dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Hormonal levels were submitted to a repeated measures MANOVA (SPSS ® -Win19) with HORMONES (three levels: progesterone, estradiol, testosterone) as within factor and SEX and GROUP (schizophrenia, controls) as the between group factors. Behavioral and ERP data were submitted to repeated measures MANCOVA with VALENCE (two levels; pleasant/unpleasant) and AROUSAL (two levels; high/low). The analysis of the ERP data contained two additional within-subject factors related to cortical regions of HEMISPHERE (two levels: left/right) and REGION (two levels: anterior/posterior). The anterior region was populated by F1, F3, F5, FC1, FC3, FT7 (left hemisphere), F2, F4, F6, FC2, FC4 FT8 (right hemisphere), while the posterior region was populated by P1, P3, P5, C1, C3, C5 (left hemisphere) and P2, P4, P6, C2, C4, C6 (right hemisphere).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by a  Canadian Institute of Health Research  operating grant entitled " The contribution of gender and estrogen to sex differences in neural correlates of cognitive and emotion processing in schizophrenia" (IGO-81140 ) to  Adrianna Mendrek  and  Marc E. Lavoie  and a travel grant from the  Région Rhône-Alpes, France to Pascal Hot. The current article was written in partial fulfillment for a master degree thesis in biomedical sciences (Psychiatry option), University of Montréal from the first author (Julie Champagne). We wish to express our gratitude to  Mélissa Rinaldi ,  Esli Esmanliu ,  Emma Glaser ,  Jose Jimenez  and  Adam Mancini-Marie  for research coordination, clinical screening and psychometric testing. We also thank all participants for their precious contribution in this study.
Patients and data We analyzed changes in four biomarkers, ferritin, chitotriosidase, hemoglobin and platelets, in patients receiving ERT with alglucerase from 1991 to 1996 and thereafter imiglucerase, from the French GD Registry (FGDR)  [25]. The French Data Protection Commission (CNIL) approval of the FGDR required oral or written informed consent from patients or their parents. The local Institutional Review Board of Northern Paris Hospitals, Paris-Diderot University, AP-HP (Ethics Committee) reviewed and approved the initial research project (220-08). These patients were included in the study if the last follow-up visit was between 2009 and 2010. This investigation was undertaken to describe changes in biomarkers from initiation of ERT until 31 December 2010 corresponding to the limit of collected retrospective data in the FGDR.
These data correspond also to those used in the first description of patients of the FGDR  [25]. All measurements of biomarkers from 2 years before the initiation of ERT to discontinuation of ERT (interruption of more than 6 months) or the end of followup (December 2010) were used. When the chitotriosidase activity was undetectable (patients with probable homozygous chitotriosidase-gene deficiency), this biomarker was not retested  [26]  and the data were not included in the analysis. When ERT was interrupted for less than 6 months, patients were considered to be still under treatment. Several covariates were tested including age at initiation of ERT, splenectomy, genotype (N370S/N370S or others), sex, dose at initiation of treatment (divided into 3 classes: lower than 90 IU/kg/month, between 90 and 120 IU/kg/month or higher than 120 IU/kg/month) and average dose in the third year of treatment (divided into the same 3 classes) for patients followed up for at least 3 years.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the RCLD assistant of the RCLD,  Monia Bengherbia , the RCLD secretary,  Samira Zebiche , the GD patients and their physicians, who contributed to the FDGR. The development of the original software for the  French Gaucher Disease Registry (FGDR)  was funded by a grant from the nonprofit organization VML (Vaincre les Maladies Lysosomales). The FGDR was funded, in part, by  INSERM  and  InVS (Institut national de Veille Sanitaire ).
The subjects spent the night in a hotel near the Padova University Hospital, and during the study, the subjects were free to move around the facility and its vicinity. The subjects interacted with DiAs using a Graphical User Interface, which allows sensor calibrations, meal announcement, etc. To enhance patient safety, patient data were streamed by DiAs in real time to a telemonitoring website  (6). Accessing to the website via an ordinary PC, the study team was able to monitor from remote location the status of the patient and check the correct functioning of the system throughout the trial without interfering/interacting with the experiment unless requested by protocol safety measures or for system troubleshooting. The study was approved by the local ethics committee and registered with ClinicalTrials.
