dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Pieces were labeled only on the outer cylindrical surfaces of the core. If it was evident that an individual piece had not rotated around a horizontal axis during drilling, an arrow pointing to the top of the section was added to the label. The oriented character of each piece was recorded in the database using the SampleMaster application. The archive half of each core was scanned on the SHIL (with both a dry and wet surface) and measured for MSP and RSC on the SHMSL. Thermal conductivity measurements were made on selected archive-half pieces (see Petrophysics). After the archive-half sections of each core were fully described by the petrologist and structural geologist on shift, samples were taken from the working-half sections for shipboard analyses (billets for thin sections; chips for inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy [ICP-AES]; and cube samples (~8 cm 3 ) for paleomagnetism analyses, MAD, and discrete P-wave velocity measurements; see Igneous petrology and alteration, Inorganic geochemistry, Paleomagnetism, Petrophysics).
Lithostratigraphy Descriptions of sediment cores recovered during Expedition 385 are based on a combination of digital color imagery, visual core description (e. g. , visual color determination of core disturbance, sediment structures, and color using a Munsell chart), microscopy, and various X-ray techniques. Lithologies were determined by  (1)  macroscopic description of the archive halves of split cores and/or (2) microscopic assessment of smear slides and thin sections using a petrographic microscope. All of these observations were saved to the LIMS database through data capture by the inhouse core description software DESClogik. Additional X-ray techniques that were used to assist core material description and determination include X-ray imagery and XRD. A selection of data sets was combined to inform a VCD sheet for each core.
We noted that compression of line-scanned images into compiled stacks (like the core image shown in the VCDs) may result in visual artifacts (e. g. , the false appearance of lamination). The stacked images were integrated into core description sheets that were printed before making observations to facilitate the implementation of core description through handwritten notes (Figure  F4 ). These sheets contain field notes used to help organize whole-core observations prior to itemized entry into the DESClogik software, ensuring consistency between core describers and preserving information needed for later shore-based sampling in a format used in sedimentological studies.
Spreadsheet tabs were used to record the following information: • Drilling disturbance, • General (lithologic core description and sedimentary structures), • Core summary (written description of major lithologic findings by core, sedimentary structures, lithostratigraphic unit, and age), and • Hole summary (lithostratigraphic unit and age). To aid core description, core data are displayed graphically in LIMS Information Viewer (LIVE, version 4. 0), a separate browser-based application that displays core images alongside physical properties and geochemical data. The commercial plotting software Strater was deployed by JRSO personnel to compile the digital VCDs for each core using the data retrieved from the LIMS database or DESClogik. Site, hole, core number, and depth intervals in core depth below seafloor, Method A (CSF-A), are given at the top of the VCD together with a summary core description.
7 and 1. 0 A. The raw images were collected as 16 bit images and processed with the IODP in-house processing utility in the Integrated Measurement System (IMS) software (version 1. 2). The software applies gain and offset corrections for the detector, compensates for core shape and thickness, and adjusts the image contrast. The Savitzky-Golay finite impulse response (FIR) filter was chosen to smooth images. The resulting processed images include a masked background, the depth scale within the section, and the acquisition parameters. X-ray images taken during Expedition 385 can be retrieved from the Zenodo database (https://zenodo. org; search the International Ocean Discovery Program community for Expedition 385 data).
Lithology Description procedures used for unaltered and altered igneous rocks of Expedition 385 were adapted from IODP Expeditions 367/368 and 376  (Sun et al. , 2018; de Ronde et al. , 2019). Data for the macroscopic and microscopic descriptions of recovered cores were entered into the LIMS database by means of the customized DESClogik core description software application. Our shipboard studies sought to systematically describe the physical appearance, petrology, mineralogy, and alteration of the recovered igneous rock material. Phenocryst abundance and appearance, vesicularity, alteration, characteristic igneous textures, and presence/absence of veins were described at a macroscopic level and investigated in more detail through the study of thin sections.
