dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
However, the antiproliferative effect was far less pronounced, comparatively, being ) and A549 (dashed columns in green: showed a similar effect for cells exposed to an equivalent amount of the acid, as reported elsewhere  [46, 47]. The nanoparticles were also assessed, and an intermediate antiproliferative profile was found, certainly justified by a contribution of both polymers on the final effects. The formulation evidenced the same concentration-and time-dependent effects observed for FFv. However, the antiproliferative effect was far less pronounced, comparatively, being ). Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). SEM: standard error of the mean. In both FFv and nanoparticles, the IC 50 was found to decrease with the increase in the exposure time, a reflex of the time-dependent effect already mentioned.
Oligosaccharide Content The determination of the oligomeric fraction of fucoidan was performed in the aqueous phase. In brief, fucoidan was dissolved in ultrapure water and hydrolysed with H 2 SO 4 (4%, v/v), for 20 min, at 121 • C and 2 atm. Afterwards, the solution was filtered (cellulose acetate, 0. 45 µm, Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany) and analysed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC, 1100 Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany) using a refractive index detector (RI). The analysis was performed at 60 • C using an Aminex HPX-87H column (300 × 7. 8 mm, BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) and a mobile phase comprised of H 2 SO 4 (0. 003 M) at a flow rate of 0. 6 mL/min. Data were obtained using fucose and galactose as standards. Furthermore, the results were expressed as O-Gal + Xyl + Man and O-Fucose (Sigma, Madrid, Spain), the former being in a group due to the inability of the column to separate the three saccharides.
Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy FFv and CS were blended with KBr in a mortar and compressed into discs. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra were collected by means of a 37-scan interferogram, in transmittance mode, in the 4000 to 400 cm -1 region, with a 4 cm -1 resolution (n ≥ 3, Bruker Tension 27, Bruker OPTIK GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany). An OPUS software (version 6. 5) was used for data acquisition and analysis. The thermal behaviour of the materials and nanoparticles (FFv/CS = 2/1) was evaluated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC, Q200, Netzsch, Selb, Germany). Each sample was weighed (5-15 mg) into aluminium pans, which were sealed, and their lids pierced. Measurements were performed between -80 • C and 400 • C, with various heating rates (10 • C/min and 20 • C/min), under a nitrogen atmosphere, and different cycles depending on the sample.
The absorbance was read by spectrophotometry (Infinite M200; Tecan, Grödig, Austria) at 540 nm, with background correction at 640 nm. The cell viability was calculated, as follows: Cell viability (%) = [(A -D)/(CM -D)] × 100  (2)  where A is the absorbance obtained upon exposure to each example, D represents the absorbance measured for DMSO and CM is the absorbance read for the cells incubated in CCM. The assay was performed at least 3 times, with 3 replicates for each tested concentration. Using the obtained data, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) was calculated for those samples reaching less than 50% of cell viability in the conditions of the study. IC 50 values were determined by sigmoidal fitting of the data in the GraphPad Prism statistical program (GraphPad Software, Version 6.
Conclusions This work provided an evaluation of the impact of the sulphate groups of crude commercial fucoidan from F. vesiculosus on nanoparticle production and cell antiproliferative effect. The obtained data evidenced potential for use as matrix material of polymeric nanocarriers, with a suggested impact on the proliferation of two cancer-derived cell lines (HCT-116 and A549 cells). The characterisation of the polymers was critical to understand the behaviour of the polymeric nanoparticles. The quantity of F. vesiculosus is correlated with the number of sulphate groups available to produce the polymeric nanoparticles by electrostatic interaction, and higher amounts of fucoidan result in smaller-sized nanoparticles (200-300 nm) displaying more negative zeta potential (>-40 mV). A production yield of 52% was determined for nanoparticles FFv/CS = 2/1 (w/w).
Calorimetric data confirmed the stability of polymers involved in nanoparticle formulation at room temperature. Studies performed in carcinogenic cells demonstrated a time-and concentration-dependent antiproliferative effect of FFv, a behaviour that could be associated with the sulphate content. Nanoparticles evidenced a milder effect, certainly due to the lower availability of sulphate groups for interaction with cell structures. In future endeavours, the use of these polymers and nanoparticulate systems based on their composition can be considered for therapeutic approaches, contributing either with the antiproliferative capacity or with the matrix-forming ability. In any case, addressing toxicological concerns is imperative.
