dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements We thank the  Government of the Balearic Islands Servei de Protecció d'Espècies , staff of the  Estació Jaume Ferrer de Menorca , the  Natural Park of Sa Dragonera , the  Museum of es Castell  and the  La Mola  fortress for research permits, access to colonies and accommodation during fieldwork on the Balearic Islands. Authors are extremely grateful to  Greg Morgan ,  Biel Sevilla ,  Alice Jones  and  Andrew Colenutt  for field assistance on the Balearic Islands,  Carles Carboneras ,  Susana Requena  ( ICM, Barcelona ),  Rui Vieira ,  Marina Cunha ,  CESAM -University of Aveiro ,  Laurence Pennors  and staff of  Station Ifremer de Lorient  for field support and laboratory space during fish sampling,  Anna Peel  and  Teresa Donohue  for assistance with isotope sample processing, and the  NERC LSMSF at SUERC  for financial support and use of stable isotope facilities.
Data sources for assessing the magnitude of risks associated with IBD or IBD treatment. The incidence of frequent events in IBD may be adequately estimated in reports from IBD centers or meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. To estimate the risks of rare events, such as opportunistic infections or cancers, the minimum time of observation needed often exceeds 30,000 patient-years. This power may be attained in studies from medico-administrative databases or observational cohorts. Subgroup assessment of the risks according to age-class and gender is possible in all studies. However, differential assessment of risks according to IBD phenotype is not possible in studies from most of the medico-administrative databases because data on IBD phenotype are lacking. To fill in this gap, data on IBD phenotype are recorded in dedicated prospective observational cohorts, such as CESAME or I-CARE ((Ibd CAncer and seRious infections in Europe, https://clinicaltrials.
46, 47  is established that exposure to corticosteroids is associated with an increased risk of acute arterial events in IBD  14, 48  By contrast, it has been hypothesized that other immunosuppressive drugs that are used in chronic inflammatory diseases could decrease the incidence of acute arterial events. This has been demonstrated for myocardial infarction in patients exposed to methotrexate or anti-TNF agents in rhumatology. 49 Data from the French national medicoadministrative database also suggest a significant reduction in the incidence of acute arterial events in patients with IBD exposed to combination therapy with anti-TNF agents and thiopurines. 50.
Study design and patient selection A population-based approach was employed using data from the nationwide Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR). This institute collects data on all newly diagnosed cancer patients in the Netherlands since 1989. The registration is primarily based on notification by the Dutch national digital pathology registry (PALGA). Patient and clinicopathological data are routinely collected from medical records by specially trained data managers. Tumor location and histology is registered according to the ICD-O3 classification. Follow-up data and vital status are retrieved by linkage to the nationwide population registries network. Patients with RC diagnosed between January 2008 and December 2014 who underwent a surgical resection were selected from the NCR. Clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival (including TNM stage-specific survival) were compared between patients treated with surgery only, preoperative SC-RT with an overall treatment time that did not exceed 10 days, and preoperative long-course CRT.
Statistical analysis All data was entered in a database and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22. 0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Categorical variables were analyzed using the χ 2 test. Cumulative overall survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method with log rank test. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed by entering all applicable clinical and pathological factors in a Cox regression model. A p value of < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant whereas a p value of < 0. 1 was taken to reflect a trend towards significance.
Patient selection The initial search of the NCR database identified 19,737 patients. Figure  1  depicts the selection process, resulting in the inclusion of a total of 11,925 patients (2590 with surgery only, 4534 with SC-RT, and 4801 with CRT). A subgroup analysis of cases with available comorbidity data (n = 1270) showed a higher rate of comorbidities in the surgery-only group compared with both the SC-RT and CRT groups with ≥ 2 comorbidities in 45%, 35%, and 25% of cases for surgery only, SC-RT, and CRT, respectively (p < 0. 001 for surgery only vs. CRT; p = 0. 006 for surgery only vs. SC-RT; p = 0. 003 for SC-RT vs. CRT).
