dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Code availability. WAVETRISK-2. 1 is published under the Creative Commons License 4. 0 as https://doi. org/10. 5281/zenodo. 5608548. Author contributions. NKRK prepared the manuscript with contributions from FL. NKRK developed the model code, with advice from FL on appropriate approximations for ocean modelling. NKRK performed all model simulations using WAVETRISK-OCEAN. FL carried out the CROCO simulations.
The widespread use of the Internet of Things (Iot) makes it possible to connect everything but having enough IP addresses is a fundamental requirement of this paradigm. All previous environmental monitoring systems in China are based on IPv4. In combination with the characteristics and requirements of China's atmospheric environment monitoring system, this paper develops a monitoring system based on IPv6 technology. Users can directly access the monitoring equipment through the IPv6 website to view data and configure operations. This paper first introduces the design and implementation of the software and hardware of the system, then introduces the simplification of IPv6 protocol, the transplantation of IPv6 protocol on ARM and the design and implementation of embedded Web server system. The experimental results show that the developed atmospheric environment monitoring system can realize continuous data acquisition based on IPv6 and provide data-driven support for environmental protection management and decision-making.
First, Durvy et al. 11  researched and proposed the uIP protocol stack for the first phase of IPv6 testing. This protocol stack is specifically designed for embedded IPv6 devices and implements the basic ICMPv6, ND and IPv6 protocols, with only 11. 5 KB for all code sizes and less than 2 KB of RAM. However, with a single structure, this protocol stack has a high demand for the cache of embedded devices in specific applications, so there are few practical applications. In specific scenarios, Li et al. 12  have constructed a quality traceability system of fruit and vegetable agricultural products on the development platform of ipv6 Linux server and HBuilder through the quality traceability identification code of Internet of Things for agricultural products-Hanxin code. Groat et al. 13  applied IPv6 to the smart grid.
This method manages a large number of device nodes by setting up servers with CoAP protocol, and data transmission of devices is com-pleted through CoAP protocol, which is a commonly used communication scheme in the Internet of Things. However, users cannot access the device's functions through the node's IPv6 address  20. realized the communication with the cloud platform through IPv6 network to realize the intelligent monitoring system of indoor air quality based on IPv6. Zhu et al. 22  proposed a way to realize the collection of urban environmental data by integrating IPv6 networks. Rzepecki et al. 23  designed corresponding experiments to test and analyze the network-ing of IPv6 in sensor networks. Although these tests showed that IPv6 has good application prospects, they are mostly at the theoretical stage.
This paper uses the results of domestic and foreign research theories to explore the application of IPv6 in atmospheric environment monitoring and to design and implement an atmospheric environment quality monitoring system in the field. This work realizes that each device can have a globally unique followable IP address as a part of the IoT. The IPSec security protocol of ipv6 makes the terminal device more secure. This work solves the problem of discontinuous address space, and facilitates address management by con-catenating device node addresses in a region. With IPv6 there is no NAT. The direct end-to-end communication between devices improves the efficiency of data transmission and makes the node network more convenient and intelligent. It is worth noting that this article describes how to implement ipv6 on a resource-constrained ARM for an HTTP Web server.
The embedded operating system in the MCU on the motherboard performs unified scheduling and coordination of the entire platform to ensure the reliability and adaptability of the system in the actual application environment. The central controller is the STM32F107 produced by STMicroelectronics, which be-longs to the Cortex™-M3 series 32-bit ARM, with abundant peripherals and ample RAM space. The native STM32 library can provide upper-layer software with interfaces for operating the hardware registers of the STM32 ARM chip, which need to be developed while being used accordingly. In this paper, the BNU embedded operating system embedded in the chip is used to control the whole system, including the processing of the collected data, the storage of the data, the software driver of the communication module, the network communication protocol, the processing of sensor data, the system task scheduling and the controlling of power supply system  24, 25.
The interface of the data acquisition module adopts the serial port method. To connect enough serial port sensors, the system design adopts the method of digital switch polling to obtain sensor data, which effectively reduces the demand for the number of MCU serial ports. The external sensors in this system are electrochemical gas sensors (for SO 2 , CO, O 3 , and NO 2 ) and PM 2. 5 and PM 10 laser-scattering sensors. SPIFLASH is selected as the data storage module. In practical applications, there may be a temporary interruption in communications. Uploading the data in a centralized manner after storage can reduce not only the frequency of data uploads but also the power consumption of the system. The power module supplies power to the entire hardware system, combining solar energy and storage batteries to ensure that the equipment can work normally in the field where there is no power supply.
