dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Today, we know that none of these earthquakes could be linked to the Vercors region. The first two were absent from the SisFrance database while the last one was located in the Saône valley, 120 km further north. The Grenoble nuclear site was only slightly affected by the earthquake of April 25, 1962: "buildings did not suffer from shaking and, since that time, no agitation has been detected". 13 According to the engineers responsible for the site's safety, this was largely due to the fact that the site was located on very hard ground, unlike the city of Grenoble. Although they considered that the safety was not in question, the 1962 earthquakes left a lasting uncertainty in the minds of nuclear safety experts due to the fact that an earthquake occurred in a deemed non-seismic zone. From this date, each new nuclear project was subject to a specific prior study of the seismicity of the region.
Seismotectonic Map of France project In December 1975, this project was finally launched as the Seismotectonic Map of France project. The nuclear industry entrusted BRGM to handle the realization of this project, in order to give the data produced a neutral and objective character and, above all, to avoid any criticisms of bias. 22 However, EDF and the predecessor of IRSN financed 70% of the 5. 1 million euros project cost, the remaining 30% being paid by BRGM. 23 Moreover, as the project concerned the whole territory, existing and future probable nuclear sites would be the first to be investigated, with the regions of Fessenheim and Tricastin in the forefront. 24 The project was planned to last three years, two years of analysis  (1976 and 1978)  and one year of synthesis  (1978)   [Vogt, 2003].
Jean Vogt, geologist at BRGM, was in charge of the project (Figure  9 ). Jean Vogt was a geography graduate. He is considered by the scientific community as the founder of current historical seismology not only in France but also in Europe  [Fradet, 2016 , Fréchet et al. , 2008]. However, before 1975, he had never worked on seismic phenomena. From that pivotal year, he devoted the rest of his life to clear the archives relating to historical earthquakes in France and around the Mediterranean area. His contribution was as much to the substance, where he personally contributed to enormously enriching the amount of data on historical earthquakes, as to the methodology of treatment, for which he founded a more rigorous practice of assessing the parameters of historical earthquakes   (intensity, magnitude, location, etc.
From criticism of Rothé's work to a full seismic data overhaul The first contract with BRGM for the Seismotectonic Map of France project ended in 1979. The objective of the project was to gather all the geological, instrumental and historical data available to characterize and evaluate the seismicity of metropolitan France. However, the importance of the work of revisiting the historical data from the Rothé catalog led to a more superficial treatment of the two other data sources. Thus, in 1979, an extension of the project over three years, then a further three years in 1982, was agreed upon with different partners. These extensions had different purposes. First, the goal was a revision of instrumental earthquake data in France, similar to what was done for historical earthquakes. Second, a computerized database of all past earthquakes, specifying as much information as possible, was planned.
This second work gave rise to the SisFrance online database  [Jomard et al. , 2021]. Third, the final objective of the new contract with BRGM was to develop geological studies to clarify the procedure of linking historical earthquakes to seismotectonic provinces. Firstly, BRGM considered that the seismicity of the post-1919 period was well known and they did not consider it necessary to overhaul it in the first contract for the seismotectonic map of France. It was at the end of the first contract that Vogt realized that these more recent data were also marred by many approximations  [Vogt, 2003]. He went to BSCF in Strasbourg where he discovered that macroseismic studies of the recent period had fallen into disuse and aroused little interest. This activity "would not bring anything to the careers" was given to him as an explanation.
Indeed, what interest could a seismologist have in conducting macroseismic studies when the results would only be used by Jean-Pierre Rothé, who had assumed the exclusive right to profit from them? Jérôme Lambert, a geologist in charge of the French seismological database from 1990, handled BRGM's overhaul of macroseismic data from the instrumental period. Here again, there were many errors and inaccuracies found in the Strasbourg data owned and used by Rothé. 26,27 Lambert noted that, out of 68 earthquakes of the period  325  corrections on intensity values had to be made, 2 corrections on identification (dates or times), 1500 data were added and 25 identification of new earthquakes too. For Lambert, these figures indicated the obvious necessity of the task undertaken as well as its unsuspected extent.
