dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and comparison between existing viscosity models We used measured (Tab. 4) and DSC-derived (Tab. 3) viscosity data obtained from our twelve anhydrous and hydrous peridotite glasses to test the performance of existing viscosity models. We calculated the melt viscosity of our anhydrous and hydrous samples using the measured chemical composition (Tab. 1). The  Hui and Zhang (2007)    DSC measurements and literature data  (Dingwell et al. , 2004)  on anhydrous and hydrous peridotite melts and the respective prediction using viscosity models. Considered models: GRD  (Giordano et al. , 2008) , LDS  (Langhammer et al. , 2022)  and HZ  (Hui and Zhang, 2007). Error bars on measured data have been omitted for clarity. Modelling the viscosity of hydrous melts requires the knowledge of Tg as a function of water content.
Acknowledgements Danilo Di Genova  acknowledges the funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the  European Union 's  Horizon Europe research and innovation programme  ( NANOVOLC ,  ERC Consolidator  Grant -No. 101044772 ). Danilo Di Genova  acknowledges the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)  project  DI 2751/2-1. Alessio Zandonà  acknowledges the  DFG  for funding his research through the  Walter Benjamin Program , project no. 448961237 ,  ZA 1188/1-1  and  ZA 1188/2-1 ; he is also grateful to  Dr. Mathieu Allix  for granting access to the containerless melting facility available at  CNRS CEMHTI in Orléans (France). Joachim Deubener  acknowledges the funding of  DFG  under grant number  DE 598/33-1. Tomoo Katsura  acknowledges t the funding of  DFG  under grant number  KA/3434/12-1.
Characterization UV-visible absorption spectra were recorded with a single beam Hewlett-Packard 8453 spectrophotometer. Twenty-five µL of the irradiated solutions were diluted in 1 mL water in a 1cm optical path cuvette. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations were performed with a JEOL 100CXII TEM at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. Samples for TEM analysis were prepared by placing drops of AgNP suspensions on carbon coated copper grids for TEM observations. The size distribution was determined using the ImageJ software based on the observation of at least 100 nanoparticles. A Zetasizer (nano ZS series, Malvern Instruments Ltd. , Malvern, UK) was used to evaluate the hydrodynamic diameter (HD, nm) and zeta potential (ZP, mV) of colloidal AgNPs, which were obtained via dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), respectively.
Funding: This work was supported by a public grant overseen by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  as part of the " Investissements d'Avenir" program  ( Labex NanoSaclay , reference:  ANR-10-LABX-0035 ). This research received support from an  ANR   grant SoftGlue. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Methods After sintering, the shrinkage of the extruded rods in dependence on the temperature was determined. In addition, phase analysis of the rods before flame-spraying was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (PHI-LIPS diffractometer, copper anode, κ-Alpha1 [Å] = 1. 54060). The evaluation of the phases was done using the High-Score Plus 4. 8 software (Malvern Panalytical B. V. /NL). Free-standing band-shaped samples (approx. 10 × 100 × 1 mm 3 ) for characterisation were produced by guiding the spraying gun perpendicular to a graphite substrate (GM-154e, Graphite Materials, Oberasbach, Germany), which was encircled by steel sheets. After the spray process and cooling, the coatings came off without rupture due to the differences in the thermal expansion behaviour. The characterisation of structural aspects such as the macro-and microstructure and the roughness was performed with a digital light microscope (VHX-2000 D, Keyence International, Mechelen, Belgium), a confocal laser scanning microscope (VK-X, both Keyence Deutschland, Neu-Isenburg, Germany), and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (XL30 ESEM FEG D1511, Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) detector.
Acknowledgements We thank  Z. Y. Huang ,  M. Z. Li ,  P. F. Guan , and the other members of the " Beijing Metallic Glass Club " for the long-term fruitful discussions and  E. Bouchbinder ,  E. Lerner ,  D. Richard ,  S. Patinet ,  D. Vandembroucq  and  A. Zaccone  for useful comments on the manuscript. W. K. is a senior member of the  Institut universitaire de France. This work was supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (Grant Nos. 11804027 ,  11935002 , and  52031016 ), and the  National Key R&D Program  (No. 2021YFA1400500 ).
