dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data collection The present analysis was performed using data from three questionnaires administered in the BREATHE study. The first consisted of a screening questionnaire, which included 18 questions relating to patient demographics, self-reported respiratory symptoms (breathlessness and productive cough), chronic bronchitis, whether COPD, chronic bronchitis or emphysema had been diagnosed, and smoking habits (cigarettes or waterpipe). This questionnaire was completed by 62,086 subjects,  13  and aimed to identify subjects who fulfilled an epidemiological case definition of COPD (N=2,187 subjects). 14 or the epidemiological definition of COPD, cases were defined as eligible if they fulfilled both the following criteria: 1. Either: a) Diagnosis criterion: already diagnosed with COPD, emphysema or chronic bronchitis, or b) Symptom criterion: presenting either with symptoms that fulfill the definition of chronic bronchitis or with dyspnea; and 2.
Smoking criterion: lifetime smoking exposure of $10 pack-years. The second set of questionnaires consisted of a detailed COPD questionnaire administered only to those members of the screened population who fulfilled the epidemiological case definition for COPD. A total of 2,187 COPD subjects were enrolled, with 1,392 of these subjects completing the second questionnaire. 14 It should be noted that when comparing subjects with COPD (N=2,187 subjects) to the COPD population who completed the detailed questionnaire (N=1,392 patient), there were no relevant differences in terms of demographics and COPD symptoms. 14 he detailed COPD questionnaire consisted of 77 questions and collected data on risk factors, disease history, impact on daily life, patients' characteristics, symptom severity, management and burden of the disease, comorbidities, and health care resource utilization, including data allowing BMI to be calculated from replies to the two following questions: About how tall are you without shoes and what is your weight? The BMI was thus calculated with the international definition based on body mass and body height.
statistical analysis The present analysis was performed among subjects with COPD who completed the detailed COPD questionnaire and who documented their weight and height. The distribution of BMI among subjects with COPD, as well as the potential relationship between BMI categories and COPD symptoms, COPD-associated health care resources, CAT scores, the adapted-GOLD severity grade groups, and the presence of comorbidities were assessed. Data presented in this study are principally descriptive, and are presented as proportions and means with standard deviation. Frequency data were calculated with their 95% confidence limits. The study variables were compared using the χ 2 test and the Mantel-Haenszel test, as appropriate. The correlation between variables was assessed by using Pearson's correlation coefficient.
1), and overweight patients (11. 1±7. 2). 25  The interest of this study lies in the fact that it is one of the first studies to assess the distribution of BMI among a large sample of subjects with COPD within the MENA region, using a standardized methodology and collecting comparable data in the eleven participating countries. The study included a representative sample of the general population of each country and took into account the disparities in the health care systems and practices between participating countries. This study used an epidemiological case definition of COPD, inspired from that used in the Confronting COPD international studies,  27  performed in North America and Europe, and the GOLD guidelines for the diagnosis of COPD. 28, 18 he choice of identifying cases from the response to three different questionnaires has the advantage of ensuring a large and representative sample, but can lead to some inaccuracies due to the lack of physician ascertainment in the diagnosis of COPD, and to lack of access to clinical data that can only be provided by a physician, notably spirometry.
The alternative choice of recruiting patients through physicians would have provided the opportunity to collect more complete and precise data, but at the expense of a loss of representativeness of the sample and thus of the comparability of the data between countries. In addition, this choice would have led to the exclusion of individuals with COPD who are undiagnosed or not regularly followed by a physician, which may represent an important segment of the population in certain countries of the study. This study presents certain limitations, most of which are related to the methodology, and have been described in detail elsewhere, and these should be kept in mind when interpreting the data. 13 As previously mentioned, this study collected data from a subject's perspective without any possibility for physician ascertainment.
