dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Staining is representative of 10 independent patients. Dashed lines represent dermoepidermal layer. Arrows identify suprabasal melanocytes. Scale bars: 50 μm (right) and 10 μm (left). (F) Assessment by ELISA of soluble E-cadherin levels in the sera of healthy controls (n = 18) or patients with stable (n = 37), progressive (n = 38) vitiligo, or psoriasis (n = 20). Data show mean ± SEM. *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01; calculated with a Kruskal-Wallis test. active vitiligo and psoriasis than in healthy controls (Figure  3 , A and B), whereas MMP-3, MMP-7, and ADAM10 serum levels were similar in all groups (Supplemental Figure  6, A-C ). MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in patients with vitiligo with active disease compared with those in healthy controls or in vitiligo patients with stable disease (Figure  3, A  and B ), and a positive correlation between total and active MMP-9 was observed in patients with vitiligo (Supplemental Figure  6D ).
Results were analyzed using the nSolver Analysis Software 4. 0 (NanoString). The software STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, v. 10. 5 web server, http://strindb. org/, under a "Creative Commons BY 4. 0" license), with Homo sapiens as the reference organism, was used to generate an association network of potentially interacting proteins, with a minimum required interaction score of 0. 4. The network was built following the automatic enrichment in STRING, based on the information provided by several databases such as KEGG, Ensembl, and BioCyc. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Total RNA was isolated from primary human epidermal keratinocytes or melanocytes using NucleoSpin RNA and Nucleospin RNA XS kits (Macherey-Nagel), respectively. RNA from tissue samples and RHPE were extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies).
Levels of the active form of MMP-9 were quantified using the Fluorokine Human Active MMP-9 kit (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate was added to samples. Statistics. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6 software. Data are presented as mean ± SEM unless otherwise indicated. Spearman's rank correlations were used for all correlation coefficients. Nonparametric (Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon tests) 2-tailed paired and unpaired t tests were used to compare 2 groups at 95% confidence interval. To determine statistical differences among controls, vitiligo, and psoriasis groups, the normal distribution and the homogeneity of variances were first tested using the Shapiro-Wilk and Bartlett tests, respectively. When the variables fit with normal distribution and were equal, the 1-way ANOVA was used.
Study Population and Design We analyzed data from 606 randomly selected individuals (315 with MetS, 291 without MetS) from the 1529 participants of the European Health Examination Survey (EHES-LUX)  [26]. We selected the random sample stratified by MetS with the aim to produce a sample in which exposure varies. EHES-LUX is a cross-sectional population-based survey, representative of the general population, conducted between February 2013 and January 2015 in Luxembourg. The target sample of EHES-LUX was residents (excluding those who were living in institutions) of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, aged 25 to 64 years, who agreed to participate  [26]. For each participant, trained nurses performed a medical examination and collected health questionnaires and biological samples (hair, blood, and urine).
Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the population of Luxembourg and to all of the EHES-LUX team who have contributed to this study. We would like to thank Couffignal, S. , Kuemmerle, A. , Dincau, M. , Mormont,  D. ,  Barre, J. , Chioti, A. , Delagardelle, C. , Michel, G. , Schlesser, M. , Schmit, J. C. , Gantenbein, M. , Lieunard, C. , Columeau, A. , Kiemen, M. , Weis, J. , Ambroset, G. , Billy, A. , Larcelet ,  M. , Marcic ,  D. , Gauthier , C. , Leners, B. ,  Viau-Courville , M. , Couturier, C. and Astier, J. for their valuable contributions. This research was funded by the  National Research Fund of Luxembourg  ([ C17/BM/11653863/iMPACT. lu to MRC)], the  Directorate and Ministry of Health , and the  Ministry of Higher Education and Research (MESR).
Briefly, at L11, after 4%, isoflurane anesthesia, mothers received an injection of 4. 92 ± 0. 10 g/kg body weight D 2 O (99. 9 mole% D 2 -enrichment, Sigma-Aldrich, Lyon, France) into a tail vein. Plasma samples were collected from dams by tail snip from L11 to L15 and pooled urine samples from their own whole litters were collected from L12 to L18 by stimulating lower belly with an iced cotton bud. The D 2 O enrichment of both plasma and urine samples was measured using the Fourier Transform infrared spectrophotometer α II ® (Brucker, Rheinstetten, Germany). Milk flow calculation was performed using a bi-compartmental model  [15]  as no significant intra-litter sexual dimorphism was observed in previous experiments  [14]. Flow constants of the model (h -1 ) were then determined with the SAAM II ® software (The Epsilon Group, Charlottesville, Virginia, US) and the dams' total body water (g) using the intercept of dams D 2 O concentration curve.
