dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2001a; Yun et al. , 2006]. Since the InSAR data used in the present study were acquired from three independent tracks from ascending/ descending passes, they theoretically allow the 3-D displacement components (easting, northing, and vertical) to be retrieved. In reality, due to the near-polar orbits of ENVISAT, the northing displacement component is poorly constrained. Therefore, we have based our analysis of the displacements only on the easting, and vertical components assuming that northing displacements are not significantly higher in magnitude than these other components and then vanish when projected in the radar line of sight. This assumption is confirmed by the values of northing displacements measured with GPS that account, on average, for about one-third of the total displacement.
A prerequisite for retrieving the easting and vertical components is to have the three independent InSAR displacements compatible in time. This step is easily achieved by using the InSAR displacements reconstructed using the first principal component time function at the GPS epochs, taking the epoch of the first GPS campaign as the time reference (i. e. , null displacement). Then, the easting and vertical displacement components can be obtained using the approach proposed by  Wright et al. [2004]. The resulting horizontal and vertical displacement maps derived from InSAR data between May 2006 and November 2008 are shown in Figure  6  along with the measured GPS vectors for the same period. The vertical displacements affect an elliptical area with a 30 km NNE-SSW major axis and a 19 km minor axis.
A classical approach in modeling InSAR measurements is to invert the displacement data available for each epoch. Here, however, the PCAIM approach allows the number of inversions to be reduced significantly since only the first principal component is inverted. Given that we considered the crust as a linear elastic medium (i. e. , displacements are proportional to source pressure variations) we can write Colored lines show displacement modeled using a prolate spheroid, a spherical point source, and a tensile dislocation. The ratio of the horizontal peak to maximum vertical displacement of 0. 27, for the observed displacement, is close to the one obtained using the tensile dislocation model, suggesting that the source is a flat-topped body. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10. 1002/2014GC005370 where X is the InSAR data matrix, G is a Green function matrix of N 3 1 (N number of sampled points).
Unfortunately, without additional information, we cannot reduce these uncertainties further. The elliptical crack model, which matches the whole geodetic data set best, is shown in Figure  9. The reduced v 2 m (i. e. , the v 2 m divided by the degree of freedom) of the residuals between the values predicted by Confidence interval and best estimation for the source area are estimated using the geometric parameters inferred by the inversion. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10. 1002/2014GC005370 the model and the data is 0. 78. The RMS of residuals for InSAR is about 4 mm while the corresponding RMS for the GPS is 10 mm. The surface area of the source is 298 km 2. In Figures  9d-9l , we compare the displacements observed on the largest period of each track to the modeled displacements and we show their residuals.
1002/2014GC005370 (a 50 ). The thickness is about 5 km, leading to an estimated source volume of 2769 km 3. The volume change rate is estimated at about 12. 5 3 10 6 m 3 yr 21 and the pressure change rate at about 2 3 10 22 MPa yr 21. The reduced v 2 m of the residual between the values predicted by this model and the data is 0. 78. The RMS of residuals for InSAR is about 4 mm while the corresponding RMS for the GPS is 10 mm showing that a large massive shallow source explains the geodetic time series at Lazufre as well as the crack type source. Figure  11  shows the displacements observed on the largest period of each track, the modeled displacements using the elliptical truncated cone model with the smallest misfit and their residuals. a X and Y are expressed in km (UTM WGS84 zone 19 South).
