dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
All new cruises were subjected to primary (Sect. 3. 1) and secondary (Sect. 3. 2) quality control (QC). These procedures are very similar to those used for GLODAPv2. 2021 and previous versions, aiming to ensure the consistency of the data from the 96 new cruises with the previous release of the GLODAP data product (in this case, the GLODAPv2. 2021 adjusted data product). For the first time we also apply secondary QC routines to SF 6 data, thus increasing the number of core variables from 12 to 13. For GLODAPv2. 2021 we added a basin identifier to the product files, where 1 is the Atlantic Ocean, 4 the Arctic Mediterranean Sea (i. e. , the Arctic Ocean plus the Nordic Seas), 8 the Pacific Ocean, and 16 the Indian Ocean. These regions are abbreviated AO, AMS, PO, and IO, respectively, in the adjustment table.
Data in the Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico are classified as belonging to the Atlantic Ocean (1). The basin identifiers are unchanged in GLODAPv2. 2022 and added to the product files to make it easier for users to identify which ocean basin an individual cruise belongs to without having to use one of the four regional files. Note that there is no overlap between the regional files or for our basin identifiers, and cruises in the Southern Ocean are placed in the basin where most of the data were collected. As in GLODAPv2. 2021 we include the DOI for each cruise in all product files with the aim of easing access to the original data and metadata, as well as improving the visibility of data providers.
Data assembly and primary quality control Data from the 96 new cruises were submitted directly to us or retrieved from data centers -typically OCADS (https://www. ncei. noaa. gov/products/ ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system, last access: 9 August 2022), the CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office (https://cchdo. ucsd. edu, last access: 27 June 2022), and PANGAEA (https://pangaea. de, last access: 27 June 2022). Each cruise is identified by an expedition code (EXPOCODE). The EXPOCODE is guaranteed to be unique and constructed by combining the country code and platform code with the date of departure in the format YYYYMMDD. The country and platform codes were taken from the ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) library (https://vocab. ices. dk/, last access: 27 June 2022).
For the original data exchange files, these flags conform to the WOCE definitions for water samples and are listed in Table  2. For the merged and adjusted product files these flags are simplified: questionable (WOCE flag 3) and bad (WOCE flag 4) data are removed, and their flags are set to 9. The same procedure is applied to data flagged 8 (very few such data exist); 1 (data not received) and 5 (data not reported) are also set to 9, while flags of 6 (mean of replicate measurements) and 7 (manual chromatographic peak measurement) are set to 2 if the data appear good. Also, in the merged product files a flag of 0 is used to indicate a value that could be measured but is approximated: for salinity, oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, and silicate, the approximation is conducted using vertical interpolation; for seawater CO 2 chemistry variables (TCO 2 , TAlk, pH, and f CO 2 ), the approximation is conducted using the calculation from two measured CO 2 chemistry variables (Sect.
Secondary quality control The aim of the secondary QC was to identify and correct any significant biases in the data from the 96 new cruises relative to GLODAPv2. 2021 while retaining any signal due to temporal changes. To this end, secondary QC in the form of consistency analyses was conducted to identify offsets in the data. All identified offsets were scrutinized by the GLODAP reference group through a series of teleconferences during May 2022 to decide the adjustments to be applied to reduce the apparent offset (if any). To guide this process, a set of initial minimum adjustment limits was used (Table  3 ). These represent the minimum bias that can be confidently established relative to the measurement precision for the variables and cruises considered and are the same as those used for GLODAPv2.
org/10. 5194/essd-14-5543-2022 Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543-5572, 2022  Crossover comparisons were the primary source of information used to identify offsets for salinity, oxygen, nutrients, TCO 2 , TAlk, and pH (Sect. 3. 2. 2). As in GLODAPv2. 2021 and GLODAPv2. 2020 but in contrast to GLODAPv2 and GLODAPv2. 2019, the evaluation of the internal consistency of the seawater CO 2 chemistry variables was not used for the evaluation of pH (Sect. 3. 2. 3). As in the two previous updates (2020 and 2021) we made extensive use of two predictions from two empirical algorithms -CArbonate system And Nutrients concentration from hYdrological properties and Oxygen using a Neural-network version B (CANYON-B) and CONsisTency EstimatioN and amounT (CONTENT)  (Bittig et al. , 2018)  -for the evaluation of offsets in nutrients and seawater CO 2 chemistry data (Sect.
