dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2009). The spatial spread of measurements across Europe is provided by a dense network of Class 2 stations, where fewer variables and replications of these measurements are required. However, the same level of measurement accuracy is required for station Classes 1 and 2. The measurement setup at Associated stations has to follow a less rigid level of standardisation, however, these stations still undergo an evaluation in order to meet ICOS data quality conventions while increasing the spatial representativeness of the different ecosystem types within the network. The standardised procedures for the key observations required at ICOS ecosystem stations are described in 13 measurement protocols published in this issue of International Agrophysics, while specific instruction documents provide a guide to their practical implementation (www.
Site characterisation An essential aspect of ICOS datasets is a sufficiently detailed site characterisation  (Saunders et al. , 2018). This includes information on the general site conditions, a description of the site history and an initial soil and vegetation survey with information on the main wind directions. The site characterisation further includes regularly updated information on site management practices and related lateral fluxes, soil cultivation and site amendments, as well as abiotic and biotic disturbance events. It is documented and regularly updated for all dynamic variables at timescales relative to the collection of the information (e. g. for soil organic carbon stocks (SOCS) at least every ten years) to provide a coherent assessment of the site. The site characterisation is an especially important tool during the setup of new ICOS ecosystem stations, as it is necessary for selecting the target area, positioning the EC tower and sampling plots for soil and vegetation measurements.
4. The ICOS ecosystem network provides GHG fluxes and ancillary measurements for terrestrial ecosystems, including microclimate, vegetation and soil characteristics, and helps to identify and understand the GHG exchange dynamics and their role in C cycling with regard to climate change. 5. Seven terrestrial and one freshwater ecosystem types are monitored in the ICOS ecosystem network: croplands, forests, grasslands, wetlands, heath/shrublands, SRF, urban environments and lakes. The grouping of ecosystem stations into three classes with different standardisation requirements allows for a high level of participation in the network and distinct data applications. 6. The methodological framework for the ICOS ecosystem network is described in a coherent set of guidelines (see the papers of this issue), that were developed by the scientific community during an extensive discussion process.
The guidelines justify which environmental variables are necessary in order to understand the C and GHG dynamics and how they need to be measured. 7. The high level of standardisation of the hardware, software and methods employed by ICOS increases the utility and reliability of the resulting data products. The degree of standardisation achieved in ICOS can be considered as the biggest innovation in the transition from networks to an integrated RI. In the ecosystem domain, standardisation is facilitating inter-annual and inter-site comparability, cross-site synthesis and straightforward data assimilation in models. 8. The success of ICOS depends on the use of its free and open-access multi-level data products by the user communities, thus the communication of stakeholders and end-users is crucial for ICOS in order to achieve its scientific potential and societal value.
J. Coston-Guarini is a marine ecologist interested in quantitative impact assessment; the participation of J. Coston-Guarini is supported by TBM Environnement and LIA BeBEST. A. Danto is PhD student in political science with a double background in geography and anthropology; the participation of A. Danto is supported both by the LabexMER and the Chair TMAP (Chaire Territoires et mutations de l'action publique, R. Pasquier, IEP Rennes). A. Lambrechts is ecological engineer specialized in conducting environmental impact assessment and mitigation hierarchy sequence (Biotope, biodiversity consultancy firm). O. Ragueneau is biogeochemist working in interdisciplinarity on the road to political sociology of science. All participants in the SPA project who participated in the writing of this article are members of the international multidisciplinary thematic network ApoliMer (Political Anthropology of the Sea) supported by INEE (CNRS).
The dependent variable was PAR at 12 weeks and 4 weeks. Separate models were conducted for outcomes at 4 and 12 weeks. Data were analyzed by intention-to-treat (ITT) population, and per-protocol (PP) population. Safety included analysis of all adverse outcomes in all participants and ulcers. The ITT population comprised all ulcers which received at least one treatment. Participants were excluded from the PP population if they withdrew consent or were withdrawn by the principal investigator or were withdrawn due to an unrelated AE/SAE, or experienced a serious protocol deviation unless they completed at least 10 weeks of treatment. Any participant with a healed ulcer or withdrawn for an ulcer-related AE/SAE remained in the PP population as these were critical outcomes. An independent statistical group conducted analysis.
