dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Most categorical variables contain multiple levels; for example, there are 11 varieties of crash type included within  4. In order to conform to the assumptions that define a regression analysis, each level of a multi-category variable is included as a separate binary variable. Following these transformations, there are 38   independent variables within the sample (Table  2 ). 2. All injuries associated with each individual in the dataset are collated, using the individual's CIREN ID as a unique identifier. A separate set of case numbers issued for each incident are available alongside the CIREN IDs, which allowed for the patient(s) to be connected to any given incident. As such, injuries can be associated with crash factors directly. 3. The 7-digit AIS codes, which serve as descriptors of the specific injuries suffered by each patient, are separated to allow for an association with the expected compensation costs.
Methods The study was approved by the London Multicentre Research Ethics Committee (MREC MREC/01/2/44). Patients were identified through Clinical Genetics Services worldwide and written informed consent was obtained from all participating individuals and/or parents. Photographs, with accompanying written informed consent to publish, were requested from all participants and received from the families of 41 individuals. Detailed phenotype data were collected through a standardized clinical proforma, a DNMT3A specific clinical proforma and clinical review by one of the authors. Growth parameter standard deviations were calculated with reference to UK90 growth data  10. The degree of intellectual disability was defined in relation to educational support as a child and living impairment as an adult: an individual with a mild intellectual disability typically had delayed milestones but would attend a mainstream school with some support and live independently, with support, as an adult; an individual with a moderate intellectual disability typically required high level support in a mainstream school or special educational needs schooling and would live with support as an adult; an individual with a severe intellectual disability typically required special educational needs schooling, had limited speech, and would not live independently as an adult.
Discussion We have evaluated clinical data from 55 individuals with de novo constitutive DNMT3A variants to define the phenotype of TBRS. An intellectual disability (most frequently in the moderate range) and overgrowth (defined as height and/or head circumference ≥2SD above the mean) were reported in ≥80% of individuals and have been designated major clinical associations. Frequent clinical associations, reported in 20-80% of individuals with constitutive DNMT3A variants, included joint hypermobility, obesity, hypotonia, behavioural/psychiatric issues (most frequently autistic spectrum disorder), kyphoscoliosis and afebrile seizures. In addition, many individuals had a characteristic facial appearance although this may only be recognizable in adolescence. TBRS overlaps clinically with other OGID syndromes including Sotos syndrome (OMIM 117550), Weaver syndrome (OMIM 277590), Malan syndrome (OMIM 614753) and the OGID syndrome due to CHD8 gene variants 2.
Acknowledgements We thank the patients and families for their active participation in this study and the clinicians that recruited them. The full list of collaborators is in Supplementary File 1. We also acknowledge the contribution  Amanda Springer  who helped in the recruitment of patient COG1945 and of the CAUSES Study whose investigators include:  Shelin Adam ,  Christele Du Souich ,  Jane Gillis ,  Alison Elliott ,  Anna Lehman ,  Jill Mwenifumbo ,  Tanya Nelson ,  Clara Van Karnebeek ,  Sylvia Stockler ,  James O'Byrne  and  Jan Friedman. All  are affiliated with the  University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. In addition, we would like to thank the DDD study for their collaboration.
Acknowledgment The authors gratefully acknowledge all member of LOMA labo ratory, especially, Dr. Christine GRAUBY HEYWANG for their inter esting discussion, Dr. Afrah Bardaoui and Dr. Ibtissem GAMMOUDI for all their advices. We thank Hassan Saadaoui, C ecile ZAKR and all member of Paul Pascal Research Center CRPP for the realization of SEM images. We thank also Marion MATHELIE GUINLET, Zeineb BEN ABDALLAH, Asma SOUSSOU and Brahim BELGACEM for their encouragement and their scientific support. I thank also my stu dents Najoua BEN AMOR and Insaf BEN ZINA to their encourage ment. I thank finally Pr. Ibrahim BSAIES, Pr Hatem ZAOUIA and Pr Monji BOUAICHA for all their advices. Finally, we thank university of Tunis El Manar and university of Bordeaux for their help. 6. Photoluminescence spectra of APTES/Si, with 380 nm.
