dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
For assessment of CVR to 10% CO2 in the inspired gas mixture, pCASL imaging was performed as above (with PLD = 250 ms, TR = 2500 ms) during four separate one-minute hypercapnic challenges (10% CO 2 , 69% N 2 , 21% O 2 delivered via programmable gas mixer, CWE inc. , Boston, MA, USA) separated by four minutes of medical air breathing (0% CO 2 , 79% N 2 , 21% O 2 ). Data were motion-corrected (AFNI, Analysis of Functional Neuroimages, 2dImReg), masked to isolate cortical grey matter, and blurred within the mask (AFNI, 3dBlurInMask, 0. 5 mm FWHM). The motion-corrected, blurred data was then fit using a General Linear Model (AFNI, 3dDeconvolve), regressed against subject-specific, within-mask spatially averaged signal time courses of responses to CO2. Data were then masked for significance (excluding voxels with p>0.
In-vivo two-photon fluorescence microscopy Following standard protocols, 2 weeks following the final impact (or sham surgery), mice were implanted with an ~2-3 mm diameter cranial window centered over the location of impacts. To allow vascular visualization, a 70 kDa Texas Red dextran (Invitrogen, USA) dissolved in PBS (8. 33 mg/mL) was administered via the tail vein (25 mg/kg). The cerebrovasculature was imaged at 900 nm on a two-photon fluorescence microscope (FV-1000MPE, Olympus, Japan) using a 25x, 1. 05 water immersion lens (Olympus, Japan). The red channel data were segmented and the percent vascular occupancy (intravascular volume normalized by the total cortical volume) was estimated in the imaged volume of each animal, from 50 μm to 150 μm below the cortical surface.
Setup The experiment is carried out in a workbench specifically designed to characterize fluidic actuators  [24, 25]. In this subsection, the geometry on which the experiments were carried out, and the different techniques are briefly introduced. The synthetic jet actuator is comprised of a cavity open to the exterior by a circular orifice, and with one side moving thanks to an oscillating piston. The measured data considered are cavity pressure (unsteady Kulite sensor), ambient pressure (Druck sensor), output temperature (cold-wire), output velocity (LDA and hot-wire), output flow field (Schlieren), operating piston engine (tachymeter). For the experiment, the different instruments are installed around the actuator. Except the cold-wire and hot-wire measurements, the others are performed individually, and not at the same time.
Results from the different instruments are later synchronized to the piston cyclic motion for comparison purposes, since phenomena are periodic, due to a constant piston frequency. The jet module, including the transducer, the electric motor and the frequency sensor, is placed on the test bench. The supply tube for the parallel array wires is mounted on a multi-axis system, which allows adjusting the position of the wires before and during the measurement. The multi-axis system is driven by electric motors in the three directions which makes it possible to place the hot-and cold-wire precisely and to survey the spatially homogeneity of the jet flow. An internal LabVIEW tool is used to set the position of the multi-axis system. The Kulite sensor measuring the cavity chamber pressure is connected to the top orifice plate, and the Druck sensor that monitors the ambient pressure measurement is placed on the test bench next to the other equipment, to reduce the influence of the jet stream on the sensor.
Results from the different instruments are later synchronized to the piston cyclic motion for comparison purposes, since phenomena are periodic, due to a constant piston frequency. The jet module, including the transducer, the electric motor and the frequency sensor, is placed on the test bench. The supply tube for the parallel array wires is mounted on a multi-axis system, which allows adjusting the position of the wires before and during the measurement. The multi-axis system is driven by electric motors in the three directions which makes it possible to place the hotand cold-wire precisely and to survey the spatially homogeneity of the jet flow. An internal LabVIEW tool is used to set the position of the multi-axis system. The Kulite sensor measuring the cavity chamber pressure is connected to the top orifice plate, and the Druck sensor that monitors the ambient pressure measurement is placed on the test bench next to the other equipment, to reduce the influence of the jet stream on the sensor.
