dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Irstea, UR EFNO, Centre de Nogentsur-Vernisson F-45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson (France); (2) EUFORGEN, Bioversity International, v. dei Tre Denari 472/a, I-00057 Maccarese, Rome (Italy); (3) French Commission of Forest Genetic Resources, Ulmus spp. conservation programme @ @ Eric Collin (eric. collin@irstea. fr) have undertaken the static preservation of native elm genotypes in clone collections maintained ex situ. Less development has been devoted to the dynamic conservation of elm populations in situ. Case studies of elm conservation in France are given here as an illustration of methods employed at country level. We also briefly review the process used by the "European Forest Genetic Resources Programme" (EUFORGEN) to monitor elm dynamic conservation in a pan-European perspective. Dynamic conservation methods were promoted by EUFORGEN through leaflets, strategies, Technical Guidelines and the geo-referenced database EUFGIS on Dynamic Conservation Units (DCUs).
Availability and quality of data was a problem, and there were different opinions between countries about the definition and management rules of DCUs. The European project "Establishment of a European Information System on FGRs" (EUF-GIS, April 2007-March 2011) has permitted definitions to be clarified and technical pro-blems solved. The project was co-funded by the European Commission and coordinated by Bioversity International. Its key results are: (i) definition of minimum requirements and data standards for DCUs; (ii) creation of an online geo-referenced database (http://por tal. eufgis. org); (iii) establishment of a network of National Focal Points in 36 European countries; and (iv) publication of case studies (Lefevre et al. 2013).
Acknowledgements The authors thanks the following people:  Arwen Bailey  ( Bioversity, Rome ) for the linguistic revision of the manuscript;  Laurent Velle  and  Pierre-André Dejaifve (R. N. Val d'Allier, France) ;  Michèle Jund ,  Jacques Rhodes ,  Florent Craipeau ,  Philippe Caniot ,  Jérôme Segonds ,  Pascale Mahé  ( Nature-Midi-Pyrénées, France );  Fédéric Coulon (Solagro, France) ;  Michel Rondouin  ( Office National des Forêts-PNRGF Guémené-Penfao, France );  Cécile Joyeau ,  Catherine Menuet ,  Stéphane Matz ,  Clément Pichot ,  Charly Bourriaux ,  Mathieu Rubenstein ,  Damien Davy  (Irstea); and  All EUFGIS National Focal Points. The  EUFGIS  project ( AgriGenRes 009 ) was co-funded by the  European Commission (DG Agriculture and Rural Development). The conservation actions were co-funded by the  Ministry of Agriculture, DGPAAT (France)  and the  "Plan Loire Grandeur Nature" (France).
( 1 ) 1 Irstea, UR EFNO, Centre de Nogentsur-Vernisson F-45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson (France); (2) EUFORGEN, Bioversity International, v. dei Tre Denari 472/a, I-00057 Maccarese, Rome (Italy); (3) French Commission of Forest Genetic Resources, Ulmus spp. conservation programme @ @ Eric Collin (eric. collin@irstea. fr) have undertaken the static preservation of native elm genotypes in clone collections maintained ex situ. Less development has been devoted to the dynamic conservation of elm populations in situ. Case studies of elm conservation in France are given here as an illustration of methods employed at country level. We also briefly review the process used by the "European Forest Genetic Resources Programme" (EUFORGEN) to monitor elm dynamic conservation in a pan-European perspective. Dynamic conservation methods were promoted by EUFORGEN through leaflets, strategies, Technical Guidelines and the geo-referenced database EUFGIS on Dynamic Conservation Units (DCUs).
, 2002). CTNS gene, (OMIM 606272; GenBank NM_004937. 2) is located on the short arm of chromosome 17 (13p) and contains 12 exons that are distributed across ~23 kb of genomic DNA  (McDowell et al. , 1995). CTNS gene codes for cystinosin, a 367 amino-acid peptide, predicted to contain seven transmembrane domains and it is sorted via a classic tyrosine-based GYDQL lysosomal sorting motif in its C-terminal tail  (Cherqui et al. , 2001). Since the cloning of CTNS in 1998, over 90 mutations have been reported. The most common mutation accounting for approximately 75% of the affected alleles in Northern Europe is a 57kb deletion, affecting the first 10 exons of CTNS  (Town et al. , 1998). The aim of this investigation was to search for the common known most frequent Northern European 57-kb deletion and also to screen the coding regions of the CTNS gene for novel mutations.
