dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
(40%) 400 Output wanted Magnesite Extracted (kg) 1000 1000 1 The mass balance with this original value is not respected since it should be 1085 kg. The providers of the utilities of this process (diesel and electricity) are assumed respectively as "market for diesel|cut-off, U-RoW" and "market for electricity, low voltage|cut-off, U-TR" (where TR is Turkey and RoW is Rest of the World). Finally, the transport of magnesite to the processing plant is performed by trucks and the assumed provider in the database for this service (in Turkey) is "market for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified|cut-off, U-GLO".
8% of MgO. The adopted utility providers of the above processes are the following • for electricity: "market for electricity, medium voltage|cut-off, U-TR"; • for coal: "market for hard coal|cut-off, U-RoW"; • for heavy oil: "market for heavy fuel oil|cut-off, U-RoW". In particular, for the production of fused magnesia, graphite electrodes are necessary and it is assumed that their production process is equivalent to that for the production of "battery grade graphite" (with a purity grade of synthetic graphite >99. 9%), present in the database. Since these electrodes must be found on markets, the adopted process is "market for graphite, battery grade|cut-off, U-GLO" with its default values for the providers. For simplification reasons, it is assumed that the transport from the supplier of electrodes to the FM manufacturing plant is negligible, or these distances can be considered already included in the process of procurement on global markets.
Processes Associated with the Other Raw Materials of MgO-C Reference Bricks The extraction site of graphite and the process plant location are in the same site, assumed in the Eastern part of China, in Shandong province, where some of the largest mines of the country are located. The assumed process in the database is the dataset "graphite production|cut-off, U-RoW", with default suppliers (the original dataset refers to a localization in Europe); in particular, the input raw material "metamorphous rock, graphite containing, in ground" is an elementary flow found on site, with an overall assumed yield of 95%. The milled graphite is transported by trucks to the assumed port of Shanghai (China), for a distance of around 800 km and, from there, it is shipped to the port of Bilbao (Spain), covering a sea distance of around 18,666 km.
Finally, it is transported along 270 km by trucks to the brick manufacturing plant (in Spain). The transport providers are the same of the MgO-based materials, with a total road distance of 1070 km by means of trucks. The phenolic resin provider is located in Spain and for its production the dataset "phenolic resin production|cut-off, U-RER" is used, being the process located in Europe (as specified in the record documentation, "some values are based on data from a large chemical factory located in Germany"). Suppliers of the process are the default ones and, in particular, the input products formaldehyde and phenol are modeled as found on global markets (upstream processes are included). The transport of phenolic resin is performed by trucks, covering a distance of around 370 km, with the same above-mentioned provider.
The assumed location of the silicon provider is in Spain and this material (used as antioxidant in the recipe) has been identified with "silicon, metallurgical grade" (with a purity grade of 99%, used for the production e. g. , of aluminum compounds, silicones and semiconductors). The adopted LCI for the production process is the dataset "silicon production, metallurgical grade|cut-off, U-RoW" (Rest of the World, since the original data refer to production plants in Norway), with default suppliers. The transport of silicon is performed by trucks, covering a distance of around 890 km, with the same above-mentioned provider.
In fact, it is possible to note that the content of magnesia is 89% for the magnesia spinel bricks analyzed in that paper and almost 90% for the Carbonless recipe and the content of alumina is, respectively, 9% and 8% in total (in the forms of reactive and tabular aluminas). The content of the remaining minor constituents (SiO 2 , CaO and Fe 2 O 3 ) is unknown for the carbonless bricks. Since the two compositions are very similar, it is assumed that, during sintering, the new brick origins the same gaseous emissions like those of the analyzed magnesia-spinel brick, reported in the above-mentioned paper. For the LCI, some minor adjustments have been adopted, since in the database some chemical compounds are not present or are found in a slightly different form. The weight loss percentage as volatile mass can be calculated as 6.
Processes for Alumina-based Materials On the basis of information provided by industrial partners, the production site of both "Tabular Alumina" and "Reactive Alumina" is located in the same plant in France and it is assumed that, for both processes, the starting material is calcined alumina, produced in the same site. For this last process the LCI is given by the dataset in the database "aluminum oxide production|cut-off, U-GLO", with no transport associated, as the process is carried out on-site (the starting material is aluminum hydroxide, available on global markets). Tabular alumina is made up of grains of alpha alumina with a diameter from 50 to 300 µm, formed by crystalline growth during sintering. The production process, according to  [25] , starts with the grinding of a purified synthetic calcined alumina from the Bayer process, which is then agglomerated in a special ball-forming process, with water only, without additives.
