dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
If desired, partner universities may distribute local consent forms that adhere to their institution rules. • Gender (male, female, other); • Age; • First language: (not necessarily interaction language); second or a third language (previous research shows that they sometimes interact in three languages); • Proficiency in their foreign languages. This information was self-determined after the students consulted the CEFR descriptors; • School background. Whether they come from private / public schools may determine target language level. This metadata is relevant to try to track the same students over a longitudinal period; • Experience in target language learning before college (language schools). This information is collected via an online form (Appendix A). Besides the inclusion of sociolinguistic metadata, allowing longitudinal studies and specific target group research, corpus metadata related to the pedagogical design is included so that external researchers who will work on the data in the future, and who were not involved in the pedagogical project, can better understand the learning conditions in which the exchange took place.
The fifth tab presents a follow-up table that is completed after each project is over. It intends to provide a quantitative overview of each task (Figure  10 ). The inclusion of the learning scenario concept and the document based on it introduced a system of session record sheets to track participation. These are completed by professors or lab assistants and include any observations about the session (i. e. what changed from the learning design to the actual pedagogical instantiation). In future corpora built from teletandem exchanges, this information will be integrated from the outset in order that external researchers can cross-reference this metadata with the data upon which they are working.
Data preservation / storing data When data was collected for the MulTeC databank, teletandem groups used a platform from UNESP named TELEDUC (the platform has now been replaced by Moodle). The functionalities of the platform had been designed for pedagogical purposes by local staff and students used it in their blended courses. All the written files collected within the context of the institutional integrated teletandem modality in São José do Rio Preto were supposed to be uploaded to the platform in. doc format. As for the oral data, the sessions were recorded by EVAER (www. evaer. com) and left on each computer in the teletandem lab for later storage, organised by lab assistants, but which potentially could have exposed the data to third-parties, e. g. other students using the teletandem lab should students have forgotten to log off their individual sessions.
To overcome this, it is important that teletandem sessions take place in labs where students use unique identifiers and passwords to log on to the institutional computing system. When the staff decided to collect data for an unpretentious databank, a coding system was created (see  Aranha, Luvizari-Murad & Moreno, 2015). At the end of every session, each Brazilian student was responsible for saving each video file in which their SOT had been recorded on the local hard drive of each computer. However, the responsibility for naming and uploading files depended on students´ digital literacy skills. This resulted in the incorrect VIRTUAL EXCHANGES AS COMPLEX RESEARCH ENVIRONMENTS naming of files and the loss of data. Another problem encountered was that the Brazilian lab had obsolete computers resulting in frequent system errors and an unstable Internet connection.
To facilitate the integration of data into the MulTeC corpus, a unique identification coding system to uniquely identify a resource type among the overall data set, was negotiated, agreed upon and adopted by both institutions. Staff members are responsible for collecting, naming and storing written and oral data after each session. Thanks to FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation) grant # 16/18705-9 -Institutional Integrated Teletandem: building a multimodal databank for Applied Linguistics Research -the lab staff can be maintained and further collections and successful cataloguing of the data should be guaranteed. Indeed, lab assistants are now employed on student contracts to anonymise oral data file according to the IT instructions  (Aranha & Lopes, 2019)  and convert written data into. txt files for long-term data preservation.
In addition to naming the files according to the unique identify coding system, metadata is also included in each file. For example, for the video recordings of the SOT sessions, this includes: 1. The file name formatted according to the unique identification coding instructions e. g. Introducing these procedures has minimised the amount of data that has been lost due to human errors concerning data manipulation, has allowed both partner institutions access to data and has helped the corpus-building partner more easily process and prepare the data dissemination. In addition, the procedures will facilitate future external researcher's ease of use of the corpus, allowing them, for example, to easily choose files to study that have similar characteristics (e. g. files for which students are completing the same task and for which they took a similar time to complete) and to cross reference different data types generated by the same student within the overall data set (e.
