dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Reconciling the various constraints from Arrokoth's crater record As we mentioned in the Introduction, one of the most intriguing aspects of Arrokoth's crater record is the presence of a significant number of sub-km craters and the absence of craters with D > 1 km except for Maryland crater (D ∼ 7 km). The crater database of Sp20 reports 5 craters with 0. 69 < D < 0. 96 km identified with high confidence. Given the error bars reported on the sizes of the individual craters, we will assume that these craters fill the size-range 0. 55-1. 15 km. The surface of Arrokoth visible during the New Horizons flyby was 700 km 2. Although craters have been searched across the visible surface, it is clear from Fig. 6  in Sp20 that the craters identified with high confidence are located on a much smaller region where the view geometry or the illumination conditions were particularly favorable (e.
While each of our different lines of analysis above have uncertainties, we find it interesting and potentially compelling that they all converge to a power law slope of the crater production SFD between -1. 5 and -1. 2. This range not only matches the power law slope determined independently on Arrokoth's crater record alone (Sp20), but it is significantly steeper than the values determined from Charon alone (i. e. -0. 7 ± 0. 3 in S19 and -0. 8 +0. 4 -0. 6 in Sp20). It is more in line with an earlier estimate from R17, though we cannot say whether that similarity is fortuitous. The discrepancy with S19 and Sp20 may suggest that the Charon crater database used in those works is incomplete at small sizes. On the other hand, we remark that our result is within the uncertainty reported by Sp20 for Charon (where the acceptable values of q for Charon range down to -1.
Acknowledgments We thank the two anonymous reviewers who, through their detailed comments, helped making this paper more clear and complete. -Arakawa, M. , and 67 colleagues 2020. An artificial impact on the asteroid (162173) Ryugu formed a crater in the gravity-dominated regime. Science 368, 67. -Arimatsu, K. , Tsumura, K. , Usui, F. , Shinnaka, Y. , Ichikawa, K. , Ootsubo, T. , Kotani, T. , Wada, T. , Nagase, K. , Watanabe, J. 2019. A kilometre-sized Kuiper belt object discovered by stellar occultation using amateur telescopes. Nature Astronomy, doi:10.
Data collection and Ethics Data were collected both prospectively (regarding NRP procedure and donor) and retrospectively (regarding recipient and post-transplant outcomes) from local databases declared to the French data protection authority. Anonymized data on donors were obtained from the on-line secured Biomedicine Agency database (Cristal) approved by the CNIL. This observational study did not require any written consent in accordance with the bioethical French Law (Jardé's law). The study has been performed in accordance with the 2000 declaration of Helsinki and the declaration of Istanbul 2008.
The energies higher than 200 keV are mostly dominated by cosmic rays, so we eliminated those in our calculation  (Hill et al. 2020 ). To avoid the background caused by photon accidentals, we removed the signal below 80 keV and further removed look directions 25, 31, 34, 35, and 44, which are most affected by photon contamination from our analysis. The magnetic field data were obtained at 1 min cadence and resampled to the EPI-Lo flux. Proton density and velocity data were obtained from the Level 3 (L3i) Solar Probe Cup (SPC) data in the Solar Wind Electron, Alpha, and Proton (SWEAP) suite  (Kasper et al. 2016). Specifically, we use the "fits" data which estimates the speed, temperature, and density of the solar wind proton population by fitting each spectrum to a single Maxwellian or a set of Maxwellian ion populations  (Kasper et al.
