dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Matteo: sensori low cost per rilievi di rapid mapping The Quadriportico of the Cathedral of S. Matteo: Low-Cost Sensors for Rapid Mapping Surveys 2301 Laura Farroni, Giulia Tarei Lo sguardo connettivo: le macchine per disegnare in prospettiva tra XVI e XVII secolo Connective Eyesight: Tools for Perspective Drawings between XVI e XVII Century 2319 Fausta Fiorillo, Marco Limongiello, Cecilia Bolognesi Integrazione dei dati acquisiti con sistemi image-based e range-based per una rappresentazione 3D efficiente Image-Based and Range-Based Dataset Integration 2353 Sara Gonizzi Barsanti, Adriana Rossi Scan-to-HBIM e Gis per la documentazione dei beni culturali: un'utile integrazione Scan-to-HBIM and Gis Technologies for the Documentation of Cultural Heritage: a Useful Integration 2367 Manuela Incerti, in Turin 2385 Federico Mario La Russa, Cettina Santagati Rilievo Urbano e City Information Modelling per la valutazione della vulnerabilità sismica Urban Survey and City Information Modelling for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment 2403 Víctor-Antonio Lafuente Sánchez, Daniel López Bragado Videomapping arquitectónico: la tecnología al servicio de la renovación del espacio Architectural Videomapping: Technology at the Service of Space Renovation 2421 Gaia Lavoratti Nelle Terre del Ghiberti.
Introduction to traceRadon An overlapping need exists between the climate research and radiation protection communities for improved traceable lowlevel radon activity concentration ( 222 Rn) and radon flux measurements, combining the challenges of collecting, collating and modeling large datasets, with setting up new radiation protection services. The EMPIR project 19ENV01 traceRadon  12 works toward these goals for the benefit of both large scientific communities by providing the necessary infrastructure for measuring atmospheric radon activity concentrations from 1 Bq m -3 to 100 Bq m -3 and radon fluxes. In addition, it will generate data at four selected European sites for validation of radon flux models and inventories and will create the first standard protocol for applying the radon tracer method (RTM).
The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is Europe's state-of-the-art research infrastructure providing highly standardized, robust, in situ data and elaborated data products on the carbon cycle, and quantifying GHG emissions and sinks across Europe. Their atmospheric network includes stations in 13 European countries (see figure  4 ). Currently, 30 stations are labeled while 8 others are in various stages of the labeling process but are measuring GHG concentrations and in some cases already providing these data to the ICOS database. Each of the current atmospheric stations measures GHG concentrations (at least carbon dioxide, CO 2 , and methane, CH 4 ), as well as the major meteorological parameters ('class 2' sites). Moreover, many of the sites, also measure additional observables such as carbon monoxide (CO), stable isotopic ratios, radiocarbon and (oxygen/nitrogen) O 2 /N 2 ratio  [36].
These measurements are usually made from near the tops of tall towers (typically >100 m above ground level), in mountainous terrain, or in remote environments. While radon is also a recommended measurement quantity at ICOS sites, due to its recognized value as a tracer of transport and mixing, as yet there is no standardized rule or protocol governing the integration of such measurements into the processing of ICOS data or in the downstream use of ICOS data (e. g. for top-down emissions estimation). ICOS is not the only scientific enterprise measuring atmospheric composition in Europe. Several other in situ atmospheric composition networks exist (e. g. NOAAs Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network; Scripps CO 2 programme; and the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment), the oldest of which were initiated to understand global trends in GHGs.
Shortly after construction, however, an approximate check of the performance of this instrument in the field was conducted by comparison with a 1500 l ANSTO monitor near Sydney, Australia, for atmospheric radon activity concentrations between 0. 2 Bq m -3 and 8 Bq m -3. The performance of the new monitor closely matched that of the larger monitor (figure  6 ), although its response time was faster. At 'baseline' monitoring stations  [2, 52] , however, where atmospheric radon activity concentrations are frequently below 0. 15 Bq m -3 , use of one of the larger model ANSTO radon monitors is recommended. The second instrument that was developed for the tra-ceRadon project is from the Institute of Energy Technologies (INTE) of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC). Originally it was designed in the mark of the project 'High efficiency monitor of atmospheric radon concentration for radiation protection and environmental applications' (MARE 2 EA, reference: 2019-LLAV-00035) funded by the Catalan Agency for Management of University and Research Grants.
