dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments We acknowledge  D. Zauser ,  M. Krappel ,  B. Tschertsche  and  T. Weigend  ( University of Stuttgart ),  M. Jacques  (ILL), and  L. Donina  and  M. Adamo  ( Imperial College London ) for assistance with the microfluidic environment and SANS experiments. We thank the  ILL  for beamtime (LTP-9-6; https://doi. ill. fr/10. 5291/ILL-DATA. LT P-9-6); JTC acknowledges the  Royal Academy of Engineering (UK) , and  EPSRC  ( EP/V056891/1 ) for funding.
The structures were solved by direct methods, developed by successive difference Fourier syntheses, and re ned by full-matrix least-squares on all F2 data using SHELX program suites, implemented in the OLEX2 graphical tool  [19]. Figures of the molecular structure were drawn using DIAMOND software  [20]. Crystallographic data for the structural analyses of 1 and 2 have been deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre with CCDC reference numbers 2153000 and 2153011 respectively. These data can be obtained free of charge via https://www. ccdc. cam. ac. uk/structures/ (or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; e-mail: deposit@ccdc. cam. uk). A summary of the crystals data and details of structural re nement of compounds 1 and 2 are given in Table  1.
Magnetic moment Data were recorded following standard procedures by cooling from room temperature to 2K at zero elds (ZFC) to align the spins followed by a second cooling analysis (FC) under different elds. Magnetization as a function of the eld was measured between - 90000 Oe and + 90000 Oe at different temperatures. The magnetization of the two compounds as a function of the applied eld shows linear behaviors for 300K. When the temperature drops to 2K, we see a complete alignment of the spins within the cobalt atoms of the two hexaborate(2 -) complexes with a maximum value of 2. 2µB and 2. 1 µB for compounds 1 and 2 respectively. The presence of a tray as well as the large distance between the monomeric cobalt centers of compounds 1 and 2 (< 8Å) indicates their paramagnetic characteristics.
Nonconventional Organic Electrolytes Data regarding supercapacitors' aging and possible failure mechanisms containing nonconventional organic electrolytes are scarce. Nonetheless, some information on failure mechanisms in electrochemical capacitors containing ethyl isopropyl sulfonebased (EiPS) electrolytes can be provided (Table  1 ). Chiba et al. analyzed evolved gases by gas chromatography using an H-type cell in which the positive and negative electrodes are placed in separate sections. [80] Ethane and hydrogen were determined to be the primary volatile decomposition products, originating from the decomposition of EiPS and present water traces occurring at cell voltages higher than 3. 5 V. Minor amounts of propane are evolving at voltages higher than 4 V. The amount of detected CO and CO 2 is reported to increase slightly with increasing voltage and has been attributed to the decomposition of the carbon surface functions.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge funding of the joint Polish- German  project  SUPILMIX  ( PR-1173/27 ) by the  German Research Foundation (DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft )  and the  Polish National Science Centre (NCN, National Science Centre). Further funding from the  DFG  and the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  within the  German-French  project  NECES  ( BA4956/16 ) and from the  German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action  ( BMWK, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz ) within the project " SUPREME " ( 03EI6060B ) is gratefully acknowledged. A. V. acknowledges the financial support from the  Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK)  within the project " SUPREME " ( 03EI6060C ). E. P. acknowledges the financial support from the  Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
Electron tomography (ET) tilt series acquisition The liquid-phase EM holder for imaging HeLa cells was tilted at angles ranging from -36° to +60° in steps of 1° controlled by both Gatan tomography software and fully mechanically controlled automated electron tomography software  45  , which were preinstalled in the microscope (Zeiss Libra 120 TEM). The TEM was operated at 120 kV with a 20 e -V energy filter. The tilt series were acquired by a Gatan Ultrascan 4k × 4k CCD camera with a defocus of ~11 µ m and a magnification of 1,000× and 10,000× (corresponding to 107 Å and 10. 7 Å per pixel, respectively, in the specimen). The total illumination electron dose for a tilt series was ~30 e -/Å 2. Due to the heavy overlapping of cell surface membranes, it was difficult to clearly identify the virus near the cell surface boundary.
