dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
given with example sentences. Special thanks to  Amir Anvari  for doing the. doc to. texconversion, for improving the typography, and for catching several typos. The research leading to these results received funding from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP/2007-2013) /  ERC  Grant Agreement N°324115-FRONTSEM (PI: Schlenker). Research was conducted at  Institut d'Etudes Cognitives (ENS) , which is supported by grants  ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL*  and  ANR-10-LABX-0087   IEC. The research reported in this piece also contributes to the  COST Action IS1006. F-75005 Paris ,.
The combination of technological, wear and residue evidence allowed us to confirm that the serration was manufactured with bone compressors and that the serrated points were mounted with a composite adhesive as the tips of projectiles used in hunting activities. The suite of technological and functional data pushes back the evidence for the use of pressure flaking during the MSA and highlights the diversity of the technical innovations adopted by southern African MSA populations. We suggest the serrated points from the stratigraphic units Adam to Darya of Sibudu illustrate one important technological adaptation of the southern African MSA and provide another example of the variability of MSA bifacial technologies.
Some tools are regularly serrated all along their edges while others show more discontinuous serrations. Some tools have deep notches while on others they are very shallow. Also, some tools are bifacially notched while others are only unifacially serrated. The serration never occurs at the base of the points-notches are always visible on the medial part and, to a lesser extent, on the distal part. We consider that this variability is related to the function of the pieces or to the tool that was used to serrate the blank. To help determine the causes of variability we took measurements of all notches (n = 288, mean of 11 to 12 notches measured per serrated piece), using Photoshop software. The notches have a mean width of 3. 2 mm, with a standard deviation of 1. 7 mm, and a mean depth of 0.
Reference material Interpretation of residues and wear traces were based on the experimental reference collection available at TraceoLab, University of Liège. This collection consists of modern comparative reference materials and over 3000 experimental tools produced in various ways and used in various activities both in the hand and hafted in various arrangements (e. g. ,  [47] ). The collection consists primarily of flint tools, but also tools made from chert, quartz, quartz crystal, obsidian, and dolerite. About 300 experimental flakes (used and unused) are currently available in raw materials that were used at Sibudu, especially dolerite. A specific experimental program on serrated pieces was initiated within the framework of this study (see below). Additionally, published and unpublished comparative reference databases were used for the residue analysis, including comprehensive starch plant fibre and phytolith modern comparative reference collections compiled by Lentfer (e.
Evidence for pressure flaking To test the hypothesis that the serration was created by pressure, we examined different types of data corresponding to both the effect of the technique used and the direct contact between  Penetration depths in the target could only be measured for points that remained stuck in the target after the shot. When the point detached from the shaft inside the target, only the penetration of the shaft (and the remaining part of the point, if relevant) could be measured. The (fractured off) point length should be added to this value (indicated in the table as "+ point"). https://doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pone. 0175151. t009 the compressor and the stone tools: 1) evidence on the bifacial pieces (the negative traces), 2) evidence on the shaping flakes (the positive traces), 3) wear and residue evidence from the manufacturing process (the remnant traces).
, 2009). Shaping flakes and purported serrating flakes were distinguished based on the thickness of their butt and their overall morphology. We acknowledge that such distinction should refer more closely to the experimental collection. However, for the present paper, the aim was (1) to identify shaping flakes whose morphology suggests their removals created a notch on the edge of the tool, and (2) to describe the overall technical characteristics of these 'notching' flakes. They were all examined under an Olympus binocular stereomicroscope with a magnification up to x56; pictures were taken with a Canon EOS and were processed with the software Helicon Focus. In total, 24 purported serration flakes coming from layers Adam to Bea have so far been identified. The so-called serrating flakes (Fig  11 ) exhibit butts with a mean width of 3.
