dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
From our fits to the vertical intensity distributions we could clearly see that NGC 4631 is more inclined. We could get reasonable fits to our data only if we assume the inclination of NGC 4631 to be ≥ 88 •. In fact,  Irwin et al. (2011)  modeled the central molecular ring in NGC 4631 with a best-fitting inclination of 89 • ± 4 •. From our vertical profiles of NGC 4631, we conclude an inclination of 89 • ± 1 • for the entire galaxy. It was noted already by  Krause et al. (2018)  that the fits to the averaged vertical intensity distribution are very sensitive to the value of the inclination in other galaxies of the CHANG-ES sample. The intensity averaging of the NGC 4631 maps was estimated along three strips parallel to the minor axis with a width of 180 each, centered on the nucleus. This relatively large strip width allows averaging over small-scale asymmetries known in NGC 4631, and allows the analysis of the radio spurs in the eastern and western side of the galaxy separately.
Summary and conclusions Radio continuum observations of NGC 4631 were performed with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array at C-band (5. 99 GHz) in the C & D array configurations, and at L-band (1. 57 GHz) in the B, C, & D array configurations. In order to recover the largescale emission that is missing due to the incomplete u,v sampling of the interferometer, the total intensity data were combined with single-dish Effelsberg data. Observations of NGC 4631 with the Effelsberg 100-m telescope were performed at 1. 42 and 4. 85 GHz. We separated the thermal and synchrotron components of the total radio emission by estimating the thermal contribution through the extinction-corrected Hα emission. The Hα radiation was corrected for extinction using a linear combination of the observed Hα and 24 µm data, using different calibration factors for the inner and outer emission.
(2018). -The halo scale heights do not show a frequency dependence as expected for a synchrotron loss-dominated halo. We estimated that the radio halo is escape-dominated with convective cosmic ray propagation, and conclude that there is a galactic wind in the halo of NGC 4631. -The total equipartition magnetic field strength of NGC 4631 using the synchrotron spectral index map is estimated to be B eq 9 µG in the disk and B eq 7 µG in the halo, which is somewhat smaller than values estimated previously assuming a constant spectral index. -We analyzed the background radio galaxy to the southwest of NGC 4631. Its spectral index distribution derived with 1. 57 and 5. 99 GHz data is flat in the outskirts of the lobes and steepens towards the core. This is typical of FR II radio galaxies and is consistent with the backflow model.
Acknowledgements. We thank  Fatemeh Tabatabaei  for useful recommendations concerning the thermal and nonthermal separation. This work is partly based on observations made with the  Spitzer Space Telescope , which is operated by the  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology  under a contract with  NASA. AB acknowledges financial support by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)  under grant  05A17PB1  ( Verbundprojekt D-MeerKAT ). RAMW acknowledges support from  NSF  Grant  AST-1615594.
The results of DSC measurements for the sample NP2 are shown in Figure  S4. Corresponding enthalpies and onset of phase transition temperatures taken from DSC data are summarized in ESI (Table  S1 ). We have studied our samples by the DSC method and under polarizing microscope in a wide temperature range, taking into account information from TGA measurements. We have found that two samples, NP2 and NP4, reveal a melting point on heating at about 50-70 °C, and for higher temperatures, a self-assembling behaviour was observed. Figure  6  shows the second heating (red colour) and cooling run (blue colour) detected during the DSC measurements for NP4. The crystallization is not fully accomplished on the first heating and additional crystallization peak appeared on subsequent heating in the opposite sense (being exothermic instead of endothermic).
The melting is split into two peaks, which are probably due to presence of several crystalline states. The results of DSC measurements for the sample NP2 are shown in Figure  S4. Corresponding enthalpies and onset of phase transition temperatures taken from DSC data are summarized in ESI (Table  S1 ). We have observed liquid crystalline (LC) properties under a polarizing microscope. On heating from the crystalline state, we can see composite systems melt at a temperature of about 60 °C for NP2 and NP4. Between two glass plates, we have observed texture that can be found for smectic A phase We have observed liquid crystalline (LC) properties under a polarizing microscope. On heating from the crystalline state, we can see composite systems melt at a temperature of about 60 • C for NP2 and NP4.
