dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The effect of the city of residence was controlled in all regressions by using dummy variables. The dependent variable, HOMA-IR, was log-transformed. For markers of inflammation that were also log-transformed, results were expressed as percentage of change of the geometrical mean of the HOMA-IR for 10% increases of the corresponding biomarker. If the independent variable was normally distributed, results were expressed as percentage of change of the geometrical mean of HOMA per unit increase of the corresponding biomarker. Data were managed and analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics v. 21 (IBM Corp. , New York, NY, USA, 2012).
The next step was to offer these tests in more or less automated versions to avoid subjective interpretation (e. g. VITEK â Systems, BD Phoenix TM Automated Systems, TREK Sensititre â Diagnostic Systems). The quality of these systems in veterinary microbiology is strongly dependent on the databases used. Species found commonly in human microbiology, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are well represented within the databases of these ID systems and therefore reliably identified. However, some species of veterinary relevance, including Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus felis, are very difficult to reliably identify and differentiate from closely related staphylococci. Additionally, as the biochemical activity of a strain depends on growth, microorganisms that do not grow in these systems cannot be identified (e.
g. some members of Pasteurellaceae) and the ID may not be reliable for some micro-organisms (e. g. Malassezia) if the patient is under treatment with antimicrobials at the time of specimen collection. New technologies have been introduced in recent years to overcome the disadvantages of biochemical ID. One technology that has gained increasing attention in veterinary microbiology is MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight) mass spectrometry (MS) (Figure  1 ). This technique identifies any culturable bacteria within minutes and has low running costs. 12, 13 For most fungi a somewhat more complex sample preparation is necessary, but even dermatophytes can be identified with this method within 2 h. Again, identification depends on database entries, but the ability to discriminate between different bacteria is generally very good for most species.
In general, the available databases are much broader than any of the former biochemistry based databases, but still some veterinary specific entries are lacking. The databases are updated For most bacteria a simple direct smear preparation onto a target plate is covered by a matrix solution to enable the generation of ions by a laser. These ions, derived mainly from the highly abundant proteins of the micro-organism, are then accelerated and travel through a predefined distance in a vacuum tube (field free drift range). The time delay of their journey until the ions reach a detector is measured and displayed according to the mass of the ions as a characteristic pattern of the proteins (spectrum) detected in the micro-organism. Identification is then derived from comparison of the protein profile to database matches.
regularly and each laboratory can add entries to the database. This approach has been shown to be successful for the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG), which is of special importance in the field of dermatology. 14 Of course, a prerequisite for database expansions are strict protocols for quality control that must be followed to ensure highly reliable entries. In general, confirmation of the respective strains by sequencing before addition to the database is necessary. In human medicine, MALDI-TOF MS is used for direct ID of bacteria in blood cultures. 15 Similar applications for direct ID in veterinary clinical specimens have not yet been developed. The main disadvantage of this technology is the high cost for purchasing and servicing the instrument, which makes it unaffordable by small diagnostic laboratories.
37 taphylococcus pseudintermedius cannot be easily distinguished from the other members of the SIG group by phenotypic methods and its speciation requires PCRbased tests or MALDI-TOF MS, provided that the database has been specifically refined for identification of this species (see above). CoNS are commensal organisms with a relatively high rate of meticillin-resistance in companion animals. 38 oNS have been regarded as "contaminants" and either not reported or speciated except when isolated in pure culture from hospital-acquired infections associated with surgery or invasive procedures. The recognition of S. schleiferi  39, 40  as a canine pathogen underpins the importance of identifying CoNS species as the coagulase activity of this species and subspecies (subspp. schleiferi and coagulans) is variable.
Figure1. Principle of the MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight) MS process. For most bacteria a simple direct smear preparation onto a target plate is covered by a matrix solution to enable the generation of ions by a laser. These ions, derived mainly from the highly abundant proteins of the micro-organism, are then accelerated and travel through a predefined distance in a vacuum tube (field free drift range). The time delay of their journey until the ions reach a detector is measured and displayed according to the mass of the ions as a characteristic pattern of the proteins (spectrum) detected in the micro-organism. Identification is then derived from comparison of the protein profile to database matches.
