dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Protein LFQ normalized intensities were base 2 logarithmized to obtain a normal distribution. Missing values were replaced using data imputation by randomly selecting from a normal distribution centred on the lower edge of the intensity values that simulates signals of low abundant proteins using default parameters (a downshift of 1. 8 standard deviation and a width of 0. 3 of the original distribution). To determine whether a given detected protein was specifically differential, a two-sample t-test was done using permutation-based FDR-controlled at 0. 01 and employing 250 permutations. The p value was adjusted using a scaling factor s0 with a value of 0. 4. Analysis was done on biological triplicates, each run three times on mass spectrometers. Pathway enrichment analysis. Proteins identified by mass spectrometry were analysed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software to study pathway enrichment.
The statistical significance of the enrichment was calculated using FDR method (P-value < 0,05). Protein Z-score was calculated for each protein of the selected pathway. Z-score indicate the overall activation state. Statistical analysis. Data are presented as the means ± s. d for three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Comparison between the 2 conditions was made using the Mann-Witney test : P < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant in all analyses and is indicated by "***" when P < 0. 001, "**" when P < 0. 01 and "*" when P < 0. 05.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank the  Dr. Philippe Chavrier  ( Institut Curie ) for providing helpfull advices at the beginning of the project and  Dr. Sylvie Thuault  ( CRCM ) for discussions. We thank  D. Isnardon  and  M. Rodriguez  ( CRCM Microscopy platform ) for support. Proteomic analyses were performed at the mass spectrometry facility of  Marseille Proteomics  supported by  IBISA  ( Infrastructures Biologie Santé et Agronomie ),  Plateforme Technologique Aix-Marseille ,  Canceropôle PACA ,  Région Sud Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ,  Fonds Européen de Développement Régional (FEDER)  and  Plan Cancer.
Interestingly, even patients who achieved a D 90 CTV HR >80Gy EQD2 had their LFS improved. This suggests that there is still an opportunity for systemic treatment research in order to improve LRC, even in the era of IGABT, through in-field cooperation. Of importance, we did not show any significant increase in long-term morbidity, which is in line with published data showing that CCRT increases acute toxicity, without any effect on long-term toxicity  [16]. Delayed medullary effects were not assessed. However, long-term safety and an ability to keep OTT <55 days were not compromised by intensive systemic treatment. This study has limitations inherent to its retrospective nature, and even a propensity analysis could not completely eradicate analyses and reporting bias. First, our cohort population is relatively young in age and with less-advanced tumors as compared to other IGABT series.
In case it was not known if the lesion was an actino-or an eumycetoma, patients were treated with a combination of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and/or itraconazole. Eumycetoma were also treated surgically. The surgical treatment consisted either in a curative surgical resection of the lesion or a limb amputation in case of bone involvement. Lymphadenopathy surgery consisted of lymph node dissection followed by histopathological examination. The patients' demographic, place of residency, clinical and biological data were entered into excel table and statistical analysis was performed using TM R2. 15. 0 software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Categorical variables were described as percentages while mean and standard error were used for continuous variables.
Study design For this survey study directed to primary care physicians in 25 countries of the European General Practice Research Network (EGPRN), we developed a sevenitem multiple choice questionnaire (MCQ). The design of the survey has been presented elsewhere  [9, 10]. At the end of every MCQ, optional free text comments could be added  [10]. In the eighth and last survey item, we invited respondents to contribute anonymised case stories of dementia from their own practice. We applied an analytic classic grounded theory approach characterised by inductive reasoning with no a priori hypotheses allowing both qualitative and quantitative data analysis  [11] [12] [13].
These memos were analysed based on grounded theory quality principles of fit, relevance, workability and modifiability  [14, 16]. Then followed selective coding where the core concept guided the analysis during theoretical memoing. We coded case stories and survey text comments asking for each incident in the data 'What is the participants' main concern and how is it being resolved?' and 'What are the participants doing to resolve their main concern' and 'What is this a study about?'. Answers to these coding questions yielded several hundred indicators of preliminary dementia discovery, diagnosis, work up and treatment. Theoretical memos included codes related to care and caregiversspouse, children, institutional and non-institutional care etc. We further analysed survey free text including descriptions of formal and informal rules of dementia work up and diagnostic and treatment structures of the jurisdiction in which the case story took place  [9].
Statistical analysis IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22. 0. (IBM, Armonk, NY USA, 2013) was used for descriptive and exploratory statistical analyses. Cluster analysis is an exploratory method used to identify structures within the data such as homogenous groups of cases if grouping and differences between dependent and independent variables is previously unknown  [10, 20]. We did two-step cluster analyses with variables emerging from memos. Overall goodness-of-fit of clusters had silhouette coefficients with measures of less than 0. 2 classified as poor, between 0. 2 and 0. 5 fair, and more than 0. 5 as a good solution quality. Fair or higher was considered acceptable clustering with a cut-off score at 0. 3  [20]. More advanced statistical methods such as Directed Acyclical Graphs were applied to the data in another version of this study available online  [10].
