dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
There are currently a few on-line databases for planetary field analogue rocks and sites, such as: (i) the International Space Analogue Rockstore (ISAR), which is a collection of wellcharacterized rocks used for testing and calibrating instruments to be flown on space missions  (Bost et al. 2013 ) (http://www. isar. cnrs-orleans. fr/isar/). The ISAR is located in the Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM) of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in Orléans, and is supported by the Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en Région Centre (OSUC), the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), and ESA; (ii) the Concepts for Activities in the Field for Exploration  (CAFE) , which was commissioned by ESA  (Preston et al. 2013a) , and resulted in a catalogue of all planetary field analogue sites used and currently in use  (Preston et al.
2011). Analogue research is an international endeavor since the sites of interest are distributed around the globe, and potential technology and scientific developments are of interest to many fields of study and within many areas of exploration both on the Earth and in space. In 2003 the ESF initiated a new research support activity called Investigating Life in Extreme Environments (ILEE). This initiative showed the need for a coordinated, interdisciplinary approach to improve future opportunities for funding research on "Life in extreme environments" (LEXEN). The coordination action for research on study of life in extreme environments (CAREX) was a Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) project funded by the European Commission (EC) and coordinated by the British Antarctic Survey and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).
, 2013 Foing et al. , 2014;; Kotler et al. 2011; Martins et al. 2011; Orzechowska et al. 2011; Thiel et al. 2011). Every two weeks, exchange crews of six members come to the station to perform a new mission to establish the knowl-edge of, and to test the equipment necessary for future successful planetary exploration, also from a human factors perspective. An illustration of the kind of scientific results that were obtained includes data relevant for habitability and astrobiology. Astrobiology field research from the MDRS was conducted during the EuroGeoMars 2009 campaign. Euro-GeoMars 2009 was an example of a Moon-Mars field research campaign dedicated to the demonstration of astrobiology instruments and a specific methodology of comprehensive measurements from selected sampling sites  (Foing et al.
g. ILEWG EuroMoonMars) were performed in the extreme conditions of the Utah desert. These provided data analysis relevant to Mars geology at multiple scales. The goal of ILEWG EuroMoonMars project (2013) was to conduct field studies to identify environments analogous to those that Curiosity has been studying at Gale crater. Therefore, a comparative study was made between satellite images with a spatial resolution of 50-60 cm per pixel. This is comparable to the resolution of MRO HiRise on Mars. Traverses at MDRS similar to geomorphological features seen at the Gale crater were planned as possible and implemented using a rover, drone and Extravehicular Activity (EVA) simulation walks, before taking rocks and soil samples (Figs. 4  and 5 ). The usability of a drone for imaging reconnaissance was tested, and experiences and lessons learnt were assessed concerning geological traverse planning based on high resolution satellite images  (Foing et al.
• A European Astrobiology Platform (or Institute) should be implemented to optimize the scientific return by using a coordinated infrastructure and funding system. This is in agreement with recent recommendations by the AstRoMap European Astrobiology Roadmap, which was supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (Horneck et al. 2016) • Data obtained on astrobiological research should be shared with the scientific community through an open access database. Coordinated funding must insure the ability to establish this database. • Develop a coordinated EU or ESA program of opportunities for public education and outreach, including training for scientists, and information to the public about the state of the art in Astrobiology.
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by  ESA , through a  Topical Team grant  from  2011  to 2016. We are grateful to  Oliver Angerer ,  Jason Hatton  and  René Demets  from  ESA  for their help and support. UPEC and LISA provided important administrative help ( Mireille Paul ,  Sabrina Hammache ,  Valérie Simard ,  Nicolas Vautrin ). Zita Martins  is funded by a  Royal Society University Research Fellowship  (grant.
Introduction Over the last decade, the capabilities of satellite instruments for sensing the lower troposphere have improved and opened the way for monitoring and better understanding of atmospheric pollution processes, e. g. , tropospheric chemistry  (Jacob, 2000) , long-range transport  (HTAP, 2007) , and emissions (e. g. ,  Streets, 2013, and references therein). Satellite instruments provide global measurements of many pollutants (e. g. , ozone; carbon monoxide, CO; nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 ; aerosols), including information on their transboundary transport, and complement in situ measurements from ground-based stations (e. g. , the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP); http://www. nilu. no/ projects/ccc/emepdata. html) and AirBase (http://acm. eionet. europa. eu/databases/airbase/) networks).
