dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
First, data assimilation does not rely on a constant and stable relationship between δ 18 O and surface temperature, unlike the statistical methods used in  Stenni et al. (2017). Second, data assimilation takes into account the spatial dependency of temperature which is not the case of the reconstructions of  Stenni et al. (2017)  and third, if a skilful reconstruction can be achieved, other climate variables than temperature can be reconstructed without any spatial or temporal gap, which may help interpreting the signals present in ice core records, although this falls out of the scope of the present study. After the assessment of the statistical and data assimilation methods in the light of pseudoproxies experiments, the real temperature reconstructions over the last two millennia based on the new δ 18 O database presented in  Stenni et al.
Water stable isotopes records The data used in this study to assess and constrain model results consists in composites of water stable isotopes for seven climatically distinct regions covering the Antarctic continent  (Stenni et al. , 2017) : East Antarctic Plateau, Wilkes Land Coast, Weddell Sea Coast, Antarctic Peninsula, WAIS, Victoria Land Coast-Ross Sea and DML Coast. Those regions, described in detail in  Stenni et al. (2017) , display relatively homogeneous characteristics in terms of regional climate and snow deposition processes, and were validated and refined by spatial correlation of temperature using the instrumental-based reconstruction of  Nicolas and Bromwich (2014). The regional composites are based on 112 individual ice core water stable isotope records compiled in the framework of the PAGES Antarctica2k working group.
For each assimilation time step (yearly, see Section 2. 4), every member of the ensemble of simulated climate states is compared to data. Since only one simulation exists for ECHAM5/MPI-OM and ECHAM5-wiso, the ensembles are produced in both cases by selecting all simulated years, which makes ensembles containing 1200 members for ECHAM5/MPI-OM and 141 members for ECHAM5-wiso. The model-data comparison is performed using anomalies over the whole period covered by the simulations in order to remove any potential model biases and to focus on the variability. Based on this comparison, the likelihood, a measure of the ability of the different members to reproduce the signal recorded in the data, is computed taking into account the uncertainties of the data. A weight proportional to the likelihood is then attributed to each member, which allows computing the weighted mean for each assimilation time step and provide the reconstruction.
, 2018) , over the period 1979-2013 CE. Given the limited length of the simulation,  Stenni et al. (2017)  considered annual mean anomalies to compute the slopes and applied those slopes on the 5-and 10-year binned composites. In the second approach, the normalized records were scaled to the instrumental period temperature variance at the regional scale, computed over the period 1960-1990 CE for the 5-year-binned averages and the period 1960-2010 CE for the 10-year-binned averages. Note that here, in the pseudoproxy framework, the scaling is based on the pseudoproxy of temperature over the period 1950-2000 for both averages. A similar scaling is used in the CPS method used in PAGES 2k Consortium (2013) and applied to the larger Antarctic ice core database in  Stenni et al. (2017). The CPS regional reconstructions consist of weighted averages of the normalized records falling in the subregions, the weights being based on the correlation between the records and the corresponding regional temperature time series over the period 1961-1991 CE.
This is not related to a problem in the variance but rather to issues in representing the relative changes. Indeed, the standard deviation of the series is relatively similar in both data assimilation-based reconstructions for each region, being slightly underestimated compared to the model truth. The data assimilation reconstructions using the ECHAM5-wiso ensemble are not systematically closer to the model truth than the statistical reconstructions. They are even outperformed in terms of correlation in the Antarctic Peninsula, and, to a lesser extent, in the DML coast region, which may be related to inconsistencies in the model physics and in the spatial structures compared to the pseudoproxy. More generally, no reconstruction method tends to systematically outperform the others except data assimilation using the ECHAM5/MPI-OM model ensemble.
