dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments The CIBMTR is supported by  Public Health Service Grant/Cooperative Agreement   U24-CA76518  from the  National Cancer Institute (NCI) , the  National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)  and the  National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) ; a Grant/Cooperative Agreement  5U01HL069294  from  NHLBI  and  NCI ; a contract  HHSH234200637015C  with  Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA/DHHS ); two Grants  N00014-06-1-0704  and  N00014-08-1-0058  from the  Office of Naval Research ; and grants from  Allos, Inc. ;  Amgen, Inc. ; Angioblast; Anonymous donation to the  Medical College of Wisconsin ; Ariad; Be the  Match Foundation ;  Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association ;  Buchanan Family Foundation ; CaridianBCT;  Celgene Corporation ;  CellGenix, GmbH; Children's Leukemia Research Association; Fresenius-Biotech North America, Inc.
For data analysis, the floor was divided into a grid of 4 ϫ 4 squares. Locomotor activity was measured by counting the total number of the squares crossed during the testing session. The anxiety-like behaviors were measured by the number of rats' entries into the center zone (the middle 2 ϫ 2 square) as well as the time spent exploring the center zone. All behavioral activities were scored by investigators blind to the experimental conditions. Antisense ODNs. The following antisense ODNs were used: C/EBP␦ antisense (␦-ODN: 5Ј-AAAGAGCGGCGCTCATGGCG-3Ј) and scrambled control (SC-ODN: 5Ј-TACGCAGAAGCGGACTGGCG-3Ј). ␦-ODN is specific for a sequence on C/EBP␦ mRNA that includes the translational start site but does not recognize any sequence in other C/EBP isoforms or mammalian genes present in the GenBank database.
The SC-ODN did not show any identity with relevant sequences in the GenBank database and contained the same base composition as ␦-ODN but in a randomized order. Both the ␦-ODN and SC-ODN were phosphorothioated on the 3 terminal bases on both 5Ј and 3Ј ends for increased stability. ODNs were reverse-phase cartridge-purified and purchased from Gene Link. HNCs. HNCs were prepared from E18 Long-Evans rats, as previously described  (Garcia-Osta et al. , 2006). Briefly, pregnant female rats were killed with CO 2 , and embryos removed and kept on ice. Hippocampi were dissected, treated with 0. 025% trypsin for 15 min at 37°C followed by trituration through a Pasteur pipette. Cells were plated on poly-Llysine-coated coverslips in minimum essential medium containing 10% horse serum. After 3-4 h of incubation at 37°C to allow cells to attach, coverslips were transferred to sterile 12-well plates containing neurobasal medium supplemented with B-27.
Plates were kept at 37°C with 5% CO 2 for the entire duration of culture. Cultures aged 15 DIV were used in all experiments. Hippocampal and BLA extracts. Rats were killed by decapitation. Their brains were then quickly removed and either whole or dorsal hippocampi (as specified in the Results section) as well as BLA were dissected, pooled and snap-frozen on dry ice and stored at Ϫ80°C until further use. In some experiments, BLA protein extracts were generated from brains frozen in isopentane immediately following decapitation and isolated as BLA punches using a cryostat via a neuro-punch (19 gauge, Fine Science Tools) as described previously  (Milekic et al. , 2007). We observed similar levels of biochemical changes in the BLA extracts prepared from either quick dissection or punches, hence the data were pooled.
The resulting supernatants were taken as the nuclear fractions. Quantitative Western blot analysis. Equal amounts of protein were resolved using denaturing SDS-PAGE and transferred to Immobilon-P membranes by electroblotting. Membranes were blocked with 5% milk and incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4°C. All membranes were washed and incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (GE Healthcare). Quantitative densitometric analyses were done using National Institutes of Health Image J software. Actin, ␤-tubulin, or nuclear pore complex (NPC) was used for sample normalization, and data were expressed as mean percentage Ϯ SEM of the respective control group as specified in Results. Primary antibodies: anti-C/EBP␦ (Cell Signaling Technology; catalog #2318, 1:1000), anti-C/EBP␤ (C-19, Santa Cruz Biotechnology; catalog #sc-150, C-19, 1:1000), anti-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; catalog #sc-1616, 1:50,000), anti-␤-tubulin (Millipore; catalog #05-661, 1:100,000), and anti-NPC (mAB414, Abcam; catalog #ab24609, 1:5000).
