dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Search methods Four databases were used to search for studies for this review: PubMed, The Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. A computerized search targeted articles published between January 2006 and December 2020. The terms used for the search were "bruxism" and "children," entered into the search bars with the Boolean operator "AND. " We selected these keywords that reference very general concepts in order not to bias the results concerning the different possible treatments. All search steps were carried out by a single author, and then carefully checked by all the other authors to minimize bias during the review process. In the case of disagreement, a decision was reached by consensus of the majority of the authors.
Quality assessment Due to the diversity of study protocols and of SB treatments suggested by the authors, it was not possible to compare quantitatively the effectiveness of the different methods. A qualitative analysis of the protocols is proposed in this literature review, using the PICOS tool (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study type)  [11]. The qualitative analysis of results was performed based on: (1) the diagnostic accuracy of bruxism assessment tools, of which measures of sensitivity and specificity were considered; (2) the effectiveness of interventions through relative or absolute frequencies, standardized or weighted mean differences, RR and qualitative data (follow-up period, qualitative evaluation of results, positive effects of the treatment, effectiveness, reproducibility, side effects), and compliance with ethical standards.
Sleep bruxism treatment data The articles included in the final step of the review covered a wide geographical area, including South America (Brazil, n = 4 studies, Colombia, n = 1), North America (Canada, n = 1), and Asia (Iran, n = 2). In total, they accounted for more than 300 individuals aged 2 -17 years. The strategies adopted to treat bruxism were different, and thus a direct comparison of treatment types and a meta-analysis of the study data could not be made. Using the PICOS tool, it appeared that five studies described randomized clinical trials  [12, 14, [16] [17] [18] , and three were cohort studies  [13, 15, 19]. Three studies reviewed the use of occlusal splints to treat SB  [12, 13, 15] : In their clinical trial, Restrepo et al. reported no significant statistical difference between the experimental group and the control group  [12].
Conclusion The present systematic review summarized the available evidence on the management of SB in children and adolescents and the efficacy of the different approaches. Eight studies were included in the final data analysis. These studies described four types of treatment (relaxation splint, palatal expansion, pharmacological, and homeopathic approaches) evaluated with different methodologies. Clinically speaking, and with the current level of knowledge, splints are difficult to use during growth; however, several other approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or the proprioceptive approach, would benefit from further investigation  [20, 32]. A case-by-case approach, taking into account the specificities presented by each young patient, seems to be the most appropriate management to propose.
The Test Performance Tool captured data on healthcare worker performance of the test (routine practices, processing of tests, TAT of different steps), and healthcare worker interactions with patients. These processes were observed for 40 patients (ten per study site). We used an adapted standard proficiency testing evaluation checklist developed by FIND (Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics; Geneva Switzerland) to objectively evaluate the proficiency of a sub-group of the healthcare workers. They were judged proficient when the following testing performance targets were met: scores ≥ 80% for Part A (practical performance), ≥ 4 points for Part B (confidence in performing the test), ≥ 80% for Part C (theoretical knowledge), and ≥ 90% for Part D (interpretation of results). We used a standardized questionnaire (Ease-of-use Questionnaire) to assess the ease-of-use of the Version 1 cartridge.
Group discussions were conducted using Zoom (Zoom Video Communications, Inc, San Jose, California), with video features enabled, lasting between 90 and 120 min. Three researchers, all epidemiologists, conducted the group discussions: a lead moderator with a social science background; a medical doctor with expertise in TB; and a nurse with public health background. The interviews and group discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Further in-depth descriptions of the procedures and data tools are presented in Table  S2.
Data collection and data analysis Quantitative data was collected using paper-based tools and analysed using Microsoft Excel® (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). Continuous variables were summarised as median and inter-quartile ranges (IQR) and categorical variables as numbers and percentages. The Fuji-LAM test TAT was defined as the time from a patient submitting urine to the time the result was available. Qualitative data was transcribed and analysed with pre-determined and open codes using content analysis  [21, 22] , using Atlas TI software 9 (ATLAS. ti Scientific Software Development GmbH, Berlin Germany), and focused on the manifest content of the data. Several quotations were selected for illustrative purposes and each participant was assigned a unique identification number and their role; example Nurse #1.
