dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Limitations The major limitation of the study reported here is that data were not obtained with defined treatment protocol(s) in a randomized manner, and treatment effectiveness and safety were not assessed at multiple consistent, predefined time points. Furthermore, due to the common use of multiple agents in GT, and delays in obtaining platelets, it is particularly difficult to ascribe effectiveness to any one or more products. In addition, as the coding of history of refractoriness or antibodies was performed at first admission and when the investigator was considered appropriate, the lack of documentation of specific antibody testing or refractoriness at the time of a particular episode limits the analysis (particularly of use of platelet-based regimens). Formal clinical trials are unfortunately hindered by the rarity of GT.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all the investigators and their participating patients for making the GTR a success. Editorial assistance was provided by  Sharon Eastwood  (PAREXEL) and the study was financially supported by  Novo Nordisk Health Care AG. The authors would also like to thank  Soraya Benchikh el Fegoun  and  Jens Bjerre  ( Novo Nordisk Health Care AG ) for their comments and advice, and  Anders Rosholm  ( Novo Nordisk Health Care AG ) for statistical support, and  Yves Laurian , who acted as an expert panel member for the GTR until 2008.
Results and interpretation The system presented in this paper is implemented in Java on a computer with an Intel Core i5 2. 67 GHz and a 4GB memory capacity. In this section, we shall present results of our method while challenging real-world situations. We take in addition to our database, three publicly available Benchmark Dataset Collection. The first one (BDC1) has six sequences in the Dataset (campus, highway I, highway I2, highway II intelligent room and laboratory)  [21]. The second (BDC2) has nine sequences (bootstrap, a campus, a curtain, an escalator, a fountain, a hall, a lobby, a shopping mall and a water surface)  [18]. The last one (BDC3) has two sequences (highway and hallway)  [16]. Our database (BDC4) has four sequences (campus, a hallway, a highway and a public park). In BDC4, The outdoor videos are recorded in a random situation and without any assumption on the observed scene where a group of clouds is passing in the sky, causing sudden illumination changes.
Recall = T P T P + F N P recision = T P T P + F P FP and FN refer to pixels misclassified as foreground (FP) or background (FN) while TP account for accurately classified pixels respectively as foreground. A good performance is obtained when the detection rate is high without altering the precision. Figure. 1 clearly shows that our method outperform the well-known background subtraction methods in term of precision and recall. show some qualitative results on both public and personal databases. They show that our system is able to give a very good subtraction in environment without any assumption on lighting condition. They also show the effectiveness of the proposed system in outdoor and indoor environment.
Conclusion In this paper, we proposed a background subtraction for image sequences extracted from fixed camera using an improved parameters updating algorithm for mixture of Gaussians. To overcome the brightness and local variation we first made a transition from RGB to HSL color space. Then we divided the image into N areas and assigned to each one a local monitoring algorithm that allows selecting regions with a very large change using Pearsons Correlation Coefficient. Transfer to HSL color space has significantly decreased light effect on the system behavior through accumulating all brightness variations in a single component (L). While segmenting the image into regions have eliminated local variations caused mainly by the presence of dust. Tests conducted on databases show that our system has a good sensitivity, more accuracy compared with well-known methods.
The main objectives of this review are: 1) the compilation and updating of a reference database for Italian saproxylic beetles, useful to assess the trend of their populations and communities in the next decades; 2) the identification of the major threats involving the known Italian species of saproxylic beetles; 3) the evaluation of the extinction risk for all known Italian species of saproxylic beetles; 4) the organization of an expert network for studying and continuous updating of all known species of saproxylic beetle species in Italy; 5) the creation of a baseline for future evaluations of the trends in biodiversity conservation in Italy; 6) the assignment of ecological categories to all the Italian saproxylic beetles, useful for the aims of future researches on their communities and on forest environments.
