dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
| Effective project planning In October 2019, a workshop involving the twelve members of the pan-European O-Health-Edu working group (international experts in OHP education, from seven different European countries and with a range of European first languages) was held to map out the scope and structure of the glossary and establish a workflow for its creation. During this workshop, it was agreed that the development work should result in an updatable online resource that is freely available to all interested parties. Initially, the glossary, developed in English, should include terms required to provide clarity and better understanding for questions written to collect data regarding OHP education in Europe as well as other core terms used in OHP education. A literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar using the terms "glossary," "lexicon" or "dictionary" to identify relevant articles describing methodology for creation of a glossary.
| Determination of fitness for purpose of the glossary Since one of the purposes of the glossary was to increase understanding of the terms used to describe educational activities in the planned O-Health-Edu European survey of OHP education, relevant definitions were repeatedly tested by the working group and a small group of external colleagues in the context of the draft questionnaire. This process led to changes being made to both the glossary and the questionnaire itself to ensure as high a degree of clarity as possible. At this stage, in preparation for dissemination, the glossary was named "ARTICULATE-a glossary of terms used in OHP education. " A logo was created, and the terms were entered into an online database as a prelude to creation of the digital resource and frontfacing web service.
final adjustment resulting from the first consultation exercises, all terms were entered into the database serving the online resource. Graphics consistent with the previous O-Health-Edu outputs were created, and a random word generator was added to the ARTICULATE home page in order to make the glossary more inviting and engaging. Feedback forms were embedded to allow users to provide comments and suggestions about specific individual terms or to suggest new terms for inclusion. A variety of potential stakeholders with an interest in OHP education were informed of the launch of ARTICULATE and asked to review and provide feedback: the Federation of European Dental Competent Authorities and Regulators (FEDCAR), the Council of European Dentists (CED), the European Dental Students' Association (EDSA), the Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE), the American Dental Education Association (ADEA), the Brazilian Dental Association (ABENO) and EU representation by way of, the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA) and the European Dental Hygienists' Federation (EDHF).
Following final adjustment resulting from the first consultation exercises, all terms were entered into the database serving the online resource. Graphics consistent with the previous O-Health-Edu outputs were created, and a random word generator was added to the ARTICULATE home page in order to make the glossary more inviting and engaging. Feedback forms were embedded to allow users to provide comments and suggestions about specific individual terms or to suggest new terms for inclusion. A variety of potential stakeholders with an interest in OHP education were informed of the launch of ARTICULATE and asked to review and provide feedback: the Federation of European Dental Competent Authorities and Regulators (FEDCAR), the Council of European Dentists (CED), the European Dental Students' Association (EDSA), the Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE), the American Dental Education Association (ADEA), the Brazilian Dental Association (ABENO) and EU representation by way of, the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA) and the European Dental Hygienists' Federation (EDHF).
Methods We have carried out a retrospective study based on files collected over a 16-year period from January 2000 to December 2016, including all patients admitted to the emergency room and intensive care unit of CHU de Martinique (Martinique University Hospital Center) for acute Rubigine ® poisoning. Patients admitted to the emergency room and intensive care unit of CHU de Martinique, with a primary or secondary diagnosis of acute Rubigine ® poisoning, were selected from the files of the Medicinal Information Department (Département d'Information Médicale-DIM) using the Centaure software of SAMU 972 (the dedicated Medical Rescue Team of the CHU de Martinique). The data collected from the files were grouped into several areas of focus: demographic and epidemiological characteristics, characteristics of the poisoning, clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics, biological characteristics, and care data.
Statistical Analysis The data are presented in the form of median (25th-75th percentiles) for quantitative data or percentages for qualitative data. A univariate analysis was carried out using Mann-Whitney tests for quantitative data and Fisher's tests for qualitative data. A multivariate analysis by logistic regression was carried out. A p-value of less than 0. 05 was considered significant. The statistical analysis was performed using JMP Statistical software (SAS).
We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of AI in interpreting lateral cervical spine x-rays in trauma. Methods: From our PACS database, we identified 924 cervical spine X-rays and CT scans from 2015-2020 in patients aged 18-45. Images were exported in a standardized format and annotated with 31 descriptors. A separate deep neural network (DNN) was trained on each descriptor to predict whether that pathology was present, but not exactly where on the X-ray the pathology occurred. Results: The dataset was unbalanced, most labels having less than 10% positive examples. The preliminary results from looking only at fracture pathology on lateral views, found 14. 18% positive examples. The DNN achieved a sensitivity of 68%, specificity 84% and accuracy of 79%. In comparison, radiologists with 5 years' experience achieve sensitivity 89.
