dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Cloned Cell Creation in CLONALG System by CCS-AIS and MF-AIS The first improvement proposed in both proposed techniques treats the problem of initialization of antibodies before launching the learning, instead of picking randomly some examples of training database, the initialization step consists in dividing every class of learning into subgroups, the average cell of every local subgroup is considered as initial antibody created to launch the learning algorithm. This process will allow the initial antibodies to represent all the examples to be learnt and not some only. Other various improvements brought to CLONALG in both approaches are during the learning phase, in the choice of the cell to be cloned. In CCS-AIS, for each example to learn, the selection of the closest cells is made and an average cell of these cells is created, if the average cell has better affinity than the nearest memory cell, it will be added to the set of memory cells, and a set of the best mutated clones of this average cell maximizing the affinity with the learning example is selected to join the set of memory cells, otherwise the best antibody will undergo to the operators of cloning and mutation.
Improvements on DDSM In order to compare the results obtained in our previous work and validate our approaches, we chose a database constructed from digitized films named Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). It was assembled by a group of researchers from the University South Florida and was completed in 1991 (M. Heath et al. , 2000). DDSM contains 2620 cases collected from Massachusetts General Hospital, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital and Washington University of St. Louis School of Medicine. Digital Database for Screening Mammography was widely used by the scientific community in the field of breast cancer; it has the advantage of using the same lexicon standardized by the American College of Radiology in BI-RADS. The different patient records were made in the context of screening and were classified into three cases: normal case (no lesions), benign case and malignant case, each file is composed of four views containing the mediolateral-oblique incidence (MLO) and the Cranio-Caudal incidence (CC) of each breast.
DDSM Classification Results The performances of the approaches are studied using DDSM, the training data are antigens represented by feature vectors, also, the antibodies have the same shape as the antigenic vectors, and the Euclidean distance is used as a measure of similarity; the 5-CV (Cross validation) is used. Specifically, each dataset is split into five equal subsets. In every run of each algorithm, one of the subsets was used as test set, and the remaining four comprised the training set. The average of 5 times of successive runs is taken as classification result. After 1, 2, 5, 8 and 10 iterations, memory cells generated at the end of learning are used in classification, by comparing each cell to classify to all of the created memory cells, and assigning it to the class containing the memory cell with the highest measure of similarity, simulation and implementation are done using MATLAB 7.
4. 2). We utilize a very special sample of stars -the APOKASC sample. This unique data set results from a collaboration between Kepler Asteroseismic Science Consortium (KASC 1  ,  Kjeldsen et al. 2010)  and Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE;  Majewski et al. , in preparation) , which itself is part of the third phase of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-III;  Eisenstein et al. 2011). Almost 2,000 red giants targeted by the Kepler satellite mission  (Borucki et al. 2010)  have been observed by APOGEE during the first year and included in the SDSS-III Data Release 10 (DR10,  Ahn et al. 2014). They correspond to the sample presented in  Pinsonneault et al. (2014)  and discussed in this work. The APOKASC sample will include over 8,000 giants by the end of the APOGEE survey, and will be further expanded during the upcoming SDSS-IV/APOGEE-2 campaign.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We warmly thank  David Valls-Gabaud  and  Pascal Bordé  for the useful discussions. T. S. R. acknowledges support from  CNPq-Brazil. A. M. , W. J. C. and Y. E acknowledge support from the  UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. D. B. acknowledges support from the  University of Birmingham. Funding for the  Stellar Astrophysics Centre  is provided by The  Danish National Research Foundation  (grant agreement No. :  DNRF106 ). J. B. was supported by  NASA  through  Hubble Fellowship grant   HST-HF-51285. 01from the  Space Telescope Science Institute , which is operated by the  Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated , under  NASA  contract  NAS5-26555. C. R. E. , J. A. J. , and M. P. acknowledge support from  National Science Foundation  grant  AST-1211673.
