dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
e. , the fragmentary talus). Despite this, both virtual reconstructions were found to be very similar, allowing for the correct classification of sex with a P post between 99. 9% (Bologna mean) and 100% (pooled mean). This suggests that, although it is desirable to select a reference specimen from the population that matches that of the target (i. e. , case study), it is still possible to obtain a favorable reconstruction and classification based on a pooled mean. Still, further studies are needed to create a reference dataset of fragmentary tali that may be used to validate the results presented here. In conclusion, the results of this study confirm that the talus is a good indicator of sexual dimorphism and that it can be used in forensic scenarios where only isolated human remains are recovered (e.
1. 0  49 ). Verbal stimuli. 300 Spanish words were selected from EsPal database  50. These words were 3-10 letter, singular and concrete nouns. The frequency was set at 2-6 per million (database mean = 3. 60). Words were divided into 30 blocks with 10 words each one so that there were no significant differences between blocks in terms of number of letters, frequency, concreteness, familiarity and imageability (all p s > 0. 05, repeated-measures ANOVA with a thirty-level within-subjects factor). In addition, semantic relationships between items in each block were avoided to the extent possible. Blocks were divided into two lists, counterbalanced across subjects, one including  Procedure. On day 1 participants were exposed to 15 encoding blocks (5 highly pleasant music excerpts + 5 lowly pleasant music excerpts + 5 white noise, 10 words for each block).
Acknowledgements This study has been funded by the  Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación , which is part of  Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) , through the project  PGC2018-099859-B-I00  (Co-funded by  European Regional Development Fund. ERDF , a way to build Europe) and the grant  PRE2019-088409  (Co-funded by  European Social Fund. ESF investing in your future). We thank  CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya  for institutional support. L. F. was supported by  IMPULSION  Grant (IDEX Lyon).
5 ). Sites were assigned to a phase following relevant radiocarbon dates where available or cultural attribution as defined in Table  1. The dataset comprises of 122 site/phases with records of domesticated crops. The crops included in this study are the main cereals and pulses cultivated during the Early Neolithic (Table  2 ). Opium poppy and flax are also included to document possible early findings. Records of spelt (Triticum spelta) and broomcorn millet (Panicum milliaceum) are excluded from this study. Low concentrations of spelt suggestive of its presence as a crop contaminant are noted for the Early Neolithic (e. g. Huntley, 1996; Kreuz, 1990; Marinval, 2003b; Sargent, 1987) , while the first clear evidence of domestic spelt dates to the Bell Beaker period  (Akeret, 2005). Dated millet seeds from Neolithic contexts tend to belong to much later periods, even if the occasional seed (perhaps a weed) is found to be of Neolithic date  (Hunt et al.
In order to overcome such disparities, findings were reduced to presence/ absence of taxa by site/phase as the common means of quantification. Plant parts (e. g grain or chaff), archaeological contexts and quantities (absolute or relative) were not considered, such that a rise in a ubiquity score does not necessarily translate to an increase in the absolute number of a taxon. There are a growing number of successful uses of such parsimonious data (ubiquity by site/phase) to explore spatiotemporal patterns in the distribution of taxa across large geographical areas (e. g. Colledge et al. , 2004 Colledge et al. , , 2005;; Coward et al. , 2008; Gaastra et al. , 2019). Patterns in the binary dataset were illustrated through ubiquity scores of taxa by phase (Fig. 4 ), Simpson's diversity index (Fig.
7 ) and correspondence analysis (Fig. 8 ). The latter two were undertaken in R software  (R Development Core Team, 2008 ). Simpson's index (S) is a measure of diversity more commonly used in ecology, that can be performed on presence/absence data  (Gardener, 2014: 151-159 ). As such, the higher the value of S, the less diverse the assemblage. As this behaviour is somewhat counter-intuitive, it is frequent to use a value of 1-S, often referred to as Simpson's index of diversity (D), so that the greater the value, the higher the sample diversity. This specific index was calculated using the diversity function in the R package vegan  (Oksanen et al. , 2019) , and then all values plotted as boxplots based upon their phase attribution (using the R package ggplot2:  Wickham, 2016). Correspondence analysis is used to search for patterns in complex data, by ordering units of analyses according to their similarities.
