dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
1b ). The above analysis supports the hypothesis that short Shakers belonging to subfamily #2, like OsK2. 2, are speci cally present in monocots. However, our searches for such channels (in the NCBI data base) did not identify such short subfamily #2 Shaker sequence in several monocots, including Ananas comosus, Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), Musa acuminata (banana) and Phoenix dactylifera (date palm), which suggests that OsK2. 2-like channels are not present in every monocot. From the 12 monocot species identi ed as possessing at least one subfamily #2 short channel (Fig. 1b ), 11 belong to the Poacea family and one (Zingiber o cinale) to the Zingiberacea family. For each of the 11 Poceae, all the proteins belonging to the Shaker subfamily #2 (i. e. , whether they display a short Cterminus like OsK2.
2 or a classical C-terminal region with a K HA domain) were collected from the NCBI refseq_protein database. Shaker subfamily #2 channels were also collected for another Poacea, Hordeum vulgare (barley), from the NCBI non-redundant protein sequence (nr) database and added to the set of sequences collected from the other 11 Poacae. The phylogenetic relationships between the sequences thereby obtained show that 3 sub-groups can be identi ed within the Shaker subfamily #2 in Poaceae (Fig. 1c ). All the Poaceaes short subfamily #2 channels belong to a single group and this group comprises only channels of this type. This group has thus been named GK2. 2, by reference to OsK2. 2. The 2 other groups, named GK2. 1 and GK2. 3, comprise channels displaying a classical C-terminal region in which a K HA domain can be identi ed.
2c , right panel). Thus, the presence of C1 or C2 terminus results in smaller K + currents at given membrane potentials. The amounts of channels present at the cell membrane were assessed by fusing an enhanced GFP protein (eGFP) to the C-terminal end of OsK2. 2, OsK2. 2+C1 and OsK2. 2+C2. The amounts of GFP uorescence associated to the cell membrane were reduced by the presence of C1 or C2 in the chimeric constructs (Fig. 2d ), suggesting that the absence of C1 and C2type C-terminal sequence facilitates OsK2. 2 expression and targeting to the plasma membrane in oocytes. Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that the shortness of the Cterminal cytosolic sequence of OsK2. 2 contributes to the intrinsic capacity of this channel to mediate large K + currents. In a last set of electrophysiological analyses in Xenopus oocytes, we tested the sensitivity of OsK2.
Phloem and xylem sap samples were then collected at the end of the 3 h treatment in 20 mM K +. The amounts of K + assayed in the phloem sap samples were lower by ca. 30% or 40% in the osk2. 21 and osk2. 22 KO mutant seedlings and larger by ca. 15% or 22% in the OE#3 and OE#17 seedlings, when compared with the respective wildtype control seedlings (Fig. 5a ). Regarding the xylem transport, the concentration of K + in the xylem sap samples was lower by 26-32% in the osk2. 21 and osk2. 22 mutant plants, and higher by 12-14% in the OE plants, when compared with the respective WT control plants (Fig. 5b ). These data indicated that the long distance transport of K + in both the xylem and phloem vasculature is dependent on OsK2. 2 functional expression. A plant growth phenotype was apparent in seedlings initially grown for 10 days in 1 mM K + and then transferred for 7 further days in 10 mM K + (Fig.
The function of OsK2. 2 contains a strong relevance to the grain yield of rice The present data indicate that OsK2. 2 functional expression in rice plays a direct or indirect role in diverse functions related to K + transport in the plant, root K + uptake, K + /Na + homeostasis under saline conditions and tolerance to salt stress, and transpiration and photosynthesis via probably at least a role in control of stomatal conductance. Taken in account that the importance of K + as a major mineral nutrient to overall plant health and development, the genetic modi cation of K + transport systems by creating transgenic or targeted gene-editing crops is expected to be a valuable approach to the molecular breeding for the improvement of crops' yield. Whereas the attempts on engineering K + channels have mostly been limited to the laboratory experiments for the purposes of deciphering their physiological relevances.
