dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The ringed planet scenario also poses a challenge regarding the possibility of hosting low-density/porous ring materials at the high equilibrium temperature of the planet. This planet will benefit from future transit observations to validate its true nature. Transit observations with higher precision (e. g. using the Hubble Space Telescope or James Webb Space Telescope) will be necessary to identify ingress and egress signatures which will be useful in constraining the parameters of the possible ring and the underlying planet radius. (1. 0, 3. 0) R in [R p ] Inner ring radius U(1. 0, R out ) i r [ • ] Ring inclination U(cos 90, cos 0) θ [ • ] Ring obliquity U(0, 180) choice of adopted priors. The evidence integral is given as Z = L(Θ) π(Θ) dΘ. (A. 2) We employ the dynesty 5  Python package  (Speagle 2019 ) which uses a nested sampling method  (Skilling 2004 ) to estimate the log evidence (log Z) by integrating the prior within nested contours of constant likelihood.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) / MCTES  through national funds by  FEDER  through  COMPETE2020-POCI  by these grants:  UID/FIS/04434/2019 ,  PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953 , and  PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113. BA acknowledges support from the  FCT  PhD programme  PD/BD/135226/2017. S. C. C. B. acknowledges FCT support through IFCT contracts  IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. MO acknowledges support of the  DFG priority program  SPP1992 "Exploring the  Diversity of Extrasolar Planets  ( RE1664/17-1 )". MO, BA, JF, also acknowledge support from the  FCT/DAAD  bilateral grant  2019  ( DAAD ID:57453096 ).
Background Adherence and persistence with chronic therapies is crucial to prevent disease progression, such as in glaucoma. However, only a limited number of studies have reported them using real-world data in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate Japanese patients' adherence and persistence to xed-and un xedcombination eye drops as a second-line therapy for glaucoma in real-world practice. Methods This retrospective, non-interventional cohort study utilized a commercially available Japanese healthcare database (MinaCare database). Medical/pharmacy claims data were collected from 2011 to 2016. The primary endpoint was adherence to medications, assessed by proportion of days covered (PDC) with medication during a 12-month post-index period. Meanwhile, the secondary endpoints included the persistence rate.
15 According to a nationwide survey performed in 2011-2012 in Japan using a questionnaire, good adherence to IOP-lowering eye drops was observed in 72. 4% of patients. 16 However, these risk factors and adherence rates were based on the data obtained from clinical studies under controlled conditions or an experimental setting. Therefore, patients' adherence to the therapies should be investigated, and the risk factors in ordinary clinical settings should be determined using real-world data. 8] [19] [20] [21] [22]  Unfortunately, to our knowledge, no such study has been conducted in Japan. Therefore, this study aimed to compare patients' adherence and persistence between a xed-combination therapy and an un xed-combination therapy and to identify risk factors for nonadherence in Japanese patients with glaucoma by using a healthcare database.
Study design This retrospective cohort study utilized a commercially available Japanese administrative healthcare database (MinaCare Co. , Ltd. , Tokyo, Japan) to investigate the adherence and persistence of patients to xed-combination and un xed-combination therapies for glaucoma treatment after switching from a monotherapy. The study consisted of a 12-month pre-index period, an index date (de ned as a rst prescription day of either when a single eye drop was rst switched to a xed-combination therapy [ xedcombination cohort] or when the second eye drop was added to a single eye drop initially [un xedcombination cohort]), and a 12-month post-index period. Patients without claims for 12 months after the index date and those who claimed the third drug in addition to a xed-combination therapy or in addition to an un xed-combination therapy indicated withdrawal.
1, followed by a stepwise (forward and backward) logistic regression model. The odds ratios (OR) and Wald 95% con dence intervals (CIs) were presented. The subject persistence rates at 6 and 12 months with a pointwise 95% CI were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the differences between the two treatment cohorts were tested by log-rank test. All the statistical analyses were performed using the SAS version 9. 4 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA).
