dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments: The authors thank all students who participated in the workshop, especially the four students who helped develop the knowledge survey. They thank  Anthony Tedde  for his suggestions about database management and his explanations of some advanced functions of R. They also thank  Yves Brostaux  and  Hélène Soyeurt  for their advice on statistical analysis. Finally, they thank  Michael Corson  for proofreading the manuscript's English. Mireille De Graeuwe  gives personal thanks to  Timothée Collin  for his unconditional support, especially during writing of the article, which coincided with the Covid-19 pandemic.
Methods We retrospectively analyzed the epidemiological, clinical, and biological data as well as treatment and outcome of all the patients diagnosed with IL between January 1993 and December 2013 in nine hospitals in Paris and its suburbs. These hospitals were selected because they are located in areas with a high density of African immigrants or they have a clinical or parasitological department involved in tropical medicine. All the patients with a parasitological diagnosis of loiasis including positive microfilaremia (> 1/ml) and/or positive serologic tests were selected. Then, for patients diagnosed serologically, considering the limitations of serological tests, only patients with an epidemiological (stay in endemic areas) and/or a clinical presentation compatible with a loiasis were definitively included.
Immunofluorescence using Molinema dessetae antigens confirmed by co-electrosyneresis using Ascaris suum antigens. Apart from the ELISA tests, which were commercial kits, these techniques were home-made and the threshold of positivity was defined by each laboratory. In case of serology classified as "undetermined" by the laboratory when it was not negative but under the threshold of positivity for each technique, we classified the result as negative. We assessed the epidemiological data (age, sex, ethnicity, country of origin, last visited country before diagnosis, characteristics of travel), clinical aspects (medical history, reason of first consultation, description and duration of symptoms) and biological results (blood cells count, creatininemia, transaminases, filariasis serology and microfilaremia count) in patients with IL.
We compared these data in SSA versus non-SSA patients, and in symptomatic versus nonsymptomatic patients. We also evaluated the sensitivity of serology compared to that of direct diagnosis by microfilaremia detection for diagnosing IL. The treatment, depending of each physician's choice, always included ivermectin and/or DEC. DEC was given at a progressively increasing daily dosage, up to 400 mg per day, with a duration of 21 days once the dosage arrived at full dose. Full cure was defined as the absence of clinical symptoms and negative microfilaremia at the latest follow-up visit. "Partial" cure was defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms and decreased microfilaremia. Failure was stated when signs and symptoms persisted and microfilarial levels did not change significantly. Post-treatment reaction was defined by the occurrence of symptoms (fever, pruritus, angio-oedema, malaise, hypotension, fatigue, vertigo, headaches, joint or muscle or abdominal pain, central nervous system manifestations) within the 24 h following ivermectin or DEC administration.
We used Chi2 of Pearson and Mann-Whitney test (non parametric test for continuous variables) for statistical tests with Epi Info™ software (version 7. 2, 2016, Atlanta, USA). As patient data were initially collected as part of routine care and no additional examination was performed, agreement of an ethics committee was not required according to the French regulation at the time of the start of the study but the database was declared to the CNIL (Commission Nationale Informatique et Liberté). All data were completely anonymized in each of the centres that participated in the study.
Results Among the 177 identified cases of IL, analyzable data were available in 167, included in the present study. Sex ratio was 1. 01 (84 men and 83 women), and mean age was 41. 2 years (Table  1 ). SSA patients accounted for 83. 2%. Cameroon was the leading country of exposure (62. 2%), followed by Gabon and Congo-Brazzaville. Sex ratio was 0. 88 among SSA patients, and 2. 3 in non-SSA patients. In SSA-VFR patients and non-SSA patients, in whom the data may be calculated, the median duration of the at-risk travel was 3 months (IQR 3-30). The time between return to France and onset of symptoms could be evaluated in nine patients because they travelled in the at-risk country only once, and was estimated at 12 months (range: 6-18 months). Spontaneous reporting of symptoms of loiasis motivated the initial consultation in 95 patients (56.
