dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Results To control that stimuli with increasing levels of portrayed vocal arousal indeed had more nonlinearities, we subjected the 18 vocal stimuli to acoustic analysis with the Praat software  (Boersma, 2011) , using three measures of voice quality (jitter, shimmer, noise-harmonic ratio) commonly associated with auditory roughness and noise. All three measures scaled as predicted with portrayed vocal arousal (Figure  1 -top). Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed a main effect of portrayed vocal arousal on judgments of emotional valence, F(2,44) = 97. 2, p <. 0001,  p 2 = 0. 82, ε= 0. 61, with greater levels of speaker anger associated with more negative valence; a main effect of context F(3,66) = 39. 5, p <. 0001,  p 2 = 0. 64, ε= 0. 79, with sounds presented in distorted guitar judged more negative than in clean guitar, and sounds presented in noise judged more negative than in distorted guitar  left).
Deviations from protocol and missing data The different populations were defined according to the type of deviation from protocol encountered. The "intent-to-treat" (ITT) population included all randomized participants, whatever the deviation status [minor deviation (e. g. , could not attend DS1-EI full program for 1 week because of a flu) or major deviation (e. g. any cause of discontinuation and drop-out)]. The per-protocol (PP) population included only participants with no deviation or minor deviation. Missing data were monitored for each variable (number and percentage) and taken into account by the use of linear mixed-effects models. Note that school assessment was missing for a lot of TAU children at 24 months, precluding any group comparison for this variable.
Acknowledgments We thank all teams of care professionals for their willingness to participate and for accepting the procedural constraints of the research. Members of the  GPIS (groupe de pédagogie intensif et séquentiel) study group :  Véronique Bur ,  Aude Brellier ,  Marie-Noëlle Clément ,  Christophe Chartier ,  Claire Ducateau ,  Jean-Louis Sarradet , Paris;  Danièle Scellier ,  Hélène Petiton , Amiens;  François Soumille ,  Marc Colombel ,  Marseille ;  Marc Bandelier ,  Louisa Garnil , Argenteuil;  Emmanuel Damville ,  Isabelle Gylbert , Lille;  Anne Juteau ,  Anne Vautrin , Aulnay-sous-Bois;  Jean-François Havreng ,  Elisabeth Simonet , Sèvres;  Georges Lançon ,  Yves Faure , Bagnols sur Cèze;  Aurélie Broche ,  Myriam Garing ,  Saint Privat des Vieux ;  Carole Devaux ,  Sophie Michalak , Guadeloupe.
Materials and Methods The present work is an exploratory focused review (Figure  1 ) in terms of the Stanford University standards and recommendations for scientific literature reviews  [24]. The state of the art research on the topic discussed here is neither mature enough, nor is there a currently existing theoretical framework for performing a systematic quantitative or qualitative meta-review (Figure  1 ) on the topic with a priori defined (i. e. , theory-driven) criteria for study inclusion/exclusion. The selection of some of the studies discussed in this review might refer to the author's personal opinion and/or interpretation of published data and documents reviewed. The major bibliographic research for this paper was performed using a topical search strategy with multiple keyword combinations, exploring the international medical science database MEDLINE using Pubmed, which is hosted by the National Institute of Health (NIH) of the United States of America.
The keywords used for this research are given above under "keywords". This search strategy permitted the selection of topically relevant references to original research articles and reviews retrieved via Pubmed from the MEDLINE database. Further search strategies using the additional keywords "internet use", "internet penetration", "worldwide", "children", "health", and "digital environments" and combinations thereof were employed, exploring "google" for topically relevant, openly accessible statistics and/or institutional reports. This search strategy yielded documents available online  [25, 26] , including public reports by the World Health Organization, the European Commission, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD.
Behavioral analysis Risk-taking behavior was assessed in the light/dark test (n=5 rats/group). The light/dark box apparatus consisted of two asymmetrical compartments: one dark compartment (5 lx; 30 × 32 × 32 cm;) and one light compartment (50 lx; 45 × 32 × 32 cm). A small opening (10 × 15 cm) connected the two compartments, thus enabling transition between the two boxes. The adult (4-month old) male PRS and control rats (n = 5 per group) were tested. Animals were housed in the testing room for 2 hours before the beginning of the test to enable adaptation to the new environment. The 5minute test started when the animal was placed in the light compartment. A video camera located above the box recorded (1) the latency to the first spontaneous entry into the light compartment once the animal had entered the dark compartment, (2) the time spent in each compartment, and (3) the number of transitions to each compartment (data not shown).
Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using JMP9. 0. 1, SPSS 24. 0, and Statistica software. One-way ANOVA (Group: control vs. PRS) was used to analyze behavior, while one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to analyze differences in gene expression, with region subdivisions used as within variables. Intergroup comparisons for one-way ANOVA and post-hoc analysis for two-way ANOVA (Group and Brain Region) were performed using the Newman-Keuls test. An independent-sample Student's t-test was performed to analyze differences in relative ratio gene expression levels between PRS and control rats. Correlation between behavioral data and gene expression levels was analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis. Significance was set at p < 0. 05.
Trials with Lure disks were excluded from the analysis. We fit a cumulative Gaussian function to the data (Maximum Likelihood Estimation) and determined the PSE, i. e. the apparent size of the Standard disk. Any difference in apparent size (PSE) between retinal locations or disk types would reflect a similar difference in perception: a smaller apparent size means that the standard disk was perceived as smaller. Statistics. In Experiment 1, we performed a 3 × 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA using the open-source software JASP  38. Before analyzing further the interaction effect between the disk type (isolated or Ebbinghaus disk) and the retinal location (fovea or periphery) on apparent size, we conducted a Bayesian analysis  39  to discard the Standard diameter factor (1. 5°, 1. 6°, or 1. 7°-diameter) from our analysis.
Participants Twenty-three healthy, human subjects (ages: 18-41; 17 females; 21 right-handed) participated in this study. All gave their consent orally before starting the experiment. The ethics committee of Inserm (IRB00003888) approved the protocol on March 19 th , 2019. Each participant was asked to perform two experimental sessions. They received monetary compensation (20 € per completed session) for participating in this study. Among them, twenty (ages: 20-41; 16 females; 18 righthanded) completed at least two sessions and have thus been included in the present dataset.
Dataset The decision and motor behaviors of most of the subjects (17/20) have been described in a recent publication aimed to report the effect of decision strategy on movement properties in human subjects  (Thura, 2020). This analysis showed that according to the shared regulation hypothesis, the urgency level at the time of decision commitment strongly influences movement kinematics, with urgency-based decisions leading to vigorous movements. In the present paper, we analyzed data of the same subjects along with data from 3 additional ones, but we grouped trials depending on movement constraints (target size/movement amplitude configurations, see below), allowing us to test on the same subjects the reverse side of the shared regulation hypothesis, i. e. the effects of motor context on decision policy.
Setup The subjects sat in an armchair made planar reaching movements using a handle held in their dominant hand (Figure  2A ). A digitizing tablet (GTCO CalComp) continuously recorded the handle horizontal and vertical positions (100 Hz with 0. 013cm accuracy). Target stimuli and cursor feedback were projected by a DELL P2219H LCD monitor (60 Hz refresh rate) onto a half-silvered mirror suspended 26 cm above and parallel to the digitizer plane, creating the illusion that targets floated on the plane of the tablet. Unconstrained eye movements and pupil area of a subset of subjects were recorded using an infrared camera (ISCAN, sampling rate of 120 Hz, data not shown).
Data analysis All arm movement data were analyzed off-line using MATLAB (MathWorks). Reaching characteristics were assessed using the subjects' movement kinematics. Horizontal and vertical position data were first filtered using a tenth-degree polynomial filter and then differentiated to obtain a velocity profile. Onset and offset of movements were determined using a 3. 75 cm/s velocity threshold. Peak velocity was determined as the maximum value between these two events and endpoint error was defined as the Euclidian distance separating the target center from the movement endpoint location. The dispersion of movement end-points is visualized with confidence ellipses representing an iso-contour of the Gaussian distribution, defining the region that contains 95% of all samples in each condition.
Then from the average reward rate computed in each motor block, we calculated the average number of correct choices per minute and deducted from it the time necessary to complete a given number of correct choices in each condition of interest. Comparisons of decision duration, success probability, movement duration, peak velocity, accuracy, and block duration between conditions performed for each subject are statistically tested with Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW, two-sided rank-sum) tests. The effect of motor condition on sensory evidence at decision time as a function of decision duration is statistically tested with analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs). For these analyses, very fast decisions made before token jump #4 are discarded. Decisions made before jump #4 were rare (see  Thura, 2020)  and success probability homogeneity (if subjects decide before token jump #4 it is likely because the first three tokens jumped into the same target) at that time makes data exclusion reasonable.
In the present task, the action vigor (indicated by movement speed and duration) is assumed to be determined depending on the speed-accuracy trade-off of each motor condition. However, motivation factors, such as the movement energetic cost, may have contributed to shape action vigor as well  (Mazzoni et al. , 2007). With the present design, we cannot disentangle the contribution of the accuracy and energy costs on vigor definition, the slower movements executed toward the small targets being also less energetically costly. However, if we assume that the less energetically costly movements should increase the subjects' implicit motivation to decide and act  (Mazzoni et al. , 2007) , those movements should be executed faster than the effortful ones. Yet, our data indicate the opposite results.
