dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Analysis of performances and statistical analysis From a standard DNA sample corresponding to 10 6 Leishmania/mL, eight one-tenth dilutions were done. The four highest concentrations were assessed in duplicate and the lowest from 100. 0 to 0. 01 Leishmania/mL were assessed in tetraplicate. Therefore, a total number of 28 wells were performed (see Table  1 ). The qPCR performances were assessed by determining the range of linearity of the standard curve, and the PCR efficiencies were calculated using the slope of the trend line of the standard curve [efficiency (EFF) = 10 (-1/slope) -1]. In order to facilitate the analysis of the performance of the methods, two scores were elaborated as described elsewhere  (18). The "total score/28" is the sum of positive wells out of the total number of wells, and the "most stringent score/12" focused on the data obtained in the three lowest concentrations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to  Sylvie Douzou ,  France Joullié , and  Martine Brun  for their techni cal help. We warmly thank the participants in the survey on laboratory practices carried out by the  National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis  and distributed by the learned society  Association Française des Enseignants & Praticiens Hospitaliers titulaires de Parasitologie & Mycologie Médicale (French Association of Lecturers & Hospital Practitioners of Parasitology & Medical Mycology) (ANOFEL). Extramural funding was received from " Santé Publique France " through the  French National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis  and from the  RSI Assurance Maladie Professions Libérales-Provinces  for funding the  LightCycler 480 Real-time Thermocycler (Roche). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
EU's integrated approach to food safety is characterised by the involvement of member states and four major institutions (the European Commission, the European Parliament, the European Food Safety Authority, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), and the methods highlighted as key to the success of such approach range from target reductions of Salmonella spp in livestock to the imposition of trade restrictions. 70 he direct effect of funding provided to integrated systems was assessed by the World Bank using data from FERG. 70 The report compared the adequacy of operational funding for veterinary services in several sub-Saharan African countries, on the basis of WOAH PVS Pathway reports, and found that the burden of foodborne disease caused by animal-source foods was lower in countries with adequate funding than in countries with inadequate resources (208 vs 569 disability-adjusted life-years per 100 000 population).
Acknowledgments We thank  Athman Mwatondo  for his helpful feedback on the case study of Kenya. KH-T and BB acknowledge support for their contributions to the manuscript from the  Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science Africa Initiative (Afrique One -ASPIRE /DEL-15-008 ). AZ acknowledges support from a  UK National Institute for Health and Care Research Senior Investigator  award. RK, AZ, DH, and OD are members of, and acknowledge support from, the  Pan-African Network For Rapid Research, Response, Relief and Preparedness for Infectious Disease Epidemics , funded by the  European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership , under the  EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation.
Acknowledgements This project has received funding by the  French Research Agency  (project  ANR-17-CE05-0020-01  named  NFA-15 ). AK received funding from the framework of a CIFRE PhD grant  2020/0978  to AK from the  ANRT  ( Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie ) and the  Ministere de l'Enseignement Superieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation , awarded through the company  Dracula Technologies  (Valence, France). QE and CVA received funding from the  French Research Agency  (project  ANR-18-CE04-0007-04  named BELUGA). The synchrotron radiation experiments were performed at BL19B2 in SPring-8 with the approval of  Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI)  (Proposal No. 2018B1791  and  2019B1851 ). R. D. , A. J. R. , J. M. A. C. and V. M. acknowledges the  European Research Council (ERC)  for funding.
Funding This study has been carried out with financial support from the  French State , with  French National Research Agency (ANR)  in the frame of "the investments for the future"  Programme IdEx Bordeaux-LAPHIA  ( ANR-10-IDEX-03-02 ), as well as in the frame of the  ANR  programs (grants  PRCE  archiFLUO  ANR-19-CE08-0021-04  and  ANR-17-CE08-0042-01 ) and  Région Nouvelle Aquitaine  ( FabMat project , Grant/Award Number:  2016-1R10107. IR-archiMAT  project, Grant/award Number:  AAPR 2020-2019-8193110 ). The project leading to this application has also received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreement No  823941. Confocal imaging was performed at the  Photonic Imaging platform of Bordeaux Imaging Center  ( UMS 420 CNRS ).
