dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
This exercise has recently been presented by  Flantua et al. (2015a)  for the northern and central Andes within a framework of a newly composed LAPD geochronologic database. Suggestions for the data needed for reconstructing chronologies can be found in  Blaauw (2010) ,  Buck and Millard (2004)  and  Grimm et al. (2014). The need for protocols on procedures for constructing chronologies is imperative and has become the focus of attention of different international workgroups, e. g. Neotoma Paleoecology Database  (Grimm et al. , 2014)  and the project Integration of Ice-core, Marine and Terrestrial records (INTIMATE;  Blockley et al. , 2012).
The variety of data and questions in the LAPD The heterogeneity of the LAPD data has implications for multisite comparisons. The sites differ greatly in spatial and temporal coverage, sample and geochronologic resolution, and research questions. The use of palynology for novel conservation problems such as invasive species  (Van Leeuwen et al. , 2008) , human-landscape interactions (e. g. Haug, 2003; Iriarte and Behling, 2007; Lozano-García et al. , 2007; Vegas-Vilarrúbia et al. , 2011; Gosling and Williams, 2013; Carson et al. , 2014) , impact of sea level rise  (Cohen et al. , 2009; Behling, Fig. 6. Year of publication of pollen records arranged by decade from 1950 onwards. 2011;  Urrego et al. , 2013)  and conservation and management of ecosystems  (Behling et al. , 2007; van Leeuwen et al.
, 2005)  and hydrologic changes associated to human responses  (Maldonado and Uribe, 2012; Mujica et al. , 2015). Additionally, sites can be present in an area of low representativity in the palynological coverage. Besides newly added pollen data from rodent middens in arid regions, pollen sites from the Venezuelan "tepuis" (Rull, 2010) and 0 1 9 5 5 1 9 5 8 1 9 6 1 1 9 6 4 1 9 6 7 1 9 7 0 1 9 7 3 1 9 7 6 1 9 7 9 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 7 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 9 lake Timbio  (Wille et al. , 2001)  are among the few sites available to study the Guyana highlands and lower montane (subandean) forest respectively. These sites represent ongoing "silent" regions and indicate the importance of expanding the database and research efforts.
, 2013; Reimer et al. , 2013)  will necessitate development of new chronologies and age models. An inventory of associated geochronologic data is necessary to assess the temporal resolution of questions that can be addressed. An assessment of chronological data derived from the LAPD is presented by  Flantua et al. (2015a). Physiographic variability and vegetation mosaics present challenges for paleomapping, which interpolates between sites that represent local vegetation. Such variability is evidenced in studies by D  'Apolito et al. (2013)  for lowland Amazonia and by  Marchant et al. (2001)  for Andean sites, and Venezuelan savannas  (Montoya et al. , 2011). Even with   relatively short distances between sample sites in the last 10 ka, the topographical diversity of the continent adds an increased element of uncertainty for paleomapping.
g. Enters et al. , 2010). Latin American researchers often face obstacles to publishing in English-language journals  (Vasconcelos et al. , 2008; Clavero, 2010; Arbeláez-Cortés, 2013). The LAPD inventory will especially attract attention to papers not written in English or in international journals and will create increased awareness of this important literature, even if the raw data are not yet available in a public database. The updated LAPD provides the ideal literature platform to make the wide range of studies known and accessible for researchers.
Integrative comparison of multiple pollen data This paper provides an initial analysis of the updated inventory to identify locations, ecosystems, and research topics that are well studied, under discussion, or under-represented in existing data networks. This first level inventory is supported by a literature database and corresponding metadata of the sites. To address macro-scale questions that require integrative comparison of multiple pollen data, sites should be comparable, reproducible and ideally in a shared database environment. The Neotoma Paleoecology Database (www. neotomadb. org) is global paleodata initiative that offers a readily available platform to reduce overall IT overhead for community-wide database maintenance while enhancing capabilities for data ingest, display, analysis, and distribution.
