dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data analysis A hierarchical regression analysis of ESE was conducted to test the hypotheses. We started by entering control variables, and then we considered the main effects of mentees' LGO, perceived similarity with the mentors and mentor functions. Lastly, we entered the interactions between independent variables and we ended with a triple interaction analysis. To calculate the interaction between variables and to avoid collinearity, we first multiplied the relevant variables and focused on the results of each mean. After removing surveys where participants left out answers, the remaining sample was composed of 314 respondents.
Information on the species from Madagascar and continental African is available on-line in the "Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar" (Madagascar Catalogue, 2017) and "African Plant Database" (APD, 2017), respectively. An identification key is provided below to distinguish Astropanax and Neocussonia. monophyllus). Inflorescences terminal, erect, paniculate or compound-umbellate, the ultimate units race mose, spicate, umbellate or capitate ; inflorescence axes and peduncles subtended by thin bracts (bracts rarely lacking) ; flowers subtended by bracteoles (or lacking) ; pedicels slender to stout, unarticulated (flowers sessile in spicate and capitate ultimate units). Ovary inferior, 5-9-carpellate, carpels unilocular, placentation apical ; styles 5-9, free or partially or mostly united basally to form a stylopodium or a distinct column.
Acknowledgments We thank  Xavier Aubriot ,  Sven Buerki ,  Martin Callmander ,  Alan Paton ,  Tariq Stévart , and  Jacek Wajer  for assistance in locating and obtaining scans of types and of published papers. We are grateful to the curators of the following herbaria for providing access to their collections : BM, BR, CAS, FI, G, HBG, K, L, LD, MO, NY, OXF, P, TAN,  TEF ,  UPS , W and Z. The authors also thank  Roy Gereau  and  Martin Callmander  for valuable suggestions that helped improve the final version of the manuscript. Field and herbarium work was supported by grants from the  U. S. National Science Foundation  ( 9981641 ,  0613728/0943958 , and  1556139/1556327 , GMP and PPL co-PIs ; 0743355, PPL as Co-PI). Fieldwork in Madagascar was carried out under collaborative agreements between the  Missouri Botanical Garden  and the  Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza  and the  Direction de la Recherche Forestière et Piscicole, FOFIFA.
These calculations require extensive libraries of cross sections, fission yields and decay data. The mean decay energies can be obtained by direct measurements as for example in Rudstam et al. [6]  or can be deduced from decay data available in conventional databases like ENSDF  [8]. For the latter, a knowledge of the feeding distribution to levels in the daughter nucleus is needed. As mentioned earlier, measurements of beta decays employing Ge detectors can suffer from the Pandemonium effect. In such conventional beta decay experiments the limited efficiency and sensitivity of Ge detectors can lead to incomplete decay schemes and to an incorrect determination of the beta feeding to levels in the daughter nucleus. Even using Ge arrays of very high efficiency this problem can still persist  [9] [10] [11].
[6] , assuming that this decay was free from the Pandemonium effect. This is particularly relevant, since the Rudstam data set of mean gamma energies is one of the few available obtained by direct measurements and might require renormalization if the normalization point (decay of 91 Rb) is proved to suffer from the Pandemonium effect. In Fig. 3  we show a comparison of the measured TAS spectrum with the one generated from the feeding distribution obtained from the analysis  [17, 21]. In Fig. 4  we compare the accumulated feeding distribution with the measurements of Greenwood and with the high resolution results. Our results agree quite well with Greenwood results and show that this decay suffers from the Pandemonium effect. This implies that the data from Rudstam should be renormalized taking into account the newly determined mean energy.
