dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements. The research was carried out as part of the  IncREO (Increasing Resilience through Earth Observation)  project with funding from the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  under grant agreement no. 312461. The authors would like to thank the  European Commission  for its financial support through the  7th Framework Programme. We are also most grateful to  Françoise Taillefer  for her unconditional technical support and  François Bouyssel  for his constructive and valuable advice about the second downscaling method. Special thanks go to  Philippe Dandin  for his involvement in setting up this project. We also thank  SHOM  for providing the French storm surge measurements. Christophe-Thomas Simmons is warmly thanked for helping to improve the manuscript. Edited by: Ricardo Trigo Reviewed by: two anonymous referees.
Data availability. Members of the ECMWF can access the MARS archive for the SYNOP weather station data used in Sect. 3. 1. ERA-20C, ERA-40, ERA-Interim reanalysis data, ERS-2 and EN-VISAT data, and TOPEX-POSEIDON and Jason-1 data can be obtained from the public server of, respectively, the ECMWF (http:// apps. ecmwf. int/datasets/), the ESA (https://earth. esa. int/web/guest/ data-access/browse-data-products) and the NASA (https://podaac. jpl. nasa. gov/datasetlist). The other data are available on request from the authors.
E. Validation Validation of the segmentation stability and features included determination of the intra-and inter-operator precision errors and the impact of noise and of CT H2O derived from the in-scan calibration phantom. 25 datasets from elderly subjects (age: 75. 6 ± 8. 7) of the EFFECT study  [30]  with a washedout and moth-eaten muscle appearance and high levels of IMAT and edema were processed. In these subjects, FA differed largely in most cases from the true fascia and an operator-interaction was needed in such cases. For the precision analysis, all 25 datasets were analyzed three times on different days by the same operator for intra-operator-precision and once by three different operators after an initial training for inter-operator-precision. Precision errors were calculated as CV RMS values  [24].
In order to assess the diagnostic value of a feature, the CV RMS was compared to the biological variation of the 25 subjects measured as percentage coefficient of variation divided by a factor of 100 (CV 100 ). Gaussian noise was added to the CT datasets acquired at 120 kV with 170 mAs to simulate a lower exposure of 135 mAs. Finally, CT H2O obtained from the in-scan calibration phantom was changed by ± 5 HU.
Results Fig  6  shows segmentation results for three different patients, in which muscles were heavily infiltrated by adipose tissue and fascia not always in direct contact with the muscle. Thus, segmentation required operator interactions. However, even in these challenging cases the hierarchical segmentation process limited the required operator interaction to a few clicks by setting some seed points as shown in Fig  4f. Depending on the segmentation complexity the complete processing time per CT dataset was around 12 min (i5 processor 5GHz, 4GB RAM). Table  1  shows results for intra-and interoperator analysis precision errors. There were no repeat scans of patients. For comparison, Table  1  also shows the CV 100 of the same feature from the 25 subjects. All CV RMS results were below 2% and even below 0.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge support from the  Bavarian Research Foundation  ( FORMOSA  project, grant number  AZ-1044-12 ). The present work was performed in partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the PhD degree Dr. rer. biol. hum. at the  University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. The authors would like to thank  Bastian Gerner  and  Andreas Friedberger  for their repeat segmentation of data sets required for the inter-operator-precision analysis.
The resulting VOI was called intrafascia (VOI IF , Fig 3j), its surface defined the 3D fascia. As shown in Fig 3h, often multiple seed points were required to process the complete dataset. The operator could also select not to add certain conglomerates of candidate voxels to VOI IF. 4. Optionally, a fascia-specific modification of the explicit deformable model by Mastmeyer -neighborhood of v: g ¼ true if CTvalue ! mean 26 À 2SD 26 false else ( The 2SD factor accounted for noise in the CT data. Next, starting from a seed point set by the operator in the space between FA and a local group of the new candidate voxels, 'rays' were sent out isotropically (26 directions). If 65% or more of these rays were reflected by one of the candidate voxels or by FA, the status of the voxel was changed to 'shielded' [18] (Fig 4).
