dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Figure 3. ROC plots for drinks intake and fluid intake, for impending and for current dehydration. Better diagnostic accuracy (with sensitivity of at least 60% and specificity of at least 85%) is represented by a line falling within the grey-outlined oblong in the top le hand corner of each plot. For a clear introduction to the concepts of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and other measures, and interpretation of ROC plots see Linnet 2012 (downloadable from http://www. clinchem. org/content/early/2012/07/13/clinchem. 2012. 182543. full. pdf). Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Figure 4. ROC plots for urine specific gravity and urine colour, for impending and for current dehydration.
Better diagnostic accuracy (with sensitivity of at least 60% and specificity of at least 85%) is represented by a line falling within the grey-outlined oblong in the top le hand corner of each plot. For a clear introduction to the concepts of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and other measures, and interpretation of ROC plots see Linnet 2012 (downloadable from http://www. clinchem. org/content/early/2012/07/13/clinchem. 2012. 182543. full. pdf). Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Figure 5. ROC plots for urine osmolality and urine output, for impending and for current dehydration. Better diagnostic accuracy (with sensitivity of at least 60% and specificity of at least 85%) is represented by a line falling within the grey-outlined oblong in the top le hand corner of each plot.
For a clear introduction to the concepts of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and other measures, and interpretation of ROC plots see Linnet 2012 (downloadable from http://www. clinchem. org/content/early/2012/07/13/clinchem. 2012. 182543. full. pdf). Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Figure 6. ROC plots for tests of dehydration and BIA resistance at 50kHz, for impending and for current dehydration. Better diagnostic accuracy (with sensitivity of at least 60% and specificity of at least 85%) is represented by a line falling within the grey-outlined oblong in the top le hand corner of each plot. For a clear introduction to the concepts of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and other measures, and interpretation of ROC plots see Linnet 2012 (downloadable from http://www.
Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Monahan 2006 {published and unpublished data} Ritz P, Source Study. Chronic cellular dehydration in the aged patient. Journals of Gerontology -Series A Biological Sciences Gaspar 2011a {published and unpublished data} and Medical Sciences 2001;56(6):M349-52. [MEDLINE: 11382793] Allison 2005 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)} Allison RD, Ray Lewis A, Liedtke R, Buchmeyer ND, Frank H. Early identification of hypovolemia using total body resistance measurements in long-term care facility residents. Gender Medicine 2005;2(1):19-34. [MEDLINE: 16115595] Bossingham 2005 {published and unpublished data} Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology 2006;9(1-4):31-6.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews reported. Of these 22 had had serum osmolality measured, and 15 had serum osmolarity of ≥ 275 mOsm/L, so were included in review analysis. Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Allison 2005 (Continued) Clinical features and set- • Setting: healthy older people living in the community Notes tings • Country: USA • Aim: to assess effects of age on water input, output, balance and hydration status Table of Methodological Quality Participants • Participants were older men and women with normal kidney, heart, liver, thyroid and blood pressure, Item Authors' judgement Description without diabetes • Sample size: 21 Representative spectrum? Unclear • Sex (M/F): 10/11 Yes: older people living in care All tests • Mean age ± SD, range (years): women (75 ± 4, 70 to 81); men (72 ± 4, 63 to 79) Unclear: method of recruitment unclear and only 22 of 1225 represented in da-ta • Nutritional status (mean ± SD): BMI (women 27.
4 ± 4. 2; men 26. 5 ± 3. 3) Acceptable reference stan-dard? Study design No • Prospective study • 2 x 2 table published: no, reviewers used dataset provided by authors Serum osmolarity (calculated rather than measured serum osmolality) All tests Target condition and ref- • Serum osmolality, mOsm/kg (directly measured) Acceptable delay between erence standard(s) No • Method: plasma from fasting blood sample analysed in osmometer (Advanced Osmometer Model 3D3, Delay up to 3 months between reference standard and index tests tests? Advanced Instruments Inc) All tests • Cut-o : < 295 versus ≥ 295 mOsm/kg Partial verification avoid-Index and comparator No Ad lib water intake Serum osmolarity assessment was based on clinical criteria so was probably ed? tests not random, and reference standard data were accessed retrospectively All tests Differential verification Unclear Yes: reviewers chose the cut-o level used avoided? All tests Unclear: method of measuring osmolarity unclear and may have differed be-tween participants as based in different facilities Incorporation avoided? Yes The index test did not form any part of the reference standard All tests Reference standard results Yes Biochemical measures used, reviewers set cut-o s blinded? All tests • Sample size: 15 Index test results blinded? All tests • Sex (M/F): not stated Unclear • Age: not stated • Nutritional status: not stated Yes: reviewers chose cut-o levels Unclear whether any interpretation of total body resistance occurred Study design Relevant clinical informa- • Reference standard (serum osmolality) was retrospective Yes Assessments made without reference to clinical data tion? • 2 x 2 table published: no, reviewers used individual data published within the paper All tests Target condition and ref- • Serum osmolarity, mOsm/L (calculated) erence standard(s) All tests ported? Uninterpretable results re- • Cut-o : < 295 versus ≥ 295 mOsm/L • Method: not stated (collected in standard practice care in several facilities, so methods may vary) Unclear Not stated Index and comparator All tests tests Withdrawals explained? • Method: Quantum II Bioimpedance Analyser & Cyprus Body Composition Analyzer software, RJL Sys-Total body resistance at 50kHz, by BIA No > 1000 participants not represented in dataset tems, Michigan Free of commercial fund-ing? No • Timing: BIA and serum osmolarity were measured within 3 months of each other Study funding not stated, but first author worked for company that produce BIA equipment, another worked for the company that produce the software Follow-up Flow used • Of 1225 selected residents medical charts of 118 were reviewed (unclear how these were chosen), of whom 44 had had clinical lab results measured in past 3 months and for whom individual data were Allison 2005 Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration.
