dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Second, the observational design can produce information on associations but cannot obtain evidence of causality. Third, the CARDIO-ARSIF registry is limited to the greater Paris area where the density of physicians is higher than most areas in France. Fourth, angiographic information about CTO (e. g J-CTO score) are not recorded in the registry nor are procedure technique and clinical outcomes. Fifth, numbers of PCIs and of CTO-PCIs per interventional cardiologist were not available. Finally, follow-up is limited to the hospital mortality and long term data is not recorded in the registry.
The purpose of the retrospective, population-based study was to assess the relationship between the risk of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and the level of air pollutants. This study identified 2. 272 cases of newly diagnosed CRAO registered in the Polish National Health Service database. The study authors gathered hourly ambient concentrations of particulate matter-PM 2. 5, PM 10, benzene, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide from pollution monitoring stations. Data on average daily temperature and atmospheric pressure were also obtained. In the statistical analyses, single-and multi-factor Poisson negative binomial regression models were carried out, controlling also for ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure with seasonality set at a level of 4. This study has shown a positive association between CRAO onset and short-term, daily changes in PM 10, NO 2 , SO 2 , O 3 , and CO concentrations, as well as with air temperature, in the days preceding the diagnosis.
Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, 2. 272 cases of newly diagnosed central retinal artery occlusion registered in the Polish National Health Service (NHS) database from 1 January 2014 to 30 December 2016 were identified. The National Health Service is a state organizational unit, which oversees the financing of the health system in Poland. Our study is a retrospective, epidemiological study, in which sources of data are publicly available and patients data was collected in such a manner that subjects cannot be identified. Because of the aforementioned reasons, in accordance with Polish regulations, IRB (in Poland-Bioethics Committee) approval was not required for this study. The study authors included all registered cases, in the given time interval, diagnosed with a central retinal artery occlusion in Poland.
The data received from the NHS contained the exact date of diagnosis of CRAO and was divided into voivodships as to where these cases occurred. No cases of reported central retinal artery occlusion from 1 January 2014 to 30 December 2016 in Poland have been excluded from the study. CRAO was defined in accordance with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD-10 with diagnostic code H34. 1. In the study, the date of the patient's registration to the health care unit, with a CRAO diagnosis, was considered the first day of the disease due to its sudden nature. The study did not collect data about the age, sex, race, or comorbidities of the patient. The study authors gathered hourly ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM)-PM 2. 5, PM 10, benzene (C 6 H 6 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) from pollution monitoring stations.
The data on average daily temperature and atmospheric pressure were also obtained. The data collected from the multiple monitoring stations in the region were averaged to give a daily concentration of each air impurity in a region. The measurements were performed via 264 monitoring stations in 16 polish voivodships. In the Lower Silesian, data from 27 measurement stations were collected, in  Kuyavian  the PM 10 and PM 2. 5 content in the air using two complementary methods: the gravimetric (reference) method, which is recognized and used in the world as the most precise measurement method and an automatic method that has proven equivalence to the reference method. The average daily temperature and atmospheric air pressure were collected by The Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.
Measurements were performed daily. In the Lower Silesian voivodship, data from 5 meteorological stations were collected, in Kuyavian-Pomeranian voivodship from 1, in Lublin from 3, in Lodz from 3, in Lubusz from 3, in Lesser Poland from 5, in Masovian from 5, in Opole voivodship from 1, in Podlaskie voivodship from 2, in the Subcarpathian voivodship from 3, in the Pomeranian voivodship from 6, in the Holy Cross voivodship from 2, in Silesian from 4, in Warmian-Masurian voivodship from 4, in Greater Poland from 5, and in the West Pomeranian from 5 meteorological stations. Overall, atmospheric pressure and air temperature were measured daily from 56 meteorological stations. The results of the measurements were averaged for individual provinces. The study calculated the average air pollution with individual particles on the 6th, 4th, 2nd, and 1st day before the registration of the disease (H34.
