dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Finally, twenty-two manuscripts were included in the meta-analysis  [11,. A total of 7321 papers were recognized in all databases searched. A flowchart that forms the report selection procedure agreeing to the PRISMA Statement is displayed in Figure  1. The literature review rescued 6668 articles for the initial inspection after removing the duplicates. Afterward, 5017 studies were excluded after reviewing the titles and abstracts, leaving 41 articles to be assessed by full-text interpretation. After the fulltext assessment, four studies were excluded, three because the access to the full document was not achieved  [17] [18] [19] , and one because the manuscript was in a language different than English  [20]. A total of thirty-seven manuscripts were included in the qualitative analysis, and from these, fifteen were excluded from the meta-analysis because they did not compare a self-etch adhesive against a total-etch adhesive  [10, [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34].
Literature Search The systematic search was conducted independently by two authors (AAO and CECS) up to 18 February 2021, without date restriction, among five electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SciELO, Scopus, and Embase). The keywords and search strategy used in PubMed and adapted to the other data search engines are listed in Table  3. The reviewers also performed a manual search of reference lists of the included articles for supplementary literature. All articles located in the databases were imported into the Mendeley Desktop 1. 17. 11 software to remove duplicates.
Data Extraction Data of interest from the comprised articles were inserted into standardized worksheets using Microsoft Office Excel 2021 software (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). These data included the year of publication, author, bioceramic used as substrate, setting conditions (time and temperature), adhesive system used, outcomes evaluated (mean, SD, n), and storing conditions. If any information was missing the corresponding author of the article was contacted to supply the exact data. If a response was not obtained within 2 weeks of the first contact, the missing information was not comprised.
Statistical Analysis The meta-analyses were accomplished using a software program (Review Manager version 5. 3. 5; The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). A random-effect model was used to carry out the different analyses by comparing the standardized mean difference of the bond strength values using the total-etch or self-etch adhesive systems. Bond strength comparisons were completed bearing in mind the calcium silicate-based cement (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Biodentine™, or TheraCal LC ® ). A p-value < 0. 05 was contemplated statistically significant. The heterogeneity was calculated using the Cochran Q test and the inconsistency I 2 test.
Patient Selection Process The radiological and surgical reports between 1999 and 2019 in the database of MUMC+ were searched for the term "chordoma" in order to identify all chordoma patients that were treated at our center. Patients with chordoma of the skull base who did not have prior treatment were manually selected. The eligibility criteria were as follows: (1) histologically proven chordoma without previous treatment, (2) location at the base of the skull or cranio-cervical junction, (3) treated with surgery and postoperative proton therapy, and (4) development of recurrence outside of the primary tumor bed during follow-up as a first sign of treatment failure.
Patient Cohort Characteristics The search of the surgical and radiological database with manual selection of the skull base chordoma without prior treatment revealed 30 histologically proven skull base chordoma patients. Of all of the patients, 62% (n = 16) received proton therapy, of which five patients (32%) had ectopic recurrence as a first sign of treatment failure. Out of these five patients, one patient had local recurrence at the same time as the first ectopic recurrence and one patient developed local recurrence during later follow-up. No metastasis at distance were found during follow-up.
Discussion The primary goal of this study was to identify a possible pattern of recurrence in skull base chordoma patients after treatment with surgery and proton therapy. This study describes five patients who developed ectopic recurrence as a first sign of treatment failure after treatment with surgery and proton therapy identified in our institutional database. It was unexpected that 94% of the ectopic recurrences were related to the surgical tract, with no preferable tissue type (subcutis, bone, muscle, or fibrous tissue) for ectopic recurrence. Even though recurrences in the surgical tract in skull base chordoma have been described in the literature as case reports  [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]  and systematic reviews  [12, 20] , it remains under-evaluated. In our hospital, a total of 16 skull base chordoma patients received proton therapy after surgery, and five patients (32%) showed ectopic recurrence.
3D-printed isthmus models A micro-CT STL dataset of an intact mandibular first molar with a resolution of 20 μm served as the basis for development of the model. After loading the data in CAD software (Catia; Dassault systèmes), only the two mesial root canals were kept and used as a pattern/template to design a fully editable 3D virtual model of the root canal system. The mesial canals were modified in order to obtain an apical canal size of 0. 30 mm, a 0. 06 taper, a 23° curvature  (Schneider, 1971). A ribbon-shaped isthmus was designed, connecting the two canals and providing a Vertucci type VI configuration to the root canal system. The floor and the roof of the isthmus were positioned at 3 and 6 mm from the apical foramina, respectively. The entire isthmus was given a convex shape both in buccolingual and mesiodistal direction, conform isthmus morphology observed in vivo  (Keles & Keskin, 2018 ).
