dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
3D Printing of the PLA Implant The implants were fabricated using commercially available transparent Ultimaker PLA and the Ultimaker 3 3D printer from Makershop (Le Mans, France). Print runs were performed with an Ultimaker 0. 25 mm AA print core from Makershop (Le Mans, France). The geometry of the implant was designed using Fusion 360 software from Autodesk (San Rafael, CA, USA). The file generated was exported as a stereolithography file into the CURA 3. 5 software from Ultimaker (Le Mans, France). The implant was a hollow cylinder with an external diameter of 3. 3 mm, an internal diameter of 2. 3 mm, and a length of 32 mm. It was designed to have only one end open to the external environment. The printing parameters were layer height of 0. 1 mm, printing speed of 20 mm/s, movement speed of 250 mm/s, 100% infill, 185 • C nozzle temperature, and 60 • C build temperature.
Acknowledgments ANR ( Agence Nationale de la Recherche ) and  CGI (Commissariat à l'Investissement d'Avenir ) are acknowledged for their financial support through  Labex SEAM (Science and Engineering for Advanced Materials and devices) ,  ANR-10-LABX-096  and  ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ". FC thanks the ANR Coligomere-18- CE06-0006  for funding. We are indebted to  T. Sonoda  and  Nissan Chemicals  who kindly provided us the silica nanoparticles. We acknowledge  Stephan Suffit  (laboratory " Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques ") for his kind assistance for SEM-FEG, profilometry and surface lithography in the MPQ clean room. We acknowledge  Vincent Humblot  (" Franche-Comté Electronique Mécanique Thermique et Optique -Sciences et Technologies" institute)  for his kind assistance for wetting angle measurements.
Decay measurements at room temperature were also recorded using a tunable optical parametric oscillator pumped by a Nd:YAG Q-switched laser (Ekspla NT342B-SH) with 6 ns pulse length, an ACTON SP2300i monochromator and a photomultiplier tube. The detection time constant was between 50 µs and 200 µs and data was recorded on a digital oscilloscope (LeCroy 332A). Inhomogeneous linewidths of the 7 F 0  5 D 0 transition were measured in reflection mode using a closed-cycle cryostat (Janis CTI-Cryogenics Model CCS-150) with the temperature monitored by a LakeShore model 330 controller. The 7 F 0  5 D 0 transition inhomogeneous linewidths were probed by monitoring the fluorescence intensity of the 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 transition at 612 nm as a function of the excitation wavelength around 580. 883 nm. Excitation was provided by a single mode dye laser (Coherent 899-21, 1 MHz linewidth) pumped by a semi-conductor laser (Coherent Verdi G10).
Acknowledgements This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  820391  (Square). This research work has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  712721  (NanOQTech). We acknowledge the financial support of the Paris network on quantum technologies (SIRTEQ), and the  French EMIR-A network  for provision of irradiation beam time using the SAFIR facility. The authors would also like to thank  Hervé Guillon from Kemstream  as well as  Dominique De Barros  for advice and technical support throughout this project.
2018; GESAMP 2019). The European Interreg Italy-France 2014-2020 Maritime Project SPlasH! (Stop to Plastics in H 2 O!; http://interregmaritime. eu/web/splash) has entered the European panorama of MP study and focused on the MPs investigation inside the marine port environment. This study aimed to analyze common MP sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification techniques to identify different methods that have been specifically used for seawater analyses all over the world and find the appropriate devises and methodologies for applications inside ports. The following literature review was carried out from July 2018 to January 2019 using databases, such as Science Direct and Google Scholar and selecting only research studies on MPs in seawater. The term "microplastics" was used for the first time in 2004  (Thompson et al.
Funding: This work was supported by the  EIPHI Graduate School  (contract  ANR-17-EURE-0002 ), the  Region of Bourgogne Franche-Comté  and the  French RENATECH network. This research was also sponsored by the  French National Agency for Research (ANR)  funds through the  PHEMTO  project. Acknowledgments:  J. M. Cote  is acknowledging for technical assistance.
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) The SEC apparatus was a Bio-inert Agilent 1260 HPLC system for the analysis of liquid samples, equipped with a diode-array detector (DAD), refractive index detector (RI) and sample collector. The column was an Agilent PLgel 3 µm Mixed-E 10 × 300 mm plus an Agilent PLgel 3 µm Guard. The column temperature was set to 40 °C. The injection volume was 50 µL and the mobile phase was tetrahydrofuran (analytical grade). Data acquisition was done with Agilent OpenLab. Data files were converted to Agilent GPC/SEC software in order to process the data and calculate the molar mass. Polystyrene standards were used to calibrate the system with 12 references in the range of M w 266-M w 62 500 g mol -1. The humin samples (∼15 mg) were diluted to approximately 2. 5 mg ml -1 in THF.
