dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data and code availability Statistical analysis was performed in the R programming environment using the SJEMEA package  [31]. Data files containing the spike times from all recordings analysed here were stored in the HDF5 format using the framework created for spontaneous activity in retinal recordings  [32]. The only addition to the framework was a new metadata item /meta/region containing either the phrase 'CTX' or 'HPC' depending on the network type. All data files and analysis code relating to this paper are freely available  [33]. This includes all the material required to regenerate the figures and table in this article.
Data collection protocol Data were collected by teams of two to five researchers and students, including at least one Vietnamese researcher. All of them had a veterinary or animal production degree and did not have any relationship with interviewed participants. All interview team members were previously trained using PE approaches  (Mariner and Paskin, 2000). Interviewees were always informed of the purpose of the study and could stop the interview whenever they wanted. Financial indemnities were provided to participants in compensation of the time lost for their normal activities. Relevant amounts of indemnities to provide to participants were evaluated with the help of veterinary authorities: 2. 4 USD/interview in HD, and 4. 8 USD/interview in LA and DN (conversion rate: 1 U. S. dollar (USD) = 21 000 Vietnam Dong).
Names and contact details of interviewees were kept in a secured database only accessible to the research team. All the interviews were conducted in Vietnamese language. Most interviews involved at least one foreign researcher, either as interviewer and/or note-taker. In such case, one of the Vietnamese researchers directly translated interviewee's responses to him. Questions and responses were directly noted during the interview. Focus group interviews were conducted in official places (commune People's Committee office, district veterinary station, village communal house). Individual interviews were conducted in the private houses or workplaces of participants. In LA, interviews of poultry farmers were all conducted in the commune People's Committee office, as requested by the provincial authorities.
Degree of agreement between interviewees and groups of interviewees' rankings and scores obtained by PP was assessed by nonparametric Kendall test of concordance  (Legendre, 2005) , using kendall. global function of vegan package  (Oksanen et al. , 2014). Statistical significance of the Kendall coefficient was shown by permutation test. Results from the adapted conjoint analysis method were analysed considering the stated likelihoods of action as probabilities of choice. Being collected following distinct interview processes according to each individual case, data were analysed individually. To allow for the statistical estimation of utility coefficients of the different scenario attributes with standard statistical package, each individual probability gathered through PP was simulated as resulting from a mock sample (n = 100 for the each scenario).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all the participants who contributed to the different field studies. They address a particular greeting to the subdepartments of animal health of  Hải Dương ,  Dồng Nai  and  Long An  provinces for their support. This study involved an active cooperation between CIRAD, the  Hanoi University of Agriculture , the  Nông Lâm University  and the  National Institute of Veterinary Research of Vietnam. It was performed within the framework of the  GREASE regional network  for emerging disease management in South-East Asia and the  CIRAD REVASIA research programme  (methods for evaluation of disease surveillance systems). This study was cofunded by  CIRAD  and the  French Development Agency (AFD).
Introduction The discovery of mixing between generations of neutrinos  [1]  has established that at least two of the neutrinos have small non-zero masses. A unique feature of neutrinos compared to other fermions in the Standard Model (SM) is that neutrinos could be their own anti-particles, so-called Majorana fermions. If this is realised in nature, then the unusually low mass scale of the light neutrinos could be generated by a seesaw mechanism  [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]  which would imply the existence of yet unobserved heavy Majorana neutrino states. The nature of Majorana neutrinos would explicitly allow for lepton number violation. In this paper, a search is presented for heavy Majorana neutrinos using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The data sample was collected in 2012 during √ s = 8 TeV pp collisions and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.
Results in the LRSM signal region The observed and expected numbers of events for the LRSM signal regions are shown in table  5. There are no excesses observed above the expected numbers of background events. The LRSM signal is expected to produce a peak in the invariant mass of the decay products of the heavy gauge boson. This would be observed in the invariant mass distribution m j( j) (m j j( j j) ) in the W R (Z ) signal regions, as described in section 4. The observed and predicted distributions are shown in figures 9 and 10. Binned likelihood fits are performed to the invariant mass distributions and the profile-likelihood test statistic is used to assess the compatibility of the data with the background-only and signal-plusbackground hypotheses. No significant excess is observed in the data compared to the background expectation and 95% CL upper limits on the cross-section of the production of heavy gauge bosons decaying to heavy neutrinos within the LRSM are set using the CL s method.
