dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data Collection and Intraoral Examination The medical, demographic, daily habits, and social characteristics including age, gender, district, smoking habits, frequency of family or friends visits, degree of autonomy regarding toilet and nutrition, medical condition, medication consumption, dry mouth sensation, tooth brushing frequency, and denture use (partial/complete removable mandibular/maxillary prosthesis) were collected using a questionnaire administered by one investigator in each district. In addition, participants were asked about their access to oral health in the last 12 months and the reasons of their dental visits. The nurse in charge was present during the exam and confirmed the answers of the respondents, when needed. The questionnaire was developed by two contributors and five examiners, each in one district, underwent the data collection.
Statistical Analyses The statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS®, version 24. 0, IMB®) and Stata/SE TM 11. 1 statistical softwares. Descriptive analysis was performed to detail the distribution of the oral mucosal lesions across the sociodemographic characteristics of participants (origin, age, gender, visitors, and smoking), maxillary and mandibular removable dentures use and condition, oral hygiene practice, autonomy, chronic diseases, and medications. Bivariate regressions were applied to establish the relationship between the variables and the development of oral mucosal lesion. Multivariate regressions were finally used to estimate regression coefficients, standard errors, 95% confidence intervals (CI) and two-sided p values. Statistical significance was set at.
Materials and Methods The method used for this article was based on literature surveys and the authors' personal knowledge of the various aspects covered. In respect of PCL properties and past, present and future applications in the biomedical field, given the numerous publications, the search focused on reviews and recent publications illustrating some of these biomedical applications. Some reviews were critical to this evaluation. With regards to the PCL-based collagen stimulator (PCL-filler) safety and efficacy, a literature search was conducted using the Medline, Scopus, and search terms used were "polycaprolactone" and "dermal filler", and "polycaprolactone" and "collagen stimulator". All identified articles were read and analyzed. To assess safety, vigilance data corresponding to a survey of reported adverse events worldwide were also used and recommendations for treatment of PCL-filler adverse events provided.
[126] [127] [128]  A metanalysis of vascular complications of facial fillers provides an interesting update. 129 o conclude, complications caused by dermal fillers are rare and mostly minor and injection-related but physicians have to be aware of the risk and be able to manage and treat adverse events, particularly the severe ones. It is difficult to have access to PMS data of the different fillers, as they are generally not published. If we consider safety data covering several years based on clinical experience, four recent analyses on FDA Manufacturer and User Device Experience databases (MAUDE) reported adverse events after several FDA-approved dermal fillers and collagen stimulators (Radiesse, Sculptra) leading to litigation provide interesting information, even limited, regarding the types of adverse events and the area the most affected, as a mean to evaluate the risk.
Statistical methods The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Logistic regression analysis was used with the CRA (dichotomous variable) as dependent variable and dentists' experience and specialty as factors. Chi-square tests were used to test if there was significance of the differences between the CRA and ICP, and between CRA and treatment plan. The level of significance was set at P<0. 05. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20 (trial version) (IBM corp, Armonk, New York, USA).
Design A pilot study to explore the OHrQoL of PWS was performed between March 2014 and January 2016 from a sample population of PWS. PWS were recruited from a population of 1,868 PWS in Côte d'Or recorded in the French medico-administrative database, PMSI (Programme de Médicalisation des Système d'Information) of the three hospitals of Côte d'Or using a random stratified method. The sampling strategy of this study was described in a previous study by our team  [28].
Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Committee for the Protection of Persons (CPP) I of Eastern France (registration number: 2014-A00358-39). The study was registered on www. ClinicalTrials. gov under number NCT02167724. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals (or from their legal guardians for persons under guardianship) included in this study. receptor antagonists and induce blockage of dopaminergic neurotransmission in subcortical areas either acutely or during chronic treatment and they can also block other receptors such as histamine-1, muscarinic-1 and alpha-1  [16, 17].
Data analysis Qualitative variables were expressed as percentages, and quantitative variables were expressed as the means and standard deviations. Wilcoxon nonparametric tests were used for the comparison of means. A multiple linear regression model was used to explore the relationship between the GOHAI scores and the XI scores, the DMFT scores and the AIS scores. The statistical significance level was set to p<0. 05. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software (version 9. 1, SAS Institute, Cary, N. C. ).
Descriptive data A sample of 62 people was selected. The population characteristics are reported in Table  1. In total, 169 drugs were prescribed to the patients of our sample, and 114 drugs were identified with a potential anticholinergic side effect. The most frequently used anticholinergic drugs (51. 4%) used in the study had a low antimuscarinic potency (1 point according to AIS scale), 31. 4% of the prescribed drugs had an AIS=3, and 17. 1% had an AIS score of 2. The most prescribed anticholinergics drugs and their AIS scores are shown in Table  2.
