dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
TEM observations highlighted that the powder consists in rosary-like hard agglomerates made of well-crystalized 50-80 nm nanoparticles (Fig. 2 ). All the synthesized powders exhibit the same morphology, whatever the Dy doping level. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was performed with a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer in Bragg-Brentano θ-θ geometry with a CuKα source (λ Kα 1 = 1. 54056 Å, λ Kα 2 = 1. 54439 Å). Powder patterns were collected in the 2θ range 8-120 • with a 0. 02 • step. High temperature XRD was performed using an Anton Paar HTK 1200 N furnace. Rietveld analysis was performed using the FullProf Suite software  [21].
Thanks to its physical mode of action, RT-activated NBTXR3 (NBTXR3+RT) is expected to be effective in all types of solid tumors. NBTXR3 can therefore lead to either better efficacy with the same radiation dose  [2] [3] [4]  or similar efficacy than RT with a lower radiation dose. Antitumor efficacy of NBTXR3 +RT was demonstrated in a subset of tumors in preclinical settings,  2, 4  and more recently demonstrated clinically meaningful benefit for patients with locally advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma compared to RT alone, in the randomized controlled Phase II/III Act. in. Sarc study (NCT02379845). 5 ] [8] [9]  In this article, we sought to demonstrate that NBTXR3 could be used to effectively treat any type of solid tumor, using a large panel of human tumors originating from different organs/tissues.
Statistical Analysis For the clonogenic assays, the studies have been independently repeated at least three times. Results are expressed as mean of surviving fraction (SF) ± SD. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. For in vivo CDDP experimentation, tumor growth curve was analyzed using mixed linear modeling (MLM), performed with R statistics software. GraphPad Prism 7. 04 software was used to perform statistical analyzes. Significance was defined at the level of p<0. 05.
These promising results are now tested in a Phase I clinical trial to treat patients too frail to receive chemoradiotherapy with CDDP, and eligible only for RT (NCT02901483). Remarkably, in vitro and in vivo results of CDDP+NBTXR3+RT show that this combination improved the efficacy of CDDP+RT. This suggests that patients usually treated with this chemoradiotherapy could benefit from the addition of NBTXR3 in their treatment. These results also open up interesting new perspectives concerning the combination of NBTXR3 with other chemoradiotherapies, such as, g, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitors (PARPi)  25  or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). 26 BTXR3 activated by RT may also be valuable in combinations with other therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors like anti-PD-1. Indeed, we recently showed in immunocompetent mice that NBTXR3 activated by RT was able to induce an antitumor immune response, producing an abscopal effect.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge financial support from the  EPSRC and Winton Program for the Physics of Sustainability. R. P. additionally thanks the  EPSRC  for a  Doctoral Prize Fellowship ,  Andrew Musser  ( Cornell University, USA ) for useful initial discussions, and  Lily Russell-Jones (London School of Economics ) and  Matthew Storer  (London), for support during the preparation of this manuscript. R. P. also thanks  Alexander J. Sneyd  ( Cambridge ) for invaluable discussions on annihilation modelling.
Such interactions created both active and less active phases for catalytic deN 2 O depending on the amount of Nd 3? addition. To the best of our knowledge, there are only a few reports regarding the application of mixed metal oxides containing REE introduced during the coprecipitation step. The present study aims at providing a broad picture of the effects of different REE (R = Nd, Pr, Ce) on the physicochemical properties of R/M/Al mixed oxides (M = Cu, Co, Ni). A series of catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation of mixed nitrate precursors of R 3? , M 2? , and Al 3? (R 3? /M 2? /Al 3? = 0. 5/0. 8/0. 2 molar ratio) followed by a calcination step, characterization, and testing for N 2 O decomposition. A thorough evaluation of XRD data was performed to understand the main interactions of each REE with M and Al, and quantify the phase fraction of different polyphasic samples.
