dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
A similar process seems to be occurring in research on environmental misbehavior. The availability of country-level measures like the Environmental Performance Index of Yale University or the Sustainable Development Goals, or firm-level measures like ASSET4 and RepRisk is driving new research on the topic  (Wang & Li, 2019). This leaves a host of more ambiguous topics and data-scarce empirical contexts unstudied. Empirical studies focus on easily observable outcomes (e. g. , financial statements, secondary datasets) and there is little questioning of the accuracy of such data, even when some lack reliability  (Stuart & Wang, 2016). Thus, a fruitful avenue for researchers interested in a topic is to measure and make available indicators that other researchers can then use to analyze how multinationals misbehave.
Acknowledgement We thank  Siah Hwee Ang ,  Ajai Gaur ,  Marjorie Lyles  and anonymous reviewers for useful suggestions for improvement on previous versions of the paper. For financial support,  Alvaro Cuervo-Cazurra  thanks the  Lloyd Mullin Fellowship  and  Suzana Rodrigues  thanks  CNPq. We also thank  Katie Jones  for proofreading our paper. Authors appear in alphabetical order.
Pursuing the autonomisation and "sovereignisation" of their national Internet (RuNet) since the early 2010s, authorities in the Russian Federation are establishing increasingly stricter regulations on Internet innovation and practices. Since 2018, the team of the ResisTIC (Criticism and circumvention of digital borders in Russia) project explores how different actors of the RuNet resist and adapt to the recent wave of authoritarian and centralizing regulations. One of the project's primary objectives is to explore the extent to which control and circumvention strategies are embedded in, and conducted by means of the infrastructure of the RuNet. This special issue provides a detailed overview of the different strands of research undertaken by the ResisTIC project team at the crossroads of digital sovereignty, data and infrastructure.
Our aim is to shed light on the complex relationship between technical devices and algorithms  (Brousseau, et al. , 2012; Musiani, 2013)  in the Russian digital sphere, and the politics and markets taking shape in the country. This special issue provides a detailed overview of the different strands of research undertaken by the ResisTIC project team at the crossroads of digital sovereignty, data and infrastructure -both its development and its uses, oftentimes very creative and subversive when it comes to the RuNet. In this special issue, articles by the project team are entwined with contributions by specialists based in Russia and worldwide, with whom we have closely interacted in the frame of our monthly research seminar at the School of Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (École des hautes études en sciences sociales, EHESS, Paris) or during visiting researcher tenures, and whose work inspires us.
However, the control-by-infrastructure endeavor is not devoid of pitfalls and complications. She demonstrates this through four emblematic cases (the "Revizor" system; the battle to block Telegram messenger; the law "on Sovereign RuNet" and the project of free access to "socially significant websites"). These cases show that content filtering and blocking of access to Web resources do not work as the government would wish and can even harm other sensitive sectors of a country's digital economy. Another illustration of this discrepancy is provided by Liudmila Sivetc, who shows the limits of the infrastructure control system that the Russian government has been gradually implementing. She examines the building of the Yarovaya-Law infrastructure, aimed at storing content data collected by information disseminators in Russia and conclude that, by the summer of 2020, it had faltered due to cost and implementation obstacles and may have hindered the continuation of the RuNet sovereignization strategy.
Acknowledgments This work has received funding from the  French National Agency for Research (Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR)  in the frame of the project  ResisTIC (Les résistants du net. Critique et évasion face à la coercition numérique en Russie ,  ANR-17-CE26-0020 ). We are deeply indebted to the work of the 18 colleagues who, across disciplines and geographical boundaries, have graciously accepted to review the articles in this special issue:  Balázs Bodó ,  Stanislas Budnitsky ,  Philip Di Salvo ,  Rashid Gabdulhakov ,  Olessia Kirtchik ,  Valery Kossov ,  Sophie Lambroschini ,  Kenneth Merrill ,  Stefania Milan ,  Julien Nocetti ,  Benjamin Peters ,  Elena Sherstoboeva ,  Daniel Taninecz Miller ,  Félix Tréguer ,  Daniel Trielli ,  Mariëlle Wijermars ,  Liliia Zemnukhova  and  Vera Zvereva.
Research methods and materials The information base of the study was made up of data on the ownership structure of systemically important banks. Such data are provided by the Bank of Russia and SPARK-Interfax (a comprehensive solution for verifying legal entities, private entrepreneurs, directors and shareholders in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Moldova). The authors have developed an algorithm for the selection of insurance companies in the Russian Federation according to criteria of systemic importance (insurance premium size, links with systemically important banks by ownership structure), which includes the following stages: 1. selection of insurance companies in the Russian Federation, included as of the current date in the top 20 in terms of insurance premiums.
