dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Binding stoichiometry In the presence of increasing Fe 2+ concentrations, the bathochromic shift of P9b's visible band reaches saturation at 1 equivalent (Fig. 6 -SI). This is evidence of a dominant 1:1 binding, which is the stoichiometry typically evidenced with other iron -flavonoid complexes  [19] [20] [21]. However, 1:2 binding was also reported with quercetin and kaempferol  [22]. In agreement with a 1:1 iron -anthocyanin binding, the same final UV-visible spectra were recorded with P9b, whether 1 or 2 equiv. Fe 2+ were added (data not shown). The same observation holds for P10 and Fe 2+. By contrast, with caffeic acid, saturation was reached at lower iron concentrations, 1/3 to 2/3 equiv. (Fig. 6 -SI), suggesting its possible involvement in 1:2 and 1:3 coordination complexes.
They were then flash-cooled and freeze-dried as for the monomeric samples. Incoherent elastic neutron scattering. All data were recorded on the SPHERES backscattering spectrometer (proposal P14013, 14-20 th June, 2018)  (54, 55)  operated by JCNS at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) in Garching, Germany. Freeze-dried insulin powders were incubated with P 2 O 5 for 24 hours in a desiccator to further remove water. In the case of lysozyme, such a procedure resulted in a residual presence of four waters per protein molecule. The insulin powders were then weighed and re-hydrated by vapor-exchange with pure D 2 O to reach a hydration level h = 0. 44 D 2 O/protein w/w. This water content was chosen to guarantee on one hand that the protein surface is fully hydrated  (56)  and on the other hand to avoid the presence of bulk water that would lead to crystalline water-ice formation at cryo-temperatures.
05 K steps. Raw data were pre-processed -i. e. normalized to the detector efficiency and to the incident beam intensity recorded by a so-called monitor device -using the SLAW software available on facility computers (http://apps. jcns. fz-juelich. de/slaw). With the elastic signal arising mainly from the incoherent scattering of the hydrogen atoms, the mean square displacements (MSD) of hydrogen atoms can be obtained using the well established Gaussian approximation  (57, 58). We performed this analysis using custom-made python scripts (http://github. com/kpounot/nPDyn), with the Gaussian approximation verified for the momentum transfer (q = 4πλ⁻¹sin(θ/2), with θ being the scattering angle) range 0. 6-1. 2 Å -1. Using higher terms in cumulant expansion leading to a corrected Gaussian model  (58)  or using a gamma distribution based model (  59 ) gave similar results but with higher numerical instability during the fitting procedure.
Neutron diffraction. In order to confirm the absence of ice formation at h = 0. 44, neutron diffraction data were recorded on the D16 instrument at the ILL in Grenoble, France. The same samples within the sealed aluminum cells as used for measuring the incoherent elastic neutron scattering were mounted in an Orange cryostat to measure the data at two temperatures, 300 K and 200 K. The diffracted beam was measured over an angular range 12 -112. 5°which corresponds to a q -range 0. 05 -2. 5 Å -1. Neutron data were corrected for the empty cell scattering, the ambient room background and the nonuniform detector response. The transmission and the thickness of the sample were also taken into account. The 2D scattering intensities were normalized in absolute units with a standard calibration and radially integrated to obtain 1D diffraction patterns.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Data collection. X-ray absorption spectra were collected at the zinc K-edge (9660. Debye-Waller factor ( 2 ) and the angles of the  n contributions which were defined according to atomic structural models constructed using the VMD software  (67). Zinc was solvated based on a published refined structure  (68). For the model containing histidine, the residue was positioned by replacing one coordinating water molecule with it. Weak distance constraints were used, so that water and histidine could compete to coordinate the zinc atom. Simulations were then performed using NAMD 2. 13  (69)  with the TIP3P model for water  (70)  and the CHARMM36 force field  (71). The Nose-Hoover-Langevin piston algorithm maintained a constant pressure  (72, 73)  , and the stochastic velocity rescaling algorithm controlled the temperature  (74).
