dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In the present study, individual uncertainties and detection limits were calculated in different ways, depending on the available information about analytical uncertainties. One approach (applied to the Spanish database) was based on the use of both the analytical uncertainties and the standard deviations of species concentrations in the blank filters for uncertainty calculations. This approach was described in  Escrig et al. (2009)  and  Amato et al. (2009). For the French sites, the uncertainty calculations for the trace elements were performed using the expanded relative uncertainties for each species, and the total uncertainties were calculated by multiplying these relative uncertainties by the concentration of each species  (Waked et al. , 2014, and references herein). These relative uncertainties included variability from contamination, sampling volume, repeatability and accuracy (through the digestion recovery rate determinations).
, 2016). For elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), expanded relative uncertainties were calculated to take into account for the uncertainty in the split point position of the thermo-optical technique used to determine the concentrations of OC and EC. For the French, Spanish and Swiss databases 10 %-15 % for OC and EC  (Cavalli et al. , 2010)  were added (e. g. Waked et al. , 2014). Moreover, a 15 % uncertainty was added for monosaccharide sugars (French database) such as levoglucosan, arabitol, sorbitol and mannitol (e. g. Piot et al. , 2012; Waked et al. , 2014). The different schemes used here for uncertainty calculation were tested by data providers and their robustness has been demonstrated in previous publications. Thus, despite the different methodologies, the presented final PMF results were stable, and their robustness was estimated using bootstrapping resampling and studying the distribution of the scaled residuals for each variable (e.
Multisite PMF In this work, we used the chemically speciated data from 24 h samples collected at the paired sites available in a country combining the datasets from the available site pairs (multisite PMF) as the PMF input. Thus, the hypothesis is that the chemical profiles of the sources are similar at the paired sites. If this hypothesis is not satisfied, then the multisite PMF could lead to undesired uncertainties in the estimation of the source contributions. In the following sections, we demonstrate the feasibility of the multisite PMF for each country. However, it is important to consider that we can only apply the Lenschow approach to exactly the same variables (same pollutant sources in this case) that can only be obtained through the application of the multisite PMF. To demonstrate the feasibility of the multisite PMF, we compared the source profiles from the multisite PMF with the source profiles from the individual single-site PMF results  (Sofowote et al.
, 2015). This procedure was applied to the PMF outputs obtained for ES, FR and CH. For NL and DE, as stated before, the multisite PMF was already published. Thus, we did not perform the sensitivity study for Dutch and German databases. The feasibility of the multisite PMF depends on the degree of similarity of the source profiles among the PMF runs. For the comparison, we calculated the ratio between specific tracers in each chemical profile for each PMF run and then we calculated the coefficient of variation (CV) of the obtained ratios. As an example, for the sulfate-rich source we compared the [NH + 4 ]/[SO 2- 4 ] ratios. Sofowote et al. (2015)  suggested that if CV of the ratios for each chemical profile is lower than 20 %-25 %, multisite PMF is applicable. If this condition is satisfied, we can assume that the chemical profiles of the obtained sources are similar at the paired sites.
For this sensitivity test, the number and types of sources from each PMF run (single and multisite) should be the same. The robustness of the identified sources in each PMF run can be estimated using some of the tools available in the EPA PMF version 5. 0 such as the bootstrapping resampling and the displacement of factor elements or both  (Paatero et al. , 2014; Brown et al. , 2015). Bootstrapping resampling results for ES, FR and CH are reported in Table  S1  in the Supplement. The main advantage of the multisite PMF is that a larger dataset is used in the PMF model compared to the separate single-site PMFs. Thus, multisite PMF is more likely to include low contribution (edge point) values and produce more robust results. Moreover, by combining the datasets, the analysis will provide insight into the sources affecting both receptor sites and will most likely tend to focus on the general phenomena instead of the unique local variations  (Escrig et al.
Spain (ES) Three sites were available in ES, namely the Barcelona UB station (BCN; 41 Measurements of PM 10 chemically speciated data from the three Spanish sites used here covered the period 2010-2014. Details on the analytical methods used can be found for example in  Querol et al. (2007)  and  Pandolfi et al. (2016). A total of 2115 samples were used in the PMF model. Table  S2  reports the chemical species included in PMF analysis and the main statistics (mean, median, SD) for each species for the three Spanish sites.
