dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
, TO HG131114, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043617 and MH036175; Sardinia, Parco del Sulcis, Nuxis (CA), Monte Tiriccu, loc. Arcu su Fixi, under Q. ilex, 17 Oct. 2015, A. Tatti, TO HG171015, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043615 and MH036173; ibid. , 19 Oct. 2015, A. Tatti, TO HG191015, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043614 and MH036172. -portUgal, Madeira Island, Levada do Furado, near Ribeiro Frio, on the slope under the path, under Quercus sp. , 26 Sept. 2015, J. Borovička, PRM 934960, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043616 and MH036174. Lanmaoa fragrans. italy, Piemonte, Torino, Venaria Reale, Parco Naturale La Mandria, under Q. robur, 6 Oct. 2002, A. Vizzini, TO HG061002, LSU sequence GenBank MH036176.
Typus. mexiCo, Michoacán, Villa Jiménez, from soil, Sept. 2016, leg. E. RodriguezAndrade (holotype CBS H-23245, cultures ex-type FMR 15914 = CBS 143588, ITS, LSU, actA and tef1 sequences GenBank LT907958, LT934506. 1, LT907961 and LT907945, MycoBank MB823063).
Typus. nigeria, Ondo State, 11 km NW from Akure, N07°19'28" E05°07'31", 400 m a. s. l. , on soil, 21 July 2008, M. Čerkez (holotype CNF 1/5838, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MG662162 and MG662158, MycoBank MB823829). material examined. nigeria, Ondo State, 11 km NW from Akure, N07°19'28" E05°07'31", 400 m a. s. l. , on soil, 21 July 2008, M. Čerkez, CNF 1/5836, ITS sequence GenBank MG662164; Lagos State, 6 km W from Imota, N06°39'58" E03°37'05", 50 m a. s. l. , on rotten log of Elaeis guineensis, 4 July 2008, M. Čerkez, CNF 1/5811, ITS sequence GenBank MG662163.
Typus. Brazil, Alagoas, Biological Reserve of Pedra Talhada, on dead wood, July 2017, V. Xavier de Lima, PPT 111 (holotype URM 91181, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MG806101 and MG806100, MycoBank MB824040). material examined. Fomitiporella micropora. Brazil, Maranhão, São José de Ribamar, Panaquatira beach, on dead branch of living angiosperm, Jan. 2017, J. R. C. OliveiraFilho, JRF135, URM 91186, LSU sequence GenBank MG806099. Phellinotus neoaridus. Brazil, Sergipe, Poço Redondo, Apr. 2016, T. B. Gibertoni, PH5, URM 91187, LSU sequence GenBank MG806098.
Typus. CyprUS, Kourdali, in 6-mo-old burned forest, 18 Mar. 2017, M. Loi zides (holotype in Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Lille: LIP 0001407, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH014751 and MH014750, MycoBank MB824544). material examined. CyprUS, Platania, on burned patch, 18 Apr. 2012, M. Loizides, ML21481VE, LSU and ITS sequences GenBank H014748 and MH014755; Kourdali, in 6-mo-old burned forest, 22 Mar. 2017, M. Loizides & P. A. Moreau, ML71322V5, LSU and ITS sequences GenBank MH014746 and MH014753; Argaka, in 7-mo-old burned forest, 28 Mar. 2017, M. Loizides, ML71382VE, LSU and ITS sequences GenBank MH014747 and MH014754; Kourdali, in 7-mo-old burned forest, 22 Apr. 2017, M. Loizides, ML71422V2, LSU and ITS sequences GenBankMH014749 and MH014752.
