dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
When a customer asks our company for some skills, it is important to be able to find consultants that can answer its wishes in the best time. Internal data are very useful to retrieve consultants in the field of required qualifications: well-structured consultant skills and knowledge records, database of CVs that are also relatively well structured documents. But several external data sources are also very useful in skills search, like viadeo, linkedin, etc. Matching request with the global graph will give us the possibility to have a look on nodes close to the request in order to retrieve additional information that can help to describe a context like new markets, skills, tenders, etc.
Data Sources It contains all data provided by Altran's tools. Data are extracted either from the enterprise databases or from flat files which can be structured or not structured. These data were sorted and collected exhaustively to obtain relevant information that can be used to manage the Big Data System. The idea is to study and find a solution that allows to: -Identify opportunities (projects, markets, skills, etc. ) -Improve transparency of existing data flow in the internal tools Altran -Centralize existing information.
Big Data Engine The challenge of big data is to manage a large volume of data with optimal processing time. We propose a big data engine based on Hadoop. Its HDFS file system allows the processing of very large amounts of data over several discs multiple machines as if it was a single storage volume. In addition, the use of tools such as Storm can perform calculations and processing on graphs. Implementing these two packages in Hadoop will reduce the time to treatment and process large volumes of data. Other tools can also improve performance of process. For example, Kafka tool is used to enable the processing of queued messages.
Surface topography White light interferometry (WLI, Wyko 9300NT, Veeco, Oyster Bay, USA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM, Dimension 3100, Veeco, Oyster Bay, USA) in tapping mode were used to characterize micro-and nano-topography, respectively. WLI measurements were performed before selective etching on ten polished specimens and ten micro-rough specimens for each type of injection mold surface ("low", "medium", "high"; area of observation: 150 µm x 150 µm obtained by stitching of four images acquired at magnification 50x, resolution: 758 x 758 pixels). AFM measurements were performed on five polished samples before and after selective etching (area of observation: 50 µm x 50 µm for roughness analysis and 10 µm x 10 µm for imaging, resolution: 512 x 512 pixels). The roughness analysis of the data from WLI and AFM was carried out using Veeco's Vision® software.
Surface chemistry To determine the influence of selective etching on the elemental composition and the chemical state of the surface, one disk was cut into three pieces, which were subjected to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after respectively: cleaning, etching in HF (4 days) and immersion in HCl. The etching time was chosen to be consistent with bacterial experiments and strength and ageing tests. The analysis was conducted using a SPECS system (Berlin, Germany) equipped with an Al anode XR50 source operating at 150 W and a Phoibos 150 MCD-9 detector XP. Spectra were recorded with pass energy of 25 eV, 0. 1 eV steps and a pressure below 7. 5 x 10 -9 mbar. Binding energies were referred to the adventitious C1s signal and background was subtracted. The identification of the local bonding environment of each element was performed by comparing the experimental peak positions with the data from the NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.
3D microstructure To characterize the interconnected porosity induced by selective etching, a stack of 50 transversal section images (width: 15 µm, height: 10 µm, spacing: 20 nm) was obtained by automatizing the FIB milling procedure described in 2. 3. 4. Alignment, segmentation and 3D reconstruction of the stack were performed using the Avizo® software (FEI Software, Hillsboro, Oregon) with a voxel size of 16 nm x 16 nm x 20 nm. The porous structure was skeletonized using Avizo® XSkeleton Pack to determine the distribution of the local radius, which is a measurement of the distance to the nearest boundary at every point of the skeleton. The results were used to estimate the pore size.
To assess bacterial adhesion and viability on the different surfaces, staining solutions were prepared in individual wells by adding 3 µL of SYTO® 9 and 3 µL of ethidium bromide (both from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) to 2 mL of a NaCl aqueous solution at 0. 85 wt%. The samples were rinsed with the NaCl solution three times and then immersed in the staining solutions for 15 min at 37 °C. Fluorescence imaging of the stained samples was carried out on a confocal microscope (Leica SP5, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) with a 20x dry objective. Measurements of surface area covered by living E. coli cells were carried out using the ImageJ software (three images per specimen).
