dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2011). Approximately 25 major rivers flow into Lake Victoria, with a total catchment area of ∼ 194 000 km 2 ; the largest tributary, the Kagera River, contributes ∼ 30 % of total river inflows  (Sene and Plinston, 1994). Lake Victoria outflow to Lake Kyoga occurs at Jinja (Fig. 1 ). Lake Kyoga (Fig. 1 ), located between the 32 • 10 and 34 • 20 E longitudes and the 1 • 00 and 2 • 00 N latitudes, has a mean area of 1720 km 2 with an estimated mean volume of 12 km 3  (Owor, 2010; UNEP, 2013). According to the recent global HydroSHEDS (Hydrological data and maps based on shuttle elevation derivatives at multiple scales) database, Lake Kyoga has a total surface area of 2729 km 2 (Lehner   , 2008). Lake Kyoga comprises lake-zone and throughflow conduit areas. The lake zone in Lake Kyoga is very shallow, with a mean depth of 3.
Datasets We use publicly available time-series records of (1) GRACE TWS solutions from a number of data-processing strategies and dissemination centres including NASA's GRCTellus land solutions (RL05 for CSR, GFZ, version DSTvSCS1409, RL05. 1 for JPL; version DSTvSCS1411, and JPL-Mascons solution, version RL05M_1. MSCNv01) as well as the French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) GRGS solution (version GRGS RL03-v1); (2) NASA's Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) simulated soil moisture data from three global land-surface models (LSMs) (CLM, NOAH, VIC); and (3) monthly precipitation data from NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite mission. We also employ in situ observations of lake levels and groundwater levels from a network of river gauges and monitoring boreholes operated by the Ministry of Water and Environment in Entebbe (Uganda).
Delineation of basin study areas Delineation of the LVB and LKB was conducted in a geographic information system (GIS) environment under an ArcGIS (v. 10. 3. 1) environment using the Hydrological Basins in Africa datasets derived from the HydroSHEDS database (available at http://www. hydrosheds. org/) (Lehner et al. , 2006 (Lehner et al. , , 2008)). Regional water bodies, including lakes Victoria and Kyoga (Fig. 1 ), were spatially defined by the Inland Water dataset available globally at country scale from DIVA-GIS (http://www. diva-gis. org/). Computed areas of the basins and lake surface areas are summarized in Table  1  along with previously estimated figures from other studies.
1 of spherical harmonics released by the University of Texas at Austin Centre for Space Research (CSR), the German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam (GFZ), and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) respectively. GRCTellus gridded datasets are available at a monthly time step at a spatial resolution of 1 • × 1 • (∼ 111 km at the Equator) though the actual spatial resolution of the GRACE footprint is ∼ 450 km or ∼ 200 000 km 2  (Scanlon et al. , 2012   et al. , 2013) ; and (iii) an application of a destriping filter plus a 300 km Gaussian to minimize the effect of correlated errors (i. e. destriping) manifested by N-S elongated stripes on GRACE monthly maps. However, the use of a large spatial filter and truncation of spherical harmonics leads to energy removal, so scaling coefficients or factors are applied to the GRCTellus GRACE-derived TWS data in order to restore attenuated signals  (Landerer and Swenson, 2012).
, 2015). For convenience, gridded Mascon fields are provided at a spatial sampling of 0. 5 • in both latitude and longitude (∼ 56 km at the Equator). As with GRCTellus GRACE datasets, the neighbouring grid cells are not "independent" of each other and cannot be interpreted individually at the 1 • or 0. 5 • grid scale  (Watkins et al. , 2015). Similar to GRCTellus GRACE (CSR, JPL, GFZ) products, dimensionless scaling factors are provided as 0. 5 • × 0. 5 • bins (see Fig. S2 ) that are also derived from the Community Land Model (CLM4. 0) (Wiese et al. , 2016). The gain factors or scaling coefficients are multiplicative factors that minimize the difference between the smoothed and unfiltered monthly TWS variations from "actual" land hydrology at a given geographical location  (Wiese et al. , 2016).
