dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The GMO Panel estimated chronic dietary exposure to Cry3Bb1 and CP4 EPSPS proteins, which was not provided by the applicant. Individual consumption data on food commodities from dietary surveys with at least 2 days consumption and covering a total of 22 European countries 54 were retrieved from the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. Different recipes and processing factors were considered to estimate the amount of maize in the consumed commodities before assigning Cry3Bb1 and CP4 EPSPS protein levels to the relevant commodities. 55 No losses of NEPs during processing were considered. The highest chronic dietary exposure in the highly exposed population (95th percentile) was estimated in one dietary survey in infants (0-12 months) for both Cry3Bb1 (15. 7 lg/kg bw per day) and CP4 EPSPS (7.
Animal dietary exposure Daily dietary exposure (DDE) to the Cry3Bb1 and CP4 EPSPS proteins newly expressed in maize MON 87411 was provided by the applicant across different livestock animal species (broiler, lactating dairy cow and finishing pig), based on estimates provided for the EU by OECD (2009), for animal body weight, daily feed intake and the inclusion rates (percentage) of maize grains, gluten feed and gluten 52 https://www. efsa. europa. eu/en/applications/gmo/tools 53 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011. Evaluation of the FoodEx, the food classification system applied to the development of the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. EFSA Journal 2011;9(3):1970, 27 pp. https://doi. org/10. 2903/j. efsa. 2011. 1970 54 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and United Kingdom.
Experiment 1 The design of our first study differs from Paape's  [1]  original experiment in three respects: I) Language: Our experiment was carried out in French rather than German. Concordant evidence from the two languages would strengthen the claim that reactivation through reanalysis is a language-general phenomenon. II) Method: We used eye tracking instead of self-paced reading. III) Type of syntactic ambiguity: In addition to sentences with non-canonical word order which closely resembled Paape's original German stimuli, our design also incorporated sentences containing main clause/reduced relative and lexical ambiguities, as explained below. Different types of ambiguity were used in order to test whether reactivation-based facilitation would occur in less similar environments as well.
the contest and when / before the fight if I can self allow 'Which fencer of the national team greeted the opponents in the contest / did the opponents in the contest greet and when / before the fight, if I may ask?' This sentence type almost directly parallels the German construction used by Paape  [1]. The first noun phrase (Quel escrimeur. , 'which fencer. ') could initially be either a subject or an object, though the subject reading is more common, and thus likely to be preferred by French readers, as it is by readers of other languages  [30, 31]. Indeed, a search in the Frantext corpus (about 300 m words;  [32] ) for sentences starting with a wh-word revealed that 26 out of 29 questions involving both an animate subject and an animate object were subject-initial. As in German  [33] , the object-initial configuration in French has been argued to be a derived word order created either by shifting the subject NP to the right  [29]  or movement of the verb to the left  [34].
Data analysis Due to repeated tracking loss and a computer crash, no analyzable data were collected for five participants. For the remaining 41 participants, data points in which a region had a total reading time of less than 20 ms were removed prior to the statistical analysis. Visual inspection suggested non-normality of residuals across all reported eye tracking measures. We thus applied the Box-Cox procedure  [43]  to identify an appropriate transform. The procedure suggested a logarithmic transformation of the response, hence all further analyses were carried out assuming that the dependent measures were log-normally distributed. Our Stan model included a global standard deviation σ and separate intercepts α sr per region of interest r of sentence type s, as shown in Eq (1) for first-pass reading times.
The accuracy model included a globally estimated coefficient with random slopes by subject for log response time to account for the interdependence between accuracy and response latency. Across the three stimulus types, elision conditions were coded as 1 and control conditions as -1. For RRC and TLA stimuli, the ambiguous conditions were coded as 1 and the unambiguous conditions as -1. For SOI stimuli, non-canonical word order was coded as 1 and canonical word order as -1. Due to experimenter error, no data on question response accuracy and response time was recorded for the first three participants, thus the reported accuracy results refer to data from the 38 remaining participants. The eye-tracking data of all 41 participants were analyzed. For nested comparisons as well as for the exploratory analyses, we used the rstanarm package  [44] , which interfaces R with Stan and simplifies model specification by emulating the syntax of the more commonly used lme4 package  [45].
Statistical power (or precision) is not only a function of sample size, but also depends on the inherent variability of the dependent measure as well as the unknown 'true' effect size. In order to demonstrate changes in power dependent on effect size, sample size and residual variance, we ran a simulation-based design analysis by repeatedly generating data sets based on the model parameters computed from the original data. For our simulations, we varied the size of the 'true' interaction (now under our direct control, see  [18]  for a similar approach) in steps of 0. 01 on the log scale, as well as the number of participants (our current study size plus or minus twenty participants), as well as the residual variance of the dependent measure, in this case total reading times. Within each sentence type, for each hypothetical effect size, sample size and variance, we generated 1000 data sets using the simulate function of the lme4 package  [45]  and fitted maximal frequentist models to total reading time at the critical ellipsis region.
