dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
17 his study has two objectives. The first is to investigate the frequency of catastrophic expenditure generated by emergency obstetric care and the risk factors associated with such expenditure. The second is to identify the coping strate-Objective To investigate the frequency of catastrophic expenditures for emergency obstetric care, explore its risk factors, and assess the effect of these expenditures on households in the Kayes region, Mali. Methods Data on 484 obstetric emergencies (242 deaths and 242 near-misses) were collected in 2008-2011. Catastrophic expenditure for emergency obstetric care was assessed at different thresholds and its associated factors were explored through logistic regression. A survey was subsequently administered in a nested sample of 56 households to determine how the catastrophic expenditure had affected them.
Data Our study was conducted on a main sample of 484 women -242 maternal deaths and 242 near-misses -and on a nested subsample of 56 women who had had a near miss. The first data collection took place in the context of an ongoing case-control study on the impact of three types of delay on institutional maternal mortality in the Kayes region from February 2008 to June 2011. The delays in question were: (i) delay in deciding to seek care; (ii) delay in reaching a health facility and (iii) delay in being provided with appropriate care. The cases selected were restricted to four obstetric complications -haemorrhage, eclampsia, postpartum infection and uterine rupture -but accounted for 79. 8% of all institutional maternal deaths in the region during the study period. Each maternal death was matched to a near miss with the same complication that had occurred in the same district and on approximately the same date (median difference of 7 days).
We applied a social autopsy interview method  18, 19  and conducted social autopsies on the sample of 484 women a median of 5. 5 months after the obstetric emergency. During interviews we collected obstetric data and information on women's sociodemographic characteristics and the expenses incurred by their households as a result of the emergency obstetric care, including the costs of transportation and treatment and other related costs, such as the cost of food for the woman and accompanying family members. We conducted a second survey in a subsample of 56 households with near-misses a median of 19 months after the obstetric emergency. We purposively selected households from any socioeconomic group whose expenditure for emergency obstetric care had exceeded the total sample median of US$ 119.
2 (exchange rate: 472 Communauté Financière Africaine francs [FCFA] to US$ 1. 00). Our aim was to study the coping strategies employed by the households and how households across different socioeconomic groups coped with similarly high expenditures. We selected only households with nearmisses because in households with a maternal death we would have observed, in addition to the expenditure, the social and economic consequences of the loss of the mother. We also decided against interviewing grieving families a second time. Owing to security concerns in the region, some households had to be dropped and replaced by others during data collection. Consequently, the final subsample included two households that had spent slightly less than the median, as well as a slightly higher proportion of households in the highest quintiles than the total sample.
First, since income data were not collected   directly in each household, estimates from another study had to be used. Catastrophic expenditures were assessed from these estimates, but because the factors were relatively insensitive to the different thresholds used, we can conclude that our results are reliable. Furthermore, those income estimates were collected in 2008, whereas the expenses were incurred between 2008 and 2011. Despite this, we do not think that major changes in household income have occurred since and therefore doubt that our results were affected. An additional limitation is the relatively small size of our subsample. However, data related to the coping strategies and their effect on household welfare seemed fairly saturated after the accounts of 56 households. Importantly, the coping strategies and catastrophic expenses reported here pertain only to households that spent more than the median amount and are therefore not generalizable to the entire sample.
Ethical and legal considerations All EVATEM subjects gave their informed consent to participate in this study. Their participation or refusal had no effect on the usual nursing performed at the HEC. The study protocol has been reviewed and approved by an ethics committee CPP Sud-Est III (comité de protection des personnes Sud-Est III (Persons protection comity of South-East III)) on the 7 th of July 2009. All procedures are in compliance with the Helsinki declaration. Data processing is approved by the CNIL (commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (National Commission for Informatics and Liberties)) under n°1362516. EVATEM study has been registered in the clinical trials (Current Controlled Trials NCT01316562).
Discussion The EVATEM study will identify which one, or which combination, of these studied tests are the most predictive of MCI and AD and related disorders. This will provide a recommendation as to which should be performed on elderly patients reporting a memory complaint during a health examination at HEC. The age for inclusion selected for the EVATEM study was 65 years old and more as the prevalence of AD is low before the age of 65 years  [53]. This age criterion was also used in the PAQUID study  [54]  and in a three city study  [55]. HEC recruit elderly patients from those listed in the files of the French health insurance system. Previous studies have compared elderly individuals using HEC to those of the general population of the same age. It appears that people over 60 years old who consult at HEC are more likely to be young male seniors (60 to 70 years old), living in couples, individuals with a healthy lifestyle (lower tobacco consumption, lower alcohol consumption and more physic activity) and those that consult more frequently than the corresponding general population (data unpublished, CETAF).