The study showed a relationship between air quality and CRAO onset in the week preceding the incident, but also as our conflicting results revealed, an exact relationship between pollutants and their peak-to-CRAO onset requires more data. In recent years, the impact of air pollution on general health has been extensively studied, focusing on more systemic diseases such as stroke and cardiovascular diseases. However, only one study investigated the impact of air pollution on the central retinal artery occlusion. The results of our study and Cheng et al. were consistent regarding exposure to SO 2 and NO 2. Cheng et al. investigated the risk of CRAO caused by changes in the ambient air pollution  [5]. In his study, 96 newly diagnosed CRAO onset patients that were randomly selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were examined.
Among the data about the patients' comorbidities, the study authors gathered data regarding the same ambient parameters as the authors of this study-concentrations of PM 2. 5, PM 10, NO 2 , SO 2 , and O 3. In our study, using a multi-factor regression analysis, controlling for ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, the authors determined the statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of CRAO and the increase in SO 2 concentration on the day of CRAO diagnosis and the increase in NO 2 concentration on the 6th and 4th day prior to the onset of CRAO. Cheng et al. revealed, after multi-pollutant adjustment, the increase in CRAO risk after 4 days of elevated NO 2 levels in diabetic patients and that the risk of CRAO onset had also significantly increased in patients with hypertension and in patients 65 years old, after 1 day of elevated SO 2 levels.
The decline in the air temperature in the entire 7-day period preceding the occurrence of CRAO has been positively associated with the diagnosis, which can be related to elevated stoking, coal burning, and use of illicit materials, thereby contributing to the increase of air pollutions and tainting of the environment. In recent years, the level of air pollution in Poland has increased significantly, especially in the winter months, which constitute a huge challenge for environmental protection institutions. In all of the European Union, 80 percent of private homes using coal are in Poland. The report, Air Quality in Europe 2018, published on 29 October, relies on data collected up to 2016 from around 2500 cities in 41 countries. The authors examined the levels of several pollutants which are dangerous for humans, including PM 10 and PM 2.
Data regarding patients' age, race, sex, comorbidities, lifestyle, cigarette smoking, and family history, which may significantly affect the results, as shown in the study performed by Cheng et al. , were not collected. This is undoubtedly the biggest limitation of the study. Another limitation of the study was the lack of information on the exact time of CRAO occurrence. In the analysis of air pollution, the entire day of the event was taken into account. The date of the patients' registration in the health care unit with the CRAO diagnosis was considered the first day of the disease due to its sudden nature and severe eye symptoms. However, this assumption may be misleading and could impact the results, as the affected patients might not have sought medical attention immediately after the onset of CRAO.
Authors included all CRAO cases from Polish NHS. The diagnosis of CRAO can be repeatedly put into the health system. There might be a chance of follow-up patients in the study subjects. Moreover, the study authors did not compare the obtained data with a control group and control period of time to ensure the validity of the results. The data on air pollutants, air pressure, temperature, and the number of patients with CRAO diagnosis were averaged by voivodship, which is a relatively large area (from 35,558. 47 km 2 (Masovian) to 9411. 87 km 2 (Opole voivodship)). As statistical analysis has shown, the daily average concentrations of air pollutants did not differ significantly by voivodship, which means the results obtained were applicable to the entire country.
NADPH oxidase activity assay We employed an in-house NADPH oxidase activity assay as done before  [15, 16]. Baseline luminescence measurement was performed on triplicate samples, followed by automatic addition of 100 mL of assay buffer (the luminometer was programmed to inject this volume into each well) and the light emission measured over a period of 20 minutes. The assay buffer consisted of: NaCl (120 mM), HEPES (250 mM, pH 7. 4), CaCl 2 (2H 2 O) (1. 75 mM), KCl (1. 2 mM), EDTA (0. 5 mM), MgSO 4 (7H 2 O) (1. 2 mM), NADH (100 mL), glucose (11 mM) and lucigenin (5 mM). The data were expressed as relative light units (RLU)/mg protein.
