dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Conclusions We compared ΔAGB derived from four recent multi-date global AGB maps with three reference datasets at spatial scales between 100 m and 25 km. We also compared the 25 km ΔAGB among maps. We conclude the following: 1. The map-based estimates of ΔAGB agreed most with the LiDARbased values regardless of the spatial scale (e. g. , 0. 1-0. 44 R 2 ). When compared to ΔAGB values derived from NFI data, the agreement was instead moderate until 1 km (e. g. , at most 0. 1 R 2 ) and poor for coarser spatial scales (e. g. , at most 0. 03 R 2 ). The comparison with country averages reported in the FRA revealed different levels of agreement depending on the map (e. g. , 0. 03-0. 28 R 2 ). The assessments revealed systematic differences in mapped ΔAGB compared to the reference data, i. e. , mapped AGB loss was smaller owing to the underestimation of AGB in baseline maps (2010).
Models used: • Modified carbon flux model: https://github. com/arnanaraza/car bon-budget • Plot2Map: https://github. com/arnanaraza/PlotToMap CRediT authorship contribution statement Arnan Araza: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing -original draft. Martin Herold: Conceptualization, Writing -review & editing, Resources, Funding, Supervision. Sytze de Bruin: Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing -review & editing, Supervision. Philippe Ciais: Data curation, Writing -review & editing. David A. Gibbs: Data curation, Writingreview & editing. Nancy Harris: Data curation. Maurizio Santoro: Data curation, Writing -review & editing. Jean-Pierre Wigneron: Data curation, Writing -review & editing. Hui Yang: Data curation. Natalia Málaga: Writing -review & editing.
Acknowledgements This study was partly supported by the (1) IFBN/FOS (contract no. 4000114425/15/NL/FF/gp ),  SEN4LDN  and  CCI Biomass  (contract no. 4000123662/18/I-NB ) projects funded by the  European Space Agency ; (2) VERIFY Project: Observation-based system for monitoring and verification of greenhouse gases (GA number  776810 , RIA). Acknowledgement is also given to the Open Earth Monitor Project from  European Union 's  Horizon Europe research an innovation programme  (grant agreement  101059548 ); the  World Resources Institute (WRI)  land and carbon lab support to WUR and GFZ; and the  CGIAT MIT-IGATE+  project. Authors TAMP, AEM and MJS acknowledge funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant agreement no.
Growth analysis in batch culture To evaluate growth rates under the same conditions as those used for transposon mutagenesis, we performed growth rate analysis in YPGal batch cultures. For each experiment, we inoculated three colonies per strain into 3-5 mL YPGal and grew them overnight at 30°C. We then back diluted 5 µL of culture into 195 µL fresh YPGal. We collected OD 600 data over ∼48 h using a Tecan Spark and growthcurver used to fit the data to a logistic equation.
Acknowledgments We thank members of the  Gresham, Schacherer , and  Vogel laboratories. This work was made possible by grants from the  National Institutes of Health (National Institute of General Medical Sciences)  to P. S. ( F32-GM131573 ) and D. G. ( R01-GM134066 ,  R01-GM107466 ) and from the  National Science Foundation  to G. A. ( DGE1342536 ) and D. G. ( MCB1818234 ). J. S. is supported by the  European Research Council (ERC)   Consolidator grant  ( 772505 ). J. S. is a fellow of the  University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS)  and a member of the  Institut Universitaire de France.
This is a capability that no other instrument to date has been able to provide. Gröller et al. (2018)  presented a preliminary study on the general seasonal and latitudinal variability of ozone from a single Martian Year (MY) of MAVEN/IUVS data, going up to the end of MY 33 (March 2017). However, this data set was limited to 12 individual observation campaigns, of which only 70 stellar occultations spread over three observation campaigns were seen to have detectable amounts of ozone. In this paper, we build on the work of  Gröller et al. (2018)  and expand it to a larger MAVEN/IUVS data set covering MY 32-MY 36 (March 2015-January 2022). We integrate an ozone detection limit procedure based on that of  Teanby et al. (2009 Teanby et al. ( , 2019) )  with an existing retrieval pipeline  (Gröller et al.
, 2018; Quémerais et al. , 2006) , in order to perform a comprehensive analysis of vertical, seasonal, and regional variations of ozone in the Martian atmosphere. We describe the IUVS stellar occultation data set in Section 2, and then illustrate our spectral and vertical inversion technique in Section 3, including a description of the selection method for determining significant ozone detections. In Section 4 we discuss general seasonal variations in our retrieved vertical ozone profiles over multiple latitudinal bands, and how they relate to longitudinal variations in ozone at different altitudes. Conclusions are presented in Section 5.
Data and Preprocessing The IUVS instrument is a plane-grating spectrograph that has conducted stellar occultation observations of the Martian atmosphere since 2015. It makes use of a grating and a beam splitter that disperses incident solar radiation toward two diffraction orders: one covering the far-UV (FUV) between 110 and 190 nm, and the other covering the mid-UV (MUV) between 180 and 340 nm, at an approximate spectral resolution of 0. 6 and 1. 2 nm, respectively. Although IUVS is primarily designed to make measurements of the upper atmosphere of Mars (e. g. ,  Chaffin et al. , 2015; Clarke et al. , 2017; Jain et al. , 2015) , it also has the capability of making measurements of the lower and middle atmosphere in occultation geometry, allowing for the simultaneous retrieval of profiles of CO 2 , O 2 , and O 3 density, together with aerosol  (Gröller et al.
In February 2019, an aerobraking campaign resulted in a lowering of the orbit of MAVEN around Mars, and hence a reduction in the orbital period of MAVEN from 4. 5 to 3. 5 hr, and a decrease in longitude sampling per orbit from 65° to 55°. The main disadvantage of the IUVS stellar occultation data, however, is the relatively sparse low solar longitude sampling (∼20°-30° L s ) resulting from the infrequent nature of the occultation campaigns. Calibration and straylight/background correction was carried out according to the procedure outlined in  Gröller et al. (2018). It was at this stage that, of the 3,003 individual occultations in the total IUVS stellar occultation data set recorded to date, we decided to discard 2,382 occultations in this study that were seen to be unusable. Around 56% of the total data set, including all dayside observations and a significant proportion of nightside observations, had unsalvageable straylight contamination in the MUV due to sunlight scattered into the spectrometer by the Martian atmosphere.
A list of occultations analyzed following screening is given in Table  S1. Transmission spectra were then calculated through the division of the measured spectral radiances at each altitude with a reference spectrum obtained above 170 km, where negligible atmospheric absorption was seen in the data. Spectral uncertainties were calculated through the standard deviation of the time-varying signal at each wavelength from all spectra above 170 km, resulting in average SNR values in the MUV of approximately 30 for the brightest stars, but around 10 for more typical spectra. Spatio-temporal, geometrical, and altitudinal metadata associated with each occultation were derived from SPICE kernels as described in  Gröller et al. (2018) , with altitudes quoted with respect to the areoid. Throughout this analysis, we have defined longitudes east of the prime meridian.
The main drawback with this method is that the null set may only have a small number of spectra depending on the spatial and temporal coverage of the data, which means that it may not necessarily be representative of the occultation data set as a whole, or be sufficiently large to assume Gaussian or chi-square statistics. For this reason, the aforementioned analyses were forced to use additional criteria on top of the basic Δχ 2 constraint to filter out false detections: either through measurement of Pearson cross-correlation in the case of  Määttänen et al. (2022a) , or by imposing a detection limit in the case of  Piccialli et al. (2023)  using the methodology of  Trompet et al. (2021). The null set was required to impose the exact selection threshold for all these methods. We built on the work of these authors to propose an alternative method of filtering false detections of ozone that did not require the use of a null set, and was therefore suitable for small data sets.
The retrieved vertical profiles were smoothed using Tikhonov regularization, with a constant parameter λ 0 = 0. 1 found by  Gröller et al. (2018)  to be optimal in smoothing over unphysical oscillations in the vertical profiles while also preserving genuine wave structure at the given altitudinal resolution. The derived CO 2 profiles could then also be used to infer a temperature profile. Discussion on the other gaseous and aerosol profiles retrieved from IUVS stellar occultation data besides ozone are beyond the scope of this paper. For more information on CO 2 , O 2 , and temperature variations in the upper atmosphere retrieved from IUVS stellar occultations, we refer the reader to another article such as  Gröller et al. (2015)  or  Gupta et al. (2022). Due to the width and breadth of the Hartley Band signature, percentage a posteriori uncertainty intervals on retrieved ozone densities, as calculated through error propagation in the retrieval algorithm, were usually seen to be very small for ozone densities well above the 2 sigma detection limit threshold (generally around 1%-3% for large values of ozone density typical of the middle atmosphere in the aphelion season).
