dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Step 3-appraising primary studies The relevance of the studies was assessed according to the focus of the review and how each study addressed the research questions. Decisions about whether each study could contribute to identifying CMO configurations and whether the method used to generate these CMO configurations is credible were arrived through discussion in the review group. The specific inclusion and exclusion criteria that guided the selection and appraisal of documents are presented in Table  2. Step 4-extracting data The documents included in the review were compiled in Excel. The variables extracted were (1) authors, title of the study and year of publication; (2) study objective and outcomes; (3) intervention characteristics and objectives; (4) prior assumptions reported by the authors; (5) mechanisms gleaned by reader and/or reported by authors;  (6)  reported/observed actual outcome(s);  (7)  contextual factors reported by authors to be of influence on CHVs' performance and (8) process of intervention implementation/stakeholder involvement reported by authors to be of influence on CHVs' performance.
Data collection At the time of PICC insertion, we collected data concerning patients' demographic characteristics, comorbidities, immunosuppressive therapy, hospitalization ward and location of the patient 72 h after insertion. Data concerning the PICC were also collected: date of insertion, operator (junior or senior radiologist), treatment indication, rank of the PICC, device characteristics, compliance with preoperative antisepsis protocol (Fig. 1 ), site of insertion, length and success of the procedure and type of PICC fixation. Data were collected by performing patient chart review and/or phone calls to healthcare professionals involved in the patient's care or directly to the patient. Information An information note about PICC care rules was given to the patient at time of placement and standardized protocols of antisepsis and PICC care were available in healthcare units of our hospital (Fig.
1 ). In instances of premature PICC removal, data were collected regarding the circumstances warranting the removal. If PICCrelated infection was suspected, insertion site swabbing and catheter tip culture (according to Brun-Buisson method) were required, along with blood cultures if clinically relevant (general infectious symptoms). For each PICC, data were collected in a standardized questionnaire which was used throughout PICC follow-up. The "inpatients" subgroup included all PICCs monitored from insertion to removal in a health-care setting and the "outpatients" subgroup included all PICCs monitored in the outpatient setting. PICCs used alternatively in hospital and outside were classified in a "mixed setting" subgroup.
Statistical analysis Quantitative variables were described as mean (+/-SD) or median (Q25-Q75) according to normality of distribution. For each variable, Odds Ratios (ORs) were obtained using logistic regression with the type of complication as the dependent variable. Each PICC insertion was considered as a new event. For each type of complication, a multivariate logistic model was then performed with all variables that were close to significance in the first model (p < 0. 20). Otherwise, a p-value <0. 05 was used for statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed with SAS software (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC).
Analysis process An inductive approach based on descriptive thematic coding was used. All transcripts were entered into qualitative data analysis software (NVivo version 11, QSR International Pty Ltd. , Doncaster, Victoria, 3108, Australia). Codebooks were developed using an iterative process: initial codes matched the predefined research themes (working conditions; attitudes of community members regarding HIV services; future of HIV services), then were expanded with codes reflecting the participants' own terms and semantics, and discussed within the team, including qualitative interviewers and researchers, for triangulated input.
was conducted. Research discussed in this publication has been co-funded by ANRS together with the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, Inc. (3ie) with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of 3ie or the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Deutsche Gesellschaft fu ¨r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) co-funded the first part of the trial. Merck & Co. Inc. and Gilead Sciences provided the Atripla † drug supply. The Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI) receives core funding from the Wellcome Trust, which provides the platform for the population-and clinic-based research at Somkhele. Melanie Plazy is supported by the French Charity Sidaction and Delphine Perriat by the French Ecole des Hautes Etudes en SantePublique (EHESP).
Acknowledgments We would first like to thank the nurses and counsellors who participated in the study. We would also like to thank the  Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI)  that provided logistical resources to conduct this study, as well as the qualitative interviewers ( Lindiwe Sibiya ,  Lobenguni Simelane-Mahlinza ,  Mumsy Mthethwa ,  Ntokozo Zitha ) for collecting, transcribing and translating the data.
With the development of the concept of participatory measurement, and considering the extremely large number of people equipped with a smartphone while being "in mobility", the use of smartphones is potentially a relevant solution to realize a large-scale environmental noise evaluation. The data presented hereinafter are collected from the Android NoiseCapture application and shared from the OnoMap Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The NoiseCapture approach consists in measuring noise along a path, and then to share data with the community. This approach has been developed within the framework of the European ENERGIC-OD 1 project, which aims at deploying a set of Virtual Hubs (VH) to share heterogeneous data with third parties, in respect with the European INSPIRE, and at developing new and original services that can be useful for the community.
