dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Determination of Tg The temperature dependence of τ for glycerol is given by VFT model. Therefore, τ in the HN equation was replaced by VFT equation and then we fitted the temperature evolution of real and imaginary parts of e  For the fit, only the α relaxation region was considered and this was a narrow temperature range. Figure  7  shows the best fitted real and imaginary parts of e 2 s. The circular legend represents the experimental data and the smooth one represents the best fitted curve. The same procedure was applied for the experimental data from other frequencies. In a similar fashion, temperature scans at different fixed frequencies, say, 120 Hz and 1100Hz were performed. The normalized amplitude and phase of temperature scans at different frequencies (22Hz, 120Hz, 1100Hz) performed are shown in figure  8.
In total, there were four replicate tanks per treatment, with eggs kept in either control (168C) or elevated (198C) temperatures crossed with control (,400 parts per million per volume, ppmv) or elevated (,1000 ppmv) CO 2 conditions (Fig. 1 ). Temperatures were maintained using heater-chiller units (TR15 Aquarium Chillers; TECO Refrigeration Technologies, Ravenna, Italy) and 300-W glass heaters. Pumps connected to the chiller units enabled even temperature distribution throughout the water baths. Salinity was not manipulated and was constant at 40 for the duration of the study, including the acclimation period and the laboratory and mesocosm experimental duration. Exposure before hatching ranged from a minimum of 65 days to a maximum of 179 days (for data on hatching, see  Pistevos et al. 2015).
The National Institute of Standards glass standard (NIST-612) and the USGS (United States Geological Survey) microanalytical carbonate standard (MACS-3) were analysed at the start, end and periodically throughout each session (after every 12 ablations) to correct for instrument drift and measure external precision respectively (the CV for repeated measures for all elements was ,5%). Data reductions and raw count data conversions to element concentrations (ppm) were performed using Iolite software (ver. 3, Iolite, The University of Melbourne, Vic. , Australia) and the Trace Element IS data reduction scheme  (Paton et al. 2011) , with individual elements then expressed as ratios to Ca, based on a 43 Ca percentage weight value for H. portusjacksoni vertebrae of  44. 8 (McMillan et al. 2017a).
Data analysis All analyses were undertaken in R (ver. 3. 5. 3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). To confirm the success of experimental manipulations, variations in temperature, pH and pCO 2 were compared by univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA; Table  S1 ). The effects of treatment tank-level extrinsic (temperature, pH) and intrinsic (individual Fulton's K condition, specimen sex) covariates on vertebral element : Ca composition were explored with general linear models using the lme4 package (ver. 1. 1-19, D. Bates, M. Maechler, B. Bolker and S. Walker, see https://github. com/lme4/lme4/). Prior to the modelling approach, multi-collinearity of the data was evaluated among the suite of covariates using pairwise Pearson correlations. There was no evidence of collinearity among covariates, except among TL, bodyweight and temperature (Fig.
The best-ranked model (based on AICc) was then rerun and the covariate effects extracted from the model. Model parsimony and frequency of inclusion (and coherence of direction of effect) were taken into consideration if there were no differences in AICc among the top-ranked models. In those instances where experiment type was identified as one of the factors affecting vertebrae element composition, the data were partitioned into laboratory and mesocosm datasets and the suite of models was rerun to better understand how element incorporation differed between experiment types.
14). Vertebral Ba : Ca was significantly and positively affected by temperature (Table  3 ; Fig. 2g ). Temperature had a positive and significant effect on Sr : Ca vertebral composition (Table  3 ). For Sr : Ca, the top-ranked model incorporated the covariates temperature and experiment type (Table  S3 ), and presented overall the highest model fit of all the elements analysed (r 2 ¼ 0. 60). Reranking the laboratory and mesocosm datasets independently revealed that the best-ranked models for both experimental setups contained temperature (Fig. 2e , f; Table  S4 ). Experiment type was the only covariate in the best-ranked model for U : Ca (Table  S3 ). Overall, the goodness of fit for the best U : Ca model (r 2 ¼ 0. 35) was the third best overall, following only that of Sr : Ca and B : Ca. When the data were partitioned by experiment type, the model reranking indicated that the null model (containing no covariates) was the bestranked model for the laboratory-reared sharks.
