dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Ultimately comparability is sought by many smartphone consumers. Usually the price, performance and design of the phones are compared before the decision. Can the GWPI and ARDI scores of smartphones also be compared? The ETSI FLCA standard [34] allows comparisons of GWPI and ARDI scores (and other LCIA scores for other impact indicators) between two external FLCAs if these four requirements are fulfilled: (i) same calculation rules are used, (ii) same LCA tool is used, (iii) same LCI databases are used, (iv) and a third party review is conducted. OLCA fulfils all of these requirements as a common web tool is used with embedded calculation rules, the same GWPI and ARDI intensities are used for all unit processes, as well as the same algorithms for all, and finally the OLCA method is third party reviewed.
This low PAH penetrance in BMPR2 mutation carriers likely results from a combination of currently unknown genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors  [5]. Germain and colleagues have recently published the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed in patients with idiopathic PAH. They reported that the CBLN2 locus, which maps to 18q22. 3, is a susceptibility locus for PAH,  [6]  however they excluded PAH patients carrying BMPR2 mutations from their study. Because additional common genetic variations may influence PAH development in patients either with or without a BMPR2 mutation, we decided to include The hemodynamic data were evaluated in their initial right heart catheterization. mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; CO: cardiac output; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; NA: not available.
Discovery of novel PAH candidate genes For discovery study, we genotyped 23 PAH patients (genotyped on the Illumina Human Omni2. 5-8 Beadchip ver 1. 1) and compared the results to genotypes from 2,002 healthy controls (JPDSC-Phase 2). Table  1  shows the clinical characteristics of the I/HPAH patients in the discovery study. Of the original 2,006 healthy controls, four subjects were excluded; two subjects because of firstdegree relatives, and two subjects because they showed high-degree heterozygosities. We had planned to exclude samples that were judged to be outliers by PCA analysis using Eigenstrat software,  [7]  as well as samples with >1% missing genotypes, however such samples were not observed. To perform GWAS analyses, 1,347,690 SNPs were selected because they showed minor allele frequencies (MAF) of > 0.
One of the reasons why we could identify a novel susceptibility locus is that we used data of a large number of healthy controls. And since the ethnics of the patients were all Japanese, they were ethnically matched with the controls. In a previous GWAS study of Japanese population which identified genes associated with allopurinol-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, the identification was enabled by comparing only 14 patients with 991 healthy controls  [21]. Second, we included not only young patients but also older populations both in discovery cohort and replication cohort suggesting that there is a possibility to include atypical I/HPAH patients among the cohort. However, all of the patients included in this study were diagnosed in experienced pulmonary hypertension centers, and the fact certifies all of the cases obtained typical characteristics of I/HPAH independent from the effect from other diseases such as left ventricular dysfunctions or pulmonary diseases regardless of the older ages.
Third, we screened all I/HPAH cases for BMPR2 mutations with Sanger sequencing. However, Sanger sequencing is not enough to identify patients with large deletions or duplications, and combination use of multiplex ligation-dependent prove amplication with Sanger sequencing might be more appropriate. Fourth, our data did not successfully replicate the CBLN2 finding in the previous study  [6]. The different result might come from the difference of races included in each study; the genetic factors which modify PAH disease expression could be different between races. Further analysis is required to confirm the association of the locus and development of I/HPAH in it other cohorts with different races. In conclusion, this GWAS in I/HPAH patients, irrespective of the presence of a BMPR2 mutation, provided additional information about the association between a genetic locus, PDE1A|DNAJC10, and the disease, suggesting that PDE1A could be a novel therapeutic target of PAH.
Eight of 23 patients included in the discovery GWAS had mutations in the BMPR2 gene, while 3 of the 21 patients included in the validation study had BMPR2 mutations. We included only a single case from a family for the present study. Controls consisted of 2,002 (Phase 2) and 991 (Phase 1) healthy Japanese individuals. Control samples were collected at two different times by the Japan PGx Data Science Consortium (JPDSC)  [23]. Written informed consent was provided for enrollment in the study, and the GWAS study was approved by IRB of Keio University.
