dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
For each throw, the subject stood in starting position (see Figure  1 ). Recording began (onset) when a motion of the hand was detected (threshold at 0. 05 m/s) and ended when the ball was released (offset). 2. 1. 3. Data Acquisition and Processing. During the throwing task, the activity of several muscles of the right arm and body kinematics were recorded. For this study, we focused on studying 4 degrees of freedom (DoF) and 6 muscles. The segmental interaction principle states that energy can be transferred between segments, and in both simultaneous and sequentially coordinated movements, energy is transferred through the linked segment system of the body  [28]. However, studies have shown that unlike baseball throwing, in football throwing (or passing), the rotations or contributions of the legs, pelvis, and upper torso are limited  [29].
K-means clustering is an iterative algorithm for data partitioning that assigns or classifies features into one of k clusters defined by centroids. The main steps of the algorithm are the following, given k: (1) select k initial cluster centroids, (2) compute the distances between each feature to each cluster centroid, (3) assign the features to the cluster with the closest centroid all at once (phase 1), and individually reassign points if it reduces the sum of distances (phase 2), (4) obtain new centroids by averaging the features in each cluster, and (5) repeat steps 2-4 until the assignments do not change or the iterations reach their maximum. The k-means++ algorithm in MATLAB was used with a squared Euclidean norm to compute distances. The advantage of this algorithm is that it uses the heuristic in  [47]  to find centroid seeds for k-means clustering.
Activation Space Control Representation. The synergy extraction method described in Section 2. 3. 2 was applied on each of the subject's EMG dataset while varying the number of synergies. The objective was to identify a model with less synergies than the number of recorded muscles or actuators N < M , for each subject, that would guarantee a good reconstruction of the original EMG signals. Figure  10  depicts the quality of reconstruction r 2 for each subject and synergy model. The sharpest change in slope of this curve occurred at N = 2 for 8 subjects and at N = 3 for 2 subjects. Thus, we opted for the 2-synergy model which allowed an average quality reconstruction of 0. 7382 across subjects.
Finally, the synergies obtained in the current studies will be applied and validated in the domain of muscle-based character animation. For instance, the relationships between the 2 control variables (or synergies) and well-defined task space goals (desired release speed and height) will be exploited to control highly redundant characters. A previous study  [8, 24]  has already tested synergies on a subject-scaled character. It would be interesting to test the generic synergies presented in this paper on a variety of morphologies. Ultimately, this application could also entail the construction of a synergy database for animation. A database containing synergies and their relationships with task space goals, for a richer variety of motions (reaching, writing, or other arm gestures), degrees of freedom, and muscles, which could also serve as a basis to synthesize motions in physics-based animation.
Subjects and drug administration All experiments were conducted in accordance with the Science Council of Japan Guidelines for Proper Conduct of Animal Experiments and were approved by the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute Animal Experiment Committee. Two 5-year-old male Japanese macaques (M1, M2) were used in this study. These monkeys were housed individually with food and water freely available throughout the experiments. The D1 antagonist SCH23390 (SCH) was dissolved in 3. 0 ml of 0. 9% saline and was given to the subjects at a dose of 0. 5 mg/kg (i. m. ), which is a relatively high dose compared to doses used in other studies  (Arnsten et al. 1994; Von Huben et al. 2006). We selected this dose, because we found that drug administration at a lower dose (0. 1 mg/kg) did not cause a clear impairment in separate memory test in these macaques (data not shown).
When the subjects oriented their attention toward the screen, an image was presented. Spontaneous gazes toward the screen during image presentation were monitored and video-recorded with the video camera on the top of the LCD screen. Duration and frequency of gazing upon the images were analyzed later off-line using the software Adobe Premiere Pro CC 2015. The visual attention preference tests were conducted in two different conditions: (1) single image test and (2) paired image test. First, we examined the single image test condition in which a single image was presented on the LCD screen in each trial. In this test condition, each category of NS, SNT, and SEM had 10 different images for a total of 30 images presented in one session. Each image was presented for 5 s. Intertrial intervals were arbitrarily set at 5∼30 s.
Single image test Attention preference toward social vs. nonsocial images was first examined in the condition of single image presentation in each trial. The macaques M1 and M2 exhibited a similar pattern of gaze duration toward nonsocial images and social images with and without affective valences with control SAL treatments (M1, two-way ANOVA, F 1,54 = 0. 290, p = 0. 592 for treatments [SAL1 vs. SAL2]; F 2,54 = 7. 105, p = 0. 002 for categories [NS vs. SEM vs. SNT]; F 2,54 = 0. 024, p = 0. 976 for interaction [treatments × categories]; M2, F 1,54 = 0. 0001, p = 0. 994 for treatments; F 2,54 = 4. 191, p = 0. 020 for categories; F 2,54 = 0. 236, p = 0. 791 for interaction; Fig. 2a, b ). Since there was no statistically significant difference between SAL1 and SAL2 or between M1 and M2, these data were combined in the subsequent analysis.
