dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Validation of Heat Transfer for Graphene Nanoplatelets-Silver/Wate Nanofluids To validate the present model for turbulent-forced convection of GNP-silver nanofluids, the predictions of Equations (  10 ) and (  11 ) are compared with the experimental data and the CFD results obtained with use of the ANSYS-FLUENT commercial software. In their study, Yarmand et al. [18]  experimentally measured the thermo-physical properties of distilled water/GNP-silver nanofluids as well as the corresponding friction factor and Nusselt number during the flow in a horizontal stainless steel tube under uniform heat flux. The experimental test section had a 10 mm inner diameter, a 12. 8 mm outer diameter, and a length of 1. 4 m. Experiments were performed in the range of 5000 ď Re ď 17,500, which in the turbulent flow regime.
The CFD model was performed using the single-phase fluid model with the effective viscosity and thermal conductivity given by Equations (  1 ) and (  2 ) using the ANSYS-FLUENT code  [21, 22]. For a nanofluid with 0. 10 wt. % GNP-silver, the predicted variations of the friction factor as well as the Nusselt number for a range of Reynolds numbers are compared with the experimental data of Yarmand et al. [18]  and the results of the CFD study in Figure  2a, b. It is seen that the present model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data. However, the CFD simulation results slightly over the predictions of the experimental data. This is attributed to the neglecting effect of the tube outer diameter in the CFD simulations. Overall, from Figure  2 , it is inferred that the present modeling approach is suitable for evaluating the friction factor for the flow of graphene nanoplatelets-silver/water nanofluids.
Data Management The amplitudes of the twitch pressures were measured from baseline to peak. The amplitudes of the diaphragmatic EMG were measured from peak to peak. The triggering values of Pdi were expressed as a percentage of the measured Pdi,max. To account for between-subject differences in anthropometric characteristics and muscle strength, the interpolated Pdi,tw were expressed as a percentage of the maximal Pdi,tw observed at any time during the procedure. In most subjects, the maximal Pdi,tw (used for normalization purposes) was greater than the baseline Pdi,tw value obtained from the relaxed diaphragm and was generally obtained with a slight underlying inspiratory effort (10-20 cm H 2 O), probably in line with changes in abdominal geometry and compliance between the relaxed and the active condition.
FUNDING This study was funded in part by " Association pour le Développement et l'Organisation de la Recherche En Pneumologie et sur le Sommeil (ADOREPS) ,  " Paris ,  France a "Contrat de recherche triennal Legs Poix de la Chancellerie de l'Université de Paris, " Paris, France , the  Fondation pour l'Avenir  ( AP-RMA-2015-037 ) and by the " Investissement, d'Avenir   ANR-10-AIHU-06 " programme of the  French Government. Paris, France. Mathieu Raux  was supported in part by a scholarship from the  "Comité National Contre les Maladies Respiratoires, " Paris, France  and in part by a scholarship from the  "Fédération ANTADIR, " Paris, France.
The aforementioned experimental limitations were tackled combining the results of Vickers microindentation and acoustic microscopy. An experimental campaign was conducted to assess the relationship between Vickers microhardness and local porosity measured using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). At the same time, an empirical relationship between the local Vickers microhardness (HV 0. 1 ) and Young's modulus (E) was studied, namely their ratio (HV 0. 1 /E). As HV 0. 1 /E was determined to be constant, it was possible to obtain an estimation of the Young's modulus as a function of local porosity. This allowed direct comparison with correlations obtained from unirradiated UO 2 , and implementation of the experimental relationship of Young's modulus vs. porosity in the fuel performance code TRANSURANUS V1M1J14, in order to extend its reliance on irradiated UO 2 fuel data.