3. 1 Position referenced microscopy demonstrates the potential of this method. The figure presents two images of the same tissue area observed at different fractions of time when the biological tissue was removed from the microscope stage between successive observations. The position of interest observed at first was found thanks to the position-encoding pseudoperiodic pattern. The two recorded images are color-coded in red and green (represented here by the darker and middle gray tone respectively). It can be seen that they do not exactly correspond to the same field of observation in terms of both position and orientation. Despite these mismatches, the position and orientation data from each image enables the digital superimposition. Afterwards, they are displayed in a common reference system.
AGRADECIMIENTOS Los autores agradecen el apoyo del proyecto ECOS-CONICYT 12CH02 y al proyecto CONICYT MEC 2014 -80140100 que hizo posible participar de misiones y estadías que permitieron realizar seminarios de investigación de difusión y discusión de las investigación previas en relación con la gobernanza territorial, investigar y coordinar esta publicación. Tabla 1: Cuestionamiento de la fase para la comprensión de las instituciones y dispositivos  -¿Qué instrumentos o recursos (información, saberes, relaciones, presupuestos, evaluación) utilizados? -¿Cómo se coordinan los calendarios y las agendas políticas? -¿Cómo el poder (político) está distribuido? -¿Cuáles son las relaciones de interdependencias entre los actores? -¿Cuál es la naturaleza, el funcionamiento, la calidad, la transparencia (difusión y acceso), y el uso de la información (observatorio, SIG, resultados de la encuesta.
AGRADECIMIENTOS El autor agradece el apoyo del proyecto ECOS-CONICYT 12CH02 que hizo posible participar de una misión de investigación la cual permitió realizar un seminario de investigación de difusión de las investigación ya realizada en relación con la gobernanza territorial y el conflicto en Chile y coordinar esta publicación. También se agradece al Instituto de Geografía de la PUCV y a Arnaud Szkutnicki por apoyar y realizar la traducción del original en francés. El análisis de los conflictos necesita disponer de informaciones. Sin embargo, los datos concernientes al estado de la situación conflictiva son pocos y muchas veces limitados, por dos razones principales: hay poco interés por esta línea de investigación hasta los años 2000, y, además, por la forma compleja tomada por los conflictos, los cuales utilizan expresiones diversas (tribunales, mediatización, manifestaciones…), prohíben toda representación simple y conducen a mezclar varias disciplinas en su definición.
To our knowledge, we are the …rst to test the presence of spatial autocorrelation and apply spatial econometric models that account for spatial dependence to air transport. 5 Another virtue of our application is that the dataset is global, that is, the 279 cities belong to the …ve continents. We estimate six spatial models, which allow for spatial autoregressive dependence or spatially auto correlated error term. We then compare each of these six spatial models with the gravity model, which assumes no spatial dependence. Based on Akaike informational criteria and likelihood ratio tests, we conclude that any spatial model is better than the least-square one. This result has two key implications. First, we need to incorporate the spatial patterns of the geographical phenomena, when estimating OD air passengers.
The data Section 3 presents the dataset we use to apply spatial interaction models to air transport. First, to measure OD air passenger ‡ows, we rely on Sabre Airline Solutions'proprietary data intelligence solution, Global Demand Data (GDD), which provides air travel itineraries between airports all over the world, since 2002. 12 Speci…cally, we consider annual, OD, city to city air passengers, over the period 2010 2012. The resulting dataset contains both economy and business passengers. 13 cond, we use four explanatory variables, two of which are only available for a subset of 279 cities. The four explanatory variables are annual average air fares, gross domestic product (GDP), population per city and great-circle (GC) distance, per city-pair. Sabre GDD provides information on air fares.
In my doctoral study, both political and associative actors were considered and sports policies were analysed from the moment of their formulation (laws, integration plans, reports) to their practical implementation (sports programmes for each district or city). Two main approaches were adopted for data collection. Firstly, a policy documentary analysis of diverse sources of information was conducted (decrees, action plans, internal documentation, statistics, association statutes, and the local press). Secondly, 72 semi-structured interviews were conducted with two types of actors: associative (clubs and local sports associations) and institutional, covering various levels of political decision-making, including monitors and educators that directly implemented the sports schemes. The present article argues that a political and organisational approach based on political sociology can enhance the study of sports as a tool for integration.
