dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments The research was funded at  Caltech  by the  Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences Postdoctoral Fellowship  and supported by a  NASA   MSL Participating Scientist Program  grant to B. L. Ehlmann. The work performed at Université Paul Sabatier was part of a PhD thesis (Rapin,  2016 ), and laboratory LIBS experiments were conducted at  Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP)  with support from  CNES. MSL/ChemCam U. S. operations were funded by the  NASA   Mars Exploration Program. Funding for ChemCam operations in France was provided by  CNES. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of all of the people at  NASA-JPL  involved in making MSL a successful mission. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. We acknowledge the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  under the program  ANR-16-CE31-0012  entitled " Mars-Prime " for helping collaborative efforts in this study.
What, if any, are the common cultural characteristics that distinguish European societies and groups when viewed against a backdrop of global cultural variation? We sought to identify any shared features of European cultures through secondary multilevel analyses of two large datasets that together provided measures of cultural values, beliefs and models of selfhood from samples in all inhabited continents. Although heterogeneous in many respects-including the value dimension of autonomy versus embeddedness-European samples shared two distinctive features: a decontextualized representation of personhood and a cultural model of selfhood emphasizing difference from others. Compared to samples from other regions, European samples on average also emphasized egalitarianism and harmony values, commitment to others in their models of selfhood, and an immutable concept of personhood, but not uniformly so.
The current research We conducted secondary analyses of data from two major international surveys. We selected these datasets because they provided the broadest bases for global comparisons of theoretically-specified measures of values, beliefs and models of selfhood for which multilevel data were publicly available. For Study 1, we analyzed data from Waves 5 and 6 of the World Values Survey (WVS). These surveys included no measures of beliefs or selfhood but, unlike earlier WVS waves, they included a brief measure of values based on  Schwartz's (1992)  model European cultures in global perspective 12 for large, representative samples from a total of 78 nations. For Study 2, we analyzed data from the second study into motivated identity construction across cultures conducted by the Culture and Identity Research Network (CIRN:  Vignoles & Brown, 2016).
Whereas the first CIRN study involved adolescent participants from just 19 nations, the second study was completed by opportunity samples of non-student adult members of 55 cultural groups spanning 33 nations across all inhabited continents. Although not providing representative samples, this survey included a fuller range of cultural orientation measures than the WVS, including values  (Schwartz, 2007) , personhood beliefs  (Bastian & Haslam, 2006; Owe et al. , 2013) , and cultural models of selfhood  (Vignoles et al. , 2016). Neither of these datasets was designed for comparing Europeans and non-Europeans, but their breadth of sampling provides a much firmer basis for estimations of variability than prior studies in which regional contrasts have been postulated through comparing just a few nations.
Method Participants and procedure. Data were downloaded from the WVS website. For nations included in both waves, the more recent Wave 6 data were included in our analyses. Hence, the main sample consisted of 123644 participants (60449 males, 63194 females, 166 unspecified; mean age = 41. 19, SD = 16. 48) from 78 nations spanning all inhabited continents. 2 We weighted participants using the 1000-equilibrated weights provided in the database, which compensate for minor deviations from representativeness in each sample, as well as rescaling each sample to a size of 1000 so that all nations were weighted equally  (Diez Medrano, 2016). Of the included nations, 20 were unambiguously European and 52 were unambiguously non-European (see Appendix). Among the latter were 17 Asian, 13 Arab, 9 African, 11 North and South American and 2 Australasian nations.
6 Personhood beliefs. Contextualism  (Owe et al. , 2013)  and immutability beliefs  (Bastian & Haslam, 2006)  were each measured using six balanced items (e. g. , "To understand a person well, it is essential to know about his/her family" [contextualism]; "Everyone, no matter who they are, can significantly change their basic characteristics" [immutability, reversed]). Items European cultures in global perspective 20 were intermingled and rated from 1 (completely disagree) to 6 (completely agree). A multilevel measurement model, with substantive factors of contextualism and immutability measured by the same items at both levels of analysis, showed mostly acceptable fit indices: χ 2 (118) = 1111. 329, CFI =. 941, RMSEA =. 035, SRMRwithin =. 027, SRMRbetween =. 107. 7 Models of selfhood. Seven dimensions of self-construal were measured with 22 items, selected from this dataset by  Vignoles et al.
General Discussion Our goal was to identify core features (if any) of a pan-European culture-features that would be shared to some extent by different cultural groups in Europe, as well as differentiating these groups to some extent from those in other world regions. Two unique datasets together provided unparalleled representative sampling from almost 40% of the world's nations (Study 1) European cultures in global perspective 23 and unparalleled coverage of cultural values, beliefs and models of selfhood (Study 2). Analyses of these two datasets provided largely consistent and complementary insights. Firstly, the value dimension of autonomy versus embeddedness-often seen as a core facet of cultural individualism-collectivism-is not helpful for distinguishing European from non-European cultures.