Further, the cells were fixed, and phase contrast images were acquired by AxioVert. A1 microscope. Neurite length was measured using ImageJ software, and only neurites measuring more than the diameter of the cell body in length were taken for final analysis. We observed that in SNX32 depleted (SNX32KD) Neuro2a cells, a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, the number of cells with elongated neurites was less compared to SCR or SNX6KD conditions (Fig. 6 A, B ). Even though most of the cells in the SNX32KD condition showed positive sprouting, the length of these sprouts was limited (less than the diameter of the cell body). To better understand and negate any artefacts introduced due to cell fixation, the procedure of neurite induction was replicated, and images were captured in real time for a maximum of 48hrs.
Further, the cells were fixed, and phase contrast images were acquired by AxioVert. A1 microscope. Neurite length was measured using ImageJ software, and only neurites measuring more than the diameter of the cell body in length were taken for final analysis. It was observed that in BSG deficient cells, the number of cells with elongated neurites was less, which is in accordance with the previous reports  37. Further, the number of cells with elongated neurites in the case of SNX32KD was also comparable to that of BSGKD (Fig. 7  A, B, Supp. video 6). The observation suggests that the gene silencing of SNX32 phenocopied that observed in BSG deficient cells  37. Most cells showed sprouting in either SNX32 or BSG-suppressed conditions, but the length of these sprouts was limited (less than the diameter of the cell body) compared to the non-targeting condition (SHC002).
The cells were allowed to grow in differentiation media with or without doxycycline for the next 48hrs. Further, the cells were fixed, and phase contrast images were acquired by AxioVert. A1 microscope. Neurite length was measured using ImageJ software and only neurites measuring more than the diameter of the cell body in length were taken for final analysis. It was observed that compared to no doxycycline-supplemented cells the doxycycline-supplemented cells showed an increased number of cells with elongated neurites (Fig. 7  M, N). To better understand and negate artefacts due to cell fixation, the procedure of neurite induction was replicated, and images were captured in real-time for a maximum of 48hrs (Supp. video 7). The DIC time-lapse live-cell video imaging showed that in doxycycline supplemented cells, long neurites became prevalent, but not in cells without doxycycline (Supp.
mpi-cbg. de). The imaging frames were randomly selected, and a minimum of 15 images were acquired for each experimental condition in a given setup. Further, all the images were pooled and processed together. The objects were identified based on their size, fluorescence intensity, and other parameters by Motion Tracking software. Objects detected in two different channels were considered colocalized if the relative overlap of respective areas was >35%. The apparent colocalization value was calculated and corrected for random colocalization.
Confocal live-cell microscopy HeLa cells seeded on glass-bottom dishes were transfected with respective constructs using Lipofectamine LTX with Plus reagent (Invitrogen) and incubated for 12hrs, 37°C, 5%CO2. Images were acquired using Olympus FV3000 confocal laser-scanning microscope for supplementary videos 1 and 2. To capture transferrin co-traffic, HeLa cells were transiently transfected with mCherry-SNX32 and GFP-SNX4. Later cells were serum-starved for 2hrs and incubated with Transferrin (Alexa Fluor 647 conjugated) in uptake media, for 2mins prior to imaging. Videos were captured for 5min, without intervals in Olympus FV3000 confocal laser-scanning microscope with a 60× Plan Apo N objective (oil, 1. 42 NA) on an inverted stage. Images were acquired and processed using FV31S-SW software and ImageJ software, respectively.
To capture CD8-CIMPR co-traffic, HeLa cells stably expressing pLVX TRE3G GFP-SNX32 were transiently transfected with mCherry-SNX1 for 4hrs followed by doxycycline induction for 12hrs. Later, cells were treated with anti-CD8 antibody and incubated for 1hr in 4°C. Unbound antibody was washed using uptake media followed by incubation with Alexa 647 labelled secondary antibody. Cells were washed twice with uptake media prior to imaging. Videos were captured for 5min, without intervals in Olympus FV3000 confocal laser-scanning microscope with a 60× Plan Apo N objective (oil, 1. 42 NA) on an inverted stage. Images were acquired and processed using FV31S-SW software and ImageJ software, respectively. To capture GFP-SNX32 and Myc-BSG co-trafficking, Neuro2a cells were transiently transfected with pLVX TRE3g GFP-SNX32 and Myc-BSG for 4hrs followed by doxycycline induction for 12hrs.
