dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
This may lead to poorer prognosis in the SLNB group due to potentially insufficient SLNB with only five or fewer nodes removed. Nevertheless, it did not influence the conclusions in our study because survival analysis showed that the OS of the SLNB group was significantly better than that of the non-SLNB group, as well as BCSS. Additionally, although axillary recurrence rate is very low in all studies, some patients, even in the lowrisk group, probably had axillary recurrences which need ALND and adjuvant therapies. This is not known in the SEER database. The median follow-up was low (39 months) in the present study. Perhaps, for very elderly patients with comorbidities, 3year survival results could be contributive for these patients with short life probability, independent of breast cancer.
These changes were accompanied by higher serum ceruloplasmin levels (the copper transport protein) in the rats fed the standard diet supplemented with taurine. On the other hand, taurine supplementation in the high-fat diet decreased the renal and splenic Zn contents but slightly increased its femoral level. The metabolic consequences of these changes are difficult to assess because at the same time, an increase in the content of this element in the femur was noted. Zinc deficiency is less likely because in rats fed diets depleted with zinc decreased serum, liver and femur Zn concentrations and decreased glutathione S-transferase activity were observed  [49] [50] [51]. Moreover, zinc depletion led to diminished hepatic copper content  [50]. There are hardly any data on the influence of taurine on zinc and copper metabolism.
Patients All patients were enrolled under a hospital clinical research protocol called AlphaLewyMA (registered in ClinicalTrials. gov: https://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT01876459) from the tertiary Memory Clinic (CM2R) of Alsace by an experienced team of neurologists, geriatricians, and neuropsychologists between June 2013 and June 2018. The CM2R of Alsace comprises 3 different centers, two at the University Hospitals of Strasbourg (CHU Hautepierre and Hôpital de la Robertsau) and one at Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar. Patients underwent detailed clinical evaluation, a large neuropsychological evaluation, blood examination, brain MRI (3 Tesla), and lumbar puncture for CSF biomarkers as previously described  [11]. DLB patients were selected according to McKeith's criteria (probable DLB, based on the existence of two core symptoms in addition to cognitive decline) for DLB demented (DLB-d) and prodromal DLB (pro-DLB) patients also called mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB)  [3, 6].
Randomization was performed by a predefined random number sequence with block size of 5 within each combination of stratification factors (dose of dupilumab received in parent study, region, and IGA scores). SOLO-CONTINUE was blinded to all individuals until prespecified unblinding except for the interactive voice response system statistician (administered randomization sequence) and the independent data monitoring committee statistician and members, none of whom were involved in study design, management, or data analyses. For the every 2, 4, and 8 weeks regimens, matching placebo was administered in the weeks that dupilumab was not administered. Blinded study-drug kits were coded with a medication numbering system. Patients were required to apply moisturizers 2 or more times daily throughout the study.
A technical issue with the interactive voice response system collecting patient-reported pruritus data resulted in considerable missing pruritus data at week 36; because Peak Pruritus NRS scores were stable in all dose groups by week 35, this was deemed to be a suitable end-of-treatment time point for Peak Pruritus NRS analyses (eMethods in Supplement 2). Trough concentrations of functional dupilumab were assessed in serum samples collected at SOLO-CONTINUE weeks 0, 4, 12, 24, and 36. Treatment-emergent ADAs were assessed at SOLO-CONTINUE baseline and week 36 (eMethods in Supplement 2). Safety assessments included treatmentemergent adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, and AEs that led to study treatment withdrawal.
Statistical Analysis Approximately 420 patients were expected to enroll based on SOLO sample sizes and anticipated response rates (eMethods in Supplement 2). To compare each dupilumab treatment group with placebo, significance was set to a 2-sided P <. 05. To control for multiplicity, the coprimary and key secondary end points were assessed in a hierarchical manner (eMethods in Supplement 2). Other secondary and post hoc end points were not controlled for multiplicity; their P values are nominal. Categorical end points were analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test adjusted by randomization strata (disease severity and region) and SOLO treatment regimens; patients were considered to be nonresponders from the time of rescue medication use or withdrawal. For continuous end points, data were treated as missing after rescue medication use or early discontinuation; missing data were imputed using multiple imputation with analysis of covariance, with treatment group, SOLO treatment regimen, randomization strata (disease severity), and SOLO-CONTINUE baseline as covariates.
