dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Discussion In our study, softwares allowed a faithful modeling and reconstruction of the paranasal sinuses and the dimensions of the different paranasal sinuses were similar to those reported in the literature  [18, 19]. We used the soft kernel tissue patients' skulls data, considering that soft kernel reconstructions can be noticed on almost any head CT study, but the presence of hard kernel reconstructions could be inconstant  [8]. To our knowledge, no similar study exists in the literature. In articles assessing identification by comparing CT data of paranasal sinuses, we found that authors compared pre and post-mortem CT data of paranasal sinuses by using reformatted axial images  [9]. The data were considered matching when these reformatted images could be superposed. In our study we could not achieve to superpose the pre and post reconstituted 3D volume, so we opted to assess our reconstructions by measuring the maximum length, width and height of the different paranasal sinuses.
Without comparison element, we considered a maximum error of 0. 06 mm acceptable. The use of both free-access softwares was facilitated by consulting many written and video tutorials available on the internet. These programs run on standard computers, and do not require high-performance models dedicated to 3D modeling. The main disadvantage of the technique we describe lies in the time required for accurate modeling of the fragmented volumes, on the 3DSlicer® software. Artificial intelligence will probably help reduce this time. Several studies have shown the relevance of identification by recognition, by matching post-mortem computed tomography (CT) data of paranasal sinuses (e. g. frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal and maxillary sinuses) of an unidentified deceased victim with older ("premortem") CT data of paranasal sinuses from a subject whose identity is supposed to be the right one  [5] [6] [7] [8] [9].
Paranasal sinuses' anatomy is unique to each individual, even between homozygous twins, and remains stable during aging  [6]. Its only possible variation is to thicken and / or partially shrink secondarily to certain local infections. It has significant resistance to direct trauma, and as a bone structure it resists the decomposition of soft tissue  [8]. Regarding radiological identification methods, standard radiography has gradually given way to computed tomography by CT scan or cone-beam CT. The use of CT data appears more relevant than that of standard radiography because its analysis seems more objective, and due to its widespread use nowadays, in neurological and otorhinolaryngological conditions. On the other hand, the development of CB-CT in dental pre-implant assessments makes it possible to have a base of comparison more and more abundantly.
ese tools provided a better immersivity for patients and additional details for practitioners, who were able to objectively evaluate facial movements in response to emotion and speech. However, all these features are complex to integrate for both the clinician and the laboratory, and they require a significant amount of time, energy, and cost  [4]. Technological evolution of hardware and software aims to reduce the time and errors during information sharing between patients, practitioners, and laboratories. e aim of the technology presented in this pilot study is to improve the communication with the patient using facial recognition (FR) and augmented reality (AR). FR is a technology capable of automatically identifying a person from a digital image, using reference lines of the face and mathematical algorithms  [5].
AR is a type of technology in which an environment is enhanced through the process of superimposing computer-generated virtual content over a real structure  [6, 7]. Even if AR tools are mainly used for video games and animations, the medical field is working to integrate these technologies for diagnosis, surgery, education, and communication with patients  [8]. In dentistry, AR was firstly used for educational purposes as a tool to objectively evaluate students and give them direct feedback  [8]. However, there is no study that evaluates AR as a tool to improve communication in aesthetic dentistry. e present pilot study tested the user experiences using two innovative software of augmented reality for communication in aesthetic dentistry; one using a set of pictures and described as an automatized picture-based strategy (APBS), and the other using the front camera system of the touchpad called enhanced mirror strategy (EMS).
8 years). After study subjects provided informed consent, they received some explanation and were requested to freely use the device and the different tools on their own smile (Figure  4 ). After ten minutes of use, participants were asked to compare the two strategies (APBS and EMS). e experience of participants while using the application was rated using an anonymous questionnaire and a visual analog scale (VAS). e questionnaire included 5 questions and was adapted from a previous study  [3]  (Table  1 ). All supplementary declarative comments of participants were also collected and reported in the present report. VAS answers were converted into a numerical result ranging from 0 to 100 for statistical analysis. A statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics v24) was used for analyzing data normality.
