dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, 2012)  or thin clouds  (Li et al. , 2012)  and contrail studies  (Schumann et al. , 2013). Furthermore, one can also estimate cloud-base height  (Allmen and Kegelmeyer, 1996; Kassianov et al. , 2005; Nguyen and Kleissl, 2014 ) by using a pair of sky cameras. Those systems are now commonly deployed in the vicinity of solar farms for the intra-hour or now-casting of solar irradiance and during atmospheric field experiments or on permanent observatories for cloud cover and cloud type monitoring. Within the ACTRIS-FR 1  French research infrastructure, several instrumented permanent sites have coordinated their actions for the observation of the atmosphere and attempt to homogenize their instrumental, data process, and data dissemination practices for wider and more consistent multiparameter data use by the international research community.
The RAPACE system is composed of an A510 CANON camera that is remotely controllable, a Nikon FC-E9 fish-eye objective for full-sky images, a waterproof box for protection of the camera outside, a square board support to put the camera at the right height into the box, a Plexiglas dome to protect the fish-eye objective from hail, animals, and other sources of damage, a thermostatted heating wire to limit condensation and frost inside the dome, a control computer, and a Power Shot Remote software (from Breeze Systems) for remote control of the camera. A picture of RAPACE is shown in Fig. 1  on the roof of the P2OA plain site laboratory building. Examples of images are shown in Fig. 2. It has now been running since December 2006 with no significant interruption and turned out to be a very robust system, with high-quality 3.
It especially makes the circumsolar area very difficult to deal with (there is an increase in whitening around the sun). To solve this issue,  Ghonima et al. (2012)  use a real cloud-free sky library as a reference, composed of a set of cloud-free sky images found within a large dataset. The difference between the RBR of the processed image and the RBR of a reference cloud-free image (with similar elevation and azimuth solar angles) differentiates the cloudy pixels from the cloud-free pixels. Going further, recent methodologies based on background substraction take account of the clear-sky spatial and temporal variability through the use of a modeled (or so-called "virtual") clear sky  (Yabuki et al. , 2014; Chauvin et al. , 2015; Yang et al. , 2016). Note that  Koehler et al. (1991)  already used a "perturbation" ratio of RBR, relative to a haze-adjusted background RBR, to optimize thin cloud detection.
Adaptation to other cameras This algorithm was first developed for the RAPACE imager, which had no integrated process algorithm, and was then adapted to other cameras of the ACTRIS-FR instrumented sites for homogeneity of the data process within the ensemble of sites. The raw images of all sites are automatically sent to the AERIS, where ELIFAN runs and generates for each system the corresponding libraries, the cloud cover netcdf data file, and the intermediate products (RBR or RBR difference images, like in Fig. 6c  and d , and the tricolor images of the cloudy, cloud-free, and uncertain pixel distribution like in Fig. 6e  and f ). According to the systems, the image may differ in terms of geometry, color, or obstructing objects. Below are the camera-dependent aspects that need to be adjusted or defined in ELIFAN for it to run on a new full-sky camera.
7 (used for SIRTA TSI camera) for AOD around 0. 35 (and T cloud of 0. 8 for AOD around 0. 46). Based on the Re-OBS dataset  (Chiriaco et al. , 2018) , with hourly AERONET 500 nm AOD data measured at SIRTA, we estimated to 7 % (2 %) the percentage of occurrence of hourly AOD larger than 0. 35 (0. 5) over a 10-year-long period (with 10 000 values due to missing data). This is a small percentage, but it is not negligible. We checked that the results of ELIFAN on the corresponding images remain largely satisfying, with the correct interpretation of cloud-free versus cloudy pixels, except that the misinterpreted circumsolar region is larger than on days with smaller AOD. A climatology made over 49 sites over the world (including the SIRTA site) by  Ningombam et al. (2019) , based on monthly AERONET data, shows that the climatological range of AOD observed at SIRTA is similar to that of other sites (see Fig.
