dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The first objective was to analyze the main features of extreme wave height events in Galicia over the wintertime of a two-year period (2015-2016) by using HFR remote-sensed hourly wave parameters in tandem with predictions from an operational wave (WAV) forecasting system running in the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) area, denominated IBI-WAV (Figure  1b ). The second objective was to showcase the application of satellite-derived Hs estimations for the daily skill assessment of the IBI-WAV wave forecast system and how the use of wave altimetry can effectively increase the possibility of obtaining better spatiotemporal coverage of wave data collection. Attention was focused on monitoring Ophelia-one of the major hurricanes on record in the easternmost Atlantic-during its 3-day track over Ireland and UK  (15-17 October 2017).
Although weakened and downgraded to a post-extratropical cyclone, it brought impactful weather in terms of heavy rain, damaging gusts (up to 150 km•h -1 ), large waves, and storm surges with subsequent coastal flooding. In this context, the ability of the IBI-WAV model to capture basic synoptic details of the wave height field during these unusual circumstances has been evaluated. In this paper, the model setup of IBI-WAV and the datasets are described in Section 2. Results are presented and interpreted in Section 3. A detailed discussion and future work are addressed in Section 4. Finally, the main conclusions are summarized in Section 5.
In terms of characterizing wave height events, we adopted the criterion defined by Atan et al. [8]  where high (extreme) Hs events are comprised between the 90th and 99th (99th and 100th) percentiles; hereafter, referred to as P90-P99 (P99-P100), respectively. The statistical metrics used in the present study to compare two datasets x = {x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,. , x N } and y = {y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ,. , y N } include the mean (x), bias, standard deviation (σ), root mean squared error (RMSE), and scalar correlation (CORR) and is defined respectively as: x = 1 N N ∑ i=1 x i (1) σ = 1 N -1 N ∑ i=1 (x i -x) 2 (2) bias = 1 N N ∑ i=1 (x i -y i ) (3) RMSE = 1 N N ∑ i=1 (x i -y i ) 2 (4) CORR = 1 N -1 N ∑ i=1 x i -x σ x y i -y σ y (5).
Satellite Data The wave altimetry product used in this paper comprises a pool of three different satellite missions (Jason-2, Saral/Altika, and Cryosat-2) that is subsequently merged and prepared by Meteo-France. The satellite-sensed Hs estimations have been spatially averaged on a 0. 1 • grid and chosen for specific three-hourly time steps (00-21 h) in order to associate the measured and simulated significant wave heights and objectively validate IBI-WAV on a daily basis. The following skill metrics and quality indicators were computed: maps and histograms of daily differences together with the best linear fit of scatterplots.
As it can be seen, there is a significant resemblance among the three data sources. This statement is supported by the skill metrics gathered in Table  1 , with RMSE and CORR values in the ranges of 0. 38-1. 09 m and 0. 73-0. 97, respectively. The main peaks are fairly well captured, although some of the most extreme wave height events (above 99th percentile, as shown in Table  2 ) are not perfectly captured by the model as shown in Figure  3b  for the 24 February. The modeled synoptic wave features for this specific day are presented in Figure  1b. Table  1. Skill metrics derived from the intercomparison of modeled wave height data (IBI-WAV) against in situ (B1 buoy) and remote sensed high-frequency radar (HFR) data for three selected wintertime periods. Figure  4  shows the results derived from the intercomparison of the 6-month overall period composed of the three selected wintertime intervals.
The Q-Q plots confirm the aforementioned slight overestimation of HFR-derived wave height measurements for the entire range of Hs values (Figure  4a ). IBI-WAV performance is accurate, despite underestimating the most extreme events (Hs above 8 m, Figure  4b ). The Q-Q plot between HFR and IBI-WAV exhibits that the former provides higher values (Figure  4c ). The comparison of Hs versus Tp reveals the relevant agreement between the B1 buoy and IBI-WAV, with the most predominant values (red dots) lying in the ranges of 2. 8- Broadly speaking, IBI-WAV seems to be precise for a wide range of Hs values but also slightly underestimates the most extreme Hs events. However, HFR appears to generally overestimate the in situ significant wave height registered in the Galician region. Regarding the synoptic characteristics of the wave field, the time-averaged Hs patterns predicted in the IBI area related to the three selected periods are rather similar (Figure  3c, e, g ) and in line with previously reported climatological data  [19].