2 years • Sex (M/F): 38/62 Yes The index tests did not form part of the reference standard Table of Methodological Quality • Nutritional status: unclear Reference standard results Unclear Not stated Item Study design blinded? All tests Authors' judgement Description • Prospective study • 2 x 2 table published: yes, no additional data available from authors Representative spectrum? All tests Acceptable reference stan-All tests Index and comparator All tests dard? Target condition and ref-Index test results blinded? All tests erence standard(s) tion? Relevant clinical informa- Yes Axillary moisture, weighed (data not reported) Older people living in long term care facilities Random sampling used Yes: reviewers set our own cut-o s as we had access to the full dataset No No: calculated serum osmolarity Unclear Not stated Serum osmolality, mOsm/kg (directly measured) plus serum urea/ creatinine ratio (mmol/L/μmol/L) • Method: no details provided • Cut-o : > 295 mOsm/kg AND serum urea/creatinine ratio (mmol/L/μmol/L) > 0.
All tests Relevant clinical informa-Representative spectrum? tion? All tests All tests Yes No Assessments made without reference to clinical data No: participants had acute medical conditions Yes: consecutive recruitment Uninterpretable results re-All tests All tests dard? ported? Acceptable reference stan- Yes No Gaps in the dataset clear (full dataset provided) Was a combination of serum osmolality and urea/ creatinine ratio Withdrawals explained? Acceptable delay between All tests tests? No No 311/313 participants reported, 311 in dataset (reasons for 2 missing unclear) Index test was within 24 hours of admission, but the timing of the duplicate as-sessments were 1 to 6 hours apart and timing of reference standard was not Free of commercial fund-All tests Yes Funded in part by National Institute on Aging, authors all worked in medical or stated ing? Partial verification avoid- Unclear academic settings Yes: study prospective ed? Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration.
6 years Representative spectrum? No • Nutritional status: unclear No: while some participants were living in long term care facilities, some were All tests in hospital for ECG treatment Study design • Prospective study Unclear if recruitment was consecutive, or a random sample • 2 x 2 table published: no, dataset provided by author Acceptable reference stan-Target condition and ref-dard? All tests erence standard(s) Yes Serum osmolality, mOsm/kg (directly measured) Serum osmolality (measured) Reviewers set our own cut-o s • Method: no details provided, on a day following water deprivation from 7 pm the previous evening, day 2 of 4-day stay Acceptable delay between • Cut-o : < 295 versus ≥ 295 mOsm/kg tests? All tests YesBIA measures were taken within 2 hours of serum osmolality sample, BUT timing of MMSE and CAM were unclear as these were taken from notes.
6 ± 7. 0 years • Nutritional status (mean ± SD, range): BMI (27. 4 ± 4. 7 kg/m 2 , 19 to 39. 3) Representative spectrum? Yes Participants were resident in the community All tests Study design • Prospective study • 2 x 2 table published: no, dataset provided by author Consecutive recruitment Acceptable reference stan-Target condition and ref-dard? All tests erence standard(s) Yes Serum osmolality, mOsm/kg (directly measured) Serum osmolality (measured) Reviewers set our own cut-o s • Method: using freezing point depression on Advanced Instruments 2020 osmometer from venous blood sample, within 1 hour of index tests Acceptable delay between tests? Unclear • Cut-o : < 295 versus ≥ 295 mOsm/kg Serum osmolality and urinary osmolality appear to have been taken around the same time on the same day, but urine volume and voiding were averaged All tests over the 4 days of stay at the research facility Partial verification avoid- Yes Study prospective ed? All tests All received the reference standard Differential verification Yes The same reference standard was used for all participants avoided? Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review)Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration.
men Mack 1994 Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews • Mean age ± SD (range): 69 ± 6. 3 years (65 to 79) • Nutritional status (mean ± SD, range): weight (77. 3 ± 8. 9 kg, 58. 7 to 87. 1); BMI not provided Study design • Prospective study (before/after design), participants were measured at baseline, dehydrated through heat and exercise for 105 min, rested for 30 min, then allowed to rehydrate for 180 min • 2 x 2 table published: no, dataset provided by author Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Target condition and ref- Serum osmolality, mOsm/kg (directly measured) erence standard(s) • Method: freezing point depression • Cut-o : < 295 versus ≥ 295 mOsm/kg.