Numerical analysis Based on previous works on porous ceramics  [57, 58] , an inverse finite element (FE) analysis was used to identify the properties of the porous layer. Lowest, average and highest experimental load-displacement curves were used for the identification, and the plateau separating loading and unloading sections was removed. The FE simulation was carried out using the ABAQUS/Standard software (Dassault Systèmes, Simulia, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France). The model consisted of a 2D axisymmetric mesh (available in supplementary information) which contained approximately 6000 elements (CAX8 and CAX8-R) and was refined towards the contact zone with an element size of about 0. 5 µm. Loading was achieved by imposing a quasi-static vertical displacement ("hard contact", sliding formulation: finite sliding, discretization method: surface to surface).
The indenter and the bulk of the sample were modeled as elastic materials, whereas the porous layer was modeled using a modified Drucker-Prager/cap-plasticity criterion which accounts for hydrostatic pressure sensitivity of material failure through two surfaces: the Drucker-Prager surface for shear failure and the cap surface for high hydrostatic pressure failure  [59]  (see Appendix A for the definition of the model and of the related parameters). The increase in elastic modulus associated to densification of the porous material was taken into account using ABAQUS user subroutine USDFLD (time increment was kept small enough to maintain the accuracy of the solution). The inverse identification was carried out using the MIC2M software (http://mic2m. univfcomte. fr/). The Poisson ratio ν of the porous layer was set to 0.
656 ( 𝑡 𝑅 1 ) -0. 196 + 0. 274( 𝑡 𝑅 1 ) -0. 448 × ν ( 2 ) where t is the thickness of the sample and ν is the Poisson ratio. In the present study, R/R1 = 2. 45, nevertheless it is still possible to use equation (  2 ) with an error inferior to 5 %  [62]. Statistical analysis of the strength testing results was performed using SPSS® software (version 20, SPSS Inc. , Chicago, USA). A two-way ANOVA with a 5% significance level was used to evaluate the effects of polishing and selective etching. The data was log-transformed prior to analysis. The normality and the homogeneity of variances were verified with respectively a Shapiro-Wilk test and a Levene test. The variability of the strength was analyzed using the Weibull distribution function: 𝑃 𝐹 (σ) = 1 -exp (-( σ σ 0 ) 𝑚 ) (3) where PF is the cumulative probability of failure, σ is the fracture strength, σ0 is the Weibull characteristic strength, and m is the Weibull modulus.
Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge the  European Commission  funding under the 7th  Framework Programme (Marie Curie Initial Training Networks ; grant number:  289958 ,  Bioceramics  for bone repair), the support of the  Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) of Spain  (project ref. MAT2014-60720-R) and the  Government of Catalonia  for the grant  2014SGR0137. The authors would also like to thank  Dr. Trifon Trifonov  for his help related to FIB sessions,  Dr. Montserrat Dominguez  for her help related to XPS analysis, and  Dr. Yassine Maazouz  and  Dr. David Pastorino  for their valuable advice regarding the drug delivery experiments.
It is able to infer polynomial bounds on live memory considering some side-effects  [5]  in the last version without any user annotation. Recurrence relations have also been employed in the COSTA  [1]  project targetting the Java platform. Relying on a powerful solver, it is able to infer polynomial, logarithmic and exponential bounds on live memory thanks to a scope-based memory management mechanism. Abstract interpretation  [3]  has been applied to Safe  [10]. A pure first-order language equipped with an implicit region mechanism to manage memory. This technique does not restrain to particular complexity class. Unfortunately, it does not consider side-effects or higher-order functions. Invariants over iteration spaces have been used in the JConsume  [2]  project targetting the Java language.
AO * For AO * , we restrict ourselves to the acyclic case, where the overhead for repeated value iteration fixed points, inherent in LAO *  (Hansen & Zilberstein, 2001) , disappears. (The ILAO * variant, where that issue has been addressed through a depth-first orientation, is covered as part of our depth-first oriented heuristic search family introduced in Section 3. 4 below. ) Figure  1  shows pseudo-code for our GoalProb-AO * variant. The algorithm incrementally constructs a subgraph Θ of the state space. The handling of duplicates is simple, identifying search nodes with states, as the state space is acyclic. For the same reason, simple backward updating suffices to maintain the value function. Adopting ideas from prior work (e. g. McMahan et al. , 2005; Little, Aberdeen, & Thiébaux, 2005; Smith & Simmons, 2006; Kuter & Hu, 2007) , we maintain two value functions, namely both an upper bound V U and a lower bound V L on goal probability.
