dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements. The authors thank the  ACE SWEPAM and MAG , the  GEOTAIL MGF , and the Cluster FGM and PEACE instrument teams. We also thank the  Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb)  service for providing ACE and GEOTAIL data, and the  Cluster Active Archive  for providing Cluster data. E. Kilpua  acknowledges  Academy of Finland  projects  1267087  and  1218152. Topical Editor  C. Owen  thanks two anonymous referees for their help in evaluating this paper.
Snowden revelations have highlighted the extent to which it is a core political issue, with intense national interests, as well as individual ones, taking shape around it. Around this tension, challenges to offshore internet governance from the United States and to assume local or regional control of data fluxes have multiplied, coming most notably from Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff and German Chancellor Angela Merkel. The privacy-surveillance controversy has prompted what is perhaps the most prominent and ambitious call in internet governance history to break the dominance of United States control on internet infrastructure and to move the internationalisation and the globalisation of internet governance1 to the next level: the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance, or NETmundial.
Gene features The annotation of the 174 genes is described in Table  3. One-hundred seventy one of the 174 protein coding genes have a related gene in databases, with e-values below 10 -3. The gene content in IIV22 is very close to that of IIV9. Therefore the predicted functional assignments for the 66 protein coding genes are the same as those described by Wong et al. [7]. Only three IIV22A genes 064L, 094R and 119R, have no ortholog. In spite of their proximity, thirteen genes differentiate IIV22 and IIV22A. IIV22 genes 122L, 115L and 145L are absent in the IIV22A genome, and IIV22A genes 004R, 058R, 064L, 094R, 0103R, 119R, 0128L, 0136L, 150R and 0165L are absent in the IIV22 genome. Obviously, none of these genes are NLCDV core genes  [3]. These variations have two origins. The DNA regions containing the IIV22 genes 122L, 115L and 145L and the IIV22A genes 004R, 064L, 094R, 0103R, 119R and 0136L are absent in their variant counterparts.
(Two genes were present in duplicate among the 854 positive hits, and 49 genes were not pursued because the database indicated that the genes were considered obsolete or because it was not possible to design nonoverlapping RNAi's. ) This second screen yielded 378 hits with a score of >1. 5 (Table  S2 ). From this list, 100 had a cell aggregation score similar to that of cells with a knockdown of either DE-cadherin (4. 0), -catenin (4. 0), or -catenin (2. 67; Table  S2 ). A BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) search against the human genome was performed for the 378 proteins to identify the closest homologues, and the proteins were grouped into hubs based on known protein functions from previous experiments (Fig. 2  C and Table  S2 ). In addition, STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) analysis identified all known physical interactions between these proteins (Fig.
Images were acquired with AxioVision LE64 software (Carl Zeiss) and a camera (Axio-Cam MRm; Carl Zeiss). Western blotting was performed as described previously  (Benjamin et al. , 2010). All lysates were made in 4× Laemmli buffer. All aforementioned antibodies were used at 1:1,000, histone H3 (ab1791; Abcam) was used at 1:5,000, and GAPDH was used at 1:2,000 (ab8245; Abcam). Quantification of blots was performed using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health).
As expected, catches and odor efficacy increased with bait mass (Table  2 ). Intriguingly, catches declined markedly on going from the large block of habitat to the bands, but the decline was greatest with the large baits and when odor was used. Consequently, bait size was relatively unimportant  in the bands, and the percent efficacy of odor in the narrowest band was around a quarter of the efficacy in the large block. Similar indications were produced when the baits were operated in habitat restricted to small blocks. For example, when the block consisted of just one cell, the catch with the lizard was. 99. 9% of the catch with the elephant and percent efficacy of odor was , 0. 1% with either animal. Outputs for the percent efficacy of odor in the large block accord well with field data for savannah flies.
Discussion The host-oriented behavior of tsetse is arguably better understood than that of any other blood-sucking insect  [13, 48] , allowing models of bait-finding to employ a wealth of empirical  data as inputs and for output validation. Our model indicates that distinctions between riverine and savannah tsetse in respect of daily displacement and availability to various sizes of visual bait and odor plume are due largely to the immediate circumstantial effects of habitat geometry, rather than evolved differences in innate behavior. This indication must arise with any model that approaches reality since output patterns will be set by the following five principles. First, in restricted habitats the full benefit of stimuli  from large baits is lost because some of the ambit of the stimuli covers places devoid of flies.
