dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Overall, only 15% (n = 114) of the study sample met the recommendations for daily TWI, among whom the mean TWI was estimated at 2047 mL/day (SE = 32. 2) on average. In addition, a significantly higher proportion of 4-8-year-old children met the AI values compared to 9-13 years old (26% vs. 5%, p < 0. 001). Amongst the older age group, a higher proportion of boys met the water intake recommendations compared to girls (7. 9% vs. 2. 2% p = 0. 012). Similarly, a significantly higher proportion of boys had adequate levels of TWI compared to girls within the 4-8-year-old children group (41. 5% vs. 9. 7%), p < 0. 001 (data not shown). Additional analyses were conducted based on EFSA recommendations for adequate water intakes. Accordingly, 26. 5% of 4-13-year-old children were found to meet the AI values.
When comparing age groups, the study results indicated that a higher proportion of older children failed to meet the IOM DRI values compared to their younger counterparts (4-8 years old). The shortfalls in total daily water intakes, based on the IOM DRI values, were the highest amongst 9-13-year-old children partly because the AI for water increases with age  [46]. Data were reanalyzed using the EFSA AI values and the same observations were noted. When comparing our results to those derived by other studies, Lebanon had the highest proportion of 9-13 years old who did not meet the water intake recommendations, followed by France (90%-93%), USA (83%-85%) and Mexico (81%-83%)  [9, 11, 17]. Gender differentials in water intake were also documented in the present study, with a significantly higher TWI observed amongst boys and a significantly higher proportion of boys meeting the AI values compared to girls.
Dietary intake data were collected by means of a FFQ that may be subject to respondent and recall bias. Proxy recall for younger children may represent an additional source of bias. Recall bias may be particularly challenging when exploring water intake among children, who may consume it unconsciously during their regular day (within the school meal, when playing in public playgrounds, during social events, and other venues)  [9, 11]. In addition, there was no measurement of hydration status validating reported TWI in the present study. Another limitation is the lack of data on the time and occasions of water and beverage consumption throughout the regular day (breakfast vs. lunch vs. dinner and snacking patterns). Future studies need to explore potential differences in water and beverage consumption patterns across various occasions, days of the week, and time of day.
Acknowledgments: The authors express their sincere gratitude to all participating children and their mothers and acknowledge the efforts exerted by field workers for their assistance with data collection. In addition, authors acknowledge  Hikma Shoaib  and  Massar Dabbous  for their assistance with data cleaning and statistical analyses as part of this study. The national cross-sectional survey was funded by the  Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research , the  University Research Board  at the  American University of Beirut , and  Nestle Waters  (SEML).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors acknowledge  Prof. E. Guillon ,  Drs. S. Sayen  and  F. Collin , and  C. Cheignon  for their help in the recording of the XANES data ;  Dr. O. Berthoumieu  and  M. Tasse  for their help in acquiring the AFM pictures ;  L. Rechignat  for the recording of the EPR data and  Dr. S. Noël  for the L 2 synthesis. The authors acknowledge the  European Synchrotron Radiation Facility  for provision of beamtime and the  FAME  staff for their support (20151029). CH thanks the  ERC aLzINK -Contract n°   638712  for financial support. Keywords: metal ions • amyloid peptide • selective ligand • ROS • bio-inorganic chemistry.
PCR reactions were performed with a MX3005P machine (Stratagene, Agilent Technologies). A custom gene expression assay (TaqMan, Applied Biosystems) was used with commercially designed and validated primers (Table  S1 ). The housekeeping gene beta actin was run as an internal control. Data were analyzed using the 2 -ΔΔCt method and expressed as a fold-increase over the control group's values.
We used pooled data from several surveys carried out in Cambodia between 2011 and 2013. Cambodia is one of the 42 countries with the highest child mortality rates  [13] , and prevalence of acute malnutrition is high with 10% of <5y children having a weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) <-2  [14]. The main objectives of the study was to find new cut-off values for MUAC in children from 0 to 14 y based on age groups of 0. 5-2 y, 2-5 y, 5-8 y, 8-11 y and 11-14 y, to identify WHZscores of <-2 and -3 Z-scores respectively, and to verify whether there were gender differences or differences between stunted and non-stunted children respectively.
