dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
testing but rather reduce the number of costly tests. The problem to be solved numerically consists to an experimental investigation performed by Kamps et al. [5]  for acoustic and noise measurement of air flow around a cylinder equipped with hairy flaps described in Figure  1. K A k V = (14) The structure shown in Figure  1  is an example of the complex geometry that needs to be simulated submitted to fluid loading. The goal of this experimental investigation is to reduce the frequency of vortex shedding and thus noise intensity. From this experimental investigation, the Strouhal number is measured for different fluid Reynolds numbers. These are the data we use for the validation of the numerical simulation. As developed in  [5] , and described in Figure  1 , the problem consists of an aerodynamically closed test section of approximately 1.
CONCLUSION In this paper, a numerical investigation of flow around a cylinder with flexible hairy-flaps at the aft-part of the cylinder is carried out. The complex model shows the capability of the software when different numerical algorithms are combined, fluid structure coupling, turbulence modeling, and structural contact between nonlinear materials. To the best of our knowledge and by searching in the literature through literature, there is no reported work on numerical simulation including full model with flexible hairy flaps, contact between flaps and coupling fluid structure. The software used in the paper is a Multiphysics software package using two robust solvers, a CFD with turbulence models and a nonlinear structure solver with efficient contact algorithms. The coupling method developed in the paper is based on the contact algorithms used in computational structural mechanics.
This conclusion supports previous works based on the resonance energies, extra cyclic resonance energy, and nucleus independent chemical shift data of 4n π electron dihydro-aza-pentacenes which are stabilized by aromaticity and conjugations of the dihydropyrazine moieties. 23 We further predict that all π orbitals of DHTAn strongly resemble the one of the parent nA molecules; however, the symmetry of the frontier orbitals changes owing to the addition of two electrons to the π system. We have also computed photoemission momentum maps for DHTAn which, in future studies, should be tested against experimental observations and could confirm the orbital energies and spatial structure of the frontier orbitals. As a first step toward this direction, we have measured the UV-vis absorption spectra of DHTA5, 6, and 7 in solution and compared them to TD-DFT results.
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Christian Teichert and Conrad Becker for fruitful discussions. O. S. and Z. C. thank the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Ministere de la Recherche et des Nouvelles Technologies, and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche in the framework of the GROPOLOMOL project (grant to Z. C. ). B. K. , D. L. , and P. P. acknowledge the financial support from the Austrian Science Fund FWF (P27649-N20). The computational results presented have been achieved using the computing facilities of the University of Graz and the Vienna Scientific Cluster (VSC3).
Sample size We calculated the sample size with the simulation method of PASS 14 software (NCSS, Kaysville, UT, USA) for power analysis using a mixed model. An alpha risk of 5% and a bilateral hypothesis were taken into account for the power analysis. The expected scores of the participants in each arm of our study were estimated from the findings of large-scale studies  [35, 37, 41]  to assess post-CR PA behavior maintenance. These studies used a questionnaire that yielded an average score of PA minutes per week. As time has a linear effect, we assumed from the change in PA behaviors post-SPA that the weekly time spent in PA behavior would decline by 5 min every month following the intervention. This result was used to infer the PA level of the group at each post-program measurement point.
Inclusion criteria Study participation was limited to adults over 18 years old who were registered in the health insurance database with chronic disease (CVD or cardiac insufficiency) and were deemed to have a low level of PA after brief physical activity assessment  [24]. The other eligibility criteria were the agreement to attend two 60-min sessions per week at a fitness center and the cardiologist's finding of no contraindication to PA. Forty-seven patients ultimately volunteered to enroll in the study.
Randomization The participants were randomized according to a 1:1 scheme using the CS randomization Clinsight software module (Ennov Clinical, San Francisco, CA, USA). A minimization method was used to prevent betweengroup imbalances for all known and unknown patientrelated factors that might influence the study outcome. Patient age (< 65 years, ≥65 years), type of disease (coronary disease, cardiac insufficiency) and sex (male, female) were stratified.
