dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Synchrotron: Micro sulphur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (µ-XANES) with macro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (µ-XRF) Cross-sections 41 and 42 were analysed using µ-XANES with an attenuated microbeam (spot size of 0. 6 × 1. 0 µm 2 , flux of 4. 3 × 10 8 photons s -1 , attenuated using a 6 µm aluminium filter to mitigate radiation damage) in XRF mode. The analysis was done at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble, France) using beam line ID21 following the same protocol, instrumental settings, and data processing steps as Gambardella et al. [12]  Points-of-interest in each sample were chosen based on the distribution of Al, Si, and S in µ-XRF maps. To retain sufficient signal-to-noise with the attenuation, several spectra from UHPLC-PDA-FLR (to compare organic components with those found in the headscarf ) Organic components: American cochineal different locations per each particle were acquired and then averaged  [12].
4 μm/pixel with a 30% overlap: the microscope acquired a series of images in the Z-axis, capturing each focus layer and then combining them in one single all-in-focus image (also known as Z-stacked or extended depth of field). The microscope then moved in the X and/or Y direction to the next tile, and the process automatically started again, so that a total of 9100 Z-stacked images were acquired in approximately 14 h. For each tile, a Z-stacked image as well as a TDR file (Hirox 3D file format) were created, which included true colours and altitude, so that the XYZ coordinates are registered for each pixel. The Hirox RH-2000 main unit software (which was modified specifically for this project) was used to calibrate and display a live image, then to create full auto Z-stacked 3D data and to program a fully automatic XYZ acquisition with selectable overlap (offline tiling without any pixel size limit in the full scan).
Acknowledgements The research project The Girl in the Spotlight is a Mauritshuis initiative, led by paintings conservator Abbie Vandivere, with a team of internationally recognised specialists working within the collaborative framework of the Netherlands Institute for Conservation + Art + Science + (NICAS). The authors would like to thank the following people for their useful discussions, and assistance with analysis and technical examination: René Gerritsen and Jaap Hoogerdijk, (René Gerritsen Art & Research Photography); Ralph Haswell and Bob van Wingerden (Shell Technology Centre Amsterdam); Klaas Jan van den Berg (Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands); Steven De Meyer, Frederik Vanmeert, Geert Van der Snickt, Koen Janssens (University of Antwerp); Joris Dik (Delft University of Technology); Lea van der Vinde (Mauritshuis).
, 2009). Analyses were conducted on 788 Archaic Athenian coins using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) from collections in six major museums around the world. This data set represents approximately one quarter of all extant specimens, a value derived from the comprehensive corpus of Archaic Attic coins assembled by Sheedy and Davis (to be published as part of a forthcoming volume on the coins). A large data set offers considerable statistical potential relative to a small data set. The research aims to determine whether surface, chemical analyses of a large number of coins combined with a detailed understanding of the numismatic evidence can provide information about the sources of ores used to mint the two different series of coins (WM and  Owls; non-Lavrion vs. Lavrion) and whether the technique can have broader applications for the study of ancient silver coins and artefacts.
Coin details are in Table  1. x ¼ u Cu � 0 þ u Au � 0:5 þ u Pb � 1 y ¼ u Cu � 0 þ u Au � 0:866 þ u Pb � 0 Cu/Pb ¼ u Cu /u Pb with similar expressions for other element pairs. This offers the first advantage that all the ratios are visible in a single plot. A second advantage is that triangular plots are amenable to a calculation of 3D frequencies and therefore deal with correlations that may not be visible in separate rectangular plots. We used Matlab® software to calculate 2-dimensional histograms, the corresponding rectangular coordinates (x,y) on each sample, and to contour the cumulated frequencies of each bin with equally spaced frequency intervals (0, 0. 1, …, 0. 9, 1, or deciles). The data are provided in Annexure A. A correlation matrix of all ratioed data was constructed using Minitab Express for Windows.
Results Table  3  shows the number and percentage of the four groups of Archaic Athenian coins according to their Cu, Au and Pb contents. The compositions of the coins appear to be different (Table  3 ). 90% of Owl tetradrachms have 'low' concentrations of Au <0. 05%, Pb <1% and Cu <0. 25% (defined by  Kraay and Emeleus, 1962, p. 34  for Au & Pb and matched to c. 90% for Cu). The WM have higher average concentrations of Cu and Au with Au being >0. 05% for over 4/5ths of the large WM including the large Gorgons. Pb is >1% for all groups except large WM. PCA was applied to all coin data greater than the limits of quantification. The three largest components, Cu, Pb and Au, account for 56% of the total variance. Few samples contain V, Cr, Ni and Sn at concentrations greater than the limit of quantification.