Not only does the Neotoma Paleoecology Database provide a data curation system to counter data loss through time  (Michener et al. , 1997; Jahnke et al. , 2012) , it addresses commonly identified problems of open access databases  (Porter and Callahan, 1994; Costello et al. , 2014). However, the Neotoma Paleoecology Database only facilitates a set of issues for an open-access palynological database to be successful. For the LAPD to be a sustainable database for researchers to rely upon, contribute to, and participate in, the scientific community is responsible for both the quality and comprehensiveness of the database and its continuation. Database cyberinfrastructure can support urgent inquiry, long-term needs, and future visions of the community, but the level of data sharing should be a guided by a regional science organizations or institutions with recognized mandates.
Neotoma provides an online platform for palynological exchange, but the answers to macro-scale research depend on the collaborative will of the regional data generators. Already existing groups in collaboration with the newly updated LAPD are the Long-Term Climate Reconstruction and Dynamics of South America (LOTRED-SA) initiative  (Flantua et al. , 2015b; Villalba et al. , 2009; www. pages-igbp. org/workinggroups/lotred-sa) and the Global Charcoal Database (http://gpwg. org/). Doubts on the ethical re-use of research data is a common problem of open-access databases  (Jahnke et al. , 2012) , but possible incorrect interpretations of either a publications or data should not interfere with the opportunity to contribute of a collaborative long-term effort. Therefore a proactive communication with contributors is essential during any synthesis of data, and will ultimately enrich the interpretation and understanding of the compilation of information.
Shared palynological databases aim to facilitate integration, synthesis, understanding of the paleorecord, and to promote information sharing and collaboration. To achieve the best projections and predictions of future vegetation responses to ongoing warming and other global changes, we need to make use of the best available data  (Wolkovich et al. , 2012)  and exploit the full potential of palynological data. For the continuation of an updated LAPD, an interactive participation and interchange of the palynological community is essential and will provide an enrichment of the Latin American pollen data use and analysis. It is important that the palynological community becomes aware of regional and global initiatives to enable joint analysis of multiproxy datasets to address paleoenvironmental questions that transcend those possible with single-proxy databases.
Conclusions The updated inventory of Latin American palynological research facilitates exploration of the temporal and spatial coverage of pollen data. The publically available LAPD has not been updated for over a decade. The current inventory identifies a large quantity of data that potentially could be incorporated into LAPD; the number of bibliographic records has expanded from ~190 publications to over 1200. The new LAPD inventory shows an impressive increase in the spatial distribution of sites, currently 1379 paleo-sites and over 4800 modern pollen samples. An increasing number of studies in Latin America are addressing broad-scale questions with multisite comparison, multi-proxy approaches, and multidisciplinary interests; and research practices and methodologies are commensurate with other continents  (Seddon et al.
, 2014). We anticipate that this inventory data will prompt new research questions and opportunities. All scientific research is built on the existing body of scientific data. LAPD strives to make these data more accessible and thereby foster and support research. In addition, by providing spatial and temporal visualizations of the existing data, LAPD aims to identify gaps in current knowledge and to provide a mechanism for generating new hypotheses by displaying emergent properties in arrays of data. New research might involve revisiting strategic sites for reanalysis with newer technologies, especially acquisition of improved geochronologic data (e. g. Sedov et al. , 2010; Bogotá-A et al. , 2011) , or have the potential for a deeper cores, such as Lake Chalco  (Brown et al. , 2012). Finally, synoptic studies comparing pollen data with other proxies contained either in the Neotoma Paleoecology Database or residing in other databases, such as the Global Charcoal Database  (Power et al.
Acknowledgments We thank the  Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO , grant  2012/13248/ALW ) for financial support of this project. We would like to thank the  Amsterdam-based Hugo-de-Vries-Foundation  for supporting this work between 2009 and 2012 by three grants. The Neotoma Paleoecology Database is supported by the  Geoinformatics Program of the U. S. National Science Foundation , projects  EAR-0947459  and  EAR-0948652. We would like to thank the students  Susana Velásquez-Franco  and  Jessica Lizeth Moreno-Calderon  for their support to the compilation and we acknowledge the great effort by  Vera Markgraf  and  Lysanne Anderson  in establishing the LAPD two decades ago. Without the helpful researchers that provided paperback copies from their publications the LAPD would have lacked valuable papers.
