dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
SOFTWARE ANALISYS QBlade also provides processing functionality for the rotor and turbine. In addition to that, the software is a very flexible and user-friendly platform for wind turbine blade design. XFLR5  7  is an airfoil design and analysis program XFOIL, the most "user-friendly" of its type. XFOIL is an interactive program for the design and analysis of subsonic isolated airfoils. Given the coordinates specifying the shape of a 2D airfoil, Reynolds and Mach numbers, XFOIL can calculate the pressure distribution on the airfoil and hence lift and drag characteristics. The program also allows inverse design -it will vary an airfoil shape to achieve the desired parameters. It is released under the GNU GPL. XFLR5 uses the vortex panel method and integral boundary layer equations to calculate airfoil pitching moment at different angles of attack, drag and lift.
INTERFERENCES BETWEEN MORALS AND LAW IN ROMANIAN CONTEXT According to the Statute for the organization and function of Romanian Orthodox Church,  13  , which is the majoritarian church in the Romanian space (with more than 86 per cents of faithful), nowadays, between state and Church there is a clear separation. During the history it has not always been the same. Being a Byzance after Byzance,  14  the Romanian space known, as already mentioned, especially in Wallachia and Moldavia, strong Byzantine influence. Therefore there, the first documents with juridical value had a religious influence. This explains why, especially during the Middle Age it is difficult to separate the civil law by the religious one and why in many cases the motivations of a law from the lay space is religious. In an attempt to offer an overview of the canonical and juridical documents released in this space in the aforementioned period, but also to show which was the Greek contribution in this area, a contemporary Romanian canonist shows that: "Between the collections of laws (names) of the Romanian-Byzantine state and the collections of canons (canones), especially in the form of nomocanoes that circulated on the Romanian space, the following were kept as Greek, Slavic and Romanian manuscripts: Alphabetical Syntagm of Matei Vlastaris (  1335  The legal codes of Romanian-Byzantine origin used by the Romanians have always been adapted to the concrete situations, with the time appearing and a series of compilations, especially in the Romanian language, of which the following have been kept and are known: "Pravila of the priest and scholastic Luca ( 1581); Pravila of Father Toader from Lower Râpa (1610); Prava of the Holy Fathers of Codex Neagoianus (1620-1621); The spine of the people (17th century); Pravila in short choice (17th century -before 1632); and many other fragments kept in different libraries still not studied, kept in manuscript form.
Analysis We counted and described the distribution of CgA positive cells (manually and by computed analysis) within colonic cypts and evaluated their presence in the mucosal lamina propria. The histological slides were either scanned using Aperio slide scanner or examined conventionally on the optical microscope. On the digital slides, we performed image analysis on the digital slides using QuPath software  16. Each crypt was defined as a single annotation, then positive cell detection for DAB stain command was applied. The results were manually checked. The cut-off for defining NEC hyperplasia was a count of ≥3. 2 NEC/crypt  17, 18. Linear hyperplasia was defined as NEC hyperplasia consisting of 5 or more contiguous CgA positive cells. A "hotspot" was defined as the area of 10 crypts showing the maximum number of CgA positive cells on a slide.
ABSTRACT: BACKGOUND AND AIMS: COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) IS A NEOPLASM WITH INCREASING INCIDENCE IN THE LAST 20 YEARS, WITH IMPROVED OPERABILITY RATES, PERIOPERATIVE MORTALITY AND HIGHER SURVIVAL RATES, BUT WITH THE PERCENTAGE OF RECURRENCE OF THE DISEASE NOT IMPROVED DURING THE LAST 2 DECADES. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL TUMORS HOSPITALIZED, INVESTIGATED AND OPERATED DURING 13 YEARS, IN A SINGLE CENTER AND TO OBSERVE THEIR EVOLUTION. PATIENTS WITH THE DIAGNOSIS OF CRC HOSPITALIZED IN DR. I. CANTACUZINO HOSPITAL BETWEEN 2002-2014 WERE EVALUATED ON THE BASIS CLINICAL, BIOLOGICAL, ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL DATA OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS SHEET AND ELECTRONIC DATABASE.
In an article published in 2002, based on the study of The Thames Cancers Registry (UK) database, which includes 1. 5 million patients with CRC followed from the time of diagnosis till death, from 1961 to 1995, it found the onset of a second primary neoplasm in about 5% of them. Neoplasms induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy occur in predictable time intervals from primary CRC treatment, thus 1-5 years for acute myeloid leukemia and 10-25 years for solid tumors  7. Following the observations in pervious paragraphs we obtained a number of 1359 of patients, and their yearly distribution is presented in Graphic 1. It can be observed the progressive increase in the number of cases, at the beginning approximately 90-100 / year, exceeding 150 at the end of the study.