The research leading to the presented results has received funding from the  European Research Council  under the European Community's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013) / ERC  grant agreement no  338251  (StellarAges). T. C. B. acknowledges partial support for this work by grant  PHY 08-22648 :  Physics Frontiers Center/Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics  (JINA), awarded by the  U. S. National Science Foundation. A. S. is supported by the  MICINN  grant  AYA2011-24704  and by the  ESF EUROCORES Program EuroGENESIS  ( MICINN grant   EUI2009-04170 ). G. Z. is supported by an  NSF   Astronomy & Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship  under Award No. AST-1203017. We thank the entire Kepler team. Funding for this Discovery mission is provided by  NASA's Science Mission Directorate.
Acknowledgements I would like to thank the four anonymous reviewers as well as friends and work colleagues whose insightful comments and critiques have significantly improved this manuscript. This research was supported by a  European Union   Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement n°2 21948 Integrated Control of Neglected Zoonoses (ICONZ) and The  University of Edinburgh Principal's Career Development PhD Scholarship  and  School of Social and Political Science Graduate School Scholarship. However , the funders had no role in conceiving or writing this paper and the author declares that they have no competing interests.
Using linked employer-employee data for all China's public listed firms over the period 2001-10, we find top executive compensation exhibits many of the traits familiar in the Western literature, although sometimes in a more muted way, and with some clear exceptions. We also find a role for managerial power in executive pay setting which may reflect the recency of the stock market and regulations underpinning corporate governance. Nevertheless, there appear to be some elements of executive compensation which transcend national economic, political and cultural differences. The implication is that the Western model is not as idiosyncratic as critics suggest. A great deal is known about the nature and operation of executive labour markets in Western developed economies. Most of the empirical literature on the payment of chief executive officers (CEOs) and other top executives are based on markets in the US and a handful of European countries, most notably the UK  (Murphy, 1999; Conyon et al.
Fewer than 1% of top executives were being granted options in any given year between 2006 and 2010 and, for these few cases, at the median they were worth 30% of CEO cash compensation and 21% of non-CEO top executive compensation (authors' calculations based on CSMAR data and our Black-Scholes valuation of stock options). So cash compensation and bonuses constitute a greater proportion of total compensation in China than they do in the US and Europe. In what follows we will be focusing primarily on cash compensation, that is, salary and cash bonuses, which have traditionally been the focus of the executive compensation literature. But it is important to be aware that executives often hold wealth in the form of company stock. This is clearly a potentially important way in which companies are able to align the interests of CEOs with those of the firm.
Data Our data come from the CSMAR database developed by Shenzhen GTA Information Technology Company. The database comprises information disclosed by public listed companies in China under the rules and guidelines set out by the CSRC (2007). GTA collate the information contained in these public disclosures and make it available for academic research. The data have been used extensively in previous studies  (Firth et al. , 2006; Kato and Long, 2006; Conyon and He, 2011, 2012). The data are a census of all the public listed companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges. These two stock markets were re-established in 1990 and 1991, respectively. There is a third major stock exchange in Chinathe Hong Kong stock exchange which is the second largest in Asia behind Tokyobut CSMAR does not cover it.
Acknowledgements. We thank  S. O. Rasmussen  and  M. Bock  for fruitful discussions and  P. Kindler  for valuable insights and support. W. Austin  kindly provided the data of marine core  MD95-2006  and  S. Zaragosi  the magnetic susceptibility data of core MD04-2845. NEEM is directed and organised by the  Centre for Ice and Climate at the Niels Bohr Institute  and  US NSF, Office of Polar Programs. It is supported by funding agencies and institutions in 14 countries:  Belgium (FNRS-CFB and FWO) ,  Canada (GSC), China (CAS) ,  Denmark (FIST), France (IPEV, CNRS/INSU, CEA and ANR) ,  Germany (AWI) ,  Iceland (RannIs), Japan (NIPR) ,  Korea (KOPRI) , the  Netherlands (NWO/ALW), Sweden (VR) ,  Switzerland (SNF) ,  UK (NERC)  and the  USA (US NSF, Office of Polar Programs ). LSCE analytical work has been funded by the  ANR VMC   NEEM  project.
