dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In parallel, the contribution from the ice sheets is increasing (e. g. Shepherd et al. , 2013 Shepherd et al. , , 2018;; this paper) , and thus the sea-level rise caused by mass losses from land ice masses will more and more be dominated by losses from the ice sheets (Table  3 ). 5. 0 Summary and outlook Never before have there been so much new observational, especially satellite, data for assessing the state of mass balance of ice sheets and glaciers and their sensitivity to ongoing climate change. However, the usable satellite record is still relatively short in climate terms. One of the main remaining challenges is that satellite observations date back only 2-3 decades, which is a very short period for the reference and evaluation of century-scale projections. Therefore, further extension of the ice-sheet satellite record into the past, for example through revised processing of earlier albeit lower quality observations following the method of  Trusel et al.
Ice dynamics may also have an important role to play in future changes of the GrIS, especially in regions away from the southwest, and the relative contributions of SMB and dynamics to future mass change remain unclear. Continued monitoring is vital to resolve these open questions. Apart from ensuring the continuity of key satellite data provided by missions including GRACE Follow On (gravimetry) and ICESat2 (altimetry), and carrying out more frequent (annual) comprehensive inter-comparison assessments of ice-sheet mass balance, the cryospheric and climate science communities need to enhance existing collaborations on improving regional climate model and SMB simulations of Antarctica and Greenland (SMB_MIP being a key example), and also make further significant improvements to GIA models, as these are some of the key sources of residual uncertainty underlying current ice-sheet mass balance estimates.
Recent advances in ice-sheet models show major improvements in terms of understanding of physics and rheology and model initialization, especially thanks to the wealth of satellite data that has recently become available. However, recent model intercomparisons  (Goelzer et al. , 2018a; Seroussi et al. , 2019)  still point to large process and parameter uncertainties. Nevertheless, new techniques need to be further explored to improve initialization methods using both surface elevation and ice velocity changes, allowing for improved understanding of underlying friction laws and rheological conditions of marineterminating glaciers (e. g. Gillet-Chaulet et al. , 2016; Gillet-Chaulet, 2019). Given that marine outlet glaciers are especially sensitive to small-change topographic variations, multiparameter ensemble modelling and the use of novel emulation methods to evaluate uncertainty will become an essential tool in ice-sheet modelling.
There is a corresponding need to acquire additional high resolution subglacial topography data to help with predictions. Several paleo-studies have also emphasized the importance of subglacial topography in controlling grounding zone location. Jamieson et al. (2012) ,  Batchelor and Dowdeswell (2015) , and  Danielson and Bart (2019)  all demonstrate that the post-LGM Antarctic grounding line preferentially stabilized in regions where there are vertical or lateral topographic restrictions. Meanwhile, in recognition of the remaining limitations of ice-sheet models, despite significant recent progress, alternative novel approaches including structured expert judgment are useful to assess the likely impact of ongoing ice-sheet melt on SLR. For example,  Bamber et al. (2019)  indicate that a high-emissions greenhouse warming scenario gives a not insignificant chance of a total >2 m SLR by 2100.
Regarding glaciers other than the ice sheets, in spite of recent improvements the observational database needs to be further extended in space and time. As suggested by  Zemp et al. (2019) , emphasis should be on closing data gaps in: 1) regions where glaciers dominate runoff during warm/dry seasons (tropical Andes and Central Asia), and 2) regions expected to dominate the future glacier contribution to SLR (Alaska, Arctic Canada, the Russian Arctic and Greenland and Antarctica peripheries). ICESat-2 and GRACE follow-on missions are likely to have revolutionary impacts on our knowledge of the mass changes of glaciers and ice caps, though GIA corrections and LIA deglaciation effects still have room for improvement. ICESat-2 especially, with its multiple laser beams and precise repeat-track pointing capability, has the potential to revolutionise our knowledge of mass changes on small glaciers worldwide.