Microscopic (thin section) description Thin section investigation was used to complement and refine macroscopic core observations for igneous rocks (Figure  F14 ). All thin section observations were entered into the LIMS database through a special DESClogik thin section template (see DESC_WKB in Supplementary material). Thin section descriptions include both primary (igneous) rock-forming minerals (including phenocrysts, groundmass, etc. ) and secondary (alteration) mineral phases (in veins, vesicles, groundmass, etc. ). Their mineralogy, abundance (modal volume percentages), sizes, shapes, habits, textural relationships, inclusions, alteration color, intensity and style, veins (type and number), and vesicles (type and fillings) were determined, enabling verification of macroscopic observations.
Note that the location measurement of a feature in the X-ray scans could differ by 1 cm compared to the location of the same feature in the archive half of the split core (e. g. , see Figure  F9  in the Site U1552 chapter  (Teske et al. , 2021a). Finally, we processed the SHIL color composite photos of the core to produce false-color images that more clearly highlighted the compositional difference in the sediments. This was another way to check for faults. Processing was performed in Adobe Photoshop CS6 version 13. 0 × 64 on a Windows PC by choosing File > Scripts > Image Processor and then running it in batch mode on a set of files within a specified directory. A "run action" was first specified to include three processing steps: 1. Image > Adjustment > Levels, 2. Image > Adjustment > Brightness/Contrast, and 3.
Slide preparation and microscopic examination All micropaleontological data gathered during shipboard investigations were entered using DESClogik data entry software and are available from the LIMS database in accordance with IODP policy. Species distribution and abundance are included for every sample of each hole and each taxonomic group (calcareous nannofossils and marine diatoms) studied. These data are provisional because of time constraints for cross-checking and searching for rare species. Generally, this study focused on biostratigraphic marker species. The provisional, incomplete, and systematically biased nature of the data makes them unsuitable for further meta-analytical studies. CN Zones  (Okada & Bukry, 1980)  NN Zones  (Martini, 1971)  Table  T7  (continued). Pliocene/Miocene boundary an age between the Zanclean and Messinian stages (5.
Nannofossil taxonomy mainly follows that of  Perch-Nielsen (1985)  and  Bown (1998) , which are included in the Nannotax3 online database (http://www. mikrotax. org/Nannotax3; last date of retrieval 9 November 2019), except for the taxa discussed below. Several species of the genus Gephyrocapsa, which are commonly used as Pleistocene biostratigraphic markers, often show a great range of variation in sizes and other morphological features, causing problems in identification (e. g. ,  Samtleben, 1980; Su, 1996; Bollmann, 1997). Size-defined morphological groups of this genus  (Young, 1998; Maiorano and Marino, 2004; Lourens et al. , 2005; Raffi et al. , 2006)  were used as bioevent markers during shipboard study, including small Gephyrocapsa spp. (<3. 5 μm), medium Gephyrocapsa spp. (≥4 μm), and large Gephyrocapsa spp.
Abundance and preservation classification Calcareous nannofossil samples were prepared using standard smear slide techniques. For sandy sediments, suspended aliquots of the raw sample were utilized for analysis. Slides were mounted with Norland optical adhesive Number 61 and cured under ultraviolet light for examination. Slides were analyzed by means of a Zeiss Axiophot microscope under cross-polarized and planepolarized or phase-contrast light using oil immersion at 1000× magnification. All photomicrographs were taken using a SPOT Flex system with the IODP Image Capture and commercial SPOT software. A Hitachi TM3000 tabletop SEM was used to confirm the presence of small forms and the preservation state of calcareous nannofossils. Total calcareous nannofossil abundance in the sediment (referred to as "group abundance" in DESClogik) was visually estimated at 500× magnification by referring to the particle abundance charts in Rothwell (1989) and reported using the following abundance categories (here applied to fossil tests): • D = dominant (>90% of tests present).
