dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The software, based on Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was validated with a large sample of 623 individuals from United States and Switzerland and resulted in classifying up to 90% of the sample with over 95% probability of correct classification. The DSP method has been validated in other dry bones samples of known age and sex (for example in a Mexican  [13] , a Belgian  [14] , a French  [15]  and a Brasilian sample  [16]. The DSP method has also been validated in 3D models of os coxae obtained from CT scans in living French population  [17]  and on 3D CT scans from modern Danish population  [18]. Yet, both the reference and the validation sample are missing numerous populations around the world which have to be tested before the method is used for forensic applications. This paper aims to test the DSP2 software in a contemporary sample from Crete, Greece and thus confirm or reject the hypothesis of non-population specificity for pelvis as sex indicator.
Data analysis Variables were tested for normality and equal variances between the two groups (males and females) and parametric and non-parametric tests (e. g. ANOVA, Wilcoxon test) were used to explore if there are statistically significant differences between the sexes. Univariate and multivariate discriminant function analysis was used to create population specific formulae for the Greek population. Posterior probabilities for correct classification were estimated. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 24.
Discussion Methods to estimate sex from skeletonised remains vary significantly in skeletal element, statistical approach and sample selection. Scholars agree that pelvis is consistently different between males and females with a special shape of the female pelvis to facilitate birth  [1, 7]. Metric sex estimation methods have proven to be population specific which means that in order to use them one must know the ancestry of the unknown skeletal remains. This however is rarely the case in skeletonised bodies especially in the new era of globalization  [23, 24]. Likely the dimensions of the os coxae are significantly different between males and females in every population that is so far studied. This study explores sexual dimorphism of the pelvis in a Greek population and the applicability of DSP2 software in sex estimation.
DSP2 software used 10 variables and DFA statistical method to infer sex from unknown skeletal remains. As already shown in the original publication concerning DSP  [25] , the reference dataset meets the assumptions of normality and equality of covariance matrices. The selection of different variables gives different classification results with the best combination of variables to achieve 90% accuracy with over 95% probability of correct classification. A sample of 133 os coxae from the Cretan collection  [26]  was used to validate DSP2. Nine out of ten variables were found to different significantly between the sex groups. Classification accuracy using DSP2 software with a 95% probability threshold reached 85. 7%. This is slightly lower than the validation study of DSP2 by Brůžek and colleagues  [1]  who reported 90% accuracy for a mixed sample of individuals of US and Swiss ancestry.
"  36  was conducted by college students, the school was largely overseen by community organizers with the objective to "recruit, train, and place some twenty to thirty new organizers in the city every three months. "  38 A few months later, the School of Community Organizing organized a "free university" in Chicago to continue the research and data collection effort. 39 t, in spite of these initiatives, persistent racial tensions threatened to undermine the radical activist community. At the University of Chicago, SPLIBS kept its meetings closed to white students-even a local student newspaper journalist who wanted to report on their discussions. Separatism was also on the rise in the student antiwar movement. 40 When in January of 1968 black members of the Student Mobilization Committee announced at a conference at the University of Chicago that they were forming a separate "Black caucus," their decision was immediately supported by Latinx students.
The calculations therefore are valid for this particular region. In areas with different soil and climate conditions or different agricultural traditions appropriate datasets would be needed for such capacity calculations. Introduction There has been a resurgence of interest in the analysis of Roman raised granaries and horrea in recent years. Since the publication of Rickman's reference work Roman  Granaries and Store Buildings (1971) , which started a golden decade in the study of Roman horrea, thanks to works by  Manning (1975) ,  Gentry (1976) ,  Morris (1979) ,  Petculescu (1987)  and  Gast & Sigaut (Gast and Sigaut 1979; Gast, Sigaut, and Bruneton-Governatori 1981; Gast et al. 1985) , much has been published on this type of structure and it is currently subject to analysis by different specialists and working groups.
