dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Proposed Learning Design Tool The proposed authoring-tool will directly propose to practitioners the level-4 elements in the tool palette. Indeed, these elements are required to map to Moodle sections in order to sequentially structure the course skeleton. Sessions that do not rely on Moodle features can also be described if designers need an overall view of a global module/course larger than the ones involving the use of an LMS. Other level-4 elements will then open an empty sub-diagram when doubleclicked. It can then be used to arrange levels 3-to-1 elements from the new palette. Indeed, practitioners can then choose the method (top-bottom, bottom-up), the description level (specification versus implementation) and the elements to select, combine and adapt. Pedagogical activities can be opened up as another sub-diagram containing the default mapping to levels 1 elements.
An Identification Method In order to identify the most appropriate tool for a specific pedagogical activity, we followed these three steps: (1) analysis for each Moodle tools of its recurrent uses (bottom-up method), (2) identification of tools offering common uses (top-down method), and (3) specification of discriminating criteria to drive the selection of a suitable tool. Moodle 2. 4 offers 7 resources (Book, Page, Label, IMS content package, File, Folder, and URL) and 13 activities (Forum, Database, Glossary, Assignment, Lesson, Quiz, Workshop, SCORM package, External tool, Choice, Survey, Wiki, and Feedback). We have study the recurrent uses of these Moodle's activities and resources. We notice that some activities/resources can be diverted to serve for different uses. For example, everyone knows that the Forum is used for discussion reasons but it can also be used to allow students to introduce themselves in a course or to consult a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) or to share documents between learners.
Such weaving model is realized by following the matrice formalism, tool by tool. Informations about the tools parameterizations are deduced from the additional informations given by experts. We used languages and tools from the Epsilon (Epsilon, 09) project to build a software framework fulfilling our model weaving requirements. This project is compliant with the Ecore formalization of metamodels we already used to formalize the various metamodels we illustrated. This Ecore format is from the Eclipse Modeling Framework  (Eclipse, 14). Weaving models are edited through ModeLink, a three pane editor displaying the source and target metamodels in side panels (which are the same in our use case). The final "mapping" transformations TurningRecurrentUsesofE-learningToolsintoReusablePedagogicalActivities-AMeta-modelingApproachAppliedto aMoodleCase-study  are expressed using Epsilon Object Language (EOL), and are generated through a Model-to-text transformation using EGL language.
Current Tooling Prototype We are currently working on the development of a prototype adding a notation layer on top of the abstract syntax we propose for the Moodle-centered instructional design language. We choose for now the Sirius tooling (Sirius, 14) because it allows to quickly define custom multiview for workbenches with less technical knowledge compared to the well-known GMF tooling (from (Eclipse, 14)). The notation, or concrete syntax for our instructional design language, is derived from the abstract syntax formalized as an Ecore metamodel. Sirius also facilitates the development of dedicated graphical tools by generating most of features (diagrams, trees, tables, etc. ) from the sirius-specific model we build when using it. It reduces the cost and complexity of developing a graphical editors.
CONCLUSIONS 7. 1 A First Tools-centered Abstraction This paper proposes a specific LMS-centered approach for raising the pedagogical expressiveness of its implicit learning design semantics. We discussed how the LMS low-level parameterizations could be abstracted in order to build higher-level building blocks capturing some recurrent resources or tools uses into pedagogical activities. We also presented a specific method for helping and guiding LMS experts to describe how these activities should be binded to appropriated tools or resources. In addition we propose a specific model weaving approach for formalizing these mappings. These resulting weaving models will drive at run-time and in real-time the automatic translations when using the authoring-tool. Based on a Moodle application, we present and illustrate our approach by formalising the abstract syntax of a Moodle-dedicated instructional design language following a specific 4-levels architecture.
