dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Analysis The data were analyzed for all the participants as a whole and for the subsamples of SATO versus non-SATO alcoholics. Continuous variables are described as the mean and standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables are described as percentages. The data were compared using the chi-square or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the Student's t test or Mann-Whitney test for quantitative variables. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between socio-demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics and the probability of rural alcoholic women seeking help on their own for alcohol dependence. Age at onset and travel distance to a specialty treatment service were dichotomized using a median cut-off value. Variables that were significant at p < 0.
Acknowledgements We wish to thank four independent reviewers for their constructive and supportive comments that helped us to improve the final paper. We would also like to thank architect  Cecilia Holmström  at  Tengbom Architects , architect  Lina Jonsdotter  and Associate Professor Liane Thuvander at  Chalmers University of Technology  who were part of the research team that designed the study and collected the empirical material. The research has been conducted as part of the research project " Architecture, material flows and climate change " Project Number  39703-2 , funded by the  Swedish Energy Agency  (Grant No. 2016-004913 ). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons. org/licenses/by/4.
Data and variables We use data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, the first wave of which appeared in 2001. 2  HILDA is an annual nationally-representative Australian household panel survey that collects information on economic well-being, life events and labour-market dynamics, amongst other topics. As the first wave (  2001 ) does not include information on crime victimisation, we use HILDA waves 2002-2013 to construct the individual's victimisation history. 3 Starting in 2002, HILDA respondents were asked at each wave which major life events from a list of 21 had occurred to them over the past 12 months. Two of these 21 refer to crime victimisation (i) "victim of physical violence (e. g. , assault):" (which we will denote by PV it ) and (ii) "victim of a property crime (e.
The CDs were sampled with a probability proportional to their size, as measured by the number of dwellings recorded in each CD at the 1996 Census. Second, within each of these CDs, a sample of 22 to 34 dwellings was selected, the precise number depending on the expected response and occupancy rates of the area. The selections were made after all dwellings within each of the CDs were fully enumerated. Finally, within each dwelling, up to three households were selected to be part of the sample. " (page 371). Moreover, "the principal mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews, usually conducted at the home of the respondent. From wave 1 to wave 8 these were conducted using pen and paper methods. In wave 9 pen and paper was replaced by computer tablet consoles. Telephone interviews are conducted both as a last resort and to reach sample members who move to locations not covered by the network of face-to-face interviewers.
Conclusion We here used data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey to investigate the link between crime victimisation over time and sleep quality. We first highlight that both contemporaneous physical violence and property crime are associated with worse sleep quality, with the former having a much larger impact than the latter. Second, any past crime exposure continues to impair current sleep, with a negative effect that is somewhat smaller than that of contemporaneous victimisation. Third, the intensive margin of past crime exposure, chronicity, also reduces current sleep quality. Last, there is weaker evidence that the persistence of crime victimisation also matters, although we do not have much variation to play with here. Consecutive years physical violence are associated with more difficulty in getting off to sleep, while sleep duration is shorter with consecutive years of property crime.
Funding We are grateful to the Editors and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. We also thank  CEPREMAP , the  Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg  Project  C18/SC/12677653  and the  Australian Research Council Linkage Project   LP170100718  for financial support. This paper uses the unconfidentialised unit record data from the  Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The  HILDA Project  was initiated and is funded by the  Australian Government Department of Social Services  (DSS) and is managed by the  Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (Melbourne Institute). The findings and views reported in this paper, however, are those of the authors and should not be attributed to either DSS or the  Melbourne Institute.
equateur. ird. fr/activites/projets-de-recherche/agriculture/anr-man-pest-insectes-ravageurs-etsecurite-alimentaire). 2. En segundo término, se trabajó en San Luis, a 7 kilómetros al sur de Riobamba, (Figura 1) donde la actividad comercial de las explotaciones era intensa por las ventas de frutas y de hortalizas con destino de Riobamba. En aras de identificar los factores que limitaban o facilitaban la articulación de los agricultores con el mercado riobambeño, se entrevistó en profundidad a 3 dirigentes de Flores y a 4 de San Luis, a 2 técnicos locales del Ministerio de Agricultura (MAGAP) y a 2 representantes de la Empresa Pública Municipal Mercado de Productores Agrícolas San Pedro de Riobamba (EP-EMMPA), encargada de gestionar el abastecimiento agrícola de la capital de la provincia de Chimborazo y de administrar el Mercado Mayorista.
