dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Raw images and data were saved in Nikon format every three minutes at 100 mL. min -1 and 5 min at 20 mL. min -1. The pumping step lasted until the stationary state was reached, which was indicated by the exclusive recovery of the wetting phase (ethanol or water), and a stationary depression cone. The photographs were then converted into TIFF format with Capture One® software. The images were finally processed with the open-source software Fiji to calibrate light intensity and saturation according to the method developed by  (Colombano et al. , 2021)  and  (Philippe et al. , 2020). All of our experiments are summarized in Table  3. In addition to the viscosity ratio (M), the Capillary number (Ca) and Bond number (Bo), both of which have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids in porous media, can be calculated using the fluid velocity at the pumping point (U p = 2.
Acknowledgments This study was performed as part of the "Bioxyval" project. The authors would like to thank  ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency ) for co-funding the project under the  "AMI" program , REMEA, and  ANRT  for providing the Ph. D. grant for Nicolas Philippe. We thank  Ali Iravani  and  Benjarese Oniangue  for their help on experiment measurements. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided to the  PIVOTS  project by the  "Région Centre -Val de Loire " and the  European Regional Development Fund.
Image analysis The time evolution of the diameter of the sheet is measured with ImageJ software. We first subtract the background image from the expansion movie and highlight the rim by a binary thresholding. This allows us to determine the contour of the sheet and measure its area A. An apparent sheet diame-ter is simply deduced as: d = 4A π. The results are obtained by averaging for each sample the time evolution of the sheet diameter from three different experiments. Note that for the small target setup, the dark black central disk is the target an precludes to study the expansion of sheets that do not cross the edge of the target. For the cold Leidenfrost set-up, in addition to the top view images, systematic side view images are also collected, though not shown here, to correct the maximum expansion diameter for the corona effect observed for the low viscosity samples (viscosity smaller than 100 mPa s), as detailed in  24.
IV. CONCLUSIONS Drop impact experiments on a small solid target have been performed with Newtonian fluids and solutions of entangled supramolecular polymers as rheo-thinning viscoelastic fluids. Upon impact on the surface, a drop expands into a sheet. A part of the expanding sheet is always at intimate contact with the target while the rest of the sheet freely expands in the air. We have measured the maximum expansion of sheets for the two classes of fluids. We have quantitatively assessed the energy dissipation due to shear and biaxial extensional deforma- the data for Newtonian samples, normalized by the plateau biaxial extensional viscosity as a function of the Weissenberg number for the different EHUT solutions studied here (red squares), together with literature data as indicated in the legend.
Sustainability The HINDCON machine, as a whole, has also been the target of characterization in terms of sustainability. Through detailed bills of materials, all the components embedded in the machine have been taken into consideration, and a link was made between this information and the EXIOBASE database ( Anon, 2020a ). Incorporating in the study the demonstration workshop, data on its area and needed equipment was gathered. The inventory also took into account the need for a concrete silo. The realization of the LCA study required to collect figures during the demonstration phase on the performance of the HINDCON machine, covering the following aspects: printing speed, in L/hour, polishing speed, in m 2 /hour, energy consumption (kWh) during the above tasks, including the different elements: cable robot, extruder, robotic arm, milling tools, workshop lighting and finally expected operation (hours/year) in a hypothetical commercial exploitation.
The case study has been a pillar modelled with the already collected data on the HINDCON machine (equipment and operation). As for the traditional construction methods, it has been presumed that they require the use of a mould. Data on mould production and on conventional casting of pillars were obtained from mould manufacturers and from the CYPE database ( Anon, 2020b ). Finally, a life cycle model was built for the pillar production, according to the two production methods.
Numerical method The code YALES2, a library of finite-volume node-centred low Mach number solvers, has been used for this work  [41]. This massively parallel code is able to simulate turbulent and reactive two-phase flows in industrial configurations on unstructured grids with several billions elements. The numerical method to solve the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is based on the projection method initially proposed by Chorin  [8, 9]  and Temam  [55]  for pressure-velocity coupling. The time integration of the transport equations is performed with the TFV4A scheme developed by Kraushaar  [28]. More specifically, the two-phase flow solver based on conservative level-set method  [42]  and ghost-fluid method  [18]  has been used and modified for simulating contact lines in this study.
Conclusions In this study, a numerical methodology has been implemented in the code YALES2 to simulate contact lines on simplicial unstructured grids. The conservative level-set enables an accurate transport of the interface and improves mass conservation properties compared to the standard signed distance level-set. The contact angle is imposed implicitly by modifying the interface curvature at contact line, avoiding artificial movement of the contact line. A simple partial slip condition has been implemented to alleviate the contact line paradox. In order to compute accurately the interface normal vector and the curvature close to the wall, the signed distance function is extended in the obtuse side of the contact angle. High-order differential operators for unstructured meshes are employed for the Taylor series expansions.