Primers Design and Validation A total of 54 genes linked to milk constituents secretion and its regulation and lactogenic hormones secretion were studied  [19, 32, 33]  (Appendix A, Table  A1 ). Primer pairs used for qPCR were designed based on the sequence obtained from the online gene section of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/gene/) and using open-source PerlPrimer v1. 1. 21 software (http://perlprimer. sourceforge. net. ) [34]  according to the following parameters: primer melting temperature ranging from 58 to 62 • C with a maximal difference of 2 • C, amplicon size ranging from 100 to 150 bp, primer length ranging from 20 to 24 bp, span intron/exon boundary and overlap intron/exon boundary by 7 bases to avoid the possibility of genomic DNA contamination.
Values of -∆∆Cq were chosen for statistical analysis of gene expression because distribution of -∆∆Cq values, unlike that of 2 -∆∆Cq values, was similar to normal distribution that enabled the use of parametric tests  [40, 41]. To determine the strength of the link between two variables, Pearson's correlation test was used. All univariate tests were performed with the GraphPad prism ® software (San Diego, CA, USA), version 6. In all tests, p < 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant.
Fenugreek Supplementation Enhances Lactation Performances in a Model of Rat Nursing a Large Litter Lactation performance was measured in experiments 1 and 2 (Xp1 and Xp2). As no significant interaction effect was found between experiments and diet effects using an ANOVA, data from Xp1 and Xp2 were pooled. Dam water intake was similar in control diet (CTL) and fenugreek-supplemented diet (FEN) groups throughout the lactation period. Conversely, maternal food intake, pup final weight gain and milk flow from mother to pups all increased significantly, by 10. 0%, 7. 1% and 15. 3%, respectively (Table  1 ).
Fenugreek Supplementation Impacts Mammary Gland Metabolic Pathways Differently during Lactation and at Involution A supervised Partial Least Squares-Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA), built on the same original dataset as PCA, showed that the stage of lactation had more impact than diet on the first two components (Supplementary Figure  S1 ). Thus, a mean-centering and standardization by lactation stage of all variables was performed to assess the effect of diet per se. The resulting PLS-DA score plot revealed a clear-cut separation of diet groups (Figure  4b ) overall. Most of the genes studied contributed to diet separation with a VIP over 0. 8. Acacb, Fabp3, Plin2, Glut1, B4galt1, Acads, Cs, Scd1, Lalba, Csn2, Slc7a5, Mtco1 and Igf1r were the genes the most associated to the FEN diet while Sod1, Fabp4, Dgat2, Pparg, Prlr, C3 and Pgm1 were the most associated to the CTL diet (Figure  4a, c ).
Fenugreek Supplementation Impacts Mammary Gland Metabolic Pathways Differently during Lactation and at Involution A supervised Partial Least Squares-Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA), built on the same original dataset as PCA, showed that the stage of lactation had more impact than diet on the first two components (Supplementary Figure  S1 ). Thus, a mean-centering and standardization by lactation stage of all variables was performed to assess the effect of diet per se. The resulting PLS-DA score plot revealed a clear-cut separation of diet groups (Figure  4b ) overall. Most of the genes studied Fenugreek modulated mammary gland gene expression mostly at L12 and Inv1. By focusing on each lactation time point with the PLS-DA, the predictive ability of the L12-(Figure  4e ) and Inv1 (Figure  4h )-PLS-DA models was more important (R2(Y) cum and Q2 cum values above 0.