Hostfinding is likely to be influenced also by parameters other than those governing displacement. For example, changes in vegetation affect the length and structure of odor plumes  [50, 51]. Nonetheless, the above four parameters, among which habitat geometry seems very important, could go far towards rationalizing much of the apparent variety of tsetse behavior. Empirical support for a unifying framework is provided by results from three sources. First, some of the most comprehensive data for savannah tsetse come from Rekomitjie, Zimbabwe. The biggest fly present, female Box 1. Method of Calculation. An Excel spreadsheet was provided with a series of square ''maps'', composed of 2006200 cells representing a total 262 km. If flies had to be allowed to move off the maps, each map was assumed to adjoin mirror-image maps on all four sides, so that the number of flies leaving the map at any point was equal to the number entering there.
Experimental Fission Barriers Experimentally, no fission barriers are known above Cf. The available data can be found in the RIPL2 library (http://www-nds. iaea. org/RIPL-2/). The probability to fission was measured in direct reactions on actinide targets  [10]  and by electromagnetic excitation of secondary beams following fragmentation reactions  [11]  and in a few cases, the EC delayed fission branch was used to determine the height of the fission barrier  [12]. Unfortunately, these methods are not easily applicable (if at all) to the transfermium region. The first two methods cannot be used because of lack of suitable targets and   [16] [17] [18]  for details on the calibration method). primary beams and the third method is limited to the cases where EC populates states around and above the fission barrier in the daughter nucleus.
If we consider the Ge+BGO modules, then an efficiency of up to 78% efficiency can be reached. In our experiment, due to missing detectors and some timing issues, we measured an efficiency of 63%. The fold and energy responses of GAMMASPHERE measured with an 88 Y source are shown in Figure  3. During the experiment we measure the energy H detected in all the modules and the number k of firing modules. Then, using the energy and fold responses, we can obtain the distribution of emitted photon energy (E) and multiplicity (M) via the so-called unfolding procedure.
Furthermore, instead of having to parse the received encoded video bit-streams, JEG-Hybrid proposed the use of an XML-based file structure for representing the content of the (impaired) video bit-stream. These Hybrid Input XML files (HMIX files) contain information in a human readable format and enable quick and efficient processing of the video instead of having to write a complete parser. All software tools can be downloaded from VQEG's Tools and Subjective Labs Setup website  [54]. The second category, the development of algorithmic prediction of the behavior of the HVS, is subject of this paper. In most publications, either an isolated aspect of the HVS is analyzed in detail, or a (complex) measurement algorithm is presented and verified on a video database annotated with subjective voting.
The first approach lacks the verification on general content; the second approach misses to prove that the HVS has been modeled successfully. A recent review of objective video quality measurement algorithms has been published in  [13]. The authors investigated into a classification of the general methodology for predicting video quality in categories such as natural visual statistics or frequency domain HVS based. They also compared the performance of several models on a subjective database. The approach of this paper is to first identify typical perceptual degradations that may be annotated by naive human observers, for example in Open Profiling approaches  [53]. Publications tackling these isolated perceptual degradations will be referenced. In a second step, existing published (complex) models are analyzed with respect to their capability of predicting these perceptual artifacts.
The technical background may be found in  [42, 45, 47]  and a practical example of the required steps is provided in  [57]. Depending on the targeted precision of the model, the eye optics is respected, and biomedical modeling of retinal processes is considered. Further modeling of higher level processes may be taken into consideration provided that corresponding models exist. Most of these models are based on an explanatory theory of the outcome of several psychophysical experiments. The interested reader is referred to  [8, 22]. Due to the complexity of the HVS and the close interaction with scene interpretation from memory, the processing usually only covers the first few steps of perception. This method is most efficient for degradations which are close to perception thresholds, normalizing the video input data to the human's detection threshold may also improve performance for supra-threshold, i.
Commonly used subjective assessment methodologies have been standardized in International Telecommunications Union (ITU)-T Recommendations P. 910 and P. 911, and in ITU-R Rec. BT. 500. On the right hand side, the creation of the datasets for combined artifact measurement is detailed as consisting of the selection of the Source Reference Sequences (SRCs), the choice of the Hypothetical Reference Circuits (HRCs) such as a specific video encoder and transmission chain, and finally the subjective experiment which eventually requires different setup and methodology. Each of these experiments usually leads to three outcomes. The first and most immediate result is the video data that was shown to the observers, mostly in the form of processed video sequences (PVS) and eventually bit-stream data. The second result is the set of votes that were given by the observers of the same.
It should be noted that the conceptual diagram representation may differ from the implementation. In particular, the integration of required and eventually shared preprocessing steps  such as color space conversions into each indicator allows for easier modularization. In implementations, redundancy may be removed for speed gains. For example, caching structures in object oriented frameworks may be employed. From the diagram, it becomes obvious that the prediction performance of a video quality measurement algorithm depends on the quality of its indicators and the combination of the indicators. This may be helped by repeated verification procedures during the development using subjectively evaluated datasets and rigorous evaluation of the performance of each indicator within the complete framework.
