dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological Recording and Analysis Electrophysiological data were recorded continuously at a sampling rate of 500 Hz from 32 tin electrodes placed according to the 10-20 convention, in reference to an electrode placed on the participant's nose tip and re-referenced to the average of linked mastoids offline. Impedance was kept below 5 k. Eye movements were monitored by two external electrodes placed horizontally (outer canthus) and vertically of the right eye. EEG data were filtered off-line to 0. 1 Hz high-pass filter and 30 Hz low-pass filter (cf. Luck, 2005  for recommendation on the use of filters in ERP studies and  Goslin et al. , 2012  for a similar cut-off procedure used in a related study). Eye blink artifacts were mathematically corrected using  Gratton et al. 's procedure (1983) , implemented in Brain Vision Analyzer 2.
Acknowledgments This research was supported by two grants from the  Spanish Government ,  PSI2011-23033  and  CONSOLIDER-INGENIO2010 CSD2007-00048 , a grant from the  Catalan Government ,  SGR 2009-1521 , and a grant from the  European Research Council  under the European Community's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013 Cooperation  grant agreement n • 613465-AThEME). CB was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship  JCI-2010-06504  from the  Spanish Government  and is now supported by the  People Program (Marie Curie Actions ,  FP7-PEOPLE 2014-2016 ) under REA agreement n • 623845.
Experiment We formalized above an intermodal invariant, Ii, specifying the egocentric distance of a static object for a moving perceiver. That information is available in the structure of ambient energy does not imply that it is actually detected. To evaluate whether Ii can be picked up and used by humans, we conducted the following experiment. Seated participants were asked to judge (yes/ no) whether a visible object was within reach. We manipulated the relation between optics and haptics/inertia that was available to participants during the judgment task. We used a virtual environment system in which an optical display could be updated in real time on the basis of data about displacement of the head in the gravito-inertial space. In addition to manipulating Ii, the virtual set up allowed to control all other potential information about egocentric distance.
Design and procedure All participants gave their written informed consent to participate in the study. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Minnesota where the data were collected. Before the beginning of the experiment, we measured for each participant the maximal distance from which they could actually reach an object (MR A ), by having them performing real reaching actions (with their arm only, see Task section above). The MR A was measured from the preferred eye to the target, using the method of limits  [58] [59] [60]. Participants were presented real targets at eye level and asked to reach them using their arm only. After each reach, the target was pulled back centimeter-by-centimeter (measured with the electromagnetic sensors) to increase the egocentric distance.
For the Near Group, target distances ranged from 23% to 135% of each participant's MR A , while they ranged from 72 to 184% for the Far Group. The motivation for having two groups was to control for potential centering bias, that is, a potential influence on perceived maximum reachable distance, MR P , of the localization of MR A within the tested interval  [27, 28]. There were five trials at each distance. All trials were randomized within condition, then grouped by blocks of 17 trials of the same condition. All blocks were then randomized, with the only restriction that at least one block of Movement trials be present before the first block of Playback trials, in order to feed the database of recorded head movements. Participants performed a total of 255 trials (15 blocks of 17 trials), which were divided in two sessions of 45 to 60 minutes each, conducted on different days.
Analysis of movement data To attenuate the noise of the sensor, movement data were filtered using a two-way low-pass Butterworth filter (4 order, 12 Hz cutoff frequency). From the filtered data we computed for each trial the principal direction of movement, the amplitude of movement (range) along this preferred axis, and the average norm of instantaneous velocity, acceleration and jerk. The principal direction of movement was computed from the distribution of instantaneous directions of movement by taking the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue of the orientation matrix (also called scatter matrix when normalized by sample size; cf. [66] , p. 162, and  [67] , p. 233). The eigenvalues provided a measure of the proportion of variance in movement direction explained by each of the eigenvectors.
