dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using R Software, Version 2. 12. 2. For every test, the level of significance, alpha, was fixed at 5%. To assess the number of tagged movements, we used a binomial linear model including age, sex, and group factors as explicative variables. For each trial, the tagged movement is a binary variable ("success" or "failure"). Thus, each experiment is a Bernouilli trial, and the number of successes (the sum of tagged movements of all trials, for each subject) can be modeled using a linear binomial model. A power calculation with N = 67, a significance level = 0. 05, and an effect size = 0. 15 ("medium" according to Cohen's, 1988 guidelines) yields a power of 73%. Taking only into account the tagged movements, we assessed the following dependant variables using Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM; lme4 package): latency, amplitude, length, overshoot, and overlength.
Data Collection Procedure Data were extracted from the eligible patients' medical records and discharge letters according to procedural guidelines. Data were entered into the database and checked for plausibility and completeness. All data from patient discharge letters were retrieved, from February to June 2018, using a standardized extraction sheet. Sample size respected best practices, using variables that were available in at least 10 patients' medical records  [24]. The data retrieved included: year of consultation, sociodemographic characteristics, place of domicile/consultation, reasons for the crisis-oriented consultation, primary diagnosis, number of somatic and psychiatric comorbidities, and number of consultations, nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions, and hospitalizations.
Results Of the total sample of 570 patients referred to the Lausanne's region MOAPTs, 333 medical records and discharge letters (58%) met the eligibility criteria for analysis using the standardized extraction sheet (Fig. 1 ). Of the 333 patient datasets examined for eligibility, 97 were from 2016 and 236 were from 2017. The difference is explainable because the MOAPTs were only launched in May 1, 2016 (Fig. 1 ).
FUNDING SP was supported by an  ATIP-Avenir grant  ( R16069JS )  Collaborative Research in Computational Neuroscience ANR-NSF  grant ( ANR-16-NEUC-0004 ), the  Programme Emergence(s) de la Ville de Paris , and the  Fondation Fyssen. The  Institut d'Etudes de la Cognition  was supported financially by the  LabEx IEC  ( ANR-10-LABX-0087 IEC ) and the  IDEX PSL *  ( ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL *  ).
Whole-cell Recordings Whole-cell recordings were performed with a Multiclamp 700B amplifier (Molecular Devices) and EPC-10 amplifier (HEKA Elektronik Dr. Schulze GmbH). Data were acquired at 10 kHz and filtered at 2. 4 kHz. Patch pipette solution contained (in mM): 130 K-gluconate, 10 Na-gluconate, 7 NaCl, 4 Mg-ATP, 10 HEPES, 4 phosphocreatine, 0. 3 Na-GTP, pH 7. 3 with KOH. 0. 5-1% biocytin (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the pipette solution for post hoc morphological reconstruction at P0 (see below). Pipette resistance was 6-8 MΩ. At P15, spontaneous glutamatergic postsynaptic currents (sGlu PSCs) were recorded for 15 min at the reversal potential for GABAergic currents -75 ± 2 mV. Actual reversal potential for GABA currents was detected experimentally by changing the holding potential step by step (around V h = -75 mV) with increment 1 mV, and the potential at which the sGABA current (outward) was zero was taken as a holding potential for recording of sGlu PSCs.
At P0, experimentally detected actual reversal potential was around -70 mV. Spontaneous GABAergic postsynaptic currents (sGABA PSCs) were recorded for 15 min at +10 ± 2 mV where the glutamatergic currents are reversed or negligible. Reversal potential for GABA currents was detected experimentally by changing the holding potential step by step (around V h = +10 mV) with increment 1 mV, and the potential at which the sGlu currents (inward currents) was zero was taken as a holding potential for recording of sGABA PSCs. After recording, data were filtered using a Bessel low-pass 500 Hz filter to reduce the root-mean-square (RMS) noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio and analyzed using Clampfit 10. 4 (Molecular Devices) and Mini Analysis 6. 0 (Synaptosoft Inc). The threshold amplitude for event detection was set as 4 pA for sGlu PSCs and 30 pA for sGABA PSCs.