Recent literature argues that legal traditions of nations, i. e. their belonging to the world of common law or civil law, are not neutral in terms of economic or institutional performance, especially with regard to key opportunities in developing countries out of poverty. We present the results of an exploratory exploitation of the "institutional profiles database" provided by DGTPE (French Ministry of Economy and Finance) and French Development Agency (survey 2009) supplemented by data on legal origin and other variables from La Porta et al. We highlight specificities of developing countries having inherited the French law (relative to those of English law). A reflection on political power and the state finds a strong contrast between the ideal-typical model of French law and the empirical findings.
RÉSUMÉ La littérature récente soutient que les traditions juridiques des nations, telles que leur appartenance au monde du droit civil ou de common law, ne sont pas neutres en termes de performances économiques ou institutionnelles, en particulier en ce qui concerne les principales opportunités dans les pays en développement à sortir de la pauvreté. Nous présentons les résultats d'une exploitation exploratoire de la «base de données des profils institutionnels» fourni par la DGTPE (Ministère français de l'Economie et des Finances) et l'Agence française de développement (enquête 2009) et des données sur l'origine légale et d'autres variables de La Porta et al. Nous mettons en évidence les spécificités des pays en développement ayant hérité de la loi française (par rapport à celles du droit anglais).
The empirical basis used is the latest version (2009) of the "institutional profiles" database (IPD) setup by the French Ministry of Economy (DGTPE) and the French Development Agency (AFD). Section 1 briefly reviews the recent literature on the origins of law and analysis of the colonial question. It will define the purpose of this paper. Section 2 presents preliminary results of the IPD exploitation on institutional profiles of 92 countries. Section 3 examines the distinctive features of the countries formerly colonised by continental European countries of civil law tradition versus the British Empire.
DEVELOPMENT: A LONG-TERM PROCESS OF DEPERSONALIZATION OF SOCIAL REGULATION SYSTEMS Meisel and Ould Aoudia, initiators of the IPD database with its three surveys  (2001, 2004, 2009)  put the emphasis on the limits of development approaches in terms of "good governance". They argue that this concept does not take into account the interdependencies between institutions and the reasons why, at the same level of quality of governance, countries enter a process of sustained growth while others do not. Meisel and Ould Aoudia propose the concept of "focal point of governance" from the experience of countries that have experienced steady long-term growth. These countries are characterized by their ability to create key organizations, to coordinate groups of dominant interests, to ensure security of expectations and to provide conditional incentives; these capacities allow overcoming the shortcomings of both formal mechanisms of trust and traditional/informal regulations.
El coloquio tuvo lugar en el marco de la exposición Mayas. Révélation d'un temps sans in (7 de octubre de 2014 -8 de febrero de 2015, museo du quai Branly, bajo la curaduría de Mercedes de la Garza y Camino). El coloquio fue organizado por el Groupe d'enseignement et de recherche maya, GERM (université Paris Nanterre, université Paris 1, CNRS, INALCO), en colaboración con el Département de la recherche et de l'enseignement, y la Direction du développement culturel del musée du quai Branly, y la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. La publicación beneició de apoyos inancieros del LabEx "Les Passés dans le présent" (ANR-11-LABX-0026-01), del proyecto ANR Fabriq'am (ANR-12-CULT-005), y del Centre Enseignement et recherche en ethnologie amérindienne (EREA) del Laboratoire d'ethnologie et de sociologie comparative (CNRS, université Paris Nanterre).
Acknowledgements: Funding for this workshop was provided by the  Wenner-Gren Foundation , the  Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Research Manitoba , the  University of Winnipeg , the  Ilustre Municipalidad of Pica ,  FONDECYT  Project  1151046 ,  CONICYT / PIA  Project  SOC1405 , the  Universidad de Tarapacá , the  Universidad Católica del Norte , the  Consejo de la Cultura y las Artes, Región de Tarapacá , the  Asociación Indígena Aymara Sillajuay -Bajo Matilla, Comuna de Pica , and the  Reserva Pampa de Tamarugal, CONAF (Corporación Nacional Forestal). We are grateful to  Jacqueline Correa  and  Ximena Loayza  for their superb assistance in organizing the workshop, and to  Carolina Santoro  for English editing of the first version of this text. The Spanish translation was done by  Mónica Ruiz.
