dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Flux corrections and uncertainties We also apply some corrections to our data such as aperture corrections and those associated with the spatial masking of field stars and background galaxies applied to the datacubes. We use aperture corrections for the galaxies whose line emission is expected to be more extended that the CALIFA field-of-view (FOV). Our main criterion is to select the band that would first trace the SFR, and second, that it would do it with the best spatial resolution possible. Also, we want to have them available for most galaxies in our sample. Here, we assume that the Hα light distribution beyond the FOV is similar to that of the ultraviolet light in each galaxy individually. Besides, the UV band is the one with highest spatial resolution within the bands we are using in this work that is closely related to the SFR.
WISE MIR imaging The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE,  Wright et al. 2010)  surveyed the entire sky at MIR wavelengths 3. 4, 4. 6, 12 and 22 µm (W1 through W4 bands) with 5 σ point-source sensitivities of ∼ 0. 08, 0. 11, 0. 8, and 4 mJy, respectively. The WISE All-sky Data Release is available through the Infrared Science Archive (IRSA 3 ). It includes imaging (Image Atlas) and PSFphotometry source catalogs (Source Catalog) for all four WISE bands for the entire CALIFA mother sample. For the purpose of this work we make use of the WISE 22 µm data (W4-band) in order to have information on the amount of (mainly UV) photons being processed through dust absorption and re-emitted. The WISE Source Catalog is optimized for point sources and in spite of the resolution of the 22 µm data (FWHM ∼ 11 arcsec) and the size of the CALIFA galaxies (limited in diameter to ∼ 1 arcmin), this photometry catalog might not be appropriate for our sample (see Figure  4 ).
2010). Using a cone search of 90 arcsec, we find 247 galaxies at 140 µm and 70 galaxies at 160 µm with high-quality data that implies confirmation of the source detection and a reliable flux estimation. By adding these measurements, we include information at wavelengths at the peak of the spectral energy distribution (SED) and beyond. We test the consistency of the IRAS and AKARI measurements when possible (IRAS 60 µm vs. AKARI 65 µm and IRAS 100 µm vs. AKARI 90 µm). In general, AKARI gives lower flux values than expected from the IRAS photometry measurements for those wavelengths in common. Besides, we also find that AKARI 140 and 160 µm fluxes tend to fall (quite systematically) below the values predicted by our best-fitting infrared SEDs at these wavelengths when data at all IRAS bands is also available.
Summary and conclusions In this work, we present the analysis of the Star Formation Rate in a sample of 380 galaxies from the diameter-limited CALIFA survey. A total of 272 galaxies shows detected emission in both Hβ and Hα and are listed in Table  1  for reference. The availability of wide-field IFS for all the galaxies in the sample is a major advantage over other techniques. Using IFS data we can recover the flux in galaxies with low equivalent widths and separate Hα and the [NII] without assuming a [NII]/Hα ratio avoiding problems associated with narrow-band imaging or long-slit spectroscopy. It also ensures a proper determination of the underlying stellar continuum and, consequently, of the extinctioncorrected Hα luminosity. We have combined the aperture-corrected Hα measurements from CALIFA with those measured in other bands that are also used to estimate the SFR, including luminosity measurements in the UV from GALEX (200 galaxies), 22 µm from WISE (265 galaxies) and TIR luminosities from WISE+IRAS+AKARI SED fitting (221 galaxies).
Acknowledgements. This study makes uses of the data provided by the  Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA)  survey (http://califa. caha. es). CAL-IFA is the first legacy survey being performed at Calar Alto. The CALIFA collaboration would like to thank the  IAA-CSIC  and  MPIA-MPG  as major partners of the observatory, and CAHA itself, for the unique access to telescope time and support in manpower and infrastructures. The CALIFA collaboration thanks also the  CAHA  staff for the dedication to this project. C. C. -T. thanks the support of the  Spanish Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte  by means of the  FPU fellowship program. The authors also thank the support from the  Plan Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo funding programs ,  AYA2012-30717  and  AyA2013-46724P , of  Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO).
