dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
First, test and training data should be kept as independent as possible, potentially keeping the test data inaccessible to the researchers making the prediction (e. g. by using a database). The modelers can later submit predictions that are compared against the test data by an independent party. To keep test and training data independent, they should naturally be kept separated in time, but should also ideally be obtained from different locations and scenarios in order to properly test the model's general applicability beyond its calibration data-also known as transferability  (Wenger and Olden, 2012). This is the rationale behind the use of 'space-for-time' substitution in forest succession modeling, in which predictive models are calibrated for new forests, run for time periods of hundreds of years, and subsequently tested for their ability to predict nearby old growth forests.
How should we report predictions? Anticipatory predictions are rarely formulated and even less frequently checked in hindsight, even when predictions are reported to government agencies on a regular basis. This is surprising, as predictions could easily be checked, as soon as new data becomes available. Hence, we suggest to make predictions in the first place so we have something to compare with when new data become available. A good example is  Glaser et al. (2014) , who used hindcasts to test the predictive proficiency of their model but also provide an anticipatory prediction for the next year, for which data was not yet available. A rigorous assessment of proficiency would require us to collect the predictions (ideally for a number of steps into the future) in a database with specific information about the model and data used.
Whereas databases with population dynamic data (e. g. , Global Population Dynamics Database, GPDB) and stock assessments (RAM legacy database) are available, we are not aware of databases that store model predictions and thereby allow the quantification of predictive proficiency. One could perform model inter-comparisons to evaluate their proficiency or rely on ensemble forecasts to study the consistency of different model types (e. g. statistical versus mechanistic). This may help to quantitatively disentangle whether certain ecological levels of organization, processes or organism properties are related to predictive success. A major difficulty in comparing predictive proficiency across fields was the great diversity in how predictive proficiency was reported. A diversity of measures was used across studies, including correlation coefficients between predictions and observations, different measures of error (the absolute or relative difference between predictions and observations) as well as whether observations fell within the confidence bounds of predictions.
For example, during the 2001 foot and mouth outbreak, comparisons with previous outbreak, particularly the large outbreak in 1967, and past interventions, were made. Only after application of the outside view, predictions are modified according to particular characteristics of the specific problem at hand (the inside view). As for quantitative models, assessment of predictive proficiency is an essential feedback to experts, especially when operating in groups that share evidence on which forecasts are based. Assembling empirical evidence (outside view) in advance of needing it for a particular policy decision has been termed "solution scanning" and explicitly involves decision makers  (Sutherland et al. , 2014). All of the previous points share similarities with systematic reviews in medicine and evidencebased conservation, which require careful assessment by experts to compile the evidence, assess potential confounding factors, and make these available in forms of databases that are frequently updated (http://www.
Acknowledgements We thank  Jennifer Dunne ,  Alan Hastings  and  Andrew Morozov  for the opportunity to participate in the current topic workshop on " Predictabilty, Uncertainty and Sensitivity in Ecology: Mathematical challenges and ecological applications " hosted by the  Mathematical Biosciences Institute (MBI ), Columbus, Ohio 26 th to 30 th of October 2015. We thank  Henri Laurie ,  Thomas M. Massie ,  David Nerini  and  Paulo Tilles  and the other workshop participants for discussion and stimulating talks at the MBI, Columbus, Ohio as well as three reviewers whose comments have led to a much improved manuscript. FP and OLP were financially supported by  Swiss National Science Foundation  Grant  31003A_159498. DLD was supported by the  USGS 's  Greater Everglades Priority Ecosystem Research program.
