dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
On 8 April 2023, we collected 1083 correction notices published by the JACS since 2000, i. e. , 1061 Additions/Corrections, and 22 Retractions. They point to 1068 publications (53% of which are Articles, 45% are Communications, and less than 2% are other document types). The dataset is available for download  (Bordignon, 2023). We therefore carried out the following processes: -We manually checked the quality of the information provided by the JACS at the level of the original publication webpage (checking for the existence of a statement informing about an editorial notice and linking to it, either by a banner and an active URL or by a written mention) and at the level of the correction notice (with the same type of active banner linking to the corrected paper, or by a written mention). We read the notices to check whether the type (Addition/Correction or Retraction) is consistent with the content.
We labelled the reporting of the information as "Adequate" when the Addition/Correction or the Retraction are really so, and when there is a back-and-forth link between the notice and the publication (or even several links, if multiple corrections have been successively performed). If one of these elements is missing, or is false (e. g. , a broken link, a wrong categorization), we label it as "Inadequate". -With the DOIs of the notices, we queried the Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed (three bibliographic databases) to check to what extent the notices are included and under what category. We considered the data presentation as "Adequate" when the Addition/Correction or the Retraction were really so (even if the JACS terminology is not used, such as Erratum or Correction), when there is a back-and-forth link between the notice record and the publication record (or if the status is correctly indicated in the title (e.
g. : "RETRACTION OF:. ")). If one of these elements is missing, or is false (e. g. , a broken link, a wrong categorization), we labelled it as "Inadequate". Finally, we distinguished between notices that are not included in the database, and those that are not included in the database and whose associated publication is also missing. -With the DOIs of the original papers 4  , we queried the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, OpenAlex 5  and Crossref 6  to check for the presence of the correction and/or retraction statement(s) at the level of the description of each paper. We did not include Dimensions in the study as errata are not part of the information they provide, only retractions are indicated. For each database, we labelled the items as "Adequate" or "Inadequate"; we also collected the information that the publication is or is not included in the database.
4% of the publications associated with a correction or a retraction notice are correctly displayed by the JACS (i. e. , with a back-and-forth link to the notice and the correct mention of the status). For the part of the 2000-2005 corpus that aligns with Hubbard's (2010), we can even say that the situation has improved since his study in 2010, with a rate increasing from 96% to 99%, which means that corrective updates must have been made by the JACS over the past period. With this reconstructed database, we are then able to verify the accuracy of the information provided by the bibliographic databases.
Dissemination of the information across bibliographic databases The indexing of correction or retraction notices in bibliographic databases is of uneven quality depending on the database: in the Web of Science, coverage is good and there are few errors (0. 8% over the whole period); in Scopus, coverage is good but there are more errors (2. 6% over the whole period); and in PubMed, coverage went through ups and downs in the early 2000s but has improved significantly while the quality of reporting corrections has always been excellent over the full period. Now looking at the original publications, the first observation we make is that, surprisingly, what is not properly or prominently displayed on the JACS website is not necessarily misreported in other venues. The most striking example is the following: out of the 18 publications miscategorized as corrections on the JACS website, 17 appear correctly in PubMed, and the same is true for 10 of them in the Web of Science (all belonging to the set of 17 rightly presented in PubMed).
None are "corrected" in Scopus. Over the whole corpus and period, the Web of Science is the most imprecise in that there is no possibility of being aware of the existence of a correction if one comes across the record of a publication. Only retractions are specifically flagged. Even if the correction exists elsewhere in the database, we consider the presentation of these publications to be inadequate, as the users are not sufficiently informed. They have to check all their results one by one by searching the titles in the database to eventually spot items categorized as corrections. We were confident that Crossref could provide a solution to the shortcomings of these databases, especially since a metadata (update-to) dedicated to updates of the version of record exists and is used to feed the Crossmark service 8.
The different databases and information providers seem to feed (or even correct) each other. But since no source seems to be perfect, it is still up to the researchers to check the validity of information. This brings us back to Garfield's call: "Scientists ought to develop the habit of looking for corrections or retractions of works they cite in their publications"  (Garfield, 1991). This habit is nowadays much easier to implement with the many technical connections that are developed between the components of scientific communication. For example, in addition to an active query in the bibliographic databases, the problematic case shown in Figure  8  is solved by the PubPeer 10  and Scite 11  extensions at the browser level: In this context, the infrastructure as a whole, and in particular the technical connection established by and between the identifiers (e.
