dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data collection. For each patient, we extracted the study data from our electronic ICU database. Baseline data were age, sex, height, weight, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPSII) at ICU admission, and main diagnosis. We also recorded the type and duration of ventilatory assistance, if used, and the type and dosage of catecholamines if used. Regarding RRT, we collected the duration; dialysate Na + , K + , and HCO 3 -concentrations; total ultrafiltration volume if relevant; blood flow, dialysate flow, and total dialysed blood volume; anticoagulant and catecholamine use; and Kt/V as a measure of dialysis efficacy (K, clearance; t, time; and V, body water volume). Serum values before and after RRT were collected for Na + , K + , HCO 3 -, urea, and creatinine. Body mass index (BMI) was computed as weight (kg) divided by height 2 (in m), using weights measured before and after RRT.
Correlations were assessed by computing Pearson's correlation coefficient. In the figures, the results are shown as datapoint clouds and correlation lines. We used logistic regression to determine whether variables listed in Table  5  were associated with RRT-induced natraemia variations. Non-collinear variables that yielded p values smaller than 0. 05 by univariate analysis or were clinically relevant were considered for entry into a multivariable model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC-ROC) estimated by the C-statistic were computed for the final models. Associations of factors with RRT-induced SNa + changes are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Missing data were ignored. All tests were two sided, and p values < 0.
In our study, conductivity was monitored to detect rapid changes, but changes in conductivity were not used to modify the dialysate sodium concentration. Hypernatraemia was rare in our cohort and was twice as common after than before RRT. In a database study, the rate of hypernatremia correction was not associated with higher frequencies of death, seizures, or cerebral oedema  14. A major limitation of our study is the retrospective design. However, the proportion of missing data was substantial only for serum protein and albumin. Given the single-centre recruitment, the results may not apply to all ICUs. No standardised acute RRT protocol was available, and treatment heterogeneity may therefore have occurred across intensivists. We did not measure osmolarity but instead obtained an estimate by applying Worthley's equation, although no consensus exists about the best estimation method  8.
Background: Prostate cancer has a multifaceted treatment pattern. Evidence is lacking for optimal treatment sequences for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Objective: To increase the understanding of real-world treatment pathways and outcomes in patients with mCRPC. Design, setting, and participants: A prospective, noninterventional, real-world analysis of 3003 patients with mCRPC in the Prostate Cancer Registry (PCR; NCT02236637) from June 14, 2013 to July 9, 2018 was conducted. Intervention: Patients received first-and second-line hormonal treatment and chemotherapy as follows: abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (abiraterone)docetaxel (ABI-DOCE), abiraterone-enzalutamide (ABI-ENZA), abirateroneradium-223 (ABI-RAD), docetaxel-abiraterone (DOCE-ABI), docetaxel-cabazitaxel (DOCE-CABA), docetaxel-enzalutamide (DOCE-ENZA), and enzalutamide-.
The Prostate Cancer Registry (PCR; NCT02236637) was initiated to document the characteristics and disease management of patients with mCRPC in routine clinical practice, independent of the treatment used. With >3000 enrolled patients, the PCR is the largest international registry of patients with mCRPC to date, with participation from 199 centres experienced in treating prostate cancer in 16 countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the UK). The PCR was designed specifically to record the initiation of a new systemic mCRPC treatment during surveillance within routine clinical practice. Data from the PCR have shown the effectiveness, in parallel, of first-line abiraterone acetate plus prednisone (referred to as abiraterone hereafter), enzalutamide, and docetaxel, including in patients with comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus, and in patients with visceral metastases  [9].
An analysis of PCR data has also recently shown the efficacy and tolerability of abiraterone as first-and second-line treatment for mCRPC in the real-world setting  [10]. This analysis of data from the PCR was conducted to increase the understanding of real-world treatment pathways and outcomes in a broad group of patients treated with abiraterone, enzalutamide, or docetaxel as their initial treatment for mCRPC. It uses real-world information on baseline demographics and disease characteristics of patients with mCRPC who received sequential treatment with hormonal therapy and chemotherapy in this setting.
