dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
NMR methods All NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 500 MHz spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm Smart Probe, operating at 470 MHz for uorine. 1D 19 F NMR were recorded at 5 C with a zgbsigqn (for G6P complexes) or zgigqn (for G1CP and G1CF s P complexes) pulse program and acquired over 3000-31 150 transients with a recycle delay of 2. 5 s. MgF 3 -TSA samples contained 1 mM (5FWbPGM and 5FWbPGM W24F) or bPGM K m and k cat determination All kinetic data was obtained using spectrophotometric analysis. The turnover of bG1P (commercially available) to G6P was monitored by the accumulation of NADPH (3 340 ¼ 6. 22 mM À1 cm À1 ) via a coupled reaction to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Kinetic assays were performed in 100 mL total volume at 25 C in 50 mM HEPES pH 7. 2 and contained 2 mM MgCl 2, 0.
Crystallization, data collection and renement Puried 5FWbPGM was concentrated to 10 mg mL À1 and used for sitting drop vapour diffusion crystallization experiments. Orthorhombic crystals of the 5FWbPGM-MgF 3 À -G6P complex were obtained from already established conditions 29 and cryocooled directly. 31 New crystal conditions for the apo-protein and 5FWbPGM-MgF -G6P complex grew in 20% (w/v) PEG 5000MME and 0. 1 M sodium acetate. Crystals were harvested and cryocooled automatically using the CrystalDirect robot. X-ray diffraction data were collected by the autonomous ESRF beamline MASSIF-1 32 using automatic protocols for the location and optimal centring of crystals. 33 The beam diameter was selected automatically to match the crystal volume of highest homogeneous quality. Strategy calculations accounted for ux and crystal volume in the parameter prediction for complete data sets.
Data reduction was performed with XDS 34 followed by AIMLESS. 35 The crystals of the apo-protein belonged to the orthorhombic space group P2 1 2 1 2, with two molecules in the asymmetric unit coordinating a Ca 2+. The new crystal form of the 5FWbPGM-MgF 3 À -G6P complex was in the monoclinic space group P2 1 with two molecules in the asymmetric unit (Table  S1  †). The structures were solved using PHASER_MR 36 implemented in CCP4 using the coordinates of the open conformation of b-PGM (PDB code 2WHE; 29 apo-protein) and the native bPGM-MgF 3 À -G6P structure (pdb code 2WF5; 29 5FWbPGM-MgF 3 À -G6P complex) as initial search models. Renement was carried out using REFMAC5  37  and PHENIX  38  and by manual rebuilding with COOT. 39.
3, δ(J2000) = +00 o 19 22. 7. The observations are summarized in Table  1. Pointing checks and flux calibration were achieved via observations of Neptune and Uranus, immediately before and after the science exposures. Data reduction was carried out using the SubMillimeter User Reduction Facility (smurf) makemap pipeline  (Chapin et al. 2013) , with flat-fields, image stacking, and removing atmospheric emission (see also  Hine et al. 2016  for more details). The main beam size of the SCUBA-2 observations at 850 µm is 14 and the map is convolved with a smoothed beam of 30 to optimize the detection of point sources. The total on-source integration time was about 91 hours (see Table  1 ). The final beam-convolved map reaches an rms noise level of 0. 75 mJy/beam within the central 15 arcmin and about 1.
VLA observations We observed the SSA22 region centered around the location of our SCUBA-2 observations with the VLA in Bconfiguration at S-band (2-4 GHz), under projects 15A-120 and 16A-310. During 17 sessions with a total observing time of 41 hours, we observed three positions in 2015 and 2016 (see Table  1  for the observing log). The total bandwidth was 2 GHz, split into 16 spectral windows. Data were first processed through the VLA Common Astronomy Software Applications (CASA) Calibration Pipeline by NRAO staff, performing basic flagging and calibration. Then we iteratively inspected the data, and then flagged the data with radio frequency interference. The final mosaic of images was created with CASA task CLEAN, reaching an rms sensitivity of 1. 5 µJy/beam (before primary beam correction) and an angular resolution of 2.
