dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Training, combined with the development and implementation of projects on the local level, allows: i) increasing and mobilizing human and social capital ii) developing new activities and iii) creating interactions leading to collective dynamics to the invention of new rules and standards (institutional capital) needed to integrate new activities in formal economy. Leif Edvinsson  [7]  points out the role of intellectual capital in the modern economy and suggests adding to annual reports of firms a part on intangible values. Stahle and Lin  [27]  state that having a world database of Intellectual Capital may improve the way it is managed and influence the welfare of related countries. OECD  [8]  highlights the role of human capital in the development and well-being of nations. Folke et al,  [10]  propose to develop an "adaptive capacity".
To know is the opposite of to have attitude cultivated in today world and focus exclusively on quick business. From education point of view the most important is to learn how and what to learn. These few references cover a large spectrum on human and intellectual capital themselves and the roles they play in economic development and the wellbeing of the nations. From management point of vie, the connection between Balanced Scorecard and Intellectual Capital is studied  [30]. Considering Information Technology (IT) and Information and Communication Technology (ICT), companies have now human resource databases, but in many cases they contain just basis information on employees and are not often updated. There is some tries to use the Enterprise Social Networks (ESN) as a source of information about skills and experience of employees  [31].
Managing Human Capital While some thinkers state that the human capital is the most important asset, only few are measuring and managing it. The most important barriers in managing intellectual capital is the lack of focus, following trends, lobbying but also ignorance, selfishness, egocentrism, wrong focus and the way of thinking. Internet offered an easy way of producing data and information and amplified one way communication. Increasing number of various services users produce books, articles, pictures and videos, without listening to the others. The are a plethora of various databases and "big data", built using traditional information processing methods, as a very limited number codes for professions  1  , taking into account only traditional ones. Pole d'Emploi (national center for employment) and other public initiatives in France are supposed to help people in finding jobs, but their efficiency is very low, because they are not using the appropriate methods and tools.
The architecture of developed solution is presented in Figure  1. Figure  1  ARAMIS system for Management of skills and know-how of Mobile Gendarmerie  [3]. The hybrid architecture of ARAMIS decision support system is composed of following modules:  Graphic interface written in SP-Prolog  Database contains information on police skills, know-how and experience, their location, the tasks completed and in progress and planned leave as well.  Support system for planning ongoing activity of units. The permanent missions module implemented in constraint programming language CHARME 4 , takes into consideration the skills needed to perform a given task, precedence constraints (conducted missions and locations) and the number of units required. The use of CHARME is justified by the combinatorial character of this problem: over 100 squadrons split into groups, more than 100 types of missions, each lasting between 15 and 120 days, more than 20 features to consider, eight months of activity to plan.
System architecture This system, built up from the expertise of more than 60 specialists, supports the decision maker in analyzing the situation and composing appropriate and available resources and teams for intervention. The RAMSES 1 expert system, shown in Figure  2 , analyzes the situation; suggest the actions and the all types of resources needed. The topographic display module locates the close resources available. In the case of necessity to manage simultaneously multiple crises the Optimization Module chooses optimal solution. These three modules interact with the database including information on the human and other resources, traffic, weather conditions, accommodations, risky locations, the directory of civil security, and others. The Olympic area was split into seven sectors, each placed under the responsibility of a sub-prefect controlling the overall security system.
Conclusion and Future Works Some approaches presented above may seem old, but apparently there are no new intellectual approaches for human capital decision support systems. All available works in this area describe "Intellectual Capital Reports", mainly paper, database and scoreboards. The users of Organizational Social Networks consider themselves innovative. Consequently, human capital professionals, as well in companies as in public organizations, still do not have efficient tools for measuring, growing and effective using of this capital. To build a sustainable future we need more than data base, reports and dashboards, we need a disruptive innovation in the way we build, evolve, maintain and manage the human capital. We need a new educational system, having the ambitious task of changing mentalities and values, to educate a culture of knowledge cultivators and to increase imagination and creativity.
Association Rules Given a set of transactions, rules are defined that will exhibit that the occurrence of an item based on the occurrences of other items in the transaction. This is the association analysis. It is useful to explore the interesting relations, which are embedded in the huge data sets. These hidden interactions can be stated in the form of association rules  [26]. The strength of an association rule is measured with its support and confidence values. Support shows the how often that rule is applicable to a given dataset. The Confidence is the occurrence frequency of the item in that transaction  [9].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to all participants in the surveys, the enumerators, and colleagues from the  Makala  Project who made this study possible. The authors would like to thank  Freerk Wiersum  and the reviewers for their detailed comments on earlier drafts of this work. The research formed part of  CIFOR 's contribution to the  Makala  project , Sustainable Management of Woodfuel in the Democratic Republic of Congo  (2009Congo ( -2013)), an initiative coordinated by the  French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD) , realized with financial support from the  European Union. The content of this paper is the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the  European Union.
