dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Literature search A number of studies have investigated the nature of radio and mid-infrared sources. By correlating our catalog with these we can adopt their classifications. Cross-matching our radio sources with H ii region catalogs compiled by  Purcell et al. (2013)  and  Kalcheva et al. (2018)  using CORNISH data,  Giveon et al. (2005b)  using MAGPIS data and  Ortega et al. (2010)  we have identified a total of 46 previously known H ii regions. As described in Sect. 4. 1. 5 we also cross-matched our radio sources with a catalog of H ii region candidates identified by  Anderson et al. (2014)  from their analysis of WISE colors. This revealed a match for 130 radio sources including 90 not previously matched to a CORNISH or MAGPIS source. Of these, 43 have spectral indexes determined from the THOR and GLOSTAR data; 42 of these have spectral indexes between -0.
17 to 0. 88, which supports their classification as H ii regions  (Anderson et al. 2014). Combined with the 46 sources identified from the literature brings the sample of reliable H ii regions in the GLOSTAR region to 136. A further 28 sources have been identified as PNe by the CORNISH team  (Purcell et al. 2013 and Irabor et al. 2018) , and another 15 as radio stars (12 identified by  Purcell et al. 2013  and 3 found in SIMBAD). We found, with a cross match radius of 10 , that 3 of these candidates have a counterpart in the HASH (Hong Kong/AAO/Strasbourg Hα) planetary nebula database  (Parker et al. 2016). Our literature search has also identified another three interesting compact radio sources that are consistent in position with pulsars: G032. 763+00. 092 with PSR J1850-0006  (Keith et al.
2009 ), G028. 880-00. 938 with PSR B1844-04, and G028. 193-00. 785 with PSR B1842-04  (Hobbs et al. 2004 ). Radio continuum emission from energetic pulsars is usually associated to the integrated emission of their pulses, but other mechanisms such as a pulsar wind and magnetic activity have been recently discussed by  Dzib et al. (2018). For the GLOSTAR data discussed here, the angular resolution is insufficient to decide whether or not the radio emission comes from the pulsar, from the surrounding medium, or from an unassociated object. This will be better constrained with the GLOSTAR VLA B-configuration data when it becomes available. The importance of pulsars with radio continuum emission is that they may targeted by Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations to determine their astrometric parameters, such as proper motions and trigonometric parallaxes  (Brisken et al.
New compact H ii regions Our analysis has identified a total of 231 H ii regions, of which 46 were previously known  (Kalcheva et al. 2018; Ortega et al. 2010; Giveon et al. 2005b ) and 90 were proposed as candidates from analysis of the WISE data by  Anderson et al. (2014). We have therefore identified 96 new H ii region and confirmed the nature of the those proposed by  Anderson et al. (2014). The majority of the new H ii regions (84) have Y-factors > 1. 2 and are therefore resolved in GLOSTAR and are unlikely to have been picked up in earlier high-resolution surveys where the extended emission is filtered out (CORNISH and MAGPIS). The remaining 12 H ii region candidates are unresolved in GLOSTAR and so could have been picked up in earlier surveys. However, their peak fluxes are lower than the sensitivity limit of CORNISH (7σ ∼ 2.
7 mJy beam -1 ) except in the case of two sources. We checked the CORNISH maps of these two sources but did not find any emission present coincident with the GLOSTAR position (the noise values are 0. 34 mJy and 0. 32 mJy for G030. 371+00. 483 and G030. 678+00. 767, respectively). Both of these sources have mid-infrared counterparts and are hence real. These sources are therefore either both extended and completely filtered out in the CORNISH data or are variable radio sources.
In addition to the H ii regions we have also identified 15 radio stars, 46 PNe, 3 pulsars, 3 compact SNR-candidates and 99 radio sources associated with more extended structures such as the ionization fronts of much more extended H ii regions. We are unable to classify 1186 radio sources; these can be broadly categorized as being weak and unresolved, the majority of which are likely to be extragalactic background sources. Here we present a catalog of 1575 radio sources and have investigated their nature and physical properties. The data presented here is only a small fraction of the total GLOSTAR coverage, which also includes spectral line and higher-resolution data obtained with the VLA in B-array. This will be complemented with observations that are being performed with the 100-m Effelsberg telescope, which will provide sensitivity to scales larger than seen in the D-configuration observations.
