dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Study protocol All patients were ventilated using a Servo-i ventilator (Maquet Critical Care, Solna, Sweden) equipped with the standard commercial version of the NAVA module. The standard nasogastric feeding tube was removed and replaced by an electromyography activity of the diaphragm catheter consisting of a 16-French gastric tube equipped with electrodes. As soon as the patients met the readiness-to-wean criteria, a 30-min SBT was performed with the patient connected to the ventilator with a pressure support level of 7 cm H 2 O and zero end-expiratory pressure. The FiO 2 was adjusted during the SBT so as to obtain an SpO 2 of between 90 and 95%. Electromyographic recording was performed during the whole time of the SBT. The endotracheal tube was suctioned before starting recording. Based on the criteria adapted from the 2007 international consensus conference  [1] , the SBT was considered a failure if at least one the following criteria was present: (1) SaO 2 < 90% with FiO 2 ≥ 50%; (2) acute respiratory distress (RR ≥ 40/min, agitation, cyanosis); (3) systolic arterial blood pressure ≥ 180 mmHg; (4) sudden cardiac arrhythmias, and (5) respiratory acidosis (pH < 7.
Data acquisition Anthropometric data and medical history were collected at inclusion. Clinical variables Heart rate, systemic blood pressure and dyspnea were collected at the initiation and end of the SBT. Presence of neuromuscular weakness, defined by MRC score < 48, was collected. Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale and Pain-Visual Analogue Scale (from 1 to 100 mm) were collected during the assessment that was the closest of the SBT. Medications received by the patient before and during the SBT were collected. Patients were considered able to consistently self-report dyspnea if the Dyspnea-Visual Analogue Scale (Dyspnea-VAS) variation did not exceed 1 cm for three consecutive measures  [10, 11]. Dyspnea was quantified by placing a cursor on a 10 cm Dyspnea-Visual Analogue Scale (Dyspnea-VAS) bounded on the left by "no respiratory discomfort" and on the right by "worst imaginable respiratory discomfort".
Electromyography of extradiaphragmatic inspiratory muscles The EMG signal was collected by self-adhesive surface electrodes such as those commonly used to record the electrocardiogram signal in critically ill patients, with an interval of 2 cm between the two electrodes. Electrode positions varied according to the muscle being recorded. For the EMG of the parasternal intercostal muscles, electrodes were placed next to the second intercostal space as close as possible to the sternum. For the EMG of the Alae nasi muscles, electrodes were placed on the lateral surfaces of the nose (nostrils)  [9]. EMG signals were amplified, sampled at a frequency of 10 kHz, and finally filtered between 40 and 500 Hz (PowerLab, ADInstruments, Dunedin, New Zealand). The signal was processed using the Labchart Peak Analysis module MLS380/8 (ADInstruments, Dunedin, New Zealand), which generates a root mean square of the EMG smoothed over 1-s fixed windows.
Signal processing Respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (Vt) were determined on a breath-by-breath basis and averaged for the first and last 5 min of the SBT recording (Labchart 7. 3 ® software, ADInstruments, Dunedin, New Zealand). Maximum EMG (EMGmax) and the area under the curve of the EMG during inspiratory time (EMGauc) integrated from baseline to peak were calculated on a breath-by-breath basis. The first and last 5 min of the SBT were eventually averaged. Due to the variability of skin impedance  [16, 17]  and the patient's morphology, EMGmax and EMGauc values were normalized to EMG activity at initiation of the SBT.
Statistical Analysis Children age was considered in the statistical analyses both as a continuous and a categorical variable. Age categories were then 0-2 months (n = 20), 2-6 months (n = 15), 6-12 months (n = 7), 1-10 years (n = 13), and 10-20 years (n = 23). The 2-6 months age group was the one of specific interest to study potential implication in SIDS. Correlations between age and CSF measures were assessed by Spearman correlation test. Comparisons between CSF measures (HA, t-MeHA and t-MeHA/HA) according to age groups were performed using Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests globally and based on pairwise rankings corrected for multiple comparisons when considering pairwise two-sided analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9. 4. The significance level was set at p < 0.
