dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements. We are grateful to  Roger Buxton  for critical reading of this manuscript and to  Brian Robertson  for the pMind plasmid. Mtb DNA was provided by  Colorado State University  (Contract No. HHSN266200400091C ;  NIH ,  NIAID   N01-AI-40091 ). We acknowledge the  Centre for Core Biotechnology Services at the University of Leicester  for support with Containment Level 3 experiments and the  University of Leicester Proteomics Facility  for analysis of membrane proteins.
Methods and Findings Eligible randomized controlled trials were searched for within four bibliographic databases, including two Japanese ones. Eighteen studies (including a total of 1194 subjects) were included in the meta-analysis. A random effect model using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimator was used for the analysis. The analysis showed that consumption of IPP/VPP induced a significant reduction in SBP as compared with placebo in Japanese subjects, with an estimated effect of -5. 63 mm Hg (95% CI, -6. 87 to -4. 39, P<0. 0001) and no evidence of publication bias. A significant heterogeneity between series was evident, which could be explained by a significant influence of the baseline blood pressure status of the subjects, the effect of IPP/VPP on SBP being stronger in hypertensive subjects (-8.
28 mmHg (95%CI, -2. 09 to -0. 48) and no evidence of heterogeneity  [15]. Several randomized controlled trials have been performed in Asian subjects, specifically Japanese subjects, but, for some, results have been published in journals written in the Japanese language only and not indexed in the main bibliographic databases. Available meta-analyses have not searched for such publications  [4] [5] [6] , and therefore no exhaustive meta-analysis has been performed to specifically assess the size of the effect in Asian subjects, specifically Japanese subjects. The objectives of the present meta-analysis were to estimate the size of the change in SBP after IPP/VPP consumption in Asian subjects, and to study the influence of the ingested dose and duration of IPP/VPP intake on this change, as well as the influence of age and baseline blood pressure (BP) status of the subjects.
Data extraction A predefined template was prepared for the collection of data. Extracted data were independently checked by a trained statistician (FA) and by a PhD-qualified researcher (ACR), with disagreements resolved through discussion. Authors from ten publications were contacted for further information. All responded and provided the level of information required. Extracted data for each trial included were: (i) characteristics of the study, including its design, duration and dose of IPP/VPP administration, country and year of publication; (ii) characteristics of participants (mean age, mean baseline BP status); (iii) primary outcome measure (change from baseline to final endpoint in office SBP), secondary outcome measure (change from baseline to 4 weeks in office SBP, change from baseline to final endpoint in office diastolic BP [DBP]), number of subjects for which study data were analyzed, mean effect and variability measures (standard deviation  [SD]  or standard error of the mean [SEM] or 95% confidence interval [CI]).
Office measurement was chosen for the evaluation of SBP and DBP because it was the component of BP measured (in accord with good practice) in each study. Data on SBP and DBP changes and mean age were extracted separately for each type of subject, i. e. , for subjects with normal BP (normotensive [NT]), high-normal BP (pre-hypertensive [PHT]) and high BP (hypertensive [HT]), when corresponding data were available. Quality of individual studies was assessed by using the Jadad score  [17].
Characteristics of included studies A total of 253 publications were identified (including 201 from the Japanese databases). On the basis of the criteria described above, 236 publications were discarded (Fig  1 ) and 17 studies were included  [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]. One additional study  [39]  was identified by hand search from the reference list of selected papers, totaling 18 included studies. All of the studies were performed in Japanese subjects, and were published as full papers. Seven studies were published in English in international and peer-reviewed journals  [22, 25, 32-34, 37, 38] , and 11 studies were published in the Japanese language  [23, 24, 26-31, 35, 36, 39]  in Japanese journals that were all peerreviewed but one (corresponding to two publications:  [29, 39] ).
