dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
For the analysis of trajectories of non-cohesive sediment particles, we performe a comparison between the numerical results obtained with a tracker model based on the modified Maxey and Riley equations  [22]  and the modified Chen's model  [20]. The results of these two comparisons are given in section 3. A validation of 2D numerical simulations obtained with OpenFOAM and a classification of tidal bores are presented in this section. The relationships between the three parameters β 1 , β 2 and β 3 of the modified Chen's model and the Froude number F r are given in section 3. In our study, 2D numerical simulations of tidal bores were generated using OpenFOAM (Open Source Field Operation And Manipulation) CFD software. OpenFOAM is an open source CFD software released and developed primarily by OpenCFD Ltd since 2004  [23].
This software uses the Finite Volume discretization and free surface capturing technique based on the Volume of Fluid (VoF) method to solve the Navier-Stokes equations  [21]. We have used the LES turbulence model of OpenFOAM, as it has been done by  Khezri (2013)  and  Simon (2013) , to generate seventeen 2D numerical simulations of tidal bore. These numerical simulations cover two types of tidal bore, undular and breaking tidal bores. In the LES model, we have used the Smagorinsky model as the turbulence model with a turbulent kinetic energy k = 0. 0001 m 2 /s 2. The viscosity of air and water is set to µ air = 1. 85 × 10 -5 kg/ms and µ water = 10 -3 kg/ms respectively. The densities of air and water are set to ρ air = 1. 1768 kg/m 3 and ρ water = 1000 kg/m 3 respectively, under a gravity acceleration equal to g = 9.
Classification Figure  10  shows the dimensionless values of conjugate water depth r = h 2 /h 1 as a function of the Froude number F r. In this figure, some reference data are taken from the various papers  [8, 42, 9, 43, 44, 14]. Equation 24 as a momentum principle was plotted in this figure. The numerical results of OpenFOAM are in good agreement with the momentum principle and some reference data of the scientific literature. From Figure  10 , we confirm that the conjugate depth ratio r = h 2 /h 1 increases when the Froude number F r increases. The dimensionless wavelength L w /h 1 was plotted as a function of the Froude number F r given in Figure  11 (a). The numerical results of OpenFOAM were compared with the theoretical results given by  Lemoine (1948) ,  Andersen (1978)  and Berry (2018) in equations 21, 22 and 23 respectively  [5, 6, 7].
The numerical results of OpenFOAM were also compared to the field results given by Simpson at al. (2004) at Dee river, United Kingdom  [49]. The numerical results of OpenFOAM were compared to the numerical results given by Simon (2013) using the Thétis code  [14]. According to these comparisons, we obtain that the numerical results of OpenFOAM follow the trend of the scientific literature. We observed that the ratio of wave amplitude a w /h 1 is even greater when the tidal bore is undular. Then, when the tidal bore turns into a breaking one, the wave amplitude ratio a w /h 1 of the tidal bore decreases. Figure 11 (b)  shows that the transition between a total undular tidal bore and a partial breaking tidal bore is a Froude number F r 2 = 1. 43, and the transition between a partial breaking tidal bore and a total breaking tidal bore is a Froude number F r 3 = 1.
In the analyses of the PSQI and ESS, the values are expressed in scores. The statistical analyses of the Berlin Questionnaire considered only the percentage of individuals with a high risk to OSA. All statistical analysis was performed using R software, version 3. 5. 0 [43]  and the R Librarie Table 1  [44]. Results are considered statistically significant if the p-value is under 0. 05 (p ≤ 0. 05).
Results The flow diagram with the enrolment of the study is shown in Figure  2. Thirty-one individuals were recruited, two individuals were excluded because they did not have risk of sleep apnea, three declined to participate, and seven individuals declined due to other reasons (economical problem related to the transportation). Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 14 All statistical analysis was performed using R software, version 3. 5. 0 [43]  and the R Librarie Table 1  [44]. Results are considered statistically significant if the p-value is under 0. 05 (p ≤ 0. 05).
