dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the music-related reminiscence bump to reminiscence bumps in wordcued and important memories Our second strand of analysis explored the degree to which the reminiscence bump for the autobiographical salience of music is similar to reminiscence bumps for 1) autobiographical memories evoked by word cues and 2) retrieval of important autobiographical memories (i. e. , studies in which participants were asked to retrieve particularly notable or important memories). Specifically, we compared the distribution of our autobiographical salience rating data for songs to that of the word-cued and important autobiographical memories summarised in the review by  Koppel and Berntsen (2015) , using data reported in Tables  1  and 2  of their paper. For this analysis, we used only songs that were rated high (ratings of 8 or higher) in autobiographical salience, thereby making this approach more comparable to the other retrieval methods, where participants typically select a salient or highly accessible memory in response to each cue.
We also only used data from participants who were currently aged at least 40 years and ratings of songs featured in the charts after the period of 'childhood amnesia' (song-specific ages of 4 years or greater;  Nelson & Fivush, 2004) , to make our data comparable to the participant samples and age range for autobiographical memories typically utilised in studies using word cues or important memories. This left 4,434 unique ratings of the autobiographical salience of songs for the analysis, whereas word-cued and important memories were represented by the means of the individual studies reviewed by Berntsen and  Koppel (2015) , rendering these smaller in size (N = 21 and N = 32, respectively). Two studies from the 'important memories' dataset were excluded from consideration, as their mean ages (5 and 8 years) were significantly outside the distribution (3.
47 SD and 2. 84 SD from the mean of 21. 52; p <. 001 and p =. 002, respectively), leaving N = 30 for the important memories dataset. We compensated for the difference in the sample sizes between our dataset and the summary data from previous studies by utilising bootstrapping (1,000 iterations), where we sampled an equal number of music-related memories to the word-cued memories or important memories in each draw (N = 21). The bootstrapped distributions of the musicrelated, word-cued, and important memories were statistically compared using chi-squared tests.
Relationship between song-specific age and ratings of autobiographical salience Our primary research question was to investigate whether reminiscence bumps could be detected for participant ratings of the autobiographical salience of songs. Figure  3A  shows the mean autobiographical salience ratings for the four age groups across 5-year SSA bins (see also Figure  S1  for mean ratings aggregated across all age groups). The dashed horizontal lines in Figure  3A  show the mean autobiographical salience rating for each of the four age groups across the full dataset (regardless of SSA). If SSA does not impact autobiographical salience ratings, we would expect autobiographical salience ratings to cluster around these dashed lines across all SSA bins. In one-sample t-tests, we compared the data represented by the solid line to the dashed line in Figure  3A  for each age group for each SSA bin.
Comparing the music-related reminiscence bump to word-cued and important memories Our final analyses focused on comparing our data on the autobiographical salience of music to previous data on word-cued and important autobiographical memories (see Data Analysis section for details on data preparation for these analyses). First, the shape of the underlying distribution of the music-related reminiscence bump was established by assessing the fit of its distribution to normal and gamma distributions using bootstrapping (1,000 iterations) with 200 different random samples from the data. This analysis yielded an excellent fit with the gamma distribution (Χ 2 = 12. 6, p =. 28), whereas the normal distribution did not adequately capture the shape of the data (Χ 2 = 35. 4, p =. 005). For word-cued and important memories (bootstrapped 1,000 times with a random sample of 50% of the observations), both normal and gamma distributions provided a decent fit (Χ 2 < 5, p >.
Therefore, it is important to investigate whether other associative cue types, beyond music and word cues, may be found to be effective in eliciting memories from other lifetime periods (e. g. , early adulthood), or whether, on the other hand, all associative retrieval tasks show a bump in the same temporal location. Studies that compare autobiographical memories evoked by different cue types across the same sample of participants using the same data collection protocol should be conducted as a matter of priority, in order to ensure the differences in the reminiscence bump location seen here cannot be attributed to methodological differences between studies. In general, further research is needed to isolate the mechanisms underlying these different types of retrieval tasks, and theoretical accounts of the reminiscence bump require revision to incorporate explanations for these differences in temporal location of the bump.
