dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Likewise, low cost and programmability are required for widespread usage both at the developer and end-user levels. Thus, in this current scenario, it is not uncommon that researchers and engineers resort to low-end (if versatile, easy-to-use and low-cost) platforms. Some recent examples of vision projects using smartphones are described in  [15] [16] [17]. In  [18] , the authors proposed a Raspberry Pi+camera system for a wireless smart camera mesh network. The Raspberry Pi has been also successfully used commercially in the Placemeter (now part of NETGEAR) 'urban intelligence' platform www. placemeter. com. EoT can be seen as a low-power, low-cost small camera module. Still, it aims at going beyond that by aligning itself with the IoT paradigm. On the one hand, it integrates nicely with massively-used user interfaces in the form of smartphones and tablets.
It has been designed to operate at 0. 9 V for nominal 600-MHz operation, and contains 20 different power-islands coupled with extensive clock-gating under a software API to minimize power dissipation. The twelve integrated SHAVE processors combined with video and ISP hardware accelerators achieve 1000 GFLOPs (fp16 type) at 600 mW including peripherals and 512 MB LP DDR3 DRAM die stacked in the package. The Myriad 2 VPU incorporates parallelism, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) and microarchitectural features such as multi-ported register-files and native hardware support for sparse data-structures, video hardware accelerators, configurable multicore and multiport memory banks; thus, it provides exceptional and highly sustainable performance efficiency across a range of computational imaging and computer vision applications, including those with low latency requirements on the order of milliseconds.
To guarantee sustained high performance and minimize power use, the aforementioned Movidius Streaming Hybrid Architecture Vector Engine (SHAVE) processor contains wide and deep register files coupled with a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) controlling multiple functional units including extensive SIMD capability for high parallelism and throughput at both the functional unit and processor level. The SHAVE processor is a hybrid stream processor architecture combining the best features of GPUs, DSPs and RISC with both 8-, 16-and 32-bit integer and 16-and 32-bit floating-point arithmetic, as well as unique features such as hardware support for sparse data structures. The architecture maximizes performance per watt while maintaining ease of programmability, especially in terms of support for design and porting of multicore software applications.
Audio Input and Output Again, given the limited interaction capabilities of the device (as compared with, say, smartphones), providing audio feedback was considered very useful in some scenarios, and therefore, a module that handles the EoT's audio chip for playback and recording audio signals is available. Encoding and decoding with the Opus audio format is supported. Thus, audio data can be read from and written to files in the OGG container format. Encoding and decoding of this format is based on the reference implementation of the codec. The OGG container format is processed using the libogg reference implementation. The audio chip is configured by this module through the I2C interface. Audio data are transmitted through the aforementioned interface transparently to the programmer by the use of the module functions.
Motor Control, Drone Control In order to communicate with a wide range of devices such as robots and in general with other sensors and actuators, this module encapsulates the hardware details of the communication into an easy-to-use library. The module makes it possible to control small robots and drones; open and closed doors as required; monitor devices such as fridges, vending machines; or control systems like air conditioning and lighting, which might not have access to the Internet or wireless connectivity. The module is divided into two main libraries: a library for controlling ground vehicles (which includes functions such as: 'move forward', 'move backward', 'tank-turn left', 'tank-turn right' and 'stop') and a library for controlling drones by means of the MAVLink protocol  [27]. The first one is a C/C++ library, which was initially developed for Arduino, ported to Raspberry Pi and finally ported to the EoT device, while the second one is a port of the C/C++ MAVLink library that has been modified to send and receive the information through the EoT's UART communication port.
Use of the API is done via HTTP and SSL. This service should be useful for more demanding analysis operations, which cannot be done in the embedded device (or for which the cloud version provides the best option). The API encapsulates machine learning models that can learn and predict the content of an image. At the time of writing, the API includes: • Detect categories of objects (flowers, animals, etc. ); the API improves over time as accuracy is improved and new categories are introduced • Detect inappropriate content from adult to violent content • Find celebrities, logos or news events • OCR, with automatic language identification 4. 3. 1. OpenCV OpenCV is the de facto standard CV library, including hundreds of useful functions. OpenCV 1. 0 has been ported to the EoT device. Additionally, functionality has been added so that later (much larger and complex) OpenCV versions can be executed in an external server.
