dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The storm data were provided by NOAA's National Hurricane Center (NHC). The 10 drifters were air-deployed at five stations using the deployment package shown in panel (B). Each box contained one SVP-B drifter and one directional wave spectra (DWS) drifter. One SVP-B drifter measured a minimum air pressure of 967. 7 hPa inside the eye of the hurricane (C). The DWS drifter deployed at the same location measured a maximum significant wave height of 8. 7 m (D). Note the sharp change of the dominant wave direction due to the hurricane moving over the DWS drifter (E) and the rapid decay of the wave field in the wake of the storm. still present logistical challenges  (Centurioni et al. , 2017a). Furthermore, drifting buoys are largely absent in the Arctic, notably during summer months when the basin becomes largely ice free, with the exception of ice buoys deployed as part of the Arctic Buoy Program and the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) targeting important SLP observations.
The demonstrated beneficial impact of drifter SLP data in climate research and NWP is sufficient to justify the installation of barometers on all of the GSDA drifters, but as of now, only about 50% of the drifters carry barometers, mainly due to the additional cost (approximately 1,100 US$ per unit) and funding limitations. One of the most difficult tasks is to sustain a global drifter distribution; crucial to achieving this goal is the collaboration of the GDP, which evolved with a strong oceanographic connotation, with various NMSs from several countries. These include NOAA's National Weather Services, Members of the European Meteorological Services Network (EUMETNET), Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, India, and many other partners who are interested in maintaining a global network of barometers at the sea surface.
On some moored buoy networks, this can be partly mitigated by having dual sensor systems to provide increased resilience. In addition, the mooring lines generally need replacing every 2 to 4 years, and these can be expensive for deep ocean moorings that can be several thousand meters long. Vandalism is also a major problem, particularly for moored buoys that are deployed in equatorial regions near areas of intense fishing activity. This can include moored buoys being dragged off station, mooring lines being cut by fishing vessels so that the buoy goes adrift and has to be recovered, sensors and satellite transmitters being removed and stolen, and deliberate or accidental (e. g. , collision with a ship) damage. The DBCP is trying to mitigate the problem of vandalism through an outreach strategy that aims to inform the fishing communities that the buoys are operated to provide data that are to their benefit (i.
031-0. 496 Hz frequency range with 1/256-Hz bandwidth are transmitted to shore in real time through the Iridium satellite system. The interval between measurements is programmable over the air, and spectral wave data can be retrieved as often as every 30 min. At the time of writing, a GTS format for the DWS drifter has been approved by WMO, with the objective to facilitate the distribution of these data on the GTS and the use of in situ spectral wave data with wave forecasting models and to assist operational forecasting centers. The DWS drifter technology has a technology readiness level (TRL) of 9, which has been demonstrated through the operational deployment from ships of 62 units in the Global Ocean and with the air deployment of 7 units in the Bay of Bengal and the Atlantic Ocean.
Drifting Air-Sea Interface Buoy (DrIB) A newly designed non-Lagrangian drifter, called the drifting air-sea interface buoy (DrIB), was recently tested in the western Pacific. The DrIB is intended for atmospheric observations of surface wind, air temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity at a height of 3 m as well as for measuring SST (Figure  8 ). The data are transmitted by the Iridium or Beidou satellite systems. The total weight of the DrIB is about 50 kg, and the maximum diameter is 0. 54 m. An Airmar ultrasonic weather station is located at the top of the 3-m mast to measure wind velocity and atmospheric pressure. The NOTC SHT16-1 sensor is used to measure air temperature and relative humidity, and the NOTC MT15 is used to measure SST. Both sensors are manufactured by the National Ocean Technology Center of China and tested and calibrated by the National Center of Ocean Standard and Metrology of China.