Unfortunately, for small nanoparticles, the form-factor analysis is not precise enough. For systems NP2 and NP4, we have measured x-ray scattering on heating and cooling and checked the presence of a liquid crystalline phase. On heating above the melting temperature, a smectic-like structure was detected in both systems. For NP2, the x-ray intensity versus scattering angle is presented in Figure  8 , and commensurate periodicity is clearly demonstrated. We have analysed x-ray scattering data and found that the periodicity corresponds to about 8 nm. Unfortunately, the thermal stability of NP2 sample under x-ray illumination is limited and decomposition occurred on heating above 150 °C. The x-ray intensity profile versus scattering angle and temperature was measured on the first heating, and results are shown in ESI (Figure  S6 ).
For the NP3 system, the size of the nanoparticles was established as 18 nm. Unfortunately, for small nanoparticles, the form-factor analysis is not precise enough. For systems NP2 and NP4, we have measured x-ray scattering on heating and cooling and checked the presence of a liquid crystalline phase. On heating above the melting temperature, a smectic-like structure was detected in both systems. For NP2, the x-ray intensity versus scattering angle is presented in Figure  8 , and commensurate periodicity is clearly demonstrated. We have analysed x-ray scattering data and found that the periodicity corresponds to about 8 nm. Unfortunately, the thermal stability of NP2 sample under x-ray illumination is limited and decomposition occurred on heating above 150 • C. The x-ray intensity profile versus scattering angle and temperature was measured on the first heating, and results are shown in ESI (Figure  S6 ).
APP/PS1 (Fig  3D ). This increase cannot be accounted for simply by differences in mutant APP production as Western blotting using 6e10 (antibody to human mutant APP) showed similar APP protein levels across all strains (Fig 3E ) with the exception of male PWK. APP/PS1 (significant difference between male B6. APP/PS1 and male PWK. APP/PS1, p � 0. 01). Therefore, our data suggest that at 8 months, plaques in the wildderived APP/PS1 strains may be further along in the rapid growth period previously defined for B6. APP/PS1 mice  [24]. Another prominent amyloid phenotype observed in the wild-derived strains was ThioS + vessels, suggesting the occurrence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Brain sections from all strains, sexes and genotypes were examined for the presence of ThioS+ vessels and by silver staining.
Genetic context modifies myeloid cells in WT and APP/PS1 mice A major and unexpected finding from the transcriptional profiling was that transcript levels of myeloid cell genes were significantly lower in WT WSB and CAST mice compared to B6 and PWK mice. This suggests that myeloid cells vary between strains, even in the absence of amyloid. To test this, IBA1+ myeloid cell numbers were determined. There was a significant difference in the numbers of IBA1+DAPI+ cells in WT mice of different strains (Fig  6 ). WT mice from CAST and WSB mice showed significantly fewer IBA1+ cells compared to B6 (Bonferroni's multiple comparison test vs B6: Male WSB p � 0. 0001 and CAST p � 0. 01; Female WSB p � 0. 01 and CAST p � 0. 05). This supports the transcriptional profiling data (Fig  5 ). As expected, there was a significant sex and region-specific increase in IBA1+ cells in mice carrying the APP/PS1 transgenes compared to their WT counterparts (Fig 6,.
Instead, we chose tasks that utilized the animal's natural exploratory drive such as y-maze tasks that assess spatial memory. While spatial memory deficits in B6 or B6/C3H mice carrying the APP/PS1 transgenes are typically over 12 months of age  [38, 39] , it would be expected that earlier impairment would be identified in a sensitized genetic context. To our knowledge, this is the first time that many of the tasks included in our battery were used to assess wild-derived mouse behavior, thus, all data is left intact (no outliers removed) and presented as individual data points. Unfortunately, in this study, not all WT strains were able to perform the novel spatial recognition task, which may have been due to the length of the memory delay chosen  (30 minutes). This meant that short-term memory could not be assessed for some APP/PS1 strains.
