dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
6% agarose gel electrophoresis in 1x TAE buffer (40 mM Tris, 20 mM Acetic acid, 1 mM EDTA) containing SYBR ® Safe (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The fraction of free DNA was determined from the intensity of the migrating fraction of DNA by using the Image Lab Software® in a Bio-Rad Gel Doc EZ Imager. Free chitosan quantification through fluorescence measurements. Chitosan/DNA complexes were prepared at different charge ratios using a DNA solution 0. 03 mg/mL in water. The complexes were stabilized during 30 min before centrifugation during for 45 min at 15 000 G and at 25 ºC. The supernatant fluorescence was then determined with a Jasco Spectrofluorometer FP-8500 using calibration in the considered conditions (water, NaCl at different concentration, HCl).
Stability of the complexes in presence of SDS. Taking into consideration the experimental conditions given in literature  [30] , sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was used to test the ability of complexes to dissociate as an index of their stability. Complexes were prepared as mentioned previously in the section of Free DNA quantification through gel electrophoresis. After stabilization of chitosan/DNA complexes under stirring during 30 min at room temperature, before adding 3µL of loading buffer, 3µL of SDS 0. 5 % wt were added to induce a partial decompaction of chitosan/DNA complexes. Then, same protocol as described before was followed to apply the aliquot for agarose gel electrophoresis. As well as mentioned before, fraction of free DNA is determined from the intensity of the migrating fraction of DNA by using the Image Lab Software® in a Bio-Rad Gel Doc EZ Imager.
Stability of the complexes in presence of external salt. Gel electrophoresis assays were performed in presence of NaCl at different concentrations (from 0 to 0. 2 M). DNA/complexes were prepared as mentioned previously in the section of Free DNA quantification through gel electrophoresis but in presence of the selected NaCl concentration (from 0 to 0. 2 M). After stabilization of chitosan/DNA complexes under stirring during 30 min at room temperature, 3µL of loading buffer was added to the mixture. Then, same protocol as described previously was followed by applying the aliquot to the agarose gel electrophoresis. Free DNA fractions were also determined from the intensity of the migrating fraction of DNA by using the Image Lab Software® in a Bio-Rad Gel Doc EZ Imager. Complex stability in acidic medium and buffering capacity.
These data demonstrate clearly that the PEC is based on electrostatic interactions as discussed previously  [33]. To complete the study of complex formation and test the degree of compaction of DNA with the stoichiometry of the complex, the hydrodynamic radius of the particles formed in different conditions was determined by DLS measurements. The results are given in Fig. 3b  and 3c. Fig. 3b  shows the variation of the particle size of DNA/chitosan complexes as a function of the stoichiometric ratio [N + ]/[P -]. Within the range of charge ratio N + /P -from 0. 5 to 0. 7, it is observed that the particle size is almost constant, with an average value of 125 nm. Then, when approaching to the charge stoichiometry, the particle size slightly increases to 135 nm. It was previously found that maximum size of the complex occurs at the isoelectric point  [35].
Complex composition of chitosan/ DNA mixtures It is important to determine the composition of chitosan/DNA complexes formed in different conditions. The complexes were formed and after stabilization, the system was characterized by DLS obtaining a relative intensity of the suspension and the hydrodynamic radius of the formed nanoparticles. Then, after centrifugation, the composition of the supernatant was determined by UV spectroscopy to determine the amount of free DNA. The obtained data are given in Table  3. From light scattering results (Table  3 ), it is shown that particles start to be formed at N + /P - =0. 3 and that after centrifugation, the intensity in the supernatant remains very low due to the separation of nearly all the particles formed. From UV-Vis measurements, DNA concentration is determined and compared with the initial value 0.
03 mg/mL. The fraction of free DNA determined in the supernatant from these experiments decreases when the charge ratio increases; additionally, it is demonstrated that this decrease is in good agreement with the amount of free DNA calculated after complex formation in the hypothesis of cooperative interaction. This indicates that DNA is saturated with charged chitosan forming particles. A complementary experiment concerns electrophoresis of DNA on complexed systems: chitosan/DNA binding assays evaluated through gel electrophoresis allowed determining the percentage of free DNA chains in chitosan/DNA complexes at different molar ratios (0, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 6, 0. 8, 1. 0 and 3. 0) through the quantification of the amount of DNA chains migrating in the gel (obtained by using the Image Lab Software®).
