dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The Morphological Phenotypes Are Temperature-and Organ-Dependent The macro-and micro-phenotypes of rosettes of plants grown at 22 and 15 • C were analyzed. We have collected floral stems at equivalent degree days in order to be at the same developmental stage despite differential stem grow speed. The impact of the 15 • C growth temperature on rosettes was striking. The number of rosette leaves increased for all the Pyrenean population as well as for Col (e. g. , a 60% increase for Col, Figure  1B ), compared to that of plants grown at 22 • C. Besides, the number of rosette leaves at the time of bolting could be contrasted: Col plants grown at 15 • C had the same number of rosette leaves as Roch grown at 22 • C and Hosp grown at 15 • C. The higher the altitude at which the Pyrenean populations were collected, the higher the number of rosette leaves prior bolting whatever the growth temperature (compare data in Figure  1B  and Table  1 ).
An Integrative Study Highlights the Different Responses of the Rosettes and Floral Stems According to the Growth Temperature Thereafter, we refer to each omics dataset (phenomics, metabolomics, proteomics and transcriptomics) as a block and we have used a previously described framework for the integration of the omics data  [40]. To provide an insight into the results of the integrative process, we have considered the pairwise correlations between each pair of blocks  [39]. The higher the values, the stronger the relationships between the blocks (Figure  6A ). In rosettes, these values were higher than 0. 83 (value obtained between CW transcriptomics and phenomics). These values were mainly due to a strong temperature effect as indicated in the segregation of two groups in Supplementary Figure  S6A.
Discussion A comparative study of four populations of A. thaliana originated from a Pyrenees Mountains altitudinal gradient and of the well-described Col ecotype was performed to better understand the CW plasticity in response to environmental changes. We have analyzed the plant response to sub-optimal growth conditions, i. e. , at 15 • C, with an integrative approach using heterogeneous omics datasets to evaluate the impact on the CW. Altogether, we could show (i) a major effect of the growth temperature, (ii) the organ specificity of the response, and (iii) the particularities of Hosp and Hern, compared to Grip, Roch and Col. Since many CW transcripts and CWPs were highlighted in this work, we have focused on a few of them in the following discussion.
Funding: This work was granted by the  Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3 University  and the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). HD was granted by the  Midi-Pyrénées Region  and the  Federal University of Toulouse. This work was also supported by the  French Excellence projects IdEx UNITI  ( 2015-230-CIF-D-DRD IDEX UNITI WALLOMICS ) and  LabEx TULIP  ( ANR-10-LABX-41 ;  ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02 ).
Behavioural analysis We used three tests that previously unravelled robust phenotypes in the three 16p11. 2 mouse models  [18] [19] [20] : the open eld for the exploration activity, the novel object location and the novel object recognition for the learning and memory in mice. For the open eld (OF) mice were tested in automated arena (44. 3 × 44. 3 × 16. 8 cm) made of PVC with transparent walls and a black oor, and covered with translucent PVC (Panlab, Barcelona, Spain). The arena was divided into central and peripheral regions (8 cm peripheral zone and 28 cm central zone) and homogeneously illuminated at 150 Lux. Each mouse was placed on the periphery of the open eld and allowed to explore the apparatus freely for 30 min. During each session we measured the total distance travelled, evaluated the habituation of the animal over time, by splitting the data in 10-minute intervals and assessed the vertical activity through the number of rears.
Then they were blocked in 5% BSA, 1 X Tris-buffered saline, 0. 1% Tween 20 (TBS-T) and incubated with primary antibody during 10 minutes. Membranes were washed in TBS-T followed by a 10 minutes secondary antibody incubation using an HRP conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (A16096, Invitrogen, France) at 1:5,000 through SNAP i. d. ® 2. 0 Protein Detection System (C73105, Merck). This apparatus has a vacuum-driven technology and a built-in ow distributor that actively drives reagents through the membrane. Total levels of KCTD13, RHOA protein and Myosin Light Chain and its phosphorylation product were analysed using Western Blot. Proteins were visualized with Amersham™ Imager 600. Signals were quanti ed using ImageJ and analysed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism. We used the following primary antibodies: KCDT13 (dilution 1:250, HPA043524, Atlas Antibodies, Bromma, Sweden), RHOA (dilution 1:1,000; cat #2117, Cell Signaling, USA), MLC (dilution 1:1,000;cat # 8505, Cell Signaling Technology Europe, B.
