dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Modified ASTM D4254 Method C for Minimum Dry Density A glass graduated cylinder of 1000 ml will be used for measurement of the minimum density. The humidity of the "dry" sand source should be measured by burying a humidity sensor into the sand until the reading stabilizes. The humidity of the room should also be measured. About 500 g of dry sand should be carefully weighed and placed inside a 1000 ml graduated cylinder. The top of the graduated cylinder should be covered with a sheet of latex and held by hand to seal the top of the cylinder. The sample should then be turned upside down and steadily rotated upright within about 60 s. The volume of the loose sample can then read from the graduated cylinder. Data to be recorded include date, researcher, mass of sand, volume of loose sand, humidity of the laboratory, humidity of the sand source, temperature of the room, and the minimum dry density.
After the last 50 g increment of soil is placed and tapped, each of four sides of the graduated cylinder should be lightly tapped six times (24 total) up and down the sample. To level the top surface for purposes of accurate reading, five or ten very light taps are made while the cylinder is tilted. The volume of the sand may be read from the graduated cylinder and the maximum density calculated. Data to be recorded include date, researcher, mass of sand, volume of loose sand, humidity of the laboratory, humidity of the sand source, temperature of the room, and the maximum density. A video of the recommended procedure for checking maximum and minimum density is posted in the General Report for the data archive for LEAP-UCD-2017 (https://doi. org/ 10. 17603/DS2N10S).
Displacement Measurements As described by  Kutter et al. (2017) , it is possible to determine dynamic displacements by integration of accelerometer records. Acceleration records should therefore be reported with as little analog and digital signal processing as possible; if filtering is necessary, the characteristics of the filter must be indicated. The corner frequencies of the data acquisition system should be reported, especially for the accelerometer sensors. There is clearly a fundamental difficulty associated with measuring residual or permanent displacements from contact sensors founded in submerged liquefied, laterally spreading ground. A concerted effort is required to obtain more accurate displacement measurements than has been achieved in the past. At least four techniques to be pursued for determining displacements are described below.
Residual Settlements from Pore Pressure Sensors Residual pore pressures from pore pressure sensors will be used to determine the settlement of the pore pressure transducers before and after shaking. This requires the sensors to be embedded in the soil (not attached to the model container) and very accurate recording data for a period of time after the pore water pressures are completely dissipated. Three main sources of error have been considered to make this strategy successful: (1) electronic noise, (2) incomplete pore pressure dissipation, and (3) drifting of the pore pressures due to residual tilting of the model container (perhaps due to sporadic overcoming of swing bearing friction during spinup and shaking) or due to changes in the water pressure associated with evaporation, changes in centrifuge g-level, or the degree of saturation.
Direct Measurements of Sensor and Surface Marker Locations The X, Y, and Z coordinates of the 15 surface markers shall be surveyed. Record the surface survey data in the spread sheet template showing the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the top center of each marker. The required accuracy of the measurement is 1 mm for horizontal displacements and 0. 5 mm for vertical settlements. The markers may be located using photogrammetric techniques, a laser scanner, or a depth gauge with a Vernier caliper that measures the locations relative to a rigid guide frame such as that pictured below. Suggested surface markers to facilitate analysis of lateral movements are specified in section (circular disks described above).
Cone Penetration Testing A new cone has been designed with a top load cell and no custom strain gauges at the cone tip as indicated in Fig. 1. 11. The drawings are in a separate file in the shared box. com folder. Estimated cost for fabrication of this cone at UCD is approximately $1800 which includes a $500 load cell. Cone penetration tests should be performed before and after every destructive ground motion. The rate of cone penetration, in model scale, should be scaled depending on the pore fluid viscosity in the model: Thus if the test is done at 1/20 scale and μ Ã ¼ 20, the velocity of penetration would be 5 mm/s, model scale. The data reported includes time, force, and actuator displacement in model units and qc vs depth below ground surface in prototype units. The tip resistance should be reported at depth intervals of 1 cm or less, prototype scale.
