dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Chandra obser v ation The Chandra observations of MAXI J1348-630 were performed with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS-S) on 2021 June 28 (30 ks; ObsId 25054) under Director's Discretionary Time (PI: F. Carotenuto). We restricted the observation to the back-illuminated chip S3, providing the best low-energy response. The X-ray data analysis was performed using the Chandr a Interactiv e Analysis of Observation (CIAO) software 4. 14. 1  (Fruscione et al. 2006 ) , with the calibration files CALDB version 4. 9. 6. We filtered to only keep the events in the energy range 0. 3-8 keV. No background flare was detected. The fluximage script was used to create the X-ray images, keeping the bin size to 1 (1 pixel = 0. 492 ) (see Fig. 1  ). A single X-ray source is detected at a position consistent with MAXI J1348-630.
ATCA obser v ation A long ATCA observation was performed between 2021 July 3 and 5, less than a week after the Chandra observation, for a total of 24 h on source (proposal ID C3416,  PI Carotenuto). During this interval, the array was in the 6B extended configuration. The observation was taken simultaneously in the C and X bands, at central frequencies of 5. 5 and 9 GHz, respectiv ely. F or each central frequency, the total bandwidth was 2 GHz. PKS 1934-638 was used for bandpass and flux calibration, while PKS 1352-63 was used for the complex gain calibration. The data were first flagged and then calibrated using standard procedures with the Common Astronomy Software Application ( CASA ;  McMullin et al. 2007 ). Imaging was carried out with the standard tclean algorithm in CASA with a natural weighting scheme chosen in order to maximize sensitivity.
The plot shows the location on the diagram in quiescence for A0620-00  (Gallo et al. 2006 ) , MWC 656  (Rib ó et al. 2017 ) , XTE J1118 + 480  (Gallo et al. 2014 ), GX 339-4 (Tremou et al. 2020 ) , BW Cir  (Plotkin et al. 2021 ) , and V404 Cyg  (Plotkin et al. 2017 ) , as well as upper limits for GS 2000 + 25  (Rodriguez et al. 2020 ) , GS 1124-684  (Plotkin et al. 2021 ) , and Swift J1357. 2-0933 (Plotkin et al. 2016 ; Charles et al. 2019 ). Figure  3. Quiescent X-ray luminosity for MAXI J1348-630 (at both possible distances) compared with the population of BH LMXBs detected in quiescence with known P orb , appearing to fa v our a shorter P orb for MAXI J1348-630. Data from  Garcia et al. ( 2001 ) ,  Corbel et al. ( 2006 ) ,  Reynolds & Miller ( 2011 ), Plotkin et al. ( 2017 ) ,  Rodriguez et al.
1997 ; Qiao & Liu 2013 ; Liu et al. 2019 ) , or by a dominance at low accretion rate of Comptonization from thermal particles at the base of the jet, and not in the corona  (Markof f, No wak & Wilms 2005 ; Poutanen, Veledina & Re vni vtse v 2014 ; Plotkin et al. 2015 ). Thanks to this new detection in quiescence, we obtained the complete co v erage of the evolution of MAXI J1348-630 on the radio/X-ray diagram, from the quiescent state to the peak luminosity during the outburst. We believe that the full data set of MAXI J1348-630 on the diagram will turn out to be particularly important for testing different models describing the disc/jet connection in accreting BHs, leading to major impro v ements in our understanding of hybrid-correlation sources and, more in general, of the behaviour of BH LMXBs on the diagram.
[36] ingle-Crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD): Intensity data were collected at 296(1) K with a four-circle diffractometer Kappa Apex2 (Bruker) equipped with a CCD-detector using graphite-monochromated Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 71. 073 pm). Data were corrected for Lorentz and polarization factors,  [37]  before applying a multiscan absorption correction. [38] he structure was solved using direct methods with ShelXT. [39] tructure refinement against F o 2 including anisotropic displacement parameters for all atoms was performed with ShelXL. [40] Further details of the crystal-structure investigation(s) may be obtained from the Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, 76 344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany), on quoting the depository number CSD-2117929. EDX Analysis: EDX measurements were conducted using a SU8020 (Hitachi) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with a Silicon Drift Detector (SDD) X-Max N (Oxford) to check the chemical composition of the crystals.