7%) had a negative microfilaremia; data were missing in 12 cases. Ninety-two patients (55%) had a positive serology, including 54 with a specific arc evidenced by immunoelectrophoresis (performed in 125 patients). For patients for whom serology and microfilaremia results are available, 24 patients had positive microfilaremia and negative serology, 44 had negative microfilaremia and positive serology and 46 had microfilaremia and positive serology. Clinical and biological features were compared between SSA and non-SSA patients (Table  2 ). Compared to SSA patients, non-SSA patients were more likely to have a prior history of loiasis (p = 0. 01), a higher blood eosinophilia count (p = 0. 04), and to have a positive serology (p = 0. 04). SSA patients were more likely to have microfilaremia than non-SSA patients (p = 0.
05), but their mean microfilaremia did not differ significantly (p = 0. 42). Comparing biological results in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, no difference was observed in mean eosinophilia, rates of positive microfilaremia and positive serology, and the mean number of parasites/ml (Table  3 ). Diagnosis sensitivity of serology was assessed in comparison to microfilaremia detection (data not shown). Among patients with a definite diagnosis (i. e. proven by positive microfilaremia) and also with positive serology, the serology sensitivity was estimated at 69%. Sensitivity of serology among patients without microfilaremia but presenting clinical symptoms concordant with loiasis was estimated at 96%. Outcome was evaluable in 165/167 patients including 149 treated patients and 16 patients who did not receive any treatment (loss of follow-up, pregnancy, frequent travels planned in their country of origin) (Table  4 ).
Apparatus The participant was seated on a chair and asked to keep a straight back against the backrest. Twelve reflective spherical markers were attached to the participant's right arm with the help of armbands, so that each segment (upper arm, forearm and hand) had a set of four markers attached to it (Figure  1 ). In particular, the armband worn on the hand placed the participant's fingers so that the index was pointing forward and the other fingers were curled into the palm. Additionally, one of the four markers attached to the hand was fixed at the tip of a rod aligned with the index. This marker was referred to as the driving marker and represented the endpoint of the participant's arm. An optical motion tracking system (Optitrack V120 Trio & Motive software) was used to compute and record at 120 Hz the markers' positions and segments' orientations in the 3D workspace along time.
Task The experiment relied on a target reach-andhold task, where the participant was asked to drive the robot in order to bring its endpoint inside one of the five spherical targets and hold it in for 800 ms. At the beginning of the task, the participant's and robot's arms were placed in the same initial posture: humerus along the body, elbow flexed at 90°, vertical hand and index finger pointing forward. The beginning of the task was triggered by the experimenter and indicated to the participant by a short high-pitch beep sound. However, the task timer did not start until the participant's index moved further than 2 cm from its initial position. Then, the participant was given 15 s to complete the task. During each task, custom software recorded the robot's joint angles measured by embedded sensors, as well as the participant's and robot's endpoint positions and arm links' orientations  measured by the motion tracking system.
Data Analysis At the end of the participant inclusion period, the recorded data were processed to allow for analysis. Due to measurement noise, the recordings from seventy-four trials (5. 6% of the total dataset) were too heavily disrupted to allow for relevant data to be computed. Consequently, these trials were excluded from further analyses, while the rest of the trials formed the valid dataset. Within the valid dataset, the success rate was found to be consistently excellent (>95%) over the population of participants, regardless of the posture generation strategy. This result confirms that the task was not too difficult for the participants but also highlights the need for other criteria to evaluate how well they performed during the experiments. In this way, we designed several quantitative metrics to assess the performance achieved during the task by addressing various dimensions of motor performance.
The qPCR primer pair for Spx (yielding an amplicon of 145bp) had an efficiency of ~90%, a R 2 of ~0. 96 (5 independent assays) and a single sharp melting peak was observed. The quantification of mRNA level was obtained by the 2 -∆CT method and data are presented as fold-increase compared to the condition with the lowest Spx expression level. For both standard PCR and qPCR, the identity of amplicons was validated by cloning (pGEMT easy vector, Promega) and Sanger sequencing (Eurofins Sequencing services, Germany).
