dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data acquisition We recorded the EEG data with active electrodes and an acquisition system from Brain Products (actiCAP & actiCHamp, Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany). We used a 10-channel layout to acquire cortical responses from the following scalp positions: F7, F3, FZ, F4, F8, T7, C3, CZ, C4, T8 (Figure  1B ). We chose these recording locations in order to include those where auditory and speech perception related neural responses are typically observed in infants  63, 65  (channels T7 and T8 used to be called T3 and T4 respectively). We used two additional electrodes placed on each mastoid for online reference, and a ground electrode placed on the forehead. Data were referenced online to the average of the two mastoid channels, and they were not re-referenced offline. Data were recorded at a sampling rate of 500 Hz, and online filtered with a high cutoff filter at 200 Hz, a low cutoff filter at 0.
EEG processing We processed the EEG data using custom MATLAB scripts. First we filtered the raw EEG signals with a 50-Hz notch filter to eliminate the power line noise. Then, we band-pass filtered the denoised EEG signals between 1 and 50 Hz using a zero phase-shift Chebyshev filter, and segmented them into a series of 2,560-ms long epochs. Each epoch started 400 ms before the utterance onset (corresponding to the pre-stimulus baseline), and contained a 2,160 ms long post-stimulus interval (corresponding to the duration of the shortest sentence). For the resting state data (3 min recorded during silence at the beginning of the experiment and 3 min at the end), we followed the same epoching procedure described above, arbitrarily segmenting the 3 min into 2,560-ms long epochs, which yielded 70 epochs for each rest condition.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the '' PredictAble'' Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action ( MSCA) Innovative Training Network (ITN)  grant, the  ECOS-Sud  action nr. C20S02 , the  ERC Consolidator  Grant  773202  '' BabyRhythm '', the  ANR's French Investissements d'Avenir -Labex EFL Program  under Grant [ ANR-10-LABX-0083 ], the  Italian Ministry for Universities and Research FARE  grant nr. R204MPRHKE , the  European Union Next Generation   EU NRRP M6C2 -Investment 2. 1 - SYNPHONIA  Project, as well as the  Italian Ministry for Universities and Research PRIN  grant nr. 2022WX3FM5  to  Judit Gervain. We would like to thank the  Robert DebreHospital  for providing access to the newborns, and all the families and their babies for their participation in this study. We sincerely acknowledge  Lucie Martin  and  Anouche Banikyan  for their help with infant testing; as well as Gabor Haden and  Eugenio Parise  for valuable discussions on data analysis.
Study Design and Participants We set up a single-blind, randomized controlled trial examining neural mechanisms of change and concurrent psychological processes in MBCT1treatment as usual (TAU) and TAU alone. The study design was preregistered at ClinicalTrials. gov (identifier: NCT03353493) and the Danish Data Protection Agency and was approved by the Regional Ethics Council. Participants were recruited from general practices and local psychiatric units in the Central Jutland region of Denmark by 2 members of the research team (AMvdV and LF). Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of recurrent major depressive disorder, with or without a current episode, established through the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (33); 3 or more previous major depressive episodes; age 18 years or older; and, if on antidepressants, a stable dose of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor medication for a minimum of 8 weeks.
MRI Acquisition and fMRI Preprocessing Functional and structural images of the brain were acquired on a 3T Siemens Magnetom Skyra 3T scanner (software version Scout; Siemens Healthineers) using a 32-channel head coil. Four fMRI scans, each of 5-minute duration, were acquired to evaluate how states of rest, mindfulness, and rumination affected functional connectivity, with a second resting state between the mindfulness and rumination state. We used FSL tools [version 6. 0)  (46) ] for preprocessing. Preprocessing steps followed standard procedures and included registering the functional to the structural image, registering the structural image to standard space, motion correction, spatial smoothing, and a high-pass filter. Finally, data were high-pass filtered (100-second cutoff) (for full details, see the Extended Methods and Materials in the Supplement).
