dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
006) ensure the excellent performance between the two AOD databases retrieved with these independent techniques. The obtained RMSE values, which account for the combination of AERONET and FTIR individual errors, can be considered a conservative estimate of the uncertainty for both AOD products. In the case of AERONET, the RMSE value at 1020 nm agrees with the expected uncertainty of 0. 01 for field instruments  [47] , and could also be taken as an appropriate threshold for the 1640-nm channel. Figure  9  examines the dependence of the AOD differences (AERONET-FTIR) on key factors, such as aerosol loading (i. e. , AOD AE,1640 ), water vapour content (i. e. , PWV), and the optical path (i. e. , optical air mass) as well as its temporal evolution. The comparison with the air mass gives us important information about the traceability of the two AOD datasets.
02. Note also that the AOD differences between AERONET at 1020 nm and FTIR B1 show overall higher dispersion than those for AERONET at 1640 nm and FTIR B4, which is expected from the higher noise of the FTIR solar spectra in this spectral range (closer to the detector cutoff, recall Figure  1 ). The same analysis has been performed for AOD retrievals using the convolved FTIR spectra using the CE318-AERONET's response functions for 1020 and 1640 nm channels (recall Figure  2 ). The same matching criteria has been applied to the two datasets, obtaining the same 5615 paired AODs. The main statistics are also shown in Table  3 , with very similar results to that obtained with the FTIR micro-windows perspective (R above 0. 99, MD below 0. 002 and RMSE below 0. 005). This result confirms the suitability of low-resolution convolved bands to retrieve high-quality AOD products provided that the gaseous absorption is correctly performed.
Analysis of the AOD differences (Figure  9  and Table  3 ) points out a different behaviour of the FTIR AOD products for the compared bands. While the FTIR B1 values slightly underestimate the standard AERONET product, the FTIR B4 data seems to systematically overestimate the aerosol content when the high-resolution FTIR spectra are considered. This overestimation is likely due to the gaseous absorption signals presented in B4 (Figure  1 ) being partly attributed to the presence of aerosols, leading to higher AOD values at this band. This behaviour disappears in the comparison of the degraded FTIR AOD products, as the fine absorption signatures become diluted within the convolved FTIR spectra. Then, the comparison results become more consistent for the two bands. As for the straightforward comparison, a poorer agreement between FTIR B1 and AERONET standard product is observed.
FTIR AE Retrievals The spectral consistency of the near coincident FTIR and AERONET AOD observations (N = 5615) have been assessed in terms of the Ångström formula Equation (  5 ), considering the 1020-2314 nm spectral range. AERONET AE product in the visible-to-near-infrared (440-870 nm) (AERONET VIS-NIR) and the estimated AE from AERONET NIR-SWIR (870-1640 nm) AOD data (AERONET NIR-SWIR) were also included in this analysis. These three datasets are shown in Figure  10  versus AOD AE,1640 , revealing that unrealistic FTIR AE values (>2 and <0) are retrieved under very low AOD conditions. This artefact is introduced by forcing the spectrally flat behaviour of AOD to be fitted to a power law, specially at higher wavelengths, when the aerosol loading is rather poor at IZO. In these AOD conditions, the FTIR AOD values are close to the detection limit of this system, given by the uncertainty documented in the FTIR-AERONET AOD comparison (RMSE of ∼0.
The WASO component range has been included according to the results of the SAMUM-1 (Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment) campaign that took place in southern Morocco close to the Saharan desert in the summer of 2006 (  [105] , and references therein). Figure  10  also includes the zoom in MOPSMAP AE estimates. The different datasets focused on the IR show a coherent agreement. MOPSMAP AE reveals a higher AOD wavelength dependence for low mineral content as WASO component is higher (maximum AE variability for mineral content of 60 cm -3 with AE ranging from 0. 41 to 0. 82). The strong dependence of AE on WASO particle number is also consistent with the results published in  [105]. Mineral content at IZO is expected to be high in the case of dusty conditions. In this regard, Ref. [106]  found average dust mass concentrations at IZO of 86.
