dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data analysis All the interviews were transcribed into word-processed text and analyzed thematically  (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Clarke & Braun, 2013)  with the aid of NVivo qualitative data analysis software. We commenced the initial analysis of the data by reading the interview transcripts to establish a sustained engagement with the text and the process of interpretation  (Smith, 2004; Smith & Osborn, 2007). By doing that, we understood the content and extracted meanings from the qualitative data  (Smith & Osborn, 2007; Watson & McGowan, 2019). Thereafter, we assigned datadriven codes to segments of the data, ranging from one sentence to multiple paragraphs, based on the criteria of capturing the richest level of description and context  (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Easterby-Smith et al. , 2012).
Motherhood and growth Motherhood supported women's access to money mainly through the financial contributions received from members of their household. About threequarters (79%) of our participants disclosed that they had sourced financial capital for their businesses mainly through their relatives. Furthermore, 16 percent of the participants only had received financial support from their relatives when they approved their choice of a start-up. For instance, respondent ZB10 commented: Similarly, respondents T0 and C9 confirmed that their relatives had to approve their sewing-business concept before obtaining any financial assistance. This provides a new and different perspective from prior work (e. g. ,  Adom et al. , 2017; Azmat & Fujimoto, 2016) , which concluded relatives of women entrepreneurs often prevented them from practicing entrepreneurship because they perceived enterprise development to be a masculine activity.
Data collection We collected the data between June and September 2013, primarily through semi-structured, face-to-face interviews in Mahindra Reva's headquarters and production facilities in Bangalore, India. We conducted interviews with 48 informants from different hierarchical levels in the firm (i. e. , 1 CEO, 11 senior managers, 14 mid-level managers, and 22 front-line employees). The interviews were conducted in English, recorded (with two exceptions), and each lasted 50 minutes on average. The discussions were based on open-ended questions to obtain rich, thick data on the company's projects and their complexity. The interviews covered the development of Mahindra Reva's two main EV models (i. e. , Reva/G-Wiz and e2o), and all the subsequent variants of each model. The verbatim interview transcripts yielded close to 500 pages of data.
One of the researchers was given an office space during the four-month fieldwork period at the company's facilities in India. This allowed for direct onsite observations during office hours and for informal interactions with employees after working hours. As the researcher had continuous access to the case company  (Gummesson, 2000) , copious notes were taken to understand the details and sequencing of the events covered by the interviews. Finally, we collected secondary data exceeding 300 pages of archival material, comprising internal reports, website information, newsletters, marketing communications, product presentations, customer feedback, newspaper and magazine articles, and social media posts. These secondary data covered events related to Mahindra Reva since its inception and enabled us to triangulate the accounts shared by our informants.
Data analysis We analyzed the data using the NVivo 10 software in three stages: open coding; axial coding; and selective coding  (Corbin & Strauss, 1990). In the open coding stage, we read the transcribed text in detail, identified discrete instances (i. e. , events, processes, occurrences) leading to patterns in the data, and organized the data mainly in descriptive labels (e. g. , resource constraints, collaborations, suppliers, subsystems and components, development problems). In the axial coding stage, we compared the different descriptive labels against each other and clustered them into analytical categories with higher levels of abstraction that systematically integrated our descriptive labels (e. g. , component knowledge, architectural knowledge, codevelopment activities, hierarchical product architecture, flexible product design).
The aim was to present our study and its findings to colleagues specialized in the field, but not involved in our research. This peer debriefing enabled us to discuss the emerging patterns, data collection details, and analysis choices  (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Peer feedback helped us improve the quality and trustworthiness of our research. Fourth, to ensure confirmability  (Lincoln & Guba, 1985) , sources triangulation and analyst triangulation were conducted. On one hand, we triangulated our sources by interviewing staff members from different hierarchical levels in the company. On the other hand, we implemented analyst triangulation by analyzing the data in our research team separately and then discussing each other's interpretations. This enabled us to form different viewpoints on the phenomenon.
Methodology and data The first step of our analysis aims at investigating the main differences between private and public Indian banks. For this, two representative profiles have been constructed. One gathers low-ROA banks while the other one deals with high-ROA banks. Detailed comparisons and tests are provided. The second step is devoted to the estimation of a model for which we control for unobserved heterogeneities between banks, by using random effects and fixed effects estimators. Our database contains 105 banks, which, to our knowledge, is a larger database than any other database used in previous research  (Das & Ghosh, 2006; Bhaumik & Piesse, 2008; Pennathur et al. , 2012; Jayaraman & Srinivasan, 2014; Banerjee & Velamuri, 2015; Bawa et al. , 2019). We collected data for 27 public institutions (both state and nationalised), 34 private banks and 44 overseas banks functioning in India.