03). Social coordination between HFM signalers. First, a social contagion effect was found in the six groups, including two adult males producing HFM behaviours. The number of sequences in which two males produced HFM together was significantly higher than the number of sequences in which only one male produced HFM (Wilcoxon matched-paired signed-rank test: N = 6; Z = 2. 301, P = 0. 028). Second, interacting individuals matched the number of HFM behaviours they performed in a given sequence. The numbers of HFM behaviours produced by the two signaling males in groups PNP1 and PNP2 (the only groups studied in detail with two adult males) were positively correlated (Spearman tests, PNP1: N = 24, r = 0. 92, P < 0. 001; PN2: N = 19, r = 0. 91, P < 0. 001) (Fig. 3 ). Third, our data revealed a turn-taking pattern in HFM production.
The subsequent analyses (i. e. context of HFM signaling, receivers' vocal responses, acoustic changes associated with HFM) were done with the data from only three of the groups presenting HFM behaviours (i. e. PNP1, PNP2 and PFF2), because those groups could be observed in more detail and over longer periods with an acoustic recording apparatus. A howling sequence (defined by Kitchen  41  as a long-lasting howling bout with concatenation of different call types, i. e. , roars, barks, and grunts) is composed of different calls produced by different callers. Howling sequences occurred about once or twice a day per group with a within-sequence inter-call interval of 0. 54 sec + /-0. 07 sec. HFM behaviours always occurred while a signaler was producing a call. Acoustic recordings were used to ensure the classification of call types associated with HFM.
Social coordination between HFM signalers. First, to assess the level of social contagion among HFM signalers, based on data for all the groups (i. e. PNP1, PNP2) producing HFM signals and including two adult males, we compared, using a Wilcoxon test, the percentages of sequences in which one versus two signalers were observed. Second, based on data for the groups sampled using the all-occurrence regime, Spearman correlation tests compared the numbers of HFM signals per sequence produced by the two contributing males. This analysis (and the following) was done with PNP1 and PNP2, as PFF2 was a single male group. Third, we evaluated adaptation between synchronization of signalers' behaviour and a turn-taking pattern throughout a given sequence by comparing, using Chi-squared tests, the number of times a given male repeated his own HFM twice in a row with the number of times two males alternated HFM.
Acoustic changes associated with HFM. Spectrograms were generated using Raven bioacoustics software (v. 1. 2, Cornell Bioacoustics Laboratory), with a Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) and a time window of 256 points. In order to estimate if HFM influenced the acoustic structure of the call produced, we measured the same eight representative acoustic parameters as in Briseño Jaramillo et al. 25  (see definitions in Table  3 ): Lowest frequency (Low Freq, Hz), Highest frequency (High Freq, Hz), 1st and 3rd quartile frequency (Q1freq and Q3freq, Hz), Aggregation of entropy (Aggr Entropy, Hz), 90% bandwidth (BW 90%, Hz), Total duration (s), and Energy (dB). We randomly selected a sample of 50 roar calls with HFM and 50 calls without HFM, produced by five males (N = 10 calls per male for each category) from the three groups.
Acknowledgements We are very grateful to the  Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas of Mexico (CONANP)  for permission to work at  Palenque National Park  and to the  Director of Wildlife at Xcaret Park  for authorization to carry out research with their captive black howler groups. We also acknowledge the  Permission for the primate research program  at  Palenque National Park  granted by the  division of wildlife of the environmental agency of Mexico (Dirección General de Vida Silvestre (SEMARNAT-Mexico ); permit code  SGPA/DGVS/02684/10 ). Our research was supported by grants from  CONACYT, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences (UNAM) ,  CNRS  ( PICS program ),  ANR ,  IUF , and IDEA WILD. We are grateful to The  Institute of Biology (UNAM) and Animal and Human Ethology Laboratory (University of Rennes 1)  staff members for administrative, statistical (especially  V.