They could correspond to defects in the volume of the material, to filling defects between curved filaments and oriented layers +45°/-45°. Once the crack has spread and is beyond the two curved filaments, layers oriented +45°/-45° begins to deform. A V-shape notch tip is observed at the crack tip and the deformation of the layers oriented +45°/-45° highlighted tears marks oriented +45°. The strain marks between the crack tip and zone (2) increase gradually until they overlap (See Fig. 2 - Step 780). With the applied load, zone (1) and zone (2) form now a unique zone of strain concentration, the strain at the zone (3) have also greatly increased and the cavities developed in the volume of the material are visible at the surface. Ncorr software was used for the strain quantitative analysis. Ncorr is an open-source 2D-DIC MATLAB Software developed at Georgia Institute of Technology.
CONCLUSIONS n this study, an original approach is developed for local strain characterization at the surface of polymer materials produced by Fused Depositing Modeling (FDM) in 3D printing. This approach allows a comprehensive qualitative analysis of the local deformation from the optical image recorded during the in-situ tensile test. The micro speckle pattern deposited at the surface of the specimen ensures the strain quantification from a DIC software. Ncorr 2D-DIC MATLAB Software was used. The strain evolutions in the strain maps are in good agreement with the strain evolutions observed in the optical images. The surface strain evolutions are quantified and the interactions between strain concentration zones are clearly evidenced. These strain concentration zones could correspond to filling defects between curved filaments and oriented layers +45°/-45°.
Breast cancer Breast-conserving therapy a b s t r a c t Aim: This systematic review was conducted to compare the effectiveness of different accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) techniques for the treatment of breast cancer patients. Background: Numerous (APBI) techniques are available for clinical practice. Methods and materials: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of APBI versus whole breast irradiation (WBI). The data from APBI studies were extracted for the analyses.
Statistical analysis To estimate the effect size, we assessed time-to-event data as hazard ratios (HR), assuming a 95% confidence interval (CI). When HRs were not available we endeavored to estimate them from reported results using the methods of Parmar et al. 23  To allow for the possibility of non-proportional hazards, HRs were estimated using 5-year survival data for all studies. Indirect comparisons were estimated using the methods of Bucher et al. 21 indings were reported using a league table to display direct and indirect comparisons. 24.
Total variation (TV) is a powerful regularization method that has been widely applied in different imaging applications, but is difficult to apply to diffuse optical tomography (DOT) image reconstruction (inverse problem) due to unstructured discretization of complex geometries, non-linearity of the data fitting and regularization terms, and non-differentiability of the regularization term. We develop several approaches to overcome these difficulties by: i) defining discrete differential operators for TV regularization using both finite element and graph representations; ii) developing an optimization algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) for the non-differentiable and non-linear minimization problem; iii) investigating isotropic and anisotropic variants of TV regularization, and comparing their finite element-and graph-based implementations.
In 2D, using the finite element representation, the computational domain is discretized with a finite number of triangles (Fig. 2 (d) ) while in 3D, tetrahedra are taken as the basic element (Fig. 2 (e) ). However the graph representation is the same in both 2D and 3D because the graph method requires only vertices and edges of the mesh. For simulated experiments in which measurement noise was added, ten repeats were performed. In all experiments, the forward model was implemented using the NIRFAST package  [45]  in Matlab R2017a (Mathworks, Natick, USA). The simulated experiments conducted are all based on single wavelength continuous-wave (CW) measurements where the optical property to be recovered is the tissue absorption coefficient µ a at that wavelength. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 v 3 v 2 v 4 v 5 v 6 v 1 v 3 v 2 v 4 v 5 v 6 v Finite element (triangles): 1.