La base de données "datAFer2" dédiée à l'habitat rural de l'âge du Fer, mise en place sous l'égide de l'Inrap en 2005 et depuis alimentée régulièrement2, fournit un outil pratique et efficace pour réfléchir à la question du stockage alimentaire à une large échelle. En effet, elle précise, pour chaque état des établissements intégrés à la base, le nombre et le(s) type(s) de structure de stockage mis en évidence lors de la fouille ou du diagnostic archéologique. En élargissant le cadre géographique adopté lors d'études récentes à la moitié septentrionale de la France (Zech-Matterne, Auxiette, et Malrain 2013; Zech-Matterne et al. à paraître), cet article propose de définir les principales évolutions du stockage alimentaire à la fin de la Protohistoire, en s'appuyant sur les données renseignées au sein de cette base, tout en tenant compte des compléments apportés par les synthèses régionales réalisées depuis les travaux de F.
Gransar  La documentation utilisée se répartit en deux types de sources : pour l'Ouest de la France, les données retenues sont celles collectées dans le cadre d'une synthèse entreprise en 2016  (Bossard et al. 2018) , et sont donc issues du dépouillement systématique de l'ensemble des rapports d'opérations archéologiques menées sur les établissements gaulois de trois régions (Bretagne, Pays de la Loire et Basse-Normandie). Pour le reste du territoire ici considéré, seules les informations chiffrées enregistrées au sein de la base de données des habitats ruraux gaulois ont été prises en compte4. L'alimentation de la base se faisant à des rythmes variés en fonction des régions, la mise à jour des données n'est pas uniforme à l'échelle de la moitié septentrionale de la France ; certains secteurs n'intègrent pas les découvertes les plus récentes.
En outre, l'identification d'une structure de stockage peut être équivoque dans le cas d'un grenier aérien ou d'une grange dont il ne subsiste que les trous de poteaux, ou encore d'un silo enterré au profil mal conservé : d'une région à l'autre, le nombre d'architectures caractérisées dans la base de données en tant que structures de stockage peut donc fluctuer suivant l'appréciation de l'archéologue qui élabore les notices de site. En tenant compte de ces biais méthodologiques induisant quelques imprécisions, voire des erreurs ponctuelles -corrigées ici lorsqu'il a été possible -, 4623 structures de stockage réparties sur 583 sites ont été retenues. Les cartes de répartition réalisées par siècle (voir infra) se limitent aux structures chronologiquement bien calées ; celles dont la datation proposée couvre plus de deux siècles ne figurent alors pas sur ces cartes.
Cette enquête, appuyée sur les simples données numériques extraites de la base de données "datAFer2", mériterait d'être approfondie. Pour appréhender et quantifier d'une manière plus précise le phénomène du stockage, mais aussi mieux comprendre les établissements centralisateurs, il serait en effet indispensable de mesurer ou restituer les capacités de chaque structure de stockage et de chaque site, ainsi que d'évaluer les besoins réels des établissements, malgré les inconnues qui entravent ces raisonnements. Des études régionales, tenant compte tant des productions agropastorales attestées que des contraintes pédologiques ou climatiques, sont en outre nécessaires si l'on souhaite expliquer les choix préférentiels observés sur certains secteurs, privilégiant par exemple silos ou fosses parallélépipédiques.
Tandis que les traditionnels greniers surélevés sur quatre, cinq, six ou neuf poteaux (fig. 4. 2) ont investi l'ensemble du territoire considéré, les autres catégories de structures ont été préférentiellement utilisées sur des aires géographiques spécifiques (fig. 4. 1). Ainsi, des silos ont été reconnus dans le quart nord-est de la France et dans la vallée de la Loire (fig. 4. 2), et des souterrains et caves boisées ont été employés dans l'ouest de la péninsule armoricaine, mais aussi dans la Manche et le Calvados où ils sont généralement associés à des fosses parallélépipédiques(fig. 4. 3 et 4. 4). Les granges identifiées au sein de la base de données sont à considérer avec précaution : ces grands bâtiments sur poteaux porteurs peuvent avoir revêtu des fonctions variées, difficiles à déterminer aujourd'hui (écuries, annexes diverses).
