dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
| Relationship between extinction risk, functional distinctiveness and traits Regional IUCN Red List statuses of species were obtained using the 'rredlist' R package  (Chamberlain & Salmon, 2018)  and manually verified thanks to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2022). Only species with IUCN status (and not 'Data Deficient' status; 362 out of 425 species) and complete trait information (294 out of 425 species) were selected for the rest of the study. We converted IUCN status into two threat categories: (i) 'not threatened', which grouped together 'least concern' (LC) and 'near-threatened' (NT) species, and (ii) 'threatened', that encompassed 'vulnerable' (VU), 'endangered' (EN) and 'critically endangered' (CR) species. A unilateral Welch's t-test was performed to assess whether species assigned as 'threatened' have a higher distinctiveness than 'non-threatened' species.
, 2012)  to assess the contribution of individual traits on species conservation status. Instead of a bootstrap sample from the entire dataset, each tree of the forest during down-sampling is built from a bootstrap sample from the rare class, along with a sub-sample of the same size from the more common class  (Chen et al. , 2004). Species threat (1: threatened, 24 species; 0: not threatened, 270 species) was the response variable, and species trait values were the predictors. The flowchart of the methodology developed for our analyses is presented in Supporting Information Appendix S2-Figure  S4. (2)   S4 ), but the absolute value of the distinctiveness decreases more for the most distinct species (see Supporting Information Species that belong to D10 represent between 0 and 17% of the total number of species per ICES rectangle, the maximum number being observed on Porcupine Bank (see Supporting Information Appendix S2-Figure  S6 ).
| DISCUSS ION Our aim was to evaluate whether threatened fish species are functionally rare and identify traits that make them vulnerable. To do so, we used IUCN species status, species traits and abundance data from bottom trawl surveys to define the functional rarity of 425 fish species in the European seas. Here we both demonstrate that (i) a substantial proportion (38%) of threatened fish are functional distinct, spatially restricted and present high abundance scarcity and (ii) that the functional distinctiveness of these species is primarily associated with slow pace-of-life strategies. Our results are analogous to similar studies on freshwater fishes  (Su et al. , 2019) , or on terrestrial mammals and birds  (Loiseau et al. , 2020) , demonstrating a general trend to devote efforts to protect species with unique functional traits and supporting key functions within ecological processes  (Dee et al.
, 2019). We showed that 38% of the species threatened with extinction according to the IUCN Red List in European seas (9 out of 24 species) are the most functionally distinct species (D10 species) with eight sharks belonging to both. If the second most functionally distinct group of species is added, the number of species increases up to 58% (14 species out of 24) and also includes one skate and one ray. Already alarming, this result is certainly underestimated because of the 'Data Deficient' classification of six D10 species (e. g. Forkbeard, Phycis phycis; Ocean Sunsfish, Mola mola; Arrowhead Dogfish, Deania profundorum; Sharpnose Sevengill Shark; Little Sleeper Shark, Somniosus rostratus and Atlantic Torpedo Ray, Tetronarce nobiliana)  (Dulvy et al. , 2021). Dulvy et al. (2021)  estimated that one-third of chondrichthyan fishes worldwide were threatened with extinction, the largest sharks and rays being in the most peril, especially those living in shallow waters that are more accessible to fisheries, and more impacted by habitat degradation and pollution  (Dulvy et al.
Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/geb. 13731 by Cochrane France, Wiley Online Library on [12/07/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License within the different trait types with less than 10% missing values, at most, per trait. Our final database contains 339 species fully informed. The resulting trait database is openly available at Figshare public data repository 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 19833304. v1 (see also Appendix 1-Data sources).
Melanostigma atlanticum; Maulisia microlepis; Benthocometes robustus; Normichthys operosus), including deep-sea sharks (e. g. sharpnose sevengill shark (Heptranchias perlo) and Somniosus sp. ), therefore having a low probability of being encountered on the continental shelf due to biological constraints. Large pelagic species such as Thresher Shark and Swordfish rank among the least abundant species in European seas, as indicated by the scarcity index. By contrast, seven small pelagic fishes (out of a total of 29 pelagic species in our dataset) including European Sprat (Sprattus sprattus), Atlantic Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and European Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) are among the most abundant species. The International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) has been previously shown effective for examining the temporal dynamics of both demersal and pelagic fishes (Hiddink & Ter.
14668238, 0 , 0 Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/geb. 13731 by Cochrane France, Wiley Online Library on [12/07/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License within the different trait types with less than 10% missing values, at most, per trait. Our final database contains 339 species fully informed. The resulting trait database is openly available at Figshare public data repository 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 19833304. v1 (see also Appendix 1-Data sources).
