dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Those who indicated that they had had intercourse were asked about their contraceptive use: "The last time you had sexual intercourse, did you or your partner use a condom?" and "The last time you had sexual intercourse, did you or your partner use birth control pills?" Response options were "yes," "no" and "don't know. " On the basis of these two variables, a third variable was created, indicating the use of dual methods. Students who reported using both a condom and pills were classified as having used dual methods. •Covariates of contraceptive use. All individual-level variables relevant to adolescents' contraceptive use that were available in the international HBSC data set were included in the analyses. Age was included as a continuous variable. The HBSC Family Affluence Scale  40, 41  was used as a proxy for socioeconomic status.
Strengths and Limitations This study has multiple strengths, such as the use of large, nationally representative data sets, the inclusion of many European countries and the use of multilevel analyses to quantitatively estimate associations between gender equality and adolescents' contraceptive use. However, the study' s findings should be interpreted with awareness of its limitations. First, our study was cross-sectional, and therefore no causal inferences can be drawn on the basis of our results. Yet, given that gender equality was measured as a countrylevel index reflecting objective measures in different societal domains (and was not based on the perceptions of adolescents in our sample), we avoided some potential problems of endogeneity (e. g. , adolescents' contraceptive use influencing self-reported gender equality).
Acknowledgments The  Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is a World Health Organization collaborative study  and is supported by each member country. The HBSC study is coordinated internationally by  J. Inchley ,  University of St. Andrews, Scotland , with international data coordination performed by  O. Samdal ,  University of Bergen, Norway. The countries involved in this analysis (current responsible principal investigator) were Albania (G. Qirjako),  Austria  ( R. Felder-Puig ),  Belgium (B. De Clercq, K. Castetbon), Bulgaria (L. Vasileva) ,  Canada  ( W. Pickett ,  W. Craig ),  Croatia (I. Pavic Simetin), Czech Republic (M. Kalman), Denmark (M. Rasmussen), Estonia (L. Oja), Finland (J. Tynjälä), France (E. Godeau), Germany  ( M. Richter ),  Great Britain  ( F. Brooks ,  E.
The cells were then labeled with an anti-IFN-γ PE antibody (BD Biosciences) for 30 min. at room temperature and acquired on a Navios flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter). The data were analyzed using the Kaluza software 1. 5a (Beckman Coulter). The lymphocytes were gated based on the forward vs side scatter parameters (FSC, SSC), the dead cells and cell doublets were excluded before gating on the various cell subsets of interest, and a minimum of 100. 000 CD4 + T lymphocytes was acquired. When blood was available (6 patients with TB and 8 classified as non-TB), an IFN-γ release assay was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro stimulated during 24 hrs with ESAT-6 as previously described  [14].
These extremely elevated responses may be due at least partially to the inhibition by ADA, known to be elevated in TB ascites, of CD4 + regulatory T cells that normally tend to inhibit extreme degrees of activation of CD4 + effector T lymphocytes  [19]. Based on these results, we propose this new test as a valuable adjunct for the diagnosis of peritoneal TB. We have tested the inter-laboratory reproducibility of the assay  by dividing some samples into two aliquotsand processing them in two independent laboratories for flow cytometry analysis. The percentages of CD4 + IFN-γ-containing T lymphocytes reported by the two laboratories were strongly correlated for all 3 antigens, with r values of 0. 90, 0. 71 and 0. 81 for PPD, HBHA and ESAT-6, respectively (Spearman correlation test). As results can be obtained within only 24 hours, and as flow cytometry is available in most clinical laboratories, this test provides very quickly useful data to guide decisions about the need for invasive laparoscopic examination and for the initiation of empirical anti-TB treatment.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique  ( FNRS-PDR T. 0147. 13 ),by the  European Community  within the  Horizon2020 program  TBVAC2020 (grant agreement  643381 ), and by the  "Region de Bruxelles-Capitale-Innoviris ". We are grateful to  Dr F Vandergheynst ,  Dr S Allard ,  Dr J Coussement ,  Dr F Vermeulen  and  Dr JL Van Laethem  for their important help in the patient's inclusions, and to  J Tresnie ,  MC Termonia ,  A Godefroid  and  S Islane  for their excellent technical assistance.
