dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Adjusted means, standard errors (SE), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and p-values were calculated. Differences between the two treatment groups in terms of change from baseline to Week 4 and Week 8 for DASS-42 and SF-36 were also assessed using the above MMRM model but modified to include treatment group as a further categorical fixed effect and two interaction terms: DASS-42 or SF-36 at baseline x treatment group, and visit x treatment group. Data are reported as adjusted means, SE, 95% CI and p-values. An alpha level of 5% with a two-sided test was used for all comparisons. As these post-hoc analyses were intended to identify trends and be hypothesis generating, correction for multiple testing was not performed (to minimize type II errors). Correcting for multiple testing is a very conservative approach that reduces the likelihood of making a type I error (false positive); however, it is of no less importance that doing so simultaneously increases the likelihood of type II errors (false negatives), which is especially relevant for exploratory, post-hoc analyses such as these.
| Limitations Our analysis has some limitations. It is a post-hoc analysis of a study not being primarily designed for the analyses of subjective anxiety, depression and QoL. The selected nature of our study sample, and that data collected using both the SF-36 and DASS-42 questionnaires are self-reported, requires that our findings be interpreted with a degree of caution. Furthermore, the study did not include a placebo group and it was not possible to collect the ethnicity of the participants due to French ethical legislation. While we did request that participants abstained from taking medications known to affect magnesium levels and from consuming magnesium-rich foods and water, dietary intake remains a potential limitation. With these limitations in mind, our findings should be considered exploratory and require confirmation in an appropriately designed follow-up study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank  Marmar Kabir-Ahmadi  for the statistical analysis and validation of the primary analysis,  Professor Claude Dubray  for his contribution as principal investigator of the superiority clinical trial (Pouteau et al. , 2018) and  Dr Lamia Achour  for her contribution in the development of this manuscript. We acknowledge  Ranjana Whitlock  ( Ashfield Healthcare Communications, Macclesfield, UK ) for assistance in draughting the manuscript and coordinating and collating author contributions, which was funded by  Sanofi-Aventis Groupe, Gentilly, France , in accordance with Good Publications Practice (GPP3) guidelines (http://www. ismpp. org/gpp3). The study was funded by  Sanofi-Aventis Group, Gentilly, France , the manufacturer of MagneB6. The  Sanofi-Aventis Group 8 -NOAH ET AL.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Qualified researchers may request access to patient level data and related study documents including the clinical study report, study protocol with any amendments, blank case report form, statistical analysis plan, and dataset specifications. Patient level data will be anonymized and study documents will be redacted to protect the privacy of trial subjects. Further details on Sanofi's data sharing criteria, eligible studies, and process for requesting access can be found at: https://www. clinicalstudydatarequest. com/.
Discussion The present study found, based on simple numerical computations, that the TWGB fluid resuscitation formula for mass burn casualties  [17]  agrees with the existing guidelines consensus formula of 2 to 4 mL/kg/ %TBSA [4À6] in the 25 À50 %TBSA range in adults. There is a mild discrepancy when this range is extended to 20À60 %TBSA. In children, the TWGB formula does not account for necessary supplementation with maintenance fluids, especially up to 15 kg, when compared with Galveston formula  [18]. In burns extending over 60 % TBSA, the TWGB formula largely underestimates resuscitation fluid estimates in all age groups. Notably, this study was not based on simulations using historical patient samples or randomly generated ones from non-disaster databases, in order to avoid potential difficulties to extrapolate results to actual disaster-struck populations, but on simple yet exhaustive numerical comparisons of fluid resuscitation formulae.
Purpose To systematically review the treatment modalities for molar-incisor hypomineralisation for children under the age of 18 years. The research question was, 'What are the treatment options for teeth in children affected by molar incisor hypomineralisation?' Methods An electronic search of the following electronic databases was completed MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, LILACS, Google Scholar and Open Grey identifying studies from 1980 to 2020. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The studies were screened, data extracted and calibration was completed by two independent reviewers. Results Of 6220 potential articles, 34 studies were included. Twenty studies investigated management of molars with fissure sealants, glass ionomer cement, polyacid modified resin composite, composite resin, amalgam, preformed metal crowns, laboratory-manufactured crowns and extractions.
Study selection Search results were organised using Zotero™. Duplicate articles were removed. Title and abstract screening, against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, was carried out independently by two reviewers (CS & GT), with any disagreement resolved by consensus. If necessary, any unresolved differences were resolved by a consensus agreement by all of the authors. Full texts were obtained for all titles that met these criteria. Two reviewers (CS & GT) assessed the full texts against the inclusion/exclusion criteria independently, with any disagreement resolved by consensus. If necessary, any unresolved differences were resolved by a consensus agreement by all of the authors. Reasons for exclusion were recorded. A calibration exercise (using ten studies) was conducted with two reviewers (CS & GT) undertaking data extraction and risk of bias assessment.