In order to study the transient and stable cavitation, activation cycles were recorded at a frame rate of 30 000 fps, no glass particles added. In this way, highspeed videos were obtained for the two activation methods in the four isthmus morphologies. Photron Fastcam Viewer V4 software (Photron) was used to measure the maximum speed of the particles (three measurements per video) and to describe the flow pattern in the isthmus, and to describe cavitation phenomena in the isthmus.
Oral microbiota composition will be evaluated as described in a previous paper  [52]. Microbiological analysis will be performed at Inserm U1241 NuMeCan (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), University of Rennes. Briefly, taxonomy at the genus level will be assigned using the "Visualization and Analysis of Microbial Population Structures" (VAMPS) analysis pipeline web tool. Default parameters will be used for assignment at the genus level with the "Ribosomal Database Project" classification. Alpha rarefaction and diversity will be evaluated using the Observed Species metric (Sobs) and the Shannon-Weaver index. Beta diversity will be calculated using Bray-Curtis and UniFrac distances.
Randomization et Data Management Randomization will be performed using a randomization table generated by the software SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) in a balanced parallel design (1:1) using variable block sizes. This table will be implemented directly in an electronic case report form. A file describing the random procedure is confidentially classified at the Clinical Research Department (DRICI) in the University Hospital of Lille. The individual data collected during the study will be reported on a source document and then recorded in a computer database via Clinsight ® software certified for data management in clinical trials according to recommendations of the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). All data will be stored on a secured server. Before locking the database, the data will be monitored according to the coherence criteria agreed upon with the investigator.
Statistical methods The main endpoints analysed were overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). OS was defined as the time from surgical treatment to death from any cause. DFS was defined as the time from surgical treatment to the first observation of recurrence at any site or death from any cause. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the probability of OS and DFS. All analyses were performed using IBM-SPSS statistical software, version 1. 0. 0. 1347.
Literature review Currently available clinical studies were selected through searching on online English-language electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochraine Library) from January 2012 to January 2021, under Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, and Study (PICOS) design was utilised for this review. The keywords and search terms included the following: biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma OR lowgrade sinonasal sarcoma with neural and myogenic differentiation OR low-grade sinonasal sarcoma. In addition, we manually scanned the reference lists of the articles included to identify the other potential studies. The articles included in this review of the literature met the following inclusion criteria: confirmed histopathological diagnosis with immunohistochemical and molecular studies; available data on clinical presentation, treatments, follow-up period and oncological status.
Literature review A total of 19 clinical studies were identified through searches on online electronic databases, of which 16 were selected (Fig. 5 ). A total of 122 cases were described in the selected studies (Tab. II). However, the large majority of studies were focused on histological diagnosis and, therefore, clinical data (age, stage of disease, treatment strategy, follow-up, recurrence) were not fully available. Stage of disease was available for 7/122 cases in the literature and most were classified as locally advanced tumour (T4a-T4b). Among cases with reported surgical technique, 29. 4% (5/17)   administered, while the remaining four (23. 5%) received chemo-radiotherapy. Follow-up information was provided for 73/122 cases. In detail, the mean follow-up period was 54. 6 months (range 2-336 months).
Surface topography Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM, JPK Instruments, Berlin, Germany) was used to characterize the different nanostructures in tapping mode in air with an adapted probe (NanoWorld Arrow-NCR) to avoid impact over surface topography representation. Measurements were realized in a perpendicular way to the LIPSS to give the best surface topography visualization. Data topographies were analyzed with Mountains Map® 8. 2 software. Surface roughness parameters are computed on the treated surfaces and this study focuses on: • Ripples (LIPSS) density calculated as cm/cm • Areal arithmetic mean height Sa (nm) which expresses the difference in height of each point compared to the arithmetical mean of the surface. This parameter is used to evaluate surface roughness. • Sdr (Developed interfacial area ratio) which expresses the ratio between the area of the "real" developed surface and the area of the "projected" surface • Average spatial period and depth of the ripples.
Wettability Wettability measurements were carried out with a laboratorydeveloped multiscale and multifunctional system within the MANUTECH-USD consortium. They were performed in a controlled atmosphere (Temperature (T) = 23. 1 ± 0. 85 • C, Relative humidity (RH) = 44 ± 6. 5 %), 24 h after a sterilization procedure, in which the samples received an ultrasonication cleaning (Triton 3% in demineralized water for 15 min then only demineralized water for 15 min) and an autoclaving treatment at 134 • C for 19 min. The data represents the measurements from 4 consecutive, independent and contact-less droplets on each surface. 3 µL droplets of water were deposited on the surfaces, and the evolution of the droplet shape was visualized with a camera and a sample rotation stage enabling 360 • contact angle measurements.