Planning for data management prior to teletandem exchanges Based on the Teletandem Brasil experience, there are several considerations that we would encourage colleagues to discuss whilst designing a research protocol around a teletandem exchange in order to facilitate data management. To strategize data management, we have framed these considerations as open-ended questions under five sub-categories (Table  1 ) which closely fit with the new data lifecycle model. The first category 'What data will the virtual exchange create?' relates to data collection. Data processing aspects are grouped together under 'How will the data be documented and organised?' before steps to consider regarding data access and storage. For colleagues interested in data dissemination, we hope the questions listed under 'What is necessary to enable data reuse' may be used as discussion prompts to encourage the publishing of data as a research product in itself.
Conclusion This paper aimed to underline the importance of data management planning steps related to the complex research terrain of virtual exchange. The methodological case study described the organization of the Multimodal Teletandem Corpus (MulTeC) for which the aim is to give access to researchers, both those involved and not involved in the pedagogical teletandem project, to conduct collaborative and/or complementary or indeed replication research studies (cf. Smith & Schulze, 2013)  on the same data. LEarning and TEaching Corpora procedures were followed to structure the MulTeC corpus. However, this experience shed light on data management difficulties relating to consent terms, corpus metadata and data storage that the research team had not anticipated. Following a description of these VIRTUAL EXCHANGES AS COMPLEX RESEARCH ENVIRONMENTS issues, we offered explanations of the steps introduced to overcome these difficulties in future instantiations of the project.
Funding: The data were obtained in the frame of the project MedCoRes (704822) led by E. B. , funded by the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (European Commission ). E. B. is supported by the foundation " La Caixa " ( LCF/BQ/PR19/11700001 ), F. B. benefits from a  MINECO grant  ( HAR2017-88503-P ) and J. R. from a  Juan de la Cierva grant  ( FJC2017 ). E. B, J. R. , I. E. , and F. B. were members of the SGR n°836 (AGAUR).
, 2012). 222 223 Vertebrate reproduction is also associated with significant Ca isotope effects. In 224 mammals, the isotope composition of milk was found to be remarkably 44 Ca-depleted in 225 comparison with that of the mother's diet  (Chu et al. , 2006). The amplitude of this difference 226 in δ 44/42 Ca values averages at around -0. 6‰ from diet to milk as observed in milk of ewes, 227 cows and humans  (Chu et al. , 2006; Gussone and Heuser, 2016; Heuser, 2016; Tacail, 228 2017). Prolonged milk production by lactating females could also result in a 44 Ca-enriched 229 composition of their bone when compared to males, as suggested by observations in modern 230 sheep  (Reynard et al. , 2010). In birds, despite limited datasets, Ca isotope compositions of 231 eggs inner parts and carbonate shells were found to display remarkably extreme isotopic 232 patterns (see  Skulan and DePaolo, 1999 and Figure 5).
, 2010; Peek and Clementz, 2012) , Ca stable isotopes of fossil bioapatite 283 have a high potential for the study of past vertebrate ecosystems and human communities 284 for three main reasons. 285 First, as discussed above, the Ca isotope composition of diet primarily determines the 286 composition of vertebrate mineralized tissues. This early finding came along with the 287 hypothesis that such a trophic effect could propagate along food chains. The trophic level 288 index, ranging from primary producer to apex predators and decomposers, describes the 289 position of species within trophic chains and thus allows synthetizing the energetic pathways 290 within ecosystems  (Polis and Strong, 1996). Early datasets from both marine and terrestrial 291 environments supported this trophic level effect  (Clementz et al.
Future directions 626 All the work to date has demonstrated that calcium isotopes have characteristics of 627 an efficient isotopic biomarker for bone loss. The clinical applications of Ca isotopes remain 628 in their infancy, but these promising results should stimulate more research to improve 629 diagnostic protocols and develop broad clinical reference databases. 630 (i. ) Despite considerable progress, the understanding of how Ca isotopes correlate with 631 epidemiology of metabolic bone diseases could be improved. Continued efforts will be 632 required to advance our understanding of the Ca isotopes cycle in the whole organism both 633 in health and disease. Further characterization of the mechanisms of isotope fractionation at 634 the scale of organs and cells will also greatly benefit to this field of research.
