dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data presentation Particle size characteristics were expressed in Feret's diameter and length of fibre (LEFI), as described in the USP and EP. Feret's diameter is the distance between imaginary parallel lines tangent to a randomly oriented particle and perpendicular to the ocular scale. LEFI is defined as the longest direct path from one end to the other within the particle contour and is adapted to non-spherical particles. Particle size distribution (PSD) is described as mass-weighted volume distribution. Shape parameters (sphericity) were used to differentiate air bubbles from particles. Data is expressed in medians (interquartile range), if not otherwise specified.
Sources of data, data variables Data of each study participant are collected in a structured proforma and entered into an electronic database of PMTCT programme routinely. We extracted data on the following variables: age, occupation, literacy, spouse's HIV status, patient's resident township, baseline CD4 count, baseline WHO clinical staging, baseline haemoglobin level, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, history of previous ART before enrolment, date of HIV diagnosis, date of ART initiation, ART regimen, and date of delivery.
Statistical analysis The data from the electronic database of the PMTCT programme was extracted and imported into STATA version 14. 2 (College Station, TX). The uptake of ART and delivery status was assessed as of 31st March 2017 (censor date) or outcome date whichever date was earlier. To study the socio-demographic factors associated with uptake of ART/pARV, we used Cox proportional Hazards model. Hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Among those initiated on ART/pARV, we used Log-binomial model to assess the factors associated with a) shorter duration of ART/pARV (duration of ART/pARV ≤8 weeks among who initiated on ART/pARV before delivery) and b) ART/pARV after delivery among HIV-positive mothers who had delivery record. A P-value of less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses.
Strengths This is the first study conducted in Myanmar on the ART/pARV initiation and the delays involved in HIV-positive women enrolled under PMTCT programme. We used data that is collected by this programme under routine conditions and therefore this is likely to reflect ground realities. The findings of the study therefore have direct relevance to the hospital based PMTCT care setting. In addition, there is a system of routine data quality assurance in our programme and the data quality is regularly checked and corrected. Therefore, data errors, if any are likely to be minimal.
Recruitment The initial duration of patient enrolment expected is 2 years, starting in April 2017. ► End of 2015: national grant award. ► 2016: approval by an independent ethics committee. ► 2017: inclusion of patients. ► 2018-2019: end of inclusions, monitoring of participating centres and queries to investigators; overseen by the steering committee at the REVA Network meetings every 4 months; blind review to determine protocol violation, to define intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis populations; new queries to investigators, cleaning and closure of the database. ► 2019: data analysis, writing of the manuscript and submission for publication. MEthods: AssIgnMEnt of IntErvEntIon, dAtA CollECtIon, MAnAgEMEnt And AnAlysIs Allocation and sequence intervention A computer-generated randomisation is performed with stratification according to centre and PaCO 2 ≤45 or >45 mm Hg measured at the end of the spontaneous breathing trial in a 1:1 ratio, using a centralised web-based management system (Clinfile).
After randomisation, the strategy assigned to the patient (HFNC alone or with NIV) will be initiated immediately after extubation. Open access data collection and management Data will be collected on an Case Report Form (e-CRF) by a trained investigator or research assistant at each centre (figure  2 ). At time of inclusion, the following data on weaning procedure will be collected: type of spontaneous breathing trial performed before extubation (T-tube or pressure-support trial), vital parameters at the end of the spontaneous breathing trial and classification according to weaning difficulty. 18 We will also collect qualitative assessment of cough strength and amount of secretions, and the use of steroids before extubation. Ventilatory settings (gas flow and FiO 2 using HFNC, pressure-support, PEEP, FiO 2 and expiratory tidal volume with NIV), and blood gas will be collected 1 hour after extubation and then at H6, between H12 and H24, and between H24 and H48.
This paper examines the effectiveness of active labour market policies (ALMP) in improving labour market outcomes, especially of low-skilled individuals. The empirical analysis consists of an aggregate impact approach based on a pooled cross country and time-series database for 31 advanced countries during the period 1985-2010. A novelty of the paper is that the analysis includes aspects of the delivery system to see how the performance of ALMP is affected by different implementation characteristics. Among the notable results, the paper finds that ALMP matters at the aggregate level. Training, employment incentives, supported employment and direct job creation measures show the most favourable results, both, in terms of reduced unemployment, but also in terms of increased employment and participation.