Relating Neural Connectivity to Psychological Processes via Questionnaires and Experience Sampling Measures We compared all the statistically significant group 3 time changes (neural connectivity and psychological processes using partial correlation analyses, controlling for group assignment to access robust relationships that would not just be a marker of treatment effect. We applied Bonferroni corrections  (49)  for multiple comparisons across significant neural and significant questionnaire findings and followed up significant results using bootstrapped mediation analysis using MATLAB (version 9. 1; The MathWorks, Inc. )  (50).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLOSURES AMvdV, AR, and WK were responsible for the original proposal, and AMvdV secured funding for the trial. AMvdV developed the design and protocol, and AR, WK, JSm, CJH, and SWL advised on the design. AMvdV was responsible for the general management of the study, and LOF oversaw the clinical management of the study. AMvdV, E-ME, and LOF collected the data. JSm, JSc, AMvdV, AR, and WK created the analysis strategy. JSc analyzed the MRI data, and JSc and MSO analyzed the self-report data and clinical data. JSc, AMvdV, JSm, SWL, CJH, MSO, AR, and WK interpreted the data. JSc and AMvdV wrote the initial draft of the methods and results, and AMvdV wrote the initial draft of the introduction and discussion. All authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript.
We thank all the general practitioners and psychiatric units who helped with recruitment and Jacob Piet and Antonia Sumbundu for running the mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). We thank Torben Lund and Michael Geneser and other staff at Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, for help in setting up and running the magnetic resonance imaging data collection. We thank Jonathan Kingslake and colleagues at P1vital Ltd. for facilitating a platform for online data Mindfulness Changes Brain Dynamics During Rumination collection and providing of administrative support. We thank Niels Kolling, Gaelle Desbordes, and Norman Farb for helpful discussion and advice on the initial analytical strategy. We also thank the colleagues at the Danish Mindfulness Center, Interacting Minds Centre, and Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University and the Oxford Mindfulness Center, Oxford University, who have contributed to the study through help with advice, recruitment, outcome assessment, or provision of administrative support.
This research was funded by a Mind & Life Varela Award and Aase & Ejnar Danielsen Fonden to AMvdV. JSc was supported by an MRC Skills Development Fellowship (Grant No. MR/N014448/1) and BBSRC Discovery Fellowship (Grant No. BB/V004999/1). SWL was supported by NIH (Grant No. AG048351). JSm was supported by the ERC consolidator award, Wandering Minds (Grant No. 646927). This research was funded in whole or in part by the Wellcome Trust (Grant No. 107496/Z/15/Z [to WK]). CJH was supported by the NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre.
WK was, until 2015, an unpaid Director of the Mindfulness Network Community Interest Company and gave evidence to the UK Mindfulness All Party Parliamentary Group. He has received royalties for several books on mindfulness published by Guilford Press. LOF is the Director of the Danish Centre for Mindfulness. She receives payments for presentations, workshops, and teacher training related to mindfulness-based stress reduction and MBCT and donates payments to the Danish Centre for Mindfulness. All other authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest. ClinicalTrials. gov: Mechanisms of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in the Treatment of Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder (NCT03353493): https://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT03353493; NCT03353493.
Intrinsic-Inherent Value Creativity as an act or outcome is rewarding, motivating, or meaningful to the individual/s involved. The review was confined to material from January 1980 to September 2021. The decision to review the literature from 1980 was based on the considerable advances in digital technology, population growth, and the advent of the global internet, making the review's findings relevant for today. The search term used in this review was confined to "value AND creativity " only in titles to control the large volume of possible (and sometimes irrelevant) responses. The following databases were searched: Business Source Complete (EBSCOhost) ( n = 58), JSTOR ( n = 6), PsychINFO (Ovid) ( n = 32), Pro-Quest Central ( n = 350), SAGE ( n = 63) and Web of Science ( n = 98) resulting in 607 items that initially met inclusion criteria.
A separate Google Scholar advanced search conducted in September 2021 revealed an additional 142 items that initially met inclusion criteria. Between the databases and Google Scholar, there was considerable duplication. Removal of duplicates resulted in 608 eligible full-text articles for further screening. Additional screening removed items if they failed to propose a value of creativity, if they were unavailable in English, and if they were book reviews or theses. This final screening stage excluded a further 493 full-text articles, which did not specifically propose what value could be assigned to creativity, making it difficult to ascertain an outcome and include it in the synthesis. A total of 86 full-text articles are included in this scoping review for synthesis. The full screening process is described in the PRISMA-ScR flowchart ( Fig.
