dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Conclusions We have derived and presented constraints on Dark Matter in the mass range 1 MeV to 5 GeV, comparing X-ray emission from the annihilation of such light DM with data from the Integral telescope. Our constraints (see Fig. 5 ) are comparable with previous results derived using X-ray data and using e ± data from Voyager 1. However, the bounds we present here are the strongest to-date on the present-day annihilation of Dark Matter for masses in the range 150 MeV to 1. 5 GeV. CMB bounds remain stronger over the whole mass range, but they do rest on the assumption that the DM annihilation cross section at the time of recombination is the same as the present-day one. When this is not the case, the CMB bounds largely relax. The strength of our constraints is due in large part to the inclusion of Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS) emission, produced by the upscattering of ambient photons by electrons and positrons produced by Dark Matter annihilation.
* Research grant TAsP (Theoretical Astroparticle Physics) funded by Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Infn) [work of N. F. and E. P. ]. * Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Aei, Miciu) for the support to the Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu Instituto de Física de Cantabria, ref. MDM-2017-0765 [work of B. J. K. ].
Acknowledgments M. C. and B. J. K. acknowledge the hospitality of the  Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (Iap)  where part of this work was done. N. F. and E. P. acknowledge the hospitality of the  Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (Lpthe) ,  CNRS  and  Sorbonne University , where this work was started in 2016 and resumed in 2020. We thank  Ennio Salvioni  for comments and we acknowledge very useful discussions with John Beacom concerning In-Flight Annihilation and with Adam Coogan concerning the Radiative decays.
*  European Research Council (Erc)  under the  EU   Seventh Framework Programme  (FP7/2007-2013)/ Erc Starting Grant  (agreement n. 278234 -' NewDark ' project) [work of M. C. ]. * Cnrs 80|Prime grant ('DaMeFer' project) [work of M. C. ]. *  Departments of Excellence  grant awarded by the  Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (Miur)  [work of N. F. and E. P. ]. * Research grant of the  Università Italo-Francese , under  Bando Vinci 2020  [work of E. P. ]. * Research grant The  Dark Universe: A Synergic Multimessenger Approach , No. 2017X7X85K  funded by the  Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (Miur)  [work of N. F. and E. P. ]. * Research grant The Anisotropic Dark Universe, No. CSTO161409 , funded by  Compagnia di Sanpaolo and University of Torino  [work of N.
By invoking this continuation, the handler can communicate a reply to the suspended computation and resume its execution. Because they allow capturing part of the evaluation context and reifying it as a continuation, effects and effect handlers are a form of delimited control. Effect handlers are found in several research programming languages, such as Eff  [Bauer and Pretnar 2015, 2020] , Frank  [Lindley et al. 2017] , Koka  [Leijen 2014 [Leijen , 2020]] , Links  [Hillerström et al. 2020] , and Multicore OCaml  [Dolan et al. 2017 [Dolan et al. , 2020]]. They have also been implemented as a library in mainstream programming languages such as Scala  [Brachthäuser et al. 2020 ]. Several of these programming languages have primitive effects such as input/output, dynamically-allocated mutable state, and concurrency.
Folds and Cascades One recurring fundamental question in software engineering is: how to perform iteration (that is, how to let a sequence of elements be transmitted from a producer to a consumer) while maintaining a modular separation between producers and consumers? There are many approaches to this problem: each proposes a different API to which producers and consumers must adhere. Two of the most prominent approaches, of interest in this section, are folds and cascades. A fold is a producer represented as a higher-order function of type ('a -> unit) -> unit, where 'a is the type of the elements. In OCaml, for instance, the partial application of the standard library function List. iter to a list of integers is a fold: its type is (int -> unit) -> unit. In this representation, the producer is in control, and "pushes" elements towards the consumer.
