dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
METHODS The HELENA-cross sectional study (HELENA-CSS) is a multi-centre study performed in ten European cities from nine countries: Herak-lion and Athens (Greece), Dortmund (Germany), Ghent (Belgium), Lille (France), Pécs (Hungary), Rome (Italy), Stockholm (Sweden), Vienna (Austria) and Zaragoza (Spain). This study was designed to obtain reliable and comparable data on the nutritional status of urban European adolescents  (12. 5-17. 5 years). The total sample of the HELENA-CSS fulfilling all the inclusion criteria was 3,528 adolescents. It was decided to obtain blood samples in one third of the total HELENA-CSS sample. The total sample size in which we obtained blood samples was 1,089. From the total number of adolescents with blood samples, 925 (430 males) had valid data for BMI, fat mass (FM)/fat-free mass (FFM) indices and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index, constituting the overall sample included in the current study.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise stated. To achieve normality in the residuals, sum of six skinfold thickness,% FM, FM Slaughter (FMS), FMS index (FMSI) and FMB index (FMBI) were transformed to the natural logarithm and HOMA was raised to the power of ⅓. Multiple linear regression models were used to study the associations of both indices of FM and FFM with HOMA (outcome), after adjusting for pubertal status, socioeconomic status, country, indices of FM or FFM and cardiorespiratory fitness. Regression analysis was performed for different models in table II. Model I included pubertal status, socioeconomic status and country (entered as dummy variable) as confounders. Model II included model I plus the corresponding FFM index. Model III included model II plus cardiorespiratory fitness.
In table III model I was similar to table II and model II included model I plus the corresponding FM index. Model III included model I plus cardiorespiratory fitness and model IV included model III plus the corresponding FM index. Sensitivity analyses were performed using QUICKI instead of HOMA and the results did not change (data not shown). The analyses were performed using the Predictive Analytics SoftWare (PASW, version 20; SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA) and the level of significance was set to 0. 05.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We gratefully acknowledge all participating children and adolescents, and their parents and teachers for their collaboration. We also acknowledge all the members involved in the field work for their efforts and great enthusiasm. The  HELENA study  takes place with the financial support of the  European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme  (Contract  FOOD-CT-2005-007034 ). This study was also supported by the  Spanish Ministry of Health: Maternal, Child Health and Development Network  (number  RD08/0072 ) (LMA) and ( CIBERobn CB12/03/30038 ), and co-financed by the  European Regional Development Fund (MICINN-FEDER). Dr. Jiménez-Pavón  was supported by a grant from the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (MINECO)  (grant nº: RYC-2014-16938 ). There are no relationships with industry.
Statistical analyses. Statistical analysis of data related to morphometric analysis, GSI and HSI index, taking into account the sex (females or males) was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) or Tukey's test  (Zar, 2010). A 95% confidence level was applied to all statistical procedures (P < 0. 05). Additionally, data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (M ± SEM). All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software SigmaStat for Windows (version 3. 10).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Companhia Energética de São Paulo (CESP)  for providing the fish farm facilities. The authors are also grateful to  Dra. Lurdes F. A. Toledo ,  Dr. Ricardo S. Hattori  and  Mr. Carlos E. Lopes  ( Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo ), for offering their support and laboratory use for cytogenetic analysis. This work was supported by the following grants:  FAPESP 2008/57687-0 ,  2011/50288-5  and  2012/50918-1  ( Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo)  and  IFS A/5351-1  ( International Foundation for Science).
La consistencia interna es adecuada a partir de un ␣ de Cronbach de por lo menos 0,70  25. Para la validez convergente, debido al tama ño medio de la muestra, una |R| ≥ 0,030 se considera un buen tama ño del efecto  26. El AFC se ha realizado con Mplus v. 7, y los demás, con SPSS v. 21.
