dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Funding: This work was financially supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche   ANR-07-JCJC-0149 , ' ArBoCo' (IR)  and  ANR-13-BS09-0006-03  ' MULTIPS ' (AG). IR, AG and LBG acknowledge financial support from the  Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (Fr)  through the  Programme National de Recherche sur la Connaissance et la Conservation des materiaux du patrimoine Culturel PNRCC 2010-2011 'OsIRIs '. AG, MP, DF and GB would also like to acknowledge the  CNRS  for financial support in developing the qsSAXSI method:  Defi Instrumentation aux Limites 'qsSAXSI Biomat '.
LC/MS analysis For protein identification by LC-ESI-MS/MS, purified proteins were digested with trypsin and trypsin digests were analyzed using a nanoAcquity UPLC system connected to a Synapt G2Si Q-TOF ion mobility hybrid spectrometer. Peptides were eluted onto a trapping column (nanoAcquity UPLC 2G-V/M Trap 5μm Symmetry C18 180μm x 20mm, Waters) for concentration and desalting, at 10 μL/min of 99. 9% water 0. 1% formic acid and 0. 1% acetonitrile 0. 1% formic acid. Peptides were eluted on a C18 100 μm x 100 mm column (nanoAcquity UPLC 1. 7μm BEH C18, Waters) and separated using a 100 minutes gradient (300 nl/min, 5 to 40% acetonitrile 0. 1% formic acid). Data independent MS/MS monitoring (HDMSe) was performed in positive Resolution Mobility TOF mode. Capillary voltage was set to 3 kV, sampling cone to 40 V and source temperature to 90 degrees.
MS range was 50-2000 m/z, Trap cell energy was 4 V, Transfer cell low energy was 5 V and high fragmentation energy was a 19-45 V ramp. Typical on-column specimen load was approximately 400 ng per specimen. Raw MS data was processed using PLGS 3. 0. 1 software. GFP lock mass correction was applied to all spectra. Processing thresholds were set as follow: low energy = 250 counts, elevated energy = 100 counts, intensity = 750 counts. The following workflow parameters were set for protein database searching: monoisotopic masses, 1+ minimum peptide charge, Trypsin, peptide and fragment automatic tolerances, 1 missed cleavage, carbamidomethyl C as fixed modification, deamination NQ and oxidation M as variable modification, 4% false discovery rate, 1 minimum peptide per protein, 1 minimum fragment ion matches per peptide, 3 minimum fragment ion matches per protein.
NCBI and Swissprot online protein sequences were used for protein identification. All specimens MS datasets were compared to the entire Swissprot database (November 2014) and a concatenated NCBI database containing Homo sapiens, Yersinia and common environment contaminant sequences (November 2014). Keratines were excluded from the results. Proteins presenting one or more peptides were considered as identified. Pearson's chi-squared test A pearson's chi squared test was realized between the sample of Delos and the sample of Nancy to probe the probability that the repartition of Y. pestis peptides detected had nothing to do with chance. Values used were of dd l = 1 and P<0. 1for the analysis.
El hábitat altomedieval estaba situado en la parte alta del yacimiento, sobre las ruinas del oppidum de época republicana. No se conoce su extensión ni su patrón organizativo, ya que por el momento sólo se han hallado algunos restos de muros deteriorados y materiales (cerámica, tejas) semejantes a los del sector de la iglesia. Ésta no se encuentra dentro de los límites del oppidum, sino en el área D, una ancha repisa casi plana situada al pie de la acrópolis prerromana (fig. 1, p. 202), con vistas hacia la bahía de Zahara y el cabo Trafalgar (fig. 2,  p. 202). En el centro de esta terraza, los restos de un edificio exento de grandes proporciones eran visibles en superficie 2. Ha resultado ser una iglesia de época 1 El estudio de la fase altomedieval de la Silla del Papa se enmarca en el PGI «La Silla del Papa (Tarifa, Cádiz): oppidum, necrópolis y territorio» autorizado por la Junta de Andalucía, con el apoyo del Conjunto Arqueológico de Baelo Claudia, del programa Archeostraits (ANR-13-FRAL-0011-01), de la Mission Cadix-Alicante del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Francia, del CNRS, de la Universidad de Toulouse (Traces, UMR 5608) y de la Casa de Velázquez, en colaboración con el Grupo de Investigación «Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico» de la Universidad de Alicante.
