dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
There may also have been a selection bias since the participating centers represented many of the most specialized ones in Europe. The questionnaires were constructed in such a way that details of the co-morbidities may not have been captured. There was missing data since the participants could choose not to answer a question or do an examination. Controls were not recruited at the participating centers but large control data were obtained from Eurostat and previous published studies with similar ages, however, not exactly the same age, time period and geographical areas. However, the strengths of this study were that we were able to recruit the highest number of individuals with DSD so far, including some rare variants, and many perspectives of health were examined. In conclusion, general health seemed good overall in individuals with DSD.
Acknowledgement The dsd-LIFE group is:  Birgit Köhler , Berlin;  Peggy Cohen-Kettenis  and  Annelou de Vries, Amsterdam; Wiebke Arlt, Birmingham  and  Claudia Wiesemann ,  Gottingen ;  Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer ,  Lodz ;  Aude Brac de la Perriere, Lyon ;  Charles Sultan  and  Francoise Paris , Montpellier;  Claire Bouvattier , Paris;  Ute Thyen , Lubeck;  Nicole Reisch , Munich;  Annette Richter-Unruh , Munster;  Hedi Claahsen-van der Grinten ,  Nijmegen ;  Anna Nordenström , Stockholm;  Catherine Pienkowski , Toulouse; and  Maria Szarras-Czapnik , Warsaw.
Funding This work was supported by the  European Union Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement no  305373  (all authors),  Karolinska Institutet  and Stockholm county council (H F and A N),  Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse (H F) ,  Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung  (Grant  2011-EKMS. 21 ;to N R), the  European Community  ( Marie Curie European Reintegration Grant   PERG-GA-2010-268270 ; to  N R) ,  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education  (Grant no  2922/7. PR/2013/2 ; to J S H).
Bulk salinity of the melted ice section was determined using a conductivity probe (Cond 330i, WTW ™ ; precision of ±0. 1 %). Permeability to fluid transport was assessed with brine volume profile calcula- tions from bulk salinities and sea ice temperatures following equations from  Leppäranta and Manninen (1988)  for sea ice temperatures > -2 • C (Fig. 3 ). Due to logistical constraints mentioned above, neither ice nor snow measurements were conducted at station Ice2. Melt pond depth, length, and width were determined using a graduated stick and a tape ruler. Melt pond water temperature was measured using a high-precision thermometer (61220-601 digital data logger, VWR) and water salinity was measured using the conductivity probe mentioned in the previous paragraph (Table  2 ). For each sampling location, two to three members of the research team visually assessed the pond fraction based on pictures taken from the bridge (see Fig.
Heterotrophic bacteria samples were stained with SYBR Green I and measured at 525 nm to quantify bacteria with low nucleic acid (LNA; potentially less active) and high nucleic acid (HNA; potentially more active) content  (Gasol and del Giorgio, 2000; Lebaron et al. , 2001). Analysis were performed on an Epics Altra flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter), fitted with a 488 nm laser (15 mW output; blue), using Expo32 v1. 2b software (Beckman Coulter).
Satellite data Distances between each stations and the open ocean were assessed using scaled NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) imagery. Maps of the ice cover were accessed for the sampling dates in July 2014 through the MODIS (Terra/Aqua) Corrected Reflectance (True Color) layer combined with MODIS (Terra) Cor- rected Reflectance  (bands 3, 6, 7). These open-source data are accessible through the Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS) (https://worldview. earthdata. nasa. gov, last access: August 2017). The imagery had a resolution of 250 m on a daily scale.
Statistical analysis Normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test with a 0. 05 significance level (R statistical software, R Core Team, 2016), which revealed that most variables were non-normally distributed (n = 9, df = 8, α = 0. 05). Nonparametric Spearman's rank correlation test (r s ) with a 0. 05 significance level was used to assess correlation between key variables since normality could not be achieved uniformly through standard normalization methods. Model I linear regressions (r 2 ) were used to determine biological rates during the incubation experiments  (Sokal and Rohlf, 1995). A non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine whether the distributions of reduced-sulfur compounds (i. e. DMS, DMSP p , and DMSP d ) in the Ice1-MP1 and Ice4-MP1 incubations experiments were statistically different from one another.
