dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The tubes were vigorously mixed for 20 s and then incubated 2 min at RT before 15 min of centrifugation at 4°C and 12,000 rpm. Next, 200 l of the aqueous phase (containing the RNA) was transferred into another 1. 5 ml microfuge tube and 150 l of isopropanol was added. A pellet of RNA appeared after 10 min of centrifugation at 4°C and 12,000 rpm. The pellet was washed three times with 75% EtOH and air-dried before the addition of 40 l RNase-free ddH 2 O with 1 l of Rnasin (Promega). The quality of the RNA extraction was assessed on a 1. 5% agarose gel and the concentration and 280/260 and 260/230 ratios were measured with a Nanodrop. qPCR. A 1. 5 g sample of each RNA was sent to the King's College London Genomic Centre Facility for processing. qPCR was done using Universal Probe Library (UPL) probes and primers designed by the Universal Probe Library software (Roche) for quantification.
The specificity of each driver is as follows: repoGal4 (pan-glial), alrmGal4 (astrocyte-like glia), NP2222Gal4 (cortex glia), moodyGal4 (subperineurial glia), MZ0709Gal4 (ensheathing glia), Actin5cGal4 (ubiquitously expressed), dEAAT1Gal4 (astrocyte-like glia, cortex glia and some subperineurial glia), and GMRGal4 (eye, used as negative control, not expressed in glial cells). ***p Ͻ 0. 001. was then scanned and processed using Adobe Photoshop version 7. 0. 1 (RRID:SCR_014199) and the bands were quantified using Image Studio Lite version 4. 0 software (RRID:SCR_013715). Antibodies were used as follows: anti-Repo (mouse, 1/200 in 5% BSA, DSHB 8D12, RRID:AB_528448), anti-Gat (rabbit, 1/10000 in 5% milk-TBS-T, RRID:AB_2569706, gift from Marc Freeman), anti-␤-actin (rabbit, 1/3000 in 5% BSA, SAB 21338), anti-myc (mouse, 1/1000 in 5% BSA, Roche 9E10, RRID:AB_439694), and anti-GFP (mouse, 1/1000 in 5% BSA, Roche, RRID:AB_390913).
Statistical analysis. All statistical analysis was performed with Graph-Pad Prism software (RRID:SCR_002798). For all lifespans, the statistical analysis was performed using the log-rank test of the Kaplan and Meier method. For the climbing assay in Figure  2B  and behavioral experiments (DART), the statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA using Dunnett's multiple-comparisons post hoc test. For the analysis of experiments performed over time (climbing of Fig. 6 A, F, H ; seizure in Fig. 8B ; and behavior in Fig. 8A ) a two-way ANOVA was used with a Tukey's or Dunnett's multiple-comparisons test. All quantifications for Western blots and climbing assay with only two genotypes were analyzed at high stringency using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. The qPCR statistical analysis was performed using DataAssist software (RRID:SCR_014969) as a two-tailed t test.
miR-1 expression in adult glia shortens the fly lifespan by repressing the expression of repo Two independent UAS-miR-1 insertions displayed a potent reduction in fly lifespan when expressed in the adult glia (Fig. 1A ,D and Fig. 1 -1, available at https://doi. org/10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 1833-18. 2019. f1-1). miR-1 is known to be expressed in the mesoderm during embryogenesis  (Sokol and Ambros, 2005)  and has been involved in setting up the repression of nonmuscle cell genes  (Lim et al. , 2005). In analyzing the predicted mRNA targets for miR-1 in the TargetScan and microRNA. org databases, we noticed that the pan-glial marker repo was predicted to be a target for miR-1. In agreement, specific adult expression of miR-1 in glia leads to a strong downregulation of the Repo protein expression in adult flies (Fig.
