dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Study Population Infant and neonatal mortality rates were computed as the ratio of total number of cases to total number of births summed over the two time periods, 2002-2005 and 2006-2009, for each census block in the three MAs and for the city of Paris. Infant death data were collected from death certificates recorded in the City Halls of each metropolitan area. All cases were geocoded to the census block of the birth address. We obtained permission from the French National Commission for Digitalized Information and Liberty (CNIL; 911149) to geocode and analyze the health data. Birth addresses were matched to the corresponding census blocks using map databases (Correspondence Address-Urban Areas, 2004)-software issued by INSEE. The annual number of births by census block is available from the INSEE institute.
Census blocks without any births (for example, those containing only industrial buildings, or a park) were excluded from the analysis. We also excluded 24 census blocks (4. 5%) in Lille, 12 census blocks in Lyon (2. 3%) and 50 census blocks in Marseille (7. 9%) for which no NO 2 measures were available, which represent 2. 7%, 2. 8% and 4. 3% of deaths excluded respectively. None of the census blocks in the city of Paris were excluded. The final dataset included 472, 492, 565 and 935 census blocks for Lille, Lyon, Marseille MAs and the city of Paris, respectively. The same number of census blocks was analyzed for both time periods.
Deprivation Index The potential social spatial risk factor of interest is a contextual deprivation index to characterize socioeconomic neighborhood level. We constructed a composite neighborhood deprivation index at census block level that measures area level deprivation. Socioeconomic and demographic data estimated from the 1999 (for the first period 2002-2005) and 2006 (for the second period 2006-2009) national censuses were selected to construct the deprivation index for each period and each metropolitan area separately. The domains covered by the index are: family, immigration status and mobility, employment and income, and education and housing. Successive principal-component analyses were used to synthesize this information. The inertia of the first component was maximized by deleting all variables only weakly correlated with this first component and variables with a below-average contribution (more details available in the article by Lalloué et al.
The model is semi-parametric because it includes components that are both non-parametric (the smooth function for location) and parametric (the covariates). Without the smooth function, S (X, Y), the model becomes an ordinary Poisson regression on the covariates. Omitting the covariates produces a crude (unadjusted) map. We used the GAM package within the R statistical software (which is an implementation of the GAM framework of Hastie and Tibshirani  [50] ) to perform the generalized additive modeling, and ArcView 9. 3 software (ESRI, Inc. , Redlands, CA, USA) to map the results of our analyses. For our analyses, we implemented a LOESS smooth which adapts to changes in data density previously used in case-control studies  [44, [51] [52] [53]  as well as in a single ecological study  [19].
Acknowledgments: We thank all scientific researchers working on the Equit' Area  project, the personnel of the local air quality association and the  City Halls of the Lille, Lyon , and  Marseille Metropolitan Areas  and the city of Paris, as well as the  CepiDC Institute. This work was supported by the  French National Research Agency (ANR , contract- 2010-PRSP-002-01 ), the  French General Directorate of Health (DGS) , the  Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME). Verónica Vieira  was supported by a grant from the  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS ;  2P42 ES007381-16A1 ) and the  National Institutes of Health (NIH).
A search for pair production of first and second generation leptoquarks is performed in final states containing either two charged leptons and two jets, or one charged lepton, one neutrino and two jets, using proton-proton collision data at √ s = 8 TeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19. 7 fb -1 , were recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC. First-generation scalar leptoquarks with masses less than 1010 (850) GeV are excluded for β = 1. 0 (0. 5), where β is the branching fraction of a leptoquark decaying to a charged lepton and a quark. Similarly, secondgeneration scalar leptoquarks with masses less than 1080 (760) GeV are excluded for β = 1. 0 (0. 5). Mass limits are also set for vector leptoquark production scenarios with anomalous vector couplings, and for R-parity violating supersymmetric scenarios of top squark pair production resulting in similar final-state signatures.
