dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
This work presents refined, updated subregional and regional non-indigenous species (NIS) inventories for the Mediterranean Sea, validated by national and taxonomic experts, with species records observed until December 2020. These datasets will be used as the baselines for the implementation of the Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme for the Mediterranean (IMAP) and the Mediterranean Quality Status Report 2023. In total, 1006 non-indigenous species have been found in Mediterranean marine and brackish waters. The highest numbers of NIS were observed in Israel, Türkiye, Lebanon and Italy. Approximately 45 species were categorized as data deficient, either due to lack of consensus on their alien status or the validity of their identification. Polychaeta, Foraminifera and macroalgae were the groups with the highest numbers of controversial species.
Methods The validated national inventories of marine and brackish NIS in EU Mediterranean countries, produced by the JRC (Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) in collaboration with EU national experts  [67] , updated to December 2020 in the framework of an EEA contract  [68] , formed the starting point for the revision process of the national lists of Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Slovenia and Spain. For the rest of the Mediterranean countries, national NIS inventories were provided by national experts designated by the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention, for Albania, Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Türkiye (only including data for the Aegean and Levantine Seas). For a small number of countries that had not submitted national inventories, initial national baselines were created with data retrieved from the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR) offline database.
Initial inventories were updated and revised according to the recently published literature and major national, regional and taxonomic reviews, as well as data from national monitoring campaigns and citizen science project observations until December 2020 (reported until May 2023). Nomenclature was revised where necessary following the World Register of Marine Species  [73]. Revised inventories were validated through several rounds of communication with countries' national experts, invited consultations with taxonomic experts and two online workshops, whereby many discrepancies were resolved, and a number of controversial species were agreed upon. Subsequently, data were aggregated at the pan-Mediterranean and the subregional level, i. e. , the Western Mediterranean Sea (WMED), the Adriatic Sea (ADRIA), the Ionian Sea and the Central Mediterranean Sea (CMED) and the Aegean and Levantine Sea (EMED).
Each national inventory consists of the first record of each NIS in the country, accompanied by the year the species was reported and the associated reference, its alien status and the most likely pathway(s) of introduction, following the pathway categorization scheme of the Convention for Biological Diversity  [74, 75]. Regarding introduction status, range-expanding and partly native (i. e. , native in one country/subregion but introduced in another) species in the Mediterranean were excluded at Pan-Mediterranean scale. However, species partly native in a subregion were included at the subregional scale. Cryptogenic and crypto-expanding species are included separately from the validated NIS lists. Due to the high degree of uncertainty regarding their origin and mode of introduction, the designation of species as cryptogenic was inconsistent among national experts in many cases; where differences in experts' opinions could not be resolved those species were flagged as data deficient at the regional/subregional level and are also reported separately from the validated NIS species.
Species that were linked to more than one pathway were given a value of 1/k for each of the k associated pathways so that the overall contribution of each species to the total number of pathways equals one. In our analysis of the trends in temporal occurrence and spatial distribution, we only considered the first new record of an NIS within each subregion. The number of species observed per 10-year cycle since 1970 were analyzed from these data sets to calculate rates in NIS introductions. Subsequently, the overlap in NIS between the four Mediterranean subregions at decadal time intervals was visualized with Venn diagrams, utilizing the package 'ggvenn'  [79]  in the R statistical environment, in order to examine the temporal evolution of the spread of NIS throughout the basin. For the purposes of this analysis, "unique" species are defined as those species that appear in one subregion only at a given time, while "shared" species are the species that are present and shared among all four subregions at that particular time.
Results Refined and validated national NIS inventories were produced for the Contracting Parties of the Barcelona Convention. The detailed lists will be uploaded to the MAMIAS Database (Marine Mediterranean Invasive Alien Species, https://dev. mamias. org/, accessed on 25 August 2023). The number of NIS together with the cryptogenic and data deficient species at the national level is displayed in Figure  1. The highest numbers of NIS were observed in Israel and Türkiye (457 and 437 NIS, respectively), followed by Italy (282 NIS), Lebanon (277 NIS), Egypt (266 NIS) and Greece (249 NIS), with values generally decreasing as we move towards the Adriatic and west Mediterranean countries. During the validation process, 65 species emerged as data deficient; 35 characterized by divergence of opinion as to their alien or cryptogenic status and 23 as suspected questionable records (Table  1 ).