The limits are stronger in the µµ channel at low heavy neutrino mass, due to the higher signal acceptance discussed in Section 4. 5. As the efficiency of the LRSM signal is low in the ee channel for m V R m N , the limit in this region is weaker. Finally the case where two degenerate neutrinos are present is investigated, leading to events expected in both the ee and µµ channels. The expected limits for this scenario are slightly stronger than either of the individual channel scenarios. The sharp changes in the expected and observed limits visible in figure  11  originate from the interpolation between the limited number of mass points for which the limits are extracted. Table  5 : Total event yields measured in data and predicted for signal and background processes in the LRSM signal regions.
Conclusions The proton-proton collision data sample with a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected by ATLAS with an integrated luminosity of 20. 3 fb -1 has been used to search for the production of heavy Majorana neutrinos. The selected events contain two same-sign charged leptons and high-p T jets. Two final selection criteria were used to provide sensitivity to two different benchmark models, the first being a minimal extension of the SM, mTISM, and the second being a left-right symmetric extension of the SM, LRSM. The background expectation in the signal regions is estimated using a combination of data-driven methods and MC simulation. No significant excess of events is observed above the SM background, and limits are set for each model. In the framework of a mTISM, limits are set on the cross-section times branching ratio and the mixing between heavy neutrinos and SM neutrinos as a function of the heavy neutrino mass.
Acknowledgements We thank  CERN  for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of  ANPCyT , Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia;  ARC, Australia ;  BMWFW  and  FWF , Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus;  CNPq  and  FAPESP, Brazil ;  NSERC ,  NRC  and  CFI ,  Canada ; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS,  MOST  and  NSFC , China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF,  DNSRC  and  Lundbeck Foundation , Denmark; EPLANET,  ERC  and  NSRF ,  European Union ;  IN2P3-CNRS ,  CEA-DSM/IRFU , France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF,  DFG ,  HGF ,  MPG  and  AvH Foundation, Germany ;  GSRT  and  NSRF, Greece ;  RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China ;  ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel ;  INFN, Italy ;  MEXT  and  JSPS, Japan ; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and  NWO, Netherlands ;  BRF  and  RCN, Norway ;  MNiSW  and  NCN , Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania;  MES of Russia  and  NRC KI , Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain;  SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ;  SER ,  SNSF  and  Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland ;  NSC, Taiwan ;  TAEK, Turkey ;  STFC , the  Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust ,  United Kingdom ;  DOE  and  NSF ,  United States of America.
Bench test conclusions A detailed analysis of the actuator laboratory test data has been performed, and a summary of the main results and observations is presented below: 1) An acceptable homogeneity is observed between the eight actuators of each type in terms of peak velocity, frequency response, and input voltage response. 2) An evaluation of velocity distribution profiles for slot width and length (not presented) has been performed, showing a constant blowing velocity along the slot length for all actuator types. 3) Actuator bench tests assessed the performance of each actuator. The results are also used to choose the proper input parameters to prepare the wind tunnel test matrix and to control the actuators during the wind tunnel test. In particular for each actuator type, a) Steady blowing: mass flow rate to obtain the desired output peak velocity and momentum coefficient; b) Unsteady blowing: mass flow rate (output peak velocity and momentum coefficient), achievable frequency range, and minimum dutycycle achievable; and c) Synthetic jets: input voltage, actuation frequency, and input signal shape to obtain the desired output peak velocity and momentum coefficient.