Material and methods Using a design quite similar to that of Moltke et al. , we conducted an anonymous online survey among CBD users mostly living in France. The protocol followed the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the INSERM Ethics Committee provided ethical approval  (approval #20-677 dated April 23, 2020 ). An online link to the survey was distributed via media outlets specializing in cannabis-based products, CBD user groups on Facebook, and a community of people with chronic health conditions. Therefore, participants were enrolled from the general population. Data were collected using a Google survey form between 23 April 2020 and 30 March 2021. In the survey, "CBD" included all legal CBD-rich products, including CBDrich cannabis. Certain questions regarded patterns of use and collected, among other information, time since first CBD use, number of days CBD was used in the previous 30 days, time of day when CBD was used, CBD purchase locations in the previous 30 days, and principal type of CBD product used over the same period.
Statistics related to patterns of CBD use for the whole sample were described. We performed logistic regressions to identify the correlates of CBD use, both for well-being (whole sample) as the primary reason and for the specific expected effects listed above. Only variables with a liberal p-value < 0. 20 (Wald test) in the univariable analyses were considered eligible for the multivariable models. The final multivariable models were built using a backward procedure, and the likelihood ratio test (p <. 05) was used to define the variables to be maintained in the final models. The Stata/SE 14. 2 software (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX) was used for all analyses.
Study Design A mixed method study was conducted during August and September 2020 in Ukraine. The first part of the study was a qualitative Delphi study among 20 Ukrainian FDs who were familiar with teaching and terms like CV, and the second part was a quantitative cross-sectional observational study among Ukrainian FDs. Ethical approval -Approval was obtained by an Internal Review Board. The FDs (members of Ukrainian Family Medicine Association) contacted by e-mail were clearly informed about the study when they were invited to participate. The anonymization of their data especially was explained. They got a link to an anonymous online survey. The return of their completed questionnaires was considered as written consent. We conducted three online rounds among 20 FDs (Table  1 ). We included active FDs involved in teaching, mentoring, and care, as far as these three dimensions represent Family Medicine as a university discipline.
Coded titles were then assigned to each file to hide the trial number and stimulus sound. Then, all videos were coded blind in Sportscode Gamebreaker 11 (Sportstec, Warriewood, NSW, Australia) by HRG, with 20 videos (22%) second-coded by ATK. Agreement was measured with Cronbach's alpha (reliability set to > 0. 8 out of 1), calculated in SPSS v. 25 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL. , USA). 0. 97 was achieved for ordinal scores, where > 0. 8 is considered excellent. Measuring latency to and strength of response. The latency to reaction was measured as the time between the initial onset of the distress cry and the behavioural response by the dog. An ordinal score coding system based on Fukuzawa et al. 64  was used to quantify the strength of the dogs' response to the stimuli, with criteria given in Table  2.
Effect of Caller species (con-vs hetero-specific) and Call frequency (con-vs hetero-specific) on dogs' reaction to distress cries. To explore how Caller Species, Call Frequency, and dog-listener Sex may have affected latency to reaction, survivorship plots were created using the "survival" package in R  65. Four plots were created: Call Frequency, Caller Species, and dog-listener Sex modelled separately and a model which included both Call frequency and Caller species. Due to limited sample size, we did not explore their interaction with Sex. To explore the effect of Caller species and Call frequency, their interaction and dog Sex on Response score, a linear mixed effect model (LMM) with restricted-maximum likelihood estimation with 1000 times bootstrapping (performed in SPSS) was fitted. Dog-identity was included as a random effect to account for considerable between-individual variation.
BACKGROUND Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) constitute an important cause of in-hospital morbidity and mortality. However, the list of potential DDIs is long; the implementation of all these interactions in a clinical decision support system (CDSS) results in over-alerting and alert fatigue, limiting the benefits provided by the CDSS. OBJECTIVE To estimate the probability of occurrence of international normalized ratio (INR) changes for each DDI rule, via the reuse of electronic health records. METHODS An 8-year, exhaustive, population-based, historical cohort study including a French community hospital, a group of Danish community hospitals, and a Bulgarian hospital. The study database included 156,893 stays. After filtering against two criteria (at least one VKA administration and at least one INR laboratory result), the final analysis covered 4047 stays.
Overview This was a retrospective cohort study. The study population comprised all the inpatient stays from 2007 to 2014 in a set of French, Danish, and Bulgarian hospitals (see Inpatient Stays section) participating in the European "Patient Safety through Intelligent Procedures" (PSIP) project  [37]. A set of DDI rules was defined, including causes (a VKA and another drug) and potential outcomes (VKA potentiation or inhibition, as defined in the Set of DDI Rules section). The causes and the potential outcomes were retrospectively tracked over time in the data set, and the probability of each outcome was estimated automatically for each DDI rule.
