dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Radiative transfer modelling errors are likely to increase with frequency given uncertainties associated to the scattering properties of solid hydrometeors. Such intuitive statement is not easy to translate in a quantitative manner; therefore, the observation error will be kept to 1. 5 K throughout the study. The main objective of this validation step is to examine if despite the small amount of profiles, results obtained with a much larger database can be recovered. Such preliminary step should provide information on the robustness of the results presented afterwards with a HYMS instrument having frequencies up to 900 GHz. Tables  3  and 4  show the 10 channels having the largest DFS values for the four hydrometeors over ocean and land surfaces, averaged over the 25 profiles. A number of results found by DMB2006 are recovered.
The variance reduction for the six atmospheric quantities is shown in Fig. 11  for the 13 th profile of the database, with the 'all' set up. Five curves are displayed: the variance reduction with the whole set of HYMS channels (276), with the 43 channels of MWI + ICI, with individual instruments (MWI, ICI) and with SSMI/S. For all variables, the HYMS sounder is the one leading to the largest variance reduction. With respect to SSMI/S, it appears that the benefit of future and hypothetical instruments (MWI, ICI, HYMS) will not bring additional information on rainfall. HYMS has a small added value due to the channels at 15. 375 and 40. 25 GHz. Similarly, the added value of HYMS with respect to MWI+ICI will be small for snow, even though the benefit with respect to SSMI/S, coming both from ICI at high levels and MWI at lower levels, is quite clear.
The reduction is the largest in the upper troposphere near 300 hPa thanks to the 874 and 664 GHz channels and in the midtroposphere around 600 hPa from the other window channels corresponding to altitudes where the Jacobians are the largest (not shown). Finally, the variance reduction for water vapour is only significant in the cold part of the cloud from to channels sensitive to ice water content, as highlighted by the large contribution of ICI. Figure  12  presents the total DFS summed over all profiles of the database for SSMI/S, the EPS-SG instruments and HYMS with 276 channels, for microphysical set-ups 'all' and 'mix1' (since as shown in Table  7  there are no significant differences between 'mix1' 'mix2' and 'mix3'). For the 'all' set-up, the conclusions are similar, but more robust, to the ones obtained when examining the variance reduction over a single profile (Fig.
Conclusions This study has examined the information content on temperature, water vapour and hydrometeors (cloud, ice, rain, snow) provided by a theoretical hyper-spectral microwave sensor HYMS over the frequency range between 6. 9 and 874 GHz (millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelengths), that has been compared to microwave frequencies of SSMI/S and future similar instruments onboard EPS-SG. The results give insight on the use of future microwave instruments for NWP. A database of profiles from ECMWF model short-range forecasts has been used with corresponding background error covariance matrices, partly computed from linearised moist physical parameterisation schemes. The optimal estimation theory has allowed to assess the information content of channels in oxygen and water vapour absorption lines and of window channels located in the weak absorbing regions of the microwave spectrum.
Summary of most informative channels on cloud liquid water q l , liquid precipitation q r , cloud ice water q i , solid precipitation q s , specific humidity q and temperature T for an HYMS instrument spanning frequencies between 6. 9 and 874 GHz with a 53°incidence angle over oceans for a set of 25 constrated profiles, for a set of four microphysical properties summarised in Table  6  Setup q l q r q i q s all 30-40 GHz microwave spectrum). Results appear to be more robust over oceans than over land due to the larger variability of continental surface emissivities. A comparison has also been done between the Jacobians obtained by ARTS in finite differences and the ones from RTTOV-SCATT from an analytical derivation of the numerical code (adjoint technique). There is an overall agreement between the Jacobians except for cloud ice water where the scattering by RTTOV-SCATT appears negligible (very small Jacobians) and could be too large for ARTS, despite similar hypotheses for particle shape and density (but with different PSDs).
