dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The impact of food on digestion pathways investigated by MFA A multiple factor analysis (MFA) was carried out on the dataset in order to supplement the representation of the barycentre of the food matrices with seven partial points for each food matrix (Figure  10 ). Each partial point corresponds to the considered food described by all of the variables at a given digestion time (S0, G0, G30, G120, I0, I30 or I120). The first two PCs explain a cumulative variability of 77%. PC1 (48. 97%) is positively correlated with markers of matrix disintegration (total soluble peptides and lipids), proteolysis (peptides of molecular weight < 25 kDa, and free amino groups released), the degree of lipolysis and lutein release. It is negatively correlated with amylolysis (oligosaccharides) and PL. PC2 (27.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  J. -J. Dubois  and  S. Wiart-Letort  for conducting part of the experiments,  Liot (Pleumartin, France) and Sotexpro (Bermericourt, France)  for providing raw ingredients (egg powders and pea flour, respectively), and  Nutrinov (Noyal-sur-Vilaine, France)  for the loan of analytical equipment. They also wish to thank  Gail Wagman  for her help in correcting the English. This work was supported by the  Conseil Régional de Bretagne , the  National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA)  and  Carnot Qualiment.
Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved classification focuses on the transporter-forming TMDs and does not consider additional membrane integrated domains, as for example observed in TAP1/TAP2  [27, 28]. As before, types I-III of the new nomenclature cover the three different importer architectures (Fig. 1 , Table  1 , Supplementary Tables  S2  and S3 ; TM-score for pairwise structural alignment between the type III systems CbiQ (PDB code 5x3x) and EcfT from Lactobacillus brevis (PDB code 4huq): 0. 736). It is noteworthy that prokaryotic importers typically operate with periplasmic, extracellular, or membrane-embedded substrate-binding proteins whose structural features correlate with the type of TMD fold  [29]. Based on the characteristic structure of the founding member Sav1866, which includes a domain-swapped TMD arrangement, type IV members of the new nomenclature have previously been classified as type I ABC exporters  [15].
Please note that the type V ABC transporters also include the retina-specific importer ABCA4 and importers in plants. Substrate-binding components of type I-III folds are illustrated in orange, and auxiliary domains and additional (TM) helices are shown in red, salmon, and violet, respectively. Bound (occluded) nucleotides and Mg 2+ ions in the NBDs are shown as dark pink spheres. Transported substrates and inhibitors are shown in yellow (carbon) and in CPK colors (remaining atoms in small-molecule compounds), respectively. The directions of substrate transport are indicated by solid and dashed red arrows in the topology diagram. The structures have the following Protein Data Bank (PDB) accession codes: MalFGK 2 -MalE: 2R6G [12]; BtuC 2 D 2 -BtuF: 4FI3 [50]; EcfTAA'-FolT:.
Acknowledgements K. B. acknowledges support by a grant of the  Medical Research Council  ( MR/N020103/1 ). M. D. is supported in part by the  Intramural Program  of the  NIH. V. K. acknowledges support by the  Medical Research Council  ( MR/N000994/1 ) and  Wellcome Trust  ( 101828/Z/13/Z ). R. L. acknowledges generous financial support from  German Research Foundation  ( LI 415/5 ). D. P. T. is supported in part by the  Canada Research Chairs program. This work was supported by the  German Research Foundation  ( SFB 807  and  TA157/12-1  ( Reinhart Koselleck Award Program ) to R. T. ).
Counting was done manually in four regions of interest (ROIs) per hemisphere, covering the whole medio-lateral extension of the structure (-2. 80 to -3. 28 mm relative to bregma, 3 sections per mouse), using cell counter plugin of FIJI software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health). Placements of the injection needle tips were examined in coronal striatal slices stained with DAB immunochemistry for TH-positive fibers and cresyl violet. Images were acquired using Leica DM LB Microscope at 2. 5 X magnification equipped with Nikon digital camera DXM1200. Mice with injection needle placements outside of the striatum were excluded from analysis.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ,  Aix-Marseille University (AMU)  and  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM). We thank the  Association France Parkinson (AFP) , the  Fondation de France (FF)  for financial support, and the  European Research Council  ( ERC Advanced Grant  # 693021  to P. P. ). J. Sikora was supported by the  Fondation Universitaire A*MIDEX  and the  Association France Parkinson (AFP).
