dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Unlike the previous study, they explored publications in nine bioethics journals from 1990 to 2003. They found that 435 (10. 8%) of the 4029 articles used empirical design, meaning that empirical data was collected and analyzed. The authors also noted an increase in the percentage of empirical papers published from 5. 4% in 1990 to 15. 4% in 2003; and a highly significant increase in empirical publications in the period  1997-2003 compared with 1990-1996. DeBois and colleagues  [9]  also undertook a systematic review of the literature to capture research ethics data published in three non-ethics health journals from 2005 to 2006. Their review found that ethics content remained hidden as only 26 (2. 2%) of the published articles contained relevant content. They concluded that the invisibility of ethics content in these journals was due to the use of irrelevant keywords, lack of discussion surrounding ethical implications, and publishing in non-ethics journals.
Data source and selection process A review of the literature was undertaken using the following nine journals: Bioethics; Journal of Medical Ethics; Journal of Clinical Ethics; Nursing Ethics; Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics (hereafter "Cambridge Quarterly"); Hastings Center Report; Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics; Christian Bioethics; and Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. These nine journals were selected in the previous review because they are dedicated to studying bioethics issues in healthcare and medicine  [8, 22, 23]. Our review process began by retrieving titles and abstracts of all publications in these journals spanning the 12-year period from 2004 to 2015. A total of 7235 publications were collected from the nine journals and compiled in EndNote7. The first author read all entries (title and abstract where available).
The excluded documents included theoretical manuscripts without any empirical data collected and/or analysed, case studies describing information on a single patient, and literature reviews in which data from many studies were compiled. Although the latter two are, by strict definition, empirical, they were excluded to first maintain comparability with the previous review and second due to practical reasons associated with available resources to the researchers. The full-text articles of all the remaining manuscripts considered as empirical (n = 1146) were retrieved for analysis.
Data extraction process Two authors examined the abstract and methods section of each of the 1146 manuscripts (Fig. 1 ). To standardize the quality of data captured from each publication, a data extraction sheet was developed. This form was used to collect the following information: title, number of authors, research area, country where the study was carried out, specific topic of research, participant characteristics, type of study (e. g. prospective or retrospective crosssectional, longitudinal), type of research methodology (i. e. qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods), mode of data collection (e. g. survey, interviews, participant observation), participant sampling, number of participants, type of analytical method, persons engaged in the analysis, and if research participants received payment for their participation.
Data entry, management, and analysis The co-authors entered the retrieved data into IBM SPSS. 22. The first author checked all entered data for accuracy against the data extraction sheet that she completed for each manuscript. Any manuscript deemed ineligible by two authors was also excluded. This resulted in the removal of 131 manuscripts (articles misclassified as empirical because the respective abstracts were not available during the identification stage, and case reports and literature reviews that we missed during that stage). A further eight manuscripts were removed for incomplete data, that is, the articles failed to provide clear methodological descriptions or no other material was available to discern the nature of the study; and for one manuscript, the full-text article could not be accessed.
3%) in Nursing Ethics were empirical in nature (with up to 74. 3% in 2015), while 25. 7% of published papers in the Journal of Medical Ethics and 14. 4% in the Journal of Clinical Ethics were empirical (Table  1 ). Similar to the previous review  [8] , we tested if there was an increase in the number of empirical publications during the search period by creating a dichotomous, categorical time variable: Figure  3  shows our results, by journal, also in comparison with the previous review  [8]. It highlights that Journal of Medical Ethics and Nursing Ethics have accepted more empirical manuscripts in our search period of 2004-2015 than the previous review's search period of 1990-2003. The data presented in Table  1  and Fig. 3  also underline that the remaining seven journals have continued to publish very low to negligible proportions of empirical research papers, and thus remain predominantly oriented toward normative ethics publications.