Yet, at an aggregate level the benefit is likely to be important because other unemployed job seekers (most probably will lower labour market prospects) will benefit from jobs liberated by participants in their transition to other segments (de Koning, 2007). 3 One of the strategies to do so has been to redefine the unit of interest to a higher aggregate that makes the stable-unittreatment-assumption more plausible, the downside of this being loss of precision in the use of data. An alternative strategy has been to model the interactions required to capture the indirect effects of the general equilibrium  (Bourguignon, et. al. ; 2008, Lee and Wolpin, 2006; Lee, 2005; Blundell, et. al. , 2004; Dufflo, 2004; Heckman, Lochner and Taber, 1998). The disadvantage associated with this approach is the need for an increased number of assumptions in the theory and more extensive datasets in empirical applications  (Abbring and Heckman, 2007).
It is championed that simultaneity bias would normally have a greater effect on unemployment equations than on flow models, since the dependant variable in the latter case (i. e. hirings) is not the direct object of political decisions  (Anxo et al. 2001). In practice, however, this depends on the exact specification of the equations chosen 6 and the policy reaction function, rather than on the model used or on the regional or international configuration of the panel database. In fact, some studies based on this approach acknowledge that in spite of numerous efforts to deal with the problem, their estimations might still be plagued with endogeneity  (Schmid et al. , 2001; de Koning and Arents, 2001). On the other hand, the use of this kind of model to evaluate labour market policies entails a number of problems.
Importantly, studies in which the effectiveness of ALMP is linked to its implementation are scarce  (Calmfors, 1994; Schmid et al. , 2001; de Koning and van Nes, 1991). Third, this paper provides an update of the aggregate assessment approach by extending the time and country coverage of the dataset, from 1975-1993 8 to 1985-2010 and from around 20 to 31 advanced economies. The use of more recent data allows capturing changes in the effects of ALMP during the last crisis and comparing these effects with those of other crises. Finally, this paper addresses the endogeneity problem that has undermined many of the analyses of ALMP through the use of instrumental variables estimated with 2 stages least squares (2SLS). As it is argued later in the paper, these methods yield stable results unveiling reliable estimates of the overall net effect of activation policies in the labour market.
Description of the model In order to assess how effective are active labour market programmes (ALMP) in improving the labour market outcomes, especially for low-skilled individuals, a panel data model is estimated in this section based on a structural equation with the following simple form: , , , , where, LM represents the selected labour market indicators, including those relative to the low skilled; ALMP, active labour market policy indicators; and IMPL, indicators relative to implementation characteristics. The remaining three groups of variables are controls: DC includes determinants of demand conditions, STRUC the structure of the labour market (which influences the speed of adjustment to structural change or demand and supply shocks) and INST a range of institutional arrangements. The analysis consists of an aggregate impact approach based on a pooled cross-country and time-series database for 31 advanced countries with yearly information during the period 1985-2010.
Construction of the database The variables used in the analysis draw from different sources of information. The exact definitions and sources can be found in Table   , 1997). As such, in this analysis low-skilled are individuals with pre-primary, primary and lower secondary education (levels 0-2 of ISCED), middleskilled are those with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (levels 3-4) and the high-skilled are individuals that have finalized tertiary education (levels 5-6). The definition of the variable in countries where information was gathered from national sources varies slightly. In Japan, lowskilled are individuals with primary school, junior or senior high school, middle-skilled those with junior college, and high-skilled are people that have coursed college or university, including graduate school.
In Korea, low-skilled are middle-school graduates and under, middle-skilled are high school graduates and high-skilled are college and university graduates. In New Zealand, low-skilled are individuals with no school qualification, middle-skilled those with either school qualification or post school but no school qualification and high-skilled those with post school and school qualification. Finally, the low skilled category in Canada and the United States includes persons with no schooling and persons who received some schooling but did not obtain a secondary or high school diploma. In addition, variables related to policy intervention (expenditure in active labour market policies) derive from OECD Employment Outlook databases and thus the categories used follow its classification and definitions.
It is important to note that in some countries the share of PES expenditure corresponding to the latter two subcategories might be significant. For example, Belgium, Italy, New Zealand and the United States have a significant share of (ii) in their total PES. Moreover, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic and Spain, have a significant portion of (iii); and in Ireland the mix of both categories represents the biggest share. and both output and unemployment were calculated. A dummy variable was then created taking the value of 1 if expenditure on ALMP ran parallel to changes in the unemployment rate and counter the economic trend (i. e. when policies were implemented counter-cyclically) and 0 otherwise. Regarding the demand conditions variable, GDP was taken from the OECD Economic Outlook dataset and draw from National Accounts.