The Netherlands (NL) The measuring sites and the PM 2. 5 chemically speciated data available in NL were presented by  Mooibroek et al. (2011)  where data from five stations (one TS, one UB and three RB sites) were simultaneously used in the PMF model in order to document the variability of the PM 2. 5 source contributions in NL. Among the five stations presented in  Mooibroek et al. (2011) , we only used data from Schiedam (SCH, UB) and Hellendoorn (HEL, RB) located around 150 km from SCH. Measurements of PM 2. 5 chemically speciated data were available at the two sites during the period September 2007-August 2008. A total of 479 samples were used in  Mooibroek et al. (2011)  for PMF analysis using data from five sites. A total of 87 and 82 samples were collected at UB and RB, respectively.
Germany (DE) The PM chemically speciated data and the PMF source apportionments used here were published by  van Pinxteren et al. (2016). Data from four stations (Leipzig-Mitte (LMI, TS), Leipzig Eisenbahnstrasse (EIB, TS), Leipzig TROPOS (TRO, UB) and Melpitz (MEL, RB)) were collected during summer 2013 and winter 2013/14 and 2014/15. A total of 172 samples were used in the PMF model by  van Pinxteren et al. (2016). In order to apply the PMF+Lenschow approach, we excluded the TS (Leipzig-Eisenbahnstrasse) located in a residential area, approximately 2 km east of LMI. The three measuring sites used in this work, LMI, TRO and MEL, are located approximately 50 km northeast of TRO and described in  van Pinxteren et al. (2016).
France (FR) Two sites were used: a UB site in Lens (LEN; 50 • 26 13 N, 2 • 49 37 E, 47 m a. s. l. ) and the RB station of Revin (REV; 49 • 54 28. 008 N, 4 • 37 48 E, 395 m a. s. l. ). The distance between Lens and Revin is around 140 km. A description of the French measuring sites can be found in  Waked et al. (2014). Measurements of PM 10 chemically speciated data were available at the two sites during the period January 2013-May 2014. A total of 335 samples (167 from LEN and 168 from REV) were analysed with PMF. The number of 24 h samples simultaneously collected at the two sites and used for Lenschow's approach was 104. Table  S5  reports the statistics of the chemical species measured at the French paired sites.
Low dust concentration in DE compared to other European countries was also reported by  Alastuey et al. (2016). Moreover, van  Pinxteren et al. (2016)  reported that the contribution from the MM source at the German sites is much lower in winter compared to summer. For the German sites, we used data collected during one summer and two winters, thus also explaining the low annual average contribution from this source reported here. A clear decreasing gradient from UB/TR to RB/CB was also observed for the MM source contributions. The mean annual contribution from the RT source at UB stations ranged from 4. 7 (19 % of PM 10 mass) in ES to 1. 2 µg m -3 (6 % of PM 10 mass) in FR. The highest contribution from this source was observed at the TS in DE (5. 2 µg m -3 ; 23 %). The absolute contributions at the RB sites were similar in all countries at around 0.
The contribution from this source in ES showed a clear gradient when moving from the UB to CB station. The high V-Ni source contribution at UB in ES was related to ship emissions from both the intense vessel traffic from the Mediterranean Sea and the port of Barcelona. Figure  3  shows the concentrationweighted trajectory (CWT) plots for the V-Ni source contributions in  Barcelona (2010 Barcelona ( -2014) )  and  Schiedam (2007 Schiedam ( -2008)). The use of computed concentration fields to identify source areas of pollutants, referred to as CWT, was first proposed by  Seibert et al. (1994). Here, we used the CWT function available in the openair package  (Carslaw and Ropkins, 2012; Carslaw, 2012). In Fig. 3 , contributions higher than the 90th percentile were used to look at the origin of high contributions from the V-Ni source.