Introduction Despite the progress achieved by cardiac surgery in the current era, type A acute aortic dissection (TAAAD) persists as a clinicopathological entity burdened by a high lethality. Awareness on the life-threatening nature of the disease alongside the need for obtaining accurate images has led to faster diagnoses and better perioperative care. However, the operative mortality associated with TAAAD repair is still discouraging and persistently high. Centers with a high volume of patients treated for acute type A aortic dissection and large databases such as the European registries and International Acute Aortic Dissection Registry report OM ranging from 18 to 20%. Complications such as renal failure, major neurological lesions, and postoperative bleeding must be added to this result, which substantially reduce the success offered by the repair and undermine the recovery of patients who survive the operation.
Data Extraction Comprehensive data extraction retrospectively collected from 3 cardiac surgery centers (Centre Cardiologique du Nord, Saint-Denis France; University Hospital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France and DISC Department, University of Genoa) were included in a central cardiac database which was analyzed retrospectively by the statistician at Weill Cornell Medicine-New York. Presbyterian Medical Center. The registry retrospectively collated demographic information, as well as pre-and postoperative clinical information, including mortality, for cardiac surgery procedures in patients who developed TAAAD from 2008 to 2021. In summary, data entered locally by surgeons were validated at every single center by the database managers before being loaded into a single database. In this step, further validation was performed and reports on missing data were generated for the primary variables (e.
Patients and endpoints The database included a total of 601 patients with their baseline, demographic, and follow-up data that were examined. The inclusion criteria for this study comprised patients with TAAAD or intramural hematoma involving the ascending aorta. Patients were > 18 years of age, the onset of symptoms within 7 days of surgery, indication for primary surgical repair of acute type A aortic dissection, and any other major cardiac surgical procedure concurrent with surgery for TAAAD and retrograde TAAAD with lesion primarily located in the descending aorta. Exclusion criteria consisted of individuals aged < 18 years, onset of symptoms > 7 days from surgery, a previous procedure for TAAAD, concomitant endocarditis, and TAAAD following blunt or penetrating chest trauma. The primary endpoint of the study consisted of operative mortality defined as 30-day and inhospital mortality.
8% in the urgent group to 60% in the salvage 2 group). However, the operative mortality was comparable to those reported in other national and international registries. The crude mortality rate reported in UK nationwide dataset for type A acute aortic dissection (UK National Adult Cardiac Surgical Audit) was 17. 8% decreasing over time from 22% in 2009 to 15% in 2018. [2]  Previous reports from IRAD revealed a decrease in surgical mortality from 25% to 18%. This reduction meant that over time, the in-hospital mortality rate of TAAAD patients dropped significantly from 31% to 22%. [15]  In the last report from IRAD that assembled information from 2952 subjects with type A aortic dissection enrolled from 28 referral centers in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, the overall mortality rate for TAAAD in hospital admission was 5.
In the present study, the results reported after arch repair suggest that in patients with BAV or arch aneurysm disease, TARP can be performed safely with no difference in operative mortality, especially in younger patients with few comorbidities (P= 0. 37). Although both large databases  [13]  and singlecenter results have shown an increase in mortality  [19]  and permanent neurological deficit  [25]  in patients undergoing extensive arch repair, however, we have observed that adequate patient selection patient, cerebral protection, and meticulous attention to surgical hemostasis have a favorable impact by reducing major morbidity and mortality to levels comparable with those associated with less complex repairs. Total arch replacement associated with the frozen elephant trunk procedure is another arch repair strategy that deserves reflection.
Operative mortality was 13%, similar to the operative mortality reported with many other procedures. However, in this series, a stroke rate of 15% and an incidence of spinal cord injury of 5% emerge which are worrying, particularly if 12% of patients discharged from the hospital after surgery still needed aortic reoperations downstream. [29]  Deserving of attention is spinal cord injury which has been highlighted as a particularly devastating complication associated with the FET procedure. A large meta-analysis based on a higher number of TAAAD patients undergoing FET revealed an aggregated SCI rate of 4. 7%, which increased significantly more when a stent longer than 15 cm was implanted or when in which coverage of the aorta was extending to T8 or lower segments. [23]  Poon and colleagues evaluated the results of a database consisting of 507 patients receiving arch repair and analyzed the database reporting that FET had a higher risk of spinal cord injury versus conventional TARP conventional procedure (1.
The exponential increase in publicly available sequencing data and genomic resources necessitates the development of highly efficient methods for data processing and analysis. Locality-sensitive hashing techniques have successfully transformed large datasets into smaller, more manageable sketches while maintaining comparability using metrics such as Jaccard and containment indices. However, fixed-size sketches encounter difficulties when applied to divergent datasets. Scalable sketching methods, such as Sourmash, provide valuable solutions but still lack resourceefficient, tailored indexing. Our objective is to create lighter sketches with comparable results while enhancing efficiency. We introduce the concept of Fractional Hitting Sets, a generalization of Universal Hitting Sets, which uniformly cover a specified fraction of the k-mer space.