Molecular analysis Blood samples were collected from all patients and their parents; genomic DNA was extracted from leukocytes and also from chorionic villus cells in the PND, as previously described  (Sambrook and Maniatis, 1989). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out by a set of self designed primers using Net primer software (http://www. premierbiosoft. com/netprimer/) in one hand for 57-kb deletion, in the other hand for all the exons (1-12) of CTNS gene and also for the novel large deletion. All the exons and flanking intron/ exon junctions of the CTNS gene were amplified (Table  2 ).
Discussion Three patients from three unrelated families were evaluated. Patients' ages ranged from 2 to 9 years; and age at diagnosis was 1 month to 5 years. Consanguinity was reported for all the investigated families (Fig. 1 ). One patient receives cysteamine treatment since diagnosis. This report represents the first description of the genetic basis of cystinosis in Tunisian patients. Our data reveal that the Tunisian cystinosis population has novel genetic characteristics. We did not detect the most common 57-kb deletion in any studied patient. However, a large number of NC Tunisian patients should be investigated to confirm the absence of this mutation in Tunisia. These findings were approved by recent reports from Saudi Arabia and Turkey in which the 57-kb deletion was not founded  (Shahkarami et al.
Acknowledgments We are indebted to the patients and families involved in this study. We also thank the physicians who have contributed to the project. We gratefully acknowledge  Dr Roseline Froissart  and  Dr Cécile Aquaviva  for excellent technical assistance. Part of this work was supported by project (Grant number  1200618801 )  Cooperation Région Rhône-Alpes (CMIRA) , managed by the  University Jean Monnet of Saint Etienne, France.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work, carried out within the  Labex BLRI  ( ANR-11-LABX-0036 ), has benefited from support from the  French government , managed by the  French National Agency for Research (ANR) , under the project title  Investments of the Future A * MIDEX  ( ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ) and under the project  METASON CONTINT  ( ANR-10-CORD-0003 ). The authors acknowledge  David Wood  (English at your Service, www. eays. eu)for revising the English.
Statistical analysis Data collected during the experiment were analyzed based on two different periods: during the increase of lay (from weeks 20 to 26) and after the peak (from weeks 27 to 39). Averaged values from each period were analyzed using StatView (version 5, SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). A two-way ANOVA was used to test treatment and room effect on all measured parameters. If the ANOVA was significant (P < 0. 01: **, P < 0. 05: *, P < 0. 1: obtained P-value, P > 0. 1: ns), a post hoc Bonferroni test was used, differences between diets on the same line are illustrated with different letters (a, b, …) if P < 0. 05, and with capital letters (A, B, …) if P < 0. 1.
After hens' slaughtering at 39 weeks of age, the main digestive organs and abdominal fat were weighed. However, there were no significant differences between diets on any tested values (data not shown). There was no diet effect on the apparent digestibility. The values of apparent digestibility performed on sequentially fed hens were similar to values usually obtained on continuously fed hens, as observed in previous studies with similar bred hens. Hematocrit on week 32 underlined a difference between the two rooms: 30. 5% in the first room compared with 25. 4% in the second one. Diet and room effects on feed intake, ME intake and CP intake Weeks 20 to 26. (Table  3 ) All parameters were degraded in the second room. There was no diet effect on total and afternoon feed intakes. However, diet affected morning feed intakes (with a tendency for lower level for E0P + /E0Pand E0P0/E0P0 compared with E + P -/E -P + ).
To obtain shRNA-expressing clones, 1000 puromycin-resistant cells were plated onto 100 mm plates and clones were picked manually. Induction of shRNA expressed by pInducer-10, or of Pit-1 or Pit271 expressed by pInducer-20 was obtained by adding doxycycline to the medium. The inducer was maintained for the whole duration of the experiment and refreshed every second day. To evaluate proliferation, 30 000 cells/well (GH4C1 cells) and 15 000 cells/well (CV1 cells) were plated on 24-w plates. Doxycycline (1 μg/ml) was added next day (D0) to induce expression of shRNA and/or of Pit-1 or Pit271 and maintained throughout the experiment. Cells were counted starting on D0 using the Specter cell counter (Millipore) from triplicate wells. Experiments were repeated four times. Statistical analysis was performed on the data obtained for D5 in the four experiments, using the number of cells following doxycycline treatment relative to that obtained without doxycycline.
