dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Third postulate: knowledge used and created in organizations includes two main categories of knowledge Within an organization, knowledge consists of, on the one hand, explicit knowledge comprising all tangible elements (we call it "know-how") and, on the other hand, tacit knowledge defined by  [21] , which comprises intangible elements (we call it "skills"). The tangible elements take the shape of formalized knowledge in a physical format (databases, procedures, plans, models, algorithms, and analysis and synthesis documents) or are embedded in automated management systems (conception and production systems) and in products. The intangible elements are inherent to the individuals, either as collective knowledge ("routines"-the logic of individual or collective actions defined by [26]) or as personal knowledge: skills, tricks, trade secrets, knowledge of history and decision-making contexts, and environmental knowledge (customers, competitors, technologies, socioeconomic influences) (see Table  2 ).
It has been taken for granted in the philosophical analysis of language in earlier centuries, but modern positivism has tried to ignore it, on the ground that tacit knowledge was not accessible to objective observation (p. 306). In the technological approach, the KM refers to information systems and databases. Emphasis is placed on the quality of the IT system to create and preserve knowledge in order to create value. Most often, the goal is oriented by the notion of knowledge management system (KMS). For instance, let us quote the definition  [29] : "Knowledge management systems refer to a class of information systems applied to managing organizational knowledge. That is, they are IT-based systems developed to support and enhance the organizational processes of knowledge creation, storage, retrieval, transfer, and application.
In this case, the train user may have to stand during all or part of the journey. A pivot Bayesian efficient design was implemented  [24]. A priori weights of attributes were taken from the literature and adjusted during the pilot tests. The percentage of respondents who chose the train alternative was 29. 6%, while 21% chose the coach alternative and 49. 4% chose the car alternative. Respondents had to answer to four choice questions leading to a database with 6,373 observations since a few respondents did not answer all four questions. Eventually, the alternative-specific variables (ω j ) j=1,2,3 are the travel time, travel cost and comfort as well as the cross-variable Time × Comfort, which is equal to travel time when a seat is guaranteed and equal to zero otherwise. The individual variables x are related to socio-economic characteristics (age and income), spatial characteristics (% of the origin and destination municipalities in a high density area), journey characteristics (train, coach or car user for the reference trip, frequency of the trip, and so on) and general mobility indicators (access to a car and frequency of use of alternative modes to the car).
Conclusion Usual economic outputs (VoT, TEC, marginal effects and elasticities) have been theoretically described for the family of reference models. Reference models allow the analyst to derive economic outputs with formulas generalizing those derived with the MNL. For the particular case of the reference model using the logistic cdf, the formulas are those described in the literature; see Appendices C and D. Estimations of references models on a real dataset describing travel mode choices show that the MNL is outperformed by other reference models. The choice of an appropriate cdf, in particular when the data contain high unobserved heterogeneity. The heterogeneous results observed between cdfs, and in particular the differences in results between the MNL and the best performing reference models, have operational impacts.
First, depending on the chosen cdf, practitioners will not retain the same variables as leverage of public policies. Second, economic outputs, like willingness-to-pay indicators or elasticities, are routinely used in economic models such as cost-benefit analyses or demand forecasting models, which are, in turn, used to derive public policies. A first avenue for future research is to select the best cdf. On our dataset, the Student cdf is one of the two best cdfs for all three designs and is the more robust to unobserved heterogeneity. Using both individual and alternative specific variables, the Gumbel cdf provides good results because of its asymmetric shape. It would therefore be interesting to test the non-central Student distribution, defined with two parameters: one for the heavy/thin tails and the other for the asymmetry.
using cross-validation to select the best cdf. More generally, future research should test reference models on SP, RP and Montecarlo simulated datasets to investigate the performance of the models in different contexts. A second avenue concerns the choice of the reference alternative. A change of the reference alternative would impact the model fit. Modeler has to test combinations of cdfs and reference alternatives to find the best model fit. Invariance properties under permutations of response categories are studied in [14]. Furthermore, evidence from the economic literature shows that the alternatives chosen as a reference by the decision-makers are certainly not homogeneous across the population [37]. It would thus be relevant to use a model in which different groups of people would have different reference alternatives.
