dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
This has led to quite an important body of literature  (Erjavec, Tufis, and Varadi 1999; Budin, Majewski, and Moerth 2012; Rennie 2000; Bański and Wójtowicz 2009; and Fomin and Toner 2006 , to cite a few);most of these papers have been focused on presenting the general architecture of lexical entries in the corresponding dictionary projects, and on describing the way the various TEI elements have been set up and usedover the course of the editorial workflow. Concerning etymological description on the theoretical level within the field of linguistics, as we shall see, phenomenasuch as metaphor, metonymy, or grammaticalization are very well established, particularly within cognitive linguistics. Howeverwe know of no attempts to represent such processes within any lexical markup systems. Additionally, with regards to the theoretical background, very little has been written on the corresponding digital models when such information is being integrated in a lexical database.
This is why we will mainly position our work as an elaboration upon the seminal proposals of  Salmon-Alt (2006) , which represent a unique set of approaches to data modeling for etymological information. Finally, though not the primary focus of our paper, we present herein examples of how encoders may make use of linked open data URI's 3 in defining the semantics (sense and/or domain) of a lexical entry; this issue has been discussed recently by  Schopper, Bowers and Wandl-Vogt (2015). The integration of the burgeoning resources of the semantic web with TEI represents a step towards a model of digital lexicography which enables conceptual semantics to play a more prominent role in the representation of linguistic content by grounding such information in the ever growing networks of ontological knowledge bases.
A quick overview of the TEI recommendations for dictionaries The representation of lexical information is obviously just one of many types of textual forms that are covered by the wide scope of the TEI Guidelines. As such, a dictionary represented in TEI follows all the basic assumptions concerning the general structure of TEI conformant documents. In particular, all metadata elements related to the identification of the sources used in the document, the various responsibilities in its digital encoding, as well as the possible conditions of publication and re-use can be all described within the TEI header (<teiHeader> element), which is a mandatory component of all TEI documents. In the same way, the actual lexical content of a dictionary document expressed in TEI can be further structured at any depth using the generic division (<div>) mechanisms.
An early pre-XML application of the TEI Guidelines to systematically record etymological information can be found in  Good and Sprouse (2000). The work has been carried out in the context of the Comparative Bantu Online Dictionary (CBOLD), a complex database for multiple Bantu languages, and used the SGML P3 edition of the TEI Guidelines 9. The content corresponds to the digitization of existing print dictionaries and word lists, and the authors marked up these texts according to the TEI Guidelines, with someadded tags to the standard set. Since the project had to deal extensively with etymological information, it used <etym> with refined recommendation to link etymons (marked up as <xref>) to a list of reconstructed historical forms. In the same vein,  Jacobson and Michailovsky (2002)  used an even simpler approach for their etymological references within a TEI-based encoding of their lexical data.
Crist (2005) 10 In this paper, Crist provides someanalyses of approaches and a correspondingly precise set of principles to be applied to the Germanic Lexicon Project which was a collection of dictionaries of various Germanic languages whose copyright had expired. The ultimate goal for markup formatting was TEI, but (for reasons unknown) this was apparently never achieved. Notably, Crist mentions the likely need to extend the guidelines in the area of etymology due to the fact that the <etym> element lacks the means of precisely encoding etymological relationships between entries and forms. Key components of this work were the following:  XML markup of some of the data, while other portions remain as plain text, or simply image scans of the originals  formal interrelations among all of the words in an etymology; those specified are: cognation, inheritance, borrowing;  use of attribute inheritance for the nodes in the data structure as per  Ide et.
al (2000) ;  proposal for the system to require no privileged frame of reference, which would allow data to follow one of three formats; The following excerpt is from the paper, assuming that the structures represent the place in the XML hierarchy in which each data type would occur. (Type II) Markup schemes where etymological data is delimited as such, but is treated as unstructured prose; (included in this is TEI; points out need for further structure, possible re-use of structures from other sections of TEI specifications or the dictionary chapter specifically); (Type III)Markup schemes where the mathematical relationships recognized in historical/comparative linguistics are somehow embodied in the markup system in (semi-)machine-readable form. These systems according toCrist  (2005) , ‗make some provision for the formal encoding of etymological relationships between words'.