Image preprocessing The defocus and astigmatism of each micrograph in the tilt series were measured and the contrast transfer function (CTF) of each image was corrected using EMAN CTfit software 47. Prior to CTF correction, X-ray speckles were removed, and micrographs with distinguishable drift were excluded. To remove the strong background and enhance high-resolution details, each micrograph was filtered using a Gaussian boundary high-pass filter (at a resolution range of 200 nm to 500 nm). Micrographs in the tilt series were initially aligned with the IMOD software package  48. The CTF was then corrected by TOMOCTF  49. The tilt series of virus-like particles in square windows of 128 to 360 pixels (~137 to ~386 nm) were semi automatically tracked and windowed by IPET software  26.
Statistical analysis of virus-like particle sizes For statistical analysis of particle sizes, all particles surrounding the cell (~315 in total) were selected and windowed. Each particle's area was measured by Python Open CV. The histograms of the particles with diameters above and below 90 nm were fitted by Gaussian curves. The curves were merged based on the weights according to their particle numbers using a Python code, named curve_fit from the python module scipy. optimize to fit our data.
IPET 3D reconstruction The targeted particles (HeLa cells, viruses, and nanoparticles) in the tilt series were reconstructed by the IPET software  26. In brief, a circular mask with a Gaussian edge was applied to each image, followed by 3D reconstruction via an iteration refinement process with a series of soft-boundary masks and filters. To display the objects with positive or negative contrast, a superimposed 3D density map was generated by combining the positive contour map of the final IPET 3D density maps with its negative contour map by using the Chimera software  50. The resolution of the final 3D map was estimated based on the intra-Fourier shell correlation (FSC)  26. Briefly, the aligned images were then split into two groups (odd-or even-numbered tilting index) to generate two 3D reconstructions.
Acknowledgments We thank  Dr. Jianying Zhang  for providing the viruses and cells;  Dr. Scott Stagg  for providing the GroEL sample;  Dr. Lei Zhang  for early testing;  Matthew J. Rames ,  Jacob Jay ,  Gumaro Contreras ,  Maya Tome , and  Teresa Fowler  for discussions and comments. Work at the  Molecular Foundry  was supported by the  Office of Science of the U. S. Department of Energy  under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. G. Ren ,  L. Kong ,  J. Liu  and  M. Zhang  were partially supported by the  National Heart, Lung, National Institutes of Health and Blood Institute (NIHLI) , the  National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)  and the  National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)  of the  National Institutes of Health  under award numbers of  R01HL115153 ,  R01MH077303 , and  R01DK042667.
Particle analyses Microscopy: The images were captured using a Leica M125C stereomicroscope (Leica, Japan) and analysed using ImageJ software. Particle size analysis: The particle size distributions of the composite powders were measured by laser diffraction using a Mastersizer 2000 (Malvern, UK) equipped with a Hydro2000S system. Data was processed using the Fraunhofer method  [33]. Particle size distribution was recorded and main indicators, d 10 , d 50 d 90 , SPAN ((d 90 -d 10 )/d 50 ) and specific surface area, were extracted from the distribution. Measurements were carried out in triplicate and average particle size distribution was calculated.
Project SMARTPOP funded by H2020 -EU-MSCA-IF Grant number 893040. MBIE grant number C04X1802 Bark biorefinery. Use of artificial intelligence in scientific writing: During the preparation of this work, the authors used OpenAI (2021), Chat GPT for spell and grammar checking. CRediT authorship contribution statement Claire Mayer-Laigle: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing -original draft, Writing -review & editing, Funding acquisition. Christophe Collet: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing -review & editing. Yi Chen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing -review & editing. Mark West: Methodology, Investigation, Writingreview & editing. Rob Whitton: Methodology, Investigation, Writing -review & editing. Marie-Joo Le Guen: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing -original draft, Writingreview & editing, Funding acquisition.
Funding Project SMARTPOP funded by H2020 -EU-MSCA-IF Grant number 893040. MBIE grant number C04X1802 Bark biorefinery. Use of artificial intelligence in scientific writing: During the preparation of this work, the authors used OpenAI (2021), Chat GPT for spell and grammar checking. CRediT authorship contribution statement Claire Mayer-Laigle: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing -original draft, Writing -review & editing, Funding acquisition. Christophe Collet: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing -review & editing. Yi Chen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing -review & editing. Mark West: Methodology, Investigation, Writingreview & editing. Rob Whitton: Methodology, Investigation, Writing -review & editing. Marie-Joo Le Guen: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing -original draft, Writingreview & editing, Funding acquisition.
