of the constructs through factor loadings, composite reliabilities (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE) values. The results (see Table  4 ) showed that CR values were all above 0. 7 and AVE values were all above 0. 5. These results indicate the convergent validity and reliability of our measures  (Fornell & Larcker, 1981).
OCB This employee helps his co-workers who have been absent 0. 90 0. 65 0. 14 study, we followed some procedural and statistical remedies to minimize CMV. First, we collected data in two phases with a 2-week time lag in which employees' outcomes were directly assessed by their supervisors. In addition, in the cover letter attached to each questionnaire, respondents were assured that participation in the study was voluntary and that their personal information and responses would not be shared. We also clarified to the respondents that there were no right or wrong responses. After data collection, we conducted a statistical test (CFA version of Harman's single-factor) to examine CMV in our dataset and ran a test to determine the extent of CMV in our data (see  Kundi et al. , 2021). The results revealed that the single-factor model produced an extremely poor fit to the data (χ 2 = 2538.
| Limitations and future research This study has some limitations. First, the data were collected from employees working only in local Palestinian NPOs. This may restrict the generalization of the findings to other types of NPOs, such as international NPOs. Therefore, future research may replicate this study's model by considering both local and international NPOs to detect any significant differences among them. Moreover, future studies may collect data from NPOs working in developing and developed countries, to enrich the research on servant leadership in the NPO sector and provide further evidence on the universality of servant leadership. Second, our model only examined the effects of servant leadership on employee outcomes. Future research should consider examining servant leadership together with other types of leadership, such as ethical or transformational leadership, to determine the relative importance of these leadership styles in comparison with servant leadership.
In particular, we show that exposure to transit migration affects individuals' attitudes and beliefs (such as risk attitudes, attitudes to minorities, and trust in institutions) and an important economic outcome: entrepreneurship. We focus on entrepreneurship as it is essential for job creation and growth, especially in countries close to the technological frontier. 3   We use two main sources of data. First, we use a locality-level panel data (2010 and 2016) of the Life in Transition Survey (LiTS), which allows us retrieve the exact geocodes of each locality. 4 Second, we use the data on geo-localized migration routes in Europe, provided by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). We then geographically match these two sources and construct a measure of 1 As  Hangartner et al. (2019)  summarize, there are typically three main factors: (i) both groups have to share status and goals, (ii) both groups need to live in a cooperative-rather than competitive-environment and (iii) they need to operate under a well-defined set of norms, laws and regulation.
The 2016 round (approximately 1,500 households per country) was conducted between the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016 in 34 countries, comprising 29 transition countries, the Czech Republic and two Western European comparator countries (Germany and Italy). 19 An important feature of these data is that they track nearly 50 localities per country in both the 2010 and 2016 rounds. A panel element was built into the survey design in 2016 by asking interviewers to revisit the localities that were sampled during the second round of the survey in 2010. A mapping exercise preceding the sampling was carried out to match the borders of the 2010 localities to the current ones. Within the localities, households were randomly selected; therefore the households that participated in the 2016 wave are not (necessarily) the ones included in the 2010 wave.