dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
SAmPAP uptake from water was therefore considered a negligible uptake route in comparison to dietary uptake. Assimilation efficiency, depuration rate constant, and biomagnification factors for SAmPAP were therefore calculated using the concentration data from the dosed group. 3. 2. 3. SAmPAP Uptake. During the exposure phase, fish from the dosed group received ≈24 ng of SAmPAP/g of fish, although some fish may have been feeding above or below the feeding rate (1. 5%), as evidenced by the low coefficient of determination (r2 = 0. 4) for the exponential growth model. SAmPAP was detected in the serum and liver samples of the dosed group within 1 day of exposure and in the muscle within 3 days of exposure (Figure  2 ). SAmPAP concentrations increased in the muscle, liver, and serum (p < 0. 05) throughout the exposure phase.
Further observations on the transformation pathway, bioaccumulation, and elimination of SAmPAP metabolites were carried out from data obtained from the dosed group, as fish from the control group were only sampled at the end of the exposure phase and at the end of the depuration phase (Figure  1 ). 3. 3. 3. Metabolites Uptake from Water and Transformation Pathways of SAmPAP. Significant trends of greater concentrations of all metabolites except FOSAA as a function of exposure duration were observed in the muscle, liver and serum (Figure  2 ). This is consistent with a gradual transformation of SAmPAP to the more stable terminal product PFOS in the test tanks. The last compound to appear was PFOS at day 28, indicating that multiple transformations steps are necessary for its production. Proposed biotransformation pathways for SAmPAP to PFOS in fish are presented in the SI (Figure  S1 ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge  Holly Lee  and  Scott Mabury  ( Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto ), for donating the technical-grade SAmPAP and for insightful input in the planning of this study, and  Alain Iuretig  and  Yannick Ledore  ( UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Universite de Lorraine/INRA ), for their assistance during the fish experiment. The present study is supported by the  Agence de l'Eau Rhin-Meuse , the  Conseil Général de Moselle , the  Région Lorraine  and the  Zone Moselle.
3 ), with two formations (En Nesoar and Touirist formations) chronostratigraphically constrained by  Rooney et al. (2010)  (Fig. 2  and section 3). A total of 166 samples (S2 = 143, S3 = 5 and S4 = 18) were analyzed for micropalaeontology. Kerogen extraction (acritarchs, other acid-insoluble microfossils and organic remains) from rock samples followed the preparation procedure described by  Grey (1999) , avoiding centrifugation or mechanical shocks that could damage fragile fossilized forms and oxidation that could alter kerogenous wall chemistry and color. Palynological slides were scanned under 100, 200, 400, and 1000× magnification with a transmitted light microscope (Carl Zeiss Primo Star). Each specimen illustrated here was localized with coordinates using an England Finder graticule (Pyser-SGI), imaged with a digital camera Carl Zeiss Axiocam MRc5 on a transmitted light microscope (Carl Zeiss Axio Imager A1m), and measured using eyepiece graticule or the software AxioVision.
Acknowledgements Research support from  BELSPO IAP PLANET TOPERS  to  J. Beghin  (PhD scholarship) and  E. J. Javaux  (PI), and  ERC Stg ELiTE  to  J. -Y. Storme  (postdoc fellowship) and  E. J. Javaux  ( PI ) are gratefully acknowledged. J. J. Brocks  acknowledges support from the  Australian Research Council  ( DP1095247 ). We thank TOTAL S. A. and  Jean-Pierre Houzay  for access to cores for sampling,  M. Giraldo  ( ULg ) for sample preparation, and three anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that considerably help to improve the manuscript.
Moreover this registration issue could be extended to most of 2D/3D multimodal approaches dealing with cumulated multi-sensors, multi-dimensions, multi-spectral and multi-temporal studies, currently explored by several CH oriented research projects; COSCH  (Boochs et al. , 2014) , Scan4Reco  (Dimitriou et al. , 2016) , FIATLUX  (Pamart et al. , 2016). Hence other interesting works transposed the state of the art in image fusion from other domains like medical imaging and remote-sensing  (Verhoeven et al. , 2016 , Lanaras et al. , 2014). However it remains an important gap in high-resolution/accuracy registration of 2D/3D data in a multispectral context where some recent works achieved promising results but still using constraining hardware/software requirement  (Simon et al. , 2010 , Chane et al.