CONCLUSION We report in the present study the CSF HA and t-MeHA levels in healthy children from 0 to 20 years old. We therefore obtained normative data in order to better understand the maturation of the histaminergic system. CSF HA levels seem to be high in infant and then to decrease during childhood with age, as t-MeHA levels do. These results suggest changes in the histaminergic transmission and metabolism over the child's brain development, that we should further investigate. These normative data can be put into perspective with measurements under pathological conditions so as to better appreciate the role and adaptations of the histaminergic system in various pathologies. Regarding SIDS, this study did not show any decrease of HA levels concurrently with that of orexin levels during the physiological period at risk for SIDS between 2 and 6 months.
Statistical analysis All variables were presented using frequency distribution for categorical variables. Comparisons between HCWs workings in 7-hour schedules vs. long schedules were carried out using the chi-square test for categorical variables. All associations with a p < 0. 05 were considered signi cant. In multivariate analyses, one model was carried out for each work environment and health risky behaviors that was signi cantly different between groups in univariate analyses. Each model was adjusted for the job, department and individual characteristics that were signi cantly different between groups in univariate analyses. The data was analyzed with the SPSS 20. 0 software.
Acknowledgments. We thank the following institutions/facilities for their participation in the dissemination of the study : regional health agencies:  Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, Brittany, Ile de France, GHT : Alps, Dauphiné, Rhône center, South Drôme, Ardèche ,  Western Brittany ,  South Brittany ,  Upper Brittany ,  South Corsica ,  South Val d'Oise, North Hauts-de-Seine, Ile de France, South Vaucluse, Var, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône ,  Alpes Maritimes ,  Southern Alps , Academic hospitals:  Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hospices civils de Lyon, CHU d 'Amiens, CHU d 'Angers, CHU de Besancon, CHU de Bres ,t  CHRU de Caen, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand ,  CHU de Dijon, CHU de Grenoble, CHU of Lille, CHU of Limoges, CHU of Martinique, CHU of Montpellier, CHRU of Nancy, CHU of Nantes, CHU of Pointe-à-Pitre/Les Abymes ,  CHU of Reims, CHU of Rennes, CHU of La Reunion, CHU of Rouen, CHU of Saint-Étienne, CHU of Toulouse, CHRU of Tours , Private hospitals: Angers:  Institut de cancérologie de l'Ouest Bordeaux: Institut Bergonié Caen: Centre François Baclesse Clermont-Ferrand: Centre Jean Perrin Dijon: Centre George-François Leclerc Lille: Centre Oscar Lambret Lyon: Centre Léon Bérard Marseille: Institut Paoli-Calmettes Nice: Centre Antoine Lacassagne , Associations :  French National Association of Occupational Therapists, National Association of Graduate Nurses and Students , French association of dieticians nutritionists, French association of care managers, Professional association of midwives, Committee of agreement of the nursing training and executives,  National College of Physiotherapy.
7 cells. The viability of the macrophages after treatment with free and liposomal BTW and STW was visualized under microscopy and compared with the viability of untreated cells and cells treated with DMSO (5 % and 10 %). The microscopic visualization showed no difference in morphology between untreated and RAW cells cultured with different concentrations of TWs and TW-Liposome formulations (data not shown). These results suggest that free and encapsulated BTW and STW have no pro-inflammatory effect and volumes of 10 and 50 µL (BTW and STW) and concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 μM of conventional and deformable liposomes charged with BTW and STW were chosen for subsequent experiments. 3. 6. Effects of TWs, TWs-Lip and TWs-DLip on LPS-activated RAW 264. 7 macrophage cell production of NO and TNF As thermal waters have shown their positive effect on skin diseases caused by inflammation  (Largeau 1881 , Boughlali 2003 , Ali 2008) , the potential effect of TWs, free and encapsulated in various formulations on macrophages activation was evaluated.
