dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Key Biodiversity Areas (specifically IBAs and AZE sites) Di Marco et al. 118  undertook a major validation exercise for KBAs, specifically for IBAs in Australia, Europe, and Southern Africa, the three regions from which major independent datasets are available in the form of comprehensive bird atlases. The study set a quantitative conservation targets for all birds in the regions (in terms of number of atlas grid cells to be protected, and compared the selection frequency of atlas grid cells covering IBAs, selected through application of a simulated annealing software (Marxan 119 ), with the selection frequency of cells outside IBAs. It found the former to be much higher than the latter, as predicted if such threshold approaches to identification of important sites genuinely identify sites of high irreplaceability for the global persistence of biodiversity.
Protected Planet The compilation of the World Database on Protected Areas is underpinned by a formal ECOSOC mandate for national submission of protected area datasets to compile the UN List of Protected Areas (ECOSOC Resolution 713 (XXVIII)), technical validation of the data focuses on tracking changes in the completeness of the dataset and working closely with data providers to ensure the veracity and quality of the information provided through a clearly predefined working protocol  97. The data are collected directly from governmental agencies while data gaps are provided by other authoritative sources such as NGOs or secretariats of international conventions (e. g. , Ramsar Convention) or regional entities (e. g. , European Environment Agency). All data providers are requested to sign a Data Contributor Agreement which ensures the data published in the WDPA have been approved by the data provider and comply with the terms and conditions of use of the original data.
The quality of the WDPA is ensured by the WDPA data standards 97 implemented in 2010. As a result, the WDPA has experienced a great improvement in quality in the past years. For example, the proportion of protected areas represented in the dataset as mapped polygons, as opposed to latitude-longitude centre points alone. Between 2003 and 2015, this proportion increased from 39. 5 to 91. 1%.
By extension, for the global assessments, it would be suitable to structure them to show the component regions. Table  2  documents the individual datasets published in the data citations. engagement with IPBES. NatureServe acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation's Dimensions of Biodiversity program (award 1136586). UNEP DEWA contributed funding to undertake the regionalisation of the protected area data. T. M. B. had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Acknowledgements We thank the many thousands of individuals and organisations who contribute towards the compilation and maintenance of the three knowledge products upon which our analyses are based, as well as  J. Harrison ,  A. Hufton ,  V. Khodiyar ,  C. Lortie ,  J. Watson , and an anonymous reviewer. IUCN thanks the  French Ministry of Ecology  and the  Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation  for supporting IUCN's.
As most airports are equipped with ALCs, near-real-time analysis of attenuated backscatter measurements could provide useful warnings to airport forecasters about when radiation fog is likely or not likely to occur. In this paper, we study relationships between aerosol properties, relative humidity and light scattering measured by ALCs (Sect. 3). We present a method and experimental setup to investigate aerosol hygroscopic growth by means of attenuated backscatter profiles and a meteorological station on a tower (Sect. 3). We present a methodology to use attenuated backscatter measurements to derive pre-fog formation alerts (Sect. 4). Finally we discuss the occurrences and characteristics of these alerts based on 45 case studies (Sect. 5). 2 Sites, instrumental issues and datasets.
The optical overlap function ranges between 0 and 1. It is 0 at the ground and reaches 1 at the altitude where all backscattered photons can be accounted for by the collecting optical field. For mono-axial ALCs, full overlap can be reached at low altitudes (i. e. , 20-200 m), while for bi-axial ALCs, full overlap can only be reached at higher altitudes (i. e. , 500-1500 m). The CL31 and CL51 measurements used in this study have been corrected for incomplete optical overlap by the manufacturer. For our application, CL31 (CL51) data can be exploited starting at 10 m (50 m) a. g. l. Glickman (2000)  provides a commonly accepted definition of fog as "water droplets suspended in the atmosphere in the vicinity of the Earth's surface that reduce visibility below 1 km". In our study, we focus on radiation fog, i.