Acknowledgments: Authors thank CACTI services from the  University of Vigo  for TEM, DSC and TGA analysis. The postdoctoral contracts provided to  Noelia Flórez-Fernández  ( ED481B 2018/071  and  ED481D-2022-018 ) from  Xunta de Galicia  and  María Dolores Torres  ( RYC2018-024454-I ) from the  Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities  are acknowledged. The predoctoral grants provided to  Jorge F. Pontes  ( PD/BD/137064/2018  and  COVID/BD/152626/2022 ) and  Filipa Guerreiro  ( SFRH/BD/115628/2016 ) from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia are also acknowledged. Article is based upon work from  COST  ACTION  CA18224 , supported by  COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
System Geometry The model geometry of the hybrid reactor described in Figure  1  was developed and designed to provide a fast-enough convergence of the Fluent solver. Only the tubular reaction zone was simulated. In particular, the solar cavity receiver and the electric heater were not implemented. In place, the wall temperature was set as a boundary condition. Constant wall temperature was chosen as a first approach because homogeneous temperatures are expected when reaching thermal equilibrium, both in the solar cavity (black-body behavior, heated length corresponding to the cavity height: 50 mm) and in the electric heater (uniform heating along the coil, the effective heated length of the electric resistance was assumed to be 85 mm). Figure  2  represents the 2D axisymmetric geometry of the reactor designed through Design Modeler software.
System Geometry The model geometry of the hybrid reactor described in Figure  1  was developed and designed to provide a fast-enough convergence of the Fluent solver. Only the tubular reaction zone was simulated. In particular, the solar cavity receiver and the electric heater were not implemented. In place, the wall temperature was set as a boundary condition. Constant wall temperature was chosen as a first approach because homogeneous temperatures are expected when reaching thermal equilibrium, both in the solar cavity (blackbody behavior, heated length corresponding to the cavity height: 50 mm)) and in the electric heater (uniform heating along the coil, the effective heated length of the electric resistance was assumed to be 85 mm). Figure  2  represents the 2D axisymmetric geometry of the reactor designed through Design Modeler software.
Species, Models, and Boundary Conditions Methane, argon, hydrogen, and solid carbon were selected from the FLUENT database. Intermediate products such as acetylene, ethylene, etc. , were not considered. The simulation was converged in steady state and in axisymmetric 2D space. The gravity was enabled and set to 9. 81 m/s 2. Reynolds number of the flow varies with the medium temperature because the latter affects the dynamic viscosity of the gas (µ = 1. 1 × 10 -5 Pa. s at T = 300 K and µ = 2. 53 × 10 -5 Pa. s at T = 1473 K). Reynolds number calculations for the gas flow mixture in both coaxial tubes reveal a laminar flow, thus the laminar model was chosen (Re = 311-135 in the inner tube vs. Re = 2-4 in the outer tube annular space). Concerning the radiation model, discrete ordinates (DO) was adapted to allow for radiative heat transfer between the fluid zone and the inner solid parts of the reactor.
Species, Models, and Boundary Conditions Methane, argon, hydrogen, and solid carbon were selected from the FLUENT database. Intermediate products such as acetylene, ethylene, etc. , were not considered. The simulation was converged in steady state and in axisymmetric 2D space. The gravity was enabled and set to 9. 81 m/s 2. Reynolds number of the flow varies with the medium temperature because the latter affects the dynamic viscosity of the gas (μ = 1. 1 × 10 -5 Pa. s at T = 300 K and μ = 2. 53 × 10 -5 Pa. s at T = 1473 K). Reynolds number calculations for the gas flow mixture in both coaxial tubes reveal a laminar flow, thus the laminar model was chosen (Re = 311-135 in the inner tube vs. Re = 2-4 in the outer tube annular space). Concerning the radiation model, discrete ordinates (DO) was adapted to allow for radiative heat transfer between the fluid zone and the inner solid parts of the reactor.
