dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
To derive a gas mass, we determined the total gas-to-dust ratio (δ GDR =M gas /M dust ) using Eq. 3 from  Leroy et al. (2011)  (given in the text of their Section 5. 2) that links δ GDR with metallicity for local galaxies, hence assuming that this relation holds at all redshifts. log 10 (δ GDR ) = log 10 M HI +M H 2 M dust = (9. 4 ± 1. 1) -(0. 85 ± 0. 13) 12 + log 10 (O/H) (3) Metallicities for our z∼2 sample of ALMA galaxies were inferred using the mass -metallicity relation described in Eq. 4 taken from  Genzel et al. 2012  (see their Section 2. 2) for galaxies at z=1. 5 -3, based on a combination of datasets including the data of  Erb et al. (2006). 12 + log 10 (O/H) = -4. 51 + 2. 18 log 10 (M ⋆ /1. 7) -0. 0896 log 10 (M ⋆ /1. 7) 2 (4) We replaced M ⋆ in Eq. 4 by M ⋆ /1. 7 since Genzel et al.
Star formation rates and position on the star formation main sequence The total SFR of the galaxies is defined as the sum of the IR (SFR IR ) and uncorrected UV (SFR UV ) SFR, SFR tot =SFR IR +SFR UV. SFR IR and SFR UV were computed following the conversions of  Kennicutt (1998)  and  Daddi et al. (2004)  given in Eq. 5 and Eq. 6; where L UV is the rest-frame 1500 Å UV luminosity computed from the best-fitting template obtained with EAzY (uncorrected for attenuation) and L IR is the total dust luminosity given by the best-fitting  Draine & Li (2007)  model (see Section 2. 4). SFR IR [M ⊙ yr -1 ] = 1. 72 × 10 -10 × L IR [L ⊙ ] (5) SFR UV [M ⊙ yr -1 ] = 2. 17 × 10 -10 × L UV [L ⊙ ] (6) We also computed SFR SED by fitting the rest-frame UVoptical-NIR data assuming a constant star formation history and a  Calzetti et al.
Acknowledgements. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO. ALMA# 2012. 1. 00983. S. ALMA is a partnership of  ESO  (representing its member states),  NSF (USA)  and  NINS (Japan) , together with  NRC (Canada) ,  MOST  and  ASIAA (Taiwan) , and  KASI (Republic of Korea) , in cooperation with the  Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by  ESO ,  AUI/NRAO  and  NAOJ. R. L. acknowledges support from  Comité Mixto ESO-GOBIERNO DE CHILE, GEMINI-CONICYT FUND 32130024, FONDECYT  Grant  3130558 , and  CEA-Saclay. This research was supported by the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR)  project  ANR-09-BLAN-0224. DE acknowledges the contribution of the  FP7   SPACE  project  AS-TRODEEP (Ref. No:  312725 ), supported by the  European Commission. We acknowledge financial support from the  "Programme National de Cosmologie et des Galaxies" (PNCG)  of  CNRS/INSU, France.
Thermogravimetric analysis The thermogravimetric analysis tests were carried out using a METTLER TOLEDO TGA/DSC1 with a balance accurate to 0. 1 µg. The dynamic heating ramp varied between 25 and 1025 °C at a rate of 5°C/min. Tests were carried out under nitrogen atmosphere on 20-30 mg samples cured at 20 °C. The degree of hydration was determined from the thermogravimetric analysis data using a modified TG method. Equation (1) describes the methodology suggested for determining the chemically bound water (W B ). WB= Ldh+Ldx+0. 4(Ldc-Ldca)-(mc×LOICC+mA×LOIAC)+m d (1) where Ldh, Ldx, Ldc, Ldca, LOICC, LOIAC, m c , m A and m d are parameters defined in ref. [6]. The hydration degree for cement pastes was estimated according to Equation  (2). α= W B / W B∞ × L eq ( 2 ) where Leq= m C ,+ K×m A and K is the activity coefficient (the activity coefficient for slag, given by NF P 18-305 Standard is 0.
Plasmid construction Plasmids used in this study are shown in [Genbank: ODO63147. 1] and l-ribulose-5P epimerase araD [Genbank: ODO63148. 1] were codon-optimized using the most common codons present in the glycolytic genes of S. cerevisiae  [10]  and provided by GeneArt in pMK-RQ-based cloning vectors named, pUDE354, pUDE355 and pUDE356, respectively. The episomal plasmids used to express guide RNAs (gRNAs) were constructed from PCR amplified fragments that were ligated using the Gibson Assembly Cloning kit (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA). gRNA plasmids pUDR246 and pUDR245 were constructed using pROS10 as a template  [44] , with oligonucleotide primers listed in Additional file 1. pUDE348 was derived from pMEL10 by first PCR amplifying the plasmid backbone using primers 5792 and 5980. The gRNA sequence was introduced in the gRNA expression cassette with primers 6631 and 5979 using pMEL10  [44]  as a template.