The sample length was 2. 44 mm with a diameter of 0. 18 mm. In view of the strong magnetic torque, the sample was glued to the holder. High-field magnetization measurements were performed using a coaxial pick-up coil system up to 56 T at the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD -EMFL). [15, 41] eutron Powder Diffraction: Thermal neutron diffraction in the temperature range of 1. 7-400 K was carried out on the D20 highintensity 2-axis diffractometer with a pyrolytic graphite HOPG (002) monochromator in reflection position and fixed vertical focusing at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL). Diffraction data were recorded to 2θ = 150° (Δ(2θ) = 0. 05°) at a wavelength of λ = 241. 1 pm. [42] The data were analyzed with the help of magnetic structure refinements using the Jana2006 software package  [43]  Electrical-Transport Measurements: Four-point resistance measurements were performed using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS) in the temperature range between 1.
8 and 350 K. A single crystal of Pr 3 Fe 3 Sb 7 was placed on top of a SiO 2 lamella having triangular sheets of copper as current leads. As voltage contacts, 99. 9 % high-purity Au wires of 25 µm diameter were used fixed transversally on the sample with graphite paste. Mößbauer Spectroscopy: 57 Fe Mößbauer measurements were conducted in a nitrogen-shielded Cryo Vac liquid Helium flow cryostat. A Rh/Co source driven by a Mößbauer WissEL drive unit MR-360 biased by a DFG-500 frequency generator in sinusoidal mode was used. The detection device was a proportional counter tube in combination with a CMTE multichannel data processor MCD 301/8K and a WissEL timing single channel analyzer (SCA) to set the energy window. Two samples of Pr 3 Fe 3 Sb 7 powder were investigated. All data evaluation has been performed using the program Mössfit employing transmission integral fits to accord for sample thickness.
Acknowledgements S. P. and F. P. contributed equally to this work. The authors thank  Dr. Y. Skourski  for fruitful discussions. The authors acknowledge financial support by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  through the  Collaborative Research Center SFB 1143  (Project No. 247310070 ) and the  Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence  ct. qmat (EXC 2147, Project No. 39085490 ) as well as the support of the HLD at  HZDR , member of the  European Magnetic Field Laboratory (EMFL). Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
Observations and Data Reduction In ALMA Cycle 4, we carried out Band 6 (211-275 GHz) observations toward the N159W-North region with the ALMA 12 m array as part of a multiobject survey in N159 (PI: Y. Fukui, #2016. 1. 01173. S). Because the previous studies (Papers I and II) described the observation and data reduction details, we briefly summarize the data quality here. The frequency setting mainly targeted the molecular lines of 12 CO(J = 2-1), 13 CO(J = 2-1), C 18 O(J = 2-1), and the 1. 3 mm continuum. The synthesized beam sizes of the 12 CO line and continuum images are 0 27 × 0 23 and 0 26 ×0 23, respectively. The rms noise (1σ) levels of the 12 CO line and the continuum are ∼3. 7 mJy beam -1 (∼1. 3 K) at a velocity resolution of 0. 2 km s -1 and ∼0. 027 mJy beam -1. Table  5  in Appendix A presents the beam properties and sensitivities of the analyzed lines in this paper.
Because the 12 CO and 13 CO emission of the N159W-North region in the Cycle 4 data have nonnegligible missing flux (∼40%-60%), we used the combined data with the new Cycle 4 and the previously obtained Cycle 1 data sets  (Fukui et al. 2015; Nayak et al. 2018 ) throughout the manuscript. Note that the previously obtained CO sets did not include the compact array (7 m + total power, TP) data, but the 12 m array data alone sufficiently cover the total flux judging from single-dish measurements in this region (see  Fukui et al. 2015; Nayak et al. 2018). In addition to the Band 6 data, we retrieved ALMA archival Band 3 (84-116 GHz) CO(J = 1-0) data (PI: T. Sawada, #2019. 1. 00915. S) of the same source covering a much larger spatial scale. The field coverage was 170″ × 180″ centered at (α J2000.
0 , δ J2000. 0 ) = (5 h 39 m 35 0, -69°45 31 2). Using Common Astronomy Software Application (CASA) version 5. 6. 1, we individually imaged the 12 m, 7 m, and TP array data and then combined them together using the feather task. The resultant beam size and sensitivity of the CO(J = 1-0) data cube are 2 2 × 1 8 and ∼0. 6 mJy beam -1 (∼1. 5 K) at a velocity resolution of 0. 2 km s -1. Note that we made all of the molecular line cube data in a unified velocity frame of the local standard of rest, kinematic, and describe the velocity in the same frame throughout the manuscript.
