dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
25 Home ownership stands then for a good proxy of unearned income (i. e. wealth). The LFS 2003-2012 does not provide information on the value of the housing unit but only on whether the individual is a home owner or not. We consider that home owners have high unearned income. The second indicator is the implicit subsidy received by tenants of social housing and is inspired by the work of  Chapelle (2018). For every department in France we have computed the implicit transfer/subsidy received by tenants of MRH. We classify departments located in the fifth quintile of the subsidy distribution as highly subsidized departments. This information is only available for 2012 but it is matched every year with individual data from the LFS. We find that 38% of people in the whole unweighted LFS sample live in departments located at the fifth quintile of the subsidy distribution.
A. 1 Unearned income Using individual data from the enriched LFS 2003-2012 database, we propose then a linear probability model to estimate the probability of having a high outside employment opportunity (home ownership or receiving a high implicit subsidy from social housing) depending on the nativity group: H it = υ M IM M it + υ 10 Residence 10 + υ x X it + υ dt + χ it ( 19 ) where H it stands for home ownership or for being a tenant in MRH outside SUAs in a department located at the fifth quintile of the implicit subsidy distribution. As a robustness test, we also implement the regression considering the expected social insurance benefit as a dependent variable. IM M it represents the dummy immigrant. 2nd generation results from the interaction between the fact of being a native and the fact of having foreign born parents.
AF R, P AT D, P AP D, P DT D, P DP D) for the period 2014-2016. We merge this data with the LFS using the 5 digit NAF 2008 classification. Therefore, for every year from 2003 to 2012, every individual in the LFS is imputed the average injury and disease indicator (computed for the period 2014-2016) corresponding to the 5-digit activity branch in which the individual is employed. 24 Combining O*Net and EurOccupations we enrich the LFS by imputing at the 4digit occupation level a manual task intensity index. Since there is only a perfect match for 244 occupations, the manual intensity index is only available for 967,197 natives and 126,810 immigrants. Finally, we merge department statistics on the implicit subsidy received by tenants in MRH with our enriched individual LFS 2003-2012 database.
Probability of having a high unearned income. LFS 2003-2012. Source: Labor Force surveys 2003-2012, OECD Statistics 2003-2012, Rental housing directory of social landlords 2012, O*NET and EurOccupations databases. Note: OLS estimation with robust standard errors clustered at the department-year level and weights provided by the LFS. Control variables include: gender, age, age squared, civil status, children, diploma.
This work was also supported by the  French National Research Agency  Grant  ANR-17-EURE-0020. Department × Year FE No No No * * *  (p <  0. ** 0. 00711*** (0. 00989) (0. 000777) (0. 00680) (0. 000335) (0. 000681 ) Controls No No  No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NAF2 FE No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Department × Year FE  No No.
(P AF R, P AT D, P AP D, P DT D, P DP D) for the period 2014-2016. We merge this data with the LFS using the 5 digit NAF 2008 classification. Therefore, for every year from 2003 to 2012, every individual in the LFS is imputed the average injury and disease indicator (computed for the period 2014-2016) corresponding to the 5-digit activity branch in which the individual is employed. 24 Combining O*Net and EurOccupations we enrich the LFS by imputing at the 4digit occupation level a manual task intensity index. Since there is only a perfect match for 244 occupations, the manual intensity index is only available for 967,197 natives and 126,810 immigrants. Finally, we merge department statistics on the implicit subsidy received by tenants in MRH with our enriched individual LFS 2003-2012 database.
14) which differs from the doubly split kernel introduced above by its choice of integration contour. In isolation this object is slightly difficult to interpret because a t-channel block cannot be decomposed into s-channel blocks, but we should be able to recover the schannel OPE data from an infinite sum of such transformed t-channel blocks. For the function z p (1 -z) -q this for example leads us to the statement that I (C) p,q (α) = ∞ m=0 I (C) h-q,h-p (h -q + m -1/2)K (C) h (α, h -q + m -1/2). (4. 15) Here we used that its t-channel decomposition consists of conformal blocks with dimensions h -q + m and with OPE coefficients given by I (C) h-q,h-p (h -q + m -1/2). In figure  3 , we again show how truncated sums on the right-hand side approximate the left-hand side in a specific example.