Una vez restablecido el curso, se inició el trabajo correspondiente a la competencia lectora propositiva. Esta semana conservó el mismo diseño de las anteriores, sin embargo marcó el comienzo de las actividades finales para la aplicación del Pre-Test. La participación en la aplicación del cuestionario de prueba intermedia para esta semana fue de solo 22 estudiantes, lo que ratificó la continuidad de las dificultades para el ingreso manifestadas por los participantes del curso. El resultado del Test de comprensión propositiva puede observarse en la figura 4. En esta competencia se observa un aumento en el promedio de 3. 77 como muestra del avance en el curso en plataforma Moodle. Una vez ingresados los resultados de las pruebas del G. E se procedió a realizar un análisis paramétrico a través de la prueba t de student especificando en el software la prueba para dos muestras emparejadas; esto debido a que pertenecen a la misma muestra en dos momentos diferentes.
Una vez procesada la información el software produjo los siguientes resultados: Tabla 2. Análisis de t de student elaborada con Excel. La incorporación de un curso de cuatro semanas en plataforma Moodle como implementación de ambientes B-learning para alumnos de sexto grado de una institución de carácter público en Colombia incidió de manera positiva en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, contribuyendo a la mejora de los niveles de comprensión lectora.
Los códigos se validaron en tres etapas: primero fueron propuestos por la analista metodóloga a partir del análisis de los equipos por países, luego fueron validados por el investigador principal y por último fueron convalidados por los autores por países que habían realizado los análisis originales, quienes sugirieron modificaciones o ajustes a la codificación. Los valores obtenidos fueron cuantificados mediante el software IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences, utilizando conteos de frecuencia y tablas de contingencia. La Tabla 2 muestra las categorías de análisis y los códigos considerados: Tabla 2. Categorías y valores de análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de contenidos de los corpora. Profesores: cursos de formación docente.
As we noted above, all the participants volunteered to take part in the study, none of them received any kind of reward after fulfilling the task and anonymity was guaranteed. Some nutritionists with experience in this type of studies were in charge to take anthropometric measures (weight and height). None of the participants left the study after inclusion. After the Director's permission and the ethics approval from Junta de Andalucía (Regional Government of Andalusia) were obtained, a timetable was established to collect the data during a week, avoiding evaluation periods in which possible distress could have influenced the study. In order not to alter the classes routine in the CAD, the questionnaires were filled in during the periods assigned by the Director and the anthropometric measures were collected in hours devoted to some other activities different from dancing.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS As it was mentioned above, the sample comprised 77 dancers (20 males and 57 females) with a mean age of 21. 22 (SD = 3. 06) and the mean BMI was 21. 01 (SD = 1. 85). Table  I  shows data considering: the fact of dieting, intention to go on a diet in the future and the aesthetic motivation for that proposal. Weight self-perception, self-reported physical fitness, self-weighing frequency and the reasons for that control are also showed. Regarding the continuous variables (BAS, GHQ, specific subscales of EDI, BIQLI and SES), descriptives are represented in Table  II.
Discussion This study is the first to estimate the indirect cost associated with cancer in the Mexican WAP from 2002-2020. This estimate included ILPD, STBs, and DPs payments as well as the OCCs generated by patients with cancer. The estimate was made mainly using data from Mexican public sources and the legal social security framework in forced in 2013. The estimate reflects the conditions of the Mexican labor market for the EEAP with respect to ILPD and for the SEEAP with respect to STBs and DPs. Furthermore, it shows the economic effect that Mexican society is absorbing in the case of OCCs. Our estimates show that ILPD and OCCs contribute more than 80% of the total indirect costs, followed by STBs and DPs. The observed and projected trends indicate that the indirect costs due to cancer will fluctuate around 20.
Los valores que definen el primer tercil son los inferiores a 2 en la variable creada a tal efecto. Los del siguiente tercil son inferiores al valor 18 en esta variable; el resto, hasta el máximo detectado (a partir del valor 72, en la variable se consideró valor extremo). La recogida de información -con el mismo objetivo de identificar una tipología o aproximación de continuo a las trayectorias delictivas a través de técnicas cualitativas-consistió en entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave. Además de preservar las pautas éticas de investigación, seguimos la propuesta de  Patton (1990, 271)   Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de software MAXqda 10.