13 g (Fig. 1. 15) reasonably matches the specified 0. 15 g for Motion #2. The achieved velocity obtained by integration of the acceleration record for Motion #2 follows that for the specified motion as illustrated in Fig. 1. 16. A MATLAB script designed to process the signals (as shown in Fig. 1. 14 to 1. 16) has been posted for LEAP researchers in the Box. com folder.
New Leap Database Results from LEAP-GWU-2015 were archived in a NEEShub Database. As part of this project, the database may be migrated to the new tools developed by the US NHERI DesignSafe Cyber Infrastructure Center. Experimenters should expect to fill out an excel workbook template for each model tested. The excel workbook data template will be similar to that used for LEAP-GWU-2015. In the meantime, we will share information using shared folders on box. com. Participating researchers should contact Bruce Kutter and Trevor Carey if they do not yet have access the LEAP-UCD-2017 Box. com files.
Pore Pressure Long-Term Time Series Data Residual pore pressure changes from before and after the earthquakes will be used as explained above to determine the residual settlement of the pore pressure transducers during the earthquakes. A separate tab in the spreadsheet workbook will be used to report the sensor data (at approximately one sample per second) obtained during the entire spin. Alternatively, Residual Pore Pressure Averages (RPPAs) will be recorded and reported at several stages of the experiment as described above.
Acknowledgments The experimental work on LEAP-UCD-2017 was supported by different funds depending mainly on the location of the work. The work by the  US PIs (Manzari, Kutter , and Zeghal) is funded by  National Science Foundation  grants:  CMMI 1635524 ,  CMMI 1635307 , and  CMMI 1635040. The work at Ehime U. was supported by  JSPS KAKENHI  Grant Number  17H00846. The work at Kyoto U. was supported by  JSPS KAKENHI  Grant  Numbers 26282103 ,  5420502 , and  17H00846. The work at Kansai U. was supported by  JSPS KAKENHI  Grant Number  17H00846. The work at  Zhejiang University  was supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China , Nos. 51578501  and  51778573 ;  Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China ,  LR15E080001 ; and  National Basic Research Program of China  ( 973  Project),  2014CB047005.
Selection Criteria Inclusion criteria were as follows: adult patients with AML according to World Health Organization criteria  [20] , undergoing haplo-SCT with PT-Cy between January 2011 and June 2018 in 2 collaborative transplant centers (Paoli Calmettes Institute of Marseille and Humanitas Cancer Center of Milan), and using a TBF conditioning regimen. All patients signed informed consent for data collection and participation in this retrospective database analysis.
Muscle sympathetic nerve activity We will obtain MSNA from nerve recordings using standard tungsten microelectrodes inserted into the peroneal nerve into the popliteal area, after localisation by electric surface stimulation (figure  1 ). Signals will be filtered (700-2000 Hz), amplified (x70 000) and full-wave rectified. The rectified signal will be integrated (0. Open access leg resistance calculations will be measured using the CNAP system the same time period. All these signals will be digitalised and recorded for off-line analysis on PowerLab system. These measurements will be performed before and after PAP therapy on morning sessions, fasten since 00:00 hours from foods and any beverage except water, during room air breathing. We will average nerve activity, heart rate and arterial BP over 5 min windows of data collection at baseline and post-PAP therapy.
The normal night-time physiological dipping BP is expected to be >10%. The summary values in the ABPM report for each patient will be used in the data analysis. This is an average by subject and by recording session (at baseline and 1 month). Data relating to the average daytime and night-time SBP, diastolic BP (DBP) and MBP will be recorded. SBP values of >260 mm Hg or <70 mm Hg and DBP >150 mm Hg or <40 mm Hg will be automatically eliminated. Daytime hypertension is defined as daytime SBP >135 mm Hg and/or DBP >85 mm Hg, and night-time hypertension as SBP >120 mm Hg and/or DBP >70 mm Hg. 52  Figure  1  Settings, acquisition, recording and reporting of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Measurement of MSNA is obtained by placement of an uninsulated tungsten register electrode in the peroneal nerve in the popliteal fossae or close to the fibula head.
