dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
We propose an SSD prototype constructed based on Kinect principles called MeloSee. The emitter-receiver system is mounted on the user's head (Figure  1 ), thus leaving his/her hands free for other tasks. It implements original methods to encode the depth environment so as to generate sounds from depth and azimuth  [29]. We use a depth map provided by the RGB-D camera as an input. We resample the map using a limited number of receptive fields. The response associated with each receptive field is transcribed into sound. For the user's comfort and discrimination, we associate each RF's vertical position with a sound frequency on the musical scale. A differential stereo gain is also applied to the horizontal position. This generates a melody associated with the image in real-time. The development of a similar system was recently motivated by an inquiry among blind people  [30].
Data Analysis. As previously noted, participants had to navigate as quickly as possible without touching the walls. For each trial, we measured travel time and navigation errors (number of contacts with the walls and U-turns). The performance of the distractive task was also recorded. For each dependent variable, a repeated-measure ANOVA was conducted with week session (first, second) and trial ranks (1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 2 1 , 2 2 , and 1 4 ) as independent variables.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the " ConstrainPercept" Program  ( ANR-12-JSH2-0008-01 ) run by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  and by " Pôle Grenoble Cognition " and " SFR Santé-Société "  Programs run by Grenoble University. This work has been partially supported by the  LabEx PERSYVAL-Lab  ( ANR-11-LABX-0025 ). Special thanks are due to  Benjamin de Vulpillières  for his editing and proofreading assistance.
35 cd/m 2 in the dimly illuminated condition (Michelson contrast, C ϭ 0. 9996) and 84. 84 cd/m 2 with the room lights on (C ϭ 0. 4022). Target brightness was 46. 69 cd/m 2 in dim light (C ϭ 0. 9996), and 92. 13 cd/m 2 with the lights on (C ϭ 0. 4362). The experiment was performed by a real-time data acquisition and control system (REX version 8. 0;  Hays et al. , 1982). Horizontal and vertical eye movements were recorded from the right eye of all subjects using an infrared iView X Hi-Speed tracker (SensoMotoric Instruments) sampling at 1 kHz. Only the horizontal movements were analyzed. Viewing was binocular, except in one subject with diplopia, in whom the nonrecorded eye was patched. The subject's head was stabilized in the tracker by a chin rest, a forehead rest, and a strap around the head.
Each recording session began by calibrating the stimulus display and the eye monitor. Statistics. All statistics were computed with MATLAB. Correlations used Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. Saccade and perception reaction times were compared with orthogonal linear regression (Total Least Squares Method MATLAB package; Petras ˇand Bednarova, 2010), with bootstrap confidence intervals. Statistical significance was tested with one-way ANOVA (anova1 function) for difference among means, or the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (kstest2 function) for difference between distributions. Significance level was considered as p Ͻ 0. 05. Unless otherwise indicated, all averages are given as mean Ϯ SEM. Psychometric functions. We varied TA with the method of constant stimuli in a yes/no choice paradigm (gap/overlap).
Each dataset (from each subject and the pool of subjects, and for each task) was fitted with all five functions. Each subject's threshold was determined by the fit with the smallest deviance (i. e. , log-likelihood ratio) to his/her data  (Wichmann and Hill, 2001). Thus, each subject's threshold came from the PF that gave the best fit to his/her own data, which avoids bias if the data are skewed. Design and procedure. The experimental design was similar to the gap/ overlap paradigm of  Saslow (1967) , but without an auditory warning signal. A central spot came on, acting as the fixation point (FP). Duration of the FP was randomly drawn from the set  [1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000 ms]. Later, the target (TG) was turned on at an eccentric location. The relative timing of offset of the FP with respect to the onset of the TG defined a specific TA.
