dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates that with a relatively small amount of curated data-just 20 SNPs chosen to maximize genetic distinctiveness-we are able to distinguish seven genetically cohesive taxa. The fact that we are able to identify fixed or nearly-fixed SNPs across wide geographic ranges in several species suggests that introgression is distributed heterogeneously along the genome, with some areas of the genome strongly protected against introgression on a species-pair by species-pair basis. Given that these apparently-fixed SNPs are limited to our species with smallest sample size-one in Q. alba (N = 10), two in Q. michauxii (N = 9), four in Q. montana (N = 7)-the question of whether they are truly fixed bears further investigation. However, Q. muehlenbergii / prinoides is represented by 38 individuals in our dataset and three fixed SNPs, suggesting that the high-frequency proportional representation of SNPs in some species may not be an artifact of low sample size.
In the current study, however, we have demonstrated that a small number can suffice to distinguish numerous species in a multispecies syngameon. The SNPs we have utilized may be linked to loci under strong selection. They may as a consequence not be representative of the genome as a whole. As discussed in the paper in which these SNPs were published  (Fitzek et al. , 2018) , we selected SNPs by querying a RAD-seq dataset for loci that had pairwise F ST > 0. 95. Such outlier loci can tell much more refined stories about population divergence than loci that are not under such strong selection  (Scotti-Saintagne et al. , 2004; Guichoux et al. , 2013; Lind-Riehl et al. , 2014b)  and may thus pick up on divergence histories that are not clear from a broader sample of loci. These selected genes may occur in islands of differentiation distributed across the genome  (Scotti-Saintagne et al.
, 2019). However, our simulated distribution accounts for this, as it is drawn from the larger RAD-seq dataset from which our SNPs were developed. Thus the clustering of our SNPs appears to reflect genomic clustering of outlier loci that distinguish species of the eastern North American white oak syngameon. The causes, consequences, and scale of these genomic islands of differentiation among eastern North American white oaks bear investigation using higher sampling of individuals and loci. We expect our power to detect complex patterns of introgression in a multispecies hybrid zone to be compromised by the low locus-sampling of this SNP toolkit (only 20 selected SNPs). Nonetheless, our study demonstrates that even without attempting to find hybrids, potentially biasing ourselves against detecting introgression, and even without employing the large numbers of loci generally favored for hybridization studies, we are able to identify introgressants involving several pairs of species from a sampling of natural populations (Figs.
Data sources and searches We followed the PRISMA guidelines to plan and conduct this systematic review  [32]. Ethical approval for this study was deemed unnecessary because it was a systematic review the existing literature and did not involve the handling of any individual patient data. Literature searches for English-language articles until November 2018 were carried out using PubMed, the Cochrane Library databases and Google Scholar. No limits were placed on publication dates. The search strategy was as follows: ["odontology" OR "dental infection" OR "sites of infection" OR "dental assessment"] AND ["infection of joint prosthesis" OR "hematogenous infection" OR "dental focal infection" OR "joint prosthesis"]. For each of the keywords, we also used MeSH descriptors. A manual search completed the search of electronic databases and was intended to find any additional studies from the bibliographic references in each relevant article.
Data extraction Two authors independently (SB and JNV) scanned the titles and abstracts of potential articles. The full text was further screened and a final decision on its relevance was made. The following data were extracted from the articles: type of study (i. e. clinical trial, case series, case-control, cohort or cross-sectional), number of participants, age and gender ratio, type of prosthesis placed, whether a preoperative dental assessment was performed, pathogens involved (if provided), site of suspected oral infection, associated comorbidities.
4-mm-diameter peripapillary circle scan centered on the optic disc;  [3]  a vertical macular scan centered on the fovea and  [4]  a horizontal macular scan centered on the fovea. The resulting images were viewed and analyzed with the Eye Explorer software (v 1. 7. 1. 0; Spectralis®, Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Germany). Each measurement was taken by the same operator that was masked for patient status, using the software's caliper tool. On the vertical optic nerve head scans, a reference line was drawn connecting the two terminations of the Bruch membrane. Three equidistant points were placed on this line. The distances from the reference line to the prelaminar tissue anterior surface were measured at these three points. The mean of the three measurements was defined as the cup (Fig. 1a ).
