dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Sample size The number of subjects required was calculated using the Bonett function  [29]  using R software. This function calculates the sample size needed to estimate a selected Pearson correlation coefficient with a given alpha significance and a width of the confidence interval. The values of the arguments of this function were as follows: risk alpha = 0. 05; minimum expected correlation coefficient r = 0. 3 (main judgment criterion) and confidence interval CI2w = 0. 3. Thus, the number of subjects required was estimated at 143 patients with type 2 diabetes. The minimum correlation coefficient of 0. 30 was set with reference to the meta-analysis of Zheng et al. [30]  in which a robust correlation coefficient of 0. 35 was estimated between HL and HRQoL.
The second section is a visual analogue scale "EQ-VAS" that gives a subjective individual assessment of health status using a thermometer-like scale from 0 to 100. 0 being the worst health status and 100 being the best possible health status. The patient is required to indicate their health status of the day by placing a cross (x) in a box at the corresponding level on the scale. As the HLQ and EQ-5D-5L questionnaires are protected by copyright, we had requested and obtained licenses from the authors. (HLQ license number: L18106IS; EQ-5D registration number: 27,589). Socio-demographic, clinical and biological data were systematically collected from all subjects participating in this study using an open-ended questionnaire.
Data collection Before collecting data in real-life situations, we checked the comprehension of the HLQ and EQ-5D questionnaire items on a few patients who could neither read nor write French. There was no explicit local cross-cultural adaptation of the data collection tools (HLQ and EQ-5D-5L). On the other hand, we checked the comprehension of the questionnaire items by our target audience by means of an apparent validity pre-test (cognitive interview test). All the questionnaires were administered face-to-face, essentially in French and Moor e (the majority languages in Ouagadougou). We wanted to use this summary test to ensure that the patients understood the questions asked and were able to answer without difficulty. For the apparent validity pre-test, we administered the questionnaire to a convenience sample of diabetic patients who came for consultation (11 patients for HLQ and 10 for EQ-5D-5L).
They did not have major difficulties in answering the questions. Furthermore, the proportion of patients who were likely to not understand the items on the questionnaires was marginal in our final study sample. Data collection took place between March and May 2019. Data collection was carried out with the help of the doctors who consulted the patients. After the routine consultation, the doctors (informed about the study during meetings organised in each department) also administered the HLQ and EQ-5D-5L questionnaires. Patient medical records were then consulted for the collection of clinical and biological characteristics of the patients.
Statistical analysis of data For patients' HL and HRQoL levels, automated Excel spreadsheets were used to calculate scores for the nine HL scales as well as HRQoL scores from patients' responses to the two administered questionnaires (HLQ and EQ-5D-5L respectively). The HRQoL score was determined using five-digit health profiles (or health states) for the five EQ-5D-5L domains described above. These scores were calculated using an algorithm developed from local population preferences for different health states  [37]. This score, called the EQ-5D score, ranges from 0 to 1 (1 being the best possible health state, 0 being the worst possible health state). To our knowledge, no study has yet evaluated the local preferences of the Burkinabe population for different health states with respect to the EQ-5D questionnaire.
Socio-demographic characteristics of patients A total of 203 diabetic patients were included in the sample, 11 refused to participate in the study and 8 did not complete the questionnaires due to time constraints. Nine patients were withdrawn from the study due to missing data on more than 50% of the questionnaire items. In the end, 175 patients actually completed the questionnaires. Table  1  presents the sociodemographic and bio-clinical characteristics of the participants. The majority (80. 5%) of the patients in the sample were under 60 years of age. There were more women (70. 3%) than men, 77. 7% of the patients did not have a high school education (junior high or high school) and 57. 7% were employed.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the directors of the 5 hospitals ( CHU-Yalgado, CHU-Bogodogo, CHU-Tingandogo, Saint-Camille and Schiphra ) and the respective heads of internal medicine or outpatient departments for their availability and valuable support in the collection of data. A special mention goes to the patients who agreed to devote their precious time to complete the questionnaires. Finally, we would like to thank the following institutions: the  Institute of Health sciences research (IRSS) of Burkina Faso ,  Faculty of Medicine , the SESSTIM research unit (from  Aix-Marseille University, Inserm and IRD ),  Swinburne University in Australia  and the  EuroQol group  who contributed to the realization of this project.
