dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
No difference in the dose was measured between the two conditions (data not shown). The tabs and catheters, which included 143 alanine dosimeters, were positioned surgically or manually in the thawing cadaver as follows: eight tabs in contact with prostheses (bones group), six in soft tissues (soft tissues group) and four on the skin surface (skin group) (Figure  2A ). Catheters were inserted inside the rectum, bladder and vagina through natural openings (cavities group). Figure  2B  schematically shows the positions of the dosimeters in the cadaver. The bladder was filled with 300 mL of physiological serum with a urinary catheter.
The reproducibility of the dosimeter locations between the dosimetric kV-CT and the irradiation with the MV-CT was checked. Indeed, cadaver positioning cannot explain the discrepancies in doses between the TPS calculations and alanine dosimeter measurements (data not shown). To verify the discrepancies between the calculated and measured doses due to dosimeter delineation, we collected the calculated doses in a sphere with two-millimeter margins around each initial dosimeter contour. The mean calculated dose after adding 2 mm margins was significantly different compared to the mean initial calculated dose (P=0. 005), but the relative difference was very low [0. 002 Gy (0; 0. 124)] compared to the differences in dose between calculated and measured doses. The dosimeters' delineation could not explain the differences observed between the calculated and measured doses.
Study design and recruitment The complete research protocol of this prospective interventional study was previously published  [39]. Due to the lack of preliminary data for determination of sample size, we used a convenience sample of eight FMGs. From the 32 FMGs in the target region, eight out of 12 that were randomly contacted accepted to participate. There were no major differences between the practices that participated and those who declined. An FMG was eligible to participate if at least one primary care physician and one nurse were interested. All interested FMG team members were recruited with a maximum of six participants per FMG (48 participants being the capacity limit of our preceptorship program described below). One of these FMGs was targeted to become a key field informant and participated in the development and preliminary testing of the intervention components; it was not included in the analyses leaving seven FMGs for analysis.
A qualitative in-depth analysis of participants' changes in their practice was performed using semi-structured group interviews in six FMGs 1 year after the preceptorship. The interview guide was based on the literature and drawn up by the research team  [40]. The questions encouraged health care professionals to clarify their thoughts with regard to their experience with patients with obesity. Each group interview was digitally recorded, transcribed and coded to allow thematic analysis  [41]. We also asked FMGs to complete de-identified electronic patient records for five consecutive unselected patients per participating physician, before their participation in the preceptorship and five other patients 1 year later. The data collected included anthropometric measures, vital signs, medication and major components of obesity management, In order to evaluate clinical outcomes of their weight management intervention, FMGs also completed a prospective electronic record for ten consecutive patients with obesity who were followed for weight management during the year following preceptorship.
LAS VEGAS study This article is reported as per Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guidelines (www. strobe-statemenent. org) (Electronic supplementary material ESM Table  S1 ). LAS VEGAS  [8]  was an international multicentre observational prospective study (registered at www. clinicaltrials. gov (study identifier NCT01601223)), endorsed and supported by the European Society of Anaesthesiology and the Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Details about the LAS VEGAS study collaborators, participating centres and hospital characteristics of participating centres are reported in ESM Tables S2a, b and S3. All adult patients requiring invasive ventilation for surgical procedures in a time window of 7 days were included.
Funding LAS VEGAS was partly sponsored by the  European Society of Anaesthesiology  and the  Amsterdam University Medical Centers , location 'AMC'. It was also funded by a grant from the  AAGBI  via the NIAA in the UK. MFVM was supported by grant  NIH-NHLBI UG3-HL140177. Funders provided support for logistic and study development. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4  Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 5Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary engineering group,  University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany. 6Department of Anaesthesiology and Postoperative Care, Hospital Universitari Germans Trials I Pujol, Barcelona, Spain. 7Division Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank  N. -P. Harder ,  A. Ristow ,  E. Drahi ,  D. Verstraeten ,  D. Lincot ,  E. Sandré ,  P. Uhlig  and  M. Woodhouse  for helpful discussions. This project has been supported by the  French Government  in the frame of the program of investment for the future ( Programmed'Investissementd'Avenir - ANR-IEED-002-01 ).
We study the eµ final state, where the background is arising mainly from single top production, and the Drell-Yan production is efficiently suppressed by requiring two leptons of different flavour. The same signal to background ratio as in  [17]  is also assumed (this t t channel is usually very clean with s/b ≈ 15). This approximation could be refined by computing the cross section of the main backgrounds with fixed order QCD calculation, however the present value of the ratio is believed to be reasonably stable at higher center-of-mass energies. The expected contributions for the LIV signal, SM t t production and single top background are fitted with a χ 2 method to the Asimov dataset  [24] , using bins of one sidereal hour. The Asimov dataset represents fake data constructed from the sum of all contributions excluding the signal.