Experiment 2 Experiment 1 yielded no evidence in favor of the reactivation hypothesis, which casts doubt on whether the results of Paape  [1]  are reproducible across different experimental paradigms and languages. In order to get a clearer picture, our second eye tracking study attempted to replicate the original result with the same materials and roughly the same number of participants, but using eye tracking instead of self-paced reading. If the eye tracking version of the German study yields comparable results, this would strengthen the claim that the pattern observed in the original experiment was not a mere artifact, and suggest that the diverging results in French are due to differences in the constructions investigated and not between the methods used.
This work is partially supported by a public grant overseen by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  as part of the  progam 'Investissements d'Avenir'  ( Reference :  ANR-10-LABX-0083 ). Experiment 2 was funded by the  University of Potsdam. We thank the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  for funding from the  Sonderforschungsbereich (Collaborative Research Centre )  1287  at the  University of Potsdam, Germany , which partly funded the first author. For partial support, we also thank the  Volkswagen Foundation  through grant  89 953  to  Shravan Vasishth.
Study protocol We recently performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on RCTs addressing modified dietary interventions for the treatment of GDM and providing information on maternal glycemic control and birthweight-related variables  [4]  (published protocol: PROSPERO CRD42016042391). As a post hoc analysis, we have now examined the composition of diets used by the control group to characterize diets advised for treatment of GDM in usual clinical care. Data on ten dietary characteristics (kcal/day, % of energy provided by carbohydrates, protein, fat, monounsaturated fat, saturated fat and polyunsaturated fat, grams of fiber/day, glycemic index and load) were collected. Glycemic index is defined as the incremental area under the blood glucose curve following the ingestion of a test food, expressed as percentage of the corresponding area following an equivalent load of a reference carbohydrate.
Results Out of 3660 records identified through database search and 128 from other sources, 126 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis of glycemic control and birthweight-related variables  [4]. Thirteen of these studies provided quantitative information on one or more diet characteristics and were included in the current meta-analysis and graphical display. The carbohydrate intake was the diet characteristic most frequently reported (N = 12). Other studies only reported diet recommendations and the four of them giving data on carbohydrate advice were included for graphical display. In the 13 studies included in the current analysis, the modified dietary intervention used for treatment of GDM was as follows: a low glycemic index diet (N = 4), a low carbohydrate diet (N = 1), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (N = 3), modification of dietary fat (N = 2), soy protein enrichment (N = 1), behavioral intervention (N = 1), and calorie restriction (N = 1).
Third, if they act independently, then each will contribute to innovation, but they will not interact: their effects on establishment-level innovation are simply additive. The context of the study is KIBS establishments in the province of Quebec (Canada). The analysis is based upon data from an original survey of 502 KIBS establishments. The article contributes to the empirical innovation literature in three ways. First, the effect of R&D on KIBS innovation is underexplored empirically as is, second, the role of (external) information sources: this paper contributes to these two areas of enquiry. The third contribution, an analysis of the interplay between R&D and external information sources, speaks to the wider question of the complementarity, substitutability or independence of internal and external resources in KIBS innovation.
Although the underlying motivation of this paper is to explore factors of innovation (innovation is the dependent variable), the empirical analysis is descriptive and exploratory. The cross-sectional questionnaire is structured in such a way that we cannot assign causal connections between innovation, R&D and external information. Rather, our results can only reveal whether they tend to occur within the same KIBS establishments: this is a first step towards causal analysis, which would require panel data and/or a questionnaire that directly probes the timing of these activities. The paper is structured as follows. Section 1 provides the theoretical context and discusses the literature on the relationship between R&D, information sources and innovation. From this literature, three hypotheses are derived.
Data The empirical analysis is based on data from an establishment-level survey covering the period of 2011-2014. The survey provides information on the innovation activities of KIBS establishments in Canada (Quebec). Quebec is a Canadian province of 8 000 000 people: it has its own language, considerable policy and taxation autonomy, and its geography -two major metropolitan areas, a few smaller cities, and vast areas of virtually uninhabited landresembles that of Nordic European countries. Montreal is a minor global city  (Derudder & Taylor, 2016)  -its financial, legal and accounting sectors are secondary relative to nearby New York and Toronto, but its computer, creative and engineering services have carved out global niches in activities such as videogames, construction and mining services.
