dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
mors. The performance of this CAD system has been analysed through ANN classifier with a multifarious database of real post contrast T1-weighted MR-images. This database consisted of 20×20 size ROIs of primary brain tumors namely MENI (class 1), AST (class 2) and NORM (class 3). Total 371 texture and intensity features are extracted from these ROIs. Artificial neural network (ANN) has been used to classify these three classes as it provided better results with individual class accuracy and overall classification accuracy. The four discrete experiments have been performed with different feature set and classifiers. In the first experiment, 263 features are extracted and an overall classification accuracy of 78. 10%, however it was noticed that MENI (class 1) was highly misclassified with AST (class 2).
New dosing: efavirenz 400mg In a Late Breaker poster discussion Marta Boffito (Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK) presented data on low-dose EFV at 400 mg (EFV400) during pregnancy and postpartum  [24]. ARV dose reduction may translate into greater benefits for more individuals. ENCORE-1 had shown no difference between EFV dosed at 600 mg and at 400 mg. The WHO clinical guidelines now recommend it as an alternative first-line agent with a disclaimer because of the absence of data on its use during the third trimester of pregnancy (TT). This study investigated its PK, efficacy and CYP2B6 pharmacogenetics in women living with HIV (WLWH) during the TT and postpartum (PP) in an open-label, multicentre study performed in the UK and Uganda. Twenty-two females of African origin with an undetectable VL were enrolled and switched from a stable regimen of TDF/FTC/EFV 600 mg to TDF/FTC/EFV 400 mg.
Germany is the country with the highest number of licensed mildew resistant grape varieties, listed in a database of the federal Bundessortenamt (www. bundessortenamt. de). Resistant varieties may vary enormously with regard to the level of resistance to the various diseases and wine type and quality. Resistance to downy mildew or powdery mildew has been described for different varieties, as well as resistance and susceptibility against B. cinerea (Alonso-  Villaverde et al. , 2008). Some varieties have been found to have an acceptable level of resistance against P. ampelicida. In a recent European research project, a comprehensive list of grape varieties officially authorised for cultivation was established  (Lacombe et al. , 2011). Disease resistant wine grape varieties included in this European catalogue are listed in Supplementary Table  1.
amyloliquefaciens, Ampelomyces quisqualis, Aureobasidium pullulans and several species of the Trichoderma genus (i. e. T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. gamsii, T. harzianum). Except for A. quisqualis, which is a specific hyperparasite of powdery mildews, the other microorganisms are authorised in Europe for use against B. cinerea, or in the case of Trichoderma species, against wood diseases (http://ec. europa. eu/food/plant/pesticides/eupesticides-database/public/). Although very complex and diverse, and coexisting most of the time in the same microorganism, the mechanisms of action of the microbial biocontrol agents  (Benítez et al. , 2004)  contained in biofungicides can be grouped into those associated with: I antibiosis (production of enzymes and/or antibiotic metabolites, including volatile organic compounds); II induction of systemic resistance in the plant; III hyperparasitism; IV competition for space and nutrients.
, 2014). A recent example of a DSS dealing with all these limitations is vite. net ® , an Internet-based platform for sustainable vineyard management  (Rossi et al. , 2014). In this DSS, the provider interacts closely with the users (viticulturists, advisors, consultants) to: i) design the best monitoring system for each particular situation and then implement the sensor network to monitor the vineyard environment (weather, soil and plants); ii) provide the user with the necessary hand-held devices for scouting the vineyard(s) during the season; and iii) train the user to adopt both the devices and the web-based DSS. The user is only required to enter a few site-specific data for each vineyard into the DSS, and only once. During the season, the DSS analyses vineyard data obtained in real time via GPRS from the sensor network and produces the decisionmaking support; when necessary, the DSS asks the user to scout the vineyard using the hand-held device and send the information.
Acknowledgments: this study was funded by the cooperation between the  French Embassy in Nigeria, HSM Laboratory in Montpellier and BFP Niger project (CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food ). ADELANA S. M. A. , OLASEHIND P. I. , VRBKA P. , 2006, Isotope and geochemical characterization of surface and subsurface waters in the  Semi-arid Sokoto basin, Nigeria, African Journal of Science and Technology (AJST) Science and Engineering Series , 4, 2:  80-89. AMADI A. N. , YISA J. , OGBONNAYA I. C. , DAN-HAS-SAN, M. A. , JACOB J. O. , ALKALI Y. B. , 2012 , Quality Evaluation of River Chanchaga Using Metal Pollution Index  and  Principal Component Analysis. Journal of Geography and Geology, 4, 2. ANIMI M. , ABBASPOUR K. , BERG M. , WINKEL L. , HUG S. J. , HOEHN E. , YANG H. , JOHNSON C. A. , 2008, Statistical Modeling of global geogenic arsenic contamination in groundwater.
