dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Discussion In this study, we have developed and tested a model of the informational and normative predictors of IH and consumers' purchase intentions in the service sector and made several theoretical and practical contributions. Previous studies investigating review helpfulness have mostly used textual analysis of "helpful votes" from existing databases of online reviews on goods to shed light on the most helpful reviews [e. g. ,  23, 52, 54, 59, 62]. Instead, in this study, we focused on consumers' perceptions of IH. We have adopted the dual process theory to test hypotheses in our study and the tested model agrees with Deutsch and Gerard  [19]  and LaTour and Manrai  [47]  who state that informational and normative influences are often found together. Our research advances social cognition and behavioral influence theories by showing that people conform to and are influenced by "anonymous" crowds when they are uncertain about a situation or about a service that they plan to buy.
Existing research on eWOM helpfulness is mainly based on quantitative studies that rely on databases from a specific website (i. e. , Amazon. com). However, consumers may use several reviews from various websites before making a purchase decision. An in-depth qualitative study of consumer information processing in eWOM is still lacking but would be valuable for identifying other antecedents of IH. Future research could also measure the influence played by different information quality dimensions identified in this study on IH in the service context. Finally, we believe that cultural differences in consumers' information processing should be explored. For instance, it is plausible to expect that consumers from different culture and countries seek, process, and evaluate IH differently.
Study 2 examines how using this g vector in part can help study the reasoning abilities of various other groups, such as highly select occupations and leadership positions. The first author collected data from the U. S. News & World Report college rankings in 2014  [44]  by recording the 25th and 75th percentile SAT and ACT scores reported to U. S. News from four core lists: national universities, national liberal arts colleges, regional universities, and regional colleges. All the ACT (composite) scores were first translated to SAT (Math + Verbal) scores using a concordance  [45] , and then an average of the 25th and 75th percentile scores was taken to indicate an overall general reasoning score for each school. Only 5 schools reported an average score alone thus 25th and 75th percentile scores were not available.
The full list of schools used to create Figure  1  can be found in Supplementary A. * At least some students were not required to supply scores to the school; ** The school did not report all students it had scores for, or did not tell U. S. News if it had; *** The data was reported to U. S. News from a previous year; ~The school may not require scores from all applicants and may not have submitted data for all students. Table  1  is a conversion table that can be used to interpolate average SATs for non-U. S. schools. It was developed by examining the 158 U. S. schools with reported average SATs that made it onto the Times Higher Education World Rank and taking an average of the SATs for each band of schools in the World Rank. We also include an equation here based on linear regression (R squared = 0.
People invited to the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland are among the political, business, academic, and other leadership of society. The men and women identified as "most powerful" by Forbes were selected based on their power and influence and these two groups included many politicians and business leaders. Wealth-X is a company that collects data on individuals with net worth's that are at or above $30 million USD. The New Republic is an elite and influential magazine which was used because the data were publicly available. By selecting on the elite group of interest, this study composes a retrospective study approach that can be used to examine the importance of general intelligence in developing occupational expertise. Though one would expect some relationship between test scores and top colleges given they are used for admission, the extent to which there is a connection between such test scores and elite occupations as well as the variation one might observe across elite occupations remains to be empirically determined.
Supplementary A and Figure  1  can give an understanding of when a large proportion of students at a given school do not overlap. For example, the 25th percentile SAT score for Harvard University is 1410, indicating that 75% of Harvard students score at or above this mark. University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, one of the best and highly selective public institutions, has a 75th percentile SAT score of 1410, indicating that 75% of UNC students score at or below this mark. The majority of students at Harvard and UNC-Chapel Hill do not overlap in terms of general cognitive ability, though 25% do. The same can be said for UNC-Chapel Hill and a school with a much lower middle 50% of scores, and so on throughout the full range of schools. This separation by cognitive ability is already evident in the data we show in this paper, but because students who are admitted to college or university have already been cognitively screened, in the wider society cognitive segregation is an even larger issue.