The atmospheric conditions support the occurrence of radiation fog. The altitude H max (t m ) is found at a height that varies slowly from one time step to the next. -Severe: the ALC-attenuated backscatter is changing rapidly compared to the reference conditions (1 order of magnitude more rapidly than for a minor-level alert). Formation of droplets and subsequent fog is imminent. -Fog: fog is detected by the ALC at an altitude ranging from 0 to 400 m a. g. l. The thresholds used to define minor-, moderate-and severe-level alerts based on RG k t m , r j are shown in Table 2. They have been derived empirically using 10 cases from the SIRTA dataset. RG 60 t m , r j is derived using Eq. (  18 ) as a slope based on 60 min of measurements, updated at each time step. A period of 60 min allows significant attenuated backscatter ratio gradients to be detected while eliminating rapid fluctuations.
Severe-level alerts occur generally less than 50 min (100 min) prior to fog occurrence time at SIRTA (Uccle). SIRTA data show that 15 min prior to fog occurrence time the severe-level alert occurrence is most frequent at 70 m a. g. l. The severe-level alert then occurs progressively at lower altitude as the time prior to fog occurrence time decreases. The fog forms at or very close to the surface (< 20 m a. g. l. ) af- ter this severe-level alert scenario. A similar result is found based on Uccle data with severe-level alert occurrences exceeding 50 % about 40 min prior to fog occurrence time at altitudes ranging 50-100 m a. g. l. Severe-level alerts at SIRTA also occur at altitudes above fog-level alerts (typically > 70 m). These occurrences should likely be fog-level alerts, but at these altitudes the ALC signal does not exceed the fog-level threshold if there is a fog layer below due to strong attenuation.
Lowest possible H max at Uccle is 50 m because CL51 data are not exploited below this altitude. Although measurements start at 50 m, a possible explanation for the higher H max values at Uccle compared to SIRTA is that Uccle is an urban site, located only 5 km from the city center, while SIRTA is suburban located 20 km southwest of the city center. The urban site is subject to higher turbulence near the surface due to surface heterogeneities. The 3-D structure of the city canopy generates small-scale turbulence that tends to mix the air in the shallow surface layer. It slows down the cooling of this layer and makes it more difficult to reach supersaturated conditions at the surface. Upward vertical motions can lead to cooling of rising moist plumes, enabling supersaturated conditions to be reached a few tens or hundreds of meters above the ground.
(2) Performance tests should be carried out at other locations using datasets that include both pre-fog events and non-fog events. (3) Alert threshold values should be adapted to reference relative humidity, and possibly to aerosol types, using, for example, PM 2. 5 measurements. 7 Data availability CL31 data, surface meteorological parameters and visibility measurements at SIRTA can be accessed from the SIRTA public data repository that is accessible online at http://www. sirta. fr (SIRTA, 2016). The data policy and a data download are available from the website. CL51 data and surface meteorological parameters are available upon request (laffineur. quentin@meteo. be).
Acknowledgements. This study was conducted in the framework of the TOPROF (ES1303; http://www. toprof. imaa. cnr. it/) European COST action. The authors would like to acknowledge the EU COST office for its support for scientific meetings and missions. The authors would like to acknowledge Météo-France for providing the CL31 ceilometer deployed at the SIRTA observatory and the Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence (STCE), a research collaboration established by the Belgian federal government through the action plan for reinforcement of the federal scientific institute that funded the CL51 ceilometer deployed in Uccle. The authors would like to acknowledge that the SIRTA observatory, as an H2020 ACTRIS-2 observational facility, receives funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation under grant agreement no.
Materials and Methods Between 2010 and 2012, blood lead levels of 203 Beninese infants from Allada, a semirural area 50km North from Cotonou, were assessed at 12 months of age. To assess lead levels, blood samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry. In parallel, clinical, microbiological and hematological data were collected. More precisely, hemoglobin, serum ferritin, CRP, vitamin B12, folate levels, and Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia were assessed and stool samples were also analyzed.