Acknowledgements The authors thank all the participants who took part in this assessment. Many thanks also to the  Ministry of Health  from each site, as well as MSF and Epicentre teams on the ground for the support rendered. Special thanks to  Tony Reid  who supported us with language editing for the final draft of the manuscript. This work was funded by the  Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA  ( ANRS | Maladies infectiouses emergentes 20314 ) and by  Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF).
Study design On 13 March 2020, the prospective observational Risk Stratification in COVID-19 patients in the ICU (RISC-19-ICU) registry was launched to capture COVID-19 features and track characteristics and outcomes of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections admitted to ICUs  [2, [11] [12] [13] [14]. The registry (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT04357275) has been endorsed by the Swiss Society of Intensive Care Medicine (https:// www. sgi-ssmi. ch) and was exempt from the need for additional ethics approval and patient informed consent by the ethics committee of the University of Zurich (KEK 2020-00322). The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki; the Guidelines on Good Clinical Practice (GCP-Directive) were issued by the European Medicines Agency, the Swiss law and Swiss regulatory authority requirements as well as the regulatory authority requirements in each participating country, and have been designed in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for observational studies.
Patient data collection A standardized data set was prospectively collected during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic for all critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to the collaborating centres. Data collection was performed through an anonymized electronic case report form managed by the REDCap electronic data capture tool hosted on a secure server by the Swiss Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Data were collected on the day of ICU admission, and on days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7, including patient characteristics, vital parameters, arterial blood gas analyses and laboratory values, such as inflammatory, coagulation, renal, liver and cardiac markers, treatment modalities and organ support therapies including the use of mechanical ventilation.
Overall From 1 March 2020 until 30 September 2021, date of database closing for this analysis, 4041 critically ill COVID-19 patients were included in 90 centres over 22 countries into the RISC-19-ICU registry. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the respective countries is depicted in Additional file 1: e-Figure  3. Similarly, the number of total hospitalized patients as well as patients requiring ICU care in selected countries participating in the registry is displayed in Additional file 1: Figure  4. Overall, patients were mainly male (70%), aged 61 ± 14 years and presented with a body mass index (BMI) of 29 ± 6 kg/m 2 (Table  1 ). They were admitted to the hospital a mean of 9 ± 12 days after symptom onset and had to be referred to the ICU 3 ± 13 days later. At ICU admission, 17% required vasopressor support and 42% were directly intubated and mechanically ventilated.
Funding The RISC-19-ICU registry is supported by the Swiss Society of Intensive Care Medicine and funded by internal resources of the Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, of the University Hospital Zurich and by unrestricted grants from CytoSorbents Europe GmbH (Berlin, Germany) and Union Bancaire Privée (Zurich, Switzerland). The study sponsors were not involved in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Boundary conditions and general equations At the channel inlet, the flow is considered fully developed, with constant flow rate Q = 420 ml/min (Re = 1037), which ensures a maximum chip junction temperature of 85 • C. The inlet coolant temperature is settled to 20 • C and a constant heat flux q''= 30 W/cm 2 is applied at the bottom surface. Flow direction is settled as direct-flow when the fluid enters the channel from left to right (Fig. 3 ) and counterflow when the fluid direction is inversed. In this case, numerical simulations are performed in counter-flow. COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to perform the CFD simulations The fluid flow is assumed to be laminar, steady, incompressible, and Newtonian, with gravitational effects neglected. Also, the flow is considered hydraulically fully developed and thermally developing, with adiabatic wall at the microchannel cover and no slip boundary condition at walls.