This work was supported by  Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad  under grants  FPA2008-06419 ,  FPA2010-17142  and  FPA2011-24553  and  FPA2014-52823-C2-1-P, CPAN CSD-2007-00042 , and the program  Severo Ochoa  ( SEV-2014-0398 ) and by  EPSRC  and  STFC (UK). Work at  ANL  was supported by the  U. S Department of Energy  under contract  DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Iron and quartz-fiber Cherenkov hadron forward (HF) calorimeters cover the range 2. 9 < |η| < 5. 2. A detailed description of the CMS detector, together with a definition of the coordinate system used and the relevant kinematic variables, can be found in Ref. [36]. The pPb data at √ s NN = 5. 02 TeV, collected in 2013 at the LHC, correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35 nb -1. The beam energies are 4 TeV for the protons and 1. 58 TeV per nucleon for the lead nuclei. A subset of peripheral PbPb data at √ s NN = 5. 02 TeV collected in 2015 (30-80% centrality) is also used. The PbPb data were reprocessed using the same reconstruction algorithm as the pPb data, in order to directly compare the two systems at similar multiplicities. The event reconstruction, event selections, and the triggers, including the dedicated triggers to collect a large sample of high-multiplicity pPb events, are identical to those used in previous CMS particle correlation measurements  [19, 29].
In the offline analysis of pPb (PbPb) collisions, hadronic events are selected by requiring the presence of at least one (three) energy deposit(s) greater than 3 GeV in each of the two HF calorimeters. Events are also required to contain a primary vertex within 15 cm of the nominal interaction point along the beam axis and 0. 15 cm in the transverse direction. In the pPb data sample, there is a 3% probability to have at least one additional interaction in the same bunch crossing (pileup). The procedure used to reject pileup events in pPb collisions yields a purity of 99. 8% for single pPb collision events and is described in Ref. [29]. The pileup in PbPb data is negligible. Primary tracks, i. e. , tracks that originate at the primary vertex and satisfy the high-purity criteria of Ref. [35] , are used to define the event charged-particle multiplicity (N offline trk ) and to perform correlation measurements.
In addition, the impact parameter significance of the track with respect to the primary vertex in the direction along the beam axis, d z /σ(d z ) is required to be less than 3, as is the corresponding impact parameter significance in the transverse plane, d T /σ(d T ). The relative uncertainty in p T , σ(p T )/p T , must be less than 10%. Each track is also required to leave at least one hit in one of the three layers of the pixel tracker. To ensure high tracking efficiency, only tracks with |η| < 2. 4 and p T > 0. 3 GeV are used in this analysis. The pPb and PbPb data are compared in classes of N offline trk , where primary tracks with |η| < 2. 4 and p T > 0. 4 GeV are counted. To compare with results from other experiments, the PbPb data are also analyzed based on centrality classes for the 30-80% centrality range.
6 (Fig. 3 (b), ) for pPb and PbPb collisions at √ s NN = 5. 02 TeV. After taking the difference, the pPb data with particle c from both the p-and Pb-going sides, and PbPb data, show nearly identical values. The charge-dependent difference is largest at |∆η| ≈ 0 and drops to zero for |∆η| > 1. 6, and also decreases as a function of N offline trk. The striking similarity in the observed charge-dependent azimuthal correlations strongly suggests a common physical origin. In PbPb collisions, it was suggested that the charge dependence of the three-particle correlator as well as its |∆η| dependence are indications of the charge separation effect with respect to the event plane due to the CME  [7, 11]. However, as argued earlier, a strong charge separation signal from the CME is not expected in a very high-multiplicity pPb collision.
Acknowledgments We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at  CERN  and at other  CMS institutes  for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies:  BMWFW  and  FWF (Austria) ;  FNRS  and  FWO (Belgium) ;  CNPq ,  CAPES ,  FAPERJ , and  FAPESP (Brazil) ;  MES (Bulgaria) ;  CERN ;  CAS, MoST , and  NSFC (China) ;  COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) ;  MSES  and  CSF (Croatia) ;  RPF (Cyprus) ;  SENESCYT (Ecuador) ;  MoER ,  ERC IUT  and  ERDF (Estonia) ;  Academy of Finland ,  MEC , and  HIP (Finland) ;  CEA  and  CNRS/IN2P3  (France);  BMBF ,  DFG , and  HGF (Germany) ;  GSRT (Greece) ;  OTKA  and  NIH (Hungary) ;  DAE  and  DST (India) ;  IPM (Iran) ;  SFI (Ireland) ;  INFN (Italy) ;  MSIP  and  NRF (Republic of Korea) ;  LAS (Lithuania) ;  MOE  and  UM (Malaysia) ;  BUAP ,  CINVESTAV ,  CONACYT ,  LNS ,  SEP , and  UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ;  MBIE (New Zealand );  PAEC (Pakistan) ;  MSHE  and  NSC (Poland) ;  FCT (Portugal) ;  JINR (Dubna) ;  MON, RosAtom, RAS  and  RFBR (Russia) ;  MESTD (Serbia) ;  SEIDI  and  CPAN (Spain) ;  Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland) ;  MST (Taipei) ;  ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR  and  NSTDA (Thailand) ;  TUBITAK  and  TAEK (Turkey) ;  NASU  and  SFFR (Ukraine) ;  STFC  ( United Kingdom );  DOE  and  NSF (USA).