Respondents are asked to choose one of five responses ('Never', scoring 1; 'Hardly ever', 2; 'Occasionally', 3; 'Fairly often', 4; and 'Very often', 5). Each individual's responses are scored and summed to give a single XI score  [34]. -The anticholinergic impregnation scale (AIS) The anticholinergic impregnation scale (AIS) is a specific anticholinergic burden scale for drugs used in France  [35]. A score was assigned, ranging from 1 to 3 (1: low anticholinergic potential; 2: moderate anticholinergic potential and 3: high anticholinergic potential) to a list of 128 drugs with a consensus approach obtained via literature data and expert opinions. Anticholinergic impregnation score is the sum of both regularly used and when-needed drugs. studies have been conducted using a method to quantify the cumulative effect of taking multiple drugs with anticholinergic properties that addressed the perception of dry mouth or side effects of these drugs in the OHrQol of PWS.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank the staff and patients of all the hospitals who participated in the survey. We are grateful to the  Regional Health Agency of Burgundy (Agence Régionale de Santé de Bourgogne)  and the  University Hospital of Dijon  for the financial support given to the study. Funding source: This research project was funded by the  Agence Régionale de Santé de Bourgogne (ARS).
The educational module contains four experiments of varying difficulty and is freely available as an archive of latest versions and community contributions (https:// github. com/axr503/education), as a website in multiple languages (English, Spanish, French and Portuguese, specifically developed for this project, or amenable for automatic translation via online search engines such as Google Chrome, see also Figure  1G-H  for direct smartphone access) at https://sites. google. com/kent. edu/ face-mask-challenge/face-mask-challenge-home or as 'ready-toprint' PDF module files for direct public access in four languages (see Supplementary Materials). FIGURE 1 | Detailed educational citizen science modules could be based on information on droplet biology and experiments to increase experiential knowledge, facemask compliance, and public droplet safety.
Participants can choose to share their observations through an anonymous online (IRB-approved) form. Volunteered responses from the "#FaceMaskChallenge" will build a citizen science database and display simple graphs that illustrate the reduction in droplet spread. The citizen science activity module is presented without political motivation or emotional language and adheres to basic scientific methods approach to knowledge discovery. Through the completion of a few hands-on activities, participants will discover details related to the effectiveness of facemasks including affordable and accessible home-made face covers. Questions and talking points in the module will encourage participants to think about community spread germs and their own choices regarding masks. Engagement with the science of public droplet safety may help move beyond the sensationalized discourse currently dominating the media and contribute to pandemic preparedness actions.
Mice were examined to evaluate pain and stress, and their weights were monitored daily. After anaesthesia, P. gingivalis (5 × 10 8 CFU in 100 μL) was injected on calvaria subcutaneously to induce an abscess as described previously  89, 90  After 6 h, 100 μL of M101 (1 g/L) was subcutaneously injected in the test group while the control group was left untreated. The lesion size was measured each day for 5 consecutive days. Clinical abscess size measurements were carried out and comparison between control and test groups was done with Image J software, 1. 46r (National Institute of Mental health (NIMH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA). Tissue preparation. After 5 days, mice were euthanized with an overdose of anesthesia followed by cervical dislocation. Afterwards, sections of calvarial bone along with skin were dissected and post-fixed by immersion overnight at 4 °C in a solution containing 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH 7.
Methods Finite element analysis was used to analyze stress distribution in a simplified ceramic overlay axisymmetric model using the commercial finite element software Abaqus  (Dassault Systems, 2017). The restored tooth is represented by a multi-layered 8 mm diameter cylinder indented by a rigid spherical indenter. A frictionless hard contact is imposed between the two parts. A 120 N force is applied on the indenter in the direction of the cylinder, that corresponds to an average contact force in the molar region (Figure  1 ). The bottom of the cylinder is fixed. A tie contact is implemented between all layers, considered as perfectly bonded. The meshed cylinder is composed of 167,200 4-node bilinear elements with reduced integration and hourglass control. This simplified geometry has been used in the literature to quantify experimentally the influence of numerous parameters (especially thickness and mechanical properties of the chosen materials) while leading to clinically relevant fracture modes of the restoration  (Dong and Darvell 2003).
Corpus Research methodology A bibliographic search was conducted on the online database PubMed according to the PRISMA methodology. The MeSH keywords "maxillary sinus," "tooth extraction," and "root" were used. The research equation was: " ("maxillary sinus [MeSH Terms] AND ("tooth extraction"[MeSH Terms] AND ("plant roots [MeSH Terms])". Only publications in English or French were selected. No time limit was set. A manual search from the bibliographic references found in the selected articles completed this main search. The selection of articles and results was based on: Inclusion criteria -Prospective controlled or uncontrolled, randomized and nonrandomized clinical studies, and prospective cohorts We included one case series, one comparative study, two retrospective studies, and 18 case reports.