Acknowledgements We thank the staffs of the Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research at  Kyoto University Primate Research Institute  for technical assistance. This work was supported by  Kyoto University Young Investigator Step-up Research and Core-stage Backup Grants ,  Chubei Ito Foundation Research Grant ,  The Sumitomo Foundation   Research Grant ,  Inamori Foundation   Research Grant , The  Institute of Seizon & Life Sciences Research Grant , and  JSPS   Grant-in-Aid for challenging Exploratory Research # 26640044  (Y. G. ),  JSPS   Research Fellowship for Young Scientists # 15J01210  (Y. Y. ), and  National Research Foundation of Korea  #  NRF-2014R1A1A3052796  (YAL).
The speakers' physical activity represents the core issue of this experimentation since we suspect sensorimotor perceptions to specifically influence the linguistic structuring of the speakers' descriptions. In this research, a non-linguistic variable is inserted in the experiment in order to evaluate the impact of the speakers' bodily posture on the linguistic data collected. The combination of the participants' physical activity with the linguistic data gathered is used to assess the potential relationships between two kinds of phenomenalinguistic and kinaesthetic onesassessing the possible influence of bodily postures on the linguistic data recorded. The experimental task is submitted to 80 male and female students 2  from 18 to 25 years old, 40 of them being French, the other 40 students being English.
Instructions of the experiment The issue related to bodily posture is directly associated to the linguistic concerns of this work, the linguistic data collected being assessed according to the potential impact sensorimotor experience may have on them. The present investigation hence allows for the creation of experience-based corpora, which may lead us beyond the firmly established Talmian typology, making kinesthetic elements the core issue of the experiment here developed. At the beginning of the experiment, the first participant (i. e. student 1) is told to get inside a hoop, which marks the starting point of the experiment. Six commands then direct his/her movement (cf. Table  1A , "Order 3 ") in the room. While some instructions charge participants to follow one specific path, other directives are meant to make them go through two itineraries, as indicated by "Paths to follow 2 " (cf.
The enactive outlook of a typology Linguistic units are traditionally examined aside from the embodied conditions of their motor production. Yet, linguistic phenomena are first and foremost a vocal, embodied and interactive performance. The data collected demonstrate how physical activity can be intertwined with the elaboration of meaningmeaning that is not pre-given, as evidenced by this experiment. The present investigation demonstrates that the emergence of significance seems to be incorporated within the coordination of kinesthetic processes. The strategy to associate the participants' physical activity to the linguistic data collected clearly highlights the relationships between the two phenomena considered: one being linguistic, the other being kinaesthetic. This body-oriented point of view towards language is defined as the enactive paradigm, which offers novel views towards language.
Participants All patient admitted in the ED in the first 24 hours after a road traffic accident were eligible for study inclusion if they were drivers legally of age (i. e. ! 18 years in France) and able to answer the interviewer (speaking French and with a Glasgow coma score of 15 when interviewed). A total of 1103 patients were assessed for eligibility. Among them 12 were ineligible and 11 refused to participate. 126 patients were secondarily excluded from the analysis because of incomplete data needed to score their responsibility. Finally, the sample for analysis comprised 954 patients.
Statistical analysis Univariate analysis was conducted to investigate the link between crash responsibility and risk factors using Student t-test for continuous variable and Chi-square test for categorical variable. Multivariate analysis was then performed with a step by step backwards selection procedure keeping all significant variables (p < 0. 05) and all confounders (variation of β > 20%). We then tested interactions between independent variables kept in the final model. Finally, we performed sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the results: 1. by stratifying on pain; 2. by changing the cut-off for responsibility score to 14 and 16; 3. by stratifying on the existence of chronic disease. Data were analyzed using SAS Software (v9. 4, SAS Institute inc).
Participants might have reported these thoughts as a reason for exonerating or minimizing their responsibility. The further association with mind wandering trait strengthens the plausibility of a causal association between mind wandering and responsibility for the crash. Among limitations, the study may suffer from a selection bias as participants are exclusively recruited in the emergency ward, missing minor accidents. Severely injured patients were also not included in the study because of their inability to provide consent and answer our questionnaire. The retrospective and self-reported data collection could misestimate the prevalence of disturbing thoughts because of a recall or desirability bias. A memory bias could also distort drivers' reports of the sequence of events because of short duration between the crash and the period in which we collected the thoughts.