7 µgm -3 (an approximately number of dust particles of 100 cm -3 , Sergio Rodríguez, personal communication) when the influence of the SAL prevails at the station. Therefore, a suitable value for mineral content of ∼100 cm -3 implies an AE range from 0. 36 to 0. 60 for WASO spanning from 600 to 6000 cm -3 , respectively. The AE value of 0. 54 obtained from the regression analysis to a power law in Figure  6  is within the AE range predicted by MOPSMAP and is rather similar to the mean AE value of 0. 53 extracted from FTIR database for high-turbidity conditions (AOD AE,1640 > 0. 074, set in Section 6. 2). This result is also consistent with the mean value of 0. 51 retrieved with the AERONET NIR-SWIR AE for the same conditions, despite the different spectral range used (870-1640 nm). Similar standard deviations (0.
A cloud screening and a quality-control procedure for FTIR observations have also been specifically developed to ensure the quality of FTIR AOD and AE database. Although the FTIR systems provide high-quality spectroscopic measurements, the current setups have been not designed to provide the absolute photometric stability required for aerosol monitoring. The determination of its absolute calibration is challenging because it varies among systems (mirrors, alignment, and detector differences) with time (dust deposition) and may vary with relative mirror orientation  [45]. In this work, the absolute calibration of the FTIR was performed by means of the Langley-Plot technique. The Langley analysis revealed that the FTIR absolute calibration at IZO is very sensitive to the surface degradation or dirtiness deposited on the FTIR external optical mirrors (with a linear degradation rate up to 1.
75%month -1 ) and to punctual events affecting them. This lack of photometric stability was addressed in this paper by means of a continuous Langley-Plot procedure based on 29 different Langley-Plots smoothed with a spline smoothing method. This fact could be considered the main drawback of the proposed approach, but this issue might be overcome with an improved design of the FTIR external solar tracker. The co-located AERONET-FTIR database have allowed us to perform a cross-validation of both techniques. This analysis is useful considering the lack of validation studies that still exists in the literature concerning the CE318-AERONET spectral band centred in the SWIR. The excellent agreement between AERONET and FTIR at the near-coincident spectral bands (mean AOD differences below 0. 004 and RMSE below 0.
This cross-validation with MOPSMAP have ensured the reliability of the new FTIR database. Although the FTIR solar absorption spectra were acquired at the spectral resolution of 0. 02 cm -1 , these spectra were truncated at 0. 5 cm -1 to retrieve the FTIR AOD products. This exercise was proposed to assess the capability of the low-resolution FTIR solar spectra, the typical one of portable FTIR instruments such as those operating within COCCON research infrastructure, to retrieve aerosol information in the NIR and SWIR regions. In light of the above results, the low-resolution COCCON instruments are suitable for detecting the aerosol broadband signal contained in the FTIR spectra as well as good enough for retrieving precise trace gas concentrations  [72]. Consequently, our results serve as a first step to be applied to these portable low-resolution FTIR instruments, with a potentially higher spatial coverage.
This study is believed to be the first one to provide long-term (1 year) AOD and AE measurements in the 1020-2314 nm spectral range from ground-based FTIR solar spectra. In addition to enhance the multi-parameter capability of the FTIR technique for atmospheric monitoring (simultaneous gas and aerosol retrievals), this new AOD and AE dataset in the IR domain provides important additional information to increase the spectral sensitivity to large particles of the existing databases. However, new opportunities also come up for evaluating the performance of the existing groundand satellite-based aerosol observations in the NIR and SWIR spectral ranges. This may be especially useful for satellite community as the selected FTIR spectral bands are near coincident with those in TERRA/AQUA/MODIS, Landsat/OLI, or Suomi-NPP/VIIRS remote sensors.