We used the E-prime 2. 0 software (Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) to conduct the experiment. Two loudspeakers (Dell A225) placed behind the screen, halfway between the two faces, transmitted the audio stimuli. A low-light video camera, located above the stimulus-presentation monitor, was used to record infant looking behavior. The video recordings were subsequently digitized and analyzed with a frame-by-frame coding procedure. We used a preferential looking technique to test multisensory gender perception of faces and voices and measured the total duration of looking time directed to each face.
The description of the technological infrastructure of this project is not the focus of this article, suffice to say that students can create and share pictures, programs and interactive geometry figures of different origins, and discuss about them on the same page, accumulate these pages in an electronic book. Many different cbook units (about 70) have been produced in this project and this article reports on the usage of the cbook Art and Modeling created by the French Community of Interest. This c-book has been used in different contexts, and we report here on 2 pre-service teacher training sessions (45 students) and a workshop in the international congress of IREM network, Strasbourg, July 2016 (30 teachers, teachertrainers and researchers). The data collected and discussed here are their electronic productions only but the exchanges and interplays were not recorded, our interpretation is nevertheless discussed here.
Acknowledgement The research leading to these results has received funding from the  EU   7th Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement n°  610467 -project  " M C Squared ", http://mc2-project. eu. The C-book technology is based on the widely used Freudenthal Institute's DME portal and is being developed by a consortium of nine partner organizations, led by CTI&Press 'Diophantus'. This publication reflects only the authors' views and the  European Union  is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Unless otherwise noted, ASL data are based on repeated judgments by a single Deaf signer (Deaf child of Deaf, signing parents), and similarly for LSF (the consultant is also the Deaf child of Deaf, signing parents). All the ratings for sentences that didn't appear in earlier publications are found in Appendix IV (sometimes in abbreviated form when it comes to inferential questions). Averages of the various trials for the relevant consultant are provided in front of each original sentence in the main text, with numerical scores in lieu of the customary symbols *, ??, ? used in generative grammar. Unless stated otherwise, acceptability is assessed in the context given, without specifying which reading is intended; inferential questions assess meaning separately from acceptability. Sentences are followed by the language they are from, with the reference of the video in which they were signed (thus ASL, 14, 91 will follow example (7) because this an ASL sentence recorded in video 14, 91).
• Second, the existence of Action Role Shift adds something to the typology that has been described for spoken languages, since no uncontroversial cases of context shift without attitude reports have been described in that domain. If no such cases can be found, it will remain to ask why this is. Several questions are left for future research. (i) First, we have not attempted to develop a general framework that can handle Role Shift data from American, French, German and Catalan sign languages. As noted, in the latter two languages indexicals that appear in a given roleshifted clause may be interpreted with respect to different contexts, and thus a more expressive framework is needed to handle these data than that used in the present piece. As mentioned above, one way to achieve this result is to allow some indexical expressions to move out of the scope of contextshifting operators (see related considerations in  Shklovsky & Sudo 2014 ).
research. Thanks to  Kathryn Davidson  and to audiences at  NYU  for helpful suggestions. Special thanks to three referees for  Semantics & Pragmatics , to  Sandro Zucchi , and to  David Beaver  for extremely detailed and helpful comments. The references were prepared by  Lucie Ravaux , who also checked the computation of average judgments given with example sentences. The research leading to these results received funding from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP/2007-2013) /  ERC  Grant Agreement N°324115-FRONTSEM (PI: Schlenker). Research was conducted at  Institut d'Etudes Cognitives (ENS) , which is supported by grants  ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL*  and  ANR-10-LABX-0087   IEC. The research reported in this piece also contributes to the  COST Action IS1006.
