dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
7% of French consumption in 2013. In addition, As among the largest net exporters of electricity worldwide, France earns over 3000 M€ per year from electricity sales abroad  [7]. The development of RE generation meets to global and European political targets. Thus, according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto Protocol (KP) has set binding obligations on the industrialized countries to reduce their emissions of GHGs  [1, 2]. Moreover, despite a limited authority * at the policy level, the European Commission has tried since 2006 to establish for Member States a common and coherent European energy framework towards sustainable development objectives. The Energy Framework is gradually built through the publication of communications and green papers setting out the main objectives of a voluntary European policy (Integrating security of supply, market liberalization and climate change)  [8] , the adoption of legislation (Directives 96/92/EC, 98/30/EC, 2009/72/EC, Climate and Energy Package † in 2009) and the orientation of European research through the funding of research projects on priority themes (Framework Program: FP7, H2020).
Simulation Results After developing the EMR system overall model shown in Fig. 3 , Matlab-simulations have been performed in order to determine the quantity of stored hydrogen, oxygen and water  [51, 52]. The power generation is considered to be instantaneously stepped up from 50 kW to 70 kW at t=500 s. Accordingly, the quantity of the stored hydrogen and oxygen are approximately 27 and 3 bottles respectively as depicted in Fig. 4. The hydrogen bottle comprises 800 gm of Hydrogen, 50l at moderate pressure of 200 bars during the next limited 500s. If compressed under high pressure of 700 bars, about 10 bottles of Hydrogen can be attained of 5kg each. If the hydrogen is liquefied, 16 bottles of volume 84l including 6 kg H 2 are attained. The price of the bottle depends on the state of hydrogen within (gas, liquid, etc.
Electrochemical characterization A one compartment electrochemical glass cell with a threeelectrode configuration at room temperature and atmospheric pressure was employed for performing cyclic voltammetry experiments. All measurements were made using a computer controlled Autolab PGSTAT30 potentiostat driven by NOVA software. The electrocatalytic activity for the CO 2 reduction reaction was studied in the presence and the absence of a proton source using [C 2 mim + ][NTf 2 À ] as a solvent supporting electrolyte system. Prior to any experiment, the electrochemical cell was dried in hot air and Ar gas was flowed into the empty cell in order to remove any trace of water. A small volume of [C 2 mim + ][NTf 2 À ] (B3. 5 mL) was used in each experiment and this was saturated with either Ar or CO 2 gas for at least 20 min before each experiment.
Acknowledgements This work has been partially financed by  Generalitat Valenciana through Ayudas para la realizacion de proyectos de I+D para grupos de investigacion emergentes  ( GV/2014/096 ) and by the  MICINN  (project  CTQ2013-48280-C3-3-R ). Dr Hanc-Scherer  thanks his former supervisor  Prof. Petru Ilea  for his advice.
This work was supported by  Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 ,  CNRS  and  Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris  06 , by the  DEFI CNRS Milli_Oil  project, by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  contract  13-BSV7-0001-01 , by the " Initiative d'Excellence" program  (Grant " DYNAMO ,"  ANR-11-LABX-0011-01 ), and by  Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Recherche  contract  FPGG035. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements Funding from  Bergen Research Foundation  ( Recruitment Program ), the  Norwegian Research Council/ University of Bergen (FRIPRO Faellesløft , Project  213453 ) and  EU  project  INA (initial work)  is gratefully acknowledged. A. Apfolter  is acknowledged for having instigated our work on crystalline quartz. S. C. P. would like to thank  Professor Hai-Ping Cheng  and  Yun-Wen Chen University of Florida  for useful discussions and for supplying the data for their surface reconstructions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank  Haley Ahlers , who works on the  Realizing Improved Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE)  project funded by the  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation  at the  University of Illinois , for assistance with graphics. This paper was conceived at the workshop " Redesigning Photosynthesis-Identifying Opportunities and Novel Ideas " held at the  Banbury Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory ,  Cold Spring Harbor , NY, May 13-16, 2013. We thank the  Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Banbury Center  for hosting and the  Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Corporate Sponsor Program  for funding the workshop.