Salmon-Alt (2006) The most significant attempt at devising this kind of dynamic system of etymological markup was that of  Salmon-Alt (2006). While etymology is not addressed in the LMF  (ISO 24613:2008)  standard 11 , Salmon-Alt (2006) made an attempt to develop an extension of the model for the encoding of etymological markup. The extension module allows for the integration and linking of the etymological information of an entry with the synchronic data and any classifications of a given word/entry within the core module of LMF. Ourmodel is based on the overall hypothesis that etymological data might be thought of as a lexical network, i. e. a graph, whose nodes are lexical units (located in space and time) and whose arcs are typed etymological relations. (Salmon-Alt 2006, 3)  The scope of the model was limited to semasiological organizational principles for single lexical entries, such as those outlined in the TEI P5 Guidelines and did not attempt to support the approaches of many traditional etymological dictionaries in which the structural principles and contents vary significantly from one another.
Generic representation of an etymological structure We describe in this section some examples of common types of etymological processes,their linguistic features and key data points, and demonstrations of strategies for encoding each using TEI. At the most basic level, the origin of any lexical item or sub-form can be described as: a) inheritance from a -parent‖, -proto--or predecessor forms of a language; b) borrowing from a foreign language; c) processes that occurred within a contemporary language or sub-varieties of a language 15. With the exception of a lexical item that was inherited and underwent no change to its surface form (phonetic or phonological), its grammatical role, or its semantic profile, the etymology of a lexical item originating by any one of these means will be comprised of any number of processes that occur on one or more levels of language.
In the TEI encoding, the former two can be respectively labeled as: <etym type="borrowing">…</etym> and <etym type="inheritance">…</etym> Each of the above would represent the top level <etym> element and any other sub-processes can be encoded as embedded <etym> elements with @type attributes. Alternatively,they can be implicitly encoded as the value of the attribute @xml:langwithin the source <oRef> and/or <pRef>form without having to embed one or more <etym> elements where this information is redundant or implicitly understood, thus simplifying the data structure. For instance in an entry denoting changes to morphological and phonological form of a given Bavarian word inherited from Middle High German, rather than doing the following for every instance of inheritance: <etym @type="inheritance"> <etym @type="phonological-processA"> … <pRef @xml:lang="gmh">…</pRef> </etym> </etym> it may be desirable to simple specify the source etymon form as follows: <etym @type="phonological-processA"> … <pRef @xml:lang="gmh">…</pRef> </etym> As long as the parent or source language(s) of an entry form are known, and declared somewhere project-internal or external ontology or schema, this method allows for a lighter means of expressing the source language of a form, and which can nonetheless still encode implicitly the fact that the origin of the form is borrowed from another language or inherited from a so called parent language.
Additionally, we identify an additional problem withthe abstract context of general language markup BCP 47 recommendations whichspecifies that both the content language and orthographic script be labeled within the @xml:lang attribute. This is neither a conceptually accurate (as an orthographic system is of course not a language), nor a functionally pragmatic means of representing this information. Functionally, there is no difference between orthography and phonetic notation, (with various degrees of nuance and exceptions for logographic, logo syllabic, and other such systems), they are both representations of the language information at some level. With regards to phonetic information, (at least in the dictionary module), the TEI already has a solution for this in @notation which is an obvious necessity in any linguistic data in order to distinguish between the various phonetic transcription systems.