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). DLS measurements were performed using a DynaPro Nanostar (Wyatt Technology) detector in Wyatt cuvettes with 10 μL of protein solution. Each measurement consisted of 10 times five seconds of integration with auto-attenuation enabled. Insulin was dissolved at 5 mg/mL in a 0. 25 M NaCl, pH 1. 8, H 2 O solution without or with EDTA at the concentrations 0. 25, 1, 5 and 20 mM , then centrifuged at 16000 rpm for 30 min. Samples were measured three times and data were analyzed using DYNAMICS software (Wyatt Technology).
Acknowledgments This work used the platforms of the Grenoble Instruct-ERIC Center (ISBG:  UMS 3518 CNRS-CEA-UGA-EMBL ) with support from  FRISBI  ( ANR-10-INSB-05-02 ) and  GRAL  ( ANR-10-LABX-49-01 ) within the  Grenoble Partnership for Structural Biology  (PSB). V. F. acknowledges VILLUM FONDEN for the  Villum Young Investigator Grant  "Protein We thank  Daphna Fenel ,  Christine Moriscot  and  Guy Schoehn  from the  Electron Microscopy platform ,  Caroline Mas  and  Marc Jamin  for assistance and access to the Biophysical platform,  Aline Le Roy ,  Michel Thépaut  and  Christine Ebel  for assistance and access to the Protein Analysis On Line (PAOL) platform.
Data collection Five healthy subjects (1 male and 4 female, aged between 24 and 40 years) were recruited for the study. All subjects had good overall health, good natural dentition, and no dentures or prosthetic teeth. None of the subjects were taking any medication that could affect muscle function or saliva flow. Subjects gave their written informed consent to participate in the study. They were asked not to eat or drink for at least one hour before each session.
M. A. (United Mass Atomic or Dalton). The ionisation source was set at 230 °C and the quad at 150°C. The compounds were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with those of the NIST 2017 Mass Spectral Library. The retention times were also used for characterization. The data was reported as peak area for each molecule detected. Quantification data were obtained from the integration of the areas from the total ion current (TIC). The second part of the in vitro test was conducted using a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS). Ten grams of cooked rice were stored at 37 o C for 1 hr in 100 mL Schott flasks equipped with valved caps (GL 45, Duran Group, Wertheim, Germany). The highly sensitive PTR-MS apparatus (Ionicon Analytik, Innsbruck, Austria) was operated at a drift tube temperature, voltage and pressure of 60 o C, 600.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the  Riddet Institute CoRE (Platform 2) ,  INRA and AgroParisTech  for their financial support. The authors are also grateful to the support given by  Manon Leheup ,  David Forest ,  Bridgitte Pollet ,  Anne-Claire Peron  for their help with the in vivo studies, subjects characterisation and analysis in the GC-MS.
Ethics Statements and Selection of Participants All the participants gave their written consent after being informed about the purpose, methodology, and potential risks of the study. This experiment was conducted in the clinical center of the Institut Pasteur de Lille in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 as revised in 1983, and the experiment was approved by the local ethics committee (CPP Nord Ouest IV, CHU Lille, Lille, France, study number: 11/31, accepted on 3 May 2011). This study was registered at the French agency for the safety of health products (Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé, ANSM) under the number 2011-A00364-37 and at clinicaltrials. gov as NCT01480700 (available online: https://clinicaltrials. gov/ accessed on 23 September 2021).
Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas (inlet pressure 210 kPa). The oven temperature was held at 60 • C for 5 min, increased to 165 • C at 15 • C/min and held for 1 min, and then to 225 • C at 2 • C/min, and finally held at 225 • C for 17 min. The injector and the detector were maintained at 250 • C. FAMEs were identified by comparison with commercial and synthetic standards. The data were processed using EZChrom Elite software (Agilent Technologies, Massy, France) and reported as a percentage (mole %) of the total fatty acids.