Theme 4: predictors of recovery Previous studies  (El Hachioui et al. , 2013 ; On behalf of The RELEASE Collaborators, 2021) have examined the impact of certain participant-related factors on recovery of specific language domains such as overall language ability, auditory comprehension, and naming. However, the neurobiological and cognitive predictors of recovery remain elusive. Future work will need to involve collation and examination of large datasets, informed by neuroimaging data (examining neuroimaging markers of aphasia severity and associations between lesion patterns on MRI and recovery potential), collation of data on cognitive assessments and examination of additional biomarkers. The nature of genetic variants affecting long-term clinical outcomes after aphasia onset is still largely unclear  (Kessler & Schunkert, 2019)  and warrants further investigation: apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and PRNP 129 codon status are associated with increased risk of primary progressive aphasia.
International research methodology and infrastructure Further use of coordinated and cross-institutional research and knowledge-exchange programmes would progress the field. Use of big data methods to aggregate aphasia datasets is underway within the CATs Collaboration. Use of datasets for secondary analysis in this manner would reduce research waste. Our development of a shared interventional aphasia research agenda and roadmap has several strengths. Our approach included literature searches for research and policy documents, engagement with multidisciplinary aphasia researchers, the involvement of clinical and research networks, remote and face-to-face discussions to identify, refine, and agree main research objectives and components to include as part of a worldwide aphasia research agenda.
Only patients with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) <80% predicted and FEV1 / forced vital capacity (FVC) <70% would be eligible to participate in the study. They were between 45-75 years of age, and clinically stable. Exclusion criteria consist of (1) cardiovascular problem (2) diagnosed psychiatric or cognitive disorders, (3) progressive neuromuscular diseases, (4) severe orthopedic problems with a significant impact on daily activities, and  (5)  prior inclusion in a rehabilitation program (<1 year). The study was approved by the research ethics committee of Farhat Hached Hospital of Sousse, Tunisia. The trial was registered in Clinical Trial under the number (NCT04084405). This study complied with the declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave written consent before they participated in this study.
Descriptive statistics are expressed as mean ± SD. All Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software for Windows, version 20 (IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY, USA). Normality distribution was verified using the "Shapiro-Wilk" test. When variables obey the normal distribution, data were compared using parametric t-tests for paired samples and unpaired samples, within and between groups, respectively. Otherwise, data were compared using the nonparametric "Wilcoxon" test for paired samples and the non-parametric "Mann-Whitney" test for unpaired samples, within and between groups, respectively. A chi-squared test was used to compare between Gold stages percentages. The significance limit was set at P < 0. 05. Effect size (Cohen's d) was calculated using data at baseline measure and post-training.
Baseline data Baseline patients' characteristics and values of initial tests are detailed in Table  2. No significant difference was observed between groups at the baseline data. Balance. After the training period, functional balance measured with BBS and ABC scales significantly improved between-groups in BBS with a change of 2. 7 points (p = 0. 019; 95%CI (Confidence Interval) of change: 2. 56-3. 87 points; 95%CI of performance: 48. 07-50. 14 points) and in ABC with a change of 7. 2% (p = 0. 014; 95%CI of change: 6. 96-10. 53%; 95%CI of performance: 76. 75-82. 82%). However, there were no significant differences between-groups in TUG (p = 0. 18; 95%CI of change: -0. 77--0. 40 s; 95%CI of performance: 8. 71-9. 33 s), and SLS (p = 0. 36; 95%CI of change: 1. 73-7. 51 s; 95%CI of performance: 34.
