dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Uniqueness of individual trajectories The work by De Montjoye et al. [5] , published in Scientific Reports in 2013, is the first to raise significant concerns on the privacy of users whose communication activities are recorded in CDR datasets. The study unveils the very high uniqueness of individual trajectories: knowing a few random time-stamped locations of an individual allows pinpointing her trajectory within the mobile phone data of a large user population. Notably, the authors show that 4 random l i 's identify one specific user among 1. 5 million individuals 95% of times. In practice, the result implies that an adversary would need minimal knowledge about the mobility of a victim in order to perform a re-identification attack on a CDR dataset. The tests leading to the conclusion above consider a large user population but rely on raw CDR data that is highly incomplete: on average, a user only has approximately 19 unique locations observed in a month from 4, 200 cell towers.
We repeat the experiment with our reference dataset and trajectory reconstruction method. We run the filtering adopted by Song et al. on our original CDR data and extract 8, 000 users: this maps to around 0. 44% of the available population, which is very close to the 0. 45% considered in  [4]. The probability distribution of the maximum predictability across the retained users is labeled as original in Figure  11. The mean predictability is at 81%, which is high yet quite far from the 93% found by Song et al. : As users are selected in the exact same way in the two cases, we ascribe the difference to the diverse mobility habits of the user populations in the two datasets, which are collected in different countries, at different scales, and during different time periods. More interesting to our study is thus the comparison of the predictability obtained with the incomplete trajectories of 0.
44% of the users, and that resulting from the seamless trajectories of the full available population (i. e. , 1. 7 million users), reconstructed through CTR. The curve labeled as complete in Figure  11  is considerably shifted to the right, with a much-reduced variance around the peak, now at 94%. Our hypothesis for this outcome is that the filtering introduced in  [4]  dramatically reduces the set of users, favoring individuals who are very active from a mobile communication viewpoint. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that interactions with the cellular network are more frequent for users with higher mobility  [30] [31] [32]. As a result, the sparse nature of CDR data lets Song et al. introduce an unwanted bias in their study, which is ultimately focused on very mobile individuals whose displacements are more difficult to anticipate.
Instead, considering a much larger population lets us account for the vast majority of fairly static users, and reveals that people's movements are on average even easier to predict than estimated in  [4]. In order to verify our hypothesis, we show in Figure  11  the predictability distribution for the complete, reconstructed trajectories of the same 8, 000 users that are retained from the original data by the filtering proposed in  [4]. The result, tagged as complete/filtered is very consistent with that derived with the sparse CDR-based trajectories of those subscribers, i. e. , the original curve. The result supports our intuition that it is the population sampling and not the reconstruction process that determines the striking difference in the figure.
Conclusions We have investigated the problem of sparsity in trajectories inferred from mobile phone data. We have quantified the issue in a representative real-world dataset, proposed a novel solution, named CTR, to reconstruct a seamless trajectory from sparse CDR data, and validated our methodology using ground-truth movement patterns. We have also demonstrated the importance of trajectory reconstruction by revisiting well-known results on human mobility based on raw CDR, and showing that complete trajectories can in some cases affect the outcome of those analyses substantially.
Funding This work is supported by the EU FP7 ERANET program under grant CHIST-ERA-2012 MACACO and is performed in the context of the EMBRACE Associated Team of Inria and STIC AmSud MOTIf. Figure  11  Revisited results from  [4]. Distributions of the entropy and maximum theoretical predictability derived with (i) the incomplete original CDR-based trajectories of 8, 000 users filtered with the method in  [4] , (ii) the complete trajectories of all 1. 7 million users, and (iii) the complete trajectories of the same 8, 000 users considered in the first case. Tables  Table 1  The sample of CDR dataset. In this case, each CDR entry describes a voice call. All user identifiers and cell tower ids are coded to hide personal information. The GPS location of the cell towers is provided in the data source.
In this context, DNNs could also be trained to predict response to specific treatments and could be of help in devising patient stratification strategies for the optimization of clinical trials. Similarly, training DNNs with images from known responders and nonresponders to specific treatments (e. g. , immunotherapy) may help better stratify patients for appropriate future personalized and precision-based clinical trials. e main issue with the use of DNNs is the need for a large number of manually curated cases in order to properly tune the hyperparameters of the network. Unification of criteria in multicentric data collection, as is under way (for example) in large worldwide efforts like the Human Connectome Project or the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, is therefore an important next step also in the field of pathology.
6  The search for each topic was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE (1947 to September 2017), EMBASE (1947 to September 2017), and Cochrane review database. Consistent with PRISMA guidelines and the prior ICAR statements, the systematic review of each topic began with the identification of prior published systematic reviews or guidelines. High-quality evidence such as RCTs and metaanalyses were first identified if available. When these did not exist, as is common in surgical studies, observational studies were then identified. Reference lists of all identified studies were subsequently evaluated to ensure all relevant studies were captured. In the EBR and EBRR sections, all included studies were presented in a standardized table format and the quality of the study was graded using the Oxford Level of Evidence (LOE) (Level 1a to 5).
