dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements We owe thanks to the editor and an anonymous referee for their constructive comments, as well as our collaborators who contributed specimens or otherwise helped with sampling. We thank  Annabel Whibley ,  Pascale Chesselet  and  Louis Bernatchez  for stimulating comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by grants ( WI-2710 ) from the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)  to T. W. and A. M. as well as grants from the  Landesgraduiertenförderung Baden-Württemberg  to S. W. , the  University Konstanz  to S. W. and A. M, and an  EU Marie Curie PEOPLE postdoctoral fellowship for Career Development to S. W. (grant number  FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-331824 ). The project was also supported by the  network "Bibliothèque du  vivant" funded by the  CNRS , the  Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle  and the  CEA (Centre National de Séquençage ).
Acknowledgements: During her PhD,  Elena Dobrică  made significant contributions in the characterization of the UCAMMs, this new family of cometary particles, in collaboration with H. Leroux,  E. Quirico  and  J. -N. Rouzaud. The collect and analyses of UCAMMs are ongoing at CSNSM with  J. Duprat. Michel Maurette  was a pioneer in the collection and analyses of polar micrometeorites, and for their implications for the formation of the solar system and for exobiology. Gero Kurat had a crucial role in micrometeorite research. This work was supported by  CNRS IN2P3 ,  INSU (PNP) ,  EPOV, IPEV, ANR Jeunes Chercheurs "Micromet ",  CNES , and  FP6 RTN Marie Curie  "ORIGINS".
Methodology Our analysis and methods are organized into four stages: construction of the hydrogeological model; simulation of solute transport and the derivation of the time-dependent environmental tracer concentrations; independent interpretation of these data to obtain estimated RTDs; and the ultimate comparison between the estimated and simulated RTDs. The tracers concentrations used for the analysis was obtained in one case from a hypothetical gamma RTD and in the second case from simulated RTD from a hydrogeological model of the Ploemeur aquifer in North West France. The simulated tracer concentrations as a result of the hydrogeological model were treated as observed tracer data for inferring the RTD using several presumed lumped parameter models. Several measures of model sufficiency have been used to evaluate and compare the performance of the approach in determining the age distribution, as well as uncertainties associated with the estimated RTDs when different periods of tracer data are used for the RTD inference.
Acknowledgments Research and monitoring on the site of Ploemeur is funded by the  Environmental research Observatory H+ (Network  of hydrogeological sites) and by the  European Interreg   IV  project  Climawat. J. -R. de Dreuzy  acknowledges the  European Union  for its additional funding through the  IEF Marie-Curie fellowship  ( PIEF-GA-2009-251710 ).
GMRT 610-MHz observations GMRT observations of the ECDFS were obtained between 2009 October and 2010 February. During eleven ∼6. 5 hr sessions we ob-served six positions, placed equidistant on a circle of radius 0. 2 deg, centred on 03h 32m 28. 0s -27 • 48 ′ 30 ′′  (J 2000). The total bandwidth was 32 MHz, split into 512 channels, centred at 610 MHz, recording RR and LL polarisations with a time resolution of 2 s. Data reduction was accomplished using AIPS. 3C 48 or 3C 147 were used to calibrate the bandpass and set the flux-density scale; 0240-231 was used to track the complex gain. Data corrupted by radio-frequency interference (RFI) were excised using channel-and time-based flagging. The final mosaiced image, made using the WPROJECT algorithm after several rounds of selfcalibration in phase, and one round of self-calibration in amplitude, reaches an RMS sensitivity of 45 µJy beam -1 over 70 ′ × 70 ′ , encompassing the positions of all 99 ALESS MAIN SMGs.