The comparative sample The comparative data is presented in detail in the Supplementary Information (SI) 1. It consists of European Late Pleistocene humans, mostly mature individuals and a few late adolescents, chronologically divided in middle Upper Paleolithic (from about 30,000 years ago to the end of the Last Glacial Maximum) and late Upper Paleolithic (from the end of the Last Glacial maximum to the end of the Pleistocene). Osteometric and cross-sectional data derive from personal research of the authors and from the literature (See SI 1). Some individuals (Oberkassel 1, Barma Grande 2, Barma del Caviglione 1, Vado all' Arancio 1) show marked limb abnormalities or trauma, and those skeletal elements were not included in the comparative sample.
Sex and age assessments The pelvis of BT1 is very badly preserved, and cannot be used for the sex assessment. However, all measurements of its appendicular skeleton are in the upper range of variation of Upper Paleolithic males (see below) and a secondary sex diagnosis based on discriminant function analysis indicates that BT1 is very likely a male  (Villotte et al. , 2011a). On the five morphological structures of the coxal bone used for the sex assessment in Br ůžek (2002), three (preauricular surface aspects, sciatic notch aspects, and morphology of the composite arch) can be scored on the BT2 left coxal bone and all indicate a male morphology (see SI 4). The probability of BT2 being a male or female has also been calculated by comparing measurements of its left coxal bone to those from a worldwide database  (Murail et al.
Acknowledgements SV thanks  D. Henry-Gambier  ( UMR5199   PACEA ,  Université de Bordeaux-CNRS)  for giving him the opportunity to study these fossils, and  R. Dagorne  and  T. Dechezleprêtre  ( Musée lorrain, Nancy, France ),  C. Schwab  ( Musée d'archéologie nationale, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France ), and  Amélie Vialet  ( Institut de paléontologie humaine, Paris ), who allowed access to the material. D. Henry-Gambier  participated to the study, especially the inventory, preliminary morphological descriptions, and sex assessment. The surface analysis of the bones of BT2 was first done by  D. Henry-Gambier  in collaboration with  Claire Letourneux. Later on,  Eugène Morin  ( University of Trento, Italy ) helped on SV to identify the origin of some of the marks. The sex of BT2 was assessed in collaboration with  Jaroslav Br ůžek  ( UMR5199   PACEA ,  Université de Bordeaux-CNRS , and  Charles University in Prague ).
Acknowledgements This is publication number 10 of the  Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project. Acquisition of the HSPDP-WTK drill core and sampling was funded by the  International Continental Drilling Program  and  US-NSF  grants ( EAR-1123942 ,  BCS-1241859  and  EAR-1338553 ). MJS, HJLvdL and JCAJ are funded by  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research  grants  NWO-ALW 823. 01. 003 , NWO-ALW 824. 01. 005  and  NWO-ALW Veni2013  grant respectively. GDN acknowledges funding from  Marie Curie   CIG FP7  grant  294282  'HIRESDAT'. We thank the  Kenyan National Council for Science and Technology and Kenyan Ministry of Mines  for providing research and export permits, and the  National Environmental Management Authority of Kenya  for providing environmental permits for the drilling in West Turkana.
2003) , the anterior posterior diameter of the medial condyle (APDMC), which is the largest anteroposterior dimension of the medial condyle,  (Srivastava et al. 2012 ) and the anterior posterior diameter of the lateral condyle (APDLC), which is the largest anteroposterior dimension of the lateral condyle  (Srivastava et al. 2012 ) (Fig. 1 ). The landmarks were positioned using 3D in vivo imaging software (Amira®) using the volume rendering technique (VRT) mode and the multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) mode. Once these landmarks had been defined, the coordinates of each landmark in space (x,y,z) were recorded. During the scan, the subject was placed in a supine position with their knee in a relaxed and extended position. Axial slices perpendicular to the femoral long axis in which the epicondyles were the most prominent were used to place points 1-8.
Procrustes analysis All morphometric geometric analyses were carried out with Morpho J software and R 2. 2. 0 software. The chosen landmarks made it possible to characterize the shape of the distal femur (Fig. 2 ). The first step consisted of a generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA)  (Klingenberg 2002). With GPA, size effects related to isometry were removed, but allometric size differences were retained and visible. This strategy expresses the results in graphical format by showing the average shape of the subgroups of interest.
