dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Procedure for the Acquisition of Polarimetric Images The experimental setup described above was used to analyze several samples of colon ex vivo after surgery and before fixation in formalin. The excised part of colon tube was opened and placed on a cork support in order to image the mucosa, as it is the case in colonoscopy. As a result, our data should be relevant not only to pathology but also to endoscopic polarimetric imaging in the future, if this technique becomes available. The procedure used for the analysis of each sample can be summarized in five steps: 1. The sample was placed in the position shown in Fig. 1 , and a standard photo of the sample was acquired. 2. Polarimetric image was acquired without changing the position of the sample. In this way polarimetric and standard image were superimposable.
Ethics statement All participants provided verbal informed consent for this study funded by The French National Research Agency (ANR-11-BSV7-0011). Written consent was not obtained because the Baka people included in the study cannot read or write, and the data were analyzed anonymously. However, the information and acceptance process of all participants was video recorded. A native who spoke French and Baka explained the standard statement to each volunteer. The Ethics Committee of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique approves this procedure for illiterate traditional populations. The protocol was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Commission of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-UPR2147) and the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Paris (INSERM).
Samples studied A total of 143 first mandibular molars (M 1 ), preferably left side, were analyzed. Teeth from PHGs (n = 51) correspond to four different ethnographic groups: extant Baka from Cameroon (n = 36) and Aka from Central African Republic (CAR; n = 4), Babongo from Gabon (n = 6), and Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC; n = 5). The BSFs (n = 80) included individuals of different ethnic affiliations from CAR, Congo, DRC, Gabon, and Rwanda, and BSPs (n = 12) included a Maasai sample used as a control group. Anthropological and ethnographical data from museum records and available literature were used to assign geographical provenance and dietary habits since no quantitative diet data exist in association with the museum samples we surveyed (see Table  S1  in File S1 for sample details).
For the current study no attempt was made to determine individuals' sex, and only juvenile or adult individuals were selected. Subadult individuals were not considered. Early reports have shown that neither age-related (juvenile and adult age groups) nor sex-related differences in buccal microwear are detectable within farming  [36, 39]  or hunter-gatherer  [37]  populations. All sample were aged using dental development sequences  [45] , including Baka individuals, since no accurate age data were available due to the lack of birth records  [3]. Individuals presenting fully erupted third lower molar (M 3 ) were considered adults. Otherwise, juveniles were limited to individuals with the presence of a fully erupted second lower molar (M 2 ) (>15 years ± 36 months). Individuals with no erupted M 2 were excluded.
Marquer  [46]  provided a detail description of sex and age for the Pygmy sample. When available, the age of non-Pygmy individuals was compared with information provided in the collection data sets. Pygmy and non-Pygmy samples from museums were collected between the middle of 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Specifically, Pygmy samples used in this study are representative of all Pygmy skulls present in collections, which were deposited between 1879 and 1953 (see Ramírez-Rozzi and Sardi  [13]  and Marquer  [46] ). Final Pygmy and non-Pygmy sample sizes correspond to individual skulls with a complete jaw and in situ M 1 teeth suitable for microwear analysis.