On the basis of these data, adopting a conservative approach, the energy consumption of 1050 kWh/t (3780 MJ/t) of thermal energy has been assumed (35% of 3000 kWh), with the energy provider in the database "heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100 kW|cut-off, U-Europe without Switzerland". Reactive alumina, according to  [26] , is a fully ground calcined alumina of which a substantial portion is made of primary crystals less than 1 µm. In the manufacturing process, reactive aluminas require intensive grinding with ceramic grinding media (such as batch dry grinding in a ceramic-lined ball mill) for more than 24 hours. The electric consumption for this phase has been considered as the most relevant in the entire production process and characterizing its LCI. For its quantification, to a first approximation, a possible approach is the application of the Bond equation  [27] : W = 10W i 1/ √ P80 -1/ √ F80 , (4) where: W is the specific grinding energy [kWh/t short ]; W i is the Bond ball mill work index [kWh/t short ]; F80 is the feed 80% passing size in [µm]; P80 is the product 80% passing size in [µm].
It can be observed that the variability range of P80 is quite wide (from 0. 6 µm of some very fine ground mono-modal aluminas to 8 µm of some bimodal and multimodal types). With a conservative approach, but excluding aluminas for which D50 is less than 0. 5 µm, the assumption P80 = 3 µm has been made and, for the work index, the quite maximum value of 30 kWh/t short is adopted, in order to take into account its possible variability during the process. Finally, considering a grinding machine efficiency of 0. 8, by means of Equation (  4 ) and referring the figure to one metric tonne, the electrical energy consumption of around 200 kWh/t is calculated. The adopted provider of electricity in the database is "market for electricity, medium voltage|cut-off, U-FR" (localized in France). The transport of tabular and reactive aluminas is performed by trucks, covering a distance to the brick manufacturing plant of around 1120 km, with the provider "market for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified|cut-off, U-GLO".
Processes Associated with the Other Raw Materials of Carbonless Bricks For the extraction process of clay, the adopted process in the database is "clay pit operation|cut-off, U-RoW" with default providers (the original data refer to a localization in Switzerland). This dataset assumes a thickness of the clay layer in nature of 30 m and "Clay, unspecified, in ground", as input elementary flow, whose main component (as reported in the documentation) is Kaolin (kaolinite: Al 2 O 3 •2SiO 2 •2H 2 O ). The extraction and supplier location are in the same site, in France, and transports are performed by trucks covering a distance of around 670 km with the same provider specified above. With regard to the component carboxylic acid salt of aluminum, considering that its weight percentage in the recipe in Table  1  is roughly 0.
The acquisition of knowledge regarding the whole lifecycle of a reference steel ladle will be an essential part of future research developments for the complete ecological and economic assessment of the industrial adoption of the new carbonless bricks. Data concerning the number of heats and maintenance requirements of the reference ladle (until the demolition of its internal refractory lining, followed by a complete rebuilding) have still to be assessed in the last step of the research project. Their availability will allow investigation concerning the amount of bricks required per tonne of UCS as well as the attained UCS quality, for achieving competitiveness on the steel market scenario. Output wanted [t] Carbonless bricks 1 1 Electric energy consumption not considered because of negligible differences in the comparison between the manufacturing processes of the two types of bricks; 2,3 Considered undifferentiated as Toluene, 2-chloro; 4 Considered half as para-Xylene and half as m-Xylene; 5 Not present alone in the Ecoinvent ® database version 3.
4 and considered equivalent to "BTEX" (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene) in unspecified ratio; 6,7,8 In the Ecoinvent ® database called "Cumene", "1-Propyl Benzene" and "T-butylbenzene", respectively; 9 Not present in the Ecoinvent ® database version 3. 4 and not included in the LCI.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. 1 Electric energy consumption not considered because of negligible differences in the comparison between the manufacturing processes of the two types of bricks; 2 Within the software implementation, this emission has been replaced by "Xylene", since in the Ecoinvent ® database version 3. 4 "Xylenol" is not included.
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography The proximal third of the tibia (66% of the lowerlimb length up from the lateral malleolus of the fibula) of all patients was imaged using a clinical pQCT scanner (XCT2000, Stratec Medizintechnik GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany) according to our previously described procedure  (Rittweger et al. 2000). The voxel size was 0. 5 £ 0. 5 £ 2. 3 mm. The cortical volumetric bone mineral density (Ct. vBMD pQCT ) was determined as the average across a single cross-sectional scan using the manufacturer's software package (threshold: 711 mg/ cm 3 ). A custom MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) program was used to calculate the cortical thickness (Ct. Th pQCT ) based on the only available crosssectional slice (Fig. 1b ) downloaded from the scanner per patient. The tibia cross section was cropped manually before the image was binarized using  Otsu's (1979)  method.