2000; Ozer & Katayama 2008; Purkait & Chandra 2004; Slaus et al. 2003; Srivastava et al. 2012; Trancho et al. 1997). This data may be used as a current reference when virtual or in vivo autopsy is performed  (Barrier et al. 2009). In this study, osteometric analyses were carried out in addition to the 3D analyses. By placing easily identifiable points on the apex of the bone contours, we were able to obtain data in the traditional manner, which allowed us to verify that our data were in agreement with published values  (Cavaignac et al. 2016). Origin-based variability  (Purkait & Chandra 2004 ) must be taken into account in literature comparisons, but the results of these three reference measurements are consistent with published results  (Cavaignac et al. 2016). Furthermore, the intra-and inter-observer error rates were very low in our study-none exceed 2%.
2003). The current study has certain limitations. Only skeletally mature subjects were included. In younger persons, the bone contours of the distal femoral epiphysis are not completely ossified. This would have increased the possibility of error during landmark placement by the observers. Moreover, diseases that do not affect the distal femur but may require a CT scan that includes the distal femur, such as vascular conditions, are more common in older subjects. We were not able to determine the number of subjects needed for this study, as this was the first time that morphometric geometry methods were used to analyze distal femur anatomy. We initially based our sample size calculation on data from the Yang study  (Yang et al. 2014 ) (measuring BCB in an Asian population) and the Cavaignac study  (Cavaignac et al.
This is a drawback of "grouped" analysis, which suppresses individual characteristics. Most of the differences in shape in the orthopedic context occur in the axial plane (distal femoral twist, aspect ratio of distal femurs)  (Kim et al. 2017; Mahfouz et al. 2012; Yip et al. 2004). We were somewhat surprised to found notable dimorphism in the frontal plane in our study (Fig. 2 ) -Asian femurs were longer from cranial to caudal than the European femurs. To our knowledge, this frontal dimorphism has never been shown. This may be one of the reasons why Asian TKA patients have worse range of motion results  (Iorio et al. 2007 ). This study is the first step in an effort to classify the variability in femur shape suggested by  Mahfouz (Mahfouz et al. 2012 ) but in the three planes in space. We will add data from other ethnic groups to enrich our database.
This paper reviews the results of a multi-site fieldwork campaign undertaken in Greece at ancient settlements in the Peloponnese and Thessaly. The data collected from geophysics were effective in highlighting major urban features, such as street plans and architecture. These are some of the expected and quantifiable outcomes associated with geophysical prospection in archaeology. What is distinctive here is the spatially extensive sampling methods of investigations and their rapid execution, which guided the emphasis of research towards broad urban characteristics, including settlement size, urban density, city organization, modes of movement, and urban modifications, from a cross-regional point of view. Such an approach cultivates a healthy blend of targeted site analysis and widespread multi-site analysis, opening enticing new avenues in the urban archaeology of the Mediterranean.
An advantage of EMI is that it provides information about both electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility, making it useful for investigating a range of both archaeological and geological material  (Simon and Moffat 2015). Both the magnetometer and EMI were equipped with GPS rover stations that communicated with a differential base station (dGPS) providing a positioning accuracy of less than 1 cm. Electrical ground resistance and GPR surveys were used to target smaller areas after the initial results from magnetics and EMI. These methods are generally slower in operation, but their ability to map buried anthropogenic features in 2D and 3D are sometimes superior. Two GPR devices were employed: the MALÅ "Mini" MIRA, a 400 MHz frequency eight-channel system consisting of an array of nine antennae with five transmitters and four receivers, and the Sensors and Software NOGGIN Plus-Smart Cart single channel system fitted with a 250 MHz antenna.
The eight-channel GPR can be towed with a quad bike and can be linked to a dGPS base station for rapid site assessment. It was best employed on level ground with minimal vegetation and stone density. The single channel GPR is lighter weight and more flexible in demanding topographical conditions. However, survey grids usually must be laid out with additional personnel, which reduces the speed and efficiency of data acquisition. The single antenna also means that it covers a far smaller proportion of the site during each survey line. Electrical ground resistance mapping was carried out using a Geoscan resistance meter RM85 with a twin probe configuration set to a = 0. 5-1 m. Although resistance is one of the most popular-if not the most widely used-geophysical technique in the Mediterranean, its slower application due to the need to directly couple the electrodes to the soil did not make the device appealing for the research goals of high spatial coverage.
