dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Categorizing the other components The method usually adopted to analyze a sample of absorption components around the Sun is to look for groups of components that could define coherently-moving clouds from their velocities and their location on the sky  (Lallement et al. 1986; Frisch et al. 2002, RL08). RL08 have identified not less than 15 clouds in the first 15 pc, some of which they find to be interacting. We do not adopt the same strategy since i) this would probably lead us to define too large a number of clouds compared to the number of available velocity components, meaning that each cloud would be defined with too few directions (our observation sample contains fewer lines of sight and fewer absorption components than that used by RL08 because we restricted it to Mg II and Fe II) ; ii) the derived solution could never be unique, given the limitation of the wavelength precision of the data and the fact that we now know from our analysis of the Local Cloud that clouds do not behave as perfectly rigid bodies ; and iii) finally for the reasons discussed earlier, we think that it is appropriate to look for coherent motions relative to the Local Cloud.
Given sufficient time, this postshock gas will ultimately approach the thermal equilibrium value T eq for the compressed gas. In the paragraphs that follow, we will present some numerical examples of shock properties that can produce absorption features that match the data for the Cetus Ripple, in order to show that the shock interpretation is plausible. We can calculate the velocity v 2 of the immediate post shock gas in the reference frame of the shock front after we have computed a compression ratio x 2 = ρ 2 /ρ 1 = B 2 /B 1 across the shock front and recognize that mass flux conservation requires that v 1 ρ 1 ahead of the front must equal v 2 ρ 2 behind the front. For an Alfvén Mach number M A = v s /v A and ordinary Mach number M = v s /c s , the shock front compression ratio is given by x 2 = 2(γ + 1) D + [D 2 + 4(γ + 1)(2 -γ)/M 2 A ] 1/2 , (12) where D = γ -1 + 2/M 2 + γ/M 2 A ( 13 )  (Draine & McKee 1993) , and the ratio of specific heats for constant pressure to constant volume is γ = 5/3.
Acknowledgements. Based on observations made with the  NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope , obtained from the data archive at the  Space Telescope Institute. STScI is operated by the association of  Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under the  NASA  contract  NAS 5-26555. This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at  CDS, Strasbourg, France. CG is very grateful to  Princeton University Department of Astrophysical Sciences , and especially to  Ed Jenkins  and  Bruce Draine  for their fantastic hospitality during the two-month visit when this work was initiated. We appreciate suggestions for improving the paper from  Bruce Draine  and an anonymous referee.
Patients and methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all latestage (stage 3-4 excluding T1-2 N0M0) RCC patients who underwent a radical nephrectomy at our institution, the Ottawa Hospital, between 1 January 2005 and 1 July 2012. Radiologic imaging data were reviewed to identify patients with tumor thrombus seen on imaging. Tumor thrombus was defined as the presence of an intraluminal filling defect in the renal vein, hepatic vein, portal vein or IVC directly extending from a renal mass detected on computed tomography. Patients with gross tumor thrombus on radiographic imaging became the 'tumor thrombus' group. The remaining patients, including those with pathology reports subsequently showing vascular involvement, became the 'control' group. The date of imaging diagnosis was defined as the first diagnostic imaging report of suspected RCC.
g. ,  Maze et al. , 2010). Experiment 4: effects of chronic social stress on CCKB receptor levels in mPFC. At 24 h after the social interaction test, brains were quickly removed and serially sliced, and mPFC was rapidly dissected and frozen on dry ice (see Fig. 2 A, B ). RNA isolation, qPCR, and data analysis were performed as described previously  (Maze et al. , 2010; Vialou et al. , 2010). RNA was isolated with TriZol reagent (Invitrogen) and was further purified with RNAeasy micro kits from QIAGEN. All RNA samples were determined to have 260/280 and 260/230 values Ն1. 8. Reverse transcription was performed using iScript (Bio-Rad). qPCR using SYBR Green (Quanta) was performed with an Applied Biosystems 7900HT RT PCR system with the following cycle parameters: 2 min at 95°C; 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 s, 59°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 33 s; and graded heating to 95°C to generate dissociation curves for confirmation of single PCR products.
