dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The rivers discharges are initialized with the climatological datasets of  Dai et al. (2009). The MERCATOR GREEN dataset is available from 1998 to 2014. All the monthly anomalies have been calculated by removing the climatological seasonal cycle, which is the most dominant in the tropical Atlantic  (Burls et al. , 2011) , and calculated over the period 1993-2015, which is the common period of most all the variables at hand.
Rivers discharges and nutrients load The analysis of the Amazon, Orinoco and Congo rivers discharges (the majors rivers off western and eastern tropical Atlantic)  (Araujo et al. , 2014)  is essential to better understand the origin of the Sargassum recent blooms because of the nutrients load. Figure  3  presents the interannual (Fig. 3a ), the climatology (Fig. 3b ) and the anomalies of seasonal discharges (Fig. 3c ) as inferred from the HYBAM observatory database. The interannual variability of the three discharges (Fig. 3a  Sargassum natans and Sargassum fluitans productivity is influenced by nutrients intake, and nitrate and phosphate have been found to enhance these algae's production  (Lapointe, 1986; Gao and Nakahara, 1990; Lapointe, 1995; Smetacek and Zingone, 2013; Sissini et al. , 2017).
Similar conclusions were reached by  Sissini et al. (2017). These authors argued that a possible explanation for the recent blooms may be linked to warmer SSTs in nutrient-enriched oceans conditions induced by continental runoff with agroindustrial and urban origin. Thus, positive SST anomalies observed in 2010-2011 could have induce favorable conditions for Sargassum blooms, then fed by additional nutrients inputs from the Amazon River. This study also suggests, from very recent numerical results, that the subsurface intake of nutrients in the equatorial upwelling region could also have contributed in the blooms and the mass strandings of the Sargassum blooms (Fig. 5b ) in the Atlantic Ocean. However, another datasets need to be analyzed, keeping in mind that there are probably some biases in the vertical velocity of the MERCATOR GREEN, at the equator that could artificially enhance the potential equatorial upwelling effect.
Finally,  Guerreiro et al. (2017)  have reported that African dust could have be a fertilizer for marine phytoplankton in the Atlantic Ocean; further studies are also needed to evaluate the potential impact, even with weaker amount than nutrients, of the iron and the African dust inputs in the NERR. This work highlights and provides new insights about of the effects of the combined warmer SSTs in 2010 and the increase of nitrate and phosphate continental inputs of the Amazon River due to continental run-off generate by deforestation, agroindustrial and urban source as the one of the main causes of the recent Sargassum blooms in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Additional datasets and models outputs have to be analyzed in order to continue this investigation.
The regression models used are based on the surface water systems runoffs and the population density. The interannual surface water systems 4 Biogeosciences Discuss. , https://doi. org/10. 5194/bg-2017-346 Manuscript under review for journal Biogeosciences Discussion started: 20 September 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC BY 4. 0 License. runoffs are extracted from the ANA and the HYBAM data sets. The population density rates for the rivers basins were extracted from the five worldwide databases (refer to Smith et al. (2003) and Araujo et al. (2014) for more methodology details). Log(DIN ) = 3. 99 + 0. 35 × Log(P ) + 0. 75 × Log(R).
Acknowledgements. This study is a part of the physical oceanography component of the  French Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD/ MEDD)  project " Sargasses " and was initiated during a 8 months visit of the 1 st author at the  Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (DOCEAN/UFPE ) in Recife. It has received funding from the  Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)  and from  IRD  through the  Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LE-10 Biogeosciences Discuss. , https://doi. org/10. 5194/bg-2017-346Manuscript under review for journal Biogeosciences Discussion started: 20 September 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC BY 4. 0 License. GOS),  UMR 5566 CNES/CNRS/IRD/UPS. The first author would like to acknowledge these or-ganizations.