Results In total, 57,899 patients were diagnosed with glaucoma and prescribed with any IOP-lowering drug in the database, of whom 309 patients were in the xed-combination cohort and 329 patients were in the un xedcombination cohort (Fig. 1 ). The two cohorts had similar baseline demographic and clinical characteristics (Table  1 ). The mean age was 56-57 years and clinical measurement values were within the normal ranges. Comorbidities reported in > 20% of patients were hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. In both cohorts, over 80% of patients lived in East Japan (especially residents of Tokyo or large cities). The mean PDC over the 12-month post-index period was 70. 4% in all the patients, 79. 1% in the xedcombination cohort, and 62. 2% in the un xed-combination cohort; hence, the PDC in the xed-combination cohort was signi cantly higher than that in the un xed-combination cohort (P < 0.
3] [14]  All of these risk factors need to be solved by education, communication with patients, and patient training in improving pro ciency of self-administration of eye drops. 42 eci c reasons on why physicians prescribed un xed combinations for certain patients would be interesting to identify. Such reasons may include a risk of adverse events caused by the concentration of the xed-combination, preservative formulations, and dosage adjustment of eye drops. If so, developing a new xed-combination therapy would be worthwhile. This study, however, has limitations. First, this study assumes that patients took eye drops for the number of days that they were prescribed, because the claims database does not track whether or not the patient actually put the eye drops as prescribed. However, we set a 30-day grace period so that the PDC did not underestimate adherence.
Second, the study did not consider baseline PDC in patients that had being continuing monotherapy for 12 months prior to the index date, although baseline may or may not differ between the groups. Third, we used the MinaCare database to gather healthcare information covering nearly 2 million individuals, of which 90% are aged 20-59 years, and their dependents in private corporate health insurance societies. 24, 25   herefore, only few elderly patients were included in this study. However, this study is worth considering for treating glaucoma because young patients are more likely to have glaucoma progression during their long life-spans. Fourth, the patients between the two cohorts possessed an uncontrolled nature, which includes the numerous drug types used as monotherapy during the pre-index period and the severity of glaucoma.
A key limitation of volcanic forcing datasets for the Pinatubo period is the large uncertainty that remains with respect to the extent of the optical depth of the Pinatubo aerosol cloud in the first year after the eruption, the saturation of the SAGE-II instrument restricting it to only be able to measure the upper part of the aerosol cloud in the tropics. Here we report the recovery of stratospheric aerosol measurements from two shipborne lidars, both of which measured the tropical reservoir of volcanic aerosol produced by the June 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption. The lidars were on board two Soviet vessels, each ship crossing the Atlantic, their measurement datasets providing unique observational transects of the Pinatubo cloud across the tropics from Europe to the Caribbean (∼ 40 to 8 • N) from July to September 1991 (the Professor Zubov ship) and from Europe to south of the Equator (∼ 40 • N to 8 • S) between January and February 1992 (the Professor Vize ship).
Our philosophy with the data recovery is to follow the same algorithms and parameters that appear in the two peer-reviewed articles that presented these datasets in the same issue of GRL in 1993, and here we provide all 48 lidar soundings made from the Professor Zubov and 11 of the 20 conducted from the Professor Vize, ensuring we have reproduced the aerosol backscatter and extinction values in the figures of those two papers. These original approaches used thermodynamic properties from the CIRA-86 standard atmosphere to derive the molecular backscattering, vertically and temporally constant values applied for the aerosol backscatter-toextinction ratio, and the correction factor of the aerosol backscatter wavelength dependence. We demonstrate this initial validation of the recovered stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles, providing full details of each dataset in this paper's Supplement S1, the original profiles of backscatter ratio, and the calculated profiles of aerosol backscatter and extinction.
We anticipate these datasets will provide potentially important new observational case studies for modelling analyses, including a 1-week series of consecutive soundings (in September 1991) at the same location showing the progression of the entrainment of part of the Pinatubo plume into the upper troposphere and the formation of an associated cirrus cloud. The Zubov lidar dataset illustrates how the tropically confined Pinatubo aerosol cloud transformed from a highly heterogeneous vertical structure in August 1991,.