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the  French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation. The  GENCI  (Grant  2A00611 ) and the third edition of the Extreme CFD Workshop are gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to thank  Vincent Moureau ,  Ghislain Lartigue  and  Pierre Bénard  for providing the code  YALES2 ,  Romain Janodet  and  Mélody Cailler  for helpful discussions on level-set re-initialization and dynamic mesh adaptation and  Guillaume Sahut  for his precious advices concerning two-phase flows simulations.
Acknowledgements This research was supported as part of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) project, funded by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. This research was supported by the Exascale Computing Project (17?SC?20?SC), a collaborative effort of the U. S. Department of Energy Office of Science and the National Nuclear Security Administration. Christopher Eldred was funded for part of this work by French National Research Agency through contract ANR-14-CE23-0010 (HEAT) while at Inria Grenoble Rhone-Alpes. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc. , for the U.
SOLEIL is gratefully acknowledged for the beam time allocation (Proposal 20190179). This work was in part supported by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) within the framework of the project E2 SPUTTERTECH PLUS (project number 857043) and was also supported by the French Government Program "Investissements d'Avenir" (LABEX INTER-ACTIFS, reference ANR-11-LABX-0017-01). B. P. acknowledges support from the EMPAPOSTDOCS-II program, which received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number 754364. K. H. Pichler from the Montanuniversität Leoben is also acknowledged for helping to deposit the samples.
Elements of Context on the Importance of Experimental Conditions and on Mathematical Modelling In their commentary, Bracke and colleagues  [1]  compare three melanopic irradianceresponse curves that they derived from three studies where melatonin suppression was measured in response to either light at 460 nm (likely monochromatic), nine wavelengths (likely monochromatic), or fluorescent white light at 6500 K (see their Figure  1 ). Because the bibliographic references of the three studies were not reported, we cannot check whether these three studies were under the same experimental conditions (e. g. , duration and timing of light exposure). Given that experimental findings are context-dependent, appropriate interpretation of the dataset and its limitations should be factored in when drawing conclusions.
Thus, comparisons among datasets from different experimental conditions warrant further caution. It is for this very reason that readers of scientific articles, especially review articles, should always go back to the original papers in order to grasp the full picture and the limitations of each result. Indeed, the impact of the experimental conditions on the melanopic illuminance-response curve for melatonin suppression (and other non-visual responses) is discussed in our original paper  [3]. We made it clear that the dataset  [4]  used to derive this melanopic-illuminance response curve had been obtained in conditions of (1) constant posture, (2) dilated pupils in order to keep the pupil size constant, (3) following a two-hour segment of dark adaptation, and (4) using a 90-min monochromatic light exposure starting around melatonin peak levels.
Our finding that melanopic irradiance was the best predictor of melatonin suppression is in accordance with prior findings showing that monochromatic lights peaking between 460-480 nm induce the strongest non-visual responses in humans  [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , in accordance with the melanopsin sensitivity peak at 480 nm  [9]. The low EC10, EC50, and EC90 (0. 2 and 2. 5, 36. 6 µW•cm -2 melanopic irradiance) that we derived from our melanopic-illuminance curve is similar to that by  Phillips et al. (2019)  after two hours of light exposure following dim-light melatonin onset (0. 3, 1. 5, and 36. 6 µW•cm -2 melanopic irradiance, respectively). However, as we stressed in our original article, it is delicate to compare datasets collected using different protocols. It should be clear to the readers that the results displayed in Figures  4  and 5  of our review article have been obtained within specific laboratory settings, and that the associated conclusions are specifically, although not always exclusively, applicable to the experimental conditions under which data were collected.
Influence of the Pupil Diameter on Melatonin Suppression Bracke and colleagues raise an important point about the influence of the pupil diameter on melatonin suppression  [1]. They argue that the melanopic irradiance-response model we propose  [3]  was obtained in conditions of a dilated pupil, and that "a much higher melanopic irradiance will be required for the same monochromatic response" in conditions of freely-moving pupils. This is a valid point as indeed a free pupil constricts in response to light exposure  [43] , and therefore, the amount of light falling on the retina is reduced proportionally to its diameter  [44]. To address this point, we overlapped the melanopic sensitivity function for melatonin suppression we obtained  [3]  from data collected with dilated pupils  [4]  with the melanopic sensitivity functions we derived from the dataset by the same group, in the same experimental conditions, but obtained with freelymoving pupils  [45].