Patients and methods This was a prospective, noninterventional, multicentre PCR data analysis of men with mCRPC, from June 14, 2013 to July 9, 2018; data from the PCR have been described previously  [9]. This analysis was limited to men included in the PCR treated with abiraterone, enzalutamide, or docetaxel as first-line mCRPC therapy who had not received previous systemic mCRPC treatment. Abiraterone and enzalutamide were not routinely available for the treatment of mCRPC in all 16 countries at the start of the registry. The study timeline is shown in Supplementary Figure  1. For each patient, first-line and subsequent mCRPC treatments were recorded until the PCR ended (for up to 3 yr). The criteria for inclusion of sequences were as follows: (1) first-and second-line treatments were to be used as single agents in addition to androgen deprivation therapy and approved by the European Medicines Agency for use in this patient population (ie, no off-label use) and (2) patient numbers in the sequence were to be adequate for a reliable analysis (!25 patients with a sequence involving two lines of treatment in mCRPC).
Observational data collected for each treatment sequence included baseline patient demographics; disease and health-related quality of life characteristics at baseline and the start of second-line treatment, and their changes from baseline; reasons for starting and stopping mCRPC treatment; and efficacy outcomes. Disease and health-related quality of life data included Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status; prostate-specific antigen (PSA), lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and haemoglobin levels; and EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) pain/discomfort dimension. Efficacy outcomes were time to progression (TTP), measured from the start of first treatment to the start of E U R O P E A N U R O L O G Y O P E N S C I E N C E 4 5 ( 2 0 2 2 ) 1 2 -2 2 second treatment, progression-free survival 2 (PFS2), and OS.
Definitions used for reporting efficacy outcomes are provided in the Supplementary material. Treatment decisions were made at the discretion of the treating physician, as per routine clinical practice, and only data available from clinical practice were collected. The treating physician could be either an oncologist or a urologist, designation of which was not recorded in the registry. Prior disease history and management data were collected at study inclusion. Clinical data were collected at study inclusion and prospectively every 3 mo during routine follow-up (at least every 3 mo per protocol) over the 3-yr study period, with clinical trial levels of monitoring quality. The study was conducted according to the applicable regulatory prerequisites. Prior to data collection, all patients provided informed consent in accordance with local requirements.
Statistical methods Descriptive statistics were used to present observed data from routine clinical practice by treatment sequence for three first-line treatment groups. Percent data for outcomes were calculated from the number evaluable for each parameter as the denominator. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to analyse time-to-event variables (TTP, PFS2, and OS) for each treatment sequence, including median estimates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Missing demographic and baseline data were typical of this type of study and were not expected to substantially influence results. Statistical comparisons of efficacy outcomes were not performed; therefore, missing data imputation methods were not applied (no sensitivity analyses), and subgroups were constructed based on medical criteria (ie, treatment sequence received).
First, we applied a quasi-experimental approach to estimate the effect of a Danish reform which significantly extended parental leave on objective mental health outcomes in over 290 000 women. Second, we exploited rich registry data on maternal characteristics and health histories to investigate which sub-groups of women benefited the most from the policy. Finally, we used the full 30 years of follow-up data available to identify short-term as well as lasting effects of the policy on maternal mental health.
Data sources All live births and all residents in Denmark are assigned a unique identification number that allows linkages of individual-level data across Danish national registries. The Danish Civil Registration System  25  includes the exact date of birth and allows a child to be linked to his/her parents. We identified all mothers who gave birth between 1 January 1981 and 31 December 1987 from the Danish Civil Registration System (n ¼ 291 152). We excluded 933 women whose date of birth was not available (979 births). We included women who gave birth to twins or triplets as well as women who gave birth multiple times during our time frame. We included a total of 291 152 mothers with 371 149 births within our time frame (Figure  1 ). Information on inpatient psychiatric diagnoses came from the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register.
