dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the  UAMS Department of Animal Laboratory Medicine (DLAM)  and  Flow Cytometry Core , and thank  Mr. Terry Fletcher  for assistance in animal handling. LM is supported by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , the  Institut National de la Santeet de la Recherche Medicale , the  UniversitePierre et Marie Curie  and by grants from the  Foundation de France , and the  French Ministry of Research (Agence Nationale pour la Recherche   ANR-12-BSV1-0015-01 ; LM's team is part of the  E ´cole des Neurosciences de Paris Ile-de-France network and of the Bio-Psy Labex ). This work was supported by the  NIH National Center for Biomedical Glycomic  grant to PA ( 8P41GM103490 ),  NHLBI  grants to KB ( HL107152 ) and to FK [ HL091196  and  HL091196-01A2W1 ],  American Heart Association  [ 13GRNT17240014 ] and the  Minnie Merrill Sturgis Diabetes Research Fund , and the  Sturgis Charitable Trust  to FK.
However, little data exist on populations practicing Ramadan fasting in France. One such study recently conducted in Marseille, a crossover point between France and North Africa with a diverse religious population, showed the importance of Ramadan fasting for French Muslim patients and revealed a wide gap between the patients' and physicians' attitudes, highlighting the need for increased awareness and more medical training  [27]. The present observational study, Vilagliptin Experience during Ramadan in patients with DIabetes (VERDI), aimed to evaluate the management of T2DM in France during Ramadan 2012 and the rate of hypoglycemia in patients receiving an ongoing dual therapy of metformin and vildagliptin or metformin and SU or glinide. Real-life educational approaches at the pre-Ramadan visit were collected, such as adaptation of drug treatment, blood glucose monitoring, and dietary counseling.
Relative quantitative real-time pCR The relative quantification of messenger RNA (mRNA) was performed with a quantitative RT-PCR assay. 1 µg of total RNA was transcribed into cDNA using the cDNA Archive Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Each cDNA sample was analyzed for gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) using the fluorescent TaqMan 5′-nuclease assay with an Applied Biosystems 7900HT sequence detection system. The TaqMan RT-PCR was performed using 2X TaqMan Master Mix and 20X premade TaqMan gene expression assays (Applied Biosystems). Analysis was performed with the ABI 7900HT SDS 2. 2 Software. The mRNA levels were normalized to that of the 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 (RPLP0), which was chosen for its stability in these samples. The data are given as the ratio of the level of the target gene mRNA to that of RPLP0 mRNA.
2A ). Interferon-gamma (IFNG) expression in adipose tissue remained below detection limits in obese mice but was significantly induced 6 h after LPS administration (data not shown). Despite inflammatory and glucose resistance features similar to those encountered in human obesity, we did not detect any significant IDO1 expression in epididymal adipose tissue of either control or high-fat diet fed animals (Fig. 2B ). Furthermore, in the ob/ob mice, no IDO1 expression was detected in the adipose tissue (Fig. 2B ). Subcutaneous adipose tissue was also studied and never displayed any IDO1 expression (data not shown). Intraperitoneal administration of LPS induced a weak but significant expression of IDO1 in adipose tissue, six hours after administration (Fig. 2B ). Finally, in order to detect a potential activation of the kynurenine pathway in our animals, we analyzed the ratio of circulating kynurenine/tryptophan in high fat-fed mice.
The EMG signals recorded were then amplified (Grass model CP511A amplifier) and filtered (band pass between 10 Hz and 1 KHZ). EMG data acquisition was performed by an analogue/digital conversion card using ACQ2000XP software developed in the laboratory. As classically performed in rats  [6, 12] , stimulation was increased to simultaneously obtain greater amplitude H and M responses. Fifteen to twenty stimuli were applied in this way, which subsequently allowed calculation of the mean M or H response from the ten largest responses obtained. Maximum M or H responses were characterized in terms of amplitude and latency. After recording electromyographic responses in conscious rats, the animals were anaesthetised by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine. Ketamine was chosen because it has been clearly described in the literature that this molecule does not induce any modification of H and M responses, unlike other molecules such as propofol and etomidate  [13].
