dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Such transformative outcomes were actively sought after by scientists in the Marten Network (by means of newsletters, personal emails, and "autopsy days"). The effect of CS projects on the level of trust between citizens and scientists (and other stakeholders such as planners or decision makers) was mixed. Some cases demonstrated an increase in trust throughout the project due to colearning and reflection (e. g. , Observation), but others shed light on unintended negative effects on trust between citizens and scientists (e. g. , Wolf). The changing level of trust can be mixed even within cases. In the Amphibians case, for example, data providers were trusted by facilitators and scientists but abundance maps of some rare and little-loved species (e. g. , vipers) were not made publicly available because the organizers feared average citizens would harm these species if they knew their location.
Maps produced by GIS analysis were seen as powerful tools for visualizing information in a way that could be readily used to meet the needs of land-use planning. In most cases, individual data collection was combined with events such as guided walks, bird observation campaigns, or land-use planning exhibitions. These events served not only to collect data but also to share scientific knowledge or skills. In projects applying a more interactive approach with a higher degree of engagement, these events were used to facilitate mutual exchange of knowledge. In the cases in which mutual knowledge exchange was facilitated, the classical roles of scientists as knowledge holders and citizens or decision makers as knowledge users became blurred. In one of the cases, scientists even mediated interests between different interest groups and observers (Reindeer).
Nature and Level of Collaboration In addition to the learning by individual professional scientists and volunteers, some kind of organizational learning was reported in 6 of the cases. For example, lessons related to information exchange were mentioned. Many data sets were made available from databases or were fed into larger databases, where they were available for use in decision making or where they could be used to comply with the reporting requirements of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Amphibians, Butterfly, and Observation). Some of the projects became institutionalized via public administration (Bioblitz and Butterfly) or as a semiformal component of a governmentally managed database (Observation). In some cases, changes in the institutional practices of scientific research occurred (e.
g. , by developing a new, universal language combining scientific terminology with citizens' common language and practitioners' jargon). Furthermore, transformative effects at the institutional level occurred (e. g. , integrating the results of CS activities into decision-making processes [Observation] and empowering citizens or local communities to engage in land-use planning [UUSIMAA]). Results of CS activities were not often used beyond the scientific sphere, but there were some convincing examples of how the activities supported initiatives for habitat improvement (Vadonleső and Marten Network cases) and of how the process of knowledge creation fed into administrative use (Wolf). In most cases, the newly generated data positively contributed to the political process, although the extent of the impact was difficult to estimate (e.
g. , Vadonleső and Marten Network). However, in the case of estimating the wolf population, the data did not help resolve the issue; rather, it sparked a new controversy. Although two-thirds of the reviewed CS programs had taken a top-down approach in which the design was done solely by scientists and the role of the citizens was limited to data collection, the remaining one-third had varying degrees of engagement of citizens in the scientific process. In 2 projects (UUSIMAA; Butterfly), research setting and methodology were mainly designed by scientists, but an expert group of stakeholders and land-use planners Conservation Biology Volume 30, No. 5, 2016 contributed. In nearly half of the 14 case studies, participation had been broadened to all citizens. However, in some cases, participation was only possible through internet access.
Acknowledgments The research for this article was initiated and financially supported by  ALTER-Net , (http://www. alter-net. info/), Europe's ecosystem research network of excellence, within its AHIA program. In developing the cases presented here, we received helpful input from  O. Váczi of Vadonleső, B. Halpern of Amphibians and Reptiles -BirdLife Hungary, S. Kana of the Estonian Naturalists' Society, R. Roasto of Estonian Environmental Agency. M. L. received support from the  Scientific Grant Agency of Slovak Republic VEGA  project  1/0828/15. Contributions by S. H. , J. H. , and A. B. were supported by funding of the German ministry of research and education through the  GEWISS Citizens Create Knowledge  project (reference. 01508444). We thank  D. S. Rogers  for language editing.
Accelerometer measurements Children wore an ActiGraph GT3X-BT accelerometer on their non-dominant wrist for 10 h on each testing day (EX, SED). In addition, children wore a second accelerometer on their non-dominant ankle for the YMCA submaximal cycle test and the 30-min exercise test (70 % individual estimated aerobic capacity) to more accurately measure activity in the seated position on the cycle ergometer. We used this hybrid measure to estimate Activity-related EE  [44]. The 4 h during the morning session were considered in-laboratory time, while the 6 h in the afternoon were considered freeliving time. Activity-related EE was extracted for each child for the entire 10-h period, and then separately for the morning (in-lab) versus the afternoon (free-living). All data were validated and scored in ActiLife 6 software (ActiGraph, LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) using Freedson Combination (1998) to calculate Activity-related EE.