Critical analysis of the processes For each identified risk, the FM, causes, and potential effects were specifed by the multidisciplinary team. For instance, for the prescription step the risk "inability of the pharmacist to assess the patient's nutritional needs" was identified. Potential causes identified by the multidisciplinary team were: lack of training, lack of other information on current treatment or nutritional support, and lack of biological laboratory data available to the pharmacist. The result was an inability of the pharmacist to intercept the errors in a physician's prescription. Using each FM, the working group performed ratings of severity, frequency, and non-detectability using an online questionnaire. The median RPN was 12, with scores ranging from 3 to 48 and 25 % of the scores had an RPN > 21.
Study Overview The Three-City Study (3C) is an ongoing population-based study conducted in three French cities (Bordeaux, Dijon, Montpellier, France). This cohort was initiated in 1999-2000 to study the vascular risk factors of dementia  [34]. Its protocol was approved by the Consultative Committee for the Protection of Persons participating in Biomedical Research at Kremlin-Bicêtre and all participants gave written informed consent. Participants were randomly sampled from electoral rolls. To be eligible, participants had to be 65 years and older at the time of recruitment and not institutionalized. Among the 9294 participants, 2104 were from the Bordeaux center where the initial data collection was completed in 2001-2002 (wave 1) with a comprehensive dietary survey among 1755 participants.
Energy and Nutrient Intakes From the 24-h dietary recall, as previously described, we used the BILNUT ® software (SCDA Nutrisoft, Cerelles, France) to determine the total daily energy intake (without considering the energy provided by the alcohol intake), the daily macronutrients intake (i. e. , carbohydrates, fatty acids (SFA, mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs), proteins (from animal and vegetable origins)) and the daily micronutrients intake (including those relevant to the DP intake)  [36]. We also identified participants consuming ≥1 g of proteins/kg of body weight/day and those consuming ≥1200 mg of calcium per day as participants in line with the current RDA for older adults, respectively  [11, 38, 39].
Socio-Demographic and Lifestyle Characteristics From the 3C database, we retained the following socio-demographic and lifestyle data: sex; age; education (in three categories: no education or primary school, secondary or high school, university); marital status (in four classes: married; divorced or separated; widowed; single); monthly income (in five classes: very low (less than 750€); low (750€ to 1500€); average (1500€ to 2250€); high (more than 2250€); refused to answer, including those who did not know their monthly income); polymedication, as the number of drugs/day ≥ 6; social isolation, combining living alone and feeling lonely "often enough" or "frequently"; smoking status (in three classes: never smoker; ex-smoker; current smoker); stoutness according to measured BMI and using the most relevant thresholds for identifying malnutrition among older adults  [40]  (in three classes: thinness (if BMI < 20 kg/m 2 and age < 70 years) OR (if BMI < 22 kg/m 2 and age ≥ 70 years); normal (if BMI  (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27)  kg/m 2 and age < 70 years) OR (if BMI  (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27)  kg/m 2 and age ≥ 70 years); overweight/obesity if BMI > 27 kg/m 2 ); and practice of physical activity (in three classes: yes, no, no answer)  [36, 39].
Statistical Analyses The SAS statistical software program (version 9. 3; SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA) was used for statistical analyses. We chose to divide the studied sample according to the usual frequency of consumption of (i) total DPs and (ii) milk, fresh DPs, and cheese, both evaluated by the FFQ: 3 categories per DP intakes were built, based on the quartile distribution of consumptions (low frequency: first quartile; moderate frequency: quartiles 2 and 3; high frequency: fourth quartile). This categorization ensured the identification of the most infrequent and frequent consumers. The FFQ database was preferred to define the main exposure, since a single 24-h dietary recall was available. Then, socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary data (i. e. , mean daily energy, macroand micro-nutrient intakes from the 24-h recall, DPs, and all other food group consumptions from the FFQ) were described according to the 3 categories of frequency of consumption of total DPs and of DP subtypes.