Conclusions This investigation aimed at discriminating local and R+C contributions from different sources to the concentrations of PM measured in five European cities. To accomplish this objective, we selected five paired sites in Europe (traffic-urban and regional-continental) providing PM chemically speciated data and applied the PMF model (EPA PMF v5. 0). The obtained PM source contributions were then used to estimate the urban and non-urban (regional+continental; R+C) PM and source contribution increments through the application of Lenschow's approach. Urban increments were computed by withdrawing the rural source contributions to the local (urban) source contributions. In turn, regional increments were computed by withdrawing remote contributions (when available, i. e. in ES) to the regional contributions.
The fact that the trend of the secondary SO 2- 4 source contribution in NE Spain was exponential suggested the attainment of a lower limit and indicated a limited scope for further reduction of SO 2 emissions in the NE of Spain. In fact, it has been estimated that the maximum in the EU will be a further 20 % SO 2 reduction through measures in industry, residential and commercial heating, maritime shipping, and reduced agricultural waste burning (UNECE, 2016). Conversely, in eastern European countries the scope for reduction is much greater and around 60 % (UNECE, 2016). For the present work, we used data collected over variable periods depending on the country and covering the period 2007-2014. Based on the analysis presented here, an improvement of air quality in the five cities included in this study could be achieved by further reducing local (urban) emissions of PM, NO x and NH 3 (from both traffic and nontraffic sources) but also of PM and SO 2 from maritime ships and ports.
Acknowledgements. Measurements at Spanish sites (Montseny, Montsec and Barcelona) were supported by the  Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness  and  FEDER  funds under the project  HOUSE  ( CGL2016-78594-R ) and by the  Generalitat de Catalunya  ( AGAUR 2014 SGR33 ,  AGAUR 2017 SGR41  and the DGQA). Marco Pandolfi  is funded by a  Ramón y Cajal Fellowship  ( RYC-2013-14036 ) awarded by the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. The authors thank  Cristina Reche ,  Noemi Pérez  and  Anna Ripoll  ( IDAEA-CSIC ) for providing chemically speciated PM data for Barcelona, Montseny and Montsec stations (Spain). Measurements at French sites (Lens, Revin) were notably funded by the  French Ministry of Environment ("Bureau de l'Air du Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement durable, et de l'Energie")  and included in the CARA air quality monitoring and research project coordinated by the  French reference laboratory  for air quality monitoring (LCSQA), with technical support provided by the air quality monitoring networks  Atmo Hauts-de-France  and  Atmo Grand-Est.
IMT Lille Douai  acknowledges financial support from the  CaPPA  project, which is funded by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  through the  PIA (Programme d'Investissement d'Avenir)  under contract  ANR-11-LABX-0005-01 , and the  CLIMIBIO  project, both financed by the  Regional Council "Hauts-de-France " and the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). For the measurements at the German sites, financial support from the  Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG)  is acknowledged. Gathering of in situ data supporting this analysis was organised through the  EMEP Task Force on Measurement and Modelling. The authors wish to thank  David C. Carslaw  and  Karl Ropkins  for providing the openair software used in this paper. Financial support. Measurements were funded by the  Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness  and  FEDER  funds under the project  HOUSE  ( CGL2016-78594-R ) and by the  Generalitat de Catalunya  ( AGAUR 2014 SGR33 ,  AGAUR 2017 SGR41  and the DGQA), by the  French Ministry of Environment (Bureau de l'Air du Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement durable, et de l'Energie) , by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  and by the  Regional Council "Hauts-de-France " and the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) , and by the  Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG).
Patients Eligible patients were C 18 years with histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma with liver-only or liverdominant metastases, and treatment with LP-irinotecan TACE (LifePearl TM microspheres, Terumo Europe N. V. , Leuven, Belgium) decided in a multi-disciplinary tumour board. There were no further inclusion or exclusion criteria. Patients included in this 50-patient interim analysis were enrolled between February 2018 and June 2019. All aspects related to treatments and related to the follow-up protocol were performed at the treating physician's discretion, including whether treatments were performed under general or local anaesthesia, for which data were not collected.
