dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
To test these hypotheses, we measured the plasticity response of LGN and pulvinar to short-term monocular deprivation in normally sighted human adults. We did so by gathering BOLD responses to passively viewed monocular stimuli, delivered before and after 2 hr eye patching. Mapping thalamic nuclei with MRI is notoriously difficult due to the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the small size of these structures. We overcame these limitations using ultra-high field (7 Tesla) fMRI and by extracting BOLD responses in selected regions of interest (ROIs), which were independently defined (based on the Natural Scenes Dataset [NSD],  Allen et al. , 2022).
The lack of a reliable monocular deprivation effect in LGN suggests that adaptation at the level of monocular cells (in LGN or in the retina) is not likely to mediate the boost of the deprived eye. This negative finding suggests that the short-term plasticity effects seen in visual cortex (in the same dataset,  Binda et al. , 2018)  does not result from modulations in the feedforward input to V1. We cannot exclude that the monocular deprivation effect in vPulv originates within the small inferior subregion of the pulvinar receiving direct input from the retina and the colliculus  (Kwan et al. , 2019). However, given the small size of this subregion compared to the extent of vPulv ROI and considering that vPulv is mainly driven by binocular cortical input  (Bender, 1982) , we suggest that monocular deprivation effects are more likely inherited from the visual cortex input, although intranuclear connectivity within vPulv and cortico-pulvinar-cortex loops  (Sherman and Guillery, 2002)  may contribute to sustaining and amplifying these effects.
Participants and monocular deprivation procedure Experimental procedures are in line with the declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the regional ethics committee [Comitato Etico Pediatrico Regionale-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer-Firenze (FI)] and by the Italian Ministry of Health, under the protocol 'Plasticità e multimodalità delle prime aree visive: studio in risonanza magnetica a campo ultra alto (7T)' version #1 dated 11/11/2015. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant, which included consent to process and preserve the data and publish them in anonymous form. Twenty healthy volunteers with normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity were examined (8 females and 12 males, mean age = 27 years). Sample size was set based on the minimum number of participants (N = 17) required to reliably detect a medium sized correlation between MRI and psychophysical data: r = 0.
62 or higher, as reported in previous MR work on short-term plasticity  (Lunghi et al. , 2015b). Two (male) participants were excluded. One because of strong eye dominance (already excluded for the analyses in  Binda et al. , 2018)  and the second due to a large vein passing near LGN that could bias the BOLD response. This left 18 participants (8 females and 10 males). We analyzed data from two fMRI sessions, before and after 2 hr of monocular deprivation, performed by patching the dominant eye with a translucent patch. Binocular rivalry was measured in two short sessions (each comprising two runs of 3 min each), immediately before each fMRI session to estimate the transient ocular dominance shift (pre-vs. postdeprivation). Stimuli were presented on a 15-inch LCD monitor, placed at 57 cm distance and were viewed through anaglyph red-blue goggles (right lens blue, left lens red).
Localizer runs Our alternative ROI labeling approach required selecting visually responsive voxels within broadly and anatomically defined thalamic regions. We performed this selection based on an independent dataset collected with a secondary experiment in a subset of our participants (N = 9). Using the same setup and fMRI parameters as in the main experiment, we acquired BOLD responses while a full-screen fullcontrast binary-noise image (check size of 0. 15°, 0. 37°, 0. 77°, 1. 43°, and 3. 3°) was refreshed 8 times per second and presented in blocks of 9 s, followed by 12-s interstimulus intervals. The sequence was repeated 10 times within a run, and in four runs per participant. As for the main experiment, our analyses ignored this stimulus dimension and simply treated timecourses as a periodic oscillation of stimulus ON and OFF periods.
ROI definition Thalamic ROIs were defined in the MNI space based on publicly available atlases; fMRI timecourses were averaged across voxels (pooled across hemispheres) in each ROI. ROIs for the main analysis were taken from the recently published NSD dataset, for which they were defined based on a combination of functional data (retinotopic mapping experiments) constrained with anatomical features  (Guest et al. , 2021; Arcaro et al. , 2015). The mid-dPulv ROI was created after combining the dorsal and medial components of the pulvinar from the NSD dataset, obtaining a region of about the same size as the vPulv ROI (pilot analyses confirmed that responses in the two separate regions, medial pulvinar and dPulv, did not systematically differ). ROIs for the confirmatory analyses were based on three additional MNI atlases.
