dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
g. how often observations were repeated and by whom (volunteers, trained volunteers, experts). If the data stem from online data repositories such as GBIF and OBIS, information should be supplied regarding the type of observations used  (Anderson et al. 2016 ) as these databases may include mixed data from museum specimens, opportunistic observations and monitoring data. It is crucial that authors report the sample size for the focal taxa, as well as prevalence in the case of presence-absence data. Absence, pseudo-absence and background data are an important issue for most SDM applications, and thus crucial to report in ODMAP. This is often also relevant when the response variable is abundance or species richness. It is crucial to report how these absence data were obtained and how accurate they are.
Thus, any data harmonisation steps need to be clearly described in the Data section. In recent years, we have seen an upsurge in the availability of digitally available geoinformation relevant for biodiversity modelling, spanning climatologies  (Hijmans et al. 2005 , Karger et al. 2017) , land cover data  (Fritz et al. 2017) , remote sensing data  (Cord et al. 2013 , Kennedy et al. 2014 , Leitão and Santos 2019)  and human impact data  (Venter et al. 2016 , Di Marco et al. 2018) , among others. As these databases are under constant development, it is crucial to provide information on accession date and versioning. Importantly, these data come with different uncertainties that need to be addressed. For example, cloud cover may affect the accuracy of the remote sensing derived products such as vegetation indices.
0. The ODMAP Shiny app interacts with rangeModelMetaData R-package (RMMS,  Merow et al. 2019 ) and uses the RMMS dictionary to make auto-suggestions, for example, concerning algorithms and model settings. The app also allows existing RMMS objects to be loaded to fill in the ODMAP table. An important difference between RMMS and ODMAP is that RMMS is meant to store metadata for each model object, which could mean that several RMMS objects are needed for a single study, and RMMS also stores important results to ensure results reproducibility. By contrast, ODMAP is meant to contain the methodological descriptions for the entire SDM component of a study and is dedicated to method reproducibility. To accommodate these differences, we introduced an ODMAP family into the RMMS package to allow reporting for an entire study rather than single model objects.
Funding -DZ, CK and GF acknowledge support from the  German Science Foundation (DFG , grant no. ZU 361-1/1 ). BS acknowledges support by the  German Science Foundation  (grant no. SCHR1000/6-2 ) and by the  Volkswagenstiftung and Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur  (METAPOLIS,  ZN3121 ). BS and PJL acknowledge support by the  joint BiodivERsA-project GreenFutureForest  (grant no. 01LC1610A ). WT was supported by the  GAMBAS  project funded by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-18-CE02-0025 ). PB was partly funded by  OPNAV N45  and the  SURTASS LFA Settlement Agreement , being managed by the  U. S. Navy 's  Living Marine Resources program  under Contract no. N39430-17-C-1982. CM acknowledges funding from  National Science Foundation  grant  DBI 1565046  and  DBI 1661510.
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) The first clinical study on the combination of NP and RT was conducted in France between 2011 and 2014 (NCT01433068)  (4). The results of this phase 1 study were reported for the first time in the RT alone group) subsequently underwent surgery after completion of RT. The primary endpoint was the proportion of pathological complete response with central blind review, defined as the presence of < 5% residual malignant viable cells. The pathological complete response rate was 16. 1% in the NP group versus 7. 9% in the RT alone group (p=0. 04), i. e. rate increased by twofold in the presence of nanoparticles. 77% of patients in the NP group versus 64% with RT alone achieved R0 resection margins (p=0. 04). The overall safety profile of NBTXR3 activated by RT was similar to that of patients receiving RT alone, with transient, reversible and manageable immune reactions observed in patients from both arms.
HNSCC (Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) Head and neck cancers are the second tumor location studied with the combination of hafnium oxide NP and RT. RT in combination with systemic therapies is currently the standard care for locally advanced head and neck cancer. This combination confers a significant improvement in local control but at the cost of higher toxicity and no survival benefit in the oldest patients  (6) (7) (8) (9) (10). The benefit of NP in this indication would be to increase the destruction of cancer cells while preserving adjoining tissues and local functional status in patients over age 65 who are not eligible to receive concomitant systemic therapy. The preliminary data of the phase 1 study (NCT01946867) were reported for the first time at ASCO 2017 by Le Tourneau et al.