Para conocer en detalle los resultados de esta asociación, ver la imagen 1. Imagen 1. Asociación entre trayectorias delictivas (ACLTI = bajo, ACLTM = medio y ACLTC = alto) y tipo de consumo de droga Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de IBM Statistics SPSS 21. Observamos cómo a medida que la trayectoria delictiva se afianza crece su relación con el tipo de consumo (habitual y de dependencia). A continuación analizamos los resultados derivados de las entrevistas a informantes clave.
e. in the famous Tacuina Sanitatis, were, in fact, important elements of medieval daily life. In this contribution, we present an integrated approach to the study of the use of different Medieval ceramic vessels, along with information on the food prepared and consumed at the Hospital Santa Maria della Scala in Siena (Central Italy) (Fig. 1 ). A selection of ceramic vessels previously studied archaeologically were analysed to identify the organic residues preserved in them. A crucial aspect of the research is that it was possible to relate the data obtained from the residue analyses with those recovered from the written documents found at the Hospital. In fact, during the investigations of the Hospital, Beatrice  Sordini (SORDINI 2004 and 2010)   studied a rich collection of documents belonging to the Medieval Inventory of the facility.
These documents consisted of expense records (Registro di spesa), which included information related to the life of the Hospital. In particular, they enlighten us on the purchase of food, clothing, animals and other necessities of those who lived and worked at the hospital, as well as of its guests. Additional records include information about the objects and furniture present inside the Hospital. This integrated approach, despite its great potential of comparing data coming from different sources, can be applied only rarely due to the difficulties of having available at the same time archaeological and archaeometric data (in this case from organic residue analysis), along with information preserved in historical documents recovered from the same context.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The ceramics were recovered during the 1998-2000 excavations carried out by the  University of Siena , directed by  R. Francovich ,  A. Molinari ,  G. Pucci , and  D. Manacorda  in the framework of the project for the restoration and conservation of the  Santa Maria della Scala Hospital. F. Grassi participate dt in this project as a graduate researcher at the  University of Trieste  ( F. Grassi ,  2001 ,  La ceramica da dispensa e da cucina dell'Ospedale di Santa Maria della Scala, Siena  ( XIV-XV secolo ", Unpublished Master thesis,  University of Trieste ), and tutored a BA thesis on ceramics founded in the hospital, discussed by  Silvia Radicchi  in the  University of Siena , ( Lo scavo archeologico dell'area 18000 dello Spedale di Santa Maria della Scala: studio dei materiali ).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research presented in this paper was supported by an  FPU grant  from the  Spanish Government  that hold one of us (M. S. ) and projects HAR 2011-26193 from the  Spanish Government , and  SGR   2014-108  from the  Catalonia Government , both directed by  Professor J. M. Fullola. This research was also supported by  Prehistopyr  ( 2010CTP-00008 ) and  Palmesopyr  ( 2012CTP-00008 ) research networks funded by the  CTP.
AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradecemos a  Ricardo León ,  Pablo Fuentes ,  Letizzia Vecchi ,  Fernando Carrasco ,  Lino Contreras ,  Andrés Espinosa ,  Víctor Villarroel ,  Francisca Mohor ,  Tomás Flores y Fabián Sanhueza  por el apoyo en terreno y sus comentarios. Esta investigación fue fi nanciada por a la  Dirección de Postgrado de la Universidad de Concepción, Becas CONICYT Magíster (22131428) y Beca Doctorado Nacional  ( 21130186 ) además de los proyectos FONDECYT 1140455 y 1120171.
Plan de análisis Los datos se digitaron manualmente en una hoja del programa SPSS versión 18 ® , y se analizaron con la prueba de normalidad de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y se obtuvieron unos estadísticos descriptivos (media, desviación estándar, varianza, mínimo y máximo, asimetría y curtosis). Se realizó el análisis de Kaisser Meyer Olkin (KMO) sobre adecuación de la muestra. El análisis factorial se hizo con el método de componentes principales con una matriz rotada de tipo Varimax, para factores no correlacionados (ortogonales). Los criterios de restricción para aceptar un factor fueron: selección y eliminación de ítems que cargaban en dos o más factores; de existir ítems compartidos en uno o dos factores, sólo se aceptaba el ítem si la diferencia de carga era mayor de 0,2 y se admitía como variable de saturación el factor donde tenía mayor carga.
