dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test), even in presence of BBG (P < 0. 01) and 10 Px1 (P < 0. 05; Wilcoxon signed-rank test). On the contrary, LPS does not induce any Etd uptake increase in presence of CBX, Gap26, or Gap26/ 10 Px1 compared with control condition (P > 0. 05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). (C) Averaged data normalized to control (dashed line) of the Etd uptake rate of hippocampal astrocytes treated with LPS (50 ng/mL, 3 h) alone or in presence of carbenoxolone (CBX, 200 lM) in acute slices derived from either transgenic GFAP-eGFP or non-transgenic C57BL/6 mice. Note that for the analysis, Etd uptake was measured in GFAP-eGFP cells uniquely from transgenic mice or in all cells positive for Etd from both transgenic GFAP-eGFP and nontransgenic C57BL/6 mice. Data are obtained from 3 to 20 independent experiments.
#P < 0. 05; ###P < 0. 001: Etd uptake is increased by LPS treatment compared with control condition (Wilcoxon signed-rank test); *P < 0. 05; **P < 0. 01; ***P < 0. 001: effect of CBX compared with the effect induced by LPS alone on Etd uptake (two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test). (D) Comparison of Etd uptake in LPS-treated astrocytes of acute hippocampal slices derived from non-transgenic C57BL/6, and for transgenic Cx30-deficient (Cx302/2), Cx43-deficient (Cx43(fl/ fl):GFAP-cre) and double Cx30/Cx43-deficient (Cx30(2/2)Cx43(fl/fl):GFAP-cre) mice. Averaged data normalized to Etd uptake obtained in control condition (without LPS, dashed line) for the corresponding mouse line. Data are obtained from 6 to 11 independent experiments. #P < 0. 05, ##P < 0. 01, ###P < 0. 001: LPS vs. control **P < 0.
Data are obtained from four to seven independent experiments. *P < 0. 05; effect of different blockers compared with the effect induced by LPS alone on Etd uptake (Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's Multiple Comparison post hoc test). Note that there is no significant difference between LPS-induced Etd uptake in presence of CBX or La 31. Moreover, compared with control condition (without LPS), Etd uptake is increased by LPS treatment, even in presence of BBG but not in presence of CBX or La 31 (P > 0. 05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Note that blockers (B-D) were applied 15 min before and during Etd measurements. FIGURE 5: Activated Cx43 hemichannels allow calcium influx into astrocytes in acute LPS-treated hippocampal slices. (A) Fluorescent images of astrocytes from acute hippocampal slices derived from nontransgenic C57BL/6 (WT) mice preloaded with Fluo 4/AM (4 lM; green, left panels) and labeled with SR 101 (1 lM; red, middle panels) at low (upper panels, scale bar 20 lm) and high (lower panels, scale bar 10 lm) magnification were superimposed to demonstrate the colocalization between Fluo 4/AM and SR 101 stainings (yellow, right panels).
Data are obtained from at least three independent experiments with a number of cells ranging from 39 to 179. In WT mice, among all tested treatments, only LPS significantly increases [Ca 21 ] i compared with control (###P < 0. 001). ***P < 0. 001, comparison with the effect induced by LPS alone on Etd uptake (Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's Multiple Comparison test). No difference in the basal [Ca 21 ] i level is observed between astrocytes from WT and Cx30(2/2)Cx43(fl/fl):GFAP-cre mice (two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test). However, LPS effect on [Ca 21 ] i level is significantly different in these two genotypes since it only induces a slight increase in Cx30(2/2)Cx43(fl/fl):GFAP-cre astrocytes (&P < 0. 05, Mann-Whitney U-test) compared with WT (P < 0. 001, two-way ANOVA). (D) Averaged data of fluorescence levels in arbitrary units (AU) in astrocytes from Fluo-4/AM preloaded slices derived from non-transgenic C57BL/6 (WT) mice under control conditions, treated with LPS (50 ng/mL, 3 h) in presence of blockers of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1ra and rmsTNF-aR1; 300 ng/mL each) applied 15 min before and all through the LPS treatment and treated with proinflammatory cytokines TNF-a (20 ng/mL; 3 h) or IL-1b (20 ng/mL; 3 h), or with a mixture (MIX) of both alone or in presence of Gap26 (0.
16 mM; MIX1Gap26) applied 15 min before and all through the MIX treatment. Data are obtained from at least 3 independent experiments with a number of cells ranging from 26 to 125. ***P < 0. 001, comparison of the effect of LPS in WT mice in presence of inhibitors of cytokines (IL-1ra and sTNF-aR1; 300 ng/mL each) with the effect induced by LPS alone on Ca 21 levels (two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test). Treatments with cytokines, TNF-a (20 ng/mL; 3 h), IL-1b (20 ng/ mL; 3 h), or a mixture (MIX) of both significantly increase intracellular Ca 21 compared with control (###P < 0. 001) but the effect of MIX is significantly larger than the effect of TNF-a (P < 0. 001, two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test) and from the effect IL-1b (P < 0. 001, twotailed Mann-Whitney U-test) applied alone. The increase in Ca 21 levels by MIX is totally prevented by the hemichannel blocker Gap26 (0.
Note that minocycline and cytokine blockers were applied 15 min before and all through the LPS treatment whereas CBX was applied 15 min before and during Etd uptake recordings. Data are obtained from 3 to 20 independent experiments. ###P < 0. 001, #P < 0. 05, they indicate that Etd uptake is significantly different from control condition without any treatment (signed-rank Wilcoxon test). The effect of the MIX was not significantly different than the effect of LPS alone (P > 0. 5, Mann-Whitney U-test). **P < 0. 01; ***P < 0. 001, effect of minocycline (Kruskal Wallis followed by Dunn's Multiple Comparison test) or inhibitors of cytokine receptors treatments (two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test) compared with the effect induced by LPS on Etd uptake; &P < 0. 05; &&P < 0. 01, effect of cytokines TNF-a and IL-1b and CBX compared with the effect induced by MIX on Etd uptake (two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test).
Acknowledgment Grant sponsor:  Caisse de Retraite et de Pr evoyance des Clercs et Employ es de Notaires (CRPCEN) ,  Ligue Europ eenne Contre la Maladie d'Alzheimer and France Alzheimer (LECMA)  (to C. G. ),  International Brain Organization (IBRO) ,  College de France (Paris, France) ,  Comisi on Sectorial de Investigaci on Cient ıfica de la Universidad de la Rep ublica Oriental del Uruguay (CSIC, UDELAR) , and  Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de la Rep ublica Oriental del Uruguay  (to V. A. ),  CNRS, INSERM, Conseil R egional d'Aquitaine  and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  (to J. P. M. ),  ANR ,  City of Paris and F ed eration pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau (FRC)  (to N. R. ), and  Labex Memolife  (to G. D. ). The authors are grateful to the  INSERM Unit U862  and  Dr.
Image analyses Heatmap representation was obtained using the MatLab software. For each gray value in an 8-bit image, pixels were counted in the defined interval and then transformed in a heatmap with calibration bar representing the relative abundance of GFP (0 to 100 %). GFP high cells are cells with a 100 % relative abundance of GFP (red cells on heatmaps). Calculation of the distance to the nearest neighbor was done using the software R (see Additional file 2 for details). The measurement of surface overlap was done as described in (Laussu et al. Antagonistic Eph:ephrin signaling patterns the ventral neural tube, Submitted).
Acknowledgements We thank  Dr Novitch  for sharing the Olig2-Cre mice and  Ralf Adams  for the EfnB2 flox mice. The Lim1 antibody was a kind gift from  Dr Jessell. We are indebted to  Artur Kania  and  Tzu-Jen Kao  for their expertise on back fill experiments and for insightful discussions. We are greatful to our laboratory colleagues for critical reading of the manuscript. Confocal images were acquired at the  Rio Imaging Plateform (Toulouse)  with the help of  Brice Ronsin. Mice  were housed at the  Anexplo ABC facility. This work was supported by a grant from  Association Française contre les Myopathies  to AD. ML was the recipient of a studentship from  CNRS/Région Midi-Pyrénées. JL was a recipient of a  MESR studentship. Both ML and JL obtained funding from  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale.
Again it was valuable to determine whether quantitative T2 mapping would be able to evaluate disease activity in less aggressive forms of muscle dystrophy, like adult Pompe patients. The benefit obtained by enzyme replacement therapy has been difficult to demonstrate unambiguously at least in adult Pompe patients  (Güngör et al 2013). A further challenge for quantitative NMR imaging is to provide direct evidence of the effect of treatment on muscle structure and to gain acceptance as an outcome measure  (Lachmann and Schoser 2013). Muscle imaging, including quantitative sequences, has been part of the routine yearly follow up of the Pompe patients at the Institute of Myology, Paris for several years. Using this database, we decided to address several questions: -Can quantitative water-fat imaging of skeletal muscle assess the progression of the fatty degenerative changes in muscles of adult Pompe patients? -What degree of disease activity and what percentages of muscle involved does T2 mapping measure in the same patients? -Is there a link between disease activity, as measured by T2 maps, and progression of the fatty degenerative changes in this population? -Does enzyme replacement therapy have an effect on the progression of muscle damages in adult Pompe patients? Subjects/materials and methods.
This structure governs directly the systematic evolution in the spectrum of UPOs and the topological structure of the chaotic attractors in squarewave bursters (or fold/hom bursters) when control param-  Bifurcation analysis provides several insights into the spike-adding process and the creation of chaotic lobes. Fig. 4  provides a magnification of Fig. 2 , specifying several codimension-one bifurcation lines: homoclinic, period-doubling, and fold bifurcations (or saddle-node of limit cycles) as well as spike-adding and some codimen-sion two orbit-flip homoclinic bifurcation points. These bifurcation lines have been obtained using the continuation software AUTO and the SPC technique. In  [5, 21, 22] , the role of these bifurcations in the spike-adding process and their influence in the creation of the chaotic structures has been shown.
Andrey Shilnikov for many interesting discussions and common work on this subject. M. L has been supported by Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Nord-Pas de Calais Regional Council and FEDER through the Contrat de Projets État-Région (CPER) 2007-2013, as well as by the French National Research Agency (ANR) through the LABEX CEMPI project (ANR-11-LABX-0007).
Results The raw data are within the Supporting Information file S1 Dataset. Individual performances are presented in Table  1. The Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed a main Group Effect on velocity (H(2, 15) = 7. 62, p < 0. 05, η² = 0. 49), on rate (H(2, 15) = 12. 52, p < 0. 001, η² = 0. 83), on dysfluency (H (2, 15) = 10. 39, p < 0. 01, η² = 0. 83), on percentage of pen lift duration (H(2, 15) = 6. 03, p < 0. 05, η² = 0. 49), on MT (H(2, 15) = 12. 5, p < 0. 001, η² = 0. 73), and on trace length (H(2, 15) = 9. 42, p < 0. 01, η² = 0. 49). P-values for the multiple comparisons tests are presented in Table  2.
Results The scores given by the listeners are within the Supporting Information file S2 Dataset. Analysis of variance. The ANOVA revealed a main effect of "Knowledge" (F(1, 47) = 6. 45, p < 0. 05, η G ² = 0. 02). Results are presented in Fig 1. As a whole, the mean scores were lower in the 'explicit' than in the 'implicit' condition. The "Category" factor was also significant (F(2, 94) = 166. 91, p < 0. 0001, η G ² = 0. 62). The post-hoc tests revealed that the scores attributed to the three categories of writers were significantly different, both under 'implicit' and 'explicit' conditions. Finally, the "Knowledge" by "Category" interaction was significant (F(2, 94) = 28. 79, p < 0. 0001, η G ² = 0. 10). As can be seen in Fig  1 , the between group differences were greater in the 'explicit' than in the 'implicit' condition.
Results The scores given by the participants are within the Supporting Information file S3 Dataset. The results are presented in Fig 3. The first ANOVA on the mean scores revealed no main effect of modality (F(1, 62) = 1. 62, n. s. ): The overall mean score attributed to the writers was the same in both evaluations. The "Category" factor gave rise to a significant effect (F(2, 124) = 213. 87, p < 0. 001, η G ² = 0. 59). The post-hoc tests of the main effect showed that, for both auditory and visual modality, the scores attributed to the three categories of writers were significantly different. The "Modality" by "Category" interaction was also significant (F(2, 124) = 29. 80, p < 0. 001, η G ² = 0. 17). The post-hoc tests of this interaction revealed that the scores in auditory and visual evaluation were not different except in children with dysgraphia where they were significantly lower in the auditory evaluation (Fig 3  , left ).
However, the results of the visual experiment confirmed that visual examination of the static written trace cannot easily show difficulties in movement. Objective digitizerbased analyses enable the capture of information on handwriting dynamics, providing data beyond that which is observable to the human eye  [45]. Handwriting sonification could therefore be a supplementary tool, comparable to the stethoscope, allowing the therapist to hear the handwriting movement and to estimate by ear whether these movements are correct. The aim of sonification is not to replace the classical visual assessment of handwriting, but to improve it by making possible to perceive new features of handwriting which are hidden to the therapist and which can be useful for the diagnosis of dysgraphia. The static trace (handwriting quality) might be visually analyzed with the classical BHK items, whereas handwriting fluency (movement quality) might be perceived by ear.
This work, carried out within the  Labex Brain & Language Research Institute (BLRI ,  ANR-11-LABX-0036 , http://www. blri. fr/),has benefited from support from the  French government , managed by the  French National Agency for Research (ANR) , under the project title  Investments of the Future A Ã MIDEX  ( ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ) and under the project  METASON CONTINT  ( ANR-10-CORD-0003 , http://metason. cnrs-mrs. fr/).
Data Acquisition and Analysis The position signal from the 2 potentiometers was digitized (sampling rate: 1 kHz; PCI-6023E, National Instruments, Austin, TX), and stored on a personal computer for offline analysis. Then, these signals were low-pass filtered offline (16 Hz) with a fourth order, zero-phase-lag, Butterworth filter (see  Davare et al. , 2007b for details). We measured the following movement variables: (1) the reaction time (RT), defined as the delay between target onset and the moment when wrist position first exceeded the mean baseline position by 2 SD or more; (2) The movement time (MT), defined as the delay between wrist movement onset and the time the cursor velocity dropped below 5% of the velocity peak and remained stable for at least 700 ms in the Target-OFF condition or inside the target for the Target-ON condition; (3) The displacement ratio (DR), measured by computing the ratio between the total distance traveled by the wrist and the distance between the start and end point of the trajectory.
Statistical Analysis First, we performed repeated-measure analyses of variance (ANOVA-RM) for each TMS site separately (left mIPS, right mIPS, left PMd and right PMd), with TMS DELAY (13 levels: no-TMS and 12 bins), HEMIFIELD (ipsi-or contralateral) and target DISPLAY conditions (Target-ON or Target-OFF) as within-subject factors. In order to increase the number of data points per condition and per subject when analysing the movement variables, we pooled together all targets of different eccentricities and directions from the same hemifield. All movement parameters were averaged per condition within each subject. The ANOVA-RM analyses were performed with the SAS Enterprise Guide software, Version 5. 1. (Copyright © 2012 SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). We performed planned comparisons, investigating selectively the relevant contrasts, and used Tukey correction for multiple comparisons.
Acknowledgments This work was performed at the  Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS) of the Université catholique de Louvain (Brussels, Belgium) ; it was supported by grants to EO from the  ARC  ( Actions de Recherche Concertées ,  Communauté Française de Belgique ), from the  Fondation Médicale Reine Elisabeth (FMRE)  and from the  Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS-FDP ). MD is funded by a  BBSRC David Phillips fellowship (UK) , the  Royal Society (UK)  and a  FWO Odysseus project  ( Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Belgium ). AZ is a Senior Research Associate supported by  INNOVIRIS.
This approach is based on two methods frequently used to study behaviors and emotions, such as psychophysiological correlates  [30]  and eye movements recording  [31] [32] [33] [34]. Thanks to this integrated psychophysiological approach we aimed to overcome two principal limits related to the use of self-reports and behavioral data for assessment. At first, we would potentially index important processes which underlie affective responsivity but are not accessible to consciousness  [35]. Secondly, we were interested in assessing emotional responding during the communication without interfering with the process. In this sense, psychophysiological measures allow us to continuously measure the temporal course of affective responding. The more common alternative of obtaining self-reports immediately after the episode is completed does not assess the temporal course of affective responsivity and may not even be particularly accurate indices of individuals' integrated responsivity over the course of the episode  [36, 37].
Signal Acquisition and Data Analysis. The experiment was carried out in two labs, each one equipped with two portable PCs, one for delivering the stimuli and acquiring eye-tracker data and the other for psychophysiological signal recording. The physiological signals were acquired using a ProComp Infiniti device from Thought Technology, including Biograph Infiniti 5. 0. 2 software to record and export all raw signals. Every channel was synchronously acquired at 2048 Hz and exported at least a 256 Hz sampling rate (every 3. 90625 milliseconds) or higher where needed. The pupillometry data were acquired using two Tobii x-series, including Tobii Studio software to record all raw signals, then exported, and resampled at 60 Hz. In our study, by using the eye-tracker data extraction, we obtained for each participant a matrix of gaze and pupil data corresponding to stimuli presentation (such as the webpage for Google video chat); in particular, we collected 50 rows for each second (sampling to 50 Hz), thereby making it possible to establish the exact period previously indicated.
Data Analysis Raw data were preprocessed using custom-written functions in MATLAB (MathWorks, USA). Briefly, raw data were explored to detect MUA, following which the raw data were down-sampled to 1000 Hz. MUA was detected at a band-passed signal (>400 Hz and <4000 Hz), where all negative events exceeding 3. 5 standard deviations were considered to be spikes. Further analysis of extracellular units and LFP data were performed using customwritten, MATLAB-based programs. Power spectral density was estimated using direct multitaper estimators (10 Hz bandwidth, 3 tapers, 200 ms spectral window padded to double its length with zeros). To remove the slow frequency envelope, the LFP was whitened prior to spectral analysis. For whitening LFP signal was fitted with 2nd order autoregressive (AR) model  (Mitra and Pesaran, 1999)  and then the same filter coefficients were used across all channels and animals to remove the low frequency component accounted by the AR model.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by  INSERM  (LIA to RK),  FRM  ( DEQ20110421301  to RK), the  Government of the Russian Federation  (grant to leading scientist  11. G34. 31. 0075  to RK), and the program of competitive growth of  Kazan University  (DS, MM). We thank  Drs. Anton Sirota ,  Alfonso Represa  and our colleagues at  INMED  for the valuable comments on the manuscript.
Acquisition and signal processing The force and EMG signals were digitized with a 16-bit A/D convertor (NI PCI 6229, National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) at a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz. The A/D convertor was synchronized with the camera by means of a trigger signal. Acquisition and signal processing were performed using custom software (LABVIEW 2010, National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA). Computation of the vertical acceleration, velocity and displacement of the COM. The vertical acceleration, velocity and displacement of the COM were computed from the force recordings  [22, 23]. Each jump started with the subject standing still prior to the initiation of the CMJ, and ended when the subject returned to his/her initial upright position; i. e. when the vertical position of the marker on the chin-neck intercept at the end of the CMJ was within ± 0.
This work was supported by  ESA-Prodex  ( 4000103291 ,  Belgium ) and co-funded by the  Government of Luxembourg (Ministry of Higher Education and Research)  through an  ESA  Contract in the  Luxembourg Third Party Programme  ( 4000107923/13/NL/KML ). The view expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the  European Space Agency. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Quantitative analysis using computerized stereology Serial sections taken every 0. 3 mm from a 3mm-long block rostral to the injury were subjected to immunostaining with different antibodies or TUNEL assay for detection of apoptotic cells. After immunostaining, cross sections were examined at 60Â magnification by light microscopy equipped with a digital camera Panasonic GPKR222 connected to an Olympus BH2 microscope. Image analysis was performed using Image J NIH image analysis software. The number of total immunopositive cells was estimated using the optical dissector method using total section thickness for dissector height and a counting frame of 50 Â 50 mm  [40]. Section thickness was estimated using the fluorescent properties of hematoxylin in counterstained sections examined under with a Nikon Eclipse E 800 confocal laser microscope.
Gene Primer sequence Gen bank accession number IL1b F: 5 0 CAACCAACAAGTGATATTCTCCATG 3 0 NM_008361 R: 5 0 GATCCACACTCTCCAGCTGCA 3 0 TNF a F: 5 0 GAAAAGCAAGCAGCCAACCA 3 0 NM_013693 R: 5 0 CGGATCATGCTTTCTGTGCTC 3 0 IL 6 F: 5 0 GAG GATACCACTCCCAACAGACC 3 0 NM_031168 R: 5 0 AAGTGCATCATCGTTGTTCATACA 3 0 exception of IL1b mRNA, which remained higher than in controls at day 3 (A). Prominent responses to SCI were also obtained for the IL1b receptors. This applied to IL1b R1 (B), a receptor connected to inflammatory and immune gene expression  [41] , IL1b R2 (C) a decoy and negative regulator of the cytokine, and the antagonist IL1b Ra  [42]  (D). The mRNAs of these molecules were upregulated at 6 h and 1 day post-injury, while IL1b Ra still remained higher than control at day 3 (D). Progesterone treatment resulted in a generalized reduction in mRNA of the proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes upregulated by SCI (Fig.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants from the  Ministry of Science and Technology  ( PICT 2012-0009 ), the  National Research Council of Argentina  ( PIP 112 20120100016 ), the  University of Buenos Aires  ( Ubacyt 20020100100089 ) and  Roemmers Fundation. These funding sources did not have a role in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The authors report no conflict of interests.