This kind of study is therefore essential to mobilize them all. In the context of this STI 2023 conference, it is also an opportunity to remind those in charge of scientometric studies or research evaluation procedures to be aware of the shortcomings of the bibliographic databases they rely on it for their analyses. This preliminary work will need to be complemented by further studies on a broader scope. These studies should also take into account other manifestations of disagreement in science, to be considered as corrective actions, which may include Comments or Letters to the Editor, postpublication peer-review comments or critical citations.
eMPIRICAL ANALySIS Data Collection and Construct Measurement An online survey was sent to professional contacts and those in the databases of our institutions. (Joinson, 1999). Initially constructed and tested by  Walsh et al. (2010)  in Australia, the PSD scale is based on the components of addictive behavior described in  Brown (1997)  Euphoria is not specific to addictive behavior, however. The study selected the five items of the PSD scale as adapted by  Gentina and Rowe (2020)  in France. The PSD scale measured aspects of behavior related to: (1) salience without reason; (2) conflict; (3) tolerance to loss of control; and (4) relapse. The study used the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS, see  Brown and Ryan, 2003). The study adapted the scales of  Li et al. (2017)  to the smartphone to explore the uses and gratifications associated with e-mail and the internet for professional purposes and social networking.
As a result, the financial income of IMCUs is largely lower than their cost, and may compromise their long-term sustainability. 22  However, it is now possible to extract case-mix, relevance of IMCU use and clinical performance of IMCUs from hospital databases to understand and quantify the financial gap. UNISURC is a two-part project which aims at selecting reference criteria medically pertinent to admit patients to IMCU in France, and assessing their distribution in a prospective multicentre nationwide cohort of patients eligible to IMCU. We present here the selection of medical criteria as the first part of the project.
Organisation The Steering Committee (SC) of this project gathered intensivists, anaesthesiologists, emergency medicine practitioners and methodologists. As project data would be obtained by a field survey, a prerequisite was to define, in a consensual manner, the set of data to be considered. These items would then be retrieved during a nationwide observational survey to model their association with appropriate admission and then calculate an admissibility score. Three principal patient pathways to IMCU were considered: postoperative room, emergency department and discharge from ICU. We did not consider hospital wards because of their heterogeneity across hospital structures. The SC anticipated relevance of a patient admission into IMCU might depend on criteria belonging to the following dimensions: chronic factor (CF); acute factor (AF); specific pathway (SP); nursing activity (NA) and hospital environment (HE).
Fourth, there was a 1-year delay between the first and the second round that may contribute to the decrease in number of participants. At last, our Delphi survey was performed in the French health context, and its relevance for other countries requires further exploration. Fifth, the data was collected in 2016 and might be considered old. However, the age of this type of data does not have a significant impact on our results because the items submitted to the Delphi rounds did not vary over time (the techniques used to treat critically ill patients do not have much changed in recent years), and the structure of the health system has not changed, at least in France, over this period.
Acknowledgements We wish to particularly thank  Adyla Yacoubi ,  Sabrina Verchère ,  Nabila Yasmine Domingo-Saidji  and  Eléonore Ponsot  for their role in the technical and organisational aspects of the UNISURC project. We thank  Geoff Chase, PhD , for his critical review and the English improvement of the manuscript. Contributors Conception of the study: BM, MB. Design: BM, MB, PA, CA, BG. Acquisition of the data: RB. Analysis and interpretation: BM, MB, PA, CA, BG, CB, RB. Drafting of the manuscript: BM. Revising for important intellectual content: MB, PA, BG. Final approval of the version to be published: BM, MB, PA, CA, BG, CB, RB. The authors are accountable for the accuracy or integrity of the work are appropriately. BM is responsible for the overall content as guarantor.
Acknowledgments. The authors thank the members of the methodological support group for this project:  Vincent Augusto , Director of the  Engineering and Health Centre, École des Mines, Saint-Étienne ;  Valérie Buthion , Senior Lecturer in  Management Science, University Lyon  1;  Dominique Costagliola , methodologist, Director of Research,  University Pierre  and  Marie Curie, Paris  6;  Carine Franc , health economist, researcher at the  Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif ;  Benoit Dervaux , health economist,  University of Lille ;  Thierry Garaix  (replacing  Vincent Augusto ),  University Lecturer  and Researcher,  Engineering and Health Centre, École des Mines, Saint-Étienne ;  Bernard Guillot ,  Professor-Hospital  Practitioner,  University of Montpellier ;  Julie Le Cardinal ,  University Lecturer  and Researcher,  Centrale Supélec, Paris ;  Jean-Claude Moisdon , Distinguished Research Fellow at  École Nationale Supérieure des Mines Paris (ENSMP ), former Director of  Centre de Gestion Scientifique, Civil Engineering Graduate from ENSMP, Paris ;  Pascal Sellier , user representative; as well as the DEMESP services of the  Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) :  Chantal   Andriamanga (SEAP) ;  Emmanuelle Blondet ;  Thierno Diatta  ( SEM ) and  Marie Georget  and  Estelle Piotto  ( SED ), who contributed to the documentary search, assisted by  Juliette Chazareng.