In the last decade, there has been growing concern that the results from many RCTs cannot be generalized to the wound care population. 9 However, in the present trial, a "real world" wound care population was studied, including participants with moderate ischemia and ulcers complicated by infection, and EDX110 still met its primary endpoint and showed substantial promise. It was well tolerated, with significantly smaller numbers of SAEs which were related or possibly related to the study ulcer compared to those treated with dressings. It also significantly improved the reduction of ulcer area compared with SOC dressings, notably in those with a duration of less than six months. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials. gov, number NCT01982565.
Role of the funding source The study funders were involved in the study design, data collection and management and preliminary writing support. Ltd for supervising the project, managing the study and for proof-reading and technical editing leading to the development of this manuscript. We acknowledge Professor Chris Wood, Dr. Keith Lipman and Syd Hanna from Edixomed Ltd whose funding, research and belief in evidence based medicine enabled the completion of a wound care RCT. We also acknowledge the pioneering work of Queen Mary University of London that formed the basis for this technology. Abridged data was presented at the Diabetic Foot Study Group meeting in September 2017. Parameters are specified as mean (SD; standard deviation) and as median (interquartile range for non-normal data) and numbers (%) for categories.
In this series of experiments, the S 1 component is recorded beyond an inline polarizer by means of a photo-receiver connected to a 1-Gsa/s oscilloscope, 10 6 slots of 100-ms each were then acquired, concatenated and sampled. For that purpose, the chaotic polarization scrambler uses a 5-km delay-line as well as an amplification factor g = 53. The input signal corresponds to the 100-GHz partially coherent wave described in the first section of the paper. Figure  7 (a) displays a part of a typical experimental realization of the raw data (blue solid-line) as well as the post-processing involved in the random numbers extraction. Basically, the waveform is first under-sampled at a clock rate whose frequency is chosen well below the typical correlation length of the signal under test so as to ensure a reliable randomization.
A delay of 100 bits was here applied. The degree of randomness of the computed binary sequences are first tested through calculation of the autocorrelation trace (Fig. 7(c )), and the cross-correlation function between two different sequences (Fig. 7(d) ). These first results reveal a vanishing cross-correlation for all of the generated random bit streams, indicating that all the sequences are different and that the proposed technique is a good candidate for RNG. To further assess the degree of randomness of the generated billion bit sequence, we have implemented the standard statistical benchmark dieharder tests. Results are summarized in Fig. 8  [see also  Dataset 1 (33)  for complete results] and show that the generated sequences pass all the most commonly used statistical tests (p-value > 0.
In particular, the observed maximal phosphate uptake determined from Figure  8  were 3. 2, 2. 8, and 0. 23 mg g -1 for laterite, sandstone and shale respectively. The uptake capacities of laterite and sandstone were higher than those reported for other natural materials such as bauxite (0. 6 mg g -1 )  (Drizo et al. , 1999) , limestone (0. 55 mg g -1 )  (Drizo et al. , 1999) , zeolite (0. 25 mg g -1 )  (Drizo et al. , 1999) , dolomite (0. 3 mg g -1 )  (Pant et al. , 2001)  and apatite (0. 41 mg g -1 )  (Bellier et al. 2006). Additionally, all these literature data were obtained at higher initial phosphate concentrations (40-150 mg L -1 ). The sorption capacity of shale was thus smaller than those of laterite and sandstone by more than a factor of 10. The common pseudofirst-order and pseudo-second order equations were used to modelize the experimental data using a linear fitting (eqs 3-4): Pseudo-first-order equation: 303.
