dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Steroid Hormones Steroid hormone levels were analyzed using the blood samples of consenting participants who gave their sample before 9:00 AM (n = 158). To minimize the effect of variations in steroid levels during the course of the day,  60, 61  participants whose blood samples were collected after 9:00 AM were excluded from this analysis. However, to assess the comparability of the subsample with the total sample, the distributions of the clusters in both the larger and smaller groupings were checked for equivalence (see Data Analysis, Cluster Comparisons). Specimens from all participants who underwent a venous blood draw (n = 368) were collected in 6 mL BD Vacutainer gel tubes (BD Canada, Mississauga, ON). After being spun at a speed of 3200 rpm for 15 minutes, serums were extracted and stored at -80 °C.
Cluster Comparisons Comparisons between clusters were based on psychiatric and criminal history with variables not used in the first analysis and on biological profiles (testosterone, cortisol, testosterone-cortisol ratio, estradiol, progesterone, and DHEA-S). Data were recoded into dichotomized variables (greater or less than the median value) to characterize the clusters in terms of psychiatric and criminal profiles. Comparisons were then completed with chi-square tests. Given the impact of age on neurosteroid levels, the analyses involving the biological comparisons were run by age group. Four age groupings were established, and, within each of these, medians were used to dichotomize low and high concentrations of the biological markers. Cluster comparisons were performed with chi-square tests as well.
MCA Dimensions As participants for whom data were missing were excluded, the first analyses involved 545 subjects. The MCA revealed 3 dimensions, explaining more than 99% of the Benzécri adjusted inertia. 67 Although Benzécri's correction formula provides a better estimate of inertia, its known tendency to yield optimistic results  50  would seem to account for the high proportion of explained inertia here. The first dimension, accounting for 91. 5% of the inertia, separates impulsive people with ASPD who use cannabis, cocaine, and other drugs (that is, drugs other than cannabis, cocaine, sedatives, and stimulants) from the other people. The second dimension, which explains 6. 5% of the inertia, comprises people with BPD features and history of selfharm or suicidal behaviour. The third dimension explains 1.
Inhabitants' perception of chosen elements of the quality of life and attractiveness The survey was conducted in small towns in France and Poland in 2012. The same questionnaire was used and administered to pupils (data were collected on line in France and through schools in Poland). This method was chosen in order to address families and potential recent inhabitants. The work on the questions used in the questionnaire was an interesting one as differences arose at the very beginning. Most similar researches in Poland ask about the equipment/ furnishings of flats/houses, such as the presence of e. g. a bathroom, central heating, the Internet, etc. , while in France such questions would not be of any use in differentiating the respondents. The structure of our respondents (Table  3 ) shows the dominance of women and employed people of the working age.
8 -0. 9 Niepołomice 10,482 2. 0 17. 4 19. 4 Wolbrom 8,926 -0. 9 -3. 3 -4. 2 Grybów 6,175 0. 6 -5. 9 -5. 3 Biecz 4,704 -1. 2 -2. 9 -4. 1 Bobowa 2,996 7. 2 -0. 4 6. 7 Nowy Wiśnicz 2,768 2. 6 2. 5 5. 1 Ciężkowice 2,480 0. 6 0. 0 0. 6 Czechów 2,364 5. 1 2. 2 7. 3 Małopolska 3,354,077 1. 6 0. 9 2. 5 * Cournon is integrated in the Clermont-Ferrand urban unit. Source: own compilation based on INSEE 2010 and the local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office (GUS), Poland a 1999-2009 average annual migration rate of 18‰ (Table.
