dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acoustic and visual analysis The following parameters were measured for the four speakers' production of the sentence in each of the five focus types, at the four positions (and two extensions) presented during the test: (i) for the audio modality, fundamental frequency (F0), and syllabic duration; (ii) for facial movements, Action Units (AU) 01 and 04 (respectively "inner brow raiser" and "brow lowerer")  (Ekman et al. , 2002) , the distance between the two brows (as a proxy of frowning -expressed in z-score), and head movement along the three axes (i. e. , head nod, roll and yaw). Acoustic measurements were made using the Praat program  (Boersma & Weenink, 2020)  with the default pitch detection algorithm for F0. For the syllabic duration measurement, phonemes were manually segmented. Visual gestures were estimated by virtue of the OpenFace program  (Baltrušaitis et al.
Statistical Analysis of perceptual results Perceptual results were analyzed with a multinomial regression model  (Gries, 2013; Venables & Ripley, 2002)  using the "nnet" library of R software (R Core Team, 2021), considering three factors having a potential effect on the dependent variable (proportion of answer in each category of focus type) -the focus type (5 levels); the place of the focused element (4 levels); the modality (3 levels) -as well as the double and triple interactions between them. A simplification process 8. See Appendix 1 for an example of the experiment interface. (following Crawley, 2013, and comparing models using likelihood ratio (LR) tests) was applied. Simplification steps are detailed in section 3, together with the statistical analysis).
• Demographic and clinical characteristics Data included gender, age, residential area, living conditions, consanguinity, level of education, professional status, marital status, comorbidity, and family history of psychiatric disorders. We collected data about schizophrenia subtype, age of onset, illness duration, duration of untreated psychosis, number of hospitalizations, and number of antipsychotics used before clozapine introduction. We recorded data about illness duration at clozapine introduction, age at clozapine introduction, duration of treatment with clozapine, number and mean duration of hospitalizations after clozapine. • Biochemical characteristics included serum concentration of clozapine and mean daily clozapine dose. Clozapine serum levels were measured 12 h after the last clozapine intake.
Procedures Eligible individuals were approached to participate in the study during / after regular appointments. After being informed of the objectives, and the procedures of the study, all participants gave their free and informed consent to take part. Data were collected through detailed personal interviews with each study participant and their primary caregivers following a structured questionnaire. The medical records of all study participants were reviewed and retrospective data collected. The dosages of clozapine serum levels are carried out systematically in the specialized consultation dedicated to patients with TRS of our service. The study was approved by the ethics commitee of Razi Mental Health Hospital.
, 2021). Consequently, we decided to determine whether spectroradiometric measurements could provide useful data for testing archaeological hypotheses. Would colorimetric measurements support the connections between different pieces of rock art suggested by archaeological observations, or would they indicate different connections? Would they bring to light finer distinctions within groups of objects (e. g. , sub-sets within a group of dots)? If so, does an optical signature primarily reflect the colour of the colouring matter or does it also carry a readable signature of the way the colouring matter was prepared and applied during prehistory, the nature of the substrate (geometry, colour, surface conditions) and/or subsequent alteration processes (leaching, covering)? We addressed these questions by combining a comprehensive, in-situ spectroradiometric survey of the rock art in Points Cave, carried out in 2018 and 2019, with laboratory experiments aimed at establishing a reference framework we could use to assess the impact of environmental factors on our spectroradiometric measurements.
We created seven different mixtures of these minerals, which we suspended in water and applied to sawn Urgonian limestone blocks (similar to the limestone of Points Cave). We adapted the amount of water used in each mixture in order to achieve a rheological behaviour compatible with the application mode chosen for the experiment (pseudoplastic behaviour). The base material, a blend of kaolin (78% by mass) and calcium carbonate (22% by mass), was the same for all the mixtures tested (Table  2 ). We used our fingers to paint stripes of each pigment on the limestone blocks, varying the quantity of pigment to obtain stripes with different covering rates (Fig. 5 ). Laboratory measurements conducted on these blocks provided data for known pigment compositions that we could then compare with the results of the colorimetric analyses conducted in Points Cave.
