dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In the medium, MBs were spread uniformly to artificially cover a large portion of space, but realism could be improved by having access to a larger network in terms of field of view and ultimately a whole brain or whole organ vasculature. A vascular network that exhibits whole organ vascular size distribution will increase metrics repeatability. Since lowfrequency probes are generally used to allow tissue imaging at great depths (order of 10 cm), a larger dataset would also allow to account for the compromise between imaging depth and resolution. In subsequent studies, acquisition parameters such as number of compounded angles  [44] , number of pulse cycles, pulse frequency modulation (chirp)  [57] , SNR, probe elements geometry, MB size distribution, MB nonlinear response, could be interesting to better understand the underlying limitations of ULM and progress towards finding optimal imaging parameters.
This work was supported in part by the  New Frontiers in Research Fund  under Grant  268556 , in part by the  Canada Foundation for Innovation  under Grant  38095 , and in part by the  Institut de valorisation des données (IVADO)  under Grant  MSc-2020-2751474113. The work of  Jonathan Porée  was supported in part by  IVADO  and in part by the  TransMedTech Institute. The work of  Vincent Perrot  was supported by the  TransMedTech Institute. The work of  Frédéric Lesage  was supported by the  Canada Research Chair. This article has supplementary downloadable material available at https://.
1 ). The inbound magnetopause (MP) crossing occurred at 23:08:30 UTC (Supplementary Fig. 1 ), whereas the outbound MP and bow shock (BS) crossing occurred at 23:41:00 UTC and 23:45:30 UTC, respectively  16  , as also reported from other ion observations by the Search for Exospheric Refilling and Emitted Natural Abundances instrument onboard BepiColombo  17. Due to a telemetry data gap, no inbound BS crossing was directly measured by MEA1, MEA2, or MIA. However, MIA and ENA observed different plasma populations before 22:45:24 UTC and after 22:49:53 UTC (Supplementary Fig. 1 ) which indicated that BepiColombo crossed the inbound BS during this time interval. A comparison to the averaged BS and MP crossings by MES-SENGER indicates that the magnetosphere was compressed, in particular, during the outbound leg of the flyby.
Field line tracing The field line tracing was performed using the code stated in the code availability section. The model description can be found in Korth et al. , 2017 and details and usage of the code can be find in https://github. com/mattkjames7/KT17. For each of the three dispersed electron signatures (#1, #4, and #6 in Fig. 4 ), we trace electrons with three different energies (2289, 4090, and 7308 eV) with variable pitch angles from the observed times and locations of the dispersion curves using the field line obtained by the field line tracing technique. The trajectories of the electrons are backwardly calculated and map the locations to the magnetic equator along the field lines at a given time. Injection time and region are estimated by finding a time at which the distance between the two equator-mapped locations becomes minimum (see Supplementary Fig.
Acknowledgements S. A. , N. A. , D. D. , J. -A. S. , A. B. , A. F. , E. P. , M. P. , Q. N. , M. R. , L. Z. H. , D. F. , and B. K. acknowledge the support of  Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France)  to the  BepiColombo  mission. BepiColombo is a joint space mission between the  European Space Agency (ESA)  and the  Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). MPPE is funded by  JAXA ,  CNES , the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France) , the  Italian Space Agency (ASI) , and the  Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA). S. A. was funded by the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  for the  TEMPETE  ( Temporal Evolution of Magnetized Planetary Environments during exTreme Events)  project at the time of this work. The part of this work carried by S. A. is supported by  JSPS KAKENHI  number  22J01606.
M. P. is funded by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 program  under grant agreement No  871149  for Europlanet  2024 RI. M. F. and N. K. are supported by the  German Space Agency DLR  under grant  50QW2101. The figures used in Fig. 5 are taken from Lindsay et al. 10 and Dewey et al. 38 , and modified under the creative common license.
Data availability All data used to support the conclusions in this study are presented in the main paper or in the supplementary information. All the BepiColombo trajectory data and MPPE observation data, and field line tracing data presented here are available for download in the Zenodo database at https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 7926905  37  and provided in the Source Data files. The Mio/MPPE observational data can be requested from the PI: Y. S. (saito@stp. isas. jaxa. jp) by describing the intent of the use of the data, as discussions with the respective PI is needed for analyzing the data, due to the complex configuration and operations of the BepiColombo mission during cruise phase. After the proprietary period of 12 months, the Bepi-Colombo mission data analyzed in this study will be available at the ESA-PSA archive https://archives.
