dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
g. , classification, prediction). Therefore, this classification is whether the explicability is global to provide insights into the inner workings of the entire model for some specific dataset or local for a single test input 𝑥 and its corresponding result 𝑦  [29, 28]. There are two types of explicability: ante-hoc consists of building it directly from the beginning of model creation (the model can be understood immediately), and post-hoc consists of building it after model creation using a technique to extract the explanation  [29, 28]. Global explanators try to reveal certain properties of the model independently of results. An example is the treebased approach (e. g. , decision trees and ensembles of decision trees, such as RF)  [26, 30, 27]. In this case, the information gained from a variable accumulated over all trees can be used as a relevance measure.
Discussion This study presents a machine-learning approach to detecting COVID-19-active cases based on three classification models: random forest (RF), light gradient boosting (LGB), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB). More precisely, the proposed detection approach predicts active cases using the entire set of variables collected from the UMD-CTIS questionnaires. These questionnaires record a wide range of individual features such as gender, age group, vaccination acceptance, and isolation measures. In addition, we introduce a feature-reduction approach that uses a recursive featureelimination (RFE) strategy to train the classification model. A key objective of RFE is to identify and keep relevant features based on Shapley values without compromising detection accuracy. It is pertinent to mention that the proposed method is evaluated on UMD-CTIS data extracted from four countries: Brazil, Canada, Japan, and South Africa, and two periods: 2020 and 2021.
Specifically, we consider experiments with at least one symptom reported within the past 24 hours and a test result within the past 14 days. Extracted datasets may contain biases, limitations, and missing values. In countries where demographic information can be a significant factor in detecting active cases, such as isolated communities and islands, the data may be affected by biases due to the homogenization of the population. In addition, biases can arise from assuming that all populations have Internet access uniformly. To reduce biases, we randomly select a limited set of experiments as the training set to optimize the classification models. The proposed approach has shown competitive performance for the four countries and 2020 and 2021. In particular, the feature selection stage removes a large number of irrelevant variables with a negligible impact on classification accuracy.
Therefore, taking into account both the proposed detection approaches and the massive amount of data provided by the UMD-CTIS questionnaires, we can reliably track pandemic indicator trends in a similar way to that provided by public healthcare systems. Regarding the explainability analysis, the variables that appear most frequently are the loss of smell or taste (B1. 10. 1/B1. 10. 2), regardless of the year, country, the technique used for the explainability analysis, the prediction technique, or dataset reduced or not by the Shapley method. Other variables appear in some specific cases (countries, forecasting techniques, etc. ). For example, using the Shapley method for explainability analysis in 2020, the variable C0. 2. 1 (the fact of having gone to a market, store or pharmacy) is relevant in some countries.
Ethical Declaration The Ethics Board (IRB) of IMDEA Networks Institute gave ethical approval for this work on 2021/07/05. IMDEA Networks has signed Data Use Agreements with Facebook, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and the University of Maryland (UMD) to access their data, specifically UMD project 1587016-3 entitled C-SPEC: Symptom Survey: COVID-19 and CMU project STUDY2020_00000162 entitled ILI Community-Surveillance Study. The data used in this study was collected by the University of Maryland through The University of Maryland Social Data Science Center Global COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey in partnership with Facebook. Informed consent has been obtained from all participants in this survey by this institution. All the methods in this study have been carried out in accordance with relevant of ethics and privacy guidelines and regulations.
Funding Declaration This work was partially supported by grant  CoronaSurveys-CM , funded by  IMDEA Networks and Comunidad de Madrid, Spain , grants  COMODIN-CM  and  PredCov-CM , funded by  Comunidad de Madrid  and the  European Union  through the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) , grants  TED2021-131264B-I00  ( SocialProbing ) and  PID2019-104901RB-I00 , funded by  MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033  and the  European Union  " NextGener-ationEU "/PRTR, and individual donations to the CoronaSurveys Project https://coronasurveys. org.