, 1942). Watershed-ecosystem studies continue to quantify hydrologic responses to land uses but with greatly advanced instrumentation as in (b) the Stringer Creek watershed in Montana (available at: http://water. engr. psu. edu/gooseff/web_research/hydroscapes. html, last access: 2 August 2018). At Stringer Creek, within-watershed processes such as water storage, interflow, groundwater recharge, gas exchanges, nutrient flows, evapotranspiration, and other processes are estimated with advanced sensor technologies, often in real time, supported by lidar-generated digital elevation models and eddy covariance fluxes of energy, water, and carbon. standardized protocols and data management. Remarkably, IBP research was funded by many nations irrespective of politics, and by the early 1980s, the IBP had assembled a vast collection of new biogeochemistry data from hundreds of sites (e.
, 2001) , a network that has grown to over 900 historic and ongoing sites and a network science that has substantially increased our understanding of the dynamics of ecosystems and their interactions with the atmosphere  (Baldocchi, 2014). Today towers operate on six continents and their latitudinal distribution ranges from about 40 • S to 75 • N. Ecosystems include conifer and broadleaf forests, crops, grasslands, wetlands, and tundra. FLUXNET compiles, archives, and shares flux data via a long-running website (http://fluxnet. fluxdata. org/, last access: 2 August 2018) and has accumulated enormous data sets pertinent to ecosystem primary production, respiration, evapotranspiration, and sensible and latent heat fluxes  (Chu et al. , 2016). While most flux towers have accumulated continuous data for up to 5 years, a number of towers have accumulated > 20 years of data.
Biogeoscience and EONS Nearly all EONs are being created by ecologists and biologists to quantify changes in organisms and the environment over decadal timescales and at regional to global spatial scales. Motivating these networks is a focus on changes in land use and climate, as well as biotic responses such as species stress and extinctions. The EON data sets that are sometimes compared with those from networks of weather stations can be enormous and composed of multiple time series. Supplementary collections of data are important but the uniqueness of EONs is their common and controlled protocols applied to sites selected to range across environmental gradients.
EONS and the subsurface system The biogeosciences can enrich EONs by bringing advanced geoscience to the strong ecological focus of these networks. Here, we specifically consider two notable EONs, NEON in the USA and TERN in Australia, both of which have instrumented sites and flux towers arrayed across continental scales collecting data that are conventionally considered to be ecologically and biologically relevant. We advocate for additional sensors in at least some of these sites to produce data sets that broaden perspectives of environmental change to include the biogeosciences. We suggest that the scientific impacts of the work to design, construct, and gather initial data at NEON, TERN, and other EONs can be multiplied with a more biogeoscience perspective of environmental change. The marginal benefits of even selective placement of sensors deep in the subsurface ecosystem could be large.
Acknowledgements. This paper is dedicated to the late  Dr. Henry Gholz , who gave and received much joy in his championing of ecosystem science (https://www. nceas. ucsb. edu/news/remembering-henry-gholz, last access:  30 June 2018 ). The paper was inspired by  LTER-CZO  meetings at the 2015 LTER All-Scientists Meeting in Estes Park, Colorado, from 30 August to 2 September. An invitation by the  LTER Network  had been extended to  Dr. Tim White  of the  CZO Program National Office  and two CZO principal investigators (McDowell and Richter). Many coauthors work at environmental research network sites and participated in discussions of the working group on CZO-LTER collaboration (http://asm2015. lternet. edu/,last access:  30 June 2018 ). The lead author thanks  Will Cook  for paper review,  Duke University , and the  National Science Foundation (NSF)  for funding through the  Biological Sciences Directorate  and through the  Geosciences Directorate's Division of Earth Sciences Critical Zone Observatory program  ( EAR-1331846 ).
5  They first state that being granted alimony rights should have a positive impact on 5 They use a retrospective database where individuals are surveyed in 2001 and answer questions about their past labor market activities. Their data does not cover several reforms which have been implemented after 2001, especially the reforms which granted cohabiting couples the same rights as married couples. With cohabiting women's bargaining power only for those who are in an eligible existing union 6 at the moment of the reform. Couples not eligible yet, may bargain according to the new rules to find a new balance before becoming eligible which would lead to a decrease in women bargaining power and consequently to an increase in women labor supply 7. They provide empirical evidence supporting their theoretical analysis on couples formed before and after reforms in Canada.