Station Ice3 represents a different case. Here, the low melt pond salinity (and absence of biological activity) may be explained by the presence of an impermeable ice layer on the top of the ice preventing both pond drainage and exchange between pond water and seawater. We acknowledge that our data set is too limited to draw firm conclusions on the processes leading to the formation and salinization of FYI melt ponds. However, in the interest of further research, we conjecture that snow load before melt onset may be crucial in determining the fate of melt ponds not only concerning their saline status, but also relatively to their potential to produce DMS. Brine volume, derived from bulk salinity and temperature, generally provides a valid proxy for sea ice permeability. In some cases, however, melting of high snowpack generates a considerable flow (up to 15 cm d -1 ) of freshwater into the porous structure of sea ice  (Polashenski et al.
Acknowledgements. The authors wish to thank the commandant, officers, and crew of the  Canadian icebreaker NGCC Amundsen  for their support during the project. The authors are especially indebted to  Jean-Sébastien Côté ,  Tim Papakyriakou , and  Roghayeh Ghahremaninezhad  for participating in the sample collection;  Marjolaine Blais  for pigment and bacterial abundance analysis; and  Virginie Galindo  for her extensive logistical support during the cruise. We thank  Sylvie Lessard  for cell identification. The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper. This project was funded by the  Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments (NETCARE) ,  ArcticNet  ( Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada ), the  Canada Excellence Research Chair in Remote Sensing of Canada's New Arctic Frontier , and the  Takuvik Joint International Laboratory.
Selection of Eligible TSS Cases The Sta-and Str-TSS cases were retrospectively selected by searching for the keywords "toxic" or "toxin-associated shock syndrome" in the hospital information system, as well as in the medical records and databases of the two PICUs of the Hospices Civils de Lyon, France (Debrousse Hospital and Edouard Herriot Hospital from 2005 to 2008), then the PICU of the "Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant" from 2008 to 2011 grouping those two units when they closed. A supplemental research was performed from the database of the French Staphylococcal and Streptococcal National Reference Centers (NRC) which collects prospectively strains involved in staphylococcal and streptococcal diseases, and notably toxin associated diseases. Appointed by Santé Publique France, an agency of the French Ministry of health, NRC missions include (i) strain expertises (identification, resistance, virulence, and typing), (ii) epidemiological surveillance of infections (i.
Ethics Statements According to the French policies, our study was defined as a non-interventional study as it met the following two criteria: (i) parents of children included in the database have received information about the study and (ii) an non-formalized right of opposition was collected in the clinical records. Regarding this lack of written informed consent, patient records were collected anonymously and de-identified prior to analysis. Thus, this study was approved by an institutional ethics review board ("Comité de Protection des personnes Sud Est IV, DC-2008-176").
Immunological Data Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes from 1 to 4 days (D) after PICU admission to measure Vβ CD3+T cell alterations. Due to the initial lymphopenia, the mobilization/accumulation of T cells from peripheral blood to lymph nodes or to the spleen, and/or from downregulation of TCR molecules binding the toxin targeted Vβ repertoire(s) soon after T cell activation, a second measurement was performed between D+3 and D+8 of PICU admission in case of massive decrease of one or association of Vβ repertoires known to be targetet by SAg. These measurements could only be performed 5 days a week (Monday-Friday) which explains that the first determination could range from D+1 to D+4 and the second from D+3 to D+8. The physicians responsible for case coding as well as those responsible for the clinical PICU's databases were not aware of the results of these immunological investigations.
Microbiological Data Different anatomical sites were sampled and sent for microbiological analysis (culture and isolation of S. aureus or S. pyogenes) in order to identify etiology and source of infection. Strains were identified by biochemical tests, such as clumping factor, the coagulase test or Lancefield group agglutination (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), and with Phoenix R strips (BD, Pont de Claix, France) or mass spectrometry (VITEK MS R , BioMérieux, France). Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined using a Phoenix 100 R instrument (BD) or by the disc diffusion method (SIRSCAN R I2A, Peyrols, France) following CA-SFM guidelines.
Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows version 17. 0 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, Illinois, USA). Qualitative variables were compared with a Chi-Square test supplemented by Fisher's exact test for low effective groups (n < 5). Quantitative variables are reported as the means and standard deviation or as medians and quartiles 1 and 3 for the variables that had distributions that were not normal. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to study the normality of the distribution of the continuous variables. The quantitative variables were compared with Student's t-test or with a non-parametric Wilcoxon test depending on the normality of their distribution. P-values below 0. 05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.
Characteristics of the Study Population Among the 34 patients identified from the cross-analysis of the databases, 30 (11 boys and 19 girls) were finally included in the study. Among them, 15 Str-TSS cases (11 confirmed and 4 probable cases according to the CDC criteria) and 15 Sta-TSS cases, 6 of which were menstrual Sta-TSS and 9 non-menstrual Sta-TSS (4 confirmed cases and 8 probable cases according to the CDC criteria) were included. The four excluded patients were 1 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 1 Kawasaki syndrome with shock, 1 severe Panton-Valentine staphylococcal infection and 1 patient hospitalized in an intermediate care unit. The median age was 5. 2 years (interquartile range: 1. 4-12. 8, Table  1 ). S. pyogenes were isolated in all the patients.
Target enrichment was carried out using Nextera Rapid Capture Custom Enrichment Kit (Illumina, San Diego, California, USA) with probe design by using the Design Studio software. Paired-end sequencing was performed using an Illumina MiSeq with a sequencing depth of 100×. The Illumina VariantStudio data analysis software was used to annotate the variants. Sanger sequencing was used for POGLUT1 gene screening and validation of KBTBD13 variant.
Molecular modelling The structure of KBTBD13 protein has yet to be determined experimentally but structural data are available for other BTB-containing proteins, in some cases belonging to the BTB-Kelch family. We used Homology Modelling using SWISS-MODEL  [1]  to predict the structure of the BTB domain only of WT KBTBD13. Since the BTB domain is known to be directly involved in the formation of Kelch proteins dimers, we calculated the putative structure of the dimer formed by the BTB domains of KBTBD13, using as template the crystal structure that of the dimeric BTB domain in SPOP:Cul3 assembly (3HQI. pdb). The structure of the G67R mutant was also calculated by Homolgy Modelling. The electrostatic potential was calculated using the APBS software  [2]  and the input file required to run APBS was prepared using PDB2PQR  [5]  on the calculated WT and mutant protein structure.
Muscle imaging data Whole body muscle CT scan performed at 60 years showed a moderate to severe fibro-fatty replacement in deltoids, subscapularis and infraspinatus, serratus, latissimus dorsi, cervical paraspinalis and rectus abdominis, iliopsoas, tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus with sparing of leg muscles. Interestingly, several muscles presented an irregular pattern of fibro-fatty replacement. A peculiar pattern involving the internal regions and sparing the external areas ("from inside-to-outside") was observed in thigh muscles (Fig. 1b ). Moreover, rectus femoris presented the "central shadow" sign and gluteus maximus showed a "zebra" pattern of fibro-fatty replacement, characterized by consecutive strips of replaced and spared muscle tissue.
Molecular data NGS allowed to identify a novel heterozygous c. 199G > C (p. Gly67Arg) mutation in the BTB/POZ domain of KBTBD13 gene (Fig. 3a ). Other 94 genes included in the panel were ruled. The G67R variant falls in highly conserved protein domain with MAF < 0. 0001 (genomAD Database) and is predicted to be pathogenetic by bioinformatic software.