Characterization of the Raw Material The moisture content of each form of GC was determined by oven-drying the samples at 105 • C overnight. The nitrogen content of the initial biomass was determined using a FLASHEA 1112 elemental analyzer (Delft, The Netherlands). The equipment was calibrated using BBOT (2, 5-bis (5-tert-butyl-benzoxazol-2-yl)-thiopen, C 26 H 26 N 2 O 2 S, Thermo Fisher, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France) and sulphanilamide (4-aminobenzenesulfonamide, C 6 H 8 N 2 O 2 S, Thermo Fisher, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France) standards in linear calibration mode. Samples weighing 1. 5 mg were mixed with 5 mg vanadium pentoxide and incinerated at 900 • C on a He carrier gas. Eager 300 software was used to obtain N content. Total protein content of the raw material (16. 71 ± 0. 37%) was estimated by multiplying the N content by 5, the conversion factor for this type of macroalgae (Rhodophyta) as determined by Angel et al.
Funding: This work was carried out under the framework of  E2S UPPA Partnership Chair MANTA (Marine Materials ) supported by the ' Investissements d'Avenir' French program  managed by  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (ref number #  ANR-16-IDEX-0002 ), by the  Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine , and by the  Communauté d'Agglomération du Pays Basque (France) ; and was supported by the  Fisheries Local Action Group (FLAG)  " Côte basque-Sud Landes " through the community-led local development (CLDD: ref number #  PFEA621219CR0720024  and #  PFEA621219CR0720005 ) program funded by the  European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF)  and the  Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.
Results and discussion The models of three rectifier topologies are simulated and analyzed in the Matlab/Simulink environment. First of all, the simulations are carried out for several load ranges at the transformer secondary lineto-line voltage of 250 V  [16]. The output current and voltage waveforms of each rectifier topology are shown in Fig. 2. Then, according to the main goal of analyzing the converter efficiency at higher voltage rates, the simulations are repeated for the increased value of transformer secondary line-to-line voltage at 500 V and 750 V. The current handling capacity of the rectifiers is kept the same in the comparison. The output load resistance and open-circuit voltage value of the electrolyzer stack are increased in the same proportion to the line-to-line secondary voltage of the transformer in order to keep the output DC current constant despite the voltage increase.
Conclusions The study presented an investigation and comparison of three different power supply AC-DC converters for high-power high-current applications, such as industrial water electrolyzer systems for production of hydrogen gas. The rectifier topologies taken into consideration were a 6-pulse thyristor rectifier, a 12-pulse thyristor rectifier, and an IGBT-based buck-rectifier. According to the main objective of this study related to the effect of voltage elevation on the energy efficiency of power converters in water electrolyzer systems, simulations of each topology were carried out in the Matlab/Simulink environment for several values of transformer secondary line-to-line voltage. The output load resistance and open-circuit voltage of the electrolyzer model were increased in the same proportion to the increase in the voltage level in order to keep the output DC current constant, which has a direct effect on the hydrogen production rate.
Acknowledgements The following funding is acknowledged: grant  PID2021-123276OB-I00  funded by  MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033and  by " ERDF A way of making Europe ";  Severo Ochoa Programme for Centre of Excellence in R&D, FUNFUTURE  ( CEX2019-000917-S ) funded by  MCIN/AEI /10. 13039/501100011033 ; grant  LINKA20394  funded by  CSIC , program i-LINK 2021; synchrotron experiment was awarded by SOLEIL and performed on the  CRG IF beamline at ESRF, France  (proposal number 20200213). J. M. C. also thanks  Severo Ochoa Programme  (Grant  CEX2021-001214 -S funded by  MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033 ).
The potentials were converted to reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) via Equation  1 , where the standard electrode potential for Ag/AgCl (E o (Ag/AgCl [3M KCl]) ) = 0. 210 V and pH = 1. E ðRHEÞ ¼ E ðAg=AgClÞ þ 0:059 pH þ E o ðAg=AgClÞ (1) While the LSVs were translated to spatially-resolved voltammetric image containing information about the activity of the sample, the CVs at a non-faradaic region were used to calculate the doublelayer capacitance. The z-position of approaches at all landing spots was translated to a topography map of the sample. The i surf flowing through the QRCE was determined through a variable gain transimpedance amplifier (DLPCA-200, FEMTO Messtechnik). An FPGA card (PCIe-7852R) served for data acquisition and instrumental control. This was managed through a modified version of software developed at University of Warwick (WEC-SPM) written in LabVIEW (National Instruments).
