dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
By design  (Charchar et al. 2012; Garnier et al. 2013) , the CTS dataset was composed of individuals affected with coronary artery disease and healthy individuals. Even though we cannot exclude that this may have introduced additional heterogeneity in the study sample, it is important to emphasize that the trans effect observed at PARK2 rs192840963 is present both in healthy and diseased individuals (Table  S9 ). Finally, our results were mainly derived from a comprehensive epidemiological investigation of large-scale and well-powered genomic/transcriptomic resources. It was not possible to replicate the statistical associations/correlations we observed in macrophages, as there are no other human epidemiological resources available that are similar to CTS resources. This is an important point, especially for the trans association observed at the lead PARK2 SNP that was imputed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the  Transatlantic Networks of Excellence Award  ( 12CVD02 ) from  Foundation Leducq  (M. C. , Y. B. , M. C. , O. F. , J. L. M. B, F. C. , AJ. L, DA. T) and  National Institutes of Health  ( K99HL121172 ) (M. C. ). The CTS was supported by the European Project (reference  LSHM-CT-2006-037593 ). Statistical analyses were performed using the C2BIG computing cluster, funded by the  Région Ile de France, Pierre and Marie Curie University , and the  Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition  ( ANR-10-IAHU-05 ). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author contributions: F. C. , A. J. L. , and D. A. T. conceived the study design. V. C. , Y. B. , M. C. , O. F. , and J. L. M. B. contributed to data processing and bioinformatics analyses.
The translational flow is poor. Animal models may mimic human disease by histological lesion but rarely by pathomechanism. Animal data poorly predict clinical trial outcomes. At times where other fields establish personalized and precision medicine kidney disease entities remain largely categorized based on histopathological lesions or a combination of unspecific biomarkers that do not allow stratifying patients to treatments that target specific pathological mechanisms. Immune-mediated kidney diseases are mostly rare diseases but few multinational trial networks exist to conduct meaningful randomized controlled trials. There is a paucity of national registries and open access databases on the epidemiology, phenotype, and renal care data of kidney disease patients. No consistent workup on race/ethnicity differences of disease phenotypes, pharmacogenetics, and treatment outcomes.
However, the spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor fostamatinib strongly inhibits macrophage activation and is currently being trialed in IgA nephropathy (NCT02112838), whereas cell therapy with regulatory macrophages is being explored in living donor kidney transplant recipients (The ONE Study). Another example of target optimization relates to the complement system, where the role of local extravascular synthesis of complement components contributing to renal transplant injury has led to site-specific targeting with clinically ready reagents. 16, 46, 47 rget Validation in Preclinical Disease Models.
Replacing steroids may be a better strategy, especially for drugs with overlapping mechanism of action to steroid treatment. Some renal diseases qualify for trial designs other than randomized controlled trial (RCT). Several alternative options exist including cross-over designs and even n ¼ 1 trials. As immune-mediated kidney diseases are mostly rare diseases, forming multinational trial networks will be essential to conduct meaningful RCTs. Endorse national or international registries and open access databases on the epidemiology, phenotype, and renal care of kidney disease patients. Endorse studies on race/ethnicity differences of disease phenotypes, pharmacogenetics, and treatment outcomes. The genetic basis of adult kidney disease needs to be explored. A quantitative biomarker of nephron number is needed to define nephron loss from the number present at birth, during disease or as a structural comparative endpoint for clinical trials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the  International Society of Nephrology  for hosting the Nexus meeting and the industry sponsors for their unrestricted educational support. The study was supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement No. 668036  (RELENT). This report was further supported by the  EU   7FP  project  REDDSTAR  (No. 305736 ) and the  HORI-ZON2020  project  NEPHSTROM  (No. 634086 ). The views expressed here are the responsibility of the author(s) only. The  EU Commission  takes no responsibility for any use made of the information set out. Alberto Fierro, Chile, was supported by " Fondecyt regular 1120731. ".
