dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Study design The PATTERN study (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT01 634542) is an international, multicenter, non-interventional, prospective study of stabilized patients with persistent symptoms of schizophrenia receiving outpatient care  [15]. The primary objective was to describe the course of illness for patients with persistent symptoms of schizophrenia. The assessment of the emotional and economic impact and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in caregivers was a secondary objective. Patients included in the study were ≥18 years of age and diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV-TR or International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, documented with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory, of ≥ 12 months duration before the baseline observation. Caregivers included in the study were a family member/relative or significant other/close friend ≥18 years of age spending more than four hours a week with the patient.
Assessments The present analyses were performed using interim data of the PATTERN study. The interim data included 6 months of follow-up data. The caregiver data included the SCQ and CaGI completed at baseline and at 3-and 6months, and the SF-36 completed only at baseline. The pilot version of the SCQ consisted of 32 items to assess the impact of care experienced by the caregivers of patients with schizophrenia with higher scores representing higher impact. The hypothesized initial structure measured 12 domains: 'Caregiver roles and responsibilities'; 'Caregiver perception of patient dependence'; 'Caregiver perception of level of care they provide'; 'Exhaustion with caregiving role'; 'Lack of support'; 'Impact on caregiver's daily lives'; 'Finances'; 'Impact on social and financial life'; 'Emotional'; 'Physical'; 'Concerns for future' and 'Present concerns'.
The CaGI severity (CaGI-S) is a scale completed by the caregiver to assess the severity of the symptoms of schizophrenia experienced by the patient: "Please rate the severity of his/her symptoms during the past 4 weeks". It is rated on a 6-point scale from 1 (no symptoms) to 6 (very severe symptoms). The CaGI improvement (CaGI-I) is a scale for the caregiver to rate the change in severity of symptoms of schizophrenia from baseline: "Overall, how have his/her symptoms changed (if at all) since the beginning of the study (before starting treatment)?" It is rated on a 7-point scale from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). The Medical Outcome Survey Short-Form 36 items (SF-36) is a frequently used generic scale to assess aspects of functioning and physical and mental health  [16]. Other data included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) and the clinician global impression scales (CGI) at baseline and the CGI at 3-and 6-months.
The score 'Worries for the patient' also had moderate correlation with the scores assessing mental health ('Mental health' and MCS). Low correlations were observed between SCQ domain scores and the PANSS and PSP domain scores (-0. 24 to 0. 31) (Table  3 ). The severity of schizophrenia perceived by the caregiver (CaGI-S) was associated with all SCQ domain scores (p < 0. 001), with higher mean scores when the disease was rated as more severe (Fig. 3 ). Similar findings were observed when comparing SCQ scores to the level of severity of schizophrenia assessed using the CGI-S (data not shown).
Acknowledgements The authors are extremely grateful to the caregivers who have contributed to this study. The authors would like to thank  Fatoumata Fofana ,  Hélène Gilet ,  Tan Pham  and  Juliette Meunier  ( Mapi)  for their support with statistical analysis, review of statistical programming and production of statistical outputs. Finally, the authors would like to thank  Carmen Berardo Galani  (formely  Roche Pharmaceuticals, now Genentech Inc. ) for her support. SHZ and  Roche Pharmaceuticals  share the copyright of the SCQ (original and translations). SHZ may obtain royalties from any use of the SCQ and translations.
Acknowledgements AF was supported by  IHU  CeSaMe  ANR-10-IBHU-0003 ,  FRC  ( Fédération pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau, Neurodon ) and the  James S. McDonnell Scholar Award. MDL was supported a  Marie Curie Career Integration Grant   304235  'TICS'. CS would like to thank the  AHRC for the Rethinking the Senses Grant  ( AH/ L007053/1 ).
Materials The regular musical sequence and the linguistic material of  Przybylski et al. (2013)  were used. Musical and linguistic materials were presented over headphones. The experiment was run on Psyscope software  (Cohen et al. , 1993). For the regular prime condition, the musical sequence had a duration of 32 s and contained a rhythmic structure allowing for relatively easy meter extraction (Figure  1 ; see Supplementary Material). The sequence was played by two percussion instruments (i. e. , a tam-tam at 175 Hz and a maracas at 466 Hz), rendering the musical stimulus more attractive than a single line and two voices allowed for reinforcing the underlying beat (e. g. , by two simultaneously played events). Each instrumental line was composed of a section of eight beats of 500 ms, which was repeated eight times to form the prime sequence.
