dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Limitations of this study were the practical need to accept urine specimens that were not always collected as first morning samples. Study medication adherence did not differ across treatment arms or by sex, but specific data regarding adherence to ACE inhibitor therapy were not collected. In view of high rates of hypertension (33. 8%) and microalbuminuria (16. 6%) in youth with new-onset type 2 diabetes care. diabetesjournals. org in the TODAY study, the long-term impact of type 2 diabetes and its comorbidities on the future progression to clinically important diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, and ESRD is of great concern. The epidemic of youth with type 2 diabetes is an emerging global issue with many unanswered questions and minimal guidance for evidence-based clinical strategies.
AcknowledgmentsdThis work was completed with funding from the  NIDDK/National Institutes of Health (NIH)  ( U01-DK-61212 ,  U01-DK-61230 ,  U01-DK-61239 ,  U01-DK-61242 , and  U01-DK-61254 ), the  National Center for Research Resources General Clinical Research Centers Program  ( M01-RR-00036 ,  Washington University School of Medicine ;  M01-RR-00043-45 ,  Children's Hospital Los Angeles ;  M01-RR-00069 ,  University of Colorado Denver ;  M01-RR-00084 ,  Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh ;  M01-RR-01066 ,  Massachusetts General Hospital ;  M01-RR-00125 ,  Yale University ; and  M01-RR-14467 ,  University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center) , and the  National Center for Research Resources Clinical and Translational Science Awards  ( UL1-RR-024134 ,  Children's Hospital of Philadelphia ;  UL1-RR-024139 ,  Yale University ;  UL1-RR-024153 ,  Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh ;  UL1-RR-024989 ,  Case Western Reserve University ;  UL1-RR-024992 ,  Washington University in St.
Four soil cores (30 cm long 3 2. 5 cm Five representative soil cores (2. 5 cm in diameter and 45 cm in depth) were collected at flowering from between rows for each plot at one field site, Karoonda. The 45-cm soil cores were separated into three 15-cm sections (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm), and the corresponding sections of five soil cores were combined for root DNA analysis. Natural logarithm transformed data were used for statistical analysis and means (n 5 3) are presented for RDD. There are significant differences in RDD for genotype and depth (P , 0. 001), and for interactions of genotype 3 depth (P , 0. 034). Vertical lines indicate the least significant difference (LSD0. 05) for interactions of genotype 3 depth. Ct values of TaITS2 were determined for all soil samples using quantitative real-time PCR with ARMS primers and the TaITS2 probe.
The growing-seasonal rainfall in 2008 was the lowest in decades. Rainfall data were obtained from weather stations closest to the trial sites (Supplementary Table  2 ). Twenty-one, hexaploid semi-dwarf wheat genotypes from diverse genetic background and widely used in breeding programs around Australia were included. The trial design was randomized split block design (12 ranges 3 7 rows), and four replicates. Plots were 3. 20 3 1. 25 m, row spacing 0. 25 m, and managed as per district practice. Seeding rate was 200 seeds per square metre. Soil cores (10 cm long 3 one cm wide) were collected from the top soil at flowering. Twenty cores were taken from between rows, and combined to make a composite sample per plot for plant DNA analysis. As mixed seeds were found for one of 21 genotypes, RDD data of 20 genotypes were presented.
, Canada). Statistical analyses. Experiments were analysed using the R (R Development Core Team, 2011, URL http://www. R-project. org/) package ASReml-R  38. In the statistical analyses of TaITS2 copy number per genome, shoot dry weight, RLD and RDD from the pot experiment in controlled environment, RDD from the rain-out shelter experiment, the first field experiment, and deep soil cores in the second field experiment, genotypes were fitted as fixed effects, along with the other treatments of interest, with an analysis of variance used to test the significance of effects. For RDD of the 0-10 cm soil cores from the second field experiment, a linear mixed model was fitted with genotype as a random effect, using a factor analytic model  39  to model genetic correlations in RDD across five sites.