Results 18 participants (13 women and 5 men; mean age: 23. 8 years) were included in the study. Results of the questionnaire were reported in Table  2. In the present pilot study, participants' preference for one strategy over the other was not significant. Authors were not able to prove a difference between strategies in terms of handling of the device (p � 0. 45), quality of the reconstruction (p � 0. 73), and fluidity of the software (p � 0. 67). According to the participants' experience, EMS was more often reported as immersive, but this study failed to report a significant advantage over the APBS (p � 0. 15). Similarly, participants reported a preference regarding EMS, but the difference was not significant (p � 0. 07). Participants reported that both AR strategies were complementary as they are not used for the same purpose.
Background: Oral cancer is very common in India. The reported 5-year survival of such patients is around 50% after treatment with surgery and radiotherapy, much lower than most of the developed countries. Methods: A retrospective study of a prospective database of oral cancer patients undergoing surgery from June 2009 to June 2013 was conducted. Follow-up details were updated from case records and by phone calls. Data were double entered in EpiData Entry version 3. 1 and were analysed using EpiData Analysis software 2. 1. 0. 73. Results: Two-hundred and twenty patients were analysed (136 males); 85% were consuming tobacco, mainly in chewable form. The majority (51. 1%) had tongue cancer, of whom 75 patients (34. 1%) had T4 tumours. Postoperative radiotherapy was given to 108 patients (49. 1%).
Details of adjuvant therapy were obtained from the radiation chart and case records. Missing data and follow-up data were retrieved and updated from the case records obtained from the medical records department. Follow-up information was obtained from the case record till the last date of follow-up. Any patient not followed up within the last 6 months was contacted over the phone to know their current health status. Data were double entered into EpiData Entry software, version 3. 1, and validated by the principal investigator (SBT) and other co-investigators (GM and SN) to minimise data entry errors. All the discrepancies were noted and corrected by referring back to the original patient records. Data were analysed using EpiData Analysis software version V2. 2. 2. 182 (EpiData Odense, Denmark).
Many of these oral cancer patients presented with nodal metastasis in addition to the locally advanced tumour. The study had several strengths. First, a relatively large cohort of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma was recruited in this study. Second, there were no missing variables in any of the records and no loss to follow-up as well. Third, the study adhered to the Strengthening Reporting on Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and followed sound ethical principles. Fourth, all the records were double entered and cross-validated in EpiData software to minimise data entry errors. Nevertheless, the study had few weaknesses. First, the data regarding the socioeconomic factors were not collected and hence could not be analysed. Second, as the data were from a single tertiary cancer care centre, the results may not be generalizable elsewhere.
Acknowledgements This research was supported through an operational research course, that was jointly developed and run by  Academy for Public Health, Kozhikode, Kerala, India ;  Malabar Cancer Centre (MCC) ,  Thalassery, Kerala, India ; and  The Centre for Operational Research ,  International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, France. The authors thank the staff of  Malabar Cancer Centre  for their assistance in the process of data collection. The authors also thank the.
Methods 2. 1. Literature Search. Studies published in English language only were included, and the last search was carried out in September 2018. Regarding studies performed on animal models and clinical trials, a systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and ScienceDirect databases. A hand search has also been performed after checking references of the identified articles. Concerning in vivo studies, the following keywords were used for the search: periodontitis OR periodontal disease OR alveolar bone loss OR periodontal attachment loss OR periodontal pocket AND simvastatin OR statin OR rosuvastatin OR atorvastatin OR cerivastatin OR mevastatin OR lovastatin OR pravastatin OR Fluvastatin OR pitavastatin OR Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors AND mouse OR dog OR pig OR rat OR rodent OR rabbit OR monkey OR in vivo.
