dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Biological data collection and measurement Two experienced lab technicians were recruited and specially trained to draw blood samples. In each village, the 3/8 surveyed households that were selected were given an appointment at the local health centre, around 8:00 AM, to give blood sample. For both women and children, fasting venous blood samples (10 to 15 mL) were collected by a lab technician assisted by a health centre nurse. Serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes within 1h of collection and frozen at -20°C until analyzed. Before and after serum separation, the samples were kept away from the light in cool boxes and brought daily to the base camp established in the main city of the province and then, at the end of sample collection, to the laboratory in Ouagadougou.
Data analysis Data quality checks, cleaning and statistical analyses were performed separately for women and children using the SAS System version 9. 3 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). All analyses took into account the sampling design by including a random effect for health area in statistical models and results were weighted according to the respective size of the population in each province. Unless specified, the level of significance was set at p-value <0. 05 for all analyses. Biomarkers were checked for extreme values and full distributions were described. Because of their skewness, almost all biomarkers concentrations were log-transformed for both women and children in order to approach normal distribution. The exception was the SZnC which was normally distributed. The transformed variables were then used in statistical models.
Micronutrient intakes and biomarkers Twenty-four women (5. 0%) and 32 children (6. 7%) were identified as over-or under-reporters, so dietary data was finally available for 455 women and 448 children. Depending on the biomarker considered, sample size for biomarkers varied from 150 to 166 women and from to 132 to 155 children, corresponding to 83-92% and 73-86% of the selected subsample of women and children, respectively. Probabilities of adequacy (PA) for the three micronutrients tended to be higher for children than for women and higher in the Sourou than in the Sanguié (Table  2 ). PAs for zinc were notably high, ranging from 0. 83 to 0. 96, while PAs for iron were middling, ranging from 0. 46 to 0. 67, and PAs for vitamin A were low, ranging from 0. 17 to 0. 43. Inflammation was fairly common, especially among children, and more pronounced for women in the Sanguié than in the Sourou (Table  3 ).
Acknowledgments The authors are deeply grateful for the tremendous effort of the field data collectors and the mothers who allowed us into their homes. They are also very grateful to  Juergen Erhardt  ( Vit-Min Lab, Willstaett, Germany ) who kindly performed some of the laboratory analyses. The nutrient adequacy analyses in this manuscript were made possible thanks to STATA syntax developed by  Doris Wiesmann ,  Alicia Carriquiry , and  Maria Joseph  under the  USAID FANTA-2 Women 's Dietary Diversity Project (WDDP). We are grateful to  Lieven Huybregts  from the  Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium  for providing original photographs used for portion estimation for the 24-hour dietary recalls.
Acknowledgments:  Christin Bissig  acknowledges funding support from: the  Swiss National Fund for Research for the Early Postdoc. Mobility fellowship # P2GEP3-151589 , the  Federation of European Biochemical Societies for the Long-Term Fellowship and Labex CelTisPhyBio  for the post-doctoral fellowship. Leila Rochin  is funded under Horizon  2020, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellows  (IF).
Lab Reality: Our Experience A systematic screening of plant extracts was undertaken in our laboratory over a three-year period to evaluate their whitening activity for potential application in cosmetology. Such a large-scale assessment proved to be a frustrating task as only a few extracts actually present promising activity. The inhibitory effect of a total of 350 plant extracts was assessed on mushroom tyrosinase activity by enzymatic assays, using either L-Tyrosine or L-DOPA. The sample's final concentration per well-100 µg/mL-was chosen after a thorough literature survey. Essential oils (EOs) and hydrosols obtained by distillation on one hand and solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, etc. ) on the other hand were assayed for their inhibition potency on both the mono-(Figure  3 ) and diphenolase (data not shown) activities of mushroom tyrosinase.
Data were acquired with the SoftMaxPro software (Molecular Devices, Wokingham, Berkshire, UK) and inhibition percentages were calculated with the Prism software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA). The results are presented as inhibition percentages (%), calculated as follows: I% = [(OD control -OD sample)/OD control] × 100 (with OD stating for optical density). Similarly, all OD values were corrected with the blank measurement corresponding to the absorbance of the sample before addition of the substrate, unless otherwise stated. The assays were performed in 96-well plates as follows: 150 µL of a solution of mushroom tyrosinase prepared at a concentration of 171. 66 U/mL in phosphate buffer (100 mM pH = 6. 8) are distributed in each well (final enzyme concentration per well: 100 U/mL), together with 7.
