dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In Cellulo Monitoring and Quantification of the S/ACE2 Interaction S/ACE2 interaction during infection occurs in the cellular membranous environment that is not recapitulated in the in vitro interaction systems. In order to directly monitor the S-RBD/ACE2 interaction under cellular conditions and provide a method to quantify this cellular association we developed an immunofluorescence binding assay using recombinant RBD(His)6 previously used for the in vitro interaction assays. For this purpose, recombinant S-RBD(His)6 protein was incubated with either HEK293T-ACE2-expressing All these data paralleled the infectivity data and fully confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 LV infectivity in HEK293T-ACE2 cells was related to the S/ACE2 interaction and that the cell fusion phenotype could be an additional readout of this association.
Together, these results provide detailed atom-level data on the minimal regions of interaction, which suggest possible druggable sites. In addition to providing data about the dynamics of the interaction, this work allowed us to set up modeling pipelines for further virtual screening of drug libraries targeting these unedited druggable sites. A set of biochemical and biophysical parameters was then used to both monitor and characterize this interaction between the minimal S-RBD/ACE2 complex. In particular, AlphaLISA technology could be applied to detect the interaction between both proteins. Optimization of this approach allowed us to monitor the association between the two partners with very low amounts of proteins (nM range) and strong AS signals (up to 1,000,000 AS units). Tolerance to DMSO solvent was also analyzed to facilitate further drug analysis.
This powerful system will allow drug library screening as well as characterization of the interaction in different genetic contexts, such as S mutants from currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. An additional optical analytical technique based on biolayer interferometry (BLI) was also used to detect the S-RBD/ACE2 interaction. In addition to providing monitoring of the interaction in a dynamic context, the BLI data analysis allowed us to measure a fast association constant (k a = 2. 65 × 10 5 M -1 s -1 ) and slow dissociation constant (k d = 2. 47 × 10 -4 s -1 ). The equilibrium dissociation constant (K D ) was 0. 93 nM. All these results indicate a very stable and strong interaction between the S-RBD and ACE2 proteins. This assay will be very useful for testing the influence of S or ACE2 mutants, drugs and additional cofactors on both the association and dissociation steps of the S/ACE2 interaction process.
We use rich administrative data provided by the Latvian Ministry of Finance. The data contain information on the population of registered unemployed at specific dates (including both participants and non-participants in the VT programme) collected by the Latvian Public Employment Service (known as the State Employment Agency, SEA hereafter), which are matched with data from the State Revenue Service (SRS) that include information on labour income at specific dates before and after participation in the programme. Our results show that the priority rule significantly predicts participation in the VT programme. Our first-stage results are strong and statistically significant. We find that being younger than 25 years of age increases the likelihood of participation by about 10 percentage points (pp, hereafter).
Data, sample selection, and descriptive statistics In this study, we use individual administrative records provided by the Latvian Ministry of Finance after merging the data from the SEA with data from the SRS (i. e. the Latvian tax authority). The SEA gathers data on individuals who are registered as unemployed and reports the following information: gender, date of birth, residence, nationality, the highest level of education attained, and exact date of registration, i. e. the starting date of the period of unemployment. In addition, for all VT participants the database contains information on the start and end dates of the training, the type of course attended, and whether the participants completed the course or not. It is also possible to observe whether the individual ever participated in another YG programme before taking part in the VT.
construct outcome variables on the labour market performance of individuals 1 to 3 years after the VT programme. The SEA database provides access to all individuals listed as unemployed from June 2013 to December 2015. Our starting sample consists of 40,442 individuals and includes all participants in the VT programme under study (treated group) and all registered unemployed individuals who were eligible for the YG but did not participate either in the VT programme under study or in other training programmes managed by the SEA (control group). Given that youths could enrol in the programme at any time starting from January 1, 2014 (provided that they met the eligibility criteria described in Section 3), we have to impose some selection criteria. First, we select all unemployed individuals who, on the registration date, were between 15 and 29 years of age (dropping 3424 individuals).
Acknowledgements We thank the journal's editor,  Klaus F. Zimmermann , and the two anonymous referees for their suggestions and guidance. We are especially grateful to  Normunds Strautmanis  and  Janis Leikucs  from the  Latvian Ministry of Finance  for granting us access to the administrative data. We also thank  Andrea Albanese ,  Bart Cockx ,  Antonio di Paolo ,  Bernd Fitzenberger ,  Pedro Martins ,  Florian Mayneris ,  Giovanni Mellace ,  Paolo Paruolo , and  Matteo Picchio , as well as conference participants at the  CIE Summer Week 2019  ( European Commission, Ispra ), the 30th Annual Conference of EALE, the.
http://ec. europa. eu/eurostat/data/ database. 2 National YG schemes are presented to the European Council for approval, and the European Commission monitors their implementation. Updates on the YG in each country are regularly published on the official webpage of the European Commission's Directorate General for Employment and Social Affairs. 3 Countries that had at least one region with a youth unemployment rate higher than 25% in 2012 were eligible to use funds from the YEI. It was topped up in 2017 for regions with youth unemployment higher than 25% in 2016. The initial 2014-2015 budget was 6. 4 billion euros; however, in September 2016, given the still high levels of youth unemployment, the European Commission proposed increasing this budget. In June 2017, the Council and the European Parliament agreed to increase the YEI by 2.