We also measured choroidal thickness at 1000 μm and 3000 μm from the fovea in the nasal, temporal, superior and inferior sectors (Fig. 2b ). The mean macular choroidal thickness (MCT) was defined as the mean of these nine measurements (the subfoveolar thickness plus two measurements in each quadrant). All measurements were taken at baseline, 1 week and 1 month after surgery. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software package version 20. 0 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). Changes in IOP, SFCT, PCT and MCT were defined as baseline values minus first week or one month values. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the continuous data and the χ  [2]  test was used to compare categorical data. As the data distribution was not normal, Spearman's correlation was used to correlate any quantitative parameters.
Moreover, the results after NPDS are coherent and correlated with a lower IOP reduction during the 1st postoperative week. Nevertheless, some differences between NPDS and trabeculectomy groups might remain undetected because of a lack of power due to the small number of eyes included in each group. Secondly, we measured the changes in choroid and optic nerve head that occurred during the 1st month after surgery. Even if it would have been interesting to analyze the changes after a longer period following surgery, previous similar studies found no difference between 1 month and later results (3-6 months)  [25, 28, 29]. Thirdly, each measurement was taken manually using the Eye Explorer software. This technique has shown good interobserver repeatability  [18, 19]  and to our knowledge, there is currently no automated software to measure these parameters automatically.
| MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytogenetic analysis was performed according to standard techniques from cultured amniocytes, using RHG-banded chromosomes. Fetal karyotype was analyzed using Ikaros software (MetaSystems). DNA was extracted from fetal tissue (lung, liver, thymus) using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was performed using SurePrint G3 Human CGH Microarray ISCA 60K v2 (Agilent), according to the supplier's instructions. Results were processed and visualized through Cytogenomics 2. 0 software (Agilent). FISH analyses were performed according to the probe provider's protocol on nuclei from amniotic fluid and fetal tissues (lung, liver, thymus) using touch-preparation slides. The FISH experiments used several sets of probes: a mix of loci-specific 21q22.
13 (D21S270/D21S341) and 13q14. 2 (D13S1195/D13S1218) probes (Aquarius, Cytocell), a mix of centromeric probe for chromosome 21 (D21Z1), which crosshybridizes with centromere of chromosome 13 (D13Z1), and sub-telomeric 21qter probe (21q22. 3) (Kreatech, Leica Biosystems), and non commercial BAC probe RP11-31B6 (21q11. 2) (Table  S1 ). Hybridizations were analyzed using Isis software (MetaSystems). diagnostic techniques without culture step and to increase the number of cells and tissues analyzed, if possible. This study highlights the limits of microarray as the unique diagnostic approach in case of weak mosaic and French cytogenetics guidelines recommend to check anomalies seen in microarray by another technique on the same tissue. We used a multiplex QF-PCR (Quantitative Fluorescent Polymerase Chain Reaction) method in order to assess copy numbers for chromosomes 21 on fetal tissue DNA using ChromoQuant SuperSTaR Optima kit (Cybergene AB) according to the supplier's recommendations.
Fluorescence-labeled PCR products were electrophoresed in ABI Prism 3130 Genetic Analyzer and analyzed with the GeneMapper software version 5. 0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The allele ratio for the normal range was from 0. 8 to 1. 4. If a marker ratio was higher than 1. 8 (or lower than 0. 65), or more than two peaks were detected for a marker, this marker was presumptive to be at least trisomic. Unfortunately, it was not possible to obtain blood samples from the parents to study parental origin of supernumerary chromosomes 21. Genetic chromosome 21 markers are listed in Table  S1.
