dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The food enzyme considered in this opinion is a lipase (triacylglycerol lipase; EC 3. 1. 1. 3) produced with a genetically modified strain of Aspergillus oryzae. The genetic modifications do not raise safety concern. The food enzyme contains neither the production organism nor recombinant DNA. The lipase is intended to be used in a number of food manufacturing processes, such as oils, fats and eggs processing. The dietary exposure was assessed on the basis of data retrieved from the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. The food enzyme did not induce gene mutations in bacteria nor chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes. Therefore, there is no concern with respect to genotoxicity. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a 90-day subchronic oral toxicity study in rodents.
The food enzyme is intended to be used in a number food manufacturing processes, such as oils, fats and eggs processing. The typical uses and the use levels recommended for specific food processes have been provided. The estimated dietary exposure was calculated on the basis of data retrieved from the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. The genotoxicity of the food enzyme was assessed by means of two in vitro assays (gene mutations in bacteria and chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes). The food enzyme, produced with the genetically modified A. oryzae strain NZYM-FL, did not induce gene mutations in bacteria with or without metabolic activation when tested under the conditions employed in the study as presented by the applicant. Neither did it induce chromosome aberrations in cultured human blood lymphocytes under the test conditions employed for this study.
The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a 90-day subchronic oral toxicity study in rodents. A No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was derived, which compared with the dietary exposure results in a sufficiently high Margin of Exposure. The CEF Panel considers that the likelihood of food allergic reactions to this lipase produced with this genetically modified strain of A. oryzae is low and therefore does not raise safety concern. Based on the genetic modifications performed, the manufacturing process, the compositional and biochemical data provided and the toxicological studies, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not raise safety concern under the intended conditions of use.
Chemical parameters The lipase produced with the genetically modified A. oryzae strain NZYM-FL is a single polypeptide chain of 274 amino acids. The molecular mass derived from the amino acid sequence was calculated to be 29. 9 kDa. Data on the chemical parameters and the protein homogeneity status of the food enzyme have been provided for four food enzyme batches, three batches to be used for commercialisation and one batch (PPW 7023) used for the toxicological tests (Table  1 ). The average Total Organic Solids (TOS) of the four food enzyme batches was 9. 3 % (w/w); the values ranged from 8. 1 to 10. 1 % (Table  1 ). TOS is a calculated value derived from 100 % minus % water minus % ash. The four food enzyme batches presented in Table  1  are concentrates without any added diluents. The average specific activity of the four food enzyme batches expressed as ratio enzyme activity/mg TOS was 0.
Dietary exposure The dietary exposure assessment is performed for the processes for which the food enzyme is intended to be used (Table  2 ). The human intake of foods produced with the food enzyme is that reported by the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database 11. In the case of oils and fats processing, the maximum recommended dosage is up to 0. 6 KLU/kg oils/fats, corresponding to 2. 8 mg TOS/kg vegetable oil (Table  2 ). A mean consumption of vegetable oil in 17 countries of 1. 19 g /kg body weight (bw)/day was taken into account; therefore, the intake resulted to be 0. 0033 mg TOS/kg bw/day ((1. 19 x 10 -3 kg vegetable oil /kg bw/day) x (2. 8 mg TOS/kg vegetable oil)). In the case of egg processing, the maximum recommended dosage is 40 KLU/kg egg yolks, which corresponds to 184 mg TOS/kg egg yolks.
In the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database the mayonnaise was not reported, therefore, in order to consider a worst-case scenario, the consumption of prepared salads in Greece (2. 31 g/kg bw/day) was taken into account. It was also assumed that 50 % of salads were mayonnaise and that it contains 10 % egg yolks treated with food enzyme, which means 0. 12 g egg yolks kg bw/day treated with the food enzyme. The intake was then calculated to be 0. 022 mg TOS/kg bw/day ((0. 12 x 10 -3 kg egg yolks/kg bw/day) x (184 mg TOS/kg egg yolks)). Finally, by adding the intakes calculated in both processing, the estimated dietary exposure can be calculated to 0. 025 mg TOS/kg bw/day. In case the food enzyme is proposed for products particularly designed for infants or young children, ad hoc conservative exposure estimates must be made taking specifically into account these population groups.
