dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The use of an HDMI display is inappropriate for the context of IoMT, but we have made this choice in order to add a debug functionality to the designed system. The HDMI display is split into two parts in order to show input images and de/(en)crypted images. We should notice that input images are stored in a RAM before their processing. Image transmission is carried out using Xbee S6B wireless modules which provide simple serial to IEEE 802. 11 connectivity. The Xbee wireless module is connected to the ZedBoard through the Pmod E. Sending and receiving data between the Zynq SoC and the Xbee module are done through the Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UART transmission. The Zynq was configured such that the pins RX (reception) and TX (transmission) of the UART are connected to the Pmod E.
The Pmod E is used because it is connected directly to the PS part of Zynq. The UART frame consists of a start bit, a data byte, and a stop bit. The UART of the ZedBoard can send and receive data with a symbol rate of 921,600 bit/s. The symbol rate of the UART of Zynq is smaller than the XBee wireless module; it is the UART transmission which limits the maximum throughput. The creation of the UART connection is achieved by configuring the MIO 10 and 11 located on the PS transmission UART (named UART 0). The RX signal (input signal) of the UART is located in the MIO 10. The TX signal (output signal) of the UART is located in the MIO 11. After placement, routing and implementation of hardware design on Vivado, one can notice that MIO 10 and 11 are connected to the G7 and B4 ports, respectively.
Hardware Description The proposed crypto compression is implemented under Xilinx Vivado tool. The device is the ZedBoard manufactured by Digilent and the hardware description language is the VHDL. The vivado block design is illustrated in Figure  5. As indicated, nine blocks are used. (1) The Zynq processing system is the software interface around the Zynq-7000 Processing System. (2) The HDMI IP for ZedBoard from Avnet: Reference Design implements the HDMI digital video interface in Xilinx FPGAs. (3) The reconfigurable compression and encryption IP is the proposed IP including DCT and chaos according to algorithms of Section 2. The compression DCT IP was developed under vivado HLS, while the chaos generators were described in VHDL. (4) The reconfigurable decompression and decryption IP is the proposed IP including Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT) and chaos according to the algorithms in Section 2.
Hard/Soft Co-Design The processing chains for transmitting and receiving crypto-compressed images are illustrated at the top of Figure  6. The transceiver protocol of the Xbee modules is implemented on the PS side, while the HDMI display is carried out on the PL by using the Xilinx IP for HDMI. The rest of the processing blocks can be implemented on software or on hardware. Therefore, we explored the HW/SW co-design of these blocks by creating four design variants that each implement a different configuration. The reason for creating several configurations is to move processing blocks from PS to PL and to quantify the system performances obtained with each configuration. All of these considered configurations are shown in Figure  7a ,b for the transmission and reception chain, respectively.
Experimental Setup The proposed experimental testbed setup is presented in Figure  9. Two IoMT nodes were considered, where each node is composed of an Xbee transceiver, connected to a SoC-based ZedBoard by means of a cap card and a PMOD port. The HDMI display could not be used in case of real applications, but we used it in order to see encrypted and decrypted images. Moreover, we used a host computer connected to both nodes with two UART links in order to control the status of the node at run time. This is useful since it can indicate the number of received bits. If the number of received bits is lower, the system will ask for retransmission. Each node can be used as transmitter or receiver according to the user preference. Once the Xbee modules are configured in the same network and the ZedBoards are powered on and programmed, the user can press on the top push button of the first ZedBoard card and then press on the down push button of the other ZedBoard card.
Performance Analysis The use of approximate computing decreases the perceptual quality of the reconstructed images. We calculated the average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of reconstructed eight-bit greyscale 512 × 512 images. The forward and inverse approximate transforms are applied to obtain the reconstructed images and to compare PSNR with exact DCT-based compression. It was shown that the proposed approximate DCT results for the PSNR degradation were about 0. 8 dB and less than 0. 6 dB when a compression ratio of 50% and 12. 5% were applied, respectively. Hence, we can conclude that there is a decrease in accuracy, but that the loss is still negligible. Encryption performance evaluation was studied in  [36] , where some Matlab codes were developed for simulation purposes. In this work, plaintext and ciphered images were acquired with the processor and encryption analysis was addressed, as illustrated in Figure  12.