In this section we investigate the anisotropic TV regularization in DOT reconstruction and compare their FE-and graph-based implementations. The effect of the representation method adopted on anisotropic TV regularization will be evaluated. A two dimensional (2D) circular geometry is simulated with one anomaly centered at (-10mm,10mm). The 2D model has a radius of 43mm while the radius of the anomaly is 10mm. Sixteen source-detector fibres are placed equidistant around the external boundary for CW boundary data acquisition. When one fibre as a source is turned on, the rest are used as detectors, leading to 240 total boundary data points per wavelength. All sources were positioned one scattering distance within the outer boundary because the source is assumed to be spherically isotropic. In order to evaluate the effect of mesh resolution on the representation method, two reconstruction meshes are created with different spatial resolutions.
Three dimensional head numerical experiments We now evaluate the isotropic TV model with two discrete differential operator definitions on a physically realistic three dimensional head model. This was created from T1-weighted MPRAGE scans acquired by Eggebrecht et al  [7]  using the process described by Wu et al  [47]  in which Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software  [48]  was used to perform parametric segmentation of five tissue types (scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gray matter, white matter) based on the pixel intensity probability function distribution. The five layers were processed in NIRFAST to create masks and layered volumetric FEM meshes. The reconstruction mesh consists of 50721 nodes associated with 287547 tetrahedral elements, with the average element size 9. 2676mm 3.
Acknowledgments This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Networks (ITN-ETN) programme , under grant agreement no  675332 , BitMap. We thank  Daniel Lighter  for providing the experimental data used in Section 4. 3. 3. Supporting materials can be freely downloaded from https://doi. org/10. 25500/eData. bham. 00000283.
They have been implemented in recent years in the code SusHi  [54, 55]  and lead to a K-factor of about 2 in total. The QCD corrections to the decay Φ → t t are known to NNLO in QCD  [56]  and increase the LO partial width by approximately a factor ∼ 1. 5. In the case of the pp → t t QCD background process, the QCD corrections at NLO have been known for a long time, and the resulting K-factor is K QCD NLO ≈ 1. 3  [57, 58]. The NNLO QCD corrections to the process have also been completed recently  [59]  and they increase the total cross section slightly beyond the NLO value. The electroweak corrections are rather small in both the signal and background processes, and can be ignored to first approximation. The NLO QCD corrections to the interference between signal and background in resonant the process gg → H/A → t t have been calculated recently using an effective field theory approach  [60].
Simulation of experimental sensitivity In this Section we compute the expected sensitivity and exclusion potential for each signal hypothesis, based on the distribution of the invariant mass of the t t system, m t t. The SM t t production process is by far the dominant background in the targeted + jets final state and the only one considered in this study. It is described with the help of a Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation. Distributions of m t t for the BSM contribution are built via a computationallyefficient approximation that uses MC simulations of a small number of signal hypotheses to construct an economical parameterization. The statistical analysis takes into account the main systematic uncertainties affecting the m t t distribution. All the software code used in this study is made available at  [81].
4. 1 framework  [88] , which, however, is not employed to simulate the detector response. To account for higher-order corrections in SM t t production, the sample is normalized to the inclusive cross section computed at the NNLO + NNLL precision with the program Top++ 2. 0  [89]. This corresponds to applying a flat K-factor of 2. 0. We produced MC samples for reference signal hypotheses in the hMSSM with M A = 400, 500, 600, 700, and 1000 GeV and various values of tan β. A custom MadGraph model was used, which is realized as the SM with two additional neutral Higgs bosons that are pure CP eigenstates. The effective coupling to gluons was implemented following Ref. [45] , with only top quarks included in the loop  7. The masses of the additional Higgs bosons, their total widths and couplings to top quarks are free parameters of this model, and they are fixed according to the model predictions for each point in the [M A , tan β] plane.