Discussion In this population-based study, using data from the Netherlands Cancer Registry, long-term stage-specific survival data was analyzed from 11,925 RC patients who underwent TME surgery with or without preoperative treatment consisting of either SC-RT or CRT. Patients with downstaging to pathological stage I disease after CRT had an excellent 5year overall survival which was similar as in SC-RT-treated patients without downstaging (85%). For patients with pathological stages II and III, survival was significantly worse after CRT (68% and 58%) compared with SC-RT (77% and 67%). In addition, clinical staging was a poor predictor of pathological stage based on the large discrepancies between clinical and pathological stages in the surgery-only group. In the study period, the national clinical guideline  [18]  recommended preoperative SC-RT with 5 × 5 Gy and surgery within 1 week for primarily resectable RC (with the exception of cT1N0 tumors) and long-course CRT consisting of 45-50 Gy given in 25 fractions of 1.
Statistical analyses Statistical analyses were performed with STATA software (version 10. 0; StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). The hypotheses to calculate the number of patients were an α risk of 0. 025, a power of 0. 90, and a margin of noninferiority considered to be clinically pertinent of 1 ± 1. 5 of 10, with a ratio of 1:1. This margin of 1. 5 of 10 was slightly superior to the minimum clinically significant change in patient pain severity previously published (1. 3 of 10). 22 The calculated size of the cohort was 94 patients (47 ISB and 47 LIA patients). Once the consent forms were signed, patients were randomized by center on the day of surgery according to a predefined randomization schedule with blocks of 4. Quantitative variables were tested by the Student t test; qualitative variables, by the χ 2 test; and the correlation between continuous variables, by the Pearson r coefficient.
In these cases, the patients will remain within the trial for the purposes of follow-up and data analysis. All patients will be free to withdraw at any time from the protocol treatment without giving reasons and without prejudicing further treatment. All eligible patients including those who decline to be involved in the trial will be invited to consider being interviewed for the HATRIC-Q study. Those entering the trial will be asked to provide consent for their contact details to be shared with the qualitative researcher. Those who decline participation in the HATRIC trial Quality of life measurements and resource use Identify the key resource items to be collected and how often to collect EQ-5D-5L in the full trial will be given an invitation letter for HATRIC-Q, and if interested, they will contact the qualitative researcher directly.
Women of childbearing potential will be required to use one of the most effective contraceptive methods (combined oral contraceptive pill, hormonal intrauterine device, hormonal contraceptive injection, or subcutaneous hormonal implant) to enter the trial. There are no safety data available for pregnant women, and therefore, the manufacturing authorisation in Germany for the Kaloba® preparation specifies that it must not be taken by women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Screen failures will be documented in the screening log maintained at each participating site, together with reasons for exclusion. Patients who are not eligible or who declined to take part in the HATRIC trial will be given, by the GP, nurse, or research assistant, a letter with a reply slip inviting them to participate in HATRIC-Q.
As part of the baseline data capture, patients will also fill in the first section of the patient diary which contains questions about sociodemographic factors, such as their occupation, employment, and ethnicity; smoking; relevant medical history; present illness; and expectations about antibiotic treatment. Patients will receive a £5 shopping voucher on entering the trial and a second £5 voucher when they have returned a fully completed diary or have completed a symptom diary by recall over the telephone as a thank you for participating. Contact details will be collected from all patients to enable follow-up phone calls to be made and shopping vouchers to be sent by the research team at the Southampton Clinical Trials Unit (SCTU).
Follow-up Patient symptom diary Patients will complete daily diary data for up to 28 days after presentation. They will be asked to stop completing the diary 2 days after complete resolution of symptoms. The collection of diary scores will not be limited to the time during which study medication is being used, to allow the capture of total symptom duration. The diary has previously been validated and is sensitive to change and internally reliable  [25, 26]. Patients will also keep a record of the number of times trial medication has been taken every day and, if applicable, when antibiotics or other treatments for their chest infection were taken. Patients will also be asked questions about resource use for their acute bronchitis, including consultations with healthcare professionals in secondary care, medications purchased, and absences from work.