Stipititrama of parallel hyphae composed of c. 30 -100 × 4 -10(-15) μm large elements that are often nodulose, branched or anastomosed, often with thickened walls. Clamp connections present everywhere. Habit, Habitat & Distribution -Solitary or gregarious, in arid and semi-arid grasslands, associated with Poaceae (Bouteloua dactyloides, B. gracilis, Stipa hymenoides). So far known only from USA, viz. Colorado (based on the presence of basidiomes), New Mexico and Utah (based on environmental sequences). USa, Colorado, Weld Co. , Great Plains prairies, Pawnee National grassland, N40°39'40" W104°5'17", short-grass prairie, cattle pasture, terrestrial on naked sandy soil, among scattered vegetation of Opuntia sp. , buffalo grass (Bouteloua dactyloides) and other plants, 19 Oct. 2013, S. Adamčík (holotype SAV F-4052, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043618 and MH036177, MycoBank MB 825174).
Typus. Brazil, Triunfo municipality, Pernambuco state, S7°52'29. 42" W38°06'12. 07", isolated from soil samples, 6 Nov. 2015, C. A. F de Souza (holotype URM 91186, culture ex-type URM 7553, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank KY992878 and KY992879, MycoBank MB824580).
Typus. hUngary, Fejér County, near Csákberény (Vértes Mts), Juhdöglövölgy Forest Reserve, N47°22. 662' E18°19. 485', 28 Oct. 2013. V. Papp (holotype LIP0001404, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH036002 and MH036003, MycoBank MB824586).
Typus. aUStralia, Victoria, Beaumaris, Melbourne, Balcombe Road, north side of road, at intersection with Balcombe Park Lane, S37°58'37. 7" E145°01'51. 7", alt. 27 m, in capsules of a variant of Oxalis exilis (Oxali daceae), 7 Feb. 2017, V. Stajsic 8369 (holotype BRIP 65455, LSU sequence GenBank MG267396, MycoBank MB822652; isotype MEL 2406589A). material examined. aUStralia, Victoria, Melbourne, Royal Botanic Gardens, lawn near the National Herbarium of Victoria building, alt. 30 m, in capsules of a variant of Oxalis exilis, 10 Feb. 2017, V. Stajsic 8379, BRIP 65456, MEL 2406590A, LSU sequence GenBank MG267397; Beaumaris, Fairleigh Avenue, 20 Apr. 2017, V. Stajsic 8513, MEL 2417667A.
Typus. aUStralia, New South Wales, Gnupa State Forest, on leaves of Eucalyptus maidenii (Myrtaceae), 29 Nov. 2016, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23579, culture ex-type CPC 32659 = CBS 144423, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH327803. 1 and MH327839. 1, MycoBank MB825412).
Typus. aUStralia, Victoria, close to Eden, on leaves of Elaeocarpus sp. (Elaeocarpaceae), 29 Nov. 2016, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23572, culture ex-type CPC 32853 = CBS 144431, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank MH327812. 1, MH327848. 1 and MH327870. 1, MycoBank MB825425). Notes -The genus Elsinoë was recently treated by Fan et al. (2017), providing an overview phylogeny for the majority of the species presently known from culture. Elsinoë elaeocarpi is phylogenetically allied to E. banksiigena (see Fungal Planet 782) and E. eucalyptigena (both only known from Australia), and represents a phylogenetically distinct taxon on Elaeocarpus. Name reflects a similarity to the genus Idriella. Conidiophores arising from superficial mycelium, brown, smooth, septate, branched, aggregated into thick, erect synnemata, consisting of branched conidiophores with apical and intercalary conidiogenous cells; lateral conidiophores arising from synnemata, septate.
Typus. aUStralia, New South Wales, Barron Ground Nature Reserve, on leaves of Eucalyptus sieberi (Myrtaceae), 26 Nov. 2016, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS 144443, culture ex-type CPC 32099 = CBS 144443, ITS, LSU and rpb2 sequences GenBank MH327816. 1, MH327852. 1 and MH327872. 1, MycoBank MB825432).