The study cohort contained all mothers who had given birth during our time frame, independent of their individual situation. This is an important improvement on the generalizability of existing studies which had mainly focused on first-time mothers. Second, we leveraged the exogenous sharp increase in leave duration induced by the reform to assess its causal effect on psychiatric diagnoses with fewer assumptions (e. g. exclusion restriction for instrumental variables) compared with other quasi-experimental designs. 30, 41 ur results are not without limitations. First, data on maternity leave duration were available only starting in January 1984. Similar to an intention-to-treat analysis in a randomized study, we consequently evaluated the impact of being eligible for the reform rather than the impact of taking-up the additional leave, which is likely to underestimate the impact of leave-taking on psychiatric diagnoses, due to non-compliance.
Materials and methods For our article research, we followed the PRISMA guidelines  [9]. A research protocol was published in the PROSPERO database (registration number: 297495). Articles corresponding to the Mesh terms "breast cancer" and "adjuvant radiotherapy" and the terms "hypofractionated" and "simultaneous integrated boost" were searched in the PubMed database. Articles corresponding to the terms "breast cancer", "adjuvant radiotherapy", "hypofractionated" and "simultaneous integrated boost" were searched in the Cochrane library. Studies published since 2015 reporting prospective trials published in English or French were included. We closed the search on 31 December 2021. The flow diagram for our methods is shown in Fig. 1. Twenty-three articles were retrieved using PubMed. One article was retrieved through the references of another article.
Concerning SIB in the case of HF-WBI, there are two large phase III prospective trials comparing sequential boost vs. SIB. The RTOG 1005 trial (NCT01349322) is a phase III prospective trial comparing conventional radiotherapy (50 Gy in 25 fractions or with hypofractionation option of 42. 7 Gy in 16 fractions) followed by a sequential boost of 12-14 Gy in 6-7 fractions vs. a hypofractionated WBI schedule of 40. 05 Gy in 15 fractions with an SIB to the tumor bed up to 48 Gy. No lymph node irradiation is planned in this trial  [21]. The IMPORT HIGH trial (NCT00818051) assessed dose-escalated RT delivered with IMRT in early breast cancer patients. The standard arm comprises 40. 5 Gy in 15 fractions and a sequential tumor bed boost of 16 Gy in 8 fractions. The two experimental arms are described as follows: patients in the first arm received 15 fractions of 2.
Patient characteristics Explanted textile polyester grafts coated with type 1 bovine collagen were analyzed as a part of the GEPRO-VAS collaborative retrieval program from 2012 to 2020. The clinical data related to each patient were collected, including age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, indication for implantation, graft location, cause of graft removal, and implantation duration. The inclusion criteria were implanted textile polyester VGs coated with type 1 bovine collagen and a known implantation duration. Patients were excluded from the present study if the clinical information was insufficient. & Associates, Inc, Newark, NJ), which had been explanted after 8 months of implantation, served as the non-CC control.
Histologic preparation Segments of the VG specimens removed at surgery were selected for histologic analysis and cut with a scalpel blade at one end. They were cut both longitudinally and horizontally. Next, they were sent to the Center of Biological Resources of Strasbourg University Hospital for embedding, microtome cutting (thickness of 4 mm), and staining (hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome). Histologic assessment CC assessment. The presence of CC was assessed histologically. The maximal thickness of the CC and the degree of surface coverage over the cross-sectional area (the entire circumference of the section corresponding to 360 ) were measured using Zen Lite 2 software, blue edition (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany) on histologic sections stained with Masson's trichrome stain (Supplementary Fig 1).
