dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The cut-off of 20,000 international dollars roughly corresponds to the upper quartile of the GDP per capita distribution. We then calculate total output, capital stock and population for the two regions, for the most recent year in the PWT 6. 3 data (2007), making no distinction between population and labor force. This procedure yields a capitaloutput ratio for each region. Since we assume Cobb-Douglas production functions for both North and South, the capital-output ratios imply the initial levels of capital per effective worker. We can then infer the relative TFP and GDP per capita of the South. We assume that rates of technical progress and population growth are the same for donor and recipient, helping to ensure a balanced growth path. The first assumption is common in the empirical growth literature.
Macro level We distinguish 5 key notions that we consider important to describe and understand what teletandem is about, and that can be associated with different questions, according to the level of analysis. These notions deal with the environment, evaluation, integration, bilaterality and refer to the pedagogical paradigm. The questions raised at macro level can be formulated as follows: -Environment: What are the conditions for the use of ICT? Is there any local policy for the technical environment? For example, is Skype allowed? Questions can also concern the physical conditions provided (space, room confi guration, whether at home or at university). -Evaluation: What are the modalities for evaluation: grade or credits? -Integration: Is teletandem recognized as an institutional practice? Is it integrated into the language learning curriculum? -Bilaterality: Are the same elements recognized in the same way in both institutions? Is it necessary? -Pedagogical paradigm: educative and learning cultures, auto vs.
Data collection The data we have analyzed were collected within a Sino-French teletandem environment: the Teletandem Dalian-Lille. This environment was designed drawing largely on the research and recommendations of the Teletandem Brazil project. More particularly, data come from two editions: the fi rst one took place between October 2010 and January 2011; the second one between February and May 2012. Students willing to record and give access to their sessions signed an informed consent form and received technical instructions about the use of dynamic screen capture and audio recording. Four teletandem pairs 2 succeeded in recording their sessions (partially or fully). Their profi ciency level in their foreign languages ranged from B1+ to B2 on the scale of the Common European Framework of Reference (Council of  Europe, 2001).
The modality refers to the DVC software. For instance, Skype allows three main modalities: video, audio and chat. Finally, modes are the semiotic systems mobilized through modalities. For instance, the video modality allows the use of different modes, such as gesture, mimics and proxemics among others. The following table summarizes an analytical view of multimodality distinguishing these three dimensions: Drawing from the example of  Develotte et al. (2010) , we can build a scale of degrees of multimodality in teletandem  (Cappellini & Rivens Mompean 2015). During teletandem interactions, when there is no technical problem, two modalities are always active: audio and video. Therefore, interactions using the audio and video modalities constitute the first degree of multimodality in teletandem interactions.
Description The dataset is derived from static Wikipedia dumps of the main articles. A feature of Wikipedia is that it provides so-called inter-language links between many corresponding articles of different 1 See http://comparable. limsi. fr/ languages, i. e. between articles describing the same or corresponding headwords. These interlanguage links are provided by the authors of the articles, i. e. they are based on expert judgement. For the shared task we selected bilingual pairs of articles which fulfilled the following requirements: 1. The inter-language links between the articles had to be bidirectional, i. e. not only an article in Language 1 needs to be linked to the corresponding article in Language 2 , but also vice versa. This ensured a page in one language is not linked only to a portion of a page in another one.
2. The size of the textual content of the two articles within a pair (i. e. their length measured as the number of characters) had to be similar (see Section 2. 2 below). Note that this selection procedure for the article pairs implies that an article pair selected for one language pair may or may not be selected for another language pair. All articles which satisfied the selection conditions have been considered for the evaluation run. The data for each language pair has been split randomly into two sets: Training set articles with information about the correct links for the respective language pairs provided to the participants; Test set articles without the links. The task is for each article in the test set to submit up to five ranked suggestions to its linked article, assuming that the gold standard contains its counterpart in another language.
Methods used The method used by the system CCNUNLP is described in  (Li and Gaussier, 2013). In essence, it uses a bilingual dictionary for converting the word feature vectors between the languages and estimating their overlap. The other systems are discussed in details in the current proceedings  (Morin et al. , 2015; Zafarian et al. , 2015). The LINA system  (Morin et al. , 2015)  is based on matching hapax legomena, i. e. , words occurring only once. In addition to using hapax legomena, the quality of linking in one language pair, e. g. , French-English, is also assessed by using information available in pages in another language pair, e. g. , German-English. The AUT system  (Zafarian et al. , 2015)  uses the most complicated setup by combining several steps. First, documents in different languages are mapped into the same space using a feature transformation matrix.
