dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Evolution of N t GE depending on the number of profiling traces N p (AES_HDaverage over 10 converging models) Remark 7. In comparison with the cross-entropy loss function, the training time can be impacted when the ranking loss is considered. Following Equation 9, the partial ranking loss function has to be summed for each key candidate. Hence, the training time needed to reach a given number of epochs could be increased depending on the leakage model (i. e. identity, hamming weight,. ). The lesser the number of classes (or key hypotheses), the lesser the training time is impacted. For the AES_HD dataset, the worst case scenario is considered (i. e. 255 partial ranking loss functions are summed). In comparison with the cross-entropy loss function, the training time increased by 10s, when N p = 15, 000, and by up to 145s for 45, 000 profiling traces.
In the worst-case scenario (i. e. N p = 45, 000), the training time is multiplied by 4. While this work was focused on the introduction of the ranking loss and the theoretical/performance comparison with the cross-entropy, a further investigation should be made on datasets that needed more profiling datas for extracting the relevant information from the physical traces. N t GE N p 10, 000 15, 000 20, 000 25, 000 30, 000 35, 000 40, 000 45, 000 Categorical Cross-Entropy >25,000 13,855 5,685 2,220 1,725 1,385 1,235 1,165 Cross-Entropy Ratio >25,000 19,591 5,158 2,390 2,115 1,397 1,259 1,206 Ranking Loss >25,000 11,298 2,443 1,805 1,370 1,280 1,210 1,115.
The total mass of the data loggers was 28-34 g (2. 9 ± 0. 3% of body mass) such that they are likely to have had a negligible negative impact on foraging behaviour during the short-term deployment  [54, 55]. After instrumentation, individuals were returned to their burrow to resume normal behaviours. Each nest was inspected the following day with a burrowscope (Sextant Technology Limited, New Zealand) through the natural entrance to confirm the instrumented bird had departed. The burrow entrance was then fitted with a one-way trap door or a wooden stick, to reveal the nocturnal visit of a parent, and checked at night every hour until recapture. Upon recapture, data loggers were removed, the birds were weighed again and a blood sample (0. 3 ml) was obtained by venepuncture of a tarsal vein.
Data processing and statistical analyses The degree of SSD was tested on each morphometric parameter means with t-tests and quantified using Storer's index  [56] : SSD ¼ 100 Â mean malesmean females (mean males þ mean females) Â 0:5 : This percentage of the relative difference in parameter between sexes has the advantage to avoid a size effect in the measure of SSD  [57]. The GPS data were plotted in a geographical information system (ARCMAP 10. 2, ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) and locations recorded on land were removed. Resulting at-sea movements were processed in the R statistical environment v 3. 4. 2 [58]  to remove erroneous locations with a 25 m s -1 speed filter  [59]. Foraging trip metrics (duration, maximum distance from the colony, total horizontal distance travelled, average speed) were calculated using the adehabitatHR package  [60].
Additional trip duration data were obtained during the chick-rearing period, from, respectively, 29 trips in 2012 and six trips in 2015  [45]. Trip duration distribution of these pooled trips was assessed for bimodality with calculation of the bimodality coefficient  [61]  and mode(s) estimation(s) by mixture distribution implemented in the modes package  [62]. At-sea locations were linearly interpolated at 1 s intervals and the maximum convex polygon enclosing trip locations was used to estimate the home range area using the geosphere package  [63]. royalsocietypublishing. org/journal/rsos R. Soc. Open Sci. 7: 191511 At-sea behaviours (flapping flight, soaring flight, rafting on water, foraging on water and diving) were inferred at each second of the trip using the acceleration data, in order to access the individual's fine-scale activity budgets and spatio-temporal localization of foraging behaviour.