New Opportunities for Data Relay, Archiving, and Metadata Collecting observations is not limited to operating the in situ infrastructure. In order to maximize the impact of the observations to the benefit of the scientific and operational communities and to support the development of the blue economy, the data and accompanying metadata need to be archived in an easily accessible way and in a variety of formats. Data collection, archiving, distribution, and the creation of QC products are an integral part of GCOS and should be harmonized and coordinated across the various subnetworks. For example, observations from the air-sea observing system are currently underutilized for multidisciplinary scientific research, which often requires access to multiple datasets for interdisciplinary oceanographic and meteorological studies and implies that datasets from multiple sources need to be merged for subsequent analysis.
For example, the GSDA contains data from drifters deployed in the late 1970, when the technology and the accuracy of the sensors were widely different from today's drifters. The metadata need to be standardized to ensure that they contain a comprehensive set of information suitable to support multiple applications, and such formats need to evolve with the technology. Most importantly, metadata must feed into a searchable database that provides key information that can be quickly extracted, cross-correlated, or correlated with environmental data to investigate biases and ultimately increase our confidence, for example, in the computation of trends associated with a changing climate. Further, as issues in batch manufacturing are discovered, instrument metadata can be easily identified and updated to address anomalous measurements or behaviors.
Such observations will be crucial to validate existing wave forecasting models, better assess the severity of seasonal and extreme storms (e. g. , hurricanes), and improve intraseasonal weather forecasting. They will also complement the existing wave climate dataset and will advance the science of physical oceanography. In situ offshore directional wave observations will play a critical role in validating and possibly calibrating satellite wave measurements, and we anticipate that such measurements will soon be assimilated in wave forecasting models. Altimetry satellites and the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel missions are already able to measure the significant wave height globally, but in situ reference directional wave data are substantially missing in offshore regions. The Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) radar on the Chinese-French Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) is the first space radar designed to measure ocean directional wave spectra and, in conjunction with a global array of directional wave buoys, such as the DWS drifter described in the section "Directional Wave Spectra (DWS) Drifters", may herald a new era in determining surface wave spectra, linking the spatially separated in situ measurements.
The use of automated weather stations with dynamic estimation of barometer height should be prioritized to reduce the uncertainty of SLP observations. The expanded use of ISAR and M-AERI radiometers should be supported. • Observations collected by the air-sea observing network form a record of climate relevance. The content of the metadata should comply with WIGOS requirements and should also contain all key, program-specific information that will form a permanent record. The overall objective is not only to facilitate the use of the data for scientific research and operations but also to allow a reassessment of the quality of the observations and subsequent reanalyses for years to come. Methods of metadata dissemination should favor machine-to-machine transfer to remove the human error component and to achieve full consistency and accuracy of the same records when they are stored at different locations.
Cloud computing resources should be used alongside physical servers to improve the efficiency of data and metadata storage and distribution. Metadata self-reporting by the observing platforms should be considered as it will provide another means to improve the consistency of the data and metadata records. • Governance bodies should be comprehensive and facilitate the exchange of scientific, operational, and technical topics across the operators and stakeholders of all in situ observing networks. Governance bodies should always include both the network operators and users and should address the synergy with other stakeholders, including the satellite observing community. • The use of USVs to complement the existing air-sea observing network should be fully evaluated in the context of increasing capabilities, and their long-term endurance and operating costs should be assessed with respect to sustainability and quantifiable impacts.
FUNDING LC, LB, and VH were supported by  NOAA  grant  NA15OAR4320071  and  ONR  grant  N00014-17-1-2517. RL was supported by  NOAA/AOML  and  NOAA's Ocean Observation and Monitoring Division. NM was partly supported by  NASA  grant  NNX17AH43G. IK was supported by the  Nordic Seas Eddy Exchanges (NorSEE)  funded by the  Norwegian Research Council  (Grant  221780 ). DZ was partly funded by the  Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO)  under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA15OAR4320063. RJ was supported by the  USACE's Civil Works   096×3123.
