dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The skulls were always precisely orientated mesio-distally under the objective, allowing texture directions to be recorded relative to the direction of food ingestion. The acquired 3D surfaces were then processed with μ soft Analysis Premium v. 5. 1 Software (NanoFocus AG; a derivative of Mountains-Map Analysis software by DigitalSurf, Besançon, France). As the enamel bands are much thinner than the field of view, four sub-surfaces (10 × 10 μ m 2 ) were manually extracted along the enamel band (Fig. 1c ). The area of these sub-surfaces is very small relative to the actual resolution of the scans. We are aware that this may represent a methodological limitation. For any future study, we highly recommend increasing the area of the sub-surfaces or the use of higher magnification (e. g. 150x lens).
1d  and Supplementary Table  S2 ; see also Table  2  in ref. 38 for a complete list of ISO 25178-2 parameters and Fig. 2  in ref. 48 for schematic representations of some parameters). The eleven height parameters were not analysed because of an error during computation/export, and one parameter (Smr) was constant, so it was removed from subsequent analyses too; thus, 18 ISO parameters were eventually analysed. The median  26  of the four sub-surfaces was computed for each sample and used in subsequent analyses. Statistics. Three datasets were analysed: (1) data on the T3 facet of autumn individuals of both localities (n Kilpisjärvi = 32, n Pallasjärvi = 17) to test for inter-locality differences, (2) data on the T3 facet of all specimens (localities pooled) to test for seasonal variability (n autumn = 49, n spring = 5), and (3) data on both T2 and T3 facets (n = 34 and 49 respectively) of all autumn individuals (localities pooled) to test for intra-tooth variation.
Localities have been be pooled because no differences were detected between them (see Results). Due to small samples in the spring, the second dataset was only qualitatively analysed. The following statistical procedure was applied to the other two datasets. Because the goal was to understand how surface textures vary intra-specifically, rather than to separate groups based on known variations, multivariate analyses were not performed. Some ISO parameters were not normally distributed (Shapiro-Wilk tests: Supplementary Table  S3 ), so Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were run on each parameter. Levene's tests were also performed to test for differences in variances between groups. Adjustments of P-values for multiple comparisons were not performed to balance type I and type II errors  52, 53  , and because only few significant differences were found (18 out of 72, see Results).
Acknowledgements We thank  H. Henttonen  ( Natural Resources Institute, Vantaa, Finland ) for providing the vole specimens and  Nathalie Guichard  (formerly at the  Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon)  for her help with the experimental procedures. This work was supported by the  Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté  grant no 2011  BQR 087  to IC and by the  'Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft' (DFG, German Research Foundation ) grants no KA  1525/8-1 ,  KA 1525/8-2 ,  KA 1525/9-1 ,  KA 1525/11-1  to TMK. This research is publication no. 86  of the  DFG Research Unit 771 , and is also a contribution of the Biogéosciences and EPHE laboratories.
Building thermal behaviour This phase focuses on the study of the building long-term behaviour through the use of thermal simulations 3. It is based on heat-transfer physics and considers the mechanisms of conduction, convection and radiation, as well as thermal inertia. Energy models reproduce each case study in its original construction, occupancy and thermal conditions. They have been simulated by using EnergyPlus (NREL, 2013) software in order to analyse from a quantitative point of view the environmental conditions of the houses  (Escandón et al. , 2014; Requena-Ruiz, 2012). In winter conditions, the simulation is performed with the aérateurs closed all day long, except for sanitary ventilation  (ASHRAE, 2007) , and the heating system is completely inoperative in order to measure solar heat gains as well as to analyse the performance of bioclimatic devices.
Local effects CFD model The building thermal simulation obtains a global assessment of the environmental conditions in the studied buildings, while a second more advanced procedure provides an assessment of these environmental conditions at each point in some of the more significant spaces using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) algorithms 5. The parameters resulting from the analysis are the spatial distribution of air temperatures, air direction and air velocity. The development of more efficient and relatively user-friendly CFD software in the last years allows the emergence of a number of applications for studying architectural thermal atmospheres  (Mochida et al. , 2006; Ramírez-Balas et al. , 2015; Ramponi and Blocken, 2012; Yang et al. , 2014). The specific conditions for the CFD calculations in terms of flow equilibrium, temperatures, meshing and convergence are determined according to the seasonal average days of the EnergyPlus simulations.