Mass Flux Output The recovery temperature in the flow is already obtained and the direction of the flow is defined by using the pressure data. Therefore, Equation (  4 ) can be used to get the mass flux from the HWA tension data acquired at the orifice exit. The mass flux cycle is shown in Figure  9  for two complete cycles and the same frequencies as in previous diagrams. Positive sign means ejecting gas, while negative sign implies aspiration. There are three main flow features arising from an inspection of the figure. The first one is the constant mass flow during the whole aspiration phase. Later it will be found that the regime is exactly sonic, suggesting the existence of a critical mass flow as it exists for the similar case of a reservoir-nozzle system  [30]. The second is the mass flux varies in a slower rate during the onset of the jet phase than during its offset, when it falls sharply, for both chosen frequencies.
The maximal and minimal velocity peaks for different frequencies were measured at the orifice using the combined cold-wire/hot-wire technique, for different temperature calibrations, and at a 1mm distance with the LDA. The comparison is shown in Figure  14. The maximal and minimal velocity peaks for different frequencies were measured at the orifice using the combined cold-wire/hot-wire technique, for different temperature calibrations, and at a 1mm distance with the LDA. The comparison is shown in Figure  14. The blue data in Figure  14  represent maximum outwards velocity, and the red data represent maximum velocity towards the cavity. The dots represent LDA measurements, and the lines represent the hot-wire and cold-wire measurements. As the hot-and cold-wire measurements are concerned, the continuous line represents the output from a temperature calibration which did not cover the high temperature range, and the segmented line represents the output from a temperature calibration which did include up to 200 °C temperature values.
One should also notice that at the orifice exit, the inward velocity comes from the y-z plane direction, and that the hot-and cold-wire senses mostly x-component velocity. It is shown earlier that the maximal velocity is not sensitive to the distance to the orifice where the measurement takes place. Therefore, the fact that the LDA measurement was taken at 1 mm distance of where the hot-and cold-wire measurements were taken should not affect the comparison. The second set of hot-wire and cold-wire measurements give a closer result to that of the LDA, resulting in a difference of about 10%, or 10 to 20 m/s. The values for the minimum velocities of both hot-wire and cold-wire datasets seem identical, but diverge for the maximum velocities as they increase. This is consistent with the fact that both measurements involved different temperature calibrations, one only using ambient and colder temperature and the other ambient and hotter temperature.
As the maximum velocity increases, the output temperature increases as well, and thus the dataset diverge. It can be concluded, from the previous ideas, that the two measurement methods can give reliable results in the subsonic compressible regime, provided that the instruments do not exceed their measurement ranges and the hot-and cold-wire are properly calibrated, for both temperature and speed. However, it has been proven for this test case that even if they are not calibrated in the proper temperature range, the results can be satisfactory up to a 10% error.
The second set of hot-wire and cold-wire measurements give a closer result to that of the LDA, resulting in a difference of about 10%, or 10 to 20 m/s. The values for the minimum velocities of both hot-wire and cold-wire datasets seem identical, but diverge for the maximum velocities as they increase. This is consistent with the fact that both measurements involved different temperature calibrations, one only using ambient and colder temperature and the other ambient and hotter temperature. As the maximum velocity increases, the output temperature increases as well, and thus the dataset diverge. It can be concluded, from the previous ideas, that the two measurement methods can give reliable results in the subsonic compressible regime, provided that the instruments do not exceed their measurement ranges and the hot-and cold-wire are properly calibrated, for both temperature and speed.
XPS and TGA-MS experiments thus show that oxidized defects can be detected for samples having undergone the oxidation and functionalization steps. Raman spectroscopy is a method of choice to observe the creation of sp 3 defects in carbon nanostructures, due to the presence in the Raman spectrum of a dispersive defect-induced band, called the D band, around 1350 cm -1. Figure  8  reports the Raman spectra of raw, oxidized and functionalized samples using a laser wavelength of 514 nm. In Figure  S3  (Supporting Information File 1), some Raman spectra obtained for the samples using a laser at 458 nm are also reported. The data for each sample correspond to the average spectrum obtained from 20 spectra, and they are therefore statistically significant. To solve this apparent contradiction, we can make the hypothesis that microwave irradiation in acidic media mainly converts already-existing sp 3 defects in the raw CNTs into oxidized functions such as alcohol and carboxylic acid functions, but does not introduce many new defects as does the purely thermal process (heating under reflux).