Databases Nine databases were used (i. e. , Academic Search Premier, ERIC, PsycINFO, SAGE, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, TRID, Web of Science, Wiley). These databases were chosen on the basis of the combination of two criteria: (1) they had an "advanced search" function, which allowed the search to be conducted according to the requirements we previously mentioned; (2) they included references in the field of social and behavioral sciences or specialized in transportation research. Moreover, most of these databases had been used in previous scoping reviews (see for instance  Van Haperen et al. , 2019). Overall, 3,054 references were found. After a first manual removal of duplicate entries, 2,587 references remained (see Figure  2  for a general presentation of the selection process).
Charting the data Data of interest from the selected publications were extracted and summarized in Table  1  considering for each publication: authors, year of publication, location of the study, article type (empirical, theoretical), design for empirical studies (qualitative, cross-sectional, quasiexperimental, experimental, longitudinal), sample size and percentage of males, mean age of the sample, origin of the sample (general population, university students, professional drivers), main methodological elements (study design and measures) and main results relevant to this review. For each reference, the table was completed by each author who was assigned to read it in depth. For empirical publications, the location was based on the country where the participants were recruited. For theoretical publications, the location was based on the affiliation of the first author.
Limitations This scoping review has several limitations that should be acknowledged. Classical selection bias in scoping review methodology  (Sucharew & Macaluso, 2019)  could have operated at several levels. Only publications in English, French and Spanish were considered and we did not take into account research published in other languages, for example in Africa or Asia. Despite the diversity of the databases and keywords used, some studies well suited to our scope could not have been identified. Indeed, the adoption of an exhaustive strategy was not possible because of the limitations of the advanced research features of several databases. In particular, grey literature was not checked. The publication selection steps based on authors' evaluations could also involve subjective bias, despite decision criteria being based on shared agreement.
Introduction In recent years, knowledge of the history of our planet's environment has considerably increased and offers unprecedented perspectives on the past. We now know that at times different regions of the globe were subjected to climatic and meteorologic disturbances, including extreme events; and these are believed to have played a significant role in the history of societies. Determining the causes and processes of these disturbances, the share of external forces, whether natural (solar activity, volcanic eruptions) or anthropogenic, and that of the internal variability of climate systems, is an immense challenge for researchers. 1 Identifying the effects on ecosystems and a fortiori human society in the past is also challenging given (a) the multiplicity of variables, scales, and levels of analysis to consider and confront and (b) the resolution of data at our disposal.
34 he Indian subcontinent is particularly susceptible to shifts in climate and extreme events, notably under the El-Niño-like conditions. 35 alaeoclimatic reconstructions highlight the occurrence of major disturbances of summer monsoons. 36 Two data set-based reconstructions are especially important for grasping the extent of these variations and for situating the intervals of climatic anomalies and extremes during the medieval period on the Indian subcontinent. One derives from 327 treering chronologies, which form the base of the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas (MADA); 37 the other results from the isotopic analysis of speleothem samples, which are major archives of terrestrial paleoclimates and paleoenvironments. 38 he Mada database offers an annual reconstruction of monsoon variability over the last 700 years.
For instance, in Angkor (Cambodia), scientists are tracking water after having successively enquired into the history of wars and then climate changes. Scholars analyse in parallel paleoclimatic records, LiDAR and archaeological data on the great hydraulic infrastructures which bear the scars of substantial damages that seemingly could only have been caused by unusually torrential rains. 49 In addition to the disastrous impact of drought on harvests and health, the devastating force of floods would have made people vulnerable, while damaging the management system of hydroclimatic risk on which the 'operational logic of the urban complex' of Angkor depended. It is thus by the superimposition of multiple factors upon climatic anomalies that scholars are now tending to explain the demise of Angkor.
62"E) (Figure  1 ). 55  Mandu is best known as the capital of the Malwa Sultanate but its history goes back to earlier times and extends beyond the late medieval. Situated in the South-Western part of Madhya Pradesh, the site falls in the lower Deccan Traps and is a vast elevated plateau,  perched on an outcrop of the Vindhya Hill-range, overlooking the Nimar Plains in the watershed of the Narmada River (Figure  2  and 3 ). This area is of particular interest due to (a) the history of the place as a major power centre along chief highways of communication and trade; (b) the wealth of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental records of long-term human occupation, cultural and institutional changes underpinned by processes that continue to operate today; (c) the fact that the area has been spared from recent urbanisation; (d) the history of its current population belonging to the Bhil 'tribal community'; (e) the geographic context-in the Narmada basin, on the southern edge of Malwa-made of various watersheds and ecological settings (highlands of the Vindhya range, lowlands of the alluvial Narmada valley and Malwa Deccan traps), which offer the opportunity to examine through a wide array of data (archaeological, palaeoenvironmental, ethnoanthropological, spatial) the diversity of past activities and changes, of social and environmental phenomena, of ways of settling and tapping into resources; and (f) the type of environment, being semi-arid, which allows to explore the lands and watersheds sensitivity and vulnerability to hydroclimatic variation and extremes.
