dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
25 A long term F/T data record is obtained by the discriminant function algorithm with the AMSR-E and bias-corrected AMSR2 data. Areas with precipitation are masked out based on the Level 3 physical parameters products of AMSR-E or AMSR2. The total accuracy of this derived data record along with its four components (FF, FT, TT, TF) are evaluated for the year of 2010 and 2013, which correspond to the AMSR-E and AMSR2, respectively. Results (Fig. 2) show that the discriminant function algorithm developed F/T data record has an overall accuracy of 90. 46% and 30 85. 49% respectively for the ascending (A) and descending orbits (D) when compared with the NCDC weather station temperature. This is better or comparable with previous studies  (Kim et al. , 2011). The small differences in accuracy of ascending and descending may have many contributing causes, and one of these is the hypothesis that the satellite overpassing time is near to the moment when the highest or lowest temperature occurs during a day.
The small offset between these two may be contributed to the climatic variation. This indicates that the consistency of the F/T data record developed from AMSR-E and AMSR2 sensors is confident after inter-calibration. The Cryosphere Discuss. , doi  :10. 5194/tc-2016-115, 2016  Manuscript under review for journal The Cryosphere Published: 21 June 2016 c Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3. 0 License.
With satellite observation, especially F/T status identified by AMSR-E/AMSR2 sensor, the frost day could be captured by assuming the descending time is approximately the time when the minimum temperature occurs. With the long-term F/T data record developed in 10 this study, we are able to calculate the satellite frost days, trends in frost day at a global scale and also the frost probability of a special day. The frost days from satellite of a year are defined as below: frost days = ∑ 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑧𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (9) A climatology of frost days during the past decade (Fig. 8 ) was calculated at a global scale. The mean annual frost 15 days of high northern latitude (HNL, >45°N) zone is 214. 2±69. 5 [spatial standard deviation] days which coincides with the result of a non-frozen of the high northern latitude period of 177.
6±47. 6 days by  (Kim et al. , 2012). And over the low latitude (<45°N ) zone of the northern hemisphere, the frost days changes with the seasonal alternation and most frost occurs mainly from late fall to early spring except some mountainous regions. The frost days generally increase as the latitude increases except some special mountain regions such as the Tibet Plateau. The 20 average frost days soar up to 109. 48 days with a large standard deviation of 96. 54 days in the latitude of 35-40°N compared to the zone in the latitude of 25-30°N which is 19. 03±52. 63 days. The frost days from satellite could serve as an important reference dataset for other parameter retrievals  (Zwieback et al. , 2015). For the Southern Hemisphere, frost occurs mainly on the Andes Mountains.
25 The long-term dataset also provides an opportunity to analyse the temporal trends of the frost days. Temporal trends are obtained based on the linear least-square regressions with a statistical significance of 90% confidence level (Ftest) for each pixel. Only those pixels satisfying the F-test (with significance p value less than 0. 1) are accepted for further analysis, and those pixels with p value more than 0. 1 are considered as no trend. Results are shown in Fig. 9. The global trends map indicates that the frost days are decreasing in 27% of the domain (defined by the F-test 30 level, p<0. 1), and 92. 96% of the decreasing region is located at the North Hemisphere at a rate of -0. 0065±0. 01 days/month, which indicates a substantial warming for North Hemisphere region, especially over the Northeast of Canada and Russia and most part of the Europe region.
