dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The Fe Kα line To investigate the shape and variability of the Fe Kα line at 6. 4 keV, we focused on XMM-Newton/pn data between 3 and 10 keV because of the better energy resolution and throughput compared with NuSTAR in that energy band. In Fig. 6  we plot the profile of the Fe Kα line from pn data. We simultaneously fitted the five pn spectra with a model consisting of a variable power law plus a Gaussian line. We first assumed an intrinsically narrow single emission line (i. e. the intrinsic width σ was fixed at zero) with a constant flux among the different observations. We found χ 2 /dof = 505/511, with positive residuals around 6. 7 keV (observer's frame). We thus included a second, narrow Gaussian line, keeping its flux tied among the different observations, obtaining χ 2 /dof = 496/509 (∆χ 2 /∆dof = -9/-2).
Reflection component We tested the presence of a Compton reflection hump fitting simultaneously the pn and NuSTAR data in the 3-79 keV band. First, we fitted the five observations with a simple model consisting of a power law with an exponential cut-off plus two Gaussian lines. The photon index, cut-off energy, and normalization of the power law were free to vary among the different observations. Since the neutral Fe Kα line is consistent with being constant (Sect. 4. 2), we kept the energy, width, and flux of the Gaussian lines tied among the observations. We fixed the width of the 7 keV line at zero. We found a good fit with χ 2 /dof = 1584/1646. We then replaced the cut-off power law with pexrav. We fixed the inclination angle at 30 deg since the fit was not sensitive to this parameter.
The broad-band fit I. Testing relativistic reflection After obtaining constraints on the reflection component, we proceeded to fit the pn and NuSTAR data in the whole X-ray energy band (0. 3-79 keV). Extrapolating the best-fitting model (cut-off power law plus xillver) above 3 keV to lower energies, we found a significant soft excess (Fig. 9 ). In addition, refitting the data in the 0. 3-79 keV band and including a 0. 5 keV Gaussian emission line (see Appendix B), we found that the fit using xillver or relxill only is very poor (χ 2 /dof > 2. 5), with significant residuals below 1 keV. Table  2. Properties of the Fe Kα emission line: E is the energy of the line (rest-frame) in keV, σ is the intrinsic line width in keV, the flux is in units of 10 -5 photons cm -2 s -1 , and EW is the equivalent width in eV.
The broad-band fit II. Testing the two-corona scenario In the next step we tested a two-corona scenario, in which warm Comptonization accounts for the soft excess. We fitted the pn and NuSTAR data in the 0. 3-79 keV band, also including the optical-UV data from the OM. The different components of the model are described below. The primary continuum and soft excess: The hard X-ray spectrum is modelled with the thermal Comptonization model nthcomp. We left the electron temperature kT e and the photon index Γ of the asymptotic power law free to vary among the different observations. For the seed photons, we assumed a multicolour disc black-body distribution  (Mitsuda et al. 1984; Makishima et al. 1986 ) and left the seed temperature kT BB free, but tied among the observations. We used nthcomp also to model the soft excess, fitting for the electron temperature and the photon index.
Soft emission lines: We included a narrow Gaussian line to account for positive residuals around 0. 5 keV that can be associated with the O vii complex detected in the RGS spectra (Appendix B). 4 ). Upper panel: XMM-Newton/OM, pn, and NuSTAR data (rebinned for plotting purposes) with folded model. Middle panel: Contribution to χ 2. Bottom panel: Best-fitting model E 2 f (E), without absorption, with the plot of the warm and hot nthcomp components (dashed and dotted lines, respectively), the small blue bump, the Gaussian line at 0. 54 keV, and the reflection component (cyan solid lines). Small blue bump: This broad feature is generally observed in the optical-UV spectrum of AGNs, in the 2000-4000 Å band, and is due to a blend of strong Fe ii lines and the Balmer continuum emission  (Grandi 1982; Wills et al.
