dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Results Paper (54%) versus online (46%) reports showed no significant differences in terms of energy intake and consumption of most food categories, macro-and micronutrients. Examination of the breakfast data revealed a few instances of outlier values (excessively long breakfasts, or over 3 SD above the mean energy intake, adjusted for age) suggesting faulty reporting of the termination of the meal. All breakfasts over 1185. 9 kcal (>3 SDs) were then excluded from the data set. These instances accounted for less than 1% of the total number of reported breakfasts, leaving 11053 breakfasts into the final analysis. In only 46 instances, participants reported one intake event before the declared "breakfast". From the 3122 participants initially recruited in the CCAF 2013 study, 1716 were included in the study after exclusion of under-reporters.
NRF9. 3 Data The NRF 9. 3 algorithm was used to obtain a score of diet quality in all participants. The values obtained allowed the identification of three tertiles of dietary quality in children + adolescents, and in adults. In children + adolescents, the NRF 9. 3 scores were significantly affected by socio economic parameters, such as the education and profession of the head of household; in adults the NRF 9. 3 scores were significantly affected by age and by socio economic variables (Table  A2 ). Except for the protein and sodium subscores in children + adolescents, the three tertiles of diet quality scores were highly significantly different (Table  A3 ). Table  4  presents nutrient intakes at breakfast across tertiles of the NRF 9. 3 scores. Statistical comparisons between tertiles were adjusted for socio economic parameters (education and profession of head of household) in children and for these same socio economic variables plus age in adults.
Additionally, policies and documents relating to autism and educational policy of those younger than 18 years, with any comorbid health condition in any setting were eligible for inclusion. Legal documents provided by governments were included, whereas programs and strategies developed by non-governmental organizations were excluded. Furthermore, legislation was eligible for inclusion as long as it was published after 1945. Constitutions were included regardless of publication date, because of their fundamental role in legislation. The first step or identification stage was to extract relevant data from governmental policies and legislation that address the right to education of autistic people. Data was taken directly from their original sources in legal documents from the four countries included in this scoping review.
The second step was to develop a multilevel search strategy that integrates policy and academic publications to search through electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) and the abovementioned governmental sources using a combination of text words and index terms. Words included in our search were "autism"; "disability"; "SEN"; "education"; "law"; "policy" and the following combinations "autism & law"; "autism & policy"; "autism & SEN"; "autism & education"; "autism & disability"; "SEN & policy"; "SEN & law"; "disability & law"; "disability & policy". We adapted the search strategy for each database, for example through multiple translations of the index terms so that lingual differences were accounted for as much as possible. Then, in a third step of screening, we amalgamated both policy and academic publications.
Data analysis and path dependency An analysis of policy path inter-dependencies between current and past EU and national policies in the field of education and ASC was performed. Path dependence technique enables to identify patterns of policy-making and establish influences and inter-relations between policies in linear layers of temporal policy  [17, 19]. It also allows for policy process-tracing, aiming at elucidating what factors are present in critical policy junctures for (a) creating a reference framework, (b) how this decision process comes to conclusions, and (c) the actual behaviour that then occurs across different stakeholders in reaction to this and (d) how it affects institutional arrangements  [17, 18]. In this case, initial policy was the UDHR (1948), a milestone document that influenced both the creation and the content of EU as well as national policies that then went in the direction of recognizing and considering fundamental human rights.
Results We identified 18 sources through database searches (PubMed and Google Scholar) and 91 additional records through governmental sources at the study identification stage. At this stage we observed no duplicates and therefore we included 109 studies and policy documents for the screening stage. During the screening of 103 records (6 records were excluded since they were different in scope), we excluded 54 records that did not meet our inclusion criteria after which we were able to include 49 records assessed for eligibility with four articles and/or policy documents excluded at this stage. The final number of sources included in our qualitative analysis was 45, all being policy documents. A full list of the policy documents used in this paper is available (S1 File). Please see our PRISMA flow chart (Fig 1 ) for the details of the results of the search strategy of this scoping review.
Dr Andres Roman-Urrestarazu 's work received funding from the  Gillings Fellowship in Global Public Health and Autism Research, Grant  Award  YOG054. This work was also supported by a  Global Public Health Autism Research Trust  to  Dr Rosemary Holt  and  EU AIMS  grant no. 115300 : Conclusion also received funding from  Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (JU)  under grant agreement No  777394. The JU receives support from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA and AUTISM SPEAKS ,  Autistica ,  SFARI. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Despite the advances in psychopharmacology and established psychotherapeutic interventions, more than 40% of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not respond to conventional treatment approaches. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been recently proposed as a therapeutic tool to alleviate treatment-resistant symptoms in patients with OCD. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art and future clinical applications of tDCS in patients with OCD. A literature search conducted on the PubMed database following PRISMA guidelines and completed by a manual search yielded 12 results: eight case reports, three open-label studies (with 5, 8, and 42 participants), and one randomized trial with two active conditions (12 patients).