Acknowledgments: This work is financed by  ISEN Yncrea Ouest. Author Contributions:  Thibault Chapel ,  Victor Dorez ,  Guenole Le Bougeant , and  Antoine LeBotlan  are students at ISEN Yncrea Ouest. They have developed a part of this work for their tutored project. Maher JRIDI has proposed, developed, and coordinated this project. The redaction of the paper is also provided by the corresponding author.
Leukocyte-endothelial interactions were quantified using the software Histolab 4. 3. 6. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions were analyzed for 1-4 minutes per vessel within a square of 25 Â 25 mm 2 , 50 Â 50 mm 2 or 100 Â 100 mm 2 depending on the vessel diameter, and quantifications were normalized thereafter per min/0. 01 mm 2. Experiments were performed on 4-5 animals per group, and 3-5 vessels per animal were quantified. Skin vascular permeability. To quantify vascular leakage in the dorsal skin venules 60 days after irradiation, with or without BMMNC injection, 25 mg/kg fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled 77-kDa dextran (Sigma-Aldrich) was administered intravenously to anesthetized mice. Blood vessels were visualized with a fluorescence inverted microscope (Nikon, Champigny sur Marne, France).
Fluorescence intensity was recorded 1-30 minutes after FITC-dextran injection with an Exwave HAD digital color camera (Sony, Microvision Instruments, Evry, France). Fluorescence intensity was quantified using the software Histolab 4. 3. 6 (Microvision Instruments, Evry, France) and was measured within the vessel under study (I int) and in a contiguous area of perivascular interstitium (I ext). Background fluorescence intensity (Bg) was subtracted from each value. An index of vascular leakage (IP) was calculated by dividing (I ext -Bg) by (I int -Bg)  14. Experiments were performed on three animals/group and 30 vessels/animals were analyzed for the calculation of the permeability index. Sampling area was proximal to the punch lesion where skin was irradiated. Multiphoton microscopy (second harmonic generation).
TaqMan gene expression assays were used as follows: Coll1a1 (Mm00801666_g1), Coll1a2 (Mm00483888_m1), Coll3a1 (Mm00802331_m1), ICAM-1 (Mm00516023_m1), IL6 (Mm00446190_m1), IL10 (Mm00439616_m1), MCP1 (Mm00441242_m1). To calculate relative gene expression levels between different samples, we used the threshold cycles (Cts) normalized to the Ct of GAPDH as an internal control (TaqMan ® Rodent GAPDH, Life Technologies). Relative mRNA quantification was performed by using the comparative DDCT method. Data analysis. Results are presented as means + SEM (standard error of the mean). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare each parameter. Post hoc Tukey or Dunn tests were then performed to identify which group differences account for the significant overall ANOVA (Sigma Plot 11. 0, Jandel Scientific, Systat software, San Jose, CA, USA).
In addition, irradiation induced expression of IL-6 and MCP-1 in the tissue 7 days (iv) Visualization by intravital videomicroscopy of leukocyte-endothelium interactions in the dorsal skin vessels around the punch after intravenous administration of rhodamine 6G (original magnification Â40; scale bar: 50 mm). B: The number of rolling leukocytes (R) per min per 0. 01 mm 2 (left) and the rolling velocity (right) were determined by intravital microscopy 7 days post-injury around the skin lesion. Data are expressed as the mean + SEM (0 Gy: n ¼ 4 mice; 20 Gy: n ¼ 5 mice). C: Representative immunohistochemical analysis of CD45 (red), ICAM1 (green), F4-80 (red) and E-selectin (green) in the dorsal skin (arrows; original magnification Â20; scale bar: 100 mm). D: Qualitative observation of 10 fields for each mouse of each group for CD45, CD31, ICAM1, F4-80 and E-selectin labeling (n ¼ 3).