3. 2. 4). For previous versions we have also used multiple linear regression analyses and deep water averages, broadly following  Jutterström et al. (2010) , for additional information for the secondary QC of salinity, oxygen, nutrients, TCO 2 , and TAlk data. In GLODAPv2. 2022 we did not have to rely on the results of the multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses to make decisions about adjustments, and, in general, we are increasingly moving towards only using CANYON-B and CON-TENT estimates (Sect. 3. 2. 4) as additional information when the crossover analysis is insufficient. For the halogenated transient tracers, comparisons of surface saturation levels and the relationships among the tracers were used to assess the data consistency (Sect. 3. 2. 5). For salinity and oxygen, CTD and bottle values were merged into a "hybrid" variable prior to the consistency analyses (Sect.
Merging of sensor and bottle data Salinity and oxygen data can be obtained by analysis of water samples (bottle data) and/or directly from the CTD sensor pack. These two measurement types are merged and presented as a single variable in the product. The merging was conducted prior to the consistency checks, ensuring their internal calibration in the product. The merging procedures were only applied to the bottle data files, which commonly include values recorded by the CTD at the pressures where the water samples are collected. Whenever both CTD and bottle data were present in a data file, the merging step considered the deviation between the two and calibrated the CTD values if required and possible. Altogether seven scenarios (Table  4 ) are possible for each of the CTD conductivity and oxygen (O 2 ) sensor properties individually, in which the fourth never occurred during our analyses but is included to maintain consistency with GLODAPv2.
For 39 % of the 96 new cruises both CTD and bottle data were included in the original cruise files for salinity and oxygen, and for all these cruises the two data types were found to be consistent. These new data have a lower proportion of cruises with both bottle and CTD measurements than GLODAPv2. 2021 (75 % and 63 %, respectively, for salinity and oxygen). For salinity the remaining 61 % have only CTD data, while for oxygen 30 % have only CTD data and 21 % have only bottle data. Having both CTD and bottle values in the data files is highly preferred as the information is valuable for quality control (bottle mistrips, leaking Niskin bottles, and oxygen sensor drift are among the issues that can be revealed). The extent to which the bottle data (i. e. , OXYGEN in the individual cruise exchange files) is mislabeled CTD data (i.
As an example of crossover analysis, the crossover for silicate measured on the two cruises 49UF20190207, which is new to this version, and 49RY20110515, which was included in GLODAPv2, is shown in Fig. 3. For silicate the offset is determined as the ratio, in accordance with the procedures followed for GLODAPv2. The silicate values from 49UF20190207 are slightly higher, with a weighed mean offset of 1. 02 ± 0. 01 compared to those measured on 49RY20110515. For each of the 96 new cruises, such a crossover comparison was conducted against all possible cruises in GLO-DAPv2. 2021, i. e. , all cruises that had stations closer than 2 arcdeg distance to any station for the cruise in question. The summary figure for silicate on 49UF20190207 is shown in Fig. 4. The silicate data measured on this cruise are 1.
01 ± 0. 00 higher when compared to the data measured on nearby cruises included in GLODAPv2. 2021. This is smaller than the initial minimum adjustment limit for silicate of 2 % (Table  3 ) and as such does not automatically lead to an adjustment of the data in the merged data product. However, in this case the offset, while small, is very consistent and present in silicate data from many different cruises. Since we have also been able to identify a cause of the offset (see Sect. 4), an adjustment of 1 % has been applied. All other variables show very high consistency; thus, no adjustment is given to any other variable on cruise 49UF20190207 in GLODAPv2. 2021. This is supported by the CANYON-B and CONTENT results (Sect. 3. 2. 4). Note that adjustments, when applied, are typically round numbers (e.
pH scale conversion and quality control Altogether 60 of the 96 new cruises included measured, spectrophotometric pH data, and only one required an adjustment (Sect. 4). We also excluded (flag -777) pH on one cruise as a result of the QC work. All except one cruise reported pH data on the total scale and at 25 • C. For the one cruise reporting pH on the seawater scale the data were converted following established routines  (Olsen et al. , 2020). For details on scale and temperature conversions in previous versions of GLO-DAPv2, we refer to  Olsen et al. (2020). In contrast to quality control of pH data in GLODAPv2  (Olsen et al. , 2016) , the evaluation of the internal consistency of CO 2 system vari- ables has not been used for the secondary quality control of the pH data in the GLODAPv2 updates of 2020 and onwards.