This multivariate statistical method of ordination is increasingly used to analyse archaeobotanical assemblages and is suitable for presence/ absence data  (Smith, 2014). Here it is used to compare variations in the presence of taxa by phase and site type (R package 'ca';  Nenadić and Greenacre, 2007). Whilst some crops may not have been used at particular sites, their absence from archaeobotanical records may in fact result from the effects of preservation, excavation, sampling strategies and sample treatment procedures. For example, some reports note that bulk samples were sieved or floated using large mesh sizes (1 mm or even 2 mm). Whilst this approach undoubtedly leads to the loss of small seeds, such as those of poppy and possibly flax, we feel that cereal grains and most of the cultivated pulses would have been retained.
Nevertheless, we suggest that climatic and environmental changes had minor consequences, and that crop packages were more influenced by founder effects and the nature of maritime trajectories. Our results support other archaeological evidence in depicting regional details and multi-directional maritime trajectories, within a broader westward maritime expansion of the Neolithic. Collation of the dataset for this article has revealed large geographical gaps where further research is clearly needed. Additionally, there is a large disparity between different countries in the levels of published details. Presence/absence data is informative, and we concur with previous examples in demonstrating that such data is suitable for documenting the dispersal of domesticated crops. Nevertheless, our understanding of the first farming communities would be much enhanced by improvements in the recording and publishing of archaeobotanical remains.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  European Research Council  project EUROFARM led by  Dr. M. Vander Linden  ( FP/20072013 ;  ERC Grant  no. 313716 ); the  French National Agency of Research  project  PROCOME  led by  Dr. C. Manen  ( ANR-13-CULT-0001-01 ); the  FNS  project led by  Dr. L. Martin  (Grant no. PMDP1_139632/153337 ), and the  Swiss National Science Foundation  as part of a  SNF Professorship  (PI:  F. Antolín , Grant no. PP00P1_170515 ).
1 ). A total of 24 spectra per sample was obtained. The spectra were analysed with Thermo® OMNIC software. Baseline correction and frequency normalization were applied to the spectra. In particular, wood degradation was evaluated by calculating the ratio H/L = I(1158)/I(1506) with I(1158) and I(1506) being the height of the vibrational bands at 1158 and 1506 cm -1 , assigned to holocellulose and lignin respectively  [25] [26] [27] [28]. Ratios, before and after impregnation, were compared to ascertain related carbohydrates content degradation.
Data analysis Modeling was validated using chemometrics. Exploratory data analysis was performed by principal component analysis (PCA). This statistical method was used to differentiate and cluster data, so the most efficient impregnation protocol can be determined. All the statistical analyses were carried out with open source software Rstudio (https:// www. rstudio. com/). ATR-FTIR ratios and mean values of color and shrinkage measurements were used for the analysis. Concerning Raman, a contingency table was used with value 1 if reduced sulfur species identified and 0 if not. Then, all spectra from the different impregnation protocols were compiled in Rstudio, and PCA analysis was carried out. Closer examination of the loadings and of which frequency contributes more to each principal component (PC) was performed.
PCA analyses All data obtained from the different analytical measurements were then compiled with Rstudio software and analyzed through PCA. First, the values of a*, b* and shrinkage variation were compiled together (Fig. 4 A ). On this score plot, three clusters can be observed: a cluster gathering data of IP3, a second cluster gathering data of IP1, and the last cluster gathering data for IP2, t0 with and without water pre-immersion. Loadings lines (red arrows) indicate which variables have the largest effect on each principal component (PC). Colorimetric coordinates have a positive loading on PC1 for fresh (t0_dry), pre-immersed (t0-imm) and IP2 balsa samples. Shrinkage values have a negative loading on PC1 and PC2 especially for IP1 samples. The data for brightness (L*), H/L ratio and Raman spectra (iron sulfides detected) were compiled and analyzed (Fig.
4 B ). Four clusters may be distinguished. Two of them only contained data for t0 samples, gathering along the L* loading. Data for IP2 clustered along the H/L loading while data for IP1 and IP3 clustered along the Raman loading. Only Raman has a slight positive loading on both PCs as the loading is not equal to zero, contrary to L* and H/L loadings. Moreover, PCA analysis was carried out on the ATR-FTIR spectra. From data obtained at the University of Neuchâtel (LATHEMA), two clusters were observed from the compiled data (Fig. 4 C. ). The first one comprised only fresh balsa samples, while the second one gathered immersed and impregnated samples. In this second cluster, an overlapping of confident ellipses of immersed balsa and IP1 samples was observed. The IP3 confident ellipse overlapped with ellipses of IP1 and IP2.
However, IP1 and IP2 samples did not present overlapping. The Arc'Antique laboratory collected dataset illustrated a clustering of fresh and immersed samples with their confident ellipses overlapping (Fig. 4 D ). IP1 samples gathered close to fresh and immersed samples, but no overlapping was observed. IP2 and IP3 samples clustered farther away, with no overlapping among them or the other clusters. The loadings plot informed of bands that can be used to differentiate the PCs. The most influential frequencies were identified in the range 3300-3350 cm -1 and 1030-1040 cm -1 for both datasets. The band at 1034 cm -1 is assigned to CeO stretching in holocellulose. PCs is then mainly influenced by the vibrational bands of holocellulose content of wood samples and so influenced by the degradation state of the wood.
This split proved that the ATR-FTIR spectra recorded and ratio calculated on water pre-immersed samples were different from all other samples. Thus, this information verified that the water pre-immersion affected the wood composition. Future experimentation should be done to validate the use of vacuum by comparing results from water pre-immersion under and without vacuum. If ATR-FTIR data are separated by PCA, vacuum will then be an important parameter in modelling waterlogged archaeological wood. Chemometrics also validate that IP1 was the most suitable protocol based on the parameters of the waterlogged wood available. On both score plots, IP2 samples clustered far from IP1 and IP3 samples verifying that this protocol differed from the two others. Chemometrics then eliminated the IP2 protocol from contention.
The firsts observations showed similar results for the Round Robin test. Nevertheless, differences were displayed when PCA was applied on the datasets. For LATHEMA, two main clusters were observed during the PCA analysis, gathering fresh balsa and water pre-immersed and impregnated samples, respectively. In this second cluster, the loading plot showed that the bands at 1274, 1366 and 1732 cm -1 were the less influenced frequency variables. All these bands are assigned to hemicellulose, in particular xylan. However, lignin and holocellulose did contribute to the PCs with the most influenced variables bands at 1034 cm -1 and at 1059 cm -1 , which are assigned to these wood components. Both these vibrational bands contribute equally to the formation and distinction of the cluster between the impregnation protocols.
The IP1's cluster was closer to the immersed samples while IP3's cluster was the farther. Surprisingly, even though PCA plots for Arc'Antique and LATHEMA data did not present similar results, the same variables were used for both of them to synthesize the data. The wavenumbers in the range 1030-1050 cm -1 are the most important to differentiate data and to understand the obtained results. One-way ANOVA performed also showed a significance among the data with F = 56. 3 and p < 0. 001. Differences in the dataset can come from manipulations and the instrument used for measurements. Further analyses should be carried out to have a better understanding of the effects of water pre-immersion under vacuum and artificial impregnation have on the wood structure.
Acknowledgments The authors want to acknowledge the  Swiss National Science Foundation  for the  Professorship Grant   PP00P2_163653/1 , 2016-2020. The authors also acknowledge the  HES-SO of Fribourg  for the access to the Raman microscope,  Benedetto Pizzo  and  Nicola Macchioni  from  IVALSA, Italy and Dawa Chen (China)  for their help and contribution regarding the understanding of the mechanism of wood degradation. The authors acknowledge  Sarah M James  for copy-editing process.
Acknowledgements Access to the skeletal collections was granted by the  Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Genova e le provincie di Imperia, La Spezia e Savona , the  Museo di Archeologia Ligure, Genova , the  Museo Archeologico del Finale ,  Finale Ligure , and the  Museo di Storia Naturale -Sezione di Antropologia e Etnologia ,  Università degli Studi di Firenze. Thanks to the  Superintendent Vincenzo Tiné , and to the Officers of the  Soprintendenza Nico Radi  and  Stefano Costa. Thanks  to  Camillo Costa  and the staff of the  Museo Navale Romano di Albenga. We are grateful to  Vincenzo Formicola ,  Giuseppe "Cisque" Vicino ,  Maria Tagliafico ,  Elisa Bianchi ,  Simona Mordeglia ,  Walter Siciliano ,  Giovanna Stefania ,  Luca Bachechi ,  Chiara Bullo , and  Brunetto Chiarelli  for assistance during data collection.
Thanks to  Giovanni Murialdo  for his scientific input. For continuous assistance during the analysis, we are grateful to all the staff of the  Centre for Isotope Research (CIO) ,  University of Groningen , to  Christine Oberlin ,  Centre de Datation par le RadioCarbone, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , and to  Lucile Beck ,  Responsable de la Plateforme Nationale LMC14 Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14  ( CEA/CNRS/IRD/IRSN/MCC )-LSCE CEA Saclay. The AMS dates performed at " Centre de Datation par le RadioCarbone benefitted from the support of the program  "ARTEMIS". Thanks to  Sara Bernardini  (PhD student, UMR 7269 LAMPEA) for laboratory work. The project BUR. P. P. H: Burial practices at the Pleistocene -Holocene transition: the changing role of pathology, violence, and " exceptional events" (VSS)  has received financial support from the  French State  in the framework of the  "Investments for the future" Program ,  IdEx Bordeaux , reference  ANR-10-IDEX-03-02.
Agradecimentos O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior -Brasil (CAPES). Agradeço aos pareceristas da Principia: an International Journal of Epistemology pelas objeções e sugestões que motivaram algumas discussões neste artigo. Seus comentários impeliram-me a aprofundar a discussão com a literatura secundária e a apresentar algumas considerações às observações de Reid sobre a teoria lockiana da identidade pessoal que, originalmente, não estavam presentes no artigo. Agradeço também a Carlota Salgadinho Ferreira pelas valiosas observações e sugestões feitas à primeira versão redigida deste trabalho.
It also has not been updated since 2012. I then tried to confirm these findings by doing the same searches in both science and social science databases, such as Springer, Science Direct, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, JSTOR, Sociology Collection and Project Muse for English-language references; and Cairn, Francis and Persee for articles in French; and by consulting books on these subjects and their bibliographies. Although my searches were done both in English and in French, the increasing pressure on non-Englishlanguage social scientists to publish in English made it interesting to investigate whether the French terminology is adopted in English-language publications and to what extent. Concerning the history of the words we use to refer to reproductive actions and practices, I worked basically with etymological dictionaries in both languages: in English, the Oxford English Dictionary Online, the Online Etymology Dictionary and the Middle English Compendium; and in French, the Dictionnaire Historique de la Langue Francaise (Robert) and the Centre National de Ressources Textuels et Lexicales, a compendium of online dictionaries of both old and modern French.
Functional Remission of General Schizophrenia (FROGS)  [43] : The FROGS evaluates patient functioning. It was developed using the expert consensus method following a MEDLINE and standard database search. 19 items were selected as gathering the core aspects of functional remission in schizophrenia detected in the literature. The FROGS was then evaluated in 432 patients with DSM-IV criteria of schizophrenia, all of them meeting the symptomatic remission criteria, total scores were shown to be highly reliable. Exploratory factor analysis after oblique rotation revealed that a three-factor solution was the most meaningful. On the basis of item content these three factors were labelled « Social Functioning », « Daily Life », and « Treatment ». The FROGS total score can be used to measure a general construct for the evaluation of functional remission in schizophrenia.