Radio source position and size The imaging has been performed for 48 individual stria in 235 frequency channels and is shown in Figure  5. The LOFAR observations were made using 24-core Low Band Antenna stations using tied-array beam forming images with sub-second time resolution. The array of 127-tied array beams, which are the coherent sum of all the station beams, covered the Sun with ∼ 6 arcmin spacing (the data are publicly available via http://lofar. target. rug. nl). Each LOFAR beam measures the flux F i for a given position on the sky given by x b i , y b i in heliocentric coordinates. Figure  2  shows the locations of the beams on the solar disk. The measured flux F i recorded by LOFAR is a convolution of a LOFAR beam point spread function (Figure  8 ) and the true source. The positions and the flux values for each beam allows us to reconstruct the images.
Acknowledgements E. P. K. , N. L. S. J. , N. H. B. were supported by a  STFC  consolidated grant  ST/L000741/1. A. G. E. was supported by grant  NNX10AT78G  from  NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center. A. A. K. was supported in part by the  RFBR  grant  15-02-03717. B. A. was supported by a  STFC studentship grant. The work has benefited from a  Marie Curie.
As part of the follow-up, participants are asked to complete the same set of questionnaires each year. Moreover, each month, participants are invited by email to fill in optional questionnaires related to dietary intake, determinants of eating behaviors, nutritional and health status. This study is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB Inserm n°0 000388FWA00005831) and the Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL n°908450 and n°9 09216). All participants provided informed consent with an electronic signature. This study is registered in EudraCT (n°2013-000929-31).
Physical activity was assessed using a short form of the French version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The weekly energy expenditure expressed in metabolic equivalent task minutes per week was estimated, and three scores of physical activity were constituted [i. e. , low (<30 min/day), moderate (30-59 min/day), and high (≥60 min/day)] according to the French guidelines for physical activity  [40]. For the present study, we used the closest available data with respect to the assessment of meal planning practices.
Anthropometric data Height and weight were assessed by using an anthropometric questionnaire, which was self-administered online, at baseline and each year thereafter  [50, 51]. For each participant, the closest available data to the meal planning questionnaire were used for the analysis. Data were not collected for pregnant women. BMI (in kg/m 2 ) was calculated as the ratio of weight to squared height. Participants were classified as underweight or normal weight (BMI < 25), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30) according to WHO references values  [52].
Models evaluating the associations with mPNNS-GS, macronutrient and food groups intakes were further adjusted for daily energy intake and number of 24-h dietary records completed by participants. The energy model was only adjusted on the number of 24-h records while the food variety models were adjusted on daily energy intake. Missing covariate data were imputed using multiple imputation method. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on a subsample of individuals having responded to at least one of the dietary assessments (i. e. FFQ, dietary records). In addition, analyses were conducted using another definition of food variety score (number of FFQ items reported to be consumed more than once a week)  [59]. All tests of statistical significance were two-sided and the type I error was set at 5%.
In addition, data were self-reported, thus potentially leading to misreporting due, for example, to desirability bias. Nonetheless, previous validation studies performed on a subsample of the NutriNet-Santé study have supported the good validity of self-reported anthropometric and dietary data  [63, 64, 66]. Finally, given that meal planning may be influenced by numerous parameters such as cooking practices and food availability in the surrounding, it is possible that some factors mediating the associations observed in the present paper were not taken into account in the analyses. The potential impact of cooking practices was however considered by adding cooking frequency as a confounder. Future research should be conducted to address the issue of how food availability could potentially influence the relationship observed between meal planning and diet quality.
Acknowledgments We thank all scientists, dieticians, technicians, and assistants who help carry out the  NutriNet-Santé study. We especially thank  Younes Esseddik ,  Yasmina Chelghoum ,  Mohand Ait Oufella ,  Paul Flanzy  and  Thi Hong Van Duong , computer scientists;  Veronique Gourlet ,  Charlie Menard ,  Fabien Szabo ,  Nathalie Arnault ,  Laurent Bourhis  and  Stephen Besseau , statisticians; and the dieticians. We are grateful to volunteers from the  NutriNet-Santé study.
Background: Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents are an effective, but costly, treatment for spondyloarthritis (SpA). Worldwide, multiple sets of access criteria aim to restrict anti-TNF therapy to patients with specific clinical characteristics, yet the influence of access criteria on anti-TNF cost-effectiveness is unknown. Our objective was to use data from the DESIR cohort, a prospective study of early SpA patients in France, to determine whether the French anti-TNF access criteria are the most cost-effective in that setting relative to other potential restrictions.