The current preliminary efficacy findings are encouraging with complete responses and durable disease control over time. Since January 2019 a consolidation study has been started with the aim of recruiting 44 patients treated with RT and an intratumoral injection at the highest dose level (22%). These results open promising perspectives for a population that is poorly represented in clinical trials. Based on these results, a phase III clinical trial is planned. NBTXR3 has also been evaluated in combination with concurrent chemotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. This phase 1-2, single arm, open-label, non-randomized study in Taiwan will evaluate safety and feasibility of a single intratumoral injection of NBTXR3 followed by radiochemotherapy  [NCT02901483]. The objectives of this study are similar to those above.
Pelvis Radiochemotherapy followed by uterovaginal brachytherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer  (13). A phase 1 study (NCT03308604) begun in 2017 aims to evaluate the safety and tolerability of gadolinium nanoparticles AGuIX in combination with radiochemotherapy and brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. All patients will receive external beam RT to the pelvis over 5 weeks with an integrated boost in case of macroscopic lymph node metastases. Patients will also receive concurrent weekly intravenous cisplatin chemotherapy for 5 cycles followed by uterovaginal brachytherapy within 14 days following external beam RT. AGuIX nanoparticles will be administered by IV at escalating doses (3 dose levels: 20, 30 then 50mg/kg) on the first day of RT, then 10 days later.
A third injection will be given at the time of brachytherapy. For locally advanced prostate cancer, external beam radiotherapy plus hormone therapy is the standard treatment. Hafnium oxide NP is being investigated in a phase 1/2 study (NCT02805894) in the USA in patients with unfavorable intermediate risk or high-risk prostate adenocarcinoma. This is an open-label, non-randomized trial in two parallel groups and in two consecutive steps with a dose escalation and a subsequent expansion of the final dose. The NP is administered by intra-prostate injection 10 days before RT (the injected dose is not known). Group A will receive exclusive external beam IMRT to the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles at a dose of 45 Gy in 25 fractions of 1. 8 Gy, followed by an additional dose of 34. 2 Gy in 10 fractions to the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles.
Gastro-intestinal (GI) Controlling liver cancer in case of hepatic impairment is a challenge despite advances in RT. The use of stereotactic RT has increased the rate of local control of liver metastases and HCC. Nevertheless, in case of hepatic dysfunction or immediate proximity to radiosensitive organs (intestine, duodenum), it is difficult to deliver sufficient doses. It is in this context that NBTXR3 could be beneficial when used in combination with SBRT. In a phase 1/2 open-label, prospective study conducted in several French centers (NCT02721056), patients were given NP by a single intralesional injection or by super selective transcatheter arterial injection one day prior to SBRT at a dose of 45 Gy in 3 fractions delivered every other day. This was a two-phase study with dose escalation at 10%, 15%, 22%, and 33% of the baseline tumor volume.
In locally advanced rectal cancer, preoperative chemotherapy plus external beam RT improves local control  (15). A trial is under way in Taiwan to study RT plus NBTXR3 chemotherapy for treatment of locally advanced T3 or 4 unresectable rectal cancer (NCT02465593). This is a phase 1/2, prospective, open-label trial with a first 3 + 3 dose escalation phase to identify the recommended NP dose for intratumoral injection, followed by an expansion phase at the recommended NP dose to evaluate for efficacy. Eligible patients will receive an NP intratumoral injection the day before IMRT, delivered as 50 Gy in 25 fractions, to gross tumor volume and involved lymph nodes combined with prophylactic pelvic lymph node irradiation at 45 Gy in 25 fractions. This treatment will be given concurrently with oral capecitabine chemotherapy and 5-FU according to the standard protocol.
Brain metastases RT is commonly used in the treatment of brain metastases, either as adjuvant therapy to increase local control after surgical resection, or as an exclusive treatment  (16). Stereotactic RT helps to increase local control rates but applies only to patients with few metastases measuring ≤5 and small in size without extracerebral evolutive disease  (17). Gadolinium nanoparticles, or AGuIX, are the only nanoparticles to be tested for this indication in combination with brain RT. NANO-RAD (NCT02820454) is a phase 1 trial in patients with brain metastases that are not eligible for surgical resection or SBRT  (18). This study aims to determine the maximum tolerable dose and the toxicity profile of AGuIX NP in combination with whole brain RT in three-dimensional mode (30 Gy in 10 fractions).