In theory and practice, we demonstrate the feasibility of achieving such coverage with simple but highly efficient schemes. By encoding the covered k-mers as super-k-mers, we provide a space-efficient exact representation that also enables optimized comparisons. Our novel tool, SuperSampler, implements this scheme, and experimental results with real bacterial collections closely match our theoretical findings. In comparison to Sourmash, SuperSampler achieves similar outcomes while utilizing an order of magnitude less space and memory and operating several times faster. This highlights the potential of our approach in addressing the challenges presented by the ever-expanding landscape of genomic data. SuperSampler is an open-source software and can be accessed at github. com/TimRouze/supersampler.
Introduction The field of genomics has exploded in recent years, driven by the availability of cheap and easy sequencing data generation. The Sequence Read Archive (SRA) is a vast and to some extent under-exploited goldmine of genomic data, containing an enormous amount of genetic information. However, one of the biggest challenges in utilizing this data is the lack of efficient indexing and querying tools. The GenBank database, for example, already contains 1. 2 million bacterial genomes, totaling over 5 Terabases of data. In the face of such vast 15:2 SuperSampler genetic information, a crucial need is to promptly and precisely determine the most similar (or contained) known entry for a given query document (assembled or unassembled reads). Specifically, in this work we focus on the metagenomic assessment problem, which entails characterizing microbial communities in a specific environment using DNA sequencing data and potentially large amounts of reference entries.
Scaled sketches As the problem of inaccuracy of fixed-size sketches for dissimilar datasets was pointed out but only partially solved using MinHash schemes  [17, 13] , novel approaches were proposed. Scaled sketches methods build their sketches with adapted sizes in regard to the input. The main contribution in this direction for compositional analysis is sourmash  [23] , and our paper also falls in this category. sourmash incorporates a scaled factor indicating the fraction of the k-mer's input that should be included in the sketch as fingerprints. To do so they add a WA B I 2 0 2 3 15:8 SuperSampler fingerprint in the sketch if their integer value is a multiple of S (ScaledMinhash) or lower than a fixed threshold (FracMinHash). The latter technique is recently described and theoretically studied in  [10, 8].
Second, this technique enables a more space-efficient representation of k-mers, typically requiring less than the 32-bit per k-mer space cost of Sourmash. Figure  2  illustrates an example of sketch construction in SuperSampler. In the following sections, we propose a model to evaluate the space efficiency of a SuperSampler sketch. In the regular case with hashed minimizer with a density factor of 2 we can expect (k -m + 1)/2 k-mers per super-k-mers  [22]. This results in a mean super-k-mer length of (3k -m -1)/2 bases. We can give a lower bound of the cost in bit per k-mer to encode such super-k-mers: 2(3k -m -1) k -m + 1 However we need to encode the length of each super-k-mer to avoid considering artefactual k-mers created by two successive super-k-mers so we can add log 2 (k -m + 1) bits per super-k-mer (encoding the number of k-mers).
Results All experiments were performed on a single cluster node running with Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6130 CPU @ 2. 10GHz and 2 64GiB DIMM DDR4 Synchronous 2666 MHz ram. In the first section, we evaluate supersampler sketches space usage. In the second section, we evaluate the precision and performance of SuperSampler in comparison to Sourmash, the current state-of-the-art solution. Finally, in the last section, we demonstrate SuperSampler's scalability when indexing extensive collections. Every file used to perform these experiments can be found GitHub : github. com/TimRouze/Expe_SPSP.
Performance Comparison In our qualitative experiment, we compared the performance of SuperSampler with Sourmash, which implements FracMinHash. We evaluated both tools on two distinct datasets: 1024 Salmonella genomes from GenBank and 1024 bacterial genomes from RefSeq. These collections were chosen due to their differing containment indexes; Salmonella genomes are highly similar  to each other, while the bacterial genomes in RefSeq exhibit much greater dissimilarity (Jaccard index close to 0). We carried out an all-versus-all comparison of these collections using both tools and monitored RAM and disk usage, as well as computation time during the sketch comparisons. To assess the precision of the approximated scores, we calculated the exact Jaccard and containment index values using Simka  [4] , which performs efficient k-mer counting operations on large collections.
With these scores as a reference, the precision of the approximation can be evaluated. RAM and computation time were measured using the benchmark flag from Snakemake, with one run per command. Disk usage was determined by comparing the sketch sizes of Sourmash (using the zip option for sourmash sketch) and SuperSampler, with the latter's sketch sizes examined through a Python script. SuperSampler sketches were stored in a tar archive and compressed using gzip -9.