The Copernicus Atmospheric Services cover AQ, climate change/forcing, stratospheric ozone, and solar radiation. The services rely mainly on data from Earth observation satellites. To ensure operational provision of Earth observation data, the space component of the Copernicus programme includes a series of spaceborne missions developed and managed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). Among them, three missions address at-mospheric composition. These are the Sentinel-5 (S-5) and Sentinel-5 Precursor (S-5P) from a LEO satellite platform and the Sentinel-4 (S-4) from a GEO satellite platform. The goal of the S-4 is to monitor key atmospheric pollutants (e. g. , ozone; NO 2 ; sulfur dioxide, SO 2 ; bromine monoxide, BrO; formaldehyde) and aerosols at relatively high spatiotemporal resolution over Europe and North Africa (8 km; 1 h).
5 km. The model simulations used to construct the NR have a spinup period of 3 months. We archive the NR output data on an hourly basis. To construct the NR, we run the LOTOS-EUROS model at a horizontal resolution of about 7 km nested into the TM5 model, the latter run with a zoom domain over Europe at 1×1 • resolution. The TM5 model has 34 layers with a model top at 0. 1 hPa. The LOTOS-EUROS model describes air pollution in the lowermost troposphere. It has four vertical layers following the dynamic mixing layer approach. The first layer is a fixed surface layer of 25 m thickness, the second layer (boundary layer) follows the mixing layer height, and there are two reservoir layers spanning the rest of the atmosphere up to 3. 5 km. The implicit assumption of the LOTOS-EUROS model is the presence of a well-mixed boundary layer, so constituent concentrations are constant up to the top of the PBL.
The meteorological data used as input for the LOTOS-EUROS model come from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Prescription of surface anthropogenic emission is from the TNO-MACC-II emission database  (Kuenen et al. , 2014) , and fire emissions are from the MACC global fire assimilation system (GFAS v1;  Kaiser et al. , 2012). In the design of an OSSE, it is important to demonstrate that the NR exhibits the same statistical behavior as the real atmosphere in every aspect relevant to the observing system under study  (Masutani et al. , 2010a, b). For the LOTOS-EUROS model used to build the lowermost levels of the NR, there is extensive verification by comparison with European data and by frequent participation in international model comparisons. This is the case for ozone and particulate matter (see  Hass et al.
, 2003; Cuvelier et al. , 2007; van Loon et al. , 2007; Stern et al. , 2008; Manders et al. , 2009; Curier et al. , 2012; Marécal et al. , 2015). To evaluate the NR, we compare the surface CO data to available in situ groundbased CO measurements over Europe during northern summer 2003 (1 June-31 August). For this comparison, we use the ground-based stations from the AirBase database. We consider all types of ground-based stations from this database because of the limited number of available measurements, but we discard stations with less than 75 % of hourly data within a month. This provides 171 ground-based stations for the comparison against the NR (note this approach results in a paucity of stations over France). Figure  2  shows the location of the selected AirBase ground-based stations measuring CO over Europe during northern summer 2003 (top panel) and the time series of CO concentrations during 1 June-31 August 2003, measured by the selected AirBase ground-based stations and simulated by the NR and the CR (bottom panel -see Sect.
The S-5P CO simulated measurements The S-5P will deploy the TROPOMI jointly developed by the Netherlands and ESA  (Veefkind et al. , 2012). The TROPOMI instrument has heritage from both the OMI and the SCIA-MACHY missions. The TROPOMI instrument will make measurements in the UV-visible wavelength range (270-500 nm), the near infrared (NIR, 675-775 nm), and the SWIR (2305-2385 nm). It will deliver a key set of gas and aerosol data products for air quality and climate applications, including ozone, NO 2 , formaldehyde, SO 2 , methane, and CO. To enable sounding of the lower atmosphere at finer scales, TROPOMI has an unprecedented spatial resolution of 7 × 7 km 2 at nadir. This relatively high spatial resolution is necessary for air quality applications at local to regional scales. It will resolve emission sources with 15 % of accuracy and 10 % precision  (Veefkind et al.