[6]  on Stw53. Furthermore, unlike the previous study on Stw53  [6] , we compared Stw53 marks with our reference taphonomic collection and experimental material, and we applied statistical methods. Hierarchical cluster analyses [UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean), single linkage and neighbour joining method] were performed using PAST (version 2. 17) software. The UPGMA is an agglomerative clustering approach, based on grouping the most similar specimens together, but with three different algorithms, which permit the testing of the strength of the clusters between the three methods. Moreover, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was performed to cluster the marks according to their similarities using XLSTAT (version 2013) software. All analyses were applied to the same taphonomic database (Table  2  ).
Database of the studied bone specimens bearing taphonomical linear marks. Groups are indicated as follows: A = anthropic; C = carnivore; R = rodent; T = trampling / Base de données des pièces osseuses étudiées portant des marques linéaires taphonomiques. Les groupes sont enregistrés comme suit : A = anthropique ; C = carnivore ; R = rongeur ; T : piétinement.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  Professor Henry de Lumley  ( Institut de Paléontologie Humaine ),  Stéphanie Renault  and  Carole Vercoutère  ( Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle ) for the authorization to study the comparative material,  Bernhard Zipfel  and the  University of the Witwatersrand  to study the Stw53 original specimen,  Sylvain Pont  and the  Service de microscopie électronique à balayage de la direction des Collections of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris  for the access to the scanning electron microscope and  Adrian Arroyo  ( UCL ) for producing the flakes and sharp-edge blocks. We thank the  ANR ARCHOR  ( ANR-12-CULT-006 ) for support. We also thank  Aurore Val  and the second anonymous reviewer for their useful comments.
We start by offering a brief portrait of the context of Pondicherry city and its surroundings, as well as the Smart City Mission. We then situate our case studies within a broader context of performance making in India, including its historical relationship to nation building. The data we examine about the theatre companies and their uses of ICT is the result of ethnographic research 5. The definition of "cultural industry," as well as the analytical impulse to coin such a term, is at the center of a lively debate across economics, urban studies, and public policy studies, among other disciplines. Although it is beyond the scope of this essay to address this concern comprehensively, it is worth acknowledging here Justin O'Connor's assertion that "whatever the definitional and linguistic difficulties, the use of 'cultural industries' itself indicates that the term is currently responding to some deep-seated and far-reaching need to handle transformations which go beyond short term tactical polemics and rhetorics"  (O'Connor 2000).
As a result, there have been times when such costs were impossible to bear. One such occasion came in 2017 when the company was rehearsing a piece soon to go on tour in France. IN initiated a crowdfunding drive 15 to cover the cost of rehearsals that preceded the tour but was unable to meet its target. As for the actors, the modesty of the salary can compel them to take other assignments. ICT allows them to stay connected as a working team even at long-distance. The use of ICT has led to success, however, in heightening the visibility of the theatre's work. Smartphones and especially applications such as 12. Interview, 23 November 2017. 13. Data about Indianostrum is drawn from ethnographic observations conducted as part of Boissel-Cormier's research on the company's activities since 2017, as well as from an interview with Koumarane Valavane, in June 2018.
, 2010). Analyses of other faunal remains indicate that the earliest colonisers introduced the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) and probably pig to Taravai  (Swift et al. , 2016). Additional field campaigns by Kirch in 2012 and 2014 expanded the initial test excavation in site AGA-3 on Agakauitai Island, and re-excavated the Kitchen Cave (KAM-1) site on Kamaka Island first dug by Green; avifaunal remains were recovered from both of these sites. Here we report on the total available avifaunas from the TAR-6, AGA-3 and KAM-1 sites, and present data on 647 bones identifiable to family-level or lower taxon levels, in total representing minimally 192 individuals.
SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY Order  GALLIFORMES Temminck, 1820 Family PHASIANIDAE Horsfield, 1821  Genus GALLUS Brisson, 1760 Gallus gallus  (Linnaeus, 1758)  The domestic junglefowl was first introduced by Polynesians to widespread islands in Eastern Polynesia (Southern Cook Islands -Marquesas -Easter Island; data limited by archaeological investigation), but had gone extinct in the Gambier Group before European arrival (Green and  Weisler, 2004; Thibault and Cibois, 2017). The extant population derives from a European reintroduction of junglefowl to the Gambier Group  (Thibault and Cibois, 2017).
gavia specimen used to identify the Gambier bones to genus. As discussed under nomenclature, the Gambier size-based taxon used here could include Puffinus bailloni dichrous, P. bailloni gunax, P. auricularis myrtae and P. assimilis kermadecensis, which all have broadly overlapping size distributions  (Marchant and Higgins, 1990; Pyle et al. , 2011). However, our data presented here for P. assimilis kermadecensis suggest it is a smaller bird than the Gambier birds were. Abbreviations: TL, Total length; PW, proximal width; DW, distal width; TSW, tibiotarsus minimal shaft width; ML, angulus medialis to processus acrocoracoideus; M-cs, angulus medialis to cotyla scapularis; Cs-a, cotyla scapularis to processus acrocoracoideus. Layer III: TAR6-TP02-III-9-39-D, 1R tmt, 1dR tt; TAR6-TP02-III-9-39-E, 1R1L scap, 1pR fem; TAR6-TP11-III-2-65A-C, 1pR hum; TAR6-TP11-III-2-65A-Ec, 1L scap; TAR6-TP11-III-2-65A-K, 1dL tt; (NISP=8; MNI=2).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Excavations in the Gambier Islands that produced the avifaunal assemblages described herein were supported by grants from the  U. S. National Science Foundation  (grant no. BCS-1030049 ), and from the  Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research  (grant no. 7177 ) to PVK. Permission to carry out archaeological research in the Gambiers was granted by the  Ministry of Culture and Service de la Culture et du Patrimoine of the Government of French Polynesia , by the  Délégation à la Recherche de la Polynésie Française , and by the  Maire of the Gambier Commune. For assistance in arranging permits and facilitating the fieldwork, PVK thanks  P. Frogier ,  J. Meyer ,  T. Maric ,  B. Mou ,  M. Richeton , the late T. Paeamara, E. and  D. Sanford ,  R. Reasin ,  T. Reasin , and in particular the late T.
Multidisciplinary exploration The preliminary stage consists in identifying the different perimeters of the area, both the ecological functional units and the living areas (relations between the Vercors Plateau area and the neighboring towns) and the political-administrative entities (construction of intermunicipality relations and the regional nature park). At the same time, a selective review of the literature in history, sociology, and economics available on this area (see list in the appendix) gives a first approach to the socioeconomic transformations, institutional construction, striking events, and resources implemented. A more exhaustive exploration could have improved the detail of the analysis of the historic process. From the ecologists' perspective, we attempted to establish socio-ecosystemic units combining data on land use, wetlands, the cadastral maps for agricultural land, and the extent of forest areas, but this was not possible in the time allotted to the study.
Participants Ninety-four participants from the general public, 65 women and 29 men (M age = 37. 90, SD = 11. 09), took part in this research. Twenty-two smoke at least one cigarette a day. There were 46 non-smokers and 26 former smokers. Former smokers' data were not included in the analysis on passive smoking. Following  Bardin et al. (2017a) , they were excluded because they constitute a very heterogeneous group (especially their quit date). Forty-two participants declared that they consume alcohol while 52 answered they did not. Only four participants do not use a cell phone; therefore, it was not possible to analyze exposure to information on electromagnetic waves for this behavior.
Electromagnetic waves Participants considered the text on the dangers of electromagnetic waves as higher quality than the text explaining their safety (M = -0. 51, SD = 1. 05, t(93) = -4. 71, p <. 001, d = 0. 49). Information evaluation, selective exposure, and information novelty Moderated mediation analyses were generated by a macro for SPSS, PROCESS v. 2. 16. 2. using Model 14  (Hayes, 2013 , http://www. processmacro. org/index. html), which uses an OLS regression procedure (ordinary least squares). The bootstrap analyses (bootstrap with 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals based on 10,000 bootstrap samples) confirmed the model as significant only for the pro-tobacco texts.