Firstly, the balance of incoming and outgoing flows. In summer, admittance flows are introduced through the aérateurs mesh depending on the average wind conditions of each case; whereas in winter minimal ventilations are defined according to hygienic standards  (ASHRAE, 2007). Secondly, the temperature data are obtained from the EnergyPlus simulation results: air temperature for the admittance flows, indoor temperature and surfaces temperature for each enclosure. Thirdly, considering the size of the spaces and the accuracy required, the CFD analysis mesh is generated by using a predetermined spacing of the mesh (0. 05 m) and the tolerance in the overlapping of mesh lines (0. 01 m). Lastly, simulations are carried following the "K-E Standard" turbulence model with a maximum number of iterations and acceptable residual values for mass, velocity, temperature and turbulence of 10,000 iterations.
Supporting knowledge discovery through visual means is a hot research topic in the field of visual analytics in general, and a key issue in the analysis of textual data sets. In that context, the StorylineViz study aims at developing a generic approach to narrative analysis, supporting the identification of significant patterns inside textual data, and ultimately knowledge discovery and sensemaking. It builds on a text segmentation procedure through which sequences of situations are extracted. A situation is defined by a quadruplet of components: actors, space, time and motion. The approach aims at facilitating visual reasoning on the structure, rhythm, patterns and variations of heterogeneous texts in order to enable comparative analysis, and to summarise how the space/time/actors/motion components are organised inside a given narrative.
It can be continuous or not (i. e. including or not temporal breaks). The notion of path can be used to interpret, and structure (i. e. segment according to division consistent lines) a variety of heterogeneous historical evidence: travel diaries, witness reports, inventories, iconographic material, etc. But this notion of path could, when looking from closer, act as a potential semantic filter far beyond its initial field of concern -historical evidence. It is obviously closer to the content of a narrative that to highly structured data sets handled in route calculations offered by GPS applications for instance. Hence the attempt we present in this paper to try and see in what such an approach to text segmentation could be fruitful, beyond its initial context of emergence. StorylineViz should be understood as a proof-ofconcept study that aims at developing a generic approach to narrative analysis, supporting the identification and visualisation of significant patterns inside textual data, and ultimately knowledge discovery and sensemaking.
Data collection and participants The questionnaire was administered via an Internet platform (LimeSurvey, McGill University servers) to any participant aged over 18 years and fluent in French. A written electronic consent was obtained for each participant. The survey was made publicly accessible from November 2014 to April 2015 and distributed electronically through various academic and healthcare institutions mainly in Europe, North America and Africa, but also in other areas of the world. In order to avoid sampling bias effect, the music focus of the study was not explicitly stated in the test instructions when administered to participants. Prior to completing the survey, participants were also asked to fill out a general demographic and linguistic background questionnaire. This study was approved by the McGill University's Faculty of Medicine Institutional Review Board (#A11-E88-14B).
Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the translated version In order to assess the structure validity of the test, we used an approach similar to that employed by  Mas-Herrero et al. (2013)  in the development of the original questionnaire, as described above. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out using MATLAB, and, for scale analyses, SPSS 22 was used. The polychoric correlation matrix was computed for the 20 items of the translated questionnaire. To control the variance due to this response style factor, we applied the procedure proposed by Lorenzo-Seva &  Rodriguez-Fornells (2006)  developed for the specific case of non-perfectly balanced scales (see  Lorenzo-Seva & Ferrando, 2009). As five content factors were expected, we retained this number of factors using Minimum Rank Factor Analysis (MRFA, Ten  Berge & Kiers, 1991).
Among 267 healthy controls in our database, 40 (15%) exhibited calcium oxalate crystals in their urine. COD crystals accounted for 92. 5% of cases and COM crystals were found in only 2. 6% of urine samples (7. 5% of samples containing calcium oxalate crystals). Mean calcium and oxalate values found in these samples were very similar to the respective values observed in urine samples of stone formers with calcium oxalate crystals (data no shown). So, we retained 227 urine samples from healthy controls without calcium oxalate crystals. The mean value for calcium and oxalate concentration was 3. 31 ± 2. 14 mmol/l and 0. 35 ± 0. 17 mmol/l, respectively, taken as reference values (relative risk 1) in the absence of COM or COD crystalluria. In All statistical comparisons regarding biochemistry of urine with or without crystals (ANOVA), the distribution of crystalline phases according to r CaOx (Chi2 test) and logistic regression analyses to assess the relative risk of forming either COM or COD crystals were performed with the NCSS statistical package (J.
As shown in Fig. 4 , COM crystals were predominant (93%) in urine samples with a r CaOx < 5 (i. e. with relative hyperoxaluria), either as pure COM crystals (64%) or COM mixed with COD crystals (29%). Conversely, COD crystals were largely predominant (98%), mainly as pure COD crystals (87%), in urine samples with a r CaOx > 14 (i. e. markedly hypercalciuric). In the intermediate Ca/Ox values, COD crystals accounted for 84%, either pure (51%) or mixed with COM (33%). The data were collected from 6869 urine samples that contained calcium oxalate crystals identified by polarizing microscopy. Fig. 5  shows the effect of graded increments in calcium and oxalate concentration above a basal level (3. 3 mmol/l for calcium, 0. 35 mmol/l for oxalate: relative risk¼1) on the relative risk of forming COM and COD crystals in urine.
