dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
MRI parameters Images were acquired using two 3T systems (Magnetom Skyra, Siemens Healthcare and Achieva, Philips Medical System). The imaging protocol included at least axial spin-echo T1-weighted imaging, axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging (FLAIR), followed by DSC-MRI data and contrast-enhanced gradient-echo 3D T1-weighted imaging (CE-T1WI). DSC-MRI was acquired with a gradient-echo echoplanar imaging technique during the first pass of a standard bolus of gadolinium contrast without pre-load bolus. The imaging parameters were as follows: Magnetom: TR 1710 ms, TE 20 ms, slice 4 mm, flip angle 90˚; Achieva: TR 1657 ms, TE 40 ms, slice thickness 4 mm, flip angle 75˚. During 45 consecutive echoplanar imaging scans lasting 1 minute 30 seconds, an intravenous bolus injection of 0.
2 ml/kg gadolinium chelate (Gadobenate dimeglumine, Multihance1, Bracco, Italy or Gadoteric acid, Dotarem1, Guerbet, France) was administered at a flow rate of 5 ml/s followed by a 20 ml saline flush. 3D CE-T1WI data were acquired with the following parameters for Magnetom: TR 1670 ms, TE 2. 30 ms, slice thickness 1 mm, flip angle 8˚and Achieva: TR 9. 89 ms, TE 4. 60 ms, slice 1 mm, flip angle 8˚. FLAIR data were acquired with the following parameters for both machines: TR 8000 ms, TE 100 ms, slice thickness 3 mm. software, using a unidirectional leakage correction algorithm for calculation of corrected CBV maps (Olea Sphere 3. 0 SP-6, Olea medical, La Ciotat, France).
DSC-MRI data post-processing First, using the hot-spot method of Wetzel et al which showed the best inter/intra-observer reproducibility  [19]. A single observer manually delineated 3 to 4 pre-shaped circular ROIs, ranging from 40 to 60mm 2 , in the enhancing lesion after visual assessment of CBV maps and normalised it with normal contralateral white matter to define rCBV. The highest rCBV value obtained among these ROIs was considered as rCBVmax. Secondly, a volume analysis was performed as follows: 1) manual segmentation, of the contrast-enhanced delineated lesion on the 3D CE-T1WI images, slice by slice, including central necrosis; 2) volume masks were transferred to the CBV maps using a rigid 3D co-registration algorithm; 3) the maximal CBV value of the segmented volume was automatically generated by the software; 4) normalisation was performed by delineation and calculation of the mean CBV of 3 freehand ROIs placed in the contralateral white matter at the superior, middle and inferior levels of the tumour and 5) CBV values of each pixel contained in the volume were extracted for analysis.
" • Category C: "Assessment has shown contamination that calls for technical management measures and even the implementation of health and safety measures. " The establishments covered by the environmental assessment were identified by crossing three databases: BCE (Base Centrale des Etablissements; from the French Ministry of Education), FINESS (Fichier National des Etablissements Sanitaires et Sociaux; French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health) and BASIAS, the French historical inventory of industrial and service activity sites (French Ministry for the Ecological Transition). BASIAS is the recorded memory of France's industrial past from the end of the 19th century to today. It provides information on industrial activities but not on the soil quality. Mercury is investigated as part of the assessment process.
A total of 137 samples were collected. To ensure independence of observations within a set of values (i. e. , not giving too much importance to sampling points for which many measurements were available), multiple measurements performed on the same point taken at different dates were averaged. This affected 12 data points and results in a single mean value associated with each point. Subsequently, all the data considered correspond to different measurement points. Consequently 125 values of mercury concentrations in sub-slab air and soil gases at a depth of 1 m were considered unique per measurement point: 99 were taken from sub-slab air samples and 26 were taken from soil gases at a depth of 1 m. Between one and eight measurements were performed in subsurface soil gases (1-m deep soil gas and sub-slabs) per geographical site.