Sources and data-set Our study is based on the simulations of cold and snowy spells produced with PlaSim. In order to assess the capability of this model in reproducing the dynamics of cold spells over Italy, we have first constructed a dataset of large scale high impacts cold and snowy spells occurring over Italy during winter season. For the detection, we combine both professional and official sources and non-professional weather-climate websites where collections of weather events are available and counter-check their validity with station data and trusted documentary sources  (Bailey, 1994; Payne and Payne, 2004). Our documentary sources are local informal networks newspapers and periodicals (see Appendix for details); websites  [ansa. it; meteo net; meteolanguedoc. com; 3bmeteo. com; meteociel.
fr; meteogiornale. it, etc. ] ; temperatures and hydrological records [evalmet. it, Servizio Idrografico e Mareografico Nazionale]. At national scale, we will use the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEPv2) Reanalysis datasets to analyze the meteorological fields observed during the detected events and compare them to those obtained in control runs of Plasim (see Section 3). We give a flavour of the type of events detected by presenting a local analysis for two cities: Bologna, located in the Po valley on the Northern border of the Apennines and Campobasso, located on the Adriatic Apennines (Fig. 5 ). Data for Bologna are taken by https://www. arpae. it/documenti. asp?parolachiave=sim_annali&cerca=si&idlivello=64] and books  (Randi and Ghiselli, 2013) , while those used for Campobasso by [Servizio Idrografico e Mareografico di Pescara, https://www.
regione. abruzzo. it/content/annali-idrologici; http://www. protezionecivile. molise. it/centro-funzionale/la-rete-meteo-idro-pluviometrica. html]. Figure  1  shows the amount of snowfall, the minimum temperature near the surface and the duration of each cold spell that are recorded in Campobasso and in  Bologna between 1954 and 2018 from hydrological archives [www. arpae. it/documenti. asp]. Since these data are issued from documentary sources, they cannot be used to perform statistical inference of the general behavior of cold and snowy spells over these regions. Qualitatively, they indicate that extreme snowfalls have occurred in recent years and even with warmer temperatures (Fig. 1a ). For example, 50 cm to 60 cm snow height was measured in the bordering side of the coasts in Puglia and Marche during the January 2016 event and a similar amount is recorded in the hill of Campobasso.
For the two scenario runs we applied the same pairwise correlation as for NCEP dataset and control run (see Results) of the 32 best analogues (in order to have the same statistical sample as the detected events) and we find correlations significantly non zero for ∼ 10 days (Fig. 8cd ). For all runs we also find similar pattern of the evolution of a cold spell in the same set of variables (SLP, T850, Z500, snow depth) as NCEP dataset  (Fig. 11, 12, 13, 14). The convective precipitation rate P c [mm/day] of each cloud layer is defined by P c = c p ∆p Lgρ H2O (∆T ) cl 2∆t (1) where ∆p is the pressure thickness of the layer and ρ H2O is the density of water. (∆T) cl is temperature tendency and 2∆t is the leap frog time step of the model. L is either the latent heat of vaporization or the latent heat of sublimation depending on the temperature, c p is the specific heat for moist air at constant pressure and g is the acceleration of gravity.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by  ERC  grant No. 338965-A2C2  and CEA grant DAMA. We thank  Fabio D'Andrea  and  Aglaé Jézéquel  ( Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris, France ) for useful discussion on the paper. FL acknowledge support by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG,German Research Foundation)  through the  University Hamburg's Cluster of Excellence Integrated Climate System Analysis and Prediction (CliSAP), and under Germany's Excellence Strategy -EXC 2037 'Climate, Climatic Change, and Society ' (CliCCS) -Project Number:  390683824 , as contribution to the  Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) of University Hamburg 's. The authors acknowledge the support of the  INSU-CNRS-LEFE-MANU grant  (project  DINCLIC ).
