dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The work was conducted in two stages and covered the entire forested area of Poland administered by the State Forests (approx. 30% of the country area and 77% of the forested area), excluding national parks and nature reserves. National parks, occupying approx. 2% of the area of Poland, and nature reserves have other forms of ownership and management. Moreover, with scarce exceptions L. cervus has not been reported in those areas. In turn, forests administered by the State Forests National Forest Holding (comprising 430 forest districts) have not to date been covered by comprehensive studies to obtain information on the distribution of the stag beetle and its localities. For this reason it was decided to conduct the research, the results of which are presented in this paper. The first stage of the research, carried out in 2006-2007 within the Natura 2000 national habitat and species survey, comprised preliminary identification of stag beetle localities and separation of such localities into the following categories: • cemeteries (including also closed cemeteries with old tree specimens, administered by the State Forests, having an administrative forest address), • stands (stands having an administrative forest address, accessible in the "Bank Danych o Lasach" database) including also stumps (included when observations were made on stumps left after felling trees in forest areas of the State Forests) and residual trees (included when the age of the tree, on which insect observation was recorded, exceeded the age of the surrounding stand), • forest boundaries (including single trees growing at forest edges and in open areas), • parks, • roadsides (included trees forming avenues along roads of various categories), • settlements (included trees growing at settlements belonging to the State Forests).
In the first stage of research, data were collected on any reports/observations concerning the stag beetle, including observations of imagoes, traces of their colonisation, and reports by State Forest employees and local residents. The latter reports may be sources of significant data for monitoring saproxylic insects  24. In the second stage, conducted in 2010-2018, data from the first stage of research were verified in the course of field studies performed by the authors. Localities were confirmed by monitoring the area indicated as a biotope of L. cervus. The presence of beetles was assessed during the period of their activity (from May to August), by remains (body fragments such as mandibles of male specimens, exoskeletons) of insects killed by natural predators (Corvidae, Chiroptera, Insectivora) and by corridor exits located in the ground in the vicinity of stumps.
The potential presence of larvae or coccoliths at tree bases and stumps was not investigated because of the legal ban prohibiting the disturbance of biotopes of protected species. In view of the 3-to 4-year generation of L. cervus, some localities were checked several times in the course of the study. In the case of the localities in which the presence of L. cervus was recorded, the following data were collected: • the tree species on which living insects were observed, • the category of the area. The following data for the stands were included: • species composition, determined according to the criteria binding in the State Forests and recorded in the Forest Management Plans of individual forest districts (Plan Urządzania Lasu -PUL), • the age of the main stand (according to PUL), • the forest-site type according to PUL.
The age of single trees (residual trees, trees growing at settlements belonging to the State Forests, trees forming avenues along roads) was determined on the basis of records contained in forest management plans, prepared at 10-year intervals for all State Forests units. In the case of trees where stag beetles were reported, their species and age were specified wherever possible. For the category of stands, as well as for several other justified cases, additional data concerning the forest-site type were assumed on the basis of information contained in the Bank Danych o Lasach  23  database.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by Project:  Rules of conservation of protected invertebrate species in Natura 2000 areas under conditions of sustainable forest management " commissioned by the  Polish State Forest Holding. The authors would like to thank anonymous Reviewers for their valuable comments and remarks and  Dr. Geoffrey Bateman  for correction of English. This research was supported by a grant financed by the  State Forests National Forest Holding (Państwowe Gospodarstwo Leśne Lasy Państwowe ). The publication is co-finansed within the  framework of Ministry of Science and Higher Education programme as "Regional Initiative Excellence " in years  2019-2022 , project number  005/RID/2018/19.
Methods: We collected data from 2334 heavy drinkers (50 g/day or more) with persistently abnormal results from liver tests who had been admitted to a hepato-gastroenterology unit in France from January 1982 through December 1997; patients with a recorded duration of alcohol abuse were assigned to the development cohort (n=1599; 75% men) or the validation cohort (n=735; 75% men), based on presence of a liver biopsy. We collected data from both cohorts on patient history and disease stage at the time of hospitalization. For the development cohort, severity of the disease was scored by the METAVIR (due to the availability of liver histology reports); in the validation cohort only the presence of liver complications was assessed. We developed a model of ALD progression and occurrence of liver complications (hepatocellular carcinoma and/or liver decompensation) in association with exposure to alcohol, age at the onset of heavy drinking, amount of alcohol intake, sex and body mass index.
Data The initial cohort included all patients admitted to the Hepatogastroenterology Unit of the Antoine Béclère Hospital between January 1982 and December 1997 in Clamart, France 6. For the aim of our study, we identified 2,334 heavy drinkers (≥ 50 g/d) having persistently abnormal liver test results and a recorded duration of alcohol abuse during their first admission. None of them had known chronic viral hepatitis. All data were collected during hospitalization using a standardized questionnaire. The population was divided into two groups according to the availability of the histological assessment which was systematically.
