dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The obtained MgHe ages on euhedral magnetite crystals range from 14 to 20 Ma (Figure  6 ), within the range of ZFT and AFT ages, which is in agreement with the known closure temperature of the different thermochronometers  [25]. These results demonstrate that magnetite recorded the cooling history during retrograde metamorphism. Inversion of the MgHe data, along with the AFT and ZFT data, allowed the authors to better constrain the time-temperature paths of the cooling trajectory, as shown in Figure  8B. The MgHe data suggest that fast cooling had been delayed until ~20 Ma, which is later than what would be inferred from the ZFT and AFT ages alone (~26 Ma; Figure  8B ). Inverse modeling of MgHe data therefore allows the quantification of exhumation processes in ductile conditions of mafic and ultramafic rocks.
Their study was based on a detailed ZHe and AHe dataset from South Brazil, in an area located at the southern limit of one of the classical examples of elevated passive margins (Figure  9A, B ). Because of this marginal position, the thermochronological data in this area have characteristics that are typical for both the elevated and the low-relief sectors of the South American passive margin  [118]. On the one hand, the AHe data yield relatively uniform results, indicating a well-constrained post-rift exhumation of the region between the Upper Cretaceous and the Paleogene, similar to what is observed in much of the coast-parallel ridges to the north of the study area  [119] [120] [121] [122]. On the other hand, the ZHe dates are exceptionally widespread (472 to 26 Ma), showing evidence of a much older pre-rift exhumation history, which is typically recorded only in the low-elevation portions of the passive margin further to the south  [118, [123] [124] [125] [126].
These temperature conditions also inhibited annealing of radiation damage to the crystalline lattice of zircon, leading to long-term damage accumulation that ultimately controlled the retentivity of He in the crystals  [18] [19] [20] 35, 131]. This is demonstrated by the strong correlation between the apparent ZHe ages and the corresponding effective uranium content in single crystals (Figure  9C ). The large spread in the ZHe dates can thus be explained by the partial reset of the (U-Th)/He isotopic system after a protracted prolonged period of radiation damage accumulation. [118] ). Maximum, mean and minimum altitudes along the profile were calculated considering a 25 km buffer on both sides of the main profile line, and thermochronological data were compiled from a 50 km buffer (see  [118]  for source of the data).
134 Ma,  [132, 133] ), the second largest magmatic province in the world. In the study area, this event is best recorded by the emplacement of numerous intrusions associated with the Florianópolis Dyke Swarm, an important feeding dyke system of the LIP  [134]. The recurrent intrusion of basaltic dykes during the course of the magmatic event is likely to have had a more lasting impact on the local geothermal gradient than that of the extrusive flood volcanism. Forward modeling was performed for correlation with the ZHe-eU data using the zircon radiation damage accumulation and annealing model (ZRDAAM  [35] ), which is able to account for much of the distribution observed in the dataset by simulating a short-lived (<10 Myr) thermal pulse at temperatures between 180 • and 220 • C (Figure  9C ).
Recommendations As shown in this review, the interpretation of single-grain (U-Th)/He data can be complex. Date dispersion is expected in any (U-Th)/He dataset, mostly as a result of radiation damage, which is recognized to control He diffusion within crystals. This recognition has proved to be highly valuable to constrain thermal histories through modeling of the data. At a practical level, models describe the evolution of a given instance of (U-Th)/He systems as a function of time and temperature assuming a particular starting arrangement and subsequent time-temperature history. These instances include the concentration of radiogenic 4 He atoms within crystals and loss of these atoms through alpha ejection. Here, we provide some recommendations that intend to assist in the interpretation of (U-Th)/He dates and the determination of thermal histories.
For zircon, additional work needs to be conducted to better assess parameters influencing He diffusion as the current damage-dependent model of diffusion cannot explain all ZHe data. In particular, the model is able to reproduce only qualitatively, not quantitatively, the range of single-grain ZHe dates and both positive and negative age-eU correlations (see examples of Figures  7  and 9 ). For titanite and rutile, no He radiation damage accumulation and annealing diffusion algorithms are currently available, limiting the interpretation of the information provided by those thermochronological systems. It is therefore of uttermost importance to be critical and cautious with data interpretation, in order not to overinterpret the data. (5) Finally, we recommend, when possible, combining (U-Th)/He thermochronometers with lower-or higher-temperature thermochronometers to extend time-temperature spaces consistent with (U-Th)/He data, thereby refining the reconstruction of the thermal history of a sample.
