dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Le portail Wiktrop propose des liens vers d'autres bases de données et site Web de façon à proposer des compléments d'information sur les espèces, mais il contribue également à certaines bases de données de biodiversité. Une passerelle de transfert de données a été établie entre Wiktrop et GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) pour mettre à disposition les données des observations validées (Le  Bourgeois et al. , 2021). Les prochaines évolutions majeures du portail porteront sur l'intégration des plantes de services et des plantes fourragères tropicales, et de nouveaux champs d'informations liés à ces espèces, notamment sur les traits fonctionnels. Dans la mesure où certaines espèces peuvent passer du statut d'adventice, à celui de plante de service ou de fourrage en fonction du contexte et des objectifs de l'agriculteur, il est apparu important de pouvoir gérer ces espèces dans un même espace tout en distinguant les informations liées à ces différents statuts.
Remerciements Les auteurs tiennent à remercier tous les partenaires des projets Wikwio, Wiktrop, AdvenAlg, Guyapatur, qui au cours du temps et de l' évolution du portail  ont apporté leur contribution tant sur la mise au point du portail, le choix des fonctionnalités que sur la capitalisation des connaissances sur les adventices. Ils remercient également tous les utilisateurs qui ont apporté leur contribution au travers d'informations sur  les espèces et leur gestion , en postant des observations, en partageant des documents et en participant à la vie et aux discussions sur le portail, pour une identification ou une méthode de lutte. Leur contribution est essentielle au bon fonctionnement de ce portail. Ils remercient enfin l'Union européenne et notamment le secrétariat ACP (projet ACP  Sciences et Technologie), le FEADER (projet Guyapatur) qui ont contribué au financement du développement et de l'évolution de ce portail.
Acknowledgements The  Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)  and the  Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle  (MNHN) provided access to the collections in the framework of the  Récolnat National Research Infrastructure  ( ANR-11-INBS-0004 ). The  Environmental Service of the Province Nord  is thanked for granting collecting permits, and for organization of the  Panié Rapid Assessment Program  in 2011. We also thank all collectors of the specimens cited, and the curators of the herbaria cited for making specimens available for study. We thank  Philippe Birnbaum ,  Vanessa Hequet ,  Pete Lowry , and our late friend and colleague  Christopher Davidson , who provided field photos. We thank  Drs Thomas Couvreur  ( IRD Montpellier ) and  Pete Lowry  ( Missouri Botanical Garden ) for improving the manuscript.
DATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N T Data are available via the Dryad Digital Repository: doi: 10. 5061/ dryad. bvq83bkdk. O RCI D Audrey Labonté https://orcid. org/0000-0001-5092-1471 Lucie S. Monticelli https://orcid. org/0000-0002-0745-3905 Stéphane Cordeau https://orcid. org/0000-0003-1069-8388.
Cette étude a pour objectif de documenter le renouvellement d'une politique alimentaire d'import-substitution au Cameroun. Elle interroge en quoi la production de farines panifiables à partir de productions vivrières locales (manioc, banane plantain, patate douce) peut devenir compétitive par rapport aux importations de blé. Elle utilise pour cela un cadre d'analyse de filière et de cluster alimentaires, ainsi que des bases de données primaires et secondaires et des enquêtes. Les résultats confirment une tendance à l'importation croissante de blé, qui présente des risques à l'avenir pour la souveraineté alimentaire. Ils montrent qu'il est difficile de se concentrer uniquement sur un objectif de substitution à la farine importée. La production nationale de manioc, de banane plantain et de patate douce fournit encore peu d'excédents pour répondre aux besoins d'une production industrielle de farines panifiables.
Cadre conceptuel et méthode Le cadre conceptuel et méthodologique mobilise de manière complémentaire un référentiel d'analyse de la compétitivité des filières agricoles  (Temple et al. , 2011 (Temple et al. , , 2023 ; ; Falciola et al. , 2020)  et des conditions d'émergence territorialisée d'unités de transformation alimentaires  (Requier-Desjardins et al. , 2007 ; Otsuka et Ali, 2020). Nous utilisons deux sources d'information : tout d'abord les bases de données secondaires de la FAO et celles de l'Institut national de la statistique (INS), des ministères de l'Agriculture et du Commerce, mais aussi générées par des programmes et projets agricoles du ministère de l'Agriculture : -Programme national de développement des racines et tubercules (PNDRT) ; -Programme d'investissement et de développement des marchés agricoles (PIDMA) ; -Projet de veille et de renforcement de la sécurité alimentaire (PNVRSA) ; -Projet de développement des chaînes de valeurs agricoles (PDC_VA).