In the three study sectors, surveys were carried out using a phase-shift terrestrial scanner (Faro Focus 3D). Several hundred scenes, each with 7 million points (quality of x3), were acquired. They were consolidated using the sphere method and the point clouds were cleaned using 3DReshaper. The oor was separated from the vaults and ceilings and rasterised using CloudCompare (grid size of 1 cm). The raster images were produced from the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and shaded or slope maps  (Jaillet et al. , 2017)  were generated using QGIS 3. 16. In the Colonnes sector, a complementary series of photogrammetric data were collected after the removal of a thick coating of clay. The 231 photos acquired with a Nikon D810 APN were processed in Photoscan to produce a threedimensional model with 162 million points.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the municipality of  Saint-Marcel  and all the staff working at the cave for their hospitality, for placing their trust in us, and for facilitating our research and that of the Master's students. The research conducted by Master's students  Juliette Bannay ,  Elodie Lecornu ,  France Dubich ,  Hugo Burnet ,  Juliette Aronovitz , and  Mathilde Bertin  laid solid foundations for the work presented in this article. Many thanks to  Judicaël Arnaud  and the  Comité Départemental de Spéléologie (CDS) Ardèche  for their careful route marking that preserved the eldwork that was in progress and, above all, the humanmade modi cations linked to different generations of cave visitors. Our thanks to the  Sciences du Climat et Environnement (LCSE) laboratory  and the  Panoply platform  for paying special attention to the dating of the calcite samples, and to the Environnements,  Dynamiques et Territoire de la montagne (EDYTEM) laboratory  for the laser scanning and coring in the eld.
As part of the European RadoNorm research project, citizen science pilot projects focusing on the management of radon risk in houses have been implemented in four countries. This article describes the methodological basis, the development and the results of the French pilot project. Building on an initial review of existing literature, the pilot project aims to frame a 'participatory approach' aligned with the standards and recognized practices of citizen science. Particular attention was given to the management of data and the inclusion of ethical considerations. The focal point of the project was the process of radon building diagnosis which is supposed to be carried out whenever (high) radon concentrations are measured and should be prerequisite to mitigation works. As experience shows, however, this diagnosis is hardly implemented in France.
), that its conclusions can be questioned  (Oberle et al. , 2019)  and that the content of the standard existing ethical application form did not align with the challenges of citizen science and radiation protection 13. For the pilot project, it appeared necessary to adapt an existing file (for details about the adaptation, see Annex 7). If citizen science on radon were to develop, the pilot projects would benefit from a harmonized set of recommendations to decide whether approval from an ethics committee is needed. A template integrating the ethical principles of citizen science (e. g. ECSA, 2020) and possibly the ethical principles and procedural values of radiation protection (ICRP, 2018) would also be helpful in this respect. Principle 7 (ECSA, 2015) invites project leaders to make data and results publicly available and to publish in Open Access and in citizen science databases, but this may conflict with the need to respect the confidentiality of the participants, who run the risk of facing a potential devaluation of their property or being targeted by radon solution commercial providers.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledged the invaluable inputs from the citizens from  Pays Vesoul Val-de-Saône  who took part to the project. Mr. Thierry Schneider  gave the original spark that ignited the development of the protocol and has provided a welcome scientific review of this article. Andresz S,  Marchand-Moury  A, Goyette-Pernot J, et al. : STOREDB:STUDY1177 RadoNorm Subtask 6. 3. 1 -Citizen science pilot-project -Application in France -Documents -2021~2022. [Dataset] StoreDB, 2023. http://www. doi. org/10. 20348/STOREDB/1177.
Sociodemographic information To gather information on gender, participants were asked to select "male" or "female" as their gender identity. Age was collected as a continuous variable, with participants providing their age in years. Education level was collected by asking participants to select their highest level of education completed from the following options: middle school, high school, junior college, technical school, bachelor's degree, master's degree, and doctoral degree. After collecting the data on education levels using the options mentioned above, we categorized the participants into two groups: those with a college education (technical school, junior college, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees) and those without, which formed two approximately equal-sized groups.