Funding: This research was supported by a  Leverhulme Trust   Early Career Fellowship  ( ECF-2018-209 ) and the grant  ANR CogniComa  ( ANR-14-CE-5-0013 ). The team " Auditory Cognition and Psychoacoustics" is part of the LabEx CeLyA ("Centre Lyonnais d'Acoustique ",  ANR-10-LABX-60 ). Author Contributions: BT, FP, and LH designed and collected the data for the original study. KJ and LH generated the initial idea for the present study, and KJ and TE led the analysis for the current paper, with input from all authors.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was presented in part by SS-R at the meeting "Psychoses: Revolution des concepts, vers quelle evolution des pratiques?"October 19th, 2018, Paris. The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous aid, encouragement and suggestions of Alfred I Tauber. We are immensely grateful to  Pablo Saéz ,  A ́ngel L Corbı́and Jaime Adań  for their unvaluable aid and criticism. We thank  Marina Lorne  for figure artwork and  Antonio Castillo Algarra  for his precise and careful English revision.
There is a growing interest in cultural heritage preservation. The notion of HyperHeritage highlights the creation of new means of communication for the perception and data processing in cultural heritage. This article presents the Digital Surface HyperHeritage approach, an academic project to identify the topography of art painting surfaces at the scale at which the elementary information of sensorial rendering is contained. High-resolution roughness and imaging measurement tools are then required. The high-resolution digital model of painted surfaces provides a solid foundation for artwork-related information and is a source of many potential opportunities in the fields of identification, conservation, and restoration. It can facilitate the determination of the operations used by the artist in the creative process and allow art historians to define, for instance, the meaning, provenance, or authorship of a masterpiece.
0 (2019) of MountainsMap, the reference software in the field of surface processing. The set of all the operators linked to this standard allows multi-scale analysis with filtering method couplings to be performed  [60]. The purpose is then to obtain a statistic summary of parameters (area of patterns, radius of curvature, volume, slope, orientation) and a visualization of patterns and trends (Figure  A2 ). The use of this standard to analyze the brushstrokes of a painter is strongly justified by the fact that the calculation procedures of the parameters have been studied  [61] [62] [63] [64] [65]  with a numerical standard surface, allowing the standardized processing procedures to be validated. The NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Dimensional Metrology Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) has created a database to organize information for datasets generated by both measurement and simulation.
(d) Define a topographic database structure to access the information, regardless of the device used to carry out the measurements and the sets of descriptors. It is essential to store information about the morphological content of the investigated surfaces and the measurement conditions. However, the amount of information and its structure remain complex. Database structure work has been formalized by Qi et al. [68]. The main problem is to introduce the functional performance of a geometric product. They created an integrated surface texture information system for design, manufacturing, and measurement, called "CatSurf". However, this system is only based on tolerance of manufacturing products  [69]  and contains the organization of the Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) standards in surface textures.
This means that functionally and integrity of a surface are only described for geometry specifications  [70]. However, Berglund et al. proposed a methodology to define the required geometry by results of process simulations  [71]. Nonetheless, the data structure proposed by Qin et al. in  [69]  can be transcribed in the mode of the painting of art by considering, by genericity, that the parts of a painting correspond to parts of a manufactured piece, compatible with all of the GPS standard  [72]. For example, significantly fewer works propose a classification of the surface structures in the database, compared to those currently described in computer graphics  [73] , that will be particularly relevant in surface painting topography to appreciate the painter's signature. (e) Define, by simulation, the 3D graphic rendering of the surface texture to offer a realistic panel of visual renderings of the surfaces.