The final sample included only casts that showed buccal enamel surfaces with preserved antemortem microwear features  [33, 35]. The replicas suitable for buccal microwear analysis were coated with a ~15-nm layer of gold-palladium and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs (1280 × 960 pixels) were taken at 100× magnification in the middle third of the buccal surface of dental crowns, preferably under the protoconid cusp tip, purposely avoiding microwear features caused by intertooth contact on occlusal facets  [35]. The digital micrographs were cropped with Adobe Photoshop TM 6. 0 to cover exactly 0. 56 mm 2 of the buccal enamel surface and enhanced with a high-pass filter (50 pixel) and automatic level adjustment  [35, 56]. A total of 10 microwear variables were considered  [34] , including the scratch density (N) and average length (X) (in micrometers) of all observed lineal scratches ≥10 µm (NT and XT, respectively), which were recorded and measured with Sigma Scan ProV SPSS TM  [35, 36, 56] , and eight independent microwear density and length variables, which were classified by 45° orientation intervals (from 0° to 180°) for lower M1 teeth, with regard to the cemento-enamel junction of the tooth, as follows: mesio-distal (NMD, XMD), vertical (NV, XV), horizontal (NH, XH), and distomesial (NDM, XDM) [see Pérez-Pérez et al.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to all the Baka participants. We are also indebted to  A. Froment  and  P. Mennecier  ( Musée de L'Homme, Paris ),  A. Sanchez-Mazas  and  G. Pérreard  ( University of Geneva ),  R. Orban  and  P. Semal  ( Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles ), and  Ian Tattersall  ( American Museum of Natural History, New York ) who provided access to collections under their care. Thanks to  Jordi Galbany  for helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript and to  Frank L'Engle Williams  and the reviewers for valuable and detailed comments, which contributed to the improvement of this paper.
This work was funded by  Spanish Conselleria d'Educació de la Generalitat Valenciana  ( BEST/2009/258 ),  Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia  ( CGL2010-15340  and  CGL2011-22999 ),  Universidad de Alicante  ( UAUSTI10-02 ), grants from  National Geographic Society  ( 8863-10 ), The  French National Research Agency, ANR Blanc Program  ( ANR-11-BSV7-0011 ), and the  Wenner-Gren Foundation  ( 7819 ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
, 2010; Wilhelm et al. , 2012; Gilli et al. , 2013). This paper presents a lacustrine approach to establish a Holocene flood record in southern Europe. This flood dataset is based on the chronological occurrence of detrital deposits in the sediment record of the perialpine Lake Ledro (Alps, Northern Italy). Two sediment cores were studied, and an automatic method was developed that objectively identifies the sedimentary imprint of river floods in the downstream lake basin. Geophysical and geochemical analyses made it possible to distinguish event deposits (flood and masswasting events) from background sedimentation. The reconstruction of flood frequency was compared with (1) lakelevel changes, which respond to longer-term variations in the hydrological regime, and (2) land-cover changes from pollen data, which also document land-use history.
Geophysics logging Magnetic susceptibility (MS) and Gamma-ray attenuation bulk density (GD) were measured in the cores at 5 mm resolution with a Geotek multi-sensor core logger  (Gunn and Best, 1998). GD was logged on whole cores and MS was measured on split cores with the MS2E1 surface-scanning sensor from Bartington Instruments, which was adapted for fine-resolution volume magnetic-susceptibility measure- ments  (Vannière et al. , 2004). These analyses allow us to establish stratigraphic correlations useful for constructing the master sequences (LL08-1 and LL08-2), guaranteeing complete records without any gaps or redundancies. Colour properties were analysed with a line scan camera with 3 CCDs (2048 pixels each). Colour data are reported in the RGB and Lab-colour systems at a resolution of 70 µm, providing a continuous record of the master sequences at very high resolution.
14 C and 137 Cs measurements The chronology is based on 19 AMS 14 C ages measured on terrestrial plant macrofossils and on 137 Cs measurements taken from the topmost 32 cm of the sediment record with a well-type GeLi detector following procedures detailed in  Fanetti et al. (2008;  Table  1  and Fig. 2a ). For radiocarbon analyses, selected terrestrial macrofossils were isolated from sediment samples (thickness of 1 cm) by sieving with a 100 µm mesh under water. All radiocarbon ages were calibrated using the program Calib 6. 06 with the Intcal09 calibration set  (Reimer et al. , 2009). All ages are reported on each master core (LL08-1 and LL08-2) according to lithological correlation (Fig. 2a ). The results from radiocarbon and short-lived radio-isotope analyses were combined to produce an age-depth model for each sequence using a smooth cubic spline model available within the "Clam" software by  Blaauw (2010).