Inpatient Stays The overall study database included 156,893 inpatient stays, of which the 4047 (2. 58%) with VKA administration were analyzed. The mean age (Figure  2 ) was 75. 9 years (SD 12. 0), and there were 2356 women (58. 2%). The median length of stay was 9 days (IQR 6-15), and there were 162 in-hospital deaths (4. 00%). The VKA administered was fluindione in 3256 cases (80. 5%), warfarin in 553 cases (13. 7%), acenocoumarol in 227 cases (5. 6%), and another VKA or several different VKAs in 11 cases (0. 3%).
Empirical Probabilities of Outcomes for Each DDI Rule For some DDI rules, fewer than 3 cases of concomitant administration with a VKA were observed in the database, so we did not compute the ORs. The corresponding drugs were as follows: There were 76 drugs analyzed upon initiation: • Analgesics, anti-inflammatories, and immunologic agents: cyclosporine, etodolac, interferon, leflunomide, mercaptopurine, nabumetone, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, rofecoxib, sulindac, tolmetin, and trastuzumab. • Anti-infectives: azithromycin, cefamandole, cefazolin, chloramphenicol, efavirenz, etravirine, fosamprenavir, gatifloxacin, griseofulvin, itraconazole, levamisole, miconazole (vaginal suppositories), nafcillin, nalidixic acid, ribavirin, saquinavir, sulfisoxazole, voriconazole, terbinafine, nevirapine, and ritonavir (the last 3 drugs were involved in 6 DDI rules).
Discussion of the Method Our study had several strengths. First, the drugs for evaluation were identified through a systematic review of the literature. Second, the study was population-based; in contrast to clinical trials, it was possible to analyze real-life drug administrations, ill-advised drug combinations, and patients with several Our observational study also had several limitations. First, the number of exposed patients was too small for many drugs. Consequently, our study was not powerful enough to provide firm evidence of an increase or a decrease in the probability of outcomes. This limitation highlights the shortcomings of the SPC-CDSS concept. A reasonable attitude would be to ignore statistical filtering when the number of cases in the learning database is too small. Second, the dose levels of the drugs involved in the DDIs have not been evaluated.
Patients having an Internet connection and returning home after hospital discharge were enrolled in the SENTIPAT multicenter randomized trial the day of discharge. They were randomized to either self-complete a set of questionnaires using a dedicated website (I group) or to provide answers to the same questionnaires administered during a telephone interview (T group). This ancillary study of the trial compared SF-36 data relating to the post-hospitalization period in these two groups. In order to anticipate potential unbalanced characteristics of the respondents in the two groups, the impact of the mode of administration of the questionnaire on score differences was investigated using a matched sample of individuals originating from I and T groups (ratio 1:1), the matching procedure being based on a propensity score approach.
However, and surprisingly, to our knowledge, no study compared telephone interview versus internetbased auto-questionnaire methods for collecting SF-36 data to investigate whether they can be used as alternative methods in the mixed-mode data collection procedures according to participant preferences and/or to minimize the possible selection bias. In this context, the multicenter SENTIPAT (the concept of sentinel patients who would voluntarily report their health evolution on a dedicated website) randomized trial  [27] [28] [29]  is the first multicenter randomized trial comparing the Internet against telephone interviews as the methods of administrating several questionnaires on the health evolution of hospitalized patients. The aim of the present work is to compare SF-36 data relating to the 6-weeks post-discharge period of hospitalized patients, collected either via the Internet or through telephone interviews in the SENTIPAT trial.
Survey administration Patients of the I group had access to the SF-36 questionnaire 40 days after discharge on a web site dedicated to SENTIPAT. Patients of the T group were interviewed by telephone approximately 42 days after discharge and the data entered to a similar web site interface as used in the I group. In case of nonresponse, reminding emails were sent in the I group while up to three calls were tried whenever the first call did not reach the patient in the T group.
Internal reliability of the SF-36 was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculation for the eight scales, and was considered as acceptable if the alpha value was > 0. 7. To determine the reasons for the potential score differences between the groups, a responder sample was composed of internet responders matched to telephone responders according to a propensity score-based procedure : the R package MatchIt  [35]  was used for matching each internet responder to the nearest telephone responder with a 1:1 ratio, and we forced each pair to be strictly identical according to three qualitative variables, sex (male / female), type of hospitalization (conventional / weekly / day-care hospitalization), and hospital ward (general and digestive surgery / gastroenterology and nutrition / hepato-gastroenterology / infectious and tropical diseases / internal medicine).
