dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The main objective of this study was to highlight the potential for and limitations to offshore Pacific oyster cultivation on the French Atlantic coast, and to proceed to optimal site selection using a variety of data sources. We investigated whether there is sufficient suitable space available to grow oysters in the offshore environment using low-cost bottom cages, given the various spatial constraints and growth conditions. Data from an experimental offshore site were compared with those from an intertidal site currently exploited for the oyster cultivation, and were used to calibrate ecophysiological growth modelling, using satellite remote sensing data as input. Oyster spat growth was then mapped for an area characterized by highly variable turbidity and food (i. e. , phytoplankton) availability.
(2016). All parameter values except the Chl-a and SPM half saturation coefficients (Xk and Xk y respectively) were based on the studies performed by  Bernard et al. (2011) , which refined the processes of energy allocation to gametogenesis and resorption, and by  Thomas et al. (2016) , which introduced SPM as a forcing variable in order to take the influence of high SPM concentrations on the ingestion function into account. Here, the values of Xk and Xk y were calibrated using the in situ offshore oyster growth data described in Section 2. 2. The agreement between field observations and DEB model simulations was quantified with the coefficient of determination of the linear regression between the two and the root mean square error (RMSE). The forcing variables used to simulate oyster growth using the DEB model were obtained from a 16-year (1998-2013) archive of satellite remote sensing data.
Suitability criteria and spatial multi-criteria evaluation Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) is a hierarchical process commonly used in spatial planning and management, notably for aquaculture site selection  (Brigolin et al. , 2015 (Brigolin et al. , , 2017;; Falconer et al. , 2016; Longdill et al. , 2008; Radiarta et al. , 2008). SMCE aims to first identify areas within which aquaculture would not be feasible at all, excluding those areas within which precluding conflicts exist, and to subsequently identify optimal areas where aquaculture would be feasible using a suitability index. In this study, 23 spatialized suitability criteria were inventoried in the offshore region of Bourgneuf Bay, within 20 nautical miles of the coast. In accordance with  Brigolin et al. (2017) , the SMCE was carried out in three steps: (1) all data were scaled to a common spatial grid and values were normalized for each criterion; (2) each criterion was weighted through the application of coefficients; and (3) all   2017 ), the criteria database was organized into macro-categories, referred to as Intermediate Level Criteria (ILC; Fig.
The data were obtained from national and regional datasets from public institutes (IFREMER, DREAL, SHOM) or professional organizations (Shellfish producers (SPRC), fisherman (RFMA) see Glossary in S2 for acronyms). They were standardized in Boolean format, with 1 indicating a location where it would be possible to develop offshore aquaculture (i. e. , all aforementioned requirements were met and no constraints were encountered) and 0 where aquaculture would not be possible (i. e. , at least one of the requirements was not met or at least one constraint was encountered). Within the areas where aquaculture was found to be feasible, a suitability index was calculated based on socio-economic variables (SE), optimal growth (OG), and environmental criteria (E). SE variables are the presence of a military zone, for which licensing of leasing grounds is partially restricted, the existence of underwater pipes or cables, which are favorable to potential aquaculture, since no fishing activity takes place at these locations, the occurrence of fishing activity (i.
e. , bottom trawling, pelagic trawling, or net fishing), and touristic use. OG data refers to the mean annual oyster growth obtained through DEB modelling, and its interannual variation, as described above. Faster mean growth is obviously favorable, whereas lower interannual variability is sought, so as to reduce economic uncertainty for farmers. As temperature, Chl-a, and SPM concentrations have been integrated as input into the growth model, they are therefore not considered separately as has been done elsewhere (e. g. ,  Brigolin et al. , 2017). The environment criteria were bottom and surface currents, protected Natura2000 areas, bottom type (i. e. , rocks, mud, sand, or pebbles), and the presence of sole nurseries. All vector and raster data were spatially standardized to a uniform ~1 km × 1 km grid, corresponding to the highest spatial resolution of the satellite data used as input into DEB oyster growth modelling.
Spatiotemporal resolution of mapped oyster growth Along the European Atlantic coast, conditions in the nearshore environment can be highly variable in space and time, due to the combined effects of coastal geomorphology, tides, and river run-off. Since spatiotemporal variability in the environmental variables considered was expected, time series satellite remote sensing data was used to capture the main patterns of food, turbidity and temperature. Earth Observation products are increasingly used at various spatial resolutions to support the development of shellfish aquaculture  (Dean and Salim, 2013; Gernez et al. , 2017; Saitoh et al. , 2011; Snyder et al. , 2017). For the 5000 km 2 study area, a 1 km 2 spatial resolution was appropriate to describe the broad offshore spatial patterns and to set up the SMCE.
