dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
42 According to Art. 7(1) of the Database Directive, 96/9/EC, ''Member States shall provide for a right for the maker of a database which shows that there has been qualitatively and/or quantitatively a substantial investment in either the obtaining, verification or presentation of the contents. ''. 5] In contrast to the suggestion of the Federal Supreme Court in its request for a preliminary ruling, every sample of a phonogram does not automatically represent a quantitatively or qualitatively substantial investment in the aforementioned sense. 44 n the light of the available digital technologies for the recording and mixing of audio tracks, it is factually incorrect to assume that every independently recorded audio track, let alone a two second sound sample of such an audio track, requires significant human, technical or financial investment.
Whether that is so depends upon the circumstances of the case, taking into account both the plaintiff's and the defendant's phonogram. [3. 6] Furthermore, Art. 7(1) of the Database Directive demonstrates that the requirement of a ''substantial investment'' not only informs the decision whether a part of a phonogram qualifies for protection in the first place, but also the scope of the rights in a protected phonogram. An extraction and/or re-utilisation of the contents of a protected database will infringe only if this use concerns ''the whole or … a substantial part, evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively, of the contents of that database'' (Database Directive, 96/9/EC, Art. 7. 1). As the Court of Justice has explained, a user extracts and/or re-utilises such a quantitatively or qualitatively significant part of the contents of a database ''if the investment in the extracted or re-utilised part is, proportionately, … substantial''.
45 If the rules that have evolved in the field of database protection are taken as a reference point for dealing with the corresponding question of protecting investment in a phonogram, it may be said that a protected phonogram is reproduced in part only if the copying free-rides on a substantial investment. It is thus mistaken to automatically equate a short sample with the complete phonogram. 35 Again, everything depends upon the circumstances of the case. [3. 7] The approach advocated by the Federal Supreme Court also ignores the concrete effects of the sample on the protected interests of the phonogram producer in the case at hand and thus fails to take into account the purpose of the related right in question. This purpose is only affected if a reproduction and/or distribution of a part of a phonogram prevents the phonogram producer from recouping a substantial investment.
Correspondingly, Recital 10, second sentence, of Directive 2001/29/EC provides that the investment required ''to produce products such as phonograms'' is considerable. Thus, and in contrast to the sui generis (sic!) right for database producers, the related right of phonogram producers does not attach to the investment in the phonogram, but to the end product as such. 30The Federal Supreme Court therefore asks, in essence, what constitutes a protected ''part … of [a] phonogram'' according to Art. 2(c) of Directive 2001/29/EC. This question resembles the issue posed in the Infopaq case with regard to protected parts of ''works'' under Art. 2(a) of Directive 2001/29/EC. 31 [3. 2] In providing a definition of a ''part of a phonogram'' in the sense of Art. 2(c) of Directive 2001/29/EC, the Court should take note of the provisions of international law.
It is assumed that the stakeholders (the equipment's user and the Original Equipment Manufacturer) are interested by all remanufacturing opportunities. The objective of the present work is to develop an integrated approach to jointly optimize the production plan, the remanufacturing plan and the quality of spare parts used in each remanufacturing action. In order to minimize the total cost during the production horizon, a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) is developed. The optimization problem is solved using a hybrid genetic algorithm based on a fix-and-relax heuristic. A numerical experiment and a sensitivity analysis are presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach.
Data collection The survey was administered to managers in Indian manufacturing organisations that use big data to improve their decision-making skills, including thos who use data agencies and those who have developed in-house capabilities. A sample was drawn from the clients of Boston Consulting Group (BCG), a major consulting company which provides business solutions to many manufacturing, retail, pharmaceutical, oil & gas and 3 PL's organisations. We requested our contacts based in BCG India to randomly distribute our questionnaires to the directors, analytics head and senior managers of those manufacturing units where BCG in collaboration with CII (Confederation of Indian Industries) Institute for Manufacturing are working on a big data analytics project towards improving competitiveness of Indian manufacturing organisations.
, 2005). 9   This paper seeks to assess whether wine consumers understand and use the information conveyed by PDOs. The approach consists in seeking to identify which wines are perceived as substitutes by consumers, and the roles of PDOs in product differentiation: if wines from two different denominations of origin are perceived as perfectly substitutable by consumers, then they have missed their target of differentiation; alternatively if the system of PDOs conveys complete (relevant and useful) information to consumers then each PDO would be seen as distinct, and different PDOs would be complementary to one another in differentiating wines. A time-series econometrics approach is applied to an exhaustive and unique database on Bordeaux wine prices obtained from the CIVB (Conseil Interprofessionnel du Vin de Bordeaux), to analyze substitution relationships among Bordeaux PDOs over the period 1999-2013.
