dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Finally, most of water table datasets within deep-seated landslides of a thickness of several tens of metres concern phreatic (i. e. , superficial) water tables (among many others,  [6, 39] ). All these results indicate that it remains difficult to evidence experimentally in situ fast motions of water infiltration deeper than a very few metres. To overcome this issue, an original experiment was designed in this work. Two piezometers (equipped with pore pressure sensors) were installed at different depths: the first one to monitor the phreatic water table located at a few metres depth and the second one to monitor a water table located a few metres deeper, immediately above a shear surface located at a depth of 12 m. Water tables and rainfall were monitored for 4 years from late 2012 to late 2016.
The first objective of this work is to present the results of a multidisciplinary study to document a slow-moving clayey landslide. The second objective is to expose original results which highlight experimentally the differential water infiltration modality for the two water tables and, more specifically, to evidence the role of fissures as preferential and fast water infiltration paths at depth. The third objective of this work is to evaluate the use of effective rainfall (instead of total rainfall) to establish correlations with water table time series and to test the possible advantage of this dataset corrected from evapotranspiration. Finally, the final objective of this work is to establish seasonal correlations between time series and to evidence a possible variability of water infiltration from the surface and further underground water flow as a function of the period of the year.
In this area, metallic plates connected to a drainage system were used as permanent stations. The monitoring started with around 50 stations in late November 2014. The number of stations progressively increased, and 60 stations were fully operational starting from mid-March 2016 until late June 2017. Annual average total displacement rates were computed between mid-March 2016 and late June 2017 using the three directional components. Data were interpolated using a kriging algorithm with a mesh size of 2. 5 m × 2. 5 m to produce a spatially continuous map depicting the average annual displacement rates. This small mesh size was chosen to evidence potential lateral variations where numerous stations were close by. Cumulated displacements were also analysed for three stations (r01 to r03) located in the south-eastern part of the slide, in the vicinity of the upper limit of landslide zone 1.
Finally, horizontal displacement rate was also computed at station r01 which is located close to borehole i3. It was compared with the motion deduced from inclinometer data (see below). D-GNSS measurements were also used to build a digital elevation model (DEM) of the study site in late July 2015. Topographic cross sections were extracted from this DEM. Finally, the mapping of some structures, such as cracks, was also achieved using this technique. 5 Geofluids 3. 2. 2. Deformation and Kinematics at Depth. Two boreholes were drilled to monitor the evolution of the deformation at depth as a function of time using inclinometer probes. Details about this kind of instrumentation can be found in reference books (e. g. ,  [60] ), and recent applications to landslides can be found in Uhlemann et al.
Temperature and atmospheric pressure data were obtained from a station located in the Avignonet landslide in the Trièves area, 12 km WNW of the study site, and at an elevation of 680 m asl (i. e. , comparable to the study site). This station is operated by the French National Observatory on Landslides OMIV  [64]. Hourly temperatures were turned into average daily data. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were extracted from the hourly time series. The estimation of the effective rainfall with the soil-water balance requires the determination of three parameters which are ET c , K c , and SAWC. ET c and K c are related and are expressed as follows: ET c = ET 0 • K c, 1 where ET 0 is the reference evapotranspiration and is determined using the Penman-Monteith method  [65]. K c depends on the stage of development of the vegetation (cattle grass on the study site).
Cross-Correlation of Rainfall and Water Table Time Series. The linear relationships between rainfall and water table were further studied using cross-correlation. This mathematical technique is classically applied in hydrogeology, notably to study the linear dependency between rainfall and aquifer recharge  [67] [68] [69] [70]. In landslide studies, this technique has however been little applied. Helmstetter and Garambois  [71]  used it on the Séchilienne rockslide (French Alps) to correlate seismic catalogues and environmental parameters (rainfall). They evidenced very short reaction times (<1 day) between rainfall and the initiation of rockfalls and of micro-earthquakes within the landslide. Daily values were first standardized (subtraction of the mean and normalization by the standard deviation of the dataset) to get time series with a mean centred on zero and with a variance of 1.