Acknowledgments: This work has been developed within the framework of the activities of the  World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observations (CIMO) Izaña Testbed for Aerosols and Water Vapour Remote Sensing Instruments. AERONET sun photometers at Izaña have been calibrated within the  AERONET Europe TNA , supported by the  European Community Research Infrastructure Action  under the  FP7 ACTRIS grant , agreement no. 262254. The authors also acknowledge the support from the  Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad from Spain  through the project  INMENSE  ( CGL2016-80688-P ) and  Izaña  staff for maintaining the instrumentation, thus ensuring the quality of the data.
Background and study aims Lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) are increasingly used for drainage of walledoff pancreatic necrosis (WON). Recent studies suggested greater adverse event (AE) rates with LAMS for WON. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of LAMS with double-pigtail plastic stents (DPPS) for endoscopic drainage of WON. The primary aim was to evaluate stent-related AEs. Methods In October 2019, we searched the Ovid (Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane) and Scopus databases for studies assessing a specific LAMS or DPPS for WON drainage conducted under EUS guidance. Safety outcomes were AE rates of bleeding, stent migration, perforation, and stent occlusion. Efficacy outcomes were WON resolution and number of procedures needed to achieve resolution.
Search strategy We examined the references from a previous 2018 systematic review of metal stents (including LAMS) compared to plastic stents for WON management  [18] , which applied similar eligibility criteria and was co-authored by two authors (FB, BA) of the current analysis. An expert librarian conducted searches of the Ovid Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and Scopus databases to identify studies published in English between database inception for the 2018 review and extended to October 9, 2019 (Supplementary Table  1 ). Controlled trials, retrospective and prospective cohort studies, case-control studies, and case series that assessed LAMS or DPPS for WON drainage were included.
Data extraction and assessment for risk of bias For all manuscripts identified by the literature search, three authors (OG, EM and MG) independently reviewed studies for eligibility and/or extracted data from selected publications for pre-identified safety and efficacy endpoints. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Baseline information consisted of study characteristics (design, sample size, year published, stent type), patient characteristics (age, sex), and WON characteristics (size and infection status). Reasons for study exclusion were documented. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to conduct this analysis  [20]. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was employed to review the methodologic quality of non-randomized studies and assess for bias.
Anticoagulation (Heparin, 10 000 IU) and antiplatelet therapy (acetylsalicylic acid, 250 mg) were administered intravenously at the beginning of the procedure along with 0. 1 mg of intracoronary nitrates. Heart rate, a 6-derivations ECG, the LAD, and LCX coronary blood flows (CBF) were continuously recorded using HEM software (Notocord, v3. 4, Le Pecq, France). An example of these recordings is shown in Figure  1.
Symmetry protected topological states in hexagonal and square structures By considering an infinite array of identical parallel fibers we restrict our initial analysis to either a hexagonal or square elementary cell, containing a single or multiple fibers, that is then periodically repeated. For a given propagation constant γ > 0, we find Floquet-Bloch waves such that H l (r + R p ) = H l (r) exp(ik • R p ) (4) with k as the Bloch wavevector, r as the position vector and R p = p 1 a 1 +p 2 a 2 as the vector attached to the nodes (p 1 , p 2 ) ∈ Z 2 of the lattice of translation vectors a 1 and a 2 , which form the basis for the lattice as a whole; in this article we consider square and hexagonal lattices. We proceed by numerically solving the spectral problem (2)-(4) using the finite element package Comsol Multiphysics  [28]  to compute the eigenfrequencies Ω k and associated Bloch eigensolutions H k l when k spans the Brillouin zone (BZ) in the reciprocal space.
We now consider finite photonic crystal arrays created from metallic inclusions arranged to illustrate the topological edge states. The inclusions are arranged as a finite cluster, spaced with lattice constant a, and numerically we take the cluster to be surrounded by cladding. We employ two different numerical methods, primarily we use the Finite Element package COMSOL 3. 5 Multiphysics, implement equation (  2 ) in the PDE module, and solve an eigenvalue problems with the solver for Hermitian matrices (Lanczos algorithm). For these finite element simulations we have a radial outer boundary upon which we set metallic boundary conditions. It is well-known,  [4] , that this metallic outer boundary allows us to estimate the real part of the eigenfrequencies of an open system, provided the outer radial boundary is sufficiently large; we systematically checked that numerical values of eigenfrequencies of modes of interest are robust against the diameter of PCFs.