Primary outcome The primary criterion was a composite including both the risk of cup dysfunction responsible for a clinical impact (prolongation of delivery and eventually change in mode of delivery) and the most frequent maternal and neonatal harms. The precise criteria were as follows: the use of other instruments after attempted vacuum extraction, caesarean section after attempted vacuum extraction, three detachments of the cup (considered as failure in French recommendations  [4] ), episiotomy and perineal tears; and for the new-born: caput succedaneum (swelling of the scalp), cephalohaematoma (an effusion of blood beneath the periosteum of the skull). If one or more of these elements were observed an 'event' was considered to have occurred; otherwise 'no event' was recorded. Obstetric data were collected by the obstetrician but were objective well-defined criteria.
Pediatric data were recorded by an independent pediatrician. A composite criterion was chosen because we wanted to include both neonatal and maternal elements in judging the success of the intervention. Nevertheless, we needed to find a balanced compromise between similar severity and the frequency of each element. The components of this composite endpoint represent the vast majority of clinical risks of instrumental vaginal delivery using a ventouse  [3]. Furthermore, the advantage of using a composite endpoint was to be able to immediately assess the potential superiority of the instrument with a sufficient number of events without requiring an excessively large number of patients for the trial.
The Chi-square test (Fisher's exact test if necessary) was used for categorical variables. Statistical significance was considered at pvalue ≤0. 05. In this randomized controlled trial, statistical testing for baseline differences between the intervention and control group (Tables  1  and 2 ) was not done, in line with arguments in the CONSORT statement (http://www. consortstatement. org/checklists/view/32-consort/510-baseline-data; accessed August 2011). All statistical analyses were performed using Stata SE version 11. 0 software (StataCorp LP, 4905 Lakeway Drive, College Station, Texas 77845-4512, USA).
Acknowledgements This study was funded by a grant from the  French Health Ministry  for hospital clinical research (PHRC 2009). We thank all the obstetricians who informed and included the patients, the women who accepted to take part in this research and  Alison Foote  ( Grenoble University Hospital ) for translating and critically editing the manuscript. We dedicate this article to the memory of  Jean-Patrick Schaal  who died during the study.
Three tools are used for the electronic monitoring of allergic diseases: a cell phone-based daily visual analogue scale (VAS) assessment of disease control, CARAT (Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test) and e-Allergy screening (premedical system of early diagnosis of allergy and asthma based on online tools). These tools are combined with a clinical decision support system (CDSS) and are available in many languages. An e-CRF and an e-learning tool complete MASK. MASK is flexible and other tools can be added. It appears to be an advanced, global and integrated ICT answer for many unmet needs in allergic diseases which will improve policies and standards. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is among the most common diseases globally (1) and ranks first in Europe (over 25% of the European population).
Biomarkers in respiratory allergic diseases Biomarkers are of great importance in respiratory allergic diseases and asthma, and a large body of research is focusing on their identification and validation. Biomarker identification can be based on systems medicine approaches combining transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenetics and metabolomics in large patient cohorts. One recently completed EU project, MultiMod, resulted in a generally applicable strategy to integrate such data for diagnostic purposes using systems medicine principles  (56). Two EU-funded projects are currently ongoing: U-BIOPRED (IMI) in severe asthma  (57)  and MeDALL (FP7) in allergy  (58, 59). MeDALL has already made critical observations concerning IgE biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of allergic diseases  (2, 60).
Electronic monitoring of the pollen season Mobile phone messaging facilitates the management of AR  (131)  and chronic diseases  (132, 133). Using cell phones with a touch screen, patients are geolocalized and can evaluate their symptoms daily by VAS (Figure  2 ). At the predicted time of the pollen season, based on local calendars and/or forecast models where available, patients receive an SMS and an E-mail indicating that they should monitor VAS daily for global symptoms on the dedicated mobile device. This information is coded and sent to a central database. Daily, 4 VAS assessments (global evaluation, nasal, ocular and bronchial  ) are completed by the patient on a cell phone. The information is sent to a clinical decision support system (CDSS) for an optimal management of all the patients using the system.
The system is initially being deployed in 13 countries with 14 languages (translation and back-translation, cultural adaptation and legal issues). MASK-aerobiology is monitored daily and will be completed with CARAT at the onset of the pollen season and thereafter every 2 weeks (Figure  3 ). Applications include information to patients and to the media with regard to the pollen season, optimal management of the patients with allergic symptoms, clinical trials, research and climate evaluation (Figure  4 ).