We are thus confident that no others slump deposits are intercalated within the sediment cores. Fig. 3. Age/depth models and respective Sediment Accumulation Rate (SAR) from cores LL08-1 and LL08-2. MC: master core; Auto: without automatic count of flood deposits and naked-eye mass-wasting deposits; Naked-eye: without naked-eye count of sedimentary events (flood deposits and mass-wasting deposits). For detailed explanation of both sedimentary events counting methods see Sect. 3. 3. The results from radiocarbon dating and from the analysis of the anthropogenic radionuclide 137 Cs were combined to produce age-depth models for both cores using a smooth cubic spline model available within the "Clam" software  (Blaauw, 2010; Fig. 3 ; Table  1 ). This model allows for the robust estimation of uncertainties and takes into account the entire probability distribution of the calibrated radiocarbon dates, avoiding any arbitrary choices.
Tree cover and pollen inferred land-use dynamics Vegetation dynamics around the lake are documented by simplified pollen data shown in Fig. 6. Land-cover changes are in agreement and confirm the interpretation of the sedimentological analyses (Fig. 6 ). A first phase of landscape opening and land-use occurs between ca. 4100 and 2700 cal BP, during the Bronze Age, following by lower human pressure in the watershed until ca. 2300 cal BP. Between 2300 and 1700 cal BP, during the Roman period, human impact is perceptible, but remains relatively low. Then, a new phase of decline in human activities is recorded until ca. 1200 cal BP (750 cal AD). The third phase of forest clearing and expansion of agro-pastoralism activities around the lake corresponds to the medieval period. The human impact on land crosses a new threshold and intensifies from 1000 cal AD (950 cal BP) until the 20th century, with only a short decrease around the 13th century (600 cal BP).
They conclude that land use plays a key role in moderating or amplifying the sensitivity to climate. Hoffmann et al. (2008; Fig. 7)  show from the compilation of a database of 506 fluvial 14 C ages from Germany that, after 4500-4000 cal BP, the increased soil erosion is at least partially due to the Bronze Age growing population and intensive agricultural activities and cannot be unequivocally attributed to climate. Across central and southern Europe, studies reveal a striking synchronism in soil impacted by land use. This suggests similar land-use practices over wide areas, marked by the fire and grazing development that characterises the Bronze Age  (Rius et al. , 2009; Vannière et al. , 2008). During this period, around the Mediterranean basin, the fire regime switches from being predominantly climateforced to being human-driven  (Vannière et al.
Conclusions A combination of non-destructive core-scanning techniques, detailed analysis of sediment facies and AMS 14 C dating of terrestrial macro-remains was used to detect and characterise the Lake Ledro sediment record. Very high-resolution and continuous colour data appear to be the most relevant proxy to identify flood event deposits and to separate them from the continuous background sediments. During the early-to mid-Holocene, flood activity appears limited to short episodes of weak increases in flood frequency during periods of high lake levels, which indicate cooler and wetter climate conditions between 8000 and 7000 cal BP. After ca. 4500-4000 cal BP, flood frequency and layer thickness strongly increase synchronously with an abrupt and long-term lake-level rise at Lake Ledro. This period of flood frequency increase corresponds to a major change in hydrological regime around Lake Ledro and is in accordance with other European records of river activity, glacier extent and other proxies of climate change under global forcing factors such as insolation.
Acknowledgements. Financial support for this study was provided by the  French ANR  " LAMA " project (directed by  M. Magny  and  N. Combourieu-Nebout ,  MSHE N. Ledoux ,  Besancon, France ), and the  Swiss National Science Foundation  project " FloodAlp " (Project No. 200021-121909 ). Many thanks go to  A. Stock  and  J. Didier  for their help in conducting fieldwork and laboratory analyses. Edited by:  N. Combourieu Nebout.
