dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
BSR Database Angle-integrated and momentum-transfer cross sections for electron collisions with ground-state atoms Be, C, N, F, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, as well as DCS data for electron scattering from Ar in the ground state are included in this database. Some selected cross sections for transitions from excited states, as well as for a number of open-shell targets, were added recently, and more uploads are planned in the future. Due to the large amount of data for transitions between excited states, not all these data are available through LXCat. Interested readers should regularly check for updates of the database, and they are also encouraged to contact the authors (O. Zatsarinny and K. Bartschat) directly. The results in this database are from semi-relativistic (Breit-Pauli) and relativistic (Dirac-Coulomb) close-coupling calculations, in which the resulting equations were solved by the B-spline R-matrix (BSR) method, with a fully parallelized and further extended suite of the computer codes published by Zatsarinny.
Furthermore, comparisons were made with results from selected other RMPS calculations. Excellent agreement with experiment was achieved in the near-threshold resonance regime, where the excitation process is dominated by negative-ion resonances. Furthermore, extensive convergence checks suggest that the results are also accurate for intermediate energies, that is, for impact energies up to several times the ionization threshold. Comparisons of measured electron swarm parameters with those calculated using the data sets in this database for noble gases have been reported. These comparisons show that theory has reached the point of being able to provide cross sections consistent with high-precision measurements of swarm parameters in argon  [35]  and neon. [36].
CCC Database The CCC method is a non-relativistic formulation of the close coupling equations that solves for the scattering T-matrix in momentum space. The CCC database contains angleintegrated cross sections of electron scattering from atomic hydrogen H  [37]  and helium He  [38]  atoms and the molecular hydrogen ion H 2 þ. [39] For H and He the full sets of cross sections (elastic, momentum-transfer, excitation, and ionization cross sections) are available for scattering from the ground state. The angle-differential cross sections and cross sections for scattering from excited states are available on request from the authors. For H 2 þ the CCC database provides results from adiabatic-nuclei close-coupling calculations of hot (vibrationally excited) H 2 þ. Collision data of H 2 þ and its isotopologues were obtained for scattering from each vibrational state of the electronic ground state and for the distribution of vibrational levels weighted according to the Frank-Condon (FC) factors.
In the near future, the CCC database will add comprehensive collision data of electron scattering from molecular hydrogen H 2. Presently, the database contains total cross sections and cross sections for elastic scattering and ionization in the energy range from 0. 1 to 300 eV and differential cross sections at 17. 5 eV for the first seven states of H 2. [40] 6. Christophorou Database Over the course of many years, LG Christophorou and his colleagues at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conducted fundamental investigations of electron interactions with electronegative gases for electrical insulation, plasma processing of semiconductors, and other applications. A subset of this body of work was extracted from the published data tables in references  [41, 42]  and uploaded, with permission from the author, to the recently created Christophorou database.
COP Database This database contains the elastic, momentum transfer, and viscosity cross sections for electron scattering from threshold to 1000 eV for argon, krypton, and xenon calculated using our Complex Optical Potential (COP) method based on the relativistic Dirac equations. [43] This method allows for flux to escape into the inelastic channels when these are energetically open. As well, charge polarization of the target by the incident electron is included. These inelastic channels include excitation of bound states as well as single ionization of the target atom including ionization of the inner shells. The use of a single method over the whole energy range ensures a consistent dataset for these processes. These results have been published  [44, 45]  along with analytic fits to the data.
Dutton Database In 1975, Dutton published a comprehensive survey of electron swarm data available through 1972. [46] The data types included in the Dutton review are drift velocity, diffusion coefficients, characteristic energies, excitation coefficients, electron attachment/detachment coefficients, and ionization and recombination coefficients as functions of E/N. Data measured using a wide variety of techniques were collected, discussed, compared graphically, and selected data were presented in tabular form. Both measured and calculated data were considered in Dutton's survey. At the time of the writing of the Dutton review, several research groups were actively involved in high precision measurements of swarm parameters. Highperformance computers were becoming generally available and the analysis of these data allowed the determination of sets of cross sections for electron scattering with ground state neutrals over an energy range from thermal up to some 100 eV.