Obviously data acquisition are performed in RAW file format which keeps color information for later processing to a specific color space. The images will be post-processed to correct colors and tonal responses for archiving and afterward enabling comparisons within the CICRP documentation database. Furthermore, in a RAW file, the color space is just a meta data from the shooting, and does not limit its potential in any way. However, archiving RAW must be thought with a concern of recording the process and the tools used for RAW processing as applied algorithms change during time and software, the comparison with older acquisition campaigns may be difficult  (Verhoeven, 2005). Furthermore, archiving RAW files open up to future processing possibilities with new and more efficient tools for better photogrammetric results.
Setup : The data acquisition is operated as follows, the structure is set according the GSD planning using laser meter for the parallaxes of the traveling rail and digital level for the coplanarity of the structure to the painted surface. For VIS/RAK and IR acquisition, a lighting system composed of studio flash light and umbrellas (ELINCHROM kit Ranger RX Speed AS) is disposed to obtain a diffuse and homogeneous render on the area to acquire. Flashes are radio controlled and their power is set to discard any effect of the ambient light. The system is powered by batteries to be fully autonomous according electric supply conditions of data acquisition sites. Colorimetric calibration is done using a color checker in a preliminary picture for each spectral acquisition. Contrarily to VIS and IR there is not official standardized reference exist yet for UV calibration even if an aid for color balancing can be done using the AIC PhD target completed with known samples of emitters activated under UV radiation  (Cosentino, 2015).
Shooting : Multi-spectral acquisitions could be done simultaneously (VIS/IR) or sequentially (VIS,RAK,UVf) following the protocol fastly and straightforwardly displacing the structure along the millimetered traveling rail defining the X axis, then rising the cameras plate along the Y axis. This acquisition system allows to reproduce quite precisely, with a different technique, the matrix protocol extracted from the GSD calculation according to a predefined photogrammetric overlap and baseline. It also has the advantage that a protocol could be repeated at a different time range to create multi-temporal data set for comparison and assessment of degradation or restoration process  (Peteler et al. , 2015). The visible light (VIS) from 380nm to 780nm is acquired with a non-modified camera with the same lighting equipment used for RAK and IR.
Data Processing Multispectral photography implies getting information in different part of the EM thus some pre-processing stages are necessary but not detailed below. Some of the TP acquisitions have been implemented so far on different case-studies: VIS, RAK, IR, UVf. Other like IRf and UVr will be added further to complete this multiband photogrammetric documentation using the work flow described in Fig. 8  below. From a technical point of view, the whole pipeline is operated thanks to the flexible and open-source photogrammetric tool chain Pastis-Apero-MicMac  (Deseilligny and Clery, 2011). This software solution appears to be the most relevant choice to fit and optimize data processing with the peculiar hardware used for data acquisition. Moreover it is giving enough degrees of freedom and advanced parametrization to make possible this multispectral CRP-based data registration in an automated way.
Raw data are batched to fit precisely color space, white balance and exposure with minimal modifications and exported in Tiff file format without compression for an optimum image quality. As data have been acquired using a strict parallel axis acquisition protocol (i. e. without oblique images) self-calibration using those data should be avoided. The geometrical calibration of cameras is done using an initial calibration data set taken in-situ for each sensor and fixed settings (aperture, focus, distance). The demanding Fraser photogrammetric camera calibration model is used to ensure the lowest error of reprojection (i. e. below the 1 pixel or less)(Fig. 8 [B2-B3-B4]).
Geomorphological mapping, glacier reconstruction, ice volume, ice thickness and ELA calculations Geomorphological maps were generated at a scale of 1:1000 using an ArcGIS 10. 3 (ESRI) database based on previous photointerpretations of stereoscopic aerial photograms, and field observations geo-referenced using GPS measurements. Special attention was paid to glacial landforms and debris-covered glacier features. The glacier palaeosurface was contoured following standard procedures using a hand-drawing cartographical approach  (Sissons, 1974; Pellitero et al. , 2015) , taking into account glacier dynamics determined from geomorphological evidence, including lateral or terminal moraines and ice-molding. The contours were adjusted to resemble the typical concave and convex surfaces above and below the ELA.
