dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Thus, we investigated whether the biodistribution of P-selectin targeted lipoplexes is different from that of non-targeted lipoplexes. The Rhodamine B-labeled Psel-lipo/shCTR or Scr-lipo/shCTR lipoplexes (1. 5 mg of plasmid/kg body weight) were administered to ApoE-deficient mice by retro-orbital injection. After one hour, the mice's vasculature was washed with PBS by puncture of the left ventricle, and several organs (brain, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys) and aortas were removed and visualized ex-vivo using the IVIS Caliper 200 imaging system. The fluorescent radiant efficiency [fluorescence emission radiance per incident excitation intensity (p/s/cm2/ sr)/(μW/cm2)] measurements using region-of-interest (ROI) function of Living Image 4. 3. 1. software was used to quantify the biodistribution of lipoplexes.
Acknowledgments The authors are indebted to  Dr. Mihaela Gherghiceanu , " Victor Babes "  National Institute of Pathology  for TEM investigations. We gratefully thank the staff of the  SPF Animal Facility at the Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology  for providing technical support. The work was supported in part by grants from the  Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, CNCS -UEFISCDI  (project numbers  PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-1837 ,  PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0050  and  PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-2465 ) and the  EU Competitiveness Operational Programme   2014-2020 , Priority Axis1/Action 1. 1. 4contract no. 115/13. 09. 2016/MySMIS:104362.
Variety and consumption assessment The participants completed a seven-day food intake survey in an online format (food notebooks). The participants reported the types and portions of all foods and beverages consumed during the day (portion data will not be presented in this manuscript). They were provided with the validated SUVIMAX atlas  (Hercberg et al. , 2002)  for the estimation of food quantities, showing various common foods and beverages (including typical foods of the country, 42 different vegetables, 9 dishes with vegetables, 18 different fruits). The respondents could add foods not presented in the atlas. Foods consumed were computed for the whole day and for separate eating occasions (main meals and snacks). Dietary intake was reported by parents or caregivers, in the presence of the child, particularly with respect to food intake outside the home.
A preliminary ANOVA was performed to assess the quality of the filling out of food notebooks with the total number of different foods consumed during the four days as the dependent variable, and with Group (2: Control vs Intervention, Between-subject variable) and Period (2: T0 vs T1, Within-subject variable) as the independent variables. The SAS 9. 4 software program (SAS Institute, Inc. , Cary, NY, USA) was used for statistical analyses and for database management. The statistical significance level was set at p-value < 0. 05.
Methods For the present analyses, data from SAGE were utilized and this data can be publicly accessed through the following link: http://www. who. int/healthinfo/sage/en/ (accessed on 30 May 2021). This survey was administered between 2007 and 2010 in the following countries: China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. All countries were LMICs based on the World Bank classification at the time of the survey. Details of the survey methodology have been published elsewhere  [21]. In brief, in order to obtain nationally representative samples, a multistage clustered sampling design method was used. The sample consisted of adults aged ≥18 years with oversampling of those aged ≥50 years. Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews using a standard questionnaire. Standard translation procedures were undertaken to ensure comparability between countries.
Sarcopenia Following the criteria used in previous publications using the same dataset  [22, 23] , sarcopenia was defined as having low skeletal muscle mass (SMM) as reflected by lower skeletal mass index (SMI) and either a slow gait speed or a weak handgrip strength  [24]. Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was calculated as the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) based on the equation proposed by Lee and colleagues: ASM = 0. 244*weight + 7. 8*height + 6. 6*sex-0. 098*age + race-3. 3 (where female = 0 and male = 1; race = 0 (White and Hispanic), race = 1. 9 (Black), and race = -1. 6 (Asian))  [25]. ASM was further divided by BMI based on measured weight and height to create a skeletal muscle mass index (SMI)  [26]. Low SMM was defined as the lowest quintile of the SMI based on sex-stratified values.
