dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
However, advanced strategies to adjust for confounding factors and the various biases that may occur are continuously improving, reducing the challenge of translating RWD into RWE  [26] [27] [28]. Europe is fortunate having a rich healthcare data collection; and several public-private initiatives have been launched to encourage cooperation between industry, regulators, HTA agencies, and other stakeholders in exploring tools and methods for the use of RWD such as the Oncology Data Network (ODN) aiming to be a collaborative European data-sharing platform to inform cancer care, or the European Health Data Space  [29] [30] [31]. PRM and similar programs offer new perspectives to build a European platform aggregating EPRs data, and timely capturing cancer drug use and treatment strategies. The effective use of routinely collected data would require countries to improve their capabilities not only to collect and link data generated by health care providers, payers or other stakeholders in health care systems, but also to set a strong framework to generate valuable RWE.
Conclusions PRM Platform enabled building a national database generating on demand Real-World Evidence based on hospitals Electronics Pharmacy Records. This enabled the first performancebased risk-sharing arrangements based on PRM data, between the CEPS and Roche, for atezolizumab cancer immunotherapy in metastatic NSCLC indication. PRM program envisions expanding by collaborating with other healthcare system stakeholders in order to improve integration of RWE at all stages of the product life cycle, which could improve patient access to innovative cancer drugs while ensuring the health care system sustainability. NFPH, general hospitals and non-for-profit hospitals; UH/CCC, university hospitals and comprehensive cancer centers. (DOCX).
Patients in PRM centers: Patients treated in PRM centers until end of 2019 Patients across the country: Patient treated across the country in 2018 (extracted from French National Hospital database) https://doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pone. 0267242. t002data capture and their availability for analyses. Furthermore, PRM data extractions are also available on demand, providing up-to date RWE for timeliness health care decision making across the product life cycle. Data collection requires neither additional workload by healthcare professionals nor clinical monitors hiring, thus ensuring the sustainability of data capture within the PRM program.
Acknowledgments Brice Hyaumet, Joe ¨l  Da Costa  and  David Pau , provided statistical support. Nassera Chalabi ,  Manoel Moreau ,  Dorothee Camus ,  Christophe Fleury ,  Karine Laizet ,  Fanny Zinger ,  Alice Herreye ,  Andrea-Pierre Galasso ,  Delphine Cozzone ,  Emmanuelle Cauchard ,  Frederic Chassagnol, Remy Choquet ,  Belguendouz Bendahmane ,  Michae ¨l Lukasiewicz  contributed to enrich this article.
Background and Objective: Microvascular failure might result in the collapse of cerebral collaterals. However, controversy remains regarding the role of leukoaraiosis (LA) in collateral recruitment. We, therefore, performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between LA and cerebral collaterals. Methods: Ovid Medline, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and three Chinese databases were searched from inception to August 2021. Two types of cerebral collaterals, including Circle of Willis (CoW) and leptomeningeal collaterals (LC), were investigated separately. Random effect models were used to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR). Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity. Results: From 14 studies (n = 2,451) that fulfilled our inclusion criteria, data from 13 could be pooled for analysis.
Search Strategy We searched Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and three Chinese databases (China national knowledge infrastructure, WANFANG, and VIP) from inception to 9 August 2021 using a combination of search terms: "leukoaraiosis OR (white matter) OR (cerebral small vessel diseases)" AND "collateral, " without language restrictions. We also searched the reference lists for the relevant studies. Two authors (Mangmang Xu and Wen Guo) potentially identified relevant studies independently. The final list of included studies was decided on consensus. When additional study information was needed, we contacted the corresponding author of the original study whenever possible.
Data Extraction Data were independently extracted by two authors (Mangmang Xu and Wen Guo) and cross-checked. For each included study, we extracted data on country; study sample size; demographic data including age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and methods and techniques for determining LA and collaterals. We collected information on LA stratified by its distribution (periventricular, deep, and global white matter). The collateral type included Circle of Willis (CoW) and LC.
(25). Supplementary Table  1  summarizes the grading scores for LC collaterals and LA used in the included studies. To determine the association between collateral status and LA, we included data on global LA. If no data on the global LA was available, we included deep LA when available, and periventricular LA when only periventricular LA was investigated  (26). We also conducted separate investigations for the association of severe LA with incomplete CoW and poor LC, respectively. Finally, we conducted separate analyses for the association between collateral status with deep vs. periventricular LA. Atherosclerosis was defined when a study enrolled patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic stenosis, carotid stenosis without information on incident stroke, or a clear diagnosis of clinically atherosclerosis disease in the original study.