Acknowledgements The study of  Olga V. Morozova  and  Tatiana Yu. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence of CPC 32109 had highest similarity to Discosia cf. pleurochaeta ( Gen-Bank   AB594777. 1;Identities =  546/546  ( 100  %), no gaps), Dis cosia italica (GenBank  KM678041. 1;Identities =  552/556  (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)) and Discosia pseudoartocreas (GenBank  NR_132068. 1;Identities =  550/556  (99 %), 1 gap (0 %)). The ITS sequences of CPC 32109 and 32113 are identical ( 556 /556 ). Closest hits using the LSU sequence of CPC 32109 are Adisciso yakushimense (GenBank  AB593721. 1;Identities =  802 /803  (99 %), no gaps),  Discosia fagi  ( Gen-Bank   KM678048. 1;Identities = 871/873 (99 %), no gaps) and Adisciso tricellulare (GenBank  NG_042334.
1;Identities = 800/803 (99 %), no gaps). The LSU sequences of CPC 32109 and 32113 are identical ( 873 /873 ). Closest hits using the tef1 sequence of CPC 32109 had highest similarity to Dis cosia brasiliensis (GenBank  KF827465. 1;Identities = 363/399 (91 %), 12 gaps (3 %)), Pestalotiopsis diversiseta (GenBank JX399073. 1;Identities = 224 /249 (90 %), 12 gaps (4 %)) and Pestalotiopsis yanglingensis (GenBank  KX895197. 1;Identities = 221/246 (90 %), 6 gaps (2 %)). The tef1 sequences of CPC 32109 and 32113 are identical ( 529 /529 ). Closest hits using the tub2 sequence of CPC 32109 had highest similarity to Discosia brasiliensis (GenBank  KF827469. 1;Identities =  805 /832  (97 %), no gaps),  Pestalotiopsis microspora (Gen-Bank   AF115396. 1;Identities =  782 /826 (95 % ), no gaps) and Pestalotiopsis paeoniicola (GenBank  KY930635.
Typus. United araB emirateS, Abu Dhabi, Ghantoot, 2013, leg. A. Morte (holotype MUB Fung-j297, ITS sequence GenBank MG949282, MycoBank MB824243). Additional material examined. United araB emirateS, Abu Dhabi, Ghantoot, 2013, leg. A. Morte, MUB Fung-j286, ITS sequence GenBank MG949283, MUB Fung-j294, ITS sequence GenBank MG948294, MUB Fung-j299, ITS sequence GenBank MG949287, MUB Fung-j304, ITS sequence GenBank MG949285; Ghantoot, 2014, leg. A. Morte, MUB Fung-j359, ITS sequence GenBank MG949289, MUB Fung-j361, ITS sequence GenBank MG949286; Seih Sadira, 2014, leg. A. Morte, MUB Fung-j344, ITS sequence GenBank MG949288, MUB Fung-j348.
Typus. SoUth aFriCa, Eastern Cape Province, Haga Haga, on leaves of Brachylaena discolor (Asteraceae), 24 Dec. 2010, M. J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-23565, culture ex-type CPC 32651 = CBS 144438, ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 sequences GenBank MH327821. 1, MH327857. 1, MH327873. 1 and MH327896. 1, MycoBank MB825436).
Typus. rUSSia, Primorsky Krai, Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve, deciduous forest with Quercus mongolica (Fagaceae), N44°57'24" E136°33'35", 19 Aug. 2013, A. Kovalenko (holotype LE 254266, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043611 and MH036169, MycoBank MB 825173). material examined. Baorangia alexandri. rUSSia, Primorsky Krai, Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve, vic. of Blagodatnoye, deciduous forest with Quercus mongolica, 19 Aug. 2013, A. Kovalenko, LE 254265, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043612 and MH036170. Baorangia emileorum. italy, Lazio, Latina, wood of Valle Fredda, loc. S. Martino, Priverno, in a mixed broadleaved wood with Quercus suber, Q. ilex and Q. cerris, under Additional.