g. due to microbial activity), but given our focus was on temperature and pH variation, this was not required. Still, it is recommended that future studies comparing trends between wild-caught and experimentally reared sharks (and fish) analyse the element composition of the surrounding water to help interpretation of the findings. Such water chemistry may also provide a means of standardising the two datasets to improve comparisons (i. e. using partition coefficients;  Elsdon and Gillanders 2005). Overall, together with the influence of unquantified (and hard to control for) individual-level intrinsic factors, there is uncertainty over whether trends observed in controlled laboratory conditions would reflect field conditions and changes in natural populations  (Elsdon and Gillanders 2005).
Acknowledgements The authors thank  I. Nagelkerken ,  S. D. Connell  and the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments that improved the manuscript. The authors also thank  T. Rossi ,  G. Ghedini  and  B. Florance  for their assistance with the collection of shark eggs and additional staff who helped with the daily maintenance of eggs and sharks in the laboratory and mesocosms ( M. Olmos ,  N. Mertens ,  K. Heldt ,  K. Anderson ,  L. Falkenberg ,  P. Munguia ,  B. Russell  and  M. Rutte ). The authors thank  Adelaide Microscopy ,  The University of Adelaide , and the  Australian Microscopy and Microanalysis Research Facility  for the use of equipment, and in particular  S. Gilbert  for assistance with the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
Declaration of funding The authors thank I. Nagelkerken and S. D. Connell for assistance and providing funding (Australian Research Council FT120100183 and FT0991953); additional funding was provided from Bronwyn M. Gillanders (FT100100767), the Environment Institute and the School of Biological Sciences (The University of Adelaide). This study also had the support of the Fundaca ˜o para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (UID/MAR/04292/ 2019) and a postdoctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/95784/2013) to P. Reis-Santos.
A Plexiglas window protected the screen to allow the fencer to finish its attack. To ensure co-localization of the real and virtual elements of the experimental setup, position of the projected plastron and motion of the sword were captured thanks to a Vicon system (24 cameras, 250Hz sampling rate, 5. 5ms latency) and reflective markers. 5 markers are placed around the screen and 7 markers on the sword as follows: 4 on the bowl, 3 on the blade (one at the very beginning next to the bowl, one in the middle and the last just under the tip). A Master PC was connected to the hardware acquisition system (Vicon Giganet) and ran both the recording (Vicon Nexus 2. 5) and the rendering softwares (Unity3D). It also drove the video-projector (BenQ W1070, DLP technology, 120Hz, latency < 1 ms) that displayed the stimulus.
Statistical analysis of patients' data during the ZCL outbreak Between October 2017 and March 2018, the regional health authority of Zagora province recorded 4,402 patients with ZCL; from these records, we extracted the age, sex, and address of each patient. From the onset of the outbreak, the CL cases were diagnosed by parasitological method (direct microscopic examination). Thereafter, giving the large number of infected people, the passive and active case-detection of CL was based only on clinical features. We carried out descriptive statistics, a Chi-square (χ2) test, and Fisher's exact test using Prism 7 software (GraphPad Software, Inc. , La Jolla, CA, USA) and SPSS v. 20 (SPSS, Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical significance was defined at P < 0. 05. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the positivity rates were calculated using the Wilson method  [19] , implemented in the online program EpiTools epidemiological calculators  [20].
Patients' recruitment and sampling During a period of five days in December 2017, we recruited 114 patients at the health center of Tinzouline. All recruited patients presented skin lesions clinically suggestive of CL, and never treated by Glucantime injection. Pregnancy women, patients presenting chronic illness (eg, blood pressure issues, diabetes, etc. ) were not skin-sampled. We interviewed each patient using a structured questionnaire comprising all the information about the patient (patient's code, age, gender, address, and travel history) and the disease (the onset of the lesion, diagnosis, history of treatment, and number and location of lesions). We consolidated all completed questionnaires for data input and analysis. We performed patient sampling for Leishmania cultures and smear staining by dermal scraping of the lesion's edge.
DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis We directly sequenced 10 randomly chosen ITS1-PCR products to confirm our PCR-RFLP identification results. We purified them using the Exonuclease I/Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) and then sequenced them using BigDye Terminator v3. 1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and an ABI Prism 3130 DNA automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Phylogenetic analysis of 10 L. tropica ITS1 sequences, generated in this study, was performed to confirm the identification of L. major as etiological agent, responsible of the outbreak occurred in Zagora province. In addition to our ten ITS1 sequences, other ITS1 L. major sequences and additional Leishmania spp. retrieved from GenBank database were used. For data analysis we used the MEGA version 7 (http://www.
Patient data analysis Between October 2017 and the end of March 2018, the Regional Delegation of Health, Zagora, clinically diagnosed and recorded a total of 4,402 patients with skin lesions from Zagora as cases of ZCL. All patients were freely treated with Glucantime (meglumine antimoniate) according to the Moroccan Ministry of Health guidelines. 24 municipalities were affected to different extents; the most affected area during this CL outbreak was the rural municipality of Tinzouline, with 55. 1% (n = 2424) of the total CL cases, followed by Bouzeroual and Bni Zoli, with 19% (n = 841) and 10% (n = 443), respectively; the 21 other municipalities recorded a range of 5% (n = 212) to 0. 02% (n = 1) of the total cases reported (Fig  1 ). Almost all ZCL cases were from rural municipalities, with only 2.
Clinical, parasitological, and molecular analysis of patients with ZCL (n = 114) Clinical data of patients with ZCL. During this outbreak, for a period of five days in December 2017, we conducted a survey in Tinzouline, the municipality where the number of ZCL cases was very high. We recruited a total of 114 patients with CL (76 females, 38 males). The clinical characteristics of patients with CL are summarized in Table  2. 72. 8% of patients with CL presented multiple lesions (two lesions or more), whereas 27. 2% presented a single lesion. The average number of lesions per patient was 5. 16 ± 0. 5 (range: 1-35). Regardless of the number of lesions, the upper limbs were the most affected area, with 68. 42% of the patients having lesions on their upper limbs, whereas the face was the second most common area, with 53.
https://doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pntd. 0007321. t002 detection of amastigotes on stained smears and ITS1-PCR amplification to be almost equal (�72%). The cultures of scraped skin tissues from 91 patients had a positivity rate of 59%. Test of significance (chi-square test) showed that there was no significant difference between the three diagnostic methods (χ 2 = 4. 384, P = 0. 111). The detailed results obtained are presented in S1 Table. Molecular identification of Leishmania species by ITS1-PCR-RFLP. Species identification by HaeIII-RFLP digestion of all ITS1-PCR products allowed us to identify L. major as the species responsible for the outbreak that occurred in Zagora province. By sequencing 10 ITS1-PCR products, we also confirmed the identity of L. major. The ITS1 sequences (339 bp) were deposited in GenBank database [accession numbers: MH932563-MH932572].
are collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. The GenBank accession numbers, Leishmania sp. and country of origin are included for each sequence. Black diamonds indicate ITS-1 sequences of L. major strains isolated from Zagora province. The other ITS-1 sequences were extracted from the GenBank database. https://doi. org/10. 1371/journal. pntd. 0007321. g004.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Dr. Souad Bouhout , the head of the  Department of Parasitology, DELM ,  Moroccan Ministry of Health. The authors are also very grateful to the local team of physicians, nurses and the Health representation of the MOH in Zagora province, especially  Mr. Walidi Moulay Lhassan  and  Aziza Essadequi. The authors would like to thank also Enago (www. enago. com)for the English language review.
Before mounting, specimens was rinsed three times in dH 2 O, dehydrated through an ethanol series of increasing concentration (up to 100%) and clarified in methyl salicylate (Sigma-Aldrich). The same medium was used for observation through an Olympus FluoView ™ FV1000 confocal microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) at the Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic (hereafter BC CAS). Confocal images were captured using software Olympus FluoView ™ FV10-ASW v. 4. 2b and processed by Imaris (Bitplane v. 6. 3. 1. ).