Funding: This research on He diffusion in minerals was funded thanks to the  Agence National de la Recherche  grants  ANR-06-JCJC-0079  and  ANR-12-NS06-0005-01  (HeDiff projects). M. Hueck thanks  FAPESP for a post-doctoral fellowship  (grant  2019/06838-2 ),  B. Heller ' doctoral fellowship is funded by the  ANR   RECA  project ( ANR-17-CE01-0012 ) and  S. Ternois ' post-doctoral fellowship is funded by the  LabEx VOLTAIRE  ( LABX-100-01 ) project.
24 Figure 7. 247 Figure 7. Comparison of the bedrock zircon (U-Th)/He age-eU correlations for the dataset obtained from the Agly-Salvezines Massif (eastern Pyrenees, France) crustal block with forward models sim ulating either (A) a single-phase cooling history constrained at low temperatures by apatite fission track and (U-Th)/He data, or (B) a two-phase cooling history constrained at high temperatures by apatite U/Pb data, and at low temperatures by apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He data. The bottom two panels show five different t-T scenarios with either (A) Late Cretaceous cooling at 75 Ma or (B middle Cretaceous cooling from 100 to 95 Ma followed by Late Cretaceous cooling at 75 Ma. The resulting zircon (U-Th)/He age-eU envelopes [8]  are plotted in the two top graphs with the color o each envelope matching a specific t-T path.
To assess the application potential of novel biomaterials, their behaviour in model media and upon sterilization should be investigated, as well as the stability related to their storage conditions. Such data are lacking for Mg-substituted HAP (Mg-HAP). Therefore, the changes in the local structure of non-substituted and Mg-HAP after irradiation and immersion in corrected simulated fluid and saline solution for 28 days were followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for the first time. To better understand the stability of radical species induced by sterilization, EPR spectra of samples kept for 2 h at temperatures up to 373 K were recorded to provide an insight into the stability of the sample storage conditions by the accelerated aging method. Samples were characterized by PXRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, AAS and TGA.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy The EPR spectra of all samples were recorded on a Varian E-109 EPR spectrometer (Palo Alto, CA, USA) operating at 9. 29 GHz, equipped with a Bruker ER 041 XG microwave bridge. Spectra were acquired using EW (EPRWare) Scientific Software  [32]. The magnetic field was calibrated with a manganese standard reference (Mn 2+ in MgO). The spectra acquisition of samples that were immersed was performed at room temperature. The behaviour of species induced by gamma radiation was studied at 343 K, 353 K, 363 K and 373 K for all samples without previous immersion in media. Temperature was controlled using a Bruker ER 4111 VT variable-temperature unit with a N 2 (cold/normal) gas flow. The spectroscopic parameters were as follows: modulation amplitude 0.
Thermal Behaviour-Accelerated Ageing In order to determine the stability of radicals that were formed due to sterilization with gamma radiation, EPR spectra of non-substituted HAP and Mg-substituted HAP were recorded at four different temperatures (343 K, 353 K, 363 K and 373 K) during at least 2 h of heating. These results could provide additional information about the behaviour of free radicals in conditions such as storage and transport  [22]. To determine that no structural or compositional changes occurred in HAPs, PXRD patterns were recorded after 2 h of heating at the desired temperature (Figure  6 ). In addition, a thermogravimetric analysis of both samples was performed to show any possible change that could be manifested through loss in mass (Figure  S2 ). Such data could narrow the possible phenomena underlying the results obtained by EPR.
Thermal Behaviour-Accelerated Ageing In order to determine the stability of radicals that were formed due to sterilization with gamma radiation, EPR spectra of non-substituted HAP and Mg-substituted HAP were recorded at four different temperatures (343 K, 353 K, 363 K and 373 K) during at least 2 h of heating. These results could provide additional information about the behaviour of free radicals in conditions such as storage and transport  [27]. To determine that no structural or compositional changes occurred in HAPs, PXRD patterns were recorded after 2 h of heating at the desired temperature (Figure  6 ). In addition, a thermogravimetric analysis of both samples was performed to show any possible change that could be manifested through loss in mass (Figure  S2 ). Such data could narrow the possible phenomena underlying the results obtained by EPR.
2021  our objectives in 2011 were (i) to assess the instrument's performance concerning HONO detection and validate it with the LOPAP system available at SAPHIR, and (ii) to compare its performance concerning NO2 detection with the local SAPHIR chemiluminescence spectrometry (CLS) NOX detector. Section 2 outlines details on the experimental setup at SAPHIR in Jülich. Section 3 shows measurements of HONO, NO2 and MACR mixing ratio using the IBBCEAS instrument. The data are respectively compared with results from different instruments at SAPHIR: (a) a LOPAP system (HONO), (b) a standardized chemiluminescence detector (NO2), and (c) a protontransfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTRMS) (MACR). Correlation plots between individual measurements will be discussed for three measurement days in Summer and Autumn 2011.
The SAPHIR chamber is an ideal testbed for open-path IBBCEAS due to the available comprehensive suite of standard detection methods that can be used to assess and validate the data taken with IBBCEAS. For the experiments presented here the IBBCEAS instrument was optimized for the near-UV detection of HONO (352-386 nm), whose identification was based on three prominent absorption bands peaking at 354, 368 and 384 nm  (Stutz et al. 2000). The spectral region covered also enabled the simultaneous detection of NO2 and methacrolein. The experimental design of the IBBCEAS instrument was similar to the one described in Refs. (Varma et al. 2009 , Dorn et al. 2013 , Varma et al. 2013)  transmitter unit was mounted on a concrete platform at the north end of SAPHIR (facing south). The receiver unit was located at the south end of SAPHIR (facing north), in order to minimize exposure of the detector to potential daytime stray light.
The instrument was calibrated using NO standard gas mixtures (2 ppmv NO in N2, BOC-Linde) and gas phase titration for NO2. The fact that besides NO2 also HONO is photolysed at 395 nm to yield NO was accounted for by determining the corresponding NO yield from HONO numerically from the spectrum of the LEDs. The HONO photolysis contribution to NO is less than 5% compared to that of NO2. The 1 accuracy of the chemiluminescence detector for NO2 was determined to be ±7%, based on the uncertainty of ±5% of the NO standard used for the calibration and a ±5% uncertainty for the NO2 conversion efficiency. The known interference of 5% towards HONO is not corrected in the final dataset and not included in this accuracy estimate.
2008. The HONO mixing ratio increased after humidification of the bright chamber (for 48 min) and decreased subsequently when O3 (~40 ppbv) was introduced. At 9:15 hrs there is a marked but unexplained change in the data of HONO mixing ratios as measured by IBBCEAS in comparison to LOPAP. The increase in the noise of the IBBCEAS data occurred ca. 15 minutes before the addition of CO to the chamber at 9:30 hrs, which is neither expected to influence the HONO chemistry nor the data retrieval, even at high CO (~750 pbbv) concentrations (see Figure  1 ). Presently there is no obvious explanation for this behavior in the IBBCEAS measurement. Likewise the return to dark conditions at 15:33 hrs led initially to an unexpected increase of the HONO mixing ratio as recorded by the LOPAP instrument, but it was also observed by the IBBCEAS measurement.
For NO2 there appears to be a slight offset between data from the IBBCEAS and CLS instruments with good overall agreement. The main experimental uncertainties determining the quality of the IBBCEAS data reported here are systematic; they are: (a) the stability of the light source, (b) the in situ calibration of the mirror reflectivity, (c) the data analysis and concentration retrieval approach, and (d) the unspecified mechanical instabilities of the setup such as potential thermal drifts or deficiencies of the opto-mechanical components  (Ruth et al. 2014). The latter become more critical with increasing cavity length since small changes in the optical alignment have a more severe influence on the instrument's performance; see  Varma et al. 2009.
