dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Recent PSP measurements below 0. 3 au have provided an unprecedented opportunity to study the nature of the solar wind in the vicinity of the solar wind sources. Bandyopadhyay & McComas (2021)  and  Adhikari et al. (2022)  have recently shown that large-scale fluctuations in the near-Sun solar wind are dominated by wavevectors quasi-parallel to the local magnetic field. Zhao et al. (2022)  also studied the radial dependence of this ratio by grouping the available data sets into two catalogs according to the radial distance and found that the ratio between parallel and perpendicular fluctuations observed by PSP is about 50%: 50%. Inertial range spectral anisotropy has been investigated by  Huang et al. (2022) and Wu et al. (2022) , who used slow solar wind data from E1 of PSP to show that the spectral indices are close to -5/3 and -3/2 in the parallel and perpendicular direction, respectively.
Conclusions and Summary We used a merged PSP and SO data set to study the dynamic evolution of turbulence anisotropy in the inner heliosphere, with a focus on understanding the differences in anisotropy observed between fast and slow wind streams The main findings of our study can be summarized as follows. For slow wind streams, V sw 400 km s -1 , we find the following: 1. Within 0. 1 au, the spectral index anisotropy of the inertial range vanishes, and the inertial range is confined to 3 × 10 -3  κd i  2 × 10 -2. The scaling exponents are -1. 47 ± 0. 04 and -1. 55 ± 0. 05 for perpendicular and parallel fluctuations, respectively. The power anisotropy (E ⊥ /E || ) is weaker compared to previous studies at 1 au, and its inertial range scaling does not fit any predictions of anisotropic theories of turbulence.
Acknowledgments This research was funded in part by the  FIELDS  experiment on the  Parker Solar Probe spacecraft , designed and developed under  NASA  contract  NNN06AA01C ; the  NASA   Parker Solar Probe Observatory Scientist  grant  NNX15AF34G ; and the  HERMES DRIVE NASA Science Center  grant No. 80NSSC20K0604. The instruments of PSP were designed and developed under  NASA  contract  NNN06AA01C. M. V. acknowledges the support of  ISSI, Bern , via the  Johannes Geiss fellowship. Software: Python (Van Rossum & Drake 1995),  SciPy  (Virtanen et al. 2020),  Pandas  ( McKinney2010 ),  Matplotlib  ( Hunter 2007 ).
METHODS The ViSIO-PRO and ViSIO-ObsRO instruments were developed in four key stages (Fig. 1 ), composed of a series of qualitative research activities in RLBP1 RP and wider RP and LCA. The qualitative data obtained from stages 1 and 2 were used to develop and refine a conceptual model for RP/LCA (i. e. a visual framework of the symptoms and HRQoL impacts associated with RP/LCA) and input from expert clinicians was sought at each key stage throughout the process. S1  in Supplementary Materials). Given that RLBP1 RP is a rare disease, no search limitations were applied relating to time of publication, but articles were limited to the English language, and animal studies were excluded. To identify existing COA instruments in RLBP1 RP, searches were conducted on ClinicalTrials. gov, and clinical trials that included a patient population with RP were included for analysis.
Qualitative Literature Review A targeted review of published literature was conducted to better understand the patient experience of patients with RP/LCA more broadly, beyond the RLBP1 RP genotype. Published peer-reviewed articles were identified via searches of keywords and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms using disease-specific (i. e. relating to RP/LCA) and qualitative research search terms combined using Boolean logic commands in Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO between September and November 2018 (Table  S2  in Supplementary Materials). Searches were limited to articles in the English language and those published within the last 20 years (1998-2018). Supplementary searches of Google Scholar and key conference proceedings in ophthalmology were also performed. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were not employed as it was anticipated that available relevant literature would be minimal.
