dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The weight w i is the probability that, given a set of models, model i would be the AIC-best model  (Burnham & Anderson, 2002). The relative importance of the variable x is then estimated by w + (x), the sum of the Aka€ ıke weights across all models in the set where this variable occurs. The larger w + (x), the more important is x  (Burnham & Anderson, 2002). Using these sums, all the variables can be ranked according to their importance. The mixedmodel method was computed using the MMIX package of the R statistical software  (Morfin & Makowski, 2009). In a second step, the stability of the mixed-model method results was assessed using the bootstrapping method, as described by  Prost et al. (2008) , to identify and rank the limiting factors of wheat yield. The principle of bootstrapping is to generate a large number of new data sets from the initial data set by randomly sampling data with replacement to study the uncertainty in the results of selection methods.
A total of 1000 bootstrap samples were generated from the initial data set, and the mixed-model method was applied on each sample using the MMIX package of the R statistical software  (Morfin & Makowski, 2009). For each explanatory variable were computed (i) the frequency of selection of each variable across the bootstrap samples, (ii) the mean of the estimated parameter values across the bootstrap samples, and (iii) the SD of the estimated parameter values across the bootstrap samples. For a variable x, a high frequency of selection combined with a low SD indicates that the result of the selection method is stable.
Acknowledgements This study was funded by the  Futurol Project. We would like to thank  P. Bejot  ( Bourgogne pellets ) for his help in designing the farmers' field network and collecting some of the data related to emergence rate and commercial yields. We also thank the farmers who were involved in the on-farm network, the technical staff of the  UMR Agronomie  for their valuable support with field work, especially  Arnaud Butier ,  Gilles Grandeau  and  Dominique Le Floch. We also would like to thank  St ephane Cadoux and Lo€ ıc Strullu (INRA)  who shared their expertise on M. giganteus with us. Finally, we thank  Alan Scaife  for English revisions and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
All the aspects of our approach are based on high-end image-based modeling techniques and designed basing on an accurate analysis of the typical field conditions of an archaeological campaign, as well as on the specific requirements of archaeological finding documentation and analysis. This paper presents all the aspects integrated into the prototype: -a hardware development of a transportable photobooth for the automated image acquisition consisting of a turntable and three DSLR controlled by a microcontroller ; -an automatic image processing pipeline (based on Apero/Micmac) including mask generation, tie-point extraction, bundle adjustment, multi-view stereo correlation, point cloud generation, surface reconstruction ; -a versatile (off-line/on-line) portable database for associating descriptive attributes (archaeological description) to the 3D digitizations on site ; -a platform for data-gathering, archiving and sharing collections of 3D digitizations on the Web.
INTRODUCTION The practical aspects of a archaeological findings digitization campaign on the field such as the large number of objects to digitize, the available time, lightning conditions and transportation are today not totally taken into account by the scientific community working on 3D digitization technology design and development. In this paper, we introduce an innovative low cost, open-source and automated solution for a massive 3D acquisition of archaeological fragments on the field. We also introduce a versatile database for the on-site description of the digitized artifacts linked to an on-line platform for gathering, archiving and sharing collections of 3D digitizations on the Web. This research campaign was conducted in 2014 as part of the program PEPS-CNRS "Eloquenzia", composed of three "Unités Mixtes de Recherche" -the "Centre Camille Jullian" (UMR 7299), the laboratory of "Modèles et simulations pour l'Architecture et le Patrimoine" (UMR 3495), and the "Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Information et des Systèmes" (UMR 7296) -with the help of the Delphi Archaeological Museum, the Ephory of Delphi and the support of the "École Française d'Athènes".
This close collaboration between archaeologists and computer scientists, based on a continuous and mutual experimentation/assessment process defines the basis of the experimental system presented in this paper. It will also help to better understand the architecture and carved decors of this famous monument that was in Antiquity the Tholos of Marmaria in Delphi. Last, these new technologies could help to evidence more accurately some material or technical details, such as breaks in the marble, tools traces and final surface treatments. This study, based on both the architecture of the monument and its carved ornaments, will accompany the publication of the sculptural decoration, linked with a relational online database and 3D virtual anastylosis.
