dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Where there is cortex, the angle has not been recorded. To complete the technological analysis, we also applied the Geometric Morphometric analysis to describe tool shape with 3D models. All the tools were scanned using a laser scan (DLP projector) and Flexscan software (LMI technologies), transferred from the Fragmented Heritage Project (University of Bradford). All models are available for scienti c and academic purposes at ZENODO (García-Medrano et al. 2020). The 3D models were processed using the AGMT3-D software (Herzlinger and Grosman 2018; Herzlinger and Goren-Inbar 2020). This consists of a data-acquisition procedure for automatically positioning 3D models in space and tting them with grids of 3D semilandmarks. In fact, each point of the grid consists of two semi-landmarks, one placed on each face of the artefact, so that a 50×50 grid provides 5,000 landmarks (Fig.
The Scar Density Index (SDI, Clarkson, 2013; Shipton and Clarkson, 2015a, b) has been de ned as the number of ake scars (greater than 10 mm in maximum dimension) divided by the surface area. As García-Medrano and colleagues noted (2019), a loss of information during the knapping process, contrasting this value with volume information, could establish a useful relationship between the number of scars and tool size. Lastly, the landmark data were used to calculate the degree of deviation from perfect bilateral (Fig. 2B ) and bifacial symmetries (Fig. 2C ), as well as the edge section regularity (Fig. 2D ) of each item in the sample  (51). For bilateral symmetry, this was conducted by measuring the mean 3D Euclidean distance between a mirror re ection of the landmarks placed on one lateral half of each object and the corresponding landmarks on the other half.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the project " Understanding a threshold in Human evolution at 450-350 ka through the roots of Neanderthal behavior (Neandroots) " ( ANR-19-CE27-0011 ). P. García-Medrano  received a grant from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme as part of a Marie Sklodowska-Curie project, "Western European Acheulean project, WEAP" (Gran Agreement  n. 748316). The  University of Bradford  and  Dr. Adrian Evans , through the " Fragmented Heritage AHRC Project ", lent us the scanner for the work. We are particularly grateful to the  Hebrew University of Jerusalem ,  Dr. Leore Grosman  and  Antoine Muller , who helped us with the Artifact3-D and AGMT3-D software management. This work was developed at the https://www. fondationiph.
Funding This research was supported by the project " Understanding a threshold in Human evolution at 450-350 ka through the roots of Neanderthal behavior (Neandroots) " ( ANR-19-CE27-0011 )  P. García-Medrano  received a grant from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme as part of a Marie Sklodowska-Curie project, "Western European Acheulean project, WEAP" (Gran Agreement n. 748316 ) The  Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA, Spain ) has received nancial support from the  Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the "María de Maeztu" program for Units of Excellence  ( CEX2019-000945-M ).
Introduction With about 450-500 languages, the Bantu family is characterised by a high degree of crosslinguistic microvariation which poses a significant challenge for the study of the typology, language comparison and historical relationships of the family. While there is a longestablished history of comparative work examining Bantu languages, recent years have seen the advancement of large-scale digital databases on which to base comparative generalisations. This paper draws on work contained in the Bantu Morphosyntactic Variation (BMV) database  (Marten et al. 2018)  which is based on 142 morphosyntactic parameters of variation  (Guérois et al. 2017 ). These descriptive parameters cover a range of morphological and syntactic domains and enable comparison of languages, individual parameters and/or sets of parameters.
There is also however, as can be expected, considerable variation found within East African Bantu languages. Results of our study contribute to our understanding of morphosyntactic variation in Bantu, and how this can be conceptualised geographically. We show how East Africa can be understood as a linguistic area, and which features contribute to this characterisation. The study also poses questions about to what extent the areal results presented here relate to historical processes of language change, language contact and typological generalisations of the language family. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides a background to the parameters of morphosyntactic variation and the database. Section 3 examines the parameters which distinguish East African Bantu from other regions.