Scanning electron microscopy and quantitative image analysis (QIA) The images employed for the porosity measurements were acquired using a shielded JEOL 6400 ® scanning electron microscope equipped with a MaxView ® software package from SAMx. Twodimensional pore section areas and corresponding section diameters were measured, assuming that HBS pores are spherical  [4, 10, 15]. It has been shown that the spherical pores in the HBS can be very polydisperse  [10, 15]. In order to measure both small and large features, one possibility is to acquire images using different magnifications. From each image, only features within the appropriate size range are measured, and then the data from the different magnifications are combined  [16]. On the same area, two magnifications were used: a low magnification of 500x with spatial resolution of z0.
15 mm and a high magnification of 1500x with spatial resolution of z0. 05 mm. The combination of the two magnifications increased the accuracy of the measurements and broadened the range of pore section diameters that could be measured. Each image was then processed using the software Image-Pro Analyzer ® (v. 7. 0, MediaCybernetics Inc. , Rockville, MD, USA). In the first step of the QIA, a median filter was applied to reduce the Gaussian noise. Then a global thresholding mask was employed to threshold the image and separate the pore sections from the background. After the mask was created, the resolution limit was chosen to be 2. 6 times the spatial resolution of the image, i. e. z0. 39 mm for the images at 500x and z0. 13 mm for the images at 1500x. All the pore section diameters smaller than the selected resolution limit were discarded.
Integral fuel rod analyses Following the introduction of Eq. (  7 ), a pioneering work to illustrate its potential impact on the fuel rod performance calculations was undertaken. As first applications, we selected two cases of experimental rods irradiated up to high burn-up from the OECD/ NEA International Fuel Performance Experiments (IFPE) database  [42] : JAERI pulse-irradiation test FK-1, involving base irradiation up to z45 GWd/tHM, re-fabrication, and pulse-irradiation at cold startup in the NSRR (Japan). Halden Reactor Project IFA-597. 3 rod 8, involving base irradiation up to z68 GWd/tHM, re-fabrication, and transient test in the Halden HWR (Norway). Considering the high burn-up of these rods, the experiments are valuable for evaluating the impact of the fuel Young's modulus correlation (see Eq.
(  7 ) in section 3. 2) on pellet-cladding mechanical interaction (PCMI) and fuel pin deformation at high burn-up. The PCMI and pin deformations are determined by the thermomechanical properties of both fuel and cladding. In this preliminary assessment however, we hereby focus only on fuel properties. The main models and characteristics of the TRANSURANUS code are summarised in Refs. [43e47]. The mechanical analysis is treated in a quasi two-dimensional approach, based on three main assumptions: (a) a generalised plane-strain condition is valid in the axial direction, (b) the fuel rod is considered axisymmetric, and (c) the fuel and cladding elastic constants are locally isotropic and constant  [45, 48]. Among the various thermophysical properties involved in the fuel performance calculations, the fuel thermal conductivity has particular relevance  [49, 50].
Conclusions The Young's modulus dependence on porosity in high burn-up fuel, in particular in the HBS, has been evaluated exploiting the synergy between two experimental post-irradiation examination techniques, i. e. , Vickers microindentation and acoustic microscopy. The present data, in combination with Young's modulus data of irradiated UO 2 available in literature, were used for the first time to introduce a new correlation for the Young's modulus of irradiated UO 2 fuel that will be available in the future in the fuel performance code TRANSURANUS. Concerning the porosity dependence, the linear relation established using the present experimental data is found to be close to the correlation currently implemented in TRANSURANUS  [6]. A burn-up dependent term has been introduced in the expression of the Young's modulus, based on previous measurements conducted on high burn-up fuel  [5, 41].
The range of experimental validation of the TRANSURANUS correlation of the fuel Young's modulus is thus extended from non-irradiated to irradiated UO 2 fuel and for porosity up to 20%. The availability of the herein developed correlation for the fuel Young's modulus allowed to illustrate the impact of the additional fuel softening at high burn-up on PCMI. For this purpose, we have performed code simulations of two experimental rods at high burnup from the IFPE database that cover operational transient as well as design-basis accidents (DBA) conditions (i. e. , RIA). The outcome of these first simulations indicates that for the specific cases here considered the fuel Young's modulus variation at high burn-up (i. e. , the reduction of the Young's modulus caused by an increase in burn-up) has limited impact on the calculated outputs.
Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to  G. Paperini ,  R. Gretter  and R. Nasyrow ( JRC-ITU ) for the sample preparation, and to  D. Pellottiero  ( JRC-ITU ) for his help in the acquisition of the SEM images. Special thanks are conveyed to  G. Despaux ,  D. Laux  ( IES-University of Montpellier ), and  L. Fongaro  ( JRC-ITU ) for their scientific advice. The authors are thankful to  AREVA GmbH  for providing some of the commercial samples. We also acknowledge the  NFIR  project and thank its members for the permission to publish the results obtained on the special irradiation discs. This work was financially supported by the  European Commission  through the  Training and Mobility of Researchers program  and the  GENTLE  project (Grant Agreement 198236) in the 7th  Framework Program and Horizon 2020  of the  European Commission.
As already introduced, HER2 is a major theranostic biomarker for breast cancer. TBP, a "house-keeping gene" with low variability of expression in breast cancer cells, is usually chosen in clinics as a reference in order to validate the quality of total RNA samples. A first series of experiments was performed with total RNA samples extracted from two human breast cancer cell lines: MCF7, which belongs to the luminal subgroup, has a normal expression level of HER2 and SKBR3, which presents an overexpression of this gene, displays a typical HER2+ status. The ability of the platform to perform RT and PCR in droplets was evaluated and quantified. The performance of PCR technologies depend on many factors, including thermal control, detection, data analysis and normalization, and algorithms for Cycle threshold (Ct) determination are rather complex and apparatus-dependent.
This allows to take into account possible differences of RNA or DNA quality and/or amplification between the two genes. The result of this analysis is the Fold difference Fd, which quantifies the difference in expression between the patient sample and the control sample: ideally, Fd ≈ 1 would mean no overexpression and the higher is Fd, the higher is the expression of the gene. In practice, however, there is no absolute reference of what is a "normal" expression, both for HER2 and TBP, and measured expression levels depend to some extent on the details of the experimental procedure, so the Fd threshold of positivity has to be evaluated on a heuristic basis, for a given platform. In the diagnostic laboratory at Saint-Louis Hospital, the Fdcut-off ratio to consider a sample HER2 negative or positive was determined on a tumor training set using univariate partition method (XLSTAT software) and correlation with IHC-HER2 expression.
The cameras are connected to the computer by the NI PCIe-8236 card (National Instruments) and the communication between the home made LabVIEW software and the magnetic coils is achieved by the NI USB-6525 interface (National Instrument). Since the droplet generator and the magnetic tweezers modules can work at the same time, after preparation of the samples and reagents MTP, any combination of samples and reagents can be processed in any order and numbers of iterations, until exhaustion of the volume (about 500 analyses per sample for an initial load of 100 μ l). Samples. Cell lines. Human breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 (HER2-like phenotype) and MCF7 (luminal phenotype) were acquired from ATCC. They were cultured in DMEM culture medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 2% glutamine without antibiotics.
Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by the  Digidiag project (ANR)  from the  French government , the  ARC  foundation for young researcher fellowship,  European research Council Advanced  Grant  N°: 321107  "CellO". M. S. was supported by a  Curie Institute International PhD fellowship. Some technological elements used in this article are covered by patent  WO2013041983 , property of  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
1 as opposed to x p c À0. 75 indicated by scaling theory  54  ). In our nanocomposite systems, however, the composition of the samples is not identical, and the data therefore do not represent the same sample at different degrees of swelling. The exponent p = 5/3 in eqn (  1 ) is also consistent with the excluded volume interaction for polymer chains in good solvent. 54, 55 In summary, the concentration dependence of the correlation length x and the excluded volume character of the exponent p imply that the network chain statistics of the gel on a length scale of 1/Q o 100 Å are not affected by the GO. The dynamic behaviour of the PNIPA matrix was explored by neutron spin-echo (NSE) spectroscopy. The NSE method measures the energy transfer of neutrons at extremely high energy resolution as a phase shift in the Larmor precession of the neutron spins in a magnetic field.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the  Institut Laue-Langevin  for providing beamtime on the IN11 and D22 instruments. We thank  Mr D. Renzy  and  Mr M. Jacques  for technical assistance. The work was supported by the  Hungarian  grant  OTKA K101861  ( Hungarian Scientific Research Fund ). This work is part of the  scientific program  ''Development of quality-oriented and harmonized R+D+I strategy and functional model at  BME '' project supported by the  New Szechenyi Plan  (Project  ID :  TA ´MOP-4. 2. 1/B-09/1/ KMR-2010-0002 ).
All cells were galvanostatically cycled at room temperature on VMP3 or MPG2 multi-channel potentiostats (BioLogic), indifferently. Cycle rates are given using the convention C ⇔ 1 h for a theoretical full charge (2 moles of Na per mole of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 , 1 mole of Na per mole of Na x (Fe 1/2 Mn 1/2 )O 2 and 1 mole of Na for 6 moles of hard C). In the case of full cells with hard C anodes, the rates were based on the amount of cathode material. Lastly, the power rate measurements were done by collecting signature curves 10 as follows. The cells were first cycled four times and the signature curves taken by gradually decreasing the current rate from 5C to C/50 with relaxation until |dV|/dt < 6 mV h -1 before each rate change. Worth mentioning is that we solely report data that has been duplicated at least twice.
Acknowledgments We thank  i) L. Simonin  and  Y. Chatillon  from  CEA  for sending us the pristine Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 materials that we have been using for the present study and ii) members the  RS2E Na-ion task force  ( C. Masquelier ,  L. Croguennec ) for helpful discussions.
The same injected velocity was loaded in both inlets. The two different filling fronts with the same speed should independently progress in the mold cavities, and then meet to each other to reach a common outlet. However, in Figure  2 , it is observed that the filling fronts arrive at bypass before merging together at the middle of bottom area in K cavity. There exists an air gap between the two evolving fluid fronts that is not completely filled at the end of the simulation. For the case of channel in shape L, after the feedstock is horizontally injected into the mold cavity, it should arrive mainly at the right-hand side wall first, and then be extruded into the vertical part of the cavity. However, the same untrue phenomenon happens. As another example, the simulation result made by commercial software MoldFlow® (Moldflow Corporation, Wayland, MA, USA) is introduced, as shown in Figure  3.
There exists an air gap between the two evolving fluid fronts that is not completely filled at the end of the simulation. For the case of channel in shape L, after the feedstock is horizontally injected into the mold cavity, it should arrive mainly at the right-hand side wall first, and then be extruded into the vertical part of the cavity. However, the same untrue phenomenon happens. As another example, the simulation result made by commercial software MoldFlow® (Moldflow Corporation, Wayland, MA, USA) is introduced, as shown in Figure  3. It can be found that in the filling of a typical channel in shape  , the filling fronts from two opposite inlets arrived at the middle bypass before they joined together. Evidently this result does not match the real physical phenomenon. Although the software uses some strategy to modify this problem in post-processing steps, the filling patterns are not yet the true ones for the two opposite filling fronts to join together.
2016 ) and the numerous works on the impact of technological change on the port and shipping industry (see  Guerrero and Rodrigue (2013) ;  Kuby and Reid (1992) ;  Mayer (1973) ). Perhaps, the high costs related with data acquisition and encoding motivated scholars to offer a recent, static view of the network. In this paper, a new and dynamic analysis is proposed to fill-in such gaps. The main question to be tackled in this paper is whether the global maritime network has topologically changed over time and how this changes translated into its navigability properties. Based on a largely untapped historical database on worldwide merchant vessel movements, we compare current and past states of network configuration, assuming that successive and major technological (and wider economic) changes affected the dimension and architecture of the macro-system.
