dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
INSEE's Code Officiel Géographique (COG) INSEE's annual COGs provide the official nomenclature of communes in a given year  (Lang, 2016). They uniquely identify existing communes through a five-digit coding scheme. The first two digits of this coding scheme correspond to a commune's département while its last three digits correspond to a commune's identifier within the département, generally assigned in ascending alphabetical order. For instance, the commune of Allonne in the département of Oise (60) holds INSEE code 60009. This nomenclature was first established in 1943 and has remained stable ever since, barring changes in communes' territorial structures. To reflect these changes, the COG is updated annually. The construction of the TRF-GIS uses the COGs 2005 and 2011. 4 The Histoire Administrative des Communes (HAC) database The HAC database provides, for each of the 41,410 communes that ever existed between 1801 and 2005, a unique record that contains the commune's dates of creation and subsequent modifications, the general administrative constituencies it ever belonged to, its INSEE codification, the evolution of its toponymy, and its population counts across censuses.
These records are distributed through http://cassini. ehess. fr (Motte and Vouloir, 2007). Constructed by the LaDéHiS and INED  (Motte, Séguy and Théré, 2003) , information in the HAC database relies on official administrative acts published in the Bulletin des Lois from 1801 to 1931 and in the Journal Officiel hereafter. 5 Except for a few cases documented in the TRF-GIS source code, communes in the HAC database are effectively characterized in 2005 geography. Communes that no longer existed by 2005 are assigned the INSEE code of their absorbing commune. For instance, absorbed by Beauvais in 1943, the commune of Voisinlieu holds Beauvais' INSEE code 60057. Former and current communes can nevertheless be uniquely identified through the url query parameter of their individual record on http://cassini.
TRF-GIS shapefiles Annual TRF-GIS shapefiles use the GEOFLA 2011 as their underlying frame, to the exclusion of the territories that did not belong to France during certain years (Appendix Figure  A. 2): Alsace-Lorraine  and the communes of La  Brigue and Tende (1870-1940). As a result, shapefiles that constitute the base frame of TRF-GIS shapefiles for  1870 and 1919-1940 represent 36,566 of the 36,568 existing communes of 2011, and 34,932 for 1871-1918. Each of these communes is then matched to the general administrative constituencies they belonged to in the relevant year using information from the HAC database, which initial 2005 geography is converted into 2011 geography using the COGs 2005 and 2011-between these two dates, nine communes disappeared and seven were created. While nearly all communes of 2011 existed in 1801, some were not created until after 1870.
TRF-GIS nomenclatures Annual TRF-GIS constituency-level nomenclatures use contemporaneous toponyms and codifications as provided by the HAC database for general administrative constituencies. For special administrative constituency nomenclatures, I rely directly on historical sources. Annual commune-level nomenclatures are composed only of those communes that existed in the relevant year. For instance, the commune of Voisinlieu only appears in the communelevel nomenclatures  1930 -1940. Appendix Figure A. 3  displays the evolution of the number of communes that compose annual commune-level nomenclatures. It ranges from  35,974 communes in 1871 to 38,038 in 1939-1940.
Municipal arrondissements of Paris, Lyon, and Marseille The three building blocks of the TRF-GIS have different treatments of the 45 municipal arrondissements of Paris, Lyon, and Marseille: while the GEOFLA treats them as independent elements, explaining why it contains 36,610 distinct entities representing 36,568 communes, COGs and the HAC database do not. Because they have been stable since 1859, the TRF-GIS treats the 20 municipal arrondissements of Paris as distinct entities. However, it treats the communes of Lyon and Marseille as single entities because their municipal arrondissements were modified several times since 1870, making it challenging to match these to the GEOFLA.
