dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Preservation Issues and Threats Although the identification and the referencing in a national database of a heritage site does not automatically oblige the authorities to act for its conservation and protection, it is often seen as the first step towards active protection measures. In Guadeloupe, some geosites are protected, in fact, because they are located within regulated areas. Indeed, there are for example a National Park, a Natural Reserve and protected coastal areas. This is the case for the most spectacular sites, like the summit of the active volcano La Soufrière. On the contrary, some sites are neglected and some are endangered. The extraction activity appears to be often in tension with the conservation of the environment. In 2017, the quarry, south of Basse Terre (Rivière des Pères) was authorized to extend its activities in a natural area of high ecological value despite protests from the civil society  [22].
We used Geographic Information System (GIS) software to analyse the distribution of percussion marks. Using ArcGIS Spatial Analysts tools, we identified and quantified significant concentrations of percussion marks. Results show that percussion mark patterns emerge for the same bone element, and that specific sides and zones were recurrently selected by experimenters. The distribution of patterns varies among the different long bone elements, and we attribute this variance to an adjustment to bone morphology. In addition, we calculated and identified bone damage patterns resulting from hammerstone percussion. Crossing bone survivorship with percussion mark patterns enabled us to recognise and evaluate the effects of fragmentation and surface visibility in controlled experimental conditions.
4) to explore and demonstrate some of the analytical possibilities available with this software when applied to percussion marks. More precisely, we set out to: • Develop an effective GIS protocol to standardize the documentation process (database and visual representation) for fragments and percussion marks deriving from marrow extraction from long limb bones. • Create an analytical workspace that allows a spatial link between the non-geographic database and its visual representation. • Explore GIS abilities to record, quantify and illustrate bone fragments and bone survivorship. • Explore new analytical methods to illustrate, quantify and analyse percussion marks and patterns of percussion marks. • Test different hypotheses related to intuitive fracturing. • Choose a model that can provide valuable insights for analogous archaeological assemblages.
Methods Template/Image preparation and georeferencing. As a base for GIS analysis, we used photographic images representing the four-sided visualization of bone elements  [35]. The templates were georeferenced in GIS. As bones are not part of geography, reference coordinates are assigned arbitrarily but they should be specified so that, data can be shared and made compatible with other GIS systems if needed. We used the WGS1984 Greenwich projection. A GIS polygon layer was created over each bone image (Fig  1 ), replicating the bone silhouette from four views (anterior, lateral, medial and posterior). These templates represent the basis for all further analysis. It is important to note that the area defined by these templates does not reflect the actual bone area. The measurements of all bones from the same element show slight variation and when projected with the software, for the purpose of standardization and superposition of layers, their metric measurements undergo deformations.
Fragments from the same bone element were drawn in a single layer. The radius and ulna were each drawn in a separate layer, in order to eliminate possible errors when calculating bone survivorship or spatial statistics, even though they are fused and generally considered as one element. An attribute table storing data for every feature, added by the analyst, is linked to every layer. We recorded the reference number for each fragment and the three dimensions (length, width, thickness) were measured for each specimen. Shaft fragments were differentiated by size (Table  2 ) and circumference classes (Table  3 ) according to  Villa and Mahieu (1991)   [38]. Drawing percussion marks. Separate point layers were created to illustrate all the identified percussion marks on the bone surface (Fig  1 ).
Standardizing the documentation process GIS software can be adapted and can provide valuable insights for non-geographical data, but it is important to clarify that this application has certain limitations. For the time being, georeferenced and uniformized templates constitute an appropriate option for establishing a workspace in GIS. However, this adjustment deforms all metric measurements, and therefore the drawings made using the software are not an exact replication. To adjust these values, most of the calculations can be expressed in frequency rates. Considering this, we underline the need for standardization and clear protocols for recording spatial data, i. e. , precise criteria to define the placement of points (percussion marks) or outlines of polygons (fragments). If this is carried out correctly, the ArcGIS database can be used to organize and analyse big data and provide venues to explore a variety of questions in a short amount of time.
