dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The potential link between modalization and discourse organization will need to be more closely examined in future research. The second finding is linked to the crosslinguistic nature of our dataset. Indeed, the presence of learners acquiring two different L2s in a single analysis allows us to reflect on patterns in terms of whether they indicate language-specific tendencies or more general patterns of L2 acquisition. In our study, although clear patterns of development in the expression of modalization were seen between the upper intermediate and advanced groups in both English and French, striking differences were found across the two languages in the lower intermediate groups. Whereas the L2 English lower intermediates performed very similarly to the upper intermediates, in the French corpus, lower intermediate learners showed a different pattern, using only two modalized forms.
Of note, we relied on the CONSORT extension for harm  24  to develop the bullet point for item 19 and on the SPIRIT guidelines explanatory document  25  to develop the bullet point for item 6a. An item will be considered adequately reported if all bullet points related to this item are indicated as being reported. For example, item 11 'Blinding' will be considered adequately reported if the authors reported all the information below: ► Who (ie, participants, healthcare providers, data collectors, outcome adjudicators, and data analysts) was blinded to treatment assignments. ► How the blinding was performed (eg, used of placebo, intervention by physician unaware of the study). ► The similarities of the characteristics of the interventions (eg, appearance, taste, smell, method of administration).
Manuscript selection We searched the US National Library of Medicine's PubMed database to identify all primary reports of two-arm parallel-group RCTs with an individual randomisation unit, whatever the treatment evaluated, that were published in the BioMed Central series medical journals, BMJ, BMJ Open and Annals of Emergency Medicine and indexed with the publication type 'Randomised Controlled Trial'. We included journals from BioMed Central series medical journals publishing at least 5 RCT reports per year between 1 January 2015 and 13 December 2016. We retrieved 1600 citations. One researcher screened all titles and abstracts and included all primary reports of RCTs assessing interventions in human participants who were randomly allocated to intervention groups. We excluded cluster RCTs, cross-over trials, equivalence and non-inferiority trials, feasibility studies, cost-effectiveness studies, phase I trials, study protocols, non-randomised controlled trials, secondary publications or analyses, pilot studies, systematic reviews, methodology studies and early phase studies.
IntErvEntIons Gold standard The gold standard will be the assessment of the completeness of reporting by systematic reviewers of the 10 CONSORT items for the first manuscript submitted, (ie, before any changes were made as part of the peer review process). This assessment corresponds to the assessment of the risk of bias (random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, selective reporting of outcomes) and the extraction of efficacy and harm outcome data. Pairs of systematic reviewers will independently extract data from eligible reports; any differences between reviewers will be resolved by discussion, with the involvement of an arbitrator if necessary. Reviewers involved in the data extraction will have expertise in the conduct of systematic reviews and will assess the completeness of reporting from the systematic-reviewer perspective.
stAtIstIcs sample size calculation We will allow for detecting an effect size of 0. 3 for the mean number of items accurately classified per manuscript with a power of 90% and a two-sided alpha-level of 5%. Each manuscript will be assessed by one early career peer reviewer; each early career peer reviewer will assess one manuscript. So, we will randomly select 120 reports of RCTs to be assessed in the study. We do not have any data on the mean (SD) number of items accurately classified by usual peer reviewers. For each manuscript, we will have a single assessment related to the usual peer review process that will combine the first assessment of all peer reviewers for that manuscript. The primary outcome will be the mean number of items accurately classified per manuscript across all the trial reports that are assessed.
statistical analysis The primary outcome will be the mean number of items accurately classified per manuscript by usual peer reviewers and by early career peer reviewers, the gold standard being the systematic reviewers' assessment. We will compare the mean number of items accurately classified per manuscript by early career peer reviewers versus usual peer reviewers. This will be performed using a paired t-test. The sensitivity and specificity comparing the early career peer reviewers and the usual peer-reviewers' assessment will be determined by a test for pair proportion. data management and monitoring Data will be entered on at a secure, password-protected, website. As part of the data protection, confidentiality and anonymity requirements, all participants will be assigned a unique individual identifier.