Results The fs-L irradiation of Ti6Al4V at two wavelengths with linear polarization creates highly ordered/periodic texturing called IR LIPSS and Green LIPSS as presented on SEM images in Fig. 1A. The AFM measurement enables a 3D-view reconstruction of the surface topography presented in Fig. 1B  and the calculation of different surface parameters using MountainsMap® software compiled in Fig. 1C. As seen in the SEM images, it is confirmed that the furrows created on textured surfaces have a density twice more important on Green LIPSS (44 239 cm/cm 2 ) than on IR LIPSS (22 309 cm/cm). This important density of furrows increases surface complexity (Sdr) of IR LIPSS (33. 11 %) and Green LIPSS (29. 81 %), in comparison with polished surfaces (0. 11 %). Rugosity (Sa) on IR LIPSS (71 nm) is approximately 2 times higher than on Green LIPSS (38 nm).
Acknowledgement The authors thank  Marie-Ange Eyraud  for help with bacterial tests and  Sylvie Peyroche  for help with cell culture. Also thanks to  Maryane Jacquier  (SEM) and  Claudie Petit  ( AFM ) for help with microscopy acquisitions; finally thanks to  Alina Hamri  for help with wettability measurements and  Ashlyn Hicks  for the proofreading.
Administrative and medical data were collected directly from individuals. Informed consent forms were completed and signed by each participant. The study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki  (14). -Location of the primary tumour The location of the primary tumour corresponded to the type of disability generated by the therapeutic protocol and the anatomic consequences related to the therapeutic protocol. Therefore, the pathologies were classified into three groups, based on the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) (15): Group A: maxillary tumours; Group B: mandibular tumours; and Group C: tumours in other locations (e. g. , pharynx, larynx). e223 -Type of prosthesis Patients were rehabilitated with removable dental prostheses. The heterogeneity among dental formulas led to the creation of groups of prostheses with common characteristics.
The sample size was reduced over time, partly due to individuals lost to follow-up (i. e. , death, absence from follow-up appointments, etc. ) and partly due to insufficient time for data collection and management. -Statistical analysis For the descriptive analysis, patient characteristics are presented as numbers and percentages, for categorical data, or the median and interquartile range, for quantitative data. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were conducted to examine differences in GOHAI scores between patients that only completed the GOHAI at T0 and patients selected for the longitudinal study. The longitudinal study included GOHAI data from the T0-T4 follow-up period. We constructed mixed-effects linear regression models to identify correlates of the GOHAI add score and the three domain scores (functional, psychosocial, and discomfort/pain).
•Characterization of the sample at T0 The longitudinal study consisted of 53 patients, aged 34 to 87 years, and 60. 4% were women. The patient characteristics are summarized in Table  1. At T0, more than 90% of the patients stated that they had a poor oral quality of life, and only 2% stated that they had a good oral quality of life. The mean GOHAI-add score at T0 (data not shown) was 32. 6 (sd=9. 8), which indicated that the perceived oral quality of life was poor before prosthetic rehabilitation. At baseline, 39. 6% of tumours were classified as group A and nearly half were classified as group B. At baseline, the sample was equally distributed between the two types of prosthesis. •Changes in the overall GOHAI score and the three GO-HAI domain-scores over time For the GOHAI-add score and the three domain-scores, we observed that the median score at T1 was higher than that at T0 (Table  2 , Fig.
Results: Between June 2016 and November 2018, 100 patients were randomized. Finally, 44 patients in the Suture group and 50 patients in the Without Suture group were analyzed. Mean age was 16. 5 years and 66. 6% of patients were female. After adjustment on center, age and smoking, no statistical difference was seen between groups for pain on Day 3 (p=0. 904). No differences were seen for swelling, trismus, consumption of painkillers, healing, complications or quality of life. Smokers had a 3. 65 times higher complications rate (p=0. 0244). 4 Conclusions: Sutureless removal of third molars is thus a reliable technique without negative consequence on outcomes, and allows shorter operating time. Smoking is a risk factor for postoperative complications. Trial registration: www. clinicaltrials.
Data collection and analysis A randomization list was created by the methodologist using SAS software (Cary, NC, USA) for each center using blocks of random size. Quantitative data were expressed as means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges, according to their distribution. Qualitative data were expressed as absolute number and frequency (%). Comparison between groups used the Student T-test, Wilcoxon, chi-squared, or Fisher's Exact tests as appropriate. On Day 3, pain measured on the VAS was compared between the two groups via a generalized linear model to adjust the comparison on center, age and smoking. The analyses of secondary outcomes were adjusted on the center. Quantitative variables were analyzed in the same way as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes, measured at several time points were compared between the two groups using mixed models with patient as random effect.