Colored lines outline the three independently defined subcortical regions of interest (ROIs) (Guest et al. , 2021) : ventral pulvinar (vPulv), Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN), and mid-dorsal pulvinar (dPulv). For visualization purposes, these ROIs are also mapped on a publicly available high-resolution 0. 4 mm 3 anatomy (https://osf. io/xkqb3/; Amunts et al. , 2013; Xiao et al. , 2019). (C) Temporal dynamics of the BOLD response in the three subcortical ROIs; curves and shaded areas show means and standard errors across participants (data pooled across all sessions and averaged after subtracting the baseline BOLD signal at stimulus onset; the gray shaded area represents stimulus contrast modulation ON/OFF). (D) Polar plot of phase (angle) and amplitude (radius) at the stimulus fundamental frequency for each ROI.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program , grant no. 801715  (PUPILTRAITS) and 832813 (GenPercept), by the  Italian Ministry of University and Research  under the  PRIN2017  programme (grant MISMATCH) and  FARE-2  (grant SMILY) and by the  Italian Ministry of Health  under the  RC grant  and the 5x1000 voluntary contributions to IRCCS  Fondazione Stella Maris.
We present a global atlas of downcore foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotope ratios available at https://doi. org/10. 1594/PANGAEA. 936747 (Mulitza et al. , 2021a). The database contains 2106 published and previously unpublished stable isotope downcore records with 361 949 stable isotope values of various planktic and benthic species of Foraminifera from 1265 sediment cores. Age constraints are provided by 6153 uncalibrated radiocarbon ages from 598 (47 %) of the cores. Each stable isotope and radiocarbon series is provided in a separate netCDF file containing fundamental metadata as attributes. The data set can be managed and explored with the free software tool PaleoDataView. The atlas will provide important data for paleoceanographic analyses and compilations, site surveys, or for teaching marine stratigraphy.
, 2009)  including the validation of the orbital theory of the ice ages  (Hays et al. , 1976) , reconstructions of ice volume  (Shackleton and Opdyke, 1973; Waelbroeck et al. , 2002)  and water mass structure, ocean circulation, and carbon cycling  (Curry et al. , 1988; Duplessy et al. , 1988; Boyle and Keigwin, 1987). Despite their importance for the understanding of the Earth system, foraminiferal isotope data have not been systematically catalogued globally or stored in a database in a consistent and standardized format. Foraminiferal isotope data are usually available in arbitrary data formats and scattered across different data repositories, which hinders an automated analysis. Harmonized data collections have the advantage that (i) information about data coverage can be immediately accessed and visualized, for example in the planning phase of research projects, (ii) data can be quickly compared for verification/quality control or to separate local signals from global signals, and (iii) that customized software can be used to visualize and analyze the data.
Here we present the first global atlas of foraminiferal stable isotope data (with uncalibrated radiocarbon ages where available). The data are stored in netCDF format  (Rew and Davis, 1990)  and can be directly analyzed and visualized with the free software tool PaleoDataView (PDV,  Langner and Mulitza, 2019). In PDV, age information for a specific sediment core is linked to any downcore proxy series imported for that core within the same collection. This strategy ensures the long-term maintainability and consistency of the age models across different proxy records (e. g. , stable isotope records of different species) in the same collection. The netCDF format also allows the data to be analyzed using programming languages such as MATLAB, R, Fortran, C++ and Python.
Data sources and harmonization The database is provided as a collection of 2106 netCDF files with δ 18 O and δ 13 C data of species-specific foraminiferal carbonate and 598 netCDF files with raw radiocarbon ages (see references in Table  A1 ). A detailed description of the attributes and variables in the netCDF files is provided in Sects. S1 and S2 in the Supplement. About 79 % of the files containing stable isotope records were derived from data downloaded either from PANGAEA (http://www. pangaea. de, last access: 19 May 2022) or NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI, http://www. ncdc. noaa. gov, last access: 19 May 2022). The remaining 21 % of the stable isotope files are based on data obtained directly from a stable isotope laboratory by one of the co-authors (8 %) or have been digitized from tables provided in papers, or paper supplements (6 %), or through personal communication (7 %).
