dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Further east, δ 18 O w values at this level of depletion are found in northwestern Russia in the regions of Komi, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and even further inland in the southern parts of Krasnoyarsk (GNIP database and  [62] ). Looking westward, such values can be found on the east coast of Greenland and, looking even further west, the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador. These kinds of δ 18 O w values are also found in the southern parts of Ontario and Manitoba (GNIP database and  [63] ). A birthplace in Greenland is, however, unlikely as δ 18 O w values as low as these are only found northwards along the east coast where there were no settlements at the time. The contemporary settlements on Greenland were found on the southern tip and the southwestern coast and neither of these areas are compatible with this woman's M1 values.
It is also difficult to argue for a North American origin even though contact with the continent had been made a couple of centuries earlier  [64, 65]. There is little evidence for trade or frequent voyages between the Norse world and the American continent at this time and, although it is by no means impossible, it is difficult to build a convincing case for this possibility on the current evidence. Thus, a place of origin for this woman in the inner regions of the northernmost parts of Scandinavia or in northwestern Russia seems by far the most likely. aligned according to standard forensic practice  [68, 69]. This haplotype was not found in the largest forensic mtDNA database EMPOP (www. empop. online, v3/R11;  [70] ) nor in other online resources, suggesting that this haplotype is rare.
Another option is that she was born in Sweden, on the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia. No matter where she was born, she moved during her childhood to an area with δ 18 O values compatible with an area close to Trondheim, although probably not to Trondheim itself. Areas in Russia, to the east of the Gulf of Bothnia, can also not be ruled out. Another option, which may seem far-fetched at first glance, is that her origins lie in the central European Alps. For a δ 18 O w range as depleted as that measured for her M1, the only option on the European mainland would be in the Alps at relatively high altitudes, probably more than 750 metres above sea level (e. g. [82, 83] ). This possibility will be discussed in more detail below. [66, 68, 69]. This haplotype was not found in the largest forensic mtDNA database EMPOP (www.
1C 523DEL 524DEL aligned against the rCRS  [66, 68, 69]. This haplotype was found 15 times in the largest forensic mtDNA database EMPOP (www. empop. online, R11;  [70] ) with matches in West Eurasians (Germany, Baden-Wu ¨rttemberg (2x), Sweden, Blekinge and Va ¨rmland, and 11 times in the USA (descendants of immigrants). This CR haplotype is also frequently found in other online sources. Its haplotype is nested in haplogroup H, the most common haplogroup for West Eurasians. The skull was assessed morphologically and anthropometrically. The SK259 skull suggested a large, robust male with moderate brow ridges, a square jaw line, a wide palate, round orbits, strong cheek bones and an upright profile. The SK259 skull was typically male and Caucasoid-type in skeletal characteristics. The orbit morphology suggested slightly upward sloping (laterally) eye fissures, prominent eyeballs and central eyelid folds  [40, 46, 50]  and the shape of the brow and nasal root  [52]  suggested that SK259 had low, straight eyebrows.
The paternally inherited Y-Chromosomal haplotype is: DYS456 = 16; DYS389I = 13; DYS390 = 24; DYS389II = 29; DYS458 = 22; DYS19 = 14; DYS385 = 11,14; DYS393 = 13; DYS391 = 11; DYS439 = 12; DYS635 = 23; DYS392 = 13; YGATAH4 = 12; DYS437 = 15; DYS438 = 12; DYS448 = 19. It is found in the largest Y-Chromosomal forensic database (YHRD, www. yhrd. org) once in a western European individual living in the Bahamas; very likely a descendant of a European immigrant. The reduced haplotype (minHT) leads to 12 matches in Europe confirming the European descent of that haplotype. 4. 4. 4. Cranial morphology and physical appearance.
Acknowledgments Funding: This research was fully funded by the  Research Council of Norway  through grant numbers  220821  and  249145. We would like to acknowledge the contribution of the following people:  Jon Anders Risvåg  og  Birgitte Skar  at the  NTNU Museum of Science  for granting me (the first author) access to the skeletal material;  Charles Utvik  for his vital help while collecting the enamel samples together with the first author;  Leena Aulikki Airola  at the  NTNU Museum of Science  for her help and guidance with the radiography;  Mark Roughley ,  Ching Liu  and  Kathryn Smith  at  Face Lab at Liverpool John Moores University  for their invaluable contributions to the production of the facial depictions; and  Petra Kralj  for molecular genetic analysis of the remains. We would also like to thank  Darren G.