It was seen how the institution worked with farmers to try to slow down the advance of the livestock borders. In addition, an interview was made with an expert at ETAPA-Cuenca, to better understand the company's goals, and 11 farmers were interviewed to know how their farming activities had evolved within the local migratory context. In this way, the current importance of livestock activities could be measured, asking them about the head count per farm, the size of the grazing areas and the income related to milk sales. 4. Comments about the fieldwork and information collected. Due to the limited sample size, the studies carried out in Riobamba and Cuenca do not have the goal of acting to build new statistical databases. Nor is the goal of this article to present the economic information obtained from the family-based farmers, as this was presented in previous publications.
The questionnaire contained six items whose objectives appear in the following Table  (Table 2 ). The statistical analysis of the responses was performed using IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 22. The percentages that appear in the tables are expressed according to the number of people questioned. To complete the information collected by the questionnaire, we conducted semistructured interviews with 15 subjects from our sample, chosen in a random manner. The interviews took place in the educational institution's subjects in a friendly atmosphere and we have used the content to analyze the data obtained, which we have categorized to facilitate the analysis.
Abstract The CODEX index was developed and validated in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation to predict the risk of death and readmission within one year after discharge. Our study aimed to validate the CODEX index in a large external population of COPD patients with variable durations of follow-up. Additionally, we aimed to recalculate the thresholds of the CODEX index using the cut-offs of variables previously suggested in the 3CIA study  (mCODEX). Individual data on 2,755 patients included in the COPD Cohorts Collaborative International Assessment Plus (3CIA+) were explored. A further two cohorts (ESMI AND EGARPOC-2) were added. To validate the CODEX index, the relationship between mortality and the CODEX index was assessed using cumulative/dynamic ROC curves at different follow-up periods, ranging from 3 months up to 10 years.
METHODS We obtained individual pooled data from 26 cohort studies from 8 countries, all previously published, and from the COPD Cohorts Collaborative International Assessment (3CIA) consortium database, later expanded to 3CIA+  (7). Briefly, the 3CIA database contains individual data from 16,332 COPD patients, at the outpatient and hospital levels, spirometrically confirmed by a post-BD ratio FEV 1 /FVC <0. 7, according to the GOLD criteria  (7). The 3CIA+ cohort has follow-up data and information on age, sex, pre-and post-BD FEV 1 , mMRC dyspnea scale and mortality, among others. Only in a number of 3CIA+ cohorts were data of comorbidity measured with Charlson index and number of hospitalizations in the previous year available. For the current study, we selected exclusively those cohorts in which Charlson index and number of severe exacerbations in the previous year were available in the database, since both are required to calculate the CODEX index.
Discussion Our study confirms the utility of the CODEX index to predict mortality in a large set of COPD patients. The study design-a pooled-analysis of individual patientdata from several cohorts-sample size and the different degrees of severity of the patients in the different cohorts maximize its high external validity. Importantly, these replication results were consistent in sensitivity analyses and across different COPD sub-populations. Additionally, we recalculated the original CODEX index with different thresholds for FEV 1 % and dyspnea, previously obtained from the 3CIA cohort for survival prediction. Of note, these new cut-offs were similar to those found in a large- scale international validation study conducted in 10 cohorts including  13, 914  patients in the validation of the ADO index  (7, 8, 16).