Secondly, another major interest is to simulate the reflection as a function of the position of both the lighting and the observer relative to the painting, thus providing a realistic rendering of the work desired by the painter (better immersion offered to the observer) and not smoothed by statistical models of the BRDF. We can see that storing the topographic image is essential in the conservation of heritage because it is independent of lighting conditions such as photographic measurements. Finally, the knowledge of topography is also of interest in the reproduction of an artwork by additive manufacturing to preserve the topography of the brushstrokes  [84]. (f) Reference the partners (institute, museum, associative world, private collector, etc. ) and classify them to build a strategy of elaboration of the most representative database of the diversity of the surface heritage.
In the Digital Surface Heritage, we propose to define all of the topographic information, among other data, necessary to preserve the heritage and define a realistic computer graphics rendering, in addition to carry out historical and technical investigations. To do this, it is necessary to have cultural information of the painter and his environment. The description of this digital information is part of the "Ontologies for Cultural Heritage"  [85]. ISO 21127 standard  [86]  describes the ontology for the description of data related to tangible and intangible cultural heritage. This standard for interoperability is the result of the standardization work that aims to define the constitutive elements of a domain ontology (classes, properties, definitions, etc. ) whose domain is cultural heritage.
We can integrate the OPPRA ontology by adding two sub-ontologies: the GPS ontology described above with some additions for multi-scale aspects, and a topographic imaging ontology that could be created by taking inspiration from the numerous ontologies described in imaging (surface classification  [90] , image classification in art [91], textures  [92] , etc. ). (g) Implement the set of informatic routines that characterize the relationship between artwork morphology and the parameters described in an information system (concepts and semantic links of ontology relating to painting artworks  [88] ). Once measurements are gathered, morphological indicators are calculated, and databases compiled, it is then necessary to define an information system for data processing. However, because the indicators are numerous, moving towards automation is required, so that the processing becomes more reliable and robust.
Multi-Scale Decomposition To determine the most relevant scale for painting signature comparison in regard to painter aptitude, multi-scale decompositions of the surfaces were conducted. The topographies were first analyzed using the MountainsMap ® software package from the raw measurements. By applying a high pass (HP) filter, we removed the roughness scales above a defined threshold and obtained only the lowest roughness scales (Figure  14 ). Sensors 2020, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 28.
In summary, these results show the ability to acquire and digitize a painting surface with high resolution, including the capture of objects of various sizes from centimetric to nanometric scales. However, some strategy must be developed to integrate the standard roughness and measurement conditions and to link them to the art ontology. The main difficulty is to define a global absolute reference of paintings that is sufficiently precise to carry out increasingly local measurements on objects representative of the paintings, and such that no topographic scale break occurs. This certainly requires a multi-instrument topographic measurement. The process outlined in this paper highlighted a number of questions that require further investigation and development. Finally, to develop a strategy of elaboration of the most representative global database of the diversity of the surface heritage, it is necessary to reference and classify the cultural institutes, museums, and associations, and to provide them with a computer application using our ontologies.
Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge  Dr Sonja Magnavita  for the data of the chemical analysis of two of the glass beads included in this study, as well as  Dr Marilee Wood  for the commentary on the Sadia bead. We are grateful to the Malian and Senegalese institutions that granted the temporary exportation of the archaeological material for analysis. We would also like to thank all the workers, archaeologists, and researchers working in the field. Finally, thank you to  Marquita Volken  for the English improvements and to both reviewers for their useful comments.
However, the role of human mobility is unclear and a challenging question to address due to the scarcity of Middle and Late Bronze Age (LBA) burials. In this regard, the site of Alalakh in the Amuq Valley (Turkey), with more than 300 burials dated to that period, represents an exceptional case for the application of aDNA studies. Understanding the nature of this movement was the primary motivation behind this study. Here, we present a large-scale analysis of genome-wide data from key sites of prehistoric Anatolia, the Northern Levant, and the Southern Caucasian lowlands. Our goal was to reconstruct the genomic history of this part of the Near East by systematically sampling across this transition from the Neolithic to the interconnected societies of the MBA and LBA. Our new ancient genome-wide dataset consists of 110 individuals and encompasses four regional time transects in Central/ North Anatolia, East Anatolia, the Southern Caucasian lowlands, and the Northern Levant, each spanning 2,000 to 4,000 years of Near Eastern prehistory.