ETHZ Database This database contains electron swarm data obtained experimentally using the pulsed Townsend method at the High Voltage Laboratory of ETH Zurich, Switzerland. A description of the experimental setup can be found in Dahl et al. [47]  The swarm model and the method for deriving the electron swarm parameters are described in the appendix of Chachereau et al. [48]  The swarm parameters stored in the database are the net ionization rate coefficient, the electron mobility and the longitudinal electron diffusion coefficient. In the future, ion swarm parameters might be added. The database presently contains data in pure N 2 , CO 2 , Ar, and mixtures of c-C 4 F 8 O, 2-C 4 F 8 , and HFO1234ze (CF 3 CH5 5CHF) with these gases. Measurements are currently ongoing and it is planned to expand the database with 1.
Flinders Database The Flinders University (Australia) database contains electron-impact excitation integral cross sections (ICSs) for N 2 , NO, CO, CO 2 , and O 2. Optimized ICSs for ten electronic states of N 2 were compiled from initial ICSs derived  [49]  from differential cross section (DCS) measurements. [50] Thirtyeight excitation and de-excitation (superelastic) ICSs for transitions between vibrational levels of the electronic ground state of N 2  [51]  were based on the compilation of Brunger and Buckman,  [52]  extended by a theoretical calculation and a swarm-derived data set. [53] ICSs for excitation to nine electronic states of NO  [54]  were derived from measurements by Mojarrabi et al. [55]  and by Brunger et al. [56]  ICSs for the vibrational excitations (0!1), (0!2), and (0!3) of the ground electronic state of NO were derived  [57]  from measurements in Belgrade.
Hayashi Database Over the course of a long career at Nagoya Institute of Technology and later at the Gaseous Electronics Institute in Nagoya, Professor Hayashi (deceased), and his colleagues determined complete sets of electron scattering cross sections for a large number of target species up to 1 keV. The compilations were assembled giving priority to cross sections measured using electron beam techniques supplemented with analyses from swarm experiments using a two-term Boltzmann solver or Monte Carlo simulations with cross section sets as input. The Hayashi database on LXCat was constructed by scanning and digitizing curves in reference  [74]  for CF 4 , CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 4 , HCl, H 2 O, SiH 4 , Si 2 H 6 , and SO 2. The data for Ar and Xe were taken from the tables of recommended cross sections given at the end of the NIFS (National Institute for Fusion Research, Japan) Data Series Reports for Ar  [75]  and Xe.
[76] The datasets for C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , and CO 2 were digitized by WL Morgan from figures in reference,  [77]  and so these datasets are identical to the ones on the Morgan database. In these references, Hayashi provided extensive bibliographies for his compilations. Finally, the datasets for N 2 O and NO on LXCat were provided by Hayashi to the JILA Atomic Collisions Data Center at the University of Colorado during WL Morgan's tenure as acting director in 1988-89. Note that the Hayashi database on LXCat presently contains data for 17 neutral species and that Hayashi and his colleagues compiled datasets for other gases as well. See Table  1  in ref. [77]  for a full list (circa 1990), but not all of these data are readily available.
IST-Lisbon Database The IST-LISBON database contains up-to-date electronneutral scattering cross sections (together with the measured swarm parameters used to validate these data), resulting from the research effort of the Group of Gas Discharges and Gaseous Electronics with IPFN/IST (Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear/Instituto Superior T ecnico), Lisbon, Portugal. [78] The data, compiled from the literature, correspond to contributions from different authors (see detailed references in the database). For each gas the database presents a complete set of cross sections, validated against measured swarm parameters by solving the two-term homogeneous electron Boltzmann equation. In most cases, predictions are in agreement with measurements within 1-20%, for reduced electric fields E/N $ 10 À4 -500 Td.
