dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
editorial assistance was provided by catriona McKay at caudex and was funded by  Bristol-Myers Squibb. Contributors Pe, JSS, rW, MlB, Sec, reMt and tWJH made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work and interpretation of the data. DtSlJ drafted the work and participated in the analysis and interpretation of data. JY participated in the the manuscript for important intellectual content and all authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript to be published. Funding this study was funded by  Bristol-Myers Squibb. Pfizer ,  MSD, abbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, UcB, roche, novartis, Samsung, Bristol-Myers Squibb ; institutional grants: Phadia. rW: advisory board: Janssen; principal investigator: galapagos; research grants: roche; speakers' bureau:  Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Hydro-dynamical Model Development for Niger River at Niamey In this study, the hydraulic model HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS associated to ArcGIS were used to study and evaluate flood flows and map flood zone along 160km upstream Niamey. HEC-RAS, a one-dimensional, hydraulic-flow model was used to develop the hydro-dynamical of Niger River at Niamey. The HEC-RAS program has been developed by the US Army corps of Engineers since its inception in 1964, and different sub-programs have been continuously established. It was designed specifically for application in floodplain management and flood-insurance studies to evaluate floodway encroachment and to simulate estimated flood inundation  [42, 43]. This model is used worldwide. Indeed,  [44]  used HEC-RAS model to develop floodplain maps for an urban area in Segamat town in Malaysia.
Using the model, the water surface profile of the river was plotted. Using HEC-RAS software,  [45] , evaluated the hydraulic behaviour of the flood. David LK  [46]  while studying flood for a period of 5 years in the United States, prepared flood zone maps. Knebl MR  [47]  using the hydrological model, HEC-HMS, and hydraulic model, HEC-RAS, and radar precipitation estimate (NEXRAD) in the basin of San Antonio, Central Texas, United States suggested logic model for flood, and compared the model with the summer 2002 flood. Results showed the model efficiency for regional-scale flood forecasting. Sighomnou D made flood hazard mapping for small watersheds near Baya Sea in Astore valley. For this purpose combination of WetSpa and HEC-RAS was used. The HEC-RAS model was used to compute water-surface elevations and develop floodinundation areas along the study area (Niger River at Niamey) for the flood discharges.
6 levees were set in this model; these levees protect the city of Niamey against flooding from Niger River. The geometry data were then imported into HEC-RAS then the model was run for some simulations after entering flow data and boundary conditions. These simulations helped to obtain water surface profile and velocity data after processing. The developed HEC-RAS model was calibrated to reproduce the last rating curve over the period 2009-2014 using the observed elevations data at Niamey and bathymetry data of Niger River. It is should be noted that during the calibration a leave-one-out cross-validation was used due to the short length of data used. A flood inundation map of Niamey city was generated after exporting the acquired data from the HEC-RAS simulations to HEC-GeoRAS, for GIS analysis of floodplain mapping.
Niger River HEC-RAS Model The Niger River hydro-dynamical model was developed by combining HEC-GeoRAS and HEC-RAS computer programs to extract floodplain cross sections from the elevation contour data of the City of Niamey. A total of 988 cross sections were extracted along the study reach of 160 km. All cross sectional profiles were drawn and the longitudinal profile for each of the 34 years (1980-2012). Typical HEC-RAS cross sectional and longitudinal profiles obtained for the year 2012 are shown in Figs  3  and 4 , respectively. The developed model contains 6 levees which were completely overflooded in 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2012, the years when Niamey actually underwent several. The floods were computed at all cross sections from the HEC-RAS model. An analysis of all those profiles showed that the year 2010 was the worst in terms of negative impacts on the City of Niamey, followed by the year 2012.
Thus, the lack of robust phylogenetic inferences and possible bias induced by systematic errors hamper our understanding of the evolutionary history of the mutualism. Herein, we used Restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within Ficus. Indeed, RAD-seq has been successfully utilized to infer recent and ancient evolutionary histories of multiple organisms including plants (e. g. [13, 14] ). We then use our dataset to revisit the evolution of key traits (plant habit, monoecygynodioecy and pollination syndromes) that may have contributed to the evolutionary and ecological success of the genus.