Statistical methods Associations in GWAS were tested by multivariate logistic regression using PLINK software (v 1. 0. 7, PLINK)  [24]. Age and gender were used as covariates. Manhattan plots and QQ-plots were drawn using the R environment (v 2. 15. 2). Regional plots were drawn by LocusZoom Version 1. 1 10. Meta-analysis was performed by the inverse-variance method. Other statistical methods were the same as those in our previous papers  [25, 26].
Statistical analysis For Western blots and RT-qPCR data, p values were calculated with the Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) on 3e4 independent experiments using either Student's t test or a one-way analysis of variance followed by a Tukey's multiple comparison post-test when assessing more than 2 conditions. For the AFM experiments, the ManneWhitney Rank Sum Test (SigmaPlot v. 11, Systat Software Inc. , San Jose, CA, USA) was used on n ¼ 16e25.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by  INSERM ,  CNRS ,  Institut National du Cancer (INCa ,  PL06-108 ) and  La Ligue contre le Cancer. I. H. was a fellow of the  French and Luxembourg governments (Minist ere de l'Enseignement Sup erieur et de la Recherche ,  Fonds National de la Recherche ). The authors would like to thank  J. C. Voegel  for support and  B. Senger  for stimulating discussions, help with statistical analyses, and critical reading of the manuscript.
Scans of 3. 3 and 10 mm 2 were obtained using tapping mode and silicon coated tips (O-TESPA). At least 10 images per samples were recorded and the most representative images were kept for discussion. Surface roughness. Surface roughness was measured using AFM images on 20 Â 20 mm 2 scans. 15 measurements were realized and the average data is presented for the results. Electrical properties. Electrical properties were characterized by measuring the sheet resistance of the printed lms. Measurements were taken using a Jandel Universal four-probes system, connected to a Jandel RM3 current generator providing a current range from 10 Â 10 À9 to 99 Â 10 À3 A. In this conguration, the two external probes impose a known current intensity and the two internal probes measure the corresponding voltage.
Acknowledgements Authors acknowledge the  French National Research Agency (ANRT)  and  Poly-Ink  for the nancial and material support of the PhD thesis. LGP2 is part of the  LabEx Tec 21 (Investissements d 'Avenirgrant agreement no. ANR-11-LABX-0030 ) and of the  Energies du Futur and PolyNat Carnot Institutes. This research was made possible thanks to the facilities of the  TekLiCell  platform funded by the  Région Rhône-Alpes  (ERDF: European regional development fund). Authors also acknowledge  Orlando Rojas  for its advices towards a complementary study.
Results Using the three sampling methods we collected 30496 specimens of the Formicidae family. Of these, 466 were hunting ants and they were assigned in three subfamilies (Ponerinae, Amblyoponinae and Ectatomminae), three tribes, nine genus, and 15 species, using the taxonomy proposed by Schmidt & Shattuck (2014),  Bolton (2003)  and  Brady et al. (2006)  (table  1 ). Appendix 1 shows detailed information about location and habitat type of all spe� cimens. The data set cited in this work could be consulted in GBIF and in SiB Colombia (doi: 10. 15472/vp8v42). The genus Neoponera had the highest species richness with six species, followed by Odontomachus with two species. The genus Prionopelta, Anochetus, Pachycondyla, Pseudoponera, Thaumatomyrmex, Ectatomma and Gnamptogenys were each represented only by one species.
Acknowledgements The authors of this paper wish to express their gratitude to a  Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie (Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais de la Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz UESC) ,  Benoit Jean Bernard Jahyny  ( Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco-UNIVASF ) and  William P. Mackay  ( Laboratory for Environmental Biology, Cen� tennial Museum, University of Texas at El Paso ) for their assistance in the confirmation and identification of some of the specimens cited in this publication and their valuable bibliogra� phic contributions. We also thank the interns  Evelyn Gómez Tapia  and  Ana María Romero  and students  Maikol Jiménez ,  Sebastián Peralta  and  Carlos Gamba  for their collaboration in the phases of field work, cleaning and organizing the collected entomological material.