Data are recorded via a sensitive infrared photobeam system in 5-minute time bins for a 60-minute trial length. Spontaneous Alternation Y-maze task is a widely used task to assess spatial working memory, and relies on the animal's natural exploratory behavior  [54]. Sequence of entries into each arm of the Y-maze is tracked to assess if animals demonstrate intact working memory. The maze is a y-shaped arena constructed of Plexigas with equal arm lengths (~30 cm), arm lane width (~6 cm) and wall height (~15 cm). Special arm covers were fabricated to ensure that wild-derived mice could not escape and were used for all strains. A black curtain surrounded the perimeter of the maze in order to minimize additional room cues. A camera mounted above recorded mouse exploration and tracking software (Noldus Ethovision) allowed the export of multiple variables such as sequence of arm entries.
Image quantification Quantitative analyses of plaques, microglial cells, astrocytes and neurons were performed in WT and APP/PS1 mice of each of the four strains. The number of plaques present in the entire cortical region from three central sections for each mouse was determined. To quantify the number of IBA1+ microglia and GFAP+ astrocytes, 12 images (20X, 1388 X 1040 microns) were taken for each brain (for cortex: 3 images/section for 3 sections-9 images in total; for hippocampus: 1 image in CA1/section for 3 sections-3 images in total) with a Zeiss Axio Imager fluorescent microscope, and cells were manually counted using the cell counter plugin from ImageJ (1. 47d) software. For counting NEUN+/DAPI neurons in the parietal cortex, three images (20X, 447 X 335 microns) were randomly taken in similar areas for each brain from each mouse, images were stacked using ImageJ and cropped altogether to 274.
13 X 225. 75 microns (including only cortical layers II and III). For quantification of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus, images of the CA1 region were taken at 20X (447 X 335 microns) and cropped to 225. 75 X 129. 00 microns. NEUN+/DAPI+ cells in the cortex and hippocampus images were manually counted with the cell counter plugin from ImageJ (1. 47d) software. All image analyses were performed blind to the experimental conditions. For IBA1+ cells surrounding plaques, five plaques per brain were imaged (using 20x optical lens). Images were processed and cells counted using the cell counter plugin for ImageJ/FIJI. For each mouse, IBA1+ cells around each plaque from the three images were totaled and then averaged across mice.
1% sodium azide and incubation with secondary antibody (Anti-mouse IgG 1:30,000, Millipore) for 2 hours at room temperature, washed, and detected. Quantification of blots was determined using Fiji ImageJ software. Human amyloid β-42 (Aβ42) levels were determined using the ELISA detection kit from Life Technologies (cat#KHB3442) following the manufacturer's instructions. To ensure that urea and SDS levels in the protein samples were compatible with the ELISA kit (see protein isolation), protein samples from 8 months old mouse brains were diluted 1:50 in standard diluent buffer. Samples were then compared to a standard curve and Aβ42 concentrations were established against the samples' protein concentrations following manufacturers recommendations.
2x100 base length paired end reads were quality trimmed and filtered using Trimmomatic tool  [56]  and reads passing the quality filtering were mapped to the mouse mm10 reference genome using 'STAR' aligner  [57]. Custom genomes were generated for CAST, PWK and WSB strains by incorporating REL-1505 variants into the reference genome  [58]. RSEM software package  [59]  was used to estimate expression levels for all genes in Transcripts Per Million (TPM) unit based on Ensembl Release 84 transcriptome. HTSeq Python package was used to calculate raw read counts per transcript. Genes that have an HTSeq estimated raw read count of less than 10 in more than 90% of the samples were considered noise and excluded from the analysis. Downstream analyses were performed on 17408 genes that passed the read count threshold.
