dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In this case, the sensory flicker is "nonphaselocked" with respect to stimulus onset, and any spatial filter designed to maximize the trialaveraged SSVEP would perform poorly. The Laplacian is often used to increase signaltonoise characteristics and increase topographical specificity by attenuating volume conducted activity  (Cohen, 2014; Kayser and Tenke, 2015; Winter et al. , 2007). The Laplacian is also applied to SSVEP data with success  (Srinivasan et al. , 2006). However, given that Laplacian increases topographical specificity, topographical differences across different flicker frequencies and individuals may become more pronounced. This, in turn, makes careful electrode selection more important if "bestelectrode" approach is used. We have tested RESS on several datasets with and without applying the Laplacian (results not shown) and found no noteworthy differences in SNR.
This means that RESS is conceptually closer to demixing (like ICA) as opposed to decorrelating (like PCA); multiple correlated neural generators are not forced into orthogonal statistical components. We have observed RESS to provide (in different frequencies and datasets) both spatially very localized anatomical estimates, and spatially distributed estimates. Thus, we recommend interpreting RESS results more in terms of statistical or signalspace components rather than in terms of single anatomically isolated neural generators. In other words, there is a subspace "pocket" inside the global data space that contains the SSEPrelated dynamics, and the purpose of RESS is to point the researcher in the direction of that pocket (see Cheveinge and  Parra, 2005 , for more discussion of this point).
Site locations GPS coordinates from precruise site surveys were used to position the vessel at Expedition 362 sites. A SyQwest Bathy 2010 CHIRP subbottom profiler was used to monitor seafloor depth on the approach to each site to confirm the depth estimates from precruise surveys. Once the vessel was positioned at a site, the thrusters were lowered and a positioning beacon was dropped to the seafloor. Dynamic positioning control of the vessel uses navigational input from the GPS system and triangulation to the seafloor beacon, weighted by the estimated positional accuracy. The final hole position is the mean position calculated from the GPS data collected over a significant portion of the time during which the hole was occupied.
Hard rock Pieces were extracted from the core liner on the catwalk or directly from the core barrel on the rig floor. The pieces were pushed to the bottom of 1. 5 m liner sections, and the total rock length was measured. The length was entered into the database as "created length" using the SampleMaster application. This number was used to calculate recovery. The liner sections were then transferred to the core splitting room. Oriented pieces of core were marked on the bottom with a wax pencil to preserve orientation. Adjacent but broken pieces that could be fit together along fractures were curated as single pieces. The structural geologist on shift confirmed piece matches and marked the split line on the pieces, which defined how the pieces were to be cut into two equal halves. The aim was to maximize the expression of dipping structures on the cut face of the core while maintaining representative features in both archive and working halves.
A plastic spacer was secured with acetone to the split core liner between individual pieces or reconstructed contiguous groups of subpieces. These spacers can represent substantial intervals of no recovery. The length of each section of core, including spacers, was entered into the database as "curated length, " which commonly differs by several centimeters from the length measured on the catwalk. Finally, the depth of each piece in the database was recalculated based on the curated length. The core sections were placed in a core rack in the laboratory. When the core sections reached equilibrium with laboratory temperature (typically after 2 h), the whole-round core sections were run through the WRMSL (for GRA density and magnetic susceptibility only) and the NGRL (see Physical properties).
Each piece of core was split with a diamond-impregnated saw into an archive half and a working half, with the positions of plastic spacers between pieces maintained in both halves. Pieces were numbered sequentially from the top of each section, beginning with the number 1. Separate subpieces within a single piece were assigned the same number but lettered consecutively (e. g. , 1A, 1B, etc. ). Pieces were labeled only on the outer cylindrical surfaces of the core. If it was evident that an individual piece had not rotated around a horizontal axis during drilling, an arrow pointing to the top of the section was added to the label. The piece's oriented character was recorded in the database using the SampleMaster application. The working half of each core was first described by the structural geologists.
