dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
This tangled situation has resulted in the steady increase in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes, and certain types of cancer in the LMICs  [8, 9]. Concernedly, micronutrient deficiency is still tremendously prevalent within these populations, leading to a double burden of malnutrition difficult to be subdued by the fragile economy of the concerned countries  [10, 11]. Accurate assessment and monitoring of malnutrition in LMICs, especially early detection of changes in the nutritional status of the populations, might require the collection of high-quality dietary data because individual food consumption is intimately related to the nutritional status. Dietary data can be collected for several purposes including setting of nutritional recommendations, exposure and safety assessment as well as overall nutritional surveillance.
fao. org/infoods/infoods/tables-and-databases/africa/ en/), the training of local research teams, as well as the designing of studies on dietary assessment methods use in epidemiologic studies  [15, 16]. The International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS, http://www. fao. org/ infoods/infoods/en/) benefitted from these experiences, and through its regional data centre AFROFOODS published the West-African food composition table (  [17]  ) and developed relevant courses  [15]. Besides this, the FAO/WHO Global Individual Food consumption data Tool (FAO/WHO GIFT, http://www. fao. org/nutrition/assessment/food-consumption-database/en/) aimed at increasing the harmonization and availability of existing data. The International Dietary Data Expansion (INDDEX, www. inddex. nutrition. tufts. edu) project led by Tufts University was designed to increase the availability, access, and use of household and individual food consumption data in lowincome countries by developing open source and open access tools for dietary data collection, processing, analysis, and policy application.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the affiliated specialised institute of the WHO on cancer research, has developed a 24-h dietary recall software for the collection of standardised dietary data for epidemiological, surveillance and monitoring purposes  [18]. A series of quality control measures are utilized from the preparation of the databases to data collection and management  [19]. The software based on the GloboDiet (previously EPIC-Soft) methodology, has already been used in 19 European countries for both research and surveillance purposes. In addition, the GloboDiet methodology has successfully been adapted in Latin America (Brazil) and in the Republic of Korea. The specific adaptations needed for this first Asian country were recently published  [20]. The implementation of GloboDiet in Africa will require adaptation based on prior in-depth understanding of the specific context of the African continent, with its diverse populations, languages, food sources and habits.
Pre-workshop phase The identified experts were invited through email and three dates with sessions scheduled in the morning and the afternoon of each date were proposed for the evaluation. Core documents including a (i) scientific paper presenting the GloboDiet software  [18] , (ii) a presentation on the methodology and (iii) 30 min video simulating interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee were provided to each participating expert to get acquainted with the methodology. An additional folder consisting of poster presentations and published papers on the structure, evaluation, standardization, validation, quality insurance and other GloboDiet components was assembled and uploaded online for participants to study in preparation of the workshop  [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27].
In parallel, an e-questionnaire was developed using Wepi™, a simplified online questionnaire authoring and publishing application for health professionals (EpiConcept, www. wepi. org). The e-questionnaire consisted of nine parts that covered all the aspects of the GloboDiet interview. The first three parts focused on geographical, institutional, and socio-demographic information on the experts as well as pre-workshop questions and comments that the participants might have on reading the documentation that was sent to them. The fourth to sixth parts were dedicated to the evaluation of the different GloboDiet interview sections. The last three parts evaluated the overall controls, probing questions, dietary supplements and a general evaluation of the software. Four types of questions were included in the questionnaire: dichotomous (e.
E-workshop sessions Six identical e-workshop sessions of 3 hours each were conducted: four in English and two in French to comply with adequate language proficiency for all the experts. The sessions were conducted through Citrix GoToMeeting (Citrix, CA, USA), an online conference platform. Four to six experts participated in each session. Sessions proceeded as follows: brief introduction of each participant, presentation of the GloboDiet initiative and the GloboDiet software, followed by an open discussion. During the presentation of the interview procedure, participants were invited to ask questions, add comments and suggestions through the inset "Chat" windows of the GoToMeeting. Questions and comments were gathered and addressed during the open discussion. Post-workshop phase After the workshop, the experts were invited to complete all the parts of the e-questionnaire, if not already done or/and add further comments.
A total of 29 experts completed the final questionnaire proposed sessions, five were unable to connect during the e-workshop sessions, or disconnected during the presentations, amongst whom two further became participants after watching the presentation uploaded online and filling the questionnaires. African participant experts were from 13 countries: three from Eastern Africa (Uganda), one from Middle Africa (Cameroon), four from Northern Africa (Morocco, Tunisia), five from Southern Africa (Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe), and nine from Western Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria). Seven experts were from international institutions (WHO, FAO) and universities outside Africa (Tufts University, USA; University of Alberta, Canada; University of Southampton, UK). Table  3  summarizes the opinions and recommendations regarding all the different sections of the GloboDiet 24-h recall interview, and the possibility of addressing or adapting them into the software in the future.