This study shows the potential of GIS spatial statistical abilities to improve existing quantifying methods and visually presenting the obtained results. The software provides a convenient system for stocking and analysing large data assemblages while considering the spatial link for input information. Analyses of modern experimental bone assemblages using the GIS method can provide valuable and easily shared analogues with which to compare percussion mark distributions in archaeological assemblages. This study can also be used as a complementary experiment to Parkinson's studies  [18] [19] [20]  and assist in the determination of bone agent modifiers and their order of access, by adding hominid-induced marks to the large canid and felid database. It also underlines the importance of crossing bone survivorship with mark distribution, especially for archaeological assemblages, where taphonomic agents would considerably decrease the observable cortical surface.
Acknowledgments We express our gratitude to  CHARAL S. A. S. who kindly provided all the bones that were used in the preparation of this experiment. Juan Marin ,  Laetitia Demay , Laurent Crepin and colleagues provided invaluable logistical advice and assistance at times of great need during this experiment. We are deeply grateful to the volunteers for their selfless effort in helping with our experiment. Many thanks to  Eric Pelleand ZoeThalaud of the Service de Preparation Osteologique et Taxidermique (SPOT) of the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris , for the osteological preparation of all the long bones. We are grateful to the (two) anonymous reviewers for their constructive remarks on this manuscript. The English manuscript was edited by  L. Byrne , an official translator and native English speaker.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank  Erella Hovers  and  Anna Belfer-Cohen  (The  Hebrew University of Jerusalem ) for their comments on previous versions of this manuscript. We thank  Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer  ( Tel Aviv University ) and  María Dolores Garralda  ( Complutense University, Madrid ) for editorial assistance, and  Svetlana Matskevich  for illustrations. The excavations at Qafzeh Cave were carried out with the permission of the Israel Antiquity Authority. It was supported by the  CNRS and the Ministère Français des Affaires Étrangères. We thank the  Centre de Recherche Français de Jérusalem , The  Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv University and The University of Bordeaux  for providing assistance at different times. We thank all the students and our colleagues who took part in the excavations ( 1965 -1979 ), and in the study of this site.
They focused on the OCLC's WorldCat data and explained how OCLC has begun work on the knowledge graph and its active involvement with Schema. org to make knowledge useful throughout the Web. In a recent work  [28] , the authors collected, analyzed and visualized through an online platform (https://routes-traductions. huma-num. fr) metadata of nine masterpieces considered as sources of knowledge and technology, from philosophy and mathematics to geography and medicine. One such author, Hergé, has had his books translated into many languages. In  [29] , the author introduced and described a new model for data curation and sharing by inviting colleagues around the world to collaborate on Digital Palimpsest Mapping Projects (DPMPs), or "Deep Maps". "Deep Maps", curated collaboratively by scholars in multiple locations, would put multilingual digital archives around the globe in conversation with one another, using maps as the gateway.
A Crowdsourcing Approach for Text Collection and Transcription Due to the significant number of existing translations and the growing number of digital versions made available online, the crowdsourcing allowed us to gather data that would have otherwise been beyond our reach. Crowdsourcing helped reduce the amount of time spent on the task, increase the variety and the range of the data covered (such as identifying translations which are not indexed in public databases). We used the figure-eight (https://www. figure-eight. com/) crowdsourcing platform. The parameterization of the experiment was as follows: as we are looking for translations over the world, we have not limited the geographic location of the contributors. Each task consisted of a set of nine questions (i. e. , units in the figure-eight terminology) and completing the task will earn $0.
After data cleaning, we collected 29 translations in 22 languages of different formats (html, text, pdf, and epub). In a second step, we used the figure-eight platform to transcribe digital versions that came as images, whether from local institutions or collected from the web. The task asked workers to transcribe the text of one page as is, including misspellings and abbreviations. Figure  4  shows the example of the transcription task for the Bengali text.