Assessing a potential in vivo impact of spexin upon LH For both in vivo experiments, the peptides YNWNSFGLRY-NH2 (Genbank accession no. JQ716394) and NWTPQAMLYLKGAQ-NH2 (Genbank accession no. KF408269), corresponding respectively to ovine Kp10 (i. e. last C-term 10 amino acids of KISS1) and SPX were synthesized by GeneCust Europe (Ellange, Luxembourg). Two days before the start of in vivo experiments, a jugular catheter (inner diameter 1. 0 mm; Intraflon 2, Vygon, France) was inserted and animals were placed in adjacent individual pens with access to water and food.
Data analysis Data were analysed using GraphPad Prism Version 6. 0 and are reported as mean ± sem. qRT-PCR data were analysed by 1-way ANOVA using time or treatment as variables, or by 2-way ANOVA using time and treatment as variables. The LH time-series were analysed by RM 2-way ANOVA using time and treatment as variables. The post-hoc Tukey test was used for multiple comparisons. p<0. 05 was considered significant.
Cloning of the ovine Spx precursor cDNA The list of primers used for RT-PCR and qRT-PCR is provided in Table  1. Using cDNA synthesized from RNA extracts of ovine MBH, we cloned a 792bp PCR fragment, which contains the entire ORF for the ovine Spx precursor. Additionally, we cloned partial Spx cDNA from brain RNA extracts in the siberian and golden hamsters (Phodopus sungorus and Mesocricetus auratus). Multiple alignments of ovine, hamsters and select SPX protein sequences from other mammals was performed using ClustalW (Figure  1 : Ovies aries, Genbank KF408269; Capra hircus, Genbank XM_018048411; Bos taurus, Genbank NM_001075407; Sus scrofa, Genbank XM_005655664; Homo sapiens, Genbank NM_030572; Mesocricetus auratus, Genbank KF442416; Phodopus sungorus, GenBank KF442417; Mus musculus, Genbank NM_001242345; Equus caballus, XM_023643222).
Discussion Spexin is a 14 amino acid peptide hormone identified by computational analyses using human and mouse protein databases  [1] [2] ; it is also known as neuropeptide Q or NPQ. The sequence of the mature peptide is almost identical across vertebrates  [3, 4, 31]. Birds and fish have two paralogs known as Spx1 / Spx2 or Spx1a / Spx1b, depending on the species  [12, 32] , while mammals retain a single copy of this gene, usually referred to as Spexin (official human gene symbol SPX, also known as C12orf39). Spx displays widespread expression across brain regions and peripheral tissues in fish  [5, 33, 34] , rat  [35] , human  [36]  and sheep (see Supplemental Figure  S3 ), which suggests its involvement in multiple distinct functions  [3, 31, 37]. Taking into account literature in fish and mammals, SPX has indeed been implicated in feeding behavior  [38, 39] , altered metabolic function and obesity (  [40] [41] [42]  but see  [43] ), cardiovascular function, modulation of anxiety  [44] , nociception  [45]  and reproduction  [5].
Therefore, our dataset seems to exclude a KISS1-like role at the GnRH terminals in the ME, but leaves open the possibility of a role for SPX in the control of LH/FSH directly at the pituitary. However, considering our data, such an effect would seem to be quite limited. Finally, a potential role for SPX upstream of Kiss1-expressing neurons can not be excluded with our current experimental approaches. Therefore, further experiments might be warranted to probe further a potential role for SPX in the control of LH/FSH. In photoperiodic mammalian species such as sheep, KISS1 regulates most aspects of reproductive physiology, from puberty to timely sexual behavior, the orchestration of the estrus cycle -as a trigger of the pre-ovulatory GnRH/LH surge -and the seasonal organization of breeding. With respect to seasonal breeding, converging lines of evidence point to a key role for Kiss1-expressing neurons located in the arcuate nucleus of the MBH.
Acknowledgments We thank all members of the lab " Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Reproduction ", staff of the CIRE platform for assistance with surgical procedures, and  Damien Capo ,  Olivier Lasserre  and  Didier Dubreuil  from the  Unité Expérimentale   PAO n°1297  ( EU0028 ) for taking care of the animals. We are grateful to  Valérie Simonneaux  and  Vincent-Joseph Poirel  ( INCI, Strasbourg, France ) for providing us with hamster brains.
