dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The applied process parameters were selected to provide various cooling rates during the solidification of the laser-melted material. The cooling rate dT/dt was calculated from the formula: dT dt = v dT dx ( 1 ) where v is the head feed rate and dT/dx is the temperature gradient in the melted metal pool. The temperature gradient was determined using the thermal imager and ThermaViz 2. 0 software. The thermal images were obtained at different heights of the constructed elements for the zone at the ground, half of the height, and the top of the sample. The applied processing parameters and obtained cooling rates are listed in Table  1. Macrostructure observations were carried out with a Nikon Eclipse MA200 light microscope (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Prior to structural examinations, all of the samples were subjected to the following metallographic preparation procedure: grinding on SiC papers with the granulation in the sequence of 120, 240, 500, 1200, and 2400; polishing with diamond suspensions (3, 1, and 0.
statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad PRISM statistical software, V. 5 (GraphPad Prism Software, San Diego, California, USA). A 5% level of significance was used for all statistical tests. Data are presented as median and IQR. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) following Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to analyse the difference according to time, between the two anticoagulants, the two sampling methods, the two harvesting methods and the three counting methods. Regarding the impact of sampling on whole blood analysis, concentrations obtained with 4 mL EDTA-coated tube were considered as reference values. No reference was used for impact of sampling on PRP values.
Patient consent Obtained. Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed. data sharing statement Raw data could be obtained through contacting jeremy. magalon@ ap-hm. fr open access This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4. 0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http:// creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-nc/ 4. 0/ reFerenCes.
Study design This 18-month Phase III, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study was carried out at 23 academic centres in nine European countries: Ireland (two sites), United Kingdom (one site), Italy (four sites), the Netherlands (three sites), France (seven sites), Greece (three sites), Sweden (one site), Germany (one site), and Hungary (one site) (S1 Table ). The trial project office was based at St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, which was also the sponsor. The trial coordinating institution was Trinity College, University of Dublin, and the trial was funded by the European Commission, under a Framework 7 Programme Health Theme collaborative project grant. The trial database, randomisation, and allocation system were maintained by the Clinical Trials Unit at King's College London, and the statistical analysis was conducted at the University College Dublin Centre for Support and Training in Analysis and Research (UCD CSTAR).
Outcomes The co-primary outcome measures were the change from baseline in the 12-item Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog 12)  [18]  and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale sum of boxes (CDR-sb)  [19]. The key secondary outcome measure was the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD)  [20] , as maintenance of functional abilities is considered a crucial benefit of any potential treatment. Data on all primary and secondary outcome measures were collected at baseline and at 13, 52, and 78 weeks. Safety was assessed through the collection of data on adverse events (AEs), blood pressure, and laboratory tests.
Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first definitive intervention study of nilvadipine, a DHP calcium channel blocker with demonstrated Aβ-lowering properties in animal studies, for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. The results of this study indicated no benefit of nilvadipine as a treatment in a population spanning mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. There were no obvious methodological limitations that could have contributed to these negative findings for the primary and secondary outcomes in the overall treatment population. Recruitment was to target, the dropout and missing data rates were low. The rate of decline in the placebo group on the ADAS-Cog 12 was consistent with previous Phase III clinical trials involving mild to moderate Alzheimer disease participants. Treatment and placebo arms were well balanced, although there were more patients with abnormal glucose levels and with diabetes in the nilvadipine group at baseline.
This work was funded by the  European Commission  (https://ec. europa. eu/research/fp7/index_en. cfm)under grant agreement number  279093  to principal investigator BL. Additional funding not specifically for this trial was received from  UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UK (RH) , and  Hauts-de-Freance Region, France (FP). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
CIR Aerial Images We used aerial images available through the BD ORTHO R IRC, a French CIR airborne image database. This image database, made available by the National Institute of Geographical and Forestry Information (IGN), is updated every three years and includes VHSR images (0. 5-m spatial resolution) acquired over three spectral broad-bands with a radiometric resolution of 8 bits. These spectral bands correspond to the near-infrared, red, and green domains. It is a valuable source of information for vegetation structure at a fine scale over large areas at a reasonable cost  [10, 40]. The image dataset used in the study was acquired on the 23th and 26th of June 2012, respectively, between 1 and 2 p. m. and between 11 a. m. and 12 p. m. , when the area of trees' shadows was minimal. Vegetation seasonality is key to discrimination among strata: the photosynthetic activity of both herbaceous and ligneous strata in early vegetative season (spring) may reduce the ability of remote sensing to discriminate among these strata, while herbaceous vegetation dries first during early spring.