We called the assay targeting only 1 genomic region a singletarget assay and the assay targeting 2 separate genomic regions a dual-target assay, even though the term dual-target commonly refers to detection of 2 different genes of a single pathogen, which is not the case in this study. B) Alignment of real-time RT-PCR oligonucleotide binding sites with YFV 17DD and American wild-type strains. The 100% consensus sequences were generated in Geneious (Biomatters Ltd. , Auckland, New Zealand) and mapped to respective PCR primers and probes. Potential nucleotide mismatches are indicated by asterisks. D = A/G/T, M = A/C, R = A/G, W = A/T, Y = C/T. Black indicates a mismatch with all American wild-type strains, gray a mismatch with some American wild-type strains, based on the complete genetic information of American YFV strains and YFV vaccine strains available in GenBank as of March 24, 2017.
Oligonucleotides for new yellow fever virus real-time RT-PCRs* 25 µL real-time RT-PCR reactions were performed using the Superscript III one-step RT-PCR system with Platinum Taq polymerase (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany). Target genomic domain positions according to GenBank reference genome NC_002031. Reactions were set up with 5 μL of RNA; 12. 5 μL of 2× reaction buffer; 0. 4 μL of a 50 mM magnesium sulfate solution (Superscript III one-step RT-PCR system with Platinum Taq polymerase kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific); 1 μg of nonacetylated bovine serum albumin; and 1 µL enzyme. Single-target assay reactions contained 400 nM forward primer, 600 nM reverse primer, and 280 nM of each probe. Dual-target assay reactions contained 400 nM of each primer and 220 nM of each probe. RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR.
Acknowledgments We thank  Monika Eschbach-Bludau ,  Janett Wieseler , and  Tobias Bleicker. Positive controls for reaction control and quantification are available at the EVAg portal (https://www. european-virusarchive. com). This work was partially supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  ( ZIKAlliance , grant agreement no. 734548 ;  EVAg , grant agreement no. 653316 ;  Zikaplan , grant agreement no. 734584 ); the  German Centre for Infection Research  through the  ZIKApath  project; the  Faperj Yellow Fever Virus Surveillance, Brazil (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do estado do Rio de Janeiro , grant no. E-18/2015TXB); and the  Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde/Coordenação Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública/ Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Mr. Fischer  is a PhD student at the  Institute of Virology of the University of Bonn Medical Centre  and the  German Centre for Infection Research.
Table. Oligonucleotides for new yellow fever virus real-time RT-PCRs* 25 µL real-time RT-PCR reactions were performed using the Superscript III one-step RT-PCR system with Platinum Taq polymerase (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany). Target genomic domain positions according to GenBank reference genome NC_002031. Reactions were set up with 5 μL of RNA; 12. 5 μL of 2× reaction buffer; 0. 4 μL of a 50 mM magnesium sulfate solution (Superscript III one-step RT-PCR system with Platinum Taq polymerase kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific); 1 μg of nonacetylated bovine serum albumin; and 1 µL enzyme. Single-target assay reactions contained 400 nM forward primer, 600 nM reverse primer, and 280 nM of each probe. Dual-target assay reactions contained 400 nM of each primer and 220 nM of each probe.
Figure1. Proportions of choices of male toads for colour stimuli at different light intensities in mate choice experiments. Asterisks indicate significant preference for one of the colour stimuli in that pair and luminance level. The legend 'refusal' shows the cases in which the stimulus pair in that position was presented to the animals and failed to elicit the mating behaviour. The colour coding is only for guidance (the colours do not imitate those of the stimuli). The full dataset and statistics are available in the electronic supplementary material, part S3.
Acknowledgments. We thank  Drs Petri Ala-Laurila ,  Victor Govardovskii  and  Tom Reuter  for illuminating discussions,  Mr Filip Grano  ¨for electronic engineering of the phototaxis setup and  Dr A. -C. Aho  for sharing her experience and providing logistic support in the phototaxis experiments. We are grateful to  Dr Oleg Orlov  ( Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences ) for fruitful discussions and kind permission to use the video of toads' mate choice behaviour. Our gratitude also goes to many colleagues from the  Lund Vision Group  for all kinds of support throughout the course of this work.
Acknowledgments The meeting " Hypoxia Nantes 2106 " (https://hypoxia. univ-nantes. fr)was financially supported by  Alliance Bio Expertise ,  Baker Ruskinn , the  Région Pays de la Loire , project " ERRATA" and "EryCan"; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex , reference  ANR-11-LABX-0051 ; Nantes University; and Dove Press. We thank the organizing committee for their invaluable help:  Franck Verrecchia ,  Christophe Merceron ,  Richard Pace ,  Jérôme Guicheux ,  Elizabeth Bernardo ,  Stéphanie Olivo , and  Sabine Goude.