Among the unique species, the pathway Corridor is over-represented in the EMED (70% compared to 62% for all EMED species), where also molluscs, particularly small gastropods, display a higher percentage compared to all EMED species (Figure  6 ). On the other hand, arthropods, fishes and fish parasites (within the Miscellanea phyla) are disproportionately high among species unique to the CMED (22%, 30%, respectively, in contrast with 15% and 22% among all CMED species), and the same applies to stowaway and contaminant species (60% and 20% for unique species -46% and 13%, respectively, for the total CMED dataset). In contrast, non-indigenous macrophytes are the highest contributing group among unique species both in the WMED and the ADRIA (39% and 33%, compared with 27% and 26% in the respective full subregional datasets), however, the respective over-represented pathways are different in the two subregions, namely Transport-Contaminant in the former and Transport-Stowaway in the latter.
Notably, 50% of the shared species in the whole basin were introduced in the Mediterranean before 1970, while 29% were introduced between 1970 and 1990 and only 21% are recent introductions after 1990. Among the unique species, the pathway Corridor is over-represented in the EMED (70% compared to 62% for all EMED species), where also molluscs, particularly small gastropods, display a higher percentage compared to all EMED species (Figure  6 ). On the other hand, arthropods, fishes and fish parasites (within the Miscellanea phyla) are disproportionately high among species unique to the CMED (22%, 30%, respectively, in contrast with 15% and 22% among all CMED species), and the same applies to stowaway and contaminant species (60% and 20% for unique species -46% and 13%, respectively, for the total CMED dataset).
In contrast, non-indigenous macrophytes are the highest contributing group among unique species both in the WMED and the ADRIA (39% and 33%, compared with 27% and 26% in the respective full subregional datasets), however, the respective over-represented pathways are different in the two subregions, namely Transport-Contaminant in the former and Transport-Stowaway in the latter. Notably, 50% of the shared species in the whole basin were introduced in the Mediterranean before 1970, while 29% were introduced between 1970 and 1990 and only 21% are recent introductions after 1990.
Trends in new NIS introductions were briefly addressed, as they have been the subject of recent studies at different geographical scales (national: Greece:  [54] ; Italy:  [37] ; Israel:  [35] ; Türkiye:  [64] ; regional-subregional  [26, 68, 82] ); however, here we aim to highlight factors that affect their interpretation. Finally, we used the new baseline dataset with the associated pathway information to illustrate the homogenization process of the Mediterranean xenodiversity, broach the invasion debt developing in the different subregions and indicate further steps in tackling non-indigenous species in the region.
In the current work, for example, critical re-evaluation of published records led to the characterization of a number of records as questionable, e. g. , records of Armandia intermedia Fauvel, 1902 and Pseudotolithus senegallus (Cuvier, 1830). With respect to recent updates to the Mediterranean NIS inventory, it is worth clarifying the differences between the current work and the work of Zenetos et al. [6, 7]. In both Zenetos et al. [6, 7]  and in this work, we include species detected until the end of 2020. However, in the 1. 5 years separating the two studies (December 2021 for updates of the previous dataset and May 2023 for this one) there have been new publications addressing (1) newly reported species, still detected until the end of 2020 but published after Zenetos et al. [6, 7] ; (2) species revisions (e.
[29] , our results, calculated at the decadal scale, showed a generally upwards trend after the 1990s in all Mediterranean subregions. At a finer scale the increase observed in the period 2000-2010 was more pronounced between 2000 and 2005, reaching 30 species in 2002 and 2005, which corresponds to one new NIS every 1. 8 weeks, a number close to that calculated by  Zenetos [100]. The most recent assessment of trends in NIS introductions  [68]  revealed that the number of newly introduced NIS has increased in the Mediterranean since the late 1990s, reaching 14 species per year in the period 2012-2017. However, this figure is not comparable to our results, as (a) it was calculated at six-year intervals and (b) it is based on NIS in Mediterranean EU countries only. As expected, the pattern is markedly different, especially for the eastern Mediterranean, precisely because of the inclusion of data from southern Mediterranean countries in our dataset.