H NMR spectroscopy The NMR spectra of humin samples were recorded in deuterated acetone on a Bruker AVANCE III HD spectrometer operating at 400. 17 MHz for 1 H. Experiments were recorded with a flip angle of 30°, and using sequences provided by Bruker. The spectrometer was equipped with the following probe: PA BBO 400S1 BBF-H-D-05 Z. The peak integrations were done with the Mestre Nova software.
Differential scanning calorimetry Conventional DSC measurements were performed with a Mettler-Toledo DSC-1 heat-flux instrument, and STAR software was used for data analysis. Temperature, enthalpy, and tau lag calibrations were performed with indium and zinc standards. Crude humins and the liquid fraction of humins from the separation procedure described above (5-10 mg) were placed in a 40 µL aluminum crucible and closed with a pan lid, after drying 60 hours at 60 °C. Two consecutive runs were measured, with a scanning temperature ranging from -60 °C to 170 °C. Cooling/ heating rates of 30 °C min -1 were employed.
[41]. 2 (SO 4 ) 2 (H 2 O) 2 • K 2 SO 4 Solids darken quickly, probably due to the air oxidation, even if no structure of oxidised product can be detected. Therefore, during XRD analysis, the solids are protected from the air by a glycerol film. For R = 2, the main product according to XRD is pyrochroite Mn(OH) 2 , in agreement with the ratio observed during titration. For R = 1. 5, the diffractogram is more complex, and broad peaks of pyrochroite appear along shaper peaks. There is no match for the later with the ICDD database therefore, the formation of a solid with 1. 5 OH -ion per manganese cation is presumed, with the formula Mn 4 (OH) 6 SO 4 , along with a small quantity of Mn(OH) 2. Equation 2 describes this first precipitation from the (Mn 2+ , SO 2- 4 ) solution. The transformation of the XRD patterns between R = 1.
For the x = 0 spectrum, pyrochroite identified in XRD can be found with the 636 cm -1 peak, as referenced in the RRUFF database R10004  [60]. The other main peak at 525 cm -1 is probably related to the unknown manganese sulfate basic salt, as well as the sharp sulfate peak at 997 cm -1. For x = 0. 24, two peaks at 431 and 522. 5 cm -1 are observed, close to what is measured with the sulfate Fe-LDH (427 and 518 cm -1 )  [8] , which suggest the presence of only one solid. As the oxidation continues, a broad peak centered around 580 cm -1 emerges. This peak can be attributed to the vibrations of the mixture of α-MnO(OH) at 550 cm -1  [61]  and γ MnO(OH) (558 cm -1 for symmetric stretching of Mn-O-Mn bridge and 621 cm -1 for the asymmetric stretching of these bridge)  [62]. It is noteworthy that the oxidation of the solid is not homogeneous and pure LDH as well as pure MnO(OH) spots can be found while translating the laser spot on the solid.
7 mg/ml, was selected to be observed through Atomic Force Microscope (Park Instruments, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), at about 20°C operating in air and in non-contact (NC) mode using a commercial silicon tip-cantilever (high resolution noncontact "GOLDEN" Silicon Canti-levers NSG-11, NT-MDT, tip diameter 5-10 nm; Zelenograd, Moscow, Russia) with stiffness about 40 Nm -1 and a resonance frequency around 150 kHz. Briefly, mPEG-TK-MPH dispersed in water at a selected concentration of 0. 7 mg/ml, was deposited onto mica surface on a freshly cleaved mica disk (1 cm x 1 cm); 2 min after the deposition, the water excess was removed using blotting paper. The AFM topographical image, representing the amplitude of the vibrations of the cantilever, was obtained with a scan rate of 1 Hz and processed using a ProScan Data Acquisition software.
Cytotoxicity Studies of ROS-Responsive and Non-ROS-Responsive Prodrugs on C6 GBM and DI TNC1 Astrocytes Cells The cytotoxicity of mPEG-TK-MPH and mPEG-MPH prodrugs on C6 cells was evaluated by acquiring cell index vs. time data in real-time, using the xCELLigence RTCA MP instrument (ACEA Biosciences). The experiments were carried out on 16 well E-Plates (ACEA Biosciences), which were coated with poly-l-lysine (PLL). After coating, plates were seeded with C6 or DI TNC1 cells (2 x 10 4 cells/ml) and put into xCELLigence RTCA MP instrument station, where cell index vs. time curves were recorded. After 24 h of cell seeding, the plates were removed from the instrument, the culture medium was renewed, and cells treated with mPEG-TK-MPH and mPEG-MPH prodrugs at an equivalent concentration of MPH of 11 µM (reported MPH IC50 on C6 cells at 48 h of treatment  (Kupczyk-Subotkowska et al.
