dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Scaling of emissions and annual cycle In this study, we estimate the emissions at around 13:30, which corresponds to the moment when TROPOMI overpasses the country. However, anthropogenic activity is not uniform throughout the day, and the emissions inferred from parameters calculated at 13:30 do not correspond to the average emissions of the country. Using the power consumption data from  Bayram et al. (2018) , Fig. 9  shows the mean load curve for the country on April 2016, July 2016, October 2016 and January 2017. These curves show that the average  power injected into the grid is slightly lower than the power injected at 13:30. The ratio between the two powers is minimal in June, where it reaches 0. 911, and maximal in February, where it reaches 0. 976 (see the Supplement). Moreover, according to the traffic congestion index in Doha (Tomtom, 2023), the road traffic around 13:30 shows a congestion peak that is slightly lower than the other peaks that occur at the beginning and the end of the daytime.
Comparison with air pollution inventories and electricity generation data As Qatar is a small country with an undiversified economy, the annual cycle of the TROPOMI-inferred emissions can be interpreted. Reported emissions reached 163 kt in 2007, but a significant part did not take place within the terrestrial borders of the country. To compare such reported emissions with those calculated within the internal mask, emissions from upstream oil and gas operations (41. 86 kt), which mostly take place offshore, must be removed from the pre- vious budget. We also remove emissions from navigation (4. 35 kt), civil aviation (3 kt) and fugitive emissions (4. 28 kt). Reported terrestrial emissions therefore reach the approximate value of 109. 51 kt for 2007, i. e. an average of 9. 13 kt per month, with the main NO x -emitting sectors being power generation, transport and cement.
Comparison with emission inventories We compare TROPOMI-derived NO x emissions to the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv6. 1) for 2018 and the CAMS global anthropogenic emissions (CAMS-GLOB-ANT_v5. 3) from 2019 to 2022. The two inventories provide 0. 1 • × 0. 1 • sectorial gridded emissions on a monthly basis. After aggregating the different sectors of activity, the CAMS-GLOB-ANT and EDGAR inventories directly provide the anthropogenic NO x emissions over the same domain. Both inventories display NO x emissions that are significantly higher than our estimates. According to CAMS-GLOB-ANT, the annual emissions for 2019,    2020, 2021 and 2022 are 191. 7, 191. 8, 192. 5 and 193. 7  kt respectively, whereas we only estimate emissions of 111. 5, 111. 8, 114. 4 and 121. 0 kt for these same years.
The emissions from other hotspots, such as cement plants in the western part of the country, could not be correctly estimated from 2019 to 2021 due to unavailability of highquality TROPOMI retrievals. Our estimated NO x emissions show a weekly variability which is consistent with the social norms of the country and an annual variability which is consistent with its electricity generation. In this study, estimated emissions are similar to reported emissions in 2007, but they are 1. 67 times lower than emissions in the CAMS-GLOB-ANT_v5. 3 inventory for 2019-2022 and 1. 68 times lower than emissions in EDGARv6. 1 for 2018. They have an annual cycle whose relative amplitude is higher than those two inventories. These notable differences may be subject to further discussion regarding sectoral activity data and emission factors used in global inventories.
Code availability. Code will be made available on request. Data availability. The TROPOMI Sentinel 5P Product Algorithm Laboratory (S5P-PAL) reprocessed data (processor version 2. 3. 1) from January 2019 to October 2020 have been used. The OFFL stream was used afterwards using processor versions 2. 3. 1 and 2. 4. 0 from November 2022. The TROPOMI NO 2 product is publicly available on the TROPOMI open hub (http:// www. tropomi. eu/data-products/data-access, TROPOMI Data Hub, 2023) while the S5P-PAL reprocessed data can be found on the S5P-PAL data portal (https://data-portal. s5p-pal. com, ESA: , 2023). CAMS data can be downloaded from the Copernicus Climate Data Store (https://ads. atmosphere. copernicus. eu/cdsapp# !/dataset/cams-global-atmospheric-composition-forecasts, ). The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 reanalysis can be downloaded from the Copernicus Climate Data Store (https://cds.
climate. copernicus. eu/cdsapp#!/ dataset/reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels-monthly-means, ). CAMS-GLOB-ANT_v5. 3 data are available at https://eccad. sedoo. fr/#/ metadata/479 (ECCAD-AERIS, 2023). EDGARv6. 1 Global Air Pollutant Emissions are provided by https://edgar. jrc. ec. europa. eu/ dataset_ap61 (European Commission, 2023). Supplement. The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi. org/10. 5194/acp-23-13565-2023-supplement.