Module data acquisition The electronics of the MCs are split in two: the "underground electronics" installed in each buried module and additional "surface electronics" at the SD station common to all of the modules of the MC. Both are powered by solar panels (fig. 2 ). The surface electronics are comprised of the interface with the SD electronics (trigger and muon data transfer), the wireless communication to the Observatory CDAS (Central Data Acqui-sition System), the network switch to communicate with the modules of the MC, and the power regulator of the photovoltaic system. The underground electronics include the PMT, the analog front-end, a digital board with an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and memories, and a micro-controller board for interface, data transmission and slow control.
AMIGA sample event The MC modules are currently acquiring and transmitting data to the CDAS. A first analysis of an event demonstrating the capability of the MCs to count muons and measure their arrival times is shown in fig. 15. This event corresponds to a 8 × 10 17 eV shower arriving with a zenith angle of 19 • where the shower core landed within the UC. The event occurred while the UC was under construction and six MCs participated in the event. At the time four MCs had a detection area of 10 m 2 , one 45 m 2 , and one 60 m 2. The number of reconstructed muons per MC was 16, 2, 1, 0, 43 and 28 respectively. The MC with zero muons was also considered in the fit to the lateral distribution function of muons (blue downwards arrow). This event shows the quality performance of the module design and the data reconstruction used for muon counting.
Acknowledgments The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the  Pierre Auger Observatory  would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargüe. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Comisión  Nacional de Energía Atómica, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) ,  Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) ,  Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza ,  Municipalidad de Malargüe ,  NDM Holdings  and  Valle Las Leñas , in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the  Australian Research Council ;  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ,  Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) ,  Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ,  São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)  Grants No.
2010/07359-6  and No. 1999/05404-3 ,  Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil ; Grant No. MSMT-CR LG13007 , No. 7AMB14AR005 , and the  Czech Science Foundation  Grant No. 14-17501S ,  Czech Republic ;  Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS ,  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ,  Conseil Régional Ile-de-France ,  Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire  ( PNC-IN2P3/CNRS ),  Département Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ,  Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP)  Grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 , within the  Investissements d'Avenir Programme  Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 , France;  Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) ,  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) ,  Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg ,  Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) ,  Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) ,  Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung ,  Nordrhein Westfalen ,  Ministerium für Wissenschaft ,.
Improved line positions and intensities have been generated for the 7. 6 µm spectral region of nitric acid. They were obtained relying on a recent reinvestigation of the nitric acid band system at 7. 6 µm and comparisons of HNO 3 volume mixing ratio profiles retrieved from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) limb emission radiances in the 11 and 7. 6 µm domains. This has led to an improved database called MIPAS-2015. Comparisons with available laboratory information (individual line intensities, integrated absorption cross sections, and absorption cross sections) show that MIPAS-2015 provides an improved description of the 7. 6 µm region of nitric acid. This study should help to improve HNO 3 satellite retrievals by allowing measurements to be performed simultaneously in the 11 and 7.
, 2009; Laraia et al. , 2009)  revisited this linelist. The updated linelist thus produced and validated  (Tran et al. , 2009)  is implemented in the HITRAN  (Rothman et al. , 2009 (Rothman et al. , , 2013) )  and GEISA  (Jacquinet-Husson et al. , 2011)  databases. It will be called MIPAS-OLD in the following. The integrated absorption cross sections of the 11, 7. 6, and 5. 8 µm regions are in the ratios I (11 µm)/I (7. 6 µm)/I (5. 8 µm) = 1. 00/2. 1/2. 4  (Chackerian et al. , 2003). Although 2 times weaker than the bands Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. A. Perrin et al. : New HNO 3 line parameters at 7. 6 µm observed in the two other ranges, the 11 µm band system is however of particular atmospheric interest since (i) it coincides with a rather clear atmospheric window and (ii) the corresponding line parameters are of good quality.
At 11 µm, the MIPAS-OLD linelist indeed includes not only the ν 5 and 2ν 9 cold bands for the H 14 N 16 O 3 and H 15 N 16 O 3 isotopic species (see  Perrin et al. , 2004, 2006 and references therein) , but also the ν 5 + ν 9 -ν 9 , 3ν 9 -ν 9 , ν 5 + ν 7 -ν 7 , and ν 5 + ν 6 -ν 6 hot bands of H 14 N 16 O 3  (Flaud et al. , 2003; Mencaraglia et al. , 2006; Gomez et al. , 2009). The line broadening coefficients were calculated using a semi-classical approach  (Gomez et al. , 2009; Laraia et al. , 2009). The MIPAS-OLD database then provides an excellent description of the nitric acid spectrum at 11 µm  (Tran et al. , 2009) , and is used for HNO 3 retrievals by numerous satellite or balloon-borne instruments  (Irie et al. , 2006; Raspollini et al. , 2006 Raspollini et al. , , 2013;; Wang et al.
