dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Rationale: Recent studies suggest that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity can vary markedly from night to night, which may have important implications for diagnosis and management. Objectives: This study aimed to assess OSA prevalence from multinight in-home recordings and the impact of night-to-night variability in OSA severity on diagnostic classification in a large, global, nonrandomly selected community sample from a consumer database of people that purchased a novel, validated, under-mattress sleep analyzer. Methods: A total of 67,278 individuals aged between 18 and 90 years underwent in-home nightly monitoring over an average of approximately 170 nights per participant between July 2020 and March 2021. OSA was defined as a nightly mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of more than 15 events/h.
Participants Data were acquired from 87,610 participants from a consumer-user database of people who registered to use under-mattress sleep sensor technology (Withings Sleep Analyzer [WSA]) to track their nightly sleep in their homes between July 1, 2020, and March 30, 2021. This large nonrandomly selected sample was composed of participants from 151 countries/regions. All participants provided informed consent for their deidentified data to be used for research purposes. This study was approved by the Flinders University Human Research Ethics Committee (project number: 4,291).
OSA Classification Data from the Withings database were extracted for all participants aged at least 18 years with at least 28 nights of recordings who used their device for an average of at least four times per week during the 9-month assessment period. Mean and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AHI were calculated from all available nights separately for each participant. The probability of OSA above/below standard clinical cutoffs (,5 = no OSA, >5 and ,15 = mild, >15 and ,30 = moderate, and >30 events/ h = severe OSA) was estimated for each participant  (7)  OSA was defined as an AHI of 15 events/h or more, indicating OSA of at least moderate severity  (7).
Global Prevalence Estimates Assuming an OSA prevalence in the population of approximately 25% (95% CI, 20-30%)  (18) , we calculated that at least 289 individuals would be required to estimate OSA prevalence in each country/ region. Therefore, OSA prevalence by country/region was only calculated in countries/regions where data from at least 300 individuals were available. Each prevalence estimate (p) has variance equal to pð12pÞn, where n is the total number of participants in that country. The 95% CI of the prevalence per country is therefore 61:96 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pð12pÞn r. Global prevalence is expressed as the mean and 95% CI across countries. Age-and sex-stratified global OSA prevalence was also calculated (see analysis in the online supplement).
This process of randomly selecting nights and calculating rates was repeated 100 times for each X-night diagnosis, allowing the calculation of mean and 95% CI of predictive performance metrics. A sensitivity analysis was performed to further validate these findings in which only data recorded in March 2021 were included. In this sensitivity analysis, only participants with at least 28 days of recording during March 2021 were included. This sensitivity analysis aimed to reduce the potential impact of uncontrolled confounders (e. g. , weight loss/gain) that may have resulted in increased AHI variability measured across the full recording period.
Participant Characteristics Of the 87,610 registered users in the database, 10,954 (12. 1%) and 8,501 (9. 7%) were excluded as they were new users with 28 or fewer days of recording or were infrequent device users (average of less than 4 times a week), respectively. A further 745 (0. 8%) participants were excluded as they were less than18 years old. The characteristics for the remaining 67,278 participants are summarized in Table  1. Most participants resided in Europe (62%) and North America (30%) (see Figure  E2  in the online supplement for the remaining distributions globally).
Most of the participants in the current study were male, and likely from moderate to high socioeconomic backgrounds, self-selected by the voluntary purchase of this relatively recently released consumer device. Therefore, this study sample may not be representative of the wider general population and does not resolve the longstanding issue in sleep research of underrepresentation of women in such analyses, and the underlying assumption that thresholds derived from studies primarily of men will be valid when generalized to women. Nonetheless, overall demographics data for the cohort were comparable to World Health Organization and United Nations data. In addition, OSA prevalence in this study was calculated from a nonrandomly selected population that voluntarily purchased the device, possibly owing to concerns of snoring or sleep apnea.