On the other hand, it is able to capture the m = 0 OPE coefficient (at α = -0. 3), which is completely missed by the dDisc inversion formula, and, less importantly perhaps, all the zeroes at negative m. In this sense the dDisc inversion formula sacrifices convergence for m ≤ 0 in favor of excellent convergence for m ≥ 1. Let us finally remark that the comparison above used twice the OPE data for the dDisc inversion formula since we kept 2, 5 and 8 blocks in both the t-channel and the u-channel, compared to only t-channel blocks in the contour inversion formula. One may correct for this, but it does not meaningfully change the previous discussion about the merits of each inversion formula.
Discussion An interesting question is how much information about the s-channel OPE data can be obtained from a finite sum of t-channel blocks. Early encouraging results  [19]  showed how we can obtain surprisingly accurate estimates of at least the leading Regge trajectory from only a few t-channel blocks in the four-point function of the σ operator in the threedimensional Ising CFT. This analysis was substantially improved with a more systematic We have divided by a normalization factor Q(α)Γ(±(α+j))4 -α-j which in particular got rid of all the kinematic poles. Colored lines: the approximation to this density by transforming a finite sum of the first few t-channel blocks, ranging from a single block (blue line) to 45 blocks (purple line). As expected, we observe good convergence for negative α.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Simon Caron-Huot ,  Matthijs Hogervorst ,  Mikhail Isachenkov ,  Madelena Lemos ,  Marco Menieri ,  Slava Rychkov  and  Volker Schomerus  for their insightful comments. We greatly benefited from discussions during the 2019 Pollica summer workshop and during a visit to IHES, and we are therefore grateful for the hospitality provided. BvR is supported in part by the  STFC  under consolidated grant  ST/P000371/1  and a grant from the  Simons Foundation  (# 488659 ).
Since the original publication of the DmAChE structures, dramatic improvement has been made in the refinement of X-ray structures with the advent and constant improvement over time of software like XDS for diffraction image processing  [10] , Phenix for model refinement  [11] , and Coot for model building  [12]. The fact that crystallographers are requested to deposit their diffraction data, alongside the structure coordinates, in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), when submitting an X-ray structure, offers the possibility for third parties to update the analysis of the data. This led to initiatives such as PDB-REDO (pdb-redo. eu), which provides a platform for optimizing structures deposited in the PDB. Going a step further, there have also been recent initiatives to deposit the diffraction images in databases (proteindiffraction.
org or data. sbgrid. org), thus providing the opportunity to reprocess the raw images so as to improve both the structure factor datasets and the refined structure models. It is noteworthy that macromolecular crystallography is a rare scientific discipline in which researchers are invited to deposit their raw experimental data in the public domain, and indeed do so willingly. In the present case study, close examination of both the electron Recently, crystal structures of another insect AChE have been published, that of the wild type Anopheles gambiae AChE (AgAChE) [8] and of an insecticide-resistant mutant of the same enzyme  [9]. The sequence similarity of AgAChE and DmAChE is relatively low (41. 1% identity) since they are coded by non-homologous genes, ace-1 and ace-2, respectively  [9].
Their overall structures are, nevertheless, very similar (1. 9 Å rmsd)  [8]. The structure of AgAChE notably confirmed the existence of an open channel at the base of the active-site gorge [9], as previously identified in DmAChE  [6]. It is suggested that this particular structural feature could be exploited to design highly specific insecticides. Since the original publication of the DmAChE structures, dramatic improvement has been made in the refinement of X-ray structures with the advent and constant improvement over time of software like XDS for diffraction image processing  [10] , Phenix for model refinement  [11] , and Coot for model building  [12]. The fact that crystallographers are requested to deposit their diffraction data, alongside the structure coordinates, in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), when submitting an X-ray structure, offers the possibility for third parties to update the analysis of the data.
This led to initiatives such as PDB-REDO (pdb-redo. eu), which provides a platform for optimizing structures deposited in the PDB. Going a step further, there have also been recent initiatives to deposit the diffraction images in databases (proteindiffraction. org or data. sbgrid. org), thus providing the opportunity to reprocess the raw images so as to improve both the structure factor datasets and the refined structure models. It is noteworthy that macromolecular crystallography is a rare scientific discipline in which researchers are invited to deposit their raw experimental data in the public domain, and indeed do so willingly. In the present case study, close examination of both the electron density maps and of the original models of the DmAChE structures suggested that there was room for improvement.
