dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
8 for the regional CRU time series); -between mean summer air temperature and summerwide mass balance B s (June-September) (ρ = -0. 76 for Gavarnie, ρ = -0. 71 for Pic du Midi and ρ = -0. 72 for the CRU time series); -between annual mass balance and mean annual temperature (ρ = -0. 66 for the CRU time series). The link between annual mass balance and mean annual temperature is weaker in the Pic du Midi time series than in the CRU time series (ρ = -0. 57 for Pic du Midi). This may be due to the use of raw data in the Pic du Midi time series, starting from 2011, or to the limited period for glaciological mass balance records (annual mass balance measurements only began in 2001). However, due to the good correlation between the CRU and the Pic du Midi temperature data sets, we also considered that the mean annual temperature at Pic du Midi is linked to B glac.
a over the longer 1890-2013 period. The elevation of the Pic du Midi station (2874 m a. s. l. ) is close to that of Ossoue Glacier front (2755 m a. s. l. ); thus, we principally used this data set to identify temperature trends over historical periods. Precipitation records at Gavarnie and Tarbes are significantly correlated with the winter mass balances (ρ = 0. 71 for Gavarnie, ρ = 0. 72 for Tarbes, which is located farther from the glacier, Table  5 ). The link between annual mass balance and annual precipitation is significant in the Tarbes data set (ρ = 0. 74). Thus, we conclude that the Tarbes time series can be used to identify trends in precipitation that are linked with Ossoue Glacier fluctuations. The mean annual temperature over the hydrological year (starting 1 October) for 1858-2013 is -1.
Acknowledgements. This manuscript was greatly improved thanks to the constructive comments of  Chris R. Stokes  (Editor),  J. Ignacio López-Moreno  (referee), and an anonymous referee. The authors warmly thank all the volunteers who provided great help during fieldwork, especially the members of the Association Moraine (including  Florian Pinchon ,  Antoine Simmonet , and  Sabine Ayrinhac ). We acknowledge all our colleagues who helped collect the GNSS data in the field (including  Stephane Binet ,  Frédéric Blanc ,  Bruno Calvino , and  Vincent Cabot ) and acquire the Pléiades images (including  Claire Tinel  and  Steven Hosford ) within the framework of the CNES Pléiades thematic commissioning phase and the  Airbus Defence and Space "Pléiades User Group ". This work was supported by the  Fondation Eau, Neige et Glace  through the project  CLIM Ex-PYR  (www.
The study of RR Lyrae stars has recently been invigorated thanks to the long, uninterrupted, ultra-precise time series data provided by the Kepler and CoRoT space telescopes. We give a brief overview of the new observational findings concentrating on the connection between period doubling and the Blazhko modulation, and the omnipresence of additional periodicities in all RR Lyrae subtypes, except for non-modulated RRab stars. Recent theoretical results demonstrate that if more than two modes are present in a nonlinear dynamical system such as a high-amplitude RR Lyrae star, the outcome is often an extremely intricate dynamical state. Thus, based on these discoveries, an underlying picture of complex dynamical interactions between modes is emerging which sheds new light on the century-old Blazhko-phenomenon, as well.
We investigated the temporal variability of the additional modes in the CoRoT RR Lyrae sample  [25]. It turned out that the amplitude or the shape of these frequencies vary in time in most cases where we could draw firm conclusions. This variability has been confirmed by Moskalik et al. [17]  based on the Kepler RRc sample. The Kepler data provide better frequency resolution compared to our CoRoT sample, hence the presence of potentially close-by, unresolved frequency components could be safely excluded as the main cause of the variations. Half-integer frequencies are nonstationary, because of the ephemeral presence of PD itself. However, the variability of the other (presumably) nonradial modes is The Space Photometry Revolution Fig. 1. Additional frequencies in Kepler Blazhko RRab stars  [11] ,  [3].
Outlook Space photometry induced a veritable revolution in our understanding of RR Lyrae stars. New dynamical phenomena have been discovered, of which some are well-understood  [12] , while others are still awaiting a theoretical explanation. If the ubiquity of nonradial modes is confirmed, the power of nonlinear seismology using radial modes in RR Lyrae stars can be unleashed  [15]. We hope to continue this adventure using a larger sample of galactic and maybe extragalactic RR Lyrae stars by ongoing and future space photometric missions, like K2  [9] ,  [16] , TESS  [20] , and PLATO  [19]. Fonds (FWF P22691-N16). KK acknowledges the support of FP7 Marie Curie Fellowship PIOF-255267 (SAS-RRL). This research made use of the ExoDat database, operated at LAM-OAMP, Marseille, France, on behalf of the CoRoT/Exoplanet program.