Statistics and data analysis The statistical analyses were performed with a 5% alpha risk or 95% confidence interval using SPSS (IBM Statistics, Armonk, NY, USA). The normality of the quantitative data was evaluated using a graphical method (frequency histogram and quantile-quantile plot) and a Shapiro-Wilk test  [18]. We tested the primary hypothesis on PA behavior maintenance using a mixed model procedure to take into account the non-independence of the repeated IPAQ measures grouped within participants. This is highly recommended for repeated measures analysis  [42, 53]. The repeated measures were considered as a linear fixed factor (measurements at 5, 7, 9, and 12 months). The condition (PAPA vs. SPA) representing the criterion of the analysis was considered as another fixed factor in the model.
Physical activity The primary outcome was the level of PA according to the IPAQ questionnaire. We obtained 202 measures for the IPAQ across the five times of measurement. We kept only the measures greater than 0 and less than 5355 METS, as these values were identified as outliers  [20]. One hundred and seventy-one measures were left for analysis after this screening. Because the data did not follow a normal distribution but presented strong right asymmetry (skewed toward higher values), a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used as this model is an extension of the LMM for distributions that are not normal. We used a GLMM for gamma distribution with a log link as this model is adapted to positive values with right asymmetry. No condition effect was found [F(1, 106) = 0. 446, p =. 506], indicating that the groups had similar PA values.
Whereas the model indicated a significant effect of time [F(1, 106) = 6. 521, p =. 012], suggesting a significant decline over time (coefficient = -0. 041), the absence of a time x condition effect indicated that this decline did not differ with the condition [F(1, 106) = 0. 171, p =. 680]. Figure  2  illustrates this pattern of results. Not enough complete data were collected (N = 5) for analysis of the objective measure of PA (accelerometer GT3X+), as participants reported trouble wearing the accelerometer for every waking hour over 7 days.
The sensors on the shanks were added to capture the interaction between the body and the surface (end-point variability). A twenty-five metre long corridor was marked on the floor. The participants were instructed to walk straight in a stable comfortable pace, turn after crossing the mark on the floor and continue to walk at the same comfortable speed. They wore comfortable sport shoes during the test. Data collection started after the first stride of the walking trial to avoid the possible influence of transition to gait on the time series due to a change in speed. The gait speed was computed for each interval from the distance and time (measured by a stop watch) to complete the 25 metre long walking episodes. The average speed was then computed for each participant.
For this purpose, the original time series without turns was resampled to 15,000 points to obtain approximately 100 data points per stride. For a state space reconstruction, time delays of 11, 8 and 10 samples for the trunk and 9, 6 and 11 samples for the shanks in the V, ML and AP directions, respectively, were used as a result of the first minimum from the average mutual information function. An embedding dimension of 6 was used as computed by the global false nearest neighbour analysis. To allow comparison between studies, the most widely used algorithm proposed by Rosenstein et al. [33]  was used to compute the short-term (over one step, stLE) and long-term LE (over the fourth to tenth stride, ltLE) (Fig  1 ). Stride frequency was computed from an amplitude spectrum of fast Fourier transformation of the AP trunk acceleration.
There are several limitations present in this study. First of all, the number of multiple fallers is low compared to other groups. Even though a relatively high number of participants with various backgrounds were recruited, we were not able to avoid this consequence. Second limitation is the in-lab setting of the experiment. Future research is needed to compare the predictive ability of variables computed from in-lab and daily-life data collection. Lastly, we used specific analysis for gait assessment, namely local dynamic stability. The results of this analysis depend on the type of the time series used for computation (e. g. , angular velocity, acceleration) and the position of the marker or sensor used for data recording  [38]. Furthermore, a high number of gait cycles is needed to achieve reliable results  [32]  making this analysis difficult to perform in clinical settings.