The ζpotential increases progressively to higher positive values corresponding to a better stability of the nanoparticles suspension. At the same time, the pH of the medium slightly decreases between 7 and 5, corresponding to the pH range inside the cells. This step corresponds also to chitosan protonation. In comparison, the complex formed at N + /P -=1 was examined in the same conditions. The variations of the pH of the suspension are compared in Fig. 9b. In absence of chitosan excess, the pH decreases more rapidly; nevertheless, it remains more stable than when the same acid is added in water. These data confirm the role of the excess of free chitosan on the buffering effect. In addition, the composition of the complex in acidic conditions (pH= 3. 50) was estimated from fluorescence measurements.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge  Mrs H. L. Lauzon  from  Primex Cy (Iceland)  and  G. Roberts  ( England ) for the gift of chitosan samples and  E. Bayma  from  CERMAV (CNRS) laboratory (Grenoble, France ) for the SEC experiments. L. M. Bravo-Anaya  acknowledges the fellowship grant given by  CONACYT  ( CVU 350759 ), the collaboration established through this grant with the  LCPO laboratory (University of Bordeaux, France) , as well as technical support obtained there. F. Carvajal and  L. M. Bravo-Anaya  acknowledge the technical support given by  Dr. J. F. Armando Soltero Martínez  from  Laboratory of Rheology (University of Guadalajara, México ).
The Dresden novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) registry recently reported some real-life data from 143 cases of GI bleeding under DOAC therapy compared with historical cohorts of GI bleeding under VKAs (185 cases) or antiplatelet drugs (711 cases). 15 To our knowledge, studies from this registry are the only prospective data on endoscopic descriptions of bleeding cause and management of acute GI bleeding to have been reported in patients treated with DOACs. The main objective of this study was to describe in more detail the clinical and endoscopic features as well as management strategies, including endoscopic haemostasis, of acute severe GI bleeding in patients treated with DOACs included in a prospective multicentre registry.
Materials and methods The Gestes Invasifs et Hémorragies chez les Patients Traités par les Nouveaux Anticoagulants Oraux (GIHP-NACO) registry (NCT02185027) is a prospective, multicentre registry, set up by the Groupe d'Intérêt en Hémostase Péri-opératoire. It records patients treated with DOACs (i. e. dabigatran, rivaroxaban or apixaban) and hospitalized for spontaneous or post-traumatic bleeding, but also patients in need of urgent invasive procedures. Spontaneous bleeding is defined as a bleeding event not related to an external cause (either traumatic or iatrogenic). In this registry, patients were enrolled in 36 centres in university (n = 26), general (n = 7) and private hospitals (n = 3) in France and Belgium. The registry opened in June 2013 and closed for inclusion in March 2016. Hospitalized patients presenting with bleeding events were screened by local investigators in each centre.
Data including demographic, clinical, laboratory tests and treatment were collected prospectively by using an electronic case report form. The use of transfused units of packed red blood cells (RBC), platelets, frozen plasma transfusions and procoagulant drugs, such as activated or unactivated prothrombin complex concentrates (aPCC/PCC), was assessed. 16, 17 r this study, specific data on endoscopy were obtained retrospectively because they were not part of the initial GIHP-NACO registry case report form. Local investigators from all centres were contacted and asked to provide detailed anonymized endoscopy reports. Endoscopic features and management of bleeding were described by presenting symptom (e. g. haematemesis, melena, rectal bleeding), type of endoscopy performed (e. g. gastroscopy, colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, capsule endoscopy), time between admission and first endoscopy, diagnostic performance of endoscopy (defined as identification of the cause of bleeding during the procedure), bleeding cause, need for therapeutic endoscopy and need for repeated endoscopies.
18 atistical analysis Continuous parameters were reported as mean +/standard deviation, and discrete parameters were reported as numbers and percentage (%). Group comparisons were made with independent-samples t tests for continuous data and Pearson's chi-square tests for categorical data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test eligible prognostic factors for two outcomes, lifethreatening bleeding and 30-day all-cause mortality. Results were considered statistically significant for p values under 0. 05. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics 22. 0 (Armonk, New York, USA).
