dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements. We would like to express special acknowledgement of  Pierre Taberlet (LECA, Grenoble, France ) for fruitful discussions about the importance of endophytic and epiphytic biota for aerobiology. The PhDs of  Abdoulaye Samaké  and  Samuël Weber  are funded by the  Government of Mali and ENS Paris , respectively. We gratefully acknowledge the  LEFE-CHAT  and  EC2CO  programs of the  CNRS  for financial support of the  CAREMBIOS multidisciplinary project and the LEFE-CHAT program  for the  MECEA  project for the development of the atmospheric cellulose measurements. Samples were collected and analyzed within the framework of many different programs funded by  ADEME, Primequal , the  French Ministry of Environment , the  CARA program  led by the  French Reference Laboratory for Air Quality Monitoring (LCSQA) ,  ANDRA , and actions funded by many  AASQAs and IMT Lille Douai (especially Labex CaPPA   ANR-11-LABX-0005-01  and  CPER CLIMIBIO  projects).
Analytical aspects were supported at IGE by the  Air-O-Sol platform within Labex OSUG@2020  ( ANR10 LABX56 ). We acknowledge the work of many engineers in the lab at IGE for the analyses ( Aude Wack ,  Céline Charlet ,  Fany Donaz ,  Fany Masson ,  Sylvie Ngo ,  Vincent Lucaire ,  Claire Vérin , and  Anthony Vella ). Finally, the authors would like to kindly thank the dedicated efforts of many other people at the sampling sites and in the laboratories for collecting and analyzing the samples. Financial support. This research has been supported by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (LEFE-CHAT  and  EC2CO  programs: CAREMBIOS multidisciplinary project). Review statement. This paper was edited by  Alex Huffman  and reviewed by three anonymous referees.
Enfin, une double validation des seuils de performance des indicateurs a été mise en oeuvre : d'abord par une confrontation systématique à la littérature, puis par un calcul complémentaire pour 14 indicateurs en utilisant trois bases de données nationales (du Réseau d'information comptable agricole, du Recensement agricole et de l'Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial support for this study has been obtained from the  Direction de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt of Mayotte (DAF)  and  Total Foundation. Supplementary assistance for this research has been given by the  École Navale, Brest  and the  Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN). Photographs of species with living coloration were obtained via some collaborators, by alphabetical order:  Marc Allaria ,  Matthias Deuss ,  Yvon Gildas ,  J. -B. Nicet ,  Claude Philippon ,  Benjamin Pineau ,  Norbert Verneau  and  T. Mulocheau. S. Ahyong  has helped for determination of G. ternatensis and has also made appreciated comments and corrections on the submitted manuscript. A second anonymous reviewer has also contributed to improve the manuscript.
(Buquet et al. 2017 entre les sites végétalisés et les sites dépourvus de plantes, les chercheurs d'INRAE ont pu enrichir leur base de données grâce aux prélèvements ponctuels effectués dans le cadre d'autres études par les chercheurs de l'Université de Bordeaux -Equipe EPOC(Buquet et al. 2017).
(Buquet et al. 2017 entre les sites végétalisés et les sites dépourvus de plantes, les chercheurs d'INRAE ont pu enrichir leur base de données grâce aux prélèvements ponctuels effectués dans le cadre d'autres études par les chercheurs de l'Université de Bordeaux -Equipe EPOC(Buquet et al. 2017). 1970-2020 : 50 ans d'hydrophytes invasives dans les grands lacs aquitains cycles jour/nuit (Ribaudo et al. 2014 ; 2015 ; 2018) ; d'autres ont été réalisés sur la période 2016-2017 dans la colonne d'eau du lac de Parentis-Biscarrosse pendant le jour (Ribaudo et al. , en prép. ). L'accumulation de matière organique et le manque d'oxygénation sont également susceptibles d'engendrer la désorganisation des processus bactériens comme la nitrification-dénitrification (Bodelier et al. 1996). Ainsi la présence d'hydrophytes invasives crée potentiellement un milieu où l'accumulation progressive de biomasse végétale nuit à l'oxygénation des eaux et favorise la mobilisation des nutriments dans la colonne d'eau.
Statistics Statistical analysis was performed using SAS-InstituteâJMP. Pro 14 software â. A paired (within-subject) analysis was performed for each time point (5 h and 24 h). Normality was probed using a Shapiro and Wilk's W-Test. Where a normal data distribution was found, data were analysed using a Student's t-test (with a mean comparison to 0). Where a non-normal data distribution was found, a Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used instead.
Afin de réduire les rejets du système d'assainissement aux milieux aquatiques, la Métropole de Lyon a initié le projet « Ville perméable » pour « désimperméabiliser » les espaces publics à mesure de leur renouvellement et favoriser les discussions entre les différents acteurs  (Cossais et al. , 2018). Ce goût lyonnais pour des techniques « alternatives » s'explique également par un réseau de scientifiques, et notamment la présence du site de l'Observatoire de terrain en hydrologie urbaine de Terrain en Hydrologie Urbaine (OTHU) au sein de la Zone Atelier Bassin du Rhône (ZABR) (figure  4 ). Les entretiens ont fait l'objet de traitements quantitatifs et qualitatifs, notamment trois analyses complémentaires : une analyse de contenu (dont la base de données issue du codage a été traitée via R), une analyse textométrique sous TXM et une analyse de données textuelles sous IRaMuTeQ  (Comby, 2015).