Fluorescence intensity determination The oocyte preparation, plasmid injection and incubation were performed as for the electrophysiological experiments. The GFP uorescence was observed using a Laser scanning confocal microscope (LSM710, Zeiss) 48-60 h after injection. Fluorescence intensity of the oocyte membrane was quanti ed from at least 8 cells with the "ZEN 2009 Light Edition" software provided by the microscope setup.
Data analysis The electrophysiological data were analyzed using Clamp t 10. contains positively charged amino acids and behaves as a voltage sensor, rendering the channel sensitive to voltage. A putative cyclic nucleotide binding domain (cNBD) is present downstream of the channel transmembrane domain. In both AtKAT1 and OsAKT1, the C-terminal region downstream of the cNBD contains the so-called K HA domain, rich in hydrophobic and acidic residues and proposed to allow channel clustering in the membrane  30. In OsAKT1, an ankyrin (Anky) domain allowing interactions with regulatory proteins is present between the cNBD and K HA domains. These C-terminal regions downstream of the cNBD, present in AtKAT1 and OsAKT1, but not in OsK2. 2, have been named C1 and C2, respectively, in the present report.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 31672230 ), the  National Key Research and Development Program of China  ( 2016YFD0100703/2016YFD0100700 ), a  doctoral fellowship  from the  French Embassy in Vietnam  (to T. H. N. ), an  ANR-DFG  grant ( ANR-20-CE92-0005  to A. A. V. ) and an  ANR   IA grant  ( ANR-11-RSNR-0005  to E. G. and H. S. ). We thank  Rong Huang  and  Zuohao Ma ,  Analytical and Testing Center, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences  and  Dr. Shuwei Wang ,  State Experimental Station of Agro-Ecosystem in Changshu, Chinese Academy of Sciences , for technical assistance.
SOL width/turbulence and blobs The width of the heat carrying plasma channel of the SOL, λ q , and its extrapolation to future devices, is key in determining the magnitude of the heat exhaust challenge. Its value generally decreases in H-mode, relevant for most current reactor scenarios, thus magnifying this challenge. Its L-mode scaling remains important as it determines mitigation requirements during the start-up and landing phases of the discharge. The extensive database of SOL width measurements in TCV L-modes  [36] , together with a cross-machine database of λ q  [37]  spanning more than an order of magnitude, is found to be well described by an analytical model based on turbulent cross-field transport driven by resistive ballooning modes competing with convective parallel transport  [38].
Knowledge of the flux distribution and internal plasma profiles is essential for many control tasks in fusion plasmas. Plasma equilibria on TCV are routinely reconstructed in real-time using readily available magnetic measurements. These equilibrium reconstructions can be improved by constraining the plasma current or pressure profiles with measurements or (dynamic) modelling, a technique usually referred to as kinetic equilibrium reconstructions or integrated data analysis. Kinetic equilibrium reconstructions, based on dynamic modelling have, now, for the first time, been carried out in real-time by coupling the free-boundary equilibrium code LIUQE with the 1. 5D transport code RAPTOR, during TCV discharges  [89]. In addition to the magnetic measurements, the equilibrium is also constrained by estimates of pressure and current density profiles from real-time evolution of the 1D transport equations, which are, in turn, constrained by measurements of the line integrated density obtained from the interferometer and a central electron temperature obtained from differentially filtered SXR diodes.
Acknowledgments This work has been carried out within the framework of the  EUROfusion Consortium  and has received funding from the  Euratom  research and training programme 2014-2018 and  2019-2020  under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the  European Commission. This work was supported in part by the  Swiss National Science Foundation  and by the  US Department of Energy  under Award Number  DE-SC0010529.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  University of Sfax, Faculty of Science , LSME, by the  National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), France , by the  "Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique "( LMOP LR99ES17) Laboratory, Tunisia. The authors would like to acknowledge  PRF2019-D4P2 ,  PHC-Utique 21G1408 , and  Tuniso-Marrocain   20/R&D23  projects for financial support.