Moreover, fenugreek would stimulate milk ejection by an increase of pituitary oxytocin secretion. However, data from gene expression must be confirmed by proteomic and histologic analysis. Official name of each gene with official symbol given by NCBI gene (first symbol) as well as the most common symbol used if different. Functions were given by NCBI gene or GeneCards. Primers of Actb, Lpl, Fasn, Acaca, Acacb, Scd1, Dgat1, Dgat2, Fabp4, Cpt1a, Srebf1, Pparg, Akt1, mTOR, Insr and Drd2 were already designed and validated in the lab, whereas other primers were designed using PerlPrimer. All primers were tested for efficiency and specificity (RT-) in mammary gland or/and pituitary gland. MG and PG: efficiency measured in mammary gland and pituitary gland respectively, if genes' expression was measured in both tissues.
Acknowledgments: The authors want to thank specifically  Blandine Castellano  ( PhAN, Nantes, France ),  Sandrine Suzanne  and  Amandine Lefebvre  ( UTE, Nantes, France ) for their precious help during the animal experiments. We also thank  Anthony Pagniez  ( PhAN, Nantes, France ) for his appropriate help with RT-qPCR experiments. Finally, we thank  Patrick Nguyen  ( ONIRIS, Nantes, France ) for giving us access to the infrared spectrometer that allowed us to carry out milk production measurements.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants from the  "Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte" (FPU   14/04348 ) and the  "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad" of the Spanish Government  ( AGL2015-65560-R ), and from the  Spain-France-Andorra Cooperation Program (POCTEFA) , co-funded by the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)  ( EFA 148/16 REDPRION ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Cooking yield is based on the variations of the sample weights recorded in the literature papers (ratio of the mass of the cooked meat piece to the mass of the raw meat piece multiplied by 100). The percentages of iron, of HI, and NHI contents are calculated by 100C Fe /(C Fe ) raw , 100C HI /(C HI ) raw , 100C NHI /(C NHI ) raw respectively. and size  [23] [24]. Comparing the data on the quantification of iron losses and iron conversion is often difficult because measurements are performed on meat cuts of different shapes and sizes that are heated using various cooking modes and under different time-temperature conditions. The application of experimental designs will always be limited to compensate for the lack of literature whereas combining modeling and experiments is a good way to better understand the respective effects of the different reactions and mechanisms observed experimentally and to predict non-measured data  [30].
Bacterial Strain Identification Strains were identified at the genus level, using sequencing PCR amplicons of 16S rRNA genes. 16S PCR was performed by using the primers 1492R (5 -ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3 , position 1517R) and 27F (5 -AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3 , position 008F)  [36]. PCR-amplified sequences were run on 1 % agarose gel and then sent for sequencing to Eurofins (Eurofins Scientific, Germany). Nucleotide sequences were analyzed by using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and compared to the NCBI non-redundant database [37].
Human Cytokine and Chemokine Profiling Cytokine and chemokine profiling was done by using the Bio-Plex Pro™ 27-Plex Human Cytokine Panel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), the Bio-Plex Pro™ 40-Plex Human Chemokine Panel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and the single-Plex TSLP (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). For all plexes, all cytokines and chemokines were multiplexed on the same 96-well plate (1 plate for each plex). Cytokine and chemokine standards were serially diluted, and protein profiling from all challenges were done as per the manufacturer's instructions (Bio-Rad), with 4 biological replicates. Quality controls (from the kit) were also included, only for the 40-plex, to ensure the validity of the results obtained. Protein concentrations were calculated by using the Bio-Plex ManagerTM software and expressed in pg/mL.
Microarrays Analysis Genome-wide expression analysis was performed by using Agilent Whole Human 4x44K microarrays (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Microarrays were prepared for pre-hybridization, hybridization and post-hybridization, as previously described MacPherson et al. [38]. Arrays were scanned at 10 µm resolution, using a ScanArray 5000 instrument from Perkin-Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA) and ScanArray software (version 3. 0). Images for Cyanine 5 and Cyanine 3 were saved as TIFF format, and a composite image was created and saved as JPEG.
To obtain the maximum LDH activity control ("Lysis 3 h" in Figure  S2 ), BEAS-2B cells were challenged for 3 h at 37 All data are shown as the mean pg/mL ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by using GraphPad Prism's Version 8 (GraphPad Software, Inc. , San Diego, CA, USA), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test were used to determine statistical significance. The p-values are as follows: *: p < 0. 03, **: p < 0. 002, ***: p < 0. 0002 and ****: p < 0. 0001. For each condition and cytokine/chemokine, ratios were calculated as follows: Ratio = (bacteria stimulated average) (medium average ) (2) Ratio values were then entered into MeV to create the heat map and hierarchical clustering gene leaf order; Euclidian distance was used as distance metric.