Data and empirical strategy We have data on average monthly real wholesale prices per barrel for every Bordeaux DO from August 1999 to October 2013 (171 observations), provided by the Conseil Interprofessionnel du Vin de Bordeaux (CIVB), a trade body that records all the transactions among wine producers and wine merchants. These prices come from the spot market and differ from the final consumer prices, which are usually higher with an average 15% mark-up plus the cost of the bottling. Prices are available for 57 DOs, including red, white and rosé sometimes for the same denomination name (i. e. , the PDO rules treat Bordeaux red and Bordeaux white as two separate DOs). The Appendix presents some description about the locality of these 57 DOs and the volume traded per month on average over the period.
Weather during the vintage might have positive or negative effects in common-albeit with different magnitudes-on production of wines from different parts of Bordeaux in terms of both yield (a supply shock) and quality of the wine (which could be represented as a demand shock). By inspection of the last equation it can be seen that if the supply and demand shifters are the same or very similar across the two goods, the relative price movements will be negligible. The following table presents some information about the distribution of the number of missing price data, depending on the number of contracts, applied as a threshold to select some appellations. A minimum of 10 contracts per month on average seems a good criterion to apply in selecting the appellations that will enter our sample: the number of missing data is manageable through linear interpolation and the set of 11 selected appellations accounts for 73% of the entire production of Bordeaux wines in 2012, and 86% of the reds.
Numerical illustration We propose in this section a small-sized illustrative example to numerically show the implication of the accident concern in the optimal solution as well as the contribution of the transshipment option on both the economic and accident objectives. Assume a medicine supply network consists of 5 hospitals H 1 , …, H 5. The travel distances are given in Table  2. The matrix of routes is an asymmetric directed graph that meaning the roads can be one-way. The occurrence probability and the severity index of accident for each segment are provided in Table  3. These parameters can be obtained from governmental or community databases like as the data on road accidents which are collected through CARE (Community database on Accidents on the Roads in Europe), the European centralized database on road accidents resulting in death or injury across the EU.
29 The number of hospitals and periods are respectively ranging from 5, 2 (in small sized problems) to 50, 12 (in large sized problems). Each problem is first solved by using the l pmetrics method accessed via CPLEX script and then solved by the proposed hybrid GA. the variable cost and demand are randomly generated between (0-130) and (0-500), respectively. The relative weights are set as 0. 2, 0. 4, 0. 6 and 0. 8 to generate Pareto solutions and the results are reported in Table  9. The Gap 1 (in percentage) in Tables  9   Except some large sized instances in which the workstation could not even generate the model to solve it, wherever the CPLEX cannot solve the problem in two hours, the lower bound reported by CPLEX is used to compute the gaps. As seen in Table  8 , in all cases the reported gaps are reasonable and never exceed 13%.
Donors' particulars were obtained from blood bank records. Convenient Samples used in this study were divided in 2 groups: Group 1 comprised of 90 greek and 100 sardinian regular blood donors with 4 donations over the last 2 years or 6 donations in last 3 years and Group 2 comprised of 60 greek and 100 sardinian first-time donors with 1 or 2 donation in the last 3 years. The participants were examined for symptoms of diseases. The data were collected through interview of participants and with the use of a short questionnaire. For this sample of 350 VDs were taken on the basis of statistical method of sample size determination using the following equation: Here 95% confidence level and 80% power was taken with 5% as margin of error (MOE). Participant particulars were obtained from records kept in both Blood Banks.
Patients, all adults, provided written, informed consent before entering the study. The study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval to perform the present study was obtained from the Ethical committee of the General Hospital of Naousa. The confidentiality of participants was wholly preserved. The questionnaire covers the sociodemography of donors that included age and residence, reason for and frequency of donation, body mass index (BMI), nutritional habits, whether participants had history of chronic diseases and/or hyperlipidemia, taking iron supplements, were smokers, and/or consumed alcohol. Molecular data of the G6PD variants in Sardinian population has been taken from the Blood Bank records.
Statistical analysis For statistical analysis, SPSS tool version 22. 0 was used. Descriptive statistics presented as mean ± standard deviation and frequencies as percentages. Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis verified the normality of the data set. Pearson's chi-square test or chi-square test of association was used to discover if there is a relationship between the categorized data, while Fishers exact test was used when expected variable were < 2% of total number of variables. Additionally, independent sample ttest was used to compare between means. In all statistical analysis, level of significance ( p-value) was set at α=0. 05.