S. L. acknowledges  French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche MtnPaths  ( ANR-16-CE93-0008-01 ) and Investissements d' Avenir CDP Trajectories  ( ANR-15-IDEX-02 ). B. L. was supported by the  European Union 's  H2020 research and innovation programme (SINCERE Project ) and the  CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA)  with financial support from the  CGIAR  fund. Acknowledgements: This paper is a contribution from the  Transformative Adaptation Research Alliance  (TARA, https//research. csiro. au/tara/),an international network of researchers and practitioners dedicated to the development and implementation of novel approaches to transformative adaptation to global change.
b. Data-based sea surface pCO 2 products Our primary analysis here focuses on model projections, but we also make use of observational products to assess the fidelity of ESM2M in several regions of interest. We utilize two databased pCO 2 products: The Princeton University Markov chain Monte Carlo (PU-MCMC) method  (Majkut et al. 2014 ) and the product of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)  (Iida et al. 2015). To represent the evolution of pCO 2 in SSTsalinity-normalized dissolved inorganic carbon (nDIC) space for the observational products PU-MCMC and JMA, it is necessary to specify a second variable in the carbonate system of seawater to derive DIC. We have chosen here to use two published empirical methods for calculating alkalinity to this end. For the two Pacific sites [the formation region for North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW) and the equatorial Pacific divergence region (EQDIV)], we use the interannually varying monthly climatology of  Takatani et al.
Acknowledgments. The contribution of K. B. R. came through IBS- R028-D1. Support for M. I. and K. T. came through  MRI's research  fund  C4  for the study of ocean biogeochemistry and acidification and  MEXT KAKENHI  Grant  19H05700 (HotSpot2 ). T. L. F. acknowledges financial support from the  Swiss National Science Foundation  Grant  PP00P2_170687  and the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovative Programme  under Grant Agreement  821003  ( 4C  project). The authors thank  Daniele Iudicone  and  Jorge Sarmiento  for fruitful discussions.
Acknowledgments The authors are very grateful to  D. Troadec , IEMN, France for having performed thin foil cutting by FIB. The  TEM facility in Lille (France)  is supported by the  Conseil Régional du Nord-Pas de Calais , and the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The authors thank the  Chevreul Institute  ( FR 2638 ) for its help in the development of this work. Chevreul Institute is supported by the  « Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche » , the  « Région Nord-Pas de calais »  and the  « Fonds Européen de Développement des Régions  ».
| Randomization Eligible patients who fulfill all inclusion criteria and have no exclusion criteria will be randomized using web-based allocation concealment based on a computer-based algorithm created by an independent statistician. Randomization will be stratified according to (a) the presence of clinical signs of fluid accumulation (defined by peripheral pitting edema and/or positive fluid balance with P/F ratio less than 200 mmHg) and (b) severity of AKI (stage 1 vs stage 2 or 3 as defined by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria  16  ; detailed definition presented in the Supplement Data S1). Permutated blocks of varying sizes from 2 to 4 will be used. after 72 hours from randomization. Secondary outcomes include safety, feasibility, duration, and severity of AKI, and outcome at 90 days (mortality and dialysis dependence).
| Missing data Some patients may be discharged from the ICU before completing the 72 hours post-randomization phase in full. For these patients, the balance available at ICU discharge will be used in the analyses. Regarding other outcome variables, we expect the number of missing data to be low and therefore, no imputation is planned. Regarding baseline characteristics and data for daily SOFA scores, if the number of missing observations is less than 5%, we will not impute data. In case the number of missing data exceeds 5%, an appropriate multiple imputation strategy (ie, missing at random or missing completely at random) will be used.
Our trial has some limitations, too. First, due to the nature of the intervention, the patient, clinical team, or the investigators are not blinded. However, the trial statistician will be blinded to group allocation. Second, management of fluid balance in standard therapy arm will be according to the local practices of each participating center, and potentially these may vary between geographical regions. Additionally, we will enroll patients after the initial fluid resuscitation has been completed. Thus, after stabilization, the clinical treatment goals typically include fluid removal, which means targeting negative fluid balances also in the standard arm. 21 Moreover, the sample size calculation was based on data from a Finnish observational study, during which rather liberal fluid practices were in place.