This cycle in glia has been shown to be of major importance in the maintenance of the glutamate and GABA pool in neurons  (Rae et al. , 2003). Indeed, antibody 4 (Figure legend continued. ) in the schematic below the pictures. The settings of the microscope were adjusted with the first control brain analyzed and kept unmodified. Quantifications were done using ImageJ Fiji software, drawing a square around each calyx region, measuring the intensity of the brightest slices of the stack, and then averaging (unpaired t test, two-tailed, p Ͻ 0. 0001). The genotypes used were as follows: elav-Gal4; tubGal80 ts , repoGal4/UAS-iGluSnFRA184S as control and elav-Gal4; UAS-repo IR 1/ϩ; tubGal80 ts , repoGal4/UAS-iGluSnFRA184S. 7  and 8 , were performed at 25°C and genotypes used were w 1118 ; UAS-repo IR 1/ϩ; tubGal80 ts , repoGal4/tubGal80 (negative control) // w 1118 ; UAS-repo IR 1/UAS-lacZ; tubGal80 ts , repoGal4/UAS-eGFP // w 1118 ; UAS-repo IR 1/UAS-Gs2; tubGal80 ts , repoGal4/UAS-dEAAT1 // w 1118 ; UAS-repo IR 1/UAS-Gs2,UAS-Gat; tubGal80 ts , repoGal4/ϩ // w 1118 ; UAS-repo IR 1/UASeGFP; tubGal80 ts , repoGal4/UAS-repo // w 1118 ; UAS-repo IR 1/UAS-Gs2; tubGal80 ts , repoGal4/UAS-repo // w 1118 ; UAS-repo IR 1/UAS-Gat; tubGal80 ts , repoGal4/UAS-repo // w 1118 ; UAS-repo IR 1/UAS-dEAAT1; tubGal80 ts , repoGal4/UAS-repo.
This work was supported by  Ataxia UK  (Grant  2491  to MCentre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research ( NC3R ) (Grant  NC/L000199/1  to M. F. ), the  Medical Research Council  (Grant  MR/ L010666/1  to F. H. ), the  Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council  (Grant  BB/N001230/1  to F. H. ),  Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (A. G. ) ,  Centre national de la recherche scientifique  (A. G. ),  UDS  (A. G. ),  Ligue Regionale Contre le Cancer  (A. G. ),  University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study  (A. G. ),  Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer  (A. G. ),  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (A. G. ), and by Grant  ANR-10-LABX-0030-INRT , a  French State  fund managed by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  under the  frame program Investissements d'Avenir   ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02.
Variables Data were collected for each patient, including: age; sex; risk factors of intracranial haemorrhage; initial GCS score; mRS scores ranging from 0 (no disability) to 6 (death)  [7] [8] [9] ; Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores ranging from 1 (death) to 5 (good recovery)  [10] ; platelet count and international normalized ratio; ICH volume as calculated by the ABC/2 method; Evans ratio as measured by dividing the maximal width of the frontal horns by the maximal width of the inner table of the cranium at the level of the frontal horns; Graeb score  [6] ; ICH clot location; and times from symptom onset to hospital arrival, EVD placement, and group assignment. We also recorded ICP. Follow-up CT scans were performed daily to monitor asymptomatic bleeding and to measure clot resolution (indirectly assessed by the Graeb score) during the first 3 days.
Data Analysis Endpoints. The primary efficacy endpoint was mortality for all IVH patients with AOH requiring EVD. We also examined numerous secondary clinical endpoints (i. e. , functional outcomes and complications). Statistical Analyses. The data for each study patient were recorded from the same unified samples. The collected data were processed and analysed with R version 3. 3 or higher (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). The differences in mortality between the two groups were tested with Pearson's χ 2 algorithm. For the planned primary outcome analyses, we used the Kaplan-Meier time-to-event analysis to estimate the survival functions and the log-rank test to compare survival by treatment groups; Cox (proportional hazards) regression of association between mortality and potential determinants was also used, of which backward elimination was used to select variables.
Acknowledgements We thank the staff of the  Department of Science Management  and the  Epidemiology Department at Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy  for their support and statistical advice. We also thank all staff members of the  Emergency Department  and the  Radiology Department at Bach Mai Hospital  for their support with this study, as well as the  Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine at Hanoi Medical University. Finally, we thank  Dr. Bui Duc Nguyen  from the  Department of Health and Human Services , the  US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , and the staff of the  American Journal Experts  for their support with the final version of our manuscript.
