dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The problem of the unknown in carpooling in West Africa Research methodology in geography involves a multidisciplinary approach that combines quantitative and qualitative data collection to understand geographical, economic, social and environmental issues. As part of the study on carpooling in West Africa, a literature review was carried out to understand the trends and issues associated with carpooling in the region. This stage of the research is crucial for identifying gaps in current knowledge on the subject and determining future research directions. As a next step in the research, a survey questionnaire was developed to collect quantitative data on carpooling practices in the region. Questionnaires were randomly distributed to 300 people working in public administrations in Cotonou and Abomey-Calavi.
The sample was selected because of the diversity of professional profiles and levels of education in these cities. Finally, a qualitative analysis was carried out to understand the particularities of carpooling practices in the region. This analysis provided information on the habits and motivations of car-sharing users, the difficulties encountered by carsharing service providers, and the cultural and socioeconomic factors influencing car-sharing practices. The data set was analyzed in a rigorous and systematic way, using statistical methods and content analysis techniques to identify trends and patterns of behavior. The results of this research provide a better understanding of car-sharing issues in West Africa and will contribute to the development of public policies to promote this sustainable transport practice in the region.
Studies have highlighted that internal resources play a vital role in achieving better firm performance  (Wright et al. , 2001; Mariani and Dagnino, 2007; Crespo et al. , 2020; Maheshwari et al. , 2022). According to  Dess and Picken (2000: p. 8 ), human capital "is generally understood to consist of individual's capabilities, knowledge, skills, and experience of company's employees and managers, as they are relevant to the tasks at hand, as well as capacity to add to this reservoir of knowledge, skills, and experience through individual learning". Structural capital is codified in knowledge artifacts, and it is embedded in systems, databases, and programs  (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997; Longo et al. , 2009). Structural capital contains mechanisms and structures that improve a firm's performance  (Mehralian et al.
Collection of data This study aimed to investigate how the digital platform-based MNEs could improve the IC of their subsidiaries through exchanging knowledge for developing their non-market strategy. To recruit usable respondents to take the survey, we initially identified 17 digital platform-based MNEs. We requested the top executives of these 17 MNEs to allow their managers, of different ranks, to participate in our survey. After the initial hiccups, top executives of 11 MNEs agreed to allow their managers to participate in the survey. We randomly selected 753 managers (respondents) from these 11 MNEs. We sent the questionnaire, response sheet and instructions on how to fill in the response sheet. The prospective 753 respondents were also assured that their identities would not be disclosed.
Ethical approval This monocentric, observational, retrospective, diagnostic study was conducted according to the MR-004 reference methodology from the National Commission of Informatics and Liberties (CNIL), which complies with the General Data Protection Regulation. In accordance with French regulations, this retrospective study did not require approval from an ethics committee. It was reported according to the STARD (Standard for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy) guideline (S1 Table ). The EPIDENGUE database was registered in the national health data hub (n˚F20201021104344). Non-refusal of participation was collected. Data was treated anonymously from patients' medical records.
Study design Data was retrieved from the EPIDENGUE database, which is a retrospective collection from medical files of the characteristics of consecutive patients suspected of dengue fever, who were admitted to emergency departments of the University Hospital of Reunion between 1st of January and 30th of June, 2019. The EPIDENGUE database was set up to study dengue fever in Reunionese patients first during 2019 epidemic while a prospective study was launched at the same time but with limited recruitment because emergency services were overwhelmed during the epidemic. A retrospective study of diagnostic accuracy of SD Bioline dengue duo RDT was conducted in patients over 18 years of age because only few children had both RDT and RT-PCR. Of them, we searched for all patients who underwent RDT for dengue diagnosis at admission.