A small increase in HONO mixing ratios was subsequently observed in comparison to the LOPAP and the noise of the IBBCEAS data was increased by roughly a factor of ~2. There are no obvious reasons for this observed behavior from a (photo)chemical point of view, since at the time the gas mixture was not altered. In open path cavity setups similar behavior can in principle be caused through increased scattering due to particle formation  (Varma et al. 2009 ), but measurements of the particle number concentration showed no significant change on this occasion. Therefore one conceivable explanation may be that the hot spot arc in the Xe lamp may have moved to a steady location on the electrode where the control unit was at its performance limit to keep the arc steady. As the quadrant detector correction signal was not recorded, this is merely a tentative explanation of the sudden change of performance.
6 Acknowledgement SD gratefully acknowledges support through an  INSPIRE post-doctoral fellowship  by the  Irish Research Council for Science Engineering and Technology  which was cofounded by the  Marie Curie actions, COFUND , under the  Seventh European Framework Programme  ( FP7 ). We thank  Andreas Wahner , Director of the Institute for Energy and Climate Research: Troposphere (IEK-8) at the  Research Center in Jülich (Germany) , and the team running the SAPHIR chamber, especially  Ralf Tillmann , for providing the PTRMS data for this publication. The extraordinary craftsmanship of the mechanical workshop at Jülich in the context of this project is also gratefully recognized.
Drug Release Properties In vitro drug release experiments of naproxen (acid and salt forms) were realized under different pH conditions. In all experiments, physiological solutions with different pH were used: pH = 2 was chosen as the environment of gastric fluid and pH = 7. 4 as the simulated intravenous fluid/small intestine medium. The temperature was set at t = 37 • C as the physiologic temperature of the human body. The total amount of released naproxen was determined in selected time intervals-0. 5, 1. 5, 3. 5, 5. 5, 7. 5, 9. 5, 24, 28, 32, and 48 h-and analyzed by UV spectroscopy. The drug released amount was determined using calibration curves measured and calculated at selected pH (λ max = 231 nm, see calibration curves in Figure  S1  in ESI). For the percentual values of the released amount of naproxen, the calculated data from the thermogravimetric analysis were used (see Table  2  in Section 3.
Drug Release Kinetic Study The data obtained from drug release were used for the kinetic study (determination of kinetic model and naproxen release rate) based on different mathematical models: zero-order, first-order, Higuchi and Hixson-Crowell models. Calculated release rate constants and coefficients of determination R 2 are summarized in Table  3. The first-order mathematical model is usually used to describe drug delivery systems with a difficult mechanism of drug release from the matrix, but it can be applied to porous systems with water-soluble drugs. The Higuchi model can be applied to planar systems with diverse geometrics and porous systems. The difference between these two models is that Higuchi's mathematical model can be used for matrices with drug diffusion only in one dimension.
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the  Development Operational Programme Integrated Infrastructure for the project  " Nanoparticles  for solving diagnostic-therapeutic problems with  COVID-19 (NANOVIR) ", ITMS 2014+: 313011AUW7 , co-founded by the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The authors thank  D. Campbell  from  Kent & Canterbury Hospital, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK , for proofreading the manuscript.
Hence, it will provide accurate results on any crystallographic orientation of the sample. Data collected on the three amphiboles and the kyanite standards determine a consistent calibration curve (Figure  2A ). The H2O concentration calculated from NanoSIMS measurements of OH -/Si -ratios is 1. 56 (± 0. 04) wt% (Table  2 ). The uncertainty quoted here is derived from the standard error of the mean. The ERDA map recorded over our staurolite sample shows a homogenous distribution of hydrogen in the crystal at the scale of a few micrometers. The H2O concentration determined by ERDA is 1. 58 (±0. 15) wt% (Figure  2 , supplementary 1: Figure  S1  and Table  2 ). Polarized spectra of the staurolite section (010) determined by the FTIR method are similar to those previously reported in literature  [8, [37] [38] [39] [40] [41].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the mineral collection of the  Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris  for providing us with the kyanite crystal used for the calibration reported in this manuscript, as well as to  Etienne Deloule  for providing us with the amphibole standards. Thanks to  Alessandro Guastoni  at the  Museum of Mineralogy, University of Padova , for supplying the staurolite sample from  Pizzo Forno. We thank  Paula Guira  for helping to set up FTIR measurements and  Roger Hewins  for proofreading the manuscript and improving the English. We are grateful to  Benoit Baptiste  for access to the X-ray diffraction facility at IMPMC to check on the crystal orientations prior to FTIR and NanoSIMS analyses. Monika Koch-Müller ,  Richard L. Hervig  and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for their constructive comments on earlier version of this manuscript.