Methods Data on weight, height, MUAC, gender and age were available for a total of 14,157 Cambodian children, from 5 different surveys conducted in Cambodia by several organizations (UNICEF; WHO; WFP; World Vision; International Relief and Development; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) between 2011 and 2013. All parents of participants gave their written consent. All studies were approved by the National Ethic Committee for Health Research (NECHR) of the Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. In 4 studies, the target population was children aged 0-4. 9 y whereas in 1 study children aged 5-14 years were included. Measurements of MUAC (to the nearest 1 mm) were made using a non-stretch tape measure (provided through UNICEF) in all studies. Weight was measured with the child wearing only light clothes, and was recorded to the nearest 0.
1 kg by a Salter scale in the 4 studies on children under 5y and by a Seca scale in the study on children above 6 y. Length was measured in children under 2 yrs and height was measured in children above 2 yrs. Length/height was measured to the nearest 0. 1 cm with a Holtain infantometer in children under 6 y and with a locally produced stadiometer in children above 6 y. Height boards and scales were daily calibrated. Anthropometric teams were standardized  [15]. Age was determined (calculated in the nearest months) by asking of both the child's age and date of birth to mothers of children under 6 y. In the study on children above 6 y, date of birth was collected from school registers. Data were entered into PASW statistics 18 (Chicago, USA) or Epidata Entry (EpiData Association, http://www.
The sensitivity and false positive rates (1-specificity) of MUAC were determined using wasting (WHZ<-2 z-score in children under 5 y) and thinness (BAZ<-2 z-score in children above 5 y) as gold standards of acute malnutrition. The ROC curve is the plot of sensitivity versus false positive rate of MUAC cut-offs. The area under curve (AUC) is the area between the curve and the segment (0,0) and (1,1), which corresponds to a random classifier. A larger AUC indicates a more accurate diagnosis of acute malnutrition defined by WHZ cut-offs  [17]. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. 0 (SPSS, Inc. , Chicago, IL). ROC curves were constructed for a large set of MUAC cut-offs, increased by steps of 1 mm, in order to find the new cut-off for severe and moderate acute malnutrition respectively.
Discussion In this paper, optimal cut-offs for MUAC to identify acute malnutrition calculated from a pooled dataset of Cambodian children, taking age and gender into account, were higher than the current WHO recommendation. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to report optimal MUAC cut-offs in Asian children, and cut-offs for children >5 y of age. Sensitivity of identifying children with a WHZ <-2 z-score was drastically improved (from <25% to >80%) with the new cut-offs. A consequence of the higher sensitivity is of course a lower specificity, and indeed the number of false-positive cases increased also. For example, in our dataset, 1045 wasted children (WHZ <-2 z-scores), including 155 children with WHZ <-3 z-score, were not identified as suffering from acute malnutrition by the current WHO MUAC cut-offs of 12.
Therefore we recommend a metaanalysis using the same method on a large dataset from different countries including age, gender, MUAC, height and weight to be conducted, in order to provide an international reference of MUAC cut-offs by gender and age groups to screen for acute malnutrition. To conclude, new cut-offs for MUAC, adapted to age and gender are needed to improve the sensitivity to identify children with WHZ-score<-2 z-scores. The current WHO MUAC cutoff should be used in targeted interventions and to initiate treatment as it is adapted to detect mortality risk among malnourished children. In the present study, new MUAC cut-offs for screening for acute malnutrition, using age-and gender-specific cut-offs are presented from children from 0-14 y. Rapid adaption of these new cut-offs will result in identification of >80% of children with acute malnutrition.
25 mm i. d. , film thickness 0. 20 µm; Varian, Les Ulis, France) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas (inlet pressure, 210 kPa). The oven temperature was held at 60 • C for 5 min, increased to 165 • C at 15 • C/min and held for 1 min, and then to 225 • C at 2 • C/min and finally held at 250 • C for 17 min. The injector and the detector were maintained at 250 • C and the samples were injected. Fatty acid methyl esters were identified by comparison with commercial and synthetic standards (Sigma Aldrich, St. Quentin-Fallavier, France). The data were processed using EZChrom Elite software (Agilent Technologies, Massy, France) and reported as mg/g of total lipids.