A diaphragm pulsation damper (KNF FPD06/1. 06-Z), placed after the pump, is responsible for flow stabilization before it enters the heat exchanger. Then, the test module is hydraulically connected to the heat exchanger and finally the water returns to the filter. The test module is heated with a ceramic heater (Watlow Ultramic 600) that can give up to 155 W/cm 2 and is electrically connected to a programmable power source (PSI9200-04 T) that can be controlled by LabVIEW software. Type-T thermocouples (Omega -TJC100, ±0. 1 • C) are used to measure the water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the fluid channel and the temperature distribution in the copper layer along the flow path at the centreline of the channel base. Also, low range industrial pressure sensors (RS PRO -IPSL Series, (±83.
Acknowledgement The research leading to these results has been performed within the project  Indústria del Coneixement 2018 ,  PROD-00071  " Experimental demonstration and commercial viability of an energy efficient universal cooling scheme ". It has been co-financed by the  European Union  through the  European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)  and has the support of the  Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca from Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement of the Generalitat de Catalunya.
Numerical method The base flow and linear stability analysis are solved numerically with the finite element method. We use the software COMSOL Multiphysics. A triangular mesh of the two-dimensional domain, shown in figure  3 , is generated with the Delaunay-Voronoi algorithm. The grid size is controlled by the vertex densities on the boundaries ∂Σ f and ∂Σ int. The variational formulation of the base flow equations (2. 2)-(2. 6) and the linear stability equation (2. 13) are discretised spatially using quadratic (P2) Lagrange elements for u 0 , u and η, and linear (P1) Lagrange elements for p, yielding approximately 200 000 and 700 000 degrees of freedom for the base flow and the linear stability analysis, respectively. The base flow, the solution of a linear Poisson equation, is computed first with a linear solver.
Study Design and Participant Recruitment This analysis is part of an 18-country research project comparing the effectiveness of different FoPL by means of a randomized experiment conducted online  [14, 15]. The international web panel provider called PureProfile (https://business. pureprofile. com/, accessed on 9 November 2021) was used for the recruitment of approximately 1000 volunteers per country, observing the following quota-based sampling guidelines: 50% females, equal distribution across three age categories (18-30, 31-50 and >51 years) and across three household income levels (low, medium (i. e. , within a 33% bracket around the countryspecific median) and high), using as reference the World Income Inequality Database  [16]. The inclusion criteria and online intervention were identical across all 18 countries.
The main selection criterion for the countries was the presence of a FoPL discourse at the national level. The first wave of recruitment took place in 2018 and included 12 countries (Argentina, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Mex-ico, Singapore, Spain, the UK and the US), and the second wave took place in 2019 and included 6 additional countries (Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and Switzerland)  [14, 15]. All individuals gave their informed consent for participation before enrollment in the study. Specifically, prior to any data collection, each eligible individual was required to read and agree with a written statement about his/her volunteer participation in the study. Proceeding with the sociodemographic questionnaire implied informed consent. This study utilized data from the Polish sample (N = 1159), following the CONSORT guidelines.
Next, we assigned nutritional quality rating following an examination of food composition databases and real-world products within the nominated product categories. At that step, we identified products of relatively low, intermediate and relatively high nutritional quality on which to base the nutritional profiles of each mock product  [21]. For example, in the breakfast cereals category, fat content ranged from 1 g to 16 g, whereas sugar content ranged from 8 g to 30 g per serving; in the pizza category, salt content ranged from 335 mg to 689 mg per serving; in the cakes category, energy (Kcal) ranged from 217 to 463 per serving  [21]. Prior to the start of the experiment, the volunteers completed a short pre-trial questionnaire  [15]. Then they were asked to view sets of three nutritionally distinct products (all belonging to the fictional brand Stofer) within each food category before being asked to perform two ranking tasks.