Comparison of methods The best results were obtained on Chinese with a succes@1 of 0. 710 and a success@5 of 0. 861. This is a very good performance, but also reveals that the problem is not solved. Although the number of different runs is not sufficient to draw general conclusions, we can compare the same methods across different language pairs and different methods on the same language pairs. CCNUNLP obtained better results on Chinese than on French, probably because of the quality of the underlying dictionaries. LINA. CL worked better on German than for French, while the reverse was true for LINA. P. After the evaluation run, it transpired that the submissions of AUT had a data processing bug. Overall, the CCNUNLP method obtained the best results on Chinese and French, followed by the LINA.
Discussion The results are encouraging. Success@1 rates reach 0. 71 for Chinese and 0. 61 for French and German. However, this level of accuracy is still far from reliable identification of comparable pages. Given a small number of participating systems and an uneven coverage of the language pairs involved it is difficult to make predictions about which methods are more or less successful. A dictionarybased method (CCNUNLP) is slightly ahead of a method based on hapax legomena (LINA. *). A multi-stage method like the one used by AUT is promising, but its complexity makes it prone to errors. Another question concerns the evaluation scenario. The shared task has been evaluated by using gold standard data in intrinsic evaluation. Given that the purpose of collecting comparable corpora is to provide more data for terminology extraction or Machine Translation, we need to evaluate text collections by referring to their successful use in such tasks.
Conclusions In addition to obtaining an estimate of the quality of various methods for measuring comparability, the major outcomes of the evaluation exercise concerns the available standardised dataset which is split into the training and testing parts. We encourage our readers to develop better systems and to test them on our data. The dataset is available from: http://corpus. leeds. ac. uk/serge/BUCC/ We intend to keep the data on the web for many years as a benchmark for measuring comparability on the text level.
Segmentation and labelling 10 Words were first extracted from the frame sentence. Since all the items were recorded twice, only the most acoustically satisfactory occurrence was selected, making up a total of 108 words for each language (27 items * 4 speakers). I then segmented and labeled words into phones. These tasks were performed manually with Praat. Segmentation was based jointly on waveform and spectrogram and each segment boundary was located at a zero crossing. To make further acoustic analysis more convenient, each phone was then extracted into a separate sound file.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the participants of the workshop on The role of scientific councils, held in Cham-béry (France) in June 2015 for their inputs to this text:  Bernard Bal ,  Carole Birck ,  Massimo Bocca ,  Philippe Bourdeau ,  Jean-Jacques Brun ,  Olga Churakova ,  Arnaud Cosson ,  Jean-Marcel Dorioz ,  Matej Gabrovec ,  Fabien Hoblea ,  Heidi Humer-Gruber ,  Daniel Kreiner ,  Gilles Landrieu ,  Jean-François Lopez ,  Grégory Loucougaray ,  Emmanuel Michau ,  Robert Moutard ,  Michele Ottino ,  Guido Plassmann ,  Neil Quayle ,  Gaëlle Ronsin ,  Henri Rougier ,  Dominik Siegrist ,  Edouard Simonian ,  Sophie Tocreau ,  Michael Vogel ,  Chris Walzer.
When published information on a particular question is limited, the Delphi panel method can be used to obtain expert-validated evidence. In this type of study, a panel of experts is interviewed about the topic under research, and the combined responses are anonymised and shared with all participants. The panel of experts then review their initial responses in light of groupwide choices until consensus is reached  [27]. Due to the paucity of data on the healthcare resources needed for AD in China, we conducted a Delphi panel study to describe the typical clinical management pathways for AD patients diagnosed by physicians specialised in dementia care, focussing on urban areas of China where pharmacological treatments are available. In addition, we evaluate the impact of disease severity and symptoms on healthcare resource utilisation and amount of caregiving required.
Discussion The results of the Delphi study reported here represent the opinions of a panel of expert physicians and hospital administrators, regarding the clinical management and associated costs for moderate and severe AD patients in urban China. When available evidence on a given topic is lacking or contradictory, the Delphi panel approach provides a validated method of combining expert opinion into group consensus  [27]. Consensus does not mean that the correct answer has been found, but rather that a level of participant agreement has been reached  [30]. Delphi panel studies have been widely used to develop health economic models in a variety of disease areas  [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]. In developed countries, the availability of medical insurance claims databases, prescription monitoring programmes, disease registries, epidemiological and cost-of-illness studies mean that Delphi panels are now rarely necessary to obtain the data required to build a health economic model.
