dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Sometimes, more than one combination of optimal NDVI bands are revealed, the determined combination or set of combinations are then used to calculate a threshold of NDVI, best threshold will correspond to the narrower one. Second step concerns vegetation species identification at different scales depending on the input datasets. From satellite imagery, coarse identification of 3 vegetation classes was carried, and from airborne hyperspectral imagery, finer identification of 13 vegetation species was carried. For each dataset, SVM classifier was trained using two strategies; 1) fixed and limited amount of training samples (i. e. 100 samples from ground truth data, per class), 2) variable amount of training samples (i. e. 50% of ground truth data, per class). The vegetation mapping was validated using the whole ground truth data available.
Study Design and Population This retrospective hospital-based cohort study was conducted at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), and the outcome variable was the time between the diagnosis of primary DTC and the death due to the disease. The study population consisted of patients who were attended between January 1 st , 2000 and December 31, 2010 and registered in the database of the Hospital-based Cancer Registry (HBCR). Eligibility was considered as histologically confirmed cases of thyroid carcinoma according to the International Classification of Disease for Oncology -Third Edition, site codes (C73. 0 -73. 9), and who underwent a therapeutic plan and follow-up at INCA (N = 739); who had a diagnosis at or above 20 years of age (N = 672), and presented the following histological codes (N = 620): 8050, 8260, 8340-8344, and 8350 (PTC), and 8290, 8330-8332, and 8335 (FTC).
Data Collection Selected sociodemographic variables, and variables related to the tumor, treatment and follow-up were collected from HBCR database. To complete missing data and to update follow-up information, the medical records of the patients were evaluated. For the cases lost during follow-up period, the surveillance of deaths with their respective dates and basic causes was conducted by consulting the database of the Mortality Information System (SIM) of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Other public databases were consulted (Individual Taxpayer Registration -CPF and Superior Electoral Court -TSE) for cases with information unavailable on SIM.
Statistical Analysis Baseline characteristics were reported using measures of central tendency and dispersion for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables. Descriptive data were compared across groups using Student's t-test for continuous variables and Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables. In both tests, the significance level was less than 0. 05. Specific survival was defined as the duration from the date of diagnosis to death due to DTC. Survival time was censored for patients alive at the end of the study period, lost during follow-up or deceased due to other causes. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compute 5-year survival probability and its respective 95% confidence interval (CI). The survival curves were plotted to present the differences in the survival of the patients according to the effective categorical variables, and survival distributions were compared across groups using the log-rank test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Numerical simulations of vortex generators on a flat plate have been performed for two different device heights, 1 * in δ (8 mm) and 2 * in δ (16 mm) and compared with available experimental results. The flow is analysed by time-averaged and instantaneous data apart from spectral study. Further, characterization of the vortex generators is carried out by figuring out the path of the streamwise vortex core, decay of the peak vorticity and the vortex strength.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by  ANR   JCJC grant  ( ANR-17-CE37-0013 ) to M. C,  ANR Trajectory  ( ANR-15-CE37-0011 ),  ANR   DECORE  ( ANR-18-CE37-0011 ), the  French State program Investissements d'Avenir  managed by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( LIFESENSES ;  ANR-10-LABX-65 ),  EC  Grant No. H2020-785907  from the  Human Brain Project  ( SGA2 ), and an  AVIESAN-UNADEV  grant to O. M. The authors would like to thank  Ulisse Ferrari  for useful discussions and feedback.
Outbreak data Information on the occupation of cases is rarely available  (Rosello et al. , 2015) , although this information is critical to determining the role of HCW in transmission. We used data for outbreaks where we could find occupation (HCW or not) of cases. This resulted in twelve timeseries drawn from local outbreaks during the West African epidemic, and from the large 1995 Kikwit outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (Supplementary Section 1). We considered the outbreaks during the West African epidemic as localised epidemics resulting from imports in a given community and split the time series by region. All twelve timeseries are provided in the supplement, and five (for brevity) are shown in Fig. 1. We noted that the number, timing, and dynamics of HCW infections during these outbreaks were not consistent, and we therefore used the dynamics of HCW and community infections to classify the outbreaks into types.