Radiocarbon data are not as frequently archived in public databases as stable isotope data. Only 62 % of the files containing radiocarbon data were obtained from NOAA or PANGAEA, whereas data in 32 % of the files were copied from tables in papers or paper supplements; 5 % of the files are based on data directly obtained from laboratories, while only 1 % were obtained through personal communication. The data set also includes 105 previously unpublished species-specific stable isotope downcore records including both δ 18 O and δ 13 C values and 45 species-specific isotope downcore records for which either δ 13 C or δ 18 O was previously unpublished (Sect. S3 in the Supplement). A table containing all data sources is available from Zenodo (https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 6337519, Mulitza et al.
Education Foraminiferal oxygen isotope ratios are still the most valuable stratigraphic tool in marine sediments. The atlas covers various sedimentation regimes and therefore provides numerous examples of how factors like local hydrography, species, or sedimentation rates influence the patterns of downcore isotope ratios. It therefore may be used as a resource to train students in regional isotope stratigraphy for studies in paleoceanography, paleoclimate, and marine geology. Lecturers may employ the atlas together with PaleoDataView or with custom software to show examples on how isotope stages may be identified in different geological settings and on how isotope differences between species may be explained by hydrography and foraminiferal ecology. Students may also actively explore the patterns of isotope stratigraphies from different parts of the global seafloor to actively learn how global factors such as ice volume and local factors such as sea surface temperature (SST) and freshwater input influence stable isotope records.
Data availability All data included in the World Atlas of late Quaternary Foraminiferal Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Ratios can be downloaded at https://doi. org/10. 1594/PANGAEA. 936747 (Mulitza et al. , 2021a). For use with the soft-ware PaleoDataView, the unzipped root directory ("WA_Foraminiferal_Isotopes_2022") of the collection with all its content can be copied into the "Documents/Pa-leoDataView/" folder (Windows) or the /PaleoDataView/ folder under "Applications" (macOS). Select the root directory "WA_Foraminiferal_Isotopes_2022" under "Data → Change Collection → Change Working Directory" to explore the data. For use with custom software, netCDF files containing stable isotopes data are stored under "WA_Foraminiferal_Isotopes_2022\Foraminiferal Isotopes\Data\" and the radiocarbon data under "WA_Foraminiferal_Isotopes_2022\Age\".
Future: building a dynamic world atlas of marine sediments The amount of proxy data from marine sediments is growing fast, and the demand of data sets that can constrain past states of the Earth system is increasing. The complexity of the data makes it challenging to maintain and reduce the data sets into spatially and chronologically coherent and meaningful data sets. We propose to initiate an atlas series that provides raw data in a consistent data format as a first step from data archived in public databases (as published) towards more sophisticated data products describing past states of the ocean and the seafloor (Fig. 11 ). Eventually, these harmonized data sets can form a continuously growing and sustainable public "database layer" where proxy-specific raw data can be queried and directly loaded into software that provides the tools to generate homogenized data products that can reach out into other disciplines, i.
Competing interests. The contact author has declared that neither they nor their co-authors have any competing interests. Disclaimer. Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Financial support. This research has been supported by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (grant no. 01LP1509B) and the National Science Foundation (grant no. 1924215). Review statement. This paper was edited by Kirsten Elger and reviewed by Stefano Bernasconi, Ralf Schiebel, and one anonymous referee.
Acknowledgements. Constructive comments by Ralf Schiebel, Stefano Bernasconi, and an anonymous reviewer substantially improved the manuscript. Data synthesis was supported by the Ocean Circulation and Carbon Cycling (OC3) working group of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) project and by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as a Research for Sustainability initiative (FONA) through the PalMod project (FKZ: 01LP1509B). Andreas Schmittner acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation (grant no. 1924215).
