dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Analyses will be conducted through Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES)  38  in order to quantify both trace and major elemental composition of the samples. The compositional analyses from this production site will be compared by applying a specific methodology based on the determination of chemical signatures and statistical data processing. 39  This method will finally allow us to highlight any variation in chemistry in space and time on the site, as well as variations linked to the use of different types of ores and/or the implementation of various reduction processes. It will also help us to hypothesize the nature of the metal (iron or steel) locally produced. On a more general level, these data will feed a reference database in order to improve current knowledge on the iron production and exchange or distribution of iron products in the region but also more widely in Southeast Asia for this period.
Acknowledgements. Earlier versions of this article have been presented at EISA's 2021 Pan-European Conference (Section: Authority and the  Making of International Facts: Symbolic Orders, Expertise and Imaginaries)  and the WISC workshop 'Conceptualizing History/Historizing Concepts' in June 2022. We would like to thank the organizers and participants for their valuable feedback, especially  Pınar Bilgin ,  Zeynep Gülşah Çapan ,  Benjamin Herborth ,  Monica Herz ,  Oliver Kessler ,  Ole Jacob Sending , and  Karen Smith. We are also grateful to the editors and three anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. All errors and omissions are our own. The authors of this article have contributed equally.
Data reduction was performed by BATS software (version 47)  20. The first few scans were discarded to eliminate possible contamination of the target with ambient atmosphere between target pressing and AMS measurement. Radiocarbon ages were calculated from F 14 C 21 , which is corrected for blank and isotopic fractionation for the samples and only isotopic fractionation for blank values. Measurement parameters such as  12  C current and  13  CH current were checked. Time, current and isobar corrections were made prior to validation. Normalisation, correction for fractionation and background corrections were applied for each individual run by measuring the oxalic acid II NIST standard, its  13  C/  12  C ratio and the chemical blanks. The standard deviation of the blanks is generally less than 10% but an overestimated standard deviation of 30% is imposed to the blank value, in order to take into account a potential variability of the contaminant which could be added during the sample preparation analysed.
Both the first and second gelatinisation solutions were digested with 0. 4 μg/μL trypsin and incubated at 37 °C overnight. The trypsin was then stopped by acidifying the samples to 0. 1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and the samples were desalted using C18 zip tips (Pierce™). Samples were analysed in duplicate or triplicate with 1 μL of sample mixed with 1 μL of matrix solution [α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA)] on a Bruker ground steel MALDI plate and analysed using a Bruker Ultraflex III Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF-MS). Resulting spectra were averaged and analysed using mMass software  23  and compared against a database of known species  [24] [25] [26] [27]. The second variation involved a double gelatinisation step, in which bone powder samples (20-40 mg) were placed in 200 μL of AmBic at room temperature for 8 h on a shaker or with intermittent vortexing, then gelatinised for 30 min at 65 °C.
Acknowledgements We thank  Xavier Gallet  and  Matthieu Lebon  for enabling the FTIR-ATR analyses at the plateau  de Spectroscopie Infrarouge of the plateforme analytique du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris) ,  Christine Bastard  ( Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France ) for sharing the museum glue, and  Denis Fiorillo  ( SSMIM, Service de Spectrométrie de Masse Isotopique du Muséum ) for executing the stable isotope analyses. We thank the  Musée d' Archéologie Nationale in Saint-Germain-en-Laye  for enabling us to study and sample the objects from Isturitz. We would like to thank both the  Centre for Excellence in Mass Spectrometry, University of York , and the  Laboratori de Proteòmica CSIC-UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , for access to their respective Bruker Ultraflex III MALDI-TOF-MS.
Site Types and Distribution The overview presented above serves to contextualise the preliminary settlement and land use patterns we recovered in the survey. Fig. 6  illustrates the sites recovered by the survey (over 80), supplemented by information from the Georgian national cultural heritage database (https://memkvidreoba. gov. ge/), by site-morphology. Notable, is the concentration of kurgans and small mounded sites in the lowest parts of the plain, with churches and fortified settlements predominating in the upper portion. In general, sites and activities attributed to the Chalcolithic period were predominately found in the lowest parts of the plain near the Alazani River. Characteristic ceramics include heavily mineraltempered fabrics, hole-mouth pots, jars with slightly outturned rims, so-called mangals and relief decorations (see Tonetto in  Rova et al.
