dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments The SENTIPAT study group Scientific Committee:  Fabrice Carrat ,  Bérengère Couturier ,  Gilles Hejblum ,  Morgane Le Bail ,  Alain-Jacques Valleron , and the subsequently mentioned heads and physicians within the poles and units in which patients were recruited. Personnel of the study group within the poles and units concerned: heads:  Marc Beaussier ,  Jean-Paul Cabane ,  Olivier Chazouillères ,  Jacques Cosnes ,  Jean-Claude Dussaule ,  Pierre-Marie Girard ,  Emmanuel Tiret , and  Dominique Pateron ; additional corresponding physicians:  Laurent Beaugerie ,  Laurence Fardet ,  Laurent Fonquernie ,  François Paye , and Laure Surgers; and nursing supervisors:  Françoise Cuiller ,  Catherine Esnouf ,  Hélène Haure ,  Valérie Garnier ,  Josselin Mehal-Birba ,  Nelly Sallée , and  Sylvie Wagener.
The SENTIPAT study was funded by grant  AOM09213 K081204  from  Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique 2009  ( Ministère de la Santé ). This work was supported by a grant from  Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , program " Recherche Infirmière. "The sponsor and the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
6 This is no longer the case for the 2012 retrospective series which required data on victims to be available for at least 1 year in these countries (null values are not considered as missing data, but zero victims or no disaster). Also, the values of the Victim index for Ivory Coast, Saudi Arabia, and Singapore equal 0 because the number of victims is too small to fall within normalization boundaries. For Libya the 20-year time window used for the Victim index excludes disasters which are considered by the Homeless index. So it is possible that the Homeless index value exceeds the Victim index value for a given year, inasmuch records for homeless people start before the Victim index's 20-year time window. These extensive changes in the definition of the index, explain why the two series display a very low (23%) rank correlation (see figure  6 ).
Consultation Ranking and prioritisation of the original 16 life-impact domains, identified by the PRPs during the first team meeting, was carried out by 139 patients, from all the participating countries. During the validation process, 499 other patients were invited to fill in several questionnaires and to undergo a clinical examination (of whom 474 had full data which was analysed) (figure  2 ). The study participants were again recruited through the 12 participating researchers.
Objective: Determining interventions to address food insecurity and poverty, as well as setting targets to be achieved in a specific time period have been a persistent challenge for development practitioners and decision makers. The present study aimed to assess the changes in food access and consumption at the household level after one-year implementation of an integrated food security intervention in three rural districts of Rwanda. Design: A before-and-after intervention study comparing Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) scores and household Food Consumption Scores (FCS) at baseline and after one year of programme implementation. Setting: Three rural districts of Rwanda (Kayonza, Kirehe and Burera) where the Partners In Health Food Security and Livelihoods Program (FSLP) has been implemented since July 2013.
The multifaceted intervention package included a one-time capital investment including agricultural inputs support, assistance with small livestock projects, provision of microloans and nutrition education (Box 1). In the present study we aimed to measure the impact of the FSLP on the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) score (Box 2) score and household Food Consumption Score (FCS; Box 3) to assess whether food security had improved during a 12-month period. Specific objectives of the study were to: (i) describe baseline demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the 600 households selected in three rural districts; (ii) assess changes in the HFIAS and FCS after a one-year implementation of integrated food security interventions; and (iii) identify associations between selected socio-economic factors and the changes in HFIAS and FCS.
Data variables, sources and collection Two internationally developed measurement tools, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the Food Consumption Score (FCS), were used to evaluate the programme (Boxes 2 and 3). Both have been validated internationally  (12, 13). The present study included data collected from the 600 households participating in the FSLP. The baseline was conducted in August 2013 and the annual evaluation was carried out in August 2014 after 12 months of enrolment in the intervention. Surveys were completed based on interviews with the head or senior member of each household. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics for the households recorded at baseline included household size, household dependency ratio (number of dependant members per number of active household members capable of work), household head marital status, land ownership, daily household income and overall household food insecurity prevalence.
From the survey data, HFIAS and FCS were calculated at baseline and 12 months, using modular guidelines from the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance  (14)  and the World Food Programme  (15)  , respectively. The interviews were conducted during the same periods of the year (the dry summer season, August 2013 and August 2014). To avoid potential bias and conflicts of interest of programme staff in the monitoring and evaluation process, for • Participating households are encouraged and trained on poultry rearing (chickens and rabbits) as well as other easy-to-raise animals like pigs, sheep or goats Promoting voluntary savings and group loans • Each member of the self-help groups is encouraged to come in the meeting with a small amount of savings every week, which creates a group treasury for loans Training and mentorship on business planning and management • Ongoing trainings and follow-up coaching are offered to the selfhelp groups to support innovative income-generating ideas Access to microloans for expansion of farm business and off-farm income generation • Programme participants within their groups apply for small (individual or group) loans with a low interest rate during the first year with the microloans package of Partners In Health, while transitioning to community-based microfinance institutions and banks Nutritional knowledge transfer • Trainings on basics of nutrition and diet preparation • Community cooking demonstrations • Tailored trainings and mentorship for pregnant women, including diet, breast-feeding and child complementary feeding • Household hygiene and sanitation both baseline and end year evaluation, field interviews were conducted by an independent group of twelve young graduates hired temporarily and trained by the PIH Monitoring and Evaluation Department.
