dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments Joe Talbert and  Alex DeKlerk  designed, built, and deployed SWIFT drifters. The crews of the  R/V Ukpik  and  R/V Norseman II  assisted with deployment and recovery of SWIFTs 10 and  11. Craig Lee  and the crew of the  R/V Araon deployed SWIFT 15. Erick Rogers  provided NAVGEM winds. Luc Rainville  assisted with processing of ice products and satellite imagery. RadarSat2 images were provided by  Hans Graber  and  Alexis Denton  at the  University of Miami.
METHODOLOGY This article is based on data derived from two sources: a systematic literature review, and outcomes from roundtable meetings of the ATTReuNET that took place in November 2012 and March 2014. The aim of the current article, together with the other two within this series, is to disseminate the major findings from the meetings and to align these with data available from the published literature base. Prior to the meeting in March 2014, 15 members representing 10 European countries from the ATTReuNET completed a semistructured questionnaire. The responses were used to guide the live discussion, with a focus on five main areas: epidemiology and local structure of care; diagnosis; management and funding; follow-up care of both patients and asymptomatic carriers; and the overall patient experience.
The overarching objective of the meetings was to achieve a first consensus regarding the current epidemiology and genetic basis of TTR-FAP, to identify the limitations of existing diagnostic and treatment approaches and to propose alternative management strategies. Electronic database searches (NCBI PubMed) formed the basis of the literature search within the time frame (1952 to December 2014). Key search terms included 'transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy,' 'familial amyloid polyneuropathy,' 'transthyretin amyloidosis,' 'TTR-FAP,' 'TTR-FAP and Europe,' and 'TTR-FAP and Bulgaria/Cyprus/ France/Germany/Italy/the Netherlands/Portugal/ Spain/Sweden/Turkey'.
A network approach for transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy NRCs are a means to ensure equity of access to early and appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and care, and to eliminate regional disparities in treatment approaches. Most of the 10 countries involved the ATTReuNET have at least one defined NRC (Table  S3 , http://links. lww. com/CONR/A37). The establishment of NRCs can encourage collaboration and the sharing of experience between different centres and motivate the teams working within them. A defined network also lends credibility and weight to the disease in proposals to public authorities for disease funding, such as coordinated research programmes. A multifaceted disease such as TTR-FAP lends itself well to this approach and serves to benefit patients. Existing initiatives include clinical guideline recommendations for diagnosis and management  [4] , as well as an international patient database to gather outcome information for a fuller clinical picture of the disease  [67 &  ].
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge  Anna Palmer of PAREXEL  for provision of writing assistance during the development of this article, with funding provided by  Pfizer. Members of the ATTReuNET who provided country-specific information for this article were  David Adams  [ CHU Bicetre (APHP), Universite´Paris-Sud, Paris, France ];  Juan Buades  ( Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Son Llatzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain );  Josep M. Campistol  ( Instituto Clı ´nico de Nefrologı ´a y Urologı ´a ICNU, Barcelona, Spain );  Teresa Coelho  ( Hospital Santo Antonio, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal );  Lucı ´a Galan  ( Servicio de Neurologı ´a, Hospital Clı ´nico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain );  Ivailo Tournev  ( Department of Neurology, Medical University -Sofia , and  Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria) ;  Velina Guergueltcheva  ( University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria );  Bouke P.
A statistical approach is indicated in hyperspectral images considering the huge number of pixels (individuals). The potential of co-clustering in hyperspectral image analysis has only been pointed out very recently. 7, 8 In this work we propose using LBM to apply co-clustering to the investigation of Raman hyperspectral images. LBM is a probabilistic model which assumes that the data from the same block share the same probability distribution. Consequently, the whole dataset is assumed to be issued from a mixture model in which each component corresponds to the probability distribution of a block. These blocks are the most informative ones with the best spectral-spatial information. The paper is organised as follows: the next section introduces the LBM model, its inference and model selection criteria for choosing the number of co-clusters.