This was well received and has demonstrated that cognitive tests can be easily integrated into a preventive consultation. The participants of this study will be re-examined one year after their inclusion; this will enable us to estimate the predictive abilities of the tests to diagnose MCI and dementia. The use of simple tests with good predictive abilities should help guide patients from centers of prevention to MC for early medical and behavioral care management. Further research projects are planned using the EVATEM database. These include studying the relationships between insecurity and memory complaints, cognition and anxiety-depression, cognition and walking, and cognition and vitamin D levels. University Hospitals of Lyon, Angers and Saint-Etienne for carrying out clinical assessments and diagnoses.
Data analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS 17. 0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL). Data were reported using descriptive statistics including frequency analysis (percentages) for categorical variables and mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables after checking their distribution. Statistical significance was examined using a Chi-square test or the Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Student's t test for continuous variables. For most questions relating to practices, "often" and "always" responses were grouped, as were "never" and "rarely" responses. Similarly, for questions assessing caregiver opinions on practices "very useful" and "essential" responses were grouped, as were "pointless" and "not very useful" responses.
Statistical analysis. To compare the groups, we took consecutive patients treated or been treated with sunitinib at our Institute and took the same number of patients treated by conventional chemotherapies. The hypotheses were expecting to show greater toxicity of 425% with sunitinib. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Services (SPSS) for Windows Release 10. 0 (SPSS, Inc. , IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). T-tests and Pearson's w 2 analyses with an alpha risk set at 0. 05 were performed to compare each group.
This information should be simple, adapted and reassuring, but should focus on symptoms indicating a serious side effect. The message can be emphasised by nurse consultation, transmission to patients of the individualised care plan or linkage notebook, such as other oral chemotherapies (capecitabine, imatinib). Comprehensive clinical examination (global health status, nutritional status and buccodental status) and review of relevant pathological, radiological and biological data should be performed before any chemotherapy/targeted therapy prescription. As one could notice in our study, patients with a defective hygiene seem to present more complications than the others whatever pre-treatment dental care done. This should encourage us to develop patient's information and prescription of prophylactic supportive care, such as mouthwashes, tooth brushing and appropriate diet.
M. E. Edginton, T. Ornstein, J. Denholm, A. El Sony, S. J. Kim, A. Narain, R. O'Brien ber or consultant is the principal researcher, an intended co-author or a named collaborator, or if The Union funds or sponsors the study. Through a formal application process, the EAG evaluates the societal value of the study; methods used (poor science is unethical); informed consent procedures and forms; risks to participants; confi dentiality of participant and record information; the involvement of local communities, local researchers and local health services; local ethics committee approval; and plans for disseminating study results. Studies involving record reviews and existing data without the direct involvement of human subjects are reviewed by the EAG through an expedited procedure by the Chairperson or designate.
This applies especially to how information is provided and consent obtained. A future area of development for the EAG will be to investigate ways of monitoring how data are collected, potentially through collaborations with local ethics bodies and communities. The co-approval of local ethics bodies has proved a problematic issue. The EAG believes that external ethics committees, including The Union EAG, should not be the sole bodies to adjudicate the ethical merits of research to be carried out in developing countries. This includes studies of existing records, usually the subject of expedited reviews. Local experts are far more likely to understand local conditions, cultures and expectations, and are thus essential collaborators. This must not mean the additional burden of submission to a 'maze of committees'.
10, 11 A workshop on research ethics conducted during the Conference of the Union Africa Region in Rwanda in 2013 was successful in creating awareness about and ethical thinking for the research process, and will be replicated at other Union events. The expedited review process for studies of records and existing data is the responsibility of the EAG Chairperson. The task is an onerous one, and there is perhaps need to further refi ne the already simplifi ed 'record review' application form.
Socio-economic, psychosocial and behavioural data were collected after the clinical visit at baseline (M0, i. e. the date of treatment initiation), and at months 6, 12 and 24. Anonymous face-to-face questionnaires were administered by community health workers in a private room thereby ensuring confidentiality. The latter were not part of the medical team and their primary role was to improve linkage to care. They were trained by the research team to use non-judgmental approaches during interviews so that patients would feel as comfortable as possible when answering questions. A series of questions was asked to collect information about adherence to ART, patient-caregiver relationships, sexual behaviours and perceived health. The study protocol was approved by the National Ethics Committee of Cameroon and the institutional Ethics Committee of the Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (France).