Microarray Data Processing The signal intensity of all spots was quantified and normalized (Global LOWESS) by using ImaGene version 9. 0 (BioDiscovery, El Segundo, CA, USA). Statistical analysis was done with MultiExperiment Viewer (MeV) version 4. 8 (TM4 microarray software suite, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA). Genes were considered significantly differentially expressed when (a) a t-test p-value of less than 0. 05 and (b) a cutoff in transcript abundance of least 1. 5-fold change were reached. Ingenuity Pathway System (IPA) was used to discover relevant biological patterns and genes network modulated by the bacterial challenges. IPA is a web-based bioinformatics application for analyzing and understanding large gene-expression datasets. A p-value < 0. 05 (-log(p-value) > 1.
Cytokines and Chemokines Production Profiling in BEAS-2B Cells, Following Bacterial Treatments From these 57 strains, we selected 11 strains of interest, which comprised Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Pantoea. The other strains (46 strains) mainly displayed a pro-inflammatory profile after a co-incubation with the BEAS-2B cells (data not shown). Particularly, the Staphylococcus strains isolated from the first day of life induced Interleukin (IL)-8 secretion (Figure  2 ). We evaluated the impact of the 11 bacterial strains on the protein levels of cytokine and chemokine secreted by the.
Cytokines and Chemokines Production Profiling in BEAS-2B Cells, Following Bacterial Treatments From these 57 strains, we selected 11 strains of interest, which comprised Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Pantoea. The other strains (46 strains) mainly displayed a pro-inflammatory profile after a co-incubation with the BEAS-2B cells (data not shown). Particularly, the Staphylococcus strains isolated from the first day of life induced Interleukin (IL)-8 secretion (Figure  2 ). We evaluated the impact of the 11 bacterial strains on the protein levels of cytokine and chemokine secreted by the BEAS-2B cells in the supernatant, following challenge with the bacterial strains. Cytokines and chemokines were quantified by using fluorescent-magnetic-bead-based multiplex immunoassay. Most of our bacterial treatments did not significantly increase of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-8, IL-6, TNFα (Figure  3a-c ) and IL-1β (Figure  S1 ) in comparison to controls.
Gene Enrichment Analysis In order to identify relevant biological patterns from the whole set of genes differentially regulated by the BC strains, enrichment analysis was performed by using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software. The enrichment and pathway analysis was realized on gene sets with a 1. 5-fold-change cutoff for each condition. The analysis revealed enrichment in molecular and cellular functions corresponding to the gene sets related to "cell signaling", "cell death and survival", "cellular movement", "cellular development", "cell-to-cell signaling and interactions" and "inflammation". As shown in Figure  6 , the different bacteria induced strain-specific gene modulation in these clusters of molecular and cellular functions. Overall, Streptococcus EMS3101 and Enterococcus EME343 were the two strains that induced the most gene modulation in the assay conditions used.
Microorganisms 2020, 8, x 7 of 20 BEAS-2B cells in the supernatant, following challenge with the bacterial strains. Cytokines and chemokines were quantified by using fluorescent-magnetic-bead-based multiplex immunoassay. Most of our bacterial treatments did not significantly increase of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-8, IL-6, TNFα (Figure 3a-c) and IL-1β (Figure S1) in comparison to controls. Only the Pantoea EMP364 strain induced significant production of these pro-inflammatory proteins (Figure 3a-c). Most strains did not induce more than 10. 1 % cytotoxicity (measured by LDH release) (Figure S2), although Streptococcus EMS383 induced up to 60% cytotoxicity. None of the conditions induced Th2-related cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, IL-12p70, IL-13 and IL-17A secretion by the BEAS-2B cells following bacterial treatments (data not shown).
Priority will be given to human data, especially those obtained in the healthy general population and in subjects with inadequate nutrient intake or status. Cognitive functions, as well as physical and mental fatigue, will be reviewed based on observed symptoms of deficiencies or subdeficiencies in human populations. Results from recent supplementation trials will also be considered. Most of the reported clinical data concern adult (or adolescent) populations. Some selected data on younger and older population will be included where relevant.