We made our code and data available on the following online repository: https: //github. com/nKolja/SIKE-zero-value-attacks. Plan. We cover the background on Montgomery curves, isogenies, and SIKE in Section 2. Then, Section 3 introduces our attacks in an abstract way, while Section 4 reports on their experimental realizations. Finally, Section 5 discusses the countermeasures, so the paper can close with Section 6.
Isogeny evaluation What time SIKE does not spend performing scalar multiplications, it spends computing and evaluating isogenies. An isogeny is a nonzero group morphism between two elliptic curves. The degree of a separable 1  isogeny is the size of its kernel. The task of "computing" an isogeny is customarily decomposed in two steps. During isogeny computation, we are given a generator K of a subgroup K ⊂ E A (F p 2 ), and we want to compute the image curve E A / K of the isogeny φ K : E A → E A / K with kernel K , plus possibly some associated data to φ K. Then, during isogeny evaluation, we are given E A , E A / K , the data associated to φ K , and a point Q ∈ E A , and we want to compute φ K (Q) ∈ E A / K. SIKE performs isogeny computations and evaluations for isogenies of degree 2, 3 and 4.
EM acquisition. The victim board for the electromagnetic side-channel attack is an STMicroelectronics STM32F4DISCOVERY kit with a STM32F407VGT6 microcontroller featuring an ARM Cortex-M4. The low-level hardware library LibOpenCM3 2  was used as in the PQM4: the post-quantum crypto library for the ARM Cortex-M4 [KRSS]. A 168 MHz CPU clock is generated from an 8 MHz quartz oscillator. The host computer communicates with the target via an UART bus. The microcontroller is not decapsulated and the board was not modified. A Langer LF-U 5 passive near-field probe captures the electromagnetic activity of the target during computations. This signal is amplified by a Langer PA303 amplifier and sampled by a Lecroy WaveRunner 640zi oscilloscope. The host computer is able to recover an image of EM emanations from the target by requesting such data to the oscilloscope.
Software The attacked software calls the functions of the recommended implementation of SIKEp434 for 32-bit Cortex-M4 microcontrollers with input ciphertexts received from the computer. Such a software enables the acquisition of electromagnetic emanations and power consumption of specific operations during the execution of the SIKE key decapsulation. The target software codes for electromagnetic and power consumption setups slightly differ. In both codes, the host computer sends a ciphertext to the target, and the target computes the shared secret with the decapsulation procedure using a static private key. For electromagnetic analysis, the implementation is designed from an USART example for STM32F4-DISCOVERY in LibOpenCM3 while, for power analysis, the target runs a custom version of ChipWhisperer's simpleserial library.
Male genitalia were cleared in 10% NaOH for 2 h at 40°C, stained in a 1% solution of acid fuchsin for 5 min at room temperature, dissected in a solution of Marc André  (Cohic & Rageau 1955)  and mounted in Euparal. Dissected male genitalia were examined and photographed using an inverted EVOS FL-Auto microscope (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. , Waltham, MA, USA). To increase the depth of field, pictures were Z-stacked using the Helicon Focus processing tool (Helicon Soft Ltd. , Kharkiv, Ukraine) and edited in the Photoshop CS3 software (Adobe Inc. , San José, CA, USA). Anatomical nomenclature follows  Harbach & Knight (1980) , as well as the current specific terminology used to describe the male genitalia of Culex mosquitoes belonging to the subgenus Melanoconion (e. g. Forattini & Sallum 1985 , 1989 , 1995; Sallum & Forattini 1996; Sallum et al.
Forward and reverse sequences were assembled and edited using CodonCode Aligner (CodonCode Corp. , Centerville, MA, USA). Consensus sequences were compared using a Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis under the Kimura 2-parameter substitution model and default parameters in Mega X software  (Kumar et al. 2018). Node support values were obtained using the Bootstrap method with 500 replications. A COI sequence of a specimen of Aedeomyia squamipennis (Lynch Arribálzaga, 1878) from French Guiana (specimen number MB2#00075) was used as outgroup (Fig. 1B ). All sequences were uploaded to the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)  (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007)  as part of the Mosquitoes of French Guiana (FGMOS) project, which gathers all the barcoding data available on the mosquitoes of French Guiana.