Acknowledgements  P. H. Ho  acknowledges the  SINCHEM Grant  for financial support of  Ph. D. research fellowship. SINCHEM is a  Joint Doctorate program  selected under the  Erasmus Mundus Action 1 Program  ( FPA 2013-0037 ). Funded by the  Federal Ministry of Education and Research  ( BMBF FKZ 13XP5042A ) and the  Excellence Initiative  of the German federal and state governments in the frame of the  Center for Automotive Catalytic Systems Aachen (ACA)  at  RWTH Aachen University.
contributed an article in which they demonstrate the transferability of friction riveting from dedicated laboratory equipment to modified simple drilling machines using a commercially available off-the-shelf motor for achieving relatively high rotational speeds, and thus sufficient energy for rivet tip deformation and anchoring. They showed that this technique can be performed with an easy-to-achieve modification and low-cost machinery  [8]. The present Special Issue also benefits from some reports dealing with simulation and modeling studies. In one study, Bassyouni et al. evaluated the effect of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the performance of glass fiber (GF)reinforced polypropylene (PP) for wind turbine blades. In this study, simulation and analysis are performed with the Ansys computer package to gain insight into the durability of polypropylene-chopped E-glass for application in turbine blades under aerodynamic, gravitational, and centrifugal loads.
This result is consistent with low temperature extrapolations of previous data  [45]  (such a low testing temperature was not explored by the authors). The thickness of the layer formed successively after nitridation and oxidation was also measured by SEM. It is important to precise that no distinction could be made by SEM between the outer layer formed by oxidation and a possible residual nitrided layer which would not have been oxidized. Yet, the resulting complex Si-C-N-O layer was clearly discernable from the unreacted substrate, as were the nitrided and oxidized layers formed independently. No real benefit of the nitridation on the oxidation behavior was evidenced in the case of the Tyranno ZMI fiber: after the ammonia treatments, the layer formed by oxidation at the surface of the Tyranno ZMI was equivalent in thickness to the original nitrided layer.
Acknowledgements This work was funded by  Safran Propulsion System (now Safran Ceramics)  and the  National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS). The carbon foams were kindly provided by the French alternative energies and atomic energy commission (CEA),  Le Ripault. The author is indebted to  M. Placide ,  M. Lalanne  and  N. Capelle , for their participation in the experiments, and gratefully acknowledges  H. Plaisantin ,  S. Mazerat  and  F. Langlais  for fruitful discussions.
MRI pre-processing CEST images were first processed pixel-by-pixel and analyzed using in-house programs developed on MATLAB software (MathWorks Inc. , Natick, MA) used to generate Z-spectra by plotting the longitudinal magnetization as a function of saturation frequency. The specific glutamate contribution was isolated using Asymmetrical Magnetization Transfer Ratio (MTRasym)  (Liu et al. , 2010)  and was calculated as follows: MTRasym(Δω) = 100 × (Msat(-Δω) -Msat(+Δω)) / Msat(-5 ppm), Msat(±Δω) being the magnetization acquired with saturation pulse applied at '+' or '-' Δω ppm. GluCEST images were calculated with Δω centered at ± 3 ppm. GluCEST image was converted into NIfTI-1 format. Anatomical images were exported as DICOM files then converted into NIfTI-1 format. Then spatial pre-processing was performed using the python module sammba-mri (SmAll MaMmals BrAin MRI; http://sammba-mri.
github. io) (Celestine et al. , 2020)  which, using nipype for pipelining  (Gorgolewski et al. , 2011) , leverages AFNI  (Cox, 1996)  for most steps and RATS  (Oguz et al. , 2014)  for brain extraction. Anatomical images were mutually registered to create a study template, which was further registered to a high-resolution anatomical mouse lemur template of the functional atlas  (Garin et al. , 2021). Then, gluCEST image were brought into the same space of the mouse lemur template by successive application of the individual anatomical to study template and study template to mouse lemur atlas transforms.
Data availability The template and atlas used in this study maps are available for download in NIfTI-1 format at https://www. nitrc. org/projects/mouselemuratlas. The code developed to create and manipulate the template has been refined into general procedures for registering small mammal brain MR images, available within a python module sammba-mri (SmAll-maMMals BrAin MRI; https://sammba-mri. github. io). MR images used in this study can be made available upon request after signing a data sharing agreement required by authors' institution.
Stochastic method via PKA spectrum As explained in Section 2, for a given neutron flux, the DPA rate can be calculated by folding the neutron flux with damage cross section or by generating PKA spectra. PKA spectrum is an implicit function of the neutron flux spectrum, the TMC technique is used in this subsection to determine the covariance matrix of PKA spectrum. The results shown in this subsection are all based on the neutron flux from the ENDF/B-VII. 1 PFNS. Fig. 5  shows the PKA spectra calculated with SPECTRA-PKA calculations using TENDL-2015  [32]  nuclear data library. 56 Fe PKA is predominant and the contribution of 53 Cr PKA becomes important at high PKA energy. The 2. 3 keV minimum 57 Fe PKA energy is determined by the 1. 77 keV neutron kick by a 0. 1 MeV neutron and the 0. 55 keV photon kick.