Discussion To our knowledge, this study is the first reported to date that compared SF-36 questionnaire data collected either via a telephone interview or via a self-completion on a dedicated internet website. The study has additional strengths such as the fact that it is based on a randomized trial, with a substantial number of patients included both arms, a large case-mix variability (patients originating from 5 very different hospital wards). The main limitation of the study concerns the selection bias related to respondent status in both arms, but such a bias is inherent to the two corresponding modes of administration, and we tried to mitigate this bias as much as possible by conducting a part of the analyses in a matched sub-population. The detailed analysis comparing the scores observed in the whole set of respondents (before matching) and in a sub-population enhancing the similarity of the individuals compared (after matching) constitutes an important strength of the study.
Conclusions As compared to a mode of administration based on telephone interview, the response rate of volunteer patients communicating their SF-36 data via the Internet was much lower, but our study indicates that a substantial proportion of hospitalized patients volunteered for actively documenting their health data via the Internet. Most of all, the study indicates that the telephone interviewer might be viewed as an intermediate subjective pattern in the collection of patient's data, resulting in a non-negligible increase of SF-36 scores. Therefore, self-administration of SF-36 should be preferred, including via the Internet which is likely a low-cost method. Importantly, the results of this study also strongly advocate for avoiding the conduction of surveys combining methods of SF-36 administration mixing self-reporting and interviews.
Acknowledgements The SENTIPAT study group: The clinical research technicians:  Élodie Belladame ,  Azéline Chevance ,  Magali Girard  and  Laurence Nicole , who included patients, collected baseline data and interviewed the patients followed-up by telephone. The software staff, especially  Pauline Raballand , but also  Frédéric Chau  and  Frédéric Fotré , who created and maintained the trial's dedicated website; We thank all the medical and nursing and administrative staff of the  General and Digestive Surgery (including Ambulatory Surgery), Gastroenterology, Hepatology ,  Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine departments of Hopital Saint-Antoine ; We thank all patients who participated in the study.
Fidelity and Adaptation It is anticipated that contextual modifications will occur, therefore fidelity and adaptation data will be explored using FRAME (39) (Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced) to understand the rationale for modification and impacts on fidelity and/or effectiveness. Questions will be embedded into the 12-months post-training online survey to assess changes to planned INFANT implementation, and the types and context of adaptations made. Qualitative interviews will be conducted with a purposeful sample of these staff (with high/low fidelity, high/low barriers) to explore key factors influencing implementation, and adaptations made to implementation strategies. This will enable the fit of the intervention and implementation strategies to be documented and reviewed  (40).
Data Analysis Descriptive statistics will be reported for quantitative survey items related to organizational readiness, acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, adaptation and penetration. Qualitative interview data will be transcribed verbatim and coded deductively [informed by CFIR  (37) , PSAT  (38)  and FRAME  (39) ] and inductively to capture issues within and outside of these frameworks. This has been successfully used by the team in previous implementation research  (25, 42). Findings will be compared with the choice of INFANT implementation strategies to determine future refinements. Cost data analysis will use a healthcare funder perspective and detailed pathway analysis will specify scale-up and implementation activities in order to measure costs of associated resource use (2023 reference year, costs measured in Australian dollars (AUD)).
Sample Size The trial aims to recruit 1,500 primary carer/infant dyads in each arm (total 3,000). Assuming a conservative attrition rate of 33%, it is expected that complete data on 2,000 primary carer/infant dyads (1,000/arm) will be collected. The statistical software PASS version 14. 0. 9 (NCSS, LLC) was used for all power calculations, assuming that 190 first-time parent groups will run in each arm with an average number of 5. 4 children with complete data per group and a coefficient of variability in group size of 0. 32, as observed in the INFANT RCT (13) (a=0. 05; two-sided tests). A target sample size of 1,000 infants per arm achieves 80% power to detect a mean difference between arms of at least 0. 17 points in the lifestyle score 'Discretionary food and screen time' at 18 months [primary outcome; standard deviation within clusters (SD) =1.
Data Collection and Analysis Infant diets will be measured by a validated Food Frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with average percentage categorical agreement against three days of 24 hour recall of 62-64%  (49). Infant physical activity will be measured using a single parentreported question with good test-retest reliability (ICC 0. 62)  (50). Infant screen time will be measured using a single parentreported question with excellent reliability (ICC 0. 84)  (51). Change in BMIz measured at 12 and 18 months will be derived from child height and weight which is routinely collected by MCH nurses and will be made available in deidentified form to the research team. These data are typically available for 80% and 71% of infants at 12 and 18 months respectively  (52). Lifestyle pattern scores will be calculated as linear combinations of the standardized dietary (fruit, vegetables, water, discretionary sweet foods, discretionary savory foods), outdoor and television viewing items, using the principal component analysis factor loadings previously published from the combined INFANT and INFANT Extend datasets  (44).