*. tracks. geojson This file contains the data collecting along a GPS track. A GPS track is defined by 8 property values. Note that each feature of the GeoJSON is a measurement session over a time period (expressed in seconds). The geometry corresponds to the bounding box of measurements locations. time_ISO8601: start time of measurement, using the ISO 8601 representation. time_epoch: start time of measurement in Unix Time Stamp (UTS) format (number of milliseconds since January 1st, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT). The timezone is provided by the localization of the measure, not by the configuration of the smartphone. pk_track: Database of track primary keys. This value may change when the zip files are updated, but are unique in the same zip file. This value is linked with the *. points. geojson file and could be used to build a geometry representation of the path of the measures.
It must be note that only the LAeq data are transferred to the geoserver, since all other parameters can be computed from this indicator. In addition, it is important to mention that only anonymous data are considered; there is no audio recording nor any information that could be used to identified or localized people (see the privacy policy 3  of NoiseCapture). The server side services are organized around a web geoservices application and a relational database management system (Fig. 2 ). The geoservice application uses the open source GeoServer software and a plugin to support the Web Processing Service (WPS) standard. The WPS standard is used to execute 3 chained processing (scripts). Process 1: Push the data from the smartphone. A WPS is used to push a zipped file that contains the measurements, from the smartphone to the PostGIS relational database.
The zipped file is unzipped on the server and data are inserted into the database. Process 2: Update the hexagon maps. When the data is uploaded into the database, a second WPS script starts to build the hexagon and compute the mean noise indicators and information. Process 3: Export the data in GeoJSON files. A daily script is executed to export the noise measures for a specific country (and administration divisions) from the PostGIS database to a zipped folder made of the 3 GeoJSON files, as detailed above. The measures stored in the PostGIS database are dynamically used to create thematic maps thanks to the Web Map Service specifications (WPS). Three WMS layers are rendered in a web application available at http://noise-planet. org/en/map. html. (CIP-ICT-PSP-2013-7) as part of the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme by the European Community.
INTRODUCTION Population ageing, which entails an increasing share of older persons in the population, is a major global demographic trend; a trend that is expected to intensify during the twenty-first century, driven by remarkable increases in life expectancy and falling fertility rates. By 2050, old people will outnumber children on earth  (ESA, 2012). This paper's setting is the country of Lebanon, a small middle-income developing country with a population estimated at around four million, characterized by unique socio-demographic features that render the ageing of its population a complex challenge  (Saxena, 2008). A rapidly ageing society of adults of 65+ years faced by the lack of clear comprehensive government policy, the unavailability of accurate comprehensive database and statistics, limited capabilities of existing institutions complicated by an increased pressure on a resources deficient healthcare system  (Sibai, 2014).
In addition to a trained and experienced staff in the needs of the ageing, "a solid database to follow up each case is required in order to find the appropriate solution" (H2). The GM of H4 indicated that they have installed "24/7 monitoring systems of health and activities, intelligent devices and appliances, internet enabled services, predictive behaviour models, and so on" in order to provide a better quality of care for their elderly patients". Such innovations in stationary and mobile solutions would allow practitioners to stay in continuous contact, whether at the patient's bedside, in examination rooms, or in emergency treatment centers, to effectively develop and deliver patient assessments, and make more informed care decisions based on collaborative treatment plans. This findings aligns with the works of  Lucas (2008)  and  Anwar et al.
Nurses and doctors document patient's vital signs in the system, physician prescription history are tracked by the system, and PACS systems are connected to the online medical history. (PACS is the acronym for picture archive and communication system, a computer network for digitized radiologic images and reports). Ultimately, addressing medical research advancement benefits, the GM of H1 stressed that "better access to data that can be studied and help to get better solutions to face the ageing society". ICT has become necessary to manage routine function up close, and monitor vital signs measurements and control the administration and recording of medications (type, dose & time). Agreeing, three other hospitals (H3, H4, H5) pointed out that "ICT in the form of an integrated information database aims at disease management to help improve the awareness and preventive care in the elderly patient population".
Perspective: A role for social media in cancer care? As oncologists and researchers, we can no longer ignore the power of 21st century technological tools. Instead, we need to create a culture that explicitly engages us on social media to share the value of our profession. There is a need to better understand how patients use social media for cancer care in order to design specific online interventions and promote awareness of the best treatment options and clinical trial participation. Data on whether these innovations are improving patient engagement or outcomes (eg, quality of life) do not exist. There is almost no literature that evaluates the content and quality of social media in cancer care. 16 An analysis of Twitter data could be performed easily because almost all messages are directly accessible through third-party sites, but an analysis of the same kind using data extracted from Facebook is still impossible for researchers without the corporation's participation because these data are probably much more personal and detailed.