In order to ensure that participants understood the instructions, each questionnaire was translated into French. To minimize any potential carryover effects and maintain the primary variable of interest, the OUS was consistently presented as the first scale. For this scale, participants were asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each statement on a seven-point scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree. The remaining three scales were presented in random order to prevent order effects. Finally, participants provided sociodemographic information, including gender, age, and educational level, to allow for later analysis of potential demographic influences. Overall, using Qualtrics allowed us to standardize the administration of the study, ensuring accurate data collection and analysis.
All statistical analyses were performed using JASP and RStudio. In our study, all of the response scales were ordinal variables, meaning that the data collected were of ordered categories. The assessment of construct validity involved conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. For the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), we utilized the minimum residual method with varimax rotation and set the eigenvalue criterion to greater than 1  (Costello & Osborne, 2005). To validate the factor solutions, we utilized both scree plot inspections and parallel analyses. These methods were used to help us determine the optimal number of factors to extract and ensure that the factors were meaningful and not simply the result of chance. The CFA were conducted using the lavaan package in RStudio  (Rosseel, 2012 ) via a maximum likelihood optimization method.
Funding The authors declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The study was supported by the  Ministry of Research, Luxembourg , and the  PRIDE Program  grant  PRIDE19/14254520/ i2TRON ,  PRIDE21/16749720/NEXTIMMUNE2  by  Fonds National de la Recherche (FNR), Luxembourg , and the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant  Agreement No. 101072377  by the  European Union 's  Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Program.
Sample and Data We gathered crowdfunding data from KissKissBankBank, one of the French leaders among rewardsbased crowdfunding platforms that was launched in 2009 and accumulated over €152 million to fund over 27,544 creative projects. 8 Using the method proposed by  Wessel et al. (2016) , available data on every crowdfunding campaign was collected automatically using a custom web crawler developed in Python with Selenium library. 9 Off-page communication factors also required the use of CAWIS (Computer Aided Web Information Sharing), a research prototype tool developed in Java that makes it possible to examine web visibility in real time and evaluate the SEO performance of a website  (Sagot et al. , 2018 (Sagot et al. , , 2021)). Our sample contained a total of 1,791 projects (a total of 21,492 observations).
Dependent Variable Dependent variables were represented by the crowdfunding campaign success. As discussed previously, a campaign is considered to be successful when it manages to raise funds. Following  Lukkarinen et al. 's (2016)  argument "the most successful crowdfunding campaigns can be seen to be those that attract both a sufficient amount of funds and a large number of individual investors," (p. 7) we decided to measure the exogenous variable by the number of backers (Nb_backers) and the amount raised (A_raised). The number of backers was computed by the number of individual backers that transferred funds to the target project campaign. The amount raised was the amount given by the backers to support the project. We chose continuous explained variables, rather than discrete ones, for the following two main reasons: (1) discrete variables restrict the amount of data availability and (2) we assumed that the project stakeholders were interested in the ways to strengthen the parameters that contribute to financing success  (Clauss et al.
409 and 520 words, which means that additional websites were structured following SEO requirements  (Drivas et al. , 2021; Portier et al. , 2020). Finally, as suggested by the average mobile score <50, the analyzed additional website performance on mobile devices was generally poor. Panel B of Table  2  summarizes descriptive statistics for our dummy variables. As can be seen in the results, 93. 91% of the analyzed project campaigns had Facebook pages, 32. 61% of the analyzed project campaigns had Twitter pages, and 12. 67% had LinkedIn pages. These results speak in favor of our decision to consider only Facebook-related variables to measure success of the analyzed project campaigns. The data collected for the number of backers and the amount raised variables (Nb_backers and A_raised) were directly scraped on each KissKissBankBank project campaign webpages, this information is publicly available on the platform.
The funding goal was also scraped on the platform allowing to automatically calculate the percentage completed (P_GFunding). Off-page communication factors such as the number of posts on Facebook (Posts_FB) or the additional website popularity (Popularity) were collected by using social media and additional website URL links available on the KissKissBankBank project campaign webpages. Then, as presented in the Sample Data section of this paper, CAWIS scraping tool was used to collect data on the additional website and social media by using a HTML parser and several APIs (e. g. , Moz, SemRush, Facebook, Ahrefs, PageSpeed Insights, etc. ).
CONCLUSION In this study, we investigated how off-page communication factors influence success of crowdfunding campaigns. Upon identification of relevant drivers of campaign success, we evaluated the influence of these variables using a dataset of 1,791 projects. Our results revealed that social contacts on external social media, as well as visibility and user experience of an additional website can help to reduce information asymmetry and promote trust among project parties. Several criteria related to search engine optimization (SEO) practices such as website popularity, structure, user experience, and content, or interaction on external social media, were found to influence the number of backers and the amount raised. Taken together, our results underscore the importance for project initiators' communication efforts toward using external social media and an additional website.