dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Determining this will require concerted study of the difference in the basal boundary layer conditions of grounded versus drifting ice islands. The u for a drifting iceberg or ice island will be influenced by both ocean and wind currents  (Kubat et al. , 2005; Lichey and Hellmer, 2001). Observations of u for the drifting ice island case are rare but would be useful for this work and for correctly assigning values to this variable in Eq. (  1 ). This study used a unique dataset of observed ice island thinning as well as in situ and modelled oceanographic conditions to present a calibration of the forced convection basal ablation model. It is noted that the exponents within Eq. (1), which were derived for the flat plate nature of a tabular iceberg or ice island, could also be calibrated. However, these have remained constant in previous iceberg and ice island literature, while the bulk heat transfer coefficient, C, has typically been assigned one of two values that differ by an order of magnitude.
The calibrated C value would then be in line with that derived by  Weeks and Campbell (1973). The value of C would decrease by 2 orders of magnitude if -15 • C were assigned to T ice. The in situ dataset of oceanographic conditions in the vicinity of PII-A-1-f and the GreenEdge sea ice camp was of paramount importance for validating and correcting the CMEMS data for bias. However, the calibration could be further improved by obtaining a longer time series of oceanographic data in closer proximity to the ice island. In general, there is a paucity of in situ oceanographic data collected in the vicinity of ice islands. Collection of such data will allow for further improved drift and deterioration analyses of icebergs and ice islands. Modifying the sIPR to resolve smaller magnitudes of thickness change is also recommended.
Ablation rates and contributions to overall deterioration Field measurements of ice island thinning are extremely sparse. Scambos et al. (2008)  installed numerous instruments on two Antarctic tabular icebergs while investigating their deterioration processes with field and remote-sensing data. Unfortunately, it was impossible to process thickness measurements collected by a radio-echo sounder installed on one of the icebergs  (Scambos et al. , 2008). Prior to our study, the spot values reported by  Halliday et al. (2012)  from a 17 km 2 ice island drifting in the Labrador Sea were the only known field observations of ice island thinning. The PII-A-1-f thinning dataset greatly improves on this previous work, as the long-term sIPR time series and repeat mIPR transects together produce a comprehensive dataset that allows us to assess the spatial and temporal variations in thinning and ablation.
Conclusions This study focuses on the thinning of PII-A-1-f, an ice island that originated from a calving event at the Petermann Glacier in 2012 and was grounded in western Baffin Bay over a 2year monitoring time span. A unique field dataset was collected over four visits between October 2015 and September 2016 and was used to report ice island thinning and ablation rates and calibrate the popular forced convection basal ablation model. The time series of ice island thinning recorded with a customized sIPR showed that the ice island thinned by 4. 7 m over the 11 months that on-ice data were collected. Basal ablation was responsible for 73 % of the observed thinning. Overall, PII-A-1-f was likely more susceptible to fracture than if it had been freely drifting, due to enhanced basal ablation and a correspondingly faster reduction in relative thickness.
It is important to model ice island basal ablation accurately for predicting the impact of meltwater input on the ocean system  (Crawford et al. , 2018b; Jansen et al. , 2007). Additionally, basal ablation will alter the relative thickness of an ice island, which will influence fracture likelihood  (Goodman et al. , 1980) , drift patterns  (Barker et al. , 2004) , and grounding locations  (Sackinger et al. , 1991). This is the first study to calibrate the forced convection basal ablation model for ice island or iceberg use with field data of ice island thinning, which removed uncertainty regarding estimated ablation rates from remotely sensed datasets. The calibrated value of the bulk heat transfer coefficient (1. 2 × 10 -5 m 2/5 s -1/5 • C -1 ) is in line with the larger of two values assigned in previous iceberg and ice island basal ablation models, and we recommend that this value, specific to our approach of deriving a driving temperature, be used in future modelling endeavours.
Acknowledgements. We would like to acknowledge the field assistance of  Jaypootie Moesesie ,  Graham Clark ,  Jill Rajewicz ,  Jonathan Gagnon ,  Luke Copland ,  Abigail Dalton ,  Lauren Candlish ,  Hugo Jacques ,  Tom Desmeules ,  Natalie Theriault ,  Alison Cook ,  Alexis Burt ,  Leah Braithwaite ,  Julie Payette ,  Claire Bernard-Grand'Maison ,  Eric Brossier , and  Christian Haas. Adam Garbo  and  Iain Burnett  helped with field preparation. This unique dataset would not be possible to collect without the access provided The Cryosphere,  14 ,  1067-1081 , 2020 www. the-cryosphere. net/14/1067/2020/.
