dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
(  1 ) and (2), and (ii) T depth is equal to the depth of Z * and >10 m (few exceptions were made according to the depth of Z * as described above). Calculating air temperature change. The set of air temperature data monitored at borehole sites is incomplete. To develop data comparable to the permafrost temperature data, we calculated mean annual air temperatures ( T) from ERA Interim 2 m air temperature data set with 80 km spatial resolution. We derived the reanalysis time series for each borehole from linear interpolation of the four nearest grid points surrounding the borehole coordinates. Mean annual values were calculated from December until November. Given, that the propagation of atmospheric temperature change downward to the depth of Z * takes up to several years  25, 37  , depending on the local thermal diffusivity  24  , we extended the time series shown in Fig.
Data analyses of air temperature change were based on 137 borehole sites and 4932 T values. Calculating snow thickness change. We calculated the mean annual snow thickness ( Ŝ) for the Arctic continuous and the discontinuous permafrost zone from the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) daily snow depth analysis data with 24 km spatial resolution 48. We derived the reanalysis time series for each borehole from linear interpolation of the four nearest grid points surrounding the borehole coordinates. Mean values were calculated from December until February for each year in the data set. To identify winters we use subsequent years, e. g. in the time series we assign the 1999-2000 winter to 2000. Given that 1999 is the earliest available year in the data set we define a set k = {1999,. ,2016} to identify the winter years, where y 2 k.
Their accuracy depends on (1) the materials and process used to construct the thermistor, (2) the circuitry used to measure the thermistor resistance, (3) the calibration and equation used to convert measured resistance to temperature, and (4) the aging and resulting drift of the sensor over time. Thermistors are typically calibrated to correct for variations due to (1) and (2). About 20% of the boreholes are visited once per year and measured at or below Z * using single thermistors and a data logger. In this case the system is routinely validated in an ice-bath allowing correction for any calibration drift. The accuracy of an ice-bath is ~± 0. 01 °C50. Using the offset determined during this validation to correct the data greatly increases the measurement accuracy near 0 °C, an important reference point for permafrost.
This study is concerned with temperatures at Z * , where temperature gradients are typically small (<0. 1 °C m -1 ). Consequently, mm-level positioning accuracy does not significantly impact measurement accuracy. Finally, as this study is concerned with annual averages, adequate chronometry is ensured. The above discussion of accuracy relates to the absolute temperature values measured, but the detection of temperature change is more accurate because errors in calibration offset have no impact, sensor nonlinearities are generally small and not of concern. World Borders data are derived from http://thematicmapping. org/ downloads/world_borders. php and licensed under CC BY-SA 3. 0 (https:// creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3. 0/) were calculated from de-clustered and indexed boreholes. Mean confidence intervals for composite permafrost zones (global, Arctic continuous, Arctic discontinuous, mountain, Asian and American) were area-weighted.
, 2012; Ulmann et al. , 2013). Epigenetic alterations in spinal microglia during the acute inflammatory response presents a favorable paradigm for the imprinting mechanism driving chronicity of the pain state  (Denk et al. , 2016)  because of the high transcriptional activity induced by the inflammatory response and the associated increase in DNA DSB  (Marnef et al. , 2017). Indeed, a wealth of data suggests that the fragility of actively transcribing loci is intertwined with genomic changes that are linked to altered cellular function and disease  (Alt and Schwer, 2018; Fong et al. , 2013; Puc et al. , 2017; Sharma et al. , 2015; Su et al. , 2015). This raises the question: could this represent a biological switch and thus a therapeutic target, whereby inducing an increase in DNA repair following PNI would preserve the genomic landscape of the spinal microglia during acute activation, when high transcriptional activity is expected, and thus provide an effective way to target NP? Here we show that a novel drug, Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR)b agonist, C286  (Goncalves et al.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was funded by the  Wellcome Trust  (Grant ref. no  084286 ) to J. P. T. C. ,  Wellcome Trust  (Grant ref. no  110047/Z/15/Z ) to A. M. C. ,  MRC  (Grant ref. no MR /R006466/1 ) to J. P. T. C. and M. B. G. , and  Genopole Thematic Incentive Actions funding  ( ATIGE-2017 ) and the institutional bodies  CEA ,  CNRS, and Universite d'Evry-Val d'Essonne  to J. M. and M. A. M. -P.
