dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The SEM micrographs were recorded at 50,000× magnification. Moreover, for the elemental composition evaluation, the SEM was equipped with an EDAX device (Ametek EDAX Inc Mahwah, NJ, USA). Before being placed in the microscope, the samples were attached to the specimen holder using a double-sided adhesive carbon tape. The 3D representation of the SEM micrographs was obtained with the help of ImageJ software (ImageJ 1. 51j8, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA)  [36]. The coatings surface morphology was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with the aid of a NT-MDT NTEGRA Probe NanoLaboratory system (NT-MDT, Moscow, Russia) using non-contact mode. The topographies were recorded using a silicon NT-MDT NSG01 cantilever coated with a 35 nm gold layer and a tetrahedral tip. The 2D AFM micrographs were acquired on surface areas of 2.
5 × 2. 5 µm 2. Analyses of the surface topographies and the 3D representation were performed with Gwyddion 2. 55 software  [37]. Furthermore, the roughness of the surface was also assessed by determining the R RMS from the AFM 2D topography. More information regarding the surface morphology of the NBrHAp composite thin films was obtained by metallographic and optical microscopy. All the experiments were performed in agreement with the procedure previously reported  [38, 39]  in ambient conditions. Both microscopy images (optical and metallographic) were obtained using a 10× magnification objective. The samples were investigated without any further preparation. The obtained 2D images and their 3D reconstruction were processed using Image J software (ImageJ 1. 51j8, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) [36].
In Vitro Antimicrobial Assay The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the NBrHAp suspensions and coatings was investigated using the reference Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 microbial strains. The antimicrobial experiments were performed as previously described in  [40] , using 0. 5 McFarland standard microbial cultures. The samples were exposed to 1. 5 mL of microbial suspension with standardized density of 5 × 10 6 CFU/mL (colony forming units/mL), prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. A free microbial culture was assessed at the same time intervals and was set as a positive control (C+). The values of the CFU/mL were determined. The experiments were performed three times and the data was presented as mean ± SD.
Further, in the obtained EDS, the main chemical elements (calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O), carbon (C), bromine (Br) and nitrogen (N)) characteristic of NBrHAp layers were highlighted. The results of the EDS studies performed on the N and Br co-doped HAp obtained thin films agreed with those obtained from the XPS studies, thus confirming the purity of the analyzed samples. The morphology of the NBrHAp coating's surface was evaluated by AFM studies. The data of AFM surface topography of NBrHAp coatings are depicted in Figure  7. The results of the AFM studies highlighted that the coatings presented the morphology of a uniformly deposited layer and did not show any evidence of cracks or fissures or any other unevenness. The 2D topography acquired on a surface of 2. 5 × 2. 5 µm 2 depicted in Figure  7a  also emphasized that the NBrHAp coatings were homogenous and evenly deposited on the surface of the glass substrate.
Furthermore, the 3D representation of the 2D optical micrographs characteristic of N and Br co-doped HAp thin films deposited on the glass substrate was in good agreement with the 3D representation of the SEM images showing a smooth surface and lack of irregularities. These results were consistent with previous studies conducted by R. A. Ismail and coworkers  [48]. The 2D metallographic images together with their 3D reconstruction obtained on N and Br co-doped HAp thin films deposited on the glass substrate at 10× magnification are presented in Figure  9. To obtain the 3D reconstruction of the metallographic images, ImageJ software was used  [36]. The 2D metallographic images highlight the morphological characteristics of the surface of the studied layers. Therefore, the continuity, homogeneity and lack of surface defects were also confirmed by the results of metallographic microscopy studies.
To obtain the 3D reconstruction of the metallographic images, Im-ageJ software was used [36]. The 2D metallographic images highlight the morphological characteristics of the surface of the studied layers. Therefore, the continuity, homogeneity and lack of surface defects were also confirmed by the results of metallographic microscopy studies. It can thus be inferred that all four microscopy techniques used to investigate the surface morphology/topography of N and Br co-doped HAp thin films confirmed their superior morphological properties. The emergence of drug resistance is currently one of the biggest challenges for public health at a global level, threatening not only the treatment of infectious diseases, but also many medical interventions such as oncologic treatments, organ transplant, treatment of immunocompromised patients, general surgery, and implantology  [25, [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57].
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the  Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation  through the project  PN-III-P2-2. 1-PED-2019-0868contract  number  467PED ⁄ 2020 ; project  PN-III-P2-2. 1-PED-2019-1375contract  number  331/PED/2020 ,  Core Program   PN19-030101  (contract  21N/2019 ) and  CNFIS-FDI-2021-0405.
