dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The survey We analyzed data from the first wave of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) survey. We used data from wave 1 as it included all the variables of interest, while it is also the wave which is least biased in terms of representativeness as there is no loss to follow-up. Full details of the survey, including its sampling methods, have been described in detail elsewhere  (Barrett et al. , 2011; Kenny et al. , 2010; Nolan et al. , 2014). Briefly, this was a community-based survey of older adults residing in Ireland conducted by Trinity College Dublin. The survey was conducted between October 2009 and February 2011. The target sample consisted of all individuals living in private households aged 50 and over in Ireland. Clustered random sampling was used to obtain nationally representative samples.
Partial least squares (PLS) regression was also applied to the processed data to extract the shape modes with which to evaluate shape differences for age and sex. Growth curves were constructed for anthropometric measurements. Results: A 3D morphable model of the paediatric mandible was constructed and validated with good generalisation, compactness, and specificity. Growth curves of the assessed anthropometric measurements were plotted without significant differences between male and female subjects. The first principal component was dominated by size effects and is highly correlated with age at time of scan (Spearman's r = 0. 94, p < 0. 01). As with PCA, the first extracted PLS mode captures much of the size variation within the dataset and is highly correlated with age (Spearman's r = -0.
Normative data has typically been studied using traditional (cephalometric) measurements and angles calculated by means of anatomical landmarks  (Liu et al. , 2010). Based on these studies, we know that a healthy growing mandible undergoes the greatest change in shape and size during the first year of life, including an increase in intercondylar width, ramus height, and corpus length  (Liu et al. , 2010; Smartt et al. , 2005). Recent studies on early mandibular development using 3D reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) scans are based on relatively small datasets  (Liu et al. , 2010; Hutchinson et al. , 2012; Franklin et al. , 2008; Hilger et al. , 2003) , primarily consider older age samples  (Vallabh et al. , 2020)  or lack analysis of the complete mandibular shape  (Karlo et al. , 2010).
The paediatric dataset CT-scans of children aged 0-48 months at time of scan were collected  at the Necker Children's Hospital, (Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, NEMH), Paris, France. Scans were acquired for the years between 2011 and 2018. Only high-quality CT scans (>100 slices per scan and ≤1 mm per slice) of patients in the desired age range without anomalies visible on CT were included. All patients were informed of the study and notified on the use of their CT scan for scientific purposes. If a patient did not wish to be included, their scan was omitted from the data set. Scans were acquired for patients indicated for headache, trauma, or epilepsy and were assessed by two independent reviewers, a paediatric radiologist, and a clinical research fellow in craniofacial surgery (L. S. v.
d. L. ). Any scan presenting with abnormalities, craniofacial anomalies, or mandible fractures were excluded. Baseline characteristics were collected from corresponding medical charts. The final dataset consisted of CT scans from 242 children (59. 9% male). The included patients had a mean age of 20. 6 ± 13. 4 months (median, 19. 5 months). Mean ages for male and female samples were comparable (male: 21. 3 ± 13. 6 months, female: 19. 5 ± 12. 9 months, p = 0. 3) (Fig. 1 ). All DICOM-files were converted to 3D objects (mesh) by applying semi-automated thresholding techniques using a default bone setting, the mandible was then isolated from the skull with a foreground/ background tool and saved as Object (. obj) file (software Mimics Imprint 3. 0, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The mandibular canal and air pockets within the mandible were also removed, leaving only the outer surface of the mandible.
Anthropometric measurements Nine anthropometric lengths and angles were assessed (Fig. 3 )  (Hutchinson et al. , 2012; Schipper et al. , 2021). Measurement lengths were calculated using the standard distance formula: distance = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ (x A -x B ) 2 + (y A -y B ) 2 + (z A -z B ) 2 √ where A and B are two distinct landmarks and x, y, and z are their coordinates in Cartesian space. To calculate the mental and gonial angle, the cosine rule was applied upon calculation of the measurements between the landmarks defining the angles. Then measurements were calculated for each of the samples in the dataset and compiled by 6month age groups. Growth curves were plotted for male, female, and all individuals.
The AED can then be calculated on a per-vertex basis as follows: AED = ∑ n i=1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ( x i,A -x i,B ) 2 + ( y i,A -y i,B ) 2 + ( z i,A -z i,B ) 2 √ n The generalisation error across the range of retained principal components is then given as the mean per-vertex error over all meshes. Model specificity was calculated by randomly synthesising 1000 random mandible samples at each of the model principal components following a multivariate normal distribution. For each synthesised mesh, the specificity error was calculated as the AED over all mesh vertices between the synthesised mesh and its nearest neighbour in the test dataset. As a relatively small number of samples were used for the construction of the mandible model, both generalisation and specificity were evaluated using a leave-one-out strategy.
