dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Percentages are given with their exact 95% binomial confidence intervals, and medians with interquartile ranges. For analyses performed on the overall cohort, we used weighted percentages and gestational age adjustments in the multivariable analyses to account for differences in sampling times between gestational age groups. We compared groups of infants using the χ 2 test. All tests were two sided; P<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS v9. 4 software.
Our data offer real life estimates, at a national level, of the number of children in each gestational age grouping who may need to be included in formal follow-up using parental questionnaires to assess development. As expected, parents who did not complete the questionnaire or completed the questionnaire outside the expected age range were of a lower socioeconomic status, and thus may need additional support when assessing development with a parental questionnaire. 6] [47]  As for other cohorts based on gestational age,  5  we did not find a reduction in the most severe forms (data not shown), but the number of children with severe cerebral palsy was too small to observe such a difference. Rates of sensory impairments were very low but reporting sensory outcomes at extremely low gestation is essential because impairment increases with age.
Data variables and data collection A three-day training workshop on familiarizing and pilot-testing the data collection tools and procedures was conducted prior to data collection. Data collectors consisted of health workers with prior experience of enumeration in other health-related surveys. Data collection was conducted between June and July of 2014 at all 31 selected ART clinics using an interviewer-administered questionnaire with coded responses. Questionnaires were also translated into the 2 main local languages (Shona and Ndebele) for respondents who were not conversant with English. Variables collected included:-age, sex, educational level, rural/urban residence, history of TB treatment, the type of food consumed in the patient's household in the 7 days prior to the interview and household demographics such as number of household members, household assets and livestock and household income.
Statistical analysis Patient data collected in the questionnaires were coded and single entered by 7 data entry clerks into EpiData (version 3. 1; EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark) and later cleaned for errors and analyzed using Stata/SE 13. 0 (Stata Corp, 2013, Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. 0, College Station, TX). Prior to statistical analysis, data were weighted using proportional weights, in order to account for unequal probabilities of selection in the sampling and also to account for the complex design of the survey (i. e. , stratification and clustering). Percentages and frequencies were generated for categorical variables while means (standard deviations) or alternatively medians (inter-quartile ranges (IQR)) were calculated for continuous variables as deemed appropriate.
We also observed that over-nutrition was higher among females, in the older age groups and also increased with higher wealth quintile and increasing CD4 cell count. The strengths of this study include a large sample and the use of PPS sampling which ensured that our findings are nationally representative of HIV-positive patients enrolled in HIV treatment and care settings in Zimbabwe. The weight of study participants was measured using standardized and calibrated weight scales whilst height was measured using standardized height boards thus ensuring the body mass indices for these patients were current, accurate and comparable. A standardized questionnaire was also administered by trained data collectors and this ensured that all study participants were comparable. Study limitations may have included the possibility of recall bias by study respondents on the type of foods consumed in their households in the week preceding the survey and the frequency of their consumption.
This may have led to incorrect calculation and misclassification of the household food consumption score. This study may not be representative of those HIV-positive patients who were enrolled in HIV treatment and care settings but missed their scheduled clinic review visits because they were too sick to attend the clinic. Whilst data were collected for pregnant and lactating women and those aged <15 years old, these were excluded from the analysis of nutritional status since their numbers were too small to allow meaningful inferences and also because body mass index is not an appropriate measure of nutritional status in pregnant and lactating women. Lastly, the use of BMI may underestimate the prevalence of obesity since it is reported to have low sensitivity and can miss a proportion of adults with excess body adiposity  [27, 28].
The data in the OED3 allowed me to provide the following classification based on morphological decomposition of the OED3 entry words. (   [1977] ), including in the OED3 entry for the suffix -age, which provides historical information of its beginnings. A key word search in the entry definitions for each -age word provided key features, which were then classified according to larger conceptual categories, correlating with the nature of the base word of the derivative. (1) ACT OF V, ACTION OF V, PROCESS OF V. This sense can be in competition with -ing nouns, as found in seasoning 1400 vs obsolete seasonage 1716. Note that metonymical extension can lead to the sense PLACE OF WORK, as in standage <V+-age> 1777 "a space for standing". This sense also appears in denominal -age forms like cooperage <N+-age> 1714 "the place where a cooper's trade is carried out".