Limitations The TRF-GIS exhibits two limitations. First, its shapefiles rely on delineations of communes in 2011 geography through the GEOFLA 2011. I use this dataset for quality and reproducibility purposes, as it is the earliest geography for which an IGN-produced communelevel shapefile is accessible under open licensing. Moreover, annual shapefiles of commune boundaries for 1870-1940 have not been produced thus far. 9 This needs not invalidate the TRF-GIS, for two reasons. First, commune boundaries did not change much since the beginning of the Third Republic: out of the 36,568 communes represented in the GEOFLA 2011, less than seven percent ever underwent territorial modifications (creation, suppression, territorial transfer) between 1870 and 2011 (Figure  1 ). Second, TRF-GIS shapefiles represent constituencies that are for the most part defined at higher levels of aggregation than communes, thereby limiting potential inaccuracies at their boundaries.
Data Records The TRF-GIS database is composed of two types of data files: annual constituencylevel nomenclatures and annual constituency-level shapefiles. 31 Annual constituency-and The diocese of Marseille, which corresponded to the arrondissement of Marseille; the diocese of Reims, which corresponded to the département of Ardennes and the arrondissement of Reims (Marne); the diocese of Fréjus, which corresponded to the département of Var and the arrondissement of Grasse (Alpes-Maritimes) until 1886; the dioceses of Lille and Cambrai, which split the département of Nord after 1913. This configuration is documented in Appendix Table A. 11. Beyond those described above, the Territoire-de-Belfort was transferred from the diocese of Strasbourg to that of Besançon after the Franco-Prussian War, and the territories of the département of Meurthe-and-Moselle were attributed to the diocese of Nancy.
I further follow IGN's methodology and provide shapefiles both in polygon and vector forms. Shapefiles metadata are also provided for each constituency in QGIS metadata format (. qmd). Furthermore, separate datasets of chefs-lieux coordinates are provided in. csv format-these coordinates correspond to the current locations of their city halls. The TRF-GIS follows FAIR data management practices  (Wilkinson et al. , 2016). Data files are available in the TRF-GIS Dataverse, hosted by the Harvard Dataverse, under the CC-BY 4. 0 license at https://dataverse. harvard. edu/dataverse/TRF-GIS. Therein, each constituency constitutes a separate dataset-15 datasets in total. Each dataset is attributed a unique and persistent Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for better findability and citability. Data files are curated through DataCite Metadata Schema 4.
They also include information Appendix Table  A. 14 documents the 206 toponymic modifications to cantons that occurred during the Third Republic. This was the case for 36 communes of the annexed cantons of Gorze (Moselle), Vic-sur-Seille and Lorquin (Meurthe), and Saales and Schirmeck (Vosges). Appendix Table  A. 15 documents the mapping between cantons and pseudo-cantons-this mapping is also available as a dataset alongside annual canton-level nomenclatures. on military divisions' chefs-lieux: their INSEE codes, names, whether they are current or former communes, and their geographic coordinates. Codifications and toponyms are contemporaneous, with toponyms corresponding to military divisions chefs-lieux. Annual military divisions-level shapefiles contain the same variables as military divisions-level nomenclatures.
All these primary sources are available in PDF format in the TRF-GIS dataverse. This rigorous verification procedure combined with data integrity tests in the TRF-GIS source code enabled to identify 231 inaccuracies or errors in the HAC database and to rectify them. 44 43 These secondary sources include the HAC database  (Motte, Séguy and Théré, 2003; Motte and Vouloir, 2007)  as well as  Marichal (1962) ,  Masson (1984 ), Farcy (1992) ,  Gaudillère (1995)  Nomenclatures were also verified against periodical statistical publications of relevant administrations, among which censuses for general administrative constituencies, the Compte Rendu sur le Recrutement de l'Armée for military constituencies, the Compte Général de l'Administration de la Justice Civile et Commerciale and the Compte Général de l'Administration de la Justice Criminelle for judicial constituencies, the Statistique Pénitentiaire for penitentiary constituencies, and the Tableau des Élections à la Chambre des Députés for electoral constituencies.