Although the origin of this unexpected change is unknown, a possible hypothesis is the contact of these materials with water, which is known for decreasing the light stability of this pigment. The lower stability of this pigment can also be due to chemical and physical interactions taking place at pigment/substrate and pigment/calcite interlayers. These data can provide an initial step towards the creation of a materials photosensitivity database, which can enhance the documentation of cultural heritage objects by adding a lightstability component. These results can be of value when describing the paintings and for explaining their long-term behaviour under current and future environmental conditions. Visual assessments were conducted after each test with the aim of detecting changes on the analysed spots.
3. Systems containing Fe-based red pigments exhibited low sensitivity to the action of light showing a stability similar or higher than BW 3. 4. Systems containing black pigments of vegetable origin were found to be very sensitive showing a changing rate similar to the one recorded for BW 2. This result may due to the combined effect of high humidity and light irradiation as discussed above. 5. Technology approaches of both partners were compared and options for a comprehensive documentation of the paintings that includes spatial, spectral, and time components were outlined. Future research contemplates further developing and using the microfade testing equipment on site. Once the access and the instrument's stability issues are solved and understood, one of the main areas of interest is to conduct a systematic study on a larger number of paintings found in several archaeological sites with the aim of comparing the results and creating a database of colorant stability.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was possible thanks to the financial support provided by  COST Action   TD1201 ,  Colour and Space in Cultural Heritage (COSCH). The authors also would like to thank the  Generalitat Valenciana  for providing access to the site during the measurement campaign. The analysis and graphic digital recording of Cova Remígia paintings are part of the projects  PROMETEO/2008-165  and  PROMETEO II/2013-016  of the  Generalitat Valenciana Excellence Programme , as well as the " NEOSOCWESTMED " project ( nº628428 ) of the  Marie Curie Actions of the 7 th Framework Research Programme  of the  European Commission. The authors acknowledge the research project  HAR2014-59873-R  from the  Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad  for providing financial funding that will help to increase the knowledge on this topic.
Accelerometer-assessed physical activity Participants with no contraindications (i. e. , allergies to plastic or metal; traveling abroad over the following week) were asked to wear a wrist-worn triaxial accelerometer (GENEActiv; Activinsights Ltd. ) on their nondominant wrist, nonstop, for 9 consecutive (24 h) days. The accelerometer was sampled at 87. 5 Hz and data were stored in gravity (g) units (1 g = 9. 81 m/s 2 ). Calibration error was estimated based on static periods in the data and corrected if necessary  (24). The Euclidean norm (magnitude) of the 3 raw signals minus 1 g, with negative numbers rounded to zero, was used to quantify acceleration related to the movement registered and expressed in milligravity units  (12, 25). Accelerometer data were processed in R by using the GGIR package (http://cran.
r-project. org). Data extracted between the first and last midnight were retained for analyses, leading to a maximum of 24-h measurements for 8 d. Participants with valid data ($16 h/d) for $2 weekdays and 2 weekend days were included in the analyses. Nonwear time was estimated on the basis of the SD and value range of each accelerometer axis, calculated for moving windows of 60 min with 15-min increments  (16). For each 15-min period of time detected as nonwear time over the valid days, missing data were replaced by the mean acceleration calculated from measurement on other days at the same time of day  (12, 24) ; a person-specific method, which is less prone to bias than methods that assume nonwear time reflects inactivity or is representative of the rest of the day  (26). For each participant, duration in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was also calculated.
No established cutoff for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity using wrist acceleration in older adults is currently available; thus, we chose a 100milligravity threshold based on the fact that walking at 4 km/h is classified as moderate physical activity  (20)  and was equivalent to an acceleration of 100 milligravity units in a laboratory-based study on 30 adults  (27). To qualify as moderate-to-vigorous activity, $80% of the activity needed to be $100 milligravity units, for at least a period (bout) of 10 min by using moving 10-min windows. Because the observation period covered 8 d, the data were recoded so that our measure reflected physical activity over 1 wk to match questionnaire-assessed physical activity. If a participant had 3 valid weekend days or 6 weekdays, the wrist acceleration of the first and last full day of measurement (e.
