dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
CONCLUSIONS Results from a large real-world HF database of patients followed by cardiologists showed that ECG abnormalities were present in the majority of HF patients but more frequently in HFrEF patients. The patients with ECG abnormalities were characterized by a worse general condition and poor one-year outcomes when compared with thos without any abnormal ECG findings. Among other ECG abnormalities, only tachycardia was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality.
To determine whether a particular ontology class or pathway could be established among the PDZ-containing proteins identified as WNV NS5 binders by our experimental approaches, we chose to use the protein annotation program PANTHER (protein annotation through evolutionary relationships). This overrepresentation test led us to analyze our large-scale experimental data against current annotated gene data set. PANTHER analysis was performed with the two lists of PDZ-containing proteins obtained from holdup (29 PDZ NS5 binders; 27 proteins) and from N2H (28 PDZ NS5 binders; 25 proteins) assays. Protein IDs were imported into the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis tool based on protein analysis through the evolutionary relationships classification system. The cellular component categories of GO having P values < 0.
RTqPCR. Total RNA from infected or transfected HEK-293T cells was extracted using Nucleospin RNA kit (Machery Nagel) according to the manufacturer's protocol and reverse transcribed into cDNA using Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, Life Technologies). A SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay (QuantiTect SYBR Green kit, Qiagen) for relative quantification of transcripts was performed on 384well plate QuantStudio 6 Flex real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) according to protocol as previously described  19, 20. The relative quantities were determined by using raw Cp values as input for qBase, a flexible and open source program for qPCR data management and analysis  48  ; the primers used in this manuscript were listed in Suppl. Table  2. Western Blot. Protein lysates were prepared by cell lysis in radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer (BioBasic Canada) containing protease inhibitors (Roche), then the cells were frozen at -20 °C.
Study Area and Methods We sampled bird populations in 38 open raised bogs of Québec and New Brunswick, sometimes hundreds of kilometers apart (Fig. 1 ). Each year of data collection, we sampled natural, unrestored (without management post extraction), and restored sites in most of the bogs. Throughout this paper, we define sites as specific, contiguous areas of bogs with a homogeneous class  (natural, restored, etc. )  We assume that our sampling approach led to no major confounding effects of regional and temporal variation among bogs.
Bog land cover We measured the temporal evolution of land cover in bogs from a combination of aerial and satellite images taken throughout the study period, as well as GPS surveys. All spatial data were recorded as adjacent polygons and incorporated in an ArcGIS geodatabase (ESRI, 2019) using a decimal degree, WGS84 (EPSG 4326) projection. We ascribed one of the following categories to each polygon: natural, peat-extracted, unrestored, restored, pond. Sites not corresponding to those categories were ignored. We estimated the year of the ending of peat extraction and restoration for each polygon for which one of those categories occurred at least once. We updated bog land cover categories for each survey year. Sampling plots for vegetation and birds (see below) were characterized as unrestored (peat extracted), restored or natural only if > 50 % of their area corresponded to one of those categories.
Acknowledgments This research was funded by  Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada 's, the  Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Association  and its numerous corporate members, as well as a  Wildlife Habitat Canada  grant to  André Desrochers. Thanks  to  Alexandre Rivard ,  Bertrand LeGrand ,  Bruno Drolet ,  Christian Marcotte ,  Christine Renaud ,  Fanny Senez-Gagnon ,  Jean-François Ouellet ,  Jean-François Rousseau ,  Jean-Pierre Savard ,  Nathalie Pelletier , and  Stéphanie Haddad  for their participation in bird point counts. Stéphanie Boudreau  provided helpful criticism on an earlier version of this article.