Intrinsic Properties The membrane capacitance (Cm) and resting membrane potential (i. e. , membrane potential at I = 0, V rest ) were measured immediately after establishing the whole-cell configuration. Action potential firing pattern of the cell was recorded at least 5 min after the start of the dialysis to allow intracellular medium diffusion into the cell. The holding current (I h ) and the series resistance (R s ) in response to a 5 mV pulse were monitored throughout the recording. Criteria for data inclusion for analysis were leakage current <-50 pA at V hold = -70 mV, R s ≤ 25 MΩ, and R s change over recording time ≤20%. Additionally, cells were included for analysis if their firing pattern was typical of a pyramidal cell. Post hoc biocytin revelation provided the cells' morphology and location within the hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cell layer at P0.
Analysis Calcium imaging recordings were preprocessed using an upgraded version of the custom designed MATLAB (MathWorks) software "Hippo" previously described  (Crépel et al. 2007; Bonifazi et al. 2009 ) to identify the cell contours, extract the average calcium signals from the detected cell areas, and mark the onsetsoffsets of the calcium events. For each movie, active cells were defined as those exhibiting calcium events with a minimum 5% fluorescence deflection within the recording time. Calcium plateaus were defined as long-lasting events during which fluorescence deflection was sustained for at least 30 frames  (Crépel et al. 2007; Ferrari et al. 2012). To calculate the pairwise correlation between active cells, the calcium signal of each cell was converted into a binary time series preserving the temporal resolution, with the ones marking the time window between onset and offset of each calcium event.
Neurons were stack-imaged with a Leica SP5-X confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems) at a 400 Hz frequency, 1024 × 1024 pixels wide field, Airy 1 pinhole, and 0. 5 μm steps. Neurons were reconstructed on image-stacks using the Fiji software  (Schindelin et al. 2012 ) (open-source platform) semiautomated Plugin Simple Neurite Tracer  (Longair et al. 2011). The evaluation of neurons' apical arbor complexity was conducted by Sholl analysis  (Sholl 1953)  with Fiji. This analysis quantifies the number of dendritic intersections as a function to the radial distance from the soma center. The morphological parameters analyzed comprised the ending radius, the number of nodes  (Libersat and Duch 2002) , and the critical radius  (Gouty-Colomer et al. 2018). Only cells showing a single apical primary dendrite were considered for morphological analysis.
Sensors The minimum requirement to control the head is to know its position all the time. To  For the software, we use the open source Basic Libraries And Applications for Robotics  [16]  and we publish the specific code in  [17]. The principle is simple: if you need a pitch movement toward the front, turn on the two front motors. For a roll movement on the left, turn on the two motors on the left and for a yaw movement, turn on the two diagonal motors. For each axis, turn on the two opposite motors to get an opposite movement. You can combine any movement by summing the activation on the motors. The result is not linear but we plan anyway to use learning systems to learn the non-linearity.
The work of  M. Khamassi  was supported in part by  EU -funded Project  BabyRobot  ( H2020-ICT-24-2015 ) under Grant  687831 , in part by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-12-CORD-0030   Roboergosum Project  and  ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 Sorbonne-Universités SU-15-R-PERSU-14 Robot Parallearning Project ), in part by  Labex SMART  ( ANR-11-LABX-65   Online Budgeted Learning Project ), and in part by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Mission pour l'Interdisciplinarité ROBAUTISTE Project  and  PICS 279521 SocialRobot Project ). The work of C. Tzafestas was supported by  EU -funded Project  BabyRobot  ( H2020-ICT-24-2015 ) under Grant  687831.