Microarray experiments and data analysis Differentiated HepaRG cells were exposed for 24 h to a sub-toxic concentration of CYN (0. 8 µM). Thereafter, total RNA was isolated, quantified and assessed for its integrity as previously described  (Huguet et al. , 2014). Probe preparation and hybridisation (using 4 X 44K Whole Human Genome 70-mer oligo-chips, G4112F, Agilent Technologies) with a completely randomised design were performed at the ANSES transcriptomic platform as previously described  (Huguet et al. , 2014)  with the following modifications. Labelling was undertaken with either cyanine-3 CTP or cyanine-5 CTP, and absorbance was measured at 532 nm (for cyanine-3-labelled cRNA samples) or 635 nm (for cyanine-5-labelled cRNA samples). Raw data extraction and quality control, Lowess normalisation and data filtering were performed as previously described  (Huguet et al.
, 2014). This dataset, including the 29488 post-filtering probes, was labelled "filtered data" and has been deposited in National Center for Biotechnology information's Gene Expression Omnibus through the accession number GSE123584. From the "filtered data", the differentially expressed genes were selected at P < 0. 05 (Student t-test) and with a fold change (FC) greater than two (for "up-regulated genes") or less than 0. 5 (for "down-regulated genes"), leading to two distinct clusters. An analysis was performed for these clusters using the GoMiner application (http://www. discover. nci. nih. gov/gominer/index. jsp). Gene Ontology (GO) terms with a false discovery rate (FDR) score below 0. 01 and an enrichment score above 1. 5 were declared significant. An additional analysis was performed for the clusters with the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) bioinformatics resources (http://david.
RT-qPCR After 24 h of treatment with 0. 5 to 2 µM CYN in differentiated HepaRG cells, total RNA was isolated, quantified and assessed for its integrity as described above, and a negative extraction control was included for the contamination assessment. Reverse transcription, qPCR and data analysis were performed as previously described  (Huguet et al. , 2014) , with the following modifications and applying the guidelines for qPCR assay design and reporting  (Bustin et al. , 2009). For primers, their design and the in silico analyses of their specificity were performed together, using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool for primers (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/BLAST/) with, for each gene, at least one primer designed to span an exon-exon junction. All primers were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Lyon, France).
Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software (version 5. 0, GraphPad Software Inc. , La Jolla, CA). For cytotoxicity, cell counts, and GSH measurements, data were analysed using the One-sample t-test with "100" as the theoretical mean. Means were declared significantly different from 100 at P < 0. 05, and trends (P < 0. 1) were included. For RT-qPCR results, CYP450 activities, and the rest of the HCA data, an analysis of variance was performed. When the concentration effect was significant (P < 0. 05), the values were compared using Dunnett's test. Differences were declared significant at P < 0. 05. The values presented are means ± SEM.
Of the biological processes, 12 were related to the modification of non-coding RNA such as tRNA and rRNA, while the others were associated with ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and translation. The cellular components were mainly related to the nucleus, cajal body and ribosome, and the molecular functions were related to RNA binding and RNA modifications. Therefore, our data suggested that the main proteins encoded by the up-regulated genes belong to ribonucleoprotein complexes and are involved in aspects of RNA maturation such as splicing and translation occurring respectively inside the nucleus and along the ribosomal machinery. An additional analysis using the DAVID Functional Annotation Tool highlighted three significant terms (data not shown) with two already having been identified using GoMiner.
Biological and TTE data NT-pro BNP (pg/mL), troponin T (pg/mL) and creatinine levels (μmol/L) were obtained for all patients of the 3 groups. Data from previous transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) were reported for CA and CH patients, including end-diastolic interventricular septum (IVS) thickness (mm), global longitudinal strain (-%) and LVEF (%). Same data from TTE were recorded for control patients except for global longitudinal strain which was not available.