How far are these results consistent with the available experimental data? The latter were obtained mainly on ricin -a close homolog of viscumin. It has been shown that (i) the A chain of ricin (RTA) is capable of embedding into the cell membrane; (ii) it undergoes significant structural rearrangements upon the membrane binding. Two sets of experimental measurements concerning ricin-membrane interactions were obtained. In the first, the ability of RTA with respect to membrane binding was investigated using detergent extraction, gel filtration chromatography, sedimentation analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism  20, 23. Based on mutagenesis data it was shown that isolated RTA interacts via its C-terminal hydrophobic region V245-V256 with lipid membranes and partially unfolds in the process  26.
Materials and Methods Molecular dynamics. The spatial structure of the chain A of viscumin was extracted from PDB entry 2RG9 and five C-terminal residues 249-253 (UniProt ID: P81446)  30  were added using the Modeller 8. 2 software  31. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed with the GROMACS package 32 version 5. 1. 2, compiled with CUDA GPU support, and the improved model of the all-atom AMBER99SB-ILDN force field  33. An SPC water model was used  34. Topology and force field parameters for chloroform, methanol, and perchlorate ion were generated using the ACPYPE  35  software package based on Ambertools 36 version 1. 5. Correctness of the force field parameters for the latter was specially checked via pure liquid MD simulations at temperatures 303, 313, 323, and 343 K. Analysis of the equilibrated systems revealed that the calculated macroscopic averages are in good agreement with experiments.
Monte Carlo simulations with implicit membrane model. MC simulations of several conformations of MLA -adapted to water (310 and 340 К), urea and CHCl 3 /MeOH media -were carried out using the two-phase implicit solvation model  43. In the former case, the starting structure was that used in MD simulations in water (see above). For urea-and CHCl 3 /MeOH forms, the starting structures corresponded to one intermediate and the final configurations obtained via MD simulations in these solvents, as described above. The intermediate states were extracted from the corresponding MD trajectories after 5 and 4 µs. The protein accommodation near the membrane surface was explored via MC search in torsion angles space using the modified FANTOM program  44. The starting structures were arbitrarily placed in the aqueous phase.
Acknowledgements The work was supported by the  Russian Science Foundation  (grant  18-14-00375 ). The work on optimization and implication of urea and CHCl 3 /MeOH environments in long-term MD simulations was supported by the  RAS Programme "Molecular and Cellular Biology ". Supercomputer calculations were sponsored in the framework of the  Basic Research Program  at the  National Research University Higher School of Economics  and the  Russian Academic Excellence Project  ' 5-100 '. Access to computational facilities of the  Supercomputer Center "Polytechnical" at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic University  and the  Joint Supercomputer Center of RAS (Moscow)  is greatly appreciated.
Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses Proteins from the eluate and flow-through fractions were stacked by performing a very short run on an SDS-PAGE gel (NuPAGE 4-12%, ThermoFisher Scientific). Proteins were revealed by staining with Coomassie blue (R250, Bio-Rad), and submitted to in-gel digestion using modified trypsin (Promega, sequencing grade), as previously described  (Casabona et al. , 2013). Resulting peptides were analyzed by online nanoLC-MS/MS (UltiMate 3000 and LTQ23 Orbitrap Velos Pro, Thermo Scientific). Briefly, peptides were sampled on a 300 μm x 5 mm PepMap C18 precolumn and separated on a 75 μm x 250 mm C18 column (PepMap, Thermo Scientific). MS and MS/MS data were acquired using Xcalibur (Thermo Scientific). Peptides and proteins were identified using Mascot (version 2.