Later, cells were treated with anti-Myc antibody and incubated for 1hr in 4°C. Unbound antibody was washed using uptake media followed by incubation with Alexa 647 labelled secondary antibody. Cells were washed twice with uptake media prior to imaging. Videos were captured for 5min, without intervals in Olympus FV3000 confocal laser-scanning microscope with a 60× Plan Apo N objective (oil, 1. 42 NA) on an inverted stage. Images were acquired and processed using FV31S-SW software and ImageJ software, respectively.
Figure5-source data 2 GBP co-immunoprecipitation of GFP tagged SNX1 and SNX32 transiently transfected in HEK293T cells showing GFP-SNX32 efficiently precipitating CIMPR, GBP immunoprecipitation was carried out as described in materials and methods section and immunoblotted using GFP and TfR antibody, immunoblot source data (values represent the ratio of CIMPR to GFP band intensity).
Figure5-source data 5 Co-immunoprecipitation of GFP tagged SNX32 wild type (WT) and GFP trap of GFP-tagged SNX32 WT/ SNX32 F131D, showing both efficiently precipitating ESCPE-1 sub-unit SNX1 whereas SNX32 F131D failed to precipitate CIMPR, each transiently transfected in HEK293T cells. The elute was resolved in SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted using GFP, SNX1 and CIMPR antibody, immunoblot source data.
Figure5-source data 6 GBP co-immunoprecipitation of GFP tagged SNX proteins transiently transfected in HeLa cells showing GFP-SNX32 but not GFP-SNX32 F131D efficiently pulling down TfR, GBP immunoprecipitation was carried out as described in materials and methods section and immunoblotted using GFP and TfR antibody. immunoblot source data of 3 biological replicates (values represent the ratio of TfR to GFP band intensity).
Figure6-source data 1 Co-immunoprecipitation of mCherry tagged SNX proteins transiently transfected in U87MG cells showing mCherry-SNX32 but not mCherry-SNX6 efficiently pulling down Basigin (BSG), mCherry nanobody mediated pulldown was carried out as described in materials and methods section and immunoblotted using mCherry and BSG antibody, immunoblot source data of 2 biological replicates (values represent the ratio of BSG to mCherry band intensity). immunoblotting was done using TfR or vinculin antibody (immunoblot source data of 3 biological replicates).
D) Quantification of percentage localization of transferrin (Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated) with EEA1 at corresponding time points, data represent mean SEM (N=3, 15 random frames per independent experiments), P value <0. 0636, Ordinary one-way ANOVA, d k' i e comparisons test (ns-nonsignificant). E-G) Followed by SMARTpool mediated gene down regulation of (E) Rab11, (F) Rab11 and SNX32 (G) Rab11KD and over expression of GFP-SNX32, transferrin (Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated) Pulse-Chase experiment was carried out as described in materials and method section, the cells were fixed at specified timepoints, immunostained using early endosomal marker EEA1, DAPI was used to stain nucleus, Scale      SNX32 and BSG plays a crucial role in neurite network formation: A) Phase contrast images of Neuro2a cells, which were transfected with Scrambled (SHC002)/ SNX32(shSNX32#4, shSNX32#6)/ BSG (shBSG#7, shBSG#8) shRNA clones followed by neurite induction as described in the materials and methods section, fixed and imaged using Zeiss Axio vert.
Acknowledgments: We extend our gratitude to  Prof. Peter J Cullen  and  Dr. Boris Simonetti  ( University of Bristol, UK ) for the fruitful discussions and the guidance they offered, and also providing the SILAC data. We also acknowledge  Ms. Katy  ( Prof. Cullen s group ,  University of Bristol ) for resource sharing. We sincerely that  Prof. Matthew N J Seaman  ( Cambridge Institute for Medical Research ) for his critical comments on the study and also for resource sharing. We thank  Prof. Marino Zerial  ( Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics ),  Prof. Pietro De Camilli  ( Yale s Bo er Center for Molecular Medicine) ,  Prof. Tamas Balla  ( National Institutes of Health ) for sharing plasmids for mammalian expression. We acknowledge the  FIST facility at IISER Bhopal by DST  for providing confocal microscopy facilities.
