dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis plan (SAP), covering all the analyses to be performed on all data, will be written before database lock for nal extraction. For all collected variables, descriptive statistics will be shown for both study arms in order to verify the initial comparability of the groups. For metric variables, a check as to whether the data can be assumed to be normally distributed will be rst conducted. For normally distributed variables, means and standard deviations will be calculated, whereas for skewed variables, medians and ranges will be given. For categorical variables group proportions and contingency tables will be prepared. All tests of e cacy will be conducted on an ITT basis using, in case of missing data, the Last Observation Carried Forward method, and/or multiple or mean imputation  [50].
This main outcome variable will be the change in fatigue score between inclusion and the 9 month follow-up. Linear regression models will be constructed to study the effect of each dependent variable, individually and altogether in a multi-adjusted model, on the outcome. A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data will be performed to study the biological (in ammatory markers, microbiota) and psychological factors associated with fatigue severity, overall and on each of the ve IMF sub-scales, using general linear regression models. Modi cations to the initial SAP will require an amendment to the protocol. Exploratory statistical analyses not documented in the initial SAP will be discussed by the co-investigators and statisticians, in order to establish their importance and acceptability with respect to the study's main and secondary objectives.
Ethical considerations and con dentiality There are to our knowledge no potential risks involved with participating in the intervention proposed in this study other than the usual risk linked to moderate walking. Risks concerning the collection of blood samples were weak: unease, bruise or anxiety Risks concerning neuropsychological and clinical evaluations are weak: anxiety, tension, tiredness. Regarding the vigilance of the project, the responsibilities of the investigator and sponsor, the reporting of serious adverse events (AE), annual safety reports will be monitored and carried out in accordance with regulations. Our protocol has no severe consequences for the patients, with no necessity of data and Safety Monitoring board.
Collection of AEs Complete and appropriate data on all AEs experienced during the clinical trial will be recorded on the AE form of the CRF on an ongoing basis for the duration of the study. Each AE report shall include a description of the event, an assessment of its seriousness, its duration, intensity, relationship to the study medication, other causality factors (if any), any concomitant medication dispensed, actions taken with the study drug or other therapeutic interventions, and outcome at the end of the observation period. For each AE, a separate AE form will be lled in. AEs will be followed up until their resolution or stabilization. However, the observation period will be cut off after the last patient has nished his nal visit (LPLV).
It is very easy to spot the current channels, but multiple channels have existed throughout the Holocene that are less easy to identify. The palaeogeographical reconstruction of river mobility in deltas through the Holocene is a challenge. During the Early Holocene transgressive phase, the identification of river mouth palaeochannels is based on sedimentary cores. Their locations are mostly because of chance or a large chronostratigraphic database with many cores, palaeoenvironmental analyses and dates. In this case, palaeogeographical reconstruction of the Holocene transgression of the river mouth area of the Rhine is remarkable  (Hijma and Cohen, 2011). The locations of the deltaic river courses or the river mouths are easier for younger stages of delta formation: when base level rise stalls, a high stand is established and the delta system becomes progradational.
METHODS This paper includes new chrono-stratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental data from Cores PO-1 and 2, CAT-3 and MO-2. The upper parts of these cores were previously published and studied with a geoarchaeological perspective. These upper stratigraphic sequences were interpreted in regards to the evolution of the Roman city of Ostia (Core MO-2 in  Salomon et al. , 2017; Cores CAT-2 and CAT-3 in Salomon et al. , 2018)  and its harbours (PO-1 and 2 in  Goiran et al. , 2014). Core LOA-1  (Vittori et al. , 2015) , Core CAT-2  (Salomon et al. , 2018)  and Core OST-4  (Hadler et al. , 2015)  complement the cross section. Cores PO-1 / PO-2, CAT-2 / CAT-3, and MO-2 were drilled between 2010 and 2013. Stratigraphies record a large range of sedimentary facies and were analysed using palaeoenvironmental indicators classically used in such context  (Figs.
, 2006; Goiran et al. , 2011). Ostracods from Core PO-2 presented here were also published in  Sadori et al. (2016). Palaeoenvironmetal Age-Depth Models (PADM charts) are used to interpret chronometric and integrated stratigraphy data  (Salomon et al. , 2016a) (Figs. 5, 7 and 9). Developed to interpret ancient coastal harbours and to cross datasets of different types and disciplines, this PADM chart is related to geohistory diagrams, also called backstrip diagrams  (Van Hinte, 1978; Allen and Allen, 2013). The PADM chart is based on a classic age-depth model, with stratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental context recorded on the y-axis, and palaeogeographical and chronological information transferred to the x-axis. The standardised PADM chart integrates all relevant data to interpret the stratigraphical sequences.