Method Participants Fifty-eight people, 46 women and 12 men (M age = 39. 90, SD = 19. 21), took part in this study. One participant took over 90 minutes to answer all the questions and was consequently excluded from the analysis. In the end, the data of 57 participants were used, 27 in the pro-GMO set (21 women) and 30 in the con-GMO set (24 women).
Information used for browser fingerprinting might be linked, e. g. to the hardware (e. g. GPU  (Cao and Wijmans, 2017) , screen), to the operating system, to the browser, its configuration, installed fonts  (Eckersley, 2010; Laperdrix et al. , 2016) , browser history  (Weinberg et al. , 2011) , or blacklisted domains  (Boda et al. , 2012). Keystroke dynamics is a behavioral biometric modality consisting in analyzing users' way of typing on a keyboard. This biometric information can be computed easily on Internet using a simple JavaScript code. Keystroke dynamics has been experimented for the first time in 1980 in a study where seven secretaries were asked to type three different texts  (Gaines et al. , 1980). The results were promising, but lacked a sufficient number of users involved in the database.
Localization IP addresses are distributed by ranges, from IANA 2 to RIR 3 , from RIR to LIR 4 , and finally from LIR to users. It is then possible to deduce from it the user network, the administrative (e. g. county) or physical (e. g. GPS position) localization. However, the TOR network, a VPN, or a proxy might be used to masquerade the user IP address. Then, the network and locations deduced from the IP address would be the proxy, VPN, or exit TOR nodes. In the scope of this article, the administrative (country, region, county, town) and physical (latitude and longitude) are extracted through the Google MAP API from an address extracted from the database dp-ip 5. In a future work, it would be possible to deduce either the user's ISP (Internet Service Provider), or the structural localization among an entity (e.
Biometric data User behavioural biometric can be analysed from keyboard and mouse actions, captured by JavaScript events in the browser. In the scope of this article, the user keystroke is computed from the 20 most frequent digrammes: "r ", "te", "nt", ", ", "n ", "en", " s", "le", " l", " c", "de", ('arrowleft', 'arrowright'), " p", " d", "on", "t ", "es", "s ", "e ", ('backspace', 'backspace'). The following durations are measured: • P 1 R 1 : first character pressure; • P 2 R 2 : second character pressure; • P 1 P 2 : between the two characters push; • R 1 R 2 : between the two characters release; • R 1 P 2 : between the first character release and the second push; • P 1 R 2 : between the first character push and the second release.
Experimental protocol An acquisition campaign as be organized in march 2017 in the trust. greyc. fr website. The participants have been recruited from the GREYC laboratory and the engineering school ENSICAN, broadcast lists. Thus, collected data come from an unique place, indeed the majority of the participants are localized in Caen, use the same networks (ENSICAN and UNICAEN), and thus have the same IP address. Moreover, the use of GREYC and ENSICAEN devices make the participants configuration, and network data quite similar. With only 22 participants, mostly located in Caen, the sample is not representative, but enables a first experimentation of the personal identity code. During the acquisition, participants are invited to answer to 8 questions on privacy, then to copy an extract of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (see 6).
With the protection and these keys, we highlight the similarity between users. For binary codes linked to signatures 3 to 10, we identify a similarity between then with variations depending on the similarity of personal information. This demonstrates the capacity of the proposed method to produce an exploitable code for personal information similarity computation. Regarding the requirements previously announced, it is easy to verify their accordance. The BioHashing algorithm used to compute the binary BioCode allows non-reversibility and the capability to compute the similarity of users identity. The data confidentiality is obtained with this last transformation and a secret key usage (here a password). An impostor would not be able to generate such binary code without knowing the secret key, and using the same device.