For example,where the source form has a specific case and the entry in question does not have any case information, the general phenomena that is the loss of grammatical case is implicitly present. The following Sicilian entry shows an example of such a scenario in combination with a change in grammatical gender. Whereas in Latin, the etymon had the neuter gender, the inherited form in Sicilian is of the masculine gender, additionally, Sicilian no longer has a neuter gender 30. Both of these changes are implicit in data structure: As with morphology and phonology, grammaticaletymological can be globally inferred. So in a Sicilian TEI dictionary (of sufficient size) containing such synchronic and diachronic information, a search containing the following facets would enable the conclusion that: there is no more neuter gender; For all entries containing:  <pos>noun</pos>, or <pos>adjective</pos> 31  ;  <etym type=-inheritance‖> in which value of @xml:lang in <oRef> and/or <pRef> is -la‖);  <cit type=-etymon‖> in whose <gramGrp> there is <gen>neut</gen>  Get synchronic gender: value of <gramGrp>, <gen> within <form type=-lemma‖> 32  ;.
In our model, <usg type=-dom‖> is used both in the synchronic (<sense>) and diachronic (<cit>) portions of the entry. However, although such structures, if used consistently, do have the capacity to greatly enhance any data that doesnot include this information, they inevitably fall short of the extent of knowledge that is truly necessary to create an accurate model of metaphorical processes. To do this it is necessary to make use ofone or more ontologies, which could be locally defined within a project, external linked open datasources such as dbpedia, wikidata, or some combination thereof. Within TEI dictionary markup URI's for existing ontological entries can be referenced in the <sense>, <usg>, and <ref> elements as the value of the attribute @corresp. Within the etymon, the <oRef> and/or <pRef> can be included with a pointer to the source form using the attribute value pair @corresp and the value of which being a reference to the source entry's unique identifier (if such an entry exists within the dataset).
In such cases, the etymon pointing to the source entry can be assumed to inherit the source's domain and sense information, and this information can be automatically extracted with a fairly simple XSLT program, thus the encoders may choose to leave some or all of this information out of the etymon section. However, in the case that the dataset doesnot actually have entries for the source terms, or the encoder wants to be explicit in all aspects of the etymology, as mentioned above, the source domain and the ontologically based sense of an etymon can be encoded within <cit> as <ref>and <usg> respectively.
Conclusion In this paper we have proposed a number of markup scenarios for encoding different types of etymological information within TEI dictionaries drawing from both traditional lexicographic practice and from analytical approaches from functional and cognitive linguistics. Our examples have shown a number of cases in which, in order to represent the lexical data as accurately as possible, it has been necessary to alter the content models of certain elements and attributes in a way we think should actually be considered as necessary evolutions for the TEI guidelines in the future. Relevant to both etymological and synchronic lexical markup, we have also touched upon how encoders can make use of linked open data URI's as a means of linking the sense and semantic domain(s) of an item to multilingual knowledge bases.
Currently the use of @type in the <etym> element is not permitted in the TEI schema as the aforementioned element is not a member of the att. typed class. At the time of writing this paper, the proposal has been submitted in the TEI GitHub and is available at the following url (https://github. com/TEIC/TEI/issues/1512). In our proposal, the <etym> element has to be made recursive in order to allow the fine-grained representations we propose in this paper. The corresponding ODD customization, together with reference examples, will be made available on GitHub at the time of publication of this paper.
Data collection. Cerebral infarction was diagnosed following evaluation by a neurologist and time of stroke onset was precisely specified by the patient, relatives and/or first medical assistance interview. Demographic and clinical data including sex, age, vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco consumption), medical history of atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease, and National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS) at admission were collected. The type of diagnostic cerebral imaging (MRI or CT scan) performed was noted as well as the infarction location and volume assessed by the thresholding method. From these clinical and radiological data, cerebral infarctions were classified as total anterior circulation infarcts (TACI, cortical and subcortical involvement), partial anterior circulation infarcts (PACI, more restricted and predominantly with cortical involvement), lacunar circulation infarcts (LACI), and posterior circulation infarcts (POCI), following the criteria of the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project Classification 7.