Acknowledgments. The authors thank  Dexcom Inc. and  Insulet Corp. for providing research material support. Neither company had any influence on trial design, analysis, or preparation of the manuscript, nor did they have access to any of the trial data. Funding. This study was supported by the  European Community Framework Programme 7  ( FP7-ICT-2009-4  grant  247138 ). Duality of Interest. B. P. K. , J. H. D. , E. R. , and C. C. have received research material support from  Dexcom, Inc. and  Insulet Corp. C. C. holds patent applications related to the study technology and is a consultant/advisor for  Johnson & Johnson  (research grant:  Dexcom ; study material support:  DexCom ,  Insulet , and  Roche Diagnostics ). B. P. K. holds patent applications related to the study technology and is a consultant/advisor for Animas and DexCom (research grant:  Sanofi ; study material support:  Abbott, DexCom, Insulet ,  LifeScan , and Tandem).
Pathological and morphometric analyses Out of the 50 rats, three (6%) were excluded from the analysis because of technical problems during the MR examinations. A total of 47 rats was analyzed. Histological data are detailed in Table  2. Briefly, 8 rats (17%) had F0 fibrosis stage, 8 (17%) F1, 8 (17%) F2, 8 (17%) F3 and 15 (32%) F4. Necro-inflammatory activity was graded as A0 in 8 rats (17%), A1 in 31 (66%), and A2 in 8 (17%). The mean area of fibrosis assessed with morphometry was 2. 2962. 26% for the whole cohort. Details according to the fibrosis stage are given in Table  2. The correlation between the fibrosis stages and the fibrosis areas was excellent (r = 0. 96, p,10 -4 ). No rat developed steatosis.
Filter mating assays Filter mating assays were carried out employing a donor to recipient ratio equal to 1:10. Stationary phase cultures of the donor (S. Enteritidis ROD21::aph, S. Typhimurium ROD21::aph trg::mudQ pSLT + or S. Typhimurium ROD21::aph trg::mudQ pSLT 2 ) and recipient (S. Enteritidis DROD21 putAP::cat, S. Typhimurium 14028s putAP::cat, S. Typhimurium phoN::dhfr pSLT + , S. Typhimurium phoN::dhfr pSLT 2 , E. coli H10407 putAP::cat, E. coli EDL933 putAP::cat or E. coli DH5a NalR) bacteria were mixed in LB medium (0. 5 mL of the donor and 4. 5 mL of the recipient) and then collected on a 0. 2 mm pore size mixed cellulose/ester membrane filter (Advantec). The filter was EDL933 putAP::cat E. coli strain with cat gene inserted between putA and putP genes This work DH5a TM E. coli strain (F-W80lacZDM15 D(lacZYA-argF) U169 recA1 endA1 hsdR17 (rK2, mK+) phoA supE44 l-thi-1 gyrA96 relA1) Invitrogen Plasmids pKD3 Plasmid that contains cat gene  [12]  pKD4 Plasmid that contains aph gene  [12]  pKD46 Plasmid that contains Lambda red recombinase genes from phage Lambda  [12]  pCLF1 Plasmid that contains dhfr gene GenBank: HM047090.
Typhimuriun to S. Enteritidis, we successfully amplified segments of DNA by PCR that were present only in S. Typhimurium but absent in S. Enteritidis (genes in the prophage Gifsy-1). These PCR reactions were performed in all the transconjugant colonies obtained in each assay and in all of them the prophage Gifsy-1 was detected (data not shown). These data left-end of ROD21 (1,011 bp), (  2 ) DRS (914 bp), (3) right-end (903 bp), (4) insertion of cat gene (1,030 bp without cat insert, 1,943 bp with cat insert), and (5) insertion of aph gene (2,469 bp). Below each scheme, agarose gels show PCR products obtained for the recipient and transconjugant S. Enteritidis strain. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0090626. g001 support the notion that ROD21 can be transferred from S. Enteritidis to S. Typhimurium.