Data from the seven birds equipped with Axy-Depth (tri-axial acceleration and pressure) and GPS data loggers were visualized in IGOR PRO software v. 7 (Wavemetrics Inc. ,  USA, 2000). The pressure was converted to depth (D in m) using the atmospheric pressure (P a in mBar) as the baseline of measured pressure (P m ) in the relationship D = 0. 01(P m -P a ), and corrected for surface drift. Given the high sensibility of the sensor (5 mBar) potentially causing low-pressure variance other than actual diving  [64] , submergences greater to the body length of the bird (0. 55 m) were considered as a dive. The dive depth and the average speed determined from GPS data were then used as references to guide the interpretation of the acceleration signals. The visual inspection of the acceleration data indicated a higher variation in the heave axis during flight (owing to wing beats) than when rafting on water  [65, 66].
Hence, a spectrum analysis was conducted on the heave axis data using the package Ethographer within IGOR PRO  [67] , followed by a K-means clustering (n = 2) in order to separate periods of flapping and non-flapping, and retrieve their characteristics (dominant cycle and amplitude) with the peak tracer function. Using a combination of the dominant cycle and amplitude of flaps, with the heave value and variation associated with air and water, each second of the trip was classified as flapping flight, soaring flight or rafting on water behaviour (electronic supplementary material, figure  S1 ). For the acceleration data in each axis, the static component of the acceleration was obtained with a running average of the raw data over 1 s  [65] , in order to calculate the body pitch ¼ atan ðAx= ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi Ay 2 þ Az 2 p Þ Â 180=p À Á.
As the GPS trip metric data included multiple trips by some individuals, the influence of sex and year was investigated with linear mixed models (LMMs). They were performed with individual identity as a random factor to account for their pseudo replication  [76]  using the nlme package  [77]. Similar LMMs were also conducted on the activity budget (e. g. proportion of time flapping, gliding, rafting on water, foraging). The temporal variation of the activity budget and dive depth throughout the day was further investigated with generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) using the mgcv package  [78]. In addition, GAMMs were used to investigate the influence of the encountered oceanographic parameters on the log-transformed time spent foraging by each sex. Prior to inclusion in the model, oceanographic parameters were scaled and checked for collinearity, with a cut-off criterion of |r s | = 0.
At-sea movements and activity budgets At-sea movement (GPS) data were obtained from 32 individuals, and owing to device malfunctions, atsea movements combined with behaviour data were obtained from 29 individuals (16 males/18 trips, 13 females/15 trips; table 1) totalling 1556 h in duration. Morphometric measurements confirmed a malebiased structural dimorphism (table 2). However, the body mass at instrumentation (1250 ± 19 g) did not differ significantly between sexes and years (ANOVA, p > 0. 5 in both cases). At recapture, some individuals gained mass (+94 ± 15 g, n = 14) and some lost mass (-113 ± 13 g, n = 16). Mass change was not significantly different between sexes and years (ANOVA, p > 0. 2 in both cases). Individuals foraged up to 154 ± 14 km away from the colony over the shelf-slope and submarine canyons off the west coast of New Zealand's South Island (figure  1 ).
Foraging behaviour and trophic niche The acceleration data gathered in the present study enabled the foraging behaviour of individuals to be accurately determined during the foraging trips. The present study revealed that the Westland petrel was able to feed at any time, while foraging is generally reduced at night for albatrosses and some petrels  [95, 104]. The peak observed during the first hours of darkness suggests a pulsed food availability at the beginning of the night, potentially owing to the diel vertically migrating prey reaching near surface waters  [108]. Indeed, previous studies on Westland petrel diet reported feeding upon vertically migrating and bioluminescent species of fish and squid  [97, 109]  able to be detected from long range (50-100 m,  [110] ) and representing important biomass on shelf-slope habitat  [111, 112].
Acknowledgements. We thank  Ngãti Tahu's Kati Waewae  runaka for consent to study the petrels, the  DOC  and  Conservation Volunteers New Zealand  for the access in specially protected area of the Paparoa ranges. We are also grateful to all fieldworkers for their assistance with the colony monitoring and loggers' deployments ( Leon Berard ,  Laureline Durand ,  Francois Même ,  Kerry-Jayne Wilson ,  Leon Dalziel ), and  Matt Pinkerton  for his advice. We thank the associate editor  Dr Agustina Gómez-Laich  and two anonymous reviewers who helped to improve the manuscript.
