dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Burials More than 6000 tombs have been excavated in the southern Greek mainland over the last 150 years, forming the single most extensive dataset for researching the Aegean LBA. There is a plethora of burial types, especially during the early LBA, and there is considerable regional variation in terms of artifactual frequencies, burial practices, and architectural preferences  (Cavanagh and Mee 1998; Galanakis 2018; Papadimitriou 2018). At the onset of the LBA, some continuity from earlier phases is observed, for example, in the use of pits, cists, and crouched inhumations, and in furnishing burials with a few objects. At this juncture, however, notable changes occurred, and new tomb types were introduced (e. g. , shaft graves, built chamber tombs, tholoi, chamber tombs); the dead were increasingly placed in an extended position, and burials were furnished with a considerable diversity of objects  (Galanakis 2019).
Despite the low sample size, however, mobility was documented from more ordinary burials in the same context. Such evidence (somewhat in contrast with the pattern in the central Mediterranean) is in line with non-status-specific movements in the Aegean in the LH IIIC and is linked to the freer communication, contacts, and trade between Attica, the Cyclades and the Dodecanese in the Aegean, Cyprus, and the Near East as result of the demise of the mainland palatial system. In contrast to the rest of the Mediterranean, publication of the first map of systematic bioavailable strontium isotope signatures in the Aegean  (Nafplioti 2011) , and later contributions of relevant data, have set the scene for further advances in the field. Nearly ten years after the first ever publication or dissemination of strontium isotope data on mobility in the Aegean  (Nafplioti 2007 (Nafplioti , 2008;; Richards et al.
would like to thank the editors of the  Journal of Archaeological Research  for their careful work and support throughout the editing of this paper for publication. The writing of this article has been supported by the project " Landscape of Mobility and Memory "  of the Montalcini Program  of the  Italian Ministry of University and Research. Funding Open  access funding provided by  Alma Mater Studiorum -Università di Bologna  within the  CRUI-CARE Agreement.
Acknowledgments In addition to the acknowledgments of part I, I am grateful to  M. Jouitteau ,  H. Le Bihan ,  M. Meelen ,  L. Toorians ,  D. Willis  for helpful exchanges or comments, to  S. Schumacher  and  H. Le Bihan  for sharing works and text passages, and to  R. Bideau  and  M. Jouitteau  for scanning in a considerable portion of the sources used. Errors and omissions are mine. Parts I and II have been partially supported by  ANR-18-FRAL-0006 UV2  ( ANR ) and  FFI2014-51878-P (MINECO).
FUNDING This work was supported by an  I+D Knowledge Generation Grant  (ref. number  PGC2018-1551 097658-B-100 ) and a  Ramón y Cajal grant  ( RYC-2016-20872 ) from the  Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades ,  Agencia Estatal de Investigación  and  FEDER/UE  funds, both to CP. It has been also funded by an  Attraction of Research Talent  Grant (ref. 2019-T2/HUM-14477 ) from the  Comunidad de Madrid  to JB. None of these funding sources played any role in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or in the decision to submit the article for publication.
Stimuli The stimuli consisted of ten spontaneous and ten read speech utterances produced by the same speaker and extracted from two different corpora, the Corpus of Interactional Data (CID,  Bertrand et al. , 2008)  and the TYPology, Adaptation, LOCalisation Corpus of French Dysarthric and Healthy speech (TYPALOC,  Meunier et al. , 2016). The CID corpus consists of eight hours of spontaneous speech from 16 native speakers of (Southern) French. Each recording session consisted in a task-oriented interaction between two speakers in which they were instructed to relate a professional conflict or an unusual situation that they had been involved in. The speech was annotated at different (e. g. , orthographic, phonetic, morphosyntactic, prosodic, discourse) levels. Prosodic annotation included marking Intonational and Accentual Phrase boundaries, which was carried out by an expert in French prosody (who is not among the authors of this paper; see  Bertrand et al.