Partial least squares regression analysis Partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis was performed on the processed mandible meshes to assess how mandibular shape related to age and sex within the dataset. The shape changes most associated with the age and sex were visualised by deforming the mean PLS shape template along the extracted shape modes. Ten shape modes were used in the construction of both age-and sex-based PLS models. The relationship between the extracted PLS modes and subject age was assessed using a standard bi-variate correlation analysis. Spearman's R was used in all cases. The regressive nature of PLS was further employed to predict the age of a test set of subjects after the PLS model had been fitted to a training set. A 10-fold cross-validation schema was used, and a random stratified sampling strategy performed to define the folds.
Moreover, a larger ramus is apparent. For the second principal component, a narrowing of the inter-condylar width and a more acute gonial angle are observed. The third principal component demonstrates a change in the gonial angle from obtuse to acute and a less prominent condyle relative to the coronoid process. For the fourth and fifth principal component, both of which represent less than 1% of explained variance, the shape changes from negative to positive extremes are less evident, but include a larger anteroposterior ramus width and a slight narrowing of the mental angle. Fig. 8a  demonstrates that the model is sufficiently compact. Almost 90% of the shape variance is captured within the first principal component alone, and over 99% of the total shape variance within the dataset is captured within the first 22 model components.
Partial least squares analysiscovariance with age and sex PLS analysis demonstrates significant correlations between the extracted PLS shape modes and age at time of scan. The shape variations along the three most highly correlated shape modes are shown in Fig. 10. As with PCA, the first extracted PLS mode captures much of the size variation within the dataset and is highly correlated with age (Fig. 11a , r = -0. 9, p < 0. 01). The correlation between all PLS shape modes and age is given in Table  1. The application of the age based PLS regression model for age prediction yielded an R2 score of 0. 94 and an RMSE of 3. 3 months when 10 PLS shape modes were used. The correlation between predicted age and true age in months is shown in Fig. 11b. Extracted PLS shape modes associated with sex, as shown in Fig.
10 , are visually similar to those of the age-based model. The correlation between extracted shape modes and sex is low in all cases (Table  2 ). The accuracy of the PLS-DA model for sex prediction achieved an F1-Score of 71. 7% and an accuracy of 65. 7% when 10 PLS shape modes were included (Fig. 11c ). While this is higher than the maximum chance accuracy of 59. 9% (the percentage of patients that are male), the dataset is unbalanced in both age and sex. Combining this with the uninformative visualisation of the extracted gender-based components, it is unlikely that any true sex-based shape changes have been extracted (Fig. 11 ).
In addition, an accuracy of 65. 7% for sex classification was noted, only marginally better than the chance classification accuracy of 60%. As the dataset is unbalanced in terms of both age and sex, however, it is unlikely that any accuracy gains are due to sex-based shape changes. This is in line with the lack of a significant difference in  the anthropometric measurements between male and female patients, a finding that is supported in the literature for a paediatric population  (Hilger et al. , 2003; Stunz, 1941; Franklin et al. , 2007; Kelly et al. , 2017). Although PLS shape modes did show a statistically significant different between males and females, the observed correlations were small and combining successive PLS modes did not lead to a substantial predictive value for males and females.