Kikwit outbreak data These data contained epidemiologically-inferred links between cases, the occupations of both infectors and infectees, and daily granularity of symptom onset (Supplementary Section 2). The outbreak started with infrequent cases in rural areas before introduction to Kikwit General Hospital on April 7th (Fig. 1a )  (Khan et al. , 1999). On May 2nd a haemorrhagic fever was diagnosed, on May 8th this was confirmed as EVD, and on May 10th international assistance was initialised. Further control measures started on May 12th (Supplementary Section S2). The final case died on July 16th, resulting in 317 cases reported, 248 deaths, and a case-fatality ratio of 78%  (Muyembe-Tamfum et al. , 1999). For each case we recorded patient occupation; the occupation of their likely infector (obtained by real-time epidemiological investigations); date of onset; and date of recovery or death.
This would decrease the impact of HCW-targeted vaccination in type 1 scenarios, and therefore our findings may be on the upper end for ahead-of-time HCW vaccination. We used data for all the outbreaks and sub-outbreaks within a larger epidemic that had information on the occupation of cases. It is possible that there is some misclassification of occupation, or that the definition of HCW changed from one outbreak to another, especially during the long West African epidemic. Incorrect classification could affect the reproduction numbers attributed to each group, although we do not have evidence of systematic misclassification. We conducted sensitivity analyses on the number of HCW and found that it did not affect the findings of vaccine impact. Our model framework could not test other potential vaccination strategies, such as ring vaccination, because we did not track specific contacts that individuals make.
Acknowledgments This research is supported by  Japan Space Exploration Agency (JAXA)  under the project of  FLARE  and the  Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)  under contract # 130615. The support from the topical team on fire safety in space (ESA-ESTEC contract number  4000103397 ) is also appreciated. The authors appreciate the contributions of  Renaud Jalain  and  Ulises Rojas Alva  during the parabolic flight experiments.
There are also a few other cities that have enhanced the accessibility of budgetary data to their citizens and that provide some form of participatory budgeting, such as Pula, Slavonski Brod, Osijek, Mali Lošinj and Labin (Ott et al. , 2018; Džinić, Svidroňová and Markowscka-Bzducha, 2016). However, the efforts to introduce participatory budgeting in Croatia are still quite marginal. Even the cities that are already using this instrument allocate only a relatively small proportion of the budget to projects upon which the citizens are able to decide. The largest cities apart from Rijeka but including Zagreb do not consider involving citizens in budgetary procedure at all. The city of Zagreb administrative structure consists of three administrative selfgovernance levels including the central capital city and county level, the 17 city districts and 218 local boards.
In order not to interfere with the results of 18 F-NaF PET, the treatment could not be changed until it was complete. The exclusion criteria as related to the realization of PET/CT were the following: a confirmed or suspected ongoing pregnancy or breastfeeding, kidney failure with creatinine clearance under 60 mL/min, previous or current chronic alcoholism or drug addiction, psychiatric disease, severe comorbidities, and a legal protection measure. The following data were recorded: age, tobacco use, familial history, disease duration, extra-articular involvement, treatment, BASDAI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS), and biologic parameters (HLA-B27, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), creatinine, and creatinine clearance).
Statistical analysis The intensity or quality of the agreement between the inflammatory sites in MRI and 18 F-NaF PET uptake was done by Kappa concordance coefficients. To compare qualitative variables, Fisher's test was carried out, and for quantitative variables, Student's t test was used, as the data were normally distributed. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9. 3 software. The same statistical analysis was performed between the CT scans and PET data.
