dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
One NPS-specific OTU corresponded to a bivalve of the order Veneroida (Heterodonta, Bivalves), and more precisely of the genus Dreissena (best BLAST hits with the GenBank nr/nt database) that are mussels frequently found in French rivers  (Marescaux et al. , 2016). We hypothesize that the sequence from bivalves might have amplified at a larval stage. Altogether, our results demonstrate the presence of a specific diversity of photoautotrophic and heterotrophic microeukaryotes and of distinct life stages of multicellular organisms.
Acknowledgements This work was cofunded by the  PEPS program  from  CNRS INEE  and by the  Labex DRIIHM ,  French programme 'Investissements d'Avenir'  ( ANR-11-LABX-0010 ). VH was supported by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  through Grant  FN CR32I2-149853/1. We thank  M Alix  and  P Cann  for their help with preliminary experiments, and  L Morel  for fruitful discussions. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful and constructive comments.
EVOLOCUMAB Evolocumab is currently approved for SC administration using monthly (QM) or biweekly (Q2W) dosing  [117, 128]. The Amgen trial program for evolocumab, the ''Program to Reduce LDL-C and cardiovascular Outcomes Following Inhibition of PCSK9 In different pOpulations (PROFICIO)'', consists of phase 2 and 3 studies which evaluated the safety and efficacy of evolocumab in patients with hypercholesterolaemia and mixed dyslipidaemia, in addition to a number of ongoing studies examining efficacy and safety with respect to atherosclerotic burden and outcomes in secondary prevention (ClinicalTrials. gov, NCT01813422, and NCT01984424). In the evolocumab outcomes study (NCT01764633), when added to background statins, evolocumab lowered LDL-C by 59% to a median of 30 mg/dL (least squares mean at week 48), and significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular events compared with placebo (median follow-up, 2.
gov, NCT01849497)  [112]. Each PFS or autoinjector is for single use only and consists of a 1-mL solution in a single use pre-filled pen, of which the entire contents are injected per use for simplicity of administration. In the THO-MAS-2 study, 164 patients were randomised to evolocumab 420 mg QM administered over 12 weeks in either a SureClick Ò autoinjector or an automated minidoser (ClinicalTrials. gov, NCT01879319)  [112]. The addition of a monthly dosing option was intended to accommodate patient convenience. The THO-MAS-2 study was the first phase 3 study to use the automated minidoser device, which is a single-use, disposable, on-body electromechanical device that administers 420 mg of evolocumab in 3. 5 ml over approximately 9 min  [112]. Figure  2  includes an illustration of the three devices.
Biochemical assays Mouse brain samples were homogenized by sonication in 2M acetic acid. After centrifugation, supernatants were lyophilized and stored at -80°C until use. SOM levels were determined by radioimmunoassay as previously described [sensitivity threshold 0. 5 pg/tube  (7) ], or using a commercial EIA (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals). NPY levels were determined using a commercial RIA kit (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals). Intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation were below 10%. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test (Statview). immunohistochemistry Deeply anesthetized SOM-Cre mice (WT and Tg/Tg littermates) were transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). The brain was quickly removed, post-fixed 1 h in 4% PFA, cryoprotected, and then frozen in cold isopentane.
40 μm-thick coronal sections were cut with a freezing cryotome (Leica). Sections were rinsed in tris-buffered saline (TBS) and incubated in 10% normal donkey serum/0. 3% Triton X100 TBS/0. 05% sodium azide for 30 min, then incubated for 48 h in the same buffer with goat anti-SOM primary antibody (# D20, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1/1000). After several TBS rinses, sections were incubated for 2 h with A488-conjugated donkey anti-goat antibody (Invitrogen, 1/500 in TBS). After rinsing, sections were mounted on slides and coverslipped with fluoromount. Images from brain structures of WT and Tg/Tg mice were obtained under fluorescent illumination with identical settings on an AxioPlan microscope (Leica) equipped with MetaView imaging software.
acute restraint stress response Isolated male mice were submitted to a 30 min restraint stress in a 50 ml Falcon tube with a ventilation hole. 4 µl of blood was sampled from the tail immediately before (basal) or 30 min after stress (stressed). Corticosterone (CORT) blood levels were assayed using RIA kits (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals). Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test and Wilcoxon nonparametric test (Statview).