Correlations between elemental ratios (Table  4 ) show significant, strong positive correlations for Cu-Ni, Au-Ni and Au-Cu. A ternary Cu-Au-Pb plot (Fig. 2 ) clearly defines the gap between populations of Owls (red) and WM (blue) and shows a constant ratio of Cu/Pbþ10Au. WM plot on the Cu-Au (Pb-free) edge, in contrast with the Owls which span the space between the Cu-Pb (Au-free) edge and 2/ 3rds of the way to the Au-Pb (Pb-free) edge. A ternary plot of Bi-Au-Pb (Fig. 3 ) shows a similar pattern. Figs. 4-8 plot the selected groups being separately analysed. Isotopic data from Lavrion metal plotted against chemical analyses of the Owl tetradrachms show a close overlap between the two methods (Fig. 4 ). Fig. 5  does the same for the WM didrachms and drachms showing they do not generally have a Lavrion source.
Compositional differences between Owls and WM The clear gap between the coin series of the Owls and WM observed in Fig. 2  is striking and reproduces published observations  (Kraay and Emeleus, 1962). The coins analysed represent distinct populations (different maxima) and likely different sources. The blue dots in the red field indicate a few coins made from early Lavrion silver mining coming into the WM field. The broad scatter of the data and the strong influence of a few anomalous points probably reflect limitations of using surface analyses. The dichotomy can also be observed for ternary plots of elements, especially when lead is replaced by zinc, bismuth, or mercury, but is less conspicuous, presumably because of increased noise in the data. The Archaic Owl tetradrachms provide the baseline for Lavrion silver from which they were predominantly struck  (Gale et al.
, 1980, p. 14, 25-26, 30). Around 90% of them have <0. 05% Au, <1% Pb, and <0. 25% Cu (Table  3 ). The remaining 10% of the coins presumably derived their silver from non-Lavrion sources. This is expected since Athens traded for goods and would have had access to the same external silver available before the Lavrion mines came on stream. The value of 10% roughly matches the difference between numbers of extant WM and Owls (per database of corpus of all known examples of same held by Table  4  Correlations between elemental ratios (n ¼ 788 coins). Upper value is the Pearson correlation, and lower value (in grey) is the p-value. Correlations significant (at α ¼ 0. 05) and with correlation >0. 9 are in bold italics. Sheedy and Davis, publication forthcoming). It should be noted that  Gale et al.
(1980, pp. 12-13; p. 29)  identified two fourth century BC coins from Lavrion ore as having a higher gold content. These coins also have a high copper and tin content and the authors surmised they came from exploitation of an auriferous vein  (pp. 32-33). Data for the Owl tetradrachms (Fig. 4 ) also include two Wheel fractions (Table  2 , numbers 1 and 2) whose Pb isotope abundances are consistent with a Lavrion source. These serve to clearly identify Lavrion ores and confirm the attribution of coins to Lavrion by chemical analyses. In contrast to the Owl tetradrachms, the larger WM (didrachms and drachms) are inconsistent with Lavrion ores because c. 85% have >0. 05% Au. Their non-Attic ore sources are supported by isotopic analysis of five of them (Table  2 , numbers 4-9; Fig. 5 ). The fact that the ore sources may have ranged from Spain to Iran suggests that the Peisistratid tyrants minted from whatever silver was available, and not only from northern Greece (Stos  Gale and Davis, in press ).
Acknowledgments Research funding was provided by  Australian Research Council  grant  DP 120103519 , 'A Spring of Silver, a treasury in the Earth: coinage and wealth in archaic Athens', and  European Research Council  Advanced Grant  741454-SILVER-ERC-2016-ADG  ' Silver Isotopes  and the  Rise of Money ' to FA. We thank the following institutions and their curators for access to the coins:  ANS New York; ANM Athens ;  Ashmolean Oxford ; BnF Paris; BM London; Fitzwilliam Cambridge; SMB Berlin.