2007; Tranebjaerg et al. 2011. Recently USH patients were investigated for exon deletions/ duplications in USH2A and PCDH15 by Multiplex ligationdependent probe amplification (MLPA);  Dad et al. 2015. This study presents the results of molecular examinations of 26 individuals with USH residing in Denmark using a combination of APEX microarray for identification of previously reported mutations, traditional Sanger sequencing of single candidate genes, or targeted Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) of a panel of 10 genes, associated with USH. By combining the mutation data obtained in this study with all previously published molecular data on USH patients from Denmark we obtained a overview of the identified mutations in 100 Danish individuals with USH.
Patients In this study, 26 unrelated individuals with USH residing in Denmark (cohort 1, Fig. 1 ) were investigated for mutations. By combining the mutation data obtained in this study with all previously published molecular data on 118 patients belonging to 100 families with USH registered at the Danish National Eye Clinic for the Visually Impaired at the Kennedy Center (whole cohort), we obtained an overview of all disease causing mutations hitherto identified in 100 Danish individuals with USH. Additional 5 patients with no mutations identified are registered. In addition to the mutations, the gender and some clinical symptoms of the patients are noted in Tables  S1-S3. Consents to genetic testing were obtained for all included individuals.
Olfactory function Olfactory function was tested with the standardized Sniffin' Sticks 12-item test (Burghart, Wedel, Germany). The kit includes 12 felt-tip pens, where each pen contains one common odor (orange, leather, cinnamon, peppermint, banana, lemon, liquorice, coffee, cloves, pineapple, rose and fish). The test comprises a forced choice identification task, where the individual is presented to each pen for 30 sec, and is then asked to select the correct odors from four possible answers. The results generate a score compared to the age of normalized data presented in a normogram. According to the manufactures protocol a score >10 is normal and a score ≤10 suggests that further evaluation should be made. A score of ≤6 indicates severe olfactory dysfunction including anosmia  (Hummel et al.
Accession numbers Nomenclature of mutations is according to HGVS (www. hgvs. org) and based on the following accession numbers; NM_000260. 3 (MYO7A), NM_033056. 3 (PCDH15), NM_022124. 5 (CDH23), NM_005709. 3 (USH1C), NM_ 173477. 4 (USH1G), NM_206933. 2 (USH2A), NM_032 119. 3 (ADGRV1), NM_015404. 3 (DFNB31), NM_174878. 2 (CLRN1), and NM_001195263. 1 (PDZD7).
We decided to investigate the remaining USH2 individuals, with no or only one identified mutation in USH2A, for this variant (e. g. USH2-21, USH2-29, USH2-74 and USH2-77). However, none of these cases harbored this variant. In total, two mutations were detected in 19 of the unrelated individuals in cohort 1, and only one mutation was detected in two unrelated individuals; in total, 19 different mutations were detected. The identified mutations and the method used are listed in Table  1. Five novel mutations were identified: c. 6517G>T, p. (Glu2173*) and c. 3862C>T, p. (Gln1288*) both in CDH23 (USH1-6; USH-1-36), c. 1146dupA, p. (Gln383fs*6) in USH1C (USH1-13), c. 1647T>G, p. (Cys549Trp) in USH2A (USH2-34) and the splice mutation, c. 254-1G>A in CLRN1 (USH3-1). Only the c. 6517G>T, p. (Glu2173*) mutation in CDH23 was identified previously and reported in the ExAC database with a frequency of 0.