Figure. 3: Loglikelihood of (reference, Studentν , Z (i) ) models for ν ∈ (0, 20] (blue points), (reference, normal, Z (i) ) model (blue horizontal line) and (reference, logistic, Z (i) ) model (dark horizontal line) on the real dataset with (A) i = 1, (B) i=2 and (C) i = 3.
Figure. 3 : 3 Figure. 3: Loglikelihood of (reference, Studentν , Z (i) ) models for ν ∈ (0, 20] (blue points), (reference, normal, Z (i) ) model (blue horizontal line) and (reference, logistic, Z (i) ) model (dark horizontal line) on the real dataset with (A) i = 1, (B) i=2 and (C) i = 3.
, 2015). This paper scrutinizes how the form of berries and pips they contain covariate. A dataset of domesticated and wild contemporary grapevines allowed to compare patterns of covariation between these two, wild and domestic, Vitis vinifera compartments. This article is divided into four questions: i) how does size (co)vary between pips and berries, and depending on the number of pips?; ii) how does shape (co)vary between pips and berries and depending on the number of pips per berry?; iii) how much pip shape depends on berry size, number of pips per berry, status, accession, and which practical consequences for archaeobotanical studies? iv) can we infer the dimensions of the berry dimensions from the (recovered archaeological) pips?.
Statistical environment Statistical analyses were performed using the R 3. 6. 2 environment  [46] , the package Momocs 1. 3. 0 for everything morphometrics  (Bonhomme et al. , 2014)  and the tidyverse 1. 2. 1 packages for data manipulation and most graphics  [48]. Alpha significance level was chosen equal to 10 - 5 all along analyses. This level both ensure marked differences for subsequent archaeobotanical application and an overall alpha level below 0. 05 when repeated tests were done (i. e. , a Bonferroni correction).
Traditional measurements On modern material, the berry diameter (berryDiameter), height (berryHeight) and mass (berryMass) were obtained before dissection (Table  1 ). Mass was not available for 9 accessions that were removed from further analyses involving mass. Then, the number of pips (hereafter "piposity") was recorded and one pip was randomly chosen. A single berry from the variety "Kravi tzitzi" was found with 5 pips and was discarded from further analyses. The final dataset thus consisted of 1469 pips (48 accessions × 30 pips + 1×29). All pips, archaeological and modern, were photographed in dorsal and lateral views by the same operator (TP) using an Olympus SZ-ET stereomicroscope and an Olympus DP camera. On each pip, five length measurements were manually recorded by the same operator (LB) and using ImageJ  (Rasband, 2008 , Table  1 , Figure  1 ): total length (pipLength), length of stalk (pipLengthStalk), position of the chalaza (pipPositionChalaza), breadth (pipBreadth) and thickness (pipThickness).
Testing the covariation between pip and berry shapes in relation to the piposity For pips, shapes data were extracted from the dorsal and lateral outlines. 2D coordinates were extracted from photographs, centred, scaled, aligned along their longer axis (using the variance-covariance matrix of their coordinates) and normalized for the position of their first point before elliptical Fourier transforms (EFT). These preliminary steps removed positional, size, rotation and phasing differences between outlines and EFT could then be used without numerical normalization  [50]. EFT were performed on the dorsal and lateral views separately, and the number of harmonics was chosen to gather 99% of the total harmonic power (8 for both views). This generated 64 coefficients for each pip (2 views × 8 harmonics per view × 4 coefficients per harmonic).
Acknowledgements This study is funded by  ANR  project " Vignes et vins en France du Néolithique au Moyen Âge. Approche intégrée en archéosciences" (PI: Laurent Bouby) and supported by the  OSU-OREME  (https://oreme. org/)that helped to the constitution of the wild grape pip collection. We are grateful to the  INRA Vassal-Montpellier grapevine collection (Marseillan-Plage, France)  that.
Formalizing and creating are therefore indivisible (de Kermadec, 2001); "patent style" formalization is particularly suited to the inventive approach. Pierre Breesé and Yann de Kermadec confirm that reinvention is highly expensive and a record of the company's creations should be kept. Using an innovation-base (that is, a knowledge base dedicated to innovation products and processes) allows ideas to be saved so that they can be used at the right time, as well as avoiding reinvention, and identifying problems, solutions and the people to contact. It contains innovation files, innovation memos, patents, files of inventions that have not been retained, and so on (Breesé and de  Kermadec, 2004). In this way, the link between industrial property and innovation is shown in the fact that databases of invention patents are unrivaled and often exclusive sources of technological and scientific information, presented according to powerful formalism, methodologically speaking.