Except SST, no major changes in expression were found for the other markers (listed in Section "Materials and Methods") tested in heterozygous or homozygous SOM-Cre mice (data not shown). Somatostatin concentration (SOM) was measured in the cortex of WT, 0/Tg, and Tg/Tg SOM-Cre male mice. A 30% decrease was found in 0/Tg mice and SOM levels fell to 70% of WT in Tg/Tg mice (Figure  1C ) while NPY levels did not change. A massive decrease of SOM peptide levels in Tg/Tg mice was also detected in the hypothalamus, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb (70-90% decrease), while SST KO mice (SST -/-) were used as negative controls (SOM-Cre vs WT, P < 0. 0001; SST KO vs WT, P < 0. 0001; hypothalamus vs all other regions, P < 0. 0001; Figure  1D ). As shown on Figure  2 , both cellular and fiber somatostatin labeling was strongly affected in SOM-Cre Tg/Tg brain, in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus (with a striking decrease of the staining in the median eminence), olfactory bulb, and amygdala (Figures  2A-E ).
Except for SST, heterozygous expression profiles were always similar to WT, showing no main significant differences with homozygous mice. Molecular and biochemical approaches quantified the decrease in SOM levels that was also evidenced when comparing in situ hybridization data available in Allen Brain Atlas. This indeed suggests that there is reduced Cre labeling in Sst-IRES-Cre SOM cortex as compared to Sst labeling in C57Bl/6 mice at similar cortical levels [(  14 ); http://mouse. brain-map. org]. SOM decrease per se correlates well with the neuroendocrine readouts previously shown in SST KO mice, either the dimorphic GH-dependent hepatic genes or the higher CORT response to restraint stress. This strongly supports the hypothesis that SOM is required for masculinization of the GH axis and behavioral emotionality control, as previously demonstrated in recent studies  (11, 13, 21).
We are grateful to Dr. P. Zizzari (U1215 Inserm, Bordeaux) for Cort measurements, P r JL Guillou (UMR5287 CNRS, Bordeaux) for forced-swim test data analysis, Y. Marie and D. Bouteiller for excellent service at PFGS facility (ICM, Paris), D. Geny at CPN imaging facility, and R. A. Piskorowski for text editing. We also thank A. Cougnon, C. Got, and J. Cognet at CPN animal facility for animal care and genotyping and their technical support. FUnDingThis work was supported by Inserm, ANR Research Grant (ANR-10-MALZ-003-01 SOMADOLF), and the European Union FP7-Health program (AgedBrainSysBio, grant agreement No. 305299).
acKnOWleDgMenTs We are grateful to Dr. P. Zizzari (U1215 Inserm, Bordeaux) for Cort measurements, P r JL Guillou (UMR5287 CNRS, Bordeaux) for forced-swim test data analysis, Y. Marie and D. Bouteiller for excellent service at PFGS facility (ICM, Paris), D. Geny at CPN imaging facility, and R. A. Piskorowski for text editing. We also thank A. Cougnon, C. Got, and J. Cognet at CPN animal facility for animal care and genotyping and their technical support. FUnDingThis work was supported by Inserm, ANR Research Grant (ANR-10-MALZ-003-01 SOMADOLF), and the European Union FP7-Health program (AgedBrainSysBio, grant agreement No. 305299).
In order to enhance the contrast of the cracks by means of X-ray inline phase contrast, a propagation distance of 7. 3 m between sample and detector was realised  41. All post-processing of the captured image data was performed using the public domain Java image processing program ImageJ  42  , with the assistance of a simple processing routine. Firstly a "median Z stack" was made from a 500 frames of a reference image (I 0 ) without the sample and equipment present in the field of view. This stage is implemented to average out the high contrast noise speckles. Next, the raw data (I) was normalised against the reference image by a -log(I/I 0 ) math function. This stage effectively masks the background noise created by the beam to focus on the test specimen. True strain, ε true , in bending is calculated by: ε ε = + ln ( 1 ) (1) true eng where, ε eng, is the nominal engineering strain of the bend, given by: ε =    +    ( ) 1 1 (2) eng R t 2 Strain rate, ε  , is assumed to be linear and defined by: ε ε = _  actuation time (3) true where, t is the initial material thickness and R is the inner bend radius of the deformed sample.