CHICXULUB CRATER In 2016, ECORD conducted IODP-ICDP Expedition 364, Drilling the K-Pg Chicxulub Crater, as an MSP operation aboard Liftboat Myrtle (see photo in Spotlight 11) in <20 m water depth. The liftboat was outfitted with an ICDPprovided DOSECC drilling rig to drill into the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact structure  (Morgan et al. , 2017; Lowery et al. , 2019, in this issue). The resultant 835 m of core represented the first offshore drilling into the crater and included basement rocks that were uplifted 8-10 km during crater formation  (Morgan et al. , 2016 ; Figure  1 ). These cores, collected from 500-1,335 meters below the seafloor with almost 100% recovery, were first shipped to Houston to be CT scanned by Weatherford Labs with the data processed by Enthought scientific computing.
Questions on the status of family agriculture in the region, main challenges, programs in place, effects of participation on PAA, emergency initiatives, drought management and climatic impacts were explored. Due to variation in local institutional arrangements and schedule issues, the interviews covered different institutions over the study area. The final data were analyzed with the use of thematic analysis of open-ended questions and sorted to identify the main challenges (bottlenecks) related to the implementation of PAA in the region. Review of the literature was employed to explore the relationships between social protection, food acquisition programs and climate change adaptation. Source: adapted from IPECE-IBGE (  2010 ).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research supported by  Banco do Nordeste do Brasil (BNB) ,  Rede CLIMA, Science Without Borders scholarship , and project INCT nº 16-2014 ODISSEIA, with funding from  CNPq/Capes/FAPDF. Field assistance provided by researchers of Rede CLIMA-Regional Development team at the  Center for Sustainable Development (CDS/UnB ), and Leaders research group at the  Federal University of Cariri.
00K× et 5. 00K× and at a working distance of 9-10 mm. The signal of the secondary electron was collected to scanning the sample. The voltage was 5 kV with a probe from 300 pA. The cross-sections were prepared by manual fracture in the transversal direction. Subsequently, the cross sections were metalized by a sputtering process with platinum (3. 0 nm). The samples were also analyzed using an EDX (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) microanalysis system (X-ray photon dispersion analysis). The EDX microanalysis system is an advanced Aztec EDS system, provided by Oxford Instruments (Abingdon-on-Thames, UK). The X detector is a 50 mm 2 X-max SDD detector. Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a D8 advance Bruker diffractometer (Cu Kα radiation). Data were recorded over a 2θ range from 10 to 30 • by step of 0.
Starting from 310 °C, the thermal stability of PHB-Sep. sample was significantly higher than other samples. This trend was observed until the end of TGA measurements. The char residue at 800 °C was 16 wt. % for PHB-Sep. sample, against 6 wt. % and 11 wt. % for PHB-APP and PHB-APP-Sep. samples, respectively. It is well known that the presence of a flame retardant, especially a phosphorus one, can affect onset the temperature of a polymer  [39]. Surprisingly, sepiolite and APP did not decrease the Tonset of PHB. Even by combination of APP and sepiloite, Tonset was shifted to a higher temperature. The flammability of PHB was studied and then compared with those of composites containing APP, Sep. and APP-Sep. using PCFC test. Figure  7  shows HRR curves of the studied samples, and the important data are extracted from these curves and summarized in Table  9.
The flammability of PHB was studied and then compared with those of composites containing APP, Sep. and APP-Sep. using PCFC test. Figure  7  shows HRR curves of the studied samples, and the important data are extracted from these curves and summarized in Table  9. The temperature of pHRR was slightly increased in the presence of APP as well as when combination of APP and Sep. was used. Changes observed in PCFC curve of PHB upon introduction of APP, Sep. , and APP/Sep. is significant, implying the sensitivity of flame retardancy of PHB to additives used in this work. A closer look at data reveals that the peak of HRR (pHRR) significantly dropped from 1064 to 656 W/g by addition of Sep. to PHB, showing a reduction of 38%. In the presence of APP, however, the pHRR reached the value 699 W/g (34% reduction compared to value for PHB).