Quantification of foods and recipes The panel of experts acknowledged overall that the quantification methods used in GloboDiet, notably the household measures, the pictures, the standard units, and the food shapes, are suitable for African settings (Fig. 2 ). In this regard, some adaptations were highlighted which are part of the general customisation procedure to be followed for the preparation of any GloboDiet version. Firstly, selected local foods and recipes need to be photographied and composed as pictures books which would be tested and validated as portion size estimation aids in rural contexts where pictoral literacy is likely to be low. In addition, these pictures could be used to identify the items consumed in low literacy settings. Secondly, specific African household measures (HHMs) should be inventoried and included in the database for quantification.
Definition of dietary supplements is not clear in Africa There is need to clearly define dietary supplements before inclusion in Globodiet databases (as food, dietary supplements, or both) Additional: "tonic" and "energy-booster" plant by-products HHM household measure, SU standard unit a As commented by the experts in the online questionnaire identified as the least convenient method and would require specific attention for more adaptation. Lastly, standard units (SU) should consider the different cultivars of fruits for example or be matched with photos showing sizes/shapes for both identification and quantification. It is indeed a usual prerequisite to include local SU in GloboDiet databases. In addition, the experts have proposed other methods of quantification which have been tested and used in African rural areas: real foods, food models or salted replicas as spatial models might facilitate the quantification step in rural areas.
Discussion The GloboDiet methodology designed for nutritional research and surveillance based on the 24-h dietary recall is a tool that has, initially, been used to collect dietary consumption data in the EPIC study. The cumulative experience that went into the development, testing, validation and implementation of this international software enables the establishment of strong science-based evidence on its reliability, detailed information, robustness and flexibility that made it possible to be adapted amongst other countries and contexts  [23, 27]. Likewise, the main feature of the GloboDiet 24-h dietary recall software is its design that ensures a high level of standardisation of data collection, management and analyses within and between countries. Therefore, the consultation of the panel of African and other experts was an efficient way to share information on the methodology and receive feedback on the potential of the existing version and additional adaptations needed for Africa.
However, as in any preparation of a GloboDiet version, typical African foods will need to be included in GloboDiet databases and combined implicit and explicit descriptions will be applied to each food and recipe during data collection. Additional descriptive pieces of information that may be deemed necessary to collect are sources of drinking water  [32, 33]  and water treatment methods  [34, 35]  because drinking water is still a vector of microbial infections and chemical hazards in Africa. Other examples of description consideration details that might be interesting to consider are application of treatments to decrease cyanogenic agents in cassava  [36] , or the covering of street-vended foods. It is also important to consider food fortification status in the description of the foods available in Africa since several foods and staples are now subjects to mandatory or voluntary food fortification programs in Africa  [37].
Food fortification should be included in African databases if interviewees are likely to recall the food items and/or if fortified foods could be recalled during the interview and dealt a priori. The major challenge in food quantification that was raised unanimously by the experts is the individual consumption quantification from a shared plate, considered as a notable issue in studies using the 24-h recall  [38, 39]. To address this issue, some researchers reported the distribution of HHMs beforehand by field enumerators, and asked the participants to serve individual portions  [40, 41]. However, Kigutha  [42]  hypothesized that this might affect eating habits of the subjects, and therefore introduce biases in individual intake estimation. Asobayire  [43]  quantified individual intake by weighing participants before and after eating and adjusting for beverages volume consumed in separate bowls.
In addition to individual portion size estimation, memory lapses have been reported as substantial sources of errors in food intake assessment in Africa  [54]. Therefore probing and various controls are important to capture all the foods consumed, their description and quantification in order to prevent misreporting. GloboDiet contains a series of probing and control steps from database preparation, data collection, calculation and data cleaning in order to decrease these errors  [19]. Apart from usual probing such as sugar for tea and topping for breads, African-specific probing can be included according to specific behaviours in some African regions. For example, condiments such as the stock cubes which are ubiquitously found in African countries can be candidate for probing. Another important issue in Africa would be the need to extensively train field enumerators for the collection of individual food consumption data, considering the local environment.
Acknowledgements This work was undertaken during the tenure of a postdoctoral fellowship from the  IARC , partially supported by the  European Commission FP7 Marie Curie Actions-People-Cofounding of Regional, National and International Programmes (COFUND). We would like to thank all the members of the  Dietary Exposure Assessment (DEX) group at IARC  for logistical and scientific support. We also want to thank  Sam Bodjrenou , the assistant of  Dr. Waliou Hounkpatin  for his logistical support during one of the sessions of the e-workshop.