Based on openended oral history, interviews, and informal discussions, the field approach also investigates the continuities and discontinuities in the use of ancient water infrastructure and bodies, the social significance of water associated with ancient water bodies, and the use of technologies. To tackle issues of more regional and supra-regional significance, research also delves into the knowledge at our disposal (historical and palaeoclimatological) beyond the spatial and archival perimeters of the land-waterscape of Mandu. Regional data are being compiled to enhance our understanding of the history and archaeology of Central India and beyond in medieval times; evidence about political instability, war campaigns, historical floods, drought, famines, pandemics, and earthquakes, which are known from textual sources, are being looked at; and current archaeological research and theories on societal change, vulnerability, adaptation, sustainability, and resilience in the face of environmental disturbances in medieval times elsewhere in Asia, and in Mesoamerica (known to be vulnerable to the global El Niño oscillations) are being explored.
To help deciphering the signatures of the material conditions of social and cultural life and allow for a better understanding of water flows and land characteristics, aerial images taken from a drone through systematic flights are being assessed. These will further enable to smooth and speed the process of field documentation. Primary paleoenvironmental analysis of test samples and the identification of various physical field data mastering surface and groundwater flows for palaeohydrological mapping and sampling confirms the depth  and interest of available data, but also hint at challenges to overcome. 64 A preliminary survey was conducted which aimed at exploring distinct early water management infrastructures of different scales and connectivity's and assessing their viability for further geoarchaeological investigations based on key-hole excavations.
In different settings, these excavations would enable definition and sampling of stratigraphies for dating and sediment analyses. Key sites have been identified during the 2020 first collective fieldwork to collect artefacts and ecofacts for geoarchaeological analysis and dating by OSL and radiocarbon and produce data about the temporal development of Mandu and the history of its environment and land use. The study (texture, age, composition) of soils, occupation deposits, and sedimentary context will provide crucial evidence to understand environmental changes (whatever their origins), and their impacts on the transformation and evolution of land-waterscapes.
66 ow can we grasp this relationship, pinpointing markers indicating that such and such historical time frame, series of events, or change may be linked to or have its origin in a modification of the climate? The question is complex, for the 'contemporaneity' and correlation are extremely difficult to establish between (a) climatic fluctuations that can last for decades, even centuries, with changing spatial coverage and (b) shifts in society's trajectories that are multifactorial and can span several generations. The complexity is further increased by the fact that the chronological resolution in archaeological data and paleoenvironmental archives are limited, not to mention the paucity of evidence at our disposal due to the lack of archaeological research on the medieval in India. Climate records can also be from distant places and hence may not be applicable.
To understand persistent socioenvironmental trends, it is also essential not to limit our analysis to the medieval past, but also look at the longer term histories. Research from this perspective on the medieval in South Asia has the potential not only to transform the ways in which we approach the past, but also to think about innovative modes of co-producing interdisciplinary knowledge and break down barriers between sectoral approaches that are often implemented in historico-archaeological studies. In the long term, success will depend on access to large data sets incorporating  68  See the introduction and various essays that reflect on the importance of addressing local questions in Contreras, The Archaeology of Human-Environment Interactions. The Medieval History Journal, 24, 1-2 (2021): 56-91  different lines of high-resolution archaeological and paleoenvironmental evidence at different scales.
69 It is time for medieval studies in India to engage with current research development on 'socioecological' systems and 'human ecodynamics', not only to enrich our scientific understanding of the medieval past, but also for people today. Research on climate change cannot ignore the past, and it is now largely recognised that archaeologists and historians have a role to play, not just for the sake of revealing the past, but also for informing the future. They have a role to play in global climate change research and discourse, not only in providing data for climate modelling studies and in understanding the ways societies responded and adapted to environmental difficulties in the long-term, but also in influencing the terms of current debates (e. g. , on sustainability, on the Anthropocene) and in contributing to rethink the Eurocentric nature-culture divide, co-build awareness about environmental links, and co-explore differing responses to climate change.
