dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the  Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró a Mallorca  for providing access to the collections and studio materials, to  Patricia Juncosa  ( Head of the Collections Department ) for supervising the project and to the Photographic Archive of the Fundació Pilar i  Joan Miró  for providing the images for publication. All images © Successió Miró, 2023. We are most thankful to  Gemma Turnes ,  Prof. Chemistry ,  Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB ), for making possible the collaboration with the  UIB  to undertake the initial analysis. We acknowledge the  European Synchrotron Radiation Facility  for provision of synchrotron radiation facilities, and we would like to thank  Dr. Manfred Burghammer  for assistance in using beamline ID13 (proposal HG-172, pilot of a BAG project supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  870313 , Streamline).
Objectives: The Levantine Middle Bronze Age (MBA, circa 2000-1500 BCE) marks a period of increased trade and regional interaction, spurred on by technological developments. In light of previous research exhibiting limited mobility in Sidon, further investigation was conducted using biodistance analysis to understand local population history and site development. Materials and Methods: Dental nonmetric traits, a proxy for genetic information, were explored using ASUDAS on a sub-sample of primary inhumations (n = 35). The biodistance matrix was generated using Gower distance measures, and further tested using PERMDISP, PERMANOVA, Mantel test and hierarchical cluster analysis. The data was also contrasted to 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and δ 18 O as well as δ 13 C and δ 15 N values. Results: There were no significant diachronic differences in isotopes values, and there was biological continuity (n = 35, Mantel test r = 0.
A multi-method approach was taken by combining biological distance (biodistance, henceforth) analysis with the isotope data from Stantis,  Maaranen, Kharobi, Nowell, Macpherson, Doumet-Serhal, & Schutkowski, (2021). Isotope results have been used in combination with biodistance data before  (Maaranen et al. , 2021; Sjögren et al. , 2020; Sorrentino et al. , 2018) , primarily focusing on comparing individuals by childhood residence, that is, locals versus non-locals. The objectives were two-fold; (1) to explore diachronic changes using both data types and (2) contrast the biodistance and isotopes data to identify overlaps between biological closeness, mobility and dietary choices. As very few potential non-locals were identified from Sidon, a different approach, cluster analysis, was required to investigate potential groupings.
, 1991). The resulting distance matrix (or, matrices) were further analyzed using permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), isolationby-distance (IBD) as well as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results were visualized using R package ggplot2  (Wickham, 2016)   sites  (Irish, 2010; Rathmann et al. , 2019; Zakrzewski, 2007)  and within sites  (Konigsberg, 1990). A partial Mantel test has been used to introduce a third matrix into the analysis to control for temporal changes  (Konigsberg, 1990; Rathmann et al. , 2019). Here, instead of using time as a control, the Mantel test was used to compare distances between individuals in relation to morphology and time. The time matrix was generated from phases/strata using function daisy and the metric gower as the occupation phases can be treated as ordinal variables.
| Cluster analysis Cluster analysis is widely used in biodistance analyses to establish groupings based on biological similarity. Hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA) have been used on both metric and non-metric data (e. g. ,  Paul et al. , 2013; Pilloud & Larsen, 2011). Each object is assigned to larger and larger clusters in every iteration. The goal of the analysis was to assess phenotypic similarity on a general, not a familial, level. Ward's clustering method was employed to create groups based on an analysis of variance. The HCA dendrogram produces height values indicating where the clades (i. e. , groups) fuse, but the height vary by method. Because cluster analysis is exploratory by nature, there are no definitive answers to define the best number of clusters. To assess the best division in the Sidon dataset, the dendrogram, produced using the R base function hclust, was assessed with a scree plot as well as visually observing the clusters on the NMDS plot.