Postural Task. During both the pre-and posttests, participants were required to perform a postural task which consisted in the validation of 16 targets that randomly appeared on a screen  [16]. Data were collected from a Wii Balance Board, which reliability as a tool of postural assessment has been validated  [28] [29] [30] [31] [32]. From a standing position on the balance board, participants received a continuous visual feedback of their center of pressure (CoP) on the screen, represented by a cross. By shifting their CoP without lifting any foot, the cross had to reach and stand into each target area during 3 s to complete its validation (Figure  2(a) ). Targets were individually located in 8 different directions with two difficulty levels each, according to the distance from the initial position (Figure  2(b) ).
Identifying the 10 most charismatic animals Although species charisma is increasingly used in conservation biology  [2] , this concept has never been operationalized, and which species the public considers the most charismatic has not been established. We collected data from four complementary sources to quantify the charisma of species for the Western public (see S1 Text for details): (i) an online large-scale survey (n = 4,522); (ii) a questionnaire given to primary schoolchildren of France, Spain, and England (n = 224); (iii) a survey of the animals displayed on the websites from zoos in the 100 largest cities in the world; and (iv) a survey of the animals featured on the covers of animated movies produced by Disney and Pixar (see S1 Text). The first two sources represented direct questions to the public about which species they perceived as charismatic, while for the other two, we worked under the assumption that the species displayed on zoo websites and movies would be selected by communication experts based on their appeal to the public.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank  Morgane Barbet-Massin ,  Alice Fournier ,  Camille Leclerc , and  Francois de Guibert  for their help with modelling analyses of Table 1 and  Celine Bellard ,  Muriel Perron ,  Luca Bo ¨rger , and  Duan Biggs  for helpful comments on the manuscript. We are also grateful to the 42 volunteers who recorded sightings of virtual animals for a week.
We aimed at tackling the novel issues raised by those new ways for couples (in France ARTs are not available for single person), including transgender persons, to access fertility services in order to conceive a child (see Additional file 1: Glossary). Here, we first reviewed  [1]  the various medical/surgical techniques for gender transitioning and  [2]  the ART options that make new ways of conceiving possible. To this aim, we performed 2 theme searches on the last 10 years  (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) (2013) (2014) (2015) (2016) (2017)  in Pubmed and Psychinfo databases. The first on gender dysphoria used the following key-words (gender dysphoria and transition, gender dysphoria and ethics, gender dysphoria, LGBTIQ health, transgender people and transition, transgender people and ethics, puberty suppression, gender reassignment) and selected articles referring to self-actualization and ethical issues.
II. METHODS In order to account for the problems associated with vernacular species names, such as synonyms, homonyms and multiple meanings, we used the approach proposed by  Jarić et al. (2016)  and  Correia et al. (2017). Species lists, comprising diurnal birds of prey (orders Accipitriformes, Falconiformes and Cathartiformes), Carnivora, Primates and marine mammals (cetaceans and pinnipeds), were obtained from the IUCN Red List database (IUCN 2017). Extinct species and those described after 1995 were excluded from the analysis, which resulted in a total of 1058 species in the dataset (318 birds of prey, 252 carnivorans, 370 primates and 118 marine mammals). Search of scientific publications and online media was conducted by using species scientific names and scientific synonyms, each placed in parentheses, within a same search query (i.
, 2016). Media coverage data collection was performed in line with the approach by  Correia et al. (2017) , by using the Google's Custom Search Engine API. Searches were carried out during June 2017, with search queries for each of the online sources based on Jarić et al. (  2016 ): 1) Internet pages -["species name"], 2) Twitter -["species name" site:twitter. com], 3) Facebook -["species name" site:facebook. com], 4) Newspapers -["species name" (site:nytimes. com OR site:theguardian. com OR site:lemonde. fr OR site:washingtonpost. com OR site:asahi. com)], and 5) Photographs -["species name" (filetype:png OR filetype:jpg OR filetype:jpeg OR filetype:bmp OR filetype:gif OR filetype:tif OR filetype:tiff)], where species name was represented by both scientific name and scientific synonyms. The resulting dataset features the number of records per species and per assessed sources.
It is important to emphasize that our study focused only on the level of overlap among the coverage of different media sources and scientific publications, and not on the actual media content or mechanisms that are driving public and scientific attention. Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) Fig. 1. Relationship sdf between the scientific attention (Web of Science) and coverage within different media sources (Internet pages, Twitter, Facebook, newspapers, and photographs posted on the internet) in different species groups (Carnivora, Primates, marine mammals and birds of prey); axes represent logarithmic scales. Presented data were transformed using x ← x + 1, in order to allow presentation in log-plots of results with the value of zero. CC-BY 4. 0 International license a certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IJ acknowledges the sponsorship provided by the The J. E. Purkyně Fellowship of the  Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation  and the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) , as well as by the Project No. 173045 , funded by the  Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. RAC is currently supported by a postdoctoral grant from  Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia  ( SFRH/BPD/118635/2016 ). FC acknowledges the support by the  Invacost research program  ( ANR  and  BNP Paribas ).
In cases of local impacts, the PPBio modules give outputs of both impact and the degree of species peril (e. g. Carneiro et al. , 2016). It is used in original and modified form by the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) to assess environmental impacts, by the Brazilian Forest Service (SFB) for monitoring impacts on forest concessions and lately was used in monitoring the effects on fauna of Brazil's largest environmental disasters (Mariana and the Rio Doce). Monitoring system depends on data availability and the capacity to integrate data repositories from diverse monitoring systems. The PPBio of western Amazonia makes the database available through the Metacat system, itself integrated with the System for Brazilian Biodiversity Information (SiBBr): a national online biodiversity database (SiBBr, 2018).
The forest-monitoring component encompasses 29 PAs in operation (24 in strict-protection areas and 5 in sustainable-use areas) with initial implementation in the field inaugurated in 2014, and at least 15 in process of implementation. The Monitora Program function started the forest component in 2013, including field courses, data management decisions, and education nodes coordinated by ICMBio team. It also involved multiple stakeholders and partners, from local people, research institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGO's)  (ICMBio, 2016a). All information generated will be accessible through "PortalBio" (ICMBio, 2011), a website that assembles data from several sources within ICMBio and also from the Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden, to improve biodiversity data management and availability, per a well-established policy.
There is also a formal expectation of data exchange between  Por-talBio and SIBBr (SIBBr, 2018). A potential network hub necessarily includes connections with different networks. The Monitora Program adopts standardized and simple sampling protocols, based on the definition of a minimum modular common protocol (MMCP) and with the ability to collect basic information of essential bioindicators  (ICMBio, 2016a). The MMCP draws on experience from previous designs, such as PPBio  (PPBio, 2012)  and SFB [Brazilian Forest Service] (MMA, 2018b). The MMCP includes popular groups, such as birds and mammals, butterflies and trees (ICMBio, 2013), whose sampling protocols can be integrated with other monitoring systems. The fruit-feeding butterfly protocol is recommended by GEOBON's Guidelines for Standardized Global Butterfly Monitoring  (van Swaay et al.
This connection would be through two main biological indicators: those related to anthropogenic impacts (pressures) and those that reflect the status of biodiversity (e. g. population trends). Although focused on obtaining in situ biodiversity data, the Monitora Program favors for sampling designs that allow to extrapolate and comparisons, including sampling sites in reference areas  (Barbour et al. , 1999) , definitions of contrasts of interest and well distributed geographically samples, enabling evaluation of responses to different pressures. The Monitora Program does not differ, in essence, from other biomonitoring programs in its goals to integrate biodiversity data to support and influence conservation strategies. However, this monitoring system is based on the idea of a network of networks, reflecting previous experience, such as those explored by EU BON -Building the European Biodiversity Observation Network (EU BON, 2012) in which the PPBio was partner.
Describing potential networks To exemplify some connectors or nodes of the system, we grouped few biomonitoring programs: The Monitora Program, National participative monitoring outside of Monitora, Large national scientific research programs (Long-term Ecological Research Network -LTER and PPBio), and National water monitoring system (ANA) (Table  1 ). We focused on the in situ largescale programs that involve environmental and biodiversity data in Brazil. We do not provide a review of each biomonitoring program nor an extensive inventory of the initiatives. Instead, we strategically selected some designs to exemplify our point of view. We used as the main sources of information those available in the website of each initiative and data derived from the Monitora Program (ICMBio, 2016a). We assessed the motivation, governance, spatial and temporal coverage of biodiversity observations of each initiative.
A good example of such collaboration is the Participatory Monitoring of Biodiversity (MPB) in Amazonian Conservation Units coordinated by the IPÊ -Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas. Common variables, approaches, data management solutions are being identified and policies built. It is important to note that the entirely community based, participatory monitoring experiences, rarely report to other knowledge systems beyond the local community as they are normally quite autonomous  (Danielsen et al. , 2005). Biodiversity and resource monitoring supposedly should involve indigenous lands, but the data rarely goes beyond their frontiers (ISA, 2017). Environmentallicensing procedures are another source of biological data in IBAMA's repository, but this source still requires improved systematization for insertion in a national monitoring system level.
Beyond the debate about environmental planning style vs surveillance style of biomonitoring (e. g. Haughland et al. , 2010; Lindenmayer and Likens, 2010) , we point out that when the decisions are based on data from a network of biomonitoring systems, it is also important to understand the motivation of each system and potential complementarities that emerge from them to allow a participatory environmental planning style of management  (Laurance et al. , 2012; Young et al. , 2014). In the case of the Monitora Program, the aim of providing information about Brazilian biodiversity in protected areas, resources and production of extractive products for contributing to public policies is a common ground among the initiatives that can improve and promote dialogs. As it is of public interest, the Brazilian PA-monitoring system should provide an answer for the key question of whether the PAs are effectively protecting the values that they were created for.
g. RAINFOR, ATDN, which are integrated in the PPBio). The option of getting those initiatives together, and at the same time allowing local governance by keeping the independence of each system, may result in an enriched picture allowing the potential assessment of causes and effects in a Multiple Evidence Base approach. The Monitora Program focuses on state and pressure components and aims to articulate with other initiatives, considering the dialog with management decisions. It connects increasingly with the framework of a system called SAMGE -a managementmonitoring framework developed by ICMBio that considers management of each PA, feasibility, supposed impact of each human activity in each area, and aims to identify key management actions based on these questions (ICMBio, 2016c). However, it still is largely based on subjective evaluations, like most similar systems (e.
More importantly, this would improve the ability to complete the pressure-state-response schemes and would increase the possibility of transferring information about different biodiversity surrogate trends to decision makers and the overall public  (Stephenson et al. , 2015). The Monitora Program's biggest challenges include the definition of the mechanisms to grant policy makers, resource managers and scientists the ability to clarify their objectives and to improve institutional support for biodiversity monitoring, standards monitoring, and data gathering and access. TEAM, PPBio, PELD, Monitora Program are examples of biodiversity-monitoring initiatives in Brazil with published data policies  (TEAM Network, 2011; PPBio, 2012; ICMBio, 2016a; CNPq, 2018).
2 ). In this context, the participatory monitoring gains are enormously important to the Monitora Program scheme because many protected areas in Amazonia have participatory monitoring schemes. Indeed, ICMBio registered 91 cases of participatory monitoring associated to the use of biological resources in PAs of sustainable uses, most of them in Amazonia (dataset assessed in 2016: ICMBio, 2016a). Another connection is the "citizen science" approach (Fig. 2 ). People engaged in this kind of initiative usually do not directly depend on the biodiversity monitored as a resource, so they do not implement management solutions on the basis of research findings  (Kennett et al. , 2015). This kind of monitoring has great potential to engage many people in biodiversity projects in collaboration with scientists.