dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
2006Sharkey 2001)  showed unexcepted results with 18000 species described and almost 1000 species new to science (www. dlia. org). This experience inspired dozens of ATBI's across the world  (Ichter et al. 2018)  including the first European ATBI between the French Parc national du Mercantour and the Italian Parco Naturale Alpi Marittime  (De Biaggi et al. 2013). With more than 12640 species described including 50 new to science, this project is the first and most successful large-scale All-Taxa Biodiversity Inventory in Europe. These datasets are now available in open access in both national (https://openobs. mnhn. fr ) and global (www. gbif. org) biodiversity facilities. The objective of this data paper is to provide an updated description of the datasets produced in the frame of the ATBI in the Mercantour national park, an overview of main results and its contribution to the french National Inventory of Natural Heritage (https://inpn.
General description Purpose: An All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) is a comprehensive inventory of all species occurring in a given territory. Its objective is to improve knowledge on taxonomy and chorology and to better understand ecological communities and their interactions within ecosystems  (Janzen and Hallwachs 1994, Ichter et al. 2018). It encourages further 2 data acquisition and collation of existing knowledge (e. g. historical data) to maximize the number of species inventoried and associated ecological information. Wherever feasible, it aims to contribute to better management of the territory through assessments and monitoring.
Additional information: The ATBI Mercantour Alpi-Marittime project started with the creation of the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT) in 2006. EDIT was a network of excellence of 28 institutions whose main objective was to reduce the fragmentation in European taxonomy. With the support of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN) in Paris, the Parc national du Mercantour and the Parco Naturale Alpi Marittime applied to host a pilot project called 'All taxa biodiversity inventory + monitoring' (ATBI+M) as the first of a series in Europe. Thanks to their high potential for biodiversity, logistical opportunities and successful previous scientific partnerships  (Gargominy and Ripken 2006, Hervé and Rollard 2009)  EDIT choose 17 pilot sites within both parks. In 2008 a dataset of 41 800 occurrences was published in the GBIF (https://doi.
org/10. 15468/dl. d9vgqp) by EDIT's coordinators, the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (MfN) and the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS). In 2009, when the EDIT work package ended, the two natural parks in collaboration with the MNHN in Paris and the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali in Turin (MRSN) proposed to continue the project not only in pilot sites but to their entire territories and with increased outputs in terms of management and decision-making. A three-year project called Inventaire Biologique Generalisé / Inventario Biologico Generalizzato (Generalised Biological Inventory) was accepted as an Integrated Transboundary Action Plan in the frame of the ALCOTRA 2007-2013 program. Both parks administrations were responsible for the fieldwork coordination and the MNHN was tasked with data management through a web-based application (https://cardobs.
Project description Personnel: More than 350 individual specialists contributed to the ATBI. Also, dozens of park rangers actively helped with preparation, fieldwork or conducting inventories. Two project managers were recruited to coordinate the program in each park. In the Mercantour two seasonal field technicians were hired from 2009 to 2012 as support for fieldwork and to collate historical data. After the fieldwork, many students, volunteers, and laboratory technicians were tasked with sorting an large amount of material especially for the continuous sampling techniques (e. g entomological traps). Although resources were specifically dedicated to material sorting and data management, part of the information was not yet available due to insufficient resources: time, finance, and available experts  ( Villemant et al.
As the inventory progressed, the steering committee preferred the groups thematic system as used in the Smoky Mountains ATBI. They were built around different sampling strategies: 1) taxonomical targets (e. g. lichens, bryophytes, tracheophytes); 2) biological groups with similar sampling strategies (e. g. terrestrial invertebrates); or 3) types of ecosystems (e. g. superficial aquatic habitats, biospeology). These two approaches (by groups and/or independent) proved to be complementary. During the project, the collaboration between taxonomists and the park's scientific services significantly improved. This had positive effects at various levels including improvements of the sampling strategy, better communication with the stakeholders, involvement from local taxonomists and data flow management  (Leccia and Morand 2013, Mauz and Granjou 2013).