The blue laser (l = 488 nm) of the confocal is used as the ''measuring light'' in the saturation pulse method  13  to image Chl fluorescence (Figure  1E ), leading to a parameter hereafter called Fʹ (Figure  1F ). This parameter is close to the F0 parameter used in the saturating pulse method. 13  Both the blue laser, the acquisition (on a predefined z stack) and the LED control box are controlled by the confocal software Zen (version 3. 0), through the ''experiment designer'' routine. We used the Fiji software  17  to analyze the datasets and treated the images as follows: 3D time series acquisitions (xyzt) were converted to 2D images (xyt) in a way that preserves original fluorescence values (''sum slices'' function). The latter can be calculated for every time point measuring the ''mean gray value'' of regions of interest (ROIs) (chloroplasts, cells, and tissues) and subtracting the background fluorescence (i.
e. , the signal measured in an empty ROI located near the measurement region). Indeed, background fluorescence is also affected by external light source (Figure  S2 ). When needed, image segmentation was done with the 3D Slicer software  18  to generate 3D models that gave information about the plastids volume. We calculated photosynthetic parameters from fluorescence values with the Origin software (Microcal). We first validated the 3D-Pulse fluorimeter on a photosynthetic organism having a relatively simple structure, the juvenile gametophyte (protonema) of the moss Physcomitrium patens. We noticed that the maximum photosynthetic capacity, here indicated by the PSII-related parameter Y = (Fm -F 0 )/Fm, decreased when the laser intensity increased. The Y decrease reflects the actinic effect of blue laser itself, which increases the F 0 parameter.
We propose that this particular population comprises microalgae in the process of adapting to the trophic environment provided by the host (see discussion). We investigated their NPQ features at the subcellular level. However, it was difficult to track single Phaeocystis plastids separately because these organelles are around 10 times smaller than the ones found, e. g. , in plants and P. patens. 33, 34  Moreover, they are very densely packed  30  and thus cannot be easily separated based on confocal images. Thus, we developed an alternative data analysis approach: we first selected a 2D slice from the plastid 3D volume. Chl fluorescence values were calculated along the radius of a circular surface, approximating cell area. This was done for acquisitions of dark-adapted samples and for cells exposed to 10 min of illumination to evaluate the Fm, Fm', and NPQ ((Fm -Fmʹ)/Fmʹ) parameter.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank  Prof. Alessandro Alboresi  ( University of Padova ) for providing P. patens samples,  Prof. Benjamin Stich  ( University of D€ usseldorf ) for providing seeds of Flaverias,  Dr. Charlotte Lekieffre  ( CEA Grenoble ) for technical help with acantharians, and the institutes that supported the collection of samples:  EMBRC-France  and the  Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer. We thank also  Dr. Benjamin Bailleul ,  Dr. Bernard Genty , and  Prof. David Macherel  for their critical reading. This project received funding from the  European Research Council :  ERC Chloro-mito  (grant no. 833184 ) to F. C. , J. D. M. S. , and G. F. and the  European Union   H2020  Project  BIOTEC-02-2019   GAIN4CROPS  (grant no  862087 ) to G. C. , D. T. , and G. F.
Research was also supported by a  Defi X-Life  grant from  CNRS  to G. F. The  ANR-11-BTBR-0008   Oce  ´anomics,  ANR-15-IDEX-02   GlycoAlps  and '' Origin Of Life'' Cross Disciplinary Projects of the Univ. Grenoble Alpes , and  ANR-17-EURE-0003  to O. B. J. D. and F. C. were supported by  CNRS  and  ATIP-Avenir program. D. P. Y. was supported by the  IDEX project of University of Grenoble alpes (International Strategic Partnerships)  and  EMBL. Funding by the  LabEx GRAL  ( ANR-10-LABX-49-01 ), financed within the  University Grenoble Alpes graduate school (Ecoles Universitaires de Recherche)   CBH-EUR-GS  ( ANR-17-EURE-0003 ), is also acknowledged.