Based on the experimental results, a cost function  , , )  i f 1 was defined in order to assess the difference between the experimental measurements and values given by Eq. (  4 ) following: σ ε ε σ e B ( , ∑ σ ε ε σ σε = | - | σ =  e B j j N ( , , , ) ( ) ( ( )) , ( 5 ) i f j N 1 1 An optimization procedure based on a conjugate gradient method was carried out in order to determine the optimal values of the parameters ( σ ε ε B, , , i f 1 ) minimizing the cost function e σ for each bone sample. Data analysis of ultrasonic measurements. The same signal processing as the one used in Mathieu et al. 27  was applied to the signals obtained using the ultrasonic device. Briefly, the envelope of each radiofrequency (rf) signal was determined by computing the modulus of its Hilbert's transform. For each rf signal #i, three echoes were considered corresponding to the reflection of the ultrasound wave on (i) the water-implant interface, (ii) the BII and (iii) the BII, the implant-water interface and again the BII.
Study design and setting This monocentric clinical study was conducted in the periodontology department of the Nancy University Hospital between April 2016 and October 2017, was independently reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of Nancy University Hospital (Decision number: CPP/16/03/04) and was registered to the clinicaltrials. com website receiving the following number: NCT02873949. Protozoans were identified from samples collected as part of this study, Number DC-2016-2623, Ministry of Research, Paris, France. This is a comparative study [case-control (patients with vs without periodontitis)], a beforeand-after case study (treatment), with a prospective extensive recruitment of both case and control eligible. The design of the study is provided in Figure  1.
Finally, for periodontitis group before treatment, demographic, clinical and microbial parameters of pathological sites associated with the presence of each parasite (E. gingivalis ST1, ST2, T. tenax) were identified using Fisher and Wilcoxon's tests. Significance levels were fixed at p ≤ 0. 05, and two-sided tests were used. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9. 4 (SAS Institute, Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). More statistical details are provided in Supplementary data 3.
Search Strategy, Eligibility, Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria A review of the literature was performed using Google Scholar, PubMed/ MEDLINE and Science Direct databases, by searching for studies published after July 2012. Only in vitro studies assessing the treatment modalities of peri-implantitis were included. Additionally, a hand search was also carried out for cross-references of the selected articles. The keywords "peri-implantitis", "treatment", "in vitro", "dental implant" were used on all databases in various combinations and alongside 'and', or, 'not'. The screening was performed by assessing the titles and abstracts of the research articles for initial analysis. Full-text of all relevant papers were obtained. The present review included papers based on the following inclusion criteria: 1)In-vitro studies including the types of treatments of peri-implantitis, 2) Studies including peri-implantitis and its microbiota, 3) Studies involving effective modalities or equipments as a treatment option for peri-implantitis, 4) Studies in English language, 5) Studies published in scientific journals.
Biodentine TM (Septodont, Saint Maur des Fosses, France) is amongst these materials and is claimed to be used as a dentin replacement material, in addition to having endodontic indications similar to those of MTA. In fact, it is resin-free and mainly composed of pure tricalcium silicate. The chemical composition differs from MTA by the addition of calcium carbonate to the powder. The liquid is constituted of a hydrated calcium chloride (as an accelerator to reduce setting time) and a water reducing agent  [7]. It has a shorter setting time of 12 min (according to the manufacturer's data sheets), compared with the 2 h 45 min of MTA  [8]. Biodentine TM has shown better compression and surface properties than other tricalcium silicate-based materials  [9]. The usefulness of this material as a restorative material as well as a direct pulp capping agent has been demonstrated in humans and in rats  [3, [10] [11] [12].
SEM and EDX Analysis The pieces were incubated in a solution of 5% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min and sonicated again. They were dried with alcohol and then with a vacuum desiccator. The specimens were either sputter-coated with gold palladium for SEM morphological observation (Cambridge S260, Cambridge, UK) or coated with carbon deposit for EDX (Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany). For EDX, the signals in the energy region for phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) were recorded and compared between the secondary dentin and the reparative dentin bridge on the same sample. The samples were analyzed for every group and three analysis points were obtained for every area of interest (secondary dentin or reparative dentin bridge). The results were the averages of the data obtained.
Confocal Raman Analysis of Reparative Dentin Chemical changes in samples could be traced by Raman spectroscopy. The Raman data analysis showed that the mineralized bridge of the MTA group, that of the Biodentine™ group, and the primary dentin have the same mineral phase and organic phase. Representative Raman spectra obtained from the dentin bridge of the MTA group (red line), the dentin bridge of the Biodentine™ group (blue line), and primary dentin (green line) are shown in Figure  4. These three structures have the same Raman peaks, which are related to the inorganic and organic matrices. The identification and assignment of the Raman peaks associated with organic and inorganic components of the secondary dentin are well documented  [14]. The peaks associated with the inorganic mineral appear in the spectral range including the vibration of type B carbonate ν 1 (CO 3 ) at 1078 cm -1 and vibration peaks of phosphate groups-ν 1 PO inorganic components of the secondary dentin are well documented  [14].
The peaks associated with the inorganic mineral appear in the spectral range including the vibration of type B carbonate ν1 (CO3) at 1078 cm -1 and vibration peaks of phosphate groups-ν1 PO4 3-(first vibrational mode) at 960 cm -1 ; ν2 PO4 3-at 435 cm -1 ; and ν4 PO4 3-at 601 cm -1. The peaks associated with the organic component appear in the spectral range containing δ(CCH) aromatic (Pro, Tyr) at 854 cm -1 , ν(CC) aromatic (Hyp, Tyr) at 875 cm -1 , δ(NH) amide III at 1254 cm -1 , δ(CH) deformation at 1450 cm -1 , ν (C=O) stretch/amide I at 1670 cm -1 , and ν(CH) symmetric at 2945 cm -1. All the spectra were normalized based on the intensity of the CH deformation peak at 1450 cm -1 (Figures  5  and 6 ). Cosmic rays were removed using Witec software. The Raman spectra demonstrated that the intensities of the inorganic peaks including the vibration of type B carbonate and phosphate groups of the primary dentin were higher than those of the dentin bridge in both the Biodentine TM (Figure  5 ) and MTA groups (Figure  6 ).
The CH organic peak at 2945 cm -1 of the dentin bridge was slightly higher than those of the primary dentin in both material groups. However, only the intensity ratio of the phosphate peak at 961 cm -1 in the spectrum of the primary dentin was significantly stronger than those of the dentin bridge (Table  2 ). All the spectra were normalized based on the intensity of the CH deformation peak at 1450 cm -1 (Figures  5  and 6 ). Cosmic rays were removed using Witec software. The Raman spectra demonstrated that the intensities of the inorganic peaks including the vibration of type B carbonate and phosphate groups of the primary dentin were higher than those of the dentin bridge in both the Biodentine TM (Figure  5 ) and MTA groups (Figure  6 ). The CH organic peak at 2945 cm -1 of the dentin bridge was slightly higher than those of the primary dentin in both material groups.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by  Université Paris Descartes , by  AP-HP , and by grants from  la Fondation de l'Avenir  for  EA2496. Xuan Vinh Tran  is supported by grants from  the government of Vietnam. This study was not supported by the cited companies. Appropriate permission was obtained from  Septodont company  for the use of the biomaterial  Biodentine TM  for this study.
Statistical analysis. Results are given as means ± s. e. m. GraphPad Prism 5. 0 software (GraphPad Software, USA) was used to perform nonparametric tests to compare data (the Kruskal-Wallis test followed, if significant, by group comparisons with the Mann-Whitney test) or for the Spearman correlation test. The n for statistical comparisons is the number of periodontitis patients or healthy controls includes in the in vivo studies as well as the number of healthy controls to extract primary cells and thus the number of in vitro biological replicates. The results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was less than 0. 05. All experiments were repeated at least three times.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Frédéric Blanchard  and  Claudine Blin  for helpful comments and  Marie-Astrid Boutet  for technical support. This work was supported by  Institut Français pour la Recherche Odontologique (IFRO) ,  RFI Bioregate (Région Pays de la Loire)  ( Inflamos 38  Project) and by the  School of Dentistry of Nantes.
Trial design The Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) statement  [34]  and SPIRIT -Patient-reported Outcomes (SPIRIT-PRO) extension  [35]  (for patient-reported outcomes) were taken into account in the design of the present clinical trial. This is a multicenter, randomized controlled trial with two parallel arms. For the primary objective and secondary objectives, only outcome examiners and data analysts are blinded to the allocated intervention (control or test patient education strategy). Patients are randomized at the end of the first consultation so that patients and investigators are not aware of the allocation during the patient education and motivation procedure. Patients are randomized (allocation ratio 1:1) for the type of patient education strategy (control versus test) with stratification based on center of inclusion, patient gender (male versus female), and tobacco status (currently using tobacco versus currently not using tobacco).
Patients are specifically instructed to use these tools, and only these tools, during the study. An electric toothbrush was chosen as a moderate level of evidence shows that they to lead to better plaque control and better gingivitis reduction than manual toothbrushes  [43]. After the study, patients can keep all materials to continue using them. Replacement heads for the electric toothbrush, and refills for interdental brushes, floss, or toothpaste are readily available to the patients and at a relatively low cost. The end of the study should not prevent them from following the same oral hygiene routine in the long run if they so wish. After the MI session, an outcome examiner conducts clinical data collection. The clinical data collection for the primary outcome is conducted using a dental plaque disclosing agent, with lip and OptraGate cheek retractors (Ivoclar Vivadent France, Saint-Jorioz, France), and under constant suction.
According to the manufacturer's information, the Tri-Plaque disclosing agent (GC Europe, Leuven, Belgium) appears as different colors according to biofilm maturation; new plaque appears pink-red, mature plaque (present for > 48 h) blue-purple, extra high-risk plaque (pH < 4. 5) appears light blue. For data collection, the PCR index  [44]  is used with six sites per teeth (disto-buccal, buccal, mesio-buccal, mesio-lingual, lingual, disto-lingual). All colors are considered to indicate the presence of plaque and therefore the site is coded "1" by the outcome examiner. If no Fig. 3  Content of the study visits. 1 PCR = plaque control record. 2 BOP = bleeding on probing. MI, motivational interviewing plaque is present, the site is coded "0". The examination is conducted visually using loupes and a loupe-mounted light-emitting diode; during the examination a tal probe is used on the tooth surface with an aim to avoid false positives and false negatives.
After the video recording, the clinical part of the consultation is finished. Patients are then randomized by the center coordinator. Patients allocated to the control group are not given any further detail beyond their allocation. Patients allocated to the test group are registered in the text messages system and their personalized video is uploaded to the cloud portal by the investigator. The investigator instructs them on how the cloud portal and the text messages system work. Both the cloud portal and the text messages system are secured (see "Data management", "Ethical considerations", and "Discussion"). The cloud portable is accessible via any smartphone, tablet or computer with a web browser, irrespective of their operating system, and there is no need to install an application in an attempt to maximize technical compatibility.
The patient can answer the text messages to tell the investigators if he is or is not adherent with the oral hygiene routine that was prescribed to him. To do that, he can reply to the text message he received. The system will register his answer in the database and initiate an automated reply. If the patient is adherent, the reply will include elements of positive reinforcement. If the patient is not adherent, the reply will attempt to play down the situation, reassure the patient and offer to discuss this issue at the next appointment. Enough messages have been written to ensure that they are never repeated. All interactions with the patient through text messages are registered in a database to allow descriptive analysis.