Post-contrast myocardial T1 Post contrast myocardial T1 (ms) was calculated for all patients from the TI scout sequence using a dedicated software (CVi42; Circle Cardiovascular Imaging; Calgary; Canada) as previously described  [23]. A ROI was manually drawn to encompass the whole LV myocardium and automatically propagated to all images of the sequence. If necessary, manual corrections were performed to adjust the position of the ROI on the different phases. Post contrast myocardial T1 was automatically obtained from the software. LGE quantification LGE of the LV was quantified for all patients using a dedicated software (CVi42; Circle Cardiovascular Imaging; Calgary; Canada). After having manually set endocardial and epicardial contours, a threshold of 5 SD was set to detect pixels presenting a SI above 5 SD of the average signal in the pre-defined "normal" myocardium.
C'est afin de répondre à ces enjeux de publicisation des conflits socio-environnementaux que la cartographie mondiale EJATLAS 7 a été initiée au début des années 2010. La base de données demeure encore certes incomplète, mais elle repose sur les contributions volontaires des chercheurs et des représentants d'ONG du réseau international établies dans le cadre de ce projet, ce qui en fait un outil pertinent pour comprendre la nature et l'intensité des conflits socio-environnementaux dans le monde.
Remerciements 48 Les auteurs souhaitent remercier les deux lecteurs anonymes mobilisés par la revue [VertigO] La revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement pour leurs commentaires très riches sur une version antérieure de ce texte qui nous ont permis de mieux préciser notre propos et de recourir à une bibliographie plus pertinente sur certaines questions abordées dans ce texte. Ils remercient également  Marion Daugeard  pour la réalisation de la cartographie (Figure 2).
Acknowledgements Work in the Genetics and Metabolism of Rare Cancers Lab  is supported by past and current grants from  European Commission   FP7 Research and Innovation Funding Program  for 2007-2013 (n°  259735 ),  Horizon 2020  (n° 633983);  Institut National du Cancer and Direction Générale de l'Offre de Soins (DGOS) ,  Programme de Recherche Translationnelle en cancérologie  ( PRT-K 2014 ,  COMETE-TACTIC, INCa_DGOS_8663) ;  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-2011-JCJC-00701  MODEOMAPP);  Alliance nationale pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé (AVIESAN) ;  Plan Cancer: Appel  à projets Epigénétique et Cancer 2013 (EPIG201303 METABEPIC), the  Cancer Research for Personalized Medicine -CARPEM  project  (Site de Recherche Intégré sur le Cancer -SIRIC ) and  The Paradifference Foundation.
Location, Instrumentation and Data description 2. 1 Experimental sites and equipments This work is mainly related with a ground-based UGR station (GR; 37 o 09'50"N; 3 o 36'18"W; 680 m a. s. l. ) at Granada (Spain), managed by the Atmospheric Physic Group (GFAT) of Granada University. The station, which belongs to the Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA/CEAMA of the University of Granada is part of the Andalusian Global ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere (AGORA). Granada is a medium-size city with a total population of 530000 inhabitants considering all the metropolitan area. The city is located in the South-East of the Iberian Peninsula, in a natural basin surrounded by mountains. Granada shows a Mediterranean continental climate being its local aerosol sources the heavy traffic along all the year in addition to the heating systems based on fuel oil combustion in winter  [14].
Furthermore, due to its proximity to the African continent, Granada is usually affected by Saharan dust intrusions, specially in summer  [15]. The Granada station is equipped with, among other instruments, a sun/sky photometer (CE318; Cimel Electronique) which since 2004 which belongs to AERONET. In addition to Granada station, two AERONET stations both equipped with a CE318 photometer, managed also by GFAT, are included in this work due to their high altitude and their proximity to Granada station (see Fig. 1 ). These stations are Cerro Poyos (CP; 37 o 06'28"N; 3 o 29'13"W; 1830 m a. s. l. ), and Albergue UGR (AU; 37 o 05'45"N; 3 o 23'13"W; 2501 m a. s. l. ); both also belong to AGORA and are located at Sierra-Nevada Mountain range as can be observed in Fig. 1. Sun/sky photometer data at CP are available since 2011, while for AU the first measurements were recorded in spring 2016.