Quebec City is the seat of government, with numerous consulting activities gravitating around the city's public sector. Given that French is the working language in Quebec, its KIBS sector is somewhat more self-contained than that of other Canadian or US states and provinces, with Montreal playing a dominant role  (Polèse & Shearmur, 2004). The survey method and questionnaire are inspired by the Survey of Innovation and Business Strategy (Statistics Canada), the Community Innovative Survey, and the third edition of the Oslo Manual of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development  (OECD, 2005). The data were collected through telephone survey, performed by a private survey company which conducted interviews using Computer Aided Telephone Interviewing (CATI). The questionnaire consists of three parts.
The sample is representative of the population of KIBS establishments in Quebec (excluding establishments with over 500 employees) identified from the CRIQ (Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Québec) establishment database: a stratified random sampling process generated the sampling frame according to firm size, KIBS industry and location (see Appendix, Table  A1  for assessment of representativity). The database includes 502 establishments. The sample covers five KIBS sub-industries: i) Architectural, engineering and related services (NAICS 5413); ii) Management, scientific and technical consultants (NAICS 5416); iii) Computer systems design and related services (NAICS 5415); iv) Other professional KIBS, which include Legal services (NAICS 5411) and Accounting (NAICS 5412); and, v) Other creative KIBS, which include Specialized design services (NAICS 5414) and Advertising, public relations, and related services (NAICS 5418).
In alignment with the literature  (Rodríguez & Nieto, 2012) , three dummy variables categorize establishments by percentage of sales completed abroad: i) no international sales (0%); ii) ad hoc international sales (1-24%); and, iii) established international sales (25-100%). Third, we control for the milieu within which KIBS operate: it is often posited that metropolitan regions foster knowledge exchange and innovation. Four dummy variables represent different types of milieu: city of Montreal; city of Quebec; central regions (within 100km of a metropolitan area); peripheral and rural regions. Finally we control for five KIBS sectors: as  Tether et al. (2012)  have recently argued, the distinction between Technological-KIBS and Professional-KIBS is not fine enough: our data allow us to break the sample down into i) Management, Scientific and Tech.
However, we also show that KIBS that value information obtained from universities and from consultants tend to be less innovative. Two elements could explain this result. First, it may indicate that KIBS -unlike manufacturing firms -are more closely tied to markets and market-information when it comes to developing innovation. Information obtained from up and down the supply chain and from sources that allow markets to be scanned and monitored (such as conferences and the internet) is more strongly associated with innovation than that of more technical and scientific nature. Second, the results could indicate that KIBS establishments innovate along varied timescales: it is possible that the assimilation of scientific information and know-how is associated with innovation over a timescale that is longer than the three year window that we study, as previous studies using panel data point out  (Belderbos et al.
Internal R&D and external sources of information do not appear to be substitutes in the KIBS innovation process; neither do they seem to be complements in the sense of being synergistic. Rather, they appear to be independent of one another, a third category that has not often been considered in the discussion that surrounds the interplay between internal and external factors of innovation. It is important to bear in mind that even though the literature suggests a causal relationship between R&D and innovation and between external information and innovation, our results do not demonstrate this. The nature of our data is such that we can only reveal associations and correlations which, if interpreted causally, can lead to errors because of endogeneity. Indeed, it is plausible that KIBS undertake R&D after innovating, in order to improve existing products.
ACTRIS provides harmonized measurements of different (physical, chemical and optical) aerosol properties in a systematic way at major observation sites across Europe. More than 60 measuring sites worldwide are currently providing ground-based in situ aerosol particle light-scattering measurements (EBAS database; http://ebas. nilu. no/, last access: August 2017) and this number has increased substantially in the last decade. However, EBAS also includes data from the IMPROVE network nephelometers, which latter are operated at ambient conditions with no size cut, and as a result these IMPROVE data are not directly comparable to the ACTRIS data set discussed in this investigation. The objective of this work is to integrate the total aerosol light-scattering coefficient (σ sp ) and hemispheric backscattering coefficient (σ bsp ) measurements taken over several years at the ground-based in situ ACTRIS stations.
8  (Bond et al. , 2009). The majority of the σ sp data in the EBAS database are corrected for non-ideal illumination and for truncation by the data providers. Exceptions are the scattering data submitted for KOS, MHD, PLA, CMN, FKL and SIR. Scattering data from KOS, MHD and PLA were corrected in this work using the correction scheme provided by  Anderson and Ogren (1998)  (see Table  S1  in the Supplement). The σ sp data collected at CMN, FKL and SIR are not corrected because the nephelometers deployed at these three stations provide scattering only at one wavelength, thus preventing the estimation of the SAE. Given that the nephelometer correction factors vary as a function of SAE, the assumption of a constant correction factor for the 1-λ scattering data could introduce undesired noise. Moreover, at SIR and CMN, the σ sp is measured with the single-wavelength Ecotech nephelometer model M9003 (until 2013 at CMN).