Data were analyzed by comparing C t values of the treatment condition (susceptible or resilient vs control mice, or HSV-⌬FosB vs HSV-GFP) with the ⌬⌬C t method  (Tsankova et al. , 2006). qPCR primers are as follows: ⌬FosB, forward, AGGCAGAGCTGGAGTCGGAGAT and reverse, GCCGAGGACTTGAACTTCACTCG; CCKB, forward, AC-CCTTTATGCGGTGATCTTTC and reverse, ATGAGCACGTTTCC GCCAA; CCK, forward, AGCGCGATACATCCAGCAG and reverse, ACGATGGGTATTCGTAGTCCTC; GAPDH, forward, AGGTCGGTGT-GAACGGATTTG and reverse, TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA. Experiment 5: effects of ⌬FosB on CCKB receptor and cFos levels. Mice were injected intra-PrL with HSV-⌬FosB. At 72 h after surgery, at the peak of viral overexpression, injection sites were dissected under a fluorescent microscope (see Fig. 2C ). RNA isolation, qPCR, and data analysis were performed as described above.
Material parameters The material parameters used for the modelling are given in Table  1  for the anhysteretic part of the behaviour and in Table  2  for the dissipative part. A brief guide to the identification of these parameters is given in Appendix D:. The crystallographic texture data consists in a set of 396 crystallographic orientations representative for this material and obtained using electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The corresponding discrete pole figures are plotted in Fig. 3.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  under the grant MAEL ( BLAN08-2_367373 ) and by the  Fonds unique interministériel  under the grant  FUI-OSEO 3MT. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Elaine Astrand  was funded by the  Fondation pour la recherché médicale (FRM)  and the  Direction générale des armées (DGA). Suliann Ben Hamed  was funded by the  French Agence nationale de la recherche  (Grant # ANR-05-JCJC-0230-01  and Grant #  ANR-11-BSV4-0011 ), as well as by a  CNRS  bioinformatics grant.
To mimic a situation in which a patient would undergo a PET exam on different generation PET systems, we reconstructed the PET raw data of these patients with a former generation ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm known to meet the EANM guidelines, the recently commercially available point-spread function (PSF) reconstruction without filter for optimal tumor detection (PSFallpass) and a PSF reconstruction with a Gaussian filter optimized to fulfill EANM requirements (PSFEANM). A detailed description of the PSFEANM strategy is provided elsewhere. 9 he PET procedure was performed according to the EANM guidelines. All PET studies were performed on a Biograph TrueV (Siemens Medical Solutions) PET/CT system equipped with PSF reconstruction. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn on the axial slice on which lesions displayed the highest FDG uptake by means of a 50% isocontour method and the SUVmax for each lesion was measured.
This strategy can be readily applied on any PET system. As advanced reconstruction algorithms such as PSF reconstruction are expected to gradually replace OSEM reconstructions, the choice of using a filtered PSF instead of OSEM reconstruction for the harmonized quantitative analysis might be preferable. This is also the technique proposed in the SUVref methodology,  11  which has the advantage of obviating the need to reconstruct two datasets. This methodology is not yet commercially available, and ideally should be vendor independent. Of course, reconstruction parameters are not the only source of variation in SUV and tumor-to-liver ratios, and imaging protocols (including scanner calibration), patient preparation (fasting period, uptake time between injection and scan) and data analysis (ROI definition) should be stan-dardized and closely matched for serial PET scans.
In conclusion, when interpreting interim PET scans from different generation PET systems, we recommend the reconstruction of two image sets, one for optimal visual analysis and one for standardized quantification, whilst awaiting future developments that might allow for both analyses to be carried out on the same dataset. Elske Quak,  1  Narinée Hovhannisyan,  1  Charline Lasnon,  1, 2  Christophe Fruchart,  3  Jean-Pierre Vilque,  3  Dada Musafiri,  3  and Nicolas Aide  1, 2.