3. The vector LQ signal samples were generated with the CALCHEP version 3. 4 event generator  [46]  and CTEQ6L PDF set using the model with vector LQ implemented in Ref. [22]. Vector LQ masses between 200 and 1800 GeV were generated in 100 GeV steps, for the four scenarios of the anomalous couplings λ G and κ G described in Section 1. Samples of RPV SUSY events were produced with eejj and µµjj final state signatures. These samples were produced for top squark masses from 300 to 1000 GeV in 50 GeV steps using PYTHIA 8. 175  [47]  and their decays were simulated withd MADGRAPH 5. 1. 1  [48]. Top squark production cross sections were calculated at the NLO + next-to-leading-logarithm (NLL) level using PROSPINO  [49]  and the NLL-FAST program  [50, 51] , using the CTEQ6M PDF set. The main sources of background for these searches are tt, single top quark, Z/γ * +jets, W+jets, diboson (ZZ/WZ/WW)+jets, and multijet production.
Backgrounds in the jj channels from multijet production and tt events are estimated from data control regions, while single top quark, Z/γ * +jets, W+jets, and diboson (ZZ/WZ/WW)+jets backgrounds are estimated using simulated events. In the νjj channel, the tt background is also estimated using simulated events. The simulated samples of tt, Z/γ * +jets, and W+jets are generated with MADGRAPH; single top quark samples (s-, t-, and tW-channels) are generated with POWHEG version 1. 0  [52] [53] [54] [55] ; and samples of VV, where V represents either a W or Z boson, are generated with PYTHIA. The simulations with MADGRAPH and PYTHIA use the CTEQ6L1 PDF set. The simulations with POWHEG use the CTEQ6M PDF set. The W+jets and Z/γ * +jets samples are normalized to next-to-NLO (NNLO) inclusive cross sections calculated with FEWZ version 3.
This sample can then be used to estimate the contribution from the tt process in the jj channels for both the initial and final selections in all kinematic distributions. The multijet background in the eejj channel is determined from a data control region containing exactly two electron candidates that pass loosened identification criteria on the cluster shape and no isolation requirements, and at least two jets. Each electron candidate in this sample is weighted by the probability that an electron candidate passing such loosened requirements additionally passes all final electron requirements. This probability is measured as a function of p T in three η regions (|η| < 1. 442, 1. 56 < |η| < 2. 00, and 2. 00 < |η| < 2. 50), using a data sample dominated by multijet events, collected with a single-photon trigger and containing one and only one electron candidate and two or more jets.
The uncertainty of the scale factors for the normalization of the Z/γ * +jets background is determined to be 1% in both jj channels. A similar uncertainty for the normalization of the W+jets background is determined to be 2%(1%) in the eνjj (µνjj) channel. The scale factor for the normalization of the tt background is determined to have an uncertainty of 2% in the eνjj and µνjj channels. The scale factor for the normalization of the eµjj sample used for the tt background estimate in the eejj channel is determined to have an 8% uncertainty. The estimate of the multijet background from data in the eejj (eνjj) channel has an uncertainty of 60% (30%). This uncertainty is assessed by probing the precision of the method used to measure this type of background on an independent data control sample.
Correlation used to calculate the global heat transfer coefficient has been expressed by Goel and Goswami  [3]. In this study, thermodynamic properties are calculated with the software REFPROP which allows the calculation of several fluids and mixtures properties and more particularly ammonia-water mixture properties  [12]. Transport properties are predicted using Conde Engineering correlations  [13]. Based on these equations a simulation tool has been developed with the Scilab software. As a result, the numerical model provides thermodynamic properties (T, P, , H, x, y) and transport properties along the absorber plate. It is thus possible to analyse heat and mass flows through the liquid vapour interface, to facilitate the study of the absorption process and to analyse the absorber 7ehavior to predict and enhance its performances.