Availability of Data and Materials The data presented in this paper (in aggregated form) and the programs used to process it will be openly accessible at https://github. com/GCGImdea/coronasurveys/. The microdata of the CTIS survey from which the aggregated data was obtained cannot be shared, as per the Data Use Agreements signed with Facebook, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and the University of Maryland (UMD).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank professor  R. Arnason  for providing us with information on the calibration of the global fishery model ( World Bank ,  2017 ),  R. Little ,  B. Fulton ,  J. Rice  and an anonymous reviewer for providing helpful comments on the manuscript. J. B. was supported by  ISblue  project , Interdisciplinary graduate school for the blue planet  ( ANR-17-EURE-0015 ) and co-funded by a grant from the  French government  under the program " Investissements d'Avenir" embedded in France 2030.
, 2015; Roveri et al. , 2014). Depending on the palaeogeographical location (Mediterranean Sea vs. Paratethys and circum-Paratethys), these climate perturbations are not synchronous and do not have the same expression. Being located between these two palaeogeographical entities, the Samos basins are a perfect case study to unravel the effect of such climatic forcing on the development of lacustrine carbonate systems. Based on an extensive multidisciplinary database, including sedimentological and geochemical (strontium, carbon and oxygen stable isotopes) analyses, associated with a thorough review of previously published palaeontological material (molluscs, diatoms and pollen), the present article brings new insights on the evolution of East Aegean, Miocene continental depositional systems.
They were stained with alizarin red-S and potassium ferricyanide to highlight the distribution of the main carbonate minerals  (Dickson, 1966). Petrographic observations were carried out with a Nikon Eclipse LV100 POL microscope. To complete the petrographic work, a synthesis of previously published palaeontological data has been compiled. These involve spores and pollen  (Ioakim et al. , 2005; Ioakim & Koufos, 2009; Ioakim & Solounias, 1985; Koufos et al. , 2011) , diatoms  (Owen et al. , 2011)  and gastropods  (Koufos et al. , 2011; Owen et al. , 2011 ; completed by observations reported on here).
, 1998 ). An alternative explanation is the possible contamination of the lake water with episodic incursions of marine-related water or groundwater inflows  (Lettéron et al. , 2018). Indeed, a few points of the dataset are close to values of marine calcite of Serravallian-Tortonian age (Figure  11 ). This hypothesis is also supported by the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios that show intermediate values between meteoric and marine waters, at the beginning of the Pythagorion Formation, in both the Kavouraki and the Hora sections. This may suggest a mixing of water of different origins of marine and non-marine waters  (Ligios et al. , 2012). Under the warm temperate and highly humid climate at that period, such episodic connections with marine-related waters could finally explain the origin of salinity in this lake.
In the south of the Karlovassi Basin (Marathokampos section; Figure  3 ), the equivalent Pythagorion Formation displays the facies association FA3. Palustrine to shallow marginal lacustrine conditions are therefore inferred. However, the isotopic dataset does not show any good covariance, which suggests a hydrologically opened system and humid conditions  (Talbot, 1990). The positive δ 13 C values (from +3. 00‰ to +6. 92‰) may be explained by a 13 C uptake related to photosynthetic activity and the leaching of the basement marbles in the catchment area  (Lettéron et al. , 2018). Indeed, the marbles of Fourni Island (south-westward of Samos) typically display positive δ 13 C values  (Lazzarini & Cancelliere, 2000). and may have resulted in 13 C-enriched HCO 3 -waters. The large range of δ 18 O values (from -11.
The climate variability of the Late Miocene to Pliocene remarkably controls the depositional record found in Samos and its neighbouring regions. The dataset supports a detailed depositional record of the deteriorating Late Miocene climate. This change started in the Early Tortonian with an increasing seasonality and more and more arid conditions, culminating during the Messinian period with the replacement of the lacustrine systems by alluvial ones. Finally, during the Early Pliocene, more humid conditions prevail, promoting the regeneration of freshwater swamps. The Samos succession also records the large-scale effect of the geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Aegean zone, through significant subsidence, interrupted in the mid-Tortonian (9 Ma) by a brief compressive event. The origin of the salinity in these lacustrine environments could be due to episodic ingressions of marinerelated water or groundwater inflows, as suggested by the geochemical data and the presence of flora (diatoms) and fauna (gastropods) of marine affinity.
