dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Havermann and Lappe (2010) measured adaptation of a 158 saccade as a function of the variability of the target step and found less adaptation with more variability, just like in the 58 and 108 eccentricities tested here, suggesting that the large steps in the most variable conditions impeded adaptation. The present data shows a different pattern for 208 saccades: Adaptation increased with step variability. The relevant parameter may not be the variability of the error as defined by the experimenter, because when the eye lands, the subject does not know whether the retinal offset she experiences is due to the experimenter's manipulation or to her own saccade. Expected offsets and their variability may be more relevant than experimenter-defined variability. The visual system expects some degree of variability and may use this knowledge to estimate whether offsets are due to the saccade or to object displacement  (Collins et al.
The novelty of the current result resides in the observation of single-trial modifications of saccade amplitude that compensate for discrepancies between the saccade endpoint and visual target (retinal offsets) on previous trials. In all datasets, on a per trial basis, the difference in saccade amplitude between two subsequent trials depended on the retinal offset observed in the first of those trials: If the saccade undershot the target, subsequent amplitude was likely to increase; whereas if the saccade overshot the target, subsequent amplitude was likely to decrease. The present results extent previous reports  (Havermann & Lappe, 2010; Srimal et al. , 2008)  by showing that the correlation was modulated by the perception of the target displacement: Unperceived displacements drove subsequent single-trial adaptation more than perceived displacements.
Acknowledgments Thanks to  Khatuna Parkosadze  for help running participants in Experiment 1,  Elise Douard  for Experiment 2 and  Florence Picard  for Experiment 3. Thanks to  Pascal Mamassian  for collaboration on parts of Experiment 3, and to  Patrick Cavanagh  for helpful discussions and comments on the final draft. The current studies were funded by  ANR  and  IUF  grants. Commercial relationships: none. Corresponding author: Thérèse Collins. Email: collins. th@gmail. com. Address:  Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Paris, France.
Quantitative coronary angiography All baseline and follow-up angiograms of the patients in angiographic subgroup were assessed by independent core laboratory (K. I. C. co Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan) using dedicated software (qAngio XA ver. 7. 1, Medis, the Netherlands). Main angiographic parameters at baseline were minimum lumen diameter (MLD) before and after procedure, per cent diameter stenosis (DS%), acute gain (defined as the change in MLD from baseline to the final procedural angiogram), and at 9-month followup, angiographic binary restenosis rate (≥50% diameter stenosis), MLD, %DS and LL in-stent and in-segment (calculated as the difference in MLD between measurements noted immediately after the procedure and at follow-up).
Data management and quality assurance A Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) was responsible for the review of all data and identification of potential safety issues. An independent Clinical Event Committee (CEC) reviewed and adjudicated all major adverse cardiac events. The members of the committees were not affiliated with the study sponsor and were not participating in the trial. The study was managed by independent contract research organizations responsible for monitoring, data management, and analysis. Data were collected and stored on an independent electronic data collection platform (Merge, USA). In keeping with regulatory requirements in Japan and Europe, all data on case report forms were 100% verified on-site vs. source documents.
In agreement with Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency in Japan, the TLF event-free rate for Ultimaster in Cohort JR was estimated at 94% implying that 345 patients should be included in each group (total of 690 patients). Categorical variables were compared using the x test or Fisher's exact method. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate event rates for time-to event outcomes, and data were compared with the long-rank test. For the continuous secondary endpoints, the following summary statistics are presented: number, mean, median, standard deviation, and reference range (95%). The difference between randomization arms was assessed by Student's t-test, analysis of variance, or non-parametric test (i. e. Mann-Whitney), as appropriate. To explore whether TLF with BP-SES vs. PP-EES was consistent across pre-specified clinical and angiographic subgroups, logistic regression analysis with interaction testing was performed.
Acknowledgments. -We thank  T. Jacobson ,  S. Gralla ,  T. Tanaka  and  L. Stein  for providing valuable comments. We are also particularly indebted to  Ted Jacobson  for suggesting this problem in the first place and for several comments. NY acknowledges support from  NSF  grant  PHY-1114374  and the  NSF CA-REER  Award  PHY-1250636 , as well as support provided by the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration  from grant  NNX11AI49G , under sub-award 00001944. NY and KY would like to thank the  Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris  and the  Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics  for their hospitality, while some of this work was being carried out. EB acknowledges support from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG ) through the  Marie Curie Career Integration Grant   GAL-FORMBHS PCIG11-GA-2012-321608.