This environmental scene did not contain temporal regularities in the occurring sounds (as shown by a Fast Fourrier Transform analysis of the sound file, Figure  2 ) and no comprehensible speech (even though voices were present). The sound file was extracted from the database "universal-soundbank. com. " The linguistic material was composed of 96 French sentences that were grammatically either correct (48) or incorrect (48). We first created 48 correct sentences, and derived from each correct sentence an incorrect sentence. The violations used were of three different types  (Gunter et al. , 2000) , and affected gender agreement, number agreement or person agreement. Grammatical and ungrammatical sentences were composed of an average of 6. 1 words (range of 4 to 8) and an average of 8. 29 syllables (range of 6 to 11); their duration was on average 2300 ms (±353).
g. ,  Corriveau and Goswami, 2009) , did not hinder the beneficial influence of the regular prime on subsequent language processing, here requiring syntactic processing. Our additional findings on children's capacity of processing pitch and time dimensions (as measured with the MBEMA) are in agreement with this observation. Even though the SLI children performed worse on this test than the control children, their performance levels in the syntax task and their benefit of the regular prime (in comparison to the baseline condition) did not correlate with their performance level in the MBEMA. Even though the MBEMA is not testing for fine-grained temporal processing, this observation suggests that temporal processing capacities should not represent a necessary condition or exclusion criterion to benefit from a rhythmic prime for subsequent language processing.
Materials and Procedure The questionnaire was created with Lime Survey, a survey software. The questionnaire consisted of 37 questions, primarily multiple choice, that assembled qualitative and quantitative information. The questions are divided into six categories, as follows: The first category concerns administrative issues that deal with the characteristics of the company being surveyed and of its R&D department, i. e. the type of company, its size, functions and status of R&D staff members, etc. The second category of questions deals with the projects carried out in the R&D departments. We hoped to determine whether any differentiation existed in the type of projects underway. Do R&D departments know or make the distinction between routine or standard projects? For us, standard projects use almost exclusively solidly established activities for which methods are well known and for which results are essentially the fruit of optimization reasoning.
Methods Databases-PubMed, PsychInfo and Medlinewere searched over all years of records until April 2015 using pre-specified terms. mortality  [2, 3]  and mortality from cardiovascular disease  [2, 3] , including coronary heart disease  [4]  and stroke  [5, 6] , are well evidenced. Associations also suggest a reduced risk of hypertension  [7] , osteoporosis  [8] , body weight and adiposity  [9, 10] , dementia and cognitive decline  [11, 12] , and some cancers  [13] [14] [15] , although the evidence for cancers is less consistent  [1, 3]. Intervention studies increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables also demonstrate improved microvascular function  [16] , improved microvascular function and inflammatory status  [17] , improved profiles in inflammatory and oxidative stress  [18] , improved immune response  [19] , and improved weight maintenance  [20].
Method The objective of the review was to identify from the published literature all studies reporting an intervention to increase vegetable intakes, where vegetables were considered as a separate and distinct food group, and the intervention focused specifically on increasing intakes of this food group. Three databases: PubMed, PsychInfo, and Medline, were searched over all years of records for all studies with the terms 'vegetable' and 'vegetables' in the 'title'. These search criteria were used to limit the search results to studies with a focus on vegetables. No other search criteria and no limits were used. All titles were screened for relevance and then all abstracts. Two review authors independently conducted all searches, screened all titles and screened all abstracts (KMA, AH or HH).
g. to make hedonic judgements, were not included  [118, 119]. Studies were included regardless of the use or not of a comparison for an intervention, or the type of comparison used. A study using a vegetable-specific intervention that is compared with a fruit-specific intervention, for example, is included [120] (all other criteria were also met). Relevant articles were also searched for other suitable studies. Searches of conference abstracts, book chapters, etc. , were not undertaken, thus studies are only included if reported in full articles. Details from all studies were subsequently tabulated by one review author (KMA) and checked by an additional review author (AH or HH). All tables are provided in the "Results" section. No other data were extracted. Due to the early nature of the research area, the limited number of studies available per intervention type, and high heterogeneity between study methodologies, risk of bias was not assessed, and no attempt was made to combine studies, e.
30, P , 0. 05). No difference according to subgroup was observed for thigmotaxis (Fig. 3B ), although analyzing successful trials (Fig. 3C ) showed subgroup difference that was nearly significant (F (1,37) ¼ 3. 22, P ¼ 0. 081). Overall performance improved during training (Day; F (7,259) ¼ 11. 89, P , 0. 0001; F (7,259) ¼ 3. 40, P , 0. 01; F (7,259) ¼ 7. 21, P , 0. 0001 for each variable, respectively) at similar rates in all four groups (no significant interactions between Subgroup and Housing condition). The last analysis conducted on the data collected during training assessed the impact of enrichment on long-term and short-term memory components of daily performance improvement. A short-term memory index (mean of the last two daily trials) and a long-term memory index (mean of the first daily trial) were computed for the distance swam to reach the platform from the second to the last training day (adapted from  George et al.