2010). Then, a database of dispersion curves from a 2-D transverse isotropic free plate model was projected onto the singular vector basis to obtain the objective function  (Minonzio et al. 2018). The dispersion curves of the plate model were generated from a set of effective stiffness tensors which were predicted for different thicknessÀporosity combinations  (Bochud et al. 2016; Parnell et al. 2012). We thereby assumed that the transverse isotropic elastic coefficients (c 11 = 26. 8 GPa, c 13 = 15. 3 GPa, c 33 = 35. 1 GPa and c 55 = 7. 3 GPa) and mass density (r = 1. 91 g/cm 3 ) for the tissue matrix are invariant  (Granke et al. 2011). The objective function of the projection was obtained and optimized to find the best fit between the theoretical and experimental dispersion curves (Fig.
Acknowledgments-Funding for this work was provided by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)  through the  BerlinÀBrandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies GSC 203 and Project TacoSound  ( Ra1380/9-1 ) and by the  Bundesministerium fu ¨r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, musculoskeletal research network OVERLOAD-PrevOP  [ Subproject SPP6] and Subproject 01EC1408L "characterization of cortical and subchondral bone "). We thank  Ahmed BenSa€  ıda for the MATLAB implementation of the ShapiroÀWilk test and  Gianluca Iori  for his cortical thickness calculation algorithm.
The real-world evidence on the profiles of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japan is sparse. A retrospective claim database analysis was conducted to estimate the health-care resource use (HCRU) and current AD treatment. Data from October 2013 to September 2016 were extracted from the JMDC (Tokyo, Japan) claims database. HCRU was assessed by a comparison of AD patients and matched non-AD controls. A multivariate analysis was performed to estimate HCRU attributable to AD. AD patients (n = 39 893) have more claims of certain diagnoses such as rhinitis, viral and fungal infections, sleep disorders and conjunctivitis as well as higher HCRU (outpatient visits, prescriptions of AD-related and non-AD-related medications, phototherapy, laboratory tests) than matched non-AD controls (n = 39 893).
Data source The data for the analyses were taken from JMDC (Tokyo, Japan), which owns data on claims sourced from the health insurance system in Japan. The database contains both medical and pharmacy claims representing approximately 3 million people insured by several private health insurance plans in Japan through a panel of 1. 2 million individuals to date and covers up to 9 years of historical data. In this study, data from October 2013 to September 2016 were extracted.
Population Patients qualified for the analysis if they fulfilled the following criteria: 1. They had at least two medical claims (inpatient, outpatient or combination of both) carrying an International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code for AD (atopic dermatitis [L20] and other specified disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue [L988]) within the selection period (12 months between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015 with an index date defined as the first of the two claims) (Fig. 1 ). 2. They were continuously registered in the JMDC database for at least 6 months before the index date (exclusive of the index date) and 12 months after the index date (including index date) (Fig. 1 ). 3. They were between 15 and 60 years of age at the index date. To avoid inclusion of patients who were treated with systemic medications for other comorbid autoimmune diseases than AD, several exclusion criteria were applied.
Patients were excluded if they had two or more medical claims related to other autoimmune diseases treated with systemic therapy at any time during the study period, including inflammatory bowel disease (along with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease [K50-K52]), lupus erythematosus (L93, M32), rheumatoid arthritis (M06, M05, M08. 0), psoriatic arthritis (M07. 0, M07. 1, M07. 2, M07. 3, L40. 5, M09. 0), psoriasis (L40), ankylosing spondylitis and non-infectious uveitis (M45, M08. 1, H20). Patients who had undergone organ transplantation (Z94, Y83. 0, T86) were also excluded. To determine treatment patterns in AD patients, a subpopulation with continuous enrollment in the JMDC database for at least 18 months after the index date (inclusive of the index date) was identified.
Matching analysis To estimate the HCRU attributable to AD, an exact matching was performed. This method enabled the study of HCRU in AD patients and non-AD controls, which became comparable otherwise based on paired key variables. Individuals were included in the control group if they fulfilled the following criteria: 1. They had no claims carrying an ICD-10 code for AD (L20, L988) within the selection period (12 months between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015 with an index date defined as the first of the two claims). 2. They were continuously registered in the JMDC database for at least 6 months before the index date (excluding the index date) and 12 months after the index date (including the index date). 3. They were between 15 and 60 years of age at the index date. Exclusion criteria were the same as those applied for AD patients.
Characteristics of AD population The following data on the characteristics of the AD population were extracted at the index date and analyzed: age, sex (male or female), insurance type (insured or dependent) and treatment setting (public hospital, university hospital, other hospital, clinic and unknown). Data on claims related to comorbidities were extracted in the 6-month pre-index period and included the following comorbidities: asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, bacterial infection, viral infection, fungal infection, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, chronic pulmonary disease, conjunctivitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, allergic urticarial, esophagitis, autoimmune disorders, obesity, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, dementia, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, connective tissue disease, peptic disease, mild liver disease, hemiplegia, diabetes with end organ disease, moderate or severe renal disease, any tumor, leukemia and lymphoma.