'Ctrl' represent GH4C1, GH4C1-sh1 or CV1 cells not infected with pInducer-20 vector expressing a transcription factor. Counting of CV1 cells was discontinued after 5 days, as cells became too confluent. Values correspond to mean ± SEM (n = 3). C. Effect of the expression of PITWT, PIT271 and/or shRNA for PIT-1 on the proliferation of GH4C1 or GH4C1-sh1 cells. Data represent the pooled results of the four experiments (with triplicate wells in each) of which one is illustrated on Fig. 3B , and correspond to the cell numbers found in the absence or the presence of doxycycline five day (D5) after the start of the induction. Mean ±SEM, +: p<0,05, ++: p<0,01, relative to the same population without doxycycline, *: p<0,05. D. Effect of the expression of PITWT, PIT271 and/or shRNA for PIT-1 on DNA fragmentation as evaluated by Tunel assay following 4 days exposure to doxycycline.
B. Effect of the expression of PITWT, PIT271 and/or shRNA for PIT-1 on the proliferation of GH4C1 or GH4C1-sh1 cells as well as on CV1 cells. Cells were counted on triplicate wells. Induction of the expression of the shRNA (GH4C1-sh1 cells) and of the transcription factors was started on day 0 and continued throughout the experiment. 'Ctrl' represent GH4C1, GH4C1-sh1 or CV1 cells not infected with pInducer-20 vector expressing a transcription factor. Counting of CV1 cells was discontinued after 5 days, as cells became too confluent. Values correspond to mean ± SEM (n = 3). C. Effect of the expression of PITWT, PIT271 and/or shRNA for PIT-1 on the proliferation of GH4C1 or GH4C1-sh1 cells. Data represent the pooled results of the four experiments (with triplicate wells in each) of which one is illustrated on Fig.
This work was supported by the following sources of funding: TB, JPH:  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (http://www. agence-nationale-recherche. fr/), Genopath  ANR-08-GENO-026-01 ; TB:  Pfizer  (http://www. pfizer. com/), Investigator Initiated Project  " Novel  molecular targets of the pituitary transcription factor Pit-1. "The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
+: p<0,05; ++: p<0,01; +++: p<0,001. B. Effect of the expression of PITWT, PIT271 and/or shRNA for PIT-1 on the proliferation of GH4C1 or GH4C1-sh1 cells as well as on CV1 cells. Cells were counted on triplicate wells. Induction of the expression of the shRNA (GH4C1-sh1 cells) and of the transcription factors was started on day 0 and continued throughout the experiment. 'Ctrl' represent GH4C1, GH4C1-sh1 or CV1 cells not infected with pInducer-20 vector expressing a transcription factor. Counting of CV1 cells was discontinued after 5 days, as cells became too confluent. Values correspond to mean ± SEM (n = 3). C. Effect of the expression of PITWT, PIT271 and/or shRNA for PIT-1 on the proliferation of GH4C1 or GH4C1-sh1 cells. Data represent the pooled results of the four experiments (with triplicate wells in each) of which one is illustrated on Fig.
Resting Energy Expenditure REE was measured at baseline and at the end of each WL phase (5% and 10%WL) by indirect calorimetry over 30-40 min using a ventilated hood system (Deltatrac II, MBM-200, Datex Instrumentarium Corporation, Finland). During the measurement, subjects lay on a bed in a thermo-neutral room and were instructed to lie still but not to fall asleep. Resting EE was calculated from minute-by-minute data using the mean of 15 min of stable measurements, with the first and last 5 min excluded. The equations of Elia and Livesey  [24]  were used to derive resting EE. Details of calibration burns and repeatability testing have been described previously  [25].
Subjects in the VLCD groups received 2 doses over a period of 20 days (day 7 and day 18). Subjects in the LCD groups received 4 doses over a period of 40 days (day 7, day 18. Day 28, day 39). Samples were immediately frozen at -20ºC after collection. Urine samples were collected for a multi-point stable-isotope analysis using gas isotope ratio mass-spectrometry. Urine isotope enrichments were determined using the platinum equilibration technique  [28]  for 2 H and the CO 2 equilibration technique  [29]  for 18 O. The logtransformed data of enrichment by time was extrapolated back to time zero, giving a theoretical enrichment at time zero, which provided information on the individual's size of the body water pool assuming the dilution principle. Isotopic enrichment of the post-dose urine samples was analysed relative to the original background amounts.
). This approach was based on the assumption of a linear decline in total EE. The intercept (time 0) was used to back-extrapolate baseline total EE and the slope was used to impute the remaining missing data points. One-way repeated-measure analysis of variance was used to determine whether 6-day fasting induced significant changes in total EE. Correlation analysis was performed to assess the association between the rate of WL (kg) and weight lost as FFM with adaptive changes in resting and total EE. SPSS 17 (SPSS for Windows, SPSS Inc, USA) was used for the statistical analysis. The significance cut-off p-value was set at 0. 01 to account for multiple comparisons. 3. Results.