2006). For probe trials, several variables reflecting platform-search accuracy were collected: time spent in each quadrant of the pool, mean distance to the platform, and target area (platform enlarged by a 10-cm annulus) crossings. Swimming speeds during training and probe tests were also analyzed. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with either Subgroup, or Age and Housing condition, or Subgroup and Housing condition as between-subject factors. For visible platform session, performance improvement was assessed using Trial as within-subject factor. For training, performance improvement was assessed using Day as within-subject factor. For probe trials, the platform-search profile of each group was analyzed using Quadrant as within-subject factor. The ANOVAs were completed by post hoc comparison using the Tukey test (for unequal samples for between group comparisons).
Participants Initially, 23 healthy participants were included in the study. Two of them, however, were excluded owing to poor-quality behavioral data (see below). All the remaining participants (10 women and 11 men; mean age = 22. 10 years, SD = 1. 92, range = 20-27) were native French speakers and right-handed, according to the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory  [32]. They had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and normal hearing, and no past or present medical, psychiatric or neurological illnesses. They also met health and safety regulations regarding the use of MRI. The study was designed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the East III institutional review board of Nancy University Hospital. All participants gave their written informed consent after receiving a full description of the study.
Imaging procedures The fMRI data were collected using a Philips Achieva 3. 0T whole-body MRI scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands). The study was performed with a 2D T2 Ã -weighted EPI sequence, in ascending slice order (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 33 ms, 90˚flip angle, FOV = 240 mm). Thirty-two slices were acquired, and each slice was 4. 5 mm thick, with a gap of 0 mm. The acquisition matrix was 64 x 64 voxels. The functional acquisition sequence was composed of 245 volumes, corresponding to the continuous acquisition of the 32 axial slices, and lasted 8 minutes and 10 seconds. For each participant, we also acquired a high-resolution 3D T1weighted anatomical image (TR = 8. 2 ms, TE = 3. 7 ms, 8˚flip angle, FOV = 240 mm), allowing us to register the functional data. One hundred and sixty slices were acquired, and each slice was 1 mm thick, with no gap.
Structural and functional images were taken in the axial plane parallel to the anterior-posterior commissure (AC-PC) line. Functional data were preprocessed with Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software Version 8 (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, UK), implemented in MATLAB 1. Functional images were realigned to the mean functional image of the series, then normalized with reference to a standard brain template (EPI template of the Montreal Neurological Institute, MNI). Data were spatially smoothed using an 8-mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) Gaussian filter. High-pass and low-pass filters were also used, in order to filter the data for artifacts of a physiological origin (breathing, heartbeat).
, 2003 (Silk et al. , , 2009 (Silk et al. , , 2010) )  resulting in the selection of such social strategies but a lot of studies analyzed such relationships as being part of a static network. Hence it would be important to apply a more dynamic approach to the analyses of relationships quality which evolve naturally over time  (Ilany et al. , 2015). One method that has been developed is the Siena model (for Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analysis,  Snijders, 2001; Blonder et al. , 2012; Pinter-Wollman et al. , 2013; Ilany et al. , 2015; Pasquaretta et al. , 2016) , available in the R package RSiena. This stochastic actor-based model aims to give a realistic representation of the dependence between the formation and also termination of different network ties. It therefore allowed us to examine how network processes and covariates influence the probability of individuals changing their network ties according to their attributes over time  (Burk et al.
, 2007; Snijders et al. , 2010). By applying these analyses on three wild groups of vervet monkeys over a period of 2 years, we aimed at describing the dynamics of their social network (in terms of grooming and proximities relationships) according to the natural demographic variation. Vervet monkeys represent an ideal model as, in addition to natural disappearance, every year a new generation of infants gets integrated. Native subadult males leave the group once they have reached sexual maturity and adult males migrate throughout their whole life joining and leaving multiple groups  (Cheney and Seyfarth, 1990). RSiena is a powerful program allowing us to answer many questions about the mutually dependent dynamics of networks and attributes (behavior, individual characteristics, etc. ) of the individual actors in the network.
Study Groups The study was conducted from January 2012 until December 2013 at the Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana game reserve (S 28 • 00. 327; E 031 • 12. 348), Kwazulu Natal, South Africa. Subjects were three habituated groups of wild vervet monkeys. All individuals were recognized individually through facial and body features. Observers were all requested to pass an identification test and data were collected only if the identity of the individual was certain. We considered females as adults as soon as they had their first infant and males as adults once they migrated from their natal group. Individuals were considered as juveniles (including sub-adults, i. e. , generally 3 years old females before they give birth and males before they emigrate) from the age of 1 until adulthood and as infants up to 1 year old.