All the S. Typhimurium transconjugants obtained in these assays were sequenced and none of them showed the sequence specific for S. Enteritidis (Figure  2B ). These data suggest that the acquired episomal element from S. Enteritidis was the one generated due to excision type 1 and that the integration site of ROD21 in S. Typhimurium was asnT-2. To determine if the virulence of S. Typhimurium could be affected due to the acquisition of ROD21, we infected C57BL/6 mice intragastrically with both S. Typhimurium and S. Typhimur-ium-ROD21 and measured survival. As shown in Figure  2C , we observed that mice infected with S. Typhimurium-ROD21 showed reduced survival as compared to mice infected with WT S. Typhimurium. These results support the notion that acquisition of ROD21 by S. Typhimurium increase bacterial virulence, indicating that the genes contained in this pathogenicity island can work as virulence factors.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  Mrs. Alda Fernandez  ( Public Health Institute, Santiago, Chile ) for providing S. Enteritidis strains,  Dr. Guido Mora  ( Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile ) for providing S. Typhimurium strains,  Dr. Roberto Vidal  ( Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ) for providing Escherichia coli strains,  Dr. Carlos Santiviago  ( Facultad de Ciencias Quı ´micas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ) for providing S. Enteritidis PT4 strain and pCLF1 plasmid;  Dr. Josep Casadesu  ´s ( Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain ) for providing S. Typhimurium pSLT 2 strain and  Kristianne Galpin  ( Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ) and  Alexis Kalergis  ( Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ) for English proofreading and critical review of the manuscript.
Background: In the last decade, an important scale-up was observed in malaria control interventions. Madagascar entered the process for pre-elimination in 2007. Policy making needs operational indicators, but also indicators about effectiveness and impact of malaria control interventions (MCI). This study is aimed at providing data about malaria infection, morbidity, and mortality, and MCI in Madagascar. Methods: Two nationwide surveys were simultaneously conducted in 2012-2013 in Madagascar: a study about non-complicated clinical malaria cases in 31 sentinel health facilities, and a cross-sectional survey (CSS) in 62 sites. The CSS encompassed interviews, collection of biological samples and verbal autopsies (VA). Data from CSS were weighted for age, sex, malaria transmission pattern, and population density.
VA data were processed with InterVA-4 software. Results: CSS included 15,746 individuals of all ages. Parasite rate (PR) as measured by rapid diagnostic tests was 3. 1%, and was significantly higher in five to 19 year olds, in males, poorer socio-economic status (SES) quintiles and rural areas. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) use was 41. 7% and was significantly lower in five to 19 year olds, males and wealthier SES quintiles. Proportion of persons covered by indoor residual spraying (IRS) was 66. 8% in targeted zones. Proportion of persons using other insecticides than IRS was 22. 8%. Coverage of intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy was 21. 5%. Exposure to information, education and communication messages about malaria was significantly higher in wealthier SES for all media but information meetings.
The proportion of fever case managements considered as appropriate with regard to malaria was 15. 8%. Malaria was attributed as the cause of death in 14. 0% of 86 VA, and 50% of these deaths involved persons above the age of five years. The clinical case study included 818 cases of which people above the age of five accounted for 79. 7%. In targeted zones, coverage of LLIN and IRS were lower in clinical cases than in general population. Conclusions: This study provides valuable data for the evaluation of effectiveness and factors affecting MCI. MCI and evaluation surveys should consider the whole population and not only focus on under-fives and pregnant women in pre-elimination or elimination strategies.
Inclusion and data collection Criteria for inclusion of individuals in the CSS were: i) member of or visitor in a household selected at random for inclusion in the CSS and whose head of household or his representative signed the household informed consent; ii) age ≥ six months; iii) signed individual informed consent including agreement for blood sampling; and, iv) ability to take a per os treatment in case of positive RDT. Geographic coordinates of each household were obtained using global positioning system (GPS). The head of household or his representative answered a questionnaire about age and sex of all members of households and people having slept in the household the previous night (referred as 'visitors'), housing features, living conditions, asset ownership, access to i) drugs retailer, ii) community health worker (CHW), iii) trained health staff, details of last IRS, bed net ownership, characteristics of the bed nets and use previous night, and verbal autopsy (VA) of household members deceased the previous year.