Agradecimientos: Este proyecto contó con apoyo del Comité para el Desarrollo de la Investigación (CODI) de la Universidad de Antioquia, a cargo del proyecto "Evaluación de la percepción pública de la contaminación del aire y sus efectos en la salud en dos zonas del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá", el cual fue aprobado en Convocatoria a Proyectos de Mediana Cuantía 2009.
de plans d'eau à 4,45 millions (dont 591 000 de plus d'un hectare), au lieu des 500 000 plans d'eau qui seraient présents d'après les chiffres produits par l'EEA (Agence Européenne de l'Environnement) et repris par les travaux de P. Kristensen et H. O. Hansen (1994). A l'échelle mondiale, nos estimations varient entre 200 et 400 millions d'objets lentiques de plus de 100 m²(Terasmaa & al, 2015, Bartout &  al, sous presse)dont 117 millions sont parfaitement localisés(Verpoorter & al, 2014). AujourdEn adoptant une démarche scientifique basée sur le local et progressivement élargie au global à partir du croisement de multiples méthodes, terrains et référentiels régionaux et nationaux (Bartout, sous presse), nous sommes parvenus à fiabiliser davantage ces bases de données. III. La dimension spatiale est-elle encore le critère dominant de l'approche des plans d'eau ?34 Les travaux touchant les définitions de plans d'eau (lacs, étangs, mares pour la langue française) ont démontré que restreindre la compréhension de phénomènes physicochimiques complexes au seul aspect surfacique étaient bien trop réducteurs.
Secondariamente, un'infrastruttura fornisce facile accesso ai dati, anche se ospitati da centri diversi, attraverso un sistema di autenticazione e autorizzazione unica che accrediti l'utente accademico all'uso delle risorse per scopo di ricerca. In terzo luogo, una volta raccolti i testi e costituito il dataset su cui compiere le elaborazioni, l'utente può reperire una serie di strumenti di analisi che possono essere utilizzati con la tipologia di dati selezionati (tenendo conto della lingua, del formato, ecc. ). L'infrastruttura, inoltre, assicura un sistema di documentazione e identificazione preciso ed univoco dei dati testuali e degli strumenti: una capillare indicazione degli autori e/o curatori e del versionamento ne assicura la corretta citazione 12  , l'attribuzione di un indirizzo permanenti ne garantisce la reperibilità e persistenza nel tempo; il tutto a supporto della replicabilità dei risultati.
Evaluation of dimensional changes Master casts of each patient were made with dental stone (GC Fujirock EP, GC Corp. , Tokyo, Japan) utilizing alginate impressions at 1 week and 6 months after the ridge preservation procedure. Computer-aided design software (DentalCAD, EGS, San Lazzaro, Italy) and an optical scanner (DScan version 1. 1, EGS) were used to scan the casts. The 1-week cast scans were matched with the corresponding 6-month cast scans using digital imaging software (Polyworks, Innovmetric, Quebec, Canada). The different scans were superimposed while using adjacent teeth as references to ensure precise alignment. A region of interest (ROI) was set in the scan of the  gingiva to the mucogingival junction. The average surface vector was calculated for the ROI, and, afterwards, the ROI was projected a plane that was perpendicular to the average surface vector.
Due to the characteristics of the distributions, the independent t-test was performed to compare differences in age and height between the treatment and control groups, while the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare the difference in dimensional changes in the residual ridge, the quantity of mineralized tissue, and the width. SPSS version 23. 0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the analysis, and a significance cutoff of 0. 05 was used for the type 1 error rate.