Conclusions Our ALMA observations revealed a comprehensive molecular gas view of the N159W-North region in the LMC with a high dynamic spatial range from a few ×10 to 0. 1 pc. The main results and conclusions are summarized as follows. 1. The 12 CO and 13 CO high-resolution data depicted highly complex spatial and velocity structures of the N159W-North molecular cloud. The 12 CO brightness temperature is higher than ∼30 K throughout the observed region and even higher than ∼50 K, especially on the southern side of the cloud. One of the outstanding features is that several filaments, whose lengths and line masses are a few parsecs and 100 M e pc -1 , extend from high-mass star-forming dense cores toward the southern direction. 2. Based on 12 CO high-velocity emission, which appears to be of outflow origin, we found five new bright starforming cores in 1.
First, the ISRE promoter activation was first controlled by transfecting synthetic RNAs. As expected, 5'3P, HMW poly(I:C), and LMW poly(I:C) largely stimulated ISRE expression (Figure  2B ). These data validated our transfection approach. RIG-I-specific RNAs extracted from THA-infected cells induced a light but significant (p=0. 029, single-step method) stimulation of ISRE expression as compared to the negative control CH-specific RNAs (Figure  2C ). RIG-I-specific SAD RNA induced a strong and significant (p=0. 00007, single-step method) ISRE promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner as compared to negative control CH-specific RNAs (Figure  2D ). For both viral strains, MDA5-specific RNAs showed no significant stimulation of the ISRE promoter activity. These data suggest that RNA extracted from THA and SAD infected cells present molecular patterns that are absent in non-infected cells and that are preferentially recognized by RIG-I.
Characterization of RIG-I protein specific SAD 5'cb DI viral genomes We questioned if RIG-I specific negative-and positive-sense viral RNA observed during SAD infection (Figure  3B ) could be attributed to 5' cb DI viral genomes. Indeed, 5' cb DI viral genomes are known strong RIG-I ligands  (Baum et al. , 2010; Mura et al. , 2017; Sanchez David et al. , 2016). We applied DI-tector algorithm to search for the presence of 5'cb DI viral genomes in THA and SAD NGS data sets  (Beauclair et al. , 2018). We failed to detect any 5'cb DI genome in ST-RLR cells infected with THA. Interestingly, using the same approach, we identified two 2170-and 1668-nucleotides long 5' cb DI viral genomes in SAD-infected cells Table  1 ). 5'cb DI-1668 exhibited statistically significant (p =0. 04, one-way ANOVA) read abundance in the RIG-I output samples as compared to the negative control ST-CH.
5' cb DI viral genomes are characterized by the presence of trailer-and its reverse complementary-sequence at 5' and 3' extremities which hybridize forming a stem-loop structure (Figure  S3 ) that has been shown to stimulate RIG-I  (Mura et al. , 2017; Schlee et al. , 2009). Our data demonstrate for the first time the lack of detectable amount of cb DI viral genomes in the RABV field isolate (THA) which may fine-tune the outcome of viral infection and persistence. However, the SAD vaccine strain presents an important source of 5'cb immunogenic RNAs recognized via the RIG-I.
N. SH), a more relevant cell model to study RABV infection and pathogenesis. These cells were infected with either RABV field isolate THA or RABV vaccine strain SAD. Using universal primers, only SAD infected cells demonstrated the presence of two PCR fragments corresponding to DI-1668 and DI-2170 (Figure  4B ). Furthermore, we failed to detect any 5'cb DI genomes from THA infected cells using optimized THA-specific primers (Figure  4C ). Thus RT-PCR analysis of 5' cb DI viral genomes in SK. N. SH cells corroborated with DI-tector study performed on our NGS data (Figure  3 ). Therefore, these experiments validated the presence of identical 5'cb DI viral genomes produced independently of the cell type in SAD-infected ST-RLR and human neuroblastoma cells.
Statistical analysis An ANOVA model including the replicate effect as blocking factor was used across the biological conditions. Pairwise comparisons were extracted using the emmeans R package so that the p-values are adjusted for multiple testing using the Tukey method. A. Detection of 5'cb  DI-1668, 5'cb DI-2170 (left panel), and SAD genome (right panel)  by RT-PCR on total RNAs extracted from SAD infected ST-CH, ST-RIG-I, and ST-MDA5 cells (MOI of 0. 5, 24h post-infection). RT-PCR was performed using universal 5' cb primers (1 and 2) and full-length genome primers (2 and 3) (Table  S3 ). B. Detection of 5'cb DI-1668, 5'cb DI-2170 (left panel), SAD and THA genomes (right panel) by RT-PCR on total RNAs extracted from infected neuroblastoma cells (SK. N. SH) at MOI of 0. 5 for 24h using universal 5' cb primers (1 and 2) and full-length genome primers (2 and 3) (Table  S3 ).