While these findings need to be interpreted with caution in light of the issues associated with such secondary analyses, coupled with the heterogeneous nature of the PEPaNIC study population, intersite  Establishing more drug and PN brand specific data regarding the impact of medications on PN stability. This also applies to interactions with specific equipment and tubing and will vary depending on concentrations and flow rates 18 For pediatric patients who receive long-term PN, further explore the use of ursodeoxycholic acid for the prevention of PN-related cholestasis, including data on liver disease and long-term outcomes 18 Organizational aspects (56) For all children and infants who receive PN, evaluate (ideally using RCTs) the choice of enteral feed (e. g. elemental vs. polymeric vs.
Home PN There are still some gaps in knowledge and unanswered questions in relation to the impact of Home PN (HPN) in terms of quality of life, benefits, and costs (Table  3 ). There is little evidence regarding optimal weaning strategies, and the potential for standardized solutions suitable for HPN is relatively underexplored. There is emerging evidence that the use of standardized home PN solutions may be comparable to individualized solutions in terms of maintaining growth and serum biochemistry, though larger studies are needed to confirm this  27. The use of strategies to reduce complications such as infection and IFALD have not been researched thoroughly in the context of HPN. Ready-to-use standardized vs. individualized pediatric PN preparations Large multicentre RCTs, or at least observational cohort studies based on large databases comparing the outcomes of infants and children given individually tailored PN preparations to those given standardized "ready-to use" PN solutions, would help to establish evidence-based recommendations, and more importantly specifically define the patients and conditions where individually tailored or standardized ready-to-use PN preparations are advantageous (Table  3 ).
This is a broad and challenging task. How to define and measure optimal outcomes remains a challenge in many areas of medicine, but especially so in pediatrics, given that long-term outcomes also involve optimal neurological, cognitive, and functional development and the impact of nutrition and growth in early life on the risk of noncommunicable diseases such as coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Defining which outcomes are important to clinicians, patients, families, and other stakeholders is essential, and central to this is the work of the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative  30. Given the relatively small numbers of patients who receive PN, the use of registries and national databases is also needed to improve our understanding of practice and outcomes in this area.
all children and infants who receive PN, develop a basic monitoring protocol considered essential to ensure safety of patients receiving long-term PN, together with follow-up and monitoring, together with a minimal data set 23 In all children and infants who receive PN, assessing the benefits of cycling PN on short-and long-term outcomes, and the optimal regimens for doing this in different patient groups 22 For all children and infants who receive PN, clearly describe the essential elements of a PN ordering process aimed at minimizing the risk of errors 21 For all children and infants who receive PN, develop a non-invasive test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth 21 Home parenteral nutrition (56) For all children and infants who receive home PN collecting long-term outcome data, perhaps as part of an international database 20 Developing pediatric standard formulations for pediatric home PN, particularly those that could be kept at room temperature 18 In children and infants who receive Home PN, carry out large multicentre audits of new treatments for weaning PN, e.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge all the authors of the ESPGHAN/ESPR/ESPEN/CSPEN pediatric parenteral nutrition guidelines for their contributions and vote ( Christian Braegger ,  University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Jiri Bronsky, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic; Cristina Campoy, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain ;  Magnus Domellof ,  Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Sweden; Nicholas Embleton, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ;  Mary Fewtrell ,  UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK ;  Natasa Fidler ,  University Medical Centre.
28 For 28 all children and infants who receive PN, develop a basic monitoring protocol considered essential to ensure safety of patients receiving long-term PN, together with follow-up and monitoring, together with a minimal data set 23 In all children and infants who receive PN, assessing the benefits of cycling PN on short-and long-term outcomes, and the optimal regimens for doing this in different patient groups 22 For all children and infants who receive PN, clearly describe the essential elements of a PN ordering process aimed at minimizing the risk of errors 21 For all children and infants who receive PN, develop a non-invasive test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth 21 Home parenteral nutrition (56) For all children and infants who receive home PN collecting long-term outcome data, perhaps as part of an international database 20 Developing pediatric standard formulations for pediatric home PN, particularly those that could be kept at room temperature 18 In children and infants who receive Home PN, carry out large multicentre audits of new treatments for weaning PN, e.