Objective: Major socioeconomic differences in contraceptive use are observed in high-income countries. Cost is often cited as a main factor to explain these differences but other barriers may also exist. Our aim was to compare prescribed contraceptive use among low-income and non-low-income women in a national context of full health insurance coverage. Study design: In the French national health insurance database, we selected all women (14. 8 million) aged 15-49 years living in France in 2019. We compared the prevalence of use of each prescribed contraceptive between low-income and non-low-income women: oral contraceptives, copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS), and implants. Results: In the study population, 11% had a low income. Fewer low-income women used prescribed contraceptives than non-low-income women (36% vs.
Data sources The French health insurance database includes 98% of the resident population. These data have been presented in detail elsewhere  [9]. They provide information on all healthcare reimbursements as well as some information on the patient: age, sex, place of residence, and registration with French-specific healthcare insurance for low-income people. This specific healthcare insurance is granted to persons below the poverty line, that is, with an income less than 50% of median income  [10]. Access to these data is regulated and our institutional data protection officer approved this research under the reference 2019-DPD-0013.
Statistical analysis The prevalence of prescribed contraception use in the population was estimated for all prescribed contraceptives and by type of contraceptive (oral contraceptive, copper IUD, LNG-IUS, and implant). Prevalences of low-income and non-low-income women were compared with a χ2 test using a 0. 05 level of significance. We carried out analyses using SAS version 9. 4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Second, low-income women may be more likely to withdraw or avoid medical care after experiencing discrimination by medical providers  [15]. This would lead to less use of prescribed contraceptives by low-income women, as observed in this study. Moreover, low-income women are usually targeted in public health programs on contraception because they have more unintended pregnancies and (repeated) abortion than other women  [22]. For this reason, with these women, medical professionals may tend to encourage the use of more effective contraceptives such as the implant rather than the pill  [23] [24] [25] , leading to a greater use of these methods. One of the main strengths of the French health insurance database is that it covers about 98% of the resident population  [9] , thus including a very large number of low-income women who are often hard to reach in surveys  [26].
However, the women with the very lowest incomes may not request the specific health coverage and thus not be considered here. These women without insurance are known to use less contraceptives  [27]  and if they were considered, the differences between the two groups would probably have been greater. Another limitation of the health insurance database is the absence of data on non-reimbursed prescribed contraceptives (3rdand 4th-generation pills, patch, and contraceptive ring), but lowincome women probably do not make much use of these methods because of the financial barriers. If these contraceptives were included in the analysis, the differences between the two groups would probably increase further. Last, our data relate to purchases in pharmacies, and it is possible that some contraceptives were bought but not used by women.
compact binaries, they should be important for thirdgeneration ground-based detectors (Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer), future space-borne detectors (LISA and TianQin), and of course the current secondgeneration detectors (LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA). All results presented in this Letter are to be found in the ancillary file  [23]  associated with the companion paper  [24]. Besides improving the detectors' data analysis, the motivation for computing high PN orders is also to perform high-accuracy tests of general relativity (GR), since the PN coefficients directly probe the nonlinear structure of the theory. By confronting results from the PN expansion against data, one can put constraints on potential deviations from GR  [25, 26]. This has already allowed for the confirmation of the signature of GW tails  [27, 28] , and is promising for tests with future multiband detections between LISA and ground-based detectors  [29].