Analysis and statistics Data on variables of interest were exported for analysis from a Microsoft Access database to Epidata software version 2•2•2•182 (EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark). Sociodemographic characteristics were reported with proportions overall and by site. Depending on household response and level of frequency to each of the nine questions asked for HFIAS tabulation (Box 2), we followed an algorithmic method  (14)  to categorize households into food secure, mildly food insecure, moderately food insecure and severely food insecure. FCS was categorized as poor (FCS = 0-21), borderline (FCS = 21•5-35) and acceptable (FCS > 35) with respect to the World Food Programme's technical guidance on cut-off points  (15). The difference between before and after scores for each household was calculated by subtracting the baseline score from the score after one year.
Acknowledgements Acknowledgements: This research was conducted through the  Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative  ( SORT-IT ), a global partnership led by the  Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases at the WHO (WHO/TDR ). The model is based on a course developed jointly by the  International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease  and  MSF. The authors also acknowledge the Monitoring, Evaluation and Research Department of PIH, all staff implementing the FSLP and district project directors ( Sebu Gaston ,  Caritas Mushimiyimpundu ,  Vianney Bihibindi ,  Jeanne d'Arc Murekatete ,  Clement Cyiza ,  Alfred Byiringiro  and  Ombeni Faustin ,  Shyaka Edouard ,  Alice Uwingabiye  and  Gilbert Rwigema ). Without their commitment and rigorous data collection, this paper would not be written.
The use of virtual reality games (known as "exergaming") as a neurorehabilitation tool is gaining interest. Therefore, we aim to collate evidence for the effects of exergaming on the balance and postural control of older adults and people with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Six electronic databases were searched, from inception to April 2015, to identify relevant studies. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to calculate effect sizes between experimental and control groups. I 2 statistics were used to determine levels of heterogeneity. 325 older adults and 56 people with IPD who were assessed across 11 studies. The results showed that exergaming improved static balance (SMD 1. 069, 95% CI 0. 563-1. 576), postural control (SMD 0. 826, 95% CI 0.
Search Strategy This review has been informed by the PRISMA statement. The following electronic databases were searched from their inception to April 2015: PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The following keywords were used in combinations: Parkinson, Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonism, exergaming, gaming, virtual reality gaming, series gaming, gait, balance, aged, and elderly. Additionally, the reference lists of the included studies were also searched. Figure  1  shows a flow diagram of the processing of search results from initial searches to the final included studies.
Quality Assessment of Studies Data were extracted by an independent reviewer (Dale M. Harris), and revised by a second reviewer (Wei-Peng Teo). The methodological quality of each study was independently assessed by two reviewers (Liam Johnson and Timo Rantalainen) using the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale (ranging from 0 to 10 points). The PEDro scale is an assessment tool for evaluating methodological quality of RCTs conducted in the field of physiotherapy with fair-to-good reliability  (Maher et al. , 2003). Any disagreements in scores were resolved by discussion between reviewers, with the judgment of the primary author (Dale M. Harris) being sought if consensus could not be reached. All scores assigned to each study were agreed upon by unanimity and are presented in.
Data Synthesis and Analysis A random effects meta-analysis was conducted with MedCalc Statistical Software v14. 12. 0 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium; http://www. medcalc. org: 2015). Continuous measures extrapolation yielded standardized mean difference (SMD) results, which were used as a measure of effect size, along with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity across studies was tested based on I 2 statistics, which indicates the percentage of variance that is attributable to study heterogeneity. Studies with I 2 < 40% was considered to have low heterogeneity, I 2 = 40-75% was considered to have moderate heterogeneity, and I 2 > 75% was considered to have high heterogeneity. Fisher's method of combining p-values was applied to test for overall effects for each outcome measure.