Statistical analysis All measurements were performed in triplicate. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) through the Tukey procedure was used to statistically evaluate the obtained data. The General linear model allows the pvalue of the F-test computed in the ANOVA results; the information explains the interaction between treatments on the significance of variables. The Pearson procedure was used to determine the correlation between the data. All of the significant levels were set at p-values less than 0. 05 by the XLSTAT software (Xlstat-sensory 2019, Addinsoft, France). The influence of the interactions between protein*fat, protein*sugar, fat*sugar, and protein*fat*sugar on the tested physicochemical features, which include firmness, adhesiveness, WHC, apparent viscosity at 50s -1 , L*, a*, b*, D 4,3 , D 3,2 , d(0.
Objective. -The year 2020 marks the 10th consecutive year of the ePINUT study which is used for promoting awareness of hospital malnutrition in paediatric wards. The present article describes the methods and the studied population. Materials and methods. -ePINUT is a cross-sectional study gathering data each year over 2 weeks in March. Any child up to 18 years old, hospitalized except in neonatal and intensive care units could be included in this study. Length of hospitalization, weight variations and height were measured. An online calculator was made available for nutritional indices (http://www. epinut. fr/), in accordance with the French Paediatric Society guidelines. A geographic grouping was done based on university inter-regions.
Regulatory and ethics ePINUT study meets the criteria of non-interventional observational research in humans (Art. L. 1121-1-1 of public health law). ePINUT study (15-984bis) received approval from the Advisory Committee for Data Processing in Health Research (CCTIRS) on March 17th, 2016 (French law on the use of data in medical research: 94-548 on July 1st, 1994). The computer database has also been authorized by the National Commission for Data Protection (CNIL), relating to the declaration of conformity 2034866 on February 13th 2017.
Data collection A cross-sectional survey, gathering data over two weeks in March of each year, was used to screen for malnutrition in paediatric wards. Data were collected using anonymous electronic case report forms. Participating health professionals were trained by phone teleconferences before each yearly session. Precision of numerical variables was predefined: 1 digit for weight in kg, integer for height and head circumference in cm, 1 digit for mid-upper arm circumference and 1 day for length of stay (LOS) (treated as discrete variable). If height measurement was not possible, it was estimated from the knee height  [6]. It was up to each centre to ensure that measuring tools were accurate and conditions of use thoroughly followed. Growth standards allowing Z-score calculations were that of Sempé et al.
Cities and annual variations ePINUT study totals 13,332 entries in French hospitals, from 2010 to 2019. We excluded data from other countries of the current analysis. Including for cities outside of France, yearly summary statistics for age at admittance and ZWFH are available at https://epinut. shinyapps. io/epinutncm/. There were 128 entries in 2010 (pilot phase), 908 in 2011, a peak at 2323 in 2012, and a decrease leading to 828 entries in 2019, with a significant evolution over the years (Pearson R = -0. 81, P = 0. 01). On a geographic level, 6 of the 7 regions contributed yearly to 10 to 15% of these entries, while the western region accounted for 25% of the entries (Chi 2 P < 0. 001, Fig. 1 ). Contribution of each region by year is represented in Fig. 1. Ninety-two cities participated in the survey at least once, 36 cities participated five to nine times (39%), 32 cities two to four times (35%) and 24 participated once (26%).
Discussion The ePINUT study is a unique long-term study used for promoting the awareness of hospital malnutrition in children. Its Strengths of the present study are the large number of observations, the diversity of paediatric wards (i. e. , university/general centres, medicine/surgery) and representativity of children hospitalized in France, the consistency of the methods over several years, the yearly training of investigators participating in the study, and the use of a common web interface helping diagnostic standardisation. We have therefore included children up to 18 in order to better reflect the diversity of patients hospitalized in paediatric wards. Although a large number of patients were included in this study over 10 years, incidence of ZWFH smaller than -2 at admittance cannot be determined because the surveys were not designed to gather fully exhaustive data so that missing patients were not recorded.