These radiative processes are taken into account through the belm code  (Belmont et al. 2008; Belmont 2009). The effect of the illumination on the inner JED by cold photons from the outer SAD is also taken into account  (Marcel et al. 2018a). We fitted the XMM-Newton and NuSTAR data as in Sect. 4. 5. We produced two xspec tables, one for the JED and one for the SAD, which both have the same two parameters r J and ṁ. Having two separate tables allows us to model the soft excess as a Comptonized tail of the SAD alone. The different components of the model are described below. The primary continuum: In the SAD-JED scenario translated to AGNs, the SAD produces the optical-UV bump while the JED produces the bulk of the X-ray emission. The free parameters of these models are the SAD-JED transition radius r J and the accretion rate ṁ at the ISCO in Eddington units ( ṀEdd ≡ L Edd /c 2 , thus ṁ ≡ Ṁ/ ṀEdd = L/ηL Edd , where η is the efficiency of massenergy conversion.
Discussion and conclusions The joint XMM-Newton and NuSTAR campaign on HE 1143-1810 discussed in this paper allowed us to study the high-energy spectral properties of this unabsorbed Seyfert 1 galaxy in detail, constraining the physics and geometry of its accretion flow. Below we summarize the main results, then we discuss in more detail their physical interpretation. The source is clearly variable in flux during the campaign; a significant variation is seen between the 'low-flux period', corresponding to observations 1 and 2, and the 'high-flux period', corresponding to observations 3, 4, and 5. The spectral shape also shows some variability in the soft band (below 10 keV), while little spectral variability is found in the hard band. The data indicate the presence of a correlation between the UV and soft X-ray emission, consistent with a Comptonization origin for the latter, as we discuss below.
Acknowledgements. We thank the referee  Javier García  for detailed comments that significantly improved the manuscript. F. U. acknowledges financial support from  ASI  and  INAF  under INTEGRAL "accordo  ASI/INAF 2013-025-R1 ". P. -O. P. and J. F. acknowledge financial support from the  CNES French agency and CNRS PNHE. S. B. acknowledges financial support from  ASI  under grant  ASI-INAF I/037/12/0. S. B. , A. D. R. and G. P. acknowledge financial contribution from the agreement ASI-INAF n. 2017-14-H. O. B. D. M. acknowledges support from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  grant agreement No  798726. G. Marcel  acknowledges the matplotlib library (Hunter 2007) for the production of figures in this paper.
Calibration methods of the coupled damage-plasticity model The idea is to compare an experimental Micro InDef test and a numerical version (FEM) of the same test. More precisely we compare the experimental and numerical forming forces on Z axis. The material parameters are estimated in order to minimize the difference between these two forces. The procedure is divided in 2 steps. First step (initialization) is the identification of elastic and plastic parameters by comparing results between tensile testing and modeling. The result of first step is then used as input data for the second step (estimation), which is identification of plastic and damage parameters by comparing forming forces between Micro InDef testing and modeling.
Tensile test (Step 1) The first step is dedicated to determinate the initial hardening parameters set (σ y 0 ,Q 0 ,b 0 ) by using tensile test. This step is necessary to start the identification (step 2) from a physically solution and to reduce the computation time. The first step comprise of experimental and numerical procedure. Experimental quasi-static tensile tests are performed. A finite element parametric model is then used to simulate tensile test. Initial hardening parameters determination for the tensile test is realized using the FEMU method. Then, the numerical reaction force is compared to the experimental measurement and the hardening parameters are adjusted iteratively using an optimization algorithm. In order to avoid the necking phenomenon, only the experimental data until 23% of deformation are considered.
A fully parametric toolbox, programmed in MATLAB language, has been developed to prepare the input files necessary for Micro InDef test's simulation (mesh, boundary, load and = L 2 = 30mm, l 1 = l 2 = 6mm, H = 4mm, R = 1mm, α = 2 • initial conditions, material behavior). This numerical toolbox was completely detailed and validated in the study proposed by  [6]. Considering the numerical approach, the blank is meshed with 8-nodes fully integrated solid elements and tools with 4-nodes rigid shell elements. Three elements are used in the blank thickness (6 integration points through the thickness). 120 elements are imposed upon the length and width to discretize the blank with a total of 43200 solid elements. The tool and the blank are modeled with the same geometrical parameters as in the experimental test.
During simulation tests, the sheet is clamped along its edges. The LS-DYNA software with an explicit integration method is used to simulate the Micro InDef test. The coupled damage-plasticity model used for this simulation represents the main mechanisms of inelastic behavior, including plastic deformation, the change of elastic response and the localized failure. The friction law chosen to simulate the tribological behavior at the interfaces between tools and the blank is a Coulomb's friction law, with a friction coefficient equal to 0. 2. This choice derives from studies proposed by  [6]  on the influence of friction on forming forces level. To summarize : this step consists of simulating a Micro InDef test, whose results (forming force) are sensitive to material parameters. These material parameters are the ones to adjust.