Typus. mexiCo, Michoacán, Villa Jiménez, from soil, Sept. 2016, leg. E. RodriguezAndrade (holotype CBS H-23245, cultures ex-type FMR 15914 = CBS 143588, ITS, LSU, actA and tef1 sequences GenBank LT907958, LT934506. 1, LT907961 and LT907945, MycoBank MB823063). Additional material examined. mexiCo, Michoacán, Morelia, from soil, Sept. 2016, leg. E. RodriguezAndrade, FMR 15932, ITS, actA and tef1 sequences GenBank LT907944, LT907960 and LT907959.
Typus. nigeria, Ondo State, 11 km NW from Akure, N07°19'28" E05°07'31", 400 m a. s. l. , on soil, 21 July 2008, M. Čerkez (holotype CNF 1/5838, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MG662162 and MG662158, MycoBank MB823829). material examined. nigeria, Ondo State, 11 km NW from Akure, N07°19'28" E05°07'31", 400 m a. s. l. , on soil, 21 July 2008, M. Čerkez, CNF 1/5836, ITS sequence GenBank MG662164; Lagos State, 6 km W from Imota, N06°39'58" E03°37'05", 50 m a. s. l. , on rotten log of Elaeis guineensis, 4 July 2008, M. Čerkez, CNF 1/5811, ITS sequence GenBank MG662163. Additional.
Typus. Brazil, Alagoas, Biological Reserve of Pedra Talhada, on dead wood, July 2017, V. Xavier de Lima, PPT 111 (holotype URM 91181, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MG806101 and MG806100, MycoBank MB824040). material examined. Fomitiporella micropora. Brazil, Maranhão, São José de Ribamar, Panaquatira beach, on dead branch of living angiosperm, Jan. 2017, J. R. C. OliveiraFilho, JRF135, URM 91186, LSU sequence GenBank MG806099. Phellinotus neoaridus. Brazil, Sergipe, Poço Redondo, Apr. 2016, T. B. Gibertoni, PH5, URM 91187, LSU sequence GenBank MG806098. Additional.
Typus. CyprUS, Kourdali, in 6-mo-old burned forest, 18 Mar. 2017, M. Loi zides (holotype in Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Lille: LIP 0001407, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH014751 and MH014750, MycoBank MB824544). material examined. CyprUS, Platania, on burned patch, 18 Apr. 2012, M. Loizides, ML21481VE, LSU and ITS sequences GenBank H014748 and MH014755; Kourdali, in 6-mo-old burned forest, 22 Mar. 2017, M. Loizides & P. A. Moreau, ML71322V5, LSU and ITS sequences GenBank MH014746 and MH014753; Argaka, in 7-mo-old burned forest, 28 Mar. 2017, M. Loizides, ML71382VE, LSU and ITS sequences GenBank MH014747 and MH014754; Kourdali, in 7-mo-old burned forest, 22 Apr. 2017, M. Loizides, ML71422V2, LSU and ITS sequences GenBankMH014749 and MH014752. Additional.
TypusAdditional material examined. Leratiomyces laetissimus. CzeCh re- pUBliC, Prague-Spořilov, Chodovská street, 26 Sept. 2012, J. Borovička, PRM860990, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043619 and MH036178. Leratiomyces squamosus. CzeCh repUBliC, Malonty -Bělá, 28 Sept. 2008, O. Jindřich, PRM922211, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043620 and MH036179. Pholiota squarrosa. CzeCh repUBliC, Bílina, Bořeň, 15 Oct. 2013, M. Kříž, PRM923259, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043621 and MH036180.