Plant measurements, ecophysiological modelling, and grafting At each of the five dates, six plants of each genotype were collected both in one LN and one HN tank. Length of the primary root (PRL) was measured. The first-to-third-order lateral roots were counted, allowing the calculation of total lateral root number (LRN). No nodule was found in any root observed. Then, the shoot and root systems were carefully spread separately onto transparent sheets and scanned as digital images with an A3 colour scanner (Epson, Tokyo, Japan). Total leaf area (LeafA), total root length (TRL), and total root surface area per plant were further determined by image analysis using WinRhizo software (Regent Instruments, Quebec, Canada). Mean lateral root length (LRL) was then calculated as (TRL -PRL)/LRN. Roots and shoots were ovendried separately at 80 °C for 48 h for shoot, root, and total dry weight determination (SDW, RDW, and TDW).
noble. org/medicagohandbook/). Grafts were initially generated in vitro, and after 3 weeks were potted in attapulgite:clay balls (1:1) in the greenhouse for an additional 7 weeks. Three plants per combination were then carefully spread onto transparent sheets and scanned as digital images, and LeafA and TRL determined by image analysis. The number of first lateral roots per length of primary root was also determined for each plant. For graft experiment and each sampling date, means and SE values were calculated for all variables and ANOVA were performed using XLSTAT software  (version 2010. 6. 03, http://www. xlstat. com). Means were classified using the least significant difference (LSD) range test at the 0. 05 probability level.
Transcriptomic analyses RNA extraction and Affymetrix GeneChip Total RNA was extracted from roots using the Plant RNeasy Mini Kit with on-column DNAse digestion (Qiagen). All RNA samples were checked for their integrity on the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. For microarray analyses, 2 μg total RNA were transcribed as described in  Rey et al. (2013). The labelled cDNA produced was used to hybridize Affymetrix GeneChip Medicago genome arrays at INRA-URGV (Evry, France). The raw CEL files were imported in R software for data analysis. All raw and normalized data are available through the CATdb database  (Gagnot et al. , 2008; project 'AFFY_root_dvt_Nitrogen_Medicago') , and from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)  (Barrett et al.
Statistical analysis of microarray data The data were normalized with the GC RMA algorithm  (Irizarry et al. , 2003)  available in the Bioconductor package  (Gentleman and Carey, 2002). We performed a two-way ANOVA on the normalized expression signals, which was modelled as follows: Y ijk = μ + G i + N j + GN ij + E ijk , where Y is the normalized expression signal of a transcript for genotype i at nitrate supply j in replicate k, μ the global mean, G i the genotypic effect, N j the nitrate effect, GN ij the genotype×nitrate interaction effect, and E ijk are normally distributed zero-mean random errors. Due to the limited number of observations, the degree of freedom was too weak to perform tests based on the specific residual variance of each transcript. Thus, a global residual variance was calculated after the removal of the transcripts displaying extreme variation.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Estelle Carteret ,  Arnaud Bartet , and  Sébastien Brenot  of the  Experimental Unit  for technical support for the experiment in growth chamber. Anne-Lise Santoni  of the  UMR Agroécologie  is acknowledged for the nitrogen concentration analyses, and  Catherine Bonnefoy  for her help in the grafting experiment. This work was supported by  INRA  ( AgroBI programme ) and the  Burgundy Council  ( PARI-Agrale6  programme). The authors thank  Richard Thompson  for his critical reading of the manuscript and the anonymous referees for their constructive criticisms.
Tissue distribution of titanium dioxide nanoparticles after IV administration Data of male and female animals will be presented and described separately in this paragraph, though the focus will be on the male animals. In general, female animals showed a similar kinetic profile as male animals. A supplementary file is provided containing a full overview of the titanium data of female animals (i. e. titanium levels expressed as μg/g tissue). Titanium levels in control (vehicle-exposed) animals were near and below the detection limits in all investigated tissues. The blood kinetics of IV-administered titanium dioxide (single and repeated exposure) in male rats are presented in Figures  4A  and B. Analysis of titanium in blood revealed a rapid decline of titanium levels. After the initial rapid decline (within <0.