A good consistency between the different actuation results is demonstrated. 4) For fuselage nose-down angles of attack, the reference flow is characterized by a "vortex flow" topology and the highest drag reductions are obtained using the four-side-slot configuration. 5) For fuselage nose-up angles of attack, the baseline flow is defined as an "eddy flow" and the highest drag reductions are achieved for the four-bottom-slot configuration. 6) The highest drag reductions obtained for the vortex flow are accompanied by a decrease of the fuselage downforce, whereas selected control schemes for eddy flow control are responsible for an increase of the fuselage downforce. This comprehensive experimental database has not been fully analyzed, including data such as unsteady pressure measurements on the fuselage backdoor and tail boom.
Data We obtained annual whooping cough mandatory notifications from the National Epidemiological Surveillance System (Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Chile) and from Epidemiological Statistics Yearbooks (Department of Statistics and Health Information, Ministry of Health, Chile). These data are freely available at the Ministry Web Site (http://www. deis. cl/). Definitions of cases are as followed; i) suspected case: a cough case having at least two weeks, with one of the following symptoms: paroxysms of coughing, inspiratory whoop, post tussive vomiting without other apparent cause, or cough of shorter duration if the features of the clinical case are depicted. In neonates and infants under 6 months, respiratory infection that causes apneas; ii) confirmed case: a suspected case that is laboratory confirmed or epidemiologically linked by the laboratory and iii) compatible or clinical case: suspected case which could not be demonstrated or confirmed by epidemiological association or confirmed at the laboratory.
Periodicity estimates We used wavelet time series analysis for detecting the pertussis incidence periodicity  [17]. This statistical methodology is well suited for extracting the relative weights of the different periodic components of a time series and their variation over time. Prior to conducting wavelet analyses, the time series data were log e transformed and differenced in order to use the per capita rate of change of incidence as the response variable. We employed a continuous Morlet wavelet transform to the time series implemented in the dplR library in the R program (R Development Core Team 2008). In addition, we analyzed particular periods using a simple spectral density estimation implemented in the stat library in the R program (R Development Core Team 2008). More technical details on wavelet analysis are given in the Technical Appendix.
Acknowledgments We thank to the  Chilean Ministry of Health  and all the people of the  Department of Epidemiology of the mentioned Ministry  and  T. Q. Tan ,  C. H. Wirsing von Koenig  and  J Gaillat  for their helpful comments and criticisms to the manuscript. This study was supported by  Fondo Basal-CONICYT  grant  FB-0002  and  Proyecto Fondecyt Regular 1141164.
Cell Tracking 1. For each time of the movie, perform z-stack projection through the ecart-type mode in ImageJ. Modulate the contrast and the brightness levels of the successive images to facilitate the identification and the tracking of labeled GCs. Map manually each position on the reference snapshot (at t = 0). 1. Use the "Manual tracking" plugin in the Analyse Particle Menu and determine by clicking the gravity point of each cell body during timelapse. Export the raw tracking data in a spreadsheet. 2. Reorganize the exported raw tracking data from ImageJ with a smart home-made program (http://primacen. fr, written in PHP code) that identify each cell and associated positions. Using the program, calculate the total traveled distance and the average speed of migration for each cell. Classify and compare characteristics of cell migration in control and treatment conditions under appropriate filters using the same program.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , the  Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN) ,  Inserm ,  IBiSA , the  University of Rouen , the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF -PeReNE ,  Interreg   4A ), the  LARC-Neurosciences Network  and the  Région Haute-Normandie.
They could thus be used for comparisons and quality control purposes to ensure data compatibility through a monitoring network. Regardless of the benefits listed above, these optical technologies cannot be used to measure yet atmospheric SF 6 mole fractions, which is the fourth anthropic GHG in terms of radiative forcing. In addition, most of these new technologies need to be continuously flushed, which makes it difficult to analyze flasks, in contrast to the GC systems, which employ discrete samples and can analyze four or five species simultaneously (van der  Laan et al. , 2009b). Studies of optical technologies are still progressing, and as noted above, these new technologies are very promising, particularly for a dense monitoring network, such as the European infrastructure ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System), which is dedicated to high precision monitoring of greenhouse gases over Europe.
