dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
AVR was supported by the  European Commission   Framework Program Seven Award ''InfraVec''  (project number  228421 ). The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013 ) under the project " VECTORIE'', EC  grant agreement number  261466. This study has also received funding from the  French Government 's  Investissement d'Avenir program ,  Laboratoire d'Excellence "Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases " (grant number  ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
In a number of other countries, meteorological data are still treated as a military secret. In order to access data, scientists need to sign protocols that restrain the usage and forbid the dissemination. This is true for many meteorological services and also for other sources, like shipping companies who hold the books where oceanic temperatures along boat tracks have been recorded, or for the military. Clearly, climate scientists were not always able to release original data to avoid losing their sources. This situation has, however, changed in recent years and it is generally perceived that the public release of data is an important method to establish confidence in the results obtained by climate scientists. This is now recognised by most services and agencies and many datasets have been opened, including those that have been used to establish the temperature curves over the last century.
S90 Bernard Legras Public release of data is now mandatory to get public funding in many countries and databases and data centres are being organised to facilitate this access. These efforts are mainly aimed at serving the scientific community but this is done openly for anyone. Methods and models should also be easily accessible. Many modelling groups have established websites where the numerical codes of the models are available, can be downloaded, and tested by anyone. The distribution is usually done under a variety of licences that preserve the intellectual rights of the authors without limiting the usage. Exploiting such resources requires some expertise, but better technology has lowered the barrier significantly. In addition, many journals accept supplements where data and methods can be published and made available to a wide audience.
495 The case of brand extensions Company 2 (see Table  I. In the main study, each respondent received a company description and an extension evaluation scenario, which they were to read before responding to the questions in the survey. The data were collected from student samples in four universities in Islamabad (Pakistan). Of the 291 study participants, 269 provided usable responses, and 28 percent were women. Students have weak selfdefinitions and self-perceptions, so they tend to be receptive to external cues for identity construction  (Sears, 1986). This trait makes them appropriate respondents for studies in which external cues, such as corporate identity, provide identity construction opportunities.
Preacher and Hayes's (2008)  bootstrapping macro for SPSS estimates parameters in the mediation analysis, and this procedure is suitable for testing models with multiple mediators, because it addresses The case of brand extensions concerns about correlations between mediators. In our data, in-group commitment consistently mediated the relationship between CCI and extension evaluation (Table  IV ). In high perceived fit situations (M ¼ 5. 4, SD ¼ 0. 68), in-group commitment was the sole mediator (boot estimate (BE) in-group ¼ 0. 05, po0. 1; BE company ¼ 0. 01, p40. 1), but in low perceived fit situations (M ¼ 3. 5, SD ¼ 0. 73), both in-group and company commitment mediated the relationship between CCI and extension evaluations (BE in-group ¼ À0. 11, po0. 01; BE company ¼ 0. 05, po0. 1). In-group commitment offered a stronger mediation path estimate.
501 The case of brand extensions situational circumstances. However, when customers participate in some social phenomenon, such as in-groups (communities, tribes), they tend to behave more egoistically. Managers should decide which kind of commitment they want to encourage or inhibit, once they understand the differences and consequences of each. The current study also has some limitations. First, the hypothetical brand extensions did not represent a wide range of variation in their perceived fit levels. A wider range might offer deeper insights into the functioning of commitment types, especially in extremely low fit situations. Second, we collected the study data in Pakistan, a country with a very different profile from the nations in which most marketing research is undertaken. Therefore, replications of these results in developed or western countries would increase confidence in the findings.
Conclusions Figures Back Close Full bounded by a constant head boundary, (iii) one injecting well close to a pumping well, both with the same injecting and pumping rate. The tasks of observation, description and measurements of the flow at the wells and of the water levels in the sand in steady and transient state allow the students to explore groundwater flow theory. The theoretical quantitative aspects of groundwater dynamics are put in practice by using for instance the Dupuit-Thiem approximation to interpret steady-state measurements and derive the hydraulic conductivity of the well's surrounding sand. Transient state flow dynamics is studied using the data gathered by the pressure sensor placed in the piezometer. The results of the steady state and transient state characterization of the sand medium are discussed and compared in the group report.
D2 Activities The proposed activities aim to investigate the local groundwater dynamics behavior. The field class starts with a quick reminder of the geological context of the site, of the sequence of activities and of the investigation methodology (ideally, this teacher's intervention would be avoided). Thereafter, data collection can be divided into three steps. First, the students set and dispatch pressure probes (data loggers) in the observation wells with the help of the technical team. Manual water level measurements are performed in each well for later characterization of the pre-pumping hydrodynamics. Conductivity and temperature borehole logs are conducted with a data logger in selected wells. For technical reasons, the pump is already set in the pumping well before they get on site but the pumping equipment is described by the group.