The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is a key pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains of North America, and damage resulting from this species has recently expanded southward. Current pest management practices are inadequate and uncertainty regarding geographic origin, as well as limited data on population structure and dynamics across North America impede progress towards more informed management. We examined the genetic divergence between samples collected in North America and northeastern Asia, the assumed native range of C. cinctus using two mitochondrial regions (COI and 16S). Subsequently, we characterized the structure of genetic diversity in the main wheat producing areas in North America using a combination of mtDNA marker and microsatellites in samples collected both in wheat fields and in grasses in wildlands.
The authors also found that these genetically discrete entities exhibited different durations of post-diapause development. However, there is no genetic data available to date regarding either the recent southern outbreaks on wheat nor for North American populations of C. cinctus on wildland grasses, and understanding gene flow among those populations would provide valuable information. In the second part of the study, we characterize the structure of genetic diversity in the populations of the wheat stem sawfly in the main wheat producing areas of western North America using a combination of mtDNA marker and five microsatellites on samples collected both from wheat and from grasses in wildlands. Finally, the significance of these findings is discussed in the context of pest management.
codoncode. com) and multiple alignments were performed using CLUS-TAL W  [25]  as implemented in CodonCode. The constructed 16S and COI sequence datasets were merged with the homologous regions obtained from the complete mitochondrion sequencing of four Cephidae species that were obtained from NCBI (Calameuta idolon Genbank accession number: KT260168; Calameuta filiformis KT260167; Cephus pygmaeus KM377623 and Cephus sareptanus KM377624). To estimate divergence between each taxon, we used Mega version 7. 0  [26]  to calculate the average and pairwise genetic p-distances within and among species on single gene data sets. Bayesian analysis was conducted using MrBayes 3. 1. 2 [27]. First, jModelTest2  [28]  was used to test for the best-fit model of sequence evolution for each gene. The best-fit model was selected using the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc)  [28].
Two simultaneous runs of 3 million generations were performed and convergence was maximized by ensuring that the average standard deviation of split frequencies fell below 0. 01 and potential scale reduction factors approached 1. 0. The first 25% of each run was discarded as burn-in phase for the estimation of the consensus topology and the computation of the posterior probability for each node. The Poisson tree processes (PTP) model for species delimitation  [29]  was used to identify the most likely species number in Bayesian phylogeny of the combined dataset. This model estimates the speciation rate directly from the number of substitutions and does not require ultrametric trees as inputs. This method hence assumes that each substitution has a small probability of generating a speciation event.
Phylogeography of North American Wheat Stem Sawflies Molecular analyses of mitochondrial DNA. The COI mitochondrial region was partially amplified (762 bp) with C1-J-2183 and TL2-N-3014 pair of primers as described by Simon et al  [30]  from 1 to 21 individuals per population. Among the 349 specimens, 270 were collected on wheat and 79 on wildland grasses. Additional details on samples and PCR reactions are provided in S2 Table and S1 Appendix respectively. All sequences were obtained in both forward and reverse senses, assembled into consensus contigs using CodonCode Aligner and then aligned using CLUSTAL W. Intraspecific phylogenetic relationships were analyzed in two different ways. First, we reconstructed by Bayesian analysis using MrBayes 3. 1. 2. The methodology was the same as previously described.
The program was run for two to ten differentiated groups (K = 2 to K = 10) using 10,000 permutations from 100 random initial conditions. Each group defined by SAMOVA was analyzed separately for its gene diversity (H d ) and nucleotide diversity (π). Allelic richness r was computed using the rarefaction method proposed by Petit et al  [36]  with Contrib (http://www. pierroton. inra. fr/genetics/labo/ Software/Contrib). Finally, a hierarchic analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was applied between collections from wildland grasses and wheat fields to test for host plant effect on the genetic structure of populations. This analysis was conducted with the software Arlequin 3. 5. Molecular analyses of microsatellite markers. Five microsatellite markers, described by Hartel et al  [37]  were used to genotype 539 individuals from 36 sampling sites (S2 Table ).
