dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
However, that effect is minor and does not alter the qualitative conclusions reached from the comparison of the two size distribution shapes. Droplet number densities were obtained through an alternate measurement using a hot wire. The use of a hot-wire anemometer in clouds was discussed in  Siebert et al. (2007)  and successfully applied in  Siebert et al. (2010b). Here, we modified the method and used the detected spikes from impacting cloud droplets to determine the droplet number density. The same type of hot wire and the same equations to estimate the swept volume were used as described in  Siebert et al. (2007). An independent evaluation of this method using data from a flight with a properly aligned PDI showed agreement within ∼ 20 %. The results are plotted in terms of PDFs of local concentrations averaged over one-second periods in the lower panel of Fig.
Acknowledgements. We thank the experienced and highly engaged pilots  Alwin Vollmer  and  Milos Kapetanovic  for the terrific and safe helicopter flights in the Caribbean. Thanks also to  Paul Archer  from  Horizon Helicopters and to National Helicopters in Canada  for organizing and providing the helicopter service. Many thanks also to the team from the  Barbados Concorde Experience  who hosted the ACTOS and helicopter team. We thank  Joe Prospero  for access to his infrastructure at Ragged Point. Lutz Hirsch  and  Friedhelm Jansen  are acknowledged for their help and experience during the preparation phase of the campaigns. We are grateful to  Christoph Klaus  and  Dieter Schell  from the enviscope company for their excellent technical support during the campaigns and acknowledge  Damien Prescod  from  CIMH  for his support in terms of local logistics.
Capture and paired-end sequencing The Sure Select method (Agilent Technologies) was used to capture regions of interest. The bait library was designed using the Agilent e-array software. The complete ALK genomic locus, together with 50 kb upstream and 30 kb downstream of the gene, was covered at Â5, excluding repeated regions. Boundaries of other amplified regions on the 2p chromosome of IMR32 and NB838 samples, defined by SNP 6. 0 arrays, were also included in the captured regions (Supplementary Table  S1 ). Libraries for paired-end sequencing were constructed for 10 samples (CLB-Bar, CLB-Br, CLB-Ga, CLB-Ge, CLB-Ma, CLB-Re, IMR32, N206, NB838, and SJNB8) from genomic DNA according to the manufacturer's protocol (Illumina). Capture was conducted on the bait library according to the protocol provided by Agilent Technologies.
FISH experiments For FISH experiments, we used either the LSI ALK dual color, Break Apart Rearrangement probe (Vysis) or bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes or five-kb PCR products synthesized using TaKaRa ExTaq (Lonza) labeled with various fluorochromes by a nick-translation kit (Vysis). Primers used to generate the PCR fragment probes as well as BACs used for FISH experiments are listed in Supplementary Table  S3. FISH experiments were conducted as previously described  (19). Images were captured with Metamorph software and analyzed with ImageJ software.
ALK 1. 2 0. 0 -1. 2 1. 2 0. 0 -1. 2 1. 2 0. 0 -1. 2 1. 2 0. 0 -1. 2 1. 2 0. 0 -1. 2 1. 2 0. 0 -1. 2 1. 2 0. 0 -1. 2 1. 2 0. 0 -1. 2 29. Various ALK rearrangements characterized by capture and paired-end sequencing To further explore ALK rearrangements observed by array-CGH and document the nature of the involved partner, we conducted paired-end sequencing after DNA capture with a specific bait library. Files were processed to identify genomic rearrangements that matched with the breakpoints detected by array-CGH. For the breakpoints identified by array-CGH for which this analysis did not identify any rearrangement, a further exploration of the capture data files was conducted with less stringent filters in the vicinity of the expected regions of breakpoint. The capture and paired-end sequencing strategy identified an inverted duplication in CLB-Br and a large duplication in SJNB8, which were experimentally validated (Supplementary Table  S2 ).
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to  Marie-Claude Boutterin ,  Sarah Cohen-Gogo ,  Virginie Perrin , and  Didier Surdez  for their critical help and technical support. We thank the  PICT-BDD of Institut Curie  for imaging facilities and  D. Gentien  and his team from the translational department of  Institut Curie  for SNP 6. 0 array experiments.