Acknowledgments: The COCOMICS study was funded in part by a grant from the  Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic surgery (SEPAR)  coded with the number  057/12. SEPAR 2013. We thank  Tom Yohannan  (professional medical copy-editor) for his editorial assistance. Conception and design: PA,  PMC ,  MRC , AN, JBS. Analysis and interpretation: PA,  PMC ,  MRC , AN, JBS. Drafting the manuscript for important intellectual content: PA, PMC, MM,  MRC ,  AN, BL, ASR, BK, IA, CC, CE, JJSC, JPT, BRC, JMM, GTR, PS, PL, JGA, JMA, AMT, MLKH, AL, TO, BC, JA, AE , NR, PRB, DDS, MAP, JBS.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are very grateful to the two reviewers who helped to improve the manuscript. Special thanks to the editors G. M. Semprebon ,  F. Rivals , and  R. L. Bernor  for inviting us to contribute to this research topic Examining Evolutionary Trends in Equus and its Close Relatives from Five Continents. V. Eisenmann kindly gave us some of her personal data and permission to mention new results about E. apolloniensis and E. wuesti, we are grateful to her. G. D. Koufos gave us some data of equids from  Mygdonia Basin , thanks to him. Thanks to  H. de Lumley  and  A. M. Moigne  who allowed us (NB) to study the important collections of CERP, at Tautavel. We also thank  I. Toro-Moyano  and  B. Martínez Navarro , for welcoming one of us (NB) a few years ago to study the equid from  Venta Micena  at the  Museo de Prehistoria de Orce.
The studies conducted on the sites of  Les Ramandils ,  La Crouzade , and Tournal are undertaken in the framework of a  Collective Research Program (PCR)  of the  French Ministry of Culture Le monde moustérien méditerranéen entre Rhône et Pyrénées , dir. T. Saos. The work on the  Denizli Basin in Turkey  was done in the context of the  First Homo in Turkey research program  funded by the  CNRS  ( PICS 2016-2018 , dir. A. Vialet  and with the collaboration of M. C. Alçiçek). Current excavations carried out in the sites of  Caune de l'Arago, dir. C. Perrenoud ,  Bois de Riquet , dir. L. Bourguignon , l'abri du Maras, dir. M. H. Moncel ,  Portel-Ouest , dir. G. Becam ,  La Crouzade , dir. T. Saos ,  Coulet des Roches , dir. E. Crégut-Bonnoure are supported by the  French Ministry of Culture. Research in the site of cueva del Ángel is carried out by the  Fundación Instituto de Investigación de Prehistoria y Evolución Humana (FIPEH, dir.
Discovering Skylines in Databases have been actively studied to effectively identify optimal tuples/objects with respect to a set of designated preference attributes. Few approaches have been proposed for ranking the skylines to resolve the problem of the high cardinality of the result set. The most recent approach to rank skylines is the dp-idp (dominance power-inverse dominance power) which extensively uses the Paretodominance relation to determine the score of each skyline. The dp-idp method is in the very same spirit as tf-idf weighting scheme from Information Retrieval. In this paper, we firstly make an Enrichment of dp-idp with Dominance Hierarchy to facilitate the determination of Skyline scores, we propose then the CoSky method (Cosine Skylines) for fast ranking skylines in Databases without computing the Pareto-dominance relation.
Cosky is a TOPSIS-like method (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) resulting from the cross-fertilization between the fields of Information Retrieval, Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis, and Databases. The innovative features of CoSky are principally: the automatic weighting of the normalized attributes based on Gini index, the score of each skyline using the Saltons cosine of the angle between each skyline object and the ideal object, and its direct implementation into any RDBMS without further structures. Finally, we propose the algorithm DeepSky, a Multilevel skyline algorithm based on CoSky method to find Top-k ranked Skylines.
INTRODUCTION Skyline computation, previously known as Pareto sets and maximal vectors  (Bentley et al. , 1978) , has received a great attention in the statistical and mathematical fields since many past decades. The skyline computation is crucial to many multi-criteria decision making applications. Therefore, skyline queries have attracted considerable attention in the context of databases, especially with the introduction of skyline operator by  (Borzsonyi et al. , 2001). These queries are simple and expressive. They do not need userdefined scoring functions. They only require the user preferences concerning the minimization or the maximization of attribute values. Suppose a customer who wishes to buy a car and he is seeking for a car with high power, low mileage and low price. Nevertheless, these criteria of selecting Cars are complementary since cars of higher power and lower mileage are more expensive.
