dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Five studies investigated NBR exposure cumulatively from birth to diagnosis  (Demoury et al. 2017; Kendall et al. 2013; Nikkila et al. 2016; Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2008; Spycher et al. 2015). In our previous ecological study, we included 9,056 AL cases registered in the French national registry of childhood cancer (RNCE) during the period 1990-2009  (Demoury et al. 2017 ). We did not show any association between AL incidence and estimated NBR exposure in the municipality of residence at the time of diagnosis. AL cases diagnosed in 2002-2007 were also included in a case-control study with geocoded data and information on several potential individual confounders. The same conclusions were reported  (Demoury et al. 2017). Using a similar methodology, the study reported herein aimed to investigate further the ecological association between childhood AL and NBR in France by considering NBR exposure at the time of birth.
Population and incidence data All children born in mainland France between 1990 and 2009 were included in the study. We considered they were at risk of AL until their fifteenth birthday or December 31, 2009. The annual numbers of births in French municipalities were provided by the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE). Between 1990 and 2009, mortality rates in infants (less than 1-year-old children) decreased from 6/1000 live births in 1990 to 3. 2/1000 live births in 2009  (INED 2020). For older children (1-14 years old), the mortality rate was less than 1/1000 over the whole study period. We calculated the at-risk population by age (a=0 to 14) for each municipality i based on the annual numbers of birth Ny,i (y=1990 to 2009) and assuming that mortality and emigration rates had little impact on those estimates (PYy,i,a=Ny,i if a<2009-y, PYy,i,a=Ny,i/2 if a=2009-y, and 0 otherwise).
NBR exposure assessment NBR exposure data were provided by the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN). Assessment methods have been reported elsewhere  (IRSN 2012; Warnery et al. 2015). Briefly, we used 10,843 measurements of indoor radon concentration resulting from national surveys conducted in French households  and 97,595 indoor measurements of gamma dose rates conducted in 17,404 veterinary clinics and dental surgeries throughout France  (2011) (2012). NBR exposures were estimated by cokriging models derived from those measurements and French maps of geogenic radon potential and uranium potential  (Ielsch et al. , 2010; Warnery et al. , 2015). Radon concentration and gamma radiation were estimated on a 5x5 km2 grid and a 1x1 km2 grid, respectively. The gamma radiation and radon exposures were estimated for each French municipality as the average of exposures in the squares whose centers lay within the perimeter of the municipality  (Demoury et al.
Confounder data We adjusted for several suspected AL risk factors that had been identified in previous studies. We considered a French Deprivation index (FDep), estimated for the year 1999 on the municipality scale. FDep was developed as the first axis of a principal component analysis of four census variables: median household income per consumption unit; percentage of high school graduates; percentage of bluecollar workers, and unemployment rate  (Rey et al. 2009). In a previous study, childhood ALL was negatively associated with deprivation, both with the FDep index and with a French version of the European Deprivation Indicator (EDI), with a 20% decrease in ALL risk in the most deprived quintile (Odds Ratio (OR) EDI >Q5 vs. <Q5 = 0. 80 95%CI (0. 73, 0. 88)). The study was conducted on the IRIS (Merged Islet for Statistical Information) scale (about 50,000 IRIS in mainland France), but similar results were observed on the municipality scale  (Marquant et al.
Statistical analysis The data were analyzed using SAS V9. 4 software (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, North Carolina, USA). In an initial approach, the municipalities were divided into ten groups of increasing radon concentration and gamma radiation level with a similar population size for each. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) between observed (Oi) and expected (Ei) numbers of cases were estimated for each exposure decile (i) and we tested for overall heterogeneity of categories using a chi-squared test. We applied Poisson regression models on the municipality scale to investigate the log-linear relationship between SIRs and NBR levels when appropriate. We tested for departure from the log-linearity hypothesis using a log-likelihood ratio test to compare the following qualitative [1] and semi-quantitative [2] models: ln(E(Oi)) = ln(Ei) + Zk(i) [1] in which ln(Ej) is the offset, Zk(i) the dummy variable equal to 1 if i = k, 0 otherwise (i = 1 to 10), and fik the parameter associated with the kth exposure decile, and ln(£(0()) = ln^j) + a + pxd(i)  [2]  in which Xd(t) is the population-weighted median of radiation exposure in the decile d(i) to which the municipality i belongs, a the intercept and P the slope parameter.