Study Characteristics We identified 7,369 citations in the search of databases and 11 citations by searching reference lists of relevant studies (Figure  1 ). In total, fourteen studies  (5, 11, 14, 15, 18-23, 26, 30-32)  with a total of 2,451 patients met our inclusion criteria. Ten studies assessed LA on MRI  (5, 14, 15, 18, 19, 23, 26, (30) (31) (32) , three on CT  (20) (21) (22) , and one on both CT and MRI  (11). In total, four studied CoW  (26, (30) (31) (32) , nine assessed LC  (5, 11, 14, 15, 18, (20) (21) (22) (23) , and one both LC and CoW  (19). Details on demographic, vascular risk factors, and measured parameters of LA and collaterals across studies are summarized in Table  1. Of the included studies, Giurgiutiu et al. (14)  used good collaterals as an outcome. The main results from this study were reviewed but excluded from the pooled analyses.
Thus, data from 13 studies  (5, 11, 15, 18-23, 26, 30-32)  were pooled for the meta-analyses. Guo et al. (18)  investigated collateral status separately for both hemispheres. For the present study, we only extracted data on the left hemisphere. Van der Grond  (30)  assessed CoW separately for the anterior and posterior parts, and we just included data on anterior CoW in line with most of our included studies investigating anterior circulation collaterals.
Methods We used the data from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT) a 3-year, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled superiority trial. The trial enrolled 1680 community-dwelling adults aged 70 years or over, with subjective memory complaints or limitation in one instrumental activity of daily living, or slow gait speed (≤0. 8 m/s, or more than 5 s to walk 4 m)  (Vellas et al. , 2014). At baseline, patients with a diagnosed dementia (Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score lower than 24), and those with any difficulty in basic activities of daily living were excluded. Participants were randomized to four parallel groups: omega-3 supplementation, multidomain intervention (nutritional and exercise counselling and cognitive training), omega-3 plus multidomain intervention or placebo with usual care.
This primary outcome was cognitive decline and no significant beneficial effects were observed either from the multidomain intervention or polyunsaturated fatty acids, alone or in combination  (Andrieu et al. , 2017). All participants were recruited by the investigators, who verified inclusion and exclusion criteria and obtained written informed consent. The trial protocol was approved by the French Ethical Committee for the Protection of Persons (CPP SOOM II) and was authorized by the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety. The trial was registered in ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT00672685).
Population Participants were aged 70 years or older, and community-dwelling without dementia at baseline and meeting one or more of the following criteria: spontaneously complained about their memory, or limitation in one instrumental activity of daily living, or usual gait speed ≤ 0. 8 m per second in the 4 m walk test. Exclusion criteria were a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score lower than 24, diagnosed dementia, and current supplementation with omega 3 at baseline  (Andrieu et al. , 2017). The variables needed for the operationalization of the IC domains were fully collected only during the multidomain intervention  (de Carvalho et al. , 2017). So we only used data from patients allocated to the multidomain intervention groups and with cost data collected (693 patients).
Intrinsic capacity domains We used an adapted version of the ICOPE Step 1 to screen for the six operational domains of IC. A deficit (binary: yes/no) in IC was determined for each domain as described in Table  S1  in the supplementary material  (González-Bautista et al. , 2021b). Participants underwent assessments for the domains of IC by methods close to the WHO screening tool at three time-points: baseline, one year and two years. Persistent impairment of IC was defined per domain as follows: having IC deficits in at least two time-points (consecutive or non-consecutive) over the follow-up; participants for whom it was not possible to ascertain the status of persistent impairment (eg, due to missing data on IC domains) were excluded from analysis on persistent impairment.
In a sensitivity analysis, we pooled participants according to the number of IC deficits (ordinal variable from 0 to 6). Differences were considered statistically significant when the p-value was less than to 0. 05. The SAS 9. 3 software (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC) and R version 3. 3. 1 software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) were used to generate statistical results.
Older patients with severe vision impairment had 12% higher hospitalization costs (adjusted cost ratio: 1. 12; 95CI: [1. 06-1. 18]) compared to patient with no vision impairment (Medicare database)  (Morse, Seiple, Talwar, Lee & Stein, 2019). A visual deficit could be a proxy of a more severe pathology inducing more immediate healthcare costs (stroke, diabetes complications,…). A visual deficit could also be associated with immediate healthcare utilization and cost (consultation with an ophthalmologist, purchase of eyeglasses,…). We found that a persistent impairment of psychological capacity was associated with higher healthcare costs. Some authors have demonstrated that patients with depressive symptoms (with Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)) had increased total healthcare costs (adjusted increased cost: €235 with healthcare perspective)  (Bock et al.