Measurement of Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential with DiOC 6 (3) Variations in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential were measured with 3,3 -dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC 6 (3)) (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). Cells were stained with DiOC 6 (3) (40 nM) as previously described  [22]. Mitochondrial depolarization is indicated by decreased green fluorescence collected through a 520/20 nm band pass filter on a Galaxy flow cytometer (Dako/Partec, Münster, Germany). Ten thousand cells were acquired; data were analyzed with Flomax (Partec, Münster, Germany) or FlowJo (Tree Star Inc. , Ashland, OR, USA) software. 3. 9. Measurement of Plasma Membrane Permeability and/or Cell Death with Propidium Iodide BV-2 cells were stained with 1 µg/mL of propidium iodide (PI), which enters dead cells or cells with damaged plasma membranes only  [81].
05% (w/v). After washing in PBS, the cells were resuspended in PBS and immediately analyzed by flow cytometry on a Galaxy flow cytometer (Dako/Partec). Fluorescence was collected through a 520/20 nm bandpass filter. For each sample, fluorescence was quantified on 10,000 cells, and data were analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star Inc. , Ashland, OR, USA). Absolute and conjugated controls (cells without antibodies, and without primary antibody, respectively) were realized for the different conditions of treatments. 3. 11. Quantification of Abcd1, Abcd2, Abcd3, Acox1, and Mfp2 mRNAs by RT-qPCR Total mRNA from BV-2 cells was extracted and purified using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) with 15 min DNAse treatment (Qiagen). Total mRNA concentration was measured with TrayCell (Hellma, Paris, France) and the purity of nucleic acids was controlled by the ratio of absorbances at 260 nm and 280 nm (ratios between 1.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by grants from:  Université de Bourgogne (Dijon, France) ;  Université de Monastir  ( Monastir, Tunisia), Université El Manar (Tunis, Tunisia );  ASSAD (Louhans, France) ;  Nopal Nutra (Dijon, France) ;  and Departments of Neurology (University Hospital, Dijon, France)  and ( University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia ). We also thank  Philip Bastable  for English corrections.
The total soluble nitrogen content of fish sauce samples was measured by the Kjedahl method  [12]  and was expressed as g/100 mL. The measurement of the concentration of sodium chloride followed the FAO Technical Paper (AOAC 937. 09)  [13]. Iron content was determined after wet digestion by a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model Spectr-AA-20, Varian Associates, Australia). Data entry, management and analysis were performed with Excel 2007™.
It is consequently the most important risk factor for the burden of disease in developing countries  (Black 2003). It is the direct cause of about 3,00,000 deaths per year and is indirectly responsible for about half of all deaths in young children  (Black et al. 2003). In Cameroon, approximately 45,000 children die each year due to malnutrition (UNICEF Cameroon 2009). Despite sufficient quantity and diversity of food resources in Cameroon, malnutrition rates among children under 5 years have persisted and are on the rise  (EDS-MICS 2011). One of the contributing factors to malnutrition is the lack of nutritional and composition information of foods eaten in a given area. The energy and nutrient content of a food item provides information on its nutritional characteristics, and this information has through the years been captured in food composition databases around the world.
Koki (crushed cowpea and palm oil) Dried cowpea seeds previously soaked 30 min were rubbed vigorously to eliminate the chaff. The dehulled seeds combined with the peppers were then crushed. Salt, water, and slightly heated crude palm oil were added in the obtained paste. The mixture was then wrapped in banana leaves and then placed in a pot containing water and boiled for about 3 h. These dishes were selected based on their high frequency of consumption. Data on their nutritional composition are useful to evaluate their potential contribution to dietary reference intakes. These samples were bought in the same quantity in such a manner as to have six samples per dish. A total of 24 analytical samples were collected and put into clean dry airtight sample containers. They were transported in dry ice to the laboratory.
Statistical analysis Results of the composition of the sample were expressed as means ±SD of six samples with three replicates per variety. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16. 0 (Nikiski, AR, USA) was used for data analysis. Differences between samples were tested according to Tukey test and considered to be significant when P < 0. 05.
Emergency treatment with high-caloric intake providing glucose and lipids was performed during catabolic states. The data from the records analysis have been collected in a secure electronic CRF (case report form), accessible with an individual login and password (database MySQL), developed by the Unité de Recherche Clinique (URC) of Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP. This database has been reported to the French computer watchdog authorities (Comité Consultatif pour le Traitement de l'Information en matière de Recherche pour la Santé, CCTIRS, and Commission Nationale Informatique et Liberté, CNIL). Records analysis and data monitoring based on medical charts were conducted by a clinical research associate who visited each centre over a one-year period. For each episode, the following information was collected: triggering factors and initial and final biological values, especially the ammonemia time course during hospitalization.
This retrospective study was established in 2011-2012 to consolidate the French physicians' previous clinical experiences in the treatment of hyperammonemia in recent years. Data from 61 patients and 95 episodes of hyperammonemia were analysed during this study. These data showed that i. v. sodium benzoate decreased ammonia levels to ≤ 100 μmol/L by the end of treatment in most cases of late decompensation and that normal levels of NH3 were maintained in other situations where this treatment was prescribed to prevent decompensation. Also, this treatment is used for the prevention of decompensations and for the treatment of overt decompensations. Before treatment, the median ammonemia level was 246 μmol/L whatever the situations (overt decompensation or prevention of decompensation) (range: 20-2274 μmol/L, N = 82 episodes); it decreased to 40 μmol/L (range: 13-181 μmol/ L, N = 77 episodes) among the patients who were still alive at the end of treatment with i.
Acknowledgements This study was sponsored by  Etablissement Pharmaceutique des Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP. We also thank  Dr Eric Bauchart ,  Dr Hélène Ogier de Baulny  and  Pr Jean-Hugues Trouvin  for their contributions to the study. Medical writing assistance was provided by  Kirsten Dumaz  from  Keyrus Biopharma.
Availability of data materials The data from the records analysis have been collected in a secure electronic  CRF  (case report form), accessible with an individual login and password (database MySQL), developed by the  Unité de Recherche Clinique (URC) of Hôpital Robert Debré (AP-HP, Paris). The data management has been realized under the responsability of  Pr ALBERTI ,  URC Robert Debré. Statistical analyses were performed using the R statistical software (http:// cran. r-project. org/) in the  Clinical Research Unit of Hôpital Necker, AP-HP  under the responsability of Pr Paul LANDAIS.
As seen in Fig. 5D , the average luminal/total Sglt1 stain was 0. 31 ± 0. 002 for WT and 0. 25 ± 0. 01 for KO, representing a 22% decrease in the luminal stain (p = 0. 01). Similar quantification of the Sglt2 images confirmed that Sglt2 localization is unchanged in Olfr1393 KO mice. ). Densitometry using ImageJ software confirmed that there are no differences in total expression when normalized to actin levels (graph). Data represent mean ± SEM. The altered distribution of Sglt1 in Olfr1393 KO mice suggests that Olfr1393 may promote apical localization of Sglt1, perhaps via a protein-protein interaction. To test whether Olfr1393 and Sglt1 can directly interact, HEK293T cells were transfected with Flag-Olfr1393, HA-Sglt1 or both constructs together and co-immunoprecipitation was performed using flag-conjugated agarose beads (Supplemental Fig.
Mice were placed back into their cage with free access to food and water for 1 hour, after which the device was removed and data downloaded. GFR was determined by the decay rate of FITC-Sinistrin using the one-compartment model at a point 15 minutes post injection. All in vivo data was collected from both male and female mice. The n for each study is noted in the appropriate figure legend. Luciferase assay and ligand screening. Olfr1393 surface expression in HEK293T cells was confirmed as described previously  57  and ligand screening was performed using the dual-luciferase reporter assay (Promega)  31  , with all testing done in triplicate. Briefly, Flag-Olfr1393 was transfected into HEK293T cells along with constructs encoding for CREB-dependent luciferase (Firefly) and a constitutively expressed luciferase (Renilla) and RTP1S (to promote surface expression) in a black 96 well plate.
24 h after transfection, cells were incubated in stimulation media (CD293 medium with L-glutamine; Life Technologies) for 30 mins followed by 4 hours with potential odorants (diluted in the stimulation media). OR activation leads to a rise in cAMP which drives an increase in Firefly luciferase expression. Following odorant incubation, cells are rinsed with PBS, lysed and Firefly and Renilla luciferase is measured using the luciferase reporter assay kit with data collected using a FLUOstar Omega automated plate reader (BMG LabTech, Cary, NC). Firefly activity is normalized to the activity of the Renilla luciferase to control for variation in cell number and transfection efficiency and specificity of responses was determined by testing Olfr1393 and another OR in parallel. Cell immunofluorescence -MDCK cells.
The confocal images were taken with a Zeiss AxioObserver LSM700 and Zen software. Cell immunofluorescence -HEK293T cells. HEK293T cells were grown on 18-mm coverslips coated with poly-L-lysine and transfected with Flag-Olfr1393 or Flag-Olfr1392 with or without RTP1S. Flag-tagged OR trafficking was assessed as previously described  57  by surface-labeling live, non-permeabilized cells at 4 °C with the polyclonal Flag antibody. Following labeling, the cells were washed, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized and exposed to the mouse monoclonal (M2) Flag antibody to detect the intracellular OR population.
Kidney immunohistochemistry. WT and KO mouse kidneys were perfusion fixed in 4% (vol/vol) PLP, and 8 μ M cryosections were prepared and stained for Sglt1 or Sglt2  14, 39. Kidney sections were subjected to antigen retrieval in a 10 mM citrate buffer at 70 °C for 20 mins, followed by Tx-100 permeabilization (0. 5% for 15 min and 2% for 30 min). After blocking in 1% BSA, sections were incubated with the polyclonal Sglt1 or Sglt2 antibody (1:500) overnight at 4 °C. The sections were then washed with PBS and Sglt staining was detected with alexa 594 secondary antibodies. Proximal tubules were labeled with LTL (Vector Labs; Burlingame, CA) and post-fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Confocal images were taken with a Zeiss AxioObserver LSM700 at 40X and the Z stacks were compressed with Zen software.
Briefly, whole kidneys from WT and KO mice were homogenized in 10% w/v lysis buffer (300 mM mannitol, 5 mM EGTA, 12 mM Tris pH 7. 4) containing protease inhibitors and cleared at 6,000 × g for 15 min at 4 °C. To obtain the TCM, 100 μ l of the kidney lysate was spun at 80,000 × g for 1 h at 4 °C and the TCM pellet was resuspended directly into Laemmli sample buffer and loaded on a gel. TCM fractions were probed for Sglt1, Sglt2  14, 39  and β -actin (Abcam) and the total expression of Sglt1 and Sglt2 was measured by densitometry analysis using ImageJ software and normalized to β -actin expression. Statistics. The student t-test was performed on all in vivo assays to determine differences between WT and KO mice (P < 0. 05 considered significant). Olfr1393 activation by ligands was determined by a significant difference in the Firefly: Renilla ratio as compared to the non-treated control (student t-test; p < 0.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by  NIH  grants  R00-DK081610  (to JLP),  F32-DK096780  and  K01-DK106400  (to BDS) and  S10-OD016374  (to JHU microscope facility), as well as the  American Society of Nephrology   Gottschalk Scholar Grant  (to JLP) and a  National Kidney Foundation of Maryland mini -grant (to BDS). We are grateful to  Dr. Will Wong  ( JHU ) and to the members of his laboratory for helpful advice and discussions, to  Dr. Kenneth Hallows  ( University of Southern California ) for sharing mouse S3 cells, and  Dr. John Schwartz  ( Boston University ) for BUMPT cells.
358(5) Å, r Se = 1. 90 Å). All metal-donor atom bonds (Table  S2 , ESI ‡) are similar to the average corresponding bonds found in a search on quinoline thio/ selenosemicarbazone-Co systems performed through the Cambridge Structural Database (CCDC: 734053; 2015 release, version. 5. 36 with updates: Nov14, Feb15). 34 The crystal packing of 1 (Fig. S6  and Table  S4 , ESI ‡) is based on hydrogen bonds involving terminal NH 2 groups, deprotonated hydrazinic nitrogen atom, perchlorate ions and DMSO molecules as well as π-π stacking interactions of the quinoline rings.
H8qasesc stimulated stronger apoptotic response compared to 1 and CDDP The ability of H8qasesc and 1 to induce the death of THP1 and AsPC1 cells was tested in a span of six concentrations after 24 h of incubation. At the end of the treatment, cells were stained with Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) in order to determine the percentages of viable and dead cells in analyzed samples. The initially applied concentration of H8qasesc on THP-1 cells in the range 1-100 μM induced an extremely high apoptotic response (data not shown), and thus these data described only the top plateau of the concentration-response sigmoidal curve while ED 50 concentration could not be calculated. For this reason, concentrations of H8qasesc were decreased for THP-1 cells up to 0. 5 μM. As represented in Fig. 2A , most apoptotic events in the samples treated with 30 and 10 μM were in advanced stages of apoptosis, which means that H8qasesc easily induced cells to execute an apoptotic death.