The ICT status indicators will be based on real time data from the ICT monitoring system and should be simple and global; leaving detailed monitoring and troubleshooting to the ICT experts. R2. 2 In case of alerts, errors or anomalous behaviours of a controller, the control room operator must be able to switch off the controller and to operate manually. Moreover, he can access to more detailed information (e. g. controller input/output data, detailed network status etc. ) to identify the problem and to decide corrective actions. Advanced control algorithms can implement adaptive behaviour that change control modes or controller parameters depending on the status, availability and performance of the ICT infrastructure. R2. 3  In case of controllers with different operational modes and automatic adaptive behaviour, the control centre operator has to be informed on the current active mode and to be alerted on changes of control mechanisms.
Model-Basic framework We extended the dynamic landscape modelling methodology of  [24]  to apply to both a seascape and adjacent landscape, which are connected together by sediment runoff from degraded landscapes into the ocean (Fig  1 ). Cleared terrestrial habitat increases sediment loads, which reduces water clarity in the adjacent ocean. The resulting decrease in light reaching the seafloor reduces the area suitable for light-dependent species. Model parameters were obtained from a variety of sources, including raster or shapefile spatial datasets (see below and S1 Table ), but the dynamic landscape model is not spatially explicit. See below for additional details.
Acknowledgments The study was conceived during an  ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions workshop at North Stradbroke Island, Queensland , in February 2014. The authors are grateful to  J. Maina ,  T. Weber ,  C. Roelfsema ,  S. Phinn ,  J. O'Mara ,  J. Olley ,  J. Binney ,  S. Mooney ,  P. Maxwell  and  J. Bolzenius  for helpful discussions.
In particular, for x ∈ R, x R/Z denotes the distance of x from the closest integer. Standard asymptotic notation, such as O(•) and Ω(•), is occasionally used: X = O(Y ) if |X| ≤ cY for an absolute constant c, and X = Ω(Y ) if 0 < Y = O(X). Acknowledgements. The author thanks Freddie Manners for his generous help with the finer points of the theory of polynomial mappings to nilmanifolds, and Ben Green for much useful advice during the work on this project. Thanks go also to Sean Eberhard, Rudi Mrazović, Przemek Mazur and Aled Walker for many informal discussions. Finally, the author is grateful to the anonymous referee for his insightful comments, which helped improve the presentation of this paper. This research was partially supported by the National Science Centre (NCN) under grant no. 2012/07/E/ST1/00185.
Deadtime versus read-out time We estimate a readout rate of 1 shower per minute at 10 16 eV. With the above numbers, the average data rate for readout would be 120 MB/s. This is very small in comparison with the continuous data stream handled by the SKA. However, cosmic rays arrive with a Poissonian time distribution and will thus cause bursts of data that need to be read out quickly. Assuming a data rate of 2. 4 GB/s, leading to 3 seconds of readout time during which the buffers are frozen, we will accumulate a tolerable deadtime of 5%.
For instance, many routing protocols were proposed for pipeline monitoring applications  [2] ,  [3] ,  [4]. In such protocols, data collection is typically accomplished through specialized mobile or powerrich nodes. In border security, this is not always possible. For example, in wild forests, it is unfeasible for an unmanned vehicle to bypass large natural obstacles. Therefore, there is a need to tackle the problem fundamentally at the topological level. This paper contributes a cross layer communication protocol that is tailored to address the requirements of LWSNs. We apply this protocol to border security and surveillance as it presents a complex set of challenges that are generic enough to cover most LWSN applications. Routing deals with issues such as data reliability, timeliness, error rate, network lifetime, and system scalability; these determine the success of any WSN system.