'Exploratory' means that it makes no distinction between dependent and independent variables. We used the SPSS Version 22 two-step cluster analysis. The most important predicting variables to allocate the informants in the two groups were 'permissiveness to prescribe dementia drugs' (Predictor importance PI ¼ 1) and 'country' (PI ¼ 0. 61). All the other variables had a PI of < 0. 02. Permissiveness: official permissiveness to prescribe typical dementia drug reimbursed by the local health care system. Country: country of the case and his/her primary care physician. Appropriate treatment: appropriate treatment according to the dementia guidelines and the label indication. Age: age of the case in years. Gender: gender of the case. MMSE: mini mental state examination. Number of words in case: word count in the case description.
Figure1. Importance of predictors of primary care physician involvement in dementia work-up and treatment. Degree of involvement is dichotomised into two groups by a two-step cluster analysis. Cluster analysis is an exploratory method to identify structures within the data such as homogenous groups of cases if grouping is not previously known. 'Exploratory' means that it makes no distinction between dependent and independent variables. We used the SPSS Version 22 two-step cluster analysis. The most important predicting variables to allocate the informants in the two groups were 'permissiveness to prescribe dementia drugs' (Predictor importance PI ¼ 1) and 'country' (PI ¼ 0. 61). All the other variables had a PI of < 0. 02. Permissiveness: official permissiveness to prescribe typical dementia drug reimbursed by the local health care system.
ART scale-up through the national programme has been largely supported by international funding, which represented more than 80% of the country's HIV budget in 2015  (13). However, the programme has been strongly affected by the slowdown of international financial support since 2010  (29). In particular, national expenditures allocated to HIV/AIDS decreased by nearly 30% from approximately USD 60 million in 2009 to USD 44 million in 2012  (30). Thanks to the Round 10 grants of the Global Fund and the involvement of bilateral partners such as PEPFAR funds, resources dedicated for the HIV epidemic increased in 2013 to USD 53 million but remained below the level recorded in 2009  (30).
Study design and data collection EVOLCam (ANRS-12288) is a cross-sectional mixed-methods survey conducted in 19 HIV services in the Centre and Littoral regions of Cameroon between April and December 2014 to study evolutions in the national ART programme through a comparison with the ANRS-12116 EVAL survey conducted in 2006-2007  (31, 32). Eligibility criteria included being aged at least 21 years, diagnosed HIV-positive for at least three months and attending one of the 19 participating HIV services. For eligible outpatients consulting in each service, a random selection procedure similar to that implemented in the ANRS-12116 EVAL was used  (31). After being informed about the study, patients who agreed to participate provided written informed consent. At the end of their consultation, they were referred to trained independent interviewers to answer a standardized face-to-face questionnaire which gathered information on socioeconomic characteristics, HIV infection, hepatitis B and tuberculosis co-infection (testing, treatment and history), and access to HIV services.
After the interview, blood samples were collected for viral load and CD4 cell count measurements and transported to a reference laboratory in Yaoundé the same day to assess virological suppression and immunological status at the time of the study  (33, 34). Clinical data obtained from patient examinations and retrospective medical files were recorded by healthcare providers in a standardized medical questionnaire and included the following: date of HIV diagnosis, date of ART initiation, CD4 count at ART initiation, WHO clinical stage of HIV infection at ART initiation and at time of the survey, drug regimen at time of the survey, body mass index, and any history of tuberculosis and hepatitis B co-infection and related diagnosis dates. In addition, the characteristics of the 19 participating HIV services were collected through interviews with hospital staff, in situ observations and cross-validation with data recorded in service activity reports.
Selection of the study population Overall, 2130 HIV-positive patients were enrolled in the EVOLCam survey. Of these, 1150 were excluded from the present study because they were diagnosed with HIV before January 2011. Among the remaining individuals, 41 were secondarily excluded as they were not eligible for ART treatment at HIV diagnosis based on the Cameroonian national guidelines in the period 2011-2014 (i. e. , CD4 ≥350 cells/mm 3 without tuberculosis or hepatitis B co-infection and no pregnancy for women). Ninety-two others were also excluded as their ART eligibility status at HIV diagnosis was unknown due to missing data for some of the study eligibility criteria. The study population therefore included 847 patients. In order to identify potential selection bias resulting from missing data for some of the eligibility criteria, we compared the main characteristics of the study population (n=847) with those of the excluded population (n=92).