Session two: control session, saccade-only task. The visual stimuli were the same as in the main paradigm, but subjects were only required to look at the FP and TG in turn. No perceptual report or button press was required. Session three: control session, perception-only task. The stimulus sequence was the same as in the previous sessions, but subjects were asked to maintain fixation on the FP (or where it had been if it went off), without making a saccade when the eccentric target appeared. After TG onset, they pressed a button to indicate whether they perceived a gap or an overlap. Data analysis. Data were analyzed off-line with algorithms developed by our laboratory in MATLAB (The MathWorks). Eye position data were obtained by smoothing the raw data with a Savitzky-Golay filter (sgolay function with order four and frame length 21  (Savitzky and Golay, 1964).
Eye velocity was obtained from raw eye position data with a Savitzky-Golay differentiating filter (order two and frame length 25). Saccades were detected when velocity crossed 0. 3 times the SD of the eye velocity trace during fixation. Saccade end was defined as when the eye velocity decreased below the same threshold. In the saccade ϩ perception (SP) and saccade-only (SO) sessions, latency (interval between onsets of TG and saccade), peak velocity, amplitude (degrees of visual angle traversed between start and end of the saccade), and duration (time between saccade start and end) were measured for the first saccade after the onset of the target in each trial. Only trials without artifacts (such as blinks or saturation of eye tracker signal) were analyzed. Trials where the first saccade was made away from the target, where saccadic latency was Ͻ80 or Ͼ500 ms, or where peak speed was Ͻ25 or Ͼ800°/s, were excluded.
In the SP session, a valid response had to follow a valid saccade. Each session was analyzed separately. For each TA, we calculated the average saccadic and perception reaction times and the number of "gap" and "overlap" responses. Data were first analyzed for each subject. As there were no qualitative differences among subjects, we also analyzed the pool of all subjects. We did not find any significant differences in saccadic or perception reaction times; or the psychometric function's transition threshold; or the percentage of correct responses, between left and right targets; or for different target amplitudes (ANOVA, p Ͼ 0. 05), so all target amplitudes and directions were pooled. Thus, each TA was repeated ϳ20 times per session.
Model equations The model is described by first-order ordinary differential equations and parameters taken from MHK  (Ma et al. , 2006)  and RH  (Reynolds and Heeger, 2009 ) models with a few modifications. Parameters of the new model are listed in Table  2. The following equations are a complete description of the model. See the original papers for explanations of where these equations come from. The simulations were run in MATLAB (The MathWorks). The model consists of a set of 1D neuronal maps, each map consisting of nine units representing different eccentricities. The variables in the equations below are thus for a representative unit within a map. The visual input, I(t), arrives in the A V1 map and is modulated by synaptic depression, S(t) (MHK Eqs. 16. 3a-b) as follows: V1 dA V1 dt ϭ ϪA V1 ϩ ͑1Ϫ␣ d S͑t͒͒ ⅐ I͑t͒, ( 1a ) where S(t) is given by the following: S dS dt ϭ 1ϪS.
Statistical analyses All data were treated as ordinal except for subjective items. For socio-demographic, sleep and psychological variables, the 19 submariner samples were considered. The evolution of sleep and psychological parameters during the mission were assessed using student "paired t tests" comparison tests between session-points (D21 and D51). Correlations between variables were assessed by Spearman rho correlation analyses. All comparisons between groups were carried out using non-parametric tests due to the group size differences and to non-normative distribution of some set of data (particularly for subjective data). All analyses were performed using SPSS 17. 0 for Windows (SPSS GmbH Software, Munich). Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). All statistical tests were two-tailed.
Acknowledgments The authors want to thank all the submariners of the  SSBN "Téméraire"  from the  "Marine Nationale" of the French Army , who participated in the study and all the staff who supported the volunteers. They would also like to thank the Naval Force headquarters: Chief Medical Officers  S Gruchy ,  JL Cayla  and  JM Cuvilllier. The authors are indebted to  Karen Pickett  and  Kate Dawson-Desmur  for their English reviewing of the manuscript.