54 ocedures At the baseline visit, MSNA, ABPM, calf blood flow, HRV and catecholamines will be measured. Then, during a 1-week titration phase, optimal CPAP pressure will be obtained over eight nights at home using an auto CPAP device (RESMED) to obtain a fixed CPAP pressure value. The optimal pressure (95th percentile) will be determined by one expert researcher, based on visual evaluation of the raw data recordings from nights with no significant leaks. The pressure determined during the titration nights will be used as the therapeutic pressure in the fixed CPAP mode, whereas in APAP the pressure level will be adjusted between a minimal pressure of 6 cmH 2 O and a maximum of 16 cmH 2 O. After the titration phase, participants with a minimum usage of 4 hours per night will be randomised to treatment with either APAP or fixed CPAP.
If the proportion of missing values is between 5% and 20%, multiple imputations will be performed by using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCM) chains for qualitative variables or full conditional specification for quantitative variables. Variables with more than 20% of missing values will not be taken into account. The main outcome, difference between 1 month and baseline values will be analysed by using a Student's t-test. In the case of multivariable analysis, a linear mixed model will be performed by including a random effect for the patient. Open access journals. Updates of the randomised trial will be available at ClinicalTrials. com. All patients will be informed that the dissemination of results will be accessible on request.
sponsor and funding The sponsor of the study is Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, France. The principal investigator is Renaud Tamisier. Erika Treptow is supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)-Brazil. ResMed, 'Agir pour les maladies chroniques' and the French National Research Agency in the framework of the 'Investissements d'avenir' program (ANR-15-IDEX-02) will provide unrestricted funding. The collaborators and sponsors were not involved in the design of the study and will not influence the execution, analysis and publication of results. dIsCussIon CPAP remains the first-line therapy for patients with OSA. In order to determine the optimal pressure that will maintain airway patency during sleep, a titration made during full-night polysomnography is required.
Funding ET is supported by  Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)-Brazil. This work was supported by unrestricted grant from  ResMed , by the foundation Agir pour les maladies chroniques and by the  French National Research Agency  in the framework of the ' Investissements d'avenir' program  ( ANR-15-IDEX-02 ).
The tomography collected 1500 viewing angles (1 radiography by 0. 24 degree) for reconstructing the 3D models. For digital geometry processing and the following 3D visualization, exploration, and quantification analysis of dissolution patterns, VGStudio 2. 2 (Volume Graphics, Heidelberg, Germany) and Avizo 9. 2 (ThermoFischer Scientific, Hillsbro, OR, USA) software packages were used. The scanning electron microscope, TESCAN VEGA3 (TESCAN, Brno-Kohoutovice, Czeck Republic), equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) detector, was used for microstructural and chemical characterisation of selected fracture surfaces.
Reactivity of Lavoux Limestone after Comptuted Tomography Inspection The injection of aggressive fluids promoted dissolution of the limestone in the studied samples from the injection point to the exterior of the samples. After CT inspection, the core plugs demonstrated dissolution networks visible on the CT scans and 3D models (Figure  2 ). Notably, prominent anisotropy of the multilevel dissolution pathways was observed, whereas the injection process was basically isotropic from the bottom hole. This strongly suggests the presence of an initial anisotropy in the samples of the Lavoux formation even before experimental treatment. Despite the dramatic differences in the initial experimental conditions, including the duration of the treatment under reservoir conditions and different compositions of injected fluids, the results identify recurrent directional control of patterns in each dataset.