, 2008). The TYPALOC corpus is a collection of recordings selected from different databases and aimed at comparing phonetic variations in healthy and dysarthric speech across different speech conditions. All speakers read aloud Le cordonnier ('The shoemaker'), a 172-word French children's story. The corpus was provided with orthographic and syllabic transcriptions. The twenty utterances used in our study were all produced by a female French speaker from South-West France who was in her forties at the time of the recordings. This speaker was chosen because she spoke French with a standard accent, and her speech was recorded for both corpora to facilitate a straightforward comparison between the two speech styles. The stimuli were analyzed both in terms of their phonological structure and their phonetic properties.
However, 71 productions were excluded (3. 3% of the dataset), either because of technical errors occurring during the recording sessions, or because of production errors (e. g. , insertion of dysfluencies, mispronunciations). A total of 2089 files were acoustically analyzed. After the imitation task, participants performed an automated version of the Working Memory reading span task  (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; French version of Swets et al. , 2016). The task, which measures verbal working memory, included both a semantic verification and a word recall task on 36 items. Each item consisted of a written sentence with a semantically unrelated word presented underneath it. During semantic verification, participants silently read each sentence and judged whether it made sense or not. Half of the sentences were semantically plausible, and half were implausible.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by a grant from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  to  Caterina Petrone  for the project ' Representation and Planning of Prosody'  ( ANR-14-CE30-0005-01 ) and by a grant from the  European Union   Seventh Framework Program  (FP7/2007-2013;  FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF , grant agreement n•  327586 ) to  Simone Falk. An Erasmus Plus grant  from the  University of Naples "Federico II " allowed  Daria D'Alessandro  to relocate to the LPL for part of the duration of this project. The research was further supported by grant  ANR-16-CONV-0002  (ILCB), and the  Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University  (A*MIDEX). We would like to thank the Editor,  Marianne Pouplier , and three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this paper.
Data acquisition During the experiments, an observer recorded the following variables: the series number, element laterality, position of the individual, the way the hammerstone was grasped, the position of the bone, the use of the anvil and the number and location of blows. For these latter, we defined an area as a long bone portion associated with a side (Fig  1 ). In order to evaluate the progression of individuals during the experiment, from the first try to the end of the operation, we recorded task difficulty evaluation and the number of blows. We asked the experimenters to auto-evaluate the difficulty encountered during marrow recovery on a scale from 1 to 5, (1 = very easy; 5 = very hard), considering mainly the opening of the medullary cavity and marrow extraction. This auto-evaluation resulted in an empirical comparison between long bones.
The aim of this auto-evaluation was to assess whether individuals progressed and developed an efficient method to extract marrow or if tiredness along with the long period of effort affected their capabilities. For quality control purposes, the experimenter and observer evaluated results on a scale from 1 to 5, 1 referring to contaminated marrow containing abundant splinters and 5 being very clean marrow. The observers are different people with a basic knowledge of bone breakage. It was different from the people who analysed the bones. However, all the breakage sessions were filmed, and the searcher who studied the bone remains watched them carefully to complete when it was necessary the data recorded during the experiments. The number of identified specimens (NISP), the number of undetermined specimens (NUSP) and the total number of specimens (NSP) were recorded.
The data collected during the experiment were compared to the data analysed in the laboratory in order to understand which variables of the experimenters' behaviour could influence fragmentation and the production of percussion marks. Spearman's rho was used to test the correlation between the data collected during the experiment (i. e. , number of blows and marrow weight) and the data recorded on the bones after treatment (i. e. , number of remains and number of percussion marks). Moreover, in order to evaluate auto-learning and individual improvement, we tested the Spearman correlation of the number of attempts according to the number of blows for each individual. We presented ρ of Spearman. To highlight the evolution of the number of blows between the beginning and end of the experiment for each of the individuals, we compared, on the one hand, the two averages of the first three and the last three trials and, on the other hand, the first five and the last five trials using a non-parametric Wilcoxon test.
Acknowledgments We thank the  Museum national d'Histoire naturelle  to permit the experiment and  P. Meritte  for his help. Many thanks to  E. Pelle  ´and  Z. Thalaud  of the  Service de Preparation Osteologique et Taxidermique (SPOT)  from the  Museum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris , for the osteological preparation of all the long bones. We also wish to thank  L. Demay  for her precious advice during proofreading and her valuable help during the experiment. L. Crepin and colleagues provided helping logistical advice and assistance during the experiment. We are deeply grateful to the volunteers for their selfless efforts in helping with our experiment. We also thank  L. Albessard ,  J. Duveau  and  G. Mauran  for their precious advice. L. Byrne , an official translator and native English speaker, edited the English manuscript.