It is evident that the combination of a larger set of indicators and the training of their combinations poses stability issues with more complex training methods such as neural networks while simpler training methods may result in suboptimal prediction. For similar reasons, the prediction performance depends on the size, quality, and feature spread of the training and verification databases. The literature currently lists, on the one hand, a large number of possible indicator algorithms and combination methods. On the other hand, there is a long list of complete algorithms for video quality prediction. The two following sections will review a few examples of each category.
In VQEG-MM for example, a PSNR variant  [68]  has been used on videos with temporal degradations such as pausing and skipping. The algorithm only estimated a constant time offset for the complete video sequence and thus non-matching frames were compared by PSNR in case of pauses or skips, enabling the algorithm to predict these degradations to some extent. The determination of a particular scope for each indicator and for the overall model requires necessarily a validation process. This validation process usually uses data that was unknown to the model during its development. A possible alternative may be to evaluate each algorithm on the psychophysical databases that were used to develop the individual indicators and to learn about the behavior of the other "out of scope" or "in extended scope" indicators.
In order to determine the experimental scope of each indicator, extensive validation experiments would be required and the result of the individual indicators may be different from their combination due to the model's processing framework and the training performed. One issue in this effort is the development of a common objective scale. Usually, each objective model is allowed a fitting to a subjective dataset before evaluation, in most cases linear, third order monotonic or sigmoidal fittings are employed. However, when the influence of indicators shall be combined and the rating scale shall extend over the range that may be measured in one single subjective experiment with sufficient precision, the development of an objective scale is required. For example, the Just Noticeable Difference scale  [62]  would allow for a subjectively and objectively meaningful absolute scale by specifying a percentage of detection probability of differences between images.
Towards a joint development of video quality measurement In the video coding community, the most appropriate algorithms have long been identified and continuous work led to a succession of successful standards which often reduced the bit-rate by half at similar perceived quality. In video quality prediction, various standards and algorithms exist that have been developed in an isolated manner. Evolution is difficult to measure. From the previous sections the following process for a joint development of video quality estimation may be derived: 1 Creation of psychophysical stimuli databases which allow the measurement of isolated vision and/or quality aspects. Results both in terms of video sequences of the stimuli as well as subjective assessment results need to be made available. 2 Creation of natural and synthetic video databases impaired by isolated perceptual artifacts also made publicly available.
3 Development of a common objective quality scale and tools to realign currently employed subjective quality assessment scales to this common scale. 4 Test, development and refinement of individual indicators, identifying each time their performance "in scope" with the previously developed databases, their performance "in extended scope" and their neutrality in "out of scope" conditions. 5 Development of frameworks of combination of several indicators with respect to their identified scope performance. This outline covers only the most important work packages. For example, the correct temporal, spatial and color alignment of video sequences is not mentioned as well as the complex influence from object recognition and visual saliency. The performance also depends on the temporal distribution of the artifacts, and content features such as spatial complexity, temporal complexity, camera and object motion, and scene changes.
Conclusions The research on subjective and objective video quality assessment is often considered an interdisciplinary task. A lot of effort has been spent by different research communities to identify and measure perceptual attributes of the HVS, to develop, train, verify, and validate individual indicators, or to develop perceptually meaningful spatial and temporal pooling algorithms. Data mining and machine learning has been applied to combine the different predictions into a global quality score. It has however been shown that some of the isolated indicators may not be suitable for the complete application range or they may behave erroneously when confronted with degradations outside of their scope. In this context, the importance of creating various subjectively evaluated datasets has been emphasized.
Each such databases may contain either psychophysical stimuli or an isolated degradation type or an overall scope evaluation. The combination of the subjective voting given on each individual database needs to be tackled leading to the notion of an objective video quality scale. The individual indicators may then be analyzed for the degradations which they are supposed to measure, i. e. "in scope" degradations, which they may measure with less prediction performance "extended scope", and their neutral behavior in all other conditions "out of scope". VQEG JEG's Hybrid group is working towards organizing collaboration towards these goals. Kjell Brunnström, Ph. D. is a Senior Scientist at Acreo Swedish ICT AB and Adjunct Professor at Mid Sweden University. He is an expert in image processing, computer vision, image and video quality assessment having worked in the area for more than 25 years, including work in Sweden, Japan and UK.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the members of the  Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG) , in particular  Arthur Webster , for all the support they have received. Furthermore, the work of  Mikołaj Leszczuk  is supported by  The Polish National Centre for Research and Development (NCRD)  under Grant No. SP/I/1/77065/ 10  by the  Strategic Scientific Research and Experimental Development programme: "Interdisciplinary System for Interactive Scientific and Scientific-Technical Information ". The work of  Kjell Brunnström  has been supported by the  Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova) , which is hereby gratefully acknowledged. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  Katrien De Mulder ,  Eugene Berezikov  and  Peter Ladurner  for establishing the HUB1 line. We also thank  Jürgen Hottinger ,  Viktor Mislin  and  Urs Stiefel  for technical support, and  Roberto Arbore ,  Göran Arnqvist ,  Nikolas Vellnow , and the two reviewers for thoughtful comments on the manuscript. This project was funded by grants of the  Swiss National Science Foundation  to LS (SNF grants  3100A0-127503  and  31003A-143732 ).
Furthermore, we present the chemical composition of gases emitted at these last two sites. No such gas bubbling has been observed at the deeper offshore sites (namely ST07, ST09, site ST11 and ST12). These data show that mixing of the alkaline hydrothermal end member with local seawater produces large ranges and very sharp gradients of pH, salinity and dissolved element concentrations. We then calculated the mineral saturation indices to investigate the conditions of the formation of brucite and Mg-Ca-carbonates in this peculiar environment.
The choice of the database is of primary importance as different databases contain either different sets of minerals (e. g. portlandite which is not included in the phreeqc. dat database), or different values of the mineral solubility products. It is beyond the scope of the present paper to check the thermodynamic data for all the minerals relevant to the serpentinizing environment. We focused on Ca and Mg carbonates and brucite which have been observed to form in the concretions (Pisapia and the HYDROPRONY scientific team, 2012) and also on various forms of silica (quartz, chalcedony, amorphous silica) that have been shown to play a role in the control of aqueous silica in the alkaline waters of Oman  (Chavagnac et al. , 2013a, b). Values for the brucite solubility product reported in the literature (e.
Acknowledgements. We deeply acknowledge the efficient work of the scuba divers  Eric Folcher ,  Bertrand Bourgeois  and  John Butscher , of the  IRD Center in Nouméa , with the help of  Régis Hocdé  (who also provided a key administrative and logistical support), who collected the samples in dark waters in a shark inhabited environment. We thank  Captain Jean-François Barazer  and his crew on board the  R/V Alis. Anne-Marie Cousin  skillfully designed the sketch of the PHF. CM warmly thanks  Dominique Cluzel ,  Margot Godard  and  Julien Collot  for this glorious day at the springs in the Prony bay in April 2013. The HYDROPRONY cruise would not have taken place without the full support of the  Direction Scientifique de l'IRD.
Although survivin appears to be an attractive therapeutic target from this initial set of data, it has never been analyzed in a large cohort of patients for its prognostic and therapeutic value. The portfolio of clinical grade survivin specific antagonists has been surprisingly limited  [9]. Recently, a novel imidazolium-based small molecule suppressant of survivin, YM155, has been described. This compound was identified in a cell-based promoter activity assay and was described to specifically abrogate survivin gene (BIRC5) expression, resulting in preclinical activity in several tumor models both in vitro and in vivo  [22, 23]. YM155 is currently being evaluated in phase II clinical trials in lymphoma, melanoma, as well as in cancers of the breast, lung, and prostate. Based on these data we sought to re-assess the prognostic significance of BIRC5 gene expression in CD138-purified MM cells from a cohort of 1093 previously untreated patients and to pre-clinically evaluate YM155 for its therapeutic potential in MM.
YM155 induces ER stress response signaling in myeloma cells To gain further insight into the mechanism of action of YM155 in MM cells, we performed serial gene expression profiling after 6 (4 nM and 50 nM), 12 (4 nM and 50 nM), and 36 hours (4 nM) of YM155 treatment in U-266 cells. Among significantly differentially regulated genes (P < 0. 01), 189 were up-regulated and 63 down-regulated > 1. 5-fold. Pathway analysis using the Ingenuity Systems software revealed upregulation of genes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/ unfolded protein response (UPR) suggesting the involvement of this pathway in the anti-MM effects of YM155 (Figure  3 ). To confirm these data, we assessed key markers of the ER stress response on MM cells by immunoblot assay (Figure  4 ). PERKdependent phosphorylation of eIF2a and induction of its downstream target CHOP together with the stress-related transcription factor ATF-3 were detected in U-266 cells within 24 hours at 4nM and within 6 to 12 hours (50 nM) of YM155 exposure.
Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses were done on CD138-purified plasma cells as published  [56]. CD27 + memory B cells (MBCs, n=11) were purified from buffy coats purchased from the French Blood Center (Toulouse, France) and plasmablasts (PPC, n=10) generated using an in vitro model described previously  [57]. Thirty two human myeloma cell lines were fully characterized and microarray profiled as described  [58]. Microarray data on cell lines are available in the ArrayExpress public database under accession numbers E-TABM-937 and E-TABM-1088.