En effet, l'éleveur a peu ou pas de contrôle sur les périmètres plus englobants, incluant par exemple les effets de la production des aliments qu'il achète. Par ailleurs, ces niveaux englobants nécessitent de mettre en oeuvre des méthodologies spécifiques comme par exemple la méthode ACV (Analyse de Cycle de Vie). La base de données ECOALIM  (Wilfart et al. , 2016)  fournit les inventaires de cycle de vie et les impacts environnementaux (consommation d'énergie, acidification des sols et des eaux, changement climatique, occupation de surface, eutrophisation, consommation de phosphore) des matières premières destinées aux animaux d'élevage et utilisées et/ou produites en France. Cette base de données permet de formuler des aliments en prenant en compte à la fois des critères économiques et environnementaux.
Un couplage de la base de données ECOALIM avec l'évaluation multicritère des rations présentée ici permettrait de tenir compte de tous les effets induits sur l'environnement à un niveau plus englobant. Enfin, cette évaluation doit pouvoir s'appliquer à tous les types de ruminants (bovins, ovins et caprins) et tous les types de production (lait, viande) et de contextes d'élevage. Ces choix préalables pour l'évaluation multicritère (optimisation et périmètre « animal ») permettent de définir les données d'entrée et de sortie, les critères et leur organisation. Afin d'obtenir un outil simple et rapide d'utilisation sur le terrain, les données d'entrée doivent être facilement disponibles, si possible peu nombreuses et décrire les aliments constituant la ration, ou la ration ellemême (type d'aliment, composition chimique, caractéristiques physiques…) et l'animal cible  (espèce, type, âge, poids, production…).
Ensuite c'est dans l'optimisation du fonctionnement global des systèmes d'élevage que l'on pourra réellement améliorer la performance de l'élevage et faire de celui-ci un allié puissant de la conversion des bio-ressources en en limitant les impacts sur l'environnement. Enfin, des études pour aller plus loin dans l'évaluation multicritère qu'une simple multiplication d'indicateurs sont nécessaires et doivent permettre d'aider à faire ce lien entre ressources, productions et territoires. Les auteurs remercient les différents financeurs des projets consacrés à l'efficience alimentaire des animaux d'élevage et dont les travaux ont contribué à cette synthèse : Le projet DEFFILAIT ANR-15-CE20-0014 a reçu un financement de l'ANR et d'Apis-Gène, le projet GenTORE a reçu un financement du programme H2020 de l'Union européenne au titre de la convention de subvention n° 727213 et le projet Feed-a-Gene a reçu un financement du programme H2020 de l'Union européenne au titre de la convention n° 633531.
Cladistic analysis The analysis of  Robinet et al's (2015)  dataset with inclusion of the polymorphism observed in Eolophiodon laboriense and Lophiodon lautricense (Appendix A) returned three most parsimonious trees of 422 steps (CI = 0. 45; RI = 0. 52). The consensus topology is identical to that proposed by  Robinet et al. (2015; Fig. 9 ). However, the value of Bremer indices for 9 nodes out of 13 differ from this latter. These indices are higher on most of the nodes within Lophiodontidae, but are weaker for the nodes grouping Eolophiodon with Lophiodon and Paralophiodon, Lophiodontinae with Ancylopoda, and Cardiolophus with Phenacodus (Fig. 9 ). Prehypocristid directed to the middle of the protolophid on lower molars; wide hypoconulid on m3 surrounded by a complete cingulum. Remarks: Despite the high dental variation observed, all the specimens from La Borie display the following diagnostic characters of E.
lautricense (Table  6 ). However, the mandibles of L. lautricense present in the UM collection are too fragmentary to observe a sexual dimorphism. Most of the specimens display only a part of the mandibular corpus below the cheek teeth. The canine and the mandibular angle are often absent and thus the sex of the specimen could not be determined. Moreover, when present, the mandibular angles are mostly broken and cannot be measured. The lack of complete data prevents a principal component analysis and therefore a comparison with E. laboriense. Variation of the height of the mandibular corpus is observed on adult specimens of L. lautricense but cannot be linked to sexual dimorphism.
Acknowledgments We thank the APSO volunteers and also  Bruno Soumeille ,  Henri-Pierre Labarrère ,  Eric Lopez  and  Dominique Teodori  for loaning us original material of E. laboriense specimens found during the excavations at  La Borie. We also thank the  Terreal Society, especially Lionel Nathan  who kindly provided permits, help and support for palaeontological research at  La Borie. We are grateful to  Marc Godinot ,  Jean Remy ,  Jean Sudre  and  Céline Robinet  for their invaluable discussions on lophiodontids. We are indebted to  Suzanne Jiquel  ( Université de Montpellier, France ),  Christine Argot  ( Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France ),  Emmanuel Robert  ( Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France ) and  Loïc Costeur  ( Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland ) who gave us access to collections in their care.