At the same time, it led to the emergence of a different representation of French seismicity. In addition to these direct contributions, it also ended Rothé's hegemony and the BCSF monopoly over all macroseismic studies. Afterward, those studies were divided between several actors on a permanent basis. In fact, even if the BCSF has taken back the responsibility of macroseismic studies for the instrumental period in 1986, the computerized database on historical earthquakes created during the project (SisFrance) remains, even today, managed by IRSN, EDF and BRGM. Thus, specific studies, particularly when it concerns nuclear safety, are being conducted today to review the seismicity of several historical earthquakes. In particular, the Manosque earthquake of the eighteenth century was the subject of a specific study by Grégory Quenet on behalf of the IRSN  [Quénet, 2002].
Acknowledgments Christophe Sira ,  Michel Cara ,  Hervé Jomard ,  Frédéric Masson  and both journal reviewers made many helpful comments on this paper. The gap between the first proposal and the final paper is huge thanks to them. I also have to especially thank  Christophe Sira  who found and shared the six maps in this paper in good resolution and  Michel Cara  for sharing with me the extremely rare picture of  Jean-Pierre Rothé. Finally , this paper is an extract from a broader work that owes a lot to the people of ESOT and IRSN who kindly welcomed me and opened their archives. I could never have done this study without their help.
Due to weight constraints, not all sherds were analyzed with all techniques (see Table  1 ). The WD-XRF chemical analysis was carried out using a Phillips PW 2400 spectrometer with a Rh excitation source. Powdered and homogenized specimens were dried at 100  C for 3 h. For the multivariate statistical treatment of the chemical data, the chemical concentrations were transformed into additive log-ratios (alr), following the methodology proposed by  Aitchison (1986 Aitchison ( , 1992) )  and  Buxeda (1999). At the same time, we used the log-ratio transformation to scale the data avoiding possible perturbation problems that might be introduced by elemental alterations that could not be detected. The OM petrographic-mineralogical analysis of thin sections was carried out using an Olympus BX41 polarizing microscope, working with a magnification between 20X and 200X.
Chemical results The chemical study was carried out in two different phases. First, we explored the chemical composition of the 68 samples for which we had chemical data (labels MC and MCFN, see Table  1 ). Later, those were compared to the RG established for the common wares produced at the kiln found at the site (n = 54, labels MCF) (Table  1 )  (Tsantini et al. , 2004). It was important to verify if the common buff wares found at the earlier layers of the main building could belong to the already established RG of the kiln. This was relevant as it could demonstrate that the ceramic production at the site started earlier than previously thought and was active probably since the foundation of the Roman villa. Second, it was important to explore whether some of the Late Roman ceramics found at the site could be local products or from Eivissa or elsewhere in the region.
Chemical composition To explore the chemical variability of the dataset, we first calculated the compositional variation matrix (CVM)  (Buxeda and Kilikoglou, 2003)  for the 68 samples, without including yet the samples of the RG and excluding certain elements that could falsely affect the variability. Those elements, generally, were not considered during the whole statistical treatment. Mo and Sn were excluded due to low concentrations and analytical imprecisions (both are lower than their regression limits in our samples). Co and W were not considered due to possible contaminations during sample preparation (a tungsten carbide cell was used for powdering). The total variation (vt) according to the CVM is equal to 1. 2854, which is too high for a monogenic sample (homogenous population). The variability that each of the chemical elements introduces in the dataset is represented in the line plot of Fig.
4156, which is much lower yet still high for a homogenous dataset. To summarize the chemical results, a cluster analysis was performed using additive logratio (alr) transformed data for a subcomposition that excludes those elements mentioned above and that could cause possible perturbations. The cluster tree reveals the presence of three major groups (G1, G2, and G3) and a series of loners (Fig. 3b ). The chemical differences between the three groups (and the loners) can also be observed by performing a principal component analysis on the same alr transformed subcomposition as the cluster analysis (Fig. 5 ). The statistical treatment was performed excluding: Pb, P 2 O 5 , Cu, MnO, Na 2 O, K 2 O and Rb, and using Ga as divisor in the logratio transformation. In short, the chemistry, not only the statistical treatment but also de detailed examination of the normalized chemical data, reveals the presence of at least four major groups: -Group 1 (G1; n = 10) includes the samples labeled as  MCFN (MCFN046, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62 and 64) , except for MCFN057 (Fig.