This paper aims to study the thermal performance at wall scale of hollowed bricks made of starch/ beet-pulp bio-composites identified as a potent solution for the development of sustainable, nonload bearing, insulation materials to be used in the construction sector. Numerical studies on thermal resistance using the COMSOL software were conducted to study the characteristics of optimal hollowed brick pattern. The numerical study results were then compared with thermal resistance calculations based on the NF EN ISO norm 6946 (2017). In a later stage, an experimental 1 m x 1 m wall made of starch/beet-pulp composite bricks and binder was built. Experimental studies on the thermal resistance and thermal imaging were carried out on the wall inserted in a bi-climatic chamber showing only a 3 • C change of the surface temperature of the wall on the one side after applying a 23 • C temperature difference on the other side for 7 h.
The results showed that the thermal performance of the hollowed block with identical dimensions improved with the increase of number of rows with holes having a diameter not larger than 0. 02 m. For this reason and in order to study the optimal thermal performance of hollowed S/BP bricks with a constant mass ratio equal to 40%, numerical studies on thermal resistance using COMSOL v. 5. 6 software were conducted on different hollowed bricks configurations. The results are then compared with analytical calculations based on the NF EN ISO norm 6946. (2017) and an optimal holes configuration in terms of thermal and mechanical performance was deduced. Afterwards, two experimental studies on the thermal performance were carried out on a 1 m x 1 m wall made of hollowed S/BP bricks cemented together by a 1 cm layer of S/BP identical mix.
2D-numerical simulations of bricks Hollow blocks are widely used in construction for having lighter weight and better insulation properties against heat and dampness. In order to achieve a better thermal performance of the S/BP bricks, a numerical study on holes distribution was conducted using the commercial software COMSOL v. 5. 6. The numerical simulations were set-up as a 2D simulation using the heat transfer in fluids and the surface-to-surface radiation physics interfaces and the built-in properties of air in the software COMSOL were used. Even though in a real façade the heat fluxes might be 3D in nature, a 2D simulation here was considered sufficiently accurate because the simulations were done on the level of one brick and the cross section of the brick is constant over its height.
The mesh was a physics-controlled mesh with 'finer' mesh size as defined in the COMSOL software (see Fig. 1 ). This resulted in a total of 7498 triangular mesh elements. The thermal conductivity of S/BP composite was measured experimentally using ISOMET 2114 Applied Precision (APPLIED PRECISION, n. d. )  [22]. For this matter, an electrical resistor generating a defined heat flow was inserted in direct contact into the studied sample and temperature measurements were taken periodically. Four cubical samples (10×10×10 cm3) of the S/BP composite were elaborated with the same manufacturing process of the bricks used in this study. Before measurements, samples were dried using a climatic chamber MKF 720 Binder (BINDER, n. d. )  [23]  at 50 • C and 10% RH then cooled at 23 • C and 50% RH for two weeks until stabilization.
Conclusions This work focuses on the study of the thermal performance of a low cost and bio-sourced material based on starch and beet-pulp (S/ BP) as building insulation material on a wall scale level. For this purpose, a numerical study was elaborated using the commercial software COMSOL in order to determine the best holes distribution profile for a high thermal resistance of a brick while at the same time satisfying a good mechanical behaviour. An equivalent thermal resistance equal to 1. 180 m 2. K/W was obtained for a brick (21. 85 cm × 10. 3 cm×5. 6 cm) having a total number of 17 holes distributed in 3 rows. Afterwards, the obtained result was compared to an analytical calculation based on the norm NF EN ISO 6946  [18]  for the same brick configuration resulting in an equivalent thermal resistance equal to 1.
Owing to the complexity of obtaining the landslide inventory data, it is a challenge to establish a landslide spatial prediction model with limited labeled samples. This paper proposed a novel strategy, namely transfer learning with attributes (TLAs), to make good use of existing landslide inventory data, a strategy that is based on a variational autoencoder of a generative adversarial network (VAEGAN) for improving the landslide spatial prediction performance in sample-scarce areas. Different from transfer learning (TL), TLAs are pretraining the model with the data reconstructed by VAEGAN, so that the models learn in advance the landslide attributes of sample-scarce areas. Accordingly, a database containing a total of 986 landslides in three study areas with 14 landslide-influencing factors was established, and each of the three models, i.
Study Area and Landslide Inventory This paper includes three study areas in China: the first one is across both Luoding Country and Xinyi County (LX) of Guangdong Province (Figure  1a ); the second one is in Guigang County (GG) of Guangxi Province (Figure  1b ); and the third one is in Zigui County (ZG) of Hubei Province. A landslide survey is an indispensable procedure for data statistics and understanding of landslide spatial distribution  [22]. The landslide inventories of the study areas were initially obtained from the archive database in 2012 and then were supplemented with several field surveys using geoinformatics (ArcGIS) from Google Earth images (historical images from 2010 to 2016). Additionally, the description of the landslides in the study areas can be found in Table  A1  of Appendix A.