A quick glance at the charts offers an overview of the local modelled sea level curve, the different apparent sedimentation curves, the results of the palaeoenvironmental analyses and their interpretations. Most importantly, this chart simplifies the identification of sediments related to the Transgressive Systems Tract or the Highstand Systems Tract. Additionally, the systematic combination of the sea level curve with a sedimentation curve exposes clear correlations to their respective evolutions or the variability of the accommodation space through time. The sedimentation curve is reconstructed with no vertical adjustments -i. e. , without any decompaction, subsidence or uplift corrections. The calibration of radiocarbon ages has been performed using the curve proposed by  Reimer et al. (2013)  with the software OxCal  (Ramsey, 1995;  Ramsey and Lee, 2013) (Table  1 ).
, 2003; Tanabe et al. , 2006; Milli et al. , 2016) , and to a certain extent by the modelled local sea level curve  (Lambeck et al. , 2011  for the present paper). In Group 1, Core PO-2 will be completed by cores PO-1 (new data for the lower part of the sequence) and Core OST-4  (Hadler et al. , 2015). In Group 2, Core CAT-3 will be completed by Core CAT-2. Core MO-2 is the only one forming Group 3, and Core LOA-1 is the only one for Group 4.
Units B to D expose the transition from the prodelta to the delta front while the Tiber delta plain is prograding. Sub-unit C1 records the first sandy layers since Sub-unit B1 was deposited in the Early Holocene. Interestingly, freshwater ostracods species were identified in Sub-unit C1 along with brackish, coastal, and marine species. According to these palaeoenvironmental data and chronology obtained, a prograding palaeoriver mouth of the Tiber was most likely not far from Core PO-2 between 4500 and 4200 cal. BP. However, a stronger delta front influence is recorded just afterwards in Sub-unit C2. The delta front definitely progrades towards PO-2 between 4000 and 2500 cal. BP according to Unit D. The higher sedimentation rate in the upper level of Unit C and Unit D is probably because of less compaction but also to local factors linked to the closer coastline and adjustment of the slope of the delta front.
In this case, stratigraphic sequences can be of great help. This dataset is completed by the new data published in this paper. Recently, several papers suggested the existence of a palaeochannel of the Tiber below the Roman harbour of Portus between 3000 and 2400 cal. BP and a strong avulsion towards the south  (Giraudi et al. , 2009). However, for now no clear evidence of bedload-derived deposits supports such a hypothesis. Data from Cores PO-1 and 2 demonstrate that a branch of the Tiber River in the southern side of the delta existed since 4500-4000 cal. BP. Nevertheless, an area void of surficial features and sedimentary drilling remains between the southern part of the International airport of Fiumicino and the north of the harbour of the Roman emperor Trajan (Fig. 1 ). Most of the coarse fluvial deposits identified in the upper 30 m of the cores were drilled in the northern part of the Palaeolagoon of Ostia and the current Tiber  (Bellotti et al.
Additionally, the Tiber bedload-derived facies recorded in the prodelta reveals complex depositional processes and interplays between the river and the delta formation. The reconstruction of the coastal and fluvial mobility in deltaic contexts during the Holocene remains a difficult task. The reconstruction of the Holocene relative sea level curves remains one of the most important data in producing reliable interpretations. A more detailed and less smoothed modelled relative sea level curve is essential and would bring more reliable interpretations. This is particularly true to study the consequence of the sea level jumps between 9000-8000 cal. BP on coastal depositional contexts. Archaeological remains of Ostia and neighboring structures (white lines) are reported along with the main geo-features identified in this area of the Tiber delta (strandlines, fluvial ridges and swales, and the location of the palaeolagoon of Ostia according to Amenduni, 1884) Figure  3.
Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge financial and logistical support of the  École française de Rome  and the  British School at Rome , as well as financial support from  ANR - Poltevere  ( ANR-11-JSH3-0002 ) from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013) / ERC  grant agreement n°339123. We would also like to thank the  Soprintendenza Speciale Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio di Roma  and the  Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica. A thank you to  Leah Holguin  for proofreading the English text.
Corpus details The corpus compiled for this study consists of one hundred short parallel texts: one hundred original French texts and their translations into English. They are PhD thesis abstracts in various subjects in the humanities and social sciences extracted from the French HAL database 2 and were selected on the criterion of containing at least one occurrence of the marker par ailleurs. The total number of words in the French subset is 31,487, and that of the English translations 27,799, with an average length of 280-300 words per abstract. We are thus dealing with short standalone texts, with their own narrative coherence, rather than just extracts of text. The length of the abstracts makes it possible to examine the occurrences of par ailleurs in their complete contexts. An important advantage for us was the availability of the English translation.