Variations in the colour of the cave walls The distribution of the chromaticity coordinates, shown according to the type of surface analysed (rock art or undecorated cave wall), reveals several points (Fig. 10 ). First, it shows that values obtained on undecorated surfaces (white diamonds) lie along a diagonal line (named axis 1), indicating that the natural colour of the cave walls varies between two end points. This variation is probably the result of differences in the degree of alteration of the limestone surface, but more data on how physical and chemical alteration processes (e. g. , clay deposition, leaching, concretion) affect cave wall colour would be needed to verify this hypothesis.
Although we were able to identify groups of values for pieces/types of rock art and/or locations within Points Cave, with clear overlap between some of the paintings, we cannot categorically exclude the possibility that these groupings are the result of environmental and/or taphonomic factors specific to certain locations in the cave, most notably the presence of thin concretion films that were not visible in the macrophotographs. Nevertheless, the data currently available strongly suggest that all the art in Points Cave was made using the same colouring matter or, at least, colouring matter with a consistent composition. If this is the case, the dispersion in chromaticity values could be due to colour variability within the deposit of raw materials used to make the colouring-matter, variations in the way the colouring matter was prepared, differences in the cave's walls and/or differences in the postdepositional alteration of each analysis point.
Conclusion The present study provided preliminary answers to our main research questions: Are there differences in colour between the different pieces of red rock art in Points Cave and, if so, what are the reasons for these differences? In-situ spectroradiometric analyses of the rock art revealed slight differences in the chromaticity values for individual pieces of rock art. These differences can be explained almost entirely by three factors. The distribution of chromaticity values along axis 1 can be ascribed to differences in the colour of the cave's walls, whereas the distribution of values along axis 2 can be attributed to differences in the proportions of colouring matter and underlying wall visible within analysis points. Although we have not yet unequivocally identified the reason for the distribution of values along axis 3 (sub-horizontal), it is unnecessary to evoke the presence of different types of colouring matter to explain the data currently available.
Acknowledgements Funding: This work was supported by the  DRAC Occitanie (French Ministry of Culture). We would like to thank  Robin Furestier  and  Léo Lacheray  ( FARPA ) for managing the funding, the municipality of  Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche  (site owner) for allowing us to carry out research in the cave and the SGGA for authorizing and supervising the use of a power generator. Our thanks also go to  Patricia Guillermin ,  Philippe Barth ,  Françoise Prud'Homme  and  Sonia Stocchetti  ( Aven d'Orgnac -Cité de la Préhistoire ) for providing accommodation and technical support. A special thank you to  Gwenn Le Saout  ( Ecole des Mines ),  Emilie Chalmin  and  Emmanuel Malet  ( EDYTEM laboratory ) for providing material resources and technical support and to  Laurent Burgisser ,  Claire Chanteraud ,  Chloé Chapignac ,  Claudia Defrasne ,  Aurélien Dumser ,  Monique Gaultier ,  Stéphane Jaillet ,  Arnaud Kherdouche ,  Robert Loquet ,  Guilhem Mauran ,  Belkacem Otazaghine ,  Béatrice Racapé ,  Erik van den Broek ,  Shirley Sénot  and  Didier Ventajol  for their invaluable help during portage and fieldwork.
30  is based on the timing of tooth formation described in the Queen Mary University in London (QMUL) London atlas  72, 73  , but this database is limited in terms of region, race and era. In this context, the employed method used for sampling and aging human serial dentine will lead to mixtures of isotopic signals with the nearby dentinal sections. The stable isotope values of 1 mm dentinal sections provide isotopic values of dietary input averaged over a period of ~ 3. 6 to ~ 10. 3 months, which change from the crown to the root. Thus, the estimated age ranges and the estimated median age ranges of the dentinal sections must be considered as approximate and the approximate median ages are used here for convenience. The extracted dentinal collagen samples were measured in the Archaeological Stable Isotope Laboratory (ASIL), the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with ~ 0.