Remerciements Les auteurs adressent leur gratitude au  Fond International pour la Science (FIS) et au Programme de Productivité Agricole en Afrique de l'Ouest (PPAAO/WAAPP ) pour avoir financé cette étude. Ce travail a bénéficié du support financier de  UE Eranet LEAP Agri-215  project  Roles of Agroforestry in sustainable intensification of small farMs and food SEcurity for SocIetIes in West Africa (RAMSES II ), https://www. ramsesiiagroforesterie. com/ Nous remercions aussi les collaborateurs techniques, scientifiques et les populations des sites d'étude pour leur soutien.
En conclusion, l'éventail de différents organoïdes qui peuvent être utilisés pour modéliser divers aspects du développement, de l'homéostasie, de la régénération et des maladies pulmonaires représente une nouvelle voie passionnante pour répondre aux questions restantes sur la biologie pulmonaire de diverses espèces d'intérêt. Les illustrations présentées dans cet article sont issues de travaux financés par le projet ANR EpiLungCell (grant ANR-17-CE20-0018), le projet Européen Veterinary Biocontained research facility.
Ces projets montrent le plus souvent une utilisation pionnière d'animations (tutoriels filmés, infolettre, réseaux sociaux. ), d'outils numériques (saisie, reconnaissance de la faune du sol. ), de production de ressources (mallette, classeur. ), certains projets étant pilotes sur ces plans. La phase de restitution comme celle de la capitalisation des données peuvent être améliorées. Si, pour les deux tiers des projets, la phase de restitution prend des formes originales (atelier de co-interprétation, application mobile, jeu sérieux. ), pour un tiers d'entre eux, elle n'est pas définie. La gestion des données est le plus souvent faite au travers de bases de données construites spécifiquement pour le projet, sans anticipation d'une possible mutualisation avec d'autres projets, voire avec des bases nationales de surveillance des sols ou de celles mises en place par des infrastructures de recherche.
Des modalités variées d'accompagnement Le compagnonnage et la formation des participants peuvent mobiliser des outils variés (photos, programmes de reconnaissance automatique. ) ou la mise à disposition d'informations issues de bases de données (cartes numériques, localisations. ). La formation, en amont ou lors de restitutions adaptées, est un levier puissant d'une montée en compétences, gage d'une meilleure qualité des données acquises.
Les articles que Daniel Sauvant a publiés dans la revue ont abordé tous les aspects de sa production scientifique Le nuage de mots réalisé sur les titres de ses articles (figure  1  Les articles de Daniel Sauvant sont parmi les plus consultés, téléchargés et cités de la revue La revue est indexée depuis 1997 dans le Web of Science (WOS), principale base de données qui comptabilise les citations des articles scientifiques dans d'autres articles afin de mesurer leur facteur d'impact dans la communauté scientifique. Au total, 36 articles de Daniel Sauvant publiés en premier auteur ou co-auteur sont indexés dans le WOS et ont été cités 582 fois, soit une moyenne de 16,2 citations par article, ce qui est largement supérieur au nombre moyen de citations des articles de la revue qui est de 6,9. Trois articles de Daniel Sauvant figurent parmi les 10 articles les plus cités de la revue : une synthèse sur les composantes de l'acidose ruminale et les effets acidogènes des rations  (Sauvant et al.
Remerciements Les auteurs remercient  Pierre Pellissier , d' Agribiodrôme , ainsi que  Renée de Crémoux ,  Emmanuel Morin ,  Catherine de Boissieu ,  Magdelena Chanteperdrix ,  Christophe Martineau et Didier Bastien , de l' Institut de l'Élevage, pour leurs  contributions à ce texte.
Agronomic and socio-economic options for rubber intercropping in Sri Lanka: a forward analysis in the Moneragala and Ampara regions Natural rubber is considered a strategic material for the development of Sri Lanka by the Ministry for Plantations. In response to climate change, the country has adopted a policy focusing on resilience and sustainable development. It is in this context that Ksapa initiated the RIVER project in 2022, aiming to develop a program to strengthen agricultural capacity in Sri Lanka. To carry out this project, the company commissioned YAPI Expertise to provide agroforestry intercropping models based on rubber trees with good agronomic performance and economically of interest to producers to diversify their sources of income. The RIVER project is implemented in two districts in south-eastern Sri Lanka: Moneragala and Ampara.