Skill metrics show the significant accuracy of IBI-WAV with a daily coefficient of determination (R 2 ) above 0. 90. The histograms of differences exhibit a nearly symmetrical Gaussian-like shape clustered around zero mean and shifted slightly to negative values as indicated by the mean value that lies between -0. 41 and -0. 03 m (Figure  5f, l, q ). This underestimation was also manifested on 16 October when Ophelia was about to reach the southern Irish coast: IBI-WAV again underestimated the peak values of Hs (around 8 m). Regarding the Galician region, the resemblance between satellite and IBI-WAV is relevant as the former overpassed this area each day, reporting wave heights in the range of 0. 5-4 m. Finally, there are currently some ongoing actions focused on (1) the inclusion of the CMEMS-wave observational products derived from Sentinel-3A mission measurements as part of the pool of satellite data sources used to validate the IBI-WAV forecast product; (2) the intercomparison of the IBI-WAV product against other CMEMS and non-CMEMS wave model solutions in overlapping regions in order to infer strengths and weaknesses of each operational system.
Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge: (i) Qualitas Remos Company for their useful technical suggestions and (ii) INTECMAR and  Xunta de Galicia  for providing the HF radar wave data (VILA site). The authors also would like to thank the support by  Interreg Atlantic Area project MyCOAST  ( EAPA 285/2016 ) co-funded by the  ERDF (EU).
Three years of continuous waveform data recorded at 22 stations from the Corinth Rift Laboratory and the Hellenic Unified Seismological Network are used to perform an ambient noise surface-wave tomography of the western Corinth Rift. All available vertical component time-series were crosscorrelated to extract empirical Rayleigh-wave Green's functions. Group velocity dispersion curves were measured for each station-pair by applying frequency-time analysis and then inverted to build 2D group velocity maps between 1 and 6 s period. Finally, we locally inverted these velocity maps using a neighborhood algorithm to assess the 3D shear-velocity model of the shallow crustal structure of the western Corinth Rift. Across all studied periods the southern coast of the Corinth Gulf is generally imaged as a region of lower velocities compared to the northern coast.
1997 ) has pointed out that either over-pressured fluids or stress rotations coming from crustal heterogeneities might have played a role in triggering the Aigion earthquake as well as other moderate earthquakes in the Corinth Rift. Bourouis & Cornet (2009)  indicated possible overpressure fluid diffusion processes in the western Corinth Rift, related to the seismically activated parts of the crust. The previous authors, using also the hydraulic data from a deep well that intersected the Aigion Fault  (Cornet et al. 2004) , suggested that the overpressure conditions within the normal fault system of the southern coast are possibly due to the fact that the  [21]  faults act as hydraulic barriers in the direction perpendicular to their strike, preventing fluid flows. In the case of the Aigion fault, it has been shown that the fault core is made of a thick impermeable clay zone surrounded by permeable cataclastic zones.
CONCLUSIONS Ambient noise recordings were used for the first time to study the velocity structure of the western Corinth Rift. Continuous vertical-component ambient noise data obtained between 2012 January 1 st and 2014 December 31 st recorded by 22 stations of CRL and HUSN networks were used to build 2D Rayleigh-wave group velocity maps and asses the 3D shear-velocity structure. Despite the fact that our resolution was not enough to detect sharp variations, the results reveal the presence of distinctive velocity features. The tomography maps clearly evidence an asymmetric velocity structure of the western Corinth Rift with the southern margin slower than the northern one, being in agreement with previous earthquake tomography studies. The velocity variations observed at periods below 3 s are mostly due to lithological variation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful for the constructive reviews provided by  Dr. Gaia Soldati  and an anonymous reviewer. The authors acknowledge the data exchange between the  Corinth Rift Laboratory network (CRL , http://crlab. eu/)and the  Hellenic Unified Seismological Network  (HUSN, http://www. gein. noa. gr/en/networks/husn). DG acknowledges the  Erasmus Placement Program  between the  University of Patras (UPSL) ,  École Normale Supérieure (ENS)  and  Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP)  for initializing this study. Most of the images were created using MatLab and the Generic Mapping Tool software (Wessel & Smith 1998, http://www. soest. hawaii. edu/gmt/). [24].