Energy savings can be achieved by formulating a corresponding strategy to supply power to the modules when needed and by turning off the power for the modules that are not performing tasks. The communication module mainly implements the online access to the data publishing webpage through the IPv6 protocol. Users can remotely access the IPv6 address of the device nodes directly through a computer browser, and the node returns web page da-ta, including the data currently being collected in real time, via http, which thus realizes the remote visualization of the collected data. In this way, the need to construct additional servers is also eliminated. Each node is a web server, and the node is responsible for dis-playing the data collected by itself and the operating status of the current equipment.
A laser scattering sensor is chosen for monitoring in the system. The model and detailed parameters  of the sensor are shown in Table  1. The measuring range of the sensor can fully meet the needs of atmospheric environment monitoring, and its shorter response time can re-duce the power consumption of the system. Data store driver. Large capacity storage devices are usually required for embedded system devices to store data. Currently, the generic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEROM), FLASH (FLASH memory), and Secure Digital Memory (SD) cards can be integrated. The capacity of the first two SD cards is usually smaller than 1 MB. The storage capacity of an SD card is usually larger than 1 GB. The system uses SD card to store sensor data, SD card has the characteristics of removable, easy to read the sensor data directly.
The kernel task layer of this system mainly uses a simple real-time operating system RT-Thread, which contains basic functions to meet different application requirements. The application driver layer provides functional application drivers such as communication and storage for upper-layer applications and comes with modules such as the IPv6 protocol and file system. These modules directly provide the function interface called by the upper layer so that the applications do not need to rely too much on the lower layer in the actual design and operation of the system and can directly accomplish the tasks that need to be performed by calling the abstract functions. The application program monitors the node equipment, including the collection and storage of sensor data, management of embedded web servers and minimization of power consumption.
The network interface layer in an embedded system is mainly formed by specific network peripherals and PHY control chips to control the transmission medium and data packets  32. IPv6 in the embedded system comprises software and a low-level configuration of hardware peripherals. It has four complete hierarchical functions and contains important components, such as ICMPv6, IPv6 message processing and TCP/IP communication. IPv6 lies between the real-time embedded operating system and the functional program, and its working position in the system is shown in Fig. 6    system provides the basic service functions of thread management, thread synchronization and message transmission for the protocol stack. The upper application and the protocol stack are independent of each other. The application only needs to call the function to satisfy the functional requirement.
Meanwhile, a compromise is made in terms of carrying capacity and maintenance difficulty. The simplification of the IPv6 protocol stack in the system mainly involves the connection between layers and the mutual exchange of internal data. The IPv6 protocol stack itself is designed with a four-layer hierarchical structure. In implementation, the more independent the hierarchical modules are, the higher the performance usually is, but the more resource overhead is required. Under normal circumstances, the embedded system has a single application scenario, so strict layering may not be required. When the connections between different layers are implemented, design methods such as function calls can be directly used to save system resources. The protocol stack processes the message data through the data buffer pBuff.
Transplantation of the IPv6 Protocol onto ARM. When the system transplants the protocol stack, the timer is implemented by the timer peripheral inside the STM32F10XX controller to provide time management functions for the protocol stack. The synchronization of this process is realized by the semaphore of the real-time operating system. Therefore, the responsibilities of IPv6 on ARM in the system mainly include providing the functional modules required by the protocol stack, including the semaphore, timer, message mailbox and thread functions; maintaining the receiving and sending interface for data on the network interface layer; initializing the protocol stack; driving the network card of the physical layer; and setting basic parameters for IPv6. The semaphore is used for task synchronization and resource management.
If it is not initialized, then proceed with the network card initialization process. Configure the network interface, receive and send data, process functions, and write two function pointers into the network structure to provide an interface for the upper layer protocol. Configure the MLD (multicast listener discovers) to enable IPv6 to discover network devices on the LAN segment. Configure the DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) to automatically configure IPv6 addresses for the device. Set various protocol flags, call netifapi netif_add, and add the configured netif to the protocol stack to complete the configuration of the network interface layer. The initialization of the protocol stack mainly creates two thread tasks: data sending and receiving. By creating a corresponding message mailbox for each thread and providing buffer space for the data at the same time, the thread and message mailbox are executed after the creation process is completed.
Design and implementation of an Embedded Web Server. Introduction to Embedded Web Server Programs. Unlike the traditional sensor network topology, this system adopts an embedded web server network structure  33, 34. The network connection topology is shown in Fig. 8. All nodes are designed as single web servers and do not require management by a central server. Each sensor node can be directly accessed through a browser to obtain monitoring data and device statuses. This program distributes the traditional background server tasks to each node, and a single node can directly collect, store and display data. On the basis of the rapid development and wide application of IPv6 network technology, each sensor node can obtain a fixed IPv6 address to realize the actual Internet of Things. HTTP webpage design.