All patients will complete the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire at baseline (day 1) and day 7, and half of the patients will also be randomly selected to complete the questionnaire at additional time points on day 2 and day 4. This will allow us to assess the acceptability of the frequency in collecting quality of life data. After recruitment, patients will be contacted after 1-2 days to check for any problems with diary completion. Patients will be contacted again after 14 and 28 days to prompt diary completion and return. In the event of diaries not being returned, a brief telephone interview to collect the key data will be undertaken after 35 days. Patients will also be contacted in the event that a diary is returned incomplete, to obtain missing key data. Contact with patients at each time point will be made initially by text or email, if the patient has provided a mobile telephone number or an email address, to explain when we will be calling and then by telephone.
Withdrawal The patient will be free to withdraw consent from the study at any time without providing a reason. Investigators will explain to patients the value of remaining in trial follow-up and allowing this data to be used for trial purposes so that where possible, patients who have withdrawn from trial treatment will remain in follow-up as per the trial schedule. If patients additionally withdraw consent for this, they will revert to standard clinical care as deemed by the responsible clinician. It would remain useful for the trial team to continue to collect standard follow-up data, and unless the patient explicitly states otherwise, follow-up data will continue to be collected. Details of withdrawal (date, reason if known) will be recorded in the end of study eCRF and medical record.
When withdrawn, the patient will continue to receive standard clinical care. Follow-up data will continue to be collected (unless the patient has specifically stated that they do not want this to happen) 4. Tablet placebo-one 20 mg tablet 3× daily, to be taken 30 min before meals The tablets, liquid, and matching placebos will be provided and packaged ready for distribution to sites by Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe (Germany). Patients will be asked to take the IMP daily until 2-3 days after symptoms have resolved, but treatment duration should not exceed 2 weeks. If a dose is missed, the patient should not take twice the dose but continue to take their usual dose at the usual time. The use of the delayed prescription strategy for antibiotics will be encouraged (because it reduces use of antibiotics whilst maintaining patient satisfaction  [27] ), but clinicians will be able to offer one of three following antibiotic strategies in addition to the randomised intervention:.
Data collection The majority of patient data will be entered by research staff at site via a remote data collection tool (Medidata Rave). Diary data will be entered into the trial database by the research team. All data will be retained in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulations. The PI is responsible for ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of the data entered. Data will be checked for missing or unusual values (range checks) and checked for consistency within patients over time by SCTU staff. Any discrepant data collected at site will be returned to the site in the form of electronic data queries. Queries regarding the diary data will be discussed with patients as outlined above in the patient follow-up section. Full details on data management procedures are available in the HATRIC Data Management Plan, available on request.
Statistical analysis plan The analysis of this trial will be descriptive based on estimation rather than hypothesis testing, addressing the original trial objectives as set out in Table  1. All baseline measures and outcomes (e. g. recruitment, retention, and compliance) will be summarised for each allocated group using the appropriate descriptive statistics and presented with their associated confidence intervals. No formal comparison of groups will take place. A full statistical analysis plan will be developed prior to the final analysis of the trial. Consideration will be given to all of the experience and knowledge gained from running the HATRIC trial, including the trial team experience and the qualitative data as well as the quantitative data to make a conclusion about the feasibility of the main trial.
Health economic analysis plan We aim to develop and refine the methods for collecting resource use. The main resource usage will be the costs of the intervention and potential resource implications for the NHS including medication, primary care visits, outpatient attendance, A&E visits, and hospitalisation. Data on resource usage will be extracted mainly through case note review and from the patient diaries. Societal costs will be collected through the patient diary on out-of-pocket spending related to lower respiratory tract infection. These questions will be developed and tested during the feasibility study. Quality of life will be measured by EQ-5D-5L. A utility score will be derived based on the UK tariff. The quality-adjusted life years (QALYS) will be calculated based on area under the curve approach.
