dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Geographic coverage Description: Our database included all amphibian species present in Europe  (Frost et al. 2006 , IUCN 2011). Four invasive species were included in the database (Anaxyrus americanus, Lithobates catesbeianus, Lithobates sylvaticus and Xenopus laevis). A particularity is that Bufotes viridis has been recently split in several species. To avoid biased data, we considered all populations to represent identical entities and therefore argued that they shared identical traits. By this way, we reported only traits referring to Bufotes viridis (formerly Bufo viridis) and we did not take into account traits related to new splited species.
Taxonomic coverage Description: We based our taxonomic coverage on European species described on the IUCN website (IUCN 2011) and from the Amphibian Tree of Life  (Frost et al. 2006  Table  1. Details on species used in our database. For each species, synonyms and family were given. Information about spatial distribution (if the species is an invasive species or not, and if it lives out of Europe) was reported. List of references associated (Suppl. material 2), number of publications used and the percent of missing values for each species were also given. 4, 11, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 7. 11  4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 26, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, 49 A Bufo bufo - Bufonidae No Yes.
Total length In Anura, this measure was similar to the snout-to-vent length. In Urodela, this measurement takes into account the tail length. Modalities: Table  3. Definition of the 14 morphological traits and their modalities in the European amphibian database. For all traits recorded, DD (data deficient) means that no data were reported. When several values were available for a trait, we averaged them across studies (i. e. between populations). Total length in males Measure of the total body length in males, in millimeters. Total length in females Measure of the total body length in females, in millimeters.
Life history traits We collected 17 life history traits (65 modalities), when available, for European amphibians (Table  4 ). Life history traits vary considerably between species, and between Anura and Urodela in particular. The database includes data about activity, survival rates, sexual maturity, mating systems, characteristics of eggs and clutch position, parental care, foot diet, defense system, communication and territoriality. Free on swamps in lentic habitat 0: Eggs are not laid free on swamps in lentic habitat. 1: Eggs are laid free on swamps in lentic habitat. On surface on swamps in lentic habitat 0: Eggs are not laid on surface on swamps in lentic habitat. 1: Eggs are laid on surface on swamps in lentic habitat. On surface on nonpermanent lentic ponds 0: Eggs are not laid on surface on non-permanent lentic ponds.
Habitat preferences and distribution We collected habitat preferences and 2 traits related to spatial distribution (113 modalities; Table  6 ). Amphibians are often considered as specialized to certain habitat types, which make them particularly sensitive to landscape changes. Nevertheless, habitat preferences, and particularly terrestrial habitats of amphibian species request much clarification, especially given the recent changes induced by habitat fragmentation. We categorized habitats as follows (IUCN 2011): forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, wetlands, rocky areas, caves and subterranean habitats (non-aquatic), deserts, artificial/terrestrial habitats, and other. We chose to use the following IUCN habitats because in our opinion it is the most conservative assumptions about species delimitations and also because these are the entities currently recognized by international conservation authorities and that is the actual aim of the database.
Moreover, for this inter-specific database we avoided selecting too specific habitats, and chose relatively broad habitat categories which included all habitats in which species live. We also noted biogeographical regions (European Environment Agency 2010) where species were present, and the proportion of their distribution map on each continent. Table  6. Definition of the habitat preferences and the 2 traits related to the spatial distribution in the European amphibian database (IUCN 2011). For all traits recorded, DD (data deficient) means that no data were reported in the literature. Subtropical/tropical dry 0: The species does not live in subtropical/tropical dry shrubland. 1: The species lives in subtropical/tropical dry shrubland. Subtropical/tropical moist 0: The species does not live in subtropical/tropical moist shrubland.
Conclusion Our database is the first comprehensive trait database in European amphibians. After an extensive research effort, our database highlighted the lack of data about amphibian traits and more generally, on amphibian's biology. Improve our knowledge on amphibians should certainly help for their management, which might strongly enhance their conservation plans. Morphological traits, which are easy to collect, are still unavailable for many species. Data about movement abilities (both dispersal and migration) were the least informed data of all database. In particular, we showed that movement traits, which are difficult to collect, were unknown for a majority of threatened species. This database could be an essential support for management and conservation plans, and should be more efficient when all data will be available.