The nature of empirical research: Type of method and choice of journals The methods applied in the papers were categorized into 3 groups: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods   2 ). Qualitative studies were those that gathered non-generalizable data using methods such as face-toface, in-depth, unstructured or semi-structured interviews; focus group discussions; and participant observations, or those that carried out qualitative analysis using written policies and guidelines or from open-ended survey questions. Quantitative studies included close-ended surveys (interviewer administered or self-completed) and experimental designs. Of the 1007 manuscripts, 427 studies (42. 4%) were classified as using qualitative methods, and 533 published works (52. 9%) were classified as using quantitative methods.
The where, who, and what of empirical research in bioethics For close to half of the 1007 total papers, the data was collected in Western Europe (47. 6%), followed by North America (21. 8%), Middle-East (8. 6%), Asia (8. 5%), Australia and New Zealand (3. 6%), Africa (2. 3%), Eastern Europe (2. 3%), and South America (1. 6%). For 3. 7% of the studies, data was collected from more than one country within one of the above eight categories. The ten most represented countries from which the study participants hailed were USA (n = 171); UK (n = 108); Sweden (n = 83); Norway (n = 65), the Netherlands (n = 62), Canada (n = 41), Turkey (n = 37), Finland (n = 36); Iran (n = 28), and Australia (n = 28). Health care professionals (i. e. nurses and doctors) were the most studied population (36. 6%), followed by patients (13%), and students (8.
In light of the latter, it is time that we address the question concerning the appropriateness of the empirical methods used and the quality of the data collections and analyses. This type of scrutiny has not been done (to our knowledge) and is needed to shed light on the methodological rigor issue that have been raised by other scholars  [6, 14, 24]. Comparing our findings with the previous study, we also find that the increased volume of empirical research in bioethics in our search is mainly attributable to two journals: Journal of Medical Ethics and Nursing Ethics. The proportion of empirical articles in Nursing Ethics has increased from 39% between 1990 and 2003  [8]  to 57. 3% between 2004 and 2015. The same is true for the Journal of Medical Ethics, for which, the proportion of empirical publications has risen from 16.
8% in 1990-2003 to 25. 7% in 2004-2015. Second, our findings suggest that although there is a trend toward more empirical research in these nine bioethics journals, the rate of growth is slowing. Specifically, for the quarter century data that is now available from the search of these nine journals from the two separate reviews, we know that 10. 9% used an empirical design in the previous review  [8] , and 18. 1% in this current review, with a peak in 2008 at 22%. However, we find a slower growth of empirical publications, that is, 14. 9% in 2004 to 17. 9% in 2015 in our search, when compared to the three-fold increase from 5. 4% in 1990 to 15. 4% in 2003 observed in the previous search  [8]. Sugarman and colleagues' search  [7]  noted that, in their 25 years of examination, 13% of the publications about ethics contained empirical research.
BMC Medical Ethics has 494 publications since its inception in 2000 and Journal of Bioethical Inquiry reports 811 publications 1 since its inception in 2004. As stated previously, the choice of limiting the review to the same journals as the first review on this topic  [8]  risks introduction of bias. This decision was made, however, to guarantee comparability between the two reviews and to provide an update on the increasing empirical research publication that was documented previously. Moreover, this focus allowed us to obtain data from nine bioethics journals which has resulted in an accumulation of data for a period of a quarter century (collected in two separate reviews). Apart from comparability, this choice to limit the review to the same nine journals was also made for reasons of feasibility.
Future research For further research, for instance, the inclusion of bioethics journals such as Developing World Bioethics and those with broader health focus, such as Public Health Ethics, might allow researchers to capture topics (e. g. concerns of other populations) that remained excluded in these nine journals. As is evident from our results, approximately 4/5 of the empirical data published in the nine bioethical journals were collected in Western Europe, USA, and Canada. As such, empirical publications in these journals were not truly international  [22]. Second, it would also be interesting to elucidate if this "empirical turn" is present in nascent bioethics journals that were not captured in this study (e. g. , Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, BMC Medical Ethics), legal ethics journals, and engineering and science ethics journals.