A B infest pigs and humans, respectively. The eggs produced by these 2 taxa are identical, and no specific discrimination based exclusively on morphological traits can be performed. Moreover, molecular data tend to recognize only 1 species infecting both human and pig, namely A. lumbricoides  [17]. In our case, because of the archaeological context and sampling methods, an attribution to the human species is anyway more likely. A wide range in the number of observed eggs per sample was recorded at Uffizi, from one egg (UFF17 P4, UFF17 P19, UFF17 P21, UFF17 P22) to 179 eggs (UFF17 P5). This difference may be the result of a different parasitic load. However, differences may be also attributed to the ecology of the parasite. Although a female A. lumbricoides can produce around 200,000 eggs per day and several adult worms may infest a single person, the production of eggs varies on a daily basis and is not continuous.
Lugano CE  [27]. For later periods, Malaria was also detected in the skeletal remains of members of the Renaissance Medici family in Florence from the 16th century  [28, 29]. Through paleoimmunological (Wetern Blotting SDS-PAGE) and paleomolecular analyses, Leishmania infantum was also identified in the bony remains of Eleonora di Toledo (1519-1562), the wife of Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici  [30]. Our data provide evidence that the Late Antique individuals buried beneath the Uffizi Gallery were plagued by ascariasis. This parasitism is acquired via fecal-oral transmission, which consists in the ingestion of food and/or water contaminated by human and/or animal stools  [31]. Nowadays, endemic ascariasis is almost inexistent in the Western World, but it still has a dramatic impact on the lives of the poor.
A particular and integrative human vision of this geographic region comprising samples from the southern Iberian Peninsula (from both Portugal and Spain) and northwestern Africa has not been explored. Therefore, in the present study, we performed a GW screening of living western Mediterranean autochthonous people from southern Portugal, southern Spain (western and eastern Andalusia), andMorocco(i. e. ,Berbers). Finedetailsonpopulationstructure, demographic histories, and admixture dynamics of this metapopulation are provided here. Comparisons with dense SNP data based on modern and ancient DNA in other European, North African and Near Eastern populations shed new insights into the timing and extent of human migrations between continents and the gene flow connecting populations. S1 , Supplementary Material online).
When considering North Africans as recipients, the most probable donors were Iberian and Italian Peninsulas. In order to minimize an underestimation of inferred European contribution due to some Iberian regions having in themselves North African input, we tested several Iberian (C23WAND/C24IBE1/C25AND/C29IBE3) and one Italian (C22ITA1) donor clusters to explore the dichotomy between these two European sources into North Africa (see supplementary table S4A and B, Supplementary Material online). Admixture events inferred were defined by two population sources (1 and 2) with different contributions, the best proxy of each source and admixture dates. Most of the estimated admixture episodes for both the Iberian and North African recipient clusters were unique (one-date admixture events). GLOBETROTTER detected two additional admixture pulses for the most diverse clusters on the data set as a reflection of their complex history.
Evidence Drawn from Ancient and Modern Genomes Finally, given the current boom in aDNA data for the western Mediterranean area, we integrated our present genomic evidence in a temporal context. The PCA composed of both aDNA assembled genomic data and the modern data set show that aDNA samples are located halfway between the European-Near Eastern-North African gradient and the  For Moroccan aDNA samples, a chronological cline is evident, but for the Iberian samples, it would be more challenging to detect this tendency. Both groups of ancient samples deviate slightly from the corresponding present ones toward the sub-Saharan cluster. The ADMIXTURE results can shed some light on the temporal variations of different sources of ancestry in western Mediterranean over time. In figure  5C , we can see that the percentage of the blue European component is similar in ancient and present-day European samples (0.
Genotyping and Curation of SNPs A total of 142 western Mediterranean individuals (74 males, 68 females, see supplementary table S5, Supplementary Material online) were genotyped with Illumina's Omni2. 5-8 BeadChip array at the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncol ogicas) in the Human Genotyping laboratory (CeGen). The raw data genotyped consisted of 2,372,784 SNP markers with a mean genotyping rate of 99. 5%. A duplicated sample was used as an internal control (HapMap code Na12775) with a reproducibility of >99. 9%. The genotypes from the individuals analyzed in this study can be accessed from the EGA repository (European Genome-Phenome Archive; Study Accession Number: EGAS00001003901). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups were inferred from chip data by using Haplogrep  (Weissensteiner et al.