Lomentospora valparaisensis CHFC164 Lomentospora valparaisensis CHFC505 Growth Rates at 15°C on PDA Colour illustrations. Italy Park, Valparaiso; colony after 15 d at 25 °C on PDA; two types of conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm. Culture characteristics -Colonies on CMA with slow development (attaining 25 mm diam in 7 wk at 25 °C), circular, sparse aerial mycelium, raised to umbonate, entire edges, surface with central brown and black margins, reverse black. Mastigosporella pigmentata V. P. Abreu & O. L. Pereira, sp. nov. Refers to the pigmented conidia of the species. Fungal Planet 740 -13 July 2018 Notes -Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nu- cleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Dothideomycetes sp. KO-groupB 2014 (GenBank AB986428. 1; Identities = 616 /616 (100 %), no gaps), Dothi deomycetes sp.
genotype 377 isolate FL0753 (GenBank JQ760416. 1; Identi- ties = 523/559 (94 %), 7 gaps (1 %)) and Sympodiella acicola strain CBS 487. 82 (GenBank KY853530. 1; Identities = 563/631 (89 %), 18 gaps (2 %)). Closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Dothideomycetes sp. KO-groupB 2014 (GenBank AB986428. 1; Identities = 555/559 (99 %), no gaps), Dothideomycetes sp. genotype 377 isolate FL0753 (GenBank JQ760416. 1; Identities = 458/547 (84 %), 29 gaps (5 %)) and Cylindrosympodium lauri strain CBS 240. 95 (Gen Bank EU035414. 1; Identities = 319 /366 (87 %), 13 gaps (3 %)). Castanedaea minor (Partridge et al. 2001) represents a mono- typic genus and it resembles Marquesius morphologically, although the presence of conspicuous denticles distinguishes it. The conidiogenous cells of Marquesius are more similar to Cylindrosympodium than Sympodiella.
Apparently, the OTUs (GenBank AB986428 and JQ760416. 1) isolated from Ceno coccum 'black sclerotia' (Obase et al. 2014), are specimens of the same genus. Scedosporium dehoogii CBS117406 T 100 Scedosporium minutisporum FMR4072 T Scedosporium desertorum CBS489. 72 T 85 Scedosporium aurantiacum FMR8630 T 74 Scedosporium cereisporum CBS137296 T Lomentospora prolificans FMR7294 T Typus. Brazil, Bahia, Pindobaçu, Serra da Fumaça, on submerged de- 100 100 T caying twig and leaves of unidentified plant, 26 July 2016, L. B. Conceição (holotype HUEFS-216710, culture ex-type CCLAMIC 153/16, ITS and LSU 92 Petriellopsis africana CBS311. 72 T Petriella sordida UTHSC03394 sequences GenBank MG572717 and MG572718, MycoBank MB823623). 0. 01 Maximum Likelihood tree obtained from the concatenated DNA sequences from two loci (ITS and tub2) of our isolates and sequences retrieved from GenBank database.
growth at 45 °C. Typus. USA, North Carolina, Durham, leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) from a greenhouse, 17 Sept. 2013, Ž. Jurjević (holotype BPI 910533, cultures ex-type NRRL 66727 = EMSL 2174; barcode: ITS, benA, CaM and rpb2 sequences GenBank MG182613, MG182627, MG182606 and MG182620, MycoBank MB823318). Additional material examined. USA, North Carolina, Durham, tobacco leaves from a greenhouse, Ž. Jurjevic, 17 Sept. 2013, NRRL 66728 = EMSL 2175, NRRL 66729 = EMSL 2176; 19 July 2016, NRRL 66677; 9 Aug. 2016, NRRL 66678, NRRL 66679. Sequences deposited as GenBank MG182602- MG182629.
Typus. aUStralia, Victoria, Beaumaris, Melbourne, Balcombe Road, north side of road, at intersection with Balcombe Park Lane, S37°58'37. 7" E145°01'51. 7", alt. 27 m, in capsules of a variant of Oxalis exilis (Oxali daceae), 7 Feb. 2017, V. Stajsic 8369 (holotype BRIP 65455, LSU sequence GenBank MG267396, MycoBank MB822652; isotype MEL 2406589A). material examined. aUStralia, Victoria, Melbourne, Royal Botanic Gardens, lawn near the National Herbarium of Victoria building, alt. 30 m, in capsules of a variant of Oxalis exilis, 10 Feb. 2017, V. Stajsic 8379, BRIP 65456, MEL 2406590A, LSU sequence GenBank MG267397; Beaumaris, Fairleigh Avenue, 20 Apr. 2017, V. Stajsic 8513, MEL 2417667A. Additional.