Validation tests A validation procedure is carried out to verify the quality of the calibrated model. Firstly, the experimental part geometry is compared with the one obtained with the finite element simulation. The experimental part is digitalized using a non-contact high resolutin 3D laser scanning system. The experimental data are then compared with the mesh using inspection software (Geomagic Qualify). Secondly, validation tests are done. The coupled damage-plasticity model identified with the helical strategy and pyramidal geometry with the procedure defined previously is for example used to simulate: • pyramidal-shaped part using a Z-level strategy. • conical shaped part using both forming strategies (helical and Z-level strategies). • FLD are simulate and compared to experimental ones.
The purpose is to determine the sensitivity of axial forming force numerical simulation during Micro InDef test for various input material parameters. The parameter sensitivities are computed using the backward finite difference method. The components of the dimensionless sensitivity matrix S are mathematically defined by: S ij = θ 2j F ZN ,max ∂F ZN ∂θ 2j (2) For computing this matrix, the optimization software MIC2M is used and a sensitivity ranking is performed by means of the following relation: δ j = 1 N N i=1 |S ij | (3) where N is the number of measurement points. The sensitivity ranking measures the mean sensitivity of the simulated z-axis forming force to a variation of the parameter value θ 2j. A high δ j means that the value of the parameter θ 2j has an important influence on the simulation result, while a value of zero indicates that the simulation result does not depend on the parameter θ 2j.
| Recommendations for Vim targeting to treat essential tremor Based on our retrospective analysis of treatment efficacy in 14 patients, we believe that the clinically efficacious, groupnormalized probabilistic target region reported here is an improved initial target region for ET-FUS planning compared to the standard, stereotactic method used for MRgFUS and DBS surgeries. Although the present study has been conducted in the context of focused ultrasound therapy for ET, our probabilistic region may also be an improved target for DBS electrode placement for the treatment of ET. We recommend applying the probabilistic target region (available at github. com/thalamicseg/et-vim; Su et al. , 2020)  into the patient's native space (e. g. , preoperative WMnMPRAGE image), specifically using a nonlinear warp.
| CONCLUSIONS Thalamic imaging using WMnMPRAGE, acquired before and after MRgFUS treatment of ET, has allowed us to directly visualize and manually segment patient-specific thalamic anatomy, including the Vim nucleus, as well as FUS ablation characteristics. We report high accuracy in an automated patient-specific segmentation of the Vim using THOMAS, referenced against manual segmentation in the same subjects. We also report a group-based probabilistic target region within the Vim that is better associated with clinical efficacy than the standard, stereotactically defined target, identifying a novel upper extremity tremor center and an improved initial FUS target. These new tools and findings may better equip MRgFUS to deliver effective patient-specific therapy. The group template and the probabilistic target regions are available online (github.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Drs Rosalind S. Chuang ,  Veronica E. Santini , and  Camilla W. Kilbane  for assessing patient tremor outcomes. This work was funded by  NIH   UH3 NS095554  ( EYC, JHS, BKR ),  NIH   P41 EB015891  (BKR),  Laboratory of Excellence TRAIL   ANR-10-LABX-57  (TT),  Blume Foundation (CHH) , and  GE Healthcare.
The massive adoption of Cloud services is entailing a tremendous traffic transiting over data center networks (DCNs). Despite the impressive wired throughput, DCNs are suffering from network congestion. To deal with such resource limitation, first, we put forward a novel Hybrid Data Center Network (HDCN) architecture, based on CISCO's Massively Scalable Data Center (MSDC) model. HDCN enables high throughput wireless (IEEE 802. 11ad) and wired (IEEE 802. 3) transmissions. Second, we focus on one-hop inter-rack communications in HDCN and propose a novel wireless channel assignment algorithm. Our goal is to maximize the total throughput over the wireless and/or wired infrastructure. We formulate the problem as a minimum graph coloring. To address this NPhard problem, we propound two novel i) exact and ii) heuristic wireless channel assignment algorithms in HDCN denoted respectively by GC-HDCN and GH-GC-HDCN.