Modeling of the dendrite tip kinetics is key to understand the formation of microstructures in undercooled atomized systems. This is particularly true for multicomponent alloys for which only partial coupling with thermodynamic data was so far achieved. For this reason, a fully coupled dendrite tip kinetic model was recently developed and applied to a typical nickel-base alloy  [50]. As shown in Fig. 7  the full diffusion profile of solute species is computed. It accounts for the full diffusion matrix in the liquid, hence explaining the existence of non-monotonous diffusion profiles  [51]. Thermodynamic data are extracted from databases TCNI10  [52]  and MOBNI5  [53]. Comparisons with classical approximations are discussed, including linearization of the multicomponent phase diagram, diagonal diffusion, approximation of the curvature undercooling, simplifications using multi-binary phase diagrams or a pseudo-binary phase diagram deduced from the former binary data.
Besides accessing a robust material property database (which includes not only an understanding of measurement accuracy but also a statistically-based reporting of precision to allow quantification of reliability and performance variability), advancing the state of the art in model development requires a knowledge of how convection influences the coupled processes involved in momentum transport, heat transfer, and mass transfer with a focus on interfacial phenomena. One major thrust will be advancing the development of process modeling capability supporting additive manufacturing with an eye toward developing in-space manufacturing, material reuse and recycling, and in-situ resource utilization capabilities to support the human exploration and colonization missions offplanet. Low earth orbit (LEO) offers a unique environment where surface tension driven, or Marangoni, flow may be studied by eliminating buoyancy and sedimentation effects and where sample exchange and sample return is readily accomplished.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge collaborative support by team members from the  Microgravity User Support Center (MUSC)  through access to the ISS-EML facility which is a joint undertaking of the  European Space Agency (ESA)  and the  German Aerospace Center (DLR). The authors would also like to acknowledge funding for the following projects:  NASA  grant  80NSSC21K1649  for  QUASI  at  Washington University ,  ESA   MAP AO 2004-017  for  CCEMLCC  at  Mines Paris  and  DLR Köln , the  Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada for NEQUISOL  and  CCEMLCC at University of Alberta ,  NASA  grant  80NSSC19K0256  for ELFSTONE at Tufts University, and at  DLR Köln :  ESA  grant  4200014980  for  MAGNEPHAS /PARSEC ,  ESA   MAP AO 2009-959  for  ICOPROSOL ,  ESA   MAP AO 99-010  for  CoolCop  and  ESA   MAP AO 2009-0894  for  LIPHASE.
Water contact angle measurement (h w ) Water contact angle samples were prepared by solvent casting of polymer in a solution of acetone onto microscopic glass slides. Samples were prepared at a concentration of 3 mg/mL. Water contact angles were measured using a KSV Cam 200 (KSV Instruments Ltd, Helsinki, Finland) equipped with CAM200 software. Samples were measured at a constant temperature (25 °C) with four replicates of each measurement recorded.
Analytical ultracentrifugation Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) was carried out using a Beckman XL-I (Indiana, USA). Samples were dissolved at 10% concentration in PBS 0. 1 M at pH 7 and loaded into the chamber of cells constructed from Al-epon centrepieces, sapphire windows and aluminium housing. The solvent channel was filled with PBS. Samples were centrifuged at 50 k rpm and scanned with interference optics until no further movement was observed. Sedimentation equilibrium data (AUC-SE) were analysed using SEDFIT-MSTAR,  [36]  using a partial specific volume of 0. 82 mL/g,  [37]  and the built in c(M) algorithm to fit baseline.
Measurements were performed at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C) and at reduced pressure (<0. 2 mbar). The sample-detector distance was 550 mm for the polymer solutions, whereas acquisitions at distances of both 2500 mm and 262 mm were performed for the NPs in water samples. The available q range was therefore 0. 1-6. 0 nm À1 and 0. 042-17 nm À1 , respectively. The two-dimensional scattering patterns were subtracted for the ''dark" counts, and then masked, azimuthally averaged, and normalized for transmitted beam intensity, exposure time, and subtended solid angle per pixel, by using the FoxTrot software developed at SOLEIL. The one-dimensional intensity vs. q profiles were subtracted for the contributions of the empty capillary and the solvent (acetone or water) and put in intensity units of macroscopic scattering cross-section (cm À1 ) by dividing for the capillary thickness estimated from the alignment scans.