Food intake measurement Test-meal procedures Children arrived to the laboratory after an overnight fast on all three testing days. Objective EI (kcal) was measured at a standard breakfast and lunch, snack and dinner test-meals. Meals were identical on the EX and SED days. Fullness ratings were completed before and after each laboratory meal on a vertical 150 mm visual analog scale (VAS) referred to as "Freddy Fullness" (data not shown)  [45]. On the first visit, children conducted taste tests to report liking and wanting for each breakfast, lunch and snack food on VAS. On the second visit, children tasted and rated liking and wanting on VAS for each dinner food (data not shown). Timing for the meals and VAS ratings is depicted in Fig. 1. Breakfast All children were required to consume a standardized breakfast on all three test days consisting of an English muffin toasted with one tablespoon butter, banana and orange juice (285 kcal total) (Table  3 ).
Nutrient analysis Pre-and post-meal weights for each food item were measured to the nearest 0. 1 g, and used to calculate intake in grams. This was later converted to EI (kcal) by meal (Breakfast, Lunch, Snack and Dinner) and in SPSS Statistics (Version 22; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) using nutrition label information. Total EI (kcal) was computed as the sum of EI from each of the individual meals (Breakfast, Lunch, Snack and Dinner EI). Macronutrient intake (kcal) was also calculated for each day using nutrition label information for each food item, summed across each testing day. Relative EI (kcal) was computed as the difference between Total EI and Activityrelated EE for each testing day.
Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics for participant characteristics (i. e. , means and standard deviations on continuous variables and frequencies on categorical variables) were calculated on the full sample. Pearson's correlations were computed to determine the association between Total EI on the EX and SED days. Paired t-tests were performed to test differences in Total EI, EI by meal (standard breakfast, lunch, snack and dinner EI), macronutrient intake, Activity-related EE (total, morning, afternoon) and Relative EI between the EX and SED days. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated for all paired t-test results. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Test results were considered significant at p < 0. 05.
Acknowledgements The project described was also supported by the  National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health , through Grant  UL1 TR000127. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the  NIH. We would like to thank the  Penn State Clinical and Translational Science Institute , including the  Clinical Research Center and the Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Research Design services. Finally , we would like to acknowledge the  Metabolic Kitchen and Children's Eating Behavior Laboratory at Penn State.
Apparatus and Procedure Picture IATs were programmed and administered with the INQUISIT 3 Milliseconds software package on a 15-inch computer screen. Participants entered responses using the left [E] and right [I] keys of the keyboard and were instructed to classify the items as quickly as possible. The computer recorded participants' response latencies in milliseconds. As illustrated in Tables  3 4 5 , picture IATs of the current study are examining a pair of target concepts-"Food" and "Hygiene"and a pair of positive and negative attribute concepts-"Good" and "Bad. " More specifically, in light of Table  3  for instance, Picture IAT 1A examined the relative strengths of implicit associations of Drinks as target exemplars for "Food" and Food imitating products with a drink label as target exemplars for "Hygiene" with related words for "Good" or "Bad" as exemplars of positive and negative attribute concepts.
Analysis We conducted planned contrasts using two-tailed paired Student's t-tests to compare the means of response latencies related to compatible and incompatible blocks, and two-tailed one sample Student's t-test against the respective scale midpoint. Additional two-tailed paired Student's t-tests compared Food imitating products and Drinks (Hygiene products) scores on the drinkable/non-drinkable (safe/dangerous) scale. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 22 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL).
Acknowledgments: This project has been funded with support from the  NeuroTime Erasmus+ :  Erasmus Mundus  programme of the  European Commission. This publication/communication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. This work was supported by Project  NeuroSIPE 10738 , of the  Dutch Technology Foundation STW , which is part of the  Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)  and partly funded by the  Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation.
The needs of these children could potentially be assessed by evaluating their healthrelated quality of life (HRQOL) and highlighting possible areas of weakness. On an individual level, the total HRQOL is defined by several dimensions including physical, mental, and social health perceptions (including health risks and conditions), functional status (mobility, autonomy, and dependency), social support, and socioeconomic status  [3]. Analysis of HRQOL surveillance data could potentially help identify needs and guide interventions aimed at providing school-age children with SLI the most appropriate and comprehensive care possible  [3]. However, the association between language impairments and the HRQOL in this population remains unclear; only a small number of studies have investigated the impact of language disorders on HRQOL in school-age children.