Material and Methods Between 2004 and 2017, 25 patients (pts) with early-stage breast cancer (pT1-2 (≤ 30 mm) pN0) were treated with interstitial HDR BT after breast-conserving surgery. The characteristics of these pts are presented in table 1. The prescribed dose was 8 fractions of 4 Gy, twice a day, in all patients. A propensity-score matching approach was performed to compare the survival outcomes of APBI to WBI using a database of 260 pts treated with adjuvant WBI at our center.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of sulfide samples was performed using a KRATOS AXIS Ultra spectrometer. A 150 W Al Kα monochromatic source (1486. 6 eV) and a hemispherical analyzer with a fixed pass energy of 40 eV were used. After sulfidation (vide infra), samples were transferred to the XPS sample holder in argon atmosphere to avoid any re-oxidation. Binding energy values were determined considering the 74. 5 eV Al 2p line as reference (accuracy: ± 0. 2 eV). Mixed Gaussian and Lorentzian line shapes were used to fit curves after baseline subtraction using a Shirley-type equation (casaXPS software 2. 0. 71). Mo 3d, Co 2p, and S 2p core level spectra were decomposed according to previously reported studies  [39, 40]. The atomic percentage [i] of atom i was determined considering the respective peak area Ai and using appropriate sensitivity factors Si: [i] = ∑ ( ) 1) Three different contributions were considered for both Mo and Co.
3°, 27. 8°, 28. 5°, and 30. 8°. After about one hour, new XRD peaks can be observed at 2θ = 24. 6° and 29. 9° corresponding to the (210) and (222) planes of the cobalt maleate phase, Co(C4H3O4)2. 4H2O (JCPDS: 00-054-1724)  [36]. This result shows that maleic acid can extract Co from the cobalt molybdate phase even after maturation at 30°C contrary to EDTA. In this way, maleic acid extracts more efficiently Co from CoMoO4 than EDTA while EDTA is more efficient for extracting Co from the cobalt aluminate phase. The intermediate XRD peaks tend to disappear as cobalt maleate gradually forms. The exact nature of the intermediate phase does not correspond to any phase recorded in the JCPDS database. However, by analogy with the study made by Klimov et al. [9]  about citric acid, one could expect the formation of an intermediate mixed complex of maleic acid with Co and Mo.
Data extraction and synthesis The data will be extracted by two independent reviewers. If necessary, discrepancies will be resolved through discussion  [48]. Standardized and piloted forms for data extraction will be used to extract the characteristics of the studies and participants, as well as the specific details from each study (e. g. , ethnicity, country of birth and/or origin, and the host country). Data for all immigrants and a priori defined subgroups will be extracted. Based on the availability, the mean and/or the median of the concentration levels of vitamin D will be summarized in a tabular format, pooled via meta-analysis, and used to compare immigrants to non-immigrants. Descriptive statistics will be implemented for the baseline features of the included studies. The vitamin D status will be identified based on the IOM categories (optimal, adequate, insufficient, or deficient)  [27].
Because the life histories of species can be arranged along a fast-slow life-history continuum  [6, [24] [25] [26] , the speed of the life history can be used to predict senescence  [23]. Later, Jones et al. [13]  showed that the initial explanation of Jones et al. [23]  did not fully account for the diversity of senescence patterns, suggesting that other mechanisms may be at work as well. For example, their study revealed the absence of senescence in Hydra (and few other organisms), potentially allowed by regenerative capacity  [27]. Most of our understanding of senescence in wild animal populations is based on mammals and birds because there are many long-term individual-based datasets for these species  [13]. Yet, patterns of senescence among mammals are rather uniform. For example, Colchero et al.