Minerva Urol Nefrol 2016; 69: 63-68  11  Schuessler, W. W. , Schulam, P. G. , Clayman, R. V. , Kavoussi, L. R. Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy:initial short-term experience. Urology. 1997, 50: 854-857  12  The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Prostate cancer: diagnosis and management. NICE guidelines [CG175], 2014  13  Ilic, D. , et al. Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017; 9: CD009625 patients with prostate cancer, over watchful waiting  14. Experience and careful attention to any surgical details have showed to have lower rates of positive surgical margins. Despite the fact that there is a considerable methodological uncertainty, laparoscopic prostatectomy has a reduced risk regarding the positive margins and a lower morbidity  15.
A study performed by Haglind E et al. demonstrated that the erectile dysfunction was observed in 70. 4% after robotic assisted prostatectomy and 74. 7% after open retropubic prostatectomy  22. Sinan Khadhouri et al conducted a study by using the database of The British Association of Urological Surgeons that described contemporary radical prostatectomy from all the urological centers in England over a period of 2 years. The surgical approach was robot-assisted laparoscopic in 65%,laparoscopic in 23%, and open retropubic prostatectomy in 12%. The nerve sparing procedure was performed in 57. 3% of cases  23. One of the main disadvantage in laparoscopic or robotic assisted laparoscopy is represented by the learning curve. Murat Ucar et al performed a study in Turkey where they analyzed the effect of the learning curve on the oncological outcome and complications in patients that underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.
Feature Engineering We present the details of the feature extraction and transformation mechanisms we used. Our approach is based on the traditional N -gram extraction and on the use of sentiment lexicons describing the sentiment polarity of unigrams and/or bigrams. For the data pre-processing, cleaning and tokenization 3 as well as for most of the learning steps, we used Python's Scikit-Learn  (Pedregosa et al. , 2011) and NLTK (Bird et al. , 2009).
Feature Extraction Similar to  (Kiritchenko et al. , 2014b)  we extracted features based on the lexical content of each tweet and we also used sentiment-specific lexicons. The features extracted for each tweet include: • N-grams with N ∈ [1, 4], character grams of dimension M ∈ [3, 5], • # of exclamation marks, # of question marks, # of both exclamation and question marks, • # of capitalized words and # of elongated words, • # of negated contexts; negation also affected the N -grams features by transforming a word w in a negated context to w N EG, • # of positive emoticons, # of negative emoticons and a binary feature indicating if emoticons exist in a given tweet, and 2 To enable replicability we make the code we used available at https://github. com/balikasg/ SemEval2016-Twitter_Sentiment_Evaluation.
The Learning Step Having the features extracted we experimented with several families of classifiers such as linear models, maximum-margin models, nearest neighbours approaches and trees. We evaluated their performance using the data provided by the organisers, which were already split in training, validation and testing parts. Table  1  shows information about the tweets we managed to download. From the early validation schemes, we found that the two most competitive models were Logistic Regression from the family of linear models, and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) from the family of maximum margin models. It is to be noted that this is in line with the previous research  (Mohammad et al. , 2013; Büchner and Stein, 2015).
The evaluation framework Before reporting the scores we obtained, we elaborate on our validation strategy and the steps we used when tuning our models. in each of the subtasks we only used the data that were realised for the 2016 edition of the challenge. Our validation had the following steps:  For each parameter, we selected its value by averaging the optimal parameters with respect to the output of the above-listed steps (2) and (3). It is to be noted, that we strictly relied on the data released as part of the 2016 edition of SemEval; we didn't use past data. We now present the performance we achieved both in our local evaluation schemas and in the official results released by the challenge organisers. Table 3 presents the results we obtained in the "De-vTest" part of the challenge dataset and the scores on the test data as they were released by the organisers.
Nevertheless, many similar problems arise, and it is useful to address the common issues of toponym annotation in the literary domain in a comprehensive way, as we shall do in this paper. We shall argue that some reflection is necessary to establish best practices for the appropriate annotation of place names in texts and for their linking to existing geographical databases to be able to retrieve information-typically but not exclusively geospatial information-about them. The keen interest of researchers in the Humanities for the geographical dimension of information is not a recent phenomenon. The possibility of modelling, storing, analysing (via spatial analysis methods) and visualising geospatial information proposed by Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been exploited particularly by archaeologists and by historians to study, trace and quantify phenomena taking place on the surface of the Earth.
More recently, disciplines within the Digital Humanities (DH) have shown increasing interest in geospatial information. As a proof of this, a Geohumanities special interest group 2 is particularly active within the DH community. The availability of geographical databases such as interoperable gazetteers thanks to Linked Open Data (LOD) initiatives as well as the interactive cartography tools and technologies offered by the Web represents an undeniable opportunity for these communities to explore novel interdisciplinary research ideas. For what concerns (digital) literary studies, some interesting projects have recently seen the light, inspired in part by the pioneering work of Franco Moretti  (Moretti 2007)  and Matthew Jockers  (Jockers 2013). In general, these are large projects requiring interdisciplinary work among literature researchers, corpus linguists, geographers and cartographers, and others; at the same time, they allow researchers to gain new insights from working on large sets of data and from aggregating them in novel ways, which allows new 1 For the theoretical complexity of analysing fictional spaces and for a proposal of visualisation of several spatial dimensions in fiction see  Hones (2011)  and  Piatti et al.
, 2014)  and the SyMoGIH project 5  aiming to add spatial referencing to TEI documents (as well as images, and metadata) by means of an ad hoc developed GIS environment, whose resulting data is published as Linked Data  (Beretta et al. , 2012; 2014). Finally it is important to mention Pelagios, a visual browser for geo-tagged datasets, where datasets can be texts but also archaeological collections, archive records, etc. (Simon et al. , 2012; Isaksen et al. , 2014). The Pelagios consortium is mostly devoted to investigating mentions of ancient places, but the technical infrastructure and methodology is applicable to any context. The analysis of such projects shows great advances from a technological point of view, in particular for what concerns the geoparsing of texts-namely the technique for the automatic or semi-automatic detection of toponyms (see  Leidner and Lieberman, 2011  for an overview)-but common practices for toponym annotation and referencing are still difficult to identify 6  , and the problem of how to concretely use existing geographical data sources and how to best enrich textual data in a standardised way that is in line with current practices in DH deserves further investigation from the perspective of identifying best practices for this type of research and allowing for cross-project reuse both of visualization tools and of annotated data.
In what follows, we are going to introduce the problem of place name annotation and detection within the framework of DH and computational linguistics. First, we shall introduce the problem of toponym annotation with external linked data sources and the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) standard for the encoding of such information in texts. Then, the specific issues concerning the identification of toponyms in literature and in critical essays will be exemplified by two annotation experiments, one on fiction and one on criticism. These experiments will help us to identify some of the major issues (concerning mainly temporal and spatial vagueness), and to define the best way to tackle them in TEI. In view of these experiments, we will also be able to analyse in detail the best way to link place names in texts with external geographical databases published as Linked Data (resulting in the Web of Data) that can provide both referencing and additional information (notably geographic coordinates for geo-visualisation purposes); existing databases will be compared based on their advantages and disadvantages in terms of completeness and homogeneity.
Such mentions pose problems for search and information retrieval in large collections of texts for research purposes, as a plain text search may produce very unclean results. Enriching mentions with a link to a referent by means of a unique identifier is crucial for the semantic annotation of texts. This is done by pointing to an external resource, such as a URI in the LOD cloud. For instance, in natural language processing, the automatic annotation of NEs is generally accompanied by the linking of such entity mentions to a DBpedia link added to clarify which external entity is the referent of a given mention in the text. Such is the behaviour of the popular tool DBpedia Spotlight  (Mendes et al. , 2011;  for an overview of NEL systems see also  Hachey et al. , 2013). The purpose of NE annotation in DH is to enrich digital editions with such information that allows users to retrieve different mentions of the same entity in many texts (e.
g. "M. Hugo", "Victor Hugo"), but also to link it to external sources of structured information (e. g. DBpedia 8 and Bibliothèque Nationale de France -BnF 9 entries for Victor Hugo) for disambiguation purposes. This information can later be used for text mining and querying (e. g. "find all mentions of authors born after 1750"), but also for aggregation and visualisation. A RDF query language, SPARQL, 10  can be used to retrieve all the information available for a given entity in the LOD cloud, by using the entity's identifier. This keeps the annotation in the text to a minimum, and enriches documents with an always-growing set of knowledge (see also  Van Hooland, 2015). Different typologies of texts contain different classes of NEs. Literary essays and fictional works typically contain classes such as places, authors, edition titles, organisations such as universities or publishing houses, fictional characters and places, places which existed in another epoch, etc.
Toponyms constitute a special case of NE, since they are referring directly to objects associated with portions of physical space. Their correct annotation and linking is crucial for their aggregation and cartographic visualisation, since they naturally allow for a spatial representation of the text as the projection on a map of all the locations mentioned in it. Annotation of places in texts further allows for the geographic search of texts, enabling users to search for texts that mention places located within a specific area (i. e. spatial queries). In order to do this, it is important to disambiguate each entity by linking it to an appropriate repository, containing or linking to as much geospatial information as possible. This is particularly important as there exists a special version of SPARQL, named GeoSPARQL, 11  specifically designed to handle LOD datasets containing spatial information (spatial operators are typically intersection, within, touch).