Results Among 1755 participants enrolled in the 3C Bordeaux cohort and followed at wave 1, 1606 answered the FFQ and 1658 answered the 24-h dietary recall, leading to a studied sample of 1584 participants with no missing data on the main exposure (i. e. , total DP, milk, fresh DP, and cheese consumption) for the present analysis. The studied sample was 76. 2 years old (SD 5. 0 years) on average (ranging from 67. 7 to 94. 9 years), and 62. 0% were women.
Consistently, we observed that micronutrient intakes, such as calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and vitamins B1, B2, and B12, were significantly higher among participants with the highest frequency consumption of total DP, compared with others (Table  2 ). In the study of all food groups recorded in the FFQ database, when the frequency of consumption of total DP was highest, the frequency of consumption of biscuits, sweets, and cooked vegetables was highest, while the frequency of consumption of charcuterie, meat, coffee, and alcohol was lowest (Table  3 ). The consumed amounts of milk, fresh DPs, and cheese were significantly higher when the daily frequency consumption of total DP was the highest (Table  4 ). Participants with the highest frequency of total DP per day consumed 187 mL (SD 185 mL) of milk, 123 g (SD 111 g) of fresh DP, and 53 g (SD 45 g) of cheese per day on average.
The frequency consumption of fresh DP was significantly positively associated with that of milk while inversely associated with that of cheese (Table  3 ). The consumed amount of fresh DP was significantly higher among participants with the highest frequency consumption of milk and lower among participants with the highest frequency consumption of cheese, compared with the lowest frequency consumers (92 g/day vs. 43 g/day on average and 67 g/day vs. 103 g/day on average, respectively) (Table  4 ). In the study of all food groups recorded in the FFQ database, when the frequency of consumption of fresh DP was highest, the frequency consumption of rice, eggs, and tea was highest, while the frequency consumption of cereals, pulses, charcuterie, meat, and alcohol was lowest. The frequency consumption of all other food groups was not significantly associated with that of fresh DP (Table  3 ).
Here, it appears that "cheese" could be considered as the fourth component of such a dietary pattern, also known as the "traditional pattern" or "western diet"  [46] , and encourages a split of the total DP food group as separated components to build data-driven dietary patterns. It should be acknowledged that high cheese consumption is a hallmark of French dietary habits. Already, in 2009, Sofi et al. reported that Greece and France were countries from the Mediterranean basin with the highest consumption of cheese  [47]. More recently, a report among the SHARE database reported considerable heterogeneity in DP consumption across Europe, with higher levels in central and northern countries and in Spain, and the lowest prevalence of dairy intake in eastern European countries  [48]. Finally, the EFSA survey also reported that France and Italy were both countries with a large consumption of cheese, and that France is represented by low consumers of milk  [49].
Acknowledgments : The 3C Study is conducted under a partnership agreement between the  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , the  Victor Segalen-Bordeaux II University  and the  Sanofi-Synthélabo Company. The  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  funded the preparation and initiation of the study. The  3C-Study  is also supported by the  Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés ,  Direction Générale de la Santé ,  Conseils Régionaux  of  Aquitaine and Bourgogne, Fondation de France, Ministry of Research INSERM Programme 'Cohortes et collections de données biologiques' , the  Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale , the  Fondation Plan Alzheimer  ( FCS 2009-2012 ), and the  Caisse Nationale pour la Solidarité et l'Autonomie (CNSA).