During the study period, there were 149 responses to the patient follow-up questions relating to the 1241 MSF cases (i. e. , 12% of cases), and there were 271 responses to the follow-up questions relating to the 639 NZT cases (i. e. , 42% of cases). The collection of user feedback reports was combined with the collection of patient follow-up data, thus producing the same response rates. The outcomes data suggested that the telemedicine advice proved useful for the referring doctor in the majority of cases and was likely to benefit the patient. The user feedback was overwhelmingly positive, over 90% of referrers in the two networks finding the advice received to be of educational benefit. The feedback also suggested that the teleconsultation had provided cost savings in about 20% of cases, either to the patient/family, or to the hospital/clinic treating the patient.
MaTerials anD MeThODs study Design The feasibility of QA was examined in two Collegium networks over a period of 2 years, from August 2013 to July 2015 inclusive. The experience was reviewed by two telemedicine researchers at the end of the study period. Ethics permission was not required, because patient consent to access the data had been obtained and the work was a retrospective chart review conducted by the staff of the organizations concerned in accordance with their research policies  (10).
Problems Detected During the 2-year study period, a number of problems were detected by regular monitoring. Some examples from the two networks are provided in Table  3. In addition, various adverse events were identified in each network. For example, in the MSF network, there were several telemedicine cases for which appropriate specialists were not available, and new specialists had to be recruited at short notice. In the NZT network, there were instances of duplicate case numbering (data subsequently amalgamated), misunderstandings about image uploading (help documentation updated), difficulties in using the system with a mobile device (mobile interface developed), missing images (systems error corrected by IT staff), large files not uploading (file transfer problem corrected), and difficulty in finding a specific case (free-text keyword search function added).
Outcomes Data The limited outcomes data available for MSF cases suggested that the telemedicine advice proved useful for the referring doctor in the majority of cases and was likely to benefit the patient (Appendix 1). The percentage of requests for follow-up information that were fulfilled in the two networks was much lower in the MSF network, presumably because of the high turnover of field staff, and patients being discharged and, therefore, lost to follow up. Conversely, most referrers in the NZT network were stable general practitioners, who closely followed up their patients. There may also have been a response bias whereby referrers with positive experiences tended to respond to requests for follow-up information, whereas those with negative experiences did not.
Team semantics differs from Tarski's semantics by interpreting formulas using sets of assignments instead of single assignments as in first-order logic. Reflecting this, dependence logic has higher expressive power than classical logics used for these purposes previously. Dependence, inclusion, and independence atoms are intimately connected to the corresponding functional, inclusion, and multivalued dependencies studied in database theory, see, e. g. ,  [14]. Interestingly, independence atoms correspond naturally to a qualitative analogue of the notion of conditional independence in statistics  [7]. On the other hand, team semantics can be naturally generalized to a probabilistic variant in which probabilistic independence can be taken as an atomic formula (see  [12, 1]  for further details).
Multi-trait phenotyping in winemaking conditions For each alcoholic fermentation, four sets of experimental data were obtained: fermentation kinetics parameters (FK), life-history traits (LHT), basic enological parameters (BEP) and aromatic traits (AT). Fermentation kinetics parameters (FK). The amount of CO 2 released was monitored daily by the weight loss of the bioreactors. The amount of CO 2 released (Y it ) for the fermentation i at time t was modeled by a Weibull function f as described in S1 Supporting Information. Seven kinetics parameters were computed from the model (S1 Fig) :.
For some strains, Residual Sugar was below the threshold of detection. In these cases, instead of inferring the value "0", which is not biologically realistic, we used the value: (x/1. 05) + y, where x is the lowest value measured in the whole data and y is a value drawn in a uniform distribution ~U(0, 0. 001). Acetic acid was quantified by colorimetry (A460) in continuous flux (Sanimat, Montauban, France). Total SO 2 and Free SO 2 were assayed by Pararosaniline titration  [71]. Aromatic Traits (AT). The aromatic profile of fermenting yeast was estimated by quantifying 14 aromatic traits (AT). The main volatile compounds were measured at the end of the alcoholic fermentation by GC-MS. For esters, higher alcohols and volatile acids, HSSE Head-Space Sorptive Extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was used according to Weldegergis et al.