Funding information The study was partially funded by a grant " Projet Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique " no. 7855  from the  Regional University Hospital of Montpellier. Work in the unit of Chromosomal Genetics  is supported by the  CHU  research platform CHROMOSTEM ( http://www. chu-montp ellier. fr/fr/chercheurs/ plate forme s/les-plate formes-reche rche/chrom ostem/ ).
Relative to CI models, interference with DY in the ADD model is more limited as the production of virtual gravitons is dominated by gluon-induced processes. Both Λ T and M S function as ultraviolet (UV) cutoff parameters, indicating the energy scale up to which the effective field theory provides reliable predictions. Beyond this point, a description of quantum gravity becomes necessary to accurately describe particle interactions. The analysis presented in this paper focuses on dilepton (electron or muon) events produced in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC. The data sample was recorded by the CMS experiment in 2016, and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35. 9 (36. 3) fb -1 for the electron (muon) channel. For both the CI and ADD models, this paper extends previous results from CMS at 8 TeV  [8] , and complements the recent CMS search at 13 TeV for resonant phenomena  [9]  in dilepton final states.
The muon p T resolution and its uncertainty are determined using muons from events with Lorentz-boosted Z bosons. The uncertainty in the resolution is found to scale with p T. The remaining uncertainties are applicable to both the electron and muon channels. The simulated backgrounds are normalized using data at the Z boson peak, and a systematic uncertainty is assigned to cover the observed difference between data and simulation before normalization. The uncertainty in the cross section calculation of the simulated diboson and tt events is found to be a constant 7%. Uncertainty in the PDF leads to uncertainties in the simulated DY yields. The uncertainty is determined with the PDF4LHC procedure  [28] [29] [30]  using replicas of the NNPDF 3. 0 PDF set  [25]. Other uncertainties in the NNLO DY cross section, such as due to the scale of the strong coupling constant α S , have a negligible effect on the event yields.
Summary A search for nonresonant excesses in the invariant mass spectra of electron and muon pairs has been presented. The data set recorded with the CMS detector during 2016 is analyzed, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35. 9 (36. 3) fb -1 for the electron (muon) channel. No significant deviations from standard model expectations are observed. A contact interaction (CI) model, taking into account both constructive and destructive interference scenarios, has been used for interpreting the experimental measurements. The 95% confidence level exclusion limits on the compositeness scale range from Λ LL > 20 TeV for the destructive case to Λ RR > 32 TeV for the constructive one, for the left-left and the right-right helicity currents, respectively. Figure  5 : Combined dilepton 95% CL exclusion limit on the cross section in the GRW convention (left) and on the UV cutoff for all parameter conventions (right) with m > 1.
Individuals have received support from the  Marie-Curie  programme and the  European Re-search Council and Horizon 2020  Grant, contract No. 675440  ( European Union ); the  Leventis Foundation ; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the  Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; the  Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; the  Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; the  Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie  ( IWT-Belgium ); the  F. R. S. -FNRS  and  FWO (Belgium)  under the  "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be. h project n. 30820817; the  Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS)  of the Czech Republic; the  Lend ület ("Momentum") Programme  and the  János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , the  New National Excellence Program ÚNKP , the  NKFIA  research grants  123842 ,  123959 ,  124845 ,  124850 , and  125105  (Hungary); the  Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; the  HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science , cofinanced from  European Union, Regional Development Fund , the  Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education , the  National Science Center (Poland) , contracts Harmonia  2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ,  Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ,  2014/15/B/ST2/03998 , and  2015/19/B/ST2/02861 , Sonata-bis  2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; the  National Priorities Research Program  by  Qatar National Research Fund ; the  Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigaci ón Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu , grant  MDM-2015-0509  and the  Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias ; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by  EU-ESF  and the  Greek NSRF ; the  Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University  and the  Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; the  Welch Foundation , contract  C-1845 ; and the  Weston Havens Foundation (USA).