2. 1. Development, readability, classification and data collection The first step in developing the GLQ was to formulate items that assess the five main dimensions of lifestyle identified in the literature (e. g. , physical, cognitive, social and other leisure activities, as well as sleep, food, tobacco and alcohol consumption). We first established all the activities that take part in general lifestyle questionnaires (e. g. ,  Jopp & Hertzog, 2010; Wilson et al. , 2003) : physical activity, eating, sleeping, reading (as we can find in other questionnaires), but also activities that are more recent (linked to modern technological age) and, consequently, not appear in questionnaire that were evaluated several years ago. After establishing the items, we recruited three distinct samples of French speaking adults for validation of the GLQ, which we did in steps two to four.
Participation was voluntary and all questionnaires with missing data were excluded from the analyses. Thus, from 1,408 initial participants, 1,043 individuals completed the survey and were included in data analyses. This sample size meet the criteria needed to validate a questionnaire  (Anthoine, Moret, Regnault, Sébille, & Hardouin, 2014). Participants were between 18 and 84 years-old (M = 42. 43; SD = 16. 19), 336 were men (32%) and 707 were women (68%). This sample 3 was diverse in both socio-economic status (16. 2% were students, 65% worked full or part-time, 11. 8% were retired and 7% were unemployed) and educational level (2. 9% had 9 years of education, 20. 2% had between 10 and 12 years of formal schooling, 41. 4% studied between 2 and 3 years at the university, 27. 3% had obtained an university degree, which is 17 years of formal schooling, and 8.
4% a PhD). All participants were francophone. The majority of participants was from France (91%), but also included participants from Belgium (4%), Switzerland (3%) and Canada (2%). All the participants in sample 3 first completed the GLQ as well as demographic data that was used to verify the validity of the GLQ (age, gender, BMI, smoking habits, educational level, and professional status). Then, in order to assess test-retest reliability of the GLQ, one third of participants from the sample 3 (N = 361) completed and returned the survey a second time (Mage = 40. 95; SD = 16. 25), from one to three weeks later. After approval of the local ethics committee, all participants completed written informed consent.
Data and main indicators Data for our analyses come from the first, second and third waves of a panel survey administered online and conducted during the lockdown from 1-8 April, 15-22 April and 29 April-6 May 2020 respectively. 1 The first survey took place exactly two weeks after the official start of the lockdown in France, which began on 17 March. Subsequent waves were carried out at two-week intervals, with the fourth and fifth waves coming after the official start of a progressive re-opening of France, which began on 11 May. During the lockdown period, schools and most shops were closed down, national and international travel was almost entirely cancelled, and individuals' freedom to leave their homes was limited to basic necessities. Our survey waves build on ELIPSS, a probability-based panel launched in 2012.
ELIPSS relies on a sample of 1400 residents of mainland France that was drawn from census data collected through face-to-face interviews during the initial stage with an acceptance rate greater than 25 percent. Weights have been computed to take into account design effects from the initial stage, bias due to acceptance rate during the enrollment phase, and post-stratification on the basis of gender, age, education and region. The main indicators we delve into for this research note are respondents' self-assessment of personal 'health', a composite indicator of subjective 'well-being', and a measure of lockdown-related 'stress'. Selfassessed health is ranked on a five-point scale ranging from 'very bad' to https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. rssm. 2020. 100508 Received 15 May 2020; Accepted 17 May 2020 'very good'.
Acknowledgements The  CoCo  project is funded by the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (Flash Covid-19 call for projects). For further details: https://www. sciencespo. fr/osc/fr/content/faire-face-au-covid-19. html. The ELIPSS panel benefits from the support of an  ANR Grant for infrastructures  ( ANR-10-EQPX-19-01 ).
Data analysis. The distance judgments were plotted as function of true target distances for each subject, gravity level, and direction. For each condition, the errors between actual target distances and distance judgments were calculated. The percent asymmetry in distance judgments was calculated as the difference in the distance judgment error between left/right targets and between up/down targets. Because previous studies have shown that the speed of blind walking increased as participants gained confidence with the repetition of trials  16  , we also measured the duration of each trial and calculated the speed of motion during blind pulling. The distance traveled or reported was fitted by the output of Lappe et al. 17  leaky spatial integrator model. For the task of moving to a previously seen distance, this model predicts perceived distance (x) at which the subject believed they had reached the target for a given target distance (d) according to the following equation: = - * * + x (1/a) ln(k/(d a k)) ( 1 ) where k is the sensory gain (k = 1 for an ideal observer) and a represents the leaky integrator constant or leak rate (a = 0 for an ideal observer)  18.
