dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
C. (USNM); and Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (ZMUC). Format, style of descriptions, and terminology are as in recent revisions (e. g. ,  Huber 2011b Huber , 2012 Huber , 2013)). Measurements are in mm unless otherwise noted. The precision for eye measurements is ca. 5 µm. epigyna were cleared in a warm NaOH solution and stained with chlorazol black. Locality coordinates are in round brackets when copied from labels and original publications or when received directly from collectors, in square brackets when originating from some other source (such as online gazetteers, Google Earth, MRAC database, etc. ). The following abbreviations are used: ALE = anterior lateral eyes ALS = anterior lateral spinnerets AME = anterior median eyes a. s. l. = above sea level L/d = length/diameter PME = posterior median eyes The geographic area considered here  (between 10°N and 7°S; between 6°E and 18°E; Fig.
Acknowledgements BAH thanks all the people who kindly sent specimens used in this study:  J. Beccaloni ,  J. Coddington ,  C. e. Griswold ,  r. Jocqué  and  N. Scharff. BAH thanks r. A. Nkomo  and  r. Kamga  for their invaluable and friendly assistance in the field. F. J. Muafor ,  J. C. Huber  and  S. R. Huber  provided further help in the field. E. Gavish-Regev  and an anonymous reviewer provided helpful comments on the manuscript. The  German Research Foundation  provided financial support (DFG,  HU 980/9-1 ).
Materials and methods A literature search was undertaken using Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register up to October 2013. For our first objective, we sourced any studies quantifying temperature reductions associated with WBC. We extracted data (mean ± standard deviation) on skin, intramuscular, and core-temperature reductions induced by WBC. No restrictions were made on the temperature-measurement device. For comparison, we used a convenience sample of studies reporting tissue-temperature reductions induced by ice-pack application (crushed ice) and CWI based on durations of 10 minutes and 5 minutes, respectively. These durations were selected as they align well with current clinical practice. 3, 4 or our second objective, we focused on studies fulfilling the following inclusion criteria: controlled studies comparing WBC intervention to a control group (observational studies and studies using within-subject designs were excluded); the temperature of exposure had to have been at least -100°C, though there were no restrictions placed on the number of exposures; participants could be healthy, or recovering from exercise or soft-tissue injury at the time of the intervention; no restrictions were made on participants' age, sex, or training status.
We extracted all data relating to biochemical, physiological, or performance/clinical outcomes. Key study characteristics were extracted by the primary researcher and tabulated. Outcomes were subgrouped into biochemical, perceived sensation, and performance-based measures. We were particularly interested in between-group differences based on follow-up scores. Where possible, effect sizes (standardized mean differences [MDs] and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were calculated from group means and standard deviations, using RevMan software (version 5. 2; Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark).
Expression analysis of the ECOG1900 cohort data demonstrated TET1, TET2, and TET3 mRNA were expressed at similar levels in WT1 mutant AML patient samples compared to WT1 wild-type AML cases, and WT1 expression was not altered in TET2 mutant versus TET2 wild-type cases, nor in IDH1/IDH2 mutant versus IDH1/IDH2 wild-type cases (Figures  S6A-S6C ). We observed no changes in WT1 expression in TET2 mutant AML patients in the TCGA data set (data not shown). In contrast to mutant IDH1/IDH2 alleles, expression of WT1 +/+ or WT1 mutant proteins did not impact 2-HG levels in hematopoietic cells (Figure  S6D ). Taken together, these data suggest alterations in WT1 expression do not regulate DNA hydroxymethylation by altering TET enzyme expression or by altering IDH1/IDH2 enzymatic function.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Patient Samples Three hundred ninety-eight AML samples were obtained at diagnosis from patients enrolled in the E1900 clinical trial  (Fernandez et al. , 2009). DNA methylation microarrays using the HELP assay was available for 383/398 cases studied for mutational profiling, and gene expression data were available for 325/398 cases. Institutional review board approval was obtained at Weill Cornell Medical College and at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Eleven human CD34 + bone marrow samples were provided by the Stem Cell and Xenograft Core Facility of the University of Pennsylvania or purchased from AllCells. These studies were performed in accordance with the Helsinki protocols, and all patients provided informed consent.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by a grant from the  National Cancer Institute Physical Sciences Oncology Center  ( U54CA143798-01 ) to R. L. L. , A. M. , and  J. D. L. , a  Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Specialized Center of Research (LLS SCOR)  grant to S. D. N. , an  LLS SCOR  to J. D. L. and A. M. , a grant from the  Gabrielle's Angel Fund  to R. L. L. , C. H. , and A. M. M. , grant  CA172636-01  to R. L. L. , I. A. , and A. M. , and grants  CA129831  and  CA129831-03S1  to L. A. G. A. V. is supported by an  NIH   F32 award. C. E. M. and A. A. are supported by  R01HG006798 ,  R01NS076465. M. E. F. is supported by a  Leukemia and Lymphoma Society   Special Fellow award  and a  Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Clinical Scientist Development award. O. A. -W. is an  American Society of Hematology Basic Research Fellow.