Data Collection All patients' demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded by the practitioners in charge of these patients, and were reviewed by 2 investigators of this study (GL, JEK). Clinical manifestations were systematically recorded, especially dermatologic, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, rheumatologic, cardiovascular, and neurologic manifestations; and peripheral adenopathy. All biopsy-proven eosinophil tissue infiltrates were noted. All the biological parameters relevant in HES diagnosis were recorded: eosinophilia duration, mean and peak of absolute eosinophil count (AEC), total serum gammaglobulins, serum IgE, vitamin B12 and tryptase levels.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge all of the persons involved in the  French Eosinophil Network  (alphabetical order):  Maı ¨t e Balden ,  Yamina Benallal ,  Olivier Bl  etry,  Jean-Francois Cordier ,  Vincent Cottin ,  Marie Delbeke ,  Virginie Dutoit-Lefe  `vre,  Sylvie Fievet ,  Laurence Fofana ,  Solene Gatault ,  Nathalie Grardel ,  Aline Renneville ,  Christophe Roumier , and  Amandine Verhaeghe.
Acknowledgments We thank  Alejandro Ibarra ,  Takashi Toma ,  Maximilian Totzauer  and  Sebastian Wild , who were working on a very similar project (see [43]), for discussions and for sharing their results with us. We also thank  Céline Boehm ,  Guillaume Drieu La Rochelle  and  Maxim Pospelov  for useful discussions. The work of F. G. and M. T. is supported by the IISN, an  ULB-ARC  grant. LLH is supported through an " FWO-Vlaanderen" post doctoral fellowship  project number  1271513. LLH also recognizes partial support from the  Strategic Research Program "High Energy Physics" of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. All the authors are partly supported by the  Belgian Federal Science Policy  through the  Interuniversity Attraction Pole   P7/37  " Fundamental Interactions ". M. T. also acknowledges support and hospitality from the  LPT  at  Université Paris-Sud  and LLH acknowledges hospitality and support from.
METHODS: Using the key words "atrial fibrillation and gastroesophageal reflux", "atrial fibrillation and esophagitis, peptic", "atrial fibrillation and hernia, hiatal" the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, OVIDSP, WILEY databases were screened for relevant publications on GERD and AF in adults between January 1972-December 2013. Studies written in languages other than English or French, studies not performed in humans, reviews, case reports, abstracts, conference presenta-tions, letters to the editor, editorials, comments and opinions were not taken into consideration. Articles treating the subject of radiofrequency ablation of AF and the consecutive development of GERD were also excluded.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the key terms: "atrial fibrillation and gastroesophageal reflux"; "atrial fibrillation and esophagitis, peptic"; "atrial fibrillation and hernia, hiatal", the PubMed EM-BASE, Cochrane Library, WILEY, OVIDSP databases were searched for relevant publications on AF and GERD between January 1972-December 2013. Eligibility criteria for the studies included were: a minimum of 10 adult subjects with the diagnoses of GERD and AF; studies with case-control design, consecutive cases or selected cases regardless of prospective or retrospective design; studies that followed the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions on symptoms of GERD and AF. Finally, only papers available in full text were included in this review. Studies not performed on humans, papers treating the subject of radiofrequency ablation of AF and the consecutive development of GERD, studies for which not even the abstract was available, abstracts or posters presented at various conferences and papers written in languages other than English or French were not taken into consideration.
RESULTS The search strategy returned a total of 2161 references (Figure  2 ) of the five electronic databases screened. After exclusion of duplicate or irrelevant references, 56 articles were retained for a more detailed analysis. Twenty eight articles assessed the presence of GERD after AF ablation and for this reason they were not taken into account. Another 4 publications were reviews, 10 were case reports, 1 case-series, 1 editorial, 1 comment and opinion, 2 letters to the editor and 1 poster, none of them meeting the inclusion criteria and were therefore excluded. Of the 8 articles included in the present review, 5 studies were prospective, of which only one was a randomized study. A summary of study characteristics is presented in Table  1. Epidemiological data provided by these observational studies showed that patients with GERD, especially those with more severe GERD-related symptoms, had an increased risk of developing AF compared with those without GERD, but a causal relationship between GERD and AF could not be established based on these studies.