Methods Museum and field specimens Museum specimen pictures have been: (1) taken from the FMNH in Chicago with a Nikon camera, (2) downloaded from Animal Diversity Web https://animaldiversity. org/ (see Supplementary Fig. 2 ). Field specimens were collected in the field (see Supplementary Data 1) using mist nets, harp traps or butterfly nets and euthanized humanely with isoflurane according to approved institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) protocols 14199 at UIUC, 2017-093 at UCLA and the following permits Dominican Republic: VAPB-01436; Puerto Rico: 2015-EPE-028; Trinidad: 000619 and 000620 April 18, 2018. Specimens were then fixed ON at 4 °C with PFA and dehydrated the next day in 100% methanol and stored at -20 °C until used.
Bat groups We grouped species in six morphogroups representative of their dental diversity (Supplementary Fig. 2  and Supplementary Data 2) relative to tooth number and jaw size. Regular jaw represents the ancestral pattern of three premolars and three molars and a regular jaw length. Long jaw represents bats with three premolars and three molars with elongated jaws, as seen mostly in nectar feeders. Teeth are generally elongated and compressed lateraly. Intermediate jaw represents bats with two premolars and three molars with a shorter jaw length, and short jaw. Short jaw represents bats with two premolars and two or three molars, with a short face and jaw. When present in short jaw bats is extremely reduced. The post-canine teeth are generally wider. short jawshort jawIn our dataset, we also found two species (Leptonycteris nivalis and Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) with three premolars and two molars, 3P2M.
Body mass Body mass (Supplementary Data 2) was used to normalize the data in our analysis. Body mass data has been collected from Davalos and Melo, Chapter 8  7  , which gathered an impressive dataset on the body size of Noctilionoidea with the exception of: Chilonycteris macleayii=Ptenoronus macleayii 69 ; Leptonycteris nivalis 70 ; Lonchophylla thomasii (Emmons, 1990); Platyrrhinus fusciventris 71.
Dental measurements Adult dental measurements were taken from museum specimen photos (see Supplementary Data 1 for the specimens list) or Animal Diversity Web (animaldiversity. org) photo using ImageJ. Scale was set using the scale bar on the pictures. Crown width and length were measured three times for each tooth to ensure reproducibility. For analysis, individuals from the same species and locality were aggregated. Jaw length was measured from the tip of the jaw to the middle point between the left and right angle of the jaw. Tooth area was calculated by multiplying the length by the width of each tooth. Embryo dental measurements were taken from reconstructed. stl files in mimics using the measurement tool. Each distance was measured three times, to ensure reproducibility, between the primary enamel knots or its resulting cusp to measure the distance between teeth, or the tooth's primary enamel knot and the end of the dental lamina to measure tooth sizes Dental measurements are available in Source Data 1.
Acknowledgements We thank  A. Couzens ,  A. Tucker ,  Y. Gibert , and  V. Laudet  for their critical reading of the manuscript. We thank  L. Yin  from X-ray imaging facility at  UIUC, Beckman Institute  for his assistance regarding CT scanning. Twophoton excitation laser scanning microscopy was performed at the  Advanced Light Microscopy/Spectroscopy Laboratory  (RRID: SCR_022789) and the  Leica Microsystems Center of Excellence  at the  California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA  with funding support from  NIH Shared Instrumentation  Grant  S10OD025017. We thank  N. Simmons  for her helpful suggestions, museum specimen access and for organizing the field trip in Belize with  B. Felton. In addition, we thank  L. Rostant  in Trinidad,  M. Santiago  and  J. Almonthe  in  Dominican Republic , and  A.
Data availability The µCT data are available under restricted access as other parts of the dentition/jaw are currently investigated by the authors, access can be obtained upon request to the corresponding author. The dental measurements data generated in this study are provided in Source Data file 1 and were measured on museum specimens or images from Animal Diversity Web (animaldiversity. org). Measurements on the µCT during development are provided in the Source Data file 3. Data files used for the simulation in Fig. 5  and Supplementary Note 1 are available on GitHub: https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 8058070. Source data are provided with this paper.
