dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
As shown in the Supplementary Materials (Table  S3 ), these 585 smokers reported more smoking cessation being underway than the other smokers. Fifthly, some classification biases were plausible. All data were self-reported. It may be difficult to distinguish former and current smokers in a young population since students who smoke little or irregularly, as well as those who have stopped very recently, may find it difficult to define their smoking status. Similarly, the definition of former e-cigarette users in this cross-sectional analysis did not make it possible to distinguish those who stopped e-cigarette and tobacco consumption from those who stopped e-cigarette use but resumed tobacco-smoking. We collected age at start of tobacco smoking and of e-cigarette use. These questions were not mandatory and we had this information for only 550 students (59.
Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to the coordinating team of the i- Share  project for their assistance in setting up, collecting, and analyzing the data, in particular:  Laurence Genta ,  Hamza Gridi ,  Elena Milesi ,  Marie Mougin ,  Clotilde Pollet , and  Sarah Qchiqach. The authors thank  Ray Cooke  for copyediting the manuscript. This work was supported by the  French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR)  via  the program 'Investissements d'Avenir' , reference  ANR-10-COHO-05. This work is also supported by a grant of  'Institut National du Cancer', reference INCa_11502.
5) (46. 9) High school 642 (24. 8) 373 (24. 1) 243 (25. 8) (27. 1) 0. 3784 Vocational study 748 (28. 9) 444 (28. 6) 282 (29. 9) (22. 9) Primary education 66 (2. 6) 46 (3. 0) 17 (1. 8) 3 (3. 1) Income source Family 5 Yes 2271 (90. 8) 1376 (90. 9) 815 (90. 8) (90. 9) 0. 9942 No 229 (9. 2) 138 (9. 1) 83 (9. 2) 8 (9. 1) Scholarship 6 Yes 1056 (55. 6) 649 (56. 5) 379 (55. 0) (44. 4) 0. 1590 No 844 (44. 4) 499 (43. 5) 310 (45. 0) (55. 6) Paid employment 7 Yes 1049 (54. 4) 588 (50. 4) 415 (60. 1) (63. 9) <0. 0001 No 879 (45. 6) 578 (49. 6) 275 (39. 9) (36. 1) * Chi 2 -test. Missing data: 1 n = 8 (data missing on e-cigarette use); 2 Electronic cigarette use: never e-cigarette users were those who had never tried it. Current users comprised those regularly using e-cigarettes at time of survey, daily, or occasionally (less of once a day).
For countries whose names have changed over time, both the old and the new name were used (eg, "Zaire" and "Democratic Republic of the Congo"). Terms used for hypertension included the following: "hypertension", "blood pressure", "systolic hypertension", and "diastolic hypertension". For children and adolescents, we used "child", "children", "childhood", "adolescent", "teens", "teenage", "youth", "infant", and "pediatric". The main search strategy done in PubMed is available in the review protocol. 22 This search strategy was adapted to fit with other databases. To supplement these bibliographic database searches, references of all relevant research articles and reviews were also scrutinised to identify additional potential data sources. To be included in this systematic review, primary studies had to be observational studies of children and adolescents aged 1-19 years residing in African countries, irrespective of ethnic, socioeconomic, and educational backgrounds, reporting the prevalence of elevated blood pressure or with enough data to compute these estimates.
Data extraction Two investigators (JJN and ME) independently extracted relevant data from individual studies using a preconceived and standardised data extraction form. Information extracted included first author's name, year of publication, recruitment period, area (rural vs urban), country, study design, setting, sample size, mean or median age, age range, proportion of male participants, proportion of participants with obesity, ascertainment of elevated blood pressure and diagnostic criteria, and the number of participants with slightly elevated blood pressure (systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥90th percentile and <95th percentile) and elevated blood pressure (systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≥95th percentile). We assigned a United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) African region (Central [refers to Central Africa], Eastern, Northern, Southern, and Western) to each study regarding the country of recruitment.
