dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Discussion The Movement Disorders Fellowship Milestones fill a gap in the educational paradigm of fellowship training and have multiple applications. Primarily, they are a tool for assessment. Milestone incorporation into an individualized assessment program is at the discretion of fellowship directors and educators. These educators are the arbiters of whether a trainee is adequately prepared based on the curriculum completed and the available assessment data. For example, fellowship faculty with expertise in DBS may be best equipped to inform the assessment of trainees in DBS and to provide this assessment data to the program's director. The milestones provide a tool to be used periodically throughout training to assess fellows, but need not be used as a requirement for graduation. 5] [16]  However, we do not dictate the frequency at which adopters should apply these milestones.
The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between the exposition of emerging countries to original sin and the internationalization process of their currency in a nonlinear framework. For that purpose, we use a panel dataset of 12 emerging countries from 2005Q4 to 2018Q3, and we implement two complementary methodologies: a multiplicative interaction model and a dynamic panel threshold model. We investigate the impact of the measures of the currency internationalization process on the ability of emerging countries to issue debt in local currency. We show that the Economic size and the institutional quality of emerging countries, as well as the FX turnover of their currency, interact when explaining the share of local-currency external debt. Moreover, our results reveal the existence of thresholds beyond which there is a change in the evolution of original sin, notably for the economic size and the governance index of emerging countries.
Our article focuses on a panel of 12 emerging countries, and our database consists of quarterly data over the period between 2005Q4 and 2018Q3. We use two complementary empirical methodologies to shed light on the dynamics of the determinants of original sin linked to the internationalization process of emerging currencies. First, we explore a multiplicative interaction model to capture the behavior of the main determinants and their impact on the ability of emerging countries to issue debt in local currency. This empirical strategy allows us to focus on the interaction process of the main determinants and to estimate their conditional or marginal effects (following  Alfaro et al. , 2004; Brambor et al. , 2006; Hainmueller et al. , 2019; Tran et al. , 2020). Second, we implement a dynamic panel threshold model to check for the existence of a threshold in the relationship currency internationalization-original sin following the approach of  Kremer et al.
Data The data set consists of a balanced panel of 12 emerging market countries that includes countries in Latin America, Asia, Turkey, and South Africa over the period from 2005Q4 to 2018Q3 (624 observations). The country coverage and time dimension choices are purely based on the availability of the data for external debt in local currency and FX turnover in the QEDS and the BIS databases, respectively. The countries under study are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, India, Indonesia, Thailand, South Korea, South Africa, and Turkey. In the following, we describe the dependent variable, the measures of the internationalization process of a currency (both direct and indirect), and the control variables that are included in our model. The objective is to better understand the role of each variable and their interaction in the process of internationalization of currencies.
We also aim to document the determinants at the origin of possible nonlinearities that shed light on the dynamics of the original sin issue for emerging countries. The descriptive statistics are presented in Table  6  of the Appendix. We employ the local currency external debt, expressed as a share of total external debt (in %), as the dependent variable to proxy the original sin exposition of our countries. The data come from the QEDS database (Quarterly External Debt Statistic, IMF-World Bank, $Millions; from Datastream), and they represent the claims on a country (all sectors) that are held by nonresidents. 4 Because the value of these shares is restricted to between 0 and 1, we use the so-called Hausman transformation  (Dinger, 2009; Frankel, 2011; Lee, 2014)  when constructing the dependent variable.
We add South Africa, and the sample also includes three major oil exporting countries for which data were available: Qatar, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. function, leading to lower transaction costs and greater investor familiarity with the currency. This leads these investors to use the currency for other functions, such as buying local currency bonds. This is the main variable tested in this kind of literature. We measure the Trade openness of the issuing country as the ratio of exports of goods and services to GDP to express the strength of a country in international trade networks. A country that is economically open with a high ratio of exports to GDP and plays a major role in international trade will find it easier to issue bonds in its currency on international markets. The ratio claims on private sector/GDP (in %) expresses the Financial depth of a country, that is, the development of the banking sector and its ability to finance economic growth.
In the case of the dynamic panel data model, the authors show that the estimator remains consistent if the 3 √ T cross-section means are added to the baseline equation. 9  We control for the cross-sectional dependence between countries in our database (see, in particular, the  Pesaran (2004)  cross-sectional CD test and the p-value in our table results). Next to our baseline scenario, we use a multiplicative interaction model modified from Eq. (  1 ) to better understand the dynamics of the currency internationalization process and its impact on the ability of emerging countries to issue debt in their own currency. In particular, we focus on the interaction process of the three main determinants and how this process eases (or does not ease) the burden of original sin for emerging countries.
