dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Conclusions Ice particle single-scattering properties were investigated for potential use in the GCOM-C satellite programme. The single-scattering properties of five different ice particle models (plates, columns, droxtals, bullet rosettes, and Voronoi) were developed using the FDTD, GOIE, and GOM meth-ods. The accuracy of the single-scattering property was investigated by comparing the phase function from the FDTD method used in this study with conventional results from ADDA and T-matrix methods. The FDTD phase functions were also compared with computational results from GOIE. Results indicate that the FDTD-based phase functions are consistent with results from the ADDA, T-matrix, and GOIE methods, which suggests that the single-scattering property database developed in this study is reliable for use in radiative transfer simulations and applications in the remote sensing of ice clouds.
The characteristics of the single-scattering property database for five different ice particle models were investi- gated by analysing the single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and the extinction efficiency. Bulk scattering phase functions for five different ice particle models at the wavelength of 1. 05 µm were compared as a function of various effective diameters. It is concluded that phase functions depend on the particle habit and effective diameters. There is a halo peak for middle and large sizes of column, plate, and bullet-rosette habits. For the droxtal particle, variation of the phase function is evident for different effective diameters. The phase function of the Voronoi habit is very smooth, with features similar to those of severely roughened ice particle models. Furthermore, SAD analysis was performed to determine the optimal ice particle habit for retrieving the optical thickness and cloud spherical albedo using POLDER-3 multi-angle measurements.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the  GCOM-C/SGLI  and  EarthCARE  project of the  Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) , the  Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) ,  CREST/EMS/TEEDDA ,  CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program  ( Y6YR0600QM ), and  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( 61261030 ). The authors would like to thanks  ICARE  and  CNES  for providing the POLDER data as well as  François Thieuleux  for his support with POLDER data analysis. The authors gratefully acknowledge  Bryan A. Baum  ( UW-Madison ) for providing the GHM ice particle model. Edited by: J. -Y. C. Chiu Reviewed by:  B. Baum  and one anonymous referee.
End-member contribution during different hydrological conditions The Peyne River was sampled seven times at the outlet of watershed  (Petelet-Giraud and Negrel, 2007) , i. e. where it collects all the waters from the watershed (VM and TM compartments). The Peyne being an ungauged river, the general hydrological conditions at the various sampling periods may be illustrated using the neighboring order Herault River discharge at its outlet (Fig. 2B ). Two extreme hydrological conditions are represented by the sample of February 1996, collected during the decreasing phase of a big flood, and the sample of August 1999, collected during the summer minimum flow. Data of the Peyne River outlet are reported in Fig. 4 , where they present a limited range of variation both for their Ca/Sr ratio (490-780) and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (0.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The work was supported by  EU   FP7   ARISE  project (no. 284387 ) and the  French ANR   StraDyVariUS  project. Lidar measurements at Haute Provence observatory were obtained in the frame of  NDACC (Network for detection of Atmospheric Composition Change)  with the support from  CNRS-INSU ,  CNES  and  UVSQ  and are publicaly available on NOAA NDACC data portal (http://www. ndsc. ncep. noaa. gov)and the  French Data Center ESPRI-ETHER  (http://www. pole-ether. fr).
137 The ANN models in this study were developed using the Neural Network Toolbox for MATLAB  202 RME = max(|C O,p -C E,p |) C O,p ⁄ (8) 203 RDE = |C O,LV -C E,LV | LV ⁄ (9) 204 Additionally, a number of statistical parameters were considered to evaluate the model performance. These 205 performance indicators are the fractional bias (FB), the correlation coefficient (r), the root mean squared 206 error (RMSE) and the fractional variance (FV), as given by Eqs. (10-13): 207 r = [ ∑ (C O,i -C O ̅̅̅̅ )(C E,i -C E ̅̅̅̅ ) n i=1 √σOσE ] (10) 208 8 FB = C O ̅̅̅̅ -C E ̅̅̅̅ 0. 5 (C O ̅̅̅̅ + C E ̅̅̅̅) (11) 209 RMSE =√ 1 N ∑ (C O,i -C E,i ) 2 N i=1 (12) 210 FV = 2 σ O -σ E σ O +σ E.