| Diachronic changes As the focus of the analysis was diachronic changes, individuals were pooled by phase. The number of males (n = 8) and females The isotope data was similarly plotted by phase. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and δ 18 O plot did not suggest any distinct pattern by phase, though the range of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values show a slightly wider spread in phases 3-5 and 7 (excluding the phase 1 outlier, burial 23) (Figure  3b ). No great variation is visible in δ 13 C or δ 15 N either (Figure  4 ), though δ 15 N values were more widely spread during phase 4 (Figure  4c ). Difference between phases was tested using non-parametric tools due to nonnormal distribution, even after excluding outliers. For comparative purposes, values were grouped similarly to the biodistance data (Figure  2 ). Kruskal-Wallis h test indicated no significant differences between phases for 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (X 2 = 2.
| CONCLUSION Though the multi-methods approach in this paper has limitations for confident interpretation, especially when considering time-based considerations across the phase periods, larger burial assemblages may benefit from this integrated data approach. Nonetheless, some observations can be offered from Sidon. The evidence of harbor modifications, population growth, the slowly emerging new burial and religious practices contrast with the continuity observed in the biological and biochemical results. This stability may have been a prominent factor in Sidon's success. One of the key elements of the eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age was its rapidly growing maritime trade network, and settlements emerged and thrived at locations that offered optimal conditions to engage with it. Sidon prospered as a mediator and a hub of activity, with local groups able to obtain and accumulate genera- writingreview and editing (supporting).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This data was collected part of a project funded by the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  (grant agreement No  668640 , "The  Enigma of the Hyksos"). We thank the  Sidon excavation  and project leader  Dr Claude Doumet-Serhal  for granting access to the Sidon assemblage, and the  Directorate General of Antiquities in Lebanon  for permissions to export samples for isotopes analysis. We would also like to thank the reviewers for their insight and suggestions, allowing us to improve the manuscript.
(n = 6) was low in the dataset, not allowing for a meaningful statistical exploration of sex-based differences (e. g. , post-marital residence), however both groups had similar dispersions (Supporting information). Similarly, the sample numbers for individual phases was low (n < 10), though the distance between phase centroids seemed to generally increase with timeF I G U R E 2 NMDS plotof Sidon biodistance data, grouped by phases. Group centroids gradually become more distant by time (a) while distance from group centroids decreases through time (b). Shapes and colors correlate between graphs. F I G U R E 3 Sidon isotope (mobility) data by phase, showing no clear patterns. (Supporting information), even more evident when grouped into larger units (Figure2). The grouped samples were large enough to be considered statistically; Differences were not significant in dispersion (PERMDISP F(2,32) = 0.
Motion capture setup The kinematic trajectories of 42 passive markers were monitored at 200 Hz by 16 Qualisys 700 infrared cameras (Qualisys, Gothenburg, Sweden) placed around the actors' dialogue area. The passive markers were placed on all actors according to the Animation Marker Set proposed by the Qualisys software (Figure  3 ). This marker placement allowed the use of the Skeleton Solver function of Qualisys and, in particular, to obtain the kinematic data of each body segment [position and orientation (pitch, yaw, and roll)]. A skeleton was calibrated and used for each of the different actors who took part in the experiment.
Synchronization The synchronization of the experimental data (motion capture data, sound, and video) is very important. For this purpose, the synchronization of the two video streams was made due to a coaxial cable connecting the two cameras through their GenLock input. The synchronization of the two audio streams with two video streams was ensured by connecting microphones to XLR inputs of each camera. Thus, for each camera, we obtain the image (video stream) and the voice of the actor (audio stream) perfectly synchronized. To facilitate the control of the synchronization between all the streams, we used clap (Figure  6 ). The clap has the advantage of being identifiable on the audio signal of the video and viewable on the video.
Video editing For each session, we delivered five files exported with Adobe Premiere Pro software. The five files exported are as follows: three video files (one from each camera), one containing two views synchronized (format H. 264, image size of 1,920 x 1,080, 16/9 rate, 25 ips, with. MP4 extension), and two audio files (one per microphone: format Wavefom Audio, in 16 bits, 48 kHz, with. WAV extension). All these files are synchronized: They start at the same time and they have the same duration. The experimental design with the camera focused on the actors' faces, the headset microphones with flesh color and the motion capture system have been set up in order to facilitate the semiautomatic annotation of the corpus. We present the annotation process in the next section. Semi-automatic annotation of the corpus.