, 2010; Korschinek et al. , 2010). We used the online CRONUS-EARTH (Version 2. 2) calculator to calculate the 10 Be ages  (Balco et al. , 2008) , based on the timedependent (Lm) scaling method of Lal (1991) and a sea level/high latitude production rate for spallation of 3. 87 ± 0. 19 atoms g À1 yr À1 , implemented in the Northeastern North America (NENA) calibration dataset  (Balco et al. , 2009). A rock density of 2. 7 g cm À3 and standard atmospheric pressure were assumed for all samples. An updated version of the CRONUS-EARTH online calculator (Version 2. 3) has recently been released, and application of this new calculator results in ages that are younger by 3%. Nevertheless, the following text is based on the results from the Version 2. 2 in order to be able of establishing comparisons with those of the nearby areas, not obtained from the latest version.
Acknowledgements Support for this research was provided by the projects ESPAS ( CGL2015-65569-R ) ( MINECO/FEDER) ,  MOUNTAIN WARMING  ( CGL2015-65813-R)  ( Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness). The study was assisted by the  High Mountain Physical Geography research group  ( Complutense University of Madrid ) and the research group on Geomorphology and  Global Change , which is supported by the  Arag on Government  and the  European Social Fund. The 10 Be measurements were performed at the  ASTER AMS national facility  ( CEREGE, Aix en Provence, France ), which is supported by the  INSU, CNRS  and the  ANR  through the  "Projets th ematiques d'excellence" program for the "Equipements d'excellence" ASTER-CEREGE action  and  IRD. Jos e M. Fern andez-Fern andez received a grant from the  FPU programme  ( FPU14/0650 ) ( Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport).
Coral Data From the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries We have doubled the number of sites with coral observations dating to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, adding nine new sites to the 10 previously presented by  Sieh et al. [2008]  (Figure  2 ). We also collected complete coral slices at two of the old sites, Pulau (P. ) Pecah Belah B and P. Kumbang, where the record previously consisted only of lone dates obtained from small chiseled samples. (The chiseled samples were originally analyzed by  Zachariasen [1998]  and later mislocated by  Sieh et al. [2008]  on nearby P. Taitanopo and P. Siatanusa. ) This greatly expanded data set provides reasonably good coverage of all the Mentawai Islands and reveals a more complex rupture sequence that contrasts with the simpler sequence inferred by Sieh et al.
1658 and 1703 The final events in the series were clearly much larger than their predecessors, completely killing reefs over significant areas. Reefs throughout Siberut were killed in 1658, and the paucity of data in that area dating to the following 1700s-1800s supercycle [see  Philibosian et al. , 2014]  makes it impossible to estimate the total uplift by projecting interseismic rates backward in time. However, uplift decreased to the southeast across Sipora and clearly terminated between Sipora and the Pagai Islands. Uplift in 1703 was likely even larger, killing reefs throughout the Pagai Islands and Sipora. All of the total uplift measurements for 1703 are estimated by projecting interseismic deformation rates backward in time from the middle to late 1700s.
Simplified "sawtooth curves" for all sites that have coral HLS elevation data in the 1600s are compiled in Figure  20. Records from the 1300s are included where available. These HLS records are shown by solid lines where constrained by coral at that site, and by dashed lines where inferred (gaps are filled by extrapolating known interseismic deformation rates and/or comparing with data from nearby sites). The records from Siberut, northernmost Sipora, and Sanding Island do not show significant evidence for long-term deformation (microatolls that died in the 1600s are found at similar elevations to modern microatolls). Most of the records from the rest of Sipora and the Pagai Islands (the central Mentawais) are at least roughly consistent with long-term uplift at rates between 1. 4 and 2. 8 mm/yr, and thin brown lines illustrating these potential trends have been added to those records.