Reconstruction of temperature At the continental scale, both the statistical and data assimilation-based reconstructions show a weak warming during the period 0-500 CE, followed by a long-term cooling trend that ends at about the middle of the nineteenth century (Fig. 8 ). The cooling over the period 850-1850 CE is of the same order of magnitude in the different reconstructions, with values slightly higher -but still in the range-of the models. Only the reconstruction based on data assimilation using the ECHAM5-wiso ensemble differs from the others, with a weaker cooling over the last millennium, which may be related to the relatively small size of the ensemble and thus of the limited range of possible atmospheric states. At this scale, the variance of the different statistical and data assimilation reconstructions is relatively similar over the period 850-1850 CE.
Code and data availability. The code of the data assimilation method and the resulting Antarctic temperature reconstructions will be made available when the manuscript will be accepted. PMIP3/CMIP5 model results can be downloaded online through the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Inter-comparison (PCMDI; http://pcmdi9. llnl. gov). Products from the ECHAM5-wiso model simulation from 1871-2011 CE  (Steiger et al. , 2017)  can be downloaded from https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 1249604.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the  Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks (BRAIN-be)  from  Belgian Science Policy Office  in the framework of the project " East Antarctic surface mass balance in the Anthropocene: observations and multiscale modelling (Mass2Ant) " (Contrat n •  BR/165/A2/Mass2Ant ). H. G. is Research Director within the  F. R. S. -FNRS. N. J. S. is supported by  US National Science Foundation  award number  OISE-1743738. R. N. is supported by the  Swiss NSF  ( PZ00P2_154802 ).
In Fig. 2 , we show theoretical calculations and experimental quantum simulations for both β K (g) and G K (T T I ) (see below). Let us first focus on the renormalization group betafunction. Experimentally, β K (g) is determined from the discrete differentiation of the measured conductance δg δ ln T. In practice, δ ln T steps range from 0. 3 to 0. 5 and the temperature is always kept well below the high-energy RC cutoff, with the hottest used temperatures reaching at most h 25k B RC (T ∈  [8, 18]  mK with K ∈ {1 2, 2 3, 3 4}, T ∈ [40, 100] mK with K = 4 5). For each K, this procedure is repeated at many different QPC tunings (approximately 200 values of τ ; identical symbols are used for the same τ ). The pile-up onto the same curve of data points corresponding to different QPC settings (different symbols) provides a direct signature of the predicted universality.
This work was supported by the French RENATECH network and the national French program 'Investissements d'Avenir' (Labex NanoSaclay, ANR-10-LABX-0035). F. P. performed the experiment with inputs from Z. I. ; A. A. and F. P. analyzed the data ; F. D. P. fabricated the sample with inputs from A. A. ; A. C. , A. O. , and U. G. grew the 2DEG ; E. B. developed the theoretical calculations (K = 2 3) ; F. P. led the project and wrote the manuscript with A. A. and input from E. B. and U. G.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the French RENATECH network and the national French program 'Investissements d'Avenir' (Labex NanoSaclay, ANR-10-LABX-0035). F. P. performed the experiment with inputs from Z. I. ; A. A. and F. P. analyzed the data ; F. D. P. fabricated the sample with inputs from A. A. ; A. C. , A. O. , and U. G. grew the 2DEG ; E. B. developed the theoretical calculations (K = 2 3) ; F. P. led the project and wrote the manuscript with A. A. and input from E. B. and U. G.
Introduction The aim of the international CORE project was to explore the databases of the existing hernia registries and compare them in content and outcome variables. Methods The CORE project was initiated with representatives from all established hernia registries (Danish Hernia Database, Swedish Hernia Registry, Herniamed, EuraHS, Club Hernie, EVEREG, AHSQC) in March 2015 in Berlin. The following categories were used to compare the registries: initiation and funding, data collection and use for certification of hernia centers, patient data and data protection, operative data, registration of complications and follow-up data.