11  are replaced by +1 and -1 for extreme considerations. The uncertainties of DPA rate propagated from nuclear reaction models are very close for NRT and ARC models because of the quasiidentical covariance matrices propagated from nuclear reaction model parameters. The two extreme considerations by replacing correlations between the two regions by +1 and -1 imply that the potential deviation of the DPA rate uncertainty propagated from nuclear model parameters is within 0. 3% for the present consideration. However, neglecting the correlation matrix of damage cross section reduces the uncertainty from nuclear model parameters by a factor of 2. As shown by the data given in Table  3 , the uncertainty from the damage cross section in the RRR (i. e. <0. 85 MeV) has a negligible contribution to the uncertainty of total DPA rate for the presently studied case.
92 for E d uncertainty higher than 5%). This implies that using Eq. (20)  gives DPA rate uncertainty closer to the exact value than directly using the uncertainty of σ DPA if the complete correlation matrix of σ DPA propagated from DPA model is not available. 6  and Table  7  show that the DPA rate is very sensitive to E d. Compared with the large uncertainty of 20% for E d , the contribution of the uncertainties from nuclear data and DPA model is much less important for both NRT and ARC models. However, if the relative uncertainty for E d is reduced to 10%, the contribution from other uncertainty sources is considerable. Using the value of 41 ± 2 eV obtained in Ref. [40] , the uncertainty from E d has a negligible contribution to the total uncertainty. Therefore, the best choice or the recommendation for estimating the uncertainty of DPA rate calculation should be the determination of the uncertainty of damage energy rate 〈σ D , ϕ〉, then the combined total uncertainty is calculated for each reasonable uncertainty of E d via Eq.
S1 ) A full description of the contrast mechanisms in our experimental geometry for DFXM are described in full elsewhere  (31). We used a radiation furnace to evenly heat our sample, as described in Yildirim, et al. (40). Initially the sample was heated from room temperature to 633 °C over ~10 hours. The experiments presented in this work focused on the end of this heating path, during which the temperature was increased by ~2 °C increments (in ~5 seconds) followed by realignment and subsequent data acquisition for 2-5 minutes. Each image was collected over 100-ms integration times, acquired at the 4-Hz frame rate of the camera, with all elements of the microscope and sample remaining stationary. All images were collected with the motor positions and background subtractions from data collected during the experiment.
Fitting the calibrated datasets to a line, we then computed the corresponding temperatures at T ≥ 0. 94 Tm by computing each DEPow from this fit line (Fig. S4 ). By fitting the deviations from the fitted data with a Gaussian distribution, we estimate that this adds ± 0. 1% uncertainty to the temperatures given in this work. We verified that these measured temperatures are consistent with the melting temperature at 660 °C.
Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the  U. S. Department of Energy  by  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  under Contract  DE-AC52-07NA27344. We also acknowledge the  Lawrence Fellowship , which funded much of the work in this work. GW and HFP acknowledge support from the  ESS  lighthouse on hard materials in 3D, SOLID, funded by the  Danish Agency for Science and Higher Education , grant number  8144-00002B , and a grant from the  European Research Council  " The Physics of Metal Plasticity ", grant number  ERC-2019-ADV-885022. This manuscript has been authored in part by  Mission Support  and  Test Services , LLC, under Contract No. DE-NA0003624  with the  U. S. Department of Energy  and supported by the  Site-Directed Research and Development Program, U. S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration.
4 M Tris pH 7. 4. Slides were incubated for 45 min at 37 °C, three with 5 U Fpg (Invitrogen, prepared in 100 μL Fpg buffer) and three in Fpg buffer. DNA was allowed to unwind for 30 min in electrophoresis buffer (300 mM NaOH, 1 mM EDTA, pH >13) and electrophoresis was performed at 0. 7 V cm -1 and 300 mA for 30 min. Slides were then neutralized in 0. 4 M Tris pH 7. 4 and stained with ethidium bromide (20 mg mL -1 ; Life Technologies). As a positive control, 50 μM H 2 O 2 was deposited onto the agarose layer containing the cells and incubated for 5 min on ice. As a positive control for comet-Fpg, A549 cells were exposed to 1 μM riboflavin for 20 min at 37 °C, followed by UVA irradiation (10 J cm -2 ). Fifty comets were analyzed per slide using Comet IV software (Perceptive Instruments, Suffolk, UK).