Next Zemplen ´s conditions were applied to afford the fully deprotected N-glycosyl sulfamides in nearly quantitative yields. Enzyme inhibition data was determined for physiologically dominant hCA I and II and cancer associated hCA IX and XII. 35 Per-O-acetylated compounds were micromolar inhibitors of hCA I, while deprotected carbohydrate derivatives showed a diminished affinity. A similar pattern was found for the dominant isoform hCA II although acetylated glycosyl sulfamides were quite effective inhibitors in the micromolar range. These compounds (11-14) also were shown to be very good hCA IX inhibitors with inhibition constants clustered below 8 nM (5. 0-7. 7 nM) with very good selectivity over CA I (480-to 1800-fold) and up to 17-fold selectivity against CA II. On the other hand the deacetylated sulfamideglycosides were weaker inhibitors of CA IX (0.
To better understand this phenomenon and its potential impact, an empirical analysis of the factors driving transnational land acquisition is needed. To this end, we constructed a global database with country-level information on both foreign demand for land and implemented projects as documented in international and local press reports. We complement it with country-specific assessments of the amount of potentially suitable land and other relevant variables. We then use bilateral investment relationships from the database to estimate gravity models that can help identify determinants of foreign land acquisition. Results confirm the central role of agro-ecological potential as a pull factor but suggest that, in contrast to what is found for foreign investment more generally, rule of law and good governance have no effect on the number of land-related investment.
2008). If potentially suitable land is either covered by forest or home to traditional communities, much of what could potentially be available for agriculture may at the same time provide environmental and social benefits. A proper definition of potentially -available‖ land will thus have to exclude protected areas, forests, and areas that are already occupied. To make this operational we use the agro-ecological potential for rainfed cultivation 11 as defined by the Global Agro-ecological Zoning project  (Fischer et al. 2002 ). To make this information useful for our purpose, we overlay this with information on actual land use and population density drawing on a variety of databases 12 to derive a measure of land with high potential for rainfed cultivation that is currently not utilized and that excludes forests, protected areas, and areas with a population threshold above a certain maximum.
13 To address this issue, we draw on three complementary indicators for general and land governance. First, we use the Doing Business database which ranks the extent to which countries' legal and regulatory environment and uses the results to construct an index of -weak investor protection‖. 14 A low value of this index reflects weak protection of investors' rights. A 11 We focus on rainfed cultivation as issues related to riparian rights and seasonal availability of water in a certain area as well as the investment needs for irrigation would require a more in-depth treatment. 12 Our measure of agricultural land outside the forest and protected areas is constructed from various bases, including Global Land Cover 2000 (http://www-gem. jrc. it/glc2000) PAGE Global Agricultural Extent (http://www.
ifpri. org / dataset / pilot-analysis-global-Ecosystems-page), Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 (http://www. fao. org/forestry/32203/en) and World Database on Protected Areas 2009 (http://www. wdpa. org / download. aspx). The extent of arable land outside forest and protected areas and in sparsely populated areas (that is to say less than 25 inhabitants per km2 or more than 4 ha per capita) uses LandScan 2003 Global Population (http://www. ornl. gov /Landscan/). 13 Key relevant aspects of land governance are the clarity with which rights are assigned and the accessibility of textual and spatial information on rights, the way in which state land is managed, disposed of, and acquired, the way land is taxed and land use is regulated, and the existence, accessibility, and impartial nature of institutions for conflict resolution  (Deininger et al.