Finally, few of the included trials assessed other parameters than office BP. Although twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP was not assessed in any trials, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and flow-mediated dilatation were measured in two trials  [34, 38] , both showing a significant benefit of IPP/VPP consumption as compared to placebo. A strength of our meta-analysis lies in the fact that we specifically searched for Japanese databases in order to identify any relevant studies published in Japanese journals that are not indexed in the MEDLINE or Cochrane databases. This allowed inclusion of a larger number of relevant studies than the previously published meta-analyses (e. g. ,  [4] ), and better assessment of the size of the effect of IPP/VPP on SBP in Asian subjects. Another strength of our study is that BP data were extracted for NT, PHT and HT subjects separately, which improved characterization of the magnitude of the effect of IPP/VPP according to the subjects' BP status.
Generic land surface models are generally driven by large-scale data sets to describe the climate, the soil properties, the vegetation dynamic and the cropland management (irrigation). This paper investigates the uncertainties in these drivers and their impacts on the evapotranspiration (ET) simulated from the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA-A-gs) land surface model over a 12-year Mediterranean crop succession. We evaluate the forcing data sets used in the standard implementation of ISBA over France where the model is driven by the SAFRAN (Système d'Analyse Fournissant des Renseignements Adaptés à la Nivologie) high spatial resolution atmospheric reanalysis, the leaf area index (LAI) time courses derived from the ECOCLIMAP-II land surface parameter database and the soil texture derived from the French soil database.
For climate, we focus on the radiations and rainfall variables and we test additional data sets which include the ERA-Interim (ERA-I) low spatial resolution reanalysis, the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre data set (GPCC) and the MeteoSat Second Generation (MSG) satellite estimate of downwelling shortwave radiations. The evaluation of the drivers indicates very low bias in daily downwelling shortwave radiation for ERA-I (2. 5 W m -2 ) compared to the negative biases found for SAFRAN (-10 W m -2 ) and the MSG satellite (-12 W m -2 ). Both SAFRAN and ERA-I underestimate downwelling longwave radiations by -12 and -16 W m -2 , S. Garrigues et al. : Impact of climate, vegetation, soil and crop management variables parameters, the variability of the irrigation practices, the seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of vegetation and the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of rainfall.
We use the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model  (Noilhan and Planton, 1989; Noilhan and Mahfouf, 1996)  in its A-gs version (coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model)  (Calvet et al. , 1998). We evaluate the forcing data sets used in the standard implementation of ISBA-A-gs over France. This includes the SAFRAN (Système d'Analyse Fournissant des Renseignements Adaptés à la Nivologie) high spatial resolution atmospheric reanalysis  (Quintana-Seguí et al. , 2008) , the LAI cycles derived from the ECOCLIMAP-II land surface parameter database  (Faroux et al. , 2013)  and the soil texture derived from the French soil database  (King et al. , 1995). These forcing data sets are operationally used in the SIM (SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU) system which is dedicated to hydrological monitoring  (Habets et al.
The evaluation is done for Mediterranean climate, for which the errors in the reanalysis estimates of radiation and rainfall were reported to be large  (Szczypta et al. , 2011). The evaluation is carried out at local scale over the Avignon "Remote Sensing and Fluxes" crop site (southeast of France), which is representative of typical Mediterranean cropland. This site provides 12 years of continuous measurements of micrometeorological variables and surface fluxes which allow evaluating the forcing variables and their impact on ET for a large range of surface and atmospheric states. We will first evaluate the large-scale forcing data sets against the local values taken at the Avignon site. Then, we will assess the hierarchy of the influence of the tested drivers on ET. We finally discuss the implications of our results with respect to the spatial integration of the model to monitor the water balance of cropland at regional scale.
Detailed descriptions and equations of the model can also be found in the SURFEX scientific documentation (http://www. cnrm. meteo. fr/surfex/ IMG/pdf/surfex_scidocv2. pdf, p. 121-135). ISBA-A-gs is also able to simulate irrigation amounts for C4 irrigated crops. This consists in adding an amount of 30 mm to the rainfall input each time the simulated available soil water capacity reaches a predefined threshold  (Calvet et al. , 2008). The model is parametrized and run for 12 generic land surface patches which includes nine types of vegetation. Model outputs are provided at the surface patch scale or at the grid scale using the proportion of each land surface patch within the simulation grid cell. In the standard implementation of the model, the soil depths, the vegetation parameters and the LAI cycles are given by the ECOCLIMAP-II land surface parameter database (described below).
