dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Background: Cancer incidence and prevalence estimates are necessary to inform health policy, to predict public health impact and to identify etiological factors. Registers have been used to estimate the number of cancer cases. To be reliable and useful, cancer registry data should be complete. Capture-recapture is a method for estimating the number of cases missed, originally developed in ecology to estimate the size of animal populations. Capture recapture methods in cancer epidemiology involve modelling the overlap between lists of individuals using log-linear models. These models rely on assumption of independence of sources and equal catchability between individuals, unlikely to be satisfied in cancer population as severe cases are more likely to be captured than simple cases. Methods: To estimate cancer population and completeness of cancer registry, we applied M th models that rely on parameters that influence capture as time of capture (t) and individual heterogeneity (h) and compared results to the ones obtained with classical log-linear models and sample coverage approach.
Background Cancer is the leading cause of death in Western countries and particularly in France  [1]. In view of this situation, cancer control programmes have been implemented. Evaluating the effectiveness of these policies, aiming for improved prevention and management, is essential. However to conduct such an evaluation, a baseline reference requiring ongoing, reliable and complete data collection, such as a cancer registry, is necessary. Besides providing descriptive epidemiology, cancer registries are currently used for epidemiological research, assessment of screening programmes and treatment innovations  [2]. In order to verify the completeness of cancer cases recorded within a specific geographic area, capturerecapture method is usually applied. The capturerecapture method is a sampling technique originally devised by ecologists to study fauna  [3, 4] , and subsequently adapted to epidemiological studies  [5] [6] [7]  Since the early nineties, this method has been extended to many demographic and epidemiologic studies  [8, 9].
Software for Bayesian analysis We applied the above Bayesian methods using the WinBUGS  [36]  software package, which performs complex Bayesian analyses. The codes used for the M th models were drawn from the models developed by Link and Barker  [37]  in WinBUGS for Bayesian inference applied to ecological surveys, namely capture recapture. Briefly, two vectors are used: the number of captures of each individual and the fact that an individual is considered as caught, not caught or unknown during a specific episode. To provide an inference for the total population we consider that the individual capture probabilities of the subjects that were not caught are linked to the capture probabilities of those that were captured. The total number of subjects is estimated by the method of data augmentation developed by Link and Barker.
Individual covariates The three sources studied are the Histopathological Registry, the hospital Multidisciplinary Team Meetings (MTM) and the Cancer Screening Programmes. Firstly, histopathology laboratories have been transmitting all the invasive cancers with a histopathology diagnosis to the Nice University Hospital Public Health Department, which coordinates the Histopathological registry since 2005. Cancer cases from hospital Multidisciplinary Team Meetings came from the regional cancer network which has been systematically collecting data from hospital since 2007. The third source is the local coordinating centre for cancer screening which collects data concerning patients aged 50 to 75 years with a positive result following screening for breast or colorectal cancer since 2002 and 2005 respectively.
Acknowledgements We thank reviewers for their careful reading and constructive advices. We thank  Dr. Eugènia Mariné Barjoan ,  Dr. Damien Ambrosetti ,  Dr. Bernard Giusiano , and Miss Agnès Viot who were involved by making substantial contributions to conception, design and acquisition of data. This study is supported by  Institut National du Cancer, Paris, France. Authors want to thanks  Dr Béatrice Jacqueme ,  ARS PACA  and  Conseil Général des Alpes-Maritimes  for their support. Special thanks to the  Department of Public Health 's team to all CRISAP PACA's pathologists, to APREMAS's and OncoPACA's team.
A database was created where scores for each country and each cultural dimension could be quantified and compared between countries  [11]  as well as correlated to other variables such as antibiotic consumption  [12, 13]. Different levels of cultural identity can be considered within a society (family, neighbourhood, school, youth groups, workplace, community etc. ). A focus on countryspecific culture in Europe appeared the most relevant for this study, considering the fact that interventions, campaigns, surveillance of antibiotic consumption and resistance as well as numerous European projects tackling the problem of bacterial resistance have all been conducted on a national scale within the European context. Even though cultural factors are often referred to in the literature as one of the possible explanations for persisting differences in antibiotic consumption between countries, they are rarely defined and described.
Data extraction and description Selected papers were then compiled and summarized using Zotero© software. To characterise each paper, the method, investigated countries, sampling and main results were extracted and tabulated in chronological order, initially according to their methodology, including the overall QA score. Cultural determinants cited in both qualitative and quantitative selected papers were then extracted, categorized and tabulated including relevant references in a final unique table assimilating the results. Finally, the influence of Hofstede's cultural dimensions having shown an association with antibiotic consumption within the medical consultation in a primary care setting was identified and described.
