dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) system. Second, we conducted a systematic literature review including articles published in any language with publication dates between 1 January 2011 and 20 December 2018 to identify additional sites where serotype-specific IPD surveillance was conducted for at least a full year following PCV10/13 introduction. Seven databases (Embase (with Medline), PubMed, Web of Science (all databases), Global Index Medicus (including regional databases), Africa Wide Information, Global Health Database, and PASCAL) were searched using search terms modified for each database that were reviewed by a specialist librarian (Supplementary Materials C). Third, results from the PCV Review of Impact Evidence (PRIME) literature review  [16]  and the View-Hub PCV10/13 impact study module database [5] were used to identify other sites and to validate the search terms to ensure relevant studies were captured.
Data Collection Site investigators of identified surveillance sites and corresponding authors of studies identified in the literature review were contacted by email. Surveillance data were evaluated for suitability for inclusion in analyses of IPD serotype distribution and PCV impact on IPD incidence over time using standardized criteria intended to ensure comparability of methods and PCV uptake across sites (Table  1 ). Sites with suitable data were invited to participate in the PSERENADE project and contribute IPD surveillance data. IPD was defined as the isolation or detection of pneumococcus from a normally sterile site or detection of pneumococcus in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) or pleural fluid using lytA-based PCR or antigen testing; pneumococcus detected in blood by PCR was not considered IPD given its low specificity  [17].
Data Collection Inclusion Criterion Rationale 1. Site reports annual serotype-specific and age-specific IPD case counts obtained from normally sterile sites Data must meet a standardized case definition of IPD to ensure comparability across sites, be stratified by age in order to evaluate direct and indirect effects, and be characterized by serotype in order to estimate serotype distributions and evaluate vaccine-type and serotype-specific changes in disease rates over time. 2. At least 50% of isolates serotyped per year in at least one age stratum A minimum proportion of isolates must be serotyped to limit risks of non-representativeness of serotyped isolates, i. e. , to ensure the serotype distribution based only on serotyped cases is not biased and to minimize chance from selective testing.
Data were stored on a secure database at Johns Hopkins University. Where possible, the following additional case characteristics were provided: hospitalized vs. outpatient status (for children under five years of age), HIV status, specimen type, and clinical syndrome (meningitis vs. pneumonia). For meningitis, two case definitions were used: confirmed positive CSF (CSF+) and site-defined clinical meningitis syndrome. Pneumonia cases were defined based on site-specific definitions. Characterization of non-pneumonia/nonmeningitis IPD cases was not requested given limitations in data availability. Site investigators also completed a questionnaire describing the site's surveillance system and laboratory methods for detection of pneumococcus and serotyping of cases. The questionnaire requested information on the country's pneumococcal immunization program, including annual immunization uptake estimates representative of the population under surveillance, PCV schedule, year of PCV introduction and product used (including use of PCV7 prior to introduction of PCV10/13), catch-up campaigns, and adult pneumococcal vaccination programs.
We also abstracted WHO and UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) for national uptake with three doses of PCV for all years of available surveillance data  [21]. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, we assumed countries receiving funding from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance to support PCV implementation did not have an adult pneumococcal vaccine program. For eligible PAHO countries participating in the SIREVA II surveillance network, the WHO-coordinated Global IB-VPD network facilitated data transfer for children under five years of age. For countries with additional data reported in SIREVA II reports beyond what was available in the WHO Global IB-VPD database, data for patients of all ages were abstracted from 2006-2016 (the last year of available data at the time of abstraction) by year, age group, and serotype  [22].
Discrepancies in abstraction were adjudicated by a third reviewer (MGQ) fluent in Spanish. Colombia's SIREVA II data were abstracted from a separate report published by the country, which included annual data through 2018  [23]. SIREVA II diagnostic and laboratory methods were abstracted from a standardized laboratory manual  [24]. A standard data quality review was conducted independently for each site by two PSERENADE team members. Descriptive figures of the data with respect to each of the data quality check elements in Table  2  were shared with investigators with expertise in IPD surveillance at each site to assess the quality of the data. These characterizations and discussions with investigators at each site were used to define eligibility by year, age group, and syndrome for the various subsequent primary and secondary analyses of the study.
The resulting dataset contained incidence rate data from 38 countries for evaluating PCV impact and case count data only from 24 additional countries for estimating serotype distribution. Eligibility of IPD surveillance data varied by region, income level, and epidemiological setting (Table  3 ). In Asia and Africa, where most pneumococcal deaths occur, fewer than half (48. 3%) of the 58 countries conducting IPD surveillance met PSERENADE inclusion criteria, compared to 75. 0-100% of countries elsewhere, and only 57. 1% of the 28 that were eligible participated in PSERENADE. Although most (90. 5%) PCV-using low-income countries (LICs) had IPD surveillance, the surveillance was less likely to meet eligibility criteria than that in upper-middle-(UMICs) or high-income countries (HICs) (47. 4% for LICs vs.