Evaluation of the algorithm, strengths and limitations An entire year of RAPACE data (2014) has been used for ELIFAN direct evaluation before its adaptation to other systems. Instead of considering all 15 min interval images, we considered only one image out of four throughout the seasonal cycle, which resulted in a set of 4925 processed hourly images that are thoroughly evaluated. The resulting tricolor images of the cloudy, cloud-free, and uncertain spatial distribution of pixels were compared one by one to the initial images and evaluated with the human eye by a single operator (that is, without a quantified estimate of the actual number of successful pixels). Several aspects were systematically considered for this evaluation, focused on specific previously identified potential failures: detecting cloud-free parts of the sky, detecting cloudy parts of the sky, detecting fully cloud-free images (that is, feeding the library), linked with thin cirrus clouds, in the sunrise-sunset transition periods (±1 h around sunrise or sunset time), due to the reflection and refraction of the sun, and due to raindrops on the Plexiglas dome.
Acknowledgements. The data from the RAPACE sky imager, the ceilometer, and the pyranometer used here were collected at the  Pyrenean Platform for the Observation of the Atmosphere P2OA  (http://p2oa. aero. obs-mip. fr,last access: 27 September 2019). P2OA facilities and staff are funded and supported by the  University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France , and  CNRS  ( Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ). We are grateful to the  AERIS data infrastructure  for development support and data processing, especially the  ICARE Data and Services Center. ACTRIS-FR  and AERIS are supported by the  French Ministry of Education and Research ,  CNRS ,  Météo-France ,  CEA  ( Centre d'Energie Atomique ), and  INERIS (Institut national de  l'environnement industriel et des risques). The development of the ELIFAN algorithm has been funded by the  University Paul Sabatier of Toulouse, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées , and by  ACTRIS-FR.
Data availability. Data from all ACTRIS-FR sky imagers are available at: https://www. actris. fr/actris-fr-data-centre/ (last access: 27 September 2019), with the search keyword "sky imager". Detailed information can be obtained from: contact-icare@univlille. fr. Author contributions. ML wrote the article. PB and OG developed and evaluated the ELIFAN algorithm under the supervision of FL and ML, with the collaboration (input ideas) of MH, JCD, SB, MC, and JB. SR developed the RAPACE sky imager. SD is responsible for its operation, its maintenance, and data flux management. Sky imagers are operated and managed by JB and JCD at SIRTA, and by NM at CO-PDD. NP is responsible for porting the algorithm at AERIS-ICARE, the centralization of the data process, and the operational phase.
The spatial and luminous optimization of the living environment of the elderly is now a major problem, reflecting the growing desire to meet their needs. It's common to design efficient lighting environments through the use of specialized design software, using standard parameters. The design of a lighting system for elderly today shakes up these habits. It modifies the design parameters and requires specific new parameters, meeting their specific needs. This non-hypothetical and different design process was tested here through a case study in a retirement home. It will develop a type of design based on contrast of luminance against illuminance ratio, leading to the development of a guide to good practice, thanks to which the CAD had to have a substantially better performance with DIALux Evo.
The classical method limitations for interior lighting design Our work on designing a lighting system adapted to the visual needs of the elderly is based on a case study in the Constantin and Elena retirement home, Iasi, Romania. It was chosen for its impersonal chromatic character and not adapted to the particular visual needs of the elderly occupying the premises. Indeed, the wall coverings are white and immaculate, thus presenting no contrasts or spatial references. We have chosen to apply the classical methodology inherent to the use of the DIALux EVO 8 software, specialized in the design of interior lighting systems. This is a design work that matches the design of a lighting system intended for the average observer. But we have also added the new design parameters that will provide an appropriate lighting design for the elderly user with visual disturbances such as skirting boards, door frames and other structural architectural elements.