Third, it might be crucial to explore empirical ethics publications in healthcare and medical journals whose core audience are not ethicists (a focus that is similar to the review done by DuBois and colleagues  [9] ). Such an investigation will provide valuable data on amount and scope of the empirical bioethics studies which are meant for non-ethics audience and thus not even captured in studies such as ours. Forth, we did not examine whether a normative analysis was carried out in the empirical studies that we found. This would be a praiseworthy endeavour for future research as it will add to the growing literature base on "empirical bioethics"  [12, 18, 20, 21]. Finally, since the methods and their respective approaches (for qualitative methods: phenomenology, thematic analysis, content analysis, grounded theory) stem from other disciplines (e.
Conclusions In the quarter century of data now available from the nine bioethics journals studied in two separate reviews, the amount of empirical publications continues to increase, albeit at a reduced pace, indicating a trend toward empirical research in bioethics. The findings that we have so far illustrate that the field is not and will possibly never be a solely normative field again. We also conclude that this trend noted so far from the nine journals captured is driven by two journals (Journal of Medical Ethics and Nursing Ethics). Hence, seven of the nine bioethics journals evaluated in the two reviews continue to be normatively oriented and publish much greater proportions of non-empirical manuscripts than empirical research in bioethics. Thus, to truly capture the scope and nature of 'empirical turn in bioethics' , studies examining a wider range of journals, including new and emerging bioethics journals as well as empirical bioethics work in non-bioethics journals will be necessary.
(a) 2004-2009 and (b) 2010-2015. The findings of our non-parametric chi-square test for the entire dataset (N = 5567; empirical n = 1007; non-empirical 4560) reveal no significant difference (χ2 = 2. 857; p = 0. 091) between the number of empirical papers published in 2004-2009 (n = 451) and 2010-2015 (n = 556).
Consent was obtained through. Data collection: semi-directional individual interviews were conducted in three languages, two local (Kikongo and Lingala) and one official (French). Open-ended questions were asked to patients using the language of their choice, allowing them to freely and easily talk about their disease and HIV-related issues  [23]. All interviews were conducted in quiet locations, i. e. in HIV office of each health facility. In addition, interviews were carried out privately to ensure total confidentiality. Codes were used instead of names in order to obtain patients' consent to respect the anonymity of patients. Information was collected by a nursing researcher, specializing in public health and speaking the three before-mentioned languages. When patients refused to record their voice, information was written on paper, extending the time of the interview.
Translation of interviews: interviews recorded in local languages (Lingala and Kikongo) were translated into French by two professionals holding master degrees in these languages. Firstly, each expert carried out the translation independently. Secondly, a comparison of the translated texts was conducted after in order to detect the diverging points. Data analysis: based on the transcriptions of each interview, a content analysis was performed using the Hsieh method  [26]. This approach has been extensively used in nursing research studies  [27]. This method enables to objectify the phenomenon in question. Codes with verbatim meaning were identified and then grouped into subthemes. Then, a thematic and comparative analysis was carried out manually with the "sphinx Lexica" software. Codings expressing the aspects sought in the study were established.
The TCA-SIG plans to collect examples of TA studies and present examples of items suggested for change and the reasons for those changes. The aim is also to follow up on the instrument development studies and illustrate how TA has enhanced the evolution of the measure. The development of a database of experience would be extremely helpful. Most of these principles of good practice may apply to the translatability of the other types of clinical outcome assessment (COAs), i. e. , clinician-reported outcome (ClinRO), observer-reported outcome (ObsRO) and performance outcome (PerfO) measures. Further research is needed to investigate whether specific amendments to the PRO measure TA good practices should be made for other COAs. During our reviewing and writing process, we received several comments about timing of assessment from TCA-SIG reviewers, arguing that TA could be done at any time of the life cycle of a PRO measure.
