dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
); 7) presence of any non-governmental organization (NGO) involved in harm reduction (HR) and care for drug users in the prison. We also collected the following data from the council of Europe's annual penal statistics (Space project -http://wp. unil. ch/space/) which reflect penal policy at the national level: average national levels for penitential density for 100 places (this provides a measure of prison overpopulation), percentage of prisoners who were sentenced primarily for drug offences, prisoner security staff member ratio, and the ratio between prisoners and other professionals working in prison. The survey was implemented in all 24-hour incarceration prisons at the national level (all semi-liberty prisons and all other penal alternatives to imprisonment were excluded). Juvenile detention centres receiving only minors were excluded.
It was used to compare adherence between Austria, Denmark, Belgium and Italy. The second score, constructed to create a 5-country comparison, included data from the 2009-2010 French ANRS-PRI 2 DE survey and ranged from 0 to 9. This different scoring system was required because at the time of the French survey, only the 2007 WHO recommendations (first document above) were available and did not include the following 3 recommendations: accesss to ARV, HBV vaccination and prevention measures for tattooing and piercing. Table  1  shows items corresponding to international recommendations and how adherence to each specific recommendation was scored. For each of the two adherence scores constructed, a global score was built, by summing the subscores corresponding to each recommendation. Each subscore ranged from 0 to 1 (i.
Condoms -Lubricants •Condoms available in various locations 1 •Water-based lubricants available 0. 5 and clean injecting equipment"). In the first analysis, which compared adherence in Austria, Belgium, Denmark and Italy, only global scores (ranging from 0 to 12) were taken into account (hereafter Europe 4 analysis or E4). In the second analysis, which included data from the 2009 French survey to create a 5-country comparison , global scores (ranging from 0 to 9) were used, (hereafter Europe 5 analysis: E5). •.
Acknowledgements This project was funded by the  European Commission  and the  French National Agency for Research on Aids and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS). The authors affirm that they did not enter into any agreement with the funder which may have limited their ability to complete the research. Our thanks to all prison medical staff who agreed to participate in the study, and to the  Health and Justice/Penitentiary  authorities in the various countries who agreed to participate in the survey and who helped facilitate its implementation. The authors would also like to thank  Jude Sweeney  for the English revision and editing of the manuscript.
The receptor was associated with apoptosis  [30]  and was even proposed that "melanoma cell proliferation overwhelmed the apoptotic defence"  [191]. Data obtained from our group indicated that mRNA expression of P2X7, among other P2X, can be detected by RT-PCR in Skmel28, Bris, HBL, 518A2 human melanoma cell lines (Figure  2 ). The presence of proteins and their activity at the plasma membrane was not assessed so far. P2X7 mRNA and proteins were also identified in human melanoma cell lines such as the A375  [30] , and in the murine B16 melanoma cell line  [192]  in which the variant expressed is P2X7a and not the P2X7k variant  [193]  that exhibits a higher ligand sensitivity  [90].
Updated adjustment procedure Estimation of the TJC TJC from the data available in  McConville et al. (1980)  and  Young et al. (1983)  In the updated adjustment procedure, the position of the TJC is interpolated directly from the data of Schneider et al. (Schneider et al. 1983 ) by a Kriging method  (Trochu 1993; Dumas & Cheze 2009). The principle is to use the 3D positions of some points in two datasets to compute the parameters of an interpolation function (i. e. a linear polynomial of coordinates plus a weighted average of inter-point distances). The position of any point available in only one of both datasets can be then interpolated (see Appendix 1). The positions of eight anatomical landmarks (i. e. midspine at 10th rib level [MSR 10 ], right and left 10th ribs [RR 10 and LR 10 ], right and left anterior-superior iliac spines [RASIS and LASIS], symphision [SYM], and right and left iliocristales  [RI and LI] ) are available in Schneider et al.
The thorax and abdomen SCSs were defined with the TJC and LJC joint centres that could be estimated in only one ACS with the available data in  McConville et al. (1980)  and  Young et al. (1983). The transformations from one ACS to the other were determined assuming that the sagittal planes of both abdomen and pelvis ACSs (as well as SCSs) were coincident and that the rotations in this plane were the same for males and females.
Introduction The association between ambient air pollution and mortality is widely documented in the literature  [1, 2]. Various pollutants were studied, including Particulate Matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Times-series and case-crossover studies were the most frequently used study designs for assessment of the short-term effects of exposure to air pollution, whereas cohort studies were most commonly performed to evaluate long-term effects. Long-term exposures have greater effects than short-term variation of pollutants' concentrations  [3] [4] [5]. In the APHENA multi-city study, the combined effect of PM 10 on all-cause mortality across all-ages for cities with daily air pollution data ranged from 0. 2% to 0. 6% for a 10 μg/m 3 increase in ambient PM 10 concentrations  [5]. However, the public health significance of these results is still a matter of debate because of the harvesting (or death displacement) effect  [6] [7] [8].
