dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Postural parameters Antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) displacement of the CoP were recorded. The following parameters were then calculated for each phase of each trial: -Speed of the CoP displacement, calculated as total excursion of the COP divided by the duration, in each phase. -Mean anterio-posterior and medio-lateral CoP positions (mm); Negative values represent a posterior or left position relative to the center of the platform. -Maximum and minimum positions (mm) along the antero-posterior axis (AP-max and AP-min) and their time of occurrence (s). To compare positions across trials, the mean position of the CoP at P1 was centered on zero for both axes by subtracting its coordinates from all the data samples recorded throughout the trial.
In addition, sexual and preventive behaviours, such as condom use or HIV status disclosure to partners, have been documented to differ according to the type of partnership [18Á21], suggesting that ART initiation may have different consequences on sexual behaviours in the case of stable or occasional partnership. We used data from the on-going Temprano ANRS-12136 randomized controlled trial to measure changes in sexual behaviours within the 24 months following early ART initiation and to compare these changes to those observed in patients starting ART according to WHO guidelines. We also investigated differences in sexual behaviours time trends according to the type of sexual partnership.
Material & Methods Temprano ANRS-12136 trial Temprano is a multicentre, randomized open-label superiority trial to assess the benefits and risks of initiating ART earlier than currently recommended by WHO, concomitantly or not with a six-month isoniazide prophylaxis for tuberculosis (IPT). The trial was launched in March 2008 in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, and is still on-going. It will end in December 2014. The trial protocol was approved by the Cote d'Ivoire national ethics committee and by the institutional review board of the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and viral hepatitis (ANRS, Paris, France). It has been registered on clinicaltrials. gov under the following identifier: NCT00495651. Between March 2008 and July 2012, patients attending nine healthcare settings were included in the trial whenever they met the following criteria: informed consent signed; age 18 years; HIV-1-positive; no on-going active tuberculosis; no on-going pregnancy or breastfeeding; CD4 count B800/ mm 3 and no criteria for starting ART according to the most recent WHO guidelines.
For this complementary analysis, we used GEE models including time periods coded as a four-level factor: 1) M0 (inclusion visit), 2) TI (at Treatment Initiation, allowing for a varying time period between M0 and TI for each individual), 3) TI '12 (1293 months after TI), and 4) TI '24 (2496 months after TI). All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9. 3 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA).
Thus, before the implementation of the 2012 WHO guidelines  [38] , no specific information on the preventive effects of ART was provided to trial participants. Whether participants have received this information from other sources of information following the publication and media exposure of the HPTN052 trial results  [1]  is unknown. To our knowledge, this study is the first one to prospectively document detailed sexual behaviours following early ART initiation. Its major strengths are the large and randomized nature of the datasets. However, we acknowledge that our results may be subject to some biases. First, this study relies on self-reported sexual behaviours, which may have been under-reported as a result of social desirability. In order to prevent such a bias, interviewers were trained to administer questionnaires in a non-judgmental way and interviews were conducted confidentially in private rooms.
Acknowledgements We are indebted to all patients who participated in this trial. We are grateful for the valuable contributions of the  SMIT, CeDReS, CEPREF, USAC, CIRBA, CNTS, La Pierre Angulaire, Hopital General Abobo, Formation Sanitaire Anonkoua Koute, Centre de santeEl Rapha ,  Programme PACCI  and  INSERM U897  teams:  Abanou Matthieu ,  Aman Adou ,  Anasthasie Yapo ,  Bombo Le  ´ontine, Celestin N'chot,  Christian Kouadio ,  Djetouan Hugues ,  Djobi-Djo Edouard ,  Goly Jocelyn ,  Kassi Marie-Ce  ´cile,  Koffi-N'Dri Aholi ,  Konan Sylvie ,  KonateMamadou ,  Kouadio Bertin ,  KouameMartin ,  Kouadio Victoire ,  Kouakou-Aboua Adrienne ,  Kouakou Yao ,  KouameAntoine, KouameFerdinand ,  Kouame Ǵe  ´rald,  Labibi Georgette ,  Lokou Benjamin ,  Moh Jules ,  N'Dri Marie Julie ,  Nalourgou Tuo ,  N'Goran Brou ,  Nogbout Marie-Pascale ,  Orne-Gliemann Joanna ,  Kouadio Cheftin ,  Ouattara Minata ,  Oupoh Jose  ´phine, SidibeAbdelh,  Siloue Bertine ,  Soro Adidiata ,  Tchehy Amah-Cecile ,  Yao Emile  and  Yao Juliette.