JHEP08(2020)138 This work is organized as follows. In section 2, we describe in detail the setup and derive the equations of motion for holographic RG flow solutions. In section 3 we develop a first-order formalism adapted to the sphere-product ansatz, along the lines of the formalism developed in  [21]. This is particularly useful for the calculation of the on-shell action. In section 4 we discuss the UV asymptotics of the solution and identify the parameters which correspond to dual field theory quantities. In section 5 we discuss the IR side of the geometry and we identify the conditions for the absence of singularities. In section 6 we find the expression for the free energy, a. k. a. the on-shell action, in terms of the UV data (curvatures and vev parameters), including the appropriate holographic renormalization.
Box 1. Sample preparation for optimized imaging Experimental design • The same pitfalls as in conventional microscopy apply to SRM and must be known to the experimentalist to avoid bias during image acquisition, analysis and data validation  (Jost and Waters, 2019). • For multicolor imaging, online tools should be used to predict the compatibility between the different fluorophores or fluorescent proteins  (Lambert, 2019)  and the microscope to be used. • The speed of acquisition needs to be taken into consideration when choosing the most appropriate SRM technique. Slow acquisition strategies may lead to motion blur and/or artifacts during live imaging. • Sample size should be computed ahead of the experiment using a pilot dataset. • Consistency is key for preparation of fluorescent samples for SRM, but this does not eliminate the need for biological and technical replicates.
Temporal resolution -2/5 A temporal stream of a few hundred images needs to be collected to capture a single channel, generally taking one to five seconds. In this technique, single or multiple focal spots are used to scan the sample, as in confocal microscopy. However, the fluorescence signal is not captured by a single-point detector, such as a photomultiplier tube, but by an array detector (camera, concentric detector array or single-photon detector array)  (Ströhl and Kaminski, 2016; Wu and Shroff, 2018). The signal detected in each element of the detector array is reassigned in space to achieve a smaller point-spread-function and thus higher resolution. After data processing, a 1. 4-fold improvement in resolution can be achieved laterally with a minor axial improvement  (Vangindertael et al.
Conclusionsgoing above and beyond Regardless of the technology used to acquire the fluorescent signal, powerful signal post-processing methods, such as deconvolution or image restoration, can be used to increase the resolution of the final image. Various algorithms have been implemented directly in the acquisition software commercially available, while others, for instance SACD  (Zhao et al. , 2018 preprint) , can be run independently of the pipeline. Another promising development is the use of artificial intelligence to improve the quality of the final image; here, large datasets of high-resolution images are used to train neural networks that can then be applied to low-resolution and/ or noisy datasets datasets  (Belthangady and Royer, 2019; Moen et al. , 2019; von Chamier et al. , 2019; von Chamier et al.
Acknowledgements We thank  Dr Aki Stubb  for providing the human induced pluripotent stem cell samples,  Dr Ilkka Paatero  for the zebrafish samples and  Dr Emilia Peuhu  for the breast tumor tissue sections. We thank  Elena Tcarenkova  for help with the STED imaging. We thank  Ghislaine Caillol  and  Angeĺique Jimenez  for the preparation of SMLM samples and the  NCIS imaging facility  ( INP, CNRS Aix-Marseille University ) for providing imaging resources. The Cell Imaging and  Cytometry core facility  ( Turku Bioscience, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University and Biocenter Finland ) and  Turku Bioimaging  are acknowledged for services, instrumentation and expertise. This work was made possible in part through use of the  UT Southwest Live Cell Imaging Core Facility in Dallas  ( Drs Kate Phelps  and  Dorothy Mundy ) and the equipment of the  Texas Children's Hospital W.
Funding Our work in this area has been supported by the  Academy of Finland  (G. J. ) the  Sigrid Juselius Foundation (Sigrid Juseĺiuksen Säätiö)  (G. J. ) and by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS ;  ATIP AO2016 ) (C. L. ). R. H was funded by grants from the  UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council  ( BB/ S507532/1 ,  BB/R021805/1 ), the  UK Medical Research Council  ( MR/K015826/1 ), the  Wellcome Trust  ( 203276/Z/16/Z ) and core funding by the  MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London  ( MC_UU12018/7 ).
, 2017c)). Although the costs of the shift are tangible and measurable, the burden of proof on the short-term benefits of NBS is still on the proponents. Assuming that the long term (e. g. resilience and well-being) impact is understandable by stakeholders, the intangible short-term benefits are more difficult to convey. It seems that one of the major shortcomings is the lack of holistic and widely accepted methodology and/or framework to assess the circularity potential of such systems into the bargain, as argued by  (Kabisch et al. 2016). There is a need for reaching consensus on the individual instruments and tools (methods, indicators, models, databases, etc. ) capable of comparing linearity against circularity. The aim is to offer a roadmap and the tools to converge methodologies and integrated functionalities to estimate the costs and benefits of circular against existing linear solutions.