The particularity of this NP is that it must be injected intravenously, in contrast to the intratumoral injections described above. Dose escalation was studied using the modified toxicity probability interval with 3 dose levels: 20, 30 and 50 mg/kg. Another advantage besides their radio-enhancing properties could be their theranostic capacity as shown in preclinical studies with the possibility of acting as an MRI contrast agent  (19). The results of this study are not yet known but are expected shortly. Meanwhile, a phase I trial (NCT04094077) and a phase 2 multicenter trial (NCT03818386) were opened in January 2019.
The initial findings were presented at ASTRO 2019 by Thariat et al. (20). Animal studies have shown that NBTXR3 + RT can prime an immune response which is not observed with RT alone, with an increase in CD8+ T cell infiltrates. In the same way, tumor tissue was analyzed from patients with soft tissue sarcoma enrolled in the Act. in. Sarc trial cited above. Pre-treatment (biopsies) and post-treatment samples (tumor resection specimens) were analyzed and compared between the two arms. There was a larger increase in CD8+ T cells and CD8 and PD1 biomarkers in patients treated with NP + RT versus RT alone. Other preclinical studies have shown that hafnium oxide increased IFN- secretion in irradiated cells  (21). The data suggest that NBTXR3 could increase the efficacy of radiation and improve tumor immunogenicity.
These NP could therefore convert the local tumor microenvironment to a more sensitive phenotype that would be more responsive to immunotherapy. In light of this, a phase 1 trial (NCT03589339) in the USA is investigating NBTXR3 in combination with an anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitor and SBRT in patients with locally recurrent or metastatic HNSCC, metastatic NSCLC and in patients with liver metastases. Recruitment for this study is ongoing and the preliminary results are pending.
Mapping of industrial sites was conducted in a manner allowing to describe the heat market and to characterize industrial sites across Europe. In total, 132 sites were located, 57 of them provided data related to their needs. The majority of sites (20) from where we could collect information use less than 100 MW th. In the category 100-500 MW th , 8 sites were located. There were 9 sites with a heat demand of about 500 MW th and one above 1000 MW th. The electrical power demand is distributed in a somewhat more uniform manner. The smallest demand À up to 50 MW e was reported by 20 sites. Each of the next categories, respectively 51-100 MW e , 101-200 MW e and 201-400 MW e , reported between 4 and 6 sites each. The analyses performed as part of the NC2I-R project allowed to clearly understand the market, possible deployment sites and the expected energy policy and sustainability impact for near-term steam applications.
Though not stricto sensu an α-emitter, lead-212 (T 1/2 = 10. 6 h) eventually decays to stable 2 08 Pb through a cascade chain with two α-emissions of potential therapeutic interest. A somatostatin analog, DOTAMTATE (Figure  12 ), has been labeled with 212 Pb and investigated in a murine model of neuroendocrine tumor. Results showed a promising safety index with a 3. 2-fold increase in median survival and one-third of the animals being tumor-free. A combination with 5-FU (Fluorouracyl) was able to durably cure approximately 80% of the animals. [202]  Given these promising outcomes, a Phase I dose-escalation clinical trial has recently been started with [ 212 Pb]-DOTAMTATE (AlphaMedix™) including 50 patients with unresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NCT03466216). Preliminary results (nine patients enrolled) demonstrated a favorable safety profile at the tested doses  [203].
survival and one-third of the animals being tumor-free. A combination with 5-FU (Fluorouracyl) was able to durably cure approximately 80% of the animals. [202]  Given these promising outcomes, a Phase I dose-escalation clinical trial has recently been started with [ 212 Pb]-DOTAMTATE (AlphaMedix™) including 50 patients with unresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NCT03466216). Preliminary results (nine patients enrolled) demonstrated a favorable safety profile at the tested doses  [203]. Cyclotron-produced astatine-211 (T1/2 = 7. 2 h, Eα = 5. 87 MeV) is another very promising αemitting radionuclide. Astatine is the heaviest halogen with a behavior somehow similar to iodine, but, in certain circumstances, it also displays significant metallic characteristics  [204]. Direct astatination of somatostatin analogs is feasible, through tyrosine residues, but it led to poor stability Cyclotron-produced astatine-211 (T 1/2 = 7.