For example the focus of the BF image presented in Figure  10b  was estimated slightly over-focused by 1 or 2 nm. Numerous STEM images were analyzed for different samples, and the functionalization of the sidewalls was observed for both metallic and semiconducting tubes oxidized with either HNO 3 or H 2 SO 4 acidic conditions. Therefore, these results strongly support the hypothesis that outer tubes of the bundles were covalently grafted with FcETGn groups. As a conclusion to this analytical part, we have succeeded in covalently grafting ferrocene derivatives on HIPCO SWCNTs, to a sufficiently small extent that we have preserved the structural integrity of the nanotubes. The complete set of data is consistent with the oxidation of pre-existing defects under microwave irradiation in acidic media.
Determining the role of the PEG linker via molecular dynamics calculations The influence of the linker length on the resultant enzymatic reactivity of the ferrocene unit was explored using the molecular dynamics package LAMMPS  [32, 33]  to simulate both FcETG 2 and FcETG 8 when covalently attached to the surface of a (10,0) carbon nanotube (radius typical for HIPCO samples). A tube length of 4. 17 nm was chosen (440 carbon atoms) placed in a cubic unit cell of the same length creating an infinite tube in one direction and enough "vacuum" for the PEG chain to relax without constraint. The calculations were performed using a ReaxFF potential  [34]. The runs were carried out for 6 ns with a time step of 0. 1 fs. Time integration (10 fs) was used on Nosé-Hoover  [35, 36]  style non-Hamiltonian equations of motion, designed to generate positions and velocities sampled from the canonical (npt) method (constant pressure and temperature).
The STEM image simulations were done using the software Nanotube Modeler (JCrystalSoft) and Vesta 3 for the atomic model generation  [37]  and QSTEM  [38]  for the STEM image simulations. SWCNT chiral indices were assigned by analysis of the Fourier-transform of the HRSTEM images and by comparing the images to simulations  [39, 40]. Raman spectra were recorded with a triple subtractive monochromator T64000 spectrometer (Horiba Jobin Yvon) equipped with a confocal microscope (Olympus BH2-UMA; laser wavelengths λ = 514 nm and λ = 458 nm). An 80× objective with a numerical aperture of 0. 90 was used to collect the spectra in the backscattering mode. The spectral resolution was 1 cm -1. The laser spot had a diameter of 1 µm and the irradiance was kept below 1 kW•cm -2 to avoid laser heating of the samples.
General practice medical centres are primary health-care facilities of the National Federation of Health Centres (FNCS) of the Paris region, which brings together most health-care facilities irrespective of their status (public, private, or voluntary; 118 facilities) as well as the primary health-care facilities for vulnerable populations (nine facilities). The sampling frame consisted of 127 facilities and was stratified by type of facility and by the number of African migrants in the facility's municipality. Sampling frames were constructed for each half-day that the health-care facilities were open. All eligible patients were included for each health-care facility halfday visit. The data were weighted according to each individual's probability of inclusion in the survey (ie, considering the probability of inclusion in the sample.
Research in context Evidence before this study In January, 2017, we searched the Science Direct and PubMed databases for articles about sexual violence and HIV risks in sub-Saharan African migrant women in Europe using the terms "sexual violence", "rape", "forced sex", "gender based violence", "intimate partner (sexual) violence", "violence", "migration", "(im)migrants", "refugees", "HIV"; and the Cairns website for articles and books in French using the terms "violence sexuelle", "viol", "rapports sexuels forcés", "violences de genre", "violences conjugales", "violences", "migration", "(im)migrantes", "réfugiées", "VIH". Although there is strong evidence of an association between sexual violence and HIV among sub-Saharan African women in Africa, we found no quantitative studies investigating the association between sexual violence after migration and post-migration acquisition of HIV among sub-Saharan African migrant women in Europe.