Metrics Computation Various landscape metrics were computed with FRAGSTATS 4. 2. 1. software. The metrics were computed with a specific window size N for each stratum or combination of stratum (BS + H and LL + HL) individually and for all strata considered together (called "landscape level" in FRAGSTATS). FRAGSTATS enables the computation of a large number of metrics for categorical landscape patterns. These metrics are grouped according to landscape pattern features. This study focused on three main groups, corresponding to area, shape, and aggregation metrics  [26]. Some of these metrics show strong collinearity, in particular metrics from the same class  [41, 42]. In order to minimize redundancy and computational cost, a correlation analysis was performed to select a limited set of uncorrelated metrics from each group of metrics.
Coupling FOTO Outputs with Landscape Metrics In the final step of the process, the ability of textural information and radiometric information to predict landscape metrics was tested with regression models based on support vector machine (SVM). We used a nonlinear radial basis function kernel. The regression involved three steps. First, the full dataset was split into a training dataset and a validation dataset, and the optimal values of the free parameters of the SVM (cost (C) and gamma (γ)) were identified based on an exhaustive grid search strategy with cross-validation on the training dataset. The space defined by values ranging from 2 -2 to 2 3 was explored for both parameters. Then, the model was trained with the full training dataset and C and γ set to their optimal values defined in the first step.
Influence of Technical Factors The spatial resolution of remotely sensed data is expected to strongly influence the results of our method. Here, fine texture related to a degraded pseudo-steppe was characterized accurately with very high spatial resolution (50 cm). We are now testing the influence of downscaling the resolution of these CIR images, and investigating the potential of VHSR satellite imagery, including Pleiades and SPOT 6-7, in order to explore the possibility of linking continuous indices with vegetation structure at equivalent and coarser spatial scales. Finally, the CIR aerial images used in this study were delivered by the IGN with many radiometric and geometric corrections in order to provide homogeneous images at a French department scale. Image radiometry was indeed homogenized by IGN to minimize differences between images of different flights, and they were then combined in a mosaic with enhanced colour and dynamic to get natural colour rendering.
Validation Heat stress classifications applied to the NCEP, ERA-Interim, and CORDEX ensemble during the reference period are intercompared for each season (i. e. , December-January [DJF], March-May [MAM], June-August [JJA], and September-November [SON]) in Figure  2. Results based on UDEL/NCEP, UDEL/ERA-Interim, CRU/NCEP, and CRU/ERA-Interim are reported in Figures  S1  and S2. For present-day climate, NCEP and ERA-Interim show that most of West Africa is in safe conditions except along the Gulf of Guinea (i. e. , from Cote d'Ivoire to Nigeria), where the Caution category prevails. The areas with Caution extend further north in MAM to reach the southern Sahel and northern Sahara regions covering most of Mauritania, Mali, Niger, and Chad. Similar conditions are found in the UDEL/NCEP, UDEL/ERA-Interim, CRU/NCEP, and CRU/ERA-Interim data sets.
During the same season, Extreme Caution conditions emerge in some portions of the countries throughout the Gulf of Guinea, for example, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Nigeria, and also further north over the Sahel in Burkina Faso and Chad. These conditions are more prominent in ERA-Interim. Substantial discrepancies exist between NCEP and ERA-Interim over these regions, where the latter produces Extreme Caution conditions along the whole northern Gulf of Guinea and southern Sahel. These conditions are more extended in  Earth's Future and portions of the Gulf of Guinea, with Safe conditions around orographic regions (due to low temperatures) and desert areas (due to low relative humidity). This is shown in the ERA-Interim, UDEL/NCEP, UDEL/ERA-Interim, CRU/NCEP, and CRU/ERA-Interim data sets, while NCEP underestimates the risk levels.