Semantic change in -age words: case studies The data provide few recent lexicalized -age words in the OED. However, this does not suggest that productivity is decreasing, given that lexicalization is a historical process. Some interesting semantic features can be observed in 20 th century -age words such as flamage 1983 (computing slang) referring to "Vitriolic argument or ranting, esp. via email or in postings to a newsgroup; the action or practice of sending inflammatory, emotive, or abusive email messages". This definition would now correspond to the practice of trolling. The sense of flamage does not correspond to the usual types of meaning associated with V-age or N-age as in this case the meaning of the base is to be taken metaphorically, from the verb flame [1377] in its 1981 sense, as in "to produce inflammatory reactions".
Current development of -age formations Quantifying and retrieving non-lexicalized forms depends on several factors. The main factor is the source of data, which excludes lexicographic material. A corpus of contemporary recent English will be the most helpful in identifying novel -age forms, including rare usage and nonce-words as they signal ability to access and produce  (Baayen [2003 (Baayen [ , 2009]] ,  Bauer [2001] ). The corpus of choice is a large internet-based corpus, which will provide a sample of natural non-literary language. This type of data is well adapted to finding neologisms (see the NeoCrawler in  Kerremans et al. [2012] ). Where do new words like boobage, flamage, ownage come from? Tracking the hist.
Lexis, 12 | 2018 This signals a strong intuitive language internal productivity; for instance, some old -age forms, such as snappage 1602 (N-age based on the noun snap, a slang word for thief) are used in contemporary English with a different analysis. Snappage today, although not listed in the OED3 possibly because the entry has not been updated, is in use as evidenced by a corpus search. A search in EEBO (Early English Books Online) historical corpus for snappage generates 6 hits, from two different sources dating 1602 and 1608. In all six contexts, the sense of snapping conforms to OED3 definitions and dates. Snappage occurs four times in the OEC (Oxford English Corpus) in the sense ACT OF snapping: in 3 occurrences, specifiers of the snapping are provided within close proximity, as in handlebar snappage, cassette snappage, harness snappage, and one use of metaphorical snappage in the sense of inability to deal with a situation.
I set out to answer these questions using the data collected from the OED3: (1) Do novel -age forms correspond to a continued pattern or do they exhibit new behaviour? (2) Does the suffix -age hold a special place amongst borrowed Latinate or French suffixes? The methodology selected provided some answers which coincide with generally established studies of loans and derivatives, as well as diachronic periods of the English language. Loan output outperforms derivatives only until 1500, from this period onwards, V-age and N-age derivatives account for proportionally more new -age words than others (blends and loans). N-age takes precedence over V-age consistently over the period from 1500-2000. Over the course of one thousand years, there is considerable stability, shown through steady growth of -age output.
NOTES 1. The genres that compose diachronic data (such as the EEBO and The Penn Parse Historical Corpora ) are mostly semi-oral discourse in the form of plays, and correspondence, as well as historical records and to a lesser extent fiction. 2. This -age / hedge remodelling notably brought further reinterpretation of the loan word curtilage 1292 orignally from Anglo-Norman curtilage, but later reanalysed by speakers in the 17 th century as court-ledge or court-lodge. 3. This is a matter for future research, using a historical corpus such as the Penn Historical Corpus. Tracking the usage of some -age words over time in a large-scale historical corpus would provide invaluable information of frequency of usage, including the usage of rare -age forms. 4. The OED3 actually uses the term badly to assess the non-standard structure.