Brady [2013 Brady [ , 2014] ]  embeds a programming language equipped with effect handlers as a domain-specific language inside Idris. The power of Idris's dependent type system allows assigning precise types to effectful computations. In Brady's later paper  [2014] , the sets of permitted effects at the beginning and end of an expression are not necessarily the same, and the final set of permitted effects may depend on the expression's result. FreeSpec  [Letan et al. 2018]  and Interaction Trees  [Xia et al. 2020 ] can be described as embeddings of effects and effect handlers in Coq, together with libraries of lemmas that allow proving equalities between effectful computations. Xia et al. [2020, §8. 2 ] offer an excellent survey of this area. Our work differs in its motivation from all of the papers cited above in that we wish to reason about a programming language that has both (1) user-defined effects and effect handlers and (2) primitive effects such as state and (in future work) concurrency.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by  MEXT ,  JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program ,  JSPS   Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2905 :  JP17H06358 ,  JP17H06361  and  JP17H06364 ,  JSPS Core-to-Core Program A. Advanced Research Networks, JSPS   Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research  (S) 10th ACASC / 2nd  Asian-ICMC / CSSJ Joint Conference Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1857  ( 2021 )  012002 IOP Publishing doi:10. 1088/1742-6596/1857/1/0120029 17H06133 , the joint research program of the  Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, National Research Foundation (NRF)  and  Computing Infrastructure Project  of  KISTI-GSDC in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), AS Grid Center (ASGC)  and the  Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) in Taiwan  under grants including  AS-CDA-105-M06 , the  LIGO  project, and the  Virgo  project.
REDIA-1 The population and data collection of REDIA-1 have been described previously  [18, 19]. Briefly, the population was a random representative sample of 4610 Reunionese people aged 18-69 years (2017 men and 2593 women). Data were collected on demographic characteristics, clinical variables (medical history, treatments, and anthropometrics), lifestyle habits, and glycemic parameters (FPG, 2hPG, and HbA1c). The study was approved by the ethical committee of Montpellier  [18] , and informed written consent was obtained from all participants. In the first phase of REDIA-1 (screening), clinical data were collected and capillary blood glucose (CBG) and HbA1c levels (DCA 2000, Ames, Bayer Diagnostics, Basingstoke, England) were measured in all participants. Participants were classified as having known diabetes (based on self-reporting), suspected diabetes, or normoglycemia.
Patients may also enter the longitudinal cohort at the time of chronic GVHD diagnosis, and if they develop a highly morbid manifestation, they are followed in that specific cohort category and may be enrolled on clinical trials. Longitudinal clinical data and serial tissue samples and specimens will be collected. In this Figure, lung disease is used as an example for the enrollment entry, interventions, endpoints, and data and samples to be collected. This schema can be easily expanded to reflect skin, GI, and other manifestations with relevant data collection and treatment agents. SOC indicates standard of care; f/u, follow-up; HRCT, high-resolution chest tomography; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test. by defined genetic risk factors  [10] , but their role in an established sclerotic response is unknown.
Less invasive means of sampling airway epithelium, e. g. , bronchial brushings, and development of validated serum or plasma-based assays should be explored[102]. Coupling these samples with carefully annotated clinical databases will be critical. 2. Test strategies for early diagnosis and novel treatments in clinical trials. Early diagnostic strategies coupled with preemptive treatment with targeted agents should be evaluated to avert severe BOS forms and potentially reverse obstruction before progression to advanced fibrosis. Novel therapies for established BOS need to be tested in clinical trials that are informed by knowledge of BOS evolution and an understanding of pathogenesis and biomarkers of response, which is possible only with a longitudinal prospective cohort. Clinically relevant endpoints include FEV 1 stability (or lack of progression of FEV 1 decline), infectious exacerbations, exercise tolerance, quality of life, reduction of systemic steroid use, and overall survival.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special acknowledgement goes to the  Meredith Cowden GVHD foundation, France Lymphome Espoir, NBMTLink ;  Anthony Nolan ,  National Marrow Donor Program, BMT InfoNet  and other patient advocacy groups for partnering and collaboration. Thanks go to all working groups and consensus conference participants, professional societies, US government agencies and stakeholders in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the generous donation of their work, time, talents and expertise. We especially acknowledge the ASTCT and EBMT for their roles in the dissemination, education and implementation of the concepts and best practices evolving from this project. The authors thank  Eneida Nemecek  for contribution of the cutaneous section and  Sarah Anand  for support of the pulmonary section.