GENE FLOW Genetic data were obtained for 113 individuals, and 1920 SNPs (one per tag) passed filters for the PCA and F ST analysis. We found no evidence for hybrids in the set of 113 individuals as the species formed separate clusters in the PCA (Fig. 2 ). Populations of the same species were genetically very similar within regions. Allopatric and sympatric regions were more differentiated for L. filosa than for L. cingulata, and sympatric L. cingulata were very slightly more similar to L. filosa than allopatric L. cingulata were. This could be a signal of gene flow but, in the ABC analysis, the historical demographic model with no migration was strongly preferred over the next best model (posterior probability for No migration: PP = 0. 83, Constant migration: PP = 0. 02, Recent migration: PP = 0.
12, Ancient migration: PP = 0. 03). Analysis of pseudo-observed datasets showed good power to distinguish the models (Fig. S4 ) and the No migration model was the only model capable of explaining the observed data adequately (Fig. S5 ). The parameter estimates for the preferred model (Table  S4  and Fig. S6 ) suggest that the species separated approximately 500,000 years ago with regions within L. filosa separated for longer (ß250,000 years) than regions within L. cingulata (ß125,000 years), but with similar levels of intraspecific gene flow between regions (ß0. 01 migrants per generation). Population sizes were estimated to be large in the present (ß10 6 individuals) but smaller in the past (ß10 5 individuals), consistent with contraction during Pleistocene climatic cycles. The putative hybrid individual, identified in the field on the basis of intermediate shell characteristics, was heterozygous for all 10 putatively-diagnostic SNPs for which it was genotyped (Table  S5 ).
Subsequently, we relaxed and anesthetized all males alive in magnesium chloride (isotonic with seawater, 1:13 v/v dilution), for 30 min before the snails were killed with boiling water, to fix them in an extended position  (Reid 1996). The penes were removed and preserved in 70% ethanol for morphometric analysis. We used the program Jmating (Carvajal-Rodriguez and Rolan-Alvarez 2006) to obtain estimates of the isolation index, I PSI , in allopatry and in sympatry, based on the numbers of trials with and without mounting. I PSI is a joint isolation index that is not affected by sexual selection. We also analyzed mounting as a binary response variable and mount duration (log-transformed) as a continuous variable, using linear models with binomial or Normal error, respectively. We included as terms of interest: male species, female species, and location (allopatric vs sympatric) and their interactions, and potential confounding variables identified in preliminary analyses: researcher and starting time (morning vs afternoon) for mounting probability; and male size, female size, size difference, and female maturity (categorized after the mating trial by appearance of gonad and presence of spawned embryos in mantle cavity as immature, maturing, mature, and spent  (Reid 1986 )) for mating duration.
After de-multiplexing, adapter removal, and quality trimming, reads were assembled, allowing up to four mismatches, and SNPs were called. SNPs with fewer than five reads were removed and more than one read of each allele was required to call heterozygotes. For initial population-genetic analysis, we used only the first SNP in each tag, thus avoiding treating SNPs in the same tag as independent from each other. The R package adegenet (version 1. 4-2  (Jombart and Ahmed 2011) ) was used to compute PCA and pairwise F ST between samples. SNPs that departed from Hardy-Weinberg expectations with P < 0. 01 in any one of the four regions were excluded and only loci genotyped in >80% of individuals were retained for this analysis. Given strong biogeographic evidence for divergence of the species in allopatry  (Reid et al.