In addition, as explained above two aspects of the labour market are included to control for the structure of the labour market: the share of the population with tertiary education and the middle-and high-skilled unemployment rates. The former variable has been gathered from the World Development Indicators database of the World Bank. The latter two variables were gathered from the same sources from where the low-skilled unemployment rates were drawn. Finally, the two variables related to institutional arrangements -i. e. union density and strictness of employment protection for temporary employment -come, respectively, from the ICTWSS 16 and EPL databases of the OECD. EPL is measured by Version 1 of the indicator since it contains annual information since 1985 (although this version does not incorporate all the data items included in Version 3) 17.
Conclusion This paper examines the effectiveness of active labour market policies (ALMP) in improving labour market outcomes, especially that of low-skilled individuals, in bringing them back to employment and sustainably integrating them to the labour market. Much has been written about effectiveness of activation measures based on evaluations carried out using micro-data, yet very little about their effectiveness at the aggregate level. This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap in the literature through an aggregate impact approach which is better placed to measure both, the direct and indirect effects of ALMP. This will be done by ways of a pooled cross-country and time-series database for 31 advanced countries during the period 1985-2010. Different models were estimated to measure the effect of six different ALMP and three dimensions of implementation (i.
1. Labour market variables (employment, unemployment, labour force and working age population) for the overall population for the 31 member states analysed in this paper were collected from the Labour Force Survey dataset of OECD. 13Moreover, the low-skilled unemployment rate and the employment-to-population ratio of the low-skilled draw from the Eurostat database for the 23 European countries for which information is available in this dataset. For the remaining countries, I used ILO databases 14 to draw information for the low-skilled unemployment rate of Australia, Canada, Israel, Mexico and the United States; and national sources for Japan, Korea and New Zealand. Regarding the low-skilled employment rate, I used OECD Education at.
1. Labour market variables (employment, unemployment, labour force and working age population) for the overall population for the 31 member states analysed in this paper were collected from the Labour Force Survey dataset of OECD. 13Moreover, the low-skilled unemployment rate and the employment-to-population ratio of the low-skilled draw from the Eurostat database for the 23 European countries for which information is available in this dataset. For the remaining countries, I used ILO databases 14 to draw information for the low-skilled unemployment rate of Australia, Canada, Israel, Mexico and the United States; and national sources for Japan, Korea and New Zealand. Regarding the low-skilled employment rate, I used OECD Education at a Glance indictors(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)to gather information for Australia, Israel and Mexico, and national sources for Canada, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and the United States.
The participation rate was calculated on the basis of the unemployment and employment rates. Finally, the share of low-skilled unemployed individuals as a percentage of total unemployment was gathered from the World Development Indicators database of the World Bank. Information in this database exists for the whole sample of countries, but data is more scattered in terms of number of years for which information exists -e. g. the latest year for which information is available is 2008. Skill level is measured by the level of educational attainment as defined by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) (UNESCO.
Data collection For new fathers, the form was given directly to the fathers in the rooms of the hospitalized mothers in the presence of childbirth services; the form was given to the mother if the father was absent. An oral explanation was provided, written agreement was obtained, and then the completed forms were collected by either midwives or the administrator. We entered the answers into an Excel spreadsheet in Microsoft1 Office 2010 (Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052 USA). For new providers, the form was generated using "Google Form" software and was sent by email. Anonymous responses were saved automatically in the same software programme.
Analysis and statistical tools The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants who completed the form regarding the acceptability of TMC were analysed descriptively. Three distinct populations were described and analysed: new fathers, male new providers and female new providers. To define the social and professional categories, we used the 2008 ISCO-08 (International Standard Classification of Occupations). In the description of the samples, qualitative variables were expressed as a percentage and the quantitative variables were summarized as the averages and standard deviations. The number of missing data was reported for each variable, and no imputation method was used. For the quantitative variables, Student's t-test for independent samples was used because the conditions for application were verified (normality of the distribution and homogeneity of the variances).
For the qualitative variables, when the conditions for application were verified (theoretical number greater than or equal to 5), the Chi-squared test was used; otherwise, Fisher's nonparametric test was used. To determine the characteristics of people considering hypothetical use of male contraception, a group comparison was performed in both populations between those who answered "Yes" to this question and those who answered "No". All the statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 20. 0 software.