Importance of the review Before carrying out this study, we conducted preliminary research to identify whether a similar literature review on the topics addressed in this paper was already available. For this research, we formulated a search clause in the Scopus database. This database is commonly used in the field of educational technology because it includes the most relevant publications of peer-reviewed scientific journals in this area (considering impact factor), as well as in other related fields such as Social Sciences, Engineering and Computer Science  (Falagas, Pitsouni, Malietzis, & Pappas, 2008). The aim of the search clause in Scopus was to detect the main terms related with the research focus, i. e. "review", "school", "K-12", "technology", and "ICT" 1  , in the title, abstract and keywords of any paper published since the beginning of 2010.
Paper Selection The initial step before conducting the review consisted of selecting the corpus of papers for subsequent analysis. Since the aim of the paper is to point out gaps in the research on the impact of ICT in K-12 schools to capture somehow what is currently happening in the educational technology community, we considered papers published in Computers & Education over the last five years, from the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2015. Scopus was selected as the database for conducting the filtering process. Although we could have used the Science Direct database, which is directly linked from Computers & Education, we preferred using Scopus for two reasons. Firstly, Scopus includes features for generating advanced queries and saving them. This facilitated the process of filtering the corpus of papers related with the impact and adoption of ICT in K-12 schools from among all of the papers published in Computers & Education between 2011 and 2015.
Secondly, this database also offers features for exporting the results from searches as spreadsheets, thus facilitating any subsequent analysis. The specific key words used for the filtering process were "school" OR "K-12" OR "classroom", and the search included titles, abstracts and keywords 2. The aim of choosing "school" as a key word was to include any papers where research was conducted in secondary school, primary school and/or pre-school. The term "K-12" was used so as to include any studies using the American nomenclature. Finally, "classroom" was chosen in order to include any papers that do not specify the learning setting, but where technology is used in school. Computers & Education published 1,216 papers between January 2011 (volume 65) and December 2015 (volume 90) 3. These 1,216 papers were filtered using the Scopus database and the keywords mentioned above.
The result was a pool of 511 papers, which were defined as the corpus of analysis. From this pool, 352 papers were selected 4 and 159 papers were excluded because of a lack of experimental validation in their methods, or because the sample of the study was not in K-12 education (Table  1 ). Exceptions to the latter were studies reporting results on pre-service teacher education. As pre-service teachers are the future of ICT use in K-12 schools, these studies were therefore included in the analysis, considering the teachers as study participants. It is important to note that this study is focused on experimental and survey-based studies and does not consider research that is exploratory (finding out what is happening and why -with no intervention, other than the researcher's presence/data collection).
Subsequently, two of the researchers that participated in the first phase reviewed any papers in which this information was not clearly stated so as to contrast the analysis and discuss their final decision, thus guaranteeing consistency. In Phase 3, the resulting spreadsheet was analyzed using the statistical software tool StataIC 14 to evaluate the integrity of the data that was extracted. The results from the paper categorization were tabulated in order to detect any repetitions and ensure that the information was complete. In this phase, incomplete attributes were detected, as well as inconsistencies between words with the same meaning but written differently (e. g. "behavior" or "behaviour"). Following this three-phase process ensures both the reliability and the validity of the review  (Read, 2013).
RQ6: Methods used We analyzed four aspects related to the methods used in the studies (Tables  11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ). Firstly we looked at the nature of the data collected (C6a). Given that our criteria for selecting papers all of the studies that we analyzed were coming from an objectivist stance. Within this overarching objectivist framework, the studies did vary in the data gathering techniques. We have categorized these as Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed. The results in Table  11  show that most of the papers collected quantitative data (50%; N=176), followed by a mixture of quantitative and qualitative data (34%; N=121). The second aspect that was analyzed was the involvement of participants in the study (C6b). Since this study only focus on experimental and survey-based studies and does not considers exploratory research (research conducted to understand a problem that is not clearly defined), we categorize the papers between studies where the technological intervention or solution that is proposed is co-designed or considers the feedback or needs of study participants and those where it does not.