76). The MBE, which quantifies systematic errors, indicated that EVASPA v7 predictions slightly underestimated ET, and the RMSE, which accounts for both systematic and non-systematic errors, indicates that EVASPA can provide reasonable predictions. Underestimations are mainly related to days with low radiation and days with high and variable winds. Days with low radiation often corresponded to days without remote sensing data for which ET was interpolated. Improvements can be made to avoid substantial underestimation, by analyzing the patterns of solar radiation and by the implementation of aerodynamic methods. The tool is in continuous development and improvement, with the objective of providing ET maps at relevant spatial and time scales for hydrological or agronomical purposes. EVASPA performance assessment is currently being carried out for the pilot site Crau-Camargue (south France).
Acknowledgements EVASPA tool is a prototype software developed in MATLAB within the frame of the European project  SIRRIMED (Sustainable use of IRRIgation water in the MEDiterranean Region , http://www. sirrimed. org/)and with the support of  CNES  ( Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, France)  through the TOSCA research calls and the preparation of the  MISTIGRI satellite mission (MIcro Satellite for Thermal Infrared GRound surface Imaging ) [18]. The authors gratefully acknowledge  Foundation Ramon Areces (Madrid, Spain)  for the financial support.
In fact, PERSONA allows data subjects and data controllers to specify (high-level) privacy requirements in a controlled natural language which, together with regulatory requirements, are automatically transformed into (low-level) enforceable policies. PERSONA also provides a guided support to policy conflict detection and resolution to guarantee that data are managed in ways that are intended by all data subjects. In addition, the framework relies on the generation of customized GUI and application interfaces to ensure privacy compliance also at design and implementation level. Finally, the framework relies on a-posteriori verification to analyze the actual user behavior and determine the risks of policy infringements. The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we discuss the challenges to be addressed for the design of a personalized data protection framework using a scenario on personalized medicine.
The dynamic generation of data protection policies from different data subjects' requirements calls for conflicts identification and resolution strategies. The Conflict Analyzer and Solver is a transparent engine, which assists data subjects and controllers in the identification and resolution of policy conflicts. It is based on multi-criteria decision making techniques  [27]. The engine assures that either data is accessed by end-users according to original requirements, or it notifies why some policies have been assigned priority over others. Data Protection Policy Enforcement. To prevent information leakages, the GUIs through which end-users access data and the database where the data are stored need to be configured with respect to the regulating data access and usage. PERSONA follows a model-driven security approach to enforce data protection policies at the GUI and database level.
The personalization of data protection policy specification and enforcement does not eliminate privacy risks like data re-purposing  [26, 28]. To this end, the PERSONA framework provides an infringement management mechanism for assessing the risks of data misuses after data has been disclosed. To identify privacy risks, the framework relies on conformance checking based on alignments  [2]. These techniques aim to detect deviations of the observed behavior (recorded in an event log) from the specified behavior (represented by process models), and to locate and explain the root causes of deviations. Intuitively, data protection policies are mapped into privacy controls that define the boundaries of compliant behaviors. Compliance of user behavior is determined by aligning the event data recorded by the system against privacy controls.
Matteucci et al. [21]  propose a controlled natural language for formally specifying Data Sharing Agreements (DSA). Subsequent work  [22, 20]  deals with DSA usability by presenting an authoring tool for a user-friendly and cooperative editing of DSA and a conflict detection tool. Work in  [17]  proposes a refined conflict detection technique. In  [8] , it is shown that the Event-B language (www. event-b. org) can be used to model obliged events. The Rodin platform provides an animation and a model checking toolset for analyzing specifications written in Event-B, thus leading to capability of obligations analysis  [4]. Policy conflict detection is generally followed by conflict resolution. Current approaches, like the one adopted by XACML  [25]  are based on standard, predefined rule-combining algorithms.