Second, lowering the occurrence of disruptive mind wandering while driving could also be beneficial  [35, 36]. Mindfulness and attention therapies in high mind wanderers  [37]  is promising and its potential value should be assessed both with epidemiological and driving simulators samples. Third, autonomous (self-driving) cars could represent a desirable evolution circumventing risky human factors including mind wandering and attention issues. Interestingly, recent experimental studies have shown that mind wandering preferentially disrupts processing in the left visual field. Such results may have implications for road safety  [38]. First, researchers with detailed data on the crash event would be invited to assess any crash configuration asymmetry linked with factors associated with Mind Wandering, for example age.
Acknowledgements: Authors would like to sincerely thank Alain Vighetto, Fadila Hadj-Bouziane, Hisaaki Ota and Denis Pélisson for their stimulating interactions for this chapter. This work was supported by Hospices Civils de Lyon, Inserm, CNRS, the university of Edimburgh and Labex Cortex (Labex/Idex ANR-11-LABX-0042). The second row illustrates the duplex notion according to which the visual system is divided into two parts, dorsal and ventral, which are respectively responsible of action and perception, and projected onto the human brain. The third row illustrates the fact that interactions can be described between the two anatomical pathways and perceptive and motor visual functions (data issued from study on the primate's brain). (From Morel and Bullier 1990)  The fourth row illustrates the observation that anatomical projections reaching the primary motor cortex, entry system of the motor system, which are all subjected to prior interconnections (blue) between dorsal (green) and ventral (red) pathways, proposing that motor actions could result from several interacting visual processing pathways, converging before the motor exit (data issued from the primate's brain).
Eligibility criteria The publications were searched on Medline, Scopus, specific neuropsychologic literature databases (PsycInfo, PsycArticles, Psychology and behavioral sciences collection) and specific African databases (African Index Medicus and African journal online) using the following terms (Mesh terms): "HIV Infections" AND ("Depressive Disorder" OR "Depression") AND ("Africa" OR "Africa South of the Sahara"). We also added filters on the date of publication (1996 to April 2016) and the age of the patients (!18 years old) (S1 File). We included cross-sectional and longitudinal studies assessing the prevalence and the factors associated to major depression and depressive symptoms in adult PLHIV. Four papers were identified by complementary researches and four others were recommended by an expert.
Among the 86 remaining papers, 19 papers were excluded when no information on patients' ART status was available (authors were contacted by email but no answer was obtained) and one with duplicate data reported. Altogether, 66 papers were included in the review. Fifty-five full-text papers reported the prevalence of major depression and/or depressive symptoms (10 on MDD only, 40 on depressive symptoms only, and five on both) whereas 11 reported information only on factors associated with depression. Thirteen papers were published before 2010 and 53 (80. 3%) between 2010 and April 2016. We reported pooled prevalence estimates for the studies using the scales with the same number of items and the same cut-off, e. g. for the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale  [15]  20 items; we did not include the studies using CES-D with 11 or 10 items.
The work was supported by the  National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) ,  National Cancer Institute (NCI) , the  Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)  and the  National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the U. S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) , as part of the  International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA)  under Award Number  U01AI069919. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Materials and Methods: We conducted field surveys in three forest habitats along the escarpment region in western Angola (Kumbira Forest, Bimbe Area and Northern Scarp Forest), and examined galago specimens from museums worldwide. We digitized and analyzed calls using Avisoft SASLab Pro software. We also compared museum specimens from Angola with other Galago and Galagoides specimens, and conducted comparative analyses (ANOVA and between group principle component analysis) based on a set of twelve linear measurements of skulls and teeth.
Data acquisition MS Svensson, E Bersacola, MSL Mills and SK Bearder conducted nocturnal surveys in Angola between 5 and 19 September 2013. The surveys lasted for 39 hours, walking on small roads and established paths and recording the habitat use and height in the canopy for each animal observed (for a more detailed description of the survey method see  Bersacola et al. , 2015). Nocturnal animals were photographed with a Canon EOS 600D camera, with Canon 70-200mm EF Zoom lens and Canon Speedlight 430EX II flash. Vocalizations At each survey site we recorded calls of galagos before sunrise (04:30 -05:30) and after sunset (18:00-22:00). We remained stationary at recording sites throughout recording sessions. We made recordings using a Fostex Field Recorder equipped with a Sennheiser K6-ME67 directional microphone.
We digitized calls using Avisoft SASLab Pro software (R. Specht, Berlin; version 5. 2). We compared our results with vocalizations of the Galagoides taxa (Gd. demidovii and Gd. thomasi), as these are the only other crescendo callers, and with G. moholi as the only other small galago found in Angola (a repetitive caller,  Bearder et al. , 1995). Recordings were converted into spectrograms with a frequency resolution of 48 kHz (FFT length 512; 50% overlap; Hamming window). We focused on fundamental frequency (first harmonic, measured in kHz), crescendo unit length (the basic element of the crescendo phrase, measured in s), twitter unit length (the basic element of the twitter phrase, measured in s) and formant (dominant frequency, measured in kHz). We used a one-way ANOVA to test for differences among the four species followed by Tukey's HSD post-hoc test for pairwise differences between species.