Atmospheric conditions at the Puy de Dôme station Meteorological parameters are monitored at the station, including wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. A wind shadow area between 300 and 360 • is clearly observed in the wind direction due to the build- data was 3. 4 ± 4. 3 m s -1 , the wind speed measured by the sensor was higher because the sensor is located at a higher elevation than the grid cell used for the ECMWF extraction (1465 m a. s. l. compared to 575 m a. s. l. ). Therefore the wind speed from the meteorological sensor was used to correct the ECMWF data. The PBL height and the wind direction from ECMWF were interpolated using a linear regression fit to obtain a one-hour time resolution. Regarding meteorological parameters, the Puy de Dôme station is primarily influenced by winds from a south-west direction (48.
A typical method is presented in Table  1  and corresponds to one analysis of a chosen sample. Table  2 summarizes   The FID and µECD signals (chromatograms) are expressed in pA and Hz, respectively. The peak integrations (area and height) of the different chromatograms are automatically computed by the Chemstation software at the end of each method and the integration results are stored in ". txt" files. The repeatability of our GC system (see Sect. 3. 2) is improved when the peak areas for CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O and the peak heights for SF 6 are used. Once a day, the integration results are transferred to and stored in the LSCE database via ftp, and the mole fractions of the analyzed samples are automatically calculated. Three to five times each week, the GC system performance is controlled via a graphical application by a trained operator (see Sect.
The calibration is performed twice a year by analyzing each calibration cylinder 30 times for 10 min. Data are then corrected using a quadratic fit. Ambient air is pumped from the roof to the instrument through a 3/8 in decabon line. The air is dried by passing through a glass trap maintained in a cold ethanol bath (see Sect. 3. 1). Ambient air is analyzed for 50 min following the analysis of a reference cylinder for 10 min. The NDIR spectrometer was replaced by a CRDS analyser in April 2011.
3. 1. 3, and the results are stored in the same database. is a radioactive noble gas (T 1/2 = 3. 8 days) and is part of the radioactive decay chain of uranium-238. Uranium-238 in the earth's crust results in the emission of 222 Rn by the earth's surface. Atmospheric radon-222 activity has been monitored at Puy de Dôme station since 2002. The analyzer is based on the active deposit method, which consists of alpha decay counting of 222 Rn s solid short-lived daughters: 218 Po, 214 Pb and 214 Bi. The measurement technique has been described in detail by Polian et al. (1986) or Biraud et al. (2000). To avoid the loss of the solid 222 Rn daughters, the inlet line is a 6 m straight metal tube 35 mm in diameter. During the first years of measurements, the inlet line was frequently contaminated by room air and only measurements after October 2006 can be used.
AMTD AMTD AMTD Acknowledgements. The authors thank the  LaMP team  for weekly maintenance of the station and weekly flask sampling. We also acknowledge the support provided by the  RAMCES group at LSCE  for regular maintenance of the analyzer and for data management. We thank the  ECWMF  and  I. Pison  for providing and extracting the meteorological conditions at the  Puy de Dôme pixel. We also want to thank  I. Levin  and  U. Karstens  for providing and sharing the European 222 Rn map emissions. We used the marine boundary layer reference kindly provided by  E. Dlugokencky  and  K. Masarie  from  NOAA. The authors acknowledge the  Regional Council of Auvergne  for the financial support. This work was partly funded by the  InGOS EU  project ( 284274 ).
Phylogenetic analysis For phylogenetic analysis, Blastp searches were performed using the protein sequences of A. thaliana VTE5 (At5g04490) and FOLK (At5g58560) as queries against the tomato genome (http://solgenomics. net). Homologous sequences from other plant species were retrieved by Blastp from the Phytozome database (http://phytozome. jgi. doe. gov/pz/portal. html). Nicotiana benthamiana sequences were obtained from the Sol Genomics Network database (http://solgenomics. net). The sequences were aligned using the MUSCLE package available in the MEGA 5. 0 software with default parameters  (Tamura et al. , 2007) , and Neighbor-Joining phylogenies with 5000 bootstrap replications were created with the distances calculated according to the best model indicated by MEGA 5. 0.
