dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Capillary absorption For determination of the capillary absorption (UNI EN 15801:2010), an automatized measurement apparatus developed at the University of Zaragoza (Spain) was used. The equipment allowed constant monitoring of absorption, measuring the mass of absorbed water every second, for the whole length of the process. The sample set consisted of six 5 × 5 × 5 cm cubic specimens. The obtained datasets were compared and both the amount of water absorbed by the specimen per unit area (Qi) at a certain time, as well as the capillary water absorption coefficient (AC) were determined. The measurements ended when the difference between two subsequent measures was less than 0. 1% of the whole specimen mass.
The analysis of the hygroscopic performances of the unweathered sample highlights the capability of the structure (i. e. pore network and mineralogical composition) to attract water (Fig. 4a ). The comparison with the weathered samples shows that the Macigno sandstone is severely affected by salt crystallization, with a relevant increase in hygroscopic properties, particularly due to the opening of micro-cracks. The joint analysis of MIP and hygroscopic adsorption curves for fresh and salt-weathered samples (Fig. 4b  and c ) highlights the difference between the two datasets. The discrepancies noticeable for fresh samples in the results acquired with the two different techniques derive from the occurrence of Chl-S mixed-layer clay minerals. These minerals, being hygroscopic, induce an increase in the adsorption activity that is not linked to the actual presence of micropores.
Concluding remarks The analysis of the dataset highlights that the combined action of fabric and mineralogical features can control the decay mechanism of Macigno sandstone and, therefore, the durability of the material, a fact of high relevance when dealing with cultural heritage. This lithotype, in particular, presents an abundance of Chl-S mixed layers, which are subject to swelling-shrinking mechanisms with RH variation, inducing a high predisposition to deterioration. Moreover, the present work enhances the potential of coupling MIP with hygroscopic adsorption behaviour of rocks when dealing with expandable phyllosilicates and, more generally, micropores.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge the revision of the anonymous referees, who helped us to improve the manuscript. The authors acknowledge Frosini Pietre s. r. l. for providing the samples. Funding This work was carried out with the financial support of the ' Analisi delle proprietà microstrutturali, chimico-fisiche di materiali inorganici; determinazioni quantitative della composizione mineralogica di materiali naturali e delle proprietà tecniche dei materiali litici ' Laboratory funds, DISTAV, University of Genoa. Hannelore Derluyn  acknowledges the financial support from the  Research Foundation -Flanders (FWO)  for her postdoctoral fellowship.
By themselves, these linguistic data are silent on whether adult speakers drank animal milk or whether the milk was used to make cheese, or both; though the greater prominence of terms for 'milk' compared to those for 'cheese' does suggest that milk was directly consumed by adults. Unequivocal linguistic evidence of milk consumption by Indo-European-speaking adults can be found at a later date, in prescribed ritual drinking of soma mixed with milk by Proto-Indo-Iranian adults: lactose-persistance in the Proto-Indo-Iranian population (slightly after 2000 BCE according to  Chang et al. 2015)  must therefore have reached very high levels. Adult milk drinking by Indo-Iranian peoples is further confirmed by descriptions by Roman and Greek authors. Despite being linguistically Indo-European, Roman and Greek authors considered adult milk-drinking a barbarian custom, perhaps because Roman and Greek populations included a large pre-Indo-European farmer component.
For instance, even when we are attentive to the procedures of translation and back-translation, the equivalence of tasks is always far from guaranteed. But avoiding verbal tests as a way to deal with bias is also not a solution, given that a large part of human cognitive activities are mediated by language and because non-verbal tests do not necessarily mean "culture-free tests"  [9]. For translated and adapted tests, choosing items and pictures from local normalized databases -similar to Battig et al. 's category word frequency data  [10]  and Snodgrass and Vanderwart's norms for name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity for pictures  [11]  -is not always appropriate, since scores that are "numerically identical can have a psychologically different meaning across cultures"  [12].
This is especially true for adaptation procedures where inferences drawn from the adapted version scores can prove problematic as far as the psychological constructs are concerned  [13]. This establishes the need to re-examine the construct validity of any adapted test, even if the items are based on standardized local databases. Regarding the second concern, we noted a growing dissatisfaction with the increasing knowledge gap between the rapidly changing knowledge in the field of dementia and the existing dementia screening tools. Indeed, the most widely used instruments for the detection of dementia suffer from the following major limitations that our proposed instrument seeks to address: • Most existing dementia screening instruments assess orientation in time and space, a complex function not altered in the early stages of dementia.
g. , images and objects). We assessed the subjects' visuospatial capacities through a modified version of the Line-Object Orientation Judgment Test  [31]. The test consists of 10 items with different levels of difficulty. It is a motor-free measure of the ability to estimate angular relationships between line segments by visually matching angled line pairs. The stimuli appear on the upper half of the page, and at the bottom of the page, there is an array of 11 lines, arranged in a semi-circle and pointing to a picture of an object. For each item, the participants are randomly provided with a set of two lines, and the task is to identify the object each line leads to. We examined memory by presenting the participants an A4 page containing pictures of 10 objects, selected from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart database  [11].