The SLID covers each year a sample of 17000 households of the population of the ten Canadian provinces with the exception of Indian reserves, residents of institutions and military barracks (less than 3 % of the population). Data have been collected each year from 1993 to 2011 from January to March. Each household is followed for a period of 6 years. The survey collects information on the labor market status, income and family status of all individuals. However, only one respondent is included in the SLID, and this respondent gives information on the personal relationships between all members of the household, his/her own labor market status and income, and the labor market status and income of all other members of the household, if s/he is knowledgeable and s/he agrees to do so. Reported earnings and incomes are compared to administrative data to ensure that the weighted distribution of income (based on wages and salaries) in the data set matches that of the Canadian population.
, 2017). The glycerol release quantified by BAT during cold exposure (2. 17 mmol/100 g tissue/min) would release $11 mmol of fatty acids in 24 hr. Assuming these are on average 16C fatty acids, if fully oxidized these could produce $25 kcal/24 hr. In addition, this calculation ignores the effect of glycerol recycling (which may be increased substantially during thermogenesis  [Labbe et al. , 2015] ) and oxidation of circulating fatty acids taken up by BAT  (Ouellet et al. , 2012) , so this may be a considerable underestimation. Our data suggest that fatty acids released from local triglycerides likely account for the majority of BAT thermogenesis. These estimates rely on several large assumptions, such as that substrate utilization remains constant during chronic activation and is similar in all BAT depots.
Indirect Calorimetry Energy expenditure was measured for 15 min each hour using a ventilated-hood indirect calorimeter (GEM Nutrition, Cheshire, United Kingdom). The first 5 min of data were discarded and the mean value for the final 10 min recorded each hour. Energy expenditure (EE) is presented as the mean of three values obtained during warm and cold exposure. Cold-induced thermogenesis was calculated by subtracting the mean EE in the warm room from the EE in the cold room.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by a grant from the  Medical Research Council  ( R. H. S. ,  MR/K010271/1 ). B. R. W. is supported by a  Wellcome Trust   Investigator Award  ( 107049/Z/15/Z ). The authors acknowledge the financial support of  NHS Research Scotland (NRS) , through the  Edinburgh Clinical Research Cell Metabolism 27 ,  1348-1355 , June 5, 2018 1353 Facility and, in particular,  Lucy Marshall ,  Mary Morrissey , and  Jo Singleton , and the  British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence. We also thank  Barbara Allen ,  Caroline Brydon ,  Tim Clark ,  Ross Murdoch ,  Hamish Richardson , and  Alison Rutter  for their technical assistance.
4. A data cleaning routine will be applied frequently. The investigators at the participating centers will be contacted in cases of inconsistencies or missing data. This information also provides feedback in regard to the need for retraining. 5. Remote monitoring of data quality will be performed at the study coordination center. 6. Telephone interviews will be taped and audited to verify consistency in data collection. The audio files will be anonymously stored in a server that meets the same security norms as those used for data in electronic medical records. Access to the files, which is restricted to the study team, will require user identification and a password. The sample size was calculated as the number of participants needed to estimate the prevalence of functional dependence, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms.
(22) These aspects might further contribute to underestimation of the prevalence of disabilities after ICU discharge. The use of data reported in studies conducted abroad to calculate the sample size might also interfere with the outcome estimates. Those studies were chosen because they applied the same tools and time points for assessment of each outcome; thus, their design is quite similar to ours. The study protocol and design were finalized in March 2015. All the investigators from all the participating centers received training on the study procedures in loco. We are currently recruiting patients at 10 ICUs representative of the Brazilian geopolitical distribution (Figure  1 ). As of December 2017, 1,554 patients have been included in the study. We expect that follow-up of all the patients included in the cohort will be completed by December 2018.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the data collection teams at the participating ICUs, the  Hospital Moinhos de Vento , and the  Ministry of Health  for their support. We thank the  Coordenação Geral de Atenção Hospitalar e de Urgência (Hospital and Urgent Care General Coordination; CGHOSP)  for its support. The present study is endorsed by the  Rede Brasileira de Pesquisa em Terapia Intensiva (Brazilian Network in Intensive Care Research; BRICnet).