Patients suspected of having dengue fever underwent point-of-care testing by blood sampling on admission. All had an RDT evaluated by a primary care physician, and a few also had a reference test, i. e. real-time RT-PCR during the acute phase (from day 0 to day 5), RT-PCR and IgM serology (from day 5 to day 7), and IgM serology during the convalescent phase (from day 5 to day 10), performed by laboratory staff blinded to RDT results. The serology wasn't systematically double checked three weeks later during the epidemic, or in ambulatory care, so that data link could not be made with confidence. This is the reason why only cases with both RDT and RT-PCR results were included in the study. The sample size derived from the availability of results of the RDT used at point-of-care during this epidemic and the RT-PCR used for on-site routine diagnosis over the period.
To assess diagnostic utility, predictive values and post-test probabilities (95%CI) of dengue for positive and negative tests were calculated for the whole RDT and components, if information on component results was available in patients' files. Pre-test probability (prevalence) of dengue among participants was first converted to odds equal to prevalence/(1-prevalence). Pre-test odds was then multiplied with corresponding LR to get post-test odds that were converted back to probabilities equal to odds/(1 + odds)  [12]. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS 23. 0, Amonk, NY, USA). All tests were two-tailed and a P-value below 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results Of the 2,099 patients over 18 years of age who were admitted in emergency departments of the University Hospital of Reunion during the first semester of 2019, 946 patients were sampled for RDT. Among them, 671 patients also underwent RT-PCR, 286 (43%) were RT-PCR positive, 449 (67%) were RDT positive, of which 85 (19%) were NS1 antigen positive, 267 (59%) were IgM antibodies positive, 88 (20%) were IgG antibodies positive, and 124 (28%) were globally positive without other details in their medical files (Fig  1 ). Among the 547 patients with detailed RDT results, dengue diagnosis was confirmed in 306 (56%). It was probable in 191 (35%) and non-probable in 50 (9%). The demographic and clinical features as well as biological data of included cases are reported in Table  1. Confirmed or probable dengue patients were older than non-probable dengue patients (median age: 55 or 60 versus 41 years old, P = 0.
Identifying relevant research studies The identification of studies via databases was inspired by the PRISMA method (e. g. ,  Page et al. , 2021). Initial search was implemented on April 20, 2020, in the following databases: Cairn, Psychinfo, Pubmed, Elsevier-Science Direct, Taylor and Francis online, and Web of science (Fig. 3 ). The databases were selected to cover a broad range of disciplines but also to enable access to French language scientific articles not accessible in international database. The search query focus on "fulltext" documents in English or in French and when the search engine made it possible, we added inclusion criteria according to the country (France) and language (French AND English). The reference lists were downloaded to a bibliographic software package (Endnote) to file and sort the texts and to remove duplicates.
Charting the data The first step in our data analysis consisted in examining of all documents selected by reading full text. Each author read and analysed separately a set of documents from at least one of the items listed above (2. 3. ) with a view to achieving internal coherence in the study sample. The division of the papers selected between authors was done randomly. The data collected in each document were entered onto a data charting form using the software Excel® (Table  2 ). The template, created by the authors, was designed as a tool to classify the information contained in each document. The author who read the document noted the data contained in each article, and only the last column dealing with hypotheses on systemic contradictions was inferred by the author. Fig. 4  gives an example of the coding procedure adopted.
The second step consisted in an analysis by AS to map changes in its object, its different naming over time and the developmental period identified. This second template, drawn from the Excel® software (Table  3 ) was completed with the data from Table  1. Every subject of AS identified in the 72 selected and analysed documents was entered in the second template. For each AS, all the information contained in the selection of documents was then classed in this second template. The aim was to better identify the AS network of OADP in France and to trace their objects and development according to the periods identified in our scoping review. Fig. 5  gives an example of the coding procedure used. The following steps were based on the results from the two templates presented above. The third step focused on mapping the actual network of AS involved in the OADP system in France.
g. ,  Lerouge, 2017). The selected documents also marginally mention the development of forms of employment, the employment flexibility policies, or the development of forms of work that are likely to change the rules, instruments, or objects and outcomes of OADP. For example, remote or itinerant working was widespread during the Covid-19 pandemic and may create an extension of the workplace to the personal home or to another external place. However, the database survey was conducted in April 2020. Therefore, publications on the Covid-19 pandemic had not yet been published at that time. As a result of these limitations, new investigations are needed to help reflect on how the predominant models in the world promote contradictions or advances within French OADP. Such research should aim to confirm and enrich the contradictions hypotheses presented in this paper, to address them through a stable and effective approach.