To construct our outcomes of interest, we use administrative data from the SRS, which provides information on the labour market conditions of each individual on specific dates. 21 This allows us to define an indicator of formal employment at specific dates. For individuals who are formally registered as employed in the SRS database, it is also possible to observe information on their labour income and the firm's size and industry. This information was extracted for January 2012, June 2012, December 2012, June 2013, December 2013, June 2014, December 2014, June 2015, December 2015, June 2016, December 2016, and June 2017. 22 As the intervention began in January 2014, data collected between January 2012 and December 2013 are useful to construct pre-intervention measures of individual labour market careers (i.
e. employment status, monthly income in euros, hours worked, and social contributions). Data collected in June 2016, December 2016, and June 2017 are useful to21  The SRS database collects monthly reports from employers, who declare employees' monthly incomes (in euros), insurance, working hours, type of occupation based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88), firm sector (Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community, i. e. NACE category), and firm size (number of employees). 22 The latest data refer to June 2017.
We will conduct a systematic scoping review following the methodology recommended in the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers Manual. We will use the following eligibility criteria: (1) participants-any stakeholder involved in creating or testing a strategy for PPI; (2) intervention-any PPI strategy proposed for scaling-up initiatives; (3) comparator-no restriction; (4) outcomes: any process or outcome metrics related to PPI; and (5) setting-HSS. We will search electronic databases (e. g. , Medline, Web of Science, Sociological Abstract) from inception onwards, hand search relevant websites, screen the reference lists of included records, and consult experts in the field. Two reviewers will independently select and extract eligible studies. We will summarize data quantitatively and qualitatively and report results using the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist.
Literature search We will perform a comprehensive search for both published peer-reviewed records and "grey literature" through searching electronic databases, hand searching relevant websites, screening the reference lists of included records, and consulting experts in the field. First, we will search Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, the Cochrane Library, Sociological Abstract, and Academic Search Premier from their inception onwards. Our information specialist will perform the electronic search strategy in Medline. The search terms will reflect the concepts: (1) PPI, (2) scaling up, and (3) HSS. These terms will be adapted to the above-mentioned databases. There will be no restriction with regard to language, date of publication, or type of document. This strategy will be reviewed by our international authors, experts on scaling up, and stakeholder involvement, then by a second information specialist using the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) guideline  [37].
Study selection We will operationalize our inclusion criteria using questions based on our PICOS elements. Two reviewers will perform a calibration exercise to ensure the criteria capture relevant studies. They will also independently screen titles and abstracts of a random sample of 5% of studies identified with our literature search. We will discuss the results of this pilot and review the eligibility criteria. We will check inter-reviewer agreement between these reviewers using the kappa statistic. Then, two reviewers will independently screen all remaining titles and abstracts for relevance, procure full texts of relevant studies, and select eligible studies. We will resolve any disagreements through consensus between the two reviewers and, if needed, with a third party. We will use the Covidence software for the selection of titles and abstracts  [43].
Data extraction First, we will develop a data-charting form to guide extraction of variables based on the Montreal model  [14] , which is an adapted version of the framework for patient and family engagement in health  [13]. The data-charting form will include the PICOS elements and "PROGRESS" (place of residence, race/ethnicity/culture/language, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, and social capital) factors  [44]. Second, two reviewers will perform a calibration exercise to guide selection of evidence sources to ensure the form captures all relevant data. Then, they will independently extract data from some included studies using the data-charting form and meet the steering committee members to determine whether the approach to data extraction is consistent with the research question and purpose.
Third, we will separately extract strategies used for involving (1) patients and/or the public (alone) and (2) multiple stakeholders including patients and/or the public. We will also separately extract strategies used for women (e. g. , for scaling up a prenatal screening program) from those used for men (e. g. , for scaling up a prostate cancer program), and other sex-or gender-specific strategies. Finally, we will resolve any disagreements through consensus between the two reviewers and, if with a third party. We will contact authors of included studies to provide missing or additional data if necessary.