Still there are notable gaps in the information collected because of the lack of measurements in the tropics and because several of the measurements conducted and reported in the literature have not yet been made available to the wider community This work is a contribution to the data rescue activity of the Stratospheric Sulfur and its Role in Climate (SSiRC) recently included in this SPARC initiative. This data rescue activity aims to "foster new collaborations between scientists to recover, re-digitise and re-calibrate other historic stratospheric aerosol datasets, and invite scientists to contribute to this activity and to provide advice and expertise on how best to recover other incomplete long term observations of stratospheric composition"  (SSiRC, 2020). In its current initial stage, particular attention is given to gather datasets to characterise the progression of the aerosol cloud during the initial months after the 1991 Pinatubo eruption, the main motivation for the work we present here.
Among the envisaged applications of the two Mount Pinatubo stratospheric aerosol lidar datasets we are presenting is the contribution to future improvements of the Global Space-based Stratospheric Aerosol Climatology (GloSSAC). GloSSAC is the most complete source of information about the global spatial and temporal distribution of the stratospheric aerosol optical properties from 1979 to the present  (Thomasson et al. , 2018). From 1979 to mid-2005 the climatology relies mainly on the observations from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) series of satellite instruments. Only two lidar datasets in the tropics were used for filling the gap in SAGE II aerosol extinction profiles in this region in  GloSSAC (Thomasson et al. , 2018) , produced by the dense stratospheric aerosol layer  (McCormick and Veiga, 1992).
In Sect. 2 the datasets are briefly described, providing the detailed description, format and inventory of the datasets contained in Supplement S1. Section 3 describes the processing conducted to try to reproduce the values of the aerosol's extinction profiles at 532 nm for both shipborne lidars Zubov and Vize, respectively. Section 4 shows and discusses the results, comparing them with the available information reported in  Avdyushin et al. (1993)  and  Nardi et al. (1993). This section includes the discussion of several features of the stratospheric aerosols from the Mount Pinatubo eruption during the period the measurements were taken to illustrate the importance of the rescued datasets. Section 5 shows an application of the reconstructed dataset in the validation of Mount Pinatubo modelling simulations.
Lidar datasets The single-wavelength backscatter measured by a lidar is usually decomposed into two components: aerosol backscatter and molecular backscatter. The lidar scattering ratio is defined as the ratio of the total backscatter signal (aerosol and molecular) to the molecular backscatter signal  (Collis and Russell, 1976 ). Here we report the two sets of scattering ratio profiles measured by two Soviet shipborne lidars a few months after the Mount Pinatubo June 1991 eruption across the North Atlantic Ocean. The Professor Zubov ship carried a lidar from July to September 1991 and Professor Vize in January and February 1992  (Avdyushin et al. , 1993; Nardi et al. , 1993). The measurement campaign was part of a joint effort between the Roscomhydromet from the former Soviet Union and the Service d'aéronomie du CNRS of France.
Dataset description In brief, the datasets consist of 48 data files from the Professor Zubov vessel, containing daily profiles of the lidar SR(z) profiles and 11 lidar SR(z) profiles from Professor Vize vessel. The trajectories of both ships are shown in Fig. 1  with the positions where the lidar measurements were conducted marked with symbols. The Professor Zubov vessel (red stars) began its measurements on 12 July 1991 from 39 • N, 28 • W, travelling towards the Caribbean. After arriving in the Caribbean near Punta de Maisí (the easternmost point of Cuba), for the last week of July and first weeks of August its trajectory consisted of a loop around the Lesser Antilles island group (see Fig. S2 ), the most southward lidar measurement on 9 August (10 • N) near Trinidad and Tobago. From 19 August the Zubov began an eastward trans-Atlantic leg travelling from 21 • N, 63 • W in the direction of northern Africa.
Five co-located lidar measurements made whilst the ship remained for 7 d (3-9 September) at its most southward point in the vicinity of 8 • N and 24 • W. Nine further measurements were made as the ship travelled northeast towards Europe, with the last measurement taken on 21 September in the vicinity of northern Spain. Whereas the July to September Zubov lidar measurements of the Pinatubo cloud from the Caribbean and Atlantic provide information on the early stages of the Pinatubo aerosol cloud as it was in transition from its initial sheared plume structure, the Professor Vize measurements (blue diamonds) were after a substantial proportion of the tropical reservoir of volcanic aerosol (e. g. Grant et al. , 1996)  had already been transported to mid-latitudes. The Vize began in the Southern Hemisphere on 26 January 1992 (-8 • S, 2 • W), moving northward, measuring this later phase of the tropical Pinatubo aerosol reservoir, the datasets providing a transect of seven tropical lidar profiles along the western coast of central and northern Africa in the latitude range 10 • S to 20 • N, from 26 January to 1 February.