Data collection Because the published studies were not fully comparable, a standardized questionnaire was sent to the principal investigators of eligible studies asking them to extract from their database the distribution of survivors and non-survivors at each time point (in ICU, in hospital, at 6 months after discharge from ICU) for 249 variables. To avoid any heterogeneity in the answers, qualitative variables were defined if necessary, and units of each quantitative variable were given in the questionnaire. Quantitative variables were presented as intervals or cutoffs, according to their clinical relevance. The queries were focused on (1) characteristics of the center (primary/tertiary, having or not a liver transplantation program, a dedicated Hepatology department, TIPS being or not routinely performed) and of the ICU (general or specialized for liver diseases, involved or not in the postoperative follow-up after liver transplantation, strategies for limitation of life-sustaining treatments being available or not), number of ICU admissions per year, and proportion of cirrhotic patients; (2) period of inclusion; (3) baseline patient characteristics (age, sex, history of cirrhosis, main reason for admission in ICU, clinical and biological characteristics); (4) biological and clinical characteristics during ICU stay; (5) therapeutics used during ICU stay (required or not on admission); (  6 ) prognostic scores including Child-Pugh and MELD scores, SOFA and its variation between baseline and day 3, modified SOFA (mSOFA), CLIF-SOFA, APACHE-II, and number of non-hematologic organ failures.
Study characteristics We selected 30 studies published between January 01, 2004, and March 31, 2014, including 6030 patients. Nine authors (ten studies) could not be contacted  [15, [24] [25] [26] [27]  or did not answer  [16, 20, [28] [29] [30] ; three authors (five studies) agreed to participate but did not return the questionnaire  [13, 17, [31] [32] [33] ; two authors had no longer access to the database  [9, 34]. Finally, we received 11 answers, covering 13 studies (2523 patients, Table  1 ; Additional file 1: Figure  S1 )  [2, 3, 5-8, 10, 35-40]. Studies from Jenq et al. [37, 38]  and from Levesque et al. [2, 3]  were grouped for avoiding double-counting patients in the meta-analyses.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration  grant  EP/K03197X/1 , the  Medical Research Council  (under the  Developmental Pathway Funding Scheme  grant number  MR/J014702 ). The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme   FP7 2012  under grant agreement No. 326465  (A. M. -F). Data used within this publication can be accessed at http://dx. doi. org/10. 7488/ds/2006.
If the authors aim to fill the gap between civil engineering and avalanche engineering with this paper, I expect both sides to be represented at least equally. Two of the authors of this paper published an article in NHESS in 2010 where avalanche dynamics has been much more detailed. Especially, we described from a literature review the different data available (in situ measurements) regarding dense and powder avalanche impacts on structures. The reader can refer to this article to get more information. However, to address this comment, we added a specific paragraph (2. Avalanche dynamics) to present few aspects of how to describe an avalanche in term of pressure fields. We think that adding another substantial part, which would expose all the features of avalanche dynamics in more details would transform the paper in a too large document without adding a significant gain.
Information on home address in 1996 was collected at re-contact for 2891 (74%) subjects; 2646 (92%) of these could be geocoded. To evaluate the potential for selection bias in the study, we conducted analyses comparing study participants to non-participants in terms of four ecological variables derived from census tract data in 2006 for the address at recruitment. The percentage of subjects living in areas with a greater proportion of recent immigrants within the previous 5 years were 5. 2% and 6. 0%, for participants and nonparticipants, respectively. Corresponding values were 6. 6% and 7. 2% for higher unemployment rate, 19. 6% and 20. 5% of adults without a high school diploma, and 22. 9% and 25. 3% for the lowest quintile of household income. These observations suggest that there were small differences between participants and non-participants, with non-participants showing slightly less favourable socio-economic indicators.
Exposure assessment A land use regression model  (Weichenthal et al. , 2016)  was used to estimate ambient concentrations of UFPs at participants' residences across the island of Montreal. Briefly, this model was derived from data collected during a mobile monitoring campaign conducted between 2011 and 2012, and it included information from 414 road segments across Montreal. Model parameters included variables for park space  (200-meter buffer) , open space (100-meter buffer), local roads (100meter buffer), length of rail (100-meter buffer), and annual NOx emissions (100-meter buffer) as well as parameters for long-term average temperature and wind speed in Montreal. The R 2 value from the land-use regression model was 0. 62 and the cross-validation R 2 was 0. 60. This model was used to assign UFP exposures to geocoded addresses or centroids of six-character postal codes.