Characterization Techniques Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was performed using a TA Instruments Q800 analyzer operating with 0. 05% of strain amplitude and a frequency of 1 Hz. The samples were heated from -150 • C to 320 • C at a heating rate of 3 • C/min. Loss modulus peaks corresponding to the α relaxation were deconvoluted with the IgorPro 6. 38 software. The surface of deconvoluted peaks was calculated via the MultiPeak 1. 4 function of this software by fitting the peaks with Gaussian distribution functions. The molar mass between crosslinks M c was then calculated according to Equation (1)  [76] : M C = E φRT f ( 1 ) where E is the elastic modulus taken at T α + 50 • C, R is the ideal gas constant equal to 8. 314 J/mol•K, T = T α + 50 • C, f is the network functionality which for the studied samples was considered equal to 3, and φ is a factor linked to the network model.
Characterization Techniques Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was performed using a TA Instruments Q800 analyzer operating with 0. 05% of strain amplitude and a frequency of 1 Hz. The samples were heated from -150 °C to 320 °C at a heating rate of 3 °C/min. Loss modulus peaks corresponding to the α relaxation were deconvoluted with the IgorPro 6. 38 software. The surface of deconvoluted peaks was calculated via the MultiPeak 1. 4 function of this software by fitting the peaks with Gaussian distribution functions. The molar mass between crosslinks Mc was then calculated according to Equation (1)  [76] : 𝑀 = 𝐸′ ø𝑅𝑇𝑓 (1) where E' is the elastic modulus taken at Tα + 50 °C, R is the ideal gas constant equal to 8. 314 J/mol•K, T = Tα + 50 °C, f is the network functionality which for the studied samples was considered equal to 3, and ϕ is a factor linked to the network model.
It was of interest to compare the properties of CER/amino-POSS nanocomposites studied in this work with experimental data published elsewhere  [50, 53, 82] ; the corresponding comparative data are given in Table  5. Unfortunately, due to significant differences in the composition of the samples under investigation (CER matrix, component content), synthesis methods, as well as experimental conditions of analysis, it was impossible to directly compare the properties of the nanocomposites from the different references. However, some general conclusions could be drawn below. First, it was clear that the CER/amino-POSS nanocomposites studied in this work were synthesized and studied for the first time. Second, the concentration of the nanofillers in the nanocomposites studied was 10-200 times lower than in previous reports  [50, 53, 82] , where the concentration of amino-POSS varied from 1 to 20 wt.
With a preload of 10 kg and a constant load of 60 kg, the standard Rockwell device was used to test the hardness of the samples. The phases were identified in the current investigation using the High Score Plus software (v3, PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands) based on the ICDD PDF2 database, and the crystallite size was calculated from acquired diffraction data using the FullProf program  [27]  employing the Rietveld powder structure refinement analysis of X-ray powder diffraction step scan data  [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]  to produce the refined structural and microstructural parameters. The pseudo-Voigt analytical function was the profile chosen for the refining. The most generally used criteria for assessing the strength of the Rietveld refinement fit are the reliability factors R wp (weighted residual error), R exp (expected error), R B (Bragg factor), and χ 2 (goodness factor).
PXRD measurements were carried out on samples placed on a quartz holder using a Rigaku Ultimate-IV X-ray diffractometer operated at 40 kV/30 mA with Cu Kα line (λ = 1. 5418 Å). Patterns were collected in reflectance Bragg-Brentano geometry in the 2θ range from 3 to 50°. SEM imaging was performed on a HITACHI SU8000 FE-SEM with a field emission at 5 kV. Nitrogen sorption was measured at 77 K on BelSorp-max instrument. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas were calculated by fitting the isotherm data in the P/P 0 range of 0-0. 1. Carbon dioxide sorption was measured at 303 and 323 K. Prior to adsorption measurements, the Mg-MOF-74 samples were pretreated (activated) under vacuum for 24 h at 523 K. ICP-OES analysis was conducted on an ICP Optima 7000 DV instrument. ~5 mg of MOF were sonicated and fully digested in 0.
Computational methods generated by Multiwfn package  64. The trigonal unit cell of MOF-74 is taken from previous work  22. The atomic positions and cell size are optimized by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in which we use Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange correlation functional  65  in combination with molecularly optimized (MOLOPT) Double-Zeta-Valence plus Polarization (DZVP)  66  and Goedecker-Teter-Hutter (GTH) pseudo potentials  67  basis set. The plane-wave energy cutoff is 400 Ry. The integration over the irreducible Brillouin zone is computed over a 2 × 2 × 8 Monkhorst-Pack mesh of k-points. Then, the duplicated unit cell in the (001) direction is used as the intact MOF-74, which is expressed as Mg 36 (dobdc) 18. The defective MOF-74, Mg 36 (dobdc) 17 (HCO 2 ) 4 , is built by replacing one dobdc 4-linker in the intact MOF-74 by four formate groups, in which the defect concentration x is 0.