ERA-Interim reanalysis The ERA-Interim (ERA-I) reanalysis is produced by the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) at a spatial resolution of 0. 5 • and 3 h time step. The reanalysis is based on a 4D-VAR (4-D variational) data assimilation scheme using the meteorological observations within a 03:00:00-15:00:00 UTC window  (Simmons et al. , 2010). Poor performances have been reported for ERA-I rainfall  (Szczypta et al. , 2011). The bias in ERA-I rainfall is corrected using the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre data set  (GPCC v6; Schneider et al. , 2011). The latter provides monthly quality-controlled precipitation totals from 1901 to present which were derived from data from 67 200 rain gauge stations worldwide. The GPCC-corrected ERA-I rainfall will be denoted ERA-I/GPCC hereafter.
MSG satellite downwelling shortwave radiation In the framework of the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Application Facility (LSA SAF), downwelling shortwave radiation is derived from the SEVIRI instrument on board the MSG satellite at a temporal frequency of 30 min and spatial resolution of 3 km. This data set is available at http: //landsaf. meteo. pt. The product characteristics and the estimation method are given in  Geiger et al. (2008)  and  Carrer et al. (2012). Under cloudy-sky conditions, shortwave radiation is estimated using the strong anti-correlation between the reflectance measured by the satellite and the solar radiation reaching the ground. Under clear-sky conditions, shortwave radiation is estimated using an atmospheric transmittance model  (Geiger et al. , 2008). The MSG satellite data set is available as of 12 October 2004.
Before this date, the SAFRAN shortwave radiation is used. Missing MSG data represent 7 % of the 12 October 2004-26 June 2012 period and were replaced by the SAFRAN estimates. The MSG estimate of downwelling longwave radiation was not available for this work. Carrer et al. (2012)  showed that this product has no significant impact on the scores of the ISBA simula-tions and that the MSG shortwave radiation has the largest added value.
Surface characteristic data sets The ECOCLIMAP-II database provides the land surface parameters and the LAI cycles for ∼ 273 distinct land covers over Europe at 1 km resolution  (Masson et al. , 2003; Faroux et al. , 2013). Each land cover class at 1km is characterized by the fractions of the model land surface patch. The LAI and the soil depths vary with both the land cover class (geographic location-dependent) and the 12-model land surface patches while the rest of surface parameters only depend on the model land surface patch. ECOCLIMAP-II provides a monthly LAI climatology obtained from the analysis of the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite observations over each land cover and land surface patch of the model  (Faroux et al. , 2013). For crops, the fraction of vegetation cover and the vegetation height are derived using empirical functions of LAI  (Masson et al.
, 2003). In the standard implementation of the model over France, the soil texture is provided by the French Soil DataBase (FSDB) on a 1 : 1 000 000 scale map  (King et al. , 1995)  which has been resampled over the SAFRAN grid at 8 km resolution  (Habets et al. , 2008). We explicitly represent the succession of crop and intercrop periods in the simulations by changing the model land surface patch and the associated LAI and vegetation parameters accordingly to the crop schedule presented in Table  1. The C3 crop patch was used to represent wheat, pea, and sunflower. The C4 crop patch was used for maize and sorghum. Inter-crop periods are represented by the bare soil patch. When the LAI climatology is used, we use the LAI cycle and the derived vegetation height provided by the ECOCLIMAP-II database for each crop patch.
Control run The control run (S CTL ) is performed using the local observations taken at the Avignon site for the climate, the irrigation, the vegetation dynamic and the soil properties. The irrigation was accounted for by adding the actual irrigation amount to rainfall. We use the local values of the soil moisture at saturation, the soil moisture at field capacity and the soil moisture at wilting derived from field measurements of soil moisture  (Garrigues et al. , 2015)  instead of the pedotransfer function estimates used in the standard implementation of the model. The rest of the model parameters take the standard values given by the ECOCLIMAP-II database for the C3 crop, the C4 crop and the bare soil patches  (Gibelin et al. , 2006; Faroux et al. , 2013). The root-zone depth and the deep reservoir size are 1.