Diallel design In this study, a diallel design of 55 newly synthetized hybrids was obtained from 11 parental strains belonging to the two main species involved in grape juice fermentation, S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum. This kind of genetic design has been widely used in plant and animal breeding to analyze the genetic bases of complex traits and identifying heterotic groups  [4, 77]. In yeast, a diallel design has been recently developed by different authors using a collection of S. cerevisiae yeast strains  [14] [15] [16] [17]. Our design included for the first time interspecific hybrids, allowing us to investigate possible synergies between the genomes of S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum. From 370 controlled fermentation experiments at two temperatures in a natural grape juice (Sauvignon blanc), we measured or estimated through mathematical models various fermentation kinetics parameters, life-history traits and a series of metabolites including wine aromatic compounds such as esters and volatile thiols, resulting in about 13 000 data points for 35 phenotypic traits.
Therefore, for the practical validation of our postulate, a case study research method might enable to have a detail description and investigation of a specific situation as done by  Chang et al. (2013). Putting aside the above comment on the research method that we used, this paper has naturally some limitations that constitute avenues for future research. The first limitation is related to the sample chosen to test our hypotheses. This was extracted from the database of ASLOG (a French Association for Logistics), which certainly enabled us to reach respondents who have some knowledge of the concepts that we discussed, but which however limits the external validity of our study and the possibility of extending the conclusions to all firms. The second limitationhas to do with the existence of other variables, which are not considered in this study, but which could influence the performance of the company and play a mediating role in the relation between SCMPs and performance.
Our results reveal that the changes in the correlation strength are mainly driven by unexpected changes in the orbital-resolved occupancy of the bands close to E F , suggesting that such changes may be fundamental in determining the superconducting properties of a given compound. The SX-ARPES experiments were performed at the Advanced Resonant Spectroscopies (ADRESS) beamline at the Swiss Light Source (SLS). The experimental geometry is described in  [16]. Data were collected using circularly-polarized light with an overall energy resolution of 50-80 meV. The samples were cleaved in situ at 11 K and measured in a vacuum always better than 5×10 -11  mbar. The k values are determined by taking into account the photon momentum and are expressed in units of (2π/a, 2π/a, 2π/c). The k z values were extracted by using the free-electron final-state approximation with an inner potential V 0 = 13 for LaFe 2 P 2 and CaFe 2 P 2 , and V 0 = 14 for BaFe 2 As 2.
Acknowledgments This project was supported by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (grant no. 200021-137783 ), through  MaNEP  (grant no. 200020-105151 ) and Division II, the  French ANR  under project  PNICTIDES, IDRIS/GENCI  under project  1393 , the  European Research Council  under project number  617196  and the  Cai Yuanpei program. P. R. and H. D. acknowledge grants from  MOST  (Nos. 2010CB923000 ,  2011CBA001000 ,  2011CB921701 ,  2013CB921700  and  2012CB821403 ) and  NSFC  (Nos. 11004232 ,  11234014  and  11274362 ) from  China. The DFT+DMFT were performed at DALCO cluster of the  Univerity of Fribourg. We thank  Pawel Bednarek  for the support.
Purpose -The paper aims to investigate the impact of the open access movement on the document supply of grey literature. Design/methodology/approach -The paper is based on a comparative survey of five major scientific and technical information centres: The British Library (UK), KM (Canada), INIST-CNRS (France), KISTI (South Korea) and TIB Hannover (Germany). Findings -The five institutions supplied less than 1. 8 million supplied items in 2014, i. e. half of the activity in 2004 (_55 per cent). There were 85,000 grey documents, mainly conference proceedings and reports, i. e. 5 per cent of the overall activity, a historically low level compared to 2004 (_72 per cent). At the same time, they continue to expand their open access strategies. Just as in 2004 and 2008, these strategies are specific, and they reflect institutional and national choices rather than global approaches, with two or three common or comparable projects (PubMed Central, national repositories, attribution of DOIs to datasets, dissertations and other objects).
187). The supply of dissertations was more or less insignificant. Each STI centre had started carrying out its own open access strategy. Some were engaged in national repository projects, in the field of dissertations (British Library, KISTI), scientific publications (CISTI) and research reports (TIB). Other initiatives were limited to a specific research domain (UK PubMed Central hosted by the British Library) or to service provision based on partnerships and conventions  (INIST). The development of grey collections was generally linked to these open access strategies, e. g. deposit of grey items, digitization of print documents and metadata harvesting, often together with other libraries and document suppliers  (op cit, p. 188). Beside open repositories, we identified two other common features: the development of document supply as a long tail service, and the interest for primary research data (e-Science).