2004). Low values characterize countries with poor governance. Finally, for land governance, we use a newly developed cross-country database assembled by the French Development Agency. Key variables of the land governance indicator include tenure security and recognition of existing land rights (even if not formalized), the existence of a land policy, and levels of land-related conflict. We use the first component from a principal component analysis of these variables as an indicator of overall tenure security. Low values describe countries with high levels of tenure insecurity. Whether good (land) governance increases a country's attractiveness for land-related investment is difficult to anticipate the direction of the effect as there are two countervailing forces. On the one hand, given the long time horizon of any agricultural investment, security of property rights is likely to be a key determinant of long-term investment decisions as investors will not tie up large amounts of resources in a country where weak or unclear rights create a danger of opportunistic government behavior and creeping expropriation  (Schnitzer 1999)  once investments are sunk.
Preliminary results from a recent effort to more systematically cross-check press reports confirm this finding. 17 For each project, we code origin and destination country, 18 size, commodities involved, investor type, and whether any activity had started. 19 The universe 16 The data can be accessed at www. farmlandgrab. org. 17 Results will soon be posted on ILC's website http://www. commercialpressuresonland. org/monitoring-land-transactions. 18 In Sub-Saharan Africa, key target countries are Sudan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Ghana and Mozambique, which account for 23% of projects. 21% of projects are in Latin America and the Caribbean (mainly Brazil and Argentina), 11% in Europe and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Russia, and comprises of 464 projects, 21% of which have started production. 20 Of these, 405 have information on crops and 203 on the area involved.
It is positive for net importers and negative for net exporters; Suitable non-forest land with low population density is the amount of potentially suitable land that is neither currently used for agricultural production nor settled with more than 25 inhabitants per km 2 is calculated as discussed in the text and excludes protected areas (Source: FAO and IIASA); The value of potential output is obtained for choosing the best culture as the market prices and yields. It is expressed in logarithm of the value in millions of dollars (Source: FAO and IIASA); The yield gap is the difference between performance that is technically achievable and the effective yield observed (Source: FAO and IIASA); The variables Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, Control of Corruption, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, and Voice and Accountability are from the Worldwide Governance Indicators database and are expressed in percentile of the distribution of descending rank (Source: World Bank).
A low value thus characterizes a country where governance is poor; The index of weak protection of investors is the rank of the variable Strong investor protection in the Doing Business database and is comprised between 1 and 215 (Source: International Finance Corporation, World Bank). A high value of this index reflects situations where investors are poorly protected; The tenure security index is constructed by the French Development Agency (AFD). This is the first projection on the axis of a Principal Component Analysis of the variables contained in the land based Institutional Profiles (Source: Ministry of Finance and AFD). The index is interpreted as a measure of security of tenure enjoyed by local people. A low value implies high levels of tenure insecurity.
However, the probability of the location of food stores is not the same throughout an entire study area. Thus, an inhomogeneous K-function is more appropriate for urban analyses  [19, 20]. Density of food stores was measured differently to assess the availability of or the accessibility to food stores or fast food restaurants  [9, 10]. Commonly used measures are, for example, simple density approaches, i. e. number per area  [21, 22]  or per capita  [7] , or kernel density approaches that give a weighting to stores or restaurants depending on the distance to the point of observation  [23]. Using these methods, we first analyzed the spatial distribution of food stores around primary schools to investigate whether junk food choices are clustered around child-serving institutions. Second, we calculated food supply using the kernel density of food stores adjusted for residential density to eventually compare environmental food supply to dietary data assessed by Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) and 24-hour dietary recalls (24-HDR) in the German study region of the IDEFICS study.
The IDEFICS study Geographical data were collected in one German study region of the IDEFICS study which is an Integrated Project within the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission. The IDEFICS study used a multicenter survey design of a population-based cohort to investigate the etiology of selected diet-and lifestyle-related diseases. More than 16,000 2-to 9-year-old children from eight European countries were included in the baseline survey (T0) that was conducted from October 2007 until May 2008. During the baseline survey, dietary habits, social, environmental, and family factors, physical activity, and anthropometric indices were assessed  [14]. Moreover, the study developed, implemented, and evaluated strategies for primary prevention of overweight and obesity in this age group.