Spatial and temporal distribution of frost days The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is one of the most sensitive regions to recent climate fluctuations with a general trend of warming. Therefore, we make a further focus on this mountainous region. To explore the spatial and temporal distribution features of the frost days in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, average frost days and their standard deviation 20 from August to October and from March to May were calculated based on the F/T data record. In Fig. 11a , average frost days in end of fall time is 58. 4±7. 23 days and 55. 78% of this area has a length of more than 60 days, only about 22. 54% is less than 30 days. The frost day decreases from west to east following the topographic changes. While the frost day standard deviation (Fig. 11b ) has a reverse trend, it increases from west to east.
jointly supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2015CB953701), the Strategic Priority Research Program for Space Sciences (XDA04061200) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41030534, 41301396). The station-based air temperature data are archived at the NOAA National Climatic Data Center. The global land temperature anomalies is available on 30 the NOAA GHCN Gridded Products website. Research product (AMSR-E L1S) is provided by the GCOM-W Research Product Distribution Service, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). AMSR2 data was provided by the GCOM-W Data Providing service, JAXA. The Cryosphere Discuss. , doi:10. 5194/tc-2016-115, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal The Cryosphere Published: 21 June 2016 c Author(s) 2016.
Results Intu, Fuz, ad Wdpcp are deeply conserved and are essential for vertebrate ciliogenesis (Fig. 1a )  36, 37. To gain unbiased insights into their molecular functions, LAP-tagged versions of each were stably expressed in ciliated mouse kidney IMCD3 cells, lysates were prepared, and interacting proteins were affinity purified (Supplementary Fig. 1a, b ). In addition, similar experiments were performed using diverse IFT-A and ciliopathy related proteins as baits. Mass-spectroscopy revealed the enrichment of the bait protein for each pull-down (Supplementary Fig. 1c, d ; Supp. Dataset 1), and none of the baits were copurified with over 30 unrelated control proteins, although all baits did bring down common contaminants (Supplementary Fig. 1e ). From this experiment, we identified a set of roughly 250 proteins that were individually pulled down by each of the three CPLANE proteins (Supplementary Fig.
3g ). To assess the functional relationships of these proteins, we knocked each CPLANE protein down using MOs previously validated by mouse knockouts (see Methods) and then examined basal body localization of the remaining CPLANE members. Our data place Rsg1 at the bottom of the hierarchy: Its localization was lost from basal bodies after knockdown of any CPLANE protein, yet its own knockdown did not affect basal body recruitment of any other component (Fig. 2j  and Supplementary Fig. 3c-f ). Wdpcp and Intu held clear positions upstream of Fuz and Rsg1, but downstream of Jbts17. Interestingly, Wdpcp and Intu were also each required for the other's basal body localization. The role of Fuz was more complicated; unlike the other CPLANE proteins Fuz did not require Jbts17 for localization to basal bodies, and while loss of Fuz did disrupt basal body localization of Intu and Rsg1, it did not affect Wdpcp.
CPLANE recruits peripheral IFT-A proteins to basal bodies To understand the mechanisms by which CPLANE proteins impact ciliogenesis, we returned to our proteomic dataset. We were intrigued by associations between CPLANE proteins and the IFT machinery (Fig. 1b ), because while we previously implicated Fuz and Rsg1 in IFT  47, 48  , their mechanism of action remained ill-defined. CPLANE proteins did not interact with IFT-B components, but rather specifically interacted with both the IFT-A core and peripheral IFT-A subunits (Fig. 1b  and Supplementary Fig. 1c ). Nothing is known about the regulation of peripheral sub-unit interaction with the IFT-A core, but we reasoned that by interacting with both, CPLANE could facilitate IFT-A function. Because CPLANE localizes to basal bodies, we tested this notion by assessing basal body recruitment of all six IFT-A proteins after CPLANE disruption.
The boy, who presented with end-stage renal failure at 10 yrs. of age, was the only affected child of three in a consanguineous family (Supplementary Table  2a ). The identified allele segregated with the affected status, and homozygosity mapping revealed that the genomic locus of INTU was located within a stretch of homozygosity on chromosome 4 (Supplementary Fig. 6d  and data not shown). This change is in a relatively poorly conserved residue (Supplementary Fig. 6e ), suggesting that it may be a hypomorphic allele. We also identified a heterozygous mutation (p. Glu365Gly) in WDPCP in a boy with cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, ataxia, and retinal dystrophy (Supplementary Table  2a ), which may be a modifying allele contributing to this ciliopathy. Finally, we examined exomes of individuals with SRPS and identified an affected patient with compound heterozygosity for two INTU mutations confirmed by Sanger sequencing (c.