As scintillator a 250 × 10 -6 m LuAG:Ce was chosen. The propagation distance was 1. 2 m. 1200 projection images were recorded per sample in order to ensure good tomographic reconstruction quality. For 3D image reconstruction the ESRF in-house software PyHST_2 was used which is based on the filtered-back projection approach. The resultant image stacks were then filtered using a 3D median filter to remove high contrast speckle noise, and then sharpened to enhance the edges using ImageJ. Volume rendering of the stacks and volumetric analysis was carried out in Drishti volume exploration software. Cavity sphericity was calculated using: where, V p is the cavity volume and A p is the cavity surface area. Both features were measured from analysis in the volume editing software and used as input in Eq.
Statistical analysis Data on serum triglycerides were ln-transformed for analysis and were back-transformed for presentation. Four comparisons of phenotypic data were performed on the AJ cohort: (i) within each group (that is, centenarian, offspring, and control-all of whom are of AJ descent); (ii) between centenarians, offspring, and controls; (iii) between offspring and controls; and (iv) between centenarians and controls. All analyses were adjusted for age and sex. We applied the most frequently used models in association studies: allelic (carriers of the deletion versus none), dominant (WT versus heterozygote and deletion homozygote), additive (WT versus heterozygote versus deletion homozygote), and recessive (deletion homozygote versus WT and heterozygote) in each comparison (tables S1 to S4).
Analysis of genotype data Genotypes were checked for Mendelian consistency using the PedCheck software (56) before analysis. Mendelian errors were resolved or removed before analysis. Allele frequencies were calculated by gene counting, and all the genotypes conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. We evaluated the association between SNP genotype and phenotype (for example, IGF levels or height) under the additive or dominant models using a variance component approach. We modeled the probability that the subject was a case or control as a function of the individual's age, sex, and genotype, conditional on the correlations in phenotype among relative pairs. Statistical analyses were performed using JMP 12.
Acknowledgments: We thank all the participants from the three cohorts used in this study. Funding: This study was funded in part by grants from the  NIH  [( P01AG021654  to N. B. ), ( 1R01AG042188  to G. A. ), and ( 1R01AG 034430  and  1P01AG034906  to P. C. )], the  Nathan Shock Center of Excellence for the Biology of Aging  ( P30AG038072  to N. B. ), the  Glenn Center for the Biology of Human Aging (Paul Glenn Foundation  Grant to N. B. and P. C. ), and  Diabetes Center  ( DK-20541  to N. B. ). D. F. and P. B. were supported by  INSERM  with additional contribution from  Association de Recherche sur le Diabète  and an institutional grant from  Novo Nordisk France. CHS was supported by contracts  N01-HC-85079  through  N01-HC-85086 ,  N01-HC-35129 ,  N01 HC-55222 ,  N01 HC-15103 ,  N01-HC-75150 , and  N01-HC-45133 ; grant number  U01 HL080295  from the  National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ;  U19 AG023122  from the  National Institute on Aging Longevity Consortium ; and  P30 AG021334  from the  National Institute on Aging ,  Claude D.
We also present tests using synthetic data, which show that the kind of spectral function expected in the Heisenberg model indeed can be reproduced with QMC data of typical quality. Readers who are not interested in technical details can skip this section and go directly to Sec. III, where we present a brief recapitulation of the key aspects of the method before discussing the dynamic structure factor of the Heisenberg model. In addition to the QMC results, we also compare with Lanczos exact diagonalization (ED) results for small systems and study finite-size behaviors with both methods. We compare our results with the recent experimental data for CFTD. In Sec. IV we discuss results for the J-Q model, focusing on the points q = (π, 0) and q = (π/2, π/2), where the excitation spectrum evolves in completely different ways as the Q-interactions are increased and the deconfined critical point is approached.
A. Preliminaries In QMC simulations we calculate the corresponding correlation function in imaginary time, G(τ ) = O(τ )O(0) , (3) where O(τ ) = e τ H Oe -τ H , and its relationship to the real-frequency spectral function is G(τ ) = ∞ 0 dωS(ω)e -τ ω. (4) Some QMC methods, such as the SSE method  [47]  applied here to the Heisenberg model, can provide an unbiased stochastic approximation Ḡi ≡ Ḡ(τ i ) to the true correlation function G i ≡ G(τ i ) for a set of imaginary times τ i , i = 1,. , N τ  [48, 49]. These data points have statistical errors σ i (one standard deviation of the mean value). Since the statistical errors are correlated, their full characterization requires the covariance matrix, which can be evaluated with the QMC data divided up into a large number of bins. Denoting the QMC bin averages by G b i for bins b = 1, 2,.