V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene (amplified using the primers described in Illumina 16S protocol: # 15044223 Rev. B) and ITS2-rDNA fungal sub-region (amplified using the following primers: ITS3 PCR Forward Primer 5 TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGTATAAGAGACAG-GCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGC-3' and ITS4 Reverse Primer 5 GTCTCGTGGGCTCGGAG-ATGTGTATAAGAGACAGTCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3') were subjected to amplicon library preparation (according to Illumina's instructions, 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation, Part # 15044223 Rev. B). Sequencing was performed by MiSeq (2x300 paired-end, 600-cycle) Illumina platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Data are available from NCBI under accession number PRJNA641785 with SRA datasets: ITS SUB7670266, 16S SUB7669523.
Bioinformatic Analyses The marker data were analyzed using qiime2  [42]  (https://qiime2. org), according to the standard pipelines  [43]. Briefly, quality trimming and OTU-picking was done using DADA2  [44] , representative sequences were aligned using mafft  [45] , uninformative positions were masked and a phylogenetic tree was built with fasttree  [46]. Alpha diversity values and beta diversity (i. e. , UniFrac distance) were calculated on rarefied samples. Assessment of significant variation of alpha diversity between categories was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Beta diversity significance (among categories) test was calculated with PERMANOVA and Mantel test, respectively. Taxonomic assignment was given to representative sequences using the most updated version of the SILVA database (release 132)  [47] , or (for fungal data) the UNITE database  [48].
Fungal identification at species level through ITS barcoding is not very reliable due to problems linked to the insufficient hypervariability and/or amplicon length (especially for species-rich ascomycete genera), insufficient annotations in public DNA repositories, and the unreliable sequences deposited in the reference databases  [96] [97] [98]. However, in the discussion of the results some of the identified species (Figure  S5 ) will be mentioned due to the interest they have for the At class level (Figure  S3 ), the communities of N samples were mainly composed of Sordariomycetes (on average 55% of the total reads), Leotiomycetes (on average 39%), and Dacrymycetes (5% of the N88 community). Agaricomycetes dominated the P samples, accounting for more than 70% of the total reads on average.
In particular, the family Serendipitaceae accounted for a percentage of reads ranging from 2% to 88% in the different samples (Figure  S4  and Figure  5b ). Differently from what has been observed in the bacterial communities, most of fungal genera were exclusively identified in one or two of the analyzed samples (Figure  5b ). Usually, the relative frequencies obtained for each taxon with the two extraction protocols do not coincide; therefore, in the results, both values are reported. Fungal identification at species level through ITS barcoding is not very reliable due to problems linked to the insufficient hypervariability and/or amplicon length (especially for species-rich ascomycete genera), insufficient annotations in public DNA repositories, and the unreliable sequences deposited in the reference databases  [96] [97] [98].
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank  Daniela Giampaola , official of the  Superintendence for Archeology ,  Fine Arts , and Landscape for Naples Metropolitan area, and  Andrea Camilli , official of the  Superintendence for Archaeological Heritage of Tuscany , for providing the archaeological wood used during the experimentation. The authors would warmly thank  Mirjam Zeisel  for fruitful discussions and  Luca Pozzana  for his precious help in experimental assistance (extraction protocols).
Notes on Contributors Ana Cabrera Lafuente is Subdirectora general adjunta of the Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España, Madrid. An archaeological background contributes to her expertise in object-centered research, especially of textiles. In professional experience and research, she focuses on collections management and museum databases, as well as collecting history and textiles, with a special emphasis on works from the medieval period, their raw materials, and weaving techniques, as well as the transfer of knowledge. Among the grants and fellowships she has received in support of her research is a 2016-2018 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship at the Victoria and Albert Museum (https:// www. vam. ac. uk/ research/ projects/ interwoven), where since 2018 she has been an Honorary Senior Research Fellow.
the Context of Muslim-Christian Interchange, c. 1050-1200 (National Excellence in Research Grant, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, HAR2015-68614-P, 2016-2018, pi Therese Martin). Republication in the present volume was supported by the College of Liberal Arts of The University of Mississippi, the Index of Medieval Art (Princeton University), and The Medieval Iberian Treasury in Context: Collections, Connections, and Representations on the Peninsula and Beyond (National Research Challenge Grant, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities, aei/ feder, RTI2018-098615-B-I00, 2019-2022, PI Therese Martin).