The resulting volumetric data were exported in DICOM format, imported into OsiriX MD software (Pixmeo Sarl, Geneva, Switzerland) and spatially realigned such that the axial reconstructions were perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth of interest. Furthermore, the window width was adjusted to 5559 and window level to 1779 in all CBCT datasets to avoid bias during image assessment related to the subjective perception of each observer. Those threshold values were previously determined by showing multiple CBCT images adjusted at different window widths and levels to six experienced radiologists who had to vote for the best one. Subsequently, the full stack of axial reconstructions of each CBCT scan was exported and made available to the observers, blinded for the experimental conditions.
Statistical analysis. The SPSS software, version 25 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism 8. 0 (GraphPad Software, LA Jolla, CA, USA) were used to perform all the analyses with a significance level of 5% (α = 0. 05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for each observer, averaged, and compared among the experimental groups using two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test. In the present study, the AUC was used to measure the diagnostic accuracy of VRF, while sensitivity and specificity assessed the ability of the examiners to correctly identify the presence and absence of VRF. The AUC of each observer was calculated considering the 5 scores and using a public domain web-based calculator for ROC Curves developed at the Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Maryland, USA), available at http:// www.
rad. jhmi. edu/ jeng/ javar ad/ roc/ JROCF ITi. html. To calculate sensitivity and specificity, the scores from the observers were dichotomised such that scores 1 to 3 were classified as absence of VRF and scores 4 and 5 were classified as presence of VRF. Weighted Kappa test was used to measure the intra-and interobserver agreements and the results were interpreted according to Landis and Koch 27 (0. 00-0. 20, poor; 0. 21-0. 40, reasonable; 0. 41-0. 60, moderate; 0. 61-0. 80, good; 0. 81-1. 00, excellent). A post hoc power analysis was calculated using the software package Bioestat 5. 0. 28.
Data Collection, Management, Analysis 2. 10. 1. Data Collection Methods Using e-CRF in each site, a unique identification code will be assigned to each subject. All documents, forms, and data files will be labeled with this identification code. Each subject will be counted in the screening and enrollment record. Data from study participants will be collected in the form of anonymized case report forms. The investigator will complete the e-CRF. The investigator can enter and save the collected data in the study computer. The monitor will be informed that the CRF has been fully completed and that no changes have been made. The data can be verified by the monitor and used for internal evaluations. The central study officer will have permanent access via the e-CRF, throughout the study, to the study computers of the 16 different study sites.
Statistical Methods The final analysis of the data will be based on intention-to-treat and will be performed with the STATA MP 16. 0 software (College Station, TX 77845, USA). All principal statistical analyses will be based on the clusters as allocated in the randomization  [36]. Intentionto-treat analyses will be performed on the imputed data from all patients using multiple imputation by chained equations, based on a Monte Carlo-Markov chain algorithm under missing at random data hypothesis. Unilateral analysis to study the superiority of intervention over control group will be programmed. Data entry and preliminary checks for error and internal validity will be carried out at each study site, with corresponding statistical analyses conducted at a central level. A series of explanatory analyses will also be conducted in which clinics and/or individuals deviating from the protocol will be excluded.
Additionally, per-protocol analysis using the same methodology as the intention-to-treat analyses will be performed based on participants with a complete set of outcome data at endpoint. The main analytical technique used to assess the effect of intervention on the primary outcome will be an application of the Mantel-Haenszel test adapted to the cluster randomization design. Baseline tables will be created comparing the intervention groups with respect to both cluster-level and individual-level risk factors. Groups will be compared as at randomization. The primary endpoint will be estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method (survival analysis) and comparison of the different groups by the Log Rank test (p < 0. 05). A multivariate analysis by a Cox regression model will be used to explore the relationship between the risk function associated with PE and the intervention after adjustment for site, amenorrhea at inclusion, gestational age, maternal age, and periodontal parameters at inclusion.
Ethics Statement The protocol and design of this study have been endorsed by ethical and regulatory authorities and will be carried out in conformance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethical committee of Ougadoudou (Burkina Faso) approved the protocol on 10 March 2021 (2021-03-077), and the ethical committee of Dakar (senegal) approved it on 8 June 2021 (000086/MSAS/CNERS/SP). This study was registered at ClinicalTrials. gov (identification number NCT04989075).