Literature review approach The conducted literature review see section Overview) is divided in 3 subsections, namely 4. 1 Policy and Regulations, 4. 2 Stakeholders Engagement and Awareness, and 4. 3 Tools and Methods. The review is based on peer-reviewed papers published in international scientific journals and on highlevel policy documents. The identification of the relevant papers was conducted using related key words in the Science Direct and Scopus databases. High-level policy documents were chosen as the planning and implementation of NBS is supported by such documents. The focus of the review is to: (i) identify current policies and regulations at EU level that should be conserved when implementing NBS for Circular Cities, as well as to understand the importance of the social, economic and environmental dimensions to be considered in and inform the policies (see section Policy and Regulations); (ii) identify the challenges related to public awareness and social acceptance, as well as to review methods that have been developed to increase the stakeholders engagement in NBS (see section Stakeholders Engagement and Awareness); and (iii) identify promising tools and methods that have been developed by researchers and can be used to assess the different dimensions (environmental, economic, and social) of the effectiveness of NBS (see section Tools and Methods).
Project survey approach The members of this COST Action hold key knowledge on different aspects of NBS and Circular Cities and they participate in national, European and academic projects related to these subjects. Therefore, past and ongoing projects were reviewed and a meta-analysis of policies and regulations, stakeholders' awareness and participation, as well as the tools and methods assessing the technologies and systems was conducted. Data from the projects were collected through a specially designed online questionnaire, which was carried out during March 2019. The main aim of the survey was to collect useful information on the different projects in order to compare and identify the gaps between scientific literature and practical applications. The questions included in the questionnaire were divided in 4 main categories.
The typical tools used for planning include decision support systems, multi-criteria decision analysis, repositories of case studies (literature or web-based), models and databases with information about the former value of the indicators that will be used for the assessment, exploratory/visualization tools to determine the characteristics of the city/sites (e. g. aerial images, land space, green coverage, etc. ), and participatory digital platforms. Most of these tools were applied in literature case studies, but they still have to overcome some serious challenges before reaching the market and being fully applied for decision-makers  (McIntosh et al. 2011; Poch et al. 2017). The design and implementation requires the use of engineering design knowledge, process models and specific software.
Efficient communication should make the planning a living process, while revised planning based on communication starts the whole implementation cycle again. The most typical tools for communication are social media and web-based platforms that include repository databases, case studies, user-friendly Decision Support Systems (DSS), simulations, and participatory platforms. This step is the key to provide information to new cities that want to become resourceful and circular. Excellent science needs effective communication and dissemination. Bringing research and its outcomes to the attention of non-scientific audiences, scientific peers, potential business partners or policymakers fosters collaboration and innovation. Strategic communication and dissemination will help to explain the wider societal relevance of science, build support for future research and innovation funding, ensure uptake of results within the scientific community, and open up potential business opportunities for novel products or services.
2016 ); (iii) examined a set of indicators that can be used to measure the effectiveness of NBS addressing a specific societal challenge and the co-benefits, e. g. the studies of Kabisch  (Kabisch et al. 2016 ) and Xing  (Xing et al. 2017) ; or (iv) developed conceptual frameworks that still lack operationalization (e. g. Raymond et al. 2017a Raymond et al. , 2017b Raymond et al. , 2017c;; Calliari et al. 2019). The same issue arises for CE initiatives realizing Circular Cities (i. e. lack of practical and targeted guidance for assessing circularity initiatives), as the available published data is insufficient to assess these strategies at the city-scale. On one hand, most of the cities' initiatives are accessible in the cities' web pages and databases, i. e. grey literature (e. g. Bastein et al.
2012; Goldstein et al. 2013). In this regard, the present analysis has further confirmed that it is worth adopting the main assets of LCA in the context of macro-scale assessments, e. g. the standardization criteria of the LCA method, the representativeness, transparency and completeness of the LCI databases, the necessary flexibility to host different types of flows in LCA models, not only physical but also monetary flows, etc. However, the isolated use of LCA and its family of methods (such as S-LCA, LCC, etc. ) will always generate biases and a lack of consideration of the many landscape features, cultural diversity, and socio-economic attributes that characterize the cities as complex and dynamic systems. Therefore, a more top-down approach shall be undertaken to coupling LCA with other tools.