Setting: nationally representative sample of older people • country: USA • Aim: to assess the prevalence of dehydration in older people Participants • Non-institutionalised people aged at least 65 years who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, see http://www. cdc. gov/nchs/nhanes. htm) including non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic African-American and Mexican-American respondents • sex (M/F): 945/1002 • Mean age ± SD (range): 74. 8 ± 6. 8 (65 to 90) • Nutritional status (mean ± SD): BMI (27. 0 ± 5. 0) Study design • Prospective study (cross-sectional) • 2 x 2 table published: no, dataset provided by author Target condition and ref- Serum osmolality, mOsm/kg (directly measured) erence standard(s) • Method: not stated • Cut-o : < 295 versus ≥ 295 mOsm/kg Index and comparator TBW assessed by BIA as % body weight (1946 participants) tests.
Stotts 2009 Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Stookey 2005 (Continued) All tests Reviewers set our own cut-o s as we had access to the full dataset • 2 x 2 table published: no, dataset (of baseline data) provided by author Acceptable delay between Target condition and ref- Unclear Serum osmolality, mOsm/kg (directly measured) BIA and blood sample for serum osmolarity taken during a single mobile cen- tests? All tests erence standard(s) • Method: not stated tre interview • Cut-o : < 295 versus ≥ 295 mOsm/kg Partial verification avoid-Stookey 2005 ed? All tests tests Index and comparator Yes Fluid intake over 24 hours (48 participants) Study prospective enough blood sample (877 did not have serum osmolality measured) All those included received the reference standard so long as there was a large Differential verification Yes The same reference standard was used for all participants avoided? All tests Incorporation avoided? Yes The index tests did not form part of the reference standard All tests Reference standard results Yes Biochemical measures used, reviewers set cut-o s blinded? All tests Index test results blinded? Yes Data were continuous, reviewers set cut-o s All tests Relevant clinical informa- Yes Assessments made by reviewers without reference to clinical data tion? All tests Uninterpretable results re- Yes Gaps in the dataset clear (full dataset provided) ported? All tests Withdrawals explained? Yes Some data were missing but this appeared to be due to blood sample handling All tests Free of commercial fund- Yes NHANES was funded by the National Center for Health Statistics, Stookey's ing? analysis by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Clinical features and set- • Setting: nursing home residents at risk for pressure ulcers tings • Country: USA • Aim: to assess whether supplemental fluid intake enhances collagen deposition, body water and sub- cutaneous tissue oxygenation, and is safe Participants Table of Methodological Quality • Nursing home residents expected to remain resident for at least 3 weeks, at risk for pressure ulcers (Braden Scale Score ≤ 18) with BMI 20 to 29.
Kuo 2002The published paper suggests that data were collected on at least one index test (USG), however it was not clear whether data were collected on at least one reference standard, and contact could not be established with the authorPiccoli 2000The published paper suggests that data were collected on a reference standard (plasma osmolality) and at least one index test (BIA), however data are not in a format that can be used for this review and contact could not be established with author The published paper suggests that data were collected on a reference standard (weight change) and at least one index test (urine osmolality, urine output), however data are not in a format that can be used for this review and contact could not be established with authorRobinson 1985The published paper suggests that data were collected on at least one index test (orthostatic hypotension, skin turgor, axillial moisture, tongue, vein filling), however it was not clear whether data were collected on at least one reference standard, and contact could not be established with the authorRoos 1995 It appears that the dataset includes a reference standard (weight change) and index tests (BIA assessment of TBW, skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes) but not in a format that can be utilised in the review, and no contact could be established with researchers Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Cochrane Library Trusted evidence.
Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Study Study Study Reason for exclusion Reason for exclusion Reason for exclusion Ship 1997 Dena Fischer replied that she had no access to the raw data, and that her colleague, J Ship, had died Shiraki 1980 It appears that the dataset includes a reference standard (serum osmolality) and index tests (urine Leibovitz 2007 Powers 2009 The author replied that the person who carried out the statistical analyses and kept the data is no Authors confirmed that they did not collect data on serum osmolality, short term weight change or output) but not in a format that can be utilised in the review, and no dataset received as contact longer available, so the data are no longer accessible serum data that would allow calculation of serum osmolarity could not be established with the authors Leiper 2005 REGARDS Study 2010 Simmons 2001 The published paper suggests that data were collected on a reference standard (weight change) Primary investigator, George Howard, replied and Mary Cushman confirmed, that this study did not The authors replied that they no longer have access to the original dataset and at least one index test (urine volume, urine osmolality), however data are not in a format that collect a reference standard Singh 2013 can be used for this review and contact could not be established with author No participants were aged at least 65 years Rhodes 1995 The published paper suggests that data were collected on at least one index test (intra ocular pres- Lennox 1980 Siregar 2010 Authors confirmed that they did not collect data on serum osmolality, short term weight change or sure, orthostatic hypotension), however it was not clear whether data were collected on at least Urine osmolality assessed in elderly people but no reference standard collected serum data that would allow calculation of serum osmolarity.
signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) It appears that the dataset includes a reference standard (weight change and plasma osmolality) and index tests (dry oral mucosa, thirst, blood pressure, heart rate) but not in a format that can be utilised in the review, and contact could not be established with the authors Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Telfer 1965 Thomas 2003 Tonstad 2006 Vache 1998 van der Steen 2007 van Kraaij 1999 Cochrane Library Study design Target condition and reference standard(s) Authors replied that data are now missing and could not be found following extensive contact with several possible institutions. It appears that the dataset includes a reference standard (serum osmolality) and index tests (ortho-static blood pressure change) but not in a format that can be utilised in the review, and no dataset received (discs containing statistical data not found, and new statistical programme now used) Authors replied that they were not able to access the dataset due to computer problems (also, few aged > 65 years) The only index tests used were TBW as a percentage of body weight by 18 O isotope dilution and ECW as a percentage of TBW by bromide dilution.
These methods were decided to be too complex to be useful signs to use in the community Authors confirmed that they did not collect data on serum osmolality, short term weight change or serum data that would allow calculation of serum osmolarity Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Index and comparator tests Follow-up Notes El-Sharkwi 2014 (Continued) Clinical features and settings Participants Study design Target condition and refer-ence standard(s) Plasma osmolality, mOsm/kg (directly measured) • Method: depression of freezing point (Model 330 MO, Advanced Instruments Inc, MA) • Cut-o : < 295 versus ≥ 295 mOsm/kg Index and comparator tests Heart rate (130 participants) • Tachycardia (resting heart rate > 100 BPM) assessed as yes/no Low resting systolic blood pressure (130 participants) • < 100 mmHg; assessed as yes/no Dry mucous membrane (130 participants) • Clinical research fellow looked at inside of cheek and assessed as dry versus wet Axillary dryness (130 participants) • Assessed by clinical research fellow palpating under armpit, dry versus wet Poor skin turgor (130 participants) • Pinching skin on the dorsum of the hand, observing whether skin fold returned to normal imme-diately, yes/no Sunken eyes (130 participants) • Assessed subjectively by clinical research fellow, as yes/no) Long capillary refill time (130 participants) • > 2 sec after holding hand at heart level, blanching right index finger and assessing time to return of normal colour Assessment of dehydration (130 participants) • According to assessor's gut feeling Saliva flow rate (130 participants) Fortes 2014 Trusted evidence.
Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Clinical features and settings Participants Study design Target condition and reference standard(s) Index and comparator tests Follow-up Notes Ooi 1997 Characteristics of ongoing studies [ordered by study ID] Trial name or title Dehydration study Johnson 2012 [pers comm] Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Clinical symptoms, Cochrane • Assessed subjectively as yes/no Capillary refill time • Assessment of dehydration • According to assessor's gut feeling, and carers assessment of risk Urine volume, colour, USG and dipsticks Questions • Including feelings of thirst, tiredness, headache, dry tongue, dry eyes Drinks • Schedule, missing drinks, variety of drinks MMSE • cognition test Timing • All tests carried out within 120 minutes of blood test for later analysis of serum osmolality Follow-up Notes • Assessed as a continuous measure Weight and weight change Body temperature Starting date July 2013 Contact information Marcel Olde Rikkert, Marcel.
Drinks intake 295: very low. Test 2. Drinks intake 295: low. Test 3. Drinks intake 295: moderate. Test 4. Drinks intake 295: standard. Test 5. Fluid intake 295: very low. Test 6. Fluid intake 295: low. Test 7. Fluid intake 295: moderate. Test 8. Misses drinks between meals 295. Test 9. Misses drinks at meals 295. Test 10. Urine volume 295: < 300 mL/d. Clinical symptoms, signs and tests for identification of impending and current water-loss dehydration in older people (Review) Copyright © 2015 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Test 11.