The lack of longitudinal CTimaging data for a normal population is primarily due to evident ethical reasons related to radiation exposure. That said, the presented dataset, which was constructed from 242 distinct samples, represents the largest set of three-dimensional mandibular shape reconstructions for the studied age group. The resulting 3DMM was shown to be capable of reliably synthesising novel mandible instance, which may prove beneficial in future applications as an alternative to limited data. As such, a comprehensive range of normal values for both anthropometric mandibular measurements and mandibular shape representations for various ages can be obtained. Future studies could also evaluate the mandibular shape and functional problems, such as airway difficulties. This could be of use in disorders where multiple organs might be in play and understanding of associations between shape abnormalities and severity of symptoms could guide the treatment plan.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by  Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children's Charity  through the  FaceValue programme grant  (no. 508857 ), the  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council  ( EP/ N02124X/1 ) and the  European Research Council  ( ERC-2017-StG-757923 ). This work was undertaken at GOSH/ICH,  UCLH/UCL  who received a proportion of funding from the  United Kingdom Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centre funding scheme. The funders had no role in study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Data Analyses Convergent and Divergent Validity of SNS Correlation analyses were performed to examine the convergent validity of the SNS with other scales assessing negative symptoms (i. e. , BNSS and PANSS negative subscale) and to examine the discriminant validity of the SNS with measures of insight as well as depressive, positive, and extrapyramidal symptoms (i. e. , Lack of judgement and insight out of the PANSS (G12), CDSS, PANSS positive subscale, and parkinsonism scores of the SHRS, respectively). Spearman's Rho correlations were used. As with large sample size (N > 200), p-values are generally highly significant even for very low correlation coefficients (r = 0. 10, p < 0. 01), the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is a more meaningful estimation of the association. Correlation coefficients (in absolute value) <0.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was carried out within the  European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Network on Schizophrenia Study on the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (ENSANeS). The following researchers collaborated to the study:  Cansu Alp ,  Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Istanbul, Turkey ;  Klaudia Domowicz ,  Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Ann Faerden, NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ;  Johannes Gehr ,  Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) ,  Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark ;  Jens Lysgaard Jørgensen , Clinical Nurse Man-ager,  Psychiatric Center Køge, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Denmark ;  Ilja Kunz ,  Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry I, Innsbruck, Austria; Siv Hege Lyngstad, NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ;  Eva Maihofer , 6th  Psychiatric Department, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna , Austria; LM,  Department of Psychotic spectrum disorders, Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia; Alessia Nicita, Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy ;  Sara Patriarca ,  Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania Luigi Van-vitelli, Naples, Italy ;  Patricia Rößler ,  Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Erik Simonsen, Psychiatric Research Unit, Psychiatry Region Zealand, Denmark, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank the curator  Natalija Čondić , the director of the  Archaeological Museum of Zadar Jakov Vučić , and the sites excavator  Brunislav Marijanović  for giving us permission to study the Crno Vrilo material. Special thanks to Natalija who provided generous help and logistic support to our team and to  TRACES laboratory  for their assistance. We also wish to thank reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions; and  Open Archaeology 's editors for their guidance and patience. Finally, thanks to  Rory Connolly  and  Ryan Lash , Sonja's postdoc comrades for proofreading the article.
This configuration results from the occurrence of a lateral channel close to the right bank of the Palaeo-Somme valley, whereas interglacial deposits are not preserved towards the central part of the former river valley, showing a markedly thicker lower gravel unit (3-3. 5 m), like in the Moulin Quignon area. Thus, combining the new observations and former data, we can demonstrate: Given the stratigraphic information exposed above, the geochronological data from the deposits of the Carpentier quarry, and especially the ESR and ESR/U-series dates from the interglacial deposits of the White marl, can be used to reliably infer the age of the Moulin Quignon findings. Besides, three samples of sandy sediments were extracted during the 2017 archaeological excavation from the main stratigraphic units and in situ gamma-ray measurements were performed in each sampling hole.
, 2015). Can we describe specific modes of hominin adaptation and cognition to cool or cold climates? The technological data from new fieldwork at Moulin Quignon do not identify original features in Northwest Europe, but rather an ability to adapt behaviour to local and available raw materials, flint nodules, like for the British sites. Did small groups of hominins in the northwest make short incursions during cooler periods or occupied the area at the onset of a glacial event as at la Noira, leaving the northern region when to cold? We have no evidence of this, but it is likely that small mobile and pioneering groups settled in large territories in Europe and northern latitudes  Dennell et al. , 2010. This would perhaps indicate higher densities of hominins in Western Europe from 700 ka onwards.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This article, and the detailed study of the historical, archaeological, anthropological and radiometric data from the Moulin Quignon site, were carried out as part of the  ANR (Agence Nationale pour la Recherche No. 2010 BLANC 2006 01 , directed by  M-HM  and  Danielle Schreve ), focusing on the study of the emergence of bifacial and  Acheulean Technology in North-Western Europe. The paper has been edited by  Louise Byrne , a native English speaker and official translator. We would like to thank the editor and the two reviewers for their really useful comments that enhanced the manuscript.
Acknowledgments: I am very grateful to the editors of  Open Philosophy  for welcoming an issue on an unorthodox philosophical topic, and for their continuous support and acumen. Many thanks to  Jennie Rothwell , who served as a language editor for nearly all articles from this issue, and to  Daniela Ginsburg  and  Louise Chapman , who helped to translate some of the manuscripts from  French. Funding information: Publication of the topical issue " Ethics and Politics of TV Series " has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  (grant agreement no. 834759 ).
Introduction: Research on borderline personality disorder (BPD) has shown that less intensive care is especially e ective when patients have been told about their condition. However, problems with diagnosing the disorder are also described in the literature. This study thus aims to explore the factors associated with the challenges of identifying and then communicating a BPD diagnosis to patients. Methods: We analyzed a database of patients of Toulouse University Hospital (France) who had a CIM-F. diagnosis. This data was used to identify the sociodemographic and clinical benchmarks associated with patients who had received an established BPD diagnosis prior to their attendance at the hospital's emergency department (ED) in the study period. Results: Sixty-three percentage of the patients admitted to our psychiatric ED had been given an earlier diagnosis of BPD.