Data Collection Grooming, 1 and 5 m proximity data were collected through the method of scan sampling  (Altmann, 1974)  during two full days per week per group. Every 30 min and during a window of 10 min, observers walked within the group to collect the behavior of a maximum number of individuals (except infants). For each scanned individual the identity of all the individuals present within 1 and 5 m of it was also recorded. As data were collected by multiple observers, an inter-observer reliability test was performed for each observer and for each category of data to reduce any bias. The threshold of reliability was set to a minimum of 80%. In total we analyzed 3 months periods over 2 years which equals a total of 8 different periods. making it a powerful method to find significant effects (effects that are greater than expected based on random models) and decreasing probabilities to find false positives (an effect that does really not exist) or false negatives (absence of effect that should be present).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank  Kerneels van der Walt  for permission to conduct the study on his land and the whole IVP team for the help with data collection. A special thanks to  Jenny Botting  and two referees for comments on the manuscript. This study was financed by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (Sinergia:  CRSI33_133040 ). EW was funded by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  ( P300P3_151187 ) and  Society in Science -Branco Weiss Fellowship.
Methods Participants. We recruited 12 ASD adults and 12 NT adults. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. We verified that all but one of the participants had normal hearing, defined as pure-tone hearing thresholds of 20 dB HL or less at audiometric frequencies between 500 and 8000 Hz. The data of one NT participant was excluded due to his hearing loss. The remaining 12 ASD and 11 NT participants were IQ-matched (using WIAS-III or WAIS-R)  [20] [21] [22]  and age-matched. Table  1  provided detailed information about the participants. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the NTT Communication Science Laboratories. Participants were naive to the purposes of the study, and they were paid for their time.
The distracting stimuli included other musical instruments (sounds of bassoon, clarinet, oboe, piano, saxophone, trombone, and trumpet). All of them were single musical notes extracted from the RWC Music Database 24 covering a common pitch range of 12 semitones between A3 and G#4. Each note was edited to a separate sound file, truncated to a duration of 250 ms (with a cosine fade-in ramp of 5 ms and a cosine fade-out ramp of 50 ms) then normalized to have the same root-mean-square (rms) power. The auditory chimeras were composed of either the temporal features of voices with the spectral features of sounds of strings (henceforth termed temporal chimeras), or the spectral features of voices with the temporal features of sounds of strings (termed spectral chimeras). Sound examples of chimeras can be found at http:// audition.
Data collection We used a nested plot sampling method to survey the floristic composition and structure of vegetation types within a 50 m × 50 m sampling unit. The plot locations were determined by a random stratified sampling method, using remote sensing, and performed with ENVI software version 4. 5  (Exelis Visual Information Solutions, Boulder, Colorado). A Landsat 7 image (ETM+, 12/05/2002, 30 m resolution) was resized to focus on the study site (2°33′55″-2°41′33″S 16°17′59″-16°26′24″E). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to condense spectral information to a few bands. Unsupervised classification by the K-Means method (10 iterations) was applied on the first three PCA neo-canals (representing 96. 8% of variability in the data) to discriminate ten spectral classes (five forest and five savanna classes) (fig.
For these reasons, floristic characterization based only on trees and lianas needed to be completed by considering herbaceous strata and structural characteristics. To discriminate vegetation types among terra firma forest, samples from this group were analyzed by combining multi-strata characteristics  (Senterre 2005 , Gillet 2013 ). Data sets of 12 variables for each sampling unit of terra firma forests (n = 32) were compiled to perform multivariate analysis (table  1 ). PCA was performed on the 32 terra firma forest plots and the 12 variables. The PCA was complemented by hierarchical cluster analysis, using Euclidean distances between plot for the twelve variables and using Ward's method  (Ward 1963) , to partition the 32 plots into structural groups. The number of clusters was based on the decay of weighted mean of variance per cluster.
In fact, 12 variables, expressed per surface unit, were obtained (table  2 ). Finally, diversity indices and similarity coefficients were calculated for each vegetation type. Shannon's diversity index (H'; Shannon 1948) was computed for each vegetation type using the abundances of trees identified by scientific names at least at genus level or vernacular names and recorded in medium and large-size plots (n = 111) using formula (6): ' log H R De RDe × i i 10 = -/ (6 ) where RDe i is the relative density of the species i. The Pielou index (E) was computed according to this formula  (Pielou 1966 ): / ' E H log S 10 = (7) where S is the total number of species. To examine floristic similarity between vegetation types, Jaccard (J) and Steinhaus (S) coefficients were computed using presence/absence or abundance data of trees identified as described above and recorded in medium and large-size plots (n = 111) with formulas (8) and (  9 ) respectively: / ( ) J a a b c = + + (8) where a is the number of species in common between two vegetation types, b the number of species found in vegetation 1 and not in vegetation 2, c the number of species found in vegetation 2 and not in vegetation 1.