dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Summary and discussion We described the improved algorithm for high-resolution temperature and air density profiling using bichromatic scintillation measurements. This method allows temperature profiling in the altitude range 10-32 km with a vertical resolution of ∼ 250 m and accuracy in the stratosphere of 1-3 K. The main difference of the FSP v. 1 retrieval algorithm compared to ESA nominal processing is the Bayesian regularization of time delay profiles, which improves retrievals for oblique occultations and at lower altitudes. The retrieval algorithm is applied to the whole GOMOS/Envisat dataset, and the new GOMOS HRTP FSP v1 dataset is now available. The best accuracy is achieved for vertical occultations of bright stars. The uncertainty of HRTP retrievals depends weakly on stellar brightness.
, 2001) , thus also allowing acceptable temperature retrievals from GOMOS scintillation measurements at altitudes below 25 km. HRTPs can be assimilated into atmospheric models, used in studies of stratospheric clouds and used in analysis of internal gravity wave activity. As an illustration of application of HRTPs for gravity wave research, GW potential energy has been evaluated using the GOMOS HRTP dataset. The obtained spatiotemporal distributions of GW potential energy are in good agreement with previous analyses using other datasets. This paper is dedicated mainly to the retrievals, validation and geophysical assessment of small-scale fluctuations in the retrieved GOMOS high-resolution temperature profiles. However, HRTPs can be smoothed down to lower resolution, and used in other analyses, including analyses of temperature trends, with a combination of 10-year GOMOS HRTP data and other limb profile temperature measurements.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank  ESA  for the GOMOS data and support through a dedicated project on the improvement of HRTP data. We thank the whole GOMOS team for many years of fruitful collaboration. The work of  Viktoria F. Sofieva  has been supported by the  Academy of Finland ,  Centre of Excellence of Inverse Modelling and Imaging. The work of  Valery Kan  has been supported by the  Russian Foundation for Basic Research , grant  16-05-00358. We thank the  Academy of Finland , project  TT-AVA , for supporting the collaboration between FMI and the  A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russia. The authors thank the FMI summer student  Teemu Tiinanen  for his contribution to HRTP analyses. Edited by: Thomas von Clarmann Reviewed by: two anonymous referees.
We acknowledge Dra. María Giménez (Inorg. Chem. Department, USC) for discussion and critical reading of the manuscript. This work has received financial support from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain) under project No. MAT2016-80762-R, MAT2017-82970-C2-R, PGC2018-101334-A-C22, Xunta de Galicia (Centro singular de investigación de Galicia accreditation 2016-2019, ED431G/09), the European Union (European Regional Development Fund-ERDF) and the European Commission through the Horizon H2020 funding by H2020-MSCA-RISE-2016-Project No. 734187-SPICOLOST. This project has received funding from the European's Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 823717 -ESTEEM3. The microscopy works have been conducted in the Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) at Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA)-Universidad de Zaragoza.
Acknowledgments. - - We acknowledge Dra. María Giménez (Inorg. Chem. Department, USC) for discussion and critical reading of the manuscript. This work has received financial support from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain) under project No. MAT2016-80762-R, MAT2017-82970-C2-R, PGC2018-101334-A-C22, Xunta de Galicia (Centro singular de investigación de Galicia accreditation 2016-2019, ED431G/09), the European Union (European Regional Development Fund-ERDF) and the European Commission through the Horizon H2020 funding by H2020-MSCA-RISE-2016-Project No. 734187-SPICOLOST. This project has received funding from the European's Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 823717 -ESTEEM3. The microscopy works have been conducted in the Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) at Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA)-Universidad de Zaragoza.
sib-mating are needed to reach a heterozygosity rate-< 1% and 36 generations to reach (almost) complete isogeneity. 2  Isogeneity implies histocompatibility, meaning the strains are syngeneic. Syngeneic animals will permanently accept tissue transplants from any individual of the same strain and sex. Unlike cloned animals and monozygotic twins (which are 100% identical for all genomic loci), inbred rodents, besides being isogenic, are also homozygous at almost all genomic loci. Overall, each inbred strain represents a unique, although fortuitous, assortment of alleles. 3 If a strain were to be remade from scratch, using the same founders, after the same 20 generations of inbreeding it would create a genetically distinct strain due to the random assortment and fixation of alleles. Baseline phenotypic data for the most common inbred mouse strains are available through a coordinated international effort initiated by The Jackson Laboratory and implemented through The Mouse Phenome Database (http://phenome.
An overview on the importance of nomenclature can be found in the 'FELASA guidelines for the production and nomenclature of transgenic rodents'. 27 A name designed according to the international nomenclature rules is the only means to unambiguously distinguish strains from each other. This is important when the same strain is held in different facilities around the world and/or they are listed in archives and databases. Further, it is imperative that strains be properly described in publications using a universal nomenclature. Without a common nomenclature, it becomes impossible to accurately communicate scientific results. Vague or incomplete names create errors rendering experiments irreproducible.