Acknowledgments The authors thank the  Ministry of Public Health in Cameroon , as well as the patients and staff from all hospitals participating in the Stratall trial. We also thank  Jude Sweeney  ( Rome, Italy ) for the English revision and editing of the manuscript. Data presented previously in oral communication at  Sixth International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Rome , July  17-20 , 2011 [abstract MOAC0203]. Stratall  ANRS 12110/ESTHER Study Group M. Biwole-Sida C. , Kouanfack ,  S. Koulla-Shiro  ( Central hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon );  A. Bourgeois ,  E. Delaporte ,  C. Laurent ,  M. Peeters  ( IRD, University Montpellier 1, UMI 233, Montpellier, France );  G. Laborde-Balen  ( French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Yaounde, Cameroon );  M. Dontsop ,  S.
Study design and population study This population-based observational study of singletons liveborn in Chile (1991-2008) examined 4 475 444 births recorded in the National Livebirth Database in Chile. The Chilean database is the official source of health statistics about live births in the country; it undergoes systematic verification from hospital sources. It does not impute any data. Data are available under demand of the researcher  [20]. Data come from the birth certificate completed by the physician or midwife after delivery. This certificate is sent by the hospital to the Civil Registry. In Chile, overall, 99. 8% of births occur in hospitals and clinics, with professional assistance (obstetricians, physicians or universitytrained midwives)  [19]. Live births at home are also recorded in the database.
Discussion Over an 18-year period, the rate of PTB has increased significantly in this population database. At the same time, the sociodemographic profile of mother's population has changed substantially: parity has decreased and the percentage of younger, older and mothers not living with a partner rose. Mothers following these trends had a considerable high risk of give birth to preterm child over time. Moreover, the number of women belonging to such groups at risk has also increased markedly (except for grand multiparas). All and every of the studied factors are not enough to explain the increase of PTB because increase in the rates of PTB affected the entire population including those   mothers without sociodemographic risk. Also, the more recent period contributed significantly to this increase independently of these factors.
Acknowledgements Dr Danuta Rajs , director of the Department of health statistics and information at the  Ministry of Health in Chile (until 2011 ). Dr René Castro , director of the Women's  Health Programme  at the  Ministry of Health in Chile  (until 2011). The staff at the  National Statistics Institute (INE) of Chile. Their collaboration and support through the generous provision of technical documents and access to the database following my request, made the beginning of this survey possible. Financial support This study was funded by the  Ministry of Education of Chile , the  University of Valparaíso , in Chile, the  Embassy of France  in Chile, as part of the  MECESUP (Ministry of Education Higher Education Improvement Program ) grants for academics (to see: http://www. mecesup. cl).
Background: In searches for clinical trials and systematic reviews, it is said that Google Scholar (GS) should never be used in isolation, but in addition to PubMed, Cochrane, and other trusted sources of information. We therefore performed a study to assess the coverage of GS specifically for the studies included in systematic reviews and evaluate if GS was sensitive enough to be used alone for systematic reviews. Methods: All the original studies included in 29 systematic reviews published in the Cochrane Database Syst Rev or in the JAMA in 2009 were gathered in a gold standard database. GS was searched for all these studies one by one to assess the percentage of studies which could have been identified by searching only GS. Results: All the 738 original studies included in the gold standard database were retrieved in GS (100%).
Background The release of the beta version of Google Scholar (GS) (http://scholar. google. com) in November 2004 generated much media coverage and academic commentary. It has been met with both enthusiasm and criticism but Google and GS now lead more visitors to many biomedical journal websites than does Medline via its PubMed interface  [1] [2] [3]. GS searches retrieve results that include scholarly literature citations as well as peer-reviewed publications, theses, books, abstracts, and other articles from academic publishers, professional organizations, and preprint repositories, universities, and other scholarly organizations. Therefore, GS is able to retrieve more types of literature compared with medical literature database retrieval search engines, like PubMed  [4]. GS is also able to identify some of the references of PubMed, but not all  [5].
Doctors are encouraged to consult GS for browsing and serendipitous discovery, not for literature reviews  [1]. In searches for clinical trials and systematic reviews, it is said that GS should never be used in isolation, but in addition to PubMed, Cochrane, and other trusted sources of information  [1]. Many studies have demonstrated that a single search engine does not capture all of the available articles, and using two or more databases provides greater coverage of all possible citations  [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]. Nevertheless, the coverage of GS is increasing and, despite the fact that it is said to be not exhaustive, is it exhaustive enough for the studies that are considered of enough quality or relevance for systematic reviews  [18]. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the coverage of GS, and its potential recall, specifically for such studies, and therefore to assess if this database could be used alone for systematic reviews.