Study Design and Setting The setting of our research is an observational cross-sectional study, conducted at the ambulatories of cardiology of the University Hospital of Padova, in the period between February and March 2015. Patients who underwent medical examination during the period of data recruitment were enrolled in the study. Subjects involved were both patients with cardiovascular disease and patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Criteria for eligibility were the age of consent (over 18 years), the absence of any major cognitive impairment and the Italian language as a mother tongue. Verbal informed consent has been provided to all the subjects involved in the study, after an explanation of the aim of the research.
Instruments of Data Collection Patients completed two different types of questionnaire on quality of life assessment: the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire in traditional and vignettes form, using paper format or touch screen tool, and the SF-12 questionnaire in paper form. Moreover, additional information was collected on age, gender, job, educational level, presence of cardiovascular disease or predisposition, pharmacological therapy and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) treatment (Fig. 1 ).
Model Specification Chopit model (Compound Hierarchical Ordered Probit) is an extension of the classical ordinal probit to the case where a dataset also includes vignettes. The methodology consists of two sets of response variables, one for selfassessment, and one relating to the answers that the interviewee gives to the vignettes. In this context, Y i represents the response of the i-th subject given to self-assessment (for i = 1,…,n), and Z lj is the individual score (for l = 1,…,L) attributed to the j-th vignette (for j = 1,…,2J+1), taking into account that both the vignettes that self-assessments, can assume K integer values non-negative. The model includes a self-assessment component and a component related to the vignettes.
According to the 2013 American guidelines  [249] , the genetic counselor should note the type of array technology used (e. g. , oligonucleotide vs. single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays) and access major databases relevant to this technology in order to provide the best possible and adapted information for the family. Many parents of children with ASD worry about the autism risk for a future pregnancy and knowing that their impaired child has a de novo mutation can be very helpful concerning the decision to have another child. It can be noted that the majority of the found mutations or rearrangements occurs de novo and are therefore not inherited from the parents or relatives  [262]. In the same vein, siblings of children with ASD are very often preoccupied by the possible genetic transmission of autism to their future children.
This makes it possible to retrieve (unobservable) microphysical information from rain gauge measurements. From a single rain rate time series, observed with a 1minute time resolution, we seek to answer the following questions: -Among the large number of hydrological variables described in the literature, which are the most significant? -Does the resulting description of rain events allow different types of rain event to be discriminated? -What (unobserved) microphysical properties of an event, or type of rain event, can be inferred from its macrophysical description? Our paper is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the data used in our study and lists various hydrological param-eters that are commonly found in the literature. Seventeen macrophysical variables are identified, requiring appropriate normalization.
The disdrometer data sets -data processing methodology This research relies on the analysis of raindrop measurements obtained with a dual-beam spectropluviometer (DBS) disdrometer, first described by  Delahaye et al. (2006). This instrument allows the arrival time, diameter and fall velocity of incoming drops to be recorded. As the capture area of the sensor is 100 cm 2 its observations can be considered, in spatial terms, to be "point-like". In the present study the integration time T int was set to 1 min, and the raindrop measurements were used to estimate the corresponding 1-minute rain rate time series RR t (t). In order to eliminate false raindrop detections that could be generated by dust or insects, a threshold T 0 = 0. 1 mm h - 1  was applied. Rain rates lower than T 0 are thus set to zero.
A. Signals and RIRs In order to evaluate our method, we consider a monocomponent, frequency-modulated signal. The sampling frequency f s is set to 16 kHz, allowing a maximum instantaneous frequency of 8 kHz. To ensure that the estimator performs well at each frequency, the simulated signal spans the entire frequency range, in 2 seconds. Its spectrogram is plotted in Figure  4-(a). The anechoic signal is then convolved with simulated and real RIRs, of various RT 60 s. Simulated RIRs are generated according to the model presented in section II-C; real RIRs come from the AIR database  [14] , from which we select regularly spaced RT 60 s. The spectrogram of a reverberant signal (with RT 60 = 2 s) is plotted in Figure  4-(b). To assess the performance of our method, we use objective measures from the REVERB challenge toolbox  [15] : the fwsegSNR to assess the level of reverberation (the higher the better) and the cepstral distance to assess the level of distortion (the lower the better); both are defined in  [16].
Lessons learnt from the 2009 (H1N1) flu pandemic highlighted factors limiting the capacity to collect European data on vaccine exposure, safety and effectiveness, including lack of rapid access to available data sources or expertise, difficulties to establish efficient interactions between multiple parties, lack of confidence between private and public sectors, concerns about possible or actual conflicts of interest (or perceptions thereof) and inadequate funding mechanisms. The Innovative Medicines Initiative's Accelerated Development of VAccine benefit-risk Collaboration in Europe (ADVANCE) consortium was established to create an efficient and sustainable infrastructure for rapid and integrated monitoring of post-approval benefit-risk of vaccines, including a code of conduct and governance principles for collaborative studies.