We applied variance stabilization transformation (vst) on raw read counts using DESeq2 R package. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied on vst transformed read counts to identify clusters of samples and any potential outliers. We then applied Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) algorithm  [60]  to identify co-expressed gene modules in our dataset. We extracted module's eigengenes, which are equivalent to the first principal component, to represent the overall expression profiles of the modules. GO pathway enrichment analysis was performed using Homer tool  [61].
Statistical analysis For behavioral analyses, groups of 12 mice per sex per strain per genotype allowed us to detect effects of greater than 1. 15 standard errors at 80% power. Due to some premature death, not all groups contained 12 mice but sample sizes are stated clearly in the associated tables and all graphs show individual data points. For neuropathology and biochemistry, six biological replicates were assessed for all groups with the exception of B6 female APP/PS1 (n = 4) and PWK female WT (n = 5). Individual data points are shown on all graphs and associated tables include sample sizes. For data within strain and sex were analyzed as non-parametric using Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test to account for departure for normality or using unpaired ttests. One-way multifactorial analysis variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests for multiple comparisons were utilized for across strain differences.
All statistical tests are labeled within data tables. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software. P values are provided as stated by GraphPad and significance was determined with P values less than 0. 05. When significance values were more than two decimal values, P values were presented as follows: p � 0. 01 ( �� ),p � 0. 001 ( ��� ) or p � 0. 0001 ( ���� ). While there was a significant strain effect in baseline body temperature differences, there were no observed genotype differences. To determine if sleep bout differences were observed in different mouse strains, we examined the average length of time spent inactive per bout during light and dark phases. Female and male B6. APP/PS1 mice had significantly shorter bouts during the dark phase. Surprisingly, irrespective of an overall change in activity, PWK.
Input data and model The inputs for the analysis are the bias-corrected versions of data produced as part of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Africa project  (Nikulin et al. 2012). The CORDEX simulations were developed by driving regional climate models (RCMs) with data from general circulation models (GCMs) used during the CMIP5 project  (Taylor et al. 2011). The bias correction was performed as part of the HELIX project with a multisegment statistical bias correction method  (Grillakis et al. 2013; Papadimitriou et al. 2015). The input data used were eleven actualisations of CORDEX-Africa with a temporal resolution of 1 day. In line with the HELIX focus on high-end climate change scenarios, for a model to be used in the analysis, it was required that the GCM reach a global average temperature change of + 4 • C for 30 years; six of the climate models which were used to drive four regional models over Africa met this criteria.
Supplementary Information (SI) Table  1  shows the combinations of GCMs and RCMs used in this study. The baseline data time period was 1986-2005 which corresponds to the final 20 years of the CMIP5 historic record. The CMIP5 outputs from this time period values were used as inputs for the CORDEX-Africa project. By requiring the temperatures reach + 4 • C, the future simulations were all from RCP8. 5 which is a high emissions scenario (for details on RCPs see  Meinshausen et al. (2011) ). The mean of the ensemble of future climates reaches + 2 and + 4 • C during the 30-year periods centred on 2035 and 2076 respectively. The + 2 and + 4 • C time slices correspond to the specific warming levels (SWL) where the climate is + 2 and + 4 • C warmer than the pre-industrial control. SI Table  2  shows the time slices for the GCM results used for analysis.
Population data for SSP3 were downscaled to a 0. 5-degree grid by  Murakami and Yamagata (2016) , and the outputs were used to estimate the number of people affected by heat stress. Country-level GDP data was obtained from the IIASA SSP database  (O'Neill et al. 2012 ) and used as a driver for the energy system demand projections. The SSP3 OECD GDP projections were used in this study  (Jones and O'Neill 2016). TIAM-UCL is a technology-rich global optimisation model, which derives the leastcost future energy system within given technological, economic and policy constraints. It models the flows of energy carriers from primary resources to final service demands via stages of extraction, transformation and transportation. The model is calibrated with data describing the global energy system for the base year 2005, taken from the IEA World Energy Balances.