The approach is then used to study aid allocation for a Syrian refugee camp system in southern Turkey motivated by real data, as well as for synthetic datasets. Results are validated by an extensive simulation study that shows broad support for the optimal thresholds and allocations to generalize across varied key parameters and distributions. Azizi et al. (  2021 ) deal mainly with two UN SDGs. The first is SDG16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions), which as recently noted by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, includes "finding durable solutions for those already displaced. " The paper also relates to SDG10 (reduce inequality within and among countries), as better aid allocation policy contributes to the "planned and well-managed migration policies" target by helping facilitate orderly, safe, regular, and responsible migration and mobility of people.
Computational experiments The specialized interior-point algorithm for MCCFBN described in previous sections was developed using the BlockIP solver  [9] , an efficient C++ implementation of the specialized IPM for general block-angular problems. This code will be denoted MCCFBN-BlockIP or simply BlockIP hereafter, and a copy of it (in binary format) can be obtained from http://www-eio. upc. es/~jcastro/MCCFBN-BlockIP. html. This section describes the computational experiments designed to numerically assess the performance of MCCFBN-BlockIP and its competitive advantage with respect to cutting edge solvers for this class of problems. Specifically, we considered CPLEX 12. 5-a state-of-the-art general optimization package-and LEMON-a highly efficient network optimization code. LEMON was selected because according to  [20]  (and to some preliminary tests we carried out) it outperformed the best current network optimization packages (some of them implementing algorithms already available in LEMON, and others implementing different approaches, such as alternative specialized interior-point methods based on tree preconditioners  [27] ).
Transportation instances were obtained with a new generator which considers a spatial two-dimensional distribution of the graph, and writes the problem in DIMACS format. For convenience, the source code of both generators is also available from http://www-eio. upc. es/~jcastro/MCCFBN-BlockIP. html. For the large-scale instances tested in this work the optimality tolerance for CPLEX and MCCFBN-BlockIP was set to 10 -4 ; this tolerance cannot be adjusted in LEMON, so default values were used (however, CPLEX, LEMON and MCCFBN-BlockIP provided solutions with the same objective function). All the runs were carried out on a Fujitsu Primergy RX2540 M1 4X server with two 2. 6 GHz Intel Xeon E5-2690v3 CPUs (48 cores) and 192 Gigabytes of RAM, under a GNU/Linux operating system (openSuse 13. 2), without exploitation of multithreading capabilities (i.
Sorting Task Participants received the 14 wines presented in a different order for each participant according to a Williams latin square arrangement generated by FIZZ software (Biosystemes, Courtenon, France). They were first required to smell and taste each wine once in the proposed order. Then, they had to sort the wines according to their similarity. Participants were not bound by time constraints and were allowed to sort the wines in as many groups as they felt necessary. Thereafter, they could re-evaluate the wines as many times as they wanted and in any order. After they finished their sorting task, participants were asked to describe each group of wines with some words. Half of the participants did not receive information on the origin of the wines (no information condition). The other half were told that the wines had two origins: SA and Loire in France (information condition).
Data Analysis 2. 5. 1. Word Association Task Textual Analysis All analyses were carried out on the original languages (i. e. , French in France and English in SA). A lemmatization was first carried out in the original language on the FR and SA corpus by which the terms were reduced to their simplest form. This was done by native speakers in each country. A diversity and a rarity index were computed to compare the corpora obtained in France and SA. The diversity index is computed as the ratio of the number of different evoked words to the total number of evoked words. The larger the index, the larger the diversity (a value of 1 indicates a maximum diversity). The rarity index corresponds to the number of hapaxes (i. e. , words cited only once) divided by the number of different evoked words  [34].
Sensory Descriptor Analysis The comparison of the descriptors used in the four conditions shows that the criteria used to sort the wines differ with the consumers' COO (Table  6 ). SA participants used mostly sensory words describing the aroma of the wines. Wood was clearly an important criterion for them, along with fruit and acidity. French participants used more frequently evaluative words, such as pleasant and unpleasant or good length or strong. A specificity analysis was carried out to compare the words used in the two conditions (with and without information) within each country. This amounts to determine, based on a hyper-geometric law, whether a word occurs more frequently in a given condition than in the complete corpus  [37]. The data suggest that providing information on the origin of the wines affected French participants more than SA participants.
Wine Positioning Figure  1  shows the Distatis RV map comparing the sorts obtained in the four conditions. The proximity between the conditions on the map reflects the similarity of the sorting data obtained in these conditions. The proximity between the two SA conditions indicates that SA participants sorted the wines similarly with and without information. This is attested by the high value of the RV coefficient calculated between these two conditions (RV = 0. 63). In other words, providing information on the origin of the wines did not affect SA participants. The distance between the two French conditions is higher than that observed for the two SA conditions (RV = 0. 31), indicating that French participants were more affected by the information on the origin of the wines. To have a better understanding of the effect of information on French and SA participants, the analysis was separated by conditions.