C. Tests on synthetic data To test whether the method can resolve the kind of spectral features that are expected in the 2D Heisenberg model, we construct a synthetic spectral function with a δ-function of weight a 0 and frequency ω 0 , followed by a continuum with total weight 1 -a 0. The relationship in Eq. (  4 ) is used to obtain G(τ ) for a set of τ -points and normal-distributed noise is added to the G values, with standard deviation typical in QMC results. To provide an even closer approximation to real QMC data, we construct correlated noise. Here one can adjust the autocorrelation time of the correlated noise to be close to what is observed in QMC data. The way we do this is discussed in more detail in Appendix A. As we will discuss in Sec. III, for the 2D Heisenberg model we find that the smallest relative weight of the magnon pole is ≈ 0.
With sufficiently large inverse temperature, here β = 4L in most QMC simulations, we obtain ground-state properties for all practical purposes for q at which the gap ω q is sufficiently large. More precisely, we have wellconverged data for all q except for q = (π, π), where the finite-size gap closes as 1/L 2 (this being the lowest excitation in the Anderson tower of quantum-rotor states), much faster than the lowest magnon excitation which has a gap ∝ 1/L. Therefore, in the following we do not analyze the not fully-converged q = (π, π) data. In addition to the QMC calculations, where we go up to linear system sizes L = 48, we also report exact T = 0 Lanczos ED results for lattices with up to N = 40 spins. For the square-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet, the spectral function in calculations such as conventional spinwave expansions  [21] [22] [23] [24]  and continuous unitary transformations (an approach which also starts from spinwave theory, formulated with the Dyson-Maleev representation of the spin operators)  [18, 19]  contains a dominant δ-function at the lowest frequency ω q and a continuum above this frequency, S(q, ω) = S 0 (q)δ(ω -ω q ) + S c (q, ω),  (15)  where ω q is also the single-magnon dispersion and S 0 (q) is the spectral weight in the magnon pole.
005). Thus, in the final averaged spectrum the magnon pole may be broadened by fluctuations in its location, but, as we will see below, the width is typically very narrow and for all practical purposes it remains a δ-function contribution. Here the level of the statistical QMC errors, with the definitions discussed in Sec. II, is 10 -5 or better (some raw data are shown in Appendix A). Extensive testing, exemplified in Fig. 4 , demonstrates that the method is well capable of reproducing the type of spectral function of interest here to a good degree with this data quality. The number N ω of δ-functions required in the continuum in order to obtain well converged results depends on the quality of the QMC data. We have carried out tests with different N ω and find good convergence of the results when N ω ≈ 500 -1000.
e. , the linear combinations, v n = i v n (i)G(τ i ), ( A2 ) of the imaginary-time data points that fluctuate independently of each other in the QMC simulations. Figure  23  shows three of the normalized eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalues in Fig. 22. Note that the normalization of G(τ i ) has already removed a significant component of the covariance-the uniformly fluctuating componentand without the normalization the largest eigenvector has the most weight for small τ i , instead of being shifted to higher τ i with the normalized data set (seen for n = 1 in the figure). The vector corresponding to smallest eigenvalue has alternating positive and negative values and decays rapidly with τ i.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Wenan Guo ,  Akiko Masaki-Kato ,  Andrey Mishchenko ,  Martin Mourigal ,  Henrik Rønnow ,  Kai Schmidt ,  Cenke Xu , and  Seiji Yunoki  for useful discussions. Experimental data from Ref. [33] were kindly provided by  N. B. Christensen  and  H. M. Rønnow. H. S. was supported by the  China Postdoctoral Science Foundation  under Grant Nos. 2016M600034  and  2017T100031. St. C was funded by the  NSFC  under Grant Nos. 11574025  and  U1530401. Y. Q. Q. and Z. Y. M. acknowledge funding from the  Ministry of Science and Technology of China  through the  National Key Research and Development Program  under Grant No. 2016YFA0300502 , and from the  NSFC  under Grant Nos. 11574359  and  11674370 , as well as the  National Thousand-Young Talents Program of China. A. W. S. was funded by the  NSF  under Grant Nos.