, 2007). New channels proposed in a HYMS with 276 channels would increase the information content on hydrometeors. The new frequencies that would bring most information on hydrometeors are: (1) window channels at 40. 25-, 15. 375-, 101-, 110. 65-GHz for liquid hydrometeors; (2) window channels at 251 and 298 GHz, plus channels in the absorption lines at 425 GHz for solid hydrometeors. The differences obtained over land with a set of 25 profiles against the ones from DMB2006 reveal that it would be relevant to examine the information content over a larger database of profiles over land, since the use of a single value of surface emissivity is not sufficient to capture the large variability of continental surface microwave emissivities. Over oceans, we are confident that our conclusions are robust since we have performed a sensitivity study with only 12 profiles and similar conclusions have been reached.
Acknowledgements The study was funded by an  ESA  contract  N 4000105721/12/ NL/AF  entitled 'Use of spectral information at microwave region for numerical weather prediction'. We would like to thank  Chung-Chi Lin  and  Ville Kangas  for their coordination and supervision of the project. We are also grateful to  Filipe Aires  and  Catherine Prigent  for leading the scientific activities during the course of the project. The atmospheric profiles and the background errors were kindly provided by  Sabatino Di Michele.
Modeling papers fulfilling the eligibility criteria include only LCC extreme scenarios of complete change of an explicit land cover category into another either over the globe, or for specific climate zones (tropical/temperate/boreal) or sub-regions (e. g. Amazon). Data on P and T were collected in a database and transferred to common units (e. g. precipitation anomalies were transformed from mm per day to mm per year). Since biophysical effects vary greatly in sign and magnitude depending on the latitude and ecosystems where they occur  (Betts 2000 , Bala et al 2007 , Davin and de Noblet-Ducoudré 2010 , Schwaiger and Bird 2010 , Brovkin et al 2013b , De Wit et al 2014) , data were grouped into one of three main climate zones (Boreal, Temperate and Tropical), using the classification reported by the original papers, providing the average, range (max-min) and standard deviation (when at least three entries were available) of the data clustered for each LCC transition.
These changes will influence ecosystems, their productivity and biodiversity, and the water cycle. Policies at the local to regional level that aim to address both mitigation and adaptation objectives will thus be more effective if they include assessment of the biophysical effects that may either exacerbate or counteract global biogeochemical climate change effects. New high-resolution observational datasets are becoming available for improving model LCC biophysical representation that have the potential to lead to more robust evidence, tools and metrics for policy makers to evaluate LCC-climate impacts.
Jets are reconstructed from the PF candidates, after removing charged hadrons originating from pileup vertices, using the anti-k T clustering algorithm  [44]  with distance parameters of 0. 4 (AK4 jet) and 0. 8 (AK8 jet), as implemented in the FASTJET package  [45]. In order to improve the discrimination of signal against multijet background, the pruning algorithm described in Refs. [46, 47] , which is designed to remove contributions from soft radiation and pileup, is applied to AK8 jets. The pruned jet mass (m pruned corrected ) is defined as the invariant mass associ-ated with the four-momentum of the pruned jet, after the application of the jet energy corrections  [48]. Corrections to jet momenta are further propagated to the p miss T calculation  [49]. In addition, tracks with p T > 1 GeV, |η| < 2.
[55]. Additional residual corrections are made to the measured energy scale of the photons in data (≤1%) and to the energy resolution in simulation (≤2%) based on a detailed study of the mass distribution of Z → e + e -events. The uncertainties in the measurements of the photon energy scale and resolution are taken as systematic uncertainties as described in Section 6. This process is outlined for the 8 TeV data set in Ref. [55]. Values are adjusted for the 13 TeV data set. Electron reconstruction requires the matching of a supercluster in the ECAL with a track in the silicon tracker. Identification criteria  [56]  based on the ECAL shower shape. Muons are reconstructed by combining two complementary algorithms  [57] : one in which tracks in the silicon tracker are matched to a muon track segment, and another in which a global track fit is performed, seeded by the muon track segment.