Materials and Methods Our cross-sectional study used data obtained from two-hundred and three infants at 12 months of age. These infants were followed from birth until 12 months of age in two embedded studies: the APEC study (Anemia in Pregnancy: Etiology and Consequences) and the TOVI study. The TOVI study evaluated the children for cognitive and motor functions using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning as well as their lead levels at 12 months  [12]. The APEC study involved a prospective cohort of 400 infants followed from birth to 12 months of age to assess their health status. The follow-up of the APEC study was mainly focused on the malarial and hematologic status of the infants. Indeed, malaria detection was performed systematically at birth, at 6, 9, and 12 months of age. In addition, passive case detection was performed continuously during follow-up.
Malaria history of their mothers during pregnancy is well described in an article already published  [13]. The 203 infants of our sample correspond to the infants for whom data at 12 months include a complete follow-up of lead and malaria indicators. For further details, APEC study is an ancillary survey nested within the MiPPAD study in Benin (Malaria in Pregnancy Preventive Alternative Drugs "http://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/ NCT00811421"). This study was conducted in three clinics in the district of Allada (Allada, Attogon, Sékou), between January 2010 and May 2012. Allada is a semi-rural area of 91,778 inhabitants located 50 km North of Cotonou (Benin). Malaria has a perennial transmission pattern with two transmission peaks corresponding to the rainy seasons in April-July and October-November.
Plasmodium falciparum is the species responsible for the majority of infections. At 12 months, clinical data of the infants were collected, including anthropometric measures and clinical examination. Weight was measured using an electronic baby scale (SECA type 354) with a precision of 10 g and length was measured to the nearest 1 mm with a locally manufactured wooden measuring scale according to the criteria recommended by WHO. Eight milliliters (mL) of venous blood were obtained from each participant. Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, CRP, vitamin B12, lead and folate levels were thereby assessed. A container was also given to the women to collect stools to examine the presence of intestinal helminths in the infants. Microbiological exams were realized as follows: Lambaréné technique was used to assess malaria infection on thick blood smears  [14].
Statistical analysis Data were double entered and analyzed with ACCESS2003 and STATA12. 0 softwares for Windows (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA). Univariate analysis was performed to assess the association of all variables with either the infant positive smear or peripheral P. falciparum density at the moment of lead assessment (at 12 months of age). Thereafter, all variables with P values<0. 2 were included in a multivariate model regression. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the determinants associated with a positive blood smear. Negative binomial regression was used for the multivariate analysis of P. falciparum parasite density. Lead level was analyzed as a variable with different categories as there is no linear relationship between parasite density and lead levels. Socio-economic status was forced into the model because of its known association with lead levels according to the literature  [11].
The MRIO table is essential for investigations into final consumption attributions of emissions caused by national final demands for products and services  [2, 32, [57] [58] [59]  and can identify the virtual flow of emissions throughout international trade  [4, 60]. We constructed a fully coupled MRIO table in 2007 based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database  [61]. The MRIO table covers the entire economic structure-including multiple regions (most regions in the present analysis are individual countries, as described in electronic supplementary material, table  S1 ), multiple sectors and monetary flows between industrial sectors and regions  [61, 62]. For the global economy with M regions and N industries in each region, A technical coefficient a rs ij = z rs ij /x s j is defined as the proportion of input (in monetary unit) from sector i in region r to produce one unit of output from sector j in region s.
(b) Production-based PM 2. 5 emission inventory The global production-based PM 2. 5 emission inventory was derived from Peking University's PM 2. 5 Inventory for 2007 (PKU-PM-2007)  [15]  (http://inventory. pku. edu. cn/home. html). PKU-PM-2007 is a bottom-up emission inventory with high spatial resolution (0. 1°× 0. 1°) that was built on the basis of a global fuel combustion dataset (PKU-FUEL-2007, covering 64 fuel combustion processes and 14 industrial processes in 233 countries/territories) and updated PM 2. 5 emission factors  [15, 54]. In this study, the production-based industrial PM 2. 5 emissions (including both fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes) were based on the PKU-PM-2007 inventory, but converted into 57 sectors and 134 regions according to the country and sector information in v.