Typus. aUStralia, Victoria, Drummer Forest, on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), 30 Nov. 2016, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23577, culture ex- type CPC 32623 = CBS 144425, ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank MH327805. 1, MH327841. 1, MH327868. 1, MH327879. 1 and MH327890. 1, MycoBank MB825416). Additional material examined. aUStralia, New South Wales, Nullica State Forest, on Eucalyptus leaf litter (Myrtaceae), 29 Nov. 2016, P. W. Crous, CPC 32613, ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank MH327806. 1, MH327842. 1, MH327869. 1, MH327880. 1 and MH327891. 1.
Additional material examined. ColomBia, Cali, on leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae), July 2010, M. J. Wingfield, CPC 31777 = CBS 144430, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH327811. 1 and MH327847. 1. Typus. ColomBia, Cali, on leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae), July 2010, M. J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-23573, culture ex-type CPC 31806 = CBS 144429, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH327810. 1 and MH327846. 1, MycoBank MB825424).
Conidiogenous cells medium brown, smooth, subcylindrical with apical taper to a rachis containing several darkened scars. Conidia aseptate, solitary, dry, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, fusoid, apex subobtuse, base truncate. Crous & Johannes Z. Groenewald, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail: p. crous@westerdijkinstitute. nl & e. groenewald@westerdijkinstitute. Fungal Planet 773 -13 July 2018 Idriellomyces Crous, gen. nov. Classification -Phlogicylindriaceae, Xylariales, Sordario mycetes. Mycelium consisting of hyaline to olivaceous, smooth, septate, Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide branched hyphae. Type species. Idriellomyces eucalypti Crous. database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had high-MycoBank MB825426.
est similarity to Elsinoë verbenae (GenBank KX887299. 1; Identities = 439 /532 (83 %), 37 gaps (6 %)), Elsinoë fawcettii (GenBank KF010881. 1; Identities = 439 /533 (82 %), 43 gaps (8 %)) and Elsinoë tiliae (GenBank KX887296. 1; Identities = 435 /530 (82 %), 35 gaps (6 %)). Closest hits using the LSU sequence are Elsinoë fawcettii (GenBank JN940382. 1; Identi- ties = 686 /730 (94 %), 2 gaps (0 %)), Sphaceloma erythrinae (GenBank JN940392. 1; Identities = 686 /731 (94 %), 3 gaps (0 %)) and Elsinoë eucalypticola (GenBank GQ303306. 1; Identities = 685/ 730 (94 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). Closest hits using the rpb2 sequence had highest similarity to Myriangium his panicum (GenBank GU371744. 1; Identities = 771/1 045 (74 %), 4 gaps (0 %)), Mendogia macrostroma (GenBank KU940162. 1; Identities = 767/1 047 (73 %), 4 gaps (0 %)) and Strangospora pinicola (GenBank AY641080.
-The genus Idriella (based on I. lunata) was treated byHernández-Restrepo et al. (2016a)and shown to reside in the Microdochiaceae. The genus Idriellomyces is somewhat similar to Idriella in morphology, but represents a distinct genus in the family. Idriellomyces is morphologically distinct in that it lacks chlamydospores, conidiophores are pigmented and frequently aggregated in synnemata. Typus. aUStralia, Victoria, Silvan Reservoir Park, on leaves of Eucalyptus obliqua (Myrtaceae), 1 Dec. 2016, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H-23571, cul- ture ex-type CPC 32632 = CBS 144432, ITS, LSU, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank MH327813. 1, MH327849. 1, MH327881. 1 and MH327893. 1, Myco- Bank MB825427). Notes.
