dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
To optimize MARGOT prototype compactness, Xia LLC implemented time synchronization between multiple XIA Pixie-Net detector readout modules through the existing Ethernet network, based on the IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP)  (Cho et al. , 2009) ,  (Kannisto et al. , 2005). Thus, each Pixie-Net operates from its local clock, but clock frequen-cies and timestamps are adjusted by software that uses special PTP messages exchanged through the data network (one of the two modules acts as a master clock). The choice of network switch may have a very large impact on time accuracy. Several switches have been tested in cooperation with XIA LLC, their performance are compared in  (Hennig et al. , 2018). The choice was made for a Moxa EDS-405A switch which includes IEEE 1588v2 PTP with hardware timestamping for precise time synchronization of networks.
Experiments vs simulations Measured coincidence efficiencies fit well with simulated ones (see Table  3 ). Experimental uncertainties take into account the uncertainties on the sample pressure, on the inner volume of the PIXELBox prototype as well as the volume of the injection circuitry, and uncertainty on the sample activity. Due to the low activities, PIXIE-Net dead times are negligible. Xenon-133m being at trace level in sample 2, it could not be quantified. These preliminary results provided a high level of confidence in the accuracy of the Geant4-based code developed to predict the performances of this prototype. The same code was used to predict the performances of the final MARGOT system.
Conclusion and outlook A prototype gas detection system was designed and developed by CEA and Mirion Technologies. This prototype is composed of a gas cell (58 cm 3 active volume) equipped with a large Si-PIN detector who has been pixellized in 4 independent silicon pixels, in order to reduce leakage and cut-off energy. The gas cell, named PIXELBox, is screwed to a flange of a NaI(Tl) detector. Silicon pixels are for electron emission measurement while NaI(Tl) are for photon emission measurement. The system compactness was optimized using desktop electronic modules and the implementation of the IEEE 1588 PTP protocol for synchronizing Pixie-NET acquisition modules. Geant4based simulation allowed us to obtain best experimental conditions in terms of sample volume, working pressure and xenon enrichment.
MDAs were calculated (with a 97. 5% confidence level) based on multiple 12h background measurements, without shielding nor cosmic veto, and are approximately 42, 37, 63 and 48 mBq for 131m Xe, 133m Xe, 133 Xe and 135 Xe, respectively. Adding a 5-cm lead shield enhances these MDA by a factor 2 up to 3, but consequently having a significant impact on the weight of the system. MDC have been estimated and are lower than 1 mBq m -3 for the four radioxenon of interest. Experimental results, such detection efficiencies, fitted well with simulated ones, allowing confidence in the handmade code developed for this work. The same code had been used to predict the final MARGOT system.
TABLES Table  1 : Main decay mode of the four relevant radioxenons. Associated emission probabilities are given in brackets. Data of 131m Xe and 133 Xe are from  Bé et al. (2016) , data of 133m Xe are from  Bé et al. (2008)  and data of 135 Xe are from  Singh et al. (2008). 2 : Simulated efficiencies of MARGOT prototype at Full Energy Peak (FEP) for both silicon wafer and NaI(Tl) detectors (1,000,000 decay per radioxenon, P=1 bar, T=300 K, gas mixture: 25% Xe and 75% N 2 ). Coincidence efficiency is low because of the low prototype solid angle ( 1. 9 π sr). Coincidence efficiencies of the SPALAX-NG detection system are given in parenthesis for comparison. (*): measured efficiencies, (**): simulated efficiencies.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank  J. Elsevier  and  M. Morelle  from  Mirion Technologies  for their work and fruitful discussions about the PIXELBox design;  W. Hennig  and  S. Hoover  from  XIA LLC  for their time, expertise and the implementation of the IEEE 1588 PTP protocol in the Pixie-Net TM modules used in this work, which significantly reduced the compactness of the detection system;  P. Schotanus  and  J. de Vries  from  Scionix Holland B. V. for their efficient work and the adaptation of the scintillators to the PIXELBox.
The medical doctor visits THD every week, gets the list of HIV positive women newly registered in township PMTCT register and searches those patients in electronic database of IHC clinic at CWH or MTH. Then the information on enrolment to HIV care and ART/antiretroviral prophylaxis initiation status of pregnant women is shared back to the PMTCT focal person of THD and the linkage information such as IHC code and ART/antiretroviral prophylaxis initiation date are recorded in PMTCT register. The routine procedure of updating the women's ART status is shown in Fig. 1. The PMTCT focal person of THD does the following activities. During first ANC visit in THD, pregnant women are given ANC code and baseline demographic characteristics along with previous medical history are recorded in the ANC registers.