EthIcs And dIssEMInAtIon Authorisation by the Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (file number 2021376) whose purpose is to protect participants' personal data and the institutional review board of the INSERM ethics committee (IRB 17-335) (see Appendix 1 in the online supplementary file 1) was obtained and the study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials. gov (http:// clinicaltrials. gov, NCT03119376). Any changes or additions to the protocol will be registered on ClinicalTrials. gov. Participation will be voluntary. All participants will provide informed consent and may withdraw at any time (see Appendix 2 in the online supplementary file 1). Following their participation, they will receive one Continued Medical Education credit. The results will be presented at international congresses, published in a peer-reviewed journal and summarised on ClinicalTrials.
gov. In addition, the findings will be disseminated via an open access website so that they can be used by the wider community. Study results will also be disseminated directly to participants. Any changes or additions to the protocol will be registered on Clinicaltrials. gov. Authorship of papers arising from this study will be based on contributions to the study including intellectual content as recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. The data set will be the property of the scientific committee. The results will be presented at international congresses, published in a peer-reviewed journal and summarised on ClinicalTrials. 7] [28]  However, because biomedical journals remains the best method for disseminating biomedical knowledge, it is fundamental to assess the implementation of novel interventions and must be assessed in different actors of the publication system to improve its efficiency and the quality of reporting.
To improve this situation, we have obtained new archaeological samples for AMS radiocarbon dating from three sites: Kobeh Cave, Kaldar Cave, and Ghār-e Boof (Iran). In addition, we have statistically modelled previously published radiocarbon determinations for Yafteh Cave (Iran) and Shanidar Cave (Iraqi Kurdistan), to improve their chronological resolution and enable us to compare the results with the new dataset. Bayesian modelling results suggest that the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Zagros Mountains dates to 45,000-40,250 cal BP (68. 2% probability). Further chronometric data is required to improve the precision of this age range.
Acknowledgments The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP7/2007-2013);  ERC  grant  324139  " PalaeoChron " awarded to  Professor Tom Higham. We thank all members of the project; the staff of the  Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, University of Oxford ; and  Mariana Sontag González  for her review of the manuscript. Work at  Kaldar Cave  was supported by the  MINECO-FEDER  (project  CGL2015-65387-C3-1-P ),  AGAUR  (project  SGR   2014-899 ), and the  URV  (projects  2014/2015/2016PFR-URV-B2-17 ). B. Bazgir is a beneficiary of the  Fundación Atapuerca pre-doctoral grant. L. Tumung holds a IDQP pre-doctoral scholarship at URV. Research at IPHES is framed under the  CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya.
Sampling and Data Collection In order to investigate putative relationships among the magnitudes of knowledge of genetics and genomics and beliefs in genetic determinism, we sought a participant population that would have a basic level of genetic knowledge (i. e. , at least a high school education) and varying exposure to more advanced topics in genomics. First-year university students with varying career trajectories would meet these criteria. Consequently, we chose a targeted sampling strategy to identify a large sample of first-year university students available for participation in the study. In February and March 2015, we applied the questionnaire to several classes of first-year Brazilian undergraduates enrolled in an Interdisciplinary Bachelor Program at a Brazilian Federal (public) university in northeast Brazil.
Data were also collected Bon-siteâ t two registration days. In total, 446 students participated. Participants were asked to fill in the questionnaire while two of the authors of this article were present. The questionnaire took 20-25 min to complete. Of the participants, 51% were females and 49% were male. Most (27%) of the students were attending humanities as their main field of study, followed by science and technology (26%), arts (23%), health sciences (23%), and others (1%). Our sample is likely to be representative of an Beducated youth^in Brazil, but it is by no means representative of all Brazilians or university undergraduates in general. Freshmen students constitute a large proportion of young adults. In Brazil, 35. 9% of the population at 25 years of age or more have completed high school education, according to census data from 2010 (IBGE, (BIoGaS) 2010).