The QALYs estimated based on 2 point (baseline, 7 days) and 4 point (baseline, 2 days, 4 days, and 7 days) measurement will be compared. The economic analysis of both costs and quality of life will be mainly descriptive and will be presented as means and standard deviations. Correlation of QALYs with main outcomes will be analysed to estimate sensitivity by different frequency of EQ-5D-5L measurements. The focus will be the direction of correlation and spread and confidence intervals. Such information will allow us to establish for the definitive trial: the feasibility of estimating the costs of the intervention, the most relevant resource use data to collect, and the frequency that quality of life information should be collected.
Limitations This trial is unable to include patients who have difficulty reading and understanding English. This decision was made due to funding and resourcing restrictions. Ideally, the trial would be able to include all patients who would, in practice, receive this care. This decision will impact on the generalisability of the trial results to the population of interest as a whole. We will summarise the patient mix at the end of study, to assess the potential impact of this criterion. Furthermore, the HATRIC trial excluded women who were at risk of pregnancy. This decision was made, as there is no safety data currently for this patient group. The manufacturing authorisation in Germany for the Kaloba® preparation specifies that it must not be taken by women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Trial status Recruitment opened on 14 March 2018 and is expected to be completed in December 2018. The current protocol is version 4, dated 13 August 2018. was funded by the National Institute of Health Research, under grant CL-2016-26-005. Two separate payments by Schwabe have been received relating to work in preparation for the funding application and related to access to the pseudo-anonymised data post completion of the study. Whilst representatives from Schwabe have been party to and commented on the funding application, the clinical trial has been independently managed by SCTU and the data will be independently analysed and published.
Availability of data and materials Pseudo-anonymised individual patient data (IPD) within the clinical trial dataset will be available for sharing via controlled access by authorised SCTU staff (as delegated to SCTU by the trial sponsor), and anonymised IPD within the clinical trial dataset will be available for sharing via open access after the trial is published. Data access can be requested via a SCTU data release application form, detailing the specific requirements and the proposed research, statistical analysis, publication plan, and evidence of research group qualifications. Data access requests are reviewed against specific eligibility criteria by the SCTU data custodian and key members of the trial team including a statistician and chief investigator or by an external independent review panel.
NMR signal assignments of all compounds are displayed in Tables S1-S17 in Supplementary Material. IR spectra were recorded on a FT-IR IF5-55 Bruker spectrometer, and all samples were dissolved in chloroform or acetone before analysis as a thin film on a zincselenium pellet after solvent evaporation. Optical rotations were measured with an ADP 220 Bellingham Stanley polarimeter. Low-(LRMS) and high-resolution (HRMS) electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric data were obtained from the Centre d'Etudes Structurales et d'Analyses des Molécules Organiques (CESAMO), Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.
A volume of 1000×1000×1000 µm 3 was studied with a precision of 4 µm/voxel. As can be seen on the right side of Fig. 3 , the three-dimensional volume was then reconstructed using the Amira-Avizo software (FEI Visualization Sciences Group, Software, Germany) and the porosity and WC content can be computed based on the volume ratio to the bulk cube.
Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge the support of  High-level Leading Talent Introduction Program of GDAS  (Grants No. 2016GDASRC-0204 ),  GDAS' Project of Science and Technology Development  (Grants No. 2018GDASCX-0945 ),  International Cooperation Project  (Grants No. 201807010013 ), the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (No. 51604171 ,  51690162 ), the  Shanghai Science and Technology Committee  (No. 17JC1400602 ), the  Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China   51701112. As one of the authors,  Xingchen Yan , is grateful for the financial supports provided by the  China Scholarship Council  (No. 201504490031 ), the  founds of Sciences Platform Environment and Capacity Building Projects of GDAS  ( 2016GDASPT-0206 ,  2017GDASCX-0202 ,  2017GDASCX-0111 ,  2018GDASCX-0402  and  2018GDASCX-0111 );  Guangzhou Project of Science & Technology  (201604016109, 201704030111);  Guangdong province Science and Technology Plan Projects  ( 2015B010122004 ,  2015B090920003 2016B070701020 ,  2016B090916003 ,  2017A070702016 ,  2017B030314122  and  2017A070701027 );  Guangdong Natural Science Foundation  ( 2016A030312015 ).