181 As shown in Fig. 3, the Pb and Ni mean values are below their respective LAT. Therefore, according to the 182 EU Air Quality Directives, objective estimation techniques can be applied for the air quality assessment in 183 relation to Pb and Ni. 184 A pre-treatment procedure for outlier identification and removal based on the statistical parameter of the 185 Mahalanobis distance was conducted. Additionally, as usual for this type of technique, the complete 186 database was divided into three subsets as a result of applying a data-splitting procedure, the Kennard-Stone 187 algorithm, which selects the more representative samples for each subset based on Euclidean distances. 188 Thus, 60 % of the total number of samples was used for model development, 20 % for verification to avoid 189 over-fitting and 20 % for external validation.
, San Diego, CA) using a 5. 9-kb mate-paired library. Reads were trimmed using Trimmomatic  (21)  and assembled using Velvet (version 1. 2. 03)  (22). Contigs were combined by SSPACE version 2  (23) , Opera version 2  (24)  helped by GapFiller version 1. 10 (25), and homemade tools in Python to refine the set. The M. interjectum strain ATCC 51457 T draft genome consists of 30 scaffolds and 221 contigs containing 5,927,979 bp and 67. 91% GϩC content. Noncoding genes and miscellaneous features were predicted using RNAmmer  (26) , ARAGORN  (27) , Rfam  (28) , PFAM  (29) , and Infernal  (30). Coding DNA sequences (CDSs) were predicted using Prodigal  (31) , and functional annotation was achieved using BLASTϩ (32) and HMMER3  (33)  against the UniProtKB database (34). The genome was shown to encode at least 51 predicted RNAs, including three rRNAs and 48 tRNAs.
A total of 5,314 identified genes yielded a coding capacity of 4,706,163 bp (coding percentage, 79. 3%). Among these genes, 4,431 (83. 38%) were found to be putative proteins, and 883 (16. 6%) were assigned as hypothetical proteins. Moreover, 3,056 genes matched a least one sequence in the Clusters of Orthologous Groups database  (35, 36)  with BLASTP default parameters. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH)  (37)  was performed with 16 reference genomes selected on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene proximity with M. interjectum. The M. interjectum genome was locally aligned 2-by-2 using BLAT algorithm  (38, 39)  against each one of the 16 selected genomes, and DDH values were estimated from a generalized linear model  (40)  Nucleotide sequence accession number. The M. interjectum strain ATCC 51457 T genome sequence has been deposited at EMBL under the accession no.
The input manure production rate from animals implicitly includes that produced from transported feed. Thus the subsequent NH 3 emission rate includes the nitrogen contained in transported feed grown elsewhere. Here we make the simplification that the consumption rate of plant matter to balance the manure production is local. That is, we do not explicitly consider the import of animal feed to match the carbon and nitrogen flows associated with manure production. While this is not entirely consistent, the development of the requisite data set for feedstock flows from 1850-2000 is outside the scope of this study. We do not know of an Earth system model that does consider the anthropogenic import of nitrogen or carbon. This inconsistency could produce cases where there is insufficient local plant material to balance the overall manure and urine production, but this is generally not the case.
Model evaluation To evaluate model output, measurements of the percentage of applied nitrogen that was emitted as NH 3 (P v ) from the literature were compared against corresponding model predictions. The model predictions are obtained from the presentday control simulation. The percent-volatilized NH 3 was used as a metric because it can be compared across time, irrespective of the absolute amount of nitrogen applied to the surface. To be able to compare emissions to published measurements, we require field studies with published data on nitrogen excretion rates, NH 3 emissions, ground temperature, location, and date of measurement. Given all of these requirements we found that only a small selection of publications had sufficient data. For the manure emissions, 44 measurements in a range of climates (temperatures from 1.