High-Frequency Plasma Wave Analyzer The high-frequency plasma wave analyzer employ a tri-axial search-coil magnetometer (SCM) to measure the 3D wave magnetic field vector in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 10 kHz. The noise level is of the designed SCM and is <5 × 10 -3 nT/ √ Hz at 10 Hz, 2. 5 × 10 -4 nT/ √ Hz at 200 Hz, 5 × 10 -5 nT/ √ Hz at 2 kHz, 6 × 10 -5 nT/ √ Hz at 10 KHz. The waveform provided by the SCM, together with electric field data provided by the double-probe measurement, is processed inside the digital signal processor of the highfrequency plasma wave analyzer. A deployable boom would be necessary to avoid perturbations from the spacecraft on the measurements.
The pollutant load in the effluent and its effect on the environment depend on the treatment used. To date, no data dealing with the contribution of cream/lotion residues remaining in sunscreen packaging exists. However, relationships between the effluent quality and the optimization of the washing step have been pointed out  (Santos et al. , 2005) , suggesting that some ENMs contained in the discarded products may ultimately reach domestic sewage via this pathway. Therein, their fate is driven by the wastewater treatment FIGURE 6 | Example of trophic transfer of an aged nano-TiO 2 UV-filter, from green algae to micro-crustacean and fish. Elemental mapping of the internalized Ti element after exposure was achieved on P. subcapitata (A), the D. magna (B), and the D. rerio larvae (C), using X-ray microfluorescence.
, 2015). The effects of Ag, ZnO, and TiO 2 ENMs added to the soil via the biosolids were monitored via toxicogenomic responses over a 6 months of exposure. In response to ENM exposure, many of the identified biological pathways, gene ontologies, and individual genes were associated with nitrogen metabolism, nodulation, metal homeostasis, and stress responses. Results showed inhibition of nodulation with ENM treatment primarily due to phytotoxicity likely caused by enhanced bioavailability of Zn ions. Very few data are available regarding the effects of TiO 2 or ZnO ENMs on soil via biosolid amendment and none of the experiments thus far had been carried out with a real UV-filter. The potential role of the ENM coating remains mostly unknown in such a system. With this in mind, an experimental approach is proposed here to mimic in the lab a realistic scenario where a sunscreen containing nano-TiO 2 is released from a domestic wash water to the wastewater treatment plant, ending up in the biosolids that are then used for cultivated soil amendment (Figure  8 ).
Acknowledgement Dr. Xingchen Yan  is grateful for the financial support from  Sciences Platform Environment and Capacity Building Projects of GDAS  ( 2019GDASYL-0402004 ,  2019GDASYL-0502006 ,  2020GDASYL-20200103108 ,  2019GDASYL-0402006 ,  2020GDASYL-20200402005 ,  2018GDASCX-0402 ,  2018GDASCX-0111  and  2019GDASYL-0501009 ),  Guangzhou Project of Science & Technology  ( 201909010008 ,  201807010030 ),  Guangdong province Science and Technology Plan Projects  ( 2019A1515011841 ,  2017A070701027 ,  2017A070702016 ,  2014B070705007  and  2017B030314122 ). Mr. Cheng Chang  would like to thank the support from  China Scholarship Council  ( 201801810106 ).
In Europe (countries in the European Union and in the European Economic Areas), according to the 2018 surveillance report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Network (EARS-Net), the national percentages for vancomycin resistance among E. faecium isolates ranged from 0. 0% to 59. 1%. Several countries with already high resistance rates reported further increases during 2014-2018  [8]. Switzerland is not part of the EARS-Net and national vancomycin-resistant E. faecium data have not been published for infection control purposes to date. However, since 2009 several small VRE outbreaks have been documented in the country  [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]. At the beginning of 2018, a large monoclonal outbreak with vancomycin-resistant E. faecium sequence type (ST) 796 affected several hospitals in the north-eastern part of Switzerland  [14].
We hypothesised that the national epidemiological situation of enterococcal bacteraemias is evolving quickly and that invasive vancomycin-resistant E. faecium infections are increasing. We therefore wanted to describe patterns and trends of enterococcal bacteraemias in Switzerland from 2013 to 2018 with a focus on vancomycin-resistant isolates, using data from the Swiss Centre for Antibiotic Resistance (ANRESIS).