Software All instruments are connected to the master instrument, which has several important functions: it stores the samples and audio configurations for the different instruments, it receives the control data from all instruments, it determines how the assistant can control the composition, and finally, it sends out the appropriate sound to each integrated loudspeaker (Figure  2 ). The master instrument computer runs a server built with Node. js, Socket. IO and Express. js, which gets the control data from all connected instruments through Open Sound Control (OSC). The instruments send OSC messages continuously to update the system about their current state and the master instrument responds by generating and returning the sounds to the loudspeakers in the corresponding instruments. The logic that controls how the sounds shall respond to the interactions is built using web technologies and is configured using WebAudioXML.
They were then asked about what happened in the video at that specific time. In addition, the assistants were also asked questions about (1) their musical background, (2) how they communicated with the musician, and (3) how they understood when to press the keyboard on the master instrument. We also asked all participants about suggested improvements. This discussion reflected ideas both for the instruments, the composition, and the way the sessions were structured and organized. All interviews were held in Swedish and the average duration was 18 min. They were recorded and "Apple Logic Pro", see https://www. apple. com/logic-pro/, accessed May ,. "Parse a MIDI file into a Tone. js-friendly JSON format", see http://tonejs. github. io/Midi/, accessed January ,. automatically transcribed using the built-in transcription feature in Microsoft Word.
Analysis The quantitative data (recorded MIDI onsets) was analyzed to calculate chord durations and the deviation of the time between onsets. Deviation here refers to the difference between subsequent chord duration values; this is a measure of how much the assistant deviated from a steady tempo for the chord changes. The MIDI onsets were visualized with positions and durations using the "arrange view" of the Digital Audio Workstation and the graphs showing the deviation for each onset were produced to align the values with the corresponding MIDI onset. Statistical analysis was performed to identify significant differences between assistants. A thematic analysis of the material collected during the interview sessions was performed, following the procedure outlined by  Braun and Clarke (2006).
Ethics statement The research procedure described in this paper was reviewed by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (application No. 2021-06307-01). The study was carried out in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. We followed informed consent rules and guidelines for ethical research practices. All parents gave written informed consent before participation and agreed to the data being collected as described in the consent form. It was important to make sure that all students gave consent to participate at all times; this was ensured through direct communication between students and the assistants. The assistants and the musician filled out a consent form and gave written informed consent prior to participation. Management of datasets that include personal information of study participants was compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
Data analysis Descriptive statistics were used to present demographic and clinical characteristics. Qualitative variables were presented using frequency and percentage, and quantitative variables were presented using mean and standard deviation (SD). For the clinical and demographic variables, Chi-square tests were employed to investigate differences in sex, level of education, and presence of the Apathy diagnostic criteria (ADC) among healthy controls and disorders categories (HC, persons with Mild-NCD and Major-NCD). One-way ANOVAs were performed to compare age, level of cognitive impairment (as indexed by the MMSE score) and degree of apathy (as indexed by the AI, total score and "interest" sub-score) among disorders categories. Postdoc paired-wise comparisons were performed applying Bonferroni correction.
HC were recruited at the memory center among the patients' caregivers and persons that came for a consultation but had no sign of cognitive impairment. A brief screening (including the MMSE) was performed to ascertain the absence of any cognitive decline. For the purposes of the present study, we extracted from the studies databases the following variables: demographics (age, sex, and level of education), diagnosis (HC, Mild-NCD and Major-NCD), severity of cognitive decline (as assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination, MMSE, (22)), presence of apathy (based on the Diagnostic Criteria for Apathy, DCA, (11)), apathy severity (when available, assessed.
A positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scan, performed at inclusion, confirmed intense uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (before C1D1). She received 14 mg kg -1 intravenous NP137 Q2W and underwent a PET-CT scan at 6 weeks (that is, post cycle 3 of NP137), showing partial response according to RECIST v. 1. 1 with a 51% reduction in target liver lesions (Fig. 2b, c  and Extended Data Table  1b ). Partial response was confirmed on PET-CT scan at 3 months (Fig. 2c ) and then again at 6 months, when size reduction of target lesions reached 55% (Extended Data Table  1b ). This patient eventually experienced disease progression after 17 cycles of NP137 and went on to receive additional therapy, including letrozole A, immunotherapy and tamoxifen, without experiencing additional objective response.
Whatever the mechanism, because there is an increasing literature describing EMT as a major player in resistance to chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors  2, 28  , the observation that treatment with NP137 inhibits features of tumour EMT argues for the clinical assessment of combinations of the anti-netrin-1 mAb with conventional therapies to interfere with tumour progression. This is currently investigated in the Phase 2 GYNET trial (NCT04652076) assessing the safety and efficacy of combining NP137 with carboplatin-paclitaxel and/or pembrolizumab (anti-PD1 mAb) in patients with endometrial or cervical cancer.
Bulk RNA-seq Patient analysis: patient microbiopsy RNA was extracted with the RNA easy FFPE kit (Qiagen). The RNA-seq library was produced from 100 ng of RNA with the Illumina TruSeq Exome kit (RNA Library Prep for Enrichment & TruSeq RNA Enrichment) according to the manufacturer's instructions and then sequenced with an Illumina NovaSeq 6000. FASTQ files were then processed with STAR (v. 2. 7. 10a). Briefly, FASTQ files were mapped to the human reference genome (gencode. v. 27) and aligned reads were converted for counting with STAR. The quality of FASTQ files was also checked, by FATSQC (v. 0. 11. 9). RNA-seq analysis was performed with R (v. 4. 0. 3) and the DESeq2 package (v. 1. 30. 1). log 2 -Transformed transcripts per million were calculated, and we performed EMT score calculation as previously described  20.
Murine endometrial cancer model: tumours were collected, snap-frozen and cryoground. RNA was extracted with a standard kit (Macherey-Nagel). The RNA-seq library was produced from RNA with Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Library Prep Human/Mouse/Rat, according to the manufacturer's instructions, then sequenced with Illumina NOVASeq. FASTQ files were processed as described above, except for the reference genome which was Mus_musculus. GRCm38 (GENE-CODE release 25). Analysis was done with DESeq2 (v. 1. 30. 1) and ggplot (v. 3. 1. 3) packages in R (v. 4. 0. 3). EMT scoring and heatmaps were done with log 2 fragments per kilobase exon per million mapped reads values.
After centrifugation, cells were resuspended in 100 µl of RPMI. The number of live cells was determined with a Luna-FL Dual fluorescence cell counter (Logos Biosystems) to obtain an expected cell recovery population of 10,000 cells per channel, loaded on a 10x G chip and run on the Chromium Controller system (10x Genomics) according to manufacturer's instructions. Single-cell RNA-seq libraries were generated with the Chromium Single Cell 3′ v. 3. 1 kit (10x Genomics, no. PN-1000121) and sequenced on the NovaSeq 6000 platform (Illumina) to obtain around 50,000 reads per cell. Except when specifically mentioned, all analyses were performed with R/Bioconductor packages, R v. 4. 2. 2 (2022-11-10 r83330) (https:// cran. r-project. org/; http://www. bioconductor. org/) in a Linux environment (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)).
Filtered barcoded matrices from single-cell RNA-seq data were imported into R using the Seurat package (v. 4. 1. 1). Doublets were detected with DoubletFinder (v. 2. 0. 3) and filtered out, together with cells showing a low number of features (nFeature_RNA < 500) or a high percentage of mitochondrial genes (above 25%). Seurat functions were used for normalization (SCTransform), merging, dimensional reduction and clustering. Initial cell type identification was based on consensus from several automated cell annotation packages (SciBet' v. 1. 0, SingleR v. 1. 10. 0 and scType (https://github. com/IanevskiAleksandr/sc-type/ blob/master/README. md)). T cell subtypes were visually inspected and manually curated after further annotation with ProjecTILs (v. 3. 0. 3) and the python implementation of CellTypist (v.