Both the KIDSCREEN-52 and the KIDSCREEN-27 meet the criteria of a properly designed evaluation: measurable responses, high reliability, good validity, meaningful interpretability, alternative means of administration (self-/proxy report), and appropriate cultural adaptations  [11, 12, [14] [15] [16]. The KIDSCREEN-27 reduces response burden and prevents missing data as it requires only 10 to 15 minutes to complete, compared to 15 to 20 minutes for the KIDSCREEN-52, but still permits evaluation of the main components of HRQOL  [14]. The goal of this project was therefore to assess the HRQOL of children with SLI compared to their typically developing peers by the use of an appropriate HRQOL measure. Our study was designed to contribute additional information on the association between language impairments and HRQOL, and to investigate the effects of individual rehabilitation or school organization on the HRQOL of children and adolescents with SLI provided in our current systems of care.
The sum scales for each subscale were standardized to a scale ranging from 0 (worst) to 100 (best possible response pattern) because the five subscales differ in the number of items  [13]. The European KIDSCREEN group authorized the use of the French version of the questionnaire, which was the only version used in this study. For the overall sample, internal consistency (Cronbach's α) ranged from 0. 71 to 0. 87 (0. 71 for autonomy and parent relation, 0. 73 for school environment and physical well-being, 0. 75 for psychological well-being, and 0. 87 for peers and social support). Care of children and adolescents. The following data sets were collected from the parents and the medical records. 1. The presence of other cognitive impairments: reading and writing impairments, attentiondeficit disorders, memory problems, motor disorders, and anxiety disorders.
Discussion We investigated the HRQOL of a clinical sample of children between 8 and 18 years of age who had been diagnosed with SLI. According to the data provided by the children's parents, the children with SLI had a lower HRQOL than typically developing children in all dimensions: physical and psychological well-being, autonomy and parent relation, peers and social support, and school environment. Only a few associations between rehabilitation, specific school organization, and dimensions of HRQOL were found. Lower scores in social support as well as school environment were more frequent among the children with SLI who had undergone psychotherapy sessions or who had been enrolled in specific schooling programs. Children who were in a special class had higher scores in physical well-being.
To conclude, we recommend that specific school organization and appropriate therapy sessions be implemented for children with severe language disabilities in order to adjust the children's schooling accordingly and cope with their language disadvantages. Our study is not without its limitations, such as the fact that the HRQOL was measured indirectly from the data provided by the parents. Proxy measures can induce judgment biases, and it is generally accepted that HRQOL reported by parents are often lower than HRQOL reported by the children themselves  [41]. Self-reports were not part of the planned study procedures for this initial investigation based on French subjects; however, we are fully cognizant that this aspect is an important issue that should be taken into account in future studies.
, 2012; Le Gal et al. , 2014b). Electrophysiological recording and stimulation. Respiratory-related activity in spinal ventral roots was recorded with glass suction electrodes filled with aCSF solution. Signals were amplified (10,000ϫ) by differential AC amplifiers (low cutoff, 100 Hz; high cutoff, 1 kHz; model 1700, A-M Systems), digitized and acquired via a CED 1401 interface, stored on a computer, and analyzed using Spike2 software (Cambridge Electronic Design). In some experiments, sacrocaudal afferent stimulation was used to induce episodes of fictive locomotion. To this end, sacrocaudal dorsal roots were stimulated by low-frequency pulses (30 pulses, 1 Hz, 0. 5-1 V) or high-frequency pulses (20 pulses, 10 Hz, 0. 5-1 V) delivered via glass suction electrodes from a Master-8 stimulator (A.
M. P. I. ) controlled by software written in the laboratory. Respiratory motoneurons and interneurons in the spinal cord were impaled with sharp glass microelectrodes (2 M K-acetate, 0. 1% biocytin; 60 -90 M⍀). The intracellular signals were amplified (Axoclamp-2B, Molecular Devices), digitized (model 1401, CED), and visualized on a computer with acquisition software (Spike 2, CED). To identify the type of a recorded neuron, depolarizing current (ϩ0. 5 to 1 nA) was injected directly into the cell to generate action potentials. In the case of a motoneuron, these evoked impulses were recorded in the axon of the cell in an associated spinal ventral root. Drug application. Pharmacological substances were bath applied from at least 30 min after the end of dissection. When required, the recording chamber was partitioned in two compartments with barriers of syringeejected Vaseline to permit differential exposure of selected spinal cord regions to pharmacological treatment.
The Objective is refined with the stage of the change in which the user is found, such as the ones defined by the transtheoretical model of behaviour change  [Prochaska and Velicer (1997) ]. In this prospective the Objective "Eating healthy" is enriched by the one of the status "Contemplation, Preparation, Action or Maintenance" according to how the user is living the change. In the persuasive layer along with the Tactics we have the Actions, used to describe in which form the persuasion will be presented to the user (remind, suggest and reward)  [Oinas-Kukkonen ans Harjumaa (2008) ]. Actions take place according to two factors: the stage of change of the user, and the context given by sensors, which can be of diverse type (Space, Time, RFID) dependently on the platform in use. We currently have designed and developed a multiple-domain software environment according to ProSPer.