The final four measurements were then of the mid-latitude Pinatubo cloud, from 34 • S from just north of the Canary Islands, then off the coast of northern Spain, with the final two measurements in the Baltic Sea on 19 and 20 February at 56 and 59 • N (18 and 27 • E). It should be noted that the Vize lidar dataset contains only 11 of the 20 measurements in the two papers; another 9 lidar profiles are reported to have been conducted  (Avdyushin et al. , 1993; Nardi et al. , 1993).
Data processing To comply with the goal of reproducing the aerosol extinction vertical profiles (α ext (z)) reported in  Avdyushin et al. (1993)  and  Nardi et al. (1993)  from the available SR(z), we deliberately followed exactly the same algorithms and parameter assumptions used in those papers. This section describes each of the processing steps they conducted, which we have followed exactly for the recovered dataset. To derive the 532 nm aerosol signal, the approach taken in both datasets was to specify a Rayleigh backscattering cross section coefficient of 5. 7 × 10 -32 m 2 sr -1 at 532 nm. For the 539 nm lidar SR in the Zubov dataset, no wavelength dependence was accounted for. The wavelength difference from the target 532 nm was considered negligible, whereas for the 589 nm lidar SR on the Vize dataset, a correction factor of the https://doi.
Validation of the reproduced dataset No tabulated data are available for the α aer (z) values used in the cited Avdyushin or Nardi papers, the only published source of information about the measurements. In addition, the papers do not conduct detailed discussions or mention the extinction-relevant features in the Zubov and Vize datasets. Here we make use all the available information to conduct a semi-quantitative validation for the Zubov dataset. In the case of Vize, it is only possible to conduct a qualitative validation. sor Zubov and Vize ships. The pink discontinuous line on top of the white background in Fig. 1a  is the altitude of the tropopause at the locations the lidar measurements were conducted. The tropopause altitudes were derived from the ERA-Interim reanalysis potential vorticity profiles, interpolating to the height levels of the lidar measurements and selecting the height of the 1 × 10 -5 PV surface.
Moreover, the maximum α aer (z) value in the reproduced dataset is 0. 054 km -1 at 23. 3 km of altitude on 4 August, which can be seen in Fig. 2a. Avdyushin et al. (1993)  reported the maximum at 18 • N between 23 and 24 km of altitude with an α aer (z) value of 0. 08 km -1 the same day. All those facts demonstrate the agreement of the reproduced dataset with the original one. In Fig. 2a  the presence of an area of high values of the α aer (z) at the tropical middle troposphere in September 1991 around day 250 should also be noted. This signature is not seen on the temporal cross section from the Zubov lidar in Fig. 2  of  Avdyushin et al. (1993)  because the vertical-axis lower altitude is at 15 km. It appears more clearly in the temporal cross section of the SR(z) from the Zubov lidar, Fig.
4  in  Nardi et al. (1993) , having the vertical axes beginning at 12 km. This feature may be associated with the combination of what seems to be a downward transport of stratospheric aerosols with the presence of a thick cirrus cloud attached below. The profiles associated with this feature will be discussed later. The features described above demonstrate that the reproduced α aer (z) dataset in the case of Zubov is in reasonable agreement with the reports in the only two papers available describing the measurements. Figure  2b  for Prof. Vize shows in general the same pattern as Fig. 3  in  Avdyushin et al. (1993) , although the α aer (z) magnitudes in the reproduced dataset are lower. In some way the lack of 9 measurements (∼ 45 %) of the 20 reported to be conducted  (Avdyushin et al. , 1993)  contributes to those low α aer (z) magnitudes in the Vize dataset.