Source of data, data variables Data from the paper-based PMTCT registers was single entered into EpiData database (version 3. 1) by trained data staff in April 2018. Information related to HIV care at IHC clinic (CWH and MTH) was available in the NAP-Union database. The study variables included: name, registered township, age, HIV diagnosis date, ART/antiretroviral prophylaxis initiation date, date of delivery, baseline CD4 count, baseline WHO staging, last menstrual period (LMP), employment status. The two electronic databases were linked using IHC code. The women who did not have IHC programme code in PMTCT register were manually searched in IHC electronic database using name and age. The distances in google map were used to calculate the distance between enrolled PMTCT clinics and registered townships for women enrolled in HIV care.
Statistical Analysis Electronic databases were imported into STATA version 14. 2 (Stata Corp. College Station, TX, USA). Data were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. Median (interquartile range-IQR) was used for summarizing continuous variables and numbers and proportions were used for summarizing categorical variables. Time to ART initiation was calculated by subtracting the date of HIV diagnosis and date of treatment initiation among women diagnosed with HIV during current pregnancy and initiated on ART/antiretroviral prophylaxis. To depict the distribution of time to event, Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted. The unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) were calculated for the delay in initiation of ART/antiretroviral prophylaxis by multivariable binomial log regression models (multivariable Poisson regression models with robust standard error estimates if the binomial models failed to achieve convergence).
Strengths We used routinely collected programme data and the findings reflect ground-level realities. In addition, there is a system of routine data quality assurance in our programme and the data errors are regularly checked and corrected. The data recorded at township department were routinely updated by nurse and The Union staff assisted in updating the information on linkage to HIV care and ART/antiretroviral prophylaxis status. Therefore, the data errors are likely to be minimal and the gap in linkage detected in this study highly likely to reflect reality.
Limitations Some important variables for PMTCT service such as gestational age at first ANC visit and date of first ANC visit were not recorded in township PMTCT registers and hence these variables could not be included in this study as this was a retrospective study. We observed a significant amount of missing data in LMP in the IHC excel database. Hence, we derived LMP from the date of delivery and included this in the analysis for estimating the timing of HIV diagnosis with respect to the current pregnancy.
Search strategy for peer-reviewed literature The Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) 2015 Guideline statement was used to guide the electronic literature search strategies  [16]. These were further refined in collaboration with a Health Sciences Librarian. Subsequently, the following databases were searched: Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Educational Resources Information Centre (ERIC), EMBASE (via Ovid), PsycINFO (via Ovid), MEDLINE (via Ovid), Scopus and Web of Science. There were no date or language restrictions. The search strategy for MEDLINE can be found in the online Additional file 1. In addition, we hand-searched websites of JAMA, Nature and Science using keywords related to peer review to identify any additional literature that was not detected by the search strategy.
Charting the data A data extraction form was developed a priori to capture information on each eligible document included in the review. General study characteristics extracted were as follows: first author name, year of publication, country of first author, language of publication and study design. For grey literature, we extracted the URL, title of the document, language of publication and who produced the document. In addition, for all documents, we collected descriptions of any statements potentially relating to the roles and tasks of peer reviewers. Two people (KG, DC) carried out the data extraction. In the first step, data were extracted from eligible full texts into Microsoft Excel by KG. Subsequently, DC compared the full text of each eligible document with the extracted data on Microsoft Excel to ensure that all relevant information had been included.
Research-based publications A total of 24 publications from the database search were considered relevant to the roles and tasks of peer reviewers in biomedical journals (Additional file 2). Only one of these articles was primarily focused on roles and tasks. Seven studies reported on surveys, eight were descriptive studies and two were randomised controlled trials (RCT). The remaining five articles comprised a randomised trial, two intervention studies and two systematic reviews. Publication dates ranged from 1991 to 2016. Most of the studies were published in 2013 (n = 4) and 2005 (n = 3). All articles were written in English. Eleven of the studies' first authors were based in the USA, three in the UK, two in France and one each in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Italy and Japan. The remaining two studies did not include details on the first authors' country affiliation.
Based on findings from a preceding scoping review of competencies for scientific editors of biomedical journals  [8] , it was anticipated that a substantial proportion of relevant statements would be identified in grey literature, rather than in peer-reviewed literature. Therefore, sources of grey literature were searched to supplement the database search strategy in the identification of task and rolerelated statements. Due to the sheer quantity of potentially relevant grey literature available on the web (e. g. websites of publishers), we have taken a pragmatic approach and focused on selected sources from official organisations that deal with peer review and which were also identified in the scoping review of editor competencies  [8]. We also included some popular training courses for peer reviewers.