JET Recent L-mode and H-mode experiments on JET explore regimes of heavy seeding in order to improve empirical understanding of DEMO-relevant power exhaust and to provide data sets to be used for validation of boundary modeling. New experiments in high density L-modes with line-integrated n e ∼10 20 m -2 extend prior work at low density  [36]  and initial results relating to improved spectroscopic coverage are shown in Fig. 7. A decreasing, feed-forward N 2 at rates above 10 22 el/s is injected into the common flux region of the outer divertor, leading to a stationary high-recycling, nitrogen seeded L-mode. This discharge is repeated to allow for a wider survey of impurity spectroscopy and imaging setups in order to increase the amount of data available for comparison with boundary modeling simulations.
Acknowledgments An author (MLR) would like to acknowledge support from the  University of York  while carrying out this research and for many fruitful discussions on these topics with  Professor Bruce Lipschultz. This work is supported in part by  U. S. Department of Energy  award  DE-AC05-00OR22725  and  DE-FC02-99ER54512 , using Alcator C-Mod, a  DOE Office of Science User Facility , and carried out within the framework of the  EUROfusion Consortium  and has received funding from the  Euratom  research and training programme  2014-2018  under grant agreement No  633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the  European Commission.
Gels were photographed using Gel Doc 2000 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Sequences were determined from both strands, using the same primers individually as for the PCR, and the electropherograms were verified manually. The nucleotide sequence was conceptually translated into the amino acid sequence, using the invertebrate mitochondrial code MEGA5 software. Sequences were compared with those available in the GenBank TM database by using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST).
Statistical analysis Prevalence values were calculated as the proportion of positive animals to the total number of examined animals, whereas the relative prevalence of each parasite species was calculated as the proportion of cats infected by a given nematode species within the total number of positive results. The association between lungworm prevalence and cat data (i. e. location, gender, age, lifestyle and co-infection with other parasites) was investigated using a v 2 test. The animals were categorized into four age classes (i. e. <6, 6-12, 12-24 and >24 months). The seasonality of lungworm diagnosis was evaluated according to the climatic region (Mediterranean area: Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece; continental area: Bulgaria, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Hungary and Romania).
Evaluation of the treatment efficacy The geometric means for each species of lungworm LPG/EPG were calculated after transformation of the data (count +1) into the natural logarithm. The efficacy of the treatment was assessed as a percentage, using the formula: efficacy (%) = 100[(C À T)/C], where C was the geometric mean of larvae before the treatment and T was the geometric mean following the first administration of the product. The efficacy of the treatment was estimated by an ANOVA, followed by a Tukey test for pairwise comparisons. All analyses were two-sided and the significance level was set at P < 0. 05. The software used was SPSS for Windows, version 13. 0.
brevior in cats younger than 1 year of age (Fig. 2 ); however, these cor-Table  1  Overall number and local prevalence (%) of gastrointestinal and respiratory parasites (groups) detected during the examination of faecal samples from cats in each sampling area. Data are shown according to the frequency of infection by each parasite. relations were not statistically significant. Six out of the eight O. rostratus-positive cats were older than 2 years. Lungworm infections were diagnosed throughout the study period, with the majority of cases reported in the spring (74/499, 14. 8%) and winter of 2015 (51/422; 12. 1%) (v 2 = 18. 132; P < 0. 01). The largest number of cats infected by metastrongyloids was recorded during spring (41%) or winter (36. 6%), in Mediterranean or continental areas, respectively.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  Maria Luisa Vitale  ( University of Bari, Italy ),  Eva-Maria Zottler  ( University of Zurich, Switzerland ) and  André Pereira  ( Universidade Nova de Lisboa ) for their support with the laboratory procedures. This work was funded by  Merial SAS (Europe). FB LH and MK are currently employees at  Merial. The funders had no role in data collection, data analysis, or in the preparation of the manuscript.
Patients This single-center retrospective study was performed in the Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation at Toulouse University Hospital, France. We included all ABOi living-kidney-transplant recipients (n = 44, 27 males, overall mean age of 44. 7 ± 13. 5 years) who had attended our institution between April 2011 and June 2015. These 44 patients were matched regarding gender, age, and time of transplantation with 44 ABOc patients who were also recipients of a living kidney (i. e. , 27 males, overall mean age of 45. 2 ± 13. 1 years). We collected all pertinent data that could have contributed to early and longer term peri-or postoperative (i. e. , maximum of 48 months) complications. Information collected included surgical complications, renal-function parameters, rejection episodes, infections, and metabolic disorders (lipids and glucose metabolism).