Our study is the only one with Sengupta and colleagues to show more than 15% of patients admitted to an intensive care unit. However, no mortality data were available in their study due to a lack of capture by the Marketscan database used. 24 re than two thirds of our patients needed transfusion of RBC, with a median number of 3. 4 units, and more than 15% received fresh frozen plasma. In comparison, only 44. 1% (median number of two units), 27. 9% and 31% of patients required RBC transfusion in the Dresden registry, the American retrospective cohort and the study by Sengupta and colleagues, respectively. 15, 24, 26 PCC was administered in around one third of our patients compared with only 4. 2% of those from the Dresden registry. 15 e high proportion of patients treated with dabigatran and showing concomitant moderate to severe renal impairment could also partially explain the high mortality rate in our cohort.
This could explain the lower rate of lower GI bleeding in our cohort because upper GI causes could be more likely to induce a severe clinical presentation. Extrapolation of our results is therefore restricted to severe GI bleeding events and cannot apply to all digestive bleeding in patients undertaking DOAC therapy. One of the main limitations is that detailed endoscopy reports where only available for about a quarter of patients with GI bleeding from the GIHP-NACO cohort. This may be due to the retrospective nature of the endoscopic data collection but could also be explained by the fact that in most emergency settings, and especially at night, endoscopy reports are often handwritten and not structured and integrated in the patient's electronic medical record. This raises the question of improving care and quality of studies by optimizing records of emergency procedures in hospital systems.
However, considering the lack of studies focusing on GI bleeding and endoscopic management under DOAC therapy, especially in a context of newly available specific antidotes, more real-life studies are needed to better assess these situations. DD was involved in the acquisition of data, the statistical analysis and interpretation of data and in the writing of the manuscript. PR was involved in the acquisition of data, database maintenance and coordination of local investigators within the GIHP-NACO. CB and J-MS participated in the manuscript's review and revision. RB was involved in the concept, design and organization of the study, and participated in the review and revision. PA is principal investigator of the GIHP-NACO registry, and was involved in the concept, design and organization of the study, and participated in the review and revision.
The obtained CNFs exhibited a surface charge density of 40-80 mmol/kg. Thus, they were weakly charged with carboxylate moieties. The morphology of the CNFs was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM)with a NanoScope V controller using the NanoScope 9. 1 software (Bruker Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA, USA). A droplet of a 0. 001% CNF suspension was placed on a freshly cleaved mica surface. After sample drying, observations were performed in tapping mode with the AFM equipped with a tube scanner from Veeco Digital Instruments (Santa Barbara, CA, USA), using silicon tips (PPP-NCH, Nanosensors, Sindelfingen, Germany) with resonance frequency and spring constant of 360 kHz and 50 N m -1 , respectively.
Acknowledgments: A. O. -M. thanks the  Ministry of Science, Research, and the Arts MWK Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany ; and the  European Social Fund  for the  Margarete von Wrangell habilitation program  fellowship. We cordially thank  Agnès Crepet ,  Barbara Enderle  and  Yann Chotar-Vasseur  for laboratory assistance. We thank  Michaela Eder 's and  Andreas Walther 's groups for support with the microtensile testing. We thank  Julia Marzioch  for assistance in the cell culture laboratory. We thank  Laurent Heux  and the  Centre Technique du Papier (Grenoble, France)  for the nanofibrillated cellulose. We thank the  Liquid Chromatography Platform  at the  Lyon Institute of Chemistry  for the CHI molar mass characterization. The support from  Yi Thomann  and  Ralf Thomann  at the microscopes is greatly appreciated.