Data processing and analysis GIS data processing A raster image of the density of population in Madagascar was obtained from World-Pop/AfriPop database  [12]. WGS 84 image was converted to UTM 38S so as to reconstruct a 100*100 m grid by resampling closest pixel from WGS 84. Then, for each household and the centroid of each study site of the CSS, the population value was obtained. Cutoffs to classify the population density of a given location as high, intermediate or low were determined by comparison of population densities and landscape characterized by surveyors when conducting CSS ('urban', 'town or suburban' or 'rural'). All pixel values corresponding to the territory of Madagascar were counted in order to determine the proportion of the population in the country living in each of these three categories of population density.
Weights and sample design In order to estimate standardized proportions representative of the situation in the whole country, counts and proportions and their confidence intervals were weighted to account for the complex sample design and for the adjustment on i) gender and age categories, according to data collected during the previous Demographic and Health Survey in 2008-2009  [13] ; ii) malaria transmission pattern according to population data provided by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs  [14] ; and, iii) population density categories as described above, using the survey package in R version 3. 0. 2 [15]. Significance of the differences between proportions was calculated using χ 2 test as it applies to both crude and weighted proportions, but using Rao and Scott corrections in the latter situation  [15] , and considering a 5% significance threshold.
VA data processing Although the VA questionnaire was based on InterVA-3, VA data were processed with the InterVA-4 software, given the improvements made since the previous version  [16]. This software addresses up to three most probable causesor an indeterminate diagnosticto each death in the database and the likelihood associated with each cause. Deaths having multiple causes were attributed as fractional deaths for particular causes, proportional to cause-associated likelihoods, as suggested  [16].
Inclusion and data collection Each of the 31 study zones was centred on one SHC. All these 31 SHCs were proposed to participate in the CCS. In the participating SHCs, all patients presenting with clinical malaria cases or their tutors submitted a short one-page questionnaire about socio-demographic data and exposure to malaria control interventions: LLIN, IRS and IPTp. Inclusion criteria were i) fever, i. e. , axillary temperature ≥37. 5°C  [17]  or self-reported symptoms of fever; ii) RDT or microscopy positive for any Plasmodium species; and, iii) informed consent of the patient or his/her tutor. Cases were retained in the database if they came from the same commune as individuals included in the CSS. Data were collected from September 2012 to August 2013.
Of the 16,234 eligible individuals, 561 (3. 5%) either refused to be interviewed or sampled; in both cases, only sociodemographic data were collected. The final sample was 15,746 individuals. Crude male/female ratio was 0. 76; weighted male/female ratio was 0. 98. Males were mainly under-represented in the crude sample in 20-39 year olds (Additional file 2). Crude proportion of visitors was 2. 6% and weighted proportion was 2. 5%. Regarding transmission patterns, the west was the most oversampled since 43. 0% of the sample was located in this pattern while weighted proportion was 21. 0%; Central Highlands and the East were the most subsampled since crude proportion were 12. 8% and 22. 3%, respectively, while weighted proportions were 32. 4 and 28. 1%. In the Fringe and the Southern patterns, crude proportions were 15.
Fever case management The weighted proportion of people who declared having presented a fever in previous three months was 12. 1% (95% CI [10. 5-14. 0]). Data about 1,380 fever case managements was collected. Among these, 37. 6% sought advice or treatment from a professional health worker or a CHW, 13. 8% had a finger or heel stick for malaria diagnosis, and 17. 6% received a treatment against malaria. Among people having consulted at a health centre or hospital, 71. 5% resorted to the public sector. Among persons having received an antimalarial, 31. 4% received ACT. Overall, whether febrile or not, 2. 7% of the individuals interviewed declared intake of a treatment against malaria in the previous three months. The weighted proportion of fever case managements considered as appropriate as regards malaria was 15.
8% (95% CI  [12. 7-19. 5] ). The crude proportion was 17. 5% (95% CI  [15. 6-19. 7] ). Proportions of appropriate case managements (ACM) were significantly higher in younger ages and in transmission patterns with higher PRs (p = 0. 008 and p = 0. 046, respectively, Table  7 ), but differences between sex, SES quintiles, level of education, and population density were not significant (all p > 0. 1, Table  7 ). Data about case management in 258 children under five years old who had fever in the previous two weeks were collected. Key indicators of case management  [19]  also included: i) the proportion of children under five years old who had fever in the previous two weeks and who had a finger or heel stick: 14. 2% (weighted, 95% CI [8. 3-23. 1]); ii) the proportion of children under five years old who had fever in the previous two weeks for whom advice or treatment was sought from a professional health worker or a CHW: 38.