Acknowledgements The authors thank the  Plateforme d'Analyse des Inorganiques (PAI) ,  UMR 7178   CNRS-Université de Strasbourg  for analytical analysis of thermal waters. The authors thank the  French-Algerian scholarship program ,  PROFAS B,  for its financial support. This work of the  Interdisciplinary Institute HiFunMat , as part of the  ITI 2021-2028 program  of the  University of Strasbourg ,  CNRS  and  Inserm , was supported by  IdEx Unistra  ( ANR-10-IDEX-0002 ) and  SFRI  ( STRAT ' US  project,  ANR-20-SFRI-0012 ) under the framework of the  French Investments for the Future Program.
The concept of a digital twin is increasingly appearing in industrial applications, including the field of predictive maintenance. A digital twin is a virtual representation of a physical system containing all data available on site. This paper presents condition monitoring of ventilation systems through the digital twin approach. A literature review regarding the most popular system faults is covered. The motor current signature analysis is used in this research to detect system faults. The physical system is further described. Then, based on the free body diagram concept and Newton's second law, the equations of motion are obtained. Matlab/Simulink software is used to build the digital twin. The Concordia method and the Fast Fourier Transform analysis are used to process the current signal, and physical and numerical system current measurements are obtained and compared.
Modeling After obtaining the necessary mathematical equations, it became possible to model the ventilation system, or more precisely, the fan/motor system in our case. The Matlab/Simulink software R2021b was used to perform this task. Let us start with the three equations of motion, Equations (  1 )-(  3 ), and build their Simulink model shown in Figure  5 , while Figure  6  shows the overall diagram. The mechanical torque is the sum of all moments on the fan that has a value equal to J F θF. This torque is used as feedback to the induction motor as the load torque in a realistic situation. The IM is powered by a three-phase AC source, and some noise has been added to the stator current, to make it closer to reality. Once the modeling is done, a pilot digital twin model of the fan/motor system is constructed as shown in Figure  7.
Results and Discussions First, the three-phases currents obtained from the physical and the Simulink model in the ideal condition, without any system defects, are collected. The data acquisition device utilized to collect currents from the physical fan/motor system, with its implementation presented in Figure  8. This tool has a filter up to 2. 5 KHz. Note that all measurements were collected for 60 s when the current reached its steady state. One phase current of each case are shown in Figure  9. This image shows an almost perfect match between the two currents with a slight difference in amplitudes. The simulated current has a slightly higher value than the measured one. The RMS error between these currents is demonstrated is equal to 4641. Then, and in order to dig deeper by analyzing these signals, we applied the concordia analysis, and we presented the results in Figures  10  and 11.
Descriptive statistics The study's central question is whether national guidelines regarding patient enrollment in the free dialysis program are followed at the public hospital level. As a secondary objective, we analyze which social justice principles are applied in hospitals. We conduct a multivariate logit regression analysis using data collected from patients in public and private centers to identify the determinants of enrollment. The outcome variable is whether the patient is dialyzed in a public hospital or a private center, and a YES answer means the patient benefits from the program. Control variables include chronicity and socioeconomic characteristics such as wealth status, insurance distribution, and education level. Chronicity is defined as a chronic or long-duration illness. In this study, we measure chronicity with the duration of hemodialysis.
Search Strategy Four databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct, were accessed in March 2021, using the same search terms: "firefighter", "health effects", "spirometry", "asthma", "occupational exposure", "obstructive airway", "lung", "FEV", "forest", "wildland", "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease" and "meta-analysis". References cited in individual or review articles were systematically analysed through a manual search and included in this meta-analysis. No language limitation was applied. Duplicates were removed. The authors were not contacted for further information. This meta-analysis followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines  [34].