Statistical Analyses Questionnaires with more than eight missing answers (10% of the total) were eliminated from the sample. In total, we found 19 missing answers, comprising 4% of the sample. We used Cronbach's alpha to measure internal consistency reliability using the statistical packages SPSS© (version 22) and R (with the Psych package) (all calculations were run in both, to ensure accuracy). The calculation of the Cronbach's alpha does not support missing data, and so we used modal value imputation to replace the missing values  (Watanabe and Yamaguchi 2003). In order to explore whether belief in genetic determinism formed a unitary dimension, we performed an exploratory principal component analysis (PCA). Specifically, the PCA was used to identify the main dimensions  (Lebart et al. 1995)  characterizing the items in PUGGS sections 2, 3, and 4.
In cases of significant differences, we performed post hoc tests (Tukey's HSD) to identify which means significantly differed from one another. We performed power analyses on the social background variables (age, gender, education, religiosity, and previous experience with genetics) by using the Bpwr^package in R software. The calculations of the sample sizes were performed by using classical parameter values for this type of survey (power = 0. 8; significance level = 0. 05). We used Cohen's d  (Cohen 1988 ) to characterize effect sizes (for ANOVAs: small: f = 0. 1, medium: f = 0. 25, large: f = 0. 4; for correlations: small: r = 0. 1, medium: r = 0. 3, large: r = 0. 5).
The low-volatility wood-originating compounds isolated from whiskey by vacuum fractional distillation were analysed by high-resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three phenolic esters previously unreported in whiskey were identified and confirmed by synthesis. Formation profiles for sixteen compounds were established in whiskeys aged for periods from 1. 5 to 10 years in second-fill heavy-charred American Bourbon barrels. These profiles indicated significant increases for several compounds, especially in the older whiskeys. Ratios of aromatic phenolic aldehydes, and similar ratio changes during ageing, were different from reported data relating to other wood types and treatments. Further preparative separation by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the wood fraction followed by GC-MS allowed retention and mass spectral characterisation of additional compounds originating from wood.
Micro-CT image acquisition and 3D model generation The majority of the sample was scanned using conventional micro-CT systems at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany (a BIR ARCTIS 225/300 industrial micro-CT scanner and a Skyscan 1172 micro-CT scanner) with an isotropic voxel size ranging from 13. 7 to 31. 67 mm. Details on the scanning parameters are further described in Le  Cabec et al. (2013). Synchrotron micro-CT data for the La Quina H18 upper canine (voxel size: 31. 12 mm) were obtained from the ESRF (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France) paleontological microtomographic database (http://paleo. esrf. eu/picture. php?/ 378/category/1509,  Smith et al. , 2010). Data for Equus Cave 9 (EQ 9;  Grine and Klein, 1985)  were acquired at the ESRF on the ID19 beamline (voxel size: 30.
12 mm). The RMH sample from Italy was scanned at the Institute of Clinical Physiology -CNR in Pisa using Xalt, an in-house designed micro-CT scanner, using the following scan parameters: 50 kVp, a 2 mm-thick Al filter, 720 projections over 360 , 0. 8 mAs/projection (see further technical details in  Panetta et al. , 2012). Volumetric data for this latter sample were reconstructed using Feldkamp-type cone-beam filtered backprojection (FBP;  Feldkamp et al. , 1984)  with cubic voxel size of 18. 4 mm. The reconstructed micro-CT images were processed using a semiautomatic threshold-based approach in Avizo 7 (Visualization Sciences Group Inc. ) and  Seg3D (v2. 1. 4 ; http://www. sci. utah. edu/ci bc-software/seg3d. html). The segmented enamel cap and virtually filled dentine were converted to meshes using the Windged-Edge Mesh tool of the MeVisLab software (http://www.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to the curators and collaborators who granted access to the dental material:  B. Arensburg ,  S. E. Bailey ,  A. Barash ,  O. Bar-Yosef ,  E. Been ,  A. Ben -n'cer,  D. Bonjean , the  City of Andenne (Belgium) and Arch eologie Andennaise ,  P. Brown ,  J. -J. Cleyet-Merle ,  A. P. Derevianko ,  M. A. El Hajraoui ,  I. Fawzi ,  C. Feja ,  U. A. Glasmacher ,  F. E. Grine ,  F. Gr€  oning, M. H€ anel,  I. Hershkovitz ,  A. Hoffmann ,  O. Kullmer ,  S. Markin ,  P. Mennecier ,  V. Merlin-Langlade , NESPOS, S. P€ a€ abo, P. P erin,  J. Radov  ci c,  Y. Rak ,  S. Raoui ,  J. -P. Raynal ,  D. Reid ,  A. Rosas ,  A. Savariego ,  R. Schmitz ,  F. Schrenk ,  C. Schwab ,  P. Semal ,  T. M. Smith ,  M. V. Shunkov ,  A. Soficaru ,  F. Spoor ,  J. -F. Tournepiche ,  M. Toussaint ,  B.