-N-SH (human neuroblastoma, ATCC-HTB-11), HEK293 (human embryonic kidney, ATCC CRL-1573) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% calf serum. ISRE-reporter HEK293 (STING37) and HEK293 expressing one strep-tag RLR cells (Lucas-Hourani et al. , 2013; Sanchez David et al. , 2016): ISRE reporter STIN37 and HEK293 ST-RLR cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% calf serum containing G418 at 500 mg/ml (#G8168, SIGMA, St. Louis, Missouri). Rabies virulent cell culture-adapted canine RABV field isolate THA, (EVAg collection Ref-SKU: 014V-03194, ENA accession n° GCA_927797755) was obtained by reverse genetics using RNA extracted from 8743THA strain isolated from a man bitten by a dog in Thailand, (EVAg collection, Ref-SKU: 014V-02106, GenBank accession n° EU293121. 1). Rabies vaccine SAD B19 Bern-C strain (EVAg collection Ref-014V-01929, ENA accession n° GCA_927797725).
Acknowledgements We acknowledge all the members of the  Lyssavirus, Epidemiology and Neuropathology unit  and the  Vaccines-innovation laboratory at Pasteur Institute  for their help and useful discussions. We thank  Alexis Criscuolo  ( Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Institut Pasteur ) for help with bioinformatics analysis. This study was supported by  ANR RAB-CAP  ( ANR-16-CE11-0031-01 ), the  Institut Pasteur  and the  CNRS.
e. government-run carbon offset program created in 2018 and involving forest activities among other sectors : Ministère de la transition écologique et solidaire, I4CE 2020; Grimault and Gleizes 2019). On the one hand, ONF silvicultural recommendations can be carefully expanded outside of French borders to shared European ecoregions, making them relevant for a wider use. On the other hand, the development of generic and comparative modelling approaches at European scale  (Mahnken et al. 2022 ) offers additional purpose to ONF silvicultural simulations to provide realistic reference scenarios as a baseline for comparison in a constant climate. Consequently, our objective was to provide a consolidated database of standard ONF silvicultural scenarios for major tree species and silvicultural contexts throughout the French metropolitan territory, including relevant dendrometric variables and carbon storage as an example of valorisation.
Construction of silvicultural scenarios on the Capsis platform All growth and yield models used to simulate silvicultural scenarios in the database are hosted on the Capsis platform  (Dreyfus and Bonnet 1995; Dufour-Kowalski et al. 2012). A large amount of the original simulations used for the guides developments using the Capsis platform are not available anymore, related to the successive updates of the original growth and yield models. Therefore, most of the silvicultural scenarios in the database are from new simulations following the references of the guides. New silvicultural alternatives have also been added and flagged in the database such as silvicultural scenarios for planting densities (e. g. for sessile oak in the Loire Basin), while others have been updated to better take into account recent silvicultural recommendations such as modification of the minimum exploitable diameter Table  1  List of silvicultural guides provided in the database for each species, silvicultural context, and growth and yield models used for simulating stand dynamics Forest area was estimated for 2019 using the free access OCRE online platform which computes data from French NFI plots ( https:// ocre-gp.
Simulation outputs from Capsis and volume calculations Dendrometric data at stand-level was extracted and stored directly in the database from Capsis outputs: age, density, basal area (BA), dominant height, quadratic mean diameter at breast height (DBH), and dominant DBH. The minimum DBH threshold for inventory was set to 7. 5 cm. Moreover, for each simulation tree-level data was used for volume calculation but was not available as an output for each simulated age depending on the growth and yield model. Therefore, tree-level data was extracted when available: DBH, total height and tree status (i. e. alive, cut, dead). As a result, some volume data is not available for given ages in the database. Tree-level data was then treated using the R software version 4. 0. 2 (2020-06-22). Input variables were: tree species, DBH, total height and the height at which stem diameter decreases of more than 10% (Hdec).