Finally, infants born in units with no policy or missing data regarding the use of tocolysis after PPROM were excluded from this analysis. Variables. Unit variables. Unit variables were reported by each maternity unit in a specific questionnaire and each patient was assigned the same values as other patients in the same institution. The main exposure was the declared unit policy regarding the use of tocolysis after PPROM, reported as liberal ('whenever possible'), restricted ('sometimes') or no-use ('no'). Among units with a liberal use of tocolysis, we further investigated policies for the first line tocolytic (betamimetic [BM], oxytocin antagonist [OA] vs calcium channel blocker [CCB]) and the length of use (as long as necessary vs ≤48 hours). One single maternity unit (with 9 participants in this study) used magnesium sulfate as first line tocolytic, and was excluded from this specific analysis.
Maternity unit-level variables consisted of unit characteristics (level of care [level III, with an onsite NICU, vs levels I-II], status [public vs non-public], unit size [defined by the number of births in 2011], overall cesarean section rate in 2011 [by quartile], participation in a perinatal network), and responses to questions about protocol development and assessment in the unit (existence of written unit protocols, implementation of audits or routine data collection on compliance to protocols) and scientific activity (participation in clinical trials, meetings to discuss scientific publications). Patient-level variables. We assessed the association of unit policy with perinatal outcomes, namely early-onset sepsis (defined as positive bacterial culture in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, associated with clinical and/or laboratory signs of infection, during the first three days of life), survival at discharge and survival at discharge without severe morbidity.
Severe morbidity was a composite score including severe forms of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH grades III or IV), and/or cystic periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL), and/or surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC requiring surgical treatment or peritoneal drainage) and/or retinopathy of prematurity (ROP stage 3 or greater). Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was the need for 30% or more oxygen and/or respiratory support at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age. However, we chose not to include BPD in our composite score because data on the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) was not collected in two regions in the UK. Another outcome was latency duration. This was defined by the time between rupture of membranes and delivery in days. Finally, we investigated survival at two years of corrected age without gross motor impairment as a secondary outcome.
The association between unit policies and latency duration (considered as a continuous variable) was investigated using survival analysis. Follow-up time was calculated from PPROM to delivery, i. e. equivalent to the latency duration. There were no censored data as all women were included based on gestational age at birth. Survival curves of latency duration by unit's policy were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with a log rank test. We then used three-level survival analysis to account for within-cluster (defined as maternity units and countries) homogeneity in outcomes, with a log-normal distribution of the hazard function  30. As assumptions of proportionality, tested using the Schoenfeld residual test, were violated, we used a stratified Cox model. Stratification offers a way of extending the Cox proportional hazard model to allow for covariates with non-proportional hazards, and for different baseline hazards for each level of the variable while providing estimates of hazard ratios that are the same for each stratum.
These variables were maternal characteristics (age, country of birth, parity), obstetric characteristics (gestational age at PPROM and at birth, antenatal steroids, mode of delivery), neonatal characteristics (SGA, sex, all outcomes defined in this study) and unit characteristics (level, size and policy regarding tocolysis). Associations were estimated within each of the 50 imputed data sets generated with 20 iterations, and results were pooled according to Rubin rules. Statistical significance was set at two-tailed p < 0. 05. Analyses were carried out using Stata/SE 13. 0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) and R-3. 5. 0 (coxme package).