A convenient measure is obtained by normalizing H c by the incompressible fluctuation energy per unit mass, E = E b + E v = |u| 2 + |b| 2 /2. ( 5 ) The dimensionless normalized cross helicity is σ c = H c /E, (6) where -1 ≤ σ c ≤ 1. Fluctuations with large values of (|σ c | ≈ 1) are sometimes called Alfvénic. The magnetic fluctuation b is measured here in Alfvén speed units (b → b/ √ µ 0 n p m p ). Alfvén waves have u = ±b and consequently σ c = ±1. We followed the procedure from  Parashar et al. (2020)  to calculate the Alfvén speed and cross helicity. We computed particle anisotropy from toward and away fluxes as well as the parameter r, along with the magnetic deflection parameter z for the first five PSP encounters, using EPI-Lo data and FIELDS magnetic data, as described in the previous section.
management and technical team has played a critical role in the success of the Parker Solar Probe mission. We are deeply indebted to everyone who helped make the PSP mission possible. In particular, we thank all of the outstanding scientists, engineers, technicians, and administrative support people across all of the IS IS institutions that produced and supported the IS IS instrument suite and support its operations and the scientific analysis of its data. We also thank the FIELDS and SWEAP teams for cooperation. The IS IS data and visualization tools are available to the community at: https://spacephysics. princeton. edu/missions-instruments/isois; data are also available via the NASA Space Physics Data Facility (https://spdf. gsfc. nasa. gov/). This research is partially supported by the Parker Solar Probe mission and the IS IS project (contract NNN06AA01C) and a subcontract to University of Delaware from Princeton University (SUB0000165).
The minimization step is performed with a projected gradient type method, where L ∞ constraints on u 0 are taken into account by means of a projection operator. • the opensource optimization routine GEKKO (see  [5] ) solving the optimization problem using the IPOPT (Interior Point OPTimizer) library, a software package for large-scale nonlinear problems by an interior-point filter line-search algorithm (see  [35] ). This algorithm has been initialized with the previous control obtained by using the aforementioned Uzawa type algorithm. ) is satisfied for the particular choices of functions f and g given by (10) under (11) and (12) which hold true for the values of the parameters in Table  1. Furthermore, it is easy to check numerically that the assumption (13) is satisfied for the values of the parameters taken from the case at hand (see e.
Acknowledgments M. Duprez ,  Y. Privat  and  N. Vauchelet  were partially supported by the Project " Analysis  and simulation of optimal shapes -application to lifesciences" of the  Paris City Hall. Y. Privat was partially supported by the  ANR  Project  ANR-18-CE40-0013  -SHAPO on Shape Optimization. We also warmly thank the referees for their comments and suggestions.
To specify where a request will be executed at a fine-grained level, Cheops relies on the scope-lang proposal we initially developed  [2]. Scope-lang extends applications API and allows the user to specify where (on which services) the request is executed. The language has been designed to provide three types of collaborations between application instances. Sharing is when a resource needed by a service has been created on another instance. This is the basic collaboration which allows to share resources between the instances. Replication allows operations on identical resources on different sites, to deal with availability of these resources in case of network partitioning or to improve overall performance. Finally, cross allows a resource to span across different sites. In this paper, we focus on replication (sharing has already been discussed  [2] , while cross is let as future work).
c 1 arrows represents Cheops agent on App 1 updates to the databases, c 2 arrows the one from Cheops agent on App 2. The creation of resources replicated in an eventual consistency implies that every replicas are identical at creation and will be created eventually. The update of resources created with the replication in an eventual consistency implies that all replicas will be updated eventually, whether the user specifies a scope or not in its request. It is the same for deletes. The operation obviously begins when the user makes the request. But for the end, we could consider that an operation ends either when there is one response and is returned to the user, or when the operation is executed on every sites. In an eventual consistency model, the latter end can come a lot later than the first response.
4. Each request is forwarded to the corresponding Cheops agent on involved sites and a copy of the replicant is stored in the database on those sites simultaneously. In Fig. 3  databases. In the figure, this is represented by the c 1 arrows going to the cylinders. The replicant on App 1 (where the request was made) becomes the leader of the replicants. A log is created for future operations on replicas. 5. Each contacted service instance executes the request and returns the results to their local Cheops agent, which updates the replicant with the local identifier. In Fig. 3 : t 1 and t 2 return their local identifier, e. g. , 42 and 6. 6. Cheops agents then proceed to propagate the updated information to other agents involved. In parallel, they send the entire response to the Cheops agent that stores the leader replicant.