Further analyses should be performed to explore the actors' behaviors. In particular, we plan to explore the impact of the attitudes and roles on gestures, prosody, alignment of the signals between the two actors, overlaps, and feedback. Toward a virtual reality forum theater In the virtual reality forum theater for discrimination awareness, we aim at developing, in a first step, the user sees a discrimination scene simulated by two virtual actors through a VR headset. For this purpose, we use the collected discrimination scenes played by the real actors (Section 2. 1). The scenes of discrimination have been used to simulate the exact same scenes but played by virtual actors (Figure  9 ). From the raw animations, corrections are made via Qualisys' QTM software to interpolate missing marker positions or to remove ghost markers.
The animations are exported in FBX format to the Maya software (Autodesk) in order to make their positions and orientations identical. The animations are then exported to Reallusion's suite of 3DXChange, Character Creator, and Iclone software. 3DXChange allows the import of models and animations in FBX format into its proprietary formats. Character Creator creates avatars from libraries of humans, clothes, and accessories. Iclone allows editing the created avatars and animations. Iclone plugins allow interfacing with facial capture software such as Faceware. The latter relies on the video stream of a simple webcam to animate a facial model of an avatar. Finally, the animated avatars are exported in FBX format to graphics engines such as Unity3D or Unreal. Through this procedure, we are creating the simulation of discrimination scenes with virtual actors similar to the discrimination scenes collected with the real actors.
Conclusion In this article, we have presented a collected annotated corpus of data containing scenes of social discrimination performed by professional actors specialized in training through simulation and with strong experience in the field of preventing discrimination. Different situations of ordinary racism and sexism have been simulated with different social attitudes within an interactional context. A specific experimental design with motion capture systems and audio-video recording has been set up to allow a semi-automatic annotation and a fine-grained analysis of the multimodal socioemotional cues related to this type of social interactions. The corpus TRUENESS is disseminated through the Ortolang platform. Specifically designed for the development of a virtual reality forum theater, our next step aims at analyzing the verbal and non-verbal behaviors of actors in confrontations scenes to create a multimodal computational model of social attitudes using an approach combining data-mining techniques and conversational analysis.
The priority relations obtained with the Electre Tri-NC method According to the data reported in Appendix, we used the MCDA-ULAVAL software 1  , which implements the majority of the Electre methods, including the Electre Tri-nC method, allowing the insertion of all the data and parameters elicited. We applied the method for each weight vector w e , e = 1,. , 6 from Table  3  using the other necessary data of the Appendix. The results are shown in Table  4.
We used as value for the budget constraint (1) the budgets from Table  2  in Section 5. We denoted each possible overall configuration composed of weight vector w e , e = 1,. , 6, and available budget B(f ), f = 1,. , 7, by F B(f ) w e. We started, solving the knapsack problem K2 for each budget scenario adopting the weight vector w 1 obtained by the configuration defined by the expert in the focus group. Let us underline that we considered all the multiple optimal solutions; given the small size of the optimization problem it was possible to find them using the optimization software Cplex. The number of multiple optimal solutions found is reported in Table  5. At this point, the authors felt the need to discuss this first set of portfolios with the experts. Therefore, a second focus group with the same experts was run.
Acknowledgements The authors want to acknowledge the representative of the municipality and the experts who have interacted with the analysts. José Rui Figueira  was supported under the  Isambard Kingdom Brunel  Fellowship Scheme during a four-week stay (April-May 2018) at the Faculty of Business and Law,  University of Portsmouth , U. K. , and by  FCT  grant  SFRH/BSAB/139892/2018  under the  POCH Program. The present work is part of the  Horizon 2020 EU research project  " CLIC -Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse. " This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement No. 776758. This work reflects only the authors' views: the Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
A). The horizontal dashed line marks the boundary between Late Pleistocene and Holocene. c, MDS plot of European hunter-gatherers based on 1 - f 3 (Mbuti; pop1, pop2). The dimensions are calculated using newly reported and previously published hunter-gatherer groups or individuals with more than 30,000 SNPs. The detailed grouping of individuals shown with empty coloured circles is described in Supplementary Data 1. I. genomic data  4, 22. However, published Gravettian-associated genomes originate from central and southern Europe, leaving the genetic profile of Gravettian-associated human groups from western and southwestern Europe undescribed. To gain an overview of the genomic background of European hunter-gatherers before the LGM, we used multidimensional scaling (MDS) to plot a dissimilarity matrix of pairwise outgroup f 3 -statistics in the form 1 - f 3 (Mbuti; pop1, pop2) (Fig.