Data variables, sources of data and data collection The following data variables were collected. For the scale-up of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, data included year, instruments deployed each year, assays done each year, unsuccessful tests (errors reported by the instrument), successful tests in which valid Xpert assay results were produced, tests showing MTB and tests showing rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB). The source of data was the National Laboratory Annual Report for Tuberculosis. For notified patients with re-treatment TB, data included year, retreatment TB patients registered nationally each year, sputum specimens received at the NRLs, culture contamination, MTB culture growth, CDST performed and results of CDST in terms of resistance to isoniazid and/or rifampicin. The sources of data were the WHO Global TB Reports (for Zimbabwe), the Laboratory Information Management System for each NRL and physical records (laboratory request forms for CDST) for each NRL.
Acknowledgements: This research was conducted through the  Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT ), a global partnership led by the  Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases at the World Health Organization (WHO/TDR ). The training model is based on a course developed jointly by the  International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease  ( The Union ) and Medécins sans Frontières (MSF). The specific SORT IT program that resulted in this publication was implemented by  MSF, Brussels Operational Centre, Luxembourg  and the  Centre for Operational Research, The Union, Paris, France. Mentorship and the coordination/ facilitation of SORT IT workshops were provided through the  Centre for Operational Research, The Union, Paris, France ; the  Operational Research Unit (LuxOR) ; AMPATH, Eldoret, Kenya; the  Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; the Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway ; and the  National Institute for Medical Research ,  Muhimbili Medical Research Centre , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Funding: The program was funded by the  UK's Department for International Development (DFID) ,  The Union, MSF and La Fondation Veuve Emile Metz-Tesch (Luxembourg). The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria  provided financial support for data collection. La Fondation Veuve Emile Metz-Tesch  supported open access publication costs. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Background: Physical inactivity is associated with excess weight and adverse health outcomes. We synthesize the evidence on physical inactivity and its social determinants in Arab countries, with special attention to gender and cultural context. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Popline, and SSCI for articles published between 2000 and 2016, assessing the prevalence of physical inactivity and its social determinants. We also included national survey reports on physical activity, and searched for analyses of the social context of physical activity. Results: We found 172 articles meeting inclusion criteria. Standardized data are available from surveys by the World Health Organization for almost all countries, but journal articles show great variability in definitions, measurements and methodology.
Search strategy and inclusion criteria We sought to retrieve research published in refereed journals and reports of surveys, and our approach was threepronged. First, we searched for articles in refereed journals investigating physical inactivity in countries of the Arab region, published between January 2000 and January 2016, in MEDLINE, Popline and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) databases. Various combinations of MeSH terms and key words were used, related to physical activity/ inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, exercise, sports, its prevalence, incidence, epidemiology, the burden it represents, and social or cultural factors. Details are shown in Additional file 1. Studies published in any language were retrieved. Two researchers conducted title and abstract screening, followed by full-text screening, checking to harmonize results regarding inclusion or exclusion; disagreements were discussed by the team as a whole and resolved.
Multi-country studies were included if they presented data on at least one Arab country. Studies conducted exclusively on patients with a particular disease diagnosis, and studies conducted on Arabs residing outside the Arab region were excluded. To be included, articles needed to fulfill quality criteria informed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines  [18] , including clear eligibility criteria for study selection, description of information sources, data and variables; we excluded studies that did not report on sample size, age range of study population, and those that presented unclear or inconsistent numbers. Secondly, we retrieved the reports of surveys on physical activity conducted by international organizations in collaboration with country partners; these surveys generally use standardized instruments and the two main sources are the World Health Organization (WHO) surveys on non-communicable disease risk factors (STEPS) which include modules on physical activity among adults; and the Global School-based Student Health Surveys (GSHS) which measure activity among adolescents.
We present results separately for studies based on national surveys using standardized definitions and measures, and whose results represent comparable and higher-quality estimates. A third part of the review was to retrieve data from sources that considered physical inactivity in relation to social factors such as age, marriage, education, employment, residence, and those that examined cultural and social barriers to physical activity. We sought to gain insights into the socio-cultural context of physical activity, and to explain the patterns that emerged from the analysis of the quantifiable data. We extracted notes and themes from those sources that included qualitative information, and provide a critical synthesis of main findings. Thus, this review draws both on rigorous quantitative analyses and a narrative synthesis of qualitative studies.