Corpus characteristics The data under investigation are part of the EIIDA corpus, which is divided equally between science (chemistry, geochemistry, marine and water sciences) and the humanities (linguistics) in English, French and Spanish. The current study focuses only on the science corpus in the first two languages. The science subset comprises 30 articles and 30 transcripts of oral conference presentations, which were transcribed using Transcriber  (Barras et al. 2001). The 15 English talks and articles correspond very closely. In each case the conference speaker is one of the authors of the corresponding articles. Eleven of the talks and corresponding proceedings articles are taken from the 10 th Novatech conference, an international conference focusing on water management and related geological and environmental issues.
Study design The first step of the analysis involved the automatic part-of-speech tagging with SketchEnglish and UAM CorpusTool 2 in all four subsets, followed by the ex-traction of all the verb-tagged occurrences. The concordances obtained were then examined in context and manually post-edited to discard irrelevant items: for instance, all morphological derivations of verbs were removed (i. e. verb nominalisations, verb-to-adjective derivations and various lexicalised expressions, see examples 1-3 below). This allowed us to focus on those elements that function exclusively as lexical verbs in context. For the same reason, auxiliary and modal verbs were also removed from the initial concordance lines. However, tagged infinitives were included. (1) The combination of a directed acyclic (tree-type) modelling environment with a network linear program shows great promise for the realistic modelling of cluster size water harvesting, recycling and supply networks.
The goal of this paper is to compare the different anaphoric strategies that Catalan and Catalan Sign Language (LSC) use by means of a parallel corpus. In particular, our comparison is focused in an examination of the uses of overt subject pronouns in Catalan and how these uses are rendered in a language that exploits the visual-manual modality, such as LSC. As far as we know, this is one of the first studies to compare reference-tracking devices in a spoken and a signed language by means of a parallel corpus and incorporating both a descriptive and a theoretical perspective. All instances of overt pronouns in Catalan were analyzed and most of the data can be accounted with three factors: topic change, focus and contrast. As for LSC, the use of pronouns is rare and only few instances were found.
2015). It contains data from 6 native signers (that is, signers with direct signing family and/or who attended specific schools), aged between 18 and 80 years. The conversations were all recorded in mixed couples (man and woman). The article is structured as follows. In "Overt Pronouns in Catalan" section the three main factors triggering the presence of an overt subject in spoken Catalan are presented. "Anaphoric Strategies in Catalan Sign Language" section introduces the anaphoric strategies used in LSC that are relevant for the present purposes. In "Results" section these strategies are analysed according to each factor triggering overt marking as established in the present proposal. "Discussion and Conclusions" section discusses the main findings and concludes.
(22) Noun + CL pred […utterance…] + CL anaph Our LSC corpus contains 69 instances of anaphoric strategies. The use of BNs is the strategy most commonly used, which accounts for 55. 1% of the cases. The use of entity classifiers is the device that follows, which accounts for 29%, followed by NPs, which represent 11. 6% of the data. In the last place, pronouns represent 4. 3% of the anaphoric strategies used. These amounts show that pronouns represent the least used strategy. In our analysis for LSC we have considered all four strategies with the goal of offering a broader picture of how anaphoric chains are conveyed in LSC. In the following section, we analyse the LSC data considering the three main factors that trigger overt marking in spoken Catalan. Each factor is developed and analysed considering the four strategies just presented.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the Catalan speakers and the LSC signers who participated in the narration of the Frog Stories in the Nocando and the  LSC Corpus. The LSC Corpus is an initiative of the  Institut d'Estudis Catalans , directed by  Dr. Josep Quer  and funded by the  Obra Social "La Caixa ". We would also like to thank the audience at the workshop "Current issues on sign language corpus linguistics" organized at the  Université de Namur (Belgium)  for comments on a preliminary version of this work. This research was partly made possible by two grants awarded by the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness  ( FFI2012-36238 ,  FFI2015-67991-P ), by the  Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya  ( 2009SGR00763 ) and by  SignGram Cost Action   IS1006.
