dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
5 % yr -1 ) as well as other recent studies in the area (0. 2-0. 4 % yr -1 since the 1960s) are lower than other glacierized areas worldwide (0. 7 % yr -1 ). The glacier area change estimates reported here are subject to uncertainties most notably with respect to early topographic maps and declassified Corona imagery; therefore a considerable effort was given to minimizing errors by multiple re-iterations of the glacier outlines. The understanding of the spatial patterns of glacier changes in the current study is limited by (1) a lack of a baseline elevation data set for the 1960 to compute glacier elevation changes from 1960s to 2000 and (2) lack of field-based measurements to validate debris-cover mapping and surface temperature distribution. With respect to the latter, while surface temperature trends show a slight increase towards the terminus, suggesting a thicker debris cover, the supraglacial surface temperatures are highly heterogonous and require additional investigation.
Acknowledgements. This research was funded by a  NASA Earth System Sciences (ESS)  fellowship ( NNX06AF66H ), a  National Science Foundation doctoral dissertation improvement grant (NSF   DDRI award   BC 0728075 ), a  CIRES research fellowship , a graduate fellowship from  CU-Boulder  and a  post-doc fellowship  from  Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES), France. Participation of M. Williams was supported by the  NSF -funded  Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program  and the  USAID Cooperative Agreement   AID-OAA-A-11-00045. ASTER imagery was obtained through the  NASA-funded Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS)  project. We are grateful to  Jonathan Taylor  at  University of California, Fullerton , for facilitating access to high-resolution imagery through the  NASA Appropriations  grant no.
Figures Back Close Full The evolution of the plume along the trajectory is investigated by means of the FLEX-PART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) Lagrangian dispersion model. The satellite dataset includes true colour images, retrieved values of volcanic SO 2 and ash, and estimates of SO 2 and ash emission rates derived from MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) observations, and estimates of cloud top pressure from SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager). Surface remote sensing measurements of aerosol and SO 2 made at the ENEA Station for Climate Observations (35. 52 • N, 12. 63 • E, 50 m a. s. l. ) on the island of Lampedusa are used in the analysis. The combination of these different datasets suggests that SO 2 and ash, despite the initial injection occurred at about 7.
Back Close Full The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2 we introduce the instruments, the data and the methods used in our work. In Sect. 3 we give a qualitative description of the eruption event under investigation. In Sects. 4 and 5 we characterize the sulphur dioxide and ash plume and their dispersions. In Sect. 6 we show and discuss the remote sensing observations at the ground station of Lampedusa. Lampedusa is one of the supersites of the ChArMEx experiment. In Sect. 6. 4 we propose a range of variability of the clear sky direct radiative forcing of the plume, depending on its optical properties and vertical distribution. In Sect. 7 we give conclusions.
Sulphur dioxide retrieval and SO 2 /ash emissions rate inversion by MODIS TIR data The MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a multi-spectral instrument onboard the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Terra and Aqua polar satellites (http://modis. gsfc. nasa. gov/). MODIS has 36 spectral bands from the VISible (VIS) to the Thermal InfraRed (TIR), a swath width of 2330 km and a repetition cycle of 1 or 2 days. The spatial resolution in the TIR channels used for the sulphur dioxide total column retrieval is 1 km × 1 km. The SO 2 total column retrieval by MODIS is based on the sulphur dioxide wide absorption around 8. 6 µm (MODIS channel 29). The retrieval scheme used in this study is based on the Volcanic Plume Removal (VPR) approach developed for the Etna volcano  (Pugnaghi et al.
Back Close Full channels at 11 and 12 µm, using realistic aerosol properties and the atmospheric profile obtained from atmospheric soundings performed at Trapani. The effective radius r e used in the calculations varies from 0. 5 to 20. 0 µm, and the aerosol optical thickness τ a at 12 µm from 0 to 10. Look-Up tables of single scattering optical properties for several mineral compositions (andesite, obsidian, quartz, ash, hematite, basalt) and sulphate aerosols are used. The optical properties are calculated with the Mie theory using the complex refractive indices reported in the HITRAN database  (Rothman et al. , 2013). Within each considered pixel, τ a and r e are obtained from the observed brightness temperatures at 11 and 12 µm through linear interpolation from the set of pre-calculated brightness temperatures.