VLA 1. 4-GHz observations We rely on data from the VLA 1. 4-GHz Survey of the ECDFS DR2  (Miller et al. 2013) , a re-reduction of the same 250 h of Aconfiguration data taken from 2007 June -September as were used by  Biggs et al. (2011)  to produce the first deep radio catalogue of ECDFS. This updated map covers an area of a third of a square degree, and reaches an RMS sensitivity at the centre of the field of 6 µJy beam -1. 93 of the 99 ALESS MAIN SMGs lie within the VLA coverage. The angular resolution, 2. 8 ′′ × 1. 6 ′′ , closely matches that of the ALMA observations, and we use this new map to directly identify radio counterparts to these SMGs. In order to account for the effects of bandwidth smearing (BWS) -which tend to decrease the peak flux density and elongate sources radially towards the phase centre of each pointing in wide-bandwidth interferometer images  (Bridle & Schwab 1989 )we use information contained within the DR2 image header and follow the technique of  Arumugam et al.
Optical-far-IR data and photometric redshifts In our analysis we exploit previously-measured photometric redshifts and far-IR luminosities. Here, we briefly summarise these data. Simpson et al. (2013)  derived photometric redshifts (z phot ) for the ALESS SMGs utilising panchromatic imaging from the optical to mid-infrared. This comprises U to K-band imaging from the MUltiwavelength Survey by Yale-Chile (MUSYC:  Gawiser et al. 2006)   Damen et al. 2011) at 3. 6, 4. 5, 5. 8 and 8. 0 µm. Using the HYPERZ code of  Bolzonella et al. (2000) , they estimate redshifts for 78/99 ALESS MAIN SMGs, with a median uncertainty ∆z = ±0. 21. 17 of these SMGs lie at z > 3. The remaining 21 MAIN SMGs have insufficient optical/near-IR photometry to measure reliable redshifts, but are statistically expected to lie at z ∼ 2.
We search for evolution of the form q IR ∝ (1 + z) γ , but find that the data are consistent with no evolution: γ = -0. 15 ± 0. 17. The black bar located in the upper-right corner of the sub-figure shows the typical measurement uncertainty on q IR. We see no evidence of a strong correlation between q IR and T dust. Top-right: q IR versus L 1. 4 GHz. For SMGs without a robust radio counterpart, we assign 3σ limits to L 1. 4 GHz and q IR based on an estimate of the local noise around each source. SMGs with a VLA detection but no GMRT counterpart have unknown spectral indices -taking the 3 σ GMRT flux limits, we obtain a limit on α, which in turn gives upper limit to the K-corrected L 1. 4 GHz. Included in the plot is a stack of all VLA non-detected sources ('Stack 1'), where the radio luminosity is calculated by placing the stack at the median redshift, and K-correcting using the median spectral index of the sample.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the editor and anonymous referee for their constructive comments which have led to the improvement of this paper. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO. ALMA# 2011. 0. 00294. S. ALMA is a partnership of  ESO  (representing its member states),  NSF (USA)  and  NINS (Japan) , together with  NRC (Canada)  and  NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan) , in cooperation with the  Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by  ESO ,  AUI/NRAO  and  NAOJ. We thank the staff of the GMRT who made these observations possible. GMRT is run by the  National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. This research also made use of data taken as part of the  HerMES Key Programme  from the  SPIRE  instrument team, ESAC scientists and a mission scientist.
Statistical analysis Genetic association analyses and calculation of allelic frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were conducted using the online tool at the TUM Helmholtz Center (Munich, Germany; http://ihg. gsf. de/cgi-bin/hw/ hwa1. pl). Briefly, tests adapted from those of Sasieni  12  were used. Age-and sex-adjusted binary logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS 15. 0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). In addition, Mantel-Haenzselstratified analyses were conducted according to gender and the presence or absence of the APOE-ε4 allele (Supplementary Tables  2  and 3 , respectively). Breslow-day tests were conducted to measure the significance of SNP × APOE and SNP × gender interactions. All SNP calculations were double-checked using PLINK or INTERSNP software. 13, 14 Meta-analyses were conducted using the PLINK software.
In our study, however, the λ value is 4. 7, which is a strong sign of an overall increased degree of significant associations for the SNPs investigated in the Spanish cohort. In the present context, the λ value is considered to indicate the overall degree of positive associations for a small set of SNPs, in contrast to the genome-wide setting, where it is used as an indicator of residual inflation caused by spurious association. Thus, the present observations in our study are unlikely to represent chance findings. Furthermore, four of these five nominally significant association signals displayed the same effect direction as that reported by the IGAP (Table  1 ). The exception was the marker rs8035452. The IGAP reported this as a suggestive signal. However, an effect in the opposite direction was found in the Fundació ACE data set.