Methods: We used data from the DESIR cohort to create five study populations of patients meeting anti-TNF access criteria from Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom, and Hong Kong, respectively. For each study population, we calculated the costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over 1 year of patients treated and not treated with anti-TNF therapy. To control for differences between anti-TNF users and non-users, we used linear regression models to derive adjusted mean costs and QALYs. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) representing the incremental cost per additional QALY gained by treating with an anti-TNF within each of the five study populations, using bootstrapping to explore the range of uncertainty in costs and QALYs. A series of sensitivity analyses was conducted, including one to simulate the effect of a 24-week stopping rule for anti-TNF non-responders.
Although a meta-analysis indicates a slightly lower effect of anti-TNF therapy in the nr-axSpA population compared to AS  [1] , evidence from certain trials that have included both populations suggests the effect may be the same if patients are similar in terms of CRP levels, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 positivity, and presence of MRI inflammation  [17, 18]. Unique combinations of clinical characteristics, such as those cited in anti-TNF access criteria, have not been studied in terms of their influence on the estimated cost-effectiveness of anti-TNF therapy. The DESIR cohort is a longitudinal study of early SpA that provides clinical and cost data on a clinically heterogeneous population of both AS and nr-axSpA patients in France. Our objective was to explore how many DESIR patients would possess the unique clinical characteristics required to receive anti-TNF therapy in select settings and to examine costs and health outcomes in each of these subsets of patients.
Study setting and data source The current study was an analysis of data from the DESIR cohort, a 10-year prospective study of 708 early SpA patients recruited from 25 centres across France between October 2007 and April 2010  [20]. The DESIR cohort is a clinically heterogeneous SpA population whose characteristics have been extensively described  [21] [22] [23]. At study entry, all patients were aged 18-50 and had symptoms of inflammatory back pain  [24, 25]  that had lasted >3 months and <3 years and was suggestive of SpA according to a rheumatologist's assessment. Follow-up visits occurred every 6 months in the first 2 years and every year thereafter. Data from the first 3 years of DESIR follow-up, i. e. , baseline visit (n = 708) plus follow-up visits at months 6 (n = 704), 12 (n = 698), 18 (n = 691), 24 (n = 692), 36 (n = 631) were available for this analysis.
The DESIR database contains clinical, quality of life, and cost data. The clinical data include many of the parameters commonly cited in access criteria for anti-TNF agents  [4] , including diagnosis; disease activity according to the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Physician Global Assessment (PhGA); X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computerized tomography (CT) findings; acute phase reactants (e. g. , CRP); and treatment history. The quality of life data collected in DESIR is derived from the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36). The DESIR cost data were derived from a recent costof-illness study, for which detailed costing methods, unit costs, and data sources have been described  [26]. In summary, costing was conducted from a limited societal perspective, including all-cause direct medical costs (i.
e. , health resource use) and indirect costs (i. e. , productivity losses), but excluding direct non-medical costs (e. g. , transportation, devices, caregiver expenses), and expressed in 2013 Euros. Direct medical costs were grouped into health practitioner visits, hospitalizations including emergency room visits and surgeries, medical workups, and medications. Total direct non-medical costs were calculated as the reported number of consumed units of each cost component, multiplied by the corresponding unit cost, and summed across all categories and patients. Indirect costs were valued by multiplying the reported number of work days lost by a daily estimated wage per patient in 2013 Euros, which was based on reported professional category and average population wage data  [27]. The age and sex distribution of DESIR the cohort was compared to that of the population of French workers from which average population wages were obtained and wages were not further adjusted for age and sex.