5 mL of 1% lidocaine. The first stimulus was delivered at the end of the injection and the following stimuli were delivered with an interstimulus interval of 30 seconds until the 10th minute then an interstimulus interval of 60 seconds until the 100th minute after injection. After the 100th minute, during the recovery phase, the interstimulus interval was 30 seconds and stimuli were delivered until complete recovery of H and M responses. EMG activity was analysed by "Neuromecanik" software developed in the laboratory with Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc. Natick, MA 01760-2098, USA): the operator had to manually identify the start and end of M or H responses and the peak-to-peak amplitude and latencies of H and M responses were then calculated automatically. Finally, 4 rats were used to test the placebo effect.
A complete H and M response recording protocol was performed before and after percutaneous injection of 0. 5 cc of physiological saline in contact with the sciatic nerve according to the same methodology as that described earlier. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the protocol. Statistical analyses were performed with StatView version 5. 0 software (SAS Institute INC). A paired t-test was used for all comparisons with a limit of significance of 0. 05.
Materials and Methods Two groups of 14 participants (6 women and 8 men and 10 women and 4 men), aged between 19 and 39 years (average of 25 Ϯ 3 and 25 Ϯ 6 years old) reporting no history of neurological or psychiatric disorders and normal or corrected-to-normal vision, took part in the experiments. Twenty-three of them were naive as to TMS and to the purpose of the experiments, and they all participated voluntarily. The protocol was reviewed by the Inserm ethical committee and approved by an Institutional Review Board (CPP Ile de France 1). Apparatus, stimuli, and procedure. Visual stimuli were displayed on an eye-tracker screen (Tobii Technology AB; 17 inches wide, 1024 ϫ 768) using a laptop computer (Dell Latitude E6400) and standard stimulus presentation software (E-Prime Software). Each trial started with a gray resting screen (luminance: 75 cd/m 2 , 2500 ms), followed by a fixation screen (randomly lasting between 1000 and 1500 ms) (Fig.
This study was funded by  FP6 (EU VIth Frame Program ) and  Agence National de la Recherche Scientifique project eraNET-NEURON BEYONDVIS  to A. V. -C. We thank the IFRAD foundation for providing equipment funds. L. C. was supported by a  PhD fellowship of the E ´cole des Neurosciences de Paris. We are thankful to  Dr. B. Dubois  for scientific and logistical support in some of the experiments, and to  Drs. P. Bartolomeo ,  S. Meunier , and  P. Pradat-Diehl  for providing medical supervision during TMS sessions, and  Drs. R. Katz  and  A. Lackmy  for technical and logistical support with TMS equipment.
PROCEDURE Participants came to the lab on two different days and were recorded playing scales. One measurement happened at 8 AM (henceforth referred to as AM recording) and the other at 8 PM (henceforth referred to as PM recording). Participants avoided to play piano prior to the measurement on both study days except a warm-up of five minutes immediately before the recording. The order of the AM and PM measurements was counterbalanced. Participants played on a MP 9000 MIDI stage piano (Kawai, Krefeld, Germany). The keyboard's digital music interface (MIDI out) signal was captured on a PC using a commercially available sequencer software (Musicator Win, version 2. 12; Music Interactive Technology, Bergen, Norway). Participants were requested to play two-octave C-major scales beginning with the C (131 Hz) one octave below the middle C and ending with the C (523 Hz) one octave higher than the middle C.
SCALE PLAYING: KEYSTROKE VELOCITY Thus far, we have restricted our attention to timing precision of the note onsets. Are other musical parameters affected? For each scale run, we took the average keystroke velocity and then took the FIGURE 3 | Difference in playing instability between the morning and evening recordings as a function of pianist chronotype. We have collapsed the two hands and two directions to yield a single data point for each participant. Positive instability differences denote more stable playing in the morning. A negative correlation is observed, indicating that the later the chronotype, the more stable the scale playing is in the evening relative to the morning. median of these for each participant and condition. An ANOVA with this keystroke velocity as dependent variable revealed no main effect of hand or chronotype [both F (1, 19) < 3.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the  EBRAMUS ,  European Brain  and  Music Ph. D. Grant  to  Floris T. Van Vugt  ( ITN MC FP7, GA 238157 ). The authors also wish to thank  Prof. Dr. Till Roenneberg  and  Dr. Marc Bangert  for discussions during the earlier stages of this research. Also, we are indebted to  Prof. Dr. Till Roenneberg  for kindly providing us with the  Munich Chrono-Type Questionnaire.