Geographical data This study was based on one study region of the IDEFICS study which is Delmenhorst, Lower Saxony, Germany, with an area of 62. 36 km 2 and about 77,300 residents a. The street addresses of food stores and restaurants were collected in 2008 using public domain data sources b. A total of 183 stores and restaurants were listed and validated by field observations in 2008, as suggested in Wang et al. [24]. As a consequence, 50 addresses had to be removed and 55 new stores and restaurants were added to the list. Finally, the remaining 188 stores and restaurants including all opportunities for unhealthy food (i. e. , fast food restaurants, snack bars, kebab shops, bakeries, kiosks, small grocery stores, and chain supermarkets) were digitalized in ArcGIS10. In most publications, mainly fast food restaurants were considered to assess the environmental availability of unhealthy foods whereas supermarkets and grocery stores http://www.
Land use records were used to identify commercial land use as potential locations for food stores. In addition, we obtained boundaries of districts and subdistricts, including the number of residents, and a list of primary schools from the municipality of Delmenhorst. The municipal geospatial information system (Kommunales Raumbezogenes Informationssystem (KRIS)) of Delmenhorst provided a complete dataset of sidewalks that we used to implement network-based service areas of 1. 5 km around each school using the network analyst-tool in ArcGIS 10 (see Figure  1 ). The distance of 1. 5 km was chosen in accordance with Austin et al. [15]. A larger area would have reduced environmental variability of the food retail index, whereas a smaller area would have reduced the sample size (see study data for details).
Thus, the inhomogeneous Kfunction investigates the null hypothesis that the point patterns s f i and s s j are realizations of different probability surfaces, here λi (s cl i ) and λj (s s j ), respectively. We used the kcross and the kcross. inhom function of the spatstat package in R c to compare the empirical K-functions (1) and (2) to the corresponding expected K-function. In addition, we calculated global 95% confidence envelopes with the envelope function for both K-functions. With regard to (1), the confidence envelopes are calculated based on simulated random point patterns. For the inhomogeneous case (2), the confidence envelopes are calculated based on kernel estimates of s cl i and s s j that were calculated by the density. ppp function  [17, 18, 20]. Kinhom ij is compared to the expected K-function which is K ij = K inhom ij (r) = πr.
Acknowledgements This work was done as part of the IDEFICS study (www. idefics. eu)and the  I. Family Study  (http://www. ifamilystudy. eu/). We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the  European Community  within the  Sixth RTD Framework Programme  Contract No. 016181  ( FOOD ) for the IDEFICS study and within the  Seventh RTD Framework Programme  Contract No. 266044  for the I. Family study. We gratefully thank the public authorities of the  City of Delmenhorst , particularly the municipal geospatial information system ( Kommunales Raumbezogenes Informationssystem (KRIS) ) of Delmenhorst. The information in this document reflects the authors' view and is provided as is.
PARTICIPANTS Overall, 91 children participated in this study. They were recruited from a subject pool at Saarland University and were paid 7. 50 C per hour. All children's parents provided informed consent. Two children were excluded from data analyses: One 8-year-old child was not motivated to perform the experimental task until the end, and one 11-year-old child showed extremely high reaction times   1. To control for between-group differences in intellectual variables (for a description, see section Apparatus, Stimuli, and Tasks) between the 1-grid and 2-grids groups, we run an analysis of variances (ANOVA) with the two between-subjects factors Age group (younger vs. older children) and Memory load (1-grid vs. 2-grids). As expected from the developmental literature (e. g. ,  Gathercole et al.
The test score was the number of items that were correctly recalled. For the task-switching experiment, we used IBM compatible laptops (Dell™ Latitude™ D820) for data collection. The stimuli were presented on a WXGA 15. 4-inch color monitor on a white background. Responses were registered with the q-and the p-keys of the laptop keyboard that were equipped with two color-coded attachment pieces. The experiment was programmed with the software package E-Prime 1. 1. Visual stimuli consisted of pictures of three different dogs and cars that were each presented in three different shades of orange and blue. Participants were instructed to perform two different tasks, a "picture" task (task A) and a "color" task (task B). In the picture task, participants were asked to decide whether the picture showed a dog or a car.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was funded by the  German Research Foundation (DFG)  through a grant to  Jutta Kray  ( Kr 1884/5-1 ) and the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  through a grant to  Agnès Blaye  ( ANR-07-FRAL-015 ). Special thanks go  Nicolas Chevalier  and  Joanna Lucenet  for helpful comments as well as to  Lisa Schwarz ,  Daniel Strass ,  Sandra Mang ,  Hannah Schmitt , and  Sonja Heintz  for data collection.