Then, the pump is started by the technical team. loggers. The measurement frequency is adequately set to the rate of change in the water levels. When the measurement frequency is low enough, the students start to perform conductivity and temperature logs in parallel to the water level measurements. Flow rate measurements at the outlet of the pumping line are performed throughout the pumping test using a 3 × 10 -1 m 3 plastic tank and a chronograph. Last, the pump is stopped and the recovery phase is monitored manually. The students are asked to produce an interpretation report about the local groundwater dynamics' properties of the aquifer, based on the gathered data. On site, the pumping experiment indicates at early times that the well produces the gravel horizon. At late times, recorded data shows a drainance effect.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank  V. Leonardi  at the  D épartement d'Enseignement des Sciences de la Terre, de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Montpellier  for good discussions on this manuscript. We are grateful to  F. Perdieu  at the  D épartement d'Enseignement des Sciences de la Terre, de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Montpellier  who participated in the construction of the practical classes equipment,  F. Hernandez  and  E. Gayrard  at the  Hydrosciences Montpellier Laboratory , for their valuable help with the field activities. This material was supported by the  Facult é des Sciences  and the  D épartement d'Enseignement des Sciences de la Terre, de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Montpellier at the Universit é des Sciences de Montpellier. Valuable suggestions made by the Editor are greatly appreciated.
Recruitment of physicians and patients Physicians. Rheumatologists and general practitioners (GPs) were randomly selected from 2 national databases of 475 and 68 594 practitioners, respectively, who had not previously refused to participate in studies or surveys. The assigned physicians were  contacted by mail, then telephone calls if they did not respond. The randomisation was stratified by geographic area. Each physician was asked to include 5 consecutive patients. Patients. Each patient consulting one of the participating physicians for knee OA during the period of inclusion and meeting the inclusion criteria was asked to participate in the study. The inclusion criteria were age 45 years and older, knee OA defined by the American College of Rheumatology criteria  [26] , whatever knee OA activity status or treatment used, and written consent to participate in the study.
2) Reduction of items and validation of the questionnaire Patients. Physicians recruited 566 patients to test the questionnaire (Figure  2 ). Five patients were excluded (4 because the physician questionnaire could not be retrieved for verification of inclusion and exclusion criteria and 1 because he was 41 years old), 37 patients did not return their questionnaire; finally, data for 524 patients were analysed. The mean (SD) age of patients was 68. 2 (10. 1) years, disease duration 6. 6 (5. 3) years, pain intensity 5. 6 (2. 1; 0-10 scale), and WOMAC score 31. 8 (12. 9, range 1-62) (Table  1 ). The 38 patients not included in the validation of the questionnaire were somewhat younger (5 years younger, on average), had less disease duration (28. 9% vs. 45. 5% had OA for more than 5 years), and were taking more nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (66.
Item reduction In total, data for 524 patients were analyzed at this step. Concerning the 25-item provisional questionnaire, no missing values occurred for 455 cases (86. 8%). Fourteen items were omitted after the item reduction process, for an 11-item questionnaire (score range 0-99, Appendix S2). We omitted 1 item with a non-response rate. 5% (item 16 of the provisional questionnaire, Appendix S1). We omitted 1 item with a ceiling effect (item 3 of the provisional questionnaire, Appendix S1); no item had a floor effect. Two pairs of items were highly correlated (Spearman correlation coefficients 0. 7-0. 8) and 2 items were omitted (items 4 and 11 of the provisional questionnaire, Appendix S1). Exploratory factor analysis extracted 4 main factors with eigenvalues of 6. 51, 2. 19, 1. 60, and 1.
Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first questionnaire assessing patients' fears and beliefs concerning knee OA. For musculoskeletal conditions, fears and beliefs have been mainly studied in low back pain and shown to be important predictors of severity and outcome  [13]. Therefore, measuring fears and beliefs in patients with knee OA may help in developing treatment approaches such as education and behavioral therapy and better define prognosis at the individual level. The main strength of this study is probably the design adopted to generate items. The in-depth interviews about views of patients with knee OA and its management provide a relevant qualitative database to select items that really matter to the patient when building a patient-reported questionnaire. This approach is strongly recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration  [32]  because it increases the content validity of the instrument.
