dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
• Questions transversales Better Regulation : bilan Le 15 avril la Commission a publié un bilan de sa politique de Better Regulation (BR) intitulé « Améliorer la réglementation : faire le point et maintenir notre engagement ». Il s'agit d'un document intéressant, certes pro domo mais assez lucide et franc. La Commission commence par expliquer que l'adoption de cette politique trouve son origine dans la volonté d'améliorer la gouvernance européenne (et d'ancrer le développement durable dans l'élaboration des politiques de l'Union). Elle redit qu'il ne s'agit ni d'une « procédure bureaucratique obscure » ni d'un « programme de dérèglementation caché » et que les buts recherchés sont d'une part d'accroître la transparence et l'obligation de rendre des comptes et d'autre part de préparer la prise de décision politique sur la base de données factuelles sans la remplacer.
Parce que ce qu'on leur demande, c'est finalement de partager avec tous les autres ce qu'ils savent, pour que tout le monde puisse faire un peu tout » (Responsable projet appliquant la méthode agile). Cette mise en visibilité attendue de son activité, de ses productions intermédiaires, voire de ses trucs et astuces, ne peut s'envisager qu'à condition d'être certain d'obtenir Les méthodes agiles et leurs contradictions SociologieS , Théories et recherches la même transparence de la part de ses pairs -les autres membres de l'équipe -et d'être convaincu qu'il ne sera pas fait un usage détourné de ce que l'on met en partage. Or, comment garantir cet arrière-fond de confiance quand l'entreprise recourt toujours à des dispositifs de gestion individualisés et que les perspectives d'évolution professionnelles en dépendent ? Par ailleurs, comme l'ont indiqué plusieurs de nos interlocuteurs, l'accès à la polyvalence informatique présuppose certaines dispositions, plus communes chez les développeurs open source -habitués à rechercher d'eux-mêmes des informations dans toutes les bases de données, tutoriels, etc.
Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics were performed to evaluate the repartition of the population by gender, age, type of blood drive, labeling condition, and number of blood/plasma donations. Age and number of previous donations were extracted from the National French Blood Institute's database. Chi Square analyses were performed comparing the number of "promises", "appointment", "concretized promises" and "concretized appointments" depending on the type of blood drive and the labeling condition. The probability of engagements' concretization was also compared depending on the type of engagement. An ANOVA (analysis of variance) and post-hoc tests (Tukey tests) were performed for each blood drive to compare donors' age and number of previous blood donation depending on labeling condition.
Ce travail a bénéficié d'une aide de l'Etat gérée par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche au titre du programme « Investissements d'avenir » Labex ITEM-ANR-10-LABX-50-01. Avec la participation de Coralie Vocanson, étudiante de Master recherche. REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUESASSENSC (2003) Le réseau d'entreprises : vers une synthèse des connaissances, Management International, 24(1) : 120-136. AUTANT-BERNARD C (2001) Science and knowledge flows: Evidence from the French case, Research Policy, 30(7) : 1069-1078. BERNARD P, VINCENTE J (2000) La diversité spatiale des modes de coopération, In : La coopération industrielle, VOISIN C, PLUNKET A, BELLON B (Ed. ), Economica : 237-253. BERTHINIER-PONCET A (2014) Gouvernance et dynamiques d'innovation au sein d'un technopôle : une analyse par les pratiques institutionnelles d'innovation, Management International, 19(1) : 94-112.
Participants were informed about the purpose of the study in a cover letter and were assured that their data would remain confidential. Participants had to give explicit consent to access the study. In addition, all research materials were uploaded to the Open Science Framework (https://osf. io/tf5uk/?view_only=9dce2d69f6cb498092f256d1cdf97f0f). Moreover, one should note that this sample was chosen for its specific suitability for the object under study (i. e. , laptops). Indeed, laptops are widely used by students, especially in connection with their studies for which it is an important tool used for taking notes during classes or performing tasks assigned as part of their curriculum  (Michaut & Roche, 2017). As such, given the issues associated with this tool, and on the basis of the criteria mentioned by  Moliner (1995) , laptops could be the object of a specific social representation for this population.