Diagnosis of AF was based on medical records, ECG database, and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9 codes). Of the total patients surveyed, 741 (14%) developed AF over a follow up period of approximately 11 years. Male gender, age, the presence of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and esophagitis were associated with the risk of developing AF. After adjustment for other risk factors (HR = 0. 81, 95%CI: 0. 68-0. 96, P = 0. 014), an inverse relationship between GERD and AF was found. A borderline statistical significance was obtained in patients with daily symptoms of GERD, vs patients with less frequent GERD-related symptoms. The presence of esophagitis increased the risk of AF, but this correlation was not present when other risk factors were taken into account (P = 0.
72). However, patients with esophagitis were more likely to develop AF. The limitations of this study were the fact that the presence of GERD was assessed using a subjective tool (a self-report questionnaire), the diagnosis of AF being based upon ICD-9 codes, ECG database and medical records and thus possibly missing asymptomatic episodes of AF, and incomplete information provided about AF subtypes. Two other retrospective studies performed recently, one in 2009 by Kunz et al  [17]  and the second by Shimazu et al  [18]  in 2011 have concluded that GERD is associated with an increased risk of developing AF. In the study conducted by Kunz et al  [17]  , 163627 ambulatory patients from the National Capitol Area military health care system, were evaluated between January 2001 and October 2007.
Two of 25 patients with paroxysmal AF and 10 of 61 patients with permanent AF showed valvular AF. Total scores on F-scale were significantly higher in patients with AF (87%) compared with those with lower scores (42%) (P = 0. 019). The reflux and total score did not differ between patients with paroxysmal AF and permanent forms (P = 0. 609,P = 0. 677). The univariate analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between AF and GERD (P < 0. 001). The main limitation of this study was that the questionnaire responses were not correlated with endoscopic findings and thus the pathophysiological relationship between these two entities could be erroneous. In 2012, Huang et al  [19]  performed a prospective study on 29688 patients with GERD selected from a 1000000 person cohort dataset from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database.
All patients underwent the ablation procedure during which vagal response was evaluated (sinus bradycardia, asystole, atrioventricular block or hypotension). Pre-and post ablation, the patients were questioned about their gastrointestinal symptoms using a symptom-based questionnaire. The patients were followed up at 3, 6 and 12 mo. Compared to patients with AF only, patients with GERD and/or IBS had a positive vagal response during the AF ablation procedure (60% vs 13%, P < 0. 001). A greater number of these patients had self-reported AF triggers (defecation, abdominal bloating, alcohol carbonated beverages, cold water and greasy food consumption) compared to the other group (20/67 vs 7/23%, P = 0. 007). However, interpretation of these data must be proceeded with caution, due to the relatively small number of patients included, the observational nature of the study and the lack of evaluation of heart rate variability.
In Fig. 1  we show the x 2 -weighted polarized spin structure function g 2 of 3 He, formed from the measured Born asymmetries and cross sections according to g 3 He 2 = M Q 2 4α 2 y 2 σ 0 (1 -y) (2 -y) × (10) -A e -+ 1 + (1 -y) cos θ (1 -y) sin θ A e - ⊥ , where α is the electromagnetic coupling constant, y = (E -E ′ ) /E is the fraction of the incident electron energy loss in the nucleon rest frame, E is the incident electron energy, E ′ is the scattered electron energy, and θ is the electron scattering angle. Note the dramatic improvement of the statistical precision of our data in Fig. 1a  compared to the available 3 He world data; Fig. 1b  is zoomed in by a factor of 10 and shows only a subset of the world data. The measured DSAs and cross sections at each beam energy were used to evaluate d dx M Q 2 4α 2 x 2 y 2 σ 0 (1 -y) (2 -y) × (11) 3 1 + (1 -y) cos θ (1 -y) sin θ + 4 y tan θ 2 A e - ⊥ + 4 y -3 A e -.