Randomization and Matching After checking for all inclusion and non-inclusion criteria by the study investigator, patients will be randomized to either of the study arms (intervention or TAU). Randomization will be performed by the Clinical Research Unit of the Department Medical Information of the Montpellier University Hospital. Randomization will be strati ed by study center. It will be centralized, accessible online, and programmed using the data Capture Software System (EnnovClinical randomization module) according to a minimization algorithm with a 1:1 ratio. The patient number will be automatically generated by EnnovClinical software.
Data collection Several scales and tests used in this study are comprised within the standardized evaluations performed in the schizophrenia expert centers and are therefore already used on a daily basis in the centers implicated in the study. Each year, all the members of the centers attend quotation sessions in order to ensure inter-rater validity. For the scales speci c to this study (MFI, CAINS, IMI-SR, IHSS, BQ, SCI, IPAQ), we will organize training sessions before the beginning of the protocol in the French expert schizophrenia Network. In addition, all schizophrenia expert centers meet monthly in Créteil, in a meeting organized by the FondaMental Foundation and have speci c expertise in clinical, neuropsychological and biological evaluation in schizophrenia. All teams will be trained in the intervention the year before the beginning of the study to guarantee the homogeneity and quality of treatment across the centers.
Data will be collected or reported in an electronic Case Report Form (e-CRF) developed using the software Capture System EnnovClinical to control for data quality at entry. The connection is via a username and password unique to each speci c user and giving access only to the data of the centers' user. An audit trail function is included allowing a supervision and traceability of all actions from all users. Concerning biological evaluations we will have access to specialized platforms for Microbial translocation and in ammatory and immunologic dosing, localized in Nîmes and Montpellier allowing great communication with the study coordinator based in Montpellier. Investigators should make every effort to minimize the number of patients lost to follow-up and to obtain a maximum of information on patients lost to follow-up, particularly in the search for any AEs.
Data Management and monitoring The patients will be identi ed by the patient code: The source documents that may be used to complete the e-CRF are the patient records. The investigator for each study center commits to allow direct access to the patient records during inspections or audits. The encrypted data is transmitted to the data-management center via a secure internet connection. The eCRF will be designed to capture all relevant medical information from patients included in the project. The study methodologist will have a restricted reader-only access to all data in order to monitor the progress and the quality of the data. The purpose of an audit is to con rm that the study is conducted as per protocol, ICH-GCP and applicable regulatory requirements, that the well-being and the rights of the subjects enrolled have been protected, and that the data relevant for the evaluation of the investigational product have been recorded, processed, and reported in compliance with the planned arrangements.
Site training and monitoring procedures The monitor must present the protocol and all procedures related to the study during an initiation visit performed before the rst patient is included. A case report form completion guidelines will be provided to the Investigator. The monitor will be allowed to have access to all source documents needed to verify the entries on the eCRF and other protocol-related documents. To ensure accurate, complete, and reliable data, the sponsor or its representatives will do the following: Provide instructional material to the study sites, as appropriate Provide a start-up training session to instruct the investigator(s) and study coordinator(s). This session will give instruction on the protocol, the prompt and full completion of the clinical report forms, study procedures, and the transmission of data in a timely manner to the clinical database for statistical analyses Make periodic visits to the study site Be available for consultation and stay in contact with the study site personnel by mail, telephone, and/or fax Review and evaluate Case Report Form data and use.
Conduct quality review of database Routine monitoring visits will be made by the monitors, designated by the sponsor to check compliance with the protocol, the completeness, accuracy and consistency of the data, and adherence to GCP. The principal investigator must ensure that eCRFs are completed in a timely manner and must allow periodical access to eCRFs, patient records, drug logs and all other study-related documents and materials. The investigator will agree to provide the monitor direct access to the subjects' source data, which may exist in the form of hospital records, patient les and notes, and laboratory assessment reports and results.