A new update of the NIS Action Plan, currently under consultation and due in 2023  [135] , takes into consideration the post-2020 international and regional policy framework focusing on more concrete actions for the management of pathways and the drastic reduction in invasive alien species populations and their impacts (e. g. ,  [136, 137] ) to promote actions such as systematic risk analysis, prioritization and risk assessment studies, both for species and for vectors/pathways and concrete priority species action plans. The refined baselines produced through this work comprise one of the primary data sources to be used for the prioritized actions and an essential dataset for the elaboration of future steps in tackling marine invasions in the region. The network of national and taxonomic experts played an active role in the validation and update of the NIS inventories, further fostering CPs' cooperation and coordination across and within marine subregions, which will strengthen and enhance the planned work for GES achievement within the context of the Barcelona Convention.
Acknowledgments: We are indebted to the taxonomic and national experts who shared their expertise on various taxa:  Serge Gofas  ( Mollusca, Mediterranean ),  Serhat Albayrak ,  Bilal Ozturk  ( Mollusca Türkiye ),  Henk Mienis  ( Mollusca Israel ),  Ragia Moussa  ( Mollusca Egypt ),  Eduardo Lopez  ( Polychaeta Mediterranean ),  Kostas Tsiamis  (macroalgae Mediterranean),  Marc Verlaque  (macroalgae, Mediterranean),  Razy Hoffman  (macroalgae, Israel),  Menachem Goren  ( fish Israel ),  Nir Stern  (fish Mediterranean),  Jamila Ben Souissi  (various taxa, Tunisia),  Helmut Zibrowius  (various taxa , France ),  Martin Langer  ( Foraminifera, Germany ),  Donata Violanti  ( Foraminifera, Italy ),  Fabrizio Frontalini  ( Foraminifera, Italy ). The authors thank  Nicholas Jason Xentidis  for preparing Figure 2.
Understanding how water, food, and energy interact in the form of the water-food-energy (WFE) nexus is essential for sustainable development which advocates enhancing human well-being and poverty reduction. Moreover, the application of the WFE nexus has seen diverse approaches to its implementation in cities across the globe. There is a need to optimize knowledge sharing to improve urban information exchange focused on the WFE nexus' application and impact on the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In this study, Natural language processing (NLP) and a nity propagation algorithm are employed to explore and assess the application of the WFE nexus on a regional basis as well as at city levels. The results show that after the exhaustive search of a database containing 32,736 case studies focusing on 2,233 cities, cities with the most potential to encounter resource shortages (i.
Literature scoping In this study, data was retrieved from ScienceDirect and Scopus databases (Fig. 1 ) using the following search query "(("water" AND "food" AND "energy") OR "WEF" OR "WFE" OR "FWE") AND ("nexus" OR "connection" OR "interaction" OR "link" OR "network" OR "coupling")" targeting the titles, abstracts, and keywords. The collated data are related to original research papers, review papers, book chapters, data articles, discussions, editorials, encyclopedias, mini-reviews, practice guidelines, and short communications. Moreover, the analysis considered papers derived from 1990 to the end of February 2022. The metric retrieved an initial database of 759,337 documents that were pruned to 32,736 articles based on articles written in the English language. It is observed that research articles account for about 61.
2% of the documents published (representing the dominant interest of researchers). This is closely followed by review articles (roughly 19%), then book chapters which contribute approximately 11. 28% of the total knowledge production of the WFE eld. It is noteworthy that the database is not comprehensive, since such databases as Nature, Springer, Jstor, and Google Scholar are not included. Furthermore, other relevant peer-reviewed articles existing in other languages (Chinese, Arabic, French, and Spanish, etc. ) were excluded.
Data pre-processing Results from the query described in Section 2. 1 were downloaded into document clusters from the ScienceDirect and web Scopus portal. After collecting and cleaning the data, case studies selection was performed by searching city (of cities) names in the corpora (corpora is the aggregation of multiple corpus) (759,337 abstracts) using the World Cities Database, which provides a comprehensive, accurate, and up-to-date database of the world's cities and towns. The interpretation of each case study in the dataset assumes a city (or cities) to be selected if the abstract reports its name (see the supplemental materials for the whole database of case studies). This assumption was validated by randomly reading samples from the dataset. For instance, climate and water treaties such as the "Paris Agreement", "Kyoto Protocol" and "Bonn nexus Conference" were excluded from the city case study retrieval algorithm to eliminate any false matching.
After ltering case studies, we employed a geoparsing python script to obtain 32,736 case studies representing 2,233 cities. After obtaining the case studies, their abstracts were next converted into word vectors using the Word2Vec  (Mikolov et al. , 2013a)  and Bag-Of-Words (BOW) technique which can be used to rebuild the linguistic contexts of words  (Mikolov et al. , 2013b). For the word stemming and lemmatization, we employed a module of Natural Language Processing Toolkit (NLTK)  (Loper and Bird, 2002). Word stemming, and lemmatization techniques can considerably reduce the size of the Document-Term-Matrix (dtm) synonymous with Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (tf-idf) matrix, lower data complexity, memory consumption, and computational time.
In addition, if WFE nexus policies are to serve as blueprints to global populations several limitations need to be implemented (i) extending data sources: multiple relevant and authentic peer-reviewed databases should be taken into consideration i. e. Nature, Web of Science, and Google scholar; (ii) multilanguage model: the algorithm must be able to feed on different languages, namely, French, Spanish, Mondrian, and Arabic, alongside English, which may contain relevant WFE nexus research as they are more likely to discuss WFE nexus related issues regarding the local context; (iii) accuracy and high level of con dence: the system should be able to provide accurate challenges, issues, and/or solutions for a given location with a high level of con dence, this can be established by harvesting data linked to other data points such as local temperature, soil quality, type of agriculture, local culture, technology usage, to build high-dimensional datasets, and therefore leave the linear models domain for new non-linear models, such as neural networks; (iv) updatability: algorithm design must be coded in such a way that it can update data (feed more data to the algorithm) and improve suggestions to nal users in an automated manner (this is a big problem as most data are not Open Source, and unfortunately, the alternative synthetic data is not an option); (v) transdisciplinary fashion: algorithm must retrieve qualitative and quantitative studies, and in different domains of research.
Yet, radio frequency interference (RFI) at L-band degrades locally the performance of L-VOD for monitoring of AGC  [46, 47] , especially over some regions in China. High-frequency VOD products are less affected by RFI but can suffer from saturation in dense forests  [48]. Given the respective weaknesses and advantages of VODs and VIs, combining the 2 types of data could be a potential way to improve the quantification of the AGC dynamics  [45, [49] [50] [51]. Assessing the sensitivity of VODs and VIs to AGC is, however, an essential preliminary step in any attempt to monitor AGC dynamics from remote-sensing. The performance of VODs for AGC monitoring has been evaluated at global  [48, 52, 53]  or regional scales, for example, in tropical regions  [54] [55] [56] , Australia  [57, 58] , and the USA  [59].
Microwave VOD products L-VOD L-VOD was retrieved from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite using the SMOS-IC algorithm (version 2)  [41, 42]. Version 2 of the L-VOD product provides daily global L-VOD and soil moisture (SM) retrieved from the ascending and descending data at 0. 25° resolution for 2010 to 2020. The L-VOD product was retrieved by the L-band (1. 4 GHz) microwave emission of the biosphere model, without any auxiliary hydrology or vegetation products as inputs  [64]. In this study, the observations affected by RFI for which root mean square error (RMSE) associated with the L-VOD product is larger than 8 K were filtered out. In addition, observations affected by strong topography, frozen conditions, and the sum of urban, water and ice fractions higher than 10% were excluded  [41].
LPDR-VOD LPDR-VOD was derived from the land parameter data record (LPDR, version 2)  [35]. LPDR provides a long-term (2002 to 2020) global record of the daily X-VOD products at 0. 25° resolution. It is retrieved from the AMSR for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and AMSR2 sensors at 10. 7 GHz based on both ascending (13. 30) and descending (01. 30) data. Grid cells affected by frost conditions, large water bodies, strong precipitation, or RFI were excluded using the quality assessment files  [66].
Optical VIs We applied 3 optical VIs in this study that are commonly used to estimate AGC in previous studies (Table  1 )  [22, 67] , including: 1. NDVI, provided by the monthly MODIS product (MOD13A3) at 1-km spatial resolution  [68]. NDVI is Downloaded from https://spj. science. org on  February 16, 2023  widely used to monitor vegetation cover  [69, 70]  and biomass  [13, 16]. 2. LAI, derived from the 8-day MODIS product (MOD15A2) at 500-m spatial resolution  [71]. LAI is an important indicator of plant growth and radiation use efficiency  [72]. 3. TC, derived from the yearly MODIS product (MOD44B) at 250-m spatial resolution  [73] , represents the percent tree canopy (≥5 m) cover  [74]. In this study, the pixels with snow or cloud were filtered out using the quality assessment data accompanying the product.
AGC benchmark maps This study used 3 AGC benchmark maps to assess the performances of VIs and VODs to AGC (Table  1 ), including: 1. Saatchi map, estimating AGC in the pan-tropics at 1-km resolution by merging data from field measurements, GLAS LiDAR, MODIS, and Quick Scatterometer  [7]. The Saatchi map used here is an updated version that represents global AGC for 2015 by combining data from the SRTM, Landsat, and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)  [75]. 2. Climate Change Initiative (CCI) map, a global map of AGC at 100-m resolution for 2017 using multiple remote-sensing observations  [76]. The CCI map was produced by combining data from the SAR C-band Sentinel-1 and L-band ALOS-2 Phased Array L-band SAR (PALSAR-2). 3. Saatchi-WT map, produced by merging the forest AGC map and nonforest AGC map  [77].
Methods In this study, we focused on aboveground carbon stocks for live woody vegetation and masked the nonvegetated pixels dominated by the following land-cover classes: "settlement", "water", "bare and sparse vegetation", and "wetland" using the CCI land cover dataset  [80]. Considering the availability of the products, only L-VOD, LPDR-VOD, NDVI, LAI, and TC were used for estimating AGC. The VODs and VIs in the same year 2015 were chosen as the baseline for model calibration. We then estimated the yearly AGC dynamics across China for the period 2013 to 2019.
Comparison of VIs and VODs to benchmark AGC maps The relationship of VIs and VODs to AGC was indicated by the Pearson correlation coefficient R  [81]  (Eq. 1) by comparing the AGC datasets with VIs and VODs, as defined below: where VOD and AGC are the values of VOD and benchmark AGC, respectively. VOD and AGC are the average values of VOD and benchmark AGC, respectively. We used P value (P < 0. 05) to define the significance level of the correlation.
Continuous carbon sink over China Our estimated carbon sink (+0. 17 Pg C year -1 ) during 2013 to 2019 are comparable to the values (+0. 17 Pg C year -1 ) obtained during the 2000s reported by Jiang et al. [11]  (Table  3 ). Also, the recent estimates by Harris et al. [87]  indicated that forests in China were a net carbon sink of +0. 14 Pg C year -1 during 2000 to 2019, which is close to our estimates for woody vegetation. Our estimates are comparable to recent estimates from Xu et al. [21]  using multiple remote-sensing dataset, who reported a net carbon gain in live biomass of China of +0. 17 Pg C year -1 for  At the regional scale, in southern China, we found an of AGC of +0. 10 Pg C year -1 , which is quite similar to the estimate of +0. 11 Pg C year -1 obtained by Tong et al. [25]  for 2002 to 2017 (Figs.
e. mastery of the treatment of diseases in his or her specialty. Finally, CRs and GLs do not take into any account the ethically relevant issue that destructive procedures, recommended for vascular surgeons not experienced in the CHIVA Cure, will fatally deprive the patient of the Great Saphenous Vein (GSV), which is the firstchoice infra-inguinal graft for the treatment of severe peripheral artery disease and to ward off the severely disabling condition resulting from limb loss, when angioplasty/stenting is not feasible. In this paper we review and discuss the RCTs, CRs, and GLs concerning the CHIVA Cure available at June 2023 on Medline and Cochrane Central databases.