Model calculations of scattering profiles were performed using the software SasView (SasView version 5. 0. 2, (n. d. ). https://www. sasview. org/ (accessed September 7, 2019)) and SASfit. [38]  In order to get an indication of the size in the real space of the inhomogeneities giving rise to the SAXS profiles, pair distance distribution functions were obtained by indirect Fourier inversion using the software GNOM of the ATSAS package. [39].
Acknowledgements PLJ acknowledges  EPSRC/SFI CDT in Sustainable Chemistry -Atoms 2 Products  ( EP/S022236/1 ) for their funding support. VT and VMC would like to thank the  University of Nottingham  for their Nottingham Research Fellowship. We thank  Mark Guyler  ( University of Nottingham ) for his technical support with all laboratory equipment. We are indebted to  Shazad Aslam  and  Dr Kevin Butler  ( University of Nottingham ) for their technical expertise in NMR spectroscopy.
An UXNMR (Bruker) software was utilized in the data analysis. DSC measurements were conducted on a Q 20 TA instrument from -140 °C to 140 °C at a 10 °C/min heating rate. Three cycles (two heating and one cooling) were performed and the results corresponding to the second heating were processed using Advantage v5. 4. 0 (TA instruments) software and are presented in this study. A JEOL JEM 2100-HR, 200 KeV electron microscope was used for the TEM studies. Prior to TEM experiments, samples were cast from a dilute 10 wt% solution in cyclohexane (J. T. Baker, 99 %) and the solvent evaporation was completed after 7 days, followed by thermal annealing at 100 °C for one day. The obtained ultra-thin sections (ca. 50 nm thick) from a Leica EM UC7 ultramicrotome at -140 °C, were placed on 600 mesh copper grids.
Acknowledgment C. - Y. Chang  and R. -M. Ho thank the  Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan , for financially supporting this research under  MOST 109-2221-E-007-053-MY3  and the  National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center  for its assistance in the Synchrotron SAXS experiments. This work was supported in part by the  Ministry of Education, Taiwan, ROC , under the  Higher Education Sprout Project. G. -M. Manesi ,  I. Moutsios  and  A. Avgeropoulos  would like to acknowledge the  Network of Research Supporting Laboratories at the University of Ioannina  for letting them use the  Electron Microscopy Facility  and the  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Center. The research work was partially supported by the  Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) , under the  HFRI   PhD Fellowship  grants for G.
This anisotropy explains the sensitivity of the cw EPR signal to the mobility of the label. A reduced mobility of the label results in a partial motional averaging of the anisotropy, giving a broadened spectrum. On the other hand, a high mobility of the label implies a large motional averaging of the anisotropy resulting in a narrow cw EPR signal, driven by the averaged components of magnetic tensors g iso and A iso. Most of the time, the experimental SDSL-cw EPR spectra contain multiple components which originate from the coexistence of multiple conformation of the protein and/or different rotamers of the spin label  [13] [14] [15]. These spectra are then a linear combination of individual spectra. To extract the components and quantify their dynamics, a numerical simulation is required. One method is to use the Matlab toolbox EasySpin  [16]  and SimLabel  [17] , a graphical user interface (GUI) we have previously developed especially for such simulations.
Funding: The authors are grateful to the EPR facilities available at the French EPR network (Infranalytics, FR2054), the Aix-Marseille EPR center and the MOSBRI project, that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement N • 101004806. We acknowledge financial support from the "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" (ANR-18-CE11-0007-01) and from the "Conseil Régional Région Sud" (A. P. PhD Fellowship EJD-2018-2021). The project leading to this publication has also received funding from the A*Midex Foundation of Aix-Marseille University, funded by socio-economic partners.