The thickness of the internal and external capsules was measured randomly 10 times and averaged. These measurements were performed using Zen Lite 2 software on transverse histologic sections stained with Masson's trichrome stain. Chronic inflammation assessment. Chronic inflammation was evaluated as absent, low with few mononuclear cells, moderate with many mononuclear cells, or high with many mononuclear cells and giant cells. To quantitatively assess for chronic inflammation, the number of inflammatory cells was counted manually over 10 random areas of 0. 25 mm 2 located next to the VG yarn on histologic sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. These areas were defined using a grid pattern and Zen Lite 2 software (Supplementary Fig 2). Neoangiogenesis assessment. The identification of the markers of the reconstruction phase, succeeding the cleaning phase of the healing process, was assessed.
The cleaning phase corresponded to the granulomatous inflammatory phase of the inflammatory reaction. It consists of the formation of a granuloma composed of macrophages and lymphocytes, which ensures the cleansing of necrotic debris and pathogens by phagocytosis. As characterized by neoangiogenesis, the presence of neovessels was assessed. 30 The number of neovessels present in the internal or external capsule was counted manually over five random areas of 0. 25 mm 2 on histologic sections stained with Masson's trichrome stain. These areas were defined with a grid pattern using Zen Lite 2 software. Bioresorption was analyzed using the CC maximal thickness and the degree of surface coverage.
Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism, version 8 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA), software. The quantitative variables were measured 5 times (ie, neovessel number) or 10 times (ie, maximal CC thickness, CC surface degree, inflammation cell number) and are expressed as median values. For two conditions with different data, the Mann-Whitney U test (a nonparametric test) was performed because the study data distribution was unknown. For more than two conditions with differing data, a Kruskal-Wallis test was used with Dunn's multiple comparison. A P value of <. 05 was considered statistically significant.
Explanted VGs A total of 27 explanted VGs were analyzed. Among them, 26 had been harvested at seven different university hospitals (ie, Strasbourg, Nantes, Saint-Quentin, Lyon, Blois, Grenoble, Lomme) and two private hospitals (ie, Aubagne, Colmar). One VG had been collected in the United States. Of the 27 VGs, 14 (52%) were Dialine II (Lemaitre Vascular), 8 (30%) were Polymaille Extra Thin (Perouse Medical), and 5 (18%) were Intergard (Maquet). Polymaille Extra Thin grafts are the only grafts to be free of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde (Table  I ). The Intergard grafts were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and Dialine II grafts with formalin vapor (Table  II ). The data set for the qualitative and quantitative analyses performed for each explant is summarized in Supplementary Table  I   The collagen had degraded quickly, one half of the VGs had had no CC at 90 days, and none had had CC at 1 year.
Participants Men and women with MS were recruited via volunteer databases maintained at The University of Queensland and MS Queensland, and through advertisements to local MS health care providers and support groups, across South East Queensland, Australia. Participants were eligible to take part if they met the following criteria: aged ≥18 years; diagnosis of MS; ambulant over 100 m (with/without use of an assistive device); and Disease Step rating 1-4 (clinician-rated)  (Hohol, Orav & Weiner, 1995). Exclusion criteria were: neurological disease other than MS; peripheral neuropathy; current use of foot insoles/orthoses; cardiovascular or orthopaedic conditions that limit ambulation; unstable psychiatric condition or cognitive impairment (Short Form Mini Mental State Examination score < 24;  Folstein, Folstein & McHugh, 1975) ).
Data analysis Statistical analyses were performed in a blinded manner, on an intention-to-treat basis, using Stata 16. 0 (StataCorp. 2019). Data were assessed for normality. Outcomes that were skewed, were transformed onto the 100 log(e) scale, to enable reporting of symmetric percentage differences  (Cole, 2000). Gait and foot sensory measures were averaged across the left and right leg/foot. To determine any between-group differences in outcomes, independent t-tests were performed on change from baseline (average of Baseline 1 and Baseline 2 measures) to post-intervention. The alpha level was 0. 05, with no adjustments for multiple testing.