Accessing metadata Metadata are all the BIM information contained in the BIM model of the mock-up. In that case, the mock-up doesn't already contain all those data. Also, it was decided to use an external way to create this information. In this way, it will be easier for the users of the application to modify the pieces of information without using Unity3D but only a database. This was made using Excel and exporting the document as a. csv file. This type of text file can be read by Unity. At launch of the application, all pieces of information in the data base are imported and put on every parts of the scene which correspond them. Then, when pointing at any object, the associated data are shown on the top right corner.
First approach The goal of this first part of our experimentation is to determine the content of each "job-layer" according to the needs of all professional. Different scripts will be written for each job in each subject will have to accomplish several tasks corresponding to the current job. These scripts will show the maximum of the tasks the professionals are doing every day. Next are some of the tasks that will be controlled.  Locating: the first task to accomplish is locating yourself in the environment. The mixed reality is efficient to  Current state: the digital mock-up can represent anyone if the state of the building between the beginning and the end of the renovation. The user will have to navigate along the chronology to match the state of the virtual representation with the reality.
Moreover we will ask them if we put enough data or if they need more. Finally, we will ask all subjects to complete more complex tasks that will require the use of multiple functions. This will show highlight how much subjects have understand the logical approach of our application. During this experiment, we will collect multiple piece of information observing the subjects and asking them some questions. First of all, we will have the time they needed to accomplish the tasks, the number of mistakes they made. Then we will have their impression about the easiness of use, feeling of immersion, the learnability, and the speed of use.
In this paper, we describe the architecture and collaborative approach adopted for the development of Senso Comune (SC), an open knowledge base for the Italian language that combines lexicographic, linguistic, ontological and textual data in a webbased collaborative platform. Senso Comune aims at integrating lexicographic data from users and legacy resources with a formally characterized ontology grounded on lexical semantic structures. Senso Comune was conceived as a linguistic knowledge base rather than a dictionary. It is actually based on a conceptual apparatus that is unusual in typical linguistic resources:, each sense is mapped to ontological categories, and is associated with semantic frames. A wiki provides a collaborative platform for editing a basic lexicon of Italian with different access and annotation privileges that dynamically enables crowd-sourced annotations.
WordNet has also often been considered as a lexical ontology or at least as containing ontological information. Nevertheless, although synsets can be conceived as lexically grounded counterparts of ontological categories, WordNet-like resources do not rely on an explicit formal semantics. A similar claim can be made for other lexical resources such as FrameNet  [18]  and VerbNet  [19] , which focus respectively on frame-and verb-based lexical semantics, and have been ported to RDF and OWL (cf. [16]  for FrameNet-OWL). Porting lexical data into semantic web knowledge bases is relevant in order to provide a lexical grounding to the fast growing linked data cloud. In the Multilingual Semantic Web, 1  a typical assumption is that lexical entities are individuals in a (lexical) domain of discourse, while specific applications can possibly attempt to reuse lexical entities with a domain-oriented semantics, e.
This modelling pattern is in line with classical semiotics, and assumes an intensional semantics for lexical meanings vs. an extensional semantics for ontology entities. The links however can be navigated to reuse intensional meanings as extensional when required. While there are two Italian wordnets available (e. g. MultiWordNet  [3]  and ItalWordNet  [4] , and there have been attempts at automatically inducing an Italian FrameNet  [5, 6] , there is as yet no VerbNet-like resource for Italian. The present contribution will provide an overview of the different modules and data that are joined in the resource, discussing the integration of perspectives and annotation rationales and also illustrating how collaborative annotation has been introduced in the overall project. We will offer a general introduction to the Senso Comune project, its purpose, features and current state of development ( §2).
SENSO COMUNE: THE PROJECT One of the main objectives of Senso Comune is in the internal formalized representation of linguistic knowledge such as lexical and morphological information, semantic specifications through ontologies, and thematic roles and frames. Senso Comune is devoted to the distribution of linguistic data in an open and standardized form. The resource is available for download in a specific XML format under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 3. 0 License. The starting point of the resource was the so-called fundamental vocabulary of Italian language  [7] , containing the top-ranked 2,000 lemmas (and about 13,000 senses) extracted from frequency lists of written and spoken Italian and covering about 90% of the occurrences of any written or spoken text.