The former is not covered by the VLA observations and the latter has a weak radio counterpart. Thus, all SCUBA-2 sources are very likely associated with the LABs, instead of merely representing chance coincidences along the given lines-of-sight. Previously, three deep (sub)mm surveys had been carried out in this field  (Geach et al. 2005 (Geach et al. , 2017;; Tamura et al. 2013; Hine et al. 2016)  and their results are presented in Table  2. Early SCUBA data  (Geach et al. 2005)  show five sources detected at ≥3. 5σ. However, only two sources, LAB1 and LAB18, have been confirmed by the recent deeper SCUBA2 observations  (Hine et al. 2016). Our results are consistent with those in  Hine et al. (2016). For the LABs detected in  Geach et al. (2005) , we confirmed all sources but mostly with much lower flux densities.
Comments on individual LABs Radio data are not only helpful to discover the powering sources, but also to provide accurate positions of the unresolved SCUBA-2-detected sources and help to cross-identify and even verify the corresponding dust emission at a relatively faint detection level. Here, we will briefly describe the sources detected at submm and radio wavelengths. Deep X-ray observations with Chandra are available for the SSA22 field  (Geach et al. 2009; Lehmer et al. 2009) , and will also be discussed for the detected sources. For those readers mainly interested in statistically relevant results, we recommend continuing with § 4.
LAB3 The VLA data show a tentative detection within this LAB, but no dust emission is detected with SCUBA-2. Note that the radio peak has only a 3σ significance, and there are no counterparts at other wavelengths. Thus, the VLA signal might not be reliable, and we consider this LAB as undetected at radio frequencies. A strong X-ray source is detected in this LAB, however it is not coincident with the weak radio peak. Recently, dust continuum has been marginally detected around this LAB with ALMA  (Alexander et al. 2016 ), but it is outside of the LAB, offset ∼4. 5 arcsec (∼30 kpc) from the center. Thus, the dust continuum is not considered to be associated with the LAB.
The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. Figure  1. The signal-to-noise map of the SCUBA-2 data in the SSA22 region in grey is overlaied with contour levels of 0. 8, 0. 9, 1. 0, 1. 1, 1. 3, 1. 5 and 1. 7 mJy/beam of the noise map. The locations of the 35 LABs identified by  Matsuda et al. (2004)   2 ), VLA radio emission at 3 GHz in green (contour levels are 2,  3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20 and 30σ  and the values of σ are the noise levels prior to primary beam correction given in Column 6 of Table  2 ) and Chandra X-ray emission in yellow (the contour levels of number counts of the smoothed full-band, 0. 5-8 keV, image adopted from  Lehmer et al. 2009 are 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 30, 40 and 50)  are overlaid on the Lyα emission taken from  Matsuda et al. (2004). Radio sources are labelled with letters in blue when more than one radio core is detected in one LAB.
Figure1. The signal-to-noise map of the SCUBA-2 data in the SSA22 region in grey is overlaied with contour levels of 0. 8, 0. 9, 1. 0, 1. 1, 1. 3, 1. 5 and 1. 7 mJy/beam of the noise map. The locations of the 35 LABs identified by Matsuda et al. (2004)  are shown as yellow circles with diameters of 25 arcsec. The ID numbers of the sources are indicated in green.
We thank the anonymous referee for valuable comments that improved this manuscript. Y. A. thanks  Fangxia An  for the comment about the effect of extinction correction on Lyα escape fraction and  Thomas Reiprich  for the discussion about the contributions to the X-ray emission. Y. A. was supported by the  ALMA   Japan Research Grant  of  NAOJ Chile Observatory ,  NAOJ-ALMA-0165. Y. A. acknowledges partial support by  NSFC  grant  11373007  and  Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS. M. H. acknowledges the support of the  Swedish Research Council, Vetenskapsrådet  and the  Swedish National Space Board (SNSB) , and is Fellow of the  Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. N. K. H. is supported by the  Science and Technology Facilities Council  (grant number  ST/K502029/1 ). The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope has historically been operated by the  Joint Astronomy Centre on behalf of the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom , the  National Research Council of Canada  and the  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research.
However, economic analyses are essential to justify the allocation of funds for surveillance, eradication and control programmes of animal diseases, and constitute a helpful tool to support decision in the choice of various strategies. The objective of this study was the assessment, for the first time in France, of the costs and the cost-effectiveness of the bTB Sylvatub surveillance system in free-ranging wildlife in France. We used the scenario tree modelling approach, with the same model structure as for the efficiency assessment  [10]. This method presents the advantage of combining several data sources based on non-probabilistic sampling, evaluating separately or together the effectiveness and the costs of several components in order to estimate the efficiency of surveillance strategies, all within the French context in terms of geography, resources and infrastructure  [18, 19].