Field survey The second step of the methodology is a socio-economic survey of the existing intercropping with rubber farming systems in Moneragala and Ampara. The objective is to analyse the actual practices of intercropping in the areas and collect qualitative data on the positions of farmers and the acceptability of increasing the intercropping in rubber systems. The method used is based on the publication about the evaluation of the overall performance of a farm  (Zahm et al. , 2013)  to determine agronomic, economic and adoption criteria. The objective of the field survey was to collect data regarding two categories of criteria: performance criteria and adoption criteria for intercropping.
A survey with semi-structured interviews with farmers The interview guides were constructed from the data needed to fulfill the performance and adoption criteria on intercropping. The questionnaire was tested during 5 interviews and then adapted to clarify misunderstandings and to prioritise the information requested by the multi-criteria study. The survey has been conducted by the Sri Lankan team of the RIVER project (mainly staff from LOAM), since the country was not accessible anymore due to a national crisis in Sri Lanka in July and August 2022. Sampling was based on LOAM's deployment capacity, considering the local situation of Sri Lanka during the national crisis. In total, 80 interviews were carried out, including 61 in Moneragala and 19 in Ampara (figure  2 ). Farmers were interviewed as required by Sri Lankan regulations.
Data analysis with MCA The data are both quantitative or qualitative variables. The variables and their modalities are presented and organized into categories. The Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) method is chosen by YAPI Expertise because it allows the analysis of the association between several qualitative variables. It should be noted that the answers They also complement the performance criteria (tables IV, V and VI). For the implementation of the MCA, all modalities, even quantitative, were discretized. Variables were also selected according to their relevance or according to the quality of the results obtained. Indeed, some questions were almost never answered or could not be used. For instance, a few intercrops were only grown by a very small number of farmers and the variable "Use of intercrop" did not obtain a good quality of responses.
Focus groups with stakeholders of the rubber sector The focus groups are intended to discuss the processed data from smallholders and stimulates dialogue among the stakeholders of the rubber sector. It also seemed interesting for the study to obtain a global overview of the political, social, and economic dimensions of the rubber sector and its main intercrop. An open-ended interview guide was drafted for LOAM's interviewers, along with a facilitation note. The focus groups were set up in such a way that experts from research, the field actors and the economic environment met to discuss rubber cultivation in intercropping systems. The objective was the validation of results and more information on farmers strategies concerning intercropping. Based on LOAM's capacity, it was agreed to organise 3 focus group sessions.
Conclusion and recommendations YAPI Expertise's study was conducted as a desk study due to social unrest in the country but was completed by a local survey implemented by partner NGO. Firstly, the literature review on intercropping provided a high amount of data on each crop showing a relatively high level of knowledge and know-how on intercropping. These data were obtained from scientific as well as grey literature (not included in the bibliography of this publication). The data have been verified and sometimes adapted by experts to profit from experience and reliability. Such analysis should be later on counter-verified by local visits, the data needed to define the criteria for intercrop selection were sometimes difficult to find and to adapt to different soils or rainfall conditions. Data were provided to local stakeholders for analysis.
Furthermore, for certain reasons, some of the data provided during the interviews had outliers and were not considered in the analysis. Finally, the intercropping models were mainly based on agronomic data. The lack of information on social categories (labor availability, labor requirement, etc. ) and economic categories (input costs, place of crops on the Sri Lankan market, selling costs of crops, etc. ) led to the construction of models based on a questionable database. Indeed, a performant model cannot rely only on agronomic analysis. In order to adapt these models to the reality of the country, it will be essential to budget inputs and adapt the choice of crops to the local market (consumer demand, presence of collection and resale centers, etc. ) and above all to the farmers' needs. Most of the current proposal has been discussed in focus groups with local communities but further monitoring should be done when development phase will be launched in 2023-2024 in order to ensure the best possible adaptability to local conditions.