The 1990's have witnessed a resurrection of an interest in the origins of language (in fact, such an interest had never actually faded). Although pin-pointing the exact triggers behind the initial sparkles is difficult, one may advocate for the integration of a number of scientific advances, including the first computer simulations of the self-organized emergence and convergence of linguistic conventions  (Hurford 1989 , Steel 1996) , the significant progress in the systematic analysis of mtDNA or Y chromosome genetic distributions across the world  (Cann et al. 1987 , Underhill et al. 2000) , the synthesis of the data from genetics, archaeology, and linguistics  (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1988 , 1992) , and many others. In 1996, the first Conference on the Evolution of Language (Evolang) was held in Edinburgh for the purpose of fostering a dialog between scholars of diverse backgrounds.
g. ,  Lupyan & Dale 2010 , Atkinson 2011 , Bybee 2011 , Dunn et al. 2011). Since the Evolang conferences rather focus on the emergence and development of the faculty of language, contributions relying on this methodology remained limited. However, as large datasets in various fields have ever been more and more available and manipulable, there are reasons to believe that such contributions could become influential in future venues. Nonetheless, Roberts & Winters warned against the pitfalls of this line of work, where poor quality of data (e. g. , in terms of sampling), spurious correlations and lack of alternative hypotheses may all lead to wrong conclusions (for further details, see www. replicatedtypo. com). Statistical problems linked to the non-independence of the statistical units of a study -whether due to the historical relatedness of languages or their spatial distribution with possible geographic diffusionsprove to be especially difficult  (Jaeger et al.
These different studies all show that carefully consideration of social structure is necessary, both to remind of the inter-and intra-group relationships that prevailed during hominid prehistory, and to account for the specific social distributions observed today, like scale-free or small-world networks, or quantitative observations like Dunbar's (2010) number of 'relationships'. The socio-cultural environment of our hominid ancestors was finally addressed by a few contributors, although one may consider that as in previous Evolang conferences, this line of research did not prove as present as it perhaps should be: Indeed, theories and models about languages in animals and modern humans always run the risk of diverging from the actual course of prehistory. Archeological and paleo-anthropological data are safeguards against attractive but ultimately artificial evolutionary scenarios, but they also suffer from the complex chains of inferences needed to go from often scarce material remains to behaviors and collective thinking.
Interviews with notaries The methodology used to perform the visual variable assessment consists of holding face-to-face interviews with a notary, seated in front of the computer, with limited interventions on the part of supervisors. During the interviews, notaries were presented with a proposed 3D cadastral model, for which they had to respond to a series of questions related to visualization tasks. Two categories of questions are prepared. The first group of questions is based on factual elements such as "How many lots are you able to count?" and the answers can be easily validated. The initial idea of this step of the experiment was to let the notaries play with the 3D model in using 3D visualization software (such as Acrobat 3D PDF). However, since most of the notaries are not familiar with such 3D visualization software and time constraints had to be managed, videos were prepared in which a specific 3D model animation is presented.
As previously indicated, many works in the literature already addressed this topic and this is why we decided to take it as a true assumption. Yet during the interviews with notaries, most of them were still concerned about having a better understanding of the uses for 3D cadastral models. Should we read into this statement on a deeper level and try to demonstrate the real value-added of 3D models for cadastral applications? The subject might still be up for debate. Other questions remain unanswered such as the study of the visual variables when viewing other kinds of properties such as superficy right or the use of visual variables in combination with legend and semantic information (or integrated with a 3D database management system). The outcomes of these research activities would have to be placed in the context of current practices or standards for 3D visualization or modelling, such as CityGML, BIM or COLLADA.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would sincerely like to thank the notaries who participated in the interviews and the Groupe VRSB for providing the original datasets of the condominium. We would also like to extend our gratitude to Francois Brochu, notary and professor at Université Laval, and Marc Vasseur, a master's student, who were both a great help in validating the visual solutions and the visualization tasks. Finally, we express our thanks to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council for founding this research program.
Data Collection and Explanatory Variables Immediately after their agreement to participate, and before being tested, all participants had to fill in a self-administered questionnaire. This took approximately one hour. The questionnaire gathered data about sociodemographic characteristics as well as information about the risk perception, HIV testing history and sexual behaviours in the previous six months. The testing variable, based on the number of HIV tests carried out in the previous two years, was dichotomised into 0 or 1 versus. 1. One aspect of sexual risk reduction -risk avoidance -was assessed using an ''intentional risk avoidance scale''. The items used to construct this score were adapted from a questionnaire from the OMEGA Cohort Study  [14]  but the score itself was specifically built for the present study.