Artifacts digitizations by photogrammetry Multi-view photogrammetry applied to dense point cloud generation becomes common today. This is explained by its flexibility and low technological requirements: a digital camera and a laptop are enough. Most software protocols (Agisoft, Bundler/PMVS) recommend between 60 and 120 images all around a simple subject to cover it entirely, but do not provide some exact information about the angles between photographs or their precise relative positions. This means that a typical manual acquisition for a statue or small artifact with one camera takes around 20 to 30 minutes, without the lightning installation and the high risk to forget some point of views of getting 100% of perfectly stable and sharp images. That is the reason why recent works are focusing on new solutions for decreasing the acquisition time and for guarantying a better coverage of the artifacts by developing massive acquisition rigs with up to 100 digital reflex cameras.
Web solutions for data gathering and sharing 3D The range of available solutions for visualizing interactive 3D models on the web is growing today (3D PDF, WebGL, Unity, etc. ) and many European projects (CARARE, 3D-ICONS, etc. ) started international initiatives for making available 3D content into cultural portals (e. g. Europeana) as well as for developing metadata schemas able to enrich the 3D content with information related to the digitization process and to the understanding and interpretation of the digitized artifacts. Even in these projects are forming today the basis for the future 3D libraries of cultural content for the general public, very few works are focusing on a complete integration of the 3D digitization practice within the overall heritage artifacts documentation pipeline (including the on-site observation, classification, description, measurement, annotation, etc.
• The micro-controller was set if the exposure time has changed, and the number of desired photographs was set before launching the acquisition. This whole operation lasts an average of 5 minutes for a 3x75 images acquisition. As the counter is reset for each object, a new folder is created automatically. When emptying the memory cards, each folder name corresponds to one artifact. Then, the images for a same object for the three cameras can be moved automatically, gathered and renamed in a same folder. A simple bash script has been written for this operation. This allows an easier programming for the next steps as we already know that for each number, the image is vertically aligned with the two other camera images. Then starts the entirely autonomous 3D generation scripts. First the images need to be clipped from the green background (Figure  6 , left images).
A GIMP script was written for this operation. It automatically picks a median color in 10 pixel radius zone in the upper right corner of each image and selects with a adjustable threshold all the similar colors. This selection is grown to fill the eventually missed pixels and filled with plain white. Then, as said in Section 4. 1, a tie-point extraction is performed on all the images. As each image has common points only with the 5 previous and following ones, the SIFT operation is done this way. Also, the 10 last and 10 first images are matched as the acquisition is circular. Also, the images has some strong similarities with the same vertical position in the other lines. This protocol allows an optimized way to compute a maximum of tie-points in a minimum of time. The 3 cameras use the same lens, which was precisely calibrated before.
Database development The whole data produced by the project must be stored. In order to query and manage them we implemented an SQL database containing for each archaeological object: unique id, archiving index, name, type, morphological characteristics, tools marks, photographs and a binary file containing the 3D object mesh. To be easily accessible for scientists we constructed an application framework that will permit to store, modify and share the data. The applications are embedded in a web browser to help diffusion and maintenance, and are available in-line or off-line. We plan two usages: 1) in the laboratory, assuming Internet connection, the web-browser handle a classical interface to query, modify, suppress data in a centralized database that is accessible once the user authenticated (in read-only or read-write mode).
2) while in mission, the user must edit or consult the data in an off-line mode. This is issued by exporting the database into the traveling computer. The application for the user is downloaded on the server. The user carries both data and application, thus he always has the most recent version. After the mission, the data are merged with the server ones and shared again with the community. A special mode on the server allows an administrator to manage the database scheme and to convert from one scheme to the other one, handling the database evolution (Figure  7 ). We based our developments on Javascript language, both on client (embedded in the web-browser) and server (node. js) sides. It makes easier the deployment and the maintenance of the client application and does not bother about computer or operating systems the clients work on.