Acknowledgements The survey was funded by  Ca' Foscari University of Venice (Fondo Ateneo Scavi Archeologici   2018  and 2019,  Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici) ,  Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale  ( Contributi missioni archeologiche ,  antropologiche e etnologiche italiane  all'estero 2018 and 2019) and a private sponsor ( Metamondo Tour Operator ). We'd like to thank the  Lagodekhi Museum, Lagodekhi Municipality , and all our project colleagues from  Georgia and Italy.
Acknowledgements I am deeply grateful to the staff of the  Husserl-Archives  who offered me the chance to present a first draft of this work in Leuven, and who allowed me to cite from Husserl's Nachlass. I would especially like to thank  Emanuela Carta ,  Julia Jansen ,  Emanuele Caminada ,  Vijole Valinskaitė ,  Thomas Vongehr ,  Valeria Bizzari ,  Sergio Pérez  and  Patrick Sy  for their very helpful feedback. I am also extremely thankful to  Thomas Fuchs , to  Ben Martin , to  Laure Boissat  and to the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on this paper. Finally, I would like to thank the editors for their helpfulness throughout the review process.
Immunochromatographic assay Immunochromatographic assays detected the PfHRP-2 (histidine rich protein-2) antigen specific to P. falciparum, the pLDH (lactate dehydrogenase) antigen specific to P. vivax, and the PAN-pLDH antigen common to all Plasmodium species (pan species) (ACRO Biotech, Inc. , Malaria, Montclair, CA, USA). Strips were extracted for quantitative reading using the FUSION FX chemiluminescent imaging system and the ImageQuant TL software (Witec AG, Sursee, Switzerland).
A sequencing blank was carried out throughout the preparation of the library as negative controls. A second sequencing run incorporated a selection of 14 individual aDNAs for NovaSeq TM 6000 (Illumina Inc. ) sequencing, after a library was prepared as mentioned above. Library pooling (3 nM) and denaturation were performed following standard protocol A from the NovaSeq 6000 System Denature and Dilute Libraries Guide (document #1000000106351 v03), with a 15-h sequencing run performed with a NovaSeq 6000 SP Reagent Kit (100 cycles) v1. 5 (Illumina, Inc. ) Pre-processing sequencing data was decontaminated using BBduk tools from Galaxy Europe online software (Galaxy) 1  by removing the sequencing blank data, after adapter trimming using CLC Genomics Workbench. Taxonomic assignment was then performed using Kraken2, which allowed for the rapid taxonomic classification of metagenomic data based on the k-mer approach, with standard database plus protozoa and fungi 2021-05  (36).
Kraken 2 results were then converted on Galaxy Europe with convert kraken data tools to translate the results of the Kraken metagenomic classifier to the full representation of NCBI taxonomy. Results were visualized with the Krona pie chart from the converted Kraken2 data. Data generated from the sequencing blank were analyzed using the same approach as a control, except they were decontaminated using BBduk tools. The same process was carried out with metagenomic datasets assembled with metaSPAdes on Galaxy Europe online software. We further investigated reads generated from NovaSeq TM 6000 instruments using a mapping approach against three reference genomes, P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae, using CLC Genomics Workbench software (version 7. 5) incorporating a 0. 95 similarity fraction, a 0.
8 length fraction, a deletion cost of 3, an insertion cost of 3, and a mismatch cost of 2. Mapped reads were then generated and blasted against the NCBI database to confirm their identity. The resulting reads were then decontaminated using BBduk tools from Galaxy Europe online software (Galaxy, see text footnote 1) by removing the blank sequencing data. The data has been deposited and is available on the European Nucleotide Archive website under the accession number PRJEB63329.
being different per sample, ranging from 12 to 176 reads. Regarding the classification of data after assembly by MetaSPades, Kraken2 taxonomic classification of the assembled runs after decontamination demonstrated a very low taxonomic assignment to Plasmodium sp. , ranging from one to four, with a maximum of eight assignments for sample T8 and no assignments for two samples, T35 and T18. Mapping against reference genomes Paleo-autoimmunohistochemistry of individual 18 slide incubated with paleoserum and observed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy using four wavelength lasers (405 nm, 448 nm, 561 nm, and 640 nm) and the brightfield. In red is the anti-Plasmodium antibody, in blue the nuclei stained using Hoechst 3342, and in green the Phalloidin stained actin. The merged picture combines all wave acquisitions adding Brightfield.