Many studies adopting this approach employ binary parameters which are compared in order to ascertain the morphosyntactic 'distance' between languages and to further our understanding of these constructions (e. g. Marten et al. 2007; Zeller and Ngoboka 2015; van der Wal 2017; Shinagawa and Abe 2019). Against this background,  Guérois et al. (2017)  develop a large set of 142 surface-level parameters of morphosyntactic variation in Bantu. These parameters cover 12 main domains of Bantu morphosyntax as outlined in Table  1  below. Marten et al. (2018)  develop the Bantu Morphosyntactic Variation (BMV) database for these parameters. The database currently contains data for some 120 languages, although many of these languages have only a few data points. For the purposes of this study, we excluded six of the parameters which relate to the lexicon (Thematic Group 4 in Table  1 ), so the comparison conducted here involves 136 parameters.
We compared a total of 44 languages, which are all languages which have more than 50% datapoints each, that is languages for which data were available for at least 50% of the parameters. The cut-off point of 50% is to some extent arbitrary, but produced as broad a set of languages as possible from those available in the database, at the same time as ensuring reasonable reliability of the empirical results. This sample of languages was then divided into two groups with 22 languages in each group: An East African group and a non-East African group, as shown in Table  2  and on Map 1. The East African group is defined in geographical terms, and is comprised of the available languages from Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania and Mozambique, and one language (Kifuliiru) from the eastern border of the DRC.
East African Bantu Languages Nyole (E35), Gikuyu (E51), Uru (E622d), Rombo (E623), Digo (E73), Bende (F12), Rangi (F33), Chasu (G22), Mbugu (G221), Swahili (G42), Makunduchi (G43c), Chindamba (G52), Kinyarwanda (JD61), Kifuliiru (JD63), Ha (JD66) Nyoro (JE11), Ganda (JE15) Matengo (N13), Sena (N44), Yao (P21), Makhuwa (P31), Cuwabo (P34) Non-East African Bantu Languages Grassfields Babanki, Bafia (A50), Tuki (A601), Eton (A71), Nzadi (B865), Mongo (C61), Kisikongo (H16a-1), Kimbundu (H21), Cokwe (K11), Ngangela (K12b), Thimbukusu (K333), Kaonde (L41), Nyiha (M23), Bemba (M42), Lamba (M54), Chewa (N31), Umbundu (R11), Herero (R31), Yeyi (R41), Tswana (S31), Zulu (S42), Ronga (S54) The BMV database was used to identify which parameters most clearly differentiate the East African languages in our sample from the non-East African languages.
Parameters of variation: findings and results The ten parameters listed in Table  3  emerge as causing East African Bantu languages to stand out amongst our sample as they show the lowest degree of similarity between the two groups. In order to better understand the features which are most distinctive of East African Bantu languages in our sample, we examine the parameters in turn. While in Table  3  the parameters are ranked according to percentage similarity, in this section they are ordered thematically in line with the BMV database (see Table  1 ).
P122: Is Locative Inversion attested? Locative inversion (LI) is another construction type for which the distribution varies between the East African and non-East African groups. Bantu languages show a range of inversion constructions, where the logical subject is placed after the verb, and another constituent is in preverbal, grammatical subject position  (Marten and van der Wal 2014). In LI, the grammatical subject refers to a location, and typically two different kinds of LI constructions are distinguishedformal LI (  19 ) and semantic LI (20). 19) Chindamba (Edelsten and Lijongwa in the BMV database,  Marten et al. 2018 ) Pa-kaya pa-ghonj-a va-ndu va-tangala 16-9. house SM16. PERF-sleep-FV 2-person 2-many 'In the house there sleep many people' 20) Zulu  (Buell 2007: 108)  Lezi zi-ndlu zi-hlala aba-ntu aba-dala.