Statistical Analysis Before recruitment, the sample size was calculated using Minitab (Minitab ® 20 software L. L. C. , PA, USA). Three groups of 21 teeth each were finally formed in order to have 80% power and an alpha error probability of 0. 05. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program version (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). A chi-square test was used to determine whether significant differences existed in the complete apical and canal obliteration at 6 and 12 months. One-way analysis of variance test was used to determine whether significant differences existed in the age of participants between different groups. In all tests, a statistical significance level of α = 0. 05 was adopted. Cohen's Kappa test was applied to verify the agreement between the two observers using Minitab software (Minitab ® 18.
Results Sixty-three patients were included in the present study and received pulpotomy treatment with different materials. During the trial, three patients were lost in the follow-up visits (one patient in each group). Finally, twenty patients from each group were clinically and radiographically evaluated in a 12-month follow-up. No significant difference was found between the mean ages of patients (Table  1 ) or between the sex of the patients in each group (p > 0. 05). As age and sex could influence treatment prognosis, we recorded these preoperative data following a binary classification, considering for the variable age, patients up to 8. 5 years old and patients older than 8. 5 years old, and for the variable sex, considering female or male patients. In our study, age and sex do not appear to influence treatment outcome.
CO N FLI C T O F I NTE R E S TAuthors have stated explicitly that there are no conflicts of interest in connection with this article. DATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N TData sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study F I G U R E 1 3 A-C, At the re-entry phase: the entire previous double lateral bony wall is cover by newly-formed bone (A). Implants were placed (B), followed by soft tissue closure around the one-stage placement protocol (C) U R E 1 4 A,B, The final restorative phase clinically (A) and radiographically (B) A B.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank all the students from  Brest Dental University (BDU)  and in the  School of Dental Sciences, Trinity College of Dublin (TCD)  who took part in this study. They also thank the nurses and supervisors for their help during the preclinical laboratory sessions. They thank  Julien Tanniou ,  Anaïs Bonnabesse ,  Erica Donnelly-Swift  and  Frank Ganier  for their methodological and statistical advice.
Funding: This research was funded by the  European Regional Development Funds   RE0001897  and  GURDTI 2018-1828-0002370  ( PHAR, EU-Région Réunion-French State national counterpart ), the  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale  ( Inserm-Programme Transversal Microbiote   PTM2 ) and the  University of La Réunion. Katy Thouvenot  and  Teva Turpin  are recipients of a fellowship from the  French Ministry of Education and Research and the Région Réunion , respectively.
Information sources and search strategy Electronic literature searches were conducted in summer 2017 and updated in February 2021 in the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, current issue), MEDLINE (OVID interface, 1946 onwards), EMBASE (OVID interface, 1974 onwards), and Global Health (OVID interface, 1973 onwards). As described in the published protocol, the search strategy used medical subject headings (MeSH), EMTREEs, and text words related to the field of the study (Additional file 2). It was then peer-reviewed by HH and RS and complemented by hand searching the list of references in the identified publications or relevant reviews. The searches' procedures were adapted to all databases using the proper syntax, subject headings, and controlled vocabulary considering maximized sensitivity of the search.
The reference data consisted in 33 landmarks, manually localized once by 1 operator (n = 178) or twice by 3 operators (n = 20, test set only). After inference on the test set, one CT scan showed "very low" confidence level predictions; we excluded it from the overall analysis but still assessed and discussed the corresponding results. The model performance was evaluated by comparing the predictions with the reference data; the outcome set included localization accuracy, cephalometric measurements and comparison to manual landmarking reproducibility. On the hold-out test set, the mean localization error was 1. 0 ± 1. 3mm, while success detection rates for 2. 0, 2. 5 and 3. 0mm were 90. 4%, 93. 6% and 95. 4%, respectively. Mean errors were -0. 3 ± 1. 3° and -0. 1 ± 0. 7mm for angular and linear measurements, respectively.
DL methods published in the last few years can localize 3D cephalometric landmarks with great accuracy, often under the 2-mm threshold of clinical acceptability  (Lee et al. 2019; O'Neil et al. 2019; Torosdagli et al. 2019; Lang et al. 2020; Ma et al. 2020; Yun et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020; Bermejo et al. 2021; Chen et al. 2021; Kang et al. 2021; Liu et al. 2021; Chen et al. 2022). The studies showing the best results usually formulate landmark detection as a regression problem, using landmark heatmap regression methods  (Zhang et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2021). However, the evaluation of the published models is often limited to few landmarks, and both systematic reviews noted a high risk of bias in the reporting of these studies, mainly because the description of the database/reference was limited and because the accuracy scores were calculated from within-sample validation datasets or very small hold-out test sets (<10 scans).