A peripheral subsidence like this, combined with a central uplift, seems to indicate a mass transfer either from a deep area to a shallower one or from a peripheral area to a more central one (or possibly a combination of the two). Peripheral subsidence has not been observed at Lazufre, although this does not necessarily mean that there was no mass transfer here. At very low subsidence rates, as at Uturuncu, the time span for the available InSAR data at Lazufre might not be long enough to allow such a subtle signal to be deciphered from background noise. Another important difference between the two surface displacements is that all the models indicate a deeper source at Uturuncu (between 18 and 35 km below the surface  [Pritchard and Simons, 2002; Fialko and Pearse, 2012; Hickey et al. , 2013]  than at Lazufre, where the source is clearly located within the upper crust [between 2 and 18 km below the surface,  Pritchard and Simons, 2004; Froger et al.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to especially thank  Fran Van Wyk de Vries  for proofreading an early version of this manuscript. ENVISAT data are acquired through  ESA-ENVISAT-AO  project  857  and  ESA  category 1 research project  2899. The GPS surveys have been carried out with logistic support of Representation IRD in Chile and  Universidad de Chile. This research is supported by  IRD ,  UMR 5563  ( GET Toulouse ), and  UMR 6524 (LMV Clermont-Ferrand). Some of the figures in this paper were made using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) [Wessel and Smith, 1991]. Insightful reviews by two anonymous reviewers greatly improved this paper. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10. 1002/2014GC005370.
Together these data show that lysosomes and the lysosomal acid lipase are involved in the degradation of a subset of newly synthesized LDs in enterocytes. newly formed LDs, we used FA 568 -micelles to study LD birth and growth after lipid micelle application (Supplemental Figure  S5 ). To get rid of preexisting LDs, we cultured Caco-2/TC7 cells for 6 d in a serum-free medium containing insulin, transferrin, and selenium (as described in  Morel et al. , 2004)  and then exchanged the medium with HBSS for the last 3 h of culture. Cells were treated with FA 568 -containing lipid micelles for 10 or 60 min (Figure  6G ) before fixation and immunofluorescence analysis. FA 568 -labeled LDs were then quantified from confocal acquisitions. We did not observe a significant difference in FA 568 -LD content value after 10 min of lipid micelle application (Figure  6G , left, and graph) with or without previous starvation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  P. Helquist ,  J. Gruenberg ,  H. Stenmark ,  M. Zakin , and  J. McLauchlan  for kindly sharing reagents with us. We thank  C. Dall'Armi  and  G. Di Paolo  for helpful advice and constant support. We warmly thank  Z. Chamoun  for critical reading of the manuscript and help with statistical analyses and our team colleagues for stimulating and fruitful discussions.
S10 ) also shows that there is no obvious change in redox with differentiation. This is evident when considering that the tephriphonolites, which are differentiated from the basanite, have very similar oxidation state and Fe 3+ /ΣFe ratio to the undegassed basanites. It is therefore clear that precipitation of Fe-bearing minerals only exerts a second order influence on the melt redox state. Importantly, our dataset counters the idea that MI will requilibrate with redox changes in the host magma on such rapid timescales that they cannot reflect the source (e. g. Gaetani et al. , 2012; Bucholz et al. , 2013). It is clear from our data that olivine-hosted MI retain their signature even when the crystals have been in contact with melt and gases at a different redox state. We propose that fO 2 is controlled by coupled redox reactions between sulphur and iron in the silicate melt and coexisting gas phase  (Carmichael & Ghiorso, 1986).
This connection presents new opportunities for geochemists engaged in measurement and interpretation of redox-sensitive gas couples at active volcanoes  (Allard et al. , 2005; Aiuppa et al. , 2007) , and for the application of gas geochemistry to volcano monitoring and hazard assessment. Plot of Fe 3+ /Fe ratio determined by Fe K-edge XANES spectroscopy compared with calculated entrapment pressures  (Oppenheimer et al. , 2011)  for each melt inclusion. The lava lake Fe 3+ /Fe ratio is computed from measurements of the CO/CO 2 and H 2 /H 2 O ratios in the gases emitted from Erebus' lava lake  (Oppenheimer et al. , 2011 , Moussallam et al. , 2012). ). Anhydrite (S 6+ )  (Scheinost et al. , 2006) ), sodium sulfite (S 4+ )  (Jugo et al. , 2010) ) and pyrrhotite (S 2-) spectra are given for reference (available from the ESRF database http://www.