The carbon and oxygen atoms of formate are considered as C a and O a in ref. 71, respectively, and the model 3 cross interaction is used. The intermolecular interactions are truncated at 1. 2 nm, and the Particle-Particle Particle-Mesh K-space (PPPM) technique  72  with k-space accuracy of 1. 0 × 10 -4 is used to compute the long-range Coulombic interaction. NVT-MD/GCMC simulations. All the simulations were conducted in LAMMPS package  73. The adsorption of CO 2 on the MOF is evaluated through the combination between MD simulations under the constant volume and pressure ensemble (NVT-MD) and the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The NVT-MD/GCMC is a hybrid modeling approach that uses MD to advance atomic trajectories and GCMC to implement atomic insertions and deletions. The time step of MD simulations is 2 fs.
Acknowledgements This work is financially supported by  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 21922410 ,  22072133 ,  22275159 , X. K. );  Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation  ( LR19B050001 , X. K. );  Leading Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team of Zhejiang Province  ( 2020R01003 , X. K. );  CEA ECC program  ( Programme Economie Circulaire du Carbone-Projet HyperCool NMR , G. D. P. ), the  French National Research Agency  ( CBH-EUR-GS  and  ARCANE ANR-17-EURE-0003 , G. D. P. ), the " Investissements d'avenir" program  ( ANR-15-IDEX-02 ,  CDP-DefiCO2 , G. D. P. ) and the  European Research Council  Grant  ERC-CoG-2015  (No. 682895 , G. D. P. ). US Department of Energy (DoE) ,  Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences  under award number ( DE-SC0019992 , J. R.
Acknowledgements Dedicated to the 70th birthday of  M. Prato. The authors greatly acknowledge the financial support from the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (No. 82100974 ),  Shandong Province Key Research and Development Program  (No. 2021ZDSYS18 ),  Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation  (No. ZR2021QH241 ),  Young Elite Scientist Support Program  by CSA (No. 2021PYRC001 ) and  Qilu Young Scholars Program of Shandong University. This work was partly supported by the  Interdisciplinary Thematic Institute SysChem  via the  IdEx Unistra  ( ANR-10-IDEX-0002 ) within the programme ' Investissement d'Avenir'. A. B. acknowledges the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  and the  International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry.
C. Adhesion and proliferation of hBMMSCs on VOx thin films We assessed the initial adhesion of cells onto substrates at 2 and 4 h [see Fig. 6(a) ] and captured several microphotographs. Cell counting was performed and indicated that there were only slight differences in cell adhesion between vanadium oxide films and bare glass or plastic substrates. However, the adhesion of hBMMSCs to vanadium appeared to be somewhat lower, although the difference was not significant. In addition, we captured microscopy images after 10 days to monitor cell proliferation and growth (given in the supplementary data video 10 days). The obtained images revealed that cells cultured on plastic and glass substrates had reached confluence, while those cultured on VOx did not completely cover the surface, likely due to the lower initial adhesion observed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  F. Ferreira ,  X. Larose , and  J. Lecourt  for their technical support. M. K. , A. Y. , M. H. , and E. L. received their Ph. D. scholarship from the  UNICAEN and Normandie University. Partial support from LAFICS was also acknowledged. This work was done under the  Program Emergence "InCox"  and " CiBox " supported by the  Region Normandie.
Synthesis of [Ag(o-SPhCO 2 Me)] n A solution of AgNO 3 (100 mg, 0. 59 mmol) in H 2 O (5 mL) was added to o-HSPhCO 2 Me (100 mg, 81. 5 mL, 0. 59 mmol) dissolved in DMF (5 mL). The reaction was allowed to proceed for 24 h at 120 C in a 20 ml sealed glass vial. A yellow precipitate was obtained and washed 3 times with 20 mL of DMF, and 3 times with 20 mL of acetone. Yield: 97 % (158. equipped with a Ge(111) monochromator producing Cu Ka 1 radiation (l = 1. 540598 A ˚) and a LynxEye detector. For compounds 2 and 3, HRXRPD data were collected on the CRISTAL beamline at SOLEIL Synchrotron (Gif-sur-Yvette, France). A monochromatic beam was extracted from the U20 undulator beam by means of a Si(111) double monochromator. Wavelengths of 0. 72844 and 0. 67122 A ˚were refined from a LaB6 (NIST Standard Reference Material 660a) powder diagram recorded prior to the experiment for 2 and 3, respectively.