Growth experiments in shake flasks Thawed 1-mL aliquots from frozen stock cultures were used to inoculate shake flask precultures on SM-urea supplemented with either d-glucose (20 g L -1 ), l-arabinose (20 g L -1 ), or both sugars (both 20 g L -1 ). These precultures were used to inoculate a second culture which was subsequently used to inoculate a third culture which was inoculated at an initial OD 660 of 0. 1 and used to monitor growth. Optical densities at 660 nm were measured with a Libra S11 spectrophotometer (Biochrom, Cambridge, United Kingdom). Maximum specific growth rates (μ max ) were derived from at least four consecutive data points derived from samples taken during the exponential growth phase of each culture.
Sampling, RNA extraction, microarrays analysis, and data analysis Samples (60 mL) from P. chrysogenum chemostat cultures were rapidly filtered over a glass fibre filter (Type A/E, Pall Life Sciences) and further processed for total RNA extraction by phenol-chloroform extraction  [49]. The cRNA sample preparation (cDNA synthesis, purification, in vitro transcription, labelling, purification, fragmentation and biotinylation) was performed according to Affymetrix recommendations  [31]. Eventually cRNA samples were hybridized onto custom-made P. chrysogenum GeneChip microarrays (array code DSM_PENa520255F). Data acquisition, hybridization, quantification of processed array images, and data filtering were performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip Operating Software (GCOS version 1. 2). Global array normalization was performed by scaling the global fluorescence intensity of each microarray to 100.
The scaling factors of the individual arrays were highly similar and ranged from 0. 21 to 0. 35. Subsequently, significant variations in expression were statistically estimated by comparing replicate array experiments using the Significance Analysis of Microarray software (SAM version 2. 0)  [51]  with the multiclass setting. A false discovery rate of 1% was applied to minimize the chance of false-positive hits. Genes with an over threefold higher transcript level in arabinosegrown cultures than in d-glucose-grown cultures and a less than threefold difference in ethanol-and d-glucosegrown cultures were deemed to show arabinose-specific expression. Transcriptome data of strain DS17690 grown on d-glucose, ethanol or arabinose are accessible at NCBI Genome Omnibus database (https ://www. ncbi.
Phylogenetic methods Protein sequences used for generation of a phylogenetic tree were derived from NCBI (https ://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/) and the Saccharomyces Genome Database (https ://www. yeast genom e. org/). Mafft was used to generate a CLUSTAL format alignment of all sequences, using the L-INS-i method default settings (https ://mafft. cbrc. jp/align ment/serve r/)  [52, 53]. Alignments were further processed using neighbour-joining and a 500 times bootstrap. The resulting Newick tree file was visualized and midpoint rooted in iTOL (https ://itol. embl. de/) [54]. Gene accession numbers were ScGAL2: P13181, PcaraT: CAP85508, SsaraT: XP_001382755, Atstp2: OAP13698, Kmaxt1: GZ791039, Pgaxt1: GZ791040, Amlat1: AY923868, Amlat2: AY923869, Nclat-1: EAA30346, Mtlat-1: XP_003663698.
g. as a result of CreA-mediated d-glucose repression of relevant transporter genes  [66, 67]. Although this study was focused on l-arabinose transport, the P. chrysogenum transcriptome dataset from d-glucose, ethanol and arabinose grown cultures generated in this study [available via GEO, (https ://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/geo/) under Accession Numbers GSE12632, GSE24212, and GSE104491, respectively] may contribute to studies on other aspects on metabolism and metabolic regulation in this industrially relevant fungus. Of five putative transporter genes that showed an over 30-fold higher transcript level in l-arabinose-limited chemostat cultures of P. chrysogenum than in d-glucoselimited cultures, only PcaraT was shown to encode an l-arabinose transporter that is functional in S. cerevisiae.
cerevisiae. Species names are added in two-letter code in front of protein names. Numbers are derived from a 500 times bootstrap iteration. Characteristics and literature references for each transporter are provided in Table  6. Accession numbers: ScGal2: P13181, PcAraT: CAP85508, SsAraT: A3LQQ5-1, AtStp2: OAP13698, KmAxt1: GZ791039, PgAxt1: GZ791040, AmLat1: AY923868, AmLat2: AY923869, NcLat-1: EAA30346, MtLat-1: G2QFT5-1 Gal2 determined in this study [K m = 1. 9 mmol L -1 , V max = 26 nmol (mg biomass) -1 min -1 ] were similar to previously reported values [1. 5 mmol L -1 and 27 nmol (mg biomass) -1 min -1 ] [20]. l-Arabinose transport rates in l-arabinose-limited chemostat cultures of both Gal2-and PcAraT-dependent strains were higher than the V max values calculated from transporter assays with radioactively labelled l-arabinose.