Additional details for genotyping protocols can be found in S1 Appendix. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci were tested with Genepop 4. 2. 1  [38]. Allelic richness (AR) with the rarefaction method, observed and expected heterozygosity (Ho and He) and inbreeding coefficients (F is ) were estimated using FSTAT 2. 9. 3. 2  [39]. To explore the population structure within the whole dataset, we used the Bayesian clustering approach implemented in Structure 2. 3. 4  [40]. An admixture model with correlated allele frequencies was used and simulations were run with sampling location as prior because in situations of low levels of genetic divergence or a limited number of loci, this model allows a more accurate detection of genetic structure  [41].
2. 32 software  [48]  and the resulting distance matrix was used to build the NJ tree. The robustness of the nodes was evaluated by carrying out 1000 bootstrap replicates over loci. The NJ tree was visualized with Figtree v 1. 4. 2 [49]. The level of genetic differentiation among populations was quantified by the estimation of the pairwise F ST. Estimation of F ST values and their statistical significance was conducted using Arlequin 3. 5. Isolation by distance (IBD) was examined within the whole dataset and separately for the groups detected with Structure. IBD was investigated by testing the correlation between pairwise F ST and geographical distances using the Mantel test as implemented in Genepop.
Insights on the Origin of the Wheat Stem Sawfly The two loci (16S and COI) were successfully amplified from all specimens. All haplotypes discovered in this study were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers reported in S1 Table. We aligned the resulting sequences with sequences obtained from complete sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of four species published by Korkmaz et al  [50, 51]. Consequently, the COI sequences were aligned with a 264 bp portion and the 16S sequences were aligned with a 442 bp portion. The most appropriate model of COI sequence evolution was HKY+G while it corresponded to the GTR+I model for the 16S dataset. The Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on the combination of the two mtDNA markers was well supported as major nodes were supported by posterior probabilities ! 0.
76 (Fig  1 ). The PTP model identified a total of seven putative species (Fig 1 ) within the dataset with most results being congruent with morphological identification. Surprisingly enough, C. fumipennis and C. hyalinatus clustered together as a single molecular species. Other results were congruent with morphological identification. The divergence was very low between the Asian species (i. e. C. fumipennis and Cephus hyalinatus) in the COI dataset and null in the 16S dataset (Table  1 ). There were two lineages of C. cinctus that were also identified as two different species by the PTP model. The pairwise divergences observed between the Lineage 1 and 2 (2. 5% (±1. 6) and 2. 3% (±0. 7) for COI and 16S respectively) were lower than the pairwise divergences observed at the congeneric level (Table  1 ).
Phylogeography of North American Wheat Stem Sawflies Mitochondrial DNA. A fragment of the COI mtDNA gene from 349 individuals was amplified and sequenced. The final alignment comprised 762 bp and allowed the detection of 63 haplotypes. All sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: KX880513-KX880575). The Bayesian phylogenetic tree was well supported as major nodes were supported by posterior probabilities ! 0. 75 (Fig  2 ). The topology displayed the presence of two divergent lineages and confirmed the relatively high divergence observed between the two C. cinctus lineages in the phylogenetic analysis. Lineage 1 was composed of two specimens collected in western Montana and Lineage 2 corresponded to all other sequences. Lineage 1 was not used in the subsequent analysis due to very low occurrence and putative status as a distinct species as detected in the PTP analysis.
Lineage 2 can be split into three major haplogroups. The distribution of these haplogroups strongly suggests a geographic pattern which was confirmed by SAMOVA. Microsatellite results further supported the definition of the three clusters. The ΔK method suggested that the uppermost level of population structure was K = 2, however the ΔK method may underestimate the number of population clusters  [45]. Therefore when increasing the number of clusters to K = 3, the resulting clustering corresponds largely to those observed with the mtDNA analysis. Moreover, the NJ tree provided similar qualitative outcomes and the PCoA was largely congruent with the definition of three clusters. Consequently, both mitochondrial and microsatellite data identified three genetic clusters in our sampling set (Figs  2 3 4 ).