Preliminary results (an example is shown in figure  7  for radon activity concentration below 100 Bq m -3 ) indicate a sensitivity of this pre-prototype of about 0. 006 s -1 Bq -1 m 3 for radon concentration, with a detection volume of only 20 l. On the basis of this previous work, and in the mark of the traceRadon project, the INTE-UPC is now building a new version of the ARMON monitor now. It will be portable, thanks to a smart case, completely user friendly, and include realtime monitoring of radon concentrations and environmental parameters within the detection volume. Figure  8  shows the simulated electric field within the detection volume using the COMSOL Multiphysics ® software and the user panel created by LabView software. The relative performance (signal stability, response time, sensitivity to changes in environmental parameters) of both the new 200 l ANSTO and ARMON v2 monitors will be compared within the traceRadon project under field conditions at the Saclay ICOS station as part of a long-term intercomparison experiment under a range of environmental conditions.
In addition, a full budget analysis of the uncertainty of the measurement performed with these monitors for radon concentrations below 100 Bq m -3 will be performed. An additional consideration for reliable application of the RTM is that radon soil fluxes have to be well known in time and space. The current radon flux models  [4]  and inventories will be validated through new low-level traceable radon flux measurements in the field, atmospheric radon measurements and Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modeling Environment sensitivity maps (from radon specific back trajectories that include decay correction). To this end, the traceRadon project aims to develop a traceable metrology chain from lab to field, and by this, provide reliable data that which will allow the creation of a 'first standard protocol' for application of the RTM on different spatial scales (local and regional).
Acknowledgments EMPIR 19ENV01 traceRadon was launched in summer 2020. It is supported by a broad global scientific community within climate research, radiation protection and metrology. All stakeholders are united by the goal of providing new and improved data for science, the public and decision makers. The consortium would like to thank the staff of project partners and collaborators of traceRadon, as well as all institutions and organizations that supported the project with recommendations. In the preparation of the project, the communication and discussion within EURADOS WG 3 turned out to be very effective. Further thanks go to EURAMET e. V. , the  European Association of National Metrology Institutes  which made such a project possible within the  EMPIR framework program. For the time being, the project traceRadon has established the following collaborations by a  Letter of Agreement  (in the order of signature date): 1.
In addition the chemical potential of the electrons and positrons have to be taken into account. To solve the system of Eqs. (19) , it is assumed that the original nuclei present in the Universe are protons and neutrons in thermal equilibrium: Y p (T ) = 1 1 + e -q/T , Y n (T ) = 1 1 + e q/T. ( 20 ) As the expansion proceeded, the temperature decreased, thermal equilibrium was broken, and the nuclei of the plasma interacted and formed heavier nuclei. BBN ended about 3 minutes after the beginning of the Universe at a temperature of about 10 9 K. Using the public code AlterBBN  [4, 5] , which is dedicated to the calculation of the abundance of the elements, one shows that the main abundances are 1  : Y p = 0. 2473 ± 0. 0003 , 2 H/H = (2. 463 ± 0. 038) × 10 -5 , (21) 3 He/H = (1. 034 ± 0. 016) × 10 -5 , 7 Li/H = (5.
Acknowledgments This contribution and its wide authorship stem from a Catalysis Meeting held in March 2020, supported and hosted by the  Santa Fe Institute. The meeting was also supported by a  Starting ERC grant  ( ERC-2013-StG-337574-UNDEAD ) awarded to  G. L. H. Buitenhuis ,  H. C. Küchelmann  and  N. Pöllath  kindly provided osteometric data for the diachronic analysis of sheep size (Figure 3); funding by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)  to JP (Project No. 165831460 ) is gratefully acknowledged.
Online conference YouTube enables to access a number of statistics about the videos. Thus, the quantities used to estimate the consumption of the online conference is based on these data. More specifically, the duration of visioning, the number of unique spectators, their geographical origin and the devices they used provided the relevant data to calculate the energy consumption related to the access to the videos in each country, according to the electricity mixes included in the EcoInvent database. Then, the streaming time for the four channels during the three days of the conference was considered. This includes the viewing time by countries according to YouTube (Table  3 ). Then, the usage of the YouTube servers was assessed, considering the known locations of the datacentres to apply the most relevant electricity mix.
Introduction Pathology reporting of cancer resection specimens, through provision of histological subtype, grade, stage and other clinically relevant information, impacts on individual patient management and prognosis. At a population level, it provides data for cancer registrations, epidemiological audits and research including clinical trials. 1, 2 Tissue-based cancer research also partly relies on histopathological stage, the presence high risk features and molecular pathological subtypes. Standardization of pathology evaluation of cancer resection specimens and reporting of individual features is essential, to allow valid comparison of data between cohorts and countries, to allow assessment of the impact of new screening programs and to allow participation in multicenter trials. However, some pathology parameters are prone to variable or evolving interpretation, resulting in differing positions adopted by various national datasets in existence or an inability to reach consensus, manifest as a lack of clearly expressed guidance for certain contentious areas.