Background: The aim of this study was to report on key informant opinions of Councils on Chiropractic Education (CCE) regarding recent research findings reporting on improving accreditation standards and processes for chiropractic programs (CPs). Methods: This qualitative study employed in-depth semi-structured interviews with key experienced personnel from the five CCEs in June and July of 2018. The interviews consisted of open-ended questions on a range of issues surrounding accreditation, graduate competency standards and processes. All interviews were audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analysed to develop codes and themes using thematic analysis techniques assisted by NVivo coding software. The study followed the COREQ guidelines for qualitative studies. Results: Six themes were isolated from the interview transcripts; they were: professional differences; keep it in the family; to focus on outcomes or be prescriptive?; more resources please; inter-profession integration; and CPs making ends meet.
Data collection Data were collected from consenting participants using a semi-structured in-depth interview process. Because the experts were located in North America, Europe, Canada, and throughout Australia or New Zealand, the interviews were to be conducted by either Skype or telephone. One-on-one interviews were held at a time convenient to each participant. The principle researcher (SI) conducted the interviews (n = 9). The nine participants were provided with the pending questions prior to the interview and invited to reflect on them. Participants were also invited to make further comments as they felt appropriate to the topics under discussion during the interview. An aide de memoire was used to ensure consistency across all the interviews (Additional file 1). Participant responses were audio recorded on two digital devices and transcribed verbatim.
Data analysis All interviews were then imported, organised into themes and analysed using the qualitative analysis NVivo 11 software. Thematic analysis of the recordings was used to analyse the data as outlined by Braun and Clarke  [45]. Repeated readings results in familiarisation of the data and leads to identification of recurrent patterns and themes. Using NVivo assistance software and manual coding key, concepts were isolated, and themes and subthemes were identified. Trustworthiness of data and interpretation of the study involved four categories: credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability  [46]. To increase credibility, the transcriptions were returned to the interviewees for verification of accuracy. This ensured verification of data. The interviewer was familiar with relevant CCE documentation and this helped ensure credible interpretation of the interactions with the participants, thus improving Fig.
Results Findings / recurring themes Nine participants were interviewed. There were six recurring themes raised by the majority of respondents across all questions in the interviews and were considered to be overarching. The six themes were: Professional differences; keep it in the family; to focus on outcomes or be prescriptive?; more resources please; inter-professional integration; and CPs making ends meet. In support of these themes, word trees developed from the NVivo software are presented in Figs. 2, 3,  and 4. The word trees were developed from the verbatim quotes of the participants. To illustrate these 'word trees' the responses for the themes "to focus on outcomes or be prescriptive?" and "more resources please" are diagrammatically captured as examples.
These Word Tree displays are produced by the Nvivo software as a graphic representation of the results of a text search query. They represent the context in which the word occurs. Theme 4: more resources please All but one of the respondents commented that the questions raised in the interviews were relevant but could not be dealt with by CCEs because they were run voluntarily by chiropractors without expertise or were under-resourced. Resources most commonly identified were financial in nature and targeted at research for improving the quality of CCE assessments, interventions and staff / member training. The word tree, Fig. 4 , also developed from the verbatim quotes of transcripts from Fig. 3  Outcomes the participants, illustrates the context of "Resources" in the interview transcripts and also provides perspective of the CCE respondents thinking.
The eight EUMETSAT SAFs provide users with operational data and software products, each one for a dedicated user community and application area. For example, the Climate Monitoring (CM) SAF generates datasets for specific climate applications areas. User needs in this case require highly accurate and stable products, i. e. , products based on input data (typically, reanalyses of modelled atmospheric water vapor and pressure) with a temporal consistency over several decades. On the other hand, the main purpose of the LSA SAF is to address the needs of the scientific communities that requires land surface variables in a near-real time basis (i. e. with low latency times). Overall, LSA SAF products find applications in meteorology (numerical weather prediction), the solar energy sector, hydrology and environmental monitoring, among others users.