Updated Image Processing and Structures Refinement The diffraction images were still available for crystals of native DmAChE and of its complex with ZAI. Two datasets collected from a single crystal of native DmAChE (100 images at high resolution and 100 images at low resolution) were processed and merged using XDS. The information contained in the image header was used for the input files. The statistics of the reprocessed reflection data are reported in Table  1 , and are compared to the original data. The resolution of the data improved from 2. 7 to 2. 45 Å, and the number of unique reflections increased by 33% without dramatic loss of completeness (98. 8% to 95. 3%) or I/σ ratio (5. 8 to 3. 3) in the highest-resolution shell. A single dataset of 70 images collected from a crystal of ZAI/DmAChE was processed with XDS.
259 to 0. 233), while that of the ZAI complex decreased by 4%. Surprisingly, the R-free value of the native enzyme increased from 0. 270 to 0. 295. However, as calculated by Phenix, the R-free is slightly smaller than the R-work in the original structure of the native enzyme, which is abnormal and suggests a bias. It is noteworthy that the original statistics reported by Harel et al. , R-work = 0. 258 and R-free = 0. 301, are in better agreement with the statistics of the updated native DmAChE structure. The geometries of the updated structures also improved noticeably, with Root Mean Square Deviation for angles of ~1• , as compared to ~1. 4 • -1. 8 • , and dramatically improved Ramachandran, rotamer, and clashscore statistics (Table  1 ). However, Wilson B-factors were larger in the updated structures, which was expected, since more reflections in the highest-resolution shells were integrated into the final datasets.
4 Å). The catalytic triad is thus disrupted. Disruption of the catalytic triad also rationalizes the failure of the acyl-enzyme to hydrolyze. Trp83 of Cys-loop 66-93, the key residue for binding the quaternary ammonium of acetylcholine, appears disordered in the maps. It was originally modeled as an unusual rotamer, with a 10° rotation around Cα-Cβ (Chi1) and 180° rotations around Cβ-Cγ (Chi2), compared to the common rotamer observed in other ChEs. In fact, during the refinement with the updated dataset, both rotamers equally fit into the 2|Fo|-|Fc| map. Thus, we chose to reflect this observation by modelling Trp83 in two alternative conformations corresponding to the two rotamers (Figure  2B ). The conformational instability of Trp83 in DmAChE is mostly related to the absence of a tyrosine residue that is present in vertebrates but not in insects, as discussed below and elsewhere  [6, 9].
Crystal structure of Drosophila melanogaster Acetylcholinesterase in Complex with ZA There were multiple modelling issues in the original structure of the benzyltacrine (ZA) complex Trp83 of Cys-loop 66-93, the key residue for binding the quaternary ammonium of acetylcholine, appears disordered in the maps. It was originally modeled as an unusual rotamer, with a 10 • rotation around Cα-Cβ (Chi1) and 180 • rotations around Cβ-Cγ (Chi2), compared to the common rotamer observed in other ChEs. In fact, during the refinement with the updated dataset, both rotamers equally fit into the 2|Fo|-|Fc| map. Thus, we chose to reflect this observation by modelling Trp83 in two alternative conformations corresponding to the two rotamers (Figure  2B ). The conformational instability of Trp83 in DmAChE is mostly related to the absence of a tyrosine residue that is present in vertebrates but not in insects, as discussed below and elsewhere  [6, 9].
Crystal Structure of Drosophila melanogaster Acetylcholinesterase in Complex with ZAI The crystal structure of the DmAChE/ZAI complex was refined with the updated dataset. Some The strong density peak at 8 σ, near His480, is well interpreted as an alternate conformation of this residue. In conformation A, the imidazole ring is in close contact with ZA (3. 2 Å between His380Nε2 and N10 of ZA), and the catalytic triad is disrupted. In conformation B, the imidazole ring is oriented in the classical triad conformation with His380Nε2 at 3. 0 Å from Ser238Oγ, and His380Nε2 at 2. 4 Å from Glu367Oε1. The catalytic histidine of DmAChE is mobile, as observed for both Tc and mouse AChE  [19, 20] , but not for the histidines of human AChE or BChE  [21, 22].