However, we recognise that this is by no means comprehensive and we may have missed some potentially useful documents. We were able to extract data from articles written in English, German, Spanish and Portuguese, but we are aware that the database and grey literature searches may not have included all available relevant literature due to language restrictions. Additionally, despite our best efforts, it is possible that we may have missed some aspects of peer reviewers' roles and tasks in our search. We preserved the wording used by authors to describe roles and tasks wherever possible and tried to ensure that any changes to wording reflected the spirit of what was being said when editing was necessary. However, it is possible that at times the subjective and selective nature of data extraction may have resulted in occasional misinterpretation of authors' intended statements.
1% (n=45) of the sample, while "unspecified" dementia represented the 4. 2% (n=23) of all cases. In 10. 9% (n=59) of the cases, final diagnoses other than dementia were reported (major depressive disorder was responsible for 25. 4% of those cases; n=15), while in 1. 2% (n=6) of the cases no conclusive diagnosis was made; these cases were then removed from further analyses. The analysis of the distribution of dementia diagnosis per country also revealed significant differences among countries with a greater ratio of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease being diagnosed in France, Turkey and South Korea. In contrast, participants recruited in Hong Kong and Spain were more commonly diagnosed with vascular dementia compared to any other type of dementia. Further details concerning basic clinical data for each participating centre are provided in Table  I.
Acknowledgments Authors wish to thank all patients who participated in the study, together with their families and caregivers, as well as all nurses and administrative personnel who contributed to data selection and management. Authors are also grateful to the members of the  International Dementia Alliance -IDEAL Group (UK)  and of the Association for the  Improvement of Mental Health Programs (Switzerland)  for their support, inspiration and valuable suggestions. Dr. Chan  and  Prof. Lam  acknowledge the valuable contribution of the  Health and Medical Research Fund  (Ref:  SMH-44 ), and the  Mei Family Trust. Finally ,  Prof. Han  wishes to thank  Professor Ki Woong Kim  (Director of  National Institute of Dementia, Seongnam, Korea ).
e. , plantar-or dorsiflexion (DF)). However, all these data were collected in isometric conditions. It has been reported that coactivation level appeared not action mode dependent, while maximal contraction showed greater strength in eccentric than isometric than concentric condition. Consequently, eccentric contraction has been considered more efficient than isometric and concentric contraction in both maximal and sub-maximal condition. However, no data are available to appreciate the mechanical component of this coactivation during dynamic condition. The main goal of this experiment is to quantify the antagonist torque exerted by antagonist muscles during maximal voluntary dorsiflexion in eccentric, isometric and concentric condition. Since eccentric contraction seems more efficient than isometric and concentric action mode, notably in sub-maximal contraction, it was expected that antagonist torque is greater during maximal concentric than eccentric MVC.
2010). Participants were asked to maintain a level of EMG activity according to the visual bio-feedback displayed on a screen. Participants had to perform two trials in isometric and ten trials for each action type in dynamics conditions. Agonist torque is deduced by the addition of the estimated antagonist torque to the recorded resultant torque depending on the action mode. The data are presented as means ± SD. The reliability of our measurement was tested with the Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) between sessions. Since the reliability was excellent (>0. 8), the following data were analyzed and presented as a mean of the two sessions. A twoway ANOVAs with repeated measures examined the effect of the considered MVC (resultant vs. agonist), and the mode of contraction (eccentric, isometric, concentric) on DF MVC.
Study population This was a retrospective study using data from the "catheter" section of the French Language Peritoneal Dialysis Registry (RDPLF)  [14]. Eighty-seven centers provide data for the optional catheter section. Centers where fewer than 5 catheters were registered, and centers located in French overseas territories were excluded. Patients older than 18 years starting PD in France between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2016 were included in the study. The end of study period was 3 February 2017.
Definition of variables Individual characteristics (level 1 covariates). Age, sex, weight, obesity (defined as a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m 2 ), malnutrition (defined as a composite of BMI < 18. 5 kg/m2 or < 21 kg/m2 for subjects older than 70 years old, and hypoalbuminemia, according to the pathology), causal nephropathy, existence of diabetes and its type of treatment, and modified Charlson comorbidity index, which is the Charlson comorbidity index after excluding the age subscore, were extracted from the registry. Center practices and clusters of centers (level 2 covariates). Type of PD catheter, surgery technique, administration of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to catheter insertion, specialized surgeon for catheter placement, screening for nasal carriage of S. aureus, use of prophylactic nasal antistaphylococcal cream, use of local antistaphylococcal cream or ointment on the catheter emerging site, delay after catheter insertion for first dressing, type of antiseptic for dressing refection, PD modality 3 months after dialysis initiation (automated peritoneal dialysis  [APD]  or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis [CAPD]), assistance for PD (self-PD, family assistance, nurse assistance), type of administrative structure, and center size (number of catheters registered) were obtained from the database.
The RDPLF has the approval of the French National Ethics Committee (Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés, agreement number 542 668) and fulfills the GDPR requests). This study took place within the framework of this authorization. All data analyzed were fully anonymized by the RDPLF, before we accessed them. This study was reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines  [17].