Data analysis We used a meta-analysis to summarise prevalence data. We determined SEs for study-specific estimates from the point estimate and the appropriate denominators. We pooled the study-specific estimates using a randomeffects meta-analysis model to obtain an overall summary estimate of the prevalence across studies,  23  after stabilising the variance of individual studies with the use of the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. 24 e evaluated the methodological quality of included studies using the tool developed by Hoy and colleagues. 25 e assigned each item a score of 1 (yes) or 0 (no), and summed scores across items to generate an overall quality score that ranged from 0 to 10. According to the overall scores, we classified studies as having a low (>8), moderate (6-8), or high (≤5) risk of bias.
Two investigators (JRN and JJB) independently assessed study quality, with disagreements resolved by consensus. We assessed heterogeneity using the χ² test on Cochran's Q statistic  26  and quantified heterogeneity by calculating the I² (with values of 25%, 50%, and 75% representing low, medium, and high heterogeneity, respectively). 27 To be included in the meta-analysis, studies had to define elevated blood pressure (or hypertension) as systolic or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to the 95th percentile (for all ages) or slightly elevated blood pressure (or pre-hypertension) as systolic or diastolic blood pressure in the 95th percentile but greater than or equal to the 90th percentile, with a random selection of participants with no specific disease or profile, low risk of bias in their methodological quality, and prospective data collection.
We assessed the presence of publication bias using funnel plots and the formal Egger test. We considered an Egger test p value less than 0•10 to be indicative of significant publication bias. 28 We assessed inter-rater agreement for study inclusion and data extraction using Cohen's κ coefficient. 29 We analysed data using Stata version 13. 0 for Windows. The meta-analysis was preceded by a qualitative synthesis of data. This review was registered in the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of systematic reviews, registration number CRD42015019029 and its protocol has been published. 22.
Results We identified 5891 records; after elimination of duplicates, 3543 records remained (figure  1 ). After screening titles and abstracts, we found 3468 records to be irrelevant and excluded them. The inter-rater agreement for study selection was high (κ=0•88). We assessed full texts of the remaining 75 papers for eligibility, of which 28 were excluded. We included a total of 51 studies  from 47 full-text articles in the review, For the breakdown of African regions see https://unstats. un. org/u sd/methodology/m49/ with only 25 of the studies  considered in the pooled analysis. Inter-rater agreements were high for both study inclusion (κ=0•93) and data extraction (0•89). The methodological quality and characteristics of included studies are presented in table  1. Three studies provided cross-sectional data of a cohort study and the other data were pulled out from cross-sectional studies.
Data were from 13 countries distributed across the five UNSD regions of Africa. The definitions of elevated blood pressure varied widely across studies. With respect to our criteria, 40 studies were classified as having an acceptable definition for elevated blood pressure  [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] 62, 64, [66] [67] [68] 73, 74  whereas ten studies used a non-acceptable definition  54, 61, 63, 65, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76  and one did not report the definition used. 71  Among these ten studies wi h non-acceptable definitions of elevated blood pressure, four studies defined elevated blood pressure as blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg or higher,  63, 65, 67, 72  three as blood pressure greater than the mean plus two SDs,  61, 69, 70  two as systolic or diastolic blood pressure within the 95th percentile for individuals younger than 18 years and blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher for individuals aged 18 years or older,  76  and one as blood pressure of 125/84 mm Hg or higher.
For Northern Africa, data came only from Tunisia (four studies). For the region of Southern Africa, data came only from South Africa (three studies). For Eastern Africa, data came from Seychelles (five studies) and Uganda (one study); and for Central Africa, data came only from Congo (Brazzaville; one study). The prevalence of elevated blood pressure in Western Africa was lower than that in other UNSD regions of Africa (table 2, figure  2 ). 16 studies presented data from urban areas and four from rural areas; the prevalence of elevated blood pressure was higher in rural areas (table 2; appendix p 12). Prevalence of elevated blood pressure did not differ between age groups and sex (table 2; appendix pp 13-14). The prevalence of elevated blood pressure was higher when blood pressure measurements were taken with a digital device compared with aneroid or mercury devices (table 2; appendix p 16).