Archive-half measurements Measurements of remanence and stepwise AF demagnetization were conducted on archive halves with the SRM, driven with the IMS SRM software, version 10. 3 (Figure  F21C ). The SRM is a 2G Enterprises Model 760R-4K equipped with direct-current superconducting quantum interference devices (DC-SQUIDs) and an in-line automated three-axis AF demagnetizer capable of reaching a peak field of 80 mT. The spatial resolution, measured by the width at half height of the response of the pickup coils, is <10 cm for all three axes, although magnetization can be sensed over a core length of as much as 30 cm. The magnetic-moment noise level of the SRM is ~2 × 10 -10 Am 2. The practical noise level, however, is affected by the magnetization of the core liner and the background magnetization of the measurement tray, resulting in a lower limit of magnetization of ~2 × 10 -5 A/m, which can be reliably measured.
During Expedition 385, a measurement interval of 10 s was used. The Icefield orientation tool records an azimuth to magnetic north for each core. The sensors provide an azimuthal correction for the core barrel that, combined with the local magnetic declinations, enables the measured NRM declinations on archive halves to be transformed into true geographic coordinates. The data were processed using the in-house Inclin software. The ChRMs can also provide a reference frame to orient cores. Provided that the reference magnetic pole is known, the orientation of the paleomagnetic vector is then used to restore the azimuth of the +x core axis (e. g. ,  Fuller, 1969).
Each item aspirated into the ICP-AES was counted three times from the same dilute solution in a given sample run. Following each instrument run, the measured raw intensity values were transferred to a data file and automatically corrected for instrument drift and blank values using Agilent's ICP Expert software (version 7. 3. 0. 1. 9507). Standardization of major cations (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ ) was achieved by successive dilution of IAPSO standard seawater (1:1 to 1:100). Analytical reproducibility was based on repeated analyses of the 1:1 dilution standard over the 2 month expedition and had the following variability ranges: Ca 2+ < 1. 5%, Mg 2+ < 1. 6%, Na + < 1. 7%, and K + < 1. 5%. For minor and trace element concentration analyses (Li + , B, Si, Ba 2+ , Fe, Mn, and Sr 2+ ), the 1:10 dilution of the sample was not sufficient to prevent a matrix effect.
The ICP-AES plasma was ignited at least 20 min prior to each sample run to enable the instrument to stabilize sufficiently. All other premeasurement preparation on the ICP-AES instrument was routinely performed using the JRSO shipboard procedures to maintain consistency between different runs. The ICP-AES data presented in the Igneous petrology sections of corresponding site chapters (i. e. , Sites U1545, U1546, U1547/U1548, and U1550) were acquired using Agilent's ICP Expert software. Twenty measurements for each element define the intensity curve within the designated wavelength window. Integration of the area delineated by the baseline and the intensity curve is done by the Expert software. Each sample was analyzed three times from the same dilute solution in a given sample run. The wavelength yielding the best calibration line was identified and used to determine the concentrations for each element of unknown samples.
Upon implementing this step and subtracting the procedural blank, a calibration line for each element was calculated through applying the results of the certified rock standards. Element contents used for the calibrations represented values compiled from the literature. They were recalculated on a volatile-free basis for those samples having LOI values >2 wt%. Total Fe oxide concentrations are reported as Fe 2 O 3 (t). The compiled element contents of the international rock standards are those recommended by  Govindaraju (1994)  and the GeoReM database (http://georem. mpchmainz. gwdg. de;  Jochum et al. , 2005)  (Table  T11 ). Element abundances in the Expedition 385 igneous rock samples were then derived from the relevant calibration lines. Only those ICP-AES analyses of Expedition 385 igneous rock samples yielding a total sum of minimum 98 wt% and maximum 102 wt% (hydrous composition) were considered for data analysis and interpretation.
6 M NaCl solution. Then, 100 μL of detergent mix (100 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid [EDTA], 100 mM sodium pyrophosphate, and 1% [V/V] Tween 80 [polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate solution]) and 100 μL of pure methanol were added. 2. The slurry samples were sonicated at 20 W for 60 s. 3. A total of 20 μL of the slurry was passed through a 0. 22 μm polycarbonate membrane filter. Cells on the membrane filter were stained with SYBR Green I staining solution (1/40 [V/V] of SYBR Green I in TE [tris-EDTA] buffer) for epifluorescence microscopy. A total of 10 photomicrographs were taken for counting the number of SYBR Green I-stained cells with ImageJ software as described in  Morono et al. (2009). The cell detachment and separation procedure was completed as follows: 1. An aliquot of as much as 500 μL, 1/5 diluted formalin-fixed sediment slurry was put into a 15 mL tube.