Results The Danish Hernia Database is the only one to qualify as a genuine national registry where participation is compulsory for entry of all procedures by all surgeons performing a hernia operation. All other registries have to be considered as voluntary and completeness of data depends upon the participating hospitals and surgeons. Only the Danish Hernia Database and the Swedish Hernia Registry are publicly funded. All other registries are reliant on financial support from the medical technology industry. As an incentive for voluntary participation in a hernia registry, hospitals or surgeons are issued a certificate confirming that they are taking part in a quality assurance study for hernia surgery. Due to data protection and privacy regulations, most registries are obliged or have chosen to enter their patient data anonymously or coded.
Many important clinical questions have not, cannot, and will not be addressed in the context of an RCT. In these situations, clinicians rely on information provided by observational research  [2]. In a comparison of observational studies and RCTs, the estimates of the treatment effects from observational studies and RCTs were similar in most cases  [3]. Registries are ongoing prospective observational data-collection repositories  [4]. A registry is defined as a systematic collection of a clearly defined set of health and demographic data for patients with specific health characteristics, held in a central database for predefined purposes  [5]. Medical registries can serve different purposes, for instance as a tool to monitor and improve the quality of care or as a resource for research  [5].
To be useful, data in a medical registry must be of good quality  [5]. To optimize the quality of medical registry data, the participating centers should follow certain procedures designed to minimize inaccurate and incomplete data  [5]. The intended use of registry data determines the necessary properties of the data  [5]. In 1992, surgeons from eight Swedish hospitals initiated a registry for inguinal and femoral hernia repair  [6]. The aim of the registry was to report on the operative techniques used and to analyze outcome measures in order to stimulate quality improvement  [6]. A number of national and international registries have since been added  [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]. The aim of this manuscript is to explore the databases of these hernia registries and compare them in content and outcome variables.
Materials and methods The CORE (Comparison of Hernia Registries in Europe) project was initiated with representatives from all established European hernia registries in March 2015 in Berlin. Initially perceived as a European project, the scope was broadened to also include the Americas Hernia Society Collaboration (AHSQC) Registry. Each registry representative was contacted to present and verify information regarding the registry (Table  1 ). The following information was obtained: Country(ies) of use, start date of registry, procedures included, compulsory or voluntary data entry, overseeing body, funding, user cost, access route, language, number of active users, whether data are validated and by what method, data analysis provided, and how the data are published. The following categories were used to compare the registries: initiation and funding, data collection and use for certification of hernia centers, patient data and data protection, operative data, registration of complications and follow-up data.
Results The timeline for launch of registries included in the CORE project is shown in Fig. 1. Prospective hernia surgery registration was pioneered by Erik Nilsson in 1992 with the Swedish Groin Hernia Registry (SGHR)  [6]. In 1998 the Danish Groin Hernia Database (DGHD) was established and was subsequently extended to ventral hernias (Danish Hernia Database) in 2007  [7]. The German Herniamed Registry included both inguinal and ventral hernias and was launched in 2009  [9]. In France the Club Hernie (CH) started their ventral hernia registry in 2011 across 30 specialized hernia surgeons  [10]. Two registries were launched in 2012: EuraHS  [8] , and the Spanish Registro Español de Eventraciones (EVEREG)  [11]. The Americas Hernia Society Collaboration (AHSQC) Registry followed in 2013  [12].
Data protection Due to data protection and privacy regulations, most registries are obliged or have chosen to enter their patient data anonymously or coded. Registries often use only the patient's age or year of birth and mostly only a unique case identification number. The DHDB and SHR use a national personal patient code. In the Herniamed Registry, patient data are saved in a coded and anonymous format after obtaining the patient's informed consent. The latter can be deleted at any time upon the patient's request. All data classified as sensitive may be read and edited only by the treating institution for follow-up of the patients (Table  4 ).
