dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Model parchments A set of model parchments D# was obtained by exposure to dry heat for # days. They were first assessed by DSC measurements of the shrinkage temperature T S and the enthalpy change H, as shown in Fig. 1  and fig. S1 , respectively (see data in table  S2 ). The shrinkage temperature decreases strongly from D0 ("reference" parchment) to D16 and then it stabilizes close to room temperature at around 32°C. While the shrinkage temperature T S is constant between D16 and D122, the enthalpy change H decreases from 41 to 5 J/g. These model parchments were then imaged on both sides, namely, the grain and the flesh sides, by NLO microscopy. Image stacks were recorded up to a depth of 15 to 100 m, depending on the optical properties of every parchment, to access volume information.
S6 ). 3D data were recorded by axially shifting the objective mounted on a translation stage with 1-m axial steps, up to 15 to 100 m depending on the penetration depth of each sample. Four to six image stacks for each side of each parchment were recorded, i. e. , 67 3D stacks for the model parchments and 34 3D stacks for the historical parchments (see fig. S7  and table  S1 ). Image processing and analyses Two parameters were extracted pixel-wise from combined 2PEF/P-SHG image stacks. The parameter I 2PEF /I SHG was computed pixel by pixel as the ratio of 2PEF to SHG signals. The anisotropy parameter  was obtained pixel by pixel from the polarimetric diagram I SHG (), which is the variation of the SHG signal as a function of the incident polarization orientation . Details about the theoretical and numerical analysis of P-SHG data are provided in the Supplementary Materials.
Data collection and analysis The online tool LimeSurvey® (Hamburg, Germany) was used to encode and administer the questionnaire. The data collected from the questionnaire were anonymous; respondents were not asked about their identity, and it was not possible to identify them. The ethical provisions appeared on the header of the questionnaire. For descriptive analysis of the data (Microsoft Excel®, Redmond, Washington, U. S. ), we presented the measures of frequency (number, sum, and ratio when needed), measures of central tendency (mean) and measures of dispersion (standard deviation).
1. Buenos Aires: state terrorism main centres (scale 1:100. 000). F. Albanese on data of the Archivio Memoria Abierta  (Conte, 2015). events took place (Site Museum)". This assemblage of material, memory, and site by an institution builds up a collective memory. In this sense, the ratio is the web of coordinated research behind the single institutions. Lorenz and Winn insist on the interconnectedness of all the places of memories "ESMA may have been the most important… but he was not alone". Since then, activists marked many former clandestine centres with signs as evidence of the repression. In 2007, the state established a Federal Network of Memorials. To support this effort, a logic of archaeological reconstruction targets material spaces and traces to reconstruct the link between space, identity, and memory.
This deformation zone is characterized by partitioning over various fault branches at the plate boundary and contributes to the formation of compressional or extensional structures in correspondence of restraining and releasing bends, respectively. This behavior should also be controlled by changes in fault geometries and block rotations, as also suggested by analog modelling in the Sea of Marmara  (Bulkan et al. 2020). According to other authors  (Aksu et al. 2000; Le Pichon et al. 2001; Şengör 2003) , the northern branch of the NAF consists of a single main fault with a predominantly strikeslip component, the so-called Main Marmara Fault. Some of these reconstructions were performed before the acquisition of the high-resolution marine geophysical/geological dataset which immediately followed the 1999 Izmit earthquake.
The 865 C. E. and 740 C. E. earthquakes located close to İstanbul on the basis of (not well constrained) historical reports could have had effects extending well into the İzmit Gulf; others assigned to İzmit area (e. g. , the 1719 C. E. earthquake) may have their epicenter further east of İzmit  (Çağatay et al. 2012). Gasperini et al. 2013). Although the coverage of the latter dataset is lower, resolution is higher, enabling a more detailed mapping of active tectonic structures showing a morphological expression. Figure  3  reports a comparison of both grids in the central Sea of Marmara. Prior to fault mapping, seismic reflection profiles were analyzed to identify the reflector corresponding to the latest marine/ lacustrine transition. While this is a relatively easy task on the shelves, where the reflector is marked by a sharp erosional unconformity, it is more difficult to detect in conformable deeper layers, within the depocenters or along the slopes.
Conclusions A newly compiled morphobathymetric map of the North-Anatolian Fault below the Sea of Marmara was presented in this work. Our reconstruction is based on an unpublished morpho-bathymetric and seismic reflection dataset in conjunction with all available data collected starting from 1999. Analysis of this map, discussed considering information deduced from historical and paleoseismic data, led us to the following conclusions: (1) The right-lateral strike-slip domain characterizing the North-Anatolian fault system shows in the Sea of Marmara three types of deformation, which include almost purely strike-slip faults, mainly oriented E-W; NE/SW-aligned axes of transpressive structures; NW/ SE-oriented trans-tensional depressions. This general rule has an exception, i. e. , the extensional part of the Tekirdag segment in the westernmost basin edge.
Acknowledgements The  MOOC Discovering Greek & Roman Cities  and this article have been developed in the context of the strategic partnership (Erasmus+) Ancient Cities. The creation of these resources has been co-funded by the  ERASMUS+  grant programme of the  European Union  under grant no. 2017-1-DE01-KA203-003537  (funding period 2017-2020; total grant  364. 923 ,00 €). The information and views set out in the MOOC and this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the  European Union. Neither the  European Commission  nor the project's national funding agency DAAD are responsible for the content or liable for any losses or damage resulting of the use of these resources.
Participants and Procedure Participants were recruited from a popular Hungarian news website 1  , which also delivers news about public media figures. Provided that the present investigation focused on attitudes toward famous media personae, this website was considered as an appropriate platform for the data collection. Visitors of this website were considered being interested in the life and public appearance of famous people. Participants were invited to complete an online questionnaire focusing on attitudes toward celebrities and psychological well-being. Preceding the completion, participants were informed about the general aim of the study and were requested to provide informed consent by ticking a box if they were over 18 years of age and agreed to the terms and conditions. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the research team's university (protocol number: 2018/14-2) and was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
A total of 1836 participants completed the total questionnaire (66. 83% men, M age = 37. 14 years, SD = 12. 06, age ranged from 14 to 79 years). Underage respondents (n = 12) and individuals who did not provide information regarding their favorite celebrity (e. g. , left the answer sheet blank or selected a family member or a fictitious character) were excluded from further data analysis (n = 61). Therefore, the final sample comprised 1763 adult participants (66. 42% men, M age = 37. 22 years, SD = 11. 38, age ranged from 18 to 79 years). Major demographic characteristics of the sample are presented in Table  1. The majority of participants earned a college degree or higher, while 28. 19% of participants received a secondary school certification, and only a small proportion of respondents completed eight or less classes at primary school.
Statistical Analysis Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21. 0 (IBM SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, United States) and PROCESS modeling tool for SPSS  (Hayes, 2013). Participants were categorized into two groups based upon whether their gender matched with the gender of their favorite celebrity. If participants' gender was identical to the gender of their favorite celebrity (i. e. , men with a male favorite celebrity or women with a female favorite celebrity), this matching was coded and labeled as 0 = "same-gender celebrity worship. " When participants' gender was different from the gender of their favorite celebrity (i. e. , men with a female favorite celebrity or women with a male favorite celebrity), this mismatching was coded and labeled as 1 = "opposite-gender celebrity worship. " First, t-tests and χ 2 -tests were conducted to explore possible differences in study-relevant variables across gender and opposite/same-gender celebrity worship types.
The convenience sampling method applied for the present data collection limits the generalizability of the results. Therefore, the associations presented in this study may not reflect the behavioral mechanisms observed in the general population accurately. Representative samples are needed to confirm the present findings. Moreover, data were gathered from one website, which can further limit the generalizability of the findings. Future studies should conduct a broader data collection procedure. Second, the direction of association between celebrity worship and subjective well-being cannot be ascertained due to the cross-sectional study design. It is possible that higher levels of celebrity worship deteriorate psychological functioning, but it is also plausible that poorer mental health increases the risk of developing an obsessive emotional bond to a famous person.