A&A proofs: manuscript no. tail_v4 10 -1 10 0 D / R 500 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 n e [cm -3 ] CGr32 data CGr32 model ID345 ID473 Virgo cluster NGC 4569 ESO137-001 Fig. 6. Normalized radial profile of the intra-cluster electron density of CGr32 (data as grey points and best fit as a grey solid line) derived from XMM-Newton observation compared to that of the Virgo cluster (green solid line) derived from Suzaku and Planck data  (Simionescu et al. 2017). The blue and red dots, the green square and the yellow star indicate the position of the galaxies ID345, ID473 in CGr32, NGC 4569 in Virgo, and ESO 137-001 in Norma, respectively. Norma R 500 was estimated using  Sun et al. (2009)  mass-temperature relation with kT = 6 keV. is lower (∼ 75 km s -1 ) in the northern galaxy ID473, while the velocity dispersion of the gas along both tails is fairly high (∼ 80 km s -1 ).
as described in Epinat et al. (2018) for a similar dataset in the COS-MOS field with deep imaging data from the UV to the near-IR. Stellar masses and SFR are calculated assuming a Chabrier (2003) IMF. The spectrum of ID345 exhibits asymmetric shapes of the emission lines [O iii]λλ4959,5007 and Hβ which could be explained by a contribution from an AGN. The presence of an AGN is also suggested by its strong observed radio emission at 1. 4 GHz (0. 115 mJy -Schinnerer et al. 2010 -corresponding to a rest frame luminosity L(1. 4 GHz) = 4 × 10 23 W Hz -1 derived assuming a nonthermal spectral index α = 0. 8 -Condon.
Acknowledgements. We thank the anonymous referee for constructive comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the  Programme National Cosmology et Galaxies (PNCG)  of  CNRS/INSU  with  INP  and  IN2P3 , co-funded by  CEA  and  CNES. This work has been carried out thanks to the support of the  ANR FOGHAR  ( ANR-13-BS05-0010-02 ), the  OCEVU Labex  ( ANR-11-LABX-0060 ) and the A* MIDEX  project ( ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ) funded by the " Investissements d'Avenir" French government program  managed by the  ANR. VA acknowledges the  COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)  PhD fellowship program No. 756-2016. JB acknowledges support by  FCT/MCTES  through national funds by grant  UID/FIS/04434/2019  and through  Investigador FCT  Contract No. IF/01654/2014/CP1215/CT0003. This work made use of observations obtained with  XMM-Newton , an  ESA  science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by  ESA Member States  and  NASA '.
Introduction Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant, source of major concerns for humans and ecosystems. In this context, the international Minamata Convention on Mercury, adopted in 2013 and officially entered into force in August 2017, defines new objectives to mitigate releases of this highly toxic metal to the environment. Specifically, this convention highlights the necessity to develop tools and networks for Hg monitoring to help the implementation and the compliance with set standards (article 15), as well as the necessity to provide baseline data and comparable Hg measurements (article 19) in order to support decision-making and management of Hg  (Selin et al. , 2018; Chen et al. , 2018). This Minamata Convention corroborates the European Water Framework Directive  (WFD 2000 /60/EC, EC 2000) , which previously established a common policy for the management of surface waters and classified Hg as one of the dangerous priority substances.
, 2006)  and the definition of bioindicator fish species, defined as species reflecting variations in pollution levels between impacted and reference sites  (Authman et al. , 2015). In this context, we proposed to contribute to the implementation of the WFD for Hg in tropical freshwaters of French Guiana, by (i) identifying potential reference sites, separately for creeks and rivers, in an Hg-impacted region; (ii) discriminating bioindicator fish species for each hydrosystems based, among others, on the comparison of Hg concentrations in fish from reference sites and recent gold mining sites; (iii) in the end, proposing new in situ background Hg concentrations in bioindicator fish as a first solution to identify Hg-impacted sites. For this purpose, a database was constructed by compiling various information (e.
Mercury analysis Before analysis, samples were dried at 44 °C for 48 hours. All the total Hg concentration data used for this study were measured by the EPOC laboratory (University of Bordeaux) or by the HYDRECO laboratory according to the same standard method (EPA, 1998) using an automated atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AMA 254, Symalab France). Blanks and the same reference materials TORT2 (National Research Council of Canada, lobster hepatopancreas) were systematically used, typically every 10 samples, by both entities to control analytical accuracy. The accuracy averaged respectively 98. 2% and 100. 5%. The limit of detection of total mercury on AMA 254 is 0. 0004 ng. The limit of quantification is 0. 010 µg. g -1 dw. Total Hg concentrations in biota are expressed in µg. g -1 on a wet weight basis; a factor of 5 was applied to convert all Hg results from dry weight to wet weight basis  (Maury-Brachet et al.