The 95% confidence interval r, in this case, depends only on the length of the dataset  [72, 73]  and is classically of the form r = 2 n , 2 where n is the length of the dataset. It was modified to take into account the decrease in the length of the dataset n as the time series to be correlated is moved apart from the centre of the reference time series. For positive lags, it is expressed by r i = 2 n -i , 3 where r i is the 95% confidence interval value at position i along the time series. For negative lags, it is symmetric of r i for positive lags. 3. 5. Stability Calculations. Stability calculations were conducted at the limit equilibria using the global perturbation method of the normal stress along a failure curve  [74]  with a Mohr-Coulomb criterion. This method was developed in France and is applicable to any shape of slip surface.
This structure was designed to act as a drainage structure but also as a protection for the road and its users. It has no stabilizing role. Computations were conducted with the software Geostab 2013  [75]. An initial calculation was conducted with fixed mechanical parameters, especially the cohesion and the internal friction angle of the soil. These parameters were obtained from residual shear tests which provided residual cohesion and friction angle of the upper part of the laminated clays. The failure curve was designed based on inclinometer data and on the location of cracks observed in the field (see Figure  1 ). Then, two water table levels were taken into account for the calculations. Time series from pressure sensors p1 and p2 indicated a low level corresponding to the lowest measured level (in summer) and a high table level, corresponding to the highest level measured (in winter).
Acknowledgments This work benefited from a financial support from the  VOR program  ( Université Grenoble Alpes ) and from  ISTerre. Grégory Bièvre  is part of  LabEx OSUG@2020  ( ANR10 LABX56 ). This work is part of the project Anticipation and Mitigation of Slow Landslides in the Alps (MLA3) that benefited from the support of the  European Union and Provence-Alpes-Côte -d'Azur region through the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) interregional operational program "Massif des Alpes" (POIA). The authors thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the manuscript.
m. morsitans genome carries any genes that are orthologous to DEGs in G. p. gambiensis. Specifically, the RNA-seq de novo assembled sequences from G. p. gambiensis were first mapped onto the G. m. morsitans genome in order to detect G. m. morsitans genes that are orthologous to G. p. gambiensis genes, with a special focus on the DEGs. Next, corresponding genes were annotated with respect to various databases. This approach revealed that around 50% of the G. p. gambiensis DEGs have orthologous genes in the G. m. morsitans genome  [87]. Most of the G. p. gambiensis DEGs from this study that were considered to be of potential interest to an anti-vector strategy had a heterologous gene in G. m. morsitans. This list includes (but is not limited to) genes that encode proteases, chitin binding proteins, factors involved in fly immunity or antimicrobial peptide production (such as Pro3 protein), transferrin, mucin, attacin, and cecropin.
Before concluding, some data highlighting the presence, in the dermis of healthy individuals, of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmissible to the tsetse flies Biologically relevant experimental studies conducted in laboratory mice to which were delivered Trypanosoma brucei brucei recently allowed documenting the prolonged presence in the mouse dermis of both slender and stumpy developmental stages. Then, they conducted an extensive histological analysis of archived skin biopsies collected from human individuals without a history of HAT enrolled in the in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as part of a screening programme for river blindness. Out of several thousands skin biopsies 0. 5% trypanosomes were detected in the extracellular matrix of the vascularized dermis, namely the compartment where the pool blood feeding tsetse flies are known to sample their blood meal from the blood pool they generate: the motile stumpy developmental stage population is expected to be sampled from this blood pool  [125, 126].
Acknowledgements A. H. , E. B. , F. Z. , S. P. , C. B. and J. L. thank the  University of Geneva  and the  Swiss NSF  for nancial support. M. G. thanks the  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education ('Mobilnosc Plus ' grant no. 1286/MOB/IV/2015/0 ) for the support. We thank  Dr Pilar Franco  and  Mrs Assunta Green  ( Chiral Technologies, Illkirch, France ) for their help and advices. We also acknowledge the contribution of  Mr Mahesh Vishe  for the obtaining of the monocrystals of pyrene-16C4. We thank the  Sciences Mass Spectrometry (SMS) platform at the Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva. G. P. acknowledges the CINECA award under the  ISCRA initiative , for the availability of high performance computing resources and support.