Costs estimation per SSC Economic data were included in scenario trees, for each step of the detection process. Mean costs were estimated for the 2013-2014 hunting season, by SSC, risk-level and specie, for one year. Cost variability was also estimated, as the importance of extreme values and their probability of occurrence may influence the choice of a surveillance strategy and thus provide information as objective as possible to decision makers. The estimated costs were divided into three main categories, which cover several costs: • Coordination: organization of surveillance activities, meetings, communication (letters, convening letters, information, results. ), backstopping and follow-up of the actors in their field missions, administrative and financial follow-up of the surveillance activities, salary of the stakeholders in charge of local and national coordination, etc.
Acknowledgments We thank the  French Ministry of Agriculture  and the  French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety  (The  UCAS Unit and the National Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis ) for providing data from the ongoing surveillance system in France. We also thank the hunting associations and field stakeholders (hunters and actors of the SAGIR network) for their valuable help in collecting samples and the experts, for providing valuable information for the estimation of parameters. For the economic aspects, we thank  Eric Durand  who participated to the collection of data and all actors providing economic data at local or national level.
A high-resolution structure of E. coli TolAIII free in solution has been obtained by heteronuclear NMR (Protein Data Bank PDB code 1S62)  (12) , whereas the TolAIII in complex with coliphage pIII-N1 M13 (residues 11-86) has been obtained by X-ray crystallography (PDB code 1Tol). The structure shows that the pIII-N1 M13 domain binds the concave side of TolAIII Ec , forming a continuous interprotein ␤-sheet  (8). In 2012, Ford et al. (15)  determined the crystal structure of pIII-N1 CTX domain alone and in complex with the V. cholerae TolAIII domain (PDB code 4G7X). Surprisingly, the authors showed that pIII-N1 CTX binds on the convex face of TolAIII Vc , resulting in a continuous interprotein ␤-sheet (Fig. 1A ). Thus, interaction between the two partners delineates a distinct interface compared with the coliphage model of infection  (15).
Specific recognition between the TolAIII Vc and pIII-N1 CTX domains relies on two salt bridges We aimed to identify the residues showing a predominant role in the specificity of binding. Reversible protein/protein interactions involve low energy ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions. Based on the co-crystal structure of TolAIII Vc and pIII-N1 CTX (PDB code 4G7X (  15 )), we focused our analysis on the intermolecular salt bridges. Residues Lys-324, Arg-325, and Lys-347 on TolAIII Vc , respectively, interact with Glu-37, Asp-39, and Glu-92 on pIII-N1 CTX (Fig. 3A ). To analyze the importance of these three salt bridges in the complex formation, we abolished them sequentially by introducing single residue substitutions on TolAIII Vc. We confirmed that the different TolAIII Vc variants showed production level and stability equivalent to the wild-type T18-TolAIII construct by immunodetection (Fig.
In V. cholerae, periplasmic expression of the CTX pIII-N1 domain leads to Tol phenotypes Oxi-BTH assay and NMR studies allowed us to identify key residues on the CTX⌽ minor capsid protein that were involved in TolAIII binding. To confirm these data in vivo, we used a periplasmic expression assay in V. cholerae. In E. coli, it has been previously shown that production of the N-terminal domain of colicin A (34) or of the pIII-N1 domain of coliphage f1 (10) into the periplasm of WT cells perturbs the Tol-Pal system by sequestering the TolA protein, and consequently results in tol phenotypes. This approach is particularly suitable to study the translocation step of phage infection, as it does not require production and assembly of mutated phage particles, their TCP-dependent reception, and their OM transport.
Conservation of the Lys-324 and Arg-325 residues in other TolA Vibrio species The Tol-Pal system has a widespread distribution in Gramnegative bacteria. We first questioned TolA sequence conservation among 128 V. cholerae isolate genomes available on the NCBI database, and we found that the full-length protein is 100% identical (supplemental Fig. S3 ). We then broadened the study to the Vibrionaceae family, including 82 Vibrio species (supplemental Fig. S4 ) and 33 non-Vibrio species (six Aliivibrio, three Enterovibrio, five Grimontia, 13 Photobacterium, and six Salinovibrio (supplemental Fig. S5 ). PSIPRED analysis (37) of the TolAIII amino acid sequences suggests that the secondary structures are conserved among Vibrionaceae (data not shown). Alignments of TolAIII sequences from multiple Vibrio species indicates that Lys-324 is highly conserved (73/82 For each construct, infection efficiency is expressed as the percentage of infection compared with the receiver strain carrying the empty vector.
