dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
DISCuSSIon This literature review was used to assess the prevalence of addiction in seafarers according to international publications: 63. 1% smoked, 14. 5% were hazardous drinkers according to the WHO definition and 3. 4% had used cannabis in the previous month. Few studies focused on the use of heroin, cocaine, sedatives or other drugs. The use of alcohol or drugs on board a ship was also infrequently studies. However, 10% of mariners (or more) consume alcohol on board. The aim of this study was to select articles from multiple databases in several languages. This is particularly important, since the issue of addiction amongst seafarers is an international problem. On the same boat, mariners come from several countries and a mariner travels around the world. The method of calculation of total prevalence may appear biased.
Study setting This study was conducted at the Lighthouse Clinic in Lilongwe, Malawi, one of the largest centres for ART in the country. Since 2004, ART and regular clinical reviews are provided free of charge and in accordance with the national scale up programme and WHO's Universal Access strategy  (19, 36, 37). Lighthouse routinely uses a real-time electronic data system (EDS) for the collection of patient data and documentation of all visits, prescriptions and dispensing. During clinic visits, patients' adherence is assessed via pill count and patients for whom the EDS calculates an adherence level B95% are referred to one to one adherence-counselling sessions. More details about the HIV epidemic in Malawi, the national ART programme as well as the Lighthouse as a centre of excellence for ART provision can be found elsewhere  (30, 36Á43).
We retrospectively analysed a subset of 147 forms of all patients with TI who appeared in person at the clinic within the enrolment period June to November 2009. This enrolment strategy ensured that these patients could also be approached for a prospective re-evaluation of their reasons for TI (in-depth interview). These patients were also consecutively enrolled in a linked study evaluating virological outcomes in patients with TI  (32). The paperbased forms were double entered into a database for further analysis.
Data analysis Quantitative data from the EDS and the B2C form was analysed using STATA † /IC11 (StataCorp. LP, College Station, TX). Continuous variables were described by In total, patient characteristics of 347 patients were analysed, 147 B2C forms were entered into an MSAccess database and 26 in-depth interviews were conducted for descriptive analysis and to gain a further understanding of reasons for treatment interruption. ART: Antiretroviral therapy; B2C: Back-to-Care; EDS: Electronic data system; LTFU: Lost-to-Follow up their means and standard deviation for normally distributed data. Descriptive statistics also included ranges and proportions, as appropriate. Significance of difference was tested using Students t test and x 2 as appropriate. Regression analysis with TI/duration of TI as dependent variable adjusted for sex and/or age was performed to evaluate key characteristics of patients with TI.
As consequence, they could either stand for themselves or were subsumed under other categories, transforming them into subcategories. They were also compared to the categories from the B2C forms to control for credibility of the data. Themes and subthemes were illustrated by supporting quotes (Table  3 ). Interviews were coded in a database by two researchers to ensure reliability and consistency of the coding criteria  (46). Discrepancies, when occurring, were openly discussed and resolved.
B2C form In total, data from 147 patients with confirmed TI was entered. This subset did not differ significantly from the total number of patients with TI (n0347) with regard to their basic demographics (gender, age), duration of ART prior to TI, and duration of TI. The majority of forms were filled by the interviewer speaking with the patients themselves (83. 7%, n0123/147), whereas if they could not be contacted the interview was conducted with the treatment supporter, the spouse or a close family member. In over a third of cases more than one reason for TI per patient was documented with the B2C form. The most commonly stated reason for TI was travel (54. 4%; n080/ 147; Fig. 2 ). According to additional comments travel was related to travel for work or family issues. The category treatment fatigue/forgetfulness was selected by the interviewer in 20.
3) Sharing decisions between physicians and nurses (decision-making meetings) These meetings are also known as ethics meetings. They are considered as a prelude to possible treatment limitation decisions. The entire history of the patient is reviewed, and the irreversible nature of the current medical situation is confirmed. These meetings are the mark of a collegial decision-making process, which is far more common in France than in other countries  [65]. When making decisions, physicians tend to rely on statistical data (to identify futility) and nurses on qualitative data (pain, anxiety, and quality of life). These differences underline the complementarity of input from nurses and physicians in the decision-making process  [66].
Method. To ensure the anonymity of the participants, the names presented in this study are fictitious. The performance of semi-structured interviews and focus groups was chosen, in which the scripts were developed based on the theoretical framework mentioned  (11). The data collection took place between September 2009 and December 2010. The combined use of distinct data collection strategies made it possible to acquire rich material for analysis, because, while the interview allowed access to the information that involved intimacy, the focus groups made it possible to obtain opinions on socially debated subjects  (16). A total of 23 women diagnosed with breast cancer who were attending a cancer rehabilitation service participated in the study. All the women were invited Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2014 May-June;22(3):408-14.
to participate in both the individual interviews and the focus groups. A total of 15 women were interviewed and two focus groups discussion were conducted, with five and seven individuals in each; four women were participants of both data collection strategies. The total number of participants was defined by the saturation of the themes related to the aim of the study. The data were recorded and fully transcribed, constituting the corpus of analysis. The socio-demographic data and information related to the diagnosis and treatment were collected with the participants, and from a consultation of the medical records. The desire was to obtain a wide diversity of reports about sexuality in the context of breast cancer by giving priority to the psychosocial and cultural aspects involved in the experience.