In accordance with our aim to combine multiple types of data to identify the use of pressure technique, we also examined the bone tools of the corresponding archaeological assemblages. One bone fragment was identified in layer Casper that is interpreted as a bone compressor based on the macro-and microscopic evidence of use (Fig  12 ). The wear characteristics consisting of crushing, small fracture negatives and striations are entirely comparable to the experimentally-used bone compressors (Fig  13 ). In addition, a number of small bone flakes match the morphology and characteristics of the experimental bone flakes that occasionally detach from a bone compressor during use (Fig  13 ). Such characteristics are a rectangular to trapezoidal shape, a crushed platform, a small bulb, a straight profile and unidirectional dorsal removals.
A minimum of 26 mm for the shaft diameter at 15 cm from the tip was identified in TraceoLab experiments, 15 cm being the minimal insertion of the shaft in a reasonably sized animal to have some haemorrhage. A stone point with a width of 12 mm would thus not allow the insertion of the shaft up to 15 cm. For the serrated points, therefore, assisted projection is likely to have been used. Three options are: (1) spear/arrow shafts that were delivered with a flexible spear-thrower, involving a simple cord twisted around the shaft and used to project the weapon similar to how a sturdy spear-thrower in wood or hard animal material would be used but at lower velocities. None have been documented for Africa, but this is of course also due to the poor chance of cord being preserved. However, based on available data for spears (drawings from ethnography (e.
Unlike Sibudu, the pieces from Umhlatuzana are argued to be associated with the SB techno-complex  [103]. By contrast, the extensive and careful excavation of the well-stratified deposits of Sibudu currently seems to indicate that serration did not occur at the site after 77 ka. We argue that the sequence of Sibudu should be taken as a reference for the KZN MSA and that the association of the serrated pieces with SB layers dated to 73-71 at Umhlatuzana may be clarified by renewed excavation at the site. The excavation of the layers containing serrated points of Sibudu Cave helps to complete our picture of the succession of technological phases that occurred in KwaZulu-Natal and South Africa. Similar to the Pietersburg Industry, our data show that bifacial technology is not restricted to the SB: it actually appears earlier in time and has punctuated manifestations.
The implications of these new assemblages of Sibudu Cave within the context of the chrono-cultural framework of the southern African MSA suggest that the bifacial manifestations were diverse and autonomous in South Africa. The data from Sibudu indicate that the bifacial phenomenon represents several temporal and/or regional phases. The serrated pieces from Sibudu Cave introduce new insights in the significance of MSA bifacial technologies. In the SB of DRS for example, the bifacial pieces have been interpreted as cores and mobile tools that were (re-)sharpened from time to time up until their discard (Porraz et al. , 2013), within the framework of populations with a fair degree of mobility. The SB assemblage of Blombos Cave indicates that the on-site manufactured bifacial pieces were used as spear tips for hunting  [124] , while in the SB of Sibudu Cave, the bifacial pieces represent, in most cases, long-lived cutting tools through re-sharpening as well as reworking and sometimes tips of hunting weapons  [82, 125].
Acknowledgments We acknowledge the support of  AMAFA, Heritage KwaZulu-Natal  for the excavation permit (number  2931CA070 , reference  0011/14 ). Sincere thanks are due to  Christian Lepers  ( ULg ) and  Justin Coppe (ULg)  for their help with the experiments and for fruitful discussions. We thank  Lyn Wadley  and two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments on a previous draft, which helped us to improve the paper.
Acknowledgments The author thanks  J. -P. Kahane  and  K. Chemla  for their invitation to participate in the January 2017 seminar on the Age of the Earth at the  Academie des sciences ,  J. -J. Duhot  for drawing his attention on the Septuagint use of poı ¨ein,  P. Savaton  for an apt remark about Eusebius, and the E ´ditions du Seuil for permission to publish in advance excerpts of a forthcoming book. This paper has been invited and accepted by the  Editor-in-Chief.
The Unification Component: Building Semantic Representations Language can be seen as a set of instructions that the comprehender uses to create a representation of the situation that is being described by the speaker. In our framework, we make use of situation models (henceforth SM s), 6 defined as data structures that contain a representation of the event currently being processed  (Zwaan and Radvansky, 1998). Comprehension always occurs within the context of an existing SM : during online sentence processing, lexical items cue portions of GEK L and the SM is dynamically updated by unifying its current content with the new information. In this perspective, the goal of sentence comprehension consists in recovering (reconstructing) the event e that the sentence is most likely to describe  (Kuperberg, 2016).