Data source The isolates were identified by a search in the ANRESIS database for all blood cultures positive for E. faecalis or E. faecium. ANRESIS collects all routine antibiotic resistance data from currently 24 clinical microbiology laboratories homogeneously distributed across Switzerland. Each participating laboratory gathers data from several hospitals and submits results on a voluntary basis (weekly or monthly) to a central database located at the Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Switzerland. We restricted the dataset to hospitals that continuously reported bacteraemias during the whole study period (hospitals not reporting bacteraemias in 2013 were included if they reported bacteraemias in ≥ 4 calendar years from 2014 to 2018). The information on hospital size and patient days was obtained using national data on hospital statistics  [15].
Isolates included, microbiological and epidemiological data Positive blood cultures were interpreted as bacteraemic episodes (i. e. bacteraemias). For this study, only bacteraemic episodes with E. faecalis and E. faecium were included. We excluded isolates of other enterococcal species (e. g. E. gallinarum or E. casseliflavus). Only the first isolate from an individual patient was considered for the current analysis. The microbiological data included enterococcal species and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested in the participating laboratories according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines (https://eucast. org/) or the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CSLI) guidelines in a single laboratory (https://clsi.
Validation of database We verified the accuracy of the ANRESIS database in reporting antibiotic resistance. We compared ANRESIS data with the results of a recently published nationwide survey on VRE epidemiology in Swiss hospitals performed in collaboration with the National Centre for Infection Control (Swissnoso)  [12]. This survey included high-quality VRE data on samples obtained from patients with bacteraemic episodes, invasive infections and screening, which were collected by individual infection prevention specialists in 142 healthcare institutions in Switzerland. The numbers of VRE bacteraemias of individual hospitals, gathered from 1 January 2015 to 31 March 2018 from 55 healthcare institutions, each represented both in the ANRESIS and in the survey database, were compared to test the accuracy of the ANRESIS database.
Isolates and hospitals included in the study From 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2018, data on 6,521 bacteraemic episodes with E. faecium and E. faecalis from 144 Swiss healthcare institutions were submitted to ANRESIS. Sixty-three healthcare institutions were excluded because the collaboration with ANRESIS started after 2013 or the data reporting was incomplete. We included a total of 5,369 enterococcal bacteraemic episodes (Figure  1 ). The selected 81 healthcare institutions are displayed in Figure  2  and represented ca 44% of all patient days in Switzerland during the whole study period. All five Swiss university hospitals were included in the analysis (a detailed comparison between included and excluded isolates is available in the Supplementary Table  S1 ). The disk sizes are proportional to the hospitals' annual patient days.
Validation of the database used Among the 55 healthcare institutions included in the accuracy analysis, 23 and 27 VRE bacteraemias were observed in the ANRESIS and in the survey database, respectively. Regarding the accuracy analysis (Supplementary Figure  S2 ), no significant difference in the reported number of VRE episodes of individual hospitals between the two databases was found in a Wilcoxon signed rank tests for paired data (p = 0. 28). Two hospitals (3. 6%) reported an identical number of positive samples and from 41 hospitals (74. 6%) no bacteraemic episodes with VRE were detected in either database. Nine institutions (16. 4%) showed a discrepancy of one sample, three (5. 5%) a discrepancy of more than one sample. In summary, a high congruency for bacteraemias was observed between the two databases.
Discussion In this work, we report annual incidences of enterococcal and VRE bacteraemias in Switzerland and their evolution over a recent 6-year period, using data from ANRESIS. Including more than 80 healthcare institutions and representing almost half of all patient days accrued in Switzerland per year, this database can be considered as representative for the entire country. As Switzerland does not participate in the EARS-Net, our data provide essential information on the epidemiology of invasive enterococcal infections in Europe. Moreover, given the geographical location of the country at the crossroads of Europe, the findings are useful for benchmarking purposes with other European countries. From January 2013 to December 2018, a total of 5,369 bacteraemic episodes with E. faecalis and E.
Moreover, a national antimicrobial stewardship programme to decrease antibiotic consumption were recently introduced  [26]. There are several limitations to the present study. First, we extrapolated incidence based on the epidemiology of 44% of all Swiss healthcare institutes and, consequently, the generalisability of our findings may be somewhat limited. Nevertheless, in order to better describe our cohort of hospitals, we reported differences between included and excluded hospitals in a subgroup analysis. Second, we cannot exclude the possibility of multiple inclusions of follow-up species from one individual after transfer to a region served by another laboratory. Third, similarly to other resistance surveillance databases, we did not have access to clinical data. For example, we were unable to distinguish between clinical infection and contamination.