Stage 3: Psychometric Evaluation of the mVFQ-25 Psychometric evaluation of a modified version of the Visual Function Questionnaire (mVFQ-25) was conducted with individuals with RPE65mediated inherited retinal degenerations (IRD) LCA using data from a Phase III trial of voretigene neparvovec pooled across treatment groups (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier: NCT00999609). These analyses were conducted to gain insights into the relative performance of different mVFQ-25 items to help inform the development of the novel COAs in an RP/LCA population. The trial included 31 patients (mean age 15. 1 years, range 4-44 years), including children aged 3-11 years, adolescents 12-17 years and adults 18 years or older. A total of 18 patients were female (58%) and 13 were male (42%). The mVFQ-25 includes content that is substantially different from the original VFQ-25, due to revisions implemented to ensure the instrument was relevant and appropriate for the trial population (patients with biallelic mutations of the RPE65 gene).
Additional assessments included VA, VF and FST. Patients were grouped into the following severity groups on the basis of VF scores; mild (89. 0-100%), moderate (72. 0-88. 0%), severe (45. 0-71. 0%) and very severe (0-44. 0%) [18]. Psychometric analysis performed, using SAS version 9. 4 or higher, included assessment of item properties, dimensionality, test-retest reliability, construct validity (convergent/divergent validity, known-groups analysis) and responsiveness (Table  1 ). The study protocol and individual institutional informed consent documents associated with the Phase III trial of voretigene neparvovec were reviewed and approved by the relevant committees. The qualitative data obtained in stages 1 and 2 informed the development and refinement of a conceptual model for RP/LCA, which is essential when developing a new instrument  [20].
Qualitative Literature Review Searches returned 601 abstracts, of which 8 fulltext publications and 2 abstracts were identified as relevant and reviewed in full (list of publications are provided in Table  S4  in Supplementary Materials). Key concepts were identified relating to a wide range of visual function symptoms (e. g. night blindness and reduced/loss of peripheral vision), impacts on vision-dependent ADL (e. g. difficulties driving, reading, doing household chores and with selfcare activities), mobility (e. g. navigating) and distal HRQoL (e. g. impacts on emotional wellbeing, social functioning, work, and school). Coping strategies and the use of visual aids to help patients manage their condition on a dayto-day basis were also reported. Environmental factors such as bright or dim lighting and unfamiliarity of environment were reported as having negative impacts on functional vision, and considered important factors when collecting patient-reported or caregiver-reported data (Table  2 ).
Stage 3: Psychometric Evaluation of the mVFQ-25 The psychometric analyses of the mVFQ-25 data were used to identify items that performed well across most analyses, some analyses or those that performed poorly (Table  3 ). Overall, 15 items performed well across most psychometric tests (e. g. strong item properties, good convergent validity, were responsive to change over time), while 10 items performed poorly on several psychometric tests (e. g. high ceiling effects, poor test-retest reliability). The concepts assessed by items that performed well in the psychometric evaluation were used to inform the development of the ViSIO-PRO and ViSIO-ObsRO instruments. Previous qualitative work identified that no existing PROs were suitable for use in RP/LCA, including the modifications to the mVFQ-25.
The current study has a number of key strengths. The ViSIO-PRO and ViSIO-ObsRO account for the limitations of previous PRO instruments that have been used (but not developed for use) in RP/LCA, including the assessment of concepts in different lighting conditions and familiarities of environment. Furthermore, various sources of data were used to inform item generation and development (e. g. clinician input, literature review, patient interviews, and psychometric data from a similar instrument), which in the context of a rare disease is important in generating adequate evidence of the patient experience and supporting content validity within the population of interest. However, the study does have the limitation that the qualitative interviews were conducted primarily with patients with the RLBP1 RP genotype.