Funding support This trial was supported by a grant from the  French Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA  et les hepatites virales ( ANRS, Paris, France ; grants  ANRS 12136  and  ANRS 12239 ) (Clinical Trial Number:  NCT00495651 ). The sponsor of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
METHODS The present study required the development of a method to obtain data from the referrers and then a demonstration of its feasibility in practice. We combined the collection of both kinds of information into a single questionnaire, i. e. , it represented a progress report. The work was performed in two stages: 1. development of an information-collection tool; 2. demonstration of its feasibility in the MSF telemedicine network. Details of the network have been published elsewhere  (2, 4). Ethics permission was not required, because patient consent to access the data had been obtained and the work was a retrospective chart review conducted by the organization's staff in accordance with its research policies.
Data sources We used a large database (available since 1988) of prevalent and incident HD patients treated in two HD units in Montpellier, France (Lapeyronie University Hospital and the AIDER-Montpellier; Association pour l9Installation aDomicile des E ´purations Renales). Dialysis quantification including formal urea kinetic modeling (UKM) and CKM was routinely evaluated on a monthly basis on the mid-week HD sessions. HD charts and laboratory results were collected in an electronic primary care record only available to physicians and nurses from the dialysis centers. These primary data could not be publicly available. The data were collected from 549 patients undergoing HD for more than 3 months including 16,547 monthly assessments of formal UKM and CKM.
Data collection, procedures and laboratory analysis Medical records were reviewed for age, gender, ethnicity, preand post-dialysis weights, treatment modalities and time on dialysis. Formal UKM and CKM were routinely performed during the mid-week dialysis session of the first week of the month in all HD patients in our dialysis units. Pre-and post-dialysis blood samples were collected immediately before, at the end of dialysis sessions (2 minutes after stopping blood pump and before rinsing back of dialyzers) and at the beginning of the following dialysis session. During the first hour of dialysis session, blood samples were drawn from the arterial and venous blood lines and effluent dialysate sample was simultaneously taken. All blood and dialysate samples were measured for urea and creatinine concentrations by an enzymatic method using an automatic analyzer.
[23] , and urea reduction ratio (URR) were also evaluated to determine dialysis dose. The database, which contained 16,547 values for CKM-derived CI from 549 HD patients, was used to develop and validate the equation. Patients with a significant diuresis (. 500 ml urine/24 hours) and/or residual renal function (. 2 ml/min) were excluded from the analysis to prevent complicating the final formula. Mathematical modeling to derive CI formulae from serum creatinine concentrations, sp Kt/V urea and anthropometric parameters CKM-derived CI was measured at different time points among different HD patients. Mixed regression models were applied to generate formulae for CI prediction from dialysis dose and patient demographics. In this model, measured CI as an outcome variable Y was represented as a function of an intercept, whereas dialysis dose and demographic parameters were represented as predictor variables X.
0 and 18. 8 mg/kg/day respectively. The values for CKM-derived CIs in the database (16,547 values) from 549 HD patients were used to develop the equation predicting CI using patient demographic parameters and dialysis dose. Age, gender, pre-dialysis serum creatinine concentrations (Cr pre ) and sp Kt/V urea were selected as significant variables in the final model by using stepwise procedures. The equation to predict CI was determined as follows: (Note. To evaluate CI using plasma creatinine concentration in mg/dl, divide the creatinine concentration term by 88. 4). To estimate the validity of the equation, the measured CI using CKM was compared with the equation-derived CI in a large cohort of 549 HD patients. Equation-estimated CIs were closely correlated with CKM-derived CIs as illustrated in Figure  1  (correlation coefficient = 0.
The main limitation of this study lies in the absence of validation groups for this new equation. The predictive value of this simplified CI equation for long-term mortality in HD patients using routinely collected data (age, gender, pre-dialysis serum creatinine levels and sp Kt/V urea) needs to be assessed within large databases. The usefulness of this simplified formula within large databases is needed to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the formula for predicting long-term outcomes of HD patients. Two pilot studies have been conducted in two large cohorts of HD patients with promising results (DOPPS, MONDO) (unpublished data). As a perspective, the development of a website available for physicians may help to easily evaluate CI. In summary, the simplified CI formula based on age, gender, pre-dialysis serum creatinine concentrations and sp Kt/V urea offers a simple, precise and cost-effective tool for CI estimation in HD patients.
Analysis All focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed and rendered anonymous. Three phases of analysis were performed by the two researchers, in accordance with the Strauss and Corbin grounded theory approach, using NVivo 8 software (QSR International, 2009 Canada). An open coding was first performed on the transcripts of the nine focus groups to reach a consensus definition of the categories and subcategories. An axial coding framework was then developed by the reorganization of the open codes, based on constant comparison and interaction. Finally, selective codes emerged from the prioritization of the axial codes of the four categories of participants. They enabled identification of facilitators and barriers to research in general practice, and of differences and similarities across the four categories of participants.
