dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their deepest gratitude for the following colleagues, Ph. D. candidates and  M. Sc. students who actively participated in the conducted research studies :  Drs V. Choqueuse ,  D. Le Guen ,  M. Pedzisz  and  J. A Srar ;  A Ph. D. candidate Mr. A. Nasser ; and the following MSC students  Mr. M. Bouzaien ,  Mr. R. Dos Santos Fagundes ,  Mr. A. Mazeika.
MATERIALS AND METHODS These are results of a phase one study, approved by the Ethics Committee and Research of the Bahia School of Medicine and Health Public (CAAE: 20333213. 1. 0000. 5544). Conformed to the standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki. It was registered at ClinicalTrials. gov (NTR: 02623842). All participants provided written informed consent. The age of the women involved varied from 43 to 66 years, with an average of 53. 1±7. 1 years. Eligible women were at least 18 years of age, with SUI as the main clinical complaint, without any urgency symptoms (clinical complaint plus voiding diary per three days), and urinary loss of more than 1g in a one hour Pad Test. Patients with organ prolapses, neurological chronic degenerative diseases, residual voiding, pacemakers, copper intrauterine devices, or those who underwent other treatment for SUI (medical, surgical or physical therapy) as well as pregnant women, were excluded.
Statistical Design To prepare the database and descriptive analysis, the Statistical Package for Social Scien-  ces software (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA) version 14. 0 for Windows, was used. The results are presented in tables and graphs. Categorical variables (patient satisfaction level) are expressed as frequencies and percentages -n (%). Continuous variables with normal distribution are as mean and standard deviation; and those with non--normal distribution, as median and interquartile range. The normality of the numerical variables was assessed using descriptive statistics, graphical analysis and the Shapiro -wilk test. The analysis of the mean Pad Test comparison was performed by ANOVA repeated measures, and compared the loss in grams at the begginning, the end, after one-, two-, and three months of treatment, considering a significance level of 5% (p <0.
Laboratory tests of surface material are limited in their ability to capture the full demands of the horse on the surface. 1 However, they are a critical component in understanding the factors affecting a particular in-situ testing outcome. Factors influencing arena performance include: sand shape, mineralogy, particle size and size distribution, moisture content, fibre components composition and wax content  (Barrey et al. , 1991; Orlande et al. , 2012; Bridge et al. , 2014). Objective measurements of how well surfaces allow for sufficient athletic performance need to be guided by experienced riders. Riders could evaluate how the horses respond to the surface with regards to, for example, energy return and grip. In human sport surface research,  Aldahir and McElroy (2014)  stressed the importance of correlating data for playing quality with players' perceptions of the surface through questionnaires and surveys with a large number of responses.
, 2009; Setterbo et al. , 2009; Crevier-Denoix et al. , 2010 , 2013a ,b, 2015; Parkes and Witte, 2015). The device is modified to better fit equestrian sports as described in  Tranquille et al. (2015). Nine channels of data were acquired using sensors including a string potentiometer, a single axis load cell, a tri-axial accelerometer, a tri-axial load cell, and a linear potentiometer (for sensor specification see  Tranquille et al. , 2015). Data from each impact was recorded with 16-bit resolution at 5000 Hz using a custom written MatLab data acquisition and analysis script (The Math Works). All arenas were tested by repeated drops over the surface at a spatial resolution of approximately 15 m between drop sites. The arenas were prepared with a maintenance tool combining superficial harrowing and rolling before being tested with the OBST.
Subjective evaluation of arena characteristics Figs. 2  and 3  show results from subjective evaluation of arena functional properties by descriptive statistics and model output, respectively. In the mixed models, 669 arena evaluations from 174 riders were included. Rider, entered as a random effect, explained on average 22% of the variation in the observed values    1. The number of valid measurements (n) per arena is noted in the bottom row. For responsiveness, n is also presented within the subplot to display number of measurements remaining after data loss. a The sieve sizes used for particle separation can be seen in the table. Sieve sizes differed slightly between the waxed and un-waxed sample analysis and sedimentation was not performed on the waxed sand samples. As such, no information is provided on the size distribution for fine particles for the waxed sand samples.