Data Extraction The studies were independently researched and screened by two authors. Agreement between them was reached after a consensual discussion. For studies considering the same or overlapping populations, we selected the one with a larger population and more comprehensive information. After applying the exclusion criteria, the studies were analysed, and data were extracted with the following information: author's surname, publication year, study design, study location, sample size, participants' mean age, fire type and main objective. Predicted FEV 1 (%) and FVC (%) were collected as indicators of lung function. When FEV 1 and FVC were expressed in litres, the corresponding predicted values were estimated using the Global Lung Function calculator, which is based on the age, gender, height and ethnicity of the study participants  [35].
However, the comparison between newer and older studies is difficult, as the studies' procedures may have changed with time, namely, the recruitment strategies, the equipment used for lung function tests (past vs. modern devices), different or newer methodologies, or different standards for lung function tests  [16, 19]. Several studies based their conclusions on the published predicted values of spirometric indices (FEV 1 and FVC), which have been reviewed or modified over the years. The Global Lung Function Initiative developed in 2012 (GLI-2012) reports the latest reference equations for spirometry, based on the pooled resources of various countries and on data obtained from more than 74,000 healthy non-smokers tests from all over the world  [62, 63]. To date, the GLI database is the one in force and is used by most of the researchers and health care professionals, hampering an appropriate comparison between studies.
Funding: This research was funded by the  Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia , grant number  UIDB/00511/2020 ,  PCIF/SSO/0101/2017  and  CEECIND/02477/2017. This work was financially supported by  LA/P/0045/2020  ( ALiCE)  and  UIDB/00511/2020-UIDP/00511/2020  (LEPABE), funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC); Project  PCIF/SSO/0101/2017 , funded by  FCT/MCTES.
SFJDC is one of the recommended TCM formulations for the treatment of influenza in China  [85]. Zhang et al. [6]  conducted in silico screening of 125 species of TCM and found that several phenolics (QR, kaempferol, and lignin) may inhibit COVID-19 reproduction. Among the investigated constituents of 121 herbs in a study, luteolin and tetra-O-galloyl-β-dglucose inhibited SARS-CoV entry into a host cell  [66]. After the screening of thousands of potential antiviral phytoconstituents in a medicinal plant database, the following were found to be the most promising polyphenols for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 3CL virus replication  [86] : myricitrin, myricetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, methyl rosmarinate, flavanone-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 5,7,3 ,4 -tetrahydroxy-2 -(3,3dimethylallyl) isoflavone, (2S)-eriodictyol 7-O-(6"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and calceolarioside B.
Quercetin in Combination with Vitamins and Trace Elements Vitamins are essential for several physiological processes in the system and boost immunity. Using vitamins in combination with QR can alleviate the symptoms of COVID-19. Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant molecule and could be beneficial in reducing the symptoms of coronavirus. Several recent clinical trials on COVID-19 used vitamin C to treat infected patients. The RTC NCT04468139 is based on an approach of quadruple therapy including QR, vitamin C, zinc, and bromelain (https://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT04468139, accessed on 29 July 2022). It has been reported that a higher level of intracellular zinc increases intracellular pH inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 s RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, leading to damage to the virus replication mechanism  [102].
Data collection Data were collected by 54 interns in general practice, observing their GP supervisors. They were trained for this data collection, including in the use of the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-2). 18 They collected the data on paper forms at the end of each encounter and entered them daily in a secure central database via a dedicated website. Data concerning the GPs' characteristics included age, gender, fees authorised (set by the government or the GP), mode of practice (solo, group, private multiprofessional, or public health centre), practice location, number of visits by medical sales representatives, by public healthcare insurance delegates and by or to patients. The data concerning the consultations included the patient's age, gender, socioprofessional category, health insurance status (specifically, exemption from fees due to low income, serious chronic disease, or a workplace accident or occupational disease), visit site (office or home), number of health problems managed and consultation length.