MASK: from the ARIA 2015 guideline to an integrated health system for allergic rhinitis and its asthma comorbidity There is an urgent need to propose an innovative health system for one of the most common global diseases. Around 20% of the EU population suffers from AR and the costs are very high, particularly the indirect costs. Although most patients can self-manage their symptoms, many need OTC drugs from the pharmacists and a few (but still in millions of subjects) need medical advice. Fewer, but still in millions, will need specialist advice. It is very important that a common language is used between patients and pharmacists, primary care and specialists. MASK is able to provide this common language using e-health and a very simple tool (VAS). Moreover, the CDSS will help patients to self-manage under the control of their physicians.
Novartis,  Leti ,  Allergopharma ,  Bayer ,  Faes ,  GSK ,  John-son+Johnson ,  MSD , grants and personal fees from  Arthrocare, Bencard, Stallerg enes, BiotechTools, Lofarma, grants from Ursapharm, Bitop, HAL, AIPreven, Optima , non-financial support from  Greer, Roxall , personal fees and non-financial support from  UCB , non-financial support from  Atmos , outside the submitted work; member of the guidelines task force of the  German Academy of Otorhinolaryngology , chairman of the  International Standardisation Committee of the European Rhinologic Society (ERS)  and chairman of the  ENT-Section of the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) ;  Robert Naclerio :  Advisory Board :  GSK ,  Merck ,  Sanofi ,  Teva -Speaker :  Merck ,  Teva ;  Ken Ohta : honoraria for lectures and advisory meetings from  Kyorin ,  GSK ,  Boehringer Ingelheim ,  AstraZeneca  and  Astellas ;  Yoshitaka Okamoto :  Research grant  from  Torii Co.
Ltd. , Shionogi Co. Ltd. , -Lecture fee from Torii Co. LTD. , MSD Co. LtD; Kimihio Okubo: Lecture Fee: GSK ,  MSD, Tanabe-Mitsubishi, Sanofi, Ono, Torii, Kyowa-Kirin -Consultancy: MSD, Tanabe-Mitsubishi, Sanofi, Ono, Torii, Taiho, Astellas, Teikoku ;  Pier Luigi Paggiaro : personal support for education and research from:  AstraZeneca ,  Almirall ,  Boehringer Ingelheim ,  Chiesi ,  Guidotti-Malesci ,  GSK ,  Menarini ,  MSD ,  Mundipharma ,  Novartis ,  Takeda , Zambon; Nikos Papadopoulos: grant from  GSK, Nestl e, Merck -Fees from: Abbvie, Sanofi, Meda, GSK, Novartis, Menarini, ALK-Abello, Allergopharma, Uriach, Stallerg enes, MSD ;  Alberto Papi : has received grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from  AstraZeneca ,  Chiesi Farmaceutici ,  GlaxoSmithKline ,  Boehringer Ingelheim ,  Merck Sharp & Dohme ,  Menarini ,  Novartis ,  Zambon ,  TEVA ,  Pfizer ,  Takeda , and Mundipharma;  O Pfaar : has received research grants for his institution from  ALK Abell o (Germany/Denmark) ,  Allergopharma (Germany) ,  Stallergenes (Germany/ France) ,  HAL Allergy  ( Germany/the Netherlands ),  Artu Biologicals  (the Netherlands),  Allergy Therapeutics/Bencard (UK/Germany) ,  Hartington (Spain) ,  Lofarma (Italy) ,  Novartis/Leti (Germany/Spain) ,  GlaxoSmithKline (UK/Germany) ,  Essex Pharma (Germany) ,  Cytos (Switzerland) ,  Curalogic (Denmark) ,  Roxall (Germany) ,  Biomay (Austria) ,  Thermo Fisher (Germany) ,  Circassia (UK) ,  European Union  ( FP-7 Health-2013 Innovation 1 ),  Biotech Tools s.