8. 1 of the GTAP (see details in electronic supplementary material). Previous studies generally built global primary PM 2. 5 emission inventories with high spatial resolution, we first built the economic sector-based emission inventory from both the production and consumption perspectives. Energy consumption by sector, GDP and population data of each region were all derived from the GTAP database. Further details to the development of PKU-PM-2007 and comparison with other inventories can be found in our previous studies  [15, 54, 63].
The uncertainties in the consumption-based emission inventory arise mainly from the biases when compiling the production-based PM 2. 5 emission inventory  [15] , and the uncertainties associated in the MRIO table. A detailed description of the major uncertainties in productionbased PM 2. 5 emission inventory has been given by Huang et al. [15]. Basically, biases in emission factors and technology split could significantly enlarge the uncertainty range of emission inventory. For the MRIO table, sector aggregation may cause substantial uncertainties in consumption-based accounting  [61]. However, the GTAP database includes 57 sectors, and can provide sufficient details to link PM 2. 5 emissions to each individual economic sector  [79]. Consequently, the GTAP database has been widely used in the environmental MRIO analyses  [4, 29, 71, 80].
[66]which the consumption-based CO 2 emission has been widely studied by previous literature. Based on global production-based emission inventory[15]and MRIO table derived from GTAP database[66], China's consumption-based PM 2. 5 emissions is found to more than four times the USA's consumption-based production-related China India USA Russia Japan Brazil Germany Indonesia Turkey UK South Africa France Italy Iran Korea Spain Pakistan Egypt Mexico Canada net emission transfer direct residential emissions industrial emissions government consumption household consumption capital investment 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 PM 2. 5 emissions (Tg per year) [2]2007, whereas China's consumption-based CO 2 emissions amounted to only 61% of those of the USA in the same year[2]. This difference stemmed from the larger difference in emission factor, sectoral emission intensity and substantial residential emissions across regions.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  Lúcia Rapp Py-Daniel ,  Renildo Oliveira , and  Douglas Bastos  (INPA),  Valéria Machado  (UFAM),  Wolmar Wosiacki  and  Izaura Magalhães  (MPEG),  Cecile Gama  (IEPA),  Ronald de Ruiter  (RMNH and ZMA),  Patrice Pruvost ,  Zora Gabsi ,  Claude Ferrara  (MNHN),  Osvaldo Oyakawa  and  Michel Gianeti  (MZUSP),  Georges Lenglet  (IRSNB), and  Oliver Crimmen  ( BMNH ) for their help during this study. The authors would also like to thank  Flávio Silva  ( Guadalupe Hospital ) for the preparation of radiographs, to  Flávio Lima  (ZUEC),  André Netto-Ferreira  (UFPA), and  Carole Baldwin  (NMNH) that greatly contributed to the improvement of the paper. Cleicianne Teixeira  ( Pousada Amazon Roosevelt) granted permission for the photo of 'Corredeira dos Periquitos ' illustrated in Figure 6.
3. 0). The complete genome sequence was then corrected by mapping assembly of the IonTorrent reads on the PacBio contig using MIRA 4 and the Newbler 2. 8 suite of programs, and then manually curated. The hybrid data assembly consists of one single chromosome of 1,928,919 bp, with an average GϩC content of 51. 11%, and does not possess any extrachromosomal elements. A total of 2,418 coding DNA sequences (CDSs) were identified with the MaGe platform (5-7), as well as one copy of the 16S-23S operon, two copies of 5S rRNA, 45 tRNA genes, and 15 miscellaneous RNA. Additionally, the genome contains one integrase, one transposase and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci associated with cas genes (cas1, cas2, cas3, cas4, cas5, cas6, csm2), suggesting that this strain has a certain genomic plasticity and suffered rearrangements.