Nonetheless, complex and labour-intensive maintenance procedures and low productivity limited their usefulness for leishmaniasis research, and still do, especially for species that do not adapt well to laboratory conditions. Although at least 50 species of sand flies have been colonized using various techniques, many were only temporary efforts and less than half have been mass-reared successfully as closed colonies for research purposes  [5, 6, 11, 12, 15, 16, [18] [19] [20] 25, 28, 31, 38, 39, 44, 50, 51, 57, 59, 63]. With growing interest in leishmaniasis research, rearing techniques have been developed and refined, and laboratory sand fly colonies have become more common, robust and useful, enabling many significant breakthroughs  [24, 26, 27, 33, 38, 42, 46, 48, 49, 59]. Currently, there are 90 colonies representing 21 distinct species of phlebotomine sand flies in 35 laboratories located in 18 countries worldwide that are registered in the Global Sand Fly Colony Database (Table  1 ).
Readers who maintain sand fly colonies that are not included in this database are encouraged to register their colonies by contacting Dr Phillip Lawyer at (plawyer349@verizon. net). Materials and methods used by various sand fly workers differ between laboratories, often dictated by availability of resources, cost, or manpower constraints rather than choice. This supplement is not intended to be a comprehensive review but rather a discussion of methods and techniques most effectively used by researchers to initiate, establish and maintain sand fly colonies, with emphasis on those proven to be most effective for species the authors have colonized. Nonetheless, it should be noted that not all species respond equally well to these methods and specific modifications may be necessary to accommodate the peculiarities of a particular sand fly species.
Life-table studies As previously mentioned, initiating laboratory sand fly colonies from wild stock is difficult, time-consuming and uncertain until the developmental parameters of the species are known. These parameters are obtained through daily observation of isoline-progeny development of bloodfed females. For life-table studies, it is recommended that a sampling of at least 30 isoline broods of each species be examined daily for one or more generations (preferably F2 or later) to mark significant developmental events such as egg hatch, moult from one instar to the next, pupation and adult emergence. These data are recorded on a life-table data collection sheet and summarized to produce a stagespecific life-table  (Table 3 ). Information derived from lifetable studies facilitates predicting when a particular life stage will appear, as well as revealing generation time, fecundity, productivity and sex ratio of the colony.
Colony Maintenance Procedures Sand fly colony maintenance is complex, tedious and time-consuming, even with established colonies. Tasks and procedures must be accomplished in a timely and accurate manner. Failure to do so will be detrimental to the colony. A weekly colony data log sheet is used to ensure that colony maintenance tasks are accomplished each day according to the established routine. Also recorded on the sheet are daily temperature and humidity readings, the number of blood-fed females captured after each feeding, as well as the number of flies (males and females) removed from the colony for research purposes. See the example in Appendix B. Such data give researchers a clear picture of colony size, rate of growth, the impact of research demands and the overall health of the colony.
At the bottom of the melt pool, the solidification rate increases to a value close to the laser scanning velocity, while the temperature gradient decreases, which promoted the growth of equiaxed grains  [99]. The typical microstructure in the cladding zone is composed of dendritic and interdendritic regions with slight component segregation  [88, 93, 94, [100] [101] [102] [103]. For alloys containing both Cr and Cu elements, a tendency for segregation is observed with interdendritic regions enriched in Cu and depleted in Cr compared d R = h mix ∕(h mix + h c ) HEAs) processed by conventional techniques (mainly arc-melting) are also shown on the same figure. This plot was made using a dedicated materials database for processed by laser cladding with alloys that are either currently used for surface coating (Co-and Ni-based alloys) or are compatible with cladding and thermal spraying (ceramic particle-reinforced Mg-, Al-and Ti-matrix, metal-bonded WC and refractory alloys).
