dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Therefore, as indicators of poverty levels, we draw on unemployment and social welfare allocation figures. Third, there is a lack of official data regarding ethnicity: in accordance with France's 'colour-blind' approach, ethnic origin is not recorded in its census nor in other major surveys  (Alba and Silberman 2002). The census does collect comparable data on 'nationality', a legal category that distinguishes 'foreigners' from 'French citizens', and in some cases data on 'immigrants', defined as being born a foreigner in a foreign country. In light of this limitation, we draw on various data sources to examine ethnic segregation in housing estates.
Further analysis reveals patterns of segregation across the Paris region, as demonstrated (Table  14. 2) by average foreign population numbers (1999) and income levels  (2004). The data illustrates two marked discrepancies: poor housing estates in disadvantaged areas within the inner suburbs, in addition to pockets of poverty within more affluent outer suburban areas. In the housing estates of Paris's northeastern departments (Seine-Saint-Denis, Val d'Oise), foreigners and low income households are overrepresented. Meanwhile, the gap between these same indicators in some housing estates in the region's more affluent West (Yvelines) is significantly more pronounced: 28. 5 versus 8. 9% for foreigners and 9,990 versus 22,275€ in the median income. A recent study identified six types of neighbourhoods among the 272 deemed 'priority' in the Paris region, based on surface area, population and income data (Insee-Analyses 2017).
Poverty Concentration Enhanced by Parallel Trajectories of Mobility and Long-term Tenancies Recent data demonstrates that the concentration of poverty and immigrant populations within housing estates is increasing rather than decreasing. A significant limitation of this data is that while it measures how spatial concentration has evolved, it ignores the processes that produce this concentration and the diverging trajectories of the populations concerned. Examining these processes, rather than the ratios, reveals a different picture of the evolution of these estates. For instance, census data on increasing poverty does not reflect population turnover. A 2005 national survey reveals that in 1999, 40% of priority neighbourhood residents had moved to the neighbourhood within the past 10 years.
Spatial and Social Effects of Policies and Planning Strategies While the data suggests that segregation has not decreased, 40 years of public policies have changed the urban form of a great number of housing estates in the Paris region and, as such, have affected the spatial and social configuration of this segregation. The first 25 years of these policies were devoted to rehabilitation, infrastructure improvement and socio-economic measures, most of them targeting children and unemployed people. However, the greatest social impact has been that of urban restructuring and housing diversification through urban renewal programmes. The first urban renewal programme of the Paris region has not yet been completed. However, in its first decade  (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) (2013) , 23,000 social housing units have already been demolished (out of a total 38,200 planned demolitions); 10,100 new social housing units have been built (of 20,700 planned) and 5,700 private dwellings have been developed (of a planned 21,600).
New Housing Developments: Opportunities for Upper Working-class Residents New housing developments were intended to promote social mixing by attracting more affluent residents. The available data and local surveys highlight two main trends within the Paris region in this regard. First, there have been far fewer private developments than planned, and where they have been created, such developments tend to take the form of small apartments built on the fringes of existing housing estates. Second, although less visible in the data, the internal social configuration of housing estates is changing. Newcomers in private housing do tend to earn higher incomes than former residents, indicating that some form of social mixing is taking place. Their social profiles stand in contrast to the majority of residents-relatively small-sized households, young couples and families with jobs and average salaries.
Furthermore, data on the housing estates in La Courneuve and Orly illustrate two divergent trajectories: one of impoverishment, through the reconcentration of poverty; and the other of urban and social fragmentation, with increasing differentiation between the layout, design and tenure of various housing programmes. The concentration of poverty and ethnic groups that has long characterised housing estates has not disappeared, but rather has been reconcentrated into other sub-sectors, with only some select places undergoing micro-gentrification. This process of micro-fragmentation could be perceived as a failure of social mixing policies  (Blanc 2010). However, from a household perspective, this trend aligns with local strategies of municipalities and social housing corporations that seek to maintain an already existing social diversity by encouraging local, upper working-class people from inside the housing estate to take a step upwards in their housing careers and to remain in the neighbourhoods, rather than leaving  (Lelévrier 2013a).
