dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
e. , from the reference given in protocol) c Note that all 19 WorldClim variables were extracted and explored, but here we list only the variables for which results are presented in the text. The variables differ from the protocol, where use of three main PCA axis of variation across these variables was outlined points, as this could have biased the quality of information extracted from studies where corresponding authors were no longer available. One article could contain information about several studies when it included more than one study question, methodological approach or ecological context. For instance, when an article presented different datasets of plant-herbivore pairs, such as one experimental and one observational dataset, these were considered as separate studies. Similarly, when an article presented data from several locations for which ecological contexts were described separately, datasets from the different locations were considered as separate studies.
In cases where an article contained more than one study, information about the variables was recorded for each study. After all the data were coded, two reviewers (EMS, ICB) edited possible dissimilarities in spelling, checked accuracy and corrected obvious errors (such as deviations from pre-defined factor levels), and identified additional uncertainties in the inclusion of studies. At this stage, lengthy descriptions for some variable values were summarized into more general categories. For example, when detailed descriptions of the habitats were provided in the text, they were replaced by a shorter, more general description. In the original protocol  [28]  it was stated that data from at least 10% of the studies would be extracted by at least two reviewers to reduce discrepancies and inconsistencies between reviewers.
Data mapping method To code data from the full text of each study, we used the Excel spreadsheet published as an appendix of the systematic map protocol  [28]. The data were collated using R-scripts (available on GitHub https:// github. com/ James DMSpe ed/ Arcti cHerb ivory Syste matic Map). We then extracted geospatial ecological context variables (Table  1 ) and added them to the dataset. We grouped the ecological context variables according to whether they described the geography, climate, climate change, food web, or human use (see Table  1  for variables, their definitions, and how they were extracted). We used univariate and pairwise plots to visually explore the available ecological space within the Arctic (i. e. , the range of values of the variables that are represented in the study region) and to assess how much of that space is covered by the available studies.
We delimited the Arctic study region by coastline but did not remove other areas such as glaciers or lakes. In our narrative synthesis of the results, we highlight biases in the available studies across the ecological contexts, as they point to areas for which abundant information exists and where more studies are needed. The raw data are available for download (Additional file 5), as well as through a Shiny App: https:// shiny. vm. ntnu. no/ users/ speed/ Arcti cHerb ivory Syste matic Map/, created with the R-package "Shiny"  [36]. The Shiny App helps the reader navigate the database and visualize the contribution of individual studies. The app allows plotting studies on a geographic map, filtering studies based on different criteria (e. g. , selecting country, species, study language, herbivore type, and different aspects of the study design) and interactive exploration of the variables using bar plots, histograms and pairwise plots.
Review descriptive statistics The literature search underpinning this review was conducted on 13th February 2019 (Web of Science and Scopus, refer to Additional file 2 for dates in local searches). We identified 3200 articles from searches in Web of Science and Scopus, an additional 311 from local/regional and specialist databases/sources as well as an additional 75 from Google Scholar (Fig. 1 ; Additional file 3). After evaluation of eligibility across all screening stages, the final evidence base included 309 articles, split into 662 studies. The full list of included articles can be found in Additional file 3, and the full list of studies is presented in the Shiny App.
Often, plant response to herbivory was measured at one level of biological organization but results were reported at a more aggregated level. For example, some studies conducted measurements on individual plants but reported their results for the plant population/species (for instance recording survival of marked plant individuals and reporting survival rate per species per treatment). Thus, measurements most often targeted plant data at the population/species level (n = 320 studies), followed Fig. 2  The distribution of studies across time and temporal study design. All y-axes show a count of studies. A shows study publication year and B the first year when both plant and herbivore elements were measured. C shows the temporal extent of the studies, defined as the number of years when both plant and herbivore elements were measured.
Mapping the validity of studies relevant to the question Mapping the validity of the studies was not the aim of our systematic map, but we recorded studies with incomplete information regarding their study design. Several studies omitted information describing data sampling to the extent that we were unable to assign the first year of study (n = 45), temporal resolution (i. e. , how often the data were sampled, n = 27), how large the study area was (n = 156), or the scale of sampling plots/units (n = 63 and 46 for reporting scale and recording scale). We explored visually and with linear regressions whether the proportion of studies with missing information for these variables changed over time, but found support for a decreasing trend only for the extent of spatial scale (effect of year -0.