Imaging analysis A central radiological review for imaging interpretation was composed by two radiologists with 25 and 4 years, respectively, of experience in the evaluation of abdominal imaging. Radiologists performed a consensus reading of all CECT scans and were blinded to the patients' clinical data and outcome. First, only the baseline CECT was displayed on a workstation (Myrian® 1. 13. 1, Intrasense, Paris, France) to perform the target lesions selection. A maximum of five (two per organ) target lesions >10 mm for the largest diameter were selected for being representative of all involved organs as recommended by RECIST 1. 1  [12]. The largest axial diameter of each target lesion was measured manually with calipers, except for the lymph nodes whose small diameters were measured. The attenuation values in Hounsfield units (HU) were obtained in freehand region of interest (ROI) drawn about 1 mm inside the lesion boundaries on the CECT section whose largest diameter had been measured.
Acknowledgements We thank  Magdalena Benetkiewicz  for an editorial assistance. Her work was founded by GERCOR. companies: -OL:  Roche, Bracco, Siemens and Intrasense. -JBB:  Amgen ,  Bayer ,  Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre ,  Roche ,  Sanofi ,  Servier. -BR:  Bayer ,  Servier ,  Roche ,  Novartis ,  Astellas ,  Gilead, Abbvie. -TM: ROCHE and AMGEM,  Sanofi ,  Bayer ,  BMS. -CL:  MSD, Roche, Halozyme, Servier, Astra-Zeneca. -BC:  Roche ,  Sanofi ,  Bayer ,  Servier ,  Takeda ,  Merck ,  Roche ,  Amgen. -RC: Servier,  Amgen and Sanofi. -TA:  Roche/Genentech and Ventana, Baxter, Bayer, Amgen, MSD Oncology, Sanofi ,  Servier ,  Novartis Roche/Genentech /ventana, and  Bristol-Myers Squibb. -MW, PG, SK, ML G-L, AG and JH have no conflict of interest.
05% sodium azide and analyzed by flow cytometry (Cytoflex; Beckman Coulter). Data were analyzed using FlowJo software. Bacterium internalization assays. S. aureus containing the pOS1-P sarA -SOD-RBS-sGFP plasmid was opsonized by incubation with 10% freshly isolated human serum, prepared as previously described (58), for 30 min at 37°C under shaking conditions. Nonopsonized bacteria were treated similarly but were incubated in media instead of human serum. After incubation, bacteria were washed twice, suspended in RPMI medium-0. 05% HSA-10 mM HEPES, and diluted to infect DCs at an MOI of 10. To prevent bacterial uptake, cytochalasin D was used during infection at a final concentration of 10 g/ml. To measure bacterial uptake, DCs and bacteria were incubated for 15 min at 37°C under shaking conditions, after which samples were fixed using PBS supplemented with 2% FBS, 2% paraformaldehyde, and 0.
Flow cytometry analysis was performed using a Cytoflex (Beckman Coulter), and data were analyzed using FlowJo software. Measurement of infection effects on DCs. To determine the state of DCs before coculturing with T cells was performed, DCs were infected with S. aureus for 30 min or 3 h or overnight as described for the DC-CD4 ϩ T lymphocyte coculture assays. At each time point, DCs were washed, treated with Fc receptor blocking solution (human TruStain FcX; BioLegend), and then stained with anti-human CD11c-PerCP (peridinin chlorophyll protein) MAb Bu15, anti-human CD1c-Pacific Blue MAb L161, anti-human HLA-DR-APC/Cy7 MAb L243, anti-human CD83-PE MAb HB15e, and anti-human CD86-APC MAb IT2. 2 or corresponding isotype controls (BioLegend). After washing, DCs were stained with Zombie Red fixable viability dye (BioLegend) to determine the level of membrane damage.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the members of the  Torres laboratory  for helpful discussions and for commenting on the manuscript. We also thank  Thomas D. Norton ,  Henning Hofmann , and  Nathaniel Landau  for technical assistance with DC differentiation,  Lina Kozhaya  and  Derya Unutmaz  for technical assistance with the labeling and for monitoring T lymphocyte activation and proliferation, and  Dan R. Littman  for providing reagents. Research reported in this publication was supported in part by the  National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIH-NIAID)  under award no. R01AI099394  and  R01AI105129  to V. J. T. E. T. M. B. was supported by a  Rubicon fellowship  from the  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. V. J. T. is a  Burroughs Wellcome Fund Investigator in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases.