P. G. P-G. acknowledges support from the  AYA2012-30717  and  AYA2012-31277. J. I. P. acknowledges financial support from the  Spanish MINECO  under grant  AYA2010-21887-C04-01  and from  Junta de Andalucía Excellence  Project  PEX2011-FQM7058. R. A. M. is funded by the  Spanish program of International Campus of Excellence Moncloa (CEI). MAPT acknowledges support from the  Spanish MINECO  through grant  AYA2012-38491-C02-02. AdO acknowledge financial support from the  Spanish  grant  AYA2013-42227-P. Support for LG is provided by the  Ministry of Economy, Development, and Tourism's Millennium Science Initiative  through grant  IC120009 , awarded to  The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, MAS. LG acknowledges support by  CONICYT  through  FONDECYT  grant  3140566. JMG acknowledges support from the  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)  through the Fellowship SFRH/BPD/66958/2009 from  FCT (Portugal)  and  POPH/FSE (EC)  by  FEDER  funding through the  program Programa Operacional de Factores de Competitividade (COMPETE).
JMG also acknowledges support by  FCT  under project  FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-029170 (Reference FCT PTDC/FIS-AST/3214/2012 ), funded by  FCT-MEC (PIDDAC)  and  FEDER (COMPETE). This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , under contract with the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication makes use of data products from the  Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer , which is a joint project of the  University of California, Los Angeles , and the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology , funded by the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the  NASA/ IPAC Infrared Science Archive , which is operated by the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , under contract with the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Ethics statement Written informed consent was obtained from each study patient. The protocol was approved by the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital ethics committee (June 2007) and the French Health Products Safety Agency (Afssaps) (ref. Afssaps: A70399-45; EudraCT: 2006-005900-15; clinicalTrials. gov no. NCT00774462). The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this drug/ intervention are registered.
The median MMT10 score was 92. 5 (range, 75-97) and the median CK level was 399 IU/L (range, 48-11,718), and 4 of the 10 patients had normal CK levels. All patients had ILD confirmed by CT scan showing a nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (n = 9) and/or organized pneumonia (n = 1). Before enrolment, lung function deteriorated in 5 patients with ILD, as measured by PFT, realized 6 months prior to enrolment, 3 had no significant change, and 2 had no PFT data available at this date. At baseline, median CV, and DLCO, were 72% (range, 46-117) and 45% (range, 22-65). At baseline, SF-36 scores were low, with a median physical functioning norm based score of 38. 1 (range, 31. 7-54. 9), with a median physical component summary score of 37. 7 (range, 15. 2-54. 3) and a median mental component summary score of 36.
Extramuscular involvement change At M12, effort dyspnea continued in 4 out of the 10 patients (vs. 6 at baseline). Pulmonary CT scan at M12 compared with M0 showed a clear reduction of interstitial infiltrates in only 1 patient (Fig  3 ) and an aggravation in 1 other patient, whereas no significant change was observed for the remaining patients. At M12, median variation of FVC was 5% (range, -16% to +59%; p = 0. 23); improvement of FVC was observed in 4 patients, stabilization in 5, and worsening in 1 (Fig  4 ). Only 1 patient with increased FVC showed also an improvement of DLCOcor. In addition, 1 patient had an improvement of DLCOcor without significant change for FVC (data not shown). Finally 5 patients had improving ILD measured by PFT (50%; 95% CI, 19-81).
Anti-Jo-1 titer was monitored for the 9 patients who terminated the study (the tenth had anti-PL-7). On the right side, 4 boxes represent the status at M12 (vs M0) concerning manual muscular testing (MM10), creatine kinase level (CK), treatment modification (treatment), and forced vital capacity (FVC). Black represents worsening, grey area represent no change, and white represents an improvement. Concerning CK, black shows an increased level at M12 and white a normal level. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0133702. g006 1. 7 cells/mm 3 ). Along the same lines, treatment intensification did not correlate with emergence of a B-cell subpopulation, such as plasmablasts, transitional B cells, or memory-type B cells (not shown). Finally, no significant change was observed in total lymphocyte, red cell, or platelet counts at M12 compared with baseline (data not shown).