5 m above the seafloor and emit 4 narrow (2°) beams at orthogonal directions in a plane, parallel to the seafloor if the frame is standing upright, and measures Doppler backscatter in cells extending 0. 5-to-2 meters from the instrument (Figure  3 ). The instrument was set in forward ping mode, so that only data from sensors measuring a positive Doppler shift, upstream currents moving toward the instrument, are used to calculate current speed. The tide sensor is a piezoresistive sensor with a specified accuracy comparable to that of the Digiquartz sensors (4kPa for a 0-2000 m sensor vs. 2kPa for a Digiquartz sensor with the same range) and 0. 2 hPa (2 mm) resolution and comprises a temperature sensor of 0. 2°C accuracy and 0. 001°C resolution. The tide sensor averages pressure measured at a 2 Hz sampling rate over 300 s at the end of each one-hour time interval.
If a stronger current, or other external forces, cause the assembly to tilt and lay on one side, the moment of the gravity and buoyancy forces should straighten the device back to upright position when these external forces are removed. Measurement of current speed and direction by a tilted instrument is a related issue that we here consider. The orientation and attitude of the Seaguard RCM is measured with a 2-component accelerometer and a magnetic compass and the recorded data include tilt in X and Y direction and the heading of the X axis. Tilt X and Y components are factory calibrated from -35° to +35° with an accuracy of 1. 5°. Tests performed in the laboratory (see supplementary material, Figure  S1 ) showed that tilt information remains consistent outside this range, even when the instrument is upside down.
On the other hand, the X-component may not be reliable as one of the sensors (n°1) is oriented 65° upward in the N160° direction, and the oposite sensor (n°3) is dipping 65° downward in the opposite (N340°) direction. Consequently, measurement cell n°3 lies within the sediment and thus may only record noise. Moreover, because the Doppler current sensor (DCS) is set in forward pinging mode, current speed is calculated with data from sensors measuring positive doppler shifts only. This implies that if the current component toward N160° is positive, sensor n°1 will measure a negative shift and will not be recorded. During the time inteval here considered, the mesured current component in the X-direction (toward N160) is positive, which indicates that data from sensor n°4 was used (Figure  7 ), and that is probably noise.
Discussion and conclusion Data obtained with a seafloor device located at the oultet of a canyon in the Central Basin in the Sea of Marmara bring some insight on how earthquakes scale with their hydrodynamic consequences. In September 2019, Mw 4. 7 and 5. 8 earthquakes occurred at a 5 km distance from the device as well as a series of smaller foreshocks and aftershocks In this setting, earthquakes of magnitude less than 4 did not cause noticeable water column turbidity nor currents. The Mw 4. 7 earthquake generated a turbid cloud on slopes a few hundred meters from the instrument and the cloud took 3-4 hours to drift down to the instrument location and 10 more hours to dissipate. As the current velocity remained small (less than 4 cm/s), it can be concluded that this cloud did not evolve into a self-sustained turbidity current  (Parker, 1982).
Acknowledgements Financial support was provided by the bilateral  ANR/TÜBITAK collaborative research  project  MAREGAMI  ( ANR-16-CE03-0010-02  and  Tübitak  Project  116Y371 ) and by  CNRS-INSU  through the  European Multidisciplinary Sea Observatory (EMSO) Research Infrastructure program. DT-INSU  and  Istanbul Technical University  hydrodynamic engineering department provided technical support for device design, construction, and deployment. Bernard Mercier de Lépinay  provided processed sediment sounder profiles. We thank the crew and  Captain of R/V Yunus  ( Istanbul University ) for their support during installation and recovery of the instruments.