In addition, the following question recorded participants' perception of when their most recent risky sexual episode: ''When, in your opinion, was your most recent sexual risk taking episode?''. Answers were dichotomised into ,3 months and. 3 months. Data on type of housing was also gathered for the participants. Those who reported renting or owning their own accommodation -i. e. those reporting that they did not live with relatives or friends or in hotels etc. -were classified as having ''stable housing''.
Analyses A mixed logistic regression model was built to determine factors associated with the fact of accessing either the CBOffer or the SMOffer (the outcome variable), taking into account the correlation between individuals within each VCT centre. Potential explanatory variables of this outcome variable were individually screened in univariate analyses and odds ratios were calculated for each of them. Variables with a significance level of #0. 20 were considered eligible for inclusion in the multivariate model. A backward method based on the log-likelihood ratio test (entry threshold p-value #0. 05) was then used to select factors independently associated with the outcome. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-17 software (SPSS, Inc. , Chicago, Illinois, USA) and STATA  12.
Unlike the UK study where the rapid testing program was staffed by professionals from genitourinary medicine clinics  [17] , our CBOffer was completely non-medicalized and staffed by community-based members. Furthermore, although the French testing program mentioned above was staffed by individuals working for a French community organization within their own premises  [12] , their study did not provide any data about the benefits of the non-medicalized offer over the standard one as, unlike in our study, there was no control group to make a comparison. We recently conducted another study in French VCT centres which highlighted that MSM not recently tested were more likely to report difficulties using condoms in several at-risk situations and were also less likely to report sexual risk reduction behaviours than recently tested MSM  [18].
In the present study, MSM who voluntarily came to the CBOffer seemed to be more economically independent as they were significantly older and more likely to have stable housing than those attending the SMOffer. This is in sharp contrast to findings from the UK's rapid community HIV testing program which attracted significantly younger MSM than those tested at genitourinary medicine clinics  [17]. Nevertheless, in the present study, although they tended to have a more active gay life, in particular by going more often to recognized gay venues where HIV prevention is very active, the level of recent testing was significantly lower in participants in the CBOffer than in those attending the SMOffer, suggesting that standard medicalized HIV testing performed in VCT centres was not attractive to these MSM.
The first possible limitation of this study is that most of the participants (63%) were recruited in Paris. This choice was a methodological one as Paris and its suburbs account for the largest proportion of the HIV epidemic among MSM living in France  [24]. Accordingly, this metropolitan area accounted for the largest part of the target population of our study. Second, the CBOffer was carried out on a specific evening every week, and this fact may also have influenced the recruitment process. However, it is unlikely that this possible bias impacted our results since the proportion of MSM in active employment did not differ between those enrolled in both testing offers. Furthermore, being in active employment was not found to be a confounder since this variable did not change the odds ratios of the other variables in the final model (data not shown).
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was undertaken in four sentinel sites (one site per ecological zone) along the Chad-Cameroon pipeline corridor. Three structured questionnaires were used for the survey. Two of them were addressed to the heads of households (one for census and the other to collect information concerning the characteristics of houses and living conditions in households as well as their knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning malaria). The last questionnaire was used to collect information on malaria management and prevention. It was addressed to women who had delivered a living child within the past three years. Interviewers were recruited from each village and trained for two consecutive days on how to fill the different questionnaires. All data were analysed at 5% significant level using Epi-Info, SPSS and Cs PRO 4.
Tertiary structure prediction Sequences of DING proteins (NCBI Accession Number: AAW57408, ADT62916, YP_002872202. 1 and P85173. 1 for pDING, X-DING-CD4, PfluDING and HPBP) have been aligned using ClustalW 2. 1  [35]. The structure of X-DING-CD4 and pDING was related to sequences of HPBP and PfluDING as a template. Structure alignment was performed by MODELLER 9. 11 software  [36]. Heteroatoms of pdb files have been removed except the phosphate molecule on the PfluDING structure. The 3D structures were validated using RAMPAGE software  [37]. Pymol was used to represent DING protein structures  [38].
Three hours later cells were lysed using reporter lysis buffer (Promega). Luciferase protein expression was measured according to the manufacturer's protocol. All data were normalized by total protein concentration measured by protein assay (Bio-Rad). The HIV-LTR inhibition values were established from the formula: [(LUC 1 -LUC 0 )x100/Z]-100; where LUC 1 is the value obtained from PMA-induced cells treated with a specific dilution of DING protein, and LUC 0 is the basal value obtained from uninduced, untreated cells; Z is the absolute luciferase induction by PMA calculated as Z = LUC max -LUC 0, where LUC max is the value of 100% luciferase expression in PMA-induced, untreated cells.