Consequently, any two racks in the DCN can communicate directly with each other in only one hop link, with no need to routing. In  [33] , the authors propose to augment the wired DCNs with wireless links in order to alleviate congestion for elephant traffics. Mainly, it combines wired and wireless links in the same communication path. However, they only add the wireless links in the neighborhood of the source node, while wired links are used to deliver traffic between relay ToRs of the final destination. Furthermore, this approach minimizes hotspots by providing a new logical topology with IP address assignment and traffic engineering scheme. In this paper, we envision a new hybrid wireless/wired Data Center Network architecture built over a three-stage CLOS topology and following CISCO's MSDC model.
32, 60. 48, 62. 64 and 64. 8 GHz respectively. The capacity of each wireless channel reaches 6. 7 Gbps over a short range. Consequently, the whole data center network can be considered as Personal Basic Service Set (PBSS). Indeed, PBSS is IEEE 802. 11ad-specific wireless LAN in which stations directly communicate to each other (i. e. , Ad hoc network, no need to access point)  [4]. Specifically, each node in PBSS is denoted by Directional Multi-Gigabit Sta-   Based on this specification, we propose to deploy a Wireless Transmission Unit (WTU) composed of a set of 4 wireless directional antennas. Each transceiver is, hence, assigned to one wireless channel. Note that the 4 transceivers in WTU are independent, due to channel orthogonality, and can be simultaneously exploited. In doing so, each rack in the data center can communicate using both the wired (i.
Note that the latter is a fully Ethernet strategy. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of our approaches, GC-HDCN and GH-GC-HDCN, and prove their efficiency in Hybrid DCNs, we proceed as follows. First, we implemented the main features of IEEE 802. 11ad standard in QualNet 3. Note that the latter is an event driven network simulator based on C++ language. It is widely used by both industrial and research community. The design and the development of new protocols in whether wireless, wired or hybrid network infrastructures are enabled thanks to its modularity and layer based architecture. We set the propagation parameters and rate table based on the IEEE 802. 11ad. We assume that all the antennas have the same transmission power which is fixed to 10 dBm. We configure the QualNet physical layer with the free-space propagation model, by setting the Friis parameter to 2.
e. , ToR). Each leaf is connected to 4 spine switches. As in  [5] , ToRs (i. e. , leaves) are connected to servers 3 http://www. scalablenetworks. com/products/Qualnet/ via 1 Gbps links. Moreover, spine and leaf switches communicate through 10 Gbps links. In fact CISCO has found out that using multiple 10 Gbps links instead of a single 40 Gbps link alleviates power consumption. Indeed, the current power consumption of a 40 Gbps optics is more than 10X a single 10 Gbps. Similarly to  [16] , we set the propagation delay of wired links to 2 s. The noise factor and implementation loss values are respectively set to 10, and 5, as it is given by IEEE 802. 11ad specification  [4]. Finally, we implemented i) our two variants of wireless resource allocation algorithm, GC-HDCN and GH-GC-HDCN, based on C++ language and CPLEX 4  solver and ii) the related strategies.
In fact, Facebook monitoring system, fbflow, has collected, in 2015 for a period of 24-hours, samples of traffic patterns inside the production clusters 5. Facebook has made accessible flow workload of some applications, namely: Hadoop, Web-servers, and Database. The loads have been measured with a uniform per-packet sampling, with a rate of 1:30. Note that each line of the workload traces includes many information as, the traffic type (i. e. , intra-rack, inter-rack, and inter-DCN), the IP addresses of communicating racks, the traffic volume, etc. We manipulate workload traces to obtain for each flow its corresponding information: i) total measured traffic, ii) start time, iii) traffic type. In our simulations, we consider the inter-rack traffic generated by Hadoop, since it is considered to be the heaviest  [11].
Conclusion In this paper, we addressed the problem of one-hop wireless communications in hybrid data center networks. To alleviate traffic congestion, we augmented the CISCO MSDC wired topology of DCNs with wireless infrastructure based on IEEE 802. 11ad so as to enhance network performance. Additionally, we have deployed the 2D beamforming technique in order to minimize interference effects and leverage wireless infrastructure use. We addressed the problem of wireless channel allocation for one-hop inter-rack communications in HDCN. Our objective is to optimize the wireless channel allocation by: i) maximizing the number of flows using wireless infrastructure, while ii) avoiding interference effects. In doing so, congestion is alleviated and network performance is enhanced in DCN. We formulated our NP-Hard problem as a Graph Coloring statement and we made use of both Column Generation technique and Branch-and-Price algorithm to resolve it while considering computation time constraint.