This change can also be seen in the images in the first column, as both (B) and (D) contain more yellow and less green than (A) and (C). The third column shows a pictorial representation of the EGFP lifetime data from which the E-FRET data are derived. In these images, the color of the cell corresponds to the lifetime of EGFP, ranging from 1. 9 ns to 2. 6 ns as indicated on the legend below the image. The right column shows the lifetime data from each pixel of the image plotted on a graph, with lifetime on the x-axis and frequency on the y-axis. The graphs of the lifetime data show that in the presence of either SFN (B) or STCA (D), the lifetime of EGFP is reduced, manifesting as a shift in the EGFP lifetime to the left relative to the basal state shown in (A) and (C). This lifetime reduction is shown pictorially in the third column, where in the presence of either inducer the cells become yellow/orange and less green/yellow.
, 2013; Shibata et al. , 2008a; Shibata et al. , 2008b; Shibata et al. , 2011). Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers (2012) has identified mutations in NRF2, KEAP1, or CUL3 in 34% of 178 lung squamous cell carcinomas. According to the COSMIC database (http://cancer. sanger. ac. uk/ cancergenome/projects/cosmic/), there have been 219 non-synonymous mutations found in the NRF2 gene, of which 84% are found in or adjacent to either the "DLG" or "ETGE" motifs. In one study in which NRF2 was found to be mutated in 12% of lung cancer patients, all 14 mutations identified were in either the "DLG" or "ETGE" motifs  (Shibata et al. , 2008b). These in vivo data highlight the fact that the formation of the closed conformation is of fundamental importance to the Keap1mediated Nrf2 regulation.
Acknowledgments We thank  Stephen M. Keyse ,  John D. Hayes  and  Angus I. Lamond  ( University of Dundee ) for helpful discussions. We are very grateful to  Michael McMahon  ( University of Dundee ),  Masayuki Yamamoto  and  Takafumi Suzuki  ( Tohoku University, Japan ) for kind gifts of plasmids,  Young-Hoon Ahn  and  Philip A. Cole  ( Johns Hopkins University ) for STCA. We acknowledge the financial support of the  Medical Research Council and Cancer Research UK  ( C20953/A10270 ).
30 seconds duration). 12 PVCs of RBBB and left bundle-branch block (LBBB) morphologies were presumed of LV and RV origins, respectively. Biventricular arrhythmia was defined by the presence of PVCs of both RBBB and LBBB morphologies. CMR acquisitions. Images were performed on a 1. 5 Tesla MR system (Aera XQ Siemens) using a cardiac phased-array coil and ECG gating. Steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequences were used for the evaluation of left and right ventricles (RVs). RV parameters. Cine images were acquired in stacked axial datasets. The workstation calculated end-systolic and end-diastolic RV volumes using the method of summation of discs. The RV ejection fraction (RVEF) was calculated. The RV was divided into three levels in the short-axis plane: basal, mid, and apical. The infundibulum, anterior, inferior, and lateral walls were assessed.
Study limitations Although the data were recorded prospectively, the study was a retrospective monocentric study. Another limitation was the CliniCal MediCine insights: Cardiology 2014:8(s4) relatively small number of patients explained by the rareness of the disease and many underrecognized patients. No genetic analyses were made. There were no enough data about all family members. The impact of LV involvement in ARVD/C on the prognosis could not be fully evaluated because of the small population study.
Per ceptions of Human Resour ces Manager s on Employee Repr esentatives. Results of the sur vey In this section we present the descriptive results based on the data collected through an online survey among 40 French HRMs working in different sectors (i. e. financial, industrial, education). The data collected in France is compared to the score of 609 HRMs from the other 10 European countries participating in the study (Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom). In Figure  1  we present the variables' mean in Europe and France. An independent sample t-test was run to determine the significant differences between France and the other countries participating in the study (significant differences are circled in the graph). As we discuss below, we appreciate main differences between both groups according to HRMs' perception towards trust, relationship and ERs' commitment to the organization.