-Group 2 (G2; n = 10) is clearly formed by a series of Late Roman ceramics  (MC1001, 1004 (MC1001, , 1005 (MC1001, , 1007 (MC1001, , 1008 (MC1001, , 1018 (MC1001, , 1022 (MC1001, , 1026 (MC1001, , 1096 (MC1001, , and 1110 ) (Table  2 ), with some samples that behave as outliers but clearly related to the group (1025 and 1086, 1100 and 1023). The calculation of the CVM considering all these samples after removing P 2 O 5, MnO, Na 2 O, K 2 O, Rb (MC1100 has analcime), Pb, and Cu provides a vt value of 0. 1321, indicating a monogenic character. The results indicate a chemical proximity between G1 and G2. Those two groups are the most calcareous ones in the dataset and show also important similarities in trace elements (Table  2 ). This cluster (G2) is geochemically consistent with that characterized as Eb-01 in previous studies  (Buxeda et al.
, 2005). -Group 3 (G3; n = 29) is the major group in the dataset and includes the following samples:  MC1000, 1002 MC1000, , 1003 MC1000, , 1006 MC1000, , 1009 MC1000, , 1010 MC1000, , 1011 MC1000, , 1012 MC1000, , 1013 MC1000, , 1014 MC1000, , 1015 MC1000, , 1016 MC1000, , 1017 MC1000, , 1024 MC1000, , 1027 MC1000, , 1028 MC1000, , 1029 MC1000, , 1082 MC1000, , 1089 MC1000, , 1091 MC1000, , 1093 MC1000, , 1098 MC1000, , 1102 MC1000, , 1103 MC1000, , 1106 MC1000, , 1107 MC1000, , 1108 MC1000, , 1112, and , and    1113. Most of the sherds in G3 have been previously identified as groups Eb-02, Eb-03, Eb-04 and Eb-05 for which a provenance in Eivissa has been proposed  (Buxeda et al. , 2005). The subgroups (that can be also observed in the cluster tree) are formed due mainly to relative differences in CaO wt%.
MCFN057 seems related to the Ebusitan productions, yet it is more Fig. 6. a) Line-graph of the variability each one of the chemical elements introduces in the data set (τ i ); b) Cluster tree of the samples from Sa Mesquida (including the Early Imperial kiln's RG), performed using the centroid agglomerative method and squared Euclidean distance, based on the alr transformed subcomposition: Fe 2 O 3 (as total Fe), TiO 2 , MgO, CaO, SiO 2 , Ba, Th, Nb, Zr, Y, Sr, Ce, Ga, V, Zn, Ni and Cr, using Al 2 O 3 as divisor. calcareous and has less Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , Th, V, Zn, and Cr that makes it unique in its composition within the dataset. Finally, MC1081 outstands because of its slightly higher values in Ni, Nb, Fe 2 O 3 Na 2 O and lower values in K 2 O, Rb and Zn. Some of these samples can be considered outliers of some of the groups defined, but others might represent unique products not well-represented in the sample, and although in macroscopic terms they resemble the local/regional materials some could be even imported.
Acknowledgements This contribution is part of the results of the project Archaeology, Remote Sensing, and Archaeometry: A multidisciplinary approach to landscape and ceramics from the Roman to the  Medieval period in Mallorca (Balearic Islands ) (ARCHREMOTELANDS)  ( HAR2017-83335-P ), PI:  Miguel Ángel Cau Ontiveros , funded by  MCIN/ AEI/10. 13039/ 501100011033/ , " FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa ", and benefits from the synergies created with the project Caracterización arqueométrica de cerámicas tardoantiguas y  de época islámica de la ciudad romana de Pollentia (Alcúdia, Mallorca)  funded by  Fundación PALARQ. The initial sampling and analytical work were performed within the framework of the project Late  Roman Pottery in the Western Mediterranean: exploring regional and global trade networks through experimental sciences (LRPWESTMED)  (ref.