CANYON-B and CONTENT analyses CANYON-B and CONTENT  (Bittig et al. , 2018)  were used to support decisions regarding the application of adjustments (or not). CANYON-B is a neural network for estimating nutrients and seawater CO 2 chemistry variables from temperature, salinity, and oxygen content. CONTENT additionally considers the consistency among the estimated CO 2 chemistry variables to further refine them. These approaches were developed using the data included in the GLODAPv2 data product (i. e. , the 2016 version without any more recent updates). Their advantage compared to crossover analyses for evaluating consistency among cruise data is that effects of water mass changes on ocean properties are represented in the nonlinear relationships in the underlying neural network. For example, if elevated nutrient values measured on a cruise are not due to a measurement bias but actual aging of the water masses that have been sampled and as such accompanied by a decrease in oxygen content, the measured values and the CANYON-B estimates are likely to be similar.
Vice https://doi. org/10. 5194/essd-14-5543-2022 Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543-5572, 2022 versa, if the nutrient values are biased, the measured values and CANYON-B predictions will be dissimilar. Used in the correct way and with caution this tool is a powerful supplement to the traditional crossover analyses which form the basis of our analyses. Specifically, we gave no weight to comparisons in which the crossover analyses had suggested that the salinity and/or O 2 data were biased, as this would lead to error in the predicted values. We also considered the uncertainties of the CANYON-B and CONTENT estimates. These uncertainties are determined for each predicted value, and for each comparison the ratio of the difference (between measured and predicted values) to the local uncertainty was used to gauge the comparability.
5 and 80 % saturation as the upper boundary. In some cases, like deep water formation or an ice-covered region, the tracer saturation might be lower, as the minimum of 65 % from  Steinfeldt et al. (2009)  indicates, but the majority of the data is actually located between our assumed lower and upper boundaries (see results for cruise 096U20160426 in Fig. 6 ). A few exceptions are found for cruises in the Southern Ocean, as has already been shown in  Stöven et al. (2015). Note that in 1996, a SF 6 release experiment was performed in the Greenland Sea  (Watson et al. , 1999). This leads to a large excess of SF 6 compared to CFC-12 in the Nordic Seas, which is clearly visible in our analyses and hampers the quality control of the SF 6 data in this region.
, 2002) , and we therefore use the CRM offsets reported before correcting for the changes in pipette volume. For both TAlk and TCO 2 we calculate and use the mean CRM offset across all Indian Ocean cruises on the RV Knorr from 1994-1995 (-3. 5 µmol kg -1 for TAlk and 1. 7 µmol kg -1 for TCO 2 ) as a bulk adjustment value for the seawater measurements on these cruises. The GLODAP policy for avoiding small adjustments does not apply in this instance because there is a documented reason for the adjustment beyond improving internal consistency of the GLO-DAPv2 data product. Encouragingly, we also note that applying these adjustments improves the consistency with more recent  (post-2000)  Indian ocean data in GLODAPv2: for TAlk the mean absolute offset decreased from 2. 8 µmol kg -1 for the unadjusted data to -0.
7 µmol kg -1 for the adjusted data, while for TCO 2 the mean absolute offset decreased from -2. 3 µmol kg -1 for the unadjusted data to -0. 6 µmol kg -1 for the adjusted data, respectively. Table  A2  in the Appendix shows a list of the cruises that have been updated, as well as what the update consists of. In addition, several minor omissions and errors have been identified and corrected. -An error was corrected in the QC flagging of calculated CO 2 chemistry variables when f CO 2 was used as one of the inputs (changed from 1 to 0). -CFC-12 data were added to cruise 06M320150501. -Missing bottle number were added to cruises 29AH20160617 and 29HE20190406. -For cruise 316N19831007 the WOCE flag on TAlk was changed from 2 to 0. -Oxygen concentrations of 49UP19970912 have been adjusted 1. 5 % upward.