Cq was determined using Mx-Pro 3. 20 software with default settings. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 18S ribosomal 1 (S18) and cyclophilin B (CycloB) were chosen as reference genes for normalization and validated using BestKeeper. 37 All primer sequences are indicated in Table  S3. † mRNA expression analysis, normalization and statistical analysis were performed with REST 2009 software  38  using the ΔΔCq method and a pairwise fixed reallocation randomization test. PCR efficiencies were experimentally verified for compliance using a mix of all samples, with a quality criterion of 2 ± 0. 3.
Cell cycle analysis After exposure (10 6 cells per condition), cells were harvested and rinsed in PBS containing 2 mM EDTA (PBS-EDTA), then fixed in ice-cold 70% ethanol for 30 min and washed with PBS-EDTA. Cells were suspended in PBS-EDTA containing 25 μg mL -1 propidium iodide (Life Technologies) and 25 μg mL -1 RNAse A (Sigma-Aldrich). A minimum of 20 000 events per condition was measured by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur, BD Biosciences, Franklin Lanes, NJ, USA) equipped with CXP software (Beckman Coulter Inc. , Pasadena, CA, USA). Cell cycle data were fitted using Flowing Software 2. 5. 1 (http:// www. flowingsoftware. com/). The experiment was reproduced three times, with three technical replicates per experiment.
Statistical analyses All experiments were performed at least three times. Statistical tests were run using the Statistica 7. 1 software (Statsoft, Chicago, IL, USA). As normality assumptions for valid parametric analyses were not satisfied, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance. When significance was demonstrated, paired comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U tests. Results were considered statistically significant (*) when the P value was <0. 05.
Impact of acute exposure to Ag-NPs on DNA repair processes The impact of Ag-NPs on the capacity of A549 cells to repair damaged DNA was then assessed using a multiplexed array, as previously for TiO 2 -NPs. 29, 39 This array measures the repair efficiency for five DNA lesions, repaired either by BER (8oxoG, AbaS, Etheno and Glycols) or by NER (CPD-64). Data were normalized for the total fluorescence detected on the arrays in order to reveal whether a specific repair pathway played a more extensive role when compared to the overall cellular DNA repair activity. Results are presented as a heat map, with blue boxes representing reduced DNA repair activity and red boxes corresponding to increased activity. Following acute exposure to both Ag-NPs, the overall fluorescence intensity decreased, indicating that the cells' capacity to repair DNA lesions by both BER and NER pathways was decreased (Fig.
Conductivity Measurements Proton conductivity analyses were measured via impedance spectroscopy on a Solartron 1260 + 1287 impedance analyzer. The powder samples of compound 1 were pressed into a wafer on a tablet machine under 10 GPa. Both sides of the obtained tablet sample were coated with silver glue and stuck with silver wire for the proton conductivity analyses. Impedance data of these samples were collected in water with temperatures ranging from 23 • C-90 • C, performed in a water bath. The ranges of the applied frequency and alternating current voltage were from 10 Hz to 1 MHz and 300-500 mV, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the test was completed within 40 minutes because the silver glue on both surfaces of the tablet sample would be warped if immersed in water for a long time.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) TEM was used to determine the size and shape of the AgNPs in the colloidal silver suspensions. Samples were prepared by depositing a drop of the colloidal suspension onto a carbon-coated copper grid and allowing it to air-dry at room temperature. TEM images were obtained using a Hitachi H-9000 NAR (300 kV, Scherzer resolution 0. 18 nm; Tokyo, Japan) coupled to an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX, Kevex; Valencia, CA, USA) to confirm the presence of silver. Images representative of 10 different locations and 580 particles on the grid were processed using the program Image J (National Institutes of Health) to determine the shape and size distribution of the nanoparticles.
Acquired libraries were filtered against non-exposed samples to filter out all spectra non-related to AgNPs or Ag colloids using a spectral angle mapper (SAM) algorithm with a 0. 05-radian tolerance. Filtered libraries were mapped onto images of exposed samples using SAM with a 0. 05-radian tolerance, which allows highlighting similarities between the spectra in the image and spectral library. The signature of AgNPs and/or Ag colloids was artificially red-tagged using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). One sample for each condition was used for image analysis.