5  Runoff (Tg N yr -1 ). 6  Diffusion to soil (Tg N yr -1 ). 7  Nitrification (Tg N yr -1 ). 8  Canopy capture (Tg N yr -1 ). 9  Percent change in NH 3 emissions due to parameter change (%). 10  Percent change in NH 3 emissions per % change in parameter value 11  Control simulation. 12 Soil pH from the ISRIC-WISE data set  (Batjes, 2005). 13 Change in manure composition to urine 41 %, available 21 %, unavailable 25 %, and resistant 13 %. Emissions from this study are labeled as "Riddick". sitivity of NH 3 emissions to the imposed parameter changes are within the range of ±20 %, with many processes within the range of ±10 %. The sensitivity to the mechanical mixing of manure into the soil pools (EX1m, EX2m), the adjustment timescale for the water pool (EX3, EX4), the diffusion rate into the soil pools (EX14, EX15), the assumed depth of the water pool (EX12, EX13) and the maximum nitrification rate (EX16, EX17) all impact NH 3 emissions by less than 20 %.
In comparison, the EDGAR database uses the emission factors based on  Bouwman et al. (2002) , where 21 and 26 % of manure is converted into NH 3 in industrialized and developing countries, respectively. Nitrogen runoff from the manure and synthetic fertilizer TAN pools is highest in areas of high N r application and high rainfall, such as China, North America and Europe. Despite high nitrogen input rates we simulate low nitrogen runoff in India and Spain, for example. We also simulate climate-dependent pathways for the diffusion of N r into the soil inorganic nitrogen pools and the nitrification of ammonium to nitrate. Historically we predict emissions of NH 3 from applied manure to have increased from approximately 3 Tg N yr -1 in 1850 to 22 Tg N yr -1 in 2000, while the volatilization of fertilizer reaches 12 Tg N yr -1 in 2000.
Acknowledgements. We wish to thank the reviewers. Also,  Farhan Nuruzzaman  and  Jae Hee Hwang  for preparation of input data sets. Thanks also to  Sam Levis ,  Dave Lawrence  and  Gordon Bonan  at  NCAR  for their input to model processes and colleagues at  Cornell University ,  Ben Brown-Steiner  and  Raj Paudel , for their help running the model. This project was supported by  NSF  project number ETBC # 10216. Edited by:  A. Neftel.
We combined data from a recent European inventory on contaminant monitoring in raptors (Gomez-Ramı ´rez et al. 2014) with a survey of raptor population monitoring activities that are ongoing over the same geographical area  (Derlink et al. in preparation). This allowed us to ascertain which sample matrices might be most available for monitoring and which contaminants are currently prioritized for monitoring in birds of prey and owls in Europe. These earlier surveys did not provide information on which sample types are predominantly used to analyse different contaminants. We therefore additionally reviewed 249 papers published between 1966 and 2015, which reported contaminant concentrations in raptors in Europe. This provided information on sample types most widely used to monitor each of our identified priority contaminant classes.
Acknowledgments This article is an output from a workshop on Setting Best Practices on Raptor Contaminant Monitoring Activities in Europe, one of the activities of the EURAPMON network (http:// www. eurapmon. net)hosted in Murcia in May-June 2013. EUR-APMON is a  Research Networking Programme  funded through the  European Science Foundation (ESF). The work undertaken for this review was also supported by EURAPMON-funded short exchange visits awarded to  Antonio J. Garcı ´a-Ferna  ´ndez and  Silvia Espı  ´n who travelled to work with other coauthors in formulating this manuscript. Garcı ´a-Fernandez AJ,  Herzke D ,  Shore RF , van  Hattum B  and  Martı ´nez-Lo  ´pez E participated as core group in the preparation of the manuscript. Coeurdassier M, Eulaers I, Fritsch C, Gomez-Ramı ´rez P,.
Vertical differences between observations and the interpolation surface According to the geological relationships reported in Section 2. 1. 1. , Belterra clay should be above the Paleogene duricrust, and have a thickness of up to 15 m, mottled clay should be beneath the duricrust and have a thickness ranging from 10 to 30 m, and the loamy sand should be below the mottled clay. The modelled surface elevation asl was very close to the elevation of the duricrust at the observation points. 77% of the observed elevations of the Belterra clay were above the interpolation surface, which is in agreement with the regional profile in which the Belterra clay overlies the Paleogene duricrust; the median is +13 m (Figure  5 ). Some negative values could be due to a mismatch between the surface interpolation at these points, but also to either errors in tactile and visual identification (existence of pure clay layers in the clayey sandstones or lighter coloured mottled clay can being confused with Belterra clay) or by errors in the calculated duricrust elevation resulting from Topodata DEM uncertainty.