For this, a free Pythonanywhere https://www. pythonanywhere. com/ server has been used. This is a free service, which provides a server with web2py and OpenCV 2. 4. 3 in which it is possible to program any computer vision capabilities. The EoT device sends an image to the server, which processes it (using any OpenCV version) and returns metadata. It is also possible to create your own processing server using, for example Python, Django and any OpenCV version, application or library.
Recent developments tend to favour fast detectors based on simple pixel intensity checks, as well as binary descriptors, as they are more suited to a large number of keypoints while keeping the matching process tractable. Among the recently-published algorithms, EoT supports the BRISK keypoint algorithm, as it proved to be the most promising in terms of matching capabilities. BRISK uses a scale-space version of AGAST3 as the keypoint detector, a binary code based on the difference of pixel pairs as the descriptor and a Hamming distance for matching.
Fathom Framework In order to address the deep learning paradigm, a framework called Fathom is available in EoT that implements CNNs of various configurations at ultra-low power targeting the Myriad SoC. The Fathom framework accepts representations of trained networks from Caffe or TensorFlow, as shown in Figure  17. Fathom parses these and optimally translates them to run on the Myriad 2 architecture. For complex networks such as GoogLeNet, Fathom enables performance at a nominal 15 inferences/s with fp16 precision. The idea behind the Movidius Fathom TM framework is to take an existing trained network from a CNN framework like Caffe or TensorFlow and translate and adapt it for use with a Myriad-based device. In this way, the current design flows used by deep learning data scientists to develop networks are unchanged, and they can continue to use the flows, datasets and associated scripts they have used historically without modification to quickly and easily port the networks trained in the cloud or GPUs to the EoT platform.
Scripting All development for EoT uses C/C++. Even though some level of code optimization is often necessary to achieve a good performance, in many cases, no optimization is needed. Flexibility and ease of use are thus desirable. The Python programming language's flexibility and ease-of-use have made it wildly popular in academia and in general in many realms where speed of development and flexibility are more important than performance. Python is an interpreted language, which means that it is not in principle a good fit for embedded systems. In the past, a number of attempts have been made at porting it to embedded platforms. MicroPython is currently the most successful port  [44]. The EoT device supports MicroPython. A REPL system is already available on top of the MQTT communication protocol.
This app also allows one to change the EoT device configuration, setting key events, alarms, etc. When the user retrieves images and associated metadata, they are automatically uploaded to a Firebase database. The Android app has an embedded WebView. A WebView is a component that allows a native app to show and run a web application. In other words, it is a browser bundled inside of a mobile application producing what is called a hybrid app. Using a WebView allows mobile apps to be built using web technologies (HTML, JavaScript, CSS, etc. ), but still package it as a native app. This runs a webapp for managing the images in the Firebase database, providing additional functionality. This webapp can be also used from any standard web browser. The webapp provides a GUI displaying images in different modes and providing search functionality.
Acknowledgments: This work has been supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme  under Grant Agreement No. 643924  [3]. Author Contributions:  Authors Oscar Deniz ,  Noelia Vallez ,  Jose L. Espinosa-Aranda ,  Jose M. Rico-Saavedra ,  Javier Parra-Patino ,  Gloria Bueno ,  Alain Pagani ,  Stephan Krauss  and  Ruben Reiser  contributed to the EoT software. Authors David Moloney ,  Alireza Dehghani ,  Aubrey Dunne  and  Martin Waeny  contributed to the EoT hardware. Authors Matteo Sorci ,  Tim Llewellynn ,  Christian Fedorczak ,  Thierry Larmoire ,  Marco Herbst ,  Andre Seirafi  and  Kasra Seirafi  contributed to the demonstrators.