Funding The Ph. D. projects of J. M. B. and M. D. V. are funded by the  BE-Basic R&D Program , which was granted an  FES  subsidy from the  Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (EL&I). The  BE-Basic  project 'Omniyeast' in which most of the research was performed receives additional financial support from  DSM. The contributions of H. W. W. and B. C. were fully funded by  DSM.
Confocal Imaging Embryos were individually mounted in a ventral orientation under a tape bridge on either side of the slide, so that they were sufficiently flattened. Imaging was either performed on a Nikon Eclipse TE2000 microscope coupled to a C1 Plus confocal system (Nikon) and images captured using Nikon EZ-C1 software; or on a Leica TCS SP8 confocal microscope and images captured using LAS X software (Leica). Optical z-stacks were acquired with a depth of 0. 5-1 mm between successive optical z-slices. All embryos were imaged using a violet corrected 60x oil objective lens (NA of 1. 4). The gain and offset were optimized for each immunostaining and maintained the same between control and mutant conditions.
Analysis of Orientation of Cell Division in Fixed Embryos To analyse cell division orientation in fixed embryos, embryos were immunostained with Phospho-histone H3 antibodies to label mitotic chromosomes, antibodies against Wingless (Wg) or Engrailed (En) to identify the PSB and antibodies against a membrane marker (PTyr or Dlg) to determine cell shapes. Only cells in anaphase or telophase were analysed to ensure that the spindles had finished rotating before fixation. For each cell division, the angle a PSB between the local curvature of the PSB (Figure  S1A ) and the separating chromosomes was measured using the angle tool in the Fiji software (NIH Image). Angles were always measured as acute angles. To obtain the orientation of cell division in relation to the AP axis, the angle a PSB was transformed as follows: a division =90 -a PSB , under the assumption that the PSBs are always perpendicular to the AP axis.
Laser Ablation Laser ablation experiments were performed using a TriM Scope II Upright 2-photon Scanning Fluorescence Microscope controlled by Inspector Pro software (LaVision Biotec) equipped with a tuneable near-infrared (NIR) laser source delivering 120 femtosecond pulses with a repetition rate of 80 MHz (Insight DeepSee, Spectra-Physics). The laser was set to 927nm, with power ranging between 1. 40-1. 70 W. The maximum laser power reaching the sample was set to 220 mW and an Electro-Optical Modulator (EOM) was used to allow microsecond switching between imaging and treatment laser powers. Laser light was focused by a 25x, 1. 05 Numerical Aperture (NA) water immersion objective lens with a 2mm working distance (XLPLN25XWMP2, Olympus). Ablations were carried out during image acquisition (with a dwell time of 9.
Laser Ablation Analysis To analyse recoil velocities, images were background subtracted and denoised using Fiji. A kymograph spanning the ablated region was generated using the dynamic reslice function in Fiji, and the distance between the two ends of the cut was measured up to 20 seconds after ablation using a custom-made Matlab script  (Curran et al. , 2017). Linear regression was performed on the first 5 timepoints after ablation and the slope of the regressed line was used as a measure of the cut ends recoil velocity  (Tetley et al. , 2016). Junction length for PSB and non-PSB interfaces was measured using Fiji, and Myosin intensity was quantified in Fiji by drawing a 3 pixel-wide line selection on the junction of interest at t=0 and normalising it by dividing it by the signal of Myosin in the cytoplasm of the same cell at the same timepoint.
Centrosome Tracking Movies from H 2 O or Y27632-injected sqh AX3 /+; Asl-GFP/SqhGFP42; AslB46/GAP43-mCherry embryos were analysed using the Imaris software (Bitplane). First, movies were corrected for rotational and translational xyz drift. Boundary cells were identified by inspection of the MRLC-GFP (sqhGFP42) signal and individual centrosomes were manually tracked along the 3 xyz dimensions from NEBD to cytokinesis. NEBD was identified by inspecting the MRLC-GFP signal, since before NEBD, Myosin is partially excluded from the nucleus  (Barros et al. , 2003). Measurements such as centrosome average speed, total distance travelled, total displacement and persistence (displacement divided by total distance travelled) were calculated in Imaris, exported and analysed using Excel (Microsoft) or GraphPad Prism.
QUANTIFICATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism. Angular histograms were plotted using a custom-made R script. Data from quantifications are reported as mean±SD, mean±SEM, median±25 th /75 th percentiles or histograms according to whether they follow a normal distribution or not. On normally distributed data, two-tailed Student's t-tests (two experimental groups) or One-way Anova followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test (multiple experimental groups) were performed, while for non-normally distributed datasets Mann-Whitney, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (two experimental groups) or Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparisons tests (multiple experimental groups) were performed as described in the figure legends. Statistical analysis of cell division orientation histograms.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Bruno Monier  for the initial observation of the boundary cell division orientation bias. We thank  Fumio Matsuzaki  for the Pins and Mud antibodies. We acknowledge FlyBase (http://flybase. org/)for gene information and  Dan Bergstralh ,  Nick Lowe , and  Daniel St Johnston  and  Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center  (https://bdsc. indiana. edu/)for Drosophila strains and reagents. We thank  Dan Bergstralh ,  Bill Harris ,  Clare Buckley , and  Josana Rodriguez  for critical reading of the manuscript, and members of  Benedicte Sanson's research group  for discussions. This work was supported by  Wellcome Trust   Investigator Awards  to B. S. ( 099234/Z/12/Z  and  207553/Z/17/Z ). E. S. was also supported by a  University of Cambridge Herchel Smith Fund Postdoctoral Fellowship.
Citizen scientist assisted sampling The international citizen science project-Pieris Project-recruited more than 100 participants that collected >1,000 butterflies from 13 countries in less than three years. The majority of our participants (citizen scientists) were recruited through entomological and lepidopterist societies and other organizations related to nature and science. These citizen scientist collections were supplemented with collections from researchers bringing the total to >3,000 P. rapae from the period of 2002-2017 (median collection year: 2014, Fig  S1 ). Nearly half (338/794) of the specimens used to generate mtDNA or ddRADseq data were from citizen scientists. Of the 32 countries represented in our collection, five countries (Portugal, Czech Republic, Gibraltar, Turkey, and South Korea) were made up of specimens sampled entirely by citizen scientists, three countries (Russia, Australia, and New Zealand) had the majority of specimens coming from citizen scientists, and three countries (United States, Canada, and Spain) had nearly half the specimens coming from citizen scientists (Table  S1 ).
These samples collectively cover nearly the entire native and invaded ranges, consisting of 293 localities spanning 32 countries (Fig  1 , up-to-date collections map); note, we do not have collections from South America because there are no (known) populations of Pieris rapae on the continent. A total of 22,059 autosomal (ddRADseq) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) for 559 individuals (average depth: 74X ± 28 sd; average missingness: 2. 9% ± 4. 3 sd) passed quality filtering (Fig  1a ). We also sequenced a 502 bp region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) from 751 individuals (632 of these individuals were also used to generate ddRADseq data) and supplemented these sequences with 251 additional sequences from various online databases (total individuals with COI sequence = 1,002; Fig  1b ).
300 (800-200) yrBP, and the Europe population giving rise to the North Africa population ca. 200 (600-200) yrBP (Fig S3b  ; Table 1 ). We found strong support (total of 996 random forest votes out of 1000) for Europe being the source of introduction to North America (east) (Fig S3c  ; Table 1 ). The scenario of a single introduction had only slightly better support than the scenario with multiple (two) introductions, and both have a similar number of random forest votes (576 and 418, respectively, out of 1,000, for dataset 1). Thus, we cannot clearly distinguish between these two scenarios, and prior error rate was consequently relatively high (~33%). However, subsequent analyses performed by considering multiple introductions for the formation of North America (east) does not qualitatively change any of the following results (results not shown).
We found the strongest support for North America (east) serving as the source for the genetically distinct North America (west) population when compared to alternative scenarios with Asia or Europe (for both the scenario with ~ 400 or 200 yrBP prior estimate for date of introduction) as the source (Fig S3d ; Table  1 ). This introduction was estimated to have occurred ca. 137 yrBP. For the introduction into New Zealand, we found strong support for North America (west) being the source, when compared to Europe, Asia, or North America (east) as the source (Fig  S3e ; Table  1 ). The New Zealand population was found to have the greatest support as being the source for the introduction to Australia (Fig S3f  ; Table 1 ). All of these results were obtained with dataset 1 but were qualitatively confirmed by the analyses of datasets 2 and 3 (Table  1 ).