Acknowledgments The advice and encouragement of  Drs K. Ophel-Keller  and  D. Giblot-Ducray , initial statistical analyses of field-trial results by  A. Smith , and technical support provided by  Y. Li ,  H. Zhou ,  R. Burns ,  I. Dadej ,  I. Dumitrescu ,  D. Pounsett  and  A. Thomas  is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by the  Grains Research and Development Corporation , the  Australian Research Council , the  South Australian Government , the  University of Adelaide ,  Australian Grain Technologies ,  CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, South Australian Grain Industry Trust Fund , and the project DROPS, DROught tolerant yielding PlantS from funding of the European Community's  Seventh Framework Programme  under the grant agreement  FP7-244374. http://www. drops-project. eu.
Additionally, four items (i. e. items 4, 5, 13 and 14) had to be removed as they were considered to be inappropriate for a military context. As can be seem in Table  2 , eight items were reformulated, eight were removed and two remained unchanged. Response options wererarely´(0), `occasionally´(1), `fairly often´(2), and `almost always´  (3). Data are given as mean scores. The resulting item pool was then submitted to empirical investigation as the Conscious presence and self control (CPSC) scale, and tested for its psychometric properties.
Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics, internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient α) and factor analyses (principal component analysis using Varimax rotation with Kaiser's normalization), as well as analyses of variance, first order correlations and regression analyses were computed with SPSS 20. 0. With everything I do (eating, cleaning, conversations, official duties, etc. ) I am always conscious of the emotions, moods and physical responses that occur. 3 When I notice an absence of mind, I gently return to the experience of the here and now. (P) Once I realize that my concentration has drifted I can return to consciously paying attention without difficulties. In difficult situations I do not let arising emotions take control over me. 12 I experience moments of inner peace and ease, even when things get hectic and stressful.
The microscope also incorporated filters optimised for visualising green fluorescent protein under a ×40 water immersion objective. To identify the Per1::EGFP-expressing habenula neurones, a fast integrating highly sensitive camera system (ORCA R2 cooled digital charged-coupled device camera, Hamamatsu UK, Hertfordshire, UK) coupled with capturing software (HCImage Software and Drivers, Hamamatsu) was used. When targeting the neurones containing EGFP, care was taken to only briefly illuminate the slices with the fluorescence light. Cell membrane was ruptured under minimal holding currents and negative pressure. All data were collected in current-clamp mode using a BA-O3X bridge amplifier (npi electronic GmbH, Tamm, Germany). Access resistance for all cells used in the analysis was ß15 M. Series resistance was ß20 M , and cells were discarded from the analysis if under basal conditions this value changed by more than 15%.
Neurones were also removed from analysis if their resting membrane potential (RMP) was unstable after membrane rupture in whole-cell configuration. Signals were sampled at 30 kHz, stored and analysed on a computer using spike2 software (version 6. 00: Cambridge Electronic Design (CED), Cambridge, UK). All data acquisition and stimulating protocols were generated through a micro1401 mkII interface (CED). Neurones, including the EGFP-positive cells, were recorded throughout the MHb. To confirm the accurate targeting of EGFP-expressing habenula neurones, patch pipettes sealed to these neurones were photographed in situ (×40 objective) at the end of each recording. All MHb neurone-patch pipette assemblies were also photo-graphed at ×10 magnification to verify their anatomical localisation within this brain structure.
Membrane properties of MHb neurones Once the whole-cell configuration was established, neurones were allowed to recover for at least 1 min. Membrane properties, such as resting membrane potential (RMP), spontaneous firing rate and input resistance (R input ) were determined within 4-5 min of membrane rupture to minimise any potential washout effects from whole-cell recordings. RMP was measured as follows: after ß1 min when the RMP was stable, a 10 s trace was selected and two cursors were placed on each side. Subsequently, a custom-written Spike2 script was used to estimate the RMP of this trace marked by these two cursors. To determine the action potential (AP)/AP-like spike/membrane oscillation amplitude, we quantified the difference between peak voltage and the RMP of the spike, whereas the spike width was measured at half-amplitude (see Supplemental Fig.
Drugs and statistical analysis Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was obtained from Tocris (Avonmouth, Bristol, UK), and 6,7-dichloro-1Hindole-2,3-dione 3-oxime (NS309) from Sigma. NS309 was initially dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) (Sigma) and during the experiments stock solutions were diluted in recording aCSF and bath applied in the perfusing aCSF. The final concentration of DMSO was <0. 001%. Most data were statistically analysed using Graphpad Prism Version 5. 04 (Graphpad, La Jolla, CA, USA), while some data were analysed using Systat Version 10 (Systat Software Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). Most grouped data were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test or paired t test, while some were analysed by two-way ANOVA followed by a priori single degree of freedom tests. Values were considered statistically significant if P < 0.