| Strain identification by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequencing MALDI-TOF MS analysis of proteins was used to identify the bacteria. Each colony was deposited in duplicate on a MALDI-TOF MSP 96 target and then covered with 1. 5 μl of a matrix solution (saturated solution of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in 50% acetonitrile, 2. 5% trifluoroacetic acid) to allow the crystallization of molecules. MALDI-TOF MS was performed using the LT Microflex spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Leipzig, Germany). All spectra were recorded in positive linear mode for the mass range from 2,000 to 20,000 Da (parameters: ion source 1 [ISI], 20 kV; IS2, 18. 5 kV lens, 7 kV). The generated spectra were then compared to the Bruker database, with the addition of new species found through the "culturomics" project. The resulting score dictates whether a tested species can be identified: a score ≥2 with a validly published species enables identification at the species level, a score ≥1.
16S rRNA amplification and sequencing were carried out as described previously by  Morel et al. (2015). The 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences were assembled and corrected using CodonCode Aligner software (http://www. codoncode. com). Then, the BLASTn searches against the GenBank NCBI database (http://blast. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. gate1. inist. fr/Blast. cgi) and EzBioCloud's Identify Service (http://www. ezbiocloud. net/identify) (Yoon et al. , 2017)  were performed to determine the percentage of similarity with the closest bacteria. The MEGA 7 (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) software  (Kumar, Stecher, & Tamura, 2016)  allowed us to construct a phylogenetic tree. Sequence alignment of the different species was performed using CLUSTALW and the calculation of the evolutionary distance was done with the Kimura two-parameter model  (Kimura, 1980; Thompson, Higgins, & Gibson, 1994).
| FAME analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry Cellular fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis was performed by GC/MS. Two samples were prepared with approximately 2 mg of bacterial biomass each, harvested from five culture plates. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared as described by  Sasser (2006). GC/MS analyses were carried out as described previously  (Dione et al. , 2016). In brief, fatty acid methyl esters were separated using an Elite 5-MS column and monitored by mass spectrometry (MS) (Clarus 500-SQ 8 S, PerkinElmer, Courtaboeuf, France). A spectral database search was performed using MS Search 2. 0 operated with the Standard Reference Database 1A (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) and the FAMEs mass spectral database (Wiley, Chichester, UK).
| Genome annotation and analysis Open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted using Prodigal (http:// prodigal. ornl. gov/) with default parameters. However, the predicted ORFs were excluded if they spanned a sequencing gap region. The predicted bacterial protein sequences were searched against GenBank and Clusters of Orthologous Group (COG) databases using BLASTP. The tRNAs and rRNAs were predicted using the tRNAScan-    1 ). Furthermore, this percentage of similarity comprised in the range of percentage similarity of Bacillus species (82. 7-100%), confirming the new species status  (Rossi-Tamisier, Benamar, Raoult, & Fournier, 2015). The reference spectrum for strain SIT6 T was thus incremented in the URMITE database (http://www. mediterranee-infection. com/article. php?laref=256&titre=urms-database) (Figure  2 ) and then compared to other known species of the genus Bacillus.
10 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), gentamicin (500 μg), penicillin (10 μg), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 + 23. 75 μg), imipenem (10 μg), metronidazole (4 μg), clindamycin (15 μg), colistin (50 μg), and oxacillin (5 μg). F I G U R E 1 Phylogenetic tree showing the position of Bacillus kwashiorkori SIT6 T (red) relative to other phylogenetically close members of the family Bacillaceae. GenBank accession numbers are indicated in parentheses. Sequences were aligned using CLUSTALW, and phylogenetic inferences were obtained using (a) the maximum-likelihood method, (b) the neighbor-joining method and (c) the maximum parsimony method within the MEGA software. Numbers at the nodes are percentages of bootstrap values obtained by repeating the analysis 1,000 times to generate a majority consensus tree.