Statistical Analysis All experiments were performed at least in triplicate (n$3). All data are reported as the mean 6 SD. The data were analyzed using two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test for inter-group comparisons. For data sets based on microscopic quantification (percentage of counts), an arcsine transformation was performed prior to the t-test. A minimum of 100 yeast cells per sample or in the case of NFkB a minimum of 100 nuclei were counted. Statistical significant results were marked with a single asterisk meaning P value,0. 05, double asterisks meaning P value,0. 01 or triple asterisks meaning P value,0. 005.
Acknowledgments We wish to thank members of  DFG   SPP1580  network for fruitful discussions and helpful suggestions. We wish to thank  Nadja Jablonowski ,  Stephanie Wisgott ,  Daniela Schulz  and  Birgit Weber  from the  Departments of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms and Microbial Immunology at the HKI  for excellent technical support.
This work was mainly supported by grants from the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  to  B. H. ( Hu 528/15-1  and  16-1 ),  A. H. ( Ha 1929/11-1 ) and N. R. (Re  1228/5-1 ) within the priority program SPP1580 (www. spp1580. uni-bonn. de). Further, this work was in part supported by  National Institutes of Health  grants  NIAID 1K08AI110655  (M. K. M. ),  1R01AI079198  (J. M. V. ), and  1R01AI092084  (J. M. V. ). K. K. was funded by  FWF-I 746-B11-DACH. Work in the Haynes lab was supported by grants from The  Wellcome Trust  ( 097377/Z/11/Z ) and  BBSRC  ( BB/F005210/1 ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Strength measurements have been performed in patients during septic shock (n = 2) or after a dialysis session (n = 2), and a major reduction of muscle strength (Twq <1 kg) was observed in these circumstances. Our results confirm the evidence of early severe muscle weakness in mechanically ventilated patients and show that measurement of muscle strength by magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve may be useful in ICU patients, particularly for assessing recovery or the effect of therapeutic interventions, as previously suggested by Ginz and colleagues  [5]. A noteworthy result is that some events (such as dialysis and sepsis) may modify the muscle strength and need to be considered when interpreting muscle strength data in this context. Our data showing that muscle weakness is an early process in the ICU favor early treatment to prevent rather than delay treatment to treat this condition.
Once the bedload fluxes are computed, the Exner equation is solved numerically, so the approach is contingent upon the geometric modeling methodology for the river bed. A computational grid is constructed of the St. Clair River, and appropriate bathymetric data are used, as obtained from the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Boundary conditions are set appropriately, and an ice jam similar to the one in 1984 is modeled. The jam geometric parameters are adjusted so that flow conditions agree with recorded values. Normal flow conditions are also simulated. Finally, flow conditions are simulated with the ice jam in place. Once the steady state is achieved, the stresses on the bed are computed. Then, the ice jam is released, and the bed stresses are computed again.
The bathymetric data had a resolution of approximately 60 m, which was comparable to the resolution of the grid(s) used. Varying the size of the sediment along the river bed allowed for variation in the bed drag coefficient. The stage elevation difference between the entrance of the St. Clair River and its estuary remains almost constant over the seasons and equal to approximately 1. 4 m. The seasonal variation in flow rates is due to the water level in the river. The bathymetric data obtained from NOAA were adjusted by adding approximately 15 cm uniformly to the depth of the river in order to achieve a flow rate of approximately 4800 m 3 /sec, which is a reasonable estimate for the month of April. The flow rates obtained from NOAA were based on year-averaged values. Furthermore, it was found that varying the depth of the river in our model within the limits of measured average seasonal variations caused flow rates to vary within the range of reported seasonal values with a 95% approximate accuracy; this agreement added credibility to the hydrodynamic model, as well as the bed roughness values used, dependent on the sediment size distribution.
Real-time reverse transcription PCR with specific SLEV primers confirmed SLEV. A total of 10,850 bp, almost the full genome sequence of the virus, were sequenced (GenBank accession no. KF589299), and 10,236 nt from these sequences were compared with other SLEV sequences in GenBank. The strain showed 98. 4% similarity with a SLEV strain isolated from a bird in Brazil in 1973, 98. 4% similarity with an SLEV strain isolated from mosquitoes in Peru in 1975, and 97. 9% similarity with an SLEV strain isolated from mosquitoes in the United States in 2003. The US strain may have been carried by migratory birds from Latin America  (8). Phylogenetic analysis by the neighbor-joining method with 1,000 bootstraps replicates identified the isolate as genotype V, subgenotype A, which grouped with the strains obtained in Brazil, Peru, and the United States (Figure  )  and.