Introduction Numerical simulation of long term orthodontic tooth movement could help clinicians to plan more efficient and mechanically sound treatments  (Burstone 2015). It remains a challenge and no prospective model exists yet. Finite element analysis (FEA) has been used by several authors to perform such simulations, but these studies usually lack of experimental calibration or validation  (Schneider et al. 2002; Kojima and Fukui 2012; Chen et al. 2014). Moreover, a proper definition of the boundary conditions of the model is a critical issue as most of the orthodontic forces are statically indeterminate  (Hamanaka et al. 2017). Our main objective was to perform a numerical study of orthodontic tooth displacement based on precise clinical data. We collected monthly threedimensional (3D) displacement data of two canines submitted to a known force system.
Finite element analysis We imported into COMSOL Multiphysics software part of the initial 3D model (Figure  1 /Bottom) including the trans-canine arch, the canines, part of the maxillary bone and the periodontal ligament. The latter was artificially created by dilatation operations. We modelled teeth as rigid bodies and all other mesh parts but bone as homogeneous and isotropic elastic materials. In order to mimic bone remodelling, we used a Zener model for bone. Long-term shear modulus was set close to zero so as not to restrain tooth movement, instantaneous elastic moduli were given values typical of alveolar bone (cortical bone was not modelled), and a parametric analysis was performed to identify the characteristic time best matching clinical data. In order to quantitatively compare the simulated displacements with the clinical ones, we calculated the rigid body translations and Euler extrinsic angles of the canines at simulation times corresponding to each clinical step.
Conclusions We collected original clinical data on long-term tooth displacement of one patient using a personalized orthodontic device designed so as to deliver a statically determinate system of forces. Nevertheless, an unexpected intrusion was observed pointing out the relevance of physiological functional forces. Moreover, we developed a preliminary patient-specific FEA model that, despite its simplicity, was able to capture the main features of orthodontic movement but the tooth intrusion. This underlines the importance of clinical calibration and validation of FEA models of orthodontic displacement before considering them as clinically relevant. Among the simplifying assumptions of our model, our perspective is to improve the bone remodelling model  (Bourauel et al. 2000; Wang et al. 2014 ) and to make a first step toward a mechanobiological approach  (Van Schepdael et al.
Study population This cross-sectional study took place in the district of Pikine, a suburb of Dakar including 16 municipalities. The study population comprised children from 3 to 9 years old and their mothers. The inclusion criteria required that each children had lived in the municipality chosen for at least one year and had lived with his or her mother from birth. A written informed consent had been signed by the mothers for their participation to study and that of their child. Children and mothers with a disability or disease liable to prevent data collection were excluded.
Study variables Mothers'demographic and social characteristics. The data collected included age (in two groups: 35 years or younger, and older than 35 and), level of education (in 2groups: one with no or only primary education, andthe other with a secondary or higher education), paid work status (working, not working), occupation (workers, intermediate professions, managers) and social support, estimated by the frequency of contacts with family, friendsand neighbours (less than once a month, at least once a month, and at least once a week). Household characteristics. These are described by two variables: the estimated wealth of the household (based on a list of household goods) and household density (household members per room). A synthetic variable called "social position" was constructed from the data on education level, occupation and household density (see appendix).
Data collection The data on oral health status were collected from clinical examinations by the investigators, trained in WHO standards  [28]. Interexaminer consistency estimated by the Kappa test was 87. 2%. The examination, which used a disposable examination kit and a headlamp, took place at the child's home, in the mother'spresence. The sociodemographic and OHL data were collected during a face-to-face interview conducted by the same trained examiner, using a questionnaire and conducted in French or Wolof. The questionnaire was pilot-tested beforehand on several mothers of families in a municipality not belonging to the sample. The survey took place from 16 March to 3 May 2015. The National Committee of Health Research Ethics (CNERS) of the Senegal Ministry of Health and Social Action authorised the study.
Analysis Bivariate and multivariate analyzes were carried out. In the bivariate the chi-2 Pearson test with a p = 0. 05 was used to derive the relationship between caries and independent variables. We use the bivariate analysis to select the variables for the multivariate analysis. Two logistic regression models are built to tested association between dental caries and OHL level with other socioeconomic factors. Structural equation type model (SEM) was also used to test the structure of the relations between the explanatory variables, OHL and dental caries. Results were analysed with STATA. 13 software.