In the present study, Chl-a and SPM were retrieved using the OC5 algorithm  (Gohin et al. , 2005) , which was specifically developed and validated for the European Atlantic coastal waters  (Gohin, 2011; Tilstone et al. , 2017). The MERIS archive would also approximately cover the period considered in this study  (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) (2013) , spanning from 2002 to 2012, thereby permitting complementarity. In this work, we used a daily dataset from merged ocean colour products  (Saulquin et al. , 2011) , but weekly data may have been sufficient to describe the seasonal variations. In the European temperate zone, seasonal maps would also be useful products. The growth model was run every year of the 16 year input time-series and the interannual variability was integrated for each individual oyster growth simulation as the calculated mean and CV.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge financial support from the  EU   H2020  project,  TAPAS (Tools for Assessment and Planning of Aquaculture Sustainability ), funded by the  EU   H2020 research and innovation program  under Grant Agreement No  678396. We are grateful to oyster producers  Florence Buzin  and  Richard Chaigneau from the company Benth'Ostrea , and  David Lecossois  from the company "L'huîtrière de Vendée", as well as to  Laurent Champeau , director of the  Shellfish Production Regional Committee of Marennes-Oléron , for helpful discussions about offshore aquaculture. We would like to thank  Marc-Antoine Gresset  and  Mickael Hamonic  from the  DDTM (State Directory of Land and Sea)  who helped us to synthetize the administrative process to install an experimental offshore farm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study investigated parents' knowledge and attitudes regarding the emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth in children using convenience sampling. Participants were recruited from six different dental clinics in Makkah and Jeddah cities, including King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Alfarabi Private College, Umm Al-Qura Dental Hospital, Kind Faisal Hospital, Alkaakih primary healthcare center, and Al-Hayat Medical Center. Data were collected during December 2019. Inclusion criteria included parents who were over 18 years old. The exclusion criteria included parents whose children lived with others, non-Arabic speakers, and participants who did not sign the consent form. The sample size was calculated with a confidence level of 90%, an estimated prevalence of 50%, and a 5% level of precision, yielding a minimum sample size of 271.
However, to overcome the expected non-response rate, 420 individuals were invited to participate in this study. After signing the consent form, participants answered the study's self-administered hard copy questionnaire, which took from 4 to 6 minutes. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time. The questionnaire was distributed face-to-face to the participants during their free time while they were waiting at the dental clinic. All data were kept anonymous, and any recognizable data were discarded. The questionnaire was derived from those used in multiple previous studies  [4, 11, 13, 22] , with modifications. The modifications in the layout and repeated questions from different articles were removed. The questionnaire is shown in Appendix A. It is composed of 19 questions allocated in three parts.
The experts intend for this minimal core set to be adopted in future studies while acknowledging that in addition, RCTs or other trials will collect data on extra variables, depending on the specific area of focus. As such, the current initiative, called OBEDIS (OBEsity Diverse Interventions Sharing -focusing on dietary and other interventions) and funded by the Joint Programming Initiative -A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life (JPI HDHL), was created to provide the research community with a blueprint for designing future RCTs in order to allow the sharing and merging of datasets, and to enable meaningful subgroup analyses. To achieve this, the OBEDIS experts surveyed the scientific literature, especially the published work on stratifying populations of individuals with obesity. They shared their expert opinions on a recommended minimal core set of variables to be included in all future trials of adult obesity interventions and sought to reach consensus on both these variables and the related assessment methods.
Basic Background Information Minimal core set recommended variables: • Number of years of education and country Both education and other measures of socioeconomic status, such as income, may modify intervention outcomes for certain kinds of obesity interventions. Variations across education level were observed for the outcome suicide and self-harm when comparing a dietary/lifestyle modification program and bariatric surgery  [12] ; a similar pattern was found for the outcome of sleep medication use  [13]. In higher-income countries, an inverse association tends to exist between educational attainment and obesity  [14]. Number of years of education is widely used for assessing patient educational attainment  [15]  and is recommended in this context. While this measure does not allow complete comparability of data between countries, the minimal core dataset would ideally specify the country along with the number of years of education.
Current evidence indicates that PA, at levels that are feasible to perform in subjects with overweight or obesity, only results in modest weight loss  [52]. SB is defined as any waking behavior characterized by an EE equal to or lower than 1. 5 metabolic equivalent tasks (or MET, with 1 MET representing EE by a subject at rest, sitting); this includes behaviors carried out while sitting, reclining, or lying  [55]. Independent of PA levels, SB is associated with a higher risk of cardiometabolic disease and other complications. Decreasing SB is promoted in parallel with interventions that aim to increase habitual PA  [55]. The OBEDIS group agrees on the importance of including both objective and subjective measures of PA and SB in each clinical trial. Objective data on both of these can be gathered most commonly using an accelerometer -a type of movement sensor that is feasibly used in large-scale studies to quantify PA intensity and duration as well as SB duration, including breaks in sedentary time, with minimal inconvenience to the participant.