IODP use of DESClogik Data for the macroscopic and microscopic descriptions of recovered cores were entered into the IODP Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database using the IODP data-entry software DESClogik. DESClogik is a core-description software used to store macroscopic and/or microscopic descriptions of cores. Data were entered in the Sediment tab of the Macroscopic template. Core description data are available through the Descriptive Information LIMS Report (http://web. iodp. tamu. edu/DESCReport). A single row in DESClogik defines one descriptive interval, which is commonly one bed but may also be used, for example, to designate marked color variation that may be of diagenetic origin. In addition, the position of each smear slide or petrographic thin section is shown in the VCDs with a sample code of "SED" or "TS, " respectively.
Clay The principal goal of XRD analysis is to estimate relative weight percentages of total clay minerals (smectite + illite + kaolinite), quartz, plagioclase (representing feldspar), and calcite from the areas of relevant peaks. Peaks used are shown in Table  T2. Gross peak intensities (counts) were determined using the Bruker software package, DIFFRAC EVA. Ten XRD standards made from artificial mineral mixtures (Table T3) were used to determine simple second-order polynomial re-gressions describing the relationship between peak intensity and mineral abundance (Table  T4 ). Weight percentages of minerals calculated using the regression equations were normalized to 100%. Errors were assessed from the difference between the analyzed standard compositions and compositions calculated from the regressions (Table  T5 ).
, 2013; Reagan et al. , 2015). Blenkinsop and Doyle (2010)  also provide valuable information on measuring planar structures from core. Structures observed in the split cores were classified and quantified in terms of depth extent, orientation, and sense of displacement. Each structure was recorded manually on a description table sheet (Table  T6 ) at the core table. For planar structures, sectional orientation measurements were transformed into dip, strike, and dip direction results using trigonometric transformations applied in an Excel spreadsheet. The resulting orientations defined in a core reference frame were then logged through the DESClogik interface to the LIMS database with all other descriptive information about each structure (see Visual core descriptions; Figure  F7 ). In order to address Expedition 362's technical objectives, we added some additional observations and interpretations about drilling disturbance to the structural geology work flow.
Recognizing that there is often uncertainty in objectively defining structures as either natural (sedimentary or tectonic) or drilling induced, we categorize an interpretation confidence for each observation both to minimize the potential for any conflict and to maintain all observations in the database that remain equivocal; the intent is to provide the means to include or exclude observations in postcruise analyses based on different confidence thresholds. For deformation structures such as faults, the confidence scale is defined from 0 to 1, where 0 = no confidence (i. e. , a fault is drilling induced with 100% certainty) that the observed structure is natural (tectonic or synsedimentary), and 1 = perfect confidence. We approach each structure (e. g. , a fracture) initially with a confidence of 0.
DESClogik structural geology database The DESClogik database is a program used to store a visual (macroscopic and/or microscopic) description of core structures at a given depth. During Expedition 362, only the locations of structural features, calculated orientations in the core reference frame, and restored orientations based on the paleomagnetic data, were input into DESClogik. Orientation data management and planar fabric analysis were made with a spreadsheet as described above. F2, F3 ) is that the core barrel in the XCB system latches into the BHA and thus rotates with the drill string and bit. Once the core passes the edge of the cutting surface, it is subject to torsion around the core similar to a ring-shear device in the laboratory. In contrast, the RCB lands in a support bearing in the BHA and has a vertical latch that keeps the core barrel in place; the core barrel remains stationary while the outer core barrel rotates around the inner core barrel.
Methods applied We chose to decimate the RIS data set to analyze records at 2 min. This provides a data set more suitable for initial screening analysis (Figure  F29 ). Based on this analysis, we identify a limited number of discrete intervals appropriate for more detailed analysis. To decimate the data set, we used the FINDSTR command in Windows (provided by IODP Applications Developer Tim Blaisdell), which is described in STRUCTURE in Supplementary material. An alternative approach is offered by Tim Henstock using AWK scripts in a UNIX or LINUX environment (also in STRUCTURE in Supplementary material).