Acknowledgments Author contribution:  B. Tounsi  planned and obtained funding for the study. S. Ahmaidi ,  T. Lelard , and  Y. Trabelsi  contributed to the study concept and design. B. Tounsi  and  Y. Trabelsi  were responsible for data collection. A. Acheche,  Z. Tabka ,  B. Benbdira , and BenSalah M contributed to data acquisition. Y. Trabelsi  and  B. Tounsi  performed data analysis. B. Tounsi drafted the first version and corrected it by  T. Lelard ,  Z. Tabka ,  A. Acheche ,  Y. Trabelsi , and  S. Ahmaidi. All  authors reviewed the manuscript critically for relevant intellectual content and approved the final manuscript. Z. Tabka passed away before the submission of the final version of this manuscript. B. Tounsi  accepts responsibility for the integrity and validity of the data collected and analyzed.
As SARS-CoV-2 mortality is strongly associated with age  [17] [18] [19]  , NNV estimates were preplanned to be stratified by age group (18-49 years, 50-69 years, 70 years or more). In addition, as prioritization and planning of cancer and non-cancer surgery differs, NNV estimates were also preplanned to be stratified by indication for surgery (cancer versus non-cancer). To contextualize the NNV estimates for surgical patients, age-stratified NNVs were also estimated for the general population. The study was registered at Clinical. Trials. gov (NCT0450998690).
GlobalSurg-CovidSurg Week study Real-world estimates for postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and postoperative mortality attributable to SARS-CoV-2 were based on the GlobalSurg-CovidSurg Week study. This was an international prospective multicentre cohort study (NCT04509986) that included patients undergoing any type of surgical procedure performed routinely in an operating theatre by a surgeon. Participating centres collected data on all consecutive patients in one or more preselected surgical specialties during 1 or more weeks within an overall 28-day study window (5 October 2020 to 1 November 2020). Patients who had either elective surgery (planned admission to hospital) or emergency surgery (unplanned admission), as either an inpatient (surgery with a planned overnight stay) or day case, were included.
This analysis was restricted to patients having elective inpatient surgery. Mortality status was determined by 30-day postoperative followup. Patients with data missing on age, sex, ASA physical status grade, indication for surgery, grade of surgery, SARS-CoV-2 infection status, or mortality were excluded from this analysis, to allow consistent denominators throughout calculations. The study collected only routine, anonymized data with no change to clinical care pathways. A secure online REDCap database was used for data collection. The study was registered at each participating hospital in line with applicable regulations. In the UK, the study was registered as either a clinical audit or service evaluation (registration reference at lead site, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust: CARMS-16328).
Postoperative SARS-CoV-2 attributable mortality Multiple studies have established that patients who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 after operation are at increased risk of postoperative death  8, 9. However, there are likely to be confounding factors, with higher postoperative mortality rates in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients partly attributable to baseline differences such as older age or co-morbidity. Therefore, an unadjusted risk difference for mortality between patients with and without postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection is likely to overestimate mortality attributable to SARS-CoV-2. To reduce confounding, data for elective inpatient surgery from the GlobalSurg-CovidSurg Week study were used to estimate adjusted differences in mortality between patients who did and did not have postoperative SARS-CoV-2.
GlobalSurg-CovidSurg week study Overall, the GlobalSurg-CovidSurg Week study captured data for 141 582 patients from across 1667 hospitals in 116 countries. Of the 89 225 adults who underwent elective surgery, 31 434 had a day-case procedure and 1202 had a preoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, 56 589 patients were included in the main analyses (Fig. S1 ). A demographic breakdown is provided in Table  2.
Discussion This study used real-world data from an international, prospective cohort study to model NNVs to prevent COVID-19-related deaths among patients needing elective inpatient surgery. When compared within age groups, NNVs were consistently lower for surgical patients than for the general population. NNVs were particularly favourable for patients needing cancer surgery, who are likely to be prioritized for elective surgery as services restart in 2021. These findings were consistent across all settings regardless of community SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, as well as in bestand worst-case scenario analyses. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could prevent tens of thousands of COVID-19-related postoperative deaths. However, vaccine supplies are likely to remain limited in most countries throughout 2021  16.
Study Design Our study will be an observational and prospective study. It will be a multicenter, French study based on the observation of healthy volunteers without invasive sampling in France. We will record different variables and data from the study population without interventions. The study design is described in Figure  1. We will provide repeated measures in the same departments (each measurement time comprising of 24 h, including a nightshift, and 24 h, including a dayshift). We will create a cohort of workers that will be followed every 5 years if they are still working in the Emergency Department. However, we can include new health care workers if needed. Therefore, the objective of this manuscript was to present the design of a study protocol to examine well-being in emergency health care workers (the SEEK-study).
Study Design Our study will be an observational and prospective study. It will be a multicenter, French study based on the observation of healthy volunteers without invasive sampling in France. We will record different variables and data from the study population without interventions. The study design is described in Figure  1. We will provide repeated measures in the same departments (each measurement time comprising of 24 h, including a nightshift, and 24 h, including a dayshift). We will create a cohort of workers that will be followed every 5 years if they are still working in the Emergency Department. However, we can include new health care workers if needed.
Justification of the Sample Size The number of subjects required justification is based on the ability to recruit participants, namely 120 subjects. Previous studies have shown an acceptance rate above 80% in the emergency health care workers' population; power estimates will be provided based on 100 subjects included. In addition to the expected variability, this type of study can have a fixed margin of error on the estimated sample size (reliability of the sample). Referring to the data of our pilot study, the Karasek questionnaire found low decision latitude (59. 67 ± 6. 44, 6% higher than 71), a significant psychological burden (29. 39 ± 4. 07; 94% greater than 20), and high social support (29. 94 ± 3. 21, 100% above 24), meaning that with at least 100 subjects considered, the error margin will be very satisfying that is respectively ±1.
Sociodemographic Report A unique questionnaire will be used to collect sociodemographic data such as age, sex, weight, height, and marital status. Information about medical history, drugs, and pregnancy (if female) will be collected. A second part of the questionnaire will assess the physical activity (number of hours per week and intensity) and sleep of every health care worker (number of hours and quality assess by a visual analogic scale from worst to best). Others visual analogic scales will assess stress and mental and physical tiredness.
Food Intake To study the qualitative and quantitative food intake of emergency health care workers, participants will be given a questionnaire. Three timepoints will be examined-before, during, and after nightshift-and compared to a control day. We will ask participants to complete a 3-day dietary recall that will be explained and detailed to them by a member of the investigation team. We will ask to participants to indicate all the details regarding the food ingested at each meal and in-between meals as precisely as possible. A specialized dietician will provide details in the diary as well as some guidance on how to complete it. Subsequently, the diaries will be reviewed with the participants and the dietitian during a 45-min interview  [55]. All data will be pooled and translated in kcal.
Participants The data used in this paper are drawn from the third and most recent wave of the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSAL-3), a cross-sectional dataset providing detailed information on the sexual behavior of more than 15,000 adults aged 16-74 randomly selected in the UK between September 2010 and August 2012. Young people aged 16-34 were over-sampled in order to provide sufficient statistical power to examine behaviors among the age-group at highest risk for a range of sexual health outcomes  (Erens et al. , 2014). The response rate in terms of completed interviews is about 57. 7% for Natsal-3  (Erens et al. , 2014). We used survey functions in order to account for the sampling design of the Natsal-3 dataset. Figure  1  provides a flowchart of the selection of the analytic sample which was restricted to young adult respondents aged 16-24 who were already sexually active at the time of interview (more than 80% of the young adults) and for whom we do not have any missing values.
