dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
J Pediatr 2016;174:193-198. e2 352. Faustino EVS, Hirshberg EL, Asaro LA, et al: Short-term adverse outcomes associated with hypoglycemia in critically ill children. Crit Care Med 2019;47:706-714 353. Forsythe RM, Wessel CB, Billiar TR, et al: Parenteral calcium for intensive care unit patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(4):CD006163. doi:CD006163 354. Dotson B, Larabell P, Patel JU, et al: Calcium administration is associated with adverse outcomes in critically ill patients receiving parenteral nutrition: Results from a natural experiment created by a calcium gluconate shortage. Pharmacotherapy 2016;36:1185-1190 355. Dias CR, Leite HP, Nogueira PC, et al: Ionized hypocalcemia is an early event and is associated with organ dysfunction in children admitted to the intensive care unit. J Crit Care 2013;28:810-815 356.
Pediatr Int 2015;57:1131-1137 398. Mertens K, Lowes DA, Webster NR, et al: Low zinc and selenium concentrations in sepsis are associated with oxidative damage and inflammation. Br J Anaesth 2015;114:990-999 399. Darlow BA, Austin NC: Selenium supplementation to prevent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4):CD003312. doi:CD003312 400. Alhazzani W, Almasoud A, Jaeschke R, et al: Small bowel feeding and risk of pneumonia in adult critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 2013;17:R127 401. Barbosa E, Moreira EA, Goes JE, et al: Pilot study with a glutamine-supplemented enteral formula in critically ill infants. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1999;54:21-24 402. Briassoulis G, Filippou O, Kanariou M, et al: Comparative effects of early randomized immune or non-immune-enhancing enteral nutrition on cytokine production in children with septic shock.
Thromb Res 2003;109:101-108 507. Brandao LR, Shah N, Shah PS: Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of central venous catheterization-related thrombosis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(3):CD005982. doi:CD005982 508. van Ommen CH, Heijboer H, Buller HR, et al: Venous thromboembolism in childhood: A prospective two-year registry in the netherlands. J Pediatr 2001;139:676-681 509. Raffini L, Huang YS, Witmer C, et al: Dramatic increase in venous thromboembolism in children's hospitals in the united states from 2001 to 2007. Pediatrics 2009;124:1001-1008 510. Takemoto CM, Sohi S, Desai K, et al: Hospital-associated venous thromboembolism in children: Incidence and clinical characteristics. J Pediatr 2014;164:332-338 American Thoracic Society, he is an advisor to Philips, and a contributor to Up-to-Date; J.
REsearching severe Sepsis and Organ dysfunction in children: a gLobal perspectiVE (RESOLVE) trial of activated protein C in pediatric sepsis found no differences in mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation and vasoactive-inotropic support, or PICU stay among 193 children who received and 284 who did not receive open-labeled corticosteroids database facilitated examination of the role of adjunctive corticosteroids on outcomes in pediatric septic shock(336)(343). Despite the post hoc analysis, Aage, sex, PRISM-III scores, baseline number of dysfunctional organs, and baseline Pediatric Overall Performance Category scores did not differ between corticosteroid-treated and corticosteroid non-treated groups. In this trial designed to examine the potential benefit of adjunctive activated protein C in pediatric sepsis, 193 subjects received adjunctive corticosteroids (mostly for septic shock) and 284 did not.
Lin GL, McGinley JP, Drysdale SB, et al: Epidemiology and immune pathogenesis of viral sepsis. Front Immunol 2018;9:2147 89. Paul M, Dickstein Y, Schlesinger A, et al: Beta-lactam versus beta-lactamaminoglycoside combination therapy in cancer patients with neutropenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(6):CD003038. doi:CD003038 90. Paul M, Lador A, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, et al: Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(1):CD003344. doi:CD003344 91. Sjovall F, Perner A, Hylander Moller M: Empirical mono-versus combination antibiotic therapy in adult intensive care patients with severe sepsis -A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. J Infect 2017;74:331-344 92. Baqui AH, Saha SK, Ahmed AS, et al: Safety and efficacy of alternative antibiotic regimens compared with 7 day injectable procaine benzylpenicillin and gentamicin for outpatient treatment of neonates and young infants with clinical signs of severe infection when referral is not possible: A randomised, open-label, equivalence trial.