For example,  Codignola (2016)  wrote that Milan must mark itself as a creative stronghold of cultural capital, particularly of their renowned fashion designers. Likewise,  Nanjira (2017)  shared that Kenya's creativity was stifled for a time but had blossomed into a marketplace that offers its take on all matters of products and services, including music and fashion. Kenya's new embrace of its creative culture is attractive to tourists who wish to experience authentic Kenyan culture and not just "a performance for an external gaze with the obligatory lion and elephant in the background "  ( Nanjira, 2017 , p. 3). While creativity is important to the economy, creativity and the arts are difficult to quantify  ( Foster, 2009 ). However, metrics attempting to quantify the revenue-based value of creativity are emerging, such as the 'Extra Share of Voice' (ESOV), calculated using points through the IPA-databank.
Participants We recruited participants from the CNRS RISC volunteer database (https://www. risc. cnrs. fr/) and through French-language aphantasia groups on social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Additionally, we also received some participants through spontaneous contact. All participants were asked if they had a history of neurological or psychiatric conditions, and those who reported such a history were not included in the experiment. (Marks, 1973). Out of those 176 participants, 137 also completed the eBIP. After visual inspection, three participants were excluded from the analysis due to their random, fast responses and comments indicating that they had deliberately attempted to disturb the study. The remaining 134 participants were distributed in three imagery vividness groups according to their VVIQ score.
3C ). Typical imagers showed less confidence than vivid imagers in face perception (BF = 3. 79). Across all the response time data there seems to be a general trend that aphantasic individuals took longer to respond both in the imagery condition and in the perception condition. Could it be the case that those with aphantasia were simply slower at everything they were tested for? Independent evidence from another study  (Liu et al. , 2023)  suggests that this is not the case. Liu et al. had ten typical imagers and ten aphantasic individuals (distinct from the participants in the present study) perform the eBIP while their brain activity was measured using fMRI. Importantly, participants also performed an additional control task minimizing visual mental imagery, wherein they had to answer questions related to the meaning of abstract words.
This work was supported by funding from  Dassault Systèmes. In addition, the work of PB is supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  through  ANR-16-CE37-0005  and  ANR-10-IAIHU-06 , and by the  Fondation pour la Recherche sur les AVC  through  FR-AVC-017. We would like to thank  Dounia Hajhajate  for her help in building the eBIP,  Lei Zhang  for statistical advice, and all the participants for their interest and the time they devoted to this study.
The full detailed ethogram called "Disinhibition ethogram" is shown with examples in Table  2. All these selected behaviours were considered as instantaneous behaviours. Behavioural data was obtained by behavioural coding from 45-minute footage, using a manual video annotation tool (The Observer XT®, Noldus) (DT). Behavioural coding data were collected through the continuous sampling method (all occurrences of behaviours were recorded) and conducted based on the Disinhibition ethogram (Table  2 ). In our analysis, we were interested in measuring how many times each specific behaviour from the ethogram occurs throughout the 45minute ECOCAPTURE protocol, in patients versus healthy controls. This analysis yielded a set of 16 metrics (one per behaviour) measuring the number of occurrences of each behaviour, in each participant.
Generalised linear mixed models To evaluate the effects of task guidance on the occurrence of behavioural disinhibition, we performed generalised linear mixed models (GLMM). To compare the occurrence of disinhibited behaviours in the phases of interest which did not have the same duration, we transformed the occurrences data into a ratio (number of behaviours occurred per minute). We built the models using the ratio as dependant variable, the group (bvFTD or HC), the phase (7-minute FP, 7-minute GP, 3minute GP) and the interaction between them as fixed factors, Table  2  e The Disinhibition ethogram listing the 16 behaviours of interest related to disinhibition and their definition.