Close liaison between surgeon and pathologist, and good surgical understanding of pathology reporting guidelines and practice are key to maximizing the quality of pathology reports and their value to the surgeon and ultimately the patient. Pathology protocols and datasets are well established in some countries and have been independently developed at national level by organizations including the College of American Pathologists (CAP), USA, the Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath), United Kingdom (UK), and the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA). Although these organizations' protocols broadly align, there are significant differences in structure, content and terminology and some subtle differences in interpretation that could hinder international comparison. Standardization of existing national cancer reporting datasets would also have the added benefits of reducing the global burden of regular dataset production and of providing a single benchmarking reference available to other countries.
With this in mind, in 2011, a number of pathology organizations including the CAP, RCPath and RCPA formed the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) and successfully piloted the development of datasets for pathology reporting of a select number of cancers. The subsequent ICCR development has been described previously in detail. 4 The ICCR has developed important strategic alliances with other international cancer organizations including the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) which is responsible for producing the World Health Organization (WHO) monographs or 'Blue Books' on tumor classification and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). These partnerships facilitate the co-ordination of dataset production with new classifications and staging systems.
Methods The ICCR has developed a rigorous process for the production of individual datasets (http://www. iccr-cancer. org/datasets/dataset-development). This process has been described in detail in previous publications (http://www. iccr-cancer. org/articles/publications). The ICCR quality framework dictates both content and presentation and the roles and responsibilities of all involved are clearly outlined. In brief, the Dataset Steering Committee (DSC) of the ICCR appointed a 'Series Champion' (IN) to coordinate the simultaneous development of a related suite of five datasets all pertaining to gastrointestinal and pancreaticobiliary tract cancers, and a Chair (MBL) to oversee production of the CRC resection dataset. A further eleven expert gastrointestinal pathologists, comprising two each from the USA (LB, SK), UK (MA, NW) and Australia (IB, CR) and one each from Canada (RK), Japan (MK), France (JF), Ireland (KS) and Switzerland (AL), together with a colorectal surgeon (CC) and a colorectal oncologist (RW) comprised the fifteen members of the Dataset Authoring Committee (DAC).
6] [7]  The group was coordinated by an ICCR Project Manager (FW), assuring optimal communication within the international group and adherence to agreed timelines. Regarding scope, this dataset was developed for the reporting of pathology specimens resulting from major surgical resection of primary carcinomas arising within the colon and rectum. This includes neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs). 2 It is not applicable to carcinomas of the small intestine, appendix or anus, nor to neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) or non-epithelial malignancies, as these are subject to different classifications and staging systems. Furthermore, primary CRC treated by local excision are the subject of a separate ICCR dataset, as specimen handling and reporting of these differ from major surgical resection specimens.
An initial draft document was produced by the Project Manager and Chair after scrutiny of core and non-core data items within existing CAP, RCPath and RCPA CRC datasets and review of current published evidence. This draft was circulated and individual dataset items discussed amongst the DAC at a coordinated series of teleconferences, following which an agreed draft dataset was posted for open international consultation on the ICCR website for a period of two months. All comments received were discussed by the DAC and, where agreed, resultant changes incorporated into the final dataset, which was ratified by the DSC prior to publication. The final agreed dataset is available at http://www. iccrcancer. org/datasets/published-datasets/digestive-tract/colorectal. The ICCR dataset style lists a set of reporting elements and value lists (responses) accompanied by a commentary for each, explaining the element and categorization, offering guidance for reporting, citing relevant evidence and, where applicable, definitions for the value lists.
Tumor site If a specimen contains multiple tumors, these should all be documented individually and separate datasets completed for each. Tumor location is a core item, stated in the clinical information provided and confirmed by macroscopic specimen examination. It can be difficult to identify specific location in the colon within an ex vivo specimen, particularly in relation to the flexures. If clinical and pathological tumor locations are discordant, this should be documented by photography and discussed with the clinical team. Recording the anatomical site allows correlation with prior endoscopic and radiological investigations, indicates whether or not a non-peritonealised margin is likely to be present and permits classification of lymph nodes as regional versus non-regional. Distinction of colonic from rectal origin is of importance, given different biology, clinical features, management and risks of peritoneal versus local recurrence.
21 Subsequent correlation with pathological assessment of the intact surgical excision specimen allows surgical audit of the plane of dissection achieved around the sphincters. As this assessment is currently a core data item in only one national CRC dataset,  6  and not in routine use in many other countries, it has been included as a non-core item. The overall assessment is based on the worst area, as described in Table  2  and illustrated in Figure  3. 11 This grading should be performed in addition to mesorectal grading for abdominoperineal excision specimens.