Cloud top pressure observations from SEVIRI The Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard MSG (METEOSAT Second Generation) geostationary satellites (http://www. eumetsat. int/ website/home/Satellites/index. html) is a visible and infrared multi-channel imager which is operated on a 15-min repeat cycle. The sub-satellite point spatial resolution is 3 × 3 km 2. The cloud top pressure used here is obtained from the Satellite Application Facility for NoWCasting (SAFNWC) algorithm developed by  Derrien and LeGléau (2005, 2010)  for MSG-SEVIRI. The SAFNWC algorithm requires, as ancillary inputs, surface height maps, land/sea mask, climatological maps of SST (sea surface temperature), continental reflectance maps, temperature and humidity profiles. Recently, this algorithm was adapted to other geostationary data and verified using CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) data  (Sèze et al.
Plume dispersion simulations with FLEXPART We simulate the dispersion of the sulphur dioxide and ash plumes with the Lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model)  (Stohl et al. , 2005). Both sulphur dioxide and ash simulations are initialized with the emissions rates estimated by MODIS using the methods described in Sect. 2. 1. 1. Our FLEXPART simulations use European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) meteorological data at 0. 1 altitude levels, from the surface to 14 km altitude, with a vertical resolution ranging from 0. 5 to 2. 0 km. The lifetime of the SO 2 is determined by dry and wet deposition and chemical losses for the oxidation to sulphuric acid. It can be roughly estimated from the generic residence time equation (see, e. g. ,  McCormick et al.
Radiative transfer simulations with LibRadtran/UVSPEC We investigate the possible radiative impact of the Mount Etna plume for the event under investigation by estimating the shortwave clear sky direct radiative forcing at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) with the radiative transfer model UVSPEC and the LibRadtran package (Mayer and Kylling, 2005). The method chosen for the solution of the radiative transfer equation is SDISORT, the pseudo-spherical approximation of the discrete ordinate method (DISORT)  (Dahlback and Stamnes, 1991). Surface and TOA spectra are calculated in the shortwave spectral range, from 300. 0 to 3000. 0 nm, at 0. 1 nm spectral resolution. The input solar flux spectra is described in  Kurucz (1994). Vertical profiles of temperature, pressure, humidity and gases concentration are derived from the AFGL (Air Force Geophysics Laboratory) climatological standard atmosphere  (Anderson et al.
61 ± 0. 06 in the period 26-29 October, while it is 0. 92±0. 44 for the whole month of October 2013. The Ångström exponent values observed on 26-29 October are very high for Lampedusa (see, e. g. ,  Meloni et al. , 2007) , especially in the early fall season. In the dataset of aerosol optical properties at Lampedusa, covering the period 2001 to present, there are no other cases with similar values of the Ångström exponent and fine-to-coarse aerosol optical depth fraction in late October. This case stands out as an anomaly in the Lampedusa record, and suggests an unusually large population of fine particles. A further indication of the aerosol size distribution changes occurring at Lampedusa is shown in Fig. 9c , where average volume size distributions are shown before, during, and after the eruption event.
ACPD  ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD ACPD Acknowledgements. The RELEASES file used for our FLEXPART simulations has been produced with the aid of a modified version of the mk_releases. froutine, initially developed by  Nina Kristiansen  and  Andreas Stohl  ( NILU -Norwegian Institute for Air Research ). Measurements at Lampedusa were partially supported by the  Italian Ministry for University and Research  through the  NextData Project. Damiano Sferlazzo  guaranteed the continuity of the observations at Lampedusa, and his contribution is gratefully acknowledged. The work of  S. Corradini  has been partially funded by the  EU   7th Framework Program  under the grant  606738  ( APho-RISM -Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities). This work has been partially supported by the  EU   7th Framework Program  under the grants  603557  (Stra-toClim) and 308665 (Med-SuV).