The random walk measures which we construct and apply in this paper show that navigation in the maritime network becomes easier with time, that is, the network's structure starts to privilege more efficient movements and that with time it becomes easier to reach a given port starting from any other port of the network. Surprisingly, we find that the observed processes begin before the widespread of containerization. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. The second section presents the elaboration of the historical database after its extraction from archival documents and the network analytical tools to be applied to the resulting graph to best unravel dynamics of change. Main results are offered in the third section, ranging from the most common methods of complex network analysis to more advanced ones in relation to the evolving navigability of the network.
Elaboration of a global historical database using the Lloyd's Shipping Index Maritime flows of merchant vessels among ports of the world have been recorded by the maritime insurance company Lloyd's List since the late sixteenth century, focusing primarily on the British fleet but since 1890, on any other. An in-depth review of all the research works having used such a unique source of information concluded that it still remains unknown to most shipping specialists (including historians, geographers, and economists). Only a dozen references to Lloyd's List could be identified in the entire academic literature to date, mostly to retrieve the port calls of a given ship for genealogical purposes, to identify the location of shipwrecks for underwater archaeology, to count the vessel calls at a given port, and to measure the time gap between call date and publication date to analyze the evolution of telecommunications  (Ducruet et al.
2015). Given their main focus on container shipping, most studies of maritime networks rather use carrier schedule data provided by Containerisation International, Barry Rogliano Salles (Alphaliner database), or company websites, while others compile information on real-time positioning of ships such as Automated Identification System (AIS). Data from Lloyd's List appear to be the world's only possible source to map and analyze global maritime flows back in time, i. e. prior to containerization. Since its origin, the Lloyd's Shipping Index reports on a daily or weekly basis the latest movement of each vessel between two or more ports, including dates of departure and arrival, tonnage capacity, operating company, flag, date of build, and additional comments in the case of damage, loss, or war event.
The somewhat difficult readability of the older publications and the limitations of existing Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software forced us to concentrate our efforts on the extraction of vessel calls by port and inter-port link. The choice was made to extract one entire publication every five years or so between 1890 and 2000, a couple of years before the paper version ceased to exist. From 2009 onwards, such data is only available in expensive digital format. We believe that this period is a relevant time frame to cover the most important transitions from sail to steam, combustion, containerization, and mega-carriers, with a good balance between the periods pre-and post-containerization. Nowadays, the Lloyd's company insures about 80 % of the world fleet and therefore is historically a leader on the market with a monopoly power, centralizing most of the information on maritime transport flows.
The stability of the document structure and contents, notwithstanding a huge growth in the number of movements, makes the 5-year snapshots comparable over time. But given the fact that this publication was daily or weekly, extracting only one item in the entire year inevitably created a potential bias in the representativeness of the data sample, difficult to estimate in comparison to the yearly figure. One solution has been to target the same period for every item, namely around April, to strengthen the robustness of our database to seasonal effects. However, the fact that we have a sample of data only from one month in a specific season (Spring) can potentially bias the results, as traffic can exhibit different patterns along the year, for example when goods need to be delivered before Christmas.
Moreover, the global historical database did not come out ready. Immense efforts were put on data verification and cleaning: 10,253 place names were checked with scrutiny taking into account regular changes in port names (e. g. Port Swettenham in Malaysia becoming Klang or Port Klang) and exclude passage points such as straits and channels in order to keep only commercial ports in the database. Some test of the accuracy of the Lloyd's data were conducted in  Ducruet et al. (2015) , where, for example, the authors confirmed that over the entire period 1890-2000, the correlation with Chinese port tonnage was over 0. 8, showing that regardless the data extraction technique and partial time coverage of the data base, the extracted data are sufficiently representative for maritime network flows.