Acknowledgments This study was initiated and funded by  GlaxoSmithKline  (the study sponsor). The study sponsor designated a scientific committee of respiratory diseases specialists to advise on the design, implementation, and interpretation of the study results. These specialists had full access to all data from the study, could request further analyses, and were actively involved in the preparation of this article. The committee members received financial compensation from the sponsor in return for their participation. Data analyses were delegated by the study sponsor to  MS Health (Rabat, Morocco) , an independent clinical research organization. The study sponsor funded editorial support from a medical writing agency ( Foxymed, Paris, France ) for the preparation of this article. The corresponding author had full access to all the data and had final responsibility for the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
vipers. inaf. it/. We acknowledge the crucial contribution of the  ESO  staff for the management of service observations. In particular, we are deeply grateful to  M. Hilker  for his constant help and support of this program. Italian participation to VIPERS has been funded by  INAF  through  PRIN 2008  and 2010 programs. D. M. gratefully acknowledges financial support of  INAF-OABrera. L. G. , A. J. H. , and B. R. G. acknowledge support of the  European Research Council  through the  Darklight ERC Advanced Research Grant  (# 291521 ). A. P. , K. M. , and J. K. have been supported by the  National Science Centre  (grants  UMO-2012/07/B/ST9/04425  and  UMO-2013/09/D/ST9/04030 ), the  Polish-Swiss Astro  Project (co-financed by a grant from  Switzerland , through the  Swiss Contribution  to the enlarged European Union), and the  European Associated Laboratory Astrophysics Poland-France HECOLS.
K. M. was supported by the  Strategic Young Researcher Overseas Visits Program for Accelerating Brain Circulation  (# R2405 ). O. L. F. acknowledges support of the  European Research Council  through the  EARLY ERC Advanced Research Grant  (# 268107 ). G. D. L. acknowledges financial support from the  European Research Council  under the European Community's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013) / ERC  grant agreement #  202781. W. J. P. and R. T. acknowledge financial support from the  European Research Council  under the European Community's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013) / ERC  grant agreement # 202686. W. J. P. is also grateful for support from the  UK Science and Technology Facilities Council through the grant  ST/I001204/1. E. B. , F. M. and L. M. acknowledge the support from grants  ASI-INAF I/023/12/0  and  PRIN MIUR 2010-2011.
L. M. also acknowledges financial support from  PRIN INAF 2012. Y. M. acknowledges support from  CNRS/INSU (Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers)  and the  Programme National Galaxies et Cosmologie (PNCG). C. M. is grateful for support from specific project funding of the  Institut Universitaire de France  and the  LABEX OCEVU. SdlT acknowledges the support of the  OCEVU Labex  ( ANR-11-LABX-0060 ) and the A* MIDEX  project ( ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ) funded by the " Investissements d'Avenir" French government program  managed by the  ANR.
Main text Ocean Sampling Day OSD is a simultaneous, collaborative, global megasequencing campaign to analyze marine microbial community composition and functional traits on a single day. On June 21st 2014the world's first major OSD eventscientists around the world collected 155 16S/ 18S rRNA amplicon data sets, 150 metagenomes, and a rich set of environmental metadata. Standardized procedures, including a centralized hub for laboratory work and data processing via the Micro B3 Information System (Micro B3-IS), assured a high level of consistency and data interoperability  [4]. Application of the Marine Microbial Biodiversity, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (M2B3) standards ensures sustainable data storage and retrieval in respective domain-specific data archives  [4]. OSD generated the largest standardized data set on marine microbes taken on a single day, which we consider complementary to other large-scale sequencing projects.
The solstice was chosen to test the hypothesis that diversity negatively correlates with day-length  [5]. Data analysis will target three main areas: biodiversity, gene functions, and ecological models. OSD sampling sites are typically located in coastal regions within exclusive economic zones (EEZ). Therefore, the OSD data set provides a unique opportunity to test anthropogenic influences on microbial population ecology. We will perform a multi-level assessment of the human impact on microbial mediated biogeochemical cycles. Questions we would like to answer are: (i) what are the important factors (physical-chemical and biological) in structuring biodiversity patterns and range margins, and (ii) are functions associated with heavy metals, antibiotics or fecal indicators correlated with OSD sites exposed to higher human impact? We are confident that the simultaneous collection of samples will result in the discovery of new ecological patterns providing key information towards understanding environmental vulnerability and resilience.