Loci for which samples had three or more sequences were removed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood (RAxML  [17] ), Bayesian (MrBayes  [18] ) and parsimony (TNT,  [19] ) approaches (concatenated, unpartitioned dataset) as well as a gene tree reconciliation method (ASTRAL-III,  [20] ). Stochastic mapping  [21]  was utilized to estimate the ancestral state and number of transitions for three traits (plant habit, monoecy-gynodioecy and pollination syndromes). Three models were tested: equal rates (ER), symmetric (SYM) and all rates different (ARD). The AIC score and Akaike weight for each model were computed. See Appendix S1 for further details.
RESULTS The final dataset included 600 loci of 113 bp each for a total of 67,800 bp (44. 2% GC, 17. 7% missing data, 23. 6% variable and 10. 0% parsimony informative sites). Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) analyses produced identical and highly supported topologies (Fig 2A  , S1 ). The multispecies coalescent analysis (CO) produced a similar topology, though less resolved, which is not surprising given the short length of loci. In ML, BI and CO topologies,   S3 ) revealed that the ancestor of all extant Ficus was likely an actively-pollinated, gynodioecious tree from which hemiepiphytes and root climbers evolved. Monoecy appeared at least twice. Active pollination was lost several times independently and never reacquired (Fig  2B ). section.
Data Collection The questionnaire was distributed by trained interviewers. After obtaining the authorization from each pharmacy owner, the study objectives were explained to each patient after obtaining a written consent. The self-administered anonymous questionnaire was in Arabic, the native language in Lebanon; it was composed of different sections: the first part included sociodemographic (age, gender, place of residence, marital status, and educational level), social habits (cigarette and waterpipe smoking, alcohol consumption), physical activity, family history of diabetes, duration and complications of diabetes. The second one comprised questions about insulin: name, dose, frequency of administration, shaking the vial or not before withdrawing, respecting the time of administration, storage, changing the needle after use, respecting the expiry date of the vial after opening; we also included questions about the level of patient's fasting blood glucose (in the last checkup), the frequency of monitoring, the number of hypoand/or hyperglycemia episodes during the last 12 months.
Data Related to Insulin Therapy Information regarding insulin therapy is summarized in Table  4. Six different patterns of insulin administration were observed. Most patients, about 76%, used the regimen based on the administration of a basal insulin alone or a basal insulin and bolus premix. The remaining patients were on other regimens. The majority of patients (79%) used insulin pens. Thirteen percent of the patients were well controlled with an HbA1C \ 7%. Forty-nine percent were considered to be reasonably controlled with an HbA1C between 7% and 8%. Thirty-five percent were poorly controlled (HbA1c [ 8%). Concerning the patient's education, 88% of the patients gave a correct answer when asked about the normal range of fasting blood glucose and 84% knew the target levels of HbA1C that provide a good diabetes control (HBA1C \ 8%).
The First-tier is the Edge Cloud. It remains distributed over a SCeNBce cluster for providing close-to-zero service latency directly from the networks' edge. The edge cloud is used to support the executions of VNFs as deep packet inspection, GTP encapsulation or distributed SON. The Edge Cloud will reduce the cost of high bandwidth fronthaul over long distances to centralised data centres while being able to provide close-to-zero latency services. The edge cloud consists in a Multi-RAT 5G small cell cluster with its standard backhaul interface. It allows multiple core network operators to provide its services sharing the same physical infrastructure. In this environment, the small cell is the termination of the GTP-User Plane which communicates with each of the core networks. The Second-tier is a high-scale cloud.
Radio Resource Management within the Radio Access Network Currently, radio resource allocation remains inadequate, especially in urban areas, where, due to the increased in traffic and limited spectrum, operators may have to decrease the size of the cells. The dense deployment of small cells leads to interferences among neighbouring base stations. In order to solve this, a separation between control from data plane of the Radio Resource Management (RRM) is proposed. This way, the radio controller could be allocated in the Central Cloud, benefiting from the overall view of the underlying architecture and making decisions to the whole distributed data plane on how to operate, and reducing interference in a centralised manner and increasing the spectrum utilisation efficiency. Therefore, the RAN evolves not only to provide multi-operator radio access, but also to achieve an increase in the capacity and the performance.