, 2011)  Impolite, inappropriate physical behaviour in a social context Picking one's nose/teeth Lack of decorum  (Rascovsky et al. , 2011)  Failing to respect cultural norms of politeness Yawning, sneezing or coughing without putting hand on the mouth Disregards for rules or investigator  (Rascovsky et al. , 2011)  Lack of response to social cues, ignoring instructions given by the investigator Not answering investigator's questions c o r t e x 1 6 0 ( 2 0 2 3 ) 1 5 2 e1 6 6 and the subjects as random factor. A log-link tweedie distribution was used to analyse the dependent variables as the ratios were continuous, positive and zero-inflated data  (Parveen et al. , 2016). Models were built using the package glmmTMB  (Brooks et al. , 2017)  and assumptions of the models (zeroinflation, under/overdispersion and autocorrelation in residuals) were tested in the DHARMa package  (Hartig, 2021).
Data availability statement The pre-processed data that support the findings of this study are available. Anonymized data are available here http://doi. org/10. 17632/6n7p3y3j58. 2 (Mendeley repository). ECO-CAPTURE ethograms are available at https://data. mendeley. com/datasets/mv8hndcd95/2. However, the conditions of our ethics approval do not permit sharing of the raw video data generated in this study with any individual outside the author team under any circumstances. The study procedure was pre-registered in Clinical trials registry. We report how we determined our sample size, all data exclusions, all inclusion/exclusion criteria, whether inclusion/exclusion criteria were established prior to data analysis, all manipulations, and all measures in the study.
Relationships between disinhibition, neuropsychological data and state behaviours We found that compulsivity negatively correlated with the mini-SEA recognition subtest (r ¼ À. 70, p. adjust <. 001), and c o r t e x 1 6 0 ( 2 0 2 3 ) 1 5 2 e1 6 6 that mini-SEA recognition subtest positively correlated with the FAB (r ¼. 61, p. adjust <. 05). Fig. 3J  shows the correlation matrix. During the 7-minute FP, the bvFTD patients spent more time inactive (22%) than the controls (5%). Both groups spent a large proportion of time on activities (up to 53% in bvFTD and 68% in HC) (Fig. 3A ). In the bvFTD patients, the time spent on activities was divided between playing games (41%), reading (26%), and food and drink related activities (33%). The HCs spent a large proportion of their time reading (63%) (Fig.
It is important to note that differences in assessments could account for variability across studies. In a more descriptive way, it is interesting to note that each bvFTD patient presented at least one socially disinhibited behaviour, often associated with compulsivity and/or impulsivity. Our behavioural data suggested four groups of bvFTD patients: 1) patients presenting only social disinhibition, 2) patients with social disinhibition and compulsivity, 3) patients with social disinhibition and impulsivity, and 4) patients presenting the three subtypes of disinhibition. The cumulative presence of all the symptoms could be considered as an index of disinhibition syndrome severity, with four behavioural profiles of graded severity. In the same vein, in a previous study, we found that patients with a broad pattern of atrophy in bilateral frontal and orbitofrontal regions showed, in addition to social disinhibition, a higher frequency of compulsive and impulsive behaviours than the other groups  (Godefroy et al.
Correlation with cognitive, clinical and behavioural data To provide a complete description of these behavioural disinhibition symptoms, we examined correlations with neuropsychological scores and other behavioural data. According to Fig. 3J , we found that compulsivity correlated negatively with performance on tests of emotion recognition. These findings concerning the neuropsychological correlates of disinhibition are in line with previous works, compulsive behaviours being commonly correlated with executive dysfunctions in obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD)  (Abramovitch et al. , 2011; Cetinay Aydin & Gulec Oyekcin, 2013)  and normal development  (Pietrefesa & Evans, 2007). We also found that the more activity increased (or nonactivity decreased) between the phases the more social disinhibition decreased (Fig.