Bathymetric data Bathymetric data from the sampling region were considered to better understand the bathymetric-induced current steering as well as the proximity of the stations to the shallow hydrothermal vents. These bathymetric data were downloaded from NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information page (https:// www. ngdc. noaa. gov/mgg/global/). The ETOPO1 Global Relief Model was used with the grid version ETOPO1 Bedrock.
, 2023b) , highlighting the sensitivity of N 2 fixation to Fe availability. These results suggest that the significant N 2 fixation inputs to the WTSP in the late spring, summer, and early autumn work to lower the elevated upper thermocline d 15 N NO3+NO2 originating from dissimilatory NO 3 -reduction in the oxygen deficient zones of the Eastern Tropical South Pacific. The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This research is a contribution to the TONGA project (Shallow hydroThermal sOurces of trace elemeNts: potential impacts on biological productivity and the biological carbon pump; TONGA cruise https:// doi. org/10. 17600/18000884) funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant TONGA ANR-18-CE01-0016), the LEFE-CyBER   2 ).
Acknowledgments The authors warmly thank the captain and crew of the  R/V L'Atalante  and  R /V Alis  (both  TGIR Flotte , operated by  IFREMER)  for outstanding shipboard operations. Vincent Taillandier  and  Nagib Bhairy  are thanked for the CTD rosettes management, and data processing,  Sandra Nunige  for nutrient analyses of the 2019 samples,  Mary Dennis  for her assistance with the 'denitrifier method' at  Florida State University ,  Caroline Lory  for her assistance with the 15 N 2 fixation experiments and data aqusition and  Nathalie Leblond  ( Cellule Piège INSU ) for the treatment/ splitting of the moored trap.
Even more, SEOV transmission and circulation in black rats could enhance geographic expansion because the R. rattus rat species was probably introduced centuries ago (41), is already widespread across the continent  (40) , and is still propagating because of its substantial invasive ability  (42, 43). When not dominated by other species, black rats are quite numerous in cities and live in close proximity to humans, including within households, especially in socioeconomically and environmentally degraded settlements where rat-to-human zoonotic spillover is possible (G. Dobigny et al. , unpub. data, https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 6444777). Thus, if R. rattus rats are found to be a regular SEOV reservoir, the risk associated with this pathogenic but poorly documented virus in Africa could be even higher than is currently thought.
In order to fill this gap, we undertook the study of the Aiguille de Chambeyron-Denti di Maniglia massif, a high-elevation area of the Ubaye-Maira transect in the French-Italian border area (red box in Fig. 1b ). The area includes all types of Briançonnais units cropping out between the internal ocean-derived Queyras Schistes Lustrés and the external Helminthoid Flysch units  (Figs. 1b, 2; Kerckove et al. , 1984; Michard et al. , 2004). Our major aim is to present new structural observations at different scales and geothermometry results based on the Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material (RSCM), accompanied by a new geological-structural map at the scale of 1: 15,000 of the Aiguille de Chambeyron massif (Additional file 1). Our new data combined with those from literature allow us to discuss both the structural evolution and initial paleogeographic relationships between Briançonnais-derived and ocean-derived units, highlighting their common subduction-exhumation dynamics.
Methods and sampling A geological map at the scale of 1:15,000 (Additional file 1) was realized starting from new surveys at the scale of 1:10,000, and where needed, 1:5,000. To map the Quaternary formations and less accessible locations, the interpretation of satellite images was used. Structural orientation data were collected using both digital instruments and traditional compass; they were organized in a database and used to construct the geological map in a GIS environment. In the map we adopted the use of the Geological Map of Italy project guidelines  (ISPRA, 2022). For the definition of the main formations adopted in the geological map, we relied on  Gidon et al. (1994) , although with modifications that are discussed in Sect. 6. Approximately 50 oriented samples were collected for both microtectonic studies and characterization of metamorphic grade based on mineral assemblages (Additional file 3: Table  S1 ).