All the available covariates were included in the multivariate analysis of variance model. Then a backward stepwise elimination procedure was used so as to remove any covariates associated with a p-value higher than 0. 05. All analyses were undertaken with TIBCO Spotfire S+1 8. 1 for Windows (TIBCO Software Corporation, Palo Alto, CA, USA) or R version 3. 2. 2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
Acknowledgments We would like to warmly thank all the doctors who participated in this study,  Antoine Abhamon , our research assistant, and the  Unions Régionales des Professionnels de Santé (URPS) Alsace and Pays de la Loire , who were responsible for the organizational aspects of the project,  Drs Jean-Baptiste Caillard ,  Thomas Herault  and  Fabien Rougerie  for their support and assistance throughout the study, and  Mohamed Amir Moussa  for his support for the data collection process.
Background: As publishing is essential but competitive for researchers, difficulties in writing and submitting medical articles to biomedical journals are disabling. The DIAzePAM (Difficultés des Auteurs à la Publication d'Articles Médicaux) survey aimed to assess the difficulties experienced by researchers in the AP-HP (Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, i. e. , Paris Hospitals Board, France), the largest public health institution in Europe, when preparing articles for biomedical journals. The survey also aimed to assess researchers' satisfaction and perceived needs. Methods: A 39-item electronic questionnaire based on qualitative interviews was addressed by e-mail to all researchers registered in the AP-HP SIGAPS (Système d'Interrogation, de Gestion et d'Analyse des Publications Scientifiques) bibliometric database.
At the end of the questionnaire, each respondent could add a free comment; these comments were analyzed, manually sorted according to keywords (e. g. , English, medical writing, statistics, time, money or congratulations), and grouped thematically by 2 independent reviewers (AFD, LR). An e-mail request to participate in the anonymous survey was sent to all AP-HP researchers registered in the SIGAPS database (N = 8186). Although some of the authors of this article (MD, OC) could receive the questionnaire, they did not participate in the study. This short e-mail included the title of the study, its objectives, the target population (AP-HP professionals who publish or intend to publish), an electronic link to the DIAze-PAM questionnaire, and an estimation of the completion time (< 5 min). Researchers were also informed that results would be published.
According to this process (and as expected by respondents), articles issued from arguments elaborated using research data contribute to increase recognition which in turn increases funding enabling investment in human and material resources necessary for more data collection and arguments constructions. What are the strengths and limitations of the present survey? Electronic surveys avoid the need for double entry and enable questionnaire personalization (questions are automatically hidden or revealed according to previous answers) and timeliness, at low cost  [42, 43]. Limited access to the Internet, overloaded e-mail inboxes and obsolete e-mail addresses are limitations to electronic surveys, and were encountered in the present study; besides overloaded inboxes and obsolete e-mail addresses, some researchers registered in the AP-HP SIGAPS database contacted us for help, finding it impossible to connect due to their institution's firewalls.
However, some respondents had published several articles in the previous 2 years. The decision to respond to the online survey or not may also have been affected by the fact that the survey was conducted in the name of the AP-HP. Sociodemographic data on AP-HP staff are sparse and do not target the population of researchers who publish or intend to publish, hindering comparison with the respondents to the present survey. However, based on figures for medical staff working at AP-HP in 2014  [44] , 25% of assistant professors, 20% of senior registrars, 15% of professors and 6% of hospital practitioners responded to this online survey. Although hospitals practitioners were under-represented as compared with the other professionals, this result is probably consistent with the population of medical staff performing research and publishing.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all the researchers who took part in this study. They also want to express their gratitude to the doctors who tested the questionnaire prototype. Finally they would like to thank the doctors who took part in exploratory interviews for questionnaire development and gave their permission to be named:  Prof. Jean Pierre Aubert ,  Dr. Isabelle Auger ,  Dr. Antoine Cheret ,  Dr. Laurence Coblentz-Bauman ,  Prof. Cécile Goujard ,  Dr. Olivier Lambotte ,  Prof. Hawa Keita Meyer ,  Prof. Antoine Pelissolo ,  Dr. Anne Marie Taburet ,  Prof. Corinne Vons ,  Dr. Florence Vorspan.
The sentence was agreed in advance; we chose this sentence because it can be addressed similarly to an adult, to an infant or to a dog. There was one trial per condition (ADS, IDS, PDS). Women speaker were instructed to attract the interlocutor's attention by saying his/her name before speaking. Acoustic analyses were performed using PRAAT to ensure that IDS and PDS were distinct from ADS (see Results section). Twenty seven audio clips were created using Audacity ® software corresponding to the 3 type of speech (ADS, IDS, PDS) for each of the 9 women. Each audio clip was composed by the 3 sentences, each lasting between 0. 52 to 1. 52 seconds depending to the speed of delivery (X ± SD = 0. 69 ± 0. 18 seconds), spoken by the same woman and separated by 2 seconds' silence, a 0. 6 second pink noise and another 2 seconds' silence, as presented in Fig.