Shear patterns within the SASZ of Variscan age were independently mapped by different authors  [37, 38]. However, microseismical data showed that the SASZ is still a geodynamically active zone clearly pronounced in geomorphic patterns extracted from satellite imagery  [39]. Gunzburger and Magnenet  [40]  used the up-to-date extensive synthesis of a huge database of outstandingly dense stress measurements in the Paris Basin obtained by ANDRA (the French radioactive waste management agency) in the framework of the feasibility study of underground nuclear waste storage. They confirmed that, on average, the major horizontal stress, σ1, in the sedimentary cover of the basin has a constant NW-SE orientation, which is similar to the orientation of σ1, generally accepted in the underlying basement.
Analysis of digital models of land surface and river valleys, and ravine-gully networks by means of numerical geomorphology, provides a basis for recognizing faults and understanding their mutual arrangement and kinematic types. According to Scheidegger  [41] , joints controlling drainage networks and river valleys fragments are of tensile and shear origin and can be used as an effective instrument to reconstruct the neotectonic stress field. So, to find a solution with azimuthal referencing of revealed fractures in the Lavoux samples, we decided (1) to delineate morpholineaments based on analysis of digital elevation models (DEM) of the land surface and (2) to perform spatial analysis of drainage patterns. Gunzburger and Magnenet  [40]  used the up-to-date extensive synthesis of a huge database of outstandingly dense stress measurements in the Paris Basin obtained by ANDRA (the French radioactive waste management agency) in the framework of the feasibility study of underground nuclear waste storage.
The teeth inclined to the wall of the fracture fossilized signatures of the stress field clearly indicate the strike-slip kinematic type of this fracture (Figure  14 ). The microslickolitic topography (combination of dissolution picks and pits) demonstrates the similar behavior over a range of scales studied. From our point of view, this serves as the main reason for generating both in-situ significant roughness and a related drop in conductivity within domains of the antithetic R2 shears. This feature can be illustrated by calculating the 3D distribution of the mean curvature, H, for the surfaces of the dominant wormhole and subsidiary dissolution arrays extracted from CT images for experiment #7 with following 3D visualization using Avizo software. In mathematics, the mean curvature, H, of a surface, S, is a measure of the surface deviation from a flat plane.
Here, a fluid flow touched the steep dipping fracture seal, providing the hopping extension of the dominant wormhole The microslickolitic topography (combination of dissolution picks and pits) demonstrates the similar behavior over a range of scales studied. From our point of view, this serves as the main reason for generating both in-situ significant roughness and a related drop in conductivity within domains of the antithetic R 2 shears. This feature can be illustrated by calculating the 3D distribution of the mean curvature, H, for the surfaces of the dominant wormhole and subsidiary dissolution arrays extracted from CT images for experiment #7 with following 3D visualization using Avizo software. In mathematics, the mean curvature, H, of a surface, S, is a measure of the surface deviation from a flat plane.
In our hands, samples in eNAT were stable for at least a week at room temperature and could be posted back to the laboratory for testing  29. Where we identified a virus in the baseline sample, we tested all five samples in the same run to minimise inter-assay variability. To compare viral shedding, we converted CT values to log 10 values. The baseline samples were hence tested on two occasions. The inter-assay variation between the two results was very low [mean (SD): 0. 21 log 10 (1. 17)]. The cut-off of ≥0. 5 log 10 per day used to determine reduction in viral shedding is more than double that of the inter-assay variation seen and hence is unlikely to be an artefact of the testing process. All these measures together have helped produce viral shedding data that could be compared between arms.
A larger study would help determine the relative efficacy of HSNIG against different viruses. At baseline, those infected with a virus other than rhinovirus had more individuals with runny nose and blocked nose (data not shown). Sore throat was often recorded in those without a viral aetiology. Hence a baseline throat swab for both bacteria and viruses may help determine the aetiology in these individuals. The results of ELVIS are significantly different to that from Adam et al. which had many methodological issues. They compared 2% HS spray, NS spray (two squirts, thrice a day) and a control group in individuals with the common cold or rhinosinusitis  10. Though sample size was similar to ELVIS (35-43/arm), individuals were recruited up to 3 weeks after illness onset. Very few had the common cold (12-17/arm), most had bacterial rhinosinusitis and 98% of them were treated with antibiotics.