Measurement of Chemokine/Cytokine Levels Commercially available mouse inflammation antibody arrays (RayBiotech Inc. , Norcross, GA, USA) were used to detect chemokine and cytokine expressions. Plasma and caput epididymal protein extracts were treated as described by the supplier. Protein levels were estimated by densitometric analysis of the membranes. Each set of membranes contains positive and negative controls that were used for standardization and data are expressed as relative densitometric values. Chemokine/cytokine evaluations were performed on 3 biological replicates and 2 technical repeats were carried out in 3 distinct assays. For statistical analysis, ANOVA was performed with the factors ''genetic background [WT vs KO]'' and ''assays'' (Statgraphics Plus version 5. 1). When the factor ''genetic background'' was significant, Fisher LSD tests (P,0.
Each primary STAT (STAT1-3-5-6), Phospho-STAT (P-STAT1[Tyr701], P-STAT3[Ser727], P-STAT5[Tyr694] and P-STAT6[Tyr641]), Smad (Smad 1-3-5) and Phospho-Smad (P-Smad1/5 [Ser463/ 465] and P-Smad3 [Ser423/425]) antibody was used at a dilution of 1/1000 in 1X TBS-Tween 5%. The secondary antibody was a goat anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase conjugate (1/5000, GE Healthcare, UK) that was detected using the ECL Western Blotting Detection kit on Hyperfilm TM (GE Healthcare). Densitometric analyses were carried out with ''Quantity one'' software (Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France).
It was continuously monitored and recorded on a personal computer using the WinATS software (Sysma, Aix-en-Provence, France). 31 P-MRS measurements. Metabolic investigations were performed in a 4. 7-Tesla horizontal magnet (47/30 Biospec Avance, Bruker, Ettingen, Germany) equipped with a Bruker 120-mm (200 mT/m) gradient insert. Spectra (8-kHz sweep width; 2048 data points) from the gastrocnemius region were continuously acquired at rest and throughout the standardized stimulation protocol. A fully relaxed spectrum (12 accumulations, TR = 20 sec) was acquired at rest followed by a total of 256 free induction decays (FID) (TR = 1. 875 sec). The first 64 FIDs were acquired at rest and summed together. The next 192 FIDs were acquired during the stimulation period and were summed by packets of 32, allowing a temporal resolution of ~ 60 sec.
Mechanical performance. For each stimulation train, isometric peak force was calculated and the corresponding data were fitted to the Hill equation providing f 50 (stimulation frequency for which 50% of the maximal force was exerted). The maximum rate of force development (in mN/ms) and the half relaxation time, i. e. the time to obtain half of the decline in maximal tetanic force, were calculated from the tetanus obtained at 150 Hz. Regarding the standardized fatiguing stimulation protocol, the amplitude of each peak twitch was measured and was then averaged every 15 sec of stimulation. For all stimulation protocols, force was divided by the corresponding hindlimb muscles volume (see below) in order to obtain specific force (in mN/mm 3 ). MR data. 31 P-MRS: Data were processed using a proprietary software developed using IDL (Interactive Data Language, Research System, Inc.
, Boulder, CO, USA)  [34]. Relative concentrations of phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and ATP were obtained with a 60 sec timeresolution by a time-domain fitting routine using the AMARES-MRUI Fortran code and appropriate prior knowledge of the ATP multiplets. PCr to ATP ratios were calculated from the peak areas of the spectrum acquired at rest. Intracellular pH (pHi) was calculated from the chemical shift of the Pi signal relative to PCr  [35]. PCr recovery kinetics after the stimulation protocol was fitted using a monoexponential fit and the PCr recovery time (τPCr) value was calculated. MRI: Quantitative fat images were generated from the Dixon fat and water images (Figure  1 ) as follows using a home-built program developed using IDL  [36]. These images were used to quantify the fat and muscle content in the whole hindlimb for the four slices with the largest sections.
Fatty infiltration was calculated as follows: percentage fat = SI fat /(SI fat + SI water ) where SI fat and SI water refer to signal intensity in each pixel of the fat and water images, respectively. Maximal cross-sectional area (CSA, in mm 2 ) was quantified from the largest slice from water images and the hindlimb muscles volume (in mm 3 ) was calculated as the sum of the four CSAs of the five consecutive largest slices from water images obtained with the 3-point Dixon technique. T 2 maps were generated by fitting on a pixelby-pixel basis the logarithm of the data to the following linear equation: Log(S(TE) = Log(S 0 )-TE/T 2 where S(TE) is the signal at time = TE and S 0 is the equilibrium magnetization. The DTI reconstruction was performed with the manufacturer software (Bruker; Paravision 5) and the corresponding data were processed using an in-house program developed with IDL (Interactive Data Language, Research Systems Inc.