Acknowledgements. We would like to thank the referee for constructive comments and suggestions that have helped to improve this work. S. -N. X. M. is a member of the  International Max-Planck Research School  at the  Universities of Bonn and Cologne (IMPRS). N. R. acknowledges support from the  Infosys Foundation  through the  Infosys Young Investigator grant. H. B. acknowledges support from the  European Research Council  under the  Horizon 2020 Framework Program  via the  ERC Consolidator Grant   CSF-648505. This research was partially funded by the  ERC Advanced Investigator  Grant  GLOSTAR (247078 ). It made use of information from the ATLASGAL database at http://atlasgal. mpifr-bonn. mpg. de/cgi-bin/ATLASGAL_DATABASE. cgisupported by the  MPIfR, Bonn , as well as information from the CORNISH database at http: //cornish.
leeds. ac. uk/public/index. phpwhich was constructed with support from the  Science and Technology Facilities Council  of the UK. This publication also makes use of data products from the  Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer , which is a joint project of the  University of California, Los Angeles , and the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology , funded by the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at  CDS, Strasbourg, France. We have used the collaborative tool Overleaf available at: https://www. overleaf. com/.
acnes has not been formally investigated, although it has been mentioned as unpublished data in a recent review  (6). In addition, C. acnes is a highly heterogeneous species and a precise study would require differentiating the responses of acneic and non-acneic strains, as clearly defined by Fitz-Gibbon et al. (24). Here, we compared the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the growth, biofilm formation, surface properties, membrane integrity, and size of acneic and nonacneic strains of C. acnes. The effect of catecholamines on the virulence of C. acnes was investigated on cultured sebocytes to mimic its natural environment. In addition, we evaluated the effect of thermal spring water from Uriage-les-Bains (UTW) on the response of C. acnes to catecholamines, as we previously observed that it was able to interfere with C.
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Biofilms were grown in 24-well-plates with a flat glass bottom (Sensoplate, Greiner bio-one, Germany). Bacteria were harvested (7,000 × g, 10 min) and rinsed with PS to remove all traces of medium. An aliquot of 300 µL bacterial culture, adjusted to an OD 580 = 1, was transferred to the wells of the plates and the plates incubated for 2 h to allow primary adhesion. Then, the wells were washed with PS, media was added, and the plates were incubated for 72 h under static and anoxic conditions. At the end of the incubation, the wells were washed twice with PS to remove planktonic bacteria and the biofilms were stained with SYTO 9 Green Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Stain (Thermofisher R ). Stained samples were fixed with ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant (Molecular Probes R ) and examined under an LSM 710 inverted confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss R , Germany) using the Zen R 2009 software package.
Flow Cytometry Studies RT4 acneic and RT6 non-acneic strains of C. acnes grown in RCM supplemented, or not, with epinephrine or norepinephrine were collected in early stationary phase. Bacteria were analyzed using a Beckman Cytoflex flow cytometer. Data were acquired for forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC) from 100,000 events per sample to study the size and granularity of the bacteria. Cytoplasmic membrane integrity was assessed using a Molecular Probe TM LIVE/DEAD TM BacLight TM Bacterial Viability Kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, bacteria were harvested (7,000 × g, 10 min) and washed twice in PS. Propidium iodide (PI) labeled bacteria with damaged membranes red, whereas intact cells appeared green following labeling with SYTO 9. Flow cytometry controls (instrument set up, compensation, and gating) consisted of bacterial suspensions containing untreated and/or unlabeled cells and/or dead cells (treated with 50% ethanol for 1 h).