TRF-GIS shapefiles IGN's GEOFLA 2011 shapefile constitutes the underlying frame of TRF-GIS shapefiles. As discussed above, I use this dataset for quality and reproducibility purposes: it constitutes the official representation of France's communes in 2011 geography and is available under open licensing. Although IGN's BD CARTO R shapefiles are more precise than the GEOFLA (1:25,000 against 1:1,000,000), these files are not all freely accessible. Their use would therefore substantially alter the possibilities of reproduction and dissemination of TRF-GIS shapefiles. Moreover, their manipulation is more cumbersome: while GEOFLA is available as an ensemble, BD CARTO files are only available separately for each département, and their overall size approaches 2. 5 GB against 150 MB for the GEOFLA.
xlsx file. 51  (3) In QGIS, export the attribute table from the CIRCONSCRIPTIONS_1914 shapefile to an. xlsx file, in order to get the list of pseudo-circonscriptions and their types through the pcirco_type variable (unique or multiple). (  4 ) Attribute the raw data for the circonscriptions not divided into pseudo-circonscriptions, and sum the raw data for the corresponding pseudo-circonscriptions. 52 (5) In QGIS, join and relate circonscription-level abstention rates from the. xlsx file to the attribute table of the CIRCONSCRIPTIONS_1914 shapefile based on the deppcirco field. (  6 ) Map circonscription-level abstention rates (Appendix Figure A. 14).
Acknowledgements The author thanks  Anne Alonzo ,  Yuzuru Kumon ,  Christophe Lévêque ,  Imil Nurutdinov ,  Mohamed Saleh ,  Jan Stuckatz ,  Ronan Tallec , and  Erik Wang  for fruitful discussions. Funding details This work was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  under Grant  ANR-17-EURE-0010  ( Investissements d'Avenir program ).
Data availability The TRF-GIS database can be accessed through the TRF-GIS Dataverse under the CC-BY 4. 0 license, which is hosted in the Harvard Dataverse and accessible at https://dataverse. harvard. edu/dataverse/TRF-GIS. The reproduction material is available in the "TRF-GIS Reproduction Material" dataset at https://doi. org/10. 7910/ DVN/6FCK3W. It contains source data, reproduction codes, and primary archival sources. Although each file can be accessed independently, I recommend downloading the full dataset for reproducibility purposes in order to preserve the integrity of the folders structure.
Code availability The TRF-GIS database was produced using Stata SE version 16 as well as QGIS version 3. 12 for its shapefiles. Stata. do files and python. py files needed to reproduce TRF-GIS data files are available in the "TRF-GIS Reproduction Material" dataset under the MIT open license. Using a standard processor of 4. 00GHz with 16 GB RAM, the total processing time of the master Stata. do file is 7 hours, and 8 hours for the Data availability statement The data and reproduction material that support the findings of this study are openly available in the Harvard Dataverse at https://dataverse. harvard. edu/dataverse/TRF-GIS.
IMPORTANCE Limited data are available about the outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for real-world patients with stroke presenting with a large core infarct. OBJECTIVE To investigate the safety and effectiveness of MT for patients with large vessel occlusion and an Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) of 2 to 5. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study used data from the Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR), which combines the prospectively maintained databases of 28 thrombectomy-capable stroke centers in the US, Europe, and Asia. The study included 2345 patients presenting with an occlusion in the internal carotid artery or M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020. Patients were followed up for 90 days after intervention.
Introduction 2] [3] [4] [5]  As a result, MT has become the standard of care for these patients since 2015. 1, 6 The Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) is a 10-point scoring system based on the extent of early ischemic changes detected on the baseline noncontrasted computed tomography scan, with a score of 10 indicating normal and 0 indicating ischemic changes in all of the regions included in the score. 7 tients with an ASPECTS lower than 6 were excluded from most clinical trials 8 ; therefore, data about their outcomes remain scarce, and whether these patients could still achieve benefits from MT remains unknown. 4 The rationale behind excluding this group of patients stems from the knowledge that patients with a large core infarct at presentation are unlikely to benefit from reperfusion to the same degree as those with either a small core infarct or no core infarct.