Data availability. Amundsen CTD data are available from the Polar Data Catalogue (PDC) (https://doi. org/10. 5884/12713, Amundsen Science Data Collection, 2019). Data collected at PII-A-1f by the authors (i. e. data associated with ablation stakes, the weather station and sonic ranger, and sIPR and mIPR) are also available from PDC (https://doi. org/10. 21963/13091, Mueller et al. , 2019) , as are the RADARSAT-2 imagery (GeoTIFFs) and digitized polygons of the areal extent of PII-A-1-f. This study has been conducted using EU Copernicus Marine Service information. CMEMS products are available at http://marine. copernicus. eu/ services-portfolio/access-to-products/ (last access: March 2020). Data associated with the GreenEdge project are available, either through download or correspondence with a project coordinator, at http://www.
FLIM-FRET data acquisition FLIM-FRET measurements were carried out on wt, set-2(bn129) and cfp-1(tm6369) mutant strains GFP-H2B (donor alone: GFP-H2B protein) and H2B-2FPs (donor and acceptor: GFP-H2B and mCherry-H2B). FLIM was performed using an inverted laser scanning multi-photon LSM780 microscope (Zeiss) equipped with an environmental black-walled chamber. Measurements were performed at 20 °C with a 40x oil immersion lens, NA 1. 3 Plan-Apochromat objective, from Zeiss. Twophoton excitation was achieved using a tunable Chameleon Ultra II (680-1,080 nm) laser (Coherent) to pump a mode-locked, frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser that provided sub-150-fs pulses at an 80-MHz repetition rate. GFP and mCherry fluorophores were used as a FRET pair. The optimal two-photon excitation wavelength to excite the donor GFP was determined to be 890 nm  (Llères et al, 2009).
Laser power was adjusted to give a mean photon count rate of about 7. 10 4 -10 5 photons per second. Fluorescence lifetime measurements were acquired over 60 s. Detection of the emitted photons was achieved through the use of an HPM-100 module (Hamamatsu R10467-40 GaAsP hybrid photomultiplier tube [PMT]). and fluorescence lifetimes were calculated for all pixels in the field of view (256 x 256 pixels). The fluorescence lifetime imaging capability was provided by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) electronics  Becker & Hickl). TCSPC measures the time elapsed between laser pulses and the fluorescence photons. Specific regions of interest (e. g. , full gonad or pachytene nuclei) were selected using SPCImage software (Becker & Hickl).
Acknowledgements We thank  Montpellier "Ressources Imageries" (MRI) ,  CGC , which is funded by  NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs  ( P40 OD010440 ) for strains, and the  Mitani lab for deletion strains. Acquaviva L, Szekvolgyi L, Dichtl B, Dichtl BS, de La Roche Saint Andre C, Nicolas A & Geli  V (2013) The COMPASS subunit Spp1 links histone methylation to initiation of meiotic recombination. Science 339: 215-8 Adachi Y,  Luke M & Laemmli  UK (1991) Chromosome assembly in vitro: topoisomerase II is required for condensation. Cell 64:  137-148.
These tests were assessed preoperatively between 1 and 2 weeks prior to surgery through consultation with a dedicated nurse. Number of daily footsteps was recorded via bracelets containing an accelerometer (E-care Fit ® ). Data were synchronized via a tablet on a software and no geolocation was used. The accelerometer was carried on patients from preoperative day 5 to postoperative day 3. Patients were instructed to wear it on the wrist of their dominant hand. Patients who experienced a technical problem with the accelerometer or withdrew their consent during the study were excluded (missing data). One step was defined as measuring 0. 75 m.
Postoperative Outcomes Postoperative outcomes were prospectively collected until 30 days of surgery. Complications were graded according to the Clavien classification  [15]. Major complications were defined as grade IIIb-IVb, and grade V for mortality, respectively. Only the highest grade was retained in patients presenting more than one complication. In addition, the Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI) was calculated, considering all postoperative complications and thus, giving an estimation of overall morbidity in an individual patient, ranging from 0 (no complications) to 100  [16]. LOS was defined as time spent at the hospital from the date of surgery until discharge. Surgical and medical complications were not considered separately. Outcomes were prospectively recorded by the investigators at 30 days postoperatively which were not aware of walking test data synchronized on the software by a dedicated nurse.