Materials The data of this study was collected as part of an interview-based survey of behavior and attitudes toward general health examinations (GHEs) in Hanoi and Hung Yen, Vietnam. The area has about 10 million people and is about 4300 km 2 ; the data were collected from the more urban places in this area. The data resulting from this study were deposited in the Open Science Framework  [41]  and Harvard Dataverse  [42] , according to the principle of open data and FAIRsharing  [43, 44]. The details of how the survey was carried out and how the variables are coded can be viewed in the work of  [45]. The survey was executed adhering to ethical standards under the license of V&A/07/2016 (15 September 2016). It was conducted in places such as schools, hospitals (Hospital 125 Thai Thinh in Dong Da District, Hanoi, and Vietnam-Germany Hospital in Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi), companies, government organizations, and randomly selected households in Hanoi.
Limitations The study is not without limitations. First of all, as the survey is exclusively based in Hanoi and its nearby areas, it poses a major geographical limitation. In order to investigate regional differences as well as shifting in behaviors and attitudes, it is necessary to conduct a nationwide survey, which would require resources beyond our current capacity. Hence, the findings in the study cannot be generalized to other regions in Vietnam, especially the rural or mountainous areas. Future research could improve upon this limitation by increasing the diversity of socio-demographic factors. Secondly, the study is limited to the subjective perception of participants on whether or not they feel the amount of time they spend exercising is sufficient. The data were collected on a self-report basis, and thus the results are prone to subjective interpretation.
Experimental setup 2. 1 Scintillator preparation The 240 Pu and 242 Pu samples were provided and characterized by the JRC. G. 2 laboratory at Geel, Belgium  [8]. The original Pu powders were delivered in the form of dried nitrate solutions. In order to extract the isotopes into liquid scintillators the powders were first dissolved into 2 mL of HNO 3 1M solution. Then the plutonium was extracted into 1. 2 mL of EJ309 scintillator, that contained 0. 05 M of the extracting molecule HDEHP. For 252 Cf the mother solution (0. 1M HNO 3 ) was purchased from the Eckert-Ziegler company. Contrarily to the plutonium samples, 252 Cf was extracted into a DIN based scintillator. Table  1  summarizes the main characteristics of the 3 prepared scintillator solutions. The isotope half-lives are taken from the NNDC database [9].
Countings After the liquid-liquid extraction the scintillator was sealed inside a test tube with an epoxy glue and a silicon plug. The test tube was placed vertically into a tube holder. The inside part of this holder has a spherical shape and was painted in order to reflect the scintillating light towards a Hamamatsu R6231-100 PMT. The PMT was optically coupled thanks to an optical grade silicon grease, to a quartz window glued to the holder. The space between the test tube, the window and the light reflector was filled with an optical grade silicon oil, in order to optimize the optical coupling between the scintillator and the PMT. The anode signal was digitized with a FASTER data acquisition system, developed by the LPC Caen laboratory  [10]. It is based on a 12 bit 500 MS/s flash ADC, and a numerical module implemented into a FPGA.
39 The betweensubject standard deviation for each dependent variable was used to convert the changes in psychological profile into standardized [Cohen effect size (ES)] changes in the mean. Using Hopkins  40  as a guide, effect sizes were considered as trivial (d≤0. 2), small (0. 2<d<0. 6), moderate (0. 6<d<1. 2), large (1. 2<d<2. 0), very large (2. 0<d<4. 0) and nearly perfect (d>4. 0). Statistical significance was set at p≤0. 05. All analyses were conducted with the statistics software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 20. 0 and the R statistical language package (http://cran. r-project. org).