The group recommends this method while noting several limitations: when worn on the hip, accelerometers typically miss upper body movement; neither do they provide data on body posture nor data in cycling or aquatic activities  [56]. The required accelerometer data comprises PA level as well as week day time in SB and weekend day time in SB. A subjective measure of PA and SB is also needed to add important information, such as the specific types of activities performed, the perceived level of exertion during exercise, and additional information about the context (place, time) of the PA. For these purposes, the group put forward a short questionnaire called the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire. This widely used instrument is available in multiple languages and has ten questions that focus on moderate-to-vigorous PA, ranging from common activities such as stair climbing and walking to specific leisure activities  [57].
A lesser degree of chronodisruption called "social jetlag," however, can result from social activities and has been associated with an increased BMI  [72]. Given these data, the OBEDIS group recommends systematically recording whether individuals work on atypical schedules (specifically: the presence of night shift work and permanent night work), and whether they experience social jetlag. Although the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) is sometimes used for these purposes, the OBEDIS group recommends a shorter custom assessment (see supplementary material) for patients to self-administer. Quantitative sleep data acquired from an accelerometer may be used (as part of the expanded set) in trials where resources allow. Prolonged wakefulness and sleep deprivation are hallmarks of modern lifestyles.
Across cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, individuals' sleep duration shows a somewhat in consistent pattern of association with obesity  [73]. Experimental data suggest that sleep restriction increases food intake and alters EE  [74]. The OBEDIS group advocates for a basic assessment of sleep duration in the minimal core set. Specific questionnaires exist that capture various dimensions of sleep, including sleep duration, but many are subject to copyright restrictions and/or lack validated translations into different languages. For assessing sleep duration, the OBEDIS group recommends a custom, self-administered questionnaire (shown below). In individuals with obesity, disordered breathing during sleep is prevalent. Well-documented is the idea that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) overlaps with obesity-related risks  [75]  and impacts metabolic risk  [76].
But because DXA is validated for those with obesity, it is the OBEDIS group's recommendation. The use of DXA, a method that requires specialized equipment, is an exception to the general principle of simplicity in the OBEDIS minimal core set, but the group agrees that the potential predictive value of DXA-generated data is sufficiently great to enable rapid progress in the field. In cases where trial limitations in budget, equipment, or expertise render it impossible to incorporate DXA, the group recommends BIA or plethysmography as an alternative to measuring fat mass and fat-free mass. Overall, the expert group concurs that the field needs more research and development on easy and inexpensive tools for precise measurements of body composition. Energy balance in obesity may be important for prediction of intervention outcomes  [106].
Other Long-Term Obesity Complications: Osteoarthritis and Cancer Minimal core set recommended variables: • QoL: EQ-5D-5L Expanded set recommended variables: • Pain-related physical functioning: WOMAC VA 3. 0 Over the long term, besides the significantly increased risk of CVD and T2D, obesity confers an increased risk for several other conditions: major medical complications (cancer), and functional complications (arthrosis). Data on these conditions are part of a comprehensive assessment of the obesity phenotype. Obesity increases the risk for osteoarthritis, a degenerative condition of joint pain and dysfunction  [145]. The presence of this condition is normally assessed through specific selfadministered validated osteoarthritis questionnaires. But (pain-related) physical functioning is the most important factor related to osteoarthritis that may change with an intervention  [146] , and the OBEDIS group decided this factor is adequately assessed by an overall QoL questionnaire.
The OBEDIS group sees the ability to pool datasets and compare very large numbers of trial participants as key to the advancement of "precision" or "personalized" medicine. In the future, when a clinician encounters a newly referred adult patient with obesity, he or she will be able to group the patient according to baseline characteristics and suggest a tailored intervention plan, backed by robust data. The OBEDIS workshop and the resulting guidelines, achieved only through the support of EASO, represent an historic collaboration in the field of obesity in Europe. The experts welcome feedback that will help these measures to be widely adopted throughout the field.
Acknowledging that Pynchon is often lumped together with other white male peers such as Barth, Gaddis, DeLillo or Wallace, the introduction sets out to open a discussion of Pynchon's novels in which sex and gender are not "isolated" themes but "dynamic determinants of his complex constructive commitments" (xi/xii). Including a compelling bird's-eye survey of the different directions Pynchon gender criticism has taken over the past forty years, the introduction warns against the dangers of periodizing or canonizing a body of work as a postmodern monolithic block incapable of moving; likewise, in its search for variables and constants in Pynchon's attitude towards the broader question of gendered power dynamics, it also warns against the pitfalls of seeking singular turning points in attitude within Pynchon's writing career.