A. M. is a  Burroughs Wellcome Clinical Translational Scholar. A. M. also is also supported by the  Sackler Center for Biomedical and Physical Sciences. R. L. L. and A. F. are funded by  Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Scholar Awards. R. R. is an  American Society of Hematology Basic Research Fellow. We thank  Vicki Huff  for kindly providing WT1 truncation constructs.
This paper describes the historical sea level data that we have rescued from a tide gauge, especially devised originally for geodesy. This gauge was installed in Marseille in 1884 with the primary objective of defining the origin of the height system in France. Hourly values for 1885-1988 have been digitized from the original tidal charts. They are supplemented by hourly values from an older tide gauge record (1849-1851) that was rediscovered during a survey in 2009. Both recovered data sets have been critically edited for errors and their reliability assessed. The hourly values are thoroughly analysed for the first time after their original recording. A consistent high-frequency time series is reported, increasing notably the length of one of the few European sea level records in the Mediterranean Sea spanning more than one hundred years.
The interest for high-frequency sea level data (at least hourly) has been repeatedly expressed by the scientific community  (IOC 2012). Within this context, the French mapping agency (IGN) decided to undertake the digitisation of the circa 1200 nine-metre-long tidal charts recorded between 1885 and 1988 and to install a modern acoustic tide gauge in July 1998, providing sea levels at 10-min sampling intervals. This acoustic gauge was later on replaced by a radar gauge in April 2009 with a 1-min sampling rate and realtime transmission capabilities (Martín  Míguez et al. 2008a ). In 1988, the classical recording device stopped due to the last gauge attendant retiring and the nine-metre-long paper rolls for the tidal charts becoming difficult to acquire. Nevertheless, the tide gauge has continued operating, and MSL readings have been taken with the 'totalisateur' recording device with a roughly weekly sampling interval until present.
Pouvreau (2008)  reports on this anachronism, which lasted between 1846 and 1860 in the recording of tide gauges under Chazallon's supervision. Indeed, using a variable time scale such as the apparent solar time requires daily corrections to adjust from the naturally linear time scale of a mechanical clock. In the case study of Marseille, the historical documentation states that the Chazallon tide gauge recorded in mean solar time, whereas the tabulated data had been corrected to be in apparent solar time. Consequently, the following corrections have been applied to the tabulated (only the hourly values were digitized) Marseille 1849-1851 record: -correction from apparent solar time to mean solar time at Marseille by applying the 'equation of time' given in Savoie (  2001 ); -correction from mean solar time to universal time (UT) by subtracting 21.
The main record has been that of the mechanical integrator, to which most of the geodesists' attention has been focused. Its MSL data from 1885 onward have been readily provided to the international community and public data banks such as the PSMSL. The modern tide gauges have taken over the MSL provision since 1998, despite the readings performed on the integrator continuing on a roughly weekly basis since 1988, instead of a daily basis when there was a dedicated gauge attendant. The tidal charts were barely exploited, but scrupulously archived in Marseille and Paris. Chart recording eventually stopped in August 1988 with the retirement of the last gauge attendant, the difficulty to acquire the specific nine-metre-long and 17cm-width paper rolls, and the somehow lack of interest for sea level observations at the French mapping agency.
However, under the pressure of the national committee representative of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), the tidal charts were gathered and digitized with variable efforts depending on the human resources available at the French mapping agency. The years 1909 (important works at the tide gauge), 1913 (missing tidal charts at both the Marseille and Paris archives), 1921 and 1924 (tidal curves illegible) were not digitized. In agreement with its geodetic rationale, the internal reference of the mechanical integrator was referred to the French national levelling datum (NGF-Lallemand), once it was established using MSL data from February 1885 to December 1896  (Lallemand and Prévot 1927). The fundamental benchmark for France, which defines that datum, is a brass bolt covered with a very hard alloy of platinum and iridium.
Further details can be found in Martín  Míguez et al. (2008b) , who have extended the test to modern tide gauges. In Marseille, the on-site presence of a gauge attendant certainly ensured the best possible control of the instruments. In particular, the detailed quality controls reported in the next sections show a couple of periods where the malfunctioning of the tide gauge could be related to the gauge attendant not being well or newly appointed with no supervision or overlap with the former gauge attendant. Nonetheless, as was mentioned above, the chart recording was mostly scrupulously carried out and readily archived with little exploitation, contrary to the 'totalisateur' recording which received the geodesist's exclusive attention. In this line of evidence, the first obvious quality control of the recovered hourly data is to compute monthly mean sea levels and to compare them to the historically quality controlled ones from the 'totalisateur'.