To complement the taxonomy, molecular analyses were added to the sampling strategy. Barcoding is a standardized method that attributes to each species a unique DNA sequence. The studies are conducted by the Molecular Systematic Service of the MNHN and Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (Cirad-Ensa-Inra-IRD). The results are published in the sequence database, Barcode of Life Data Systems  (Ratnasingham and Hebert, 2007).
3 ) and the hyporheic fauna (Bou Rouch filtering or pumping). The ATBI Mercantour -Alpi Marittime was also an opportunity to collect and disseminate information on methods and protocols. In particular, 79 scholars contributed to the publication of the two volumes of the 'Manual on field recording techniques and protocols for All Taxa Biodiversity Inventories and Monitoring' in ABC taxa, a journal dedicated to capacity building in taxonomy and collection management  (Eymann et al. 2010). In 2013 a scientific and technical workshop was organized in the frame of the ATBI and a specific session on methodological issues was held. A summary of the discussions is available in the proceedings (Deharveng and Isaia 2013). Quality control: All datasets presented in this publication are managed by the MNHN which is responsible for the national inventory of natural heritage (INPN).
For example, the observation start date should be always less than or equal to the observation end date. In addition, a series of automatic controls called scientific validation were applied to verify that data were compliant with other reference databases : taxonomical repository, biogeographic status and know distribution (e. g. atlas). However, for the Mercantour ATBI there was no expert validation to assess the reliability, i. e. the degree of confidence that can be placed in the data. The data sets producers are responsible for the reliability of the identification. Authors have the possibility to tag an identification as doubtful, so that the data won't be published.
Taxonomic coverage Description: The ATBI Mercantour/Alpi Marittime aims to inventory the entire biota and is mainly focused on four kingdoms: Animalia, Chromista, Fungi and Plantae. For the species occurring in France, the taxonomy follows TAXREF the national repository for flora, fauna, and fungi of metropolitan France and overseas territories. TAXREF assigns a unique, unambiguous and (whenever possible) consensual scientific name to all species occurring in France. The repository is constantly updated and a new version is published every year. The ATBI data package does not includes data sets on chordates: Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Mammals (managed by the Mercantour National Park information system) and Fishes (managed by the water information system SIE). However, opportunistic data on chordates were also produced during the inventories and therefore present in the results (except for Fishes).
Fig. 7  shows a temporal distribution of the number of data and taxa per year during the period of the ATBI (2007 -present). Fig. 8  shows the cumulative number of data according to the sample date since the creation of the National Park in 1979. These two graphs only concern data from the main dataset called "Datasets from the Mercantour ATBI". The other datasets from the data package (cadre d'aquisition) from Explor'Nature and the Conservatoires botaniques are not included in Figure  7  and 8. The decrease in 2019 and 2020 in Fig. 7  is an artefact due to the delay between the field work and the data publication. Several datasets (e. g. aquatic invertebrates and Syrphids) are expected to be published soon. id An identifier for the Occurrence (as opposed to a particular digital record of the occurrence).
Main results of the ATBI Mercantour Thanks to the ATBI 14791 taxa and 12640 species are now known from the Mercantour national park. Between 2007 and 2020, 247674 data were recorded, checked and published in the INPN information system. All this information is available in open access in the GBIF web site. When compared to the national taxonomic repository (TAXREF v13), the Mercantour National Park host 15% of all species known to occur in metropolitan France in less than 0,4% of the territory (Table  1 ). This proportion is even higher for several taxonomical groups where the knowledge is considered sufficient, both for the Mercantour and at national level: Bryophytes (42%), Lepidoptera (40%), Orthoptera (40%), Lichens (38%), Odonata (38%), Reptiles (34%) and Plants (25%); see Table  2. These results confirm the importance of the Mercantour National Park in terms of biodiversity, which several authors consider a hotspot in Europe  (Dole-Olivier et al.