Study Design In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed the prospectively maintained databases of 28 stroke centers in the Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry. We included patients with acute stroke presenting with an occlusion in the internal carotid artery (ICA) or M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery who received MT within 24 hours of witnessed symptom onset between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020. All patients with an ICA or M1 occlusion underwent MT regardless of their perfusion status. After MT, patients were admitted to the neurologic intensive care unit in each of the.
Data Collection and Clinical Outcome Collected data included baseline demographic characteristics, location of occlusion, baseline core infarct as determined by the ASPECTS, time from symptom onset to groin puncture, MT technique, procedure time, thrombectomy passes, devices used, rescue therapy used, complications, and final modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia score. Patients with an ASPECTS of 2 to 5 were divided into early window and extended window groups. Baseline imaging, recanalization rates, and postprocedural imaging were reviewed by local investigators at each participating site. Successful recanalization was defined as a modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia score of 2B or more. The 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was used as the primary outcome measure and was recorded during a follow-up visit or telephone encounter at a mean (SD) of 90 (  14 ) days after stroke by a stroke neurologist or registered nurse.
Many of our centers use RAPID software, while others use Viz. ai or Siemens software. Current guidelines support using ASPECTS only for patients in the early window and the addition of perfusion images for patient selection in the extended window. 1  There is an ongoing debate, however, regarding whether perfusion images are required to select patients with large vessel occlusion in the extended window given that they may result in excluding patients who otherwise may experience benefits associated with thrombectomy when perfusion images are used. 18, 25, 26 A secondary analysis of 591 patients in the HERMES data set showed a constant benefit associated with thrombectomy among patients with a computed tomography perfusion-estimated core infarct up to 150 mL. 18 Furthermore, 4 of 5 ongoing clinical trials evaluating MT for patients with a large core define a large core using the ASPECTS alone.
Limitations This study has some limitations, including the retrospective and observational design. In addition, this was a multicenter study; therefore, management and procedural protocols were likely heterogenous. Also, we did not have data regarding patients with a low ASPECTS treated with medical management without MT in our database. Other limitations include that we did not have data regarding diffusion images, the interrater agreement in scoring ASPECTS, or the breakdown of ASPECTS points. Last, the ASPECTS was calculated by the investigators at the included sites and was not adjudicated by a core laboratory.
ongoing clinical trials-TENSION (NCT03094715), IN EXTREMIS-LASTE (NCT03811769), TESLA (NCT03805308), SELECT 2 (NCT03876457), and RESCUE-Japan LIMIT (NCT03702413)-to answer the question about the effectiveness of MT for patients with acute stroke and a low ASPECTS, our study presents real-world outcome observations from a large, multicenter registry in the absence of strong evidence for or against MT in this group of patients. Even though symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after MT was encountered more often in the low ASPECTS group, approximately 22% of these patients achieved 90-day functional independence (mRS score of 0-2) with MT compared with 9% of patients with an ASPECTS of 0 to 7 in the control group of the MR CLEAN (Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute.
Although there are 5 5 ongoing clinical trials-TENSION (NCT03094715), IN EXTREMIS-LASTE (NCT03811769), TESLA (NCT03805308), SELECT 2 (NCT03876457), and RESCUE-Japan LIMIT (NCT03702413)-to answer the question about the effectiveness of MT for patients with acute stroke and a low ASPECTS, our study presents real-world outcome observations from a large, multicenter registry in the absence of strong evidence for or against MT in this group of patients. Even though symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after MT was encountered more often in the low ASPECTS group, approximately 22% of these patients achieved 90-day functional independence (mRS score of 0-2) with MT compared with 9% of patients with an ASPECTS of 0 to 7 in the control group of the MR CLEAN (Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute.