Acknowledgements Delphine Tanguy is supported by  Ecole Normale Sup erieure Paris-Saclay. Raffaella Migliaccio  is supported by  France Alzheimer ,  Fondation Recherche Alzheimer , and  Philippe Chatrier Foundations , and by  Rosita Gomez association. Arabella Bouzigues  is supported by  Fondation Recherche Alzheimer. Part of this work was carried out on the PRISME core facility of ICM. We gratefully acknowledge the scientific managers of the platform:  Mathias PESSIGLIONE  and  Philippe FOSSATI , as well as the valuable assistance of  Pierre LEBOUCHER ,  Patrick KPEKOU ,  Pierre CANET ,  Gilles RAUTUREAU , and  Karim NDIAYE  for the setup and maintenance of the video and sensor-based data acquisition system. The authors acknowledge the support of all the patients and their relatives, as well as the healthy controls who agreed to participate in this study.
Design A nested case-control study was performed in the prospective and monocentric DEP-ARREST-CLIN cohort (ClinicalTrials. gov identifier: NCT02051413;  Colle et al. , 2020). Unipolar depressed patients were enrolled between 2014 and 2017 and followed for 1 month while undergoing treatment with venlafaxine in a naturalistic, prospective manner. The usual venlafaxine strategy is to increase to 150 mg/d in 3 to 5 days and re-evaluate it after 2 weeks. However, clinicians were free to personalize this regimen according to the patient situation.
2 years (SD = 10. 4). Seven were conducted in French, MDC's mother tongue, and 11 were conducted in English (among which 6 were with non-native speakers). Quotes that were originally in French were translated into English and are marked by an asterisk (*). The participants practised in Europe (n = 7) (two in France, one in Iceland, UK, Croatia, Spain, and Germany), North America (n = 4) (two in the USA, one in Canada and Mexico), Africa (n = 3) (Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt), Asia (n = 2) (Singapore, Japan), South America (n = 1) (Chile), and Oceania (n = 1) (Australia). It should be specified that not all of them were born in or were citizens of the country they practised in, nor were they necessarily trained there. All of them produced academic work and had clinical activities. Two researchers (AR, CH) analysed the transcripts in 2022-2023, using a qualitative analysis software (NVivo) to conduct a thematic analysis informed by discourse analysis  [18].
Strengths and limitations Overall, our study meets a fair amount of quality criteria for qualitative research  [46]. Credibility is ensured by the prolonged engagement of two researchers full-time for six months each, peer debriefing within the larger research unit and with an external group of researchers, and a large portion of our data is provided in the Supplementary materials. The detailed account of where the participant population came from and why they were recruited ensures good transferability. Dependability and confirmability were assessed by triangulation to ensure a satisfying fit to the data, the avoidance of the inquirer's terminology and a priori concepts, and surveillance of potential methodological shifts. Trustworthiness might have been further improved by the use of a full audit or a reflexive journal.
Acknowledgements We heartily thank  Pr Ghizlane Benjelloun ,  Pr Vlatka Boričević Maršanić ,  Pr David Cohen ,  Pr Samuele Cortese ,  Pr Valsamma Eapen ,  Pr Joaquin Fuentes ,  Pr Daniel Fung ,  Pr Naoufel Gaddour ,  Pr Gordon Harper ,  Pr Johannes Hebebrand ,  Pr Bertrand Lauth ,  Pr Bennett Leventhal ,  Pr Vania Martínez ,  Pr Suaad Moussa ,  Pr Ally Ndjukendy ,  Pr Oscar Sánchez ,  Pr Inagaki Takahiko , and  Pr Chris Wilkes  for their support in conducting this study. This research has received methodological assistance by  Drs Alexandre Michel  and  Ludovic Cacheux  as members of the qualitative research team of the Grounded Lab (groundedlab. org), to whom we are immensely grateful.
Sample The present study is an ancillary analysis of the research protocol (Clinical Trials Number NCT02627404) that investigated the genetic and environmental factors of vulnerability to BD. The sample consisted of Caucasian euthymic individuals with a diagnosis of BD type 1 according to DSM-IV criteria. Euthymia at inclusion was confirmed by scores below 8 for both the Montgomery Asberg Depression rating Scale (MADRS) and the Young mania rating Scale  (Young et al. , 1978; Montgomery and Asberg, 1979). Caucasian HC were recruited from the general population and had no personal history of mood disorders, schizophrenia, substance use (except nicotine use) and suicidal attempts. The appropriate ethical committee approved the study. All participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion.