dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The transaction is not taxed by personal income tax if, throughout the year, a person makes only one transaction with land and real estate they own for more than 3 years. If the income is received from the sale of the second property during the reporting year, the tax rate for residents is 5%, and 18% for non-residents. The base for payment of transfer taxes is the market value, which is indicated in the valuation report, a mandatory document for the transaction. Since 2013, a single database of valuation reports for transfer taxes purposes has been introduced in Ukraine, thanks to which it is impossible to underestimate the value of any real estate. In the database, the adequate market value of different types of real estate is indicated. The value less than the indicated cannot be defined as eligible and must be recalculated.
Thus, the value of transfer taxation is regulated. The database contains the value of each real estate for which transactions are planned, and taxation value is updated constantly according to the information received. The Law of Ukraine 'On Regulation of Urban-Planning Activity' defines that compliance with spatial plans is binding on all subjects of urban development. The placement and construction of facilities should be carried out in accordance with spatial plans, considering the legitimate interests and requirements of the owners or users of real estate surrounding the construction site. Financing of planned development of the territory of oblasts, districts, cities and their parts (comprehensive, master and detailed plans) is carried out at the expense of the corresponding budgets. Planning documentation for the territory of oblasts and districts is usually financed from national or regional budgets.
These trials have demonstrated that reperfusion therapies benefit these selected patients for up to 9 h for intravenous (IV) thrombolysis  (10)  and up to 16-24 h for MT  (11, 12). The shift from a "time-based" to a "tissue-based" approach has significantly improved stroke management by extending therapeutic windows in patients with persistent penumbra, i. e. those with a good collateral status (47, 48). CT and MRI are therefore used in daily practice to guide therapy in patients managed beyond the conventional time window. While clinical trials used RAPID or Olea Sphere with above-mentioned thresholds for image processing, other post-processing software (Philips, Siemens, Vitrea) have been developed with alternative perfusion imaging thresholds adapted to the deconvolution method. However comparative studies have shown significant differences in their predictive accuracy of final infarct volume in the setting of  MT (49, 50).
This historical association between imaging and AIS management was followed by a fast evolution of therapeutic and imaging methods in the field of AIS care. Figure  4  illustrates the timeline with the major evolutions and key-factors. The scientific literature review of this field is a very challenging task as there are over 1000 articles on penumbra imaging in scientific databases, with about 50% of these articles published since 2015, in the era of MT. Therefore, in terms of data quantity, bibliometric analysis was a relevant approach to provide an overview of the field and an insight into the knowledge of the thrombectomy era. The bibliometric analysis was carried out in accordance with the methodology recommendations of Donthu et al. (51) and the material and methods used for this analysis can be found in Supplementary Material.
FUNDING This work was supported by  ANR CYCLOPS  and  CMRO 2  ( ANR-15-CE17-0020  and  ANR-21-CE17-0028 ), the  RHU MARVELOUS  ( ANR-16-RHUS-0009 ) of Lyon University, under the  Investissements d'Avenir program  of the  French National Research Agency (ANR). The Ph. D. salary of  LC (Cifre, Olea Medical ) is co-funded by the  French Ministry of Higher Education and Research (ANRT).
Dataset description A dataset is generated to test the performance of the algorithm. Events are simulated using a full CMS Monte Carlo simulation at 14 TeV, with particles (electrons, photons, and partons) generated uniformly in pseudorapidity and in p T range from 1 to 100 GeV. A pileup scenario with the number of true interactions uniformly distributed in the range 55 to 75 is used. For the jet sample, every event is required to have at least one photon pair coming from a π 0. One entry of the dataset is created in the following way: first, a rectangular window is opened around the seed (energy threshold of 1 GeV). The size of the window depends on the position in η. All the clusters that fall in the specified window around the seed are passed to the network as an input. In more details, the input for the network contains: cluster information (E, E T , η, ϕ, z, number of crystals, information relative to seed: ∆η, ∆ϕ, ∆E, ∆E T ); list of rechits for each cluster; summary window features (max, min, mean of E T , E, ∆η, ∆ϕ, ∆E, ∆E T of all the clusters in the window).
Energy resolution Both Mustache and DeepSC algorithms were applied to the same dataset to compare the performance. Figure  2  shows the resolution of the reconstructed uncorrected SuperCluster energy (E Raw ) divided by the true energy deposits in ECAL (E Sim ) versus the transverse energy of the generated particle E Gen T (left) and the number of simulated pileup (PU) interactions (right). The resolution is computed as half of the difference between the 84% quantile and the 16% quantile (one σ) of the E Raw /E Sim distribution in each bin. The lower panel shows the ratio of the resolution of the two algorithms: σ DeepSC /σ Mustache. The DeepSC algorithm achieves significantly improved performance, especially in the low-E T and high-pileup regions.