Participants and procedure Data from this project were obtained as part of the IMAGEN study, a multi-national research project coordinated by the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London. IMAGEN was conducted in 8 European sites across the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Germany. 2257 14-year old adolescents and their parents were recruited from schools and using an internet recruitment site (www. imagen-info. com). Geographical areas were selected to maximise ethnic homogeneity, due to the genetic component of the IMAGEN study (not reported here). However, both private and state-funded schools were targeted in order to obtain a diverse sample of socioeconomic status, emotional and cognitive development. Written parental and child consent were required from all participants, following which adolescents were invited to complete a home-based assessment, and both adolescents and parents were invited to come to the local research centre for testing.
Although there is some debate as to whether words or picture stimuli are more sensitive measures of attentional biases, a meta-analysis of 172 studies reported that threat biases in anxious individual were equally consistent when measured with words or picture stimuli  [15]. Face stimuli were displayed for 1000ms, following which the screen was cleared and participants' reaction times were measured. The emotional faces were presented head-on, although given that this data was completed as part of a home assessment, it was not possible to control for the participants' positioning relative to the computer during the task. Three attentional bias scores (anger, fear, happiness) were computed by subtracting the mean reaction times to congruent from incongruent probes for each emotion, with a positive bias indicating a greater reaction time latency to the emotional face.
Data validation and exclusion criteria A number of validation checks were completed during the home assessment, i. e. asking participants whether they were in a hurry, distracted or being watched by others. If participants responded positively to these validation checks, or if their responses were doubtful (e. g. with mean reaction times <100ms or if all responses were the same), their data was considered unreliable. These stringent reliability procedures were considered necessary for data completed as part of the home assessment as the research team sought to ensure that all data analysed was collected under similar conditions. Based on these validation checks, data for 191 participants (8. 5%) were flagged as being unreliable based on their response to the SURPS, and 54 (2. 39%) were flagged as being unreliable based on their responses to the dot probe task according to these criteria.
Data analysis Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21 (IBM corp, Armonk, NY) and STATA SE 13. 1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). The associations between personality trait levels, attentional biases and the likelihood of diagnosis of mental disorders at 14 years were examined using Pearson's correlation analyses with Bonferroni adjustments for multiple comparisons. Separate hierarchical linear regressions were conducted in STATA to examine the prospective relationship between personality trait levels and attentional biases at 14 years with the risk for mental health symptoms at 16 years (i. e. GAD, MDD, ADHD, ODD, CD). Regression analyses accounted for recruitment sites as a cluster variable, and non-independence observations were adjusted for using tests based on the Huber-White sandwich estimate of variance  [49].
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the IMAGEN study participants, parents and schools, as well as to the research staff involved in the study. Development of the MacBrain Face Stimulus Set was overseen by  Nim Tottenham  and supported by the  John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Early Experience and Brain Development. Please contact Nim Tottenham at tott0006@tc. umn. edu for more information concerning the stimulus set. The other members of the  IMAGEN consortium  (http://www. imagen-europe. com)are the following: King's  College, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK :  L Reed ,  S Williams ,  A Lourdusamy ,  S Costafreda ,  A Cattrell ,  C Nymberg ,  L Topper ,  L Smith ,  S Havatzias ,  K Stueber ,  C Mallik ,  T-K Clarke ,  D Stacey ,  C Peng Wong ,  H Werts ,  S Williams ,  C Andrew ,  S Desrivieres ,  S Zewdie  (Coordination office).
This work was supported by The IMAGEN study, which receives research funding from the  European Community 's  Sixth Framework Programme task , as well two personality measures, namely the Substance Use Further support was provided by the  FP7  projects ADAMS (genomic variations underlying common 242257), the  Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS  ( 115300-2 ), the  UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Mental Health , the  Medical Research Council   Programme Grant  ' Developmental pathways into adolescent substance abuse ' (93558), the  German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (NGFN Plus ; FKZ:  01GS08152 ), as well as the  Fondation de Recherche Santé-Québec  ( Chercheur-Boursier Pc 20393 ). Ms. O'Leary-Barrett  is supported by an  Aides a la Formation-Recherche (AFR)  grant from the  Fonds National de Recherche (FNR) du Luxembourg  and  Le Centre de Documentation et d'Information sur l'Enseignement Supérieur (CEDIES) Luxembourg.