The National Paleontology Collection is the most important paleontological collection in Mexico due to the relevance of its specimens, curation, and service to the scientific community. This work is based on the revision and the taxonomic update of the echinoderms deposited into the Collection of Types of the National Collection of Paleontology (CNP). We obtained the echinoderm database of the National Paleontology Collection, being collated with the specimens and their labels. All these specimens are included with their catalog number, taxonomy, localities, and geological age. The nomenclature and taxonomy of each species were revised based on the most recent references. The geological information (nomenclature, age, or unit) was derived from the original publications, updated, and complimented with more recently published data, in congruence with the Stratigraphic Lexicon of Mexico.
4) The Recent Material Collection (Colección de Materiales Recientes) is a collection of the skeleton and hard parts of living species used for comparative purposes. 5) Molds Collection (Colección de Moldes) includes casts and molds made in plaster or resin of specimens that are part of the other CNP sections. The National Paleontology Collection is currently the most representative of Mexico. Historically, this includes some of the first specimens from the country described as well as specimens of practically all its localities and geological sequences where echinoderms have been collected. Contrary, other young Paleontological Collections of Mexico include fossils of a regional and temporally limited domain; many of which are also already part of the National Collection of Paleontology. A direct comparison between the number and status of specimens deposited in the CNP, and other Paleontological Collections in Mexico is not possible at the moment, because the lasts have not been the subject of any accurate analysis, have restricted access, and nave no open-access databases.
Besides, during the history of the collection, not all the published catalog numbers were deposited; that is why the need to physically corroborate the databases with specimens and their labels. This work is based on the revision of the described and referred echinoderms deposited into the Collection of Types of the National Collection of Paleontology. Data and images of the Mexican fossil echinoderm deposited in the CNP were accessed through the different bibliographic studies here referenced as well as the public information and images exposed in two different web pages. ). This unit provides the information contained in the paleontological collections under the protection of the IGL; UNIPALEO aims to systematize and publish the information found in various paleontological collections of the Institute of Geology (Instituto de Geología, 2021).
Materials and methods We obtained the echinoderm database of the National Paleontology Collection (CNP) from the published databases UNIPALEO y CCUD and the catalog of the type specimens of fossil invertebrates of the CNP  (Perrilliat, 1981). This database was collated with the specimens housed in the CNP and their labels. All these specimens are included with their catalog number (IGM), taxonomy, localities (IGM-loc), and geological age. The nomenclature and taxonomy of each species were revised based on most recent references:  Moore and Jeffords (1968)  for Crinoidea;  Gale (2005)  for Asteroidea;  O'Hara et al. (2017)  for Ophiuroidea  ; Miller et al. (2017)  for Holothuroidea,  Kroh and Smith (2010)  for Echinoidea at order and family levels, for genera and species levels we based on  Kroh and Mooi (2019).
The publication by  Moore and Jeffords (1968)  is based on the parataxonomy of dissociated parts of crinoid columns, therefore all the species there described have to be considered as form-species. The geological information (nomenclature, age, or unit) was derived from the original publications, updated, and complimented with more recently published data, in congruence with the Stratigraphic Lexicon of Mexico (Servicio Geológico Mexicano, 2020) was verified. The map was created with QGIS software version 3. 12 (QGIS Development Team, 2018).
Results The CNP houses a total of 385 records classified in 107 species (19 Crinoidea, 1 Asteroidea, 1 Ophiuroidea, 84 Echinoidea, and 2 Holothuroidea). Here we present the systematic paleontology of the records. † is for extinct taxa. Any incongruence with the CNP-UNAM online database found during the process was included as comments to the corresponding species. We also include the Geological context of Mexican echinoderms, giving the geological description for each of the 31 Formations and units here reported; this part is presented in alphabetic order. A table with all the records data organized by formation/ unit is attached as supplementary material.
Systematic paleontology PHYLUM Echinodermata  Bruguière, 1791 CLASS Crinoidea Miller, 1821 SUBCLASS Articulata Miller, 1821 ORDER Millericrinida † Sieverts-Doreck, 1952 FAMILY Millericrinidae † Jaekel, 1918  Genus Angulocrinus † D'Orbigny, 1840  Vouchers. IGM 11257-IGM 11307 (Martínez-Melo, 2019b  Comments. The species is spelled either Paleopentacta alencasterae or Paleopentacta alencasterai in the original publication. In the CNP database, the species is wrongly recorded as "Paleopenctata" but correctly spelled as "alencasterae". FAMILY Comments. The original description assigned the genus Parapsolus to the family Psolidae  Perrier, 1902. However, the family Psolidae was named by  Burmeister (1837). Erroneously this species was also referred to as Parapsolus thayuensis in the original publication.