No theses were retrieved from Russia. This pattern differs from the total number of studies per country (e. g. , Norway having more studies than Canada). However, it is also possible that countries differ in terms of how often theses are published as peer-reviewed articles, and therefore excluded as duplicates. The data reported by the authors was highly heterogeneous for some context variables. For example, information on temperature and precipitation varied in terms of which variable was reported (such as annual mean, seasonal means, means of warmest and coldest months) and from where data were acquired (the study site, the nearest weather station or from gridded meteorological data). To overcome such heterogeneity, and to acquire data on additional variables that are generally not reported in publications, we used several geospatial data layers to extract variables at the evidence point coordinates (see Table  1  for a list of these variables).
Finally, a remaining challenge will be keeping the results up to date. A systematic map represents a substantial investment in time spent writing the protocol, searching and summarizing, and communicating results. Yet, with the ever-increasing number of new studies, systematic maps tend to become outdated fairly quickly. The protocol for this systematic map outlines an idea of a system by which new studies could be submitted to the dataset  [28] , to increase the longevity and relevance of the systematic map. However, given (i) the amount of manual work related to the preparation of the coded data (minor corrections for typos, grouping of variables, verifications for redundancy), and (ii) the increasing availability of new, relevant geospatial layers, we now believe that such an automatic approach is unlikely to provide robust results with new insights.
Acknowledgements We thank the participants of the  Herbivory Network workshop "Identification of data gaps in tundra herbivory" in Iceland  ( 16. 9. 2016 ), and the hands-on working session in the  Herbivory Network meeting at Labytnangi, Yamal, Russia  ( 20. 9. 2019 ). We thank  Virve Ravolainen  for contributing to the ideas behind the project. The  Herbivory Network is a UArctic Thematic Network.
Study design This retrospective, observational study was conducted in Lille University Hospital (Lille, France) between July 1st, 2019, and January 31st, 2020 -corresponding to the first seven months of use of the hospital's CDSS. Computerized data on 1350 inpatient beds (located in 37 care services, such as pneumology, cardiology, geriatric, neurology, surgical and psychiatric wards) were obtained. The clinical pharmacy team comprised 19 senior clinical pharmacists and 8 pharmacy residents. Each of the 27 pharmacists was responsible for several wards with the same medical speciality, for which he/she analyzed prescriptions and suggested PIs. The pharmacists analyzed all the prescriptions entered in the CPOE system on weekdays (Monday to Friday).
Therefore, pharmacists can prioritize prescriptions based on the degree of iatrogenic risk, leading to suggest relevant PIs to physicians. The CDSS was implemented in July 2019. From the outset, it was decided that the CDSS would be developed and operated by the pharmacy department. The data used in the CDSS (including laboratory results, drug prescriptions, and administrative data) were retrieved from local databases. The drug dosage was not available during the study period. The rules implemented in the CDSS and used in daily practice were developed by a multidisciplinary working group of clinical pharmacists, pharmacologists specializing in drug-related events, medical biologists, and expert physicians. In accordance with national and international guidelines, the decision rules were based on SPCs, keywords, and Boolean operators (e.
Data collection and analysis Each pharmacist evaluated the alerts that appeared during his/her daily work. For each alert, we documented the triggering date, the verification date, the patient's ward, and the type of rule. The cause of the technical invalidity (if applicable) in step 1 was recorded. The pharmaceutical irrelevance of the alert in step 2 was recorded and classified by the clinical pharmacist into the three categories described in the previous section. In step 3, each PI was codified with Act-IP® (Bilog, Versailles, France), a software tool for standardizing PIs according to the guidelines issued by the French College of Clinical Pharmacy (Société Française de Pharmacie Clinique)  [15]. The criteria for each alert were collated in an Excel® 2013 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) spreadsheet.
Acknowledgements The authors thank the  Hauts-de-France Regional Health Agency  for funding the implementation of the CDSS. They also thank all the participants in the CDSS working group ( J-F Bervar ,  V. Brosse ,  T. Brousseau ,  E. Chazard ,  G. Ficheur ,  L. Gaboriau ,  P. Maboudou ,  F. Minnaert , and  J. Roche ) and all the clinical pharmacists involved in the development of the project ( S. Belaiche ,  M. Dambrine ,  M. Debailleul ,  S. Genay ,  H. Henry ,  K. Laaziri ,  A. Leleux ,  M. Masse ,  F. Moreau ,  M. Perez ,  N. Simon ,  A. Toulemonde ,  H. Tribouillard , and  B. Valentin ). We thank  David Fraser PhD  ( Biotech Communication SARL, Ploudalmézeau, France ) for copyediting assistance.