1, along with timeseries light curves showing variability between B ∼ 15. 5 -16 for several nights in 1995 April. There is no evidence of bursts in any of their data. Unfortunately, the WD's spin frequency (ω = 40. 25 cycles d -1 ) is above the Nyquist frequency of the TESS data (24 cycles d -1 ), and the resulting aliasing precludes us from using the power spectrum to ascertain whether the WD was accreting from an Figure  1. The combined CRTS, ASAS-SN, and ATLAS light curve of V1025 Cen. The timespan of the TESS observations is indicated in red. V1025 Cen experienced a low-accretion state between 2015 and 2018, and we believe that the unblended ATLAS data offer a better measurement of its depth compared to the blended ASAS-SN data. A single outburst, with a minimum amplitude of 0. 6 mag, was detected by ASAS-SN during the TESS observations.
A simple statistical analysis of the ASAS-SN data bolsters this inference. When it observes a target, ASAS-SN usually obtains multiple photometric measurements over the course of a few minutes, so we created a new light curve in which each unique visit was represented by a single point whose abscissa was the median time of observation and whose ordinate was the median magnitude during that visit. Using this binned light curve, we analyzed each observing season separately by detrending that season's light curve and counting the number of measurements that were >3σ brighter than the mean magnitude. The 2018-2019 observing season contained 4 such measurements; for comparison, a Gaussian distribution with the observed N = 241 would be expected to show just 0. 3 measurements more than 3σ below the mean.
Studies published before 2005 were excluded due to unavailability of individual-level datasets. The corresponding authors of the relevant studies were contacted at least twice and invited to provide published and unpublished individual patient data (IPD). Reference lists of the identified articles were screened for further relevant studies. Data confidentiality agreements were signed, and formal approval obtained, as required by the affiliated institutions of the corresponding authors. The absolute values of the spectrophotometry results vary significantly between different laboratories  [11]. Prior to pooling of G6PD activity observations from the different studies and settings, all measurements were converted from either U/g Hb or U/10 12 red blood cell (RBC) to a % normal activity, using a study-specific definition of 'normal' (100%) G6PD activity.
In most cases, this represented an adjusted male median (AMM)  [9] , either calculated from the included data (where datasets included ≥20 G6PD normal individuals) or using pre-defined values reported for each study. Whenever AMM or data from G6PD normal individuals were unavailable, an alternative definition of 100% activity was used, provided this was derived from the same study population in the same laboratory. To reflect the variability present in the genotyping methodology, individuals for whom no variant was confirmed were classed as either 'wild-type' (sequencing studies) or 'no confirmed mutation' (SNP-typing studies). Since it was not possible to discriminate between either scenario, IPD from these individuals were not analysed further. One study measured G6PD activity alongside 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) activity and reported the results as a ratio of the two enzyme's activity.
As the G6PD/6PGD ratio results exhibited a different dynamic range to G6PD activity alone, these data were not normalised to a fraction of normal activity, not included in the main analysis, and presented separately. IPD were excluded if participants had a confirmed Plasmodium spp. infection, were less than one year of age, or zygosity was not defined. IPD were pooled and the median activity (in % of normal activity, or G6PD/6PGD ratio), interquartile range, and total range were calculated for each variant for homo-/hemizygotes and heterozygotes, separately. All variants for which data were available were included to indicate the breadth of the mutations present; however, since the available data for several variants was limited, variants were classed as data-rich (n ≥ 30 hemi-/homozygous deficient individuals) or data-poor (n < 30)  [23].
Outlier measurements were retained, to illustrate the breadth of variability in measurements, but excluded from the estimates of G6PD activity, reported for each variant, and analyses involving clinical diagnostic thresholds. Differences in median readings were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test with pairwise Wilcoxon post-tests, with Bonferroni correction to account for multiple comparisons. All analyses were performed using R version 4. 0. 3 [25]. To assess the risk of bias attributable to the study design and/or testing procedures, the QUADAS-2 tool  [26]  was modified (Supplementary File S2) and applied to all studies. To assess whether a given study contributed a higher-than-average proportion of outlier measurements, the proportion of outliers in each study was compared to the overall dataset using chi-squared testing.
Characteristics of the Pooled Database A total of 838 papers were screened by title and abstract; 153 of these were included and the full text screened, and a further 10 papers were added from reference lists and author contact. Of these, 53 were identified as relevant (Figure  1 ); however, data from 36 papers were unavailable due to no author response or no permissions to share the IPD. Overall, data were available from 17 studies published between 2009 and 2021, conducted across 10 countries: 11 studies in Asia, 3 studies in the Americas, 2 studies in Africa, and 1 study in the Middle East (Figure  1 , Supplementary Material Table  S1 )  [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]. Individual-level data from the 4320 participants were available, of whom 564 (13%) individuals were excluded due to an age less than one year or unknown age, and 251 (6%) individuals aged above one year were excluded due to confirmed malaria infection, along with two (0.