In mouse models of melanoma, the addition of RANKL inhibition to anti-CTLA-4 antibodies did not deplete Tregs, but increased tumour-iniltrating CD4 + and CD8 + T cells compared with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy  [69, 91]. T-cell effector function (measured by cytokine production) was also enhanced in tumours treated with both agents compared with tumours treated with either single agent  [69, 91]. Interestingly, the synergistic efect of anti-RANKL and anti-PD-1 antibodies on lung metastasis was dependent upon NK cells, whereas the synergistic efect on subcutaneous tumour growth was dependent upon T cells  [90, 91]. Building on these data, real-world evidence using Flatiron Health's electronic health record database from ~ 255 cancer clinics across the US, including patients with advanced melanoma or NSCLC, found that a longer mean duration of concomitant immune checkpoint inhibitor and denosumab therapy was associated with improved overall response rate (p = 0.
0172 and p < 0. 0001 for melanoma and NSCLC, respectively)  [17]. The response rate associated with the combination appears to be higher than reported historical response rates to immune checkpoint inhibitors alone (Fig. 5c ). Additional survival analyses supported the association of concomitant therapy and improved survival outcomes, primarily in NSCLC (p < 0. 0001)  [17]. Prospective studies combining denosumab and checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy are in progress. A phase 2 Australia and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group investigator-sponsored trial (KEYPAD) of denosumab and the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab in patients with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor-refractory clear cell renal cell carcinoma (NCT03280667), and an Australia and New Zealand Melanoma Trials Group phase 1b/2 trial (CHARLI) of ipilimumab-nivolumab-denosumab and nivolumab-denosumab in patients with unresectable stage III/IV melanoma (NCT03161756) are currently recruiting (Table  1 ).
Background: Ibuprofen is a well-established analgesic for acute pain symptoms. In several acute pain models, caffeine has demonstrated an analgesic adjuvant effect. This randomized trial (NCT03003000) was designed to compare the efficacy of a fixed-dose combination of ibuprofen and caffeine with ibuprofen or placebo for the treatment of acute lower back/neck pain. Methods: Patients with acute lower back/neck pain resulting in pain on movement (POM) ≥5 on a 10-point numerical rating scale were randomized 2:2:1 to receive orally, three times daily for 6 days, 400 mg ibuprofen+100 mg caffeine, 400 mg ibuprofen or placebo, respectively. The primary endpoint was change in POM WP (POM triggering highest pain score at baseline [worst procedure]) between baseline and the morning of day 2. Key secondary endpoints included POM WP area under curve (AUC) between baseline and the morning of day 4 (POM WP AUC 72h ) and day 6 (POM WP AUC 120h ).
15 The ibuprofen + caffeine combination investigated here has shown superior efficacy to ibuprofen alone in a dental extraction pain model. 20 ue to the available evidence supporting caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant in combination with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),  15, 16, [18] [19] [20]  it was thought that a combination of ibuprofen and caffeine could be more effective and provide faster pain relief than singleagent ibuprofen for the treatment of lower back or neck pain. The aim of this trial (NCT03003000; EudraCT 2016-000902-12) was to compare the efficacy of a fixed-dose combination of 400 mg ibuprofen and 100 mg caffeine with that of ibuprofen alone or placebo for the treatment of acute lower back or neck pain.
Discussion This trial was designed to evaluate the superiority of efficacy and safety of the fixed-dose combination of 400 mg ibuprofen plus 100 mg caffeine compared with 400 mg ibuprofen alone or placebo for the treatment of acute lower back or neck pain. The trial was the first to assess the analgesic adjuvant effect of caffeine for the treatment of acute lower back or neck pain. NSAIDs are often the first line treatment for lower back pain; however, clinical data are sparse. In a review by Machado et al, the treatment difference between NSAIDs and placebo was reported to be below the threshold for clinical importance for the treatment of spinal pain,  23  suggesting that limitations exist for the use of NSAIDs in lower back or neck pain. Based on existing research in which caffeine has been used as an adjuvant in analgesic combination products with NSAIDs,  15, 16, [18] [19] [20]  it was anticipated that, upon the addition of caffeine to ibuprofen, an increase in efficacy (thus improved POM WP ) would be observed.