Adaptation: possibility to delete Adaptation of the facets and descriptors databases packaging, all the facets related to to local situations canned fruits and vegetables Quantification Satisfactory (see Fig. 2) Adaptation: Clear distinction between Adaptation of the quantification methods to of foods and urban and rural areas local settings recipes Have pictures of local foods without Create local picture books with local HHMs, fork and knife, local HHMs foods/recipes, Use local standard units SU (be sure about the cultivars), real Quantification method to be linked to volume foods, handful and soft food scoping Food models, salted replicas, Weight method Onsite weighing New quantification approach to be defined. Shared plate Study/validation of method "shared plate". Probing Important, relevant Additional: wild foods and fruits picking Actually handled at the quick list step questions Training issue Quality controls Needed, important - Well-grounded in GloboDiet Dietary Relevant, adapted, necessary, good, supplements helpful, appropriate.
KRL Test The antioxidant potential of argan and extra virgin olive oils, and of α-tocopherol was evaluated with the KRL (Kit Radicaux Libres) test  [35, 60, 125]. Briefly, the red blood cells of defibrinated horse blood (Biomérieux, France) were oxidized by molecular oxygen in an aqueous suspension using the azo-compound 2-2′-azo-bis-(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) as the free radical initiator without or with α-tocopherol, and Trolox used at (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 µM). Several parameters were calculated from the time-dependent curve of AAPH-induced hemolysis. The time required to achieve 50% hemolysis measured by the optical density of hemoglobin was determined (red blood cell half-hemolysis time in min). Data are presented as Trolox equivalents. Hemolysis was recorded using a 96-well microplate reader by measuring the optical density decay at 450 nm (Sunrise spectrophotometer, Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland).
Measurement of Superoxide Anion Production with Dihydroethidium Overproduction of superoxide anion (O2 •-) was detected with dihydroethidium (DHE; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA)  [136, 137]. DHE diffuses through cell membranes, and is rapidly oxidized in ethidium under the action of reactive oxygen species, mainly O2 •-  [136]. DHE (1. 6 mM) was prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide, and used at 2 µM. After 15 min at 37 °C, the fluorescent signals of DHE-stained cells were collected through a 590/20 nm band pass filter, on a logarithmic scale on a GALAXY flow cytometer (Partec); 10,000 cells were acquired; data were analyzed with Flomax (Partec) or FlowJo (Tree Star Inc. ) software.
Measurement of Plasma Membrane Permeability with Propidium Iodide 158N cells were stained with 1 µg/mL of propidium iodide (PI), which enters dead cells or cells with damaged cytoplasmic membranes only  [138]. Fluorescence was collected using a 630 longpass filter. Flow cytometric analyses were performed on a Galaxy flow cytometer (Dako/Partec; Münster, Germany). Ten thousand cells were acquired for each sample. Data were analyzed with Flomax software (Partec).
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by grants from : University of Bourgogne (Dijon, France) ;  University of Monastir (Monastir, Tunisia); Aides et Services à Domicile (ASSAD) (Louhans, France)  and the  Association Bourguignonne pour les Aplications en Sciences de l'Information en Médecine (ABASIM, Dijon, France). This work was supported by the  Action Intégrée of the Comité Mixte Inter-Universitaire Franco-Marocain  (CMIFM,  MA/14/310 ) from the  Projet Hubert Curien (PHC) Volubilis/Toubkal program , the.
Statistical Analysis All statistical analyses were performed using StatView 4. 5 software for PC (Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, CA, USA). For each protocol (in vivo and in vitro), n indicates the number of fetuses studied (independent measures). Results are expressed as means ± SEMs or as the percentage of maximum variation from baseline. Intergroup comparisons of the longitudinal changes were analyzed with an analysis of covariance (ANOVA) and with the Bonferroni-Dunn test, using the baseline period (time -40 min to time 0) as the covariate, and the treatment period until 40 min after the end of treatment (time 0 to time 160 min) as the repeated observations. Blood gas parameters were compared using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. A p value < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.
Mucus-Binding Proteins Mucus-binding proteins are bacterial surface adhesins with typical signal peptide and C-terminal LPxTG motif. They contain (multiple) Mub domains (around 200 residues in length) and/or MucBP domains (Pfam PF06458, around 50 residues), which have been shown to bind mucins  (Juge, 2012). According to structural studies, the Mub domains consist of two modules B1 and B2 with B2 being a MucBP domain  (MacKenzie et al. , 2009; Etzold et al. , 2014). Contrary to the MucBP domain also present in pathogens  (Popowska et al. , 2017) , the Mub domain is predominantly found in LAB and is highly abundant in lactobacilli of the gut microbiota  (Boekhorst et al. , 2006). The best characterized MUB protein from Lactobacillus reuteri endowed with 14 Mub domains  (Roos and Jonsson, 2002)  binds mucus via multiple interactions involving terminal sialylated mucin glycans  (Etzold and Juge, 2014; Gunning et al.