The ADVANCE project ADVANCE revolves around three pillars needed for the intended framework: data sources (WP3), methods (WP4) and best practice mechanisms (WP1) (Fig. 1 ). These pillars are strengthened by leverage of existing results, initiatives and projects, through synergetic collaboration (WP2), refined and validated through selected proof of concept studies (WP5) and leading to blueprint or model for benefit-risk monitoring of vaccines in Europe (WP7). WP6 provides the necessary coordination, management and communication backbone of the project. The ADVANCE Code of Conduct is part of best practice mechanisms to be developed by WP1.
The GPP proposes practices and procedures that should be considered to help ensure the quality and integrity of pharmacoepidemiological research, including detailed guidance for protocol development, roles and responsibilities, study conduct, communication, reporting of adverse events and archiving. The GEP addresses four general ethical principles for research (Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice) and proposes rules for good research behavior in relation to working with personal data, data documentation, publication, exercise of judgment and scientific misconduct. The GPP and the GEP do not address all topics to be covered by the ADVANCE Code of Conduct but they were used as an important source of guidance.
The ADVANCE Code of Conduct During the public consultation, a total of 386 comments on the draft code of conduct were received from 20 organisations and individuals, including from ISPE, the ENCePP network, patients' and health care professionals' associations and vaccine manufacturers. The comments are available upon request to the corresponding author. The resulting ADVANCE Code of Conduct includes 45 recommendations in 10 topics: Scientific integrity, Scientific independence, Transparency, Conflicts of interest, Study protocol, Study report, Publication, Subject privacy, Sharing of study data and Research contract (Appendix A). For each topic, it includes a definition, a list of recommendations and a list of source guidelines or publications supporting the recommendations and suggested as additional reading.
We are convinced, however, that its principles are universal and could be applied not only to studies on the benefit-risk of vaccines but also to those on drugs. The implementation of the ADVANCE Code of Conduct will be monitored through a review of vaccine post-authorisation safety and effectiveness studies submitted to regulatory and public health authorities, review of protocols of non-interventional studies registered in the EU PAS Register and search for statements on its use in studies published in scientific journals. Its implementation in each study can also be part of a structured monitoring by external bodies such as scientific committee or ethical committee. The experience will show whether the ADVANCE Code of Conduct contributes to the facilitation of vaccine studies by improving interactions between partners, supporting access to observational data sources and increasing confidence in their results.
Definition Transparency means having study information accessible to those having an interest in the study results, either as individuals or representatives of a group  [15]. Recommendations 7. Every study must be registered in a publicly accessible database before the start of data collection or data extraction. Study registration should include the study protocol  [16]. 8. Sources of research funding must be made public at the time of study registration, in the study protocol and in the presentations of results, whether they are presented orally or in writing. All financial and non-financial public and private supports for the study should be documented. 9. Declarations of Interests of the study team members and external advisory committee must be made available at an early stage of the study, regularly updated and disclosed in the study report and in publications.
10. All comments received on the study protocol and study report that may impact the study outcome must be documented and made available to members of the study team, the study requester and the study funder. 11. The final study report should be uploaded into the publicly accessible database where the study is registered. 12. After completion of the final study report, study information should be made available to researchers from outside the study team in a collaborative approach. Such information may include the detailed study protocol (e. g. codes used for exposure and disease identification), the statistical analytical plan, programming codes, detailed interim and final results generated in the study and all comments received on the study protocol and study report that may impact the study outcome.
24. The protocol may be amended as needed throughout the course of the study. Amendments to the protocol after the study start must be documented in a traceable and auditable way including the dates of the changes and the rationale for the changes. Changes to the protocol that may affect the interpretation of the study must be identifiable and reported as such in the study report and should be considered when interpreting the findings. This includes additions or amendments to the objectives or endpoints after the study start. The rationale for the change(s) to the protocol should be recorded with the protocol amendments or provided upon request once the study results have been published. 25. Key statistical analyses must be described in the study protocol. A detailed statistical analysis plan must be finalised before the end of data collection or extraction.
Definition Privacy means the ability of an individual to be left alone, out of public view, and in control of information about oneself  [28]. Personal data are any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person. An identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to her/his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity  [  In the context of an audit by a national competent authority. 40. The decision to share study data lies with the study team or a delegated appropriate committee. The public health objective of the request and the scientific quality of the protocol should be considered for the decision. 41. Analyses performed with shared data must follow the provisions of the ADVANCE Code of Conduct, including making available the request for data sharing and the response provided.