The MGI webpage has comprehensive SSLP information, including primer sequences and size variations in bp for several inbred mouse strains (http://www. informatics. jax. org/marker). A collection of mapped, highly polymorphic, SSLP markers for inbred laboratory rat strains is available in The National BioResource Project -Rat database and is linked to the Map Report of the Rat Genome Database (RGD) (http:// rgd. mcw. edu). See Supplementary Table  2  for the complete list of online resources for laboratory mouse and rat strains. SNP genotyping is an alternative to microsatellites that is now widely used for GeMo. SNP genotyping is inexpensive and can be performed in most research institutions or outsourced. SNPs are the most common genetic variation and exist in both coding and non-coding regions.
Interpreting SSLP data is straightforward. Because inbred animals are isogenic and homozygous, they will present only one band in the electrophoresis gel, representing a single allele, when genotyped for a particular SSLP. The presence of any heterozygosity, indicated by two bands, or bands that do not coincide with those of the strain control DNA, should be considered as indicating potential strain contamination (Figure  2 ). How frequently colony strain identity should be evaluated depends on the size of the colony, the generation interval, etc. Generally, testing once every two years is reasonable for a facility maintaining a small number of colonies well-separated in terms of coat colour, and with low numbers of importations. Using a small panel of SNPs. For GeMo purposes only, 40 polymorphic SNPs, evenly distributed across the chromosomes is a reasonable number for detecting recent genetic contamination (this suggestion should be modified dependent on the conditions or risks in each facility).
When using or requesting microarray genotyping services, be aware that only a percentage of the SNPs will be polymorphic between the strains under analysis (e. g. , c. 40% for some classical inbred strain combinations). Information regarding which alleles (C, G, A or T) to expect for a particular SNP/strain combination, and their genomic location are available for hundreds of thousands of SNPs and for the common mouse and rat inbred strains in easily accessed databases and genome browsers (Supplementary Table  2 ). GeMo of outbred colonies. GeMo of outbred stocks is much more complex, because these animals are not genetically uniform. Outbred colonies are essentially a group of closely related animals, with shared ancestors and group identity, but that exhibit some level of genetic heterozygosity.
Analyses This was a retrospective analysis of data from phase 2/3 clinical trials. For the purposes of this analysis, female participants were stratified according to whether they were receiving OCP (yes, no) or HRT (yes, no) for ≥7 days during treatment with EBR/GZR in the original treatment study. Efficacy and safety comparisons were made between participants who were and those who were not receiving OCP/HRT. Efficacy analyses included all eligible participants who received ≥1 dose of study (the full analysis set). A supportive analysis is also described that was based on the modified full analysis set population, which excluded participants who discontinued from the trial for reasons unrelated to the study drug. Safety analyses included all participants who received ≥1 dose of study medication.
C-EDGE Head-2-Head (NCT02358044/PN077)  29  TN/TE/GT1 or GT4 71 ( C-SALT (NCT02115321/PN059)  32  Noncirrhotic, TN/TE/GT1 4 (0. 4) A total of 1,022 women with HCV GT1 or GT4 infection who received EBR/GZR for 12 weeks were included in the full analysis set, including 81 participants receiving OCP/HRT (75 [92. 6%] of whom were on OCP/HRT for the complete 12 weeks of treatment), and 941 women not receiving OCP/HRT. Concomitant therapies used by the 81 women receiving OCP/HRT are listed in Table  S1. There were a total of 100 reports of OCP/HRT use among the 81 women who received OCP/ HRT (who included those who may have stopped and restarted therapy and therefore had >1 record of OCP/ HRT use). The most common reasons for use of OCP/ HRT medications were contraception (n=45), hormone replacement therapy (n=21), vaginitis/vaginal atrophy/ vaginal dryness (n=7), and uterine bleeding (n=5).
Discussion Data from this retrospective, post hoc analysis indicate that the safety and efficacy profile of EBR/GZR administered for 12 weeks is generally unaffected by concomitant OCP/HRT. SVR12 rates were >95% regardless of OCP/HRT administration. Excluding participants who did not have a virologic outcome, SVR12 was achieved by 97. 5% of those receiving and those not receiving OCP/HRT. The safety profile of EBR/GZR in women receiving OCP/HRT was also generally similar to that in women not receiving OCP/HRT. Drugrelated serious AEs were reported only by women not receiving OCP/HRT. Young adults represent a rapidly growing segment of the population with new HCV infection, driven largely by the increasing parenteral use of recreational drugs. Treatments for HCV infection therefore require continual re-evaluation to ensure that they meet the requirements of this changing epidemiology.