For instance, in the entire Global Ocean Survey (GOS) dataset  (Yooseph et al. , 2007) , there is not a single κ-carrageenase gene, only one ι-carrageenase gene, 30 coding DNA sequences (CDSs) for α-1,3-(3,6-anhydro)-L-galactosidase (the terminal enzyme of agar degradation, AhgA, GH117) and five times fewer CDSs for β-agarase and β-porphyranase, and seventeen PL17 alginate lyases  (Hehemann et al. , 2010; Rebuffet et al. , 2011; Neumann et al. , 2015). Clearly, this relative lack of success in finding MAPD enzymes in the water column suggests that bacterioplanktons rarely possess such enzymes. However, as most MAPD enzymes have been isolated from seaweed-associated bacteria, one should think that seaweed-associated microbiome datasets contain plenty of these specific enzymes. In fact, in the only two existing studies sequencing the microbiota associated with macroalgae (with Delisea pulchra and Ulva australis), no polysaccharidase gene is discussed  (Fernandes et al.
, 2012) , or only genes related to alginate metabolism are briefly mentioned  (Burke et al. , 2011). Unfortunately, we couldn't find out if MAPD enzymes were present in the these macroalgae associated microbiota, as the metagenomic datasets of these two studies were deposited on the CAMERA database (http://camera. calit2. net/) that has shut down and its successor, iMicrobe (http://data. imicrobe. us/), does not contain these datasets. Also, a transcriptomic analysis of the microbiota of the red macroalga Laurencia dendroidea has been performed by RNA-Seq, but again, algal-polysaccharidase genes were either overlooked or absent from the dataset  (de Oliveira et al. , 2012). The metatranscriptomic datasets associated to L. dendroidea is publicly available on the MG-Rast database  (de Oliveira et al.
, 2012). We searched in the protein files corresponding to these datasets sequence identities with the characterized MAPD enzymes  (Michel and Czjzek, 2013; Martin et al. , 2014b)  using BlastP (NCBI), but we did not find any homologous protein (data not shown). Concerning functional metagenomic analyses of seaweed-associated microbiota, only two studies have previously been carried out. On the one hand, the microbial community associated with Ulva australis was searched for antibacterial proteins  (Yung et al. , 2011). On the other hand, our group has recently screened the microbiota of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum for hydrolytic enzymes, especially glycoside hydrolases. As proof of feasibility, we used established activity tests and identified 13 esterases from Alphaprotobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria members, a GH3 β-glucosidase from an alphaprotobacterium, and a GH5 cellulase from a gammaproteobacterium  (Martin et al.
Primers were produced at Eurogentec (BE) and PCR reagents were provided by Roche. PCR were realized in 96-well plates and amplicons were sequenced by Sanger Sequencing at GATC using the AllBactF forward primer (GATC Biotech, Germany). Sequences were aligned with sequences from the GenBank_Bacteria and SILVA SSU databases (E-value threshold 0. 01) and each bacterium was taxonomically identified at the genus, family, order, class, and phylum level. Averages and percentage ranges of the resulting query coverages and identity percentages have been summarized for each sample and for the total isolated microbiota in the Supplementary Material (Table  S1 ). A Principal Coordinates Analyses (PCoA) was realized with the relative abundance of each genus in each sample to represent the differences in composition of the three samples (Figure  1 ).
Relative abundances of the genera were log transformed and Bray Curtis matrix distance was used. For each genus, a weight average was calculated based on the abundance of this genus in each sample and the axes-coordinates of the sample, in order to reveal affinities between a genus and one, two or the three samples. The PCoA plot was performed using the VEGAN Package  (Dixon, 2003; Oksanen et al. , 2008)  implemented in the R statistical software on the bacterial genera identified on the three algae samples (Figure  1 ).