Diffraction data were collected in continuous scanning mode with a MYTHEN2 X 9K detector (Dectris) allowing measurement in less than 5 minutes. The three samples were loaded in 0. 5 (1) and 0. 7 mm (2 and 3) capillaries (Borokapillaren, GLAS, Scho ¨nwalde, Germany) mounted on a spinner rotating to improve the particles' statistics. Calculations of structural investigations (indexing, charge flipping, simulated annealing, difference Fourier calculations, Rietveld refinement) were performed with the TOPAS V5. 0 software and EXPO (direct methods) program (A. Altomare et al. , J. Appl. Cryst. , 2013, 46, 1231). For 1 and 2, the LSI-indexing method converged unambiguously to a monoclinic unit cell with satisfactory figures of Merit (see Table  S1  in supplemental information). Systematic extinctions were consistent with the P2 1 /c space group.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge SOLEIL synchrotron ( Gif-sur-Yvette, France ) for provision of radiation facilities (BAG for X-ray diffraction 20201440) and  Erik Elkaı  ¨m for assistance in using CRISTAL beamline. The authors acknowledge the  CTm  for providing the SEM. This work was supported by the  CNRS and its Mission for Transversal and Interdisciplinary Initiatives  and by the  LABEX iMUST of the University of Lyon  ( ANR-10-LABX-0064 ), created within the « Plan France 2030 » set up by the  French government  and managed by the  French National Research Agency (ANR). AA acknowledges the  Fondation de la Maison de la Chimie  for his postdoctoral position, and SH, the  CNRS  for her PhD grant. The  European Commission  is acknowledged by  AD for her Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship  ( 101031503 -AniMOC -H2020-MSCA-IF-2020 ).
Magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed down to 3 K on the (Mo 2 B)(PF 6 ) 2 crystals. The salt exhibits a weak paramagnetic response well fitted with a Curie Weiss behavior in the whole temperature range, corresponding to 4. 3 % S = 1 = 2 radical species (Figure  S11 ). These data indicate unambiguously that the dicationic complex is essentially in a singlet state at RT and below. The EPR spectrum of crystals of (Mo 2 B)(PF 6 ) 2 solubilized in CH 3 CN displays a signal at g = 2. 0123 consistent with the presence of an organic radical (Figure  S12 ). The absence of any half-field signal around 1600-1700 Gauss in the frozen glass spectrum (66 K) confirms that Mo 2 B 2 + has a singlet ground state rather than a triplet one, in agreement with the theoretical calculations. These observations are reminiscent of those reported on organic diradicals such as benzo-1,2 : 4,5-bis(1,3,2-dithiazolyl)  [24]  or dibenzofluoreno [3,2b]fluorene.
H atoms (except those on H 2 O molecules and HSO 4 À anion) were finally included in their calculated positions and treated as riding on their parent atom with constrained thermal parameter. Details of the final refinements are summarized in Table  S3. contain(s) the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data are provided free of charge by the joint Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre and Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe Access Structures service. Computational details: DFT calculations were performed using ORCA 5. 0 program package  [31]  at the B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP level. Geometry optimizations were followed by frequency calculations to ensure the validity of the minima. UV-Visible absorption spectra were obtained with TD-DFT calculations, computing the first 35 electronic transitions.
Acknowledgements Financial support was obtained from  ANR (Paris France)  under contracts  n°19-CE08-0029-02  and  n°20-CE09-0002-01 , and a PhD grant (to  K. Youssef ) from  Région Bretagne. This work was granted access to the  HPC resources of TGCC/CEA/CINES/IDRIS  under the allocations  2022-AD010805032R1 ,  A0100800649  and  AD010800649R1  awarded by  GENCI. We thank  Olivier Jeannin  (Rennes) for his help in the X-ray analyses and  Thierry Guizouarn  ( Rennes ) for the magnetic susceptibility (SQUID) measurements.
4b ; Supplementary Table  2 ). We then assessed the localization of other cell division proteins of H. volcanii in the cdpB2 knockout strain HTQ272 as we did for HTQ275, the cdpB1 knockout. Similar to the CdpB1 depletion strain, the cells became filamentous due to the presence of the expression plasmids, with several Includes data from three independent replicates per strain and GFP construct, with > 1000 cells being analysed in total d Microscopy of the wild type (H26) and the cdpB2 deletion strain (HTQ272) during different growth stages (optical density [OD600]: 0. 01 lag-phase, 0. 05-0. 5 exponential phase, 3. 6 stationary phase). e Fluorescence microscopy of the cdpB2 deletion strain HTQ272 expressing GFP tagged, ftsZ1, ftsZ2 and sepF. f Analysis of the signal area of each GFP construct in H26 and HTQ272.