2015 ) that make up the largest order of the animal kingdom  (Zhang et al. 2013). Of the more than 200 families of beetles worldwide (excluding those known only as fossil records)  (Bouchard et al. 2011) , about two-thirds are represented in the Italian fauna. A number of 28,000-30,000 species of beetles was estimated to live in Europe, within the geographical borders recently adopted by the European Union project "Fauna Europaea" (http://www. faunaeu. org; Audisio et al. 2015). According to the Italian official database named "Checklist of the Species of the Italian Fauna"  (Minelli et al. 1993 (Minelli et al. -1995;; Minelli 1996) , almost 12,000 species of Coleoptera occur within the political borders of Italy (corresponding to 21. 5 % of Italian fauna). However, as a result of recent taxonomic changes, the description of new species and the acclimatization of alien species (which led to increases at a mean rate of about a hundred of species per year: Audisio 2013), by the end of 2002, the Italian beetles became not less than 12,300 species  (Audisio & Vigna Taglianti 2005) , which means an increase of 3.
2% compared to the previous database. The percentage value of beetle species occurring in Italy, compared to Europe, varies among different families, depending on their levels of endemism and ecological features. Overall, the Italian fauna includes a little less than 40% of the species occurring in Europe, with lower percentages (20-30 %) in families characterized by high tendency to produce endemic species, e. g. many groups of predators and scavengers (often linked to soil) with low dispersal capabilities, such as Carabidae, Leiodiidae, Tenebrionidae, some groups of Staphylinidae, and freshwater Hydraenidae that are mainly associated with rhithral habitats of middle altitude streams. By contrast, percentages up to 60% can be detected in many other groups, such as other scavengers, coprophagous and phytophagous species (including pests), characterized by higher dispersal capabilities (e.
Aim and Objectives The major aims of the Italian Red List of Saproxylic Beetles, which follows the useful but largely incomplete European Red List of Saproxylic Beetles  (Nieto & Alexander 2010) , and updates our previous Italian version  (Audisio et al. 2014b) , are to present a first inventory of saproxylic beetles and lay the foundations for a long-term monitoring of their conservation in Italy. The main objectives of the present study are: 1. to prepare a reference database for Italian saproxylic beetles, with an indication of their most relevant ecological features, useful to assess the trend of their populations and communities in the next decades; 2. to identify the major threats for the Italian species; 3. to evaluate the risk of extinction for all Italian saproxylic beetles, with the identification of the most endangered species at national level; 4.
5). The basic reference for taxonomy and faunistics of all species treated was the Checklist of Italian Fauna of the Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea, reinforced by the biogeographical database produced by the Italian CKmap Project. Much information was also obtained from the monographs of the series Fauna of Italy (Edizioni Calderini, Bologna). Changes and additions have been made when necessary to update taxonomy and regional distribution of the species, through recent literature and unpublished data from specialists, museums and entomological forums. Updates in nomenclature, taxonomy and biogeography were also made by using the database of Fauna Europaea (http:// www. fauna-eu. org), as well as the recent catalogues edited by  Löbl & Smetana (2003 -2013). A great problem concerned the choice of the higher classification of beetles as unitary work of reference; in fact, the division into families and subfamilies of this huge order is subjected to continuous changes.
As regards the unstable alien xylophagous, xylosaprophagous, saprophytophagous, and sap-feeding species, due to the frequent entry of new taxa and their actual or potential impact in terms of biodiversity conservation, we decided to include them in the list, but postponing their detailed discussion to the database in preparation by ISPRA (http://www. naturaitalia. it/nnb/; Zapparoli 2010;  Zapparoli & Carnevali 2014). In this category we have also included a few species that, despite having been described on material collected in Italy, are certainly referred to exotic genera or species groups, accidentally introduced into Italy. Several saprophagous or xylophagous alien species, otherwise, are frequently captured even in old-growth forests, with methods that are commonly used to collect true saproxylic indigenous species (pitfall traps baited with vinegar or alcoholic substances, window traps, funnel traps, beetle-boxes, etc.