When the log-linearity was not rejected, we implemented a model with a continuous exposure variable: ln(E(0t)) = ln(Et) + a + pXt  [3]  in which Xt is the radiation exposure level estimated in municipality i. The model fit was evaluated with the chi-squared test on Pearson's residuals. In some situations, model  [1]  did not fit the data well and the log-linearity hypothesis was rejected (mainly for AL and the ALL group). Accounting for potential confounders (deprivation, urbanization and UV radiation levels) improved the fit of the models, which were therefore included in all the Poisson regression models. Gamma radiation and indoor radon concentration exposures were considered separately and jointly. The cumulative NBR exposures of children were estimated for each year of age on the basis of exposure levels in the municipality of residence at birth, assuming that they remained constant over time.
2008). In France, the coefficient of determination was estimated to be 0. 32  (Demoury et al. 2017) , which means that a substantial proportion of measurement variance was not explained by the model. Regarding gamma radiation measurements, we used data from the routine monitoring of veterinary clinics and dental surgeries, throughout France. An average exposure level of 76 nSv/h was estimated based on those measurements  (Warnery et al. , 2015)  which was higher than the level of indoor gamma radiation reported by Billon et al. from measurement surveys conducted in French households (mean=55 nSv/h  (Billon et al. , 2005) ). This difference is still unexplained to date  (Marquant et al. , 2018). However, most of Billon's data were based on surveys that were conducted in arbitrary selected sites with no standardized measurement protocol.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to  Didier Gay ,  Christophe Debayle ,  Olivier Laurent  and  Jérôme Guillevic  of the  IRSN  for providing the data and discussing the methodology on natural background radiation exposure assessment. The authors are also grateful to the staff of the French national registry of childhood cancer, who contributed to the active search for information in clinical departments. The authors thank  ADISP  ( Archives de Données Issues de la Statistique Publique ) for providing birth data from the  INSEE  (application form  N°19728 ).
Data collection procedures Children were seen at home every 2 weeks for 3 months (six visits) by a community health worker (CHW). At each visit, the following data were collected: MUAC measured to a precision of ±1 mm, date of the visit, child's status (alive, absent and deceased), and whether the child had been readmitted for AM treatment since the last visit. Data on child sociodemographic and mother characteristics were collected during the first episode of acute malnutrition at the admission under the OptiMA protocol. Data were manually recorded on an individual standardised form by the CHW supervised by a technical research assistant and then entered into an anonymized Access database. At the conclusion of the study, the last home visit was made to determine the vital status of children who had incomplete MUAC data.
Ethics The present study was granted ethical approval by the Ethics Committee for Health Research (2016-6-067) and the Technical Review Committee for Clinical Trial Authorizations (5003720165EC0000) of the Ministry of Health of Burkina Faso. The trial was registered on clinicaltrials. gov (NCT03027505). Caregivers gave written consent (signature or fingerprint) prior to enrolment for all children included in the study. All data was anonymized when entered into the database and unique identification numbers were coded.
Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to the women and children who participated in the study. The authors wish to particularly acknowledge the ALIMA operational team on the ground who ran the study on a day-to-day basis. The present study was developed as part of the Clinical and Operational Research Alliance (CORAL) research platform aimed at designing and conducting high-quality innovative and transformative research through a partnership between scientists from  Inserm  ( Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale, Bordeaux and Abidjan ) and humanitarian aid workers at  ALIMA (Alliance for International Medical Action ). The CORAL scientific strategy, the supervision of research projects and the dissemination of results are guided by a board of directors consisting of senior representatives from both ALIMA and Inserm:  Renaud Becquet  ( Inserm Bordeaux , methodological co-chair),  Susan Shepherd  (ALIMA, medical co-chair),  Augustin Augier  (ALIMA),  Moumouni Kinda  (ALIMA),  Marie Jaspard  ( ALIMA and Inserm Abidjan ),  Claire Levy-Marchal  ( ALIMA ) and  Xavier Anglaret (Inserm Bordeaux and Abidjan).
D. wrote the first draft of the manuscript; S. S. and R. B. were primarily responsible for the final content. All authors actively participated in the interpretation of results, critically reviewed the first draft and had a substantial writing contribution to the development of the final manuscript. This study was funded by the  European Union 's humanitarian aid funds; the  U. S. Agency for International Development's Office  and the  Médecins Sans Frontières Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. This study covers humanitarian aid activities implemented with the financial assistance of the  European Union. The views expressed herein should not be taken, in any way, to reflect the official opinion of the  European Union , and the  European Commission  is not responsible for any use that can be made of the information it contains.
Logistics Jointly with Maintenance Wang et al. in (Z. -Q. Wang, Wang, Hu, Si, & Zhang, 2015)  presented a RUL-based spare parts ordering and predictive maintenance scheduling for a stochastical deteriorating nonrepairable critical system. Wiener process was used to model the degradation of the system, in which its parameters are estimated from the real-time condition monitoring data. The obtained Wiener process is used to estimate the RUL distribution that are used to update ordering and the maintenance schedule. This method aims at minimizing the expected cost rate over an infinite time horizon. Wang et al. in (Z. Wang, Hu, Wang, Kong, & Zhang, 2015)  proposed a prognosticbased spare part ordering and maintenance intervention for an aerospace system with a random lead time. The dynamic method consists of periodically collecting new monitoring data related to the condition of the system.
At this point, the inventory will be monitored and compared to a security level to place the orders. Chen et al. (Chen, Xu, & Xiao, 2016)   & Pohl, 2019)  developed a heuristic based on a Markov decision process to solve the problem of maintenance replacements and spare parts ordering in the case of single manufacturing machine. The Markov decision process integrated health information of the system component when this information is directly obtained from the degradation model. The method aims at maximizing the net revenue of the workshop. Moghaddass et al. (Moghaddass & Ertekin, 2018)  proposed a dynamic decision policy to jointly optimize ordering and replacement dates for a single-unit inventory system. The proposed method consists of periodically collecting and observing data related to the system operations and then determining whether to start the setup of a maintenance intervention on one level.
Plus, the sum of local optimal does not necessary have a global optimal. Besides, the algorithm would base its decision-making process on information in the near future. On the other hand, if large decision horizon is considered, the difference between what the prognostic algorithm estimates and the real values would become greater due to the accumulation of uncertainties over the decision horizon. Besides, the algorithm would take more time to solve the problem. Therefore, a compromise between the resolution method performance and the management of the uncertainty should be studied and defined through the choice of the appropriate decision horizon. Naturally, one can understand the functioning of the PHM process presented in Figure  3. Thanks to the sensors of a system,data are obtained. The observation of sensor data (storage, signal processing etc.
Logiciel de contrôle et de visualisation Pour contrôler (démarrer et arrêter) et visualiser l'acquisition du signal analogique, nous avons utilisé Audacity® (Version 1. 3 Beta Unicode) implémenté sur un PC. Il nous a permis d'afficher sept canaux (2 × 3 pour les accéléromètres plus un dédié à la synchronisation avec les données vidéo, voir cidessous). Les signaux des deux accéléromètres ont été affichés simultanément, c'est-à-dire les signaux x 1, y 1 et z 1 de l'accéléromètre du facilitateur et les signaux x 2, y 2 et z 2 de l'accéléromètre du patient (voir figure  1  ). Les données accélérométriques ont été enregistrées pendant toute la durée des séances de CF, stockées sur disque dur, puis postsynchronisées (précisément superposées) avec (i) les données vidéo des interactions patient-facilitateur et (ii) la capture d'écran permanente (à l'aide du codec Windows Media) du texte saisi pendant les sessions de CF (voir vidéo supplémentaire).