In agribusiness, the sheep industry was selected as a result of the segment experiencing crises and, recently, seeking a differential in its agglomeration strategy. Because of this, the segment is particularly interesting to analyze and for understanding how to develop the innovation capability of clusters. Thus, we chose the following two clusters: the growing cluster of Sisteron, in southern France, and the emerging cluster of Alto do Camaquã, in southern Brazil. Data were collected between 2015 and 2016 using desk research, based on data collected on the internet and provided by actors in the clusters (for example, strategic plans and reports on the sector), non-participant observation, in four sector events and in on-site visits to organizations belonging to the clusters, and 32 semi-structured interviews with sheep industry experts from Brazil and France, representatives of public and research institutions, universities, associations, cooperative, government, distributors, merchants, and rural producers in both countries, lasting approximately 45 minutes each.
Hence, because of their social mission they categorised as social enterprises  (Dess, 2017; Christie & Honig, 2006). On this basis, the empirical research was made of three phases: 1. A deskbased analysis of the existing news related to social enterprises in Ghana; 2. Data collection by a face-to-face survey; 3. Hypotheses testing through the three-way Anova method. The first and second phases were conducted with the help of two master students from Ghana, studying at the department of Management at the University of Sapienza in Rome, Italy. The desk analysis is based on a search of online academic studies and reports on social enterprises in Ghana. The platforms used where Google search, Google Scholar, and online European and Ghanaian media. For instance, we noticed that the British council has released a social enterprise program to help people in Ghana and so a few pieces of research were developed by them.
Data collection The second phase concerns the data collection activities which were advanced by the preparation of a questionnaire composed of 26 close-ended questions, divided by 6 ancillary questions (e. g. gender, age, business sector, business size, and among others) and 20 topicbased ones  (Bryman, 2006). The latter lasted a month (id est September) and each question was measured on a 7 Likert -scale. Alongside, the questionnaire was split up in four macro-topics: 1. Entrepreneurial Characteristics; 2. Social entrepreneurship, 3. Entrepreneurial ecosystem, and 4. Innovation The questionnaire was administrated face-to-face. All participants were asked to reading the questions carefully, in order to check the understanding of each single question. Before answering the questionnaire, each participant was introduced to the research scope and asked for signing a document for data protection.
The taxonomic status of all species of the genus Leptospira, as well as 90 strains isolated from the natural environment across a wide geographic range, was evaluated by comparative genomics. Our results reveal that the genus Leptospira now contains 64 named species, including species from a new subclade that is sister to the one that contains the traditional saprophytic species. We propose a new systematic classification scheme of Leptospira species to replace the former one that heavily rely on assumption based on virulence level that is often uncharacterized. The high resolution of the dataset used in this study allowed us to investigate the specificities of each clade and to demonstrate significant divergence in pathogenic strains. We have also been able to point a dichotomy in these pathogenic species that is corroborated by different genomic characters.
Whole-genome sequencing In this study, the DNA of a total of 90 Leptospira strains were sequenced (S1 Table ), including the type strain L. idonii Eri-1 T  [13] , whose genome sequence was not available. Genomic DNA was prepared by centrifugation of exponential-phase cultures and extraction with MagNA Pure 96 Instrument (Roche). Next-generation sequencing was performed by the Mutualized Platform for Microbiology (P2M) at Institut Pasteur, using the Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation kit (Illumina), the NextSeq 500 sequencing systems (Illumina), and the CLC Genomics Workbench 9 software (Qiagen) for de novo assemblies. The draft genomes with 50x minimum coverage were used for subsequent analysis and they were submitted to GenBank; accession numbers are available in S1 Table. The genomic DNA of L.