Methods: Following an a priori protocol, systematic searches for relevant studies were conducted using the bibliographic databases AGRICOLA, AGRIS, CAB Abstracts, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge, as well as internet searches of Google, Google Scholar, and subject specific and institutional websites. In addition, a call for literature was issued among relevant research networks. The titles, abstracts and full texts of the captured studies were assessed using inclusion criteria for the systematic map and the systematic review, respectively. An Excel spreadsheet was used to record data from each study and to provide a systematic map of the evidence for the effectiveness of alternative livelihood studies. The studies that met additional criteria to be included in the systematic review were described in more detail through a narrative synthesis.
Search terms and languages Initial literature searching was tested in Scopus  [21]  and Web of Knowledge  [22]. Search terms included synonyms for alternative livelihood, examples of specific types of alternative livelihood interventions (such as beekeeping or cane rat farming) and terms related to biodiversity or conservation. A scoping search was also conducted in CAB Abstracts  [23]  to help to refine, and add, search terms. Final search terms were selected based on the number of search results they generated and the inclusion of publications from a test library of 15 relevant studies. The full set of search terms is detailed in Additional file 1. Searches were conducted in English and then replicated in French for grey literature searching where time permitted (this was not necessary for bibliographic database searches as titles and abstracts for all foreign language papers are included in English in the selected databases).
Searches We searched the online bibliographic databases Scopus [21], Web of Knowledge  [22] , CAB Abstracts  [23] , AGRIS  [24]  and AGRICOLA  [25]  for relevant publications. The strategy varied slightly between the different databases according to their particular use of Boolean operators, wildcards, proximity searches and the exclusion of irrelevant subject areas. Full descriptions of the final search strategies are provided in Additional file 2. In addition to the bibliographic databases, we also searched a number of individual journals. Searches were conducted in English only due to time limitations. We used simple search terms and strings such as 'livelihood and conservation' to search two regional journal platforms-African Journals Online  [26]  and Asian Journals Online [27]-and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)  [28] , capturing the first 200 results in each case.
Google searches were conducted in English only due to time restrictions. The search strings for Google Scholar and Google are listed in Additional file 4. We used simple search terms to search five thesis databases-DART-Europe E Thesis  [32] , Ethos  [33] , National ETD Portal South Africa [34], Open Access Theses and Dissertations  [35]  and ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses  [36] -capturing the first 200 results in each case. Searches were conducted in English only, as we did not have the time to search the French Language thesis repository Systeme Universitaire de Documentation  [37]  (as proposed in our protocol). We searched for grey literature by targeting the websites of key donor, implementer and research organisations-selected according to their prominence in conservation and development, as well as the existence of searchable websites.
Data extraction For studies that met our primary inclusion criteria for the systematic map, descriptive information on the alternative livelihood project-such as the geographical location and the type of approach used-was recorded. For studies that met our additional inclusion criteria for the systematic review, the effectiveness of the alternative livelihood projects for achieving biodiversity conservation outcomes was likewise recorded, including the means by which effectiveness was assessed and the outcomes of this assessment. We created an Excel spreadsheet to capture data and divided this into a number of different sections according to the type of information captured. The project team presented the data extraction questions featured in the spreadsheet to expert members of the UK Bushmeat Working Group at their December 2013 meeting in London, which provided useful feedback to refine the data extraction strategy.
Data synthesis Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the overall body of evidence and synthesise project characteristics, including location, type of intervention, biodiversity targets, and other parameters as detailed in the results section below. For those studies included in the systematic review, we used narrative synthesis to explore the different biodiversity conservation outcomes (positive, neutral, or negative) of the alternative livelihood projects. As predicted in our protocol, we were not able to undertake a meta-analysis of the evidence due to the limited number, and heterogeneous nature, of projects that were included in the review.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Michelle Wieland  for providing inputs into the design of this study and for commenting on earlier drafts of this paper. Support for this study was provided by the  Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)  through its evidence-based forestry initiative, which is funded by a grant to CIFOR from the  UK's Department for International Development (DfID)  through its  KNOW-FOR program  grant to CIFOR, and funding partners who have contributed to the  CGIAR Fund. Additional financial support provided by the  United States Agency for International Development (USAID). We would also like to thank staff of the  Bodleian library, University of Oxford  for help locating sources of evidence.