Statistical analysis. All analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 20 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were described as median, mean ± standard deviation, categorical factors as frequency and percentage. To identify differences of PRDX1 levels in the stroke patients vs. controls, the two groups were first compared for clinical characteristics and PRDX1 levels (overall, for each time window, and for each cerebral infarction subtype in the stroke patient group) using the Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-Square test and Fisher's exact test when appropriate. PRDX1 levels were adjusted for clinical characteristics found to be statistically different. In the stroke patients, PRDX1 levels were also compared for those who had been treated with reperfusion therapies vs.
The results presented in this paper focus on the analysis of data in these three channels recorded by the CMS experiment in the 2012 part of what is commonly referred to as Run 1 of the LHC. The paper is organized as follows. The main features of the detector and the data are discussed in Sections 2 and 3. Section 4 is a discussion of the analysis techniques, which lead to the measurements of Section 5. The categorization of the systematic uncertainties is presented in Section 6, followed by the full results for the three decay channels in Section 7. Section 8 presents a study of m t as a function of the kinematical properties of the tt system in the lep-ton+jets channel. This is followed in Sections 9 and 10, which discuss the combination of the measurements and the final result for m t , respectively.
As the charged leptons originating from top quark decays are typically isolated from other particles, a relative isolation variable (I rel ) is constructed to select lepton candidates. This is defined as the scalar sum of the p T values of the additional particles reconstructed within an angle ∆R = √ (∆η) 2 + (∆φ) 2 of the lepton direction, divided by the p T of the lepton. Here ∆η and ∆φ are the differences in the pseudorapidity and azimuthal angles between the lepton direction and other tracks and energy depositions. A muon candidate is rejected if I rel ≥ 0. 12 for ∆R = 0. 4, and an electron candidate is rejected if I rel ≥ 0. 10 for ∆R = 0. 3. Jets are clustered from the reconstructed PF candidates using the anti-k T algorithm  [35]  with a distance parameter of 0. 5, as implemented in the FASTJET package  [36].
Event selection For the lepton+jets channel we use the data collected using a single-muon or single-electron trigger with a minimum trigger p T threshold for an isolated muon (electron) of 24 GeV (27 GeV), corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19. 7 fb -1. We then select events that have exactly one isolated muon or electron, with p T > 33 GeV and |η| < 2. 1. In addition, at least four jets with p T > 30 GeV and |η| < 2. 4 are required. Jets originating from b quarks (denoted as b jets) are identified using the CSV algorithm at the medium working point  [38]. With the requirement of exactly two b-tagged jets among the four jets with the highest p T , 104 746 tt candidate events are selected in data. From simulation, the sample composition is expected to be 93% tt, 4% single top quark, 2% W+jets, and 1% other processes.
This uncertainty is estimated by varying the b tagging discriminator requirements in simulations. In the lepton+jets analysis, for example, the changes in the CSVM discriminator leads to an uncertainty in the b tagging efficiency of 1. 2% and the false tagging rate of 15%, both of which correspond to a 1σ variation in the value of the b tagging scale factor. The all-jets and dilepton uncertainties are computed in a similar manner for the CSVT and CSVL discriminators, respectively. Propagating the tagging efficiency uncertainty to the values of m t leads to the systematic uncertainty. • Trigger: This systematic uncertainty captures the uncertainties related to the modeling of the trigger efficiency, and is only significant for the all-jets measurement. • Pileup: During the data taking period, the instantaneous luminosity increased dramatically during the year, leading to an increased number of simultaneous protonproton interactions overlapping with the primary hard scattering (in-time pileup) and possible effects due to the detector response to previous collision events (outof-time pileup).
We note that this approximation may underestimate the uncertainties from the p T /η-dependent JES. For each plot we compare the data to simulations based on LO (MADGRAPH and SHERPA) and NLO (POWHEG and MC@NLO) matrix element calculations with both string (PYTHIA) and cluster (HERWIG) models for fragmentation. We also vary the choice of underlying event tune from Z2* to Perugia 2011 both with and without color reconnections, and the AUET2 tune. With the exception of the MC@NLO and SHERPA simulations, which are only used for this study, these are the same simulation as those discussed in Section 3. 1. The simulations used for this study are • MADGRAPH with the PYTHIA Z2* tune, which is the simulation used in the mass determinations  [14] [15] [16] 56 ]; • MADGRAPH with the PYTHIA Perugia 2011 tune  [14, 16, 50] ; • MADGRAPH with the PYTHIA Perugia 2011 noCR tune  [14, 16, 50] ; • SHERPA 1.