The c. 238dup mutation in USH1C appeared in two patients. Mutations identified in 21 unrelated individuals (and family members) from a cohort of 26 individuals with USH using different methods. A: targeted NGS of USH genes, B: APEX microarray  (Dreyer et al. 2008). C: USH1C Sanger sequencing  (Dad et al. 2015). D: USH2A Sanger sequencing  (Janecke et al. 1999; Dreyer et al. 2000). E: CLRN1 Sanger sequencing  (Cremers et al. 2007). Mutations in bold are novel according to HGMDprof and LOVD USH databases 081015. 1 Initially diagnosed as USH3. 2 Initially diagnosed as USH1. Nomenclature of mutations is based on the following accession numbers; NM_000260. 3 (MYO7A), NM_022124. 5 (CDH23), NM_005709. 3 (USH1C), NM_206933. 2 (USH2A) and NM_174878. 2 (CLRN1). Nomenclature is according to HGVS (www.
The ExAC database report that c. 486-14G>A is only observed in 2 of 120994 alleles consistent with the frequency of Usher syndrome. Mutations identified in 100 individuals with USH from Denmark. The pathogenity is defined according to LOVD Usher database. Classification: Neutral -UV1 (certainly neutral) -UV2 (likely neutral) -UV3 (likely pathogenic) -UV4 (certainly pathogenic) -Pathogenic. Novel nonsense and splice site mutations were classified as pathogenic and prediction of the pathogenity of the novel missense mutations were performed in silico, using the web tools SIFT, Mutation taster, Polyphen 2 and Align GVGD. Nomenclature of mutations is based on the following accession numbers; NM_000260. 3 (MYO7A), NM_022124. 5 (CDH23), NM_005709. 3 (USH1C), NM_206933. 2 (USH2A) and NM_174878. 2 (CLRN1).
[14384T>G(;)2299delG]. A reassessment of the clinical data made clear that USH2-20 actually presented an unusual clinical picture with recognition of hearing impairment and RP after the age of 40. Thus, the specialized ophthalmological examinations should always be accompanied by molecular genetic examinations. In the combined Danish USH cohort a total of 100 unrelated individuals have been genotyped. Two mutations were identified in 85 and only one mutation was found in the 15 remaining. As mutation screening was performed by screening of single genes or testing for known mutations (APEX) it is possible that the disease causing mutations in these 15 patients are present in other USH genes not screened, and the identified mutations only are coincidental findings. In the Danish USH1 cohort mutations in CDH23 were mainly identified in individuals of non-Danish origin, whereas mutations in MYO7A, mostly were identified in individuals with Danish origin.
This is partly due to the difficult communication, which requires the assistance of personnel skilled in nonverbal communication. The results of our examination should therefore only be considered as a pilot test. Data regarding the association of USH with olfactory dysfunction are conflicting. Zrada et al. ,    majority of USH proteins are expressed in olfactory cells  (Wolfrum et al. 1998). Recently the USH proteins encoded by MYO7A, USH1C; USH1D, USH1F, USH1G, USH2A, USH2C and USH2D were shown to be expressed in the murine olfactory epithelium (OE). Furthermore, investigation of five murine models with mutations in MYO7A, USH1C, CDH23, PCDH15 and USH1G, respectively, showed that mutations in USH1C and USH1G lead to olfactory impairment in the mouse  (Jansen et al. 2016). Thus, it is not unlikely that olfactory function might be impaired in some USH individuals.
FUTURE PLANS We plan to assess whether maternal macronutrient nutritional status, as assessed by MUAC, BMI and maternal height, alters the risk of reduced birth weight that is associated with malaria infection during pregnancy. Among women who underwent a dating ultrasound scan in early pregnancy, analyses will be performed using preterm birth and small-for-gestational age as end points in addition to LBW. 0] [51]  Additional future analyses include, but are not limited to, the following: the impact of anaemia on LBW; the interaction between anaemia and malaria with regard to increasing the risk of LBW; the mediation of the effect of malaria through anaemia on LBW; and the usefulness and agreement of MUAC versus BMI to predict adverse birth outcomes. Short maternal stature, potentially indicative of stunting and reduced adolescent catch-up growth (chronic undernutrition), has also been associated with increased risks of adverse birth outcomes and will be explored using this pooled data set.