6), performing concomitant searches against Uniprot (A. thaliana taxonomy), the classical contaminants database (in-house) and the corresponding reversed databases. Proline software (http://proline. profiproteomics. fr) was used to filter the results (conservation of rank 1 peptides, peptide identification FDR < 1% as calculated on peptide scores using the reverse database strategy, minimum peptide score of 25, and minimum of one specific peptide identified per protein group). Results from individual samples were compiled, and grouped before comparing protein groups from different samples. Proteins were considered to be enriched in the eluate if they were identified only in this sample with a minimum of five specific spectral counts, or if they were enriched at least 10-fold in this sample compared to flow-through sample.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  French National Research Agency  (grant no. ANR-10-13 LABEX-04   GRAL Labex, Grenoble Alliance for Integrated Structural Cell Biology ). G. F. acknowledges support from the  HFSP  grant  RGP0052/2015  (photosynthetic light utilization and ion fluxes: making the link) and A. C. to  UNIMI PIANO DI SVILUPPO DI ATENEO , Transition Grant  2015/2017 -Horizon 2020 Linea 1A. The proteomic analyses were partially supported by the  French National Research Agency ProFI Grant  ( ANR-16 10-INBS-08-01 ). Part of this work was carried out at NOLIMITS, an advanced imaging facility established by the  University of Milan. We are grateful to  Markus Schwarzländer  ( University of Münster, Germany ) for providing the NMT1:GFP and MT-cp:YFP Arabidopsis lines. We thank  Elsa Clavel-Coibrié  for help with analysis of the complemented mutant plants.
The treatment of unknown foreground contaminations will be one of the major challenges for galaxy clustering analyses of coming decadal surveys. These data contaminations introduce erroneous large-scale effects in recovered power spectra and inferred dark matter density fields. In this work, we present an effective solution to this problem in the form of a robust likelihood designed to account for effects due to unknown foreground and target contaminations. Conceptually, this robust likelihood marginalizes over the unknown large-scale contamination amplitudes. We showcase the effectiveness of this novel likelihood via an application to a mock SDSS-III data set subject to dust extinction contamination. In order to illustrate the performance of our proposed likelihood, we infer the underlying dark-matter density field and reconstruct the matter power spectrum, being maximally agnostic about the foregrounds.
We use a numerical estimate of the radial selection function of the CMASS component of the SDSS-III survey, shown in Fig. 3 , obtained by binning the corresponding distribution of tracers N(d) in the CMASS sample (e. g. Ross et al. 2017) , where d is the comoving distance from the observer. The CMASS radial selection function is therefore estimated from a histogram of galaxy distribution over redshift. The procedure to construct the CMASS sky completeness is less trivial however. We derive this CMASS mask, depicted in the left panel of Fig. 4 , from the SDSS-III BOSS Data Release 12  (Alam et al. 2015)  database by taking the ratio of spectroscopically confirmed galaxies to the target galaxies in each polygon from the mask. In order to emulate a large-scale foreground contamination, we construct a reddening map that describes dust extinction, illustrated in the right panel of Fig.
Acknowledgements We express our appreciation to the anonymous reviewer for his comments which helped to improve the overall quality of the manuscript. NP would like to thank  Torsten Enßlin  for discussions and support. NP is supported by the  DFG cluster of excellence "Origin and Structure of the Universe. " 2 This work has been done within the activities of the  Domaine d'Intérêt Majeur (DIM) Astrophysique et Conditions d'Apparition de la Vie (ACAV) , and received financial support from  Région Ile-de-France. DKR and GL acknowledge financial support from the  ILP LABEX , under reference  ANR-10-LABX-63 , which is financed by  French  state funds managed by the  ANR  within the  Investissements d'Avenir programme reference   ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02. GL also acknowledges financial support from the  ANR   BIG4 , under reference  ANR-16-CE23-0002.
The variables used for matching were demographics and baseline conditions (gender, age, body mass index, NYHA class, Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading for angina pectoris, prior stroke, porcelain aorta, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, renal insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, prior percutaneous coronary intervention, hypertension, MI, previous pacemaker implantation, prior aortic valvuloplasty, prior coronary artery bypass graft, carotid disease, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia/ hyperlipidemia, previous or current smoker, and atrial fibrillation), baseline hemodynamics (effective aortic area [EOA], mean gradient, aortic annular diameter, left ventricle [LV] ejection fraction measured intraprocedurally), CT data (annulus dimensions degree of annulus calcification, presence of subannular calcification classification), and the implant approach (transfemoral [TF] or non-TF).