16s rRNA Sequence of the Bacterial Candidates Showing Polysaccharidase Activity The 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR (Taq DNA polymerase, Roche) directly from the isolated colonies. Universal primers were used (8F, 5 ′ -AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3 ′ and 1492R, 3 ′ -TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-5 ′ ). The amplified genes were sequenced by Sanger sequencing from both ends (forward and reverse; GATC Biotech, Germany). A consensus sequence was produced from the overlapping reads, for the 16S rRNA gene of each MAPD isolate. For each sequence, low quality 5 and 3 ′ extremities were manually trimmed, in order to keep only high quality sequences (DNA base peaks with quality scores above 30). Finally, the BLAST program (NCBI) was used to compare the obtained sequences against the GenBank database and closest neighbors were found by alignment with type strains with verified species names using EzTaxon  (Kim et al.
" We here report the first extensive characterization of the cultivable bacterial community of this ecologically relevant macroalga. Approximately 3. 10 3 bacteria were isolated from the surface of three A. nodosum thallus samples. A total of 324 bacteria were recovered (108/sample) for further analysis. We succeeded in amplifying and sequencing the V3-V4 16S rRNA region from a total of 297 bacteria (98 from S1, 97 from S2, 102 from S3). These sequences were aligned to those from the GenBank and SILVA SSU databases (data not shown), with 291 out of 297 isolates being assigned to a genera. As a proof of quality sequence alignments, we had high average query coverage of 97. 2% and identity percentage of 98. 9% for the V3-V4 region sequences of these isolates (Table  S1 ). For each A. nodosum sample, tables were made with the relative abundance and the frequency of each bacterial genus, family, order, class, and phylum identified (Table  S2 ).
FUNDING This project was funded by  Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULg) ,  Wallonie-Bruxelles International (WBI) , and the  Fonds Scientifique de la Recherche  (F. R. S-F. N. R. S) in the framework of the  Collaboration Program Hubert Curien. GM and TB are grateful for support by the  French Government  through the  National Research Agency  with regard to the " Blue Enzymes "  ANR  project with reference  ANR-14-CE19-0020-01.
1 0 8 I R 0 (μmol. quanta. m -2. s -1 ) 0. 3 2 I L 0 (μmol. quanta. m -2. s -1 ) 0. 3 3 Experimental and numerical profiles are compared in Figure  2A. We searched the available genome-wide expression data  (Monnier et al. , 2010)  for transcription factors whose time profiles would match that of the intermediary actor X, and found that some such as the MYB transcription factor fulfill the requirement. We thus included its experimental profile in Figure  2A , however we stress again that identifying X unambiguously is not essential to our analysis, and that a transcription factor with a similar profile would also work. The second dataset used in the adjustment was obtained previously in experiments probing the clock response to resetting  (Djouani-Tahri et al. , 2010; Troein et al. , 2011).
In the 0-h and 12-h last dark period cases, indeed, the clock experiences the same alternation of light and dark before going into constant light, however it spends 24 additional hours in the free-running regime. Therefore, the phase shift measured will be given by the difference between the FRP and 24 h, provided that circadian oscillations have settled to their limit cycle when the phase is measured. The information contained in this resetting curve is very similar to that provided by a phase response curve (PRC)  (Johnson et al. , 2003) , except for the fact that a PRC is relative to a given limit cycle while here, the limit cycle will typically change between the LD 12:12 and constant light conditions. As can be seen in Figure  2B , an excellent agreement between experimental data and the model predictions is also obtained, less so for the last point at 22 h, perhaps because the asymptotic regime has not yet been reached.
In the plots of the left and center column, we indicate where the global best fitting parameter set is located, as well as how the adjustment error could be lowered by considering only the corresponding dataset. This allows one to estimate how different parameters are constrained by the different datasets. Remarkably, general remarks can be made independently of the parameters considered. First, adjustment of the model to the experimental time profiles only brings partial information (Figure  3 , first column). For parameters characterizing photoreceptors, optimal adjustment is found over wide regions of parameter space. However, typically, one of the parameters is essentially fixed once a value is picked for the other one. In particular, this may indicate that, for example, modulations of TOC1 stability or transcriptional activity have similar dynamical effects.