Further on,  Baker & Gondo (2020)  consider the difference between deverbal nouns and deadjectival nouns: "when a transitive or unaccusative verb is nominalized in the Dan language, its theme argument is expressed like the inalienable possessor of a relational noun, whereas when an adjective or noun is nominalized, its theme (subject) argument is expressed like the alienable possessor of a nonrelational noun". However, a more thorough analysis of the Dan data proves that this difference is not as radical as they think. In fact, the theme argument can combine with a nominalization with the help of the possessive marker ɓa or without it, depending on semantic (position of the possessor in the Animacy Hierarchy) and probably also pragmatic factors. Baker & Gondo's analysis of low and high nominalization is correct in many respects; however, they have disregarded the tonal marking of the high nominalization on the verbal stem.
, 2019 , Wilkie et al. , 2020)  and even to 'submergence stories' outside Australia  (Nunn, 2018) , suggest that its application to the robust data set outlined in Section 3 (summarized in Table  1 ) will yield unique insights. In Table  2 , the minimum (shallowest) depth of the coastline (relative to today) for which each of the 15 stories would be true is given (Column 4). Depths are derived from bathymetric charts for each study site and, while these are the closest approximations available, they also contain localized sources of potential error. For instance, modern sea-floor depths are unlikely to be exactly those which existed thousands of years ago, not least because sediment has accumulated on them (making them shallower), something that would be commonest in nearshore or bayhead settings; examples might include Stories #3, #13 and #14.
Concentration ratios were then corrected both from 13 C isotopic fractionation (AMS measurement) and 14 C background noise triggered from chemical steps. Calculations were done following Mook and van der Plicht (1999). Modeling 14 C ages were calibrated by OxCal4. 3 software (Bronk Ramsey 2009a), using the IntCal13 calibration curve  (Reimer et al. 2013). Bayesian statistics were applied to the set of results related to each instrument to get a more accurate temporal density associated with the age of the musical instrument. For each object, modeling was adapted according to the number and type of samples. In this way, wood sample densities were down-weighted compared to the more accurate temporal distributions from short-lived samples. This modeling allows for considering both old wood effects and the possibility of reused material.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the musée du Louvre and the musée des  Beaux-Arts de Lyon  for their support in this project. We would also like to acknowledge  Bernard Berthier  and  Genevieve Galliano  for their strong support, the  Centre de Datation par le Radiocarbone de Lyon , which carried out part of the analyses (Artemis CNRS), as well as the  Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire  for supporting the Paysage sonores et espaces urbains de la Méditerranée ancienne program since its inception.
Seasonal or aseasonal calving would have affected the economic and social components of ancient farming societies differently, determining the availability of cattle milk throughout the year, structuring the agropastoral calendar, scheduling herd mobility in mountainous areas  22, 23  , and generally shaping farmers' lives. In this study, we present a new European-scale dataset of stable oxygen isotope measurements in tooth enamel, enabling the reconstruction of the calving pattern. Considering that milk was exploited by prehistoric farming societies at that time and earlier  [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]  , how the calving pattern impacted the seasonal availability of milk and ultimately cheese making is also discussed.
1 months (68% of births), but almost all births occur (95%) occur over only 6. 2 months (Fig. 3b ). Considering LBK sites only, the main period of births (68%) extends over 3. 5 months with 95% of births occurring over 9. 9 months (Fig. 3c ). It must be noted that all figures given for the length of the birth period are indicative as inter-individual variability in the third molar growth timing could impact the time resolution (see "Material and methods" section). At Cheia, the dP4 and M1 of calves that died within their first year show very similar patterns of variations in δ  18  O values, suggesting that they were born within the same period of the seasonal cycle (Supplementary Data S1). At this site, this result refutes the hypothesis that the seasonal calving inferred from the third molar dataset is artificially created by a higher mortality rate in calves born out of season.