Hainmueller et al. (2019)  proposed the Interflex STATA package to estimate the marginal effects by relaxing the linear interaction effect hypothesis. This command also ensures that there is sufficient common support in the data to calculate the conditional marginal effects. where y i,t is the dependent variable of country i at time t , y i,t-1 is the lagged dependent variable, i are the country-specific fixed effects, x i,t is a k-dimensional vector of regime-independent control variables, and f i,t is a set of regime-dependent variables that are allowed to switch between regimes. The indicator function I(. ) takes the value of 1 if the argument in parentheses holds and 0 otherwise, with q i,t being the threshold variable and the threshold level. The error term it is assumed to be independent and identically distributed (iid) with zero mean and a finite vari- ance 2.
Data collection at baseline Data were retrospectively collected at baseline during the index hospitalization for revascularization procedure: • clinical parameters included: gender, age, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), ABI and great toe LDF, cardiovascular risk factors, history of coronary heart disease (CHD), prior revascularization procedure for PAD, statin and renin-angiotensin-system-inhibitor treatment. Community-living status or institutionalized in a nursing home was also collected; • admission biological parameters included level of serum albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation  [17]. Cardiovascular risk factors included smoking status (classified as ever, current or former smoker, or never smoker), hypertension and diabetes mellitus defined by a history of diagnosis or treatment for these conditions.
Discussion The present study cohort included elderly patients with CLI, with a subsequent high mortality rate of 26. 7% during the one-year follow-up following endovascular revascularization procedure. Incident cardiovascular event, malnutrition and institutionalized status were the major predictors of overall mortality. This high mortality rate (26. 6%) is in line with national and international literature data and confirms the poor short-term prognosis of patients managed for CLI  [10, [12] [13] [14] [15]. As previously underlined, major cardiovascular events frequently occurred in patients with CLI following endovascular procedure  [13]. Patients who experienced a MACE during the follow-up had a significantly higher mortality rate than patients without incident MACE (HR 6. 96, 95% CI 2.
For TB disease, costs included personnel time, diagnostic and monitoring tests, and TB medications. Health system costs related to TB disease were tabulated separately for patients with DS-TB and RR-TB disease. In our primary analysis, we assumed that 65% of TB disease treatment is administered via directly observed therapy (DOT) in Brazil, and 20% in South Africa, with the remainder being self-administered therapy (SAT)-i. e. , combined SAT-DOT  [17, 18]. Costs for TB-related inpatient stays and outpatient visits and for monitoring treatment were obtained from national TB program data and the published literature (Tables A-E in S1 File). For both TB disease and TB infection, costs of treatment-related adverse events were prorated to their expected frequency. Costs of treating DS-TB disease and RR-TB disease were assumed to be independent of the TPT regimen used, with per person estimated DS-TB treatment costs of $999 and $562 in Brazil and South Africa, respectively, and RR-TB treatment costs of $12,457 and $10,199, respectively.
Wilson et al. biochemically characterized different SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 variants, which they extracted from the GISAID database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences. They analyzed selected mutations regarding their oligomerization state and nuclease activity. In general, I agree with the statement, that it is important to biochemically prove the effect of different mutations on the protein function and not only predict the impact based on structural data. However, the analysis of the oligomerization state should have been done with similar protein concentrations. In Figures  3b, 4b , and 5b this was clearly not the case. All curves should have a similar integrated area under all peaks. At least in the pdf version, the different curves are partially invisible. A better method for oligomerization analysis would be massphotometry.
Data collection and management Table  2  shows the data collection schedule for participants. Study data will be entered into a REDCap1 1  (Research Electronic Data Capture) database custom designed and hosted by the University of Birmingham either directly by participants or the clinic staff  [43, 44]. Participants will complete the baseline questionnaire at a time convenient to them. Prompts will be sent after 24 h, 2 days and 7 days where the baseline questionnaire remains incomplete. Self-reported data will be collected on all participants prior to randomisation, but after consent, including the following: contact details, demography, employment details, selected diagnosed medical conditions and current medications, absenteeism (World Health Organisation Health and Work Performance Questionnaire -WHO-HPQ)  [45] , presenteeism (WHO-HPQ)  [45] , health-related quality of life (HRQoL EuroQol 5 level -EQ-5D 5L)  [46] , smoking status, height, weight, exercise levels (General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire -GPPAQ)  [47] , receipt of NHS Health Check and health service utilisation.