The correlation between DMC treatment and CanL incidence was evaluated with the Fischer test, the Mid-p exact test and the linear correlation test (Pearson's coefficient) with a 95% significance level (p < 0. 05) using Epi Info W and Open Epi W software. The longitudinal follow-up results from the canine population (average 80 MWD) are presented in Figure  1. There was no specific prevention of CanL for 9 years (1993-2001), and subsequently, DMC was used for 11 years  (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012). During this 20-year period, the number of MWD remained quite stable, but the individual dogs changed (transfer, discharge, death). However, the new replaced dogs were tested for CanL, and only seronegative dogs were introduced. On average, MWD stayed 7 years in the same kennel.
The central role of land-use change in the Earth System and its implications for food security, biodiversity and climate has spurred the development of global models that combine economical and agro-ecological drivers and constraints. With such a development of integrated approaches, evaluating the performance of global models of landuse against observed historical changes recorded by agricultural data becomes increasingly challenging. The Nexus Land-Use model is an example of land-use model integrating both biophysical and economical processes and constraints. This paper is an attempt to evaluate its ability to simulate historical agricultural land-use changes over 12 large but economically coherent regions of the world since 1961. The evaluation focuses on the intensification vs. extensification response of crop and livestock production in response to changes of socio-economic drivers over time, such as fertiliser price, population and diet.
We examine how well the Nexus model can reproduce annual observation-based estimates of cropland vs. pasture areas from 1961 to 2006. Food trade, consumption of fertilisers and food price are also evaluated against historical data. Over the 12 regions considered, the total relative error on simulated cropland area is 2 % yr -1 over 1980-2006. During the period 1961-2006, the error is larger (4 % yr -1 ) due to an overestimation of the cropland area in China and Former Soviet Union over 1961Union over  -1980. Food prices tend to be underestimated while the performances of the trade module vary widely among regions (net imports are underestimated in Western countries at the expense of Brazil and Asia). Finally, a sensitivity analysis over a sample of input datasets provides some insights on the robustness of this evaluation.
This paper aims at evaluating land-use mechanisms represented in the Nexus Land-Use model by comparing its results against data on historical land-use changes between 1961 and 2006. Such model evaluation is common in the physical sciences, but is almost nonexistent in economics  (Beckman et al. , 2011). Indeed, given the complexity of socio-economic systems and their evolution over time, economics generally uses stylised and simplified assumptions (e. g. , individual rationality, representative agent) not to faithfully reproduce past evolutions but rather to provide a framework for studying, for instance, the effects of a policy, or the gap between the reality and an "optimal" situation. Actually, a model must be evaluated in light of its intended use. Most economic models, especially long term models, are not designed for predictions, but rather for comparing a range of policy options the results of which are nontrivial due to numerous interactions.
Changes from previous version Four changes were made in the parametrisations of Nexus Land-Use version 1. 0 described by  Souty et al. (2012) : -Data of intensive pasture areas at the base year 2001 from  Bouwman et al. (2005)  were updated with a new dataset (L. Bouwman, personal communication, 2011). There are changes compared to the previous dataset for the United States (-47 %), the Middle East (+32 %), Canada (+107 %) and Brazil (+213 %) (see Appendix A1). -The global supply/demand balance  (Souty et al. , 2012 (Souty et al. , , p. 1301) )  now integrates LPJmL's fodder crops. Globally, in 2001, these crops represent only 3. 4 % of total dynamic crop production in calories, but reach 12. 3 % in the FSU (see Appendix A2). -Other food crop productions are no longer assumed to be constant, as was the case in  Souty et al.