P139: In raising constructions, can the raising verb (i. e. in the upper clause) and the main verb (in the lower clause) both be inflected? This parameter relates to raising constructions. In a raising construction, the argument which would have been the object is 'raised' to the subject position. Examples from Chindamba are shown below. 22) Chindamba (Edelsten and Lijongwa in the BMV database,  Marten et al. 2018)  a. yi-ku-von-ek-a kuva John a-ku-m-day-a Jane SM9-PRS-see-STAT-FV that John SM1-PRS-OM1-like-FV Jane 'It seems that John likes Jane' b. John a-ku-von-ek-a kuva a-ku-m-day-a Jane John SM1-PRS-see-STAT-FV that SM1-PRS-OM1-like-FV Jane 'John seems to like Jane' The parameter asks where subject agreement is found in the upper clause as well as the lower clause. Overall, this is an under-researched area within the study of the morphosyntax of Bantu languages and data are available for only 11 East African and 2 non-East African languages in our database.
EA languages (data available for 11 out of 22 languages) Non-EA languages (data available for 2 out of 22 languages) Raising constructions are not attested in the language 0% 50% (1) Only one verb inflected 18% (2) 0% Both verbs inflected 82% (9) 50% (1) Table  13 : P139 In raising constructions, can the raising verb and the main verb both be inflected? Of the East African languages in our sample, 9 languages exhibit inflection in both the raising verb and the main verb (82%), while 2 languages (18%) do not (namely Gikuyu and Digo). While this is a relatively small dataset for this parameter, we can see that of these 11 languages the overwhelming majority exhibit inflection in both clauses. Of the two examples from non-East African languages, one does not allow raising construction, and the other involves inflection on both verbs.
Particulary salient features of East African Bantu languages include symmetric patterns in ditransitive constructions, negation marking in dependent clauses by a post-verbal negative marker, wide-spread subject inversion constructions, and the cooccurrence of formal and semantic locative inversion. It is features like this which cause the languages to stand out from a comparative perspective. However, within this, the languages also exhibit a high degree of fine-grained microvariation. Overall, the paper contributes to our understanding of morphosyntactic variation in Bantu, as well as linguistic variation in East Africa more broadly and explores the use of large-scale databases for discovering areal, geographic patterns of language variation. In this instance we have shown that East African Bantu languages can be seen to constitute a distinct linguistic area with respect to the 10 grammatical features investigated here.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the organisers and the audience at the first LAEA conference held at Eldoret, 1-3 August 2019 for helpful comments and suggestions. Financial support from the  Leverhulme Trust  for the project ' Morphosyntactic variation in Bantu: Typology , contact and change' ( RPG-2014-208 ) and the  British Academy  for the project ' Parametric approaches to morphosyntactic variation in Eastern Bantu  languages' is hereby gratefully acknowledged.
We also adapted our uses of data processing tools according to the needs of archaeologists by combining 3D modeling, point cloud/mesh processing and photogrammetry softwares. The different 3D models produced during the study aimed to validate or invalidate archaeological hypotheses. In a second step, these 3D models were also used for the dissemination of knowledge to a wide audience. In this subsection, we will discuss the technical descriptions of the digitization tools and the software used. CT and µ-CT are described in the same paragraph because they belong to the same technological family.
Photogrammetry For the photogrammetry of the clavicle, 121 photos for fragment 56-186-007-AG-22-122 and 94 for fragment 56-186-007-AG-23-173 were taken in July 2015, using a camera Canon EOS 7D EF100 mm f/2. 8 L. The photos have a resolution of 3456 × 5184 pixels and have been taken indoors with flash and flash reflector umbrellas. The two bones have been planted head up and head down in Blu Tack adhesive, to get the best possible coverage. The photogrammetry of the clavicle was performed using Agisoft Metashape software (Figure  5 ) with the characteristics presented in the Table  1. "Cameras aligned" is the number of cameras for which the software was able to find position and orientation. "Tie points" is the number of points in a digital image that represent the same location in an adjacent image.
"Dense cloud points" is the number of points in the dense cloud, calculated from the estimated camera positions, and for which program estimates depth information. "3D model faces" is the number of polygons in the mesh reconstructed from the dense cloud. The texture of the photogrammetry models has a good quality, but fails to provide the detail that metallographic microscopy allows. However, this first 3D digitization offered us a valuation support, and addressed our methodological choices for the rest of the process. With the Autodesk 3ds Max software, we then removed the 3D Blu Tack (Figure  5 ).