The IADL questionnaire was collected for the same patients using two modes of administration: by telephone and face-to-face interviews. Both interviews consisted of a collection of answers given by the caregiver to the nurses trained for this procedure. The questionnaire was identical in both modes of administration, the questions were asked following the same order, and the nurses had to read the questionnaire exactly as it was written to ensure similar conditions for data collection. Potentially eligible patients were selected from the list of scheduled appointments in the MC. A letter to inform both the patient and caregiver of the possibility to participate in the study was sent along with the appointment confirmation letter for the memory consultation. The nurse contacted the patients and caregivers depending on the telephone number available, presented the study, checked the eligibility criteria, and asked whether they agreed to participate.
Patients and study characteristics Additionally to the IADL questionnaire, we considered the following patients' characteristics collected using the electronic case report form (eCRF) of the MEMORA study: age, sex, marital status, relationship between the caregiver and the patient education level, cognitive status, etiology, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ranging from 0 to 30 and evaluating the overall cognitive performance. Details of the collection of the data in the MEMORA study are available elsewhere  [10]. These data were collected at different times, i. e. , age, sex, marital status, and the relationship between the caregiver and the patient were collected at inclusion of the study (at randomization), while the other data were collected during the face-to-face interview at the MC.
Description of the study and characteristics of the study population Overall, 420 participants were selected and randomized (Fig. 1 ). Among them, the IADL could be collected at the first assessment for 365 patients. After the second assessment, the IADL was available for both modes of administration for 292 patients (69. 5% of the selected participants). The interval between the two IADL assessments was 29. 8 ± 1. 9 days (29. 7 ± 2. 2 in branch 1 and 30. 1 ± 1. 5 in branch 2). The majority of incomplete data at the second assessment was explained by unreachable participants in branch 1 (face-to-face then telephone) and by canceled or postponed visits in branch 2 (telephone then face-to-face). The proportion of unreachable participants by telephone was higher in branch 1 (n = 22/160, 13. 8%) than in branch 2 (n = 6/212, 2.
8%). The duration of the telephone interview including the IADL assessment was collected for 255 participants. In the total sample, the telephone interview lasted 7 ± 3. 7 min (range 3-27 min); for 127 participants of the branch 1, the telephone interview lasted 7. 4 ± 3. 9 min (range 3-27 min), and for 128 participants of the branch 2, the telephone interview lasted 6. 7 ± 3. 5 min (range 3-21 min). Patients with IADL measures with the 2 modes of administration had similar baseline profile than those without IADL measure at the second assessment in terms of age, sex, etiology, MMSE, and IADL; education level, marital status, and cognitive status were less frequently identified as the data could not be collected during the face-to-face interview (Supplementary files. Table  1 ). There was a higher proportion of drop-out in branch 2 (22.
Strengths and weaknesses of the study To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing telephone to face-to-face administration of the Lawton IADL. The randomized crossover design of the study allowed to demonstrate that the order of administration did not influence the magnitude of agreement. The collection of data was conducted both specifically for the present study and as part of the MEMORA study in order to reduce the cost of carrying out the study. The present study was completed by collection of events that could occur between the assessments. Data were collected prospectively for patients visiting the MC for the first time which should avoid recall bias. Loss of participants occurred before each assessment and the study was conducted among 69. 5% of the selected participants, mainly either because the visit was canceled or postponed in branch 1 or because it was not possible to reach the caregiver in branch 2.