Microscopic observation was conducted expecting to visualize erythrocyte structures, including clusters of erythrocytes caused by dehydration. In the image, a structure corresponding to the size of an erythrocyte can be seen. The scale bar indicates 4,899 µm. resulted a number of reads between the samples and ranged from 5,450 to 208,185 reads (Supplementary Table  2 ). After decontamination, only 0. 26 to 1. 28% of mapped reads remained. To obtain the taxonomic assignation of the remaining mapped reads, we performed at first taxonomic classification using Kraken2, followed by a manual Blastn on NCBI with the standard databases of Plasmodium spp. assigned reads. Only three individuals showed indications for Plasmodium DNA after a manual Blastn check, while most mapped reads were taxonomically assigned to humans (Supplementary Table  2 ).
The fact that reference databases were incomplete further raised the risk of misreading bioinformatic information, and both false positive and false negative results, due to significant masking as a result of contamination, as is the case with Plasmodium gallinaceum 8A (62% masked), P. falciparum IT (57% masked), Plasmodium reichenowi CDC (55% masked), in which the masked pseudoreads were identified as corresponding to their host of origin  (46). The aDNA quality and the low quantity of generated reads from ancient samples add a further limitation for the diagnosis of malaria by metagenomics. These results support the conclusion reported by Loufouma et al. (45) , due to the difficulty of retrieving DNA-based Plasmodium indications, making it necessary to use other complementary diagnostic means, as used in this work, such as the detection of specific antigens and paleo-autoimmunohistochemistry.
Participants Ten unpaid and physically healthy participants (six males and four females; mean age = 20. 3, SD = 0. 80, between 19 and 21; BMI = 21. 72, SD = 2. 83) were recruited from a local university campus through adverts such as message postings in a social network application and emails to a database of possible participants who had registered their interest in user studies or had participated in other similar user studies within the university. Six of them had experience with VR HMDs, and four had interacted with the Rift S before. However, none of them were regular VR users. Two played exergames before, but none of them was a regular exergame player. They all declared to be physically fit and had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. We excluded participants who may suffer health risks from doing exercises through Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PARQ)  (Thomas et al.
À bien y regarder, considérer la synonymie comme le fondement du lexique revient à commettre l' erreur consistant à essayer de définir le sens d'un mot (par exemple prendre) en donnant un autre mot (par exemple saisir). Comme Gross (2012 : 12) l' écrit, cela équivaut à sélectionner arbitrairement le mot qui vient le plus spontanément à l' esprit. En revanche, si nous fournissons des arguments, par exemple, prendre un avion (<moyen de transport public>), prendre un chemin (<route>), prendre une aspirine (<médicament>), les sens du mot se manifestent clairement et ils peuvent être illustrés par des éventuels synonymes. Tout ensemble de synonymes (row, cf. Spark  Jones, 1986 : 79 ; synset, cf. Milner, 1998 : 24)  est un ensemble de mots. Si de tels ensembles peuvent être un moyen pratique pour organiser une base de données, ils ne peuvent pas être considérés comme les unités de base du lexique, car ils ne préexistent pas aux schémas prédicatifs, mais ils en sont des conséquences7.