To do this, we used the automatic alignment tool of Autodesk 3ds Max software and then made some manual adjustments. The result is shown in Figure  9 , and we found it satisfactory, because all the cut marks visible on the photogrammetric mesh were also detectable on the µ-CT mesh. To test a possible difference in the orientation of the cuts on µ-CT meshes, we first drew a curve through centers of small cross sections of the bone. Then each center of mass of a cut was projected orthogonally on this spline. In Figure  10 , the first row shows different viewpoints and zoom levels of one of the cuts (a,b,c,d). At these same viewpoints with 3ds Max, the following rows show in the order the manual selection of polygons on the cuts (e,f,g,h), the design of a flattened blue mark corresponding to this selection (i,j,k,l) and their projection on the spline (m,n,o,p).
Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank  Guillermo Andrade Barroso , from  IRISA/Inria  for his work on the 3D printing productions. They also would like to thank  Mathilde Paradis , a student in her second year of 3D production at the  MJM Graphic Design School in Rennes , for her help with the 3D cleaning and alignment of the meshes resulting from the photogrammetry. Finally, they would like to warmly thank the reviewers for the quality and accuracy of their comments.
Two facing friezes -Armenia/West -highlight the interrelationships between these two cultures. This open tool -because it can be supplemented at any time -constitutes a sort of library that allows for research to be established, with interdisciplinary contributions  [20]. Finally, their modular design allows certain events or processes to be graphically characterized as a posteriori. The chosen tool is free French software Frisechrono, used in particular by teachers  5. 3, 4 ).
Acknowledgements We would also like to warmly thank the  Heritage Commission  from the  Saudi Ministry of Culture  for permitting to carry out research at the  Camel Site , especially the  General Director for Archaeological Excavations Dr Abdullah al-Zahrani. Local support in Jawf province was provided by  Mr Yasser al-Ali  and  Mr Ahmed  al-Qaeed from the  Jawf Department of the Heritage Commission. We are in debt to  Dr Patrick Schmidt ,  Dr Aitor Ruiz Redondo  and  Dr George Nash  for their comments and suggestions that have greatly increased the quality of this manuscript. Finally, we thank the anonymous reviewers for their efforts and constructive comments. Funding Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. YHH is grateful to the  German Academic exchange program (DAAD)  for financial support in the form of a P.
R. I. M. E. fellowship for the project ' How did Human Behaviour change During the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene in South Arabia ?'. The  Camel Site archaeological project  ( 2018-2022 ) is directed by GC, MG and AS. Fieldwork and research were funded by a grant from the  Gerda Henkel Foundation  (Grant No AZ  43_V_18 , to MG and GC), the  CNRS  (to GC),  Labex  Resmed  ANR-10-LABX-72/ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02  (to GC), the  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs  and the  French embassy in Riyadh  (to GC), the  Cefrepa  (to RC and GC), the  Dahlem Research School at Freie Universität Berlin  (to MG) and the  Max Planck Society  (to MG).
Absolute calibration of the concentrations was done using the DCCRmethod (Direct Calibration from Count Rates) provided by the Bruker Spectra software using a pressed pellet of the standard reference material NIST-2711. The results can only be considered semi-quantitative, because of differences between the matrices of the NIST-2711 standard and that of the samples. A total of 13 elements were measured (Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, and Pb). Major and minor elements values (Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe) were transformed into oxides and data were constrained to 100%. Trace elements were expressed as elements in parts per million (ppm, or g. g -1 ). The low-Z elements Na, Mg, and Al could not be measured with the instrument settings used. Indeed, the secondary X-rays emitted by these elements have very low energies which are absorbed by the sample matrix or the air environment between the sample and the detector.