CTS Carpal tunnel syndrome ERT Enzyme replacement therapy GAG Glycosaminoglycans HSCT Hematopoietic stem cell transplant MPS I Mucopolysaccharidosis I AIM To characterize carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I). METHOD Data were included for patients with MPS I who had either nerve conduction examination that included a diagnosis of CTS or who had CTS release surgery. Although this represented a subset of patients with CTS in the MPS I Registry, the criteria were considered the most objective for data analysis.
METHOD The MPS I Registry (https://clinicaltrials. gov, NCT00 144794) is a voluntary, observational database designed to track the clinical progression and management in patients with MPS I throughout the world, regardless of treatment status or treatment choice. 17 The MPS I Registry is the largest cohort of patients with MPS I worldwide. Patient information collected in it is submitted voluntarily by physicians after obtaining approval from their institutional investigational review board or ethics committee and written informed consent from patients or their parents/guardians. All patient data are de-identified and entered by participating sites in accordance with applicable privacy regulations. At enrollment, detailed medical histories and baseline data are collected. Although physicians participating in the registry are encouraged to follow a recommended schedule of clinical assessments and reporting as described in management guidelines,  4  the registry is strictly observational and patients enrolled in it receive care and undergo clinical assessments as determined by their treating physicians.
Statistical analysis Data were included only for patients with known MPS I phenotype, and only for patients who either had a nerve conduction examination that included a diagnosis of CTS (with or without surgery) or carpal tunnel release surgery (results of nerve conduction examination unavailable). While this represented a subset of patients with MPS I in the registry who may have had CTS and was therefore not a true prevalence, the selection criteria based on nerve conduction tests or surgery rather than clinical presentation were considered the most objective ascertainment for data analysis. A quantitative research design performed by the Rare Disease Registries Epidemiology and Biostatistics group at Sanofi Genzyme was used to analyze data obtained from the MPS I Registry. Data for frequency and age at onset for CTS and associated surgery were extracted from the database on the basis of information provided on nerve conduction and surgical case report forms.
For patients who had records for a nerve conduction test for CTS, sites were asked to complete an electronic case report form on nerve conduction to capture results. On the form, date of nerve conduction examination and diagnosis of CTS on the right and/or left side were collected as 'yes,' 'no', or 'unknown'. Also, CTS was defined as median mononeuropathy at the wrist, and sites were instructed to reference Werner and Andary 18 as a guide. An electronic case report form on medically significant surgical procedures collected data on surgical procedures. Sites selected from a list of 60 different surgical procedures and provided the date of surgery and where applicable, side of surgery. Carpal tunnel release data were captured on the case report form as 'carpal tunnel surgery'. All analyses were stratified by MPS I phenotype.
RESULTS Patients As of 4 March 2016, 994 patients with known MPS I phenotype were enrolled in the registry and categorized with either severe MPS I (Hurler syndrome, n=641) or attenuated MPS I (Hurler-Scheie or Scheie syndromes, n=353). Among the 994 patients, 291 were included in the analyses. Information about corrective surgery for CTS was available for 237 patients. Results of nerve conduction examinations were unavailable for these patients; however, it is presumed that preoperative diagnostics indicated potential benefits from surgical intervention. Sixty-seven patients had available data for nerve conduction assessments, of which 54 were abnormal: 14 out of 54 patients had abnormal nerve conduction examinations only, and 40 out of the 54 patients had both abnormal nerve conduction examinations and CTS surgery.
These patients had a median of almost 3 years between their diagnoses of CTS and MPS I, indicating that CTS can be a presenting manifestation of attenuated MPS I and that there is the need for increased awareness of the association between childhood CTS and MPS disorder. Increased awareness of the need to screen for MPS I in pediatric and adolescent cases of CTS can have a significant impact for patients, since early ERT initiation can improve clinical outcomes in patients with attenuated disease. 19 or the analyses in this study, patients in the registry population were included if they had either electrophysiological data to support a CTS diagnosis (with or without surgery) or release surgery for CTS (electrophysiology data unavailable). These criteria were selected to ensure the most objective set of patients for the analyses.