Prospective studies directly comparing the efficacy and adverse effect profile of the TCA vs EEA are currently lacking in the literature. Case series describing 3 or fewer patients, sublabial endoscopic cases, pediatric series, and series solely evaluating endoscopic augmentation of TCAs were excluded. To avoid duplication of patients among several published series from single institutions, only the report with the largest relevant cohort from each institution was included in this review. A total of 3540 reports were captured through our database search. After applying the exclusion criteria, 16 manuscripts, published between 2007 and 2017, met inclusion criteria for this review and have formed the foundation of this evidence-based review.
However, given the improvement in outcomes with current endoscopic techniques, modification of the traditional surgical concepts for improvement in QOL factors may be considered as long as the modification does not impact patient survival or margin-negative status. A recent study by  Tajudeen et al. 843  has examined outcomes in unilateral resection of the bone, dura, olfactory bulbs and tract, showing improved smell outcomes without sacrificing patient survival. This same principal could also be applied in CFR for appropriate patients, but as always, the surgeon should strive for a complete margin-negative resection. Outcomes studies performed on large, population-based databases have also been performed in recent years to identify key prognostic factors. Identifying patients at risk of poor outcome can potentially help to guide the need for ICAR:ESBS adjuvant treatment.
VIII. B. Squamous cell carcinoma Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) represents a rare malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract with a recent SEER database analysis by Sanghvi et al. 870   Subgroup analyses in each study revealed that the majority of patients were white (75. 7-82. 50%) and the vast majority were greater than 55 years of age at the time of diagnosis. 870, 871  Sanghvi et al. 870  found that the nasal cavity was defined as the primary site in 46. 08% (2301/4994) of the cohort, whereas the paranasal sinuses were defined as the primary site in the remaining 53. 92% (2693/4994) of the cohort. Ansa et al. 871  found that the maxillary sinus represented 76. 3% (1947/2553) of the cohort followed by the ethmoid sinuses (10. 5%), sphenoid sinus (4. 1%), and frontal sinus (1.
A pooled data analysis of 150 patients with SNSCC found only 23 patients undergoing purely endoscopic resection with available data. This cohort had a mean age of 59. 8 years with a 2:1 male:female ratio and a preponderance (65. 2%) of lowstage (T1 to T2) disease at presentation. Local recurrence was noted in 6 patients (26. 8%) and distant metastases were noted in 2 patients. At last reported follow-up, 19 patients (82. 6%) were alive with no evidence of disease. It should be noted that follow-up ranged from 3 to 92. Interestingly, analysis of the entire cohort revealed a relatively greater proportion of stage IVB tumors treated endoscopically, but subgroup analysis revealed a greater rate of margin positivity in this group, suggesting that a less invasive approach without a goal of complete resection was employed.
Retrospective case series represent the remaining included studies each showing comparable rates of oncologic outcomes between endoscopic and open resection techniques. [872] [873] [874] [876] [877] [878] [879]  Of the noted studies, only 2 studies included outcome data specific to the endoscopic resection of SNSCC. Nicolai et al. 877  noted an overall recurrence rate of 16. 2% (7/43) with a 12% (3/25) recurrence rate in those treated with endoscopic resection and 22. 2% (4/18) recurrence rate in those treated with open resection. Histologic stratification based on biologic aggressiveness (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary tumors) revealed a 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) of 78. 6%. Luong et al. 876  reported 21 patients undergoing endoscopic resection of SNSCC with an OS of 93.
VIII. C. 1. Treatment of SNUC and NEC Following the ICAR:ESBS protocol, 738 articles were initially identified, the titles and abstracts were examined, and studies were excluded if they did not pertain to SNUC or NEC. More than 30 single-patient case reports were identified, but they were excluded and only studies with greater than 3 patients were included. Finally, only studies with multiple treatment groups and survival data were included in the final analysis. This left 28 studies that are described in Table  VIII. C. The evidence presented in Table  VIII. C is comprosed, at best, from pooled analysis of small-sized to medium-sized case series. The data is heterogeneous and the quality of the data, in terms of treatment and outcomes, is often poor. There are no RCTs, nor any prospective trials of any nature reported in the literature.
They had similar OS to other studies, with 26. 3% alive with no evidence of disease and 21% alive with disease. They reported that surgery with adjuvant chemoradiation had a 260% increase in survival compared to surgery alone. They were unable to perform any other comparisons with different treatment groups because of the lack of data in the underlying studies. Finally, Xu et al. 913  presented 20 patients from their own institution with a review of the literature (level 4 evidence). They identified 140 patients in literature with SNUC in addition to their own 20 patients. The majority of the patients received multimodal treatment with a median OS of 12. 7 months. On Cox regression analysis they did not show any difference in DFS based on initial treatment, whether single or multimodal in nature.