Acknowledgements We thank all laboratories participating in ANRESIS:  ADMED Microbiology, La Chaux-de-Fonds; Bacteriology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva; Central Institute, Hôpitaux Valaisans (ICHV), Sitten; Central Laboratory, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden; Central Laboratory, Microbiology Section, Cantonal Hospital Baden; Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Luzern; Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Schaffhausen; Centre for Laboratory Medicine Dr. Risch, Schaan; Centre for Laboratory Medicine St. Gallen; Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Basel; Hôpital du Jura, Laboratoire; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University Bern; Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Zürich; Institute for Microbiology, Université de Lausanne; Laboratoire et analyses médicales, Etablissements Hospitaliers du Nord Vaudois, eHnv; Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Zürich; Laboratory Medicine EOLAB, Department of Microbiology, Bellinzona; Labormedizin, Kantonsspital Winterthur; Microbiology Laboratory Hôpital Fribourgeois, Fribourg; Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Thurgau; Microbiology Laboratory, Unilabs, Coppet ; Promed SA, Laboratoire medical, Marly; Viollier AG, Basel.
Funding statement NB is currently receiving a Post. docMobility grant from the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (grant number:  P400PM_183865 ) and another grant from the  Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation. The ANRESIS database is funded by the  Federal Office of Public Health  and the  University of Bern , Switzerland. The Swissnoso Survey on VRE epidemiology was funded by the  Federal Office of Public Health, Switzerland.
The IME-HF instrument will record waveform measurements of fluctuating electric fields in the frequency range from a few kHz up to 37 MHz, with the following scientific aims: (i) Identification of possible wave signatures associated with transient luminous phenomena during storms; (ii) Characterization of lightning flashes from their HF electromagnetic signatures; (iii) Identification of possible HF electromagnetic or/and electrostatic signatures of precipitated and accelerated particles; (iv) Determination of characteristic frequencies of the medium using natural waves properties; (v) Global mapping of the natural and artificial waves in the HF frequency range, with an emphasis on the transient events. The instrument will be also able to trigger and record interesting intervals of data using a flexible event detection algorithm.
In addition to invoices, it includes correspondence from Berthier's dealers, including numerous and successive letters sent by his main intermediaries. These documents are mostly complete for the early years of the twentieth century, with unfortunate large gaps at the end of the first decade of the twentieth century and continuing thereafter. Following a systematic study of the Berthier papers, we constructed a database, accessible via the Harvard Dataverse, which has been paired with this article. [7]  The database includes entries for all works of art and luxury products referenced in the archive. [8]  It distinguishes dates of documents from dates of transactions, in order to clarify the chronology of purchases and sales. Further, it identifies items that at one time belonged to Berthier, as well as unsuccessful acquisition proposals.
Several delivery invoices further classify the works that were hung in Berthier's residences from those that remained in the stocks of his dealers. It offers raw material for a detailed microstoria of a collection in the early twentieth century. The database is open access in the hope that the first round of analysis carried out in this paper will give way to further researchers to benefit from its contents and, given the extreme diversity of the objects involved in terms of medium, origin, and date, encourage different specialists to propose additional identifications to those already made. In order to expose the operations of an ownerless collection, this article will provide an overview of Berthier's rapid ascent among the most famous collectors of his time, identifying the network of collaborators who supported him.
Study population Inclusion criteria were: i. histologically-proven advanced melanoma defined as unresectable stage III or stage IV according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer classification 8 th edition;  [7]  ii. failure or limiting toxicity of a previous immunotherapy; iii. at least 1 chemotherapy infusion received during the 11-month period. Patients who received first-line chemotherapy were not included. For the included patients, the Research and Clinical Investigation on Melanoma database, a French prospective cohort of melanoma patients, was used to gather data (clinical trials. gov identifier NCT03315468). All patients signed an informed consent for the use of their clinical and biological data for scientific purpose at the time of inclusion in the Research and Clinical Investigation on Melanoma cohort, which was approved by an ethics committee CCTIRS (number 12.
Clinical data Collected data included: baseline demographics (age, gender), BRAF and NRAS mutational status, previous treatment(s) received before chemotherapy [type of treatment, dose and number of infusions received, start, and end dates, ≥ grade 3 toxicity according to the CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events), efficacy], chemotherapy treatment (presence of brain metastasis or not at the beginning of chemotherapy, type of chemotherapy, dose and number of infusions received, start and end dates, ≥ grade 3 toxicity according to the CTCAE, efficacy) and if applicable, details of treatment(s) received after chemotherapy. The radiological follow-up was performed for each patient according to the standard of care of the center, that is, CT scan every 3 months. Concerning efficacy, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.
Data Analyses Data on QoL and BOI were recorded once (i. e. , no follow up requested) before the data cut-off date  (10 August, 2017). A copy of the collected paper questionnaires was sent from each clinical site to the clinical research organization (CRO) for data entry in the TOSCA study. Data were then extracted and analysed by the CRO. Responses to the BOI questions and QOL scales were summarised by descriptive statistics (number of responders, mean, standard deviation, median, range, frequency), considering age-based subgroup as children (<11 years), adolescents (age 11 to <18 years) and adults (age ≥18 years). Individuals with TSC or their caregivers, rated their level of impairment across five dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression).