dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
2 Le modèle le plus répandu est celui de l'arbre généalogique. Par exemple, on suppose que le proto-indo-européen donne naissance à différentes branches linguistiques comme l'indo-iranien, le grec, l'italo-celtique, le germanique, etc. Ces branches peuvent elles-mêmes se subdiviser à plusieurs reprises : l'italo-celtique donne naissance aux langues italiques d'un côté et aux langues celtiques de l'autre puis, parmi les langues italiques, le latin va donner naissance à l'ensemble des langues romanes  (Sergent, 1995). Au-delà de la famille indo-européenne, ce modèle a été appliqué à quasiment tous les groupes de langues au monde, et notamment à la famille ouralienne. Le schéma de la figure  1  présente le modèle arborescent pour les langues ouraliennes tel que fourni par la base de données Languages of the World de l'université de Graz (voir ci-après).
Un certain renouveau lié aux méthodes informatiques récentes Cette partie ne serait pas complète si on ne rappelait pas les tentatives récentes visant à importer en linguistique des modèles d'évolution développés initialement pour d'autres domaines comme la biologie. On citera en particulier les recherches menées ces dernières années par le groupe Bedlan ("Biologial Evolution and the Diversification of  Languages", Syrjänen et al. , 2013 et Lehtinen et al. , 2014). Ces chercheurs des universités de Tampere, Turku et Helsinki ont patiemment élaboré une base de données regroupant un ensemble d'informations comparées sur les langues ouraliennes (mots d'origine commune, mais aussi traits morphologiques ou phonologiques partagés, par exemple). Cette base de données peut ensuite servir de point de départ pour des modélisations inspirées de modèles issus de la biologie comme on l'a déjà vu.
Il existe de nombreux exemples de ce type en same. Ainsi, même sans étude quantitative, certains faits intéressants peuvent être mis en avant. Il faut toutefois relativiser les résultats obtenus : nous avons dit ci-dessus la difficulté et la relative subjectivité d'une analyse quantifiée de l'innovation linguistique. Cette analyse reste toutefois nécessaire pour s'assurer de la validité des résultats obtenus : un simple emprunt entre deux langues éloignées n'est pas obligatoirement significatif. Même si une innovation similaire mais indépendante entre deux parlers sames est assez peu probable comme nous l'avons déjà souligné, une analyse quantitative renforcerait les résultats obtenus. Il serait possible de quantifier les données de différentes manières (en tenant compte des seules innovations répertoriées dans des bases de données, de leur productivité en corpus, etc.
17  La position française penche évidemment pour l'établissement d'une équivalence, en sacrifiant la métaphore sur l'autel de l'abstrait. Les résultats de l'interrogation de la base de données terminologiques IATE montrent que les autres langues romanes restent également imperméables à l'image de celui qui siffle dans son sifflet pour lancer un avertissement: angl. whistleblowing, esp. denuncia de irregularidades, fr. dénonciation, it. denuncia degli informatori, informatore, port. denúncia, roum. denunţare. On remarque le fait que toutes les langues étudiées emploient des équivalents de dénonciation, malgré les connotations négatives de ce terme. En italien on met l'accent sur le rôle de l'agent, on substitue l'agent à l'action et l'on traduit même par le nom de l'agent qui effectue l'action (informatore).
Cloud computing La traduction acceptée par l'Académie française est informatique dans le nuage. C'est un syntagme terminologique appartenant au droit commercial 27  , venant du domaine de spécialité de l'informatique et qui a donné lieu à une recommandation de la Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés. En français nous rencontrons aussi les expressions : informatique en nuage, nuagique, l'infonuagique au Québec, le cloud computing (anglicisme), l'informatique dématérialisée. Il s'agit de la traduction de l'anglais en français de la structure gérondive cloud computing, alors qu'en français la structure est nom+prép. +art. déf. masc. +nom. La recherche sur IATE, la base de données multilingue de l'Union Européenne, a donné les résultats suivants : esp. computación en la nube (preferred), computación en nube, informática en la nube, fr.
eu ont donné les résultats suivants: fr. les sites de crowdfunding, «crowdfunding» (financement collectif), crowdfunding, esp. Los sitios de crowdfunding, la financiación colectiva (crowdfunding), it. finanziamento collettivo, microfinanziamento diffuso, port. financiamento coletivo, micromecenato, financiamento participativo, financiamento colaborativo, roum. finanțare participativă. Le français et l'espagnol utilisent l'anglicisme, alors que l'italien, le portugais et le roumain préfèrent le traduire (le roumain opérant même un calque sur le français). Pour ce qui est du choix de l'adjectif qui traduit la nom crowd, dans un changement de catégorie grammaticale, la sélection se fait, d'une langue à une autre, entre « collectif », « participatif », « collaboratif » et même « diffus ». est Le sème + réduit est particulièrement présent dans les solutions microfinanziamento et micromecenato, à travers le préfixe grec micro-, et qui montrent la réflexion menée par le traducteur et qui est dirigée vers la compréhension du concept et de son fonctionnement.
Therefore, the points on the TR SHG curve were recorded every 2 K and each point corresponds to the average value of the SH signal recorded over 3 s (the temperature variation during the recording is 0. 05 K). For each SH signal versus temperature plot, the SH data were normalized using the maximum SH intensity, which was obtained by fitting the SH curve of the raw values. The SH intensity generated by a given sample depends on numerous parameters (molecular nature, quality of the long range order, i. e. the crystallinity, crystal structures, size, and orientation of the crystals). 20, 21 Therefore, in order to get reproducible results, we ensured that the laser irradiates the same area of the sample (40 mm 2 ) all along the experiments. The standard deviation of the SH signal was estimated to be ca.
3%, which is mainly due to energy fluctuations of the laser beams. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Thermal analyses were conducted in a Netzsch 204 F 1 DSC apparatus equipped with liquid nitrogen as the coolant. Both the temperature and the enthalpy changes of the calorimeter were calibrated by using the phase transition of cyclohexane and mercury. Samples with a mass of ca. 8 mg (with a maximum deviation of 0. 05 mg) were sealed in a 25 μL aluminum crucible. Thermograms were obtained at a scanning rate of 1 K/min. The atmosphere during the measurements was regulated by a nitrogen flux (40 mL/min). Data treatment was performed with Netzsch TA Proteus V4. 8. 4 software. Cold-Stage Microscope. Samples were loaded into an amorphous quartz crucible and set in a THMS 600 temperature stage setup (Linkam, the same as that used in TR SHG method).
Liquid nitrogen was used as the coolant, and the nitrogen flux was regulated via an automatic pump. The setup was coupled with a Nikon Eclipse LV100 microscope and connected to a computer for image captures by a CCD camera. Note that the temperature accuracy of the Linkam at low temperatures was checked. The melting points of o xylene (249 K) and tetrahydrofuran (165 K) in HPLC grade were observed by cold stage microscope. Different heating/cooling rates were used (0. 5 K/ min, 1 K/min, 2 K/min, 4 and 5 K/min) and compared with DSC results. The temperature difference between cold stage microscopy and DSC was observed to be lower than 1 K. Curve Fitting. Data were fitted to specific expressions by application of the Levenberg-Marquardt (least squares method) algorithm using the program Origin 10.
X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD). X ray powder diffraction data were collected by means of a horizontally mounted INEL cylindrical position sensitive detector (CPS 120) to pursue a careful structural determination from the HT to LT phases. The detector constituted by 4096 channels was used in Debye-Scherrer geometry. External calibration using the Na 2 Ca 2 Al 2 F 14 (NAC) cubic phase mixed with silver behenate was performed by means of cubic spline fittings providing an angular step of 0. 029°(2θ) between 4°and 120°. Monochromatic Cu Kα1 radiation (λ = 1. 5406 Å) was selected with an asymmetric focusing incident beam curved quartz monochromator. The samples were introduced into 0. 5 mm diameter Lindemann capillaries which were rotated perpendicular to the X ray beam direction in order to decrease as much as possible the effects of preferred orientations.
Remerciements: Même si nos éminents collègues Marcel Guinochet, Louis Faurel et Pierre Quézel ne sont plus là, nous tenons à les remercier à titre posthume pour l'énorme labeur accompli à travers la publication des 16 tomes de l'Afrique du Nord après le décès de René Maire. Nous tenons aussi à remercier à titre posthume notre oncle Georges Malençon, Théodore Monod et Georges Becker. Nous remercions aussi très sincèrement André Maire pour ses précieux témoignages et Madeleine Maire-de Cuverville pour son aide documentaire, et enfin Carlos Jenard (CNRS, UMR Passages) pour son aide documentaire et Teddy Auly pour son appui technique et éditorial.
Remerciements Les recherches dont est issu cet article, dans divers fonds et archives, doit beaucoup à la mobilisation de l'IMFT autour de la célébration de son centenaire, et particulièrement à  Dimitri Aguéra ,  Muriel Sabater ,  Henri Boisson  et  Pierre Crausse, ainsi qu'au soutien de la direction de l'IMFT et de ses tutelles. Qu'ils en soient ici remerciés.
Remerciements Ce travail a bénéficié d'une aide de la région  Bretagne dans le cadre du dispositif « Stratégie d'Attractivité Durable » (projet F 3 ) et d'une aide de l'Etat gérée par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche au titre du programme « Investissements d'avenir » portant la référence   ANR-10-LABX-19-01. Nous remercions également  Mme Sanquer , l'équipe municipale de Plougonvelin, la CCPI et la DDTM pour leur accueil enthousiaste et leurs autorisations essentielles au bon déroulement du projet de recherche.
Roberts (2003) , l'analyse approfondie de situations concrètes d'action en croisant plusieurs sources d'information, permet de produire des preuves suffisantes de l'existence d'un mécanisme et de sa contribution à des résultats observables. Pour chaque cas d'étude, des analyses croisées des données primaires (ateliers multi-acteurs, entretiens semi-directifs) avec des données secondaires (rapports de projets ou d'ateliers, publications, rapports de stage, bases de données de projets) ont été réalisées afin de valider les trajectoires d'innovation. Les SA ont été classées en fonction de leurs finalités, du type d'activités menées et de la phase du processus d'innovation, afin d'analyser la fréquence des postures des chercheurs dans des SA similaires (Tab. 4). La posture dominante des chercheurs dans un mécanisme de RCI est déduite de la fréquence de leurs postures dans chaque SA.
La combinaison d'une posture dominante, des principaux apprenants et des objets d'apprentissage nous a permis de nommer des types de contributions. Le classement des SA et l'analyse des types de contribution ont été faits de façon itérative par un groupe de chercheurs non impliqués dans les cas étudiés, et validé ensuite par les chercheurs impliqués, de façon à rendre plus robuste le classement. Les données ont été organisées dans une unique base de données permettant des traitements transversaux.
Un travail spécifique a donc été réalisé pour comprendre les origines, les modes de fonctionnement et les objectifs de collectifs de tailles variables, allant d'une poignée à plusieurs dizaines d'individus. C'est à ce titre qu'une comparaison avec les processus à l'oeuvre dans les territoires quilombolas en Amazonie Collectifs et développement durable des territoires ruraux en Amérique latine EchoGéo, 42 | 2017 brésilienne est apparue intéressante pour discuter du lien entre collectifs et développement durable des territoires ruraux en Amérique latine. Illustration 2 -Carte de localisation des zones d'étude en Équateur Source : Instituto Geográfico Militar (Équateur). Réalisation: N. Rebaï, 2017. 11 Bien sûr, il convient de préciser que dans la mesure où la taille des groupes étudiés reste modeste, ce texte n'a en aucun cas pour but de produire de nouvelles bases de données statistiques portant sur les régions amazonienne et andine.
With such information, the industry will be better placed to minimise the negative impacts and take advantage of opportunities associated with the effects of CC, since the future of this industry in some wine regions will depend on its ability and capacity to apply appropriate adaptation strategies for its viability and sustainability in the long term. To address this issue, section 2 looks at the development of an original dataset and presents a proper method for analysing the scientific literature on wine and CC. Section 3 presents the analysis of the findings, highlighting the evolution of interest in this topic, presenting the main papers and the scientific trajectory of the knowledge produced by the CC scientific community. The article ends with a conclusions section.
Dataset A first look at the literature shows that few scholars are interested in a bibliometric analysis of wine. The first  (Glänzel, Veugelers, 2006)  analyses publications according to the producing or consuming status of different countries in the world. The second  (Tatry et al. , 2010)  is interested in the dynamics of research on this topic worldwide (countries, institutions, links and co-publications). In neither case was anything specified about CC. To maximise understanding of scientific knowledge about CC in viticulture, thanks to a key word search on the ISI Web of Science (WoS) 4 (recognised 4. The Web of Science is an online university information service produced by Thomson Scientific's ISI Institute for Scientific Information, a division of the Canadian group Thomson Reuters.
It provides access to seven different bibliographic databases in several disciplines. as the dominant evaluation model for scientific publications), we built a dataset of scientific publications from 1991 to 2016. In order to be exhaustive, we made sure that the dataset includes all documents containing encompassing terms such as "Climate Change", "Climatic Change" AND "Vineyard", "Grape", "Oenology", "Wine", and "Viticulture" in their titles, abstracts or key words in the ISI WoS. We did not focus on any specific journal or review, as the CC community is a large one, involving different disciplines. So the dataset covers documents (scientific documents and reports, scientific articles and proceedings, comments) from all disciplines directly or indirectly related to vines, wine and CC. In the end, and after eliminating duplicates and incorrect references, we came up with data from 782 references (compared to more than 48,000 on vines and wine, generally speaking).
The dataset created can be confidently considered to be a good, although not perfect, indicator of scientific knowledge in this subject area. We created a network of citations among the 782 references of our wine CC dataset, based on the associated backward citation data. In this network, each paper corresponds to a vertice of the network, and all of them are interconnected by a number of arcs symbolizing the citational connections between papers. Scientific knowledge dynamics are thus mapped through the use of citations, considered here as bijective and epistemic links between different pieces of knowledge underpinning the emergence and growth of the CC community in viticulture-related research. We then implemented two algorithms in relation to this network of publications, thanks to Pajek 5 , in order to study relationships between network units and patterns.
Hubs and Authorities In this work, the first step was to identify the most important papers for the scientific community around CC in viticulture. The aim was to highlight which ones can be considered as the basis of CC knowledge in this sector, and which ones are their main developments, i. e. how the knowledge produced at the beginning has been used to create new knowledge. We used a first algorithm usually implemented in data network analysis, called "Hubs and Authorities", selecting the citation network's main vertices. Articles designated by the algorithm as "Hubs and Authorities" are understood to 5. Pajek is free software enabling the analysis and visualisation of citation networks  (Batagelj, Mrvar, 2011). It generates complex algorithms covering whole datasets and helping to democratise their use.
be the most important contributions underpinning the scientific community on CC in viticulture ("Authorities"), along with their more significant developments in this field ("Hubs"). The concept underlying this algorithm was first developed by  Pinski and Narin (1976). This algorithm measures a scientific review's importance, not only in terms of the number of citations, but also regarding the prestige of the journal containing the citation  (Calero Medina and Noyons, 2008). It became the basis for the algorithms used to evaluate the state and rankings of web pages in the late 1990s  (Kleinberg, 1999). Adaptations of this algorithm would later be redesigned for use in the Pajek software  (Batagelj, 2003)  which we applied here.
Main Path The second step tries to show the links and continuities between different researchers in order to associate CC and adaptation strategies, from the production of scientific knowledge to its application in the field. As its name indicates, the second algorithm we used -"Main Path" -chooses the main growth flows in a particular citation network. By calculating the total number of paths connecting old and new vertices, the algorithm maps the sum total of possible knowledge growth flows and identifies which was the largest and the most frequent, leading to the launch of a trajectory  (Hummon, Doreian, 1989). It is notably used to identify the main technological or scientific trajectories characterising specific fields' development, involving databases that included both scientific publications and patents  (Bekkers, Martinelli, 2012; Martinelli, 2012; Mina et al.
As well as these arguments, the increasing professional and institutional demands to address this issue may also explain the growing interest in CC, considering the number of publications over time. Concerning the sources, the references identified in our database mainly include scientific articles (594/782) and conference proceedings (128/782). The findings reveal a dispersion of scientific knowledge associated with this subject matter, i. e. there are no benchmark reviews in terms of most of the publications in this field, but instead there are many different journals, each of which publishes something about it. This major counting exercise covers generalist reviews; highly reputable multidisciplinary publications like Climatic Change or Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment; specialised reviews in oenology or agronomy, etc.
For these reasons, multidisciplinary research has an important role in a better understanding of these complex issues and in producing relevant knowledge to address this challenge. Researchers also rely on their scientific community and networks, which explains the presence of multidisciplinary studies in the results. Concerning the 20 leading countries that produce scientific knowledge in this area (greater than 1%), the top one is the USA, with 16. 8% of all relevant documents, demonstrating the country's ongoing leadership in producing scientific knowledge enhancing CC in viticulture-related research (19% on vine and wine in general, according to  Fournier (2013) ). Otherwise, the dataset also reveals that other new producing countries play a growing role in knowledge production on this topic, particularly Australia, with 10.
Australian Journal of grape and wine research Australia motivations or on some potential late CC effects, depending on the region, than on the bias existing in the database, because the WoS is based on a selection of top reviews and is not exhaustive. Indeed, Schultz (Germany) was one of the first researchers highlighting and warning the scientific community about the potential effects of CC in wine growing  (Schultz, 2000). Today, researchers from Portugal and Italy are also cited a great deal in the literature on the topic, while being associated with authors from the new world winegrowing countries  (Fraga et al. , 2015a; Fraga et al. , 2015b; Molitor et al. , 2014; Zhu et al. , 2014). Thus, even if American communities (especially the one led by Jones' papers in the US) were largely responsible for building up the topic's research base, fundamental knowledge was mainly developed in Europe (old producing countries).
USA On the one hand, the Authoritative papers correspond to the most cited articles and mainly deal with innovations. They usually involve specialised authors with a good reputation in their respective fields (such as Jones, USA) and a track record of publishing in prestigious reviews. It is at this level that we find the authors with the greatest number of citations in our reference database. Hub papers, on the other hand, tend to constitute a relatively recent set of articles (2010-2013), published in high-impact reviews serving as benchmarks and/or signposts to other sources (often literature reviews or ancillary). Note that Authoritative and Hub papers are published in both cases in reviews that are focused on CC and winegrowing. Few are generalist, whether for a community's seminal or subsequent references.
If Hub papers are more often literature reviews (as we had supposed), the two types of papers are either about the impact of CC on vine phenology, or case studies in different wine regions, independently of their status (both Hub or Authorities). Hub papers do not contain more applied works, with recommendations and discussion on adaptation strategies, than Authoritative works, as we had expected at the beginning. Unsurprisingly, considering our initial database, these Hub and Authorities papers are also characterised by an absence of social science approaches, revealing either a dearth of research into how findings are being used by other disciplines to elucidate producer and branch strategies, or a lack of visibility in the WoS.
It also demonstrates the interest for this question, because temperature variations could seriously affect the phenology of the vines, grape maturity and yields. They were also the first studies to look at the oenological impact of global warming. This does not mean that this is the only topic they are dealing with, as there are also some contributions on UV-B  (Schultz, 2000) , and water (van Leeuwen, Darriet, 2016) in the database. -A second group of more recent studies  (Duchene et al. , 2010; Ramos et al. , 2008; Webb et al. , 2007)  relates more to vine plants. These mainly link vineyard phenology to CC and include modelling based on the scenarios and forecasts found in international reports. Their purpose is to simulate CC's impact on key phenological stages in vineyard growth (bud breaking, blossoming, ripening) -as well as harvesting and yields.