One µg of total RNA was used to synthesize cDNAs using random primers and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Life Technologies, Courtaboeuf, France). Real-time quantitative PCR analyses were performed using the Mx3005P Real-Time PCR System (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), as previously described  (35). For each condition, expression was quantified in duplicate, and 18S rRNA was used as the endogenous control in the comparative cycle threshold (CT) method  (36). Sequences of the primers used in this study are reported in supplemental data (Supplemental Table  1 ). Mouse cubilin protein quantification -Quantity of cubilin protein in WAT was determined using a specific ELISA kit (Mouse cubilin, Mybiosource, San Diego, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. In-silico promoter analysis -The MatInspector software implemented in the Genomatix suite (www.
genomatix. de) was used to perform in-silico identification of VDR response elements within human and mouse cubilin promoter regions. Briefly, human and murine cubilin promoters were extracted directly from the Genomatix ElDorado Database (www. genomatix. de). These promoter regions correspond to loci identified by their ElDorado reference ID. Response elements were identified on these promoter regions using the MatInspector software workflow  (37). standards were prepared at concentrations of 100, 50 and 10 ng/mL, respectively, in ethanol, and stored at -80°C in the dark. Calibration curves were prepared by serial dilution of the three analyte stock solutions to obtain calibration standards from 0 to 75 ng/mL, then adding 1. 5 µL of the working solution of deuterated analytes to each dilution.
In addition, in silico analysis with MatInspector software unveiled the location of several VDRE in both human and mouse cubilin promoters (Table  2 ). To confirm the involvement of VDR in this regulation, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were transfected with either a small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotide directed against VDR or a non-silencing control for 24 h. qPCR confirmed that the RNA interference was efficient, and a significant decrease of VDR expression was observed (0. 83-fold; Figure  4B ). In addition, the transfection with siRNA-targeting VDR completely blunted the 1,25(OH)2Dmediated inhibition of Cubn mRNA level (100 nM of 1,25(OH)2D for 24 h; Figure  4C ).
Quantification of caking Caking, also known as time consolidation, was measured with a ring shear tester (RST-XS, Schulze-Schüttgutmesstechnik, Wolfenbüttel, Germany). The measurement procedure has been described in detail by  Schulze (2008). First, the yield locus of each powder was measured for a normal stress at preshear s pre corresponding to a consolidation stress s c of approx. 9. 3 kPa. This value was chosen to simulate powder consolidation at the bottom of a flexible intermediate bulk container (FIBC), also called Big Bag. Three points of incipient flow were used to draw the yield locus. Once the initial yield locus was established, the powder was preconditioned using the same s pre as above and stored at 20 C and 60% RH for four days. A temperature and humidity data logger was used to check the storage conditions.
Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 13C NMR spectra were obtained using proton decoupling, magic angle spinning (MAS) and cross polarization (CP). The spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance I WB 300 MHz (7T) instrument (Bruker, Billerica, USA) at ambient temperature according to the method described by  Gustafsson et al. (1998) , with the following parameters: spinning rate 5 kHz, contact time 2 ms, acquisition time 147 ms, sweep widths 2190 ppm and delay between pulses of 3 s. For each spectrum, about 150,000 transients were cumulated with 49 k data points. The spectra were referenced to trimethylsilane (TMS).
Humidity caking is therefore a critical mechanism to consider for caking in lactose powder under the selected conditions. Similarly,  Paterson and Bronlund (2009)  also concluded on a capillary condensation mechanism leading to significant liquid bridging in crystalline lactose powder. Moreover, sugar dust from a sugar factory has been reported to contain amorphous material originating from the surface of sucrose crystals dried at high temperatures in a short time  (Mathlouthi and Rog e, 2003). These fines were shown to adsorb significantly more moisture compared to microcrystals of the same size produced with a special crystallization process. In the present study, different size fractions of Wash 0 powder were analyzed by solid-state NMR but the amount of amorphous material was below detection limit (data not shown).