BOLD accession numbers of specimens and Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) are provided in the taxonomic summary of each new species. Type specimens, as well as DNA vouchers, are stored in the S. Talaga mosquito collection, currently deposited at the Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne (IPG). Culex (Melanoconion) sallumae Talaga, n. sp. Zoobank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:C727E9C3-C13F-40A1-9BF4-279DA8F104D3 BIN: BOLD:AER7739.
Distribution. Culex sallumae is only known from the type locality (Fig. 1A ). Type material. Holotype: Adult male in 96% ethanol with dissected genitalia mounted on a microscope slide (specimen numbers ST1#01700, BOLD: FGMOS2885-22), FRENCH GUIANA: Montagnes de la Trinité, Crique Aya (53. 41378° W, 4. 60310° N, 115 m above sea level), 3-XI-2020, S. Talaga, IPG. Paratypes: Two adult males in alcohol with dissected genitalia mounted on separate microscope slides (specimen numbers ST1#01702, BOLD: FGMOS2887-22 and ST1#01704, BOLD: FGMOS2889-22), same collection data as the holotype, IPG. Culex (Melanoconion) hutchingsae Talaga, n. sp. Zoobank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:359A3B9D-819C-4BA0-86C7-AC3E46513ECC BIN: BOLD:AEE6759. Culex (Melanoconion) coppenamensis Form 2 (in part) of  Sallum & Hutchings (2003)  (illustration of gonostylus, species distribution).
Acknowledgements We are thankful to the  Office National des Forêts (ONF)  and the  Réserve Naturelle Nationale de La Trinité  represented by  Luc Ackermann  for authorization to collect mosquitoes and logistic help during the field mission. We also thank  Hadrien Lalagüe  for providing a picture of the aquatic habitat of Cx. hutchingsae. This study was funded by the  Direction Générale des Territoires et de la Mer (DGTM)  and core laboratory funding from the  Institut Pasteur.
Formation of ultrafine particles (UFPs) in the urban atmosphere is expected to be less favored than in the rural atmosphere due to the high existing particle surface area acting as a sink for newly formed particles. Despite large condensation sink (CS) values, previous comparative studies between rural and urban sites reported higher frequency of new particle formation (NPF) events over urban sites in comparison to background sites as well as higher particle formation and growth rates attributed to the higher concentration of condensable species. The present study aims at a better understanding the environmental factors favoring, or disfavoring, atmospheric NPF over Lille, a large city in the north of France, and to analyze their impact on particle number concentration using a 4-year long-term dataset.
, 2018; Sellegri et al. , 2019). This variability seems to be related to environmental conditions specific to each location, which makes it hard to draw general conclusions on the conditions that trigger NPF events  (Berland et al. , 2017; Bousiotis et al. , 2021). However,  Nieminen et al. (2018)  highlighted a common seasonal occurrence of NPF during spring and summer using datasets from 36 continental sites worldwide. The formation and growth of initial clusters to detectable sizes (D p > 1-3 nm) compete with their simultaneous removal from the ultrafine particle (UFP) mode by coagulation with pre-existing particles  (Kerminen et al. , 2001; Kulmala, 2003). For that reason, the number concentration of particles smaller than 20 nm has been observed to be anti-correlated with the aerosol volume and mass concentration over a rural area in northern Italy  (Rodríguez et al.
, 2005). Indeed, the total aerosol volume is rather small during NPF events  (Kerminen et al. , 2018; Rodríguez et al. , 2008). While the negative effect of increased pre-existing particle surface area (often described with the condensation sink, CS) on the occurrence of these events is widely accepted  (Kalkavouras et al. , 2017 ), yet cases are found when NPF events occur on days with higher CS compared to average conditions  (Größ et al. , 2018; Kulmala et al. , 2017). A recent study by  Bousiotis et al. (2021)  used large datasets (16 sites) over Europe (6 countries) and highlighted that solar radiation intensity, temperature, and atmospheric pressure had a positive relationship with the occurrence of NPF events at the majority of sites (exceptions were found for the southern sites), either promoting particle formation or increasing the growth rate (GR).