Acknowledgements We warmly thank  Jean-Pierre Bouillin  for sharing with us useful information on the geology of the area and  Marco Vignolo  who accompanied one of us (DD) during part of the geological mapping. Chiara Montomoli  and  Rodolfo Carosi  ( Unito ) are thanked for their suggestions on the early drafts of the attached geological map. Giancarlo Molli  and  Michel Ballèvre  are thanked for their revisions that greatly helped to improve the manuscript. We also thank  Jean-Luc Epard  for editorial handling of this paper.
In the first 5 cm near the emitter, the data quality is poor, and the data is not usable. The velocity measurements shown in Fig. 4  were carried out within the first 20 min of the experiments, which is before the moat-drift system was established. For the across-slope profile, the velocity was measured every 5-10 cm for 2 min. When the velocity was not measured, the instrument was positioned in the middle of the tank to ensure that it does not influence the current-and morpho-dynamics of the study area. In the experiments, two phases are distinguished. One is the sediment input phase where sediment is added and the other is the sediment reworking phase where no sediment is added. In the first experiment, the first sediment input phase is 3 h, the reworking phase is 8 h and the second input phase is 7 h.
Acknowledgements We thank  Han de Witte  for technical support with the experiments. This work has been done in collaboration within the "The  Drifters" Research Group at Royal Holloway University of London (RHUL). We thank TGS for their permission to use the seismic profile of the Álvarez Cabral Moat in Fig. 1. H. W. 's research stay at the  Utrecht University  was supported by the  BremenIDEA  funding line from the  University of Bremen. We thank the reviewers  Kyle Strom ,  George Pantopoulos  and  Chenglin Gong , and.
Datasets In this study, we consider the data of the P2OA UHF RWP to develop the new CALOTRITON algorithm, for the retrieval of the CBL heigh throughout the whole 22 year long and ongoing time series of observations. We also use the data from the P2OA 60 m tower instrumented to provide vertical profiles of turbulence and meteorological data in the surface layer. Table  1  summarises all the instruments used in this study, their location, context, measurement period and dataset reference. n (Fig. 2c ) is deduced from the reflectivity as a function of the received power  (Doviak and Zrnic, 1993). The vertical velocity variance σ 2 w (Fig. 2d ) is obtained from the spectral half width of the backscattered signal and allows an estimate of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate ε (Fig.
Specific CALOTRITON objectives In order to obtain reliable Zi estimates with UHF RWP and to allow long time series analysis of the P2OA-CRA dataset, a Zi-retrieval algorithm (CALOTRITON) was developed with 5 main objectives and constraints: 1. To restrict Zi estimate to the convective boundary layer, by only considering daytime conditions and excluding precipitation periods. 2. To respect temporal continuity of Zi growth and to follow it as finely as possible in time, in order to describe the smallest convective scales (5 to 30 minutes,  Stull, 1988). Zi should start close to the ground early in the day. 3. To manage complex cases: as in the presence of clouds (as shown as Fig. 4 ), or thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL), when cold air advection in the lower layers can create a new convective boundary layer e.
Restriction to CBL conditions First, we consider UHF RWP data only above 225 m a. g. l. This is the first gate where data are always of high quality. Only daytime data are selected to estimate Zi from the UHF RWP. For this, sunrise and sunset times are retrieved as a function of date, altitude, latitude and longitude. Precipitation periods (including virga) are excluded by a function based on empirical thresholds on C 2 n and Doppler vertical velocity (w). Any profile which meets C 2 n > 10 -14 m -2/3 and w < -1 m s -1 over five consecutive levels is removed, as well as all profiles occurring 15 minutes before and after (see Fig. 4c  bewteen 16:00 UTC and 17:00 UTC). We do not assign Zi   Zi(i) + 375 m Zi ε (i) + 75m Zi(i) attributions with respect of configuration parameters: -NPx value limit -RH limit at 2 m (90%) -Secondary maximum NPx value limit -Zi(i) ≤ Zi limit.