In this paper we are interested in developing new and easy software for the sizing of a solar installation of hot water production. Such installation is successful only if its determination, its conception and its realization are made with care. This software that we baptized PREVIS 1. 0 supplies, for fixed operating conditions, the dimensions of each component of the installation without having to use tables of data or diagrams. PREVIS 1. 0 will allow the engineers and the fitters of solar installations of hot water production to make a good sizing in a simple and precise way. Moreover, PREVIS could be coupled to TRNSYS code and this is one of its highlights. Typical university campus for a 240 students was considered as case study. The hot-water demand temperature (45°C) is controlled by a conventional fuel auxiliary heater and a tempering valve.
The fluids circulate by pumps activated by electricity. Annual energy performance, in terms of solar fraction, was calculated for Tangier. Résumé -Dans cet article, nous nous sommes intéressés à développer un nouveau logiciel de calcul facile pour le dimensionnement d'une installation solaire de production d'eau chaude. Une telle installation peut être réussie seulement si sa détermination, sa conception et sa réalisation sont effectuées avec soin. Ce logiciel, que nous avons baptisé PREVIS 1. 0 fournit, pour des conditions de fonctionnement fixes, les dimensions de chaque composant de l'installation sans devoir employer des tables de données ou des diagrammes. PREVIS 1. 0 permettra aux ingénieurs et aux assembleurs des installations solaires de production d'eau chaude de faire un bon classement par taille d'une manière simple et précise.
D'ailleurs, PREVIS pourrait être couplé au code TRNSYS et, c'est l'un des points importants. Le campus universitaire pour 240 étudiants a été considéré comme une étude de cas. La demande de la température d'eau (45°C) est commandée par un réchauffeur auxiliaire de carburant conventionnel et une valve de gâchage. Les fluides circulent grâce à des pompes électriques. La performance énergétique annuelle, en termes de fraction solaire, a été calculée pour Tanger.
was indicated for Tangier In this paper we attempt to develop a computational code authorizing the user to test alternative configurations of the solar water heating plant before its realization. This software, called PREVIS 1. 0, is the informatics transcription of the standard used with SODEAN and of the method of estimation of the thermal performance of the solar installation, developed by the CSTB  [2]. It will allow the engineers and the technicians working in the field of solar plant to simulate and to make a sizing of each component of the solar installation in a simple and precise way without having to use tables of data or diagrams. Let us note that PREVIS could be coupled to TRNSYS code and this is one of its highlights  [3]. In this framework, a typical university campus for a 240 students was considered for deriving the results.
TRNSYS AND PREVIS PROGRAMS OVERVIEW One of the objectives of this work is also the coupling of our software with the code TRNSYS to facilitate to the researchers the technical part and the sizing of each component of the solar installation. TRNSYS is a transient system simulation program with a modular structure. Each module of TRNSYS contains a mathematical model for a system component  [4]. The TRNSYS engine calls the system components based on the input file and iterates at each time-step until the system of equations is solved. A program such as TRNSYS has the capability of interconnecting system components in any desired manner. Once all of the components of the system have been identified and a mathematical description of each component is available, an information flow diagram for the system needs to be constructed.
Such components are utility subroutines and output producing devices. The TYPE number of a component relates the component to a Fortran subroutine, which models that component. Each component has a unique TYPE number. The UNIT number is used to identify each component (which can be used more than once) in the deck file. Although two or more system components can have the same TYPE number, each must have a unique UNIT number. The PREVIS 1. 0 code is the computer transcription of standards established by SODEAN and of the 'monthly method for estimating the thermal performances of the solar plant', developed by the CSTB. This code is endowed with a graphic interface authorizing the user to test alternative configurations of the solar plant before its realization. PREVIS 1. 0 will allow us to make a sizing of the solar installation in a simple and precise way.
It has been developed at the Heat Transfer and Energetic laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of Tangier (Morocco)  [5]. The main features of the PREVIS 1. 0 simulation engine are: -The monthly rates of solar cover -The monthly hot water demand -The productivity calculated monthly -Productivity per square meter of solar collector -Proposition of alternative configurations -Assessment of the drop in pressure. With PREVIS 1. 0, it is for example possible to look for the best compromise between the surface of the solar collectors and the volume of stocking, to optimize productivity in the square meter while assuring a reasonable coverage of necessities. This software was written in Pascal object by using DELPHI under its version 5; it is a powerful tool of development of Windows application.