, 1997) ). Cells were also treated with free MPH and mPEG-TK-COOH (control). Immediately after the addition of the compounds, the plates were put back into XCELLigence station, and the cell index was measured every 5 min up to 48 h. At the end of the experiment, the data were analyzed using the RTCA Data Analysis Software 1. 0. The cell index of all treated groups and control groups were normalized to 1 at the time point where the treatment started; normalized cell index vs. time curves were considered for data analysis.
mPEG-TK-MPH and mPEG-MPH Synthesis and Characterization Both prodrugs (mPEG-TK-MPH and control mPEG-MPH) (Schemes 1A, B) were obtained as a pale-yellow powder, with product yields over 90% (94 and 93%, respectively). The absence of free MPH, and thus the purity of both prodrugs was confirmed by RP-HPLC (data not shown). The MPH content of mPEG-TK-MPH and mPEG-MPH prodrugs was 56. 3 ± 1. 1 mg/mg and 63. 6 ± 4. 9 mg/mg, respectively. 1 H NMR spectra of either of the prodrugs show the presence of chemical shifts ascribed to protons pertaining to the benzenic group of MPH (6. 69 and 7. 09 ppm) (Figures  1A, B  and Figure  S2 ). In addition, the chemical shift ascribed to the methyl group protons of TK (1. 58 ppm) in the mPEG-TK-MPH spectrum can be observed. The mean molecular weight of mPEG-TK-MPH and mPEG-MPH prodrugs, obtained by MALDI TOF, were 5374.
FUNDING NO was supported by  PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. The authors thank  Sarah Hudson  and  Dr. Edel Durack  from  Biopoint, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick  for the MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry measurements. AG acknowledges networking support by the  University of Limerick Cancer Network (ULCaN). This work was additionally supported by the  French national research agency (ANR)  through the  LabEx IRON < < Innovative Radiopharmaceuticals in Oncology and Neurology>>  as part of the  French government "Investissements d'Avenir" program  ( ANR-11-LABX-0018 ) and related to: i) the  ANR  and  Italian Ministry of Health  under the frame of  EuroNanoMed III  (project  GLIOSILK ), ii) to the PL-BIO 2014-2020  INCa  ( Institut National du Cancer ) consortium MARENGO < < MicroRNA agonist and antagonist Nanomedicines for Glioblastoma treatment: from molecular programmation to preclinical validation>>, and iii) to the  MuMoFRaT  project  < < Multi-scale Modeling  & simulation of the response to hypo-Fractionated Radiotherapy or repeated molecular radiation Therapies>> supported by " La Reǵion Paysde-la-Loire " and by the  Canceŕopole Grand-Ouest  (Vectorization, imaging and radiotherapies network).
This work was also supported by the  NanoFar program <<European doctorate in nanomedicine and pharmaceutical innovation>> (Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate)  funded by  EACEA  and by the  NanoFar+ program  <<International strategy>> funded by " La region des pays de la Loire". Moreover , the work was supported by  MAECI  GRANT  PGR00819  "Nanomedicine for BBB-crossing in CNS oncologic pathologies" and  COST Action CA 17140 "Cancer Nanomedicine  from the  Bench  to the Bedside" supported by  COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). This work was also partially supported by Por Fesr 2014-2020  Regione Emilia-Romagna , Asse 1, Azione 1. 2. 2, Mat2Rep  Project.
Electrical Properties Hall-effect measurements were performed to investigate the electrical properties of the ZnO thin films. The data of electrical resistivity (ρ), Hall mobility (µH) and carrier concentration (ne) at room temperature are listed in Table  2. We noticed that the electrical parameters are dependent on the co-doping concentration. The origin of carriers in our films comes from both intrinsic donors such as lattice defects (oxygen vacancies and metal atoms in interstitial positions) and extrinsic doping due to the substitution of RE 3+ for Zn 2+ in ZnO matrix. A free hole will be produced for each substitution of Zn by Yb or Tb, which will contribute to the electrical conduction as free carriers. Using Hall Effect measurements, the films were found to be n-type semiconductor.