Among which, USGS-40 (δ 13 C: -26. 39‰; δ 15 N: -4. 52‰) and USGS-41 (δ 13 C: + 37. 63‰; δ 15 N: + 47. 57‰) were used as standards for two-point calibration of δ  13  C and δ 15 N values. Moreover, for every 10 samples, a collagen lab standard (δ  13  C value of 14. 7 ± 0. 2‰ and δ 15 N value of 6. 9 ± 0. 2‰) was also inserted in the run for data monitoring. Approximately 10% of the dentinal samples (n = 22) are measured in duplicates. Following Szpak et al. 76  , analytical precision (uR(w)) was determined to be ± 0. 13‰ and ± 0. 24‰ respectively for δ  13  C and δ  15  N on the basis of repeated measurements of calibration standards, check standards and sample replicates. Accuracy (u(bias)) was determined to be ± 0. 15‰ and ± 0. 23‰ respectively for δ  13  C and δ  15  N on the basis of the difference between the observed and known δ values of the check standards and the long-term standard deviations of these check standards.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  National Science Foundation of China  (Grant No. 41903001 ,  41773008 ,  41672171 ) and the  National Social Science Fund of China  (Grant No. 18BKG038 ). Excavators from the  Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Relics of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China are  appreciated for providing the needed samples for this research.
Dwell times Independent analyses were performed on dwell times recorded during N1, N2 and the Verb on correct trials. The first model included the sum-coded fixed factors Group, Case, Order and their interactions. Participant and Item both included random intercepts and Participant included random slopes for Case and Order. This model also was that with the lowest AIC value. The percentage of dwell times are presented in Table  2  as a function of the image fixated (Correct vs. Incorrect) during each auditory word (N1, N2 and Vb), for each Case (Accusative vs Dative) Order (Canonical vs. Scrambled) and Group (Korean vs. L2), for both correct trials and all trials. To illustrate the data pattern, we present density plots for Korean participants in Figure  2  and for L2 learners in Figures  3a  and 3b.
Statistical analysis. We used R packages lme4  (Bates et al. , 2015) (glmer)  to analyze accuracy data and linear mixed effects models (lme) to analyze reading times on the different regions of interest (ROI). We report the results from the maximal models  (Barr, et al. , 2013)  provided that the models converge. For reading times, first pass measures included first fixations and first pass dwell times, i. e. all fixations in an ROI that originated from the left of the region and prior to exiting it. Later measures included total dwell times, i. e. all fixations in an ROI from onset of the sentence until the end of the trial, and regressions, i. e. whether or not participants made a regressive saccade to N1 or N2. Second pass dwell times were not considered due to the inconsistent nature of this measure; indeed, when participants do not re-read a region, this measure renders a null value, as was true for 46% of native speakers' data.
Regressions As a final measure, we calculated whether readers made a regressive saccade to N1 and/or N2. Independent models were run on the data for Acusative and Dative structures. For Accusatives, the sum coded model involving both groups revealed an effect of Group and its interaction with ROI (β = -0. 24, se = 0. 10, z = -2. 40, p<. 02). Independent models on the two groups revealed an effect of ROI for both Koreans (β = 1. 81, se = 0. 14, z = 13. 06, p<. 001) and L2 learners (β = 1. 24, se = 0. 15, z = 8. 19, p<. 001) due to a greater probability to make a regressive saccade to N1 than to N2, independent of Order. The difference was larger, however, for Koreans. For Datives, the sum coded model involving both groups revealed only an effect of ROI (β = 1. 30, se = 0. 08, z = 14. 69, p<.
Acknowledgments: This research was funded by an  Academy of Korean   Studies Grant  (AKS grant #  2015-R44 ) as well as an  Appel à Projet de Recherche International, Aix-Marseille Universite  ( AA-PRI-4-2016 ) to CFM, and from the  Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University  -A*MIDEX, a  French "Investissements d'Avenir" programme ".
Thus, obtaining genomic data for the Iron Age communities represents a unique opportunity to compare biological, archaeological and textual data. The outstanding questions presented above and the great potential of the combination of archaeological, textual and genomic data in an attempt to resolve them motivated us to better document the genomic diversity of the Gaulish populations. For this purpose, we targeted 145 individuals from 27 sites spread over the extant French territory and distributed throughout the IA period to optimize our chance of documenting the gene pool of a representative set of French Iron Age individuals. The wide chronological distribution of the dataset permitted us to address questions of origin and evolution of the groups, whereas the wide geographical distribution of the samples allowed us to test for interregional gene flow.