Additional light-fermion-pair emission We used the MC codes SANC and HORACE to study the impact of the emission of an additional light-fermion pair in the NC DY process. In Fig. 33  the relative effect with respect to the NLO EW result is shown for the lepton transverse mass and lepton-pair invariant mass distributions. The effect of additional light-fermion pair emission in the CC DY process has also been studied with the SANC code and was found to be less numerically important compared to the NC DY case. Figure  32 : Relative effect of higher-order (O(α 2 ) and higher) EW corrections in pp → µ + ν µ + X due to multiple-photon radiation in the YFS exponentiation scheme (denoted as EXP) matched to the NLO EW sub result, expressed in units of the pure NLO EW sub calculation evaluated in the benchmark setup for bare muons, with and without taking into account the PYTHIA parton shower for initial-state photon and parton radiation.
Although the MiNLO Sudakov form factor is not formally NNLL accurate, very good numerical agreement has been observed between dedicated resummation calculations of the vector boson transverse momentum and DYNNLOPS. To date this procedure has been implemented for Higgs production  [55] , Drell-Yan production and associated Higgs production  [92]. In all cases public codes exist and can be obtained through the POWHEG-BOX Version 2 by first checking out the repositories of the Zj and Wj generators. The code allows the user to set all relevant input parameters themself and to apply cuts on the final state leptons and jets. An example analysis is also provided which the user can modify to their need. The code is provided with step-by-step instructions and requires only little more work to run compared to the Bj-MiNLO generators themselves.
• When running with PDF sets that contain error eigenvectors, all eigenvectors are calculated automatically for each histogram bin. The resulting output can be combined using the included scripts to produce a final output file that contains the integration error as well as PDF error for both the total cross section and each histogram bin. FEWZ can be run using either LHAPDF, or with one of several PDF sets with native support. • Shell scripts are provided for farming out the sectors in parallel either locally or on Condor, and a finishing script which combines the results of individual sectors. In addition to the basic operation of combining the sectors and computing PDF errors, the finishing script can perform operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on different runs, all while treating the integration and PDF errors consistently.
A. 5 PHOTOS For a long time, the PHOTOS Monte Carlo program  [94, 95]  was used for the generation of bremsstrahlung in the decay of particles and resonances. The core of the algorithm operates on elementary decays. Thanks to carefully studied properties of QED and investigation of several options for exact phase space parameterization, an algorithm could be constructed. With certain probability, PHOTOS algorithm replaces the kinematic configuration of the Born level decay with a new one, where a bremsstrahlung photon or photons are added and other particle momenta are modified. Over the years the program evolved into a high precision tool  [96] , for example it was found very useful in the interpretation of data for the precision measurement of the W mass by CDF and D0  [97, 98]. In the 2005 program version 2.
Using the FIFO pipe instead of an ordinary disk file has some advantages: programs run faster, one does not have to deal with huge data files, very large event statistics can be generated without overloading disk/quota capacity. We include a demo program in which events from WINHAC are sent to PYTHIA 6. 4 for parton showering and hadronisation through one FIFO pipe and then sent back through another FIFO pipe to WINHAC for event analysis. In addition to the LHA interface, WINHAC includes also an internal interface to PYTHIA 6. 4, in which appropriate PYTHIA routines are called directly from the WINHAC code. It is less universal but faster in CPU time and can be used for some dedicated studies, see e. g. Refs. [132, 133, 134]. Moreover, it includes options for correcting the PYTHIA 6 problem of wrong charge asymmetries of the DY leptons transverse momenta, see Ref.
Acknowledgements Work on this report was partially carried out at the  LHC Run II  and the Precision Frontier workshop at the  Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) , supported by  NSF   PHY11-25915 , at the  MIAPP workshop Challenges, Innovations and Developments in Precision Calculations  for the LHC, supported by the  Munich Institute for Astro-and Particle Physics (MIAPP)  of the DFG cluster of excellence " Origin and Structure of the Universe ", and the Prospects and precision at the  Large Hadron  Collider at 14 TeV workshop at the  Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics (GGI). We are grateful to the  CERN LPCC  and  Michelangelo Mangano  for hosting workshops at the LPCC, which allowed for close interactions of members of this working group with members of the experimental collaborations involved in EW precision analysis.