This is all the more true when it comes to simultaneously comparing several types of collaborative network, as is the case in this special issue  (co-invention, co-publication, R&D co-operation, etc. ). The lack of a single identification code, common to all databases, prevents work on the individual level and restricts analysis to an aggregate level. It is therefore necessary to use regional data in order to take into account the determinants of how R&D networks are created and perform. In addition, one of the objectives of this special issue is to pay particular attention to the role of different forms of proximity, and particularly the role of spatial distance. From this point of view, the region is a relevant entity. Against this backdrop, Hazir and Autant-Bernard analyse the regional and spatial characteristics which explain the overall architecture of the network.
2   To analyze socioeconomic gradients in TVIP scores, we construct country-specific, agespecific z-scores by subtracting the month-of-age-specific mean of the raw score and dividing by the month-of-age-specific standard deviation, separately by country and by urban-rural place of residence (as in Cunha and Heckman 2007 and many others). 3 As a robustness test, we also report results that use the tables given by the test developers to standardize the test (as done by  Paxson and Schady 2007). A fraction of children in every survey, ranging from 2 percent in Colombia to 18 percent in Nicaragua, did not take the TVIP. Although we do not have data that are comparable across all 5 countries on the reasons why these children did not take the test, it appears that most of them had difficulty understanding the instructions and making it past the practice items that are applied at the outset.
Second, children in urban areas have somewhat higher scores than those in rural areas in Chile (a difference of 6 points for those in the highest quartile), and substantially higher scores in Colombia (a difference of 26 points, more than 1. 5 standard deviations, for those in the highest quartile). Of course, in interpreting these urban-rural comparisons, it is important to keep in mind that average income levels tend to be substantially higher in urban than in rural areas in most Latin American countries. We also test the degree to which our results are sensitive to missing test data by calculating upper and lower bounds on the wealth gradients (last row of Table  3 ), in the spirit of  Manski (1990)  and  Horowitz and Manski (2000). Specifically, we estimate the upper bound by excluding all children with missing test data in the richest wealth quartile, and assigning a score of zero to all children in the poorest wealth quartile who were missing the TVIP, as before.
10 We next turn to the results that include location fixed effects, reported in the lower panel of Table  4. Including these fixed effects substantially reduces the difference in TVIP scores between richer and poorer households in Colombia, Ecuador and Nicaragua. This suggests that, in these three countries, a substantial portion of the socioeconomic gradients in cognitive development can be accounted for by residential sorting. Once we limit the comparisons to children who live in the same location, the gap between richer and poorer households is substantially smaller. Finally, we use longitudinal data from rural Ecuador, rural Nicaragua, and rural and urban Peru to analyze possible changes in the wealth gradients as children age. For this analysis, we limit the sample to children who took the TVIP in all four survey waves in Ecuador (85 percent of children who took the TVIP at baseline), three survey waves in Nicaragua (92 percent), and two survey waves in Peru (96 percent).
This issue of urbe will investigate all these stakes of habitele in the city through a number of case studies that have in common the crossing of boundaries between what is supposed to be urban and what is supposed to be online activity. Paola Pucci uses a large dataset of mobile traffic from a Telco in India to map the urban practices of commuting, moving from one place to another but in the same time from a social world to another (the switching process of habitele). However these social worlds refer to practices that are more intertwined than usually thought and more temporary: the waves of urban activities may be better traced by telephone data than usual surveys because they aggregate a large amount of very fine grains. Nancy Odendaal offers an extension of this study of the entanglement between people and things, referring to the Actor Network Theory framework.
The study protocol included an invitation to participate transmitted to parents/guardians (April 2010) and data were collected (May-June 2010) using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire filled in over a one-hour teaching period, under research-team supervision with teacher assistance (for surveillance, with no influence on the survey). Respondents were allowed to ask the two research-team members if they did not understand a question but the team had been instructed not to say anything that might influence the response (they rarely did so). Completed questionnaires were put in sealed envelopes and then a closed box by the subjects. Two students refused and 89 (5. 3%) were absent when the data collection was carried out (for reasons independent of the survey). In total, 1,575 subjects (95%) completed the questionnaires; 10 respondents were of unknown gender/age, and six questionnaires were not completed appropriately, leaving 1,559 (94%) available for analysis.
e. , explained fraction calculated by the formula: (OR model 1 -OR model 2 )/(OR model 1 -1) or (OR model 1 -OR model 3 )/(OR model 1 -1)  [46]. Positive % values indicate reductions in ORs. The contribution was calculated only if the OR model 1 was significant. The analyses were performed using the Stata program (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA, 2007).