The chemical and isotopic composition was obtained by SIMS analysis, which was performed using a ToF-SIMS V instrument (ION-TOF GmbH Germany) equipped with a Bi liquid metal ion gun (LMIG) for analysis and a caesium (Cs + ) gun for sputtering. Negative secondary ions were collected and data were obtained in burst mode operation (six pulses), applying Poisson correction. Charge effects were compensated by means of a 20 eV pulsed electron flood gun. Depth profiling was performed by alternating sputtering of a 300 × 300 μm 2 surface area with the Cs + ion beam (2 keV, 110 nA) and chemical analysis with the Bi 3 + primary ion beam (25 keV, 0. 25 pA, rastered surface area: 50 × 50 μm 2 ). Generally two SIMS profiles per sample were recorded to confirm its homogeneity. Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed using a Jobin Yvon/Horiba Labram spectrometer equipped with a liquid nitrogen cooled CCD detector (Jobin Yvon-Horiba Spectrum One CCD3000V).
The temperature cell was preheated for several hours before loading a sample to thermally equilibrate the setup and avoid the loss of focus due to thermal expansion during the measurement. Fast heating ramps of up to 100 °C min -1 were used to minimise any isotopic exchange during the heating. Automatic Raman acquisition was typically started within 30-60 s after reaching the exchange temperature, with acquisition times of 120-240 s. Isotopic backexchanges were performed under flowing dry air (<100 ml min -1 ) of natural  18  O composition at atmospheric pressure. Recherche for project ANR-15-CE24-0018 (Alps Memories). The authors acknowledge Stefano Ambrosio for his help with initial IERS measurements, Nicolas Nuns for his assistance with SIMS measurements and Florence Robaut and Laetitia Rapenne for FIB lamella preparation and TEM analysis.
This research has benefited from characterization equipment of the Grenoble INP -CMTC platform supported by the Centre of Excellence of Multifunctional Architectured Materials "CEMAM" n°ANR-10-LABX-44-01 funded by the "Investments for the Future" Program. In addition, this work has been performed with the help of the "Plateforme Technologique Amont" de Grenoble, with the financial support of the "Nanosciences aux limites de la Nanoélectronique" Fundation'' and CNRS Renatech network. Chevreul institute (FR 2638), the French ministry of research, the Région Hauts de France and FEDER are acknowledged for supporting and funding the surface analysis platform (ToF-SIMS).
Acknowledgements This work has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement no. 824072  ( Harvestore ) and no. 101017709  (EPISTORE) and under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreements no. 840787  ( Thin-CATALYzER ) (for F. B) and no. 746648  (PerovSiC) (for D. P. ), as well as from the  Agence National de la.
The TSL Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM) software was used for the acquisition and analysis of the EBSD data. Spurious boundaries with misorientation angles lower than 2° were omitted to avoid any orientation noise. The grain boundary types are separated into very low-angle grain boundaries (VLAGBs) with misorientations 2°< θ < 5°, low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) with 5°< θ < 15° and highangle grain boundaries (HAGBs) with θ > 15°, respectively. The fraction of recrystallization was calculated using the grain orientation spread (GOS) approach where grains with GOS values lower than 1° were considered fully recrystallized  [67]. The deformation and recrystallization textures were evaluated by MATLAB toolbox MTEX  [68].
ACKNOWLEDGMENT AC and SB thank the  CNRS  and the  French Ministry  for financial support. IF thanks financial support from the  Spanish MCIN/AEI /10. 13039/501100011033  (Grants  PID2019-106184GB-I00  and  RED2018-102387-T ). For the purpose of Open Access, a CC-BY public copyright license has been applied by the authors to the present document and will be applied to all subsequent versions up to the Author Accepted Manuscript arising from this submission.
7. 0 (Parkhurst and Appelo 2013) using the llnl database. Solubility constants of ikaite (log K sp = 0. 15981 -2011. 1/T,  Bischoff et al. 1993b ), vaterite (log K sp = -172. 1295 -0. 077993 T + 3074. 688/T + 71. 595 log T,  Plummer and Busenberg 1982) , amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC, log K sp = -12. 919 + 0. 054538 T -0. 0001096 T 2 , Brečević and Nielsen 1989), and the carbonic acid dissociation constants from  Millero et al. (2007)  were inserted in the llnl database. The saturation state Ω was defined as Ω = IAP K sp where IAP stands for the ionic activity product and K sp for the solubility product of the mineral phase. Compositions of the inlet solutions of CMFR growth experiments are listed in Table  1. Ionic strength of inlet solutions was adjusted to 0. 1 M with NaCl, while small amounts of 1 M NaOH solution were added to set the pH to ⁓8.