A comparative analysis of glass tesserae, whether loose or still in situ, can identify potential markers for craft practices and trading networks and help to refine the chronology of production technologies and materials  (James, 2006; James et al. , 2013; Neri, 2016). Wall and vault mosaics that consist predominantly of glass tesserae were evidently a common form of architectural decoration and more widespread during the late antique and Byzantine periods than has previously been recognized (e. g. James et al. , 2013 , and the database http:// www. sussex. ac. uk/byzantine/mosaic/). In Asia Minor in particular, glass mosaics have been found in a variety of archaeological contexts and states of preservation, including mosaic decorations still in situ as well as fragments and loose tesserae from archaeological excavations (Fig.
SEM-EDS The coloured tesserae were examined by SEM-EDS to investigate crystalline phases present in the glass matrix. The available equipment used at IRAMAT-CEB was a FEI Philips XL40 ESEM with an Oxford Instrument EDX system for microanalysis (Link Pentafet Si(Li) detector). Imaging and analyses were done at 20 kV acceleration voltage, a beam diameter of 1 μm and at working distance of 10 mm. Semi-quantitative determination of the opacifiers and pigments was performed by X-ray microanalysis for 300 s time. The quantification was done using INCA software.
Agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Processo: 238186/2012-1) pelo financiamento durante a realização desta pesquisa. Agradeço enormemente a dois pareceristas anônimos da revista Signum: Estudos da Linguagem, pelas valiosas observações e sugestões realizadas na versão anterior do texto. Agradeço, também, à editora desta revista, pela atenção, seriedade e profissionalismo durante as fases de submissão, avaliação e edição do artigo. Enfim, agradeço a Marco Rocha pelas valiosas discussões e provocações acerca dos verbos auxiliares.
To confirm the role played by comparison in critical texts and to contrast this discourse with contemporary discourses, four additional corpora were built: a corpus regrouping philosophical texts, a corpus of scientific texts, a corpus of texts that belong to the social and human sciences, and finally a corpus of novels, which being written in prose, are discursively closer to critical and scientific texts than plays and poems. For the three first corpora, French translations of foreign texts were also included. In addition to the Labex OBVIL's database of critical texts, other online libraries offering freely downloadable digitized texts, such as the Internet Archive, 2 the Gutenberg Project, 3 and the Bibliotheque electronique du Quebec, 4 were consulted (Table  1 ).
4 ). As its name implies, Le Dictionnaire E ´lectronique des Mots  (Dubois and Dubois-Charlier, 2010)  is first and foremost a database, which could explain the abbreviated form chosen to encode the information it contains. It consists of 145,198 entries describing 115,714 monolexemes and 12,946 multiword expressions, for a total of 32,199 adjectives, 72,609 nouns, 16,086 verbs, 6,731 adverbs, and 1,026 interjections. 6  Since all the predefined sciences are used as domains in the dictionary, it seems straightforward to build a domain-specific vocabulary by simply extracting all the nouns under these domains. However, such a method would bring about some noise; for example, it would include, in the resulting vocabulary, all body parts and organs (hand, heart, finger, nerve. ) which, though frequently used in comparisons, tend mainly to introduce an image and are seldom used with a scientific connotation.