The DSB-100 has also the potential to be easily adapted to many other cultures (Western and non-Western) with straightforward modifications to some of its subscales. It simply requires the inclusion of verbal and pictorial stimuli that are equivalent to the DSB-100 items, based on local standardized databases similar to Battig and Montague's verbal categorical database  [10]  and Snodgrass and Vanderwart's pictorial database  [11]. In addition to the importance of the impact of cultural factors no cognitive functioning, demographic specificities are well-established determinants of cognitive performance  [64]. The study findings outlined the sensitivity of the DSB-100 to some sociodemographic variables. It revealed that besides all the efforts to select and develop tasks that are applicable to illiterate and low-educated individuals, the influence of education remains significant.
Linguistic expressions of discourse are usually combined with non-linguistic forms of data such as practices in order to get a fuller understanding of the mechanisms of discourse  (Müller, 2009 ). Yet, while gaining purchase on the life worlds of subjects is critical, such an approach must resist the temptation of succumbing to mere hermeneutic interpretation and losing the wider structural anchors and relations between signifiers out of sight  (Pouliot, 2007). From this brief outline there emerge three key features which make Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory highly germane to serve as a methodological basis for the conceptualisation and analysis of geopolitical discourses and identities. First, it conceives of social practice as being a part of discourse and It is one of the tasks of hegemony analysis to examine why some signifiers come to represent the whole and why others do not.
This article argues that vocalic expressions are templatic: they have a head position and a dependent position. It follows that the same element can appear in both positions. The proposal is discussed and illustrated through an analysis of two types of harmony in the Ethio-Semitic language Tigre: lowering harmony and rounding harmony. Building on the original account of lowering harmony in  Lowenstamm & Prunet (1988) , and presenting for the first time collected data from the Səmhər dialect, it is argued that harmony can be construed as the fusion of the head or "Target" positions in the templates of adjacent expressions. It is further shown that syllables, too, can have a "Target" position, which is determined by their onset. Lowering harmony operates on this level as well.
(2) Three possibilities a. b. c. Head I I Dependent I I Kaye assumes that (2c) is impossible (cf. the third clause in his definition of vocalic expressions;  Kaye 2001: 255) , but does not motivate this assumption. Indeed, there is nothing inherent to the model to rule out (2c). In this paper, I will make the following claims: (3) Claims a. All vocalic expressions in all languages have head and dependent positions; as a consequence: b. The same element may occupy the head and dependent positions. I will discuss one phenomenon that nicely illustrates the veracity of the claims in (3): Tigre vowel harmony, whereby the short low vowel of the system becomes lower before the long low vowel. The data will be presented in section 2. In section 3 I will discuss a previous analysis and how an analysis that accepts (3) fares better than the previous analysis.
Procedure and questionnaires The level of self-reported physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-  [49] ). After reading and completing the consent form, a heart rate monitor (Polar Team 2 -Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finlande) was fitted to the participants' chest and heart rate was recorded during 15 minutes at rest, and throughout the experimental session. After measuring mean heart rate at rest, participants were asked to complete a series of questionnaires in order to obtain socio-demographic data as well as an overall description of tolerance and pleasure. A testing diagram is presented in Fig  1  to illustrate the experimental design.
This study was funded by grants from the  French Research Agency   ANR-2009-CORD-014-INTERACT  and  ANR-11-EQPX-0023 , and by funding to YD from the  region Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Decathlon, S. A. ( ARCIR2013 ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and alaysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments This essay was financed by the  Erasmus Mundus grant  inside the  International Doctorate in Quaternary and Prehistory programme (KVCH) , and by the  CGL2016-80975-P  project of the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness , and by the  Generalitat de Catalunya  research group GENCAT 2014 SGR 901. This contribution is part of the  PICT V 2014-1558  " Sociedades y Ambientes en Transformación " funded by  FONCYT-MINCYT, Argentina  and of the project " El patrimonio arqueológico y paleontológico de la cuenca superior del río Luján: investigación y gestión ". Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UBA. We thank the different Museums which have facilitated the collections to us: to  Alejandro Kramarz  and  Stella Alvarez  from  MACN , to  Christine Argot  and  Guillaume Billet  from  MNHN  and to  Kristian Murphy Gregersen  and  Kasper Lykke Hansen  from  ZMK.