A recent original study has addressed symptoms that can be connected to physical fatigue, due to muscle pain and soreness after a physical exercise. Thirty-two adults (80% men) who participated in an ultramarathon (161 km race) received riboflavin (100 mg) or a placebo capsule shortly before the race start and again when reaching 90 km. Muscle pain and soreness ratings during and immediately after the race were found to be significantly lower for the riboflavin-treated group. When performance on 400 min runs was measured, 3 and 5 days after the ultramarathon, times were significantly faster for the riboflavin-treated group. Although preliminary, this work suggests that riboflavin supplementation before and during prolonged running may have a beneficial effect on muscle fatigue  [120]. A few animal findings support a role of supplementation with pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) in alleviating muscular fatigue whereas human data are still controversial.
COVID-19 is also marked with a "inflammatory cytokine storm. " So, we decided to categorize our COVID-19 patient population as with or without this oro-naso-sensory perception to better shed light at this aspect in relation with inflammation  (Khan et al. , 2020). Besides, in Morocco, the data available on coronavirus mainly focused on generalities (description of the virus, its mode of spread and diagnosis, the adopted treatments, the number of cases, etc. )  (Bourhanbour and Bakkouri, 2020; Traore et al. , 2020; Zoukal et al. , 2020). However, further studies testing more characteristics of COVID 19 patients remain limited. Therefore, the present study aims to describe anthropometric and clinical characteristics of Moroccan patients with COVID-19 and to define differences for each parameter according to the olfactory or gustatory dysfunction.
This study will also allow us to specify the part of the population most at risk (males or females, young or old population, etc. ) to assess the condition of the patients studied and to study the disease's severity in order to guide treatment and therapeutic management of patients. A trained medical staff of the VINCI clinic realized data collection, using a validated questionnaire by all parties involved in this study and presented as separated sections. Thus, the identity of each patient and its contact details were recorded. Likewise, measurements of anthropometric and biological parameters were carried out.
Clinical Survey During the consultation, a clinical survey was prospectively realized for each patient. Data on common symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection principally fever, cough, myalgia, headache, asthenia, pharyngitis, digestive disorders, breathing difficulties and anosmia and/or ageusia were noted. Also, the presence of any other conditions and specifically severe noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, etc. , was recorded.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software-version 23. 0 (IBM SPSS Statistics 23. 0. 0. 0, New York, NY, United States). Baseline characteristics and clinical features of all patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were described, as numbers and percentages by adding confidence interval estimates for better precision. Biological parameters were also analyzed and presented as mean ± standard deviation or as medians (quartiles), and each variable was categorized into different groups (Low, normal, and high), according to the biological variations, as follows: -Hb (Man) categorized into 2 groups: <13. 4 and >13. 4 g/dl; -Hb (Woman) categorized into 2 groups: <11. 5 and >13. 4 g/dl; -WBC categorized into 3 groups: <4550/mm 3 , 4550-11000 mm 3 , and 30-155 mg/l; -CRP categorized into 3 groups: <5, 5-30, and 30-155 mg/l; -CPK categorized into 2 groups: <190 and >190 UI/l; -LDH categorized into 2 groups: <225 and >225 UI/l; -Procalcitonin categorized into 2 groups: >0,5 and >0,5 ng/ml; -AST categorized into 2 groups: <40 and >40 UI/l; -ALT categorized into 2 groups: <41 and >41 UI/l; -Prothrombin time categorized into 3 groups: <70, 70-130 and >130%.
, 2020). These noticeable alterations in biological parameters including inflammatory (D-dimer) and immune (lymphocytes) indicators in subjects suffering from anosmia and/or ageusia can be attributed to the severity of the clinical symptoms which strongly activate the immune system, leading to a severe inflammatory  (Trotier et al. , 2007; Khan et al. , 2020; Ling et al. , 2020). There are several limitations, linked to the current study. First, the processed data relate to a single hospital center, which does not allow conclusions to be drawn on all Moroccan patients. Secondly, with regard to the symptom of dysfunction of the senses, details on the type (olfactory or gustatory or both) and on the specificity of the total or partial loss have not been made. Thirdly, no specific test on the loss of taste and smell was performed, and these observations are derived from self-reported questionnaire.