Metabolic phenotypes of obesity Objective anthropometric and metabolic risk factor data were assessed by a nurse in 2012-2013. BMI was calculated by using the following standard formula: weight (kg)/height (m) 2. Participants were grouped as normal weight (BMI 18. 5 to ,25), overweight (BMI 25 to ,30), or obese (BMI $30) based on World Health Organization International Classifications  (28). Underweight participants (BMI ,18. 5) were excluded from the analyses. Participants were considered healthy (9) if they had ,2 of the following 5 risk factors: HDL cholesterol ,1. 03 mmol/L for men and ,1. 29 mmol/L for women or taking lipid-lowering medication; blood pressure $130/85 mm Hg or taking antihypertension medication; fasting plasma glucose $5. 6 mmol/L or taking diabetic medication; triacylglycerol $1.
Covariates Covariates were assessed in 2012-2013. Basic demographic data included age, sex, ethnicity (white, nonwhite), and socioeconomic status as indicated by British civil service occupational position (administrative, professional/executive, clerical/ support). Because many participants entered retirement before the 2012-2013 assessment (n = 2246, or 65% of the sample), data on preretirement occupational position was used from the 2002-2004 assessment if required. Health behaviors included cigarette smoking status (never smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker), alcohol consumption in the previous week (abstainer, 0 units/wk; moderate, 1-14 units/wk for women and 1-21 units/wk for men; high,. 14 units/wk for women and. 21 units/wk for men), and an indicator of diet quality based on 3 components used previously in the Whitehall II cohort  (29).
If health behavior data were missing at the 2012-2013 assessment (n = 84, or 2% of the sample), data from the previous assessment (2007-2009) were used. Health status was indicated by responses to 2 questions on the presence of an illness that limits moderate or vigorous physical activity (grouped into does not limit at all, limits a little, limits a lot). Sleep duration was assessed by asking participants how many hours they sleep on an average weeknight (#5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, $9 h).
Sample characteristics Of the 4880 participants to whom the accelerometer was proposed, 210 had contraindications, 4282 consented, and 4040 had valid accelerometer data ($16 h/d) for $2 weekdays and 2 weekend days. Of those, 3457 participants also had data on questionnaire-assessed physical activity, BMI, metabolic risk factors, and covariates. Of the 3457 participants included in the analyses, 3359 (97. 2%) participants had data for. 16 h/d for the full 8 d, 43 (1. 2%) for 7 d, 20 (0. 6%) for 6 d, and 34 (1. 0%) for 4 to 5 d. In all, missing data were replaced on average for 0. 3% of the observation period, and 103 (3%) participants had missing data replaced for 1% to 5% of the period and 22 (0. 6%) for 5% to 27% of the period. Compared with participants included in the analytic sample, those excluded (n = 1423) were older (mean 6 SD: 69.
Conclusions Healthy obese adults have higher total physical activity than do unhealthy obese adults, and these differences are evident only when measured objectively with a wrist-worn accelerometer. Physical activity likely has a greater role in promoting health in obese populations than previously thought and may confer substantial reductions in disease burden. Future research could examine prospectively whether increases in physical activity in unhealthy obese adults lead to a healthier status. Whitehall II data, protocols, and other metadata are available to bona fide researchers for research purposes. Please refer to the Whitehall II data sharing policy at http://www. ucl. ac. uk/whitehallII/data-sharing. The authors' responsibilities were as follows-JAB, MH, MK, AS-M, and SS: designed the research and wrote the manuscript; JAB, VTvH, and SS: conducted the research and analyzed the data; JAB: had primary responsibility for the final content; and all authors: read and approved the final manuscript.