In the database, Hdec was fitted as a linear function of individual total height using the data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) Volumes of each individual were then aggregated at stand-level and stored in the database. Mean annual increment and current annual increment (for BA, merchantable stem volume, and whole stem volume) at stand-level were also calculated for each available date (time intervals depend on the models). For the computation of total production, living, cut and dead individuals were considered, except for the Sylvestris and Laricio models for which dead tree's diameters and heights were not individually available, so it may be marginally underestimated for these particular silvicultural scenarios.
Methodology to calculate carbon storage for each silvicultural scenario The steps to calculate carbon variables for the database are as follows: For most growth and yield model, simulations could not start from seed but only from a somewhat later stand age after the juvenile phase. Thus, in order to compute the mean carbon storage on the revolution length volume data was completed before the initial date of the simulation, an exponential model was fitted and defined as Where ini _ juv _ alpha and ini _ juv _ beta are constraint with the initial growth dynamics (ensuring continuity and continuity of derivative) and provided in the database for each silvicultural scenario. Next, aboveground carbon storage is calculated as Then, root carbon storage is estimated as a function of aerial biomass for temperate forests based on  (Cairns et al.
1997 ): Thereby, total carbon storage is calculated as Finally, mean carbon storage on the rotation length is calculated as (1) stand_vtot_c0 stand_age = ini_juv_alpha × exp ini_juv_beta × stand_age -1 (2) carb_aer stand_age = stand_vtot_c0 stand_age ×biom_dens_Dupouey i ×t C × 44 12 (3) carb_root stand_age = exp -1. 0587 + 0. 8836 × ln stand_vtot_c0 stand_age × biom_dens_dupouey i + 0. 2840 × t C × 44 12 (4) carb_stor stand_age = carb_aer stand_age + carb_root stand_age Where N the rotation length, biom_dens_dupouey i the basic specific gravity of the species' wood i according to Dupouey's database (unpublished but used in  Loustau 2004 ) and t C the carbon fraction in dry biomass components based on the work of  Longuetaud et al. (2013).
Access to the data and metadata description The dataset is available at Recherche Data Gouv repository: https:// doi. org/ 10. 57745/ QARRFS. Associated metadata are available at https:// metad ata-afs. nancy. inra. fr/ geone twork/ srv/ fre/ catal og. searc h#/ metad ata/ f76ed 27f-325d-493b-8731-0995d caa78 05. The database contains two tables. The first table contains the dendrometric and carbon variables over the years of a silvicultural scenario:.
Technical validation A technical validation of the results was performed. Field experts were asked to evaluate simulations in the database to ensure their technical feasibility on field. Table  3  sums up the pairs of simulation model author and silvicultural expert for each silvicultural context provided in the database. Dendrometric data available in the database are given for fully stocked stands and do not account for usual gaps found in real forest stands (e. g. due to the heterogeneous nature of the ecosystem). Furthermore, growth and yield models are highly sensitive to initial stands and thinning algorithms. That is why, even though we tried to follow as closely as possible the silvicultural scenarios, changing simulation tools from the ones originally used can create some dissimilarities between the new simulations and data of a silvicultural guide.
However, using homogeneous simulation tools for the silvicultural scenarios of the database was part of our goal of standardising them. Therefore, to make sure the new simulations represented correctly the original work behind the silvicultural scenarios, experts were also asked to validate the acceptability of those changes. Moreover, silvicultural scenarios in the database are tightly related to each specific model's weaknesses linked to their construction principles and domain of validity, and models were calibrated with data collected in past climatic conditions. We recommend that the creation of alternative silvicultural scenarios based on ONF ones from the database should be restricted to Nonetheless, some ONF silvicultural guides are made using growth and yield models used in extrapolated conditions after validation by experts of the silvicultural context.
Potential use Based on the richness of silvicultural contexts, the diversity of species and types of silvicultural scenarios provided in the present database, comparisons of several metrics are easily done to guide forest managers and provide educational elements. Figure  2  shows the mean annual increment (MAI) in whole stem volume for each simulated silvicultural scenario and illustrates how management decisions coupled with environmental characteristics affect stand growth for a given species. Indeed, these silvicultural scenarios are relevant for several types of studies that assess the impact of forest management on the forest ecosystem features or services  (Sing et al. 2018; Lundholm et al. 2020). Another illustrated example of potential use can be the differential between harvested whole stem (variable stand_vtot_c0) and merchantable stem and branches volumes (variable stand_vtot_c7), which can be interesting to simulate the impact of harvest scenarios for small branches under a 7-cm-diameter threshold like in the RESPIRE project  (Saint-André et al.