Phylogenetic analyses A delineation of the species for the genome sequences was performed by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) using pyani version 0. 2. 7 (https://github. com/widdowquinn/pyani). Subsequently, one genome per species was chosen and added to reference genomes available in GenBank, in order to compose a dataset of 64 genomes of Leptospira. The genome sequences of Turneriella parva DSM 2152 (GenBank Assembly # GCA_000266885. 1) and Leptonema illini DSM 21528 (GenBank Assembly # GCA_000243335. 1) were added as outgroup for phylogenetic analysis. All 66 genomic sequences were annotated with Prokka version 1. 12  [18]. The orthology between the coding sequences has been inferred with GET_HOMOLOGUES version 20092018 using the COG and OMCL algorithms  [19]. Sequences of 1371 orthologous genes that are in single copy and in the softcore (present in at least 95% of genomes) were codon aligned using MAFFT version 7.
The 16S rRNA sequences of the 66 genomes (including the outgroups), those of strains detected in the environment of the Peruvian Amazon  [26]  and insectivorous bats from eastern China  [27]  were aligned and positions of low confidence level masked using SSU-ALIGN version 0. 1. 1 (http://eddylab. org/software/ssu-align). The best-fit model was determined and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis with 10,000 ultrafast bootstraps was performed with the same tool with IQ-TREE version 1. 6. 7.
Using a ANI cutoff of 95% generally used as the metrics to delineate bacterial species  [35] , we established the existence of 64 different species of Leptospira. These species include 34 previously described species, 4 new species from Japan  (Masuzawa et   ) and one new species (Leptospira tipperaryensis sp. nov. ) which was previously wrongly assigned to L. alstonii (strain GWTS#1 T ) based on the 16S rRNA and secY genes  [33, 34]. Only one representative strain of each of the 64 Leptospira species was retained for further analysis. The names and the descriptions of origins of these new species are indicated below. Given our curated database, we assessed the taxonomic assignation of genome sequences already available in GenBank with our corresponding reference strains (S1 File). In doing so, we could easily detect misclassifications of strains (such as for some L.
dzianensis of Dziani, a lake in Mayotte. The type strain is M12A T , isolated from a water sample in Dziani, Description of Leptospira semungkisensis sp. nov. : se. mung. kis. en'sis. N. L. fem. adj. semungkisensis of Semungkis, a river in the Hulu Langat district of Selangor state, Malaysia. The type strain is SSS9 T , isolated from a soil sample in Sungai Congkak, Malaysia. Genome Accession Number is RQEP00000000. The genomic G+C content of the type strain is 42. 8%. Belonging to the subclade P2. Description of Leptospira langatensis sp. nov. : lan. gat. en'sis. N. L. fem. adj. langatensis of the district of Langat, Malaysia. The type strain is SSW18 T , isolated from a water sample in Sungai Congkak, Malaysia. Genome Accession Number is RQER00000000. The genomic G+C content of the type strain is 44.
8%. Belonging to the subclade P2. Description of Leptospira selangorensis sp. nov. : se. lan. gor. en'sis. N. L. fem. adj. selangorensis of the state of Selangor, Malaysia. The type strain is SSW17 T , isolated from a water sample in Sungai Congkak, Malaysia. Genome Accession Number is RQES00000000. The genomic G +C content of the type strain is 40. 0%. Belonging to the subclade P2. Description of Leptospira ognonensis sp. nov. : og. non. en'sis. N. L. fem. adj. ognonensis of Ognon, river in France. The type strain is 201702476 T , isolated from a water sample in the region Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, France. Genome Accession Number is RQHS00000000. The genomic G+C content of the type strain is 39. 7%. Belonging to the subclade S2. Description of Leptospira ilyithenensis sp. nov. : il. yi. then.
en'sis. N. L. fem. adj. ilyithenensis of Ilyithen, a village located in Algeria. The type strain is 201400974 T , isolated from a water sample in Ilyithen, a village located in the Djurdjura mountains, Algeria. Genome Accession Number is RQHV00000000. The genomic G+C content of the type strain is 40. 5%. Belonging to the subclade S2. Description of Leptospira kobayashii sp. nov. : ko. ba. ya'shi. i. N. L. gen. n. kobayashii of Kobayashi, named in honor of Yuzuru Kobayashi, a Japanese physician and microbiologist who introduced monoclonal antibodies for the classification of Leptospira. The type strain is E30 T , isolated from a soil sample in Gifu, Japan  [17]. Genome Accession Number is BFBA00000000. The genomic G+C content of the type strain is 40. 7%. Belonging to the subclade S2. Description of Leptospira ryugenii sp.