Introduction Since the Human Genome Project, the development of new technologies for the interrogation of genetic variability has increased exponentially, and new large-scale, high-throughput sequencing methods for genotyping and DNA sequencing have emerged, allowing thousands of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to be performed. These technologies and the resulting analyses have revolutionized genetic investigation of disease, however, as pointed out by previous analyses of GWAS databases, these studies have failed in one major regard, they are not representative of the global genetic diversity. As a consequence of sample availability, budgetary constraints, issues with enrollment, or statistical power, populations of European ancestry still represent the majority of subjects included  (Popejoy and Fullerton 2016; Hindorff et al.
Methods We searched PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception until October 2021. The search strings for each database were created using terms for "Parkinson's disease", "genetics", "main non-European ethnic groups", and the "lower to upper-middle-income countries", as classified by the World Bank (Supplementary Table  1 ). Inclusion criteria were original studies reporting genetic results on PD from non-European populations and published in English. Systematic and narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and papers exclusively reporting functional, epigenetic, or biomarkers results were excluded. The Rayyan software was used to detect duplicates and perform the first screening procedure  (Ouzzani et al. 2016). We implemented the review in a two-step approach. First, two independent researchers screened titles and abstracts for inclusion criteria, and a third reviewer judged any discrepancies.
Second, another reviewer examined the selected papers in their entire content to reassess inclusion criteria and collect data through an online extraction form. We collected information about the study design for each included study, classified as study of familial/monogenic cases, sporadic PD, or GWAS. Ethnicity was mainly categorized by geographical perspective, and we determined it based on the explicit description in the manuscript or inferred by the country of origin. Laboratory methods used for genetic analyses are very diverse, but to measure the access to technologies, we highlight those using nextgeneration sequencing (considered a "new" technology). The collaborative network was defined based on the number of distinct centers collecting samples and we classify them in singlecenter, multicenter within the same country or international multicenter.
Finally, funding information was classified as funded exclusively from sponsors located in underrepresented regions or not. Bibliometric analysis was also conducted, based on the titles previously selected that had a full record in the Web of Science Core Collection database. Based on this information, we retrieved the number of authors and citations per document, the impact factor of the journals, studies with authors from single or multiple countries, and the collaborative network among authors from different countries. For comparative analysis of the quality and visibility of the studies published, we reran the PubMed search without applying any exclusion criteria for the most productive countries in underrepresented regions. We compared the results with the same search for three different countries with mainly European ancestry from different continents (Germany, Canada, and Australia).
Results After removing duplicates, we retrieved 1,606 titles from the search in PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE, from which 459 were excluded in the first screening step, resulting in 1,147 papers (Figure  1 ). In the second step, when the entire paper was examined, 180 papers were excluded, resulting in a final count of 967 (for a completed list of references included, see Supplementary Table  2 ). The main reasons for exclusion were studies not written in English (n = 74), 63 in Chinese, 7 in Spanish, 1 in Japanese, and 1 in Persian; none of them have performed a GWAS when examining their titles and abstracts. Other reasons for exclusions were not including individuals from URP, not including persons with PD, no genetic analysis performed and not reporting original results. For a subset of papers (n = 923) that were also available in the Web of Science Core Collection database, further bibliometric analysis was performed.
Another potential explanation for this lower citation rate is that Greater China scientific publications have generally been more recent compared to the others. Southeast Asia is an exceptional case. Despite its still lower number of publications, they were able to recruit the largest sample sizes in individual studies, most of them locally funded, and exhibiting the highest citations and impact factor. Countries with a high economic development are in this region, such as Singapore and Malaysia. Collaborative studies are crucial in genetics when we need to gather a substantial sample size. Besides that, a research network can be beneficial for underserved countries since it can strengthen credibility, facilitate data sharing, and promote capacity building. Most of the samples collected for PD genetic studies in South Asia and Greater China populations were from single centers, and international collaborations were scarce.