Study Objectives and Data Sources Patients and disease characteristics were collected through an e-CRF using OpenClinica 3. Automatic data checks and verifications were employed as far as possible, and additionally internal data logics were discussed via quarterly remote monitoring. The primary outcome was the observation of usage of LP-irinotecan TACE by categorising treatment intention as: 1. a first-line therapy for chemo-naı ¨ve or patients that have not received systemic chemotherapy after diagnosis of liver metastases, 2. a ''consolidation'' treatment with or without systemic chemotherapy for patients that have a tumour response or a stable disease on systemic chemotherapy, 3. an intensification treatment with concomitant therapy for patients with progressive disease that have received maximum 2 previous lines of treatment, 4.
a salvage therapy for progressive disease patients that have received 3 or more previous lines of chemotherapy, 5. a combination treatment with ablation with curative intent 6. other if none of the previous categories apply. For details regarding the grouping see supplementary Table  1. The feasibility of the study was determined by the extent to which planned statistical analyses could be conducted when considering data completion and data distribution of baseline, safety and quality of life data. Laboratory values were collected 1 to 9 days before LPirinotecan TACE treatments. Abnormal laboratory values during follow-ups were collected as adverse events. Bead size, the total dose infused, peri-procedural management and technical success (defined as complete delivery of the planned dose or complete stasis), as well as the number of procedures performed per lobe and additional medical and locoregional treatments, were registered and analysed.
Study Limitation The data for this interim analysis are from 50 patients from 9 centres in 7 European countries. The final data set will include patients from 25 different centres in 12 different countries. Therefore, conclusions could be subject to change as standard practices in different centres and countries could differ. Additionally, as analysing all effectiveness outcomes is beyond the scope of this interim analysis considering that follow-up data collection is   ongoing and the results cannot yet be analysed in conjunction with outcomes such as overall survival, hepaticfree survival.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Terumo Europe NV  for providing an unrestricted educational grant that funded the study,  Carole De  ´an for support with navigating the regulatory environment in France, the CIREL Steering Committee members  Prof. Patrick Chevallier ,  Dr. Raul Garcia ,  Dr. Hassan Malik  and  Dr. Simon Pernot  for their contribution to CIREL, as well as all participating centres and personnel involved in CIREL. Funding This study was funded by an unrestricted educational grant provided by  Terumo Europe NV.
Except for aligning reads to the hg37 version of the human genome (NCBI) using Burrows-Wheeler Aligner software, we processed exome data up to the calling of variants using the Genome AnalysisToolkit software (GATK) following GATK4 best practice pipeline  (Li and Durbin, 2009; McKenna et al. , 2010). We annotated and prioritized variants using software included in VarAFT annotation and lter tool  (Desvignes et al. , 2018). We ltered all variants with allele frequencies < 0. 0001 in GnomAD genome database. First, we examined variants with predicted major structural effects; nonsense, stop loss, frameshift and splice site variants. After checking for loss of function variants, we examined missense variants annotated as pathogenic by Sift and Polyphen software and non-frame-shift variants. To verify that we had not missed strong candidate variants due to the conservative frequency lter that we used, we repeated the analysis using a frequency cut-off of 0.
Due to lack of cooperation, proper sensory examination was not performed. Both patients were able to walk independently; albeit, with a spastic gait. Fundi were not examined. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal in the two sisters apart from normal anatomical variants, cavum vergae and cavum septum pellucidum, in patient F63-477 (Fig. 1 ). Analysis of exome data and segregation identi ed the homozygous variant NM_138422. 3(ADAT3):c. 430G > A (p. Val144Met, rs730882213) as responsible for the phenotype of the two sisters since labeled pathogenic in ClinVar database. It was not found in GnomAD genome database and had low allele frequency in GnomAD exome database, 0. 0000204. We did not detect other convincing variants, homozygous or compound heterozygous, that could explain the patients' clinical phenotypes.