ERP PARTICIPANTS Forty-two UCSD volunteers (18 females) participated for course credit or were compensated at 7 h. Participants were righthanded, native English speakers with normal or corrected-tonormal vision, ranging from 18-29 years old (M = 21). Of the 42 participants, 7 were excluded from further analysis due to excessive eye blink or movement artifacts, which left a remaining 35 participants whose data we continued to examine.
DATA ANALYSIS Trials contaminated by eye movements, excessive muscle activity, or amplifier blocking were rejected off-line before averaging: these trials (8. 3% for MET, 10. 6% for CL, and 10. 1% for AL) were excluded from further analysis. Data were re-referenced off-line to the algebraic mean of the left and right mastoids and averaged for each experimental condition, time-locked to adjective onsets. ERPs were computed for epochs extending from 500 ms pre-to 1500 ms post-adjective onset, using a pre-stimulus baseline of 500 ms. Since we were interested in the processing of the two word adjective-noun expression, we baseline corrected only prior to the adjective, practically treating the two-word combination as one experimental unit. ANOVAs were used to analyze mean amplitude ERPs over 6 medial central electrodes (MiCe, MiPa, RMCe, LMCe, LMFr, RMFr) where concreteness effects in the N400 time window are commonly observed: these were the same electrode sites over which adjective concreteness effects were assessed to determine inclusion in statistical analyses.
Adjective N400 (300-500 ms post-adjective onset) An ANOVA with 3 levels of word type and 6 levels of electrode location revealed a main effect of word type, F (2,68) = 10. 65, p < 0. 001, with CL and MET adjectives showing greater N400 mean amplitude (-1. 78 µV and -2 µV, respectively) than AL adjectives (-0. 67 µV). Planned pairwise comparisons indicated that the mean amplitudes for CL and AL adjectives and for MET and AL adjectives were significantly different (p < 0. 001). Our AL and CL conditions were based on adjective-noun pair concreteness ratings. However, to ensure that these labels also matched the concreteness of the adjectives alone, we obtained concreteness ratings for adjectives in the CL and AL conditions from  Brysbaert et al. (2013). For 46 items not found in the database, concreteness ratings were collected from 7 UCSD undergrad students who did not participate in the ERP study.
Noun N400 (800-1000 ms post-adjective onset) A concreteness effect in the expected direction is visible, with nouns in the CL condition eliciting a larger N400 than AL nouns. MET nouns appear to be patterning with CL nouns, also eliciting a larger N400 relative to AL nouns. However, an ANOVA with 3 levels of word type and 6 levels of electrode location showed no main effect of word type, F (2,68) = 1. 24, p = 0. 3. In order to increase the sensitivity of the concreteness manipulation, we sorted the data based on paired concreteness ratings into the most concrete and least concrete items within conditions. The most concrete (top half of CL) and least concrete (bottom half of AL) items were compared to MET items in order obtain a clearer pattern of concreteness effects-if they were indeed present in the data.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the invaluable help of  Tom Urbach, PhD , in experimental design and stimulus norming,  Jamie Alexandre, PhD , in programming,  Gabriel Doyle, PhD , in corpus linguistic measures, and  Lindsay Crissman  and  Alex Kuo  in data collection. Bálint Forgács was supported by a  Fulbright fellowship , and by an  Emergence (s) program grant from the  City of Paris  to  Judit Gervain. The research was funded by grant  NICHD22614  to  Marta Kutas.
Genetics As clearly summarized by Scherag et al. (41) , formal genetic studies suggested a substantial genetic influence in eating disorders and particularly in AN. The possible involvement of genetic components was strengthened by several twin and family studies concluding that AN presents genetic etiological components for 33-84% of the patients  (42) (43) (44) (45). Beside this, genome-wide linkage screens have been performed in order to identify unknown genes involved in AN. In the following paragraphs, presented data without reference to publication where cited in Scherag et al. (41). Investigation on the genes directly involved in the regulation of feeding and energy expenditure was performed. The leptinergic-melanocortinergic system includes several key factors of the regulation of food intake and body weight.