Results In this study, successful whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed across the 24 h of the LD cycle from a total of 276 MHb neurones from Per1::GFP mice. Our original intention was to target EGFP+ve cells only, but unlike in SCN brain slices from the same mouse genotype, the level of expression of Per1-driven EGFP was too low to be useful, presumably due to the small (ß3 kb;  Kuhlman et al. 2000)  Per1 promotor fragment used to drive the EGFP in these mice (see Supplemental Fig. S2 ) as well as reflecting the much lower expression of clock genes in the MHb as compared with the SCN  (Yamamoto et al. 2001; Shieh, 2003). Indeed in pilot studies, we found no clear differences in the electrophysiological properties of EGFP+ve and -ve MHb cells (data not shown). Therefore, in all subsequent recordings, no attempt was made to differentiate and target EGFP+ve and -ve neurones in the MHb.
Sixty-one Cry1 +/+ Cry2 +/+ MHb neurones were recorded and subjected to depolarising and hyperpolarising current injections as described above. Thirty-seven of these 61 neurones (61%) were spontaneously firing APs, whereas the remaining cells (n = 24/61; 29%) showed either silent, DLAMO or intermediate behaviour. These cells showed similar responses to hyperpolarising and depolarising current injections as Per1::EGFP MHb neurones (data not shown). Fifty-four MHb cells were recorded from Cry1 -/-Cry2 -/-mice and most of these were spontaneously discharging APs (31/54; 57%). These neurones showed very similar responses to depolarising and hyperpolarising pulses to those of Cry1 +/+ Cry2 +/+ MHb neurones, indicating that the basic properties of MHb neurones were not overtly altered by the absence of the Cry genes.
The  M T value for 1 at room temperature (3. 06 cm 3 mol -1 K) is significantly larger than the spin-only value for a highspin Co(II) ion (S = 3/2, 1. 875 cm 3 mol -1 K with g = 2), which is indicative of the unquenched orbital contribution of the Co(II) ion in distorted octahedral geometry (Figure  S1 ). The  M T product remains almost constant from room temperature to 70 K and then slightly decreases reaching a value of 2. 05 cm 3 mol -1 K at 2 K. Because the molecules are well isolated in the crystal, this decrease is most likely due to spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effects rather than intermolecular antiferromagnetic interactions. The magnetic susceptibility data for 1 were analyzed by introducing SOC effects through the Hamiltonian: ̂ ̂ ̂ [ ̂ ̂( ̂ ) ⁄ ] ( ̂ ̂ ) ( ̂ ̂) where  is the spin-orbit coupling parameter,  is the orbital reduction factor, and  and  are the axial and rhombic orbital splitting of the T 1 term (Figure  S2 ).
This work was supported by the  MINECO (Spain)  (Project  CTQ2011-24478 ), the  Junta de Andalucía  ( FQM-195  and Project of excellence  P08-FQM-03705 ), and the  University of Granada. E. R. and  E. Cr. thank  MINECO  grant No. CTQ2011-23862-C02-01  and  Generalitat de Catalunya  grant No. 2009SGR-1459 , for financial support. We would like to thank  Prof. Liviu Chibotaru  for providing us the  SINGLE_ANISO program  and  Dr. Andrew Ozarowski  for the EPR simulation software. E. K. B. thanks the  EPSRC and Leverhulme Trust  for financial support. The NHMFL is funded by the  NSF ,  DoE , and the state of Florida. J. C. acknowledges financial support by the  Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación  through projects  CTQ2010-15364 ,  Molecular Nanoscience  (Consolider Ingenio  CSD2007-00010 ), and  Generalitat Valenciana  ( PROMETEO/2009/108 ).