Kaplan-Meier analysis The Kaplan-Meier method was used to interpret soil gas mercury concentration data because it is particularly suitable for data sets containing values below the quantification limits. It allows the mean, median and some quantiles to be estimated for a data population in the presence of values below the limit of quantification (LQ). It is a non-parametric method. It does not require the use of assumptions such as the mean or standard deviation that assume a particular data distribution form. Instead, it uses the relative positions (ranks) of the values in the dataset. This approach uses an ordinal method: It uses the rank of each value without using the true numerical value. By construction, all values below the highest LQ will be censored even if they were detected. Consider the following dataset: Values <1 <1 3 <5 7 8 8 8 1 2 1 5 2 2 Ranks 2.
In these tests, individuals are placed under different living conditions and their durability over time is reported at each stage of the test. However, the test cannot last until all the individuals reach the end of their life, some of them having a life span higher than a given value when the test stops. The dataset therefore contains several results that are censored towards the high values. Nevertheless, using the information contained in the ranks and proportions of data above and below the multiple LQ, the survival analysis can calculate the basic statistical parameters of the study population: median, mean, standard deviation, standard error, percentiles. Additional guidance and details on Kaplan-Meier analysis are provided in  Helsel (2012)  and  Huston and Juarez-Colunga (2009).
Classic historical study The classic historical study consisted in consulting: -The National Geographic Institute's (Institut Géographique National) historical aerial photographs, available at a regular time steps; -The BASIAS database (database of former industrial sites and service activities, https://www. georisques. gouv. fr/risques/basias/donnees#/) to identify the former industrial activities at or near the establishment; -Archives within French government departments (Local authorities/ Regional Directorate for Environment/regional archives and city halls), relating to these former activities (files relating to classified facilities in particular); -Interviewing people with good knowledge of these sites; -And consulting the BASOL database (database of contaminated (or potentially contaminated) sites and soils; https://www.
Depending on the type of industrial site identified, the contaminants selected for collection and analysis in the environmental media vary. To help in selecting a specific analytical program for each assessment, the French Ministry for the Ecological Transition implemented in 2007 (MEDAD, 2007) a tool called the "activity-contaminant matrix" and today the "BD Activipoll" database  (BRGM and MTE, 2018) , used as part of the methodology for managing contaminated sites. It specifies possible occurrences in environmental media, substance by substance, according to industrial activities (listed according to their NAF (French Nomenclature of Activities) code). For the 52 establishments, we classified the sampling points into two distinct mercury data populations according to their positioning vis-à-vis the area of influence of at least one former mercury-using activity as identified by the classic historical study.
Under the Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway from Groundwater and Soils (US EPA, 2002), a distance of 30 m around this activity was used as the influence limit for gaseous pollution. For each concentration data point, we assessed whether the sampling point was within a radius of 30 m around at least one former mercury-using activity. To facilitate the designation of these two populations, we call the population of measurements taken within the area of influence of at least one activity identified as potentially mercury-using "Mercury activity" and the population of measurements taken in the area of influence of no activity identified as potentially mercury-using "Non-mercury activity. ".
Comprehensive historical study A comprehensive historical study consists of a more extensive literature search with the aim of identifying potential mercury sources that may not be listed in the documentation used for the classic historical study. Specifically, comprehensive historical research looked at locating activities not identified in the BASIAS database (either because they were earlier or were not covered by legislation on classified facilities) through sources of additional information. This method has been fully applied on three establishments hosting sensitive populations in Paris. 2. 5. 2. 1. Sources consulted to make the historical study more comprehensive. The literature on environmental history provides a better understanding of the artisanal and/or industrial context of Paris and how it changed.