6 mm i. d. , film thickness 5 µM, Thermo Finnigan, Villebon Sur Yvette, France), and a VIDAK C18 column (25 mm × 4. 6 mm i. d. , film thickness 5 µM, GRACE, Altech France, Epernon, France), both maintained at 37 • C by a column heater, a guard column containing a C18 phase (10 mm × 2 mm i. d. , film thickness 5 µM), a light scattering detector (model MD-1510 Multiwavelength detector, Jasco, Bouguenais, France), and computer data system (Borwin PDA, Jasco, Bouguenais, France). The mobile phase for the isocratic separation was 70% acetonitrile, 15% methanol containing 50 mM ammonium acetate, 5% water, and 10% dichloromethane, and the flow rate was 2 mL/min. Carotenoids were measured by absorbance at 450 nm and a wavelength scan from 200 to 650 nm. Their concentrations were determined from peak areas using internal and external standards.
Differences in mucosa-associated microbiota can also be observed before the appearance of a cancerous state. For example, Flemer et al. [36]  detected significant differences between the mucosa-associated microbiota from subjects with polyps and from healthy controls, suggesting that the gut microbiota is involved in cancer development from a very early stage. Another large-cohort multi-omics dataset indicated that shifts in the microbiome and metabolome occur from the very early stages of the development of colorectal cancer, which could be of possible etiological and diagnostic importance  [37]. Accordingly, it has been reported that a long-term exposure (≥2 months) to antibiotics in early to middle adulthood is associated with an increased risk for colorectal adenoma at the age of 60  [38].
These figures indicate that both conditions are of public health importance in Cambodia  [6, 7]. Similar findings have been documented in other countries in the region  [6, 9, 12, 13]. Despite the coexistence of wasting and stunting, the relationship between the two conditions has not attracted sufficient interest from the research community, program implementers or policymakers. Previous research focuses on the similarities of the determinants  [7] , associations of multiple nutritional deficits and mortality risk  [7, 12, [14] [15] [16]  and prevalence of concurrent wasting and stunting  [12, 13, 16, 17]. We are aware of only one published peer-reviewed paper that checked whether wasting was a risk factor for stunting occurrence and vice-versa  [17]. This study retrospectively analyzed data from well-run Gambian rural growth monitoring clinics collected from 1976 to 2016.
In this study, we analyzed longitudinal data from three provinces in Cambodia. The specific objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between temporal changes in wasting and 1) change in height-for-age and 2) episodes of accelerated linear growth. We aimed to answer two key research questions: 1) Are changes in indicators of wasting (WHZ and MUAC) associated with a change in HAZ velocity over time?, and, 2)Are the presence or absence of the same wasting parameters associated with the occurrence of accelerated linear catch-up growth in subsequent follow-up visits?.
Detailed methods of the study have been previously published  [25] [26] [27] [28]. The study enrolled all women from villages sampled from the six districts who were pregnant or lactating at any of the data collection rounds and surveyed them prospectively for over three years. In the same communities, children below three years were enrolled in the MyHealth study at the first round of data collection (baseline). For this paper, we have analyzed data of children who were less than 24 months at enrolment as they are the focus of most interventions aiming at tackling stunting. Hence, we excluded children aged �24 months at recruitment and those children who were surveyed only once. Subsequently, infants born from participating pregnant women were enrolled at the nearest data collection round after their birth.
After recruitment, children were surveyed every 3 to 4 months during the first two years of the study and at six months intervals thereafter. Children exited the study when they reached five years or at the end of the study depending on whichever occurred first. The measurements were taken by 8 teams of surveyors who received trained on anthropometric measurements for up to a maximum of 5 days for each round of data collection. Weight, length or height, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were measured in duplicates for each child, and the mean values were further used. The measurement tools were calibrated after each fifth measurement. A spot check team monitored the data collection teams' measurements techniques and calibration of the tools.