, 2014). One example is inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), chronic inflammatory disorders that severely affect the digestive tract and may lead, in the long term, to the irreversible deterioration of their structure and function  (Belkaid and Hand, 2014; Vitetta et al. , 2015). Cheese containing P. freudenreichii, in conjunction with Lactobacillus delbrueckii  (Plé et al. , 2016)  or as a single strain  (Plé et al. , 2015) , was recently shown to exert immunomodulatory effects, to protect mice against TNBSinduced colitis, to alleviate the severity of symptoms and to modulate local and systemic inflammation markers. Such cheese is currently tested in a pilot clinical trial  (ClinicalTrials. gov, 2017). Interestingly, removal of propionibacteria surfacelayer (S-layer) proteins, which are non-covalently anchored to the cell surface via an S-layer homology (SLH) domain, suppressed the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines  (Foligné et al.
Cells were observed using a confocal Leica SP8 and a 63/1. 4 oilHC PL APO CS objective. Images were acquired using LAS-AF (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) software. For scanning electron microscopy, HT-29 cells were cultured in Corning R Transwell R polycarbonate membrane cell culture inserts on polycarbonate 0. 4 µm pore size filtration membrane. Adhesion was conducted as described above. Membranes were then removed, washed in PBS, fixed 48 h by 2% (wt/vol) glutaraldehyde in 0. 1 M sodium cacodylate buffer [pH 6. 8] and rinsed in the same buffer. Samples were dehydrated with ethanol (10, 25, 50, 75, 95, and finally 100%), critical-point dried by the CO 2 method and coated with gold. Cells were examined and photographed with a Philips XL 20 scanning electron microscope operating at 10 kV.
Bacterial Cell Adhesion Determination by Cytometric Analysis Determination of P. freudenreichii adhesion to cultured human colon epithelial cells was performed as described previously for lactobacilli  (Tiptiri-Kourpeti et al. , 2016). Cells were cultured in DMEM as described above to confluence. CFSE-labeled bacteria were added as described above before a 1-h incubation at 37 • C. Cells were trypsinized and analyzed by fluorescence cytometry using an excitation wavelength of 488 and emission at 585 nm (Accuri C6 Becton Dickinson, Le Pont-de-Claix, France). Data were collected from 50,000 cells and analysis was performed with CFlow software.
freudenreichii strain. a The e-value is the probability that a given peptide score will be achieved by incorrect matches from a database search. Protein e-value is the product of individual peptide e-value. Protein identifications were automatically validated when they showed at least two unique peptides with an e-value below 0. 05 corresponding to log (e-value) < -1. 3. b The percentage of the protein amino acid sequence covered by tandem mass spectrometry identification of peptides. c Number of unique peptide sequence identified with an individual e-value < 0. 01 for this protein. (FL1) was observed as a result of fluorescent P. freudenreichii CB129 adhesion to cells (Figure  4E ) when compared with control cells without bacteria (Figure  4D ). This indicates an increase of fluorescence emission at 488 nm, corresponding to 6-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl harbored by adhering bacteria, as described previously for lactobacilli  (Tiptiri-Kourpeti et al.
The data were analyzed by firstly calculating the average percentage for each behavior for each pen per day, and then calculating an overall average percentage by pooling all observation days for each behavior and each pen. At 12 weeks of age, 12 randomly selected ducks per group (three per pen) were stunned with electronarcosis head only and immediately bled. One tibia from each animal was removed and weighed. The diameter was measured with a caliper. The bone breaking strength (BBS) and the mineralization rate were also analyzed. The BBS was measured using an Instron testing machine (model 5543; Instron S. A. , Guyancourt, France). The bone stiffness (slope of the linear part during the flexion test) was also determined. The distance between the two fulcrum points (the length over which mechanical tests were performed) was 6 cm and the deformation speed was 5 mm/min.