Increasing the fineness of the calculation grid could be a solution, as presented in Fig. 5 : Fig. 5. The increasing the fineness of the calculation grid gives better resolution for illumination distribution, but no satisfactory information about the contrast of luminance. In conclusion, luminance contrast is difficult to be evaluated, because DIALux EVO, as EN 12464, don't take in consideration different connected surfaces, when the luminance variance become important. Because the assessment of luminance contrast for different spatial object is important for elderly to avoid falling or injuries, an original approach for this kind of details is proposed, using MATLAB.
Luminance contrast assessment using MATLAB simulations The main issue is to demonstrate the difference between the lighting design based on illuminance (as EN 12464) and the assessment of luminance, especially the contrast of luminance. The MATLAB model is built only for a detail from the interior of the building, respectively the frame of the door (or a step, stairs, handrail). The model is based on the frame profile, 15 cm deep, with a rounded edge with 4 cm radius, as in Fig. 6 : After this fast 2D validation, a 3D mesh-grid was generated, including reflexivity of the materials, as in Fig. 7 : Fig. 7. The spatial model of the door frame (dimensions in cm), and the left corner is at (0, 0, 0), with color-map for materials reflexivity. Using original MATLAB functions, illuminance ratio (lx) could be calculated.
These functions are based on calculating the form factors between the various finite surfaces obtained from mesh-generation. The light flux with direct incidence from the source is then reflected between the various surfaces until it is considered complete attenuation. In order to maximize the visual effect of the luminance (to which the eye is sensitive) compared with illuminance ratio (to which the eye is indirect sensitive), a light source was impose with 3D symmetrical light intensity of 500 cd, situated at the coordinates (x= 2. 60; y= -0. 9; z= 0. 4), related on Fig. 6  and Fig. 7. The results relative to illuminance ratio are displayed with MATLAB function surf, as in Fig. 8 :.
Contrary to the usual practices of architects, our new approach of DIALux and MATLAB makes possible the modeling of a prototype of the final space and also the quantitative evaluation of the luminous characteristics, and in particular the contrast of luminance, major characteristic in the discrimination of the environment  [12]   [13]. The difference between lighting design based on illumination level and luminance contrast can be schematized as follows: Classical This approach is thus of great use for the designer, in order to understand the complexity of the light design, correlated to the particular needs of elderly users. It's also useful for the investors, as well as the authorities in order to be able to improve the living conditions of the elderly.
Conclusion Thanks to our differentiating approach to the use of DIALux interior lighting system design software, we are able to design lighting systems adapted to the visual needs of elderly users, here based on the study of retirement home "Constantin and Elena" from Iaşi, Romania. The integration of new parameters allows us to extract luminance contrast from the conventional design approach. By shaping digital design systems, it's possible to develop specific installations. It also justifies the immediate interventions necessary to optimize the building to improve the visual comfort of the elderly, thus constituting a model for many other retirement homes.
Hints of these effects can already be found in studies in the speech domain, and the author argues that the sleep and memory consolidation literature should inform future speech research and that future research should consider not only how speech sounds are best learned, but also how they are most optimally consolidated and retained. Besides the intellectual merit of the authors and reviewers, this book was only possible thanks to the financial support the French-German University (UFA) in Saarbrücken. They supported the publication of the book and the international winter school on "Speech production and perception: Learning and memory" that took place 2017 in Chorin, Germany. Furthermore, parts of the presented work were supported by a grant from the ANR-DFG to the Salammbo project (FU791/8-1).
b); (2) The system developed and used by Munhall, Purcell and collaborators that used a specific hardware; (3) The system used by Perkell and Guenther's teams that first included specific hardware  (Villacorta et al. , 2007)  and was then adapted as a free software for Matlab. It supports various auditory perturbations, including changes in F1 and/or F2, but also more complex ones such as formant trajectory perturbations  (Cai, Boucek, Ghosh, Guenther, & Perkell, 2008; Tourville, Cai, & Guenther, 2013). The last version is called "Audapter" and can be download on github. com (https://github. com/shanqing-cai/audapter_ matlab, this link was retrieved July, 6, 2018); (4) The last system was developed in parallel by three teams:  Max et al. , Ostry et al. , and Shiller et al. It uses a device from the music industry (VoiceOne, TC Helicon) that by default allows shifting of all the formants while preserving F0.
, 2011). Aside from this study, all other published work on formant perturbations observed significant compensatory adaptation in acoustic analyses, whereas preliminary analyses of articulatory correlates of adaptation are all the studies related to formant perturbation included in the present review. The first column provides the reference of the article. The 2nd column gives the language of participants (Du: Dutch, En: English, Fr: French, Ge: German, Ja: Japanese, Ko: Korean, Ma: Mandarin, Ru: Russian, Sp: Spanish). Column 3 is related to the perturbation systems, which are described in Table  3  (briefly, 1. a: Houde & Jordan (1998), 1. b. Katseff et al. (2012) ; 2:  Purcell & Munhall, (2006a) ; 3: Audapter and its previous versions; 4: VoiceOne, TC Helicon, 5: Others) and column 4 indicates whether an article is mainly dedicated to the description of a perturbation system.
Some of them may also require further methodological studies, in line with Munhall and collaborators work. For instance: -Should the participants be only females or males? What is the effect of mixing vs. not mixing gender on adaptation? -This first question could be crossed with the effect of the type of perturbation: should the perturbation be absolute vs. relative, formant values being clearly different across gender? What is the effect of shifting only F1 vs. F1 and F2 in opposite direction? -Whether participants are monolingual or multilingual should be controlled and reported, and as far as possible kept available for metaanalysis. Indeed, adaptation seems influenced by perceptual categories, which are related to phonological systems of languages. One of the best ways to address the question would be to be able to compare large datasets recorded around the world in the different research topics.
This could also be the case for effects related to the direction of the perturbation or to the number of trials during the hold phase as well as to the way the perturbation is introduced. At the very least, non-significant results between different groups of speakers should be interpreted carefully, in relation to this large variability. These examples suggest that methodological aspects should be directly addressed and clearly reported to help teams working in the field share standards and enable the constitution of large databases. Large betweensubjects variability suggests that adaptation to formant perturbations is a complex phenomenon, influenced by different factors. Multifactorial analyses such as introduced in Dimov et al. (  2012 ) could be run on large datasets, but this requires -at the very least -recording of systematic information about the participants and reporting clear information about the perturbation and its real effect.
Real-time tracking and formant perturbation were performed with AUDAPTER, which is a C++ audio signal processing application executable within a MATLAB environment (cf. for technical details  Cai et al. , 2008). The delay of the feedback loop was approximately 14ms. The original and perturbed audio signals were digitized and saved with a sampling rate of 16 kHz. AUDAPTER also stored data files which contained the formant values (F1, F2, and F3) tracked on each trial.
During a baseline phase, which lasted for 60 trials, no auditory perturbation was applied and participants were able to familiarize themselves with the experimental situation of receiving auditory feedback over earphones. On each trial, which had an approximate duration of 2 seconds, participants were visually prompted to produce one of the four CV syllables /di/, /dɨ/, /gɨ/, and /gu/. This was done to assess participants' initial F1-F2 formant space. The inter-stimulus interval between the trials was approximately 1. 5 seconds. The visual presentation of the stimuli was controlled by a customized MATLAB software package developed at the Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing, LMU Munich. During the three following perturbation phases, each of which lasted for 50 trials, participants produced CV syllables containing the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ embedded in the context of alveolar and velar consonants /d/ or /g/.
Munhall, MacDonald, Byrne & Johnsrude, 2009). All recordings of 18 participants amounted to 3780 trials. The onset and offset of the vowel segment produced on each trial were labeled manually in MATLAB using its graphical input facilities. Subsequently, the formant trajectories were extracted from AUDAPTER's data files based on the labeled onset and offset boundaries. A window with a length of 50 % of each formant trajectory centered at its midpoint was used to compute the formant means produced on each trial.
Secondly, the non-linearity of parameter smooths does not make any assumptions regarding the temporal or spatial characteristics of the adaptation process. Finally, the parameter smooths can be estimated including random effects which allows us to capture individual variability of the adaptation process. Prior to building the GAMM model, participants' raw formant frequencies were normalized by subtracting each participants' mean formant frequency produced during the baseline phase for the respective syllable (/dɨ/ or /gɨ/). This was done to exclude participant-specific differences regarding their absolute formant magnitudes (e. g. , due to gender differences). By means of this normalization, the average F1 and F2 values for /dɨ/ and /gɨ/ were set at zero for the baseline phase. Subsequently, using the mgcv package  (Wood, 2017b)  we fitted one GAMM model for each formant (F1 and F2) with normalized frequencies averaged across all participants and all experimental trials as dependent variable.
The data of the unperturbed syllables /di/ and /gu/, which were uttered by participants only during the baseline phase, were not included in the resulting GAMMs. All GAMM models were evaluated, interpreted, and visualized by means of the itsadug package by van Rij, Wieling,  Baayen & van Rijn (2017). In the model structure, we included random factor smooths with an intercept split for the perturbation direction (upward vs. downward) in order to assess (potentially non-linear) individual compensation magnitude differences over the course of the experiment. The model also included a fixed effect which assessed the 'constant' effect of the perturbation direction independently from the temporal variation. The resulting models explained 46. 6 % and 66. 9 % of the variance in the F1 and F2 data, respectively.
For this purpose, we fitted two linear-mixed models using the lme4 package  (Bates, Mächler, Bolker, and Walker, 2015). One model was fitted for each of the two average formant frequencies (F1 and F2) that were produced by participants in the syllables /di/, /dɨ/, /gɨ/, and /gu/ during the baseline phase. The model structure included the produced syllable and the interaction between the syllable and gender as fixed effects and the formant frequency as dependent variable. Furthermore, both models included an interaction between the syllable and the compensatory pattern observed for each participant (cf. section 3. 2 for a detailed discussion of individual compensation patterns). Random intercepts were modeled for each participant as well as random slopes for each produced syllable. Visual model inspection revealed that the residuals of the chosen models followed a normal distribution for F1 and F2 data.
Descriptions of vocal profiles differentiating developmental profiles could provide valuable evidence for early biomarkers of autism and could help us explain the origin of the issues in speech production demonstrated at a later age. Further research as to why atypical vocalizations occurs in young children with autism is required. Current research of SSEs in autism has started to use technology as a means of increasing the sensitivity of analysis of speech, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Shriberg et al. (2001)  found a predominance of articulation errors in children with autism using the "PEPPER" software. This software allowed analysis of the type and frequency of consonant and vowel errors in conversational speech. Using this method, they found 33 % of the cohort with autism had at least one type of speech distortion error (residual speech sound errors, such as lateral lisps).
While EPG shows 62 points of contact on the hard palate, EMA normally tracks a much more limited number of points: usually three sensors attached near to the midsagittal tongue tip, then two more on the front of the tongue, about 1. 5cm and 3cm posterior  (Katz & Mehta, 2015)  which is about as far into the anterior oral cavity as can be reached easily. More recent systems, for example the Wave Electromagnetic Speech Research System (NDI, Waterloo, ON) allow three-dimensional tracking of five small sensors affixed to the client's tongue. Software such as "Opti-Speech" (Vick, Mental,  Carey, & Lee, 2017)  shows the sensors in the context of an avatar (see Figure  1 ). EMA has been popular in articulatory phonetics studies because it is one of the few techniques which allows velocity and acceleration of movements to be calculated and interpreted easily, because of the flesh point tracking.