e. V / VP of  17, even though the mean HRT of ~ 35 hours used for shale was much higher than the one used for sandstone and laterite. Therefore the column experiments confirmed that the capacity of shale to remove phosphate was the lowest as already observed in the batch experiments. The removal capacity at the breakthrough qbreak can be computed to be qbreak = 0. 17, 1. 23 and 1. 30 mg PO4 g -1 for shale, sandstone and laterite respectively. Calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions concentrations are displayed as a function of time (Fig. 12 ) The initial calcium (4. 9 and 9. 2 mg L -1 for laterite and sandstone, respectively), magnesium (1. 8 and 1 mg L -1 ), aluminum (not detected) and iron (not detected) concentrations in the outflow were in good agreement with the equilibrium data recorded at a pH of 5 in batch experiments.
For every selected patch, a cluster assignment is then performed to obtain its quality from a quality aware bag of visual words constructed using k-means clustering. An average pooling is nally employed to estimate the quality of the input document image. To evaluate the proposed method, a dataset composed of document images and three scene image datasets were considered for experimentation. The results obtained from the proposed method demonstrate the eectiveness of the proposed DIQA method. These achievements in applied computational intelligence, expert and decision support systems make a good foundation for creating practical tools to automate document image forgery detection, and archiving process.
Datasets and metrics of evaluation Four dierent datasets were used to assess the performance of the proposed BDIQA (MQAC) method in this research work. To the best of our knowledge, no document-oriented dataset considering human opinion scores as ground truth for quality assessment is available in the literature. 2012 );  Mittal et al. (2012 Mittal et al. ( , 2013)). To have better performance and eciency in any IQA method, PCC and SRC must be close to 1, whereas RMSE must be close to 0. We further measured and reported the time complexity of the proposed MQAC method.
Parameters of implementation There are ve parameters in the proposed method that may aect the nal DIQA results. The rst two parameters (s, T ) belong to the segmentation and patch selection strategy and the rest of the parameters (K, L, p) are related to the QAC method. To provide a clear view on the impacts of dierent parameters on the performance of the proposed method, we considered the ITESOFT dataset for the experimentation. The values of the parameters, which provide the best results, were further considered to compute the results on the other three datasets to show the generalization of our proposed metric.
Experimental results From the results (Table  2 , 3, 4 and 5) obtained from the proposed MQAC on the ITESOFT dataset, it can be observed that most of the results do not signicantly change when using dierent parameters for experimentation. To draw such a conclusion, statistical z-tests were carried out. We considered a null hypothesis of independence H0 between a given PCC score and the mean value over a set of PCC scores obtained with dierent parameters while assuming an admissible standard deviation of 0. 005 (a gap of 0. 5% to the mean). We computed, by means of a two-sided statistical hypothesis test, the probability (p-value) of getting a value of the statistic as extreme, or more extreme than observed by chance alone, if H0 is true. If a p-value is greater than 1. 95 (1. 95 can be found using a table of values from the Normal distribution for a risk of 5%), we can say that the hypothesis H0 of independence can be rejected with a risk of 5%.
Furthermore, the results reported in Table  5  demonstrate that comparative DIQA results can be achieved using other patch-sizes, such as 8 × 8, for image sampling. Particularly when the image sizes in the dataset are of small size (200 × 300), choosing a patch-size of 8 × 8 is recommended. As the ITESOFT dataset is composed of images with JPEG and JPEG2K distortions, the results of the proposed MQAC metric on each distortion are, furthermore, provided in Table  6. From Table  6  we noted that the proposed MQAC method performs better on the images including JPEG2K distortions, than the images including JPEG distortions. A pictorial demonstration of the results obtained from the proposed MQAC method on the ITESOFT dataset is shown in Fig. 4. From Fig. 4  it is clear that some points are diverging from the regression line.
Comparative analysis and discussion Since, the proposed MQAC method is a blind document image quality assessment metric, the results obtained from the proposed MQAC are compared to two state-of-the-art blind IQA methods. Four dierent datasets were used to have a variety of results in relation to document and scene images. The comparisons of results are tabulated in Table  7. The bold values indicate the best performances in each dataset. From Table  7 , it is evident that in terms of all the three criteria (RMSE, PCC and SRC), the proposed MQAC method outperformed the QAC  Xue et al. (2013)  method on all four datasets. The improvement of performance (an average of 10% increase in the evaluation metrics) in the ITESOFT dataset is signicant, as indicated in Table  7. This is because the proposed MQAC method mainly works on foreground information, which is well adapted to document images.
Furthermore, the proposed MQAC method provided better results on the seconds to predict image quality, whereas computation time of our proposed method was less than 3 seconds on average for each image. This makes our proposed method useful for practical use, especially in the context of document image processing where the sizes of images are quite large. It is also worth noting that the proposed method is independent of the training data, as the method uses a clustering technique to create the BoVWs from a totally separate dataset. Moreover, as the proposed method uses mostly foreground information to assess image quality, it is computationally fast compared to the state-of-the-art methods suitable for large size images. However, in the proposed method, the concept of BoVWs is used in the training phase that generally results in missing the spatial relationships (context information) among the patches.
Furthermore, in Fig. 6  the results of the proposed MQAC method and the other ones considered on the ITESOFT dataset are shown in terms of RMSE index (x-axis) and time (y-axis). The closer the point is to the plot's origin, the better is the method. From Fig. 6  it is noted that the best performance is obtained from the proposed MQAC method. Such a result makes our proposal suitable for expert information systems dealing with high resolution and large size documents. 4 Conclusions and Future Work the-art methods, as a small set of selected patches from each document image are used to predict document image quality. The results obtained from the proposed method reveal its suitability for expert systems embedded in mobile applications and applications dealing with large size images. In future, the use of dierent features for characterizing the selected patches as well as incorporating spatial relation between the patches can be considered as a direction for further research.
Mittal et al. (2013)et al. (2009)andCSIQ Larson & Chandler (2010)datasets compared to the NIQE methodMittal et al. (2013). However, the results on the LIVESheikh (2003)dataset indicate that the best accuracy was obtained by the NIQEMittal et al. (2013)method. The reason is that the NIQEMittal et al. (2013)was adapted on the LIVE dataset. On the ITESOFT dataset, the results obtained from the proposed method are better than the results obtained from the QAC methodXue et al. (2013). Competitive results were obtained from the proposed MQAC method compared to the NIQE methodMittal et al. (2013). However, the NIQE method Mittal et al. (2013) is quite expensive in terms of computation time as it took on average more than 8. 2.
An experimental study was performed on a Desktop PC having 4GB RAM and Intel Core 2 DUO CPU@3GHz using the ITESOFT dataset for experimentation. Average computation time obtained, employing dierent methods, are shown in Table8. As it is evident from Table8, our proposed MQAC method performs faster than the NIQEMittal et al. (2013)andQAC Xue et al. (2013)methods. It takes less than 1/2 of the time taken based on the QACXue et al. (2013)and approximately 1/3 of the time taken using the NIQEMittal et al. (2013)to compute image quality for an image from the ITESOFT dataset. The results and computation time for the QACXue et al. (2013)andNIEQ Mittal et al. (2013)were computed using the Matlab implementation of the methods available on the authors' webpage.
An experimental study was performed on a Desktop PC having 4GB RAM and Intel Core 2 DUO CPU@3GHz using the ITESOFT dataset for experimentation. Average computation time obtained, employing dierent methods, are shown in Table8. As it is evident from Table8, our proposed MQAC method performs faster than the NIQEMittal et al. (2013)andQAC Xue et al. (2013)methods. It takes less than 1/2 of the time taken based on the QACXue et al. (2013)and approximately 1/3 of the time taken using the NIQEMittal et al. (2013)to compute image quality for an image from the ITESOFT dataset. The results and computation time for the QACXue et al. (2013)andNIEQ Mittal et al. (2013)were computed using the Matlab implementation of the methods available on the authors' webpage. Dataset Method RMSE PCC SRC NIQE 10. 91 0.
The article begins by presenting the relevance of a sociological actor-centered approach to examine the national CSOs' bottom-up Europeanization(s) and by clarifying the chosen theoretical framework, namely the 'usages of Europe' and the distinctions and relations between 'transnationalisation' and 'Europeanization'. After introducing the case studies chosen, of a French CSO Amoureaux au Ban Public (ABP), which decided to join the ECB, and after detailing the methodologies used for data collection, the three views of Europe displayed by CSO members which emerged through analysis are presented. The second part of this article discusses the interaction between these individual views of Europe and organisational consensus building dynamics and decisions. It is also shown how this nationally rooted interplay between individual and organisational dynamics is replicated in the European network decision-making process.
Yet to understand deeply the national CSOs' positioning logic, it was essential to explore thoroughly members' motives towards Europe, their views of Europe and the consequent CSO collective decisions. It was not possible to understand fully the dynamics and the logics behind these processes 'without actually being there and being involved'  (Majic 2017: 104)  to witness contextualised member interactions. As this article focuses on ABP and ECB perspectives, the following boxes briefly present these case studies, then the section goes on to clarify the methodologies employed for data collection and analysis.
Furthermore, the author took the opportunity to participate with other two ABP members in ECB annual meetings and to follow the regular exchanges with the network. Such a socio-anthropological approach has permitted very fruitful observation 'from the inside' of micro-interactions between several CSO members from several EU states, avoiding the modification of dynamics through a presence as external observer, but instead 'experienc[ing] and observ[ing] their own and others' coparticipation within the ethnographic encounter'  (Tedlock 1991: 69). A distance from the field was taken during data analysis in acknowledgement of the tension between the two roles, activist and academic, and the theme of role expectations and conflicts properly considered  (Heyman 2011). A data-driven thematic analysis  (Braun and Clark 2006)  of the in-depth interviews identified three main views of Europe among ABP members related to their roles and characteristics.
THE THREE VIEWS OF EUROPE IN THE ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF AND AGAINST GOING EUROPEAN From data analysis, three views of Europe have been identified that mark individual attitudes in ABP towards joining the European network ECB and going European: (i) instrumental; (ii) pro-European; and (iii) Euro-sceptical. These terms, and the logics behind them, are based on the theoretical frame previously explained: (i) the legitimating 'usages' of Europe; (ii) the affective perception of Europe based on European belonging; and (iii) on national attachment. In the next three subsections, the features of these three views are presented through some illustrative quotes drawn from the indepth interviews and confirmed by participant observations. Subsequently, the following section shows the connection between such individual views and organisational dynamics, as national CSOs, even while considering individual members' wills and opinions, have to reach a coherent, collective decision about Europe.
Having a sort of database with organisational aims, people, funding, and actions is a powerful tool to start this process. Thus, the Spanish CSO, which joined the ECB in 2012, regularly promoted the enhancement of data collection on binational couples and their children to ameliorate the situation of these individuals in Spain. A favourable view of Europe was also recurrently observed relative to generation and experience. The younger ECB newcomers want to 'embark on the European road', as in the case of Nora, a 30-year-old member of the Danish CSO, who was convinced that 'only learning European advocacy mechanism can help to improve the campaigns to defend the rights of binational couples in Europe, but also in Denmark'. Instead, some older members were more sceptical about EU opportunities, even if they still believed that intra-European collaborative activities and information sharing were essential.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank  Rosa Sanchez Salgado  and  Andrey Demidov  for their support and guidance, the two anonymous reviewers for their reviews and the members of the organisations whose narratives and experiences informed this article. Special thanks are due to  Anna Ritchie  for her English proofreading. This work has been produced within the Framework of the  Unit of Excellence LabexMed -Social Sciences and Humanities  at the heart of multidisciplinary research for the Mediterranean which hold the following reference  10-LABX-0090. This work has been carried out thanks to the support of the A* MIDEX  project (n°ANR- 11-IDEX-0001-02 ) funded by the  'Investissement d'Avenir' French Government  programme managed by the  French National Research.