Clear sky case We note the very high consistency between the four different estimates in the clear sky case shown in Fig. 2. Therefore, Zi N P 3 std has a good confidence index, except around 15:30 UTC, where Zi N P 0 std is slightly lower than Zi N P 3 std. Figure  3  shows data from a radiosonde launched at 13:35 UTC the same day at CRA. In a subjective way, we estimate Zi at about 550 m, where a strong potential temperature gradient is observed, associated with a strong humidity gradient (mixing ratio and relative humidity). This height is in good agreement with all the estimates made by CALOTRITON. This is a textbook example of a typical clear sky case (see the nearly undisturbed diurnal course of the incoming shortwave radiation in Fig. 2 ), with flag = 1 for most of the day.
Clear sky with multiple layering The use of the LIAISE dataset  (Boone et al. , 2021)  allows us to test the CALOTRITON algorithm with the same UHF RWP at a different location and under different meteorological conditions. During the LIAISE campaign, the P2OA RWP was deployed from June 2021 to October 2021 in the semi arid region of Lleida, Spain, at a distance of about 15 km from large areas of irrigated crops. Figure  7  exemplifies the complexity that can be observed in clear sky conditions in this region, and proves the capability of CALOTRITON under CBL multilayering conditions. Between 10:00 UTC and 13:00 UTC, Zi N P 3 sub indicates the potential presence of a TIBL located below 1000 m. At 11:00 UTC, Zi N P 0 std is at the level of Zi N P 3 sub at about 600 m. Figure  8  shows measurements from a radiosonde taken at this time.
Acknowledgements. We gratefully acknowledge the  French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)  assisted by the  Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse , for funding this study and their support. P2OA-CRA observation data were collected at the  Pyrenean Platform  for Observation of the Atmosphere P2OA (http://p2oa. aero. obsmip. fr). P2OA facilities and staff are funded and supported by the  University Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, France , and  CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique). P2OA is a component of the  ACTRIS-Fr Research Infrastructure  and benefits from AERIS data centre (https://www. aeris-data. fr/) for hosting service data. The 60 m tower is partly supported by the  POCTEFA/FLUXPYR European program. The BLLAST field experiment was made possible thanks to the contribution of several institutions and supports :  INSU-CNRS  ( Institut National des Sciences   de l'Univers, Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique ,  LEFE-IDAO program ),  Météo-France ,  Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (University of Toulouse) ,  EUFAR (EUropean Facility for Airborne Research)  and  COST ES0802  (European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical).
The sample size was determined with the aim of achieving a reasonable precision in terms of the width of the 95% confidence interval, a sample size of 80 nurses and 70 patients would lead to a precision of ±11-12%. A sample size of 30 nurses was sufficient to allow for country-level comparisons with a precision of ±18%. Survey respondents were recruited by Research Partnership, a specialist healthcare market research firm, using either email or telephone contact obtained via the nurse/patient database of local agencies. Social-media campaigns were also implemented to drive recruitment and posters describing the study were displayed in fertility clinics with QR codes linked to study information. Additional recruitment methods included nurse referrals to contact other nurses or patients via letter or email.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  Paula Coyle ,  Ellie Merrigan ,  Zoe Clark ,  Evelyn Watson , and  Luke Stoneman at Research Partnership  for their assistance with conducting the nurse and patient interviews and preparation of the study report. Editorial support for the preparation of this manuscript (in the form of writing assistance, collating author comments, assembling tables/figures, grammatical editing and referencing) was provided by  Sarah Birch, PhD  and  Yarden Cohen-Jones , at  Makara Health Communications Ltd, UK  and was funded by  Ferring Pharmaceuticals.
BACKGROUND The incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) associated with anticancer drugs in cancer patients remains incompletely defined. OBJECTIVES The primary outcome was the annualized incidence rate of AF reporting associated with exposure to 1 of 19 anticancer drugs used as monotherapy in clinical trials. The authors also report the annualized incidence rate of AF reported in the placebo arms of these trials. METHODS The authors systematically searched ClinicalTrials. gov for phase 2 and 3 cancer trials studying 19 different anticancer drugs of interest used as monotherapy, up to September 18, 2020. The authors performed a random-effects meta-analysis to compute summary AF annualized incidence rate with its 95% CI using log transformation and inverse variance weighting. RESULTS A total of 191 clinical trials (47.