Acknowledgments: A part of this work was supported by  Toyota Technological Institute Nano Technology Hub in "Nanotechnology Platform  Project" sponsored by the  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan. The present study is supported in part regarding the experiments of thermal sensing by the  New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). The development of the sensor platform LSI and the integration technology was performed in  R&D Center of Excellence for Integrated Microsystems, Tohoku University  under the program " Formation of Innovation Center for Fusion of Advanced Technologies" supported by Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology with collaboration with Toyota Motor Corporation  and  Toyota Central R&D Labs.
Wolfgang Weidenhammer (KOKONAT-TU Munich, CAMbrella project coordinator) will analyse work programmes and current developments, Dr. Pierre Madl (University of Salzburg, participant in 3 FP7 research projects: CATO, Bridge, NanoValid) will share experience and lessons learned from former applications and successful EU-research projects. To build working groups for Horizon 2020 applications, the researchers are supported by Prof. Dr. Jost Langhorst (University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte), Dr. Wolfgang Weidenhammer (KOKO-NAT-TU Munich), Prof. Dr. Roman Huber (University of Freiburg, Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, focussing on: prevention and treatment of chronic diseases), PD Dr.
A19 Home remedies from all over the worldevaluation and education Annette Kerckhoff Naturopathy, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017, 17(Suppl 1):A19 This workshop focuses on the evaluation of traditional folk remedies from all over the world. The top ten ingredients for home remedies will be examined closer; relevant data from food pharmacology and clinical trials will be presented to understand the active principle. Reliable and safe simple interventions are presented and advice for education is given. These evaluated interventions using easy-to-get, worldwide spread and cheap ingredients can support health and self-efficacy.
cramer@kliniken-essen-mitte. de) BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017, 17(Suppl 1):X1 As yoga is gaining increased popularity as a therapeutic practice, it has become one of the therapies with the most rapid increase in prevalence. Accordingly, yoga's potential as a preventive or therapeutic means has been explored in a growing number of clinical trials to date. The purpose of this symposium is to present a comprehensive overview on the state of the science on the application of yoga in therapy and prevention. Presenters will review scientific research on utilization, efficacy, and safety of yoga for the general population as well as for selected patient samples with specific mental or physical conditions. Dr. Lauche will present data on the association between yoga and weight control from clinical trials, systematic reviews and current cross-sectional analyses.
X2 The safety of yogaa comprehensive review of clinical and epidemiological data Holger Cramer Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45276, Germany BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017, 17(Suppl 1):X2 While yoga has long been viewed as a cure without harm, this view has been challenged in recent years. Mainly based on anecdotal evidence, the safety of yoga has been questioned in a number of laypress articles. These publications seem to have led to a general uncertainty among yoga practitioners and those interested in starting practice. To address this issue from a scientific perspective, the results of a systematic review of case reports on yoga-associated injuries and other adverse events are presented. Systematic reviews as well as own studies on epidemiological data will also be reported, assessing data from more than 10,000 yoga practitioners.
Large populationbased surveys on associations of yoga practice with falls, injuries, and joint problems will be covered. Further, clinical data will be presented in a meta-analysis on all available randomized trials on yoga reporting on safety-related data. In total, 94 trials with more than 8,400 participants were analyzed. The available evidence shows that just as any other mental or physical practice, yoga is indeed associated with certain risks of injuries and other adverse events. However, yoga appears just as safe as other forms of exercise. Between one in four and one third of yoga practitioners have been injured or suffered another adverse event due to their yoga practice; however most were mild and transient. Given that yoga has been shown effective for a number of conditions and risk constellations, there no need to discourage yoga practice for healthy people or those with underlying physical or mental ailments.
Methods To explore further whether the beneficial effects of RR are associated with upstream epigenetic modifications (specifically, changes in DNA methylation), we now report a pilot study on 6 healthy subjects before and after 8 weeks of RR training. To identify RR-associated epigenetic changes, we performed genome-wide bisulfite sequencing to measure methylation changes. We also carried out integrated analysis of methylation and transcriptome data to identify molecular alterations which affect both regulatory and transcriptional genomic spaces.