These differences are likely to add to the inter-population variability we expect to observe among modern human populations today but they are also likely to reflect the additional health-related constraints experienced by the mother and fetus during development in this archaeological population. Indeed, new data from pre-industrial populations are required to build a more consistent and appropriate reference dataset for the analysis of archaeological and even of paleoanthropological dental specimens. Moreover, the Velia dataset has been used to derive a new regression formula to estimate human deciduous central incisors prenatal crown formation time as reference for pre-industrial populations. Given the large sample available, it was the specific aim of this paper to contribute towards a better understanding of the temporal events and processes underlying prenatal and perinatal enamel development in ancient populations.
The photomontages were assembled through the software Microsoft Image Composite Editor (ICE version 2. 0. 3. 0-64 bit). The time taken to form each crown prior to birth was calculated following the method described in  [27, 33, 61]. Segments of various length were traced and measured along single enamel prisms between the EDJ and a biological landmark (AL or physiological line). Starting from the tip of the dentine horn and avoiding the gnarled central cuspal enamel, the line was followed back to the EDJ. Starting from this point, the same procedure was repeated as many times as necessary until reaching the most cervical available point of the crown or the Neonatal Line. For each segment along the prisms the total formation time was determined by direct count of the cross-striations. Two observers performed all counts independently (AN and LB), after a common agreement on the identity of the biological landmarks.
The three segments of unequal length were chosen because the EER in the cuspal region of the central deciduous incisors forms very fast. Consequently, any cross-striation count along a rather short prism length, when close to the tip of the dentine horn, corresponds to a very long fraction of the total EDJ length forming at the same time. Finally, for one individual (Velia T. 237), the topographical distribution of the DSR was calculated by collecting random measurements (N>100) along the prisms and recording the corresponding cross-striations counts between the EDJ and the surface enamel. The corresponding spatial distribution of the DSR was calculated from the raw data using a surface obtained from a Generalized Additive Model fit  [64]. The pCFT variation profiles with reference to the EDJ were calculated with a locally weighted polynomial regression fit  [65]  of the lengths on the EDJ against the prenatal CFTs (data from S2 Table ).
The regression of the pCFT on the EDJ length derived from for the present paper dataset (Fig 4  and S2 Table ) presents a mean error of the absolute residuals of 27 days (sd 21. 38), higher than the one obtained from the regression of the direct cross-striation counts against the prism length for the same dataset. Therefore, even though it cannot be considered as such a good estimator of the pCFT, in conditions where the only measurable feature of the prenatal crown is the EDJ length, it can certainly be used as a rough indicator of the prenatal crown formation time. Finally, when large numbers of measurements are possible across the whole enamel crown of several specimens, the evaluation of the topographical distribution of the DSR across the whole enamel section (depicted here in Fig 6B as a heat map) represents a promising tool for understanding the differences in the pattern of enamel secretion among human populations and fossil hominins.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank  Alessandra Sperduti  for her critical revision of the manuscript and  Melania Gigante  for her valuable contribution to the data collection. This project was funded by the  Environmental Biology Doctoral School of Sapienza University of Rome  (AN) and by the  Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism  (AN,LB,PFR). We thank the  Academic Editor ,  Carsten Witzel  and one anonymous reviewer for their constructive feedback and suggestions.
The pureness and phase composition of the produced nanolime suspension was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD) using a PANanlytical X'Pert diffractometer, at CuK α radiation wavelength (in the angular range from 5° to 70° 2θ). The diffraction pattern was elaborated by Profile Fit Software HighScorePlus, PANalytical, and each crystalline phase was attributed by ICSD and ICDD reference databases. Morphology and particles dimensions were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques by means of Philips CM100 microscope, and Cypher Asylum Research (using a cantilever Bruker model SNL10 in tapping mode), respectively. In both measurements, samples were prepared according to the standard procedures.
Thermography In order to individuate, in the building structure, the zones where the water permeates the mortar, preliminary visual and thermographic analysis of the internal and external walls of the Church  [19]  were carried out. In particular, the infrared inspection was performed in passive modality, in accordance with the 2012 update of the International Standard ISO 6781-1983 that outlines the general procedure for the interpretation of the infrared thermography method  [20]. We used FLIR S65 HS thermal camera with these characteristics: detector: 320×240 pixels, spectral range: 7. 5-13 µm, instant field of view: 1. 1 mrad. The thermal images were processed by using Therma CAM Reserchear Pro 2. 10 software, supplied by FLIR.
The binder and the aggregate fractions were characterized by means of several techniques, as X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry -XRF (X Spectro-Xepos III), XRD (PANanlytical X'Pert diffractometer), as well as infrared spectroscopy -FTIR (Thermo Nicolet spectrophotometer Nexus). In particular, XRD patterns were recorded in the angular range from 5° to 70° 2θ, (steps size of 0,026° 2θ; time per step 400 sec). Each experimental diffraction pattern was elaborated by the Profile Fit Software, and crystalline phases were attributed by ICSD and ICDD reference databases. A quantitative estimation of the phase percent was obtained by means of the Reference Intensity Ratio (RIR) method  [24]. FTIR analyses were recorded in the 4000-400 cm -1 region at a resolution of 4 cm -1. Thermal analyses were performed with a LINSEIS L.