Next, we fed these five translations into a machine translation program (Google Translate) in the target language and checked for an appearance of the original English word in the resulting English translation. With the goal of producing high accuracy word alignment pairs, we executed the process above with varying parameters-different IBM Models (Models 1 and 2) and pre-processing setups (i. e. , removing punctuation marks, lower-casing tokens, and applying different tokenizers). After these evaluations, we found that applying the most simple algorithm, IBM Model 1, to the text without any of the aforementioned pre-processing steps produced the most accurate results, with an acceptable Top-5 accuracy score of 40. 0% for the 50 most frequently-appearing English words.
The Rosetta Dashboard for Fine-grained Knowledge Circulation Analysis In addition to the online global knowledge map, we developed an online platform, the Rosetta Dashboard, allowing scholars in different research fields to access knowledge through a parallel reading environment and visualizations. The Rosetta Dashboard allows users to easily see patterns of structural and cultural divergence between the source text and translations, at different levels of granularity. In this section, we show an example for the user side of it. Starting with the main global knowledge map page, as shown in Figure  5 , each cell value corresponds to the number of paragraphs in its chapter (row) and language version (column). A cell's color varies with the difference in the paragraph count, compared with the original English version.
Conclusions We proposed and experimented a new collaborative and inclusive model for Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) for sustaining cultural heritage and language diversity. Our first experiment was conducted on translated fictional texts and in particular the world-famous and well-traveled American novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This paper reports on 62 metadata and 30 full text collected files including 22 under-resourced languages. The data curation process was based on contributions of end-users as well as scientific and scholarly communities from across borders, languages, nations, continents, and disciplines. Collected translations were processed to build 10 parallel corpora that are sentence-aligned pairs of English with Basque (a European under-resourced language), Bulgarian, Dutch, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, and Ukrainian, processed out of 30 collected translations.
Funding: This research was funded by the  France-Stanford Center For Interdisciplinary Studies in Stanford, USA. Acknowledgments: This research work was conducted within the framework of the  ROSETTA  project funded by the  France-Stanford Center For Interdisciplinary Studies in Stanford, USA. It is a partnership with  Université de Lille(EA 4073-GERiiCO  and  EA 4074-CECILLE ),  Stanford University  and the  Université Paris-Saclay, LIMSI-CNRS.
Results The review discussed 38 articles that presented information about capillariids in past populations. Most of capillariid eggs found in the New and Old World were not identified. However, Calodium hepaticum eggs were the most identified, as some from Eucoleus genus. It was observed that sites from the New World had a better chance for capillariid egg identification, due to previous knowledge of its host, when compared to the Old World. In the 18S rDNA phylogenetic analyses, two datasets were constructed, one including sequences from 7 Moravec's genera, where 3 genus-specific clusters, with high bootstrap values, could be observed for Capillaria (ML = 99%, NJ = 96%), Eucoleus (ML / NJ = 100%) and.
Paleoparasitological literature compilation The literature review aimed to identify and summarize the findings of capillariid eggs on archaeological samples in any context, and to show its paleodistribution. A database was made by articles collected on PubMed and ScienceDirect using keywords such as ("capillariid" OR "Capillariidae" OR "Capillariinae" OR "capillaria" or "Trichuridae") AND ("paleoparasitology" OR "archaeoparasitology" OR "coprolite" OR "ancient samples"). In spite of the Capillaria sp. diagnosis in some studies, in this review, we particularly revised the efforts conducted by some authors to reach a taxonomic identification of Capillaria genus, otherwise we used the generic nomenclature "capillariids", which involves all genera including Capillaria sp.