In embedded systems, there are usually only simple real-time operating systems or direct bare metal programs with limited storage space. Therefore, embedded web design requires tailoring a large number of modules to achieve the desired functions. The webpage of this system is designed with the HTML + CSS + JavaScript architecture. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a markup language rather than a programming language. An HTML text is a webpage. CSS (cascading style sheets) is a programming language for HTML web pages that is used to statically decorate web pages and dynamically format web page elements by cooperating with different scripting languages. Different web page styles can be realized through CSS programming. The JavaScript programming language enables HTML to dynamically request data, change the display text of the web page, and render the display style.
Rich, powerful and stable web pages can be displayed through these three languages. The webpage of this system is designed with DreamWeaver software. The specific design process is shown in Fig. 9. First, the web page html file is created on the client computers. The dedicated makefsdata tool is used to convert the HTML file into an ARM-recognizable C-language array file. The array file is stored statically in flash memory or other external memory in the ARM. After receiving the web page connection request, the ARM processor reads the data of the web file. Then, the data is transmitted to the requested webpage through the HTTP protocol, and the webpage automatically parses the HTML file data and then displays the webpage. After the web page is embedded in the monitoring node, the HTTP protocol sends the web page data.
The data collected each time in this system need to be dynamically displayed on the web page, so JavaScript programs need to be embedded in the HTML document to dynamically request node data. The workflow of the browser connecting to the node once is shown in Fig. 11. The sensor data are sent in JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) format, which is currently a common format used for communication and exchanging data and is independent of programming languages. JSON formatted data are represented by characters, which is conducive to debugging in the development process. At the same time, a standard data exchange format can also improve software compatibility. The format of the JSON package is as follows: The $. get(". / getair. json", function (data)) command responds to the sensor data in the following format: The data for each field in this example changes based on the actual sensor data.
The "$. get(". /GetAir. json", function (data))" function requests sensor data from the device. After receiving the request, the device sends sensor data in JSON format to the browser. The browser parses the data and displays it. Then, the browser executes the "$. get(". / GetDevice. json", function (data))" function again to request the connection information of the device so that the IPv6 addresses of the device node and client computers can be seen on the web page, which is convenient for users to manage. Finally, the process is executed to obtain a complete display of the web page as shown in Fig. 12 , where you can see the nodes accessed through the http://[2001:da8:207:e219:280:e1ff. :fe18:2635]/ URL and the AQI (air quality index) calculated based on sensor data.
Testing and analysis Analysis of the stability test. To verify the operational capability of the system in practical applications, two tests were conducted during this study: testing on the stability and power consumption of data collection by the sensors and testing of the IPv6 network. The data shown in Table  3  were obtained by monitoring nodes at multiple sites from January to April for 3 consecutive months under unmanned maintenance conditions. It can be seen from the table that the data integrity rate of the equipment was basically higher than 90%, which means that the equipment did not completely shut down during this period of time. The main reasons for the loss of some data are that communications may be incorrectly altered or lost when uploaded or that the device may behave abnormally under the influence of the external environment.
However, due to the adoption of a watchdog and timing reset strategy, the device can recover on its own. The results show that the system can meet the requirements of long-term monitoring of the air environment. The TDS (theoretical data size) indicates the amount of data that the device should obtain according to the normal acquisition frequency. The ADS (actual data) represents the actual amount data finally obtained. The formula "DIE (data integrity rate) = ADV/TDV" calculates the data integrity of the device. Analysis of the system power consumption test. The power supply of the system is a combination of solar and battery power. In the actual test, under the circumstance of low-power operation, the power supply can fully meet the needs of the monitoring system. According to the monitoring data, the device's battery voltage fluctuations basically remained within the range of 12-14.
5 V throughout the year, indicating that the device did not experience insufficient power supply conditions. Compared with IPv4, one feature of IPv6 is automatic state configuration. To test the running status of IPv6 in the system, a function for outputting debugging information is added to the code, the real-time information status is output to the computer through the serial port, and debugging information is output through the computer-side serial port service program SSCOM. The test result is shown in Fig. 13 , from which it can be seen that after the lwIP protocol stack is successfully initialized, the system sends out address configuration status information to the router. The switch assigns an IPv6 address, which does not change after the assignment, to the system according to the current LAN IP environment.