Field retrieval and processing It is best to use wooden, bamboo or plastic clay-modeling tools to excavate human remains; they reduce the damage done by metal tools. Whatever tools are used, the tools employed should be noted and any accidental damage caused during excavation should also be noted. This will help to differentiate excavation damage from taphonomic changes. Once taphonomic data have been recorded in situ, skeletal remains should be excavated as quickly as possible (which is why the recording protocol needs to be established beforehand), both to protect them from environmental damage and because skeletons left exposed on sites often attract looters or vandals. Bones should be protected from strong direct sunlight, as drying too rapidly can crack and split them. As regions of the body are lifted, these should be placed in open plastic bags and labelled with the region of the body, such as 'left upper limb', 'right pectoral girdle', and so on.
Archaeothanatology is a notational system used within an anthropologie du terrain approach which employs a pro forma system with multiple drawings and/or photographs to record the state of articulations of the joints  (Duday, 2006). There are several record sheets in use created to inventory the remains of neonates, children and adults (for a good adult example, see  Courtaud, 1996)  (Fig. 1 ). These can be linked to a computerised record on portable digital devices; working digitally is as accurate and less time-consuming, all but eliminating paper copies except in dusty or wet field settings. Digital methods for recording currently being developed include the application of 3D meshing and ArcScene® software to create Virtual Taphonomy, which integrates image-based 3D modeling techniques with a 3D GIS platform (cf.
Wilhelmson and Dell'Unto, 2015)  or the use of less sophisticated Structure from Motion (SfM) modeling techniques that require only a digital camera and two pieces of software: Agisoft PhotoScan® and MeshLab®  (Knüsel et al. , 2013; Forte et al. , 2015). The latter requires between 15 and 50 digital images taken in the field in rapid succession to cover all aspects of the grave contents, with the software used to combine ('mesh') them into a computer 3D model that can be manipulated on the screen (Fig. 2 ).
Bone census, NISP, MNE, MNI, and element representation Once an assemblage has been excavated, what follows is an exercise in creating usable data from an inherently messy situation. The same analytical logic applies to all depositions, whether discrete or commingled, but it is rarely applied formally to discrete inhumations; hence this discussion focuses upon commingled depositions, which are the typical focus of such analysis. Different methods supply data for different analytical goals, such as supplying a descriptive inventory for a site report, estimating how many people may have been deposited at the site, and modeling the processes which formed the assemblage. An initial concentration on the demographic constituents, the numbers of individuals represented in an assemblage (based on the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI), is now accompanied by questions of differential preservation among skeletal elements and part representation to identify pre-and post-depositional effects on assemblages, based on the MNE (Minimum Number of Elements).
To take another example, there has been surprisingly little replicative research on the possibility of distinguishing cut-marks made by tools of different materials, or with different gestures. Another methodological void is element representation profiles. These are typically established by citing a handful of welldocumented comparative cases where we know historically (or can infer with some confidence) the funerary practices and taphonomic environment involved and the osteological data have been recorded well and in detail. But it would be valuable to build a systematic of element representation data; this would help us to understand the variation in element profiles generated by a given funerary practice, and it would allow us to assess the amount of equifinality in profiles generated by several interacting variables and the amount of confidence with which we can make inferences.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the participants in the session ' Beyond Burial ' at the 2014 European Archaeological Association meeting in Istanbul. CJK thanks the presenters and participants in the roundtable discussion on 'burial terminology' at the 2015 meeting of the  EAA (European Archaeological Association ) in Glasgow, upon which the terminology section of this contribution draws, including  Martin Smith  ( Bournemouth University, UK ),  Fanny Bocquentin ,  Philippe Chambon ,  Pascal Sellier  (all  CNRS ,  UMR 7041 ,  ArScAn, Paris, France ),  Aurore Schmitt  ( UMR 7268 ,  ADES, Université d'Aix-Marseille, France). Liv Nilsson-Stutz (Emory University, USA ), and  Edeltraud Aspöck  and  Estella Weiss-Krejci  (both  Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA) ).
2012) ] was greeted as a sound theoretical way to get rid of the concept of "teleology"  (Mayr 1996). However, the adoption of the metaphors and the powerful tools conceived and used by the reductionists blurred the distance between the two currents (see  Perret et al, this issue, and (Longo et al. 2012). The current state of affairs is that even those that consider themselves organicists are for the most part using the pervasive language of molecular biology, a language that forces causative power to molecules, and in particular, to genes. Nowadays, the main difference between reductionists and organicists is that the latter are keenly aware that, when they practice analytical reductionism, they may be destroying the very phenomena that they are trying to understand. In addition to the conceptual problems generated by the phylogenetic turn and the molecular biology revolution, the availability of immensely large databases has been greeted by the declaration that the scientific method is obsolete  (Anderson 2008 ).