Acknowledgements We thank the patients and their families; the  IntegraGen  society for exome analysis; NHLBI  GO Exome Sequencing Project which produced and provided exome variant calls for comparison: Lung GO Sequencing Project  ( HL-102923 ),  WHI Sequencing Project  ( HL-102924 ), the  Broad GO Sequencing Project  ( HL-102925 ),  Seattle GO Sequencing Project  ( HL-102926 ) and  Heart GO Sequencing Project  ( HL-103010 ). We thank  Biological Resources Center -Ferdinand Cabanne (Dijon, France)  for fibroblasts centralization and storage. Sequencing was provided by the  University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics  ( UW CMG ) and was funded by the  NHGRI  and  NHLBI  (Grant  1U54 HG006493 ) to  Drs. Debbie Nickerson ,  Jay Shendure , and  Michael Bamshad. This work was supported by grants from the following:  Uehara Memorial Foundation  Fellowship to M.
Patients' characteristics and treatments (Table 1) Of the 17 potentially eligible patients, 2 were excluded (case 10 tumor data unavailable, case 13 reclassified as a classic/biphasic medulloblastoma). Median age at diagnosis was 26 months (range 6 -59), 4 patients were older than 3 years. The male/female ratio was 2 : 1. Tumor location was midline in five cases, restricted to one cerebellar hemisphere in six cases, and affected both the midline and hemisphere in three. Five cases showed invasion of the dura mater. In six patients, tumor extension followed the cerebellum folia (gyriform pattern). The tumors were hypo-or isointense in T1 and usually isointense in T2. One patient had metastasis. Complete surgical resection was obtained initially or after a second surgery. In case 9, the second surgery was performed after onset of chemotherapy.
Acknowledgments The authors thank  E. De Carli ,  C. Icher ,  C. Chappé ,  C. Berger , and  S. Thouvenin-Doulet  for the clinical data,  P. Varlet ,  E. Uro-Coste ,  A. Rousseau ,  M. Peoc 'h,  S. Eimer , and  D. C. Chifforeanu  for the tumor material,  A. Jouvet ,  D. Figarella-Branger , and  C. Godfraind  (GENOP), the geneticists from the  Curie  and  G. Roussy  institutes, and from  Bergonié Institute ,  H. Collineau  for statistical analyses, and  Clinical Research Assistants (Paris, Toulouse, France ).
Background. Determine safety of single/multiple ascending doses (SAD, MAD) of ALS-8176 and PK of ALS-8112 in RSV-infected infants. Methods. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled SAD, MAD study in otherwise healthy 1-to 12-month-old patients hospitalized with RSV infection. The cohort size and dose for the first SAD cohort was prespecified. The makeup of all other cohorts was determined by an Independent Data Monitoring Committee (IDMC), which regularly reviewed data. Safety and sparse PK were collected for 7 (SAD) and 28 (MAD) days post randomization. PK was analyzed by population PK methods. Results. A total of 112 (70 SAD:42 MAD) infants have been randomized into 7 SAD, MAD regimens (figure). Four unrelated serious adverse events (AEs) have been reported in the SAD ( phlebitis, tachycardia, respiratory failure) and MAD (lymphadenitis).
No study drug discontinuations have occurred and all treatmentemergent AEs (N = 114) were mild (N = 91) or moderate (N = 22) except respiratory failure, which was severe. Blinded AEs reported in ≥3 patients were as follows: No concerning trends in AEs, laboratories, vital signs, physical examinations, or electrocardiograms were identified in the blinded data or from IDMC reports. Available unblinded safety/efficacy data will be presented. ALS-8176 was rapidly converted to ALS-8112 and the PK was consistent with predictions from modeling and simulation in adults. ALS-8112 plasma exposures increased in a less than dose proportional manner with increasing ALS-8176 doses. No accumulation was noted. Body weight, renal function, and fed/fasted state were included as model covariates influencing PK.