Itikawa Database [82] [83] [84] [85]  Sets of recommended data for total (angle integrated) cross sections are available for electron collisions with H 2 , N 2 , O 2, CO, H 2 O, and CO 2. The recommendations are based on available experimental data. In that sense, the present sets of cross sections are not ''complete. '' After the evaluation of each experiment, uncertainties have been estimated and were presented in each paper.
Morgan Database For a wide variety of applications and starting in the mid-1970's, WL Morgan compiled the sets of electron scattering cross sections in this database. These are suitable for use with two-term Boltzmann solvers. Complete sets of cross sections for noble gases and common molecular gases are available, certain datasets cover a wider energy range than others, and some are more detailed than others. The cross sections for excitation in the noble gases, for example, include only one or two effective excitation levels which represent well the electron energy loss processes. Details of the cross sections data for Cl 2 , F 2 , HCl, CF 4 , SiH 4 , and CH 4 are provided in review articles. [86, 87] There is some overlap with datasets in the Phelps and Hayashi databases on LXCat which is retained simply so that users can recover previously used data.
The Morgan data compilations were freely available via the website for Kinema Research and Software from the mid-1990's and since 2010 they have been available publically on the LXCat website. These data and Morgan's ELENDIF Boltzmann solver  [88]  have been extensively used in the low-temperature plasma community. Some cross sections for energy loss or ionization processes for electron collisions with radicals or excited states are also included in this database. These are not part of ''complete'' sets but are useful for calculating rate coefficients for the processes when the radicals are present as minority species and do not influence the electron edf. One point to note is that the rotational excitation is treated using a continuous approximation for rotation (CAR) that is described by Frost and Phelps  [12]  and by Morgan and Penetrante.
NGFSRDW Database This dataset consists of excitation cross sections for transitions in certain noble gases (NG) between finestructure (FS) levels including excitations from both the ground state and excited states for argon and krypton neutral atoms. These were calculated using the Relativistic Distorted Wave (RDW) method as originally described by Zuo et al. [89]  (The database name comes from the three acronyms defined here. ) In this method, the initial and final levels are represented by relativistic configuration-interaction Dirac-Fock wave functions, which provide unique wave functions and energies for each FS level. The RDW method is a relativistic version of the distorted-wave Born approximation including full exchange. The database uses the Paschen notation to designate the various levels included.
Phelps Databases For many years and in response to many queries, AV Phelps (deceased) made his data compilations available freely through an ftp site hosted by JILA at the University of Colorado (jila. colorado. edu/ $ avp/collision_data/). At this writing, Phelps' ftp site is still on-line and the data files are quite useful for their many comments, references, etc. A part of these data (electron scattering cross sections, ion scattering cross sections, and ion swarm data) were uploaded to LXCat in 2010. The electron-neutral scattering cross sections are compilations of ''complete'' sets of data resulting from analyses of measurements of swarm parameters using a two-term Boltzmann code. In most cases, these cross sections were assembled in the 1970's and 1980's. In only a few cases have they been modified or tested since that time.
''Complete'' sets of electron-neutral cross sections from the original Phelps website for Ar, CO, CO 2 , H 2 , He, Mg, N 2 , Na, Ne, NO, O 2 , and SF 6 are on LXCat. These cross sections were derived to give a good fit to published electron transport, excitation coefficient, attachment coefficient, and ionization coefficient data for the pure gases. In many cases, they have been tested satisfactorily against similar swarm data for gas mixtures, for example, CO 2 laser mixtures, H 2 -Ar mixtures, N 2 -SF 6 mixtures, and atmospheric pressure dry and moist air. In several cases, for example, He, Ar, and Xe, no attempt was made to distinguish among the various excited states and find the cross sections satisfactory for models of mixtures and of ionization and transport in the pure gases. Rather, a global cross section intending to represent well all excitation processes is provided.