Together, our data further demonstrate that the CTX⌽ naturally exposes a TolA-binding site on the N-terminal domain of pIII, which is reminiscent to IF1 and IKe coliphage infection strategy  (50). It implies that CTX⌽ binding to the primary receptor TCP might be responsible for phage recruitment from the environment and possibly active pulling to the cell surface through retraction (  14 ), but it is not required to unmask the pIII-N1 TolA-binding site. The crystal structure of the complex (PDB code 4G7X) suggested that multiple interactions (ionic, hydrophobic, polar contacts, and van der Waals forces) contribute to the binding interface between TolAIII Vc and pIII-N1 CTX. The TolAIII Vc ␤2-strand folds around pIII-N1 CTX , resulting in a continuous intermolecular ␤-sheet that involves multiple hydrogen bonds between the backbone chains of TolAIII ␤2-strand and pIII-N1 ␤1-strand.
It is noteworthy that mutating the TolAIII Arg-325 residue alone had a stronger negative impact on phage binding than mutating the TolAIII Lys-324 residue (Fig. 3 ). We used the 2P2I database (http:// 2p2idb. cnrs-mrs. fr/2p2i_inspector. html)  4  (51, 52) to gain insights into the protein-protein interface parameters. Results showed a total of 88 non-bonded contacts (distance cutoff 4 Å) between pIII-N1 CTX and TolAIII Vc (supplemental Fig. S4 ). Among these 88 contacts, TolAIII Arg-325 was engaged in 20 different contacts with pIII-N1 surface, whereas TolAIII Lys-324 was engaged in six (supplemental Fig. S6 ). These observations might explain the more predominant role of the TolAIII Arg-325 residue in pIII-N1 binding, compared with Lys-324. Overall, this is reminiscent of what was previously observed for M13 coliphage pIII-N1 binding on the concave side of TolAIII Ec , where the interaction makes an antiparallel continuous ␤-sheet stabilized by two salt bridges (TolAIII Ec Asp-210, Lys-212 interacting with pIII-N1 M13 Arg-29 and Asp-28, respectively (PDB code 1Tol (  8 )).
In silico analysis Search for V. cholerae O395 TolA orthologous sequences was performed with BlastP and restricted to Vibrionaceae species. Multisequence alignments were performed using Clustal Omega  (73)  and color-coded with JalView2 tool  (24). The 2P2I database  (51, 52)  was used to list all the non-bonded contacts at the complex interface (PDB code 4G7X) with a cutoff distance of 4 Å.
Acknowledgments-We thank  François-Xavier Barre ,  Paula Watnick ,  Delphine Destoumieux-Gazon ,  Marie-Stephanie Aschteng ,  Long-Fei Wu , and  Emmanuelle Bouveret  for providing useful strains and plasmids. We thank  Emmanuelle Bouveret ,  Eric Cascales ,  Bérengère Ize ,  Marlon Sidore , and all the members of the  Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires  for helpful discussions and support;  Annick Brun ,  Isabelle Bringer ,  Moly Ba ,  Olivier Uderso , and  Faniry Raboanarivola  for technical assistance; and  Octave Uhleure  for encouragements. We thank  Olivier Bornet  at the NMR platform of IMM for NMR time machine necessary for recording NMR spectra.
This work was supported in part by  CNRS  and the  Aix-Marseille Université  (to the R. L. and W. G. Laboratories) and  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  Grant  ANR-14-CE09-0023  (to the R. L. research team). The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article. This article contains supplemental Figs. S1-S6 and Tables  S1-S2. 1 Supported by  Postdoctoral Fellowship FRM ,  SPF20100518724  from  Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale. Supported by a Ph. D. fellowship from the  French Ministry of Research.