Statistical analysis For the statistical analyses, IBM SPSS 21. 0 was used. Alpha was set at 0. 05 for all analyses. Basic assumptions were checked, and outliers with a score of >3 SD were removed. First, the correlations between age, cognitive reserve (total number of years of education), and all dependent variables were checked using Pearson correlation coefficients. Second, we computed a regression analysis to investigate age effects on EF. IS (inhibition), SS (switching), the Wechsler total score (updating) served as the dependent measures for the standard neuropsychological tests. SSCT_TIME, SSCT_ERROR, SSCT_inhibition (conflict adaptation) SSCT_inhibition (conflict resolution), and SSCT_inhibition and switching (conflict resolution), served as the dependent measures for the SSCT. We performed a hierarchical regression analysis to examine whether non-executive measures could account for age variability in all dependent measures.
The related studies of pattern and form recognition often assume that the greater the similarity between a pair of stimuli, the more likely one will be confused with the other one (e. g. ,  Luce, 1963; Tversky & Gati, 1982; Ashby & Perrin, 1988). Since the perception of moving shapes is derived from the perception of static forms  (Cutting & Kozlowski, 1977) , one would expect the same effect. Finally, the similarity issue between individuals is also problematic from an algorithmic point of view. Biometric systems compute the similarity between the input biometric signature (i. e. , features set extracted from data) and the signatures previously stored in the database  (Jain, Ross & Nandakumar, 2011). If the similarity measure exceeds a threshold, then a "match" or an "accept" is declared, if not, then a "non-match" or a "reject" occurs.
Perceptive task During the third and final session, immediately after the motor task, subjects performed a self-other identity discrimination task. Sitting in front of a computer screen (22-inch Dell P2213 LED monitor, resolution: 1680 × 1050 pixels, refresh rate: 60 Hz) at a distance of about 50 cm, participants viewed a total of 144 sagittal 15-s displays of pointlight depictions of themselves (18 videos) and fourteen other people (14 people × 9 videos) in a random order. Trials were run in blocks of 24 videos, with 60-s break between successive blocks. Point-light displays (PLD) were produced from the recordings of the first two sessions of the same 15 subjects with Matlab R2014b (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) using the MoCap Toolbox  (Burger & Toiviainen, 2013) , and appeared as seven moving white dots, shapenormalized, on a black background with a 90° view angle relative to the main motion direction.
The stimulus presentation sequence (Fig. 1 ) was also programmed in Matlab using Psychophysics Toolbox extensions  (Brainard & Vision, 1997; Pelli, 1997)  and consisted of a fixation period (1. 5 s), a PLD movie (15 s) and two answer screens: (1) in the first one, participant was asked to judge whether the actor was himself/herself or someone else on a 4-point rating scale (1: sure other; 2: probably other; 3: probably self; 4: sure self), and (2) in the second one, participant reported a subjective measure of the perceived kinematic similarity between the actor's movements and himself/herself, using a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 (strongly dissimilar) to 100 (strongly similar). The answer screens were presented without time limit, until the participant responded using the mouse (see SI Appendix for an illustration).
As indicated in Figure  1 , our conceptual model included six groups of predictors, comprising a total of 19 predictors. To determine if specific disorders/symptoms or disorder/symptom-specific dimensions were associated with suicide attempt above and beyond the effects of other factors, we calculated modification indices (i. e. chi-square tests with 1 degree of freedom) to test if any residuals were correlated with suicide attempt. Because our model was exploratory and defined a priori, statistical significance was evaluated using a two-sided design with alpha set a priori at 0. 05. To reduce the risk of including significant direct effects related to multiple testing, we considered significant direct effects of items with modification index greater or equal to 10. Missing data rate for at least one variable included in multivariable models was 14.