Dr. Conrod is supported by a Scientist career (2010-2013) award from the  Fondation de Recherche en Santé du Québec (FRSQ) , a  Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR)  grant, and funding from the  National Institute for Health, Research Biomedical Research Centre  for Mental Health at the  South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust , at the  Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. consults for Cambridge Cognition,  E Lilly ,  GlaxoSmithKline ,  Merck Sharpe, Lundbeck and Dohme ,  Teva  and  Shire Pharmaceuticals , and has received recent research grants from  Lilly ,  GSK  and  Lundbeck. Tobias Banaschewski  served in an advisory or consultancy role for  Bristol Myers-Squibb ,  Develco Pharma ,  Lilly ,  Medice ,  Novartis ,  Shire  and  Viforpharma.
Part 1: observational study Participants and study sites. The observations were carried out in 10 cities of France, in the following order: Montpellier, Toulouse, Aix-en-Provence, Rouen, Rennes, Besançon, Strasbourg, Lyon, Lille and Bordeaux. The observations lasted two weeks in each city. The study was carried out between February 2011 and March 2013. We observed the spontaneous behaviour of people in public places. The subjects were not aware of the study. For the observations, we chose locations that allowed us to optimize data collection, i. e. spots where many people of the city meet and greet each other. The study sites were: entrances of secondary schools in the morning, entrances of university restaurants at lunchtime and meeting spots of the town centre (e. g. the fountain of the main square, entrances of cinemas) in the evening.
We only went once to each school, and once or twice to each university restaurant, in order to avoid the risk of recording several times the same individuals. We strived to limit the risk of recording data from people that were foreigners to the city, so we did not use airports and railway stations, and we recorded only data from people that have a typical French type, i. e. white people of western european descent. Data recorded and recording method. The behaviour studied was "kissing on the cheek" as a greeting. It is defined as a kiss on the cheek of the other in a sequence of mutual kissing. We recorded data only when kissing was used as a greeting (to say hello or goodbye), i. e. when the individuals were meeting (or separating, but this case was rarely observed). We used "ad libitum" sampling  [60]  to collect the data, because this is the most appropriate method to record actions that are rapid and infrequent.
We scanned the crowd continually and recorded all occurrences of kissing, whenever it occurred. Data collection was made by direct observation with recording on a record sheet. Definitions: The "initiator" or "kissing individual" is the individual that approaches the other to kiss. The "receiver" is the individual that is kissed first. A "right cheek kiss" occurs when the initiator kisses the receiver on the right cheek first. A "left cheek kiss" occurs when the initiator kisses the receiver on the left cheek first. For each kissing sequence, we recorded: the first cheek that was kissed, the number of kisses made by the kissing individual (which is the same as the number of kisses made by the individual that is kissed), the sex of the two individuals, the age class of the two individuals (0-10 years, 11-18 years, 18-30 years, 30-50 years, +50 years), the type of dyad (initiator/ receiver: Female/Female, Female/Male, Male/Female, Male/Male).
This detailed recording was to enable us to investigate and control for the effects of these factors. We also wrote comments about possible influences (e. g. whether the individual held an object that may influence the kissing action, whether the kiss was preceded or followed by a hug) and we recorded whether an individual hesitated, commented or apologized about the kissing action or whether the individuals had problems to kiss correctly. All these data were excluded from the analyses. Data independence. We recorded every instance of kissing. This included repeated data from the same individual. However, these repeated data were used only for the analysis on intra-individual consistency. For the main analysis on kissing laterality, we excluded all cases when an individual was repeated. Thus, if an individual was repeated in several kissing dyads (as the kissing individual or as the kissed individual), we counted only the kiss that occurred in the first dyad.