Autumnal calving was rarely observed in remnant populations of aurochs in Poland and those autumn calves were too weak to survive harsh winter conditions  12. However, it is unlikely that infant mortality alone would create the observed seasonal pattern. In Chillingham feral cattle, breeding throughout the year, high infant mortality does not result in as strict a seasonal signal as the one observed in the prehistoric dataset  14. (3) Reproduction behaviour tuned to the availability of forage, not necessarily involving a true physiological anoestrus but determined by vegetation dynamics and caused by seasonal fluctuations in the quality or quantity of forage resources, as is observed today in feral cattle populations (Supplementary Table  S1 ). (  4 ) Intentional management by herders, aiming to concentrate births in the optimal period of the year in terms of the availability of grazing resources.
Material and methods. All teeth included in the study are archaeological material. All samples were taken from M3s (105 M3s in total). This choice was dictated (1) by the necessity to secure tooth identification in assemblages sometimes mostly composed of isolated teeth, where second and first molars are difficult to distinguish; (2) and the fact that a higher number of teeth with light wear (i. e. , preserved crown height) could be sampled. To avoid potential misidentification with the aurochs, which is very similar in morphology to Neolithic cattle, the domestic status of the selected teeth was assessed using morphometric criteria (Supplementary Data S2). Most of the M3 are lower molars except at Măgura  16  and Alsónyék (this study) where a higher number of upper M3 were available. Left and right molars have been used; their belonging to different individuals was assessed on the basis of tooth size and wear.
The 68% confidence interval around the mean (excluding outliers) defines the main period of births. Results from these calculations are given in Supplementary Tables  S15  and S16. Histograms showing the distributions of cattle births when combining data on a European scale are shown in Supplementary Fig. S12. They all resemble normal distribution. The data for site or group of sites are assumed to be from normal distributions as they are sub-samples of the combined datasets. The four Early Neolithic sites in Serbia, which yielded a small number of modelled δ  18  O sequences (Starčevo-Grad = 1; Magareći mlin = 3; Divostin = 1; Blagotin = 4) were considered together for data treatment. The same was applied to the LBK sites in Czech Republic. Černý Vůl (N = 1) and Těšetice-Kyjovice (N = 1) were grouped with Chotěbudice (N = 10), while Hârşova (N = 1) was grouped with Borduşani (N = 9).
The comparability of results obtained on the upper and lower M3 was investigated at Borduşani, where the average x 0 /X ratio obtained from 10 lower M3 was compared to the average x 0 /X ratio obtained from 4 upper M3 (see Supplementary Method S2). The highlighted shift (+ 0. 43 in upper M3, or 5. 2 months) is considerable and precludes a direct comparison of data obtained from lower and upper M3. A -0. 43 correction was applied to the Măgura and Alsónyék datasets before comparison with other sites. This correction, acquired on a limited number of individuals, must be refined in the future and for this reason datasets mixing upper and lower teeth on a site scale were not included in this study, as the mixing would impact the estimation of the duration of the calving season.
Acknowledgements This study was funded by the  ERC   Starting Grant "SIANHE"  ( GA 202881 , PI:  M. Balasse ), the  ERC Advanced Grant "NeoMilk"  ( FP7-IDEAS-ERC/324202 , P. I. : R. P. Evershed), the  ERC Starting Grant "BIRTH"  ( GA640557 , P. I. :  S. Stefanović ), the  DFG "Food Cultures " project ( IV 101/5-1 , P. I. :  M. Ivanova ), the  MNHN ATM "CyclO-viMed " (dir  M. Balasse & S. Bréhard ). M. Ivanova is currently funded by the  ERC   Consolidator Grant "SUSTAIN"  ( GA 865515 ,  P. I. : M. Ivanova ). The authors thank  A. Putica ,  J. Vuković ,  J. Bulatović ,  V. Đorđević  and  B. Zorbić  who provided access to the faunal material from the sites in Serbia;  J. Vaquer  who gave permission to sample the faunal material from Auriac;  V. Voinea  who gave access to the faunal material from  Cheia  and  D.