Dissocier les ensembles de synonymes de leurs schémas prédicatifs est donc un peu comme se retrouver quelque part sans ne plus savoir exactement ni où on est ni comment on est arrivé là. C' est pourquoi toute liste de synonymes sans schéma prédicatif associé (cf. Spark  Jones, 1986 : 231-242)  reste toujours plus ou moins vague  (Gross, 1998 (Gross, : 104, 2012 : 86-87) : 86-87). En somme, espérer qu'une liste de synonymes puisse aider à identifier un sens précis revient à parier que cette liste n'identifie pas également des synonymes pour d'autres sens. Dans certaines limites, un tel pari peut être raisonnable, mais, comme on l'a vu au §4. 1, en principe, cela n' est pas du tout nécessaire. 7 WordNet est une base de données, un outil : il n'a donc pas l' engagement théorique de la théorie de Spark  Jones (1986)  qui l'inspire.
Materials Specimens of the anterior dentition of Early Pleistocene hippopotamuses (H. antiquus) from different European sites have been analysed (Table  S1 ; Figs. 1  and S1 ). These dental elements have been selected for analysis for the continuous growth of the anterior dentition throughout the life of the individuals, which allows the assessment of changes in the type of enamel secretion by ameloblasts at different stages of their life cycle, with a time resolution of few days  25. Moreover, preliminary observations of cases of dental hypoplasia in the postcanine dentition have not reported any remarkable cases of DEH. We have selected those samples of European localities dated to the late Early Pleistocene (i. e. , Late Villafranchian and Epivillafranchian), with an established presence of hippopotamuses and accessibility of data to the authors (either primary access or through the literature).
1 mm, Resolution: 0. 5 mm; Artec Eva, Precision: 0. 1 mm, Resolution: 0. 2 mm; Artec Space Spider, Precision: 0. 05 mm, Resolution: 0. 1 mm; Artec Micro, Precision: 0. 01 mm, Resolution: 0. 029 mm). All data were included in databases for individual observation, detailed analyses, and replicability of the evaluation (Tables  S1, S2  and S3 ). Sites where the sample was small, or in which the representation of pathologies was null or minimal, were evaluated only qualitatively. The prevalence of hypoplasia in samples from the Upper Valdarno sites and the post-Jaramillo layer of the Vallparadís Section was compared using descriptive statistics and qualitative characteristics (Figs. 3  and 4 ). The upper canines were selected for the quantitative comparison of the frequency of LEH episodes in those cases where a sequential pattern was detected, because their growth rates are approximately known in the living H.
amphibius  [25] [26] [27]. Frequency measurements were standardized as the measurement of the distance from the middle of one normal enamel attachment phase to the next, measuring from the most proximal part of the canine to the most distal, in 3D models using Meshlab software (Fig. S2 , Table  S2 ). For the comparison of the frequency of the LEH episodes between the samples from the Upper Valdarno and the post-Jaramillo Vallparadís Section, box plots of the individual measurements of each episode were made (Fig. 4 ). A statistical comparison of the differences between the frequencies of the two samples was carried out. Firstly, the normality of the samples was checked using the Shaphiro-Wilk test, observing that both the whole data (W = 0. 9455, p (normal) = 3. 512*10-5) and the samples of the Upper Valdarno (W = 0.
Acknowledgements We would especially like to thank the Editor  Annalisa Ferretti , and the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments, which have significantly improved this paper. J. M. -M. would like to thank the comments and suggestions by  Faysal Bibi  on an early version of the manuscript. We would like to thank the facilities provide by different curators namely,  Dr. J. M. Robles ,  Dr. A. Savorelli ,  Dr. L. Bellucci ,  Dr. E. Cioppi ,  Dr. L. Costeur ,  Dr. J. Quesada ,  Dr. D. Berthet ,  Dr. R. Portela-Miguez ,  Dr. J. Lesur ,  Dr. P. Pastor ,  Dr. Dr. A. Gravía ,  Dr. E. Robert  and  Dr. J. Rustioni. Research activity of D. F. and A. R. has been funded by  Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación ,  PID2021-122356NB-I00. D. F. is supported by the  Ayuda del Programa de Formación de Profesorado Universitario  ( FPU20/03389 ) and PhD student at the  Programa de Doctorado en Biología  at the  Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
IV. Data A. Presentation of the dataset Our sample includes all restaurants listed in the 2021 Swiss edition of the Gault&Millau (GM thereafter) restaurant guide. Together with the Michelin Red Guide, Gault&Millau is one of the most influential food guides and Switzerland's market-leading gastronomic and comprehensive guide. For each of the 811 restaurants included in the 2021 edition, we know its overall food quality score (from 12 to 20 points), location, cuisine type, and website. A brief, informative review is also provided for each rated restaurant. The author of the review is anonymous. Restricting the sample to only restaurants listed in this guide ensures that a specific criterion is followed to sort out Switzerland's many different food businesses. 1  We manually check whether the restaurant website contains a wine list, whether this includes price information, and whether it is available for download.
