dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Powder X-ray and Neutron diffraction and Rietveld analysis PXRD patterns were measured at room temperature on a PANanalitycal X'Pert Pro diffractometer (40 kV, 40 mA) in Bragge-Brentano geometry with Cu Ka radiation in the range 10e100 with step size of 0. 02 and with a step counting time of 10 s. PND patterns were collected in the D2B powder diffractometer  [24]  (l ¼ 1. 594 Å) at 300 K and 4 K for all samples, and D1B powder diffractometer  [25]  (l ¼ 1. 28 Å) was used to obtain information for x ¼ 0. 2 sample at different temperatures; all these measurements were performed at the Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, France. The measurements were performed in the angular range from 0 to 159. 95 with steps of 0. 05 on D2B and 0. 77 e128. 77 with a step of 0. 1 on D1B. Structure refinement of the PXRD and PND patterns were performed by the Rietveld method using the FullProf program  [26, 27].
Previous studies have shown that in doped double perovskites, the symmetry gains when increasing the average size of the A-site cation (r A ) as is the case of La 2Àx Sr x CoIrO 6  [38]  and A 2-x Sr x NiWO 6 with A ¼ Ca or Ba, double perovskites  [13]. For this reason, a set of space groups of higher symmetry than I 2/m were explored, and the best results were obtained with the tetragonal I 4/m space group. The same space group was used previously to refine the BaLaCoSbO 6 double perovskite  [22]. Antisite disorder was determined from the refinement of PND data measured at room temperature, by allowing the occupancies of Mn and Sb ions in their respective positions to be varied. The best results for the Rietveld refinement of the RT PND patterns for x ¼ 0. 2 and x ¼ 0. 7 are shown in Fig.
Magnetic characterization The ZFC and FC magnetic susceptibility (c) as a function of T for all samples were measured at 1000 Oe. The FC curves for Ba 1þx La 1- x MnSbO 6 (0. 1 x 0. 7) are shown in Fig. 7a. The susceptibility exhibits a steady rise below z200 K for the samples with lower x values showing a ferromagnetic behaviour. At low temperatures, the curves display a cusp between 14 and 21 K depending on the sample. The magnetization shows significant differences between the FC and ZFC data as shown in Fig. 7b  for x ¼ 0. 2, 0. 4 and 0. 7; and this is due to magnetic frustration in the system which is more remarkable for x ¼ 0. 2. It is noticeable that c decreases with increasing x, but in spite of that, the macroscopic ferromagnetic behaviour still remains even for x ¼ 0. 5 and is not observed at all for x ¼ 0.
Acknowledgements Financial support from the  Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y T ecnicas (CONICET)  (grant to R. E. C. : PIP # 11220120100360 , fellowship to D. M. A. ), by the  Agencia Nacional de Promoci on Científica y Tecnol ogica  (grant to  R. E. C. : PICT 2013-2149 ), by the  Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Universidad Nacional de C ordoba (SECyT-UNC)  (project number  203/14 ). J. A. A. acknowledges the financial support of the  Spanish MINECO  to the project  MAT2013-41099-R. The authors gratefully acknowledge the  Institut Laue Langevin (ILL) (Grenoble, France)  for access to D2B and  D1B  powder diffractometers.
5 -5 µm,  = 2 nm) in (c). Figures  2a, 3a  and 4a  show spectra of the incoming beams and of the phase-matched idler beam by rotating LGT. Note that for sake of clarity, the measured amplified signal spectra in configuration (b) are not shown. The LGT slab is cut at the predicted optimal angle  PM = 58. 3° in the - plane, and controlled using X-Rays in backscattering geometry. In order to limit the group-velocity mismatch between the pump and signal beams, a slab thickness of  = 3. 84 mm was used in the three experiments. It was polished to optical quality and mounted on a rotating stage. The incident angle was measured by using the incident-to-reflected beam angle method. This technique results in ±1° error on the measured angle. Fig. 2. Experimental data for the generated beam at   (red) using a broadband pump at λp = 0.