Most privacy laws contain two obligations: that processing of personal data must be minimised, and that security breaches must be detected and mitigated as quickly as possible. These two requirements appear to conflict, since detecting breaches requires additional processing of logfiles and other personal data to determine what went wrong. Fortunately Europe's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) -considered the strictest such law -recognises this paradox and suggests how both requirements can be satisfied. This paper assesses security breach detection in the light of the principles of purpose limitation and necessity, finding that properlyconducted breach detection should satisfy both principles. Indeed the same safeguards that are required by data protection law are essential in practice for breach detection to achieve its purpose.
Introduction: the need for breach detection One of the core principles of data protection -whether expressed in the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 1 the Council of Europe Convention 108, 2 or the FTC Fair Information Practice Principles 3 -is that the processing of personal data should be minimised. However all of those documents also demand that personal data must be protected, including more or less explicit requirements to be able to detect, investigate and mitigate the impact of security breaches. The benefits of a data controller reducing harm in its own processing will quickly be lost if a malicious intruder can gain undetected access to the data and cause havoc. Even for information on paper, detection and investigation requires the collection and retention of additional personal data, such as records of who was authorised to access files and who (including unauthorised persons) actually did.
Purpose The Article 29 Working Party considers that Specification of purpose is an essential first step in applying data protection laws and designing data protection safeguards for any processing operation. The principle of purpose limitation is designed to establish the boundaries within which personal data collected for a given purpose may be processed and may be put to further use 21 This should, for example "prevent the use of individuals' personal data in a way (or for further purposes) that they might find unexpected, inappropriate or otherwise objectionable". For breach detection the purpose is both clear and set out in law. GDPR Recital 49 concerns: ensuring network and information security, i. e. the ability of a network or an information system to resist, at a given level of confidence, accidental events or unlawful or malicious actions that compromise the availability, authenticity, integrity and confidentiality of stored or transmitted personal data, and the security of the related services offered by, or accessible via, those networks and systems  23  Most of the data processed by breach detection systems will therefore serve two purposes: providing a networked service, and keeping that service secure.
Finally, detecting unusual traffic depends on comparison with a normal baseline: problems will often be detected when behaviour varies from that of uncompromised computers and accounts. Thus comprehensive logging and processing of data is necessary, in the narrow data protection sense, for breach detection, analysis and response. The legal position of breach detection is therefore different, in context as well as scale, from government powers to retain data for law enforcement purposes that were analysed, and found not "strictly necessary", by the European Court of Justice in Digital Rights Ireland. In that case most of the retained data related to individuals who were not "even indirectly, in a situation which is liable to give rise to criminal prosecutions".
68 Bolognini and Bistolfi consider that in situations where the purpose may require identification of a subset of individuals, the GDPR's approach to pseudonyms in fact provides the best protection since -unlike anonymisation, which takes data outside the scope of data protection law -pseudonymisation provides both technical safeguards and continuing regulation: it "is able to 66 GDPR, supra n. 1, Recital 28. 67 GDPR, supra n. 1, Article 25(1). 68 GDPR, supra n. 1, Article 32(1)(a). mitigate the risks of a data subject's direct identification, guaranteeing that the data controller uses the data in compliance with norms governing data protection". 69 Treating security event and alert data as pseudonyms ensures that data protection law regulates both the data and processes used for breach detection and the data and processes for linking breaches to individual victims.