Study design and participants The data used were collected at baseline during the Makasi project, a community-based participatory research that was designed and conducted by researchers and two community-based organizations (Afrique Avenir and ARCAT) as well as a peer groups  [19]. The CBO members were part of the steering committees and involved in all aspects of the project. The project aimed to reduce social vulnerability and improve sexual health empowerment among immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa to reduce the risk of HIV infection. Participants were recruited from intervention sites of the community-based organization Afrique Avenir, which offers rapid outreach testing and health sensitization. Participants were born in sub-Saharan Africa, were 18 years of age or older, HIV-negative and met at least one of the following vulnerability criteria: no stable housing, unemployed, have experienced food deprivation in the last month, have no residence permit or short-term residence permit, are or have been victims of violence, have no health coverage, feel isolated and do not know where to go to see a doctor.
Participants received 10 € vouchers for their participation. The survey was conducted in French and English. At inclusion, all participants completed questionnaires administered face-to-face by trained health mediators. These questionnaires included questions on sociodemographic characteristics, living conditions, sexual behavior, and knowledge of combination prevention tools. The study protocol is registered on Clinicaltrials. gov (NCT04468724) and a description of the project has been published  [19].
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all the persons who participated in the Makasi study. The  MAKASI Study Group include: Annabel Desgrees du Lou   ˆ1 ,2,3 , Nicolas Derche 4 , Flore Gubert 5 ,  Romain Mbiribindi 6  ,  Maria Melchior  7 (principal coordinators), Ny Sata Andrianirina 5 , Marwan-al-Qays Bousmah 1,2,3 ,  Severine Carillon 1 , Virginie Comblon 5 , Karna Coulibaly 1,2 , Angèle Delbe 6 , Jacques Ebongue 6 , Ruth Foundje Notemi 4 , Charles Gaywahali 6  ,  Anne Gosselin  1,2,8 , Veroska Kohou 4 , France Lert 9 ,  Jean Lusilu-Voza 6  ,  Belinda Lutonadio 6  ,  Yves Nyemeck 4 , Patricia Mbiribindi 4 , Thierry Miatti 6 , Jean-Paul Ngueya 6 , Andrainolo Ravalihasy  1,2,3 , Valery Ridde 1,2,3 , Jean-Noe ¨l Senne 10 , Oumar Sissoko 4 , Corinne Taeron 4 , Faya Tess 6 , and Iris Zoumenou 6.
The MAKASI study was sponsored by the  French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS) , the  Agence Regionale de Sante (ARS) Ile-de-France , the  French Collaborative Institute on Migrations , the  UniversiteParis Cite  ( ANR-18-IDEX-001 ) and a PhD grant from  Sidaction  ( A0 2019-12276  and  2022-13327 ). This article was published with the support of  Faculte Śocietes & Humanites of UniversiteParis Cite  ´and the  French Institute for Research on sustainable Development (IRD). The sponsors had no role in the design or conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; nor in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
| INTRODUCTION Originally developed for the quantitative analysis of organismal shapes, both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D geometric morphometric methods (GMMs) have recently gained some prominence in archaeology for the analysis of stone tools  [1] [2] [3]  -unquestionably the primary deep-time data source for the earliest periods of human cultural evolution. 4 [11]  The methodological diversification that has accompanied the rise in popularity of this particular suite of methods has, however, also resulted in an increasing lack of comparability and interoperability, which-ironically-works against the promise of GMM to provide a tool for comparing artifact shapes that is not sensitive to interanalyst variation. Standardized protocols, vetted datasets, as well as casetransferable and fully reproducible methods do not currently exist, hampering the full utility of geometric morphometrics as an approach to comparatively understand human behavior as reflected in these lithic proxies.