Each time the user opens its browser on-line the current interface is downloaded, and when on departure for a mission the latest client is included. We take advantage of the dissemination of HTML5 standard, in which 3D visualization is made possible without third-party plug-ins. WebGL is specified by the Khronos group (khronos, 2014), as OpenGL or OpenCL, it offers a direct access to the graphic hardware of the client  (Joshi, 2012). A 3D canvas can be created in the HTML5 document, and Javascript programming language is used to handle the 3D environment (in the DOM -Document Object Model -of the page). WebGL is an API that brings OpenGL ES (for "Embedded Systems") in a web browser. Figure  7 : Offline/Online database managment Working on the database allows the user to insert the 3D digitized mesh model he processed abroad, having a tool to view/rotate/zoom the 3D model.
DLS. For the experiments the nanoparticles were dissolved in toluene to obtain concentrations between 0. 2 and 3 wt %. If not mentioned otherwise, the samples were measured at RT and no external field was applied. For some samples 15 μL were transferred to a capillary tube (1-mm diameter), which was exposed to an external magnetic field of 130 mT at room temperature (298 K) or a reduced temperature of 253 K. Synchrotron SAXS. All SAXS data were measured at the beamline ID02 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France. The incident X-ray wavelength was 0. 1 nm. SAXS intensities were recorded using a fiberoptically coupled FReLoN detector. The CCD raw data were corrected for dark current, detector response, and spatial distortion and then normalized to absolute scattering intensities as described in ref.
22. The intensities were azimuthally averaged and corrected for the scattering contribution of the solvent. The sample environment involved a variable magnetic field setup consisting of permanent magnets in a Halbach array. The magnetic field was varied from 0. 0 to 1. 0 T. The variation of the field was obtained by positioning the permanent magnets at different distances from the sample position. The direction of the magnetic field can be either perpendicular (standard) or parallel to the beam direction. Regularly, the exposure time was between 0. 02 and 0. 5 s. Further evaluation of the data was obtained using the software SCATTER  (23). Cryo-TEM. For cryo-TEM studies, a drop of the sample was put on a lacey carbon filmed copper grid (Science Services). A sample droplet of 2 μL was put on the film and subsequently most of the liquid was removed with blotting paper, leaving a thin film stretched over the grid holes.
The substrate surface was not tilted in the picture shown, but for other superlattices 30°tilting was necessary to show the 3D character. Magnetic Dipole Configurations. The equilibrium dipole orientation distributions for 1-, 2-, and 3D assemblies were obtained by minimizing the expression for the dipolar interaction energy given in Eq. 1 using a numerical algorithm described in ref. 24. U ∞ 1D U ref = X ∞ N=1 1 N 3 = 2ζðz = 3Þ ≈ 2. 40411, where ζðzÞ is the Riemann zeta function. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. S. F. and B. W. gratefully acknowledge financial support of the German Science Foundation (DFG) SFB840, TP A10, and B9.
The morphology of as-prepared GO/PDMS composites was observed by a SEM using a field-emission SEM instrument (JEOL 6700FEG) after sputter coating with platinum. The GO and rGO-based PDMS composites are further examined under a TEM (Hitachi H7650). For TEM analysis, the composites were ultramicrotomed to slices of 40-60 nm thickness (Leica UC7). X-ray data were collected on a Rigaku Nanoviewer (XRF microsource generator, MicroMax 007HF), with a 1,200-W rotating anode coupled to a confocal Max-Flux Osmic mirror (Applied Rigaku Technologies, Austin, USA) and a MAR345 image plate detector (MARResearch, Norderstedt, Germany). Samples were put in quartz capillaries, which are exposed to the incident X-Ray beam. The detector is placed at a distance of 1,193 mm, providing access to 2y angle in the 0.