For both analyses, transmural extent of infarction was quantified to the nearest 5% using a modified centerline method with 100 chords within each short-axis LGE slice (13) (Figure  2 ). LGE signal intensity was recorded in arbitrary units as generated by cvi42 analysis software (Online Appendix). Regional wall motion anomaly was graded persegment and per-patient from cine imaging by an experienced cardiologist (A. K. , 4 years' CMR experience), blinded to the results of strain and LGE and scored as: 0 ¼ normal; 1 ¼ mild or moderate hypokinesis; 2 ¼ severe hypokinesis; 3 ¼ akinesis; 4 ¼ dyskinesis (3). Myocardial ECV was calculated from native and post-contrast MOLLI images  (14). For the per-segment analysis, each of 16 segments had mean ECV evaluated, blinded to the results of LGE and taking care to avoid partial-volume interaction with blood pool or pericardium.
The information on the target population for the colorectal cancer screening programme was taken from the Central Registry of Insured People in the Primary Healthcare Information System. At the beginning of the RCT the BCCSP technical office provided a list of individuals who had been invited to participate in the programme and their corresponding primary care centre. All individuals' characteristics were obtained from the patients' electronic medical record and provided by the Catalan Institute of Health's Primary Care Services Information System at the beginning of the study; information regarding an individual's participation in the screening programme was provided by the BCCSP. Data anonymity was guaranteed throughout the whole study process.
In fact, two nationwide surveys performed in Spain based on self-reported data found significant higher compliance with colorectal cancer screening as the number of chronic conditions increased  [24]  or in the event of an existing comorbidity  [25]. Contrary to these results, we found an inverse association between having a dominant chronic disease and completion of FIT, although we could not assess the interaction with the specific type of disease. Our results were in line with those reported by Liu et al. , who found a significant negative association between three or more chronic conditions and colorectal screening (i. e. , faecal occult blood test or colonoscopy) after adjusting for the number of visits to primary care  [13]. Therefore, the number of medical visits should be included when the effect of comorbidity on screening participation is analysed.
Strengths and limits The strengths of this study include a large sample population at average risk of developing colorectal cancer, in terms of age, sex, comorbidities and socioeconomic status. The population of the 10 centres included in the RCT is representative of the population invited to the first round of screening in Barcelona based on the sociodemographic data published. Comorbidities are associated with a major use of health resources and may increase the opportunity of receiving a cancer screening recommendation from a doctor. In this study, the number of visits to primary care was also reported and appropriately analysed as a determining confounding factor. To our knowledge, this is the first study using CRG categories to assess the impact of comorbidity on a colorectal cancer screening programme.
e. , Charlson score  [11] ). As a limitation of the present study, we had no information about the specific type of chronic conditions or the International Classification of Diseases code, which meant we were unable to examine their interaction with the CRG categories assessed in the study. It should be pointed out that the patients excluded due to a lack of information on the comorbidity variable had a clinical profile less favourable for colorectal cancer screening participation. Nevertheless, the percentage of exclusions for this reason was small (4. 6%). As expected, there was a not negligible percentage of missing lifestyle data (i. e. , smoking, alcohol), especially for body mass index. This may be because weight, and hence body mass index, is widely unmeasured in primary care databases  [34].
Acknowledgements The authors thank all members of  Barcelona Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme's executive committee for the design and implementation of the study , the  Catalan Health Institute's Primary Care Services Information System  for its participation in the design and management of the electronic medical record alert, and all health professionals and patients in the participating centres. A list of the members of the PROCOLON group are available from the authors. We also would to thank the  Carlos III Health Institute  and the  European Union  through the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)  for their grant support. We would like to thank  Oriol Cunillera  for his helpful contributions in the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements We thank  Andrea Parmeggiani  ( L2C  and DIMNP, Montpellier),  Benoit Charlot  ( IES, Montpellier ) as well as members of the laboratory for helpful discussions,  Christophe Duperray  for help with the FACS analysis, the Montpellier RIO imaging facility ( MRI ) for providing the adequate environment for FACS and confocal microscopy. B. N. M was supported by a graduate fellowship from the  LabEx Numev  (convention  ANR-10-LABX-20 ). A. B. was supported by an  undergraduate fellowship  from the  University of Warsaw and European Union  (n°P OKL. 04. 01. 02-00-221/12 ). M. L. V is a staff scientist from the  National Center for scientific research (CNRS).