Results CRPC patients' characteristics. Thirty nonmetastatic PCa patients treated by ADT and referred for PSMA-11 PET/CT between June 2016 and November 2018 because of a rise in PSA despite a suitable castrate serum level of testosterone were retrospectively included in this study (Table  1 ). None were symptomatic. The median time from PCa diagnosis to the onset of resistance to castration was 82 months [range: 10-258]. The median time under ADT before PSMA-11 PET/CT was 38 months [range: 14-108]. Among the 10 patients whose PSA was less than 2 ng/ml, seven had a PSA doubling time under 12 months. Fifteen of the 22 operated patients had a second-line radiation therapy for BCR. Three patients were considered lost to follow-up (no visit to the referring clinician or no data available for evaluating the treatments' efficacy after PSMA-11 PET/CT), but the impact of imaging was assessable for all of them because the multidisciplinary meeting report were available.
The management was considered to be adequate if the PSA declined by more than 50% (compared to the baseline value) following treatment modification or if the PSA remained stable (maximum variation of 10% compared to baseline) on at least 2 assays performed at least 3 weeks apart, when surveillance was decided 22. Statistical analysis. IBM SPSS software was used for statistical calculations. Comparisons of PSMA-11 PET/CT detection rates to the PSA the day of the scan (less versus greater than 2 ng/ml, which is the threshold for the complete definition of CRPC 1 ) and the PSA doubling time (under versus above 12 months, as this threshold is suggested for starting ADT in nonmetastatic CRPC 3 ) were performed by a chi-squared test or a Fisher's exact test according to the number of cases in each group.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the following physicians for their confidence in referring their patients:  Pr. de la Taille ,  Urologie -Hôpital Mondor , Créteil;  Dr Chauveinc ,  Radiothérapie -Institut de radiothérapie Hartmann ,  Levallois-Perret ;  Dr Simon ,  Radiothérapie -Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris ;  Dr Quero ,  Radiothérapie -Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris ;  Dr Graff Caillaud ,  Radiothérapie -IUCT Oncopole , Toulouse. We also want to acknowledge the commitment and the excellent technical skills of all the team of the nuclear medicine department of Hôpital Tenon, phycisians, radiopharmacists and medical radiation technologists, where PSMA-11 PET/CTs were performed.
Bending Curvature Analysis Nanopapers were first immersed in water in order to discard any effect from water uptake. Then, they were immersed in NaOH or HCl 0. 1 M, and the bending curvature was determined by recording movies during the pH variation, and periodically extracting pictures. Each nanopaper was fixed with a binder clip leaving a free length of approximately 20 mm. Image analysis was performed using ImageJ ® software. Curvature was evaluated from the measurement of the X-Y coordinates. Film bending was assumed to be an arc of a circle, and the curvature was measured by fitting the time evolution to a circumference function, as previously described  [23]. The bending curvature (κ) was calculated from the radius (r) of the fitted circle according to the following expression: κ = 1 r (2) All data expressed are the average of at least 3 measurements realized on two different films.
Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge the  French National Research Agency  (Project  Cellmach ,  ANR-17-CE07-0010-01 ) and the  Conseil Régional des Pays de la Loire  ( Project Nanomach ,  Etoiles Montantes   2017-10691 ) for financial support. The authors acknowledge the  BIBS platform of INRA Angers-Nantes  for access to infrared spectroscopy (Sylvie Durand).
Sets of 3600 projections were collected for each 360-degree rotation. An optical system consisting of a scientific CMOS technology based camera coupled to a gadox scintillator and an objective was used to record the X-ray images. The effective pixel size of the system was 23 µm. A total time of 30 min was necessary to collect the whole tomographic data set for one sample. This rather extended time is due to the reduced height of the synchrotron beam (max. 5 mm) which demanded for sequential partial CT imaging of the sample to obtain a full dataset. A standard filtered back projection combined with a phase retrieval algorithm  22  was used for the volume reconstructions. The reconstruction time for a complete volume was or around 10 min on a machine equipped with a performant GPU. While the deposited dose was higher than in clinical routine, the values of the mean radiation deposited doses in the wrist was in the order of magnitude of the milliSievert which remains acceptable for clinical applications.
More precisely, the delivered dose was calculated as being equal to 1. 98 mSv. conventional modalities. The MRI images were obtained on a 3T TX Achieva Philips Medical scanner (Grenoble MRI Facility iRMaGe). Several MRI sequences were employed including clinical standard sequences recommended for bone, cartilage and soft tissue evaluation (respectively proton density, T1 and T2). An additional research-oriented sequence developed for cartilage imaging (3DWATSC) was also applied. Some sequence parameters were adapted to take into account the fixation of the samples. The conventional CT data were acquired on a General Electrics Healthcare optima CT 660 system using the device standard wrist protocols. The ultrasound images were collected with a Toshiba Aplio 500. The acquisition parameters for MRI, US and CT are summarized in Supplementary Table  1.
Medical interpretation. Since mathematical metrics or semi-quantitative indices cannot assess solely the medical potential of PCI-CT, the 6 readers were also asked to perform a medical interpretation of the images. The Fig. 4  provides a summary of these interpretations regarding the evaluation of the calcifications. CT is today considered as the standard modality for visualizing calcified tissues. Whilst only one reader noticed the presence of a few calcifications from the non-pathological sample CT dataset, all six readers detected calcified structures from the PCI-CT images. With the hand suffering from chondrocalcinosis, all 6 readers agree that when using PCI-CT, more calcified structures could be detected in various locations (ligaments, intra-articular, cartilage surface and inside the cartilage matrix).
Acknowledgements This work was carried out with the support of  ANRT  and CIFRE collaboration. The authors acknowledge the  ESRF  for granting the beam time ( MD1097 ) and the  CHU Grenoble-Alpes  radiology and rheumatology departments for time slots on the conventional modalities and for the time spent studying our images. Part of this study was financed by  Labex PRIMES. The authors have no conflict of interest related to this study. Grenoble MRI facility IRMaGe was partly funded by the  French program  " Investissement d' Avenir " run by the  ' Agence Nationale pour la Recherche' ; grant ' Infrastructure d'avenir en Biologie Santé ' - ANR-11-INBS-0006. The authors acknowledge  Michel Dojat  for interesting scientific discussions and  Ludovic Broche  for helping in the data management.
Statistical Analysis All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26. 0 (SPSS Inc. ; Chicago, IL, USA). For biochemical determinations, three biological replicates were considered for the years of analysis (2014-2015); mean and standard error (SE) were calculated for each parameter. The phytopathological parameters were recorded for each cultivar in 5 individual fruits inoculated with water for control and 20 individual fruits inoculated with M. laxa spores for the years of analysis (2014-2015); mean and standard error (SE) were calculated for each parameter. Two-way ANOVA was performed for main effects (cultivar and year) and their interaction (cultivar x year), and mean comparison was judged according to Duncan's test at the level p ≤ 0. 05. Pearson's correlation and regression analysis (Microsoft Excel 10.
Statistical Analysis All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26. 0 (SPSS Inc. ; Chicago, IL, USA). For biochemical determinations, three biological replicates were considered for the years of analysis (2014-2015); mean and standard error (SE) were calculated for each parameter. The phytopathological parameters were recorded for each cultivar in 5 individual fruits inoculated with water for control and 20 individual fruits inoculated with M. laxa spores for the years of analysis (2014-2015); mean and standard error (SE) were calculated for each parameter. Two-way ANOVA was performed for main effects (cultivar and year) and their interaction (cultivar × year), and mean comparison was judged according to Duncan's test at the level p ≤ 0. 05. Pearson's correlation and regression analysis (Microsoft Excel 10.
Acknowledgments: We thank  J. Usall  of  the (IRTA Lleida ) for providing the original inoculum of the M. laxa;  M. A. Moreno  ( EEAD-CSIC ) and  J. Escartin  ( GA ) for providing plant material; and  F. Gómez ,  R. Giménez , and  V. Millán  ( EEAD-CSIC ) and  G. Chalot  ( Ctifl ) for technical assistance. The  Research Center and Food Technology of Aragón (CITA)  allowed us the use of its plant protection facilities.