Acknowledgments All authors are acknowledged for their contributions to this study. Exergaming for Parkinson's disease Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience | www. frontiersin. orgWuest,  S. , Borghese , N. A. , Pirovano,  M. , Mainetti ,  R. ,  Van De Langenberg ,  R. , and  De Bruin , E. D. (2014). Usability and effects of an exergame-based balance training program. Games Health J. 3,  106-114. doi: 10. 1089/g4h. 2013. 0093Yen , C. Y. , Lin, K. H. , Hu, M. H. , Wu, R. M. , Lu, T. W. , and Lin, C. H. (2011). Effects of virtual reality-augmented balance training on sensory organization and attentional demand for postural control in people with Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. Phys. Ther. 91,  862-874. doi:10. 2522/ptj. 20100050Zettergren, K. , Franca, J. , Antunes, M. , and Lavallee, C.
Funding Source This study was supported by the  Central Research Grant Scheme  ( RM29471 ) and the  School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University. TR is supported by an  Alfred   Deakin Postdoctoral Fellowship. LJ is supported by the  Australian Government 's  Collaborative Research Networks program. MM is supported by a  Labex NUMEV Fellowship (Digital and Hardware Solutions, Environmental and Organic Life Modeling ,  ANR-10-LABX-20 ).
Background Inadequate reporting is a frequent cause of waste in research  [1, 2]. To overcome this issue, the CONSORT Statement  [3] , an evidence-based, minimum set of recommendations for reporting randomized controlled trials (RCTs), was developed, along with extensions for reporting specific designs (e. g. cluster  [4] , non-inferiority  [5] ), data (e. g. harms  [6] ), and interventions (nonpharmacologic treatments  [7] ). The CONSORT guidelines have received support from the World Association of Medical Editors, the Council of Science Editors, and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. According to the CONSORT website  [8] , currently 585 journals worldwide endorse CONSORT. Most journals include recommendations to follow the main CONSORT statement in their instructions to authors and some have specific policies to enforce the use of the CONSORT guidelines at the submission or revision stage of a manuscript  [9].
Trial design We performed a 'split-manuscript' RCT with blinded outcome assessment. The methods section of each manuscript was divided into six different domains: 'trial design' , 'randomization' , 'blinding' , 'participants' , 'interventions' , and 'outcomes'. Each participant was randomly allocated to a different real RCT protocol. Participants had to write the six domains of the methods section of the manuscript for the protocol they received over a 4-hour period. They had access to the tool for a random three of the six domains. Thus, the unit of randomization was the domain, embedded within the manuscript (Fig. 1 ). Authorization by the CNIL ("Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés"; file number 1753007) whose remit is to protect participants' personal data and the institutional review board of INSERM ethics committee (IRB 00003888) was obtained and the study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.
Some authors assess the risk as a product of probability and consequences  (Stodola, 2008; Ferrier and Haque, 2003). After analysing the three components -hazard, susceptibility and vulnerability -the present research determines the risk of traffic accidents occurrence under low-light conditions. The purpose of this paper is to influence public authorities to introduce artificial light earlier, to more rapidly clean the roads of snow and, last but not least, to restrict alcohol consumption of drivers. The first part of the paper describes the database used for risk assessment, while the second part presents an assessment of the traffic accident risk under low-light conditions as the sum of the three components.
Data description In order to assess the risk of traffic accident occurrence under low-light conditions, some data regarding the number of traffic accidents and the light conditions at their occurrence are necessary. A total number of 663 traffic accidents were recorded in Cluj-Napoca during the January 2010-December 2014 period. The data regarding the traffic accidents were obtained from the Cluj County police inspectorate and the local press. The data contain information regarding the time, place, time of day and week, light conditions and number of victims of traffic accidents over the entire period of the study. The data on the road network contain information referring to the average speed of vehicles and the mean value of the accidents for each road segment in the city. The data regarding the number of low visibility hours were calculated using the following steps: monthly darkness hours specific to the geographical coordinates of Cluj-Napoca were added to the number of hours with hard clouds and to the number of hours with hard fog, subtracting the number of hours of strong street light for each month.
Susceptibility analysis The identification of susceptible areas involved analysing the relation between the spatial distribution of the accidents on a 0. 5 km 2 area and the various light conditions (dawn, daylight, cloudy sky, sunset or street light). The spatial distribution of the accidents in equal and homogenous areas was performed by means of the quadrat analysis. The quadrat analysis was conducted in Arc View 3. 2 by means of a script developed by  Lee and Wong (2001). This analysis involved covering the study area with a grid of hexagons of equal size and the identification of the number of accidents placed in each hexagon. We opted for the hexagon due to a better visual display compared to the traditional rectangular network; the representation by hexagon offers a higher accuracy  (Carr et al.
Acknowledgements. This paper is a result of doctoral research made possible by the financial support of the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, co-financed by the  European Social Fund  under the project  POSDRU/159/1. 5/S/132400 -" Young successful researchersprofessional development in an international and interdisciplinary environment ". Edited by:  R. Lasaponara Reviewed  by:  A. De Santis  and  K. Németh.