, 2017). In our work, we identified increased costs only for a persistent impairment in psychological capacity which could be a predictor of major depression. The association between increased healthcare costs and impairments in the locomotor, psychological and visual domains is consistent with the literature which also finds an association with functional decline for these 3 IC domain deficits (González-Bautista, de Souto Barreto, Andrieu, Rolland & Vellas, 2021a). Our study is the first study combining simple and shortened screening data of IC domains with economic data; this allowed us to identify the healthcare cost associated with deficits on IC domains. We were able to work on a longitudinal cost database (follow-ups every 6 months over 3 years) to analyze the trajectory of costs associated to impairment in IC domains.
Institutional review board statement The trial protocol was approved by the French Ethical Committee for the Protection of Persons (CPP SOOM II) and was authorized by the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety. The trial was registered in ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT00672685). This specific secondary analysis was approved for ethics and feasibility by the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial/Data Sharing Alzheimer (MAPT/DSA) Group.
Acknowledgments The present work was performed in the context of the  Inspire Program , a research platform supported by grants from the  Region Occitanie/Pyrénées-Méditerranée  (Reference number: 1901175) and the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)  (Project number:  MP0022856 ). This study received funds from Alzheimer Prevention in Occitania and Catalonia ( APOC Chair of Excellence -Inspire Program ).
Firms highlighted as leading examples of RegTech producers across these documents were then examined in more depth. 2 Specifically, we consulted white papers as foundational documents marketing corporate visions through often lengthy discussions of broader philosophical influences and how these have been translated into their technological products. We collected a total of 135 white papers and original reports, press releases and other advertising. We discarded 42 documents deemed not relevant due to their mentioning of RegTech in passing rather than a central topic of interest. In sum, a total of 93 relevant documents were collected (see Table  1 ). The qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA was then employed to identify prominent notions and themes that we interpreted as a solutionist RegTech imaginary emerging in global finance.
Acknowledgements This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  737183. This publication reflects only the view of the authors. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Three interviews have been held to bring realism to the proposed business roadmap for the EU. This paper takes into account the opinion of  Martin Sippel  from  SpaceLiner DLR ,  Nicole Viole  from  STRATOFLY MR3 , and  Johan Steelant  from  FAST20XX. Three leading researchers in the development of new transport vehicles concepts for access to space. Members of the  DISCOVERER  Project:  Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya -BarcelonaTECH (UPC) ,  Colom 11 ,  TR5 ,  08222  Terrassa, Spain:  S.
Design and population We conducted a cross-sectional survey on managing patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy, among a panel of GPs in private practice in France. The panel design has been described in previous publications  [15]. In brief, we randomly selected GPs from the exhaustive French database of health professionals (R epertoire Partag e des Professionnels de Sant e) between December 2013 and March 2014. Sampling was stratified on age, gender, the annual number of consultations and home visits, and the medical density of each GP's municipality of practice. We excluded GPs with fewer than five patient consultations per week, those planning to retire within six months, and those practising exclusively alternative medicine (e. g. acupuncture or homoeopathy).
Data collection procedure and questionnaire Upon inclusion in the panel, participants answered a short questionnaire about their professional characteristics and then on the organisation of their practice: solo practice, group practice (several doctors practising together), and multi-professional practice (GPs working with several health professionals including nurses, physiotherapists, psychologists, etc). Using a standardised questionnaire, professional interviewers used a computer-assisted telephone interview system to collect data between May and July 2016. The questionnaire was based on a literature review and the results of two focus groups, one of four and one of five GPs. It was developed with a multidisciplinary group of GPs with expertise in multimorbidity, pharmacologists, epidemiologists et statisticians.
Strengths and limitations Our sample size was large. In addition, we weighted the data according to some characteristics of GPs to minimise selection bias. The AHCA method allowed us to study the statistical proximity of individuals based on the factors studied, without any preconceived notion of possible relationships between these factors. This analysis allowed us to identify clusters of GPs evaluated for several factors. Among the limitations, the data collected was selfreported. Thus, social desirability or conformity biases cannot be excluded. The use of Lickert scales and closed-ended responses meant that GPs responded to their opinions and attitudes in general and not to the wide variety of situations they encounter in their practice. We could not measure real cooperation practices in various multimorbid patient situations.
Acknowledgments We thank  Nikos Zigouras ,  Dimitris Lygkonis ,  Ofer Zeitouni  and  David Belius  for interesting discussions and helpful suggestions. The work of  S. Nakajima  is partially supported by  JSPS   KAKENHI 19J00660  and  SNSF  grant  176918. C. Cosco  acknowledges that this project has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  (grant agreement No. 692452 ). We also thank  Chiranjib Mukherjee  for bringing to our attention the work [LZ20].