In silico Studies The genome of (RT4) HL045PA1/HM-516 and (RT6) HL110PA3/HM-554 C. acnes strains has been sequenced  (24)  and the bacterial catecholamine receptor, Qsec, has been previously identified in E. coli  (4, 31). We thus used an insilico approach to investigate the presence of a catecholamine receptor in C. acnes. All calculations were performed using a DELL PowerEdge T420 computer equipped with four hard disks (4 To each, for a total of 12 To under RAID5). The FASTA amino-acid sequence of the C. acnes genomes was aligned by BLASTp on ExPASy (https://web. expasy. org/blast) with the sequence of the E. coli two-component system sensor histidine kinase QseC (GenBank: RZN88374. 1). Protein 3D models were generated using RaptorX Structure (32) and visualized using Python Molecular Viewer V1.
Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test as they were not normally distributed (Gaussian). Microsoft Excel 2007 (R software) was used to generate graphs and determine confidence coefficients. Statistical significance was based on alpha = 0. 05 and is indicated on the figures by a star. Higher confidence values (p < 0. 01 and p < 0. 001) are indicated by two or three stars, respectively.
76) (Figure  1B ). We then investigated the structure of the biofilm by confocal microscopy. Biofilms formed by the RT4 acneic strain were very heterogeneous, of highly varying thickness. Confocal microscopy confirmed the effects of the catecholamines on biofilm formation by the RT4 acneic strain. The average thickness of the biofilm increased significantly after exposure of the bacteria to epinephrine (60 ± 18%, p < 0. 01) and norepinephrine (211 ± 29%, p < 0. 001) (Figure  2 ). The mean biovolume of the biofilm calculated by Image J software increased by the same proportions (70 ± 20% in the presence of epinephrine, p < 0. 01, and 232 ± 30% in the presence of norepinephrine, p < 0. 001). Only the maximum thickness did not change, probably because of the very irregular structure of the biofilm formed by this bacterium.
Catecholamines Have no Influence on the Membrane Integrity, Viability, Surface Granularity, or Size of C. acnes Our results suggest that factors other than the surface polarity of the bacteria are involved in the effects of catecholamines on biofilm formation. Thus, we examined the RT4 acneic and RT6 non-acneic strains of C. acnes by flow cytometry using the LIVE/DEAD TM BacLight TM bacterial viability fluorescent test. In addition to viability, this test provides data on the integrity of the bacterial envelope, as it is based on the penetration of all calls by a green fluorescent dye and that of bacteria showing alterations in membrane integrity by a red fluorescent dye, here propidium iodide. A mean of 40% of RT4 acneic C. acnes showed moderately compromised membranes (Figure  5A ). This would appear to be important, especially as these bacteria were collected in early stationary phase.
Solvents were pumped with preparative Ecom ECP2000 pumps (Prague, Czech Republic). Chromatograms were recorded with a detector UV Flash 14 DAD UV of Ecom (Prague, Czech Republic) and the fractions were collected with a C6-60 Buchi collector  (Flawil, Switzerland). HPLC analysis was performed on a Thermo Finnigan HPLC system (Ontario, Canada) equipped with a SpectraSystem P4000 pump, a SpectraSystem 1000 degasser, a SpectraSystem AS3000 automated injector, and a UV SpectraSystem UV6000LP detector. Data acquisition was controlled by the ChromQuest™ 5. 0 software (ThermoScientific™). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were registered on 600 MHz of Bruker AvanceAVIII-600 spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany) and was supported by TopSpin software (Bruker). UPLC-HRMS and HRMS/MS analysis was performed on an AQUITY system (Waters) connected with an LTQ Orbitrap Discovery hybrid mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific) equipped with an ESI source, in negative and positive mode.
FUNDING The research work was supported by the  Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI)  and the  General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) , under the  HFRI PhD Fellowship grant  ( GA. 14498 ). The present work was co-funded by the  European Union (ERDF)  and  Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation , " under the call " STRENGTHENING RESEARCH AND INNOVATION INFRASTRUCTURES"  (project code: 5002803). This work has benefited from  HAITOGLOU BROS S. A. with its kind offer of sesame oil.