We were also lacking clinical data such as the presence of uterine contractions or cervical status at PPROM diagnosis to adjust our multivariate models, and we could not assess the association between unit policy and intra-uterine infection for the same reason. However, we do not believe that the proportion of women with contractions or short cervix at admission for PPROM would depend on the unit policy. Outcomes at 2 years of corrected age were collected using a parental report. Even though this is not the gold standard, such evaluations based on standard definitions can be a valid, reliable, efficient and cost-effective way to assess neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants  24, 26, 35. Attrition at 2 years of corrected age was substantial. Although appropriate statistical methods allowed for accounting for missing data related to loss to follow-up and obtaining non biased estimators, these results should be interpreted cautiously.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the units that took part in this study, to all the parents who agreed to participate, and to the  EPICE (Effective Perinatal Intensive Care in Europe) Research Group. The research leading to these results received funding from the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement  n°259882. Additional funding is acknowledged from the following regions: France ( French Institute of Public Health Research/Institute of Public Health  and its partners the  French Health Ministry , the  National Institute of Health and Medical Research , the  National Institute of Cancer , and the  National Solidarity Fund for Autonomy ; grant  ANR-11-EQPX-0038  from the  National Research Agency  through the  French Equipex Program of Investments  in the Future; and the  PremUp Foundation) ; Poland (2012-2015 allocation of funds for international projects from the  Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education); Sweden (Stockholm County Council  [ ALF-project and Clinical Research Appointment ] and by the  Department of Neonatal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital), UK  (funding for  The Neonatal Survey from Neonatal Networks  for East Midlands and Yorkshire and Humber regions).
The camera was positioned and immobilized throughout the procedure 50 cm vertically above the left forelimb. The emissivity of the skin was not measured and was fixed at 0. 98, as indicated by the literature in humans  [11]  and pigs  [19]. The reflected apparent temperature was automatically corrected  by the camera. A general description of the working principle of infrared thermography was available elsewhere  [20]. Ten snapshots were taken for each pig over time, with one snapshot at each time-point of interest (Fig. 1 ). The images were taken directly after a fluid bolus or after the target MAP was reached and the hemodynamic parameters were recorded concomittantly. The images were analyzed a posteriori using a dedicated software (Flirtools software). Before every image's analysis, the environmental conditions (humidity, ambient temperature) were recorded beforehand.
Descriptive data of hemodynamics and temperature derived parameters The duration of the experimental procedure for each pig varied between 4 to 5 hours. The mean rate of variation in arterial pressure during the study was estimated at around 1. 4 mmHg/min. The median values (IQR) of all variables are presented in Table  1. Due to a rapid change in blood pressure following norepinephrine administration, the measurements for the "normotension 1" period was not performed in two pigs.
Finally, thermography was also studied for the prediction of shock conditions in infants  [28]. The objective was to develop an automated system for predicting shock based on a thermal image of a whole infant. A gradient between peripheral to central temperature was calculated using abdominal temperature measured by IT, as a mean to reflect central temperature. Nevertheless, this way of assessing central temperature cannot be considered as a reference technique, contrary to the method used in our study. In this last study, the thermographic data were not compared to hemodynamic parameters and the image analysis procedures were very complex. Thus, our study provides new insights concerning the correlation between hemodynamic parameters and the temperature gradient, which is mostly used in a clinical setting.
First category of solutions The starting configuration is considered to be the failure point where the optimization problem is to minimize the structural compliance subject to the volume constraint for the DTO (1) and also the reliability constraints for the RBTO  (5). ) and RBTO models when the reliability indices are: β t = 3, and β t = 3. 8 using Objective-Based IOSF approach. The corresponding resulting compliances are shown in Table  1  for the initial configuration C 0 and the optimal one C *. The used number of element for optimization is 1 360 nonlinear elements (PLANE82 with 8-nodes) and the Optimality Criteria (OC) method which implemented in ANSYS Software is used. The uncertainty is considered on the loading, the material properties and the volume reduction ratio (quantity of ).