The present study is meant to better understand the phenomena induced by the combination of hydrology, sediment supply, channel curvature and graded sediment on bar morphodynamics in natural or trained alluvial riverbeds composed of low mode bars, i. e. alternate and central bars. To reach this goal, a two-dimensional fully-nonlinear model is used to simulate the morphodynamics of a 1 km long reach of the Loire river at Bréhémont wherein free, hybrid and forced bars coexist  [3]. A comprehensive set of high-definition data is available, including in situ flow, bed topography and bedload measurements  [22]. The available dataset allows to study the river morphodynamics for three successive flooding events. The morphodynamic numerical model is constructed using the Telemac-Mascaret Modelling System (TMS) (www.
A Multigene Family in Insects Several amylase gene copies (Amy) were reported in many insect species. Table  1  shows the number of gene copies that were reported in literature or by search in databases. The copy number varies from only 1 (eg, in honeybees) to more that 12 (in some mosquitoes). Indeed, most species harbor several copies. [50] [51] [52]  In this only genus, the number of gene copies vary from 1 (eg, Drosophila virilis)  53  to 6 (Drosophila ananassae),  30  not counting the paralog named Amyrel (Amy-related), a divergent copy (40% in amino acids) which is present throughout the drosophilids and is probably ancestral to Muscomorpha. 54, 55 Even more profound sequence divergence between Amy copies within genomes exists in most insect orders. Figure  1  shows a tree of selected amylase protein sequences of insects.
The D melanogaster Amy sequence was published in 1986. 66 nnumerable insect amylase sequences were published since then. Figure  1  is a small subset of what is available at GenBank and in various genome databases. These sequences allow comparative studies about the gene structure and protein evolution, regarding conserved or divergent parts of the protein. All insect amylases have about the same size, ie, coding sequences around 1500 nucleotides, corresponding to a mature protein weight around 50 to 55 kDa after removing the signal peptide, as amylase is secreted (Table  2 ). An exception is in some mosquitoes, where a long N-terminal domain of unknown function occurs in some copies. 71 Accordingly, it is surprising that some amylase protein sizes reported in the literature are very different from this value.
fr  57 with GbLOCKS curation and default parameters. The tree was drawn with iTOL. 58 Numbers along branches indicate posterior probabilities. Asterisks indicate the loss of the GHGA motif in proteins. Red: Diptera; green: Lepidoptera; dark blue: Coleoptera; pink: Hymenoptera; orange: Dictyoptera; light blue: Hemiptera; black: Orthoptera. Purple branch and label is a Collembola. Accession numbers or references follow the taxa names of the sequences. Da Lage 3 Pytelková et al  35  ) and in the Amyrel protein of a part of drosophilids, eg, D virilis, but not D melanogaster. 76 Those glutamine-bearing amylases cannot bind the chloride ion but are nonetheless active, chloride independent,  35, 76  probably due to compensating mutations, because simply mutating to a glutamine when an arginine is normally present almost abolishes enzymatic activity.
104   Dow 119  suggested that a high gut pH in insects, such as in Lepidoptera, could be an adaptation to feeding on tannin-rich plants, because high pH decreases the binding of tannins to nutritious proteins and thus enhances digestibility. Estimates through protein sequences used the accession numbers indicated in Figure  1 , removing the peptide signal. Other estimates used biochemical methods and are given with literature references numbered in italics as in text. FPLC = fast protein liquid chromatography; SDS-PAGE = sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum temperatures reported are typical of mesophilic amylases for the insects studied to date. Note however that results may vary significantly according to purification and assay conditions. Indeed, the temperature for maximal activity is strongly dependent on the assay duration, because long incubation at high temperature accelerates the enzyme denaturation; raw extracts contain proteases that are also activated by increased temperature and therefore degrade proteins in the sample, including amylases.