Impact of climate The local climate is replaced by the large-scale reanalysis observations. We test the following. -The reanalysis data set: S SAFRAN and S ERA are conducted using the SAFRAN and ERA-I climate, respectively. -The rainfall data set: S GPCC is achieved with the SAFRAN climate where the SAFRAN rainfall is replaced by the ERA-I/GPCC rainfall. -The satellite estimate of shortwave radiation: S MSG is achieved with the SAFRAN climate where the SAFRAN downwelling shortwave radiation is replaced by the MSG estimate.
Impact of soil properties Two aspects are investigated. -The impact of errors in soil texture which is used as input of the pedotransfer functions to estimate the soil hydrodynamic parameters. -The impact of errors in the soil hydrodynamic parameters estimated from the pedotransfer function. We consider the soil moisture at saturation, the soil moisture at field capacity and the soil moisture at wilting point, which represent the main sources of uncertainties in simulated ET when the model is implemented at local scale  (Garrigues et al. , 2015). To investigate both issues, two simulations are performed by replacing the local values of the soil hydrodynamic properties used in S CTL by their pedotransfer estimates: -S LOCAL-TEXT , achieved using the local soil texture, -S FSDB-TEXT , achieved using the texture value from the French Soil DataBase (FSDB).
The ERA-I longwave radiation shows consistent diurnal variations but it is underestimated through the diurnal and the seasonal cycles. The errors in yearly shortwave and longwave radiations range from -661 to -21 MJ and from -548 to -107 MJ, respectively, for SAFRAN (Fig. 5 ). They vary from -52 to 179 MJ and from -625 to -385 MJ, respectively, for ERA-I which shows lower inter-annual variations than SAFRAN. The uncertainties in the reanalysis estimates of shortwave and longwave radiations are attributed to shortcomings in the Table  5. Evaluation of SAFRAN, ERA-I and MSG downwelling shortwave radiation (SWdown) and downwelling longwave radiation (LWdown) against measurements, over the 12 October 2004-25 June 2012 period, at 3 h and daily time steps. The SWdown performances of all the data sets were evaluated considering only the time steps with valid MSG SWdown, which represents 93 % of the period.
Hierarchy of the influence of the drivers on ET Soil hydrodynamic parameters and the lack of irrigation generate the largest mean deviation in ET with the control run (Table  6 , Fig. 10 ). The MD in cumulative ET over 12 years represents 25 and 20 months of ET for the soil parameters and the irrigation, respectively. The climate and the vegetation dynamic induces lower MD in ET, which ranges from 6 to 9 months of ET over 12 years. Changing the climate forcing data set has little influence on ET simulation compared to the impact of irrigation and soil properties. At a seasonal timescale, the irrigation and the vegetation dynamic are the drivers which induce the largest random scattering with S CTL (see RMSD in Fig. 12 ).
While the clay and sand fractions given by the French soil database are significantly different from the local values, the differences between S FSDB-TEXT and S LOCAL-TEXT are low. Table  3  shows that the use of the large-scale soil texture and the local soil texture lead to similar values of the maximum available soil water capacity for the crop (MaxAWC). The steady MaxAWC is a consequence of the quasi-parallel shapes of the ISBA pedotransfer functions used to estimate the soil moisture at field capacity and the soil moisture at wilting point  (Noilhan and Lacarrère, 1995). This highlights the limit of these pedotransfer functions to resolve the spatial variability of the soil hydrodynamic properties across various soil types.
, 1984; Vereecken et al. , 1989; Schaap et al. , 2001). Large discrepancies have been reported between pedotransfer functions which are prone to distinct sources of uncertainties  (Espino et al. , 1996; Baroni et al. , 2010). The first shortcoming concerns their representativeness of soil property variability. The ISBA pedotransfer functions were established based on the  Clapp and Hornberger (1978)  database. These functions were calibrated using the mean values of the soil properties over few classes of soil texture. The variability of the soil parameters within a given soil texture class may exceed the variability between classes. Besides, global maps of soil texture may not be fine enough to describe the soil property variability at regional scale. The second source of uncertainty is related to the estimation method.