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) Immediately after animals were returned from the exposure to either the first pulse of blue light or being kept in control dark conditions respectively, an OGTT was performed starting at ZT15 (Fig. 1 ). For this, all Arvicanthis were fasted for 6 h before the test, that is, from ZT9 onwards. Blood was taken from the tip of the tail at 0, 15, 30, 90, and 120 min for the measurement of whole blood glucose concentrations using an Accu-Chek Performa Nano glucometer (Roche Diabetes Care Limited). Immediately after the 0 min sample, D-glucose (2g of Dglucose per kg of body weight dissolved in 0. 9% saline) was orally administered by gavage. Data of the OGTT were expressed as the delta between the basal (t = 0) glucose and the measurement at each time point. In addition, the increase of plasma glucose was analyzed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) from the time of the baseline to the 120 min measurement, using the trapezoidal rule  (Allison et al.
Locomotor activity recordings To measure activity-rest cycles, general locomotor activity of all animals was monitored using infrared detectors placed above the cages linked to an automated recording system (CAMS, Circadian activity monitoring system, Lyon, France). Data were recorded every 5 min. Clocklab software (Actimetrics, Wilmette, IL) was used to determine the activity profiles of each animal under different diet conditions (chow vs. HFHS).
Statistical power was calculated with a post-hoc two-tail t-test (power = 85%, d = 2. 86, a = 0. 05) using G Power 3. 1. 9. 2. Graph-Pad Prism version 7. 01 for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) and IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 25 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. ) using a significance level of P < 0. 05.
Funding Information This work was supported by a  doctoral fellowship  from the  "NeuroTime" Erasmus + Program  (A. M. V), a  French government grant  managed by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-14-CE13-0002-01 ADDiCLOCK JCJC ) and the  Institut Danone France-Fondation pour la Recherche M edicale  (J. M. ), and the  University of Amsterdam  (A. K. ).
The primary aim of the EU-funded SENSE-Cog research programme (www. sense-cog. eu) is to explore these and related issues in more depth. This will provide a basis on which to develop a support care intervention for PwD with concurrent hearing and/or vision impairments  [34]. Here, we report one part of the SENSE-Cog programme that aims to explore the challenges in undertaking visual, hearing and cognitive assessments for people with dual or triple impairments, from the perspective of people with 'lived experience' of the condition(s) and their care partners in a different national and cultural settings in Europe. To do this, we collected qualitative data to explore the experiences of older adults with dementia regarding living with a concurrent sensory and cognitive impairment and their care partners.
Development of the guide FGs and SSIs were conducted using an interview topic guide, which was iteratively developed using data from different sources, over a period of 6 months prior to the study start of the interviews. The interview was developed for the SENSE-Cog FGs and SSIs, and has not been published elsewhere before. Firstly, the gaps and potential solutions regarding the assessment and support for PwD with sensory impairment were elicited through a multidisciplinary, international Expert Reference Group (The SENSE-Cog ERG), held over a two-day period in Athens, Greece in 2016  (Leroi et al. 2018 ). Secondly, findings from the relevant vision, hearing and cognitive impairment literature were considered (see overview in  [11] ), including specific data from other complex interventions for sensory impairment  [8, 27, 33].
Each PwD was supported by a study assistant experienced in working with older adults with dementia. If at any point a participant wanted to leave the room or be with their care partner, this was facilitated. This occurred on one occasion with a single participant at the Manchester site. All interviews were recorded with a digital Dictaphone. The interviews were transcribed in full to include all spoken words and non-verbal utterances such as sighs and laughter. Recordings were listened to and transcribed by the Research Associates at each site (Manchester, Bordeaux and Nicosia). Afterwards they were sent to the researchers at the Catholic University of Freiburg (CUF) who are responsible for qualitative data management and lead qualitative analysis. CUF received all qualitative data from each site in their original language (except the Greek ones -those were translated beforehand into English language).
Data analysis The SSIs and FGs data were analysed according to Mayring's  [45]  summative content analysis. As pointed out by Krippendorff  [30] , as well as Elo and Kyngäs  [14] , the use of content analysis is a good method for making replicable and valid inferences from data regarding context, with the aim of providing knowledge, new insights, a representation of facts, and a practical guide to action. The authors at CUF Freiburg (LW and IH) coded the transcripts independently by using Qda-software (MAXQDA 1987-2017) as a tool for qualitative data management. Once three interviews of each FG and SSI were coded, the coder met to discuss different sub-codes and codes as well as to compare their individual notes. The initial coding framework was grounded in the content of the data (inductive).