Averaging kernel and measurement uncertainty lookup tables Because of the large number of observations that will become available from the S-5P instrument, full radiative transfer calculations for each observation separately are not fea- sible. We thus choose to build lookup tables for a set of geometries based on a radiative transfer code that employs the adding-doubling method in combination with optimal estimation (using the radiative transfer toolbox DISAMAR; de Haan, 2012). Lookup tables are set up for the averaging kernels (1-D vectors as a function of altitude) and the measurement uncertainty. Results are stored for a number of surface albedos, cloud-surface pressures, solar zenith angles, viewing zenith angles, and relative azimuth angles. We provide the lookup table details in Table  1.
The RACMOBUS scheme includes 119 individual species, of which 89 are prognostic variables, and considers 372 chemical reactions. We force the CR (and the AR) every 3 h with the ARPEGE analysis  (Courtier et al. , 1991). We prescribe the surface anthropogenic emission using the MACC-I emission database (https://gmes-atmosphere. eu/about/project_ structure/input_data/d_emis/). We do not include the fire emissions in the CR and AR experiments described in this paper, as their a priori distribution is unknown. This means that any signature of fire emissions in the AR (see Sect. 2. 5) can only come from assimilation of the CO measurements. Note that for the NR, the surface anthropogenic emissions come from the MACC-II inventory, which helps to differentiate the CR from the NR. Similar to the NR, the CR has a spinup period of 3 months.
R. Abida et al. : Impact of spaceborne carbon monoxide observations 2. 5 The assimilation run We assimilate simulated S-5P total column CO observations derived from the LOTOS-EUROS NR into the MOCAGE CTM at a 0. 2 • spatial resolution using the MACC extended domain (5 • W-35 • E, 35-70 • N). The assimilation system used in this study is MOCAGE-PALM (e. g. , El Amraoui et al. , 2008a) developed jointly by Météo-France and CERFACS (Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique) in the framework of the AS-SET European project  (Lahoz et al. , 2007b). The assimilation module used in this study is PALM, a modular and flexible software, which consists of elementary components that exchange the data  (Lagarde et al. , 2001). It manages the dynamic launching of the coupled components (forecast model, algebra operators, and input/output of observational data) and the parallel data exchanges.
Massart et al. (2009)  used the assimilation system MOCAGE-PALM to assess the quality of satellite ozone measurements. The MOCAGE-PALM assimilation system also helps identify and overcome model deficiencies. In this context, its assimilation product has been used in many atmospheric studies in relation to ozone loss in the Arctic vortex  (El Amraoui et al. , 2008a) , tropicsmidlatitudes exchange  (Bencherif et al. , 2007) , stratospheretroposphere exchange  (Semane et al. , 2007) , and exchange between the polar vortex and midlatitudes  (El Amraoui et al. , 2008b). For this OSSE, to speed up the assimilation process we use the 3D-Var version of PALM. In the OSSE, the MOCAGE model provides the CR and by assimilating the simulated CO data from the NR it provides the AR. Thus, we produce the CR and AR outputs with a model different from that used to produce the NR (see Sect.
The labels for the bottom panels show longitude in degrees (x axis, left panel), latitude in degrees (x axis, right panel), and pressure in hPa (y axis, both panels). Green/purple colors indicate positive/negative values in the increment fields. more beneficial. We use the correlation coefficient, ρ, to measure the linear dependence between two datasets and the fraction of the true variability (i. e. , variability represented by the NR) reproduced by the CR or AR. For a single model grid box, we define the statistical metrics (MB, RMSE, ρ) with respect to the NR as MBMR = |MB(CR)| -|MB(AR)| (1) RMSE(X) = 1 N (X -NR) 2 (2) RMSERR = 100 × 1 - RMSE(AR) RMSE(CR) (3) ρ (x) = X -X NR -NR X -X 2 NR -NR 2 (4) where X denotes the CR or the AR; N is the number of data samples, the vertical bars denote the absolute value operator, and the overbar symbol represents the arithmetic mean operator.