-pH values of 49HG19960807 have been adjusted downward by 0. 05. -The time series from Weather Station M in the Norwegian Sea was updated with data from 2008-2021. -In addition to DOIs for all original data files, DOIs for the included data products (CODAP-NA and GEO-TRACES) have been added to the product files. -An extra column "G2expocode" has been added, listing the EXPOCODE for each entry.
The secondary QC flags are assigned per cruise and variable, not for individual data points, and are independent of -and included in addition to -the primary (WOCE) QC flag on individual measurements. For example, interpolated (salinity, oxygen, nutrients) or calculated (TCO 2 , TAlk, pH) values, which have a primary QC flag of 0, may have a secondary QC flag of 1 if the measured data these values are based on have been subjected to full secondary QC. Conversely, individual data points may have a secondary QC flag of 0 even if their primary QC flag is 2 (good data). Prominent examples for this version are the CODAP-NA data  (Jiang et al. , 2021) , which as a primarily coastal dataset typically has quite shallow sampling depths that rendered conclusive secondary QC impossible. As a consequence, most, but not all, of these data are included with a secondary QC flag of 0.
The secondary QC actions for the 13 core variables and the distribution of adjustments applied on the 96 new cruises are summarized in Table  6  and Fig. 7 , respectively. For most variables only a small fraction of the data were adjusted: no salinity, TCO 2 , or nitrate data, 1. 1 % TAlk data and phosphate data, 2. 2 % of oxygen data, and 31 % of silicate data. The large percentage of silicate data requiring adjustment in this version is due to a consistent 1 % offset in the silicate data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) after 2018 (compared to older data from JMA). This offset has been traced to a change in the batch of Merck silicate standard solution used. In GLODAPv2. 2022 this offset has been corrected by adjusting the new data (after 2018) to be consistent with the older data.
For the CFCs, CFC-11 required adjustment for one out of the five new cruises and CFC-12 required adjustment on one out of six new cruises. For the total of 82 cruises with SF 6 data in GLODAPv2. 2022, two cruises (06MT20060712 and 325020080826) could not be subjected to secondary quality control (-888), and five cruises received an upward adjustment (see example for cruise 320620170703 in Fig. 6 ). The magnitude of the adjustment was calculated using the saturation of CFC-12 as a benchmark. Additionally, for two cruises (49K619990523 and 58GS20090528), the SF 6 values are out of the TTDderived range, as are the surface saturations. In these cases, the SF 6 data are discarded (QC flag -777). Of the 96 new cruises in GLODAPv2. 2022 only two include SF 6 , and neither required an adjustment. Overall, the magnitudes of the various adjustments applied are small, and the tendency observed during the production of the three previous updates remains, namely that the large majority of recent cruises are consistent with earlier releases of the GLODAP data product.
A total of 60 out of the 96 new cruises included measured pH data, but only one received an adjustment (and one was flagged -777). However, the new crossover and inversion analysis of all pH data in the northwestern Pacific that was planned following the release of GLODAPv2. 2020 has not yet been performed. Such an analysis is planned for the next full update of GLODAP, i. e. , GLODAPv3. Therefore, the conclusion from GLODAPv2. 2020 remains that some caution should be exercised if looking at trends in ocean pH in the northwestern Pacific using GLODAPv2. 2022 or earlier versions. For the nutrients, adjustments were applied to maintain consistency with data included in GLODAPv2. 2021 and earlier versions. An alternative goal for the adjustments would be maintaining consistency with data from cruises that employed reference materials (RMNS) to ensure accuracy of nutrient analyses.
Such a strategy was adopted by  Aoyama (2020)  for preparation of the Global Nutrients Dataset 2013 (GND13) and is being considered for GLO-DAP as well. However, as this would require a re-evaluation of the entire dataset, this will not occur until the next full update of GLODAP. For now, we note the overall agreement between the adjustments applied in these two efforts  (Aoyama, 2020)  and that most disagreements appear to be related to cases where no adjustments were applied in GLODAP. The improvement in data consistency resulting from the secondary QC process is evaluated by comparing the weighted mean of the absolute offsets for all crossovers before and after the adjustments have been applied. This "consistency improvement" for core variables is presented in Table 7. The data for CFCs were omitted from these analyses for previously discussed reasons (Sect.