906  This situation could be clarified with better study data. Fortunately, there are currently 2 phase II trials recruiting ICAR:ESBS patients, SINTART 1 and 2; these are 2 open-label, phase II, multicenter clinical trials, designed to assess the efficacy in term of progression-free survival of a multimodality treatment in patients with sinonasal carcinomas (intestinaltype adenocarcinoma, SNUC, NEC, squamocellular cancer, Hyams grade 3-4 ENB; Clinicaltrials. gov identifier: NCT02099175 and NCT02099188). r Benefit-Harm Assessment: The heterogeneity of the stud- ies included here, combined with the poor outcomes and rarity of the tumors, make it very difficult to assess the harm that the various proposed strategies might cause long term in surviving patients. However, it is clear that some form of multimodal treatment improves survival.
VIII. D. 2. Recurrence, outcomes, and prognosis after sinonasal tract ACC Recurrences for sinonasal tract ACC are frequent (30%)  950  and occur late, sometimes many years after initial management. Patients with sinonasal tract ACC require lifelong follow-up. The following characteristics, when present, predict an increased incidence of recurrence: multiple areas of tumor involvement, advanced disease stage (stage IV), skull-base involvement, PNI, bone invasion, and lymphovascular invasion. Given the scarcity of sinonasal tract ACC, the majority of reports on demographic and survival data are limited to retrospective systematic and single-institutional reviews. Survival rates for sinonasal tract ACC have been reported in a few studies. Liu et al. 949  reported a 5-year survival rate of 65.
7% without skull-base involvement. Furthermore, positive/close tumor margins are significantly more associated with poorer OS than negative tumor margins (69% vs 27%, respectively, p < 0. 04, HR 3. 1). 943  Although it is possible that proximity of sinonasal tract ACC to the skull base and other vital structures limits the impact of PNI on survival, its presence is associated with positive margins. Even when surgical margins may be negative, it has been suggested skip lesions along nerve trunks may invalidate a negative margin. 941, 942, 963  The existence of skip lesions in large nerve PNI from cutaneous SCC has been challenged, but no such data exists on ACC. 964  In addition to tumor origin; positive lymph node, metastasis, and age (>70 years) are also considered independent predictors of outcome (OS and DSS).
The bibliographies of the 22 publications meeting inclusion criteria were searched, resulting in the addition of 2 publications. Included publications are detailed in Table  IX. A. 1. Three publications from which data were not included in our aggregate numbers are included in Table  IX. A. 2: 1 of these publications is a systematic review and metaanalysis 1027 and is described separately to avoid doublecounting patients; another focuses on tumor seeding rates and also involves the same patient population as patients in another analysis; and another contains a cohort already contained in 1 of the included manuscripts.
Another strategy for evaluating outcomes may be using populationbased resources, such as the SEER database. One SEER analysis examining skull-base chordomas noted that patients undergoing resection had a greater 10-year survival (61. 4%) than those receiving primary radiation (44. 8%), although differences among surgical approaches were not differentiated in this study. 1029  Skull-base chordomas have been noted in other SEER analyses to have significantly lower survival than that of other clival lesions such as chondrosarcoma. 1030  However, these population databases cannot differentiate between surgical approaches or extent of surgery. The endoscopic transsphenoidal approach is a valid, minimally invasive alternative for the treatment of clival chordoma. In selected patients a wait-and-scan strategy can be considered.
IX. A. 3. Patterns of recurrence and seeding after EEA for clival chordoma Of 18 analyses with individual patient data providing sufficient details about recurrence, 39 patients (17. 3%) were noted to have recurrent disease detected during their surgical follow-up periods. Of course, follow-up time varies considerably among series in which this information was available, ranging from 5. 9 months to 91 months; hence, taken together, these data may not be optimal for judging recurrence rates. What has been established is that chordomas generally grow slowly, and recurrence rates may not necessarily stabilize after 5 years. In 1 of the larger datasets, One of the main points of controversy within many series includes discussion of the appropriate indications for choosing a purely EEA; there is a general consensus agreeing on the utility of this approach for midline lesions, but in lesions with more lateral extension as well as lesions of the lower clivus, decisions of whether to undergo endoscopic approaches varied and appear to be a function of each individual center's experience with this approach.