Studies and participants To date, E 3 has data from thirty-three studies with a range of ophthalmic data on approximately 124,000 individuals from population-based and case-control studies. This study drew on the fifteen E 3 population-based cohort and crosssectional studies that collected refractive error data (n = 68,350). As described in Table  1 , participants included in this meta-analysis were largely from Northern and Western Europe, mainly of middle to late age, and refractive error measurements were performed between 1990 and 2013. Three studies recruited participants nationally and the remaining twelve recruited from a local population. Further detail on individual study design and sampling method is provided in the supplementary information; broadly, the majority of study samples were obtained by identification of potential participants (within defined age bands and/or regions) using local registries, with some studies using random sampling (n = 3).
Statistical analysis Study specific summary data were obtained. A random effects meta-analysis was performed for spherical equivalent and repeated for refractive classifications overall and stratified by age. This enabled calculation of pooled estimates of refractive error prevalence, with studies weighted by sample size and between-study variance and a summary estimate standard error calculated from the inverse sum of the adjusted weights. A random effects model was chosen over a fixed effects model, to allow for heterogeneity in study design characteristics. Age-standardised prevalences were calculated using the following steps: firstly, age-specific prevalences were estimated using random-effect meta-analyses. Secondly, an age-standardisation with adjustments to age-specific estimates according to the European Standard Population 2010 was performed  [14].
This enabled refractive error prevalence estimates that are representative for the European population, with appropriate weighting to the age demographic distribution of Europe. Subsequent random effects meta-analyses were performed with stratification by age and gender, and subsequently age and geographical region, with differences between groups evaluated using ANOVA tests. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata version 13. 1 (StataCorp. 2013. Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP). Graphical outputs were obtained using either Stata or ggplot2  [15]  in R (R Core Team (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www. R-project. org).
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank all the participants and teams involved in the contributing cohorts. 1958 British Birth Cohort The 1958 British Birth Cohort biomedical survey was funded by the  Medical Research Council  (Grant  G0000934 ,  Health of the Public initiative , principal grant holders  C Power  and  D Strachan ). Montachet  Regional Council of Burgundy, PHRC Interregional. ALIENOR The Alienor study received financial support from  Laboratoires Thea (Clermont-Ferrand, France). Laboratoires Thea participated in the design of the study, but no sponsor participated in the collection, management, statistical analysis and interpretation of the data, nor in the preparation, review or approval of the present manuscript. EPIC-Norfolk EPIC-Norfolk infrastructure and core functions are supported by grants from the  Medical Research Council  ( G1000143 ) and  Cancer Research UK  ( C864/A14136 ).
The clinic for the third health examination was funded by  Research into Ageing  ( 262 ). Mr Khawaja  is a  Wellcome Trust funded Clinical Research Fellow. Mr Foster  has received additional support from the  Richard Desmond Charitable Trust (via Fight for Sight)  and the  Department for Health  through the award made by the  National Institute for Health Research  to  Moorfields Eye Hospital  and the  UCL Institute of Ophthalmology  for a specialist  Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology. None of the funding organisations had a role in the design or conduct of the research. EUREYE The  EUREYE Study  was supported by Grant  QLK6-CT-1999-02094  from the  European Commission Vth Framework. Additional funding for cameras was provided by the  Macular Disease Society. Gutenberg Health Study The Gutenberg Health Study, is funded by the  government of Rhineland-Palatine  ('' Stiftung Rheinland-Pfalz fu ¨r Innovation '', Contract Number  AZ 961-386261/733 ), the  research programs ''Wissen schafft Zukunft'' and ''Schwerpunkt Vaskula ¨re Pra ¨vention'' of the University Medical Center Mainz, Germany  and its contract with  Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany  and  PHILIPS Medical Systems  including an unrestricted grant for the  Gutenberg Health Study.
