dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
kg -1 , p = 0. 009) and an increase (albeit non-significant) in regional airway closure prevalence (45% vs 30%, p = 0. 515). Conclusion: In patients with AHRF, airway closure seems frequent in dependent regions, in particular in strict supine position. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes in clinical research. Examples of airway closure patterns in three representative study patients. Left panel: partial airway closure; central panel: global airway closure, with differencial closure between the regions; right panel: absence of airway closure. FC-084 Corticosteroid for acute exacerbations of COPD in ICU. A French cohort: OUTCOMEREA database GALERNEAU Louis-Marie 1,2 , BAILLY Sébastien 2 , TERZI Nicolas 1 , RUCKLY Stéphane 3 , GARROUSTE-ORGEAS Maité 4 , COHEN Yves 5 , HONG TUAN HA Vivien 6 , GAINNIER Marc 7 , SIAMI Shidasp 8 , DUPUIS Claire 9 , DARMON Michael 10 , AZOULAY Elie 10 , FOREL Jean-Marie 11 , SIGAUD Florian 1 , ADRIE Christophe 12 , GOLDGRAN-TOLEDANO Dany 13 , BRUNEEL Fabrice 14 , DE MONTMOLLIN Etienne 15 , ARGAUD Laurent 16 , REIGNIER Jean 17 , PEPIN Jean-Louis 1,2 , TIMSIT Jean-François 15 1 CHU Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France; 2 Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1300 HP2,, Grenoble, France; 3 Département de biostatistiques, Outcomerea, Paris, France; 4 Hôpital Franco-Britannique, Levallois-Perret, France; 5 AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Paris, France; 6 Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France; 7 Hôpital de ta Timone, Marseille, France; 8 Centre Hospitalier Sud Essonne, Étampes, France; 9 CHU Gabriel-Montpied,, Clermont-Ferrand, France; 10 AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; 11 Hôpital Universitaire Marseille Nord, Marseille, France; 12 Hôpital Delafontaine Hôpital, Saint-Denis, France; 13 Groupe Hospitalier Intercommunal Le Raincy Montfermeil, Montfermeil, France; 14 Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France; 15 AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France; 16 Hospices civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France; 17 CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
5)]] and outcomes were collected. Evaluation was carried out at H1 post-intubation, day5 and day10, at a fixed time. This is the second paper of the database served to inquire about several aspects of CARDS. Results: During the study period, a total of 214 patients underwent IMV for CARDS; 200 (93. 5%), severe to critical COVID-19. They were median aged 67. 5 [59. 75-73] y; male, 146 (68. 2%); Hypertension, 106 (49. 5%); diabetes, 104 (48. 6%) and obesity, 89 (41. 6%). Moderate ARDS, 69 (32. 2%); severe ARDS, 141 (65. 9%); median P/F ratio at admission, 95 [77-132]; moderate to severe acute respiratory failure 185 (86. 4%); median SAPSS II, 33 [27-38]. Chest-CT scan was performed in 114 (53. 3%) patients showing 68 (59. 6%) with at least 50% of lesion extension. Table 1 displays trends in ventilator settings and physiological parameters at H1, day 5 and day 10.
FC-248 Role of echocardiography in the management and prognosis of patients admitted for acute respiratory failure in a Tunisian intensive care unit MATOUK Iyed 1 , HAMMOUDA Zeineb 1 , BEDHIAFI Emir 1 , BEN AHMED Hedia 1 , HOURI Fadwa 1 , BOUGUEZZI Nabil 1 , LAHMAR Manel 1 , DACHRAOUI Fahmi 1 , ABROUG Fekri 1 , OUANES-BESBES Lamia 1 1 University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba of Monastir (Tunisia), Monastir, Tunisie Correspondence: Iyed MATOUK (maatouk. yed@gmail. com) Annals of Intensive Care 2022, 12(1):FC-248 Rationale: Echocardiography is a crucial tool for the management of patients admitted in intensive care units (ICUs). Indeed, it is widely available and non-invasive. It offers vital data for diagnosis and treatment of the most common pathological conditions encountered in critically ill patients such as acute respiratory failure (ARF).