In Fig. 3 : the replicant is now {72 : [App 1 : 6, App 2 : 42]} on App 1 and App 2 sites databases, thanks to the updates represented by c 1 and c 2 arrows. 7. When the agent where the leader is receives the first creation response, it transfers it to the user who asked for the replication, replacing the local ID with the replicant meta ID.
Search methods for identification of studies An electronic search of the literature was performed using the following databases: The search was completed with an inspection of the personal databases of the authors. Finally, further relevant articles were extracted from the reference sections of the reviewed articles. Last search was performed on September 4, 2020. Only studies published in English, French or Italian language were included in the review. The authors independently screened titles of the publications identified through the searches, excluding those irrelevant. After this preliminary screening, the abstract and/or full-text was examined to assess further eligibility for inclusion. Search terms and database search results are presented in Fig. 2.
Data extraction and analysis Data from each included study were collected in a standardized form including study characteristics and design, genotype and clinical phenotype of study participants, number of participants, age distribution, treatment characteristics (dose, frequency, and duration), outcome measures, response to treatment (positive response, partial response, non-responsive, and side effects). Regarding preclinical studies, collected data included study characteristics and design, gene variant, treatment characteristics (dose in vivo or concentration in vitro), outcome measures, and response to treatment.
Optical Frequency Response The optical frequency response of the photodiodes was measured using a heterody bench measurement setup. All UTC-PDs were biased at -2 V under a photocurrent o mA. In addition, 3-dB bandwidths of above 35 GHz for the largest geometry, 7 × 25 µ m and about 50 GHz for the smallest UTC-PD geometry, 5 × 15 µ m 2 , can be observed Figure  19. The model simulation shows good agreement with the measured data valid ing the accuracy of Equation (  4 ) implemented in the model.
Optical Frequency Response The optical frequency response of the photodiodes was measured using a heterodyne bench measurement setup. All UTC-PDs were biased at -2 V under a photocurrent of 1 mA. In addition, 3-dB bandwidths of above 35 GHz for the largest geometry, 7 × 25 µm 2 , and about 50 GHz for the smallest UTC-PD geometry, 5 × 15 µm 2 , can be observed in Figure  19. The model simulation shows good agreement with the measured data validating the accuracy of Equation (  4 ) implemented in the model.
Funding: This work was supported partly by the  ANR  in the frame of the project  ULTIMATE  ( ANR-16-CE93-0007 ),  FNS/SNF  ( ANR-FNS ), https://ultimate. cnrs. fr/(accessed on 1 February 2021), by the  European  project  H2020 5G-PHOS  (no. 761989 ), http://www. 5g-phos. eu/(accessed on 1 2021), and the  Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine authorities  through the  SUBTILE  project.
Acknowledgments We thank  Minwoo Suh  for collaboration in the initial stage of this work. FA is supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Framework :  ERC  grants  682608 , and the  Swiss National Science Foundation. GBDL is supported in part by the  Simons Foundation Origins of the Universe Initiative  (modern inflationary cosmology collaboration) and by a  Simons Investigator award. GLM is supported by the  Swedish Research Council  grant number  2015-05333  and partially supported by  ERC  Consolidator Grant number  772408  "String landscape". CFU is supported, in part, by the  US Department of Energy  under Grant No. DE-SC0007859  and by the  Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics. CFU  completed part of this work at the  Aspen Center for Physics , which is supported by  National Science Foundation  grant  PHY-1607611.
As of today, data on more than 660 patients diagnosed with CML at a median age of 12 years (range 0-17 years) have been collected. The information depicted from a registry on a rare disease like CML in minors offers the enormous benefit to enable treating physicians to apply a uniform approach to diagnose and follow-up this leukemia. Based on the collected data and the shared experience also in very small subcohorts (e. g. , CML at very young age, diagnosis in advanced stage of disease, treatment failure) this article recommends a uniform approach for the diagnostic procedures to be applied in the management of CML in children and young adolescents.
Epidemiology CML usually presents at a median age of 60 years in Caucasians, but at younger age  (35-45 years)  in Asians  [40] [41] [42]. It is rare in children contributing only 2-3% of all pediatric leukemia cases. The global incidence rate of CML is 15/1,000,000 per year with a male to female ratio of 1. 34 while the age-adjusted incidence rate for the age group <18 years is 1. 0 per 1,000,000  [43]. In the first three years of life pediatric CML is extremely rare  [44]. The SEERS database showing pooled data on all myeloproliferative diseases at childhood age lists a continuously increasing incidence rate from 0. 7 cases in the age group 1 to 4 years up to 4. 3 cases per 1,000,000 at 15 to 19 years (Table  4 ). From the authors' experience, myeloproliferative diseases besides CML like essential thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis are more than 10-fold less frequent than CML in the first two decades of life.
We have joined an exciting and dynamic community in Cell Press, one that has welcomed us with open arms and has provided advice, support, and contacts. It's a pleasure to work with all our colleagues in Cell, Cell  Systems, Joule, Molecular Cell, Chem, One Earth, Cell Reports Physical Science, iScience, Trends in Chemistry, Trends in Ecology and Evolution. the list goes on, because we all use data in one way or another and learn from each other. Our deepest thanks also go to you, our readers. You have downloaded and read our articles and have talked about them in journal clubs and on Twitter. You have started conversations with us and learned with us, and that is an amazingly valuable thing. The first year of Patterns has been an incredible rollercoaster ride through a world that has changed beyond whatever we could have predicted this time last year.
For SNP analysis, sequence reads obtained after QC checks are analysed at the nucleotide level. These are then mapped against a closely related reference genome, and the nucleotide differences or polymorphisms in both the coding and non-coding regions determined. In order to better quantify the genetic relationship between isolates, consideration must be given to the exclusion of sequence data from mobile genetic elements (MGE) such as plasmids and prophages along with insertion sequence (IS) elements. SNP-based analysis is an accurate way to determine the relationship between two or more bacterial genomes. The choice of method for these types of analyses is dependent on the nature of the question being posed. Owing to its superior resolution when compared with other available sub-typing methods, WGS offers the possibility of improving the analytical assessment of root cause analysis of pathogen contamination  (Harrand et al.
This strategy could detect low abundance bacterial hazards, independent of the background flora. The proportion of bacterial species can also be determined from these data. Shot-gun metagenomics is another cultureindependent method that facilitates the characterisation of the microbiota in a sample of interest. Unlike the former 16S rRNA-based method, this strategy facilitates an untargeted characterisation and provides a richer dataset (Fig. 7. 2). In this case, the need for microbiological culture is negated by direct analysis of the total DNA content of a food matrix of interest, environmental swab or other sample type of relevance. Application of this strategy can include the description of those dominant microbes in for example food matrices such as fermented milk products  (Shangpliang et al.
Acknowledgements This work was conducted by an expert group of the European branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, ILSI Europe. The research question addressed in this publication and potential contributing experts in the field was identified by the Microbiological Food Safety Task Force. Members of this task force are listed on the ILSI Europe website at https ://ilsi. eu/task-forces/food-safety/microbiological-food-safety/. According to ILSI Europe policies, the EG is composed by at least 50% of external non-industry members. The complete composition of the EG can be found at https://ilsi. eu/task-forces/food-safety/microbiological -food-safety/. Once the expert group was formed, the research project was handed over to them to independently refine the research question. Consequently, the expert group carried out the work, i.
TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE ARTERIAL STIFFNESS Arterial stiffness data can be obtained through a multitude of different noninvasive procedures that could potentially be performed in the clinic. The most common procedure providing a measure of aortic stiffness is the determination of PWV. 4  Although PWV can be accurately determined using magnetic resonance imaging, this is an expensive method that is not available in-house in most clinics. Instead, PWV is commonly measured through tonometry of the carotid and femoral arteries (namely carotid-femoral PWV [cfPWV]), often with ECG as a timing marker, though other validated pulse transit routes are also used. The distance (L) between the measuring sites is assessed with a measuring tape, a caliper, or a segmometer, and velocity is calculated (PWV = L/Δt).