Conclusions Considering the envisioned disruptive capabilities of forthcoming 5G communications and the highly demanding requirements of the services that will be supported, a radical RAN paradigm change is foreseen. It is also expected that this transformation will leverage NFV, SDN and MEC technologies as key enablers of this philosophy turnaround. We rely on the two-tier Cloud-Enabled RAN as the platform to execute the virtualised services in end-user proximity. This architecture benefits the network operator from CAPex/OPex reduction, but also provides the necessary infrastructure to share the point-of-presence between multiple operators and third-party service providers. We present the benefits of transferring the user data plane close to the end user, both in terms of QoS and from an operation prospective.
Generation of ectopic / overexpression and knockout constructs The TcSir2rp1 open reading frame (TriTryp accession number TcCLB. 508207. 150) was amplified from CL-Brener genomic DNA using KOD polymerase (Novagen). The resulting PCR product encoding the full-length ORF was cloned directly into the T. cruzi expression vector, pTcINDEX  [49] , using NotI and BamHI restriction sites. To construct gene replacement cassettes, the 5' and 3' UTR regions adjacent to the TcSir2rp1 ORF (~500 bp) were PCR amplified from genomic DNA (S1 Fig for sequences), stitched together in a 'knitting' PCR reaction before ligating into the pGEM-5Zf(+) vector (Promega) via NotI restriction sites. Following this, the antibiotic resistance markers blasticidin-S (BSD) and puromycin N-acetyltransferase (PAC) were cloned into the stitch sequence BamHI / HindIII sites located between the adjoining UTRs.
HCl (pH7. 5), 500 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT, 2 mM n-OG and 500 mM imidazole). Recombinant TEV was used to remove the tag (overnight incubation at 4˚C). The second purification step consisted of anion exchange chromatography (HiTrap Q HP 1 mL) with an increasing NaCl gradient in 50 mM Tris. HCl (pH 7. 5), 2 mM n-OG and 1 mM DTT. Protein eluted at around 150 mM NaCl. Fractions containing pure protein were pooled and the protein was concentrated to ~9 mg/mL. T. brucei Sir2rp1 (accession number: AAX70528. 1) tagged with a C-terminal hexahistidine was expressed and characterized essentiality as described previously  [50]  L. infantum Sir2rp1 was expressed and purified as previously described  [22].
63 and 40 μM. For the NAD + constants, the peptide substrate concentration was kept in excess at 40 μM while NAD + concentration was varied from 15. 63 to 2000 μM. Initial velocities were measured between 4 and 6 minutes where steady state conditions were assumed. Data was analysed with GraphPad Prism version 6. 0 software using the built-in enzyme kinetics, Michaelis-Menten equation regression for K m and V max determinations. k cat was calculated from the total enzyme concentration [E] t according to the formula in k cat ¼ V max ½E t Eq 1 Potential inhibitors, including newly synthesized BNIP derivatives, were tested using 200 μM NAD + and 10 μM of peptide substrate as previously described  [46]. The inhibition is expressed in percentage and was calculated as the ratio of velocity for the linear portion of the reaction, normalized with a no drug control and a reference drug control (nicotinamide at 2 mM).
Crystallization, data collection and processing Prior to crystallization, purified TcSir2rp1 was incubated with three molar equivalents of acetylated p53 peptide (372-KKGQSTSRHK-K[Ac]-LMFKTEG-389). Co-crystallization experiments were carried out using the sitting drop vapor diffusion method in 96-well plates using an Innovadyne nanodrop robot. Crystals were grown in drops composed of 300 nL protein/ p53 mixture and 300 nL crystallization condition (100 mM MES pH 6. 5 and 1. 6 M MgSO 4 ) at 4˚C. Crystals were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen in crystallization condition supplemented with 25% glycerol. Diffraction data were collected on Proxima 2 beamline (SOLEIL, Saclay, France) on a Dectris Eiger 9M detector. Data were processed with xds  [54]  and CCP4 software package  [55].
Molecular docking studies The 3. 5 Å crystal structure of TcSir2rp1 was used for docking of compounds 9, 1a and 1b. Additionally, crystal structures of human SIRT2 were downloaded from the RCSB Protein Data Bank  [59]  (3zgo,  [60] ; 4rmj,  [61] ; 4rmg,  [62]. AutoDock Tools version 1. 5. 6 was used to prepare the protein model for docking  [62]. We used the protein models with and without ligands (an acetylated fragment of p53 for TcSir2, ADP and nicotinamide for 4rmj, NAD + and SirtReal for 4rmg). Water molecules were removed, polar hydrogens added, charges for the protein calculated and a pdbqt file for each protein model produced. Coordinates for the docking search grid were also determined. Ligands were prepared for docking by drawing their structures in Chem3D, optimising mm2, and writing the structures to pdb files.
Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi assays T. cruzi epimastigotes were seeded at 1. 25 x 10 6 cells/mL in a 96-well plate in the presence of varying concentrations of test compounds. Following a 64-hour incubation, 15 μL of a resazurin solution (Sigma-Aldrich; 1. 1 mg/mL in PBS). Following an additional 6-hr incubation, cell viability was determined by measuring the fluorescence of each culture with a BioTek FLX800 Fluorescence Microplate Reader (excitation and emission wavelengths of 540/535 nm and 590/610 nm, respectively) and associated Gen5 Reader Control 2. 0 software. EC 50 values were determined by nonlinear regression to a sigmoidal dose-response curve using GraFit software (Version 5. 0, Erithacus Software). Each assay was performed in at least triplicate in parallel to the known trypanocidal agent nifurtimox.
Plates were imaged in an INCell 2000 (GE Healthcare) high-content analyser by taking 16 pictures per well at 20 X objective amplification. Images were analysed with INCell Developer software (GE Healthcare) using the segmentation of host cell nuclei and parasite kinetoplast DNA. The measurement output used was the average number of parasites per cell calculated by the ratio of host cell nuclei/parasite kinetoplast DNA.
) for measuring mitochondrial depolarization related to transient cytosolic Ca 2+ signals, 5 μg/mL of HOECHST (Sigma-Aldrich) for nuclei detection and 10 μL/ well of WST-8 reagent (Sigma-Aldrich) to detect viable cells. Then, absorbance at 450 nm was measured in order to analyse cell viability (WST-8). Cells were washed three times and analysed using the automatic fluorescence microscope BD Pathway 855. Pictures were taken using a 20 X objective and 488/515 nm ex/em filters for CellEvent Caspase 3/7 reagent, 555/ 645 nm ex/em filters for TMRM and 380/460 nm ex/em filters for HOECHST. Data were analysed with AttoVision (Becton Dickinson). The LDH assay was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol, Cytotoxicity Detection Kit LDH (Roche). LDH release was measured in mU/L in culture media obtained from cells subjected to treatments for 24 hrs, by measuring the released LDH rate of oxidation of NADH to NAD + at 340 nm using Synergy 2 from BioTech.
For the neurite outgrowth assay, samples were washed with PBS, fixed using methanol for 10 mins at -20˚C. The fixed samples were washed three times with PBS and permeabilized with PBS-Triton X-100 0. 3% for 10 mins, washed three times and then blocked with BSA 0. 5% in PBS for 30 mis. Anti-tubulin III antibody (Sigma-Aldrich) was added at 1/1000 dilution in blocking solution and incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature. After three washing steps, a secondary antibody Alexa 488 was added at 1/100 and incubated for 60 mins. After washing three times with PBS, pictures were taken using the BD Pathway 855 automated fluorescent microscope at 488/515 nm ex/em. Neurite average length was calculated using the neurite outgrowth module of AttoVision software (Becton Dickinson). DNA damage was evaluated by washing cells with PBS and fixation using paraformaldehyde 3% in PBS for 15 mins.
After which they were washed three times with PBS, permeabilized with PBS-Triton X-100 0. 3% for 10 mins, washed again prior to blocking with PBS-BSA 0. 5% for 30 mins. H2AX antibody (Abcam) was added at 1/400 in PBS-BSA 2. 5% and incubated for 60 mins at RT. After three washing steps, the secondary antibody Alexa 488 was added 1/100 and incubated for 60 mins. After washing three times with PBS, pictures were taken using the BD Pathway 855 automated fluorescent microscope at 488/515 nm ex/em filters. To determine the DNA damage, intensity in the nuclei was analyzed using AttoVision software (Becton Dickinson). Nimesulide (400 μM) was included as a positive toxicity control, and the vehicle as a negative control. The relative percentage of deviation from the negative control was quantified and assigned with a number from 0 to 5 according to the following criteria: 0 (0-20% deviation), 1 (20-40%), 2 (40-60%), 3 (60-100%), 4 (100-1000%), or 5 (>1000% deviation).
In vivo activity To evaluate BNIPSpd  (9)  efficacy in vivo, five-to six-week-old female BALB/c mice (Charles River) and infected with T. cruzi trypomastigotes expressing luciferase. Parasites were collected from the supernatants of a monolayer of Vero infected cells, washed and suspended in PBSglucose 0. 2%, and injected intraperitoneally (1 x 10 4 per mouse). After 7 days of infection, mice were treated with drugs for 4 consecutive days orally with (benznidazole in 20% Kolliphor HS 15) or intravenously with (BNIPSpd (9) in 10% DMSO) at a dose of 100 or 5 mg/kg/ day, respectively. Infection and treatment efficiency were evaluated following subcutaneous injection of 2. 1 mg of luciferin and through live imaging using an IVIS Lumina LT (Perkin Elmer). Images of the animals were analysed using the Living Image software (Perkin Elmer).
The research leading to these results has received funding from: the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  under grant agreement No. 602773  ( Project KINDReD ) and Fundacão para a Ciência e  Tecnologia (FCT)/ Ministerio da Educacão e Ciência (MEC)  cofunded by  FEDER , partnership agreement PT2020, through the  Research Unit No. 4293. LG was supported by the  Fundacão para a Ciência e Tecnologia  through grant  SFRH/BD/81604/2011. DMC was supported by  KINDReD-PR301404-BD III scholarship. JT is an Investigator FCT funded by National funds through FCT and co-funded through  European Social Fund  within the  Human Potential Operating Programme. The authors thank the  EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility  at  Swansea University  for high resolution mass spectral analysis on all the new compounds.
Chemical Characterization of Untreated Banana Rachis Banana rachis pretreated materials was the substrate used in this study. As previously reported in the Materials and Methods section, the raw material was analyzed to determine the chemical composition. In the best of the Authors' knowledge, in literature compositional analysis of banana rachis has been reported only from Guerrero et al. [37] , otherwise data have to be compared with chemical composition of date palm rachis, the most similar matrix  [42]. The chemical characterization of our Ecuadorian banana rachis has revealed the presence of cellulose (36. 5%), hemicellulose (22. 3%), lignin (26. 2%), and ash (15. 2%). Comparing the lignin content of date palm rachis has been found in the range 14-27%, and cellulose in the range 30-44%, whereas banana rachis analyzed in the cited paper has a content of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose of 10.
The study protocol was approved by the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (ANSM) and ethics committees in respective countries (Comitede Protection des Personnes I ˆle-de-France 3, Ethikkommission Burgenland in Austria, Ethik-Kommission der Universita ¨tsmedizin Go ¨ttingen in Germany). A statement of compliance (no. 1782052v0) to the reference methodology MR01 was issued at the National Commission for Computing and Freedoms in France (CNIL). The protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT02382991). The study was in full compliance with ISO 14155 (GCP).
If the hypotheses of normality and equality of variances were not confirmed, the non-parametric analysis for a crossover design proposed by Tudor and Koch  [32]  was planned. In case of missing data, data for participants were excluded from the analysis of the criteria with missing data. The statistical analysis involved using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. 0 under the Microsoft Windows 10 environment. P < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. All tests were bilateral. Data are presented as mean (SD) or median (Q1-Q3).
One dimensional diffraction patterns were obtained in the 2θ range 0°-43° by integrating the two dimensional images with the program Fit2D  [103]. Some patterns were collected upon pressure release (labelled (rev) in Tables  and Figures). Unit cell parameters determination through Rietveld refinements was possible for all the ramps (Table  S1 ). The Rietveld structural refinements were performed on the ZL/0. 5FL, ZL/1FL composites at 2. 09 and 2. 01 GPa, respectively (from now on will be both labelled 2 GPa (i. e. , the highest pressures at which the quality of the diffraction patterns allowed the structural refinement) and upon complete decompression (Pamb (rev)). All the structural refinements were carried out in the space group P6/mmm starting from the atomic coordinates reported by Gigli et al.