Acknowledgements Analyses for this study were funded by  Health Canada. Dr. Weichenthal received support from a  GRePEC salary award  funded by the  Cancer Research Society , the  Quebec Ministry of Economy, Science and Innovation, and FRQS (Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Santé ). The prostate cancer study was funded through grants from the  Canadian Cancer Society  (grant numbers  13149 , 19500, 19864 and 19865) and the  Cancer Research Society  in partnership with the  FRQS and the Ministère de l′enseignement supérieur, recherche, science et technologie du Québec. Marie-Élise Parent  held a career award from the  FRQS.
7 Specifically, in a study of elderly hospitalized patients,  7  subcutaneous infusion of nutrition was noninferior to IV infusion in the occurrence of major local side effects. In addition, subcutaneous infusion was better tolerated and had similar clinical outcomes compared with IV infusion. 7 iven the findings from the aforementioned clinical trial and that subcutaneous infusion appears to be underrecognized and underused in some settings,  1  we performed a review of the literature on subcutaneous infusion of fluids for hydration or nutrition. MEDLINE, Embase, and Biosis databases were searched (inception to March 23, 2016) using the terms hypodermoclysis, clysis, and subcutaneous fluid. Articles describing subcutaneous infusion for hydration or nutrition were included, whereas those describing results from nonhuman studies or subcutaneous infusion of drugs were excluded.
Methods Twenty-seven young competitive players (age: 11. 4 ± 1. 1 years; height: 149 ± 7 cm; mass: 38. 2 ± 5. 8 kg, tennis weekly exposure: 8 ± 2 h; years of practice: 6 ± 2 years) were volunteered to participate in this study (IRB 00009118). A written consent was signed by the legal guardian. Players performed bilaterally two arm elevations with the thumb pointing up in the scapular plan. i. e. 30° anterior to the frontal plan. During this motion, the scapular and humeral kinematic data were collected using an electromagnetic device (100 Hz; Trackstar, Ascension Technology Corporation, Chicago, Ill), with six sensors of six degrees-of-freedom each. Five sensors were located on incisura jugularis, flat portion of the right and left acromion, and distal portion of the right and left humerus.
A sixth sensor within a stylus was used to digitalize bony landmarks (T8, processus xiphoideus, C7, incisura jugularis, scapular angulus acromialis, trigonum scapulae, angulus inferior, humeral medial and lateral epicondyle)  (Wu et al. , 2005). These bony landmarks were then used to convert the sensor system of coordinates to an anatomic one. The glenohumeral joint center was estimated with functional method during circumvolutions  (Wu et al. , 2005). Raw kinematic data were filtered with a low-pass 4th-order Butterworth filter at 10 Hz. With the Euler angle decompositions, the humerus relative to the scapula rotation sequence (glenohumeral elevation angle, plane of glenohumeral elevation and glenohumeral internal/external rotation) was calculated with the YXY rotation sequence, while the scapular orientation relative to the thorax was determined with the YX'Z'' rotation sequence.
The scapulohumeral rhythm was the ratio between the glenohumeral elevation and the upward scapular rotation. The SHR was calculated at 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, during rising of the arm; and at 120°, 90°, 60°, and 30° during lowering of the arm. At each position, the SHR of the dominant and the nondominant sides were compared with a paired t-test using SPSS 11. 0. (SPSS Science Inc. , Chicago, IL). After the application of the Bonferroni correction, the level of significance was set at p ≤ 0. 006 (p = 0. 05/8).