Statistical analysis The statistical analysis was carried out using standard statistical procedures available on the SigmaPlot software (Systat software, San Jose, USA). All outliers were identi ed using the Grubbs' test from calculator GraphPad (GraphPad Software, San Diego) or ROUT method with a Q value of 1% from GraphPad Prism 7. 01 (GraphPad Software, San Diego) when data with nonlinear regression. We estimated a priory the power of the different variables, scored during the behavioural analysis, to test our H0 hypothesis taking into account our previous analysis of the Del/+ model  [20]. A posteriori we veri ed that the sample size was su cient to have a statistical power of 100% for the object location and recognition memory at both age (Sup. Table  1 ). Nevertheless the power of the open eld variable "distance travelled" were lower at 12 compared to 18 weeks, certainly due to change in variability.
4f ). In addition, we obtained comparable results when modulating green and UV sinusoidally (Supplementary Fig. 3 )-a visual stimulus often used in retinal studies on chromatic processing (e. g. , refs. 11, 25  ). In summary, our data show that BCs provide chromatically tuned excitatory drive to downstream amacrine cell (AC) and RGC circuits. Furthermore, the difference between On and Off BCs indicates that they might not simply relay the chromatic information from cones to the inner retina. Color-opponent responses are preserved at the retinal output. Finally, we investigated how the chromatic information is represented in the population of RGCs. We used the synthetic calcium indicator Oregon-Green BAPTA-1 (OGB-1) and bulk electroporation to uniformly label the ganglion cell layer (GCL; Fig.
For dorsal scan fields, the difference between center and surround chromatic preference and, likewise, the fraction of color-opponent responses was smaller (SC surround = 0. 17 ± 0. 62; n = 191/1675). Interestingly, in our dataset we only rarely observed GCL cells with center-opponent responses (Supplementary Fig. 5 ; Discussion), which have been found in primates (e. g. , ref. 12  ) and some dichromatic mammals (e. g. , ref. 39  ). In summary, while color-opponency was largely preserved at the level of the retina´s output layer, our findings suggest that the complexity of chromatic signals increases from the IPL to the GCL. Next, we investigated whether the color-opponent GCL cells correspond to RGCs and/or dACs and if chromatic information is processed in a type-specific manner. Cell-type-specific chromatic processing in retinal ganglion cells.
However, center-opponent RGC RFs were rare in our dataset and did not comprise of a single functional type. For identifying center opponency, the stimulus should ideally be aligned to the RF center of the recorded cell. However, this is not possible in our population approach, where the stimulus is aligned to the center of each recording field (Methods), resulting in a spatial offset of up to 50 µm between stimulus and RF center of the recorded cell. Therefore, we might have underestimated the number of centeropponent RGCs. Until now, there is evidence for only one mouse RGC type that uses cone-type-selective BC input: It features a UV-dominant center and a green surround, with the former generated by a bias for connecting to type 9 BCs 24. Therefore, connectivity matrices (e. g. , refs. 30, 34 ) obtained from large-scale EM reconstructions may result in further candidate cone-typeselective pathways.
5 Tris-GTP, adjusted to pH 7. 2 using 1 M KOH. Data were acquired using an Axopatch 200B amplifier in combination with a Digidata 1440 (both: Molecular Devices), digitized at 20 kHz and analyzed offline using Igor Pro (Wavemetrics). For recordings, we targeted GCL cells located in the medial retina allowing to investigate the effect of the two-photon laser on both UV and green responses. Single-cell injection and morphology reconstruction. OGB-1-labelled GCL cells were targeted with electrodes (5-15 MΩ) subsequent to two-photon recordings. Single cells in the GCL were dye-filled with SR101 (Invitrogen) using the buzz function (100-ms pulse) of the MultiClamp 700B software (Molecular Devices). Pipettes were carefully retracted as soon as the cell began to fill. Approximately 20 min were allowed for the dye to diffuse throughout the cell before imaging started.