Source classification A spectroscopic campaign was carried out to classify the sources. About one forth of the detected X-ray sources are classified. Most of them are active coronae, but we also found other interesting objects, such as young T Tauri and Herbig-Ae stars, and old cataclysmic variables. We identify four Be stars with X-ray luminosities around 10 32 erg s -1 a value too high for normal Be stars. These systems thus belong to the class of γ-Cas analogues, which means that we have almost doubled the number of γ-Cas objects known until the date (see talk by C. Motch in this congress). We cross-matched our X-ray sources with other published catalogues making use of Vizier and the XCat-DB databases, and produced spectral energy distributions which helped us to discern the type of source.
Infrared data from the WISE catalogue revealed one of the T Tauri has a transition disk, which highlights the relevance of having a multi-wavelength view of high energy sources. Using infrared colour-colour diagrams for the stellar content of our survey we could distinguish main sequence stars from evolved giants. On the one hand, due to magnetic braking, stellar rotation decreases with the age of the stars. On the other hand the X-ray luminosity is strongly related to rotation. This implies that normal old giant stars are not expected to be strong X-ray emitters. A possible explanation for the origin of the X-ray emission of these evolved stars could be if they are in synchronised binary systems, where the rotation period is equal to the orbital period, breaking thus the relation between X-ray emission and age.
The co mparison results show that the proposed model can be used in real-life cases and can efficiently reduce the use of human resources, time, and expense in maturity evaluation. The restrict ion of the proposed model is that the selected years must be in the same stage of the company. The results of the proposed model should be recalculated when the company has significant decisions changes. The future work will use more realistic data to examine the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy extended PCMA maturity model. The realistic data that extracted fro m social med ia are diversity and comp lexity. Therefore, strategies will be g iven to demystify Big Data based on data structures (structured data, semi-structured data and non-structured data) that enhancing the credibility of the proposed PLM maturity model.
Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccinations are also given at the ages of 15 months and 6 years. A concomitant administration of a JE with an MMR vaccine may facilitate the adherence to vaccination programs and a protection as early as possible against these diseases. The JE chimeric virus vaccine (JE-CV) is a live attenuated vaccine that has been shown to induce 99. 1% seroconversion rate 30 days after a subcutaneous administration and elicit seroconversion rate in more than 93% of adults 14 days after vaccination  [5]. Data from previous studies conducted in pediatric populations in Thailand and the Philippines showed 95% seroconversion rate to primary vaccination with JE-CV in toddlers from 12 months of age, and no safety concerns were identified during these studies  [6, 7]. This Phase III study was designed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of JE-CV and MMR vaccines when administered concomitantly or separately, 6 weeks apart, in toddlers aged 12 to 18 months.
Statistical methods Statistical analysis was performed using SAS ® 9. 2 software. The null hypothesis (to be rejected to demonstrate the primary objective) was that at least one of the antibody responses to the concomitant administration of JE-CV and MMR was inferior to that of JE-CV or MMR vaccination alone by more than a maximum clinically acceptable limit for non-inferiority. This limit was set at 10% based on available data and recommendations for the development of JE vaccines from a group of experts assembled by WHO  [8, 9]. The four non-inferiority tests were performed using two-sided, 95% confidence intervals (CI) of pairwise differences between groups, using Wilson score method without continuity correction  [10]. Non-inferiority was demonstrated if the lower bounds of all four 95% CIs were above -10%.
No alpha adjustment for multiple comparisons was necessary in these calculations, but a power adjustment was performed. Other immunogenicity and safety analyses were descriptive, with 95% CIs of point estimates calculated using the normal approximation for quantitative data and the exact binominal distribution (Clopper-Pearson method,  [12] ) for proportions. Flavivirus serostatus (i. e. dengue and JE) at baseline and safety data at each time point were summarized by vaccine group. The safety analysis set was defined for each dose as those children who received a vaccine; data were analyzed according to the vaccine received.
Acknowledgments The authors thank and acknowledge the contribution of participation of the infants and parents in  Taipei, Taoyuan, Taichung (Taiwan) , as well as the investigational staff at  National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan ;  Mackey Memorial Hospital, Taipei ;  Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung ;  Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City ; and at  Sanofi Pasteur :  Helena Aurell ,  Isabelle Bruyere ,  Murielle Carre ,  Nicolas Corde ,  Sophia Gailhardou ,  Christel Guillaume ,  Julia Lin ,  Agnes Machmer ,  Celine Monfredo ,  Zulaika Naimi ,  Karen Privat ,  Camille Salamand ,  Nuchra Sirisuphmitr. This manuscript was prepared with the assistance of a professional medical writer,  Alice Walmesley , and funding from  Sanofi Pasteur.