In the assessment of each taxon (species or subspecies) and in its evaluation form available online, we gathered (where possible) the following information: • Current taxonomy and indications of any Italian name available; • Risk of extinction in Italy according to the IUCN Categories and Criteria; • Information on the overall distribution of the taxon and its distribution in Italy; • Information on the state and recent historical trends of the Italian populations; • Summary of the habitat preferences and trophic categorization (Table  3 ); • Main threats that a taxon is likely to undergo; • Conservation measures in action and required; • References essential for risk assessment. Data collection has been divided for taxonomic groups (from family and/or subfamily to species and/or subspecies level), both in the red list and in the online data sheets.
For instance, the decline of saproxylic beetles that are closely related to old-growth forests may by proportional to the loss of this habitat typology. Although to a lesser extent, the availability of reliable quantitative information is still very limited also for the other criteria, and sometimes required the use of inferences. This practice is also used for the global Red Lists, because the achievement of data for assessing the extinction risk is very ex-pensive. Specific projects for monitoring the most relevant species of each taxonomic group should be launched even in Italy, in order to estimate the parameters used by the IUCN criteria, considering that the IUCN categories have become the global standard models to synthesize the current knowledge on biodiversity state and trends. The IUCN criteria follow a specific philosophy, to highlight only the problems of conservation of the highly endangered species, whose risk of extinction in the short or medium term is concrete and substantial.
e. the species whose geographic range is entirely included in Italy) and subendemic ones (i. e. the species whose geographic range is almost entirely restricted to Italy) should receive the highest priority for the unique or leading role of our country in shaping their destiny  (Visconti et al. 2011). Red Lists can also be used to define priorities and objectives of scientific research. Populations and species classified DD (Data Deficient, for which it is not possible to determine the category of threat) should be studied to assess the status of their populations and to detect possible threats, while threatened species should be investigated by focusing on the trend of the causes of threat and the possible conservation actions. At the tenth Meeting of the Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity, held in Nagoya, October 2010, the participating countries signed 20 goals for biodiversity to be achieved by 2020, known as the Aichi targets.
It should be noted, that other systems may exhibit higher DI Bg values, resulting in a corresponding drastic increase in the spatial error and any uncorrelated background signal will further dampen the amplitude of the autocorrelation curve. For example, utilization of phenol red containing medium raised DI Bg to 2 k. c. p. s. and increased the error in h to 420 nm. Its use was therefore avoided and care was taken to work with minimal possible background intensities. The temporal resolution of DODS was determined to 10 ms, despite the fact that raw data are recorded at the rate of 200 ns per point. However, to obtain a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio, with uncertainties in the dACF shape well below the axial resolution, we integrate over 10 ms and record for a minimum of 25 s (see Supplementary Fig.
An interesting extension concerns simultaneous measurement of diffusion and membrane fluctuations by using two different fluorophores at high (for DODS) and low (for FCS) molecular concentration. This has been attempted before by tracing a fluorescent molecule at low concentration close to a membrane exhibiting bending fluctuations  47. However, a direct evidence separating the two contributions is still missing. Diffusion and membrane fluctuations are speculated to be correlated for model membranes  48  and may provide crucial data in the cellular context by linking membrane tension to molecular dynamics  49. With axial resolution comparable to the established superresolution techniques, and time resolution comparable to FCS, DODS will take advantage of ongoing improvements to FCS  34,38- 41  and can be expected to be established as a companion technique to FCS-based diffusion and structural organization measurements  31  , thus linking membrane scale phenomena to molecular scale events.
Methods Data acquisition and analysis. DODS measurements were undertaken at a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM710, Zeiss) equipped with a 5-mW HeNe laser (l ¼ 543 nm) and two avalanche photodiodes (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) for photon counting detection. Appropriate filter sets were chosen (for the dyes used here: beam splitter 488/543 nm for excitation and 580-nm long pass filter for emission, Zeiss) and a water immersion objective (C-Apochromat, Â 40, numerical aperature 1. 2, Zeiss) was used. Data acquisition and realtime autocorrelation were executed via the software ZEN (version 2008, Zeiss). Before the start of a DODS measurement, fluorescence and phase contrast images were acquired to determine the overall shape of the GUV or the cell and to choose the appropriate position.