Figure4: S K-edge XANES spectra for each sample studied (averages for four or five individual MI spectra are shown). The dashed lines are at 2482. 6 eV (S 6+ ), 2478. 4 eV (S 4+ ), 2477. 0 eV (S 2-) and 2471. 2 eV (S 2-). Anhydrite (S 6+ ) (Scheinost et al. , 2006) ), sodium sulfite (S 4+ ) (Jugo et al. , 2010) ) and pyrrhotite (S 2-) spectra are given for reference (available from the ESRF database http://www. esrf. eu/UsersAndScience/Experiments/Imaging/ID21/php).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would not have been possible without the meticulous preparation of the MI samples by  Al Eschenbacher  while a student at NM Tech. We thank the  Diamond Light Source  for access to beamline I18 (proposal number  SP8219-1 ) that contributed to the results presented here and  Tina Geraki  and  Konstantin Ignatyev  for their help. YM acknowledges support from the  University of Cambridge Home  and  EU Scholarship Scheme  and from the  Philip Lake  and  William Vaughan Lewis  funds of the  Department of Geography, University of Cambridge. CO and PK acknowledge support from the  NSF  and  United States Antarctic Program  (grant  ANT1142083 ). F. G. acknowledges the  European Research Council  for funding support ( ERC  grant number  279790 ). We are most grateful to the two reviewers of the manuscript,  Nicole Metrich  and  Elizabeth Cottrell , for their insightful comments on the manuscript.
Despite the increasing availability of typhoid vaccine in many regions, global estimates of mortality attributable to enteric fever appear stable. While both Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and serovar Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi) cause enteric fever, limited data exist estimating the burden of S. Paratyphi, particularly in Asia and Africa. We performed a systematic review of both English and Chinese-language databases to estimate the regional burden of paratyphoid within Africa and Asia. Distinct from previous reviews of the topic, we have presented two separate measures of burden; both incidence and proportion of enteric fever attributable to paratyphoid. Included articles reported laboratory-confirmed Salmonella serovar classification, provided clear methods on sampling strategy, defined the age range of participants, and specified the time period of the study.
Reporting of paratyphoid B and C is infrequent, and studies which have provided separate estimates for S. Paratyphi A and S. Typhi suggest that S. Paratyphi A may account for a considerable proportion of enteric fever in Asian countries  [5]. However, most studies of enteric fever in these regions do not distinguish between S. Paratyphi A and S. Typhi and the true burden of S. Paratyphi A as a cause of enteric fever is not well documented. We performed a systematic review of both English and Chineselanguage databases to estimate the regional burden of paratyphoid A within Africa and Asia. Distinct from previous reviews of the topic, we have presented two separate measures of burden; both incidence and proportion of enteric fever attributable to paratyphoid A. Available data are limited but suggest that S.
Search strategy and selection criteria References for this review were identified through searches of both English and Chinese-language databases for published literature on paratyphoid burden, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for the English-language literature review and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database for the Chinese literature review. The CNKI database includes articles from over 7,500 journals and is considered the most comprehensive collection of research articles from China. Two authors (MA and EM) conducted the search of the Englishlanguage databases and a third author (MT) conducted the search of the CNKI database.
Eligibility criteria For inclusion in the database review, we restricted to articles which were conducted in Africa or Asia, reported the laboratoryconfirmed Salmonella serovar classification, provided clear methods on sampling strategy, defined the age range of participants, and specified the time period of the study. Laboratory confirmation of paratyphoid required detection of S. enterica by blood or bonemarrow culture, followed by serological and/or biochemical methods for species identification. We chose to capture results for paratyphoid A because the reporting of paratyphoid B and C were relatively infrequent. Appropriate study designs for assessing S. Paratyphi A disease burden included population-based surveillance studies, cohort studies, and hospital or laboratory-based studies (although Chinese-language studies were restricted to population-based studies).
Study selection and data collection process Articles were initially screened for relevance based on the title and abstract. Those articles with the potential to fit the eligibility criteria were fully reviewed. We extracted data from each study into a table, including global region, study location, period of data collection, setting, sample or population size, study design, patient age and health status, diagnostic technique, species identification technique, number of S. Paratyphi A cases, number of S. Typhi cases, S. Paratyphi A proportion, S. Paratyphi A incidence, S. Typhi incidence, quality score, and bibliographic information. For the articles that did not enumerate the population used to estimate S. Paratyphi A incidence, the population catchment area was sourced from census data. For population-based study designs, we extracted estimates of the incidence of S.
Author Summary Enteric fever due to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and serovar Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi A, B, C) remains a global public health concern. While numerous studies have estimated the levels or burden of S. Typhi, there are only limited data estimating the burden of S. Paratyphi A, particularly in Asia and Africa. We reviewed both English and Chinese-language databases for estimates of the regional burden within Africa and Asia, including new paratyphoid A cases/year and proportion of enteric fever cases attributable to paratyphoid A. S. Paratyphi A appears to constitute a significant proportion of all cases of enteric fever in Asia, though population level estimates are limited, especially in Africa. There was high variability in reported paratyphoid A burden estimates, which suggests considerable geospatial variability in the burden of paratyphoid fever.
Results We identified 523 titles for review: 333 titles from the Englishlanguage databases (Figure  2 ), and 190 titles from the Chineselanguage database (Figure  3 ). Of the 333 titles in the Englishlanguage search, 31 full-text articles satisfied inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. A further 34 full-text articles were included in the qualitative synthesis from the Chinese-language database search. Tables  1  and 2  detail data extracted from English-language population-based and hospitalbased studies, respectively, and table 3 details data extracted from Chinese-language population-based studies. We did not include diagnostic methods in these tables as there was very little heterogeneity across studies.
Paratyphi A  [28]. This estimate excluded imported cases of enteric fever, as prior data suggested a high rate of imported paratyphoid cases. More than half the cases occurred during an epidemic in 1996. The one hospital-based study from Southeast Asia included adult patients above the age of 8 and was conducted in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, where S. Paratyphi A was identified in 9. 1% of culture-positive enteric fever cases  [29]. East Asia. We identified three population-based studies with S. Paratyphi A incidence estimates in East Asia from the Englishlanguage search, and no hospital-based studies. All of these studies were conducted in regions of China, and none were considered nationally representative. The studies used passive or enhanced passive surveillance methods, and estimates ranged from 10 to 220 cases per 100,000 person-years.
Discussion Global estimates of the burden of paratyphoid as a cause of enteric fever are limited by a lack of systematic data collection and surveillance. However, available data suggest that when attempts have been made to identify Salmonella species in blood culture isolates, S. Paratyphi A is almost always identified and often constitutes a significant proportion of all cases of enteric fever, particularly in Asia. This paper focuses on regional estimates of S. Paratyphi A within Africa and Asia. In addition to an Englishlanguage search, we included a thorough review of Chineselanguage databases and identified a significant amount of data available from China. Unlike previous reviews of the subject, we have also presented two separate measures of burden; both incidence and proportion of enteric fever attributable to paratyphoid.
Data Our data are from a cohort of children born in one geographic area (Avon) of England. Women eligible for enrolment in the population-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) had an expected delivery date between 1 April 1991 and 31 December 1992. Note that the first official guidelines on prenatal alcohol consumption, mentioning that pregnant women should not drink more than 1-2 units of alcohol once or twice a week, were only issued by the UK Department of Health in 1995, after this cohort was born. Despite this, the US Surgeon General advised women not to drink in pregnancy as early as 1981 (Office of the US Surgeon General, 1981) and it is unlikely that UK women were completely insulated from this information. Approximately 85% of eligible mothers enrolled, leading to about 14,000 pregnancies (ALSPAC is a cohort; there is no systematic data collection on siblings).