The recommendations for reporting outcomes should be given particular attention  [13]. Despite the differences in the way data are collected for each of the listed hernia registries, the data are indispensable in clinical research. As a consequence of the numerous innovations in hernia surgery (surgical procedures, meshes, fixation devices), hardly any other area of surgical study has such a high need for clinical trials and data collection, comparison and analysis. Registries play a vital role in this innovation process  [14]. In addition, there is insufficient public funding available to perform RCTs  [15, 16]. Furthermore, the costs for conducting RCTs have increased dramatically over the last decades  [17]. Therefore, RCTs should be more feasible embedded within registries  [18]. It has been shown that the introduction of the Danish Hernia Database improved the quality of inguinal hernia surgery from a national perspective  [19].
A review based on three European hernia registries demonstrated the range of insightful findings that can be gleaned from hernia registries  [20]. Registries can also play an important role in monitoring new devices by the industry (post marketing surveillance)  [21]. This is of paramount importance as registries are called upon to provide more data for this specific purpose, because in the context of the current regulation environment at least in the European Union countries, the need of post marketing surveillance of medical devices has increased. As the main aim of the new European Union Medical Device Regulation is better patient safety industry, insurance companies and governments should ultimately contribute to fund hernia registries. Currently, over 170 analyses from various hernia registries (Danish Hernia Database-http ://www.
hern ieda taba sen. dk 84; Swedish Hernia Registry-http ://www. sven sktb rack regi ster. se 55; Herniamed-http ://www. hern iame d. de 22; EuraHS-http ://www. eura hs. eu 5; AHSQC-http ://www. ahsq c. org 5; Club Hernie-http ://www. club -hern ie. com 1; EVEREG-http ://www. ever eg. es 1) have been published. The number of published articles clearly indicates that RCTs and registry-based observational studies have become partners in the evolution of medical evidence in hernia surgery  [20]. As there is a discrepancy between the actually published data from hernia registries and the number listed in PubMed the use of the registry name as key word for the publication should be obligatory. Many important questions in the field of hernia surgery have only been studied in registry studies  [20].
In case of any difference, a control of the medical chart is done EuraHS Primary ventral, incisional, parastomal, hiatal, inguinal, open abdomen, abd. wall closure, prophyl. meshes Excel export in real time per route or per case, case summary function, publication of data on international congresses. Annual report on website Data validation is done by the constributing surgeons, as they are the owner of their data. Follow-up data part 2 Routes Post-operative Post-operative Seroma Infection Recurrence Reoperation Mortality QoL measurements complications pain Swedish Hernia Inguinal Registered by the Yes Yes Yes At reoperation Yes Yes IPQ 2 Registry coordinator Primary ventral, Yes Yes and at reop-No incisional, paras-eration tomal Danish Hernia Inguinal, port-site, Only if requiring No Only if requir-Only if Only if requir-Yes Yes, derived from No Database primary ventral, reoperation or re-ing reoper.
Using Internet of Things (IoT) in the health domain is one of the most promising approaches which offer a ubiquitous healthcare where sensors are used, in real time, for constant monitoring of patient's symptoms and needs wherever he is. Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a highly suitable communication tool for the medical IoT devices. However, the conception of WBAN applications is still a challenging job that should take into consideration many technical requirements such as network lifetime, security level, network throughput and data criticality and prioritization. As a consequence, a trade-off between security effectiveness, energy efficiency, and QoS requirements can be perceived as a major performance objective. In this paper, we propose a stochastic game to balance the tradeoff between network performance and security level while taking into account the context dynamics.
I. INTRODUCTION The rapid technological advancements of wireless communication and sensing technologies have paved the way for the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT). It is a megatrend in next-generation technologies that offers tremendous potential solutions for a wide range of applications and particularly e-healthcare which represents one of the most attractive application areas for the IoT  [1]. Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a highly suitable communication tool for the medical IoT devices. However, the open nature of wireless communication makes the patient's sensitive data prone to being eavesdropped, modified, injected, or replayed  [2]. Therefore, security and privacy are growing concerns in WBAN that need a special attention while taking into account the body sensors' limited resources and context changes.