Funding information The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n • 603864 (HELIX: High-End cLimate Impacts and eXtremes; http://www. helixclimate. eu). This research was made possible by support from the EPSRC as a Standard Research Studentship (DTP), grant no. EP/M507970/1. Dr Ben Parkes is the recipient of the Ekpe Research Impacts Fellowship at the School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering at The University of Manchester. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Ahmad et al. published a meta-analysis assessing various postoperative outcomes in day surgery patients versus inpatients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In the same way, surgery. However, neither Ahmad nor Hopkins reported SSI rates following surgery  [10, 11]. To date, no meta-analysis has reported the overall prevalence of SSI, whatever the surgical procedure. There are several estimates available from studies published in different countries with different sample size ranging from small size (few dozens) to big database (several thousands). Conducting a meta-analysis allowed us to take into account possible heterogeneity and to provide more accurate results by pooling different types of studies and specialties and thus to strengthen the analysis. After performing a systematic review, we used previously published and available studies to estimate the overall prevalence of SSI consecutive to day surgery related to different surgical procedures in a meta-analysis of prevalence.
Search strategy An extensive unrestricted computerized literature search was conducted on several sources, including "MEDLINE", "ScienceDirect", "Cochrane database" AND "EMBASE". To identify all studies before June 2016, we crossed the words "day surgery", "ambulatory surgery", "same-day surgery", "day-only surgery" AND "surgical site infections", "wound complication" as defined in IAAS terminology  [8]. We also used "outpatient surgery" which was usually used before the second edition of the definition of IAAS (2014)  [2]. Studies which the titles and abstracts were potentially relevant were read. When the studies seemed to meet eligibility criteria, or when information was insufficient to exclude them, the full article was read by two reviewers (DP and LSAG) to determine those that provided sufficient information to be included in our meta-analysis.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria Studies were restricted to those published in English, German, Italian, Dutch and French. Definition of SSI was that given by each author. Studies were included if they reported extractable data on the prevalence of SSI following day surgery regardless of the type of surgery. We looked for the presence and the number of SSIs following day surgery (numerator) and the number of subjects who underwent day surgery (denominator). Studies which provided data on two or more periods were also included. There were no restrictions concerning the design of the studies to include. Articles which did not deal with day surgery and SSI prevalence were excluded. If either the numerator or the denominator numbers were not available, we excluded the related articles. Studies focusing only on patients' satisfaction or presenting complications following day surgery in general were not included.
Articles with duplicated data were also excluded. For each article included, the following epidemiological data were recorded: study design (randomized control trial; cross-sectional, prospective and retrospective studies), country of study, date of publication, type of specialty (digestive surgery, thyroid surgery, other surgery specialties or multiple specialties), contamination class (clean and clean-contaminated, contaminated and dirty, combined), status of the population included (children, adults or combined), duration of hospital care for day surgery (less than 12 hours, less than 23 hours, not available) and time of follow-up which were retrieved. The type of surveillance, SSI definition and interventional character were not mentioned in articles. In order to limit publication bias, we looked at Open Grey database which is known to be one of the biggest grey literature databases to seek studies not published.
Sensitivity analyses were carried out to assess the robustness of the statistical methodology by removing each study one by one. Publication bias was explored by Egger's test and represented graphically with a funnel plot to seek asymmetry  [18]. Second, univariate meta-regressions were first done to test the effect of the date of publication, population included, country of study, existence of a randomized clinical trial or not, type of specialty presented in each study, class of contamination, the time of the postoperative patient visit after day surgery and duration of hospital care on SSI prevalence. We decided not to use multiple imputations or to remove studies with missing data in the metaregression when the amount of missing data was too large (>50%). Subgroup analyses were carried out with each of the variables presented above.