For each participant, two representative excerpts (the beginning and a section of the refrain) of each of the 15 musical pieces or songs were selected, leading to 10 OM, 10 FM and 10 UM stimuli (prepared using Audacity® software, http://audacity. sourceforge. net/). The mean duration of the musical excerpts was 30. 83 s ± 1. 14 s (respectively, 30. 68 ± 1. 16 s for OM, 30. 94 ± 1. 20 s for FM and 30. 86 ± 1. 04 s for UM).
g. , Crusnio Porbinge). PN were created and uttered by the same 12 voices as the names and the mean duration of the stimuli was 1. 43 ± 0. 18 s. All stimuli were normalized with Matlab R2011b (The MathWorks, Inc. , Natick, MA, USA) to be at the same sound level, both within and between music and names. An A-weighting, that roughly mimics the external and middle ear transfer functions, was applied. During the experiment, stimuli were presented and responses were recorded using Presentation® software (Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc. , Berkeley, CA, USA).
fMRI data processing and analyses The fMRI data were preprocessed and analyzed using SPM8 software (Statistical Parametric Mapping, http://www. fil. ion. ucl/spm/software/spm8, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK). The first 5 images of each functional run were discarded to allow for T2* equilibration effects. The remaining images were slice-time corrected, realigned to the acquired median volume, spatially normalized to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) standard brain and smoothed with a 7 x 7 x 7-mm full width half maximum isotropic Gaussian kernel. Preprocessed data of each participant were analyzed with the standard general linear model (GLM) approach. The regressors for the musical excerpts (OM, FM, and UM) were modeled as epochs with a boxcar waveform convolved with the hemodynamic response function.
Neuroimaging data Brain activations related to personal familiarity of music were presented in Table  1  and Brain activations that distinguished own music from other music (both familiar) were presented in Table  2  and Figure  4. As compared to familiar other music, familiar own music (OM -FM) activated the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex, but also the right precuneus, the left inferior temporal gyrus and near insular cortex, and the left visuo-motor areas (precentral gyrus and cuneus). No significant activation was observed for the inverse contrasts (UM -OM, UM -FM and FM -OM). Brain activations related to the influence of the musical context on the processing of own names were presented in Table  3  and Figure  5. The processing of the own name after having listened to familiar own music, as compared to the processing of the same stimulus after having listened to unfamiliar other music (ONaOM -ONaUM), activated the right precuneus, the left supramarginal/angular gyri, the left lingual gyrus and the left cerebellum.
However, as the CT Scan chamber used has limited size, an individual agricultural bale measuring 400 Â 350 Â 850 mm (D Â H Â W) was sectioned into three parts representing the central and end cross-sections. Using a baling needle and new twine, the original agricultural bale was sectioned off while the original twine remained to maintain the original confinement and density of the straw bale. Once the sections were individually tied off with the new twine, the existing twine was cut resulting in three new specimens. The specimens measured approximately 400 Â 350-4 00 Â 225 mm (Fig. 1 ). Whilst the forming process may have caused some disturbance to their edges, it ensured the central portion of each specimen remained intact. The CT scan was focused on the centre of each bale section and the data was analysed using Avizo software enabling inspection of the straw bale internal structure non-destructively and so assess the degree of individual straw orientation relative to the forming process of the bale.
The scanned sections from Fig. 6 , shown in Figs. 7  and 8 , display the direction of the straw in the centre of each scanning volume. For this representation, the heat flow in the traditional straw bale construction would be along the x-axis in Fig. 6. Straw oriented across an image presents as a series of long lines whereas straw oriented through the image presents as circles representing the ends of the stems. The degree of ovality displayed is a result of stems at an angle to the plane shown and short lines or ellipse with  high degrees of ovality show ends of split or compressed stems. The Avizo software package used in the analysis provides an array of tools to obtain the best image possible. For a straw bale, this leaves a very tight margin from which various parts of the straw stems are discernible in the image.