DNA methylation analysis of NCI60 cell line panel identifies SLFN11 CpG promoter island hypermethylation as candidate biomarker of cisplatin and carboplatin resistance To achieve our particular goal, we have interrogated a comprehensive DNA methylation microarray platform  [15]  for the NCI60 cancer cell line panel in relation to their validated cisplatin and carboplatin sensitivity data  [16, 17]. Overall, we analyzed 482,422 CpGs in the 60 cancer cell lines of the NCI60 panel (Figure  1A ). The complete DNA methylation data are freely available from the GEO (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/geo/query/acc. cgi?token=srydsegkptafnwj&acc=GSE66872) and NCI60 websites. In order to identify strong candidate genes with differential methylation respect to their cisplatin or carboplatin sensitivity, we imposed stringent criteria and only considered those CpG sites harbored in CpG islands located within ± 1,500 bp of the transcription start site of the corresponding gene.
SLFN11 co-immunoprecipites with the BRCA1interactor DHX9 Although some data have been reported about the putative function of SLFN11 related with immune system response  [20] , very little is known about the role of SLFN11 in other contexts such as cell response to platinum-induced DNA damage. To gain further knowledge of SLFN11 activity, we searched for protein partners of SLFN11 by combining immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry (MS). We compared SLFN11 immunoprecipitates obtained from NCI-H23 cells (SLFN11 unmethylated and expressing the gene) to SLFN11 shRNA-mediated donwregulation and in shRNA-scramble cells (Figure  3A ). We observed in the gel lanes of the SLFN11 downregulated shRNA cells' immunoprecipitates that a particular band was significantly diminished relative to the shRNA-scramble cells (Figure  3C ).
The resuspended samples were hybridized onto the beadchip for 16 h at 48°C and washed. Single nucleotide extension with labeled dideoxy-nucleotides was performed and repeated rounds of staining were carried out with a combination of labeled antibodies differentiating between biotin and DNP. DNP and biotin staining, hybridization, target removal, extension, bisulfite conversion G/T mismatch, negative and non-polymorphic control probe intensities were inspected as recommended by Illumina. Raw fluorescence intensity values were normalized with Illumina Genome Studio software (V2011. 1) using "control normalization" with background correction. Normalized intensities were then used to calculate DNA methylation levels (beta values). Likewise, data points with statistically low power (as reported by detection values of p > 0.
Samples were loaded and run on a 7. 5% polyacrylamide gel. Bands were identified staining the gel with silver overnight with Silver Quest kit (Invitrogen), following the manufacturers protocol. Single bands were excised and sent to the proteomics service of IDIBELL (Spain). Mass spectrometry was performed in a NanoAcquity (Waters) HPLC coupled to an LTQ OrbitrapVelos mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific). Data analysis was carried out in the LTQ OrbitrapVelos. Peptide masses were measured in the Orbitrap at a resolution of 60,000 (m/z: 300 -1700). The ten most abundant peptides (minimum intensity of 500 counts) were selected from each MS scan and fragmented using CID (38% normalized collision energy) in the linear ion trap with helium as the collision gas. All results were filtered so only proteins identified with high confidence peptides (FDR ≤ 0.
The Mathematical Problem The data for the Challenge consisted of 800,000 fully simulated events provided by the ATLAS Collaboration corresponding to the signal process with Higgs decaying to τ + τ -and background events from top-antitop and Z → τ + τ -. Details of the ATLAS Experiment can be found in Ref. [13]. For each event, 30 numbers were recorded, including "primitive" quantities such as the jet and lepton momenta as well as derived quantities like the missing transverse energy and visible mass. A subsample of 250,000 of these events were labeled accordingly as signal or background. This training sample was used by participants to design an algorithm that could be used to search for the signal process. The remaining 550,000 events were used for testing the performance of the algorithm.
Running the Challenge The Challenge ran from 12 May to 15 September 2014. 6,517 people downloaded the data, and 1,785 teams (1,942 people) uploaded 35,772 solutions, making the Higgs ML Challenge the most popular competition hosted by Kaggle to date. Throughout the competition an online forum collected 1,100 posts, allowing participants and organizers to discuss a wide range of issues. The uploaded solutions were evaluated using the public test sample (100,000 events) and the ranked results shown on the public leaderboard. To prevent participants from excessive training of the algorithm using the test data sample, uploaded solutions were limited to five per day. Immediately after the start of the Challenge, the leading AMS value grew to around 3. 5. Although statistically significant gains became more difficult to achieve after the first few weeks, some additional progress continued, as shown in Fig.