• A set of 100 CT images from pre-implanted patients;  Selection of the "basilar membrane" template for each patient was based on several measurements of the cochlea imaged by preoperative CT. These measurements were taken in a single slice at a specific orientation and position through the cochlea. In the first implementation of the method, we used the 3D multiplanar reconstruction viewer of the General Public License (GPL) software Horos v. 3. 3. 6 (Horos project, Geneva, Switzerland)  [29]. The cochlea was aligned as follows: (1) the intersection of the three planes was placed on the mid-modiolar axis; (2) the coronal plane was aligned with the middle plane of the basal turn (center of the round window, the middle of the cochlear turn at 90 • , 180 • , and 270 • ); (3) the axial plane was consequently perpendicular to the coronal plane and passed through the center of the round window and the cochlear turn at 180 • ; and (4) the sagittal plane was also perpendicular to the coronal plane and passed through the cochlear turn at 90 • and 270 •.
Cochlear Images Used in This Study We based this study on an image bank that included the following: Selection of the "basilar membrane" template for each patient was based on several measurements of the cochlea imaged by preoperative CT. These measurements were taken in a single slice at a specific orientation and position through the cochlea. In the first implementation of the method, we used the 3D multiplanar reconstruction viewer of the General Public License (GPL) software Horos v. 3. 3. 6 (Horos project, Geneva, Switzerland)  [29]. The cochlea was aligned as follows: (1) the intersection of the three planes was placed on the mid-modiolar axis; (2) the coronal plane was aligned with the middle plane of the basal turn (center of the round window, the middle of the cochlear turn at 90°, 180°, and 270°); (3) the axial plane was consequently perpendicular to the coronal plane and passed through the center of the round window and the cochlear turn at 180°; and (4) the sagittal plane was also perpendicular to the coronal plane and passed through the cochlear turn at 90° and 270°.
"Basilar Membrane" Segmentation Where appropriate, the middle plane of the cochlear turn was manually segmented from the non-implanted cochleae images to obtain a 3D reconstruction, as reported in previous studies  [13, 20] , using the GPL software ITK-SNAP v. 3. 4. 0 (U. S. National Institutes of Health)  [30]. Reconstruction of the middle plane of the cochlear turn included segmentation of the spiral lamina and basilar membrane. Throughout this paper, the term "basilar membrane" reconstruction represents reconstruction of the middle plane of the cochlear duct.
Procedure for Merging 3D Reconstruction Models Finally, the two 3D reconstructions ("basilar membrane"/electrode array or "basilar membrane"/"basilar membrane") were registered and merged in the same scene using the four corresponding landmark points in each reconstruction (center of the round window, lateral wall at 90 • , 180 • , and 270 • ), with the point-by-point tool of the GPL software CloudCompare v. 2. 10. 2 (https://www. cloudcompare. org) [31].
Procedure for Merging 3D Reconstruction Models Finally, the two 3D reconstructions ("basilar membrane"/electrode array or "basilar membrane"/"basilar membrane") were registered and merged in the same scene using the four corresponding landmark points in each reconstruction (center of the round window, lateral wall at 90°, 180°, and 270°), with the point-by-point tool of the GPL software CloudCompare v. 2. 10. 2 (https://www. cloudcompare. org) [31].
Because it is quite difficult to manually segment the basilar membrane in CBCT images (hook region and beyond 540 • ), both "basilar membranes" (micro-CT and CBCT) were cropped from 90 • to 540 • at some locations. Finally, the mean distances between the reconstruction models were calculated using the cloud/cloud distance tool of CloudCompare (Figure  4 ). This procedure was repeated for each CBCT image and for the three cochlear indices. The distance after merging both "basilar membranes" was similar using the three indices ((A)×H 360 : 0. 15 ± 0. 03; (A×B)×H 360 : 0. 16 ± 0. 02; (A/B)×H 360 : 0. 14 ± 0. 02; p = 0. 08, Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni post hoc test). The (A/B)×H 360 index was considered to be the best fit index because of its smaller distance error. We then used the GPL software Blender 2.
Comparing the "Basilar Membrane" Reconstruction with Histology to Determine the Intrascalar Position of the Electrode Array An ENT surgeon who did not participate in the image analysis chose 30 implanted cochleae from our histopathologic database (7 cochleae with translocations and 8 without for the HiFocus™ Mid-Scala electrode array (Advanced Bionics, Valencia, CA, USA); and 8 cochleae with translocations and 7 without for the Digisonic® SP EVO electrode array (Oticon Medical, Vallauris, France). The AB MidScala electrode array has 16 electrodes and the Oticon EVO electrode array has 20 electrodes. Each cochlea had a pre-and postimplantation CBCT. The same surgeon prepared a file with the pre-and post-operative CBCT for the 10 "basilar membrane" reconstructions corresponding to the (A/B)×H 360 This procedure was repeated for each CBCT image and for the three cochlear indices.