In the past decade, CMB lensing has gone from its first detection  [9, 10]  to becoming a well-established, precision probe of clustering. Reconstructed maps of the CMB lensing deflections have been made with data from ground-based instruments (e. g. , Refs. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] ) and from the Planck satellite  [4, 16]. Due to its nearly full-sky coverage, the Planck lensing results currently have the greatest statistical power but are very far from exhausting the information available in the lensed CMB. For this reason, lensing is a major goal being targeted by nearly all forthcoming and proposed experiments. These include the Cosmic Origins Explorer (CORE ), a satellite mission recently proposed to the European Space Agency's fifth call for a medium-class mission. This paper is one of a series written as part of the development of the CORE mission concept and science case.
This paper is organised as follows. Section 2 introduces lensing reconstruction and reviews the current observational status. Some further technical details are summarised in Appendix A. Lensing reconstruction with CORE is described in Sec. 3. CMB lensing is expected to be a particularly clean probe of the absolute mass scale of neutrinos, through the impact of their mass on the growth of cosmic structure; this important target for CORE is discussed in Sec. 4. In Sec. 5, we outline the complementarity between CMB lensing and other tracers of large-scale structure and forecast the improvements that would arise from combining lensing from CORE data with contemporaneous large-scale structure surveys. Delensing of B-mode polarization is discussed in Sec. 6 and the implications for constraining primordial gravitational waves are reviewed.
For CORE, with σ(τ ) = 0. 002, this corresponds to N modes ≈ 1×10 5 , similar to what is achieved in the baseline configuration. It follows that further improvement in the lensing S/N (i. e. , increasing the sensitivity or resolution) would not lead to proportional improvement in the measurement of neutrino mass; see Ref. [19]  for explicit comparisons of possible design choices for CORE. To illustrate the importance of precise determination of the optical depth to reionization for neutrino mass constraints, we consider replacing the large-angle polarization data from CORE with a Planck -like prior with σ(τ ) = 0. 01. In this case, the error on the summed neutrino mass from CORE +BAO almost doubles to 30 meV. This situation is similar to that which CMB-S4 will face in the absence of a contemporaneous space mission if attempts to measure polarization on very large scales from the ground are unsuccessful.
0h Mpc -1 (FoM ≈ 50) to 1. 5h Mpc -1 (FoM ≈ 5). Combining with CORE data helps considerably, improving the FoM to approximately 300 using only linear scales from Euclid. These improvements will be significantly greater (FoM ≈ 2400) if strategies developed for internal calibration of Euclid data are successful (e. g. , using image simulations to calibrate multiplicative bias in the estimation of galaxy shear). In this way, we can recover dark energy science from cosmic shear with Euclid using only relatively clean (quasi-)linear scales.
As a space-based CMB experiment, CORE will allow for precision observations at high frequencies -something that is unattainable from the ground, and therefore an obvious concern for ground-based experiments such as CMB-S4. CORE observations would thereby eliminate the data deficiency on the small-scale dust polarization, allowing for a direct measurement of dust bias and, more practically, providing the high-frequency data needed for dust subtraction through component-separation techniques (see Ref. [127]  for a detailed analysis of component separation for CORE ). Given that the dust power spectra fall rapidly with multipole, one way to reduce dust contamination is to exclude large-scale modes from the lensing reconstruction analysis  [117]. In the choice of the minimum multipole l min to use in the analysis, there is a trade-off between bias and variance: including more modes will reduce the sample variance, but the filtered 12 The construction of the simulated maps is described in detail in Ref.
Conclusions Weak gravitational lensing of the CMB has great potential as a relatively clean probe of the large-scale clustering of all mass to high redshift. CORE has been designed so that it is able to exploit much of this potential. We discussed how the lensing map reconstructed from CORE data would have statistical power significantly extending what can be achieved with the current generation of experiments. Lensing impacts many of the science goals of CORE ; here we have highlighted its role in measuring the absolute neutrino mass scale, the growth of structure across cosmic time through cross-correlation with other large-scale structure surveys, delensing B-modes in searches for the polarization signal of primordial gravitational waves, and calibration of cluster masses for accurate interpretation of counts of galaxy clusters across redshift.