The density at a distance r from the mass center of the object is thus g(r). S(q) and g(r) are related by a simple Fourier Transform FT. However in is usually not possible to extract easily g(r) by an inverse Fourier transform of experimental SANS data for two reasons. First, S(q) is measured on a limited range of q. Second, it is necessary to take into account the experimental resolution, which is poor in SANS (see part 3). There are some simple experimental cases for which the structure factor is trivial: (i) for systems without any interactions, g(r) = 1 and S(q) = 1, (ii) for very diluted systems, id est for "gas of objects" S(q) = 1 because ∼ 0 and (iii) in case of crystals, g(r) shows a series of peaks (which are Dirac function at zero temperature) corresponding to the positions of the objects within the crystalline lattice and S(q) shows a series of Dirac function which are the Bragg peaks of diffraction.
7 10 -4 for the couple PS H /PS D )  (27). Such modifications have to be taken into account for data interpretation. Form factor within the polymer melt In the case of the introduction of deuterated object within similar hydrogenated objects, only the form factor is measured, whatever the content in deuterated objects. Let us write x D the volume fraction of deuterated objects. Since both deuterated and hydrogenated elementary scatterers have the same Creating some contrast within a polymer blend by isotopic substitution to enable a SANS characterization. Left panel: all repetition units are hydrogenated, it is not possible to distinguish is a repetition unit belong to a chain or another, the blend is an homogeneous media; Right panel, the deuteration of some chains reveal them and allows their characterization.
Similarly, for k 3 = b 2 -b 1 v 2 v 1 = 0,I (q) = k 2 2 S 22 (q). These specific values of 1 are the contrast matching conditions. It comes then possible to analyze the SANS data following parts 2. 5 and 2. 6, for which we considered the case of the a two-components system since the ternary system becomes a binary system from the SLD point of view (see illustration for a mixture of nanoparticles and chains in a solvent in Fig. 12  or for an emulsion in Fig. 13 ). Moreover, once S 22 (q) and S 33 (q) are determined at the contrast matching conditions, the partial structure S 23 (q) depicting correlations between the two species can be obtained by a measurement at a third contrast conditions for which k 2 = 0 and k 3 = 0. Such elegant experiments require that the SLD of the continuous phase 1 can be continuously tuned on a very large range.
The MAGELLAN trial assessed the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban in medically ill patients. The supplemental data showed that patients with active cancer randomized to 35 ± 4 days of rivaroxaban had more asymptomatic proximal or symptomatic VTE than patients receiving only 10 ± 4 days of enoxaparin (9. 9% (20/202) vs. 7. 4% (15/203))  [13]. Although this difference was not statistically significant due to the small number of cancer patients enrolled, there was a statistically significant increase in major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding episodes with rivaroxaban compared with enoxaparin (5. 4% vs. 1. 7%). Therefore, parenteral pharmacological thromboprophylaxis using LMWH seems to be the optimal choice. When considering a randomized-controlled trial to determine the optimal dose of LMWH, most of the participants favoured a trial assessing different doses of LMWH.
Acknowledgements MC is a recipient of a  New Investigator Award  from the  Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada  and a T2 Research Chair in Venous Thromboembolism from the  University of Ottawa. MR is a Career Scientist of the  Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario , a  Faculty of Medicine and Department of Medicine Clinical Research Chair  and is also the recipient of the  Ministry of Research and Innovation's Early Researcher Award. GLG is the recipient of the  Ministry of Research and Innovation's Early Researcher Award.
Material characterization Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to characterize the pure hexagonal mesophases and the mesophases doped with the monomer and with the catalyst before and after polymerization. The mesophases were inserted in glass capillaries of 1. 5 mm diameter. A high brightness low power X-ray tube, coupled with aspheric multilayer optic (GeniX 3D from Xenocs) was employed, which delivered an ultralow divergent beam (0. 5 mrad). Scatterless slits were used to give a clean 0. 8 mm diameter X-ray spot with an estimated flux of around 35 mph s À1 at the sample position. A transmission configuration was used. The scattered intensity was collected on a two-dimensional Schneider 2D image plate detector prototype, at a distance of 1. 9 m from the sample. The experimental data were corrected for the background scattering and the sample transmission.
The Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)-Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of solid DPB monomers and solid PDPB powders obtained after extraction from the mesophases as synthesized by UV or gamma irradiation were recorded using a Bru ¨ker Vertex 70 FTIR spectrometer with diamond ATR attachment (PIKEMIRACLE crystal plated diamond/ZnSe) and a MCT detector with a liquid nitrogen cooling system. Data allow the identification of the chemical structure of the as prepared PDPB nanostructure. Scanning wavelengths were varied from 4000-600 cm À1 with a 4 cm À1 spectral resolution from an average of 100 repetition scans for each spectrum. This allows the identification of the chemical structure of the as prepared PDPB nanostructures. The morphology eventually combined with local spectrum of synthesized PDPB on the solid substrate was determined by combining the classical atomic force microscope (AFM) with tunable pulsed laser as an InfraRed (IR) source (AFMIR).
Acknowledgements S. G. acknowledges  Marie Curie Cofund, RBUCE-UP (Research Based University Chairs of Excellence of Paris)  and  PRES UniverSud Paris  for a postdoctoral fellowship. The authors gratefully acknowledge the  C'Nano Ile de France  and the  UniversiteParis-Sud  ( ERM  project) for financial support for the Cobalt-60 panoramic gamma source.
Data sample and event preselection This search is based on pp collision data at √ s = 8 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment between April and December 2012. Only events recorded with a single-electron or single-muon trigger under stable beam conditions and for which all detector subsystems were operational are considered. The corresponding integrated luminosity is 20. 3±0. 6 fb -1  [38]. Single-lepton triggers with different p T thresholds are combined in a logical OR in order to increase the overall efficiency. The p T thresholds are 24 or 60 GeV for the electron triggers and 24 or 36 GeV for the muon triggers. The triggers with the lower p T threshold include isolation requirements on the candidate lepton, resulting in inefficiencies at high p T that are recovered by the triggers with higher p T threshold.
5 Details about this categorisation scheme can be found in ref. [21]. In this way, a distinction is made between t t + b b, t t + cc and t t+light-jets events. The first two categories are generically referred to as t t+HF events (with HF standing for "heavy flavour"), while the latter category also includes events with no additional jets. The modelling of t t+HF in Powheg-Box+Pythia is via the parton-shower evolution. To study uncertainties related to this simplified description, an alternative t t+jets sample is generated with Madgraph5 1. 5. 11 [60]  using the CT10 PDF set. It includes tree-level diagrams with up to three additional partons (including b-and c-quarks) and is interfaced to Pythia 6. 425. Since the best possible modelling of the t t+jets background is a key aspect of this search, a correction is applied to simulated t t events in Powheg-Box+Pythia based on the ratio of the differential cross sections measured in data and simulation at √ s = 7 TeV as a function of top quark p T and t t system p T  [61].
This correction significantly improves agreement between simulation and data at √ s = 8 TeV in distributions such as the jet multiplicity and the p T of decay products of the t t system  [21] , and is applied only to t t+light-jets and t t + cc events. The modelling of the t t + b b background is improved by reweighting the Powheg-Box+Pythia prediction to an NLO prediction of t t + b b with massive b quarks and including parton showering  [62] , based on Sherpa+OpenLoops  [63, 64]  using the CT10 PDF set. Such treatment is not possible for the t t + cc background since a corresponding NLO prediction is not currently available. More details about the modelling of the t t+jets background can be found in ref. [21]. Samples of single-top-quark backgrounds corresponding to the t-channel, s-channel, and Wt production mechanisms are generated with Powheg-Box 2.
The Z+jets samples are generated separately for Z+light-jets, Zb b+jets, and Zcc+jets. Overlap between V Q Q+jets (V = W, Z and Q = b, c) events generated from the matrix-element calculation and those generated from parton-shower evolution in the W/Z+light-jets samples is avoided via an algorithm based on the angular separation between the extra heavy quarks: if ∆R(Q, Q) > 0. 4, the matrix-element prediction is used, otherwise the parton-shower prediction is used. Both the W+jets and Z+jets background contributions are normalised to their inclusive NNLO theoretical cross sections  [73]. Further corrections are applied to W/Z+jets events in order to better describe data in the preselected sample. Normalisation factors for each of the W+jets categories (Wb b+jets, Wcc+jets, Wc+jets and W+light-jets) are derived for events with one lepton and at least four jets by simultaneously analysing six different event categories, defined by the b-tag multiplicity (0, 1 and ≥2) and the sign of the lepton charge  [74].