Aims. The aim of this work is to study the structure of the protoplanetary disk surrounding the Herbig Ae star HD 163296. Methods. We have used high-resolution and high-sensitivity ALMA observations of the CO(3-2) emission line and the continuum at 850 µm, as well as the 3-dimensional radiative transfer code MCFOST to model the data presented in this work. Results. The CO(3-2) emission unveils for the first time at sub-millimeter frequencies the vertical structure details of a gaseous disk in Keplerian rotation, showing the back-and the front-side of a flared disk. Continuum emission at 850 µm reveals a compact dust disk with a 240 AU outer radius and a surface brightness profile that shows a very steep decline at radius larger than 125 AU. The gaseous disk is more than two times larger than the dust disk, with a similar critical radius but with a shallower radial profile.
Observations description Observations were performed on 2012 June 9, 11, 22, and July 6 at Band 7, as part of the ALMA science verification program 2011. 0. 000010. SV. The array was in a configuration with projected baselines length between ∼16 to ∼400 m, sensitive to maximum angular scales of ∼ 7 ′′ and providing a synthesized A total of five data sets were collected, using between 16 and 19 antennas of 12 m diameter and accounting for 3. 9 hours of total integration time including overheads and calibration (2. 3 hours on HD 163296). Weather conditions were good and stable, with an average precipitable water vapor of 0. 8 mm. The system temperature varied from 100 to 300 K. The correlator was set up to four spectral windows in dual polarization mode, centered at 345. 796 GHz (CO(3-2)), 346.
998 GHz (H 13 CO(4-3)), 356. 734 GHz (HCO + (4-3)), and 360. 170 GHz (DCO + (5-4)). The effective bandwidths used were 468. 75, 937. 50, 468. 75, and 117. 19  MHz, respectively, at velocity resolutions of ∼ 0. 21, 0. 42, 0. 21, and 0. 05 km s -1 after Hanning smoothing. In this letter we present results from the observations in the CO(3-2) emission line and the continuum at ∼850 µm. The ALMA calibration includes simultaneous observations of the 183 GHz water line with water vapor radiometers, which measure the water column in the antenna beam, later used to reduce the atmospheric phase noise. Amplitude calibration was done using Neptune, and quasars J1924-292 and J1733-130 were used to calibrate the bandpass and the complex gain fluctuations respectively. Data reduction was performed using the version 3.
We conclude this could be an evidence of the CO(3-2) emission comes from gas located further above the disk midplane than the dust, or alternatively an indication of dust settling in the disk. We confirm that the CO freeze out (at ∼ 20 K) improves the fit to the CO data as well. -We found a clear and strong difference in the radial surface brightness distribution of CO and sub-millimeter dust. A tapered-edge model is unable to fit both sets of data simultaneously with the same density profile for both. The critical radius of the models are similar, but the dust disk requires a much steeper cut-off and sharp outer edge. We conclude that the adopted tapered edge prescription, valid for a number of disks observed at lower resolution, must be modified to account for the effects seen with the higher sensitivity and angular resolution now available with ALMA.
Acknowledgements. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO. ALMA# 2011. 0. 000010. SV. ALMA is a partnership of  ESO  (representing its member states),  NSF (USA)  and  NINS (Japan) , together with  NRC (Canada)  and  NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan) , in cooperation with the  Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by  ESO ,  AUI/NRAO  and  NAOJ. The  National Radio Astronomy Observatory  is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by  Associated Universities, Inc. This publication makes use of data products from the  Widefield Infrared Survey Explorer , which is a joint project of the  University of California, Los Angeles , and the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology , funded by the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
We are grateful to  Dr. Antonella Natta  who provided very useful comments. IdG acknowledges the  Spanish MINECO  grant  AYA2011-30228-C03-01  (co-funded with  FEDER  fund). FMe and AH acknowledges financial support provided by the  Milenium Nucleus   P10-022-F , funded by the  Chilean Government , and by the  EU   FP7-2011 programme , under Grant Agreement 284405. CP acknowledges funding from the  European Commission 's 7 th Framework Program (contract  PERG06-GA-2009-256513 ) and from  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR) of France  under contract  ANR-2010-JCJC-0504-01.
Experimental section A sample of MIL-53(Fe) was prepared according to the literature using a solvothermal method. Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate FeCl 3 6H 2 O (Aldrich, 97%, 6 g), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid Powder X-ray diffraction was used to confirm the identity of the solid product and also to examine its flexible behaviour. A Bruker D8 diffractometer operating with Cu Ka1/2 radiation was used for these experiments with the sample packed into a ceramic holder and data measured in hÀh geometry using a VÅNTEC solid-state detector, which permitted a typical diffraction pattern to be accumulated in around 3 min. The diffractometer was equipped with an Anton Parr XRK 900 reactor chamber which allowed gases to be passed over the sample. For our experiments, either dry nitrogen was used, or the nitrogen was bubbled through methanol in a Drechsel bottle to introduce a vapour of methanol over the sample.