The non-ciliated sensory receptors recorded by TEM in the distal cytoplasm were the only type of receptor found in our specimens. The only available data about sensory receptors in adult D. latus are those of Poddubnaya  [18] , who observed sensory endings near the genital atrium. Non-ciliated receptors were previously described by Okino & Hatsushika  [21]  in adults of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Rudolphi, 1819), who attributed them a role during cross-insemination, while Andersen  [37]  considered receptors without a cilium to be mechanoreceptors or proprioreceptors. Heterogeneous populations of both ciliated and non-ciliated receptors were detected in plerocercoids of D. ditremus, D. dendriticus and P. phocarum (all Diphyllobothriidea)  [11, 28, 38]. Moreover, Kutyrev et al. [11]  also assumed their secretory function, which includes production of prostaglandin (PGE 2 ) as a growth factor, neuroactive compound and/or immunomodulator.
Funding This study was supported by  AQUAPARA-OMICS (EXPRO programme  of the  Czech Science Foundation , project no. 19-28399X ); the  Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic  (RVO:  60077344 );  Slovak Research and Development Agency  under contract  APVV-15-0004 ; bilateral project of  Slovak Academy of Sciences-Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (SAS-MOST   JRP 2016/7 ,  MOST   106-2923-B-038-001-MY3 ); Grant Agency  VEGA  (project  2/0159/16 ); and by the  Research & Development Operational Programme  funded by the  ERDF: Environmental protection against parasitozoonoses under the influence of global climate and social changes  (code ITMS:  26220220116 ).
Acknowledgements The present study is the outcome of a project " RéPAST ", funded by  France Filière Pêche (FFP) ,  IFREMER  and the  Regional councils of Hérault, Pyrénées-Oriental, Languedoc Roussillon (France) , carried out in collaboration with the fishing sector: AMOP (Sathoan and OP du Sud) and CEPRALMAR. The authors are grateful to all the skippers of the fleet who took part of the  programme and especially Christophe, Kevin and Dorian from the "Dochris" and Frédéric Aversa from the "Narval"  for facilitating the capture of pelagic stingrays for the experiments. We thank members of the Stellaris.
Then, the double cantilever beam (DCB) tests were conducted to evaluate the mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness properties. In addition, the DCB tests were monitored using the acoustic emission (AE) technique to identify the different damage mechanisms of these composites. This identification was made with an unsupervised method based on a statistical multivariable analysis (k-means algorithm) using Noesis software. Several previous studies used this method to assess the damage failures of natural fibre composites during different mechanical tests, in particular tensile tests  [28] [29] [30] , cyclic and fatigue tests  [31]. However, to the best of our knowledge, this method was not yet employed to evaluate the damage mechanisms of natural fibre composites during DCB tests. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to observe and understand the different damage mechanisms previously identified by the AE results.
Acoustic emission To obtain information about damage evolution in the tested specimens, AE was continuously monitored during the delamination tests. AE measurements were conducted using two-channel data acquisition system, with a sampling rate of 5 MHz and 40 dB pre-amplification, produced by Mistras Group Company. This system was equipped with a PCI acquisition card connected to the microcomputer. AE signals were recorded by two resonant Micro-80 piezoelectric sensors with a frequency range of 100 kHz-1 MHz and a resonance peak of around 300 kHz. The sensors were placed on the upper surface of the test specimen with a spacing of 80 mm, as shown in Figure  1a. To provide a good acoustic coupling, a silicone grease was employed as a coupling agent between the sensors and the sample surface.
Before the DCB tests, a pencil lead break procedure was used to optimise the distance between the two AE sensors. Then, the AE acquisition system was calibrated to record the signals located between the two sensors using the AE localisation method. The quality of the measured AE data mainly depends on the chosen waveform system timing parameters. These parameters, namely, PDT (peak definition time), HDT (hit definition time) and HLT (hit lockout time), enable the selection of the event characteristics. For the composite material tests, the values of the timing parameters employed were: PDT = 30 µs, HDT = 200 µs and HLT = 300 µs. The main parameters measured on the AE event parameters are depicted in an example of AE waveform in Figure  1b.