Inferred reliability In an exploratory way, we also asked the participants to evaluate through visual analogue scales (from 0% to 100%) the probabilities of the performance of the presented laptop decreasing in the following days, weeks, months, in the next six months, in the next year, or never. Finally, participants were also asked about their age, gender and their ownership of a laptop. Thus, as for data analysis, on the basis of our hypothesis, we expected to find --in the framework of factorial ANOVAs--an interaction effect between central cue (good vs. poor) and peripheral cue (good vs. poor) variables for quality assessment as well as purchase intentions.
Material and method We performed a retrospective, observational, and monocenter study from November 2015 to June 2018 in the Franche-Comté region where the prevalence of LB is high  [8]. All patients referred to infectious disease consultation for presumed LB were included in the study. Data required for the study completion was collected from the medical files of patients: age, sex, comorbidities (Charlson score, history of rheumatologic and psychiatric disorders), exposure to tick bites, number of functional signs presented, type of functional signs and onset. Collected functional signs were pain (neuropathic pain defined by electric shocks and/or burns), arthralgia, myalgia, general pain, asthenia, headaches, paresthesia, insomnia, memory disorders, inability to concentrate, irritability, and sadness.
Usual descriptive statistics were used for the statistical analysis. Data was expressed as numbers, percentages (categorical variables), or mean. All variables were assessed using a univariate analysis: qualitative variables were assessed with the Chi 2 test or Fisher's exact test, and continuous variables were assessed using Student's t test. A p value <0. 05 was considered significant. We used the SPSS v21 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
001; general pain, p=0. 048, irritability, p=0. 032, myalgia, p=0. 039; sadness, p=0. 021). However, the number of functional signs was not different. The retrospective collection of data may be responsible for the underestimation of functional signs in our study. We also did not use any quality of life scale and/or did not perform any neuropsychological evaluation to further assess cognitive complaints. However, physicians of our unit pay particular attention to patients consulting for presumed LB given the variety of possible differential diagnoses. All patients presenting with LB suspicion are assessed by a senior infectious disease specialist, who ask for a precise description of the patient's symptoms. A standardized grid for data collection is also completed by the senior physician during the consultation.
La classification CASPAR a été élaborée à partir d'une importante base de données, incluant 588 cas de RPso et 536 témoins (384 PR, 72 SA, 38 arthrites indifférenciées)  [6]. Sa mise en place s'est appuyée sur une analyse statistique élaborée, basée notamment sur un système de construction d'arbres de décision modélisant une régression (CART). Les performances de ces critères ont été jugées optimales, avec une spécificité de 98,7 % malgré une sensibilité de 91,4 %, légèrement inférieure aux critères de Vasey et Espinoza  [10, 18]. On note au sein de la population d'étude, la présence de FR chez 4,6 % et d'anti-CCP chez 7,6 % des RPso (versus 57 % et 55 %, respectivement, dans le groupe PR témoin). Les RIC évoluaient depuis > 10 ans dans les deux groupes (moyennes de 12,5 ans dans le groupe RPso et 13,3 ans dans le groupe témoin), ce qui générera des doutes quant à la validité de ces critères dans le RPso débutant.
Par ailleurs, un essai clinique randomisé serait nonéthique. Cela impose donc se pencher sur le devenir clinique des patients n'ayant pas suivi la PPE à son terme  [35]. Ce pourcentage de non complétude va se réduire en raison d'un protocole désormais plus court. Il faudra donc disposer de très importantes bases de données patients. Ceci est tout à fait envisageable grâce notamment à des outils électroniques améliorés, le nécessaire renforcement de la pharmacovigilance et la mise en place d'un réseau mondial à l'heure où les instances internationales visent à éliminer la rage humaine transmise par le chien d'ici 2030. • Remplacement des anticorps polyclonaux par des anticorps monoclonaux Les anticorps polyclonaux font partie de la préconisation de la PPE pour les victimes considérées de catégorie III, notamment ayant subi morsures ou griffures uniques ou multiples ayant traversé le derme, léchage de la peau lésée, contamination des muqueuses par de la salive après léchage, contact avec des chauves-souris  [27].
Material and methods We consulted the PubMed database to perform the present literature review. We included randomized and non-randomized human studies performed in controlled and uncontrolled groups, and published in English from June 1980 to August 2018. We included meta-analyses, literature reviews, and phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. We also included articles from the references of these selected articles. The following MeSH terms were used: "carbapenem", "imipenem", "meropenem", "administration", "dosage", "adverse effect", "metabolism", "pharmacokinetics", "pharmacology", "therapeutic use", "toxicity", "brain", "microbiota", "obesity", "critically ill", "children", and "pregnancy". Articles were selected based on their clinical relevance, quality, and reliability of studies.