After recording, an image stack was acquired to document the cell's morphology, which was then traced semi-automatically using the Simple Neurite Tracer plugin implemented in Fiji. In cases of any warping of the IPL we used the original image stack to correct the traced cells using custom-written scripts in IGOR Pro (for details, see ref. 37  ). Data analysis. Data analysis was performed using IGOR Pro. For GCL recordings, ROIs were defined semi-automatically by custom software  37. For glutamate imaging in OPL and IPL, ROIs were defined automatically by custom correlation-based algorithms in IGOR Pro. Here, ROI sizes were restricted to match the sizes of cone (3-7 µm diameter) and BC axon terminals (1-4 µm diameter) in OPL and IPL scans, respectively. For OPL recordings, a specific correlation threshold for each scan field was manually selected to account for differences in staining and signal-to-noise ratio.
For most OPL recordings, we did not register the retinal orientation. Here, we used the previously described gradient in opsin expression  18, 19  to separate dorsal (mean center SC > 0) and ventral (mean center SC < 0) scan fields. The glutamate or calcium traces for each ROI were extracted (as ΔF/F) using custom analysis code based on the image analysis toolbox SARFIA for IGOR Pro  77  and resampled at 500 Hz. A stimulus time marker embedded in the recorded data served to align the traces relative to the visual stimulus with 2 ms precision. For this, the timing for each ROI was corrected for sub-frame time-offsets related to the scanning. First, we detrended the traces by high-pass filtering above ~0. 1 Hz. For all stimuli except for the center-surround flicker, we then computed the median activity r(t) across stimulus repetitions (n = 4-5 repetitions for chirps, n = 3 repetitions for sine, n = 25-30 repetitions for full-field and center-surround flashes, n = 3 repetitions for moving bars).
78  ) of OPL ROI masks, we first calculated the distance of each ROI to each other ROI within the scan field, binned the distances (bin size = 2 µm) and normalized each bin count to the bin area. Next, we estimated the mean DRP per scan field by averaging the histograms of all ROIs within a field (n = 56 ± 30 ROIs per scan field). To obtain the mean DRPs of all ROI masks, we used n = 52 scan fields. For relating DRPs of the ROIs to anatomy, we used a recent EM dataset of reconstructed cone and rod terminals to estimate anatomical DRPs as described above (cf. Supplementary Fig. 1 ; n = 163/2095 cone/rod terminals; ref. 30  ). For calculating a cone DRP with 3% rods (cf. Supplementary Fig. 1d ), we first calculated the density of rod terminals and then randomly placed 3% of the expected number of rod terminals across the reconstructed area.
2f ), and field entropy of IPL and GCL scan fields (Supplementary Fig. 4 ). We used the Chi-squared test to compare the distribution of anatomical and functional cone arrays (Supplementary Fig. 1h ). We used a Linear Mixed-Effects Model to analyze the difference between center and surround SC for OPL (Fig. 2b, c ), IPL (Fig. 4b ) and GCL recordings (Fig. 6b ). This allowed to incorporate a random effects term in a linear predictor expression accounting for the fact that not all ROIs with a center response displayed a surround response (partially paired data). We used the lme4-package for R to implement the model and perform statistical testing  81. For details, see Supplementary Methods. We used Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) to analyze the relationship of difference in center and surround SC (SC Diff ) and IPL depth (Fig.
4e ); opponency and IPL depth (Fig. 4f ); center chromatic preference (SC center ) and IPL depth (Supplementary Fig. 2b ). GAMs extend the generalized linear model by allowing the linear predictors to depend on arbitrary smooth functions of the underlying variables  82. In practice, we used the mgcv-package for R to implement GAMs and perform statistical testing. For details, see Supplementary Methods. To test if the number of color-opponent cells within single RGC and dAC groups was significantly larger/lower than expected from center SC and SC Diff , we used a permutation test (Fig. 7g ). First, we binned SC Diff values across all groups (bin size = 0. 25). For every cell assigned to one group, we then randomly picked a different cell within the same SC Diff bin and with a similar center SC (±0.
