dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Example overviews and slices in the datasets are shown in a longitudinal slice in Fig. 6. The enhanced contrast brought about with PCE-CT highlights gaps between the adhesive (Fig. 6 ), tooth substrate and resin composite. Although significant areas of the interface appeared to be well bonded and continuous, interfacial gaps were surprisingly extensive and well identifiable. The thickness of the gaps (e. g. Fig. 6 , white arrow) varied from 2 mm to 16 mm and adversely affected an average of 34% (AE15%) of the contact surfaces between dentin and adhesive, as demonstrated here in five different teeth. The results from the analysis of 18 sections of each sample, shown in the graphs of Fig. 7 , reveal the large variability in the percentage of gaps between different sides of the same restoration in different samples.
Faster acquisition rates amounting to terabytes of reconstructed data will require further developments of data storage, processing and analysis. The large number of virtual slices generated for each dataset from synchrotron mCT makes manual (slice-by-slice) segmentation impractical  (Meneses et al. , 2011). The present work showcases one tested and tried approach to analyse full volumes containing interfacial gaps in restored human teeth. Although fairly simple, it is time consuming and requires extensive computation. It is also not applicable for the clinical setting. Future developments in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning will hopefully improve image segmentation automation  (Dimiduk et al. , 2018; Beliaev et al. , 2020). The adhesive used for testing here was Futurabond U, a clinically used universal adhesive system.
Conclusions The present work provides details about steps needed to measure gaps and the areas that they affect, without the use of any tracer dye and while strictly adhering to clinically used materials and procedures allowing reproducibility and comparability. The observations here clearly establish the use of PCE-CT for advancing our understanding about the ability of clinically used dental adhesive systems to form continuous interfaces with tooth tissues when measured in vitro. It is also a valuable tool for imaging interfacial gaps between thin polymer adhesives and tooth substrate in restored hydrated, treated teeth in 3D. Flaws in the thin polymer bonding layer were quantified non-destructively. Although a possible quantitative data processing pipeline was proposed, much more can be done for improved image segmentation and analysis.
Acknowledgements The authors thank  Professor Christelle Goutaudier  of  University Claude Bernard Lyon1  for her valuable comments. We thank " Plateforme Lyonnaise d'Analyses Thermiques from laboratoire des multimatériaux et interfaces (PLAT) " of  University Claude Bernard Lyon1 , especially the manager  Dr. Rodica Chiriac  for her relevant advice and  Mr. François TOCHE  for his assistance with TMA, DSC and TG studies. We thank  Véréna Landel  ( DRCI, Hospices Civils de Lyon ) for help in manuscript preparation. We are also grateful to Doctor Laurant.
Thermal Evaluation Tests For temperature increase evaluation performed with thermocouples, 9 teeth were transversely sectioned at 3 different thicknesses (3 for each group) of 1, 2, and 3 mm and then randomly distributed into three groups, on the basis of the power used, for measuring thermal evaluations: group A, 0. 9 W; group B, 1. 4 W; and group C, 1. 8 W. Dentine ablation was performed transversely with a high-speed disk (BUEHLER-ISOMET 2000) to obtain three different dentine disk thicknesses of 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm for each group; thermal evaluation tests were performed by thermocouples (Pico Technology, TC-08 USB, United Kingdom). Each thermocouple was put under the dentine disks and connected to a computer (Picolog Recorder Software). Finally, data were collected by applying the laser handpiece 30 times at a 30° angle in noncontact mode to the external surface of the dentine.
Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis EDS analysis was realised on the same teeth evaluated for SEM observations. Three specimens were prepared as control group: the first specimen was only fresh dentine, the second was irrigated with EDTA 17% solution, and the third was graphited by a pencil to perform the microanalysis test of the dentine surface before and after laser irradiation. By randomisation, three lased specimens of each group were selected to evaluate the micro-analysis test of the dentine-lased surface and also for to observe the chemical composition of dentine after laser irradiation. For performing the microanalysis, we used EDS associated with an SEM (PHILIPS XL30 ESEM) connected through INCA software. In this test, the electrons inside the device collided with the electrons within the sample and caused some to be knocked out of their orbits.