The sponsors and funding organizations played no role in the design or conduct of this research. KORA The KORA research platform (KORA, Cooperative Research in the Region of Augsburg) was initiated and financed by the  Helmholtz Zentrum Mu ¨nchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health , which is funded by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research  and by the  State of Bavaria. The  KORA-Age  project was financed by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research  ( BMBF FKZ 01ET0713 ) as part of the '' Health in old age '' program. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. POLA This study was supported by the  Institut National de la Santeet de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm) ,  Paris, France ; by grants from the  Fondation de France, Department of Epidemiology of Ageing, Paris , the  Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale, Paris , the  Region Languedoc-Roussillon, Montpellier, France  and the  Association Retina-France , Toulouse; and by financial support from  Rhones Poulenc, Essilor, Specia  and  Horiba ABX Montpellier , and the  Centre de Recherche et d'Information Nutritionnelle, Paris.
Methods Participants Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the longitudinal Quebec Survey on Seniors' Health (Enquête sur la santé des aînés) conducted during 2005-2008. 62 The aim of the survey was to assess the physical and mental health of a French-speaking community-dwelling population aged over 65 in the province of Québec, Canada. The sample in this study consists of 2,759 participants aged 65 and over, with an average age of 73. 8, who live in various administrative regions of Québec. They were recruited through a method of random generation of telephone numbers according to a sampling strategy based on geographic location. After the goal of the study was explained to them, the participants agreed to have health professionals visit their home and to answer the health professional's questions in an hour-and-ahalf-long structured interview (after signing a consent form).
Class I PI3K activity is known to contribute to the constitutive PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 lipid synthesis observed in mouse preimplantation embryos  [56]. Moreover, granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte were shown to act via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to promote the translation of maternal oocyte mRNAs that are critical for preimplantation embryo development  [57]. It is possible that p110β signalling downstream of the GPCR agonist LPA  [9] , known to be important in preimplantation embryos  [58] , contributes to the embryonic lethality upon p110β inactivation. In cancer, p110β is often, but not always, the key PI3K isoform in cells with inactive PTEN  [50, [59] [60] [61]. p110β-selective drugs (such as GSK2636771  [62] , clinicaltrials. gov identifier NCT01458067) are currently being tested in cancers with inactive PTEN, including prostate cancer.
mRNA expression analysis Tissue samples of (P10, and P35 and week 8 and 12) testes were collected and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. All samples heterozygous for p110β were from mice on the C57BL/6 background. cDNA was synthesized from DNaseI-treated total RNA (RNeasy kit, Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA) using Superscript II RNaseH -reverse transcriptase and random hexamer primers (Invitrogen). Primer pairs spanning an intron were designed by Applied Biosystems or previously published in  [29]  (for details see supplemental data). For quantification of gene expression, the ABI Prism 7700 sequence detector PCR detection system (Applied Biosystems) was used with a two-step RT-quantitative-PCR protocol. Gene expression was corrected for wellto-well loading variation by expressing data as a ratio to 18S rRNA.
All samples and standard curves were run in triplicate. Data are analyzed using relative standard curves to allow comparison between all samples. Normalization of data to the total weights of the testes was performed to take into account the differential composition due to differential development of spermatogenesis. For Illumina array, testes from WT and heterozygous mutant P10 pups (on the C57BL/6 background) were harvested and snap-frozen. Purified mRNA was subjected to a quality check (Experion) and subjected to Illumina array analysis (Mouse Ref8v2 arrays). Five samples from each genotype in duplicate were subjected to the analysis. Quality Control and normalization were performed using BeadStudio (Illumina). Statistical analyses were performed using Bioconductor (www. bioconductor. org) packages within the open source R statistical environment (www.
Acknowledgments We thank  Anna-Lena Berg  ( AstraZeneca, Lund ) and  Cheryl Scudamore  ( MRC, Harwell, UK ) for histological analysis,  Julie Foster  ( Barts Cancer Institute, London ) for CT scans,  Johan Swinnen  and  Frank Claessens  ( Leuven University, Belgium ) for discussion and AR-luciferase reporter plasmids,  Florian Guillou  ( INRA, CNRS, Université de Tours, France ) for the AMH-Cre mouse line and  Laura Milne  ( MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh ) for technical support. We thank the members of the  Cell Signalling group  for critical input. This study was initiated at the  Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research at University College London , continued at  Queen Mary University of London , and finished at  University College London , the  Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.