Participants Six observers participated in this study; AM was an author, while the other five were naive as to the experimental aims of this study. All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. Each observer's stereoacuity was tested using the Stereo Fly and Stereo Butterfly Tests  (Stereo Optical Co. , Inc. , Chicago, IL). All observers had a stereoacuity better than 40 s of arc, as assessed on these instruments. We also measured the stereoacuity of each observer for the dot elements in our experimental display, in a control task (See Experiment 2 control data in Figure  4 ). Again the threshold for each observer was better than 40 s of arc. All participation was voluntary and unpaid. The protocol was approved by the Australian National University Human Ethics Committee and thus, accords with the conventions set out in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Apparatus Stimuli were created using the Matlab (version 2011b) programming environment. Images were subsequently displayed using routines from the Psychophysics Toolbox  (Brainard, 1997)  onto a Dell CRT monitor. Screen resolution was 1024 • 768, with a refresh rate of 85 Hz and a mean luminance of 50. 4 cd/ m 2. The display was gamma corrected by modifying the gamma function of the NVidia Graphics (Santa Clara, CA) card control panel, and linearity was measured and verified using a Minolta CS-100 Chroma Meter (Minolta, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan). The stimuli were presented to the observer at a viewing distance of 1. 15 m, where each pixel subtended 1 0 of visual angle, or 0. 0178. In stereo conditions, stimuli were viewed through a custom built eight-mirror Wheatstone stereoscope  (Wheatstone, 1838).
The magnitude of the disparity was determined by a MOCS procedure. In a single-interval 2AFC task, the observer was instructed to judge whether the white elements were in front or behind the black elements. A cumulative Gaussian was fit to the raw response data in order to estimate sensitivity to disparity in the dot elements of the display. The raw data and fits are shown for each observer in Figure  4. All five observers in Experiment 2 were readily able to resolve disparity in our stimuli, with thresholds for all observers estimated to be less than 30 arc seconds. These estimates accord with the estimates for each observer using the Titmus test. Importantly, the control data show that our observers could resolve the depth in our stimulus display. Finally, no observers reported diplopia or difficulties with binocular fusion in any of our conditions, even for our 20 0 disparity test, which is a max of 10 0 disparity for an element in either signed direction.
Panels were advised to consider all possible developmental windows of vulnerability, but to focus on exposure timing and duration, with the strongest evidence for causation from toxicological and epidemiological data. When a dose-response relationship was identified for a particular exposure period, this relationship was applied to the EU population based upon biomarker data available from large surveys or pooled data from multiple studies in individual countries. Biomarkers were then estimated for quantiles (usually 0-ninth, 10 -24th, 25-49th, 50 -74th, 75-89th, 90 -99th) in recognition that narrower quantiles might reduce precision of estimates. In the rare circumstance that there were no epidemiological studies on which to assess a doseresponse relationship, but there existed enough evidence to suggest an effect in a portion of the appropriate population, a relative risk was estimated, and a prevalence of exposure was identified to estimate an attributable fraction, using Equation 3.
Indirect costs are the value of the lost output of workers and retirees suffering premature death or disability. We assumed the societal perspective, as opposed to the perspective of the health care payer  (54) , and our measures of costs adhered as closely as possible to the economic definition of costs, where cost is represented by foregone opportunities. Whenever possible, we utilized European data sources for cost-of-illness inputs and relied upon already published estimates when available. Our preference was to identify incremental costs associated with a condition, rather than average costs, because these tend to produce overestimates  (55). When European data were not available, we extrapolated from available US estimates, applying a correction factor representing the ratio of the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) purchasing power parity of each European country compared to the United States.
Acknowledgments We thank  Charles Persoz ,  Robert Barouki , and  Marion Le Gal  of the  French National Alliance for Life Sciences and Health ; and  Barbara Demeneix ,  Lindsey Marshall ,  Bilal Mughal , and  Bolaji Seffou  of the  Unités Mixtes de Recherche 7221 Paris  for providing technical and logistical support throughout the project. We also thank  Roberto Bertollini ,  Annette Pruss-Ustun , and  David Tordrup  of the  World Health Organization  for their consultation and support in developing the guidelines for evaluating epidemiological evidence.
Healthy Life Years Estimates of LE50 and HLY50 for each EU country for 2005 and 2010 and for men and women separately were obtained from the Eurohex database. 12 HLY for each of the EU countries were calculated by Sullivan's method  13  which applies the age-specific prevalence of disability to a standard life table for the same period as the survey providing disability data. The prevalence of disability was estimated from the GALI question in the EU-SILC survey. Each country translated the standard GALI question into their own languages for their respective surveys. The standard GALI question in English has the form: 'For at least the past 6 months, to what extent have you been limited because of a health problem in activities people usually do? Would you say you have been; 1. severely limited, 2.
Explanatory variables To investigate factors associated with inequalities in HLY and for comparability with the previous analysis,  6  we used structural and/or sustainable indicators for each country obtained from the Eurostat database. 14 These indicators represent various aspects of a country's socio-economic status and difficulties which may be linked to the general level of health of the country's population. Globally they belong to three broad domains, well known for their impact on health: wealth, work and education, but they also cover four of the ten themes of the SDI: socio-economic development, social inclusion, demographic changes and public health. Specifically, we included: GDP, poverty risk for those aged over 65 years, inequality of income distribution, employment rate of older workers, longterm unemployment rate, life-long learning, low education attainment and material deprivation.