The main limitations of the pooled data set are related to missing data and heterogeneity of the collected data. First, information that was collected by all studies varied, leading to systematically missing data on a number of important variables (tables 2 and 3). The limited availability of accurately measured gestational age hinders the ability to conduct preterm birth and small-for-gestational age analyses for the entire data set (table  3 ), but should allow for meaningful subanalyses. Second, exclusion of miscarriages and stillbirths may cause selection bias (left truncation) for some analyses, given the possibility of differential rates of early pregnancy losses in relation to infection and nutritional status. 56 We will assess this potential bias using data on miscarriages and stillbirths extracted from a subset of studies.
JEC and  HWU  drafted the work. All the authors critically revised this article and approved the final manuscript as submitted. Funding The  STOPPAM  project, ' Strategies To Prevent Pregnancy Associated Malaria'  was supported by the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( EU FP7 ); STOPPAM contract number: 200889. STOPPAM I (Benin) and STOPPAM II (Tanzania). The  FSP/MISAME  study (Burkina Faso) was funded by  Nutrition Third World , The  Belgium Ministry of Development, Flemish Interuniversity Council , and  French Ministry of Development. The  ECHO study (Democratic Republic of the Congo)  was funded by the  Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health. The iLiNS-DYAD (Ghana) trial was funded by a grant to the  University of California, Davis  from the  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
EMEP was partly supported by the  Malaria in Pregnancy (MiP)  Consortium, which is funded through a grant from the  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation  to the  Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK  ( 46099 ) and partly by the  US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ,  Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria  through a cooperative agreement with  Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) ,  Center for Global Health Research (CGHR) ,  Kisumu ,  Kenya. The  IPTp-MON study (Kenya)  was supported by the  CDC. The  ITN  project (Kenya) was funded by the  US Agency for International Development. The Special Health Support Fund from the  Royal Netherlands Embassy (Nairobi, Kenya)  provided additional support for the study of the impact of ITN in pregnancy. The Kisumu study (Kenya) was funded by  US Agency for International Development  (grant numbers  AOT0483-PH1-2171  and  HRN-A-00-04-00010-02 ) and the  Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research.
The STOPMIP study (Kenya) was funded by the  Malaria in Pregnancy (MiP)  Consortium, which is funded through a grant from the  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation  to the  Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK. The ISTp study (Malawi) was funded by the  European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership  (EDCTP). The LAIS study was supported by grants from the  Academy of Finland  (grant numbers  79787  and  207010 ), the  Foundation for Pediatric Research in Finland , and the  Medical Research Fund of Tampere University Hospital. Azithromycin and its placebo were provided free of charge by  Pfizer  ( New York, New York, USA ), which also provided funding for the PCR testing of the sexually transmitted infections. The IPTp study (Papua New Guinea (PNG)) was funded by the  MiP  Consortium, through a grant from the  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation  ( 46099 ); the  Pregvax  Consortium, through a grant from the  EU FP7-2007-HEALTH (PREGVAX 201588 ) and the  Spanish Government  ( EUROSALUD 2008  Programme); and  Pfizer , through an  investigator-initiated research grant  ( WS394663 ).
The Sek study (PNG) was supported by  AusAID  (grant to  PNG Institute of Medical Research (IMR)) , the  National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; Australian Research Council ;  Wellcome Trust ; and  Veterans Affairs Research Service. The Walter and  Eliza Hall Institute  is supported by the  NHMRC Infrastructure for Research Institutes Support Scheme and Victorian State Government Operational Infrastructure Support. JEC was funded by the  National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health  ( Pre-doctoral Training in Infectious Disease Epidemiology grant  # 5 T32 AI070114 ).
Statistical analyses Descriptive statistical analysis was used to characterize the study population. A normality test was conducted by using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and since blood micronutrients were not normally distributed, comparisons between groups (seasonality -dry and rainy season -, sex, smoking status, immigrant status, occupations alone or differently grouped, and alcohol consumption) were achieved by Mann-Whitney U-test. Additionally; Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare inter-communities variations and age categories. The results were considered statistically significant at p<0. 05. Spearman correlation analyses were performed to evaluate associations between continuous variables. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 18. 0.