The SCOPE sample is important for statistically investigating evolution between the starless and protostellar star formation phases. The Orion Molecular Cloud Complex is about 380-420 pc away from us, and it has been extensively studied with many observations  (Kim et al. 2020; Sahu et al. 2021a ). As a part of SCOPE,  Yi et al. (2018)  turned to the Orion giant molecular cloud (GMC) complex, and observed 58 PGCCs in the three GMCs (Orion A, Orion B, and λ Orionis) with the JCMT in the 850 μm continuum. Beyond those they included 38 other PGCCs for which archival 850 μm continuum data were available in the JCMT Science Archive. The sample of  Yi et al. (2018)  is complete for PGCCs with column densities higher than 5 × 10 20 cm -2 (for a 5′ beam of the Planck telescope) in the Orion GMCs. In total, 119 dense cores were identified from JCMT SCUBA-2 observations of these Orion PGCCs, forming a unique sample of cold cores at similar distances for further studies.
Properties of the Natal Dense Cores We are interested in how the properties of dense cores affect the multiplicity of the protostars that form within them. To explore this possible connection, we summarize detailed information of the 43 protostellar cores from previous studies and divide the cores into two groups: dense cores forming single stars and dense cores forming more than one protostar. As the assumptions and calculation procedures for many of the parameters have already been described in detail in previous works  (Yi et al. 2018; Kim et al. 2020; Dutta et al. 2020) , we simply describe the core parameters here. The core parameters of these two groups are listed in Tables  1  and 2. Yi et al. (2018)  used the ClumpFind task in the STARLINK package to identify dense cores. The method was to fit the SCUBA-2 850 μm continuum emission maps in 2D Gaussian profiles with a threshold of 5σ.
Separation of Protostars in Binary/Multiple Systems We derive the projected separations among member protostars, for 36 protostars in the 13 binary/multiple-system cores. For high-order systems, we use the MiSTree (minimum spanning tree) package 29  to get the distance or separation between protostars. Figure  6  shows the distribution of separation in the binary/multiple systems. The projected separation between companion protostars of the whole sample ranges from 300 au to 8900 au, and the median projected separation is about 2100 au. Our result highlights a bimodal behavior in the projected separation distribution with one peak around 500 au and another peak around 3500 au, similar in character to the bimodal distribution of projected separations presented in  Tobin et al. (2016)  and  Tobin et al.
This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/ JAO. ALMA# 2018. 1. 00302. S. ALMA is a partnership of  ESO  (representing its member states),  NSF (USA)  and  NINS (Japan) , together with  NRC (Canada) ,  MOST  and  ASIAA (Taiwan) , and  KASI (Republic of Korea) , in cooperation with the  Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by  ESO, auI/NRAO , and  NAOJ. T. L. acknowledges support from the  National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)  through grants No. 12073061  and No. 12122307 , the  International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)  through grant No. 114231KYSB20200009 , the  Shanghai Pujiang Program  ( 20PJ1415500 ), and science research grants from the  China Manned Space  Project with no. CMS-CSST-2021-B06. K. T. was supported by  Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI  (grant No.
20H05645 ). D. J. and J. d. F. are supported by  NRC Canada  and by  NSERC Discovery Grants. C. -F. L. acknowledge grants from the  Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan  ( MoST 107-2119-M-001-040-MY3  and  110-2112-M-001-021-MY3 ) and  Academia Sinica  ( Investigator Award   AS-IA-108-M01 ). This research was carried out in part at the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory , which is operated by the  California Institute of Technology  under a contract with the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration  ( 80NM0018D0004 ). J. -E. L. was supported by a  National Research Foundation of Korea  grant funded by the  Korean government (MSIT)  (grant No. 2021R1A2C1011718 ). J. H. acknowledges the support of  NSFC  projects  11873086  and  U1631237. This work is sponsored (in part) by the  CAS , through a grant to the  CAS South America Center for Astronomy in Santiago, Chile.
S. -L. Q. is supported by the  NSFC  with grant No. 12033005. S. Z. acknowledges the support of the  China Postdoctoral Science Foundation  through grant No. 2021M700248. L. B. gratefully acknowledges support by the  ANID BASAL  projects  ACE210002  and  FB210003. P. S. was supported by a  Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research  (KAKENHI No. 18H01259 ) of JSPS. V. -M. P. acknowledges support by the grant  PID2020-115892GB-I00  funded by  MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033. Facilities:  ALMA, JCMT , No: 45  m. Software: astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013),  CASA  (McMullin et al. 2007),  Starlink  (Currie et al. 2014), MiSTree (Naidoo 2019).