3] [24]  Early intervention may be associated with better outcomes. 24 Khanna et al. retrospectively assessed characteristics that predicted CTS development in patients with severe MPS I and concluded that HSCT by 2 years of age as well as higher enzyme levels after transplantation were significant factors in reducing risk of CTS. 23 However, routine monitoring was still required as all patients remained at risk regardless of treatment. 23 In another study, however, CTS prevalence was similar in patients with severe MPS I who received HSCT before and after 2 years of age. 20 In our study, approximately one-third of all patients who received HSCT had a CTS diagnosis after transplantation, and typical time between HSCT and post-HSCT CTS diagnosis was 2 years or more. Certain limitations are inherent to data analyses from observational databases, including incomplete and missing data that limited our ability to truly examine repeated CTS surgeries in the same wrist, as well as inconsistencies in data collection from sites around the world.
Typically, patients with MPS I may be managed by multiple physicians, and this multidisciplinary approach to patient care can result in incomplete accounting and transfer of patient records, and incomplete information during data collection for the registry. On a technical note, analysis of the MPS I Registry for discrepancy in data collection identified a small (<4%) rate of source-to-database error and no systematic errors. 25 On the basis of the clinical experience of the authors, one of the limitations of the present study was the likely under-enrollment of patients with CTS from the registry. There are a few potential reasons for this: (1) the exclusion from analyses of patients in the registry with a   5 ) missing data owing to the multidisciplinary approach, as previously discussed.
Additionally, nerve conduction tests or release surgeries may not be performed for all patients with severe MPS I owing to the risk of complications from anesthesia in this population. Given that most patients in the MPS I Registry have the severe phenotype, the overall prevalence of CTS in the registry is probably higher than what we report in this data set, because our inclusion criteria required a case report form entry recording either a nerve conduction test or release surgery. Another limitation is the lack of post-surgery outcome data for the patients who had release surgery for CTS. CTS is a rare medical complication in pediatric patients, and, as a unique clue, it should alert medical care providers to the potential diagnosis of an MPS disorder. A significant gap can exist between diagnosis of CTS and diagnosis of MPS I, particularly for patients with the attenuated phenotype.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sanofi Genzyme  provided support for the study. Patrice C Ferriola  provided medical writing support and was funded by  Sanofi Genzyme. DV has received travel expenses, honoraria for speaking and consulting, and served on advisory boards for  Sanofi Genzyme and Alexion. JM has received travel expenses, honoraria for speaking/consulting, and served on advisory boards for  BioMarin, Shire ,  PTC Therapeutics ,  Green Cross ,  Sanofi Genzyme , and  Eloxx. NG has received clinical trial grants, investigator fees, and travel reimbursement from  Sanofi Genzyme ,  Shire HGT ,  Bio-Marin ,  Zymenex , and  Sobi. KAM and MVM-R are employees of  Sanofi Genzyme. KAM's current address is  Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA. CG and DTH have stated that they had no interests that might be perceived as posing a conflict or bias.
Material and Methods Individual interviews with patients with schizophrenia and focus groups with caregivers of patients with schizophrenia were conducted in the United States (US). Medical recruiters from two US-based qualitative research facilities (in Fort Lee, NJ, and Dallas, TX) recruited and screened individuals from their database of potential participants. Patients meeting the inclusion criteria (aged 18 years or older; community dwelling; clinicianadministered diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder; current use of one or more atypical antipsychotic medications) per self-report were eligible to participate in the individual interviews. Caregivers meeting the inclusion criteria (aged 18 years or older; informal caregiver [e. g. , family, friend] of a patient with a clinician-administered diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder; provided 5 hours or more per week of direct contact to a patient with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) per self-report were eligible to participate in the focus groups.