At the center of this structure, a few evolutionarily conserved enzymes (i. e. DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases) and other components of the transcription/translation machinery (Trans*) compose the core, enabling the recycling of the building blocks, such as ribonucleotides and amino acids. Interestingly the bowtie organization makes robustness and evolvability compatible, which is a major characteristic of biological systems. We recently inferred a miRNA network based on target similarities among miRNAs  [1]. Using the ''DIANA-mi-croT v3 (July 2009)'' prediction database  [22] , we built a network where each node corresponds to a miRNA and each edge corresponds to the proportion of shared targets between two miRNAs. We used the meet/min index to infer the strength of the edge between two miRNAs  [14, 16].
This index has a value between 0 and 1, where 1 implies that one miRNAs share all targets of the other miRNA and 0 implies no common target. At a meet/min threshold of 0. 5, imposing the condition that two miRNAs are connected in the graph only if they share 50 % of their targets, we observed that the graph is comprised of two modules that are organized around a smaller one (Fig. 2 )  [1]. Our observation suggests that the miRNA network exhibited bowtie architecture, which was also observed using three other algorithms, namely TargetScan  [15] , miRanda  [20]  and PITA  [21]  (data not shown). The community of miRNAs in red or module 2 (Fig. 2 , lower parts of the network), which targets primarily protein-coding genes involved in signal transduction, particularly small GTPase signaling, would fan in information from the cell microenvironment.
3 ). As already mentioned, the core of the tie is a small knot made of a few universal polymerases and a minimal set of building blocks (ribonucleotides and amino acids) acting as common currencies, which confer robustness to the Lavalliere-tie structure. Indeed, these shared currencies favor the exquisite adjustment of supply and demand with the minimal enzyme synthesis. However, this core that creates robustness can also reveal fragility. Thus, it is not surprising that RNA polymerase dysfunction ranks among the most important causes of carcinogenesis  [2]  or that viral pathogens hijack signaling pathways and transcription factors for their own survival  [30]. In-silico analysis of miRNA predicted targets was performed with the DIANA-microT v3 algorithm. The number of unique targets is the number of different genes that are regulated by at least one miRNA in the module.
The non-redundant targets are genes that are targeted by only one miRNA of the module (target genes not shared by any other miRNAs). Generic targets are those that are targeted by all miRNAs of the module (e. g, 132 miRNAs in the module 2). Gene hubs are the generic targets of each module that are also target hubs, that is, genes that are highly targeted by the whole miRNome  [1, 32]  # stands for ''number of'' The functions of miRNAs are broadly classified into two categories: setting the mean of the expression level of the target genes (referred to as expression ''tuning'') and reducing their expression variance (expression ''buffering'' or ''homeostasis''). Although independent, these two functions are not mutually exclusive. In the transcription network, transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs may act complementarily.
This work is supported by research grants from the  MI CARNOT ICSA/PMI ,  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR-14-JPCD-0002-01 ) and  Equipe FRM (Fondation Recherche Médicale)   2014  ( DEQ20140329557 ) to C. Z. A. A. was supported by The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Data collected were descriptively summarized, and missing values were not replaced (observed data). Analysis of the measurement properties of the questionnaire (sensitivity and specificity) was performed for the key items (flushing, erythema, facial warmth and/or stinging/burning, papules/pustules, telangiectasia, rhinophyma, and ocular manifestations) and the algorithm. Sensitivity, or the proportion of subjects with rosacea, shows the ability of the test to identify true rosacea patients and was targeted to approach 100%. Specificity is the ability of the test to identify patients without rosacea. The questionnaire was developed with the aim of achieving the highest sensitivity (primary objective) based on subject comprehension.
A10 The burden of childhood obesity in Italy and the results of Nutrintake study Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti (gianvincenzo. zuccotti@unimi. it) Clinica Pediatrica, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Milano, Italy Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2016, 42(Suppl 1):A10 Childhood obesity is currently one of the most important public health problem. According to World Health Organization, in 2013, more than 42 million of children under the age of five were overweight or obese. In Italian children aged between 8 and 9 years, prevalence of overweight is about 21 %, and prevalence of obesity is nearly 10 %. The Nutrintake 6-36 study has the aim to obtain accurate data about dietary habits in Italian infants and toddlers aged between 6 and 36 months. 390 caucasic children were enrolled in the study. The protein intake resulted to be higher than what is recommended for age.