Search Strategy A systematic review was conducted following the recommendations of the PRISMA guidelines. A primary search on the PubMed database until December 2017 with the keywords (tDCS AND OCD) yielded 21 results. This primary search was completed by a manual search on articles cited by retrieved articles and on Google allowing for adding five articles (see Figure  1 -PRISMA diagram). The inclusion criteria were: (i) full length original articles published in English language in peer-reviewed journals, (ii) patients with OCD according to DSM or ICD-10 criteria, (iii) detailed description of the stimulation method, and (iv) the use of repeated sessions of tDCS. Among the 26 articles from the primary search, 11 articles were excluded for the following reasons: six were review articles not specifically dealing with tDCS in OCD, four did not concern OCD, and one offered a modelling of the electrical field induced by tDCS in patients with OCD.
Qualitative data collection Two types of data were collected: audiovisual recordings and enactive interviews. Recordings were collected by an audio-video camera with a wide-angle lens positioned to the side of the room during all the TSST or the TSST-G. We used a wide shot to see the participants (the one in the TSST; all of them in the TSST-G), the two committee members, and all the tools of the protocols. These data were used to collect as many elements of participants' activity as possible. During the 18 enactive interviews, the participant was confronted with his own audio-video record  [21, 22]. Numerous recent qualitative studies have demonstrated the fruitfulness of this method for studying the dynamic of experience in the actor (e. g. [50] [51] [52] ) and for studying emotion and stress  [32] [33] [34].
Data analysis Salivary cortisol levels, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, pleasure, arousal, and dominance scores were analyzed for the TSST and the TSST-G with paired-sample t tests to evidence possible effects of time (pre-treatment, post-treatment) for each condition. Level of significance was defined as p <. 05. Cohen's d was used to calculate effect sizes. Statistical analyses were performed by Statistica 12 for PC. High and low cortisol responders were selected according to the delta of their cortisol levels between the beginning and the end of the TSST and the TSST-G. The four participants selected for case studies were those who had the highest and the lowest delta between pre-and posttreatment: the two highest participants for the TSST and the TSST-G; the two lowest participants for the TSST and the TSST-G.
e. , actors express a feeling of typicality when they are questioned about it during enactive interview). Thereby, each typical component of the experience was identified for each of the 18 participants: typical perception, typical action, and typical intention. Fifthly, typical experience for all the participants was identified by comparing all the individual typical experiences. Data were compared to keep only the typical component of the experience recurrent for all. Sixthly, we constructed the tables of typical live experience of the nine participants of both the TSST and the TSST-G. This construction crossed the preceding steps associating temporality, typical sequences, typical perceptions, typical actions, and typical intentions. For greater clarity, we normalized the formulation of the content of each category succinctly.
Material and design Induction task. The induction consisted of a computerized breakout game designed for the experiment. The goal of the game is to destroy different layers of bricks by means of a ball, bouncing it off the top and sides of the screen. If the ball reaches the bottom of the screen, the player loses a turn and the ball restarts from its starting position. To avoid this, the player controls a vertical paddle (with the mouse) to bounce the ball against the bricks (S1 Video). The game was randomly interrupted by the sudden presentation of auditory/visual stimuli combinations related to threat or neutrality, in a random between-subjects design (Fig  1 ). All stimuli were extracted from the IAPS  [34]  and the IADS  [35]  databases. The threat-associated stimuli entailed 5 aversive sounds of screams repeated once with 10 aversive pictures, and the neutral combinations involved 5 neutral sounds repeated once with 10 neutral pictures.
This work was supported by the  Clermont-Ferrand Center for Volcano Research (ClerVolc Excellence Laboratory , http://clervolc. univ-bpclermont. fr/)financed by the  French Government Laboratory of Excellence initiative  (n  ˚ANR-10-LABX-0006 ), the  Region Auvergne , and the  European Regional Development Fund. This is Laboratory of Excellence ClerVolc contribution number  268. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Questionnaires. Participants had to answer two questionnaires before and after the task. The questionnaire filled in before the task contained 11 questions: four demographic items (age, gender, marital status, and occupation) and seven items on prior knowledge about programming and familiarity with virtual reality (e. g. , "Among the following devices (such as virtual reality headsets, data glove. ), which ones have you used and how often (never, little, sometimes, often, very often)?"). The subjective questionnaire completed after the task was a UX questionnaire consisting of 84 items rated on 10-point Likert scales. It contained 12 items to measure presence taken from  [21]  (Cronbach's  = 0. 76; e. g. , "The virtual environment was responsive to actions that I initiated"), 3 items to measure engagement translated from  [21]  (Cronbach's  = 0.
e. , 10 components) are suitable for SEM analysis. Scale scores of the UX questionnaire and usability measures (i. e. , level completion time, the number of errors, the levels score, and the level reached) for all participants were both taken into account in the structural model designed on the IBM5 SPSS5 AMOS 24 software. To assess how well the model represented the data, four goodness-of-fit recommended indices were evaluated in a structural model: Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), and the ratio Chi-square and the degree of freedom. The recommended fit indices of these analyses are presented in Table  1.