Data analyses. Acoustic analyses. In order to verify that the recordings used for the playbacks had characteristics properties of ADS, IDS or PDS, acoustic analyses were performed using a script Praat software (5. 3. 50)  50. We treated each recording as one continuous vocalization; the analysis was made on utterance level. We measured the following parameters: Additional acoustic analyses. Further analyses were made on supplementary parameters (harmonicity, shimmer, jitter, the first three formant frequencies of the vocal stimuli). Moreover, because previous studies showed a significant difference between IDS, PDS and ADS based on vowel hyperarticulation 3 , we measured this parameter using Andruski et al. ' procedure  51  ; vowel hyperarticulation was objectified by plotting first and second formant Video coding.
Dogs' behavioural response to human vocal stimuli was recorded and analyzed with Solomon Coder software (version beta 16. 06. 26). We made continuous observations from videos with a time-precise of one-tenth of a second. For each dog and for each vocal stimulus (ADS, IDS, and PDS), we measured the total duration of looks toward the loudspeaker, referred as "gaze duration" in our statistical analysis. This measure is the standard one used to assess infants' attention  18, 19. Moreover, it was used in previous studies to assess dogs' attention and effect of various conditions on this parameter (i. e. aging 29 ; relationship 30 ; oxytocin  22  ). In order to take the variability of stimulus duration (from 0. 52 to 1. 52 seconds) gaze duration toward the loudspeaker, was expressed as the relation between the gaze duration and the stimulus duration.
Statistical analyses. Acoustic analyses. The normality of the data was tested using Shapiro-Wilk tests. To test whether the recording order and the type of speech influenced the acoustic features of women speakers, we used general linear mixed models (GLMMs) using library 'lme4' of the R software. For each acoustic feature, we constructed model with the type of speech, the recording order and their interaction as fixed effects and the identity of the speaker as random effects. We first tested the model with the interaction against the model without the interaction. If the interaction was no significant, we removed it from the model and then tested one-factor models (either type of speech or recording order) against the minimal model. Finally, we performed Tukey post hoc tests when appropriated, using library 'multcomp' of the R software; Tukey test was developed specifically to account for multiple comparison and maintains experiment-wise alpha at the specified level (0.
05)  52. Statistics were performed using R© version 3. 2. 4 (The R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria). Analysis of dogs' behavioural response to playback. To test for differences in type of speech on dogs' behaviour, we used GLMM with the glmer function of the package 'lme4' using R© version 3. 2. 4. GLMMs allowed us to build a model with both fixed effects and random effects, and to specify data distribution (here a binomial distribution). To take into account the variation of the duration of the stimuli, 'Gaze duration' divided by 'Stimulus duration' was set as the dependent variable; 'Stimulus duration' was thus specified as a 'weights' argument in the model. The dog's identity was specified as the random factor to control for repeated measures. Dog familiarity with people of both gender referred as "dog familiarity to gender" (women only, men only, both sexes), the presence of children at home (yes or no), dog age (adult vs.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Dr. S. Perrot  ( IRCA -ENVA ) for providing access to the IRCA room and its facilities at the  ENVA. Thanks to  Marine Parker ,  Raphaëlle Bourrec ,  Raphaëlle Tigeot  and  Mathilde Escudero  for their invaluable help during experiments. Thanks to the  CHUVA (ENVA)  for help with the recruitment of owners. Thanks to owners who accepted to take part to this study.
Shi et al. have coordinated the psychiatry of depression, a psychosocial approach to living conditions, and personality psychology. Their longitudinal research included data concerning depressive symptoms in adolescent survivors after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. They have shown that survivor depressive symptoms are related to gender, dispositional resilience and social factors such as social support. Their complexity-oriented approach informs us about the temporal dynamics of the different influences on depression. Complexity was also featured in Dumitrescu's paper, which describes links between periodontal disease and depression. In an original manner, the author has examined reciprocal influences between the bacterially-mediated inflammatory disease and depression. This type of approach helps narrow the gap between what has been usually regarded as a somatic disease with microscale-level determinism and what has often been categorized as a "mental" disorder.
79 e lack of current evidence represents, in the view of the authors, a missed opportunity, as most large randomized controlled trials could provide valuable data on the impact of sex. Furthermore, although not as robust as prespecified analyses, the opportunity exists to perform post hoc analyses on available datasets and pooled datasets from existing randomized controlled trials. Such analyses would significantly increase the number of women analyzed and may provide powerful findings. On theoretical grounds, there are good reasons to tailor the medications prescribed for COPD to account for sex. For instance, women are generally more prone than men to develop osteoporosis and are more likely to develop it at an earlier age. Therefore, high-dose inhaled corticosteroids could be relatively more detrimental in women than in men.