We thank the  Department of Physics at the University of Milan  and  INFN  for financial support for the kick-off meeting W mass workshop, and  John Campbell  and  Fermilab  for hosting the second W mass workshop. Acknowledgements A. Karlberg is supported by the  British Science and Technology Facilities Council  and by the  Buckee Scholarship at Merton College. Acknowledgements This research was supported by the  National Science Foundation  under award No. PHY-1118138  and a  LHC Theory Initiative Graduate Fellowship, NSF  Grant No. PHY-0705682. Acknowledgements This research is supported in part by the programme of the French-Polish co-operation between IN2P3 and COPIN no. 05-116  and by the  Polish National Centre of Science  grant no. DEC-2012/04/M/ST2/00240. We also thank the  Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics in Florence  for the hospitality and the  INFN  for partial support during the  GGI Workshop "Prospects and Precision at the Large Hadron Collider at 14 TeV " where some parts of this work were done.
We integrated this reported evidence of the regulatory mechanisms that underlie cell patterning in the RAM into a minimal GHRN model (Fig  2A ). From hereon when we refer to hormones we mean auxin and CK that are the ones included in the GHRN model. It has been shown that JKD and BIB, as well as MGP and NUC have the same expression patterns and are putatively redundant in the RAM  [36, 43]. Thus, we decided to model the role of these regulators with the representative nodes JKD and MGP, respectively. Because there are 23 ARFs and 29 Aux/IAA proteins in A. thaliana, but there is only specific data about the role of SHY2, ARF5 and ARF10 in the RAM, these genes were modeled independently while all other ARFs and Aux/IAAs were included in a single ARF and AUXIAA node, respectively. Regarding the role of the type-B ARR regulators of CK signaling, it is known that ARR1, ARR2 and ARR12 redundantly promote the expression of SHY2  [29, 35, 74] , and we decided to model their role with the representative node ARR1.
This is because WOX5 was not active in any attractor, so the model did not recover an attractor corresponding to the QC (S2 Appendix). Moreover, ARF5 and ARF10 activities do not match what is observed experimentally: the attractors corresponding to the central and peripheral pro-vascular PD do not have ARF5 and ARF10 activity contrary with expression data (Fig 4 ; S1 Fig;  S2 Appendix ). Therefore, the attractors recovered by the GHRN model are incorrect. To further verify that the known and previously proposed interactions are insufficient to describe the activity configurations of the cells of the RAM, we explored, systematically and exhaustively, if there exist any network that can recover a predefined set of attractors (Fig 3A ) given the set of regulatory interactions (Table  1 ) included in the GHRN model (Methods)  [91] [92].
75% similarity), but making sure that the transcription factors known to underlie cell fate had the correct activity patterns. The analysis of the Boolean networks was performed with the R package, BoolNet  [109]. We used Griffin for the exhaustive exploration of the alternative GHRNs models to prove that no model can be recovered without including the two hypotheses we proposed. Griffin is a software that transforms a set of constrains (in our case the set of expected attractors and the topology of the network) into a Boolean sentence. Using symbolic algorithms, Griffin finds assignments of the Boolean variables that make the sentence true. Each assignment contains a set of Boolean functions that recovers the expected attractors. Griffin software was published before, and more information of how it works can be found in  [91].
Acknowledgments This work is presented in partial fulfillment towards  Monica L Garcı ´a Gomez' doctoral degree in the "Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) ". This work greatly benefited from the input of  Prof. Joseph G. Dubrovsky. We acknowledge the  "Academic Writing" team of the "Centro de Estudios de Posgrado, UNAM"  for their help with the drafting of this manuscript. We acknowledge  Elizabeth Ortı ´z-Gutie  ´rrez for sharing programming codes,  Yamel Sonia Ugartechea Chirino  for sharing root images, and the help from  Diana Romo  with various logistical tasks.