We will also collect NHS number where available (this is optional) to allow (and assess the feasibility of ) future linkage to routine data such as hospital admissions, general practitioner (GP) records, other healthcare utilisation and mortality data. Consent will be obtained to collect the following data from human resources (HR) records: At 26 weeks, participants will be sent a follow-up questionnaire for online completion to report uptake of any recommended services (intervention arm only) and other outcomes as detailed below. Linked personnel data will be obtained on all consented patients including absenteeism at 26-week follow-up to allow comparison pre/post intervention. • Additional anonymised data will be collected at the time of site set-up from hospital HR records, at whole hospital level and for those invited and on age, sex, ethnicity, job role, days and reasons for absenteeism, in order to assess the generalisability of the included participants.
Outcomes related to the definitive trial • Absenteeism at 26 weeks with reasons, measured by days and spells, is as follows: a. Self-report absolute absenteeism, relative absenteeism and relative hours of work -for the last 7 days and last 28 days (WHO-HPQ)  [45]  at 26 weeks b. Self-report absenteeism 6-month recall period at 26 weeks c. Employee records of absenteeism at 26 weeks, which will be the primary outcome of the definitive trial, using routine collected data from the NHS Electronic Staff Record Programme, linked to employee ID and provided directly by electronic HR records • Presenteeism at 26 weeks (self-report absolute presenteeism and relative presenteeism for the last 28 days (WHO-HPQ))  [45]  • Attendance at occupational health service (selfreport at 26 weeks) • Healthcare utilisation (self-report at 26 weeks (e.
Process evaluation A mixed-methods process evaluation will explore programme reach; fidelity of screening delivery; attendance at referrals; participants' views of the intervention; views and experiences of the training received by those delivering the intervention, its acceptability and satisfaction with the intervention overall; and views of providers of follow-on services, e. g. GPs and "healthy minds". In addition, we will explore the views of potential beneficiaries, e. g. other NHS organisations who might be willing to run the trial such as ambulance services and GP groups and private, non-healthcare organisations who might be interested in delivering and evaluating such a service for their setting. Quantitative data to support the process evaluation will be obtained from the following: • Recruitment and follow-up data, e.
Statistical methods The primary comparison groups will be composed of those randomised to the health screening clinic arm (intervention) and those randomised to the usual care arm (control). All analyses will use the intention to treat principle, i. e. participants will be analysed in the treatment group to which they were randomised, irrespective of adherence or other protocol deviation. Analyses of feasibility, absenteeism, presenteeism and clinical outcomes will take the form of simple descriptive statistics (e. g. proportions and percentages, means and standard deviations). The primary outcomes will be presented descriptively as proportions with 95% confidence intervals. Secondary outcomes will be presented descriptively as proportions for categorical data and means and standard deviations/medians and interquartile ranges for continuous data, along with 95% confidence intervals.
Health economic analysis To inform the design of a full economic evaluation, we will conduct a descriptive cost-consequence analysis presenting disaggregated information on all relevant resource use and outcomes for both trial arms and costs of screening. Resource use, absenteeism, productivity loss data and the completeness of the data will be assessed. Resource use required for screening will be multiplied by unit costs obtained from standard sources (NHS Reference Costs, Unit Costs of Health and Social Care) and healthcare providers. Responses to the EQ-5D 5L questionnaire, valued using the crosswalk algorithm, will be used to calculate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) using the area under the curve method. Analyses will be mainly descriptive, and all costs and outcomes will be summarised using means and 95% confidence intervals.
Data storage and confidentiality Participants' personal data will be held securely and treated as strictly confidential, in line with the Data Protection Act 2018. Electronic records will be held on a secure, password-protected, web-enabled customised database hosted by the Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit (BCTU). Paper records will be transferred from the participating study centres to the trial office at BCTU and kept in a locked cabinet in a locked room; participants will be asked to consent to this prior to entry into the trial. Any data processed outside BCTU will be anonymised. Data will be stored for 10 years following study completion.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the patient advisory and stakeholder groups for their useful advice on study design, conduct and materials and also  Antony Cobley  who led the development of the Trust's well-being agenda and has provided HR support for the present study, and  Sara Wood  for her advice on occupational health procedures. The trial oversight committee, in addition to  Rachel Jordan , are the following:  Rod Taylor  ( University of Glasgow and University of Exeter ),  David Fishwick  ( University of Sheffield ),  Kate Dunn  ( Keele University ),  Chris Hyde  ( University of Exeter ) and  Alex Blackwell  ( Worcestershire Royal Hospital ). We are also most grateful to  Jonathan Hill  and  Paul Campbell  from the  School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University , for allowing us to use the STarT tools and their contributions to early discussions.