This observation might reflect a lack of power in our data set to detect this signal. Alternatively, the original finding may represent a false-positive. No significant association was found for three of the four genome-wide significant loci detected during IGAP Stage 1 (rs11218343 at SORL1; rs10498633 at SLC24A4; rs8093731 at DSG2). However, since the effect sizes and directions of these three loci were fully consistent with those reported by the IGAP, our failure to replicate them may have been attributable to a lack of power. In total, seven of the 10 investigated genome-wide significant loci from the IGAP displayed a consistent effect in the present data set. The non-consistent effects observed for the NME8, PTKB2, and CASS4 signals may have been attributable to a lack of power. It should be noted that, although our series may appear underpowered compared with the IGAP data set, the present study had on average a power of 45% to detect each of the genome-wide association studies significant signals reported by the IGAP.
The statistically significant signal was obtained for rs74615166 at the thyroid receptor interacting protein gene 4, TRIP4, locus (odd ratio = 1. 519 (1. 148-2. 012), P = 0. 0032). This variant had a minor allele frequency of 0. 02 in both the IGAP and the Fundació ACE (Table  1 ). Interestingly, a larger effect size was observed in the Fundació ACE data set than in the IGAP. However, an advantage of the present analyses was that this SNP was genotyped directly, whereas the IGAP had to rely in part on imputed genotypes. Since imputation for rarer variants is more difficult, this might explain why a stronger effect was observed in the present cohort. The present findings for the nine suggestive IGAP signals may indicate that these loci have a weaker effect on AD risk than the genomewide significant SNPs.
As a direct consequence, the power to detect them using our data set is relatively low (33% on average for suggestive signals). However, our data set had a >99. 9% power to detect at least one suggestive locus (0. 33),  9  thus explaining the results for the TRIP4 locus. Meta-analysis of the present results with the IGAP meta-analysis data identified TRIP4 as a novel genome-wide significant locus. The new susceptibility AD SNP is located within the eleventh intron of TRIP4 (15q22. 31; rs74615166; OR = 1. 31 (1. 17-1. 42), P = 9. 74 × 10 -9 ; Table  1 ). According to publicly available databases (genome. cse. ucsc. edu), TRIP4 is highly expressed in the immune system and has been detected in various tissues, including the brain. Research suggests that TRIP4 is a component of the nuclear receptor-coupled co-activation machinery that enables or disables DNA transcription.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank all patients and controls for their participation in this project. We thank all of the investigators from the  International Genomics of Alzheimer Project (IGAP) consortium  for their close collaboration and intellectual input, and for sharing their pre-publication data in order to permit rapid completion of this research work. The IGAP comprises four major Alzheimer's disease research groups: the  Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC) ; the  Neurology Working Group of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) ; the  European Initiative for Alzheimer Disease (EADI) ; and the  Genetic and Environmental Risk in Alzheimer's Disease (GERAD). We are indebted to  Trinitat Port-Carbó  and her family for their support of the Fundació ACE research programs.
4, 17 These inconsistencies may have resulted from methodological errors in such work including selection and recall biases. In the latter, patients often have difficulties reporting their pre-illness diet, which is reflective of disease etiology, particularly if IBD was diagnosed many years previously. Only one cohort study has reported on all these macronutrients in UC  18  and none for starch or sugar intake in CD. To help to confirm if there are associations between these nutrients and IBD and to overcome previous methodological limitations, we used the multicenter European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. This investigation is the first to report the effects of these macronutrients in the EPIC study for CD and expands on the previous smaller dataset on UC that reported on countries predominantly from Northern Europe.
Participants' habitual diet over the previous year was measured using validated country-specific food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) that were designed to capture local dietary habits and give high compliance when self-completed. These consisted of approximately 200 food items and 9 frequency categories for when these foods were consumed, which varied from never to several times per day. Using national databases of food composition that were standardized,  20  total energy and individual nutrient intakes including total carbohydrate (excluding dietary fiber), sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides), and starch (including dextrins and glycogen) were calculated from these questionnaires. Participants within the extreme 1% percentiles of energy intake were excluded to reduce the effects of implausible extreme values of energy intake.