Acknowledgments The  SB&WRC  project is a cross-Channel cooperation enterprise involving 8 academic, non-profit and private partners ( University of Bath, University of Brighton, and Alliance for Sustainable Building Products -ASBP, in the United Kingdom, and UniLaSalle, ESITC Caen, Construction 21, Véolia, and Nomadéis in France ) which aims to design and develop 3 prototypes of low-carbon thermal insulants made from underutilised agricultural co-products and waste. The  SB&WRC  project is supported by  European Union  funding from the  Interreg VA France  ( Channel) England programme , which is financed by the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The ERDF is contributing €1. 26 million towards the project, for a total budget of €1. 8 million.
U-series dating 25 ages were determined at Xi'an Jiaotong University (China), using the procedures for uranium and thorium chemical separation and purification described in  Edwards et al. (1987)  and  Cheng et al. (2013; 2016). 100-150 mg powdered calcite samples were collected with a dental drill from 24 levels along or close to the growth axis of the speleothem, except for one sample drilled off the growth axis (Pentad-17). et al. , 1971)  and l 234 = 2. 82206x10-6  (Cheng et al. , 2013). Th decay constant: l230=9. 1705x10-6 (Cheng et al. , 2013)  The data were obtained on a Thermo Neptune Plus multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (MC-ICP-MS) following procedures modified from  Cheng et al. (2013). A correction for detrital Th was applied using an initial activity ratio of detrital thorium ( 230 Th/ 232 Th) of 4.
Dating points Pentad-5 and Pentad-18 at ~300 mm from top were therefore excluded from the age model. Pentad 19 and 17 are closest to the D2 and D1 respectively, showing startigraphic perturbations with porous structures. Pentad-2 and 15 are situated in the most porous part of segment B (Fig. 2 ), which may be a cause for the age inversions. However, more investigations should be done to conclude on the causes of the age inversions. Since most datings are in agreement and lead to a coherent age model, these ages were discarded. In the topmost part of Penta-1 stalagmite (Segment A), the stalagmite growth is more continuous spanning MIS5e and the glacial inception period. Except for Pentad-11 (Fig. 3 ), all other eight dating points are in stratigraphic order for this section. The age model constructed by COPRA software reveals a rather continuous speleothem deposition with two hiatuses in agreement with the observed discontinuities.
DATA PRODUCTION Three main datasets have been created to carry the three main tasks: OCR, linguistic normalisation and lemmatisation/POS tagging. All of them have been gathered from sources as representative as possible of 17th c. French literary material, in order to propose general rather than specific solutions. These datasets are used to train machine learning-based models, since it appears to be either the only (OCR) or the most efficient (spelling normalisation, lemmatisation/POS tagging) technique.
OCR Following the example of  Springmann et al. [2018] , we have created a dataset of ground truth (GT) (c. 30,000 lines)  [Gabay et al. 2020b ]. In order to maximise the efficiency of the training data, we have unbalanced the corpus in two different ways. On the one hand, capital letters being under-represented compared to lower-case letter, we have decided to over-represent plays in the training data, because this literary genre uses more than others this kind of glyph. On the other hand, in order to have enough GT in italic (cf. fig. 1 ), we have overrepresented texts in verse, which traditionally use this font in the first half of the century  [Speyer 2019 ]. Images used are in 72, 400 and 600 dpi (cf. fig. 2 ) to be able to deal with both high and low resolution images. [Kiessling et al.
to extend the lexicon. Because spelling evolves with time, samples are distributed diachronically all over the century, and because they vary diatopically, they do not come only from Parisian prints. Preliminary tests have been carried  [Gabay and  Barrault 2020] on 160k tokens (c. 600k caracters) using two different tools: cSMTiser  [Ljubešić et al. 2016]  for SMT and NMTPy-Torch  [Caglayan et al. 2017]  for NMT. In spite of its qualities, the former has proven a limited capacity to provide models able to generalise efficiently, while NMT has shown better results despite limited training data. The most reliable indicator, word accuracy (wAcc), should easily be improved with additional training data, potentially produced using backtranslation [Domingo and Casacuberta 2018], and the use of new powerful language models such as CamemBERT  [Martin et al.