Funding This article is part of the Work Package 2 & 3 of the  SENSE-Cog  project, which has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under Grant agreement no. 668648. The funding body has no part in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or manuscript writing. Piers Dawes is supported by the  National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre.
Data analysis Kinematics analysis was performed in 2 D (sagittal plane). The body was modeled as a kinematic chain consisting of 12 rigid segments (the right finger, the two hands, arms and forearms, the head, trunk, thigh, leg and foot) with 11 degrees of freedom (joint angles). Joint angles were obtained by inverse kinematic (global optimization from custom-written software using Matlab R2018b, MathWorks, Inc. ). Movement onset was defined as when the EP tangential velocity exceeded 3% of its maximum. Movement offset was identified as when CoM velocity exceeded 3% of its maximal velocity in its backward movement. We performed the analysis at discrete movement times expressed as percentages of the total movement duration (onset ¼ 0% and offset ¼ 100%). At each time, the Jacobian of the 2 D positionsagittal planeof either the EP or the COM relative to the joint angles and at the mean joint configuration across trials was computed (2-by-11 matrix).
Statistics Normality of the data was verified using Shapiro-Wilk's tests. As DV is bounded, it was normalized between 0 and 1 and then was Fischer's Z-transformed before statistical analysis. The effects of time, precision and posture (standing vs. seated) were assessed using repeated measures ANOVAs. Post-hoc tests were performed using Bonferroni's method. Alpha level was set to 0. 05. Data are presented as Z-transform value mean ± SD.
Data analysis. The objective performance was analysed by calculating response accuracy (percentage of correct responses). To assess how participants' consciousness about their objective performance was affected by the manipulation of attention and memory, participants' mean confidence ratings on correct response trials were calculated. To determine how spatial attention affected the three memory types, a first overall analysis was performed on accuracy and on mean confidence ratings with the within-subjects factors of Attention (valid, invalid, neutral) and Memory Type (iconic, fragile, and working memory). To test our specific hypothesis, the differences between neutral and invalid trials (costs) and between attended and neutral trials (benefits) were compared between memory conditions to specifically establish whether attentional costs and benefits varied across iconic, fragile and working memory.
Results Trials in which gaze deviated more than 2˚from fixation during the memory array were discarded from the analysis. One participant was excluded for breaking fixation in more than 50% of the trials, and another one for performing at chance level (her/his performance was more than 2 standard deviations below the mean). Finally, the data file of one participant was corrupted and could not be recovered. For this reason, the final sample for the analysis was of 27 participants. Accuracy. This analysis revealed a main effect of Memory Type F(2, 52) = 33. 7, p<. 001, η 2 = 0. 56, with higher accuracy in the iconic memory condition (M = 78. 6, 95% CI = 75. 1-82. 1) than in the fragile memory condition (M = 74. 7, 95% CI = 71. 9-77. 6), t(26) = 4. 57, p<. 001, d = 0. 88, and in the fragile memory condition than in the working memory condition (M = 71.
Methods Participants. A different group of 30 participants (14 males, mean age 23, ranging from 18 to 29 years) from the Sorbonne University of Paris gave written informed consent to participate in the experiment. The experiment was approved by the ethical committee of the Centre Multidisciplinaire des Sciences Comportementales Sorbonne Universites-INSEAD. Apparatus, stimuli, procedure and data analysis. Everything was the same as in the first experiment except for the following. The central endogenous cue was replaced by a peripheral cue, which consisted of a 100-ms thickening of the contour of one of the six placeholders in which the letters were presented (see  Fig 1). The peripheral cue was presented 200 ms before the memory array, and did not predict the future probe location. The neutral cue consisted of the 100-ms thickening of the contour of all the six placeholders.