Acknowledgements. Support for this work came partly from the  ESA  funded project " Impact of Spaceborne Observations on Tropospheric Composition Analysis and Forecast " (ISOTROP-ESA contract number  4000105743/11/NL/AF ). W. Lahoz acknowledges support from an internal project from  NILU. R. Abida ,  J. -L. Attié ,  P. Ricaud ,  L. El Amraoui , and  W. Lahoz  acknowledge support from the  RTRA/STAE. J. Kujanpää  and  J. Tamminen  acknowledge support from the  Academy of Finland  (project no. 267442 ). Edited by: Q. Errera Reviewed by:  J. Warner  and two anonymous referees.
Structural relations A prominent tectonic overprint of the Opalinus Clay in sections of the Mont Terri and Mont Russelin is confirmed by numerous studies on structural data conducted during the evolution of the rock laboratory (e. g. Nussbaum et al. 2011). The Mont Terri rock laboratory is located in the southern limb of the Mont Terri anticline (Figs. 2, 3 ). The present overburden varies between 250 and 320 m and the strata dip with an angle between 30°and 50°towards SSE in the northern and southern part of the Mont Terri rock laboratory, respectively. The Mont Terri anticline developed between 10 and 2 Ma ago at the junction of the frontal part of the Jura thrust-and-fold belt and the Rhine-Bresse transfer zone. The geometry is an imbricate faultbend fold with a component of trishear  (Nussbaum et al.
2014) , increased geothermal gradients are observed between bottom and top of the Opalinus Clay. From a geochemical point of view, the pore-water is of Na-Cl-SO 4 type with a maximum of total dissolved solids (TDS) of 18. 3 g l -1 , exhibiting a sea-water signature on the Cl -/Br -plot and a cation exchange capacity CEC) (Nien) of 11. 1 meq/100 g rock (Table  2 ). The age of this marine pore-water in the region of the Mont Terri anticline is much younger than the sedimentation age of Opalinus Clay (174 Ma). Researchers applied two approaches to date pore-waters:  Clauer et al. (2017)  interpreted strontium isotope ratios of calcite from the matrix, veins, and fault gouges of the Opalinus Clay to yield an upper Eocene age of 38-36 Ma;  Mazurek and de Haller (2017)  analysed data on the geochemical evolution of pore-waters in and around Mont Terri giving a slightly younger age, close to the Oligocene/Miocene boundary at ca.
Research topics focussed from 1996 to 2016 The Mont Terri research programme between 1996 and 2016 consists of 138 individual experiments; 93 experiments were successfully completed by mid-2016, and 45 experiments are still in progress (a compilation of these 138 experiments is presented in Online Resources 8 and 9). The three basic aims of these 138 experiments were and are: (1) understanding the characteristics, processes and mechanisms in undisturbed claystones, (2) understanding the repository-induced perturbations, and (3) performing experiments related to the demonstration of repository implementation technology. It is important to note that these experiments provide data and arguments that are relevant for the performance assessment of a repository and its safety case, but the performance of a repository cannot be directly tested in a generic rock laboratory like Mont Terri.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the 16 Mont Terri Partner organisations and the  European Union  for their financial investment into the Mont Terri Project over the past 20 years. The Republic and  Canton of Jura  as owner of the Opalinus Clay and landlord of the rock laboratory is warmly thanked, especially the  Ministers Pierre Kohler ,  Laurent Schaffter ,  Philippe Receveur , and  David Eray , who all supported the project. The cantonal '' Commission de suivi '' with its experts, especially  Pascal Mertenat ,  Marcos Buser  and  Thomas Flu ¨eler , are thanked for lively discussions and for providing us the yearly authorisations. We also thank the three reviewers,  Philippe Schaub  (SFOE),  Russell Alexander  ( Bedrock Geosciences, Switzerland ), and  Geoffrey Milnes  (Scientific Editor of the SJG) for significantly improving the manuscript.
The final wR(F 2 ) values were 0. 0689 (I > 2σ(I)). The final R 1 values were 0. 0469 (all data). The final wR(F 2 ) values were 0. 0752 (all data). The goodness of fit on F 2 was 1. 007. CCDC 1542022 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge at www. cdcc. cam. ac. uk/data_request/cif of from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12, Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: + 44 (1223) 336033; email: deposit@ccdc. cam. ac. uk.