The pairwise alignment of MultiWordNet senses to Senso Comune's, relatively to overlapping lemmas, is currently being studied, and semiautomatic alignment methods are being evaluated. Senso Comune correlates linguistic meanings and ontological concepts while keeping those levels conceptually and architecturally separate (see Figure  1 ): meanings are not modelled as generic ontological concepts, but rather, as social abstractions that abridge lexemes and their ontological relata together. In these regards, our approach rests on the duality of language and ontology rather than embracing some form of monism à la Gadamer  [20]  and reducing one to the other. In fact, natural language texts do not reveal just the core relations between entities in a specific domain, e. g. , a war and its triggering events, but typically embed more complex aspects of the human communication framework, including uncertainty, cognitive and metacognitive dimensions, emotional gradations, cultural imprinting and social interactions.
Senso Comune: The Platform A Web based platform to make Senso Comune available, and to manage and develop the resource has been designed and developed at the IBM Center for Advanced Studies of Rome. The platform shares with lexicon oriented "wikis" like Wiktionary 4  a number of key features. However, it support the collaboration on lexical-ontological resources in a more specific way. Primarily, instead of using generic wiki structures and formatting (which makes Wiktionary somewhat difficult to use), Senso Comune platform (www. sensocomune. it) is tailored on a specific data model, and provides contributors with a rich and easy user interface (Figure  1 ). On the one hand, this frees users from dealing with complex editing and structuring conventions; on the other hand, it reduces the risk of injecting errors in the lexical resource, due platform's technicalities.
Internally, the platform manages an information system structured around a set of Java modules, which link the one another by way of programming interfaces (API). Application modules are arranged in two architectural layers: the front-end (which handles users' interactions) and the back-end, which manages data accesses and transactions. The database where the resource is stored has a schema which efficiently supports complex queries, such as, for instance, looking for all the lexical entries whose meanings are classified with a given ontology concept. Also, integrity of data records is preserved, based on RDBMS standard functionalities. An Open Source objectrelational mapping utility (Hibernate) ensures a smooth alignment of data records with programming structures.
The Model Senso Comune's model is specified in a set of "networked" ontologies  [10]  comprising a top level module, which contains basic concepts and relations, a lexical module, which models general linguistic and lexicographic structures, and a frame module providing concepts and axioms for modelling the predicative structure of verbs and nouns. These ontologies have been given an OWL specification, thus leveraging the expressive power of Description Logic (DL)  [11]. This way, the resource benefits of a high level of standardization, as well as of the availability of open source tools. Embracing a DL framework also allows for using well understood reasoning procedures, such as checking logical consistency and coherence, evaluating class membership (instance classification), and executing logical conjunctive queries (query answering).
These functionalities are provided by open source inference engines that enhance the resource's exploitability. For the sake of efficiency over large lexicographic data sets, the platform stores the resource in a specifically designed relational database, as illustrated in the previous paragraph. To ease the development of ontology-based access to the lexical resource in the future, however, the database schema strictly conforms to the ontology. We will not go into further detail here on the specific features of the meta-model, previously described in  [8, 9].
Experimenting word sense and ontological category mapping Meanings from De Mauro's core Italian lexicon have been clustered and classified according to concepts belonging to Senso Comune's model, through a supervised process. To enrich the knowledge base, though, language users have been given access to the lexical level only. This access restriction produces an epistemological spread between ontological and linguistic dimensions, but this gap is a necessary requirement if we want to keep control of the ontological layer, while keeping users free from modeling constraints. Filling this gap is the main task of a supervised content revision process. Nevertheless, to make the bottom-up approach plainly effective, users are encouraged to fit their lexical concepts and relations to the basic ontological choices and capture non-trivial aspects of their intended meanings.