Geochemistry and Mineralogy (LANGEM), part of the Institute of Geology, National Autonomous University of México (UNAM), México. We used an EMPYREAN XRD diffractometer operating with an accelerating voltage of 45 kV and a filament current of 40 mA, using CuKα radiation, nickel filter, and PIXcel 3D detector. The sample was scanned in the 2θ angle range of 4-70° measured with a step size of 0. 04° (2θ) and 40 s scan step time. The diffraction patterns were analyzed with version 4. 5 of the HighScore program with reference patterns from the ICDD PDF-2 and ICSD databases.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding for this research was provided by the  National Geographic Society  grant  W418-15  and  PAPIIT IN113020. We want to thank  Santi Diving , Apeks,  Ammonite Systems , and  Casco Antiguo  for sponsoring the diving gear. We wish to thank the  "HIPATIA" research program  at the  University of Almería  (F. G. ). The present investigation was made possible due to the valuable support of  Rosario Fátima  of the Cenote Zapote and all the staff at the  Zapote Ecopark. We also wish to thank  Yuri Yerye  and  Salvador Trejo  for their help during the underwater investigation and  Andrés Ros  for some photographs from  Sima de la Higuera. We are grateful to  Nick Stevenson  who checked the language. This investigation was made possible through the  PASPA program  at the  UNAM. We also thank  Carol A.
Quasi-Global Studies Attempts to achieve a global understanding of tides have a long history, dating back to just after the invention of the recording tide gauge in the early 1830s. The first global survey was carried out by British authorities in June 1835 under the direction of William Whewell, with the cooperation of the United States and other powers, a total of nine countries  (Reidy, 2008; Whewell, 1836). Up to 2 weeks of data were collected at 15-min intervals at some 700 stations, an astonishing logistical feat for the time given the many competing national interests. Determination of the basic properties of tides globally was the priority, and no consideration was given at that time to the idea that tides might change over the years. Further data archaeology of Whewell's 1835 tidal information, before the large-scale development of many harbors, might well prove valuable.
More modeling studies in these areas are clearly warranted. Accurate assessment of the spatial patterns of past changes in tides has been severely limited, in many regions, by the scarcity of long (>18 years) high-frequency tide gauge records. Hence, there is a need to continue to increase the number of sea level records available for analysis, maintain those that exist and improve their spatial distribution (e. g. , in the Southern Hemisphere). Work has already begun to extend the global 10. 1029/2018RG000636 Reviews of Geophysics tide gauge data set via a Version 3 update of the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis database  (Woodworth et al. , 2017). Furthermore, we urge the community to continue to extend and improve historic data sets via data archaeology. Improved methods and expanded networks are also needed to acquire complementary information on changes in internal tides, and all the parameters likely to be associated with tidal changes on a regional/global basis.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Richard Ray  and an anonymous reviewer for their insightful comments that greatly strengthened this paper. I. D. H. acknowledges funding from the  Natural Environmental Research Council  (Grant  NE/P009069/1 ), which also partially supported M. D. P. , and this project has received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under Grant Agreement 759677. J. A. M. G. acknowledges funding from the  Natural Environmental Research Council  (Grants  NE/F014821/1  and  NE/I030208/1 ). B. K. A. acknowledges support from the  U. S. National Science Foundation , under  CAREER  Award  OCE-0351837. T. H. was supported by the  Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme  funded by  BEIS and Defra.
M. S. thanks the  Austrian Science Fund (FWF)  for financial support under Grant  P30097-N29. S. D. acknowledges the  German Science Foundation (DFG)  for financial support of the project TIDEDYN. D. I. acknowledges  BRGM  and the  ECLISEA  project which is part of  ERA4CS , an  ERA-NET  initiated by  JPI  Climate with cofunding by the  European Union  (Grant  690462 ). S. A. T. was funded by the  U. S. National Science Foundation ,  CAREER  Award  1455350. S. B. W. was supported through the  National Science Foundation  Grant  OCE-1559153. M. D. P. would like to dedicate this work to his late grandfather  Peter W. Bishop.