Absence versus presence of At a Glance Commentary Scientific Knowledge on the Subject: Recent studies that have assessed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) over several consecutive nights indicate that OSA severity can vary markedly from night to night, which may have important implications for diagnosis, management, and prevalence estimates. Before recent advances in noninvasive home sleep monitoring technology, it was not feasible to examine night-to-night variation in OSA severity and its potential impact on diagnostic classification and prevalence estimates over extended periods in the home setting at scale. What This Study Adds to the Field: Multinight in-home assessment of OSA in a self-selected population from a consumer database of more than 65,000 people with approximately 6 months of nightly data per participant indicates an estimated global prevalence of moderate to severe OSA (.
Background: Current therapies are quite unsuccessful in the management of neuropathic pain. Therefore, considering the inhibitory characteristics of GABA mediators, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the efficacy of GABAergic neural precursor cells on neuropathic pain management. Methods: Search was conducted on Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A search strategy was designed based on the keywords related to GABAergic cells combined with neuropathic pain. The outcomes were allodynia and hyperalgesia. The results were reported as a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Data of 13 studies were analyzed in the present meta-analysis. The results showed that administration of GABAergic cells improved allodynia (SMD = 1.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study was designed based on instructions for performing meta-analysis on clinical trials in animal studies. Our meta-analysis aimed to review animal studies. Therefore, PICO in the current study is as follows: P: Animal models (rats and mice) with neuropathic pain, I: Intrathecal or intraspinal transplantation of GABAergic cells, C: Comparison with the control group (without treatment or treatment with drug vehicle) and O: pain alleviation in the studied animals based on Allodynia and Hyperalgesia assessment tests. On the basis of achieving the above-mentioned aims, an extensive search was performed in Medline (using PubMed), ISI Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus electronic databases, using related keywords and their proper combinations, searching for the articles published through the end of January 20, 2021.
The search strategy was designed based on the keywords presented in Appendix 1. Keywords were selected according to the words related to neuropathic pain and GABAergic neural precursor cells' transplantation, and were chosen on three bases. First, MeSH and Emtree were searched for the keywords. Then, titles and abstracts of the relevant articles were screened to find additional keywords. Finally, with the help of experts in the field of SCI research, the keywords list was completed. Combining the selected keywords to design search terms, the search was performed in the electronic databases. Moreover, a hand search was performed using relevant articles' references and related journals, to find additional and possibly missing articles. Finally, for finding gray literature, three strategies were adopted including searching through ProQuest's Dissertations and Theses section, contacting authors of the relevant articles to access their unpublished or preprint data and searching in the Google and Google Scholar search engines.
The animals' pain was considered to be the assessed outcome. Studies not having a control group, studies in which pain was not evaluated, and studies in which the number of transplanted GABAergic neural precursor cells was not reported were excluded. It is worth mentioning that review articles were excluded as well. Since, the onset of pain in the animal models occurs at least four weeks after the injury, studies which performed less than four weeks of follow up were also excluded. The articles obtained from the hand search and systematic search were gathered using the EndNote program (version X7; Thomson Reuters, Toronto, ON, Canada), and duplicates were eliminated. Two independent reviewers performed the initial screening, reviewing titles and abstracts of the gathered articles. Next, full texts of the relevant articles were studied, and, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, included articles were selected.
Every disagreement was resolved, using a third reviewer's opinion. The extracted data from the articles included information related to the study design, sample, and control groups' characteristics (age, sex, mechanism of neuropathic pain inducement), sample size, type of the donated cell, species which transplanted cells were obtained from, number of the transplanted cells, interval time between inducement of the neuropathic pain and transplantation of the cells, follow-up period, and the severity of the animals' pain. Since in most cases, the assessed outcome was reported in multiple stages, the last report in the article was taken as input to the present meta-analysis. In cases of the results being reported in graphs, the graph data extraction method by Sistrom and Megro  [17]  was used.