• Knowledge of identifiable functions can be used to discover parameter transformations that preserve the inputoutput behavior and thus could provide additional insights to the modeler (see Section 5. 2). To the best of our knowledge, all existing approaches to computing identifiable functions extract them from the coefficients of input-output equations (going back to  [29] ; for a concise summary, we refer to  [31, Introduction and Algorithm II. 1] ). To conclude that the coefficients of an input-output equation are identifiable, one can, for example, verify if the solvability condition  [35, Remark 3]  holds for the equation. The condition can be checked by an algorithm (see  [8, Section 4. 1]  and  [28, Section 3. 4] ) and holds for some classes of models  [31]. If the condition does not hold, then this approach of finding identifiable functions of parameters is not applicable but is still used by some of the existing software packages, including DAISY and COMBOS.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains definitions and notation that we use. In Section 3, we give our algorithm for computing the generators of the field of identifiable functions, which is based on the theory we present in this section as well. Section 4 is on theory for multi-experimental identifiability. We illustrate our methods with examples in Section 5. We prove our main results in Appendix A. In the other remaining appendices, we present and prove correctness of two algorithms that are used in our main algorithmic contributions and also provide a mathematical discussion, illustrated with examples, on our main theorems. We have implemented Algorithm 1 and an algorithm for computing the bound from Theorem 19 (as in Remark 23) in Maple. A Maple implementation together with the examples from Section 5 is available at https://github.
Crop quality We determined both grain and straw protein content as indicators of crop quality. Nondestructive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analyses were performed for each plant sample after fine grinding. We used a scanning spectral range of (400-2. 498 nm), which covers the widest wavelength range and the visible spectrum to collect the spectral data of whole grains and straw biomass. The protein level was assessed using an in-house calibration system (PLS Model) developed at the ICARDA quality laboratory (Rabat, Morocco) for both grain and straw. To validate the results obtained by the NIRS method, a subsample of wheat and faba bean was analyzed after harvest using the standard destructive Kjeldahl digestion method for protein content determination. For technical reasons, the analysis was only carried out in 2018.
Data analysis We calculated the land equivalent ratio (LER), defined as the relative land area required for sole crops and trees to achieve the same total yield as agroforestry  (Mead and Willey, 1980). We used crop grain yields and the average of olive yields over two years for each agroforestry system. The partial land equivalent (pLER) ratio for olive was calculated by averaging olive yields over the two years of the experiment (2018 and 2019) to account for the effect of alternate bearing. The pLER of annual crops was calculated accounting for acropped area reduction of -43%, which resulted from the uncultivated strips left on both sides below trees (= 3 m width) in the inter-row (= 7 m width). Eqn. 1: = + Eqn. 2: = ! " #$ ! " #$ % Eqn. 3: & ' = ( & ' " # & ' " # & ) The LER indicates a higher (or lower) productivity of agroforestry ('AFS') than the corresponding orchard ('OR') and sole crops ('SCS') when the value is above (or below) 1.
Acknowledgment This research was carried out as part of the  SEMIARID  Project,  ARIMNet 2 call (ERA-NET program ), and Grant agreement n°618127. We are thankful for the excellent support provided by managers and staff of ' La Providence Verte' at the Louata farm (Sefrou, Morocco). We are also grateful to  Dr. Hatem Belhouchette  for his support and contribution to finalize this work. Finally, we warmly acknowledge the Master Students,  Ms. Soukaina El Mrini , and  Safae Aqil  from the  Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II , and  Mr. Guillaume Weissenberger  from  AgroParisTech , as well as the technical staff, for their valuable contribution in this work.
High Level Architecture Implementation Figure  6  shows the high-level architecture of our MLC design scheme. It consists of a regular OxRAM memory array, word line (WLX), bit line (BLX) and source line (SLX) drivers, and sense amplifiers. The drivers select active SLs, BLs and WLs during a memory For memory array simulations, a compact OxRAM model  [21, 22]  calibrated on measurements proposed in Section 2 is used. The model accurately reproduces the stochastic switching nature of OxRAM cells. The variation is chosen to fit experimental data as presented in Figure  5  where the model (lines) is consistent with experimental data (symbols) for SET (blue), RST (red) and FMG (green) operations. V Cell is the voltage across the cell and I Cell the current through the cell. A good agreement with experimental data is obtained with a ±5% standard deviation on parameters α and Lx of the model, where Lx is the OxRAM oxide thickness and α is the transfer coefficients (ranging between 0 and 1)  [22].