Most proposals extend the inflectional paradigms to derivation in a more or less direct way  (Stump & Finkel, 2013). Others, like  Štekauer (2014)  and  Körtvélyessy et al. (2020) , consider that derivational paradigms are onomasiological in nature and that they are structured by relations that hold between concepts. The derivational paradigms proposed in these different works are primarily intended for the analysis of non-canonical phenomena  (Corbett, 2010)  that are difficult to account for in "traditional" rule-based theoretical frameworks  (Blevins, 2006). They are also adopted because they describe derivational morphology by means of networks of implications between words that reflect recent psycholinguistic advances in language acquisition and usage  (Blevins et al. , 2016). In this paper, we present ParaDis (Paradigms vs Discrepancies), a paradigmatic model of derivational morphology.
e. , a morphological paradigm must be connected to exactly one formal paradigm, one categorical paradigm and one semantic paradigm). On the other hand, it is not necessary that all edges in the morphological graph are related to an edge in the other three graphs. For example, the edge lavage:laveur in the morphological graph is not in correspondence with any edge in the formal graph. Conversely, no constraints other than connectedness affect the graphs of the other three levels. These graphs may contain vertices and edges without morphological correspondents. The above constraint (ii) ensures that any lexeme has a description in each of the three levels of representation. Because constraint (ii) only imposes the connectedness of the graph, ParaDis is able to account for the discrepancies and idiosyncrasies that exist in the derivational lexicon of a language like French.
ParaDis sets up a framework for the study of many unresolved issues. The first is the characterization of the structure of paradigmatic families: how do they fit within the morphological families, and how are their boundaries delimited? Another issue is the actual integration of inflectional paradigms within the model. The answers to these questions will most likely be based on an extensive approach  (Hathout et al. , 2003) , namely the construction of a large number of derivational paradigms in order to observe and identify the structural regularities they display. This is the purpose of the ongoing Demonext project  (Namer et al. , 2019)  whose objectives include the construction of a paradigmatic version of the Demonette database, a lexical resource designed for the description of word formation in French  (Hathout & Namer, 2014b; Hathout et al.
For instance, intonational contours can be reliably used to interpret one-word utterances, such as beer, as the SAs of criticism, doubt, warning, suggestion, naming, and wish  (Hellbernd & Sammler 2016). Does prosody also play a role in the performance and the interpretation of indirect speech acts (ISAs), for example "indirect requests"  (Ruytenbeek 2017 )? The findings reported on by  Nickerson & Chu-Carroll (1999)  provide evidence for a rising intonational pattern associated with polar questions in English. These authors collected data about the intonational patterns of the utterance's nucleus (the accented syllable of the intonation unit), the maximal f 0 at the final high boundary tone (corresponding to a rise or fall in f 0 ), and the f 0 mean of the unstressed vowel in the intonational phrase.
Method For the data collection phase of our study, we recruited 14 French native speakers after posting an announcement on Facebook. Of these participants, 13 selfidentified as female (one male). The average self-reported age was 23 (median = 23). Ten speakers originated from Belgium, and the remaining four from France. Each speaker received 7,5€ for participating. Each speaker was given 24 utterances to read aloud and record (see Appendix 1 for a complete list). 4 Twelve of these had the modal interrogative form "Tu peux verbal phrase (VP) ?" ("Can you (2 nd person singular) VP?"), e. g. , "Tu peux ouvrir cette fenêtre ?" ("Can you open that window?"); these will be referred to as modal interrogatives. Twelve took the form of "My X is Y", e. g. , "Mon verre est vide" ("My glass is empty"); these utterances will be referred to as negative state remarks.
Predictions Based on available experimental data for indirect requests in English  (Banuazizi & Creswell 1999; Hedberg et al. 2014; Trott et al. 2019 Trott et al. , 2022)) , we focused on the seven utterance-level acoustic features identified by  Trott et al. (2019) , i. e. , mean f 0 , f 0 range, standard deviation of f 0 , duration, mean intensity, standard deviation of intensity, and slope of f 0. We extracted the mean f 0 , the range of f 0 , mean intensity, and the number of voiced frames (as a proxy for duration). We also included measures of dispersion for both pitch (standard deviation of f 0 ) and intensity (standard deviation of intensity). 5 Finally, because the non-request interpretation of our modal interrogatives is a yes-no question about the addressee's ability, and because prototypical French questions have a low-rise pitch contour (e.