, 2012; Gao et al. , 2017)  (Figure  1C ). As observed in TEM images, the AgNPs were spherical (Figure  1A ), with a diameter between 4 and 31 nm (Figure  1B ). Their mean diameter was 12. 0 ± 4. 1 nm, while the hydrodynamic size distribution was multimodal, with a large peak between 10 and 300 nm and a diameter at the maximum peak of 79 nm (Table  S1  and Figure  1D ). The zeta potential at the intrinsic pH of the Mesosilver™ suspension (pH=7. 3) was -30. 1 ± 4. 8 mV. The AgC suspension was uncoloured and exclusively composed of ionic silver with no AgNPs observed by TEM or UV-vis spectroscopy (data not shown). The modifications that occurred to the AgNPs, present in the Mesosilver™ suspension and diluted to a concentration of 3 µg/mL in the cell culture medium, containing or not 2% (v/v) FBS, were regularly monitored for a 48-h contact period (Figure  S2 ).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  T. Lesuffleur  ( INSERM U938, Paris, France ) for her generous gift of the HT29-MTX cells, and  Anne Fernandez-Vidal  ( University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France ) for helpful discussions. The authors also thank  Jelena Lorvic  for fruitful scientific collaboration,  Carole La  and  Marion Rivoal  from the  Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique (LPG ,  UMR 6112 ) for help to perform the  ICP-MS  and  Eric Gautron  from the  Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (Nantes, France ) for performing the TEM measurements.
A variable ND filter set the laser power at 250 µW at the sample surface to prevent local heating. The scattered light from the sample, collected by means of a 100X Mitutoyo objective, was detected by a cooled ANDOR iDus CCD Camera. Spectra from several random positions on each specimen were recorded to investigate its spatial homogeneity. The collected spectra were averaged to have a reliable picture of the entire sample. XPS analysis was conducted with a Physical Electronics GMBH PHI 5800-01 spectrometer, equipped with a monochromatic Al-K α source (1486. 6 eV) with a power beam of 300 W. The C 1s peak at 284. 5 eV was assumed as reference for binding energies. Further details on the instrumentation and experimental data processing can be found elsewhere  [36, 37, 39, 42]. The XAS spectra were collected at the Fe and Ge K-edges (7112 and 11,103 eV, respectively) at the XAFS beamline  [43]  operating at the Elettra synchrotron radiation facility in Trieste, Italy.
For the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis, the raw spectra were first background subtracted using a straight line and normalized to unit absorption above 800 eV, where the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) oscillations are no more visible. The EXAFS data analysis at the Ge K-edge was performed employing the Excurve code using a k2 weighing scheme and isolating the χ(k) signal given by the first shell through Fourier filtering, using a Gaussian window between 0. 7 and 2. 4 Å. A PND pattern of the Fe 2 O 3 :Ge NFs was collected at RT in a vanadium sample holder on the high intensity D20 diffractometer at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, France, with the use of 1. 54 Å wavelength, in the 0-150 • angular range, using the highresolution option with a takeoff angle of 90 •.
PND data were analyzed on the base of the phases identified by XRD, XAS and MRS; hence, to properly fit the pattern, the hematite and maghemite structures were introduced. The final Rietveld refinement is presented in Figure  5. With respect to the XRD pattern, the neutron data showed strong extra reflections (e. g. , 17°-26° range, 51° in Figure  5 ) associated to the magnetic structure of hematite  [90] ; this magnetic structure was introduced and considered in the refinement as an independent magnetic phase  [91]. As the maghemite phase, cubic (S. G. Fd3m and P4332) and tetragonal (S. G. P41212) polymorphs had been reported in order to account for the ordering of the Fe vacancies  [92]. A preliminary Le Bail fit, considering the different maghemite polymorphs, led to identification of the Fd3m phase as the one able to properly account for most of the observed reflections.
Acknowledgments: Financial support from the  Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)  through  PRIN  project  2017MCEEY4 ,  TRUST  (towards sustainable, high-performing, all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries) is thankfully acknowledged. The Authors gratefully thank for beam time provision both ELETTRA synchrotron radiation facility (exp. 20195497) and ILL (https://doi. org/10. 5291/ILLDATA. EASY-641 ).