Acknowledgments This paper was reviewed by membership of the  International Society for Quality of Life Research (ISOQOL)  and is endorsed by the  ISOQOL Board of Directors. We would like to thank  Stephen Joel Coons , Executive Director,  PRO Consortium, Critical Path Institute , for his participation in the panel discussion about TA, convened on 26 October 2012 during the annual ISOQOL conference in Budapest. This discussion was the starting point of the  TA Good Practices initiative. A concept proposal for the manuscript was submitted to the ISOQOL Board of Directors in February 2013 for which approval was granted in March 2013. We would like to thank the researchers who reviewed 1) the first draft manuscript, i. e. ,  Diane Wild ,  Shawn McKown ,  Francis Guillemin ,  Rebecca Two ,  Benjamin Arnold , and  Stephen Joel Coons ; 2) the second draft manuscript (i.
Background. Monitoring the incidence and severity of disease due to varied pneumococcal (Pn) serotypes (STs) over time is important in assessing the benefit of Pn vaccines. We describe changes in adult IPD after the 2010 introduction of routine infant PCV13 in Ontario, Canada (PCV13 is funded only for immunocompromised adults ≥50 years as of 2015). Methods. TIBDN has conducted population-based surveillance for IPD in Toronto/Peel, Canada (pop 4. 3M) since 1995. Cases are reported to a central office; one isolate/case is serotyped. Demographic and clinical data are collected by chart review and patient/family physician interview. Results. Of 6,275 episodes of adult IPD, 5,674 (90%) have STs and 6,007 (96%) detailed clinical data. Incidence of IPD decreased from 14. 2/100,000/year in 1995 to 6.
Participants The target population of the survey was female employees working in with elderly patients in nursing homes in the Rhône-Alpes Region of France. The occupational physicians of the Region were asked to participate in the survey by the Regional Department of Businesses, Competition, Consumption, Work and Employment (DIRECCTE), a state business consultancy. Volunteer occupational physicians filled out a working conditions assessment questionnaire, and asked all employees meeting the inclusion criteria in the nursing homes which they oversaw to take part. Only employees who had been working with the elderly for at least 6 months on at least a half-time basis were included. The occupational physician handed over the self-administered questionnaire to subjects included in the study and collected data on working conditions and health status in nursing staff.
Data Collection Between October 2009 and September 2010, data were collected by self-administered questionnaires during periodic follow-up medical examinations or during company visits. These self-administered questionnaires comprised personal characteristics (age, gender, family status, number of children), health characteristics and work-related characteristics and used four questionnaires measuring Job related hardship, musculoskeletal complaints, impaired mental well-being, and psychosocial demands  [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21].
Socio-Occupational and Medical Data 1770 women (19. 6% registered nurses, 80. 4% nursing assistants) working in direct contact with the elderly in 105 nursing homes were included. Twenty-nine registered nurses and nine nursing assistants refused to participate, leading to a global participation rate of 98%. Four hundred and seventy-six of the 1808 women (26. 3%), wished to leave their work with the elderly: 391 nursing assistants (26. 8%) and 85 registered nurses (24. 2%).
Response of the dental profession On January 6th, following the CNSD and the FSDL's withdrawal from the negotiations, a nation-wide strike was launched by the French National Association of Dental Students (UNECD)  (13). This movement covers all 16 dental faculties and teaching hospitals in France. A first protest was organized on the January 27th, 2017 by the UNECD and the FSDL. A second protest was organized before the publication of the Arbitrary Judgment on 3 rd March. It was supported by 10,000 dental professionals  (14). The strike endured for 2 months, affecting 90% of dental students. The main complaints from the students were that preventive and conservative treatments were not being sufficiently funded by the NHI, and that a restorative based practice was being favored instead of comprehensive health outcomes focused payment system.