Preprocessing of the Data For this classification task, we had an image data base of 2000 X-ray radiographic images. Each image has a size of 2012 × 2012. These images are extracted from the patients files and are anonymized. A selection of 600 images are studied and labelized by the experts in six classes (CVS1,. , CVS6). These labelized data are divided in three sets of Training, Validation and Testing. We did different division of the data: First, we had started by 300, 200 and 100, respectively for Training, Validation and Testing. Then, we decided to divide them to 200, 200 and 200 and used Cross Validation technique by permutation of these sets. Also, as these images are from the whole head, only a specific part of the image is usefull for this classification, we performed different preprocessing before feeding then to the DL input.
Introduction Cephalometry performed on sagittal teleradiographic X-rays is commonly used for the planification of orthognathic procedures. Tomographic imaging techniques (computer tomography or cone-beam computer tomography) are more and more prescribed for the assessment of complex occlusofacial anomalies. In this study, we intended to evaluate if teleradiographic X-rays reconstructed from computer tomography (CT) can be used to trace reliable cephalometric analyses. We assessed the inter-and intra-observer reproducibility of a simplified Delaire analysis (Top 12), one of the numerous common cephalometric analyses, performed with the Delaire Evolution software on three sets of X-rays: (1) conventional cephalometric X-rays, (2) 2D reconstructions obtained from the CT scans of the same patients and (3) 2D reconstructions obtained from CT scans of dry skulls without a cervical spine (anthropological material).
Materials and Methods We included 10 consecutive adult patients admitted for orthodontic assessment who had benefited from both lateral cephalometric X-rays and from CT-scans. We also included 10 CT-scans from adult dry skulls without a cervical spine, from the collections of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France). Cephalometric X-rays were reconstructed from CT-scans of both patients and dry skulls using Carestream® (Carestream Health inc. , New York, USA). Simplified Delaire analyses (Top12) were conducted by 2 observers using the Delaire Evolution software (JDel, Nantes, France), on the 3 sets of cephalometric X-rays: (1) 10 standard cephalometric X-rays from the orthodontic patients, (2) 10 reconstructed cephalometric X-rays from the CT scans of the orthodontic patients and (3) 10 reconstructed cephalometric X-rays from the CT scans of the dry skulls.
Introduction Cephalometric analyses (CAs) are used in maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics in order to characterize growth anomalies and design treatment plans. Most of cephalometric analyses are performed in 2 dimensions on cephalometric lateral and frontal X-rays. Cephalometric Xrays rely on an X-ray source placed 1. 5 meters away from the patient, and provides a 1:1 scaled image with minimum deformation: measures taken on these X-rays can therefore be directly used in clinical practice  [1]. Here we focused on a specific sagittal cephalometric analysis, Delaire Architectural Analysis (DAA), performed on lateral cephalometric X-rays. Most of CAs rely on statistical data based on measures made on control 'normal' populations. These approaches are limited by the complexity of defining control groups  [2].
Most of the dry skulls we considered were carrying intentional deformations and had been included into previous works from our group  [5, 6]. Computed Tomography (CT) scans are commonly used nowadays, whereas they were less easily available for patients in the 1980's, when Jean Delaire created his analysis. However, despite the fact that most complex orthognathic surgery patients have a CT-scan available, 3D cephalometric analyses are not frequently used and most maxillofacial surgeons are more familiar with sagittal 2D analyses such as DAA. Interestingly, lateral cephalometric X-rays can be produced using CT data (based on the DICOM file format). The precise aim of this study was to evaluate the inter-and intra-observer reproducibility of a simplified DAA (called Top 12) performed with Delaire evolution.
In brief, measures obtained on the cephalometric X-rays of 10 control patients, referred to our department for various occlusal anomalies, were collected. These data were compared with the results of the same CA carried out on lateral 2D reconstructions obtained from CT scans of the same patients. We also assessed the inter-and intra-observer reproducibility of the same Top 12 analysis performed on a series of CT-generated 2D cephalograms from dry skulls without a cervical spine. These skulls, most of them carrying intentional deformations, were selected from the collections of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France) and had been scanned for a previous study  [6].