The sampling scheme also includes more samples from western Montana and Idaho. This allows better identification of the extent and the distribution of the different genetic clusters. Contrary to Lou et al  [21]  who observed only two clusters in Montana, the mtDNA dataset suggests that three genetic clusters are present in Montana. This finding might be associated with biological properties of each cluster. The clear split into two different genetic clusters between eastern and western Montana can be linked to previous observations in adult emergence timing among sawflies from these two regions  [21, 65]. Furthermore, a recent study including collection locations used here (i. e. Gallatin County for western Montana and Valley County plus Daniels County for eastern Montana) showed the same divergent pattern of the wheat stem sawfly development between western and eastern Montana  [66].
The present study shows that there are three different genetic clusters distributed across the North American wheat production area. These distinct evolutionary units, with potentially different biological characteristics  [21, 65, 66] , may respond differently to control measures and therefore should be considered as different entities from a biological standpoint and different management units for any type of control. Another interesting point highlighted by the results is the discrepancy between the assumed low mobility of the wheat stem sawfly  [10]  and the observed pattern. A weak but significant effect of isolation by distance was found within the whole dataset. However, Mantel tests for IBD within each cluster were non-significant. This indicates that gene flow is relatively spatially unrestricted within the identified clusters and that the IBD signal detected in the whole dataset is likely created by greater population subdivisions and is not an artifact generated by IBD.
Acknowledgments We thank  Frederique Cerqueira  and  Erick Desmarais  ( Labex "Centre Mediterraneen de l'Environnement et de la Biodiversite," Montpellier University, France ) for their assistance in genotyping and  Melanie Jeanneau  ( USDA-ARS-EBCL ) for her help in sequencing. We also thank  Dr. Aiping Liu  ( Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Inner Mongolia-China ) for helping us to collect sawflies in China. We are also indebted to  Thomas Shanower  ( Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-USA ) and to many collaborators for their technical assistance. Mention of any trade names or commercial products in this publication is done solely for the purpose of providing specific information, and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the  USDA ; the  USDA  is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
It was first tempting to speculate that the tCD207 DCs, which were initially discovered in an inflammatory viral environment  (12) , might share some properties with the human infDCs. Indeed, infDCs found in human inflammatory fluids, also have a relatively high level of CD207 gene expression compared to inflammatory macrophages (NCBI, Gene Expression Omnibus, Query DataSets for GSE40484). Although tCD207 DCs and infDCs have several conventional markers of the myeloid DC lineage (CD11c, CD1c, and FcERI) in common, we however exclude the possibility that tCD207 DCs could be related to infDCs since tCD207 DCs do not express CD1a, CD14, and CD206 which are consistent hallmarks of infDCS  (18). Second, the CD207 marker was long believed to be exclusively expressed by LCs, which represent a distinct lineage from pDCs and cDCs  (7) , and represent major APCs within the epidermis and stratified epithelium of bronchi and mucosae  (14, 15, (20) (21) (22) (23).
kobv. de/opus4-bib-info/solrsearch/browse) shows 72 documents with the keyword "open access" in connection with the national conventions of the German library associations for the years 2001 to 2015. In none of them qualification for OA was a main topic. By browsing in the documents of the "OPUS-Publikationsserver" (the repository run with the software OPUS) a category "Ausbildung, Fortbildung, Beruf, Berufsethik" (education, CPE, profession, professional ethics) is offered referencing to 148 documents. None of them includes the keyword "open access" or "open". Keywords are provided by the authors themselves. ¹³See http://www. helmholtz. de/en/ and http://www. leibniz-gemeinschaft. de/en/home/ for further information. ¹⁴See http://www. helmholtz. de/en/ and http://www. leibniz-gemeinschaft.
Acknowledgement The study received financial support from the  Department of International Relations of the University of Lille 3  and logistical support from the  European Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities (MESHS). We thank all those who contributed directly or indirectly to the success of the investigation, in particular  Aisha Aarab  ( Doctoral College of the University of Lille Nord de France ),  Stéphane Chaudiron  (director of the  GERIICO laboratory) ,  Catherine Crépin  (director of MédiaLille),  Martin Lucht  (Master student at TH Köln),  Catherine Maignant  (director.