5 Post-PCV10/13 years exclude the year of introduction. 6 The average number of cases in post-PCV10/13 years was calculated for each surveillance site and used to estimate the median (IQR) across strata categories. 7 United Nations (UN) regions adapted from UN Statistics Division  [25]. 8 World Bank Income level as of November 2020  [26]. 9 Under 5-year mortality rate data from United Nations Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2020), 2018 estimate by country. Low: <30 deaths per 1000 livebirths, medium: 30 to <75 deaths, high: 75 to <150 deaths  [27]. 10  Pre-PCV pneumococcal disease burden estimates for children <5 years calculated as the sum of estimated pneumonia, meningitis, and invasive non-pneumonia, non-meningitis incidence rates in 2000  [5]. Strata were defined as fewer than 300 cases per 100,000 children (low burden), 300 to fewer than 2000 cases per 100,000 children (medium burden), or 2000 or more cases per 100,000 children (high burden).
B. Adults ≥ 18 years of age Figure  1. Availability of IPD surveillance data for countries with universal recommendations for PCV in the infant immunization program. 1 Cases from multiple surveillance sites within the same country were aggregated. 2 PCV not universally introduced into the routine infant immunization program by 2018 (includes India which began sub-national introduction in 2017). 3 IPD surveillance data did not meet PSERENADE data collection eligibility criteria (Box 1). 4 IPD surveillance data met data collection eligibility criteria but did not participate in PSERENADE. Figure  1. Availability of IPD surveillance data for countries with universal recommendations for PCV in the infant immunization program. 1 Cases from multiple surveillance sites within the same country were aggregated.
2 PCV not universally introduced into the routine infant immunization program by 2018 (includes India which began sub-national introduction in 2017). 3 IPD surveillance data did not meet PSERENADE data collection eligibility criteria (Box 1). 4 IPD surveillance data met data collection eligibility criteria but did not participate in PSERENADE. The European Surveillance System (ECDC). 4 "-" represents PCV not universally used. 5 Annual PCV uptake estimates provided by the surveillance site for the primary series of PCV by 12 months of age (if available, for some sites up to 15 months of age), excluding year of vaccine rollout; '-' represents no coverage information provided to PSERENADE project. 6 WUENIC PCV3 uptake, excluding the year of vaccine rollout (PCV3 represents the third dose whether given before 12 months or at or after 12 months, but in some cases uptake estimates may reflect the percentage of surviving infants who received two doses of PCV prior to the 1st birthday); '-' represents no WUENIC coverage information available.
Discussion As part of the PSERENADE project, the largest and most comprehensive global serotype-specific IPD database was compiled though a comprehensive and systematic search. All available serotype-specific IPD surveillance data in countries using PCV10/13 were identified and characterized to evaluate the global evidence to estimate the impact of PCV10/13 by age, product, schedule, and syndrome. IPD surveillance is recommended by the WHO  [4]  and nearly 80% of countries using PCV in 2018 had an active IPD surveillance system. Seventy percent of these met PSERENADE eligibility criteria for potential to evaluate PCV impact or post-PCV-era serotype distribution, and over half of the eligible countries had annual IPD incidence rate data. Eligible IPD surveillance data existed for both children and adults, in all regions of the world, from both PCV10-and PCV13-using countries, from countries with and without a booster dose schedule, and from all income and infant mortality rate strata.
The majority of countries that met PSERENADE eligibility criteria were from HICs and used a booster dose. Although there were eligible data from at least 15 countries representing low-or lower-middle income countries (LMICs), 3 + 0 schedules, and the African or Asian regions, when restricted to analyses of incidence or stratified by product, data become very sparse for addressing some questions. While there are challenges in drawing inferences from observational surveillance data and some gaps remain, the breadth and depth of the data compiled by PSERENADE increase our capacity to address many questions. This multisite database overcomes common IPD data limitations, including having too few cases or years of data available, temporal confounding, and changes of surveillance systems over time.
In addition, outbreak-prone settings can be overwhelmed during peak seasons with case management, and may not be able to keep up with specimen collection, testing, and reporting to national surveillance systems  [33]. These challenges are reflected by a greater proportion of surveillance sites from LMICs not meeting PSERENADE data collection eligibility criteria. Further, some sites with eligible data were unable to contribute to the project due to a lack of data management resources. However, many of these surveillance sites are still able to serve local purposes, such as serving as sentinels to identify pockets of vaccine-type disease where immunization uptake may be suboptimal. Eligible sites from LMICs that participated in PSERENADE were also more likely to have small sample size compared to those from UMICs or HICs.