The sun/sky photometers at AU and CP are usually operative only in spring and summer due to snowfall in autumn and winter. The three sun/sky photometers (GR, CP and AU) included in this study belong to ACTRIS/AERONET-Europe, the European branch of AERONET. Thus, the three instruments are routinely calibrated following the same protocol and the data are quality-controlled. The sun/sky photometer measures direct solar irradiance (at least at 340, 380, 440, 500, 675, 870 and 1020 nm) allowing the computing of AOD, and sky radiance measurements (Almucantar geometry) at 440, 675, 870 and 1020 nm. The AERONET AOD uncertainty ranges from ±0. 01 in the infrared-visible to ±0. 02 in the ultraviolet channels  [3]. AOD and sky radiances both at 440, 675, 870 and 1020 nm obtained by sun/sky photometer at Granada have been obtained from AERONET (version 2 level 1.
The maximum height of the profiles is situated at 7000 m a. g. l. However, GRASP pac makes an iterative process where this upper limit is reduced. This is made to assure that all RCS values used as input of the method are positive, negative RCS values has no physical meaning at all. Despite the different maximum height of some profiles, there is no evidence of a clear influence in the final inversion result. The fully detailed inversion strategy can be found in  [13]. Originally starting from the AERONET and ceilometer data described above, 7387 aerosol extinction profiles were obtained by GRASP pac method at Granada from 01/11/2012 to 12/12/2017, at 5 different wavelengths (440, 675, 870, 1020 and 1064 nm), corresponding for each almucantar sequence available from sun/sky photometer.
In order to select adequate data to make comparisons the following conditions have been imposed to the IAE series of AERONET and GRASP pac : • AERONET IAE data which are not within ±5 min are discarded. The spatial separation of the three AERONET stations is being assumed as zero, thus, a short temporal difference between the measurements is required in order to minimize the errors coming from the difference in the aerosol content of the atmospheric volume measured by each instrument. • IAE negative values are discarded. In this analysis not only errors from GRASP pac itself are going to be reflected in the final result, but also all the instantaneous, or systematic, measurement errors are included. The IAE obtained from AERONET AOD values is always calculated as the difference between the AOD of the lower instrument minus the upper one.
Thus, if a negative IAE value appears it only can be explained by the sun/sky photometer uncertainties, or by a real difference between the measured atmosphere in each station. In any case both situations are undesirable for the objectives of this study. The number of valid and discarded data according to these criteria can be found in table  1. It is notorious the high number of negative IAE values obtained in CP-AU layer, but it has to be taken into account the small depth of this layer. Thus, as it can be seen also in table  1 , the majority of data of this layer is within the limit of the AERONET photometer uncertainty. • A valid IAE value is assumed only when IAE data at all wavelengths are available and they satisfy the previous quality criteria. As in the previous case this filter is established to avoid all errors originated from instrument malfunctions.
The AERONET data is taken as reference for this study due to the high quality and their wide use within the scientific community, and the the high number of studies supporting its methodology (e. g. [4] [19]  [20] ). This methodology has been developed in order to make comparable the two independent procedures to obtain IAE at different layers over the city of Granada. A 3+2 polarized multiwavelength Raman LiDAR is operating at the Granada station as part of ACTRIS/EARLINET, then an interesting comparison between GRASP pac and the Raman LiDAR extinction profiles could have been made. However, the inversion needed for the retrieval of vertical extinction profiles with this LiDAR is not free of assumptions either. Furthermore, some of these assumptions are common for Raman LiDAR and GRASP pac retrievals.
Overall Comparison A first general analysis has been done in order to study the agreement between GRASP pac and AERONET values for the full data set. Figure  2  shows the IAE calculated from both sources (AERONET and GRASP pac ) for the different layers, while the fitting equation, the number of data included in each regression analysis and the determination coefficient are included in table 2. In general a high correlation was found among IAE values from AERONET and GRASP pac , especially in the medium-high altitudes of the profile (CP-TOA and AU-TOA) with values of r 2 around 0. 91 and higher. However, in the lower part the correlation between both IAEs is lower, showing the lowest correlation in the GR-CP and CP-AU layers with values of r 2 around 0. 55. There is a reduction of the dispersion as the wavelength increases (here only 440 and 1020 nm wavelengths are shown).