Acknowledgments AC and RA acknowledge support from the  UK Science and Technology Facilities Council  (grant number  ST/N000927/1 ) as does AL (grant number  ST/L000652/1 ). AL and JC acknowledge support from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP/2007-2013) /  ERC  Grant Agreement No. [616170]. J. G. N. acknowledges financial support from the  Spanish MINECO  for a ' Ramon y Cajal' Fellowship  ( RYC-2013-13256 ) and the I+D 2015 project  AYA2015-65887-P (MINECO/FEDER ). "CJM is supported by an  FCT   Research Professorship , contract reference  IF/00064/2012 , funded by  FCT/MCTES  (Portugal) and  POPH/FSE (EC). Some of the results in this paper have been derived using the HEALPix package [128].
Building on this and other previous research  [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]  , we focused our current study on archaeologically documented tool-making methods from the early and late Lower Paleolithic, a period that witnessed a nearly 3-fold increase in hominin brain size. This allows us to empirically address the over 100 years of theorizing linking increasingly complex tool-making with brain evolution and language origins  5, [20] [21] [22]. The early (Oldowan, ca. 2. 5 Mya) technology modeled here comprised the production of simple, sharp-edged stone flakes by striking one stone with another. The late (Late Acheulean, ca. 0. 5 Mya) technology comprised the production of refined, teardrop-shaped "handaxes" through intentional shaping. We defined a shared action alphabet, consisting of 7 event types encompassing the elementary body movements and object transformations present in every sequence of both technologies, and applied two pattern recognition algorithms to the coded event sequences: Hidden Markov Modeling (HMM) and k-Sequitur.
Results Hidden Markov Modeling. HMM detects probabilistic regularities (hidden states) across sequences and can capture the structure of arbitrarily complex sequences given sufficient numbers of hidden states. The optimal number of hidden states provides a measure of structural complexity. We fitted HMMs to coded event sequences, and computed the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) across different numbers of hidden states as a measure of model fit. BIC reached its minimum (less is better) at 4 hidden states for Oldowan and 6 for Acheulean data (Fig 1B), indicating a 50% increase in complexity. These two models perfectly categorized the sequences (likelihood greater for correct model, Fig. 1C ). The fit was better for both models on the simpler Oldowan sequences. The close fit of the Acheulean model to Oldowan data (but not vice versa) indicates that the former captures most of the structure of the latter, and that Oldowan sequences may be considered a subset of Acheulean sequences.
We therefore used the Acheulean HMM to test for further structure. We obtained the most likely hidden state sequences for the Oldowan and Acheulean data and then fitted a second, 2-state HMM onto these higher-order sequences (Fig. 2 ). We found that Acheulean sequences oscillate between two superordinate states-of-states (SoS) whereas Oldowan sequences remain in one). Thus, Acheulean sequences display an additional level of structure not expressed by Oldowan sequences. Next, we fit the 6-state Acheulean HMM to Oldowan and Acheulean data and observed the probability of actions per hidden state as well as transitions between hidden states. Our Oldowan data are characterized by the repetition of one simple action "chunk" consisting a relatively invariant sequence of states (3->4->2: Fig. 2A ) that essentially corresponds to the removal of an individual flake and is entirely captured by SoS1 (Fig.
In agreement with our HMM results, CFG extraction found Oldowan grammars to be a less complex sub-set of Acheulean grammars. Rule inference from combined Oldowan and Acheulean samples identified multiple rules that occur only in Acheulean sequences (Supplementary Fig. 2 ) and showed that the frequency of Acheulean-only rules increases at higher levels (0 at level 2, 1 at Level 3, 2 at Level 4, 5 at Level 5). No Oldowan-only rules were identified, even when rule inference was restricted to the Oldowan data set. CFG extraction achieved substantial compression of both Oldowan and Acheulean sequences (Fig. 3A ), however the rate (inverse slope) of Acheulean compression was more than twice as great (7. 69 vs. 2. 94). This indicates that Acheulean sequences have more structure for rule-based compression, in a ~2:1 ratio paralleling our HMM finding of two Acheulean SoS vs.