The predominant type and intensity of drilling deformation. 2. The fraction of sand recorded in the cored interval. 3. The time it took to collect the core. 4. The core recovery percentage as recorded in the Core Summary report in the LIMS database. Although we recognize that every core contains a variety of drilling deformation types and intensities, we elected to characterize each core with the dominant types for initial data screening purposes. Part of the problem is that when there is incomplete recovery, it is difficult or impossible to assign any particular interval in the core with a specific coring interval. For example, in a core IODP Proceedings 23 Volume 362 with 20% recovery, does that segment belong to the beginning, end, or middle of the coring cycle? Without a clear method to address this issue, we chose to apply a more generalized core disturbance summary.
All sample depths are cited in the text as midpoint depths within the sample interval of interest, where appropriate. Microfossil preservation, abundance, and biozone assignment data were entered through DESClogik and are available in the LIMS database (http://web. iodp. tamu. edu/ DESCReport). In site chapters, we present the biostratigraphic data in tables showing depths of agediagnostic biohorizons, stratigraphic distribution charts of these biohorizons, integrated biozonation figures, and age-depth plots. It should be noted that the distribution charts are based on shipboard study only and are, therefore, strongly biased toward age-diagnostic species.
Archive-half sections Measurements of archive halves were conducted using the new SRM software (IMS-SRM version 9. 1) with a nominal sample area parameter of 15. 59 cm 2. The interval between measurement points and the measurement speed were selected as 2. 5 cm and 10 cm/s, respectively. We performed successive AF demagnetization using the SRM in-line AF demagnetizer on all split-core archive sections. The inline AF demagnetizer applies a field to the x-, y-, and z-axes of the SRM in this fixed order (Figure  F35 ). Previous reports suggest that higher AF demagnetization fields have produced significant anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) along the z-axis of the SRM (e. g. ,  Harris et al. , 2013). With this limitation, we used demagnetization steps up to 30 mT to demagnetize the sections.
We also performed progressive thermal demagnetization using a thermal specimen demagnetizer (ASC Scientific model TD-48SC) for several selected discrete samples up to 575°C. Temperature increments of 25°-100°C were used, depending on the unblocking temperature of each sample. We analyzed the stepwise demagnetization data of the discrete samples by principal component analysis (PCA) to define the ChRM  (Kirschvink, 1980). Section-half and discrete data collected on the pass-through SRM and spinner magnetometer, respectively, were uploaded to the LIMS database. Low-field magnetic susceptibility (κ) measured on whole-round core sections using the WRMSL and archive-half core sections using the SHMSL (see Physical properties) was used to reveal the concentration of magnetic minerals and to determine the downhole relative paleointensity (NRM/κ).
Data reduction and software Data reduction (Zijderveld demagnetization plots and equal area projections) was conducted using PuffinPlot (Version 1. 03, 23 April 2015)  (Lurcock and Wilson, 2012) , a versatile, user-friendly desktop application. PCA  (Kirschvink, 1980)  was also performed using PuffinPlot to determine ChRM directions.
When taken more than ~12 h after the arrival of the core on deck, the samples were placed in seawater under vacuum for 24 h for resaturation before measurement. The samples were measured for P-wave velocity in three orthogonal directions and then processed for MAD measurements. P-wave measurements were also made on PMAG samples (but without resaturation). 7. Selected pieces of the core sections >7 cm were measured for thermal conductivity. All raw data were uploaded to the LIMS database.