Hamdy RF, Zaoutis TE, Seo SK: Antifungal stewardship considerations for adults and pediatrics. Virulence 2017;8:658-672 81. Dierig A, Berger C, Agyeman PKA, et al: Time-to-positivity of blood cultures in children with sepsis. Front Pediatr 2018;6:222 82. Lin GL, McGinley JP, Drysdale SB, et al: Epidemiology and immune pathogenesis of viral sepsis. Front Immunol 2018;9:2147 83. Paul M, Dickstein Y, Schlesinger A, et al: Beta-lactam versus beta-lactamaminoglycoside combination therapy in cancer patients with neutropenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(6):CD003038. doi:CD003038 84. Paul M, Lador A, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, et al: Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(1):CD003344. doi:CD003344 85.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank  Darlene Barkman , MA, and  Janna Pogers , PT, MPT,  NCS ,  CSRS  for their sensitive and insightful comments from the perspective of parents of children with sepsis. Their input, particularly related to ranking the importance of outcomes to consider through the literature search, provided valuable direction to the panel. The authors also wish to thank  Rebecca Skidmore  and  James D. Medd  for their dedication as they conducted the literature searches for the five panels. Their experience and professionalism contributed greatly to the final publication. Finally, appreciation is extended to  Deborah L. McBride  for project management and editorial support. Not for distribution. Journal submission manuscript.
88. 21 Table 1 : 88211 Lin GL, McGinley JP, Drysdale SB, et al: Epidemiology and immune pathogenesis of viral sepsis. Front Immunol 2018;9:2147 89. Paul M, Dickstein Y, Schlesinger A, et al: Beta-lactam versus beta-lactamaminoglycoside combination therapy in cancer patients with neutropenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(6):CD003038. doi:CD003038 90. Paul M, Lador A, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, et al: Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(1):CD003344. doi:CD003344 91. Sjovall F, Perner A, Hylander Moller M: Empirical mono-versus combination antibiotic therapy in adult intensive care patients with severe sepsis -A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. J Infect 2017;74:331-344 92.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(6):CD003038. doi:CD003038 84. Paul M, Lador A, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, et al: Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(1):CD003344. doi:CD003344 85. Sjovall F, Perner A, Hylander Moller M: Empirical mono-versus combination antibiotic therapy in adult intensive care patients with severe sepsis -A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. J Infect 2017;74:331-344 86. Baqui AH, Saha SK, Ahmed AS, et al: Safety and efficacy of alternative antibiotic regimens compared with 7 day injectable procaine benzylpenicillin and gentamicin for outpatient treatment of neonates and young infants with clinical signs of severe infection when referral is not possible: A randomised, open-label, equivalence trial.
Serological Response to PUUV Infections The sera of all bank voles were screened for N PUUV antibodies (Ab) (IgG) using ELISA to determine whether bank voles from both populations were successfully infected with PUUV strains. Seroconversion had occurred at 14 dpi for the majority of the bank voles infected with PUUV (Figure  2a ). Since the Ab response had occurred at 14 dpi, N-PUUV Ab and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) titers were measured to characterize and quantify bank vole serological response between 14 and 28 dpi (i. e. , at the end of the experiment). The generalized linear mixed model applied to N-PUUV Ab data revealed a significant effect of PUUV strain (X 2 = 11. 17, p-value = 8. 33 × 10 -4 ) and PUUV from Loiret (non-endemic area) were infected with 1 Hargnies strain (endemic area) and 2 Vouzon strain (non-endemic area).