Satellite Retrievals The CALIOP Level 2 Layer 5 km data set used to build the "AeroCom-CALIOP" global product (see section 3. 1) is derived from the attenuated Level 1 data through the use of a complex algorithm system that detects cloud and aerosol features, estimates aerosol lidar ratio, and retrieves profiles of aerosol extinction coefficients  [Liu et al. , 2004 [Liu et al. , , 2009;; Omar et al. , 2009; Vaughan et al. , 2004 Vaughan et al. , , 2005]]. The extinction profiles are then integrated over height to derive estimates of the AOD of the cloud and aerosol detected layers at 532 nm and 1064 nm wavelengths. From the CALIOP Level 2 Layer 5 km data, we used the AOD, the bottom and top above sea level altitudes, and the cloud-aerosol discrimination score information of all individual aerosol and cloud detected layers.
It shows the global distribution of the Z α mean extinction height diagnostic computed (equation (  1 )) for the 2009 four seasons. Because Z α is referenced to sea level, higher values are generally obtained over higher altitude regions. More interestingly, varying seasonal patterns of the aerosol mean extinction height show up, such as higher situated aerosol over the Northern Africa in Northern Hemisphere (NH)-summer (June-August (JJA)) and higher aerosol in the Southern Africa in Southern Hemisphere (SH)-summer (December-February (DJF)) season. The reliability of the AeroCom-CALIOP product was already assessed in K12. It was shown to provide a representative characterization of aerosol extinction typical heights at seasonal and subcontinental scales and a robust benchmark data set for the evaluation of the global atmospheric models.
[2013]  product. These results confirm the robustness and potential of the AeroCom-CALIOP data set to assist aerosol models' evaluation. Together with the analysis of the (AeroCom I to) AeroCom II (changes in the) model results, they also raise the need for further work in assessing the impact of the models' original vertical resolution on the shape of the interpolated model extinction profiles, notably within the PBL, and on the resulting Z α0-6 m biases. Our methodological approach is currently being refined and the AeroCom-CALIOP product extended to the year 2011. It will serve for the evaluation the AeroCom global and AQMEII (Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative; http://ensemble2. jrc. ec. europa. eu/aqmeii/) regional models, which are participating in the second multimodel exercise of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution (HTAP) that focuses on the years 2008 and 2010 and requires the use of common anthropogenic emissions data by the global models  [Janssens-Maenhout et al.
Yoon  and  K. Zhang  were funded by the  US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program. The  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory  is operated for DOE by  Battelle Memorial Institute  under contract  DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. S. E. Bauer  and  K. Tsigaridis  acknowledge resources supporting this work by the  NASA   High-End Computing (HEC) Program  through the  NASA Center for Climate Simulation (NCCS)  at  Goddard Space Flight Center  and support by the  NASA   MAP program  Modeling, Analysis, and  Prediction Climate Variability and Change  ( NNH08ZDA001N-MAP ). M. Schulz ,  Jan Griesfeller ,  R. B. Skeie ,  T. Berntsen  and  G. Myhre  were supported by the  Research Council of Norway , through the grants  SLAC ,  AEROCOM-P3  and  ClimSense.
K. Zhang  acknowledges the  German Climate Computing Center  ( Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum GmbH, DKRZ ) for making the computational resources available for ECHAM5. 5-HAM2simulations. The CALIOP and AeroCom data and tools used to produce the aerosol extinction profiles analyzed in this paper are available on the AeroCom Database and  User Server  (aerocom-users. met. no). They are accessible upon request, following the AeroCom Policy and access conditions described under http://aerocom. met. no/data. html.