Acknowledgements We thank the  Université de Rennes 1 , the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  and the  FR Increase. S. T. thank the  Fondation Rennes1  for a Master fellowship. J. W. thanks the  China Scolarship Council  for a PhD fellowship. We also thank  Jérôme Ollivier  for assistance for HR-MS analysis.
The AROMA setup AROMA, the Astrochemistry Research of Organics with Molecular Analyzer, is a unique experimental setup developed to study, with micro-scale resolution, the content in carbonaceous molecules of cosmic dust analogues and meteoritic samples  (Sabbah et al. 2017). Mass spectrometry data and chemical analysis tools for all studied samples available to the public in the AROMA database at http://aroma. irap. omp. eu. AROMA consists of a microprobe laser desorption ionization source and a segmented linear quadrupole ion trap (LQIT) connected to an orthogonal time of flight (oTOF) mass spectrometer, as shown in Figure  1. Ions are produced at a low background pressure (10 -6 mbar) by performing a one-or two-step LDI. The laser-generated ions are collimated by a set of lenses at high DC voltage and are thermalized in a radio-frequency (RF) octapole, which maximizes ion transmission and reduces fragmentation that occurs in a typical LDI source.
Element and carbonaceous molecular family analysis For each detected m/z peak with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) greater than 10, a chemical formula is assigned using mMass software, an open source mass spectrometry tool  (Strohalm et al. 2010). The chemical formula assignment is performed with a typical accuracy of 0. 01 between measured and calculated m/z values. Peaks corresponding to various metallic elements (most intense peaks: Fe, K, Na, Ca, Al, Cr. ) seen as atomic ions or small clusters (e. g. , Fe 2 ) have been identified thanks to their mass defect and the high mass resolution provided by AROMA. This family is referred to hereafter as "metals" and reflects the different silicate phases found in AhS. As is well known in LDI mass spectrometry, signal from elements, in particular Na and K, is ubiquitous in natural and standard laboratory samples.
Since the UPB was disrupted by a giant impact and the re-accumulated debris then experienced further smaller impacts, it is possible that the fullerenes in AhS originated from synthesis driven by impact shocks. However, there is no experimental data demonstrating that this can be achieved. We put forward the alternative possibility that the fullerenes detected in this work could be of interstellar heritage. The remarkable thermal stability of fullerenes, both in the gas phase and in solid particles, for temperatures up to at least 2500 K  (Sommer et al. 1996; Biennier et al. 2017 ) may have allowed these primitive species to survive the igneous processing conditions of the parent body as well as the impact shock events experienced by the ureilites. These fullerenes may have formed in late phases of a massive (WR) star that ended its life near the parent molecular cloud of the SS.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the colleagues who kindly provided some of the samples used in this study, most notably  Jesús Martínez Frías  and  José Cernicharo  for the Allende sample, and  José Ángel Martín-Gago  for HPOG. Funding: The research leading to these results has received funding from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  (FP/2007-2013) ERC-2013 -SyG , Grant agreement N o 610256 NANOCOSMOS. MC.
Acknowledgements This project has received funding from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  (Grant Agreement No. 772204 ; 2017  ERC-COG ,  MISOTOP  project). A part of the NMR analyses shown in supporting information were performed at the  National High Magnetic Field Laboratory  (which is supported by the  National Science Foundation  Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1644779  and the  State of Florida) , and on instruments belonging to the  French IR-RMN network in Orleans and Lille , with financial support from the  IR-RMN-THC FR 3050 CNRS. Dr. Julien Trébosc  ( IMEC-ISB-UCCS, Lille, France ),  Drs. Ivan Hung  and  Zhehong Gan  ( MagLab, Tallahassee, USA ), and  Drs. César Leroy  and  Philippe Gaveau  ( ICGM, Montpellier, France ) are acknowledged for their assistance with performing some of the 17 O NMR experiments.