An independent biostatistician, blinded to the treatment groups and clinical outcome data, carried out the propensity score analyses. To address missing baseline covariates, multiple imputation techniques were used before the propensity score model was finalized, and propensity score and quintiles were derived for the outcome analyses adjustments. The two groups were compared using the Fisher test for the early safety composite at discharge and the log rank test for 30-day clinical outcomes. We used the threshold of p < 0. 05 to indicate statistically significant associations, with no adjustments for multiple comparisons. All statistical analysis was performed using SAS software version 9. 4 (SAS Institute Inc. ; Cary, NC, USA).
e. , whether systolic  or diastolic reconstructions were used. The matching process harmonized the degree of sub-annular calcification. We also explored the hypothesis that there was possibly a learning curve effect influencing the rate of PPMI, but did not find a strong relationship between new permanent pacemaker implantation and procedure date. But, there were some potential factors that could have interfered with this observation that we were unable to capture in this study, such as implantation depth of the prosthesis. We did not find any clear explanation for this observation, apart from this factor and possible other confounders not captured in the database. While the meta-analysis by Bagur et al. [6]  did not find differences for PPMI between the two strategies, other metaanalyses published found a trend for a lower risk of PPMI with direct TAVR  [8]  and a lower PPMI rate with direct TAVR  [7].
Similar to the finding of more PPMI in the direct TAVR cohort, we did not find any clear explanation for this observation, apart from potential confounders not captured in the database. Finally, Auffret et al. [8]  and Banerjee et al. [7]  meta-analyses did not report any difference in bleeding related to a direct TAVR strategy, further suggesting that this finding may not be directly related to pre-BAV and requires further investigation.
Study limitations This non-randomized, post-hoc analysis of prospectively collected data was inevitably biased by confounders beyond our control. We chose to exclude some variables in the matching process that were poorly described, e. g. , STS score was assessed for only about half of the population, and the incidence of atrial flutter was extremely low, numerically. Another variable not completely described was baseline ECG conduction disturbances, where only 50% of both study groups had data available. These exclusions kept the sample size at a reasonable level, because each variable included in the analysis effectively reduces the sample size. Also, statistically significant differences between those variables could have introduced a bias in our observations. Prosthesis implantation depth, which is an important predictor of permanent pacemaker implantation, was unfortunately not captured in the database The participating centers submitted consecutive series of data for patients treated with the SAPIEN 3, but because this was not a controlled trial, there was no echocardiographic core lab for valve function and PVL assessment, and no routine neurological assessment for strokes, or systematic diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging  [17].
X-ray diffraction (XRD) Data were collected on a PANalytical X'Pert diffractometer using a CuKα radiation source (λ = 1. 541 Å). In a typical experiment, the 2θ diffraction (Bragg) angles were measured by scanning the goniometer from 25° to 90°. The samples were prepared by centrifugation of the slurry containing the NPs at 40,000 x g, to precipitate the NPs. The supernatant was discarded and samples were dried at room temperature to avoid further NP transformations. Peak positions and their full width at half maximum (FWHM) were determined using the X'Pert HighScore program after baseline correction. verse-transcribed to cDNA using the High Capacity Reverse Transcription Kit (ThermoFisher, Dreieich, Germany). Real-time PCR analysis was performed on a QuantStudio 6 Flex Real-Time PCR System (ThermoFischer, Dreieich, Germany) using the 2x Taqman Master Mix (ThermoFisher, Dreieich, Germany) and a 20x primer and probe mix (IDT, Leuven, Belgium).
, 2014). Briefly, cells were incubated with 10 µM Hoechst 33342 (ThermoFisher, Dreieich, Germany). Sub-population data were acquired on a FACS Aria III (BD, Heidelberg, Germany) by plotting the blue emission of the dye (FL1, 405 nm) in function of the red emission indicating cell size (FL6, 800 nm). In this way, stem cells (X1) in the S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle have the highest signal in the blue channel, compared to either stem cells in G0 and progenitor cells (X2) or differentiated cells (Xin). Xin cells, with a relatively large cytosol, have the highest signal in the red channel. Data are shown as the average of three independent experiments, where cells from four animals were pooled for each sample. 2. 9 Statistical analysis R studio and GraphPad Prism 5. 0 were used for the statistical analysis.