Acknowledgements This work is performed in the framworks of the project  ELENA , funded by  France ANR and Solvay , and of the  Labex AMADEus  ( ANR-10-LABX-0042-AMADEus ). We are grateful to  Mrs I. Ly  for the SEM and TEM investigations, to  Dr A. Pe  ´nicaud for Raman measurements and to  Mr A. Bentaleb  for the small-angle X-ray scattering characterizations. Mr P. Merzeau  is also gratefully acknowledged for his help on the installation of sample holders for dielectric measurments.
In this study, the fluid ejected by the nozzle was seeded with approximately 1 μm diameter glycerin particles (seeding density of approximately 30 particles per ml of pure jet fluid; see Mahjoub Saïd, Habli, Bournot, & Le Palec, 2012). The main air co-flow was not seeded. The seeding process is fully described in the circuit sketch (see Figure  2 ). The flowmeter helped to regulate the flow rate of the seeding particles while the decantation reservoir was used to retain eventual contaminants present within the discharged jet. A vane was used to control the flow rate of the discharged offset jet. The experimental setup of the PIV system was based upon a TSI Incorporated power view system, including a 50 mJ dual YAG laser which produced two flat pulses, the duration of one ranging from 5 × 10 -9 to 10 -8 s, a Power View 4M high-resolution cross-correlation camera (2 × 2 k resolution, 12 bits), a synchronizer and Insight Windows-based software for acquisition, processing and post-processing.
The collected images were transferred to the control computer. A target image was used to provide accurate scaling of the flow. However, in this process, after the vector field is initially processed, filters are applied to the data to eliminate spurious vectors, and the remaining vectors are linearly interpolated. Then the vector field is reprocessed. This permits the use of a cross-correlation PIV algorithm  (Hasselbrink, 1999)  which eliminates directional ambiguity and yields improved resolution over singleimage autocorrelation techniques. In this way, the in-plane loss of correlation is minimized and therefore the chance of valid vector detection is maximized. Once an ensemble of instantaneous vector fields has been obtained from a set of images, several post-processing calculations are made.
This phenomenon shows the potentially signicant mobility of the solid at elevated temperature,  29, 37  as well as its poor adhesion to certain oxidic surfaces. 38 owever, the planar Si/SiO 2 substrate, although convenient for TEM investigation, is not representative of our photovoltaic samples, in which the Sb 2 S 3 layer not only experiences a different underlying oxide, but also a certain geometric connement. Realistic data were collected on nanoporous samples by in situ XRD monitoring during annealing. Fig. 5  summarizes all data collected on a nanoporous sample in which amorphous Sb 2 S 3 was coated onto crystalline TiO 2 , and evidences that crystallization starts slightly below 300 C already. It is also found to be highly dependent on the exact geometry, chemical identity, and crystal structure of the surface.
Characterization methods Spectroscopic ellipsometry data were collected from 400 to 1000 nm under a 70 incidence angle with an instrument model EL X-02 P Spec from DRE Dr Riss Ellipsometerbau GmbH. Fits were performed using the database of material les provided  with the instrument or the optical spectra published for amorphous Sb 2 S 3. 26 iffuse optical absorption spectroscopy was measured using a DH-2000-L light source, an HR4000 spectrometer, and an ISP-50-8-R integrating sphere from OceanOptics. For each sample, a diffuse transmission spectrum was recorded with respect to a blank taken without sample, and then a diffuse reectance spectrum was recorded with respect to a blank taken on a reective standard (anodic alumina membrane with underlying aluminum substrate). The diffuse absorption (A) spectra displayed in the article were obtained by subtracting the transmitted and reected/scattered intensities (T and R, respectively) from the incident intensity, A ¼ 1 À T À R.