Kinetic data were recorded with a sampling frequency of 200 Hz. The bilateral femoral quadriceps (rectus femoral) of the participant were electrically stimulated (Hasomed, RehaStim) by surface electrodes with the following parameters: frequency of 50Hz and pulse width of 450µs, while the intensity varied according to the desired muscle contraction grades from the Manual Muscle Test (MMT). The intensity levels were identified while the individual was sitting on his wheelchair: 38mA to reach grade 3 in MMT; 48mA to reach grade 4-in MMT; 52mA to reach grade 4 in MMT. The parameters were tested in the individual before running the SPT experiments. The start and stop of FES was done by verbal command of individual and it was manually controlled. The participant was encouraged to use his usual transfer strategy during the experiments.
Data Analysis Figure  2  shows the force data of the three force plates during the SPT for both scenarios: with and without FES. Force plates 1 and 3 correspond to the ones placed beneath each seat, while force plate 2 recorded the feet reaction forces. The force data was normalized to the participant body weight and the time was expressed as a percentage of the total movement time, corresponds to the total trial duration. The participant performed a total of eight trials with FES and four trials without FES. The trials chosen for analysis correspond to the ones in which the individual had the best performance in the SPT, based on some conditions verified through video documentation: transfer performed on the same side, hand maintenance in the same position along the transfer and a single lift movement with respect to the pelvis motion.
Patients We screened the French National Referral Center for Q fever database for patients with Q fever vascular infections between 1986 and February 2015. Over this period, we identified 100 patients who had the diagnosis criteria for vascular infections. Vascular infection was defined using published proposed criteria for diagnosis of Q fever vascular infection (see Table, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links. lww. com/MD/ A835). 1  Patients were considered to have a vascular infection when C burnetii was isolated by culture or molecular detection in a vascular aneurysm or vascular graft biopsy. Major criteria were IgG titer to phase I C burnetii >6400 or molecular detection from the patient's blood combined with a CT scan or 18 FDG PET/CT showing vascular involvement (see Table, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.
lww. com/ MD/A835). For each patient, we retrospectively collected their sociodemographic data (age and sex), clinical data (type and location of vascular prosthesis or aneurysm), and serological data. We also noted the presence of surgical treatment with removal of the infected tissue or device in addition to the recommended antibiotherapy, combining doxycycline, and hydroxychloroquine. Vital status at 1, 2 and a half, and 3 years of followup was sought by phone call when patients were not clinically followed in our center. Serological outcome at 1, 2 and a half, and 3 years was recorded in our center's database for serologic tests for Q fever.
Outcome Criteria Good serological outcome was defined by a 2-fold decrease in the dilution titer of IgG antibody to C burnetii phase I, or a decrease of IgG I antibody below 800. Survival outcome was recorded by collecting dates of death for deceased patients, and the last time they were seen in consultation or by direct phone call to their medical doctor at 1, 2 and a half, and 3 years of follow-up. The outcome of interest was the elapsed survival time from diagnosis to either death or the end of the follow-up period. We chose to perform the final statistical analyses with a follow-up time of 2 and a half years because this was when data were available for the highest proportion of patients, providing the best statistical power.
Impact of Surgery on Serological Outcome We analyzed the serological outcome at 2 and a half years and stratified the analysis on the presence or absence of a graft. These data were available for 55 patients. 74. 1% (n ¼ 20) of patients who were operated upon had a good serological outcome at 2 and a half years, vs 57. 1% (n ¼ 16) of patients who were not operated upon (P ¼ 0. 03). Regarding the group of patients with vascular graft infections, 85. 7% (n ¼ 12) of operated patients had a good serological outcome at 2 and a half years of follow-up, versus 42. 9% (n ¼ 9) of patients who were not operated upon (P <0. 001) (Table  2 ). In this group, a univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis for each factor that could be associated with a good serological outcome at 2 and a half years was performed.