6%, specificity 87. 8% and accuracy of 88. 5% using 3 trauma x-ray views. Conclusion: Preliminary results observed for the fracture pathology were promising in terms of accuracy and precision, however the recall was low. Data imbalance of negative x-rays made it harder for DNN to learn positive cases. Our results were based on single lateral views only, often poor quality, and on incomplete LODOX ® images which speaks to the potential power of machine learning in assessing x-rays. We plan to improve the recall by weighting the true positives significance in the deep neural networks as well as incorporating a significantly larger unlabeled dataset for semi-supervised learning. Take Home Message: Artificial Intelligence is here to stay and can be expected to initially augment and eventually replace human radiological interpretation with superior qualitative and quantitative results.
| Reproducibility An interobserver reproducibility test between the two examiners for the diagnosis of MIH defects was carried out on 30 photographed cases presenting with different severities of MIH and varied dental anomalies. The diagnostic criteria of EAPD were used, and the recording of data was based on the method of Ghanim et al. 2, 10  The scoring of MIH using digital images had been validated previously. 11 This test consisted of a variety of 15 cases of MIH and 15 cases of different enamel defects or dental anomalies (fluorosis, carious lesions, amelogenesis imperfecta, hypomineralised lesions with a traumatic origin and dentinogenesis imperfecta). Cohen's Kappa coefficient was used to measure the agreement between the two observers, which can range from -1 (total disagreement) to 1 (perfect agreement).
| Data collection Hypomineralised defect distribution, lesion colour, atypical restorations, atypical carious lesions and extracted molars due to hypomineralisation were recorded. The lesions were classified according to the affected surfaces (vestibular, occlusal and palatal/lingual), colour (white, creamy and yellow/brown) and the relative surface area (<1/3, 1/3-2/3, >2/3 of the affected tooth surface). Lesions <1 mm in diameter were excluded. These criteria are associated with EAPD codes A, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, I, II and III. 10  If two colours were present, the darker was recorded. Overall, MIH was defined as severe if at least one FPM was severely affected (i. e. , with a yellow/ brown defect). A child was considered to have a severe HSPM if they had at least one SPM with a yellow-brown opacity.
| Statistical analysis Cohen's Kappa coefficients were calculated with the R statistical software (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria). An odds ratio, with a 95% confidence interval, was calculated to test the association between HSPM and MIH, using the MedCalc Statistical software version 18. 5 (MedCalc Software Ltd. ). For other parametric and nonparametric tests, the Statistica version 12 software (Statsoft®) was used. The Mann-Whitney U-test (nonparametric test) and McNemar's test for paired sample (chi-squared test) were used to identify the differences in the severity of MIH and the number of affected teeth as well as the association of hypomineralisation defects between the primary and permanent dentition according to data normality.
Information Sources A systematic search of electronic databases and grey literature was conducted using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms: schizophrenia, oropharyngeal microbiota, oropharyngeal microbiome, neuroinflammation, and dysbiosis. Searches were conducted using the following search engines: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar. In addition, PsycINFO database and Cochrane database were also searched as they are particularly relevant to the review topic of the link between oropharyngeal microbiome and schizophrenia in dysbiosis-related neuroinflammation. Search dates were not limited. To ensure saturation of the literature, we also reviewed reference lists of included studies or relevant reviews identified by the search.
Ethical considerations The "Playdent" project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Paris (IRB: 00012020-104) and was registered under ref: NCT05348018 (https://clinicaltrials. gov). The research followed the ethical principles of the Helsinki declaration and Good Clinical Practices. In application of the French law of January 6, 1978, relative to information technology, the research has been reported to the national data protection agency (CNIL). The reporting of data followed the CONSORT guidelines.
SGs were thus based on the interactivity between the student and virtual patients (choice of sentences, completing challenges with a quiz, open and closed questions) and offered the possibility for the student to position himself as a healthcare professional in simulated meetings with virtual patients. Thus, players/students easily observed the consequences of their actions including diagnostic failure, or patients' reactions (such as leaving the consultation, visible sadness or anger) ascertaining with a low psychological cost. The three SGs were developed via Virtual Training Studio R software (Serious Factory, France). Each SG was set without any scoring mechanism related to the student's success but gave rise to comments presented either with positive/negative feedback icons ("thumbs up"/"thumbs down") or with feedback aligned with learning objectives.