Limitations and Strengths This study had some limitations. It was based on self-reported data, but self-administered anonymous questionnaires are widely used and arguably good tools to study adolescent living conditions, mental health, and unhealthy behaviors  [3, 4, 36]. Because of the relatively small number of subjects we did not distinguish between first and second generation immigrants. The study had some strengths. The participation rate was high. The percentage of immigrants is close to that in France  [51]. The data collection and weight and height measurements were undertaken by the same trained physician over a short period to avoid inter-observer and seasonal variations. The prevalence of a wide range of health/behavior outcomes, assessed using the same measures, was similar to that of a representative sample of adolescents in France  [3, 4].
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  Marie Jeanne Chau ,  Bernard Kabuth ,  Jean-Charles Vauthier ,  Evelyne Aptel ,  Isabelle Armand ,  Bé atrice Barraud ,  Odile Causin ,  Monique Verdin ,  Catherine Richoux ,  Yves Delacour ,  Christine Grangé  ,  Anne Chatton ,  Laurette Hiroux ,  Lysiane Collet , and the staff of the schools for their valuable help in the study.
Introduction In 2013, East Japan Railway (JR East), the largest rail company in the country, announced the intention to sell to Hitachi corporation a large dataset of its passengers' travel histories  (Geuss, 2013). This information has been gathered by JR East through its proprietary e-ticketing system, Suica. The company plans to anonymize these data by replacing sensitive information, such as names and addresses of card owners, with anonymous ID's. But is this enough to protect users' identities, and therefore their privacy? Historically, public releases of anonymized personal information have often proved to be dangerous for the privacy of the people that information concerned. In 2006, America On Line (AOL) released anonymized data regarding the search queries of millions of users of its web search engine.
And after such information is generated, the tendency among public transportation companies is to record it, rather than discard it when it exhausted its original goal. In this paper we discuss the privacy implications of such a large amount of data, and we analyze the potential consequences of its disclosure. As electronic tickets are generally characterized by a unique ID, and all trips are recorded, the information stored in the information system of a public transport company is nothing less than a detailed log of each user's movements and therefore should be treated as sensitive information. However, in this paper we show that even when personal information of the users are not stored in the system -or are anonymized -the threat to privacy remains. In fact, combining the data in the transportation company database with other publicly available source of information can ultimately be enough to identify a specific user, even in the case of anonymous tickets.
Security and privacy issues related to Near Field Communication, a very common technology used for mobile-payments on public transports, are discussed by  Salonen (2011). In  Tseytin et al. (2006) , the use of anonymous databases for collecting user movements is discussed. The authors show, from a theoretical point of view, that anonymity alone is not enough to protect users' privacy. In this paper we provide a real-world case study confirming their intuition, and we propose a set of plug-in privacy enhancements for existing information systems.
Outline of the Paper After an introduction concerning information management in the public transport field, provided in Section 2, we discuss how even anonymous tickets can provide enough information to track the users of a public transportation network in Section 3. In particular, we present the case study of the service provided by Start Romagna in the city of Cesena, while in Section 3. 1 we disclose the data recorded in a MiMuovo ticket after its use. We show how this information is sufficient to endanger the privacy of the users in Section 3. 2. We propose solutions that can help mitigate the privacy issues we presented in Section 4.