Materials and methods All patients admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) over 8 years  (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) (2013) (2014)  who received VA-ECMO support were included. Information on medical history, clinical and biological parameters at ICU admission and during ICU stay was collected prospectively. In particular, any events occurring on ECMO were prospectively recorded in the ICU's database. The charts of all VA-ECMO-treated patients were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed to identify those with neurological complications.
Nested case-control studies Two nested case-control studies were designed to explore the role of specific risk factors in intracranial bleeding or ischemic stroke. Controls were patients with no damage matched for age ± 5 years, SAPS II ± 5, ENCOURAGE mortality-risk score ± 5 and ECMO duration. See the Additional file 1 for their methodological details. Analyses were computed with StatView v5. 0 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) and SPSS v11. 5 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) software. P < 0. 05 defined significance.
Research Essay #1: Food by Region and Class For this research essay, you will study how Vietnamese cuisine is characterized by geographic region and class distinctions. Cuisines classify food; and foods act as symbolic indicators, linking producers and consumers to social categories-thereby classifying people. You should catalog the ingredients and dishes you have thus far encountered, drawing upon Bourdieu (2013) and Lévi-Strauss (2013). Applying ethnographic evidence, you will then discuss what these foods represent and how Vietnamese eaters experience these culinary categories (Research Essay #1 Assignment Prompt). The purpose of this essay was twofold: to establish and apply a theoretical basis to Food Studies research, and to begin the process of understanding everyday Vietnamese life through primary gastronomic data generated by student fieldwork (cf.
Representative stands of each type were studied to assess resistance to hurricanes at both sites. According to the classification of  Lugo and Snedaker (1974)  and taking into account variation of dominant species (Fig. 2 ), the eight selected stands should be ❖ www. esajournals. org referred to as fringe mangrove (FR1, FR2), basin mangrove (R. mangle-dominated stands BR1 and BR2, A. germinans-dominated stands BA1 and BA2), or scrub mangrove (A. germinans stand SA1 and mixed A. germinans/R. mangle stand SM2). Stand characteristics prior to hurricane disturbances are given in Table  1. These data were collected in 1990  (Imbert and M enard 1997)  and in 1983  (Imbert and Portecop 1986; D. Imbert and B. Rollet, unpublished data) , 27 and 17 yr after the last hurricane impact on site 1 and site 2, respectively.
Data analysis Resistance of mangrove vegetation to hurricane disturbance was assessed through the percent change in basal area, which is a widely used, synthetic characterization of horizontal stand structure. We considered structural resilience (i. e. , time of complete recovery) to be reached when each attribute of horizontal and vertical structure returned to pre-hurricane values. Initial and final values were compared using a paired (or unpaired, for canopy-height values only) t-test. A v 2 contingency test was used to evaluate species-specific differences regarding the distribution of stems among types of damage, and for stand differences regarding the proportion of Avicennia sprouts. Due to the scarcity of the other mangrove species Laguncularia racemosa, species-specific responses to hurricane damage were investigated only on Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans by testing the influence of stand structure and wind velocity on loss of basal area.
The adjustment to a linear model was tested by means of the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) at the confidence level of 95%. Bravais-Pearson r statistics were run to specify linear correlation. Regarding the influence of wind velocity, as the datasets evidenced non-linear relationships, we tentatively tested a simple logistic model: ❖ www. esajournals. org y ¼ c 1 þ b Á e Àax where y is the loss of basal area, x is wind speed, and a, b, and c are fitted constants. All statistics were run on Xlstat 17. 05 software (Addinsoft, New York, New York,  USA, 1995 USA, -2017)).