Obtaining this variability of experiences and opinions was only possible due to the inclusion of participants with different prognoses and therapeutic approaches. In this sense, it was decided to conduct a brief characterization of the participants and to include the time interval between the diagnosis and the data collection, as it is understood that the diagnosis of the disease itself brings questions and reflections about the sexuality of the woman. As already mentioned, the sexual scripts theoretical framework adopted in this qualitative study guided the sexuality comprehension process and the analysis of the thematic content, as well as its interpretation  (11). The material was coded with the aid of the NVivo 9 computer program, from thematic categories constructed by the researchers themselves.
Sample All participants in this study were members of the GAZEL cohort (n = 20 625; 15 010 are men), all employed by the French national power utility (EDF-GDF). [19]  Each January, participants receive general questionnaires about lifestyle, health, and occupational status; in 2006 and 2012, questions about pain were included. Few subjects are lost to follow-up, although not all subjects answer the questionnaire every year. The present analysis included men who answered both 2006 and 2012 questionnaires (n = 9 450). For each analysis, we excluded those reporting severe pain in 2006 (n = 1 443 for shoulder, n = 1 408 for knee), to determine the number of new cases (incident cases) that developed by 2012. We also excluded underweight participants (n = 35) and those missing 2006 data on smoking (n = 416), and BMI (n = 246).
[16]  Occupational exposures were self-reported, though six years before the outcome measures, making biased reporting of exposure with respect to outcome unlikely. Exposure data (occupational and weight measurements) were relatively crude, though resultant random error likely biases results toward the null. It is outside of the scope of our study to describe trajectories of weight changes and occupational exposures during working years. It is conceivable, for instance, that workers' jobs became more sedentary as obesity developed, which might explain lack of associations between occupational exposures and severe pain in obese patients. Finally, this preliminary study did not examine other possible risk factors for MSDs, such as diabetes, other medical conditions, physical activity, or socioeconomic status, which may influence associations between occupational factors and BMI and explain some associations (between BMI and exposure for instance).
Dr M. ZINS , head of the  Inserm   UMS 011  (The  GAZEL Cohort Study  was funded by  EDF-GDF  and  INSERM  and received grants from the '' Cohortes SanteTGIR Program '' (http://www. iresp. net/appel-a-projet/10-financement-de-cohortes-tres-grandes-infrastructures-de-recherche-2009/). This study is part of the  French Agency for Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses ,  TEMIS  project http://www. afssa. fr/ET/PPN0848. htm?pageid = 2843&parentid = 672&ongletlstid = 5553#content). Ms. Evanoff's contributions were supported by the  Dunwalke Fund for International Research by Undergraduates from Harvard College. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Distance to nearest power line The addresses of cases and controls at birth were obtained from the Danish Civil Registration System and we identified geographical coordinates by linkage to the Danish Address Database. The geographical coordinates refer to the front door of each residence (for apartments the main entrance door) and are precise within a few meters. We collected data on existing and historical 132-400 kV overhead power lines with alternating current from the seven Danish transmission companies. The mapped grid includes 4336 km of current and historical power lines (23. 1% 400 kV, 0. 9% 220 kV, 46. 3% 150 kV, 29. 8% 132 kV). In addition information on the date when the line was put into and out of operation was collected. For the lines for which we only had information on the year of operation (77.
Domestic radon Domestic radon concentration at address at birth was estimated using a validated regression model constructed to predict radon concentrations in Danish dwellings on the basis of register data including geographical region, soil type, and house characteristics such as type of house, floor, basement, and building materials. Details on the model are given in previous papers  [30, 31]. Exposure to domestic radon at address at birth was successfully estimated for 2904 (94. 5%) addresses. We could not estimate domestic radon exposure for 62 (6. 1%) cases and 106 (5. 2%) controls (Figure  S1 ).
Potential confounders Socioeconomic status of the municipality (the average gross income of the municipality) has been described in detail previously  [27] , where it was estimated for children born in the period 1976-1991. Children born in the period 1953-1975 were assigned the municipality income level based on data in 1976. Definition of rural and urban area was based on the official Danish classification. Information on maternal age and birth order was provided by linkage with the Danish Civil Registration System using the personal identification number. We also adjusted the analyses for domestic radon and traffic-related air pollution. We had no information on socio-economic status of the municipality for 6 cases and 12 controls, on urbanization for 100 cases and 175 controls, on maternal age for 43 cases and 77 controls and on birth order for 43 cases and 78 controls (Figure  S1 ).