MMP-2 release blocks P2X7 pore formation and ATP-induced death in tumour cells P2X7 has been found upregulated in tumours including as diverse types as breast  (Ma, 2015) , brain  (Monif et al. , 2014) , and prostate  (Qiu et al. , 2014). Tumour cells were found to benefit from increased mitochondrial metabolic activity and growth caused by increased P2X7 expression (Di  Virgilio et al. , 2009). However, there is a question: How these cells avoid death associated with this high-level P2X7 expression and activation in high eATP environments? Discovery of the MMP-2-dependent P2X7 cleavage prompted us to investigate whether tumour cells exploit this mechanism to evade the cell death. Firstly, we interrogated the Cancer Genome Atlas database and found that overexpression of P2X7 and MMP-2 in prostate cancer samples coincide (Supplementary Figure  S7 ).
Acknowledgments We thank  Hiroshi Matsuo  and  Erin Adamson  for comments,  Ivan Topisirovic  for proof reading and  Michaela Flax  and  Speed Rogers  for technical assistance. This work was supported by a grant from  NIH  ( R01 GM64781 ), a pilot grant from  University of Kansas COBRE-PSF  ( P30 GM 110761 ), and an  Innovative Award  from  KSU Terry Johnson Cancer Center  to KA;  CA68262  and  GM47467  to GW; an intramural grant from  NICHD ,  NIH , to AGH; and  JSPS KAKENHI   15H01634  and  26440026  to TN.
The Alfvén Mach number for this crossing, based on the upstream bulk velocity, is M A = 11. Other shock and upstream solar wind parameters are summarized in Table  1. Upstream parameters are determined from the time interval 06:04:00 to 06:04:53 UTC, during which the upstream magnetic field is steady. Downstream parameters are determined from the time interval 06:01:44 to 06:02:04 UTC. The solar wind density and velocity moments for these periods are provided by the FPI-DES instrument. Since the FPI-DIS instrumentation is not designed to monitor the solar wind, the solar wind ion plasma  i given in the table has been provided by NASA/GSFC's OMNI data set  (King & Papitashvili, 2005). The time series of the ion phase space densities as a function of the shock tangential and normal velocities, shown in Figure  1  (bottom), are calculated by integration of the full ion phase space density over the orthogonal directions, that is, f (v n , t) = ∫ f (v t1 , v t2 , v n , t)dv t1 dv t2.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)  grant  ST/N000692/1  and grant  ST/P000622/1  ( D. Burgess ). Data used in this research are publically available at the  MMS Science Data Center at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)  hosted by the  University of Colorado, Boulder  (https://lasp. colorado. edu/mms/sdc/public/). We also acknowledge use of  NASA/GSFC's Space Physics Data Facility 's OMNIWeb service, and OMNI data (https://omniweb. gsfc. nasa. gov/). Simulation data are available upon request (i. gingell@imperial. ac. uk).
Study population We used data from four prospective cohort studies from England, Finland, France and Sweden to calculate partial life expectancy (LE) and health expectancies between the ages of 50 and 75. In all cohorts, people aged 50 years or older with valid data on health and BMI were included from the first observation. We limited our calculation of partial LE to an upper age of 75 as not all cohorts had participants aged 75 and older and this choice allowed us to have comparable time frames for each cohort. The English data are from the first six waves The French data are from the GAZEL Cohort Study, established in 1989 among Électricité de France-Gaz de France (EDF-GDF) workers, the French national utility company, with annual waves of data collection up to 2014. At inception in 1989, the GAZEL Cohort Study contained 20 625 volunteers (15 011 men and 5614 women) working at EDF-GDF who were then aged from 35 to 50 years.