Postural stability Center of pressure displacement during the static postural task was assessed via a force-platform (Stabilotest, TechnoConcept, Cereste, France). This platform was composed of three force sensors which instantaneously measured the coordinates of the point of application of the resultant of the ground reaction forces or CoP. Data from the force-platform were sampled at a frequency of 40 Hz and were synchronized by triggering with the Biopac acquisition system.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS All statistical tests were performed with SPSS software (SPSS, Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). Data are presented as means ± standard deviations (SD). The critical level for statistical significance was set at 5%. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed in all outcome variables with group (YA, MAA, ENF and EF) as factor. When a main effect was found, Tukey's post hoc analysis was performed. The best degree of association between PF + DF nMIT and nTCoP was determined by applying a linear regression analysis and a log-linear correlation test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for the assessment of sensitivity and specificity of PF + DF nMIT to predict the risk of falling. The area under the curve and the optimal cutoff value were calculated.
Acknowledgements This study was sponsored by  Baxter Healthcare Corporation. The authors would like to thank the survey respondents for their contributions to the study. Tools For Growth hosted the electronic survey and collected all responses; funding for this was provided by  Baxter Healthcare Corporation. Baxter Healthcare Corporation were responsible for the design of the survey instrument and collection of the data. Medical writing support was provided by  Alexandra Dedman, PhD  and  Paula Michelle del Rosario, MD at Gardiner-Caldwell Communications ,  United Kingdom  and was funded by  Baxter Healthcare Corporation. Publication costs were also funded by  Baxter Healthcare Corporation.
24h noise measurements campaign & Model simulation Strategic noise maps were produced for the whole city using "CadnaA" acoustic prediction software including both airport and road tra c noise sources. A detailed 3D model of the Herakleion area including the International Airport based on the latest and most accurate cadastre and town planning data was implemented. In order to calibrate the model and achieve the best correlation between measured and calculated noise values a full 24 h noise measurements monitoring program was executed in the same period with the questionnaires survey. 24 hrs acoustic measurements were executed by using class 1 statistical noise analyzers, on special designed masts securing the European directive guidelines. The measurement results were compared with the theoretical results from the CadnaA including 4 di erent sensitive points of interests in Alikarnassos area e.
g. : the 3 rd / 6 th elementary schools (location 33), the old Alikarnassos town hall (location 34), the area's high school (point n°35), and the location 32 at the Technical Chamber of Greece building (see locations in Fig. 7 ). The acoustic measurements were used to evaluate the noise impact of the airport operations (both take o & landing) by a coding software (dBTrait32 from 01dB- ACOEM) for the triggering level of LAeq s > 75 dB(A). The relevant air tra c volumes are described in the Table  1  for the base year 2012 in aircraft mix classes as per AzB96  [6]  (see Table  2 ). Fig. 3  shows a typical take o noise signature. Some 30 take o events, were identi ed, producing excessive noise, by more than 40 dB(A), higher to the relevant background noise levels. This fact introduces a severe annoyance to the exposed population.
Crossed analysis The analysis of the interviews follows the protocols used in similar research in the eld of urban sociology and the perception of the environment  [9] [10] [11] [12]. The purpose was to synthesize population input data in a proper form for the analysis, grouping them by the redundancy point of view of their individual expressions. Actually, the interviews transcriptions were checked and categorized on the redundancy of singular semantic expressions. Each location where the interview took place was marked on the area's detailed map, ensuring the possibility to re-contextualize the input of the inhabitants inside the district and there- fore allowing to partly explaining why various sound phenomena were described accordingly. This synthesis allows to update two types of results are thus re-transcribe them in the form of relative maps for each case study area.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the members of the pedagogic committee of Work Package 1 of the  IPSE  project (European Commission, DG SANCO, Project no. 790903 , Grant Agreement no. 20044216 ) who developed the first version of the "Core competencies for infection control and hospital hygiene professionals in the European Union". Project coordination:  Jacques Fabry ,  Josette Najjar-Pellet  ( Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, France ); ESCMID representatives:  Benedetta Allegranzi  ( WHO, Geneva ),  Jette Holt  ( Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark ),  Christian Ruef  ( Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Hirslanden Hospital and Medical Center, Zurich, Switzerland ),  Nina Kristine Sorknes  ( Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ) and  Andreas Voss  ( Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands );  Barry Cookson  ( Division of lnfection and lmmunity, University College London, United Kingdom ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the generous support from the  NIAID Tetramer Facility  ( Emory University, Atlanta, GA ) for supplying CD1d tetramers. We gratefully acknowledge  Drs T. Nakayama  and  M. Taniguchi  ( RIKEN Institute, Yokohama, Japan ) for the gift of Ja18 À / À C57BL/6 mice,  Dr L. Van Kaer  ( Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN ) for Cd1d À / À mice, and  Dr B. Ryffel  ( Orleans, France ) for the IL-17 À / À mice. We also thank  Eva Vilain  and  Gwenola Kervoaze  for their excellent technical assistance, and  Emeric Duruy  ( MicPal Plateform, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France ) for his help on cell sorting on FACS Aria Flow Cytometer. This work was supported by the  Institut National de la Santeet de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm) , the  CNRS , the  University of Lille Nord de France , the  Pasteur Institute of Lille , and the  Region Nord-Pas-de-Calais.