Statistical analysis Because of the nested case-control design of the study, with equal follow-up time for a case and the matched controls, the rate ratios  [38]  (hereafter denoted relative risks (RR)) for childhood cancer and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by conditional logistic regression models with the ''PROC PHREG'' procedure in SAS 9. 2. We analyzed the association between distance to nearest power line and risk of childhood leukemia both with and without adjustment for potential confounders. The potential confounders included socio-economic status the municipality (categorical; , 10 pct. , 10-90 pct. ,. 90 pct. ), urbanization (categorical; countryside, urban area), maternal age at time of birth (categorical; ,30y, $30y), birth order (categorical; 1, $2), domestic radon (categorical; ,50 pct.
Strengths and limitations Our study was a register-based case-control study covering the entire population of Denmark. Cases were identified in a virtually complete national cancer registry, and the Central Population Registry provided an excellent basis for an unbiased sampling of controls. The potential for selection bias in our study is, therefore, minimal. We identified around 90% of current as well as historical power lines with $132 kV and according to two of the transmission companies (covering approximately 25% of all power lines) the data on power lines had a precision of 3-5 meters. The geographical coordinates used to identify the front door at the address at birth had a precision of few meters. For apartments the main entrance door was identified, which for the majority of apartments is within 5 meters, however, for some types of apartments a larger deviation may be expected.
Distance to nearest power line, domestic radon and air pollution was estimated for the address at birth, although exposure accumulated over all childhood addresses might be more relevant  [31]. However, since interactions were in focus in the present study, we included the exposures at birth addresses only to ensure that the exposure to power lines (distance from residence) and exposure to domestic radon and traffic-related air pollution was present at the same address, which is essential for the analysis of interaction. It is a limitation of the study that the analyses of interaction were based on few cases and controls for some of the cells of table  3. Data on air pollution was available from a previous study for children diagnosed during the period 1968-1991. It was not feasible to collect data for an extended period, though it would have contributed with more cases and controls and thereby more power in the analyses.
Quantitative Gait Assessment Gait performance under simple and dual tasks was assessed using an electronic walkway (GAITRite System, 600 cm long), which provides data for both spatial and temporal gait parameters. Start and end points were marked on the floor 1 m from either mat end to avoid recording acceleration/deceleration phases. Each participant performed one practice trial walking on the mat. Gait variability under each testing condition was calculated as the coefficient of variation for stride time: CV = (standard deviation of stride time/mean stride time) × 100. CV mean st st st =              × SD 100, where SD st is the standard deviation of stride time; and mean st is the mean stride time. Gait velocity (cm/s) and stride time variability (CV st , %) were measured during the simple and dual-task trials.
Acknowledgments M. M-O. 's program in " Gait and Brain " function is supported by grants from the  CIHR-IA , the  Drummond Foundation , the  Physician Services Incorporated Foundation of Canada (PSI) , the  Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation , and by  Department of Medicine Program of Experimental Medicine (POEM)   Research Award  from the  University of Western Ontario. He is the first recipient of the  Schulich Clinician-Scientist Award  and holds the  CIHR New Investigator Award.
Setting and participants Family caregivers were recruited via fifteen sites, mostly memory clinics and Alzheimer Societies in Quebec, Canada. Participants were the spouse or an offspring self-defined as the person principally responsible (notion of primary caregiver) for a person diagnosed with Alzheimer? s or a related dementia before age 65 by a neurologist, psychiatrist or geriatrician. A designated professional was mandated in each clinical facility to contact potential participants. If these persons gave their consent, the professional forwarded their contact information to the project coordinator. The coordinator then called them to explain the project and solicit their participation. In all, 32 caregivers took part in the study. This number was determined by data saturation, that is, by thematic redundancy in caregiver perception of their unmet support needs  [23].
Data collection procedure Ethics approval has been obtained from the Research Ethics Board of the Institut universitaire de g?riatrie de Montr?al (# 10-11-018). The Board? s mandate is to ensure that consent from research participants is obtained in compliance with the ethical standards stipulated by the Quebec government and Canada? s major funding agencies. Data were collected through interviews with the family caregivers. At the start of the interview, participants had to sign a consent form. The interviews to complete the FCSA tool, which lasted 90 minutes on average, took place face to face with an interviewer trained by the research team on conducting qualitative interviews. The interviews were held at home, at the research centre or at the offices of a local Alzheimer Society, at the participant? s discretion.