A possible explanation for this is the higher frequency of LRRK2 p. G2019S carriers in this region, which could have piqued international interest (due to its common occurrence in European and Ashkenazi Jewish populations) and fostered international collaborations  (Tolosa et al. 2020; Lesage et al. 2009 ). The need for high investment capital in cutting-edge technologies might also promote collaborations with higher-income countries. A notable limitation of the present study can be the number of publications used as the primary measure of population representation. One could also argue that the broad search criteria used include such a diversity of studies that their joint numbers express vague concepts. Even so, we consider that our approach provides key indirect measures of scientific interest, development, and output in those specific populations, which reflect representation not only at the DNA level in databases but also at a much broader appraisal of the population's social, financial, and scientific aspects.
PermaNet ® 2. 0 was the net product distributed during the URC with a maximum of 5 ITNs distributed per household among households with 10 or more members (Ikupa Akim, pers. comm). PermaNet ® 2. 0 ITNs distributed by the URC were identifiable by their blue colour. Additional nets (non-study nets) acquired by household members within those 22 months (regardless of their source) were assessed and all ITNs were included in the analysis. Data were collected using a questionnaire (Additional file 1) on (  1 ) household members and their characteristics (age, gender, pregnancy status, SES); (2) access to and net use, including number of people sleeping under a net the previous night; and, (3) the physical status (serviceability) of a maximum 3 study nets per household. Data were collected using Google Nexus tablets, uploaded and sent to the Ifakara Health Institute servers at the end of each day.
Statistical analysis Data analysis was carried out using statistical software package STATA 14. 1 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). Survey weights were used to compensate for unequal sampling units, adjust for non-response, and a multi-level modelling approach. Net use and the proportion of serviceable and unserviceable study nets by user age category, among houses with and without enough nets for every 2 members, are presented as frequencies and percentages. Statistical analysis of the effect of  crowding (more than 2 people sleeping under a net) on net serviceability was done using logistic regression models with crowding as the main exposure. Other predictor variables specified a priori were user characteristics (age, gender), SES and net product. A forward-selection procedure was applied for modelling and the selection was based on change in main exposure effect estimate (mean square error).
Materials and methods All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sud Mediterranée III (EudraCT: 2018-000380-82) and pre-registered before being conducted on the Clinical-Trials. gov database under the trial record number NCT03520543. The subjects gave written informed consent to participate in the study.
PET procedures [ 11 C]yohimbine was synthesized as previously described  ( Jakobsen et al. , 2006 ). The radiochemical purities of syntheses used for the study were greater than 95%, with corresponding molar activities of 53. 4 ± 16. 4 GBq/μmol at the end of synthesis. All subjects received an intravenous bolus injection of 370 MBq ± 10% of [ 11 C]yohimbine ( Table  1  ). List-mode PET data were acquired, during 90 min from the injection of the tracer, simultaneously with 3T MRI data (Dixon T1, anatomic MPRAGE T1, veinous and arterial TOF), on a Siemens mMR Biograph system.
Kinetic modeling Modeling of the PET TAC was performed with the AIF corrected for metabolite and plasma free fraction using the Turku PET center utilities library ( TPCCLIB , https://gitlab. utu. fi/vesoik/tpcclib ). Invasive models including the 1-TCM ( fitk2 ), the 2-TCM ( fitk4), and the Logan graphical analysis (LGA)  ( Logan, 2000 )  were used to estimate the volume of distribution (V T , mL. g -1 ) across regions. Fitting accuracy was evaluated with the Akaike information criteria (AIC)  ( Akaike, 1974 ). Reference tissue modeling techniques were also evaluated using SRTM  ( Lammertsma and Hume, 1996 )  and the non-invasive Logan reference tissue model ( LREF)  ( Logan, 2000 ). The CC was chosen as reference region based on the recommendations of previous work  ( Nahimi et al. , 2015 ).