σ sp at urban/suburban observatories Among the urban background sites, lower σ sp values are measured at MAD and SIR compared to DEM and UGR. The low σ sp at MAD during the period presented here (only 2014 data are available for MAD) could be related to the reduced formation of secondary nitrate aerosols due to the limited availability of ammonia in this urban environment  (Revuelta et al. , 2014). However, it should be noted that winter episodes with high secondary nitrate concentrations are not uncommon in Madrid and we are presenting here only 1 year of measurements for this station. On the other hand, secondary inorganic aerosol concentrations recorded at the SIR suburban observatory can be considered representative of a large geographical zone, given the rather flat orography of the Parisian basin.
Variability of g by station type At some mountain sites higher median g values are observed relative to the g values obtained at regional or urban locations. This is the case, for example, for IZO compared to MSY, UGR and MAD in the south-western European sector and for HPB and JFJ compared to IPR, MPZ and KOS in central Europe. However, exceptions are observed. For example, at CMN, where the median g value (only 2 years of data are available) is the lowest in the central European sector and among the lowest observed in this study. On average, g values range between 0. 49 and 0. 64 at mountain sites, with a mean value of 0. 58 ± 0. 05. This value is consistent with the mean value of 0. 61 ± 0. 05 reported by  Andrews et al. (2011)  at the mountain sites included in their work. Figure  S7  in the Supplement reports the mean SAE (ordered from low to high values for each station setting) and g at each station used in this work together with the SAE-g scatter plot.
Trends Trends of σ sp , SAE and BF are studied for those stations with more than 8 years' worth of data (13 observatories). Among the ACTRIS stations, PAL, SMR, MHD, HPB, IPR, JFJ and UGR have more than 10 years of data, whereas at PUY, MPZ, CMN, BEO, KPS and IZO, 8 or 9 years of data are available. These stations are included in order to improve the spatial coverage, as is the case in Collaud  Coen et al. (2013). The Theil-Sen statistical estimator  (Theil, 1950; Sen, 1968)  is used here to determine the regression parameters of the data trends, including slope, uncertainty in the slope and p value. The Theil-Sen method provides similar results to the Mann- Kendall test and it is implemented in the OpenAir package available for R software  (Carslaw, 2012; Carslaw and Ropkins, 2012). The applied method yields accurate confidence intervals, even with non-normal data, and it is less sensitive to outliers and missing values  (Hollander and Wolfe, 1999).
Monthly means are used for trend analysis and the data are corrected for seasonal effects. The data coverage for σ sp is higher than 70 % at all stations included in the trend analyses, with the exception of IZO, where the σ sp data coverage is 55 %. For SAE, the data coverage is higher than 65 % at all sites with the exception of PAL (54 %), PUY (59 %) and IZO (52 %). For BF, the data coverage is higher than 65 % with the exception of PAL (26 %), PUY (43 %), BEO (47 %) and IZO (27 %). At the re-mote (PAL) or mountain stations (PUY, BEO and IZO), the percentage for the intensive aerosol particle optical properties is lower because there is a higher probability of measuring σ sp lower than the threshold (0. 8 Mm -1 ) selected for the calculation of SAE and BF. Table  2  reports the trends observed for σ sp , SAE and BF at the 13 observatories included in this analysis.
The high TRs observed at IZO might be affected by the intensity and frequency of Saharan dust outbreaks at this site. However, estimating the effects of these events at IZO is beyond the scope of this study. Overall, the observed decreasing trends of σ sp are consistent with a uniform decrease in the aerosol optical depth observed in Europe (AERONET data in  Li et al. , 2014). The observed statistically significant and decreasing trends of σ sp are consistent with the demonstrated reduction of PM concentration in the atmosphere in Europe in recent decades thanks to the implementation of European, national, regional and local mitigation strategies. These decreasing trends are also consistent with the trends in the aerosol chemistry derived from observations in urban environments in Europe (e.
Acknowledgements. This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement no. 654109 ,  ACTRIS  (project no. 262254 ),  ACTRIS-PPP  (project no. 739530 ). We thank the  International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations JFJ (Jungfraujoch)  and  Gornergrat (HFSJG) , which made it possible to carry out the experiments at the  High Altitude Research JFJ Station  and the support of  MeteoSwiss  within the  Swiss programme of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)  of the WMO. The MAD (Madrid) station is co-financed by the  PROACLIM  ( CGL2014-52877-R ) project. The  SMR (Hyytiälä) station acknowledges BACCHUS  (project no. 603445 ),  CRAICC  (project no. 26060 ) and the  Academy of Finland  (project no. 3073314 ). The  UGR (Granada ) station is co-financed by the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness  through project  CGL2016-81092-R.