First, the whole sample was mapped with low spatial resolution at energies close to Fe L-edges (700 eV, 707. 8 eV, 709. 8 eV, and 730 eV). This approach made it possible to identify iron(II) and iron(III) rich areas that deserve a closer investigation while limiting sample irradiation. In these areas, stacks, consisting in a 3D data recording of sample absorption versus beam energy were then recorded (see Fig. S1  supplementary material) with a spatial resolution of 30 nm. These stacks allow extraction of the NEXAFS spectra corresponding to a pixel, or to a speci c region of several pixels. In this work, stacks were recorded from 700 eV to 720 eV (Fe L-edge range), from 270 eV to 325 eV (C K-edge range) and from 395 eV to 435 eV (N K-edge range) (Tab. S1 in supplementary material). In order to limit iron reduction under the beam, Fe L-edge stacks were recorded rst.
STXM data treatment The treatment of the stacks images was done using the aXis2000 software  [25]. For each series of recording, the treatment consisted in (i) an alignment, (ii) a normalization with incident ux intensity to obtain absorption (optical density (O. D. )) maps, (iii) a subtraction of the images at characteristic energies from the image before the edge in order to enhance the component distribution visualization, (iv) a stack t to obtain the component maps (it performs a linear least squares t of the data and ts the spectrum at each pixel with a sum of user-de ned model spectra and a constant) and (v) a red green blue (RGB) treatment (to map the distribution of chosen reference compounds using colours). Spectra were extracted from stacks in several region of interest after the (ii) step.
7 eV that corresponds to 1s-σ* transition [28], and a main peak at 401. 1 eV that corresponds to amide groups. The distribution of gelatin was also obtained with maps at 401. 1 eV from which maps at 398 eV (before the edge) were subtracted in order to enhance the contrast. At the C K-edge, the raw linen rag ber NEXAFS spectrum (Fig. 1c , ber) is similar to previously reported cellulosic bers  [22, 29]. It shows three peaks corresponding to aromatic carbons (285. 1 eV) and vinyl keton (286. 7 eV), possibly formed during milling, and C-O transition of osidic bonds and alcohol groups (288. 9 eV). The gallic acid spectrum (Fig. 1c, Ac ) also matches previously published data  [22, 30]  with eight peaks corresponding to 1s-π* transitions of aromatic carbons (285. 1 eV), aromatic alcohol (286. 0 to 288 eV), carboxylic group (288.
On an enlarged region of the ber I (Fig. 2 , right part), stack ts were performed using the Axis2000 software to get a RGB map showing the distribution of Fe II (in yellow) and Fe III (in blue) based on a comparison with the reference compounds spectra. This approach con rmed that the surface of the ber is coated relatively homogeneously with a thin Fe II rich layer that also follows cracks in the inner part of the ber. Many of these cracks are oriented perpendicular to the walls, and were probably formed during paper milling. Bright Fe-rich spots, approx. 200 nm wide are also observed along the cracks and are predominantly composed of Fe II. Extraction of Fe L-edge spectra from the regions of interest 1 to 3 (Fig. 2  and Fig. 3a , left), showed that iron is not only distributed along cracks but also penetrates in the ber (region 3) where it is present at very low concentration (low O.
10 Therefore, we used whole-genome sequence dataset containing 1-3 individuals for each 11 population, to ensure as many variant sites as possible at expense of number of individuals. 12 Dataset 3 consists of NAT002, F23, and SGDP samples, along with the array data of 13 modern Japanese and Ainu, genotyped using the Affymetrix 6. 0 SNP chip (Jinam et al. Northeast Asian clusters, so we removed these individuals from datasets 1 and 4 as recent posterior probabilities higher than 0. 9 were used for subsequent tract length analysis. We thank Mr. Shigeru Nakatani, the site land-owner, for allowing the excavation. We ). This study was also supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Nos. of NAT002 using qpAdm. The Oroqen, Itelmen, and F23 were used as source populations. Figure Legends 2 Error bars indicate one standard error.
19 However, B*40:06:01 al1ele-specific sequences were not detected by the TARGT and 20 HLA EXPLORE. Probably, B*40:06:01:01 identified with HLA-VBSeq might be a result 21 of a mismapping of the reads derived from HLA-C locus because the 100 bp sequence 22 including B*40:06:01-specific substitution sites in HLA-B exon 3 shows extremely high 23 identity with the HLA-C sequences in IMGT/HLA database release 3. 43. 0.