Remerciements Nous sommes très reconnaissants envers BL qui a été très impliqué dans la recherche et conscient de sa responsabilité, à MT pour son temps, sa motivation et sa patience, et aux parents de BL pour leur confiance. Nous remercions chaleureusement et à titre posthume  Bernard Teston , le regretté ancien directeur du  Laboratoire Parole et Langage (Aix-Marseille Université ) pour avoir généreusement partagé ses idées qui ont été à l'origine de la présente recherche.
Studies from around the globe have found that urbanicity is associated with greater risk for certain psychiatric disorders, though the association has been less evident in the United States. We analyzed data collected in 2019 from the RAND American Life Panel (n = 2554), which were representative of the general adult population of the United States. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the associations between environment of birthplace (large urban, small urban, suburban, rural) and psychiatric disorders, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. We found that being born in a large urban area was associated with greater odds of having any psychiatric disorder when compared with being born in a rural area. However, when looking at specific disorders, we found that being born in a large urban area was only significantly associated greater odds of anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but was not associated with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or alcohol/substance use disorder.
Sample This study analyzed data from the RAND American Life Panel (ALP)  [10] , which is a US nationally representative probability-based panel. All panel members were over the age of 17. Approximately 6000 panel members were recruited using probability sampling methods (telephone random-digit dial samples and address-based samples). Panel members without computers or internet were provided these resources in order to enhance representativeness of the panel. In 2019, RAND administered (1) the ALP Omnibus Survey (n = 2555) conducted in February-April; and (2) the Health and Functional Capacity Survey (n = 2657) conducted April-June. The response rates were 64. 9% and 78. 2%, respectively. All of the panel members who completed the ALP Omnibus Survey also received the Health and Functional Capacity Survey; thus, we merged the two data sets, yielding a final analytic sample of n = 2554 for the current study.
Limitations and Future Directions Our findings should be interpreted in light of a number of limitations. First, the data were cross sectional and did not allow for us to make any causal inferences or understand the dynamic interplay between place and mental health over time. Interdisciplinary methods using experimental designs, ecological momentary assessments, and ethnographies may elucidate the nexus between urban environments and mental health (see  [14] ). Second, while the sample was nationally representative, it may have been vulnerable to selection bias. For example, the survey was only administered in English to individuals who have residential addresses and may have therefore excluded immigrants with limited English proficiency or people affected by homelessness. Third, the measure for psychiatric disorders was based on self-report, which is subject to recall and social desirability biases.
Analyzing administrative data (i. e. , medical records, insurance claims) may circumvent some of these threats to validity, though not entirely. It is also possible that mental health services are less accessible to poor rural residents (due to proximity of clinics/hospitals and transportation problems, the cost of care, and stigma)  [15] , and without access to mental health services and psychiatric providers, rural residents may have had undiagnosed disorders. Future studies can improve upon the findings by using lay-administered structured interviews to more accurately assess the presence of psychiatric disorders. Fourth, respondents self-reported their environment of birthplace, which may have resulted in some error given that the definition of 'urban' or 'rural' is somewhat relative and open to interpretation for respondents.
In addition, the prevalence of catastrophic expenditures among RTI victims is easier to compare between countries than amounts of costs. For instance, a study in Nigeria found that the prevalence of catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditures among their sample of RTI victims was 86%  [13]. In Ghana, 45% of injured people requiring surgery in the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital faced catastrophic health expenditures  [14]. Relying on an original dataset in Burkina Faso, this study aims at estimating the expenditures linked to every admission at the only trauma unit in the capital, estimating the prevalence of catastrophic expenditures due to RTI and analyzing the socio-economic determinants of those catastrophic expenditures.