Agradecimientos El presente estudio fue financiado mediante el proyecto PAPIIT-UNAM IN101113-3 y mediante asignaciones a académicos por parte del Centro de Geociencias, del Instituto de Geología y del Instituto de Geofísica de la UNAM. La preparación de las muestras para este estudio estuvo a cargo de Juan Tomas Vázquez Ramírez del Centro de Geociencias de la UNAM, a quien agradecemos su valioso apoyo. Se agradece cordialmente a María Colín García su apoyo en la identificación de la estructura interna de los troncos de árbol.
This paper contains some reflections about epistemological questions derived from the exploitation of texts collected in the POCRAM database (http://pocram. hypotheses. org/), a corpus concerning religious conversion between Late Antiquity to the end of Modern Age. Furthermore, we present the evolution statement of Digital Humanities (especially, in France), as well as the previous projects that inspire our conceptual choice. We present our corpus and the consequences of its exploitation, through the use of different software, leading to a double break both, epistemological and conceptual, in the way of understanding history.
Algunas de las experiencias de bases de datos realizadas previamente, permitían poner en evidencia el uso de nuevos paradigmas históricos, gracias a la utilización de 9 Accesible desde http://www. cn-telma. fr/relmin/index/. 10 Accesible desde http://in. bgu. ac. il/en/csoc/Pages/Conversion-Database. aspx. herramientas de investigación novedosas (motores de búsqueda sobre gran cantidad de corpus textuales, concurrencias, lexicogramas, modelización, etc. ). Estas bases de datos previas realizadas a partir de la digitalización y edición de diferentes corpus textuales fueron la inspiración de nuestro modelo conceptual. Entre ellas, el corpus de Chartes originales antérieures à 1121 conservées en France 11. Se trata de un corpus documental en línea, que recoge fundamentalmente actos jurídicos escritos, es decir, actas de donación de venta o de intercambio y procesos judiciales hasta el siglo XIII.
Accesible desde http://www. agence-nationale-recherche. fr/projetanr/?tx_lwmsuivibilan_pi2%5BCODE%5D=ANR-08-BLAN-0134. • Contenido: texto/imagen/url para la iconografía (en el caso de manuscritos iluminados). • Referencias: bibliografía de la edición, título del documento, autor en caso de que sea conocido. • Datación: terminus ad quem, terminus ante quem, fecha completa en caso de que sea conocida. Este sistema permite el posterior tratamiento formalizado que necesita de modo regular la existencia de cuatro cifras. • Tipología documental: categoría (texto, iconografía,) y subcategoría (texto teórico, normativo-jurídico o eclesiástico; de la práctica jurídica, incluye material de archivo), hagiográfico, narrativo, etc. • Localización: país actual de redacción del texto o documento, lugar preciso, coordenadas GPX (sistema WGS-84), que permiten exportar los datos con el fin de construir una geografía de la conversión, y facilitar al mismo tiempo la consulta de los datos asociándolos a un mapa, a través del uso de un programa GIS 26.
Agradecimientos El desarrollo de este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad a través del proyecto de investigación "Predicción de emisiones y exposición a partículas micro y nanométricas en ambientes industriales" con referencia CGL2015-66777-C2 y el Fondo Europeo de desarrollo Regional por la cofinanciación del proyecto citado previamente. Por otro lado, la Generalitat Valenciana ha apoyado dicho trabajo con la concesión de una ayuda con referencia (ACIF/2012/111) dentro del Programa Vali+d para investigadores en formación. b i b l i o g r a f í a.
s. l. )  (Heine and Heine, 1996). Peat from a paleolake/bog enclosed by M5 moraines gave a minimum-limiting radiocarbon ages of 11. 2 ± 0. 1 ka BP (13. 0 Cal. ka BP) and 13. 0 ± 0. 1 ka BP (15. 5 Cal. ka BP). Heine (1995)  proposed that the M4 moraines were deposited during the gLGM. Bracketed ages for M6 moraines were between 11. 2 ± 0. 1 ka BP (underlying peat was 13. 0 Cal. ka BP) and 8. 2-9. 0 ka (overlying HL-4 tephra from  Rosi, 1989, in Heine and Heine 1996). M6 could be related to a YD glacier advance. In the Cajas National Park,  Hansen et al. (2003)  recognized MIS 2 and MIS 1 glacier advances located between 3700-3080 m a. s. l. (moraine complex GZ). Glacial chronological data were based on radiocarbon ages from lacustrine sediments. Three moraines are part of this group, Z1 (at 3760 m a.