Acknowledgments Republication of this study in the present volume was supported by the  Index of Medieval Art  ( Princeton University ) and The Medieval Iberian Treasury in Context: Collections, Connections, and Representations on the  Peninsula and Beyond (National Research Challenge Grant ,  Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities , aei/ feder,  RTI2018-098615-B-I00 ,  2019-2022 ,  PI Therese Martin ). Acknowledgments Republication of this study in the present volume was supported by the  Index of Medieval Art  ( Princeton University ) and The Medieval Iberian Treasury in Context: Collections, Connections, and Representations on the  Peninsula and Beyond (National Research Challenge Grant ,  Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities , aei/ feder,  RTI2018-098615-B-I00 ,  2019-2022 ,  PI Therese Martin ).
Acknowledgments Republication of this study in the present volume was supported by the  Index of Medieval Art  ( Princeton University ) and The Medieval Iberian Treasury in Context: Collections, Connections, and Representations on the  Peninsula and Beyond (National Research Challenge Grant ,  Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities , aei/ feder,  RTI2018-098615-B-I00 ,  2019-2022 ,  PI Therese Martin ). 70  Oleg Grabar , " About a Bronze Bird ," in Reading Medieval Images: The Art Historian and the Object, ed. Elizabeth Sears and  Thelma K. Thomas  ( Ann Arbor , MI: The  University of Michigan Press, 2002 ),  117-125 , at  124. Acknowledgments Republication of this study in the present volume was supported by the  Index of Medieval Art  ( Princeton University ) and The Medieval Iberian Treasury in Context: Collections, Connections, and Representations on the  Peninsula and Beyond (National Research Challenge Grant ,  Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities , aei/ feder,  RTI2018-098615-B-I00 ,  2019-2022 ,  PI Therese Martin ).
Acknowledgments Republication of this study in the present volume was supported by the  Index of Medieval Art  ( Princeton University ) and The Medieval Iberian Treasury in Context: Collections, Connections, and Representations on the  Peninsula and Beyond (National Research Challenge Grant ,  Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities , aei/ feder,  RTI2018-098615-B-I00 ,  2019-2022 ,  PI Therese Martin ). Acknowledgments I am very grateful to  Therese Martin  and  Raquel Jaén Gonzalez  for making it possible for me to visit  San Isidoro  and view the León cylinder. I also thank  Therese  for her comments on an early version of my paper, for giving me useful.
1 This article was first presented under the auspices of the interdisciplinary conference "The Medieval Iberian Treasury in the Context of Muslim-Christian Interchange" as part of the research grant The Medieval Treasury across Frontiers and Generations: The Kingdom of León-Castilla in the Context of Muslim-Christian Interchange, c. 1050-1200 (PI Therese Martin), supported by a National Excellence in Research Grant, Spanish Ministry of Economy and.
Acknowledgments For comments on previous drafts of this paper we would like to thank  Kieran Marriott ,  Stephen French ,  Juha Saatsi ,  Mauro Dorato ,  David Glick ,  Alberto Corti  and audiences at Leeds, Geneva and  Grenoble. Carlo Rovelli  clearly deserves a special mention for his comments and support. We would also like to thank three anonymous referees for this journal for their insightful suggestions. Claudio Calosi  acknowledges the generous support of  Swiss National Science Foundations (SNF) , project number  PCEFP1 181088. Cristian Mariani  acknowledges the generous support of the  French National Research Agency , under the  program Investissements d'avenir  ( ANR-15-IDEX-02 ).
Sound analyses Recordings were edited to remove noise (e. g. child's short inspiration bouts, hums, researcher's instructions) and long pauses. To extract F0 and ΔF from each recording, we used a dedicated batch-processing script in PRAAT  (Boersma & Weenink, 2019). The script extracted mean fundamental frequency (hereafter F0) using the To Pitch (cc), command (pitch range parameters: 60-600Hz). Additionally, the script estimated the centre frequencies of the first four formants (F1 to F4) of each recording (formant parameters as follows: number of formants 6, max formant 7800Hz, dynamic range 30 dB, length of the analysis window 0. 03 s. ). The difference between any two adjacent formant frequencies, also defined as formant spacing, was then calculated (ΔF = Fii+1 -Fi) following  Cartei and colleagues (2012).