Application The Raman hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data provided in Figure  2  corresponds to an oil-in-water emulsion sample analysed in the fingerprint region of the spectral range. This data has been already used in previous works to benchmark data analysis methods. Full details about the dataset and the experimental setup can be found in earlier work. 13 The dataset is available at: https://mcrals. word press. com/download/example-data-sets/examples-of-analytical-methods (last accessed 13 September 2016). The image in Figure  2  (left) is formed by 60 × 60 pixels and the spectra consist of 125 points in the range from 950 cm -1 to 1400 cm -1. The interest in analysing this data is that the composition of the spectroscopic mixture is known. 13 In the sampled area, according to previous work,  [13] [14] [15]  four different components can be extracted using multivariate curve resolution approaches corresponding to a structural phase, two droplet phases and an aqueous phase.
The presence of a gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder was investigated by means of a clinical examination and, if ascertained, it was reason for exclusion of the patients from our study. Each patient signed a regular consensus to the examination, after adequate information was given. The Ethics Committee of the Academic Hospital approved the study. After medical evaluation, we included in the NCCP group all patients who had no symptoms suggestive for angina and were negative at serial ECG examination and at troponin tests performed according to Chest Pain Evaluation Protocol of ED. The subjects who were positive at the two exams were included in the CCP group. After 3 months from the recruitment of each subject, we verified the diagnosis of NCCP, by consulting the databases of the ED. This check was aimed at excluding from the NCCP group those who at subsequent visits at the ED had a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome or had a positive stress test.
In these jurisdictions, work to develop a set of expected educational outcomes for pharmacy programs has included initial conceptualisation followed by a process of validation through feedback from a number of stakeholders including discipline teachers, practitioners and students, and subsequent achievement of consensus. In Australia, federal policy has directed that discipline communities take responsibility for implementing teaching and learning standards (working with professional bodies and other stakeholders where appropriate)  [19]  (p. 32). Federal funding was provided for the development of threshold learning outcomes that could be applied to students graduating from any Australian University program across a number of disciplinary groupings (e. g. , Science, Education). As an extension of this initial work, a federally funded nationwide Pharmacy discipline network developed learning outcomes and exemplar standards for programs preparing pharmacy professionals  [16].
Acknowledgments: This study did not receive funding from any sources. Author Contributions:  Ieva Stupans  and  Jeffrey Atkinson  conceived the work;  Ieva Stupans ,  Jeffrey Atkinson  and  Michael J. Rouse  played a major part in the writing of the manuscript. Jeffrey Atkinson ,  Michael J. Rouse ,  Rose Nash  and  Arijana Meštrović  provided useful criticism and suggestions during revisions of the manuscript.
Therefore, only positions could be matched, but not directions and/or amplitudes of movements. Before data recording, there were 10 familiarization trials that included the procedure without the visual-feedback rotation and/or without the judgment and four practice trials that included all the procedure (one trial for each combination of delayed vs. immediate and hand vs. cursor judgment). The experiment consisted of four sets of trials, each of which included 1 warm-up trial and 36 experimental trials (six trials for each of the six angular rotations). Across the four sets, the immediate and the delayed condition alternated. Across participants, the order of the immediate and delayed conditions was counterbalanced. A total of 72 experimental trials were recorded and analyzed for each condition.
Data Analysis The angular deviation of the judged hand or cursor direction from the actual hand or cursor direction at the end of the 2nd stroke was measured in each trial (the CCW direction had a positive sign). Individual means and standard deviations of the angular deviations were computed for each judged direction (cursor or hand), each delay condition, and each visual-feedback rotation. The influence of the rotated visual-feedback on the deviations of the judged from the actual hand or cursor directions was assessed by the slope of a linear regression of the angular deviation (dependent variable) on the visual-feedback rotation (independent variable), computed for each participant, delay condition, and judged direction (cursor or hand). These slope parameters specify the strength of sensory coupling in terms of the biases of the judgments of hand and cursor directions in degree per degree of the visual-feedback rotation.