PROTOTYPING The augmented book is created using standard publishing software, InDesign (see Figures  1  and 2 ). InDesign is usually used to create a printed book in a specialist print format. However, it also allows for the simultaneous creation of an ebook in different file formats (for different e-book readers), including interactive e-books with digital hotlinks. We use this latter feature to author an augmented book initially as an interactive e-book for Android smartphones and tablets in fixed format EPUB3. 0. Different hotlink icons can be embedded in the text and linked to integral multimedia content or external websites. The book component of this can be printed as usual, but the links are played on a companion smartphone or monitor. In fact, the smartphone runs a 'Next Generation Paper' app which reads the interactive e-book file and supports control actions to play links corresponding to particular pages of the printed book.
Statistical analyses Data presented in this paper are secondary outcomes of the DALI lifestyle trial  [18]. All neonatal outcomes presented in this paper were pre-specified in the protocol, with the exception of estimated fat mass, fat-free mass and fat percentage, which were calculated based on pre-specified variables. Neonatal loss to follow-up was defined as no data on both neonatal anthropometry and cord blood leptin. Differences between the study sample and participants with loss to follow-up and differences between the intervention groups and the UC group were tested using Student's t test for continuous variables or χ 2 tests for categorical variables. To test for intervention effects, multilevel analyses were undertaken with a two level structure: individual and site. A modified intention-to-treat approach was used, without any imputation of missing data.
A sensitivity analysis was conducted with multiple imputation under missing-at-random assumptions. Analyses of neonatal anthropometric variables were always adjusted for the time after birth (in h). Additional adjustment of analyses by parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, education, smoking, sex, gestational age at birth and mode of delivery did not change the results and are therefore not shown. Effect dependency by sex was assessed for all outcomes. An interaction with p < 0. 10 was considered relevant and, when present, analyses were performed for both sexes separately. All analyses were performed with IBM SPSS, version 20 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), with a two-sided p value below 0. 05 considered significant. No adjustments for multiple comparisons were made. Post hoc power calculations showed that a difference of 2.
Results Figure  1  shows the randomisation and follow-up of participants in the trial. A total of 436 women were included in the trial. Participants lost to follow-up (n = 102) were not different from those for whom neonatal data were available (n = 334) (Table  1 ). Maternal characteristics were comparable between intervention groups (Table  1 ), except that gestational weight gain was lower in the HE&PA group compared with the UC group.
Funding The project described has received funding from the European Community's 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 242187. In the Netherlands, additional funding was provided by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) (grant no. 200310013). In Poland, additional funding was obtained from the Polish Ministry of Science (grant no. 2203/7, PR/2011/2). In Denmark, additional funding was provided by Odense University Free Research Fund. In the UK, the DALI team acknowledges the support received from the National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network Eastern, especially the local diabetes clinical and research teams based in Cambridge. In Spain, additional funding was provided by CAIBER (Consorcio de Apoyo a la Investigación Biomédica en Red; 1527-B-226).
5 Implementation of fundoscopic examination (in order to look for malaria retinopathy signs)  6  and microbiological investigations (blood culture, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, CSF multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) could limit the overestimation of CM diagnosis, but fundoscopic examination requires trained physicians and microbiological investigations are expensive. Clinical research needs to focus on new clinical or diagnostical tools designed to help physicians in order to better diagnose CM. NeuroCM study aims to collect data (such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid culture, fundoscopic examination) on coma's aetiologies in Beninese young children. Without treatment, CM is invariably fatal. Even with parenteral artemisinin use, severe malaria death rate is 20%. 7 In case of severe malaria or CM, patients should be hospitalised in an intensive care unit.