5 hour), the plasma titanium levels remained constant with only a small decrease during post-exposure periods of up to 14 days (data not shown). After single administration, titanium could be detected at the first tissue measurement point (i. e. 24    administration) in all investigated tissues, at levels above those as measured in control (vehicle-treated) animals (Figure  5 , male animals). Repeated exposure to all titanium dioxide nanomaterials was found to result in up to 5 times higher tissue titanium levels (expressed as μg/tissue) compared to single dose, indicating that during this time frame no significant elimination occurred and a dose proportional accumulation occurred (Figure  5  and Figure  6 , male animals). This also becomes apparent when expressing the titanium levels as % of the dose administered, no clear differences in titanium-levels were observed at 24 hours after the last dosing (Figure  7  (male) or 8 (female) single vs.
Total recovery as measured at 24 hours after the last administration in the repeated exposure groups ranged from 66-95% and 65-88% for male and female animals, respectively. Also NM-103 (male: 95%, female: 88%) and NM-104 (female: 88%) showed highest total recovery at day 90 after repeated dosing. Both after single and repeated titanium dioxide IV administration (NM-100, NM-102, NM-103, NM-104), titanium levels in faeces (collected at days 2, 6, 14, 30 or 90 if possible), obtained at the same time as the tissues were collected, were similar to those observed in vehicle control animals (data not shown). In addition, no increase in titanium levels in urine (collected at days 2, 6, 14, 30 or 90 if possible) was observed after repeated exposure in NM-100 and NM-102 exposed animals (no analysis performed in urine of NM-103 and NM-104 exposed animals).
The tissue distribution profiles of the four IV tested nanomaterials with different sizes and crystalline forms (NM-100, NM-102, NM-103, NM-104) are in general rather similar, although some differences were observed. Titanium was detected in all investigated tissues in the present study, i. e. blood, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, heart, brain, thymus and reproductive organs. The total recovery was mainly below 100%. An explanation might be that not all tissues were investigated. Skin and muscle were not included as they were inconsequently measured or an initial experiment showed that the levels were close to the detection limit (data not shown). Bone marrow Ti levels could not be measured due to the small sample size. Based on the relatively constant tissue and low blood levels (after the initial rapid decline), it seems rather unlikely that the incomplete recovery can be explained by elimination processes.
Release of particles from liver and possibly other organs may be responsible for the increase in spleen levels. The data show that at the long run TiO 2 particles will accumulate in spleen. The spleen Ti concentration rises during the entire exposure, including the 90 day post exposure period. In addition, titanium levels as measured in the faeces of IV-treated (single and repeated) animals revealed no clear differences between titanium dioxide-exposed animals and vehicle-treated controls (data not shown). Further, no increase in titanium levels in urine was observed. This further confirms the lack of elimination of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The expected accumulation with daily exposure as a consequence of the negligible elimination might indicate a potential concern for human health risk.
Kinetic analysis and statistical analysis Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on sparse data by a non-compartmental approach (NCA) using Phoenix WinNonlin 6. 3 software (Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA, USA)  [40]. The analysis focused on the organ kinetic parameters. Kinetic parameters such as AUC and apparent elimination rate (β) were determined. The AUC represents the 'area under the curve' of the organ Ti concentrationtime curve, and was calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule. Apparent elimination rate (β) was estimated on the terminal phase of the curve by linear regression of at least 3 points (r 2 > 0. 95). The apparent elimination half-life (T 1/2el ) was calculated by the following equation: T 1=2el ¼ 0:693 β Standards errors were only estimated for Cmax and AUC.