As shown in Figure  1 , treatment with PAL significantly increased the PC relative amount compared to control (CTRL) (+ 6%, p = 0. 005, PAL vs. CTRL). Treatment with LCn-3PUFA restored the PC relative amount to the CTRL value. Cells were harvested for lipid extraction and isolation of phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC collected were characterized after methylation and analyzed by gas chromatography. They were obtained from 3T3-L1 mature adipocyte after a 48-h treatment with 10 µM docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) or 50 µM eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with the last 16 h with or without chronic insulin (CI) or from C2C12 myotubes after 16 h of incubation with 500 µM palmitic acid (PAL) with or without 50 µM EPA or 10 µM DPA. Data are mean ± SEM expressed in % of total fatty acids (n = 3-4 obtained after two experiments).
Image quantifications were obtained using MultiGauge V3. 2 software (Fujifilm, Saint Quentin en Yvelines, France). Phospho ser473/4-(cat. number 9271), total Akt (cat. number 9272) primary antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, cat. number G9545) primary antibodies were from Sigma-Aldrich.
Fatty Acid Profile of PC Fraction PC fractions were dried under nitrogen and dissolved in boron trifluoride 7% in methanol (Sigma-Aldrich) for FA methylation at 90 • C for 2 h. Analysis of fatty acid methyl-esters (FAMEs) was performed on a gas chromatograph (Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA) coupled with a flame ionization detector using a select FAME (Agilent Technologies, Les Ulis, France) column (0. 25 mm inner diameter, 100 m. , 0. 25 µm film thickness) and helium as the carrier gas (2. 6 bar, constant pressure, inlet temperature of 250 • C). Data were expressed as percent of total fatty acids (% TFA) for EPA (20:5n-3) and DPA (22:5n-3). In the cases of pic area below the detection limit, value was replaced by the mean of the corresponding group. 4. 12. Quantification of Adipokines and Non-Esterified Fatty Acids in Conditioned Media from Mature Adipocytes IL-6, adiponectin, MCP-1 and CCL5 were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit from Sigma-aldrich, Assaypro, Thermo Fisher Scientific and R&D Systems, respectively.
Statistical Analyses All data presented are mean ± standard error about the mean (SEM). For statistical tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by a Dunnett post-hoc test taking CI group as reference group, or followed by a Tukey post-hoc test for experiments using palmitic acid on muscle cells and for fatty acid profiles. The number of experiments and samples were indicated in each legend of figures. Analysis have been performed using R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria), version 3. 1. 2 and the multcomp package.
The surveys were conducted anonymously, the data remained strictly confidential, no vulnerable groups were included, and participation in the survey was voluntary. The questionnaire was completed by a total of 108 anatomists, 56 (54%) of whom were clinically qualified. US anatomists numbered 42 (39%) and European anatomists 66 (61%). In terms of gender, 28 (26%) were female anatomists. The number of years of teaching experience ranged from 1 year to 50 years, with 50 (46%) respondents having more than 20 years experience and with a mean of 19 ± 13 (SD) years. To analyze the data statistically, Microsoft Excel was employed for creating graphs and conducting simple calculations. MINITAB, SPSS, and SAS were used to run statistical tests, including ANOVA and t tests.
Sampling methodology and selection of the study population Recruitment in the survey was based on two-stage stratified sampling (Fig. 1 ). The first sampling stage generated 12,751 representative households by random digit dialing methodology of landline and mobile phone numbers. The second sampling stage selected one person aged 15-49 per household using the Kish method. Considering current doubts as to the feasibility of collecting good-quality data on sexual and reproductive health from men, it was decided to use a higher probability of inclusion for women (60%) than for men (40%) to ensure a larger female sample. To increase participation, a call-back strategy was developed and has been detailed elsewhere  [27]. The participation rate was 65% among men and 69% among women. A total of 3373 men and 5272 women participated in the survey by responding to an anonymous telephone interview lasting on average 41 min.
Data collection The questionnaire collected information on sociodemographic characteristics and on sexual and reproductive health. Detailed information was collected on attempts to have a child (ever if the attempt was successful with the birth of a child or if it was not (yet) successful), on pregnancies (ever planned or unplanned) and their outcomes. Based on this comprehensive information, respondents were classified in two groups: those who had tried at least once in their life to have a child ("ever tried to have a child") and those who had never tried to have a child. Respondents who had never tried to have a child were not potentially exposed to infertility. A section of the questionnaire was dedicated to infertility medical care received by the respondents and/or their partners. When the respondents declared that they and/or their partners had had infertility medical care, a detailed questionnaire investigated the couple's medical pathway more closely.