Each unique label probe is conjugated to a different fluorophore or enzyme. In the visualization step, signals are detected using an epifluorescent microscope (for fluorescent label) or standard bright-field microscope (for enzyme label). In the final quantification step, single-molecule signals can be quantified on a cell-by-cell basis by manual counting or automated image analysis using HALO Software. Importantly, this technique allows multiplex detection of RNA and protein targets simultaneously  [85] , as well as multiple mRNA species with different fluorophores can be resolved  [86] , such as latent (EBER1, EBNA1, LMP1 and RPMS1) and lytic (BZLF1 and BMRF1) targets  [87]. This highly sensitive and specific RNAscope assay may allow new insights into viral reservoir, persistence and evaluation of treatment strategies  [85].
3D printing of PLA frameworks The CAD models for the PLA scaffolds were designed using Catia design software and fabricated by a Creality Ender-3 pro-High Precision 3D printer by Shape tool 3D Technology FSD machine. Before the FDM process, the STL (Standard Tessellation Language) file created by the CAD software is fragmented into thin horizontal slices and the width of each layer can be driven as per the requirement  [21]. Fig. 1  shows the FDM printer, printing process, and the formed material.
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spin Trapping (ESR-ST) Electron spin resonance-spin trapping experiments were carried out using an X-band spectrometer (Bruker EMXplus, Karlruhe Germany). The radicals were observed under a nitrogen saturated atmosphere at room temperature. N-tert-Butyl-phenylnitrone (PBN) was used as a spin trap agent in tert-butylbenzene  [75, 76]. ESR spectra simulations were carried out using PEST WINSIM software.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J. L. , F. D. , P. X. ; methodology, J. L. , F. D. , P. X. , K. S. ; synthesis of dyes, F. D. and C. P. ; software, B. G. ; validation, all authors; formal analysis, J. L. , F. D. , P. X. , K. S. ; data curation, all authors; writing-original draft preparation, J. L. , F. D. , P. X. , K. S. ; writing-review and editing, all authors. All authors have read and agree to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: China Scholarship Council (CSC) for K. S. The Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR agency) is acknowledged for funding through the PhD grant of Corentin Pigot (ANR-17-CE08-0010 DUALITY project). Aix Marseille University and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) are acknowledged for permanent fundings.
Acknowledgments: Authors wish to thank the  Region Grand Est (France)  for the grant " MIPPI-4D ". This research project is supported by  China Scholarship Council (CSC)  (No. 201808440451 ). P. X. acknowledges funding from the  "Australian Research Council  ( FT170100301 )". This work was granted access to the  HPC resources of the Mesocentre of the University of Strasbourg.
Another study aimed to find potential compounds for the treatment of OCC, based on a large scale of reliable compound-and bioactivity-databases which showed that resveratrol is a natural product with a high potential to treat OCC. Resveratrol inhibits matrix MMP-9 expression and metastasis in oral cancer cells by down-regulating the signaling pathways of c-Jun N-terminal kinase1/2 and extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 signals, thus exerting beneficial effects in chemo-prevention  [115]. Concentrations of 100 µM resveratrol decrease the adhesion, migration and invasion of OSCC cells (KB)  [116]  and of human oral cancer cell lines (SCC-9)  [115]. Cell migration induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is also inhibited by resveratrol, which reduces the expression of MMP-9 and blocks the extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and JNK-MAPK (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase family of mitogen-activated protein kinases) pathways.
The selected mandibular specimen had a normal anatomy and came from two patients who had had BSSO to correct a Class II malocclusion; for one, the mandibular wisdom teeth were included in the mandibular ramus. Creation of the phantom started with the importing of the cone-beam CT image into 3-dimensional visualisation Anatomaker software (3D-Medlab). The lower jaw was segmented based on the voxel intensity using techniques incorporating global thresholding. The segmented mandible was then converted to a mesh model using Netfabb ® software (Autodesk), then saved as a stereolithography (STL) file and sent to a 3-dimensional printer software (Objet studio, Stratasys) to manage the 3-dimensional printing. Fabrication: both the anatomical models were printed using PolyJet technology with a Connex 3260 3D printer (Stratasys).
Epidemiological data Twenty-four residents from seven different medical centres participated in our training program. Seven students were in their third year of residency, five in their second year, and five in their fourth year, while three and four of them, respectively, were in their first or last year of residency. The pretest survey was completed by 22 of the students, and results indicated that most of the residents were satisfied with their level of experience with the surgical instruments required for the BSSO procedure, and with the first steps of the technique (including identification of the lingula) irrespective of their level of experience, with mean (SD) selfassessment scores for these items of 5. 68 (±1. 91), and 5. 09 (±2. 09), respectively. The residents were less confident of their skills as far as the osteotomy was concerned, particularly regarding the use of a piezoelectric device.