The work of XD is supported in part by the EPSRC grant EP/J010790/1. ML's research is financed by the Swedish Research Council (VR) under grant number 2016-03873. The work of EES, made within the Labex Ilp (reference Anr-10-Labx-63), was supported by French state funds managed by the Agence nationale de la recherche, as part of the programme Investissements d'avenir under the reference Anr-11-Idex-0004-02. This is a pre-print of an article published in Communications in Mathematical Physics. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi. org/10. 1007/s00220-017-3013-8. Let α be a two form (possibly with values in some bundle) ϕ (α ∧ ϕ) = -(α ψ) ψ = 2 α + α ψ , (A. 20) ψ (α ∧ ψ) = (α ϕ) ϕ = 3 π 7 (α) = α + α ψ , (A. 21) (α ϕ) ψ = 1 2 α a d ϕ bcd dx abc. (A. 22) Let α be a two form in Λ 2 14 (Y ) (possibly with values in some bundle).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Anthony Ashmore ,  Andreas Braun ,  Philip Candelas ,  Marc-Antoine Fiset ,  Mario García-Fernández ,  Chris Hull ,  Spiro Karigiannis ,  Ulf Lindström ,  Jock McOrist ,  Ruben Minasian ,  George Papadopoulos ,  Michela Petrini ,  Brent Pym ,  Carlos Shahbazi  and  Carl Tipler  for interesting discussions. ML and XD thank the  Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics (MITP)  for hospitality when part of this work was completed. ML also acknowledges partial support from the  COST Short Term Scientific Mission   MP1210-32976 , and thanks  Oxford University  for hospitality. EES thanks the  CERN short visitor program , and the  CERN Theory Group  for hospitality when part of this work was completed.
Methods Dissections were performed as in  Lafontaine (2004). Morphological, including genitalia, terminology follows  Kristensen (2003). Genitalia and abdomens, when not slide mounted, are preserved in glycerol filled microvials. Specimens from the following collections were examined: Figures were manipulated with Adobe Photoshop CS4 (Adobe 2008). Male genitalia are figured in natural color with CS4 "auto color" used to improve white backgrounds when necessary. The map was built with SimpleMappr (Shorthouse 2010) and edited with CS4. All geographical coordinates are approximate, and are based on the localities provided on specimen labels when coordinates were not explicitly given. GPS data were acquired with Google Earth. We used DNA barcoding to help distinguish the similar species Reinmara enthona from R.
Acknowledgements The following individuals and their respective institutions were vital to this research in enabling us to examine and study Reinmara material:  Courtney Richenbacher  and  David Grimaldi  (AMNH),  Christian Schmidt (CNC) ,  Philippe Collet (CPC) ,  Mirna Casagrande  (DZUP),  Lukasz Przybylowicz  (ISEZ),  Wolfram Mey (MNHU) ,  Joël Minet  and  Rodolphe Rougerie  (MNHN),  Thomas Witt ,  Alexey Prozorov ,  Thomas Greifenstein , and  Harald Sulak  (MWM),  Alexandre Soares  (MNRJ),  Marcelo Duarte  and  Rafael Dell'Erba  (MZSP),  Alessandro Giusti  (NHMUK),  Tobias Malm  (NHRS),  Aline Vieira Miranda  (CEIOC),  John Brown ,  Brian Harris , and  Robert Robbins  (USNM),  Vitor Becker  (VOB). Stefan Naumann  supplied photos of specimens from ZSM. Jason Dombroskie  (CUIC) provided access to specimens as well as photography equipment.
Data Data were collected by reviewing medical records 6 months after diagnosis. They concerned identity, place of residence, comorbidities, date of diagnosis, topography, and morphology of cancer (ICD-O 3), circumstances of discovery, the staging performed, clinical stage at diagnosis (TNM stage from the International Union Against Cancer's TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors, 7th edition), multidisciplinary meeting discussion (MM) and phases of the initial treatment. Comorbidities were categorized into 3 classes (none, moderate, and severe) using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. [12] he place of residence was geolocalized with a Geographic Information System running on MAPINFO 10. 0 and allocated to an IRIS (Ilots Regroupés pour l'Information Statistique), a geographical area defined by INSEE (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques).
Discussion This is the first high-resolution population-based study of the management of HNC in France. Data were issued from cancer registries located in a French high-incidence area, where the distribution of lesions per site and the mean age of the patients were similar to those encountered generally in France. [3] ur results show that tumors were discovered as a result of symptoms, which were severe in nearly a third of cases. They were diagnosed late (45. 1% cT3-4, 70. 3% stage III-IV). There were also a high percentage of comorbidities possibly related to risk factors for these tumors. Diagnosis assessment included panendoscopy, cervical, and thoracic CT-scan in over 80% of cases. The vast majority of patients received treatment. This included surgery in fewer than half the cases and radiotherapy in three-quarters of them.