In order to augment the ecological validity of the study, we identified and excluded data from individuals who reported never purchasing ≥ 2 of the three food categories  [14]. Likewise, if an individual stated that he or she never bought food items belonging to any of the three food categories, then his/her responses to the corresponding ranking task were left out. The trial featured two tasks. For the first one, participants viewed sequentially displayed pictures of three sets of three FoPL-free products (i. e. , three kinds of breakfast cereal, three kinds of cake, three kinds of pizza). The task was to use one's objective and/or subjective knowledge and to rank each item according to its nutritional value, as follows: "1 = Highest nutritional quality," "2 = Medium nutritional quality," "3 = Lowest nutritional quality.
In these models, we used RI as reference. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Following analysis of the full sample, we tested for interaction by sex, age, education and income group, respectively. In order to account for any bias introduced by multiple comparisons in the subgroup analyses, we corrected the significance level via the false discovery rate method. Finally, in order to evaluate the robustness of the main results, we carried out a sensitivity analysis using only data from volunteers who remembered seeing a FoPL during the experiment. All statistical tests were performed using SAS 9. 4 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA), applying a 0. 05 significance level in the full sample analysis and 0. 01 in the age-stratified analyses.
In these models, we used RI as reference. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Following analysis of the full sample, we tested for interaction by sex, age, education and income group, respectively. In order to account for any bias introduced by multiple comparisons in the subgroup analyses, we corrected the significance level via the false discovery rate method. Finally, in order to evaluate the robustness of the main results, we carried out a sensitivity analysis using only data from volunteers who remembered seeing a FoPL during the experiment. All statistical tests were performed using SAS 9. 4 (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA), applying a 0. 05 significance level in the full sample analysis and 0. 01 in the agestratified analyses.
| Overall structure of ZgHAD The crystal structure of ZgHAD was solved by the molecular replacement method at 1. 6 Å, using the closest structural representative, DehRhb (PDB accession: 2YML) from a marine Rhodobacteraceae. The two proteins share 31% identity and 50% similarity of amino acid sequences. ZgHAD crystallized with the space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 and the mutant ZgHAD_H179N with space group P2 1 ; unit cell parameters are reported in Table  1. ZgHAD crystallized as a homodimer and, likewise all reported HAD enzymes, the monomeric subunit is composed of two domains, comprising a core domain, formed by the residues 18-30 and 110-238, and a cap domain, formed by the residues 31-109 (Figure  2a ). The core domain has a typical "Rossmann fold" which consists of six parallel β-strands surrounded by five α-helices and  The homodimer of ZgHAD has the dimensions of 74 Â 35 Â 44 Å (Figure  2b ) and this oligomeric state is in agreement with the estimated size of the protein in solution determined by gel filtration (as referred in  Grigorian et al.
| Active site entrances, tunnels, and cavities The presence of cavities and potential tunnels/channels in ZgHAD was analyzed using CAVER Analyst 2. 0 software  (Jurcik et al. , 2018). Two putative entry sites were determined on each monomeric subunit, a large and a smaller one, both leading to the catalytic cavity by a short and tight tunnel. The two orifices are on opposite sides of the monomeric subunit but connected (Figure  S3A ). The largest entrance has an ellipsoid configuration and was estimated to have an average surface of 74. 9 Å 2 and the smallest an average surface of 66. 5 Å 2 (Figure  S3B, C ). The diameters are 2. 64 and 1. 56 Å for the larger and smaller tunnel, respectively. The catalytic cavities present on each monomeric subunit are shown to have a very similar volume of 606.
The charge distribution at the openings is also different in the two enzymes, where DehRhb presents a less charged environment than ZgHAD. In addition, the electrostatic properties of the catalytic cavities of ZgHAD versus DehRhb, calculated the APBS software appear to be opposite, since a global acidic environment is predicted for DehRhb, while it is basic in ZgHAD (data not shown). This basic environment might be more attractive for small halogenated acids in the enzyme from Z. galactanivorans, in agreement with its substrate preference  (Grigorian et al. , 2021). These differences might also explain the higher catalytic efficiency of ZgHAD toward bromoacetic acid than DehRhb. Another interesting structural difference between ZgHAD and DehRhb that could explain substrate specificity is the position of the glutamic acid at the beginning of the tunnel plunging into the larger entrance of ZgHAD (E17) whereas it is located inside the core of the catalytic cavity of DehRhb (E13).