Acknowledgements The HADES Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the support by  BMBF  grants  06DR9059D ,  05P12CRGHE ,  06FY171 ,  06MT238 T5 , and  06MT9156 TP5 , by  HGF   VH-NG-330 , by  DFG  EClust  153 , by  GSI TMKRUE , by the  Hessian LOEWE initiative through HIC for FAIR (Germany) , by  EMMI GSI, TU Darmstadt (Germany) :  VH-NG-823 ,  Helmholtz Alliance   HA216/EMMI , by grant  GA CR 13-067595  ( Czech Rep. ), by grant  NN202198639  (Poland), Grant  UCY/3411-23100  (Cyprus), by  CNRS/IN2P3  (France), by  INFN (Italy) , and by  EU  contracts  RII3-CT-2005-515876  and  HP2 227431.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work was supported by the  European Union Social Fund project on "Human Resources for Neurosciences in the Hradec Kralove and Usti Regions," Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic  (grant ID #  CZ. 1. 07/2. 3. 00/20. 0274 )and the  Grant Agency of the Czech Republic  ( GACR 304/11/2373 ,  GA CR 304/11/0184  and  GA CR 304/12/G069 ). GD belongs to the  "Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique"-The Ministry of Research and Higher Education-Paris," France. We are very grateful to  Ms. Elisa Brann ,  Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR , for critical reading of the manuscript.
Data sources We systematically reviewed the literature indexed in MEDLINE and EMBASE and published in the last 10 years (October 2002 to October 2012) relating to the epidemiological, humanistic, and economic burden associated with LLS in adults. The search strategy used is reported in full in the Supplementary materials, and was constructed from search terms relating to quality of life, utilities, burden, and other outcomes; OR cost and resource use; OR incidence, prevalence, and unmet need; combined with terms for spasticity AND the lower limb AND the main underlying pathologies associated with LLS. The search was subsequently narrowed by excluding studies relevant only to children and narrative reviews. We also manually searched the websites of the World Federation for Neurorehabilitation, the World Stroke Congress, the World Federation of Neurology, and the American Neurological Association/Association of British Neurologists for relevant conference abstracts published in 2010-2012.
Results The database search of MEDLINE and EMBASE identified 3,106 citations, of which 912 were duplicates, leaving 2,194 unique citations for screening. We identified many studies that reported on spasticity in general, but the evidence base on LLS specifically was much smaller. A total of 52 articles were identified as potentially meeting the inclusion criteria and were retrieved as full texts, and 23 of these were subsequently included in the review. The search for gray literature yielded one additional study, making a total of 24 that were synthesized in the final review (Figure  1 ). The 24 studies included in our systematic review all described primary research on the epidemiological, humanistic, and economic burden, including disease pathways and treatment patterns of LLS in adults.
13, 22 One study of particular interest found a much higher incidence of deep vein thrombosis in the affected leg of patients with spasticity. 28 Current prophylaxis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis focuses on systemic anticoagulation, and this approach obviously carries key bleeding risks in elderly and infirm patients, especially after a hemorrhagic stroke. 38 he economic burden of LLS is unknown. The limited data we found in this regard (one study) focused on comparison of the costs of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A. 29  As this was not a randomized controlled trial, and there were substantial differences in the underlying diseases predisposing to the type of LLS being treated with the two formulations, no useful economic conclusions can be drawn from it. Again, further database or chart review studies on resources used for patients with LLS affecting different muscle groups and with different underlying pathologies could help clinicians and payers to better understand the potential economic implications of this condition and its treatment.
economic string • Editorials studies, cross-sectional studies, case series, and ran-• Expert opinions 110,282 expenditure[MeSH] OR "quality-adjusted life year"[tiab] OR "quality adjusted life year"[tiab] OR qaly[tiab] domized controlled trials (if available), and database • Case studies studies OR "life years saved"[tiab] OR deductible[tiab] OR insurance[tiab] OR "value of life"[tiab] OR budget[MeSH] OR fiscal[tiab] OR funding[tiab] OR financial[tiab] OR finance[tiab] OR price[tiab] OR pricing[tiab]) 3. epidemiologic string exclusion criteria (incidence[tiab] OR prevalence[tiab] OR incidence[MeSH] OR prevalence[MeSH] OR epidemiology[MeSH] OR "epidemiological data"[tiab] OR epidemiology[tiab] OR epidemiologic[tiab] OR epidemiological[tiab] 414,403 OR "unmet need"[tiab] OR access[tiab]) Patient population 4.
Data Collection Data was collected from June 2011 to January 2012. Eleven of the respondents were interviewed in their homes and two in a private room at a nearby library. Broad, openended questions were used in these interviews. First, a few background questions were asked concerning their year of first child birth, year of PPP onset, number of birth when PPP onset, age, and civil status. Second, the women were asked about one main question -"Can you tell me about you experience of the recovery time?" Afterwards, a few questions in relation to the experience of being discharged and support given, as well as their signs of and thoughts concerning recovery, were made. The women were also asked to narrate some events during recovery and described how they felt. During the interview, the second main question to the women was: "Can you tell me about your experience of the time after recovery?" This question was followed up with a few questions concerning their positive or negative consequences of the illness later on in their life.