This is important in regions with a history of meningitis outbreaks, such as the African meningitis belt. However, only a small proportion of surveillance sites have laboratory data systematically linked to clinical data to allow characterization of cases by clinical diagnoses. Therefore, few PSERENADE sites were able to identify bacteremic pneumonia cases because blood cultures are also obtained for other non-pneumonia IPD syndromes. As a result, few surveillance sites can directly assess the relative PCV impact on meningitis versus bacteremic pneumonia. Countries within the African meningitis belt also tended to have less comprehensive surveillance systems, resulting in IPD being reported predominantly from meningitis cases  [36, 40, 41]  or having incomplete data on age or serotype  [42].
Conclusions A large amount of IPD data is available globally for both children and adults. PSERE-NADE's systematic assessment and combined database of the available serotype-specific IPD surveillance data in countries using PCV10/13 will facilitate answering important questions as well as highlight the gaps needed to be filled to address remaining questions. These data have the potential to inform policy around pneumococcal vaccine use, for both PCV and PPV, at national and global levels, including recommendations concerning product choice, schedule, and adult immunization. The PSERENADE project has informed WHO SAGE recommendations around pneumococcal vaccine use in adults and in community outbreak settings  [33]  and will contribute important evidence for other pneumococcal vaccine policy decisions.
Acknowledgments: This work was only possible through the contributions of many other individuals and organizations. The list of names of key individuals is provided in the Supplementary Acknowledgement List. We thank all individuals involved in the surveillance activities at the sites contributing to the  PSERENADE  project for trusting us with their data and for the assistance along the way to ensure this work provides value. This includes the surveillance network coordinators at  Epi-Concept ,  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Pan American Health Organization  and  WHO  who facilitated access to and understanding of the data. We thank the  Johns Hopkins University  librarians and research assistants for providing literature review and data collection support. We thank the technical and strategic advisors from the  WHO  for providing guidance on the objectives and for facilitating introductions to the many surveillance sites globally.
Introduction With a global incidence of 26,000 cases/year, penile cancer is a rare tumor  [1]. In developed countries, the estimated incidence is approximately 1/100,000 men per year, most of them being squamous cell carcinomas (SCC)  [2, 3]. Given the rarity of the disease and the organ preservation challenge, there are currently no high-proof level guidelines for treatment recommendations. Penile cancer management is currently based only on retrospective and single institution studies while there is no recruiting prospective trial concurrently open (Clinicaltrials. gov access 10/22/20). Partial penectomy has mostly been the historical procedure. It is often the first and only treatment performed. It allows good local control (>90% at 5 years)  [4]  at the expense of urinary and significant psychosexual side effects  [3, 5, 6].
Materials and methods This is a single-institution, retrospective, observational study which evaluated the oncological outcome and long-term toxicities after conservative treatment consisting in MHB for patients with a localized penile cancer. Data were collected from patients' files. This study, as well as the ethical aspect of the protocol, were approved by the Urologic Institutional Review Board of Antoine Lacassagne Cancer Centre (n°MR-3616170920). The board waived the requirement for informed consents because of this study's retrospective design.
Statistical analysis Qualitative data were presented as absolute frequencies, relative frequencies, 95% confidence intervals and percentages of missing data. Quantitative data were presented as medians, extremes, means, standard deviations and percentages of missing data. The normality of these parameters was assessed using the Shapiro test. Quantitative data were compared using Student's T-test or Mann-Withney's test in case of non-compliance with the conditions of Student's test. The censored data (survival data) were defined between the date of treatment start and the date of occurrence of the event: local relapse for LRFS, regional lymph node (inguinal and/or iliac) relapse for RRFS, metastasis for MFS, any oncological events for DFS, deaths due to penile cancer for SS and deaths due to any cause for OS.
( d) Prescribed dose ranged from 38. 4 Gy in 6 days (3. 2 Gy in 12 fractions) to 53 Gy in 9 days (3. 12 Gy in 17 fractions). sion  [32]. Escande et al. shown that, after penile brachytherapy, 67% of patients declared having maintained a sexual activity after 3 years of follow-up  [10]. Petera et al. reported a rate of 90% of patients who declared having maintained sexual function  [22]. The impact of brachytherapy on QoL is thereby limited  [31]. The main limitation of our retrospective observational study is represented by the small number of patients (29 pts) and a still short MFU (72 months). A low proof level is currently being observed from retrospective studies, while those aiming to randomize surgery versus brachytherapy seem ethically difficult to set up. Recently, the Groupe de Curiethérapie of the Société Française de Radiothérapie Oncologique (GC-SFRO) created a national database gathering all patients who underwent brachytherapy for penile cancer, in order to provide more consistent results.