Acknowledgments. The authors gratefully acknowledge to  Ms. Tonina Rosa , Chairwoman of the  Opi Onlus Association (L'Aquila, Italy) , for her valuable willingness. The experimental assistance on TEM and optcal observations of  Dr. Lorenzo Arrizza  and  Dr. Maria Giammatteo ,  Center of Microscopy (University of L'Aquila) , is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks also to  Ms. Fabiola Ferrante ,  Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics (University of L'Aquila) , for her kind collaboration.
Ellipsis under Attitude Role Shift in LSF Similar conclusions can be obtained on the basis of LSF data: whenever Attitude Role Shift is used, an inference can be derived about the precise words that the agent used, and these must be the very words that appear in the role-shifted clause; no such effect arises without Role Shift. As was the case in some but not in all of our ASL data, the sentences were deemed acceptable even when the context failed to explain why a sentence with ellipsis could have been used in the reported dialogue; thus in this case inferential judgments are crucial to establish the existence of quotational readings. (We include for completeness data involving a quotation operator, which according to our consultant is reserved for important statements; for reasons we early access.
Philippe Schlenker • As we saw in Part I, our consultant accepts wh-extraction out of a role-shifted clause, which suggests that a gap corresponding to a wh-trace escapes the quotational requirement. • By contrast, the data we just saw suggest that an elided VP does not escape this quotational requirement. In the end, then, the analysis will have to allow for fine-grained parameterization among constructions (and also among languages [or possibly consultants], since we saw that wh-extraction was dispreferred by our LSF consultant).
Iconic effects with Action Role Shift in LSF Our LSF data are complex. On the one hand, we replicate the effects we just saw in ASL: under Action Role Shift, a happy face must be attributed to the agent of the action rather than to the signer; in that sense, it seems that expressions under Role Shift must be interpreted 'maximally iconically'. On the other hand, there are surprising constraints on Action Role Shift, discussed in Part I, which might suggest that our LSF consultant obeys a stronger constraint, according to which every element that appears under Action Role Shift must have an iconic component. We mentioned in Part I that it seems that Action Role Shift must be motivated by something -possibly by the existence of some iconic element in its scope. In the ASL example in (24a), the signer used a classifier construction to realize the embedded verb; specifically, the index finger classifier effected a movement in signing space, one which could be taken as a representation of the angry German swimmer moving in space.
Be that as it may, even this condition won't be enough to account for the LSF data discussed in Part I, which suggested that under ill-understood conditions, expressions that don't have a proper iconic component trigger an attitude reinterpretation. In our data, this was for instance the case for (79a): neither IPHONE nor the general verb SHOW-(a) has an iconic component, and the entire role-shifted clause was understood to be in the scope of a covert attitude operator. In (79b) we obtained a mixed reading in which IPHONE was cited but SHOW-CL corresponded to an action. ⇒ the wolf said 'iPhone' and showed the iPhone (see full ratings in Appendix IV) He [= the wolf] said '(an) iPhone' and showed it. ' (LSF, 39, 37; see also LSF, 39, 27)   In (80a) we have copied our tentative generalization, made in (29) above; it could be implemented in the present framework as in (80b).
early access Philippe Schlenker a situation -theoretic rather than in an event-theoretic semantics -the latter could be used to make some aspects of the present analysis more precise. Still, there are important differences between the two analyses, both for Attitude and for Action Role Shift. First, Davidson takes Attitude Role Shift to be a pure case of quotation. This doesn't explain why wh-extraction is possible out of Attitude Role Shift in our ASL data, but since there are other arguments for taking these constructions to be quotational (e. g. the behavior of ANY), she doesn't take this to be a problem; and she correctly notes that this is a virtue for the LSF data we discussed above. On the other hand, Davidson doesn't say how her account would extend to languages such as Catalan and German Sign Language, which according to the literature allow for mixing of perspectives (see Quer 2005, 2013, Herrmann &  Steinbach 2012, and Part I of the present study).
Given Davidson's claim that the arguments of a verb must be 'moved out' before it can undergo Action Role Shift, this seems to be a good thing. But some of the data we elicited from our ASL consultant appear to allow larger structures to appear under Action Role Shift if they contain no overt indexical other than the first person agreement marker, as shown by (88a) ((88b)-(88d) are deviant and/or give rise to an attitude reinterpretation; this paradigm is repeated from Part I). And the LSF sentence in (31) above also involved Action Role Shift over both a verb and a noun phrase. Within our analysis, such structures can be interpreted under Action Role Shift, with the possible proviso that some or all elements should have an iconic component. These structures should thus be investigated in greater detail in the future.