Concerning the temperature, the ABA protocol induces a decrease of body temperature  (341, 342). In addition, even if a negative correlation between FAA and body temperature was observed, no causal link has been demonstrated  (325). Nevertheless, it was suggested that the decrease of body temperature is one of the factors contributing to physical activity  (342). When ABA rats have access to a warm platform, they decrease their running wheel activity  (320, 325, 343) , similarly as observed in AN patients whose excessive physical activity vary depending on the ambient temperature  (272). All the data collected with both ABA and FRW models are totally useful to dissect the different mechanisms involved in the maintenance of the AN phenotype. Combining the different approaches on the short and long term will have an indubitable benefit to study the interactions between the various peripheral and central actors whose dialogs seem strongly impaired.
Data analysis RTs of less than 100ms (errors of omission and extremely fast responses) were excluded from analyses. For each participant, the mean response time (RT) in ms was calculated separately for the valid and invalid trials at the 500 and 1100ms SOAs for the Space and Time Cue conditions, and at the two SOAs for the Neutral and No Cue conditions. Group means (M) and standard deviations (SD) for each trial type were calculated. The data were normally distributed, with no outliers. The raw response time data from the experiment are available in S1 Dataset.
The students were also asked to list titles of up to three of their favorite books and films they had read or watched in the previous 6 months. The number of books and films listed was used as a predictor variable (number of books read: 0 or 1 = non-readers; 2 or 3 = readers, number of films watched: 0 or 1 = non-watchers, 2 or 3 = watchers). The hypotheses were tested using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. SSI at baseline and at 12-month follow-up was used as outcome measure, respectively. In the longitudinal analyses incident SSI was measured to better establish causality and for this purpose those reporting SSI at baseline were excluded. Data were stratified according to belonging. Characteristics between students with none-mild (SSI ´) and moderate-severe suicidal ideation (SSI +) were compared using χ 2 tests (for categorical variables) and independent-sample t-tests (for continuous variables).
Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the associations between SSI (at baseline and at 12 months) and the amount of books read or films watched. Age (entered as a continuous variable), gender, residence, living condition (living with both parents), and the number of books read or films watched during the previous 6 months were entered separately into the model to adjust for individual characteristics. Because students with SSI at baseline were excluded in the longitudinal analysis (cohort sampling), the estimated odds ratios from the longitudinal analyses were equivalent to incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Analyses were carried out in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 22. 0).
The study population The study population was drawn from the list of the FPs in private practice in the Somme on July 1st, 2011, according to the Picardy Association of Private Practice Physicians. A total of 577 FPs were included in the study selection database. We arbitrarily set a target sample size of 50 FPs. On the basis of a participation rate of 25 % observed in similar methodological studies, 200 FPs were selected at random from the database by using HAZARD ® software. The selected FPs were contacted sequentially by telephone until 50 had agreed to participate in the study.
Analysis A descriptive analysis of these data was performed using SPSS software (version 11. 0, SPSS, Inc). Quantitative variables were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and qualitative variables were expressed as the frequency and percentage. In a second step, a bivariate analysis of the data was performed by using the Chi squared test or the Fisher's exact test. The threshold for statistical significance was set to p < 0. 05. A multivariate analysis could not be validly applied because of the small sample size. In a third step, answers to open-ended questions were analyzed with a qualitative approach. Answers related to a common concept were then gathered together. Open responses were analyzed qualitatively, in order to identify the concepts developed. The transcripts were entered into Tropes ® for content analysis and then coded according to the session headings.
NutriNet-santé cohort The NutriNet-Santé study is a large ongoing web-based prospective study launched in France in May 2009, with a scheduled follow-up of 10 years, with a main focus on studying the relationships between nutrition and chronic disease risk as well as determinants of dietary behaviours. Using a dedicated personalized website, recruitment is carried out with the aim to register up to 500,000 volunteer Internet-users, among whom 60% are expected to have complete baseline data in order to be included. Participants aged 18 years or older living in France and having access to the Internet fill in selfadministered web-based questionnaires at baseline and then regularly during follow-up. A detailed description of the NutriNet-Santé cohort has been published previously  [24].