The following data were also collected from both groups: donor's and recipient's demographic characteristics, histocompatibility antigen (HLA) and ABO types, the donor's renal function, HLA matching, the recipient's original kidney disease, HLA sensitization in the recipient, warm and cold ischemia times. Data were collected on days (D) 0, D5, D15, at month 1, and then at regular 6-month intervals for the longterm follow-up. The mean follow-up time was 24 months range (1-48 months). These post-transplant data comprised hemoglobin levels (Hb), leucocyte and platelet counts, polymorphic neutrophils, total number of lymphocytes and their fractions (CD19%, CD3%), serum creatinine, estimated glomerular-filtration rate (eGFR), any infectious complications (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic), cytomegalovirus (CMV) with the donor/recipient status and BKV DNAemias, BKV viruria, and the occurrence of an acute or chronic rejection and their subtypes according to Banff 2013 criteria.
We also monitored calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), MPA, and mTOR daily doses as well as tacrolimus trough levels. In addition, for the ABOi group, we assessed and collected data on isoagglutinin titers at pre-and post-transplantation, and of tacrolimus levels at pre- transplant. We also collected data on the duration of initial hospitalization and the numbers of short-and long-term hospitalization periods throughout the follow-up period.
An apparent discrepancy exists between large CSF biomarker studies in the general population and (very) small CSF studies in DS. Clearly, different standards are applied in the general population compared with people with intellectual disabilities, as shown by the fact that DS studies with only 12 individuals have still been accepted for publication in recent years. On the basis of the very few available studies and regular discussions with colleagues in the field, a kind of taboo emerges on lumbar punctures in DS. Despite a broad consensus on the need to perform CSF studies in DS  [36] , CSF sampling has been hardly incorporated in study protocols so far. For instance, consideration of ongoing larger scale clinical initiatives confirms the limited focus on CSF biomarkers in DS adults. In the ClinicalTrials.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  Alzheimer Research Center of the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) , the  Research School for Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences of the University of Groningen (RUG) , and a subsidy from the  Gratama Stichting/Stichting Groninger Universiteitsfonds  ( 2015-04 ). These public sponsors had no further role in collecting and interpreting the data and writing the manuscript. A. D. D. and P. P. D. D. further acknowledge the  Down Syndrome and Other Genetic Developmental Disorders  ( DSG2D ) Network of the  European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP)  and the  Trisomy 21 Research Society  ( T21RS ). All authors contributed to the interpretation and critical evaluation of the data and participated in writing and editing the text.
2. 2. Ion beam analysis Deposited layers were quantitatively analyzed using nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) using 2400 keV 3 He + ions with a lateral resolution of 0. 5 mm. Deuterium was detected using the D( 3 He,p) 4 He  [17]  nuclear reaction. The 12 C( 3 He,p) 14 N reaction was used to detected carbon, and the 9 Be( 3 He,p) 11 B  [18]  reaction was used for Be. The NRA detector was covered with 5 μm Ni and 12 μm Mylar foils to stop backscattered 3 He ions. The spectra were analyzed using the SIMNRA program  [19].
The sum of all sub-flux ranges comprised the whole range of possible particle entry directions (angles of incidence <50°). The resulting particle flux was a linear combination of all sub-fluxes. Each sub-flux was modeled with a total of 4×10 7 particles. A database of profiles generated by individual sub-fluxes of particles with sticking coefficient s from 0. 01 to 1 with a 0. 01 step was generated. It was assumed that there were two groups of incoming particles with the same incoming particle flux distribution but with different sticking coefficients The deposited profiles were modeled with either one or two groups of incoming particles. To prevent highly irregular flux configurations it was assumed that neighboring sub-fluxes varied less than 50% from each other. Additionally, profiles with a homogenous sub-flux intensity distribution and one sticking coefficient were used to obtain ratios of the total amount of particles on the bottom plate of the cavity to the total amount of particles on the top plate of the cavity.