3. 5) was performed to distinguish between a smooth unimodal distribution and a multimodal or ragged distribution  [43] [44] [45]. Statistically significant differences between observed and simulated distributions were evaluated with the sum of square deviations (SSD) to reject the hypothesis of demographic expansion  [46]. To make broader comparisons among haplotypes from Lao PDR and other geographical regions, we analyzed samples from Thailand and downloaded available data in GenBank from China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Italy and the USA  [31]. The parsimony network was performed using TCS network inference method  [47]  in Population Analysis with Reticulate Trees (PopART)  [48]. We also checked the number of haplotypes, F ST , Nm and AMOVA using the same methodology described earlier.
In addition, a Bayesian clustering algorithm implemented in the program STRU CTU RE v. 2. 3 was used to investigate genetic structure of individuals. The program was run under varying assumptions on Hardy-Weinberg (HW) and linkage equilibriums  [49] , with ten independent runs performed for each value of K (K = 1 to 21). In this analysis, the most likely number of genetic clusters (K) in the dataset is determined without prior information of the sampling locations, and then assigns proportion of the ancestry of each individual into the different clusters implemented in the program. The method of Evanno et al. [50]  was used to determine the most likely number of clusters. This approach uses an ad hoc quantity, based on the second rate of change of the likelihood function between successive values of K.
Genetic diversity Partial sequences of the mtDNA cox1 (1337-bp) were amplified from 172 specimens, representing populations from Lao PDR (n = 155) and Thailand (n = 17). No insertions, deletions or stop codons were detected across all samples, which minimizes the likelihood of pseudogene amplification. A total of 44 haplotypes were identified among the Lao populations (Table  1 ); of these, 13 haplotypes (30%) were shared among Lao populations and 31 (70%) were unique to single Lao populations. When the data was combined with Zhong et al. [31]  (H1-H66) and the Thailand samples, a total of 46 haplotypes were found. These newly identified haplotypes are H67-H112 and were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MN080720-MN080765 (Table  1 ). Lao PDR sequences shared five haplotypes with Thailand, two haplotypes (H45 and H56) with the USA (California and Texas, respectively) and Thailand, and one haplotype (H46) with the USA (California) (Table  1 ).
Acknowledgements Our sincere thanks to the public health officers from the eight provinces for helping us in the fieldwork, and to the  Ministry of Public Health of Lao PDR  for facilitating this research. We are grateful to  Ms. Somphat Nilaxay  and  Mr. Santi Vilayheuang  for assistance and  Dr Moritoshi Iwagami  and  Mr. Lavy Lorphachan  for helping with sequencing. We appreciate the reviewers for providing helpful comments and suggestions.
Applying his concept to networked computing, others have discussed what it could mean in a broad perspective, however without actually delving into the fabric of writing itself. To examine the way documents and data become manifest in digital form, we need to look at how signs and media have evolved too. The theory of "screen writings" (écrits d'écran)  (Jeanneret, 2005) , which applies the semiotic approach to computer-based communication, aims to research modern textuality. It is notable for its study of writing programs through the concept of architext, which is loosely defined as a category of tools which allow us to write on computers. The wordplay between architext and architect is intentional: it leads to a critique of the way software can be designed to control expression. Because it was used mostly in the context of Graphical User Interfaces (GUI), there is room for the concept of architext to grow and to inform the issue of documentarity.
75). Markup can be opaque and/or obfuscated. This raises a question: can we always properly assess documentarity? Any interface to a database is a good example to comment on the various ways documentarity can be more or less well sensed, let alone measured. As an example, we will briefly discuss the following screen capture (Fig. 1 ). It shows 4 different ways one particular dataset can be interacted with. The test was conducted on Isidore (https://isidore. science/), a search engine which harvests records from other databases in French humanities and social sciences and enriches their metadata. A query ("dispositif") is made. The 1st window shows the results directly on the website. The interface is entirely organized through web technologies: structured content (HTML), stylesheets (CSS) and automation (Javascript).