Acknowledgements. This project has been supported by the  Hungarian OTKA  grant  K83790  and the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013 ) under grant agreements no. 312844  (SPACEINN), no. 269194  ( IRSES/ASK ) and  ERC  grant agreement no. 338251  (StellarAges). RSz, MP, and JMB acknowledge the support of the  ESA   PECS  project No. 4000103541/11/NL/KML. WW was supported by the  Austrian Science.
METHOD This is a multi-centric study, cross-sectional in design, using the survey method to collect data in seven universities from eight countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The sample consisted of undergraduate students between the ages of 18 and 24 years, attending two Caribbean and five Latin American universities. The total sample had 2198 people, representing a minimum of 250 and a maximum of 350 male and female students selected from each university. Students were from the Faculties of Social Sciences and Humanities/ Health Sciences. Morera JAC, Parada AR, Ogowewo B, Gough H, Alava MMS, Zeferino MT, et al. The dependent variable of the study was drug use. The licit drugs investigated were tobacco and alcohol and the illicit drugs were cannabis, cocaine and amphetamines. The independent variable of the study was the level of peer influence (number of friends who use drugs).
Statistical package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15 was used for the design of the database and for data analysis. Descriptive statistical analyses, frequencies of categorical variables, measures of central tendency (means) and measures of dispersion (standard deviation) for numeric variables were conducted. Correlations and logistic regression analyses were also conducted to determine the relationship between friends who use drugs (peer influence) and drug use and the moderating effects of the socio-cultural factors on this relationship. The findings of this study are intended to make inferences about the sample chosen from each university and not about the general university or wider populations. Therefore, the data obtained are limited in their ability to allow for predictive conclusions about any population beyond the samples.
Data analysis The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, measure of dispersion (standard deviation), median, cross tabulations, t-tests, correlation and logistic regressions. All demographic variables were analyzed and presented individually by University/City/Country. The data from all universities/cities/countries were combined in the evaluation of independent and moderating factors. Due to problems with the data collection in some countries and in order to ensure the quality of the data, there were some restrictions in the process of analysis.
It varied from 2. 02 in Kingston, Jamaica to 3. 12 in Florianopolis, Brazil. Peer influence in San Salvador, El Salvador showed a large number of missing data (42. 80%). Spirituality was measured on a scale from 0-5, where five shows the greater spirituality and presented the most stable results of all variables between cities, varying from 3. 21 in Manabi, Ecuador to 3. 74 in San Salvador, El Salvador. Relationship between friends who use drugs, spirituality, family relationship, party ased entertainment and licit and illicit drug use in the last 12 months Table  4  presents the association between friends who use drugs, family relationship, spirituality and party-based entertainment and licit and illicit drug use in the last 12 months, adjusted for demographic, school and work status characteristics.
Acknowledgment The  Organization of America States, Inter-American Drug Control Commission (CICAD/ OAS) , the  Government of Canada/DFAIT  and the  Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) ,  Toronto-Canada  for supporting and endorsing this project financially and technically; to the selected  Universities in Latin America  and the Caribbean for their invaluable support; as well as other collaborators and the students who participated in the research.
Material and methods Herbarium, alcohol and photographic materials were used to produce the descriptions. In order to identify other specimens of this new genus, we looked at all undetermined Annonaceae specimens in the herbaria located at BR, BRLU, LBV, P and YA (herbarium acronyms according to Th iers 2012). We also looked at sterile plot specimens of Annonaceae for Gabon held at BRLU. Th e conservation status was assessed by calculating the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) using the GeoCAT tool  (Bachman et al. 2011 ) and applying the IUCN Red List Category criteria  (Standards-and-Petitions-Working-Group 2006). A preliminary phylogenetic analysis indicated that the new taxon was nested in tribe Piptostigmateae of the Malmeoideae subfamily. Th erefore, the data matrix of  Couvreur et al.
Results All Genbank numbers used can be found in  Couvreur et al. (2009). Th e Genbank numbers of the newly sequenced Sirdavidia solannona are : Couvreur 596, trnLF: KP144079; rbcL: KP144081; Couvreur 597, trnLF: KP144080; rbcL: KP144082. Both markers represented 2669 total characters, 187 of which were excluded because of ambiguity in the alignment and 407 (16. 5%) were parsimony informative. Both MP and ML phylogenetic analyses led to the same topology, with similar levels of support (Fig. 1 ). In these trees, Sirdavidia solannona is nested in Piptostigmateae with strong support and is sister to Mwasumbia alba Couvreur & Johnson (MP-BS = 95%; ML-BS = 97%). Small trees with distichous, simple pinnately veined leaves with an entire margin and reticulate third-order venation. Species androdioecious (?) (fl owers unisexual staminate or bisexual).
