dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
y. and 7 k. y. , respectively. As the precision and accuracy of the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar system improve, correcting for variable δ 41 K on monitors may become routine, and δ 41 K measurements on samples may be important in some cases. (11) Sample averaging: The J parameters and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ratios obtained from the previous steps provide all the elements needed to calculate a single 40 Ar/ 39 Ar date. However, it is usually beneficial to combine multiple analyses together to improve the precision of the dates and assess their reproducibility. These analyses may be total fusion dates or heating steps in an incremental heating experiment. In order to assess the reproducibility of sample or fluence monitor analyses, repeated measurements are recommended whenever possible. The resulting data can be averaged by taking a weighted mean, or by forming a combined isochron from the replicate analyses.
Each step in the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data-processing chain involves statistical uncertainty. The effect of the uncertainties from each Ar isotope measurement and the subsequent corrections to it will vary significantly in materials of different ages and compositions. Figure  4  shows  the results of a sensitivity analysis performed at the WiscAr geochronology laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Measurements were performed using a Nu Instruments Noblesse multicollector mass spectrometer, and data were reduced using the Pychron software package  (Ross, 2019). The 36 Ar abundance is typically several orders of magnitude smaller than that of 40 Ar or 39 Ar and dominates the uncertainty budget for most materials (Fig. 4 ). This measurement is critically important for the correction of trapped atmospheric argon.
These include the systematic effects of decay constant uncertainty, the age of the monitor, and the air ratio. In contrast with the random uncertainties, the systematic uncertainties cannot be characterized by repeat measurements, and they cannot be reduced by simple averaging. Care must be taken when deciding which sources of uncertainty are included in the error propagation. Intersample comparisons of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data may legitimately ignore systematic uncertainties as well as those of intercalibration factors. However, when comparing a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar date with a U/Pb, astrochronologic date, or 14 C date, both random and systematic uncertainties must be considered. The conventional way to tackle both types of comparison is called "hierarchical" error propagation  (Renne et al. , 1998; Min et al.
STRATEGIES FOR INTERPRETING 40 Ar/ 39 Ar DATA To facilitate interpretation of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data, we first discuss common statistical tools utilized in 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology for evaluating dates and data sets. We then focus on some typical approaches for the interpretation of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data from: (1) single-crystal fusion data sets, (2) incremental heating data sets for volcanic rocks, (3) incremental heating data sets for plutonic or metamorphic rocks, (4) provenance studies using detrital minerals, and (5) low-temperature processes. This discussion is intended to serve as a guide for the interpretation and understanding of the complexities associated with individual 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data sets.
Interpreting Single-Crystal Data Sets for Volcanic Rocks 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of single minerals hosted in volcanic rocks, either by total fusion or in-cremental heating, is one way to estimate the eruption age. Single-crystal analyses are typically performed on K-rich mineral phases such as sanidine, anorthoclase, micas, or hornblende, but analysis of plagioclase or other low-K phases is possible. For pyroclastic deposits, analyses of single crystals are preferred because the crystal cargo may consist of minerals with different crystallization and/or alteration/thermal histories. For this reason, multicrystal analyses must be avoided whenever possible. A first step toward the interpretation of a collection of single-crystal dates from a volcanic rock or tephra is to decide what value to assume for the 40 Ar/ 36 Ar initial ratio.
Therefore, the dispersion in the single-crystal 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates for a volcanic sample is expected to reflect solely the analytical uncertainty of the mass spectrometer analyses (assuming no reactor fluence gradients, self-shielding, etc. ). In this case, the weighted mean date can be calculated from the entire single-crystal data set, and its MSWD will be lower than the MSWD value deemed acceptable for the total number of analyses at 95% confidence (i. e. , critical MSWD, Eq. 2). In cases where the MSWD is less than the critical MSWD, it is reasonable to interpret the weighted mean date and its uncertainty as representative of the eruption age of the volcanic rock. However, with improved precision in 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology (e. g. , Fig. 2 ), it has become increasingly commonplace to observe more variability in single-crystal 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates from a sample than can be explained by analytical uncertainty alone (e.
g. ,  Andersen et al. , 2017; Ellis et al. , 2017; Stelten et al. , 2015; Rivera et al. , 2016 Rivera et al. , , 2018;; see Figs. 7B and 7C). Under such circumstances, the MSWD calculated for the complete data set will exceed its critical threshold, and the mean for all crystals cannot be interpreted as the eruption age. In many cases, such data sets will have distributions such as those shown in Figure  7A , with a dominant mode and a tail towards older and/ or younger dates. The older single-crystal dates Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 133, no. 3/4 473 are most commonly interpreted to reflect excess Ar trapped within the crystals (e. g. ,  Ellis et al. , 2017)  and/or the presence of antecrysts or xenocrysts (routinely diagnosed by mineral chemistry) that have not been fully degassed (e.