1. 3. 0). EMT signature scores were calculated by three methods (Seurat's AddModuleScore function, UCell (v. 2. 2. 0) and AUCell (v. 1. 18. 1)) and using two different gene lists (MsigDb Hallmark EMT pathway and the PanCancer EMT signature  20  ). Pathway enrichment analyses were performed with the 'escape' package (v. 1. 6. 0). Additional visualizations were based on functions from Nebulosa (v. 1. 6. 0), Scillus (v. 0. 5. 0) and ggplot2 (v. 3. 3. 6). Spatial RNA-seq matrices and images were imported into R using the Load10X_Spatial function of the Seurat package. For each sample, only those spots with more than 1,000 features were kept for downstream preprocessing, including SCTransform normalization, dimensional reduction and clustering. Most analyses were performed independently for each sample (without merging or integration).
NP137 clinical trial NP137 is a first-in-human Phase I trial with a dose-escalation part followed by extension cohorts (NCT02977195) conducted in adult patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumours. The dose-escalation part was initiated using an accelerated dose titration with one patient per dose level until the occurrence of a grade 2 or higher drug-related adverse event. Following occurrence of a grade 2 NP137-related adverse event, patients were enrolled in a slower dose-escalation design with at least three patients per dose level using a modified continual reassessment method. Additional patients were enrolled in three biomarker cohorts, at dose levels that had been declared safe, and underwent paired biopsies for pharmacodynamics purposes. In the dose-escalation part, 19 patients were enrolled in seven dose levels (1-20 mg kg -1 , intravenous, Q2W).
Acknowledgements We thank  D. Bredesen  for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by institutional grants from  CNRS, University of Lyon ,  Centre Léon Bérard  and from the  Ligue Contre le Cancer ,  INCA, ARC Sign'it and ANR  (nos. ANR-10-LABX-0061 ,  ANR-17-CONV-0002  and  ANR-18-RHUS-0009 ). The preclinical experiments were in part supported by  PID2019-104734RB-I00  from  MCIUN -Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades. I. P. is supported by the  FNRS  and  WEL Research Institute. DIAPath and the  Department of Pathology  are supported by the  Fonds Yvonne Boël. The CMMI is supported by the  European Regional Development Fund  and the Walloon region. C. B. is supported by the  WEL Research Institute, FNRS, TELEVIE ,  Fondation Contre le Cancer, ULB Foundation ,  FNRS/FWO EOS  ( 40007513 ) and  European Research Council  ( ERC AdvGrant 885093 ).
Data availability The raw RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq and spatial transcriptomic sequencing data of this study have been deposited in Gene Expression Omnibus with accession no. GSE225691. For version control, sharing and reproducibility, all bioinformatic code related to the single-cell analysis is retained in a GitHub repository (https://github. com/ hernandezvargash/NP137_single. cell). Source data are provided with this paper.
These segments all point towards the Euler pole and are consistently offset to the right by transform faults in the central and northern Red Sea cumulating an offset of 400 km. The transform faults are accommodating seafloor spreading in the Red Sea and cluster in three main fracture zones: (1) the Ikwan Fracture Zone near the Ikwan (or Brother) Islands, (2) the Zabargad Fracture Zone in the vicinity of the Zabargad Island and (3) the Jeddah Fracture Zone offshore the Jeddah/Port Sudan area (central Red Sea). Based on a new seismic reflection dataset and published data we propose an interpretation of the Ocean Continent Transition (OCT) in the Red Sea. We bring new evidence (magnetic lineaments, distance of the OCT to the ridge, basin stratigraphy) to support a Middle Miocene (ca. 14 Ma) age for the initiation of seafloor spreading throughout the Red Sea, and we discuss this event with the initiation of strike-slip motion in the Aqaba-Dead Sea transform zone.