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using Rstudio ( https://github. com/rstudio/rstudio ). Paired Student's t-tests were used to test for differences in the injected dose and molar activity of the [ 11 C]yohimbine between Scan 1 and Scan 2 and also applied to test whether DVRs after retest or clonidine challenge significantly differed from baseline condition. Results with p < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. SPM12 was used for voxel-wise comparison with spatially normalized smoothed DVR images. Statistical parametric maps of the t statistic were computed with a threshold of p < 0. 05 uncorrected at the voxel level and an extent voxels threshold the "Expected number of voxel per cluster ". Significant clusters were selected at a corrected cluster level of p < 0.
Subject demographics In total, over the fourteen subjects scanned, only thirteen completed the study according to the protocol. One subject's retest scan (subject 1) was not evaluated because of PET camera malfunction during the acquisition and was excluded from the test-retest analysis. Additionally, over the thirteen subjects, two subjects did not have arterial sampling in scan 1 but completed the study. For three subjects, the metabolite data were non-exploitable. At the end, for the modeling study, seven datasets were available (PET scan, AIF, metabolite function and free fraction), for the test-retest, six datasets were available (six subjects, two PET scans), and for the test-challenge study, seven datasets were available (seven subjects, two PET scans) ( Table  1  ). Mean age for both groups was identical (25 ± 4 years old for the test-retest group and 25 ± 2 for the test-challenge group).
In hypothalamus, 16 DEGs overlapped between male and female, 12 showing expression changes in opposite direction, 4 in similar direction and 33 genes were exclusive in SEagg male cohort (Fig. 2D ). In PFC, 15 DEGs overlapped between male and female all showing expression changes in similar direction and 72 genes were exclusive to SEagg males. ( In order to identify the gene signatures causal for PPS induced male escalated aggression, we prioritized genes of 2 categories including i) male exclusive DEGs in Hypo and PFC ii) DEGs that showed opposite pattern in both sexes. Amongst these DEGs, we selected top ranking 10 genes from each category and finally 20 DEGs got validated by RT-PCR. Ttr, encoding for thyroid hormone (TH) transporter protein was the topmost ranking gene in Hypo of our transcriptome data (Fig.
The FASTQ sequencing reads were adapter-trimmed along with a minimum length cutoff of 50 bases using Prinseq-lite. The reads were aligned to mouse genome assembly using TopHat (v. 2. 0. 11) followed by reference-based assembly using Cufflinks (v. 2. 2. 1). Then differentially expressing transcripts were identified using Cuffdiff (v. 2. 2. 1). Raw and processed RNA-seq datasets were deposited in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), accession number GSE199844.
Statistical analyses All statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel or Prism 8 (GraphPad Software). Sample sizes were not predetermined during study design. However, for each experiment our sample sizes were based upon conventions established in previous publications including our own, that had used similar assays and power calculations. Sample sizes, statistical analysis used and exact p values for each experiment is mentioned in respective results and figure legend section and also uploaded as source files wherever Information regarding number of experiments and number of replicates are provided in each result and figure legend sections. Total number of animals used in experiment and number of animals in each experimental group is also mentioned. Each animal was considered as a biological replicate and all our replicates presented in figures were biological.
Experiment repeated with same samples was considered as technical replicate. In case of RT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunofluorecence, ELISA and MedIP experiments each biological replicate was further run in 3 technical replicates. All experiments except RNA sequencing (Figure  1  and 2) were repeated at least 2-3 times at least with independent cohort of mice. Experiments were repeated by separate researchers/experimenters wherever possible, to ascertain reproducibility and independent verification of data. In order to analyze RT-PCR data, the 2^-ΔΔCt value was used to calculate relative fold change in mRNA expression and plotted as histograms. For immunoblot analysis, the signal intensity (Integrated Density Value, IDV) of TTR and NRGN bands was measured by spot densitometry tool of AlphaEaseFC software (Alpha Innotech Corp, San Jose, CA, USA), normalized against the IDV of internal control GAPDH and histogram was plotted as relative density value.
Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the animal house facility of  CSIR-IGIB, New Delhi, India. We thank  Ashish Kumar  ( Centre for Biomedical Engineering, IIT Delhi, India ) for assistance in stereotaxy experiments. Funding: This work was supported by grants from  Department of Science and Technology, Govt of India  ( DST/INSPIRE/04/2014 / (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
Data Collection and Evaluation Demographic information, including years of practice, region, sector, and workplace, were collected from information submitted in the enrolment form. Learners' knowledge of core topics was evaluated through a knowledge quiz completed pre-training and post-training. Quiz questions were validated by the training lead expert and a selection of external expert antimicrobial pharmacist tutors. In cohort 1, this multiple-choice question quiz comprised 30 questions. After further review and validation of the questions against the core learning topics, the quiz was updated and expanded to include 33 questions in cohorts 2 and 3. Each question was given a score of either 0 (incorrect), 0. 5 (partially correct), or 1 (fully correct). After completing the quiz at the start of the training, learners were provided with their score and breakdown of results but were not provided with the correct answers.
After completing the same quiz at the end of the training, learners were provided with the full set of answers in their results report. Access to the quiz was restricted on the Learning Management System to a single attempt each time, with access to the questions hidden between the pre-and post-training attempts. Scores were expressed as a percentage of the total score. The distribution of the pre-and post-training quiz results were analysed and compared. Where paired samples were available, a paired t-test was conducted to investigate whether the mean scores improved overall and for topic subgroups (AMS/infection and behaviour change/quality improvement). Comparisons were analysed using XLSTAT software (Data Analysis and Statistical Solution for Microsoft Excel ® , Addinsoft, Paris, France 2017).
Materials submitted by learners, such as presentation slides, portfolio entries, and feedback forms, were collated to provide information on workplace AMS improvement activities. These were reviewed by a member of the training team who recorded and categorised the outcome data on Microsoft Excel ® for analysis. Learners were invited to complete a survey at the end of the training, which contained questions relating to their learning experience and perceived value of the training. The survey questions were reviewed and adapted between cohorts (see Supplementary Materials). In order to combine the analysis of these surveys, responses relating to learner experience were converted to a 5-point scale (1 = "very dissatisfied' or 'very poor' and 5 = 'very satisfied' or 'very good') and analysed as a combined average score.
Ethics Approval Ethical approval was not required as per the NHS Health Research Authority guidance and the NHS health research decision tool  [30]. Data collected for the evaluation of this Pharmacy 2021, 9, 165 5 of 14 project were anonymised. Participants were informed at the start of the training of the type and purpose of data collection for this review, and of their right to retract their anonymised data from the analysis at any time. No data pertaining to patients or other health service users were collected as part of this project. The demographics of the learners who started and completed the training are outlined in Table  1. Of the 118 learners who attended the introductory workshops, 54% worked in acute care hospitals (secondary care), 35% worked in primary care, 8% in community pharmacy, and 3% in Community Health Trusts.
Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge the support and assistance of Public Health England (now  UK Health Security Agency) , the  Royal Pharmaceutical Society Antimicrobial Expert Advisory group , and the  United Kingdom Clinical Pharmacy Association, Pharmacy Infection Network ,  Mohamed Sadak , and  Health Education England. We would also like to acknowledge the following experts, tutors and assessors who assisted in the delivery of the training:  Aaron Brady ,  Atiya Kamal ,  Brian MacKenna ,  Cairine Gormley ,  Cassandra Watson ,  Catriona McManamon ,  Ceri Phillips ,  Claire Brandish ,  David Ladenheim ,  Emily Ward ,  Jo Munns ,  Jonathan Snape ,  Katie Heard ,  Kevin Frost ,  Laura Whitney ,  Marisa Lanzman ,  Munira Ratansi ,  Naomi Fleming ,  Neil Powell ,  Nisha Sharma ,  Phil Southworth ,  Rakhee Patel ,  Raliat Onatade ,  Sally Tipping ,  Shahzad Razaq ,  Stephen Hughes ,  Tariq Azamgarhi.