Mortality attributable to malaria Among the 3,516 households interviewed for the occurrence of death in the household during the previous 12 months, 114 deaths were noted. Since 18,597 individuals were included in these 3,516 household, crude mortality rate is evaluated to be 6. 1% (95% CI  [5. 1-7. 3] ). No explicit refusal to conduct VA was noted, but in eight cases, data were missing. In 20 cases, the death occurred outside the two to 12 months' delay before the date of interview and no VA was conducted. The VA data from 86 deaths was collected, most of them occurring in elders or in under-fives (Figure  5 ). After analysis by InterVA-4 software, the cause-specific mortality fraction (CSMF) of malaria proportional to cause-associated likelihood was 14. 0% (95% CI [7. 7-23. 5]). Malaria ranked second CSMF after cardiovascular diseases and was attributed as most probable cause of death in 12 cases and as second most probable cause of death in two cases (Table  8 ).
In 2011, hospital mortality attributable to malaria was 8% among underfives and 2% above this age; in the present study, overall mortality attributable to malaria in these age groups were 43. 6 and 8. 7%, respectively. These differences are, at least partially, explained by the fact that most malariaattributable deaths occur at home and not in hospital  [28] , and because causes of death from VA are obtained differently from inpatient death certificates  [11]. Nevertheless, the sample for measuring malaria-attributable mortality is limited since malaria was attributed as most probable cause by InterVA-4 software in only 12 of the 86 deaths analyzed, and as second most probable cause in two additional deaths. The performances of the previous version of this software has been suboptimal, especially regarding malaria  [29] [30] [31].
The current version of InterVA seems to perform better, similar to the assignment of causes of death by physicians  [16, [32] [33] [34] , but all tools for interpretation of VA results are poorly accurate in the identification of death attributable to malaria  [34]. In the absence of training dataset for the assignment of causes of death, InterVA is the only automated option or analysing VA data  [16]. Because of the small size of the sample, and because vital registration system of Madagascar is not comprehensive, results were not weighted. As far as the authors know, no study about causes of death has ever been conducted across Madagascar. This study, with the limitations cited above, thus provides baseline results for CSMF in the general population of Madagascar. Finally, this study provides information about factors affecting Plasmodium infection that were not collected in MIS.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the  Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria  via the Initiative  5%  programme initiated by the  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and France Expertise Internationale  (grant # 12INI109 ). We especially thank the population of Madagascar who participated the study. We thank those who facilitated the survey, i. e. , the fokonolona, heads of fokontany, local administration authorities and health authorities from  Ministry of Health and National Malaria Control Programme. We thank the survey teams and members of the Monitoring Committee:  P Tafangy ,  B Ramarosandratana ,  P Rajaonarison ,  A Finlay ,  L Rabarijaona ,  S Zigirumugabe ,  A Ratsimbasoa ,  R Andrianasolo ,  A Lamina ,  J D Rahariniaina ,  S A Rafalimanantsoa ,  E E Rambolamanana ,  M C Rakotoarivony ,  H Razafindranaivo ,  M Rabary ,  S Goedefroit ,  T Andrianatoandro ,  N Elissa ,  J Rakotonjato ,  J A Ravelonarivo ,  F Rakotomanana ,  P L Lesage ,  F Sandron ,  M Gaimard ,  C Bellas-Cabane , and  B Meslet.
The Abide project provides open access to behavioural data and neuroimaging data (anatomical and functional) for almost 600 patients and 600 age, sex and IQ matched controls from an international consortium of 17 research groups. In addition to providing the research community with the statistical power necessary to detect even small differences in case/control designs, this open dataset allows us also to use more sophisticated analysis strategies and have a wider perspective on neuroanatomical diversity within ASD patients and controls. In this article we first present a review of previous studies of size differences in the corpus callosum between ASD patients and controls. We observed a general lack of statistical power (only 20% power to detect 2-sided differences of 0. 3 standard deviations at 0.