Calculation of CC 50 The mean OD value of blank wells (containing only Neutral Red desorbed solution) was subtracted from the mean OD value of three treated wells (dilutions of the test material, positive control or HBSS). The percentages of cell viability were calculated as: (Mean OD of test wellsmean OD of blanks) × 100 Mean OD of negative controlmean OD of blanks The concentration of the test substances causing a 50% release of Neutral Red as compared to the control culture was calculated by non-linear regression analysis using the Phototox Version 2. 0 software (Zebet, Berlin, Germany).
Since 2011, unprecedented and repetitive blooms and large mass strandings of the floating brown macroalgae, Sargassum natans and Sargassum fluitans have been reported along the West Indies, the Caribbean, the Brazilian and the West Africa coasts. Recent studies have highlighted a new tank of Sargassum: the North Equatorial Recirculation Region of the Atlantic Ocean. This region is located off the northeast of Brazil, approximately between the equator and 10 • N and from 50 • W to 25 • W. The potential causes of these recent blooms and mass strandings are still poorly understood. Observational datasets and modelling outputs involving hydrological parameters and climate events are examined focusing on their potential feedback on the observed blooms and mass strandings. The results show that combined conditions have been in favor of these recent changes.
These authors concluded that the Sargassum bloom events are still unknown and more information are required. It is therefore important to continue the investigation and to explore new tracks. This paper focuses on the analysis of observations, model outputs of hydrological parameters and ocean conditions over the tropical Atlantic basin, in order to investigate climate variations, trends or events and their potential feedback on the recent Sargassum blooms and mass strandings. The following section describes the datasets and the methodology used for this study. In section 3 the major (main) results of this study are presented, before a discussion and a summary in the last section.
Sea Surface Temperature and wind stress data The monthly SST and wind stress data used herein are provided by the latest update of TropFlux (Air-Sea Fluxes for the Global Tropical Oceans), products from the ESSO-Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services. This dataset is made available at http://www. incois. gov. in/tropflux datasets/data. TropFlux dataset is based upon the ECMWF Re-Analysis interim (ERA-I) and ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) projects. Daily and monthly high-quality airsea fluxes, SST and wind stresses are produced by this project over the global tropical ocean belt (30 • N-30 • S) and are available from 1979 to 2016. These data are gridded at a 1 • ×1 • resolution (Praveen  Kumar et al. , 2013).
Climate indices Three climate indices are used : (i) the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO), which is based on the average anomalies of SST from the Kaplan SST dataset, in the North Atlantic basin over 0 • N-80 • N  (Trenberth et al. , 2017) ; (ii) the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) based upon the difference of normalized sea level pressure, between Lisbon (Portugal) and Reykjavik (Iceland)  (Hurrell and for Atmospheric Research Staff , Eds)  and (iii) the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) index based upon the meridional variability of the NCEP SST in the tropical Atlantic  (Chiang and Vimont, 2004) , obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These data are available from https://www. esrl. noaa. gov/psd/gcos wgsp/Timeseries/AMO/ for AMO index, from https://www.
River discharges In order to evaluate rivers discharges and variability and their influence on the Sargassum blooms, the products from the French HYBAM "Geodynamical, hydrological and biogeochemical control of erosion/alteration and material transport in the Amazon, Orinoco and Congo basins" Environmental Research Observatory are used. South America data are managed by the Brazilian National Water Agency (ANA). All the dataset (daily and monthly) are freely available at http://www. ore-hybam. org/. The Amazon River discharge data, available from 1968 to 2016, have been extracted from the Obidos station at 01. 92.
The nitrate (N O - 3 ) and the phosphate (P O -3 4 ) concentrations are then calculated using the following formula : [N O - 3 ] = 62. 5 × DIN × P 3600 × 24 × 365 (3) [P O -3 4 ] = 45 × DIP × P 3600 × 24 × 365 (4) where [N O - 3 ] is the nitrate concentration in moles m -3 and [P O -3 4 ] the phosphate concentration in moles m -3 and Q the river discharge in m -3 s -1. We also used numerical outputs data of nitrate, phosphate, iron and chlorophyll concentrations obtained from the Marine Copernicus MERCATOR GREEN (http://marine. copernicus. eu/). The model is forced by the biogeochemical model Pelagic Interaction Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies: PISCES)  (Aumont and Bopp, 2006) , gridded at 1 • spatial resolution, and initialized by LEVITUS and the GLobal Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) climatologies.