Admittedly, neither study provided a comprehensive sample of the world's cultures. Potentially, studies involving different samples of European and non-European cultural groups might yield different results. Moreover, analyses of personhood beliefs and models of selfhood were possible in Study 2 only, and so they need replicating. Yet, both studies included samples European cultures in global perspective 25 from diverse regions of Europe and a balanced range of samples from all other inhabited continents. Thus, we believe that the WVS and CIRN datasets provide the best information currently available that we could have used to answer our research question. In conclusion, we believe that our findings point to the existence of a pan-European cultural emphasis, comprising a decontextualized concept of personhood and a model of selfhood that emphasizes difference and uniqueness, accompanied by tendencies towards commitment to others and harmony-egalitarian value priorities.
Based on the reasoning outlined above, we formulated two sets of generic hypotheses, which guided our exploration of the WVS and CIRN datasets in search of distinctive shared features of European cultures: H1: European samples differ on average from non-European samples in (a) value priorities, (b) personhood beliefs, or (c) cultural models of selfhood. H2: European samples are more similar to each other than are non-European samples in (a) value priorities, (b) personhood beliefs, or (c) cultural models of selfhood.
The recruitment inclusion criteria for socialization support were: (1) age ≥ 60 years, and (2) the absence or mild level of cognitive impairment assessed by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) with a score ≥ 24  [14]. The informal caregivers were recruited according to the relationship with the subjects involved in the study. The formal caregivers were recruited on the basis of their older caring experience. Each session in general took several hours and was recorded in its entirety. The approval of the study for experiments using human subjects was obtained from the local Ethics Committees on human experimentation. All participants were required to sign three consent forms before participation: consent for participation to the research study, consent for sharing the audio-video-recorded material and data with other consortium members, and a consent form for using the audio-video-recorded material and data for public purposes (publications, dissemination goals).
To study the evolution of the content of definitions of epidemiology over time, the content of the definitions used by Lilienfeld was compared with new content from the period 1978-2017. For each term and concept identified by Evans, the frequency of appearance in the definitions from the period 1978-2014 was estimated. For each term and concept identified using the definitions from 1978 to 2017, the frequency of appearance in the definitions used by Lilienfeld was estimated. Then for each term and concept, whatever the period, the frequency of appearance in the definitions used by Lilienfeld and definitions from 1978 to 2017 were compared. All statistical comparisons were performed using bayes factors  [12]  with R software  [13]  (package BayesFactor). We have chosen bayes factor instead of p value, which is used in the context of null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST).
Older adults commonly face potential chronic health issues, which may hinder their sense of independence and overall well-being. By using wearable activity trackers (WATs) older adults may be able to better manage their health and live more active and independent lifestyles. In this study, we investigate sociodemographic correlates of WAT use among older adults. Survey data from a nationally representative sample of US older adult (age 65-99) Internet users were analyzed. Descriptive results indicated that 8. 6% of the analytical sample (n = 1,252) use a WAT. Our binary logistic regression results suggested that participants age 65-74 were nearly 1. 4 times more likely to report that they use a WAT compared to participants age 85 and above. Binary logistic results showed that female participants were 82% more likely to report that they use a WAT compared to males, while education, income, and self-reported health status were positively associated with WAT adoption.
However, gold standard measurement methods like the six-minute walk test (6MWT), are difficult to use in a clinical setting and may not capture important differences in free-living, volitional activity. We enrolled 46 men (23 HIV+, 23 HIV-) from a prospective observational study (MATCH) of men and women, 50-65 years old. Participants wore an activity tracker (i. e. , Nokia Pulse Ox) for three weeks. Tracker data was used to create average gait speed and a measure of percent time at quartiles of maximum observed gait speed. Lab-based, 6MWT gait speed did not differ significantly by HIV status. Free-living, tracker assessed gait speed was significantly slower among HIV+ compared to uninfected participants. HIV+ participants also spent more time at lower activity levels. Free-living gait speed may provide an important digital biomarker of risks not detected by traditional labbased measures.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by  ANR-14-CE17-0018  (Accessimap). We thank " Cherchons pour Voir" lab and Institut des Jeunes Aveugles de Toulouse , as well as all the students and teachers involved in our study. We thank  Marianna Obrist , who greatly helped framing this paper. (2) a signifier, using a detail as a cue to be recognized (e. g. , a post-box); (3) a symbol (e. g. , a postcard). This guided the design choices made with the teacher with regards to the tangibles. April 2016. Design of the tangibles used for this study with the teacher. May 2016. The first two lessons described in Appendix C. June 2016. Lesson using the full prototype (e. g. , interactive map, tangibles, olfactory and gustatory cues), described in this study. October 2016. End of the ethnographic study.