A possible explanation could be the contrast in antibiotic consumption motivating the choice of these countries  [4]. The heterogeneous methodology of the selected papers, including both quantitative and qualitative methods, complicated quality assessment as well as extraction, interpretation and presentation of the data. We therefore decided to initially separate the results according to the methodology of the selected papers. Limitation of the study to European countries was motivated by the researchers' nationality, and the numerous European interventions, papers and databases concerning antibiotic use and consumption as well as resistance rates. A wider international approach could have added other aspects to the study. Publications targeting antibiotic self-medication were included because they provided valuable cultural information about antibiotic use.
Methods Participants This is a retrospective cross-sectional survey involving students at the Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education in the city of Sfax. Students were both males and females aged 18. 5Á24. 5 years. Data on age, weight, height, and smoking habits are collected routinely when students join the institute, and then the sport in which the student is injured in the low back is registered in the institute health service files. We collected information from the academic year of 2005Á2006 until 2012Á2013. Only students injured in the first or second year were taken into account, because the following years involve only athletics and gymnastics. Body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ) was determined for each participant by dividing the weight in kilogram by the square of the height in meter.
Swimming or gymnastics are the nearest sports to reach this aim as they seem to reduce LBP significantly  (50). This study was a survey based on data from the institute health service files of 8 years and therefore had some limitations. To closely evaluate the relationship between LBP and sports activities, more information on the students is needed, including basic information such as their physical activity outside the institute. In this study, the diagnostic of LBP was performed by the doctor of the institute health service and mostly without medical imaging, which could have shown the severity of LBP. Imaging is used to show the severity of the injury rather than the severity of the pain associated with it.
In this approach, lasting system transformation depends on the dovetailing of these types of changes that are interconnected with each other  [8] '. We selected this theory to see if these proposed typologies of changes appear in cancer centres and whether the ideology of dovetailing of typologies of changes is relevant to cancer centres. www. ecancer. org ecancer 2015, 9:547 We did purposive sampling and invited 32 participants (a researcher, a clinician, a nurse, and a manager from each centre) from eight cancer centres across Europe. These individuals were responsible for gathering data for the audit as well as participating in the audit. This strategy ensured that a diverse group of staff was interviewed from a variety of contexts. five of these centres had been audited. These were located in Finland, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain, and the UK.
14) Where was the data collected? Telephone interviews were conducted from AR's office. Two authors (AR, AW) created the initial coding tree using five sample interview transcripts. 25) Did authors provide a description of the coding tree? No but we show the themes/categories that emerged and the peer-reviewers findings from the cancer centres based on the on-site visit. 26) Were themes identified in advance or derived from the data? The themes were derived deductively using Pawson et al framework. Our triangulation  [9]  technique involved two strategies. First, we sent the emergent themes and a brief explanation to all participants. They confirmed that they were able to relate to our findings. As a next step, we analysed auditor's recommendations for improvement to the five centres. We checked whether these themes related to the themes emerging from staff interviews.
Data verification with peer-reviewers suggestions to audited centres We accessed the accreditation reports of the audited centres to see what recommendations the auditors had given them. The grey boxes in Figure  2  are derived from the recommendations based on the accreditation standards topics as listed in the reports. In Figure  2 , part a) summarises 13 areas (presented in grey boxes) where auditors identified the need for changes in audited centres. In the same Figure  2 , part b) highlights the four areas (in green boxes) where the interview respondents perceived changes from taking part in the accreditation programme. The remaining nine areas are discussed below: Prioritising translational research: The reviewers emphasised a clear strategic vision for embedding translational research into the mainstream organisational culture.
Methods and materials We prospectively collected data of patients treated due to DVT from October 2010 to November 2011. There were 22 patients between 18 and 62 years of age affected by DVT of the iliac-femoral vein and two patients with femoro-popliteal DVT of recent onset (≤14 days) ten of which were of idiopathic origins, six were as a result of Orthopaedic Surgery, four were polytraumatic patients and two cases were due to an abnormality of the venous system of the inferior caval vein and two were related with neoplastic disease. Nine of the ten idiopathic cases showed afterwards trombofilic factors and triggering factors such as the use of oral contraceptive pill. One patient showed a previous episode of pulmonary embolism (PE) highlighted by Computer tomography scansion (CT-scan). Patients with an onset of ilio-femoral venous thrombosis of more than 14 days or with a history of chronic DVT were excluded.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The preparation of this review was supported by the  Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Foundation ,  German Research Foundation (DFG)  grant  GR 3619/4-1 , SFB  1134 ,  Royal Society Edinburgh Award , and  German Academic Exchange  service (DAAD) program for partnership between German and  Japanese Universities ,  PHC PROCOP program  ( DAAD and Campus France)  (to Valery Grinevich),  Telethon Foundation  grant  GGP12207  (to  Bice Chini ),  ANR  and  MESR  (to  Michel G. Desarménien ),  INSERM , the  European community  (grant # 512136  PWS),  Prader-Willi France  (to  Maithé Tauber  and  Françoise Muscatelli ) and  Fondation Jerôme LeJeune  (to Françoise Muscatelli). The authors thank  Thomas Splettstoesser  (SciStyle; www. scistyle. com), Vivien Chevaleyre , and  Muriel Asary  for their help with the preparation of Figures and  Anne Seller  for proof reading the manuscript.