Th erefore, one would expect that Sirdavidia might have shifted away from protogyny to allow eff ective buzz pollination by pollen collecting bees. If the buzz pollination syndrome was to be confi rmed for Sirdavidia, it would be the fi rst record in Annonaceae and for Magnoliidae and early-diverging angiosperms in general  (Endress 2001). In any case, this represents the fi rst "Solanum-type" fl ower described in Magnoliidae to date  (De Luca and Vallejo-Marín 2013; Endress 2001). Hans de Vries is kindly thanked for his botanical illustration of Sirdavidia solannona. Last, we also thank Jürg Schönenberger, Yannick Staedler, and Peter Endress for discussions on buzz pollination and comments on earlier versions of the article. Field work in Gabon was supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant number ANR-12-JVS7-0015-01 to HS).
Acknowledgments Isabelle Morlais  and the OCEAC lab members are thanked for allowing us to undertake the DNA extractions and PCR amplifi cations of the material. Adama Faye  is thanked for his assistance in the lab. Richard Saunders  and one anonymous reviewer are thanked for detailed comments on the MS. We are also grateful to the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que et Technique (CENAREST) in Gabon  and the  Agence National des Parques Nationaux (ANPN)  for delivering the necessary research permits. Jan Wieringa  is thanked for help with both the genus and epithet names.
Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with !3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/ 1. 73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were.
Ethical and Study Approval All participating cohorts in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study followed local national guidelines/regulations regarding patient consent and ethical review. Of the countries represented by the participating cohorts, only Switzerland and Australia required specific ethical approval for the D:A:D study in addition to that required for their national cohorts (Swiss HIV Cohort Study and Australian HIV Observational Database). France, Italy, and Belgium did not require specific ethical approval over and above that required for the individual cohorts (Nice/Aquitaine Cohort, Brussels St. Pierre Cohort, and ICONA Cohort, respectively), and the Netherlands did not require any specific ethical approval since the data were provided as part of HIV care (ATHENA Cohort).
For the EuroSIDA study (which includes the data from the BASS and Swedish cohorts), each participating site has a contractual obligation to ensure that data collection and sharing is done in accordance with national legislation; each site principal investigator either maintains appropriate documentation from an ethical committee (if required by law) or has a documented written statement to say that this is not required. Use of data from the Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort was approved by the Chairman of the Ethics Committee. Both the SMART and ESPRIT trials were approved by the institutional review board at each participating site, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The institutional review board at the University of Minnesota approved the IN-SIGHT study (0603M83587).
This project and analysis of data was approved by the D:A:D steering committee on 28 November 2013 and further ratified by the renal working group within D:A:D on 29 April 2014. A formal project proposal was submitted to the principle investigator of the Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort (M. A. J. ) and to the scientific committee of INSIGHT for their approval and release of data. Approval from the Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort was received on  21 May 2014 , and from the INSIGHT scientific steering committee on  20 May 2014.
Study Population The D:A:D study is a prospective cohort collaboration established in 1999 that follows more than 49,000 HIV-1-positive individuals in Europe, the United States, and Australia; details have been published previously  [21]. Data on routine clinical care, including demographic factors, antiretroviral therapy (ART), laboratory values, cardiovascular risk factors, and AIDS events, are collected electronically at enrolment and every 6 mo thereafter. Serum creatinine measurements have been collected systematically in participating cohorts since January 2004.
All potential demographic, HIV-related, and cardiovascular risk factors for CKD variables were examined univariately, and factors with p < 0. 1 were included in a multivariate model. All variables not selected for inclusion (p ! 0. 1) were added to the final model in turn to determine whether their inclusion improved the fit of the model, as evidenced by p < 0. 1 or a lower Akaike information criterion value. Continuous variables were fitted as continuous linear variables, categorical variables, or continuous non-linear variables with polynomial splines, depending on previously published literature, clinical value, and best fitting models. As data on a number of the renal risk factors (smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, and prior CVD) are not routinely collected worldwide, a short score was derived without these variables to allow a risk score calculation in those individuals where only basic HIV information is known.
What Did the Researchers Do and Find? To develop their CKD risk score, the researchers used clinical and demographic data collected from 17,954 HIV-positive individuals enrolled in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study who had an eGFR > 60 ml/min/1. 73 m 2 and were not taking a potentially nephrotoxic antiretroviral at baseline. During 103,185 person-years of follow-up, 641 individuals developed CKD. Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease predicted CKD. The researchers included these nine factors in their risk score model (which is available online) and defined three risk groups: low (risk score < 0), medium (risk score 0-4), and high (risk score ! 5) risk of CKD development in the next five years.