1 ). The dataset was composed of 50 specimens of Gd. demidovii, 50 specimens of Gd. thomasi and 50 specimens of G. moholi, plus the three specimens from Angola. JC Masters collected measurements in several institutions around the world [American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (AMNH); Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, USA (MCZ); Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA (FMNH); Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN); Natural History Museum, London, UK (NHM); National Museum of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya (NMK); Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium (RMCA) and National Museum of Zimbabwe, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe (NMZ)] and measured specimens using digital calipers according to the procedure described in  Masters and Couette (2015). JC Masters measured 40 specimens twice and estimated the percentage of intra-observer measurement error using the method proposed by  Bailey and Byrnes (1990).
Error represented 2. 4% of total variation in our sample and can be considered as insignificant. The morphometric procedures were conducted by S Couette, who applied a size correction to the raw data using the  Burnaby (1966)  procedure that proposes to compute an isometric vector from all linear measurements and back project these measurements in a space orthogonal to this vector. Shape and size were analyzed separately. The raw data were logged prior to the size correction. The Geometric Mean (GM), considered as a proxy of the overall size, is the matrix product without units of the isometric vector and the raw data. All the statistical analyses were conducted using R 3. 0. 2. software (R Core Team, 2013) and the package MASS  (Venables and Ripley, 2002). No body weights were available for specimens FMNH 81755, 81756 and 81758.
kumbirensis sp. nov. should be listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List on the basis of criteria B1ab(iii); i. e. an estimated EOO of less than 20,000 km 2 , known from fewer than 10 locations, and a continued decline in the area, extent and/or habitat quality (IUCN, 2014) When more information on the species' distribution and its threats becomes available this assessment should be re-evaluated. All primates are listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), apart from those listed in Appendix I. Angola joined the Convention in October 2013, which came into force in December 2013. In the absence of any data on international trade in the species  (Svensson et al. , 2015)  we suggest adopting the default position and including the species in Appendix II, thus regulating but not banning any future international trade.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks go to CP Groves and JF Oates who provided advice throughout this project. We also thank American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, USA; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Natural History Museum, London, UK; National Museum of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium and National History Museum of Zimbabwe, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, for allowing us to study their collections and to FMNH for allowing us to publish the pictures of the type specimens. Our thanks also go to MH Ahsan for helping us gather information from FMNH and to C McMahon for her hospitality whilst in Angola. We thank T Baron for his assistance with Angolan visas.
Volunteers A total of 25 healthy male subjects were evaluated. Thirteen volunteers (age range 19-38 years) participated in the preliminary evaluation of the point-light videos built for this study, and 12 volunteers (age range 20-39 years) were subjected to the EEG data collection. All the subjects had normal or corrected vision, and did not report any neurological, orthopedic or muscular pathology; the volunteers were classified as right-handed, according to the Edinburgh lateral dominance scale  (Oldfield, 1971). The volunteers signed an informed consent, after comprehensive information detailing the nature of the study and the protocol to be performed had been given to them. The local ethical research committee approved the present experimental protocol (process number 13481213. 4. 0000.
Preliminary Evaluation of the Stimuli A preliminary evaluation of subjective perception of the balance/imbalance level for each biological stimulus (QB and UB) was made with a subset of subjects (N = 13). We asked the group of volunteers to observe the PLDs and evaluate them with scores ranging from 0 (very balanced) to 10 (very unstable), based on a modified scale as described by  Schieppati et al. (1999). The evaluation was made manually during the interstimuli fixation cross. The volunteers were positioned seated 60 cm distant from a 19" monitor, in an environment with reduced lighting. Four animations of each of the two conditions were presented using the software Presentation R (Neurobehavioral System). They consisted of two different actors executing each movement twice (quiet posture and unstable posture), totaling 8 events presented randomly, each separated by a fixation cross with the same duration (3,000 ms).
Experimental Procedure The volunteer sat comfortably in a chair in an environment with reduced lighting. After he was positioned, the experimenter carefully applied the 128 electrode cap to the volunteer's scalp. The instructions given to the volunteer were to remain relaxed in the chair with their eyes open and their gaze on the fixation cross, presented in the center of the LCD monitor (Dell E7909W de 19, " 1152 × 864 pixels, refresh rate of 75 Hz). The experiment consisted of the observation of a sequence of 8 blocks presented by Presentation R software, with a 5 min' resting interval between block. Each block comprised 32 PLDs (white dots on a black background), being 8 repetitions of each one of the 4 conditions (QB, UB, QS, and US) displayed randomly (Figure  1 ), totaling 64 presentations of each stimulus.