4 mm (0. 25 inch) diameter probe 6. 4 mm (0. 25 inch) deep (to the red marker) below the split-core surface. The selected probe location must be placed where surfaces are smooth. The mechanical scale is in kilograms per square centimeter, and data uploaded to the LIMS database are in these units. Conversion from kg/cm 2 to kPa is as follows: 2τ f (kPa) = 98. 1 × 2τ f (kg/cm 2 ). ( 48 ) The maximum shear strength value measurable by the pocket penetrometer is 4. 5 kg/cm 2. A 2. 54 cm (1 inch) adapter foot was available for measuring very soft sediments, providing a 16× increase in piston area. An allen wrench was used to adjust the set screw that holds the foot to the piston. When used, the reading obtained with the added foot adapter must be multiplied by ¹ ⁄ 16 (0. 0625). Vane shear strength.
Discrete P-wave velocity Discrete P-wave velocity was measured on every core using Panametrics-NDT Microscan delay line transducers transmitting at 0. 5 MHz (Figure  F32 ). The signal received through the section half or discrete sample was recorded by the Velocity Gantry 2. 0. 5. 0 IODP software, where the peak of the first P-wave arrival is automatically or manually chosen. In case of a weak signal, manual picking of the first arrival was performed. The distance between transducers was measured with a built-in linear voltage displacement transformer (LVDT). Calibration was performed daily with a series of acrylic cylinders of differing thicknesses and a known P-wave velocity of 2750 ± 20 m/s. The system time delay determined from calibration was subtracted from the picked arrival time to give a traveltime of the P-wave through the sample.
Data cleaning procedure Data acquired using automatic systems such as the WRMSL, NGR, and SHMSL (e. g. , MSP) typically contained outliers that had to be removed. Most of these outliers are due to cracks or voids in core material that formed in response to volume expansion due to the change in confining pressure for recovered cores. Void formation was most dramatic when dissolved gases were exsolved due to this pressure change, which was common. Void gas volume and composition were measured at each site during this expedition and are documented in the organic geochemistry site reports. The measured value of a given physical property for any gas is typically orders of magnitude different from that property measured for any solid or fluid-saturated sediment. Cracks and voids formed through volume expansion are, by definition, not representative of in situ conditions, but aberrant measured physical property values can easily be recognized and removed by setting an expected value range for that property consistent with gas-free core material.
Downhole measurements A range of in situ physical properties and state measurements, collectively referred to as downhole measurements, were made using tools either attached to the BHA during drilling or lowered into the borehole on a conducting wireline after drilling. In situ downhole temperature measurements were acquired using the APCT-3 (Figure  F34 ) and SET2 tools (Figure  F35 ). These temperature measurements were conducted at all sites (see Temperature measurements; Table  T18 ). Downhole wireline logging data were collected at Sites U1545-U1547. Two Schlumberger logging tool strings were used during Expedition 385: the triple combo tool string and the FMS-sonic tool string (Figure  F36 ). Individual logging runs with each of these tool strings were done in succession after completion of coring operations.
Advanced piston corer temperature tool In situ temperature measurements were made with the APCT-3 tool (Figure  F34 ) when the APC system was deployed. The APCT-3 thermistor tool fits directly into the coring shoe of the APC coring system and can therefore be used to measure formation temperatures during regular piston coring. The tool consists of a battery pack, a data logger, and a platinum thermistor probe calibrated over a temperature range from -5° to 55°C with an accuracy of ±0. 02°C. Before entering the borehole, the tool is first held at the mudline for 5 min to thermally equilibrate and to estimate the bottom water temperature. However, the lowest temperature recorded during the run was occasionally used as an estimate of the bottom water temperature instead of the average temperature at the mudline because (  1 ) it was more repeatable and (  2 ) the bottom water is expected to have the lowest temperature in the profile.