Methods From the mortality dataset collected in the Migrant Ethnic Health Observatory (MEHO) project, we chose the Netherlands (linked data from 1996-2006), France (unlinked; 2005 -2007)  and Denmark (linked; 1992-2001)  as representatives of the inclusive, assimilationist and exclusionist policy models, respectively, based on the Migrant Integration Policy Index. We calculated for each country sex-and age-standardized mortality rates for Turkish-, Moroccan-and local-born populations aged 20-69 years. Poisson regression was used to estimate the mortality rate ratios (MRRs) for cross-country and within-country comparisons. The analyses were further stratified by age group and cause of death.
Study design, population and data sources Population and mortality data were used from the MEHO project. Detailed information on data acquisition has been published elsewhere  [23]. We drew data from the Netherlands, France, and Denmark. We included the local-born populations and two immigrant populations-i. e. , Turkish-and Moroccan-born-residing in the three countries and aged 20-69 years, since relatively few deaths were observed among immigrants aged below and above this range. In the Netherlands and Denmark, linked data were collected using linkages between records of the population register and subsequent mortality data. An open cohort design was used, so participant could enter and exit the study at any point in time during the follow-up period. Data from Denmark were collected between 1992-2001 and from the Netherlands between 1996-2006.
Data analysis We calculated the age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) by sex, country of residence and country of birth applying direct standardisation using the WHO World Standard Population. Poisson regression was used to estimate the age-adjusted mortality rate ratios (MRRs). The MRRs were calculated in two ways. First, the mortality rates were compared within a population residing across the three countries (cross-country comparison between peers), with those residing in the Netherlands, the country with the best integration policy score, as the reference group. Second, we compared the mortality rates of Turkish-and Moroccan-born immigrants with those of the local-born populations within each country (within-country comparison). The models used the number of deaths as the dependent variable; five-year age groups and country of residence/birth (depending on the comparison) as independent variables; and PYR as the offset variable.
We first used sex-stratified models. Second, similar models were employed but with further stratification for the age groups 20-44 and 45-69 years. Finally, we ran separate models for the main causes of death, adjusted for age and sex-no important differences between men and women were observed (sex-specific models are presented as S1A and S1B Table ). SPSS version 21. 0 and Microsoft Excel 2011 were used for analysis.
Limitations This study had several limitations. First, methods of data collection differed across the countries. For the Netherlands and Denmark we used linked data collected for around ten years while for France unlinked data from two years. Previous studies have raised concerns about the underestimation of mortality of immigrants  [24, 25]  due to phenomena labelled as "mobility bias", where frequent home country returns or even remigrations go unregistered thus inflating the time or population at risk  [26, 27]. Some of these problems are more likely to affect unlinked data due to a discrepancy between the mortality register (numerator) and population census (denominator)  [28]. However, unlinked data may also suffer from an overestimation as deaths of irregular immigrants, who are absent in population registers, are otherwise recorded in the national mortality statistics  [24].
This work was funded by the following: 1. European Commission Directorate General for Health and Consumer Affairs (DG SANCO) , grant number  2005122  (URL: http://ec. europa. eu/dgs/health_foodsafety/index_en. htm); 2. 7th  Framework Programme , grant number  278173  (URL: http://ec. europa. eu/research/fp7/index_en. cfm). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Ice Age Island and the Threshold Project: 2013-2015 In the spring of 2013 we were successful in receiving two independent funding streams which allowed research into the Pleistocene of Jersey to develop along two separate fronts. The herculean work undertaken in delivering the Charles McBurney and Paul Callow archives into modern file formats and accessible artefact collections opened the way to a successful bid for AHRC funding led by Professor Clive Gamble of Southampton University. The AHRC Threshold project, which at the time of writing is still on-going, seeks to explore the human use of space and landscapes through the detailed reading of behaviour relating to the persistent use of certain locales. The project allowed for the employment of two full-time post-doctoral researchers and the technical support to make sense of the immense data archive from La Cotte.
But there are big differences between regions and between each country in terms of how results are collated and interpreted. Developing a single, contiguous and comparable dataset of Stone Age sites and sedimentary records would be transformative as the first stage in looking at the record and developing strategic research aims to further address it. More pressingly, perhaps, we can see there are large disparities in the way that fieldwork in commercial, development-led contexts is undertaken on both sides of the English Channel, and between regions within each country. This is crucial to address because differences in approach, in current on-going and large scale fieldwork, could be deleterious on a large scale to our ability to manage, protect and investigate the record in comparable ways across the region.