The frames were integrated with the Bruker SAINT software package using a narrow-frame algorithm. 19 The integration of the data using a trigonal unit cell yielded a total of 16 084 reflections to a maximum θ angle of 47. 28°9 (0. 48 Å resolution), of which 343 were independent (average redundancy 46. 892, completeness = 98. 8%, R int = 6. 97%, R sig = 1. 36%) and 338 (98. 54%) were greater than 2σ(F 2 ). The final cell constants of a = 3. 3750(3) Å, b = 3. 3750(3) Å, c = 25. 590(3) Å, volume = 252. 43(5) Å 3 are based upon the refinement of the XYZ centroids of 9709 reflections above 20 σ(I) with 4. 778°< 2θ < 94. 07°. Data were corrected for absorption effects using the Numerical Mu from Formula method (SADABS). 20 The calculated minimum and maximum transmission coefficients (based on crystal size) are 0.
Nitrogen Adsorption: BET Specific Surface Measurement Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K were recorded on a step-by-step automatic home-built set-up. Pressures were measured using 0-1000 and 0-100,000 Pa Baratron-type pressure sensors provided by Edwards. The nitrogen saturation pressure was recorded in situ using an independent 0-100,000 Pa Baratron-type pressure sensor provided by Edwards. Prior to adsorption, the samples were outgassed overnight at 110 • C and under a residual pressure of 0. 01 Pa. Nitrogen N55 (purity >99. 9995%) used for experiments was provided by Alphagaz (France). Specific surface areas (SSAs) were determined from adsorption data by applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation and using 16. 3 Å 2 for the cross-sectional area of nitrogen. The error in the determination of the SSA was estimated as +/-1 m 2 /g.
However, as the equilibrium must be fulfilled in mean, a mechanical balance shows that the compressive hydrostatic pressure in recovered martensite is about 200 MPa. Neglecting these internal stresses in the undeformed state is the principal oversight made by Zhang et al. [24]. From ortho-equilibrium thermodynamic calculations at 715 • C, the steel is expected to contain solely ferrite and austenite. Calculations were made with CEQCSI software (Chemical EQuilibrium Calculation for Steel Industry), which is an ArcelorMittal in-house-built thermodynamic equilibrium calculation software (no commercial version available). According to these calculations, the fraction of retained austenite is supposed to be 47% and the local composition of manganese and of carbon is 6. 2 wt. % and 0. 39 wt. %, respectively.
The Rietveld method consists of modelling a theoretical line profile based on radio-crystallographic parameters until it matches the measured experimental profile. The convergence procedure follows a least-squares method. Pseudo-Voigt functions were chosen to approximate the characteristic diffraction peaks of each phase. During the refinement procedure, two body-centered cubic (BCC) phases and one face-centered cubic (FCC) phase were considered respectively for the ferritic matrix, strain-induced martensite, and the austenite. Diffractograms were refined with Fullprof software in a 2θ range from 2. 5 • to 10 • , with θ the Bragg angle, including the {110}α, {200}α, {211}α, {220}α, {310}α, and {222}α peaks for BCC phases (space group I m3m) and the {111}γ, {200}γ, {220}γ, {311}γ, {222}γ, {400}γ, and {331}γ peaks for FCC phase (space group F m-3m).
Sin 2 ψ Analysis The in situ evolution of 3D stress tensor of the phases has been determined with the sin 2 ψ method  [40]. Only the strain in ferrite (BCC) and austenite (FCC) were directly determined. In fact, as the peaks of strain-induced martensite were found in the shoulders of the ferritic matrix peak, it was not possible to determine the strain in this phase with a good accuracy (Figure  2 ). The normal vector of a plane is defined according to two angles ψ and ϕ, ψ being the angle between RD and the normal vector, ϕ being the angle between TD and the projection of the normal vector in the TD and ND planes. To construct a sin 2 ψ curve, partial integration of 2D diffraction pattern is done with pyFAI software. The area of integration is composed of a sector centered on an azimuthal angle χ with a small aperture (4 • in this study) and another sector centered on χ + 180 • (the diametrically opposed sector).
Acknowledgments: A special thanks is dedicated to the team of the P-07 line. Their expertise was much appreciated and widely contributed to the success of the study. The  Laboratory of Excellence on Design of Alloy Metals for low-mass Structures (Labex DAMAS)  from the  Université de Lorraine (France)  and the i- SITE Lorraine Université d'Excellence program  (LUE) are also fully acknowledged for their support.
Then, 100 μl (10 5 CT26 murine cells) was injected into the inguinal lymph node of each mouse after anesthetizing the mice with 2% isoflurane in oxygen with mechanical ventilation for 15 min. The position of the inguinal lymph node is described in the supplementary data Fig. S2. For the nude mice whose immune system was inhibited, 100 μl (10 6 OVCAR-3 human cells) was injected subcutaneously. Mice were monitored for 2 to 3 weeks to check the development of the tumor nodules. Once the nodule grew to approximately 0. 4 cm, implantation of the films was performed either with a control film where no drug was loaded or with carboplatin deposited on the film.