It possesses also the polysulfide respiration pathway. In contrast to T. onnurineus, its genome does not encode all the proteins (from the transporters to the cleavage enzymes) necessary to grow by carboxydotrophy or by formate oxidation. Consistent with its piezophilic lifestyle, T. piezophilus possesses several complete pathways for the synthesis of compatible solutes (glutamine, glutamate, glycine, myo-inositol, and N-acetylglucosamine). Additionally, it harbors several hydrogenase gene clusters, including hydrogenases and sulfhydrogenases, known to be regulated by pressure in other piezophilic Thermococcus species  (12). Nucleotide sequence accession number. The genome sequence has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number CP015520.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013 ), project  MaCuMBA  under grant agreement  311975. This work was also supported by the  PICS-InEE Phypress , the  PHC Cai Yuanpei Provirvent  ( 34634we ), the  "Laboratoire d'Excellence" LabexMER  ( ANR-10-LABX-19 ), and cofunded by a grant from the  French government  under the program " Investissements d'avenir. ".
FUNDING INFORMATION This work, including the efforts of  Karine Alain , was funded by  CNRS InEE, PICS Phypress. This work, including the efforts of  Karine Alain , was funded by  PHC Cai Yuanpei Provirvent  ( 34634WE ). This work, including the efforts of  Karine Alain , was funded by  Laboratoire d'Excellence LabexMER  ( ANR-10-LABX-19 ). This work, including the efforts of  Karine Alain , was funded by  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7 ),  Project MaCuMBA  ( 311975 ).
The air mass history for each site for the entire sampling period was determined by calculating back trajectories with the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model  (version 4. 8) , developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Air Resources Laboratory (ARL)  (Draxler and Hess, 2004). This model was run with meteorological data of the GDAS archive of the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) of the United States National Weather Service and archived by the ARL. All back trajectories were calculated for 96 h, arriving every hour at a height of 100 m throughout the entire measurement period. These individual trajectories were overlaid with a fit-for-purpose Matlab program on a map area divided into 0. 2 Â 0. 2 grid cells.
Data quality The WMO Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) presented in the WMO precipitation chemistry guidance manual  (WMO, 2004)  were the foundation on which data quality was ensured. All collected wet deposition events were visually inspected to exclude any visible contamination, e. g. any plant materials or insects. If any contamination was observed, it was recorded and the sample was filtered through a 0. 2 mm filter (Sigma Aldricht) prior to the chemical analysis. The analytical techniques, i. e. IC, pH and conductivity measurements were also verified by participating in the bi-annual inter-laboratory comparison study (LIS) organised by the WMO. In Fig. 3 , the results of the 50 th LIS study in 2014 are presented. According to the WMO inter-comparison results, the recovery of each ion in standard samples was between 95 and 105%.
Principle component analysis (PCA) and correlations of ionic species Linkages between different chemical species and similar sources can be statistically explored by performing principal component analysis (PCA) and Spearman correlation calculations, which are presented in Fig. 5. PCA was applied as an explorative tool in this study. From a statistical perspective the datasets were not large enough for definitive source apportionment with PCA. For PCA, the dataset was subjected to Box-Cox transformation in an effort to eliminate some possible artefacts, e. g. auto-correlations. There are no well-defined rules for the number of factors to be retained. In general, factors that are either meaningful or with eigenvalues larger than one are kept  (Hosiokangas et al. , 1999). Three meaningful factors were determined for AF and VT, while two meaningful factors were determined for LT and SK.
The factors identified explained 83. 3%, 85. 7%, 78. 8% and 65. 9% of the variances of the datasets for AF, VT, LT and SK, respectively. Based on the results of PCA and Spearman correlation analyses, the main sources influencing the wet deposition composition at AF included terrigenous (crustal), marine, fossil fuel combustion and agricultural sources. The first PCA factor is loaded with all the ionic species normally associated with terrigenous (crustal) sources. The second PCA factor includes Na þ and Cl À that are linked to a marine source, which is also strongly indicated by the Spearman correlation between these two ions. The third factor is associated with the acidity (H þ ), which is expectedly related to known anthropogenic species (NH 4 þ , NO 3 À and SO 4.