'Buddy checking' with Genova The comparison with the adjacent long-term sea level record of Genova, Italy, provides an external means to further evaluate the quality of the Marseille MSL data. The Genova MSL record is considered as mostly reliable  (Tsimplis and Spencer 1997; Woodworth 2003). It was obtained from the Revised Local Reference (RLR) data set of the PSMSL and covers a substantial common period with the Marseille record, except for the long data gap between 1910 and 1927 and unfortunate unavailability of Genova data after 1996. Figure  6a  shows that the inter-annual signal structure is very similar in the two records, as might be expected from two sites located only 310 km apart along the same coastline (Fig. 1 ). The linear trends of Marseille and Genova over the common periods of  1885-1996 ('totalisateur')  or  1885-1988 (tidal charts)  are statistically identical at 1.
Tidal analysis and tidal residuals Tidal analysis was first applied to the hourly sea level record on a yearly basis. For each year, a classical harmonic analysis was separately performed using the standard tidal analysis package t_tide  (Pawlowicz et al. 2002) , which enables to search for up to 146 tidal constituents. In this study, we considered only those constituents with a signal-to-noise ratio larger than 2 (Table  2 ). Confidence intervals of amplitudes and phase lags of each constituent were determined based on a correlated bivariate white noise model  (Pawlowicz et al. 2002). Tides at Marseille are small (∼0. 1 m) and are dominated by the semi-diurnal oscillation, M2 being the major constituent; its yearly amplitudes and phase lags together with the associated confidence intervals are plotted in Fig.
8a ). The results from this approach confirm that a stilling well obstruction occurred between May 2009 and October 2010. It was finally confirmed by the cleaning carried out on 27 October 2010. Data demonstrating such obstruction behaviour needs to be rejected from any subsequent sea level analysis focused on the high-frequency domain of the spectrum. We therefore removed those three periods from the final quality controlled hourly data set of the Marseille tide gauge (Fig. 8b ). They should be flagged in the public data banks that make Marseille tide gauge data available such as the GLOSS data centres. The most enigmatic results arise from the period 1957 to 1988 during which an apparent cyclic-like behaviour is evidenced in the time lags (Fig. 8 ) and in the phase lags of M2 (Fig. 7 ). A tentative (speculative) explanation could come from the obstacles set between the stilling well and the entrance of the channel (Fig.
The era of modern tide gauges The era of modern tide gauges is out of the scope of this data archaeology study. However, for the sake of completeness and revisiting changes in sea level while updating and extending the Marseille record back to 1849, the hourly data of the acoustic and radar tide gauge were included in the above quality controlled analysis. Those particular data sets would certainly benefit from a future and dedicated study. The results displayed in Fig. 8  reveal substantial timing shifts starting in November 2000 that gradually recover around October 2006. The tide gauge station underwent building works between November 2000 and April 2001, well after the acoustic tide gauge was installed (October 1998), which apparently altered the timing of the observations. No other maintenance or building work has been reported.
The MSL trend from 1849 to 2012 was then computed from the deseasonalized data by means of a robust linear regression and resulted in an estimate of 1. 08 ± 0. 04 mm/year (uncertainties correspond to standard errors hereinafter). This estimate is in agreement with previously reported trends, although over shorter multidecadal periods. Marcos and Tsimplis (2008)  estimated a linear trend of 1. 2 ± 0. 1 mm/year in Marseille and in the nearby Genova tide gauge for a period starting in 1885. They also found significant correlations between Marseille monthly sea levels and the rest of available tide gauges in the western Mediterranean, suggesting that this location is representative of the low-frequency sea level variability of the entire subbasin. This was corroborated by  Tsimplis et al. 2008  who found that Marseille is located in an area where sea level correlations are highest among most of the western Mediterranean.
2005). After 1990, mean sea levels have started rising again  (Fenoglio-Marc 2001; Tsimplis et al. 2005; Marcos and Tsimplis 2008). As explained by  Woodworth et al. (2009) , the negative acceleration found in Marseille is not in conflict with the positive global average reported by  Church and White (2011)  with a value for twice the quadratic coefficient of 0. 9 ± 0. 3 mm/year/century since 1880, as there are significant differences regionally. It is also worth noting from the above-mentioned accelerations and from Fig. 9b , the importance of the period over which the acceleration is computed  (Rahmstorf and Vermeer 2011). Marseille time series was compared with the longest sea level record of Brest updated by  Wöppelmann et al. (2006b)  and made available through the French SONEL data bank (http://www.