Data availability The GLODAPv2. 2022 merged and adjusted data product is archived at the OCADS of NOAA NCEI (https://doi. org/10. 25921/1f4w-0t92, Lauvset et al. , 2022). These data and ancillary information are also available via our web pages and https://www. ncei. noaa. gov/ access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ GLODAPv2_2022/ (last access: 15 August 2022). The data are available as comma-separated ascii files (*. csv) and as binary MATLAB files (*. mat) that use the open-source Hierarchical Data Format version 5 (HDF5). The data product is also made available as an Ocean Data View (ODV) file which can be easily explored using the "webODV Explore" online data service (https://explore. webodv. awi. de/, webODV Explore, 2022). Regional subsets are available for the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.
There are no data overlaps between regional subsets, and each cruise exists in only one basin file even if data from that cruise Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543-5572, 2022  https://doi. org/10. 5194/essd-14-5543-2022 All material produced during the secondary QC is available via the online GLODAP adjustment table hosted by GE-OMAR, Kiel, Germany, at https://glodapv2-2022. geomar. de/ (GLODAP, 2022a) and can also be accessed through http:// www. glodap. info (GLODAP, 2022b). This is similar in form and function to the GLODAPv2 adjustment table  (Olsen et al. , 2016)  and includes a brief written justification for any adjustments applied. The original cruise files, with updated flags determined during additional primary GLODAP QC, are available through the GLODAPv2. 2022 cruise summary table (CST) hosted by OCADS: https://www.
ncei. noaa. gov/ access/ocean-carbon-acidification-data-system/oceans/ GLODAPv2_2022/cruise_table_v2022. html  (GLODAP, 2022c). Each of these files has been assigned a DOI, which is included in the data product files but not listed here. The CST also provides brief information on each cruise and access to metadata, cruise reports, and its adjustment table entry. While GLODAPv2. 2022 is made available without any restrictions, users of the data should adhere to the fair data use principles: for investigations that rely on a particular (set of) cruise(s), recognize the contribution of GLODAP data contributors by at least citing both the cruise DOI and any articles where the data are described, as well as, preferably, contacting principal investigators to explore opportunities for collaboration and co-authorship.
Summary GLODAPv2. 2022 is an update of GLODAPv2. 2021. Data from 96 new cruises have been added to supplement the earlier release and extend temporal coverage by 1 year. GLO-DAP now includes 48 years, 1972-2021, of global interior ocean biogeochemical data from 1085 cruises. The total number of data records is 1 381 248 (Table  8 ). Records with measurements for all 13 core variables (salinity, oxygen, nitrate, silicate, phosphate, TCO 2 , TAlk, pH, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl 4 , and SF 6 ) are very rare (174), and requiring only two out of the three core seawater CO 2 chemistry variables, in addition to all the other core variables, is still very rare with only 636 records (Table  8 ). A major limiting factor to having all core variables is the simultaneous availability of data for all four transient tracer species and SF 6.
In GLODAPv2. 2022 there are 98 951 records with SF 6 data and 427 913 records with at least one transient tracer or SF 6. A total of 2 % (27 906) of all data records do not have salinity. There are several reasons for this, the main one being the inability to vertically interpolate due to a separation that is too large between measured samples. Other reasons for missing salinity include salinity not being reported and missing depth or pressure. As for previous versions there is a bias toward summertime in the data in both hemispheres; most data are collected during April through November in the Northern Hemisphere, https://doi. org/10. 5194/essd-14-5543-2022 Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543-5572, 2022 while most data are collected during November through April in the Southern Hemisphere (Fig.
For GLODAPv2. 2022 a special case is the RV Knorr cruises in 1994-1995 in which the adjustment reflects offsets in CRM measurements that have not previously been corrected for. The adjustment table at https://glodapv2-2022. geomar. de/ (last access: 15 August 2022) lists all applied adjustments and provides a brief justification for each. The consistency analyses rely on deep ocean data (> 1500 or 2000 dbar depending on region), but supplementary CANYON-B and CONTENT analyses consider data below 500 dbar. Data consistency for cruises with exclusively shallow sampling was not examined. All new pH data for this version were comprehensively reviewed using crossover analysis, and only one required adjustment, while another had to be flagged bad (-777) and removed from the product. Regardless, full reanalysis of all available pH data, particularly in the North Pacific, will be conducted for GLO-DAPv3.