However, there is an unfortunate conflict that is seriously limiting ICESat-2 collection of precise repeat-track data globally. The current mission operation for ICESat-2 has systematic off-nadir pointing outside of polar regions to provide denser mapping of vegetation biomass for a vegetation inventory, despite the fact that such data is also being collected by the GEDI laser altimeter on the International Space Station. After one year of ICESat-2 vegetation-inventory mapping, it would be advisable that the mission operation plan be changed to precise-repeat track pointing to reference tracks globally for studies of mass changes of glaciers and ice caps, which will also provide improved vegetation measurements for studies of seasonal and interannual vegetation changes. DEM differencing from sub-metre resolution optical satellites such as Quickbird, WorldView and Pléiades will play a key role in geodetic mass-balance estimates  (Kronenberg et al.
Sensors and data acquisition Temperatures were measured with 0. 2mm-thick type-T thermocouples. These sensors were calibrated between 0 and 60°C with a platinum sensor which enabled to reach an uncertainty of 0. 1°C. In addition, heat flux densities were measured using normal gradient heat flux meters (HFM). These 10x10 cm² sensors are from Captec © manufacturer. A type-T thermocouple is also embedded inside. They have a sensitivity greater than 60 μV/(W/m²) which is given with a 3% accuracy. The surface of the HFMs were covered with an adhesive tape which has similar optical properties as the wall surface: same emissivity (0. 94 in the 2-20μm band) and diffuse reflection. This allows the sensors to be as less intrusive as possible. Temperature and heat fluxes were continuously monitored every 3 s and averaged every 15 s.
The number of e-folds N during inflation is determined by N = κ 2 χ end χ * V ∂ χ V dχ = κ 2 ρ end ρ * V ∂ ρ V dχ dρ 2 dρ, (101) where we choose | (χ end )| = 1. Notice that the slow-roll parameters for small ρ 2 satisfy the simple relation = η(0) 2 ρ 2 + O(ρ 4 ) by Equation (100). Therefore, the number of e-folds between ρ = ρ 1 and ρ 2 (ρ 1 < ρ 2 ) takes the following simple approximate form as in  [4] , N 1 |η(0)| ln ρ 2 ρ 1 = 3 2|ξ + 1| ln ρ 2 ρ 1. ( 102 ) as long as the expansions in (100) are valid in the region ρ 1 ≤ ρ ≤ ρ 2. Note that we used the approximation η(0) η * , which holds in this case. "We are now comparing the theoretical predictions of this model to the observational data via the power spectrum of scalar perturbations of the CMB such as the amplitude A s , tilt n s and the tensor-to-scalar ratio r.
While Kepler data have revealed a significant number of oscillation modes in many cases, their exact identification is absolutely crucial for in-depth analyses. Oscillation frequencies in rapid rotators are fundamentally different from those of slow rotators. For the latter, the rotation can be regarded as a small perturbation and so the average internal rotation rate can be estimated by measuring the rotational splittings in the frequency spectrum  (Cowling & Newing 1949; Ledoux 1951 ). In the case of rapid rotators, the period versus period-spacing (P-∆P) diagram is known to provide useful information about the mode identification and the internal rotation rate (e. g. Bouabid et al. 2013; Ouazzani et al. 2017). The asymptotic formula of the period spacing  (Ballot et al. 2012)  serves as a useful theoretical basis for extracting information from the frequency spectrum.
Acknowledgements. We thank  NASA  and the Kepler team for their revolutionary data. M. T. thanks  B. Mosser  and his colleagues for their support and hospitality at the  Paris Observatory , where this project started. The anonymous referee is acknowledged for valuable remarks, which helped improving this paper. M. T. is partially supported by  JSPS KAKENHI  Grant Number  JP18K03695. Funding for the  Stellar Astrophysics Centre  is provided by The  Danish National Research Foundation  (Grant agreement no. :  DNRF106 ). S. J. A. J. S. is funded by the  Wallonia-Brussels Federation ARC  grant for Concerted Research Actions.
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank the  CNRS , the  University of Patras  and the  University Paul Sabatier  for financial support. The authors would also like to acknowledge the  Instrumental Analysis Laboratory  ( EEA, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras ) for carrying out the NMR analyses and the  ICT Mass Spectrometry facility  (http://ict. ups-tlse. fr/? HPLC-102 ) for the recording of HRMS spectra.