However, in patient groups where compliance might be an issue, compliance could be improved by using video monitoring of the procedures (HSNIG and collecting nasal swabs) via smart phones with support from the clinical team similar to the approach used for tuberculosis treatment  34, 35. The amount of salt used could also be measured at the end of the study. Tests for human DNA could be done to determine if swabs were actually collected before being introduced into the transport medium. Online data entry could be encouraged which would help reduce missing/incorrect data. Reminder messages (by text or email) could be sent to prompt regular data entry and return of samples. However, these decisions would need to be taken considering the population, the burden to the participant and the cost involved.
Methods study setting and Design. We obtained ethical permission from the South-East Scotland Research Ethics Committee (13/SS/0079) and carried out the study in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (Clinical trials registration: NCT02438579, May 8, 2015). ELVIS was a pilot unblinded RCT of HSNIG to determine recruitment in Edinburgh as the primary outcome. Acceptability and compliance with HSNIG, quality of life, duration of symptoms and viral shedding were secondary outcomes. With a sample size of 27 per group we would be able to express the proportion of those who return the symptom score diary and samples within that group to within ±19% based on a two-sided 95% confidence interval around an expected proportion of 0. 5. With the two groups combined [i. e. a sample size of 54] we would be able to express a proportion to within ±13%.
Negative values indicate a reduction in viral shedding and positive values indicate an increase in viral shedding. To determine the reduction in viral shedding per day, these values were divided by the number of days of follow-up. The proportion of individuals with reduction in viral shedding by ≥0. 5 log 10 / day was then calculated. statistical analysis. We used SAS v9. 4 software for statistical analysis. For categorical data, we present numbers and percentages. For continuous data, we present mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range (IQR)) as appropriate. Binomial test for the comparisons of proportions was used to examine differences in proportions and presented along with 95% CI for differences in proportions or chi-square tests depending on the number of groups. To compare differences between treatment arms, two-sample t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests were used, as appropriate.
Participants were considered in the groups to which they were randomised irrespective of treatment received for analysis. Due to the way the data were collected, baseline information was available for all participants. Any subsequent information was the result of participants returning the diary card, potential non-return of diary cards was accounted for by increasing our sample size to allow for drop-outs. In the cases where diary cards were not returned, we do not have any information beyond baseline and therefore we have not used any methods to impute any missing data.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the  Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility  where recruitment was done. We would like to thank the trial nurses particularly  Jill Steven ,  Audrey Kuchnowski  for helping with the study,  Allan Walker  and  David Buchanan  from  Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit  for designing and maintain the database,  Glen Merrit  from the finance department,  Philip Tanswell  ( Cornish Sea Salt Co. ) for providing the sea-salt, and  Santina Castriciano  from  Copan, Italy  for providing us with mid-turbinate swabs and eNAT transport medium. Our thanks to Midlothian and Edinburgh councils and schools and  NHS Lothian  for helping us advertise the study and most importantly, the participants for taking part in the study. Sandeep Ramalingam is financially supported by  NHS Research Scotland (NRS)  and the  Scottish Chief Scientist Office (CSO).
Acknowledgements -Thanks are offered to  Caroline Garcia ,  Marielle Bogé  and  Sylvie Bureau  for their help and training. Professor Isaac O. Akinyele  unfortunately died before the completion of this work. He participated in conceptualising the study and supervised the work in Nigeria before his demise on 27 February 2014. Disclosure statement -No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Funding -This work was supported by the  Agropolis Fondation  through the  Investissements d'avenir programme  ( ANR-10-LABX-0001-01 ) under the reference ID  1204-001  and  1204-002  for the internship of SIE and FWMD at  Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) ,  Avignon, France. African Women in Agricultural Research and Development (AWARD)  Fellowship provided the platform and opportunity of a 6-month research attachment for Advanced science training in INRA to conduct this research;  University of Ibadan  granted the permission to participate in the Advanced Science training during which this study was carried out.