In contrast, in the plant isolate L. lactis TIL448, the synthesis of pili at the bacterial surface was revealed without overexpression, by a proteomic analysis with the "shaving" approach and the presence of pili was visualized by electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These pili were further shown to contribute, together with the protein Muc, to mucin specific binding (Table  1 ). Interestingly, the tip pilin is a large protein with an LPxTG motif and containing a lectin domain (PF00139, Lectin_legB domain) that could recognized mucin glycan  (Meyrand et al. , 2013). Pili were also visualized by electron microcopy in four other L. lactis plant or clinical natural isolates but the genes involved in their synthesis were not identified  (Oxaran et al. , 2012).
Primary analysis: lifecycle cost ratios of urban sanitation systems covering the full sanitation chain First, an analysis of lifecycle cost ratios of full urban sanitation chain systems was undertaken. Individual ratios were calculated from studies and projects analysing the lifecycle costs of two or more urban sanitation systems. These individual ratios were then compiled and compared, in order to assess whether general patterns could be identified across all ratios calculated. Out of 50 documents reviewed, only 11 provided the data necessary for this analysis, i. e. data on the lifecycle costs of at least two different urban sanitation systems, all covering the full sanitation chain. Most of these studies only cover capital and operating and maintenance costs. Very few documents report capital maintenance costs and the cost of capital (however it is often not indicated whether such costs are considered as capital costs or O&M costs, or simply ignored), and often do not satisfy other criteria (e.
Ross et al. ()  for instance indicate that the share of on-site facility costs is lower when simplified sewer systems include anaerobic baffled reactor technologies than when it does not (Figure6). Likewise, the costs of on-site sanitation can vary significantly depending on the type of solution selected, and therefore modify its weight in total costs. Indeed, on-site sanitation options may perform partial treatment before being transported to a final treatment site. Dodane et al. () calculated the cost of sewer connections based on the cost of installation retrieved from the database of the local utility. There is no O&M cost associated with this element of the sanitation chain. In the context of Dhaka, Ross et al. () calculated the cost of the different types of sewerage connections based on data from the local utility and by extrapolating data from other studies.
of this research paper are undermined by the weakness and low availability of data in the literature. Considerable efforts must be made to build sanitation cost databases at country level and even city level. Development partners could play a central role in this regard in building capacity of governments and utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia. Knowledge on the costs of urban sanitation solutions would also benefit from academics and development professionals adopting more thorough reporting methods. Ideally, every study or project brief reporting cost data should clearly cover each type of costs and each component of the sanitation chain, and provide breakdowns. They should also include information on the factors affecting costs and listed in Table.
from Ross et al. ()  for instance indicate that the share of on-site facility costs is lower when simplified sewer systems include anaerobic baffled reactor technologies than when it does not (Figure6). Likewise, the costs of on-site sanitation can vary significantly depending on the type of solution selected, and therefore modify its weight in total costs. Indeed, on-site sanitation options may perform partial treatment before being transported to a final treatment site. Dodane et al. () calculated the cost of sewer connections based on the cost of installation retrieved from the database of the local utility. There is no O&M cost associated with this element of the sanitation chain. In the context of Dhaka, Ross et al. () calculated the cost of the different types of sewerage connections based on data from the local utility and by extrapolating data from other studies.
Despite the intuitive connection between drought and mortality, we still lack a sound quantitative synthesis of evidence drawn from the available data. In this study, we estimate the pooled under-five death rates (U5DR) and assess the effect of drought on child death in Ethiopia. Small-scale mortality surveys were searched from the Complex Emergency Database and then aggregated spatially and temporally with drought exposure data from the Global Drought Monitor and food insecurity data from the Famine Early Warning Systems Network. A Bayesian Poisson meta-analysis was performed on 88 surveys conducted in Ethiopia between 2009 and 2014, consisting of 55,219 under-five children. The pooled U5DR was estimated at 0. 323/10,000/day (95% credible interval, CrI: 0. 254-0. 397), which is below both the emergency and the baseline death rate thresholds of sub-Saharan Africa.
Results Identification and selection of surveys. We initially extracted 142 small-scale surveys reporting underfive deaths from the Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT). The surveys were conducted between January 2009 and December 2014 by humanitarian agencies operating in Ethiopia. The following inclusion criteria were applied to select surveys for the final meta-analysis: 1) surveys conducted in permanent resident populations; 2) surveys based on probability sampling methods (simple random sampling, systematic sampling, or cluster sampling); 3) surveys based on 3 month recall period; and 4) the U5DR and/or sample size is provided or can be estimated. We excluded surveys conducted in refugee camps, sampling methods not indicated, and recall period not reported. After exclusions, we identified 88 surveys to be included in the meta-analysis (Fig.