The powdered sample was packed into the holder to allow space for expansion and its height was checked after the experiment to ensure that no movement had occurred. Profile analysis (Le Bail intensity fitting with refinement of lattice parameters) of individual powder X-ray patterns was performed using the GSAS suite of software  [19]  implemented within EXPGUI  [20]. A Mettler-Toledo TGA/DSC 1 Thermogravimetric Analyser was used to assess the uptake of methanol by MIL-53(Fe). Approximately 6 mg of the solid MOF was placed in an aluminium pan and its mass monitored as dry nitrogen or dry nitrogen bubbled through methanol was passed over the sample. INS experiments were carried out using the TOSCA neutron spectrometer at the ISIS facility, the UK spallation neutron source  [21]. TOSCA is a crystal-analyser inverse-geometry spectrometer, where the final neutron energy is selected by two sets of pyrolytic graphite crystals placed in forward scattering (at around 42.
The methanol was injected into the cell before the cell was sealed and then gently warmed to reach equilibration. The samples were cooled to 15 K for the INS measurements and spectra accumulated over a period of $6 h per sample. For comparison, INS spectra were also recorded from pure CH 3 OH and pure CD 3 OH. All INS data were reduced and normalised using the MANTID platform  [22]  to yield INS spectra plotted as a function of energy and normalised to the mass of sample used in each experiment. Normal mode vibrational analysis of MIL-53 INS in both open and closed structures was performed with ab initio lattice dynamics based on density-functional theory and the plane-wave pseudopotential method as implemented in the CASTEP code  [23, 24]. The structures were relaxed to the positions of minimum energy keeping the lattice parameters fixed at the experimental values.
A plane wave energy cut-off of 460 eV was used, reciprocal space was sampled with a Monkhorst-Pack scheme using a k-point mesh of spacing <0. 05 Å -1 for all phases and Vanderbilt ultrasoft pseudopotentials for the atoms and the finite displacement method for the calculation of the dynamical properties  [12]. Simulations of the MIL-53 INS spectra were performed using the aClimax software  [25]  using the structural coordinates of the dehydrated MIL-53(Al) structure in both fully open and closed forms. Using this methodology the vibrational modes of both structures were assigned and used to assist the interpretation of the measured INS spectra of the MIL-53(Fe) materials.
Acknowledgments We thank  STFC ISIS  for provision of beamtime on TOSCA at ISIS and access to SCARF. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement No. 228862. Some of the equipment used in materials characterisation at the  University of Warwick  was obtained through the  Science City Advanced Materials  project '' Creating and Characterising Next Generation Advanced Materials '' with support from  Advantage West Midlands (AWM ) and part funded by the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
Despite the enormous amount of data available on the importance of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota in vertebrate (especially mammals), information on the GI microbiota of seabirds remains incomplete. As with many seabirds, penguins have a unique digestive physiology that enables them to store large reserves of adipose tissue, protein, and lipids. This study used quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to characterize the interspecific variations of the GI microbiota of four penguin species: the king, gentoo, macaroni, and little penguin. The qPCR results indicated that there were significant differences in the abundance of the major phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. A total of 132,340, 18,336, 6324, and 4826 near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified from fecal samples collected from king, gentoo, macaroni, and little penguins, respectively.
Statistical analysis To determine if there were significant differences between all penguin species for the major phyla for qPCR analysis, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Tukey's HSD (Honesty Significant Difference) for pairwise comparison, was performed in SPSS (IBM Corportation, Armonk, NY) and was considered significantly different if P < 0. 05. A multidimensional scaling plot (MDS), species diversity (Shannon-Weiner), and cluster analysis were performed on both the qPCR and pyrosequencing data using Primer E version 6, Methodology as per  Clarke (1993). The samples that share the highest similarity will be represented on the plot by points plotted closest together, whereas samples that share limited similarity will be represented on the plot by points that are plotted farthest apart  (Richberg 2000).