The Iron Age genomic dataset from France A total of 145 individuals were targeted for palaeogenomic analyses (Table  S1 ). DNA was extracted, and DNA libraries were built with a partial uracil-DNA glycosylase treatment, allowing for the assessment of postmortem deamination patterns (2%-29%) expected for ancient DNA data. Initial screening via shotgun sequencing of 1 to 2 million reads was used to select libraries with an amount of endogenous DNA above 15%, leading to the exclusion of 92 individuals. For the remaining individuals who passed these quality criteria, we sequenced the libraries to an average depth of 0. 1783 (Table  S2 ). We found overall negligible level of contamination in our dataset by testing for heterozygosity of polymorphic sites on the X chromosome in males (Table  S3 ).
The dataset resulting from these successive quality selections encompasses low-coverage genomes for 49 individuals originating from 27 sites, dating from the Bronze Age (n = 2) and the Iron Age periods (n = 47). We compiled the IA data with 18 low-coverage genomes already published for IA groups from France  (Brunel et al. , 2020) , leading to a total of 65 low-coverage genomes distributed in 6 geographical areas: Alsace (n = 20), Champagne (n =5),Normandy(n = 3), North (n = 10), South (n = 18) and Paris Basin (n =9)(seeFigure 1A, STAR Methods and Tables  S1  and S3 ). The IA dataset is unbalanced in terms of the chronological distribution of the individuals, with 11 individuals dated to the Early Iron Age and 54 dated to the Late Iron Age period (Figure  1B ). This can be partly explained by the funerary treatment and the use of cremation (see, for example,  Dedet, 2004  for southern France).
The few human remains (from southern or north-western France) available for genomic analyses represent deceased who escaped cremation and benefited from non-ordinary funerary practices. Therefore, the corpus available for genomic analysis may not be representative of the entire population living at the time. For instance, for southern France, genetically analyzed individuals correspond to severed heads (see STAR Methods. site of Le Cailar) or to neonates buried in settlements (see STAR Methods. s i t eL e Plan de la Tour). The dataset is also unbalanced in terms of regional representativeness, with the Normandy region providing the lowest number of genomes due to the low DNA conservation in the coastal Urville-Nacqueville necropolis targeted (Table  S1 ). Finally, among the 65 individuals, if 33 were males and 32 were females, the sex ratio within each region was unbalanced, with notably more females in Alsace and more males in the South (Table  S2 ).
With this frame in mind, we analyzed our data with published ancient individuals (n = 5225) genotyped on the 1240k panel  (Mathieson et al. , 2015)  as well with modern (n = 6461) individuals from a panel of modern-day worldwide populations genotyped on the Affymetrix Human Origins (HO) panel. From the present study's dataset, 65 individuals with more than 20,000 SNPs on the 1240k panel were used for the downstream genome-wide analyses (see STAR Methods and Table  S2 ). We found no first-degree relatives among IA individuals from present-day France allowing us to keep the full dataset for downstream analyses (see STAR Methods, Table  S3  and Figure  S4 ). We first explored our data qualitatively using principal component analysis (PCA) by projecting the ancient genomes onto the genetic variation of an HO set of west Eurasians (Figures 1CandS1).
We identified four major haplogroups in the French IA dataset: haplogroups I1, I2, and G2, which were dominant during the Neolithic in Western Europe, and the overrepresented R1b1a haplogroup associated with steppe-related migration (69%) (Table  S3  and Figure  S3 ) whereas BA males carryonlyR1b(orR*)haplogroups  (Brunel et al. , 2020). Nevertheless, it remains to be seen whether the variations observed between BA and IA periods are related to the small amount of data available or to maternal/paternal gene pool shifts linked to specific microevolution processes. Overall, the compiled results reinforce the archaeological hypothesis that explains the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age by political and economic crisis combined with social changes rather than by major migration or population turnover for the territory of present-day France.