Remerciements Nous remercions  Céline Paris  et  Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet  ( MONARIS UMR 8233 ,  Sorbonne Université/CNRS ) pour les analyses préliminaires en spectroscopies IRTF-ATR et Raman. Nous remercions également  Caroline Gauthier ,  Francois Thil et Nadine Tisnérat-Laborde pour leur aide dans l'acquisition des données 14 C. Cette recherche a été soutenue par le  Domaine d'Intérêt Majeur « Patrimoine » de la région Île-de-France. Le travail a été rendu possible par le  DIM Analytics de la région Île-de-France, la fondation BNP Paribas , le  FEDER  européen et le L abex  BC Div qu i ont cont r ibué à l 'acqu isit ion d'ECHoMICADAS.
The histology surface revealed by cutting on the low speed cutter was glued to a microscope glass slide using Stuk epoxy glue. It was further trimmed on the saw and ground using a series of silicon carbide pads until ~ 100 μm thickness was reached. The sections were then polished using Buehler MicroPolish alumina powder and cleared in an ultrasonic bath. This was followed by dehydration in ethanol, clearing using xylene, and mounting with cover slips. Imaging of the thin sections was undertaken using a high powered Olympus BX53 microscope, a DP74 camera, and associated Olympus cellSens Life Science Technology software. Images were scanned under a 40 × total magnification (17 mm working distance) and 'auto-stitched' using the "Multiple Image Alignment-MIA" tool available from the Olympus cellSens software.
Each image was then imported into Adobe Photoshop CC 2014 (replicated recently in Photoshop CC 2020), greyscaled (Black & White), converted to type 16 bit, and thresholded so that Haversian canals throughout cortical bone were 'enhanced'. This essentially converted cortical bone areas into black pixels and porous bone space into empty/white areas of the image (Fig. 2 ). Thresholding greyscale images for microscopic quantitative analysis is common practice  122, 123  and can be applied to threshold out Haversian canals  124. The images were imported into the open access ImageJ vol. 1. 52 software for measurements of quantifiable components of the thin sections. In order to differentiate between porosity producing trabecularisation and Haversian canal density the sections had to be manually segmented.
Both measures can provide an insight into a Bone Multi Cellular unit (BMU) activity tunnelling through cortical bone  128  , whereby H. Dn approximates the number of BMUs that once existed per mm 2 , and %Po. Ar indicates prolonged bone resorption through osteoclast-mediated activity. To provide a qualitative illustration of bone surface topography in relation to the porosity producing trabecularisation, we scanned two contrasting male and female samples (IDs: Sk3. 1 and Sk3. 2) using an OLS5000 3D laser confocal microscope. Confocal laser scanning microscopy is a recommended technique for characterising porous structures such as bones  129. The associated OLS5000 2017 LEXT data acquisition and data analysis application software (Olympus LEXT, Japan) (Fig. 1 ) was then used to apply a heat map of false colours that ranged from red to blue indicating highest to lowest depth, respectively (Fig.
1 ). Before placing the samples on the microscope stage, the ROIs were identified from images captured at 2 × magnification under a basic dissecting microscope (Fig. 1 ). We measured carbonates v 2 (890-850 cm -1 ) and v 3 (1500-1400 cm -1 ), and phosphate (1180-916 cm -1 ), which were then used to calculate carbonate(v 2 ):phosphate ratios (890-850 cm -1 :1180-916 cm -1 )  85, 86, 132, 133. Data analysis was undertaken in OPUS 7. 2 and 8. 0. 19 (Bruker Optik, Germany) by creating integration files and extracting peak height (absorbance/AU) and area under the trace values in each spectrum. Each ROI was scanned for 220 spectra, which totalled 880 spectra per sample, totalling 6820 spectra in the entire sample (this excludes the second region of interest, which was unsuccessfully scanned, therefore deducting 220 spectra in data for individual Sk 3.
1). Once data were inspected, it became apparent that not all spectra were suitable for analysis. This might have occurred as a result of the ATR attachment not making contact with all scanned bone regions. Additionally, as our samples derive from an archaeological context, and are thus impacted by diagenetic processes, diagenetic calcite deposited post-mortem can contribute to carbonate sites of the spectra. To account for these issues, the spectra were inspected and those of poor quality were removed. Our supplemental file (Dataset S1) with raw data reports all spectra collected during the scanning, as well as the datasets following inspection. The inspection involved removing phosphate peak values (and corresponding integrated areas under the peak) of < 0. 2. All carbonate spectra values in the negative range to 0.