In the centers for France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and the Netherlands, the dietary intakes from the FFQs were compared with the mean intake of 24-hour recall questionnaires repeated monthly over a 1-year period. 21, 22 4] [25]  Most centers also compared their FFQ data with plasma and urinary biomarkers for specific nutrients such as vitamins, electrolytes, and nitrogen. 4] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]  The research protocols were approved by ethics committees in each center, and all participants gave their written informed consent for the study. The cohort was followed up in all centers until at least May 2004 and in some centers until December 2010 with incident cases of CD and UC that developed in participants identified by several methods. These were disease registries of IBD in Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Denmark, follow-up questionnaires in Germany, Greece, France, and the Oxford cohort, and by a combination of follow-up questionnaires and hospital in-patient and pathology databases for the Norfolk cohort.
9,10 However, 2 epidemiological studies reporting the role of BMI in IBD have conflicting results. 34, 42 ur study design had several strengths. First, biases were reduced; recall bias for dietary intakes and selection biases, i. e. , inherent differences between cases and controls. Second, assessment of diet was through the use of validated questionnaires designed to capture local dietary habits and standardized nutrient databases. Third, our cases of CD and UC were reviewed by physicians to confirm the diagnoses, and the number of cases expected during follow-up was similar to that expected using incidence data from The European Collaborative study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD). 43 Therefore, follow-up  There were no significant differences in the intakes of nutrients or total energy intake between cases and controls for CD or UC.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank the participants of the EPIC study. This study was funded by The  Sir Halley Stewart Trust ,  Crohn's and Colitis UK  and  The NHS Executive Eastern Region. S. S. M. Chan is supported by an  NIHR clinical lectureship. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the  European Commission (DG-SANCO)  and the  International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by the  Danish Cancer Society (Denmark) ;  Ligue contre le Cancer ,  Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale ,  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France) ;  German Cancer Aid, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) ;  Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece) ; The  Italian Association for Research on Cancer, Compagnia San Paolo (Italy) ;  Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, Dutch Prevention Funds, LK Research Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland) ,  World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) ,  Statistics Netherlands  (the  Netherlands) ;  Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council and Regional Government of Skane and Vӓsterbotten (Sweden) ;  Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council (United Kingdom ).
Recruited between 4 1 3 1994 and 1998. Cases identified up to April 2007 from follow-up questionnaires Italy Florence 13,583 3 1 9 Sweden Umeå 25,732 Population-based cohort, men and women, aged 30-60 yr. Recruited between 10 15 1992 and 1996. Cases identified up to February 2007 from regional database of IBD Malmö 28,098 Population-based cohort, men and women, aged 45-69 yr. Recruited between 11 21 1991 and 1996. Cases identified up to October 2003 from regional database of IBD Denmark Aarhus and 57,053 Population-based cohort of men and women aged 50-64 yr. Recruited 11 40 Copenhagen between 1993 and 1997. Cases identified up to July 2007 from national database of IBD France Regions throughout the 72,996 Women aged 40-65 yr recruited between 1990 and 1993 who are members of 21 28 country a health insurance scheme for school teachers and co-workers.
Cases identified up to April 2008 by follow-up questionnaires The Netherlands Amsterdam, 40,092 Men and women, aged 20-70 yr recruited between 1993 and 1997 from the 17 41 Doetinchem, general population of 3 cities (Amsterdam, Doetinchem, and Masstricht) Masstricht, and Utrecht and also the breast cancer screening program in Utrecht. Cases identified up to December 2009 by regional IBD databases Greece 28,572 Population-based cohort of men and women aged 29-76 yr recruited between 7 1 3 1994 and 1999 from 11 regions throughout Greece. Cases identified up to September 2011 from follow-up questionnaires and histopathology records Total 401,326 110 244 Population-based cohort, men and women, aged 34-64 yr. Recruitment between 1993 and 1998. Cases identified from regional database of IBD up to May 2004 2 8 Ragusa 6403 Population-based cohort, men and women, aged 34-65 yr recruited between 1993 and 1997.