Materials above a performance index line have higher value of the specific hardness than those below, so harder and lighter coatings can be made from materials above the line. Hard materials generally have low wear rates, which suggests the advantages of HEA coatings over bulk HEAs  [113] , the CES EduPack Level 3 Aerospace database  [114]  and the published studies already cited, in addition to others  [115] [116] [117] [118]  (see Table  2   Laser-cladded HEAs coatings overlap with Co-and Ni-coatings and bulk 3d transition metal and refractory metal HEAs, and expend to higher hardness values filling empty areas of the materials landscape. The room temperature hardness of laser-cladded HEA coatings exceed the properties of all ceramic particle-reinforced Mg-, Aland Ti-matrix, as well as Nb, Ta and Mo alloys.
The best Figure  19. Materials property space for room temperature hardness vs density of laser cladding hea coatings and conventional metal alloy coatings, ceramic particles reinforced (cPr) metallic matrix compatible with cladding or thermal spraying, and lightmetal heas, 3d transition metal (TM) heas, and refractory metal heas. The dashed lines give performance index for uniaxial loading (hv/d). This chart was made using the ceS eduPack, the level 3 aerospace database from granta design  [114]  and the hea database published elsewhere  [113]. temperature of Al 2 CoCrCuFeNi(Ti) coatings is about 3 times higher than for the Q235 steel substrate and almost independent of the Ti content despite the transition from a single-phase fcc for Ti 0 to a single-phase bcc for Ti 2  [93]. Room temperature sliding wear tests show that the mass loss of Al 2 CrFeMoNi coatings is only 50% of the stainless steel  [103].
Median HVPG was 6 mmHg (range 3-16). Liver stiffness measured by MRE correlated with HVPG ( = 0. 64,  = 0. 01), histologic fibrosis score ( = 0. 71,  = 0. 004), noninvasive fibrosis indices, including APRI ( = 0. 81,  < 0. 001), and soluble LOXL2 ( = 0. 82,  = 0. 001). On stepwise multivariate regression analysis, MRE was the only variable independently associated with HVPG ( 2 = 0. 377,  = 0. 02). Conclusions. MRE of the liver correlated independently with HVPG. MRE is a valid noninvasive measure of liver disease severity and may prove to be a useful tool for noninvasive portal hypertension assessment. Trial Registration Number. This trial is registered with NCT01707472.
Patient Population. Adults 18 years of age or older, with HIV, HCV, or HIV/HCV, were enrolled from October 2012 to December 2014. HCV infection was confirmed by measurement of HCV RNA >2,000 IU/mL. For HIV-infected subjects, an HIV viral load <400 copies/mL on stable combination antiretroviral therapy for ≥3 months was required. Patients with known cirrhosis could participate if they were Child-Pugh class A  [21]. The NIAID Institutional Review Board approved the study. All participants provided written informed consent (NCT01707472). The primary study results are reported elsewhere  [22].
Hepatic LOXL2 Gene Expression. In a subset of participants ( = 12), total RNA isolated from liver was reverse transcribed using random primers with the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcriptase Kit (ThermoFischer Scientific, Waltham, MA), as previously described  [22, 31]. Gene expression was determined as cycle of threshold (Ct) based on 40 PCR cycles, using expression of GAPDH and GUSB as endogenous controls to determine delta Ct values. GAPDH Ct values were distributed between 23 and 27. Data from 2 samples was excluded from analysis due to inadequate signal strength, defined as a GAPDH Ct value >27. Thus, confirmatory qRT-PCR data are presented from 10 of 12 subjects. Expression reactions using predesigned Taqman assays assembled into custom-designed 96-well plates (Ther-moFischer Scientific) were run on an Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR System, as previously described  [31].
Statistical Analysis. Pairwise correlations between biomarkers of interest were evaluated with Spearman's correlation coefficient. For this exploratory analysis, a  value of ≤0. 05, without adjustment for multiple comparisons, was considered statistically significant. Simple linear regression was employed to screen for biomarkers associated with HVPG. Biomarkers with a  value ≤0. 15 from the simple linear regressions were identified as potential candidates. Backward stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed on HVPG using the candidate biomarkers. Stepwise variable elimination was based on a threshold  value of ≤0. 15. Analyses were performed using JMP v. 11 (SAS, Cary, NC, USA). 2. 9. Data Availability. Datasets analyzed for the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.