Datasets We used two datasets created for previous psycholinguistic studies: the McElree dataset  (McElree et al. , 2001)  and the Traxler dataset  (Traxler et al. , 2002). Each dataset compared three different experimental conditions, by contrasting constructions requiring a type-shift with constructions requiring normal composition: (2) a. The author was starting the book. b. The author was writing the book. c. The author was reading the book. Sentence (2-a) corresponds to the metonymic condition (MET), while sentences (2-b) and (2-c) correspond to non-metonymic constructions, with the difference that (2-b) represents a typical event given the subject and the object (HIGH TYP), whereas (2-c) expresses a plausible but less typical event (LOW TYP). The McElree dataset was created for the self-paced reading study by  McElree et al.
For instance, from the joint context director-n-subj writev-head article-n-dobj we generated the event [EV EN T NSUBJ: -----→ student HEAD: --→ read DOBJ: --→ book]. For each joint context, we also generated schematic events from its dependency subsets. We totally extracted 1,043,766 events that include at least one of the words of the evaluation datasets. All the lexemes in the events are represented as distributional vectors. We built a syntax-based distributional semantic model by using as targets the 20K most frequent nouns and verbs in our concatenated corpus, plus any other word occurring in the events in the GEK L. Words with frequency below 100 were excluded. The total number of targets is 20,560 (cf. Table  1  for the dataset coverage). As vector dimensions, we used the same target words, while the dependency relations are the same used to build the joint contexts (SUBJ:author-n and DOBJ:book-n are examples of dimensions for the target write-v).
Modeling the Processing Cost of Metonymic Sentences The sentences in the original datasets were represented as S(subject)-V(verb)-O(object) tuples. For each sentence s, SemComp(s) was measured as in equation (  7 ), by computing θ e and σ e as follows: • θ e is the product of the thematic fit of O given V, θ O,V , the thematic fit of S given V, θ S,V , and the thematic fit of O given S, θ O,S (see Equation  2 ). θ O,V is the cosine between the vector of O and the centroid vector built out of the k most salient direct objects of V (e. g. , the cosine between the vector of book and the centroid vector of the most salient objects of write); θ S,V is the cosine between the vector of S and the centroid vector built out of the k most salient subjects of V (e. g. , the cosine between the vector of author and the centroid vector of the most salient objects of write); finally, θ O,S is the cosine between the vector of O and the centroid vector built out of the k most salient direct objects occurring in events whose subject is S (e.
g. , for s = {author -write -book}), E = {< author, write, book >, < author, write > , < author, book >, < write, book >}. σ e is computed with the following equation: σe = e i ∈E σe i (9) Figure  1  shows the boxplots of the log Sem-Comp scores for three types of sentences (MET, HIGH TYP, and LOW TYP) in the datasets. The Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test reveals a main effect of the sentence types on the SemComp scores assigned by our GEK L -based distributional model for the McElree dataset (χ 2 = 17. 18, p < 0. 001). Post-hoc tests (cf. Table  2 ) show that SemComp scores for the HIGH TYP conditions are significantly lower than those in the LOW TYP (p < 0. 05) and MET conditions (p < 0. 001). These results mirror exactly those of  McElree et al. (2001)  for the reading times at the type-shifted noun (both conditions engendered significantly longer reading times than the preferred condition).
A main effect of sentence types on the SemComp score also also exists for the Traxler dataset (χ 2 = 15. 39, p < 0. 001). In their eye-tracking experiment (Experiment 1),  Traxler et al. (2002)  found no significant difference between HIGH TYP and LOW TYP conditions, but they observed higher values for second-pass and total time data in the MET condition with respect to the other two. Interestingly, the distributional model produces sim-ilar results: post-hoc tests reveal no difference between non-coerced conditions, but significantly higher SemComp scores for metonymic sentences with respect to both the HIGH TYP (p < 0. 001) and the LOW TYP condition (p < 0. 05).