We merged our dataset with genetic data from ca. 800 previously published ancient individuals (Table  S3 ; STAR Methods). Among these, 17 Anatolian individuals from the following archaeological sites overlap with our time transect and were co-analyzed with the Anatolian groups from our study: Tepecik-C ¸iftlik  (Kılınc ȩt al. , 2016)  (''Tepecik_N''), Barcın  (Mathieson et al. , 2015)  (''Bar-cın_C''); Gondu ¨rle-Ho ¨yu ¨k  (Lazaridis et al. , 2017)  (''Gondu ¨rleHo ¨yu ¨-k_EBA''), Topakho ¨yu ¨k (de Barros  Damgaard et al. , 2018)  (''Topakho ¨yu ¨k_EBA''), and Kaman-Kaleho ¨yu ¨k (de Barros Damgaard et al. , 2018) (''K. Kaleho ¨yu ¨k_MLBA'') (Figure  2A ). The Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic Genetic Structure in Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Caucasian Lowlands So far, our knowledge of the gene pool of Neolithic Anatolia has been limited to individuals from Barcın and Mentes xe in Western Anatolia (abbreviated here as ''Barcın_N'')  (Mathieson et al.
Therefore, it seems to hold that ancient Iranian groups overall serve as a better proxy See also Figure  S3  and Tables S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8. than the Caucasus groups, although higher resolution data are necessary to compare them further. Bu ¨yu ¨kkaya_EC is the earliest individual in our dataset with a genetic profile similar to the LC-LBA groups within Anatolia. Therefore, we also tested a scenario in which the later LC-LBA groups had descended from the same gene pool without further external contribution. f4(Mbuti,X;Bu¨yu¨kkaya_EC,LC-LBA) suggests that Bu ¨yu ¨kkaya_EC shares more alleles with the European/Anatolian Farmers (e. g. , Boncucklu, LBK, Barcın_N) than LC-LBA groups do (Table  S5 ). Likewise, most LC-LBA groups cannot be modeled in qpAdm as a sister group with Bu ¨yu ¨k-kaya_EC when Barcın_N is included in the outgroups (p < 0.
Data and Code Availability The accession number for the aligned suquence data The site of Alkhantepe is situated on a plain without visible water ways, 4 km north of the Uchtepe village, in the Jalilabad district of Azerbaijan. It is a narrow belt of the eastern part of the Mughan steppe limited by the spurs of Brovary Range from the west and the Caspian Sea from the east. Presently, the topography of the site is flat with its north-eastern part slightly refracting and lowering. The surface of the settlement has been surveyed for many years and samples of ceramic vessels and stone objects have been found. Test trenches and expanded excavations show that the area occupied by the ancient settlement was about 4 ha in size and the thickness of cultural layers is up to 3 m. Materials recovered from the surface surveys as well as the excavation of cultural layers are identical and give the opportunity to relate this settlement to the Leilatepe tradition.
A total of eleven individuals from _ Ikiztepe produced genome-wide data and are included in genetic analyses. d -IKI002 (IT SK528) is a 50 to 60-year-old female in a primary simple pit burial. The individual was buried in supine position with the legs extended and the arms parallel to the body. The skeleton was well preserved except from some missing long bones (right and left ulna and tibia, right radius). Grave goods include a stone necklace and a spearhead. The remains displayed evidence of a possible dermoid cist on the skull, a healed fracture on a rib, moderate osteoporosis, moderate osteoarthritis on the vertebra and caries on upper third molar. Small amount of dental calculus and mild were also observed. Dating of human tooth: 3338-3095 cal BCE (4488 ± 22 BP, MAMS-40673) d -IKI009 (IT SK552) is a 18 to 28-year-old female in a primary simple pit burial.