15  The performance of this methodology has been directly compared to previous published analyses that use both traditional typo-technological attributes as well as those using landmarkbased GMM and was shown to capture salient differences in artifact forms where they exist. On the first day of workshop, each participant presented their data set and shared their assumptions regarding the cultural evolutionary processes they sought to test; these hypotheses related variously to chronological and spatial differentiation, or to cultural taxonomic assessments of the material at hand. Each participant's data set and research questions differed substantially in their geographical and chronological scope, and the number of artifacts in each data set also varied. Some datasets were best suited to analyses regarding their diachronic, intra-site patterns of cultural evolution, while for others, patterns on a continental, and temporally deep scale were most pertinent.
After each participant's presentation of their datasets and objectives, they completed their metadata sheets with all relevant information. The second day was dedicated to image preparation to a common standard so that these could be transferred into the automated outline extraction protocol. The third and fourth days then focused on the main analytical pipeline, the first steps of which consist of the quantification of the extracted outlines using elliptic Fourier analysis  16  and principal component analysis for initial visualization. Then, the resulting data are further interrogated using both hierarchical clustering and disparity analysis. The latter, implemented using the R package dispaRity,  17  represents a multivariate measure of variance within a morphometric data set that is comparable to the coefficient of variation (CV) for linear measurements.
By quantifying variance, the CV is commonly used in cultural transmission research to infer the dominant modes of social learning related to ancient craft production, including stone tools. 18, 19 but see Premo. 20 The disparity measures, together with multivariate analyses that reveal internal structure within the stone tool shape data at hand, facilitate interpretations of social transmission and cultural evolution (Figure  3 ). On the fifth and last day, participants presented their results and discussed them in relation to their a priori expectations. Furthermore, all datasets were combined and analyzed together following the exact same analytical pipeline.
| WORKSHOP RESULTS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES With its focus on both conceptual issues as well as data wrangling and analysis, this workshop was intense, productive, and collaborative. Participants walked away with a set of tools to reproducibly analyze 2D lithic outlines. By the same token, the heterogeneity of the data and research questions brought to the table by the participants afforded the occasion to review the analytical workflow's strengths and weaknesses. For most datasets, the hierarchical clustering proved to be a useful tool to visualize the relations between artifact shapes and compare the efficacy of existing classifications. As all analyses were performed in the flexible computing environment of R, mapping or others forms of downstream visualizations can be added in a straightforward manner, all the while retaining reproducibility.
21 The final day ended with a stimulating discussion concerning the suitability of the methods to capture tool shape heterogeneity, and raising vital issues such as the orientation criteria for asymmetrical tools, such as backed pieces. Issues of sampling bias and analytical scale were also raised, with the current workflow being best suited to macroarchaeological approaches. Besides these important findings and the training of the participants, the data set collated as part of this workshop is now freely available (https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 7757171); relevant metadata are available as Supporting Information alongside this report. We hope that future studies will use, update, and add to these data. In time, such a public repository would be a first step towards the comparative study of cultural evolution at large geographic and chronological scales.