| MATERIAL AND ME THODS All women diagnosed with primary or recurrent gastric cancer during pregnancy were selected from the database of the International Cancer in Pregnancy registration study (Clinicaltrials. gov, number NTC00330447). The registry contains retrospectively, and since 2005 prospectively, collected oncological and obstetrical data of women diagnosed with any pregnancy-associated malignancy. The registered cases are reported by physicians, INCIP members, with a special interest in cancer in young women. Currently the registry contains 2059 women with a cancer diagnosis during pregnancy, registered by European (Belgium 25%, the Netherlands 21%, Italy 13%, Czech Republic 6%) and non-European (Philadelphia, USA 13%, Russia 8%, Mexico 6%) centers. For the present study, patient data on treatment and obstetrical outcomes were collected.
1998; Barrado y Navascués 2004; Dahm 2015; Lodieu et al. 2019) , and the Praesepe open cluster (590-790 Myr,  Fossati et al. 2008; Delorme et al. 2011; Brandt & Huang 2015; Gossage et al. 2018). The ages of these associations or open clusters correspond respectively to the gravities that defined the γ, β and α for low, intermediate and field gravity classification of M and L dwarfs  (Cruz et al. 2009) , or the VL-G (Very Low Gravity), INT-G (Intermediate Gravity) and FLD-G (Field Gravity) classes defined by  Allers & Liu (2013). In Section 2, we describe the selected sample of objects presented in this paper. In Section 3, we provide details on the X-shooter observations and data reduction. In Section 4 we explain the analysis carried out and our results. In Section 5 we derived physical parameters for our sample using evolutionary models for substellar objects.
OBSERVATIONS AND DATA REDUCTION Our targets were observed between October 2016 and January 2017, under the proposal number ID: 098. C-0277(A) (P. I. Manjavacas), using the X-shooter spectrograph  (Vernet et al. 2011 ), mounted at the Kueyen (UT2,VLT) telescope at the Paranal Observatory. X-shooter is composed of three arms: UVB (300-550 nm), optical (550-1000 nm) and near-infrared (1000-2500 nm). It was operated in echelle slit nod mode, using the 1. 3" slit width for the UVB arm, and the 1. 2" slit width for the optical and the near-infrared arms. This setup provides resolutions of ∼2030 in the UVB, ∼3360 in the VIS, and ∼3900 in the near-infrared. The average signal to noise of each spectra in the optical and near-infrared is shown in Table  1  of the Appendix. Observations were performed at the parallactic angle to mitigate the effect of differential chromatic refraction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes:  098. C-0277 (A),  093. C-0109 (A), and  095. C-0812 (A),  093. C-0769 (A), and  095. C-0378 (A). This publication makes use of data products from the  Two Micron All Sky Survey , which is a joint project of the  University of Massachusetts  and the  Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology , funded by the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration  and the  National Science Foundation  This work is based on observations (programme  GTC66-12B ) made with the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), operated on the island of  La Palma  in the  Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos  of the  Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias.
Acknowledgements The present work was supported by the industrial chair " Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste " at the  Institut Mines-Te ĺe ćom Atlantique , funded by  ANDRA, Orano , and EDF. We thank  Dr. Rodica Chiriac  from " Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces" -UMR 5615  ( Université de Lyon ) for thermoporometry measurements and  Dr. Solange Ribet  ( Subatech ) for advices for data treatment.