A dataset for H 2 O is also available; however, in the Phelps analysis rotational excitation/deexcitation was treated using the CAR approximation for rotational excitation/ deexcitation as described above for the Morgan database. Since H 2 O has a large dipole moment, rotational excitation/ deexcitation processes are very important for low energy electrons and so the cross sections in this database should be used with caution or a treatment of rotational excitation/deexcitation should be added. The cross sections for ion-neutral scattering in the Phelps database are for elastic scattering and suppose that the DCS can be modeled as the sum of isotropic and backscatter components (in the center of mass). These two components are given for Ar þ in Ar, He þ in He, and Xe þ in Xe as is the isotropic component for Xe þ in Ne.
Puech Database Complete sets of electron scattering cross sections in Ar, C 2 H 4 , C 3 H 6 , Ne, and in Xe were assembled by V Puech  [98] [99] [100]  and his colleagues at LPGP in Orsay, France starting in the 1980's. These include the first attempts to assemble detailed sets of cross sections for noble gases from beam measurements and/or theory. In all cases, some modifications or extensions of the literature values were needed to obtain consistency with swarm parameters. Calculations of swarm parameters were made using a two-term Boltzmann solver as well as the multiterm solver developed by S egur and Bordage. [31] 19. Quantemol Database Quantemol Ltd (http://www. quantemol. com) has developed an expert system, Quantemol-N,  [101]  which runs R-matrix codes. [102, 103]  Besides performing low-energy electron-molecule collision calculations using the R-matrix method this code also includes a number of other facilities such as the calculation of electron impact ionization cross sections using the binary encounter Born (BEB) method of Kim and Rudd.
[104]  Quantemol has provided a variety of electron collision data for LXCat. Below the species that have been studied are listed; we note that in most cases the results have not been formally published. Species for which electron impact ionization data are In addition for methane  [105]  elastic total cross sections are also provided. provided include BF 3 , C 2 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 2 þ , C 2 OH 6 , C 3 , C 3 H 4 , C 3 N, CaF, CaF þ , CF, CF 2 , CF 4 , CH, CH þ , CNH, CO, CO 2 , CO 2 þ , CONH 3 , COS, CS, F 2 O, H 2 , H 2 þ , H 2 O, H 2 S,.
SIGLO Database The SIGLO database is the ''in-house'' data for electronneutral scattering cross section sets used by the group GREPHE at LAPLACE in Toulouse. For the most part these data are complete sets and have been taken from the references listed in the database for each neutral species. Some of the data sets were originally compiled by AV Phelps or by WL Morgan and so are essentially duplicates of the data existing in other databases on the LXCat site. The duplication is retained for consistency with the older, pre-LXCat data file (siglo. sec) which was distributed, along with a file of references with the freeware Boltzmann solvers, BOLSIG  [106]  and BOLSIGþ. [14] This database has been updated at irregular intervals as is documented on the LXCat site, and previous versions can be accessed through LXCat.
TRINITI Database An extensive database for electron scattering cross sections for a number of species is available in the database for ''EEDF,'' a freeware Boltzmann solver based on the two-term approximation that can be downloaded through the LXCat site. [107] So far, the only data from ''EEDF'' that have been Work is in progress to transcribe more of these data to the TRINITI database on LXCat site. As a rule, the data compilations in ''EEDF'' have been verified by comparison of calculated and measured electron transport and kinetic coefficients over a wide range of reduced electric field, E/N, values. The data in ''EEDF'' are freely available and can be used in other numerical codes. Using the ''EEDF'' package, the data can be selected for graphical display and saved in two-column tables with electron energy in eV and electron scattering cross section in units of 10 À16 cm 2.
It is important to note that the ''rotational cross section'' for O 2 (available through LXCat) should not be considered as corresponding to an individual process. Rather, it is specific to the treatment used in ''EEDF'' which describes the multiple excitation/deexcitation processes in electron collisions with molecules having a thermal rotational distribution. A compact form of the collision operator for these conditions was derived in references,  [108, 109]  and a similar expression was recently derived by Ridenti et al. [79]  Similarly, the rotational cross sections in the ''EEDF'' data bank for H 2 , N 2 , and CO (soon to be available through LXCat) should only be used when rotational processes are treated in the same way as in the ''EEDF'' package. See the Technical Note by AP Napartovich et al on the LXCat site http://www.