nov. : ru. ge'ni. i. N. L. gen. n. ryugenii of Ryugen, nicknamed in honor of Yasutake Yanagihara, a Japanese microbiologist, University of Shizuoka, who contributed to the chemotaxonomy and study of Leptospira. The type strain is YH101 T , isolated from a water sample in Shizuoka, Japan  [17]. Genome Accession Number is BFBB00000000. The genomic G+C content of the type strain is 39. 9%. Belonging to the subclade S2. Description of Leptospira bandrabouensis sp. nov. : ban. dra. bou. a. en'sis. N. L. fem. adj. bandrabouaensis of Bandraboua, a commune in Mayotte. The type strain is M10A T , isolated from a water sample in Bandraboua, Mayotte. Genome Accession Number is RQHT00000000. The genomic G+C content of the type strain is 37. 9%. Belonging to the subclade S1. Description of Leptospira noumeaensis sp.
nov. : nou. me. a. en'sis. N. L. fem. adj. noumeaensis of Noumea, the capital city of New Caledonia. The type strain is PZF14-4 T , isolated from a water sample in Noumea, South Province of New Caledonia. Genome Accession Number is RQFK00000000. The genomic G+C content of the type strain is 38. 3%. Belonging to the subclade S1. Description of Leptospira jelokensis sp. nov. : je. lok. en'sis. N. L. fem. adj. Jelokensis of Jelok, a housing area in Kajang from where the strain was isolated. The type strain is L5S1 T , isolated from a soil sample in Sungai Jelok, Malaysia. Genome Accession Number is RQGR00000000. The genomic G+C content of the type strain is 38. 9%. Belonging to the subclade S1. Description of Leptospira bourretii sp. nov. : N. L. gen. n. bourretii of Bourret, named in honor of Henri DesireGaston Bourret (1875-1917), a medical doctor and microbiologist who genome has led us to verify the gene distribution for the different groups (Fig  3 ).
The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing has changed our view of bacterial taxonomy. This is particularly true for fastidious bacteria such as Leptospira. With the increase in available sequences, genome-wide comparisons can be highly discriminative allowing precise taxonomic classification. Among the various in silico genome-to-genome comparison methods studied, the ANI, AAI, and POCP values were shown to yield good correlation with phylogenetic studies and the traditional DNA-DNA hybridization values  [35, 37, 41, 42]. If possible, suspected new species genome must be sequenced and ANI could be calculated to our curated species database publicly available (http://fveyrier. profs. inrs. ca/Download/Dataset. zip). This method clearly avoids misidentification of species (as demonstrated in this study by using the NCBI public database) and can enable the identification of new species (cut-off >95%).
Acknowledgments We thank  Vincent Enouf  and the team of core facility  P2M  ( Institut Pasteur, Mutualized Platform for Microbiology ) for genomic sequencing. We also thank  Nathalie Armatys ,  Celine Lorioux ,  Farida Zinini ,  Dominique Girault  and  Marie-Estelle Soupe-Gilbert  for technical assistance with the cultures of Leptospira,  Sabine Henry ,  Geoffroy Liegeon ,  Marie-Estelle Soupe-Gilbert  and  Emilie Bierque  for environmental sampling,  Robert Gaultney  for animal experiments, and  Chantal Bizet  from the  Collection of Institut Pasteur (CIP)  for providing reference strains. We are also grateful to  Prof. Aharon Oren  for revising the names of novel Leptospira species and  Jarlath Nally  for the name of L. tipperaryensis.
This work was supported in part by a  donation from Foundation MSD  to the ' PIBnet' programme of Institut Pasteur , by  Public Health France (SPF) , by  Institut Pasteur  through grant  PTR 30-2017  and by the  Malaysia Ministry of Education  through  Long-Term Research Grant Scheme  ( LRGS Phase 2/2014 ,  UPM/700-2/7/ LRGS/5526400 ). This work was part of the PhD thesis of O. S. who received financial support from " UniversiteParis Diderot " and " Sorbonne Paris Cite ". ATV received a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. FJV is a research scholar of the  Fonds de Recherche du Quebec-Sante  ´. The funders had no role in the design, conduct or conclusions of the study.