Also, since horses have higher body mass than humans, the human's interaction with the ground may not be able to reach the lower surface layers. As such, walking on an arena surface will likely not give the required information, but may actually give false information. In this study, the riders evaluated all arenas from one event on the same VA-scales, which may have produced clustering in these observations. This was controlled for in the statistical analysis by entering 'rider within event' as a random effect. Statistical modelling of the data revealed that the riders contributed up to 31% of the variation. We believe this emphasises the benefits of using standardised equipment for surface assessment. The substantial between-rider variation in surface assessment also highlights the challenge to comparing mechanical tests to subjective surface assessments when effectively there is no Fig.
(2008)  were made with consideration of the demands on the horse during show jumping at Grand Prix level. The design changes (see Appendix: Supplementary material) have attempted to take into a maximal loading situation, although scientific data to guide this process are still limited to smaller jumping efforts at slower speeds. Load-time graphs from jumping horses presented by  Schamhardt et al. (1993)  and  Crevier-Denoix et al. (2013a , 2015)  reveal similar patterns with rapidly increasing vertical load during the primary hoof-surface impact followed by a secondary load increase as the weight of the horse is transferred onto the limb. In the Appendix: Supplementary material we have compiled relevant biomechanical data describing decelerations, loads and loadings rates in hoof-ground interaction to allow the reader to put the OBST settings and parameters into context.
Linearity vs. the outcomes (transformed) was examined and deviations from linearity were taken account of in the models. The within-arena variation of the OBST measurements was added to the models, as rider's ratings were not coupled with a specific OBST measurement (i. e. the OBST tested the arena at 'specific locations' but riders were not asked to specifically judge these testing spots). However, the curvilinear relationship for cushioning was clearly statistically significant (P < 0. 001), but it is possible that type I error might have occurred. When the turf venue was omitted from the dataset, the association became plain linear (data not shown). Therefore, we believe that the curvilinear shape of the associations for cushioning and grip indicate that the interpretation of the effect sizes is complex and should be performed with caution.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the  Swedish-Norwegian Foundation for Equine Research and la Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI)  for providing financial support for the study. We express our sincere thanks to all riders participating in the study. We also thank  Dr. Stéphane Montavon  for helping with translation of the questionnaires and  Isabelle Fredricson ,  Carolyne Tranquille ,  Linda Klein ,  Muriel Sacks  and  Alexandra Blaser  for assisting with data collection at the events. Preliminary results were presented orally at the FEI sports forum in Lausanne, Switzerland 28-29 April in 2014.
By screening a library of traditional Chinese medicine compounds, a small molecular inhibitor (Icaritin, SNG162), a key component of Epimedium flavonoid isolated from Epimedium Genus, was identified, which inhibits growth of breast and liver cancer cells  [37]. It was initially suggested that Icaritin and its analogs may function as estrogen modulators in regulating breast cell growth, but recent evidence demonstrates that it has broader anti-cancer activity in many cancer types  [38] [39] [40] [41]. Ongoing SNG162 phase I/II clinical trials have been encouraging for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced solid tumors (NCT01278810, NCT01972672 and NCT02496949). Interestingly, SNG162 also inhibits the growth of leukemic cell lines, including BCR-ABL + cell lines, possibly by interfering with MAPK/ERK and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways  [42].
Analysis of drug interactions Drug interactions were assessed in K562IMR cells after 48 hours of liquid culture in the presence of IM and SNG1153, alone or in combination, as previously described  [51]. Briefly, the data were analyzed using constant-ratio drug combinations and the median-effect method of Chou and Talalay. The combination Index (CI) was calculated using CalcuSyn software (Biosoft, Cambridge, United Kingdom). CI < 1, CI = 1 or CI > 1 represent synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects respectively.
Materials and methods We used a mixed-methods approach based on an explanatory sequential design, which consists of two different interactive phases  [19, 20]. First we collected quantitative data on hypofractionation use; in light of the wide variation of our results, we added a qualitative study in radiotherapy departments. Exploring participants' views in depth helped to explain statistical results by both disentangling the specific indications described at each department and the clinical rationale behind them  [21]. Our final interpretation and analysis considered the interaction between quantitative and qualitative findings  [22]. The reasons for mixing quantitative and qualitative methods were completeness for a more comprehensive account of the area of inquiry and discovery of hypotheses  [19].