Open access strategy and sharing of data All OSD data are archived and immediately made openly accessible without an embargo period, following the Fort Lauderdale rules for sharing data  [6]. Sequence and contextual data are publicly available via the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) umbrella study PRJEB5129 and at PANGAEA. A model agreement and OSD Data Policy  [4]  was developed in compliance with the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) for the utilization on genetic resources in a fair and equitable way. An ABS Helpdesk exists to support OSD participants' legal questions. Furthermore, the Mediterranean Science Commission (CIESM) developed the CIESM Charter on ABS, which has been endorsed by 391 scientists from 49 countries (as of April 2015).
Membership and governance OSD membership is open to anyone and is earned by participation. Registered participants are provided with privileged access to the OSD network of sites, as well as training activities. OSD samples are prioritized for all types of data generation (as funds and resources allow). In return, participants agree to provide samples according to OSD's standardized procedures and to work under the umbrella of the OSD Data Policy, which requires open sharing of data and to respect the national legal sampling framework.
OSD partnerships Endorsement of the community and fruitful partnerships are essential. Supported by the Argonne National Laboratory, the generous cooperation with the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP)  [7]  enabled us to perform amplicon sequencing for OSD pilot events; these were conducted on each of the solstices in 2012 and 2013. In return, OSD data is EMP compliant and contributes towards construction of a global catalog of microbial diversity  [7]. Cooperation with the LifeWatch project secured additional 18S rRNA gene sequencing, while Pacific Bioscience contributed sequencing of near-fulllength 16S rRNA gene amplicons and metagenomes from selected OSD sampling sites. Moreover, the partnership with the Smithsonian Institute's Global Genome Initiative for long-term bioarchiving of all OSD samples enables the community to re-analyze the samples in the future.
OSD beyond 2014 The OSD Consortium aims to expand in terms of sites and methods, as well as towards multicellular organisms. Future key tasks are to align closely with the Genomic Observatories (GOs) Network  [8]  towards biocoding the ocean, as well as to secure long-term resources and commitments to create an OSD time-series. The midterm vision of the OSD Consortium is to generate microbial Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBV) data  [9]. The envisioned regular OSD events would qualify for the candidate EBVs "Species populations" and "Community composition" to indicate, for example, vulnerability of ecosystems and climatic impacts on community composition. In the long term such indicators may be incorporated into the Ocean Health Index (OHI)  [10] , which currently excludes microorganisms from biodiversity assessment due to the lack of reliable data.
Conclusions This commentary outlines the process for creating, managing and formalizing the OSD Consortium and describes its vision for a sustainable study of marine microbes. As we move forward, we will continue to explore and expand the scope of OSD beyond 2014. The idea of an OSD time-series is still in its early days but incorporating the OSD data set as EBVs and in the OHI is a strong source of motivation since this could pave the way to prioritize scientific research and raise public awareness for the unseen majority of the world's oceans.
Acknowledgements We wish to acknowledge our extensive range of Micro B3/OSD participants, partners, advisors and supporters who have made the OSD possible. The generosity and tremendous support from our partners and participants has not only enriched the data set but also allowed the  OSD Consortium  to save resources for future OSD activities. We would also like to thank  Sandra Nowack ,  Hilke Döpke ,  Greta Reintjes ,  Timmy Schweer  and the technicians of the  Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology  for their tremendous support with on-site logistics. This work was supported by the  Micro B3  project, which is funded from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP7; Joint Call OCEAN. 2011-2: Marine microbial diversitynew insights into marine ecosystems functioning and its biotechnological potential)  under the grant agreement no  287589.