Therefore, migration management in the reservoir can also be achieved by managing the reservoir pressure distribution. A targeted pressure management can be achieved by either brine withdrawal (preferably outside the actual CO 2 plume) or CO 2 back-production from inside the CO 2 plume (Fig. 2 ). Both measures will create pressure gradients towards the withdrawal point and enforce a specific flow direction. The feasibility and efficacy of CO 2 back production will be studied in field campaigns that are planned in two CO 2 storage sites that are operated by partners in the MiReCOL consortium. The Ketzin site (Germany) is currently in the abandonment phase and back production of the CO 2 injected over the past years is part of the abandonment procedure. Planned for September 2014, data that are recorded during the back production will be used to draw conclusions regarding back production as a potential mitigation option.
Conclusion This paper gives an overview of the MiReCOL project, which focuses on mitigation and remediation measures that can be taken in the event of 'significant irregularities' in a CO 2 storage system. The latter term is used in the EU CCS Directive and refers to a (serious) mismatch between expected behaviour of the storage system and the data from the monitoring system. Such a mismatch could indicate that a potential threat to human health or the environment is developing inside the storage complex, due to undesired behaviour of the CO 2. Once the cause of the mismatch is defined and the conclusion has been reached that such a threat is present, the operator of the site may have to deploy corrective measures to remove the threat. Started in 2014 and continuing until 2017, the project will combine currently available corrective measures with new techniques and study their applicability in the most relevant scenarios of migration of CO 2.
Case studies Poisoning of adult insects by ingestion of imidacloprid. In order to plot the acute toxicity data along with chronic data on the same graph, average daily dose rates were calculated by dividing the acute LD50 values by the time intervals that were used for the measurement. For the chronic data, we use the reported concentration and consumption rates to obtain the daily dose rate. In both cases, the reported consumption of toxin (ng/day) is plotted versus the time of exposure until half the bees have died (LT50). Most studies follow the insects for 10 days or less, so at low toxin concentrations the LT50 time cannot be reached. This is true for several of the data sets we analysed  20  , so whenever mortality is reached between 15% and 50% with respect to the control, we extrapolate from the last two time points to estimate the LT50.
Heart failure is common in older people and its prevalence is increasing. The Heart 'omics' in AGEing (HOMAGE) project aims to provide a biomarker approach that will improve the early diagnosis of heart failure. A large clinical database, based on (1) prospective population studies or (2) cross-sectional, prospective studies or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients at risk for or with overt cardiovascular disease will be constructed to determine most promising 'omics'-based biomarkers to identify the risk of developing heart failure and/or comorbidities. Population studies, patient cohorts and RCTs are eligible for inclusion in the common database, if they received ethical approval to obtain and share data and have baseline information on cardiovascular risk fac-.
The concept of the Heart 'omics' in AGEing (HOMAGE) project, an EU FP7 program led by Faiez Zannad (University of Lorraine, Nancy, France, www. homage-hf. eu) is to identify 'omics'-based bio-markers that can detect pathological processes predictive of the development of heart failure to allow early therapeutic interventions for preventing heart failure. The first step in this process is to develop a large database of existing cohorts, including healthy individuals, persons at risk of developing heart failure and patients with heart failure. This database will be used to identify and validate the predictive value of 'omics'-based biomarkers in the progression of heart failure.
Selection of studies Eligible studies include population studies, patient cohorts and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The studies should have received ethical approval to obtain and share data, have baseline information on cardiovascular risk factors and subsequent follow-up reports of fatal and non-fatal outcomes, including heart failure. Fourteen partners (Supplementary Table  1 , available online) involved in the HOMAGE-consortium contributed data from completed and ongoing studies. Supplementary table 2 (available online) gives a description of the work and work packages 9 leaders involved in HOMAGE. For database management and statistical analyses, SAS software version 9. 3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) will be used.
Data collection The HOMAGE database is constructed and maintained at the Studies Coordinating Centre in Leuven, Belgium. By sending their data, the contributing partner confirmed that their study complies with good clinical practice (Helsinki Declaration), all participants provided written informed consent and the study conformed to national regulations on clinical research in humans and privacy at the time of its conduct. Each investigator received summary statistics of his cohort, after integration of the data into the common database, to ensure that correct information is incorporated. The database will be held in strict confidence and will not be used in any publication without the permission of the investigators who have contributed their data. Data requested from each contributing partner includes baseline characteristics of each participant, anthropometrics, previous medical history and medication use, routine hematological and biochemical measurements, ECG data and echocardiographic variables.
Research objectives The main goal of the HOMAGE project is to provide a novel set of 'omics' based biomarkers that will greatly improve the detection of patients at risk of developing heart failure, improve the accuracy of diagnosis and identify patient subsets based on mechanistic phenotypes with a greater likelihood of response to targeted preventive therapies. We therefore collected data from well-phenotyped cohorts, that include both healthy persons and patients at risk of developing heart failure, or with overt heart failure. The diversity of the populations in terms of age, geography and presence or absence of underlying diseases will provide unique information on the determinants and utility of candidate biomarkers. First, we will validate the ability of distinct 'omics' biomarkers to predict the development of heart failure.