Statistical analyses The study sample of GPs was compared with the French GP population (Source: CNAM TS (Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés), 2012) using t-test for numerical data and χ 2 test for categorical data. The dependent variables analysed were the performance of a clinical examination (yes/no), an order for a laboratory test (yes/no), and the order of an imaging investigation (yes/no) for each health problem managed. The clinical examination variable included the following ICPC-2 codes: complete medical examination/health evaluation (-30), partial medical examination/health evaluation (-31). The laboratory test variable included the following ICPC-2 codes: sensitivity test (-32), microbiological/immunological test (-33), blood test (-34), urine test (-35), stool test (-36), histological/exfoliative cytology (-37), other laboratory test (-38).
Imaging investigations corresponded to the ICPC-2 diagnostic radiology/imaging code (-41). For each dependent variable, we performed univariate and then multivariable analyses, using a logistic regression model. The multivariable analyses used hierarchical mixedeffect models with random intercepts for physician effect and including three levels: the physician, consultation and health problem. 20 21 For each of these dependent variables, we secondarily performed two specific multivariable analyses separating diagnostic procedures used for screening purposes and those for diagnostic or follow-up purposes. We identified the screening procedures in the database as the diagnostic processes of care associated with health problems coded with either no disease (A97) or health maintenance/ preventive medicine (A98).
Open access We could not adjust analyses for a possible influence of the interns, as it would have introduced a level of collinearity with GP characteristics into the multivariable models. However, the standardised process used for data collection and the observing role of the interns during the study limited the risk of confounding bias due to this factor. The study data were collected in 2011-2012. In the recent years, the sex ratio female/male of the GPs practicing in France has still substantially increased (from 0. 64 in 2010 to 1. 02 in 2020). 47 The diagnostic practices of GPs may have also evolved as observed in Australia (with an increase in the number of pathology tests and of imaging investigations from 6. 0 to 7. 1 per 100 problems managed between 2006-2007 and 2015-16). 48 However, it is unlikely that the gaps observed between female and male GPs in this study have much changed in the meantime, since the medical education does not differ by gender and no incentive specific to GP gender has been provided in France.
Randomisation was stratified by the type of practice (solo or group), with a planned final sample target of 30 GPs. When they initially accepted to participate in the AntibioCharte study, GPs agreed that they could be randomly selected for a qualitative interview 1 year after the start of the intervention. Patients were recruited among patients of GPs who:  (1)   having regularly used the tools; and (3) accepted to invite some of their patients to participate or accepted that the research team directly recruits patients in their waiting room. Patients may have been in contact or not with the tools. A final sample of 15 patients was targeted, depending on data saturation.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  AntibioCharte Scientific Committee 's members:  Jacques Birgé ,  Jean-Marc Boivin ,  Virginie Chopard ,  Dyane Heranney  and  Christian Rabaud. They also would like to thank the regional  Health Insurance  from the  Grand Est region  for its help in implementing the intervention and providing the tools to participants during the study period. Finally, the authors thank all general practitioners and patients who agreed to participate in the study.
Methodology To locate spring mounds and assess their recent evolution, we used three data sets: -Eight topographic maps of the area were combined, digitised, projected into an image in UTM coordinates and geo-referenced (Table  S1 ). On these maps, 399 springs associated with spring mounds were identified, 2 springs were described as filled, 1 had dried up and 31 were located north of Djebel Tebaga. Not all of these springs were spring mounds. -The Timelapse project of Google Earth™ allows users to visualise and measure the evolution of a landscape since 1984. It uses GigaPan Time Machine technology (Carnegie Mellon University, USA), which allows for high-definition examination of mosaics of cloud-free images that consider the incidence of shade in relation of the season. Most images are provided by Landsat satellites (NASA).
Acknowledgements This project was supported by the  French laboratory Archéorient Environnements et sociétés de l'Orient ancien ,  UMR 5133. We are very grateful to the Pr. Yann Callot  for the initiation and advices for this work, to the  Institute of Arid Region of Medenine in south Tunisia  for facilities and field access and in memory of his director  Houcine Khatteli. We thank also the anonymous reviewers.