Source of data Anonymized data were extracted from the database of the "MyHealth" study described above, including; study identifier (child, household and mother identities); administrative information (province, district and date of the survey for the different data collection points); household characteristics (head of household level of education, mother level of education, number of people in the household, number of children below five years in the household, number of children below 15 years, type of toilet facility, type of source used to get drinking water); child socio-demographic characteristics (sex, birth date, and age at the different data collection points); and child nutrition parameters (weight, height, MUAC, weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), HAZ and WHZ for the different data collection points).
Analysis Variable transformation and definitions. "MyHealth" study was a longitudinal open cohort design whereby children entered and exited the cohort at any of the follow up visits. Data were reorganized to ensure that the recruitment visit became 'Visit 0' for all children, regardless of the data collection round at which the children were recruited into the study. Subsequent visits were labelled as follow up visits. The standard cut-off of -2 Z-score of the multiple countries' growth standards reference was used to define the nutrition status of children. Height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) <-2 were classified as stunting and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) <-2 as wasting  [29]. Household and child characteristics were compared between children included and excluded from the analysis to evaluate potential selection bias.
Based on the age categories used by the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS), We defined the following three age categories: 0-5 months, 6 to 11 months and 12 to 23 months. We assumed that the level of education of both the mothers and heads of households (HHH) did not vary during the study period. Information from the follow-up visits (FV) were used to fill any missing variables data collected at recruitment. The following education level groups were defined: 0 to 6 years of education, 7 to 9 years and �10 years for the mothers, and 0 years, 1 to 6 years, 7 to 9 years and �10 years head of household (HHH). Household (HH) size was defined in four groups: <4 people, 4 to 5 people, 6 to 10 people and �11 people. We created the variables 'HAZ increment' (HAZd), 'WHZ increment' (WHZd) and 'MUAC increment' (MUACd) by calculating the absolute difference between two consecutive visits of HAZ, WHZ and MUAC, respectively.
67. Secondary outcomes of interest were the prevalence of stunting, the prevalence of wasting, and the prevalence of concurrence of wasting and stunting (WaSt). There was no specific calculation of sample size for all the outcomes of interest for this paper. The sample size was calculated based on the main objective of the original study. We assumed that a sample of 1200 children below two years of age per region was necessary for the study to have sufficient power to demonstrate at least a 6% reduction in stunting prevalence over a three-year period. Children aged �24 months at recruitment and children who were surveyed only once were excluded from our sample. Data management and analysis. The data extracted from the "MyHealth" study database was exported into excel files. These files were then converted to STATA format and merged using STATA software version 14.
We used standard statistics for quantitative analyses. Continuous variables were described using means and their 95% confidence interval (CI) and compared using the Student t-test. Categorical variables were described using proportion and their 95%CI and compared using Chi-square tests. To test for the linearity of the trend over time, we calculated a chi-square statistic for the trend using the STATA ptrend command  [35]. We determined all the effect sizes, including prevalence, mean difference, univariate and adjusted odds ratio (OR) using multilevel linear or logistic mixed-effect modelling as appropriate to account for clustering at the regional level. The covariates included in the full initial multilevel linear or logistic regression mixed-effects models were selected based on their relevance according to the literature and availability in the received dataset].
Study participants Of the 5172 children included in this analysis, 70. 3% (n = 3635) were recruited at baseline, 5. 8% (n = 304) at follow up visit 1 (FV1), 5. 8% (n = 298) at FV2, 2. 9% (n = 151) at FV3, 4. 1% (n = 210) at FV4 and 11. 1% (574) at FV5. The median number of survey rounds for which the children were surveyed was 5 (interquartile range:3-6); Only 13. 3% (n = 686) were surveyed in all the seven rounds. Table  1  presents households, demographic and nutritional and child characteristics of children included in this analysis, based on data collected during recruitment into the study. About 40% of children were recruited in the Kratie region and about 30% in the other two areas. Most mothers (64. 5%) and heads of households (60. 1%) had between zero and six years of formal education.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  Roland Kupka  for his insightful comments that improved the manuscript. We also thank  Selamawit Negash  and  Sophonneary Prak  for facilitating access permissions to the data sets. Thanks also to  Gabriela Hondru  for her support in extracting variables for this study from the MyHealth study database. Disclaimer:  Mueni Mutunga  is a UNICEF staff member. The opinions and statements in this article are those of the author and may not reflect official UNICEF policies.