Crystal Structure of Drosophila melanogaster Acetylcholinesterase in Complex with ZAI The crystal structure of the DmAChE/ZAI complex was refined with the updated dataset. Some positive and negative peaks in the |Fo|-|Fc| map seen in the original structure near the iodine atom of ZAI (Figure  4A ) are easily corrected by shifting the iodobenzyl ring by ~1 Å (Figure  4B ). As noted by Harel et al. [6] , the occupancy of the iodine atom of the ligand has to be decreased to 0. 5, so as to minimize peaks in the |Fo|-|Fc| map, supporting the loss of 50% of the iodine, likely due to radiation damage from the intense synchrotron X-rays  [23, 24]. Molecules 2020, 24, x 7 of 12 minimize peaks in the |Fo|-|Fc| map, supporting the loss of 50% of the iodine, likely due to radiation damage from the intense synchrotron X-rays  [23, 24].
As in the DmAChE/ZA complex, the sulfate ion originally modeled in the active site of the DmAChE/ZAI complex clashes strongly with Ser238Oγ (2. 0 Å for O3, 2. 3 Å for S), with some positive and negative peaks in the |Fo|-|Fc| map (Figure  4A ). Removing the sulfate ion, and refining the structure with the updated dataset, reveals a 10 σ density peak in the |Fo|-|Fc| map, by far the strongest in the map, very close to Ser238Cβ (2. 1 Å). The density has a ball shape, unlike that observed for the propionate in DmAChE/ZA structure. It can be plausibly modeled as an iodine atom with full occupancy, lost by ZAI, and covalently bound to Ser238Cβ, i. e. , Ser238 is converted to an iodoalanine residue (Figure  4B ). The most likely explanation for the formation of this iodoalanine is that a iodo/hydroxyl exchange occurs between Ser238 and ZAI during data collection, produced by the intense X-ray irradiation.
Specific Channel in the Choline-Binding Pocket of Insect Cholinesterase The binding of the benzyltacrine inhibitors, ZA and ZAI, stabilizes Trp83 in the consensus conformation seen in the ChEs (Figures  3B, 4B ). This conformation results in the opening of a 5-Å diameter pore in the gorge, delimited by Trp83, Trp472, and Asp482 (Figure  5B ). The pore connects As in the DmAChE/ZA complex, the sulfate ion originally modeled in the active site of the DmAChE/ZAI complex clashes strongly with Ser238Oγ (2. 0 Å for O3, 2. 3 Å for S), with some positive and negative peaks in the |Fo|-|Fc| map (Figure  4A ). Removing the sulfate ion, and refining the structure with the updated dataset, reveals a 10 σ density peak in the |Fo|-|Fc| map, by far the strongest in the map, very close to Ser238Cβ (2. 1 Å).
X-ray Data Processing and Structure Refinement The diffraction images from crystals of native DmAChE, and of its complex with ZAI, were both collected at Elettra, as described by Harel et al. [5]. The images were reprocessed with XDS  [10] , intensities of integrated reflections were scaled using XSCALE, and structure factors were calculated using XDSCONV. As diffraction images from crystals of DmAChE in complex with ZA were no longer available, the structure factors were directly downloaded from the PDB. The structure determination and refinement was performed using the Phenix suite of software  [11]. The structures of the native and ZAI structures were solved with phaser-MR  [31]  included in Phenix, using PDB entry 1QON as the starting model. For the ZA-DmAChE complex, the starting model was the original PDB entry 1DX4.
Molecular Docking of 5-Butyryloxy-9-Benzyltacrine in DmAChE The molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina  [30]. The system was prepared in PyMOL (Schrödinger), using the plug-in developed by Daniel Seeliger (https://github. com/ADplugin/ ADplugin). DmAChE was constructed from the structure of the DmAChE/ZAI complex, mutating the iodoalanine back to a serine, and retaining the structurally relevant water molecules lining the gorge. A 24 × 24 × 24 Å docking box was employed, centered near the hydroxyl of Tyr370. ZA and 5-butyryloxy-9-benzyltacrine were built and optimized from their SMILE string, using phenix. elbow [11]. The default parameter set of AutoDock Vina was used to generate 9 docking poses. The pose with the best energy score was selected as the most representative.