Acknowledgments The authors thank the  French National Cancer Institute  and the  Ligue Contre le Cancer of Calvados, Manche, Nord , and  Somme  which provided financial support for this study. The authors thank the ENT specialists, maxillofacial surgeons, oncologists, pathologists, doctors of the health insurance funds and patient administrative database, the multidisciplinary committees, the medical secretaries and archivists of Calvados, Manche, Nord, and  Somme. They thank  Mrs Gillian Cadier  for the translation of the manuscript.
Samples Our sample group was made of 301 patients attended at the Heliopolis Hospital and the Medical School Hospital, during years 2002-2009. Among these, 159 patients were controls without a previous history of cancer and 142 were patients with carcinomas of the lower mouth, with a minimum follow up of 2 years. Patients with incomplete clinical or epidemiological information or previously treated for their oral cancer were excluded from the present study, as well as chemotherapy treated patients and patients with metastatic disease. The gender and age data showed a predominance of males (84. 7%) and mean age of 55 years (df±11. 2). Tobacco use was declared by 85. 7% of individuals and 14. 3% were never-smokers. As for alcohol drinking, 46. 4% reported current alcohol consumption, 25. 2% have stopped drinking for more than a year and 13.
Statistical analysis Genotypic frequencies were tested for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in the control population. The chi-square test was used for association analysis and confirmation was obtained by the Lilliefors test (statistical significance was set at p<0. 05). Variables with significance levels p<0. 20 were used in multivariate logistic regression models to obtain adjusted odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI 95%). Statistical calculations were performed using the Epi Info ® v3. 4. 3 software.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the  GENCAPO team (Head and Neck Genome Projecthttp ://www. gencapo. famerp. br/)for the invaluable discussions that motivated the present study. Authors acknowledge the financial support from  Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)  and fellowships from the  Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (CNPq)  and  Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Espírito Santo (FAPES).
Databases All data were reported in the following form based on the psychological databases PsycINFO® and PSYNDEX®. The American Psychological Association (APA, Washington, DC) produces PsycINFO and features it as an international database of publications in psychology and the behavioral and social sciences, which dates back to 1806. The majority of publications recorded in PsycINFO are English-language publications from Anglo-American countries (>90 percent whereas less than 10% are from the "rest of the world" including 2-3% English-and German-language publications from the German-speaking countries  [6, 7] ), and its coverage of psychological publications greatly improved but only after the emergence of digitalization in the late 1970s  [7]. As in late 2016, there were more than 4 million documents recorded in PsycINFO (which can be retrieved, e.
g. , from http://www. apa. org/pubs/ databases/ psycinfo/index. aspx). The search routine described below resulted in 4,154,511 PsycINFO documentations of psychological publications. PSYNDEX, developed and hosted by the Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information (ZPID; Trier, Germany), is the complementary, comprehensive database containing German-and English-language publications in psychology and related disciplines from the German-speaking countries (described by the acronym DACHLL: D = Germany, A = Austria, CH = Switzerland, first L = Liechtenstein, second L = Luxembourg; note: for two countries, Switzerland and Luxembourg, German is one of three widely used official languages). Documentation in PSYNDEX began in 1977, for German psychological tests going back to manuals since 1945. In late 2016, more than 320,000 documents were recorded in PSYNDEX which can be retrieved, for example, from www.
Search Strategy Our searches focused on the search field Document Type (DT) "comment/reply" for all records listed in all specified Classification Codes (CC) in the Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms (  [8]  retrieval, e. g. , from http://www. apa. org/pubs/databases/psycinfo/index. aspx). In addition, the document field "Year of Publication" (YR) and the specific Classification Codes (CC*) for all the sub-disciplines of psychology and other related issues (e. g. , for publications on professional psychological & health personnel issues) are used. Time trend analyses focused on publications published before 1980 and to three-year publication intervals from 1981 up to 2015. Identical search routines were conducted in November 2016 for PsycINFO and PSYNDEX.