This work was conducted with the support of the  A Ã MIDEX  project " CREER"  (n  ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ), which was funded by the  "Investissements d'Avenir" French Government  programme and managed by the  French National Research Agency (ANR). hormonal" ( 36% ). wear" ( 43% ) and "concern about possible discomfort" ( 39% ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the  Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaión e InnovaciónTecnológica PAPIIT-UNAM  Mexico  IA203117  (to AG-H);  NARSAD   Young Investigator Grant   24821 ,  ANR-DFG GR 3619/70  and  PICS 07882  grants (to AC).
Scoping the scientific literature As a starting point for identifying research gaps and opportunities for strengthening linkages between research and education, policy and practice, a scoping study of published literature was undertaken, as part of Centre Virchow-Villermé's research project '4CHealth'  [65]. Preliminary results of a bibliometric analysis of the PubMed and Web of Science databases showed that, since the first scientific article mentioning migration and health appeared in 1945, the number published annually grew to more than 40,000 in 2016, with most of the increase occurring from 2000, and since the first article mentioning climate change and health appeared in 1956, the number published annually remained very low until around 2005 and then rose appreciably to nearly 5000 in 2016.
The analysis examined how these newspapers framed the relation of climate change and health between 1990 and 2016 and what kinds of recommendations and solutions were stated to address the health impacts of climate change. The study undertook bibliometric analysis of publications in the databases of the two newspapers, by tracking the use of key climate terms and their co-occurrence with 'migrants' and 'refugees'. Within the data set, it was observed that the terms refugee, migrant and displaced were used in equal proportions. Among other aspects, the analysis examined the range of voices in the articles. Few health professionals were quoted, the largest groups of voices being those of politicians, researchers and climate professionals and experts. Absent were migrants, who appear to have no direct voice in the debate about their status and treatment.
It will comprise equal amounts of public health and data science. 'Precision public health' is a transformative concept  [146]  which aims to bring the right interventions on health care and prevention, at the right time, to the right segments of the population. It converges cutting-edge digital technologies with innovations to better target evidence-informed interventions to the health needs of populations. As a relatively inexpensive (c. US$2000 per year) programme operated online through partnerships with universities in other countries, the degree course will be accessible to a very wide range of entrants who would not be able to undertake on-site education in a degree programme in Switzerland, including those blocked in a refugee camp anywhere in the world and migrants and refugees with limited resources.
They rapidly established a number of refugee clinics and, in February 2016, the first central point nationwide for psychiatrically ill or traumatised refugees. In March 2016, they began mandatory initial medical screening, including TB screening and vaccinations. An initial catch-up vaccination programme was started using a shuttle bus bringing in refugees and was succeeded by a vaccination bus to reach out to them in November 2016. By this time, the 42 doctors and nurses and many volunteers involved in the provision of these health services had seen over 64,000 patients. One vital aspect was that on-line interpretation teams were established, with over 50 languages available within 1-2 min. In the period September 2015-February 2016, demographic data on those asylum seekers treated in Berlin showed two peaks, corresponding to children and young adults, with 39% coming from Syria, 31% from Afghanistan and 18% from Iraq.
Abortion rates  [204]  were three times higher for migrant women than for Italian women in 2013, and the occupational risks  [205]  among migrant workers in Italy are significantly higher. A study, undertaken by Anna Massetti of Sapienza University, Rome, of the health profile of migrants living around Rome as asylum seekers, refugees or undocumented migrants, examined the most frequent diagnoses, social determinants and access to care of asylum seekers at the CARA Centre (an inpatient facility 30 km from Rome) and at an outpatient clinic for foreigners at University Hospital Policlinico Umberto I (UHPU) in Rome that deals with recently arrived asylum seekers and also long-standing undocumented migrants. This was a cross-sectional retrospective study with a 1-year observation period, in which socio-demographic data were collected and diagnoses performed according to ICD-10 [206] (psychiatric disorders were not included in CARA).
Overall, the level of infectious diseases was less than expected, but the presence of polio was a particular challenge in the context of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative and a mop-up vaccination programme was instituted. Data on the distribution of infectious diseases among refugees according to year indicated increases in diarrhoea and respiratory tract infections from 2012 to 2016. This may be related to the poor living conditions outside the Temporary Accommodation Centres. In the refugee camps, living conditions are regulated and there are clean water sources, control of waste and surveillance for diseases such as leishmaniasis, malaria, TB and gastrointestinal infections, with provision of first-line health services, triage to hospital and intensive care units, services for reproductive and mother and child health and polio and measles vaccinations for under-15-year-old children.