The slope parameters of these regressions served as implicit measures of the bias of sensed hand direction toward the direction of the cursor. The data were screened for outliers both among trials and among participants. Based on the linear regressions, trials with angular deviations outside the range of predicted deviations ± 3 standard deviations of the residuals were eliminated as outliers. As a result of the screening of the explicit measures of hand and cursor direction, 0. 20% of all trials were removed from all analyses. The screening of the implicit measure of hand direction resulted in a removal of 0. 20% of trials. Subsequently, the bias parameters for each type of measure (explicit cursor, explicit hand, implicit hand), each delay condition, and each participant were screened for outliers.
Before data recording, there were eight familiarization trials that included the procedure without the visual-feedback rotation and/or without the judgment and four practice trials that included all the procedure (two trials for each type of judgment). An experimental block included 1 warm-up trial and 36 experimental trials (six trials for each of the six angular rotations). Each of the blocked-cursor and blocked-hand conditions included two blocks, and the alternated condition included four blocks. The order of the three conditions was randomized across participants of Group 1. The randomized condition of Group 2 included eight blocks of trials. A total of 288 experimental trials were recorded and analyzed for each participant. A few minutes of break were inserted after each block.
A gravitational-wave (GW) transient was identified in data recorded by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors on 2015 September 14. The event, initially designated G184098 and later given the name GW150914, is described in detail elsewhere. By prior arrangement, preliminary estimates of the time, significance, and sky location of the event were shared with 63 teams of observers covering radio, optical, near-infrared, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths with ground-and space-based facilities. In this Letter we describe the low-latency analysis of the GW data and present the sky localization of the first observed compact binary merger. We summarize the follow-up observations reported by 25 teams via private Gamma-ray Coordinates Network circulars, giving an overview of the participating facilities, the GW sky localization coverage, the timeline and depth of the observations.
As this event turned out to be a binary black hole merger, there is little expectation of a detectable electromagnetic (EM) signature. Nevertheless, this first broadband campaign to search for a counterpart of an Advanced LIGO source represents a milestone and highlights the broad capabilities of the transient astronomy community and the observing strategies that have been developed to pursue neutron star binary merger events. Detailed investigations of the EM data and results of the EM follow-up campaign are being disseminated in papers by the individual teams.
Calibration was complete by September 12 and O1 was scheduled to begin on September 18. On 2015 September 14, cWB reported a burst candidate to have occurred at 09:50:45 with a network signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 23. 45 and an estimated false alarm rate (FAR) < 0. 371 yr -1 based on the available (limited at that time) data statistics. Also, oLIB reported a candidate with consistent timing and S/N. No candidates were reported at this time by the low-latency GSTLAL and MBTA pipelines, ruling out a BNS or NSBH merger. Although the candidate occurred before O1 officially began, the LIGO and Virgo collaborations decided to send an alert to partner facilites because the preliminary FAR estimate satisfied our planned alert threshold of 1 month -1. Although we had not planned to disseminate real-time GCN notices before the formal start of O1, most of the computing infrastructure was in place.
Basic data quality checks were done within hours of GW150914; both interferometers were stable and the data stream was free of artifacts  (Abbott et al. 2016a). A cWB sky map was available 17 minutes after the data were recorded, and a LALInference Burst (LIB) sky map was available after 14 hr. After extra data integrity checks and an update to the GCN server software, these two sky maps were communicated to observing partners in a GCN circular nearly two days after the event occurred (GCN 18330). Mass estimates were not released in this initial circular, and observers may have assumed the event was associated with a BNS system or a GW burst (e. g. , from a nearby core-collapse supernova; SN). The knowledge that GW150914 was consistent with a BBH inspiral and merger was only shared later on October 3 (GCN 18388).