We present etytree (from etymology + family tree): a new on-line multilingual tool to extract and visualize etymological relationships between words from the English Wiktionary. A first version of etytree is available at http: //tools. wmflabs. org/etytree/. With etytree users can search a word and interactively explore etymologically related words (ancestors, descendants, cognates) in many languages using a graphical interface. The data is synchronised with the English Wiktionary dump at every new release, and can be queried via SPARQL from a Virtuoso endpoint. Etytree is the first graphical etymology dictionary, which could be used to search specific etymological definitions as well as to discover new relations among words. Moreover, it can be effectively adopted by Wiktionary editors to identify inconsistencies or missing information in the data.
INTRODUCTION Etytree is a new tool to extract and visualize etymological relationships between lexemes (or words, for simplicity) using data coming from the English Wiktionary. The interest of this tool lies in its potential for Wiktionary users, editors and for researchers or more generally people interested in languages and etymologies. It is built on top of DBnary a new method 1  that parses Etymology, Derived terms, Descendants sections, the namespace for Reconstructed Terms, and the etymtree template in Wiktionary. With etytree, a RDF (Resource Description Framework) lexical database of etymological relationships collecting all the extracted relationships and lexical data attached to lexemes has also been released. The database consists of triples or data entities composed of subject-predicate-object where a possible statement can be (for example) a triple with a lexeme as subject, a lexeme as object, and "derivesFrom" or "et-ymologicallyEquivalentTo" as predicate.
The RDF database has been exposed via a SPARQL endpoint and can be queried at http://etytree-virtuoso. wmflabs. org/sparql. Etytree provides a graphical interface to the database which consists in an intuitive and multilingual graphical etymology dictionary. The graphical etymology dictionary represents the extracted etymological relationships as well as the associated lexical information using graphs and tooltips, respectively. It uses d3. js 2  , a JavaScript library for manipulating documents based on data, and infers the tree structure from the RDF database on the fly through specific queries from the Virtuoso 3  SPARQL endpoint. With etytree, users can discover new words when they search for a specific etymological definition, e. g. , they can discover words that derive from the same ancestral word, both in their own language and in other languages.
This happens in an intuitive way without having to read fairly long and complex sentences that describe etymological relationships between words and without the need to navigate across multiple Wiktionary pages. Moreover, with the visualization of the etymological tree, editors can easily spot inconsistencies between etymological relationships described across multiple Wiktionary pages. Finally, researchers can use the database of etymological relationships to study etymologies on a large scale. Potentially, they could extend the database of etymological relationships to include semantics or pronunciations, to study how they evolved through time across etymological trees and across languages. From the graph it is possible to see that the English words "gorgeous", "disgorge", "gorget", and archaic words "gorge" and "engorge" are etymologically related.
Etymology sections Figure  2  presents a screenshot of the Etymology section of English word "gorgeous" in English Wiktionary. The same section in the xml dump (our data source) as well as in the edit tab of the online English Wiktionary is: ===Etymology=== From Early Modern English {{m|en|gorgious}}, {{m|en| gor-geouse}}, from {{etyl|frm|en}} {{m|frm|gorgias||elegant, fashion-able}}, from {{etyl|fro|en}} {{m|fro|gourgias}}, {{m|fro|gorgias|| gorgeous, gaudy, flaunting, gallant, fine}}, of uncertain formation, but apparently connected with {{cog|fro|gorgias||a gorget, ruffle for the neck}}, from {{etyl|fro|en}} {{m|fro|gorge||bosom, throat}}. See {{l|en|gorge}}. Sense evolution was probably that of "swelling of the throat or bosom due to pride, bridling up" to "assume an air of importance, flaunting".
After inspection of many different Etymology sections we inferred a set of recurrent patterns that we constructed using regular expressions. The most common pattern is 6 : (FROM )?(LANGUAGE LEMMA |LEMMA )(COMMA |DOT |OR ) Using this pattern plus a set of rules we extract etymological relationships into a RDF database. In what follows we present some examples of rules that we use. If we find a match to the pattern above with DOT or OR in the last group, we ignore all the text following the match. We ignore anything after a dot (DOT) because generally Etymology sections start with a chain of etymological relationships followed by a dot and then contain some descriptive text that is not easily parsable. We ignore anything following OR (alternative etymologies) as alternative etymologies are not presented in a standard format in the English Wiktionary.