For PhDs published in French, the HAL database requires an English translation of the abstract. Another 2 The HAL open archive contains PhD theses and scholarly articles: https://hal. archives-ouvertes. fr. advantage is the fact that we were able to check the direction of the translations (French into English), a criterion which is often difficult to ascertain in very large and more general databases. We view the translation here as a heuristic device. The way par ailleurs is translated can reveal how the speaker perceives the French marker to function in the source text and can be seen as complementary to the semantic analysis of the monolingual data (see  Noël 2003; Aijmer and Simon-Vandenbergen 2004). It should be noted that the abstracts were not translated by professional translators but by the French PhD students themselves and that in consequence the English formulation is not necessarily fluid or native-like.
Addition/continuation As noted above, 'addition' represents a large proportion of the results: 58 %. If we firstly consider the case of addition/continuation (43 occurrences) we note that the position in the sentence is mainly initial; 29 out of the 43 occurrences are in sentence initial position and 14 in sentence medial position. The following extract shows a fairly typical example of addition from our dataset. The writer is describing the methodology adopted in his/her PhD thesis. After detailing a first benefit of the software package used, the adjunction of the DM par ailleurs at the start of the second sentence signals the mention of another benefit of the software. The writer is continuing with the same topic but is adding extra information: 9. Du point de vue méthodologique, l'étude repose sur l'utilisation du logiciel Weblex (http://weblex.
ens-lsh. fr/wlx/), qui permet de comparer les différentes transcriptions de mots et de locutions caractéristiques de l'oral, et de mettre en évidence les choix techniques ou esthétiques des transcripteurs et de l'écrivain. Par ailleurs, à l'intérieur du corpus littéraire, on peut faire apparaître des profils linguistiques pour les différents personnages, ou encore dessiner une évolution stylistique du traitement de la fiction langagière sur trente ans. Du point de vue théorique, la question centrale est celle de la nature des « filtres » de l'oral. (4C) Methodologically, I used the Weblex software (http://weblex. ens-lsh. fr/wlx/), which allows one to compare the various transcriptions of words and idioms typically found in spoken language and to uncover the technical or aesthetical choices of transcribers or writers.
In the following extract the marker appears in the last sentence of the text. The writer is summing up concerning the usefulness of the IPAAS technique (the subject of the thesis) in writing more secure web applications. 13. Dans cette thèse, nous avons conduit deux études de recherche empirique, analysant un grand nombre d'applications web vulnérables. Nous avons assemblé une base de données contenant plus de 10. 000 rapports de vulnérabilités depuis l'an 2000. Avec ces résultats empiriques comme base, nous présentons notre solution IPAAS qui aide les développeurs novices en termes de sécurité à écrire des applications sécurisées par défaut. (…) Nous montrons par ailleurs que cette technique améliore de manière probante la sécurité des applications web. (99C) In this thesis, we conduct two empirical studies on a large number of web applications vulnerabilities with the aim of gaining deeper insights in how input validation flaws have evolved in the past decade and how these common vulnerabilities can be prevented.
COCA results, corpus HansardTo explore this hypothesis, a second English corpus was consulted, composed with Google Books and a set of fiction, linked to a database (Google Books, British English, 34 billion words, Brigham Young University). The results are very similar, showing a strong expansion in the markers around 1800 and a steady increase in the 20 th century. In diagram 1 below, dates are indicated on the abscissa, and occurrences are indicated on the ordinate. Results are retrieved from the COHA Google books corpus (34 billion words). In diagram 2, two different measures are used to represent the number of occurrences on the ordinate on the left, the values are indicated for the following DMs: moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides. On the right, the values of the DM also, much higher, are on a different scale, starting at 51 812 occurrences in 1800 and rising to 11 044 175 occurrences.
Acknowledgments This research was carried out within the framework of the  LOTOPA (London-Tokyo-Paris)  project, which received human resources support from The  Royal College of Art, Tokyo Institute of Technology  and the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , with additional financial support from  Télécom Paris  ( Carnot Programme ). The corpus analysed here was collected by  Clair-Antoine Veyrier  ( Télécom Paris ) and  Kengo Arai  ( Tokyo Institute of Technology ). Our thanks go to the professors and their students at the  Royal College of Art  for their collaboration.
Looking at the effects of information technology on social ordering in scientific practices, Christine Hine studied changes in contemporary biology due to the use of computers. Investigating databases as instruments and means of communication, she stressed the difficulty in finding "evenly distributed and homogeneous effects", observing that the database was rather an "additional ordering resource"  (Hine 2006, p. 291). Drawing on this scholarship, this paper aims to re-examine the potential relations between publishing processes and the content of scientific productions, from a detailed case study in prehistoric archaeology in the second half of the 20ᵗʰ century. This was a period when mathematics and computing were being gradually introduced into prehistoric archaeology. Two efforts of rationalisation and standardization will be jointly analysed: typography and typological thinking, respectively.