Methodology Homicide data were obtained from the Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade-SIM) managed by the Department of Information of the Unified Health System (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde-DATASUS, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil). The database contains information obtained through the classification criteria of the basic cause of death present in the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) (E960 and E969; E985 and E986), for the most recent years and for the pre-1996 records that used the ICD-10 (X85 and Y09; Y22 and Y24, and Y28), with four different homicide categories-deaths resulting from legal interventions or military operations; deaths by homicide; injuries by firearms with unknown intention, and injuries by punctures-cuts with unknown intention.
Homicide rates were calculated by the ratio between the numbers of deaths in the population per 100 thousand inhabitants. To give greater stability to the indicators and minimize the effects of fluctuations, the homicide rates were calculated by means of the arithmetic mean of different periods  (1991 to 1995, 1996 to 2000, 2001 to 2005, and 2006  to 2010) using as a denominator the estimated population in the central year of each period. The periods were organized in a geo-referenced database according to municipality of residence. An indicator of the temporality of the homicides was also created by calculating for each municipality the first year in which the number of homicides exceeded ten records. The inclusion of this indicator in the map allows for visualizing the dynamics of the spatial diffusion process  [23].
To build the maps, the municipal grid of the Legal Amazon and the coordinates of the municipal capitals in 2010, which were provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística-IBGE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and mapped using the program MapInfo 9, were used. For the analysis of spatial patterns, the inverse squared distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method was employed  [24]  using the Vertical Mapper tool. In this type of interpolation, the intermediate values of the data are preserved and the final result is a continuous surface of smoothed indicators, minimizing the contrasts between the municipality polygons  [25]. The application of the IDW method adopts a moving circle to identify each node of a grid created along the distribution of points, and weights are assigned to points located at a pre-defined distance.
In the Legal Amazon, some of these socio-economic and environmental indicators were used to analyze the problem of violence as a socio-spatial phenomenon. Environmental and socio-economic information was used as spatial data layers to aid in the interpretation of the data. This information was obtained from different sources, such as mining areas Geological Service of Brazil (Serviço Geológico do Brasil)  [28] , indigenous reserves (National Indian Foundation (Fundação Nacional do Índio-FUNAI, Brasília, Brazil)  [29] , the Ministry of the Environment (Ministério do Meio Ambiente-MMA, Brasília, Brazil), and Legal Amazon logging centers  [30]. Each of these layers was obtained in the shapefile format. The following data were used for the land use analysis: production of plant extraction and silviculture; number of trees felled and the volume of wood in logs used  [31]  (Agricultural Census 1991 to 2010, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística-IBGE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); cattle herd (Agricultural Census 1991 to 2010, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística-IBGE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)  [31] , and soy production areas in the Legal Amazon (Agricultural Census 2006, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística-IBGE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)  [32].
Using the absolute values of the variables (soy production per hectare, silviculture production per hectare, and number of cattle slaughtered per hectare), interpolations were calculated using the program MapInfo, generating different smoothed layers in MIF format. One of the factors that contributed most to the economic and environmental changes in the region is the construction of a set of highways that, next to the Amazon River waterway, constitute axes of regional occupation. Therefore, layers corresponding to the primary highways of the region were obtained from the following highways: Brasília Distrito Federal to Belém-Pará (BR-153/010), constructed in 1960; the Trans-Amazonian Highway from Cabedelo-Paraíba to Lábrea-Amazonas (BR-230), which began construction in 1972; Cuiabá-Porto Velho-Rio Branco (BR-364), 1983; Porto Velho-Manaus-Boa Vista (BR-319/174), 1968/1976, and Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163), 1972.
, 1999). The rationale of the present study was to study the kinematics of healthy subjects during treadmill locomotion and compare the results of two groups, one of which was simultaneously provided with FES (FES group), and the other was not (Control group). A short account of some of the present findings was published as an abstract  (Talis et al. , 2011). The collected data of FESassisted walking in healthy subjects could be implemented in the pathology of FES-assisted walking.
Data Recording Body kinematics was recorded by means of the ELITE system (BTS, Italy). Nine 120-Hz TV cameras were spaced around a treadmill in a 4 × 4 × 2 m acquisition volume. Hemispherical reflective markers of 15-mm diameter attached to the skin overlying the following body landmarks for the two hemibodies: laterally on the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP), lateral malleolus (MAL), lateral tibial tables (KN), greater trochanters (GT), anterior-superior iliac spines (IS), and gleno-humeraljoints (GH). Pain during FES-assisted walking was registered by means of a 10-cm analog pain scale, while a value close to 10 means higher pain. The pain scale was presented to the subject three times (Stim1, Stim2, and Stim3).