The detailed composition of the standard chow can be found on the website: https: //safe-lab. com/safe-wAssets/docs/product-data-sheets/diets/safe_a04_ds. pdf (accessed 29 August 2021). Its energy value was 3. 15 kcal/g, while that of the standard chow mixed with pork fat was 5. 10 kcal/g. The caloric value of the sweetened water solution was 1. 75 kcal/mL. A total of 16 dams (8 supplemented with saline and 8 supplemented with DHA) were used. Two pups were selected at random from each litter to yield a final number of 16 saline-and 16 DHA-supplemented pups. Care was taken to split the two pups of the same dam into different experimental groups (fed standard chow or exposed to fcHFHS diet), such that the presented results corresponded to the combined data from eight animals born to eight different dams.
Data Analysis The relative expression levels of the mRNAs in the different samples were calculated using the 2∆∆CT method. GraphPad Prism 9 Software (GraphPad, Inc. , San Diego, CA, USA) was used to perform all statistical analyses. Data were first checked for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Statistical differences between obese and control offspring born to saline-supplemented dams were evaluated by unpaired Student's t-test. The differences in the effects of maternal DHA supplementation, or between males and females, were determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak's multiple comparison test using maternal supplementation (saline or DHA), postnatal diet (chow or FcHFHS diet), or sex as factors. Experimental results were expressed as mean ± S. E. M. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.
Acknowledgments:  Amran Daher Abdi  is the recipient of a doctoral fellowship from the  Ministry of Research and Innovation of the Government of the Republic of Djibouti. Sandra Olvera Hernández  was supported by the program " Food for Tomorrow " of the  French Region Pays de la Loire  and the  European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). Luis Reyes Castro received support from the  EU  in the framework of the  Marie-Curie FP7 COFUND People Programme , through the award of an  AgreenSkills  fellowship. Carla Mezo González  and  Juan Antonio García-Santillán  are supported by an international PhD fellowship from  CONACYT. Authors are grateful to  Blandine Castellano ,  Isabelle Grit  and  Agnès David  for technical help.
Study Population The present study was based on the EDEN ("Etude des Déterminants pre-et postnatals de la santé de l'ENfant") mother-child cohort study. A detailed study protocol was published previously  [50]. Briefly, the EDEN study included 2002 pregnant women during their hospital visit before 24 weeks of amenorrhea, between 2003 and 2006, in two cities in France (Nancy and Poitiers). The exclusion criteria included multiple pregnancy, known diabetes before pregnancy, French illiteracy and planning to move outside the region within the next three years. Written consent was obtained from the parents. For the present study, data about consumption in infancy (when children were aged 8 or 12 months) were used. Moreover, families accepting to pursue participation beyond the initially planned follow-up were contacted to let their children complete an online questionnaire on food liking.
Infant's Dietary Intake Infant food intake was reported on a daily basis (according to the instructions) by mothers using a 3-day food record including two weekdays and one weekend day when their child was aged 8 and 12 months. The food record included information about the provided and the uneaten amount of food, the food brand name or the recipe for homemade foods. Nutrient intake was calculated based on food composition databases from the French baby foods industry group (SFAE 2005) and from the French Observatory of Food Nutritional Quality (CIQUAL 2020). Carbohydrate, sugar, fat and energy intake were calculated only among non-breastfed infants, as breast milk intake could not be measured. No information about free sugars was available in the food composition databases. However, consumption of natural sweeteners (honey, white sugar, brown sugar, jam), sweetened beverages (sodas, fruit juices) were collected from food records.
Sample Selection The different steps of the sample selection process are described in Figure  1. Among the EDEN participants, 785 children filled out the liking questionnaire. Only the children who answered that they knew and consumed at least 75% of the food items were considered in the present study, leaving 759 children. Among the 759 children, only those with nutrient intake assessed at 8 or at 12 months (excluding children with missing or invalid food records (n = 60 and n = 113, respectively) and children no more breastfed (n = 83 and n = 36, respectively)) were kept in the main analysis (n = 616 and n = 610, respectively). Complete-case analysis at 8 and 12 months was run on 555 and 543 children respectively, excluding children with missing data for covariates and confounders at 8 and 12 months (n = 61 and n = 67).