In the other domains, there either is no reduction, or a minor/moderate one only. ExplodingBlocks also happens to be the single domain  Kolobov et al. (2011)  experimented with. Figure  9  provides a detailed comparison to Kolobov et al. 's data, which is the only state of the art measure provided by previous work. We use here the exact runtime/search space size data reported by  Kolobov et al. ;  recall that their source code is not available anymore. Kolobov et al. (2011)  ran VI with no pruning vs. FRET-V U using LRTDP with pruning based on SixthSense  (Kolobov et al. , 2010). They observed a coverage of 4 for the former and of 6 for the latter, identical with our results for VI "-" vs. FRET-V U using LRTDP with h max. To give more detail, Figure  9  shows the number of states visited, and the total runtime, in terms of plots over IPPC instance index as done by  Kolobov et al (2011).
These could be obtained, e. g. from abstractions interpreted as bounded-parameter MDPs  (Givan, Leach, & Dean, 2000). A promis-ing approach is to extend state-of-the-art classical-planning abstraction techniques -pattern databases  (Edelkamp, 2001; Haslum, Botea, Helmert, Bonet, & Koenig, 2007) , merge-andshrink  (Helmert et al. , 2014) , Cartesian abstractions  (Seipp & Helmert, 2013 , 2014)  -to the probabilistic setting. • Hybrids of heuristic search with Monte-Carlo tree search. This appears a promising option to improve anytime behavior, with respect to the upper and/or lower bound, and thus foster early termination. Inspiration could be taken here from existing such hybrids, geared toward other purposes  (Keller & Eyerich, 2012; Bonet & Geffner, 2012; Keller & Helmert, 2013). • Exploiting dominance relations.
Acknowledgments This work was partially supported by the  German Research Foundation (DFG) , under grant  HO 2169/5-1 , " Critically Constrained Planning via Partial Delete Relaxation ", as well as by the  Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)  through funding for the Center for  IT-Security, Privacy  and  Accountability (CISPA)  under grant  16KIS0656. We thank  Christian Muise  for his Probabilistic-PDDL extension of the FD parser. We thank  Andrey Kolobov  for discussions. We thank the anonymous reviewers, whose comments helped to improve the paper.
In this study, we describe the development of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) assimilation module in the chemistry transport model (CTM) MOCAGE (Modèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle). Our goal is to assimilate the spatially averaged 2-D column AOD data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, and to estimate improvements in a 3-D CTM assimilation run compared to a direct model run. Our assimilation system uses 3-D-FGAT (first guess at appropriate time) as an assimilation method and the total 3-D aerosol concentration as a control variable. In order to have an extensive validation dataset, we carried out our experiment in the northern summer of 2012 when the pre-ChArMEx (CHemistry and AeRosol MEditerranean EXperiment) field campaign TRAQA (TRAnsport à longue distance et Qualité de l'Air dans le bassin méditerranéen) took place in the western Mediterranean basin.
One focus will be on the potential to improve air quality forecasting. Another will be how the continuous multicycle AOD assimilation can influence the modelled aerosol vertical distribution. To obtain an extensive validation dataset, we choose the 2012 summer field campaign of TRAQA (TRAnsport à longue distance et Qualité de l'Air dans le bassin méditerranéen) and centre our modelling on the western Mediterranean basin. The TRAQA campaign was a pre-ChArMEx (CHemistry and AeRosol MEditerranean EXperiment) experiment with the objective to characterize the air quality in the western Mediterranean basin  (Attié et al. , 2016). The validation data not only include the TRAQA measurements (in situ aircraft and balloon measurements of size-resolved and speciated aerosols), but also different remote-sensed AOD observations from the ground  (Aerosol Robotic Network, AERONET; Holben et al.