This peak is a feature that can be consistently picked even when the signal quality is low. Additionally, a built-in algorithm picked the arrival as the first zero crossing for waveforms with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Both the manual and autopicked arrivals and the complete waveforms are stored in the database in case reanalysis is deemed necessary. The distance between transducers was measured with a built-in LVDT. Calibration was performed between each site with a series of acrylic cylinders of differing thicknesses and known P-wave velocity of 2750 ± 20 m/s for the caliper-type contact probe. Water was used to calibrate the bayonet probes. The system time delay determined from calibration was subtracted from the picked arrival time to yield a traveltime of the P-wave through the sample.
The formation temperature is estimated from the recorded data by fitting model curves that are specific to the sensor and to the probe geometry  (Heesemann et al. , 2007). The small size of the T2P tip creates very little frictional heating, and the location of the temperature sensor at its end allows a direct measure of the formation temperature. All successful temperature measurements were used to estimate geothermal gradients, which were combined with the thermal conductivity measurements made on core samples (see Physical properties) to provide an estimate of the local vertical heat flow.
The T2P is deployed on a dedicated wireline run including several stations at predefined depths for pressure calibration. Once the MDHDS/T2P assembly reaches the bottom of the BHA, the MDHDS is released using the electronic release system, and the probe is initially driven into the formation by its own mass. It is driven further into the formation by pressuring up the MDHDS. Once the tool is inserted in the formation, the bit is raised by ~2 m for maximum heave accommodation facilitated by the MDHDS, and pressure and temperature are recorded for >30 min. Pressure and temperature data are recorded at a sampling rate of 1 Hz.
Wireline logging Wireline logs are measurements of physical, chemical, and structural properties of the formation surrounding a borehole that are made by lowering sondes with an electrical wireline in the hole after completion of drilling. The data are acquired continuously with depth (at vertical sampling intervals ranging from 2. 5 mm to 15 cm) and are measured in situ. The sampling and depth of investigation are intermediate between laboratory measurements on core samples and geophysical surveys, and provide a link for the integrated understanding of physical properties on a wide range of scales. Logs can be interpreted in terms of stratigraphy, lithology, mineralogy, physical properties, and geochemical composition. They also provide information on the status and size of the borehole and on possible deformation induced by drilling or formation stress.
Operations Logs are recorded with a variety of tools combined into strings. The measurements planned for Expedition 362 included a full suite of tools to measure spectral gamma ray, porosity, density, resistivity, sonic velocity, acoustic and electrical images of the borehole, and seismic transit times. Because of hole instability and time constraints, only a limited set of data was recorded at each site (Figure  F41 ; Tables  T12, T13 ). After completion of coring, the bottom of the drill string was set high enough above the bottom of the casing for the longest tool string to fit inside the casing before entering the open hole. The main data were recorded in the open hole section. The gamma ray tool (see below) is the only tool that provides meaningful data inside the drill pipe or casing (mostly qualitative).
Such data are used primarily to identify the depth of the seafloor but can also be used for stratigraphic characterization. Each deployment of a tool string is a logging run, starting with the assembly of the tools and the necessary calibrations. The tool string is then lowered to the bottom of the hole while recording a partial set of data and pulled back uphole at a constant speed, typically 250-500 m/h, to record the main data. During each run, tool strings can be lowered and pulled up several times for control on repeatability or to try to improve quality or coverage of the data. Each lowering or raising of the tool string while collecting data constitutes a pass. During each pass the incoming data are monitored in real time and recorded on the surface system.
Natural radioactivity The Hostile Environment Natural Gamma Ray Sonde (HNGS) was used on all tool strings to measure natural radioactivity in the formation. The HNGS uses two bismuth germanate scintillation detectors and five-window spectroscopy to determine concentrations of K, Th, and U, whose radioactive isotopes dominate the natural radiation spectrum. The enhanced telemetry cartridge (EDTC; see Telemetry cartridges), which is used primarily to communicate data to the sur-  face, includes a sodium iodide scintillation detector to measure the total natural gamma ray emission. It is not a spectral tool, but it provides an additional high-resolution total gamma ray measurement for each pass.