Remerciements : Les auteurs remercient le soutien financier apporté à ce projet par l' European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD)  et l' Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR Glutadiab pour Nicolas Venteclef  ; MitoFLAME  ANR-19-CE14-0005  pour  Fawaz Alzaid ). Déclaration de liens d'intérêts : les auteurs déclarent ne pas avoir de liens d'intérêts.
a strategy of the Epstein-Barr virus to evade innate immunity REMERCIEMENTS Ces travaux ont été réalisés grâce à des finance- ments provenant du CNRS, de l'université Paris- Saclay, du DIM MALINF Région Île-de-France, et de l'agence nationale de la recherche (ANR- 14-CE14-0022). dation des mitochondries induite à la suite d'une infection virale constituerait un mécanisme proviral, car elle permettrait d'atténuer les défenses innées de la cellule et d'assurer la persistance virale. ‡ Mitophagy:.
with a major proportion (45. 6%) of full-length viral forms associated with two minor viral RNA populations, characterized by deletions ranging respectively from 8 to 36 (34. 1%) and 37 to 50 nucleotides (20. 3%) in the 5'uncoding region. Sequencing of the viral protein 1 (VP1) gene was performed and resulted in the genotypic identification of an original Echovirus-19 strain (GenBank accession no. MN596948); nucleotide and amino acid sequences percent identities were 78. 51% and 93. 42%, respectively, with the Echovirus-19 strain Burke (GenBank accession no. AY302544. 1). Sequence identities between the EMB virus isolate and the prototype Echovirus-19 strain Burke demonstrated a homologous serotype. Immunohistochemistry for VP1 detection was performed on heart biopsies and showed foci of positive cardiomyocytes surrounded by inflammatory infiltrates, indicating endomyocardial viral protein synthesis activities.
Apoptosis assay. Cells were seeded at 5 x 10 5 /mL in 24-well plates, with or without the compounds at 100 µM or 10 µM etoposide (VP16) as a positive control, and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Cells were then fixed and permeabilized using cytox/cytoperm solution (BD Bioscience), followed by the addition of antiactivated caspase 3-AlexaFluor 647 (Rabbit anti-active Caspase 3 clone C92-605, BD Pharmingen). Data acquisition was performed on a Cyan ADP LX7 (Beckman Coulter) or Fortessa X20 (BD Bioscience), followed by analysis using Flowjo 10 software.
Bladder-resident macrophage subsets have divergent transcriptomes Although bladder-resident macrophage subsets had similar ontogeny, their distinct spatial localization and surface protein expression suggested that they have different functions. To test this hypothesis, we first analyzed gene expression profiles of naïve adult female MacM and MacL macrophages using bulk RNA sequencing (RNAseq) (fig. S3A , gating strategy). To formally demonstrate that our cells of interest are macrophages, we aligned the transcriptomes of the bladder macrophage subsets with the macrophage core signature list published by the Immunological Genome Consortium and the bladder macrophage core list from the mouse cell atlas singlecell database  (35, 49). The MacM and MacL subsets expressed 80% of the genes from the Immunological Genome Consortium macrophage core signature list and more than 95% of the genes in the bladder macrophage core list (fig.
Sample size was based on our previous work and was not changed in the course of the study. In some cases, n was limited S C I E N C E A D V A N C E S | R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E 15 of 19 by the number of developing embryos available from timed pregnancies. Data collection is detailed below. Data from all repetitions were pooled before any statistical analysis. As determined a priori, all animals with abnormal kidneys (atrophied, enlarged, and white in color) at the time of sacrifice were excluded from all analyses, as we have observed that abnormal kidneys negatively affect resolution of infection. End points were determined before the start of experiments and researchers were not blinded to experimental groups.
Flow cytometry of bladder tissue and blood Samples were acquired on a BD LSRFortessa using DIVA software (v8. 0. 1), and data were analyzed by FlowJo (Treestar) software, including the plugins for downsampling, tSNE, and UMAP (version 10. 0). The analysis of bladder and blood was performed as described previously  (23). Briefly, bladders were dissected and digested in buffer containing Liberase (0. 34 U/ml) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C for 1 hour with manual agitation every 15 min. Digestion was stopped by adding PBS supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0. 2 M EDTA [fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) buffer]. Fc receptors in single-cell suspensions were blocked with anti-mouse CD16/CD32 and stained with antibodies. Total cell counts were determined by addition of AccuCheck counting beads to a known volume of sample after staining, just before cytometer acquisition.