Statistical analyses All analyses were performed using Stata 13. 0 software (StataCorp). The concordance between male respondents' reports and female respondents' reports was tested. As male and female respondents were independently recruited, men and women were compared using statistical tests for independent observations. All percentages were weighted to account for the complex sampling design. Firstly, respondents were assigned a sampling weight, inversely proportional to the probability of being selected in the sample. Then, using census data, post-stratification adjustments were applied to reflect the sociodemographic structure of the target population. Finally, the weights were adjusted to the actual sample size. Following guidelines for analysis of complex sample survey design  [28, 29] , weighted percentages were compared using the χ 2 test with the subpopulation option to correctly estimate the standard errors.
Acknowledgements We thank the members of the  Fecond group  for their helpful advice and comments in carrying out this study:  Jean Bouyer ,  Géraldine Charrance ,  Magali Mazuy ,  Henri Panjo ,  Nicolas Razafindratsima ,  Arnaud Régnier-Loilier ,  Virginie Rozée ,  Laurent Toulemon. We also thank  Nathalie Le Bouteillec  and  Pénélope Troude  for their comments, and  Nathalie Bajos  and  Caroline Moreau  (principal investigators of the  Fecond  project) and  Aline Bohet  (supervisor). The Fecond group also includes  Armelle Andro ,  Lucette Aussel ,  Dina Bedretdinova ,  Danielle Hassoun ,  Mireille Le Guen ,  Stéphane Legleye ,  Elise Marsicano ,  Virginie Ringa ,  Michel Teboul  and  Cécile Ventola. We thank  Arnaud Bringé , head of the  statistics department, National Institute for Demographic Research (INED), Paris , for advice and revision of the statistical analyses.
We thank  Nina Crowte  for her assistance in language editing. We thank  Professor Arthur L. Greil  and  Professor M. Eisenberg  for their helpful comments in reviewing this manuscript. Funding The Fecond project was supported by a grant from the  French Ministry of Health , a grant from the  French National Agency of Research  (# ANR-08-BLAN-0286-01 ), and funding from the  National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)  and the  National Institute for Demographic Research (INED).
Multiple (512) measurements are performed and averaged for each node, to filter out part of the noise. A set of verification experiments is conducted to evaluate the elastic wavefield of the phononic plate at some frequencies of interest highlighted by the numerical study. Based on this analysis, sine functions with 21 Hanning modulated sine cycles with central frequencies of 15, 27. 5, and 42. 5 kHz are used as input signals (  Figures 6B-D ) to reconstruct the wavefield for excitations below, within, and above the BGs, respectively. The excitation signal is used to trigger the data acquisition process. Out-of-plane velocity time histories are acquired starting from laser beam reflections back to the scanning head and their Doppler frequency shift detected by interferometers. Upon completion of measurements at all grid points, the recorded responses are postprocessed to obtain full images of the propagating wavefield aggregating single-point measurements within the region of inspection.
Miniaci acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 658483. NMP is supported by the European Commission H2020 under the Graphene Flagship Core 1 No. 696656 (WP14 "227 Polymer composites") and FET Proactive "Neurofibres" grant No. 732344. FB is supported by H2020 FET Proactive "Neurofibres" grant No. 732344. FB and NK have been funded by Progetto d' Ateneo/ Fondazione San Paolo "Metapp", n. CSTO160004.
FUnDingM. Miniaci acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 658483. NMP is supported by the European Commission H2020 under the Graphene Flagship Core 1 No. 696656 (WP14 "227 Polymer composites") and FET Proactive "Neurofibres" grant No. 732344. FB is supported by H2020 FET Proactive "Neurofibres" grant No. 732344. FB and NK have been funded by Progetto d' Ateneo/ Fondazione San Paolo "Metapp", n. CSTO160004.