INTRODUCTION Lignocellulose comprises the non-edible fraction of plant biomass and as such is a recognized resource for the production of renewable energy, chemicals, and materials. The main components of lignocellulose are cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin, the proportions and particular chemistries of which depend largely on the plant type and fraction  (Kumar et al. , 2008). For instance, glucuronoarabinoxylan is a typical hemicellulose found in agricultural crops, whereas glucuronoxylan is the predominant hemicellulose in wood tissue of deciduous trees, including poplar  (Peng et al. , 2012). Bioconversion pathways that convert various lignocellulose sources to targeted end products require the concerted action of CAZymes, which include glycosyl hydrolases (GHs), carbohydrate esterases (CEs), polysaccharide lyases (PLs), auxiliary activities (AAs), and of carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) that are classified into families according to amino acid sequence similarity in the CAZy database 1  (Lombard et al.
, 2011), reindeer  (Pope et al. , 2012 ), Saudi sheep (Al-Masaudi et al. , 2017) , termite  (Warnecke et al. , 2007) , and wallaby  (Pope et al. , 2010)  were also reannotated based on the latest version of the CAZy database and included in this calculation. Relative abundances of predicted plant (poly)saccharide-active CAZyme families (Figure  4 ) were then extracted for hierarchical clustering (correlation clustering and average linkage) and PCA using R statistics in ClustVis  (Metsalu and Vilo, 2015). Taxonomic assignment of predicted CAZymes from each metagenome was determined using protein sequences belonging to archaea, bacteria, fungi, other microbial eukaryotes, and viruses reported in the NCBI-NR database (downloaded 16 May 2017) using Kaiju in greedy mode with default settings  (Menzel et al.
, 2016). The phylogenetic distributions of the top 10 identified organisms were visualized at phylum and class levels in a chord diagram using Circos  (Krzywinski et al. , 2009). Cellulosomal modules (dockerin and cohesin domains) as well as S-layer homology domains were identified using reference sequences and models built from the literature  (Mesnage et al. , 2000; Venditto et al. , 2016; Artzi et al. , 2017). Proteins with CBMs appended to >200 amino acids not covered by any CAZy module were subjected to Pfam domain annotation  (Finn et al. , 2016)  using InterProScan  (Jones et al. , 2014)  to identify conserved DUF  (Goodacre et al. , 2014). PULs were predicted around susCD-like genes, and boundaries were extended based on intergenic distances, the presence of CAZymes and of regulatory genes (e.
Considering all plant polysaccharides-degrading CAZymes predicted in each metagenome, more than half were less than 60% identical to the CAZyme amino acid sequences reported in the CAZy database (Figure  2 ). While percent identities varied depending on CAZyme family (Supplementary Figure  S3 ), the most divergent sequences belong to families GH113 (on average 34% identical to their closest blast hits), PL22 (35%), GH5 (40%), GH74 (40%), and PL9 (43%). Hierarchical clustering analysis of plant polysaccharide-active CAZyme families distinguished those reported in this study from those previously predicted from grass-feeding mammals or mixed plants foragers (Figure  3A ). In particular, the distribution of the CAZyme families predicted in moose rumen enrichments differed from that recently reported for the moose rumen metagenome  (Svartström et al.
Circled in purple is the only cluster that comprises proteins with unknown function from both PULs predicted herein and those from the public PUL database. (Larsbrink et al. , 2016). Herein, 416 PULs were predicted (Supplementary Figure  S4 ), where the normalized number predicted from poplar hydrolysate-fed microcosms of beaver droppings was 4. 5 times that predicted from cellulose-fed microcosms. Consistent with the overall distribution of predicted CAZyme sequences, those belonging to families CE1, GH3, and GH43, were most frequently identified in the predicted PULs (Figure  6A  and Supplementary Table  S6 ). Moreover, PULs comprising members of families GH127 and GH9 were exclusively identified in metagenomes from cultures enriched on poplar hydrolysate. Based on the family composition of a given PUL, substrate category of the PUL-encoded enzymes can be inferred.