Contribution of the ATBI to the knowledge on biodiversity in France Throughout the duration of the ATBI, 53 species new for France were discovered (see Table  4 ). With 247 674 data, the ATBI contributes 0. 33% of the total amount of data currently released in the INPN (in November 2020). The inventories added 1077 taxa for which no occurrence was previously recorded in the INPN and 1244 taxa for which no occurrence was previously recorded in the National Park.
2015b , Villemant et al. 2015)  and as a consequence part of the data or information on the specimens collected in the field were not entered in the database. For the purpose of this data paper, PatriNat (OFB/MNHN/CNRS) allocated extra resources to enter and publish data with special care for species new to science and species new to France. The second challenge is interoperability. In the case of the ATBI Mercantour Alpi-Marittime the cross-border management was an issue since it was not possible to agree on a unique information system for both technical (mainly taxonomical and geographical) and political reasons. Unfortunately the information systems on both sides of the border are not interoperable. For that reason, this data paper is limited to the French part of the ATBI. Finally, the long-term preservation of data needs specific infrastructures and resources.
By definition, a comprehensive inventory of biodiversity is a long-lasting process. Due to the taxonomic impediment  (Fontaine et al. 2012) , the results for some of the least-known groups are expected to be published with some delay. Furthermore, taxonomy is a field that is constantly evolving and needs a regular update (see Taxonomic coverage). Therefore, it is necessary to consider the permanence of the information from the beginning of such projects. The first stage of the ATBI Mercantour Alpi-Marittime was coordinated by EU-funded project EDIT and an ad-hoc database was designed and implemented. At the end of the Work package 7, the database and the website has not been maintained, making both rapidly outdated. As a second phase of the project, both parks took the lead of the ATBI and it was decided that for the French part the MNHN will be responsible for data management through the INPN.
In terms of management the ATBI provide an exemplary reference data set that will offer a framework for future investigation, e. g. taxonomic groups, sectors and times to inventory in priority, monitoring schemes. Finally, this data paper is also an opportunity to highlight that ATBIs are long-lasting projects that require special attention to data flow to guarantee that all the information collected in the field will eventually be published and available to all. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Professor Alain Couté, specialist in microalgae at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle and one of the pillars of the program who passed away in 2020.
org/10. 15468/ru5aks Data format: Darwin Core Archive Description: Within the framework of its adhesion to the Mercantour National Park, the municipality of Barcelonnette and the Park organized a 3-day event focused on the knowledge of biodiversity, the discovery of scientific inventories and the exchange with scientists. Datasets from the Mercantour ATBI" idem as "Datasets from the Mercantour ATBI" Data set name: EXPLOR'NATURE 2018, inventaire biologique de la commune de Sospel Download URL: https://doi. org/10. 15468/s1cjxq Description: Within the framework of its Atlas of Communal Biodiversity, the commune of Sospel and the Mercantour National Park, in partnership and with the financial support of the French Agency for Biodiversity (AFB), organized a 3-day event focused on the knowledge of biodiversity, the discovery of the scientific inventories and the exchange with scientists.
Column label Column description idem as "Datasets from the Mercantour ATBI" idem as "Datasets from the Mercantour ATBI" Data set name: EXPLOR'NATURE 2019, inventaire biologique de la commune de Guillaumes Download URL: https://doi. org/10. 15468/zgdj99 Data format: Darwin Core Archive Description: Within the framework of its Atlas of Communal Biodiversity, the commune of Guillaumes and the Mercantour National Park, in partnership and with the financial support of the French Agency for Biodiversity (AFB), organized a 3-day event focused on the knowledge of biodiversity, the discovery of the scientific inventories and the exchange with scientists. from the Mercantour ATBI" idem as "Datasets from the Mercantour ATBI" Data set name: Observations floristiques PNM issues de la base de données flore du Conservatoire botanique national alpin -Floristic observations of Mercantour National Park from the flora database of the Conservatoire botanique national alpin Download URL: https://doi.