Funding. This project received funding from the  ANR  ( ANR-10-IDEX-03-02 ), the  ANR-ASTRID  ( ANR-15-ASTR-0005 ),  ELI-ALPS GOP-1. 1. 1-12/B-2012-0001 , Laserlab-Europe   EU-H2020 654148 ,  FEMTO  and  CMDO+ CNRS Networks.
The archival spectra comprise the bulk of our Ca II measurements. APO/DIS (R ∼ 2500) and CASLEO/REOSC (R ∼ 12,000) spectra were reduced using standard IRAF 2  routines. See details in  Cincunegui & Mauas 2004 for CASLEO reductions and Cincunegui et al. (2007)  and  Buccino et al. (2014)  for presentation of some of the Proxima Cen and AD Leo observations. Magellan/MIKE spectra (R ∼ 25,000) were reduced using the standard MIKE pipeline included in the Carnegie Python Distribution (CarPy). Science-level VLT/XSHOOTER (R ∼ 6000) data products were obtained from the ESO Science Archive Facility, and Keck/HIRES (R ∼ 60,000) pipeline-reduced spectra were obtained from the KOA archive. As we are interested in looking at as many spectra as possible and measuring only equivalent widths of the Ca II K line, the pipelineextracted spectra using MAKEE 3  suit our purposes well.
We find that the   3  and 4 ). The black circles represent data from Keck/HIRES, green triangles are VLT/XSHOOTER, orange circles are CASLEO/REOSC, magenta diamonds are Magellan/MIKE, and blue squares are APO/DIS. 1-σ photometric error bars are shown, but they are typically smaller than the data points. PHOENIX model chosen for subtraction has a negligible effect on the equivalent width measurements, but that the uncertainty introduced from differences in the interactively-chosen integration bounds is slightly larger than the photometric uncertainty. We do not correct the photometric error bars on the individual equivalent width measurements, and the error bars reported in Table 2 come from the dispersion in the many equivalent width measurements made for each target (described fully in Section 4.
2016) , we do not include it in the fit, although its effect on the fit is small. GJ 1214 is an outlier from the fits for all nine UV lines, and GJ 876 is a significant outlier for all but Mg II and Lyα. Of the seven MUSCLES M dwarfs, GJ 876 exhibited the most frequent and largest flares. These flares were observed in all lines except Mg II and Lyα, which were observed on different HST visits from the other far-UV emission lines, so GJ 876's apparently elevated UV surface fluxes in Figure  5  may be due to these flares. There is no clear dependence on fit quality (as measured by the Pearson correlation coefficients or the standard deviation of the fit) with the formation temperature of the UV line. By eye, it appears that some of the Ca II-UV correlations in Figure  5  may be better fit by two power laws with a break around W λ,corr ≈ 1, the transition in this dataset between the "inactive" (W λ,corr 1) and "active" (W λ,corr 1) M dwarfs.
2016). GJ 1214 was not included in the Lyα-Ca II K or EUV-Ca II K fits, but was included in all others. The fitted power law parameters are printed in Table  6. Note-All relations have the form log 10 F S,UV = (α × log 10 W λ,corr ) + β, where F S,UV is the surface flux of the UV emission line in erg cm -2 s -1 and W λ,corr is the Ca II K equivalent width in Å. ρ is the Pearson correlation coefficient, n is the probability of no correlation, and σ is the standard deviation of the data points about the best-fit line (dex). The additional fit parameters for Lyα and EUV surface flux apply separately to the "active" (W λ,corr > 1) and "inactive" M dwarfs (W λ,corr < 1). Combining the active and inactive fit components, σ = 0. 12 for Lyα, and σ = 0. 13 for the EUV. a Formation temperatures are from the CHIANTI database  (Dere et al.
Results of laboratory tests Experimental data are analysed for each examined configuration (D, V). Measured geometrical parameters are used to determine the type of curve, to reconstruct and trace the bridge profile and to calculate bridge characteristics. Bridge profiles are approximated as surfaces of revolution with constant mean curvature (Delaunay roulettes). Evolution of their main geometrical parameters is briefly presented below. Gorge radius y* decreases almost linearly with increasing separation distance D for all examined volumes, with similar evolution for both sphere diameters. For higher bridge volumes V, higher final separation distance D r (distance at rupture) is observed, from about D r =1. 2 mm for V=1 μl, to D r =2. 2 mm for V=10 μl. Angle G decreases from the beginning to about 50% of final separation D r , than it remains constant up to the rupture.