Selection of anti-TNF access criteria Most patient characteristics cited in anti-TNF access criteria  [4]  are routinely collected in clinical practice for multiple purposes. Using DESIR clinical data, it is possible to assess patient satisfaction of the anti-TNF access criteria in place in France  [19]  and numerous other settings. For the purpose of the analysis, we sought to select a practical number of sets of access criteria with clinically meaningful differences between them and the French criteria, i. e. , sets citing different markers of disease severity whose prevalence would vary within the DESIR cohort. The selection process was undertaken by the research team, which included a rheumatologist (BF), epidemiologist (SH), and biostatistician (DG) with knowledge of the DESIR cohort and database.
Creation of 'study population' datasets We created five separate datasets containing the DESIR patients who satisfied the diagnosis and disease severity criteria for anti-TNF access in France  [19] , Canada  [28] , Germany  [29] , Hong Kong  [30] , and UK  [31] , respectively. These datasets were created to represent five separate 'study populations' of patients, each comprised of anti-TNF users and non-users who satisfied the same set of anti-TNF access criteria. As patients could satisfy multiple criteria sets, unique patients could appear in more than one study population dataset. However, as the five study population datasets were separate, only anti-TNF users and non-users who satisfied the same criteria could be compared to each other. This was done to help limit confounding by indication, as patients satisfying the same anti-TNF access criteria have comparable disease severity on a number of specific measures.
Satisfaction of the treatment failure criterion, i. e. , insufficient response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), was assumed for all patients. In creating the five study population datasets, specific rules were applied in a basecase analysis and subsequently varied in sensitivity analyses. In all analyses, patients were required to satisfy the relevant criteria set no later than month 24. In the basecase analysis, anti-TNF use (yes/no) was defined based on the patient's experience in the 1 year following the date of criteria satisfaction, which was taken as the index date for all patients. In the sensitivity analyses, anti-TNF use (yes/ no) was defined over the entire study period, with date of criteria satisfaction taken as the index date for anti-TNF non-users and date of anti-TNF initiation taken as the index date for anti-TNF users.
Descriptive statistics Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics at baseline and at time of criteria satisfaction among patients in each of the five basecase study population datasets were described in terms of mean (SD) and frequency (%) as appropriate. Descriptive statistics were also produced to describe the number of anti-TNF users in the DESIR cohort who did not satisfy any of the selected criteria sets (and were therefore excluded from analysis) as well as the number of anti-TNF non-responders in the basecase study population datasets and their total time on anti-TNF therapy.
Cost-effectiveness analysis using adjusted costs and QALYs For each of the five study population datasets, we calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) comparing the costs and QALYs of anti-TNF users versus non-users, i. e. , the incremental cost per additional QALY gained by treating with an anti-TNF, using the standard formula: [(Cost anti-TNF-Cost no anti-TNF)/(QALYs anti-TNF-QALYs no anti-TNF)]. To explore the range of uncertainty around mean costs and QALYs, we used non-parametric bootstrapping  [35] , repeating the same procedures for each study population datasets (i. e. , group of patients satisfying a given criteria set). Specifically, 10,000 bootstrap samples were generated (i. e. , by sampling with replacement), stratified by anti-TNF users and non-users. For each bootstrapped sample, linear regression models were fitted for costs and QALYs; although the models were fitted separately, the data used were from the same samples, meaning the interdependence of costs and QALYs was accounted for.
Results Table  1  shows the diagnosis and disease severity criteria for anti-TNF access in France, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, and the UK, as well as the number of DESIR patients who satisfied the respective sets. The criteria sets from the UK and Hong Kong both required a diagnosis of AS, while those from Canada, France, and Germany were inclusive of nr-axSpA patients. Anti-TNF access criteria from France were satisfied by the largest number of DESIR patients (197/708; 27. 8%), followed by Germany (175/708; 25. 1%), Canada (169/708; 23. 8%), the UK (86/708;12. 1%) and Hong Kong (61/708; 8. 6%). Table  2  shows the characteristics of anti-TNF users and non-users in each of the basecase study population datasets. The proportion of anti-TNF users was highest among patients who met the Hong Kong criteria (32/61; 52.