Acknowledgements. Irina Gorodetskaya  and two anonymous reviewers are acknowledged for their constructive comments. The  DAMOCLES  project (grant  18509 ) was funded by the 6th  Framework Programme  of the  European Commission. The work has been additionally supported by the  Academy of Finland  (contract  259537 ), by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  ( LU818/1-1 ,  LU818/3-1 ), by the  German Federal Ministry of Education and Science  (project  MiKlip , FKZ:  01LP1126A ), the  Research Council of Norway  for IF (contract  178641/S30 ), and the  UK's Natural Environment Research Council  ( NE/I028297/1 ). Edited by:  T. Garrett.
The Global Seismograph Network (GSN) catalog is used to fill in where no local network observations are available. Areas are selected either because of catalog availability constraints, or as representative sampling. All data are assembled prior to analysis, and in no cases are catalog bounds or other properties altered after examination. We seek catalogs from active regions with quality networks as well as samples from all continents and different tectonic environments. We end up with 21 individual catalogs with a cumulative 1,524,873 unique events. A key motivation for using these regional catalogs is that their lower completion magnitudes (typically M = 2) means that the question of.
However it caused a significant seismicity rate increase in Central Greece, despite being two orders of magnitude lower amplitude there. The M = 7. 4 2008 Sumatra mainshock had comparable amplitudes in both northern California and Greece, but caused remote earthquake triggering only in Greece. 2. Symbols R, T, and Z stand for radial, transverse and vertical components, respectively. For northern California, broadband recordings correspond to station KCPB, with the exception of the 2011 M = 9. 0 Tohoku-Oki event for which we have analyzed the PKD broadband station. For Greek sites we analyzed data from the UPR, SERG and LAKA broadband stations operated by the seismological networks of Patras, Prague and Athens University, respectively. Solid/dashed lines correspond to cases with existing/no evidence of remote triggering, respectively.
Acknowledgments We thank  Tim Horscroft ,  Mian Liu , and  Hans Thybo  for their kind invitation to submit this paper to Tectonophysics. We are grateful to  Arnauld Heuret  and  Derek Keir  for sharing the subduction interface catalog and the regional Ethiopian catalog, respectively. We thank the  University of Patras (Ass. Prof. Efthimios Sokos ) and the  Corinth Rift Laboratory  for making the continuous waveforms for several mainshocks available. We especially appreciate the efforts to make earthquake catalogs freely available by the  Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) , the  Japan Meteorological Agency , the  World Data Center for Seismology Beijing ,  Geoscience Australia ,  GNS Science New Zealand, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia , the  Kandili Observatory (Doğan Kalafat) , the  National Observatory of Athens in Greece , and the  Global Seismograph Network (GSN) catalog.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank  Silvan Thüring  (NMS),  Loïc Costeur  (MH),  Sylvie Deschamps  (MAJ), and  Christophe Dufour  ( MHNN ) for providing access to specimens in their care. Thanks are extended to  Yves Maître  ( PAL A16  team) for his assistance with Fig. 1. Comments from  Walter Joyce ,  Adán Pérez-García , and an anonymous reviewer greatly improved the manuscript.
Patients This is a prospective single-center study concerning an observational cohort of patients. We analyzed patients who were referred for hypertension, proteinuria, and/or renal failure, following VEGF-targeted therapy and who underwent kidney biopsy showing at least 6 glomeruli available for optical microscopy. All patients gave informed consent for the anonymous use of their personal health data. Each patient medical record was thoroughly reviewed with the collection of clinical, biological, and pathologic data at onset, at diagnosis, and at last follow-up. This study was approved by the local ethics committee and was in accordance with the Helsinki declaration of 1975. The clinical and laboratory studies were assessed at the time of renal biopsy, and follow-up data were available for all patients (Table  1 ).