The distance after merging both "basilar membranes" was similar using the three indices ((A)×H 360 : 0. 15 ± 0. 03; (A×B)×H 360 : 0. 16 ± 0. 02; (A/B)×H 360 : 0. 14 ± 0. 02; p = 0. 08, Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni post hoc test). The (A/B)×H 360 index was considered to be the best fit index because of its smaller distance error. We then used the GPL software Blender 2. 8. 0 (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands)  [32]  to generate the five contralateral "basilar membrane" reconstructions.
Comparing the "Basilar Membrane" Reconstruction with Histology to Determine the Intrascalar Position of the Electrode Array An ENT surgeon who did not participate in the image analysis chose 30 implanted cochleae from our histopathologic database (7 cochleae with translocations and 8 without for the HiFocus™ Mid-Scala electrode array (Advanced Bionics, Valencia, CA, USA); and 8 cochleae with translocations and 7 without for the Digisonic®SP EVO electrode array (Oticon Medical, Vallauris, France). The AB MidScala electrode array has 16 electrodes and the Oticon EVO electrode array has 20 electrodes. Each cochlea had a pre-and postimplantation CBCT. The same surgeon prepared a file with the pre-and post-operative CBCT for the 10 "basilar membrane" reconstructions corresponding to the (A/B)×H 360 index, and gave it to the five surgeons for analysis.
Description of the Histopathological Analysis All cochleae used in this study were analyzed and the results stored in our database. After electrode array insertion, the cochlea was harvested, and the apex of the cochlea and lateral semicircular canal were opened. The cochlea was then fixed with 10% formaldehyde for 24 h, dehydrated with increasing concentrations of alcohol (from 50% to 100%) for 12 h, dried at ambient air temperature for 16 h, and fixed with a crystal resin (Pebeo, Gémenos, France) until polymerization, as reported in a previous study  [20]. The cochlea was then progressively ground perpendicular to the round window/modiolar axis and stopped at the level of each electrode. The cochlea was stained with Phloxine B for 15 min.
Description of the Histopathological Analysis All cochleae used in this study were analyzed and the results stored in our database. After electrode array insertion, the cochlea was harvested, and the apex of the cochlea and lateral semicircular canal were opened. The cochlea was then fixed with 10% formaldehyde for 24 h, dehydrated with increasing concentrations of alcohol (from 50% to 100%) for 12 h, dried at ambient air temperature for 16 h, and fixed with a crystal resin (Pebeo, Gémenos, France) until polymerization, as reported in a previous study  [20]. The cochlea was then progressively ground perpendicular to the round window/modiolar axis and stopped at the level of each electrode. The cochlea was stained with Phloxine B for 15 min and visualized with a stereomicroscope (SLM 2; Karl Kaps GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany).
Discussion In this study, we proposed and evaluated a rapid and reproducible technique to precisely assess the position of the electrode array according to the middle plane of the cochlear duct. To achieve this, a "basilar membrane" template was selected based on cochlear dimensions, and merged with the electrode array reconstruction to determine the position of the electrode array. In comparison with histology data, there was almost perfect agreement in determining an electrode translocated to the scala vestibuli with the AB MidScala array and a moderate agreement with the Oticon EVO array. We selected five cochleae from a micro-CT database based on the best index obtained with the cochlear dimensions: horizontal dimensions, distances A and B; and vertical, H 360. Regarding the selection of H 360 as a metric to select the "basilar membrane" template, previous reports have shown that the number of turns in the population is variable (from less than 2.
The Open-Source Approach Open source is defined as a way to design and distribute the technical information required for building devices such that anybody can freely and unrestrictedly use the know-how to replicate the device or modify the design for improvement or adaptation to different applications. The free open-source concept was born several decades ago in the software industry as an alternative to proprietary software. The free and open-source software idea is that contributing engineers write and freely distribute routine codes, platforms, or applications so that other developers can eventually modify and incorporate them into their applications (e. g. , Linux, Android)  [13]. Open-source creates a gift economy  [14]  that encourages rapid innovation  [15, 16]. Free and open-source software development is now mature  [17]  and well documented to be a successful technical development method  [18, 19].