Seismic data Two seismic reflection datasets were used to construct the depth to basement map of the central Red Sea area. The first 2D survey was acquired with a set of 8 to 10 km long streamers and processed through prestack depth migration. It has a spacing of ca. 10 × 10 km and extends from the shelf depth of ca. 300 m to the mid oceanic ridge in ca. 2300 m of water with a total length of about 4380 km (Fig. 2a ). The time depth conversion of this dataset was done using a multi-layered velocity model in order to illuminate subsalt targets. The second survey was acquired by CGG in 1976 and their interpretation was published by  Izzeldin (1987). It consists of 16 cross-profiles, oriented N60 and spaced ca. 40 km apart, covering the central part of the Red Sea (Fig. 2a ) from the Sudanese shelf (depth of ca.
Kinematic reconstructions The reconstructions presented in this study were done using GPlates (2. 3. 0) software  (Müller et al. , 2018). Arabia was restored to its pre-rift position relative to Africa in two steps, corresponding to the seafloor spreading and rift stages of continental separation. (Izzeldin, 1987). b: Line drawing of a 2-D seismic line (A-B) revealing a major fault offsetting the basement. Oceanic crustal ages were estimated using a spreading rate of 6. 2 km. Myr -1 at 21. 8 • N  (Chu and Gordon, 1998). (AB located in (a)). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article. ) bringing the Red Sea into alignment with the abandoned Gulf of Suez rift and honouring the onshore geological constraints compiled by  Stern and Johnson (2019).
Transform faults Transform faults are very common plate boundary features from fast to slow spreading ridges (e. g. Wilson, 1965). At slow and ultra-slow spreading ridges such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the SWIR, secondorder ridge segments are often separated by small-offset non-transform discontinuities, whereas the primary large-offset segmentation is accommodated by transform faults (e. g. Patriat et al. , 1997). With our new dataset and reinterpretation of available published data, we showed the major discontinuities observed in the gravity and magnetic anomalies map of the Red Sea reflect deeply rooted structures affecting the oceanic basement in the central Red Sea which are associated with systematic offsets of the MOR (Fig. 3 ). The strike of onshore rift faults of the Arabian Margin as well as the present trend of the coastlines give a first approximation to the initial rift-strike orientation.
ucsd. edu/grav_outreach/ #grid. -Red Sea opening Reconstruction: This paper with the use of software GPlates 2. 3 link: https://www. earthbyte. org/downloadgplates-2-3/. -Basement depth map in the Red Sea: Published data  (Izzeldin, 1987)  and interpretation of proprietary seismic data for this paper. -Seismic line drawings: proprietary seismic data interpreted for scientific purposes. -Structural framework: this paper, the vector data of our interpretation is available as. kml file in the supplementary data.
Acknowledgements This study was completed under KAUST's  Competitive Research Grant   4082  on " Geologic Evolution of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba ". We thank oil companies which operated in the Red Sea for the opportunity to interpret their data for scientific purposes. We also thank numerous colleagues in academia and the oil industry for stimulating discussions. We thank  Petroleum Experts  ( Petex ) for providing an academic licence of the Move software for structural modelling. Finally, we would like to thank  Neil Mitchell  and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive reviews that helped significantly improve the quality of our manuscript.
Data availability -DEM used in all figures: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Void Filled 3 arc-seconds. Link: https://usgs. gov/centers/eros/science/ usgs-eros-archive-digital-elevation-shuttle-radar-topography-missionsrtm-void?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects. -Shading superimposed on DEM was performed using ArcGIS10.
The finer representation of steep topographic slopes also supports the simulation of critical aspects of the abyssal circulation such as the outflows from the Nordic Sea  19, 23  that provide the densest source waters for the lower limb of the AMOC. Our aim is to re-assess the role of the Labrador Sea buoyancy fluxes in interannual to interdecadal AMOC changes and their geographical distribution in the subpolar North Atlantic. A particular focus is on the effect of the period of strongly enhanced winter heat losses related to the extended positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during the late 1980s to mid-1990s which was responsible for the emergence of an exceptionally dense vintage of LSW  14, 24, 25. In order to isolate the effect of this outstanding episode in the Labrador Sea forcing and LSW generation on the AMOC we compare the transport variability of two experiments: a hindcasting experiment (CTRL) using the full set of ocean forcing data based on the JRA55-do products 26 through 1958-2019; and a sensitivity experiment (SENS) in which the year-to-year variations in the buoyancy forcing of the Labrador Sea area were artificially constrained.