828 participants renewed their informed consent and are included in the HOMAGE database. Follow-up of these participants is still ongoing. A third population-based study is the PREDICTOR cohort. From 2007 to 2010, a sample of 2001 elderly (aged 65-84 years) residents of the Lazio region in cen- NA: data not available within the cohort tral Italy, was randomly selected from the Regional Health Registry [18].
At this moment, all patients have been followed-up two times at 3 months and at 12 months after the baseline examination, during hospitalization. The Graz Endocrine Causes of Hypertension (GECOH) study is a single center study in patients referred for endocrine hypertension to the outpatient clinic of a tertiary care center  [25]. Currently, baseline data from 266 Austrian patients are available. The HVC database consists at this moment of 1,880 patients referred to the cardiovascular outpatient clinic of Maastricht University, Netherlands, for a consultation by a cardiologist for the first time. Both baseline and follow-up information is available. The left ventricular Dysfunction in DIAbetes (DYDA) cohort assessed the prevalence of left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction in 937 patients with diabetes.
Patients were recruited from 37 Italian diabetes referral centers from 2006 until 2008. Follow-up data up until 24 months are available [26]. EPATH is a single-center, double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, parallel group trial in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, who are randomized to receive eplerenone or placebo  [27]. This trial is ongoing and at this moment baseline information of 40 subjects is available. The Styrian Vitamin D Hypertension trial is a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial with the main aim to study the effects of vitamin D supplementation on systolic blood pressure in vitamin D deficient hypertensive patients recruited from Austria. The trial is ongoing and currently baseline data from 286 subjects are available. The St Vincent 9 s Screening to Prevent Heart Failure Study (STOP-HF) is a parallel-group randomized trial involving 1,374 participants with cardiovascular risk factors recruited from 39 primary care practices in Ireland between 2005 and 2009 and followed up until 2011, with a mean follow-up time of 4.
2 years  [28]. Patients were randomly assigned to receive usual primary care or screening with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) testing (n 5 697). Baseline and follow-up information of 481 of the 1,374 subjects is now included in the common database. Patients included in the multicenter, prospective, randomized Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT) are also included in the common database  [29, 30]. The 19,257 hypertensive patients were recruited between 1998 and 2000, and randomized to amlodipine adding perindopril as required to reach blood-pressure targets (amlodipine-based regimen) or atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide and potassium as required (atenolol-based regimen). The median follow-up was 5. 5 years. The PROspective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk (PROSPER) cohort contributes 5804 elderly subjects (> 70 years) with vascular disease or at high risk of developing vascular disease.
Description The Heart Failure Glucose Regulation (HFGR) cohort consists of baseline data from 218 patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, attending heart failure clinics in Manchester. Patients are followed up every 12 months over a 5 year period. As follow-up is still ongoing, no outcome information is available at this moment. LEITZARAN contributes data from 233 Spanish patients with heart failure of hypertensive origin. Currently, no follow-up information is available. The HULL LIFELAB cohort includes 3,239 patients with suspected heart failure. Both baseline and outcome information are available within this cohort. Data from The Trial of Intensified versus standard Medical therapy in Elderly patients with Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-CHF) were contributed to the database  [33].
TIME-CHF is a multicenter, randomized trial conducted in 15 centers in Switzerland and Germany. Patients aged 60 years or older with dyspnea (New York Heart Classification NYHA class > II with current therapy), a history of hospitalization for heart failure within the last year, and an nt-proBNP level of > 400 pg/mL (in patients younger than 75 years) or a level of 800 pg/mL (in patients aged 75 years or older) were eligible for inclusion. The study randomized 499 symptomatic heart failure patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of # 45% to intensified, NT-proBNP-guided versus a standard, symptom-guided therapy. Baseline data from 622 patients are included in the common database (499 randomized patients + additional 123 patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of. 45%).
DISCUSSION Our database already includes 43065 subjects, of which more than half (51. 6%) are older than 65 years and about 20% are older than 75 years. The main goal of the HOMAGE project is to provide a novel set of 'omics' based biomarkers that will greatly improve the detection of patients at risk of developing heart failure, improve the accuracy of diagnosis and identify patient subsets based on mechanistic phenotypes with a greater likelihood of response to targeted preventive therapies. The first step in this process is the development of the common database consisting of existing cohorts to validate the most promising biomarkers for the prediction of incident heart failure in elderly patients at risk of or with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Furthermore, the cohort will also provide epidemiological data from a wide number of partner institutions across Europe regarding the prevalence of comorbid conditions, treatments and outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease and at high risk for developing heart failure as well as in patient with heart failure.