Treatment patterns The first set of analyses evaluated treatment patterns using the following treatment categories: 1. Systemic treatment including oral cyclosporin A, SCS and phototherapy. 2. Topical treatment (high potency) including TCS (the strongest and very strong class defined according to the JDA 2016 guidelines). 1 3. Topical treatment (low-to-medium potency) including TCS (strong, medium and weak class defined according to the JDA 2016 guidelines). 1 4. Only skin care including emollients. 5. Not treated by studied treatments. Several rules were used to study treatment patterns retrieved from the database as treatment lines defined in the study: (i) treatment lines were constructed at the treatment class level, namely without differentiating drugs within the same class level; (ii) a treatment sequence was defined as a group of consecutive prescriptions of the same treatment class or combination of treatment class, without discontinuation of more than 60 days between the theoretical end date of a prescription and the following prescription; (iii) 60 days were applied considering the average visiting frequency of patients to request a refill of medications; (iv) any combination of treatments from different treatment classes was classified into a higher grade (i.
05 was considered statistically significant. Akaike Information Criterion was used to compare the fit of estimated models. 12 The model with the smaller statistic was preferred. In the case of a large proportion of zeros in HCRU variables (i. e. a high number of patients without HCRU), two-part models were developed to estimate HCRU attributable to AD, unless a lack of convergence was identified in the logistic model. In the case of lack of convergence in the logistic model, only the second part was conducted on patients both with and without events. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.
1 Surprisingly, our study showed that systemic treatment (including SCS, oral cyclosporin and phototherapy), which is recommended in guidelines as the treatment in the refractory phase, was administrated in a certain number of patients. In addition, systemic treatment was used long term in a continuous way. For example, almost half of previously treated patients who were treated with oral cyclosporin continued treatment for over 3 months. The Japanese package insert of oral cyclosporin recommends the shortest duration of utilization; otherwise, it recommends the following intermittent   administration schedule: administration of 8-12 weeks followed by the discontinuation of the treatment. In the case of symptom recurrence, the treatment can be restarted. 18 However, it should be simultaneously considered that systemic treatment such as SCS might have been prescribed for comorbid allergic diseases other than AD such as rhinitis in the study patients because of the lack of information related to drug indication in the database.
The real-world data reflects real-life patient scenarios in comparison with the tightly controlled clinical environment in clinical trials. A long-term follow-up period long enough to fully capture HCRU and treatment patterns in AD patients was selected and employed. An exact matching analysis conducted in the present study enabled the examination of resource use in comparable populations on some key characteristics other than AD. This study assessed the attributable costs of AD patients compared with non-AD controls. Future research comparing attributable costs of other diseases such as diabetes and hypertension may be worth investigating. Despite the study presenting evidence of high quality, results should be cautiously interpreted due to limitations. The JMDC claim database does not include some details on information relevant for further inclusion and analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Advice in the study planning was received by  Bruno Rossi  of Satoru G. K. , data analysis support was provided by  Maki Ueyama ,  Ikbel Amri  and  Wafa Khabteni of Creativ-Ceutical , and medical writing support was provided by  Malgorzata Biernikiewicz of Creativ-Ceutical.
Data collection and data analysis Data were collected using individual interviews with the head of the farm and sometimes together with another family member. Several heads of farms were women. The interviewee was the owner of most (or all) of the land considered in the interview. A questionnaire was used to get the information to fill the IDEA grid on three scales: agro-ecological, socio-territorial and economic. Additional questions were used to gain a better understanding of the farmers' situation and the broad scale changes in the area as these could affect the sustainability of the farms. The IDEA grid listing all the indicators was stored as an Excel file (Version 2010; Microsoft Corp. ; Redmond, WA, USA). Based on the data collected from the farmers, a score was given to each indicator, by comparing the farm value for the indicator with regional or national references, standards and norms.
In addition, under the disturbance of human activities (such as industrial and agricultural water consumption and dam constructions), water ecosystems are facing severe challenge, like the increase of soil erosion, pollutants and nutrient loads, and changes of hydrology regime and sediment fluxes (SF)  [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]. To face the challenge of increasing water demand under uncertain variations of climate, dams have been built globally for water storage. Globally, at least 45,000 large dams have been built, and nearly half of the world's rivers have at least one large dam  [14]. From a Global Reservoir and Dam database, approximate 28% dams are located in Asia  [15]. In addition, future hydropower development is primarily concentrated in developing countries and emerging economies of Southeast Asia  [16].