The primary contributions of this work are: • The mobile edge server placement is formulated as multi-objective optimization problem which is then solved using a multi-agent RL approach. The objectives of the proposed solution include reducing the access delay and balancing edge servers workload. Further, experimental results are obtained by applying the proposed solution on base station dataset provided by Shanghai Telecom to analyze the performance of the proposed technique; • We discuss different scenarios in which the proposed architecture's security can be breached if the exchanged data between RL agents is altered. Further, we discuss the counter strategies to tackle with the arising security issues. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we discuss the existing theories on the placement of edge servers.
Environment Design To make the proposed environment design realistic, we make use of base station locations and call and data requests dataset from Shanghai Telecom that include record of approximately 7 million call and data requests made through 2766 base stations from 9481 edge devices  [8, 23, 24]. Each call and data record is a tuple of request access time by an device from a base station. Shanghai being a heavily populated city makes it a suitable dataset to implement a mobile edge server placement solution in an ultra-dense MEC network. Figure  3  shows the base station distribution in Shanghai, China where each dot is a location of base station and the color of a dot represent the intensity of incoming call and data requests from edge devices. The graphical depiction of base station locations is important to realize that a mobile edge server placement solution would require the edge servers to move to any of other base station locations.
This means if there are 2766 base stations in the network then a mobile edge server can move to any of these locations. However, there are two problems associated with this assumption. First, the number of locations a mobile edge server can move at each transmission time interval would be dependent on the number of base stations in the network which would make it not scalable if the number of base stations is too high. Second, in a realistic world a mobile edge server would be deployed in a movable object, such as a vehicle, such that limiting the movement of edge servers to only nearby base station locations. Considering the above two problems discussed, we transform the distribution of base stations given in Shaghai Telecom dataset to a contour line. A contour line links the base station locations with a line joining the two nearest base stations.
• Base stations nearest to each other connected with a line allowing the mobile edge servers to move between nearest base station locations in the search of optimal placement strategy; • The search space of mobile edge server placement becomes scalable. Even if the number of base stations are increased in the MEC network, the solution space will not explode. In Figure  4a , we show the simulation depiction of base station locations available in Shanghai Telecom dataset. Note that the dataset assumes base station locations in twodimensional space. Figure  4b  shows the contour representation of base station locations, such that each base station is represented a point on a two-dimensional space which is connected to two nearest base stations. The contour line enables the transformation of actual dataset values to so that a mobile edge server can only move between two adjacent locations.
To quantify workload of a mobile edge server and delay experienced by a user equipment, we make use of records available in Shanghai Telecom dataset. The workload of a mobile edge server is quantified by summing up the requested call and data rates from the connected base stations. As a base station offloads its requested computational processing to the connected mobile edge server, therefore, summing up these requested rate is a reasonable assumption  [10]. The delay experiences by a user will be proportional to the distance between base station and mobile edge server locations assuming that user equipments are present in close vicinity to base stations  [10]. Therefore, the edge device access delay is defined in term of the sum of Euclidean distances from a base station to mobile edge servers to which incoming call and data requests are offloaded for processing or storage.
Results In this section, we evaluate the performance of multi-agent RL algorithms for mobile edge server positioning problem by experimenting on the Shanghai Telecom's base stations and incoming call and data requests dataset  [8, 23, 24]. The proposed solution is implemented in MATLAB. Multiple RL agents take actions independently to find the best placement strategy, such that the reward returned by the environment is maximized. The proposed solution performance is measured via the cost function value which drives the reward function value. The list of simulation and RL hyperparameters used during the experiments shown in this work are summarized in Table  1. It is important to note that the optimal number of edge servers in a network depends on a number of factors including the network operators budget, and user traffic demand.
Conclusions and Future Work Mobile edge computing facilitates in providing data storage and computational resources to mobile and low-power wireless sensor devices. In this work, we have shown a multi-agent reinforcement learning based solution for the placement of edge services in a mobile network, such that the network latency is minimized and load on edge servers is balanced. The experimental evaluation using Shanghai's Telecom dataset proves that the proposed solution quickly converges. Further, we provided a detailed analysis of the type of security attacks possible in the proposed solution concept. We also listed some of the countermeasures that can be used to deal with the security risks. The effectiveness of the proposed method even with a simple state-space provides a promise to the proposed solution.