Data collection Data collection includes three questionnaires: a first one filled in by the interns in the trauma unit, on admission of injured patients, describing their lesions and the care provided, and two others administered by means of a phone call to the victim 7 and 30 days after the accident between January and July 2015, concerning socioeconomic characteristics, expenses due to the RTI and follow-up of the care required. During the same period, a parallel survey was undertaken in partnership with the Ouagadougou police to register every accident to which the authorities were called, as well as the main information (vehicles involved, victims, location)  [15, 16]. Data was collected through SPHINX software, and all analyses were realized with Stata software, v16 (Stata Corp 2013).
Data analysis Selection of variables Our out-of-pocket expenditures variable was obtained through the prescriptions obtained by the admissions questionnaire, and the unit prices collected at the Yalgado pharmacy at the time of the survey, and through the patients' declaration of the prescriptions they left the hospital with, and their possible return to the hospital for healthcare linked to their accident. We know if prescribed care was bought or carried out so as to estimate the extent of healthcare refusal. From those elements we computed our out-of-pocket expenditures variables: all expenses paid for care prescribed at the trauma unit (including the discharge prescription), and expenses linked  to the return consult at the trauma unit if there was one. From the Day 7 and Day 30 questionnaires, we also had information on how patients financed their healthcare expenses.
| Trial design This 8-weeks Phase IV, randomised, investigator-blinded, parallelgroup trial (EudraCT Number: 2015-003749-24) compared the combination of magnesium and vitamin B6 with magnesium alone. Participants were recruited at four clinical trial centres in France. Eligible participants were adults aged 18-50 years with moderate to extremely severe stress at screening, defined as having a DASS-42 stress subscale score of >18 and with suboptimal serum magnesium levels (range 0. 66-0. 84 mmol/L;  Pouteau et al. , 2018). Details of participant demographics and characteristics at baseline have previously been reported  (Pouteau et al. , 2018; Noah et al. , 2020). Briefly, mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 31. 6 (8. 5) years, 74% were female and mean (SD) DASS-42 stress score was 27. 7 (7.
g. , magnesium-containing salts, levodopa or tetracyclines, phosphate or calcium salts, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) or to consume vitamin/mineral supplements or magnesium-rich foods (e. g. , dark chocolate, <50 g per day) or drinks (≤2 glasses per day;  Noah et al. , 2020). Investigators remained blinded with regard to the assigned study treatment until the database lock  (Pouteau et al. , 2018). The primary endpoint (subjective stress rating) was reported in  Pouteau et al. (2018). This article presents key secondary endpoints focused on anxiety and depression, based on a post-hoc analysis. For full details of inclusion and exclusion criteria, treatments and primary trial endpoints, see  Pouteau et al. (2018). Ethical approval for the trial and all analyses planned within the protocol was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, France (Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud Est 6; reference number: AU 1239, date of approval 01 March 2016), and all patients provided written informed consent.
| Statistical analyses Analyses were performed on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population (all randomised participants with at least one consumption of study product), comprising 264 patients (132 patients in each treatment group;  Pouteau et al. , 2018). Data collected from the DASS-42 and SF-36 assessments were analysed using the same statistical approach. For the two treatment groups separately and after pooling (Overall group), descriptive statistics including the mean and SD were used to initially summarize scores at each visit (baseline, Week 4, and Week 8) and the change in score from baseline to Week 4 and Week 8. Subsequently, a Model Mixed for Repeated Measures (MMRM) including sex and visit as categorical fixed effects, DASS-42 or SF-36 at baseline as a continuous fixed effect, and subject as a random effect, was used to estimate differences over time within each treatment group and the overall group.