, 2014). Finally, in order to check the robustness of our findings, we have replicated our analysis using multiply imputed data. We used Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations to impute missing values on outcome and on explanatory variables due to item non-response (Augmented N = 1,377 for men and 1,756 for women). We imputed 20 datasets and report consolidated results from all imputations using Rubin's combination rules (see  Marchenko, 2009). Results from the imputed analyses did not vary substantively from the analyses using listwise deletion (imputed results are available upon request).
Raw data Force-plate data were low-pass filtered using a second order Butterworth filter with a 10 Hz cut-off frequency  (Honeine et al. , 2014). The mediolateral and anteroposterior coordinates of the COP were computed from force-plate data. The instantaneous COM acceleration was determined from the ground reaction forces according to the Newton's second law. COM velocity and displacement were computed by successive numerical integrations of COM acceleration. Data were collected at a rate of 500 Hz. Data acquisition was controlled by a custom-made program written in Matlab™ (Version 5. 3 (R11), The MathWorks Inc. , USA).
Whereas the study attempted to address this lack by undertaking the time-consuming work of developing its own lists of kiln sites and subsequently a census of their workers for sampling, the mobility of the workers, and political instability may well have compromised this process. In spite of these drawbacks, it is clear that this study was able to generate a large and unique set of quantitative information. The psychosocial component benefited from the detailed data on physical health, work tasks and working conditions, demographic characteristics, educational information, and environmental assessment which were collected as part of the larger occupational health study of children working in the brick factories.
Acknowledgements This study was carried out under the aegis of the  International Labour Organization (ILO). Among those who provided important inputs to the design, conduct, and/or analysis of the study, we thank  Mohammad Vaqas Ali ,  Martijn Hofman ,  Aditya Jain ,  Sunil Joshi ,  Afzal Khan ,  Farhad Mehran , and especially  Martin Woodhead  whose.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  M. Pagès  and  M. Galan  for collecting much of the data and for assistance in the interpretation of the results. We thank  G. Konana ,  W. Aglukkaq  and  S. Qirniruq  for their field expertise and Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) that enabled the collection of polar bear faeces in the wild. Field work was supported by the  Polar Continental Shelf Project (PCSP) ,  Nunavut Wildlife Management Board  (NWMB) and  Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. (NTI)  awards to.
Search Strategy The search strategy was carried out by two review authors (R. H. and S. D. ) independently, including only terms related to, or describing, the study domain and intervention. With the view to evaluate the inter-reviewer reliability, Kappa (κ) statistics were performed with a minimum value of 0. 8 deemed to be acceptable  [58]. In the event of any inconsistency or disagreement, a third review author (S. B. ) was asked to solve the matter. The following databases, using the relevant keywords and Medical Subjective Headings (MeSH) Terms, were systematically searched: Cochrane Library database, MEDLINE (NCBI PubMed and PMC), EMBASE, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials. gov, ProQuest, Scopus, RCTs Registry Trial, comparing PMBT with a placebo or any standard care intervention or combined therapies in patients with primary neurological BMS, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCRCT), ScienceDirect and Google Scholar.
With regards to the age distribution, one study reported the mean age of 59. 7-year-old (yrs)  [78] , while in the other study the mean age in PBM group was 60. 2 yrs and in placebo group was 61. 1 yrs  [81]. In terms of gender distribution, one study recruited only females  [78] , whereas one study was conducted on more than a 50% female population  [81]. Any relevant data on patients' racial background in the included studies were reported and classified as follows: Black, Black/Caucasian, non-Caucasian for the purpose of this systematic review and metaanalysis. Both studies failed to report the patients' racial background  [78, 81]. Both studies reported a combination of presented symptoms; burning sensation and dysgeusia  [78] ; burning sensation and pain  [81]. The duration of presented symptoms was not specified in both the studies  [78, 81] , whereas the affected areas were reported in one study as follows: tongue (T), upper lip (UL), lower lip (LL), buccal mucosa (BM), mandibular ridge (MR), soft palate (SP), hard palate (HP) and lower gingivae (LG)  [78]  and the other study failed to provide this information  [81].