12-2. 87) [20]. See et al. used the ANZDATA registry in a large observational study to describe the predictors and outcomes of early peritonitis. Among 3827 registered episodes of early peritonitis, 628 (16%) were followed by technique failure  [4]. Other observational studies have tried to elucidate risk factors for peritonitis and poor outcomes  [5]   [21]. In all these studies, patient characteristics were very nearly the only variable tested, and few modifiable center-level characteristics were integrated in the analysis. However, evidence has emerged that the peritonitis risk in PD is associated with modifiable center-specific characteristics  [8]   [22]. Few studies have focused on PD outcomes related to center-level characteristics. In a retrospective study analyzing 9100 episodes of peritonitis from the ANZDATA registry, Htay et al.
The RDPLF provides to every new patient an informative note explaining the use made of their data, and a consent form that must be signed. This note does not include a mention to full free access to the data on the Internet, but explains that the data will be made available to researchers in the field of PD. Therefore, data are kept by the RDPLF, and researchers in the field of PD can access them by submitting a query with a research protocol. No co-authorship is required to gain access to the data set of this study, neither to any other data from the RDPLF. The RDPLF keeps archives of the dataset analyzed for this study. The person to contact for access to the dataset is Pr Max Dratwa, vice president of the RDPLF, through max. dratwa@.
Accurate and credible data on the HIV epidemic are the cornerstone of the AIDS response. I am proud that UNAIDS leads the world's most extensive data collection on HIV epidemiology, programme coverage and finance and publishes the most authoritative and up-to-date information on the HIV epidemic. UNAIDS' data are the gold standard-no major report, speech or policy initiative on HIV is launched or made without referring to data collected and released by UNAIDS. UNAIDS has collected and published information on the state of the world's HIV epidemic for the past 20 years. This information has shaped and guided the development of the response to HIV in regions, countries and cities worldwide. This edition of UNAIDS data contains the highlights of the very latest data on the world's response to HIV, consolidating a small part of the huge volume of data collected, analysed and refined by UNAIDS over the years.
ALARMING RISE IN NEW INFECTIONS IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Most of the difference in the two sets of global estimates is driven by changes in country estimates in eastern and southern Africa, where UNAIDS had previously estimated a 4% decrease in new HIV infections among adults between 2010 and 2015. The 2017 estimate, however, is an 18% decrease among adults over the same period. The change in trends, both globally and in eastern and southern Africa, is due primarily to the availability of new data. The trend data previously included in the model were mostly from HIV sentinel surveillance sites at antenatal clinics. Several years ago, however, a number of countries stopped conducting antenatal clinic sentinel surveillance. This resulted in limited availability of data between 2012 and 2015 to inform the estimates of a number of high-prevalence countries.
In 2017, countries were able to include in their estimates routine HIV prevalence data from all pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics. The move to using routine data is an important shift, because it is more sustainable and more able to provide data on a timely and more granular basis. The data suggest there was a greater decline in new HIV infections in a number of countries (e. g. Mozambique, Swaziland and Uganda). In addition, data from the Public Health Impact Assessment surveys in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe contributed to the improved new infection estimates. Every year, UNAIDS supports countries to produce a complete time series of all epidemiological indicators using updated modelling software. Comparisons over time should always be done using a time series from the same model.
HIV TESTING AND TREATMENT CASCADE IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA Source: UNAIDS special analysis, 2017; see annex on methods for more details. 1  2016 measure derived from data reported by 17 countries, which accounted for 99% of people living with HIV in western and central Africa. 2  2016 measure derived from data reported by 11 countries. Regionally, 37% of all people on antiretroviral therapy were reported to have received a viral load test during the reporting period. Knowledge of HIV status, antiretroviral therapy coverage and viral suppression among people living with HIV, eastern and southern Africa, 2016.
HIV TESTING AND TREATMENT CASCADE IN LATIN AMERICA Source: UNAIDS special analysis, 2017; see annex on methods for more details. 1 2016 measure derived from data reported by 14 countries, which accounted for 87% of people living with HIV in Latin America. 2 2016 measure derived from data reported by 14 countries. Regionally, 87% of all people on antiretroviral therapy were reported to have received a viral load test during the reporting period. Antiretroviral therapy coverage and number of AIDS-related deaths, Caribbean,.
2010 2016 New HIV infections       Source: UNAIDS special analysis, 2017; see annex on methods for more details. 1  2016 measure derived from data reported by six countries, which accounted for 80% of people living with HIV in the region. 2 2016 measure derived from data reported by six countries. Worldwide, 34% of all people on antiretroviral therapy were reported to have received a viral load test during the reporting period. <500 <500 <500 [<500-<500] [<200-<500] [<200-<500].