6. The impact on the collection of grey literature. 7. The impact on document supply (service offer, pricing). 8. The impact on the bibliographic control of grey literature (cataloguing, record data). 9. The impact on the information system. (c) We communicated the data synthesis to the responding institutions for comments and validation. The results are presented for each institution, followed by some comments. The survey was conducted between December 2014 and February 2015.
The provision of services decreased by 9% between 2012/13 and 2013/14. A recent report on the economic valuation of the British Library provides the following figures: "The Library's Document Supply services generated a total of £6. 7 million in revenue during 2011/12, of which £4. 5 million was sourced from UK customers. There are some 4,300 Document Supply customers in total, of which 2,164 are based in the UK"  (Tessler 2013, p. 24). The same report estimates the value which document supply customers attach to the service (replacement cost) for 2011/12 at £5. 5 million (p. 28). Dataset Programme: as a founding member of DataCite 13  , the British Library assigns Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to datasets produced by UK based research. So far, the British Library has registered more than 750,000 datasets 14  (see also  Wilkinson et al.
The BL is developing a national system of DOIs for UK theses and text and data mining (TDM) opportunities to help understand the benefits, opportunities and risks around TDM as it specifically applies to theses. The University of Bristol is leading a wider National Compound Collection project to extract chemical compounds from hundreds of UK theses, and the BL is working closely with both Bristol and the project funders, the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), to extract chemical compound information from UK theses to add to the open access ChemSpider database. Another project is about machine extraction of key law phrases and sentence structures from UK theses in the field of Law, to help build languagelearning tools for Law students. These TDM projects raise some questions:  Are the desired theses in a location and format that make them suitable? For example, accessibility of the holding repository, file formats, and the ease with which sets of theses could be selected, for example by subject.
 How will the thesis content be used? Does a new copy need to be made for a project, and what copyright applies?  For which purpose would the use be permitted? Does the new text mining copyright exception apply, or does the project need to seek permission from all rights holders?  Will there be benefits to HE stakeholders? Open access projects EThOS aims to provide a national aggregated record of all doctoral theses awarded by UK Higher Education institutions and free access to the full text of as many theses as possible for 5/16 use by all researchers to further their own research. There are approximately 380,000 records relating to dissertations awarded by over 130 institutions. Around 140,000 of these (37%) also provide access to the full text thesis, either via download from the EThOS database or via links to the institution's own repository.
As of December 30, 2014, DataCite contains 30,598 datasets with DOIs assigned by KM, most of them in Life Sciences (DNA sequences and metadata) and from 2013. Open access projects KM's NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 22 makes NRC publications openly accessible which, besides providing metadata and full-text for peer-reviewed journal articles, also includes NRC reports and conference publications. As of December 30 2014 this repository includes 54,440 records, of which 13,269 (24%) include full-text. This includes 6,486 NRC reports, 12,346 conference publications and some students' works. Additional reports have been digitized and NRC is in the process of adding these to the repository. Print reports are gradually deteriorating and NRC is preserving access by depositing electronic copies in the NRC Publications Archive.
The Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (INIST) Part of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), the Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (INIST) was created in 1988 "to facilitate access to results from all fields of world research, promote scientific production and provide services to people in Higher Education and Research" 23. Successor of two former Paris-based STM and SS&H documentation centres, INIST has one of the largest collections of scientific publications in Europe, comprising journals and grey literature (reports, dissertations and proceedings). Since the last survey, INIST has undergone fundamental changes. Acquisition of print collections and the production of the two main French databases PASCAL and FRANCIS were disrupted, and the focus is now on subscription to e-journals and e-books, on the acquisition of back-files and on the dissemination to Higher Education and Research via portals (CNRS portals, ISTEX platform).
Projects in the field of grey literature INIST continues to host and develop OpenGrey 27  , the OA successor of the former SIGLE database. New sources and resources have been added to the database, with a growing number of links to the full text. For some items, the document is deposited and preserved on the OpenGrey server. The figures from December 2014 are: OpenGrey totals 1,014,821 records (+47% since 2008), with 49,900 links to the full text (5%, mostly French dissertations in medical sciences and UK theses, via imported EThOS metadata) and 323 preprints from the international conferences on grey literature  28. Furthermore, since 2008 the content of the INIST OA platform for French scientific and technical reports LARA 29  has doubled, from about 1,000 to 2,000 reports issued from several institutions and holdings (deposits and retro-digitization).