CFD) a b s t r a c t To treat the problem of low aerodynamic performance and high unsteadiness of a flow around an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers, passive actuation techniques have been used. A NACA0012 airfoil at Re = 10 3 and high incidence angles (15 °and 20 °) equipped with a trailing edge and/or extrados flexible flaps has been studied. The two-way Fluid-Structure Interaction has been studied by coupling the "CFD-Fluent" and "Transient Structural" systems in the ANSYS-Workbench 15. 0 software. A reduced order model of the lift coefficient oscillation based on the van der Pol oscillator has been formulated. The analytical model helps analyze and understand the underlying physics of the nonlinear system. The characteristics of the limit cycle oscillation of the lift coefficient have been modified by decreasing the amplitudes proportional to the principal and second Strouhal numbers and by increasing the amplitude proportional to the third Strouhal number.
In order to verify the absence of dependency between the stability of the flow domain solution and the time-step, the evolution of the lift coefficient as a function of the dimensionless time t * ( t * = t. U ∞ /c ) was studied at different time step sizes ( dt * = 0. 0292 ; dt * = 0. 0146 ; dt * = 0. 0073 and dt * = 0. 0043 ). Based on the results plotted in Fig. 7 (c ) and (d) it can be noted that the solution is sensitive to the time-step size and the convergence is obtained from dt * = 0. 0073, which was selected for the continuation of this work. To validate our numerical results the mean lift coefficient of NACA0012 at 10 0 0 Reynolds number computed by using the ANSYS-Fluent software was compared with the literature results. Fig. 8  shows the evolution of the mean lift coefficient as a function of the airfoil incidence angle α ( α varies between 0 °and 30 °).
Conclusion In this work we have investigated the control of the counterrotating vortices which generate on the extrados and downstream of the trailing edge of the NACA 0012 airfoil by using the autoadapting flexible flaps. Three configurations were studied: airfoil equipped with the extrados flexible flaps "E-F-F", airfoil equipped with trailing edge flexible flap "T-F-F", and airfoil equipped with extrados and trailing edge flexible flaps "T + E-F-F". The "system coupling" service in the ANSYS-Workbench software was used to simulate the two-way Fluid-Structure Interaction. The lift coefficient oscillation was well defined with a reduced order model based on the van der Pol oscillator. This analytical model allowed us to investigate the nonlinearity of the lift force for both the controlled and uncontrolled flows over the NACA0012 airfoil at a high incidence angle and a low Reynolds number.
Clinical trials have shown good results against hepatocellular carcinoma and, moreover, compatibility with chemotherapy against pancreatic cancer. Currently pilot studies (identifiers NCT03003078 and NCT03076216) are ongoing for OncoSil ™ together with standard chemotherapy. For theranostic applications, however, the disadvantage of the pure beta emitter 32 P is its unsuitability for diagnostics as its radioactive decay does not include the emission of electromagnetic radiation. Here, we aim to employ the radiolanthanoid 159 Dy implanted into mesoporous silicon by a radioactive ion beam. e nuclide 159 Dy is not commonly considered as being a good candidate for therapeutic purposes due to its long half-life of 144. 4 days  [36]. However, the long half-life enables the study of the stability of the theranostic system over a long time period, as the radionuclides possibly released from the PSi carrier are still radioactive.
e activity of each tumor was measured in vivo at designated time points, to probe the possible changes in activity indicating a release of the radionuclide. e first data point was taken as a reference value, and all subsequent values were normalized to it. An average relative activity over all the animals in each group was then calculated. Figure  3  presents the results from the in vivo tumor activity measurements. It can be seen from the figure that the activity stays stable over the first week after which it starts gradually to decrease down to eighty percent at seventeen days. e uppermost panel in Figure  4  presents the ex vivo activity of the tumors as normalized to the injected activity. e values stay quite stable throughout the measurement period, indicating that the activity stays stable inside the tumors.