We chose to work on a model anesthetized with thiobutabarbital because of its minimal impact on cardiovascular system and it provides a sufficient long-lasting anesthesia to perform the whole procedure  20. In response to gastric distension we recorded changes in BP as a viscero-visceral reflex. This cardiovascular reflex implies a complex interplay between parasympathetic vagal and sympathetic splanchnic fibers. A recent report established a prominent role for vagal afferents in the trigger of the cardiovascular reflex using low pressure distension whereas splanchnic nerves are preferentially involved during high pressure distension  19. Our data indicate a more pronounced effect of ghrelin at 40, 60 and 80 mmHg. Therefore, pharmacological action of ghrelin was expected to recruit splanchnic rather than vagal afferent.
After three washes in a blocking solution of 5% (w/v) non-fat dry milk in TBS/0. 05% Tween 20, 1 h incubation with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:5,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Tebu-bio, Le Perray en Yvelines, France) was performed. After three additional washes, immunocomplexes were revealed by using the ECL detection system (GE Healthcare). Membrane was then stripped and the same protocol was performed using rabbit anti-ERK1/2 antibody (1/1000, Cell Signaling, Leiden, The Netherlands). Protein bands were quantified by densitometry using ImageScanner III and ImageQuant TL software (GE Healthcare) and phospho-ERK1/2 / ERK1/2 ratio was calculated to estimate neuronal activation. In situ hybridization. Total RNA from hypothalamus was reverse transcribed to generate a 559-bp DNA fragment of Ghrelin receptor.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Dr. Ludovic Langlois  for his help in data collection. This work was supported by the  University of Rouen , the  French agency for biomedical research (INSERM) , the  French agency for research (ANR Jeune Chercheur) , the  European Union and Normandie Regional Council (European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ) and by the  French Ministry of Health  Grants for therapeutic innovation (STIC). WO was the recipient of a fellowship from the  French Society of Gastroenterology (SNFGE).
STUDY POPULATION A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to describe current practices around enteral feeding of all consecutive children who met the study inclusion criteria in four European PICUs receiving some form of acute non-invasive respiratory support: HFNC, CPAP and BLPAP between 2018 -March 2019. We only included children aged 0-17 years receiving acute NRS with no limitation on the duration of NRS and collected data for the first 7 days of NRS and excluded children on chronic long-term respiratory support and preterm infants (<37 weeks gestational age). This period of NRS may have been before or after intubation and it may occur at any time point in the child's PICU stay. Data collected included: age, weight, gender, reason for PICU admission, primary diagnostic category, severity of illness score at admission (PIM2), mode of NRS: step up or down and specific type (CPAP, BLPAP, HFNC) and starting pressures, flows and fraction of inspired oxygen.
Nutritional data collected included gastric tube type, route and feeding method, estimated (by equation) energy requirements at the initiation of NRS, hours nil per oral during the first 7 days, the time from initiation of NRS to first enteral feed and the child's total nutritional intake (kcal) during the first 7 days of NRS, along with any documented gastrointestinal complications (vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, high gastric residual volumes) and any documented aspiration. In all units these data were retrieved from the electronic health records. Four European centres participated: (Bristol United Kingdom, Lyon France, Madrid Spain and Rotterdam the Netherlands) and collected data on 50 to 100 patients per centre. Settings: Bristol PICU is an 18-bedded combined general and cardiac PICU, Lyon is a 23-bedded general PICU, Rotterdam is a 24-bedded combined general and cardiac PICU and Madrid is a 11-bedded combined general and cardiac PICU.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data was collected in Microsoft Excel, checked, anonymised and cleaned before combining into one database, exported directly into IBM SPSS v22 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were summarised by median (IQR) and Mean (SD) if appropriate and numbers (percentages). Data was tested for normality using the Shapiro Wilks test. Nonparametric tests (Spearman's Rho) were used for testing associations between non-normal variables with the primary outcome, and Mann-Whitney or Kruskall Walis to test between categorical variables and the non-normally distributed primary outcome. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify if any patient or practice variables were associated with percentage of achieved energy targets (% energy intake compared to 85% RDA goal).