Magnetic susceptibility The Magnetic Susceptibility Sonde, a tool designed by Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), measures the ease with which formations are magnetized when subjected to the Earth's magnetic field. This is ultimately related to the concentration and composition (size, shape, and mineralogy) of magnetizable material within the formation. These measurements provide one of the best methods for investigating stratigraphic changes in mineralogy and lithology because the measurement is quick, repeatable, and because different lithologies often have strongly contrasting susceptibilities. In particular, volcanoclastic deposits can have a very distinct magnetic susceptibility signature. The data can be compared to the susceptibility measurements made on the recovered core by the WRMSL and the point magnetic susceptibility measurements of the SHMSL (see Physical properties).
Log data quality The principal factor in the quality of log data is the condition of the borehole. If the borehole diameter varies over short intervals because of washouts or ledges, the logs from tools that require good contact with the borehole wall may be degraded. Deep investigation measurements such as gamma ray, resistivity, and sonic velocity, which do not require contact with the borehole wall, are generally less sensitive to borehole conditions. Very narrow ("bridged") sections will also cause irregular log results. The accuracy of the logging depth depends on several factors. The depth of the logging measurements is determined from the length of the cable spooled out from the winch on the ship. Uncertainties in logging depth occur because of ship heave, cable stretch, cable slip, or even tidal changes.
Logging data flow and processing Data from each logging run were monitored in real time and recorded using the Schlumberger MAXIS 500 system. The data were shortly thereafter transferred to LDEO for standardized processing, formatting for the online logging database, and archiving. The processed data were returned to the ship and made available to the shipboard scientists within a couple of days. The processing includes several stages. First, using the gamma ray logs recorded by every tool string, a visually interactive program is used to match the depths of recognizable features across all the passes to a reference curve, commonly the gamma ray log of the longest upward pass. After depth matching, all the logging depths are shifted to the seafloor based on the seafloor identified by a step in the gamma ray profile.
Interhole depth correlations The principal physical properties used to establish depth correlations between holes were NGR and magnetic susceptibility. These are volume-averaging measurements that are likely to be less affected by drilling disturbance than P-wave velocity or bulk density data. The color reflectance values measured on the split cores were also used. The depth model was generated using Correlator version 2. 1rc2, and the resulting affine tables were uploaded into the LIMS database. Finally, the full range of physical property data was checked using the constructed affine table.
Seismic reflection data The primary seismic reflection data for Sites U1480 and U1481 were collected on FS Sonne during the SEACAUSE campaign in 2006  (Gaedicke, 2007)  using a tuned array of 16 air guns with total volume of 50. 4 L, towed at 6 m depth and fired every 50 m, and a 3 km 240 channel hydrophone streamer towed at 9 m depth. The data were stacked and migrated using a Kirchhoff poststack time migration. Because of the water depth at the sites, the first seafloor multiple is beyond the zone of interest. The data have a dominant period of 20 ms, which is approximately constant throughout the sediment column; hence, the vertical resolution estimated from the data (quarter wavelength) is 7. 5 m at the seafloor increasing to 15-20 m in the deepest sediments. The width of the first Fresnel zone at the seafloor is 120 m, and the horizontal resolution based on residual diffracted energy at fault planes is 50 m.
Correlation between seismic data and holes The key task of correlation between the seismic data (recorded in time) and the borehole data (measured in depth) is to determine a time-depth relationship. This can best be achieved by using downhole logs and particularly a vertical seismic profile. Unfortunately, a combination of hole conditions and time constraints resulted in a limited set of logs at both sites. No sonic logs were recorded at Site U1480. A time-depth relationship was established for this site using a combination of the lithology and physical properties measured on core samples to determine ties between changes in these properties and characteristic seismic reflections. At Site U1481, sonic logs were successfully collected throughout the uncased interval to the bottom of the hole, and the time offset from the seabed through the cased interval was determined by comparing the logs with the seismic reflection data.