) from the final study samples, due to the wide range of study objectives and methodologies represented. All studies appeared to employ appropriate timing and storage of blood samples. In addition to the above assessment, all included studies were assessed based on the proportion of outlier measurements that contributed to the data-rich variants. Two studies  [31, 39]  (one comprising 50 A-individuals, the other contributing 22 Mahidol individuals) exhibited a significantly higher proportion of outlier measurements than other studies (p < 0. 01). A sensitivity analysis was performed excluding all data these studies, with little-to-no effect upon our overall findings (A-median G6PD activity 25. 9% (range 1. 7-64. 4%), with 64% hemi/homozygous below 30% activity; Mahidol 10. 2% (range 0. 0% to 32.
Since the leucocyte count was not done in most participants, this may have contributed to the observed variability. Fourth, two studies from 1975 and 2004 suggest potential diurnal variations in G6PD activity  [52, 53] , although from relatively small sample sizes, and this may also contribute to the variation in observed G6PD activity. Finally, further variability may stem from sources such as unreported infection, recent haemolytic events, and undiagnosed haematological conditions, resulting in elevated reticulocytosis. Our study has a number of limitations. First, retrospective analysis of spectrophotometry data cannot exclude poorly standardized and/or executed laboratory procedures  [11]. To address this, all studies were assessed for quality control measures, and for the data-rich variants, extreme values were excluded.
Additionally, the proportion of outliers contributed by each study was quantified and compared to the proportion of outliers in the complete dataset. Finally, a sensitivity analysis, excluding one dataset with a significantly higher proportion of outliers, did not alter the overall results significantly. This approach penalises small sample size studies, which may potentially introduce additional biases. Second, a total of 14 out of the 17 studies included in our analysis predominantly genotyped individuals below a pre-defined G6PD activity threshold. Accordingly, the derived G6PD activity distributions are likely to be skewed towards the lower end of the G6PD activity spectrum. This is particularly apparent when considering the activity range for heterozygous females with the Viangchan variant (Figure  2 ), where all observations were from studies in which only females with less than 60% or less than 80% activity were genotyped.
Funding: A. W. S. and A. S. were funded by the  Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia. GB and SMRU are supported by the  Wellcome Trust  [grant 220111]. GJD and PATH studies were funded by the  United Kingdom's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) , grant number  204139  and, by the  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation  [OPP1107113]. This research was funded by  Wellcome Trust   Senior Fellow in Clinical Science (200909 RNP ) and by the  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation  [ SEPRA-INV-024389 ]. For the purpose of Open Access, the authors have applied a CC BY public copyright license to any.
However, most of the clear sky models require the setting of atmospheric parameters such as water vapor, aerosol and optical depth of ozone. These atmospheric parameters are usually provided by public databases in the form of mean values over broader areas, and may not perfectly represent the site of interest. Consequently, the performance of the clear sky model can have an impact on the accuracy of the generated forecasts. It must noted that clear sky irradiance is publicly available and provided by the McClear Service for any location in the world  [2]. This easily permits the detrending of GHI time series. There exists another way to normalize GHI time series, that is, using the extraterrestrial irradiance, which leads to a time series of clearness indices. The clearness index is the ratio of the GHI over the extraterrestrial irradiance.
GHI Data In this study, we used ground GHI data measured at six different sites around the world (see Figure  1 ). Table  1  lists the six sites, which all experience different sky conditions. A specific preprocessing (data quality check and filtering) technique was applied to these data in previous works related to solar forecasting  [13, 14]. Because the focus here is to generate intra-day forecasts with a 1h time step, we computed the hourly average of GHI from the 1-min measurements at each location for two consecutive years. The first year for each location represents the training dataset, while the second year is the testing dataset. In keeping with a common practice in the realm of solar forecasting, it should be noted that all data have had solar elevation inferior to 10 • filtered out, hence removing nighttime, early morning, and late afternoon data.
The sequence {k(t), k(t -1) • • • k(t -5)} is the time series of the current and five past hourly values of either the clear sky index or the clearness index. Hence, here, the generic variable k may represent either the clear sky index k c or the clearness index k t. After the forecasts of the clear sky index or clearness index have been obtained, the corresponding indices can be transformed back to GHI forecasts using Equation (1) or Equation  (2). The statistical techniques used in this work are data-driven approaches. Consequently, the model parameters are estimated from N pairs of input and output samples contained in the training dataset. In a second step, after the models have been fitted, they are evaluated on the test dataset using the metrics provided in Section 2. 6.