Litterature search The checklist provided here results from i) the review of existing literature and ii) additional data from recent field samplings. Reviewed publications were retrieved from two methods. First, we retrieved publications on GoogleScholar using the key words "New Caledonia" and "bees". Then, we retrieved publications of interest (i. e. , mentioning New Caledonian bee species) cited in the former publications. In total, we scanned 37 publications. Among them, 23 were of interest and used in this work (Suppl. material 1). In those publications, we looked for mentions of bee species in New Caledonia. For each bee species, we gathered information concerning their taxonomy (i. e. , genus, subgenus, species, subspecies, synonymies and past combinations), occurrences in New Caledonia (i.
Additionnal samplings In addition to the occurrences retrieved from the existing literature, we implemented new occurrences and plant species visited from our personal published  (Zakardjian et al. 2020)  and unpublished datasets, and opportunist samplings, all realized between 2017 and 2023. The first data set comes from a sampling conducted in 2017, from March to May, in Ouvéa, Tiga, Koumac and Belep Islands areas. In each area, bees were captured along 24 transects of 50m placed to represent their diversity of environments (e. g. , forest, coastal vegetation, fallow lands, shrublands and subsistence agriculture). Each transect was walked for 25min during which bees interacting with flowers were captured using nets. In addition, in each site, 16 pan traps (blue, red, white, and yellow) were disposed during 48h.
The second dataset comes from a sampling conducted in 2019 from February to April, in Nouméa and the Tontouta valley. Nouméa is the main city of the archipelago, with 99,926 inhabitants for an area of 45. 7 km². Within the city, three sites were sampled, separated by at least 3 km. These three sites were (i) the park of the French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) (ii) the Parc Zoologique et Forestier Michel Corbasson, and (iii) the Tjibaou Cultural Centre. The Tontouta valley is located 30 km north of Nouméa (Figure  1 ). Within the Tontouta valley, three sites were sampled, separated by at least 3 km. In each site, the plant species presenting the most abundant floral resource were sampled. Depending on the number of available flowering species, up to four plant species were observed during each sampling session.
For each plant species, bees contacting flowers in a 1 m² quadrat were captured using nets during 10 minutes. In total, each Tontouta valley sites were sampled 10 times and each Nouméa sites 11 times. The third dataset comes from a sampling realized in 2022, from March to June, in 14 sites along a gradient running from Nouméa to the Col de Mouirange (Suppl. material 2). In each site, the plant species presenting the most abundant floral resources were sampled. Depending on the number of available flowering species, up to five plant species were observed during each sampling session. For each plant species, bees contacting flowers in a 1 m² quadrat were captured using nets during 10 minutes. Each site was sampled 4 times. All the new records collected for this study are published through GBIF  (Zakardjian et al.
Distribution: Historical data in New Caledonia: Nepoui Valley, jul. 1940, 1 male  (Pauly and Munzinger 2003 , Donovan et al. 2013 ). Dec. 1979 -sep. 2008 , 1 male and 1 female, no location  (Donovan et al. 2013). Notes: This species has been recorded in forested or maquis areas including in altitude (up to 900 m). The recorded host plants and known localities are restricted to ultramafic substrates.
Occurrence status Based on their first and last year of capture, we applied occurrence status to each species. Thus, we can confirm the presence of 30 species in the archipelago, and we lack data to do so for the remaining 21 species (data deficient species). Among the 21 data deficient species, 17 have been captured only once, 1 have been captured twice during the same year (i. e. , Lasioglossum webbi in 1992), and 1 is recorded for New Caledonia based on personal communication with no specimen reported (i. e. , Lasioglossum (Austrevylaeus) sp. ). As bee samplings in New Caledonia prior to the 21st century have been piecemeal and far from exhaustive, it is difficult to adjudicate on their current presence. Several hypotheses may explain why those species went unrecorded during recent samplings.
A starting point to such a project could be to realize further samplings at periods and locations where the data deficient species were captured. This first step could provide additional information to support the presence or absence of these species. Moreover, it seems crucial to apply biomolecular analysis to the New Caledonian bee fauna. Bee species recorded from the archipelago have been described and identified exclusively based on morphological criteria. This may have induced an over or underestimation of the number of species (e. g. Praz et al. 2022).