Acknowledgements Elisabetta Verdun di Cantogno  from  Merck KGaA  contributed to the development of this manuscript by advising on workshop discussions and content. Editorial and research support was provided by  Tina Bristo ,  Anna Thompson ,  Rachel Parratt ,  Susan Daniels  and  Fiona Hatch  on behalf of Cello Health iScience. We wish to draw the attention of the Editor to the following facts, which may be considered as potential conflicts of interest, and to significant financial contributions to this work.
Study population We conducted a multicenter, prospective, observational study in two university-affiliated hospitals (Caen and Garches) and one general hospital (Roanne) in France from April 2012 through April 2015. The appropriate ethics committee (CPP Nord-Ouest III) approved the study (#2011-A00849-32), which was registered on ClinicalTrials. gov (#NCT01564745). All patients provided written informed consent. Patients 18 years of age or older and sufficiently cooperative without sedation were eligible if they were admitted to the ICU and received invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) for at least 72 h then passed a weaning test performed according to recommendations  [4, 15, 16]. Exclusion criteria were previous long-term NIV at home and unavailability of an lung function test (LFT) technician.
Thus, we collected these data throughout the procedure, from 2 min before (-2 min) to 2 min after (+2 min) the venepuncture. 34, 35 or both skin conductance and NIRS recordings, the nurse researcher marked the starting time of venepuncture on the screens of both the devices. Salivary cortisol concentrations were assessed 4 min before (-4 min) and 25 min after (+25 min) the venepuncture. We collected saliva according to the method of Morelius et al. 25  Briefly, we used two cotton-tipped pins to absorb saliva and centrifuged the cotton pins to elute the saliva. These samples were frozen and stored at -70°C before analysis with radioimmunoassay. Because feeding might interfere with the cortisol concentrations, parents were told not to feed their neonates after the painful procedure, until the last collection of saliva.
statistical analyses Group differences in demographic data were compared with the Wilcoxon or chi-square tests. Correlations between parameters were studied with the Pearson or Spearman method, depending on whether the variables were linearly or nonlinearly related. To show statistical significance, based on the hypothesis of a high correlation of 0. 8 with a precision of 0. 10, this study would have required a sample of 56 neonates. 38 ultiple linear regression was performed for multivariate analyses to determine the multiple correlations between several outcomes. Significantly, the correlated parameters were integrated in a principal components analysis to identify clusters of pain responses. According to previous studies, the pain response measured with NIRS was defined as the maximum change in hemoglobin ([Hb]), measured as either [HbO 2 ] or [HbT].
These maximum changes were defined as follows: the difference between the maximum [Hb], measured during the 20 s after venepuncture (post-venepuncture), and the mean baseline [Hb], evaluated for over 20 s before the venepuncture (pre-venepuncture). 16 According to Bartocci et al and Ozawa et al, the pain response was analyzed as the mean change in [Hb], defined as the difference between the mean [Hb] evaluated during the post-venepuncture and the mean baseline [Hb]. Because [Hb] values can be influenced by body movements, data were excluded when values were more than two standard deviations (SDs) from the mean [Hb] measured post-venepuncture. 22, 39 tatistical analyses were performed with R 3. 4. 0 software. Statistical significance was set at P<0. 05.
Results All 113 neonates from the ACTISUCROSE study were included in the correlation analysis (Figure  2 ). Data were missing for 5-11 neonates, due to technical problems regarding NIRS, skin conductance, SpO 2 , NFCS, or heart and respiratory rate analyses. Data on salivary cortisol levels were missing for 39% of the enrolled neonates, due to an insufficient amount of saliva collected, particularly during the pre-venepuncture sampling. When we grouped the patients according to the analyzed parameter, the demographic characteristics were not different among the groups. Even the salivary cortisol group was similar to the other groups, in mean age, gestational age, birth weight, and sex ratio (Table  1 ). The Hb analysis showed an increasing trend in all parameters analyzed, significantly for the maximum value of [HbO 2 ] and [HbT] parameters during the 20 s post-venepuncture periods (Table  2 ).