55   The MANDU research programme is the synthesis of a project funded by the  French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD)  and  French National Research Agency (ANR , https://anr. fr/Projet- ANR-18-CE03-0006 ,accessed on 2 July 2021), and an  Indo-French Archaeological Mission  funded by the  French Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs  ( 2020-24 ) in partnership with the  Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU, India) , the  French Institute of Pondicherry (IFP, India) , and the  Shiv Nadar University (SNU, Greater Noida ).
University of Madison (thanks also go to the reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions on this article, and to  Balwant Godara , for proofreading it. Research was made possible with the support of the  French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD). The MANDU research programme about which this article gives a brief introduction is the synthesis of a project funded by the  French National Research Agency (ANR ,  ANR-18-CE03-0006 ) and an  Indo-French Archaeological Mission  funded by the  French Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs  in partnership with the  Jawaharlal Nehru University , the  Shiv Nadar University , the  IRD , and the  French Institute of Pondicherry. The archaeological fieldwork at Mandu was approved by the  Archaeological Survey of India  (no.
While the role of social media in the spread of conspiracy theories has received much attention, a key deficit in previous research is the lack of distinction between different types of platforms. This study places the role of social media affordances in facilitating the spread of conspiracy beliefs at the center of its enquiry. We examine the relationship between platform use and conspiracy theory beliefs related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Relying on the concept of technological affordances, we theorize that variation across key features make some platforms more fertile places for conspiracy beliefs than others. Using data from a crossnational dataset based on a two-wave online survey conducted in 17 countries before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we show that Twitter has a negative effect on conspiracy beliefs-as opposed to all other platforms under examination which are found to have a positive effect.
In addition to our focus on platforms, we also investigate whether the patterns found are stable or vary across countries. Empirically, we will rely on a two-wave online survey that was conducted in 17 countries. This unique dataset gives our study a broader, comparative scope, which allows for testing the role of various platforms across different countries with great statistical power. The panel structure of the data also allows us to handle reverse causality problems by enabling us to measure reported usage of a variety of social media platforms previous to any exposure to conspiracy beliefs around COVID-19. Finally, propensity score matching is used to test against self-selection effects and as a further robustness check.
Data and measurement To investigate our hypotheses, we relied on data collected from a two-wave panel survey fielded in the following 17 mostly European countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. This diverse country selection allows us to expand on previous work on conspiracy thinking by widening the scope of scholarship beyond merely Western and wealthy democracies, and follows recommendations of past researchers to model elements of the political and societal context that are not often controlled for, such as the political information environment  (Walter and Drochon, 2020). The study was designed as a two-wave survey. Wave 1 was fielded in December 2019 (before the outbreak of the COVID-19), and wave 2, in May and June 2020 (after the outbreak of the COVID-19).
For example, reported use for news on Reddit and Snapchat was, respectively, 1. 7% and 2. 8%, well below the reported use for news of Messenger (8%), the less popular of the five studied platforms. Instagram's reported use was higher (13%) but the effects of this platform as well as of Reddit and Snapchat have all been undertheorized. While Facebook, YouTube, Facebook Messenger, Twitter, and WhatsApp are the top social media and messaging services in the countries in our dataset, we acknowledge that we might not be capturing platforms that are particular to some countries. For example, according to the 2020 Reuters Institute Digital News Report  (Newman et al. , 2020) , in Greece and Hungary, WhatsApp did not belong to the top five, but Viber did. In total, 17% of Greeks answered that they use Viber for news consumption, while 5% Hungarian use it for news consumption.
Funding The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/ or publication of this article: This project was financially supported by the Network of European Political Communication Scholars (NEPOCS). Data collection in Denmark was supported by the University of Southern Denmark. The collection of data in Hungary and Poland was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council [ES/S01019X/1]. The collection of the data in France was supported by an Audencia Foundation grant. The collection of data in Sweden was supported by the research project "Knowledge resistance: causes, consequences, cures", funded by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. Yannis Theocharis would like to acknowledge the support of the ZeMKI Lenkungskreis at the University of Bremen, which generously contributed to funding this research.
Graphical representation of the argument network In order to make a graphical representation of the argument network, we used the visualization program Yed Graph Editor (version 3. 17. 1). We chose to represent only arguments that were connected with at least one attack. Hence, 55 arguments were kept and 59 were rejected. The result is displayed in Figure  2. Each number corresponds to one argument expressed by one source. Arguments were grouped in dashed lines according to the criterion they were based on, which is indicated in the legends (Nutritional, Ethical, etc. ). Each argument node received a specific colour according to its source (e. g. , pink for argument 1 from the newspaper "Le Canard Enchainé", No. 144, published in July 2017, blue for arguments 2 to 16 from the Valorial competitiveness cluster's presentation, etc.