Statistical analyses Statistical analyses were performed with the Statistica software version 9 (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA). Normality was checked using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Two-factor (group x time) analysis of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated measures on time were used to compare isometric force production, metabolites concentrations and pHi. Two-factor (group x stimulation frequency) ANOVAs with repeated measures on stimulation frequency were used to compare force production. When a main effect or a significant interaction was found, Newman-Keuls post-hoc analysis was used. Unpaired t-tests were used for other comparisons. Linear regression analysis (Pearson's correlation) was used to compare the degree of association between variables. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).
This work was funded by the  ERA-NET E-Rare  " European research projects on rare diseases " (grant NEMMYOP). Charlotte GINESTE was supported by a fellowship from the  French Ministry of Higher Education and Research  and by the  Association Française contre les Myopathies (AFM). Kristen NOWAK  was supported by an  Australian Research Council   Future Fellowship   FT100100734. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
2013). A comprehensive understanding of the setting up of hemispheric lateralization thus calls for the characterization of factors' influence at different levels of brain organization, a first step being here the investigation of variations in HG anatomy with handedness. Although, as mentioned earlier, a leftward asymmetry of anterior HG had been reported in right-handers, there had been, to our knowledge, no investigation of anatomical differences in HG anatomy with handedness. To question whether handedness is related with differences in HG anatomy and asymmetry, we compared right-handers and left-handers HG anatomy, thanks to the BIL&GIN, a database that includes 430 healthy volunteers balanced for handedness and sex. The BIL&GIN includes only healthy participants who had been recruited through advertisement and is dedicated to the study of the anatomical and functional basis of hemispheric specialization.
The corresponding Alexa secondary antibodies (Invitrogen life technology Carlsbad) were used to reveal the primary antibodies (dilution 1:250), and sections were counterstained with 49, 6diamino-2-phenylindol (DAPI) (Sigma Aldrich St. Louis, MO USA) (dilution 1:5000). Sections and flatmounts were viewed with a fluorescence microscope (BX51; Olympus, Rungis, France) and confocal microscope (LSM 510 laser scanning microscope Zeiss, Carl Zeiss, Le Pecq, France). Images were then processed by Photoshop software for preparation of the final images. The immunostaining procedure was repeated at least 3 times to seek for consistency of the positive results. Negative controls were obtained by staining procedures that omitted the primary antibody.
Rabbit polyclonal anti-Partitioning-defective protein 3 (07-330) (EMD Millipore Life Science division of Merck KGaA of Darmstadt, Germany)(dilution 2 m/ml). Then, membranes were incubated with the corresponding peroxidase-conjugated F(ab)2 fragment (Caltag, Burlingame, Canada) (dilution1:4000) secondary antibodies. Immunoreactive bands were detected with the ECL Western blotting Detection Reagents Kit (Thermo scientific inc, IL, USA). The relative abundance of individual proteins identified was quantified by scanning densitometry. For the phosphorylated PKCf (PKCf -P) the relative band intensity was calculated in comparison to the non phosphorylated PKCf after densitometry analysis (Adobe photoshop software).
Beneficial effect of intravitreal injection of a PKCf inhibitor on diabetic RPE barrier The above described results suggest that PKCf overactivation plays a role in the disruption of TJ in RPE during diabetes. To ascertain this hypothesis, both control and diabetic rats at 6 months of age were given a single intravitreal injection of a PKC inhibitor (IZ). Rats were then sacrificed and processed within 48 hours. In diabetic treated eyes (IZ), immunostaining on flatmounted RPE showed restoration of PKCf organization within the occludin loops, similar to what is observed in control (CTL) animals (Fig  4a ). Diabetic sham treated eyes (DIA) exhibited either faint or no PKCf staining at the junction (Fig  4a ). Similarly, occludin staining was altered in 6-month-old sham treated diabetic rats (DIA) and was restored by the treatment At this stage the PKCf at the junctions (TJ)/total amount of PKCf ratio was significantly decreased for diabetic conditions (Image J software, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) (d) and occludin internalization from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm was found (e).
Key words: ANO5, LGMD2L, gender, common mutation   (Hicks et al, 2011). LGMD2L, together with a more distal variant also known as non-dysferlin Miyoshi muscular dystrophy type 3 (MMD3) as well as some cases of isolated hyperCKaemia and pseudometabolic myopathy, have been shown to be associated with recessive mutations in the ANO5 gene (OMIM accession number 608662;  Bolduc et al, 2010; Hicks et al, 2011; Milone et al, 2012; Deschauer et al, 2012; Schessl et al, 2012; Penttilä et al, 2012; Bouquet et al, 2012; Magri et al, 2012; Pénisson-Besnier et al, 2012; Wahbi et al, 2012; Witting et al, 2012; Little et al, 20132; Neusch et al, 2012). The prevalence of ANO5 gene related conditions, or socalled anoctaminopathies, is not yet fully established, but preliminary data from Northern England indicate that LGMD2L is the 3 rd most common type of LGMD with a minimum prevalence of 0.
Genetic analysis ANO5 gene sequence variants were identified in 90/205 unrelated individuals (46%) and 5 affected relatives (Table  1 , Suppl. Table  1 ). Fifty-one patients were found to carry 2 or more ANO5 variants in homozygosity or compound heterozygosity, while further 39 patients showed one single ANO5 change (Tables  1  and 2 ). A total of 42 ANO5 gene variants were identified, 32 27 of which novel (Tables  1  and 2 ). Twenty variants were missense (47%), 4 frameshift (9%), 6 splice site (14%), 2 stop (5%), 1 synonymous (2%) and 10 intronic (24%) (Table  2 ). The pathogenicity of 16 135 novel variants is supported by their predicted effect on protein product, by their recurrence in multiple unrelated patients, by segregation in affected family members, absence in SNPs databases and in silico analysis.
ANO5 gene, Gene Bank accession number NM_213599. 2. Nucleotide numbering reflects cDNA numbering with +1 corresponding to the A of the ATG translation initiation codon in the reference sequence, according to journal guidelines (www. hgvs. org/mutnomen). The initiation codon is codon 1. Legend: *patient N. 05 and N. 13 also with variant c. 364-67T>C with uncertain pathogenicity.
Superoxyde ion (O 2. -) levels were measured using dihydroethidium (Invitrogen) as fluorescent probes at 6-DIV, that is, when oxidative stress is at its peak. Mixed microglia-neuron cultures were exposed for 30 minutes to 1 μM dihydroethidium, washed three times, and then maintained in serum-free supplemented medium. The fluorescent signal, visualized by epifluorescence microscopy (excitation at 520 nm, emission at 610 nm), was quantified using the Simple-PCI software from C-Imaging Systems (Cranberry Township, PA, USA) and a Nikon TE-300 inverted microscope equipped with an ORCA-ER digital camera (Hamamatsu Photonics, Massy, France). Fluorescent images of randomly chosen fields (six to eight in each culture condition) were acquired with a 20× fluorescent objective. The average pixel intensity over the surface of each cell body was determined under the different test conditions.
Image and data analysis DAB-immunostained sections were analyzed by brightfield microscopy, using a Leitz microscope equipped with image analysis software (Mercator, ExploraNova, La Rochelle, France). TH + and Nissl + cell bodies were quantified stereologically on regularly spaced sections covering the whole substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) using the VisioScan stereology tool. The investigator performing the quantification was blinded to the treatment and genotype groups during the analysis. Fluorescent sections were analyzed on a Zeiss Axioplan 2 using ExploraNova FluoUp 1. 0 software. Striatal TH optic densitometry was measured by image analysis software (Mercator, ExploraNova).
Statistics All values are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Differences in means between two groups were analyzed using the two-tailed Student's t-test, or when data were not normally distributed, with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test. Differences in means among multiple datasets were analyzed using one-or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time, treatment, or genotype as the independent factors. When ANOVA showed significant differences, pairwise comparisons between means were tested by the Tukey post hoc analysis. When data were not normally distributed, ANOVA on ranks was used (Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise comparison using the Dunn test). In all analyses, P-values of less than 0. 05 were considered significant (SigmaStat Statistical Software, Systat Software, Inc.