Hydrographic data Four hydrographic transects spanning 5 years  (2005 -2010)  were analysed in this study (Table  2 ). The configuration of the inverse model box, which incorporates two complete coast-to-coast sections, allows us to differentiate between the water mass transformations and overturning circulation occurring in association with shelf-slope processes in the vicinity of the continental shelves and ice shelves of the southwestern Weddell Sea, and the contributions to transformations and overturning by gyre interior processes. CTD profiles of temperature and salinity were measured during the cruises, as well as velocity with vesselmounted and lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers. All four hydrographic cruise data sets were subjected to secondary quality control testing by performing crossover analyses with CARINA  [Key et al.
Sea Ice Daily means of sea ice concentration were derived from the Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I) Passive Microwave sensor using the NASA Team algorithm for the period 2005-2010  [Cavalieri et al. , 1996]. The daily ice motion data were derived from the same sensor and period using the Fowler algorithm. These data were provided as a personal communication by Chuck Fowler and Mark Tschudi  [Fowler , 2003]. Sea ice thickness data are extremely scarce, due to the difficulty in accessing ice-covered areas, particularly during winter. We estimated a climatological sea ice thickness from the ASPeCt data set (http://aspect. antarctica. gov. au/), which archives data from 83 voyages and 2 helicopter flights for the period 1980 -2005  [Worby et al. , 2008]. To calculate sea ice volume fluxes, the 6-year mean of the daily products of sea ice concentration and velocity across each section are multiplied by the climatological sea ice thickness distribution and the array of distances between data points.
Our diagnosed sea ice-mediated freshwater export from the inner gyre (315±32 km 3 yr -1 ) is lower than the prior estimate based on the literature, but not significantly so within uncertainties. For example, the modelling studies of  Petty et al. [2013]  and  Haid and Timmermann [2013]  find respective freshwater exports in sea ice form from the southwestern Weddell Sea of 690 ± 243 km 3 yr -1 and 993 km 3 yr -1 , and Drucker et al. [2011] estimate 390±130 km 3 yr -1 from satellite images. One possible explanation for our comparatively weak sea ice export is that, as our sections are summer-biased, the ocean contains more meltwater than at other times of year, and therefore requires a relatively low flow of sea ice to balance the addition of meteoric water south of the SR4 transect. A second plausible explanation relates to the lack of winter sea ice thickness measurements in the ASPeCt data base, which may lead to an underestimation of the annual-mean sea ice thickness.
Acknowledgments. The  ANDREX  project was supported by the  National Environmental Research Council  ( NE/E01366X/1 ). We thank  Dr. Matthew Mazloff  ( Scripps Institution of Oceanography ) for providing the SOSE output, and  Dr. Takamasa Tsubouchi  for many insightful discussions on inverse modeling. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the outstanding contribution of the Masters, officers and crew of  RRS James Clark Ross, RRS James Cook ,  RV Roger Revelle  and PFS Polarstern, as well as the many scientists who participated to the data collection and processing. We thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments greatly improved the clarity of the manuscript. This work is dedicated to the memory of  Eberhard Fahrbach , a great polar scientist and mentor whose legacy in polar oceanography will carry on for the years to come.
Massive parallel DNA sequencing combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation and a large variety of DNA/ RNA-enrichment methodologies is at the origin of data resources of major importance. Indeed these resources, available for multiple genomes, represent the most comprehensive catalogue of (i) cell, development and signal transduction-specified patterns of binding sites for transcription factors ('cistromes') and for transcription and chromatin modifying machineries and (ii) the patterns of specific local post-translational modifications of histones and DNA ('epigenome') or of regulatory chromatin binding factors. In addition, (iii) the resources specifying chromatin structure alterations are emerging. Importantly, these types of "omics" datasets populate increasingly public repositories and provide highly valuable resources for the exploration of general principles of cell function in a multi-dimensional genome-transcriptome-epigenome-chromatin structure context.