With early detection of breaches recognised as an important way to reduce their impact, 88 approaches such as those described by Zeuch et al -which identified 784 security incidents in a dataset where traditional techniques found only eight 89 -may make a major contribution to data protection. Kuner et al suggest that automation may also act as a safeguard against discrimination and bias: "human decision-making is often influenced by bias, both conscious and unconscious, and even by metabolism … intriguing possibility that it may in future be feasible to use an algorithmic process to demonstrate the lawfulness, fairness and transparency of a decision made by either a human or a machine to a greater extent than is possible via any human review of the decision in question". 90 Tired, hungry incident responders and users of their systems should welcome the consistency and respectfulness of automated decisions.
Automation and Necessity? This analysis suggests that, for types of breach where it is known to be effective, automation can reduce both the data protection risks from security breachesbecause they should be detected and resolved more quickly -and the risks arising out of the detection process itself -because there is less human inspection of users' activities and safeguards can be built in. In particular, the human intrusion into legitimate online activities will be much less, as these will be classified as non-malicious by machines, rather than human eyes. For more than a decade, automation has been recognised as a way to defend against malware and spam "without prejudice to confidentiality of the communications": 91 it may well be appropriate to view more modern automated breach detection techniques in the same light.
Where a user has been placed in quarantine, the security team will want to assist them in removing the malicious software or other cause. Blocking of a DDoS attack is likely to be of interest to an organisation's managers and IT staff, but not to the majority of users who benefit from the silent protection. The volume of automatically-blocked e-mails (48% of all messages in 2018, according to Symantec 124 ) is likely to mean recipients will not want to be interrupted every this happens, but systems will normally offer the option to periodically review such messages and provide feedback if algorithms are mis-classifying them. These opportunities to review and tune algorithms based on user feedback again mean that security teams are likely to want to do more than the law requires. Recital 71 applies only to high-impact decisions and suggests only that "the controller should … ensure, in particular, that factors which result in inaccuracies in personal data are corrected and the risk of errors minimised".
More than Compliance Recital 49 of the GDPR sets a high standard for network and information security activities. Most of the information processed will be subject to data protection law; in addition to the normal requirements of necessity, proportionality, fairness, etc. , as a legitimate interest processing must, unlike any other legal basis, be explicitly tested against the risk to individuals' rights and freedoms. For breach detection, these are not just legal requirements: they are essential to delivering the objective of improving the security of users, data systems and networks. Indeed, as this paper has shown, that objective often encourages security teams to implement more safeguards than the law requires. They should not be worried by -or seek to avoid -falling within regulation's scope.
Section 5 identified multiple benefits of automation: allowing purpose and safeguards to be written into code, rather than just policy and practice; reducing the need for human inspection of legitimate activities, and allowing harmful ones to be identified and addressed more quickly. Section 6 concluded that even fully automated responses to attacks are unlikely to involve the "serious impactful effects" 137 to which Article 22 applies. Nonetheless, the requirements on processing that does exceed that threshold are beneficial to breach detection and response, so security teams using automation should follow them anyway: accuracy of algorithms is essential and data protection impact assessments likely to be beneficial for large-scale deployments; informing those subject to decisions is a key part of helping them recover from being victimised.
5B  and Dataset S1). Consistent with previous studies of human sera  (12) , only a small subset of mAbs (6 of 772) recognized epitopes within DIII (Fig. 5B  and Dataset S1). In contrast, over half of the mAbs from both donors competed with 4G2 and/or 5A, suggesting that the majority of the YFV E-specific response is mediated by Abs that target epitopes within or proximal to the FL on DII (Fig. 5B ). Interestingly, nearly all of the mAbs that utilized the VH3-72 germline gene competed with 4G2, suggesting recognition of the FL (Fig. 5C ). Correspondingly, analysis of the sequence features of the mAbs clustered by competition group revealed that over half of the mAbs that competed with 4G2 utilized the VH3-72 germline gene (Fig. 5D ). Consistent with our previous observation (Fig. 4E ), the 4G2 competitor mAbs utilizing VH3-72 showed significantly higher affinities compared to those utilizing other V H germline genes (Fig.