Vegetation dynamic This work showed that the LAI climatology is not accurate enough to resolve ET dynamics over the crop succession. The key aspects that are lacking in the ECOCLIMAP-II database and need to be better represented in land surface models are -crop phenology, particularly the timing of maximum LAI; -the succession of winter and summer crops which can lead to long periods of bare soil during inter-crop periods. A strategy to resolve the temporal and spatial dynamics of vegetation would consist in using satellite observations. Recently launched satellites (e. g. next SENTINEL-2 satellite) have fine enough spatial resolution (∼ 10 m) and temporal frequency (5-10 days) to resolve the LAI cycle of crops more accurately and monitor the dynamics induced by crop rotation.
Summary The present study aims at evaluating the large-scale data sets used to drive the ISBA-A-gs land surface model and assessing their impacts on the simulation of ET over a 12year Mediterranean crop succession. We focus on the climate (rainfall, radiations), irrigation, vegetation dynamic (LAI) and soil property (soil texture, hydrodynamic parameters) variables. We evaluate the forcing data sets used in the standard implementation of the ISBA model over France where the model is driven by the SAFRAN high spatial resolution atmospheric reanalysis, the LAI time courses derived from the ECOCLIMAP-II land surface parameter database and the soil texture derived from the French soil database. For climate, additional data sets used to drive the model at the continental scale are tested, which includes the ERA-Interim low spatial resolution reanalysis, the GPCC rainfall data set and the downwelling shortwave radiation derived from the MSG satellite.
We first evaluate the large-scale data set against the local values taken at the Avignon site. Then, we assess the hierarchy of the influence of each driver on ET. We finally discuss the implications of our results with respect to the spatial integration of the model to monitor the water balance of cropland at regional scale. The main outcomes from the evaluation of the drivers are as follows. -SAFRAN and ERA-I/GPCC rainfall are quasi-unbiased at daily and longer timescales (1 and 0. 5 % of the mean rainfall measurement). The SAFRAN rainfall is more precise than the ERA-I/GPCC rainfall which shows larger inter-annual variability in yearly rainfall error (up to 100 mm). -ERA-I has a very low bias (2. 5 W m -2 ) in daily downwelling shortwave radiation while SAFRAN and MSG show negative biases of ∼ -10 W m -2.
Both SAFRAN and ERA-I underestimate downwelling longwave radiations by -12 and -16 W m -2 , respectively. -The ECOCLIMAP-II LAI climatology does not properly resolve Mediterranean crop phenology. It does not describe the succession of winter and summer crops and underestimates the bare soil period which leads to an overall overestimation of LAI over the crop succession. -Irrigation generates much larger variations in incoming water for the model than the differences in rainfall between the reanalysis data sets. The simulation of irrigation by the model provides accurate irrigation amounts over the crop cycle but the timing of irrigation occurrences is frequently unrealistic. The main results from the evaluation of the impacts on ET are the following. -Errors in the soil hydrodynamic parameters and the lack of irrigation in the simulation have the largest influence on ET compared to uncertainties in the large-scale climate reanalysis and the LAI climatology.
The external report reviewed statistical methods used in the analysis of ecological and environmental datasets; provided an inventory of statistical approaches in ecological and environmental monitoring and identification of data requirements for the items in the inventory; provided an inventory of European, National and Regional existing surveillance networks/programmes; and gave recommendations of the most appropriate analysis methodologies for PMEM of agroecosystems (Centre for  Ecology and Hydrology et al. , 2014). On 14 November 2014, the EC asked the EFSA GMO Panel to assess the PMEM report on the cultivation of maize MON 810 during the 2013 growing season submitted by Monsanto Europe S. A. The report contained information on CSM, but not on GS activities. In its scientific opinion, the EFSA GMO Panel could therefore not conclude on potential unanticipated adverse effects arising from the cultivation of maize MON 810 in 2013, or on possible changes of the methodology on the GS as compared to previous growing seasons  (EFSA GMO Panel, 2015).