Serological Response to PUUV Infections The sera of all bank voles were screened for N PUUV antibodies (Ab) (IgG) using ELISA to determine whether bank voles from both populations were successfully infected with PUUV strains. Seroconversion had occurred at 14 dpi for the majority of the bank voles infected with PUUV (Figure  2a ). Since the Ab response had occurred at 14 dpi, N-PUUV Ab and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) titers were measured to characterize and quantify bank vole serological response between 14 and 28 dpi (i. e. , at the end of the experiment). The generalized linear mixed model applied to N-PUUV Ab data revealed a significant effect of PUUV strain (X 2 = 11. 17, p-value = 8. 33 × 10 -4 ) and PUUV strain*bank vole population interaction (X 2 = 9. 32, p-value = 2. 27 × 10 -3 ).
Such change was not observed for the NE non-endemic cross-infection (Supplementary Table  S5 ). We quantified PUUV within-host diversity and compared it between the two cross-infections studied. Two diversity indices were considered, the number of total polymorphic sites and the mean of percent complexity. Due to the low PUUV viral loads obtained during the experimental infections, especially when using Vouzon strain, only one individual has been sequenced for each cross-infection condition. Few reads were also obtained for the corresponding samples for some amplicons (see Supplementary Pathogens 2020, 9, 789 9 of 19 Table  S6 ). We therefore first focused on three amplicons (A, B and J) (Figure  4 ) that had enough reads to be analyzed and on the lungs, salivary glands and rectum as it enabled to work on complete datasets.
Pathogens 2020, 9, 789 9 of 19 Due to the low PUUV viral loads obtained during the experimental infections, especially when using Vouzon strain, only one individual has been sequenced for each cross-infection condition. Few reads were also obtained for the corresponding samples for some amplicons (see Supplementary Table  S6 ). We therefore first focused on three amplicons (A, B and J) (Figure  4 ) that had enough reads to be analyzed and on the lungs, salivary glands and rectum as it enabled to work on complete datasets. The number of total polymorphic sites was higher in salivary glands and rectum during the NE endemic cross-infection (Ardennes*Hargnies) than during the NE non-endemic one (Loiret*Vouzon). The opposite situation was observed when considering lungs with more polymorphic sites observed during the NE non-endemic than during the NE endemic cross-infection (Figure  5a ).
Total viral RNA was extracted from sera, saliva, urine, feces and tissue homogenate produced in PBS using QiAamp Viral Mini Kit (Qiagen). PUUV viral RNA was then quantified by qRT-PCR performed in duplicate, as described in Reference  [14]. All statistical analyses were performed using RStudio 1. 2. 5  [72]. The variations in the amount of N-PUUV Ab and NAb between PUUV strains, bank vole populations and over time were tested with generalized linear mixed models, using the glmer function in the lme4 package  [73]. The dependent variable was the N-PUUV Ab titer or NAb titer. The fixed variables included time (dpi), PUUV strain, bank vole population and their pairwise interaction. Bank vole identity was included as a random effect. Multiple pairwise comparisons were performed with Wilcoxon tests and Holm's correction method for p-value adjustment using stat package.
Software performance Characterization of software performance is a complex problem, that can be approached from different points of view. While software developers are most concerned with understanding which parts of the code need optimizing, for the computing infrastructure manager it is mainly a question of measuring what is needed to run effectively the experiment workloads. In this case, the application software is to be considered, at a first approximation, as a "black box", and tools like PrMon (which relies on the Linux kernel to extract CPU time, memory, I/O and network metrics for a given process tree)  [5]  or Trident (which gives access to detailed information on the CPU utilization at the node level using hardware counters)  [6]  are extremely effective in producing metrics that can be used for infrastructure planning, for benchmarking and for understanding inefficiencies.
Other improvements A very promising work has started, to study the impact of storage caches on the cost of computing for smaller sites. The idea behind it is the consolidation of managed storage at a few large sites forming "data lakes", and its replacement with storage caches elsewhere. This would bring several advantages: lessen the need to create long-lived replicas of datasets (simpler data management), reduce the amount of "cold data" (less storage used), replace complex storage services with simpler ones (lighter site operations) and allow for less redundant and expensive storage configurations (less cost for TB). This work is using actual file access data from ATLAS and CMS and is described in detail elsewhere in these proceedings  [11].
Data on the different treatments for GER and GERD were also collected in each questionnaire: thickening agent, alginate (sodium alginate), histamine receptor antagonist (ranitidine), prokinetic (domperidone, cisapride) or proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole, esomeprazole). In addition, the occurrence of hospitalization during the study was self-reported by the parents and validated by medical chart reviews. Finally, parental perception of the global child's health was assessed at each questionnaire. Regurgitation was based on the answer to the first question of the I-GERQ-R as anything coming out of the mouth daily. A score ≥ 1 on the first item (presence of regurgitations) combined with an I-GERQ-R score < 16 indicated GER. A score ≥ 1 on the first item with an I-GERQ-R score ≥ 16 indicated GERD  [15].
Statistical analysis Numerical data were expressed as median (interquartile range) or as mean ± standard deviation according to their parametric distribution. Qualitative data were expressed as a number (percentage). We assessed the prevalence of GERD at each questionnaire by the proportion of children with a GER or GERD score according to the total number of parents who answered the questionnaires. We did not include missing data in the calculation of prevalence. The clinical factors associated with the risk of GER or GERD were analyzed using chisquared tests in univariate analysis and a multivariate logistic regression. P values < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using SAS software, version 9. 1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Image analysis Immunostained sections were converted into highresolution digital images with Aperio ScanScope XT Bright field slide scanner (Aperio Technologies, Vista, CA, USA). Uniform-sized regions (2 × 480,000 μm 2 regions) of acute white matter lesions, chronic white matter lesions, deep peri-lesional gray matter (layers IV, V & VI), and superficial peri-lesional gray matter (layers I, II & III) were selected for each different immunostain for each case and tissue section. Custom designed algorithms were developed using Aperio ImageScope software to optimize signal-to-noise for quantification of each antibody.
[47]  The vulnerable cerebral white matter also had macrophages with an inflammatory phenotype. These changes in macrophage phenotype and the selective vulnerability of cerebral white matter were confirmed by expression array data (Figs. 4  and 5 ). These results highlight an aberrant and skewed inflammatory phenotype in affected frontal white matter that differed from unaffected cerebral gray matter and unaffected cerebellar white matter. A majority of white matter-specific transcriptional changes were related to immune response (Fig. 5c , highlighted in yellow). These changes in immune function were not found in unaffected cerebral gray matter. The observed region-specific changes in expression of genes related to immune functions may be downstream of haploinsufficiency of CSF-1R (Fig. 6 ).
Performance Validation The overviews of the real-time control implementation and the experimental test rig realized at the GREEN laboratory, Université de Lorraine are displayed in Figures  14  and 15 , respectively. The developed control strategy (Figure  13 ) was carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment and then implemented into the dSPACE DS1103 controller platform. The sampling time has been chosen equal to 40 μs to make possible the operation mode (i. e. , SC charging or discharging) of the phase-shift α of the DAB converter. Measurements of the FC voltage vFC and SC voltage vSC were performed utilizing LEM LV-25P sensors (zero-flux Hall effect sensors). Measurements of the load current iCH, FC current iFC, and SC current iSC were carried out utilizing the LEM LA-55P sensors (zero-flux Hall effect sensors).
We used controlled field trials, simulations, and the reanalysis of raptor case studies with state-space models to illustrate the effect of improper error management. Results: Errors of a magnitude of 20 m appear in benign conditions for barometric altimeters and GPS vertical positioning (expected to be larger in more challenging context). These errors distort the shape of the distribution of flight heights, inflate the variance in flight height, bias behavioural state assignments, correlations with environmental covariates, and airspace management recommendations. Improper data filters such as removing all negative flight height records introduce several biases in the remaining dataset, and preclude the opportunity to leverage unambiguous errors to help with model fitting. Analyses that ignore the variance around the mean flight height, e.
Ground-based surveys are limited in their field of vision and time window. Airborne monitoring (e. g. , from glider planes) is logistically challenging and constrained by weather conditions. Radar-based methodologies are not usually specific enough to assign records to species (but see  [13, 14] ). Animal-borne tracking methodologies such as global positioning systems (GPS) and altimeters have therefore become popular to monitor flying species  [15]. They record data even when the animals are out of sight for ground-based observers, over extensive, potentially uninterrupted periods of time, and with no uncertainty about which species or individuals are being monitored. For example, we can record raptors soaring over the high sea at night  [16]. However, the data that GPS and altimeters record are not error-free  [17] [18] [19] [20].
e. , without the effect of landmasses and wind  [30]. There are databases and simple formulae to convert from one system of reference to another, but this nevertheless represents a first potential source of error in flight height data. Flight height above the ground is computed as where z DEM x, y is the ground altitude predicted by a digital elevation model (DEM) at the recorded horizontal position x, y , in the same system of reference as z. Errors in h can then be caused by errors in any of the three components: z , z DEM , or x, y (Fig. 1 ). Importantly, depending on the application, researchers might want to study z not h  [8, 9]. In the list below, only the first and second sources of error influence z. The other three influence h but not z. 1. Error in z when z is given by a GPS If recorded by a GPS, z is affected by the "user equiva- lent range error" (UERE) and the "vertical dilution of precision" (VDOP)  [31, 32].
8 m between the two units. We then flew the aircraft near Radolfzell while the two units simultaneously tracked its flight height, collecting one record per second for a total of 11. 5 h over 5 days, flying between 0 and 243 m above ground. Third, we compared the vertical positions recorded by four different units from three different manufacturers: Technosmart (AxyTrek and Gipsy 5), Microwave (GPS-GSM 20-70), and Ornitela (GPS-GSM Ornitrack 85). We (RG and OD) carried these units to 21 known geodesic points, of which the altitude was precisely documented by the French National Geographic Institute. The units recorded their position once every minute for a total of 894, 934, 560, and 563 data points, keeping only the unit * location combinations that yielded more than 25 fixes. We computed the bias and root mean squared error of the vertical measurement by comparing these data to the actual, known altitudes of the geodesic points.
Raptor case studies We reanalysed the data from Péron et al. [10] , where the field procedure, data selection, and data analysis procedures are described in full. Briefly, we studied three species of large soaring raptors: Andean condors Vultur gryphus (five juveniles, 1692 individual days of monitoring, 15 min interval), Griffon vultures Gyps fulvus (eight adults, 2697 individual days, 1-5 min interval), and Golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos (six adults, 3103 individual days, 6-10 min interval). After applying the analytical procedure, for each data point, we could compare the corrected position, an estimate of the true position, to the recorded position, which was affected by the sources of errors we listed under "Background". For the condors, we selected the period between 11:00 and 15:00, which concentrates condor activity and therefore flight time, and discarded other records.
However, the within-session standard deviation ranged only to 28 m, suggesting that a bias in the sea level reference point (probably incorrectly assumed to follow the French norm) inflated the RMSE. The average bias ranged between -17 and + 12 m depending on the unit, after correcting for significant location effect, but without effect of altitude. Overall, this means that different brands of GPS devices yield different rate of error in their altitude measurements, which can impair the comparison of datasets collected by different devices. We thereby recommend accommodating the device-specificity of the error-generating process at the data analysis step, and also that the devices record their VDOP at each record (cf. "Statistical solution" below). Further investigation or communication with manufacturers should decipher whether this stems from different fix acquisition procedures (e.
Negative flight height records provide useful information In this section we focus on negative records, i. e. , unrealistically low records, but the same logic can be applied to unrealistically high records. Negative flight height records are more likely to occur when animals are near the ground, either perched or flying. If we remove the negative records  [29] , perching and low flight are under-sampled in the final dataset  [21]. To illustrate this point, we used a GPS-tracked flight path from a migrating juvenile osprey (Pandion haliaetus) as it crossed the sea between the Italian mainland and Corsica  [16]. During a portion of that sea crossing, its Ornitela GPS unit recorded flight heights that oscillated between -2 and -7 m below the sea level (Additional file 1: Fig. S3 , inset). The amplitude of the oscillation suggested that the bird followed the swell of the waves.