The R-package vsgoftest performs goodness-of-fit (GOF) tests, based on Shannon entropy and Kullback-Leibler divergence, developed by  Vasicek (1976)  and Song (  2002 ), of various classical families of distributions. The theoretical framework of the so-called Vasicek-Song (VS) tests is summarized and followed by a detailed description of the different features of the package. The power and computational time performances of VS tests are studied through their comparison with other GOF tests. Application to real datasets illustrates the easy-to-use functionalities of the vsgoftest package.
For further details on the theoretical aspects of VS tests, see  Girardin and Lequesne (2017)  in which a unifying framework for tests based on entropy difference and KL divergence is provided. Numerous R packages perform GOF tests for various families of distributions. The functions chisq. test, ks. test and shapiro. test of the stats package perform respectively the chi-squared test of adequacy to a discrete distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov GOF test for any theoretical continuous distribution and the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The packages goftest developed in  Faraway, Marsaglia, Marsaglia, and Baddeley (2015)  and goft in Gonzalez-Estrada and Villasenor-Alva (2016) perform respectively Cramér-von Mises and Anderson-Darling GOF tests, and tests based on the ratios of variance and other moment estimators.
KScorrect in Novack-Gottshall and Wang (2016) performs the Lilliefors-corrected Kolmogorov-Smirnov GOF test. Numerous GOF tests of the exponential or two-parameter Weibull distributions are available in EWGoF  Krit (2015)  while nortest and normtests are dedicated to testing normality. The dbEmpLikeGOF package developed in  Miecznikowski, Vexler, and Shepherd (2013)  proposes GOF normality and uniformity tests based on empirical likelihood ratio. These tests are closely related with VS tests; similarities and differences between them are highlighted in the following sections. The test procedure implemented in vsgoftest uses either the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic or Monte-Carlo simulation, depending on sample size or user's choice. Optional arguments are included for handling particular situations such as samples with numerous ties.
The package vsgoftest presented below performs VS GOF tests for several parametric families of ME distributions: uniform, normal, log-normal, exponential, Pareto, Laplace, Weibull, Fisher, gamma and beta distributions. These families of distribution, all included in the class F given by (  9 ), have been chosen so that the package covers a large variety of applications. Note that the package dbEmpLikeGOF performs uniformity and normality VS tests, with an alternative choice for the window size. Precisely, the test statistic is nI mn + 1/2, and the window m is chosen, between 1 and n 1/2 , minimizing nI mn. The constraint (  14 ) is not considered. The asymptotic distribution of nI mn is not used, p-values being computed from a pre-calculated table for small sample sizes or via Monte-Carlo simulation; see  Miecznikowski et al.
The package vsgoftest The vsgoftest package provides functions for estimating Shannon entropy of absolutely continuous distributions and testing the goodness-of-fit of some theoretical family of distributions to a vector of real numbers. It also provides functions for computing the density, cumulative density and quantile functions of Pareto and Laplace distributions, as well as for generating samples from these distributions. The vsgoftest package is available on CRAN mirrors and can be installed by executing the command install. packages('vsgoftest') Alternatively, the latest (under development) version of the vsgoftest package is also available and can be installed in R from the github repository of the project as follows: #Package devtools must be installed devtools::install_github(repo = 'pregnault/vsgoftest') The package is structured around two functions, entropy.
Note that when computing the p-value by Monte-Carlo simulation, the constraint (14) may not be satisfied for some replicates, whatever be the window size. These replicates are then ignored and the p-value is computed from the remaining replicates. A warning message is added to the output, informing on the number of ignored replicates. data(contaminants) #load data from package vsgoftest; see ?contaminants set. seed(1) vs. test(x = aluminium2, densfun = 'dpareto') Warning in vs. test(x = aluminium2, densfun = "dpareto"): For 176 simulations (over 5000 ), entropy estimate is greater than empirical maximum entropy for all window sizes. Vasicek-Song GOF test for the Pareto distribution data: aluminium2 Test statistic = 1. 3676, Optimal window = 2, p-value < 2. 2e-16 sample estimates: mu c 0. 3288148 360.