All studies were summarized and categorized based on the pain's severity. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation. Analyses were performed using the "meta" command in the STATA 17. 0 statistical program (Stata Corp. , College Station, TX), and the results are reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) by calculating Hedges' g. SMD was used to standardize the data of the different tests to a uniform scale, because of the variations between the scales of pain assessment tests performed in the studies. Since, the sample size was small and varied among included studies, we used the method proposed by Hartung, Knapp, Sidik, and Jonkman for calculating 95% CI to avid type 1 error  [20]. Neuropathic pain has two main symptoms: allodynia and hyperalgesia.
Study characteristics The systematic search in the electronic databases resulted in 2,644 articles, 1,760 of which were non-duplicate records. One thousand seven hundred twenty one studies were excluded by screening the titles and abstracts and the full texts of the remaining 39 were studied (Appendix 2). Finally, the data of 13 studies were included in the present meta-analysis  [15, 16, [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32]  (Fig. 1 ). These studies consisted of 17 separate experiments and involved 317 animals, 176 of which were controls and 141 animals were treated with GABAergic cells. The neuropathy pain model was peripheral in one and central in two studies, and one study used both models. The time interval between injury to transplantation of the cells ranged from three to 21 days.
Thus, it is recommended that researchers be informed in this regard. Additionally, the risk of bias was unclear in selective outcome reporting in all the included studies. This could be attributable to the lack of an animal registry database. If such databases, similar to clinical trial registries, are created, selective outcome reporting There is no serious inconsistency since the sources of heterogeneity were identified (antibiotic administration and type of graft). Askarian-Amiri, et al could be largely monitored and reduced. In conclusion, the present meta-analysis showed that administration of GABAergic cells alleviates allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain models. However, it seems that the transplantation efficacy of these cells is only statistically significant in improving allodynia and hyperalgesia in rats, while such a positive effect was not observed in mouse studies.
'spinal cord injury'/exp OR 'spinal cord contusion'/exp OR 'spinal cord hemisection'/exp OR 'spinal cord transaction'/exp OR 'cervical spine injury'/exp OR 'pain'/exp OR ' neuropathic pain'/exp OR 'Spinal compression':ab,ti OR 'spinal cord trauma':ab,ti OR 'trauma, spinal cord':ab,ti OR 'injured spinal cord':ab,ti OR 'spinal cord injured':ab,ti OR 'spinal cord injuries':ab,ti OR 'nerve transection':ab,ti OR 'allodynia':ab,ti OR 'hyperalgesia':ab,ti OR 'hypersensitivity':ab,ti OR 'nociception':ab,ti 3. #1 AND #2 Scopus Askarian-Amiri, et al Appendices Appendix 1. Search strategy in present study Database MEDLINE (PubMed) ((".
But these tools fail to generate maps that are generalised enough  (Touya et al. , 2019). This is why we started the design of the MULTIMAGE platform (MULtimodal Tactile and Interactive Map GEnerator). Figure  1. Functionalities of the MULTIMAGE platform to generate a 3D model for a tactile from OpenStreetMap data: (1) a scene (a crossroad for now) is extracted; (2) the OSM data is enriched and corrected with a mix of automated scripts and interactive actions; (3) the map is designed with the enriched data with a mix of automated scripts and interactive actions. The MULTIMAGE platform proposes a workflow with three steps to generate a 3D model ready to be printed from OpenStreetMap data (Figure  1 ). The first step is just the selection of the extent, the scale, and the size of the map, and then an automated extraction of the corresponding raw data from OpenStreetMap.
For now, our focus is on maps of crossroads at large scales, because crossroads are one of the main issues during the training of autonomous mobility for visually impaired people. The extent of the map is simply selected by drawing a bounding box on a web map. Then, the second step of the workflow is the data enrichment, which enables the use of automated enrichment scripts, as well as interactive actions to correct potentially incomplete or incorrect OpenStreetMap data. The third step is the design of the map where stylisation and map generalisation tasks can be carried out, either automatically or interactively. Then, the map is exported as an extended STL file to be 3D-printed, with information to print buttons of audio description. We also plan the platform to be able to export files adapted to swell paper printers, as swell paper (Figure  2 ) can be used on top of tablets to make interactive audio-tactile devices  (Brok et al.