Study participants Participants were drawn from a subgroup (n = 55,694) of the total sample of subjects from the NutriNet-Santé cohort who completed a questionnaire on physical activity and mobility, administered via Internet from February 15 to July 15 2013 (48. 5% participation rate). This questionnaire was mainly designed to assess active transport and urban mobility in everyday life in the past four weeks. An automated e-mail informed participants of the necessity to complete their profiles by filling out this questionnaire (which took less than 20 min on average) in their personal space on the website of the NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Participants had previously completed baseline questionnaires on health, lifestyle and socio-demographic factors at inclusion. The present study sample included all working participants with non-missing data on employment status, sedentary behaviours and covariates (age, sex, education level).
". All variables were included as continuous variables, expressed as hours per day (h/d). The validity of total sitting time (sum of the questions on work, transport and leisure sitting) has been assessed in 84 subjects against total sitting time measured by the inclinometer Actigraph GT3X + TM (ActiGraph Ltd, Pensacola, FL, US) (Spearman rho = 0. 45, p < 0. 0001). One-month repeatability data obtained in 32 adults showed intra-class coefficients that were moderate for TV/DVD viewing (0. 73) and work sitting (0. 71) but lower for other variables such as transport sitting (0. 27) (data not shown).
Objective monitoring is important for providing data on activity patterns, while subjective measures remains important because they provide domain-specific information  [3, 21]. Psychometric properties of the sedentary behaviour questionnaire used in this study are comparable to those of other instruments that have been validated in adults  [21]. We must also draw attention to the validity of the physical activity perception questions, which have not been assessed with standardized instruments, but are similar to the ones included in validated and commonly used SDT-based instruments (e. g. , the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory,  [27] ). Our sample included proportionally more women and more individuals of high educational levels as observed in volunteer-based studies  [37]. As imposed by the study objective, the study population consists of those in employment (counting those in paid/unpaid employment and those studying).
Acknowledgements This work is part of the  ACTI-Cités  project (coordinator: JM Oppert) carried out with financial support from the  French National Cancer Institute (Institut National du Cancer, INCa)  through the Social sciences and humanities and public health programme (2011-1-PL-SHS-10). The NutriNet-Santé cohort study is funded by the following public institutions:  Ministère de la Santé, Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS) ,  Institut National de la Prévention et de l'Education pour la Santé (INPES) ,  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) ,  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ,  Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) ,  Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM)  and  Paris 13 University. The funding sources played no role in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript by coauthors.
The authors thank  Younes Esseddik ,  Paul Flanzy ,  Mohand Ait Oufella ,  Yasmina Chelghoum , and  Than Duong Van  (computer scientists),  Florence Charpentier  (dietitian),  Elise Martin  (communication assistant),  Nathalie Arnault ,  Véronique Gourlet ,  Fabien Szabo ,  Laurent Bourhis , and  Stephen Besseau  (statisticians), and  Rachida Mehroug  (logistics assistant) for their technical contribution to the  NutriNet-Santé study. Study registration: The  NutriNet-santé study  was registered under the EudraCT number  2013-000929-31.
Ideally, a sleep-related measure as well as a more general health-related quality-of-life measure should be regularly used to monitor patients for treatment effects and general health. The effectiveness of drugs used to treat cataplexy, hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and sleep disturbance is difficult to evaluate, as the methods used to assess both their frequency and intensity remain variable and complex (eg, recall by history only, by scale, by diaries, or by video recordings). However, at least the use of specific diaries is recommended for monitoring the persistence of such symptoms. Alternative methods of capturing PROs exist including interactive voice response systems, patient portals, or electronic medical records. These methods enable more frequent assessment without the need for clinical office visits, and they also facilitate record keeping and data analysis.