The information collected included administrative, residential, professional and sexual partnerships. Every dimension of interest was documented for each year from birth until the time of data collection. Age at first sexual intercourse was also collected. All information was collected anonymously. Trained interviewers administered a face-to-face, standardised, life-event questionnaire with each woman (average duration 55 min). The interviewers followed a 5-day training course on how to conduct these specific life-event interviews. The participants received a voucher worth €15. The Advisory Committee on Data Collection in Health Research (CCTIRS) and the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) both approved this project. The ANRS-PARCOURS study design is described fully elsewhere. 14.
14 his study found that social hardships after migration exposed women not only to sexual risk behaviours but also to forced sex and this was also related to postmigration acquisition of HIV. Several limitations of this study should be discussed. Our data were collected every calendar year and they were not precise enough to assess the ordering of events between forced sex and HIV acquisition after migration. ] [26] [27]  The study population was representative only of migrant women consulting HIV services and primary care services in the greater Paris metropolitan region, and thus, the results could not be extrapolated to other regions of France. Nevertheless, 60% of the sub-Saharan migrants living in France are concentrated in this region, which accounts for 18% of the French population.
Fluorescence Microscopy Analysis Cells were grown on glass coverslips or on polymer µ-slide IbiTreat (Ibidi). Thereafter, cells were fixed during 10 min with methanol, permeabilized and saturated with PBS-0. 2%Triton-2% BSA and hybridized with various primary antibodies (p62, vimentin, desmin, actin, HspB5, MyHC) and Alexa Fluor secondary antibodies. Hoechst 33258 reagent was used to stain nuclei (5 min, 1 ng/mL). Observations were performed on Zeiss Axio Imager Z1 photomicroscope (Zeiss Inc. , Oberkochen, Germany). Images were digitized with a camera (Coolsnap HQ2; Roper scientific) and acquired with Metavue Imaging system. Digitalization was done with Metavue software; images adjustments were performed on ImageJ.
Acknowledgments: We wish to thank  Bénédicte Chazaud  ( INMG, Lyon ) for the kind gift of transformed myoblasts from healthy donors and DMD patients and for the critical reading of the manuscript and helpful discussions. We thank  Vincent Gache  ( INMG, Lyon ) for his help in human myoblasts differentiation protocol. This work was supported by the  Ligue contre le cancer-comité de Savoie  to CK, the  CNRS  and the INSERM to KG and CK and the  Association Française contre les myopathies (AFM)/Telethon  to KG. MW was supported by a doctoral fellowship from the  AFM/Telethon. MB was supported by a grant from the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  ( FRM-DPM20121125561 ).
Subjects and Methods This study includes a convenience sample of 80 clinically-stable male out-patients over the age of 60, affected by stage 3b-4 CKD, being followed in our CKD outpatient clinic. The forty patients aged 75 or over (older seniors) were compared to the other 40 patients aged 60-74 (younger seniors). All patients signed an informed consent form for the use of their anonymous data. All patients received standard care including dietary support, according to their residual kidney function; all underwent a comprehensive nutritional and functional assessment including biochemistry, anthropometry, bio-impedance, dietary recall, physical activity, and performance testing, as specified below. Renal survival and patient survival data were added to contextualize the study population, with regard to the current literature.
Dietary Nutrient Intake The Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ) was self-administered  [19]. Current daily energy intake was assessed using a 3-day dietary journal: to improve data quality, the journal was completed at home after a skilled renal dietitian had provided all the information necessary for its correct compilation. Once completed, the dietitian interviewed patients to verify the correct and complete description of their dietary habits. The amount of food consumed was identified by weighing or through the use of photographic images of portions (photographic atlas, real size pictures), that the dietitian showed patients during the interviews. Macronutrient intake data was obtained using the updated Italian Food Composition Tables  [20]. The 3-day dietary record was conducted on the basis of widely accepted and applied rules  [21].