Acknowledgments All data used in this paper are included in the main text or supporting information. This project was supported by  National Science Foundation  grants  0208508 ,  0530899 ,  0538333 , and  0809223  to K. S. ; by  Sumatran Paleoseismology  grant  M58B50074. 706022 ;by the  National Research Foundation Singapore  and the  Singapore Ministry of Education  under the  Research Centres of Excellence initiative  through the  Earth Observatory of Singapore ; by the  Research Center for Geotechnology at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) ; by the  Caltech Tectonics Observatory ; and by the  Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Also, the  Japanese documentary agency NHK  funded a special one-week final field expedition in 2012. U-Th dating was supported by the  Taiwan ROC MOST  and  NTU  grants  104-2119-M-002-003 ,  105-2119-M-002-001 , and  105R7625  to C.
Collectively, these lines of evidence suggest that the volcanic glass beads have lunar condensate, as well as impactor materials, on their surfaces. The new data for Rusty Rock 66095 indicates that such material was added during fire fountaining, or after the formation of the glass bead deposits. Modeling between a mare basalt source and a 66095 condensate deposit (Fig. 3 ) suggests high Zn concentrations on the glass bead surfaces, consistent with observations  (4, 17). That 74220 also contains large (>300 μm) olivine grains with melt inclusions containing high OH (up to 1,400 μg•g -1 ), F, Cl, C, and S contents, and nearly chondritic D/H ratios  (13, 14, 35)  indicates regions of the Moon's interior may be relatively volatile-rich compared with the source of mare basalts, HMS and alkali-suite rocks, and FANs.
5% and 6%, 1. 5% and 13%, 0. 2% and 1. 7%, and 0. 2% and 2. 1% of total measured Re, Pd, Pt, Ru, Ir, and Os, respectively. Detailed methods and all data associated with this work are archived in the SI Appendix accompanying this article. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Two anonymous reviewers and Erik Hauri are thanked for their constructive comments of this work. We thank the NASA curation staff and the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials for samples. This work was supported by the NASA Emerging Worlds program (Award NNX15AL74G) and an Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Visiting Professor position (J. M. D. D. ). F. M. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the H2020 framework program/ERC Grant Agreement 637503 (Pristine), as well as financial support from the UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cité (Awards ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02), and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche through a chaire d'excellence Sorbonne Paris Cité.
This study is supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology to National Central University, MOST 104-2628-M-008-001, as well as by International Team of "Ionospheric Space Weather Studied by RO and Ground-based GPS TEC Observations" selected by ISSI-Bern in 2016. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Common Data Service Platform of Atmospheric Science Data in Taiwan -Taiwan Space Science Database for publishing ROCSAT/IPEI data (http://sdbweb. ss. ncu. edu. tw/.
At high winds (up to 35 m/s), Quilfen et al. [22]  empirically derived an inverse relationship between the sea surface roughness and altimeter backscatter. However, at wind speeds exceeding 35 m/s, the collocated data are too sparse to analyze the σ 0 characteristics with statistical confidence. The paper collocates the NRCS from the precipitation radar (PR) of the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) and the Jason-1 and 2 altimeter observations, and the stepped-frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) wind speed measurements up to 70 m/s. Subsequently, we derive a new NRCS dependence on wind speed at small incidence angles. Section 2 introduces the datasets, and Section 3 presents the data acquisition methodology. Then Section 4 gives results of relatively common moderately intense wind conditions and the newly proposed NRCS characteristic.
Dataset To acquire the NRCS at extremely high wind conditions, NRCS data at low incidence angles were collected from the standard products 2A21 (version-7) of PR and the geophysical data record (GDR) of Jason-1 and 2. The wind speeds were obtained from the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hurricane Research Division (HRD) SFMR along-track measurements in hurricanes. The datasets are summarized and analyzed as follows.