Offprints as an editorial format and historical source To delimit the period of growth of the typologie analytique method, I start from 1949, the year of Laplace's first archaeological publication, and end in 1973, when the second journal dedicated to this method was created, the Archivio di tipologia analitica. This journal was a key in diffusing the typologie analytique beyond its place of origin in France. There is no general bibliographic database for prehistoric archaeology which generally covers publications between 1949 and 1973. Therefore, I worked with a sample: Laplace's offprint collection. Offprint publications are unique in that they are printed documents, generally sent personally by authors or editors to potential readers. In the second half of the 20ᵗʰ century, this editorial format was still important for authors, because they contributed to their scientific sociability.
It is noteworthy that the author was paying for the supplementary copies. In using offprints as a historical source, they can be interpreted as a consequence of the social relationship between the author and the owner of the offprint, who are likely to have known each other. In this context, I aim to build a general picture of publishing in prehistoric archaeology. It can be argued that this method introduces a potential bias because interpersonal relationships determine the distribution of offprints. However, the large size of Laplace's offprint collection warrants the representativeness of this sample. The dataset was generated by merging two sources: Laplace's files stored at the Musée National de Préhistoire in Les Eyzies-de-Tayac (France) and Laplace's offprint collection at the TRaces Laboratory of Archaeology in Toulouse (France).
This inventory was stored in a. doc text file: automatic extraction and structuring of this information were necessary to get a tabular format (. csv). ¹⁷I thank Stéphanie Delaguette for sharing these data with me. ¹⁸These data are published in open access  (Plutniak 2017a). ¹⁹An analysis of the content of this journal was published to celebrate its 100ᵗʰ anniversary  (Soulier 2007)   The language of each text was inferred from its title (Figure  3 ). Results confirm the effect of Laplace's regional foci on the content of the offprint collection, as shown by the over-representation of work published in Romance languages and the notable presence of papers in Slavic languages. The distribution of languages also indicates two characteristics of multilingualism in prehistoric archaeological publications in the study period.
The Archivio di tipologia analitica: a controversial paper database The Archivio di tipologia analitica was a periodical initially created at the Istituto di Antropologia e Paleontologia umana of the Siena University in 1973; it was not published until 1998. This journal was first edited by Paolo Gambassini  (1973) (1974) (1975) (1976) (1977) , then by Annamaria  Ronchitelli (1978 -1983 ), Fabio Martini (1984 -1992) , and finally by Mauro Calattini  (1993) (1994) (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998). It aimed to publish prehistoric archaeology data studied by the typologie analytique method. A note published in the first issue detailed: […] full publication of data not only takes up considerable space in journals but it also creates typographical problems and induces high printing costs. Consequently, the complete set of data used in an analysis remain completely unused, as prehistorians limit themselves to keeping them in their personal archives.
These considerations gave rise to the idea of publishing these "archives"; although in a traditional and economical way, they will serve to circulate data that would have otherwise remained with a limited number of specialists. ⁵⁵ The 91 articles published in the 21 volumes of the Archivio were -in most casesrelated to another paper previously published in a standard journal (mainly in the Rivista di scienze preistoriche (23%) and in Rassegna di archeologia (9%) ⁵⁶). Each article in the Archivio is divided into two parts. The first part, the shortest, contains a list of general information about the data set. With some occasional variations, this list includes: • the bibliographic reference of the related publication in which the data were summarised and analysed; • the location of the archaeological site; • the name of the researcher who conducted the sampling or excavation; • the type of archaeological site (surface findings, stratigraphy, etc.
This article describes an unusual number of objects; "articles" in the Archivio were usually shorter than this example. However, independent of length, each article contributed to the editors' aim of accumulating data. In this context, Figure  10  shows the yearly cumulative number of objects and primary types published in the Archivio between 1973 and 1998. The growth rate of this "paper database" is constant over this period; at the end a total of approximately 60,000 objects or primary types were described according to the typologie analytique method. The Archivio was first produce by the editors using a mimeograph, from 1973 to 1983, after which they used a professional printing located in Siena ⁵⁷. Despite this change, an introductory note in the 1984 issue informed readers that "the procedures for transcribing the analysis and introductory form remain unchanged" ⁵⁸, ensuring that data accumulation could continue.
One may think that data archiving is meaningless without a foreseen use of the archives. For archaeologists opposed to the typologie analytique it was out of the question to re-use their data. Some researchers of Laplace's generation considered the Archivio as "rubbish" ⁵⁹, and this opinion is still echoed by some archaeologists from the younger generation today: for example, one source told me that the Archivio is nothing more than "fire-starting paper" ⁶⁰. Concerning the typologie analytique practitioners, so far, I have only met a few researchers who re-used the data published in the Archivio. Regardless of the actual use of these data, and keeping as a principle the need to archive them, the Archivio's contributors continued to maintain and to adapt this archive. In this respect, the use of computers from the end of the 1980s was a notable change regarding the material support of archaeological information, even if this change was made neither by Laplace nor by the Archivio's editors.