Study limitations This study has several limitations. First, the ANRS-12288 EVOLCam survey was conducted in only 2 of Cameroon's 10 regions and is therefore not representative of the whole population of PLWHIV followed in the Cameroonian ART programme. However, we selected a representative sample of HIV services in the two regions with some of the highest HIV prevalence rates and largest patient populations. Furthermore, we used a random selection procedure for participant inclusion. Our survey therefore provides quite a comprehensive picture of the HIV-positive population linked to care and treated with ART in the Centre and Littoral regions in 2014. Second, our study was performed using data obtained from a cross-sectional survey. Accordingly, we were not able to consider potential changes over time in healthcare supply.
Role of Cancer Registries It has been accepted generally that the PBCR has more of a back room role than a front-line role in cancer control. Its particular responsibilities lie in the description of cancer patterns, care, and outcome; in monitoring these variables in relation to control activities; and in providing a research database-often for others to use. 7 The original function of PBCRs was to calculate the rates of incidence so that the risk of various cancers between populations could be compared. In addition, the activities of PBCRs have expanded to include studies of cancer cause and prevention. 7 es of data from PBCRs include: 1. To describe the extent and nature of cancer burden in the community and assist in the establishment of public health priorities 2. As a source of material for etiologic studies 3.
Cancer Registration in Africa Some information on cancer patterns in Africa was available in the first half of the 20th century though the work of pioneering researchers, who published statistics gleaned from individual hospitals and clinics, and the first population-based registries were founded in the 1950s. 24 nfortunately, in the decades that followed, progress was slow. For the period covered by Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume V (1978 to 1982) there was no representative from Africa. A slow rebirth of cancer registration has been taking place since the 1980s. 25 6] [27]  Even when a registry is operating, it faces countless challenges, such as generally poor health care infrastructure,  25  especially in rural areas  28  ; lack of a regular and accurate census program  [29] [30] [31]  ; absence of vital statistics; the inability to ensure that all new cases were identified and captured in the databases; lack of adequately trained personnel; and lack of cooperation from other data sources.
47 Registries will have an important role in monitoring the incidence of cancers associated with these viruses. An example of data from a PBCR used to monitor the effects of a preventive intervention-in the setting of a major epidemiologic research study-is The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study, a large-scale vaccination trial in The Gambia instituted in July 1986. 48 This was designed as an intervention trial by WHO to reverse the high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma, the results of which would be monitored by The Gambia cancer registry. The purpose of population-based programs of early diagnosis and screening is the detection of early invasive cancers, reduction in mortality from a particular cancer, and improved quality of life through the use of less toxic treatments with early detection.
As described above, the AFCRN database can be used to conduct research and for planning and implementation of cancer control programs and treatments in the entire region and in an individual country. Population-Based Cancer Registration in Sub-Saharan Africa The basic role of a cancer registry is to provide statistical information on cancer occurrence and outcomes. Registries are widely used to study the incidence of different cancers within registry populations  51, 52  or in subgroups of the population,  53, 54  as well as the regional distribution of specific cancers. 55, 56 Temporal trends in specific registry populations,  57  or for individual cancers in multiple registries continent wide,  58, 59  are particularly valuable in following results of the changing profiles of environmental exposures.
Omonisi, Liu, and Parkin activities on the network, and to pave the way for future developments in registration on the continent. An advisory committee consisting of representatives from WHO (AFRO), International Association of Cancer Registries, Union for International Cancer Control, and IARC oversees AFCRN's plans and actions. Over the years, financial support has been received from a variety of organizations, as well as foundations of international pharmaceutical companies, which have helped strengthen the capacity of many member registries. AFCRN research projects are often led by young scientists from Africa, which are funded by various research institutes, such as IARC, the American Cancer Society, the Union for International Cancer Control, the University of Halle, and the University of Oxford (Africa-Oxford Initiative).
AFCRN has been active in the One of AFCRN's significant achievements is that it has created a unique database for cancer in SSA. The database contains data from all member registries from the year when they started population-based registration. The database has facilitated numerous research studies and provides the material for monographs on cancer in Africa,  63, 64  as well as for IARC's national estimates of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence (GLOBOCAN estimates). 1  The database is accessible via the AFCRN Research Committee (procedure is available online  65  ). The data are not perfect, nor is AFCRN. Dedicated African registrars, doctors, nurses, and policymakers, together with international researchers, are working tirelessly to improve the situation. It is a battle worth fighting, they believe.
Numerous research papers on trends in cancer incidence, led by young African researchers using AFCRN data, have been published in international peerreviewed journals. A kernel of experienced cancer registry pioneers and registrars have formed a unique team of trainers for teaching cancer registration methods. Countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, Eswatini, Cote d'Ivoire, and South Africa already have their own national cancer control planning based on their own data, and some of their strategies are being implemented. Improvements in the health care system for patients with cancer will be visible in the next 5 years. Countries in SSA need a working cancer control program to help battle the ever-increasing burden of cancer. A rational cancer control program must be built upon recent, accurate population-based data on incidence, survival, treatment, and outcome from within the nation it serves.