Data collection process A structured questionnaire with open and closed questions was developed to collect data on current PPP initiatives worldwide and was pilot tested with six African OIE Member Countries, prior to developing the online version of the validated questionnaire using Survey Monkey software. The type of data collected included: i) general information about the respondents, especially their affiliation by sector (public or private); ii) country-level information on two PPP initiatives supporting Veterinary Services perceived as successful by the respondent, including a brief description of the initiative, the partners involved, the period of implementation, the type of interaction between the partners, the funding mechanism, the governance mechanism, the type of activities implemented, impact assessment data if relevant, as well as general information about the strengths and weaknesses of reported PPPs; and iii) information on what the respondent perceived would ensure or impede good PPP implementation.
Data management and analysis All the data were entered into an MS Excel spreadsheet database specifically developed for the survey. Manual text analysis techniques were used on open question answers to extract the most relevant keywords and to create new categorical variables (Table  1 ). The "Type of interaction" variable was split into two variables: 1) "Type of interaction perceived" and 2) "Type of interaction defined by the analysis", as it became clear from the analysis that the type of interaction perceived by the respondents did not always match the nature and modalities of the PPP described. In the same way, the "Governance mechanism" variable was re-classified if the answer did not match the PPP description, or if misunderstanding of the question was obvious. The category "Not clear" was added if it was impossible to identify the appropriate mechanism from the description provided.
This initial dataset was subjected to a two-stage screening. In the first stage we sought to select campaigns including representation of different cultural groups, yielding 54 campaigns retained for second screening. In the second stage, we further narrowed screening parameters to select campaigns for the inclusionary aspect of representing all RN citizens, retaining only campaigns representing more than two cultural groups. Ultimately, a combined total of 14 campaigns met all eligibility criteria and constitute the final dataset (see Appendix for dataset details). We analyzed the retained campaigns adopting critical visual analysisan approach enabling interdisciplinary comprehension and contextualization of visual representations  (Schroeder 2007). It typically involves: a descriptive stage reporting on formal properties without interpretation; followed by an evaluative stage where interpretation and comparative analysis occur  (Schroeder 2007).
Finally, we could not identify in the dataset any advertisement with representations of everyday engagement in banal scenarios (to depict conviviality) that match stereotyped representations of the reconciliation stage. We categorized the majority of the campaigns (8 out of 14) within the foundation stage, conveying genuine rather than stereotyped representation. We identify three campaigns depicting acknowledgement as an important meaning, juxtaposing multiple cultural groups, with a minimal proportion of the campaign showing some form of interaction. For instance, in the Mutual & Federal Protection (Figure  3 ) advertisement there are multiple scenes of individuals saving or protecting their most treasured possessions. In the 60 second advertisement, there are two 1-second clips of interaction between members of the same racial group and only one of intercultural interaction at the end, where a White insurance broker hands a Black boy his toy car, forgotten at the coffee shop counter.
[ADD FIGURE 5 ABOUT HERE] [ADD FIGURE 6 ABOUT HERE] [ADD FIGURE 7 ABOUT HERE] Only one campaign in the dataset, the FNB The Helpers (Figure  6 ), depicts the welfare stage of RN-building by representing members of SA's multiple cultural groups working together to achieve a shared goal. It represents multiple scenarios of people preparing for the communityand nationally-significant events (parallel build-up of a local school game and a national rugby match). Depictions of genuine helpers (parents, teachers, coaches, factory workers creating uniforms, team members) are reflective of communities working together, however we concluded that representation of intercultural interaction is staged for the special event and most of interactions depicted are between people from the same cultural groups, with intercultural interaction only occurring at the rugby matches.
The absence of campaigns in the welfare -conviviality category provides an initial indication of a gap in existing marketing strategy for depicting meanings of convivial engagement among communities working together to advance shared welfare, although we note that a relatively small number of campaigns in the final dataset precludes definitive conclusions. A final unexpected observation is that all brands retained in the final dataset are of local (SA) origin, although both the Top 50 list of brands (Brand South Africa 2017) and the initial dataset comprised both local and non-local brands. While examining whether a given brand's origin informs how it engages with cultural diversity of a given marketplace is beyond the scope of this study, this finding poses an important consideration for the future: that is, whether lack of in-depth contextualization to the ideological and lived conceptions of superdiversity is an intended or unintended strategic decision by non-local brands, and what are the implications of these strategic decisions for their market position.
According to the literature and our findings, this marketing strategy is most frequently employed in SA and predominantly aligns with the foundation stage. Johnson, Elliot, and Grier (2010)  link the success of multicultural marketing strategies in RN to  Allport's (1954)  Intergroup Contact Theory, that posits continued contact with other cultural groups reduces intergroup prejudice and reluctance to engage  (Wessendorf 2014). That is, while intercultural interactions' portrayal is predominantly staged and limited to nationally-significant occasions, the very fact of their portrayal legitimizes superdiversity and the intercultural relations it entails. However, Figure  8  also indicates that marketing representations of the RN are yet to fully evolve towards the welfare stage, as evident in the lack of campaigns aligned with this stage in the dataset, particularly when paired with conviviality forms of lived experience.