Comparing the measured mercury concentration distributions in each case is made difficult by the large number of samples for which the measured concentrations were below the limit of quantification (about 61% of all samples). To best process the data, a suitable statistical method was used. This is the Kaplan-Meier analysis  (Helsel, 2005). An important advantage of this approach is that unquantified values can be taken into account. Table  2  shows the descriptive values obtained after data processing by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The mean calculated for the Mercury activity population is 0. 058 μg/m 3 vs. 0. 030 μg/m 3 for the Non-mercury activity population (Fig. 3 ). However, the rate of non-quantification is higher for the Mercury activity population (about 69%) than for the Non-mercury activity population (about 54%).
Artisanal and industrial history of Paris until the 19th century Many older activities that may have used mercury are not listed in the databases used for the classic historical study. Starting with a rather artisanal organization and relatively modest workshops for mercury-using activities, from the 1760s Paris moved to an industrial scale. But both sides coexisted. On the one hand, in the 1810s some Paris districts held a concentration of small workshops, for instance Arcies and Lombards districts [straddling the current 3rd and 4th districts] where 200-300 metal gilders worked, or the Sainte Avoye and Saint Martin districts [mainly in the current 3th district] where hundreds of milliners congregated  (Guillerme, 2007b). On the other hand, the first major Parisian hat factories appeared from the 1760s onwards.
None of these activities had been identified in the classic historical study, in particular because they were not identified in the BASIAS database. Mercury is quantified in soil gases at the establishment, but concentrations are relatively low (up to 0. 021 μg/m 3 , i. e. , less than the TRV of 0. 03 μg/m 3 ) in light of the school's environmental history. 3. 2. 3. Case No. 3. Case No. 3  is in the 10th district. This district, relatively far from the center of Paris (outside the walls of Paris until 1790), developed mainly at the beginning of the 19th century. The St. Louis Hospital, the central point of this district, was built in the 17th century to quarantine contagious patients. Its activities have been specialized in skin and syphilitic diseases since 1801  (Tilles, n. d. ) , and used mercury-based treatments  (Guillerme, 2007b (Guillerme, , 2003)).
Classic historical studies fail to target sites with increased probability of mercury being present in soil gases The finding that mercury is measured in soil gases in many establishments, while the classic historical study does not identify the presence of old mercury-using activities near these establishments, means it will not be possible to effectively target sites for which the likelihood of mercury in soil gases is increased by searching for historical information in    SI-3). accordance with the French methodology for the management of contaminated sites and soils  (MEEM, 2017). This can be explained by the number or the contemporaneous period of information sources consulted (historical aerial photographs, BASIAS database, local and municipal archives and BASOL interviews and database).
Study design and participants We conducted a retrospective analysis using the electronic records of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust (CPFT). CPFT is the primary public mental health care provider for a population of approximately 860 000 people in a mixed urban/rural area (including the cities and towns of Cambridge, Peterborough, Huntingdon, and Ely) in the East of England, UK. We used the Clinical and Research Database (CRD) for Persistent Schizophrenia, under NHS Research Ethics approvals  (ref. 18/EE/0239; NHS Health Research Authority, 2021). This database contains anonymised routine clinical data from the CPFT Clozapine Clinic (see  Fernandez-Egea et al. , 2021). All clinical assessments in the CRD were performed by an experienced psychiatrist (EFE) or self-rated by the patient during routine clinical appointments.
The data were collected between 24th August 2012 and 1st August 2020. The CRD data included a total of 2560 assessments of 241 patients taking clozapine. As part of the care plan approach for everyone receiving care at the CPFT Clozapine Clinic, all individuals were asked to complete measures of psychotic and depressive symptoms, wellbeing, general functioning, and OCS on an annual basis. For this study, only those face-to-face assessments in which the OCI-R was completed were included. The final sample used data from 184 individuals (76% of the total sample); see Table  1  for details. Some completed these assessments on multiple occasions, producing a total of 527 data points. The date at which each patient completed the OCI-R for the first time constituted the baseline for that individual.