The 30 ' STS is a validated test which allows us to assess lower-extremity strength in adults who are over 60  [26, 27]. The participant is seated in a chair with his/her arms crossed across their chest and hands resting against their shoulders. The score corresponds to the number of times the person can stand up from a sitting position in 30 ' without the help of their arms. Data were compared with standard values for age and gender. The 6 WT was performed according to the American Thoracic Society's guidelines  [28]. This test measures the distance a subject is able to walk over six minutes on a hard, flat surface. After resting for 10 min, the subject walks along a path with marked turning points. The patient is allowed to self-pace and rest as needed  [28]. The Handgrip Strength Test was performed using a hydraulic hand dynamometer (Jamar, Duluth, MN, USA).
Statistical Analysis Descriptive analysis has been expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median and inter-quartile range (IQR) when appropriate. Comparisons between groups were assessed by t-test for unpaired data. Comparison between prevalence was evaluated by the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Spearman's linear correlation analysis was used to determine associations between selected parameters. Survival curves were calculated according to Kaplan-Meier and the log-rank test was employed to evaluate differences between curves. Significance was set at 0. 05. Analysis was carried out with SPSS v. 25 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA).
In Figure  1 , we display the curve k → I(k, n 1 ) for k ∈ (3. 5; 7). On the other hand, using the FreeFem++ software  [12] , we solve the eigenvalue Problem  (9)  for n = n 1 in Ω. We observe that the square roots of the eigenvalues of (9), marked by dashed lines on Figure  1 , correspond to the k for which k → I(k, n 1 ) has some peaks. This is coherent with the result of Theorem 3. 1. Therefore, from the measurements, we can assess the λ p (n) in  (12). Computing λ p (1) (solving  (9)  with n = 1), we can recover n when n is constant using Formula (12). In Figure  1 , we also display the curve k → I(k/ √ 2, n 2 ) for k ∈ (3. 5; 7). We see that the peaks of this curve coincide with the ones of k → I(k, n 1 ). This is in accordance with the theory which guarantees that n 2 /n 1 = λ p (n 1 )/λ p (n 2 ) for all p ≥ 0.
Introduction: The aim of the present work was to perform a meta-analysis evaluating the impact of recovery techniques on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), perceived fatigue, muscle damage, and inflammatory markers after physical exercise. Method: Three databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web-of-Science were searched using the following terms: ("recovery" or "active recovery" or "cooling" or "massage" or "compression garment" or "electrostimulation" or "stretching" or "immersion" or "cryotherapy") and ("DOMS" or "perceived fatigue" or "CK" or "CRP" or "IL-6") and ("after exercise" or "post-exercise") for randomized controlled trials, crossover trials, and repeated-measure studies. Overall, 99 studies were included. Results: Active recovery, massage, compression garments, immersion, contrast water therapy, and cryotherapy induced a small to large decrease (-2.
Literature Search Three databases, namely, PubMed (1949 to 2017), Embase (1974 to 2017), and Web-of-Science (1945 to 2017), were searched using the following terms: ("recovery" or "active recovery" or "cooling" or "massage" or "compression garment" or "electrostimulation" or "stretching" or "immersion" or "cryotherapy") and ("delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)" or "perceived fatigue" or "creatine kinase (CK)" or "C-reactive protein (CRP)" or "interleukin-6 (IL-6)") and ("after exercise" or post-exercise") for "English" or "French-language" randomized controlled trials, crossover trials, and repeated-measure studies. In addition, we completed our literature search with two databases that contain theses and dissertations (Kinpubs and Sport-Discus) and thereby included "gray literature" (i.
Selection Criteria Studies were eligible for inclusion if the met the following criteria: (1) they implemented an exercise intervention followed by a recovery intervention and provided relevant details about the procedures, including the modality, duration and intensity of exercise; (2) they detailed the modality and timing of the recovery intervention [repeated sessions of recovery and/or combined modalities were not included (e. g. , ice + massage)]; (3) the outcome included valid tests and measures of DOMS, perceived fatigue, muscle damage, and inflammation markers in healthy humans adults (>18 years to <65 years); and (4) they reported the number of participants and all the necessary data to calculate effect sizes. Studies were excluded if they presented results from a previous publication (duplicated data).