Methodology 152 hurricanes observations were collected from the TRMM PR between 2008 and 2013, which were collocated with SFMR measurements. The temporal and spatial intervals for collocations were 30 min and 50 km, respectively. For each collocated data pair (denoting 1 s of SFMR data and one incidence angle of PR), the wind speed and rain rate from SFMR and the NRCS from the PR were recorded. The collocated dataset contains 29,798,600 points, of which 87. 22% and 58. 11% are below 5 mm/h and 2 mm/h, respectively. Only 140,795 points correspond to wind speeds above 40 m/s. The distribution of the wind speeds between 40 m/s and 70 m/s is shown in Figure  1. The numbers in each of the wind speed bin do not have large discrepancies among one another. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 474 3 of 14.
Methodology 152 hurricanes observations were collected from the TRMM PR between 2008 and 2013, which were collocated with SFMR measurements. The temporal and spatial intervals for collocations were 30 min and 50 km, respectively. For each collocated data pair (denoting 1 s of SFMR data and one incidence angle of PR), the wind speed and rain rate from SFMR and the NRCS from the PR were recorded. The collocated dataset contains 29,798,600 points, of which 87. 22% and 58. 11% are below 5 mm/h and 2 mm/h, respectively. Only 140,795 points correspond to wind speeds above 40 m/s. The distribution of the wind speeds between 40 m/s and 70 m/s is shown in Figure  1. The numbers in each of the wind speed bin do not have large discrepancies among one another. Typically, strong winds in intense storms bring intense rainfall.
Alternatively, the discrepancy could arise from the different wind speed measurement accuracies of SFMR and buoys. Here, the small discrepancies can be neglected. The NRCS becomes independent of wind speed at approximately 12 • incidence angle, slightly larger than reported 10 • in previous studies  [32]. Figure  5  shows the dependence of NRCS on wind speed, analyzed with the same dataset as Figure  4. The NRCSs destabilize at near-nadir angles (as evidenced from the STDs in Figure  2b ), and the discrepancy increases at 18 •. However, the differences between the measured NRCSs and those simulated with the geometrical optics model  [25]  are less than 1 dB. Therefore, the results are considered to be consistent (given the 1 dB uncertainty in PR)  [24]. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 474 7 of 14 limited number of wind speeds above 15 m/s, and may not be sufficiently accurate under high wind conditions.
Alternatively, the discrepancy could arise from the different wind speed measurement accuracies of SFMR and buoys. Here, the small discrepancies can be neglected. The NRCS becomes independent of wind speed at approximately 12° incidence angle, slightly larger than reported 10° in previous studies  [32]. Figure  5  shows the dependence of NRCS on wind speed, analyzed with the same dataset as Figure  4. The NRCSs destabilize at near-nadir angles (as evidenced from the STDs in Figure  2b ), and the discrepancy increases at 18°. However, the differences between the measured NRCSs and those simulated with the geometrical optics model  [25]  are less than 1 dB. Therefore, the results are considered to be consistent (given the 1 dB uncertainty in PR)  [24]. In summary, the NRCS values collocated from PR in the present study display the expected dependences on incidence angle and wind speed in moderate wind conditions.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported in part by the  National Key Research and Development Program of China  under Grant  2016YFC1401005  and  2016YFC1401001 , in part by the  National Science Foundation of China for Outstanding Young Scientist  under Grant  41622604 , in part by the  National Science Foundation of China  under Grant  41476158 , in part by the  Excellent Youth Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province  under Grant  BK20160090 , in part by the  Startup for Introducing Talent of NUIST , and the  CFOSAT  project. We would also like to acknowledge the  Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC)  for the straightforward and rapid electronic access to the TRMM PR data, Jason-1 and 2 data from AVISO website and  HRD ,  NOAA  for the SFMR data. Canadian Space Agency program DUAP  contributed to the support of  W.
First low-frequency Einstein@Home all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves in Advanced LIGO data The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and The Virgo Collaboration et al. We report results of a deep all-sky search for periodic gravitational waves from isolated neutron stars in data from the first Advanced LIGO observing run. This search investigates the low frequency range of Advanced LIGO data, between 20 and 100 Hz, much of which was not explored in initial LIGO. The search was made possible by the computing power provided by the volunteers of the Einstein@Home project. We find no significant signal candidate and set the most stringent upper limits to date on the amplitude of gravitational wave signals from the target population, corresponding to a sensitivity depth of 48. 7 [1/ √ Hz].