BSNs in the lowest network levels suffer greater power consumption, because data from higher levels travel through them to reach the MT. Simultaneously, border surveillance applications require immediate notification of time sensitive information. BSNs in the highest network levels, i. e. , nodes located farthest from the MT, experience the longest delays. Therefore we focus our analysis on the transmission delays of these BSNs. The communication protocol described is general-purpose and cross-layer. It is designed to address with the aforementioned requirements of a LWSN.
The level_msg broadcast process continues until the left direction of the MT at one end of the segment meets the right direction of the MT at the other end of the segment. Nodes located at the level where the two directions meet choose to join the nearest MT over the most reliable link and do not re-broadcast any level_msg. p = ρS 0 d -α E where ρ is the fixed transmitter power, S 0 is the channel gain between typical Tx-Rx, d is the distance between Tx-Rx, and α is the path-loss exponent (α > 2). The distance is estimated from the Received Signal Strength (RSS) as D(km) = 10 (L-32. 44-20log(f ))/20 where L is the maximum path loss and f is the signal frequency in MHz. The proposed power control technique can also be used by MAC protocols to improve the probability of successful data transmissions.
LDG generates shorter packet delivery delays compared to DSR during the entire simulation time. The performance gap between the two protocols attains its maximum during the first 40s of the simulation time. When t = 5s, one packet transmission with DSR took 220ms, while it was reduced by 95% and took 5ms in LDG. This is explained by the differences in the route discovery mechanisms of each protocol. During the network initialization phase, almost every operation of data packet transmission requires a route discovery step, due to the absence of previously discovered paths. In LDG, this step takes into account the chain topology nature of the LWSN by dividing the network into small logical levels. The route discovery process is executed in a localized manner within each level only, requiring shorter time to converge compared to DSR.
By the NRL steady state, we mean the ability BSNs to send data packets using cached routes with a minimum or null NRL. LDG needed less than 2 seconds to be able to send data packets without the need for routing messages (N RL = 0), while DSR needed more than 5 seconds. The data salvaging and gratuitous replies of DSR degrades its performance when routes are fresh. 6) Energy Consumption: The plots in Figure  8b  reveal comparable performance of DSR and LDG in terms of average energy consumption with slight improvement in LDG. Both protocols consume less energy as the data traffic load decreases towards the end of simulation. Furthermore, the maximum value of average energy consumption (20 Joules) recorded by LDG during a high data traffic load can be considered good performance for a LWSN. The total energy consumption is mainly due to overhearing.
Velocity measurements Velocity profiles were measured at 1. 6 D h , 2. 6 D h , 3. 6 D h , and 4. 6 D h downstream of the T-junction using a two-component laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system. Time-averaged and RMS fluctuations were provided for the x (U) and z (W) velocity components along the vertical diameter line at each of the four locations. For the x (U) and y (V) velocity components, analogous data are given on the horizontal diameter line. Particle image velocimetry data were collected at a frequency of 60 Hz for 12 seconds. Complementary details on test facility are shown in Fig. 1A. The locations of the measurements are given in Fig. 1B. Both figures are taken from  [12]. The measurement results are given in form of normalized mean values (u i * ¼ u i /u bulk ) and normalized RMS values (s i * ¼ s I /u ibulk ).
, 2014 study as being associated with firefighters' increased mortality and incidence compared with that of the general public (see Table  3. 2). For example, firefighters are 13 percent more likely than members of the general public to get lung cancer. To calculate the medical cost of each type of cancer, we used data from the National Cancer Institute. 46 These data provide estimates of the medical costs for different types of cancer for both men and women over age 65 in the first year after diagnosis, the yearly costs of living with the disease after the first year of diagnosis, and the cost of the final year of life. We adjusted these costs to come up with an estimated medical cost, by cancer type, for firefighters by taking into account the gender and age mix of the profession and by estimating costs for people younger than 65.
, 2014 together with data from the CDC Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) database to calculate the probability of death for each cancer type in the general population and for the population of firefighters. 53 For instance, an average male has about a 5. 1-percent chance of dying from lung cancer between the ages of 20 and 84. 54 According to the study, firefighters are 10 percent more likely than members of the general population to die from lung cancer. Therefore, a firefighter has about a 5. 6-percent chance of dying from lung cancer between the ages of 20 and 84. Using the excess mortality for firefighters compared with that for the general population (in the case of lung cancer, this would be 0. 5 percent), together with the number of career firefighters in the United States, we could estimate the number of firefighters who die from jobrelated cancer risk in excess of cancer deaths in the general population.
Ohio Safety Intervention Grants and the NIOSH-BWC Partnership In July 1999, the Ohio BWC initiated the Safety Intervention Grant Program to provide Ohio employers with matching grants for the purchase of equipment and tools to reduce workers' exposure to workplace hazards. Safety intervention grants are available to all organizations that BWC insures. About 4,000 grants were given out between 1999 and early 2017. BWC also gathers data to study the effectiveness of various safety interventions, identify best practices, and disseminate results to employers (BWC, 2010; CWCS, undated, p. 4). A notable example is the first issue of "Ergonomics Best Practices for the Construction Industry," published in 2004, which documents injury reductions that resulted from the use of adjustable scaffolding, roughterrain forklifts, and other tools and includes case studies of Ohio companies that used safety intervention grants to purchase different ergonomic aids (Laborers' Health and Safety Fund of North America, 2004).
NIOSH Activities in the Ohio Evaluation Study From 2009 onward, NIOSH became more heavily involved with BWC, and, in 2010, the two formalized a partnership that included the evaluation study that is the focus of this case study. According to an interview with a BWC staff member, the collaboration with NIOSH allowed BWC to obtain, for the first time, credible estimates of workers' compensation claim rates per employee hours worked, the size and industry of employers that the safety intervention grants affected, and other information required to rigorously estimate the effectiveness of the grant program. The report on the study evaluating the Ohio grant program was published in 2014 (Wurzelbacher, Bertke, et al. , 2014) and relied on data that BWC collected from 2001 to 2009. In 2013, after seeing the preliminary results of the NIOSH work, BWC quadrupled its annual funding for safety intervention grants to substantially increase the total number of grants available per year (Buehrer, 2013).
In the future, NIOSH should consider conducting additional case studies to explore other types of research and intended audiences and that account for the costs of producing and implementing research. In addition, it should consider examining cases in which the linkages between its research and safety and health improvements are less clear. Indeed, there can be important lessons from cases of unrealized impact. Finally, NIOSH should consider ways in which it might start to fill some of the gaps in data and analysis encountered while conducting this economic analysis. Efforts to assess the economic value of research are in their infancy. We hope that this report represents a useful step toward a better understanding of how this sort of analysis might be done. a Traditional practice here refers to the practices common in the industry in the early 2000s.
Acknowledgments This study could not have been completed without the willingness of  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  staff and stakeholders to give generously of their time. In particular, we thank  Regina Pana-Cryan  and  P. Timothy Bushnell , who helped ensure that we had timely access to key documents and stakeholders. We also thank  Philip Armour  of  RAND  and  John Mendeloff  of  RAND  and the  University of Pittsburgh  for providing careful reviews of earlier drafts,  Nicholas Burger  for helpful advice throughout the project, and  Kristin J. Leuschner  for writing and editorial assistance.
The inflaton lifetime is predicted to scale as τ ∝ 1/θ 2. The B + → K + χ branching fraction is taken from Ref. [2]. It is predicted to be between 10 -4 and 10 -8 in the explored region and scales as B(B + → K + χ) ∝ θ 2 , while the inflaton branching fraction into muons is directly taken from Figure  3  of Ref. [4]  and is predicted to be between 100% and slightly less than 1%, depending on the kinematically allowed decay channels. Figure  5  also presents the theoretical and cosmological constraints  [4, 29]  and previous limits set by the CHARM  [7]  and the LHCb  [8]  experiments. In summary, a search for a long-lived scalar particle has been performed at LHCb using pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb -1. No evidence for a signal over the background-only hypothesis has been found and upper limits have been placed on B(B + → K + χ) × B(χ → µ + µ -).