Capillariid phylogenetic analysis Phylogenetic analyses were conducted to establish the current genetic relationships among the species to elucidate its complex taxonomy and phylogenetic arrangement to corroborate with the taxonomic classification of Moravec  [2]. All sequences available in GenBank (08/2018) of the 18S rDNA and cox1 mtDNA genes were used for the phylogenetic analysis. Sequences with reduced sequence size were not used, as 18S rDNA from Paracapillaria philippinensis (235 bp). Sequence edition alignment and visualization were performed in Bioedit v. 7. 0. 5 and MUSCLE  [5]. Genetic distance matrixes for each genus / species group were constructed to determine the inter and intraspecific distances between genus and species using the Kimura-2-parameter with Gamma distribution (K2P + G) on MEGA v.
7. 0. 26 [3]. In the 18S rDNA gene, since most of sequences were located at the 5' or the 3'extremities, the alignment was separated in two datasets to use the largest number of genus / species sequences available. The names of the species were maintained as was deposited in GenBank, but the genus names were specified according to the taxonomic classification proposed by Moravec  [2]. Identical sequences or with genetic distances less than 0. 020 were excluded. Dataset I included 105 sequences (1090 bp) of 16 species belonging to 7 genera of capillariids: Pearsonema, Aonchoteca, Baruscapillaria, Pseudocapillaria, Paratrichosoma, Eucoleus, and Capillaria. In addition, sequences of undefined genus were included. Trichuris and Trichinella species sequences were used as outgroup. Dataset II was of 40 sequences (678 bp) of 18 species belonging to 8 genera: Pearsonema, Aonchoteca, Baruscapillaria, Pseudocapillaria, Pseudocapillaroides, Eucoleus, Capillaria, and Calodium.
The outgroup was the same as in the previous analysis. For the phylogenetic tree construction, two methods were applied in MEGA  [3]. Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and K2P + G model following the protocol for the molecular identification of species (DNA barcoding CBOL protocol) (http://www. barcodeoflife. org/content/resources/ Standards-and-guidelines), and Maximum Likelihood (ML), also using the K2P + G model, as determined by the best-fit model of DNA substitution command using the Bayesian information criteria in MEGA. In both, the statistical support of the branches was generated by 500 bootstrap replicas. A Dataset for the cox1 gene consisted of 30 GenBank sequences (255 bp) of 7 species belonging to 4 genera: Pearsonema, Aonchoteca, Eucoleus, and Calodium. Trichuris and Trichinella species sequences were used as outgroup.
The samples were collected in the abdominal cavity of three bodies, recovered in a military gallery collapsed in March 1918. Two individuals showed capillariid eggs, which were identified using morphometric analysis as Eucoleus gastricus, a parasite of rodents. The authors explained the finding by the historical data recording the presence and the circulation of rats inside the galleries, as well as, the close contact and interaction between soldiers and these rodents. An unusual capillariid finding was made in a body dating from the Roman period in France  [30]. X-ray and cross section analysis identified two hydatid cysts, probably developed by the larval stage of Echinococcus sp. tapeworm. Analysis of the residue allowed to visualize Calodium hepaticum eggs, showing a coinfection by these two parasites  [30].
In attempt to identify capillariid eggs and understand the dynamics of the paleodistribution of different capillariid morphotypes, some works have performed biostatistical analysis. First,  Fugassa and collaborators (2008)  based on data of findings in Patagonian archaeological material, conducted a statistical analysis to evaluate morphometric and morphological differences, considering the size of eggs, ornament patterns in eggshell and size of polar plugs. The results showed a significant discrimination between four egg morphotypes using the linear variables, length and width, with greater importance for width parameter. Thus, to the authors correlated egg morphotypes with some well-known species, such as C. hepaticum, Aonchotheca putorii and E. aerophilus  [45]. The biometric analysis conducted by Taglioretti and coauthors (2014), evaluated length and width variables and investigated if eggs that had similar morphotype in different scenarios belong to the same species.