In patients treated with 6 mg brolucizumab in HAWK and HARRIER, the incidence of IOI reported by the investigators was 4%. 13  The clinical dataset for these investigator-reported cases of IOI provided an opportunity for the Safety Review Committee (SRC) to determine the incidence of definite/probable signs of retinal vasculitis and retinal vascular occlusion, as well as any associated loss of visual acuity, within this subset of patients. We report the findings of this post hoc analysis.
Role of the SRC The SRC was commissioned by Novartis Pharma AG to provide an independent, standardized assessment of postmarketing reports of patients treated with brolucizumab. The SRC then reviewed cases of IOI, endophthalmitis, and retinal arterial vasculitis in the Phase 3 HAWK and HARRIER trials to determine whether the postmarketing reports represented a new safety signal. The SRC comprised global retina and uveitis specialists and imaging experts (5 from United States, 3 from Europe) and ophthalmology experts (4 from United States, 2 from Europe) from two separate external Data Monitoring Committees (responsible for monitoring ongoing brolucizumab trials in diabetic macular edema/ retinal vein occlusion). An observer from the American Society of Retinal Specialists also attended meetings.
Source Data HAWK and HARRIER were two similarly designed 2-year, double-masked, multicenter, active-controlled, randomized phase 3 clinical trials (NCT02307682, NCT02434328). The studies were conducted in accordance with principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, International Conference on Harmonization E6 Good Clinical Practice Consolidated Guideline, and other regulations as applicable, and were compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. All patients provided written informed consent before screening or initiation of any study-related procedures. Protocols were approved by an Independent Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board. Full details of the trial oversight, randomization, sample size calculations, and inclusion and exclusion criteria have been published previously.
To help put the findings into context, the incidence of inflammatory events in other studies of anti-VEGF agents may be considered, although it is important to acknowledge differences in methodology used to identify cases. In the CATT trials, endophthalmitis occurred in the study eye of 0. 7% of patients treated with monthly ranibizumab (plus an additional 0. 3% with pseudoendophthalmitis) and 1. 4% of patients treated with monthly bevacizumab. 20 A wide range of IOI rates after bevacizumab treatment has been reported in single-center studies (0. 3% to 14. 3%). 10 A large retrospective, claims-based analysis (N ¼ 432 794 injections) reported that severe IOI occurred at a rate of 1. 06/ 1000 aflibercept injections and 0. 64/1000 ranibizumab injections. 21 A recent review of data from the postmarketing aflibercept Global Safety Database indicated that retinal arterial occlusion, vasculitis, or severe vision loss occurred at a rate of 0.
Acknowledgments The authors thank their colleagues from the  SRC  (also members of the Data Monitoring Committee),  Darius M. Moshfeghi ,  Frederick L. Ferris , and  Ingrid U. Scott. The authors also thank  Georges Weissgerber  ( Novartis Pharma AG ), for facilitating the provision of data and ensuring accuracy of the final report, and  Becky Fox-Spencer, PhD  (on behalf of  Bedrock Healthcare Communications ), who prepared under the SRC's direction a manuscript draft for the named authors to edit. This writing support was funded by  Novartis Pharma AG.
Aims: The semi-empirical Drag Temperature Models (DTM) predict the Earth's thermosphere's temperature, density, and composition, especially for orbit computation purposes. Two new models were developed in the framework of the H2020 Space Weather Atmosphere Models and Indices (SWAMI) project. The operational model is driven by the trusted and established F10. 7 and Kp indices for solar and geomagnetic activity. The so-called research model is more accurate, but it uses the indices F30 and the hourly Hpo, which are not yet accredited operationally. Methods: The DTM2020 models' backbone comprises GOCE, CHAMP, and Swarm A densities, processed by TU Delft, and Stella processed in-house. They constitute the standards for absolute densities, and they are 20-30% smaller than the datasets used in the fit of DTM2013.