For the three GRCTellus gridded products (i. e. CSR, GFZ, and JPL solutions), we apply an ensemble mean of scaled GRACE TWS as our exploratory analyses reveal that TWS time-series records over the Lake Victoria Basin are highly correlated (r > 0. 95, p value < 0. 001) with each other. Additionally, a small (ranges from 1. 3 to 1. 9 cm) root mean square error (RMSE) among the GRACE TWS datasets suggests substantial similarities in phase and amplitude.
Attempts to better reconcile GRCTellus GRACE TWS to bottom-up TWS through scaling techniques are unable to represent adequately the observed amplitude in TWS but highlight the uncertainty in the amplitude of gridded GRACE TWS datasets generated by various processing strategies. From 2003 to 2012, GRGS, JPL-Mascons, and GRCTellus GRACE products trace well the phase in bottom-up TWS in the Upper Nile Basin that comprises both the LVB and the LKB. In the LVB, for example, each explains 90 % (GRGS), 83 % (JPL-Mascons), and 75 % (GRCTellus ensemble mean of CSR, JPL, and GFZ) of the variance respectively in bottom-up TWS. The relative proportion of variability in bottom-up TWS (variance 120 cm 2 LVB, 24 cm 2 LKB) is explained by in situ SWS (93 % LVB; 49 % LKB), GLDAS ensemble mean SMS (6 % LVB; 48 % LKB), and in situ GWS (∼ 1 % LVB; 4 % LKB); these percentages are indicative and can vary as individual TWS components are strongly correlated and the order of explanatory variables in the regression equation can affect the analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Acknowledgements. We kindly acknowledge  NASA's MEaSUREs Program  (http://grace. jpl. nasa. gov)for the freely available gridded GRCTellus and  JPL-MASCON GRACE data and French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES)  for  GRGS GRACE data. NASA's Precipitation Processing Center and NASA's Hydrological Sciences Laboratory  and the  Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Centre (GES DISC ) are duly acknowledged for TRMM rainfall and soil moisture data from GLDAS land-surface models. We kindly acknowledge the  Directorate of Water Resources Management in the Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda)  for the provision of piezometric and lake-level data. Support from the  UK government's UPGro Programme , funded by the  Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) ,  Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)  and the  Department For International Hydrol.
Yassine is considered to have been one of the leading ideologues of Islamism  (Tozy, 2009, 72)  from 1973 to his death in December 2012; he wrote dozens of books setting out his project and his vision of Muslim history, of modern society and the state. Yafout ��� from using the data produced by this dominant dogma. So it draws on international statistics and reports, including those that rank countries according to human development indices, to show the negative impact of these policies on the daily lives of Moroccans. The sectors of education and health, it claims, have been continually at risk since the adoption of structural adjustment programmes. Through the privatisation of several sectors, the opening up of the economy to international markets, internal economic liberalisation, and the increasing financial dependency of Morocco on investors and foreign lenders, these policies have, it is claimed, caused widening inequalities.
This chapter is based on research conducted as part of the preparation for my PhD thesis, which is dedicated to the figure of the wali and his practices of government. It is based on a combination of research tools and techniques: first, participant observation, which led me to join the focus group set up by the state's representative and participate in the work of the 'Mobility and Public Space' committee and the drafting of its proposals; an ethnographic approach, which enabled me to observe the development plan 'in the making' , and involved, during the eight months over which the process was spread, many different observation sites (various working groups, public meetings and official ceremonies, meetings of the city council, etc. ); I also conducted, further along in the process, a dozen interviews with community figures, administrators, and politicians so as to capture the way key players understand and intervene in the process; and, finally, I collected and analysed various kinds of data (correspondence, documentation, and grey literature) circulated in the course of the process.
28 1000 sdp (Sudanese first pound) = 100 sdd (Sudanese Dinar) = 1 sdg (Sudanese second and third pound). Historical data of exchange rates can be found on the website of the Sudanese Central Bank. Data can also be found in the Master thesis of  Mussabal (2008). addition to being encouraged to actively participate in the local development of their market by directly financing certain works, traders have also been ordered to mobilise for the nation. Just as the rest of the population was involved in the conscription of young people into the pdf, it was also expected to play an active part in the regime's war effort against the South, as it was investing in the establishment of those paramilitary forces in charge of protecting the regime. A similar pattern exists today with the Rapid Support Forces (rsf): these were created from the former Janjaweed militia and assist the pdf.
Sources: Author's compilation of data obtained from the respective websites of these companies and from the �0�3 rankings of the top 500 industrial companies in Turkey drawn up by the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce and Industry. promoting the Turkification of the defence sector seems to reflect at once a militarisation, a commodification and an increased politicisation of scientific knowledge in Turkey under the akp (Table  12. 3). The Turkish military, the government and the defence companies in tüsiad (and, to a much lesser extent, in müsiad) thus form the 'triangle of power'17  (Wright Mills, 1956, 12) , legitimised and strengthened by scientific expertise  (Turse, 2009). It is still difficult to draw a distinction between these actors since the boundaries separating public from private, military from civilian, and foreign from national are porous.
Passing through routers, cables, databases, our associations leave traces that can be easily recorded, massively conserved and instantly retrieved: Once you can get information as bores, bytes, modem, sockets, cables and so on, you have actually a more material way of looking at what happens in Society. Virtual Society thus, is not a thing of the future, it's the materialisation, the traceability of Society. It renders visible because of the obsessive necessity of materialising information into cables. (Latour, 1998)  (2) As digital media increase the traceability of collective phenomena, our initial Big Data enthusiasm seemed justified. As we soon realized, however, the proliferation of digital inscriptions is not per se a gain for the social sciences. Here is where we need to distinguish between 'digital traces' and 'digital data'.
But from the inside, its most amazing feature is the stunning diversity of the species that it shelters. An example comes from a research that the me´dialab carried out on the international negotiations on climate change. In two projects dedicated to the climate debate (www. emapsproject. com and projetmedea. hypotheses. org), we were looking for information on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Conventional data on such negotiations are available through the reports of ethnographers and through the UNFCCC documents archive (unfccc. int). Such data allows investigating respectively the detail of diplomatic practices and the overall structure of the climate regime, but not the connection between the two. Moving in controversy analysis tradition  (Pestre, 2007; Pinch, 2015; Venturini, 2010 Venturini, , 2012)) , we wanted to follow the rise and fall of issues; the forming of alliances and oppositions; and the positioning of delegations on items of the climate agenda.
The ENB corpus thus illustrates the three displacements characteristic of digital traces: (1) it is not larger or more detailed than traditional datasets; (2) it demands a thorough refinement before it can be used for research; (3) but it allows investigating climate negotiations in breadth and depth. This third displacement is, we believe, the most important. As we said, digital data is not necessary more abundant than their predecessors and they are certainly not cleaner or cheaper. They are, however, more diverse and more evenly distributed across the span of collective existence of which they therefore offer a more continuous appraisal.
And this is where the journey of the me´dialab met another type of expertise: besides social scientists and developers, our team came to include designers. Unlike quantitative methods, the purpose of our research is not to deliver stable findings to its readers and, unlike qualitative methods, it is not to immerse them in specific situations. Its purpose is to offer its readers (but 'users' would be a more appropriate term) interfaces to browse large datasets and identify interesting data points. And this is where the help of interface design and information design  (Bertin, 1967; Tufte, 1983)  comes in handy. By multiplying the operations that users can perform on digital inscriptions, datascape design dissolves the discontinuity between situation and aggregation. Not only by finding ways of reconciling these movements, but also by showing they are only two among the many ways of navigating through data.