The multimodel ensemble of CORDEX RCMs provides similar patterns of heat stress classification across the different seasons with respect to ERA-Interim and the majority of the different data set combinations. In particular, the ensemble captures the emerging Caution level in DJF over the Gulf of Guinea, although this is more confined along the coastlines. In addition, a hint toward the presence of Extreme Caution areas in some countries over the Gulf of Guinea and the Sahel during MAM is reproduced but with a lower spatial extent (more similar to NCEP). Furthermore, in JJA the multimodel ensemble simulates a northward migration and extension of the Extreme Caution category within the range of the differences found between the NCEP, ERA-Interim, and other combinations of data sets. Finally, the prevalence of Safe and Caution conditions shows a distribution in good agreement with observations.
The results first show that the multimodel ensemble of CORDEX RCMs reproduces reasonably well the occurrence and spatial extent of the different heat stress categories across the different seasons. Few discrepancies 10. 1029/2018EF000873 Earth's Future exist between the combinations of observed temperature and humidity data sets used to validate the simulations, and the CORDEX ensemble provides values mostly within the range of these data sets. Projected heat stress classifications under the 2 °C warming scenario compared to the reference period show that while the Caution category still prevails in DJF, the Extreme Caution class substantially extends to cover the Gulf of Guinea and the Sahel in MAM (up to 20% of total area), the Sahel and Sahara desert in JJA (up to 25% of total area), and only the Sahel band in SON (up to 10% of total area).
, 2014). As such, most of the area in this province is covered with fertile land (alluvial plain) and is almost an ever-wet heart of Cambodia. This condition is naturally suitable for a diverse aquatic fauna to inhabit and for local people to closely engage with agricultural productions including fisheries. About 87% of population are primarily involved in agricultural activities including rice farming, crop gardening, fishing and livestock  (NCDD, 2010). Our study covers five major commercial mollusc landing sites in Kampong Chhnang province in the TS floodplains, i. e. , Kampong Kda, Kampong Prasat, Koh Thom, Kampong Chhnang and Chhnok Tru (Fig. 1 ). Data collected from these sites roughly represented the annual mollusc landings (for the three study species) in the province.
Data collection Daily data of the three species were recorded from commercial traders at the five commercial landing sites that were determined by focus group discussions with Kampong Chhnang Fisheries Administration Cantonment (Provincial level), Fisheries Administration Section (District level) and Fisheries Administration Unit (Commune level). Technical details about fishing gears and collection methods of molluscs are described in  Deap et al. (2003: 84-86). Five field research officers participated in the daily field-data collection process; each was based at one of the five commercial landing sites over the period from 1 February 2014 to 31 January 2015. Prior to field data collection, data recording forms and a checklist of ecological questions were prepared to record daily catches, prices and weight-length data and collect ecological information on the study species in each site.
A 100-kg scale, accurate to 100 g, was used to weigh the molluscs landing at each site. The collected daily landing catches (by species) from each site were then aggregated to obtain the overall daily and monthly landings for the entire province. Correspondingly, daily landing prices by species per kilogram at each site was also recorded for calculating the overall daily mollusc landing values by species for the province. Additionally, length-weight data at each landing site were recorded using a 1-kg electronic scale and a caliper accurate to 1 g and 1 mm, respectively. Mollusc maximum body size (height) was applied for the length measurement. As much as possible, at least 30 individuals of each study species from sub-daily landings within each month were randomly selected for the height measurement, and all collected individuals were analyzed in this study.