Updates of the CNP-UNAM database The present review of those 107 echinoderm species recorded into the CNP-UNAM allowed to update the taxonomical status of 23 taxa, which are cataloged into this collected with incorrect names (Table  1 ). Additionally, we recorded missing cataloged specimen: IGM-2456 Tetragramma gloriae  Buitrón-Sánchez (1973b)  Finally, we noted that the holothuroids species described by    et al. , 2009 Holotype IGM 6853 (Albian, Tlayúa Formation, Puebla). Applegate et al. (2009)  have inconsistent spellings throughout their description. The nomenclatural acts of these species correspond to Paleopentacta alencasterae and Parapsolus tlayuensis; however, in other parts of the paper, the specific epithets of these species are erroneously typed as alencasterai, and thayuensis respectively.
Geological summary The Mexican fossil echinoderms here reported have been recovered from 31 geological units or formations with ages ranging from the Carboniferous to Neogene. These records include 3 Carboniferous, Permian, 4 Jurassic, 13 Cretaceous, 4 Paleogene, and 5 Neogene. Several localities with recorded specimens have no geological data available (ND). These localities include 2 Jurassic, 5 Cretaceous, 1 Paleogene, Neogene, and 1 Quaternary (Fig. 4 ); ND data are derived from inaccurate or unfinished geological studies that have already been published. Although the CNP-UNAM is tasked with updating this information, the geological belonging of these localities has not been determined yet. In the future, these sites should be visited again to supplement their geological information. The Capas Tlaxiaco unit covers a range from the Portlandian (Tithonian, Late Jurassic) to the Neocomian (Berriasian to Hauterivian, Early Cretaceous).
Locality and age. IGM-loc 108; Algodones ranch,  Baja California Sur ; geological formation indeterminate; late Pliocene, Neogene. Encope michoacanensis † Durham, 1994 Type specimens. Holotype IGM 7057. Paratypes  7058-IGM 7061. Locality and age. IGM-loc 906;  La Mira , Michoacán; geological formation indeterminate; early Miocene, Neogene. Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 Voucher. IGM 7062 (Durham, 1994). Locality and age. IGM-loc 3211;  Santa Cruz , Oaxaca; geological formation indeterminate;  Pliocene, Neogene to Pleistocene, Quaternary. Comments. In the database is found as Encope perspective  L. Agassiz ,  1841. Encope shepherdi † Durham, 1950 Vouchers. Paratypes IGM 2822-IGM 2824. Locality and age. IGM-loc  3155 ;  Loc. A-3517 ,  Marquer Bay ,  El Carmen  island,  Baja California Sur ;  Marquer Formation ;  late Pliocene, Neogene.
The experimental protocol was one-conditioned, so the OIS map was calculated using the first-frame subtraction approach as described previously  29, 42. Preliminary detection of the OIS signal was carried out by an operator based on visual detection of a group of pixels with conjointly changed brightness during the stimulation. The OIS time profile was calculated for the manually chosen OIS center. To facilitate visualization of OIS in reflection mode, the signals were inverted. In the experiments with OIS decomposition for hemodynamic and functional responses, the data were recorded using alternate lighting with three different light wavelengths. To calculate the averaged extinction coefficients of oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin (HbO and HbR), spectrophotometric data on rat blood absorption was used  78.
Fulfilment of these conditions served as confirmation of the automatically detected OIS. The code for OIS contour detection is provided at the following address (http:// github. com/ resea rch-team/ memri stive-spinal-cord/ blob/ master/ analy sis/ signal_ recog nition. py). While the amplitude of the recorded OIS was detectable at up to 3 g/kg of urethane or 4% isoflurane, significant detection of OIS contours was possible only at lower concentrations, 1. 5 g/kg for urethane or 1. 25% for isoflurane, therefore the concentration range of anesthetics for spatial analysis of OIS and its components is limited to 1. 5 g/kg of urethane and 1. 25% for isoflurane in the text. Anesthesia. Two anesthetics (urethane and isoflurane) were used in this study. These anesthetics have different mechanisms of action and are differ in delivery method, both are widely used in neuroscience.
Data analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using the MATLAB Statistics toolbox. To avoid bias that may be produced by high variation in the data, comparisons between the experiments and group statistics were done using normalization of each experiment to its control value. The control values were calculated using the OIS recorded prior to the first application of the anesthetic agent. To detect the amplitude, the OIS signal was firstly convolved with a 50 point Kaiser window with shape factor 2, followed by the detection of the maximal peak value. The type of the model fit of the data was estimated based on the coefficient of determination ( r 2 ). The significance of developmental changes was estimated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ( ρ ) with the significance level set at p = 0.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by  RSF  Grant  16-15-10174  (MM, experimentation and analysis), the subsidy allocated to  Kazan Federal University  for the state assignment in the sphere of scientific activities  0671-2020-0059  (development of the analytical software) and  Fondation de France  (consumables). We thank  Alexander Yamoldin  and  Arina Kul 'mamet' eva for their participation in the experimental part of this work. We thank  Rustem Khazipov  and  Igor Medyna  for their advice and comments on the manuscript.