Duplex q-PCR for absolute quantification of CVI988 and virulent MDV-1 In order to use the pp38 SNP q-PCR assays for absolute quantification of vaccine and challenge virus in tissue samples (expressed as virus genomes per 10 4 cells), it was necessary to use duplex reactions to simultaneously measure either the CVI988 pp38 gene and the ovo gene, or the virulent MDV-1 pp38 gene and the ovo gene. The ovo probe was labelled with YY-TAMRA so as to be detected in a different channel to the pp38 probe fluorescence. The ovo and pp38 reactions were shown to proceed with the same efficiency when used in duplex reactions as in singleplex reactions (data not shown). The mean amplification efficiency, R 2 value and LOD for the ovo reaction are shown in Table  1.
The BAC-specific q-PCR detected the same level of pCVI988 DNA, whether the pCVI988 DNA was diluted into RB-1B CEF DNA or into non-infected CEF DNA at each dilution (data not shown). The U S 2specific q-PCR detected the same level of RB-1B DNA, whether the RB-1B DNA was diluted into pCVI988CEF DNA or into non-infected CEF DNA at each dilution (data not shown). These assays confirmed that the dilution series were accurately prepared and directly comparable, and that there was no competition for reagents in these q-PCR assays. For the pp38-CVI q-PCR, 40-Ct values for pCVI988 DNA diluted in RB-1B CEF DNA were only slightly (≤1 Ct unit) lower than those for pCVI988 DNA diluted in non-infected CEF DNA, at dilutions down to 1:5 (Fig. 4a ). At 1:10 and 1:30 the difference was greater (2Ct units) and statistically significant and, at dilutions of 1:10 2 , 1:10 3 , the difference was 4-7 Ct units (p < 0.
0001, Fig. 5b ). There was a highly significant relationship between the level of total MDV measured by pp38-Generic, BAC + U S 2 and pp38-CVI + pp38-Vir(3) (p < 0. 0001 for each of the comparisons; Fig. 5c  and d ). These data confirm that pp38-CVI and pp38-Vir(3) reactions show excellent specificity, and can be used to accurately quantify Validation of pp38 SNP q-PCR assays against BAC and US2 q-PCR assays. Each data point shows values for an individual chicken (log10 genomes per 10 4 cells). (a) Comparison of BAC q-PCR and pp38-CVI q-PCR to measure pCVI988 in vaccinated/non-challenged and vaccinated/challenged birds (n = 74). (b) Comparison of US2 q-PCR and pp38-Vir(3) q-PCR to measure RB-1B in challenged/non-vaccinated and challenged/vaccinated birds (n = 79). (c) Comparison of pp38-Generic q-PCR with additive results from pp38-CVI and pp38-Vir(3) q-PCRs to measure total MDV-1 in all vaccinated and/or challenged birds (n = 102).
Time-course of replication of commercial CVI988 vaccine, and RB-1B challenge virus in individual chicks Having demonstrated, in the above experiment, that pp38 SNP q-PCR can be used to accurately quantify CVI988 vaccine and virulent MDV-1 in tissue samples containing both viruses in biologically relevant amounts, a further experiment was performed to examine replication of RB-1B challenge virus in experimental chickens vaccinated with one dose of commercial CVI988 vaccine. For each individual chicken, mortality and presence of MD lesions were recorded, and the level of CVI988 or RB-1B at each time-point was determined by pp38-CVI q-PCR and pp38-Vir q-PCR respectively. For each chicken, the detection kinetics of vaccine or challenge virus in PBL (Table  2 ) broadly correlated with detection kinetics in feather tips (data not shown).
The assay therefore offers several advantages over previously published differential assays. It was necessary to identify both a suitable genetic difference on which to base the assays, and a suitable technology to enable quantitative differential detection of the difference. The selected genetic difference was a consistent SNP at position #320 in the MDV-1 pp38 gene, and the selected technology involved use of unconventionally short (15-17 nucleotide) TaqMan ® probes. The pp38 gene sequences have now been determined for over 40 virulent isolates of MDV (NCBI database). The pp38 gene sequence is identical in all MDV-1 strains with the exception of bases #320 and #326  (Cui et al. , 1991; Endoh et al. , 1994; Spatz et al. , 2007a,b) , which differ between CVI988 and virulent strains. The polymorphisms result in a TspI restriction enzyme site in the pp38 gene of all MDV-1s except CVI988, and different antibody epitopes  (Cui et al.
Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the help of  Dr. Shane Xin  ( AlleLogic Ltd ) for her invaluable input into the design of the pp38 primers and probes. We thank the staff of The  Pirbright Institute Poultry Production Unit  and the  Experimental Animal House  for everyday care of the chickens,  Mrs. L. Kgosana  and  Mrs. L. Smith  for assistance with collection of samples from experimental chickens. This work was supported by the  Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council  and by a grant from  Zoetis  (formerly Pfizer Animal Health). The study funders had no input into the design, execution or data analysis of the study, or into the writing of the manuscript, but gave approval for submission of the manuscript.
Acknowledgement. This work has been partly supported by the  European Research Council   ERC Starting Grant  2009, project  239983 - NuSiKiMo , and by  ANR  project  BoND  ( ANR-13-BS01-0009-01 ). The doctoral scholarship of the second author is directly supported by  ANR-13-BS01-0009-01. The first author acknowledges the kind hospitality of the  Gran Sasso Science Institute in L'Aquila , where this paper was completed. The third author thanks  Mat Johnson  for helpful guidance through the vast literature on orbital stability of periodic waves of (gKdV).
In fact, the combination of the data collected so far by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations in this channel displays a ∼ 2σ deviation from the SM expectation  [19]  although the sensitivity is still rather low (the deviation is close to ∼ 1σ in the ATLAS data and is much larger, being at the ∼ 2. 1σ level, in the case of CMS  [17, 18] ). This excess in the production rate would correspond to an enhancement of the top-quark Yukawa coupling y t by a factor ∼ 1. 4. 1  Although it is rather premature, it is tempting to attribute this excess to the indirect presence of VLQs and this should soon be confirmed or infirmed. In this paper, we analyze the sensitivity of present and future LHC Higgs data to the vector-like partners of the heavy top and bottom quarks. We adopt an effective approach and consider several VLQ representations under the SM gauge symmetry, so that the obtained scenarios can be embedded into various realistic high-energy frameworks.
In the bottom sector plot, we fix the Y t 3 and Y t 4 interaction basis parameters at Y t The outcome of the discussion is that indeed, there is a set of parameters that satisfies at the same time the LHC Higgs data and explains in particular the observed excess in the cross section of the t tH process, and the EW precision data accommodating in particular the observed discrepancy of the A b FB asymmetry compared to the SM value. As already mentioned, this is a rather non-trivial result. As the masses of the majority of the VLQs that result from the fit lie in the range between 1 and 2 TeV, this scenario should be soon checked at the LHC by producing directly the additional VLQ states. The same considerations apply for models B and C and we show in Fig. 2  and Fig. 3    We have also enforced the perturbativity of all Yukawa couplings and the impact of this constraint is now visible in the plots: the dark coloured areas are those where at least one Yukawa coupling in the mass basis is larger than √ 4π in absolute value.
Conclusions We have analyzed in this paper the sensitivity of present and future LHC Higgs data to heavy vector-like partners of the top and bottom quarks that appear in many extensions of the SM, such as warped extra dimension scenarios and composite Higgs models. Working in an effective approach and considering several VLQ representations under the SM gauge group, we have thoroughly investigated three models that address simultaneously the longstanding puzzle of the forward-backward asymmetry A b FB at LEP and the recently observed deviation from its SM value of the cross section of the pp → t tH production process at the LHC. On the other hand, the three models fulfill all other experimental and theoretical constraints, in particular those coming from the electroweak precision measurements and from the LHC data in the Higgs decay and main production channels.
These mass values are much higher than those attainable in direct VLQ searches at the LHC in the present  [8] [9] [10]  or even in the future  [32, 33]. Acknowledgements: A. D. would like to the CERN Theory Unit for the hospitality extended to him. This work is supported by the ERC advanced grant Higgs@LHC. G. M. also thanks support from the "Institut Universitaire de France" and the European Union FP7 ITN INVISIBLES (Marie Curie Actions, PITN-GA-2011-289442).