UBC Database The UBC database consists of Absolute Dipole (Optical) Oscillator Strengths as a function of photon energy for 65 neutral atoms and molecules for photoabsorption in the vacuum UV and soft X-ray regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The data were obtained in both the discrete and continuum regions by fast electron scattering using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) at zero degrees scattering angle. This method, known as Dipole (e,e) Spectroscopy, involves Bethe-Born conversion of the electron scattering intensities and Sum-Rule normalization to give absolute scales. The technique utilizes the virtual photon field created by a fast electron scattered in the forward direction (i. e. , at negligible momentum transfer). Under these conditions the electron energy loss is equivalent to the photon energy and the method gives results entirely equivalent to those that could be obtained using continuum light sources such as monochromated synchrotron radiation.
It is important to note that these data do not suffer from the line saturation effects (linewidth-bandwidth interactions) which can cause large errors in optically determined oscillator strengths for discrete transitions with narrow natural linewidths. The experimental methods, data processing and some corrections to earlier data are presented in Chan et al. [18]  , Chan et al. [110]  , and Olney et al. [29]  Both ''low'' (typically 1. 0 eV fwhm) and ''high'' (typically 0. 048 eV fwhm) resolution data are tabulated and can be plotted. These data are derived from a series of measurements made by Professor Chris Brion and his group at the University of British Columbia (UBC) between 1991 and 2002. References to their publications are given in the UBC database for each neutral species and should be included in all publications making use of these data.
UNAM Database The UNAM database  [111] [112] [113]  was originally named the ''Urquijo'' database. It contains measured and calculated electron and ion swarm coefficients for a wide range of gases and gas mixtures. The set of density-normalized swarm coefficients, given as a function of E/N comprises ionization (a/N), attachment (h/N), effective ionization (a À h)/N, longitudinal diffusion (ND L ), electron mobility times gas density product (mN), and ion reduced mobility.
Viehland Database A large selection of interaction potentials for atomic ionatoms systems is available in the Viehland database. The newer ones were obtained ab initio using: CCSD(T) or higher levels of theory; large basis sets (such as aug-cc-pV5Z) for small atoms and small-core relativistic effective core potentials for large atoms; inclusion of spin-orbit interaction effects; full counterpoise corrections at each ionneutral separation to correct for basis set superposition error; and extrapolation to the complete basis set limit. [114] he ab initio calculations were made by specifying a high level of accuracy for the convergence of numerical integrals and for evaluation of the total energies. Special care was taken to be sure that the potentials smoothly joined the polarization potentials that are known to be correct at very large separation.
A Fortran computer program named QEx is available  [116]  for making such calculations from g-u pairs of interaction potentials. Calculating quantum-mechanical cross sections from scattering phase shifts is possible,  [117]  but this is necessary only for extremely light ions and gases, and even then only when the energies probed correspond to gas temperatures below a few K and electric field strengths that are almost zero. There are two main types of gaseous ion transport data (swarm/transport parameters) in this database. [120] [121]  They also include data published since the last of these papers. Since the goal is to be complete, some of the data contained here replicates data contained in other sections of the LXCat database. The theoretical tables include results calculated from the high-quality, ab initio ion-neutral interaction potentials discussed above.
Concluding Remarks Several guidelines were defined at the beginning of the LXCat project. These are: (1) anyone willing to contribute data to the site can request a password and set up a database; the contents and maintenance of the databases remain the responsibility of the individual contributors. (2)  The site is open access and data can be downloaded without registering or paying a fee. (3) The databases are dynamic and contributors are free to make changes as they see fit. One consequence of the first guideline is that data for the same processes can be listed in multiple databases. While LXCat does not provide a recommendation, an informal effort to publish documentation and intercomparisons of data on LXCat was initiated in the context of the GEC (Gaseous Electronics Conference) Plasma Data Exchange project.