Results The potential sensitivity to the models discussed in Section 3 is evaluated here following the procedure described above. As already mentioned, two benchmark values are used for the relative m t t resolution: 10 and 20%. For the integrated luminosity L, three values are considered: 150 fb -1 , 450 fb -1 , and 3 ab -1 , which correspond to the data collected at Run 2 and the targets at Run 3 and and HL-LHC (for a single experiment). In total, this gives six experimental scenarios. It should be noted, however, that the assumed event selection and experimental uncertainties are likely to be not fully representative beyond LHC Run 2. As already mentioned, we have computed cross sections for the BSM scenarios using the code SusHi (version 1. 6. 1) [54, 55]  from which we obtain the signal NNLO K-factor, for each point of the grid in our two-dimensional parameter planes.
We present results only for M H < 2m t1 , since direct stop pair production is likely to provide more distinctive signatures for larger M H. The NNLO K- factor has been computed individually for each point of the grid in the [M A , tan β] parameter plane, using the code SusHi (version 1. 6. 1) [54, 55]. As seen in Fig. 19 , we find significant exclusion and discovery potentials for M H 500 GeV and smaller values of tan β. As expected, the experimental sensitivity is restricted to relatively low values of tan β, and we consider the illustrative case of tan β = 2. In the case when the mass resolution is 10% and the integrated luminosity is 150/fb, the 95% CL exclusion extends to a mass of 550 GeV, with a 5-σ discovery sensitivity up to a mass of ∼ 480 GeV. With L = 450 (3000)/fb, the expected exclusion reaches 600 GeV (≥ 2m t1 ), and there is 5-σ discovery sensitivity up to 520 (550) GeV.
Summary We have explored in this paper the prospective sensitivity of LHC measurements of the t t invariant-mass spectrum to various BSM scenarios with additional heavy (pseudo)scalar bosons, via the peak-and-dip features induced by interference between BSM and SM contributions to the production amplitude that are illustrated at the parton level in Fig. 3. The scenarios studied included models with one additional singlet (pseudo)scalar boson, a Type-II 2HDM, the hMSSM, a model with a massive vector-like quark, and models with a light stop squark. Our analysis is based on a realistic assessment of detector performance, taking into account the event selection efficiency shown in Fig. 7  and the t t invariant-mass resolution, which smears the parton-level features as illustrated in Fig. 8. We have presented results for benchmark scenarios with resolutions of 10 or 20% and integrated LHC luminosities ranging from 150/fb (corresponding to the Run 2 data set for a single experiment) to 3000/fb (corresponding to the luminosity target for HL-LHC).
Acknowledgements This work is supported in part by the  Estonian Research Council via Mobilitas Pluss  grants. The work of JE was supported in part by the  STFC  Grant  ST/P000258/1. The authors are grateful to  Sébastien Brochet  and  Stéphane Perriès  for sharing the MadGraph model employed to simulate the signal process in the SM + Φ model, to  Sabine Crépé-Renaudin  for useful discussions, to  Stefan Liebler  for valuable help and recommendations regarding the use of  SusHi  and the "light-stop" MSSM benchmark scenario and to  Sébastien Wertz  for a valuable suggestion on simulating the interference.
Small for gestational age was defined as birth weight <10th centile according to the curves used in our department  [37]. Data were collected using the CLINSIGHT software (Version 6. 2. 300, 2011). Qualitative variables were described in terms of frequency and percentage, categorical variables as the mean (standard deviation) for age and median (interquartile range) for BMI. The normality of the quantitative variables was graphically checked and tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Patients' characteristics and main complications were compared between the included and excluded patients using the chi-square test for categorical variables and Student t-test for age. The patients' characteristics were compared between the three GWG groups using chi-square tests for categorical variables and an analysis of variance for age.
Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were compared using unadjusted and adjusted tests. For unadjusted comparisons, the three GWG groups were compared using chisquare tests, and for adjusted comparisons, logistic regression analyses were performed. The multivariable model was adjusted for pregestational BMI and smoking. Post hoc pairwise comparisons with the reference group (AGWG) were performed using the Bonferroni correction. Statistical testing was done at a two-tailed α level of 0. 05. Data were analyzed using the SAS software package, release 9. 4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).