Data Collection and Sampling According to the criteria of the Helsinki Declaration on Consent to Research and Clinical Practice, a paper and online protocol was proposed to a French adult population on a voluntary and anonymous basis. The paper version of the protocol has been distributed mainly to students from universities in Île-de-France region of France (bachelor degree) (n = 222; 51. 27%) and to those coming from various socio-professional categories (n = 211; 48. 73%). The online questionnaire was distributed to various social media. No financial incentives were offered. The online questionnaire was filled out on different types of screens (computer, tablet, and smartphone). Four hundred thirty-three questionnaires were collected. The final sample (n = 432) comprised 212 men (49%) and 220 women (51%), with an average age of 21.
Symptomatology Data on anxiety and depression were collected using Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD), a self-rated scale for anxiety-depressive disorders in non-psychiatric populations. The HAD (Zigmond and Snaith,  [105] ) contains 14 items, divided into two factors (depression: seven items, and anxiety: seven items). The internal consistency varies from 0. 68 to 0. 93 (mean 0. 83) for anxiety, and from 0. 67 to 0. 90 (mean 0. 82) for depression. This scale shows good sensitivity, and specificity for identifying anxiety-depressive disorders.
Results Correlations analyses were made between the combinations of variables considered in this study. In order to test the aforementioned hypotheses, statistical analyzes were carried out using the Statistica software (v. 13. 2, StatSoft society, Tulsa, OK, USA). Descriptive statistics helped to identify the characteristics of the population in our sample. An analysis of variance and correlations (Chi2 and Student's t-tests) were performed. Finally, a multiple regression models and a principal component analysis (PCA) were proposed.
Procedure This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 1975 revised in 2013 and was approved by the University Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained prior to data collection, and anonymity was ensured by attributing an identification number to each participant. Data were collected using a convenience sample. Hence, the recruitment of participants took place based on simple volunteering. Questionnaires were administered during individual sessions or in groups of 5 participants maximum by one of the research team members. Once the questionnaires were completed and returned by the participants, we verified that each item was well filled and our sincere thanks were addressed to them.
Data analysis Participants' response time and accuracy for trials with human verbs were recorded. For response time, only correct answers were analyzed (98% of the data). Moreover, response time outliers (± 2. 5 standard deviations) were excluded from the analysis (less than 2% of the data). Since our data follow a normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk W test, p > 0. 20), we used the lmer function of the lme4 package  [21]  in R environment (R version 3. 3. 0) to perform linear mixedeffects models. Participants and words items were specified as random-effects factors. Two fixed-effects factors were included: the picture context (usual action x unusual action) and the type of verb (congruent action x incongruent action), as well as their interaction. The p values were obtained reporting F values (Type III ANOVA) with error degree of freedom calculation based on Satterhwaite's approximation.
Procedure The study was conducted at the Clinical Imaging Science Center in Brighton, UK. Participants were told that the goal of the study was to explore the impact of OT on emotional regulation. The study was composed of three sessions. Participants were asked to abstain drinking 24 h before each session. Prior to any session, participants were breathalyzed and a urinary sample was collected to test for drug use. The urinary drug test was undertaken to confirm the absence of drug use to exclude drug use disorder. The alcohol test was undertaken to ensure that participants abstained before the sessions. In the case of positive results, the participant would be excluded. During the baseline session and following the consent, demographic data (e. g. age, education level) were recorded, a blood sample was collected and psychometric questionnaires were administered.
A withinsubject design was used; a drug sequence was randomly allocated to each participant for the second and third session. On the second and third sessions, each participant selfadministered 40 IU of OT nasal spray (Syntocinon; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) or placebo (same composition as Syntocinon except for OT) in the presence of the experimenter, and subsequently performed the behavioral tasks 40 min after the administration (see Supplementary Material for details regarding the nasal spray administration). The second and third sessions were separated by 2-3 days. One participant specified he was hungover on one of the sessions; his data were discarded from the analyses. We failed to collect blood from two participants. Plasma OT measures are detailed in Supplementary Material.