,  Bristol-Myers Squibb ,  Gilead Sciences Inc. ,  ViiV Healthcare ,  Merck & Co Inc. ,  Pfizer Inc ,  F. Hoffman-LaRoche Ltd  and  Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Supported also by a grant [grant number  DNRF126 ] from the  Danish National Research Foundation  to CHIP , Supported by a grant [grant number  CURE/97-46486 ] from the  Health Insurance Fund Council, Amstelveen , the  Netherlands , to the  AIDS Therapy Evaluation Project Netherlands (ATHENA) ; by a grant from the  Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA  [grant number  Action  Coordonnée no. 7, Cohortes], to the Aquitaine Cohort; The Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) is funded as part of the Asia Pacific HIV Observational Database, a program of  The Foundation for AIDS Research, amfAR , and is supported in part by a grant from the  U.
However, the manual construction of a database is a tedious task and is generally costly. Moreover, clinical knowledge is constantly evolving, practices change, and knowledge bases must be regularly updated. Data mining techniques, such as Association Rules Mining (ARM), have been successfully used to develop and update automated knowledge bases  [5]. Another advantage of ARM is the possibility to describe the current practices at the level of a ward, a hospital or a higher level of aggregation (for example, an administrative area of care). For example, this method facilitates the identification of off-label uses. Drug treatment information is generally well documented and easily accessible in organisations that have implemented computerised physician order entry. All medications are tracked for all patients, and the medications list is quite exhaustive.
Methods Our study concerned all patients hospitalised between May 2012 and May 2013 in the department of Cardiology at the University Hospital of Strasbourg. Our method was divided into four main steps: 1. data-collection and pre-processing 2. association rules mining 3. post-processing and selection of association rules 4. method validation Our dataset was split into a training set and a testing set. Seventy-five per cent of the dataset were randomly assigned to the training set and the 25% remaining to the testing set. The training set was used for the first three steps and the testing set was used for the method validation. Step 1: data collection and pre-processing Two types of information were extracted from the EHR: -Medication administered during the stay -Medical conditions treated during the stay First, the medications were extracted from EHRs.
Each of the medications received by the patient was identified by its International Non-proprietary Name (INN) and was further linked to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system. Only light preprocessing was required. We excluded radio contrast agents (because we will not explore the radiological database) and electrolyte solutions (we considered that these medications will yield too much noise). For medical problems, a NLP tool  [12]  (API FMTI from VIDAL©), which returns a list of ICD-10 codes, was used to parse the discharge summaries to extract pathological conditions. Data cleaning removed non-diagnosis and irrelevant ICD-10 codes. Four main procedures were executed (Figure  1 ). 1. All codes not corresponding to medical management were deleted. For example, all ICD-10 codes beginning with a "V" represent descriptive codes for traffic accidents and were deleted.
2. All codes retrieved from a negative sentence were also deleted. 3. All treatments administered during the stay are related to pathological conditions regarding the stay. Thus, all acute pathologies extracted in the section "Antecedents" were deleted. 4. Aberrant codes caused by homonymy due to several abbreviations in the discharge letter were also deleted. Then, a database collection containing the ICD-10 codes corresponding to the pathological conditions and medications was created for each patient. In this database, the record lists all of the ICD-10 codes and all of the finest level codes in the ATC classification system for each medication a patient had received in the hospital. The data were obtained after approval from the CNIL, the French Data Protection Authority (authorisation number 1772715).
Step 2: association rules building Association rules aim to automatically extract interesting associations or correlations among a large set of items (attributes) that describes a set of objects in a database. In the database, sets of items can be characterised by its support (noted as supp), which is the proportion of objects sharing the attributes  [13, 14]. Association rules are in the form "L implies R", which is noted as "L → R". L (left, also called the antecedent) and R (right, also called consequent) are two sets of items that do not intersect. The interestingness of such rules can be characterised by many different measures to filter the "best" rules  [13]. We used ARM to produce rules for correlations between a set of drugs and a set of medical conditions. The confidence (noted as conf ) represents the conditional probability that an object includes items R, given that it includes items L.
All the previous process was performed on the training set. The cut-off of the interestingness measures were applied on the testing set. Only the cut-off of the Chi square was transformed. For taking into account the difference between the sample size of the training set and the testing set, we weighted the cut-off by the sample sizes ratio. We can see in the formula of the Chi square above that this interestingness measure depends on the size of the dataset. Finally, the indices (recall, specificity, precision,…) were extrapolated to the complete association rules database, including multi-element rules (with several items in the antecedent or in the consequent).
Population The population database consisted of 1,440 discharge letters and the corresponding medications. The training set contains 1080 stays (n train ) and the testing set the remaining 360 (n train ). From the letters of the training set, 62,104 ICD-10 code diagnoses were extracted. After cleaning, 18,803 codes remained with only 1,063 distinct codes (up to the 5 th digit). For medications, 11,162 items (each item corresponds to a line in the medical order) were extracted with 363 different medications.