According to the SNIIRAM database (  17 ) the cap on dental prosthesis procedures proposed by the previous government was roughly equal to the average fee charged by French dentists. (Table  2 ) In the 5-year budget for the next convention, additional funds of €800 million have been identified by the NHI to increase conservative and preventive treatments in the new negotiations, with the costs of this falling on the NHI and CHI's. However, OOP payments for dental prosthesis procedures in France sum to €3 billion a year  (19). Thus, the aforementioned reform is likely to lead to either a limited number of procedures eligible for full coverage, or will require procedural fees to be adjusted to well below the value of those currently charged by dentists, in order to keep the reform affordable for a Social Security.
Electrochemistry Dichloromethane (HPLC grade) and tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAP, electrochemical grade, Fluka was recrystallised from ethanol). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed in a three-electrode cell equipped with a platinum milli-electrode, a platinum wire counter-electrode and a silver wire used as a quasi-reference electrode. The electrochemical experiments were carried out under a dry and oxygen-free atmosphere (H2O < 1 ppm, O2 < 1 ppm) in CH2Cl2 with TBAP (0. 1 M) as the support electrolyte. The voltammograms were recorded on a potentiostat/galvanostat (BioLogic -SP150) driven by the EC-Lab software with positive feedback compensation. Based on repetitive measurements, absolute errors on potentials were estimated to be » ± 5 mV. All the potential reported below, were calibrated versus Ferrocene/Ferrocenium oxidation potential (+0.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge support from the  Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research  ( FNRS -PDR T. 0058. 14 ). B. C. kindly acknowledges support from the  FRS-FNRS (Belgian National Scientific Research Fund)  for the  POLYGRAD  Project  22333186. B. C. is a FRS-FNRS Research Fellow. P. S. acknowledges also the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  through the  LabEx CSC  ( ANR-10-LABX-0026_CSC ) and the  International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC). The work in the.
Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials was supported by the  European Commission / Région Wallonne  ( FEDER -BIORGEL  project), the  Interuniversity Attraction Pole program of the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office  ( PAI 7/05 ), the  Programme d'Excellence de la Région Wallonne  ( OPTI2MAT  project), the  Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif (CÉCI) , funded by the  Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique (F. R. S. -FNRS)  under Grant No. 2. 5020. 11 ,and  FRS-FNRS. J. C. is a FNRS Research Director.
MRI acquisition. Data were acquired on a whole-body 7 T Magnetom MR system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). 23 Na-MRI was acquired using a dual-tuned  23  Na/ 1 H QED birdcage coil and a multi-echo density adapted 3D projection reconstruction pulse sequence (TR = 120 ms, 10000 spokes, 384 radial samples per spoke, radial fraction p of 0. 32, 500 us hard RF pulse, bandwidth 200 Hz/pixel, 3. 5 mm nominal isotropic resolution, 8 echoes, acquisition time = 20 min). To ensure a sufficient number and distribution of TEs, especially for measuring T 2 * short , while taking into account the 5 ms readout of the sequence, we applied the sequence three times in one exam in order to obtain 24 TEs ranging from 0. 3 ms to 100 ms (Run 1: 0. Pre-processing. Sodium images were reconstructed offline in Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA) using a Kaiser-Bessel gridding method  29  leading to a full 3D data set for each individual, at each echo time (See Fig.
For each reference tube for each individual, we obtained the value of M0 and the time of transverse relaxation (T 2 *) for a given tube across the 24 TEs, through monoexponential fitting via MATLAB (R2012a, MathWorks) (Fig. 2b ). We then model a linear relationship between obtained M0 and known concentrations across all tubes (Fig. 2c ), which can be applied to parameters estimated from the biexponential model of in vivo data (M0 SF and M0 LF , Fig. 2a ). As such, the apparent concentrations equivalent to a given level of magnetization was obtained, yielding quantitative estimates (Na SF and Na LF ) for each brain ROI. Note that given that we have dynamic information in the form of the curve of signal intensity across TEs, we can hypothesize that at the longest TEs, the major signal contributors will be the slowest relaxing/most motile pools.