We enrolled patients of all ages presenting with clinically suspected meningitis  [23]  or pneumonia (tachypnea for age or difficulty breathing, see case definitions below), who were admitted to hospital, resided in one of the districts and consented to participate in the study. We did not apply any exclusion criteria. Patients with repeat admissions could be enrolled in the study as many times as they were eligible and were assigned a new participant ID at each inclusion. Patients with both pneumonia and meningitis were enrolled in either the meningitis or the pneumonia group depending on their primary cause of hospitalization. The study covered the costs of hospitalization and treatment for all participants. Here, we report on data for the first three years of surveillance, from May 1 st 2010 through April 30 th 2013.
Clinical data, chest X-rays and biological specimens Standardized case-report forms were used to collect demographic and clinical data from all patients, including medical history, signs and symptoms on admission, treatment, and disease outcome. During routine hospital care, pneumonia and meningitis patients are presumptively treated with ceftriaxone, unless culture identifies a drug-resistant pathogen, and oxygen is available to ventilate hypoxic patients. For our study, meningitis patients had cerebro-spinal fluid collected in two tubes, one for routine bacteriological testing and one for PCR. Pneumonia patients had a chest radiograph taken upon admission. X-rays were digitized and read by a pediatrician and a radiologist trained to apply the WHO guidelines for pediatric chest X-ray interpretation  [24].
Data management and analysis Data were entered into an EpiInfo 3. 5 database and cleaned on a monthly basis. Data analysis was conducted quarterly using Stata 12. 0 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas). We described clinical features of study patients including disease severity, treatment and outcome, calculating mean and standard deviation or median and inter-quartile range for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables. We used t-tests for comparison of means and chi-square tests for proportions, with p = 0. 05 as the cut-off for statistical significance. We calculated incidence and case-fatality ratios for pneumonia and meningitis endpoints and investigated the serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of pneumococcal cases, by age group, time period (month or year) and geographic location of residence (urban vs.
Patient enrollment and clinical characteristics From May 1 st 2010 to April 30 th 2013, we enrolled 404 patients with meningitis (104 age <5 years, 25. 7%) and 1550 patients with pneumonia (251 age <5 years, 16. 2%). An additional 6 meningitis patients and 57 pneumonia patients were eligible for enrollment in the study but did not provide informed consent to participate. We have no further data on these patients. Tables  1  and 2  show demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.
Meningitis etiology and incidence Of the 404 meningitis patients, 383 (94. 8%) had a lumbar puncture done. Over half (211, 55. 1%) had probable bacterial meningitis, a proportion that differed between patients <5 and !5 years of age (41/100 (41. 0%) vs. 170/283 (60. 1%), p<0. 01). Culture, latex agglutination and PCR were performed for 383, 322 and 375 patients, respectively. In total, 132 (34. 5%) had an etiology identified including 78 Sp (58. 7% of positives). The case-fatality ratio for Sp meningitis was 34. 6% and did not vary with age. There was no meningococcal meningitis outbreak during the study period (data not shown). The annual incidences of suspected, probable and confirmed Sp meningitis were 36. 1, 18. 8 and 7. 0 per 100,000 over the study period, respectively, with monthly incidences ranging from 3.
Acknowledgments We thank the  PneumoTone  study team at  AMP  for their continuous work for the success of the project:  C Bouyssou ,  E Espie ,  S Kroman ,  A Leblond ,  D Mounkoro ,  M Ouedraogo ,  E Rosser ,  O Sanou ,  F Sawadogo  and  L Tidjani. We thank clinicians and  laboratory staff at Centre Hospitalier Regional-Dapaong, Hopital Pediatrique Yendube, Clinique Win'Pang, Centre Medical des Armees ,  Polyclinique-Dapaong  and  Centre Hospitalier Prefectoral-Cinkasse ;  Pr Ndakena ,  Pr Atakouma  and  Pr Prince-David  for expert input on all scientific aspects of the study;  B Chandler  for chest X-ray interpretation;  JN Telles ,  G Paranhos-Baccala ,  A Rajoharison ,  M Van der Linden ,  M Kheir-Taha  and  M Slack  for molecular testing of blood and nasopharyngeal specimens and characterization of bacterial strains.
This study was funded by an  Investigator Initiated Research grant  from  Pfizer  ( WS951939 ). BG, HT, BMNL, JCM work for AMP and receive research funding from  Pfizer  and  GSK , manufacturers of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of.