Second category of solutions The starting configuration is considered to be the failure point where the problem is to minimize the structural volume subject to the compliance constraint for the DTO (2) and also the reliability constraints for the RBTO  (8). Figures  4a,  4b  and 4c  show the resulting 2D bridge topologies when considering the structural volume as an objective function for DTO model (failure point P y * ) and RBTO models when the reliability indices are: β t = 3, and β t = 3. 8 using Performance-Based IOSF Approach. The corresponding resulting volumes are shown in Table  1  for the initial configuration V 0 and the optimal one V*. The used number of element for optimization is 1 360 nonlinear elements (PLANE82 with 8-nodes) and the Sequential Convex Programming (SCP) method which implemented in ANSYS Software is used.
They did not know the date of the sessions, only a random assigned number. The instructors assessed each task of step A, and the time of PPV-start. The instructors filled out the checklist described (in table 1). In case of discordance between reviewers, the video was reviewed jointly to reach a consensus. The duration of scenarios and debriefings were evaluated and kept for further analysis. Results were analyzed using the STATA statistical software (StataCorp LLC, Texas 77845-4512, USA). Gaussian distribution of data was evaluated by Shapiro-Wilk test. The Welsh's t-test and Pearson's chi-squared test were used to compare groups when appropriate. For multivariate analysis, linear regression model was used. All tests were two-sided, and a p value < 0. 05 was considered significant.
Triaxial Compression Apparatus for the Porosity and Permeability Test. Figure  2 (a) is a servo control triaxial compression apparatus. Two strain gauges were glued to the sample at midheight with an angle of 180 °to each other. The gauge locations were first applied a thin layer of fast-cured epoxy resin to seal the surface pores  [44]. Each gauge can measure one axial (ε a ) and one lateral (ε l ) strain at the same point. The final axial and lateral strains are the average of the two gauges. Volumetric strain (ε v ) is ε a + 2ε l. The surface of the sample was sealed with a membrane to avoid the leak of confining fluid into the sample. The strain values were recorded using a program code in LabVIEW. A loading machine (Zwick Roell) was used to apply the deviatoric stress (σ 1 -σ 3 ). The loading speed was 0.
Imaging Process The scanned images were processed and analyzed by Avizo 9. 0. This software is a 3D visualization, analysis, and modeling system  [45]. The processing procedure is as follows: (1) Because the sample was compressed and rotated during scanning, the images generated from CT scanning at different loading stages will change and it was impossible to find and compare the same crosssectional area at different loading stages. The process of "register" was first applied to process the images. The images of the second, third, and fourth scan were registered with the first scan. This process will choose the middle horizontal and vertical cross section of the first scan as the reference. After "register," we can get one same horizontal cross section and two same vertical cross sections in the middle position of the sample at four different loading stages.
Satellite data Satellite data have complementary advantages due to their large spatial coverage compared to ground-based remote sensing technique. In order to show the activity of the desert, we use the UV aerosol index (UVAI hereafter) derived from the OMPS (Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite) onboard the Suomi-NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partnership) satellite  (Flynn et al. , 2004; Seftor et al. , 2014). OMPS provides full daily coverage data and the overpass time for Kashi region is around 06:30 UTC. The UVAI is calculated using the signal in the 340 and 380 nm channels  (Hsu et al. , 1999) : UVAI = -100 × log 10 I 340 I 380 meas -log 10 I 340 I 380 calc , (2) where I. represents the backscattered radiance at corresponding wavelength. The subscripts "meas" and "calc" respectively represent the real measurements and model simulation in a pure Rayleigh atmosphere.
By the definition of UVAI, its positive values correspond to UV-absorptive aerosols such as desert dust and carbonaceous aerosols. Hence, the UVAI from OMPS is a good parameter for monitoring the activity of the Taklamakan desert. Besides, instruments measuring particulate matter (PM10 and PM2. 5), gas concentration (SO2, O3 and NOx), particle size distribution, particle scattering and absorption coefficients, solar radiation and a cloud monitor are also deployed in the field campaign. These data contribute to relevant air quality and solar radiation studies within the frame of the DAO campaign. 3 Results and analysis.