Finally, we estimated the genetic diversity of Epigravettian-associated individuals in the dataset by calculating both pairwise mismatch rates (PMR) on pseudo-haploid genotypes and individual heterozygosity levels on pseudo-diploid genotypes (Supplementary Data 3. A). Compared with the genetic diversity observed among all analysed Gravettian-associated groups, Epigravettian-associated individuals show significantly lower amounts of genetic diversity (two-tailed t-test, P < 0. 001) (Fig. 3b ). Moreover, we reveal a north-to-south decrease in genetic diversity among the Epigravettian-associated groups, with the highest PMR and heterozygosity values found in northern Italian individuals (group 1), intermediate in western and central Italian individuals (group 2) and the lowest in Sicilian individuals (group 3) (Fig.
Using DATES software, we estimated the admixture between Villabruna/Oberkassel and ANE ancestries in these old Sidelkino-cluster-related individuals to around 15-13 ka (Extended Data Fig. 7  and Supplementary  which coincides roughly with the first appearance of the Oberkassel ancestry in central Europe. This raises the possibility that the replacement by the Oberkassel cluster and the formation of the Sidelkino cluster might have been the result of population expansions influenced by the abrupt warming during the Bølling-Allerød interstadial  4, 24. From around 8 ka, we begin to observe admixture events with Sidelkino ancestry in central Europe. This is first detected in an individual from Gross Fredenwalde in northeastern Germany and reaches around 10% in most European hunter-gatherer individuals thereafter (Extended Data Fig.
2 ka modelled using qpAdm, with Oberkassel, Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov, Goyet Q-2 and Neolithic farmers from present-day Turkey (Barcın, Menteşe and Boncuklu sites) representing Oberkassel (WHG) (blue), Sidelkino (EHG) (red), GoyetQ2 (orange) and Anatolian Neolithic farmer (green) ancestries, respectively. The average calibrated date is shown, with pie charts indicating the estimated proportion of ancestry for each group or individual. Details of the modelling are provided in Supplementary Data 3. E,F. The expansion of farming by 9, 8, 7. 5 and 7 ka is shown as green shades. Adapted from https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 5903165 (CC BY 4. 0). b, Allele frequencies of different hunter-gatherer groups (coloured dots) on four SNPs related to skin colour (SLC24A5 and SLC45A2), eye colour (HERC2/OCA2) and lactase persistence (LCT).
8 ). In central Europe, admixture with ANF ancestry became highly common but not ubiquitous, indicating the co-existence of hunter-gatherer and farmer societies without admixing for several hundred years. The youngest individual carrying large portions of hunter-gatherer ancestry in the analysed dataset is from Ostorf in northern Germany, dated to around 5. 2 ka (>90% Oberkassel cluster plus Sidelkino-cluster components) (Supplementary Data 3. F). Individuals at this site might mark one of the last occurrences of such high levels of hunter-gatherer-related ancestries, just centuries before the emerging European Bronze Age. On the basis of PCA and outgroup f 3 -statistics, the Neolithic Tutkaul 1 individual from Tajikistan is closely related to Upper Palaeolithic individuals from south-central Siberia (Afontova Gora 3 (AG3) and Mal'ta 1), and roughly contemporaneous West Siberian hunter-gatherers (Tyumen and Sosnoviy), both carrying high proportions of ANE ancestry  45  (Fig.