The virus detected in 1994, alongside a further isolate reported in 1996 was genetically determined to cluster within lineage III  (Kwiatek et al. , 2007; Banyard et al. , 2010). Although PPR is endemic in Ethiopia, the circulation of lineage IV PPRV has not previously been reported. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to identify whether lineage IV virus is circulating in Ethiopia. Further, as there is no PPRV full genome sequence available from East African regions, we have sequenced the full genome of the Ethiopian virus and have made comparisons with existing available PPRV genetic data. The isolate reported here (KJ867541; Ethiopia/2010) is the first report of lineage IV in Ethiopia and is the first complete PPRV genome to be characterized from an outbreak in East Africa. Further, we have performed a full phylogenetic assessment of African PPRV isolates using both full genome sequences and partial genes (N and F) sequences available in the GenBank database.
Sequence analysis The complete genome sequence of PPRV Ethiopia 2010 (GenBank accession no. KJ867541) generated in this study was compared and phylogenetically analysed with other eight PPRV complete genomes available in the NCBI database. Similarly, the partial N and F gene sequences extracted from the PPRV Ethiopia 2010 in this study were compared and phylogenetically analysed with other available PPRV partial N/F gene sequences from African isolates. The PPRV partial N gene sequence data of 255 nucleotides (genome position 1360-1614) or partial F gene sequence data of 322 nucleotide (genome position 5779-6100) sequences that have a detailed history of collection date and place were retrieved from the NCBI database (including submission to July 2014). These sequences were aligned using the ClustalW algorithm incorporated in Bioedit software v7.
2. 0  (Hall, 1999)  and edited to remove unreliable sequences/regions. Further, the identical sequences originating from the same geographical location, host and year were excluded to avoid redundancy in phylogenetic analysis. The partial N gene data set contained 83 sequences sampled in Africa over a period of 46 years , and the partial F gene data set contained 38 sequences sampled in Africa over a period of 40 years. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA6  (Tamura et al. , 2013). The neighbour-joining tree was computed using Kimura 2-parameter model. The test of phylogeny was carried out through bootstrap method with 1000 number of replications and the gaps/missing data treated with pairwise deletion.
Acknowledgements This work is supported by  BBSRC-DFID   CIDLID BB/ H009485/1 ,  EU-BBSRC Anihwa   BB/L013657/1  and  DBT-BBSRC FADH BB/L004801/1  grants. Murali Muniraju  is the recipient of a  BBSRC/DFID studentship within CIDLID grant   BB/H009485/1. SP is a Jenner investigator at  Oxford University, UK , visiting faculty at  NIAB, Hyderabad and Adjunct Professor to Murdoch University, Australia.
In the context of this study, 808 women with HER2 + metastatic breast cancer who had not received previous chemotherapy or biological treatments (enrolled at 204 distinct cancer centers in 25 countries) were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive either pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel or the same regimen with a matching placebo replacing pertuzumab. 106 At data cutoff (when the median follow-up was 30 mo for both groups), intention-to-treat analyses revealed a significant improvement in both disease-free and overall survival among patients receiving pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel as compared with patients treated with trastuzumab and docetaxel only, with no marked differences in the incidence and severity of side effects. 106 s it stands, the first wave of results from the CLEOPATRA trial (which has been published in January 2012) underpinned the approval of pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel for the treatment of patients with HER2 + metastatic breast cancer who have not received prior anti-HER2 therapy or chemotherapy for metastatic disease.