[16]  found that bathtub-shaped mortality trajectories were most commonly observed in ungulates and carnivores. The dataset of Colchero et al. [16]  included only four amphibian species but four different models explained the data best (simple logistic, bathtub logistic, Gompertz, Weibull), suggesting great interspecific diversity within the amphibians. Interestingly, senescence was negligible in a salamander (Salamandra salamandra), an organism with an indeterminate (i. e. continuous) growth  [28]  that is well known for its regenerative capacity at the adult stage  [29] [30] [31]. Here, we investigated how slow life histories with an implicit high level of investment in somatic maintenance are associated with a negligible actuarial senescence in a clade of salamanders from the western Palaearctic (known as the 'true salamanders').
We used both unpublished and published capture-recapture data for our analyses. First, we analysed novel demographic data from a poorly known Mediterranean salamander (Lyciasalamandra fazilae) and examined if this species had a slow life history (i. e. high adult survival and low recruitment) consistent with the other species of true salamanders  [32, 33]. Then, we examined senescence patterns in L. fazilae and two other species, Salamandrina perspicillata and S. salamandra, from western Europe. We expected negligible senescence in the three taxa and hypothesized that this pattern was consistent among populations.
A detailed description of the study area can be found in Olgun et al. [35]. Several capture-recapture sessions (in February, March and April) were carried out each year. The salamanders were captured by hand, and were then released back in the place where they were initially caught after being marked using passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tags, identified and measured. The sex of the individuals was assessed using secondary sexual characters  [35]. Juveniles were not included in the analysis because only 12 juveniles were encountered during the study but never recaptured. Furthermore, owing to small size of the dataset (133 individuals marked), we pooled the two sexes in analyses to avoid model overparametrization. We assumed that sex should have a little influence on adult survival as males and females have the same age structure in the population  [35].
Body size of salamanders was determined by measuring snout-vent length (SVL): individuals were measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior margin of the vent. We used the size data in multievent capture-recapture models to estimate size-dependent survival. We also benefited from age data assessed using skeletochronological analyses (a robust approach to evaluate age in amphibians,  [36] ) for individuals marked over the period 1999-2003  [35]. Those age data were included in BaSTA models  [37, 38]  to examine age-dependent survival and mortality rate.
A small individual can become a large individual with a probability d s or remain in the same class with a probability 1-d s , leading to the following matrix: 1 À d s d s 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 5 : The last component of the model links observation to states. Small and large individual can be captured with a probability p s or p l , which results in the following matrix: 1 À p s p s 0 1 À p l 0 p l 1 0 0 2 4 3 5 : This parametrization was implemented in the program E-SURGE  [40]. We ranked models using Akaike information criteria adjusted for small sample size (AICc) and Akaike weights (w). If the Akaike weight of the best supported model was less than 0. 9, we used model-averaging to obtain parameter estimates. We examined our hypotheses about survival and recapture probability from the following general model [w(size), d(.
We considered the most general model [c(. ), d(. ), p(t + size)]. We examined all the possible combination of effects leading to the consideration of four candidate models. (b) Age-dependent survival and senescence patterns in true salamanders (i) Capture-recapture data To estimate age-dependent survival and senescence, we re-analysed two datasets of true salamanders that were analysed previously (figure  1a ). The capture-recapture data of S. perspicillata were collected over a 9-year period  (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006)  in a population of central Italy (Monti Lepini, Latium;  [42] ). The capture-recapture data of S. salamandra were collected in two populations from southern France (Ardèche region, pop1) and northwestern Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen, pop2).
salamandra. (ii) Age-dependent survival and mortality rate We investigated actuarial senescence patterns in the three salamander species using Bayesian survival trajectory analyses implemented in the R package BaSTA  [37, 38]. BaSTA allowed us to account for imperfect detection, left-truncated (i. e. unknown birth date) and right-censored (i. e. unknown death date) capturerecapture data in our analysis. It allows estimating two demographic functions: cumulative probability survival until a given age and mortality rate (i. e. hazard rate) at a given age. Given the results of previous analyses  [42] [43] [44] , we allowed recapture probabilities to vary among years. As the study period and number of survey years differ among populations (electronic supplementary material, table  S1 ), the four populations and species were analysed separately.