72 mm/s, a frame rate of 7 Hz and a exposure time of 10 ms. The second technique applied to La Violoniste was Raman spectroscopy  [10] : it consists in the detection of the scattered photons coming from a molecule excited by a monochromatic beam. The wavelength shift between these scattered and exciting photons depends on the vibrational energy states of the molecule analyzed and allows thus to identify it. This technique gives us information about the surface pigments. To do that, we used an Enwave Optronics setup (portable EZRaman analyzer I-Dual-G), characterized by a 785 nm laser. We used the lowest laser power necessary to obtain valuable results (around 50 mW). To interpret these, we used a homemade database. The third technique was XRF (X-ray fluorescence) used in a macro scanning mode (MA-XRF).
To do that, we used a homemade XRF system, made of a Moxtek Magnum X-ray tube (50 kV) (with a Ag anode), a detector X-123SDD Amptek (25 mm 2 ), with a resolution of 130 eV at 5. 9 keV. The scan step was 1. 4 mm (2 s/point), with a tension of 35 kV and a courant of 130 µA  [11] [12] [13]. The software used for the XRF results processing is PyMca  [14].
Software The assessment of the sea level rise according to the IPCC AR5, RCP 8. 5 (2013)  and  Rahmstorf (2007)  scenarios, together with the data processing are explained in detail in  Antonioli et al. (2017). The analysis resulted in the shoreline trends expected by 2100 (in response to relative sea level rise) for each area. They were then used to produce the maps shown in this study, using the ESRI ArcGIS 10. 1 software (http:// www. arcgis. com). Distinct coastal-flooding scenarios were obtained converting the lines of marine ingression predicted for 2100 and the present-day coastline into polygons. In order to speed up the layers refresh, the IPCC AR5-8. 5 maximum polygons were clipped onto the size of the smallest IPCC AR5-8. 5 minimum layer, and the Rahmstorf one, onto the size of the IPCC AR5-8.
5 maximum polygon; as a result, the three scenarios do not overlap. For each map, one or more inset maps were drawn to highlight the scenario extent. The cartographic base of the main maps is a low-resolution DTM layer beneath some features of the Open Street Map (OSM) geographic dataset, downloaded and managed using ArcGis Editor for Open Street Maps. The OSM database is available under the Open Database License. The inset maps contain ortho-photo images as cartographic bases, available from the ArcGis 10. 1 online database. The maps are drawn at different scales (Table  4 ).
Acknowledgements LIDAR data were provided by  Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare-Geoportale Nazionale  with license Creative Commons 3. 0  Italy  ( CC BY-SA-3. 0IT ). Bathymetric data were provided by  GEBCO ,  ISPRA ,  IAMCCNR  and  EMODNET  project. We thank  Luisa Perini ,  Paolo Severi , and  Paolo Luciani  ( Geological, Seismic and Soil Survey of Regione Emilia Romagna ) who provided the DTM of the  Emilia-Romagna Region.
XAFS measurements Measurements were conducted on the quick EXAFS (QEXAFS) beamline ROCK 37 at the Synchrotron SOLEIL facility (Saint Aubin, France) and EXAFS beamline BL27B at the photon factory of high energy accelerator research organisation KEK (Tsukuba, Japan). At Soleil, the synchrotron operates at 2. 75 GeV. The channel-cut crystal Si(111) monochromator was used with an oscillation frequency of 0. 5 Hz over 1. 1 amplitude in order to gather a complete Au L 3 EXAFS spectrum. Au L 3 -edge measurements were conducted in transmission mode using ionisation chambers (Oken) as detectors. At KEK, the synchrotron operates at 2. 5 GeV. The beamline utilises a Si(111) doublecrystal monochromator. Au L 3 -edge measurements were conducted in transmission mode using a gas ionisation detector. Data analysis was conducted using the Demeter soware package.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the award of beamtime on the ROCK beamline at Synchrotron SOLEIL under proposal number 20151221. The work on ROCK was supported by a public grant overseen by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  as part of the  'Investissements d'Avenir' program  (reference:  ANR-10-EQPX-45 ). The authors also acknowledge the award of beamtime at  KEK  ( 2015G026 ). SLMS and RAWD acknowledge the nancial support from the  EPSRC  through an  EPSRC-NSF Materials World Network grant   EP/H047786/1  and RAWD acknowledges further support from grant  EP/K007033/1  which has contributed to this research. AU wishes to acknowledge grant (No. 16K06958 ) from the  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. Original EXAFS data les are available at Mendeley.