Families who did not wish to take part could opt-out by 4 telephoning or by writing to the DWP. The field response rate in the first wave of the 5 study at 9 months was documented in the technical report of the MCS1 as 81% (N = 18 6 553). Given the inherent attrition typical in longitudinal studies, the present study 7 included children who had data on conduct problems and expressive language (wave 2 8 and 3) which resulted in N = 14, 004 (75. 5% of the families that were enrolled in wave 9 1). The sample included 7, 049 boys (i. e. , 50. 3%). Demographic characteristics for the 10 entire cohort and those that were included in the present study are presented in Table  1. 11 Attrition analyses were conducted to examine potential differences between the entire 12 cohort and the 14, 004 families included in the current study.
21 All MCS data is publicly available through the UK Data Archive. Stratification 22 procedures for the cohort are documented extensively elsewhere  (Dex & Joshi, 2005). 23 The current study used data collected in the first three waves (i. e. , 9 months, 3 years, and 24 obtained from primary caregivers, typically the mothers. Ethics approval for the primary 1 MCS was obtained from the South West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee and 2 the London Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee. 3.
Limitations of the Present Study 1 Although this study used one of the largest available datasets during early 2 childhood, it is important to acknowledge its limitations. First, there were no behaviour or 3 language measures collected prior to age 3. Given the findings at 3 years of age, it may in 4 fact be possible that these associations were present earlier in the lifecycle. Investigating 5 the associations in the second year of life when conduct problems start to emerge and 6 when children's language is rapidly developing could be a direction for future studies. 7 This would provide additional insight on the issue of directionality from an earlier age. 8 Second, our model could not be extended beyond 5 years of age as wave 4 of the 9 MCS (7 years of age) utilized the word reading scale of the BAS rather than the naming 10 vocabulary scale that was used in waves 2 and 3.
Additionally, these 15 studies should collect measures of parenting behaviours in the first year of life to provide 16 more insight regarding the possible mediating role of parenting behaviours. Finally, the 17 need for experimental studies that are better able to assess causal associations between 18 conduct problems, language development, and parenting are warranted. ESRC Data Archive at Essex is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank the 2 participants and their families for their long-term commitment to this study. We would 3 also like to acknowledge Xuecheng Liu for his statistical expertise. approximately equivalent to having less than a high school diploma in the US education 7 system; O level GCSE grades A-C is an exit qualification from high school taken at  16 8  years of age however does not qualify the holder to attend university; A/AS/S levels is 9 comparable to a high school diploma; Diploma in higher education is approximately 10 equivalent to a two-year college degree; First degree is approximately equivalent to a 11 four-year college degree; Higher degree is approximately equivalent to a 12 graduate/professional degree.
The simulation code is available at: https://github. com/opetchey/ecopredtools. The forecast proficiency started high (the correlation between true and predicted population size was close to 1), and dropped to near zero by at most 30 generations (Fig. 2 ). This is consistent with the chaotic nature of the model (see Box 2). Higher uncertainty in the growth rate r, initial population N 0 or rate of environmental change K_step resulted in an earlier drop in forecast proficiency, compared to when there was low uncertainty. The presence of demographic stochasticity caused early and precipitous drops in forecast proficiency. Effects of uncertainty in r and N 0 interact (Fig. 3 ). For example, high uncertainty in r results in close forecast horizons regardless of uncertainty in N 0 , whereas lower uncertainty in r allows lower uncertainty in N 0 to give farther forecast horizons.
5a ). The forecast horizon was somewhat shorter for taxa with a greater number of trophic links to other organisms (Fig. 5b ). The lowest P-value we were able to generate was 0. 055 for the relationship between forecast horizon and number of trophic links (this value was 0. 09 using size estimates provided by R. Heerkloss. ) The analysis code is available at https://github. com/opetchey/ecopredtools. Generally, longer generation times of larger organisms may partially explain this (albeit non-significant) result, though their generally smaller population sizes should increase the importance of demographic stochasticity, making for nearer forecast horizons. Hence, we do not feel confident, based on verbal arguments, about making a hypothesis regarding the expected relationship between body size and forecast horizon.