Acknowledgment We extend our gratitude to the participants, their families, investigators, and site personnel who participated in this study. Medical writing and editorial assistance was provided by Tim Ibbotson, PhD, of ApotheCom, Yardley, PA, and funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. , a subsidiary of Merck & Co. , Inc. , Kenilworth, NJ, USA (MSD). The trials included in this integrated analysis were sponsored and funded in full by MSD. MSD contributed to the trial design, study execution and management, data collection, and statistical analyses of the original treatment studies, and also conducted the integrated analysis described in this report. Portions of the data described in the manuscript were previously presented at The International Liver Congress; April   International Journal of Women's Health.
1) 11 (13. 6) or GT4 C-EDGE IBLD (NCT02252016/PN065) 23 TN/TE/GT1 or GT4 31 (3. 3) 6 (7. 4) C-CORAL (NCT02251990/PN067) 31 Asia-Pacific; TN/GT1 or GT4 228 (24. 2) 13 (16. 0) C-EDGE Treatment-Experienced (NCT02105701/ TE/GT1 or GT4 34 (3. 6) 5 (6. 2) PN068) 20.
87, 88 Although several nations are conducting systematic surveys, international cooperation and data intercomparability are lacking. A successful program, in this regard, is the Polar Earth Observing Network (POLENET), which has led to advances in knowledge of lithospheric properties through a combination of satellite, airborne, and ground-based measurements (Q. 37 and Q. 38). 89, 90 This network of sensors is investigating systems-scale interactions of the solid earth, the cryosphere, the oceans, and the atmosphere. These measurements evaluate ice-sheet ''budgets'' to better understand polar ice-sheet contributions to global sea levels. Progress in accessing climate records in subglacial environments is limited (Q. 34). Attempts have been made to advance drilling technologies to access sub-ice targets  91, 92  , but none have achieved routine use.
Ice coring is internationally coordinated  93  and, while these activities focus on retrieving ice samples for paleoclimate records, access to and sampling of the underlying bed are essential for validating models. 94 A rock-coring project to extend records of climate to the interior of the continent remains an aspiration. 95 Progress has been made in collecting proxy data from oceanic coring. 96 The challenge will be to integrate oceanic geological records with those from the interior of the continent, providing a more complete and varied record of past climates. Existing data would be more impactful if they were organized within multi-disciplinary frameworks. Promisingly, international collaborations are emerging to use radar to investigate ice-sheet internal structure. 97 These efforts will advance understanding of geothermal heat flux, gaining knowledge of geological processes and their impact on ice flow.
Review projects are making data widely available. 99 Improvements in numerical modeling of geological processes are essential. 100 hile vital to quantitative knowledge, and the only means to forecast future responses, models are currently limited by definition of inputs and the availability of validating datasets, such as those discussed above, beneath Antarctic ice sheets and in the interior of the continent. Other important questions have emerged since the Scan, including detecting and quantifying the presence of groundwater in Antarctica. 101 Projects are underway to make the first measurements; however, the geological and glaciological significance of continental groundwater remains unknown.
21, 23 In contrast to direct physical access, the ability to view the globe from satellites, and with airborne sensors, has revolutionized Earth, and at the same time Antarctic, science. 201 Observations support the development, refinement, and calibration of Earth system models for forecasting futures. For the Antarctic, improved models are needed that accurately represent key elements of the Antarctic system, including the atmosphere, the ocean, sea ice, ice sheets and shelves, the solid earth beneath the ice and sea, and the biota and ecosystems within; and the interactions, couplings, and feedbacks between these spheres. Underpinning observations are process studies that further inform model development and parametrization while also serving as validating datasets. There are a range of activities addressing the need for Earth system observations, model development, and process studies, including the Group on Earth Observations (GEO),  202  the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) of the World Meteorological Organization,  203  the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO),  204  national space agencies (e.
g. , US National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Observations [NEO]  205  and the European Space Agency Observing the Earth  206  ), the SCAR programs described above, and others. As an intrinsic part of the Earth system, a commitment to an ambitious and sustained Antarctic research plan going forward is essential, including: d Gathering multi-year data via integrated region-wide suites of autonomous instruments monitoring surface to lower stratosphere atmospheric state, turbulent and radiative fluxes, and atmospheric composition to advance atmospheric and climate models. d Enhancing observations of the Southern Ocean, in tandem with atmospheric observing systems above, via an integrated observing system that illuminates the ''blind spot'' in present ocean observing efforts below sea ice and floating ice shelves and on the Antarctic continental shelf, delivering the process-level understanding needed to clarify the vulnerabilities of the Antarctic ice sheet and sea ice to ocean change.