We should also mention that the results of this study are not representative of the entire obese population as our sample included only men. In addition, the short duration of the fasting group did not allow the utilisation of DLW to measure total EE; whole-body 24-hr indirect calorimetry was used to measure total EE for three days but participants entered the calorimeters two days after the start of the fasting period. We have back-extrapolated the baseline data based on the assumption of a linear decline in total EE and therefore the interpretation of the total EE results in this group should be interpreted with caution.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS   1   Committee members:  H. Belhadj  (Switzerland),  J. Berek  ( USA ),  A. Bermudez  (Argentina),  N. Bhatla (India) ,  J. Cain  ( USA ),  L. Denny  (Chair; South Africa),  K. Fujiwara  (Japan),  N. Hacker (Australia) ,  E. Åvall-Lundqvist (Sweden) ,  D. Mutch  ( USA ),  F. Odicino  (Italy),  S. Pecorelli  (Italy),  J. Prat  (Spain),  M. Quinn  (Co-chair; Australia),  M. A-F. Seoud (Lebanon), S. K. Shrivastava (India).
Sampling The survey was conducted at 13 locations in southern France (Fig. 1 ; Table  1 ) and involved veterinary clinics, kennels and tick collection from the environment. Study sites were selected in order to cover regions with different ecological characteristics. To enhance knowledge on prevalence of infection with Babesia vogeli and potential risk of babesiosis transmission to dog by R. sanguineus ticks, six of the sampling locations were situated in the Gard department, an area where were recently confirmed several cases of infections of dogs by this pathogen  [15]. For this specific area, meteorological data (mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall) were obtained from the French national meteorological service (http://france. meteofrance. com/, Nîmes-Courbessac station).
sanguineus group and 1 to Haemaphysalis spp. Among the 574 ticks of the R. sanguineus group retrieved from dogs, a subset of 33 ticks (19 from Gard and 14 from Corsica) was selected for molecular identification together with all ticks collected in the environment. After sequencing their mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, BLASTN analyses confirmed that the 33 specimens retrieved from dogs were affiliated with "temperate" species of R. sanguineus having 97 to 100 % identity with R. sanguineus specimens from Oklahoma [GenBank: AF081829], Spain [GenBank: Z97884; GenBank: GU553081], Chile [GenBank: GU553077], Uruguay [Gen-Bank: GU553084] and Argentina [GenBank: GU553078]. Among the 31 ticks of the R. sanguineus group recovered from the environment, sequence analysis showed that 14 were affiliated with "temperate" species of R.
7 %) were positive to B. canis. Two of them were retrieved from B. canis positive dogs (one from Haute-Garonne and one from Hautes-Pyrénées) and 1 from a B. vogeli positive dog from Haute-Garonne. No other piroplasm species were detected in D. reticulatus ticks. Sequence analysis of Babesia/Theileria positive samples BLASTN analysis of 800-bp or 422-bp sequences obtained from B. vogeli positive blood and tick samples affiliated these sequences with 99 to 100 % identity to B. vogeli from France [GenBank: AY072925], USA [GenBank: AY371198], China [GenBank: HM590440], Venezuela [GenBank: DQ297390], Japan [GenBank: AB083374, AY077719], Romania [GenBank: HQ662635], Egypt [GenBank: AY371197] and Brazil [GenBank: AY371194-AY371196]. Similarly, BLAST analysis of B. canis sequences from positive dogs or R.
sanguineus ticks affiliated these sequences with 99 to 100 % identity to B. canis from Croatia [GenBank: AY072926] and Romania [GenBank: HQ662634]. Finally, the sequence obtained from the blood sample which gave an RFLP profile similar to that of T. annae showed 99. 8 % identity with 18S rRNA gene sequences of Babesia sp. 'Spanish dog' from Spain [GenBank: AF188001 and AY534602] and USA [GenBank: EU583387], as expected.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by  Merial (Lyon, France)  and  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France). We sincerely thank vets  Christophe Hugnet ,  Jean Pierre Beaufils ,  Sarah Warnery ,  Bernard Fabrizy ,  Marie  and  Thierry Segalen  for their help with fieldwork. We also thank  Dr Frederic Beugnet  ( Merial, Lyon, France ) for his contribution to tick identification and  Prof. Theo Schetters  ( MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, Netherlands ),  Prof. K. Pfister  ( Institute of Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, University of Munich, Germany ) and  Dr A. T. Camacho Garcia  ( Vigo, Spain ) for providing Babesia and Theileria samples.