Going beyond the ethnic and multicultural marketing strategies, we argue that intercultural marketing strategy will enable bridging of current disconnects between socio-political nation-building strategies and socio-cultural lived experiences of RN. Through intercultural marketing strategy, marketers can enhance legitimization processes for the development of reconciliatory intercultural relations, contributing holistically to improved societal well-being alongside brand development and potential return on investment  (Figueiredo et al. 2015). This highlights the need for policy makers to understand and incorporate this role of marketing into diversity, inclusion and intercultural relations agendas. We acknowledge the study's limitations. The choice of stringent screening criteria for our dataset was driven by conception of SA as a superdiverse society, therefore eliminating campaigns representing cultural diversity more narrowly (e.
g. depicting persons of two different racial backgrounds only). Future studies are needed with larger datasets and rigorous contextualization to focal superdiverse societies. Triangulation of advertiser intent and consumer perceptions of campaigns can enhance analysis of meanings derived by different marketplace actors when engaging with macro and micro societal levels' conceptions of superdiversity. Hence, work examining marketer views and consumer responses, alongside visual research, is required, perhaps utilizing multimodal designs  (Kress and Van Leeuwen 2006; Rossolatos 2015). Multimodal explorations can better account for consumers' role in influencing the evolution of marketplace communications, market offerings and reshaping of social norms concerned with intercultural relations  (Bezemer and Kress 2016; Kress 2013).
: Campaign Dataset Coloribus Santam/Nandos Youtube (FNB advertisements Case study in coverage Stereotyped Black, White, Santam did a Youtube advert rugby player wandering Juxtaposition Everyday engagement 101 Leading insurance company in SA Campaign and year(s) of running / campaign source/ brand country of origin Archive (Coloribus Sir Sneaky Challenge SA 2016) Mutual and 2018e) (2012) Federal South Africa Protection FNB The MTN The Clap (2007) Source: Youtube (Frequency Audio Music South Africa 2012) South Africa South Africa FNB Anthem (2011) Source: Source: Coloribus Archive (Coloribus 2018f) South Africa (2014) Helpers (2017) Old Mutual Do Source: Youtube Source: Great Things (2013) (Honeymoon Studios 2014) Cell C Screwed Youtube (Produce Sound (2015) Studio 2018) Youtube Source: South Africa (Upstairs Post Coloribus Source: South Africa 2011) Absa Human Archive Youtube (FCB Spirit (2013) (Coloribus Africa 2015) South Africa Source: 2018c) South Africa Vodacom SAA Speed Dating (2008) Source: Youtube (Olding 2015) South Africa MTN Ayoba (2009-2010) Source: South Africa Source: (Coloribus 2018d) (2016) Absa Team of Millions (2011) Source: Coloribus Archive (Coloribus 2018a) South Africa Coloribus Archive (Coloribus 2018b) South Africa South Africa #MegYourDay (2017) Source: Sanlam R1 Man (2014) Source: Coloribus Youtube (Vodacom SA 2017) FNB You Need a South Africa Bank That's All Archive Things to You Format and review of news clips, video format including the including 8 Television advertorial radio coverage, four Youtube Advertisement spreads in experiential advertisement, newspapers, Television Television Advertisement media, outdoor advertising, social media.
Data Collection Data were collected from organizational customers of coffee vending machines in the three countries. The sampling frame for the study was obtained by an electronic directory of European business buyers of coffee vending machines provided by a leading consulting organization. In each of the chosen countries, we drew a random sample of 1000 purchasing firms to target for the purpose of this study. Consistent with established practice in interfirm relations research in international markets (e. g. ,  Hoppner, Griffith, & White, 2015; Jin, Zhou, & Wang, 2016) , we adopt the key informant technique for collecting the information needed to test our research hypotheses. Key informants are individuals within the firm that are capable of providing reliable information concerning the variables investigated in this study  (Katsikeas et al.
, 2009). Within each purchasing firm, an attempt was made to locate and target an appropriate key informant in the firm's buying center by name and position. In most cases such individuals to contact were found in the directory of buying firms. For those firms where no contact person information was provided in the directory, we identified appropriate respondents using suppliers' databases in each country that provided the names and titles of influential members in each buying center and through a series of telephone calls to the buying companies. Pre-notification letters were sent out to all 3,000 firms selected in France, Hungary, and the UK with the view to creating awareness of the nature and importance of the study and requesting the firm's participation in the study. Three weeks later, the questionnaire, a prepaid self-addressed return envelope, and a cover letter outlining the scope and objectives of the study and proving guidelines concerning the completion of the questionnaire were mailed to the key informant -mostly the purchasing manager or a senior purchasing officer in the firm's buying center -in each of the targeted companies.