0045) and in favor of ibuprofen + caffeine. As for change in PA, on day 2 the pressure on the trigger point could be increased by at least 3 N/cm 2 for all treatment groups, with no significant treatment differences observed between groups. Furthermore, the number of patients who reported a clinically meaningful decrease in POM WP of ≥30% was similar between all treatment groups (39. 5%, 43. 9% and 38. 9% for the ibuprofen + caffeine, ibuprofen and placebo groups, respectively). Data collected for average daily pain at rest and the Oswestry Disability Index, suggested that ibuprofen + caffeine was superior to placebo for the treatment of acute lower back or neck pain. For average daily pain at rest, a significant treatment effect was observed on days 2-4 of treatment for the ibuprofen + caffeine group compared with the placebo group.
Data sharing statement Qualified researchers may request access to patient level data and related study documents including the clinical study report, study protocol with any amendments, blank case report form, statistical analysis plan, and dataset specifications. Patient level data will be anonymized and study documents will be redacted to protect the privacy of trial participants. Further details on Sanofi's data sharing criteria, eligible studies, and process for requesting access can be found at: https://www. clinicalstudydatarequest. com.
Acknowledgment The trial (NCT03003000) was sponsored by  Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co  and the development of this manuscript supported by  Sanofi-Aventis , the current Market Authorization Holder. The authors would like to acknowledge  Simon Hitier  ( Sanofi-Aventis ) for his statistical support, and  Evie Lambert of iMed Comms , an  Ashfield Company , part of  UDG Healthcare  plc for medical writing support that was funded by  Sanofi  in accordance with Good Publications Practice (GPP3) guidelines (http://www. ismpp. org/gpp3).
The outcome of the equations, that is, the predicted number of visits, was multiplied with a country-specific correction factor to make the resulting number of visits representative for the country of interest. This correction factor was calculated as the average number of COPD-related visits among COPD patients in a specific country divided by the average number of COPD-related visits among COPD patients predicted by the equation. In France, the mean annual number of COPD-related visits in patients with COPD was 8. 8 for the GP and 1. 1 for the respiratory specialist in patients with COPD. 14, 16 The doctor's fees have been calculated using open data from the National Health care Insurance database (DAMIR). 15 The number of spirometries and the use of influenza vaccinations were assumed constant for all patients in the model and based on a study by Laurendeau et al and the guidelines from Jebrak.
The only data source available to provide cost estimates for the cost of a moderate and severe exacerbation in France was the study by Laurendeau et al. 16  The estimates reported in this study were used in other studies as well,  19  and are based on the French medico-administrative databases (French general beneficiary sample database EGB). The main disadvantage of using these estimates was that the estimates included both COPD-as well as non-COPD-related costs, while the model only included COPD-related costs. To test the impact of using the higher cost estimates for exacerbations, an SA was done with 34% lower cost estimates, which showed that the ICER remained in the range considered cost-effective in France. The model used for the analyses was extensively validated. 7 For the current study, the exacerbation rates for tiotropium monotherapy predicted by the model in the first year were compared with the rates as reported for the tiotropium arm of the 1-year DYNAGITO trial.
Acknowledgments This study was financially supported by  Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. The study sponsor had no role in the study design, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the manuscript, or the decision to submit the manuscript. Results of this study were presented as a poster presenta tion at the  European Respiratory Society International Congress ,  2018 , and the poster's abstract has been published. 31Results have also been presented as a poster presentation at the annual European Congress of the  International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) ,  2018 , and the poster's abstract has been pub lished. 32.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Camille Daviaud  ( Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA ) for help with figure preparation. L. G. is supported by a Breakthrough Level 2 grant from the  US Department of Defense (DoD) ,  Breast Cancer Research Program (BRCP)  [# BC180476P1 ]; by a startup grant from the  Department of Radiation Oncology at Weill Cornell Medicine (New York, USA ); by industrial collaborations with  Lytix (Oslo, Norway)  and  Phosplatin (New York, USA ); and by donations from  Phosplatin (New York, USA) , the  Luke Heller TECPR2 Foundation (Boston, USA) , and Sotio a. s. (Prague, Czech Republic). D. R. G. is supported by grants from the  US National Institutes of Health  and by  ALSAC.
Discoverability and Accessibility This section focuses on all elements considered relevant to find and access semantic resources online. In this area, we support the recommendations made through the FAIR principles  [5]. 1. The use of global identifiers should be encouraged and supported. Global identifiers, e. g. , URIs or DOIs, are the basis of accessibility over the web. 12. Automatic creation of metadata should be supported by tools to the greatest extent possible, leading to increased availability of metadata and better quality (e. g. , upto-date, rich or in consistent formats). 13. Datasets' metadata should always specify the semantic resources in them. Despite major metadata schemes, e. g. , DCAT  3  , do include properties for that purpose, these properties are often not supported by data and content management systems (i.
Semantic Resources in Agriculture and Nutrition While most of the input collected focused on tools and services, it also touched on the availability of semantic resources on specific topics. The main claims for such reference resources are: 1) to avoid duplicated efforts, and 2) to augment interoperability among datasets, information systems, and semantic resources themselves. Efforts should be made to: 1. Have machine-actionable reference lists of "entities" important to agriculture provided with global identifiers for use in applications, such as pests, diseases, livestock, agricultural activities (i. e. , the "low-level resources" mentioned above). 14. Support the use of semantic resources in conjunction with quantitative data as the usefulness of many semantic resources developed to tag or index textual information data is limited when applied to numeric data qualified by measurements (e.
Acknowledgments The work of Caterina Caracciolo contributing to this paper was supported by the  Cross- Cutting  project, funded by the  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of FAO. The work of  Panagiotis Zervas  presented in this paper has been partly supported by the  AGINFRA   PLUS  Project that is funded by the  European Commission 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement No  731001.
Acknowledgements. We acknowledge the  Pozna ń Supercomputing and Networking Center  for access to the Eagle supercomputer, the  Academic Computer Centre CYFRONET AGH  in Krakow for access to the Prometheus supercomputer and the  Leibniz Supercomputing Centre  for providing access to SuperMUC. We also made use of  ARCHER , the  U. K. 's National High Performance Computing Service , funded by the  Office of Science and Technology  through the  EPSRC's High-End Computing Programme.
Upon induction for 72 h, induced expression of terminal differentiation markers, transglutaminase I (TGM1), involucrin (IVL), and cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E (CYSME), was detected (SI Appendix, Fig. S2 A  and B ). These data indicated that these iKCs behave similarly to epidermal KC that can stratify. Taken together, iKCs derived from PSCs displayed both morphological and functional properties of epidermal KCs. To characterize the epidermal commitment process, we performed time-course RNA-seq analyses of differentiating PSC cells, and compared them with that of primary epidermal KCs (Dataset S1). K-means clustering analysis of the top 500 differentially expressed (DE) genes during differentiation identified 6 distinct clusters (Fig. 1E , SI Appendix, Fig. S2E , and Dataset S2).
S2  C and D and Dataset S3). Our RNA-seq analyses revealed different phases of gene expression during epidermal differentiation; for example, cluster 2 and cluster 3 genes were induced at a high level at an early differentiation stage (days 4 and 7) and subsequently turned off, and cluster 5 and 6 genes were expressed at the end of epidermal differentiation (day 30) or in epidermal keratinocytes. This dynamic gene expression pattern probably represents a switch from a multipotent state to the epidermal fate during development. To interrogate whether the dynamic gene expression pattern observed in our in vitro cellular model recapitulates in vivo epidermal development, we examined RNA-seq data obtained from the mouse embryonic epidermis  (21). Cluster 2 and 3 genes indeed showed a higher level of expression in the E9 mouse embryonic skin, whereas cluster 5 and 6 genes had a higher expression in E13 mouse embryonic skin (Fig.