Other sea level signals Sea level variability in Marseille was explored in the frequency domain using spectral analysis of the monthly time series. Since a continuous time series was required to perform the analysis, the period 1941-1987 of the monthly record was chosen as the longest period of time during which data gaps are at maximum 3 months long. These were linearly interpolated without notably affecting the analysis (a spline interpolation was also tested leading to the same results). The power spectrum in Fig. 10  was computed using a 512-point Kaiser-Bessel window with a window half length overlapping for the Fig. 10  Power spectra (cm 2 month) of Marseille monthly mean sea levels from 1941 to 1987. Vertical red lines are drawn as guidelines at 6, 12 and 14 months time series of 564 months.
Tide gauges with high-frequency (at least 1 h) sampling rates have also been used extensively to study sea level extremes. The time series of Marseille is part of the sparse and invaluable worldwide data set of sea level records longer than 100 years with high-frequency sampling. Letetrel et al. (2010)  took advantage of these features to characterize the sea level extremes and their evolution over the period 1885-2008 using a local regression model based on the Generalized Pareto Distribution. Interestingly, they found that temporal changes in extreme events, originated by winter atmospheric perturbations, do not always follow changes in mean sea level at inter-annual and decadal scales.
Conclusion: an extended sea level time series Originally devised for geodesy, the interest in the Marseille tide gauge record has gradually shifted from this community to meteorologists, oceanographers and climatologists. This shift is natural as the coastline is at the interface of the major Earth sub-systems that are the solid earth continents, the oceans and the atmosphere. In addition, Marseille data are now extending over 160 years and covering three centuries, hence being particularly interesting for studying long-term trends in sea levels in the context of recent climate change. The broadened interest also results from an instrument that was devised to be robust and of the highest mechanical precision design. In this respect, it is of historical curiosity in quoting the Ing. Reitz correspondence to Ing.
Lallemand on 1 June 1883: "we started working from the principle that gauges likely foreseen to operate during centuries should be extremely robust". Even though the former Cadiz and Helgoland copies did not exceed a hundred years of recording, they lasted several decades, however  (Marcos et al. 2011; Rohde 1982 ). Yet, our experience on the recovered data of the Marseille tide gauge copy indicates that the most important issue in the recording of high-quality sea level data is definitely the care and maintenance of the gauge. At Marseille, a gauge attendant ensured this maintenance daily for over a century. Despite the broad use of Marseille MSL time series over the past decades, little was known by most users on the origin of those mean sea levels recorded by an ingenious device rigorously complying with the mathematical definition of a mean (mechanical integrator; Sect.
8 ). As a result, aside from the above-mentioned periods of apparent gauge malfunctioning and the original missing data for  1909, 1913, 1921 and 1924 , a consistent high-frequency time series from 1849 to present is achieved, increasing notably the length of one of the few European sea level records in the Mediterranean Sea spanning three centuries. The extended and cleaned record of Marseille hourly sea levels is provided in computer-accessible form in the supplementary material and in SONEL (http://www. sonel. org) and its associated REFMAR (refmar. shom. fr) portal at the French hydrographic agency, supplying data to the PSMSL and GLOSS. This will enable any future researcher to make ready use of the data sets, without the need to consult the original tidal charts for which now permission has become difficult to obtain as the tide gauge and its buildings have been classified as an Historic Monument, including the tidal charts.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank  C. Blasi  for finding original information about Ing. F. H. Reitz  and making it available to us. G. Boistel  and  J. Caplan  provided invaluable information on the time system definitions in France and their practical application at  Marseille. F. Vergne  is acknowledged for its technical support in the geodetic monitoring of the Marseille station, as are his numerous predecessors and gauge attendants over more than a century. The digitization of the tide gauge records from 1885 to 1988 was supported by the  French mapping agency (IGN) , whereas the  French space agency (CNES)  funded the digitization of the oldest records from 1849 to 1851 within the  Ocean Surface Topography Science Team (OST/ST)  Project in 2009. The tidal charts between 1885 and 1988 were digitized by  P.
Abstract Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to projectand avertfuture declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1. 6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world.
The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groupsincluding flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systemswww. predicts. org. uk).
Introduction Despite the commitment made by the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, global biodiversity indicators show continued decline at steady or accelerating rates, while the pressures behind the decline are steady or intensifying  (Butchart et al. 2010; Mace et al. 2010). Evaluations of progress toward the CBD's 2010 target highlighted the need for datasets with broader taxonomic and geographic coverage than existing ones  (Walpole et al. 2009; Jones et al. 2011 ). Taxonomic breadth is needed because species' ability to tolerate human impacts destruction, degradation and fragmentation of habitats, the reduction of individual survival and fecundity through exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien speciesvaries among major taxonomic groups  (Vi e et al.