5PN orders amount to about a tenth of a cycle (less than 1 radian). This suggests that systematic errors due to the PN modeling may be dominated by statistical errors and negligible for LISA. However, this should be confirmed by detailed investigations along the lines of Ref. [80]. PHYSICAL  REVIEW LETTERS 131, 121402 (2023)  121402-4 Besides the chirp described by the results displayed in Eqs. (  6 )-  (8) , it is also important to compute the wave amplitude, in view of the data analysis of LISA  [81] [82] [83]  and high-accuracy comparisons with numerical relativity (see, e. g. , Refs. [84] [85] [86] [87] ). We decompose the waveform, at leading order in the distance R to the source, onto a basis of spin-weighted spherical harmonics (following the conventions of Refs. [88, 89] ): h þ ih × ¼ 8Gmνx Rc 2 ffiffiffi π 5 r X þ∞ l¼2 X l m¼-l H lm e -imψ Y lm -2 ; ð10Þ where the half-phase variable is given by Eq.
Background Hip arthroplasty is a frequently performed procedure in orthopedic surgery, carried out in almost all health structures for two main issues: fracture and coxarthrosis. Even if volume-outcome relationship appeared associated in many surgeries recently, data provided are not sufficient to set surgical thresholds neither than closing down low-volumes centers. Question With this study, we wanted to identify surgical, health care-related and territorial factors influencing patient' mortality and readmission after a HA for a femoral fracture in 2018 in France. Patients and methods Data were anonymously collected from French nationwide administrative databases. All patients who underwent a hip arthroplasty for a femoral fracture through 2018 were included. Patient outcome was 90-day mortality and 90-day readmission rate after surgery.
Methods This study was conducted using the French national health data system (SNDS), including health insurance claim SNIIRAM [Système national d'information inter-régimes de l'assurance maladie] and hospital discharge databases PMSI [Programme de médicalisation des systèmes d'information]  [12]. The SNIIRAM  [13, 14]  anonymously collects demographic data (i. e. , sex, age, place of residence, vital status) and all data concerning reimbursed care. Such data do not contain any information about clinical results. The PMSI covers all admissions, including inpatient care and day-hospital care in every public or private hospital in France. Hospital stay is documented with individual-level data about the date of admission, length of stay, hospital code number and outcome (i. e. , discharge, hospital transfer, death).
Defining variables Hospitalization-related variables collected were age, sex, length of stay, duration between admission and surgery, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI)  [15]  and the public or private status of the health facility (public, private nonprofit, private commercial, territorial collectivity). Charlson comorbidity index was calculated using Quan et al. [16]  updated version for ICD-10 administrative data. Charlson was calculated based on the comorbidities coded within the arthroplasty procedure's initial hospital stay. Time of travel and distance between patients' latest known residence and hospital was obtained by matching patients' and hospital postal code with an C++ API provided by project OSRM, based on OpenStreetMap data  [17, 18]. Time of travel was expressed as a qualitative value, above and lower 30 min.
o. , > 89 y. o. Facility activity volume was calculated from the sum of all total and hemi-hip arthroplasties performed in 2018 for a femoral proximal fracture and then expressed in quartiles for analyses. Results are presented as Hazard Ratio with their 95% confidence intervals. All p values presented were for a 2-sided test, and the threshold of significance was defined as a p value < 0. 05. These statistical analyses were performed using SAS Enterprise Guide 9. 4 software (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, United States).
However, since this is a global analysis, it is likely that the proportion of intermediate and total arthroplasties is smoothed out across all centers. Moreover, intermediate arthroplasties are often reserved for "fragile" patients, whereas total arthroplasties are often reserved for patients in "good general condition" that should be included in our analysis using the Charlson comorbidity index. Furthermore, even if a center varied from the norm by offering only one type of arthroplasty for the same indication, the volume of data would smooth out the effect of that center. Another limitation stand with data not available in the French database used, in particular the use of cement or non-cemented prostheses, even if literature suggests few differences in post-surgery outcome, such as cement impact.
A final limitation lies in the content of the database itself. The data are only available at the level of the institutions and not of the surgeons themselves, even though the literature has shown that the effect of volume can also be linked to the practitioner himself  [31]. However, the use of the hospital level is supported by studies on the logic of "failure to rescue" or on the effect of the entire care team on the improvement of patient outcome  [32]. Our results should enable public decision makers to take a step back from the current French and global dynamics of excessive centralization of surgical activities  [33] [34] [35]. The existence of a significant random effect in all the models studied suggests the existence of an unidentified input in our analyses that impacts patient outcome.