Statistical analysis Factorials ANOVA were used to study the differences in THg concentrations depending on the fish species, sites or areas, and natural or anthropogenic pressure, after checking assumptions of normality (Shapiro test) and homoscedasticity of the error term (Levene test). If the assumption was met, the parametric Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was applied. If the assumption was not met, log or box-cox data transformations were used  (Peltier et al. , 1998) , or a Kruskall-Wallis test was performed. In each test, p<0. 05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were performed using STATISTICA version 12 software (Statsoft, USA).
Cartographic representation and spatial analysis of data Map representations were generated with ArcGIS for Desktop 10. 3 software (© Esri). The basemaps were realized from (i) BRGM data for gold mining sites before 2006 and for Petit Saut lake (http://gisguyane. brgm. fr), (ii) Carthage database for major rivers and watersheds (http://services. sandre. eaufrance. fr/), and (iii) the SRTM for the field digital model (http://www2. jpl. nasa. gov/srtm/).
Dataset presentation Table  1  summarizes average Hg concentrations in fish from creeks calculated by trophic guild and influence (types of pressure), and their specific richness associated. Over the 2948 fish sampled in creeks between 2006 and 2015, 149 species were identified unambiguously. Carnivorous fish represented 44% of collected fish, followed by omnivorous (39%), piscivorous (11%), periphytophagous (4%), benthivorous (1%) and herbivorous (1%). Without surprise, piscivorous fishes are the most contaminated (0. 234 ± 0. 010 µg. g -1 ). All fish considered, fish sampled at recent gold mining sites had Hg concentrations two times higher than at reference sites (LSD Fisher test, p<0. 05). All years and sites combined, 4% of fish showed Hg concentrations above the fish consumption recommendation (0.
Dataset presentation Over the 3260 fish collected in rivers between 2004 and 2014, 95 species were identified (Table  1 ). Only 32 fish species are common between rivers and creeks. In rivers, piscivorous fish represented about half of the collected fish (48%), followed by omnivorous (20%), herbivorous (11%), carnivorous (10%), benthivorous (7%) and periphytophagous fish (4%). The trophic guild with the highest Hg concentration was piscivorous fishes (0. 509 ± 0. 009 µg. g -1 ); in contrast, herbivorous fishes are the only species with Hg concentrations below the EQSbiota. All fish considered, fish from recent gold mining areas had Hg levels twice higher than at references sites (respectively 0. 333 ± 0. 009 and 0. 150 ± 0. 009 µg. g -1 , LSD Fisher test, p<0. 05). All years and sites combined, 20% of fish presented Hg concentrations in muscle above the fish consumption recommendation (0.
, 2016). Some studies provide data on Hg bioaccumulation in fish in the Amazonian region but it is often restricted to few taxa  (Mol et al. , 2001; Berzas-Nevado et al. , 2010; Pouilly et al. , 2013; Souza-Araujo et al. , 2016). Our database provides comprehensive and consistent information on Hg bioaccumulation in such ecosystems and allowed to identify several species, according to a set of criteria, to be proposed as bioindicator species. Only one previous study  (Bouvier et al. , 2015)  has identified three potential bioindicator species for Hg in French Guiana creeks based on 110 individuals and 15 species: Bryconops affinis and sp (n=60), Bryconamericus guyanensis (n=8) and Sternopygus macrurus (n=7). Sternopygus macrurus appears as the only common bioindicator species with those identified in the present study.
Bryconops affinis was not identified as an integrator of Hg pollution and Bryconamericus guyanensis was not sufficiently represented in the database of our study. In this study, it appeared relevant to group data on Jupiaba spp. , Moenkhausia spp. , Pimelodella spp. and Pyrrhulina spp. at each site. Gymnotus carapo prefers clear waters to the turbid waters found in gold mining areas. This species was therefore not found at recent gold miningimpacted sites and was excluded from the list of potential bioindicator species. Nevertheless, we believe that this species remains a relevant bioindicator because i) of its high abundance in freshwaters of French Guiana, ii) of its wide distribution in all watersheds and iii) its absence highlights an alteration of the structure of the fish community at recent gold mining sites.