This article discusses the availability and completeness of medical data on workers from the AREVA NC Pierrelatte nuclear plant and their possible use in epidemiological research on cardiovascular and metabolic disorders related to internal exposure to uranium. We created a computer database from files on 394 eligible workers included in an ongoing nested case-control study from a larger cohort of 2897 French nuclear workers. For each worker, we collected records of previous employment, job positions, job descriptions, medical visits, and blood test results from medical history. The dataset counts 9,471 medical examinations and 12,735 blood test results. For almost all of the parameters relevant for research on cardiovascular risk, data completeness and availability is over 90 %, but it varies with time and improves in the latest time period.
Another limitation was the absence of organ-specific doses from uranium exposure. Occupational medicine (OM) in French nuclear industry began simultaneously with uranium processing at the beginning of the 1950s. The principal aim of occupational physicians was to detect workers' health problems at the time of employment and to monitor their health status over the entire professional life. In this new domain, the first guidelines were mainly based on the experience of physicians and medical research pioneers. Thanks to national regulations requiring that occupational medical records are archived, most cardiovascular risk parameters are still kept on record, covering a period from 1958 to the present. We studied these OM archives and collected the basic anthropometric data (height, weight), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and blood tests for all the monitored workers.
Our intention was to test the hypothesis that low-dose ionising radiation increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, taking into account these individual parameters. For this reason we have launched a nested case-control study that includes 394 workers (111 cases, up to 5 controls per case) from the cohort. The study is still under way. In this preliminary report, however, we focus on the dataset collected in the above study in order to see whether the collected data could be useful for an epidemiological study or an aetiological research and to discuss other potential uses and limitations of OM records such as this. We analysed the type, quality, and variations in clinical and recording practice over time.
Study population The data presented here are related to a subsample of 394 eligible workers from the cohort of 2,897 workers employed at the AREVA NC Pierrelatte plant for at least six months between 1960 and 31 December 2006. The larger cohort was analysed for cancer and cardiovascular outcomes with unexpected results (2, 5) that called for further investigation. We collected additional data on potential risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in order to establish their relationship with long-term exposure to low-dose uranium. In the choice of data to collect we primarily relied on the INTERHEART study  (17, 18). The subsample was obtained by matching 111 cases of death from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with controls according to sex, calendar period, fiveyear age classes, and socio-economic status at hire (clerical workers, engineering / management or technician) to account for potential confounding, especially regarding uranium exposure data which were available from the cohort study  (19).
Monitoring time frame and database creation The data analysed here have been collected from OM monitoring records that span from 1959 to 2011, starting from workers' screening at hire to the last follow-up. Medical examination by occupational physicians was annual, but some of the workers received bi-or trimestral check-up, depending on exposure conditions. Most of the paper archives were found in the Occupational Medicine Department (OMD) of the AREVA NC Pierrelatte plant. When the last employment was in another plant of the AREVA Group, we were able to track down the medical file of the worker. The files matching our population set were coded by ID numbers. For each worker we reconstructed a computer file containing full medical records by manually entering all data from the paper archive.
All results had been converted to the more recent unit. The data were then split into 14 interrelated database tables: identification (including the first and last day of work at the plant, height, and full medical history); previous employments; job positions; job description; smoking (describing changes in tobacco consumption); pulmonary radiographs; external dosimetry; radio toxicological analyses results; accidental contaminations; number and causes of sick leave; capability certificates; electrocardiogram reports, medical examination findings, and blood tests. The last two tables were the subject of our analysis, as the parameters contained in them provide key information about CVD risks. The medical examination table includes data about weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse, and cardiovascular, cancer, or other disease observations registered at each visit.
Data quality and analysis The quality of data in the database tables was assessed primarily by checking maximum and minimum values to identify and correct extreme values. Then the data of 30 randomly selected paper files were systematically reviewed to identify potential mistakes. All database values were compared to paper files. Of nearly 1,700 database values, only nineteen were wrong, indicating an error rate of about 1 %. These errors were further checked by comparing them with individual parameter means and medians and normal ranges. For all parameters of interest we calculated two main indicators: availability and completeness. Availability is the percentage of workers with at least one recorded value and completeness is the number of recorded medical examination or blood test results divided by the total number of workers.