The assimilated model fields show greatly improved aerosol representation compared to the independently observed datasets, including the 3-D distributions. The comparison with SEVIRI and AERONET AOD observations, as independent datasets, confirms the significant positive effect of the AOD assimilation to the model. For example, the comparison with AERONET data shows that the assimilation decreased the bias in AOD (from 0. 050 to 0. 006) and increased the correlation (from 0. 74 to 0. 88). The TRAQA campaign provided independent 3-D data on aerosol concentration. The assimilation sometimes improved the modelled fields and sometimes had little effect. The best results as expected occurred when the shape of the vertical profile was correctly simulated by the direct (unassimilated) model. The shape of the aerosol vertical profiles does not change during one assimilation cycle because AOD observations do not contain any vertical information, but the profile shape can change and be improved by the AOD assimilation because different parts of the column can be carried by winds from different directions.
Data availability The MOCAGE, PCASP and LOAC TRAQA data are available on the ChArMEx database at http://mistrals. sedoo. fr/ChArMEx/ with subsequent DOI: the MOCAGE direct run data (doi:10. 14768/MISTRALS-CHARMEX. 1034) (El Amraoui and  Sič, 2013) , the MOCAGE assimilation run data (doi:10. 14768/MISTRALS-CHARMEX. 1449) (El Amraoui and  Sič, 2016) , the PCASP TRAQA data (doi:10. 6096/MISTRALS-ChArMEx. 998)  (Piguet and Perrin, 2013)  and the LOAC TRAQA data (doi:10. 6096/MISTRALS-ChArMEx. 833)  (Renard, 2012). The user must register before having access to the data. The MODIS/Aqua and MODIS/Terra Atmosphere L2 Aerosol Products (MYD04-C51 and MOD04-C51) were acquired from the Level-1 & Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC, http://ladsweb.
Acknowledgements. This work has been funded by  Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM-GAME) of Météo-France  and  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). The authors would like to thank  Jean-Luc Attié , the TRAQA principal investigator, and all TRAQA/ChArMEx collaborators for producing and providing the data used in this study. TRAQA was funded by  ADEME/PRIMEQUAL  and  MISTRALS/ChArMEx programmes and Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées. We acknowledge the AERONET principal investigators and their staff for establishing and maintaining the sites used in this investigation. We also acknowledge the Global Fire Emission Database project and Lamarque et al. (2010) for the biomass burning and carbonaceous aerosol emissions, the MODIS mission team and scientists for the production of the MODIS data, as well as Thieuleux et al.
Related Works Proof assistants are interesting tools to certify correctness because of their flexibility. Particularly, the proof assistant Coq, thanks to its higher order logic, enables to prove impossibility results. For instance, Auger et al. [2]  certify impossibility results on the mobile robot protocol with Coq. This work is followed by the framework designed by Courtieu et al. [5]  to express mobile robots models, protocols, and proofs. They also certify positive results on protocol for oblivious mobile robots. Distributed algorithms. The model we study in this paper is the message passing setting. A first step to formally prove correctness of distributed algorithm in this model is to express them in a formal language. Küfner et al. [13]  develop a methodology based on transition rules to mechanically check proofs of correctness of fault-tolerant distributed algorithms in the asynchronous message passing model.
Their framework enable simulation by automatically translating the algorithm from Event-B to a code that can be executed into the visualisation tool Visidia  [19]. Randomised distributed algorithms. Besides the distributive aspect, we are interested in randomised algorithms. Several approaches take into account the dual paradigm of randomised distributed systems: probabilistic aspect and non-determinism due to the response time that changes from one processor to another. They require models with non-deterministic choice between several probability distributions. These choices can be made by a scheduler or an opponent. Equivalent models are following this idea: probabilistic automata  [18] , decision making processes of Markov  [7]. To specify properties of randomised distributed algorithms, one can use the RDA: A Coq Library to Reason about Randomised Distributed Algorithms in the Message Passing Model 161 temporal logic with probabilistic operators and a threshold.