Interpreting Data from Incrementally Heated Volcanic Rocks Recent improvements in multicollector mass spectrometry for 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology have led to ever-improving precision on 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates and a reduction in the amount of sample required for analysis, thereby leading to the preparation of smaller and likely more homogeneous mineral or groundmass separates. The improved precision, however, has resulted in observation of degassing patterns during incremental heating experiments that are considerably more complicated than the ideal case of a flat (i. e. , concordant) age spectrum. For example, a commonly observed age spectrum shape for both individual sanidine crystals and groundmass separates starts at low temperatures with older apparent ages, high K/Ca ratios, and low radiogenic 40 Ar content, followed by a decrease to younger ages that sometimes form a plateau (e.
Interpreting 40 Ar/ 39 Ar Data Sets for Plutonic and Metamorphic Rocks Thermochronology-the use of isotopic dates to trace the temperature-time histories of rocks-has become an important component of many tectonic studies (e. g. ,  Reiners and Brandon, 2006; Hodges, 2014). Researchers have found that an abundance of well-calibrated thermochronometers, including those with moderately high closure temperatures like 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, can be coupled with other lower-temperature thermochronometers, e. g. , (U-Th)/He or fission track, to offer expanded temperature-time histories.
Remerciements Je  remercie le jury du prix André Prud'homme et l'association Météo et Climat pour l'intérêt porté à mes travaux de thèse. Je remercie aussi toutes les personnes avec qui j'ai eu le plaisir de collaborer et de vivre de très belles aventures, que ce soit au Népal ou bien au chaud dans un bureau. Un grand merci à David Salas y Mélia , à  Olivier Boucher  et à Michel Zelvelder pour la relecture de cet article.
Mirabaud  (Mirabaud, 2007)  and L. Drieu  (Drieu, 2017; Drieu et al. , 2020). a) Quantity of lipids extracted from ceramic vessels; b) percentage of triacylglycerols in each lipid extract. The box plots represent the minimum and maximum, as well as the median and the 1 st and 3 rd quartiles of the dataset. Figure  4  : Comparaison de la préservation des lipides dans les céramiques de Clairvaux XIV selon les campagnes d'analyse : thèse de S. Mirabaud  (Mirabaud, 2007)  et L. Drieu  (Drieu, 2017 ; Drieu et al. , 2020). a) quantité de lipides extraits des récipients céramiques ; b) pourcentage de triglycérides dans chaque extrait lipidique. Les diagrammes à moustache représentent les minimum et maximum, ainsi que la médiane et les 1 er et 3 e quartiles du jeu de données. AS, revue d'archéométrie, 44(2), 2020, p.
Aknowledgements Some of this work was carried out as part of the ANR-funded project CIMO  dir. D. Binder). I would like to thank M. Regert for supervising this work and for her useful comments, which contributed to the improvement of this paper. I also thank all the researchers involved in the CIMO project, and beyond, whose help has been most valuable in understanding the ceramic material and the pottery chaîne opératoire, in particular D. Binder, L. Gomart, M. Gabriele, C. Lepère, M. Horgnies and D. Pisani. This work could not have been done without the precious collaboration of the researchers who provided the archaeological samples: D. Binder, R. Maggi, P. and A. -M. Pétrequin, K. Peche-Quilichini and T. Lachenal. Finally, I would like to thank the members of the GMPCA for awarding me a thesis prize and for giving me the opportunity to publish this article as well as the three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments which helped to improve its quality.