In order to find such cars, we must query the corresponding Cars database relation (Table 1). Let price, mileage (klm) and power be the attributes of Cars, the users prefer to minimize the price and the Mileage (klm) and maximize the power by selecting items that are better than others regarding  As a result, a set of good cars is returned (C 1 , C 2 , C 4 ). Good cars in our case is the set of cars which are as good or better in all dimensions (price, klm and power) and better in at least one dimension. This set of good points (cars) forms the Skylines. The Paretodominance specifies which data points belong to the skyline and it can be formalized as follows: Let r be a relational table, with A 1 ,. , A m attributes. A preference over A j is an expression of one of two forms: Pref (A i ) = min or Pref (A i ) = max.
This solution is efficient especially in the case of high dimensional or anti-correlated data and participates in reducing the huge size of the result set. Our contribution lies within this scope. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach that aims on one hand at enriching an IR-style ranking mechanism based on dp-idp scoring scheme. Our enrichment is founded on the integration of a Dominance Hierarchy (DH) in order to improve the calculation of skyline scores and their afterward ranking. And on the other hand, we propose our CoSky (Cosine Skylines) approach that handles with skyline objects ranking without favoring any dominance relationship. CoSky is a TOPSISlike method (the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution  (Lai et al. , 1994) ) is a cross-fertilization between the fields of Information Retrieval, Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis, and Databases.
RELATED WORK In addition to the skyline queries, a panoply of algorithms have been proposed in order to meet skyline constraints which vary with the studied computational domain. In  (Borzsonyi et al. , 2001) , the Block Nested Loop (BNL) algorithm is proposed in database context; its principle is based on a window (memory block with limited space) of size w. This window stores the first points that are undominated in each pass. Passes are made over the data until obtaining all the skyline points and each dominated point is eliminated to not be read in the future. In case the window is full, a temporary disk file is used to hold the candidate objects. The BNL algorithm is provided of a timestamping mechanism allowing it to find out when a point is in the skyline and when all points it dominates were eliminated.
In  (Chan et al. , 2006) , a metric called skyline frequency is proposed in order to rank the skyline by retaining the interesting points with high skyline frequency. This method scales well with dimensionality unlike other ranking methods. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm runs faster than other algorithms and returns correct results even when considering a huge number of dimensions An alternative to skyline queries is presented in  (Yiu and Mamoulis, 2007) ; the top-k dominating queries. These queries are proposed as a ranking method not based on a scoring function. The top-k dominating queries are evaluated in a multi-dimensional data context. In  (Bartolini et al. , 2007) , a ranking approach applied on an image Database is introduced. The technique is based on the shaping of what the user is looking for by specifying user defined regions that dominate all other regions.
We define the layer of minima(p, sp) as the number of vertices of the minimal path from sp to p in DH. To compute the layer of minima(p3, sp), there are two paths from sp to p 3 as shown in the graph (c f. Figure  1 ): 1. First path: sp→p 1 →p 2 →p 3 ' 2. Second path: sp→p 4 →p 3 The first path contains 4 vertices and the second one contains 3 vertices, then the minimal path from sp to p 3 is the second one and lm(p 3 , sp) = 3. Lets consider another example, the DH graph in Figure  2  illustrates the dominance relations between the skyline points and the dominated points of the Cars database relation. I is the ideal point dominating all skylines. To compute the score, we use formula 3. Thus, the obtained rank is : C 1 ,C 2 ,C 4 or C 1 ,C 4 ,C 2. On the basis of the obtained results (c f. Table  2 ), we conclude that the dp-idp method is unable to distinguish two skylines dominating objects which are dominated by all skylines as it is the case here of the skylines C 2 and C 4.