Literature search and review The working group searched for and reviewed the relevant literature archived in the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) as of April 23, 2020, for the following domains: (1) general principles, (2) preventive measures and monitoring, (3) NSAIDs, (4) glucocorticoids, (5) csDMARDs, (6) bDMARDs, (7) tsDMARDs, and (8) denosumab. We limited our search to publications in the English or Korean language. The clinical guidelines or recommendations for managing patients with COVID-19 or SRD that were developed by international or national medical societies were included. The working group selected literature relevant to health questions, reviewed and summarized www. kjim. org https://doi. org/10. 3904/kjim. 2020. 417 the contents, and evaluated the evidence level according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine  [14].
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all members of the voting panel:  Wan-Uk Kim ,  Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea; Tae-Hwan Kim, Hanyang University Hospital  for Rheumatic Diseases;  Hyun Ah  1326 www. kjim. orghttps://doi. org/10. 3904/kjim. 2020. 417The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol. 35, No. 6 ,  November 2020 Kim, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital ;  Namgyu Park ,  Dr. Park 's Clinic;  Sung-Hwan Park ,  Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College; Jung-Soo Song, Chung-Ang University Hospital; Seung-Cheol Shim, Chungnam National University Hospital ;  Sang-Il Lee ,  Gyeongsang National University and Gyeongsang University Hospital ;  Sang-Heon Lee ,  Konkuk University Hospital ;  Sung Won Lee ,  Dong-A University College of Medicine ;  Shin-Seok Lee ,  Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital ;  Young Ho Lee ,  Korea University Medical Center ;  Eun Bong Lee ,  Seoul National University College of Medicine ;  Chang Keun Lee ,  University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center; Hoon-Suk Cha, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University ;  Seung-Jae Hong ,  Kyung Hee University.
The La Pérouse seamount (60 m depth) has so far been poorly studied despite it being a short distance (160 km) from Réunion Island. As part of the MADRidge project, a multidisciplinary cruise was conducted to evaluate the effect of this shallow seamount on the local hydrology and ecology. Current measurements, temperature and chlorophyll-a profiles, and mesozooplankton and micronekton samples were collected between the summit and 35 km away. Micronekton data were supplemented with stomach content of pelagic top predators as well as fisheries statistics from the domestic longline fleet operating from Réunion. Vertical current profiles revealed distinct patterns between the offshore and seamountflanked stations, giving evidence of topographical induced flow instabilities, notably on its leeward side (west) relative to the east flank.
Fishing Apart from deep-sea trawling, the region around the Madagascar Ridge is also subject to pelagic longlining by Asian fleets (since the 1960s) and by Spanish, Portuguese and Réunion Island-based French longliners, since the 1990s (IOTC database, www. iotc. org/data-andstatistics). As shown in Figure  5 , there are regional differences in the SWIO among the dominant species caught. Unlike the Mozambique Channel, where yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) makes up the bulk of the longline catch, the situation is more diversified around the Madagascar Ridge, with swordfish (Xiphias gladius) the dominant species in the catch, supplemented by yellowfin and bigeye (T. obesus) tuna and albacore (T. alalunga). The Madagascar Ridge is in the middle of a west-east decreasing gradient in catches, with an average of 1000-1500 tonnes per 5° square over the period 1995-2017 (IOTC database, www.
e. which regions would benefit? Overarching these scientific issues, the MADRidge project aimed to provide scientific knowledge for a better understanding of seamount ecosystem functioning, which ultimately might be used to promote and design new management and conservation protocols for the seamounts of the SWIO  (FFEM, 2019; Marsac et al, 2020b). The MADRidge project was also supported by the FFEM-SWIO programme on the "Conservation and sustainable exploitation of deep-sea ecosystems of the South-West Indian Ocean away from national EEZ", funded by the Fonds Français pour l'Environnement Mondial (FFEM) and conducted by IUCN (FFEM, 2019).
17600/16004800) and and the Walters Shoal between 22 April and 18 May 2017 (RV Marion Dufresne, doi: 10. 17600/ 17002700). Cruise data can be accessed by contacting the cruise chief scientists with reference to the doi ID of the cruises. All three seamounts were sampled in similar ways, using a traditional suite of oceanographic instruments. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence and light profiles through the water column were measured at all stations using a CTD-O 2. A ship-mounted (75 kHz) and Lowered (300 kHz) ADCP were used for along-track (0-600m depth range) and station current profiling, respectively. Seawater was sampled at different depths to measure nutrients (NO 2 , NO 3 , PO 4 , Si(OH) 4 ) in the upper 1000 m as well as phytoplankton pigments (within the euphotic layer), and to analyse the stable isotope signature of particulate organic matter (POM) and the picoplankton community (only MAD-Ridge Leg 1).