org/10. 15468/v4dvqb Data format: Darwin Core Archive Description: Floristic observations from the flora database of the Conservatoire botanique national alpin (CBNA) carried out by the Parc National du Mercantour (PNM) and located on the territory of the PNM in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. Observations carried out within the framework of ATBI and other programmes. from the Mercantour ATBI" idem as "Datasets from the Mercantour ATBI" Data set name: Observations floristiques issues de la base de données flore du Conservatoire botanique national alpin -Floristic observations from the flora database of the Conservatoire botanique national alpin Download URL: https://doi. org/10. 15468/qhwwdf Data format: Darwin Core Archive Description: Floristic observations from the flora database of the Conservatoire botanique national alpin (CBNA) in the Mercantour National Park (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department).
These observations are produced by the CBNA or from the bibliography Column label Column description idem as "Datasets from the Mercantour ATBI" idem as "Datasets from the Mercantour ATBI" Data set name: Inventaires du Conservatoire botanique national méditerranéen dans le cadre de l'ATBI Mercantour -Inventories of the Conservatoire botanique national méditerranéen de Porquerolles in the frame of the ATBI Mercantour Download URL: https://doi. org/10. 15468/qchx42 Data format: Darwin Core Archive Description: Inventories of the Conservatoire botanique national méditerranéen de Porquerolles carried out between 2008, 2009 and 2010 as part of the ATBI -Mercantour.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the hundreds of people involved in the  ATBI Mercantour /Alpi Marittime during  field surveys, species identification and data managment. A special attention to the staff at the Mercantour national park to make the field work possible. Thanks to PatriNat ( OFB/MNHN/CNRS ) team for data managment and especially to  Anaïs Chargros ,  Blandine Decherf ,  Claire Jacquet ,  Fanny Lepareur ,  Mathieu Manceau ,  Sophie Pamerlon ,  Kévin Plaetevoet ,  Rémy Poncet ,  Maëla Renaud ,  Frédéric Vest  and  Robin Vignaud  for their contribution to this data paper. Thanks to  H. -P. Tschorsnig  and  K. Gurcel  for the pictures. The authors are truly indebted to  Michelle Watson  for English revision.
country The name of the country or major administrative unit in which the Location occurs. countryCode The standard code for the country in which the Location occurs. dataGeneralizations Actions taken to make the shared data less specific or complete than in its original Usage licence: Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero) form. Suggests that alternative data of higher quality may be available on request. IP rights notes: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. 0 International Public datasetID An identifier for the set of data. May be a global unique identifier or an identifier License specific to a collection or institution. Data resources Column label Column description associatedReferences A list (concatenated and separated) of identifiers (publication, bibliographic reference, global unique identifier, URI) of literature associated with the Occurrence.
basisOfRecord The specific nature of the data record. Data package title: ATBI Parc national du Mercantour Resource link: https://inpn. mnhn. fr/espece/cadre/71 Number of data sets: 7 Data set name: Jeux de données provenant de l'ATBI Mercantour -Datasets from the Mercantour ATBI Download URL: https://doi. org/10. 15468/jtlspu Data format: Darwin Core Archive Description: coordinateUncertaintyInMeters dateIdentified The date on which the subject was determined as representing the Taxon. decimalLatitude The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive. decimalLongitude The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location.
Initial Metabolomic Litter Signature MS-based metabolomic analysis of litter extracts combined with multivariate data analysis (PCAs and PERMANOVAs) enabled us to detect modifications in the composition of litter-specialized metabolites according to litter types (i. e. , senescent leaves and needles collected in AD or ND plots). A total of 850, 1105, and 900 molecular ions were detected in the Q. ilex, Q. pubescens, and P. halepensis litter extracts, respectively. As observed on the PCA, the overall metabolites composition of these litter extracts varied according to the litter type (Figure  1 ). Multivariate permutation analysis confirmed that the litter metabolomes sign cantly differed if the leaves came from AD or ND plots for Q. ilex and Q. pubescens (Ta 2, Figure  1 , PERMANOVAs, p < 0.
Total phenolic concentrations were measured by colorimetry according to the method of using gallic acid as standard  [95]. Aqueous extracts were created by dissolving 0. 25 g of litter powder in 20 mL of 70% aqueous methanol solution before being shaken for 1 h and filtered (0. 45 µm). Briefly, 25 mL of the extracts obtained were then mixed with 0. 25 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent  [96] , 0. 5 mL of saturated aqueous Na 2 CO 3 (to stabilize the colorimetric reaction), and 4 mL of distilled water. After 60 min, the reaction was completed and the concentration of phenolics was measured at 765 nm using a UV/Vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific ® , Waltham, MA, USA). The specific leaf area (SLA) was determined by using the Image J software (https:// imagej. nih. gov/ij/, Version 1. 46r, Wayne Rasband, Bethesda MA, USA, accessed on 1 January 2017).
5 mL of NaOH, 25 µL of formic acid, and 75 µL of acetic. The acquired MS-based metabolomic data were calibrated automatically by internal calibration with a formate/acetate solution before exporting the data in netCDF files (centroid mode) using Bruker Compass DataAnalysis 4. 3. All the converted analyses were then processed by the XCMS software  [97]  under R software version 3. 5. 1  [98] , following different steps to generate the final data matrix: (1) Peak picking (peak width = c (2,20) Ppm = 2) without threshold prefilter  [99] ; (2) correction of the retention time (method = obiwarp), (3) grouping (bw = 10, minfrac = 0,3, minsamp = 1), (4) Fillpeaks, and then (5) report and generate the data matrix transferred to Excel. To remove technical variability, the matrix was then filtered according to blanks and pooled in three steps using in-house R scripts: (1) filtering the matrix using the Signal/Noise (S/N) ratio in order to remove the peaks observed in the blanks (S/N set at 10), (2) filtering the matrix using the peaks coefficient of variation in order to remove the peaks with variable intensities in the pooled samples (threshold at 0.
3), (3) filtering the matrix according to autocorrelation between the peaks. MS/MS experiments were carried out with variable collision energies at 20 eV and 40 eV. The metabolites were annotated using a combination of accurate mass, isotope ratio, MS/MS fragmentation, and public libraries. The putative identification of the compounds reported differentiating the metabolomes of Quercus senescent leaves collected in AD or ND plots was carried out by using a dereplication strategy  [45, 100]. Briefly, the DataAnalysis software was used to generate possible chemical formulae for the ions in the MS spectra. For reducing the possible candidates, C, H, and O were selected for elemental composition calculations, and only low values of mass accuracy (∆ ppm) and the isotopic pattern quality (mSigma value) were considered.
Specific ions [M + HCOO] -, [M-2H] 2-and [M + H] + , [M + Na] + , respectively, observed in negative and positive modes, supported the confirmation of chemical formulae for the pseudomolecular ion [M -H] -. The possible molecular formulae for each selected peak were then searched in public databases, i. e. , KnapSAcK, Dictionary of Natural Products, HMBD, and PubChem  [101]  to report known natural products and/or eliminate non-referenced formulae. Additionally, retention time (RT), HRMS/MS data, as well as bibliographic and chemotaxonomic information were employed for identification. The Bruker Compass DataAnalysis software (version 4. 3, Bruker Daltonics ® , Billerica, MA, USA) was also used to analyze and identify the compounds using MS and MS/MS spectra.
Data Analysis All the statistical analyses were performed with the R software version 3. 5. 1  [98] , with significance levels indicated as * for p < 0. 05, ** for p < 0. 01, and *** for p < 0. 001. Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey tests were used to test the effects of the litter species (Q. ilex, Q. pubescens, or P. halepensis,) and litter types (i. e. , senescent leaves and needles collected in AD or ND plots) and their interactions on initial litter traits. Because the negative ionization mode presented a better sensitivity, data acquired in this mode were used to evaluate differences in metabolomes according to the litter species (P. halepensis, Q. ilex, or Q. pubescens) and litter type (i. e. , senescent leaves and needles collected from trees in AD or ND plots).