Notably, these complex methods require wellmeasured, time-varying treatment and covariate data, which may not be readily available in the administrative databases often used to conduct pregnancy medication-safety studies  (72)  and may require augmentation with richer data sources  (73). Biases described previously (e. g. , identification of the start of pregnancy, misclassification) are still issues here; furthermore, even rich data sources often have information on disease severity collected a few times during pregnancy, but treatment can change many times, limiting the practical application of more complex methods.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Author affiliations:  Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States (Mollie E. Wood ); PharmacoEpidemiology and  Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy , and  PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway  ( Angela Lupattelli ,  Hedvig M. E. Nordeng );  HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States (Kristin Palmsten );  Department of Pediatrics, and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego ,  La Jolla , California,  United States  ( Gretchen Bandoli ,  Christina D. Chambers );  Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Toulouse III, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire ,  UMR INSERM 1295 ,  Toulouse, France (Caroline Hurault-Delarue, Christine Damase-Michel );  Department of Child Development and Health ,  Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Hedvig M.
Pharmacy records on dispensing of iron-containing supplements Questionnaire: triptan use, with timing of exposure collapsed into trimester categories Questionnaire: antidepressant use during pregnancy, categorized in 4-week intervals Questionnaire: SSRI use at 4-week intervals during pregnancy, including indication for use and number of days used Paracetamol, aspirin, and ibuprofen DNBC: 3 telephone interviews, reported on a week-by-week basis MoBa: Questionnaire responses, reported in 4-week intervals Pregnant women registered with the Clalit Health Services who were admitted for a delivery or had a miscarriage at Soroka Medical Center (Israel) Iron Supplementation Study: women <20 weeks pregnant at the initial visit to a public prenatal clinic in Raleigh, North Carolina, 1997-1999 Pregnant women participating in MoBa who had a singleton birth without major birth defects Depressed pregnant women participating in MoBa Pregnant women participating in MoBa reporting depressive/anxiety disorders before and/or during pregnancy, linked to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway Pregnant women participating in the DNBC or MoBa Daniel, 2015 (53, 54) Bodnar, 2004 (66) Wood, 2016 (67) Lupattelli, 2017 (68) Lupattelli, 2018 (69) Petersen, 2018 (70) Abbreviations: CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; DDD, defined daily dose; DNBC, Danish National Birth Cohort; EFEMERIS, Evaluation chez la Femme Enceinte des Medicaments et de Leurs Risques; EMR, electronic medical record; G-methods, generalized methods; GBTM, group-based trajectory model; HCA, hierarchical cluster analysis; HES, Hospital Episodes Statistics; LMP, last menstrual period; MoBa, Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study; MUMS, Maternal Use of Medications and Safety; NorPD, Norwegian Prescription Database; NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; UC, University of California; UPMC, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
Acknowledgments We thank  IPV doctoral program  ( Sorbonne Université ) for GS's PhD fellowship and  École Normale Supérieure  for LH's PhD fellowship. CNRS  is acknowledged for HB delegation to Singapore. We thank the  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale  for financial support (contract  DIE20151234413 , call  « Pionniers de la recherche, Etudes physico-chimiques innovantes pour la biologie et la médecine). We thank  Institut Curie  ( UMR9187 ,  F. Poyer  and  F. Mahuteau-Betzer ) for providing A549 cells. We thank  Z. Gueroui  ( ENS chemistry department ) for useful discussions and help with fluorescence microscopy. F. G. would like to thank A* STAR AME IRG A1783c0003 ,  NTU  for a start-up grant ( M4080552 ) and  MOE Tier 1  grants ( RG 11/15  and  RG 113/16 ) for financial support. H.
, 2005). The variational formulation uses the adjoint equations of a specific model to compute the gradient of a cost function and then minimize it, for example, using a gradient descent method. Computational times and memory costs do not scale with the number of measurements and the number of variables to control, contrary to the analytical and ensemble methods, which can hardly accommodate very large observational datasets and control vectors at the same time. Thus, the variational formulation is preferred to the others when optimizing emissions and sinks at the pixel scale using large volumes of observational data, although its main limitation is the numerical cost for accessing posterior uncertainties when there is nonlinearity in the inversion problem  (Berchet et al. , 2021). Inversion systems generally assimilate measurements from ground-based stations and/or satellites to constrain the global sources and sinks of CH 4 , starting from a prior knowledge of these.