, 2006). Generally, it is not possible to obtain a perfect match between the analytical curves and the data because (1) the probe does not reach thermal equilibrium during the penetration period; (2) contrary to ideal theory, the frictional pulse upon insertion is not instantaneous; and (3) temperature data are sampled at discrete intervals, so the exact time of penetration is uncertain. Therefore, both the effective penetration time and equilibrium temperature must be estimated by applying a fitting procedure, which involves shifting the synthetic curves in time to obtain a match with the recorded data. Heeseman et al. (2006)  suggests that the best fit is obtained from the final third of the data set. A single, laboratory-measured thermal conductivity was used for calculating heat flow and also input into the TP-Fit calculation for estimating in situ temperatures.
Logging data flow and log depth scales Data for each wireline logging run were monitored in real time and recorded using the Schlumberger MAXIS 500 system. The initial logging data were referenced to the rig floor (WRF scale). After logging was completed, the data were shifted to a seafloor reference (WSF scale) based on the step in gamma radiation at the water/seabed interface. The data were transferred to the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Borehole Research Group (LDEO-BRG; Columbia University, USA), where standardized data reduction took place. The main correction was depth matching to remove depth offsets between data from different logging runs, producing a new depth scale (WMSF). The second uplog became the wireline depth reference, and its WSF scale is the same as its WMSF scale. The logs are documented with an assessment of log quality, and the data were converted to ASCII.
Natural gamma radiation The Hostile Environment Natural Gamma Ray Sonde (HNGS) was used on both the triple combo and FMS-sonic tool strings to measure and classify NGR in the formation (Figure  F36 ). Each HNGS instrument has two bismuth germanate scintillation detectors that measure concentrations of K (in weight percent) as well as U and Th (both in parts per million) that are determined from the characteristic gamma ray energy spectra of isotopes in the 40 K, 232 Th, and 238 U radioactive decay series. An additional NGR sensor, housed in the EDTC, is run on both tool strings. Its sodium iodide scintillation detector measures the total NGR emission of the formation with no spectral information. The inclusion of an NGR sonde in every tool string improves core-log integration by enabling the use of NGR data for depth correlation between logging strings and logging-run passes.
Magnetic susceptibility The Magnetic Susceptibility Sonde (MSS) is a nonstandard wireline tool designed by LDEO (Figure  F36 ). It measures the ease with which formations are magnetized when subjected to a magnetic field. The ease of magnetization is ultimately related to the concentration and composition (size, shape, and mineralogy) of magnetic minerals (principally magnetite) in the formation. These measurements provide one of the best methods for investigating stratigraphic changes in mineralogy and lithology because the measurement is quick, repeatable, and nondestructive and because different lithologies often have strongly contrasting magnetic susceptibilities. The MSS dual-coil sensor provides ~40 cm resolution measurements with ~20 cm depth of horizontal investigation. The MSS was run as the lowermost tool in the triple combo tool string, and a data translation cartridge was used to enable the MSS to be run in combination with the Schlumberger tools.
Il est devenu impossible, comme on l'a fait longtemps, de considérer la technologie comme un simple élément du "contexte" : c'est un véritable acteur du processus de communication. Une telle transformation concerne les données -puisque se développent de nouveaux types de productions sémiotiques -mais aussi les conditions mêmes de la recherche, qui dépendent de plus en plus de logiciels et de bases de données. Pourtant, la plupart des analystes du discours semblent vivre dans un monde où le face-à-face conversationnel et l'imprimé sont encore la norme de la communication. Si l'on considère les manuels et les articles qui se réclament de l'analyse du discours, un rôle périphérique est donné aux corpus produits par les nouvelles technologies, sauf si on peut les étudier en utilisant les concepts usuels en analyse de conversations : chats, forums, courrier électronique.
Les informations qui suivent sont issues d'une base de données réalisée à partir des 73 premiers dossiers conservés, qui concernent 88 voleurs et voleuses et s'échelonnent sur un an, du mois d'octobre 1914 au mois de septembre 1915. Cela représente les deux tiers du fonds, les autres ont été lus mais non dépouillés quantitativement.