Acknowledgement This study has been implemented by a group of 9 students (YAPI Expertise) from ISTOM in the framework of the Young Expert Consulting program developed by ISTOM since 2010. We would like to thank Ludovic Andrès, for his collaboration with Ksapa in the design of the Terms of Reference of this study in relation with the RIVER project implemented in Sri Lanka. We also want to thank Raphaël Haras, CEO of the RIVER project, Hatim Hissoufaly, program director, and Adrien Covo, development officer. The authors express their gratitude to Alexis Thoumazeau and Charlotte Simon from CIRAD, and to LOAM, the local project partner, and in particular to Thilak Kariyawasam and his team and Camso Loadstar.
Health costs were equivalent among all of the profiles studied. However, farmers with a higher biosecurity level spent more on preventive measures. The results of this study may help farmers to be more aware of the benefits of biosecurity, more specifically the working habits and the slaughter departures organization, beyond simple compliance with the regulations and enables them to make progress on broader issues in the swine industry, such as reducing the use of antibiotics. Controlling animal health expenses is an economic and safety issue for the French pork industry. The study of health expenses sheds light on the complex management of health on farms. A survey of health expenses in 2021 on 51 farrow-to-finish pig farms in Brittany was used to update the previous dataset from 2017. The survey consisted of retrieving GTE (technical and economic management) and GTTT (sow herd management) results, as well as invoices for health-product purchases.
Ces ferricrètes sont donc caractérisés par des allochtonies mécaniques et chimiques importantes, la source du Fe en solution comme des grains d'ilménite étant difficilement traçable avec certitude dans cette région. La comparaison avec des teneurs moyennes en éléments majeurs et traces de gossans, cuirasses latéritiques et minerai de Fe des tourbières (« bog ore ») montre que la géochimie en roche totale est utilisable pour discriminer les ferricrètes de KOB des gossans au premier ordre, mais qu'il convient d'implémenter les bases de données avec des analyses de gossans se développant au-dessus de gisements de type iron-oxides-copper-gold deposits comme ceux exploités en Inchiri (e. g. gisement de Guelb-Moghrein, près d'Akjoujt).
Notre étude montre que pour l'exploration minière l'outil géochimique est discriminant pour différencier les gossans des autres formations ferrugineuses au premier ordre. Cependant, les teneurs moyennes compilées ici pour comparaison avec les ferricrètes de KOB sont sujettes à d'importantes variations en fonction de l'altération, du climat et de la végétation, mais surtout de la composition des oxydes, sulfures, arséniures constituant la minéralisation primaire. La prudence serait donc de constituer une base de données exhaustive d'analyses en roche totale des principaux gossans avérés de la province de l'Inchiri (e. g. gisement IOCG de Guelb-Moghrein).
Kinematic Analysis of Deformation Structures The attitude of micro-and meso-structures was measured in the field and used to reconstruct the deformation history of the accretionary prism. Bedding or foliations were measured at each site together with deformation structures. Structures include kinematic indicators (such as meter-scale striated faults, shear bands, fractures, or dykes and extension fractures typically filled with syn-deformation minerals) and indicators of finite strain (foliation, crenulation cleavage, and fold axes). The measured data were processed following the recommendations of  Delvaux and Sperner (2003)  and  Sperner & Zweigel (2010) , which include the search for chronological relationships in the field, the attribution of a confidence level to each datum (certain, probable, supposed, unknown), and the user-driven separation of data into mechanically compatible subsets.
Structural data were manually sorted according first to their crosscutting relationships and then to their kinematics and orientation. We limited our kinematic analysis to the determination of shortening (P), intermediate (B), and extension (T) axes of the deformation ellipsoid. The kinematic analysis was performed using the PBT method of the WinTensor program  (Delvaux et al. , 2013) , which determines the statistical distribution of kinematic axes for a given subset of data.
, 2002; Lahfid et al. , 2010). The final deconvolution was made according to the method of  Lahfid et al. (2010)  or  Beyssac et al. (2002)  according to the following criteria: (a) If a D4 band was present together with a relatively high D3 and small D2 bands, the Lahfid et al. (  2010 ) method was applied. Raman spectra were processed with the software PeakFit 4. 12 by subtracting the baseline and fitting the obtained spectrum with five Lorenzian bands. From the area below five Lorenzian bands, a RA1 ratio was calculated using the equation RA1 = (D1 + D4)/(D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + G). The final temperature was estimated following equation T (°C) = 1,250 × RA1 -469. 75  (Lahfid et al. , 2010). (b) If the Raman spectra contained an obvious D2 band, a low D3 band, and an absent D4 band, the deconvolution process was made according to  Beyssac et al.
Remerciements L'auteur exprime sa gratitude au  Dr. Andrew Young  pour la mise à disposition de sa fabuleuse bibliographie en ligne (citée à la fin du paragraphe 2) et pour ses conseils personnalisés d'utilisation. Il remercie aussi  Julien Desmarets  ( du service des publications de l'Académie des sciences ) pour son précieux travail technique améliorant la lisibilité des extraits de textes anciens.
S1 ). Differences in the polygonization of the Earth's surface between GPMs also arise from different interpretations about the locations of ancient tectonic boundaries-which occurs more frequently in complicated geological areas and in deeper time. The second key component of a GPM is a rotation file that describes the time-dependent motion of the tectonic elements as finite (or "total") Euler rotations  (Müller et al. , 2018; Domeier and Torsvik, 2019). These 'rotation files' can be read and interpolated by software programs such as 'GPlates'  (Müller et al. , 2018)  to reconstruct the motion of the tectonic elements through time, and enable the reconstruction of palaeocoordinates for fossil occurrence data  (Boyden et al. , 2011; Wright et al. , 2013). It is important to note that rotation files can report the motion of tectonic elements with respect to one another ('relative' motion) and/or with respect to the Earth's mantle or the planetary spin-axis (so-called 'absolute' motion)  (Torsvik et al.
, 2008a). Only the latter reference frame (the motion of tectonic elements relative to Earth's spin axis) is appropriate for the reconstruction of fossil occurrence data as it reports true palaeolatitudes  (Seton et al. 2023). Recent work has demonstrated differences in the palaeogeographic reconstruction of several fossil and geological datasets when using different GPMs (e. g. Cao et al. , 2019; Boddy et al. , 2022; Jones et al. , 2022). Yet, the impact of model choice on palaeogeographic reconstructions at global Phanerozoic scale remains untested. Quantifying this 'palaeogeographic uncertainty' is key to understanding the robustness of observed deep-time biodiversity patterns and their response to past climatic change (e. g. Mannion et al. , 2014; Reddin et al. , 2018). Here, we quantify spatial discrepancies in palaeogeographic reconstruction from five open-access GPMs.
Quantifying spatiotemporal differences To quantify differences in palaeogeographic reconstruction (Fig. 1 ), we first generated a discrete global hexagonal grid (~100 km spacings) via the python library 'h3' v. 3. 7. 6  (Uber, 2023). Most GPMs have a network of static polygons covering most of the Earth's continental areas, and we retained only the grid cells that were included within a static polygon in each of the GPMs. Subsequently, we reconstructed palaeocoordinates for cell centroids across the last 540 Myr with a timestep of 10 Myr for each GPM, resulting in up to 54 time steps depending on GPM (Table  1 ). To do so, we used the python library 'pygplates' ver. 0. 36. 0  (Williams et al. , 2017)  to interact with the software GPlates  (Boyden et al. , 2011; Müller et al. , 2018). Using the reconstructed palaeocoordinates for each cell-from each model-we calculated: (1) the standard deviation (SD) in palaeolatitude and (  2 ) the mean pairwise geodesic distance (PGD) between reconstructed coordinates (up to five sets) for each cell.
The former of these quantifies the potential uncertainty in palaeolatitude between models with significance for studies such as those focused on reconstructing the latitudinal biodiversity gradients in deep time (e. g. Allen et al. , 2020; Song et al. , 2020). The latter quantifies the uncertainty in palaeogeographic position between models having significance for studies focused on themes such as reconstructing organisms' geographic range sizes (e. g. Antell et al. , 2020). Mean PGD was calculated using the R package 'geosphere' ver. 1. 5-18  (Hijmans et al. , 2021). (3) at time intervals of 10 Myr throughout the Phanerozoic (540-0 Ma), for each model, using the software GPlates via the 'pygplates' ver. 0. 36. 0 python library  (Williams et al. , 2017). Reconstruction files are subsequently generated for each model (4), and the palaeolatitudinal standard deviation (5) and the mean pairwise geodesic distance (6) calculated for each cell centroid between the five models for each time step.