Data Analysis Quantitative Analysis. We calculated the mean score, median, and proportion of participants who rated the outcome from 7 to 9 (critically important) for each outcome. We calculated the scores separately for patients/family, members of the public, and health professionals. We compared the "public" and "health professional" group with the "patients/family" group using mean differences. We did not rely on the normality assumption and used nonparametric tests to compare the importance of the outcome given by the three groups. The overall differences were compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests. If significant differences were found, we performed the pairwise comparisons using Mann-Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction to adjust for multiple comparisons. The relative importance score was derived using a multinomial logistic regression model.
Utility functions containing all outcomes and interaction terms for participant characteristics were constructed for the Best-Worst Survey. Following this approach, the mean regression coefficients of this function provided the relative importance scores for each outcome  (27). The regression coefficients have the same underlying scale; therefore, for ease of interpretation, we used a scale of 1 (least important) to 9 (most important). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS (Version 25. 0; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY) and NLOGIT 6 (Econometric Software, Plainview, NY). A p value of less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Definition of Consensus. The thresholds for consensus could not be defined a priori because the distribution of scores was not known prior to data collection.
Anxiety was rated higher by patients/family compared with both health professionals and the general public. People with COVID-19 attributed anxiety to the fear and guilt of infecting others and the need to be quarantined and isolated from family and support persons. Anxiety exacerbated their symptoms, particularly shortness of breath. The inclusion of patients and the public brings nuanced insights and attention to include outcomes of importance (e. g. , shortness of breath) that may be underrecognized and not explicitly included in core outcome sets. The survey included a large number of participants (n = 9,289) from 111 countries, with 47% comprising of patients, family members, and the public. The survey was available in five languages. The data were triangulated by assessing both the absolute and relative importance of scores, using four measures (mean, median, proportion, and Best-Worst Scale score).
Confinement/quarantine The psychological sequelae of confinement and quarantine following the COVID-19 outbreak have been well reviewed recently (Brooks et al. , 2020). The authors reviewed the psychological impact of quarantine using three data bases and 3166 papers out of which 24 were included. Most studies reviewed reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss and stigma. Some researchers suggested a long-lasting impact. As with anxiety -since confinement and quarantine are anxietytriggering in their own right -an increase in tic severity can be expected. Moreover, behavioural abnormalities will likely also be exacerbated.
Data collection & analysis All data were recorded in anonymous data sets which were made available by the FFTT from their open archives. All data is open to the public through the website: http://www. fftt. com/ site/competition/classement/classement-national. The birth month of each player was collected for analysis. These data were transferred into the accompanying birth quartile. The quartiles were determined periods of three months. Quartile 1 (Q1) represents the first period after the cut-off date (i. e. 1 st of January) which covers the period from January to March. Quartile 2 (Q2) includes the second period from April to June, quartile 3 (Q3) the third period from July to September, and quartile 4 (Q4) the final period from October to December. In this study all players' data were analyzed while using the official cut-off dates for each age category.
First, the observed birth date distributions per quartile and per birth cohort were calculated as percentage per the top 100 players (July 2017) of each subsample (i. e. per sex and age category). A chi-square analysis  [3, 32]  including the calculation of the effect size (W) was used per subsample to test for main effects of the within-year effect (IBM SPSS Statistics 25; IBM Corp. , Armonk, New York, United States of America). The actual birth distributions based on the French national birth statistics of the corresponding population (https://www. insee. fr/fr/ statistiques/1893255) were used as references for the analysis. Second, latent class growth analyses (LCGAs) were conducted to examine the longitudinal data using MPlus Version 7. 3 (Los Angeles, CA, USA). LCGA is a statistical model which posits that an underlying grouping variable can be inferred from a set of indicators to discover distinct trajectories on a variable (performance scores in the present case) with different patterns of change and stability across time  [33].
Initial LCGA models included the mean level (intercept), linear and quadratic growths for each performance trajectory. Both LCGA models with linear and quadratic functions were compared with their respective LCGA models with only the linear function. The log likelihood ratio test allowed highlighting an eventual significant improvement of fit if fewer parameters were included in the model (i. e. , omitting quadratic functions from LCGA models)  [35]. Third, in order to examine whether players from particular performance trajectories belonged distinct quartiles' birth dates, we conducted a series of chi-square tests of association-performance profiles (3 or 4) × quartiles (4) including the calculation of the effect size (W) in IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Alpha was set on 0. 05 for all analyses.
e. high potential) of these players and the additional opportunities for (inter)national training and competition that are usually provided only to the nation's best players. It is important to acknowledge two limitations of this study. First, the sample was included based on the official national French ranking lists of July 2017. From that point in time, performance data was retrieved from the previous years. Although it is expected that this 'retrospective' approach has not influenced the results to a large extent as composition of the top 100 seems quite stable, a future study with a prospective approach is recommended. Second, as is always the case with LCGA studies, the performance trajectories are data driven and sample specific. Hence, future research is needed to replicate the present findings with athletes from different countries or ages (e.
The results are usually published one year after data collection. These shortcomings consequently complicate the reactivity of public authorities  [6]. To provide short-term data, i. e. , obtained concomitantly with drug consumption, Zuccato et al. [7, 8]  developed an estimation method based on the measurement of drug residues in wastewater with the subsequent back-calculation using metabolism data. Studies have shown significant differences in the consumption of illicit drugs in terms of festival context, i. e. , metal, rock, pop, country and folk, ethnic, multi-genre, dance, electro and techno, reggae, and trance  [9, 10]  as well as non-festive periods. Previous data have shown the large over-consumption during musical events depending to music style  [10]. Held in France since 1982, the Music Day, also known as World Music Day, takes place on the night of the summer solstice, with amateur and professional musicians allowed to perform in the street.
The main concerts organized by the municipality in Bordeaux are attended by around 50,000 individuals, but informal scenes abound throughout the city, and this number should be regarded as a minimum (Moginot and Courtiade, comm. pers. ). Wastewater was sampled daily over seven days in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) covering areas with social and economic differences. Since the laboratory has already carried out wastewater-based epidemiology studies in France  [1, 3, 12, 13] , the results will be directly comparable with data obtained for other metropolitan areas.
Parallel analysis (PA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) method on used measurement scales To decide for an adequate extraction method, both scales were checked for normality  (Fabrigar, Wegener, MacCallum, & Strahan, 1999). Kurtosis and skewness values indicated no normality violations. To determine how many factors should be retained in the exploratory factor analysis, we conducted a parallel analysis (PA) using a SPSS script by  O'Connor (2000 O'Connor ( , 2020)). We specified to run one thousand parallel datasets based on permutations of the raw data set, setting the desired percentile of the distribution and random data eigenvalue to 95. We decided on a principal axis/common factor analysis approach. The decision on the number of common factors to retain was based on  Fabrigar et al.
034  (Pocock, 1977). Furthermore, p-values above 0. 97 would have been indicative of futility of further data acquisition. Data collection would have been interrupted at N= 30 if one boundary was crossed. However, interim analyses provided, for our main tests, results that were only significant at the uncorrected threshold, and therefore we proceeded with recruiting 42 participants. We recruited 42 young healthy participants (18-29 years, 18 males and 24 females, mean age: 22. 3 years, SD: 2. 8 years), which provided written informed consent. Inclusions were made 10 on the basis of a medical examination aimed at checking inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were: right-handedness; normal or corrected-to-normal vision. Exclusion criteria were: history of neurologic (e. g. epilepsy up to first degree of familiarity, migraines), psychiatric, cardiac, or otologic disorders (e.
Apparatus and Behavioral Tasks Participants were tested in a dimly lit, quiet room. Their head was restrained by a chinrest, facing a 17 inches large screen at a distance of approximately 57 cm. The open-source software OpenSesame  (Mathôt et al. , 2011)  was used to display experimental stimuli on the screen and record the subjects' response. Participants provided responses by means of keyboard presses (on a standard QWERTY keyboard) using the index and middle fingers of their dominant hand. During the stimulation, they performed two tasks. One control task (Subjective Visual Vertical, SVV) was administered during the first 5 minutes of the stimulation. SVV required rotating visual segments until they appeared to be in a vertical position. It was meant to provide independent evidence for a successful vestibular stimulation, given that displacements occur towards the site of anodal GVS stimulation  (Mars et al.
Flanker Task (FT) A schematic depiction of the task is illustrated in Figure  2B , and the script for running it is available in the Supplementary Materials. Each trial started with a fixation cross (1. 2x1. 2°) appearing at the center of the screen for 500 ms (±50 ms of uniformly distributed jitter). Then, a set of five arrows was presented on screen (about 0. 5° of width each) until the subjects' response. The task consisted in indicating the direction of the central arrow (left, right, equiprobable), white colored over dark background. The four flanking arrows could point toward the same (congruent condition) or opposite direction (incongruent condition), the latter creating conflict and interference costs. Furthermore, participants were explicitly instructed that the color of flanking arrows (the irrelevant dimension: red, blue, or green) was associated with one of three Conditions: Neutral (N), in which no points were at stake; Potential Gain (PG), in which ten points (about 12 eurocents) were at stake; Potential Loss (PL), in which a 10-point loss was possible.