Objectives We aimed to study trends in stroke unit (SU) admission during a period of their deployment in France and to assess whether this led to better and more equitable access to this specialised care. Design Analysis of records from the national hospital database. setting All acute care hospitals in metropolitan France for the period 2009-2014. Participants Over 600 000 patients admitted in acute care with a main diagnosis of stroke. Main outcome measures Admission to a SU. results Between 2009 and 2014, the number of stroke admissions rose from 93 728 to 109 456, and the proportion of SU admission from 23% to 44%. Overall, characteristics associated with higher probability of SU admission were: male gender, younger age, ischaemic stroke type, medium level of comorbidity and larger size of town of residence.
The supply of SU evolved dramatically however with the impetus of the government's '2010-2014 National Stroke Action Plan',  6 7  leading to a rise from 87 SU in 2010  6  to 116 SU in 2012  8. This translated into a near doubling of the proportion of SU admissions, recently estimated at 43% for the year 2014. 9 e hypothesised that this rapid deployment of SU supply led to changes in the profile of patients admitted. Our study objectives were first to describe the trend of SU admission over the period, second to identify stroke case's characteristics associated with SU admission and third to determine whether the influence of these characteristics has evolved over the period. strengths and limitations of this study ► The study relies on a national exhaustive database of hospital admissions for stroke in France.
MAterIAls AnD MethODs Data With authorisation from the 'Commission Nationale Informatique Liberté' (national authority for data protection), we obtained the French Hospital Discharge Database 10 (thereafter hospital databases) from the 'Agence Technique de l'Information Hospitalière' a national agency responsible for compiling all admissions in French hospitals. Although the hospital databases are mainly used for financing purposes, it contains a wealth of demographic, clinical and therapeutic information and has proved a valuable tool for analysing trends in stroke hospitalisations and care. 11 12 We selected hospitalisations with a discharge's date between January 2009 and December 2014 among residents of metropolitan France all ages considered. Metropolitan France is the mainland part of France and French islands in the Atlantic Ocean, English Channel and Mediterranean Sea, located in Europe.
Definitions and variables The hospital database provides information on medical unit, age, gender and town of residence. We identified SU admission using medical unit codes 17 (SU without intensive care) and 18 (SU with intensive care). Since hospitals with SU are set in urban areas, we used size of town of residence as an indirect indicator of geographical closeness to SU. In the descriptive analysis, we defined three groups as follows: small (<20 000 inhabitants), medium (20 000-99 999) or large (≥100 000) based on 2011 population census. 13 Records also provide detailed information on associated diagnosis that we used to derive a Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). This was done with a validated algorithm which identified the presence a set of 12 diseases giving a weighted score ranging from 0 to 24.
Open access Both patients and stroke characteristics were strongly associated with the probability of SU admission in the multivariable analysis. Table  2  shows multivariable adjusted OR (aOR) from a model fitted on the entire database. Fractional polynomials were used to enter age, CCI and town size in the model. For these variables, aORs therefore indicate the point estimates of the associations at specified values (e. g. , at age 45 years as opposed to the interval 45-54). All associations displayed in table 2 attain high level of statistical significance. There was a strong decreasing trend of SU admission with increasing age, since the aOR of patients aged 85 versus 45 was only 0. 26 (95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 26). On average over the period, and all other parameters being equals, men had about 10% more chance of being admitted to a SU compared with women (aOR=1.
20 Given that more than 50% of patients in our study resided in towns with less than 50 000 inhabitants, there was clear room in 2014 for more progress in providing effective stroke care to this population. It is also worth noticing that our result may mainly reflect the spread of SUs over the territory, whereas in order to demonstrate real geographical improvement in access, one would need to show a positive trend of admission adjusted to the distance to the nearest SU. Databases with detailed patient's and SU's addresses would allow to explore this issue. Although younger patients were overall much more likely to be admitted to SU, we showed a clear gradient of faster trends in favour of older patients over the study period. This is likely to reflect improvement in geographical access to SU since the populations of medium and small towns are older than that of urban areas in France.