Acknowledgments This work was supported by funding from the  MAVEN mission as part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The MAVEN mission is supported by  NASA  in association with the  University of Colorado  and  NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. ASB, FM, FL, AM, LV, and ZF acknowledge funding from the  Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)  via the  French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).
Data Availability Statement This analysis makes use of the MAVEN/IUVS processed (level 1C) stellar occultation data  (Schneider, 2022) , which can be freely downloaded in FITS format from the NASA Planetary Data System (PDS), identified by "occultation" with version/revision tag v13_r01. It is also publicly available on the LASP MAVEN Science Data Center (SDC, https://lasp. colorado. edu/maven/sdc/public/). The output data from this study, including the results of both the spectral and vertical retrievals of ozone from the 583 selected stellar occultations, together with the associated model output from the Planetary Climate Model (PCM), can be downloaded from the CU Scholar Data Repository  (Braude et al. , 2022). The SPICAM data used in this study was obtained from the ESPRI/IPSL repository  (Määttänen et al.
2020 data set  (Olsen et al. , 2020). Typically, the O2 trends in this dataset are of the order of -0. 5 to -1. 0 mmol m -3 yr -1 in the upper water column, and below -0. 5 mmol m -3 yr -1 in the overflow waters from the Greenland Scotland Ridge. They are in general slightly more pronounced when analysed along isopycnals compared to depth levels. This underlines the role of water mass ventilation and spreading for the O2 anomalies. Almost basin wide, uniform O2 1235 trends are mainly found in the density layers of Labrador Sea Water (LSW, Figure  13 ). In the upper LSW (ULSW), the O2 concentration increased between 1995 and 2018, especially away from the formation region towards the eastern Atlantic. This is due to the eastward spreading of ULSW that has been formed after the decrease of convection at the end of the 1990s  (Kieke et al.
e. , North Sea  (Beaugrand et al. , 2014). Of the five plankton groups studied in Beaugrand et al. and Mediterranean Sea  (Beaugrand et al. , 2015). Given the relative paucity of suitably long plankton time-series, alternative 1665 routes to investigating potential tipping points have been explored. Microcosm experiments, for example, have demonstrated that warming can result in abrupt declines in phytoplankton production and biodiversity loss  (Bestion et al. , 2020). Machine learning methods have been applied to tease tipping point-like phenomena out of large and noisy datasets, suggesting that temperature and pCO2 are important drivers of change in phytoplankton productivity  (Ban et al. , 2022). Some biogeochemical models may also be able to simulate regime shifts (e. g. ,  Beaulieu et al.
Acknowledgments: This work has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement  820989  (Project  COMFORT -Our common future ocean in the Earth system -quantifying coupled cycles of carbon, oxygen , and nutrients for determining and achieving safe operating spaces with respect to tipping points). Some of 1995 the computations were performed on resources provided by Sigma2 -the  National Infrastructure for High Performance Computing and Data Storage  in Norway -through projects  NN2980K ,  NS2980K ,  NS9708K , and  NS9560K. FFP was supported by the  BOCATS2  ( PID2019-104279GB-C21 ) project funded by  MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033. We also acknowledge the use of the  ARCHER UK National Supercomputing  and JASMIN. 2000.
Code availability: Not applicable (this review paper does not include any new original computations or model codes). Data availability: : The data used for plotting Figure 3 are available through: Somes, C. , UVic-MOBI Anthropogenic Biogeochemistry Simulations, 2023, https://zenodo. org/record/8214421. The data used for plotting Figures 16 and 19 are available through: Jeltsch-Thömmes, Aurich, & Joos, Fortunat. (2023). 1970 Bern3D model output data from idealized CO2 increase-decrease simulations to investigate reversibility in the Earth system (v1. 0) [Dataset]. Zenodo. https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 8224373.
Introduction: The interaction between road safety and drivers' mental health is an important issue to take into consideration on transportation and safety research. The present review deals specifically with the link between anxiety and driving activity from two complementary points of view. Method: A systematic review into primary studies, following the PRISMA statement, was carried out in four databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Transport Research International Documentation and Pubmed. A total of 29 papers were retained. On the one hand, we present a systematic review of research articles exploring the cognitive and behavioural effects of driving anxiety, regardless its onset, when concerned people have to drive. The second goal of the review is to compile the available literature on the influence of legal drugs, which are used to fight against anxiety, on actual driving tasks.
Limitations This systematic review may have some limitations that have to be mentioned. First, the selection criteria used may have led to missing some relevant studies. For instance, to allow replicability of this review, it was conducted in only 4 electronic databases, "grey" literature has been put aside from the review as well as no English papers. Besides, neither specific populations were included into the selected articles, to avoid confounding factors, nor specific medical terms, e. g. , benzodiazepines or beta blockers, were considered as keywords. In addition, publication bias has to be taken into account when considering the conclusions of every systematic review. Thus, considering the lack of experimental studies assessing the objective impacts of driving anxiety on cognitive processing while driving, we may ask ourselves if this is because these studies do not exist or if negative or not statistically significant results relative to our initial questions have not been published.
Blood modular transcriptional repertoire analyses Whole-blood transcriptomic data collected in the LUPUCE study were investigated  (13). RNA was processed as described elsewhere using Illumina beadchips  (13). Data are deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/geo, GEO Series accession number GSE49454). Analyses were performed using the second generation of a modular framework as described previously  (13, 17). The level of regulation of each module was calculated as the percentage difference: % upregulated probes -% downregulated probes. A module was considered activated (up-regulated) or inhibited (down-regulated) if its value was, respectively, ≥ 20% or ≤ -20%. A modular IFN score was calculated depending on the activation of three IFN modules (M1.
0001, two-tailed t-test with Welch's correction). Data represent two experiments each performed in triplicate with independent protein preparations (open and filled circles). These experiments allow a direct comparison of the apo and the KNX-002-bound structures when a hydrolysable ATP analog is bound. The high-resolution electron density maps are at similar resolution in these two datasets and allow us to build the nucleotides and KNX-002 without ambiguity, as well as the water molecules, in particular those in the active site (Fig. 2a, 2b ). Whether bound to KNX-002 or not, PfMyoA crystallized in the post-rigor (PR) state, an ATP-bound myosin structural state with low affinity for the actin track which is populated upon detachment of the motor from the track prior to the priming of its lever arm (Supplementary Fig.
64). Data represent two experiments (open and filled symbols) using independent protein preparations. (b) The KNX-002 binding pocket does not exist in the Rigor state. PfMyoA/KNX-002 (colours) and PfMyoA in the Rigor-like state (light blue) (PDB code 6I7D,  9  Robert-Paganin et al. , 2019) are superimposed on the U50 subdomain and show how a change in the conformation and the orientation of the L50 subdomain would close the inner cleft and would thus not be compatible with KNX-002 binding. Indeed, the L50 HP-helix rotates by 12° and the L50 HW-helix shifts, changing the position of F485 and F645, two residues involved in KNX-002 binding. The reorientation of Switch-2 also leads to a new position for the key F471 residue that is incompatible with KNX-002 docking into this site in the Rigor state.
5 mM phosphoenolpyruvate, 0. 6 mg/ml actin previously polymerized and 0. 009% Antifoam. 12. 5 µl each of Solution A and B were added to a plate with a Packard MiniTrak liquid handler and then mixed at 2400 rpm for 45 s with an BioShake 3000 ELM orbital plate mixer (Qinstruments). The decrease in optical density at 340 nm as a function of time was measured on an Envision 2104 spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer) with a 600 s data monitoring window sampled every 60 s. Hit progression included confirmation of activity in an independent experiment, inactivity against an unrelated ATPase (hexokinase), and dose-responsive inhibition. Hexokinase reactions were performed using glucose (1 mM) and sufficient hexokinase to generate ADP from ATP at a rate similar to the target myosins. Hit progression included confirmation of activity in an independent experiment, inactivity against an unrelated ATPase, and dose-responsive inhibition.