Funding: This work was supported by the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness  grants  AGL2014-52063R ,  AGL2017-83358-R (MCIU/AEI/FEDER/UE ); and the  Government of Aragón  with grants  A44 ,  A09_17R  co-financed with FEDER. FS was the recipient of a Master fellowship funded by the  CIHEAM-IAMZ.
Four set of images were reconstructed: perfusion and ventilation images, AC, and NoAC, respectively. Statistical maps were created as follows: all cases were registered to a reference scan using the CT data, first with a rigid then with a non-rigid method. SPECTs reconstructions were then co-registered and normalized, and mean and standard deviation voxel-wise maps were calculated. To assess the consistency of generated maps to lung physiology and the potential impact of non-rigid registration, visual analysis and quantitative comparison with non-registered data were performed in the whole series. Quantitative comparison was also conducted in two randomly sampled independent subsets. Results: Perfusion mean maps showed a continuous negative posterior to anterior gradient, majored on the AC mean map.
Perfusion standard deviation maps showed higher variability in the periphery of the lungs, but especially in the posterior areas. The ventilation mean map showed a slightly positive posterior to anterior gradient on NoAC mean ventilation map, while the AC mean map showed no gradient. The NoAC ventilation SD map showed a higher variability in the periphery of the lungs as compared with AC SD map. No statistical difference in the posterior to anterior gradient measurements was found between the generated mean statistical maps and the non-registered data, either in the whole series or across the two independent datasets.
Mean and Standard Deviation Map Generation All registered examinations were then normalized using an ImageJ code (ImageJ. US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Assuming that all activity is constrained into the lungs, the normalization was based on mean value, so that it was not sensitive to hot spots. For each case, using reference CT lung segmentation, the whole lungs mean pixel value was stored for registered perfusion and ventilation scans. Then all pixels were multiplied by 1,000 and divided by the stored mean value so that the mean pixel value for all SPECTS was equal to 1,000. Finally, from all co-registered normalized SPECT, a mean and a standard deviation value were calculated at each voxel coordinate as follows: I mean x, y, z = 1 n n i=1 I i x, y, z ; I stdev x, y, z = 1 n -1 n i=1 I i x, y, z -I mean (x, y, z) 2 Where n is the number of database cases, I mean is the mean of the pixel value from the i co-registered normalized cases at the x, y, z coordinates, and I stdev the standard deviation (Figure  1 ).
Data Analysis Several analyses were performed in order to assess the consistency of generated maps. First, a descriptive analysis of statistical maps was performed. Second, a regional quantitative analysis was performed. Using the reference CT for lobar segmentation, relative lobar lung function (total counts in a lobe/total counts in the whole lungs) was computed. Finally, in order to assess the potential impact of deformable registration on generated 3-D maps, quantitative measurement of posterior to anterior gradient and inferior to superior gradient on generated statistical maps were compared to global parameters (mean and standard deviation) of non-registered database reconstructions. Four regions of interests were positioned on anterior, posterior, superior and inferior aspects of the right lung and mean values were recorded.
Posterior to Anterior relative difference (PArd) and inferior to superior relative difference (ISrd) were calculated as follows: PArd = (Anterior-Posterior)/Posterior (%) and ISrd = (Superior-Inferior)/Inferior (%). Normal distribution was tested thanks to a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mean PArd and ISrd from non-registered database were compared to the PArd and ISrd measured on generated statistical maps using a student t-test. Data analysis was first performed on the whole dataset. In order to conduct the comparison across two independent datasets, two randomly sampled independent subsets of data were generated. The first subset randomly included 37 of the 73 clinical V/Q SPECT datasets which were used to produce new mean and SD maps. The second subset included the remaining 36 collected clinical V/Q SPECT datasets.
The 2 subsets were independent as there were composed of different unrelated V/Q SPECT scans. In order to assess the potential impact of deformable registration on generated 3-D maps across these two independent datasets, quantitative measurement of gradients on generated statistical maps were compared to global parameters (mean and standard deviation) of non-registered database reconstructions. Using the same methodology as for the whole series, four regions of interests were positioned on anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior aspects of the right lung and mean values were recorded. PArd and ISrd were calculated. Mean PArd and ISrd from the individual subset of non-registered SPECT images were compared to the PArd and ISrd measured on generated statistical maps using a student t-test.