Women develop stroke at an older age, when they may present with more comorbidities or frailty. Therefore, it is possible that the association we found is still influenced by residual confounding (say Open access regarding comorbidity) or by unmeasured level of severity. ] [28]  Differences across gender in the aetiology of stroke have also been identified, with higher prevalence of hypertension and more frequent cardioembolic stroke linked to pre-existing atrial fibrillation among women. 26 27 Overall, we feel that the question of equal access to effective stroke care across gender in France deserves further investigation, ideally based on rich clinical databases. As reported by Sheedy et al  29  we found that, compared with ischaemic events, patients with haemorrhagic stroke were less likely to be admitted in SU.
35 This is supported by previous analyses of the French hospital database  5 30  and by the decreasing proportion of cases labelled as 'undetermined type' in our results. Whether it is from ageing, technological progresses or both, the stark reality is that France and most countries worldwide are likely to experience significant rises in absolute number of patients who had stroke to care for. A strength of this study is to rely on a national, exhaustive hospital records database which has proved to be a reliable information source for identifying stroke cases. Validation studies, based on main diagnosis at ward level (as opposed to hospital stay, as we have done), have found overall sensitivity for stroke diagnosis as high as 77. 1%,  36  and positive predictive value of 89%, 96%, and 87%, respectively, for diagnostic codes I61, I63 and I64  11  (see table 1 in online supplementary material 1).
Experimentation Thirteen infrared (11 MX3 and 2 TS40) transmitter-receivers video cameras (Vicon©, Oxford metric's, Oxford, United Kingdom) were used to acquire the kinematic data of one gait cycle by trial. The Vicon calibrated volume (30 m 3 ) was set in the middle of the walkway to record the walking patterns at stable speed. The gait cycle of the PACS was recorded from the first heel strike of individual 1 to the third heel strike of individual 2. Ninety-eight retro-reflective markers were placed on the PACS (i. e. 42 on each individual according to Wu et al. [9, 10]  and 14 on the box), and their positions were recorded at a frequency of 200 Hz (filtered with a 4th order Butterworth filter and a 5 Hz cut frequency). The kinematic analysis of the PACS was carried out with the software Vicon Nexus™ 1.
Data collection Data were collected at baseline and during routine care visits at 6, 12 and 18 months in all three countries and at 24, 30 and 36 months in France and Germany. Information collected for patients and caregivers included sociodemographics, comorbidities, medications, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Patient cognitive function was assessed using the MMSE, with lower scores indicating reduced cognitive functioning. Functional ability was assessed using the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living inventory (ADCS-ADL)  [12, 15, 16] , which was completed on behalf of the patient by his/her caregiver. The range for the total ADCS-ADL score is 0-78. Separate subscores were derived for basic activities of daily living (ADL; basic ADCS-ADL score range 0-22) and instrumental ADL (instrumental ADCS-ADL score range 0-56), with higher scores indicating better functioning for the total score and subscores  [12].
Cost estimation Monthly costs values were estimated by applying countryspecific unit costs of services and products (2010 values) to the healthcare and social care resource use data collected over the 36-month follow-up period. Full details of the unit costs applied and their sources are presented in Online Resource 1. Total societal costs were evaluated using an opportunity cost approach taking into account productivity loss for working caregivers and lost leisure time for non-working caregivers. Costs were calculated for the month before each visit. Total societal costs were calculated by combining direct costs, consisting of patient healthcare costs (including medications, hospitalisations and outpatient visits) and patient social care costs (including community care services, structural adaptations, financial support and out-of-pocket expenses), and indirect costs, consisting of caregiver informal care costs (including the time spent giving care and missing work).