The carbonate v 2 :phosphate ratios calculated from integrated areas under the trace were possible to compute for 846 in females and 2495 in males. We note that all data for Sk12 appeared unsuitable, and so this specimen was excluded from data comparisons. All data obtained in our study were firstly summarised descriptively. Descriptive comparisons were made within-sample by contrasting results between the sexes, and identifying whether either of the groups showed relatively higher or lower values of data. Next, as our sample size is small (n = 8), we were limited in the choice of statistical analyses to conduct inferential tests. On this basis, we applied non-parametric tests when comparing the sex groups (using a Mann Whitney U test  138  ) and a Spearman's Rho correlation to test if %Po.
Ar was significantly associated with cortical thinning. All inferential statistical testing was conducted in IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences 26 (SPSS) software. For the sFTIRM spectra inspection through correlations, data normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were performed to check whether non-parametric or parametric correlations tests should be applied (Table  S7 ). This step informed the use of Spearman's Rho correlations as the spectra values were not normally distributed (Table  S7 , S8). Strong correlations (Rho = 0. 68-1. 00)  139 were taken as an indication that data can be interpreted to draw conclusions for our research question.
Acknowledgments The  Lapaha Community  and  Nobles (His Serene Highness Prince Kalaniuvalu Fotofili ,  Her Serene Highness Princess Marcella Taumoepeau Tupou Kalaniuvalu Fotofili , and  Her Royal Highness Mele Siu'ilikutapu Kalaniuvalu Fotofili)  and the  Ministry of Internal Affairs (Government of Tonga)  permitted the excavation and analysis of the skeletal material. This study was undertaken as part of projects funded by the  Australian Research Council (ARC) : " Ancient human bone metabolism change with lifestyle in Asia-Pacific populations " ( DE190100068  to  Miszkiewicz ) and "The  First Polynesians: Their Origins, Lifeways and Environmental Challenges " ( DP200102872  to Valentin and Clark). Earlier associated archaeological excavations were supported by the MAEDI and CNRS funding allocated to Valentin and an  ARC  grant to Clark ( FT0990591 ).
Acknowledgements This work was completed in connection to the  EU Horizon2020 Research & Innovation project, Preserving and Sustainably Governance Cultural Heritage and Landscapes in European Coastal and Maritime Regions (PERICLES) , grant no. 770504. AMFS was supported by  Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)  with a PhD Grant ( SFRH/BD/145485/2019 ), and CP was funded by  FCT   2020. 02510. CEECIND. Thanks are due to  FCT/ MCTES  for the financial support to CESAM ( UIDB/50017/2020+UIDP/ 50017/2020 ) and GOVCOPP ( UIDB/04058/2020 ) +( UIDP/04058/ 2020 ), through national funds.
Design and procedure For each sign language, we developed a sentence-to-picture matching task based on  Friedmann & Novogrodsky (2004). In each picture, three characters are displayed: two of them are identical and are either performing an action or undergoing that action with respect to a third different character standing between them (Figure  10 ). 9 All the video items used in the experiments and the scripts for the analyses can be found in the following OSF repository: https://osf. io/5bdu2/?view_only=683792bb06d2410facb49037a02a85b5. Images can be consulted by contacting the corresponding author. Participants are asked to choose one of the characters based on a sentence containing a relative clause. The head of the relative clause invariably corresponds to one of the matching characters (the giraffes in Figure  10 ), and the RC is either a subject RC (i.
Participants Across all three sign languages, participants were mainly selected based on their hearing status (deafness had to be attested before 3 years of age) and the age at which they were first exposed to a sign language (no later than 15 y. o. ). They were recruited either through social media (in France), through various associations for the Deaf in various cities (in Italy) or within the local Deaf community (Catalonia). They received a compensation of 50 euros (France, Catalonia) or 150 euros (Italy) for their participation in the complete battery of tests. 12 We collected metadata regarding their signing background through a questionnaire in sign language (AoE, existence of deaf relatives, modality of communication with parents, siblings, other relatives, type of education whether oralist, bimodal or mostly SL, etc…).