Acknowledgements. KP's PhD is funded by the  National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School for Public Health Research (SPHR)  (grant  PD-SPH-2015 ) and the  NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) East of England , though no funds were used for this research. MB is supported by a studentship from  Mental Health Research UK. SC's and RNC's research is funded by the  UK Medical Research Council  (grant  MC_PC_17213  to RNC). NF has received research grants from the  NIHR ,  Wellcome Foundation and Horizon2020 (COST) , all outside the scope of this work. This research was supported in part by the  NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)  (grant  BRC-1215-20014 ). This research was funded in part by the  Wellcome Trust  (grant  106431/Z/14/Z  to TWR); TWR has also received research grants from  Shionogi  and  GSK.
Methods In this multicenter cross-sectional study, data on consumption of medical and nonmedical resources and work ability were assessed via patient questionnaires. Costs were analyzed in Euros for 2018 from the societal perspective. HRQoL was captured by the EuroQoL Group 5 Dimension 5 Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. Clinical data were retrieved from the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS) database.
16 There are no data on costs and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for MOGAD to date. This underlines the need for independent research on disease costs and quality of life for these rare diseases. Accordingly, in September 2016, we initiated within the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS) a Germany-wide study to assess the costs and HRQoL of patients with NMOSD (Costs and Health-related Quality of Life of Patients With NMO Spectrum Disorders [CHANCE  NMO Study] ). The primary objective of this study was to assess the socioeconomic impact of these diseases from the societal perspective, together with the analysis of HRQoL and the main predictors thereof.
Outcome Measures Study participants were asked to answer a paper-based questionnaire (eQuestionnaire, links. lww. com/WNL/B773). Primary patient data on demographics, professional activity (and resulting impairment due to the disease), and retrospective consumption of medical and nonmedical resources were assessed. 21 Clinical data on disease onset, severity, duration, serostatus, symptoms, immunotherapy, and management of attacks were retrieved from the NEMOS database in which all centers prospectively update the information of every individual patient. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score was assessed by trained physicians during cohort visits. To investigate the patient self-reported HRQoL, we applied the validated EuroQoL Group 5 Dimension 5 Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L). 22, 23 st Estimation Cost estimation was performed from the societal perspective and by use of a microcosting method following current recommendations for health economic evaluation.
Statistical Analysis The paper-based data were recorded in an Excel 365 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) database by an independent double data entry for descriptive statistics. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS statistics version 26. 0 (IBM, Armonk, NY) and Prism version 5. 02 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). The D'Agostino-Pearson omnibus test was used to test for normal distribution of the data. Statistical significance of total COI, cost subcategories, and HRQoL parameters (index value, EuroQol Visual Analog Scale [EQ-VAS], and EQ-5D-5L) between disease duration subgroups (0-1 year vs >5 years and 0-5 years vs >5 years) was evaluated by nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. In addition, the differences in resource use between mildly (EDSS score 0-3) and severely (EDSS score 6. 5-8. 5) affected patients were tested with this method.
Multigroup comparisons were done with analysis of variance for nonparametric data (Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn multiple-comparison test as a post hoc test). The different serogroups (AQP4 IgG-positive NMOSD, double seronegative NMOSD, MOGAD fulfilling and not fulfilling IPND criteria 2015) were analyzed for differences in total disease costs, cost subgroups, and HRQoL parameters (index value, EQ-VAS score, and EQ-5D-5L score). Likewise, subgroups of different disease severity (patients mildly affected [EDSS score 0-3], moderately affected [EDSS score 3. 5-6], and severely affected [EDSS score 6. 5-8. 5]) were examined for differences in resource use. To evaluate influencing factors on costs and HRQoL as dependent variables, we studied a variety of independent candidate variables. Due to the skewed nature of these dependent variables, we used generalized linear models assuming that the dependent variables follow a gamma distribution rather a normal distribution.