However, vomiting alone and gastrointestinal complications were not reported. In our study, gastrointestinal complications were relatively low and mainly consisted of minor signs of feed intolerance: vomiting was <17% and others (non-severe) were <12%. Neither pediatric studies examined gastrointestinal complications. Leroue et al  [2]  did record 'new' pneumonia (reflecting aspiration) with an incidence of 9. 6% (54/562). Our recorded aspiration occurrence was rare; however, this data may not be reliable when defined and collected retrospectively. Our study suggests that enteral feeding can be initiated early after NRS commencement, with a low to moderate rate of complications. The ideal timing for initiation of EN and the optimal method for children on NRS, however, remains based on the experience and confidence of the team managing the child.
Then, plates were shaken at 700 rpm for 10 min at 37 • C. The absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a TECAN Infinite F200 Microplate Reader. DMSO was used as blank. The 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC 50 ) was calculated with the inhibitory sigmoid E max model, which estimated the CC 50 through nonlinear regression by using a standard function of the R software (ICEstimator version 1. 2)  [68]. CC 50 value resulted in the mean of 5 different experimentations.
Data Analysis and Interpretation Results were estimated as a mean and standard deviation of 5 to 10 experiments. Selectivity index (SI) as a ratio of CC 50 /EC 50 was estimated for doxycycline. The expected maximum blood concentration (C max ) was estimated from the literature for doxycycline at doses commonly administered in oral or intravenous treatment. The ratios C max /EC 50 and C max /EC 90 were estimated to find out if the effective concentration in plasma to cure SARS-CoV-2 is achievable in humans. The ratios C lung /EC 50 and C lung /EC 90 were estimated from the data on doxycycline accumulation into the lung.
The recently introduced Attack-Evolution-Finish (AEF) method  (Visalli, Mahieu, Thomas, & Schlich, 2020)  proposes an alternative to continuous concurrent data collection. During an AEF task, subjects are asked to select retrospectively among a predefined list of descriptors which one they perceived during the so-called periods: Attack, Evolution, and Finish. The results obtained from AEF and TDS were compared in a study involving 120 consumers having evaluated five dark chocolates. AEF and TDS provided equivalent product discrimination and a very similar product characterization  (Visalli et al. , 2020). The paper introduces the Free-Comment Attack-Evolution-Finish (FC-AEF), a method that integrates AEF and FC. In FC-AEF, the descriptor selection for each of the three periods (Attack, Evolution, and Finish) is replaced by an FC description, enabling a temporal sensory characterization without the issues induced by the use of a predefined list of descriptors.
Participants To create a situation as close as possible to an everyday consumption situation, the study took place at home with 63 naïve subjects (25 men and 38 women), 18 to 60 years old. The subjects were recruited from a population registered in the ChemoSens Platform's PanelSens database. This database has been declared to the relevant authority (Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés-CNIL-n° d'autorisation 1148039). The subjects were consumers of dark chocolates at least once every two weeks and were rewarded for their participation in the study.
Data acquisition 2. 3. 1. General procedure The subjects participated in five home-based sessions on their computers running TimeSens© software 2. 0 (INRAE, Dijon, France). To access the sessions, the subjects simply had to click on a link sent to them by e-mail. In each session, consumers had to evaluate and describe only one product; it lasted approximately 5 minutes. The presentation of the products (and thus the sessions) was arranged following a William Latin square design. The minimum interval between two sessions was forced to be at least 24 hours.
FC-AEF data treatment As descriptions were collected in French, all the pre-treatments were performed in French. The analysed words resulting from the treatments have been translated into English for the present paper. The English-French correspondence of the analysed words can be found in the appendix. All the FC-AEF data treatments were performed using R 3. 5. 1 (R Core Team, 2018). The lexicon provided with IRaMuTeQ© software  (Ratinaud, 2014)  was used for lemmatization and part-of-speech tagging. The data of the three periods were merged before applying the following pre-treatments. This merging was done only for the pretreatments of the descriptions and to ensure that the data from each of the three periods were treated the same manner. The procedure used was the same one as described in  Mahieu, Visalli, Thomas, et al.