The data obtained with lysine tRNA reading the same UAA are going in the same direction. Only when U 34 is fully modified to mcm 5 s 2 U 34 , a U 36 :U 1 opposition in this case can be accommodated, yet obviously less efficiently than for a G 36 :U 1. Such a U:U opposition, with possibly only one single H-bond within a Watson-Crick helix geometry, seems to require a water molecule  (28). Slightly different results were obtained for reading UGA stop codon, involving a strong middle C-G pair, by the minor arginine tRNA UCU harboring also a 5-mcm residue but not a 2-thio group at U 34 (U*). ELP3 deletion (absence of 5-mcm on U 34 ) did not alter significantly the ratio of amino acids inserted at UGA (Fig. 2B ), whereas both arginine and cysteine incorporation levels were a bit higher in the Δtrm9 strain (lacking of a methyl group on cm 5 U 34 ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank  Eric Westhof  for his useful advice and stimulating discussions;  Ammara Mohammad  and  Stéphane Le Crom  from the  Genomic Paris Centre  for assistance with sequencing; and  Alex Edelman & Associates  for correcting English usage in the work. This work was supported by the  Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer Grants  ( SFI20101201647  and  PJA 20131200234 );  French association "Ligue Nationale contre le cancer"  Grant  3FI10167LVCY  (to O. N. ); and a fellowship from the  Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer  (to S. B. ). P. B. is supported by  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) RiboTerm  and O. N. has received support from the  ANR  rescue_ribosome  Grant  ( ANR-17-CE12-0024-01 ). This work benefited from the facilities and expertise of the SICaPS platform of IMAGIF for the mass spectrometry analysis and from the High-throughput Sequencing Platform of I2BC for library preparation.
These results explain the high quantum efficiency of LIESST. Additional studies confirmed this point and show that INTs shorter than MLCT allow enhancement of the structural coherence in the HS potential  [108]. Femtosecond X-ray scattering experiment at the LCLS X-FEL was also performed on photoexcited [Co II (terpy) 2 ]. The scattering data revealed similar structural breathing of the CoeN bond length arising from the displacive excitation of a vibrational mode dominated by the symmetrical stretch of all six CoeN bonds. Femtosecond electron diffraction was also used on single crystal to study LIESST dynamics in [Fe(PM-AZA) 2 (NCS) 2 ] [21], for probing the molecular motions and tracking the ultrafast structural changes within the crystal lattice in comparison to the thermal SCO behaviour  [41].
For analyzing the formation of a photoinduced structure, found to be similar to the thermally induced HS state, the time-dependent changes in the intensity of the Bragg reflections were monitored. The global structural reorganization within the unit cell occurs within 2. 3 ps, involving FeeN bond-length distribution narrowing during intramolecular vibrational cooling. Three independent dynamical groups of the structure were used to model the structural dynamics upon photoinduced SCO, because of the limited number of Bragg peaks measured. These recent years have witnessed tremendous development of ultrafast structural science with new data acquisition schemes at synchrotrons (slicing, high repetition rate scheme) and the advent of X-FELs  [70]. In addition to diffraction, scattering and XANES, these ultrafast X-ray sources have broadened the range of methods, complementary to structural ones, for investigating molecular transformations.
Acknowledgements E. C. would like to thank his collaborators  H. Cailleau ,  M. Buron ,  M. Lorenc ,  M. Cammarata ,  R. Bertoni ,  H. Lemke ,  S. Koshihara ,  M. Wulff ,  K. Moffat ,  R. Henning  and  T. Graber  in the field of ultrafast X-ray science. He would also like to thank the  Institut Universitaire de France ,  Rennes Me ́tro-pole, Re ́gion Bretagne  ( CREATE 4146 ),  ANR  ( ANR-13-BS04-0002 ) and  Europe (FEDER)  for constant support. P. G. thanks all ICMCB members of the "mol ecules et mat eriaux commutables" group and of the X-ray diffraction centre for the daily fruitful interactions, the  Aquitaine Region , the  CNRS  and the  University of Bordeaux  for their support. The authors also thank  Malcolm Halcrow  for the careful reading of this manuscript.
The eastern and western SS 433/W50 interaction regions are also examined using the whole data set available. We aim to constrain some theoretical models previously developed for this system with our observations. Methods. We made use of dedicated observations from the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov telescopes (MAGIC) and High Energy Spectroscopic System (H. E. S. S. ) of SS 433 taken from 2006 to 2011. These observation were combined for the first time and accounted for a total effective observation time of 16. 5 h, which were scheduled considering the expected phases of minimum absorption of the putative VHE emission. Gamma-ray attenuation does not affect the jet/medium interaction regions. In this case, the analysis of a larger data set amounting to ∼40-80 h, depending on the region, was employed.
2009) , or through pp interactions if protons are efficiently accelerated at the interaction shocks  (Heinz & Sunyaev 2002; Bosch-Ramon et al. 2005). Non-thermal emission from these regions has indeed been observed from radio to Xray energies  (Brinkmann et al. 1996 , Dubner et al. 1998; Safi-Harb & Ögelman 1997; Safi-Harb & Petre 1999; Fuchs 2002; Brinkmann et al. 2007. Recently, high-energy gamma-ray emission from a source associated with SS 433/W50 has been reported from the analysis of ∼ 5 years of Fermi-LAT archival data  (Bordas et al. 2015). The relatively large point spread function (PSF) of the Fermi-LAT at the sub-GeV energies in which the source is detected, larger than ∼ 1. 5 • , prevents from an accurate localization of the emitter. At VHEs, SS 433/W50 remains so far undetected.
H. E. S. S. and MAGIC observations Observations of SS 433/W50 were conducted with the H. E. S. S. and MAGIC Cherenkov telescope arrays. The H. E. S. S. is an IACT array located in the Khomas highland of Namibia (23 • S, 16 • E, 1800 m above the sea level). In its first phase, the system consisted of four identical 13 m diameter imaging Cherenkov Article number, page 3 of 9   2011 ), the latter were scheduled at times in which the source was found at orbital and precession phases Ψ where absorption of its putative VHE emission is expected to be at its minimum, Ψ pre = 0. 9 -0. 1  (Reynoso et al. 2008a). The total H. E. S. S. effective exposure time on SS 433/W50 amounts to 45h of data after standard quality selection cuts. A total effective exposure time of 8. 7 h is available for the central system after selecting low-absorption precession/orbital phases.
In May and June 2010, MAGIC performed observations of SS 433 in stereo mode for 10 h. After quality cuts, 7. 8 h of good data remained. A summary of the H. E. S. S. and MAGIC observations of SS 433 is collected in Table  1. The H. E. S. S. observations of the central system were performed at zenith angles ranging between 28 • to 54 • , with an average of 34 • , while MAGIC observed at zenith angles between 24 • and 30 •. The observations in both H. E. S. S and MAGIC were performed in wobble mode  (Fomin et al. 1994) , with an offset of 0. 4 • for MAGIC and 0. 7 • for H. E. S. S. , respectively, away from the source position to simultaneously evaluate the background. This observation mode allowed imaging of not only the central binary system, but also the eastern (e1, e2, e3) and western (w1, w2) interaction regions with the W50 nebula.
Analysis Data analysis was performed following the standard analysis procedure for each of the two instruments (see  Aharonian et al. 2006a  for H. E. S. S. and  Aleksić et al. 2016  for MAGIC analysis details). The imaging technique is based on the parameterization of the images formed in the camera plane in order to extract the information contained in the shower with the Hillas parameters  (Hillas 1985). The signal extraction was performed by the reconstruction and calibration of the size and arrival time of the Cherenkov pulses. The event reconstruction was obtained by image cleaning and shower parameterization, whereas the signal and background discrimination and energy estimation were obtained by comparison of the Hillas parameters with look-up tables for a given shower intensity and impact distance (see  Aharonian et al.