The importance of international cooperation for basic biodiversity research has been recognized since the very first debates on the design of global environmental governance regimes. Principle 20 of the 1972 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment underlines that the ''free flow of up-todate scientific information and transfer of experience must be supported and assisted, to facilitate the solution of environmental problems'' (UN Declaration on the Human Environment, 1972). However, in spite of important international initiatives, such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) or the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC), no clear legal and institutional framework has emerged to support such cooperation. Moreover, an increase in restrictions on global access to basic research assets has been documented in specific fields of life science research, with a potential detrimental impact on access to scientific publications, research samples and genomic databases (Jinnah and  Jungcurt, 2009: 464; Reichman and Okediji, 2012).
However, the vast majority of microbial diversity is yet to be discovered (estimated 90-95%). In addition, the combination of the high cost of conservation of purified microbes and the very high intra-species diversity makes it impossible for one collection to cover the entire breadth of microbial diversity, even for a specific set of microbial species. Intense collaboration and exchange amongst public culture collections is therefore a necessary consequence of this situation. In the more recent history, these global collaborations between the culture collections have been expanded to the public databases containing information on the country of origin, scientific publications related to the microbial holdings of the collections and automatic linkage to associated genomic information available through open access databases  (Dawyndt et al.
Challenges regarding the public availability of upstream research assets The globally distributed infrastructure of culture collections has led to major scientific progress and technological innovations in the past, covering food security, environmental management, biotechnology and health amongst others. However, due to pressures on public funding  (Stackebrandt, 2011)  and an increasing overlap of basic and applied commercial research (Cook-Deegan and  Dedeurwaerdere, 2006) , the public availability of both microbial research materials and the associated data has increasingly come under pressure. Three major challenges illustrate this increasing pressure. The first challenge is related to the deposit and availability of microorganisms for further downstream research. Currently, over 200,000 new samples of microorganisms are deposited each year in the collections of the World Federation for Culture Collections, which are collected from natural environments in all geographical regions of the world  (Dedeurwaerdere et al.
However, except for some journals such as Nature, the recommendation given by most scholarly journals to deposit research materials in well recognized repositories is not strictly implemented and thereby left to the discretion of the researchers. Even though major culture collection networks have offered to accept all materials during or shortly after publication, there is no clear reversal of this trend, in particular due to the increasing competitive pressures on the scientists. A second challenge is related to the availability of the research data, in particular the environmental and genetic sequence data associated with the microbial strains. As noted by many scholars, maximizing open access to basic data sets is essential for the rapid translation of research results into knowledge, products and procedures to improve matters of general interest  (Stiglitz et al.
Details of the data collection The first round of surveying was administered to the participants of the 13th International Conference on Culture Collections (ICCC 13), September 23rd to 27th 2013 in Beijing. A second round was organized between October 2013 and February 2014 with a series of additional surveys with the members of the US, the EU and the Latin American Federation of Culture Collections, with a view to having a balanced geographical representation of the sample. In total 191 responses were received (121 from the Beijing conference, amongst the approximatively 500 participants; and 70 from the email invitations sent to the 3 regional federations). As shown in Table  1 , the resulting sample is representative of the geographical balance and organizational types of the overall population of culture collections that are registered on the database of the World Federation of Culture Collections (cf.
For data, based on the social production model, the strength of internalized motivations and the not for profit nature of the organization are expected to be correlated positively with data sharing. As distribution has no marginal cost to the players, the variables related to the collaborative economy model are not expected to impact on the data sharing. In the case of data, as reported above, due to the relative lack of direct contextual benefits from sharing of data (as compared to materials), important trade-offs between the competitive pressures and the social production model are highly likely, as some scientists expect to extract reputational rents from temporary secrecy, providing them the opportunity of being the first to publish certain results. In particular, culture collection managers face reluctance from scientists to participate to early data release associated with the microbial materials, through the culture collections data portals or through public genomic databases.