The aim of this scoping review was to present the existing literature regarding the relationship between periodontal diseases and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping review guidelines was followed. Articles were retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases and screened to include studies relating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 to periodontal cells and/or tissues and/or diseases. Twenty-five papers were included; consisting of six reviews, seven original articles, six short reports, four letters to the editor, one commentary, and one case report. The articles were allocated to three different topics: (i) hypotheses on the relationship between periodontal diseases and COVID-19; (ii) risk factors and comorbidities common to periodontitis and COVID-19; (iii) periodontal manifestations of COVID-19.
Materials and Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping review have been used as a guideline throughout the manuscript. 11  A literature search was performed using two electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus). Eligibility criteria were studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19; relating SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 to periodontal cells and/or tissues and/or diseases; published until the December 31, 2020. The following literature search was conducted using PubMed and adapted to Scopus. The terms used in the search were limited on "Title and Abstract": (Periodont*) AND (COVID OR coronavirus).
Results A total of 119 records were identified from the databases and 3 from other sources; of these 41 were duplicates and were removed. The title and abstract of 81 records were assessed, 50 were excluded. The remaining 31 underwent full-text examination; 25 studies were finally included in the review (►Fig. 1). Among the six articles excluded after full-text assessment, one focused on the association between periodontitis and respiratory diseases in general and was not specific to COVID-19,  37  one focused on the oral manifestations in COVID-19 but was not specific to periodontal diseases, 38 one reviewed the risks of periodontal procedures in terms of aerosolization and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2,  39  and two illustrated the association between periodontitis and COVID-19 through a study included in the review  40, 41  ; the full-text of the sixth article was not available and the authors were contacted but have not provided the paper at the time of writing.
Data Extraction and Statistical Analysis All data were computerized in a dedicated database. Quantitative variables were described by using position and variability statistics such as mean, variance, minimum, maximum, and quantiles. Qualitative variables were described by using effectives and proportions for each of their modalities. Cumulative proportions were calculated for variables with more than two modalities. The Gaussian distributions of the quantitative variables were evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The qualitative variables were compared using the Chi-square test if the conditions were met, otherwise the exact Fisher test was employed. Student t-test and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare quantitative variables between groups. Linear and logistic multivariate regression were used to consider potential confounding factors (gender, age, and professional experience).
Email addresses of dentists were retrieved from professional organizations, however, only a restricted number of email addresses were collected. Nevertheless, such a method generally leads to a low rate of response. Therefore, it can be assumed that responders may have been the most interested in halitosis management or the most trained and, consequently, the knowledge of halitosis could be lower in the general population of dentists. It should also be mentioned that other parameters such as region/area of professional activity may also influence the response rate to the questionnaire. Unfortunately, data related to this parameter were not collected. However, the number of dentists that responded to this survey is in the same range as in studies performed in other countries such as Switzerland or the Netherlands  [7, 8, 11].
The acquired projec- corresponding minimization with pre-filteration adopted from  [4]  and typical scattering artifacts adopted from  [5]  tions are post-processed and a volumetric dataset is obtained, which is composed of gray-level-based voxels (three-dimensional pixels); smaller voxel size represents a higher resolution of the CT data. Then, a thresholding step is required which defines the boundary between the material and the background; an accurate threshold ensures precise quantitative analyses. Although, µXCT has no limitations related to the probe access, because of the high penetration power of X-rays. However, there exist several limitations that affect the quality of the acquired data. According to the German guideline, VDI/VDE 2630 -1. 2  [12] , the influencing factors can be categorized into five groups of parameters: system, workpiece, data processing, environment, and operator.
Survey setting and participants From April 1 to April 29, 2020 a survey was conducted via the online software Google Forms 1 (chosen for ease of use and hypothesized familiarity among the surveyed population), aimed at French dental practitioners and dental assistants, using a snowball sampling method  [16]. The survey was disseminated via the national dental association, deans of dental faculties, scientific societies, professional social networks, and people were encouraged to pass it on to their peers. Prior to its dissemination, the survey was tested on twenty participants. They tested several scenarios (e. g. , having a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 status or not, being symptomatic or not. ) and reported their comprehension difficulties regarding the questions; subsequent adaptations were made to improve their clarity.
Survey development The structured questionnaire consisted of 78 questions divided in 23 sections, with a mean number of questions per section of four. Depending on their answers, participants did not have to complete all sections, and had on average between 27 and 37 questions to answer out of the 78 (see S1 Fig). Total completion was estimated to take less than five minutes (thus promoting precise and detailed answers). Several categories were covered: sociodemographic data; health status; work environment; perceived stress relating to the COVID-19 pandemic; COVID-19 status; and exposure history. Potential changes before and during lockdown, enforced by the French government from March 17, to May 11, 2020, were also assessed. Sociodemographic data were collected on gender, age, household size, and parental status.
Health status variables included tuberculosis vaccination (BCG) status (a putative protective factor, investigated in other undergoing clinical trials: NCT04327206, NCT04328441) and the presence of several medical conditions (suspected risk factors for severe COVID-19 at the time of survey), such as allergies, diabetes, hypertension, cardiopathies, pulmonary or kidney diseases, malignancies, obesity, and immunodeficiencies  [17]. Work environment characteristics included professional orientation (some dental specialties could carry higher risk than others depending on aerosol production levels) and the use of public transportation. Perceived stress levels of respondents were assessed with a numerical rating scale (NRS) ranging from 0 (no stress) to 10 (highest stress imaginable)  [18] , regarding their personal safety, the safety of their families, and the financial stability of their professional practice.
To build the model, the number of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 dentists was split into two sets: training (65%) and test (35%) datasets. These datasets were selected at random. The accuracy of the model was confirmed by the cross-validation area under the receiver operating curve (ROC) equal to 0. 89 for training dataset and 0. 76 for test dataset. For test dataset, positive and negative predictive values were 63. 6% and 72. 9%, respectively, sensitivity and specificity 51. 9% and 81. 4%, respectively. The model was then applied to the entire symptomatic population. Participants were predicted positive for COVID-19 when the probability estimated by the model was strictly greater than 50%. A p < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using R software (version 3.
Moreover, significant concerns arose regarding transmitting the infection to their families, as previously mentioned for other health-care workers  [43]. Several limitations must be considered in this study and its methodology. First, an open form of recruitment was used (Google Forms 1 ), that does not control who answers. However, the survey was distributed solely through professional channels. Other limitations of Google Forms 1 such as the possibility to answer several times were considered by the authors but it was judged that there was very little incentive for users to answer more than once, and this was further controlled by inspecting the age and initials fields for doubles. Although Google Forms 1 it is not as feature-rich as fully customizable commercial software, it provided interesting functionalities such as skip logic, conditional formatting and different question types that were required for this study.
Database This study was based on data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA), which contains drug prescriptions, diagnoses, and basic medical and demographic data obtained directly and in anonymous format from computer systems used in the practices of general practitioners and specialists  [10]. Diagnoses, prescriptions, and the quality of reported data are monitored regularly by IQVIA based on a number of criteria (e. g. , completeness of documentation, linkage between diagnoses and prescriptions). In the United Kingdom, the sampling method for the Disease Analyzer database was based on statistics from all doctors in the United Kingdom. These statistics were used to determine the panel composition according to the following strata: region, community size category, and age of physician  [11].
Study population This study included patients who had received an initial diagnosis of chronic gingivitis (ICD-10: K05. 1) in one of 256 general practices including 1,721 physicians in the United Kingdom between January 2000 and December 2016 (index date). Inclusion criteria were as follows: age ≥14 years on the index date (as no complete data are available for children <14) with no diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizotypal, delusional, and other non-mood psychotic disorders (ICD-10: F20-29), mood disorders (ICD-10: F30-39) or anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, somatoform and other nonpsychotic mental disorders (ICD-10: F40-48) and no prescription for antidepressants (ATC: N06A) documented prior to the index date. After applying similar inclusion criteria, patients without chronic gingivitis were matched (1:1) to those with chronic gingivitis by sex, age, index year, treating physician, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).
Statistical Analysis Cronbach's alpha test was applied to verify the reliability between the two observers using SPSS 23 package. Statistical Analysis was performed using the SPSS program version (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test used to determine the data distribution for (T0) values revealed an abnormal distribution of the data; therefore, nonparametric tests were used for the statistical analysis of this outcome. Thus, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used including a multiple comparison procedure (Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests). A significance level at α = 0. 05 was adopted.
Thermal Data Processing A medical thermal image provides a qualitative mapping of the skin temperature field H of a defined region of interest (ROI). In the case of inflamed skin areas, more than reading the local temperature values D , it is the thermal level of the inflammation that is necessary to qualify the degree of severity of the disease. This thermal level or thermal gradient can only be obtained if one has prior knowledge of the thermal mapping of the same healthy area. Under normal and healthy conditions, there is thermal symmetry between contralateral regions of the face  [29]. Then, the thermal gradient qualifying the severity of inflammation in lateral dental cellulitis may be obtained by subtracting the thermal matrices of the diseased and healthy areas of interest in each hemiface.