Scanning electron micrographs were taken on a Jeol JSM 6400 equipped with a LaB 6 cathode and with an EDX system based on an SDD detector. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of ion-milled thin sample sections was performed on a Jeol 3010 equipped with a LaB 6 cathode. The electrochemistry data were collected with a CompactStat potentiostat from Ivium Technologies and the impedance spectroscopy ts were performed between 17 782. 8 Hz and 1 Hz by the instrument's soware. A solar simulator from Newport Model 69907 with a 150 W Xe lamp was used as the light source and the light intensity was calibrated to AM1. 5 with a reference Si solar cell. The chemical surface composition analysis was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using a Mg Ka (1253. 6 eV) source from a commercial HA 150 VSW spectrometer, on a planar sample prepared by depositing approximately 20 nm of Sb 2 S 3 onto a Si wafer.
Acknowledgements Our work was supported by the  DFG   Excellence Cluster 'Engineering of Advanced Materials'  and by the  Centre de Coopération Universitaire Franco-Bavarois/Französisch-Bayrisches Hochschulzentrum (CCUFB/FBHZ). The in situ XRD measurements were supported by  Flanders (FWO) ,  UGENT-GOA-01G01513  and  IWT-SBO. The fs TA measurements were supported by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinscha  (graduate school  1161/2 ). We thank  M. Künzel  ( FAU ) for his support with optical absorption measurements, as well as  D. Chaudanson ,  S. Nitsche  and  J. -Y. Hoarau  ( CINaM ) for TEM observations and XPS measurements.
A profile of the computed approximate reconstruction kernel is depicted in Figure  5 (b). Figure  6  consists of simulation results using the exact inversion formula based on Corollary 3 and using the approximate reconstruction kernel specified above with noise-free data and with speckle noise. This noise was produced with Matlab using the command imnoise (. , 'speckle', 0. 1). The term (, , ) involved in the exact inversion formula was apodized by a Gaussian function similarly with the mollifier chose for the Approximate Inverse method. The initial object and the associated reconstructions are represented in terms of height    slice by slice. In addition, Figure  7  displays the reconstructed 3D surfaces using the proposed method. All reconstructions were truncated by a "mask" function generated from the null set in the studied data.
Arrangements for measurements Prior to the second campaign, we developed an electronic data collection system using tablet PC terminals for efficient data collection and processing. The postal addresses and the position information (longitude and latitude) of every location to be measured each day were displayed on the terminals for investigators visiting the target areas. The coordinates where the portable gamma-ray spectrometer was located were automatically acquired by the terminal. Photographs were taken with a camera    mounted on the terminal to record the situation and environmental conditions of the measurement location. These photographic records were useful for discussions between the on-site investigators and supervisors in the office, and they helped the investigators to revisit the same locations for the next measurement.
The acquired monitoring data of air dose rates, inventories of radionuclides deposited onto the ground, the position information of measured locations and photographs, and so on were recorded quickly and easily by the data collection server at the office via a mobile phone connection. To avoid registration mistakes, the input data was double-checked on site by two investigators before data transmission. The transmitted data was checked again at the office in Tokyo. Thus, the advantages of using this terminal include efficient data handling and a reduced possibility of the data being unreported, unrecorded or of the wrong data being recorded.
Measurement conditions At the measurement location, the portable gamma-ray spectrometer was placed using a tripod, so that the effective center of the detector was at the height of 1 m from the ground surface. During the second campaign, the data acquisition time was 1 h. However, where short-lived nuclides were not expected to be detected (even by observing the accumulated spectra for 1 h), the data acquisition time was shortened. During the third campaign, the data acquisition time was 0. 5 h, because we did not expect to detect gamma rays from short-lived nuclides. In December 2012, the remaining anthropogenic nuclides were mainly radiocesium isotopes. The inventories of anthropogenic radionuclides deposited onto the soil were estimated by integrating the counts in the peak region in the gamma-ray spectrum.