Recent genetic relatedness was excluded by applying the PC-Relate approach  (Conomos et al. 2016 ). The resulting sample set studied in the present survey was merged with nine populations from the 1000 Genomes Project (1000GP) phase 3  (Auton et al. 2015)  to obtain a high-resolution database comprising 1. 87 million SNPs (Database 1A: see supplementary table  S7 , Supplementary Material online, for details on the populations included). The population genomic information taken from the literature was selected following criteria of reproducibility of array resolution and interest of the geographic area as well. Afterward, we increased the sample set by adding 21 populations mainly from southwestern Europe, North Africa, and Near East to obtain a broader picture of the Mediterranean genomic diversity.
Positions were lifted to build 37 when necessary by using liftOver (https://genome. ucsc. edu/util. html). Data from the Illumina and Affymetrix platforms were merged on physical position. The final merged data set (Database 2A) resulted in 84,586 SNPs for 1,523 individuals across 36 present-day populations. Details on this database are shown in supplementary table S8, Supplementary Material online, and the geographic location of all populations considered in the current study is depicted in supplementary figure S7, Supplementary Material online. Markers contained in both high-and low-resolution approaches were pruned for linkage disequilibrium (LD, r 2 > 0. 2) to obtain 465,598 (Database 1B) and 63,189 (Database 2B) SNP sets, respectively. Each database was used for different methodological procedures (the general bioinformatic pipeline is depicted in supplementary fig.
S8 , Supplementary Material online). Human Genomic Diversity Where the Mediterranean Joins the Atlantic. doi:10. 1093/molbev/msz288 MBE Ancestry Patterns and Population Structure Analysis Database 1A was first phased with SHAPEIT2  (Delaneau et al. 2013). Then, we assessed local ancestry inference by means of RFMix v1. 5. 4  (Maples et al. 2013) , using two steps of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. This method aims to infer the ancestry of each segment of the genome as a mixture of two or more parental panels of haplotypes. The reference panels used were CEU (northern European ancestry) and YRI (Yoruba Nigerian African ancestry) from the 1000GP. Average ancestry proportions were analyzed, and differences between populations were tested by Student's ttest with the Welch correction when the variances between the pairs of groups differed significantly.
The LD-pruned high-resolution database (Database 1B) was used to check for possible outliers or errors in data merging by means of an exploratory PCA using the smartpca program in the EIGENSOFT package  (Patterson et al. 2006 ) (data not shown). A geographically broader picture of ancestry inference was then assessed from Database 2B (LD-pruned low-resolution data). The RFMix approach, as indicated above, was complemented with the development of a model-based estimation of global ancestry using ADMIXTURE  (Alexander et al. 2009 ). Models were explored by testing different numbers of ancestral populations on separate runs (from K ¼ 2 to K ¼ 13 clusters). A balanced sample size was used across populations. A cross-validation (CV) test was performed to validate the best-fitting estimation (K ¼ 5, CV error¼ 0.
5115, see supplementary fig. S9A , Supplementary Material online). The selection of K ¼ 5 was based merely on the CV values. It is true that these values are very close from K ¼ 4 to K ¼ 6, and that K ¼ 4 could be more parsimonious, but in K ¼ 5 we can observe the split between two inferred European sources. To reinforce the interpretations based on ADMIXTURE, we implemented the badMIXTURE approach  (Lawson et al. 2018). In general, we observe small residuals, being the higher ones concentrated in sub-Saharans and Near Easterners (see supplementary fig. S10 , Supplementary Material online). Consequently, the results provided by ADMIXTURE constitute robust inferences of the ancestries. Database 2B was also used to evaluate population structure by means of PCA  (Patterson et al. 2006 ) and the calculation of F ST (a measure of genetic differentiation) between pairs of populations.
Admixture Events and Demographic Inferences Migration timing modeling was performed by using a haplotype-based methodology. Specifically, we used a chromosome painting multistep approach for inferring ancestry blocks ("chunks"), and it allowed us to classify individuals into genetically homogeneous clusters and to sequentially date evolutionary events. First, we developed an "all vs. all" analysis for all samples included in our extended data set (Database 2A) considering the 1,523 individuals both as donors and recipients in ChromoPainter v2  (Lawson et al. 2012). The Mut (mutation rate) and Ne (switch rate) parameters were estimated by an initial analysis with ten EM steps in four chromosomes  (1, 4, 15, and 22) , and the values were then incorporated into the program to perform analysis with all chromosomes.