To answer this question, we collected wine list availability information for all restaurants in the 2021 Swiss edition of the Gault&Millau food guide. We complement this data by interviewing industry experts such as restaurateurs or sommeliers. Our findings show that high-end restaurants are less likely to disseminate wine information than lower-rated restaurants, suggesting that it is a voluntary rather than a random decision. High-end restaurants may keep their wine lists secret to maintain a competitive advantage, especially if they have skilled sommeliers who have established strong connections with wineries. Furthermore, the stronger the local competition, the less willing restaurant owners are to share their wine list with others. Cultural considerations also play a role, as restaurants in the German-speaking part of Switzerland are more prone to communicate their wines than in other parts of the country.
However, due to time constraints, we were only able to provide a database for 110 artefacts, which are summarized in table  8. Initial analysis shows that around 50% of the registered artefacts from the surface belong to the blade production system, while flakes, with approximately 24 specimens, account for 22% of the 110 registered artefacts (fig. 12 ). Only 5% of the artefacts were identified as flake cores, indicating that a portion of the production system was focused on flake production, although some of the flakes may also have been produced in the preparation phase of the blade cores. Furthermore, five bifaces or partially bifaces artefacts were discovered with these blades and registered (figs. [13] [14] [15] [16] ). These bifaces are made from local chert and are technologically distinct from the heavy bifaces discovered in Jabrin 1 (B004) or Jabrin 2 (B007).
Solution Analyses During limestone dissolution experiments, pH was measured in solution (apparatus 744 pH meter metrohm ® ). Ca and Si released in solution was measured using an ICP-OES (Spectroblue ® ). The detection limits for these elements were 0. 005 ppm. Biological activities in these experiments were followed using the measurement of consumption of glucose and the production of low molecular mass organic acids (LMMOAs) in solution. The glucose concentration was measured in 10 µL aliquot of the filtrate after addition of 1 mL of GOD-PAP (enzymatic kit, BioLabo). After 20 min, absorbance was measured at 520 nm (Genesys 10 UV scanning device ® ). The detection limit for glucose was 0. 1 ppm. According to the manufacturer's instructions, calibration curves were made to calculate the concentration of glucose (data not shown).
The symbols a, b, c, d and e correspond to the different groups of significance obtained by ANOVA 1 factor and by the Tukey test (p = 0. 05) on three replicates. The grey transparent band corresponds to the mean and standard deviation of abiotic control. In addition, a positive correlation between the percentage of Ca released and of glucose consumed has been highlighted (Figure  2A ) for both bacteria and fungi indicating a biological control of limestone weathering. LMMOAs were identified and quantified after 7 days (Figure  3  and Supplementary Data S2). Only oxalic, malonic, lactic, acetic, succinic, formic, glutaric and citric acids were quantified for experiments performed with bacteria. No correlation has been found between total LMMOAs and Ca released. Microbacteriums p. and Stenotrophomonas sp.
Biocolonisation Assessment A set of limestone samples representative of each experimental condition performed by bacterial and fungal strains was observed by SEM at the end of experiments (Supplementary Data S3). The observations show the presence of organic products on the limestone surface (Supplementary Data S3B-F) compared to the initial state (Supplementary Data S3A), which is confirmed by the presence of C, S and O (EDS analyses). These micrographs also allow discriminating the crystals from the organic material, through the presence of Ca on the grain surface. According to the SEM images measured on the limestone grains after biodissolution experiments, the presence of biofilm was detected (Supplementary Data S3B,D) for experiments performed with Rhodocossus sp. and Pedobacter sp. Moreover, filaments or hyphae were also detected for experiments performed with Stenotrophomonas sp.