Missing values for confounders, which were assumed to be missing at random, were handled using multiple imputations. Five independent datasets were generated using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method (PROC MI with FCS LOGISTIC and FCS REGPMM statements) and pooled effect estimates were calculated (PROC MIANALYZE). The multiple imputation method is detailed in the Table  S1. Complete case analysis was performed as a sensitivity analysis to assess the robustness of our associations. The interactions between child's sex and dietary exposure were tested in the adjusted models and imputed dataset (considered as our main analysis). When an interaction was significant, the association was examined separately among boys and girls in the unadjusted model, as well as in the adjusted models based on both complete-case and imputed samples.
All analyses were performed with SAS software (version 9. 4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Significance was set at p < 0. 05 except for interaction tests (p < 0. 10). 1. There was no substantial difference between the characteristics of the sample at 8 months and at 12 months. Hence, only characteristics in children with liking scores at 8-12-year-old and nutrient intakes assessed at 12 months will be further described. In the present study, children were aged from 8. 7 to 12. 5 years, with a mean age of 10. 7 years. Among children with a recorded weight and height in the liking questionnaire, 10% were overweight (including obesity) according to IOTF cut-offs  [55]. Among EDEN participants, excluded children with no liking questionnaire or no nutrient assessed at 12 months (n = 1297), compared with included children (n = 610), were more likely to be born to a mother who is younger (29 ± 5 vs.
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank  M. Visalli  for the implementation of the questionnaire online,  B. Leman ,  E. Szleper  and  E. Lesieux  for the data entry and checking for paper questionnaires. The authors thank the EDEN mother-child cohort study group, whose members are I. Annesi-Maesano ,  J. Y. Bernard ,  J. Botton ,  M. A. Charles ,  P. Dargent-Molina ,  B. de Lauzon-Guillain ,  P. Ducimetière ,  M. de Agostini ,  B. Foliguet ,  A. Forhan ,  X. Fritel ,  A. Germa ,  V. Goua ,  R. Hankard ,  B. Heude ,  M. Kaminski ,  B. Larroque ,  N. Lelong ,  J. Lepeule ,  G. Magnin ,  L. Marchand ,  C. Nabet ,  F. Pierre ,  R. Slama ,  M. J. Saurel-Cubizolles ,  M. Schweitzer ,  O. Thiebaugeorges.
Funding: This research was funded by the  Didit métaprogramme of INRA  (" SweetLip-kid " project to SN; doctoral fellowship to WLY). The EDEN cohort study is supported by  Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) ,  National Agency for Research (ANR) ,  National Institute for Research in Public Health (IRESP: TGIR cohorte santé 2008 program ),  French Ministry of Health (DGS) ,  French Ministry of Research, Inserm Bone and Joint Diseases National Research (PRO-A)  and  Human Nutrition National Research Programs, Paris-Sud University, Nestlé ,  French National Institute for Population Health Surveillance (InVS) ,  French National Institute for Health Education (INPES) , the  European Union   FP7  programmes (FP7/2007-2013, HELIX, ESCAPE, ENRIECO, Medall projects),  Diabetes National Research Program  (through a collaboration with the  French Association of Diabetic Patients (AFD)) ,  French Agency for Environmental Health Safety (now ANSES) ,  Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN) ,  French National Agency for Food Security , and the  French-speaking.
These results are accompanied by a computational application developed to facilitate the public access and analysis of this data. The human Olfactory Receptor Mutation database (hORMdb, https://lmc. uab. cat/hORMdb) is an interactive database, that allows the selection and filtering of human OR natural variants order to analyze specific dbSNP entries, individual genes or complete families according to their topological localization, population frequencies and substitution scores, amongst other features.