Observations provided by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) radiometer embarked on Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite mission are now available since 2004. Considering the overall period it is in operations, SEVIRI encompasses unique spectral characteristics and accuracy: a 3 km spatial resolution at nadir (1km for the highresolution visible panchromatic channel), an imaging-repeat cycle of 15 minutes, and 12 spectral channels  [30]. The catalogue of the LSA SAF products is available on the LSA SAF website (http://lsasaf. eumetsat. int). These products are all intensively validated against ground measurements, model outputs, or similar parameters retrieved from other sensors. The list of LSA SAF products includes two DSSF products derived from MSG/SEVIRI data and developed based on the research conducted by  [10] : the MDSSF product (referenced LSA-201) corresponding to instantaneous values of DSSF, and the DIDSSF product (LSA-203) corresponding to daily accumulated values of DSSF.
TOA incoming sun radiation The solar constant used in this algorithm, for both clear-sky and cloudy-sky modules, covers the shortwave band between 0. 250µ m and 4µ m, and equals 1367 W/m 2 , as given by the World Meteorological Organisation  [45]. However, this value will probably need to be adjusted in the next years. The spaceborne radiometers are becoming more and more accurate, and recent measurements seams to yield 1362 Wm -2 with an uncertainty of order of 2 Wm -2  [46]. The Sun-Earth distance factor v(t) can be estimated as 𝑣(𝑡) = 1. 00011 + 0. 034221  cos(Г) + 0. 00128  sin(Г) +0. 000719  cos(2Г) +0. 000077  sin(2Г) , (Eq. 8) with the day angle Г (in radian) defined by  [47]  as Г = 2 (  -1) 365 ⁄ ,   being the day of the year. total Broad-Band shortwave Bi-Hemispherical albedo (BB-BH dataset) is chosen as the most appropriate variable to estimate the albedo of the surrounding environment.
The second equation of the inverted system gives the cloud transmittance   expressed in terms of the cloud albedo   and the cloud absorption   as: 𝑇 𝐶 = 1 -𝐴 𝐶 -𝑎 𝐶 = 1 -𝐴 𝐶 -𝛼𝐴 𝐶. (Eq. 24) The cloud absorption is modelled as a linear function of the cloud albedo by introducing the "cloud absorption factor". The currently employed numerical value of  = 0. 11 was not derived from first principles, but has been adjusted by matching the final flux estimates with the help of a validation database  [69]. This parameter therefore mainly serves for "absorbing" the methodological approximations and uncertainties, rather than for quantifying the physical cloud properties. Note that the cloud transmittance   could be improved using a radiative transfer model and taking into account the varying cloud optical thickness as a function of cloud type.
1. 2). However, the satellite derived surface albedo is used to retrieve the multi-scattered radiation from the atmosphere to the surface, which could become an important contribution over bright surfaces. This diffuse fraction at the surface level is one of the datasets provided in the MDSSFTD product. The clearness index () is approximate as the amount of the total clear-sky DSSF to the amount of solar flux that is observed at the top of the atmosphere 𝐾 𝑡 = 𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐸 0 ×𝑣(𝑡)×cos𝜃 𝑠 (Eq. 29) The opacity index (), which is also provided as output of the MDSSFTD product, is derived from Eq. 7. The calculation of the equivalent AOD at 550nm is detailed in Section 0.
Known issues and limitations The MDSSFTD product for clear-sky conditions has been updated compared to the previous operational method (MDSSF). The main evolution is the consideration of the presence of dynamic aerosol conditions and the delivery of diffuse fraction estimates. The first limitation is that the current version of the algorithm depends on the quality of the aerosol inputs. The uncertainty associated to the AOD coming from CAMS is the major source of error for the estimate of DSSF and for the diffuse fraction under clear sky conditions. [53]  showed that clear-sky retrievals of DSSF are accurate enough for CAMS reanalysis dataset but of much lower quality when using the forecast products as input to the processing. The accuracy of the MDSSFTD product also depends on the uncertainty introduced by the dependencies on the surface albedo and on the approximations for the calculation of TOA albedo from the SEVIRI spectral radiances.