Study setting This was a descriptive transversal prospective study performed between October 2018 and October 2019 in Bordeaux University Hospital comparing the diagnostic performance rt-PCR and blood culture in the diagnosis of HD CRBIs (NCT04026035). All participants gave their verbal consent. A protective committee evaluated and approved the study. This committee stated that our study was a non-interventional study because of the small quantity of blood additionally sampled and allowed us to have solely verbal non-opposition consent.
The individual tubes were deposited into the wells of the CFX 96 thermal cycler (Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France). Once the program was completed, the amplification and melting curves obtained were analysed using the CFX 96 software. It is therefore a SYBR Green technique with the use of melting curves to improve the specificity of the technique. The melting temperature (T m ) for the Staphylococcus spp. primers was 75°C. The T m of the expected products with the S. aureus and mecA primers was 77-78°C. For the pair of primers targeting the bacterial 16S rDNA, the T m was 85°C. A duplicate was systematically performed. The following sequence was used for each rt-PCR run: 98°C for 2 min once, 98°C for 5 sec, 56°C for 30 sec × 40 cycles. For the melting curve, the temperature was increased from 65°to 95°C with an increment of 0.
When using large datasets, where the stimuli are split into training and validation data [e. g. ,  16, 101, 112] , the stimuli should contain representative samples of the relevant sound properties that the model user wishes to test. A practice like this can help to support (or not) the applicability of a specific model to sounds that may have not been even validated before, the "unseen sounds," reducing (or generating awareness of) the potential limitations of the test model.
Still, an in-depth understanding of each of the model stages is required when selecting a model for a specific application. We encourage future users to be explicitly aware of the specific datasets of sounds and experimental paradigms upon which their models have been evaluated, as well as of other underlying model limitations. To this end, a comparison across model implementations provides a guideline for their selection and an excellent way to challenge the capabilities of different models. TABLE II. Model configurations and numeric results. Middle ear: Details of frequency response of the middle-ear filters. Cochlear filter bank: 40 dB and 100 dB refer to filter characteristics between 160 and 8000 Hz in response to white noises of 40 and 100 dB SPL, respectively. IHC: Parameters and frequency response of the LP filter structures.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to several colleagues who participated in technical discussions during the writing process:  Enrique Lopez-Poveda ,  Fotios Drakopoulos ,  Alessandro Altoè ,  Armin Kohlrausch ,  Thomas Biberger , and  Richard Lyon. We are particularly grateful to  Clara Hollomey , who provided immense support for the integration of all models into AMT 1. 1. The authors AOV and LV received support from  ANR  (project:  17-EURE-0017 ), LHC received support from  NIH  ( R01-DC010813 ), SV received support from the  ERC project RobSpear  (Grant No. 678120 ), and PM received support from the  H2020  project  SONICOM  ( EC Grant  No. 101017743 ).
Material and methods We conducted a nationwide online survey (clinicaltrials. gov ID: NCT03663985) among ENT surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists treating HNC patients in France. Physicians were invited to participate via a link on their professional mailbox, in partnership with the national GETTEC/GORTEC/GERCOR/ SFORL/UNICANCER intergroup, during the period from 14/12/2018 to 31/03/2019. The recipients were composed of 71% of surgeons and 29% of oncologists. The questionnaire was based on a set of clinical case scenarios for which the physicians had to choose a therapeutic proposal among several options (see appendix). The case scenarios were designed by a senior author of this article (ADB) and peer-reviewed for validation by experts (2 surgeons, 3 oncologists, cf.
acknowledgements). A total of clinical case scenarios were generated by crossing the 6 clinical cases with 6 patient profiles of different social backgrounds, using a Latin square design to ensure a random but balanced distribution of the variables to all respondents. Social backgrounds were defined by a combination of "profession (white-collar or blue-collar worker) -gender (male or female) -marital status (single or married)". The first clinical case scenario was used as an internal control because the answer was consensual. It allowed us to verify the physicians' compliance with the guidelines; those who proposed an answer other than surgery for this item were excluded from the study. The remaining six clinical case scenarios were then grouped into three categories according to the prognostic and functional impact of the choice between surgical or nonsurgical treatment (Figure  1 ): -Group E = surgical and non-surgical treatment equivalent (clinical case scenario 4 and 6): Surgical and medical treatment offer the same rate of locoregional control and survival, alongside comparable functional outcomes  [5, 22].