Globally, one color or the other is dominant in determining the FRP. Similar observations can be made for the TOC1 protein peak timing as a function of blue and green intensities (Figure  4B ), also with a higher sensitivity to blue light. Phase locking is predicted to occur for intensities of 0. 1 μmol. quanta. m -2. s -  in blue light and 0. 4 μmol. quanta. m -2. s -  in green light. The physiological TOC1 peak timing at zeitgeber time (ZT) 13 is obtained for are the best-fit maximum degradation rates, third row). In the first and second columns, the black line indicates the level line corresponding to the partial score for that dataset that was obtained for the best fitting parameter set in the global adjustment, and which serves as a reference. Green contour lines correspond to partial scores equal to 95, 90, and 85% of this reference score (when applicable), and delimitate regions where adjustment would be improved if only this dataset were considered.
Acknowledgements The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Union   Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement n°  268219 "MATS" [8 ] and from French national funding from  Agence National de la Recherche  on the program Investissements d' Avenir  (n°  ANR-11-EQPX-0014 ) for some of equipment's.
In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of the carbon reduction label using real market data from a major supermarket chain in the United Kingdom. In particular, we examine whether a specific category of carbon-labeled goods-carbon-labeled detergents-obtain a price premium compared to detergents without the label. This study contributes to the literature on carbon labeling in two important ways. First, in contrast with previous empirical studies on carbon labels, our data are not limited to a specific location or to a specific store but are based on observed consumer behavior in the whole of the United Kingdom. Second, in our data we observe transaction prices for labeled and unlabeled detergents before and after the labeling started. This feature of our data allows us to utilize standard microeconometric techniques (elaborated below) to tease out the average treatment effect.
17 These carbon-labeled products have the following carbon footprints: (4) 700 g of CO 2 per wash, (7) 750 g of CO 2 per wash, (17) 850 g of CO 2 per wash, (32) 700 g of CO 2 per wash, and (41) 600 g of CO 2 per wash. The label given on the back of the product package informs customers of the amount of CO 2 emissions produced during the product's life cycle on average and demonstrates a commitment to reduce the detergent's carbon footprint (Figure  1 ). In addition, the label gives information on the carbon footprint of a benchmark product and advice on how customers could reduce their carbon footprint even further, for example, by reducing the washing temperature. Our data consist of item-level transactions for detergents for 60,000 customers for a period of 104 weeks. The data consist of prices for these detergents and categorical dummies for a or assumes the labeled product to be better quality than the other unlabeled product (see Milgrom and Roberts 1986).
Because of these reasons, our data are less suitable for estimating demand models than price models. Despite these difficulties, as a robustness check we estimated simple demand models for detergents. For these estimations, we once again used the DID approach, but now our dependent variable is the (logarithm of the) expenditure share of individual detergent products. As regressors we use the same explanatory variables that we used in the price models. Following standard demand models, we included own price, the average price of substitutes (or detergents), and aggregate spending on detergents as additional regressors. Note that we need to control for these variables, because the treatment indicator is not necessarily uncorrelated with these variables. However, our results are not sensitive to the exclusion of these variables.
VI. CONCLUSIONS We have studied the impact of the carbon reduction label for prices of detergents. We utilized detailed scanner data from a noted UK supermarket chain recording consumers' transaction prices before and after the introduction of the carbon reduction labels to evaluate the effects of the labeling. Our regression results, based on a DID approach, indicate that the carbon reduction label has no impact on prices, that is, on average there is no premium for detergents that have a carbon reduction label compared with detergents that do not have a carbon reduction label. We also did not find any demand impact for the carbon reduction label, although the results of simple demand models need to be interpreted with caution. We also used the synthetic control method to allow for the effect of the carbon reduction label to be different for products with different carbon footprints.
1 mm diameter electron microscopy grid. 25 Using this procedure, transmission electron microscopy observation shows that particle density as low as 10 9 /m 2 can be obtained (the particle density is measured from the number of particles sized over 1 lm inside an area of 100 lm Â 100 lm/using software "IMAGEJ"). This low density is required to select the current emitted by a single particle and corresponds to about 30 lm distance between particles. a) Electronic mail: morin@cinam. univ-mrs. fr For experiments on a carbon fiber, the challenge is to obtain only one particle deposited at the apex of the 12 lmdiameter fiber in order to get electron emission solely from this particle, since the field is higher at the apex of the carbon fiber. This is successfully obtained by quickly plunging into, and removing from the apex of the carbon fiber, a droplet of the solution containing mineral particles.
When recording is performed over a long period, the current is measured (every 0. 1 s) using a voltage data logger (NI USB-6009) via the current-to-voltage amplifier Keithley 427. These records show that emission lasts for months even at relatively high pressure, as high as 10 À7 mbar. It lasts for hours for a 10 À5 mbar pressure. The current fluctuations are huge at low current (<100 nA) but we observe that current variations at higher current (approximately a few lA) are greatly reduced [Fig. 4(a) ]. Characterizing the fluctuations that occur at low current is useful to elucidate the emission mechanism: at a short time scale, the current is very stable, changing less than 1% for durations ranging from 0. 1 s up to almost 1 min. This behavior is not observed for higher current. To illustrate this behavior, the current for a constant emission voltage is plotted versus the time logarithm in Fig.
Acknowledgements The research on which this article is based was part of the ' Conditioning Demand: Older People, Diversity and Thermal Experience ' project and was funded by  EPSRC ,  United Kingdom  and  EDF  (grant number:  EP/H051082/1 ) We thank  Sylvie Douzou  for many insightful comments and advices on early versions of this paper. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their generous and stimulating comments.
5 to 100. 0 mM 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate dissolved in 1 M HCl. Three hundred micromolar solutions of FePhen@MOF and Basolite Z1200 standard dissolved in 1 M HCl were run under the same conditions. Thermogravimetric analyses were performed on TA Instruments SDT Analyzer Q600 from 22 to 1,100 °C with a ramp rate of 5 °C min À 1 and dwelling for 5 min at maximum temperature. All studies were conducted under argon atmosphere, with a flow rate of 100 ml min À 1. N 2 sorption analysis was performed on a Quantachrome NOVA 2,200e at 77 K. Total surface area was determined by the BET method and pore size distribution was determined using non-local DFT split pore method from the NovaWin software. SEM was performed on a Hitachi S-4,900 FSEM instrument with an accelerating voltage of 3-5 keV with samples mounted on a carbonadhesive stub attached to an aluminum sample stage.
Acknowledgements We appreciate financial assistance from the  US Department of Energy, EERE  ( DE-EE-0000459 ). Use of the  National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL ), was supported by the  US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Synchrotron spectroscopy in this publication was made possible by the  Center for Synchrotron Biosciences  grant,  P30-EB-009998 , from the  National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). Support from beamline personnel  Dr Erik Farquhar  and  Mark Chance  ( X3B ) are gratefully acknowledged.
Instrumentation and measurement procedures Electrochemical experiments were performed using a potentiostat from Autolab with Nova software. The Ag/AgCl (NaCl sat. ) reference electrode was separated from the electrolyte using a side junction maintained at room temperature. The fuel cell performances were examined in gas-saturated solutions obtained from a continuous supply of pure H 2 and O 2 for anode and cathode, respectively. A Nafion® membrane (Nafion® 117 from DUPONT-USA) separated the compartments. 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 6 was chosen as the best electrolyte. Temperature was maintained at 25°C at the cathodic side to avoid Mv BOD denaturation and at 60°C at the anodic side to take profit of the hyperthermophilicity of Aa Hase. The polarization curves were obtained by recording the voltage/current responses at a scan rate of 3 mV.
Acknowledgments The experiments have been performed at the PLEIADES beamline at the SOLEIL Synchrotron, France (Proposal No. 20130466 ). We thank  Dr L. Chiodo  for discussion and theoretical assistance,  E. Robert  for technical assistance, and the  SOLEIL  staff for stable operation of the equipment and storage ring during the experiments. The aerosol generation and focusing instrumentation used for this work has been funded by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  under Grand No. ANR-07-NANO-0031.