Each SG was created in order to be played for 20 to 30 minutes. SGs were finally transferred in a SCORM package format to the institutional Moodle platform dedicated to the complete denture courses. During the second semester, the three SGs were proposed after the lectures related to the clinical and complementary examination of edentulous patients, available during a 4-week period (either during February 2021 or May 2021) on the institutional Moodle platform. Their presentation was configurated as repeatable as many times as desired by the student (Figure  1 ). Before beginning to play, objectives were detailed for each SG to the students. They were also informed that additional resources (i. e. , invoices, medications, Vidal R dictionary, old dentures, X-rays) were available during the game by clicking on a briefcase icon.
2. 5 Data collection Each PCF was set up so that each student gradually answered the questions without being able to go back to previous questions. Scores were calculated for each test ranging from 0 (no correct answer) to 15 (100% correct answers). Such a format evaluates the clinical reasoning implemented by the students. 25 The first test (Test 1) was proposed after the lectures dedicated to the clinical examination (including the reason for consultation and patient's expectations analysis, medical history and medications, examination of temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication, saliva, supporting tissues including soft tissues and alveolar ridges) and complementary examinations (panoramic X-ray analysis) of edentulous patients. The second test (Test 2) was proposed immediately after the completion of SGs by the "test" group (Figure  1 ).
Data analysis Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS software for Windows version 11. 5, SPSS R , Chicago). A descriptive analysis of the data related to the tests and the satisfaction questionnaire was first carried out (means and standard deviation, distribution, and frequency of responses). The research hypotheses posed to the data were that playing SGs modifies the students' performance assessed by two tests. The required sample size was estimated from a previous study that compared the knowledge of students watching a clinical video recording of the three-step etch-and-rinse resin bonding system to those using an interactive dental video game (IDVG) teaching the same procedure (21). In this trial, Amer et al. (21) observed a mean ± SD = 8. 34 ± 1.
Search Strategy The search strategy was developed based on the PICO reporting system (Table  1 ). A structured electronic search for articles published in English was conducted up to and including 10 April 2022 using the electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus and Web of Science. The keyword "silicone" was intentionally removed from the research outcome, being already described as a poor, detrimental material for bone repair  [33]. Thus, all siliconebased approaches were excluded from the research scope. Additional articles complemented the electronic search after manually screening the list of references of all publications selected. The searches were re-run just before the final analyses to retrieve the most recent studies eligible for inclusion.
Screening Methods and Data Extraction All references were imported into a Zotero database. After eliminating the duplicated ones, references were exported to an Excel sheet to perform the screening phases. The articles were selected by two reviewers (NT and OK) working independently. The selection was performed in two phases, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria: (1) title/abstract screening,  (2)  full-text screening. The two lists of selected references were then compared and all disagreements were resolved by discussion, or, if persistent, by a third reviewer (RD). Prioritized exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) during title/abstract screening, no application in bone regeneration, reviews, in vitro or ex vivo studies, clinical trials, cases reports, no silica-based material ink, (2) during full-text screening, no relevant outcome measure reported, no control group.
For eligible studies that matched with inclusion criteria, full text was screened to extract data by two reviewers using the data extraction form and was summarized in the form of Excel-based extraction tables. Data were extracted from text, tables and graphs. Extraction information included but was not limited to: data for evidence synthesis (study design, animal model, intervention of interest, primary and secondary outcomes), as well as information required for assessment of study quality and assessment of risk of bias. In case of missing data, the corresponding authors were contacted via email. Any disagreement between reviewers was resolved by discussion with the third reviewer (RD).
Science Mapping Analysis Science mapping analysis of scientific domains was performed from the list of included articles by using keyword co-occurrence networking on VOSviewer (free software, version 1. 6. 18, Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2022). Network analysis of the keywords was generated from the matrix of retrieved papers  [34]  (threshold value at 4). The terms-document matrix allowed to measure document similarities between clusters of topics.
(silic*[Title/Abstract]) AND (print*[Title/Abstract]) AND (bone[Title/Abstract])) NOT (silicone[Title/Abstract]) AND ((in vivo[Title/Abstract]) Scopus: (TITLE-ABS-KEY (silic* AND print* AND bone AND NOT silicone) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (in AND vivo)) Web of Science: silic* (Topic) AND print* (Topic) AND bone (Topic) NOT silicone (Topic) AND in vivo (Topic) Language English Electronic databases MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web Of Science The following search combination was used: PubMed: ((silic*[Title/Abstract]) AND (print*[Title/Abstract]) AND (bone[Title/Abstract])) NOT (silicone[Title/Abstract]) AND ((in vivo[Title/Abstract]) Scopus: (TITLE-ABS-KEY (silic* AND print* AND bone AND NOT silicone) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (in AND vivo)) Web of Science: silic* (Topic) AND print* (Topic) AND bone (Topic) NOT silicone (Topic) AND in vivo (Topic).