Results Part 1: observational study Data analyzed. Sample size: There was a total of 10691 data points, before exclusion of the non-independent data points. We analyzed 5472 independent data points, with an average of 547. 20 data points per city (median = 601. 50, minimum = 221, maximum = 739). Distribution of the subjects according to age (Fig  2 ): In each of the cities, there was virtually no data for the 0-10 years category (less than 2% of the sample of a city), so this age class was excluded from analyses on age. There were few data from the +50 age class (less than 8. 2% of the sample of a city), in all the cities, except Rouen and Aix en Provence (11. 31% and 16. 56% respectively). Therefore, most data points were from the subjects aged between 11 and 30 (at least 65. 6% of the data of a city).
-Other cities: In the other cities, the relationship between laterality and number of kisses could not be tested because of the small sample size for the minority types (N 2% of the data). Consistency in kissing (Table  4 ): We assessed intra-individual consistency in kissing, to examine whether the individuals kept their preference across different partners. We first assessed the consistency of the kissing individuals (in each city and all cities combined). In each city, we found that most individuals were consistent, over 2 partners (mean = 87. 42%) or 3 partners (mean = 84. 63%). The sample of data did not allow analysis on 4 partners and more. One should note that there were cases of consistency over up to 7 different partners. These findings show that most individuals were consistent, kissing all of their partners starting by the same cheek.
Part 2: study based on questionnaires and surveys Questionnaires. Paper version questionnaire-cheek kissing: We had data from two cities for which we have also performed behavioural observations: Rennes and Rouen. The Online version questionnaire-cheek kissing (Table  5 ): We obtained 2815 responses for the online questionnaire. We analyzed only cities for which there was a minimum of 20 responses. The results show significant population-level laterality in 7 cities (and one trend). The biases were all toward the right cheek. The 7 other cities analyzed showed no significant bias. Online version questionnaire-cheek kissing and handedness: For the online questionnaire, we had data on both handedness and cheek kissing, so we could investigate the relationship between the two lateralities. When considering the writing hand, there were 1846 right-handers and 278 left-handers.
Discussion One of the most striking unresolved issues regarding laterality is the origin of group-level biases. Can social pressures be the key factor that induces alignment of laterality between the individuals? We tested this hypothesis in humans, for the first time. Namely, we asked whether social pressures could control laterality for an interactive social behaviour. We studied laterality for cheek kissing, a behaviour that involves a contact interaction with numerous partners. Our observations in 10 French cities showed that a) the majority of the people of a city performed the same action and b) the direction of laterality depended on the city. These results are consistent with our complementary data for questionnaires and surveys.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank all the anonymous participants to the observational study and to the questionnaires and survey studies. For the observational study, we would like to warmly thank the persons that helped the observers:  Bruno Blois  and  Pascal Massinon ,  Malika Vignon  and her flatmates and  Tibou Cissoko. We thank  Emeline Fauvarque  for helping with the observations. We thank  Maxime Herve  and  Jacques Prieur  for helping with the statistics. We thank the reviewers for their advices.
Measures Questionnaires were delivered in the official and dominant language of each country. The translation-back-translation procedure (e. g. ,  Behling & Law, 2000)  was utilized to ensure semantic equivalence with the original English versions. Data on mentoring receipt, objective, and subjective career success were collected with self-reporting, while data on employability and job performance were collected from line managers. Unless otherwise stated, a 5-point Likert-type measurement format (1: not at all, 5: to a great extent) was employed. Mentoring receipt. This was measured with five items (e. g. , "given or recommended you for assignments that increased your contact with higher-level individuals," "conveyed feelings of respect to you as individual," "served as a role model") from  Dreher and Ash (1990).