Conclusion for Routine Practice Currently, the molecular testing with the highest level of evidence is based on the screening of the coding sequences of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes as the main drivers of HR pathway inactivation. This analysis is most often performed through NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) in laboratories with access to updated databases. The clinical utility of the screening of other HR genes is still under investigation and more information on their implication is still needed for therapeutic and prevention decisions. Mutations in some of these genes, such as PALB2, RAD51C, and RAD51D have also been linked to hereditary predisposition to cancer  [102]. There is currently no other option for detection of the HR deficiency, not even with immunohistochemistry. The HR signatures look promising, but interpretation of data and the clinical utility is still challenging.
A VUS finding should not be considered clinically useful and should not be taken into account for clinical decisions until further evidence emerges to shift interpretation. Medical advice should be solely based on family and personal medical presentation. But in some cases, they are managed inappropriately as pathogenic mutation leading to psychological distress and inappropriate interventions in patients  [103]. Even though individual VUS are rare, the identification of a VUS is not a rare event and has a tendency to increase with concomitant sequencing of several genes in NGS panels. Information about VUS is collected in different databases  [134] [135] [136] [137]. Attempts to evaluate the clinical significance of these variants include frequency analysis in case-control studies, personal and familial history, co-segregation of the variant with disease in affected families, co-occurrence in trans with deleterious mutations, in silico prediction models, and functional and tumoral data.
In ASTRAEA (NCT01860976), abatacept significantly increased American College of Rheumatology criteria 20% (ACR20) responses at Week 24 versus placebo in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). This post hoc analysis explored relationships between prospectively identified baseline characteristics [poor prognostic factors (PPFs) ] and response to abatacept. Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive subcutaneous abatacept 125 mg weekly or placebo for 24 weeks; those without ≥ 20% improvement in joint counts at Week 16 switched to open-label abatacept. Potential predictors of ACR20 response were identified by treatment arm using multivariate analyses. Likelihood of ACR20 response to abatacept versus placebo was compared in univariate and multivariate analyses in subgroups stratified by the PPF, as defined by EULAR and/or GRAPPA treatment guidelines.
In the phase III Active pSoriaTic aRthritis rAndomizEd triAl (ASTRAEA, NCT01860976), treatment with subcutaneous (SC) abatacept 125 mg weekly resulted in a significantly higher proportion of patients with active PsA achieving ≥ 20% improvement in the American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR20) versus placebo at Week 24 (primary endpoint; abatacept: 39. 4%, placebo: 22. 3%). Benefits of abatacept treatment based on ACR20 responses were observed regardless of prior tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) exposure; however, such benefits were more pronounced in TNFi-naïve versus -exposed patients (TNFi-naïve patients: abatacept: 44. 0%, placebo 22. 2%; TNFi-exposed patients: abatacept: 36. 4%, placebo 22. 3%)  [6]. In addition, abatacept reduced structural damage, alleviated musculoskeletal symptoms including enthesitis and dactylitis, and modestly improved psoriatic skin manifestations (proportions of patients with ≥ 75% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score from baseline at Week 24: abatacept 16.
Alanine dosimeters Alanine dosimeters are small pellets 4. 0±0. 05 mm in diameter, with a height of 2. 3±0. 1 mm, with a mass of 37. 75±0. 06 mg and that contain 93% amino-acid L-alanine. A MiniScope MS 400 ESR spectrometer (Magnettech, Germany), based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), was used for alanine dosimeter analyses. Alanine dosimeters were positioned sequentially inside a quartz glass tube for the analysis. Two scans were performed with a 90° tube rotation to remove the possible heterogeneities or anisotropies in the alanine dosimeters  (10). Measurements of the alanine dosimeters were performed on two different spectrometers and demonstrated no significant differences (data not shown). To improve the accuracy of the measurements and induce sufficient free radicals for a measurable reliable dose, the alanine dosimeters were pre-irradiated by a 137 Cs γ irradiator (Biobeam GM8000, GSM Gmbh, Leipzig, Germany) with a dose of 2 Gy at a dose rate of 3.