Statistical study 1. Tumors from both groups (treated and control) were measured on the day of implantation, T1, and on the day of sample collection, T2. The standard error and the average absolute deviation were calculated, and the values were compared to study the increasing size of both the control and treated groups. 2. Five zones were randomly selected after Immunohistochemical coloration IHC and SEM for the cell adhesion measurement via counting cells in both the treated and control zones. A nonparametric (Mann-Whitney) test was performed with Graph-Pad Software. P-values under 0. 05 were considered significant.
Histochemical analysis The fixed samples were embedded in paraffin, and slides were produced (4 μm) and colored by hematoxylineosin-saffron according to classical methods in the anatomopathological laboratory (Lariboisiere Hospital). In parallel, the slides from the OVCAR-3 tumors were stained by antibodies coupled with peroxidase using a Benchmark Ultra apparatus (Roche, Ventana, Tucson, Arizona, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The antibodies used for the immunohistochemistry were as follows: E-cadherin, cytokeratin, Ki67 and beta-catenin (Glostrup, Denmark, and Carpinteria-California, USA). The slides were studied and pictures were taken by Leitz (Diaplan) microscopy with a Nikon Coolpix 995 apparatus (Japan). The necrotic zones were measured by ImageJ software.
Acknowledgements The Re gion and the  Eu ro pean Union  sup port the pro ject  <CPER BA TI MENT DURABLE. Axis 2 MADUR Pro ject: High -performance build ing ma te ri als low en vi ron men tal im pact, sus tain able and re -silient> within the frame work of the « Op er a tional Pro gram FEDER/ FSE 2015 -2020 » and En ergy sav ing cer tifi cate pro gram of the  French Min istry of Eco log i cal and Sol i dar ity Tran si tion "SmartReno Sup port "  2019 -2021.
Electrochemical measurements All experiments were carried out at RT with a BioLogic VSP potentiostat and a classical three-electrode cell. Pure copper, platinum foil and saturated calomel electrode (SCE, E = +0. 244 V/SHE at 25 °C) were used as working, counter and reference electrodes, respectively. The open-circuit potential (OCP) was monitored continuously except during voltammetry and EIS experiments. The EIS measurements were carried out after 24 h of immersion in the solution. Impedance diagrams were obtained over a frequency range of 100 kHz to 10 mHz with ten points per decade using a 10 mV peak-topeak sinusoidal voltage. Electrical equivalent circuits were used to obtain a maximum of information from the impedance data, and the experimental spectra were fitted with EC-Lab software (Bio-Logic).
Acknowledgements We thank  EMFL-LNCMI Toulouse  for experimental time allocation (Proposal EuroMagnet  GSO27-210 ) and  G. Ballon -LNCMI -Toulouse. Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the  Brazilian agencies CAPES ,  CNPq  (Grants  465259/2014-6 ,  202340/2015-5 ,  400849/2016-0 ,  305796/2016-0  and  422740/2018-7 ),  INCT-FCx  (Grant  2014/50983-3 ) and  FAP-DF  (Grants  0193. 001569/2017  and  0193. 001376/2016 ).
The crystalline phases identification was done using the ICDD database and quantification was estimated by Rietveld refinement using TOPAS  [35]. The crystallites size (τ) was calculated according to the weighted Scherrer formula. The amount of Al incorporated into the Mg matrix (xAl, occupancy) was estimated from the relationship between cell parameter and solubility established by ref  [36]. Particles size data are expressed as number distribution (d90). Note that d90 corresponds to the maximum diameter of 90% of the particles. Before any analysis, the obtained powder was passed through a sieve of 200 µm, unless no powder was contained in the product of ball milling. Throughout this work, the materials will be named as follows: -Mg alloy mh: Mg alloy milled for m hours, -Mg alloy + X mh: Mg alloy milled with 5 wt.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the  AZM & Saade Association , the  Lebanese University, MINCyT-ECOS-SUD  (project number  A17A03 ),  CONICET  ( PIP 0610 ) and  Universidad Nacional de Cuyo  ( 06/C602 ). Authors also thank  Lisea Carbone foundation  for financial support and also  Fondation Bordeaux Université  ( Mr Adrien Le Léon  and  Mrs Iryna Danylyshyna ) for valuable help on administrative duty. Bernardo Pentke  is acknowledge for his assistance with the scanning electron microscope and  Marie-Anne Dourges  for the analysis of Mg alloy waste by  ICP.