DNA enrichment and sequencing Both double-stranded and single-stranded libraries were further amplified with IS5/IS6 primers to reach a concentration of 200-400 ng/μl as measured on a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The libraries underwent shallow shotgun sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq 4000 instrument with 75 single-end-run cycles using the manufacturer's protocol, to evaluate the human endogenous DNA content and quality. Samples with a percentage of human DNA in shotgun data around 0. 1% or greater were enriched for a set of 1,237,207 targeted SNPs (1240k capture) across the human genome  6. mtDNA capture  63  was also performed for those libraries where mtDNA coverage was not high enough to assess mtDNA haplogroup and contamination. Illumina sequencing platforms were also used to sequence the 1240k and mtDNA captured libraries (Supplementary Data 1.
B). The de-multiplexed capture sequencing reads were cleaned and mapped to human reference genome hs37d5 using EAGER pipeline 1. 92. 55  64. Within the pipeline, the adapters were removed by Adap-terRemoval 2. 2. 0 65 , reads were mapped with BWA 0. 7. 12 aln/samse algorithm  66  , duplications were removed by DeDup 0. 12. 1 (https:// github. com/apeltzer/DeDup) and damage patterns of each library were checked with mapDamage 2. 0. 6 and 2. 0. 9  67. The deduplicated bam files were filtered using PMDtools 0. 60  68  with a threshold of 3, to reduce potential modern DNA contamination based on postmortem DNA deamination. For ds_halfUDG libraries, we masked 2 bp from both ends of the reads with trimBam in bamUtil 1. 0. 13 (https://github. com/ statgen/bamUtil) to remove the damaged sites. The mitochondrial capture sequencing reads were cleaned by Adap-terRemoval 2.
Ancient DNA authentication and genotyping The sex of each individual was determined by the ratio of sequencing coverages on sex chromosomes versus autosomes (Supplementary Data 1. C). Individuals with libraries showing signs of contamination were further tested using PMD-filtered bam files. Individuals with at least one library showing Y/Auto ratio > 0. 2 were determined as male individuals, and with Y/Auto < 0. 2 were determined as female individuals  4  (Supplementary Fig. 12 ). The nuclear DNA contamination was estimated with several methods. We applied ANGSD 0. 934  70  and hapCon  71  for libraries from male individuals, and applied contamLD  72  and a newly developed method that analyses contamination in ROH for female and male libraries (see Supplementary Information, section 2 for a detailed description).
The mtDNA contamination was estimated by Schmutzi (--notusepredC --uselength)  69  for all the libraries. Libraries showing a mitochondrial or nuclear contamination rate over 10% were considered substantially contaminated whereas those between 5 and 10% were considered marginally contaminated and were treated differently (details are provided in Supplementary Information, section 3). The cleaned reads with base quality and mapping quality over 30 were piled up with mpileup in SAMtools 1. 3  73  on the 1240k targeted sites. For contaminated libraries we used the PMD-filtered bam files as the input for genotyping. Then pseudo-haploid genotypes were called using pileupCaller 1. 4. 0. 2 (https://github. com/stschiff/sequence-Tools) under random haploid calling mode. For ds_halfUDG libraries, we called genotypes on all targeted sites from 2bp-masked bam files; for ds_nonUDG libraries, we called genotypes on transversion sites only; for ss_nonUDG libraries, we called genotypes with single-strand mode, which ignores forward reads at C/T polymorphisms and reverse reads at G/A polymorphisms.
Then we merged the genotypes from different libraries of the same individual, by randomly picking alleles from available genotype calls, using a custom script. After merging, individuals with less than 6,000 SNPs on 1240k sites were excluded from further analysis because of low coverage. We also genotyped a selection of previously published individuals with the same approach (Supplementary Data 1. G)  2, 4, 30, [74] [75] [76] [77] [78]. Then we combined our newly generated genotypes with published genotypes from ancient and modern individuals from AADR v42. 4 (Allen Ancient DNA Resource (https://reich. hms. harvard. edu/allen-ancient-dna-resource-aadr-downloadable-genotypespresent-day-and-ancient-dna-data) version 42. 4) for downstream analysis  1, 4, 7, 14, 16, 23, [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] 42, 43, 45, [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94].