Most experiments were performed at a planetary mill sun wheel speed of 550 min -1. Under these conditions, the reaction involving NaN 3 as the nucleophile was investigated using the same weight of balls (ca. 45 g), but varying the ratio of balls with different size. The data in Figure  2a  and Supporting Information File 1, Table  S1  entries 6-8 and 13 show no dramatic change in reaction rate. TU exhibits a slower kinetics than NaN 3 under the same milling conditions (Supporting Information File 1, Table  S1 , entry 13 vs. 16), which hints at substratedependent reactivity (Figure  3b  and Supporting Information File 1, Table  S1 , entries 9, 11, 13 and 14 for NaN 3 vs. 10, 12, 16 and 17 for TU, respectively). However, from the experiments the highest sun wheel speed at 650 min -1 resulted in faster reaction (Figure  2a ) and the number of balls seemed to have less influence on the investigated reaction.
Acknowledgements This work was funded by the  University of Turin (Fondi Ricerca Locale   2016 ). The " Teach Mob -Teaching Staff Mobility Programme 2016-2017 " ( University of Turin, Italy ) is warmly acknowledged by EC and GC. The authors thank  Roquette (Lestrem, France)  for the kind gift of β-cyclodextrin hydrate. AP and FD acknowledge the financial support given by the  University of Cagliari (Italy).
Furthermore the multifunctional aspects of composites could be important to gain advantages to classic material solutions. The integration of functions may utilize the intrinsic damping properties of natural fibres to improve passive acoustic behaviour of interior panels and with it the passenger comfort. This paper has the aim to give an overview of currently used composite materials for aviation and possible bio-based and recycled substitution materials with the focus on their ecological properties. Data has been obtained by literature and LCA database research. A short introduction to LCA methodology with a typical life-cycle of composite materials from raw-materials to the End-of-Life is given. In the context of this paper the following base materials are considered to reduce ecological impacts compared to the state-of-the-art: bio-based thermoset resins (epoxy, furan), bio-based fibres (flax, ramie) and recycled carbon fibres.
Hence, current knowledge gaps result in environmental comparisons with large levels of uncertainty or comparisons that do not consider durability of the studied materials. a) CF=carbonfibre, GF=glassfibre, AF=aramidfibre, rCF=recycledcarbon fibre, UD=unidirectional,EP=epoxy, PLLA=poly(lacticacid), UP=unsaturated polyester; b) MD=machine direction (non-woven), CD=cross direction (non-woven), SMC=sheet moulding compound, RTM=resin transfer moulding; c) TDS=technical data sheet; d) calculated from given fibre volume content.
Environmental considerations of composites currently used in aviation In nearly all data given related to LCA study, the grade of the assessed materials is not specified; therefore we are prone to assume that assessments are made for the most widespread material (i. e. automotive, leisure and sports goods). Another assumption is that aeronautics is taking the top grade for its specific and high requirements applications. Therefore LCA results, including those in database, could be underestimated. The main outputs found in published LCA type study are greenhouse gas (GHG) or energy intensity. Energy intensity is equivalent to cumulative energy demand (CED) corresponding to primary energy. GHG and CED are close together as a major part of GHG comes from the energy needed to achieve the desired product, process or services through the grid mix specific to each country or area.
It referred also to the HIVOVOMP project mentioning noticeably higher indicators than JMCA for CF  [30, 31]. Caution should be paid to this data, as they lack of background explanations. GREET study  [32]  gave some assessment regarding E-glass production based on US DOE (US Department of Energy) data in 2002. Densley Tingley et al. [33]  provided some data regarding phenolic foam as well as Moliner et al. [34]  and Suzuki et al. [29]  in an indirect manner. Plastics Europe database includes data for epoxy resin. No datum has been found for aramid or aramid paper. Dataset exists in Ecoinvent, ELCD for PAN based CF fibres only and GaBi database. The following tables give an overview on the data for materials found in databases (Table  4 ), data found in literature is listed for materials (Table  5 ), composites (Table  6 ) and manufacturing processes (Table  7 ).