Review  Exploring the role of civic epistemologies in driving interactions within the complex network of organizations in Antarctica to better understand why scientific agreement on climate change fails to stimulate political action. d Improving messaging of Antarctic urgencies to diverse audiences by exploring the use of augmented and virtual reality and artificial intelligence in communicating complex scientific datasets and concepts to immerse people in a region of the planet most will never visit. d Utilizing big data via supercomputing and artificial intelligence to better understand human decision making and behavior using agent-based models and how this applies to Antarctic science communication. d Exploring the role of ''surveillance capitalism'' and ''predictive economies of action'' concepts in the context of Antarctic data economies, including how data are collected and used to influence and manipulate human behavior.
33 It has been postulated that east-west displacements of the location of the springtime Antarctic ozone minimum could be responsible for regional climate variations during the austral springtime. 34 Projections of future Southern Hemisphere climate change, due to the recovery of the Ozone Hole, may be more impactful than currently thought. Ozone data for 2018/19 and predictions for the future can be found at "The 2018 Antarctic Ozone Hole Season" web page. 35 There is growing evidence that declines in lower stratospheric ozone can offset ozone layer recovery. 36 ncreases in global emissions of CFC-111 are also being observed. 37 Linkages between changes in sea ice and recovering ozone levels have been reported. 38.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS M. C. K. acknowledges the contributions of all those who contributed to the original Horizon Scan and  Antarctic Roadmap Challenges  projects and to the research that has since been done to address their outcomes. The  Tinker Foundation  played a significant role through partial funding of the original projects and support of the  Tinker-Muse Prize for Science and Policy in Antarctica. M. C. K. and S. L. C. acknowledge the editing and review assistance of  Lucy Klein  of  Monash University.
The representation of orographic drag remains a major source of uncertainty for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. Its accuracy depends on contributions from both the model grid-scale orography (GSO) and the subgrid-scale orography (SSO). Different models use different source orography datasets and different methodologies to derive these orography fields. This study presents the first comparison of orography fields across several operational global NWP models. It also investigates the sensitivity of an orographic drag parameterisation to the inter-model spread in SSO fields and the resulting implications for representing the northern hemisphere winter circulation in a NWP model. The inter-model spread in both the GSO and the SSO fields is found to be considerable. This is due to differences in the underlying source dataset employed and in the manner in which this dataset is processed (in particular how it is smoothed and interpolated) to generate the model fields.
The representation of orographic drag A model's representation of orographic drag depends on the source orography dataset and on how this dataset is processed to generate the GSO and SSO fields; the model's dynamical core, grid type, numerics and resolution; and the orographic drag parameterisation schemes employed, and how these schemes have been tuned to optimise forecast skill or to constrain the model climate  (Sandu et al. 2013 , Hourdin et al. 2017). As discussed in Section 1, models commonly represent subgrid-scale orographic drag using more than one parameterisation scheme, reflecting the range of spatial scales and processes responsible. In this study, we only focus on the orographic drag exerted on stably stratified flow by mountains with horizontal scales larger than 5 km, through low-level blocking and higher-level gravity wave drag associated with the breaking of vertically propagating mountain gravity waves.
The grid-scale and subgrid-scale orography fields The GSO and SSO fields are generated from the source orography dataset in the manner depicted and described in Figure  1. Note that whilst this methodology is generally consistent across the models, the exact order of the smoothing and interpolation procedures, as well as the strength of the smoothing filters, are model dependent. The source data used by the models in this study are for the most part from three different digital elevation models (DEMs), all with a horizontal grid spacing of 30 arc seconds (~1 km at mid latitudes). These are the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission dataset (SRTM30) from The National Aeronautics and Space Administration; the Global Land One-km Base Elevation dataset (GLOBE) from The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and the Global 30 Arc-Second Elevation dataset (GTOPO30) from United States Geological Survey.
However, the coarsest resolution model -the GDPS -employs a smoothing filter of comparable strength to those used by the MetUM and ARPEGE, yet exhibits similar global mean stdev. Such apparent discrepancies are evidently a consequence of other model differences, for example differences in source orography dataset (see Figure  6 ), model grid type (in particular, the Yin-Yang grid used in the GDPS is notably unique here), source orography pre-filtering, interpolation methodologies, approaches to avoid erroneously large stdev values associated with steep gradients in the source orography, and the algorithms used to derive the orographic fields. The relative importance of each of these differences is the subject of ongoing work. Preliminary results indicate that differences in both the source orography dataset and in the smoothing functions employed have significant impacts on the resultant model orography fields.
Conclusions In the first major model comparison of the grid-scale orography (GSO) and subgrid-scale orography (SSO) fields used in global NWP models, notable inter-model variability is found across six operational models. This variability stems from several different sources. The global mean of the standard deviation of SSO (the stdev SSO field) -a measure of the degree to which orography is parameterized or resolved -is evidently correlated with model resolution, though this relationship is shown to be far from linear, revealing the importance of other factors such as model grid type, fidelity of the source orography dataset and the manner in which this dataset is processed to derive the GSO and SSO fields. In particular, there is considerable variation in the degree and type of smoothing applied.