Identification of the folk-1 tomato mutant by TILLING Mutations in SlFOLK were identified by screening an EMSmutagenized tomato population  (Just et al. , 2013)  essentially as described in  Okabe et al. (2011). TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions In Genomes) unlabeled external primers and internal primers 5′ labeled with IRDye 700 and IRDye 800 dye are listed in Supplementary Table  S1  at JXB online. Induced point mutations were identified using the mismatch-specific endonuclease ENDO 1. Digested DNA fragments were separated on a Li-Cor DNA analyzer (LI-Cor, Lincoln, NE, USA). The mutation analysis was performed using PARSESNP  (Taylor and Greene, 2003)  and SIFT  (Ng and Henikoff, 2003)  software. Homozygous mutant plants were identified by sequencing of the tilled M 3 family. Phenotypic characterization was performed in M 4 plants homozygous for the folk-1 allele using the corresponding segregating individuals homozygous for the FOLK wild-type allele as control genotype.
qPCR analysis RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were performed as described by  Quadrana et al. (2013). Primer sequences are listed in Supplementary Table  S1  at JXB online. qPCRs were performed in a 7500 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) using 2× SYBR Green Master Mix reagent (Applied Biosystems). Expression values were normalized against the geometric mean of two reference genes, CAC and EXPRESSED, according to  Quadrana et al. (2013). A permutation test lacking sample distribution assumptions  (Pfaffl et al. , 2002)  was applied to detect statistical differences (P<0. 05) in expression ratios using the algorithms in the fgStatistics software package  (Di Rienzo, 2009).
Prenyllipids were separated on a reverse-phase Acquity BEH C18 column (50 × 2. 1 mm, 1. 7 μm) under the following conditions: solvent A=water; solvent B=methanol; 80-100% B in 3 min, 100% B for 2 min, re-equilibration at 90% B for 0. 5 min. The flow rate was 0. 8 ml min -1 and the injection volume was 2. 5 μl. PQ-9 and PC-8 were quantified based on calibration curves obtained from standard compounds. Data were processed using MassLynx version 4. 1 (Waters). Carotenoids were extracted and detected as described in  Almeida et al. (2015)  using an Agilent 1200 Series HPLC system coupled with a diode array detector on a reverse phase column [Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (150 mm×4. 6 mm, 5 μm), Agilent Technologies]. Compounds were identified at 440 nm by their order of elution and absorption spectra  (Gupta et al.
Fluorescence microscopy For phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy, cells from exponentially growing cultures were transferred to a thin 1% agar pad with TPM buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7. 6, 8 mM MgSO 4 , and 1 mM KH 2 PO 4 ) on a glass slide and covered with a coverslip. After 15 min, GFP or m-cherry fluorochromes were visualized at 32°C using either a temperature-controlled DM6000B microscope (Leica) with a Plan Apochromat 100×/NA 1. 40 oil objective (Leica) and a Cascade II 1024 camera (Roper Scientific) or a temperature-controlled TE2000-E-PFS microscope (Nikon) with a 100×/1. 4 DLL objective and a CoolSNAP HQ2 camera (Photometrics). Images were recorded and processed with Metamorph software (Molecular Devices).
Cell tracking and image analysis The image analysis was performed with FIJI/ImageJ free software. To perform the routine analysis on microscopy images and time-lapse (cell tracking, FA detection, kymograph, cluster detection, etc. ), we developed our own collection of plugins. Plugin codes are available in the online supplemental material. Each plugin was coded in Python. In brief, the phase-contrast image of rod-shaped cells provides the mask of cell bodies and yields morphological parameters especially the longitudinal axis. This allows a straighten operation and the axis is used as a reference frame for the cluster localization. Because the internal clusters are of weak intensity, the images were denoised by applying a neutral density filter and background subtraction. The presence of fluorescent clusters was systematically verified on the unprocessed images to ascertain that the procedures did not generate artifact signals.