In the current case, it is not possible to control lowerlevel kinematic, geometric, and visual features of stone tool-making without also altering the higher-level action structure that emerges from them and seriously compromising the basis for analogy with real, archaeologically-documented behaviors. An alternative approach, developed here, is to derive behavioral models which make specific neuro-cognitive processing predictions that are testable against brain data  46. To illustrate this approach, we used HMM and CFG grammar extraction to measure the complexity of action sequences in Oldowan and Acheulean video stimuli from a published fMRI study of tool-making action observation  18. In common with tool-makers in the current study, the demonstrator recorded in these stimuli was instructed to emulate handaxes from the Acheulean site of Boxgrove.
If a pair's non-terminal symbol is used only in the just created symbol's definition, the used symbol is replaced by its definition and the symbol is removed from the defined nonterminal symbols. Once the scanning has been completed, the transformed sequence can be interpreted as the top-level rule in a grammar for the original sequence. The rule definitions for the non-terminal symbols which it contains can be found in the list of symbol pairs. Those rule definitions may themselves contain additional non-terminal symbols whose rule definitions can also be read from elsewhere in the list of symbol pairs. For example: Input sequence: the little cat chases the mouse the little cat catches the mouse the big cat chases the little cat the little cat runs away from the big cat Compressed sequence: r2 chases r3 r2 catches r3 r5 chases r2 r2 runs away from r5 Grammar: -Root -> r2 chases r3 r2 catches r3 r5 chases r2 r2 runs away from r5 -r2 -> the little cat (used 4 times) -r3 -> the mouse (used 2 times) -r5 -> the big cat (used 2 times) We ran Sequitur on each sequences in both the Acheulean and the Oldowan data sets and enumerated all the rules found across both data sets.
After inferring rules from the combined Acheulean and Oldowan data set, we found that some rules only occurred in Acheulean sequences (Extended Data Fig. 2 ). The Sequitur algorithm reduces the length of the sequences by replacing terminal symbol strings with aggregating rule strings. This compresses the sequence by reducing its redundancy. Figure  3A  shows that sequences in our Oldowan and Achuelean samples share common compressible structure within samples but are distinct across samples. This is indicated by the fact that their pre and post-compression lengths are linear and have distinct slopes. Linear regression fit for Acheulean data is R2= 0. 9852 with slope = 0. 13; for Oldowan data R2=0. 9982 and slope = 0. 34. The inverse slope on this plot corresponds to the data compression rate through rule extraction.
This new way of functioning was strongly rejected by both buyers and sellers, and in 2006 a double trading system was finally allowed to coexist in the same place. Every morning, when the buyers and the sellers (the fishermen) arrive on the market, they can choose to trade through an auction process or to exchange through pairwise transactions. The operating rules, the amounts and qualities of the goods exchanged, and the price distribution of both sub-markets have already been studied  [8, 20, 21]. In this paper we present a comparative data-based study of the two sub-markets that focuses on the interactions between buyers and sellers. For several reasons, our dataset is ideal for our purposes. Detailed data concerning the daily transactions are available, allowing us to compare the behavior of agents in both sub-markets under similar economic, seasonal, climatic and social conditions, thus revealing the influence of social interactions on the economic strategies.
Description of the data-set A detailed electronic register of daily transactions on the Boulogne-sur-Mer Fish Market has been kept since 2006, when the coexistence of the two sub-markets started. For each transaction, the identification of the buyer and seller involved, the amount and quality of the goods exchanged and the transaction price are recorded. This work is based on data collected during eighteen months in 2006 and 2007, thus covering the reorganization period. A seller i and a buyer j may make several transactions on the same day (they may exchange different lots of fish at different prices). In this study, following  [20] , we coarse-grain daily transactions, and we consider that a seller i and a buyer j hold one contact on day d if they perform at least one transaction on that day, regardless of the price or the quantities exchanged.