Link capacity: The link capacity represents the amount of information (in bits/s/Hz) which can be transmitted over a noisy channel  [14]. It is defined as: = log (1 + ) ( 3 ) Where is the noise density of the link, ℎ is the narrowband channel between transmitter j and receiver i. Since the WBAN under consideration is a multi-hop network, it is possible to use multiple hops to go from a transmitter to a receiver. The capacity is then given by the minimum data rate across the two hops: = min ( , ) (4) Where the link capacity from the smart thing to aggregator and the link capacity from the aggregator to the destination.
Patients and methods The aim of this proof of concept study was to improve the construction of NITs for the diagnosis of inflammatory activity in subjects at risk of MLD. From the analyses of the standard definitions (FLIP-CRN), the different other possible definitions of inflammatory activity, and the appropriate choices of NITs' cutoffs, we identified in a large population with biopsy, algorithms with higher accuracy than ActiTest (BioPredictive, Paris, France), a previously validated inflammatory NIT. Details on patients were given elsewhere in separate studies  [13, 14] , focusing on the validation of NITs using FibroSTARD recommended guidelines  [15]. In the FLIP cohort, written patient consent for routine liver biopsy and data collection was obtained from each subject before inclusion.
Weaknesses of the study An obvious limitation of the population in our study was the small sample size of A0S0 controls, 72 cases out of 1081 (6. 6%). However, these cases represent the highest percentage of A0S0 controls ever analyzed, as compared with the CRN validations (2. 3 and 0. 3%)  [4, 9]. Moreover, the comparison of the new NITs to standard NITs was limited only to ActiTest, taken as a standard quantitative NIT for assessing necroinflammatory histological activity. However, this test was recently validated [14], and nonpatented scores, such as NAFLD-score, BARD or FIB4 scores, were not specifically constructed as quantitative NITs for histological activity, and were originally constructed for fibrosis staging. Our integrated database was limited by median biopsy lengths ranging from 15 to 22 mm and because most of the biopsies in obese cases were performed during bariatric surgery, which may be less appropriate than intercostal liver biopsy.
Acknowledgements The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement no. HEALTH-F2-2009-241762  for the project  FLIP. European Community 's  Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013 ) grant agreement  HEALTH-F2-2009-241762  for the project FLIP. The members of the FLIP partners' consortium, the  FLIP Pathology consortium , the  FibroFrance-CPAM group , and the  FibroFrance-Obese  group are listed in Supplementary Material S1 (Supplemental digital content 1, http://links. lww. com/EJGH/A248). Trial registration number:  USA-NCT01927133.
So as soon as I graduated from NYU, I knew I wanted to dedicate myself to avant-garde theatre. I googled all the theatre companies in New York City, and I found this company called the Living Theatre. I decided to write to them, stating why I want to work with them and what my artistic viewpoint was. It was this email to the Living that had Brad invite me to the Living. We talked briefly, and he simply asked me to come back next week and would introduce me to Judith if I were ready to work with the company. So I did, and I met Judith, who at the time looked like a queen sitting in her bed, with other members asking her if she needed some food or anything. I started as an intern, helping the company sort out the data of all the donors. At that time, I had no idea that it was the "Living Theatre" that I studied back in Taiwan that inspired me (I studied it in Mandarin Chinese, so it took me a while to connect the translation of the company's name to the English name).
Introduction The query answering problem (or certain answer problem), abbreviated here as QA, is a fundamental reasoning problem in both knowledge representation and databases. It asks whether a query (e. g. given by an existentially-quantified conjunction of atoms) is entailed by a set of constraints and a set of facts. A common class of constraints used for QA are the existential rules, also known as tuple generating dependencies (TGDs). Although query answering is known to be undecidable for general TGDs, there are a number of subclasses that admit decidable QA, such as those based on guardedness. For instance, guarded TGDs require all variables in the body of the dependency to appear in a single body atom (the guard). Frontier-guarded TGDs (FGTGDs) relax this condition and require only that some guard atom contains the variables that occur in both head and body  [Baget et al.