Transient kinetics All stopped-flow experiments were performed on a KinTek stopped-flow apparatus (KinTek Corporation, model SF-2001). All concentrations stated are after mixing into the stopped-flow cell, except where stated. Light scattering at 295 nm with a 295 nm interference filter orthogonal to the incident light was used to monitor the dissociation of actomyosin (0. 2 µM actin and 0. 15 µM PfMyoA). Mant-ATP and mant-ADP binding to myosin was measured by exciting at 290 nm and monitoring emission light that passed through a 400 nm long pass filter. All traces were analyzed using the software package provided by KinTek and fit to either single or double exponentials. Multiple time courses (usually 3-8) were averaged prior to curve fitting. Conditions: 10 mM HEPES pH 7. 5, 50 mM KCl, 4 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 1% DMSO, 30°C.
X-ray datasets were collected at the ESRF Synchrotron, on the ID30B beamline  39  , with the following parameters at 100 K: Apo-PfMyoA (λ=0. 9677 Å, 46. 8% transmission, flux start 7. 54. 10 11 ph/sec), PfMyoA-Knx002 (λ=0. 9687 Å, 1. 2% transmission, flux start 9. 89. 10 12 ph/sec). Diffraction datasets were processed using XDS  40  and AutoPROC  41. Both crystal forms (Apo-PfMyoA) and (PfMyoA-KNX-002) belong to the space group P212121. The molecular replacement solution was obtained by using Phaser 42 using the PDB coordinates from 6YCY 10 without solvent and water as model target. The 3D structure of compound KNX-002 and the related restraints were generated using Elbow  43. The models were manually refined using Coot  44. The refinement was performed using Buster  45  and Phenix  46. The final Ramachandran for favored, allowed and outliers are 97.
(b) Superimposition of PfMyoA/KNX-002 and PfMyoA in the pre-powerstroke (PPS) state (PDB code 6YCX, 3 on the U50 subdomain. The superimposition shows that cannot bind in PPS. In particular, a clash would occur if Switch-2 rearranges to close the back-door as found in PPS. Note in particular, the position F471 adopts in the PPS state. (c) Cartoon representation showing the ΦLL linker, a conserved element located after the Transducerβ7, in the U50. Alignment of myosin sequences show the conservation of the ΦLL linker: PfMyoA; human fast skeletal muscle myosin 2 (SkMyo2_MYH2); human β-cardiac muscle myosin 2 (Cardiac_MYH7); human smooth muscle myosin 2 (SmMyo2_MYH11); human myosin 6 (Hs_Myo6); human myosin 5a (Hs_Myo5a); human myosin-1b (Hs_Myo1b); Dictyostelium discoidum myosin 2 (DdMyo2). Validation of the KNX-002 binding pocket.
Representation of the differences existing in the KNX-002 binding pocket in PfMyoA and in β-cardiac myosin in the PR state (PDB code 6FSA, 4 , the two structures are aligned on the U50 subdomain of PfMyoA. The sequence differences in cardiac are represented as stick in grey (for detail see Fig. 3f). Residues mutated to investigate the pocket are represented in a red box. Raw data showing examples of fields of actin bound to surface immobilized PfMyoA. Direct comparison of the amount of actin bound in various nucleotides in the absence or presence of 100 µM KNX-002. Quantitation of the number of bound filaments is shown in Fig. 5a and Supplementary Fig. Supplementary Figure 9 -KNX-002 does not affect the rate of ATP induced actomyosin dissociation. 0. 3 µM PfMyoA and 0. 4 µM skeletal actin were rapidly mixed with ATP in either 1% DMSO (blue open squares) or 100 µM KNX-002 (red filled circles).
Acknowledgements This work was supported by  NIH  grant  R01AI 132378  to KMT and AH, a grant from the  Human Frontier Science Program  ( RGY006/2016 ) to JB and AH, grants from the  Wellcome  ( Investigator Award  to JB,  100993/Z/13/Z ) and the  Medicines for Malaria Venture  ( RD-08-2800 ) to JB. We thank  Cytokinetics  for providing purified actin and access to their high-throughput screening library, infrastructure and staff. We are grateful to  Dr. James Spudich  ( CEO of Kainomyx ) for giving us the opportunity to study  KNX-002  in the Plasmodium system via a Continuing Research Agreement between Kainomyx and the  University of Vermont (KMT) , and  Kainomyx  and the  Institut Curie (AH). We acknowledge the  ESRF  for providing in-house beamtime on the ID30B. We thank  Dr. James Spudich  and  Dr.