4e, f ). The B1:B2 heterodimer is built through pseudo-twofold symmetry that relates the two PRC domains to each other. CdpB1 and B2 are very similar in structure, including their (small) loop regions (Fig. 4g ). They adopt nearidentical all-β-folds, similar to Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum MTH1859 (PDB ID 1PM3)  (15). Briefly, their mainly anti-parallel six-stranded β-sheet is heavily bent to form a Ustructure, with the two halves of the sheet connected through strand β3 and sandwiched onto each other (Fig. 4f ). The head-to-head dimerization interface is comprised mainly by strands β3 and β4 symmetrically crossing over between the two subunits. A tiny strand, β1, followed by a short one-turn α-helix, α1, extends the β-sheet of the partner subunit by packing antiparallel against the C-terminus of β3, reinforcing the dimerization interface (Fig.
PRC-barrel containing proteins are widespread in Archaea To obtain a comprehensive overview of the distribution of the PRC barrel domain containing proteins in archaea we screened a locally-maintained database of 3,175 archaeal genome sequences for their presence using the pfam domain PF05239 that includes the CdpBs. Protein sequences containing a PRC domain are widespread in archaea, being present in all Euryarchaeota and DPANN, as well as in the Asgard and TACK groups (Figure  5 , Source Data). Remarkably, the distribution of PRC domain containing proteins in archaea matches that of FtsZ and SepF, strengthening a functional link between these proteins (Figure  5 ). While the number of PRC domaincontaining proteins ranged from one to 23 copies at the taxon level, most phyla display two copies in average, except for Methanobacteria which have an average of five copies (Figure  5 , Source Data).
Crystal structure determination Diffraction data were collected at Diamond Light Source (Harwell, UK) on beamline I24 at 100 K and processed with AutoPROC  (38). Anisotropic diffraction limits were applied using the online server STARANISO  (39). The structure of the CdpB1:CdpB2 was solved by molecular replacement with Phaser (40), using an AlphaFold2 prediction of CdpB1 monomer as the template  (41, 42). Interactive model building was performed with Coot (43), refinement with REFMAC5 (44) and phenix. refine  (45)  and validation with Molprobity  (46). Crystallographic data and model statistics are summarised in Supplementary Table  3. Figures of atomic models were prepared with PyMOL  (47).
Size Exclusion Chromatography coupled with Multi Angle Light Scattering (SEC-MALS) Individual proteins as well as protein complexes were resolved on a Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 (Cytiva) with a flow rate of 0. 5 mL/min in high salt buffer (1 M KCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 100 mM HEPES, pH 7. 4) coupled with miniDAWN light scattering device (Wyatt) at room temperature. The peak areas were defined based on the changes in refractive index, which was used to determine the molecular weights. The analysis was done using ASTRA software (Wyatt). Individual proteins SepF, CdpB1 and CdpB2 were run at 0. 9, 0. 7, 0. 5 mg/mL, respectively. When two proteins were premixed, the concentration of each was 0. 25 mg/mL while all three proteins were pre-mixed with a concentration of 17 mg/mL per protein.
Homology searches and sequences analysis For PRC domain containing proteins homology searches, we assembled a local databank of 3,175 archaeal genomes representatives of all major phyla available in public databases as of January 2022. We carried out an HMM-based homology search using the pfam domain PF05239, the HMMER3. 3. 2 package  (48)  and an e-value threshold of 1. Several rounds of curation were then performed to discard false positives, using additional information such as domains organization, alignments, and phylogeny. Taxonomic distribution was then mapped onto an archaeal reference phylogeny using IToL  (49). The schematic reference tree of Archaea and the distribution of FtsZ1, FtsZ2, and SepF are based on  (7).
Acknowledgements PN and SVA were supported by a  Momentum grant  by the  VW foundation  (grant number  94933 ). DKC and DB were supported by the  Volkswagen Stiftung "Life?" programme  (to JL, grant number  Az 96727 ) and by the  Medical Research Council , as part of  United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) , MRC file reference number:  U105184326  (to JL). NT and SG wish to acknowledge support by the  French Government 's  Investissement d'Avenir program ,  Laboratoire d'Excellence " Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases"  (grant  n°ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID ), and the computational and storage services (Maestro cluster) provided by the  IT department at Institut Pasteur, Paris. MK and ML were supported by the  Austrian Science Fund (FWF)  Stand-Alone  P34607. We thank  Dr.