Results As in Experiment 1, trials in which gaze deviated more than 2˚from fixation during the memory array were discarded from the analysis. Five participants were excluded because the eye movements data could not be properly recorded for technical problems. Moreover, one participant was excluded for doing the task at chance level, with performance more than 2 standard deviations below the mean. The final sample consisted of 24 participants. Accuracy. A main effect of Memory Type occurred F(2, 46) = 23. 06, p<. 001, η 2 = 0. 50; post-hoc analysis revealed higher accuracy in the iconic memory condition (M = 82. 4, 95% CI = 80. 1-84. 8) than in the fragile memory condition (M = 77. 7, 95% CI = 75. 1-80. 3), t(23) = 3. 98, p =. 002, d = 0. 81, and in the fragile memory condition than in the working memory condition (M = 74.
Acknowledgments FB was supported by a  Marie Curie IF fellowship  and by national research project  PSI2015-73503-JIN. EMA was supported by a  Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral fellowship  from the  Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness  ( IJCI-2015-23204 ). PB was supported by  ANR  through  ANR-16-CE37-0005  and  ANR-10-IAIHU-06.
FB was supported by a  Marie Curie IF fellowship  and by national research project  PSI2015-73503-JIN. EMA was supported by a  Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral fellowship  from the  Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness  ( IJCI-2015-23204 ). PB was supported by  ANR  through  ANR-16-CE37-0005  and  ANR-10-IAIHU-06. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
C A S E S E L E C T I O N All cases of olfactory neuroblastoma treated between January 2004 and December 2015 at two university hospitals (Lariboisi ere Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and Lille University Hospital) were retrospectively retrieved from the databases of the pathology departments. The diagnoses were confirmed in all of the cases by a senior head and neck pathologist (M. W. ). The immunohistochemical panel used to confirm the diagnosis was chromogranin A, synaptophysin, neural cell adhesion molecule (CD56), S100, and cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3. If CK AE1/AE3 was quite diffusely positive (more than scarce positive cells), the diagnosis was considered to be positive if two neuroendocrine markers were positive in >1% of tumour cells and if at least focal S100-positive sustentacular cells were observed.
C L I N I C O P A T H O L O G I C A L A N A L Y S I S When both the biopsy specimen and the surgical specimen were available, biopsy was favoured in cases with neoadjuvant therapy. When several paraffin blocks were available for the same tumour, the most representative block was selected for immunohistochemical analysis. Cases in which the fixative was not formalin, and decalcification had been applied, were excluded, to avoid immunohistochemical issues. Clinical data were collected from patients' medical files. The data collected included sex, age at the time of diagnosis, location and local extension of the tumour, Kadish stage, Dulguerov stage, treatment modalities, time to progression, and time to death.
K I 6 7 A N D T I L Q U A N T I F I C A T I O N All of the immunohistochemical analyses were performed on serial freshly cut 4-µm sections of the selected block. Stains were obtained with a Ventana Benchmark (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ, USA) automated method (the protocols are summarized in Table  S1 ). Ki67 was studied by the use of clone MIB1 (Dako, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). To characterise the TILs, whole sections were stained for CD20 (clone L26; Dako), CD4 (clone SP35; Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ, USA), and CD8 (clone 144B; Dako). CD20 was used to identify B cells, and CD4 and CD8 were used to identify the subpopulations of T cells. Quantification of the Ki67 PI was performed by counting hotspots, with IMAGEJ software. A minimum of 1000 nuclei were counted to determine the percentage of positive nuclei.
To confirm the relevance of the Ki67 PI, it was compared with a mitotic count for 10 high-power fields (2. 5 mm 2 ). For quantification of TILs, slides were digitalised with an Aperio AT2 slide scanner (Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany). On digitalised slides, regions of interest (ROIs) (hotspots) were identified at low magnification; then, five fields of 0. 2 µm 2 were delimited with the Aperio IMAGESCOPE software (Leica Biosystems). Lymphocytes were then counted in each ROI with the IMAGESCOPE counting tool. Lymphocytes were counted, blinded to the clinical data, within the stromal area of the tumour and within the tumour lobules themselves. CD4+ cells showing macrophage-like features were excluded.
S T A T I S T I C S Statistical analyses were performed with Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). The correlation between two continuous parameters was evaluated by use of the Pearson coefficient when the distribution was normal, and by use of the Spearman coefficient otherwise. The cumulative survival time was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method, and analysed with a log-rank test (GraphPad Software). A P-value of <0. 05 was considered to be significant.