Acknowledgements We would like to send our sincere thanks to researchers who provided us information, data and comments used to write this article, including: Karin Helmens, Bryan G. Mark, Ruben Basantes, Sergio Restrepo, Alessa Geiger and Jan Hegner. In addition, we are very grateful for the help of Alessa Geiger, Jan Hegner, Milagrosa Aldana, and Lisandro Estopiñan in order to improve the English of this manuscript, and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable recommendations.
Data In this study we used the same database as the one compiled by  Jomelli et al. (2014) , i. e. late glacial cosmogenic 10 Be and 3 He moraine chronologies from the Tropical Andes, including data from Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina, but we restrict our dataset to the ages younger than 15 ka  (Smith et al. , 2005; Farber et al. , 2005; Zech et al. , 2007 Zech et al. , , 2009;; Glasser et al. , 2009; Hall et al. , 2009; Licciardi et al. , 2009; Rodbell et al. , 2009; Smith and Rodbell, 2010; Smith et al. , 2011; Jomelli et al. , 2011; Bromley et al. , 2009 Bromley et al. , , 2011;; Blard et al. , 2013; Carcaillet et al. , 2013)  (Table  1  and Fig. 1 ). The selected glaciers are located in the northern and southern tropics  (Kaser, 2001). In the northern tropic, we recalculated the moraine chronologies of two glaciers, Mucubaji located in Venezuela and Ritacuba Negro glacier located in the Sierra Nevada El Cocuy, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia.
Agradecimientos Gracias al proyecto Conicyt -Fondecyt Iniciación 11130359 "Estimating the Surface soil moisture at regional scale by using a synergic optical-passive microwave approach and remote sensing data", a United States Geological Survery (USGS) por el libre acceso a los datos Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+ y Landsat-8 OLI, a la National Aeronautics and Space (NASA) por los productos MODIS y la Dra. María Piles por los productos de humedad de suelo SMOS. Anexo 1 Anexo 1. Características de los datos utilizados.
Agradecimientos Gracias a todos los estudiantes que colaboraron durante la toma de datos. J. T. Seppänen hizo sugerencias muy interesantes a una version previa del manuscrito. El trabajo fue parcialmente financiado por una beca doctoral a N. S. por el Fondo Social Europeo y un contrato I3P-doctores a D. P. también financiado por el Fondo Social Europeo y por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia-FEDER español (project ref. CGL2005-04654/BOS). En la actualidad, DP está financiada por el Govierno de Extremadura mediante el contrato TA13002. El trabajo de campo fue hecho con el permiso de la Junta de Extremadura y cumple las leyes españolas.
AGRADECIMIENTOS Esta publicación fue realizada con el apoyo del IRD -JEAI EMACEP (Ecología Marina Cuantitativa del Ecosistema de Afloramiento Peruano) y del PpR Ordenamiento y Desarrollo de la Acuicultura (DGIA-IMARPE). Un especial agradecimiento a Kathy Córdoba por su apoyo durante la fase experimental del estudio.
AGRADECIMIEntOS Este trabajo se ha realizado gracias a la financiación de los Proyectos del Plan Nacional español de I+D+I, HUM2006-06250 y HAR2009-09298, dirigidos por A. Perea, dentro del marco del Proyecto Au, desarrollado en el IH, CCSH-CSIC, Madrid. Debemos a la dirección del Instituto de Arqueología de la Facultad de Letras (Universidad de Coimbra) las facilidades para el estudio analítico del material en el MicroLab del IH, CSIC, en Madrid. Agradecemos a Oscar García-Vuelta su pericia en el manejo del equipo MEB-EDX. Tenemos una deuda con José Serrano, editor técnico, que fue capaz de mejorar la calidad gráfica de este artículo.