Cephalometric tracing description The 12 landmarks of the Top 12 DAA were placed using Delaire evolution software by 2 observers on the 3 series of lateral cephalograms: (1) 10 standard cephalometric X-rays from orthodontic patients, (2) 10 lateral CT-generated 2D reconstructions of the same patients, and (3) 10 lateral cephalograms obtained from the CT scans of dry skulls without cervical spine. Each observer placed the landmarks twice for all the 30 cephalometric X-rays and reconstructions with a one-month time interval. Observer №1 was an experimented maxillofacial surgeon, Observer №2 was a 4 th year maxillofacial registrar. The twelve landmarks were placed, with the following order: N (Nasion, most anterior part of the frontonasal suture), M (Metanasion, junction of the nasofrontal, maxillofrontal, and maxillonasal sutures), Cla (anterior clinoid process), Clp (posterior clinoid process), Mp (posterior metanasion, intersection of C1, the line connecting M to Cla, and the posterior edge of the frontal process of the maxilla), Ara (intersection of the anterior curve of the condyle and the inferior border of the basilar process), Od (Odontoid process), Pti (lower end of the pterygomaxillary fissure), Pts (at the middle of the curve of the upper part of the pterygomaxillary fissure), ENa (anterior Nasal spine), Atl (Anterior Arc of the Atlas), Go (Gonion).
Statistical analysis All the statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS statistics version 23 (IBM, Chicago, USA). The reliabilities of angle measurements (C1C2, C1C4, C1F1) and of the maxillary and mandibular areas over the craniofacial area (Cmax/CCF and Cmand/CCF) were assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), in two ways mixed, absolute agreement, and average measures. ICCs obtained between the first and second tracings from the same observer reflected intra-observer reproducibility. ICCs obtained between the tracings from the two observers for each cephalogram reflected the inter-observer reproducibility. In accordance with the literature, we considered that ICCs > 0. 75 reflected good reproducibility  [1]. We then computed the ICCs for the same parameters between the standard cephalometric X-rays and the 2D CT-generated lateral cephalograms of the same control patients, to determine whether our reconstruction method would alter the reliability of the measurements.
In order to dissociate the phase transition coming from the substrate from those coming from the nanotubes, experiments were performed on B and N samples. In-situ heating was done under air using a thermo-regulated furnace (HTK 1200 Anton Paar, les Ulis, France). A thermocouple was placed close to the sample surface and the error on the temperature determination was estimated to be around ±20 • C. A heating rate of 10 • C/min was applied from 25 • C to 280 • C, because no structure changes were expected in that range. Starting from 280 • C, the data were collected every 20 • C up to 760 • C. An equilibrium time of 1 min was accorded for temperature homogenization at each step. As the data collection time was equal to 5 min per pattern, this corresponded to an average heating rate of 2. 5 • /min.
Search Strategy for the Identification of the Studies A comprehensive literature search was performed on the electronic databases Medline via PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect, up to June 2019. The search equations were built by combining keywords related to periodontitis with keywords related to nanotechnology (Supplemental Materials Table  S1 ). In addition, a manual screening was carried out among the references of selected articles in order to gather further relevant papers. Screening of titles and abstracts was conducted by two independent reviewers (A. B. , N. M. ). Irrelevant studies, i. e. , unrelated to the treatment of periodontitis with nanotechnology, were excluded. Then, full texts were assessed according to inclusion criteria. In case of disagreement, a consensus was obtained with a supervisor (E.
Study Selection A total of 1324 eligible studies were identified in the electronic databases: 558 from Medline via Pubmed, 516 from Science direct, 249 from the Web of Science and 1 from the Cochrane Library. Manual search did not determine any further study for inclusion. The last search date was in June 2019. After exclusion due to duplication and titles and abstracts review, 21 articles were selected. After full reading, 10 articles were excluded (Supplemental Table  S2 ). Finally, 11 studies were included: 2 with antibacterial agents  [26, 27] , 8 with anti-inflammatory agents  [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]  and 1 with both  [36]. The process of article selection is summarized in Figure  1. selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, reporting bias and other biases.