Open access NeuroCM study will collect data on children's clinical recovery at discharge and 21 to 28 days later. Tools for malaria control are less and less effective. On one hand, P. falciparum drug resistance is a growing concern. Resistance to chloroquine, one of the main anti-malarial drugs, appeared during the sixties in South-East Asia and then spread to Africa. 11 12 Artemisinin-combined therapy became the treatment of choice for malaria with the aim to reduce the risk of parasites developing resistance,  13  but resistance appeared in South-East Asia in 2008  14  and was confirmed in others studies. 15 It has not, hitherto, spread to Africa but this is a real concern for the WHO. 16 On the other hand, mosquitos become more and more resistant to insecticides, making antivectorial prevention more and more difficult.
recruitment process Step 1: enrolment/screening For CM and non-malarial non-traumatic coma group, every young child with neurological symptoms is screened for eligibility. For UM group, every child presenting at the outpatient clinic with fever or fever during the previous 24 hours is screened. The first step is patients' screening to confirm study eligibility and provide participants with Open access information about the study. A questionnaire assessing eligibility will inform on home addresses, sociodemographical data (number of children in the family, ethnical group…), clinical history, use of mosquito net and vaccination status. Informed consent is then obtained from the parents or caregivers. The following tests are performed to screen for malaria and to rule out HIV infections: a RDT detecting histidin-rich protein 2 (HRP2) for P.
falciparum detection and Determine HIV-1/2 set, Alere for HIV detection. step 2: clinical examination and biological sample/analysis A clinical examination is performed by a study physician for children hospitalised with coma, and by a study nurse for UM. In the coma group, a fundoscopic assessment is performed (Eyepax 1. 0 Dioptrix) and pictures are captured and downloaded on an online database. The clinical data entry is performed on an online case report form. In order to allocate children to their respective groups, biological analyses according to severe malaria are needed. For coma's inclusion: thick and thin blood smear analysis, complete blood count (CBC) (Sysmex KX-21N, Sysmex XT-1800i and ABS Micro ES 60), biochemistry analysis (Na + , K + , Cl -, Ca ++ , HCO 3 -, albumin, urea, creatinine, glucose, lactate) with Piccolo Sysmex and ALAT plus bilirubin (Biolabo Kenza Max biochemistry and Mindray BS-200) are performed on site.
Highly polymorphical var genes will be assembled and BLASTed against peptide hits from the MS approach. Nucleotide primers will be designed with DNA-sequencing data and used in RT-qPCR to validate the RNA-seq data. Associations between gene polymorphisms and modifications in RNA nature and quantity detected by RNA-seq will be investigated. Then, we will use recombinant protein and P. falciparum genome modification by gene disruption to study proteins' role. Host factors study will be based on the analysis of PBMC, plasmas and urine samples of the three groups of children. PBMC analysis will focus on the phenotyping of monocytes to distinguish M1 and M2-like phenotypes. Flow cytometry will be used to measure expression levels of CD11b and CD16 as M1 markers, and CD163 and CD206 as M2 markers.
The assessment of gene expression levels of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors by RT-qPCR will complete phenotype analysis. Plasmas and urine samples will allow to measure redox (L-arginine and biopterins), pro-/anti-inflammatory (cytokines, chemokines and lipid mediators such as eicosanoids) and pro-resolving mediators (such as prostaglandins and lipoxins) by ELISA or EIA. We will first compare data from the group of CM to the two other groups in order to identify the biological markers best related to inflammation and neurological impairment during CM. Second, we will analyse data obtained with the two coma groups at inclusion (Day 0), at Day 3 and Day 30 to understand the kinetics of immune events and its relation to death or favourable outcome. Finally, we will search for severity and death risk factors within the CM groups.
Open access In order to prevent losses, parents/guardians are called a few days before D21-28 to remind them of follow-up visit. No follow-up visit is scheduled for children with UM. data management Data, including clinical, biological and research results are collected and managed using CSOnline-Ennov Clinical (https:// ufrcb. chu-limoges. fr/ crfonline/). It is a secure, web-based application designed to support data capture for research studies. Study participants are identified by a code and have their own account. The two physicians and the nurse were trained to entry the data on included children in the database. Nobody can delete a patient created in the base, except the data manager. Data & Safety Monitoring Board, composed by two physicians specialised in infectious disease and one statistician, will review allocation of children to the pre-defined study groups and discuss possible deviations from the expected number of subjects in the groups.