Future work will consider the application of the proposed approach to systems characterized by more complex environments. In particular, the WTs will be modeled as complex engineering systems composed of several interacting components, each one characterized by different degradation behaviour, failure severity and impact on the power production. Also, real wind speed data will be used to estimate the power produced by the wind farm and new environment parameters, such as the power demand, will be added to the state space. Finally, a study to identify the optimal number of maintenance crews for the wind farm O&M management will be conducted. On the other hand, logistics decisions need to be intertwined with Operation and Maintenance (O&M) decisions. Intuitively, the PHM estimations can be used to optimize the decisions on the unit Operation and Maintenance (O&M), which, in turn, influence the equipment degradation evolution itself  [13].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to  J. Fang  for providing the DNS code of the two-scale wake, and to  H. Xu  and  W. Bos  for helpful discussions. This work is supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (Grants No. 11772032 , No. 51976006 , No. U20B2003 , and No. 11772224 ). which corresponds to k 21 = 1, k 22 = 2, and λ = 20π 2 /L 2 in Eq. ( A2 ). We further use the continuity equation ( 17) to calculate U 3 , and compare the expression between U 2 and U 3 , respectively. Due to assumption (2), the expressions of U 2 and U 3 should be symmetric, leading to the only final expression (18).
Finally, another feature of this proposed structure is its adaptability and simplicity of design: its form is easy to fabricate, duplicate, or modify, for instance, if one needs to put additional cantilevers to increase the frequency range and the output power. The circular ring of the design has an outer diameter of 55 mm and an inner diameter of 50 mm. The choice of the cantilevers' dimensions allows the tuning of their resonance frequencies. Thus, to make the MPEH system performant for further analysis, we used finite element analysis (COMSOL Multiphysics software 5. 5, Burlington, MA, USA) to optimize the cantilever beam's geometry. We considered the parameters of the design along with the cantilever beam's material properties. Indeed, the material properties and geometry have an essential role to play as these properties affect the vibration response of the multiresonant piezoelectric energy harvester, including the system's resonance frequency.
A full parametric study was therefore completed to find the cantilever beams' optimum lengths (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, and L6) using COMSOL Multiphysics, as presented in the next section. This Finally, another feature of this proposed structure is its adaptability and simplicity of design: its form is easy to fabricate, duplicate, or modify, for instance, if one needs to put additional cantilevers to increase the frequency range and the output power. The circular ring of the design has an outer diameter of 55 mm and an inner diameter of 50 mm. The choice of the cantilevers' dimensions allows the tuning of their resonance frequencies. Thus, to make the MPEH system performant for further analysis, we used finite element analysis (COMSOL Multiphysics software 5. 5, Burlington, MA, USA) to optimize the cantilever beam's geometry.
Finite Element Analysis of Multiresonant Piezoelectric Energy Harvester We used COMSOL Multiphysics 5. 5 software with a "Piezoelectric Module" for the FEA study  [44]. The total geometry, including the ring with all six attached cantilevers, was modelled in 3D. Both of the materials, lithium niobate and the shape memory alloy (Nitinol), were selected from the material library. The simulation evaluated the bending, compression, and shear mode behaviors of the beam. The material properties of the lithium niobate and the Nitinol were the same, as shown in Table  1. The ring was kept at the fixed constraints for the boundary conditions when performing the simulation, and the six cantilevers were selected as free. During the meshing in COMSOL Multiphysics software, the elements' size was chosen as 0.
3 to 5000 Hz, ±5%). The acceleration and the volt generated were recorded by NI DAQ modules, NI 9234 and NI 9229, respectively, throu (Signal Express software of NI Company, Austin, TX, USA). The schematics of the exp imental setup and the fabricated prototype are presented in Figure  6a-c , where the wh experimental design, along with a close view of the clamping unit with the shaker, represented, respectively.
The acceleration was measured at the cantilever beam's fixed base through an accelerometer (Dytran 3305A2, Chatsworth, CA, USA; 0. 3 to 5000 Hz, ±5%). The acceleration and the voltage generated were recorded by NI DAQ modules, NI 9234 and NI 9229, respectively, through (Signal Express software of NI Company, Austin, TX, USA). The schematics of the experimental setup and the fabricated prototype are presented in Figure  6a-c , where the whole experimental design, along with a close view of the clamping unit with the shaker, are represented, respectively.
While, pursuant to the law in each of these countries, French producers have a pivotal role in initiating the GI protection process, elaborating the GI specification, and managing the GI producers' organizations, albeit with the support of state authorities, in Vietnam, these processes are primarily led by the State. As such, France and Vietnam are representative of the producer-led and state-driven approaches to GI protection, which enables to explore whether and how these two systems lead to different understandings of the concept of representativeness and impact differently on collective dynamics. The case studies were selected randomly to cover a variety of products including agricultural products that have undergone little or no processing, foodstuffs resulting from the processing of unprocessed products, and handicrafts, as follows: Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews that were conducted in France and Vietnam in 2014 and by telephone and email communications in 2017-2020.