In the PWV group, renin-angiotensin-system blockers and calcium channel blockers were prescribed at higher dosage (P = 0. 028), PWV increased less (P = 0. 0003) than in the conventional group, and office and ambulatory systolic BP and diastolic BP decreased more (P < 0. 001 and P < 0. 01, respectively). The SPARTE study demonstrated that a PWV-driven treatment for hypertension allows for further reduction in office and ambulatory systolic and diastolic BPs and prevent vascular aging in patients with hypertension. Data collected from 663 hospitals in the American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Data Registry on 400,000 patients revealed that the yield of positive elective cardiac catheterizations for patients without known CAD is only a little more than one third. 127 Having the means to improving medical evaluations at outpatient clinics and doctors' offices can improve this yield by as much as 27% as was demonstrated in a large population study in Thailand where CAVI was coupled to a Framingham-based risk score,  21  and thereby lower a portion of healthcare costs, and improve referral decisions, from general practice to cardiology.
Novel emerging approaches include (i) geometric learning, i. e. learning on non-regular representations such as graphs, 3D Voronoi tessellations, and point clouds; (ii) pre-trained protein language models leveraging attention; (iii) equivariant architectures preserving the symmetry of 3D space; (iv) use of big data, e. g. large meta-genome databases; (v) combining protein representations; (vi) and finally truly end-to-end architectures, i. e. single differentiable models starting from a sequence and returning a 3D structure. These observations suggest that deep learning approaches will also be effective for a range of related structural biology applications that will be discussed in this lecture.
Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge partial financial support coming from the  Research Commission of the Universität Sankt Gallen , the  Swiss National Science Foundation  (grant number  200021 175801/1 ), and the  French ANR  " BIPHOPROC" project  ( ANR-14-OHRI-0002-02 ). The authors thank the hospitality and the generosity of the  Division of Mathematical Sciences of the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore , and the  FIM at ETH Zurich , where a significant portion of the results in this paper was obtained.
The involvement of magnetism in this Fermi-surface reconstruction has been broadly debated  [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]. Here, we present detailed data on the SdH amplitude in optimally doped NCCO, tracing its variation over more than two orders of magnitude with changing the field orientation. The oscillation behavior is found to be very similar to that in κ-BETS. Given the crystal symmetry and the position of the relevant Fermi-surface pockets, this result is firm evidence for antiferromagnetism in NCCO. Our finding not only settles the controversy in electron-doped cuprate superconductors-but also clearly demonstrates the generality of the novel SOC mechanism. Theoretical background -Before presenting the experimental results, we recapitulate the effect of Zeeman splitting on quantum oscillations.
Measurements of the interlayer (I||c) resistance were performed on a rotatable platform using a standard four-terminal a. c. technique at frequencies of 30 -70 kHz in a 70 T pulse-magnet system, with a pulse duration of 150 ms, at the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory. The raw data were collected by a fast digitizing oscilloscope and processed afterwards by a digital lock-in procedure  22. The orientation of the crystal was defined by a polar angle θ between the field and the crystallographic c axis (normal to the conducting layers). F B cos θ , where θ is the tilt angle between the field and the normal to the conducting plane, F stands for the oscillation frequency at θ = 0 • , and F the corresponding Fermi-surface area. The Zeeman effect splits the spindegenerate Fermi surface, breaking up F into F + and F -, with δF = F + -F -∝ B.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is our pleasure to thank  G. Knebel ,  H. Sakai ,  I. Sheikin , and  A. Yaresko  for illuminating discussions. This work was supported by  HLD at HZDR , a member of the  European Magnetic Field Laboratory (EMFL). P. D. G. acknowledges State Assignment # 0033-2019-0001  for financial support and the  Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Toulouse , for the hospitality during his visit. R. G. acknowledges financial support from the  German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) via Germany's Excellence Strategy  ( EXC-2111-390814868 ). J. W. acknowledges financial support from the  DFG  through the  Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence on Complexity and Topology in Quantum Matter -ct. qmat ( EXC 2147 , project-id 390858490).