Passengers Information Management in Public Transport Modern transportation systems integrate monitoring technology, both location based (GPS) and users based (smartcard tickets), that generates real time information on the current status of the transportation network. This constant flow of information is generally elaborated in real time, but is also stored and kept, usually indefinitely, by the relevant actors. Passengers data collected by transportation companies are used for a number of purposes, with the most obvious one being ensuring that passengers pay the bus fare. In general, this can be achieved by verifying the authenticity of the ticket and its validity for the current ride, and this kind of checks is only performed during the ride itself. In modern ticketing systems, however, information on bus rides is often transmitted to a central information system, where it is stored for an indefinite period of time.
Reading a Mifare Ultralight IC is consequently quite easy using commercial readers and softwares. For example, an NFC-compliant smartphone with an appropriate application (e. g. , Tag Info) is enough to read the memory of a MiMuovo ticket. Reading the memory actually means "obtaining a verbatim copy of the memory". The content of the memory is not encrypted but it must be decoded in order to retrieve the intelligible information. This can be easily done because the public transportation tickets usually contain common information, e. g. , date, remaining trips, bus line, identity, location, and the encoding method is generally based on public standards, e. g. , ISO-1545. Performing a differential analysis is usually enough to complete the full decoding of the ticket: in such an approach, the ticket is punched a few times, taking care that only one information (date, location, bus line,.
S4 Journeys per ticket Ticket-id Number of rides counted. Implies the frequency a user travels. Table  3 : Aggregates typically used by public transport companies. Each aggregate needs a set of atomic data in order to be computed. Note that as public transport companies usually know at any time the exact position of each controlled vehicle (thanks to GPS) the field Stop-id can be inferred from the field Timestamp. In fact, a well designed system architecture can prevent privacy threats while allowing the same computations to be performed. In Figure  3  we show three different approaches to the information exchange between the local recording point (e. g. the bus) and the central storage system. In the first model, the validation machine sends to the central server the field set required to compute the discussed aggregates at the time of the ticket punch.
To deploy such a system on an existing platform, it is sufficient to partition the previously collected data and to start recording new ones in separate business units. The most common choice would be to deploy a relational database via a hosting service. In order to do that it would be advisable to consider a database instance with a read replica designed for disaster recovery. The database should be able to support write-intensive policies and should be up and running 24 hours a day. Focusing on Atom 4 and considering a 64 byte record required to store a single atom, a municipality reporting 1 million validations per day would produce approximately 2 GB data monthly. However, this model does not reach the privacy by design paradigm, as the level of privacy achieved is strictly related to the trust implied in the parties managing the information, for the whole lifetime of the system.
We not only show that real anonymity is almost impossible to achieve even when using anonymous passes, but we also show how the actual amount of data needed to identify (with some statistical error margin) and track a user is surprisingly low. In order to show the realism of this threat, we perform a detailed hardware analysis of the smart card tickets used by the transportation company Start Romagna (active in the city of Cesena, Italy), and we identify the information stored in the chip after each use of anonymous, disposable 10ride tickets. This allows us to learn what information is collected at each validation and, since these data are then sent to the company databases and stored, to have a clear picture of what information is available to the public transportation company. In light of this knowledge, we analyze the possible uses of this information: we discuss both the legitimate goals of monitoring traffic in order to improve the service and collect statistics by the company and the malicious tracking capabilities of an evil actor.
DATA We dispose of data from three school level gender-balanced groups, each composed of about 40 French-speaking children and adolescents (10-11-year-olds; 12-13-year-olds; 14-15-year-olds). Data collection was conducted using digitizing tablets and the Eye and Pen software 1   (Chesnet and Alamargot, 2005). We did not use video. Each subject produced a narrative text and an expository text in their native language, with a 1 week time interval between the two written productions. For the narrative text, subjects were asked to write a personal implying problems between people. For the expository text, they were asked to write what they know about problems between people (For more details, see  Jisa and Viguié, 2005; Maggio et al. , 2012). In this study the narrative and expository texts have been combined, our objective being to examine how to tear appart pauses that reflect cognitive processes as opposed to pauses that do not.