All inoculated media were incubated at 19, 28 and 37 °C. Each individual bacterial colony was harvested and identified by MALDI-TOF-MS (Microflex spectrometer; Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany)  15. The obtained spectra were imported into the MALDI Biotyper 3. 0 software (Bruker Daltonics) and analysed against the reference spectra of bacteria included in the database (Bruker database constantly updated with the Mediterranee-Infection database (http://www. mediterranee-infection. com/article. php?larub=280&titre=urms-database). The MALDI Biotyper RTC software was used to interpret the results according to the obtained score values: a colony was likely identified at the species level for a score > 2. 0, probably identified for a score between 1. 99 and 1. 7, but not identified for a score <1.
The CodonCode Aligner software was used for sequence alignment, assembly and correction (https://www. codoncode. com/). For taxonomic assignation, a BLASTn search was performed against the nr database 16. A sequence similarity threshold of 98. 65% by comparison with the phylogenetically closest species with standing in nomenclature was used to delineate a putative new species  17. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from the comparison of 16S rRNA sequences using the MEGA7 software  18. phenotypic, biochemical and chemical characteristics of strain eG. Culture of strain strain EG and P. nyackensis strain NWG-II14 T (DSM19625) was attempted at various growth temperatures (6, 19, 30, 37 and  45 °C) in 5% sheep blood-enriched Columbia agar (bioMérieux) under anaerobic, aerobic and microaerophilic atmospheres using GasPak ™ EZ generators (Becton-Dickinson, Maryland, USA).
Bacterial susceptibility to benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, daptomycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, rifampicin, and vancomycin was assessed using E-tests and a 0. 5 McFarland concentration of strains EG and NWG-II14 T. Cellular fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis was performed by GC/MS. Two samples were prepared with approximately 120 mg of bacterial biomass per tube harvested from several culture plates. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared as described by Sasser  30  and GC/MS analysis was carried out as previously described  31. Briefly, FAMES were separated using an Elite 5-MS column and monitored by mass spectrometry (Clarus 500 -SQ 8S, Perkin Elmer, Courtaboeuf, France). Spectral database search was performed using MS Search 2.
0 operated with the following Standard Reference Database 1 A (NIST, Gaithersburg, USA) and FAMEs mass spectral database (Wiley, Chichester, UK). Sequencing, assembly, annotation and genomic comparison. The bacterial genomic DNA (gDNA) of strain EG was extracted using an EZ1 automate and the DNA tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and then was quantified using a Qubit assay (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 82. 6 ng/μL. The bacterial gDNA was prepared and sequenced as previously described  32. Briefly, sequencing was performed using the Mate-Pair strategy and a Miseq sequencer (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). A concentration of 1. 5 μg of gDNA prepared following the Nextera Mate-Pair Illumina guide was used to prepare the Mate-Pair library. The gDNA was simultaneously fragmented and tagged using a Mate-Pair junction adapter.
Genomic annotation was obtained using the Prokka software. A search for virulence factors was performed by comparaison with the VFDB database (http://www. mgc. ac. cn/ VFs/) using BLASTn  33, 34. The genome from strain EG was compared to those of Pedobacter africanus strain DSM 12126 T (NZ_ FWXT00000000. 1), P. antarcticus strain 4BY T (NZ_JNFF00000000. 1), P. ginsengisoli strain T01R-27 (NZ_CP024091. 1), P. heparinus strain DSM 2366 T (NC_013061. 1), P. nutrimenti strain DSM 27372 (NZ_ QKLU00000000. 1), P. nyackensis strain DSM 19625 (NZ_FWYB00000000. 1), P. panaciterrae strain 048 (NZ_ LGEL00000000. 1) and P. steynii strain DX4 (NZ_CP017141. 1). Degrees of genomic similarity between strain EG and compared genome were evaluated using the GGDC (http://ggdc. dsmz. de/ggdc. php#)  16 and Orthologous Average Nucleotide Identity (Ortho-ANI) (https://www.