Q 2 > 1 GeV 2 /c The fully integrated d n 2 results from this experiment are shown as a function of Q 2 in Fig. 2  along with the world data and available calculations. Our d n 2 results are in agreement with the lattice QCD  [13]  (evaluated at Q 2 = 5 GeV 2 /c 2 ), bag model  [21]  (evaluated at Q 2 = 5 GeV 2 /c 2 ) and chiral soliton model  [22]  (evaluated at Q 2 = 3 and 5 GeV 2 /c 2 ) calculations, which predict a small negative value of d n 2 at large Q 2. We note that at lower Q 2 , the elastic contribution of d n 2 dominates the measured values and is in agreement with the QCD sum rule calculations  [19, 20]  (evaluated at Q 2 = 1 GeV 2 /c 2 ). Given our precision, we find a d n 2 value near Q 2 = 5 GeV 2 that is about 3 standard deviations smaller than the lowest error bar reported by SLAC E155x.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  A. Besse ,  G. Beuf ,  L. Motyka ,  Al Mueller ,  S. Munier  and  M. Sadzikowski  for discussions. A. V. G. thanks  V. S. Fadin  and  A. V. Reznichenko  for helpful discussions and the  LPT Orsay  and NCBJ in Warsaw for hospitality while part of this work was being done. A. V. G. also acknowledges support of president grant  MK-525. 2013. 2  and  RFBR  grant  13-02-01023. This work was partially supported by the  PEPS-PTI PHENO-DIFF , the  PRC0731 DIFF-QCD , the Polish Grant NCN No. DEC-2011/01/B/ST2/03915  and the  Joint Research Activity Study of Strongly Interacting Matter  (acronym  Hadron-Physics3 , Grant Agreement n. 283286) under the  Seventh Framework Programme  of the  European Community.
Patients and Methods We retrospectively studied patients with ILD-associated ARF admitted to the ICU of a 650-bed tertiary hospital (Saint-Louis University Hospital, Paris, France) whose pulmonology department is highly specialized in ILD. We included 114 consecutive adults with ILD admitted to our ICU between January 2002 and March 2013. ICU admission policies did not change during this period. Patients were identified retrospectively by searching the electronic ICU database. After ICU discharge, all patients were managed at our hospital, usually by a pulmonologist. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the French Society for Intensive Care (Societede Reanimation de Langue Francaise) (CE SRLF 13-37). Patient records were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. We included patients with ILD who had ARF requiring highdose oxygen therapy (.
Data collection The data in Tables 1, 2 and 3 were abstracted from the medical records. The clinical, laboratory, and imaging data for each patient were reviewed by three intensivists, two of whom are also pulmonologists. Careful attention was given to recording mechanical ventilation settings including tidal volume (VT, adjusted for lung size estimated from predicted body weight), respiratory rate, peak airway pressure, plateau airway pressure, PEEP, and FiO 2. We also recorded the use of prone positioning, inhaled nitric oxide, and neuromuscular blockers. Data on fluid balance, the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score  [13]  on the first ICU day, and treatment limitation decisions were recorded.
Possible predictors of hospital mortality and 1-year mortality were identified with the use of univariable logistic regression. Covariates available at ICU admission and associated with p values lower than 0. 2 by univariable analysis or deemed clinically relevant were included in a multivariable logistic regression selection process. Given the number of in-hospital deaths, a maximum of four covariates was allowed in the tested models. Bootstrapping and data imputation were used to ensure the robustness of the model selection procedure: 30 datasets were generated via multiple imputations by chained equation. For each dataset, 200 bootstrap samples were drawn by random sampling with replacement. A forward/backward stepwise Bayesian information criterion (BIC)based selection was repeated in the 6000 bootstrapped datasets  [14].
Data on triage to ICU admission were not available, and our study may have missed patients with severe ILD who were considered too ill to benefit from ICU admission. Lung histopathological data were obtained in the ICU in only 13% of our patients, and some patients who had ILD diagnosed in the ICU may therefore have been misclassified. This source of bias was minimised in our study by a detailed review of all cases by a radiologist, two pulmonologists, and an intensivist, who used ATS guidelines  [1]. The low rate of open lung biopsy probably reflects concern among intensivists about the risk of increased morbidity and mortality rates associated with this procedure. Moreover, the usefulness of urgent histopathological documentation has been challenged  [31]. Our work has several important clinical implications.