MADRidge project output synopsis From all the data collected, 13 papers (including this one) have been compiled, and are presented in this volume as a sequence covering ocean physics, ocean colour, plankton, ichthyoplankton, micronekton, connectivity, and seamount governance issues. As indicated above, the overall aim is to provide new knowledge to build an understanding of pelagic ecosystem functioning around seamounts in the SWIO. The oceanography papers start by providing broad perspectives centred around the Madagascar Ridge of ocean circulation, eddy kinetic energy (EKE), and meridional gradients of sea surface temperature (SST), mixed layer depth (MLD), Total Heat Flux and chlorophyll (chl-a), all based on 20-year climatologies of satellite remote sensing data  (Vianello et al. , 2020a).
Analyses based on altimetry data showed the occurrence of eddies over MAD-Ridge to be common. The classical seamount quest to observe retention cells, such as a Taylor column, at the three shallow seamounts is addressed in several papers. However, as with many seamount studies the world over, no conclusive in situ observational evidence is found. Theoretical considerations (calculations) using seamount shape, hydrological environment and ocean dynamics around the structures were generally not in favour of the development and maintenance of a Taylor column at certainly MAD-Ridge and La Pérouse  (Annasawmy et al. , 2020a) , but was potentially possible around Walters Shoal  (Demarcq et al. , 2020). The La Pérouse seamount received less attention in the physical oceanography, a consequence of a shorter field campaign (2 weeks), which had to collect many types of measurements -CTD stations, zooplankton tows, midwater trawls and attempts to sample demersal fish at the summit  (Marsac et al.
(2020). Particle retention around the seamounts was greatest at Walters Shoal (~10%), with decreasing magnitudes at the MAD-Ridge seamount and La Pérouse  (Crochelet et al. , 2020). Micronekton form a crucial link in pelagic foodwebs connecting lower and upper trophic levels. Annasawmy et al. (2020a) , using complex hydro-acoustic techniques, examined the micronekton distribution at the La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge seamounts. The data showed that, at the mesoscale, the micronekton distribution responded mostly to the eddy dynamics, following the diurnal dynamics of lower trophic levels (phyto-and zooplankton), with no strong evidence of any 'seamount effect' at both sites. However, at a local scale, the acoustic data clearly showed fish aggregation close to the summits of both seamounts, with trawl catches confirming the presence of seamount-associated species  (Annasawy et al.
Science into Governance The MADRidge project provides the first in-depth investigation of topographically coupled pelagic systems at three prominent shallow seamounts in the SWIO. The work adds to the regional body of knowledge already collected by the IUCN Seamounts project  (Rogers et al. , 2017). The IUCN project surveyed six seamounts on the SWIR, and one on the Madagascar Ridge north of the Walters Shoal (Figure  3 ). The MADRidge project presented here now adds the MAD-Ridge, Walter Shoals and La Pérouse seamounts to this body of knowledge. In their review of key scientific areas required for improved management and conservation of seamounts,  Clark et al. (2012)  listed four important areas of required improvements (objectives): (1) new physical and biological research, (2) a global data repository, (3) new analysis tools, and (4) new impact research.
Acknowledgements The  MADRidge  project is part of the  Western Indian Ocean Upwelling Research Initiative (WIOURI) , endorsed by the  International Indian Ocean Expedition  2 (IIOE2-EP04: https://iioe-2. incois. gov. in/IIOE-2/EP04. jsp)-specifically RUP 3 (Roberts, 2015). This project was a joint venture between the  IRD (France)  and the  Nelson Mandela University in South Africa , with support from the  UK Newton Fund and South African National Research Foundation (NRF)  in the form of  Prof. Roberts '  UK-SA Bilateral Research Chair. Two French ships were supplied for the project - RV Antea and RV Marion Dufresne. Financial support for the cruises was provided by  Fonds Français pour l'Environnement Mondial (FFEM) ,  Flotte Océanographique Française ,  Région Réunion  and Institut polaire français Paul Emile Victor (IPEV).