The b-tag multiplicity provides information about the heavy-flavour composition of the W+jets background, while the lepton charge is used to determine the normalisation of each component, exploiting the expected charge asymmetry for W+jets production in pp collisions as predicted by Alpgen. In the case of Z+jets events, a correction to the heavy-flavour fraction is derived to reproduce the relative rates of Z+2-jets events with zero and one b-tagged jet observed in data. In addition, the Z boson p T spectrum is compared between data and the simulation in Z+2-jets events, and a reweighting function is derived in order to improve the modelling. This reweighting function is also applied to the W+jets simulated sample and it was verified that this correction further improves the agreement between data and simulation for W+jets events.
All diboson samples are normalised to their NLO theoretical cross sections  [75]. Samples of t tV events, including t tWW, are generated with up to two additional partons using Madgraph5 1. 3. 28 with the CTEQ6L1 PDF set, and interfaced to Pythia 6. 425 with the AUET2B UE tune  [76]. A sample of t tH events is generated with the PowHel framework  [77] , which combines the Powheg-Box generator and NLO matrix elements obtained from the HELAC-Oneloop package  [78]. The sample is generated using the CT10nlo PDF set  [44]. Showering is performed with Pythia 8. 1  [79]  using the CTEQ6L1 PDF set and the AU2 UE tune  [76, 80]. Inclusive decays of the Higgs boson are assumed in the generation of the t tH sample. The t tV samples are normalised to the NLO cross-section predictions  [81]. The t tH sample is normalised using the NLO cross section  [82] [83] [84]  and the Higgs decay branching ratios  [85] [86] [87] [88]  collected in ref.
This procedure allows a reduction of the impact of systematic uncertainties on the search sensitivity by taking advantage of the highly populated background-dominated channels included in the likelihood fit. The test statistic q µ is defined as the profile likelihood ratio: q µ = -2 ln(L(µ, θµ )/L( μ, θ)), where μ and θ are the values of the parameters that maximise the likelihood function (with the constraint 0 ≤ μ ≤ µ), and θµ are the values of the nuisance parameters that maximise the likelihood function for a given value of µ. Statistical uncertainties in each bin of the discriminant distributions are also taken into account via dedicated nuisance parameters in the fit. The test statistic q µ is implemented in the RooFit package  [99, 100]  and is used to measure the compatibility of the observed data with the background-only hypothesis by setting µ = 0 in the profile likelihood ratio: q 0 = -2 ln(L(0, θ0 )/L( μ, θ)).
0 chips for 16 h at 45 ∘ C, washed and stained on an Affymetrix fluidic station, and scanned using an Affymetrix genechip scanner. Affymetrix RMA software was used to generate the cell files and to control the data quality prior to the data analysis. These controls included: back spikes, Housekeeping genes, pm mean, Mad residual mean, Rle mean, and Box Plot. Validation of all chips was achieved using the principal component analysis (PCA) which is a mathematical procedure based on an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of uncorrelated variables called principal components. Normalization of the Affymetrix Data. All 22 chips were normalized with the Array Studio software package (OmicSoft Corporation, USA) using the three-step robust multichip average (RMA) method: background adjustment, quantile normalization, and finally summarization  [17].
Differential Pax3 and HOX Gene Expression Was Conserved in Adipose-Stromal Cells Derived from Chin and Knee Fat Depots. As adipose tissues contain several cell types, such as adipose-stromal cells (ASCs), adipocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells, we wondered whether chin and knee molecular signatures revealed by microarray data were conserved in ASCs and derived adipocytes. For that purpose ASCs were isolated from the stromal vascular fraction of paired chin and knee fat samples. The skeletal muscle signature of chin fat depot was not detectable neither in undifferentiated ASCs nor in their differentiated progenies (not shown), indicating that other cell types in chin fat biopsies could be responsible for muscle gene expression. In contrast, Pax3 and HOX differential expression was conserved in ASCs.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank  Sophie Déret  for her expertise in BioInformatics for Affymetrix data analysis and the "stem cells and differentiation" team for helpful discussions. This work was supported by the  French Government (National Research Agency, ANR)  through the  "Investments for the Future" LABEX SIGNALIFE: Program reference no. ANR-11-LABX-0028-01  and the  National Research Agency against HIV (ANRS , Grant  AO 2013-1 CSS3 ).