Update on Clinical Trials Testing Tumor-Targeting Monoclonal Antibodies When this Trial Watch was being redacted (October 2013), official sources listed 74 clinical trials launched after 2012, October 1st to evaluate the therapeutic profile of hitherto investigational tumor-targeting mAbs in cancer patients (16 studies) or the efficacy of FDA-approved tumor-targeting mAbs employed as off-label anticancer interventions (58 studies) (source http://www. clinicaltrials. gov). Among the investigational tumor-targeting mAbs that continue to attract considerable clinical interest are nimotuzumab and necitumumab. Nimotuzumab (a humanized IgG1) and necitumumab (a fully human IgG1) target the EGFR and have been the subject of an intense wave of clinical investigation  [192] [193] [194] [195] [196] [197] [198] [199] [200] [201] [202] [203] [204] [205]  During the last 13 mo, no less than 8 clinical trials have been launched to evaluate the safety and therapeutic potential of these EGFR-targeting mAbs, including 7 Phase I-II studies testing nimotuzumab or necitumumab in combination with conventional chemo(radio)therapeutic regimens in patients with breast carcinoma (NCT01939054); NSCLC (NCT01763788; NCT01769391; NCT01788566; NCT01861223), cervical carcinoma (NCT01938105) and rectal cancer (NCT01899118), as well as 1 Phase III trial assessing the therapeutic potential of nimotuzumab plus irinotecan (an inhibitor of topoisomerase I) in individuals with EGFR-overexpressing gastric or gastresophageal junction cancer (NCT01813253).
Alongside, multiple clinical studies have recently been initiated to investigate the therapeutic profile of a relatively heterogeneous group of investigational tumor-targeting mAbs. These mAbs include (1) BC8, a CD45-targeting murine IgG1 usually coupled to radionuclides,  206, 207  which is now being tested (in its  90  Y-conjugated form) together with combinatorial chemotherapy in patients with high-risk lymphoid malignancies allocated to undergo hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (NCT01921387); (2) blinatumomab, a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) targeting CD3 and CD19 (also known as MEDI-538),  96, [208] [209] [210]  now under evaluation as a standalone therapeutic measure in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (NCT01741792); (3) Ch14. 18, a chimeric IgG1 specific for disialoganglioside GD2,  [211] [212] [213] [214] [215] [216]  which is currently being assessed in combination with irinotecan and temozolomide (an alkylating agent) in young patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma (NCT01767194); (4) conatumumab (see above), which is now being investigated in combination with a small SMAC peptidomimetic  217, 218  in women with relapsed ovarian cancer (NCT01940172); (5) lintuzumab, a humanized IgG1 targeting the cell surface myelomonocytic differentiation antigen CD33,  219, 220  which is currently being tested (as an  225  Ac conjugate) in combination with cytarabine (an inhibitor of DNA synthesis) in old leukemia patients (NCT01756677); (6) SAR650984, a humanized IgG1 targeting CD38,  221  now under evaluation together with lenalidomide and dexamethasone  222  in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (NCT01749969); and (7) TF2, a bispecific molecule that binds carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) while providing a platform for the highly targeted delivery of a second, radionuclide ( 68 Ga)-coupled peptide,  [223] [224] [225]  which is currently being tested as a diagnostic tool in subjects affected by HER2 -breast carcinoma (NCT01730612) or medullary thyroid carcinoma (NCT01730638) (Table  4 ).
For obvious safety reasons, the largest fraction of clinical trials initiated during the last 13 mo to test tumor-targeting mAbs aims at determining whether FDA-approved molecules might exert therapeutic effects in off-label indications. Thus, bevacizumab is currently being tested as a diagnostic tool (in its  89  Zr-conjugated form) or as a therapeutic intervention, most frequently in combination with standard chemo(radio) therapeutic regimens, in patients with hematological malignancies (NCT01859234; NCT01921790), various forms of sarcoma (NCT01746238; NCT01871766; NCT01946529), glioma (NCT01743950; NCT01891747), breast carcinoma (NCT01722968; NCT01894451; NCT01898117; NCT01941407; NCT01959490), melanoma (NCT01879306; NCT01950390), ovarian carcinoma (NCT01735071; NCT01739218; NCT01770301; NCT01802749; NCT01837251; NCT01838538; NCT01847677), neoplasms of the reproductive tract (NCT01770171; NCT01821859; NCT01936974), and other (advanced or metastatic) solid tumors (NCT01749384; NCT01767792; NCT01831089; NCT01847118; NCT01898130; NCT01951482; NCT01946529).