This may reflect surgeon familiarity with effective grafting techniques, and how to accomplish a circumferential watertight seal, or variations in defect size, and not so much a failure of free grafts in achieving a good closure. Based on location, clival defects showed more success with vascular flap. Although the data were limited for tuberculum defects, theoretically the clivus and tuberculum are at increased risk of high-flow leaks because they are closer to the arachnoid cisterns and intracranial ventricles. Therefore, the use of a vascular flap in these defect locations is recommended. 242  Harvey et al. 477  published a systematic review and metaanalysis in 2012 of endoscopic endonasal reconstructions, specifically looking at large skull-base defects. The Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched and 609 cases with large dural defects were included in the study and compared based on reconstruction with free grafts or vascularized flaps.
C. 1). After review of these full-text articles, 8 were removed secondary to reporting an unspecified number of lumbar drains, duplicate data sources, excluding repaired CSF leaks, addressing only secondary CSF leaks, or not using contemporary reconstructive techniques. This left 7 studies to be included in this review. Accordingly, all 7 studies were reviewed. Notably, there was a lack of prospective studies whereas 2 recent meta-analysis were identified. 131, 268  In addition, there was significant variability in the pathology treated and the defects repaired within each study and also between studies. A total of 1131 cases of ESBS with involvement of lumbar drains as adjunctive procedure for reconstruction were found and revised (Table  X. C. 2). A meta-analysis was performed to determine the equivalency of a CSF leak between the pooled data with and without a lumbar drain.
Although there is a relative paucity of such data, all level 1, 2, or 3 articles were included, whereas level 4 data was limited to publications newer than 2012, because data prior to this would have been captured in the included systematic reviews. Following the ICAR:ESBS methodology and detailed bibliography review of included papers, 42 articles were selected for final inclusion in the EBRR. These articles represent the highest-quality and most contemporary data on risk factors and outcomes in skull-base reconstruction (see Table  XI. A. 1).
1339  In this study for recurrent, nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas,  Lasio et al. 1339  evaluated the role of preoperative CT for navigation. There was no difference in morbidity or mortality between cases with navigation (n = 11) vs those without (n = 8). GTR was obtained in 82% vs 75% of patients, respectively. Although setup time was extended by 13 minutes, operative time was reduced in the navigation group by 36 minutes. This study showed equivalence of clinical outcomes, and does not necessarily provide support for CT navigation. In an analysis of a nationwide database by  Chung et al. 1340  on transsphenoidal approaches to neoplastic pituitary pathologies, CT-guided cases (n = 1768) when compared to those without image guidance (n = 45,446) had lower CSF leak rates (6. 4% vs 8. 9%), length of stay (2.
9 vs 3. 7 days), and cost. There was no difference in mortality. An important limitation of this study is that the database used did not differentiate endoscopic vs microscopic approaches, revision cases, or intraoperative vs postoperative CSF leaks during the index admission. Nevertheless, given the large size of this study, the results do provide support for CT navigation during surgery for pituitary neoplasms. There were also 3 cohort studies comparing this technique to standard fluoroscopy. Patel et al. 1341  demonstrated in patients with sellar lesions undergoing endoscopic surgery that there was no difference in adverse events between CT guidance and fluoroscopy with respect to residual tumor, CSF leak, DI, and hemorrhage. Time in the operating room was equivalent for both treatment groups.
XII. D. 1. b. MRI. The literature search did not show any studies comparing MR guidance to a control group without sterotaxy. However, MR guidance has been compared to other methods of stereotaxy. Jagannathan et al. 1342  compared stereotaxy for sellar lesions with preoperative MRI, preoperative CT, or preincisional fluoroscopy. Although there was a decreased rate of CSF leaks in the MR guidance group, there were no statistically significant differences in the rate of complications, which also included visual changes and vascular injury. On the contrary, in the abovementioned nationwide database analysis by  Chung et al. , 1340  the MR guidance group (n = 1228) had the highest CSF leak rate, length of stay, and cost relative to the CT guidance or control groups. These results are difficult to interpret given that the database used did not include information on the size and location of treated lesions and therefore may have represented a selection bias.
These responses can be characterized based on the latency, amplitude, and threshold of the current stimulation. 1388  Studies involving traditional skullbase approaches and the use of facial nerve monitoring with tEMG have noted that changes in stimulation threshold, onset latency, and CMAP amplitude can be predictors of postoperative CN function. 1386, [1389] [1390] [1391]  Loss or change of previously recorded CMAP threshold proximal to the tumor during ESBS indicate transection of a nerve during surgery. 1390  The significant challenge in CMAP response for CNs is lack of normative data for the onset latency and amplitude during the ESBS or conventional skull-base approach to determine significant changes. Based on published reports on conventional skull-base surgery and University of Pittsburgh experience during ESBS (unpublished data, University of Pittsburgh, Thirumala P, Gardner P, Wang E, Snyderman C), monitoring extraocular CNs is particularly useful in surgeries of the clivus, cavernous sinus, pons, and midbrain; trigeminal nerve in surgeries involving Meckel's cave and the infratemporal fossa; and facial nerve and lower CNs in surgeries involving the petroclival region.