Health data We considered all deaths that occurred in the city of Paris for residents older than 35 years old from January 2004 to December 2009. All-cause mortality data were provided by the death registry of the city of Paris. Individual information on age, sex, date of death, and census block of residence was available for each case. For confidentiality reasons it was not possible to distinguish causes of mortality, thus external causes of deaths could not be excluded. The analysis included only subjects older than 35 years at the time of death to minimize this bias since accidental causes of death are dominant in subjects under 35 years old  [24]. We obtained the population size in each stratum from the INSEE. Ethical approval was obtained from the French commission on data privacy and public liberties (CNIL-Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés).
Proven or likely confounders Following the literature  [20, [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]  dealing with the health effects of air pollution, several confounders were considered in our study. -Daily temperature (maximum, mean and minimum), daily relative humidity (maximum, mean and minimum) and daily mean atmospheric pressure; the data were obtained from the Météo-France Montsouris station in Paris. -Incidence rate of the weekly influenza case counts. Information on weekly influenza case counts in the Ile-de-France region (which includes the city of Paris as well as the whole surrounding metropolitan area) was obtained from the Inserm Sentinelles network (http:// websenti. u707. jussieu. fr/sentiweb/). -Holidays.
Bibliographical databases were also searched (i. e. , Medline, Academic Search Complete, Eric, SAGE Journals Online, BDSP, Cairn info, and ScienceDirect). The choice of key words was adjusted according to the different thesaurus ("realist* review" OR "realist* synthes*" OR "realist* approach" OR "realist* evaluation" OR "realist* case stud*" AND "mechanism*"). We also searched the reference lists of all the articles meeting our inclusion criteria looking for other key documents (especially in the gray literature) that may have eluded our general search strategy. The data analysis entailed (1) demonstrating how the writings collected contribute to the three dimensions of the concept of mechanism ("term, sense and referent") as defined by Pawson and his colleagues and (2) identifying the differences in understanding and use of this concept among users of the realist approach to shed light on the conceptual gaps in the definition.
Acknowledgements This work was conducted as part of the task 1 of the  AAPRISS (Apprendre et Agir Pour Réduire les Inégalités Sociales de Santé) program  and thanks to a grant from the  Institut National du Cancer (INCa) , research convention No. 2011-09  and from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche , grant No. ANR 11 INEG 003 01. We would like to thank  Prof Thierry Lang  and the  AAPRISS team  for their support in the conduct this research as well as the many colleagues who contributed by their comments and questions to the writing of this paper.
MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective observational study, data were extracted from a cohort of 2634 adult patients on in-center OL-HDF treatment in a large private dialysis network between January 1, 2005 and May 31, 2013. The participating countries were Czech Republic, France, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, and Turkey. To select a dialysis population of incident patients (i. e. , patients admitted to a participating clinic within 90 days of dialysis initiation) receiving uninterrupted OL-HDF treatment over the time of observation, different selection criteria were applied (see Figure  1 ). To assure exclusivity of HDF treatment, patients were excluded from the analysis when the percentage of HDF sessions over the entire period of treatment observation was o90%. To ensure that HDF treatment was delivered also in a continuous manner, patients with 460 days of treatment interruption (e.
g. , due to hospitalization, holidays) were excluded. Finally patients having o10 OL-HDF treatments during the observation period were also excluded because of insufficient data for analysis. After application of the selection criteria, 2293 patients remained in the study. This group constituted the basis for the subsequent determination of the threshold of convection volume above which survival was increased. HDF treatment prescription is sensitive to the total substitution volume delivered per session. This is a function of the instantaneous substitution flow and the duration of the session. Since January 2012, a substitution volume of 21 l/session has been specified as the target substitution volume throughout the clinic network; effective achievement is continuously monitored by the quality control system.
The weight loss achieved by ultrafiltration corresponds to the interdialytic weight gain adjusted to the dry weight target. The total ultrafiltered volume or effective convection volume removed during the session is the sum of these two components, substitution volume and ultrafiltration weight loss. Main factors affecting HDF performance (e. g. , blood flow, dialysate flow, treatment time, anticoagulation, manual or automatic ultrafiltration control by the HDF machine)  10  are subject to regional or local practice patterns. Implementation of best practice guidelines within the network is supported by educational materials and local expertise. All data were obtained using electronic medical records from the European Clinical Database (EuCliD) and were collected according to company standard clinical protocols and procedures.
22 All patients consented that their data can be used in an anonymized form for scientific research. Collected variables included demographics, medical history, underlying renal disease, comorbidities, vascular access, treatment prescriptions, laboratory data, detailed records of each delivered dialysis treatment and events (hospitalizations, death and their causes). All blood samples for laboratory evaluations were taken at the mid-week session with the following frequencies: Kt/V monthly, CRP quarterly, and ß 2 -M every 6 months. BSA was estimated according to the formula of Mosteller: BSA = ([Height (cm) × Weight (kg)]/ 3600)  (1/2). The not normally distributed variable CRP was log-transformed and considered as time averaged log CRP over the observation period. ß 2 -M was considered as single measurements.
Data sources This section discusses the sources of data used for the creation of PSF specific to railway applications. The European Railway Agency (ERA) started the Human Factors project in 2012 and created a network bringing together human factor experts. The main objective behind this project was to promote and provide a human-centered perspective in the systematic integration of HF at multiple levels e. g. design, development, operation and maintenance in European railways. The final report produced in 2013  [13]  consists of the analysis of data from over 16 countries including most EU countries and some non-EU countries such as Japan, USA, and Canada etc. Data was taken from both academic and industrial literature and covered a wide range of job roles. It aimed to gather as globally applicable definitions as possible in order to provide a global perspective.
The overall aim of this particular report was to 'provide a generic and high level view of human factors in railway operations and to identify safety relevant human activities associated with these functions'. Subsequently an expert-opinion based analysis of safety relevant activities on humans involved in railway operations was performed on the raw data gathered by researchers. The results are presented in a multilevel hierarchy, starting from system level operational goals down to a human's safety relevant activities. The top level system operational goals are defined as "Purpose/Goals -aim of the socio-technical system and a focus for human efforts". In total seven such high level goals were identified e. g. maintain safety, provide efficient train service, optimize passenger comfort and journey, minimize environmental impact etc.
These goals are then attributed at the second level to 'human functional goals', for example for all of the aforementioned Purposes/Goals it is necessary that 'train movement must be controlled in all operational circumstances'. Subsequently 8 human functional goals were identified each branching from one or more Purposes/Goals. Each 'human functional goal' is further broken-down into multiple lower level 'human functions'. A spreadsheet is produced describing the 'human function' under analysis, the context under which said 'human function' is executed, and the analysis of 'safety relevant activities' associated with it. This analysis includes data on 'potential for errors', 'potential for recovery', 'consequences of errors' and 'mitigation' within the system. Some possible disadvantages of taking into account such a large amount of data are that some factors and safety relevant activities identified might not be applicable to specific technologies such as ERTMS.
Remarks and discussion More often than not domain specific PSFs are extracted from an extensive analysis of accident reports. In such cases concrete information onfactors affecting the humanissparse, secondly in most modern human-machine design at some level there are some ergonomic considerations made, rendering analysis from a 20 year old accident on driver conditions obsolete. Also as remarked in  [9] the reliability of train driver tasks are considered with respect to its tasks and PSFs need to be identified to those tasks or specific scenarios to be able to obtain atrustworthyquantification. Both of these problems are dealt with by using ERA study as data source for creating PSFs list. Firstlyit is relatively recent (releasing the report in 2013 and periodic release of documents after that  [17] ) keeping up with current regulations and research so the data is relatively relevant for most contemporary railway applications.
They subsequently consulted experts together with accident analysis reports to validate their PSFs. Expert opinions can be explored along with works such as ERA study to justify the selected PSFs. Work concerning reliability of automobile driver was not covered in present work, however that remains one of our goals to propose a generic model for transportation. This will be considered along with our focus on train driver functions and establishing a minimum common set of PSFs with an automobile driver. To obtain data for nominal HEP calculationswe aim to use simulator experiments for which we will employrailway simulators (ERTMS driversimulator and Route Control Center Systems (RCCS))available at the Université de Technologie de Compiègne. Experimental protocols will be defined as specific scenarios which take into account single or multiple factors.
The number of people developing type II diabetes is verging on epidemic proportions in some countries. Along with an aging population, the incidence of chronic diabetic foot ulcers and venous leg ulcers is increasing and threatens to pose a problem for healthcare systems. A smart, wearable autonomous wound therapy and monitoring device is the goal of the Swan-iCare project, which involves 9 consortium members and is funded by the European commission under the FP7 program. The device is intended to shorten hospital stays by enabling patients to return home and have their wounds remotely monitored by the clinician. A miniaturized, bio-impedance sensor system is among the sensors under development. In this paper we describe the promising preliminary results of a clinical study on the use of bioimpedance measurements to monitor the healing processes of diabetic foot ulcers.
The use of progressive resistance training (PRT) to improve gait and balance in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) is an emerging area of interest. However, the main effects of PRT on lower limb functions such as gait, balance, and leg strength in people with PD remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the meta-analysis is to evaluate the evidence surrounding the use of PRT to improve gait and balance in people with PD. Five electronic databases, from inception to December 2014, were searched to identify the relevant studies. Data extraction was performed by two independent reviewers and methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of fixed and random effects models were used to calculate the effect sizes between experimental and control groups and I 2 statistics were used to determine levels of heterogeneity.
SEARCH STRATEGY This review has been informed by the PRISMA statement  (Moher et al. , 2009). The following electronic databases were searched from their inception to December 2014: PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and Scopus. The following keywords were used in combinations: Parkinson, Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonism, resistance training, strength training, exercise, gait, balance, and physical therapy. Figure  1  shows a flow diagram of the processing of search results from initial searches to the final included studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA Studies were included if (1) the aim of the study was to examine the effects of PRT on gait and balance in PD; (2) the target population was aged between 20 and 85 years with a confirmed diagnosis of PD; (3) the main intervention was PRT and the exercises specifically targeted the lower limb; (4) the effects of the resistance exercise intervention were compared to other training intervention, including other forms of exercise or physical activity; (4) the outcomes included either balance, gait, or leg strength. A study was excluded if (1) the effects of other forms of exercise not involving PRT were evaluated (such as behavioral interventions, music therapy, cueing strategies, or whole body vibration); (2) does not have a control group; (3) it was not randomized. Data was extracted by two independent reviewers (Alex Tillman and Wei-Peng Teo) and is summarized in Table  1.
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF STUDIES For each article, one reviewer (Alex Tillman) extracted all the data and a second reviewer (Wei-Peng Teo) performed a secondary check on the extracted data set. Any discrepancies found were resolved by discussion and care was taken to identify duplicate reports of any articles found. Only published articles that include articles in press were included in the meta-analysis. The methodological quality of each study was assessed independently by two reviewers (Dawson J. Kidgell and Timo Rantalainen) separate from the data extraction phase using the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale (ranging from 0-10 points). The PEDro scale is an assessment tool for evaluating methodological quality of randomized control trials conducted in the field of physiotherapy and has been previously shown to have fair-to-good reliability  (Maher et al.
DATA SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS Random effects meta-analyses were conducted with MedCalc Statistical Software v14. 12. 0 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium; http://www. medcalc. org; 2014). Hedges' g was used to measure the effect sizes for all meta-analyses and presented as standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity across studies was tested based on I 2 statistics. Studies with I 2 <40% was considered to have low heterogeneity, I 2 = 40-75% was considered moderate heterogeneity, and I 2 >75% was considered to have high heterogeneity. Fisher's method of combining p-values was applied to test for overall pooled effects for each outcome measure.
LEG STRENGTH A total of six out of seven studies reviewed presented quantitative measures of leg strength (Figure  3 ). The effects of PRT on leg strength were examined by pooling post-intervention data from the six trials (experimental n = 75; control n = 73). Overall, the results significantly favored (p = 0. 0014) the use of PRT to improve leg strength in people with PD (total random effects = SMD 1. 42, 95% CI 0. 464-2. 376). In particular, studies by  Shulman et al. (2013) ;  Hass et al. (2012)  and  Hirsch et al. (2003)  showed effect sizes that were in favor of the experimental group compared to the control group (Shulman: SMD 0. 779, 95% CI 0. 0816-1. 476; Hass: SMD 4. 235, 95% CI 2. 462-6. 008; Hirsch: SMD 3. 646, 95% CI 1. 853-5. 439).
, 2010). Similarly, our findings could not conclusively determine if indeed balance was improved by PRT. Only three studies directly or indirectly measured indices of balance. Allen et al. (2010)  directly measured balance using static posturography (sway distance on stable and unstable platforms) and found no appreciable difference between the experimental and control group. Similarly,  Schilling et al. (2010)  reported no difference in the activity-based balanced scale between experimental and control groups. Only  Hirsch et al. (2003)  demonstrated a significant effect of PRT on balance using the EquiTest Balance System, which comprises a battery of computerized dynamic posturography measures. The lack of balance measures reported in PRT intervention studies limits our analysis and we suggest a cautious approach is taken when evaluating this data as our findings may not accurately reflect the efficacy of PRT on measures of balance.
Fundings This work was supported by  Institut Pasteur  grant and by the  French Government 's  Investissement d'Avenir program ,  Laboratoire d'Excellence "Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases " (grant n°ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) and from  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  grant "Equipe  FRM DEQ20140329508 ". D. L. was supported by a grant from the  AXA Research Fund.