Operating conditions and data acquisition In cross-flow microfiltration, the ratio between the average feed rate and permeability under turbulent conditions is higher than 10,000  [32]. This phenomenon also occurs in the applications of RVF module in wine making and brewing  [31, 33]. Therefore, the suction effect can be neglected. Then, the experiments were carried out without permeate (no membrane was used) and back pressure at 300 mbar to avoid cavitation caused by the high rotation frequency. Tap water was used as feed fluid with flowrates up to 300 L/h. The instantaneous and local pressure at 8 radii from R1 to R8 (26. 2-64. 9 mm), different rotation frequencies (0-50 Hz) and rotating impellers were achieved. In the tests, the operating conditions include the feeding flowrates, back pressure and temperature along the circulation loop were recorded by Agilent 34972A (Agilent Technologies, Loveland, USA) with the 3 s time interval.
Raw data Instantaneous pressures were locally measured at eight radii (R1 to R8) and different rotation frequencies from 0 to 50 Hz. They are shown in Fig. 3 , indicating the increase of steady pressure versus N and r. Interestingly, Imp 1 and 2 have similar steady pressure values, both higher than Imp 3. In addition, the magnitudes of pressure fluctuations for Imp 1 are more remarkable compared to Imp 2 and 3. In Fig. 3d , it can be observed that the instantaneous pressure for Imp 1 varies with a period around 60 Hz, which is consistent with three times the rotation frequency. This can be attributed to the number of blades. Whereas in Fig. 3f , the periodic amplitude of Imp 3 at 20 Hz is relatively small, its period is also in accordance with 3 N. For Imp 2 at 20 Hz, the periodic variation cannot be achieved from Fig.
The initial rate of warming (in degree Celsius per year) in response to a steadily increasing forcing (in Watt per square meter per year), which is more or less what has been observed over recent decades, is inversely proportional to (λ + γ + λ ), so without knowledge of γ and λ , this rate alone does not provide information on λ. To address this problem, papers emerged in the early 2000s  (37, 60)  combining information on observed rates of warming with new datasets (61) of ocean heat content change. If the rate of total ocean heat content change is equated with the sum of the left-hand side of Equations 2 and 3, the equations can be added together to eliminate the γ -dependent term, providing a constraint on the effective climate sensitivity, F 2x /(λ + λ ). This constrains the ECS itself if, and only if, it is assumed that λ = 0, or that the strength of atmospheric feedbacks does not change under global warming.
Finally, timelines for delivering on voluntary net zero claims vary. Of the approximately 820 companies with net zero targets that have clearly defined target dates in the Net Zero Tracker database as of 2021, 33% claim they will deliver by 2030 or sooner, 14% by 2040, and 53% by 2050 (4). Many organizations have attempted to claim to have already achieved net zero or carbon neutrality, in some cases receiving strong public criticism and pushback  (176). No known large organizations have fully balanced all of their residual Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions with highdurability removals, as required by the more stringent guidance on the use of carbon credits in net zero claims  (139, 171) , and therefore the focus has been on whether companies have net zeroaligned trajectories, as the delivery of net zero itself is years away for most.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This review was supported by the  Oxford Net Zero initiative  funded by the  Strategic Research Fund of the University of Oxford. M. R. A. , P. F. , S. J. , G. P. P. , and E. M. -L. were supported by the  4C , FORCeS, NEGEM, and  Paris Reinforce  projects funded by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreements  821003 ,  821205 ,  869192 , and  820846. S. J. was also supported by  UK   NERC  grant  NE/L002612/1. Y. M. was supported by the  Frank Jackson Foundation  and the  Leverhulme Trust. C. A. J. G. , E. M. -L. , and L. R. were supported by the  Biodiversity Network, Clarendon Fund , and  Strategic Research Fund , respectively, of the  University of Oxford , and M. R. A. received additional support from the  Oxford Martin School.
Materials and methods The patients included in this case series are part of our ACL clinical pathway. They gave their written informed consent to grant us permission to use their medical data gathered during their treatment. The project has received the approval of the National Ethics Committee for Research (N°201,101/05). Data acquisition and storage were notified to the National Data Protection Committee. Patients with failure of primary ACL repair with DIS performed elsewhere and referred to Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (Luxembourg) were identified. Failure was defined as abnormal knee laxity (positive Lachman and/or pivot shift) and/or severely restricted range of motion. All the revision procedures were performed by the same senior surgeon (RS). Medical and surgical records were reviewed and preoperative standard anteroposterior and lateral X-rays were assessed.
Methods: In the INVICTUS trial (NCT03353753), QoL was assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30; physical function, role function, overall health, and overall QoL) and the EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5 L; visual analogue scale). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models compared changes in scores from baseline to treatment cycle 2, day 1 within and between ripretinib and placebo. Within the ripretinib arm, repeated measures models assessed the impact of alopecia on QoL. Results: Patients receiving ripretinib maintained QoL (as assessed by the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D-5 L PRO measures) from baseline to cycle 2, day 1 whereas QoL declined with placebo, resulting in clinically significant differences between treatments (nominal P < 0.