In a typical experiment, with the fluorescent membrane positioned inside the confocal volume, the excitation laser is attenuated until a maximum count I max of B70-100 kcps is reached. Subsequently, a fast scan perpendicular to the membrane is recorded-this establishes the parameters of the Gaussian intensity distribution of the illuminating volume. The confocal spot is then positioned such that the mean position of the membrane is at the IP of the Gaussian (given by the intensity I IP ¼ 0. 61 Á I max ). Intensity fluctuations are recorded for a specific time interval and the ACF is calculated. Tests were undertaken to ensure that at the applied excitation intensities bleaching was negligible and that fluorophore response was linear. Ergodicity and stationarity of data were tested by calculating the deviation between the ACF over the total recording time and the ACF over a subset of 5 Â x s, xA{1-10} duration (Supplementary Note 2).
Twenty-five seconds were determined to be minimal recording time t min , which ensures ergodicity and the complete build-up of the dACF. For GUVs and RBCs data were recorded for 2-3 min. In case of macrophages, cell movement limited measurement times to 40-120 s, which is nevertheless 4 4t min and therefore sufficient to build the ACF. To compare DODS with a different technique, identically prepared GUV were measured with DODS and DW-RICM  17, 44. This microinterferometric technique can measure the height of a fluctuating membrane above a substrate with 4-nm axial resolution and 50-ms temporal resolution (as limited by the camera speed). The RICM image is formed from interfering rays being reflected at different optical layers in the sample. Depending on the difference of their optical path length, these rays interfere in a destructive or constructive manner.
54. To achieve maximum contrast the antiflex technique was applied. To record two micrographs simultaneously, the reflected light was split according to its wavelength (FT 460 nm, LP 470 nm (Carl Zeiss, Go ¨ttingen, Germany) and BP 436±10 nm (AHF, Tu ¨bingen, Germany)) and focused on two separate digital CCD cameras (sensicam qe, PCO, Kehlheim, Germany). Image recording was controlled by the software OpenBox (version 1. 77, Informationssysteme Schilling, Munich, Germany). Images and data were analysed using the self-written routines in Matlab (version 3. 0 (R2010b), The MathWorks, Inc. MA, USA) using the image processing toolbox and ImageJ (version 1. 45 s, Rasband, W. S. , NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). Errors reported throughout are s. d. Substrates. Thickness corrected glass coverslips (d ¼ 170 ± 10 mm, Assistent, Karl Hecht KG, Sondheim, Germany) were cleaned by the following detergent treatment: ultrasonication in 2% Hellmanex solution (Hellma, Mu ¨llheim, Germany) for 10 min, flushing thoroughly with ultrapure water produced by a water purification system (Milli-Q Gradient A10, Millipore, San Francisco, CA) and again ultrasonication (2 Â 10 min) in ultrapure water followed by repeated flushing with ultrapure water.
Acknowledgements We thank  Nils Hersch ,  Victor Messerschmidt  and  Tim Urbansky  for providing macrophages. C. M. is grateful for the financial support by  UFA  and  Cellnetworks. We thank  David Gachet  and  Susanne Fenz  for fruitful discussions and  Laurent Limozin  for careful reading of the manuscript. K. S. thanks  European Research Council  for funding via grant no. 307104 FP/2007-2013/ERC/SYNINTER  and  ASS  for  ERC/StG 337283.
Indeed, corrosion pits provide potential stress concentrator sites at which fatigue cracks can initiate. The pit size (average depth and width) seems to be an essential parameter; the fatigue life was successfully predicted by 2D AFGROW (Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis software tool) calculations based on initial crack sizes similar to those of pits  [19]. All of these studies have considered premature fatigue crack initiation induced by pitting corrosion, which is one of many possible localised corrosion morphologies. Pauze studied fatigue crack initiation on another type of localised corrosion defect, i. e. , intergranular corrosion defects for an AA2024-T351 aluminium alloy  [20]. She observed that intergranular corrosion defects, as well as pits, acted as preferential initiation sites for transgranular fatigue cracks.