Technical information on the internal structure of the vsgoftest package While entropy. estimate is a stand-alone function -depending only on the base and stats packages, vs. test is supported by a set of internal functions -not available for users; the structure of the package and connections between functions are described in the organisational chart presented in Figure  1. Functions available for users are depicted by rectangles while internal functions are depicted by ellipses. An arrow connecting a function to another means that the first function (say master function) calls the second (slave) during execution. When such a call is optional (depending on arguments given in the master function), the arrow is dashed and annotated with the corresponding argument settings. The function fitdist depicted by a dashed rectangle is a function implemented in the fitdistrplus package  Delignette-Muller and Dutang (2015).
The double-lined ellipse depicts a C++ encoded function that has been integrated via the package Rcpp  Eddelbuettel and Francois (2011). The vsgoftest package is structured in such a way so as to: • Allow easy access to the code source. Especially, the master function vs. test calls four slave functions corresponding to the following tasks (enumerated according to the organisational chart of Figure  1 ): 1. computing the MLE of the parameter θ of the null distribution through the function.
MLE. param. 2. Computing Vasicek estimate V mn of Shannon entropy for the sample with the optimal window m given by (  15 ). • Limit dependence to other packages. In this aim, density, cumulative density and quantile functions as well as random generators for Pareto and Laplace distributions have been encoded, even if they are available in other R packages such as VGAM in Yee (2010), POT in  Ribatet and Dutang (2016)  and smoothmest in  Hennig (2012). The MLE θ n of the parameter of the null distribution is computed thanks to the function fitdist of the fitdistrplus package only if no closed form expression is known for it, i. e. , for Gamma, Weibull, Beta and Fisher distributions. Otherwise, the closed form expression is used. • Optimize time and resources, especially for Monte-Carlo simulation.
Conclusion Vasicek-Song tests constitute powerful GOF tests for classical parametric families of distributions, relying on an information theoretical framework. They can be easily performed by using the vsgoftest package for R. Default and optional settings of the functions provided by the package make the procedure both intuitive and flexible. Its application to real datasets manages to illustrate its practical usage. The package allows for testing GOF of a significant list of parametric models; this list could be extended in further releases. New entropy-based GOF tests could also be considered by using Rényi entropy and divergence -see  Lequesne (2015a) , thus extending even more the class of possible distributions, e. g. , Student distributions.
Variables and Statistical Analysis General data (age, sex, comorbid conditions, previous treatment) along with gout-related variables (time from onset, number of flares in the previous year, number of joints ever involved, X-ray results, treatments and doses prescribed for gout, baseline and follow-up serum urate) are systematically obtained at entry into the cohort (first clinical visit). Therapeutic target serum urate (sUA) was considered to be below 0. 36 mmol/L (less than 6 mg/dl)  [10]. Diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were defined as per definitions at the time of cohort entry or being prescribed specific medications for each of them. Previous cardiovascular event was defined as in the Anti-Platelet Trialist Collaboration (APTC) definitions  [11]. Significant alcohol intake was considered when consumption exceeded 15 g/day.
Comorbidity was evaluated using the Kaiser Permanente pyramid strata that are provided by the Health Department in the electronic file of the patients  [12]. Patients classified into the highest stratum were considered as complex patients. Adherence was assessed using information retrieved from government-provided electronic pharmacy databases that covered more than 98% of the population and is expressed as the medication possession ratio (MPR). MPR C 0. 80 is considered to be good, fair for values ranging from 0. 60 to 0. 79, and low if values are less than 0. 60. The electronic system shows an alarm signal in the prescription panel for patients whose medications have an MPR \ 0. 80 of the prescribed dose. MPR data are expressed as the average prescribed dose during the previous year of prescription, excluding in-hospital care periods if they occurred within the Basque Country.