In family F79, two predicted pathogenic variants, variants NM_004667. 4 (HERC2):c. 10855C > T and NM_021949. 3(ATP2B3):c. 2086C > T, segregated with the disease. In a previous study we reported Sudanese sibling patients each manifesting two independent inherited neurological disorders  (Cauley et al. , 2019). We rebutted the possibility of two independent disorders in patient F79-568 because a mutation in ATP2B3 was reported in a single study to cause congenital cerebellar ataxia and our patient did not manifest signs of cerebellar involvement  (Zanni et al. , 2012). Furthermore, the variant NM_021949. 3 (ATP2B3):c. 2086C > T (p. Arg696Cys) had an allelic variant, NM_021949. 3 (ATP2B3):c. 2086C > A (p. Arg696Ser), found in a hemizygote form in a normal control in GnomAD exomes database. Mental retardation 38 (MRT38) presents with delayed motor, language and social development; abnormal gait; reduced muscle tone; autism; aggressiveness; self-mutilation; seizures; high narrow palate; strabismus and feet abnormalities  (Puffenberger et al.
Among the highrisk chromosomal changes described in MM, those established and on which there is general consensus are del(17p) and t (4;14). These abnormalities impact nega-tively both, progression free survival (PFS) and OS, and affect respectively around 8% and 15% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients. 3, 4 iven the current availability of particularly effective salvage therapies,  5  we wondered if an ER after first line intensive treatment is still associated with poor OS in both high-risk and standard-risk patients. To address this issue, we retrospectively analyzed clinical and cytogenetic data of a large and homogeneous cohort of NDMM patients treated by intensive chemotherapy followed by ACST, and consolidation. The Toulouse Ethics Committee approved the study and written informed consent was obtained for all patients included.
Clinical data were obtained from 2,627 patients followed >18 months or having relapsed, and for whom diagnosis of MM was established between April 1, 2004 and August 17, 2018. Patients who had primary refractory disease were not included. All patients received an intensive approach with either a doubletbased induction (38%) including PI or a triplet-based (62%) including a PI and an IMiD, followed by ASCT and consolidation by same regimen as induction. Twelve percent of the cohort also received an IMiD-based mainte- nance. Depth of response and progression were determined based on criteria defined by the International Myeloma Working Group. 6 Relapse was considered early if it occurred within 18 months of starting initial therapy, which is equivalent to relapse within 12 months from ASCT. 1, 2 Survival analyses were performed using Landmark analysis at 18 months after initiation of treatment to reduce the guarantee time bias, reducing the cohort to 2,474 patients (n=153 excluded because followed <18 months, see the Online Supplementary Figure  S1 ).
The data was summarized by frequency and percentage for categorical variables and by median and range for continuous variables. The association of parameters with ER was tested with the c 2 or Fisher's exact test for univariable analyses, and logistic regression models for multivariable analyses. Survival rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed using Logrank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Tests were two-sided and P-values <0. 05 were considered significant. Statistical analyses were conducted using Stata ® , version 13. Bone marrow samples were obtained at diagnosis and shipped overnight to a central laboratory. Upon receipt, plasma cells were isolated from bone marrow using CD138 + MAC-Sorting (Miltenyi Biotec, Paris, France).
Acknowledgments: the authors would like to thank the  Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome  for providing patient samples, clinical data and financial support. Funding: this work was supported by  National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute  grants  PO1-155258  and  P50-100707  (H. A. L. ) and the  Cancer Pharmacology of Toulouse and Region (CAPTOR) program. The  Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse Team 13  is supported by the  Fondation ARC (Association pour la Recherche sur la Cancer , grant  PGA1*20160203788 ).
In roots, NADH-GOGAT activity was practically unchanged and not statistically different compared to that of the untransformed control lines (data not shown). For NADH-GDH, the activity corresponds to the aminating reaction. Similar differences were observed when the deaminating enzyme was measured (data not shown). different enzyme activities was observed in comparison to A188, the untransformed control line. For the two constructs (T02289 and T02312), only a 2-fold increase in NADH-GOGAT activity was observed. In roots, NADH-GOGAT activity was practically unchanged and not statistically different compared to that of the untransformed control lines (data not shown). For NADH-GDH, the activity corresponds to the aminating reaction. Similar differences were observed when the deaminating enzyme was measured (data not shown).