Nonetheless, understanding the macro-ecological patterns in isotopic community structure may provide a promising way to bring new insights on how local species interactions contribute to community assembly and functional diversity. Here, we quantify the relative importance of both external abiotic factors and internal bioticmediated filters in structuring freshwater fish communities and patterns of isotopic functional diversity across the globe, and evaluate the role of nonnative species in altering these relationships. We collated data from a comprehensive review of stable isotope studies spanning a large gradient in species richness and environments to quantify both the isotopic functional diversity and the level of intraspecific variation in realized niches of freshwater fish communities with and without nonnative species.
Data sources Stable isotopes. -A database quantifying the isotopic structure of freshwater fish communities using nitrogen (δ 15 N) and carbon (δ 13 C) stable isotopes was compiled from both peer-reviewed and gray literature. We focused exclusively on standing (lentic) water ecosystems to take advantage of the relative isolation of lacustrine ecosystems (i. e. , lakes, reservoirs, and ponds) compared to flowing (lotic) water ecosystems. Studies were included only if the entire fish community was examined (species richness ranged from 4 to 40), excluding data from experimental manipulations. From this database, we extracted quantitative information on both mean stable isotope values (i. e. , niche position) and their standard deviation (i. e. , intraspecific niche variability) for each species in each community.
Species were further classified as native or nonnative according to their known indigenous range on a country or state basis based on FishBase  (Froese and Pauly 2015)  and the USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database (http://nas. er. usgs. gov) (see  Sagouis et al. 2015  for details). The final database included 159 independent freshwater fish communities, among which half (n = 80) contained at least one nonnative species contributing between 6% and 100% of the total species richness (Fig. 1 ; Appendix S1: Table  S1 ). Communities were located across six continents and a broad diversity of environmental conditions. The average human footprint index (1 km grid; LWP-2, 2005) calculated for each hydrographic basin did not differ significantly (t-test, P = 0. 63) between communities with (24.
67 ± 16. 84 SD) and without (25. 82 ± 16. 84 SD) nonnative species. Environmental descriptors. -We quantified a set of environmental variables expected to influence freshwater fish communities and patterns of isotopic functional diversity at the global scale. Based on previous research on macro-ecological patterns of freshwater fish taxonomic and functional diversity  (Mason et al. 2008 , Oberdorff et al. 2011 , Schleuter et al. 2012) , we tested three hypotheses related to: (1) climate history, (2) environmental filtering, and (3) niche partitioning (see Appendix S2: Table  S1  for details about the hypotheses). To this end, we considered historical, energetic, climatic, and habitat size variables. Remotely sensed data were extracted from existing environmental layers in a Geographic Information System based on the geographical coordinates of each fish community, which were either reported in the original publications or determined using locality names.
AcknowledgMents We are grateful to all the authors who shared their stable isotope data to make our study possible and to  Xingli Giam ,  Gaël Grenouillet  and two anonymous reviewers whose comments improved the manuscript. Financial support was provided by a  H. Mason Keeler Endowed Professorship  ( School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington ) to JDO (also supporting LC) and by an  "ERG Marie Curie" grant  ( PERG08-GA-2010-276969 ) to JC in the lab EDB, part of the  Laboratoire d'Excellence (LABEX)  entitled  TULIP  ( ANR-10-LABX-41 ).
BMC Zoology aims to publish work that, after a thorough peer review process by appropriate independent experts, is deemed to be a coherent and valid addition to the scientific knowledge. BMC Zoology will provide an open access platform to allow the effective dissemination of this knowledge, and to allow readers to explore and understand the most important developments, trends and practices in zoology. As the pioneering and original open access publisher, we believe that open access and the Creative Commons Attribution License  [7]  are essential in this, allowing universal and free access to all articles published in the Journal and allowing them to be read and the data re-used without any restrictions. BMC Zoology will work closely with the rest of the journals in the BMC-series portfolio [8] to help authors find the right home for their research in the field of zoology.