Results Of the 624 e-mails sent, we received 206 completed questionnaires. After inquiry, out of the 624 e-mail addresses, 164 belonged to physicians no longer practicing or not treating HNC patients, and 83 e-mails were not delivered. According to American Association of Public Opinion Reporting (AAPOR) standards, the adjusted response rate was 54. 6%. Among the 206 completed questionnaires, eight respondents were excluded i. e. , one who consistently answered "patient referred to tertiary hospital" and seven because of missing data on gender (n = 1), specialty (n = 1), number of HNC cases treated per year (n = 1), type of practice (n = 4), and answer to clinical case scenario 1 other than surgery (n = 1). In total, 197 questionnaires were usable, representing 1178 observations. Table  1  describes the demographic, behavioral and professional characteristics of the respondents.
Acknowledgements Groupement Inter-Régional de Recherche Clinique et d'Innovation Sud-Ouest (GIRCI SOHO ) and the  Cancéropôle Grand Sud-Ouest  which funded this research. GETTEC/GORTEC/GERCOR/SFORL/SFCCF/UNI-CANCER intergroup. Pr Emmanuel Babin ,  Dr Dominique De Raucourt ,  Dr Michel Rives ,  Pr Jean-Pierre Delord  and  Dr Christian Borel  who have evaluated the online questionnaire including the clinical case scenarios.
Entrepôt de Santé Normand (EDSaN) The Entrepôt de Santé Normand (EDSaN) is an in-house solution to query RUH's CDW. EDSaN gathers clinical data since the 1990's from about 2 million patients. Several data types have been integrated so far from the EHR and various clinical data bases: structured data from biology, virology, diagnoses, procedures and unstructured data such as CN (discharge summaries, letters, procedure results, prescription letters, etc. ). More precisely, diagnoses and procedures codes are collected from the French Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG), known as PMSI in French language. The French Commission on Informatics and Liberty (CNIL) approved EDSaN in October 2020. The CNIL is an independent regulatory body whose mission is to ensure that data comply with privacy laws. The CNIL has verified the consistency of EDSaN with General Data Protection Regulations (GPDR) (EU 2016/679).
RUH researchers have already used EDSaN for 170 studies since that date. EDSaN consists of: (a) a query tool that allows to search and/or mine data. For example, it can be used to identify patients from different criteria; (b) a selection tool that allows to filter and explore datasets collected from (a). The data are pseudonymized or de-identified in EDSaN to preserve patient anonymity. However, for specific purposes, it is possible to re-identify the data. For example, it could be important to contact patients for various reasons; COVID-19 vaccination is one of them. The EDSaN query software consists in a multilevel search engine that is able to query structured data, unstructured data, and both structured and unstructured data at the same time. This is a very important feature as DRG codes can sometimes lack pre-cision and can sometimes be missing.
A total of 7,781 patients were identified in this study. Then, 1,775 patients (22. 8%) were excluded because they died (this data is available only in the RUH information system because they died in RUH. Many other patients may have died elsewhere but this information is not available). Among the 6,006 patients in the final list, 734 (12. 2%) have several diseases/conditions (i. e. , their clinical data matched with at least two diseases/conditions).
08), root-mean-squared error of approximation (RMSEA ≤ 0. 06), comparative fit index (CFI ≥ 0. 95), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI ≥ 0. 95), goodness-of-fit index (GFI ≥ 0. 95), and adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI ≥ 0. 9)  [50, 53, 54]. Due to the large sample sizes, no chi-squared values are reported. Standardized parameter estimates, or rather the respective R 2 values, were examined for low values. The residual correlation matrix was inspected for coefficient values greater than 0. 1 as possible indicators of a possible model-data disagreement  [51]. RUMM2030Plus  [55]  and ACER ConQuest 5  [56]  were used for Rasch modelling  [47]. Data were tested against the partial credit parameterization (PCM) of the unidimensional Rasch model  [57]. Overall data-model fit was assessed by chi-square fit statistics, and scale targeting was evaluated by comparing the distribution of item locations to the distribution of person locations.