Machine learning classifier While the analysis above indicates which features are informative about the meaning of the recorded utterances, it does not specify how much information a particular feature contains, in particular when all seven features are combined. Building on  Trott et al. (2019) , one way to address this question is to ask how accurately a classifier can predict Meaning from all seven features combined. We used leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) to quantify the ability of a classifier to generalize from its training set to novel samples. That is, a model was fitted to every item in the dataset but one; the model was then used to classify the held-out test item, enabling us to determine whether the model successfully generalized across to other items (i. e. , whether the predicted label from the model matches the actual label for the held-out test item).
This leaveone-out procedure was performed for every item in the dataset, ultimately providing an accuracy score, i. e. , the percentage of correctly classified held-out items. For each of the 336 splits of the data (336 recorded utterances in total), we thus fitted a logistic regression classifier to the 335 training utterances. The classifier was trained to predict an utterance's original Meaning from all seven acoustic features and their interaction with Form (interrogative or declarative). This classifier was then used to predict the Meaning of the held-out test item. The classifier successfully predicted Meaning on 76% of held-out test items, a rate substantially above chance. As shown in Figure  5 , held-out test items that were estimated as being more likely to be requests (i. e. , a larger value for p(Request)) were more likely to have originally been meant as requests.
Results All analyses were conducted in R (R Core Team 2020). Mixed effects models were constructed using the lme4 package  (Bates et al. 2015) , and log likelihood ratio tests were compared using the anova function. Our first question was whether participants' pragmatic interpretations were reliably predicted by the speaker's original Intent. To address this question, we constructed a generalized linear mixed effects model with Interpretation (Request vs. Non-Request) as a dependent variable, fixed effects of Intent (Request vs. Non-Request) and Form (Interrogative vs. Declarative), by-subject random slopes 7  for the effects of Intent and Form, by-item random slopes for the effect of Intent, and random intercepts for items, subjects, lists, and speakers. We compared this model to a model omitting only the effect of Intent, and found that the full model exhibited a better fit, as demonstrated by a log likelihood ratio test [X 2 (1) = 17.
Data acquisition and sex determination We sampled 1-64 mg of tooth or bone powder from 17 specimens from Chagyrskaya Cave and 10 specimens from Okladnikov Cave. Of these, 15 from Chagyrskaya and 2 from Okladnikov yielded ancient DNA   [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]  ). c, Maximum-likelihood tree for mtDNA sequences from the Neanderthal individuals included in this study in the context of known hominin variation. The reference genome is rCRS and the accession numbers for the present-day humans are East Asian (AF346973), European (AF346981) and African (AF381988). Okladnikov 2 refers to the mtDNA sequence in ref. 41  (this specimen is listed as Okladnikov 14 in Extended Data Table  1 ). 1, [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]. d, Maximum-likelihood tree based on consensus calling of 6. 9 Mb of the Y chromosome of four Chagyrskaya individuals with coverage of more than onefold, along with previously published Y-chromosome data from three Neanderthals, two Denisovans and four present-day humans.
First, the great ape data are very heterogeneous-for example, although some great apes were born in the wild, others were born in captivity (that is, in artificial communities) and often the sample sizes were very small (Supplementary Table  8. 1). Second, several different scenarios may lead to similar Y-chromosome-to-mtDNA ratios. These include: differences in male and female generation times, a skewed offspring distribution among males (that is, a subset of males father the majority of the children) and female-biased migration. To test the relative importance of these processes, we simulated a large number of combinations of these scenarios, fitting the diversity of Y chromosomes and mtDNA and their ratio to the observed data (Supplementary Information section 8). We approximated the likelihood of each scenario using simulations as the proportion of simulated datasets that are within the 95% confidence intervals of the observed data.