THE COSKY METHOD In order to solve the ranking problem, we propose the CoSky method for ranking skylines in Databases. CoSky (COsine Skylines) is a multi-steps approach and it is not based on dominance relation calculation. CoSky is the first TOPSIS-like method applied to ranking the skylines. TOPSIS  (Lai et al. , 1994) ,  (Behzadian et al. , 2012)  is based on a vectorial normalisation, a user-weight calculation of each attribute, and the score of each object uses a geometric calculation of the distances between each alternative (object) and the ideal/anti-ideal solutions. In CoSky method, the normalisation of the attributes is based on the sum, an automatic weighting of the normalized attributes based on Gini index, and the score uses the Salton's cosine of the angle between each skyline object and the ideal object.
The CoSky steps applied to the car database relation can be calculated using a SQL queries (c f. Appendix). The obtained results are given in Table  3. The obtained rank is C 1 , C 4 , C 2. Unlike dp-idp, the CoSky method distinguishes clearly the skyline scores. The skyline objects C 4 and C 2 have explicit scores (score = 0 ) while using dpidp their score is 0. Thus we can rank them. v j = max(A j ) iff pre f (A j ) = min min(A j ) iff pre f (A j ) = max (.
notion of Multilevel skylines for finding Topk Skylines (not ranked) is introduced in (Preisinger and Endres, 2015). A Top-k Skyline query Qk on a Database relation r computes the Top-k tuples with respect to the skyline preferences. Let us consider S 0 (r) the classical skyline set and Card(r) > k, then we have: 1. If Card(S 0 (r)) > k, then Qk returns only k tuples from S 0 (r); 2. If Card(S 0 (r)) = k, then Qk returns the skylines (i. e. the set S 0 (r));.
The following algorithm DeepSky uses this multilevel principle with our ranking method to find Top-k ranked Skylines. It returns the Multilevel k skylines that have the k highest scores computed by the CoSky procedure. Input: The database relation r, Preferences on attributes, and k Output: the Top-k tuples/objects with best scores : Topk FS := 0; rlayer := r; while FS ≥k or rlayer = / 0 do rsky := CoSky(rLayer); FS := FS + card (rsky); if FS ¡ k then Topk := Topk ∪ rsky; rlayer := rlayer \ rsky; end else if FS ≥k then Topk := the first k skylines of rsky; return Topk; end end return Topk; Algorithm 1: Algorithm DeepSky for finding the best Top-k skylines. Example: If we consider k = 4, the algorithm Deep-Sky returns C 1 , C 4 , C 2 , the ranked skylines from level 0 and C 3 the only skyline from level 1.
Procedure and sample We designed a three-group between-subjects experiment (no language switch, language switch without language proficiency compliment, language switch with language proficiency compliment) to test the fifth hypothesis. A visit to a Parisian shoe store serves as context for this study, hence we use a sample of customers who speak French as a second language. Data were collected using Prolific. Only respondents who speak French as a second language were allowed to participate. In order to test the effects both on customers who experience a switch to their first language, as in Studies 2-3, and customers who experience a switch to a lingua 1. 48, t(197) = 12. 52, p <. 001), they speak English more frequently (M = 6. 48, SD = 1. 21) than they speak French (M = 4. 21, SD = 1. 69, t(197) = 16.
33) and word-of-mouth intentions (Indirect: -1. 24, 95% CI = -2. 23 ; -. 53). The perceived identity threat caused by the language switch (β = 1. 27, t = 5. 40, p <. 001) decreases return intentions (β = -0. 44, t = 8. 22, p <. 001) and word-of-mouth intentions (β = -0. 44, t = 7. 63, p <. 01). The direct effect of language switch on return intentions and word-of-mouth intentions dissipates after controlling for identity threat (both p-values >. 05), suggesting full mediation. In case the language switch is accompanied by a compliment, we do not find a mediating effect of identity threat on the relationships between a language switch and return intentions (Indirect: -. 05, 95% CI = -. 25 ;. 16) and word-of-mouth intentions (Indirect: -. 05, 95% CI = -. 26 ;. 15). Finally, given that we had both native English speakers and non-native English speakers in our dataset, we could contrast the language backfire effect for both groups.