Statistical analyses Analysis of interoceptive tracking accuracy used linear mixedeffects models as the outcome was continuous. We analysed interoceptive discrimination accuracy using generalized linear mixed models as the outcome was binary (Inaccurate ¼0; Accurate ¼1; binomial family function), using the lme4 package  (Bates et al. , 2015)  in the R environment (version 3. 4. 2; RCoreTeam, 2013). P values were computed using lmerTest package  (Kuznetsova et al. , 2014). Both types of interoceptive accuracy were analysed with drug (two levels: Placebo ¼ 0; OT ¼ 1), units of alcohol per week (continuous predictor), their interaction and control variables (heart rate, anxiety, depression, alexithymia and drug sequence) as fixed factors. Participants were treated as a random factor. In order to specify the random effect structure, we used a data-driven approach for both tasks  (Barr et al.
Apparatus The tactile stimulation device consisted in two sidebyside dynamic braille stimulators (B11, Metec AG, Stuttgart, Germany) each with 2 x 4 pins, creating a 4x4 array. The device was held in the hand with the subject's thumb lying on the array (see Figure  1 ). The device was interfaced to a HP Elitebook 14" computer and controlled by a python program. The auditory stimuli were delivered through 'Marshall Monitor' headphones at a comfortable volume of approximately 60 dB for all subjects.
We labelled the files from "0" (pure /VA/) to "20" (pure /BA/). In a pilot study we found that people tended to have their threshold at around stimulus 14, and thus we centered the stimuli range we used in the experiment around it: from "8" to "20". The sound files can be found on https://github. com/montoneguglielmo/stimuliFeelSpeechFrontier For the tactile stimulation, we constructed 13 stimuli, in which the top line of pins stroked the thumb by moving at different speeds either from left to right or from right to left. The stimuli were constructed in the following way. Each pin stayed up for 20ms, and then it went down. To create the impression of stroking, we varied the time between the moment when successive pins went up. For example for a time of 0 ms, the pins went up all together and there was no apparent stroking motion.
Data analysis We measured the number of times a participant responded /BA/ or /VA/ to each stimulation in each block. The frequencies of responses were fitted with cumulative normal distributions using the PsychoPy toolbox, and their mean µ and slope σ determined. (see Figure  2  for examples from two subjects, and Supplementary Material for all subjects). A repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the effect of the condition on the measured PSE in the audio and audiotactile conditions. The factors used in the ANOVA were: "pretest", "test", "weak", "strong", "posttest". Paired ttests were used to test the differences between individual conditions. The analysis was performed in R using the "aov" and "t. test" functions.
In addition, the symbolic distance effect was found to be significant whether the description was in French  (Denis, 2008)  or in English  (Moyer and Bayer, 1976). The experiment was run on an interface implemented in Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA, United States), allowing the pre-recorded vocal descriptions to be played and to record the participants' responses. As in  Noordzij et al. 's (2006)  study, the descriptions were fictitious grid-like maps of either a shopping center or of a zoo (Figure  1 ), with two types of descriptions: one according to an egocentric (route) reference frame and the other according to an allocentric (survey) reference frame (see Appendix for examples). The descriptions differed on several points. For instance, in the allocentric description; objects were introduced in relation to a previously mentioned object, whereas the egocentric description referred to participants in the second person and introduced objects in relation to the listener's suggested position in the environment.
Control Participants Each of the result sections first focuses on data analyses for the group of control participants before addressing the influence of proprioceptive loss with deafferented individuals. On average, control participants correctly reported ∼5 objects (mean = 5. 1) on a blank map after listening six times to a description. A t-test for related samples indicated that the number of objects placed in the correct location did not significantly differ between reference frames for control participants [t(15) = 0. 6; p = 0. 54]. Figure  3A  illustrates the positive correlation between the number of objects placed in the correct location in the Allocentric and Egocentric conditions (R = 0. 65; p < 0. 01). The number of correctly placed objects was subsequently analyzed to assess the possible influence of order.
Control participants Variability of reaction time was assessed by computing the standard deviation of the mean reaction time of correct responses. When first considering data of the control participants only, a 2×3 ANOVA [Reference Frame (Allocentric, Egocentric) × Distance Difference (Small, Medium, Large)] showed a significant main effect of Distance Difference [F(2,30) = 5. 9; p < 0. 01; Figure  9 ], but no significant effect of Reference Frame [F(1,15) = 0. 5; p = 0. 5] and no significant interaction [F(2,30) = 0. 2; p = 0. 79]. Post hoc analysis showed that variability of reaction time was greater when the Distance Difference was Small compared to Large (p < 0. 01) and that variability of reaction time was greater when the Distance Difference was Medium compared to Large (p < 0. 05). No significant effect was found for the Environment [Zoo or Shopping Center; t(15) = -1.