Inclusion criteria All articles presenting the outcomes of denosumab used in the treatment of ABC were screened. To be included in the study, they must report demographic data (age, sex) of the patient, location of the ABC, all management of the tumor, all relapses, the delay of recurrence and the precise regimen of denosumab administration. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f p. 7 PubMed, Cochrane library databases and Google scholar search software were used to identify all relevant publications. Articles including « denosumab » AND « aneurysmal bone cyst » terms were initially selected. Papers references were also manually reviewed.
Data extraction Demographic, clinical and tumour characteristics were extracted. Outcomes of denosumab therapy were defined as pain improvement defined as diminished pain measured using any valid method or as reported by the patient. If initially present, improvement or not of neurological symptoms using any valid measure method or as reported by the patient. If available, radiological results (such as ossification and volume reduction), histological examination after denosumab were extracted. As well as recurrence and delay of recurrence. The data extracted about denosumab were: precise dosage, any pre denosumab management, duration of denosumab, recurrence after or under denosumab, any adverse event due to denosumab, duration of follow-up. Data are reported raw and further divided in two broad categories, on the one hand patients aged under 15 years old (paediatric population), on the other hand patients older than 15 years old (adult population).
In Egypt, until 2013, epidemiologic data about the nationwide prevalence of oral diseases was insufficient and scattered, thus thorough investigations were needed to estimate the effects of multiple determinants on their incidence. The current study had a two-fold objective: i) estimating the prevalence of dental caries in permanent dentition of Egyptians, and ii) investigating potential oral health determinants that contribute to the increased risk of caries experience. We hypothesize that specific contextual and socioeconomic factors would influence caries experience in permanent dentition among Egyptians.
Study sample For the population-based survey, the sample size was calculated according to Egypt's Census dataset of 2013, provided by the Egyptian Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). Accordingly, 10,144 participants-of which 53% resided in urban areas-were included in the final survey to yield a 95% confidence level, a sample power of 99. 32%, and a marginal error of 0. 68%. The survey design included a stratified multistage cluster random sampling approach. Sampling took place in three stages based on the Egyptian administrative divisions. Egypt is geographically divided into four regions; Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, Desert/Frontier and Civilized regions comprising a total of 27 governorates. Each governorate is further divided into rural and urban areas except for five governorates which include only urban areas.
Study variables To test study hypothesis, we investigated the effect of potential determinants on the participants' caries experience using two individual-level dental outcomes: a) past caries experience indicated by the cumulative Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index score; b) untreated caries lesions indicated by the number of decayed teeth (DT component of the index). Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, and place of residence (rural/urban) using a structured questionnaire in simple Arabic language. In the case of minors, the questionnaire was answered by guardians instead. Educational attainment; a combined variable (hereinafter referred to as educational level) comprising the educational level of adults and the paternal educational level of minors was used as an indicator of socioeconomic position (SEP), and included the following categories: analphabetic, high school or less, and two-year academy, college or above.
Data collection was carried out by 20 investigators recruited from the MOHP and the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. All investigators partook in a five-day training session on the examination procedures. Multiple calibrations were performed during data collection where investigators examined the same sample of individuals and variability among examiners was assessed. Inter-examiner reliability was deemed satisfactory at kappa values of 0. 75 or greater  [13].
Statistical analysis Unweighted data analysis was performed using IBM1 SPSS1 (SPSS Inc. , IBM Corporation, NY, USA) Statistics Version 19 for Windows with a significance level of P < 0. 05. Descriptive statistics were performed to determine caries prevalence in different population groups. Mean scores, standard deviations (SD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were reported for the overall DMFT index score as well as for all index categories separately across the entire study sample and unpaired t-test or one way ANOVA test were used to compare between mean values. Multivariable logistic regression models were created for past caries experience (all DMFT index components) and untreated disease (DT index component) for which the odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI were estimated as measures of association.
Acknowledgements This work would not be possible without the contributions of many individuals. The authors would like to extend their sincere thanks to Associate  Professor Dr. Amany Khalifa ,  Former Head of Central administration of Dentistry , MOHP for her dedicated support and cooperation. Our deepest appreciation goes to the late  Dr. Tarek Abdel Aziz El Mokadem ,  Former Head of Central administration of Dentistry, MOHP  and promoter of Egypt's national oral health project. Data acquisition and analysis were performed by  Nagy Research CRO.