Statistical Analyses The effect of the diets administered to laying ducks and then to ducklings and their interaction were tested (Statview software, SAS, Cary, NC). The continuous variables and normality of data distribution were submitted to variance analysis, with P < 0. 05 indicating statistical significance. The variables with a non-normal distribution (behavioral observations) were analyzed with non-parametric tests (Kruskall-Wallis, Mann and Whitney), with P < 0. 05 indicating statistical significance. Differences in the occurrence of disorders such as pecking behavior or leg problems were analyzed with a chi-square test.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  DSM Nutritional Products Europe Ltd Company  for financing this study and supplying DHA gold TM, and  Grimaud Frères Sélection S. A. S. Company  for the production of ducklings and for recording the laying and reproductive performance of female ducks. We also thank the technical staff of the exper-imental unit PEAT for rearing the ducks, particularly  O. Callut  and  P. Gasnier.
Microsomes and plasma membranes were obtained by centrifugation of the supernatants from the previous step at 105000 × g at 4 °C for 60 min. To normalize sample data between different experiments and western blots we generated a standard sample that was applied in triplicate to SDS-PA gels where applicable. Western blots were imaged and analyzed using the Fusion-FX system (Vilber Lourmat) or ECL and x-ray film and BioRad QuantityOne or ImageJ software. Western blot signals were normalized by the signal of tubulin. As depletion of the endolysosomal pathway will result in the accumulation of many membrane proteins, signals obtained from membrane fractions were normalized to total protein levels as quantified by densitometry of the Ponceau signal per sample lane.
Acknowledgements This work was funded as part of the  Virtual Liver Network  (www. virtual-liver. de)by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). CM received a postdoctoral scholarship from the medical faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg. M. U. M. acknowledges funding from the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  ( SFB 1036 ). Additional present address of AZ:  German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) ,  85764 ,  Neuherberg, Germany.
Methods We conducted a systematic review, by searching electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL and grey literature between 1960 and 2015. We included studies that reported modification of cardiovascular parameters or incidence/prevalence of cardiovascular outcomes, between a group of subjects exposed to HSCD relative to a non-exposed group. The threshold used to identify HSCD was 391 mg/day. We did not consider studies evaluating exposure to sodium as an active ingredient or those focusing on dialysis solutions or enteral/parenteral nutrition. Study quality was assessed using the EPHPP tool.
An observational French study, published in 2005, assessed exposure to HSCD in 137,910 patients chronically treated with diuretics (analysis based on a medico-administrative database): over a period of six months, 39% of patients were exposed to HSCD, of whom 26% were frequently/very frequently exposed. In total, 9% of patients received a cumulative average daily dose of more than 0. 8 g sodium during the sixmonth period (i. e. 40% of the WHO's recommended daily dose)  [10]. A study published by  George et al. in 2013  showed that patients diagnosed with hypertension or cardiovascular events (non-fatal stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death) were more likely to be prescribed HSCD  [11]. In 2015, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) published an update of its 2003 guideline 'Excipients in the label and package leaflet of medicinal products for human use', focusing on sodium  [12].
Data sources and search strategy We identified potentially eligible studies by searching MEDLINE, using the following MeSH terms: 'sodium', 'cardiovascular diseases', 'pharmaceutical preparations', and 'drug therapy'. Our search was restricted to human studies, published in English or French, between 1960 and 2015. We also searched EMBASE using a similar search strategy. The other databases used were Web of Science and CENTRAL. All search strategies are shown in S1 Fig. The electronic search was run on June 5, 2016. Two authors independently screened all retrieved citations based on the titles and abstracts. Study eligibility was assessed by reading the full text. Agreement between the two reviewing authors was assessed using Cohen's κ statistic  [14]. Disagreements were resolved by discussion and consensus.
Data extraction and collection Data extraction was independently performed using a standardized data extraction form by two authors. General data extracted from full-text included: year of publication, country, study design, number of centres, number of patients, mean age, percentage of women, prevalence of comorbidities in the baseline characteristics (including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease), percentage of black patients, and percentage of patients treated with renin-angiotensin system blockers. Other data extracted were those related to HSCD: type of sodium salt, amount of sodium per day of treatment, route of administration, duration of exposure to the HSCD, and the medical indication. Extracted outcomes data included: nature of the outcome, data collection method, and the quantitative result associated with the outcome.