USER STUDIES We conduct a study to determine how MOST applied to persuasion is relevant. The survey involved 12 participants of age between 22-53 of mixed occupation. They were split into two groups taking part to different experiments lasting for five days and further evaluated using a questionnaire, protocol already used to evaluate Behaviour Change Support Systems by  Piiastiina et al. (2016). The first group had to wear a string bracelet with color stripes describing the engaged Missions with Objectives, Strategies and Tactics. The bracelet implemented the implicit action "Reminding" to users the engagement using a self-monitoring approach. The second group used an Android application, based on our ProSPer-based multiple-domain software. This application permits to execute the same task in a digital implementation based on a context aware persuasion taking advantage of the sensors available on the smart-phone (GPS, time).
Patients were excluded if they had: (i) medical illnesses that could interfere with cognitive functioning; (ii) any other major systemic, psychiatric or neurological diseases; and (iii) non degenerative lesions on routine MRI such as focal or diffuse brain damage including cerebrovascular disorders. All clinical and imaging data were generated during a routine clinical work-up and were retrospectively extracted for the purpose of this study. Therefore, according to French legislation, explicit consent was waived. However, regulations concerning electronic filing were followed, and patients and their relatives were informed that anonymized data might be used in research investigations and particularly for the present study. The study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital (Paris, France), and patient information was anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis.
Cognitive/language assessment The core of the language assessment was composed of a picture naming test (D080  [20] ) and a single-word comprehension task requiring pointing to pictures upon auditory word presentation (Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Evaluation  [21] ). The DO80 contained 80 pictures depicting nouns (mean lexical frequency 34 ± 59 per million according to the LEXIQUE 2 database  [22]. Patients were asked to name aloud each of the 80 items within 6 seconds after the picture onset. The rating of naming performance explicitly focused on lexical/semantic core mechanisms of the word finding process accepting post-lexical phoneme substitutions and phonetic distortions whenever the target word was recognizable. Answers were therefore counted as correct when phonemic paraphasias approximated the word target as for example in 'edephant rsquo; for 'elephant'.
Imaging study MRI acquisition and voxel-based morphometry study. Three-dimensional T1 weighted MRIs were acquired on a 1. 5 T scanner (GE Medical Systems GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was performed using the Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM8, Welcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, London; http://www. fil. ion. ucl. ac. uk/spm) running on Matlab 7. 13. 0 (Math-Works, Natick, MA), and the Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Exponentiated Lie Algebra (DARTEL) registration method  [28]. Images were spatially normalised into the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space and then segmented into grey matter GM, white matter and CSF. The images were also modulated, and we chose the option "non-linear only", in which voxel values are multiplied by non-linear components, which allows the absolute amount of tissue corrected for individual brain sizes to be considered, without entering the total intracranial volume as a covariate in the statistical model.
Gray matter was further normalized with DARTEL (http:// www. fil. ion. ucl. ac. uk/spm/software/spm8). Normalized segments were smoothed with an 8-mm full-width at half-maximum Gaussian kernel. In order to define the pattern of gray matter atrophy specific to each PPA variant, we performed contrasts comparing each PPA variant vs. the other two PPA subgroups (e. g. , sv-PPA vs. lv-PPA and nfv-PPA). A significance threshold of p < 0. 001 uncorrected for multiple comparisons was accepted given the relatively small sample size of the subgroups, and because contrasts were performed between patients. The relationship between performances on language tests and gray matter volume was analyzed both, by exploring each group separately and by collapsing across subject groups. We investigated the effect of each variable ('picture naming', 'single-word comprehension') separately, by using a multiple regression design, with age and disease duration as nuisance variables and separate design matrices for each test.
Correlation analyses showed that picture naming scores were correlated with gray matter volume in the left superior-middle temporal gyrus (p < 0. 05, FWE). Smaller regions of correlation were also found in the left posterior-ventral part of inferior temporal cortex (p < 0. 05, FWE). We then performed a correlation analysis with 'singleword comprehension' to identify a common region impacting lexical-to-semantic integration, predicting overlap with the latter correlation result. This analysis showed that scores of singleword comprehension correlated with the left superior/middle temporal gyrus (p < 0. 001, uncorrected). Smaller regions of correlation were also found in left inferior temporal gyrus (p < 0. 001, uncorrected). Using mricron software  [31] , we compared the correlation regions linked to 'picture naming' and 'single-word comprehension' and found a unique area of substantial overlap situated in the left superior/middle mid-temporal cortex (MNI boundary coordinates: anterior -54, 16, -18; posterior -54, -6, -18; superior -53, 7, -10; inferior -51, 7, 24; Brodmann areas 38 and 21).