Quantitative assessment We assessed the use of hypofractionation for patients receiving breast cancer treatment with a curative intent in 2005-2015, using data from the Catalonian Hospital Reimbursement Database, which includes all patients receiving a course of radiotherapy. It collects data on sex, age, radiotherapy centre, aim of treatment, tumour site, total dose, planning system, initiation and finalisation of treatment, and number of sessions. It is mandatory to fill out for reimbursement. The criterion for radiotherapy to be considered hypofractionated was >2. 5 Gy per fraction. The doses included in this study ranged from 2. 67 to 3. 00 Gy. We assessed differences in patterns of use with descriptive statistics and logistic regression, using SPSS (version 21. 0, 2012) and STATA (version 12) software.
These data were then compiled into a documentary record and rendered anonymous. To analyse the data, we applied thematic-analysis criteria, which emphasise the meaning of the text and interpret its thematic content  [24, 25]. After checking saturation of information  [26] , we read through to identify general themes and thematic categories to ensure interpreter consensus. We compared interviews to capture recurring views and related experiences  [27]. A systematic process of data-treatment analysis was facilitated by the use of the Atlas-ti 6. 2 software  [28]. Coding and interpretation consistency was checked during analysis by reviewing the transcripts at different moments in time.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  Marta Bonet  (MD),  Xavi Sanz  (MD),  Josep Antoni Carceller  (MD),  Ferran Guedea  (MD),  Antonio Arellano  (MD),  Jordi Craven-Bartle  (MD),  Josep Isern  (MD),  Albert Biete  (MD),  Josep M. Solé  (MD),  Joan Carles Julià  (MD),  Jordi Giralt  (MD), and  Jordi Vayreda  (MD), for their special contribution to the work. This work was supported by the  Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII)  through the  Cancer Research Network  (co-funded by  FEDER funds / European Regional Development Funds, ERDF)  ( RD 12/0036/0053 ); and the  Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR ,  2014SGR0635 ). These institutions played no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript.
Test results and discussion The mass flow rate in the circuit was increased stepwise and readings of the sensors listed in Table  1  were registered in 1 s intervals. The average values and their standard deviations were calculated for the data collected during steady states. To assess pressure drop in the sample, readings of the pressure sensors p 1 and p 2 were used in the range p 3 = p 1 -p 2 > 1. 6 MPa, whereas the more accurate differential pressure sensors p 2 and p 1 were used in the range 0. 25 MPa < p 2 < 1. 6 MPa, and p 1 below 0. 25 MPa, respectively. The overlap between p values measured with different sensors was in good agreement within the range of uncertainties and confirmed the good accuracy of their calibration (Fig. 3 ). The longitudinal Darcy friction factor (f) and the Reynolds number were deduced from measurements of pressure drop and mass flow rate ( ṁ), according to the formulas: f = 2D h A 2 f p / ṁ2 L , (1) Re = ( ṁD h ) / A f , (2) where the water density () and dynamic viscosity ( ) were calculated at the reference conditions: p ref = p ambient + (p 1 + p 2 )/2 and T ref = (T 1 + T 2 )/2.
Acknowledgments This work has been carried out within the framework of the  EUROfusion Consortium  and has received funding from the  Euratom  research and training programme  2014-2018  under grant agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the  European Commission. This scientific work was also partly supported by  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education  within the framework of the scientific financial resources in the year 2016 allocated for the realization of the international co-financed project. We are indebted to  Mr. B. Białecki  for technical support.
Intuition about fishermen's behaviour from interviews We interviewed fishermen from various sectors in nine fishing communities along the US West Coast. These interviews were informal conversations, without structured questionnaires or surveys. Consequently, they do not enter our research in a quantitative way. Instead, we used them to identify general themes to contextualize our modelling work and to ascertain points of interest in the parameter space of the ABM (for more on the interviews, see electronic supplementary material). The complexity and diversity of social dynamics seen in these qualitative data further stressed the need to first isolate simple external drivers, in particular those specific to resource use, i. e. ecological dynamics and management. In focusing on the human-nature interface, we leave to future work the task of modelling (e.