Mostly studied at the individual level, the analysis of immigrants' health status at a populational level may provide a different perspective to investigate, including social determinants as part of the explanation of the relationship between them and health status in France. We analyzed freely accessible databases curated by French public bodies. The dependent variables were death rate and mean age at death. Immigrant rate and covariates associated with either of the outcomes were explored in univariate and multivariate models. Linear models were used to explain the mean age at death, whereas tobit models were used to explain the death rate. The immigrant rate varied markedly from one department to another, as did healthcare accessibility, population's age profile, and economic covariates.
Data Collection We analyzed sociodemographic and economic data for 96 French "departments"an approximately county-level geographic scale (i. e. , between cities and regions). The five French overseas departments were not included in the analysis because they differ markedly from mainland departments with regard to the population and legislation. Data were obtained from freely accessible databases curated by (i) the French National Institute for Statistical and Economic Studies  (INSEE [22, 23] , corresponding to the French population census, indicating exhaustively and at the municipality scale the sociodemographic characteristics of the French population, e. g. , number of inhabitants, age, sex ratio, economic status, percentage of population being born abroad with a nationality other than French), (ii) the French Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics (IRDES  [21] , characterizing, at the life-territory level-a supra-municipal scale-, the type of access to healthcare for the population), and (iii) the French National Family Allowances Office (CNAF  [24] , reporting exhaustively, and, at the municipality scale, the part of the population receiving income support).
Statistical Analyses The different databases were merged and collapsed at the "department" level by weighting each information collected at the municipal level by the number of inhabitants of this city. Quantitative variables were quoted as the mean (standard deviation) and were compared using t-tests. Factors associated with the death rate and the mean age at death were explored in univariate and multivariate models. Linear models were used to explain the mean age at death, whereas tobit models were used to explain the death rate (as a bounded continuous variable that cannot be lower than 0% or higher than 100%). No variable selection process was used when performing multivariate models to avoid any overfitting issue. All the considered independent covariables were included in these models.
Even after adjusting for access to primary healthcare facilities in the departments, we still found an association between the immigrant rate and the death rate. The health areas studied here are heterogeneous; several departments are almost exclusively composed of rural and unattractive areas with vulnerable populations, others contain large retirement areas, and yet others encompass wealthy urban and peri-urban areas that are well endowed with healthcare services. This illustrates the uneven access to healthcare in France and suggests that the areas with the lowest level of access are not those with the highest immigrant rate. The present study has several limitations. First, our definition of immigration was that used by INSEE (one of the database curators). All people born abroad as a foreigner were therefore considered to be immigrants-even if they had been granted French citizenship since their arrival.
Data Availability Statement: The authors declare that the data collected was gathered from publicly accessible sources: INSEE. Population en 2017 (https://www. insee. fr/fr/statistiques/4515539? sommaire=4516122, accessed on 5 November 2020) [22]; INSEE. Principaux indicateurs sur les revenus et la pauvreté aux niveaux national et local-Principaux résultats sur les revenus et la pauvreté des ménages en 2017 (https://www. insee. fr/fr/statistiques/4507225?som-maire=4507229# consulter-sommaire, accessed on 5 November 2020)  [23] ; Cafdata. Foyers allocataires percevant le revenu de solidarité active (RSA)-par Commune (http://data. caf. fr/dataset/foyers-allocatairespercevant-le-revenu-de-solidarite-active-rsa-par-commune, accessed on 5 November 2020)  [24] ; INSEE. Fichier des personnes décédées depuis 1970 (https://www.
1 mol L -1 NaOH is not environmentally representative. 10  Several groups  11, 12  have been testing weaker extractants with special mention to the so-called soil extraction solution (0. 01 mol L -1 calcium chloride or nitrate). On the other hand the whole risk assesment community uses the metal binding with humic matter data provided by the humic matter community as a model for the metal binding with natural organic matter (NOM) when performing their environmental risk assesment studies in soils and natural waters. They do this not because they consider this data better but because it is the only data available as generic parameters,  13  or included in freely available software Visual Minteq,  14  Phreeqc,  15  Orchestra. 16 he aim of this study is to evaluate different fractions of organic matter from soils, extracted with 0.
Arctic extensively urbanized centers are subject to the impact of many negative environmental phenomena progressing in terms of global climate change and regional development in Yakutia in the context of poor and missing databases. For this reason, the modeling of the risk exposures is based on combining the remote sensing, and local knowledge of inhabitants. According to the occurrences of the natural hazards, the territorial management and the decision-making system require the identification and assessment of natural risks to which the rural populations localized in the towns and villages are exposed, for example, in the urban center of Khamagatta located at 70km to the North from Yakutsk near the Lena River. The main environmental vulnerability exposures are seasonal: springtime floods between May and June, the forest fires from June to August, the cyclic permafrost degradation, and river erosion impacts.