We demonstrated by IF that after G4 stabilization by both, PDS and cPDS, ZRF1 localized to the cell compartment where G4s have accumulated (Fig. 1e ). This finding supported our hypothesis that ZRF1 is recruited to G4 structures. We then monitored ZRF1 binding to DNA sites using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by genome-wide sequencing analysis (ChIP-seq). No chromosomal binding sites (peaks) were identified for ZRF1 in untreated cells, suggesting that ZRF1 does not bind to chromatin in unchallenged conditions. In sharp contrast, 2195 specific ZRF1 peaks were detected upon incubation with PDS (2 μM, 48 h) (Fig. 2a , Supplementary Data 1). When analysing all ChIP-seq peaks, we found characteristic G-rich binding motifs of ZRF1 by MEME analysis, corresponding to G4 consensus motifs prone to fold into G4s (Fig.
001, ****p < 0. 0001. Significance compared to untreated-WT cells is indicated by asterisks, connecting lines are used when the significance was compared to other samples. exhibited a similar defect in UV damage repair. We monitored both 6-4PPs and CPD levels by IF and in addition CPD products by dot blot. In these assays, cells transfected with a siRNA against XPC were used as a control (Fig. 3e ). This analysis revealed that 6-4PPs were significantly elevated in ZRF1-KO cells (p-value < 0. 001, Fig. 3e ). These data were supported by the quantification of CPDs. IF analysis showed a significant change in CPDs in ZRF1-KO cells: a 1. 6-fold increase in CPDs directly at 0 and 24 h after UV irradiation (Supplementary Fig. 4c ). A similar trend in CPDs was determined in ZRF1-KO cells using dot blot experiments.
This data suggested that in the absence of ZRF1, DDB2 positively contributes to G4 accumulation after UV irradiation. To support this hypothesis, we tested if DDB2 binds to G4 structures in cells. Specifically, we used the G4-specific antibody BG4 to pull down DNA regions with G4 structures and their associated protein from cells. Briefly, chromatin was sheared and incubated with the BG4 antibody and after stringent washes the presence of DDB2 in the pull-down fraction was monitored by western blot analysis. Western blot analysis showed a specific immunoprecipitation of DDB2 before and after UV irradiation to G4s (Fig. 4d , Ponceau staining in Supplementary Fig. 5f ). This data was complemented by binding assays that also demonstrated the binding of the heterodimer DDB1-DDB2 to a G4 structure in vitro (Supplementary Fig.
1% (v/v) Tween-20 and 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7. 4) immunoprecipitated DNA was treated with Proteinase K for 1 h at 37 °C and the crosslinking was reversed by overnight incubation at 65 °C. Immunoprecipitated DNA was purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). For genome-wide sequencing DNA was treated according to manufacturer's instructions (NEBNext® Ultra™ II DNA Library Prep Kit) and submitted to sequencing on a HiSeq 2500 sequencer (Illumina). Obtained sequence reads were aligned to the human reference genome with Bowtie 80. Binding regions were identified by using MACS 2. 0 with default settings for narrow peaks  81. IGV genome browser was used to visualize genome annotation of sequencing reads. The ChIP input was used as a control data set. Overlap of binding sites with other genomic features and binding regions were determined using a PERL script based on a permutation analysis between the query and subject features.
After three times 10 min washing with TBS-T the membrane was incubated with matching HRP-coupled secondary antibodies (anti-mouse sc-516102 or anti-rabbit sc-2357; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) 1:5000 diluted for 1 h at RT followed by another three washing steps. Signals were detected by chemiluminescence of HRP-coupled secondary antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) on a ChemiDoc Imaging System. Uncropped blots are provided in the Source Data file.
Flow cytometry DAPI staining was performed as previously reported  79. Briefly, HeLa wildtype (1. 75 × 10 5 cells) and ZRF1-KO (2 × 10 5 cells) cells were seeded in 6-well plates. 72 h post seeding the cells were irradiated with 10 J m -2 UV light and left to recover in DMEM/10% FBS. 24 h post irradiation the cells were harvested, washed with PBS and fixed for 30 min at RT with methanol. Cells were then washed with PBS and stained with a DAPI solution (10 μg ml -1 DAPI, 50 μg ml -1 RNase in PBS) for 30 min at 37 °C. Cells were finally resuspended in PBS and analyzed by flow cytometry on a BD FACSCanto™ II Cell Analyzer. After data acquisition, the data was analyzed using FlowJo TM (v10. 8 Software BD Life Sciences) gating the cell for the size (forward scatter (FSC)) and granularity of the cells (side scatter (SSC)).