Absolute maximum α aer (z) value In Table  2 , the geometrical and optical parameters of the higher and lower layers are present in both the 3 and 4 August α aer (z) profiles. The altitude descent of both the higher and lower layers from 3 and 4 August can be seen, with both layers keeping their depths. The altitude of the α aer (z) absolute maximum in the top layer decreased a little more than half a kilometre, but the maximum in the lower layer maintains its altitude. The magnitudes of the maximums α aer (z) in each layer increase, in 2. 45 ×10 -2 km -1 in the upper layer reaching the absolute maximum value of the entire record and in the lower layer in 0. 62 ×10 -2 km -1. The AOD increases 0. 028 in the higher layer and 0. 023 in the lower. This is an example of the usefulness of the rescued dataset allowing the quantification of those magnitudes during the early stages of Mount Pinatubo.
Summary and outlook Here we present a reproduced version of the stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles derived from lidar measurements conducted by Professor Zubov and Vize vessels already referenced in the literature  (Avdyushin et al. , 1993; Nardi et al. , 1993) , but they have been unavailable until the present. The data presented consist of two sets of vertical profiles of the SR(z), β aer (z) and α aer (z) at 300 m vertical resolution, one for each vessel. In the case of Professor Zubov the set include 48 measurement days conducted between July and September 1991 and for Professor Vize 11 measurements days between January and February 1992. We expect this dataset to contribute to some of the current and future research to simulate the early stages of the Mount Pinatubo eruption. It will also contribute to a future GloS-SAC update, helping to fill the SAGE II gaps produced by the dense volcanic aerosol cloud during the first months after the eruption.
The altitude of the α aer (z) absolute maximum in the top layer decreased a little more than half a kilometre, but the maximum in the lower layer maintains its altitude. The magnitudes of the maximums α aer (z) in each layer increase, in 2. 45 ×10 -2 km -1 in the upper layer reaching the absolute maximum value of the entire record and in the lower layer in 0. 62 ×10 -2 km -1. The AOD increases 0. 028 in the higher layer and 0. 023 in the lower. This is an example of the usefulness of the rescued dataset allowing the quantification of those magnitudes during the early stages of Mount Pinatubo. The former analysis was based on the assumption that the 1 • difference in longitude between the positions of Professor Zubov lidar on 3 and 4 August 1991 could be negligible compared to the magnitudes of the lower stratosphere winds transporting the stratospheric aerosols.
2. 2 Data source Philippe Keckhut contributed the lidar scattering ratio (SR) profile dataset derived from the lidar measurements con- ducted by Zubov and Vize vessels for the PhD dissertation research of the lead author in 1999. The goal of that research was to validate the Mount Pinatubo SA extinction profiles measured by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) with ground-based lidar observations.
Cryo-EM experiments Lacey carbon 300 mesh grids (Ted Pella, USA) were used in all cryo-EM experiments. We found that lacey networks with holes ranging from 20 nm to few microns entrapped different reconstituted material more than calibrated Quantifoil grids. In all experiments, blotting was carried out on the opposite side from the liquid drop and plunge frozen in liquid ethane (EMGP, Leica, Germany). Samples were imaged using different electron microscopes. Data and 2D images depicted in Figure  1C , Figures  S1A-L , Figures  S2A-E , Figure  3C  and Figure  S3D  were acquired with a Tecnai G2 (Thermofisher, USA) Lab6 microscope operated at 200 kV and equipped with a 4k x 4k CMOS camera (F416, TVIPS). Image acquisition was performed under low dose conditions of 10 e -/Å 2 at a magnification of 50,000 or 29,500 with a pixel size of 2.
Cryo-ET data acquisition Tilt series from samples of VAP-A/OSBP and VAP-A/N-PH-FFAT were acquired with a Titan Krios microscope (Thermofisher, USA) operated at 300 keV and equipped with a Quantum post-column energy filter and a Gatan K2 Summit direct detector. Tilt series, consisting on 41 images, were collected under the dose-symmetric scheme  (Hagen et al. , 2017)  in the angular range of ±60°, with angular increment of 3°, defocus range between -2. 0 and -4. 8 um and pixel size of 1. 7 Å. Every image was composed of 10 frames with a total dose of 3. 5 e -/ Å 2. The total dose for each tilt series was 143. 5 e -/Å 2. High resolution movies were aligned with MotionCor2  (Zheng et al. , 2017) , and the average defocus was estimated with CTFPlotter and corrected with CTFphaseflip  (Xiong et al.