Nanoparticle solution in water was dropped on a silicon wafer and dried under ambient conditions. Nanoparticle images were obtained at 20 kV accelerating voltage in secondary electron (SE) detection mode. The mean size of the Fe-Au core satellites was measured using ImageJ software; 210 nanoparticles were analyzed. The concentrations of iron and gold in Fe-Au NPs were quantified via inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry using a NexION 2000 spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Particles were dissolved in concentrated aqua regia, 3:1 mixture of HCl:HNO 3 , and diluted by water to 30% acid concentration for measurements. 57 Fe and 197 Au peaks were used for the analysis. Magnetic hysteresis loop was measured using a VSM LakeShore 7407 Series magnetometer (Lake Shore Cryotronics, Westerville, OH, USA).
Cell viability is shown as a percentage normalized to control cells, incubated without particles and irradiation. The IC 50 values were calculated using the OriginPro 2015 software (OriginLab, Northampton, MA, USA) with a dose-response function. For setting clonogenic analysis, the same conditions were used as for the study of cytotoxicity by the MTT test. After the incubation of cells with nanoparticles and their irradiation, the cells were diluted 30 times, and 2 × 10 3 cells in 1 mL of DMEM medium were added to the each well of a 12-well plate and incubated for 8 days at 5% CO 2 and 37 • C. Next, the nutrient medium was removed, cells were washed with 600 µL of PBS, pH 7. 4. Then, 600 µL of 70% ethanol was added to the wells to fix the cells, following incubation at room temperature for 15 min.
Computed Tomography IVIS Spectrum CT (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) small animal imaging system was used for computed tomography of phantoms and mice. Images were acquired with 50 kV tube at 1 mA current with 20 milliseconds of exposure time. A total of 720 projections spaced 0. 5 • apart were acquired, and the CT volume was reconstructed using Living Image software (PerkinElmer Inc. , Waltham, MA, USA) with a FOV 8 cm × 8 cm × 2 cm.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging The hybrid Fe-Au@PAA nanoparticles possess all featured properties of theranostic agents, such as biocompatibility, photothermic therapeutic effect for cancer treatment, and dual-modal imaging for diagnostics. To evaluate Fe-Au@PAA NPs as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, T 2 -wheighted images of different concentrations (NP: 1-1000 mg/L; or Fe: 0. 009-9 mM) of NPs in water were measured at 1T MR scanner. Fe-Au@PAA NPs decreased signals on T 2 -weighted images and exhibited concentrationdependent negative contrast enhancement effect (Figure  7a ). The inverse proton 1/T 2 relaxation time had non-linear dependence on the concentration of Fe-Au@PAA NPs at studied concentrations. However, the curve could be fitted at lower concentrations with a linear function shown as a black line through the data with a correlation coefficient above 0.
3 To quantify the added value of high-resolution simulations with respect to the coarser resolution parent domains or forcing simulations,  Soares and Cardoso (2018)  developed a metric based on the ability of models to reproduce the observed probability density functions (PDF). This metric may be applied to the full PDF or PDF sections only, e. g. , related to extremes. These distributional added value (DAV) analyses were previously used to characterize the added value of precipitation over Europe in the EURO-CORDEX hindcast climate simulations at 0. 11° and 0. 44° resolutions  (Soares and Cardoso 2018) , in comparison with the European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D, http:// www. ECAD. eu) v11 local weather stations. They demonstrate the gains related to the use of a higher resolution RCM to capture precipitation, when compared with ERA-Interim, namely for precipitation extremes.
It is thus imperative an added-value analysis of the impact of increased resolution on the near-surface temperature downscaling for RCM/CPRCM. In this study, the DAV metric is applied to near-surface temperature to assess the added value of the FPSconvections CPRCM and RCM hindcast simulations. This assessment relies on state-of-the-art observations from the recent regular gridded E-OBS v21e  (Cornes et al. 2018) , the European Meteorological Observations with a regular horizontal grid with 5 km horizontal resolution (EMO-5:  Thiemig et al. 2022), and ECA&D v18 datasets (Klein Tank et al. 2002; Klok and Klein Tank 2009) , for the points within the high-resolution domain. The main research questions are: (1) what is the added value of dynamically downscaling ERA-Interim using RCMs down to convective permitting scales? (2) Since convective permitting resolutions approach local scales what is the added value in considering local stations as a reference? The full PDFs of both maximum and minimum temperatures are analysed as well as their extreme tails.