Conclusion and perspectives In this paper, we propose a method enabling to compute a personal code linked to an user while respecting their privacy. This code incorporates different information linked to the browser, keystroke dynamics, or localization. We showed on a preliminary dataset composed of 29 collections that it was possible to obtain a binary code similar for a same user in spite of differences of contexts. Many applications are conceivable from this work s. a. user authentication, multi-account identifications. These applications constitute this study perspectives.
The workshop gathered 18 participants from 12 countries, including 10 researchers from Africa-based institutions. It opened with introductory lectures and laboratory practical courses on study-site selection, sampling techniques, laboratory preparation and charcoal morphology analyses, and a discussion on charcoal calibration approaches for African sites  (Ekblom and Gillson 2010; Adolf et al. 2018; Hawthorne et al. 2018 ; Fig. 1 ). Participants were introduced to quantitative paleoenvironmental data analysis techniques using r; those included reconstructing savannah fire responses to precipitation and biomass using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) with data from Lake Naivasha, Kenya  (Colombaroli et al. 2014). Dedicated breakout sessions involved data mining using the Global Charcoal Database (GCD) and examinations of spatiotemporal knowledge gaps, notably for western and central Africa, where spatial coverage is scant and several published records need to be imported in the GCD (Fig.
Evvè pure un qualche migliaio di gemme diverse incise in gran parte antiche, comprese alcune poche paste. […]'. 4   HREN on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd pages of the Trivulzio 'description'; the letters ZONEN on the 5th page; and the letters HRE on the 6th page (supposedly HREN). I am grateful to Emanuel Wenger for his help in trying to identify -unfortunately unsuccessfullythese marks, which are not listed in the 'Bernstein -The Memory of Paper' database. In the absence of a definite writing-date (and author), it must be presumed that this manuscript was written in Milan in the 1810s, therefore probably on Austro-Hungarian or on French paper. 4 Manuscript in Kraków, Biblioteka Jagiellońska in Kraków, folios 5 r /5 v. The text of the manuscript in Milan, Fondazione Trivulzio, folio 3 r , is almost the same with only minor and insignificant variations: 'ed un vero capo di opera' is spelt instead 'e un vero capo d'opera  ', 'moglie di Onorio' as 'moglie d'Onorio', 'cinquanta' / 'duecento' are written '50.
Contemporary development of computer hardware and software, WebGIS and geo-web services as well as the availability of semantic 3D city models, facilitate flexible and dynamic implementation of web applications. The aim of this paper is to introduce 4D CANVAS, a web-based application for dynamic visualization of 3D geospatial data for improved decision making in smart city applications. It is based on the Cesium Virtual Globe, an open-source JavaScript library developed with HTML5 and WebGL. At first, different data formats such as JSON, GeoJSON, Cesium Markup Language (CZML) and 3D Tiles are evaluated for their suitability in 4D visualization applications. Then, an interactive Graphical User Interface (GUI) is built observing the principle of cartographic standards to view, manage, understand and explore different simulation outputs at multiple spatial (3D surface of buildings) and temporal (hourly, daily, monthly) resolutions.
In this regard, multiple tools such as aggregation, data classification, etc. are developed utilizing JavaScript libraries. As a proof of concept, two energy simulations and their outputs of different spatial and temporal resolutions are demonstrated in five Asian and European cities. Finally, the 4D CANVAS is deployed both in desktop and multi-touch screens. The proposed application allows easy integration of any other geospatial simulation results, thereby helps the users from different sectors to explore them interactively in 4D.
Such spatiotemporal visualizations play an important role in understanding and discovering some predictive patterns from both the space and time dimensions of data, supporting decision-making and better representing the real world. Lately, static visualizations have been deemed tedious against the new technologies that support dynamic and interactive platforms, allowing users to navigate, zoom and even query data in real-time on a web-based application. The advancement of newer technologies such as WebGL  [4]  different proprietary and open-source software, tools and libraries enable the design and development of such interactive interfaces (Cesium. js [5], Glob3m  [6] ). On the other hand, although 3D web-based visualization has been a topic of increasing popularity in recent years, the cartographic principles that can be applied to such representations has not been fully investigated and standards have not been established  [3, 7].