The confidence intervals were computed with a bootstrap resampling technique with replacements (95% risk). The French wines are represented in red and the SA wines in blue (See Table  1  for the correspondence between codes and wines). The French (FR) and South African (SA) barycenters and the descriptors were projected as supplementary data on the compromise space. The positions of the wines on the second dimension are also quite similar in the two conditions (r = 0. 54, p < 0. 05) with the exception of wine FBAU which projected negatively in the condition with information and positively in the condition without information. In this last condition, the wine FBAU is not significantly different from the wine SFED when these two wines were rather distant in the information condition. The description of this dimension is somewhat different in the two conditions.
with information. The confidence intervals were computed with a bootstrap resampling technic with replacements (95% risk). The French wines are represented in red and the SA wines in blue. (See Table  1  for the correspondence between codes and wines). The French (FR) and South African (SA) barycenters and the descriptors were projected as supplementary data on the compromise space. The translation of the French terms can be found in Appendix A. In the condition without information, the second dimension is relatively close to that observed in the SA conditions with an opposition between aggressive and richer wines. When information on the origin of the wines was provided, French participants associated more woody and full-bodied wines with South African wines (woody, framed, full-bodied, aromatic, South Africa) and opposed them to lighter wines (little aromatic, average, achieved, floral, light) mostly French.
Conclusions Our data align with, but also add significantly to, previously published data on the mental representation of wine in "new" and "old" world wine countries. We have shown that SA and FR consumers have quite different mental representations of dry Chenin blanc wines, the former being more based on their experience of the wine including the sensory, emotional and contextual aspects and the latter built around the idea of origin. Chenin blanc is likely a good model to reveal such fundamental differences in wine appreciation and representation since its sensory profile is generally less well defined than those of other varietals such as Sauvignon blanc or Chardonnay. In South Africa, wine makers are still exploring the wine stylistic potential of the variety, while in France, Chenin blanc is not strongly present as a varietal category.
This implies that the historical pattern of the Mediterranean predominance in olive oil consumption  [67]  will be further altered in the future. The experts estimate that the highest increase rate in olive oil consumption in the coming years will likely be recorded in China, where consumers have recently developed a taste for olive oil and are manifesting a growing interest for the product. Data provided by the IOC  [10]  indicate that the country's purchases of olive oil have increased threefold in volume between 2008 and 2020. It is predicted that Chinese olive oil imports will continue to increase at a fairly high pace in the years to come, thus attracting domestic and international investors to this emerging market  [65]. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the Chinese market that apparently holds a huge growth potential, mainly due to the size of the country's population, the changes in consumption habits resulting from rising living standards, and the opening of national economy to international trade.
⁸ Drawing on  Gleditsch's (2004)  database on wars between and within independent states, and focusing only on the period 1825-1913 in Latin America, we computed sixteen episodes of interstate wars. Among them, three prompted the military intervention of colonial powers. Extra-systemic wars, defined in  Gleditsch (2004)  as either imperial or colonial wars, were virtually absent in Latin America, the exception being the First Buenos Aires war of 1859 and the Spanish-Cuban War 1895-98. ⁹ On the British rationale to invade Mexico, see George Bentinck's address in House of Commons, Sitting of Monday, 24 August 1846 (source: British Parliamentary Papers, Third Series, Volume 88). On the French rationale, see  Topik (2000). Gradually, the holders of foreign debts developed the expectation that their representative government would intervene to protect their claims against a recalcitrant debtor.
Current yield is calculated by using the end of month prices of the 7 per cent loan of 1863, the 7 per cent loan of 1865, and the 5 per cent general debt of 1872. French rentes is based on Global Financial Database as reported in  Tunçer (2015). ¹⁰ 'State of Tunis', The Times, 26 March 1869, p. 5; Issue 26395. The arrangement also unified the outstanding debt and reduced its value and annual interest charges. The outstanding debt of the Tunisian government in December 1869 was estimated at 121,640,500 francs, and the commission proposed to reduce this to 56,028,490 francs with a gradual decline in interest payments. However, the proposed debt and interest reduction faced opposition from local bankers and Tunisian bondholders who demanded guarantees for the repayment of the debt. Following negotiations, in March 1870, the Bey agreed on the new proposal of the commission, which put forward a new unified and reduced debt with 5 per cent interest.
Data and Methodology The sample includes six British Empire dependencies: four self-governing colonies⁴ (Australia,⁵ Canada, New Zealand, South Africa), one Crown Colony⁶ (Ceylon), and India. ⁷ The period of analysis is divided into two parts: the first starts in 1900 and ends in 1913; the second starts in 1919 and ends in 1936. The First World War years are excluded from the sample because of the trading restrictions placed by the government to limit the collapse in the prices of securities. ⁸ The yields-to-maturity are extracted from the Global Finance Database created by  Accominotti et al. (2010)  for the first period. For the second period, yields-to-maturity are obtained using hand-collected prices from the Stock Exchange Daily Official List (SEDOL). Every country yield is an average of the yields-to-maturity of a sample of debt instruments listed by the country at the end of the year.