Acknowledgments We would like to thank the JAIR reviewers as well as several reviewers for earlier conference versions of part of this work for their detailed and helpful feedback. Ulle Endriss  and  Ronald de Haan  furthermore would like to acknowledge the support of the  Dutch Research Council (NWO)  through projects  639. 023. 811 ( VICI "Collective Information" ) and VI. Veni. 192. 172(VENI " New Algorithmic Approaches for Judgement Aggregation "). Jérôme Lang  would like to acknowledge funding received from the  French government  under management of  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  as part of the  "Investissements d'avenir" programme , reference  ANR-19-P3IA-0001  ( PRAIRIE 3IA Institute ). Marija Slavkovik  would like to acknowledge the support of the  Strategic Programme for International Research Collaboration of the University of Bergen.
Acknowledgements Device fabrication was carried out in part at the nanotechnology facility eFab (IPCMS, Strasbourg). We acknowledge funding from  European Commission  through the  ERC  project  SUPRA2DMAT  ( GA-833707 ), the  Marie-Curie IEF   STELLAR  ( GA-795615 ), the  Graphene Flagship Core 2 project  ( GA-785219 ), the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  project  ITN  project  iSwitch  ( GA-642196 ), the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  through the  Labex projects CSC  ( ANR-10-LABX-0026 CSC ) and  NIE  ( ANR-11-LABX-0058 NIE ) within the  Investissement d'Avenir program  ( ANR-10-120 IDEX-0002-02 ), the  International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC). The authors also thank the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness , through projects  FANCY CTQ2016-80030-R  and the " Severo Ochoa" Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D  ( SEV-2015-0496 ).
LEGAL GUIDELINES ON THE USE OF PERSONAL HEALTH DATA In the following, the use of personal health data from EHRs for the purpose of identifying specific risk groups shall be evaluated from the point of view of law and medical ethics. As a starting point, the authors chose the legal framework within the European Union (EU) Member States. However, the subsequent considerations also apply in principle to any 'patient-controlled' EHR system within a state whose national or international human rights instruments permit a limitation of fundamental rights on public health grounds. Some essential legal requirements for the use of health data by state authorities in the EU can be found in Art. 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights of the Council of Europe (ECHR) 9 and Art. 7 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFR), 10 which both enshrine the right to private life/privacy, as well as in Art.
As a consequence, personal data obtained from EHRs in times of a pandemic should, if at all, primarily be used to inform the patient about his or her particular risk, 18 but not as a basis for measures against the will of the concerned patient. If, however, such compulsory measures prove indispensable on public health grounds (e. g. to prevent hospitals from becoming overcrowded with patients from a vulnerable group),  19  it is strongly advisable to base these measures on data over which the person concerned has no 'data sovereignty', such as data from mandatory state registers (including information from a public social insurance service regarding, for example, publicly funded medication) 20. This information is not as sensitive and precarious as data from individual EHRs. 21 one, there is never the less the conflicting obligation not to impair the attractiveness of an 'patient-controlled' EHR system as this could in the long run prove disadvantageous for the health of those not participating in the system.
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has been disruptive for both standard healthcare and current clinical research. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) recently actualized guidance regarding the management of clinical trials during the COVID-19 pandemic  (EMA 2020) , detailing how to handle ongoing trials. The initiation of new trials investigating treatments for COVID-19 received little comment, although researchers are urged to remain rigorous and conduct studies of quality: "crises are no excuse for lowering scientific standards"  (London and Kimmelman 2020). One situation was however not mentioned, namely the possibility of urgently adjusting an ongoing trial to answer a slightly different question from the one that led to the original study. The Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Evaluation of COr-ticosteroiDs (Cape-Cod) trial (NCT02517489) was initiated in 2015.
Similarly, we did not seek to open a new center in the midst of a pandemic. Ethics committees and regulatory agencies were given national instructions to conduct their assessments within a very short time frame. Information to the centers was given by E-mail and teleconference. All but two centers are members of the CRICS-TriGGERSep research network and are used to collaborative work and clinical trials in ICUs. Changes to the trial were updated on the ClinicalTrials. gov website, and publicly available on April 15, 2020. During this period, inclusion of eligible SARS-CoV-2 infected patients continued, within the regulatory and ethical framework of the Cape-Cod study.