Current phylogenies of capillariids The phylogenetic trees generated for dataset I showed four clusters, three of them genus-specific with high statistical support: Capillaria (ML = 99%, NJ = 96%), Eucoleus (ML / NJ = 100%) and Paratrichosoma (ML / NJ = 100%). The fourth cluster included sequences from at least 4 genera and presented short branches with medium to high support (ML = 94%, NJ = 100%), but no genus-specific subclusters are observed. A lack of monophyletic definition is clear among species from Pearsonema and Aonchotheca (Fig  3 ). This is also confirmed by the low distance values between Aonchotheca and Pearsonema (0. 037 ± 0. 004) in the genetic matrix (S2 Table ). In the distance matrix, a great distance was observed in the genus Capillaria (0. 098 ± 0. 008). The 18S rDNA gene does not appear to be informative in order to discriminate these genera, at least for the segment of this Dataset I.
In the trees generated with 18S rDNA dataset II (Fig  4 ), the strongly supported monophylies of the genera Eucoleus (ML = 99%, NJ = 100%) and Capillaria (ML /NJ = 98%) are also observed. A third cluster, with medium support (ML = 73%, NJ = 86%), grouping 6 genera, including 12 species, but not with monophyletic subclusters. Calodium spp. appear paraphyletic. Calodium splenecum species was basal, and Calodium hepaticum grouped with Aonchotheca spp. sequences. Once more Pearsonema spp. sequences clustered with Aonchotheca species despite their morphological differences. In relation to the genetic analyses of Dataset II, the genus Aonchotheca presented one of the highest distances (0. 027 ± 0. 007) with Pseudocapillaroides and the shortest with Aonchotheca and Pearsonema (0. 007 ± 0. 002) within the cluster showing a paraphyletic origin.
Four morphotypes were identified at species level. In two, E. aerophilus, and E. hydrochoery, the information of the host made the parasite identification possible. The first is a carnivore parasite and the second a parasite specific of capybaras, respectively. At genus level only 5 morphotypes were identified (Fig  6B ), 4 as Eucoleus and 1 as Echinocholeus, both genera parasitize birds and mammals. The Eucoleus sp. morphotypes were found in feline and camelid, and both genera in rodents. The other 32 morphotypes were classified as family taxa, as the authors could not found taxonomic characters for a more specific definition, although 14 capillariids hosts were identified (Fig  6B ). We remark that host data is the most value information for capillariid taxonomic identification (Fig 6B ), after, obviously, the morphological and morphometric data.
Data reduction includes a Rb correction, exponential mass bias correction (using the internal 86 Sr/ 88 Sr ratio of 0. 1194) and 2σ outlier rejection. Total procedural blank levels for the human samples are below 100 pg Sr. Long-term measurements of the Sr carbonate standard SRM987 (National Institute of Standards and Technology) gave an average 87 Sr/ 86 Sr value of 0. 71023 ± 2 (n = 99, 2σ) on the TIMS. This is consistent with the original certified 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope value of 0. 71034±26  [72]  and the more commonly quoted accepted value of 0. 71025 ± 1  [73, 74, 75]. In order to map the baseline bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope variation for the region surrounding Payre, soil leachates and plant samples from the IRHUM (isotopic reconstruction of human migration) database were analysed  [70, 75]  and the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope groups from Willmes et al  [75]  were used to cluster 87 Sr/ 86 Sr variability in the region based on surface geology.
Acknowledgments This study was conducted as part of two collective research projects focusing on Neanderthal subsistence territories (J-P. Raynal and M. -H. Moncel dir. ) and the origins of flints ( C. Bressy , dir. and  P. Fernandes , dir. ), with the support of the project  Origines  ( J. -P. Raynal  and  J. L. Guadelli , dir. ). Strontium isotope analyses were conducted at the  Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra. We thank  J-P. Raynal  for comments on the manuscript. The paper was edited by  Louise Byrne , a native English official translator. We would like to thank the editor and the two reviewers for their comments and suggestions, which greatly improved the quality of the manuscript.