Acknowledgments The authors thank  Dr. Zachary Goodman , who performed alpha smooth muscle actin staining for the study, the volunteers who participated in this research, and  NIH  care providers and support staff. This work was supported by the  United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) Intramural Research Program ,  NIH Clinical Center ,  NIAID , and  NIDDK  and, in part, by an  NIH   Bench to Bedside Award  funded by the  Office of AIDS Research  and funded in part with federal funds from the  National Cancer Institute , under contract  HHSN261200800001E.
BACKGROUND GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. OBJECTIVES This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. METHODS During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients' baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected.
Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC) are equal to or more effective than VKA for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular AF  (4) (5) (6) (7) (8). Whereas they have changed practice, the extent to which various anticoagulant drugs are prescribed is uncertain in some regions of the world, as is the manner in which phy-   The GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2 Baseline Results F E B R U A R Y 2 1 , 2 0 1 7 : 7 7 7 -8 5 globally and regionally at baseline in phase 2, which was initiated when dabigatran became available, and compare the phase 2 data with the pre-NOAC era data (phase 1).
METHODS DESIGN. This registry program entails ongoing data collection from patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular AF during 3 separate phases (9) (Figure  1 ). The results of phase 1, conducted before approval of NOAC in each region, have been published  (10). During phase 2, which began in each country when dabigatran was approved, cross-sectional data were collected at baseline for all enrolled patients with newly diagnosed AF. The data included AF disease characteristics, medical conditions including concomitant diseases, and medications. No additional procedures, apart from assessments performed as part of routine clinical practice, were required. DATA COLLECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL. All clinical data were collected using a validated web-based system to ensure confidentiality and integrity.
This study was funded by Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr. Huisman has received honoraria for presentations as well as research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer HealthCare, Pfizer-Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Aspen, and Actelion Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Rothman is an employee of RTI Health Solutions, an independent nonprofit research organization that does work for government agencies and pharmaceutical companies. M. Paquette and Drs. Zint, Teutsch, Elsaesser, and Bartels are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr. Diener has received honoraria for participation in clinical trials, contribution to advisory boards, or oral presentations from Abbott, Allergan, AstraZeneca, Bayer Vital, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, CoAxia, Corimmun, Covidien, Daiichi-Sankyo, D-Pharm, Fresenius, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Johnson and Johnson, Knoll, Lilly, MSD, Medtronic, MindFrame, Neurobiological Technologies, Novartis, Novo-Nordisk, Paion, Parke-Davis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Schering-Plough, Servier, Solvay, St.
Jude Medical, Syngis, Talecris, Thrombogenics, WebMD Global, Wyeth, and Yamanouchi; received financial support for research projects from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lundbeck, Novartis, Janssen-Cilag, Sanofi, Syngis, and Talecris; received research grants awarded to the Department of Neurology at the University Duisburg-Essen from the German Research Council, the German Ministry of Education and Research, the European Union, the National Institutes of Health, the Bertelsmann Foundation, and the Heinz-Nixdorf Foundation; within the past year, has served as the editor of Aktuelle Neuro-.
The impact of the increase of greenhouse gases on Sahelian precipitation is very uncertain in both its spatial pattern and magnitude. In particular, the relative importance of internal variability versus external forcings depends on the time horizon considered in the climate projection. In this study we address the respective roles of the internal climate variability versus external forcings on Sahelian precipitation by using the data from the CESM Large Ensemble Project, which consists of a 40 member ensemble performed with the CESM1-CAM5 coupled model for the period 1920-2100. We show that CESM1-CAM5 is able to simulate the mean and interannual variability of Sahel precipitation, and is representative of a CMIP5 ensemble of simulations (i. e. it simulates the same pattern of precipitation change along with equivalent magnitude and seasonal cycle changes as the CMIP5 ensemble mean).