17, P < 0. 001, df = 1) or lower-trunk break (v 2 = 17. 57, P < 0. 001, df = 1; respectively) as compared to Avicennia. Based on the response of basal area to wind velocity (maximum sustained wind speed), Rhizophora (Fig. 5b ) was much more sensitive to wind damage than was Avicennia (Fig. 5a ). For each species, the whole dataset fitted a sigmoidal relationship (R 2 = 0. 78 and 0. 69 for Rhizophora and Avicennia, respectively) quite better than the linear model (R 2 = 0. 69 and 0. 60 for Rhizophora and Avicennia, respectively). Except BA2, basin stands were always more sensitive than the others to major hurricane disturbances. Splitting the data in two subsets (basin vs. other stands) and excluding stand BA2 evidenced an increasing rate in damage to a maximum for hurricanes winds averaging Category 1 (i.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial support to this work was provided by the  French Ministry of Environment  ( SOFT Program   ENVT 92-015 ), the  French Ministry of DOM-TOM  ( CORDET grant   90-130 ), the  National Park of Guadeloupe  (grant  90-12 ), and the  Direction R egionale de l'Environnement in Martinique  (grant #  0153/63 HCPER ). I want to thank the  PNG  staff and numerous undergraduate students from the  Universit e des Antilles  who help in monitoring mangrove forest recovery in Guadeloupe. Special thanks to  J. Migeot  for field assistance in Martinique, and to  M. Willig  for providing valuable improvements on a previous draft of this manuscript.
Diffuse gliomas are classified according to the 2016 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, which now defines entities by both histology and molecular features. Somatostatin receptor subtype 2A (SSTR2A) expression has been reported in various solid tumors as associated with favorable outcomes. Its expression has been reported in gliomas with uncertain results regarding its prognostic value. The objective of this study was to assess the prognostic impact of SSTR2A protein expression in a large cohort of grade III and IV gliomas classified according to the updated 2016 WHO classification. We further validated our result with an independent cohort of low grade glioma using dataset generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network. We analyzed clinical and molecular data from 575 patients.
SSTR2A protein expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. High expression of SSTR2A protein associated with the anaplastic oligodendroglioma IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted subgroup (p < 0. 001). Among these tumors, SSTR2A protein expression was significantly associated with a lower proliferative index, the absence of microvascular proliferation and the absence of necrosis (p < 0. 001). Furthermore SSTR2A protein expression associated with better overall survival (p = 0. 007) and progression-free survival (p = 0. 01) in both univariate and multivariate analysis when adjusted by the age, the presence of necrosis and the mitotic index. Similar results were obtained regarding SSTR2 mRNA expression in the TCGA low grade glioma, subtype IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted, dataset.
Furthermore, they reported a survival benefit in gliomas with high expression of SSTR2A protein. However, this difference might be related to the association between SSTR2A and the oligodendroglioma subtype and it is not clear whether the level of SSTR2A expression has prognostic significance among the oligodendroglioma subgroup. In France, since 2008, the POLA network provides a centralized review and molecular analysis of de novo adult high-grade glioma with an oligodendroglial component. Using the tissue samples and dataset provided by this network, our objective was to assess the prognostic impact of the SSTR2A protein expression in a large cohort of grade III and IV gliomas. We further validated our result with an independent cohort using dataset generated by the TCGA Research Network  [8].
Study population A total number of 575 patients from the French nation-wide POLA cohort were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were the written consent of the patient for clinical data collection and genetic analysis according to national and POLA network policies, sufficient tissue material for molecular studies allowing classification according to the WHO 2016 (i. e. evaluation of the IDH mutation and 1p/19q-codeletion status) and an established diagnosis of high grade glioma (WHO grade III or IV). IDH mutation status was evaluated using automated immunohistochemistry (IHC) and direct sequencing using the Sanger method as previously described  [30]. The genomic profile and assessment of the 1p/19q-codeletion status was determined based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) arrays, or microsatellite marker analysis as previously described  [30].
Anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, 1p19qcodeleted were classified into 3 pathological subgroups based on mitotic index, microvascular proliferation (MVP), and necrosis  [12]. Group 1, involved cases with more than 5 mitoses per 10-high power field (HPF), no MVP, and no necrosis, group 2 displayed MVP but no necrosis, and group 3 showed MVP and necrosis. Proliferative index was evaluated using Ki67 antibody (clone Mib1; 1:100; Dako) and scored as percentage by counting the immunostained nuclei of 400 cells in the most positive area. Clinical data collected included gender, age at surgery, extend of surgical resection, preoperative Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) and post-operative treatment. Clinical information regarding the outcome was recorded as follow: progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from the date of surgery to recurrence or death from any cause, censored at the date of the last documented disease evaluation.
Public data acquisition Informed consent and ethical approval was obtained when The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) had collected tissue for TCGA  [8]. All sequencing or clinical datasets used in the present study are publicly available to researchers without restrictions or limitations according to TCGA policy. Therefore, the results shown here are in whole based upon data generated by the TCGA Research Network: http://cancergenome. nih. gov/. We used GlioVis data portal for visualization and analysis of brain tumor expression datasets  [6]  (http://gliovis. bioinfo. cnio. es/), we limited our analysis to data from adult patients with LGG.
Statistical analysis For statistical analysis, the Chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables when they were scored as positive or negative. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival distributions. Log-rank tests were used for univariate comparisons. Age at diagnosis, KPS, presence of necrosis and proliferative index were used to build the multivariate Cox proportional hazard backward models. All statistical tests were two-sided, and the threshold for statistical significance was p = 0. 05. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS statistics software version 23 (IBM SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA).
TCGA low-grade glioma RNA-seq data as confirmation dataset As presented in Fig. 5a , among the independent TCGA low-grade glioma dataset we observed a higher SSTR2 mRNA expression in IDH-mutant glioma when compared to IDH-wild type (p < 0. 001). Furthermore, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted gliomas presented with the highest level of SSTR2 mRNA expression (p < 0. 001). When categorized into two groups according to the median score, we observed a better overall survival in glioma with high SSTR2 mRNA expression (p = 0. 056) among the low grade glioma IDH-mutant and 1p/ 19q-codeleted subgroup (Fig. 5b ). No association between survival and SSTR2 mRNA expression was observed in patient with IDH-mutant without 1p/19q-codeletion (p = 0. 478) and IDH-wildtype gliomas (p = 0. 301) (data not shown).
Of interest, in anaplastic oligodendroglioma IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted, we observed a significant association between expression of SSTR2A protein and favorable outcome (as indicated by longer PFS and OS in this subgroup of tumors expressing SSTR2A). Importantly, association between SSTR2A expression and outcome remained significant in multivariate analysis adjusting for known prognostic factors in this subtype. Furthermore, similar results were obtained regarding SSTR2 mRNA expression in an independent cohort using the low grade gliomas TCGA dataset. Thus, our results indicate that the immunohistochemical expression of SSTR2A protein could serve as a prognostic biomarker among anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted. SSTR2A is strongly expressed in neuroendocrine tumors and also in normal neurons according to the brain transcriptome database  [7].
Acknowledgements We thank the  ARTC-Sud  patients's association ( Association pour le Recherche sur les Tumeurs Cérébrales ) and the  Cancéropôle PACA. POLA Network : Amiens  ( C. Desenclos ,  H. Sevestre ), Angers ( P. Menei ,  A. Rousseau ),  Annecy  ( T. Cruel ,  S. Lopez ),  Besançon  ( M-I Mihai ,  A. Petit ),  Bicêtre (C. Adam, F. Parker), Brest (P. Dam-Hieu, I. Quintin-Roué), Bordeaux (S. Eimer, H. Loiseau), Caen (L. Bekaert, F. Chapon), Clamart (D. Ricard) Clermont-Ferrand (C. Godfraind, T. Khallil), Clichy (D. Cazals-Hatem, T. Faillot), Colmar (C. Gaultier, MC. Tortel), Cornebarrieu (I. Carpiuc, P. Richard), Créteil (W. Lahiani), Dijon (H. Aubriot-Lorton, F. Ghiringhelli), Lille (CA. Maurage, C. Ramirez), Limoges (EM. Gueye, F. Labrousse), Marseille (O Chinot), Montpellier (L. Bauchet, V.