5%), followed by the UK (40/86; 46. 5%), Canada (71/169; 42. 0%), France (80/197; 40. 6%), and Germany (67/175; 38. 3%). Among a total 225 anti-TNF users in the DESIR cohort, 107 (47. 6%) never satisfied the French anti-TNF access criteria, while 94 (41. 8%) never satisfied any of the selected criteria sets and were thus excluded from the analysis. The characteristics of excluded anti-TNF users are shown in Additional file 1: Table  S1. Table  3  shows the unadjusted and adjusted costs of patients in the five basecase study population datasets. In final multivariate models, costs were adjusted for smoking and HLA-B27 status at baseline, and BASFI, PhGA, and CRP at date of criteria satisfaction; QALYs were adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking, HLA-B27 status and peripheral arthritis at baseline, and SF-36, PhGA, and CRP at date of criteria satisfaction.
However, the study makes a number of observations that highlight the potential for anti-TNF access regulations to shape the therapy's cost-effectiveness, in part by defining the target population for initiation, which both influences the likelihood of anti-TNF response and determines the appropriate population of non-users for comparison. In this study, we found that between 41% and 55% of anti-TNF users across the five study population datasets achieved a BASDAI 50 response, and the mean SF6D utility gain one year following anti-TNF initiation was higher among responders compared to non-responders. At the same time, cost-effectiveness estimates did not vary directly in accordance with the proportion of BASDAI 50 responders: the most favourable ICER was derived from the Hong Kong criteria dataset, though it had the lowest proportion of responders.
This discrepancy appears to result from the lower utility among the anti-TNF non-users in the Hong Kong criteria dataset, which translated to a larger incremental difference in QALYs compared to other study population datasets. These findings underscore that, to maximize cost-effectiveness, anti-TNF therapy must be directed to patients mostly likely to experience substantial improvement in quality of life when compared to conventional care, and there is a strong need to inform anti-TNF access criteria with evidence to characterize this patient population. To date, a good deal of research has demonstrated predictors of anti-TNF response, both among AS patients  [38] [39] [40] [41]  and nr-axSpA patients  [9, [13] [14] [15] 42]. However, there are shortcomings in this evidence base, with more data derived from RCT populations  [13-15, 18, 43]  than.
As a substantial number of anti-TNF users in the DESIR cohort did not satisfy any of the selected criteria sets, and as discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy following non-response was infrequently observed, this study further calls for a discussion as to the practical application of regulations surrounding anti-TNF therapy. taux de Paris via the Clinical Research Unit Paris-Centre and under the umbrella of the French Society of Rheumatology and Inserm (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale). The database management is performed within the department of epidemiology and biostatistics (Pro-fessor Jean-Pierre Daurès, D. I. M. , Nîmes, France). An unrestricted grant from Wyeth Pharmaceuticals was allocated for the first 5 years of the follow-up of the recruited patients. We also wish to thank the different regional participating centres: Pr Maxime Dougados (Paris-Cochin B), Pr André Kahan (Paris-Cochin A), Pr Olivier Meyer (Paris-Bichat), Pr Pierre Bourgeois (Paris-La Pitié-Salpetrière), Pr Francis Berenbaum (Paris-Saint Antoine), Pr Pascal Claudepierre (Créteil), Pr Maxime Breban (Boulogne Billancourt), Dr Bernadette Saint-Marcoux (Aulnay-sous-Bois), Pr Philippe Goupille (Tours), Pr Jean-Francis Maillefert (Dijon), Dr Xavier Puéchal (Le Mans), Pr Daniel Wendling (Besancon), Pr Bernard Combe (Montpellier), Pr Liana Euller-Ziegler (Nice), Pr Philippe Orcel (Paris-Lariboisière), Pr Pierre Lafforgue (Marseille), Dr Patrick Boumier (Amiens), Pr Jean-Michel Ristori (Clermont-Ferrand), Dr Nadia Mehsen (Bordeaux), Pr Damien Loeuille (Nancy), Pr René-Marc Flipo (Lille), Pr Alain Saraux (Brest), Pr Corinne Miceli (Le Kremlin Bicêtre), Pr Alain Cantagrel (Toulouse), Pr Olivier Vittecoq (Rouen).