Formal Distributed Systems As stated in the introduction, synchronous anonymous message passing model can be represented by a connected graph G = (V, E) with a port numbering function φ. To encode the graph in Coq, we use an adjacency function Adj that, given two vertices, returns a boolean saying either they are connected or not. In the latter, we mainly reason on graphs denoted G = (V, Adj). The edge that links two adjacent vertices v and w is denoted by {v, w}. We model the port numbering function φ : V → (seq V) as the ordered sequence of the neighbours of a vertex. For all v, φ(v) = [v 1 , v 2 ] means that v has two neighbours: the first one is v 1 and the second one is v 2. Two axioms (stated as hypotheses each port numbering function has to ensure) are required: the function φ only links adjacent vertices and does not contain duplicated vertices: Hypothesis Hφ1 : ∀ v w, Adj v w = v ∈ (φ w).
Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to  P. Castéran  who follows this work all along. We thank him for his first proof in Coq of the impossibility result stated in Section 5. 1. 1 and for the development of the semantics that is the base of their development. They also thank  C. Paulin-Mohring  and  A. Mahboubi  for their help using Alea and ssreflect respectively.
Thus, during the forming cycle, two metallurgical phenomena occur: stress relaxation and age-hardening. It is therefore possible to underline the main advantages of this type of process: low springback (due to stress relaxation) and forming procedure simplification (due to the change of microstructure generated during the forming cycle). In this study, the Al-Cu-Li alloy has been characterized under thermomechanical conditions representative of the forming cycle and modeled using classical laws (in first approach). A numerical model has then been developed using the ABAQUS software and used to simulate the experimental forming of a double curvature panel performed on an industrial press. After the validation of this model by comparing experimental and numerical results, an improved forming cycle is suggested.
For the forming phase of each sequence, an elastoplastic model with anisotropy criterion is used. The elastic behavior is described by a Young modulus previously identified as a function of temperature: a decrease of 7% of its value is found when the temperature increases from 25°C to 150°C. The plastic behavior is described using a tabulated law from the stress-strain curve obtained experimentally. The anisotropy criterion of Hill48  [4]  has also been identified using the experimental data previously obtained. For the relaxation phase of each sequence, a classical power law implemented in ABAQUS thru the Creep user subroutine has been used: 𝜀̇= 𝐴𝜎 𝑛 (1) The module A and the exponent n were identified from the experimental tests. The material model has been validated by simulating tensile experiments followed by a relaxation step at different level of strains.
Conclusion and perspectives A double curvature panel has been realized by Creep-Age-Forming at 150°C on a 40mm thick sheet in Al-Cul-Li. A numerical model with ABAQUS software has been developed to predict the forming of this part following the forming cycle applied (i. e. several forming/relaxation sequences). A material model describing an elastoviscoplastic behavior with anisotropy effect has been identified and implemented using Fortran subroutine. This model has been validated since numerical results are in good agreement with experimental results in terms of force punch and contact zones (punch/piece and die/piece). A new forming strategy has been finally proposed in order to obtain the best shape part. Future works will consist in: (i) modeling kinematic hardening for a good prediction of the springback and (ii) developing a unified law to take into account the forming and relaxation phases in the process cycle control.
Our SPECFEM open source spectral-element software package is freely available via the Computational Infrastructure for Geodynamics (CIG; geodynamics. org), including the new developments presented in this article. Taking into account only the effects of physical dispersion in anelastic simulations, i. e. , its effect on phase but not on amplitudes (no dissipation), amounts to performing an elastic simulation in a wavespeed model shifted to the dominant frequency of the source (red cross) relative to the frequency of the reference model (green cross), based on equation (8). The logarithmic phase speed in a strictly constant-Q absorption-band model is represented by the dotted line. In practice, in time-domain simulations a constant-Q model is approximated by a small number of standard linear solids (usually Zener solids) in parallel e.
Acknowledgments We thank  Mark Asch ,  Didier Auroux ,  Cédric Bellis ,  Élie Bretin ,  Andreas Fichtner ,  Josselin Garnier ,  Thomas Guillet ,  Ioannis G. Kevrekidis ,  Bruno Lombard ,  Vadim Monteiller , and  William W. Symes  for fruitful discussion, and the  Computational Infrastructure for Geodynamics (CIG)  and  Marie Cournille  for support. We thank  Heiner Igel  and an anonymous reviewer for useful comments that improved the manuscript. Part of this work was funded by the  Simone and Cino del Duca/Institut de France/French Academy of Sciences Foundation.