, 2017) , a period when long distance connections develop  (Lyonnet, 2016). Extensive genetic characterization of the Late Neolithic population of Mentesh Tepe is being conducted by CNRS UMR 7206/ MNHN USM 104. Here, we analyzed one individual from the Late Neolithic collective burial of Mentesh Tepe which produced genome-wide data and was included in the genetic analyses. d -MTT001 (Grave 342 20 7,12; Individual 1) is an immature individual aged between 10 and 14 years buried in the Late Neolithic collective grave. The skeleton, the last to be buried of a group of 30 individuals, was found lying face down with the legs twisted. In this collective grave, the imbrication of some of the skeletons tend to point at simultaneous inhumations, while a layer of sediment covers others indicating a possible lapse of time between them.
A total of 26 individuals from Alalakh produced genome-wide data and are included in genetic analyses. d -ALA001 (Square 45. 71, Locus 03-3017, Pail 257, Skeleton 04-9), Burial 4 in the Plastered Tomb  (Yener, 2013b)  in the Area 3 extramural cemetery, is the adult man (auricular age estimation of 40-45 years old)  (Haas et al. , 1994)  in the bottom layer of this tomb. The remains exhibit the presence of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH), a joint disease characterized by the formation of new bone in the shape of flowing melted wax found on the right side of thoracic vertebrae 4-10. DISH etiology is unclear, but it is believed to be related to obesity and diabetes  (Waldron, 2001). Several of the joints and vertebrae exhibit signs of degenerative joint disease in the form of marginal osteophytes and enthesophytes  (Waldron, 2001).
The main occupation in this phase was concentrated on the southern parts of the mound. The age descriptions and sex designations for the burials described below come from an unpublished study by Lorentz and supersede those published in  (O ¨zbal et al. , 2004). A total of six individuals from Tell Kurdu produced genome-wide data and are included in the genetic analyses. d -KRD001 (TK_12:81) is an adolescent aged 10-12 years. The burial was securely dated to the Amuq C Phase related to the main architectural phase. No burial gifts were found associated with the skeleton which was discovered in a tightly flexed position. The inhumation was found cut into the lowest excavated floor of Room R06 and sealed by an overlying floor. Dating of human bone: 5710-5662 cal BCE (6783 ± 23 BP, MAMS-40663).
Subsequently, we deeper-sequenced the captured libraries to maximize the use of each library's complexity. We merged bam files across libraries from the same individual and rerun dedup. We generated masked versions of the bam files in which we masked the ends of the reads until the nucleotide with misincorporation frequency % 1% using trimBam (https://genome. sph. umich. edu/wiki/BamUtil:_trimBam). To minimize the reference bias in low-coverage data, after generating the pileup (with -q30 and -Q30 filters), we extracted haploid genotypes with the tool pi-leupCaller (https://github. com/stschiff/sequenceTools/tree/master/src/SequenceTools), which randomly chooses a single read at every SNP position and generates pseudo-diploid genotypes. We performed the random calling both on the original and the masked bam files of each library.
Quality control and test of kinship We only included individuals with R 40,000 SNPs of the potential 1240K SNPs covered for downstream population genetics analysis. We estimated contamination on these individuals based on the mitochondrial heterozygosity  (Renaud et al. , 2015)  and on the heterozygosity at the polymorphic sites on the X chromosome on the males with ANGSD  (Korneliussen et al. , 2014). Samples from same individual or samples from genetically related individuals are relatively common cases when working with bone material from archaeological sites. To test for biological kinship, we estimated the pairwise mismatch rate (pmr)  (Kennett et al. , 2017)  among all possible pairs of individuals from within an archaeological site by counting the number of SNPs for which the two individuals had a mismatch on genotype (0-2 or 2-0) and dividing with the total number of overlapping SNPs (SNPs without missing data in either individual).