Also, the global daily mean TLE densities at 250 km, spanning four solar cycles, were now used to improve solar cycle variations. The operational model employs the same algorithm as DTM2013, which was obtained through fitting all data in our database from 1967 to 2019. Because of the Hpo index, which is not available before 1995, the coefficients linked to the geomagnetic activity of the research model are fitted to data from 2000 to 2019. The algorithm was updated to take advantage of the higher cadence of Hpo. Both models are assessed with independent data and compared with the COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere models NRLMSISE-00, JB2008, and DTM2013. The bias and precision of the models are assessed through comparison with observations according to published metrics on several time scales.
Secondly, binning of the density ratios are used to detect specific model errors. Results: The DTM2020 densities are on average 20-30% smaller than those of DTM2013, NRLMSISE-00, and JB2008. The assessment shows that the research DTM2020 is the least biased and most precise model compared to assimilated data. It is a significant improvement over DTM2013 under all conditions and at all altitudes. This is confirmed by the comparison with independent SET HASDM density data. The operational DTM2020 is always less accurate than the research model except at 800 km altitude. It has comparable or slightly higher precision than DTM2013, despite using F10. 7 instead of F30 as solar activity driver. DTM, and semi-empirical models in general, can still be significantly improved on the condition of setting up a more complete and consistent total density, composition, and temperature database than available at this time by means of a well-conceived observing system.
, 2020). The DTM2020 and COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) models described and assessed in this paper are constructed by optimally fitting model coefficients to different combinations of density, temperature, and composition measurements. The backbone of the DTM2020 models is the complete Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP;  Doornbos, 2011) , Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE;  Bruinsma, 2015)  and Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE;  Doornbos et al. , 2014)  high-resolution accelerometer-inferred density datasets, as well as Swarm A densities (  Van den Ijssel et al. , 2020). A major difference with DTM2013 is that the density datasets were not adjusted to the US Space Force High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM;  Storz et al.
, 2005)  by scaling factors described for GOCE data in  (Bruinsma et al. , 2014). Instead, CHAMP, GOCE, and Swarm A densities were considered of higher absolute accuracy and used unmodified. Consequently, DTM2020 densities are on average 20-30% smaller than DTM2013 (and JB2008); these smaller absolute densities are consistent with NRLMSIS 2. 0 results, which shows the same tendency when compared to NRLMSISE-00. Another difference with DTM2013 is that two versions of DTM2020 were developed. The proxy for solar Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) emissions, the solar radio flux at 30 cm F30 (Dudok de  Wit et al. , 2014) , is not yet universally accepted in an operational environment as F10. 7 is. The high-cadence Hpo geomagnetic indices (https://doi. org/10. 5880/Hpo. 0001) have been developed very recently and for that reason maybe also not yet be accredited for operational use.
Density data and drivers The neutral density data used in the construction and validation of DTM2020 are listed in Table  1. The distributions with time (solar activity) and altitude of the main total mass density datasets are displayed in Figure  1 , and they are described in more detail in the following subsections, while the last two subsections succinctly describe the new proxies used in DTM2020_Res (F10. 7 and Kp are not presented).
GOCE and CHAMP GOCE  (Drinkwater et al. , 2003)  was launched in March 2009 in a 96. 5°inclination, dawn-dusk orbit, and re-entered the atmosphere in November 2013. Thanks to drag compensation, the orbit was maintained at 255 km mean altitude for the largest part of the mission, and then it was lowered in four stages, ultimately to 224 km in May 2013. GOCE neutral density is an ESA product (https://earth. esa. int/eogateway/catalog/gocethermosphere-data) with a resolution of 80 km along the orbit and a precision of a few percent or better  (Bruinsma et al. , 2014). For DTM2020, GOCE data were used as provided by ESA. The processing of GOCE data (by TU Delft under ESA contract) was done using high-fidelity satellite shape and numerical aerodynamic coefficient models, which lead to the most accurate absolute density.