Data extraction and analysis Citations from search results of databases were imported into the reference manager EndNote and duplicates removed. We used the open-source Open Data Kit (ODK) (https://ona. io/) to create the data entry protocol. The data extracted for each study included: (1) article identification (title, author/s, publication year, journal, country/ ies of study); (2) research design, setting, sample size, study population, gender, and age; (3) definition of physical activity/inactivity, instrument used, reported prevalence; and, (4) demographic, economic, lifestyle and social correlates of physical inactivity. In addition, we retrieved themes from those studies that examined the social context of physical activity and provided information about gender and cultural differences.
We retrieved the most recent data from STEPS and GSHS surveys. For countries where no published reports were available, we retrieved any data available from the WHO website. Regarding the outcome variable, because of the diversity of definitions and measures of physical activity, we found that the most consistent way to report the results was to use physical inactivity, which refers to not engaging in any physical activity and/or being in the lowest category of physical activity, however physical activity was defined in the study. This is consistent with other studies that have reviewed physical activity across the world  [13]. We present results separately for adults and for children/adolescents. We defined as adults those respondents aged 18 or older, or those who were categorized as adults in the articles; younger respondents were categorized as children/adolescents.
Results The evidence on physical inactivity Sources and quality of data Our search retrieved 1,228 articles, of which 172 met the inclusion criteria. Figure  1  provides a flow chart of the review's inclusion and exclusion process. The included articles referred to a total of 157 datasets: 149 from studies conducted in a single country and 8 conducted as part of multi-country studies; the results of multi-country studies are counted once for each individual country. Some articles were based on the same datasets, including six articles based on STEPS and GSHS surveys. Only 16/143 journal articles reported on surveys using nationally representative samples; qualitative data were retrieved from five qualitative studies and from four mixed methods studies. All STEPS and GSHS, and 125/157 journal articles include both men/boys and women/girls.
Acknowledgements This work was funded in part by a grant ( 106981-001 ) from the  International Development Research Centre (IDRC)  in  Canada. The funder had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. We would like to thank  Dr. Regina Guthold  of the  World Health Organization , for her constructive comments on a previous draft of the manuscript, and  Zeina Jamaluddine  for assisting with the preparation of the data extraction protocol.
A melt program was performed at the end of the PCR. The raw fluorescence data were analyzed using LightCycler480 (Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France). The sequences of primers used for c-DNA amplification by qPCR are listed in Table  2. Target gene mRNA expression was normalized to β-actin, and data were quantified using the 2 -∆∆Ct method  [60].
Statistical Analyses Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA). The intergroup comparisons were obtained with Kruskal-Wallis test followed up by Dunn's test. Values were considered statistically different at p < 0. 05. The results are presented as mean ± SD. (one or five micromolars) in the presence or not of BaP (one micromolar) according to the "Time 1" or "Time 2" conditions described in materials and methods. The measurement of cellular lipids was carried out using the "Oil Red O" staining method as described under materials and methods. or "Time 2" conditions described in materials and methods. The measurement of cellular lipids was carried out using the "Oil Red O" staining method as described under materials and methods. (one or five micromolars) in the presence or not of BaP (one micromolar) according to the "Time 1" or "Time 2" conditions described in materials and methods.
Immunoblotting Proteins in mouse platelet lysates or plasma, prepared as described in supplemental Methods, were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (4%-20% gels; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Phosphorylated PKC substrates, b-actin, or glycocalicin were detected using appropriate secondary antibodies and an Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE). Quantification was performed with Image Studio Lite software (LI-COR Biosciences). Phosphorylated PKC substrates in human platelet lysates from 3 VWD (p. V1316M) type 2B patients were detected as previously described. 4.