Methods The first step aimed at identifying a subset of studies selected by experts to be included in systematic reviews. We searched Medline in December 2009 for the We excluded the systematic reviews using less than 2 bibliographic databases in their search and those which restricted the search to English language studies. The gold standard database was then built by gathering all the studies included in the systematic reviews we selected, excluding abstracts and personal communications. We considered Gray literature (i. e. written material that is not published commercially or is not generally accessible) as a specific subset, but we included these references in the gold standard database. GS was searched for each reference, one by one, by searching with the title of each of the studies included in the gold standard database.
Results Overall, 14 reviews from the Cochrane library and 15 reviews from the JAMA were included. To identify all the possible relevant studies, each systematic review from the Cochrane Library and from the JAMA had searched between 3 and 10 (mean: 5. 4) and between 2 and 9 (mean : 4) different databases, respectively. All of them searched Medline and 17 mentioned to have also scanned the reference list of the studies they included. The 29 systematic reviews had included 755 original studies. Among them, 733 were published in peer-reviewed journals and 5 were detailed only in document belonging to the gray literature. The 18 remaining studies were referenced only as an abstract or as personal communication and were therefore not included in the gold standard database, which included finally 738 original studies.
All the 738 studies were identified in GS, leading to 100% coverage. The detailed results are presented Table  1. As a side result, we discovered that a striking number of bibliographic references included major errors, i. e. errors that involve the data elements by which references are searched by users in Medline  [20]. Overall, 10 references contained at least one major error, some of them containing up to 3 major errors. Some of the reviews concentrated these citation errors. For example, among the 24 references included in the Cochrane review " The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women", 5 contained at least one major error.
Discussion Performing systematic reviews is a complex and time consuming task, because of the body of literature to be searched and the high number of databases that must be used, considering that no one of them is considered exhaustive. The use of GS is increasing, as well as its coverage, and we wanted to assess if this coverage is high enough to be used alone in systematic reviews. GS allowed to retrieve 100% of the studies included in the systematic reviews we studied, and which covered many different fields of medicine. Although GS does not cover all the medical literature, we therefore observed that its coverage of the studies of sufficient quality or relevance to be included in a systematic review was complete. In other words, if the authors of these 29 systematic reviews had used only GS, they would have obtained the very same results.
The validity of our gold standard database could nevertheless be questioned. To identify the studies that worth to be included in a systematic review, we relied on the works of the experts used as reviewer in the systematic reviews we included, since all of them used at least 2 independent reviewers. Furthermore, we excluded from our gold standard database personal communications, because they cannot be retrieved by any database, and abstracts because it has been clearly demonstrated that such abstracts often display non-valid results  [21, 22]. Considering the methods used by the authors of the systematic reviews we selected, the use of at least two independent reviewers to select relevant articles in these reviews, the high number of databases searched and the absence of restriction to English studies in each of them, we can also assume that, for each topic covered, all the relevant studies were identified.
Therefore, we can assume that our gold-standard database really included all the studies of sufficient quality and relevant to the topics covered by the systematic reviews, and only them. We chose to study systematic reviews published by the JAMA and Cochrane because they usually don't restrict their search to English literature and they use more than one database to perform the search, which is not the case of most of the systematic reviews published by the Annals of Internal Medicine, for example. Although the recall of GS was 100%, the amount of information delivered by GS was heterogeneous. Yet, some of the studies were only identified as "citations", which means that GS only displayed the authors, the title of the article and the name, year and pages of the journals. This can be considered as insufficient, but traditional biomedical databases (such as Medline or Embase) do the same for old articles or for articles published in another language that English.
Furthermore, this is exactly the same situation when authors of systematic reviews perform hand searching in the reference list of selected articles. Therefore, we considered valid to include these hits as positive results. This 100% coverage of GS can be seen as amazing, since no single database is supposed to be exhaustive, even for good quality studies. For example, the recall ratios of Medline for randomized control trials (RCTs) only stand between 35% and 56%  [23, 24]. Since GS accesses only 1 million of the some 15 million records at PubMed, how can our results be explained? In fact, through agreements with publishers, GS accesses the "invisible" or "deep" Web, that is, commercial Web sites the automated "spiders" used by search engines such as Google cannot access. Furthermore, we observed in our study that most of the articles indentified by GS were found directly on the publishing journal web-sites, and not on the PubMed web-site.