Third domain: assessment of the ease of access to the theoretical learning materials (2 questions). Fourth domain: scientific production (7 questions) (see Supplemental Digital Content). The questionnaire was developed into an online survey using the Google docs platform (https://docs. google. com/). The surveys took <10 minutes to complete. All responses were kept confidential. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University Hospital of Nancy and registered at French National Commission for Data Protection and Liberties (CNIL N81797639).
The PubMed alert system is known by 39% of participants and only 12% of the respondents use it regularly. For the resolution of challenging clinical cases in routine practice, 28% of participants use the MEDLINE database through the PubMed search engine, 63% refer to textbooks, and 74% of them refer to MEDLINE and/or textbooks (see Supplemental Digital Content: Table  3 , http://links. lww. com/MD/A204). Only 48% of the respondents stated that they know their leading specialty textbooks and report to use them at a frequency of several times a week (31%), once a week (20%), several times a month (29%), or rarely during the year (9%). Eleven percent of participants use leading specialty textbooks only for the purpose of preparing their medical doctoral thesis, university diploma, or other dissertation (see Supplemental Digital Content: Table  4 , http://links.
23 Information technology resources play a key role in helping physicians to deliver, in a time-efficient manner, solutions to clinical queries at the point of care. A systematic review demonstrated that learning EBM in a clinical practice setting achieves improvements in substantial outcomes such as knowledge, critical appraisal skills, attitudes, and behavior. 24 In our study, it is noteworthy that the use of nonacademic websites (eg, Wikipedia) for the purpose of academic learning was negatively and independently associated with the use of EBM in everyday clinical practice. According to Sackett,  25  EBM can be defined as the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. In our study, the main EBM resources used by residents and attendings in clinical routine practice were the MEDLINE database through the PubMed search engine and clinical textbooks.
Although various EBM resources are available (eg, TRIP database, Cochrane Library), a survey on UK doctors showed that Medline/PubMed was the most established and well-known EBM resource in routine clinical practice. 26 8] [29]  In a crossover randomized controlled trial, the UpToDate tool, compared with PubMed Clinical Queries, led to both higher proportion of relevant answer retrieval within a shorter time and a higher users' satisfaction. 29 However, the use of the UpToDate tool has not been assessed in our study since it was not available in both universities (Lorraine and Nice Sophia-Antipolis Universities). Among the strong points of our study, we might consider the following: the participation of 2 medical schools; the participation of a large number of fellows and attendings, which yielded robust results on descriptive and inferential plans; the systematic and comprehensive evaluation of several I-SB components and their relationship with major fellowship tasks (learning, academic career, and daily clinical practice); the anonymous design of the survey, which yielded results closer to reality given the declarative nature of the investigation; and the lack of recall bias because the majority of participants were still undergoing fellowship and report their everyday experience.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank all fellows and attending physicians who were willing to take their time to participate in this survey;  Informatics and Communication departments of the Faculties of Medicine of Nancy (University of Lorraine ,  Mr. Arnaud Antonelli , head of the department and  Mr. Lucien GENTIS ) and  Nice (University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis ), which managed mailings; The French fellows association of the  Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, APIHNS (Association des Internes de Nancy de Specialite)  and  The French Lorraine Association of Attending Physicians, APLACC (Association Professionnelle Lorraine des Assistants et Chefs de Clinique)  who carried out the mailings to their members;  Dr Stephane Zuily, MD, PhD , and  Dr Jean-Christophe Faivre, MD  for their assistance with the conduct of mailing;  Professor Xavier DUCROCQ , President of the  Institutional Review Board  of the  University Hospital of Nancy ; and  Mrs.
We used Somatotype 1. 0 software (MER Goulding Software Development, Geeveston, Australia) to evaluate each individual somatotype profile from ten anthropometric measures (height, weight, tricipital, subscapular, suprasinal and medial calf skinfolds, biepicondylar humerus and femur breadths, arm (flexed and tensed) and calf circumferences)  [36]. The ternary components of somatotype (mesomorphy, ectomorphy and endomorphy) were plotted to represent participants' index of musculature, slimness and fat, respectively. Selection of models. Nine participants per sex were selected as models for the BSS after we carefully ensured both representative anthropometric variability and progressive adiposity gain along the scale. In our sample, the BMI frequency distribution led us to select the following number of models per BMI category: 1 in underweight (BMI 18.
5 kg/m 2 ), 3 in normal weight (18. 5 < BMI 24. 9 kg/m 2 ); 2 in overweight (25. 0 < BMI 29. 9 kg/m 2 ) and 1 in each class of obesity level as defined by the WHO (30. 0 < BMI 34. 9 kg/m 2 , 35. 0 < BMI 39. 9 kg/m 2 , and ! 40 kg/m 2 ). We selected 3 models for the normal weight category and 2 for the overweight category because these categories are the most common in human populations. In addition, the models were selected by taking into account variability in body fat percentage and in endomorphy (fat component of the somatotype) in our sample. Adobe Photoshop CS software (Adobe Systems Inc, San Jose, CA) was used to edit the photos, mask the faces, remove the shadows and color the background in white.
Body Size Scale validation Population. In both urban and rural areas of Cameroon (Yaoundé, Bafoussam and Metet regions), we carried out a validation protocol following the standard procedure  [37]. Households were randomly chosen by going door to door to every third house. Among adults of each selected household, we recruited one female and/or one male, and obtained their agreement to participate. Body Size Scale use. For administering the BSS, the photos were randomly numbered from 1 to 9 and shuffled before asking the participants to sort the photos in ascending order of adiposity, without providing any information as to the anthropometric data associated with the models  [37]. The male scale was given to males, and the female scale to females. In French, we evaluated the participant's current body size (CBS) by asking "Peux-tu montrer l'image qui te ressemble le plus?" [Can you point out the model who looks like you the most?].
Then, the ability of the CBS to predict overweight (yes vs. no) and obesity (yes vs. no) was assessed by estimating sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate). This analysis was carried out separately for males and females. Finally, we assessed the ability of the BSS to predict the "desire to gain weight index", and the ability of the "body self-satisfaction index" to predict these same indexes as obtained through interview-administered questionnaire elicitation, as previously carried out for validation studies of other body scales  [41] [42] [43]. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9. 3 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
This work was supported by:  ANR-08-BLAN-0004 , http://www. agence-nationale-recherche. fr/projet-anr/? tx_lwmsuivibilan_pi2%5BCODE%5D=ANR-08-BLAN-0004 , " Agence Nationale de la Recherche " in France. PP was director of the project: " Anthropologie Nutritionnelle des migrants d'Afrique Centrale à la ville et en France" (ANTRAC ).
Data Collection Data were collected using a standardized pre-tested questionnaire in French, often explained in the local language. The questionnaires were filled in a private room at the ART clinic by the care givers during the appointment for ART renewal. Care givers were trained on the use of data collection tool to guarantee good understanding of the questionnaire. The questionnaire included socio-demographic information, clinical features, information on adherence to ART, information on HIV / AIDS knowledge and sexual behavior aspects. Data on HIV status disclosure to the regular sexual partners were collected only among sexually active PLWHA. Sexual activity was defined as reporting sexual intercourse with at least one sexual partner during the previous 3 months.
Data Analysis Data entry was performed using Epi Data software version 3. 1. These data were then exported to SPSS Inc software Version 17. 0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) through which the statistical analyzes were performed. For continuous variables, the mean and standard deviation were calculated while for categorical variables, we calculated proportions. Pearson chi-square test or Fisher 0 s exact test were used when appropriate in bivariate analysis. Our main outcome variable was PLWHA who had disclosed their HIV status to their partners. Multivariate backwards stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors associated with the main outcome. For this analysis, all significant variables were introduced in a logistic regression model to appreciate the adjusted effect and derive adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of each of the dichotomous dependent variables.
Acknowledgments We thank the  Ministry of Health of Togo  for allowing this study to be conducted and the management team of the regional hospital of Sokodé for its cooperation in data collection. We acknowledge all patients who accepted to participate in this study. We particularly thank  Ms Lungile Mbata  from  South African Field Epidemiology and Laboratory training Program  and  Dr Didier Koumavi Ekouevi  for their assistance in revising this manuscript. Mariam Fofana  and  Alexandra M. Andersson  have copyedited the manuscript.
Rate of UI (defined as a session interruption not prescribed more than 4 hours before) was compared between the 2 groups. Logistic regression was used to evaluate Factors of UI (including SOFA score, Shock (yes/no), anticoagulation (yes/no), delay from admission, agitation, need for help, position of catheter (jugular/ femoral). Data (mean ± SD, median[Q1-Q3] or n(%)) were compared using Wilcoxon or Fischer exact test as appropriated. (SimHeR study, NCT02379234).