The sample size of C. moreletiana was small, compared to the Pila species, as the species was mainly landed in Chhnok Tru. In the case of small landing (i. e. , <30 individuals), all samples were used for the measurement. The scales and calipers were calibrated before use. The descriptive statistics on monthly length and weight of the study species are provided in Supplementary Information Table  S2. Daily water levels at the hydrological station of Kampong Chhnang (latitude: 12. 25053; longitude: 105. 6859) were registered by the Mekong River Commission (MRC, 2010). In addition, we included the monthly temperature and precipitation, which were obtained from bioclimatic data (http://www. worldclim. org), for further analysis.
Statistical analysis To investigate daily and monthly variations in the mollusc landing catches (i. e. , the catch of each species in kg), the package "ggplot2" of R was used to plot the catches against time. The differences in monthly landing catches were tested using a one-way ANOVA (when residuals of the models were normal: Shapiro-Wilk test, p > 0. 05, and homoscedasticity: Bartlett's test, p > 0. 05), or otherwise the non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis) was used. The nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and the function "envfit" from "vegan" package were applied to associate the monthly mollusc landing catches with the recorded water levels and the monthly precipitation and temperature. The function "ordispider" of R was employed to visualize the monthly variability of mollusc catches on the NMDS ordination plot.
In the NMDS analysis, missing values were not accepted and thus were removed to enable the analysis. Therefore, only data from February to May 2014 and from September 2014 to January 2015 (for the three mollusc species and environmental variables) were used for the analysis. Every test for significant differences, p values <0. 05 were considered. We performed all analyses in the R language program (R Development Core Team, 2017). The length-weight relationship (LWR) of each species was expressed by an exponential equation W = aL b , where W is the body weight (g) and L is the total length (mm). This equation can be linearized as log W = log a þ b log L, where a is the intercept and b is the slope (regression coefficient), which is used to indicate the growth patterns, i. e. , isometric (b = 3) or positive allometric (b > 3) or negative allometric (b < 3).
Acknowledgments. We are grateful to a  USAID- supported project: Wonders of the Mekong that provides funding support to PBN and ZSH. This research is also in part funded by the  Erasmus Mundus LOTUS  projects ( European Commission ) and the  Belmont Forum  ( TLSCC  project) to R. S. Cordial thanks to the  Fisheries Programme of the Mekong River Commission (MRC)  for making available the mollusc datasets used in this study. Special thanks to the  Fisheries Administration of Cambodia , particularly  Mr. Kimchhea Chhuon , who helped facilitate the data collection process. Sincere thanks to our research officers from the  Kampong Chhnang Fisheries Administration  who assisted in recording daily  landings of molluscs. Finally, Laboratory of Evolution and Biological Diversity (EDB)  was supported by " Investissement d'Avenir" grants CEBA, Ref.
Aerodynamic Design of the Multifunctional Twistable Trailing-Edge The study presented in this section had the objective to define the optimal morphed shapes to be implemented for the wing trailing-edge (/flap tab) in order to improve the aircraft performance in high speed (climb) conditions. Retrofitting the segment of the AG2-NLF wing flap system (designed in cruise condition) with a multifunctional trailing-edge (/tab), the span load distribution could be optimized aiming at improve the global aircraft aerodynamic performance. The 3D computations of the aerodynamic flow around the airplane configurations have been carried out, referring to the ONERA elsA code  [20]. This high fidelity CFD software solves the RANS equations on structured multi-block grids by a cell-centred finite volume technique.
Spatial discretization uses the second order centred scheme of Jameson with 2nd and 4th order artificial dissipation. Convergence to steady flow solution is carried out thanks to a backward Euler technique with robust LU-SSOR implicit scheme method. The convergence is accelerated by the use of multigrid techniques for steady flows. Different turbulence models are available in elsA and in this work the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model was used with the QCR modification  [21]. In the RANS computations, the ONERA elsA software has the capability to compute laminar flow regions and to determine the transition location, by using the so-called AHD compressible criterion for Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities  [22]  and the so-called C1 criterion for crossflow instabilities  [23] , within the iterative convergence process.