Statistical analyses All analyses were conducted using the statistical program SPSS version 24. We first tested the effect of age group (5-6, 7-8, and 9-10 year-olds) and occupation type (stereotypically male, stereotypically female or gender-neutral) on the measured acoustic variables, F0 and ΔF, by running two Linear Mixed Models separately by sex. Age group, occupation type and their interaction were entered in the models as fixed factors, while children's F0 and ΔF from the recordings of the imitated occupations were defined as the outcome variables. LMMs also included participant identity as a subject term, and occupation (within occupation type) as a nested random factor term. Children's explicit ratings on the questionnaire were added to the model as a covariate, given that, on average, children rated the stereotypically male occupations as done mostly by men, the stereotypically female as mostly done by women, and the gender-neutral occupations by both sexes (for statistical analysis and results of the questionnaire ratings see Appendix 1).
Allen Ginsberg's moving environment made it easier for him to record his thoughts rather than writing them. He himself called these poems a "kind of collage of the simultaneous data of the actual sensory situation"  (Ginsberg 1980, p. 26). The poems published in The Fall of America are then born from movements, the poet being the active reader of his environment. These poems are therefore approaching and revealing the psychogeographical variations at work in Ginsberg's creative process in a very different way. This difference is a direct consequence of the time spent in a place and of the potential duration of geographical observations. In other words, the frontier between geography and the psyche is ever-changing, inducing thus, a new poetic structure, both in form and content. Allen Ginsberg's tape-recorder constitutes a precious archive tool, as the resulting tapes show that it was not only a way to record disconnected thoughts but a way to record lively lines and to include materials from his immediate environment.
ELAN software was used for EEG signal processing  (Aguera et al. , 2011). Band-stop filters centered around 50Hz and 150Hz were applied to the EEG signal to remove power line artifacts. Independent Component Analysis was performed on the EEG signal to remove artifacts due to eye movements and heartbeat  (Delorme & Makeig, 2004). Averaging was done for each deviant and standard separately, in the three oddball blocks and the equiprobable block. Standards 10 occurring after a deviant were not averaged. Averaging was done on a 700ms time-window (from -200 ms to 500 ms around stimulus onset). Trials with peak-to-peak amplitude variation exceeding 150 µV at any electrode were rejected. Noisy electrodes were interpolated. A 2-30Hz band-pass Butterworth filter (order 4) was applied to the evoked potentials.
Preserved automatic change detection and implicit processes in amusia To investigate automatic change detection processes in congenital amusia, we studied the MMN evoked by the three deviants. As expected  (Carminati et al. , 2018; Charpentier et al. , 2018) , a MMN was induced by both emotional and neutral deviants, compared to a neutral standard in both groups. The MMN was larger for emotional deviants than for the neutral deviant  (Schirmer et al. , 2005 (Schirmer et al. , , 2016)). No clear deficit of the MMN for the neutral or emotional deviants was observed in amusics compared to controls, suggesting at least a partially preserved automatic processing of emotional prosody in amusics, as previously shown with behavioral data  (Lima et al. , 2016; Lolli et al. , 2015; Pralus et al. , 2019; Thompson et al.
Fundings This work was conducted in the framework of the  LabEx CeLyA (''Centre Lyonnais d'Acoustique ",  ANR-10-LABX-0060 ) and of the  LabEx Cortex (''Construction ,  Cognitive Function and Rehabilitation of the Cortex ",  ANR-11-LABX-0042 ) of  Université de Lyon , within the  program ''Investissements d'avenir"  ( ANR-16-IDEX-0005 ) operated by the  French National Research Agency (ANR).
Material This study includes 626 molars, including original and comparative data (Table  1 ). We assessed the wear degree following Molnar's categories  [43]. We selected molars exhibiting wear scores between 1 (no wear) and 4 (dentine patches). Due to the lack of a reproducible protocol to reconstruct enamel cusps and dentine horns in 3D, we excluded molars exhibiting wear 3 and 4 from the 2D and 3D, total crown volume analyses, but we included them in our investigation of the lateral tissue proportions in which the occlusal enamel is removed. To date, the SH dental assemblage includes 81 molars. In this study, we analysed the tissue proportions of all but nine molars that exhibit either extensive damage to the crown or advanced occlusal wear (score 5 Molnar's classification  [43] ). Therefore, we analysed 72 molars, 35 maxillary and 37 mandibular, belonging to SH population (Table  1 ).