However, if the genotype affects the survival of foetuses, it would not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (which states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences, such as non-random mating and selection). We checked this and ADH1B is in equilibrium. T H E E C O N O M I C J O U R N A L [ M A Y mothers for whom we observe both their and their children's genotype, leaving us with 5,531 observations. 10 Third, we drop observations with missing data on all measures of prenatal alcohol exposure (n = 134), resulting in 5,397 observations. We further restrict the sample to children for whom we observe their academic achievement at least once. Depending on the measure of alcohol exposure and on the outcome of interest, the final sample includes between 1,922 and 4,088 mother-child matches.
Measures of Academic Achievement We specify different measures of academic achievement. First, we use an entry assessment test, taken by all pupils about to start primary school (ages 4-5). Although there were no compulsory national assessment tests at this time, the Local Education Authorities covering the ALSPAC area used the same tests, which is available for 80% of (not privately owned) schools. In addition, we use four nationally set examinations taken at ages 7, 11, 14 and 16 (also known as the Key Stage 1 (KS1), Key Stage 2 (KS2), Key Stage 3 (KS3) and Key Stage 4 (KS4, or GCSE) examination, respectively). These measures of children's performance are objective and comparable across all children. Children's scores are obtained from the National Pupil Database, a census of all pupils in England within the state school system, which is matched into ALSPAC.
For our sample of mother-child pairs, we observe a total of 7,088 maternal genotypes and 8,886 child genotypes at rs1229984. As we require both genotypes in the analyses, we can only use those observations for which we observe the two: n = 5,513. It is unlikely that missing genotype data introduce selection bias. First, empirical evidence on other data suggests that genotype frequencies are the same for general population versus selected samples (e. g. the British 1958 birth cohort versus British blood donors from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium; see WTCCC, 2007). Second, empirical evidence shows that genotype frequencies do not differ by the timing of non-response to questionnaires (Bhatti et al. , 2005). And third, we examine potential bias in our data due to missing genotypes by investigating whether, conditional on observing genetic information, the probability of being in the final sample differs by maternal and child genotypes.
Within the Ecosystem-based fisheries management framework, we evaluated the changes over time in bycatch species of the European tuna purse-seine fishery operating in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Bycatch data was collected during two scientific observer programs conducted in the late 1990s and in the late 2000s. Over these two time periods, we compared the temporal trends in bycatch species composition, the probability of occurrence of functional groups per fishing set, the spatio-temporal species richness and the potential impact on several species listed in the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The analyses were performed separately on the two main fishing modes of the fleet, i. e. sets on free-swimming school sets and on fish aggregating devices (FADs).
Data We compared bycatch data collected by onboard observers on EU purse-seiners operating in the eastern Atlantic Ocean in two different periods. The first period was covered by an observer program under the ''EU Research Bigeye Program'' (Reg. 96/028) conducted from mid-1997 to mid-1999, targeting bigeye tuna  (Ariz and Gaertner 1999 ) and characterize the period of full development of FAD-fishing. The second period corresponds to the EU ''Data Collection Framework DCF''  (Reg. 1543 (Reg. /2000 (Reg. and 199/2008 (Reg. ) between 2005 (Reg. and 2008 , targeting the whole purse seine bycatch species (see Table  1  for statistics of the sampling effort). Observers onboard identified whenever possible species caught after every fishing set. Owing to time constraints during the setting process, in some circumstances certain bycatch species may not have been correctly identified or may have been classified as genus or family level.
Furthermore, observers reported bycatch species in numbers of individuals (whenever the number of individuals was moderate) and average length or weight in each fishing set, or in opposite estimated total weights of each bycatch species when marine animals were too numerous. For the analysis, we decided to use presence/absence data instead of numbers because during EU Bigeye program, the objective addressed the effects of FADs on juvenile bigeye tuna, thus less attention was paid on bycatch species. Consequently, the accuracy of numbers of individuals or total weight of bycatch species might be misled. Notice however that this issue was corrected during the DCF program, which focuses in overall species caught by tuna purse-seiners. With these considerations in mind we used a presence/absence criterion for comparing the changes over time of several functional groups (small tuna species, billfishes, sharks, rays, turtles and other bony fishes; Table  2 ).