5% Albumax culture media. Growth at 72 h was measured by SYBR Green I (Lonza, Visp, Switzerland) staining of parasite DNA. A 24-point dilution of PPQ (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and a 12-point dilution series of the rest of the drugs (DHA, ART, AS, MEF, and LUM; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were carried out in triplicate and repeated with at least three biological replicates. Drug stocks were resuspended in dimethyl sulfoxide except for CQ prepared in 0. 1% Triton X-100 in water and PPQ prepared in 0. 1% Triton X-100 and 0. 5% lactic acid in water to ensure complete dissolution, as lactic acid enhanced PPQ solubility  45. Drugs dispensed by a HP D300 Digital Dispenser (Hewlett Packard Palo Alto, CA), with the Triton X-100 enhancing dispensing of aqueous drug stocks. Relative fluorescence units was measured at an excitation of 494 nm and emission of 530 nm on a SpectraMax M5 (Molecular Devices Sunnyvale, CA) and analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 7 (GraphPad Software La Jolla, CA).
EC 50 values were determined with the curve-fitting algorithm log (inhibitor) vs. response-Variable slope except for PPQ. PPQs bimodal dose-response would not allow for any curve-fitting hence susceptibility was measured by calculating the area under the second response curve (AUC). AUC was calculated by fitting a six-dimensional least-square polynomial equation to each sample's dose-response curve and integrating the fitted equation over the region corresponding to the second response curve. These equations were fit to the data using the polyfit module in NumPy, a fundamental package for scientific computing using Python. We chose to use a six-dimensional least-square polynomial equation because it captures the dynamics of the second response curve better than equations with fewer dimensions.
Those with ≥ 2% parasitemia for the unexposed cultures were deemed interpretable for mPSA survival rate. FACS with SYBR Green. Parasites were stained in 10 × SYBR Green I in 1 × PBS for 30 min in the dark at 37 °C. The staining solution was removed and cells were resuspended in five times the volume of the initial volume of PBS. FACS data acquisition was performed on a MACSQuant VYB (Milteni Biotec) with a 488 nm laser and a 525 nm filter and analyzed with FlowJo 2. RBCs were gated on the forward light scatter and side scatter and infected RBCs were detected in channel B1. At least 100,000 events were analyzed per sample. Parasite set up for drug exposure at different time points. For PPQ exposure experiments at different time points, a PPQS (KH004_051) and PPQR (KH004_057) parasite were used.
In brief, tightly synchronized 0-3 h ring-infected erythrocytes were plated at 1 or 2% parasitemia, 2 or 2. 5% hematocrit and in 2 or 4 ml volumes of 0. 5% Albumax culture media in a 24-or 12-well plate. Parasites were incubated without PPQ and in 40 nM, 200 nM, 580 nM, 2 μM or 10 μM PPQ at the following time points: 0-12 h, 0-24 h, 0-48 h, 12-24 h, 24-36 h and 36-48 h. Parasitemia was assessed by microscopic examination of stained blood smears and/or by FACS of SYBR Green-labeled samples taken every 12 h until the next generation of rings at 67-72 h. Genotyping. Cultured parasite lines were genotyped using a molecular barcode  32  to confirm that the cultured line matched the original patient material and harbored only a single parasite genotype. WGS analysis for SNPs and CNVs. This publication uses data generated by the Pf3k project (www.
malariagen. net/pf3k)  29. Except for the KH004-057 and the KH001-053 subclones (data deposited: https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/bioproject/ 414203), we used the variant call format (VCF) files provided by the Pf3k project to perform whole genome analyses. For KH004_057 and the KH001_053 subclones, gDNA was extracted and sheared with a Covaris S220 Focused-ultrasonicator (Covaris, Woburn, MA, USA). Illumina-compatible libraries were prepared on the Apollo 324 (WaferGen Biosystems, Fremont, CA, USA) and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). P. falciparum populations were sequenced with the goal of reaching over 60 × average fold-coverage across the genome. Reads were aligned to the P. falciparum 3D7 reference assembly (PlasmoDb v 7. 1) using the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (version 0.