The current vulnerability impacts, damages to the lands and the settlements, and the populations risk exposures are analyzed from the maps of vulnerabilities created from remote sensing satellite Sentinel 2A/B series, with the local knowledge of the inhabitants of Khamagatta who lived and perceived all events. All the data generated, maps, models of vulnerability exposures, and local knowledge are integrated, combined, and merged into the geographic information system (GIS). The GIS modeling combines the risk of natural hazards and the damages, and the risk knowledge and perceptions of the inhabitants. Land uses, Landscape classification, and the land cover is made by Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) using an optical time series of Sentinel 2 images (2015-2020) including the population knowledge for the recognition of the environmental vulnerabilities.
The methodological approach included the participation of local people in workshops through discussion and participatory mapping, questionnaires, and interviews in two stages. The first stage included the development of the knowledge database for a comprehensive understanding of the life of the local population, including the forms of adaptation to the negative natural phenomena. The collected information is delocalized and integrated into the GIS. The second stage consisted of validation and discussion, including stakeholders (municipality and rescue services) to increase the reliability and legitimacy of the research results. Perceptions of the inhabitants of Khamagatta are correlated with the maps of risk exposures generated by remote sensing to increase the accuracy of the environmental process modeling and landscape classification.
Discussion This study collected data regarding the current use of photography by oral medicine specialists. This tool is used widely by the practitioners surveyed with 94% of users affirming its use in their clinic. The results are similar to those found in the literature. In a British study, 96% of respondents used photography in their daily practice to monitor oral lesions  [21]. In a more recent study, the rate of usage was 95%  [20]. They show the willingness of clinicians to use photography in their practice of oral medicine. However, the study described in this article was delivered to the clinicians via email in order to facilitate data collection. It is worth noting that the specialists who do not use photography, may have abstained from completing the questionnaire and therefore the work may be biased to photography users.
Conclusion This study assessed the current attitude toward photography by oral medicine practitioners. Photography is a frequently used tool in daily practice of the clinicians surveyed. However, basic security standards for the safety of patient personal data are not always followed. It could be interesting to do postgraduate training on this subject, explaining the administrative modalities of photo library management, as well as the technical requirements to be respected. This could also participate in the creation of digital databases helping to recognize pathologies of the oral mucosa.
(4) (5) (6)  With respect to the latter, however, much of the information on late effects among survivors has come either from analyses of hospitalizations or from questionnaires completed by consenting individuals. (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)  As is evident from the studies summarized in Table  1  (which includes those that examined all leukaemias combined and those that also included young adults), less attention has been paid to chronic conditions that do not require hospital admission,  (17, 18)  and to morbidity patterns that change over time. (11, 19)  The longitudinal data examined in this report contain information on hospital outpatient attendances, as well as inpatient episodes, cancer registrations, and deaths. Adding significantly to the existing knowledge base, a large cohort of children (<15 years) diagnosed with ALL in England during 1992-6 and their individually sex-and age-matched population controls have been tracked for up to 25 years through their teenage and young adult (TYA) years.
Methods Data are from the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study (UKCCS), a national population-based case-control study established in the 1990s to investigate potential causes of childhood cancer. Full details of the UKCCS's original methods and ethical permissions have been published. (22) (23) (24)  Briefly, the study population comprised all children (0-14 years) registered for primary care with the National Health Service (NHS). All children newly diagnosed with cancer (cases) were ascertained via proactive notification systems established in all treatment centres across England, Scotland and Wales; and each child whose parents agreed to be interviewed (87%; all cancers combined) was individually matched on sex, date of birth and region of residence to up to 10 randomly selected controls.
The general practitioners (GPs) of the first two controls identified ("first-choice controls") were approached and, with their permission, the parents of the children were contacted and asked to participate in the study. Overall, 72% of first-choice control families participated; but if the GP refused permission to contact the parents, or the parents themselves declined, the next control on the list was selected, and so on until two control families agreed. (22) (23) (24)  For methodological purposes  (23, 24) , details of all non-participating cases and controls were retained in the UKCCS registration database. With a view to examining childhood cancer sequelae, the UKCCS in England now operates on a legal basis that permits information to be obtained from NHS administrative healthcare records without explicit consent; and all registered cases and first-choice controls, along with participating replacement controls, are now being prospectively tracked by NHS Digital (https://digital.