Study Selection A total of 1324 eligible studies were identified in the electronic databases: 558 from Medline via Pubmed, 516 from Science direct, 249 from the Web of Science and 1 from the Cochrane Library. Manual search did not determine any further study for inclusion. The last search date was in June 2019. After exclusion due to duplication and titles and abstracts review, 21 articles were selected. After full reading, 10 articles were excluded (Supplemental Table  S2 ). Finally, 11 studies were included: 2 with antibacterial agents  [26, 27] , 8 with anti-inflammatory agents  [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]  and 1 with both  [36]. The process of article selection is summarized in Figure  1.
Characteristics of the Included Studies All relevant information related to study characteristics and data synthesis are presented in Table  1. All included studies were in vivo animal studies, published between 2010 and 2019. The follow-up of the studies was up to 28 days. Two studies used mice  [27, 28]  and 9 used rats  [26, [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]  (including one with systemically compromised animals with diabetes mellitus  [32] ). Number of animals ranged between 4 and 20 per group. In five studies, ligatures were used to induce.
Characteristics of the Included Studies All relevant information related to study characteristics and data synthesis are presented in Table  1. All included studies were in vivo animal studies, published between 2010 and 2019. The follow-up of the studies was up to 28 days. Two studies used mice  [27, 28]  and 9 used rats  [26, [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]  (including one with systemically compromised animals with diabetes mellitus  [32] ). Number of animals ranged between 4 and 20 per group. In five studies, ligatures were used to induce periodontitis  [26, 29, 32, 34, 36] , in six studies, disease was induced by bacteria or lipopolysaccharides (LPS)  [27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35]. The involved teeth were either the first and/or the second molar in the upper and/or lower jaw.
Application of Nanotechnology in Periodontology The included studies highlighted the growing interest in nanotechnology for periodontal treatment. In fact, the first study was published in 2010, six were published between 2010 and 2017, and five were published between 2018 and June 2019. Engineered particles may be used as carrier, but also a drug itself may be formulated at a nanoscale and act as its own carrier. The data of studies were compared as possible. ABL was analyzed when it was expressed in mm. The overall results of the present systematic review showed that nanoparticles may have a positive effect to prevent alveolar bone loss in periodontitis animals. Various types were used in the included studies, each with advantages and relative drawbacks. For example, PLGA has a modulable viscosity but has an initial burst release.
Toxicity Among the 11 included studies, only 3 studies clearly reported toxicologic data  [27, 34, 35]  and, each of them, according to various protocols. Two of them used more than one assay  [27, 34]. Toxicity was evaluated between 24 and 48 h. The other studies referred to the literature or did not address this subject. Ideally, cytotoxicity assays should be conducted for a period equal to the degradation time of nanoparticles or at least up to the duration of cells survival. However, none of the included studies implemented a long-term cytotoxicity evaluation. Moreover, no studies reported 100% of cell viability. When applying nanoparticles in the periodontal pocket and over time, nanoparticles may be swallowed by the patient. Thus, cytotoxicity assays should involve other cell types, such as the border cells of the digestive tract, but none of the included studies mentioned this subject.
Thus, the ideal regimen providing adequate analgesia with few side-effects after tonsillectomy remains to be defined. Guidelines on pain management after tonsillectomy have previously been published  [4, 5]. The PROSPECT Working Group is a collaboration of surgeons and anaesthetists working to formulate procedurespecific recommendations for pain management after common but potentially painful operations  [6]. The recommendations are based on a procedure-specific systematic review of randomised controlled trials. The methodology considers clinical practice, efficacy and adverse effects of analgesic techniques  [7]. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the available literature on the management of pain after tonsillectomy in both adults and children. Pain scores and analgesic requirements were the primary focus, but other recovery outcomes, including adverse effects, were also assessed when reported, and the limitations of the data were reviewed.