Histopathological Analysis of Pulmonary Artery Angiophagy in Right Lower Lobe of the CTEPH Model The right lower lobes of 11 animals were harvested and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 h. Random samples were embedded in paraffin and cut at a 5 µm thickness. Lung tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under light microscopy. Two to three samples were analyzed per animal, corresponding to 32 samples of right lower lobes with a mean (±standard deviation) of 2. 67 ± 0. 49 samples per animal. Morphometric measurements were performed using imaging software (NIS-Element BR, version 2. 30; Nikon USA, Melville, NY, USA). For each angiophagic lesion, we report its stage and the inner diameter of the concerned pulmonary artery. The inner diameter was measured by tracing the pulmonary artery (PA) diameter corresponding to the observed or supposed shortest diameter between opposing sub-endothelial (internal border of the media) layers.
Statistical Analysis Continuous variables are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Paired values were compared using non-parametric Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank tests, and unpaired values, using Mann-Whitney tests. The relationships between categorical variables were evaluated using Chi 2 tests. The statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 8. 3. 0 (GraphPad Software, LLC). p < 0. 05 was considered significant.
Acknowledgments We thank all participants for volunteering for the clinical study. The human sample from which strain 2019-nCoV/IDF0372/2020 was isolated has been provided by  X. Lescure  and  Y. Yazdanpanah  from the  Bichat Hospital, Paris, France. We thank  Clement Jourdaine ,  Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France. The clinical research ("CovidSmell") is sponsored by  Institut Pasteur, Paris. We thank  Elodie Turc  and  Laure Lemée ,  Biomics Platform ,  C2RT ,  Institut Pasteur, Paris ,.
This self-administered questionnaire, used worldwide, assesses the overall PA over the last seven days, to categorize it as low, moderate or high  [13]. The study material was tested on a sample of 20 women in a pilot study, prior to its official launch. The first section of the questionnaire, concerning anthropometric measurements, sociodemographic and medical data was filled by the research team, during face-to-face interviews. The socioeconomic status were the crowding index, the educational level and the current work status. The crowding index refers to the ratio of the total number of co-residents per household with the exception of newborn infants divided by the total number of rooms, excluding the kitchen and the bathrooms. An index less than one suggested a household with high economic resources, and vice versa.
The variable "waist circumference" was removed from the model because it was highly correlated with BMI and waist/hip ratio. The variable "age" was removed from the model because it was highly correlated with menopausal status. Also, the categorical variable "profession" was not included because it is highly correlated with the level of education. In multivariate models, marital status was categorized as married and unmarried. The significance threshold retained corresponds to a value of p less than 0. 05. All statistical analysis were performed using the SPSS statistical software package version 23, with a p value less than 0. 05 considered as significant. The sample size was calculated according to the formula of Tabachnick and Fidell (2001)  [17]  that takes into consideration the number of explanatory variables to be included in the model: N = 50 + 8m (m is the number of explanatory variables); Given that m = 14, a minimum of 162 women should be recruited in this study.
Subcellular Localization of CDA Databases describe CDA as a cytoplasmic protein,  22  which is in agreement with recycling free pyrimidines from the cytoplasm. Pyrimidines are then passively transported into the nucleus or actively transported into the mitochondria by the family of adenine nucleotide carriers ANT or SLC25A19 where they are integrated into DNA or RNA. 23, 24 It is therefore commonly accepted that CDA is present mainly in the cytoplasmic fraction of cells. However, Somasekaram et al. 25  reported that CDA might also be nuclear, due to a bipartite NLS sequence (a specific nuclear localization signal composed of two clusters of basic amino acids, separated by 10 aa) recognized by the importin receptor. CDA can also be found in the serum, which demonstrates release from the cell.
One group showed that recombinant CDA27Q has a 23%-70% decrease in activity for Ara-C  58  and a 34% decrease in activity for gemcitabine,  59  while another study showed an increase in activity for Ara-C but a decrease for decitabine for the exact same mutant. 56 Such discrepancies between CDA activity and the presence of SNPs strongly suggests that gene polymorphisms cannot fully explain inter-patient heterogeneity in serum CDA activity. Unfortunately, data about CDA activity modulation mechanisms are rare. Along this line, database mining reveals one potential site of phosphorylation on CDA protein on Y79 residue, documented by seven different large-scale studies. 60 However, no functional studies were further carried out to better understand the consequences of CDA post-translational modification or the mechanism by which CDA is phosphorylated.