Introduction This paper addresses the impact of the computational era on a very peculiar 'public space': web portals containing digital audio archives. 1 Digital audio archives are the final outcomes of several disciplines, from oral history to linguistics, from anthropology and ethnography to social sciences. They usually contain a significant variety of research data referring to different textual genres (e. g. , a sequence of interviews on a particular topic; answers to a questionnaire; speech corpora; spontaneous or semispontaneous speech). But they may also contain public events of many kind (e. g. , performing art events like for instance folk drama or folk poetry performances, but also political meetings and assemblies). Although they most frequently arise in academic communities and networks, digital audio archives are also created by heritage communities, informal groups and individuals who are interested in their preservation and accessibility.
Given this background, the domains of audio documents stemming from fieldwork and oral data collection-both of which contribute to the creation of audio archives-represent an interesting and under-investigated scenario, where at least three intertwined concerns emerge: • Use and re-use of research data; • Ethical questions involved in the re-use of research data; • Legal questions stemming from online diffusion. These three issues represent a cross-curricular area concerning researchers, scholars, archivists, librarians, public and research institutions. Research data archiving, accessibility and re-use are nowadays at the centre of scientific debate, among different scientific communities around the world. In this respect, the data deluge described in the monographic volume of Science 331 (2011) appears to be paradigmatic of the renewed attention towards data collection, curation, and access.
Even when sensitive data are collected originally by researchers or acquired from corporations, privacy concerns sometimes lead to public policies that require the data be destroyed after the research is completed-a step that obviously makes scientific replication impossible  (King 2011: 719). Methodological obstacles connected to archiving have been extensively discussed e. g. in Britain  (Mauthner et al. 1998; Richardson and Godfrey 2003; Parry and Mauthner 2004; Bishop 2009) , France  (Descamps et al. 2005; Marcade ét al. 2014)  and Finland  (Kuula 2010 (Kuula /2011)). Communities of practice like, for instance, those of the Presto4U EU project dealing with 'Research and Scientific Collections' and with 'Music and Sound Archives' gathered from all around Europe in order to identify useful research parameters in the digital audio-visual preservation domain, to raise awareness and improve the adoption of these results by technology and service providers as well as media owners (PRESTO4U 2014).
Audio Archives and Intangible Cultural Heritage Digital audio archives are not peculiar to a single branch of knowledge. On the contrary, they appear to be a virtual space in which different kinds of expertise convene and deal with unusual, original research questions concerning audio preservation, cataloguing, transcription, analysis, data re-using, and access rights management. Oral historians, linguists, and anthropologists have often underlined the urgent need to protect analogue and born-digital audio archives collected by professional scholars and ordinary people interested in languages, dialects, tradition, popular music, and ethnology. In every respect, audio archives are a precious resource: linguists, anthropologists, ethnographers, oral historians have spent years collecting materials that deserve safeguarding and circulation.
However thousands of hours of speech recordings collected for different purposes, despite having been digitally preserved, are still inaccessible to the communities for which they have been produced, not to speak of the wider audience. In most cases, audio archives collected in the humanities and social sciences are still in the hands of the original researchers. It can even be very difficult to get the basic datasets documentation and even more difficult to persuade researchers and private citizens to provide open information about their data. Crucially, the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Article 2 defines this material as belonging to Intangible Cultural Heritage domains, which include: • oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of intangible cultural heritage; • performing arts; • social practices, rituals and festive events; • knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; • traditional craftsmanship.
Dissemination in Networks: The Example of Europeana Sounds The MMSH audio archive centre takes part in several projects supporting the dissemination of the materials. In 2010, the catalogue has joined the Portail du patrimoine oral (Oral Heritage Portal), a collective catalogue of audio and audiovisual archives on oral tradition in France. The portal, launched in 2011, contains audio and video documents such as songs, tales, traditional music, life stories, recorded in situ. At the moment, nine different databases are accessible through this portal: the MMSH audio archive, the Office of Auvergne's Territories Music at Riom (Auvergne), the Centre for study, research and documentation of the spoken word (Poitou-Charentes-Vendee), the Museum of instruments at Ceret (Catalogne), the Occitan centre of music and traditional dance at Toulouse, the Regional centre for traditional music (Limosin), the Archives for spoken word heritage (Bretagne), the Music and oral traditions centre (Normandie), and the Bourgogne Centre for spoken word heritage.