Genomic and cultural diversity among the Gauls As previously mentioned, the PCA performed on the French IA dataset highlighted a clear latitudinal distribution of individuals (Figure  1C ). The genetic differentiation projected on the PC2 axis is positively correlated with the latitudinal position of the sites where were found the samples in France (r 2 = 0. 59, Pearson). This correlation even increases when adding IA individuals from Iberian Peninsula and England (Figure  3C , r 2 = 0. 628). However, the f3 statistic applied in the form f3 (Mbuti, Ind1, Ind2) showed no clear grouping of individuals in relation to their region of origin (Figure  S5 ). To better characterize the genomic variability perceived between French IA individuals, we ran an f3 statistic in the form f3 (Mbuti, X, Ind), where X represents an ancestral component (WHG, Anatolia_N and Russia_EMBA_Yamnaya).
, 2017)  and the Iron Age periods (part of the medio-Atlantic Iron Age;  Milcent, 2006). It is finally worth adding that the three individuals from Urville-Nacqueville that provided genomic data are three males, all buried in the so-called ''Durotrigian'' position, which is well known in Dorset  (Fitzpatrick, 2011; Lefort et al. , 2015). Consequently, we cannot exclude that these individuals might originate from southern England and may not be representative of the whole population buried at Urville-Nacqueville  (Fischer et al. , 2018 (Fischer et al. , , 2019)). Regardless of the case, the correlation between exogenous material, cultural variations, and gene flow with groups from other regions found in these specific contexts cannot be extended to the full IA archaeological landscape. This is notably the case for the necropolis of Peyrou (southern France, 6 th -4th centuries BC), where the funerary treatment of the deceased and the material deposited in the tombs provided clear evidence of the establishment of Greek settlers in the region after an intermittent phase of contacts.
DISCUSSION In this study, we recovered 49 genomes from BA and IA individuals widely distributed within present-day France. With this valuable dataset in hand, we were unable to detect a genetic discontinuity between the Bronze and Iron Age communities of France, as already mentioned by  Brunel et al. (2020). Ourdatasetalso highlighted a north to south gradient for steppe-related ancestry inversely correlated with the Early Neolithic Farmer one. Moreover, the distribution and proportion of these legacy components remain stable between Bronze and Iron Age periods. This is perfectly in line with recent archaeological evidence considering that the transition from the Bronze to the Iron Age was a consequence of social and political changes from the 8th century BC onwards. If no evidence of migration event could be highlighted since the BA, although events of this type involving populations with the same genetic characteristics are hard to perceive, we were able to detect mobility at the individual scale between regions and gene flow with neighbouring groups from England and Spain.
Among the animals, archaeologists could identify a horse (a small Gallic horse) from which the skull was removed, several dogs, one of which was found in a suit (a large dog), at least one piglet and several lambs. The animals discovered in this structure 235 were deposited with great care and therefore cannot be considered as usual rejects from habitat context. In the present study, we present genomic data for three individuals: Col239 corresponding to an adult (30-60 years old) male buried with some grave goods, Col330 corresponding to an adult (30-39 years old) male and Col336 corresponding to a young (15-25 years old) female buried with a copper bracelet and presenting a spinal injury that might have been infectious. These individuals were combined to two other individuals, Col153A and Col153i, originating from the same site and previously reported by  Brunel et al.
From the Bronze Age period, genomic data were obtained for individuals BPV1445 and BPV1455. ThePeyrousiteatAgde(Herault), groups an incineration necropolis functioning during the second half of the 7th century BC (Peyrou 1) and a necropolis hosting 35 burials revealing very different funerary practices (Peyrou 2) and used from the end of the 5th century to the middle of the 2nd century BC. Among the subadults, 8 perinatals or infants were found buried in a vase. Adults were buried only with objects relating to the mortuary toilet (perfume vases) or a symbolic tribute with no difference according to the sex of the deceased. These practices are identical to the Greeks' rituals, very different from those of the surrounding region during the Iron Age. Ancient texts attest to the existence of a trade settlement created by the Greek colonists of Marseilles in this place at this time.