Parentage Analysis of the Progeny 'Leccino,' 'Dolce Agogia,' and the Le×DA progeny were genotyped with a set of SSR markers for confirming the parentage  (Baldoni et al. , 2009). PCRs were performed as previously reported  (Mousavi et al. , 2017)  and the amplified fragments were separated on an ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Alleles were called using the GeneMapper 3. 7 software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Parentage analysis was performed using CERVUS version 3. 0. 7 program  (Kalinowski et al. , 2007)  to sort out seedlings derived from open pollination.
Phenotyping for Incompatibility Groups of the Le×DA Progeny Those offspring that have reached the mature phase and started blooming (109 out of 229, all belonging to the first set of 16-yearold seedlings), were phenotyped for the incompatibility group. Data on 91 individuals were previously reported  (Saumitou-Laprade et al. , 2017a) , all the others were de novo phenotyped following the same protocol previously applied. In order to minimize errors, phenotyping of all individuals was repeated on previously clonally propagated plants grown in a separate field. Before blooming, flowering twigs of each tree were protected from open pollination with blossom bags. At full blooming, bagged twigs were collected and 20 open flowers per tree were used for the analysis. Sepals and petals were removed from 10 flowers and pistils were placed in two separate plates (one for each of the two pollen donors) onto Brewbacker and Kwack medium.
Genetic Mapping Genetic maps were generated with the double pseudo-test-cross approach for each parent using SNP genotypic data and phenotypic binary data for the incompatibility group. Linkage groups were obtained using the R/qtl module of the R statistical package with a logarithm of odds (LOD) threshold > 10 and a recombination rate of 0. 20. Markers were first ordered using MSTMAP  (Wu et al. , 2008)  with default parameters. A Perl implementation of the SMOOTH program  (van Os et al. , 2005)  was used to remove errors within haplotypes. Markers were re-ordered using MSTMAP. Marker distances were calculated using the Kosambi function {map distance in centi-Morgan (cM) equals ¼ ln [(1 + 2r)/(1 -2r)], where r is the observed recombination frequency}. Markers with distorted segregation were identified using a c 2 test (a = 0.
Development of a Sequence-Tagged Site Marker for Diallelic Self-Incompatibility PCR primers were designed on the sequence of scaffold_6030 using the program Primer3 version 4. 0 (forward 5'-3': T T T T G G G T G C G A A T T G T C C A , r e v e r s e 5 ' -3 ' : AGGCCACTGTATTTCTAACTCG) for the amplification of a 476-bp fragment spanning two adjacent SNPs that co-segregate with DSI. PCRs were performed using 25 ng of template DNA and Q5 High-Fidelity DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs). The thermal profile consisted of 98°C for 30 s, followed by 35 cycles at 98°C for 10 s, 60°C for 20 s, and 72°C for 30 s, and a final extension at 72°C for 2 min. Amplicon size was checked by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplicons of the expected size showing unique bands were sequenced using the BigDye Terminator v1.
This provides strong motivation for bringing together researchers with expertise in different wavelength ranges but with a common goal, namely, to understand the formation and evolution of PNe. To fully explore the possibilities of the current and future instruments for the study of PNe, it is essential to aggregate different expertise-and the formation of an international network of scientists is then a natural step. Such a network provides a framework for the more efficient use of astronomical data and helps the PN community compete for time on the main telescopes, where a strong worldwide presence is an important factor. The aim of the WORKPLANS series of workshops is to build a network of PN observers whose expertise in observations or theoretical analysis is spread across different sub-fields and spectral domains.
The workshop was held during the week of 16-20 December 2019, in the Lorentz Center, the Netherlands. Jeremy Walsh 10:10-10:30 X-Rays Observatories and the Observation of PNe Martin Guerrero 10:30-11:00 Coffee and tea break 11:00-12:00 Plenary Discussions-Which Optical/UV/X-rays data do we need to solve the open questions? 12:00-13:30 Lunch and Informal Discussions Session 5: Optical, UV, X-Rays II Chair: Joel Kastner 13:30-14:30 Defining Strategic Plan-Defining Projects and Groups 14:30-18:00 Hands-on Sessions-Groups discuss and draft proposals WORKPLANS II had short-term and long-term practical goals. In the short term, we intended to reinforce the previously formed network, inviting at least some of the discussion leaders who emerged during the last workshop while expanding the network by inviting new participants.