05 on the Traxler dataset, whereas only the full model achieves a significant advantage over the baseline on McElree. 11  The performance of the σ component, which makes use only of the information stored in GEK L , is pretty weak, especially on the Traxler dataset. This is the same problem affecting purely probabilistic approaches, given also the fact that many of the words of the evaluation datasets have low frequencies in corpora. The θ component therefore plays a crucial role in the covert event prediction. In fact, θ works like a generalization component, and it serves to compute and weight new event representations when the information stored in memory is not sufficient. The strong performance of a thematic fit-based method is also consistent with the results obtained by  Zarcone et al.
Zarcone et al. (2012), using the following procedure: i. ) for each metonymic sentence (e. g. The author starts the book) in the McElree and Traxler datasets, we selected as candidate covert events, E cov , the verbs in the non-coercion sentences, which we refer to respectively as HIGH TYP EVENT (e. g. Accuracy of model components and random baseline on the binary classification task for covert event retrieval.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  Aurélie Fort ,  Véronique Laborde  and  Liliana Huet  for their assistance in accessing collections at MNHN. We thank three anonymous reviewers and the Associate Editor for their valuable comments and advice that helped improve this manuscript. We are thankful to  Roberto Macchiarelli  for inviting us to this constribution. We wish to acknowledge MH @SU  and  Pascal Frey  ( Chaire Facile ,  Sorbonne Université)  for financial support. This is an invited paper to the thematic issue of Comptes rendus Palevol entitled "Hominin biomechanics, virtual anatomy and inner structural morphology: From head to toe. A tribute to Laurent Puymerail", edited by  R. Macchiarelli  and  C. Zanolli. MF dedicates this contribution to the memory of Laurent, who inspired so many in so few years.
L'énoncé (15b) semble se détacher cependant, et se rapprocher de ceux présents en (17-18) : l'appréhension dans le même temps du référent de Miller et de la qualification qui lui est attribuée (a big pink fish stranded on a cobble-stoned beach) relève plutôt d'une visualisation mentale, voire de l'imagination, que d'une véritable perception. Les énoncés de la seconde catégorie (17-18) véhiculent, quant à eux, un sens d'inférence perceptuelle ou de cognition. Le syntagme prépositionnel 19  dénote une caractéristique attribuée au référent de l'objet après l'exercice du jugement subjectif de l'expérient ; celui-ci peut être effectué sur la base de données perceptuelles (17a, 18a) -d'où le sens d'inférence perceptuelle -ou non (17b, 18b-c) -d'où le sens de cognition.
The Brazilian Portuguese Lexicon was developed to offer a word-based corpus for psycholinguistic research in Brazilian Portuguese language. It was created from a corpus with more than 32 million words. Thus, the Brazilian Portuguese Lexicon contains more than 215 thousand lexical entries and presents 21 columns with relevant metalinguistic and psycholinguistic information, such as grammatical category, orthographic frequency, word length, and orthographic neighbors, among others. It is an open free-access corpus consulted on the Internet; it has a friendly and dynamic interface for simple and complex searches. The Brazilian Portuguese Lexicon still offers a series of data computed, a Brazilian Portuguese pseudo word generation engine, and a collection of statistical linguistic tools. Therefore, the present article aims to introduce and present the Brazilian Portuguese Lexicon, as well as to serve as a manual for its use.
Characterization techniques Glass samples were characterized by the following techniques: X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), measurement of the contact angles, µ-Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and rugosimetry. Semi-quantitative chemical analyses by XRF were carried out by a S8 TIGER wavelength dispersed X-ray spectrometer equipped with a tube of rhodium, LiF crystal analyzer and generator of 4 kW. The chemical composition of the glasses was calculated with a standard-less analysis program (QUANT-EXPRESS™, software) which depended on fundamental parameters. This method related the measured intensities of characteristic radiations with the concentration of each element in the sample  [57].