Standardised tools Providing a standardised toolbox of methods for estimating and analysing ecological predictability (including via forecast horizons) that are applicable across the diversity of ecological study and data types (e. g. experimental, observational, replicated, unreplicated) would probably be quite useful, and we are working towards developing one. Those interested in contributing should write to the corresponding author or visit our github repository (github. com/opetchey/ecopredtools). Making connections with the numerous dynamical system theory tools that address predictability  (Boffetta et al. 2002 ) is important. Box 2 shows how the forecast horizon is related to the Lyapunov exponent of a time series. Investigating the functional importance of other methods from dynamic systems theory (e.
Many 'good' examples of time series of ecological data were actually collected without any ecological basis (e. g. records of the number of Canada lynx and snowshoe hare pelts traded by Hudson's Bay, fisheries data, etc. which were collected mostly with an economic perspective in mind). Priority setting for which variables and parameters to measure, how to do so in a standardised way, and following explicit information standards (e. g. Darwin Core, www. tdwg. org) and ontologies may thus be of high urgency in ecology. Efforts to make such data readily accessible  (Kattge et al. 2011; Hudson et al. 2014; Salguero-G omez et al. 2015)  in a consistent and freely available form should be redoubled (meteorological data are not only collected in a standardised way, but also made available by National Meteorological Offices)  (Costello et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Andrew Tredennick ,  Katie Horgan ,  Stephen Ellner  and two anonymous reviewers provided comments that were used to improve the manuscript. Elisa Beninc a provided the data from figure 2 of Beninc a et al. (2008) and  Reinhard Heerkloss  provided biovolumes of taxa. Contributions of OLP, MS and BS are supported by the  University of Zurich Research Priority Program on 'Global Change and Biodiversity' (URPP GCB). Contributions of OLP are supported by  SNF  Project  31003A_137921   Predicting  community responses to environmental change and two Tansley Working Groups: FunKey Traits:  Using Key Functional Traits  to develop ecosystem service indicators, and Advancing the ecological foundations of sustainability science. Contributions of FA are supported by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  Grant No  PP00P3_150698.
The wavelength of the incident neutrons was 1. 12 Å with a maximum measured wave-vector transfer of 10. 8 Å -1 thus making the Rietveld renement of the measured data meaningful. As neutrons are weakly interacting with matter the renement gives a result valid for the entire irradiated volume. The experimental resolution was about 1% at Q = 3 Å -1. XRD measurements were for the structural investigation of the base CCFN alloy performed on dierent parts of the ingot. A Co K α source (λ = 1. 7889 and 1. 79825 Å) was used which allowed a wave-vector range up to about Q = 6 Å -1 to be covered. The resolution was about 0. 1% at Q = 3 Å -1. As the covered Q range is small and only 4 diraction peaks were observed in most cases, no renement was performed but the indexing as well as the shape analysis of the measured diraction peaks was carried out manually.
The lattice constant of the fcc phase is a = 3. 611 ± 0. 006 Å while the o-phase is dened with a = 7. 15 ± 0. 01, b = 5. 24 ± 0. 01 and c = 8. 27 ± 0. 01 Å (Table ). The fcc structure of the initial CCFN alloy (a = 3. 580 ) has thus expanded slightly by addition of Sn. The size of the o-lattice coincides almost exactly with the one given for Ni 3 Sn 2 in the JCPDS data sheets. CCFNSn x alloys with x in the range 0 to 0. 5 have been studied by Liu  [18]. An extrapolation to x = 1. 0 yields a lattice constant of about 3. 615 Å in good agreement with the present work. SEM studies of the alloys for x = 0. 5  [18]  and x = 1. 0  [10]  have shown that the microstructures of the ingots were dendritic with Sn-and Ni-rich interdendritic regions.