The authors declare that there are no other competing interests. Compliance with Ethics Guidelines. Local ethical approval was obtained in Canada (reference no. 2016. 224) and centralized ethical approval was obtained in Sweden (reference no. 2016/357-31) for the relevant study activities (stage 1). Documentation of informed consent was obtained prior to any research activities being conducted. The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, and its later amendments. Data Availability. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The ViSIO-PRO and ViSIO-ObsRO are available for use under a formal licensing agreement. Please contact amanda. rosett@rws. com to request permission for use or for additional information.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding. Novartis provided funding for the design of this study, collection, analysis and interpretation of data and for the writing of this manuscript. Novartis also funded the journal's Rapid Service Fees. Medical Writing, Editorial, and  Other Assistance. Rob Arbuckle  ( Adelphi Values ) and  Joel Sims  ( Adelphi Values ) contributed to the study design, study conduct, the acquisition and interpretation of data. Novartis funded this assistance.
Stage 1 : 1 Qualitative Research in RLBP1 RP Qualitative Literature Review and Instrument Review in RLBP1 RP A qualitative literature review was conducted to identify the global prevalence and humanistic and economic burden of RLBP1 RP. Keyword searches of electronic databases EBM Reviews, EMBASE and Medline were conducted in March 2015 via the OVID platform (Table.
These two temperature measurements provide further insights into the heating process inside the liquid film, as they complement measurements at the liquid film surface performed with infrared cameras by several investigators in the past. In this study, the LIF techniques mentioned above are used to access the heat transfer. Data are obtained changing the parameters influencing the liquid flow: the wall inclination, the liquid flow rate, and the wave frequency. In a first step, the analysis is simplified focusing on the time averaged values of the liquid temperature for the evaluation of the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficient. Comparison to the classical solution of the Nusselt theory, valid for a smooth laminar film, is performed to identify the most favorable conditions for the heat transfer enhancement.
The resulting CRMs are then processed through stage two using the calwebb_spec2 pipeline module. At this stage, the pipeline creates two-dimensional (2D) cutouts of the slitlets (each made up of three shutters), corrects flat-fielding, runs background subtraction making use of the three-nod pattern, executes the photometric and wavelength calibrations, and resamples the 2D spectra to correct distortions of the spectral trace. We adopt the default pipeline slit loss correction implemented in the pathloss step. In the final stage (using the calwebb_spec3 pipeline module), we combine the images of the three nods, using customized apertures in extracting the one-dimensional (1D) spectra. The custom extraction apertures are determined by visually identifying high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) continuum or emission lines in our targets, features which are easily recognizable in the 2D spectra.
This latter component was introduced by Curtis-Lake et al. (2023) to account for the Lyα damping wing and therefore derive more accurate continuum-break-based redshifts in the EoR. We derive posterior constraints on these five parameters using an IDL implementation of the EMCEE (Foreman-Mackey et al. 2013) Python code (see  Finkelstein et al. 2019 for details). This procedure maximizes the likelihood that the model described by these five free parameters matches the observed prism spectrum for a given source. For each step in the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, the intrinsic spectrum is first generated via the draw of z, M UV , and β. Then Lyα damping wing absorption is applied following Equation (30) from  Dijkstra (2014) , where the damping wing optical depth is primarily dependent on photon frequency, characterized by the velocity offset.
UV Spectral Slope We measure the UV spectral slope β from the photometry, the spectra, and the best-fitting SED models using the adopted redshifts in Table  2. For the photometry, we fit the WFC3 and NIRCam SED with a power law ( f λ ∝ λ β ) between rest-frame 1500 and 3000 Å (see  Calzetti et al. 1994). Using the EMCEE software (Foreman-Mackey et al. 2013), we measure the posterior distribution on β and obtain the median and 68% central width from the posterior. The same process is employed to measure the β slope directly from the prism spectra. We note here that the comparison of the spectral flux density with the photometry of the four objects here presented reveals small flux discrepancies (by a factor <2), but these deviations are similar along the prism wavelengths without any particular trend, so we expect the spectroscopic β not to be significantly affected by the absence of a precise slit loss correction.