The radiated power of microwave antennas is almost constant and consequently the DC power regulatory circuits should be minimal for such harvesting systems. In order to demonstrate the proof-the-concept and the feasibility of such harvesters, several rectennas were developed by the research group at CNRS-LAAS Toulouse  [31]  in the framework of research grants funded by CNES (French Space Agency). The goal was to develop high-efficiency and compact rectennas providing DC power in the range of the mW. Based on innovative antenna topologies (CDA: Cross Dipole Antenna and CDAA: Cross Dipole Antenna Array) we recently proposed compact coplanar stripline-supported rectennas. Fig. 11  shows the CDA rectenna topology while the CDAA rectenna is given in Fig. 12. CDA rectennas use only the top side of the PCB.
This will thus lead to a maintenance-free technology. The stored energy on the super capacitors can then be used for longer haul wireless communications and the powering of the wireless body sensor network of the animal. Aspects such as the distance between the drinking troughs, the time the animal typically needs to drink, and the energy consumption during autonomous operation determine the design space for this inductive wireless power solution. This work is supported by the iMinds-MoniCow project, co-funded by iMinds, a research institute founded by.
In total 4 receivers were used in the proposed system, each placed in the maximum gain direction of each transmitter radiation pattern. The schematic drawing of the system is shown in Fig. 31. During operation of a WSN node, measurements of certain physical quantities can be completed and send to the data sink (WSN receiver in Fig. 31 ). Apart from that, each WSN node can measure and send the voltage level of the supercapacitor to which it is connected. The voltage levels can be collected periodically from each WSN node to the data sink located at the transmitter. Based on WSN node responses, the transmitter radiation pattern can be autonomously switched in time in order to cover current energy demand of each WSN node and thus allow the network to remain operational for a long time. Using received voltage levels, the transmitter can switch radiation patterns according to the following algorithm: 1) Receive voltage levels from all nodes.
2) Calculate difference and offset from the limit voltage value for each node. 3) Calculate illumination duration for each node (weighted sum of factors from point 2). 4) Start counter and switch radiation patterns in calculated moments. 5) Go to point 1). In Fig. 32 , the WPT system for automated charging of WSN nodes can be seen. To verify performance of the WPT system, a charging experiment has been performed. In the experiment, all WSN nodes were measuring and sending the data to the sink while being charged according to the algorithm. Voltage levels measured by all WSN nodes versus time are presented in Fig. 33. It can be seen that the node with the lowest voltage level obtains the highest amount of energy from the transmitter. Other nodes are discharging slowly, but in case of high energy loss (sudden voltage drop in Fig.
F. UHF RFID Library Management System A passive UHF RFID Library Management System (LMS) was designed and built in order to serve the purpose of a university library  [112]. The prototype was actually built and tested in a laboratory setting with very good evaluation results. The main objectives of the project were to: a) provide stock management including inventory monitoring, identification of missing or lost library items and locating books on shelves; b) implement item security measures against possible thefts often incurred in libraries; c) eliminate time-consuming processes when checking items out of the library or returning items to the library. A block diagram of the RFID-enabled LMS is shown in Fig. 43. It consists of several sub-systems including smart shelves, user self-service desk, database server, portal security system and mobile cart unit.
The database server is the backbone for the whole system. It is the place where all the relevant information such as book titles, user accounts, checked-out books, and stock-taking reports are kept. Using the self-service desk (see Fig. 44(b-c )), which consists of a PC, an RFID reader and a near-field antenna, the library users can perform all functions that typically take place in a library environment, namely search for a book by title, author, publisher or ISBN number. In addition, they are allowed to review their own activity record, to self-checkout books, and to return to the library previously checked-out books. A userfriendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed in order to provide to the users enhanced functionality and transparency. Through this User Interface (UI), the librarian has additional privileges compared to the average user including modification of system settings, editing user accounts and book entries (e.
RF multiplexers (as shown in Fig. 47 ) are also used at intermediate points between the reader and the shelf antennas in order to reduce the total number of readers required to cover the overall needs of the library. The multiplexers are software-controlled (using Arduinos) and they are already implemented in the in-house developed software application. Each RFID reader can be connected and service up to 32 antennas. A security portal at the entrance of the library, as shown in Fig. 43 , consists of a stationary RFID reader and a high-gain antenna or array of antennas. This system is connected to the network in order to provide access to the software application developed for this purpose. Alert information is passed to a dedicated software application that runs on the circulation desktop which is controlled by the library administrator.