We picked those independents variables that showed statistically significant results in univariate regression analysis and information at what point in the joint distribution the nonnormality matters and analyzed them in 2 separated multiple linear regression models. In this context, the variables were assessed for collinearity and interaction. Data from multiple regressions were then entered into 2 generalized linear models with the appropriate link functions to generate the usability of the data regardless of their distribution. Due to this point and the right-skewness of our cost data, we calculated our 95% CIs of the means with SPSS bootstrap function. 27, 28 Because of the explorative character of the study, we did not correct for multiple testing. Correlations between 2 nonparametric variables were tested with the Spearman test (ρ).
Recognizing the potentially dramatic disease course of this severe rare disease and its impact on HRQoL, our vision should be to make the best treatment options available to all our patients. Therefore, given the experience regarding the price increase of cancer drugs,  40  controlled trials and registered-based studies to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of new NMOSD/MOGAD immunotherapeutics, especially compared with established treatments, are highly warranted. The strength of this study, considering the rarity of the disease, is the large patient sample size. Furthermore, all clinical data were obtained from a cohort database for which, for example, EDSS score data were assessed by trained physicians and were not selfassessments by patients. The main limitation of our study is that the information on costs was based on patient reports from a questionnaire that inquired retrospective resource consumption the risk of recall bias.
Acknowledgment The authors thank all patients for participating in the study, their family members, and all contributors of the NEMOS for their support. Special thanks also go to Sikinika Hache for excellent practical support and Tatjana Hümmert, Dr. Rasmus Schülke, Judith Kiehn, and Matthias Kehrig, PhD (Department of Economics, Duke University, Durham, NC) for statistical support. They thank Nirvana Morgan for her diligent proofreading of this manuscript, Jörg Ruge (deputy managing director, PVS Schleswig-Holstein) for his advice on private medical fee accounting in Germany, and Prof. Dr. rer. pol. Christian Krauth (Institute for Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Hannover Medical School, Germany) for his input to data evaluation.
His research is funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Einstein Foundation, Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, EU FP7 Framework Program, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Bayer, Teva, Alexion, Roche, Parexel, Viela Bio, and Almirall. F. P. serves on advisory boards and steering committees for Novartis and Viela Bio and is associate editor of Neurology, Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation and academic editor for PLoS One. A. Duchow reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. H. Pellkofer received honoraria for lectures from Bayer Health Care, Biogen Idec, and Teva Pharma and travel reimbursement from Novartis. T. Kümpfel has received speaker honoraria including advisory boards from Bayer Healthcare, Teva Pharma, Merck, Novartis Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis/Genzyme, Roche Pharma, and Biogen, as well as grant support from Novartis and Chugai Pharma in the past.
Purpose The International Consortium for Pooled Studies on Subsequent Malignancies after Childhood and Adolescent Cancer was established in 2018 to address gaps in knowledge of risk and risk factors for breast cancer subsequent to childhood/adolescent cancer by pooling individual patient data from seven cohorts. Initially, the pooled cohort will focus on three clinically relevant questions regarding treatment-related subsequent breast cancer risk in female survivors, which are the risk related to low-dose radiotherapy exposure to the chest, specific chemotherapy agents and attained age. Participants The consortium database includes pooled data on 21 892 female survivors from seven cohorts in North America and Europe with a primary cancer diagnosis at <21 years of age, and survival ≥5 years from diagnosis.
24  For this reason, we established the International Consortium for Pooled Studies on Subsequent Malignancies after Childhood and Adolescent Cancer funded by the Children Cancer Free Foundation (KiKa, Grant No. 325), to conduct individual patient data analyses. Initially, the consortium aimed to address three knowledge gaps regarding subsequent breast cancer identified in the IGHG breast cancer guidelines  23 24  : (1) to explore the effects of prescribed radiation dose and radiation field, as a proxy for exposed tissue volume, on the risk of subsequent breast cancer; (2) to examine the role of anthracyclines and the contributions of single anthracycline drugs regarding risk of subsequent breast cancer and (3) to evaluate whether relative and absolute excess risks of subsequent breast cancer remain increased across lifespan, especially after age 50 years.