Granada Extinction Vertical profiles Once the evaluation of the aerosol extinction retrieved by GRASP pac methodology against AERONET reference data, where possible influences in the retrieved product have been analysed, the IAE averaged values for the entire considered period, November of 2012 to December of 2017, of each considered layer has been obtained using both GRASP pac and AERONET data. The averaged seasonal IAE values for the five different layers can be found for all wavelengths available in table 4 and 5, for AERONET and GRASP pac methodologies, respectively. Such as the rest of this work only positive IAE values has been taken into account to calculate these averaged values. No data for the winter periods for all layers involving Albergue UGR station is available because photometers are not operative in these places due to snowfall in this season.
This problem is not present in GRASP pac methodology because the ceilometer profiles have been integrated only with the Granada sun/sky photometer. Due to the quality assurance criteria in the data selection for this study all the average IAE values obtained for both AERONET and GRASP pac depend inversely on the wavelength, for all seasons and stations, except for the AERONET Autumn value at 870 nm. As expected, the mean IAE values for GRASP pac , showed in table 5, depend directly on the layer depth. All GR-CP values are higher than GR-AU, and the same issue occurs with CP-TOA and AU-TOA, due to the larger integration performed in GR-AU and in CP-TOA. On the other hand, this is not the case for AERONET IAE values. For this methodology IAE is not always directly proportional to the layer depth, in Autumn and for the annual mean GR-CP IAE value is higher than GR-AU.
This incoherence is explained by the different sample of days included in the average of each layer. If the same mean is calculated, but only taking into account measurements when data is available in the three AERONET stations (not shown), this artifact disappears. This result supports one of the initial assumptions of this study, the horizontal homogeneity between the three stations considered for this study. Figure  9  shows the seasonal and annual mean vertical extinction profiles, obtained from previously averaged daily averaged; the shaded area corresponds to the the standard deviation of each point. Note that the standard deviation of the annual profile is significantly lower compared with the rest of the seasons, because it has been calculated as the mean of the four seasons instead of the average of all profiles.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  Andalusia Regional Government  (project  P12-RNM-2409 ) and by the  "Consejería de Educación" of "Junta de Castilla y León"  (project  VA100U14 ); the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness  under the projects,  CMT2015-66742-R ,  CGL2016-81092-R , " Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación" program  ( FIJCI-2016-30007 ) and  CGL2017-90884-REDT ; and the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  through project  ACTRIS-2  (grant agreement No  654109 ). The authors acknowledge  ANRT  by the  CIFRE program   2019/0003. The authors thankfully acknowledge the  FEDER program  for the instrumentation used in this work. COST Action TOPROF  ( ES1303 ), supported by  COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) , is also acknowledged.
Storage needs. The client stores 2 × 256 bits for secret material κ and IV to use in AES. The server storage overhead exactly corresponds to the redundancy of the linear code C, that is (n -dim C) log 2 q bits. Other features. Our PoR scheme is unbounded-use, since every challenge reveals nothing about the secret data held by the client. It does not feature dynamic updates of files. Though, we must emphasize that the file w the client produces can be split among several servers, and the verification step remains possible even if the servers do not communicate with each other. Indeed, computing a response to a challenge does not require to mix distinct symbols w i of the uploaded file. Therefore, our scheme is well-suited for the storage of large static distributed databases. Client storage 512 bits Server total storage n log 2 q bits Communication complexity (verif.
Overall the 110 HSCs perform approximately 500,000 health examinations annually. Thanks to our partnership with CNAMTS, we include the cohort participants in 22 selected HSCs located in the principal regions of France. Randomly selected eligible subjects (see below) were invited to come to their HSC. The volunteers completed questionnaires at home before attending their HSC where they signed an informed consent and underwent a health examination. Data concerning social and demographic characteristics, health-related behaviors and health status are collected regularly by trained investigators using different sources (questionnaires, medical examinations, national health and social databases). The main exclusion criteria were: refusal to participate, handicap, visible upper limb deformity, arthritis, amputation, significant pain, a recent accident, or hand surgery in the previous six months.