Acoustic emission results In order to assess the damage mechanisms in the studied specimens during DCB tests, the AE signals were recorded and analysed by considering a statistical multi-variable analysis using Noesis software. This method was employed to separate the acoustic signals into different classes presenting the same characteristics for each clustering signal. This classification was carried out by considering the main AE parameters, i. e. amplitude, duration, number of counts, energy and rise time, as reported in the literature  [28, 29, 31]. To optimise the number of acoustic signals classes, a principal component analysis (PCA) on the 2D projection planes was considered, as shown in Figure  6. For each composite, the number of classes was varied (from 2-5) and the overlap rate between the various groups of AE signals was determined  [28, 30].
The media composition was assumed to be rich in nutrients due to the obligate intracellular location of Wolbachia. Additionally, the biomass function was updated to represent the experimentally determined Wolbachia phospholipid and fatty acid content. The actual existence of the obtained gaps was confirmed by searches using BlastP against nonredundant protein and translated nucleotide databases. Their essentiality was assessed based on the upgraded Wolbachia biomass composition, as well as the composition of their surrounding environment to guarantee an improved quality of the predictions made by this approach. Alternative strategies to study metabolism of endosymbionts have been published recently. Driscoll et al. , (2017)  [14]  reconstructed Rickettsia metabolism and predicted transported compounds based solely on observed gaps in their metabolic network without information on the requirements for cell growth given by their biomass composition.
The LHCf forward (LHCf) experiment measures the production cross sections of neutral particles emitted to the very forward region of an LHC interaction point in order to test the hadronic interaction models used in air-shower simulations. In this proceedings, we present the neutron and π 0 spectra measured in pp collisions at √ s = 13 TeV. In addition to them, many results will be delivered from currently on-going analyses of data obtained at LHCf-ATLAS common operation, and at the RHICf experiment with pp collisions at √ s = 510 GeV, as well as from future LHCf operations with pp and pO collisions at LHC. 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference -ICRC2019-July 24th -August 1st, 2019 Madison, WI, U. S. A.
Introduction The world-biggest particle accelerator, Large Hadron Collider (LHC), has delivered a lot of new results in particle physics and nuclear physics since its operation start-up in 2010. The data of hadronic interaction provided by LHC is also very useful for cosmic-ray physics, especially for very high energy cosmic-ray measurements using the extensive air-shower technique. The maximum LHC collision energy in the centre-of-mass system, √ s = 14 TeV, is equivalent to 10 17 eV of cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere, and it is much higher than the knee energy of around 10 15 eV and close to the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic-Ray (UHECR) energy region of more than 10 19 eV. Using the data obtained by the LHC experiments in the early phase of the LHC operation, hadronic interaction models used in air-shower simulations have been already improved, and better understanding of air-shower development phenomena was achieved.
The energy resolutions for photons and neutrons are < 5% and 40%, respectively. More detailed performance of the detectors are found in  [9, 10, 11]. The data used for the analyses described in the next section was obtained in an operation performed in June 2015 with pp collisions at the collision energy of √ s = 13 TeV. The operation period corresponds to one of the low-luminosity LHC runs. We obtained two data sets with slightly different beam luminosity and trigger condition of the LHCf data taking system. The first one is obtained under the very low-luminosity of (3 -5) × 10 28 cm 2 s -1 with a simple trigger condition for detecting any showers developed in any calorimeter towers. In the second one, the luminosity 2008 JINST 3 S08006.
4  placing ±3σ from the peak value. The contamination of background events into the signal window, which are mostly combinatorial events of two photons originating different π 0 's, is estimated by using the events in  the ±6σ region except the signal region. Figure  5  shows a preliminary result of measured p T spectra in each X F 1  bin. The hatched areas indicate systematic uncertainties of the data points, which are estimated considering 3% energy scale error, the background estimation error, and uncertainties of simulation-driven correction factors. The data points of three event types smoothly connect, and many data points exceeding p T o f 1 GeV are obtained. The p T regions with no data points will be covered by the data obtained by the Arm2 detector, and the data obtained when the detector was moved up by 5 mm.