, 2012). The interactive actions are possible using the map interface presented in Figure  3. As a classical web GIS tool, the edition of the geometry and the semantics of the OSM data will be possible in the second step, and the edition of style as well as manual generalisation operations will be possible in the third step. Regarding the automatic scripts, several are already implemented in the platform. For instance, there is a script to segment and enrich the crossroad with important features such as traffic islands  (Favreau & Kalsron, 2022) , and a script to generate styles adapted to an audiotactile map  (Jiang et al. , 2021). The backend, i. e. the server side of the platform is implemented in Python, using open source libraries such as GeoDjango and Geopandas. The web interface is developed in Javascript, based on the OpenLayers library.
Funding This work was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) in France  ( ANR-18-CE38-0001 ). Ethical approval All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical committee of  Université Côte d'Azur (Comité d'Ethique pour les Recherches Non Interventionnelles, CERNI ,  2019-6 ). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Parents' assessments of child behaviour changes were rated, by professionals, on a 5-point Likert scale: (1) not at all, (2) a little, (3) moderately, (4) a lot or (5) enormously. Two time points were considered for each child: the first 3 weeks (T1) and the three last weeks (T2) of the lockdown period. The type of accommodation (apartment or house) and parental status were also recorded. SphinxOnline v 4. 16 was used for data collection. Student's t tests and linear mixed-effect models with repeated measures (patient as random effect; time and intellectual disability (ID), accommodation type and parental status as fixed effects) were carried out to study the effect of the lockdown on clinical variables between T1 and T2 time points.
, 2021). Our investigation has some limitations, mainly due to the short time available for setting up the study and the extreme reactivity needed to collect data during the French lockdown. First, this is an observational study, and therefore, no causative link can be identified between experimental outcomes and caregivers' support. Second, clinical points were evaluated by parents and rated by professionals who know the children: This method does not ensure uniformity of measurements. Furthermore, we did not use validated scales that would enable a more precise assessment. Third, our study was based on children recruited from a single centre, with specific procedures, which limits generalization to other situations.
zAssessed in SINUS-52 only. 6] [27]  Dupilumab subcutaneous injection is approved for the treatment of adults with inadequately controlled CRSwNP. 28, 29 In the phase 3 SINUS 24-week and 52-week trials in adults with severe CRSwNP (NCT02912468 and NCT02898454), dupilumab added to standard of care significantly reduced polyp size, sinus opacification, and severity of symptoms versus placebo and was generally well tolerated. 30 e objective of the analyses presented here is to comprehensively assess the impact of dupilumab on olfactory outcomes in patients with severe CRSwNP in the SINUS trials.
For patients who received SCS or who underwent sinonasal surgery for any reason, data collected postsurgery or post-SCS treatment were set to missing in the worst observation carried forward multiple imputation approach, and the worst post-BL value on or before the time of surgery or SCS treatment was used to impute missing week 24 values. For patients who discontinued treatment without rescue by surgery or SCS, a multiple imputation approach was used to impute missing values, using values of all patients who had not been rescued by surgery or were not receiving SCS. Statistical inference obtained from all imputed data was combined using Rubin's rule. 31 To compare effects between subgroups, a similar analysis of covariance model was carried out, with the addition of the subgroup covariate and the subgroup-bytreatment interaction.
Acknowledgments We thank  Mei Zhang, PhD ,  Xuezhou Mao, PhD , and  Jérôme Msihid ,  MSc , of  Sanofi  for statistical analyses, and  Matt Lewis, PhD , of  Adelphi Communications Ltd (Macclesfield, UK ) for medical writing support, which was funded by  Sanofi (Bridgewater, NJ)  and  Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Tarrytown, NY)  in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines. J. Mullol  had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. J. Mullol ,  C. Bachert ,  N. Amin ,  M. Desrosiers ,  A. H. Khan ,  S. Kamat ,  N. M. H. Graham ,  H. Staudinger , and L. P. Mannent were responsible for the study concept and design. J. Mullol ,  C. Bachert ,  N. Amin ,  M. Desrosiers ,  P. W. Hellings ,  J.