Having instead a data silo describing places for each corpus would represent an important amount of redundant work and would not comply with Linked Data principles. The two strategies are exemplified in the following, for London UK and London, Ohio using TEI. (1) Internal reference strategy: <placeName ref="#London,_Ohio">London</placeName> <placeName ref="#London">London</placeName> <listPlace type="cities"> <place xml:id=" You can easily see how much more efficient the second option is. URIs, just as normal web links, can be accessed online. But, unlike URLs, they contain structured data that is meant to be readable by machines as well. So in this case a machine can access the two links for London and London Ohio from DBpedia and automatically tell us that one is located in UK and the other in USA, as well as retrieve the geo-coordinates for both; in (1) this information has to be encoded in the document.
If a whole text is annotated as in (2), aggregated counts such as the overall number of mentions for USA and UK cities can be produced without further manual intervention. We shall see later what kind of information is available in different data sets and why that is important. In order to better investigate the types of problems related to the annotation of NE according to the TEI standard, we decided to perform an experiment of manual annotation of some of the texts already available in TEI format in the digital library of Labex OBVIL. 16 The next section describes this experiment and our findings.
In other words, TEI annotation can provide the user with information about the fact that the place is either vague or has internal subdivisions, but no straightforward way can be found to encode temporal information. In particular it is difficult to signal with TEI tags or attributes the fact that a place does not exist at present or that existed with different borders or a different name when the annotated text was written. The same is true of other types of information, for instance the fact that a given place is fictional or abstract. In fact, the complexity of providing temporal information for places makes it difficult to see how this kind of information could be actually provided within TEI as a textual mark-up. We strongly believe that such type of annotation is better stored in external databases and accessed there via linking, as is the case of geographical coordinates.
LOD for toponym linking As we have seen, the usually inherent vagueness associated to toponyms makes difficult to systematically assign a unique identifier. Most existing geographic databases provide coverage only for Real World, currently existing places, such as geopolitical entities, geographic features, monuments, which are represented using various types of geometries (as points polylines, polygons) thanks to a Geodesic system (usually WGS84). Some attempts have been made to include the temporal dimension in geographic databases; for instance Pleiades 19  is a gazetteer containing Mediterranean place names for Antiquities 20. No existing resource offers the same amount of coverage for the Modern world but some information can be derived from existing resources; for instance in DBpedia Gare d'Orsay has a property specifying that it was in service between 1900 and 1979.
Given the aforementioned issues, the ideal database for place linking and annotation in texts would provide at least geo-coordinates for places, but at best more complex geometries such as areas, the period of existence of plac-es when relevant, the possibility of setting the degree of fuzziness (yes or no), a satisfactory coverage for the targeted areas. Geographic data is made available in the form of Linked Data mostly by government agencies and research communities. Several LOD datasets are available, but they all have pros and cons, and no optimal solution available for annotating literary texts. Each dataset is conceived based on its own perception of place. In general, the data is built from a geographic database point-of-view but sources such as Pleiades and Getty have a scope more compatible with the Humanities, in other words, they were created for the Humanities and by humanists.
, 2015 24 ), a Named Entity Recognition detector, and REDEN  (Frontini et al. , 2015; and Brando et al. , 2015) , a Named Entity Linking tool. They automatically recognise mentions of places, persons and organisations in a text by using linguistic information and pre-loaded dictionaries, and connect them to existing linked data sources. In the present case only place names were taken into account. As for the external geographical sources, DBpedia and Geonames were used. By ranking results by number of occurrences of place mentions, we first derive a list of seven influential nations of the epoch, namely, France, Italy, England, Spain, Russia, Germany, and Greece. Subsequently we treat these occurrences as a quantitative variable for building a map and use it to project a circle onto the corresponding nation with a diameter proportional to the frequency of its mentions; by sliding the temporal bar (where the minimal time unit is the year), the data displayed on the map dynamically changes as mentions are filtered by the year of publication of the texts where they appear.
Future developments and conclusion In this paper, we have discussed the problem of how to annotate place names in texts that have relevance for literary analysis and literary criticism (both primary and secondary sources), as well as for history of ideas in general; we have shown how to annotate them using TEI standards, and how to add references to external data sources in the LOD cloud in order to enrich the texts with additional information. We have also seen that not all LOD sources are the same, and that the ideal referencing of places in texts would require the perfectioning of existing resources with further knowledge, in particular about time spans for real places, as well as the creation of new resources, in particular for fictional places. Finally, we have proposed an example of what types of analysis are enabled by combining annotation of place names in texts and external geographical information.