Why investigate the NPLD? The maturity of Mars Polar Science, demonstrated by the hundreds of recent papers on ice, atmospheric and seasonal processes, and climate in the last ten years, makes the NPLD an extremely compelling target in the Solar System. Our recent work as a community has produced detailed hypotheses about the formation of the NPLD in the recent obliquity regime (3, 4) that is backed by modeling, laboratory experiments, and abundant data analysis. Missions conceived for polar exploration  (ICE-SAG 2019; WP Smith et al. ; (11) ) would test those hypotheses directly and answer questions that have been pondered for decades. Climate scientists have learned a great deal about our past and present climates on Earth by studying ice cores from the Arctic and Antarctica. Thus, precise determination of the 1) age; 2) stratigraphy, including layer thickness; 3) layer composition for isotopologues (especially D/H), salts, and lithic material (especially dust fraction); and 4) unconformities representing climatic shifts, is critical to constraining past climatic states and processes.
Study population Medical records of all consecutive children with histologically proven pelvic malignant tumors treated at our center and receiving brachytherapy for pelvic malignancy between November 2005 and January 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. All pediatric malignant pelvic tumors treated during this time interval were included, regardless of histologic type, with the exception of anorectal tumors that were excluded to limit biases in interpreting treatmentrelated symptoms. Patients addressed for reirradiation and those for whom rectal doseevolume parameters were not available (2-dimensional treatments) were also excluded. The patient flowchart is shown in Figure  E1. Anorectal morbidities were collected from medical data files in January 2020. Children were followed by the radiation oncologist, pediatrician, and surgeon, in turn, every 3 to 4 months during the first 3 years, then every 6 months during the next 2 years, and yearly thereafter.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at least twice per year for the first 2 years and annually thereafter. In addition to routine clinical evaluation, a gynecologic examination was performed using general anesthesia (according to the age) in case of gynecologic RMS. The indication for endoscopic examination was left to the discretion of the physician, depending on the importance and duration of the complaint. If patients were followed in other institutions (eg, for international patients), follow-up data were regularly provided by the referring oncopediatrician about the patient's clinical condition. If no update was received, the referring physician was contacted. All patients were included in the statistical analysis. This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.
Definition of morbidity Acute morbidity was defined as the occurrence or worsening of symptoms during brachytherapy or in the following 3 months. Late morbidity was defined as any toxicity event occurring or lasting over 3 months after the first day of brachytherapy. Acute and late morbidity were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5. 0. If the symptoms were preexisting, they had to be increased in grade to be recorded. Anorectal morbidity endpoints examined followed morbidity analysis data from adults treated with image guided brachytherapy and included rectal bleeding, proctitis, stenosis, and fistula. 21 Based on radiation proctitis-specific quality of life analyses from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, the following endpoints were also included: encopresis, transit disorders (diarrhea and/or constipation) and, if associated with other anorectal symptoms, abdominopelvic pain.
Statistical analysis The data processing and analysis were completed using R v3. 6. 1 (The R Core Team 2019). Because doses for each volume of interest were not normally distributed, mean doses were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. 9] [30]  The alpha value was set at 5%. Before reporting on the models, potentially confounding variables were investigated. The addition of other independent variables such as age and sex to the models did not affect the outcome; thus, it was decided to report on the simplest models for more clarity. Descriptive survival plots using Kaplan and Meier curves with toxicity for events and a time window of 2 years were reported. Secondary endpoint with failure for events (reporting the failure-free survival) was briefly evaluated.
Philippot came to Schengen on 19 September 2015 to lay a funeral wreath for the Schengen Treaty and cross-border free circulation, during the heated 2015 migrant crisis and a few weeks before the French regional elections. In those elections, he was a Front National candidate for the presidency of the Greater Eastern Region "Alsace-Lorraine-Champagne-Ardenne" facing Luxembourg. His second visit took place on 9 May 2019 (the day of Europe), a few weeks before the European election in which he presented himself as the leader of his own party, Les Patriotes, officially supported by Nigel Farage (one of the architects of Brexit). 1  The data used to carry out the research on the political and journalistic narratives are the audiovisual contents circulated by broadcasters and social media during the event, to which we added the content of newspapers articles produced for the occasion.
The 2015 event was structured essentially around the substantial presence of the mass media from France and Luxembourg, while the one in 2019 was organized almost exclusively around the Facebook page controlled by Philippot. The TV news bulletin and newspapers databases in Luxembourg and in France were searched for the week after both events. We used the keywords "Philippot" and "Schengen" to capture the maximum number of distinctive narratives produced by the French populist leader and reporters in relation to these events. The EDD and Europresse database were used to isolate French media content, while that for Luxembourg was accessible thanks to direct collection of data from the existing three major media companies: RTL, Saint-Paul, and Editpress. All the collected content was analyzed to obtain a synthetic vision of the media events, but the CDA is organized around the most distinctive narratives produced by Philippot and those added by reporters in the original languages (French, German, and Luxembourgish).