To test whether investors still viewed colonial bonds as guaranteed by the colonial power, we construct a database tracking the yields of six British colonies between 1919 and 1936. We then regress the spread between these yields and British consols on a series of economic indicators. As in  Accominotti et al. (2011) , we find that when colonies are pooled together, none of the variables linked to economic fundamentals are statistically significant. Yields of Australian and Indian bonds, however, follow an idiosyncratic path. We test whether this might reflect the fact that bondholders distinguished the value of the guarantee in function of the fundamentals of the colonies. For colonies with sound finances, the value of a guarantee should not be expected to be high. By contrast, the guarantee may be valuable for countries for which economic fundamentals are less rosy or which may become independent.
We expect that changes in creditors' bargaining power and conception of state responsibility will translate into more or less favourable terms for creditors. Additionally, we expect to witness substantial variations in debt settlement outcomes within each period, most particularly during the post-1945 period. During the nineteenth century, bondholder committees had enough bargaining power to coerce recalcitrant borrowers to repay their debt in time and in full. Defaulting countries were blacklisted from Europe's capital markets. Those who ¹⁸ To compute bondholder losses, we updated the database originally compiled by  Suter (1990 Suter ( , 1992)). ¹⁹ Our analysis does not cover settlements reached between 1933 and 1940 because they were too few. Debt liquidations that included the assignment of state railways to bondholders have also been excluded (El Salvador and Peru).
of all cases), albeit assuming a different approach. These findings suggest that CFBs no longer had the upper hand in debt dispute negotiations. The creation of the US Foreign Bondholder Protective Council in 1934 did not contribute to reverse creditors' gradual loss of bargaining power. Several cases in our data show that the US FBPC, unlike the British CFB during its heydays, did not succeed in blacklisting defaulting sovereign borrowers on the New York stock exchange and blocking new lending. A telling example are the exchange bonds unilaterally offered by Peru in 1949 to buy back bonds that have been defaulted in 1931. This offer came after several years of unsuccessful negotiations between Peru and the FBPC and CFB. FBPC representatives complained bitterly about the offer to the British CFB but acknowledged that they were 'powerless to stop it'  (Kamlani, 2008, p.
Beyond the famous 'corridor joke' made by developed countries that understood UNCTAD to mean 'Under No Circumstances Take Any Decisions' or the rhetorical disregard of the US Assistant Secretary of State in the early years of UNCTAD-'who cares about UNCTAD? It doesn't matter in the slightest what is going on in the UN'¹⁵-we learn from the consultation of the diplomatic cables how developing countries' tactics of cooperation and attempts to unite, far from being neglected, were closely ¹² UNCTAD Archives, Trade and Development n 280-8, 'Ad hoc group of debt experts  ', 4-11-1974. ¹³ US diplomacy Database, Wikileaks. Cable sent from the US Delegation in Geneva to the US Secretary of State in Washington DC, 13-05-1974. All cables reported in this paper were drawn from the Wikileaks' Public Library of US Diplomacy (PlusD).
https://wikileaks. org/plusd/about/. ¹⁴ US diplomacy Database, Wikileaks. Cable sent from the US Delegation in Geneva to the US Secretary of  State in Washington DC, 13-05-1974. ¹⁵ Thomas Mann was answering that when he received a cable asking whether the US should support Prebisch as the new Secretary-General of UNCTAD. Interview of Sternfeld, Ray, US State Department, realized by  Dosman (2008, p. 396). monitored by the US administration¹⁶ and rich and western countries more generally. The View From Western Countries: Technical Remedies for Domestic Debt Problems The cables circulating between Washington DC, Geneva, and sometimes other Group B countries' capitals, show how this entangled problematization of debt was met with increasing hostile reactions from the US and Western countries between 1974 and 1978.
It is important to remember that in 1949, US opposition scuttled Prebisch's appointment at the IMF because of political suspicions: 'while no one could possibly argue that Prebisch was procommunist, he was a Latin American who used terms such as "core" and "periphery" and was therefore not automatically "safe"', explains  Dosman (2008, p. 234). ¹⁷ US diplomacy Database, Wikileaks.      239 financial system. This alternative mode of constructing debt problems transpires in a 1974 cable sent by the US delegate in Geneva: '-internal management key to avoiding debt problem. -project evaluation very important. -collection data on and surveillance private debt essential. '²⁰ By erasing the structural problems affecting developing countries, this disentangled approach also helped justify market solutions to debt problems in lieu of a mechanism of debt restructuring.