"'This Set of Holes, Pleasantly Framed': Pynchon the Competent Pornographer and the Female Conduit" inaugurates the third section of the collection, which focuses on the conflation of sex and violence in Pynchon's fiction. Concerned like Moss with the evolution of pornographic mediums, Simon Cook makes a solid case regarding Pynchon's anachronistic representation of porno tropes in Gravity's Rainbow, Vineland and Against the Day. Cook browses the writer's database of pornography in order to give a twist to Brian McHale's argument that the novelist appropriates popular genres from the time frame in which his novels are set, contending that Pynchon has kept up with the successive format innovations of the sex industry. The porn-fueled fantasies of Gravity's Rainbow, he observes, were written during a certain golden age.
METHODS The study was carried out using a retrospective approach and focused on the epidemiology of snakebites which occurred in the period from March, 2018 to February, 2019 and on the correlation of these cases with the respective rainfall and low seasonal river levels, the period from 2009 to 2018 was used. The epidemiological data obtained were collected from the SINAN (Health Information Notification System) registry in the epidemiological surveillance sector for the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, and included the cases dealt with in the accident and Emergency Hospital of Rio Branco. Accident and Emergency Hospital Rio Branco, which is the reference Center for the treatment of cases of snakebites occurring in the region of Acre Vale. This hospital treats victims of snakebites mainly from Rio Branco (Figure  1 ), but may also receive patients from other nearby municipalities (Assis Brasil, Bujari, Capixaba, Plácido De Castro, Porto Acre, Senador Guiomard, Sena Madureira and Xapuri) or further away (e.
g. , Boca do Acre, Jordão, Tarauacá and even from Porto Velho, state of Rondônia). The municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, has an estimated population of 407,319  12  , its territory is 8,834,942 km 2 and it is located in northwestern Brazil. According to the city plan, it can be observed that over the years, there has been an urban growth which has invaded the surrounding rural areas  13. However, despite this urbanization, some road systems located inside the urban area of Rio Branco still have characteristics of the old rural area (Figure  1 ). From the Health Information Registry, the following variables were obtained: year and month of occurrence, the identification of the snake type (type of snakebite), location of accident (urban or rural) in the municipality of occurrence, and data on socio-demographics such as age and gender, in addition to clinical data such as the anatomical region affected, the time that had elapsed between the accident and care being administered, the number of vials used, local and systemic manifestations, the type of serum used in the treatment of victims and the severity of the envenomation.
4 For long-term care residents and healthcare workers returning to their respective institutions after the holidays, and potentially exposed to the virus all the while, a simple test upon their return may not suffice. We adapted an existing COVID-19 surveillance model to evaluate post-holiday screening regimes in the long-term care setting. Described elsewhere, 5 this model uses inter-individual contact data to reproduce patient-staff interactions in a rehabilitation hospital, and simulates transmission and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as active RT-PCR testing with time-varying diagnostic sensitivity, peaking at 80% eight days postinfection. 4  Here, we made minor adjustments to reflect the current epidemiological context: (i) baseline immunizing seroprevalence among 20% of patients and staff, and (ii) reinforced infection control practices (e.
Acknowledgements Executive Committee of the  European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR): Bremerich Jens, Basle/CH  (president). Natale Luigi ,  Rome/I  (president elect). Gutberlet Matthias, Leipzig/D (past-president). Vliegenthart Rozemarijn , Groningen/NL (secretary). Nikolaou Konstantin, Tübingen/D (treasurer). Francone Marco ,  Rome/I (Chairperson Scientific Committee). Loewe Christian Vienna/A, (Chairperson Education & EBCR Committee). Velthuis Brigitta ,  Utrecht/NL (Chairperson Membership Committee). Salgado Rodrigo, Antwerp/BE (Chairperson Communication & New Media Committee). Peebles Charles, Southampton/UK  (member). Mousseaux Ellie, Paris/F (member).
69 72-75   Scorability: All studies incorporated required data for evaluation using the ESMO-MCBS v1. 1. Single-arm studies of CAR T-cell therapy for refractory or resistant disease  70 71  could not be evaluated for curative intent. The NCIC-CTG LY12 trial could not be graded in the noncurative setting because non inferiority was evaluated on the basis of overall response rate. 68 4] [65] [66] [67]  Lower benefit scores for trials in the relapsed and refractory therapies were considered reasonable. Shortcomings: One shortcoming was identified: 1. The ESMO-MCBS v1. 1 does not have a form to grade single-arm treatments with curative intent and this shortcoming does not allow for the representation of the full potential benefit of CAR T-cell salvage therapy. 70 71 [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104]  Scorability: Most studies incorporated required data for evaluation using the ESMO-MCBS v1.