(2009). Analyses were performed on ~150 μm thick sections, cleaned with alcohol to remove carbon coating after EPMA analyses, and dried under nitrogen. Signals were acquired in time-resolved acquisition, devoting 2 min for the blank and 1 min for measurement of the analytes. The laser was fired using an energy density of 15 J/cm 2 at a frequency of 5 Hz using a spot size of 102 μm. This resulted in a sensitivity of ~4,000 cps/ppm for In based on measurements on the NIST 612 certified reference material. Oxide level, measured using the ThO/Th ratio, was below 0. 7%. Data were reduced using the GLITTER software  (Van Achterberg et al. , 2001)  using a linear fit to ratio. 43 Ca was used as an internal standard and analyte concentrations were calibrated against the NIST 612 rhyolitic glass using the values given in  Pearce et al.
EBSD Data Acquisition and Treatment CPOs of olivine, pyroxenes, garnet, and spinel were measured at the SEM-EBSD facility at Geosciences Montpellier by indexing of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns produced by interaction of an incident electron beam with a carefully polished thin section tilted at 20°to the electron beam. Measurements were performed in a JEOL JSM 5600 scanning electron microscope using an acceleration voltage of 17 kV and a working distance of 23 mm. Maps covering almost entirely each thin section were obtained using steps between 15 and 35 μm, depending on grain size. Indexing rates ranged between 80% and 90%. Lower indexation rates (70-80%) were obtained for a few peridotites (GF1B2F, GF4) that show some alteration along grain boundaries due to reaction with the host basalt.
Seismic Properties Seismic properties were calculated using the CPO of all major phases and their respective modal content estimated from EBSD maps  (Mainprice, 1990; Mainprice, Hielscher, & Schaeben, 2014). In situ seismic properties were estimated using elastic tensors and density of olivine and pyroxenes recalculated based on the geotherm constrained based on the xenoliths equilibrium data and experimentally determined pressure and temperature derivatives  (Abramson et al. , 1997; Chai et al. , 1997a Chai et al. , , 1997b;; Collins & Brown, 1998; Reichmann & Jacobsen, 2004). Voigt-Reuss-Hill averaging was applied in all calculations. Average seismic properties for the lithospheric mantle beneath Oahu and Kauai-Nihau were estimated by averaging the elastic constant tensors calculated using the CPO data of the different samples rotated into a common structural reference frame, which assumes a geographically coherent orientation of the foliation and lineation beneath the islands.
The intensity of intragranular misorientation in olivine varies among the samples The sinuosity of grain boundaries is quantified by the area-weighted average shape factor (ratio between the perimeter of the grain and the perimeter of a circle with the same area). The recrystallized fraction is quantified by the area fraction composed by grains with low intragranular misorientation (grain orientation spread, GOS < 1. 5°). Dashed line in (b) indicates the shape factor of a well-equilibrated synthetic olivine aggregate composed by polygonal crystals  (Demouchy et al. , 2019). Data presented in Table  2. Similar data for orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene are presented in Table  S3. (Figure  4 , Table  2 ): it is lowest in SAL6-25 (average M2M of 1. 4°) and highest in GF1B1 (average M2M of 2. 3°), which shows a microstructure transitional between coarse-granular and coarse-porphyroclastic.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to warmly thank  Christian Klug  ( University of Zürich ) for the fieldwork in Morocco and for the discussions concerning the taxonomic identification of the Algerian material. The authors are grateful to  Didier Néraudeau , the Editor of the journal, for his advice and for submitting this work to the evaluation of expert reviewers. The authors are also particularly thankful to  Dieter Korn  ( Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin ) for reviewing the manuscript and making many helpful remarks. Precious technical assistance was provided by  Jessie Cuvelier  and  Elisabeth Locatelli  ( University of Lille ). This paper is a contribution to the  PHC TASSILI  (Egide n°24496VJ; CMEP n°11MDU849), to the IGCP  596  ' Climate change and biodiversity patterns in the Mid Palaeozoic ', and to the  French CNRS UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo.
The analysis was carried out working with a magnification between ×20 and ×200. The descriptions of ceramic fabrics were based on the systems proposed by  Whitbread (1989 Whitbread ( , 1995) )  and  Quinn (2013). The grain-size classification for the inclusions in the petrographic descriptions followed the Udden-Wentworth scale. For the XRD mineralogical analysis, a PANalytical X'Pert PRO MPD alpha 1 diffractometer was used, working with the Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1. 5406 Å), in the 2θ interval between 5 and 80°, with a step-size of 0. 026° 2θ and a step-time of 47. 5 s. , tube current of 40 mA, and a voltage of 45 kV. Identification of crystalline phases was carried out using the High Score Plus by PANalytical software, which included the Joint Committee of Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) data bank.