The crystal structure was studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction (see Supporting Information for details). Atomic coordinates are given in Table  S1  (Supporting Information), and crystal data and refinement details in Table  S2  (Supporting Information). In all cases, the occupancy parameter of the mercury cation was refined, as well as that of the oxygen atom O4 at (1/2 1/2 0). The displacement parameter of the latter atom, which corresponds to a low electronic density located close to several heavy atoms, is strongly unstable and cannot be freely refined anisotropically; it was instead constrained to be isotropic with a value of twice the equivalent isotropic displacement parameter of atom O3 (so as to account for the different environments of these two atoms); the choice of this multiplicative factor has however no very marked effect and it was checked that its variation in the range 1.
The former may plausibly be related to the low mass resolution we have used, while the latter constraint may change in more complex ini- tial conditions. Nevertheless we believe it is remarkable and tantalizing that the simple framework we have discussed produces structures bearing so much qualitative resemblance to astrophysical objects, and suggesting the possibility of a different and simple explanation for their observed projected motions. The authors of this work were granted access to the HPC resources of The Institute for Scientific Computing and Simulation financed by Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the Investissements d'Avenir program. is the maximum gradient of the LOS velocity (details below), and one orthogonal to this direction.
Current status of decay data The relevant nuclear structure data for 237 Np and 241 Am measurements, are decay data for 233 Pa, 237,238 Np, 238 Pu, and 241,242g,242m Am, 242 Cm, respectively. The main databases for radioactive decay data are ENSDF  [1]  and DDEP  [2]. In Tables  1  and 2 , most prominent X-, γ -ray, and α lines are summarized. Candidates for the emissions for activation experiments were summarized, and uncertainties of the current emission probabilities were explained in the framework of the WPEC subgroup 41. The difficulty due to the contaminated emissions will be a candidate for unrecognized systematic error.
Thus, the assessment of electronic board quality must be performed in a simple and reproducible manner. Each board recently designed by the section has a corresponding automated test system which have been designed to easily detect and diagnose potential electrical errors (e. g. dry joins, open pins). A set of testers based on the National Instruments PCI eXtension for Instrumentation (PXI) [1] modular acquisition platform was chosen to test boards of FGClite project  [2]. FGClite is a radiation-tolerant Function Generator Controller (FGC) that has a modular design, facilitating test possibilities. The test software for FGClite was generally written in LabWindows, a C based language using PXI acquisition and generation instrumentation. This PXI Tester platform was described at the TWEPP 2015  [3]  and since than more than 720 FGClite boards were successfully tested.
PXI acquisition and generation platform The PXI-1042Q Chassis can house up to 7 data acquisition and generation modules and a controller card. The controller runs Windows, using C-based LabWindows as the platform to execute programs accessing PXI cards. The PXI crate accepts different modules to customize the tester according to -2 - The measurement and control functionalities of the PXI test platform can be summed up as follows: • 3 channel programmable power supply 0-6 V @ 0-1 A, 0-20 V @ 0-0. 5 A, -20-0 V @ 0-0. 5 A, • 32 analogue inputs, • 4 analogue outputs, • 236 digital IO, • WorldFIP communication, • 4 × 64 cross point SSR matrix. In order to extend the test possibilities and flexibility of the platform a cross point Solid State Relay (SSR) matrix is included in the system. The matrix functions as a software-defined relay matrix and it is able to interconnect sets of points of its interface.
Both the test infrastructure and the potential JTAG chain of the DUT are controlled by a device compatible with JTAG test generation software (JTAG Provision  [5] ). The controller can drive or sense any IO cell chained into its TAP. Interfaces of the controller are shown in figure  4. When two boundary-scan compatible cells are inter-connected, it is possible to validate their connection by sending test vectors to their IOs. The methodology of this process is shown in figure  3. Most of the test vectors are generated automatically based on their netlists and boardto-board interconnections. The information about the JTAG compatible IC is included in a *. bsdl file. This requires minimum effort from the design point of view since the netlists are generated automatically and the inter-connection definitions can be easily integrated into the program.
Unified test software The software used to test boards includes C, LabVIEW, and python. Automated JTAG B-S tests are generated and executed using ProVision. Every test function is required to follow a certain procedure, described for every board. For all DUTs there is a need to be able to execute all the tests at once, but also separately. There are several test states: PASS, FAIL, SKIPPED (not in the test list), PENDING (currently under test) and ERROR. The board test is complete only if none of the registered tests are skipped  [3]. After each test procedure, an output log file within a unified text structure is generated. To prevent board and equipment failure in case of detected failure, for each DUT, parameters such as current consumption for each test phase must be specified. All the aforementioned information is standard but different for every DUT.
That is why, a generic software template in C language for the test was created to decrease the amount of development needed to create software for a new DUT. The functions defined in the template can call modules in other languages such as LabVIEW or python as well as execute previously generated ProVision tests. The template and the methodology were successfully used to create all test software components for FGClite and therefore defined a unified test software suite for future DUTs. This provides a good user experience, since the software user interface (UI) is also unified among different tester software. Since most of the code is standard and included in the template,.
JINST 12 C04006 the amount of work needed to develop software for a new DUT is limited to writing DUT-specific test functions (if not generated by JTAG-BS). The code and JTAG B-S files of each test software are put into the dedicated repository (GitLab) to be able to track improvements and organize the code. Each improvement, e. g. improvements during the production phase, are tracked in the repository system and are connected to the task management platform (Agile Jira). Each issue is fixed and related with a GitLab commit.
Devices under test description This section describes FGC3 and FGClite boards. Additionally, the complexity of each board is defined based on the number of components and pins showed on the table  2. FGClite is a radiation-tolerant FGC connected to the back-end industrial computers using the real-time communication. Its design is based on seven electronic boards containing 5 FPGAs. The Analogue Board (AB) embeds three voltage acquisition channels using delta-sigma ADCs and one analogue voltage output channel suing the 16-bit DAC, together with signal conditioning and a temperature compensated high-accuracy voltage reference. The Radiation Diagnostic Interface Module (RadDIM) contains an FPGA for twenty-four digital and four analogue input diagnostic channels. The Auxiliary Board (XB) contains an FPGA for external bus communication, radiation monitor and it interfaces with the RadDIM.
Generally, for the same DUT both platforms can be used concurrently. In comparison to having a single-platform used before  [3] , the most fitting test solution can be selected from two, which implies fewer constraints during the test design. Since both PXI and JTAG B-S can be managed with the same software and are connected to the same connection interface, the potential amount of development needed to change a platform during the test execution is reduced as well. This leads to an increase in test coverage as well as a decrease in test development time. Table  3  shows FGC3 and FGClite boards and tests chosen for their tests. Only PXI PXI, JTAG B-S In the case of the FGClite, the PXI-based platform was used to test all active electronics, while the JTAG B-S was introduced for the passive MB due to a high number of connections.
JINST 12 C04006 The components connected to the internal JTAG chain include: CPLD on the NB, and FPGA/DSP on the MB. All components not connected to any JTAG chain are tested by the PXI. After each test a report is automatically generated, and is stored in a database. If all tests are passed, the Identification Number (ID) and Barcode of the tested DUT are associated and added to the database of group equipment. Otherwise, if any test has failed, the boards are diagnosed failures are reported to the board manufacturer.
Conclusions By using multiple design platforms and fitting a test strategy accordingly, it is possible to test complicated boards with relatively small design effort and manpower. Thanks to the Boundary-Scan automated test generation used for most of the digital circuits, the amount of time needed to create a test has significantly decreased in the section. For these tests the only requirement is to provide connection from tested IO to any B-S cell, the test logic design itself is often almost removed from test design workflow. If the DUT is mostly analogue or non-BS-compatible, it is tested with the PXI. During unit test development and validation phase, GitLab allows to easily track changes, effort and organizes the development process. By using unified software approach, it is possible to adaptively select different pieces of test software (including C, LabVIEW, python and Provision) to select the most efficient way to develop a test solution, maintaining single test execution standard.
Acknowledgements We like to thank  Matthias Staudacher ,  Dmytro Volin ,  Zengo Tsuboi ,  Gregory Korchemsky ,  Gregor Richter ,  Leonard Zippelius ,  Ivan Kostov ,  Didina Serban , and  Stijn van Tongeren  for interesting discussions. RF thanks  Vasily Pestun  for related discussions. We thank the referees for useful remarks. Further we thank the  IPhT, Saclay and "Mathematische Physik von Raum, Zeit und Materie", Humboldt University Berlin  for hospitality. DM received support from  GK 1504 "Masse, Spektrum, Symmetrie". RF is supported by the  IHÉS visitor program. The research leading to these results has received funding from the  People Programme  ( Marie Curie Actions ) of the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme   FP7/2007-2013/ under REA Grant Agreement No 317089  (GATIS).
In particular, at the endpoint region of the spectrum, a very good energy resolution reduces the smearing of the data and increases the possibility to resolve the shape of the spectrum and to better distinguish between 163 Ho events and background. A FWHM of the order of a few eV enables all the structures present in the 163 Ho spectrum to be resolved, thus reducing possible systematic errors. MMCs developed for X-ray spectroscopy have already shown an   4. Achievable sensitivity at 90% C. L. for an experiment collecting a total statistics of 10 10 events as a function of the unresolved pile-up fraction for three different energy resolutions (left). Achievable sensitivity at 90% C. L. for an experiment collecting a total statistics of 10 14 events as a function of the unresolved pile-up fraction for five different energy resolutions (right).
(4) In a calorimetric measurement all the energy released in the EC process, besides the one taken away by the electron neutrino is measured. In this case the measured energy can then be written as: E c = T e + E H + E H. (5) A first attempt to give a theoretical prediction of the spectrum including the continuum structures of shake-off electrons has been described in  [39]. Figure  14  (left) shows a reproduction of Figure  3  showed in  [39]. The theoretical model used for the fit includes the excited states with two holes corresponding to the 4s and 5s electron for both shake-up and shake-off processes and with two holes corresponding to the 4s and 4d (3/2 and 5/2) electrons for both shake-up and shake-off processes. The fit is done on the data described in  [22]  which have been obtained using the detector MMC-ECHo-0.
For the investigation of such background contributions on a realistic experimental setup, the usage of Monte Carlo simulations is mandatory. The precision in generating low energy particles in a simulation of electromagnetic radiation depends crucially on the accuracy and completeness of the used database for the atomic shell structure. The uncertainties in the energy loss function for particles having such low energies, which is of the order of 10%  [127] , should be carefully considered. An important aspect in the development of the Monte Carlo simulations for electromagnetic radiation is the definition of a minimum energy or minimum step length to which electromagnetic particles are propagated. Particles with a range smaller than the minimum step length are usually stopped and their kinetic energy is deposited in the volume they are in.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the  MLL  staff for their support during the setup and running of the experiment. UK personnel were supported by the  Science Technology Funding Council (STFC)  under Grants No. A0133202  and No. ST/L005727. A. P. and J. J. were partially supported by the  Spanish MINECO  Grant No. AYA2014-59084-P , by the  E. U. FEDER  funds, and by the  AGAUR/Generalitat de Catalunya  Grant No. SGR0038/2014.
The raw datasets were processed by ALMA staff using the CASA software package (version 4. 5. 2). The absolute flux calibration was determined from observations of Pallas, J2357-5311, and J2258-275, with a systematic uncertainty of < 10%. Observations of J2258-2758 were also used to determine the bandpass calibration and to account for timedependent gain variations. To reduce the size of the dataset, the visibilities were averaged into 30 second intervals. We generated continuum images using the multi-frequency synthesis CLEAN algorithm in CASA, and correct for the telescope primary beam. In Band 6, the primary beam of the ALMA 12-m antennas has FWHM∼ 26. The imaging of the 12 CO data is described in  Matrà et al. (2017).