Participants on the fifth day of workshop discussing the results of the combined analysis composed of each member's analytical results. F I G U R E 2 The geographic spread of datasets included in the workshop. (Araujo/Okumura: Gruta do Marinheiro, Alice Boer [Brazil]; Barrera: La Esparragosa, Jovades, Niuet, Cova del Retoret, Montelirio, Los Millares, Arenal de la Costa, Cova dels Diablets, Igay, Casa de la Viuda, Can Gambus [Spain]; Cardillo: Puna area [Argentina-Chile]; Leplongeon: E71K18, E-78-3, E-83-4, E-81-1 [Egypt]; Rabuñal: Cova de Les Borres, Cova Gran de Montserrat [Spain]; Riede: Abri Fuchskirche, Golßen, Kettig, Külte, Mühlheim-Dietesheim, Niederbieber, Reichwalde, Rietberg, Rissen, Rothenkirchen, Rüsselsheim, Urbar, Zigeunerfels [Germany], Rekem [Belgium]; Wren: Jimmy Camp Creek Park [USA]).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the  Cultural Evolution Society  for funding this workshop. Additional costs were covered by funds made available by the  Danish Agency for Higher Education and Science  (project  COMPARCH , Grant Number  1113-00015B ). David N. Matzig  and  Felix Riede 's contributions are part of  CLIOARCH , an  ERC Consolidator Grant  project funded by the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's.
F I G U R E 1 1 Participants on the fifth day of workshop discussing the results of the combined analysis composed of each member's analytical results. F I G U R E 2 The geographic spread of datasets included in the workshop. (Araujo/Okumura: Gruta do Marinheiro, Alice Boer [Brazil]; Barrera: La Esparragosa, Jovades, Niuet, Cova del Retoret, Montelirio, Los Millares, Arenal de la Costa, Cova dels Diablets, Igay, Casa de la Viuda, Can Gambus [Spain]; Cardillo: Puna area [Argentina-Chile]; Leplongeon: E71K18, E-78-3, E-83-4, E-81-1 [Egypt]; Rabuñal: Cova de Les Borres, Cova Gran de Montserrat [Spain]; Riede: Abri Fuchskirche, Golßen, Kettig, Külte, Mühlheim-Dietesheim, Niederbieber, Reichwalde, Rietberg, Rissen, Rothenkirchen, Rüsselsheim, Urbar, Zigeunerfels [Germany], Rekem [Belgium]; Wren: Jimmy Camp Creek Park [USA]).
One of our contributions is the finding that methodological choices can have a significant impact on the levels of labour market concentration and the magnitude of its wage effects. Leveraging our comprehensive data, which encompasses variables not concurrently available in datasets used in other studies, we are able to explore a variety of methodological choices. As a result, this paper provides a benchmark for comparing findings from research that adopts only specific methodologies. We find that defining job characteristics using workers' industry -such as  Rinz (2022)  rather than occupation -such as  Azar et al. (2022)  -and deciding the degree of occupational specificity can significantly impact both the measured levels of concentration and its wages effects. For instance, using industry-based definitions of local labour markets can lead to twice as high wage markdowns than occupation-based ones.
These two dimensions will in turn create scope both for stronger selection in hires (recruiting and retaining workers of higher productivity) as well as rent sharing, through bilateral bargaining. The latter can apply particularly when labour market policies are supportive of collective bargaining and unionisation, as is the case of Portugal and much of continental Europe. On the other hand, some of these countries are characterised by strong employers' associations  (Martins 2020) , which can facilitate collusion in wage setting across firms in the same industry  (Martins & Thomas 2023). We assess the potential relevance of these multiple factors by again exploiting the richness of our data and estimating the relationship between wages and concentration while controlling both for worker and firm fixed effects.
Data Our study is based on the 'Quadros de Pessoal' (Personnel Records) data set, a comprehensive matched employer-employee panel. This data set provides detailed annual information on all firms based in Portugal that employ at least one worker, including information on each of their employees, their establishments, and time-invariant firm, establishment, and worker identifiers. The data set follows from an annual mandatory survey collected by the Ministry of Employment for the purposes of enforcing compliance with employment law and collective bargaining. Worker individual information concerns the month of October of each year (March up to 1993) and features a number of variables, the most important for us being the monthly wage (base and total) and the occupation. The latter is defined using the national occupations classification, which features about 1,400 different entries, defined at a six-digit level in most of the period.