Data evaluation Data of male and female animals were evaluated separately as the difference in dose levels between these groups (as a result of variation in body weight between male and female animals) was considered too large. Further, the number of sampling periods differed between male and female animals. However, data within the male animal groups or within the female animal groups were analysed together and the titanium levels (expressed per tissue or g tissue) were not corrected for differences in body weight and thus in dose (mg/kg bw) within these groups. This was considered acceptable, as the intragroup variation (max. 8%; as a result of intra-group differences in body weight) was not expected to exceed the standard random animal variation. In groups containing both rats with a Ti level above and below the LOD, a simulant value was used for measurements below the LOD for estimation of the mean Ti for all animals investigated.
Acknowledgements This research was co-funded by the  Health Programme of the European Union  in the  NANOGENOTOX Joint Action  under Grant agreement n°2009  21 , the grant ' Danish Centre for Nanosafety ' (20110092173/3) from The  Danish Working Environment Research Fund  and the  Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure  and the Environment. In addition, the  Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA)  contributed to the reporting of the study. This publication reflects only the author's views and the  Executive Agency for Health and Consumers (EAHC)  of the  European Union , the  Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment  and the Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority of the Netherlands are not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Michael Guldbrandsen ,  Lisbeth Meyer Petersen ,  Zdenka Kyjovska  and  Elzbieta Christiansen  (NCRWE),  Willem den Otter (Philips Innovation Services)  and  Bert Verlaan ,  Hans Strootman ,  Jolanda Rigters ,  Piet van Schaaik and Ron Vlug (RIVM)  are acknowledged for their excellent technical assistance.
15  If neutrinoless double β decay or neutron-antineutron oscil-FIG. 40 : Constraints on the (neutral-current) weak couplings of the u and d quarks plotted in the C1u-C 1d plane. The band refers to the limits from APV, whereas the more vertical ellipse represents a global fit to the existing PVES data with Q 2 < 0. 63 (GeV) 2. The small, more horizontal ellipse refers to the constraint determined from combining the APV and PVES data. The SM prediction as a function of sin 2 θW in the MS scheme appears as a diagonal line; the SM best fit value is sin 2 θW = 0. 23116  [251]. Figure taken from  [1322] , and we refer to it for all details. lations are observed to occur, then the puzzle of electriccharge quantization is solved. Alternatively, if the charge neutrality of the neutron or atomic hydrogen were found to be experimentally violated, then it would suggest neither neutrinos nor neutrons are Majorana particles.
The first such systematic study was performed within the CERN SPS beam energy scan program between 1998 and 2002. This scan, covering five values of E beam , was primarily undertaken by the NA49  [1777]  experiment with participation from NA45 and NA57 [1778]. This program is currently being extended by NA49's successor, NA61. After finishing the pp and Be+Be measurements, data will be taken with the larger systems Ar+Ca and Xe+La. The second program, currently active, is the beam energy scan program at RHIC. The STAR collaboration  [1727]  is, as described below, taking data over a similar √ s N N range as that of the SPS. As a collider experiment, STAR has the advantage that its acceptance around midrapidity does not depend on √ s N N. The PHENIX collaboration has placed its emphasis on higher energies, √ s N N ≥ 39 GeV  [1725].
a. Multiplicity Particle production at low p T cannot be calculated from first principles with currently available theoretical tools. Despite the availability of RHIC data before the LHC startup, the predictions for particle multiplicities varied widely. Figure  47  presents a summary of the charged particle pseudorapidity density per participant measured in pp, pA and AA collisions  [1801, 1802]. While the energy dependence of dN ch /dη in non-single diffractive (NSD) pp and pA collisions follows a power law, s α N N with α = 0. 1, the AA data shows a much steeper dependence that can be best described with α = 0. 15. This behavior underlines the fundamental differences of bulk particle production in AA with respect to pp and pA collisions and provides an essential constraint for models, see Sec.