The best proof that those two levels do not correspond to any real ontological domains is that they begin to disappear, to be literally redistributed, every time one modifies or enhances the quality of access to the datasets, thereby allowing the observer to define any actor by its network and vice versa. This is exactly what the striking extension of digital tools is doing to the very notions of 'individual' and 'wholes'. The experience (more and more common nowadays) of navigating on a screen from elements to aggregates may lead researchers to grant less importance to those two provisional end points. Instead of having to choose and thus to jump from individuals to wholes, from micro to macro, you occupy all sorts of other positions, constantly rearranging the way profiles are interconnected and overlapping.
Welcoming these actors and their interference is both crucial and crucially difficult. As we tried to convey in this article, there is nothing automatic about digital methods. The variety of digital traces comes with the responsibility to chose among different sources. Say we want to work on climate adaptation (as we did in EMAPS), where should we start from? from the report of the OECD Official Aid Report; from the UNDP database of adaptation projects; or from tweets about global warming? And once the sources chosen, we still have to decide how we will transform their inscriptions; how we will analyse the resulting data; and which forms of navigation we will encourage with our interfaces. While we know that each of these decisions will have a substantial influence on our research outcomes, we often lack the knowledge necessary to make them.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Okan T€  uys€ uz ( _  IT € U)  for his great help in understanding the geology of Zonguldak, A. M. Celal Şeng€ or ( _  IT € U)  for providing the workspace to VS for the description and drawings of the specimen, and  Christopher Brochu  (the  University of Iowa ) for his helpful comments and granting scientific material on neosuchians. SJ thanks  Lorna Steel  ( Natural History Museum, London ), as well as  M. Rabi  and  Z. Szentesi  ( Hungarian Natural History Museum ) for their help, hospitality and access to the collections and material. We would also like to thank  Atila Ősi  and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments,  John Jones  for the English grammar review and  Sophie Sanchez  for her help. SJ received support from the  SYNTHESYS  Project (http://www.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge financial support by the  European Commission  through the  FP7-NMP-2012-SMALL-6 "SACS" project  ( GA-310651 ), the  Graphene Flagship  ( GA-696656 ), as well as the IRTG Soft Matter Science and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  through the  LabEx CSC  ( ANR-10-LABX-0026_CSC ) and the  International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC). This work also was supported by the  Associated Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry-Clean Processes and Technologies-LAQV  which is financed by national funds from  FCT/MEC  ( UID/QUI/50006/2013 ) and co-financed by the  ERDF  under the  PT2020 Partnership Agreement  ( POCI-01-0145-FEDER -007265 ).
Genetic data support that NOXA can indeed bind directly to BAX, and thereby induce cell death in BIM/BID/PUMA triple knock-out cells  23. Biochemically, BAX binding capacity was uncovered using full-length, in vitro translated NOXA. Combined these data suggests that, if valid under physiological circumstances, the interaction of NOXA with BAX/BAK is of significantly lower affinity than that of BIM or BID. Nevertheless, these studies hint that perhaps the dust has not yet settled in the arena of Bcl-2 family interactions (Figure  1 ). Moreover, they implicate that under certain conditions, the role of NOXA can be decisive in triggering apoptosis. Therefore, there is a rationale to explore in detail whether any hidden potential of NOXA can be unleashed to combat cancer. Before we go deeper into the properties of NOXA and the pathways it may be involved in that can be targeted for therapeutic purposes, we will first address the important interaction with its binding partner MCL-1, followed by NOXA gene and mRNA expression under various forms of cell stress.
Indeed, p73 was implicated in the p53-independent NOXA induction following genotoxic stress and in adenoviral E1A-mediated apoptosis  55. There are several other A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t indications that genotoxic stress can induce NOXA in a p53-independent fashion, for instance by cisplatin treatment  56, 57. In conclusion, the function of NOXA in DNA damage-induced cell death generally seems subordinate to that of PUMA, yet the known data imply that the regulation of NOXA expression may represent a potential therapeutic target in defined situations.