In this work we have used the following limits for these branching ratios. 2. 78 × 10 -4 ≤ B(B d → X s γ) ≤ 4. 08 × 10 -4 , (3. 1) 1. 43 × 10 -9 ≤ B(B s → µ + µ -) ≤ 4. 37 × 10 -9. (3. 2) In addition, we have also imposed the following limits on the branching ratio of B d → µ + µ -, 0. 79 × 10 -10 ≤ B(B d → µ + µ -) ≤ 6. 80 × 10 -10. (3. 3) In the numerical analysis, we have used the public code SuperIso-3. 3  [103]  to compute these branching ratios. Note that we have not considered a few other potentially important observables such as the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, (g -2) µ , the branching ratios of the two body leptonic decay of the B-meson B(B → τ ν) and the three body semileptonic decay B(B → D(D * )τ ν). As far as (g -2) µ is concerned, the SUSY contribution needs to be at least 1.
Improving simplified models interpretations at 8 TeV Figure  1  demonstrates the existence of a large number of points not excluded by SMod-elS. In order to understand the characteristics of these points and to suggest further ways to constrain the non-excluded regions of parameter space, it is interesting to ask which SMS topologies not covered by current SMS searches in the SModelS database prevail in these points. These are dubbed 'missing topologies' and will be discussed in this section in details. The missing topologies are derived purely on the basis of cross section times branching ratio (σ × B) computations and hence do not take into account the sensitivity of the experimental searches. For example, in the results that follow, the hadronic decays of W will show up most of the times because the branching ratio for W decays to quarks is higher than into leptons, however, it is more difficult to beat the backgrounds while searching for hadronic decays.
Acknowledgements DG acknowledges support from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP/2007-2013) /  ERC  Grant Agreement no. 279972. DG, RMG and GB wish to thank the organizers of the Workshop on  High Energy Physics Phenomenology, WHEPP at Puri, India. DG would also like to thank the hospitality of LAPTh where part of this work was done. RMG wishes to acknowledge support from the  Department of Science and Technology, India  under Grant No. SR/S2/JCB-64/2007  under the J. C. Bose Fellowship  scheme as well as support from the  French ANR  Project " DMAstro-LHC ",  ANR-12-BS05-0006 , for a visit to LAPTh. SuK is supported by the " New Frontiers" program  of the  Austrian Academy of Sciences. We thank  Jonathan Da Silva  for providing us with the neutrino coherent scattering and Fermi limits.
Microscopy and root length measurement GUS activity was assayed as described  (Sarrobert et al. , 2000). Pictures were taken on a transmitted light microscope (DMRXA; Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) (910 or 920 magnification) or on dissecting microscope (MZ16A, Leica Microsystems) (96 for leaves, 925 for roots) (Leica Microsystems). Ten plantlets per condition were imaged and the experiments were done in triplicate. The primary root length was measured using the software IMAGEJ (US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The average lengths were calculated from three independent experiments on 15 plantlets.
Pi-content and Pi influx The Arabidopsis Pi-content and Pi-uptake experiments were assayed as previously  (Misson et al. , 2004). Detection of 33 Pi accumulation was performed with imaging plates as described  (Kanno et al. , 2012). The data were analysed using the Image Gauge software (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan). Preliminary experiments have shown that Pi-uptake was linear at least from 30 min to 2 h (data not shown).
Samples (10 ll) were directly injected in the HPLC after thawing. For ultraviolet (UV) light detection, the medium component and the drugs were separated by HPLC as described  (Lecoq et al. , 2001). We identified the absorption peaks of the drugs with their UV signature (data not shown) by using an UV spectrophotometer (Ultimate 3000 VWD; Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and an UV diode array detector (Ultimate 3000 RS; Dionex) between 220 and 340 nm. For mass spectrometry detection, metabolites and PSN of the plant extracts were separated on an Ultimate 3000 HPLC system (Dionex). Solvents A and B were respectively H 2 O with 0. 1% formic acid and acetonitrile. Flow rate was 0. 25 ml min À1. Separation gradient was 0-5 min 97% A; 5-30 min from 97% A to 5% A; 30-35 min 5% A; 35-36 min from 5% A to 97% A; 36-51 min 97% A.