Acknowledgements We thank  G. Eske  for excellent technical support,  S. Haverkamp  and  T. Baden  for feedback and discussions and  J. Marvin  and  L. Looger  for providing the viral vector (pAAV. hSyn. iGluSnFR). This work was supported by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research  (BMBF: FKZ:  01GQ1002  and  01GQ1601 ), the  German Research Foundation  (DFG:  BE5601/4 ;  SFB1233 , project number  276693517 ;  EXC 2064 , project number  390727645 ;  SCU 2243/3-1 ), and the  Max Planck Society  ( MPG: M. FE. A. KYBE0004 ).
Molecular Modelling Crystal structures of enzymes were obtained from the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB-PDB): for human (Homo sapiens) M1 aminopeptidase 4FYT and porcine (Sus scrofa) M1 aminopeptidase 4FKE  [10, 33]. The proteins were protonated at experimental pH. Before docking, the structures of the inhibitors and their stereochemistry were considered, protonated in experimental pH typical for each enzyme also, and optimized by LigPrep  [34]. The binding modes of the inhibitors of both aminopeptidases were studied by molecular modeling. All of the compounds (both enantiomers) were docked with the use of the induced fit docking algorithm of the Maestro Schrodinger package  [35]. This algorithm indicated which of the amino acids were well scored, and these were therefore considered in the next step (see Tables  S1  and S2  in the Supplementary Materials).
Crystallography The crystals of the diethyl 1-N-formylamino-2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate (compound 7d, Figure  S7 ) were obtained after dissolution of chromatographically isolated crude product in ethanol and slow evaporation at room temperature. The single crystals were mounted on a CCD Xcalibur diffractometer (graphite monochromatic, MoKα radiation, λ = 0. 71073 Å) at 100. 0(1) K. The reciprocal space was explored by ω scans with detector positions at 60 mm distance from the crystal. The diffraction data processing of studied compounds (Lorentz and polarization corrections were applied) was performed using the CrysAlis CCD  [37]. The structure was solved in the triclinic crystal system, P 1 space group (Table  S3 ), by direct methods and refined by a full-matrix least-squares method using SHELXL14 program  [38, 39].
The H atoms were located from difference Fourier synthesis and from geometrical parameters and refined using a riding model. The structure drawings were prepared using SHELXTL and Mercury programs  [40]. Crystallographic data for solved structures have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as supplementary publication number CCDC: 1963310. These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www. ccdc. cam. ac. uk/conts/retrieving. html, or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: 144 1223 336 033; email: deposit@ccdc. cam. ac. uk.
5 wever, although academic discussions of the relationship between slavery and heritage and tourism in the Caribbean and beyond are now well established, particularly in the field of tourism studies,  6  the discussion of the relationship between slavery and British heritage is a relatively new one that is still developing. Undoubtedly, the most influential and significant works in this field so far are the Legacies of British Slave-ownership (2009-12) and Structure and Significance of British Caribbean Slave-ownership 1763-1833 (2013-15) projects, based at the Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slave-ownership at UCL. These projects established a database of compensation claims by slave-owners that is updated on an ongoing basis and has been hugely significant, both for family historians and for researchers into the connections between slave-ownership and the built heritage of Britain.
e. shareholder) banks to open for the first time in London, a role previously limited to private banks and the Bank of England, and some of these new banks were founded with the proceeds of the slave trade. Secondly, it created the need for a cash economy in the Caribbean, as the planters now had to pay cash for services that had previously been supplied by enslaved people. 10 The Colonial Bank was founded by Royal Charter in 1836 to trade in the British West Indies and British Guiana, including Trinidad and Barbados. In 1916, it was enabled to extend operations to West Africa and, soon after, worldwide. 11 The UCL compensation database  12  lists two of the original managers and three directors of the Colonial Bank, including William Tetlow Hibbert (1792-1881)   of Hare Hill (NT) and his family, who were major beneficiaries of compensation claims for 2,654 enslaved people, as owners and as a mortgagee.
Over 45,000 claims for compensation were made, relating to 800,000 enslaved people. No compensation was paid to the enslaved. Due to the way it was financed, the loan needed to fund this Act was only fully repaid in 2015. A total of 80 claims made by individuals historically associated with the families of 29 places in England and Wales (none in Northern Ireland) owned by the National Trust have currently been identified in the database of claims created by the University College London's (UCL) Legacies of British Slave-ownership project.