HPIV3 HRC Peptides Interact with PBMC To assess the affinity of the peptides for cell membranes, we chose PBMC due to their potential role in viral dissemination, as mentioned above. As the direct measurement of peptide tryptophan fluorescence is impracticable with cells, an indirect reporter sensitive to membrane dipole potential was used  [15, 21, 24, 26]. For the sake of comparison with surface pressure data, the initial experiments were assessed with di-8-ANEPPS labelled liposomes of POPC and POPC:Chol 2:1 in the presence of different concentrations of the peptides. In Figure  2A ,B, the perturbation of the membrane dipole potential in the presence of all cholesterol-tagged peptides was higher in membranes with cholesterol than in those with pure POPC. In agreement with the pressure data (Table  2  and [21] ), the highest changes in surface pressure (∆Π max ) were obtained in cholesterol-containing membranes.
Recently, we showed that two membrane fusion inhibitory peptides of measles virus perturb membranes composed of POPC:Chol 2:1 more than those composed of pure POPC  [28] , a trend that was also apparent for HIV fusion inhibitory peptides  [26]. PBMC were isolated from human blood samples, labeled with di-8-ANEPPS and incubated for 1 h with a range of peptide concentrations. Only the cholesterol-conjugated peptides induced changes in the membrane dipole potential sensed by the fluorescent probe (Figure  2C ). The unconjugated VG peptide and the DMSO control (data not shown) did not cause variations in the measured parameter, as found for the liposome assays. To quantify the interaction between the VG peptides and PBMC, the ratio R of the fluorescence intensities with emission at 670 nm and excitation wavelengths at 455 nm and 525 nm was measured and used to calculate the dissociation constant, Kd, using Equation (3).
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia -Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT-MCTES, Portugal)  grant  PTDC/BBB-BQB/3494/2014 , and by  NIH  grants  RO1AI114736 ,  R33AI101333  and  RO1AI031971  to A. M. M. T. A. also acknowledges  FCT-MCTES  fellowship  SFRH/BD/95624/2013  and  Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento (FLAD)  project  4/2016.
Antiviral activity of the extracts against herpes simplex virus type-1 The antiviral activity of all leaf extracts from C. canadensis was evaluated against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). Vero cells and viruses were incubated with extracts at different stages of the viral infection to determine the mode of antiviral activity such as protection, absorption, replication and direct modes  [32]. Acyclovir, an antiviral agent inhibiting the replication of HSV-1, was used as a positive control. At a concentration of 0. 75 μg mL -1 , acyclovir completely protects Vero cells against infection (data not shown). Firstly, results presented in Table  2  show that Vero pre-treatment for one hour with all extracts (100 μg mL -1 ) did not protect them against infection (protection mode). However, the extracts inhibited 90 to 100% of the lysis plaque formation induced by HSV-1 when viruses were pretreated with the extracts (direct mode) or when Vero cells and viruses were incubated together with the extracts (absorption mode).
1-F4. 7), analyzed by HPLC (Fig. 3 ), and evaluated for their antiviral activity (Fig. 1 ). The most active fractions (F4. 4 and F4. 5) were submitted to preparative HPLC yielding seven hydrolysable tannins (1-7). On the other hand, Fraction F5 was shown to be barely active toward HSV-1, either in the direct or absorption modes (Fig. 1 ). However, according to TLC, this fraction was rich in secondary metabolites and was thus further purified by silica gel chromatographies followed by reversedphase preparative HPLC yielding 12 other compounds  (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19). The structures of all the isolated compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR ( 1 H-1 H COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), and by comparison of their respective spectral data with those reported in the literature (Fig.
Data extraction and definitions Data were extracted on traveller demographics, trip details, clinical visit information (including if a traveller received a pre-travel visit with a healthcare provider), and disease attributes. Malaria was defined as 'severe' if the record included a diagnosis code for 'severe and complicated malaria' or 'cerebral malaria'. GeoSentinel designations of 'severe and complicated malaria' and 'cerebral malaria' are defined using World Health Organization (WHO) classifications  [12] , and are assigned at a clinician's discretion.