The µ-Raman spectroscopy analyses were performed with a Labram 300 Jobin Yvon spectrometer, equipped with a solid state laser of 50 mW of power operating at 532 nm. The laser beam was focused either with a ×50 magnification Olympus objective lenses. The analyses were the result of 15 accumulations of 20 seconds carried out with a D0. 3 filter. Analyses were performed on the surface of the glasses. Spectra were recorded as an extended scan. The attribution of the Raman spectra was made using the RRUFF database project on minerals. The measurements of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were measured by a 4300 Handheld FTIR spectrometer of Agilent Technologies. The measurements were obtained in Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) mode with a spectral range from 4000 to 650 cm -1 and a spectral resolution of 4 cm -1.
Each spectrum was the product of 32 internal scans. GIXRD measurements were collected with a Bruker AXS D8 diffractometer equipped with a cobalt X-ray tube. A Goebel mirror optics was applied to obtain a parallel and monochromatic X-ray beam. A current of 30 mA and a voltage of 40 kV were employed as tube settings. Operational conditions were selected to obtain X-ray diffraction diagrams with sufficient counting statistics. XRD data was collected with a beam incidence angle of 1˚ between 20 and 100˚ with a step size of 0. 03˚ and a counting time of 3 s/step.
The microroughness of the surface was measured with an Optic rugosimeter TRACEiT from Innowep GmbH. 3D topographical maps (5 x 5 mm) were carried out with a resolution of 2. 5 μm (Z axis) and 2. 5 μm (in X/Y axes). To compare the samples, the roughness maps were flattened and the arithmetic average roughness (Ra) was measured with the software Gwyddion version 2. 32  [58].
Acknowledgments The authors thank to  F. Agua  and  J. F. Conde  ( CCHS-CSIC, Spain ) for the preparation of the glass samples, to  E. Peiteado  ( ICV-CSIC, Spain ) for the contact angle measurements, to  A. Tomás  ( CENIM-CSIC, Spain ) for his help during the SEM observations, to  C. Vázquez-Calvo  ( IGEO-CSIC-UCM, Spain ) for her assistance during the microroughness measurements, and to  Fedakar Movil S. L. L. ( Tres Cantos, Spain ) for painting the support structures. This work was initiated during a short stay financed by the  Erasmus+  staff mobility program and has been partially funded by the  Fundação do Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia de Portugal  (Project ref. UID/EAT/00729/2013  and Post-doctoral grant ref. SFRH/BPD/108403/2015 ) and  GEOMATERIALES 2-CM Program Ref. S2013/MIT-2914.
Around the same time, I hired two of my brightest Harvard undergraduates (Andrew Buckser and Susan Rofman) to do blind readings of the ethnographic data in the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF). I asked them to look specifically at three files: "basis of marriage" (581), "suicide" (762), and "ideas about sex" (831). The "basis of marriage" file was an obvious choice, since cultures often link love and marriage, as is the case in the modern West. This correlation was generally taken for granted in the few cross-cultural studies of love that did exist. However, I knew that love does not always precede marriage. In fact, love and marriage may well be opposed, especially where marriage is an avenue for political alliance or economic benefit. To balance the love -marriage assumption, I asked my researchers to look for suicides that occurred as a reaction to rejection by the beloved, grief at a lover's death, or other obstacles to love.
This article stems from the efforts of the MEDiterranean sea-level change and projection for future FLOODing (MEDFLOOD) community, and is focused primarily on the central and eastern Mediterranean basin. This review is not designed to be geographically all-inclusive and there are some references to specific data or sites from further afield, for example the western Mediterreanean, where they are representative, especially significant, or where the resolution of data (in the principle study area) is too low to discuss important concepts in a meaningful way. We base discussions on our own expertise and use examples from selected regions from the early Prehistoric, Protohistoric (or 'Later Prehistoric' Bronze and Iron Age periods) and early Classical periods. Through these lenses, we review the existing evidence in the geomorphological and archaeological records that document or contextualise early human-environment interactions.