The Survey The survey characterizes who the inquirers were, why they were contacting the helplines, about which diseases, and which responses they received; a total of 13 data were collected for each call, email, or other. Interoperability was ensured by using the ORPHA codes to share information on the diseases for which inquirers contact the helplines  [16]. ORPHA codes refer to the Orphanet classification of diseases. For the survey, all helplines were supplied with the same standardized form to fill in with their data. All fields had been agreed and tested. All helplines filled in the survey based on the totality of inquiries received in November 2012. Data from the whole survey are presented here. Details on the types of data collected ar found in Multimedia Appendix 1.
Ethical Approval: Compliance With Data Protection Demonstration of compliance with national legislation on data privacy protection was mandatory to become a full network member. Helplines applying to the network documented their registration to the national regulatory authority in writing. As this survey was a descriptive and anonymized analysis of the inquiries received, it was not necessary to seek prior authorization from an ethics committee. Data identifying the participating individuals were not shared. Demographic data used in this analysis only included age range (and not the exact date of birth), gender, category, and region of residence. None of the demographic data collected could lead to an inquirer's identification.
Acknowledgments The  European Network of Rare Diseases Helplines  and this analysis of their activity are funded by the  European Commission ,  DG Health and Consumer Protection Programme of Community action  in the field of public health via its  Executive Agency for Health and Consumers. The responsibility of the content of this article lies with the authors. The Executive Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The creation of the network benefited from a project grant from  Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals ,  Novartis  and  CSL Behring. We would like to thank the following collaborators:  Mr Gunver Bording Team Sjaeldne Handicap ,  Denmark) ,  Dr Tuy Nga Brignol Association Française contre les Myopathies AFM Téléthon, France) ,  Ms Paula Brito  e  Costa Linha Rara, Portugal),PhC, Ms Andreia Baiardo European Network of Rare Congenital Anaemia, Europe), Laura Olaya Costa, BSc European Network of Rare Congenital Anaemia, Europe ),  Ms Paula Cuibus European Network  of  Rare Congenital Anaemia, Europe), Ms Dorica Dan NORO Help Line, Romania ),  Prof Paola Facchin Rare Diseases Coordinating Centre Veneto Region, Italy) ,  Mr Thomas Heuyer Maladies Rares Info Services, France) ,  Mr Georgi Iskrov Information Centre for Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs, Bulgaria) ,  Dr Monica Mazzucato Rare Diseases Coordinating Centre Veneto Region, Italy) ,  Dr Amalia Egle Gentile Telefono Verde Malattie Rare , Italy),  Dr Agata Polizzi Telefono Verde Malattie Rare , Italy),  Dr Domenica Taruscio Telefono Verde Malattie Rare, Italy) ,  Ms María del Mar Mañú Pereira , BSc, PhD European Network  of  Rare Congenital Anaemia, Europe), Ms Emilie Ribe Maladies Rares Info Services, France), Ms Nadia Radulescu Myasthenia Gravis, Romania ),  Ms Estrella Mayoral Rivero Servicio de Información y Orientación FEDER, Spain) ,  Ms Rosa Sanchez de Vega Servicio de Información y Orientación FEDER, Spain) ,  Prof Joan Lluis Vives Corrons MD, PhD European Network  of  Rare Congenital Anaemia, Europe), Ms Vlasta Zmazek National Help Line, Croatia ).
Analysis and statistics Data from the completed questionnaires were entered into an MS Excel file (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). An analysis was carried out using MS Excel and Open Epi Software (Emory University, Druid Hills, GA, USA). Research output was analysed according to whether participants were OR fellows or non-OR fellows, and among the latter by sex, region and staff position at the time of participating in the course. Differences between groups were compared using the χ 2 test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables, with levels of significance set at 5%.
However, these studies were crosssectional and no conclusion could be drawn concerning causal relationships. Therefore, as McFarlane et al  (15)  concluded in their systematic literature review on the relationships between work-related psychosocial factors and MSD, further evidence is needed from new longitudinal studies to explore the temporal aspects of these links. The present longitudinal study uses data from the French multicentre cohort study ORSOSA (ORganisation des SOins -SAnté des soignants), which aimed to examine associations between shoulder pain, biomechanical constraints, and work-unit-level psychosocial and organizational work environment in the ORSOSA cohort of registered nurses (RN) and nursing assistants (NA). First, we tested the effects of the work-unit-level psychosocial and organization work environment on the development of incident shoulder pain (SP) among RN and NA.
A maximum of 20 NA and RN per unit were included in the ORSOSA cohort, on a random basis, representing a total of 4169 participants. Data on the work environment and workers' health were collected in 2006 and 2008. A total of 2915 female RN and NA were eligible for the present study as they were free of shoulder pain in 2006. Because longitudinal data were not available for those who changed work unit or position during the follow-up, we excluded 678 RN and 341 NA resulting in a study sample of 1172 RN and 724 NA (a total sample size of 1896). Workers with missing data concerning health status or work-unit-level environment or with confounding factors were excluded from the analyses.