Observations For the assessment of the new simulations' added value, the RCMs were compared against the E-OBS v21. 0e regular gridded dataset  (Cornes et al. 2018)   available station data in its formulation. If for a particular point, there is no available data, the E-OBS uses the SYNOP system as a replacement to provide near real-time data (for more details refer to  Cornes et al. 2018). The data covers a period from 1950 to 2019 and the ensemble mean, and spread is available for precipitation, daily mean, minimum and maximum temperature, as well as sea level pressure (the full ensemble can be available upon request). Here, the added value evaluation was performed using the daily minimum and maximum temperatures for the common domain across datasets (outlined by a blue colour in Fig. 1a ).
Another gridded dataset is also considered in this study, the European Meteorological Observations with a regular horizontal grid with 5 km horizontal resolution (EMO-5: Also, when different the source of the RCM simulations is also stated. All CPRCMs are driven by their respective counterparts, apart from MOHC and JLU which directly downscaled ERA-Interim  represents the RCM or the E-OBS topography, where each cross corresponds to a single ECA&D station for maximum temperature and the blue dots for minimum temperature  Thiemig et al. 2022) , covering the 1990-2019 period. This dataset is built from historical and real-time observations from a large number of ground weather stations, Era-Interim/Land reanalysis and other high-resolution regional observational datasets. The EMO-5 includes variables such as precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and water vapour pressure at a daily time step.
The authors considered a SHEREMAP interpolation procedure to convert the quality-controlled station into a regular grid with a 5 km resolution. The authors also performed a quality check on the new dataset, which proved the ability to capture most of the precipitation events. Besides the gridded datasets, we also considered the ECA&D weather station observations  (Klein Tank et al. 2002; Klok and Klein Tank 2009) , which is the basis of the E-OBS dataset. The ECA&D dataset collects daily series of observations from weather stations within Europe and is updated at regular intervals. Basic quality control of the station data is performed by the ECA&D team. Figure  1b  shows all the stations used for this study. It is important to note that aside from southern Germany, the station coverage is quite sparse.
Distribution added values (DAVs) SOARES and  Cardoso (2018)  proposed the DAV metric to quantify the added value of higher versus lower-resolution simulations, using observations as a baseline. This metric relies on a probability distribution (PDF) skill score proposed by  Perkins et al. (2007)  which compares the similarity between two PDFs. The first step is to build an empirical PDF for each dataset (RCMs, CPRCMs, E-OBS, ECA&D, EMO-5 and ERA-Interim) by considering the relative frequency of occurrence of a determined temperature value. Each bin is composed of the sum of all occurrences within a 0. 5 °C width. We also performed a small-scale sensibility test on the bin width for the values of 1 °C, 0. 5 °C and 0. 25 °C. We found small differences between the 1 °C and the 0. 5 °C, while the PDF was too irregular at 0.
25 °C. Thus, we decided to choose a half-degree for bin width. Then, the normalization was carried out by dividing the number of occurrences in each bin by the sum of all bins. The use of a normalized PDF metric allows for easier comparison across seasons and regions, but also, one can more accurately assess changes in the distributions  (Gutowski et al. 2007 ). The evaluation is then carried out for both the maximum and minimum temperatures individually. Here, for both temperatures the lower and upper limits are set to -50 °C and + 60 °C respectively, encompassing the maxima and minima of all datasets. Following  Perkins et al. (2007) , the matching score represents the common overlap between the model's PDF (RCMs CPRCM or reanalysis) and the observational PDF. It is computed by determining for each bin (Z) which PDF, observations, or model, has the lower value and by adding these values: where n is the total number of bins and m denotes the simu- lation for either the high-resolution RCM and CPRCM or the low-resolution ERA-Interim.