The chemical analysis was performed using a Panalytical-Axios PW 4400/40 spectrometer. A fragment of each individual was powdered and homogenized in a tungsten carbide mill, and dried at 100 °C for 24 hours. Fused beads were prepared for the determination of major and minor elements, using 0. 3 g of a calcined specimen, in an alkaline fusion with lithium tetraborate (1/20 solution). This allowed for the identification of 10 major and minor elements, including Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , MnO, P 2 O 5 , TiO 2 , MgO, CaO, Na 2 O, K 2 O and SiO 2. At the time of writing, it was not possible to carry out the analysis of trace elements, but it is intended to perform this analysis in the future. Analytical data were subjected to various statistical procedures using the software S-PLUS 2000, after a log-ratio transformation of the values were obtained by XRF  (Aitchison, 1986 (Aitchison, , 2005;; Buxeda, 1999).
Acknowledgements This work was realized as part of the  Programme Collectif de Recherche Parures Amérindiennes en matériaux lithiques dans les Antilles Françaises (PAAF) , funded by the  Direction des Affaires Culturelles de Guadeloupe , the  Direction des Affaires Culturelles de Martinique  and the  Conseil Régional de Guadeloupe. It was also part of a  Diplôme Universitaire de Gemmologie (Univ. Nantes) , for which I thank  Prof. E. Fritsch.
Remerciements Nous remercions : les plus hautes Autorités Tchadiennes ,  Présidence de la République, Ministère de l'Education Nationale de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche  ;  Université de N'Djamena / Département de Paléontologie  et  Centre National d'Appui à la Recherche (CNAR) devenu CNRD; le Ministère Français de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche : UFR SFA ,  Université de Poitiers  ;  Agence Nationale de la Recherche -Projet ANR   05-BLAN-0235  ;  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique -CNRS  :  Institut INEE et programme ECLIPSE ; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (DCSUR, Paris et Projet FSP 2005-54 de la Coopération Franco-Tchadienne ,  Ambassade de France à N'Djamena)  ; la  Région Poitou-Charentes  et la région Nouvelle Aquitaine ; le programme NSF :  RHOI (USA)  ; l' Armée Française (Mission d'Assistance Militaire et dispositif Epervier-Barkhane ).
Acknowledgments This work is supported by by the project " ViscousWindWaves"  ( ANR-18-CE30-0003 ) of the  French National Research Agency. We thank  Anna Paquier  and  Marine Aulnette  for their experimental work on viscous wind-waves,  Philippe Gondret  for stimulating discussions on the  Kelvin-Helmholtz instability , and  Emmanuel Villermaux  for valuable references.
L'ouragan Irma : contexte et dynamique Les îles de Saint-Martin (SXM) et de Saint-Barthélemy (SB) sont situées dans la zone cyclonique atlantique entre les latitudes 10° et 19° N. , ce qui les expose aux ouragans de juillet à fin octobre. L'ouragan Irma est né au large des côtes africaines le 30 août 2017 (illustration 1a) et a commencé à frapper les îles des Petites Antilles le 6 septembre 2017 (illustrations 1a et 1b). Il est le premier ouragan de catégorie 5 à toucher les Petites Antilles depuis les bases de données de 1851 (illustration 1b). Irma s'inscrit dans une saison cyclonique chargée sur le bassin Atlantique Nord/Caraïbes. Une saison précoce, avec la tempête Arlène qui s'est formée le 19 avril, une saison extrêmement active avec à la fin du mois d'août le premier ouragan Harvey classé 4 sur l'échelle Simpson-Saffir, puis Irma (cat.
L'acquisition sur le terrain L'un des objectifs majeurs de la migration du SIG vers un WebSIG est d'impliquer le chercheur dans le processus de collecte, tout en disposant d'un outil d'enregistrement fonctionnel in situ. L'application Collector for Arcgis a été adoptée pour le travail de terrain. Elle est dédiée à la capture et à la saisie de données assurant leur transfert vers la base de données partagées. Cette application, qui fonctionne sur mobile, tablette et ordinateur, permet de positionner une nouvelle entité géographique d'une couche présente dans le WebSIG directement sur l'un des fonds de plan de la grotte préalablement sélectionné (orthophotographie, ombrage MNT 17 ). Dans le cas de l'acquisition d'un nouveau type de données non présentes parmi les couches géographiques du WebSIG, une phase préparatoire de collecte doit être planifiée entre le géomaticien et le chercheur en amont du travail de terrain.