Data Collection: For data collection, face-to-face surveys were conducted by two hired research associates with the aid of a structured questionnaire. Given the low literacy level of street vendors in Pakistan and their lack of familiarity with the English language, the survey questionnaire was translated in Urdu by the first author for whom Urdu is a mother tongue. 3 Following a pilot survey of 20 street vendors in October 2019, the main survey was conducted during November-December, 2019 culminating in 322 respondents. Participant selection was undertaken via maximum variation sampling technique, an alternative to random probability sampling method, that allows researchers to gather data in situations where the sample population is either invisible or difficult to access  (Williams and Gurtoo, 2012; Vershinina and Rodionova, 2011).
Data Analysis: In order to test our hypotheses, we used the Partial Least Squares approach to Structural Equation Modeling (i. e. , PLS-SEM). SmartPLS version 3. 2. 6 software was used for our analysis. Multiple factors inform our choice of PLS SEM for testing our hypotheses. First, PLS-SEM remains an appropriate method for prediction-oriented research that is aimed at explaining the endogenous variables for theory building instead of theory testing  (Wong, 2013). Second, our data is not normally distributed, which violates the covariance-based SEM assumptions; however, PLS-SEM successfully addresses this concern as it does not rely on normality assumptions. Third, PLS-SEM has higher accuracy and statistical power as compared to covariance-based SEM for the case of small sample sizes  (Lu et al.
Limitations and Future Research Directions As with any empirical research, this study has certain limitations, many of which open interesting avenues for future research. First, our study was limited to only one type of enterprise (i. e. street hawkers) and one metropolitan city in Pakistan which limits the generalizability of our findings. To somewhat mitigate this concern, we gathered data from street vendors operating in vastly different markets and neighbourhoods of the city and having a comparable representation of those with fixed premises and mobile units. In addition, we found evidence of heterogeneity in our sample in terms of formalisation intentions and tax morality scores, allowing us to improve the generalizability of our results beyond the context of one particular city. Nonetheless, it is to be acknowledged that we have used a non-probability sampling technique (i.
We scrutinized the references included in the company's submissions and assessment groups' reports and contacted experts in the field to ensure the completeness of the information. Given the nature of this review, we have not searched common electronic databases, as we envisaged that all committee papers/submissions would be stored on the NICE website. Similarly, we did not undertake any grey literature searching since, as far as we are aware, the process set up by NICE ensures comprehensive and transparent publication of technical documents used for decision making  (4). The reference lists from submissions/evidence review group (ERG) reports were checked for previous technology appraisals.
Study selection strategy and data extraction Three reviewers (XW-S, XA, and PA) screened the titles of all committee papers. Any disagreements between the reviewers were resolved by discussion or by recourse to a fourth reviewer (MC). The study flow and reasons for the exclusion of submissions are documented in the flow diagram (Figure  1 ). We have not undertaken a formal reporting/methodological quality assessment because the economic analyses reported in the companies' submissions have been appraised by external assessment groups and NICE appraisal committees. Data were extracted using a prepiloted data extraction form, by one reviewer and crosschecked for accuracy by a second reviewer. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion or by recourse to a third reviewer. We extracted data on whether the company included the assumption of waning of the treatment effect in their economic analysis and, if so, how it was implemented.
Data Sources and Assessment Selection A comparative review of publicly available appraisals from 12 HTABs and assessments from one research organization was conducted between May 2019 and December 2019. Initially, the identification of pharmacological treatments requiring CDx tests was based on an exhaustive list of approved CDx tests for targeted therapies in oncology, as published in May 2019 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)  [11]. Based on this list of targeted therapies, we conducted a targeted search of all technology appraisals (TAs) from NICE, published between January 2016 and January 2019. Considering that NICE is widely recognized by other HTABs, given its rigorous methodologies for appraisals of interventions  [12] , the identified NICE appraisals were used as a benchmark for comparison.
Data Handling Data extraction from the identified assessments was performed by two researchers (MGM and HEA). For assessments identified in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch languages, the review was conducted in its original language. For appraisals in Swedish, an online translation tool was used. Data extraction items included background information of the therapy (indication, treatment, pivotal study design), CDx and related genetic biomarker information if reported in the assessment, and the recommendations made by the respective agencies regarding the targeted treatment. However, no information regarding the economic evaluations' methodological elements (such as type of model, time horizon, discounting rate, or uncertainty analyses) was extracted in this review. A qualitative analysis was performed to compare and contrast the inclusion of CDx information across assessments and their eventual impact on recommendations based on the extracted data.