8 (9) %ID/g already at the first time point at 7 days, and the behavior of the activity stays very stable over time without an observable increase. Although the bone uptake is moderately high, the total amount of 159 Dy injected into the animal is in the region of tens of ppb, indicating the sensitivity of gamma-ray spectrometry as a probe of particle concentration. Venous blood samples were collected at even time points to observe the possible leak of the activity into the blood circulation. e activity of the samples was measured, and all data points lay beneath the nuclide-specific minimum detectable activity (MDA)  [45]  of 0. 1 Bq of the WIZARD counter. To demonstrate the low activity of the blood samples, the first and second data points, taken one and three days, respectively, after the injection of the [ 159 Dy] THCPSi into the tumor were remeasured with a thin-entrywindow HPGe detector to gain accuracy in activity.
Acknowledgments is work was supported by the  Academy of Finland  (grant nos. 308122 ,  277190 ,  298481 , and  277423 ) and the  European Union´s Horizon   2020 Framework Research and Innovation Programme  under grant agreement no. 654002  ( ENSAR2 ). Prof. H. A. Santos  acknowledges financial support from the  Biocentrum Helsinki , the  Sigrid Juseĺius Foundation  (decision no. 4704580 ), and the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP/2007-2013, grant no. 310892 ). We thank the local group at CERN ISOLDE and the IS528 collaboration for the technical support during the implantations. e SEM images were produced at the  Aalto University Nanomicroscopy Center (Finland) , and we are grateful for the technical support and advice offered by the local team.
, 2017) , indicating an attenuated inflammatory response in SOD1 G93A /Tbk1 +/-mice (supplemental dataset). Further supporting that Tbk1 haploinsufficiency attenuates the pro-inflammatory effect of the mutant SOD1 transgene, an unbiased hierarchical cluster analysis did not separate Tbk1 +/- from WT animals, but completely separated SOD1 G93A /Tbk1 +/- mice from their SOD1 G93A siblings (Fig. 5 A ). Furthermore, the comprehensive NanoString nCounter mRNA expression dataset allowed us to estimate the cell typespecific marker gene signatures described by  Danaher et al. (2017)  in the analyzed spinal cord tissue. This analysis revealed a significantly attenuated expression of inflammatory genes normally associated with microglial and/or astrocytic responses in SOD1 G93A /Tbk1 +/-compared with SOD1 G93A siblings (Fig.
Image and data analysis Sections stained against MNs were recorded with an Axio Observer. A1 microscope (Zeiss). Immunofluorescent muscle and spinal cord sections were recorded with a TCS SP8 confocal laser scanning microscope (Leica), using the same acquisition settings for every section. For stereological analysis, investigators were blind to the genetic background of the animals. Nissl + ChAT + cells on sections were counted manually with the ImageJ Cell Counter Plugin (National Institutes of Health). For analysis of Iba1, CD68, Clec7a, and GFAP staining, the Iba1/CD68/Clec7a/GFAP-positive area within the LSC was measured with the ImageJ Threshold Color Plugin and "Analyze Particles" function. For analysis of p62/ GAB ARA PL1 + aggregates, the p62/GAB ARA PL1 + area per ChAT + MN was measured using the ImageJ "ROI Manager" function and the ImageJ Threshold Color Plugin.
The resulting Ct values were normalized to two housekeeping genes (Ywhaz and Tbp) using the 2 -ΔΔCt method  (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001). Quantitative NanoString nCounter mRNA expression analysis Total RNA was isolated from spinal cords of P140 mice using the RNeasy Lipid Tissue Mini Kit (Qiagen), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Multiplexed mRNA analysis of 800 genes (nCounter Mouse Neuroinflammation Panel plus 30 additional genes [mainly known ALS genes]) was performed using the nCounter platform. The Cell Type Profiling Module of the nCounter Advanced Analysis 2. 0 plugin for the nSolver software (NanoString) was used to measure the abundance of various cell populations according to  Danaher et al. (2017). The method quantifies cell populations using marker genes that are expressed stably and specifically in given cell types (nCounter Advanced Analysis 2.
Statistics For comparison of multiple groups, the statistical significance of endpoints was evaluated by one-way ANO VA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons post hoc test when data were normally distributed. When data were not normally distributed, statistical significance of endpoints was evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons post hoc test. For comparison of two groups and normal distribution of data, the unpaired two-tailed Student's t test was used. Kaplan-Meier plots were analyzed using the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. See the analysis scheme in the supplemental dataset for statistical methods used for analysis of the NanoString nCounter mRNA data. Data are presented as means ± SEM in bar graphs. Statistical significance was reported by the P value of the statistical test procedures and was assessed as significant (*, P < 0.
05), strongly significant (**, P < 0. 01), or highly significant (***, P < 0. 001; ****, P < 0. 0001). All statistical analyses were performed with Prism software (version 7. 02; GraphPad Software). Online supplemental material Fig. S1  shows Kaplan-Meier plots for weight loss and maximum as well as half-maximum latency to fall in the rotarod test and a bar graph displaying disease duration of SOD1 G93A /Tbk1 +/-compared with SOD1 G93A mice. Fig. S2  shows analysis of protein levels of SOD1 and autophagy markers in spinal cord lysates and shows representative pictures of intra-and extramotorneural protein inclusions at P50 and P120. Furthermore, it shows quantification of astrocytes and microglia at P50.
Acknowledgments We thank  Christine V. Möser  and  Ellen Niederberger  ( Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/Zentrum für Arzneimittelforschung, Entwicklung und-Sicherheit, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany ) for sharing of mice and protocols. This work was funded by the  Baustein-Programm of the Medical Faculty of the University of Ulm  ( LSBR. 0030  to  D. Brenner ); by  The Bruno and Ilse Frick Foundation for ALS Research  (award 2015 to J. H. Weishaupt); and by the  Association pour la Recherche sur la Sclérose latérale amyotrophique et autres maladies du motoneurone (ARSla, France)  and l ' Aide à la Recherche des Maladies du Cerveau (ARMC, France)  (to  C. Lobsiger  and  S. Boillée ). The authors declare no competing financial interests. Author contributions:  D.
Clinical Data Collection Participants from the CoLaus/HypnoLaus study were invited to attend the outpatient clinic at the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland) in the morning after an overnight fast for questionnaire completion, clinical assessment, and blood sample collection. Body weight and height were measured using a calibrated scale and a vertical stadiometer, respectively (Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were evaluated in triplicate on the left arm at 5-minute intervals with the participant seated and resting for at least 10 minutes using a calibrated automated oscillometric sphygmomanometer (Omron HEM-907, Matsusaka, Japan). 14  Overnight fasting blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein of each participant. Glucose and total cholesterol were quantified by colorimetric assays as previously described.
In order to check for the robustness of the results, we performed several sensitivity analyses. First, we operationalized CVH as a continuous variable with the number of metrics at ideal level (0-7) and the sum of metrics at poor, intermediate, or ideal level (score ranging from 0 to 14) (Table  S1 ). Second, we reconstructed behavioral CVH without BMI and reran the analyses with and without adjustment for BMI. Third, we adjusted for depression and for sleeping pill and alcohol consumption (Data S1). Fourth, we performed multinomial regression including all sleep characteristics as explanatory variables for global CVH. Statistical significance was considered for a 2-sided test with P<0. 05.
Soil Material: Ottawa F-65 Sand Ottawa F-65 sand was chosen as the standard sand for LEAP-GWU-2015 and LEAP-UCD-2017. Ottawa F-65 sand is a clean (less than 0. 5% fines), sub-rounded to sub-angular whole grain silica sand, provided by US Silica, in Ottawa, Illinois. Specific gravity and grain size parameters determined during LEAP-GWU-2015 are summarized in Table  1. 1; results from maximum and minimum dry density tests are given in Table  1. 2. Additional material properties of Ottawa F-65 sand, including triaxial, simple shear, and permeability test data, may be found in the LEAP Soil Properties and Element Test Database  (Carey et al. 2017 ). It appears from standard deviations given in Table  1. 1 that the grain sizes of the tested sand were very consistent. (It should be noted that many sites used 0.
The methods described below should be used (modified from ASTM procedures). In addition, researchers may decide to measure the index densities using common standard procedures used in their country. A new section of the data reporting template for reporting the results of the grain size and maximum/minimum densities will be developed soon. D r ¼ ρ dmax ρ d À ρ dmin ð Þ ρ d ρ dmax À ρ dmin ð Þ ð1:1Þ Independent measurement of any of the soil properties should be reported using a spreadsheet with format consistent with the formats of existing soil properties in the LEAP Soil Properties and Element Test Database (https://nees. org/resources/ 13689/).