Results A total of 202 pwMS were screened for eligibility. Of these, 51 pwMS underwent a clinical examination, and 41 pwMS were enrolled into the study and completed Baseline 1 assessment (Fig. 2 ). Recruitment ceased prior to reaching the estimated sample size (n = 166), and before any data analysis had taken place, due to the exhaustion of funding and resources. Eighteen pwMS were allocated to the smooth insole group and 20 pwMS to the textured insole group. The attrition rate was 7% at 4 weeks and 27% at 16 weeks. Thirty participants successfully completed the trial (Control group, N = 15; Intervention group, N = 15). Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between groups (Table  1 ).
Acknowledgments Work in N. L. 's laboratory is supported by the  European Research Council (ERC-Stg CrIC :  637763  ,  ERC-PoC DIM-CrIC :  893772  ), la  Ligue pour la Recherche contre le Cancer , and the  Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales  ( ANRS: ECTZ117448  ). H. C. is supported by a PhD fellowship from la  Ligue pour la Recherche contre le Cancer. S. G. is supported by a  LabMUSE EpiGenMed  fellowship. I. K. V. is supported by the  CNRS. Schematic representations were created using Biorender (https://biorender. com/).
For Germany, data collection started earlier and shows an initial overlapping transient with a faster rebound for males than for females (Figure  5  left), resulting in a group difference which remains preserved as time evolves. The same situation is observed for Denmark, even more pronounced (Figure  5  right), but without the initial transient as data collection started later. The interaction of age and sex was not significant, indicating these were additive factors in these data. Older adults and females showed larger overall values on the PS effect, suggesting these groups felt higher affective risk and that the COVID-19 pandemic was more of a crisis relative to younger groups or males. were available from all waves in each of the COSMO datasets. See Supplementary Table  1  for a complete list of variables.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No. 945539  ( SGA3 )  Human Brain Project. Germany 's  COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO)  is a joint project of the  University of Erfurt  ( Cornelia Betsch  [PI],  Lars Korn ,  Philipp Sprengholz ,  Philipp Schmid ,  Lisa Felgendreff ,  Sarah Eitze ), the  Robert Koch Institute (RKI ;  Lothar H. Wieler ,  Patrick Schmich) , the  Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA ;  Heidrun Thaiss ,  Freia De Bock) , the  Leibniz Centre for Psychological Information and Documentation (ZPID; Michael Bosnjak) , the  Science Media Center (SMC ;  Volker Stollorz ), the  Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM ;  Michael Ramharter ), and the  Yale Institute for Global Health (Saad Omer) ; funding:  BZgA, RKI, ZPID, University of Erfurt  (no grant number).
Introduction: The therapeutic role of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in prostate cancer (PCa) is unknown due to absence of randomized trials. Objective: to present a critical review on the therapeutic benefi ts of PLND in high risk localized PCa patients. Materials and Methods: A search of the literature on PLND was performed using PubMed, Cochrane, and Medline database. Articles obtained regarding diagnostic imaging and sentinel lymph node dissection, PLND extension, impact of PLND on survival, PLND in node positive "only" disease and PLND surgical risks were critically reviewed. Results: High-risk PCa commonly develops metastases. In these patients, the possibility of presenting lymph node disease is high. Thus, extended PLND during radical prostatectomy may be recommended in selected patients with localized high-risk PCa for both accurate staging and therapeutic intent.
MATERIAL AND METHODS This critical review complied with some Amstar checklist criteria. We included PubMed, Cochrane, and Medline publications in the English language. Each subheading of this manuscript was framed and discussed according to ''PICO'' (population, interventions, control groups and outcomes) principles. The authors verified in detail title, abstract, full text and data extraction of studies under review. We included several retrospectives studies, reviews, comparative studies with at least one control arm and one meta-analysis. Comparative single-center cases and one ongoing clinical trial were included as well. Single case series, case reports, reviews, and editorial comments were excluded. Limitations of this study included lack of statistical analysis of crude data base information from different publications.