001% bovine serum albumin. The PCR program was 94uC for 5 min; 40 cycles of 30 s at 94uC, 1 min at 55uC and 30 s at 72uC, and a final elongation of 10 min at 72uC. Separation was carried out by capillary gel electrophoresis (CEQ 8000 Genetic Analysis System; Beckman Coulter Inc. , Fullerton, CA, USA). Data collection and analysis were carried out with GenomeLab GeXP (Beckman Coulter Inc. ) version 10. 0 software. Identification of allele doses in heterozygous triploid hybrids was carried out using the MAC-PR method  55  adapted for Citrus by Cuenca et al. 37.
CONCLUSION Through MATLAB simulation and APF prototype experiment, it can be found out that DC capacitor directly affects the efficiency of the APF but current measurements are influenced by the DC side capacitor ripple voltage. In addition, Adopting DC-side output voltage deviation squared value of fuzzy-PI control method as voltage control and also, adopting SVPWM as pulse width modulation can effectively solve the problem of DC side ripple voltage and achieve the purpose of the stability of the desired dc side voltage.
The International Year of Crystallography saw the number of macromolecular structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank cross the 100000 mark, with more than 90000 of these provided by X-ray crystallography. The number of X-ray structures determined to sub-atomic resolution (i. e. 1 A ˚) has passed 600 and this is likely to continue to grow rapidly with diffraction-limited synchrotron radiation sources such as MAX-IV (Sweden) and Sirius (Brazil) under construction. A dozen X-ray structures have been deposited to ultra-high resolution (i. e. 0. 7 A ˚), for which precise electron density can be exploited to obtain charge density and provide information on the bonding character of catalytic or electron transfer sites. Although the development of neutron macromolecular crystallography over the years has been far less pronounced, and its application much less widespread, the availability of new and improved instrumentation, combined with dedicated deuteration facilities, are beginning to transform the field.
, 2014)  and resulting in the determination of damage-free structures. This is of particular significance since, despite all the advances in X-ray detectors and data collection protocols, radiation damage can still occur at 100 K  (Liebschner et al. , 2013; Kekilli et al. , 2014). This is particularly evident for redox centres in metalloproteins  (Kekilli et al. , 2014; Suga et al. , 2015)  and carboxylic-acidcontaining residues, Asp and Glu, since X-rays cause CO 2 elimination, precluding determination of Asp and Glu protonation states  (Gerstel et al. , 2015). We note that, despite the large number of X-ray structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), there is still a scarcity of genuine 'damage-free' structures of redox systems at ambient temperatures. The application of neutron crystallography for the location of H atoms in macromolecules has historically been restricted to the study of small unit-cell systems (cell edges <30 A ˚) for which large crystals of several mm 3 could be grown.
previous H142 position). Owing to these recent improvements, LADI-III is further extending the limits of the field. Currently the 2. 0 A resolution structure (PDB code: 4JEC) of perdeuterated HIV-1 protease (MW $ 21 kDa) with amprenavir bound  (Weber et al. , 2013)  has the lowest ratio (33) for the crystal volume used for data collection (0. 2 mm 3 ) to the asymmetric unit volume of the macromolecule studied (60000 A ˚3). Moreover, the 2. 5 A resolution structure (PDB code: 3Q3L) of inorganic pyrophosphatase (I-PPase, MW $ 125 kDa) has the largest asymmetric unit volume (a = 106. 1 A ˚, b = 95. 5 A ˚, c = 113. 7 A ˚, = 98. 1 /C2) deposited thus far  (Hughes et al. , 2012). This structure was determined using data from a 5 mm 3 D-exchanged crystal of I-PPase; however, more recently data have been collected to $ 2.
5 A ˚resolution using the LADI-III diffractometer but from a dramatically smaller (0. 32 mm 3 ) perdeuterated crystal of I-PPase, illustrating the huge benefits of perdeuteration (Ng/Garcia-Ruiz, unpublished results). The 1. 05 A ˚resolution neutron structure (PDB code: 4AR3) of the oxidized form of perdeuterated rubredoxin from Pyrococcus furiosus (RdPf, MW $ 6 kDa) is to the highest resolution of any of the structures deposited thus far  (Cuypers et al. , 2013). These data were collected from a 6. 9 mm 3 perdeuterated crystal of RdPf using the monochromatic thermal neutron diffractometer D19 at the ILL. Although more commonly used for diffraction studies in structural chemistry, the D19 diffractometer is capable of collecting data to atomic (and potentially sub-atomic) resolution from small macromolecules (cell edges <50 A ˚) and to medium resolution (1.