Thus, FPIs account for measurements of airline efficiency or productivity because efficiency or productivity does not guarantee profitability. Input factors related to Korean carriers' performance measurements include the following: (a) salary, (b) fuel cost, and (c) regarding assets, material cost and some airplanes. For output factors, (a) RPKs and (b) RTKs were selected. The author chose the inputs and outputs for DEA based on literature reviews. However, in reality, large gaps in data collection exist among companies as a result of their size, ranging from global carriers to small local carriers, longevity, startups as well as companies with more than 40 years of history, and corporate structure, including companies that were listed on the stock market as well as those that were not. Therefore, this study included input and output factors if available and comparisons of the airlines according to the following criteria for input: (1) salary, (2) material cost and (3) weighted number of aircraft; and output: (1) number of passengers carried and (2) tonnage of cargo transported domestically and internationally.
kr. DART stands for data analysis, retrieval and transfer system and is operated by the Korean FSS (Financial Supervisory Service). Annual reports of each company were used from 2009 to 2013. Based on whether data were available for most of the airlines, factors to measure the efficiency used DEA). Worse still are their negative net profit margins. Based on an analysis of financial stability and ownership of these two types of LCCs, the first type (group 1 in figure  1 ) includes independent LCCs such as Eastar and T'way, which represent a 40% share in the LCC market. The first group has seen higher rates of growth (36. 4%) than AwAs (35. 5%) and full-service carriers (2. 4%), but their net profit margins have been negative since their inception, except T'way in 2013. Although profitability has improved, equities are impaired, and the debt ratio is negative.
Methodology This study draws on ethnographic data collected over a two-year period starting in June 2014. This research was conducted as part of a broader study on the role of French Catholics in the reception and support of newly arrived migrants, which included field sites in Paris, Calais, Toulouse, rural Normandy, and Béziers. In the case of Saint Bernard de La Chapelle, the focus of this article, I draw on two methodological approaches. During a first phase of study, between June 2014 and November 2015, I conducted an extensive participant observation study of SSB and the parish community. Having informed the parish priest of my position, I participated on a weekly basis in the group's food and clothing distribution activities, its night shelter, and language classes. Additionally, I attended group meetings on a regular basis.
Acknowledgments Financial support from the  MESR (French Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur & de la Recherche)  is gratefully acknowledged for the doctoral fellowships to F. C. T. B. and his co-workers (F. C. , J. D. , P. B. and C. F. ) thank the  LABEX SynOrg  ( ANR-11-LABX-0029 ) for financial support. This research was supported by grants from the  "Fonds Unique Interministériel" (FUI)   TRIAD  project and  Conseil Régional de Bretagne  (L. M. ) and the " Fondation Jérôme Lejeune " (L. M. ).
Moreover, the researcher's nonjudgmental attitude toward losing weight enabled participants with weight issues to feel confident. Interviews were completed with ethnographic observations regarding the uses of digital apps (participants explained their personal health or fitness data, showed us how they had evolved through time, and explained in practical terms how their app worked). Qualitative data were also collected from field notes. The size of the sample made it possible to achieve sufficient saturation, that is, each new participant in each group did not bring any new substantial, relevant knowledge to the survey, and provide enough internal variation to draw solid conclusions regarding differences between practices and perceptions in relation to the social status of individuals.
These 6 identified themes lead to the characterization of 25 different practices, measured as dichotomous variables (Table  1 ). A principal component analysis was carried out using Stata software on the 25 active variables determined by practice. As a robustness check, we conducted a multiple correspondence analysis that produced very similar results. The first 2 axes, accounting in total for 26% of the total variance of the sample, generated a correlation circle  [21] , representing the 25 active variables (Multimedia Appendix 1); the illustrative (sociodemographic) variables are represented on the principal plan (Multimedia Appendix 1). Beyond the 2 first dimensions of the factor analysis, we retained 4 additional axes on the basis of differences in variance (other choices did not substantially affect results).
Analysis showed that users had diverse reasons for recording their food intake or physical activity. Counting, recording, and writing are central tools in the Weight Watchers program  [22]. The awareness afforded by converting measurements into a written record was evoked more broadly by the users of the 3 apps studied. Taking notes was also an obligation to control oneself ("a little police officer in your pocket," said Clémence, MyFitnessPal, aged 41 years, intermediate profession). MyFitnessPal is based on keeping a food diary. Differences between uses were found, eg, in the recording of excess. Some users published their excesses as a way to actualize and recognize them; however, others preferred to keep their excesses private. Differences were also found in the measurements scrutinized by the users, with some users reviewing overall calorie intake, and others attentively examining all nutritional data, such as calories, protein, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, vitamins, and calcium.
Recording all food intakes was not seen as a time-consuming or fastidious constraint. Information was recorded after each meal, at the end of the day, or even at the start of the day when meals were being planned or during a spare minute or designated moment. For many, this recording session was seen as a way to make time for oneself outside of domestic or professional obligations. During this process, the speed and automation offered by digital support were widely viewed as an advantage, whether in calculating points or calories or in populating the database. Use of sport apps varied widely and was strongly linked to the intensity of the users' sporting activities. Some individuals, mostly the least athletic, used the tool daily to measure and record all of their physical activity (total number of steps, going up the stairs at home, etc), showing an interest in accumulating data on all movements made.
Other, more athletic individuals, only measured what they considered to be true physical activity (an activity for which a specific time was allocated and for which real physical effort was implicated). The data used were also variable: distance, speed, incline, improvement from one session to the next, and heart rate are available. Some users, mostly the most active, would consult all current and past data, analyzing all parameters with precision. Conversely, other users were content with the basic use of the device to measure average speed and distance covered.
Acknowledgments This study was funded by  Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique's (INRA)   Métaprogramme DID'IT "Déterminants et Impact de la Diète, Interactions et Transitions" research project  " Diet 3. 0-Impacts of Digital Devices for a Better Diet " ( 288/MP-P10461 ). The authors would like to thank the  INRA's DID'IT Metaprogramme Board  for the research fundings; the NutriPerso coordinator,  Louis-Georges Soler , for his support;  Marie Plessz ,  Sylvie Fainzang , and  Anne-Sylvie Pharabod  for stimulating discussions; the management of Weight Watchers France and the leaders of the meetings that the authors attended for their especially warm welcome; and the participants who agreed to be interviewed.
Data and Methods To explore possible shifts in racial subjectivities on the ground in Brazil, specifically to assess if such shifts are in the direction of mirroring state categories, we examine data from two face-to-face surveys collected by Datafolha Instituto de Pesquisas, a major survey research institute in Brazil. Datafolha conducted the first survey in 1995 (Datafolha Instituto de Pesquisas 1995) and then repeated that survey in 2008 (Datafolha Instituto de Pesquisas 2008). Both are national samples stratified by geographic macroregions of the urban population age 16 years and older. 11  The complete sample for 1995 consists of 5,081 respondents sampled across 121 municipalities and for 2008 consists of 2,982 respondents across 212 municipalities. 12  Uniquely, these surveys included two questions regarding respondents' selfidentification that captured two distinct dimensions of race.
Household income is measured in four levels of monthly minimum wages (MWs): 15 (1) up to two monthly MWs (reference category), (2) more than two and up to five MWs, (3) more than five and up to 10 MWs, and (4) more than 10 MWs. Gender is a binary variable coded as female or male (reference category). Age is a continuous variable measured in years and recoded such that zero is a 16-year-old respondent and one refers to a 75-year-old respondent in the samples; 16 the coefficient associated with age therefore captures the difference between a teenager and an elder without further calculations. 17 Region is a categorical variable original to the data set and is coded in four categories, Southeast (reference category), South, Northeast, and North and/or Central-West (CW). Our preferred models also include two interaction terms: government classification by education and government classification by age.
We proposed that a minimum criterion for evaluating the proposition that a state engaged effectively in race-making would be systematic evidence of the relationship between government classifications and lay identification practices before a state-led racial project is initiated in comparison to afterward. To meet this bar, we used unique survey data from Brazil that captured lay identification (open-ended question) and government classification (closed-ended question) from two points in time: before and well after the Brazilian state's move from weak to strong institutionalization of racial categories. Our analytic comparison of these data revealed key shifts in Brazilians' racial subjectivities on the ground in the overall direction of increased alignment with government categories across our study's time span.
Calibrating this model for past crops and agricultural practices (see  [10] ) and using a downscaling approach to produce high spatiotemporal resolution paleoclimate data (see  [11] ), we estimate reasonable potential agricultural yields under past climatic conditions. These serve as the basis for spatial analysis of archaeological settlement pattern data derived from Patriarche (the French national archaeological atlas, a continuously updated database that integrates excavation and survey data from diverse sources: http://www. culturecommunication. gouv. fr/ Politiques-ministerielles/Archeologie/Etude-recherche/Carte-archeologique-nationale),which we use to examine the changing relationship over time between potential agricultural productivity and settlement location. Potential agricultural productivity (PAgP) is strongly related to climatic factors (particularly, in a Mediterranean climate, precipitation) while also more directly relevant to human activity than raw climatic variables.