Acknowledgements. We thank  Simon Levin  for his help in developing the ideas in this paper, as well as  Andrew Tilman  and  Matthew Burgess  for their insightful comments. Our sincere gratitude to  Emma Fuller  for her vital assistance with the interviews, and especially to the men and women in the US West Coast fishing communities who took time to speak with us, in particular the West Coast Groundfish Observer Program. Finally, we thank  Dr Waldo Wakefield  of the  Northwest Fisheries Science Center  for his assistance in coordinating interviews and discussing early iterations of this project.
Acknowledgements European Consensus Working Group on Late Presentation for Viral Hepatitis Care:  Stanislas Pol ,  European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) ,  Paris ;  Maria Buti ,  EASL, Barcelona ;  Stefan Mauss , EASL, Düsseldorf;  Erika Duffell ,  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) ;  Stefan Wiktor ,  Team Lead ,  Global Hepatitis Programme ,  World Health Organization (WHO) ,  Geneva ;  Antons Mozalevskis ,  WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen ;  Irene Veldhuijzen ,  Public Health Service Rotterdam , the  HEPscreen  project, Hilje Logtenberg-van der Grient, European Liver Patients Association (ELPA);  Nikos Dedes ,  European AIDS Treatment Group (EATG) ;  Charles Gore ,  Hepatitis C Trust ,  World Hepatitis Alliance ;  Eberhard Schatz ,  Foundation De Regenboog Groep (FRG) representing Correlation Network, Hepatitis C Initiative ;  José Gatell ,  University of Barcelona ,  European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) ;  Jeffrey V Lazarus, Copenhagen HIV Programme (CHIP) ,  Rigshospitalet ,  University of Copenhagen ;  Jens Lundgren ,  CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, EACS; Dorthe Raben, CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen ;  Jürgen Rockstroh ,  University of Bonn , EACS, Chair of HIV in Europe;  Brian West , European AIDS Treatment Group (EATG), Co-chair of HIV in Europe;  Jordi Casabona ,  Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEISCATT), Barcelona; Nikos Dedes, EATG, Greece.
Objective: Reliable data about general practitioners performing pap-tests are insufficient. A claim code for the achievement of pap-smears exists in France, but its use by general practitioners is not known. The main purpose of this study was to highlight independent factors associated with the achievement of pap-smears by the general practitioner (GP). We carried out a descriptive and analytic epidemiologic study in 347 GPs and their 244,889 patients, registered at the Health Care Insurance Fund of Flanders. The European Deprivation Index (EDI) in the area of GP's surgeries was specified. All GPs were questioned by telephone about their performance of pap-tests. The claim database of the insurance fund was analyzed to describe characteristics of GPs. Results: The answer rate among questioned GPs was 98.
Sampling can be carried out in France by medical doctors [as general practitioners (GPs), gynecologists, or medical biologists] and midwives. Though about half of GPs achieve pap-smears in their surgeries, the percentage of smears that are performed by GPs range from 5 to 10%  [7, 8]. Data concerning GPs' uses regarding cervical smear performance in countries with opportunistic screening are scarce in literature. As far as we know, no study evaluating pap-smear coding by GPs was performed in France: the use of this code (JKHD001) is to claim an extra fee (€. 6. 23) for the performance of the pap-smear in the French fee for service payment system. The aim of this study was to seek for independent factors associated with the performance of pap-smears by the GP and the reliability of the data provided by the SIAM-ERASME registry of the Health Care Insurance Fund (Caisse primaire d'assurance maladie, CPAM) of (French) Flanders.