To our knowledge, blade-casing contact experiments were only studied with axial compressors. This work focuses on the study of the dynamic and thermomechanical behavior resulting from blade-to-casing interaction between a real centrifugal compressor and its casing. The contact experiment is performed within a controlled and instrumented environment. The test bench uses the following simplification: vacuum and no coupling with the shaft dynamic. The main purpose of this paper is the building of a likely scenario to explain the various phenomena present during the test and the creation of a database for subsequent comparison with numerical simulation results. The paper is organized as follows. First, the experimental setup is described, focusing in the instrumentation and the modal analysis of both structures.
Results and Discussion Figure  1  shows the typical LIBS spectra of samples from the transition layer of a spodosol from the Amazon Forest (Tr) [Fig. 1(a) ] and an oxisol from the Atlantic Forest [Fig. 1(b)]. According to the NIST database, the most intense atomic C lines between 189 and 966 nm, i. e. , at 193. 03 nm (relative intensity 1000 and Einstein coefficient 3. 4 × 10 8 s -1 ) and at 247. 86 nm (relative intensity 800 and Einstein coefficient 2. 8 × 10 7 s -1 ), were detected by our experimental apparatus for all soil samples examined. To ensure the correct C peak position, a LIBS measurement was also performed on the pellet of graphite. In the LIBS spectrum of spodosol samples [Fig. 1(a) ], no Fe lines are detected possibly because the concentration of Fe in these soils is below the LIBS limit of detection.
Acknowledgements: We warmly thank  Philippe Tamarat  for his valuable help with the laser sources,  Olivier Rossier  and  Grégory Giannone  for providing the cell culture and staining, and  Laurent Cognet  for helpful discussions. We acknowledge financial support from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche ,  Région Aquitaine , the  French Ministry of Education and Research , the  European Research Council and FranceBioImaging  (Grant N°  ANR--10--INSB--04--01 ).
Introduction: Non-traumatic intramural hematoma in the gastrointestinal tract is a rare event that could have diverse clinical presentation. The small intestine is the site of predilection to this condition. Intestinal obstruction is the main presentation. Various degrees of acute abdominal pain with peritoneal signs would make a cumbersome diagnosis. Case reports: Retrospective review of the surgical emergency admissions database was conducted back to 1994. A literature overview was conducted. Three cases were retrieved and presented in this manuscript. More than 20 reports, with acute abdominal pain as a main presentation, were found in the literature. Discussion: Complete history taking is mandatory not to miss such an uncommon complication. The INR level should be asked for in every case on oral anticoagulant presenting with acute abdominal pain.
(a) (b) (c) ∈ [0, 1], Ω C (α) := {x ∈ Ω : u * (x) > α} is a global minimizer of E. The energy E GM can be solved using efficient nonsmooth convex optimization tools as proposed in  [27]. In Fig. 1 , we give a comparison between active contours and the convexification approach from  [27]  for a MRI slice of the 2009 MICCAI challenge database  [40]. Using active contours, and given that the energy E is non-convex, the final contour which is only a stationary point (not necessarily a minimizer even local). Using the convexification approach, the obtained u * is indeed a global minimizer, but must be thresholded using the parameter α. One of the advantage of convex optimization tools is the low computational cost of its resolution schemes. The introduction of more complex descriptors is also possible and an interesting application was proposed in  [18]  for cardiac segmentation with a prior shape based on Legendre moments.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Dr. E. Saloux  ( CHU of Caen ) for providing the echocardiographic images and  Pr. M. Hamon  ( CHU Caen ) for providing the perfusion MRI images. We also thank  D. Tschumperlé  and  R. Clouard  from  GREYC Laboratory  for their useful image processing libraries Gmic and Pandore. [1]  S. Zhu ,  A. Yuille , Region competition: unifying snakes, region growing, and bayes/MDL for multiband image segmentation, IEEE PAMI 18 (1996)  884-900.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was conducted by The  Research Partnership, Ltd. Sponsorship and article processing charges for this study were funded by  Sanofi, Bridgewater, USA. Editorial support was provided by  Tom Claus, PhD , of  PPSI, Hackensack, USA  (a PAREXEL company) and was funded by  Sanofi. All named authors meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship for this manuscript, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given final approval for the version to be published.