NOXA INDUCTION IN CANCER 5. 1 Melanoma and solid cancers. Induction of NOXA gene expression and protein function have been linked to cell death in various hematopoietic and solid cancers. We will briefly summarize data on several stress pathways leading to NOXA involvement in solid cancers, before we discuss in more details two hematopoietic cancers where NOXA expression and function can be clearly linked to existing and novel therapeutic applications. Especially for melanoma, many reports have described various inducers and pathways of cell stress leading to NOXA gene and-or protein induction and cell death. These pathways can be considered exemplary for other solid cancers and have been recently reviewed  117. The most significant pathways have been mentioned in the preceding sections: proteasome inhibition, ER stress, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by various types of drugs, have been broadly recognized as inducers of NOXA.
Patients and methods study site and patient selection This study is a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients treated at the Saarland University Medical Center in Homburg, Germany, between March 2012 and March 2017. All patients who underwent eLVR with endobronchial valve implantation were retrieved from an electronic database. The procedure was standardized by an institutional protocol during the study period. Advanced COPD patients were eligible for this treatment modality if they were highly symptomatic, despite an established pharmacological combination treatment consisting of long-acting beta agonists, long-acting muscarinic antagonists, and inhaled corticosteroids. Furthermore, patients had to quit smoking for at least 3 months prior to the intervention. On admission for intervention, acute exacerbation or respiratory infection was excluded clinically and by laboratory tests.
The Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire (AIRR) Community formed in 2015 to address similar issues for HTS data of immune repertoires. The purpose of this perspective is to provide an overview of the AIRR Community's founding principles and present the progress that the AIRR Community has made in developing standards of practice and data sharing protocols. Finally, and most important, we invite all interested parties to join this effort to facilitate sharing and use of these powerful data sets (join@airr-community. org).
Immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor sequences have been studied for decades and several established databases exist including Kabat-Wu and Vbase2  (9, 10). Furthermore, there are databases that incorporate or allow viewing of structural data, such as IMGT, IEDB-3D, AntigenDB, and SAbDab [reviewed in Ref. (11) ]. These data sets provide important insights into immune receptor-antigen interactions and can inform antibody engineering efforts. However, a single immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor sequence is but a drop of water in the ocean that is the immune repertoire. While many immune repertoire studies have been performed using a variety of methods [reviewed in Ref. (12) ], adequate analysis of the repertoire as a whole was virtually impossible prior to the advent of high-throughput sequencing (HTS).
Here, we focus on HTS-based profiling of AIRR. Since HTS was first applied to AIRR profiling in 2009 (1, 3, 6, 7), there has been rapid advancement of both experimental and computational techniques. HTS of AIRRs (AIRR-seq) is yielding valuable insights into how variation in the AIRR differs across lymphocyte subsets  (13) (14) (15) (16)  and anatomic compartments  (17) (18) (19) (20) , varies over the course of a disease or with therapy  (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) , and is influenced by age  (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) , genetic background  (33, 34) , health status  (19, 29, (35) (36) (37) , antigen exposure  (27, (38) (39) (40) , and other factors. AIRR-seq data are increasingly important in the development of vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, cancer immunotherapies, and other applications [reviewed in Ref.
(41) ]. As the number of datasets continues to grow, comparative analyses of hundreds or even thousands of individuals will soon be feasible. Ensuring the reliability of such integrative analyses, however, will require the establishment of and adherence to standards for reporting and sharing data across multiple laboratories and centers. cHALLeNGes FOr Airr-seQ DAtA sHAriNG Several challenges currently impede the effective sharing of AIRR-seq data. First, the storage and transport of such large datasets, which can comprise hundreds of millions of sequences (and hundreds of gigabytes) per study, require substantial time and resources. Second, deposition into public archives is not uniformly required by journals or funding agencies. As of September 4, 2017, a Wiki page on the B-T. CR forum 1  lists 82 AIRR-seq studies that report full HTS data to a public archive, 2  while 42 (34%) do not.