Diffraction data were collected at 100 K at microfocus beamline Proxima 2-A (Soleil, France). The data were processed using XDS  (Kabsch, 2010)  and scaled with Aimless from the CCP4 program package  (Winn et al. , 2011). The structure of ZgHAD was solved by molecular replacement with the CCP4 suite program MolRep  (Vagin & Teplyakov, 2010)  using the marine Rhodobacteraceae L-Haloacid Dehalogenase as the starting model (PDB code: 2YML). Iterative rounds of model building and refinement were carried out using Coot  (Emsley et al. , 2010)  and the Phenix. Refine module of PHENIX  (Adams et al. , 2010). The validation of the crystal structures was performed with MolProbity  (Chen et al. , 2010).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the synchrotron SOLEIL for access to beamtime through the  BAG  (beamtime allocation group) MX-20181002. We are also thankful to the beamline staff at Proxima 2A of the French synchrotron SOLEIL for their help during X-ray data collection and treatment. The authors appreciated the access to the Cris-talO platform ( FR2424 ,  Station Biologique de Roscoff ), which is part of the  Biogenouest core facility  network. This work benefited from the support of the  French Government  via the  National Research Agency investment expenditure program IDEALG  ( ANR-10-BTBR-04 ) and via the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). The PhD project of  Eugénie Grigorian  was also supported by  Region Bretagne  ( ARED 2017 , projet MHALIN).
1) 6. 9 (5. 6) Wilson B-factor (Å 2 ) 21. 70 25. 06 83. 7 Refinement Resolution (Å) 1. 78 1. 88 2. 75 R free /R work 0. 1774/0. 1552 0. 1991/0. 1680 0. 2543/0. 2065 Total number of atoms 7481 7415 44,949 Water 473 413 56 Average B factor (Å 2 ) 24. 7 29. 6 73. 31 Ligands PO4; SCN PO4; SCN PO4 RMS deviations Bonds 0. 010 0. 017 0. 009 Angles 1. 0 1. 4 1. 5 MolProbity analysis Clashscore, all atoms 3. 14 2. 14 4 MolProbity score 1. 21 1. 02 1. 21 Ramachandran outliers 0. 0% 0. 0% 0. 12% (7) Ramachandran allowed 0. 46% 0. 68% 1. 96% Ramachandran favored 99. 54% 99. 32% 97. 91% PDB entry 7ARP 7ASZ 7QNM T A B L E 1Note: Values in parentheses refer to the outer resolution shell.
1997 (Frail et al. , 2000 ; ; Chandra et al. 2008 ; Alexander et al. 2019 ). Table 1. The optical flux densities and upper limits are from the Gamma-ray burst Coordinates Network Circulars  (Belkin et al. 2020 ; Izzo et al. 2020b ; Shrestha et al. 2020 ; Gokuldass et al. 2021 ). The Swift -XRT light curve for GRB 201216C has been rebinned into 5 min bins. The inset shows a clearer view of the radio data set.
Karl G. J ansk y very large array Six VLA observations were obtained through a DDT proposal (PI: Rhodes, project ID: 20B-456). We spread the observations out between 12 and 53 d post burst. The observations were made at 10 GHz with a bandwidth of 4 GHz. For each epoch, we observed the target field for 10 min, book-ended with the phase calibrator (J0121 + 1149) and the primary calibrator (3C 147). We reduced the observations using the VLA pipeline in CASA (Version 5. 3. 0; Kent et al. 2018 ). The pipeline performs flagging, creates a model of the flux calibration, and performs initial calibration including antenna position corrections. Delay, bandpass, and gain corrections are derived and applied to the data after which further flagging is performed. Imaging was also performed in CASA. The uncertainties on the flux densities were calculated by combining the statistical error and 5 per cent calibration uncertainty added in quadrature.