Sequencing was performed with the Illumina HiSeq 2500 system and HiSeq SBS kit v4 reagents. Runs were carried out over 65 cycles, including seven indexing cycles, to obtain 65-bp single-end reads. Sequencing data were processed with Illumina Pipeline software (Casava version 1. 9). Reads were cleaned of adapter sequences and low-quality sequences using cutadapt version 1. 11. Only sequences of at least 25 nucleotides in length were considered for further analysis, and the five first bases were trimmed following the library manufacturer's instructions. STAR version 2. 5. 0a (94) , with default parameters, was used for alignment on the reference genome (Mus musculus GRCm38_87 from Ensembl version 87). Genes were counted using featureCounts version 1. 4. 6-p3 (95) from Subreads package (parameters: -t exon -g gene_id -s 1).
Count data were analyzed using R version 3. 4. 3 and the Bioconductor package DESeq2 version 1. 18. 1  (96). The normalization and dispersion estimation were performed with DESeq2 using the default parameters, and statistical tests for differential expression were performed applying the independent filtering algorithm. A generalized linear model was set to test for the differential expression among the four biological conditions. For each pairwise comparison, raw P values were adjusted for multiple testing according to the Benjamini and Hochberg procedure and genes with an adjusted P value lower than 0. 05 were considered differentially expressed. Count data were transformed using variance stabilizing transformation to perform samples clustering and PCA plot. The PCA was performed on the variance-stabilized transformed count matrix that was adjusted for the batch/replicate effect using the limma R package version 3.
44. 3. To perform pathway analysis, gene lists of DEGs were imported in the Cytoscape software (version 3. 7. 2), and analyses were performed using the ClueGO application with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes as the database. Significant pathways were selected using the threshold criteria Q < 0. 05; terms > 3 genes; % genes/term > 3;  0. 4.
Once there were no UTI89-RFP bacteria in the urine, mice were challenged with UTI89-GFP bacteria and euthanized 24 hours after challenge infection. To calculate CFU, bladders were aseptically removed and homogenized in 1 ml of PBS. Serial dilutions were plated on LB agar plates with antibiotics, as required. For in vitro infections, macrophage subsets were sorted from a pool of 10 bladders of naïve female C57BL/6J 7-to 8-week-old mice using FACS and 2 × 10 3 cells were incubated with 2 × 10 4 CFU of UPEC-RFP for 2 hours at 37°C. Cells were acquired on a BD LSR-Fortessa using DIVA software (v8. 0. 1) and data were analyzed by FlowJo (Treestar) software (version 10. 0).
Quantification of macrophage subsets, urothelial exfoliation, and tissue edema To quantify macrophage subsets in bladder tissue, six to seven images were randomly acquired of each of the areas of the muscle and lamina propria per mouse in wild-type C57BL/6 female mice with 40× magnification in an SP8 Leica microscope. Maximum intensity Z-projections were performed, and macrophage subsets were counted using Icy software (v1. 8. 6. 0). To quantify urothelial exfoliation and tissue edema, images from whole bladder cross sections were acquired using 20× magnification in an SP8 Leica microscope. Maximum intensity Z-projections were performed, the urothelium was delimited, and mean fluorescence intensity of uroplakin staining was measured using Fiji (v1. 51j) software. To quantify tissue edema, the lamina propria was delimited and the area was measured using Fiji software (v1.
A ce jour, seul le tocilizumab, un anticorps monoclonal dirigé contre les récepteurs solubles et membranaires de l'IL-6, qui bloque donc les deux voies de signalisation de l'IL-6, est indiqué pour le traitement de l'ACG. Une étude est en cours pour évaluer l'efficacité du sarilumab, qui cible également les récepteurs solubles et membranaires de l'IL-6, au cours de l'ACG (NCT03600805). Après des résultats prometteurs obtenus dans plusieurs séries ouvertes, un essai thérapeutique randomisé contre placebo incluant 30 patients dont 7 rechuteurs a montré l'efficacité du tocilizumab, à la dose de 8 mg/Kg/4 semaines pendant 52 semaines, en association avec la corticothérapie  [77]. Cependant, cette étude comporte un certain nombre de limites. Tout d'abord, le traitement était délivré en aveugle mais les données biologiques, en particulier la CRP et la VS qui sont indosables sous tocilizumab, ne l'étaient pas, ce qui permettait donc à l'investigateur de deviner à quel groupe appartenait le patient.