Participants Publicly available, voluntary questionnaires are exempt from revision by an ethical committee in France. We sent a link to the questionnaire to a randomly selected sample of 1000 parents whose infants were currently between 5 and 40 months of age and had participated at the LSCP Baby lab at least once, and for whom we had an email address. Respondents were able to forward the link to others if they desired to do so. Data collection began on December 2, 2013; for the purposes of this report it was closed on December 10, 2013. By then, 505 responses had been recorded, of which 478 were complete and could be analyzed further. Of these, 25 responses were excluded because the child was older than our established maximum age (40 months). Among the remaining 453 records, 229 were reports on female infants and toddlers.
Median age, in days, was 778 (about 2 years and 2 months), 25% quantile 533, 75% quantile 1015, and range 156-1216. Six infants had received a diagnosis that could lead to developmental delays. Given their small number, and in the interest of establishing general facts, we did not remove their data from subsequent analyses. Properly anonymized data and ancillary files (analyses script, information to participating families), for this and additional studies provided as supplementary materials, are available from https://osf. io/2m8iv/files/.
As noted above, we also collected parental responses on whether the child used communicative gestures (3 questions) and engaged in certain types of tool use (3 questions). To simplify the data structure, we created two Boolean variables, "communicative" and "tool", which were zero if the parent answered "none" in all three relevant questions. Whenever multiple questions were integrated into a single regression model, the record identity was declared as a random factor. In all regressions, Type II Analysis of Deviance were used (from the package car  [21] ) to assess statistical significance. Given the exploratory nature of the present study, several regressions were run. To focus on the most salient effects, the alpha significance level was set at. 001 prior to analyses.
Indeed, only 12 and 13 children had a "no" for communicative and tool gestures, respectively. Therefore, we did not include these factors as predictors in our regression. As when investigating the predictors for activities, we created a dataset including all gestures as repeated measures from each child, with a binomial dependent measure (1 = reported present, 0 = otherwise). We declared as fixed effects the gesture identity, the frequency of use, age, and their two-way interactions. The gesture bang was declared as baseline (alphabetic ordering). The formula was: glm(presence = gestureID Ã age. c + gestureID Ã frequency + (1/record), family = "binomial"). Readers may wonder whether we should not have tried to fit non-linear patterns with age, since some of the plots in Fig 4  appear  to show u-shaped changes with age.
Since gesture identity interacted with age, we carried out separate regressions for each gesture type. The formula used was glm(gesture = age. c, family = "binomial"). As apparent from Table  2  and Fig 4, overall, the proportion of "yes" responses increases with age. The change is more dramatic in press and drag, but it is visible also for pinch and spread. Other gestures appear more unstable in this decile-based view, even though in most datasets age was significant (Table  2 ). Notice, finally, that the frequency of banging decreases with age.
Other analyses In addition to the results discussed above, a number of other analyses have been performed, making use of the increase in the available data since the first Higgs boson discovery in different ways. These include, for example, measurements of differential distributions in H → γγ  [116]  and H → ZZ  [117]  events and searches for rarer decays, such as H → µ µ  [118, 119] , H → ee  [119] , H → Zγ  [120, 121] , decays to heavy quarkonia states and a photon  [122] , and invis-ible modes  [123, 124]. These searches are not expected to be sensitive to a SM Higgs boson signal based on the currently available data and thus are as of now mainly relevant for the preparation for the larger datasets expected from LHC Run2 and/or for using Higgs boson events as a probe for effects beyond the SM.
Additional production modes are searched for as well. Here, top-associated production is of particular interest because it would provide direct access to the top-Higgs Yukawa coupling. While the results from recent analyses  [125] [126] [127] [128]  of these complex final states do not quite establish a significant signal yet, they demonstrate a lot of promise for LHC Run2, where, in addition to larger datasets, an improved signal-to-background ratio is expected due to the increased collision energy.
Future Projections Studies of longer-term Higgs physics prospects currently focus on the scenario of an LHC upgraded during a shutdown starting in 2022 to run at a levelled luminosity of 5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 , resulting in a typical average of 140 pile-up events per bunch crossing. This so-called HL-LHC is expected to deliver a total integrated luminosity of 3000 fb -1 to be compared to a total of 300 fb -1 expected by the year 2022. The following summary of SM Higgs boson analysis prospects for such large datasets is based on preliminary results by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations documented in  [129]  and  [130] , respectively. While the prospects for measurements of other Higgs boson properties are being studied as well, the discussion below focusses on projections concerning signal strength measurements and coupling analyses.
Underlying assumptions CMS extrapolates the results of current Run1 measurements to √ s = 14 TeV data samples corresponding to 300 fb -1 and 3000 fb -1 assuming that the upgraded detector and trigger systems will provide the same performance in the highluminosity environment as the current experiments during 2012, i. e. the signal and background event yields are scaled according to the increased luminosities and cross sections. Results based on two different assumptions concerning the systematic uncertainties are obtained: a first scenario assumes no changes with respect to 2012, while in a second scenario theoretical uncertainties are reduced by a factor of two and other uncertainties scaled according to the square root of the integrated luminosities. ATLAS investigates the physics prospects for 14 TeV datasets corresponding to the same integrated luminosities as CMS but here the expected detector performance is parameterised based on efficiency and resolution modifications at the detector object level.
In both scenarios, the dominant decay modes are HA → b bb b and H + H -→ t btb. As already mentioned above, the analyses use the anti-k T algorithm that has been developed for the LHC in order to suppress the background originating from γγ → hadrons. The resulting di-jet mass distributions including the background processes are shown in Fig. 59(Model I ) and and Fig. 60 (Model II). The achievable accuracy on the Higgs boson mass using a dataset of 2 ab -1 at √ s=3 TeV is about 0. 3%  [9]  and the width can be determined with an accuracy of 17-31% for the b bb b final state and 23-27% for the t btb final state, showing the excellent physics capabilities of CLIC for studying heavy Higgs bosons.
1 TeV (95% C. L. )  [894]. It is expected that the LHC will be able to discover W 's up to masses of ∼ 5. 9 TeV in leptonic final states assuming SM couplings  [890]. Based on searches for a new W boson decaying to a charged lepton and a neutrino using the transverse mass variable CMS  [895]  excludes the existence of a SSM W boson with a mass below 2. 85 TeV at 95% C. L. using the √ s = 8 TeV, L int = 3. 7 fb -1 dataset while ATLAS excludes the existence of a W * with a mass below 2. 55 TeV at 95% C. L. using the 7 TeV dataset with L int = 4. 7 fb -1  [896]. C. L. M(Z SSM ) > 2. 49 TeV, M(Z η ) > 2. 15 TeV, M(Z χ ) > 2. For models that predict Z or W bosons that decay to two quarks, searches have been performed that require two wellseparated jets with high transverse momentum. The CMS collaboration excludes the existence of a SSM Z boson with mass below 1.
6 TeV at 95% C. L. and a SSM W with mass below 2. 12 TeV using the √ s = 8 TeV, L int = 4. 0 fb -1 dataset  [897]. The CMS collaboration also developed a dedicated search for b b resonances and excluded existence of a 57 Stephen Godfrey SSM Z boson with mass below 1. 5 TeV at 95% C. L. in the b b channel  [898]. For models with larger branching fractions to b-quarks the limit improves considerably, excluding a larger mass range. If a narrow resonance were discovered, the crucial next step would be to measure its properties and determine the underlying theory. While LHC measurements  [876, 899]  and low energy precision measurements  [900]  can to some extent constrain new gauge boson couplings, precise measurements will need a LC.