Nonlinear NN Model Artificial Neural Network (ANN or simply NN) is a technique capable of identifying a nonlinear relationship between input and output variables from the information contained in the training data set. A nonlinear mapping from an input vector x to an output y is obtained by an NN with d inputs, h hidden neurons, and a single linear output unit. The nonlinear relationship reads as y = y(x, w) = h ∑ j=0 w j f d ∑ i=0 w ji x i. ( 9 ) The non-linear function f associated with h hidden units is usually the tangent hyperbolic function f (x) = e x -e -x e x +e -x. The NN parameters, denoted by the parameter vector w = {w j , w ji }, govern the nonlinear mapping and are adjusted during the training phase. The ability of the NN to generate correct predictions of unseen data is evaluated on the test dataset.
Assuming that the number of hidden neurons is sufficient, NNs are able to approximate any nonlinear continuous function at an arbitrary accuracy. However, if the NN has too many hidden neurons, inaccurate predictions are generated on the testing dataset. In the NN community, this issue is called overfitting. Several techniques, such as pruning or Bayesian regularization, can be employed to overcome overfitting problems. In this work, we used the Bayesian Technique to determine the optimal number of hidden nodes in the NN  [22]. For our application, the relationship between the output k(t + h) and the set of inputs k(t), k(t -1), • • • , k(t -5) takes the form k(t + h) = h ∑ j=0 w j f p ∑ i=0 w ji k(t -i). ( 10 ) As shown by the preceding equation, the NN model is equivalent to a nonlinear AR model for time series forecasting problems.
Discussion Based on the above results, the following comments can be made. The use of the clear sky index is clearly a better option than the clearness index for building time-series forecasting models. This claim appears not as conclusive for special cases such as sites experiencing very high variability, for which the performances tends to be more balance across both options. The choice may further depend on the complexity of the forecasting methodology. In general, it seems that more complex techniques are able to obtain more information from the clearness index than simple baselines approaches, and therefore surpass its limitations to the point of being competitive with clear sky index-based models at high variability sites. In any case, apart from these special cases, which of course require further testing with worldwide solar irradiance datasets, the clear sky index should be preferred.
Methods We conducted a retrospective real-life cohort study on data collected prospectively by French National Health Insurance. Echantillon generalistes des beneficiaires (EGB) is a database composed of demographic and health care utilization data for a 1/97 th sample of the French population. We extracted data about all women born between 1983 and 1991, corresponding to the catch-up population (vaccination after 14 years old) at the time of implementation of HPV vaccination. The primary outcome was the occurrence of conization (all types of procedures) compared between vaccinated and non-vaccinated women.
Data sources and study period Data were extracted from the French National Health Insurance database called Echantillon Généraliste des Bénéficiaires (EGB), which is a permanent sample of the population covered by national health insurance. French health care insurance is a universal health care meaning all residents are assured access to health care. Our institution has permanent access to the EGB given by its governance (ministerial steering), for the purposes of conducting studies on anonymous data. This study was reviewed and approved by an ethics committee: Curie Institutional Research Data Committee. The EGB is a random sample representing 1/97th of the population. Individuals are randomly selected on the social security number, the distribution by age group and sex is equivalent to the national distribution.
The EGB includes people covered by the general social security system, i. e. all workers and unemployed persons (excluding farmers), this population representing more than 92% of the French population. This database includes anonymous sociodemographic characteristics, all reimbursed medical expenditure, consultations, drug prescriptions, laboratory tests and surgical procedures  [22]. Data were extracted from EGB from 1 st January 2006 (release of the first HPV vaccine-Gardasil 1 onto the market) to 31 st December 2016. We ensured that there were no published data on the efficacy of HPV vaccination in France. The following HPV terms were searched on Pubmed: "france"[All Fields] AND ("Papillomavirus Vaccines"[MeSH Terms] OR ("hpv"[All Fields] AND ("vaccin"[All Fields] OR "vaccination"[All Fields])) AND ("cancer"[All Fields] OR "neoplasms"[MeSH Terms] OR "neoplasms"[All Fields] OR "dysplasia"[All Fields]).
Management of dysplasia in France The 2002 recommendations are that conization is usually indicated for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2+ (CIN), with laser destruction or cryotherapy as an option in certain conditions (small lesions, exclusively exocervical, fully visible at colposcopy)  [26]. In 2016 the recommendations were similar, specifying that conization should be a LEEP, with destructive treatments as an option (with the same criteria)  [27]. In order to verify the application of these guidelines in real life, we ensured that high-grade dysplasia was treated by conization. Thus, we queried the national database on all hospital stays (outpatient or conventional). These data are freely available online (https://www. scansante. fr/). The diagnosis of severe cervical dysplasia (N872) was cross-referenced with acts of conization, destruction of cervical lesions, hysterectomies.