Dans cette étude monocentrique, ouverte et non comparative, l'ustekinumab, prescrit à 90 mg à S0, S4 puis toutes les 12 semaines, a été bien toléré et a permis de diminuer les doses de corticoïdes. Aucun patient n'a rechuté pendant la durée du traitement par ustekinumab mais 2 des 3 patients chez qui le traitement a été arrêté ont rechuté (PPR) respectivement 4 et 5 mois après l'arrêt du traitement  [88]. Nous menons actuellement une étude de phase II, randomisée et contrôlée comparant la prednisone seule versus l'ustekinumab (90 mg à S0, S4, S12 et S24) en association à la prednisone pour le traitement des rechutes d'ACG (NCT03711448).
Aucun patient atteint d'ACG et traité par inhibiteur de JAK n'a encore été rapporté à ce jour mais 2 essais thérapeutiques sont en cours. Le premier est une étude pilote de phase 2 évaluant le baracitinib, un inhibiteur de JAK1 et JAK2, au cours des rechutes d'ACG (NCT03026504). Le second (NCT03725202), qui n'a pas encore débuté, sera une étude de phase 3 évaluant l'efficacité de l'upadacitinib, un inhibiteur de JAK1, au cours de l'ACG active (diagnostic ou rechute).
Data from passive surveillance We collected the annually numbers of suspected cases and deaths due to meningitis reported during the meningitis epidemics periods from the different national health systems to WHO using the different following official websites pages consulted on May We obtained data on suspected cases and deaths of meningitis between 1928 and 2018, as defined according to WHO guidelines  [2]  at the health area spatial scale in the different countries. We also collected additional data from previous research on meningitis epidemics in Africa from 1996 to 2006 (Kante, 2008). These data are freely available and accessible at: http:// www. prome dmail. chip/ mailm an/ listi nfo/ promed and http:// www. flutr ackers. com/ forum).
Data from laboratory analysis (confirmed cases) We obtained the database of confirmed cases from 1928 to 2017 in Africa from WHO, which presents the information about all CSF samples received for meningitis diagnosis, including the date of sampling, number of positive samples, the pathogen identified by Latex test, culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Due to the lack of data precision, only data from the years 2000 to 2017 were used in the present review. All data were collected on the WHO website at Iris/who/int and https:// www. who. int/ csr/ don/ archi ve/ disea se/ menin gococ cal_ disea se/ en/ (accessed 9. 5. 19).
Data analysis Spatial analyses of meningitis cases were performed with the softwares QGIS 2. 14 (QGIS project, 2013) and Excel ®. Graphics: Annual evolution of meningitis cases and deaths was performed with data from 1928 to 2018, using the Excel ® software. Development of thematic maps: Maps showing cases distribution in Africa (meningitis belt or outside the belt) from 1928 to 2018 by states were performed using QGIS, using base maps extracted from Healthmapper ® software produced by WHO. States with the highest attack rates ≥ 100,000 cases were considered to be the most affected by this infection. We also developed maps showing the different spatial distributions for the different categories of pathogens causing bacterial meningitis according to positive meningitis samples collected in Africa from 2000 to 2017 (see above) by states, and performed using QGIS, using base maps extracted from Healthmapper ® software produced by WHO.
Acknowledgements Authors thank members of  URF-ECMI (Training and Research Unit in Ecology of infectious diseases, Medicine Faculty, University of Kinshasa, DRC)  for data entry and librarian at the WHO office in Brazzaville. We thank  Pr. Brian Greenwood  for his constructive comments and advices on an earlier version of this paper and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on a previous version of this article.
Funding The study was funding by the NGO « Organisation pour le Développement Durable de Mai-ndombe» (NGO ODDM), the URF-ECMI (Training and Research Unit in Ecology of infectious diseases, Medicine Faculty, University of Kinshasa, DRC) and UMR MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS IRD UM, Montpellier, France. JFG is supported by an "Investissement d' Avenir" managed by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (LabEx CEBA: ANR-10-LABX-25-01), and is also supported by Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Institut national de la recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Université de Montpellier and Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP).