dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Likewise, the stress overload in the ARES lets the imposed strain be reached in a longer t 0. However, the relaxation modulus G(t,γ 0 ) keeps going down to lower levels rather than shifting to higher levels,asintheDHR,asthestrain amplitude is increased under the stress overload state. Despite this, it is quite clear that data collected under stress overload conditions either from stress-controlled or from straincontrolled rheometer are out of the confidence range. With regard to the relaxation response difference between the stress-and the strain-controlled rheometers upon stress overloading, it is crucial to understand the working principle of these two types of rheometer in operating a step strain experiment. In the strain-controlled mode, a strain displacement is applied by the motor, and the resulting torque (stress) is measured separately on the other side of the sample by an additional force transducer.
All of these can and often will cause errors or inconsistencies in the data analysis accuracy. Therefore, a confidence window needs to be defined. To that end, we tried to study and discuss physically the onset of the rheological nonlinearity under some theoretical frameworks like tube models incorporating the CCR mechanism. Both stress-and strain-controlled rheometers were used for the step strain experiments of polymer melts, and their difference were investigated based on their distinct working principles. The strain overshoot arising from inertia effect in stresscontrolled mode varies with strain, as it experiences a maximum before diminishing when the imposed strain amplitude is increased. The overshoot appears to subtly affect the relaxation modulus G(t,γ 0 ) in the transient period, by producing a small twist, the effect of which on long time data however is negligible.
6 eV) X-ray source. XPS analyses were performed in hybrid mode (magnetic and electrostatic detections) with scanning energy in the analyzer of 20 eV for each element. The binding energies were calibrated using C1S peak of contaminant carbon (BE = 284. 6 eV). The Zr atomic percent was determined from the sum of the areas of Zr 3d5/2 and Zr 3d3/2 peaks using the VISION software (Kratos). Surface oxygen exchange between gaseous oxygen species ( 18 O 2 ) and bulk YSZ atoms ( 16 O) was carried out at 500 °C. The powder of YSZ (20 mg) was exposed to 1% 18 O 2 in He for 1 h. The different oxygen species, 16  Catalytic performances of YSZ were performed by using Temperature-Programmed Oxidation (TPO) tests on powder mixtures. Soot was collected from the mini-CAST outlet within a beaker covered with a filter paper.
YSZ powder characterizations The YSZ commercial powder was characterized by using different techniques. X-ray diffraction data of the YSZ commercial powder confirm the cubic fluorite structure (Fig. 1S ). Textural characterizations display that the powder contained large spherical agglomerates with diameters in the range 20-160 lm (Fig. 2S ). The YSZ powder presented a mesoporous behavior with a low BET surface area of 14 m 2 g À1 (Fig. 3S , Table  1S ). The pores presented a double distribution in size with a predominant centered at around 2. 5 nm and a second one at 35 nm (Fig. 4S ). Therefore, soot particulates which present a diameter between 30 and 300 nm cannot penetrate into the porosity of the YSZ grains. ICP analysis only revealed the presence of chlorine and sodium (Table  1S ), which was not observed on the surface by using XPS.
We thank  L. Bocquet  for discussions about the fluidity model for which he provided insight and calculations. We thank  J. L. Barrat  for suggesting to us that the radial dependence of the fluidity may be important and  A. Colin  for discussions and input on the fluidity model. An anonymous referee helped us in making a more robust analysis. We thank  Zhongcheng Pan  for help with the emulsion experiments. N. Louvet benefited from a grant by  Solvay-Rhodia. This research was partially funded by financial support from  IUF.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge many fruitful discussions with  Dr. G. Ghigliotti  at  University of Nice Sophia Antipolis , and  Dr. A. Farutin  at  University Grenoble Alpes. This work was supported by the  German Science Foundation research initiative SFB1027  and the graduate school GRK 1276, by  DFH/UFA  (the  German French University ). M. T. and C. M. acknowledge financial support from  CNES (Centre d'Etudes Spatiales)  and  ESA (European Scape Agency).
The detection limit in the measurements was 10 and 100 ppm for CO and CO 2 , respectively (with the TCD). Species identification was performed with a third gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The mass spectra of most species were included in the NIST08 spectra database  [24]. The residence time for each mixture was 2. 0 s and the pressure was fixed to 106. 7 kPa (800 Torr). The exact compositions of the mixtures studied are included in Table  2. Concentration profiles of stable species such as oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethylene, acetylene, ethane, propene, allene, propyne, acetaldehyde, butene isomers, 1,3-butadiene, methyl oxirane, acrolein, propanal, acetone, benzene, 1,5-hexadiene were measured during the experiments.
C 3 H 6 +O 2 ↔ Products For hydrogen atom abstraction by molecular oxygen, only the reaction resulting in the formation of allyl and hydroperoxyl radicals was found to be sensitive, the other pathways were not competitive. Baulch et al. [53]  and Tsang  [9]  reported rate constants based on extensive literature reviews. Barbé et al. [54]  studied this reaction experimentally. They carried out a measurement at 800 K using a conventional static system and their results showed good agreement with a previous experimental measurement from  Stothard and Walker [55] , who measured rate constants in the temperature range 673-793 K. Goldsmith et al. [56]  investigated this reaction theoretically as part of their study of the reactions between allyl and hydroperoxyl radicals. In order to directly compare this rate constant, it was written in the opposite direction using the CHEMRev software  [57].
64-2. 19 are reported. These measurements were obtained at lower temperatures than previously investigated. Some challenges remain with the mechanism performance, as the current kinetic scheme consistently results in the over-prediction of acetone and acetylene and under-prediction propanal, and benzene formed. The mechanism will be developed and improved as further experimental and theoretical data becomes available in order to enhance performance for these species. Speciation profiles were measured in two different flow reactors: the Princeton VPFR and the HPLFR. Data from the VPFR were obtained over the temperature range 843-1047 K and the pressure range 6-12. 5 atm for varying equivalence ratios. The data from the HPLFR were obtained at 800 K and 15 atm over a range of equivalence ratios under nearly isothermal flow conditions.
Acknowledgements Work at Princeton University was supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Science , both as part of the  Combustion Energy Frontier Research Center , an  Energy Frontier Research Center  funded under award number  DE-SC0001198 , as well as under award number  DE-FG02-86ER13503  administered by the  Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division. The authors also thank  Ms. Lily Zheng  for assistance in performing VPFR experiments.
Acknowledgments This research has been partially supported by the  Spanish Government and FEDER  through the Research projects  MTM2009-07719 ,  MTM2009-11923 ,  MTM2012-38383-C02-01 ,  MTM2012-38383-C02-02  and by the  Andalusian government  through the projects  P11-FQM8179  and  P11-RNM7069. Part of this work was done while P. V. was visiting E. D. F. -N. and J. M. G. , during a stay in 2012 thanks to a grant from the  Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Matemáticas de la Universidad de Sevilla (IMUS). P. V. wishes to thank everyone at  IMUS  for their hospitality. The  support of French ANR  Grant  ANR-08-JCJC-0104  is also gratefully acknowledged.
Statistical Analysis For real feeding experiments, body weight and adiposity comparisons between groups were performed using two-way repeated measures (diet, strain) analysis of variance (rmANOVA). Differences between groups for sucrose preference, acceptance, and total caloric intake were subjected to three-way (strain, concentration, diet) rmANOVA. Total caloric intake data was presented as daily average of calories from total 48 h solid food and sucrose solution intake. For OGTT, blood glucose levels were analyzed at every time point by two-way (diet, strain) ANOVA. For sham feeding, total 60 min intake of sucrose (in ml) was subjected to three-way (diet, strain, concentration) rmANOVA. Values from qPCR were analyzed using two-way (diet, strain) ANOVA. For all studies, analyses of variance were followed by post-hoc Bonferroni tests, where appropriate.
Clinical Procedures Study children were managed according to established clinical guidelines of the hospital, including rehydration, nutritional rehabilitation, and management of pneumonia and hypoxaemia (defined as SpO 2 ,90% as study site is at sea level)  [16, 17]. Clinical and demographic data were collected using a case record form designed for this study, pre-tested and finalised. Chest radiography was done for all study children, following the hospital's standard of care, and other investigations included a tuberculin skin test (TST), a blood culture, and microscopy and culture of gastric lavage and induced sputum (a single sample of each from each child) as previously described  [18]. A standard procedure of TST was followed and induration measured at 72 hours  [19]. Both sputum sampling procedures were performed after the children had fasted for 4 hours.
Data Analysis Case Report Forms were developed, pretested, and finalized for data acquisition. Data were entered using SPSS for Windows (version 17. 0; SPSS Inc, Chicago) and Epi Info (version 6. 0, USD, Stone Mountain, GA). We evaluated the frequencies of bacterial isolates from blood culture and of M. tuberculosis by culture and Xpert MTB/RIF from sputum. For continuous data, mean (standard deviation) and median (inter-quartile range) are reported for symmetrically and asymmetrically distributed data respectively, with comparisons by t test and Mann-Whitney test. For categorical data, differences in proportions are compared by the Chi-square test. Strength of association was determined by calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF compared to culture.
Background: Indian Academy of Pediatrics(IAP) in collaboration with its Kutch branch has started web based Infectious Disease Surveillance and AEFI (Adverse Event Following Immunization) reporting system. The Objectives of the project are to develop an early warning system for pediatric infectious diseases in India, to generate data on burden of infectious diseases in India and to generate data on serious AEFI. IDsurv relies on registered member pediatricians to contribute case reports for 10 communicable diseases, including enteric fever. Methods & Materials: At present only registered paediatricians can report cases on IDsurv. org. IDsurv is a voluntary project and passive spontaneous reporting occurs. Once a user registers on website, his identity is verified and then activated by admin.
Standard definitions for various diseases are provided on the website. A user can report cases using the web platform, mobile website, IVR reporting system or Text/SMS (short messaging service). All cases reported through various methods are updated in real time to a central database, which can be viewed on the website in tabular format, on a map and as a chart on the website. The data is periodically analyzed by a group of experts from IAP. Results: A total of 2281 cases of enteric fever were recorded from February 2011 -November 2013, including 41 paratyphi infections and 2240 typhi infections. 74. 62% (1702/2281) of reported cases were laboratory confirmed by antibody detection or specimen culture. The age distribution ranged from 3 months -18 years, with the highest burden among 5-9 year olds (38.
Simple randomisation was used to allocate the classes to the intervention or control group, by means of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows V. 20, using the procedure 'select random sample of cases'. Eight classes were randomly allocated to the intervention group and nine classes to the control group. Instruction folder/leaflet for measuring children's weight and height at home Instruction folders illustrating and describing how to measure children's weight and height at home were developed in close collaboration with paediatricians and experts in anthropometric measurements. A preliminary draft of these leaflets was pilot tested in a convenience sample of 28 children and was modified afterwards considering the feedback from the parents who used the leaflets.
However, these education levels were not significantly different between control and intervention group ( p=0. 217). From table 2 it can be seen that no significant differences were found in mean height reported by the parents compared with the mean height measured by the CLB nurse (index measured) for both the intervention group and the control group. However, the mean weight reported by the parents was significantly underestimated in comparison with the weight measured by the CLB nurse, in both segments of the intervention group. This resulted in a significant underestimation of mean BMI reported by the parents from the total intervention group compared with the BMI calculated from the index data (table  2 ). Mean differences between means of parent reported and measured BMI were, however, not significantly different from index measurements when parents measured their child's weight and height according to the instruction folders distributed in the intervention group.
For each dimension (weight, height and BMI), the ICC with index measurements were higher in the group of children whose parents measured their body parameters at home according to the instruction folder than in the children in the control group. Also the Pearson correlation coefficients between index measured and reported weight, height and BMI values indicate that the associations were strongest in the intervention group *Children from the intervention group whose weight and height had been measured at home according to the instructions given in the folders that were distributed. than in the control group (see table  2 ). Correction for the time of the day when the children had been measured improved all correlations slightly (in both control and intervention groups). Correlations remained higher for the intervention group than the control group, and were highest in the group of children from the intervention group whose parents used the instruction folders (data not shown).
Strengths and limitations This is the first study investigating the validity of instruction folders for parents to accurately measure their child's weight and height at home by comparison with simple estimated parental reports. An important strength of this study is the high level of standardisation in the reference measurements performed by the experienced and trained CLB nurses, and the inclusion of both parent-measured and parent-estimated child dimensions. Some limitations of this study are worth noting. Data were available only for children whose parents completed the questionnaire. Children who were measured by a CLB nurse but whose parents did not complete the questionnaire were excluded from the analyses. It is possible that respondents were more willing, or more able, than non-respondents to provide accurate assessments of their children's weight and height.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the schools and parents who participated in this project and generously volunteered their time and knowledge. They are grateful to the nurses and workers of the Centrum voor Leerlingenbegeleiding (CLB), more in particular  Lieve Van Neck ,  Joke Vander Vekens ,  Mieke Van Driessen  and  Ann-Sophie Roobrouck  who made this study possible. The authors also would like to thank  Ms Kathleen Van Landeghem  from  KaHo Sint-Lieven , Gebroeders Desmetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium, because of her involvement, as supervisor, in the bachelor manuscript that was linked to this study.
5, 100 mM NaCl, 0. 1% (w/v) DPC. After concentration, the protein was aliquoted and stored at Ϫ80 °C for further use. Protein concentrations were determined using the Bradford protein assay with bovine serum albumin as standard  (15). Crystallization, Data Collection, Structure Determination, and Refinement-Crystals were obtained by mixing 1 l of NccX at 13 mg/ml with 1 l of reservoir solution consisting of 14% PEG 4000, 0. 1 M sodium acetate, pH 4. 5, 0. 1 M zinc acetate. Crystals grew after 2 months at 20 °C. Prior to data collection, crystals were cryocooled using Paratone-N as cryoprotectant. Diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 3. 12 Å (Table  1 ) on the Proxima-1 beamline at SOLEIL (Saint Aubin, France) taking advantage of the Pilatus-6M detector. The beam energy was set to the zinc K-absorption edge.
Data integration and scaling were done using the XDS package  (16). The struc-   (20)  and using one chain of the homologous structure CnrXs (Protein Data Bank code 2y3d)  (10)  as template, two molecular replacement solutions were obtained. From that initial model and using single wavelength anomalous diffraction experimental electron density maps improved by density modification, iterative cycles of manual model building with Coot and refinement with autoBUSTER-TNT  (21, 22)  were carried out. Temperature factors were refined with the translation-libration-screw approach with a single translation-librationscrew group for the non-crystallographic symmetry dimer. Zinc atom positions were cross-checked by an anomalous Fourier synthesis using the final model. Coordinates and structure factors for the structure of NccX have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession number 4clv.
We started from the x-ray structure of the soluble sensor domain of CnrX in the nickel-bound form (Protein Data Bank code 2y39) defined from Gly 39 -Gln 148  (10). The CnrXs dimer was built using the symmetry operations given in the Protein Data Bank file. Thanks to the high sequence similarity between NccX and CnrX (see Fig. 1 ), we could build a model of the soluble domain of NccX by mapping the residues between the two proteins one by one and determining the missing coordinates for the soluble part of NccX (Thr 39 -Gln 148 ) from internal coordinates with CHARMM. In Protein Data Bank code 2y39, the coordinates of the N-terminal residues of CnrX from Met 1 to His 38 are absent (see Fig. 2A ). To obtain NccX Pred , these N-terminal missing residues, including the membrane-anchoring sequence, were initially built from internal coordinates only.
To have a valid structure for the amino acid residues tethering the TM segment to the soluble part of the protein, we fitted the backbone atom coordinates of Pro 37 -Leu 41 in the structure of NccX DPC to those calculated for NccX Pred. Then after applying the same coordinate transformation to all atoms of NccX DPC from Thr 6 to Glu 36 , we inserted these coordinates in the initial structure of NccX Pred. Missing residues Met 1 -Arg 5 and all missing hydrogens were built with CHARMM so that simulations from NccX Pred included the full-length sequence for both protomers, i. e. residues Met 1 -Gln 148. The structure was energy-minimized as described for NccX DPC. Both all-atom systems, NccX DPC and NccX Pred were coarse grained (CG) (i. e. each amino acid was simplified to a couple of interacting spheres) with a script developed for GROMACS (28) before running simulations.
The CG NccX DPC protein contained 296 particles for chain A and 299 particles for chain B, whereas the CG NccX Pred protein contained 638 particles. The structures were embedded either in CG 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) or in CG DPC and solvated with CG water molecules. The protein bears a total charge of Ϫ13 so that 13 Na ϩ ions were added to the system to ensure electric neutrality. CG-MD simulations were performed using the GROMACS software package (version 4. 5. 4) (29, 30). The proteins, lipids, ions, and water molecules were described with the MARTINI force field version 2. 1  (31, 32). The system was simulated with periodic boundary conditions using a time step of 20 fs. During the simulations, the pressure was maintained at 1 atm using a Berendsen barostat with a coupling constant of 2 ps and a compressibility of 3 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 bar Ϫ1 , and the temperature was maintained at 323.
1 ). The structure of NccX in DPC (Protein Data Bank code 4clv; this work) provided the initial atomistic structure of TMsim monomers. All protein, lipids, and solvent CG particles were described with the MARTINI force field. Monomers of CG NccX-TMsim were inserted parallel to each other in a preformed POPC bilayer containing 492 lipids and 6,000 water particles at a distance of 6 nm from each other. The x, y, and z dimensions of the bilayer were 13. 6, 12. 2, and 8. 7 nm, respectively. The z axis represents the normal to the bilayer plane (x, y). Prior to the insertion, the NccX-TMsim monomers were aligned along the z axis and randomly rotated about the z axis. The ionic strength of the system was set with 100 mM NaCl, which in addition contributed to neutralize the charges of the NccX-TMsim monomers.
2 , C and D) as those argued to be an artifact in protomer A of zinc-bound CnrXs (Zn A -CnrXs)  (10). Accordingly, NccX protomers were   16 ). The two TM segments are supposed to anchor the periplasmic sensor domain. In the CnrXs construct that starts with Ser 31 , Gly 39 was the first N-terminal (N-ter) residue to be structurally defined. B, x-ray structure of NccX determined in this study (Protein Data Bank code 4clv). Protomer A is colored sandy brown, and protomer B is colored steel blue. The side chains of some amino acids stressed in the text are shown as sticks. These amino acids are identified by their one-letter code, numbering in the sequence, and a lowercase letter corresponding to the protomer they belong to. The elements of secondary structure mentioned in the text are annotated (e.
e. near the middle of the H3 helices. Both sites belong to the CnrXs dimer interface  (10) , thus suggesting that DPC destabilized the interface of the native periplasmic domain. This was examined in more detail. Compared with CnrXs, the dimer interface of NccX is noticeably different (Fig. 8 ). In CnrXs, H4Ј is part of the helix bundle and contributes to the dimer interface by binding the partner protomer via the tip of its H2Ј-H3Ј hairpin  (10). This contact is no longer possible in NccX in which H4 sticks out of the helix bundle. Hence, the residues of the CnrXs dimer interface are pulled apart in NccX where the dimer interface buries 1,943 Å 2 , which is much less than 3,054 Å 2 in CnrXs. A homology model of the periplasmic sensor domain of NccX, called NccXs (Fig. 8A ), was built using the crystal structure of zincbound CnrXs as a template (the residues present in Protein Data Bank code 2y3d of CnrXs share 80% identity with the corresponding residues in NccX).