, 2009). The HNO 3 linelist at 7. 6 µm of the MIPAS-OLD database was completely replaced by the new linelist, leading to the socalled MIPAS-2015 linelist. The remainder of MIPAS-OLD was left unchanged. 3 Using MIPAS radiances, an absolute intensity calibration was performed to "convert" the relative line intensities at 7. 6 µm to absolute intensities. More precisely, this was done by comparing HNO 3 VMR retrieved from MIPAS radiances using the MIPAS-2015 linelist in either the 7. 6 or the 11 µm regions. A multiplicative factor was applied to all the line intensities at 7. 6 µm so that in the height range of the HNO 3 VMR peak (∼ 21-24 km), the VMR retrieved using the 7. 6 µm interval matches that retrieved using the 11 µm region. The retrieval algorithm used for the tests presented in this work is the so-called optimized retrieval model (ORM) version 7.
This effect is however noticeable only at high altitudes. In the troposphere or lower stratosphere the presence of H 2 O emission lines in the 7. 6 µm region masks the signal from HNO 3. As a term of comparison, to better highlight the achieved improvements, in Fig. 2  we show the results of a test analogous to that of Fig. 1 , but using the MIPAS-OLD line database. We see that in this case the agreement between the HNO 3 VMR retrieved from the 11 and 7. 6 µm regions is not better than 8-10 %. Beyond the better consistency between the two HNO 3 band systems at 11 and 7. 6 µm, the new HNO 3 linelist at 7. 6 µm allows a much more accurate simulation of the MIPAS-observed spectra. The average normalized chisquare value of the inversion fit with the MWs selected in the 7. 6 µm region changes from the value of 1.
In fact such improvements are due, on the one hand to the fact that thanks to an improved theoretical model which accounts for the resonance effects, the cold bands are much better modeled, and on the other hand to the inclusion of the hot band ν 3 + ν 9 -ν 9 (see Table  3  and Fig. 5 ). More precisely, Table  3  compares the information available for the 7. 6 µm region of HNO 3 in the MIPAS-OLD and MIPAS-2015 databases. It shows that the new database includes lines from four weak bands (2ν 6 , ν 5 +ν 9 , ν 7 +ν 8 and 3ν 9 ) together with those from the ν 3 and ν 4 bands which were already present in MIPAS-  OLD: this is because the theoretical model used in 2013  (Perrin, 2013)  to generate the linelist is more sophisticated than in 1993  (Perrin et al. , 1993). NB is the number of lines; σ min and σ max (cm -1 ) give the wavenumber range of the bands; S min and S max are the smallest and largest line intensity in cm -1 (molecule cm 2 ) -1 at 296 K; S tot is the sum of the line intensities in cm -1 (molecule cm 2 ) -1 at 296 K.
Individual line intensities at 7. 6 µm To the best of our knowledge, individual line intensities have been measured in the 7. 6 µm region of the HNO 3 spectrum in only two contributions  (May and Webster, 1989; Perrin et al. , 1993). Laboratory measurements of individual line intensities are indeed rather difficult for HNO 3 since the line widths (γ Voigt ∼ 0. 002 cm -1 in laboratory conditions usually used for this unstable species (296 K and 0. 3 hPa)) are of the same order of magnitude as the separation of adjacent lines (from 0. 002 to 0. 010 cm -1 ), resulting in a lot of blended lines. Intensities measured for blended lines being most probably characterized by a reduced precision, the comparison between line intensities reported in these two studies and those included in the MIPAS-2015 database was limited to wellidentified and unblended lines.
Integrated band intensities As measured integrated band intensities include the contributions of hot bands and bands from isotopologues other than H 14 N 16 O 3 , comparison of the experimental integrated band intensities with the sum of the individual line intensities listed in the MIPAS databases require use of the following expression (see Appendix A of  Flaud et al. , 2006 and Rotger et al. , 2008) : S band (T ) ≈ Z vib (T ) I a k S k , (1) where S k is the intensity of line k in the MIPAS database accounting for the isotopic abundance, Z vib (T ) is the vibrational partition function of H 14 N 16 O 3 (Z vib (296 K) = 1. 29952) and I a = 0. 989 is its isotopic abundance. The summation in Eq. (  1 ) runs over all the lines of all the cold bands listed in Table  3. In Table  5 , the integrated band intensities calculated using MIPAS-OLD and MIPAS-2015 with Eq.
Absorption cross sections We also performed direct comparisons with the experimental absorption cross sections available in the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) library  (Sharpe et al. , 2004). Figure  7  compares the PNNL experimental absorption cross sections at 7. 6 µm with absorption cross sections calculated at the same conditions using MIPAS-2015 and MIPAS-OLD (assuming that the N 2 -broadening coefficients are the same as the air-broadening coefficients provided in these databases). Figure  7  shows that the agreement is significantly   Giver et al. (1984)  2. 57 (13) 5. 15 (16) 2. 00 (16)  Massie et al. (1985)  1. 98 (30) 3. 72 (56) 1. 88 (57)  Hjorth et al. (1987)  2. 21 (33) 4. 29 (60) 1. 94 (78)  Chackerian et al. (2003)  2. 424 (65) 5. 09 (18) 2. 10 (13) PNNL 1 ,  Sharpe et al.
(2004)  2. 538 (  85  All the intensities are given in 10 -17 cm -1 (molecule cm 2 ) -1 at T = 296 K, 7. 6 µm/11 µm R= 7. 6 µm S band (296 K)/ 11 µm S band (296 K). better with MIPAS-2015. In particular, the improvement is really significant at 1331. 1, 1341. 1, and 1343. 8 cm -1 ; this is because the contribution of the ν 3 + ν 9 -ν 9 hot band and of the ν 7 + ν 8 and ν 5 + ν 9 dark bands are correctly accounted for in the new database.
Conclusions An improved set of line positions and intensities called MIPAS-2015 has been generated for the 7. 6 µm spectral region of nitric acid. They were obtained relying on a recent reinvestigation of the nitric acid band system at 7. 6 µm and on comparisons of HNO 3 volume mixing ratio profiles retrieved from the MIPAS limb emission radiances in the 11 and 7. 6 µm domains. Comparisons with available laboratory information (individual line intensities, integrated absorption cross sections, and absorption cross sections) showed the improvement brought by the new database MIPAS-2015 as compared to the old one clearly.
Acknowledgements. Validation studies involving MIPAS measurements are supported by the  ESA  ESRIN contract no. 4000112093/14/LG. Financial support from the  CNRS-INSU (Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers)  of the CNRS through the  Les enveloppes fluides et l'Environnement de Chimie Atmospheìrique (LEFE-CHAT) program , and from the  CNES (Centre National de la Recherche Spatiale, France)  through the project  IASI-TOSCA  are acknowledged. Part of this work was also supported by the  GDRIHiResMir (Groupement de Recherche International HiResMir  High resolution microwave, infrared and Raman molecular spectroscopy for atmospheric, planetological and astrophysical applications). J. Vander Auwera  is senior research associate with the  F. R. S. -FNRS. Edited by:  J. Notholt.
Sediment cores Sediment cores MD09-3257 (04 • 14. 69 S, 36 • 21. 18 W; 2344 m water depth) and MD09-3256Q (03 • 32. 81 S, 35 • 23. 11 W; 3537 m water depth) were recovered from the Brazilian margin during R/V Marion Dufresne cruise MD173/RETRO3 (Fig. 1 ). Improved recovery of deep-sea sediments with no or little deformation of sediment layers was achieved during this coring cruise thanks to the systematic use of the CINEMA software  (Bourillet et al. , 2007; Woerther and Bourillet, 2005). This software computes the amplitude and duration of the elastic recoil of the aramid cable and the piston displacement throughout the coring phase, accounting for the length of the cable (water depth) and total weight of the coring system. The length of the coring cable is indeed of primary importance regarding the deformation rate of the Calypso long piston cores  (Bourillet et al.
1 K, 0. 15 ms -1 , and 0. 1 • respectively. The capacitor-type humidity sensor of M10 GPS sondes produces humidity measurements with resolution and total instrumental error of 1 and ±5 % respectively. Global positioning system radio occultation (GPS-RO) measurements are obtained from CDAAC (COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center). About 120 vertical temperature profiles at altitudes from 2 to 40 km at longitudes of 20 Measurements have a high accuracy for temperatures < 1 K at heights between 5 and 25 km and vertical resolution varying from about 0. 5 km in the lower stratosphere (LS) to 1. 4 km at 40 km heights in the middle atmosphere  (Kursinski et al. , 1997; Kuleshov et al. , 2016). Because GW fluctuations in both wet and dry temperature profiles might be biased by the effect of water vapour at heights below 10 km, the study focuses on heights above 10 km.
Acknowledgements. The  LOAC  project was funded by the  French National Research Agency's ANR ECOTECH. The LOAC and the gondola were built by the  Environnement-SA and Meteo Modem companies. The balloon flights of the ChArMEx campaign were funded and performed by the  French Space Agency CNES. The ozone and LOAC sondes used in the campaign were funded with the support of  CNES , ADEME, and  INSU-CNRS  in the framework of the  MISTRALS Programme. This scientific work was financially supported by the  French Labex VOLTAIRE (Laboratoire d'Excellence   ANR-10-LABX-100-01 ) and the  French  project , StraDyVariUS   ANR-13-BS06-0011-01. The satellite images were provided by  Météo-France/Centre de Météorologie Spatiale.
Data consisted of the annual antibody titers and the location of the mares (towns). Seroconversion was defined as a change in antibody titer from negative to at least 32 or a three-fold increase. The number of seroconversions was counted for each town and modeled using an unilist zero-truncated binomial (ZTB) capture-recapture model with R software. The binomial denominator was the number of horses tested in each infected town. From 2006 to 2013, 239 cases of seroconversion located in 177 towns (outbreaks) were identified. During this period, the number of outbreaks in breeding stock was estimated at 1,482 (CI 95% 1,257-1,815) using the ZTB model. Consequently, it is estimated that over 1,000 outbreaks were not detected and the surveillance sensitivity at the town level was estimated around 12% (CI 95% 10%-14%).
This study revealed a significant number of outbreaks in breeding stock. However, the surveillance sensitivity seems underestimated, especially due to lack of details related to the holdings, such as the number of at risk contacts or their precise address (the holdings list was not available and several holdings may be located within the same town). Nevertheless, the sensitivity could certainly be improved by including more breeding horses in the active surveillance. This study is the first in France to estimate the EVA incidence in breeding stock and to assess quantitatively the surveillance sensitivity. Moreover, the rules for identification of seroconversion defined in this study may be used to analyze other EVA surveillance datasets based on serology, such as testing before sales or international trade, and even compulsory or voluntary passive surveillance.
The new Equinella is based on a user-friendly web-based platform (functional since November 2013) and allows registered veterinarians to report symptoms and equine diseases either using computers or portable devices. Participants benefit from various non-monetary incentives: access to a table and interactive map of all incoming, anonymized reports, a monthly newsletter and a mobile phone text message service to alarm them in case of an outbreak. Furthermore, they can contact and draw from the expertise of the Equinella specialists team and attend one free professional development course per year. Outdoor smartphones were provided to those interested. To facilitate and standardize data collection veterinarians can choose clinical symptoms or diseases from pre-defined checklists. Data on the equid and the holding are collected (no unique identifiers required to preserve anonymity).
S. Navy's South Florida Testing Facility (SFTF), an established lidar calibration range located in the coastal waters southeast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. A second mission was conducted over Lang Bank, St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. The EAARL-B survey was spatially and temporally coincident with multibeam sonar surveys conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ship Nancy Foster. The NOAA depth data range from 10-100 m, whereas the EAARL-B captured data from 0-41 m. Coefficients derived from the SFTF calibration mission were used to correct the EAARL-B data from both missions. The resulting calibrated EAARL-B data were then compared with the original reference dataset, a jet-ski-based single beam sonar dataset from the SFTF site, and the deeper NOAA data from St.