Testing of the Using a socket is a common way to realize data transmission of two-way communication connections between two applications based on the TCP/IP protocol stack, which is an important component of the protocol stack. Therefore, to test whether the IPv6 protocol stack in this system can support socket applications, a corresponding test module is designed in this system. Furthermore, an IPv6 TCP monitoring server is implemented on the computer side based on Linux programming. In the actual test, the system acts as a TCP client to connect to the monitoring server on the computer. After a successful connection, the server sends test data to the system, and the system client returns feedback to the server after receiving the test data. The test information output is shown in Fig. 14.
The test information shows that the system has an IPv6 TCP two-way communication function and that the communication is stable. Finally, the embedded webpage of this system is tested. The web page was obtained by directly accessing the IPv6 address of the system through the browser. With the help of the developer tools of the Google Chrome browser, the processes for requesting and receiving data are displayed in detail. The webpage obtained by the test is shown in Fig. 15. It can be seen from the figure that the browser directly accessed the IP address of the.
Conclusion and prospects Taking the automatic monitoring of atmospheric pollutant gases and particulate matter concentrations as the research background, this paper studies the application of IPv6 technology to the online visualization of atmospheric data in a monitored area and establishes a complete environmental quality monitoring system. According to the system application requirements, the following work has been studied and completed. Based on the 32-bit ARM processor, the system designs the corresponding hardware for the working environment and application of the sensor equipment and completes the miniaturization of the equipment and the remote real-time online automatic environmental monitoring task. The collection and storage of the concentrations of the SO 2 , NO 2 , CO, and O 3 gases and PM 2.
5 and PM 10 particulate matter through electrochemical sensors constitute the sensing components of the sensor network. A large-capacity SD card is used to provide storage space for air pollution data and equipment status information. The corresponding storage scheme has been designed to realize the data self-management capability of each node. By transplanting and simplifying the IPv6 protocol stack, the system is provided with network application functions such as sockets and HTTP and can access the IPv6 network of the embedded system. An efficient node management scheme is formed by assigning a unique IPv6 address to a single sensor node. With the help of the large address space and strong security of IPv6, an embedded web page for the atmospheric environment monitoring system is designed.
The data requesting function and display design are realized through HTML documents and JavaScript programming. Users can directly access the collected data and device information of sensor nodes through the IPv6 address of the device. The system adopts a solar power management module to provide an energy supply for the system. A watchdog is also installed to prevent the software system from crashing. According to the actual working environment and functional requirements, corresponding low power consumption strategies are designed. The processor is hibernated under different conditions to realize the low-power management of the system. The verification tests show that the device can support continuous monitoring tasks under IPv6. There is still much work to be done to realize the Internet of Things, such as the development of a universal interface device, which can easily apply devices under the IPv4 protocol directly to the IPv6 environment.
Study area and vector species Mosquito trapping data were collected from six adjacent villages in the Ulanga and Kilombero districts of south-eastern Tanzania: Kivukoni ( The common vectors of malaria transmission are An. arabiensis and An. funestus  [16, 24, 52]. Mosquitoes in the Culex genera are also highly abundant, with some species being potential vectors for arboviruses found in the study area  [53, 54].
Data collection Mosquito sampling was carried out during both the wet and dry seasons, using six different traps for sampling outdoor-biting mosquitoes around human dwellings. The traps were: the Mosquito Magnet trap (MMX)  [55] , BG-Sentinel trap (BGS)  [56] , Suna trap (SUN)  [3] , Ifakara Tent Trap-C (ITT-C)  [48] , M-Trap (MTR)  [57] , M-Trap fitted with CDC Light trap (MTRC) (this study) and the HLC  [3]. Most of these traps have been extensively described elsewhere, with the exception of the MTR fitted with a CDC light trap (MTRC), which was adapted from the original exposure-free M-Trap designed by Mwangungulu et al. [57]. Briefly, the HLC method involved male volunteers aged between 18 and 35 years who sat on a chair with their legs exposed and collected the mosquitoes that attempted to bite, using the mouth aspirator.
After completion of each cycle, the study team moved to the next village so that one round of sampling in all six villages was completed over 42 trap-nights. Six rounds of data collection were completed, spanning the wettest and the driest periods of the year (252 trap-nights between April 2015 and April 2016). Mosquito sampling was done overnight from 6 pm to 6 am. The collected mosquitoes were morphologically sorted by taxa. A subsample of An. gambiae senso lato (s. l. ) (n = 1405, 26% of total) was analysed by PCR  [60]  to assess sibling species composition within the complex.