Acknowledgements We dedicate this document to the memory of  Mikhail Polikarpov , who passed away in July 2013. Misha worked with us for decades as a convener of the "Confinement" section of the  Quark Confinement  and  Hadron Spectrum Series. He guided and expanded the scientific discussion of that topic, inspiring and undertaking new research avenues. From its initial conception, he supported the enterprise of this document and organized Chapter 8, writing the part on confinement himself. He attracted the XI th Conference on Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum to St. Petersburg (September 8-12, 2014; see http://phys. spbu. ru/confxi. html). His warm and kind personality, his high sense of humor, his ideas in physics and his special energy in imagining and realizing new projects will be always a loss and an example for us.
• The authors appreciate and acknowledge support for work on this document provided, in part or in whole, by • U. S. Department of Energy under contracts #DE-FG02-05ER41375 and #DE-FG02-91ER40628 (M. Alford and K. Schwenzer) • the EU I3HP project EPOS "Exciting Physics of Strong Interactions" (WP4 of HadronPhysics3) (R. Alkofer) • U. S. Department of Energy grant no. DE-SC0007984, (P. Arnold) • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG EClust 153 "Origin and Structure of the Universe" (N. Brambilla, L. Fabbietti, B. Ketzer, A. Vairo) • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG grants BR 4058/2-1 and BR 4058/1-1; work supported in part by DFG and NSFC (CRC 110) (N. Brambilla, A. Vairo) • U. S. Department of Energy (T. Cohen) • Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) of Italy (P. Di Nezza) • the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; the Russian Foundation for Basic Research under grants 12-02-01032 and 12-02-01296 and the German Research Foundation (DFG) under grant HA 1457/9-1.
ulcerans positive insects changes according to land cover and topography. We then explore the generalizability of the results by testing them against an independent dataset collected in a second endemic region, French Guiana. Principal Findings: We find that the distribution of the bacterium in Cameroon is accurately described by the land cover and topography of the watershed, that there are notable seasonal differences in distribution, and that the Cameroon model does not predict the distribution of M. ulcerans in French Guiana. Conclusions/Significance: Future studies of M. ulcerans would benefit from consideration of local structure of the local stream network in future sampling, and further work is needed on the reasons for notable differences in the distribution of this species from one region to another.
Study sites, sampling methodology and response variable The Cameroon dataset is a subset of that published in  [29] , which comprises 16 sites in Akonolinga, sampled every month for 12 months (Figure  1 ). Identical methods were carried out by the same investigators for all sites throughout the study. In brief, at each site, 4 locations were chosen in areas of slow water flow and among the dominant aquatic vegetation and at each location, 5 sweeps with a dip net within a surface of 1 m 2 were done to sample the aquatic community. Aquatic organisms were classified down to the Family level whenever possible and stored separately in 70% ethanol. Individuals belonging to the same taxonomic group were pooled together for detection of M. ulcerans DNA by quantitative PCR. Among these, the 5 most abundant Orders (Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Odonata and Ephemeroptera) were consistently analysed for all sites and months.
Pooled individuals were all ground together and homogenized and DNA from tissue homogenates was purified using QIAquick 96 PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN). Finally, amplification and detection of MU DNA were performed through quantitative PCR by targeting the ketoreductase B domain (KR) of the mycolactone polyketide synthase and IS2404 sequence from MU genome. This resulted in 5 analyzed samples (each Order) per month, per site, which we use to infer M. ulcerans presence or absence. Summary statistics are described in Table  1. Sampling effort varied from month to month, as is discussed in  [29] , however we have used a subset of that data in order to gain the most consistent representation of the biotic community possible. A data set following the same methodology was independently collected in French Guiana, South America  [28].
Land cover and topography Land cover in Akonolinga was described using several multispectral satellite images; SPOT 2. 5 meter resolution images (references: 50833380811220923092V0 and 50833371012210937422V0), and a Landsat image (reference L72186056_05620021107). The study area was categorised into the following classes; Agriculture, Forest, Flood plain, Road, Savannah, Swamp and Urban (Table  S1 ). Classification was conducted in the Object Orientated Image Analysis software eCognition  [39]. The resulting maps were validated and corrected where needed following onsite visits in November 2012. Topography was described using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model  [40] , which has a spatial resolution of 90 meters. All topographical variables were derived using the Spatial Analyst extension of the software ArcMap 10.