5%) Virus identified by PCR in BAL or nasopharyngeal aspirates 9 (12. 7%) Lung biopsy 11 (13%) Positive auto-immune antibodies 27 (32. 5%) *In 16 instances, CT scan was not performed because of severe hypoxemia precluding transportation to the radiological department. In 30 instances, results for BAL were not available either because BAL was not performed due to severe hypoxemia or the BAL results were deemed uninterpretable. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0104897. t003 calculated from the original non-imputed dataset. Statistical analysis was performed with R version 2. 15. 1 (R Development Core Team 2011; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
Genes involved in root development Different root development mutants permitted the identification of genes involved in different biological functions. Some of these genes alter root development by affecting root cell wall constitution. OsDGL1 encodes DOLICHYL DIPHOSPHOOLIGOSACCHARIDE-PROTEIN GLYCOS YLTRANSFERASE 48 kDa subunit precursor necessary for the proper structuration of the polysaccharide matrix of root cell walls. Osdgl1 mutant plants exhibit a short root phenotype due to a defect in root cell elongation and division  (Qin et al. 2013). Another gene affecting root cell wall constitution was isolated using short root mutant screening. This gene, OsGLU3, encodes a putative MEMB-RANE-BOUND ENDO-1,4-B-GLUCANASE  (Zhang et al. 2012b). In Osglu3 mutants, the crystalline cellulose content is reduced in the root cell wall and root cell elongation is inhibited.
Transcriptomic studies will facilitate root gene discovery The first comprehensive transcriptome study of the rice root system was published in 2012  (Takehisa et al. 2012). In this study, eight developmental stages along the longitudinal axis of a crown root were investigated as well as different radial tissues: epidermis, exodermis and sclerenchyma; cortex; and endodermis, pericycle and stele. This analysis allowed the identification of genes specifically expressed in root caps, in the initiation or developmental zone of lateral roots, and those involved in water and nutrient transport. Data are available in the RiceX-Pro data base  (Sato et al. 2013). Data comparing genes expressed in roots of different rice varieties have begun being generated  (Chen et al. 2014). Some authors investigated the genes that were miss-regulated relative to wild type plants in rice root-related mutants such as Osiaa13, c68 or crl1  (Kitomi et al.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to  Oliver Rauhut  ( LMU ),  Didier Berthet  (MNHN),  Lorna Steel  (NHMUK),  Herman Voogd  (TMH) and  Daniela Schwarz-Wings  ( MfN ) for providing access to specimens in their care. Comments from  Trevor Valle  and  Joseph Hancock  greatly improved an earlier draft of this manuscript, and we are especially grateful to  Mark Young  and  Steve Sweetman  for their reviews that substantially enhanced this study. Additionally, we would like to thank  Matt Wedel  for his input as Editor.
Particular attention should be paid that the catalyst is not exposed to air after the reduction step. Powder XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns were recorded on a STOE STADI P Combi diffractometer with an image plate position sensitive detector (IP PSD) in the region 2θ = 10 to 60°(Δ2θ = 0. 03°). The measurements were performed in transmission mode at room temperature using CuKα1 radiation with λ = 1. 54056 Å selected by means of a Ge(111) monochromator. The ICDD database PDF-2, release 2008 was used for identification of the phases present in the sample. 54 The reflections at 2θ = 34. 5°, 38. 2°, 39. 6°and 52. 4°i ndicate the presence of the W 2 C-phase [01-079-0743]. This is in agreement with the W 2 C reflections measured by Ji et al. 42  Occasionally an additional reflection at 2θ = 40. 5°appeared as well, which is tentatively assigned to metallic W [01-089-2767].
Acknowledgements R. O. acknowledges the financial support of Syral. M. D. acknowledges " FWO Vlaanderen " (grant  1. 1. 955. 10N ) for financial support and his appointment as a postdoctoral researcher. Methusalem CASAS is acknowledged for long term funding (E. G. ) and the  Belgian government is acknowledged for financial support through IAP funding (Belspo). B. O. thanks the  EU   FP7  project  BIOCORE  that is supported by the  European Commission  through the  Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technical development  under contract no. FP7-241566 , for financial support.