A Chronological Framework for the Western Mediterranean Relevant genome diversity studies on ancient DNA samples on Iberia and Morocco  (Fregel et al. 2018; van de Loosdrecht et al. 2018 ) provide a contextualizing portrayal for ancient transcontinental contacts and ancestral inference for these populations. To gain further insights into gene flow processes across continents, we incorporated those aDNA samples together with other pertinent individuals from the same geographic area  (Martiniano et al. 2017; Valdiosera et al. 2018 ) into Database 2B. These available paleogenomic data permit additional population structure analyses and global ancestry inference. Supplementary table S10, Supplementary Material online, shows details on aDNA selected samples belonging to Spain, Portugal, and Morocco and spanning from the Moroccan Late Stone Age (Taforalt cave) to the Spanish Bronze Age.
We implemented two strategies for merging aDNA individuals with our modern sample sets following  Fregel et al. (2018). First, we used the LASER method  (Wang et al. 2015)  to estimate ancestry by using low-coverage sequence reads with a Procrustes projection into a PCA space. Then, we built another PCA with smartpca program in EIGENSOFT  (Patterson et al. 2006)  with the lsqproject option selected, a feature implemented to correct for missing genotyping data. Both multivariate plots depicted a similar topology of aDNA samples. Likewise, we used the lsqproject approach to perform an ADMIXTURE analysis with the complete sample set including modern and aDNA samples. Global ancestry analysis was tested from K ¼ 2 to K ¼ 10 ancestral populations. Supplementary figure S9B, Supplementary Material online, shows the CV values for each test.
Our results allow us to trace a detailed view of the genomic composition of the western Mediterranean human Hern andez et al. doi:10. 1093/molbev/msz288 MBE metapopulation at the crossroads between Europe and Africa. Local ancestry inference analysis based on large-scale SNP data (1. 9 million variants, see Database 1A) showed a significant (P < 0. 001) differential contribution of the sub-Saharan African ancestral panel among southern Iberian subpopulations (see supplementary table.
Acknowledgments We thank all of the Iberian and Moroccan donors. Special thanks goes to  Dr Anna Gonz alez-Neira  from  CNIO (Madrid ) for sharing knowledge while running genomic data analysis. This Research Project was supported by the  Ministerio de Econom ıa y Competitividad (MINECO) ,  Spanish Govern ment. Grant  CGL2014-53985-R (PI Rosario  Calder on). C. L. H. obtained a research contract during 3 years linked to this Project. I3S is financed by  FEDER-Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional  funds through the  COMPETE 2020-Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Programme (POCI) ,  Portugal 2020 , and by  Portuguese funds through FCT/Minist erio da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovacão in the framework of the project  " Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences " ( POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274 ).
Acknowledgments: The following collaborators made the program suitable for patients:  Aude Caucheteux ,  Nathalie Pruski ,  Barbara Goulard ,  Mélanie Coquet ,  Estelle Sartel ,  Marie Lallouette ,  Marie-Claude Jaureguy ,  Nadia Marhoum ,  Fouzia Rahmoun ,  Nora Laichour ,  Nathalie Malborough ,  Cathy Losson ,  Cathie Bertotto.
So, as recently as 2003, local stakeholders in Guadeloupe have been referencing several sites and created a collection of 33 outcrops' descriptions. In 2015, all these sites had been validated at the national level and entered into a national database (IGeotope)  [5]. This inventory is meant to be permanent and a living collection. Since late 2018, the previous outcrops' descriptions are re-evaluated and new information (GIS mapping, petrological analysis) is being collected for later addition to sites descriptions. One of the goals of this second phase of inventory is also to add new sites, emphasizing on human-related sites. When finalized, a territorial geological and natural stone architectural heritage catalogue reveals itself a powerful tool for policy making and education. Despite the need to inventory the underground for resource purposes (water, building stones, mining) that has motivated geological research for centuries, such an inventory is meant to be used for protecting areas of natural interest, for teaching and for developing tourism.