Physical Properties The main physical properties derived through SED fitting for the four spectroscopically confirmed galaxies are summarized in Table  4. Clear differences can be appreciated in the values derived from each SED fitting code for some sources, as expected when the SFH cannot be well constrained at high-z (see, e. g. ,  Carnall et al. 2019a; Leja et al. 2019; Pacifici et al. 2023 ). These differences illustrate the difficulty of determining stellar population parameters even at this very early cosmic epoch when galaxy ages are necessarily young. In particular, we obtain systematically higher A V (although compatible within the errors) from the CIGALE fitting, as well as lower stellar masses. In this section we focus on the physical properties of the two z ∼ 10 sources presented in this work, referring to Fujimoto et al.
Eight targets meeting the  Finkelstein et al. (2023)  z phot criteria do not have securely measured spectroscopic redshifts. Seven of these eight objects are faint (m F277W  28) and have z phot > 10, where strong emission lines would not be expected at λ < 5. 3 μm and where the continuum S/N is low with the exposure times employed for the CEERS NIRSpec observations. None of these eight candidates shows emission lines that would be expected if they were at z  9. 6 (see also  Fujimoto et al. 2023 ). Therefore, it seems likely that these galaxies have z > 9. 6, despite the lack of secure spectroscopic confirmation. Several other authors have also identified high-redshift galaxy candidates from CEERS NIRCam data using different selection criteria. Some of those candidates have also been observed with NIRSpec, including two targeted but undetected sources from  Donnan et al.
However, the same trend is observed at z spec = 8-9 where strong lines are detected with NIRSpec but where several galaxies have higher photometric redshifts. This suggests a deeper reason for this deviation. It is also possible that there are physical differences in the true continuum shapes of very-high-z galaxy spectra which are not accounted for in the templates used for photometric redshift estimation. In any case, these results suggest that our current z > 8 selection criteria are good, but at the same time we might need to modify our galaxy templates to resemble the SEDs of very-high-z galaxies better and further refine our photo-z estimations. For this purpose, deep continuum spectroscopy of a variety of early galaxies will be necessary to build a proper database of templates. All things considered, the low fraction of interlopers reported in this work for z > 8 candidates in CEERS (8%) is insufficient to account for the high number densities reported in several studies  (Finkelstein et al.
Thirty-five targets from all the CEERS z > 8 photometric samples in the literature have been observed with NIRSpec, leading to 25 robust redshift measurements. We measure a low fraction of lower-z interlopers, with only two objects (8%) identified as such. Such a high confirmation rate at z > 8 reinforces the surprisingly high number densities and brightness of early galaxies compared to the theoretical predictions found by many photometric works in the literature. Galaxy selection from deep JWST/NIRCam imaging is essential to minimize selection bias at the highest redshifts. The JWST/NIRSpec prism is an optimal tool for measuring such high redshifts, but observations deeper than those of CEERS will be necessary to achieve a higher degree of spectroscopic completeness. and missing data (Section 2.
There are few literature data on these factors, which partly explains the delays in diagnosis, prevention and therapy observed in routine clinical practice. Furthermore, the evaluation of bone health in children with severe CP is challenging; this is especially the case for densitometric evaluations of the proximal femur and lumbar spine (LS). These two anatomical sites are difficult to interpret because of the high prevalence of scoliosis and hip dysplasia in this population  (7, 8). For these reasons, we decided to assess the bone health of children with severe CP [in accordance with the 2019 guidelines on paediatric densitometry issued of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD)] (  9 ). We therefore assessed the BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) of the total body less head (TBLH) and the LS.
Method Study design and participants We conducted an observational, retrospective, single-centre study in the paediatric physical medicine and rehabilitation unit at Amiens University Hospital (Amiens, France). The study database was registered with the French National Data Protection Commission [Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (Paris, France); registration reference: PI2021_843_0036]. All non-walking children [Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) levels IV and V (10)], with CP aged between 6 and 18 with a complete bone fragility assessment, including a DXA and a biological sample, were eligible for inclusion in the study. The children's bone health was evaluated during a routine day hospital admission between January 2020 and December 2022, with the collection of clinical, laboratory and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) data.
Clinical data All the clinical data were obtained from the hospital's electronic medical records after entry with DxCare© (version 7. 7. 9. 7. 7, Dedalus, Le Plessis-Robinson, France) software upon discharge from hospital. The clinical data included sex, age, height, weight, Z score for height and weight, body mass index, pubertal status according to Tanner's classification, fracture history [only clinically significant fractures as defined by the ISCD in 2019 (9)], feeding method (feeding tube, per os, mixed), calcium intake [estimated with the French-language Fardellone questionnaire  (11)  or from the calcium content of gastrostomy bags], and the serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D]. The calcium intake was classified as being sufficient or deficient for age, according to the recommended dietary allowances for the French population.
Clinical data Of the 29 children admitted to our unit for a bone health evaluation, three were excluded because of the presence of osteosynthesis material, two had incomplete DXA datasets, and four had blood samples that were insufficiently large for all the planned laboratory analyses. Hence, 19 children had complete datasets and were included in the final analysis. There were 11 boys and 8 girls, and the mean (SD) age was 12. 74 (3. 08) years. The children presented with abnormally low height and weight values for age: the mean Z score was -2. 92 (1. 79) for height and -3. 75 (3. 64) for weight. According to Tanner's classification, 8 children were pre-pubertal (stage I or II) and 11 were pubertal (stage III or higher). Ten of the 19 children had a feeding tube. All the children had a normal nutritional status, according to the IGF-1 and albumin levels.
Weight appears to be one of the most important clinical factors related to the bone mass in children with non-walking CP. Indeed, absolute weight is related to densitometric data, and underweight is linked to a low densitometric Z score. Paradoxically, the children's nutritional status was normal; how can this be explained, considering that weight is related to food intake, and that food insufficiency is related to weak bone mass  (18) ? Since low weight appears to lead to short stature for age  (19) , it is likely that the biomarkers assayed here did not fully reflect the children's nutritional status. The clinical data collected also showed that 13 children (70%) had adequate serum vitamin D levels. However, only one child had an adequate calcium intake for his age. Given the low UV exposure  (20)  and frequent use of anti-epileptic drugs observed in children with multiple disabilities  (21) , our findings emphasize the need to consider calcium supplementation as well as conventional vitamin D supplementation; the combination of the two contributes to better bone health  (22).
Given the difficulties in performing DXA in these children, assay of remodelling factors can usefully complement bone assessments during patient follow-up. Although we chose to evaluate children with the most severe motor impairments, no fracture was documented -that is well below the literature data (ranging from 12% to 23%) (4). Severe motor impairment is typically associated with severe cognitive impairment (including language), as found in all children in the present study. In addition to asymptomatic fractures [as is sometimes the case in typical osteoporosis  (25) ], the children's motor impairments and poor speech skills might have masked a number of undiagnosed fractures. As is also the case for healthy children, the present results for children with CP did not enable us to conclude that densitometric variables are related to the fracture risk.
Model calibration The case study building has been monitored since it was built. The data on heating, cooling, and electrical lighting is constantly measured and stored monthly. The monthly consumption data relating to the electricity (lighting, cooling, and auxiliary electricity used by the HVAC system) and natural gas (heating) of the whole case study building during 2020 were used to validate the simulation model. To this end, the entire building was modeled and simulated using DesignBuilder, and the energy simulation results are reported in Fig. 7. It is worth mentioning that the case study building energy model is studied and validated in the previous research by Amaripadath et al. [101]. The ASHRAE Guideline 14-2002 provided a minimum acceptable performance level for measuring energy and demand savings from energy management projects applied to residential, commercial, or industrial buildings  [103].