API ZYM showed positive reactions for alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), cystine aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, phosphoamidase, galactosidase, and mannosidase, but negative results for esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine aminopeptidase, valine aminopeptidase, trypsin, α-glucuronidase, glucosaminidase, and α-fucosidase. The major fatty acids are saturated species (15:0 iso, 16:0 and 17:0 anteiso). Strain SIT6 T was resistant to metronidazole, but susceptible to imipenem, doxycycline, rifampicin, vancomycin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin. The G+C content of the genome is 35. 19%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence and whole-genome shotgun sequence of B. kwashiorkori SIT6 T are deposited in GenBank under accession numbers LK985393.
( 10 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), gentamicin (500 μg), penicillin (10 μg), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25 + 23. 75 μg), imipenem (10 μg), metronidazole (4 μg), clindamycin (15 μg), colistin (50 μg), and oxacillin (5 μg). F I G U R E 1 Phylogenetic tree showing the position of Bacillus kwashiorkori SIT6 T (red) relative to other phylogenetically close members of the family Bacillaceae. GenBank accession numbers are indicated in parentheses. Sequences were aligned using CLUSTALW, and phylogenetic inferences were obtained using (a) the maximum-likelihood method, (b) the neighbor-joining method and (c) the maximum parsimony method within the MEGA software. Numbers at the nodes are percentages of bootstrap values obtained by repeating the analysis 1,000 times to generate a majority consensus tree.
API ZYM showed positive reactions for alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), cystine aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, phosphoamidase, galactosidase, and mannosidase, but negative results for esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine aminopeptidase, valine aminopeptidase, trypsin, α-glucuronidase, glucosaminidase, and α-fucosidase. The major fatty acids are saturated species (15:0 iso, 16:0 and 17:0 anteiso). Strain SIT6 T was resistant to metronidazole, but susceptible to imipenem, doxycycline, rifampicin, vancomycin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin. The G+C content of the genome is 35. 19%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence and whole-genome shotgun sequence of B. kwashiorkori SIT6 T are deposited in GenBank under accession numbers LK985393 Code Value % a Description J 130 5.
Finally, experiments were conducted on a machine with two fourcore Intel Xeon CPUs, running at 2. 6GHz with 24GB memory. All algorithms are implemented in C and are compiled in GCC with -O3 optimization flag. The dataset used in this study represent real-life applications from different scientific domains (numerical simulations, clustering problems and road networking) available in the public DIMACS'10 collection  [34]. One may find in Table  5  the different graph categories that are used here along with some useful information, such as the total number of vertices or edges, for each graph. Besides, each experiment is performed 5 times for every graph using randomly generated seeds each time. To thoroughly analyse our results, we include here two different types of figure. In Figures  11  and 13 , for each graph category, we present normalized results relative to Scotch on the average values over all included graphs (within that category).
Test Compounds In order to validate our ZeGlobalTox platform, 24 compounds were evaluated; including four drugs used as positive toxic controls. To calculate the ZeGlobalTox predictive potential, compounds were chosen according to their known toxicity in humans, as displayed in known molecule toxicity databases such as TOXNET (Hazardous Substances Data Bank, HSDB), Side effects (EMBL), drugs. com, and ema. europa. The four selected control drugs have been selected due to their reported toxicities both in humans and zebrafish. Haloperidol, a known anti-dopaminergic antipsychotic drug, has been used as our positive cardiotoxic drug because it has been described to produce hERG blockade, QT interval prolongation, and arrhythmias both in humans and zebrafish  [19] [20] [21]. MPTP, a prodrug to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + ) first synthesized as an analgesic, has been shown to cause permanent Parkinson's symptoms by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra  [22].
Cardiotoxicity Analysis Four cardiac parameters were evaluated to assess whether a compound was cardiotoxic: heart rate (beats per minute, BPM), QTc prolongation, ejection fraction (EJF), and cardiac arrest. Haloperidol has been described as cardiotoxic in humans and zebrafish  [19]  and was used as our cardiotoxic control. 1% DMSO was used as the negative control. Cardiotoxicity evaluation was performed from 96 hpf, when the zebrafish heartbeat is already stabilised  [36, 37] , so the analysis might not be altered by unstable beating. Zebrafish hearts were video-recorded at 4 h after drug incubation (100 hpf) and analysed using the ZeCardio ® β software (Figure  3A ). has been described as cardiotoxic in humans and zebrafish  [19]  and was used as our cardiotoxic control. 1% DMSO was used as the negative control.