0 µg) was size selected for 400 to 600 bp fragment length using 1. 5% DF Cassette and BluePippin System (Sage Science). Libraries were evaluated by Bioanalyzer 2100 system and sequenced across one lane Illumina MiSeq (University of Notre Dame, Genomics Core Facility), 14 lanes of Illumina HiSeq 4000 (12 at University of Illinois and 2 at Beijing Genomics Institute); most samples were sequenced on 2 (some 3) independent lanes. Raw reads were demultiplexed and barcodes/cutsite removed using a custom Python script. Reads were further trimmed and cleaned with the program Trimmomatic (v0. 32)  35  using default settings. The first 5 bp and any after 80 bps were then trimmed from all reads and only reads at least 76 bp in length were retained, resulting in all reads being exactly 76 bp. Reads were then aligned to the Pieris rapae genome v1 27 using BWA-aln (v0.
As there is no linkage map for P. rapae and the genome is not assembled into chromosomes, we applied a simple heterozygosity method to determine whether SNPs were autosomal or sex (Z) linked. To do this we used the expectation that females should be homozygous at all SNPs on the Z-chromosome-females are the heterogametic sex (ZW) in Lepidoptera. Using 231 females, we calculated the percentage that were heterozygous or homozygous at each site (SNP) using the is_het function from the R package vcfR (v1. 6. 0)  39 and custom scripts in R. SNPs with greater than 25% missing data were removed. A scaffold (and all SNPs within) was considered putatively Z-linked if > 60% of the SNPs fell below the threshold of having less than 1% of the females being heterozygous (average number of SNPs for each scaffold was 84 ± 101; mode = 4).
Inference of Population Structure and Diversity Population structure was investigated with the model-based clustering algorithm ADMIXTURE  44  using default settings and a cross-validation = 10 for K 1-30 using a modified SNP dataset, i. e. , pruned for LD (r 2 > 0. 2; calculated using VCFtools geno-r2) (17,917 SNPs). The optimal K was that with the lowest cross validation error. The Bayesian program fastSTRUCTURE  45  as well as a non-model-based multivariate approach-Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC; Fig  S2c )  46  -were also used to confirm the results from ADMIXTURE (see Supplementary Materials for more details) using the R package adegenet (v2. 1. 1)  47. Genetic assignments were plotted using custom scripts and the R package pophelper (v2. 2. 3)  48. A Neighbor-Joining tree based on genetic distance was constructed in the poppr (v2.
8. 0)  49  and ape (v5. 1)  50 packages in R, that included the species Pieris napi, Pieris brassicae, and Pieris canidia as outgroups, using only sites with at least 15X coverage in 90% individuals from this new dataset. Trees were visualized using FigTree (v1. 4. 4)  51. Population differentiation was estimated between all populations using the Weir & Cockerham's estimator of FST  52  implemented in VCFtools (v0. 1. 15) using 10 kb windows and a window step size of 5 kb. All measures of genetic diversity (Hobs, π, and Tajima's D) were calculated using SNPs restricted to scaffolds longer than 100kb (22,059 SNPs). In an attempt to minimize the Wahlund effect (i. e. , reduction of heterozygosity caused by subpopulation structure), individuals were split into spatially contiguous subpopulations from within the seven identified by ADMIXTURE (N=34; one subpopulation from Mexico was not included because it contained only three individuals); these were the same subpopulations used for the ABC-RF analyses.
To control for differences in sample size, we computed each statistic 1,000 times using a random subset (without replacement) of seven individuals (size of smallest population). Heterozygosity was estimated using the R package adegenet v2. 1. 1. Calculations for π, and Tajima's D were estimated using a dataset containing invariant sites (i. e. , vcf files were created using gatk-4. 0. 4. 0 with the flag -allSites true and the same filters as described above were then applied) with VCFtools (v0. 1. 15) using 10 kb windows (and a window step size of 5 kb used for estimating π).
ABC-RF-based inferences of global invasion history An approximate Bayesian computation analysis (ABC)  53  was carried out to infer the global invasion history of Pieris rapae. The eight populations considered in the ABC analysis corresponded to the seven identified by ADMIXTURE, with an additional separation of New Zealand and Australia for geographical reasons. Each population was represented in the analysis by a single sub-population (individuals sampled within the same subregion and within a threeyear period) (dataset 1). ABC is a model-based Bayesian method allowing posterior probabilities of historical scenarios to be computed, based on historical data and massive simulations of genetic data. We used historical information (e. g. , dates of first observation of invasive populations) to define 6 sets of competing introduction scenarios that were analyzed sequentially (Table  1.