INTRODUCTION Scientific literacy, a concept developed by Durant in 1994, indicates the skills to accept the need for more information about a clinical situation, but also to seek, find and use scientific knowledge for that specific clinical problem  (Durant, 1994; Laugksch, 2000). The American Library Association defines a person with scientific knowledge as "a person who is able to recognize when information is needed and who has the ability to locate, evaluate, and effectively use needed information" (Association of  College & Research Libraries, 2015). Scientific literacy skills include knowledge of scientific databases, the findings of useable information and its understanding (ability to read a specific vocabulary) and finally the use of this new information in a corpus of knowledge for integration in a reflection about practice and a change of practice.
7 and 2 areas concerned the relationship between the questions. The survey was then revised. The questionnaire consisted of 17 questions (21 sub-questions) to explore 3 teaching topics. The topics studied were the teaching of scientific databases (examples of database, use of simple or advanced research), Critical Reading of Articles and scientific English. The teaching of scientific English means the knowledge of an English vocabulary that facilitates the relationship with patients and the understanding of scientific data published in English. These teachings were chosen because they enable nurses to be autonomous in answering a clinical question in their future practice with evidence-based data and because they are the first step towards scientific literacy. For each teaching, the number of hours of supervised work (class organized with a small group of students and aimed to practicing) and of lecture hours (class organized with all students corresponding to the first, second or third year) was requested.
Research teaching in nursing schools or universities Table  3  shows the description of each teaching topics and their comparison between France and the other countries. Teaching of scientific databases Scientific databases were taught in 137 (56. 8%) of nursing schools or universities. The teaching consisted of 5 [2; 10] hours of supervised work and 3 [2; 5] hours of lectures. However, French schools of nursing teach significantly less database search strategies -i. e examples of database, use of simple or advanced research-than other countries, with 51. 3% (n=102) and 83. 3% (n=35) respectively (p=0. 001). Furthermore, a significant difference was observed in the type of teaching of scientific databases between France and the other countries (p<0. 0001). Indeed, the other countries teach the CINAHL database more frequently (71.
DISCUSSION This study evaluated the research education of 245 national and international nursing schools or universities. Our results show that most nursing schools reported teaching the 3 research teaching topics studied by our work (Scientific database, Critical Reading Teaching and Scientific English), but also provided articles to students and provided access to scientific knowledge. They show that scientific databases are taught in 56. 8% of schools or universities of nursing and the PubMed database in 79. 7% of schools or universities of nursing worldwide. The PubMed and CINAHL databases are the best-known and most comprehensive biomedical and nursing databases. Searching on PubMed provides enough information to solve a clinical issue, but CINAHL allows nurses or paramedics to access to specialized scientific and academic information  (Klem and Weiss, 2018).
Model analysis and experimental validation Average stress values computed using linear-viscoelasticity in 2D and 3D were compared in order to check that the agreement between them was sufficient for the entire study to be conducted using 2D geometries (section 3. 1. 1). Viscoelasticity and visco-hyperelasticity approaches were then compared to assess where visco-hyperelasticity was more suited to the task than linear viscoelasticity (section 3. 1. 2). Last, the average stress values computed using hyperelasticity were compared to previously published experimental data  (Ng et al. , 2006 ) (section 3. 1. 3).
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank  Michèle Friend  and  Sébastien Paul  from  UCCS ,  Centrale Lille , and  Jawad Nasim  along the many other colleagues from the  Pharmasophy and Academiacs International networks  (www. academiacs. euaccessed on  31 May 2021 ) as well as from the  EIS  ( Explainable Intelligent Systems ) project team for their helpful discussions and advice. We extend our deep gratitude to  Wolfgang Maret  and  Philip Haueis  for their advice and orientation. Finally, we would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who indeed helped us improve the overall quality of the manuscript.