Jin et al. [14]  propose a resolution strategy based on high level features of the policy as a whole (such as the recency of a policy). The approach in  [24]  proposes a strategy based on a finer definition of the policy specificity. PERSONA aims to overtake existing approaches based on the analysis of fixed patterns of data protection policies and on the application of static kind of resolution strategies. The goal is to increase user awareness on policy enforcement when conflicts are unavoidable. Model-driven security. Mitigating the risks of data leakage requires adopting indepth security solutions. Model-driven security  [6]  has been proposed based on the idea that security needs to be built redundantly into systems. For example, in a webapplication, access control may be enforced at all tiers: at the web server, in the backend databases, and in the GUI.
Such defenses in depth are necessary to prevent data access in unanticipated ways, for instance, directly from the database by circumventing the web application server. The work in  [7]  presents a methodology for designing security-aware GUI which supports the consistent propagation of an access control policy from data models to GUI models and, via code generation, to GUI implementations. A few tools like WebRatio  [31] , Olivanova  [9] , and Lightswitch  [23]  support rapid development of secure data management applications. They apply UI generation patterns to the data model. These patterns enable data retrieval, data editing, data creation, and database search through the UIs. Moreover, these tools support the definition and generation of RBAC policies at different granularity levels.
The number of single molecules detected per frame was controlled by using a 405 nm laser (Omicron, Germany). The laser powers were adjusted to keep a specific level of stochastically activated molecules which were well separated during the acquisition. Both the ensemble and single molecule fluorescence was collected by the combination of a dichroic and emission filter (D101-R561 and F39-617 respectively, Chroma, USA and quad-band dichroic filter (Di01-R405/488/561/635, Semrock, USA). The fluorescence was collected using a sensitive 5126512 EM-CCD (Evolve, Photometric, USA). 3D localization was performed using the N-STORM astigmatic lens located in front of the CCD camera. The acquisition sequence was driven by Metamorph software (Molecular Devices, USA) in streaming mode at 80 FPS (12 ms exposure time) using an area equal to or less than 2566256 pixel as region of interest.
We used multicolour fluorescent microbeads (Tetraspeck, Invitrogen) to register long-term acquisitions and to correct for lateral drifts and chromatic shifts. A spatial resolution of 14 nm was measured using centroid determination on 100 nm Tetraspeck beads acquired with similar signal to noise ratio than single-molecule images. Images were analyzed and reconstructed online using the WaveTracer module integrated into Metamorph software, running on a Intel Xeon E5645@2. 4 GHz personal computer (Dell) equipped with a Nvidia Quadro 4000 graphic card.
Benchmarking and Comparison with Others Localization Methods We have benchmarked our method on simulation data, and compared its performance with referenced open-source software like QuickPALM  [8]  and RapidStorm  [7]. They are both based on multithreading implementation which consists in partitioning the program into many tasks that can be processed in parallel, linking its performance to the number of available processors (five for this benchmarking). The GPU based localization software reported previously  [11]  was not explicitly tested since the available package provides only the fitting step, not the preprocessing step. However, this method was recently compared to RapidStorm  [16]. Rapid-Storm is based on a mixture of levenberg-Marquardt fitter and MLE; QuickPALM relies on the Ho ¨gbom 'CLEAN' algorithm for spot finding, followed by a center of mass algorithm to compute the spot position and shape (i.
Molecules were randomly distributed with an average density of 0. 5 molecule per mm 2 (Fig. 5. C). Blurred signal was then sampled on a 64664 pixelated matrix, with a pixel size of 100 nm providing Nyquist sampling in the visible light range. Finally, digital images were corrupted by a combination of Gaussian and Poisson noise, simulating a limited number of photons and CCD electronic read-out noise. In order to test the localization efficiency of each method for various typical fluorophores, we used 3 different simulation dataset with respectively 100, 200 and 1000 detected photons per molecule per image. For each condition, we generated a stack of 30,000 images composed of 286,665 molecules. These reconstructions allow to illustrate the localization accuracy and rate of each method for various signal to noise ratio (SNR), in 2D and 3D.
An average number of 60+/220 localizations per image was kept constant during the whole acquisition process by adjusting the irradiation power accordingly. The 3D reconstruction of 1. 2 million molecules was obtained less than 15 seconds just after the acquisition. Simulated test pattern reconstructions allowed us to benchmark, in offline mode, the computation speed and the localization accuracy and rate of WaveTracer with popular free software RapidSTORM and QuickPALM (Fig. 6 ). Our method allows overcoming two of the major limitations in single-molecule based super-resolution microscopy, which are the computation time required to process the massive amount of data (up to 0. 5 Gigabyte per minute) and the regulation and control of the optimal molecule density. Using a regular computer, it offers access to 2D and 3D information during the acquisition, without compromising the resolution.
The National Research Council reports in 2003 and 2011 have endorsed a project with a large capability underground detector located at a distance of >1000 km from Fermilab. In Europe, a roadmap has been established in 2008 and updated in 2011 by ASPERA (AStroParticle ERAnet). In the 2011 update one can read "The goals of a megaton scale detector as addressed by the design studies LAGUNA range from low energy neutrino astrophysics (e. g. , supernova, solar, geo and atmospheric neutrinos) to fundamental searches without accelerators (e. g. , search for proton decay) and accelerator driven physics (e. g. , observation of CP violation). Due to its high cost, the program can be developed only in a global context. " The recent confirmation of a nonzero mixing angle  13 permits a series of very exciting measurements for neutrino mass hierarchy and CP violation using CERN beams.
The studies of both the Large Cavity Advisory Board (composed of world experts in underground construction) and Golder Associates concluded that an excavated cylindrical cavity with a diameter of 65 meters was completely feasible and cost efficient. The major detector components are (1) the water containment system, (2) the photomultiplier mounting, housing and cable system, (3) the electronics readout and trigger system, (4) calibration procedures, (5) the water purification and cooling system, and (6) event reconstruction and data analysis. Table  1  summarizes the important detector parameters. Figure  3  shows a schematic 3-dimensional view of the detector design as located at the 4850 ft level of the Homestake facility.
The duty factor for any Main Injector operation would continue to remain small in the single turn extraction mode; however, the duty factor at 8 GeV will be ∼5-10% unless a ring is deployed to compress the beam further. The large-intensity increase from these accelerator upgrades at FNAL would greatly improve the precision of long-baseline neutrino science. The event spectra and experimental approaches using possible beams from high-intensity protons are in  [22]. The precision on the parameters sin 2 2 13 and  CP is shown in Figure  8  using the full simulation of the LBNE beam and the expected performance of a 34 kt liquid argon TPC detector  [23]. The calculation of the sensitivity was performed using the GLOBeS software tool which allows careful consideration of all parameter correlations and ambiguities.
Hyper-K will examine the possible flux variation of neutrinos from the Sun by detecting 200 solar neutrinos per day above 7 MeV total neutrino energy. If a Supernova explosion happens at the center of our galaxy, Hyper-K will accumulate 170, 000-260, 000 neutrinos in 10-second burst period. Even for a far Supernova at M31 (Andromeda galaxy), Hyper-K expects to collect 30-50 neutrinos. Hyper-K will provide precious data for Supernova and reveal the core collapse and explosion mechanism of massive stars. Moreover, neutrino arrival time distributions from Supernova will give constraints on the absolute neutrino mass with an expected sensitivity of 0. 5-1. 3 eV/ 2 that does not depend on whether the neutrino is a Dirac or Majorana particle. For Supernova relic neutrinos, in which the history of heavy element synthesis in the universe is encoded, Hyper-K expects to observe 300 neutrinos above 20 MeV in 10 years of observation.
The experiment is based on one of the most understood techniques for neutrino detection: Cherenkov light emission in water by charged particles resulting from neutrino interactions. At beam energies below 1 GeV, the water Cherenkov technique is well adapted to the physics scope of LAGUNA. Each tank of MEMPHYS is about 10 times Super-Kamiokande, and therefore only a mild extrapolation from an existing detector is necessary. The project aims at a fiducial mass around half a megaton obtained with 2 cylindrical detector modules of 65 meters in diameter and 103 meters in height. A schematic view is shown in Figure  29. It takes into account the need to have a veto volume, 1. 5 m thick, plus a minimal distance of about 2 meters between photodetectors and interaction vertices, leaving a sufficient space for ring development and to protect from  from the PMTs natural radioactivity.
In particular the strong synergy with the LENA detector leads to a joint study within a collaborative effort between German and French groups  [60]. In parallel to the development on photosensors and electronics, a large effort on the simulation of the detector performance is ongoing. The neutrino event generator is based on GENIE  [79]  and the full simulation of the MEMPHYS detector is based on GEANT4  [80, 81]. The code has been developed starting from the Super-Kamiokande algorithm and adapted to the new geometry and PMT choice of MEMPHYS. A new event reconstruction algorithm for ring and vertex finding has been developed. Event reconstruction and analysis procedure have been essentially focalized on the reconstruction of the incoming neutrino energy and the identification of its flavor to perform appearance or disappearance analyses with the different types of beams.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the  European Commission  for the financial support of the project through the  FP7 Design Studies LAGUNA  (Project no. 212343 ), LAGUNA-LBNO (Project no. 284518 ), and  EUROnu  (Project no. 212372 ). The EC is not liable for any use that may be made of the information herein. They thank the  French Centre National de Recherche Scientifique  for the support of the project in form of the PICS. They are also grateful to the  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research  (Grant no. 23244058 ). This work was partially supported by the  US Department of Energy.
Mapping species spatial distribution using spatial inference and prediction requires a lot of data. Occurrence data are generally not easily available from the literature and are very time-consuming to collect in the field. For that reason, we designed a survey to explore to which extent large-scale databases such as Google maps and Google street view could be used to derive valid occurrence data. We worked with the Pine Processionary Moth (PPM) Thaumetopoea pityocampa because the larvae of that moth build silk nests that are easily visible. The presence of the species at one location can therefore be inferred from visual records derived from the panoramic views available from Google street view. We designed a standardized procedure allowing evaluating the presence of the PPM on a sampling grid covering the landscape under study.
The outputs were compared to field data. We investigated two landscapes using grids of different extent and mesh size. Data derived from Google street view were highly similar to field data in the large-scale analysis based on a square grid with a mesh of 16 km (96% of matching records). Using a 2 km mesh size led to a strong divergence between field and Google-derived data (46% of matching records). We conclude that Google database might provide useful occurrence data for mapping the distribution of species which presence can be visually evaluated such as the PPM. However, the accuracy of the output strongly depends on the spatial scales considered and on the sampling grid used. Other factors such as the coverage of Google street view network with regards to sampling grid size and the spatial distribution of host trees with regards to road network may also be determinant.
PPM larvae build white winter nests that are easily discernable and thus provide unambiguous indication of species presence since no other organism produce similar structures in these tree species at that time of the year. The nests are spatially aggregated  [25]  and exhibit a strong edge effect with considerably higher densities at stand edges  [26]  or along host tree-lined streets. This characteristic is invaluable with regards to roadside sampling. We sampled the subject species in two sampling areas using both field sampling and visual examination of GSV imagery and worked at two resolutions (i. e. grains) in order to test possible scale effects. Attention was paid to the coverage of the GSV database because it could constitute an important cause of discrepancies between field and in silico data sets.
Sampling based on GSV For each cell, an operator virtually drove along the roads available in the GSV database. He performed in silico roadside sampling by visually analyzing the available panoramic views. Figure  2  shows different pictures of PPM nests, infested trees and several trees located along streets in the region of Orleans, France, as they could be observed using GSV. When different views of the same place were available, all the points of view were explored. This work was realized in September and October 2011. As soon as a nest was detected, the cell was considered colonised by the PPM and the operator switched to another cell. When a nest was difficult to identify, several views with different zoom levels and different viewing angles were examined. The spatial coordinates of each nest were recorded.