Elle montre une réelle flexibilité pour la recherche programmée, permettant d'associer sur un même plan la documentation ancienne et future alimentée par des cultures disciplinaires différentes. Cette solution appliquée à la grotte Chauvet peut s'étendre à d'autres grottes ornées comme à la prospection et à l'étude de sites archéologiques de plein air. Elle vise à être employée dans une perspective conservatoire facilitant le dialogue entre acteurs de la culture et de la recherche. Ce travail a bénéficié du soutien de l'École universitaire de recherche PSGS HCH Humanités, Création, Patrimoine, Investissement d'Avenir ANR-17-EURE-0021 -Fondation des Sciences du Patrimoine.
Il semble donc acquis que le phénomène à l'origine des structures rubéfiées prend place au cours des xi e -xii e siècles. (version 2. 4, IntCal 13 curve, Bronk Ramsey et Lee, 2013 , Reimer et al. , 2013). On the right, combination of dates under the OxCal software: top, combination of the twelve results ; bottom, combination of nine results, after discarding the three early results. AS, revue d'archéométrie, 44(2), 2020, p. 219-235.
Remerciements Cette étude a reçu le soutien financier et logistique de l'  Université Bordeaux Montaigne , le  CNRS , la  Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine  ( Programme de Recherche Monasticon Aquitaniae), le Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, la mairie et le syndicat d'initiative de Trizay. Nous tenons à remercier le  Service Régional de l'Archéologie Nouvelle-Aquitaine  et ses agents, notamment Éric Normand, pour avoir rendu possible la réalisation de cette opération. Nous remercions vivement  Bertrand Beauvoit  qui a largement contribué à cette étude, par ses relectures et son apport concernant les sources historiques et l'héraldique. Un grand merci à Philippe Duprat pour la mise à disposition d'une partie de la bibliographie et des études effectuées sur le site. Nous remercions  Christian Gensbeitel , pour son travail de relecture mais aussi, évidemment, pour son encadrement et les discussions autour de ce monument.
Data A dense network of broadband, intermediate, and short-period seismometers were installed between 9 and 22 May 2016, beginning 23 days after the mainshock (Figure  S1  in the supporting information;  Meltzer et al. , 2019). These stations were in place for a year (into May 2017), with a small number of stations remaining in the field into July 2017. Short-period three-component ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) were installed at the end of May 2016 and recorded 5. 5 months of data into mid-November. The OBS stations provide azimuthal coverage of the postseismic sequence. Stations from the national network recorded postseismic events for the first 23 days after the mainshock prior to temporary network installation. From 28 May to 13 November 2016 (Julian day (JD) 2016:149-318) the largest number of stations recorded data simultaneously (for details of station recording see Figure  S2 ).
For this study we processed continuous data recorded by a total of 82 permanent and temporary stations located offshore and in the forearc region (Figure  S1 ). We included data from permanent stations located only in the forearc to avoid structural complexities from stations in the arc. The mainshock occurred at 16 April 2016 23:58:36 UTC (JD 2016:107). The catalog starts immediately after the mainshock, 17 April 2016 00:00:00 (JD 2016:108) and extends through 4 July 2017  (JD 2017:185). We processed 240 channels of continuous time series data covering a period of 480 days.
Methods: Building the Pedernales Sequence Catalog We tested three common detection algorithms that use characteristic functions of the time series to identify the onset of arrivals: (1) the traditional ratio of the short-term average and long-term average (STA/LTA) algorithm using predetermined windows and a single filter band  (Allen, 1982) , (2) a modification of the STA/LTA algorithm implementing a multiband filter processing scheme  (Lomax et al. , 2012) , and (3) kurtosis as described by  Baillard et al. (2014). We paired detections from these three methods with two different associators, the travel time grid associator in Antelope (dbgrassoc, BRTT Antelope Environmental Monitoring Software©) and the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) global associator GLASS3  (Yeck et al. , 2019). Both associators search over a precomputed travel time grid for a potential hypocenter that produces theoretical times that most closely correspond to the automatic picks obtained by the detectors.