Acknowledgements We thank  Philipp Schult ,  Daniel Hilbig , and  Lea Sauer  for experimental support and  Philipp Simon  for careful reading of the manuscript. We thank the  Thomä lab  for providing the purified DDB1-DDB2 heterodimer 56. We thank the  Craig lab  for providing us with the plasmid expressing ZRF1 54. Research in the Paeschke laboratory is funded by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG ,  German Research Foundation)  under Germany's  Excellence Strategy - EXC2151-390873048 , the  Fritz Thyssen foundation  and " CANTAR ". The project " CANTAR " is receiving funding from the programme " Netzwerke 2021" , an initiative of the  Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of Northrhine Westphalia. A. D. M. postdoctoral fellowship is funded by  BONFOR (University Hospital Bonn).
BeHMXBs transfer matter through the interaction of a compact object with a decretion disk, while sgHMXBs generally transfer mass via an intense stellar wind. ⋆ Tables A. 1 and A. 2 are available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc. cds. unistra. fr (130. 79. 128. 5)  or via https:// cdsarc. cds. unistra. fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/671/A149 ⋆⋆ An online version of the catalogue is publicly available at https: //binary-revolution. github. io/HMXBwebcat and the database in the associated GitHub repository will be continuously updated based on community inputs. In some rare instances, accretion in sgHMXBs may take place via Roche-lobe overflow, which produces higher X-ray luminosities than wind-accreting systems. This is the case for Cen X-3, and was more recently suggested for IGR J08408-4503 at periastron  (Ducci et al.
In parallel, we queried the Simbad database for sources of the type (or subtype) labelled HXB, the identification associated with HMXBs in Simbad. We retrieved 1288 sources in this way. Most of them were extragalactic; they are usually bundled in very tight regions of the sky associated with close-by galaxies, forming dense patches of extragalactic HMXBs. A simple way to automatically detect and remove them is to discard sources with neighbours closer than 6 ′. We verified that even in the Galactic plane, the sources we retrieved from  Liu et al. (2006)  and  Bird et al. (2016)  are typically twice as separated (around 15 ′ ). This left us with 175 sources, several of which are isolated extragalactic HMXBs, which we discarded later. We note that only 109 of the base HMXBs were found in this way in Simbad; the remaining 19 are simply not labelled HXB.
This catalogue was compiled to facilitate the retrieval of information on HMXBs and to allow for considerations to be made not only on individual systems, but on Galactic HMXBs as a population. We provide two examples of how this catalogue can be used for this purpose. As a first example of how the data may be used is to build a Corbet diagram, shown in Fig. 3  with the 38 HMXBs in  Liu et al. (2006; top panel)  and the 75 HMXBs from the current catalogue (bottom panel), for which orbital period and spin period are determined. It is a great tool for visualising the effect of mass transfer in wind accretion versus decretion disk. Because the angular momentum is transferred very efficiently when an NS interacts with a decretion disk, BeHMXBs present a strong correlation (P spin ∝ P 2 orb , Corbet 1984); on the other hand, sgH-MXBs do not show a significant correlation as wind accretion is inefficient at angular momentum transfer.
The latter most definitely benefited from the capabilities of INTEGRAL and HMXBs in general, through many focused optical/nIR identification campaigns, as well as multiple follow-up efforts in the soft X-ray band, which are essential in the process of constraining the exact position of hard X-ray sources in the sky. In addition, the data collected by the Gaia satellite since 2015 offer unrivalled estimates of positions and velocities, including distances to HMXBs across two-thirds of the catalogue, which it was not possible to achieve at this scale before. The search for new X-ray binaries and information on them is still active, and the arrival of new observing facilities will ensure continued interest in this field. The eROSITA, SVOM, and LSST observatories will not only contribute to studying currently known or new persistent systems, but will also provide much more information on transient sources and therefore provide insight into other stages of binary evolution such as supernova explosions or merger events.
The addition of the gravitational messenger by the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA observatories will work in synergy with electromagnetic transient sky facilities to constrain the endpoint of binary evolution; we will soon, if we do not already, have access to observational data on phases spanning the entire life of massive binary stars. The coming years will thus provide many opportunities for studying the evolution of massive stars in binaries, which contribute to the Galactic ecology by their X-ray emission, heavy nucleus formation, and possible retro-action on the interstellar medium.