Methods This descriptive and analytic epidemiologic study was carried out between March 1 and June 22, 2015, basing on the SIAM-ERASME claim database of the CPAM of Flanders (France). We enrolled all practicing GPs registered at the CPAM of Flanders on March 1, 2015. We excluded retired physicians and GPs having less than 100 females on their patients' lists, in order to eliminate recently settled physicians or GPs with a peculiar practice (i. e. homeopathy, acupuncture, angiology, etc. ). The main outcome was the performance of cervical smears. In order to maximize the response rate, 20 GP registrars (residents) interviewed the enrolled GPs by telephone asking a single binary question: "Do you perform any cervical smear in your surgery?" The explicative variables were physicians' features: gender, number of listed patients (i.
The association between the EDI and the main outcome was also assessed using the generalized linear model. The significant level for the tests was 0. 05. Statistical testing was done at the two-tailed α level of 0. 05. All statistical analyses were performed by the statistics team of the CHRU of Lille, using the SAS software version 9. 3. This study is a preliminary study to the PaCUDAHL-Gé trial. PACUDAHL-Gé is promoted by the University Hospital of Lille and funded by the French Ministry of Health (PREPS: LIC-14-14-0615). Agreement was gathered from the French Agency for the Safety of Health Products (ANSM: 2015-A01331-48) and the Ethics Committee (CPP Nord-Ouest III: 2015-23). The protocol is searchable on ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT02749110). None of the authors have any competing interest.
The PACUDAHL-Gé population is socio-economically more deprived than the French mean population-socio-economic deprivation being clearly identified as one of the main factors of low screening participation rates  [12, 13]. This weak participation rate increases the chance to highlight a statistical significance in the PaCUDAHL-Gé trial  [14]. If attendance to cervical cancer screening is lower in deprived areas, it is not due to health service development issues. Indeed, there was no association found between the setting of GP surgeries in deprived areas measured by EDIs and performance of cervical smears by GPs or density of gynecologists in the area. We could not find in the literature any data regarding cervical smear coding by GPs, in France or in other countries. We report here a significant discrepancy between the rating and the performance of pap-smears, which  means that assessments of pap-smears performance by GPs basing on pap-smears' rating is not reliable in the SIAM claim database and is under-estimated by about 60%.
Limitations One of the main strengths of our study is the size of the sample, which almost included the entire GP-population of a district, and the extremely high participation rate. These outcomes resulting from GPs' interviews reflect accurately GPs' practices, without selection bias. Another strength is the use of the comprehensive SIAM database of the CPAM of Flanders: it allowed an access to validated and structured information  [21]. We used the EDI as adjustment variable: this validated environmental factor reflects confusion factors related to socioeconomic resources in diverse GP surgeries' settings. This study also has its limits. It was carried out among the GP population registered at the CPAM of Flanders, and its outcomes do not necessarily reflect the situation of the rest of France.
When GPs were contacted, they were only asked for a binary answer about their cervical smear performance in way to maximize the response rate. Those carrying out very few smears (in particular, those performing smears only in patients insistently asking for) answered accordingly to their attitudes regarding their way to practice: sometimes yes, sometimes no. But most physicians who regularly carried out smears and those who never did gave clear answers. Ambiguous answers, if they might have masked any associations, never challenged the highlighted associations. The data from the CPAM of Flanders we used covered 2 years and not 3. Yet, screening by pap-tests is recommended every 3 years in France. One year is missing to compute screening participation rates according to the French guidelines.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the whole  PaCUDAHL-Gé research group , and in particular. Ghislaine LIEKENS ,  Laurent DUPLESSY ,  Eliane VANDERGHOTE  and  Thérèse DEVIENNE-ROLLIN , from the  CPAM of Flanders , for the extraction of our dataset from the  SIAM-ERASME claim database. Elise GERS and Malek DIB , for the management of the PaCUDAHL-Gé research team. The 16 GP residents who carried out the telephone survey:  Margot BADELON ,  Pauline BEAUVALLET ,  Ludovic CEROL ,  Marianne DELSERT ,  Axel DESCAMPS ,  Lynda DONAT ,  Marie FRANCKE ,  Anissa HINDI ,  Perrine KUCZERA ,  Claire LALOY-DEGRAEVE ,  Maxime LAMIRAND ,  Hélène LANGIN ,  Marine PELLETIER ,  Fanny PIGNOLE-SERMAN ,  François QUERSIN ,  Camille SANTANDREU.