However, to the best of our knowledge, delafossite-like sulfides or selenides with metallicity as good as that of PdCoO 2 keep on escaping synthesis. Again, this outlines the importance of oxides to generate unusual properties. tin, M. Poienar, W. C. Sheets, and Ch. Simon. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), through the program Investissements d'Avenir (ANR-10-LABX-09-01), LabEx EMC3, and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through SFB 484 and TRR 80. Figs. 1  and 9  were generated using the XCrysDen software (Ref. [111] ).
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the  Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6)  for financial support. Author Contributions:  Xiaoyu Zhang  and  Ana-Gabriela Porras-Gutierrez  performed the synthesis and accomplished the measurements of materials;  Henri Groult  and  Alain Mauger  contributed to interpretation and finalized the manuscript; and  Christian M. Julien  led the over-arching research project.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Energy Biosciences, Department of Energy  under contract  DE-FG02-03ER15393  and the  Center for Bio-Inspired Solar Fuel Production , an  Energy Frontier Research Center  funded by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences  under Award Number  DE-SC0001016.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to express special thanks to  Prof. Katsuyuki Nobusada  ( Institute for Molecular Science ) for active support and discussion. This work was partially supported by  MEXT   Grant-in-Aid for Program for Leading Graduate Schools  ( Materials Education Program  for the Future Leaders in Research, Industry, and Technology: MERIT), a  MEXT Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research (B)  (No. 26286022 ), a  MEXT Grant-in-Aid for Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas  (No. 15H00866 ), a  MEXT Nanotechnology Platform  (No. 12024046 ), the  JSPS Core-to-Core Program (A. Advanced Research Networks) , the  JSPS Japan (JSPS)-Korea (NRF) Bilateral Program , the  Yazaki Memorial Foundation , and the  Research Foundation for Opto-Science and Technology.
A. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations We have performed a series of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of liquid Al 70 Cu 30 and Al 60 Cu 40 alloys, by means of the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP). 43 All the dynamical simulations were performed in the local density approximation  44, 45  within projected augmented plane-waves, with a plane-wave cutoff of 270 eV. Only the Γ point is used to sample the Brillouin zone. For both compositions, a number N = 256 atoms are placed in a cubic simulation box of volume V with standard periodic boundary conditions. Newton's equations of motion were solved numerically with Verlet's algorithm in the velocity form with a time step of 1. 5 fs, and phase-space trajectories were constructed within the canonical ensemble (NVT), by means of a Nosé thermostat to control the temperature T.
XRD experiments. The altered mineral structure was analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). To distinguish altered (HI) and non-altered layers, the samples were first Na + -saturated and XRD pattern acquisition was performed at a fixed low value of relative humidity (RH). Indeed, it has been shown previously  25  that, by working at low RHs (< 40%), it is possible to maximize the layer-to-layer distance contrast between Al and Na + -saturated interlayers. Thus, the data collection was performed at 30% RH, after an equilibrium period of 20 min. XRD experiments were performed on oriented preparations in order to assess the extent of interlayer aluminization. To obtain these oriented preparations, an aliquot of the clay dispersion was dropped onto a glass slide and dried at room temperature. The XRD patterns were recorded using a Panalytical X'Pert Pro MPD diffractometer equipped with an X'Celerator detector operating with an angular aperture of 1.
Acknowledgements The results presented are part of the PhD thesis of  Liva Dzene at the University of Poitiers  granted by the  Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche ,  France. Lilian Eloy  ( IC2MP , Poitiers, France) is thanked for his technical assistance in ICP-OES measurements. The  CNRS interdisciplinary "défi Needs", through its "MiPor" program  (Project  MPDYN & Project TRANSREAC ), and the  French national program EC2CO-Biohefect  (Project  CLAIE & Project DIFFMATARG ) are acknowledged for providing financial support for this study.
Acknowledgements The icFRC (http://www. icfrc. fr), LabEx CSC , and  Region Alsace  are gratefully acknowledged for a fellowship to J. S. , and the  Ministry of Education and Research  is acknowledged for a Ph. D. fellowship to  S. J. Italian CNR  (Project " PHEEL "),  MIUR-CNR  project " Nanomax" N-CHEM, CNR-ASRT (Egypt) Bilateral Cooperation Project  " FLUO-NanoFAB " and  H2020-MSCA-IF-2016-751175  project " SmartMOFs " are gratefully acknowledged.