Methods The methods of this review adhered to the PROSPECT methodology as previously reported  [8]. Quality assessment, data extraction and data analysis adhered to the PROSPECT methodology  [8]. Pain intensity scores were used as the primary outcome measure. In this study, we defined a change of more than 10 mm on the visual analogue scale or numerical rating score as clinically relevant. The aim was to qualitatively assess the data and not to perform a meta-analysis. Recommendations were made according to PROSPECT methodology  [8]. In brief, this involved a grading of A-D according to the overall level of evidence, as determined by the quality of studies included; consistency of evidence; and study design. The proposed recommendations were sent to the PROSPECT Working Group for review and comments and a modified Delphi approach was utilised as previously described.
Acknowledgements We thank  M. Stone  ( Clinical Effectiveness Librarian, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust ). PROSPECT is supported by an unrestricted grant from the  European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy (ESRA). In the past, PROSPECT had received unrestricted grants from  Pfizer Inc. New York, NY, USA  and  Grunenthal, Aachen, Germany. GJ has received honoraria from  Baxter  and  Pacira Pharmaceuticals. FB has received honoraria from  Pfizer ,  The Medicine Company, Abbott France  and  Nordic Pharma France. HK has received honoraria from  Pfizer  and  Grunenthal. The Anesthesiology Unit of the University of Western Australia , but not SS personally, has received research and travel funding and speaking and consulting honoraria from bioCSL,  Eli Lilly ,  Indivior, iX Biopharma  and  Pfizer.
Although 88% of the participants needed oral care, only 26% perceived that they had such a need (Kappa = 0. 06). Oral problems associated with a GOHAI < 50 were the absence of posterior occluding teeth (OR = 7. 15; 95%CI = 1. 53-33. 35; P = 0. 012), feeling of dry mouth (OR = 11. 94; 95%CI = 3. 21-44. 39; P = 0. 0002) and oral pain (OR = 9. 06; 95%CI = 1. 91-69. 00; P = 0. 033). Conclusions. -Persons ! 90 years of age have considerable preventive and curative dental care needs that impact their quality-of-life but they are rarely aware and lack transportation. NCT04065828.
Data collection Clinical oral indices were derived from assessments by a clinical oral examination conducted at the participant's place of living by two dentists according to the WHO recommendations for oral health epidemiological surveys  [22]. They performed a standardised examination of the oral soft tissue and teeth using a mouth mirror, gauze and overhead light, with the participant seated on an armchair or bed in the most comfortable way for him/her. The findings were recorded on a standardised form by an assistant (dental student). No explorer was used, as per local ethics recommendations, to avoid performance of invasive examinations in observational studies. No X-rays were used as per WHO recommendations  [22]. A calibration was conducted to standardise the data collection; this involved examination of nine patients by the two dentists.
The intra-class correlation coefficient for the number of DMFT was 0. 99 (95% CI = 0. 98-1. 00), corresponding to excellent reliability  [22, 31]. Data on oral health habits and OHRQoL were collected during face-to-face interviews with the participant or accompanying person using a standardised questionnaire. The following variables were also extracted from the PAQUID database: socio-demographic characteristics (sex, date of birth, educational level and living and familial conditions), current or past tobacco consumption, comorbidities (presence of at least one of the following: diabetes, Parkinson disease and history of myocardial infarction or stroke), drugs (number of drugs taken daily, psychotropic agent intake), dementia (defined as a Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] score of < 20  [32] ) and dependency according to the cumulative disability scale (CDS)  [33].
Statistical analysis Categorical variables were shown as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were presented as numbers, means, standard errors (SE), medians, minima, maxima and quartiles (interquartile interval [IQI]). Cohen's Kappa coefficient was used to assess the agreement between perceived and observed oral care needs. Oral problems associated with low OHRQoL (GOHAI score of < 50) were investigated with univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The threshold for significance was fixed at P = 0. 05. The analyses were conducted using SAS software (ver. 9. 3; SAS Institute, Inc. , Cary, NC, USA).