More generally, the tendency towards leaching ability depends on several factors, amongst which firing conditions and temperatures  [33]. Experimentation and interpretation are consequently touchy when it comes to old fragmented pieces of ceramics. Although the majority of the samples being not slipped nor decorated in the surface and then probably of similar composition in their entire thickness, we also performed the analysis on the paste core and on the external surface. Lead concentrations in the core and on the external surface were very similar to the values measured on the internal surface. No arsenic, mercury, cobalt, chromium or antimony was measured either. Hence, we only reported the data from the internal surface. One last point concerns the fact that scientific research is used to testing the release of usual toxic elements; however, the ingestion of inert materials (earth, clay, silicas, chalk, sand, etc.
Nowadays professionals from the Cultural Heritage field make use of Digital technology in all its diversity as a tool to conduct various type of work : archeological and architectural survey, monitoring, conservation programs, historic researches. This paper describes the first steps of a PhD research aiming at exploring the use of analog photographs from the French-Egyptian center for the study of Karnak Temples (CFEETK) in photogrammetry. The goal is to compare previous condition state of monuments in the 20th century with their contemporary condition and to introduce 3D model in correlation databases. The paper presents the context of the study and the complex of Karnak temples then the set of archives photographs that are used and how they are processed. At this stage, sets of analog photographs from the White Chapel were used in Agisoft Metashape combined with contemporary photographs to provide visuals from the condition of the monument after its restoration in 1985.
Still, case studies have proven the possibility to process archives photograph with the means of orthorectification  (Al Khalil, Grussenmeyer, 2019) , mixedsources data  (Condorelli, Rinaudo, 2018)  and also Structurefrom-Motion softwares  (Bitelli & at. , 2007)   (Falkingham & at. , 2014 )(Al Khalil, Grussenmeyer, 2019)   (Bontemps, Guéna, 2019). As a way to achieve higher accuracy and to compensate for missing parts within the archives, the implementation of contemporary data (photographs, laser-scanning) with analog photographs has also been tested  (Maiwald & at. 2017 )  (Bevilacqua & at. , 2019)  to help with calibration within softwares. We aim at developing a protocol for the use of different sets of historical photographs in photogrammetry softwares, in order to compare the models issued from archives photographs to the actual state of preservation of the monuments.
The comparison of timed models will allow the assessment of the evolution of previous conservation works, their influence and behavior on the monuments and the evolution of alterations of original materials such as stone and pigments. The protocol we try to establish should be adaptable to various scenarii in order to be reused on other Cultural Heritage monuments. As we have the opportunity to do an extensive research, we want to establish a methodology that can be protean and that allows heritage professionals to use the information of the past for a better conservation in the future. These photogrammetry, the one issued from analog photographs (historical model) and the other from present digital photographs (contemporary model) will be integrated into correlation databases to help monitor monuments.
Archives photographs from Karnak at the CFEETK The French-Egyptian center for the study of the temples of Karnak (CFEETK) is an over fifty-year-old institution, dedicated only to the conservation and the study of the complex of Karnak. It was preceded by the long lasting Service des antiquités égyptiennes (Egyptian antiquities service -SAE) historically led by French from the end of the 19th century until the early 1950s. The CFEETK, founded in 1967, has collected the photographs from the SAE to conserve them in Karnak. Therefore, they still possess a large collection of glass plates photographs which were later completed with negatives and diapositives taken throughout the 20th century. For documentation purpose, photographs have been digitized by the photographers' team since 2009. The Karnak project launched in 2013 allowed to pursue the digitization of the photographs collection to insert them in an online database (http:// www.
Inventory and digitization of archives photographs Previous trials of historical photogrammetry have already pointed out the inherent difficulties of this method regarding the quality of archives photographs and the different challenges they oppose  (Bitelli & at. , 2017 )  (Condorelli, Rinaudo, 2018). The photographs from Karnak did not differ on that point, as we are confronted to lack of information about the camera calibration, variations in quality, overexposure and/or underexposure and last but not least the decay of the photographs mostly caused by their storage in the south of Egypt or by the photographical technic by itself (in this case we think of diapositives which bare specific discoloration). The first selection of the archives photographs was first made on the CFEETK database (http://www.