NETs are now graded 1-3 on the basis of mitotic count and Ki-67 proliferation index, with NET grade 3 recognizing a subset of tumors previously meeting criteria for NEC, but found to be less responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy, yet have better survival compared to other NECs. 24 Grade 3 NETs are better differentiated than NECs and the primary distinction is morphological. MiNENs are usually composed of a poorly differentiated NEC component and a conventional adenocarcinoma NOS component and each should arbitrarily constitute 30% of the tumor for this designation. This dataset is applicable to NECs and MiNENs but, given different staging and grading systems applied, NETs should not be reported using this dataset. Other epithelial tumors rarely encountered include adenosquamous carcinoma, carcinoma with sarcomatoid components, undifferentiated carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and non-signet-ring cell poorly cohesive adenocarcinoma.
Extent of invasion Local invasion depth of CRC is categorised by the pT classification. The only exception is that pT in situ is not recognized in this dataset. This is somewhat contentious and rare cases of colorectal neoplasia confined to invasion of the lamina propria (intramucosal invasive neoplasia or intramucosal carcinoma) are acknowledged but, given the negligible metastatic potential of such neoplasms,  29  the consensus position of the DAC was that these should be classified under the same category as high grade dysplasia/high grade non-invasive neoplasia. Given the clear anatomical delineation of the muscularis propria at most sites, defining pT1-pT3 tumors, classification of this extent of invasion is not often problematic. An exception is the low rectum, where complexities of sphincter anatomy make accurate assessment of level of invasion challenging.
Pathological staging The agreed criteria of the UICC and AJCC 8 th editions are applied to derive TNM stage. 12, 13 he only exception is that this dataset does not advocate the use of pT in situ, as discussed above. If completion surgery follows a diagnosis of carcinoma made in a local excision specimen, the pathological findings within both specimens should be considered in providing a single, overall TNM stage. Similarly, if a resection specimen contains synchronous primary carcinomas, each should be separately assessed and individual datasets completed, but a single overarching stage provided, following the conventions of TNM.
Discussion Quality of pathology reporting and mutual understanding between colorectal surgeon and pathologist is vital to management and outcomes of CRC patients. It is well established that adoption of structured pathology reporting is associated with greater clinician satisfaction and improved access to pathology information relevant to patient management, as well as ease of returning pathology data for central registration purposes. 71, 72 3] [74]  There remains an important role however for a narrative component to pathology reports, explaining any areas of uncertainty or unusual pathological findings which may be pertinent to individual patient management and offer useful feedback to the surgeon. Herein we have described the process of creation of such a dataset for CRC surgical resection specimens, involving an international panel of expert gastrointestinal pathologists from nine countries and with representation from colorectal surgery and oncology.
There was strong representation of authors of equivalent existing CRC datasets from the US, UK and Australasia. A key aim of ICCR is to minimize the workload involved in production and regular update of such datasets in addition to standardization of reporting to facilitate international comparisons. 6] [7]  Whilst most of the content is uniform between datasets, there are subtle but important differences pertaining to numerous data items, which would hinder comparison. This is the first agreed international dataset for CRC pathology reporting. It is hoped that the various national datasets align with this ICCR version in the future. This dataset is more extensive than the UICC/AJCC TNM cancer staging systems, which provide primarily a classification of anatomical extent of disease and represent the most powerful predictor of clinical outcome for many cancers.
Incorporation of additional prognostically relevant morphological features into TNM staging is challenging. Some, specifically venous, lymphatic and perineural invasion, can already be optionally recorded under the UICC/AJCC systems, not impacting the summary stage. However, as a result the prognostic impact of these features may not be fully considered in the clinical management of individual cases. More prominent integration of newly-defined prognostic features into the TNM system will be complex, for example as described above for tumor deposits. Nevertheless, international discussion of such features is necessary to further the goals of reproducible consensus definitions and standardization of interpretation. The ICCR aspires to widespread uptake of this freely available dataset by those countries currently lacking such a strategy, to improve the standard of pathology reporting of CRC globally.
The greatest impact may be in low-and middle-income countries, where incidence of CRC has risen significantly. 75 Standardized reporting will allow comparison of relative proportions of CRC subtypes between countries, assessment of the impact of new screening programs and participation in international trials targeting a specific molecular subset of CRC and requiring a minimum standard of pathology reporting. To conclude, this internationally agreed freely available dataset provides a structured template for the pathological reporting of CRC surgical resection specimens. The ICCR initiative streamlines the dataset production process, both for new datasets and for regular updates as new evidence emerges. Such international collaborative efforts become more important with rapid progress in the fields of molecular pathology, digital pathology and image analysis, allowing rapid translation of new developments, many relevant to surgical practice, into routine pathology reporting.