The possibilities are greatly enhanced by recurring evidence of bats learning foraging tasks and identification of prey by watching experienced conspecifics. I chose bats as an example of the importance of cognition, sensory biology, signaling and communication in the lives of animals and in studies of zoology. The cognition, sensory biology, signaling and communication section of BMC Zoology will particularly welcome manuscripts that present valid theoretical developments as well as rigorous empirical studies that draw together different aspects of cognition and sensory biology. Making connections to similar studies with other subject species will enhance the readership and impact of the articles. BMC Zoology is an ideal journal to present analyses drawing on large, long-term data sets. The online nature of the Journal makes it well suited to presenting large amounts of data.
The Journal considers the term wildlife to encompass all animal life. Of particular interest will be novel theoretical developments, rigorous empirical studies that illuminate conservation principles whether or not the target organisms are actively threatened, methodological advances that increase our ability to assess the status of wildlife populations and science-based commentary aimed at influencing policy makers. The Journal is also interested in publishing analyses that make use of the presentation of large, long term datasets. The online nature of the Journal is particularly suitable for the presentation of such large amounts of data.
Nevertheless, we believe that this synthesis effort has moved us towards the goal of more reliable estimates of dust deposition by identifying inconsistencies among different methods that serve as targets for future research. We contend that this approach would bear fruitful results in other situations also. In this spirit, we encourage readers to consider site-specific factors other than dust deposition that may influence each of the tracers described here, and develop new hypotheses that can be tested using the wealth of data becoming available through the GEOTRACES programme. Doing so will lead to more complete and accurate knowledge of the biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and their isotopes while simultaneously leading to more accurate estimates of dust deposition to the ocean.
Acknowledgements. Comments by  M. -E. Carr  and two anonymous referees improved earlier versions of this paper. Joanne Goudreau  and  Maureen Auro  prepared samples at the  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Figures 1 and8a were produced using Ocean Data View [96]. Samples from Vema cores for which results are presented in table 1 were provided by the core repository at the  Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. This is LDEO Contribution Number  8054.
5-2 meters in diameter and 0. 50 meters in height. Although descriptions of these mounds, called "surales", date back to the 1940s, their ecology was virtually unknown. Using my own aerial photographs-including the one here-and satellite imagery from Google Earth, I surveyed surales landscapes across the savanna grasslands of the Orinoco Llanos in Colombia and Venezuela. Surales are much more common that we at first thought. Indeed, they are present in an area covering about 75,000 km 2 , e. g. larger than the area of the Republic of Ireland. Combining data on soil physical and chemical properties, soil macrofauna and vegetation, we showed the key role played by a stillundescribed species of earthworm (Andiorrhinus sp. ) in the formation of surales. This picture reveals how stunning the patterns created by accumulated earthworm poop can be, seen from the air.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank all of the participants for their excellent submissions and thoughtful commentary. We would also like to acknowledge  Simon Harold , who originally created the competition, as well as  Christopher Morrey ,  Elaine Zhang ,  Megan Haran , and  Catherine Potenski  for their helpful advice;  Tanya Ashfaq ,  Samantha Kaye  and the BioMed Central marketing department;  Alanna Orpen ,  Anne Korn ,  Sophie Marchant  and the  BioMed Central Communications team. All images published in this Editorial are released under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) [9] to ensure credit with proper attribution. If you wish to re-distribute or re-use any images published in this editorial, please credit individual winners as the image licensee.
The study is based on two precipitation datasets recorded by dense networks of rain gauges set up within the meso-sites of Niamey (Niger, Sahelian area) and the Upper Ouémé Valley (Northern Benin, Soudanian zone) from 2000 to 2010 and 1998 to 2010, respectively. The Gumbel distribution was used to analyse the frequency of the maximum rainfall series for durations varying from 5 min to 24 h. The reliability of this model was examined, and the Intensity-Density-Frequency (IDF) curves derived from it were used to estimate the critical rainfall intensities at each site. The results returned exceeded frequencies that were useful for the isolation and classification of extreme rainfall cases using temporal characteristics. The climatological results confirm the existence of a latitudinal gradient in the mean annual rainfall and number of extreme events at the mesoscale.