Microtiter Neutralization Assays. Monoclonal antibodies were serially diluted in cell culture medium and incubated at room temperature with the test viruses (YFV-17D or ZIKV) or test reporter virus particles (RVPs) (WNV or JEV) for 1 h then added to cells. Infection levels were measured 2 d later by staining infected cells with the pan-flavivirus mouse mAb 4G2 on a Cytation-5 automated fluorescence microscope (BioTek). Data Availability. All data are included in the manuscript and SI Appendix. All reagent and data requests should be directed to L. M. W. The sequences of neutralizing antibodies isolated in this study have been deposited in the GenBank database, https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/genbank (accession nos. MN993290-MN993593).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank  Dr. Ted Pierson  for his generous gift of the flavivirus RVP system and  Alan Bergeron  from the  Dartmouth Immune Monitoring and Flow Cytometry Core laboratory  for carrying out human peripheral blood mononuclear cell processing and banking. This work was supported by the  NIH  grant  NIAID R01 AI134824  (to K. C. ) and by the transnational  Agence Nationale de la Recherche/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  grant  FlavImmunity/ANR-17-CE15-0031-01  (to G. B. -S. ).
Materials and Methods A review on P. (S. ) inopinatus in freshwater teleost fish in Brazil was carried out using searches in different databases (SciELO, ISI, Scopus, Science Direct, Zoological Records, CAB Abstracts Lilacs, Periódico Capes and Google Scholar). Data from 88 available scientific papers were used. A data set on P. (S. ) inopinatus in freshwater fish populations in Brazil was compiled using taxonomic descriptions and surveys of occurrences and infection parameters of this nematode that were published between 1928 and 2019. These data included research on P. (S. ) inopinatus in native fish species in rivers, lakes, ponds and reservoirs across Brazil, with the exception of three samples (two relating to Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818 and one to the hybrid C. macropomum x Piaractus brachypomus Cuvier, 1818 from cultivation.
The following category factors were also used: (i) host fish species, (ii) trophic level of the host fish (herbivorous, detritivorous, omnivorous, carnivorous or piscivorous) and (iii) collection site of each sample (Supplementary Material -S1). These variables and factors were analyzed in order to produce a classification of patterns for P. (S. ) inopinatus, using the R software with the "bipartite package"  (Dormann et al. , 2008; Dormann, 2011; R Development Core Team, 2017)  or similarities for the variables. In addition, aggregation distribution pattern, correlation of abundance with body size (length and weight) of host fish and association with other endoparasite infracommunities in the hosts were investigated. No studies with inconsistent or discrepant data relating to the host and/or parasite (e.
(S. ) inopinatus for the population of fish. The data matrix was subjected to cluster analysis using the Bray-Curtis index  (Krebs, 1999) , to test the null hypothesis of no difference in the composition of parasite communities between host fish, using the R software. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) with Bray-Curtis similarity distances was also performed using abundance data on P. (S. ) inopinatus for populations of detritivorous, omnivorous, carnivorous and piscivorous hosts, with the aim of evaluating the general pattern of similarity between these host fish. In this analysis, we used the R statistical environment (R Development Core Team, 2017) and the "Vegan" library  (Oksanen et al. , 2017).
1e ). Volcano plots demonstrated that, independently of the extraction method (eFASP or gel-based), these core cytokinetic proteins were more enriched in MBR+ as compared to MBR-, MBRE, or Total (Supplementary Fig. 2 ), consistent with the results obtained by western blots (Supplementary Fig. 1c ). Interestingly, 150 out of the 489 proteins (31%) of the Enriched Flemmingsome have been already localized to the furrow, the bridge or the midbody and/or functionally involved in cytokinesis, according to our literature search (Supplementary Data 1, TAB2 and dedicated website https://flemmingsome. pasteur. cloud/). Proteins of the Enriched Flemmingsome were highly connected and based on the literature, many fell into known functional categories involved in cytokinesis, such as "actinrelated", "chromosomal passenger complex-related", "microtubule-related", "traffic/transport-related", or "ESCRT-related" (Fig.