Different geophysical methods usually overlap in area coverage (TABLE  2 ). This was done as a practical means to obtain complementary datasets and to test the effectiveness of each technique in various soil conditions. Other times the survey team was constrained to certain areas, either from the cultivation cycle of crops or the accessibility of private land, and a more targeted approach needed to be implemented. This was the case at Halos and Demetrias, where there were higher percentages (more than 50%) of overlap between geophysical methods. However, in normal working conditions, the overlap from surveying approached about one-quarter to one-third of the total surface coverage. These ratios can be modified depending on the needs and constraints of the research team (e. g. , large coverage, time.
Raman spectroscopy was performed in order to determine the composition of the surface species at the micro-level, in addition to the X-ray diffraction performed on a larger surface scale. Measurements were carried out on the artificially aged quaternary bronze surfaces with a Horiba Jobin Yvon LabRAM HR 800 apparatus (grading resolution of 600 lines/mm, excitation wavelength 532. 0 nm (Ar diode), with an Olympus objective Â 100 (NO 0. 9) allowing a theoretical lateral resolution of 0. 7 mm at a maximum depth of 2. 61 mm). The alignment was calibrated for the first order of a pure Si crystal (520. 7 ± 1 cm À1 ). The scan number and the accumulation time (usually 60 s) were adapted according to the intrinsic signal intensity (specifically here, 30 s Â 3 acquisition, at an energy < 5 mW). The acquisition and treatments of the spectra were performed with LabSpec software.
Acknowledgements This work has been performed in the scope of the  B-IMPACT  project  within M-ERA. NET network , supported by national funding organisations (MIZ S, MIUR, RMP). The authors wish to thank: Livartis d. o. o. (Slovenia) for producing quaternary alloy bronzes (www. livartis. si/en), Drs. C edric Charvillat  and  Olivier Marsan , at  CIRIMAT, University of Toulouse , for XRD and Raman spectroscopy measurements, respectively, and  Mr. Viliem Kuhar  at  ZAG Institute  for metallographic observations of the etched alloys.
Preliminary petrographic characterization The sample set for analysis consisted of seven un-orientated cubic specimens 5 × 5 × 5 cm, six un-orientated cubic specimens 2. 5 × 2. 5 × 2. 5 cm and four mini-core specimens of freshly cut Macigno sandstone, provided by the producer from the Caprolo quarry. A detailed mineralogical petrographic study was performed on thin and polished samples, respectively, with polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, a small amount of the samples was milled for X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis (Fig. 2 ). PLOM was carried out with a petrographic microscope coupled to an Optikam B5 microscopy digital USB camera with a resolution of 2592 × 1944 pixels (5 Mpixels), equipped with Optika Vision Lite and Optika View acquisition software.
SEM analysis was carried out using a Tescan Vega 3 LM scanning electron microscope equipped with an Apollo X detector and a Microanalysis TEAM energy dispersive system (EDS), installed at the DISTAV, University of Genoa, Italy. Microphotographs were acquired using graphitesputter-coated 3D samples under high vacuum conditions. XRPD was carried out by an automated Philips PW 1140 Xchange diffractometer. The instrument is equipped with the X'pert plus, X'pert data collector, X'pert data high score and X'pert organizer software for powder analysis of ICDD (International Center for Diffraction Data) phases. The instrument operates with a cobalt (Co) anode generating X-rays addressed to the sample holder containing the powdered specimen. The samples were prepared grinding bulk fragments, to obtain about 0.
Image analyses Image analysis was carried out on images obtained with a Tescan Vega 3 LM scanning electron microscope installed at the DISTAV, University of Genoa, Italy. The samples were graphitesputtercoated polished chips of the unaltered sample, analysed under high vacuum conditions. JMicrovision software  (Roduit 2007 ) was used to build the measure dataset from each image. The 2D image analysis provided a reconstruction of the preferential orientation of the constituent minerals  (Gioncada et al. 2011) , unveiling the bedding planes.