1798). Fuller was the owner of Fuller's Rest and Thetford Estates in St John, Jamaica. His will sets out instructions for his wife and children to return to England in the event of his death and names Frederick Augustus Hervey, 4th Earl of Bristol and Bishop of Derry (1730-1803), as a trustee. Additional information from the UCL Legacies of British Slave-ownership database • Peeke Fuller (plantation owner): http://wwwdepts-live. ucl. ac. uk/lbs/person/view/2146642785 Oxburgh Hall, Norfolk Felix Bedingfeld (1808-84), son of Sir Richard Bedingfeld, 5th Baronet (1767-1829) of Oxburgh Hall, trained Magazine and Legal Review records his service as Crown Commission of the Turks Islands (1842-9), Master of the Supreme Court of Trinidad (1849-54) and Colonial Secretary of Mauritius (1860-8). Additional information from the UCL Legacies of British Slave-ownership database • Felix Bedingfeld (plantation owner and awardee): http://wwwdepts-live.
Although there is no family connection, Petworth contains the portraits of Circassian Shirley (c. 1581-1628) (NT 486169). Additional information from the UCL Legacies of British Slave-ownership database Holroyd (1735-1821)Stowe, Additional information from the UCL Legacies of British Slave-ownership database campaigned for the abolition of slavery. Edmund Peckover (1757-1818), Jonathan's brother, was has fostered a unique relationship focused around her presence at Clandon Park. In 2019 this (1801-30) married Ann Byam Stapleton (née Kerby) (1796-1842) who received compensation as Sheffield Park and Garden, Sussex • Richard Plantagenet Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos among nearly 300 Quakers to sign the first petition against slavery presented to Parliament in relationship led to the Trust's agreement in principle (subject to statutory con sents) to return tenant-in-tail of estates in Antigua.
This new wealth was used to rebuild the house at Clandon Park. The Onslow family, through commercial interests and marriage alliances, had built strong links to merchants in the City of London and engaged in overseas trade and early colonialism. Additional information from the UCL Legacies of British Slave-ownership database • Charles Knight (plantation owner): http://wwwdepts-live. ucl. ac. uk/lbs/person/view/2146653247 relationship Greys Court, Oxfordshire This Tudor house was owned by the London merchant William Paul MP (1673-1711) and given as a dowry in 1724 when his daughter Catherine married Sir William Stapleton MP ( c. 1698-1740), whose parliamentary career was conducted largely in support of the interests of fellow sugar plantation owners in the West Indies. Sir William's grandfather -another Sir William (d.
This method has already been evaluated for flash flood forecasting purposes, showing an interesting capacity to represent the observed inundations  (Le Bihan et al. , 2017). The caRtino 1D version used here corresponds to an evolution (reprogrammation in R) of the initial software. Since this approach enables a full resolution of SWE equations, in steady state in the presented applications, it accounts for backwater effects and longitudinal channel geometry variations within river reaches. Its main limits, already identified in previous works, lie in the 1D scheme which may not be adapted in areas with complex hydraulic features. The automated application may also be a source of significant errors. Cross-sections may not be positioned perpendicular to the stream main axis in meandering rivers, leading to cross-section shape distortions.
For this reason, well documented case studies have been selected here, both in terms of peak discharges of the flood and observed inundation patterns. Particularly, extensive sets of peak discharge estimates on ungauged river sections, gathered within the HyMeX program  (Ducrocq et al. , 2019) , are available for each selected event. These largely complement flood discharge data that are available for a generally limited number of stream gauging stations. Additionally, a comprehensive knowledge of the inundation characteristics is available for the selected flood events, thanks to a high number of high water marks (HWM) and to field observations of the limits of the inundated areas (available for the Argens and Aude events). https://doi. org/10. 5194/hess-2020-597 Preprint. Discussion started: 4 December 2020 c Author(s) 2020.
Acknowledgements. This work is part of the  PICS  research project (http://pics. ifsttar. fr),funded by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (agreement no. ANR-17-CE03-0011 ). Peak discharge data was obtained as part of the  HyMeX research program  (http://hymex. org), with financial support from the  MISTRALS program  of the CNRS, and the  Ministry of Ecological and Solidarity Transition (DGPR / SCHAPI). Rainfall data was provided by  Météo France , DTM data was obtained from IGN.