Both membranes seemed to last long enough to prevent dissipation of bone graft particles and soft tissue growth into the extraction socket. The decrease in bone quantity in the study cast and CBCT from 1 week to 6 months was similar between the treatment and control groups, and the decrease was consistent with the results of previous studies  [13, 19]. The clinicians determined that the membrane characteristics (operability, ability to be trimmed, and durability) were similar between the control and treatment groups. This was evaluated through a questionnaire with a visual analog scale. However, an analysis of this extensively collected data could not be included in this study. The treatment group also reported a slightly better ease of use of the membrane than the control group. However, 1 participant in the treatment group dropped out of the study during follow-up as a result of the membrane not being secured into the extraction socket.
Notably, in the DRC, the risk of FGR associated with malaria infection was 2 to 8 times higher among malnourished women  [11]. Malaria infection and malnutrition may act along similar physiological pathways by affecting placental development and nutrient transfer  [2, 4, 5]. To date, work on this potential interaction has been limited to 4 studies, with only 1,318 pregnant women from Africa and 1,369 pregnant women from PNG. Not only were these studies somewhat inconsistent in their findings, but their interpretation is hindered by relatively small sample sizes, and their findings may not be generalizable to other malaria-endemic countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the putative interaction between maternal malaria infection and malnutrition in relation to birthweight (BW) using a large, pooled dataset of 14,633 live birth pregnancies from women participating in 13 studies conducted in multiple LMICs.
Study population We used data from 14,633 singleton live birth pregnancies from women participating in 13 studies conducted from 1996 to 2015 in 8 African countries and the Western Pacific (PNG) as part of the Maternal Malaria and Malnutrition (M3) initiative  [9, 11, [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]. The M3 initiative has been described in detail previously  [25]. Briefly, the M3 initiative is a collaboration with the Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium (MiPc) and affiliated malaria and nutrition researchers who agreed to pool resources to improve the understanding of malaria-nutrition interactions. A convenience sampling approach was taken to obtain eligible studies identified by researchers within the MiPc, and inclusion of studies for the individual participant data meta-analysis stopped 1 January 2016.
Because malaria infection is a cause of anemia, the latter was considered a mediator and not a confounder. We explored modification of the effect of malaria infection at enrollment on LBW by maternal gravidity and doses of intermittent preventive therapy (IPTp) received. When assessing malaria infection at delivery, anemia at enrollment and the number of IPTp doses were considered additional confounders. Confounders for the malnutrition-LBW relationship included maternal age, gravidity, rural versus urban residence, anemia at enrollment, and HIV infection. Partially missing data were imputed using multivariate normal multiple imputation (S1 Text)  [40]. We calculated interaction estimates using a product term in the multiplicative and additive model for LBW and the additive model for mean BW  [35].
Study population characteristics Twenty-five percent of the pooled dataset comprised adolescent women aged 19 or younger. The trimester at enrollment, anemia prevalence, gravidity distribution, area of residence, and HIV prevalence varied across studies (Tables  1  and 2 ). The prevalence of malaria infection at enrollment, malaria infection at delivery, low MUAC, and joint malaria infection at enrollment and low MUAC also varied by study  (Fig 2 and S5 Fig). Among 8,152 women with both measurements, only 2% had both low MUAC and malaria infection at enrollment. The prevalence of malaria infection among women with low MUAC was 16%, compared to 12% among well-nourished women (p = 0. 0005). The prevalence of low BMI varied across studies and was different from, although correlated with, the prevalence of low MUAC (χ 2 p < 0.
Discussion Using the large M3 initiative dataset, we found that pregnant women who were both infected with malaria and malnourished were at greater risk of LBW and reduced mean BW compared to their uninfected, well-nourished counterparts, but there was overall no convincing evidence of synergism, i. e. , excess risk due to interaction. This finding was consistent for both time points of malaria diagnosis (at enrollment and delivery) and both definitions of malnutrition (MUAC and BMI). This suggests that malaria infection and malnutrition largely act independently to influence fetal growth and gestational length. A 2004 review estimated that women infected with placental malaria were twice as likely to have a LBW infant  [51]. Our findings are broadly consistent with this review, although with weaker effects on LBW (overall aRR for malaria infection at delivery: 1.