Cardiotoxicity evaluation was performed from 96 hpf, when the zebrafish heartbeat is already stabilised  [36, 37] , so the analysis might not be altered by unstable beating. Zebrafish hearts were video-recorded at 4 h after drug incubation (100 hpf) and analysed using the ZeCardio ® β software (Figures 3A). Eight compounds-haloperidol, cisapride, docetaxel, dofetilide, pindolol, riluzole, trifluoperazine HCL, and vincristine-decreased the heart rate when compared to DMSO-only (Figure  3B ). Longer cardiac arrest was promoted by the same compounds as well (Figure  3E ). Inversely, zebrafish larvae treated with ciprofloxacin and D-(+)-glucose showed increased heart rates but no differences were observed in the duration of the cardiac arrest, when compared to the DMSO-only treated larvae (Figure  3B, E ).
Cardiotoxicity Evaluation in Zebrafish Larvae After 4 h of drug incubation (100 hpf), zebrafish larvae were anesthetized by immersion in 0. 7 µM tricaine methanesulfonate (A4050, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA)/E3 solution. 10 µM haloperidol treated embryos were used as positive cardiotoxic controls. The 1% DMSO treated embryos were used as negative cardiotoxic controls. Embryos were positioned in an agarose based mold to allow their appropriate orientation under the fluorescence stereo microscope (Olympus MVX10). Individual fluorescent hearts were recorded during 60 s each (Figure  6A ). Videos were acquired with a high-speed recording camera (Hamamatsu C11440 ORCA-flash 2. 8) and analysed with the ZeCardio ® β software to extract different cardiac parameters-heart rate, cardiac arrest, QTc prolongation, and Ejection Fraction (EJF) (Figure  6B ).
ZeCardio ® β software, developed by ZeClinics and currently in β status, provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that facilitates the semi-automatic analysis of living heart videos. Interactive analysis of the different parameters functions as follows: The user draws a line along the heart axis, from ventricle to atrium, to initiate the calculation. At the ventricle and atrium, an additional line perpendicular to the heart axis (first line) is automatically displayed (Figure  6C ). All lines can be subjected to modification of their angles and lengths. From the line selections, two outputs are ZeCardio ® β software, developed by ZeClinics and currently in β status, provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that facilitates the semi-automatic analysis of living heart videos. Interactive analysis of the different parameters functions as follows: The user draws a line along the heart axis, from ventricle to atrium, to initiate the calculation.
Neurotoxicity Evaluation in Zebrafish Larvae Immediately after heart video acquisition, larvae are washed with E3 medium to remove tricaine methanesulfonate from the solution. Fresh drug solution is added and the larvae are transferred individually in a volume of 150 µL to 96 well plates. Neurotoxicity is analysed at 120 hpf by locomotion assessment using the EthoVision XT 11. 5 software and the DanioVision device from Noldus Information Technologies, Wageningen, The Netherlands. This closed system consists of a camera placed above a chamber with circulating water and a temperature sensor set at 28 • C. The 96-well plates are placed in the chamber, which can then be illuminated with white light using the software. Larvae are then left for 20 min under these conditions and with the lights on to help their acclimation.
Statistical Analysis Data were analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. 0 software (Armonk, NY, USA). Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE). Prior to the analyses, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the distribution of the dependent variables. Not normally distributed variables were transformed using Templeton's two-step method for transforming continuous variables to normal variables  [78]. Statistical analysis of the data for the cardiotoxic and neurotoxic parameters as well as for liver size measurements were performed using One-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett test. Fisher's exact test was used for data analysis of the steatosis and yolk lipid retention. Results were statistically compared between drug-treated groups and untreated (DMSO) group.