Data collection We adopted a retrospective chart review method to conduct this study of the patients admitted to the short-term psychiatry ward described above  (23). The data used were extracted from the psychiatric assessments recorded in the patients' medical files. These files are organized using a standard framework, which makes data extraction possible. In this study, we consulted the medical files contained in the database of patients whose BPD diagnosis had been assigned a CIM-10 F60. 3 code as part of a primary or secondary diagnosis (Orbis R software). We extracted the following data from the medical files: The extracted data were then analyzed by a psychiatrist who was able to consult the practitioner who made the diagnosis if there was any confusion about the information contained in the medical files.
Diagnosis The diagnoses recorded in the database were based on the DSM-5 criteria (1) and had been made by the ED's experienced psychiatrists (mean of 3 years working in the ED) during a patient's short-term hospitalization. This particular cohort of patients was used because they all underwent the same evaluations, which were conducted by the department's psychiatrists. To avoid the possibility of any overestimation of symptoms, we also met the patients' relatives and investigated their biographies (from pregnancy to date) during the shortterm hospitalization to clarify the trajectory of symptoms. A BPD diagnosis was treated as not confirmed if the symptoms began during the latest crisis period. A large proportion (54%) of the patients in the cohort had been referred to an outpatient crisis service after their hospitalization.
Nonetheless, all the psychiatrists who made the BPD diagnoses in our research had been trained to do so and used the DSM-5 criteria. Additionally, we also monitored the evolution of symptoms in the patients referred to the outpatient crisis service to ensure that the diagnosis was confirmed. Unfortunately, however, 46% of patients were not referred to and followed up by the service, meaning that such data was unavailable for them. It should, nevertheless, be noted that the prevalence of BPD (9% of patients) identified reflects the outcomes of previous research  (12, 13). A further possible limitation is the study's use of a retrospective chart review, which can have methodological limitations  (45) , although an attempt was made to limit these by structuring the research and standardizing the data collection.
Acknowledgements I would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions, and the audiences in GLOW43, CamCoS9,  Hizkuntzalari Euskaldunen V. Topaketa  [5 th Meeting of Basque Linguists], where I have presented parts of the material included in this paper, as well as my colleagues at  IKER UMR5478, HiTT (UPV/EHU ) and in the UV2 group, and in particular  Aritz Irurtzun ,  Georg Kaiser  and  Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria , for comments and helpful discussion. Thanks are also due to the editor,  Johan Rooryck , and the volume editors,  Despina Oikonomou  and  Gillian Ramchand  for facilitating the reviewing process. All errors are my own.
CO 2 samples were then reduced to graphite targets by hydrogen over an iron catalyst. Carbon isotopes were measured with the AMS LMC14/ARTEMIS facility (Saclay, France)  [24]. The 14 C contents were converted into calendar years with the OxCal calibration program  [25] , using the Intcal20 atmospheric curve  [26]  for pre-bomb ages (i. e. , before 1950) and the Bomb13 NH1 post-bomb atmospheric curve  [27]  for the most recent decades (i. e. , after 1950).
Acknowledgments: The author wishes to thank  Dominique Robcis  ( C2RMF ),  Elise Alloin  and  Anaïs Vigneron  ( Archéologie Alsace ),  Ulrich Klein  (numismatist) and the  AGLAE group  ( C2RMF, Paris, France ) for their invaluable contribution to the study of the Preuschdorf hoard and her current colleagues of the  LMC14  laboratory for the painting sample preparation, 14 C measurements and fruitful discussion. Many thanks also to  Estelle Itié  and  Ilenia Cassan  for their confidence in the study of one of the paintings presented here. This is LSCE contribution number  7901.
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to restricted access to databases. The IBA archived dataset is managed by the AGLAE group at the Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (Paris, France). The 14 C AMS archived dataset is managed by the LMC14 Laboratory (Saclay, France). Physics 2022, 4.
Anticipating the controversy over the use of language in How Late, Sammy is 'co-opted into talking by agencies which he knows will use his speech against him' and 'mediates and regulates' his own statements  (Gardiner 105). When registering for disability benefit at the Department of Social Security, for example, Sammy realizes that everything he says is being typed into a computer database. Wanting to revise what he thought was an off-the-record remark about the police giving him 'a doing', he is told he can only 'clarify' but not delete it, and is manoeuvred into using a euphemism: namely that the officers had used 'physical restraints'  (Kelman 103).