Data We use the 40 members of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble Project (LENS,  Kay et al 2015) , hereafter noted CESM1-CAM5, a publically available set of climate model simulations intended for advancing understanding of internal climate variability and climate change. Simulations have been performed with the CESM version 1 (CESM1). CESM1 includes coupled ocean, land, atmosphere and sea-ice components. The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5. 2; Hurrell et al 2013) is the atmospheric model, CLM4 is the land surface component, POP2 the ocean model and CICE4 the sea-ice component. The same radiative forcing scenario (historical evolution in GHG concentration, volcanic forcing and anthropogenic aerosols) for the period 1920-2005 has been applied to all 40 members. This constitutes the historical (HIST) ensemble.
From 2006-2100, the same RCP8. 5 forcing has also been applied. The RCP8. 5 is the most pessimistic scenario, prescribing a radiative forcing which reaches 8. 5 W m -2 in 2100; see  Meinshausen et al 2011). The members are obtained through perturbations of the initial atmospheric conditions. Details of the simulations are found in  Kay et al (2015). The data are freely available on the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) website (www. cesm. ucar. edu/ projects/community-projects/LENS/data-sets. html). For observations, we used precipitation from the Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC; Becker et al 2013) dataset on a 1 • × 1 • grid resolution (version 7), available from 1901-2013, the precipitation from the GPCP v2. 2 data set  (Adler et al 2003) , available for the 1979-2010 period with a 2.
Acknowledgments We acknowledge the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful and constructive suggestions and comments. We acknowledge the  World Climate Research Programme 's Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP, the  US Department of Energy 's  Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison  provides coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the  Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. We acknowledge the  CESM Large Ensemble Community Project  and supercomputing resources provided by  NSF/CISL/Yellowstone  for providing the climate model outputs. We acknowledge the ' Dynamics and Predictability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning and Climate'  project (DYNAMOC,  NE/M005127/1 ) and the ' North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study' (ACSIS)  project.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the  EPSRC  ( EP/ N032888/1  and  EP/M009394/1 ), the  Royal Academy of Engineering , the  STFC  ( ST/N002385/1 ), and the UK National Measurement System. These experiments were performed between beamlines ID19 at the  ESRF (Grenoble, France ) and I12 at  Diamond Light Source (Harwell, UK). Finally, the authors would like to acknowledge the help and support from  Sandeep Yayathi  from the  NASA Johnson Space Center.
Images show the participation of hECs in vessel formation in the scaffold, resulting in a murine-human chimeric vasculature. Figure  6A  shows representative data of the approach used to stimulate bone formation in MSC scaffolds. Similar to previous figures, 8 weeks after implantation, the intravenous inoculation of 655-VPA was performed, scaffolds were retrieved, and images were acquired with two-photon confocal microscopy. rhBMP-2-stimulated scaffolds induce the formation of bone tissue, which could be visualized due to the SHG (cyan color in the images) provided by the calcium in the bone. The provided images also show the formation of cavities and vascularized endosteal tissue, which highly resemble the BM endosteal tissue. In Figure  6B  and Video 3, hECs were co-implanted with hMSCs.
Acknowledgements We thank the staff in the core facilities at the  Francis Crick Institute (Biological Research facility ,  In Vivo Imaging  and Experimental Histopathology) and  Yolanda Saavedra-Torres  and  Mercedes Sanchez-Garzon , the vets at Crick and LRI respectively, for their valuable help. We are grateful to  Dr. W. Grey  for critically reading the manuscript. D. P. was supported by a non-clinical research fellowship from the  EHA. This work was supported by  The Francis Crick Institute , which receives its core funding from  Cancer Research UK  ( FC001045 ), the  UK Medical Research Council  ( FC001045 ), and the  Welcome Trust  ( FC001045 ).