K. Han ,  R. Jankowski ,  J. Vodicka ,  P. Gevaert ,  N. Daizadeh ,  A. H. Khan ,  S. Kamat ,  N. Patel ,  N. M. H. Graham ,  M. Ruddy ,  H. Staudinger , and L. P. Mannent were responsible for acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data. J. Mullol ,  C. Bachert ,  N. Amin ,  M. Desrosiers ,  P. W. Hellings ,  J. K. Han ,  R. Jankowski ,  J. Vodicka ,  P. Gevaert ,  N. Daizadeh ,  A. H. Khan ,  S. Kamat ,  N. Patel ,  N. M. H. Graham ,  M. Ruddy ,  H. Staudinger , and L. P. Mannent were responsible for drafting or critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Qualified researchers may request access to patient-level data and related study documents including clinical study report, study protocol with any amendments, blank case report form, statistical analysis plan, and dataset specifications.
Microarray and GO Term Analysis Samples from five independent replicates with approximately 1000 3-day-old worms per condition were collected, and the RNA was extracted and loaded to an Affymetrix Chip. The microarray raw data in the format of CEL were analyzed using the software R (version 3. 4. 2) (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria) and Bioconductor (The Bioconductor Project, Bioconductor is open source and open development)  [57]. Background correction, normalization, and expression calculation were performed with the oligo package  [58]  and the RMA method. For quality control of the array, the package arrayQualityMetrics_3. 34. 0 [59] was used. Because of the quality measures, sample ahr-1C5 was excluded from further analysis. The differentially expressed genes were identified using the limma package and a linear model and moderated t-statistic with FDR to test for multiple comparisons  [60].
A p-value of 0. 1 was applied. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed for Gene Ontology term enrichment using Cytoscape (version 3. 6. 0) (The Cytoscape Consortium, an independent not-for-profit organization)  [61]  with the plugin ClueGo (version 2. 5. 0) (Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, France)  [62]. The microarray data can be accessed through the Gene Expression Omnibus accession no. GSE195769.
0). For the reaction, the qPCR Green Core kit (Jena Biosciences, Jena, Germany)) or the GoTaq ® qPCR kit (Promega, Walldorf, Germany) was used. The samples were run in a MyiQ2 cycler (BioRad, Feldkirchen, Germany), and the expression of each sample was measured in duplicate on the same multi-well plate. The expression was calculated relative to the reference genes act-1 and cdc-42 using the iQ5 software. All data collected were enabled for gene study according to the BioRad user instructions, and the expression was calculated using the normalized expression (ddC T ). The efficiency of each primer pair reaction was added for the correct quantification of the normalized expression. The efficiency was assessed with 1:20, 1:100, 1:500, and 1:2500 dilutions of the cDNA. From normalized expression values, the fold-change compared to wild-type was calculated for each replicate.
qPCR in Cells The total cellular RNA was isolated by combining lysis in TRIzol™ with downstream processing using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen (Hilden, Germany)) according to the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA synthesis was performed using the QuantiTect ® Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen (Hilden, Germany)) with 1 µg RNA according to the manufacturer s instructions. Relative transcript levels were determined by pPCR using the 2x SYBR ® Green qPCR Master Mix and a Rotor-Gene ® Q thermal cycler (Qiagen (Hilden, Germany)). The transcript for the ribosomal protein L32 (rpl32) was used as a reference, and the relative expression was calculated by the ∆C t -method  [68]. The following intron-spanning primer pairs were used: cyp1a1 (gene accession number NM_000499. 5): 5 -TCGCTACCTACCCAACCCTT-3 , 5 -TGTGTCAAACCCAGCTCCAA-3 ; ahr (gene accession number NM_001621.