Survey design We collected biodiversity definitions from 1260 French citizens across 6 years, by pooling data from ten different questionnaire surveys. These surveys were all conducted by the same research team working at the French National Museum of Natural History and explored components of the human relationship to nature from different perspectives. They all included the same specific questions regarding the respondent's definition of biodiversity, the respondents' age, gender, current and childhood living places as well as their individual life experience with nature. Details of each survey can be found in Table  2. Because 51 out of 1260 respondents did not give any definition of biodiversity, we based our analysis on 1209 different definitions. All surveys were administered in France to French-speaking respondents.
Socio-demographic variables We also recorded age and gender (feminine/masculine). Depending on the surveys, age was assessed by year of birth or by age categories. We therefore homogenized the data using seven age categories  (18-25; 26-30; 31-40; 41-50; 51-60; 61-70; over 70 years old). Because our surveys were biased towards students, we distinguished students from non-students when the information was available. We refer to this as the variable "student/non-student" hereafter.
Convergences of citizens' definitions with the institutional definition We evaluated the extent to which people's definitions of biodiversity were close to the institutional definition by using the same reference and the same scoring system as  Moss et al. (2015). As such, we assessed a score on a 5-point scale that we called the "Institutional proximity index" (IPI, see Table  3 ). To check the consistency of this categorization process, three of the authors coded the same random sample of 80 definitions. Inter-reliability was over 0. 75 (0. 89) and was considered excellent  (Cicchetti, 1994). One author coded all of the remaining datasets.
g. "no idea" To check for consistency within the categorization process, three authors coded the same random sample of 50 definitions. Inter-reliability was over 0. 75 (0. 83) and was considered excellent  (Cicchetti, 1994). One author coded all of the remaining datasets. We used generalized linear models (package lme4 for R,  Bates et al. , 2015)  with logit link (binomial family) to test the relationship between the respective proportions of the first two groups of definitions and the following individual factors: INS, rurality of childhood living place, gender, age and student/non-student. We included the data subset as a fixed effect, with subset C (French citizens 1) being the reference factor. All statistical analyses were performed using R 3. 4. 3 (R Core Team, 2017).
Dataset description The overall dataset included 1209 respondents. It included 61. 4% of women and the most represented age class included 18-25 year old (34. 0%). We did not find any significant difference between the different surveys for the declared rurality of the childhood living place or for gender  (chi-squared=25. 25, df=20, p-value=0. 19, and chi-squared=7. 684, df=5, p-value=0. 17, respectively). However, age distributions differed between the surveys (chi-squared=587. 19, df=30, p-value<0. 001), as did as the student/non student distributions, when that information was available (chi-squared=272. 88, df=3, p-value<0. 001).
Degree of convergence of citizens' definitions with the institutional definition The institutional proximity index (IPI) mostly commonly obtained was 3 (34. 8% of the dataset definitions, see also Table  3 ). The IPI was significantly related to the age of respondents, with older respondents providing definitions that were less convergent with the institutional definition (Table  4 ). The IPI was not significantly related to gender or individual history of experiences with nature (INS, rurality of childhood living places).
g. ,  Couix and Hazard, 2013 , Robert et al. , 2017 , Mace, 2014). These links with dynamic and evolutionary processes are now essential in biodiversity conservation  (Sarrazin and Lecomte, 2016 ) and seemed to be lacking in this study dataset. However, some published elements suggest that the dynamic vision of biodiversity is present in professionals such as foresters  (Buijs et al. , 2008)  and that farmers recognize the complexity of biodiversity  (Kelemen et al. , 2013). We therefore encourage the ecological scientific community to communicate more widely what is relevant now in this current and very fast changing period, i. e. , on the dynamic processes underlying biodiversity functioning and interactions with humans (see also  Mace, 2013).
Study limitations Our study faced limitations that are frequently encountered when gathering data from several different studies. While allowing for larger datasets, the various sample sets were not collected with exactly the same designs. However, all surveys were designed collaboratively within the same research team using similar methods, and many questions were very similar. In addition, we included the questionnaire subsets in our analyses to take this possible source of variability into account. In all of the surveys, we obtained an over-representation of high socio-professional categories, making our sample not statistically representative of French society. However, the high sample size makes us confident in saying that this part of French society is aware of the institutionally-defined biodiversity concept.
The B4 standard mixture (Arndt Schimmelmann, Indiana University, USA) was used to externally calibrate the δ 13 C values, and the known BSTFA derivatizing agent δ 13 C value was corrected for alcohols and fatty acids. After samples were decalcified, total organic carbon (TOC) was measured, and data were normalized to a standard sediment (IVA Analysentechnik, Germany) containing 9. 15% of carbon, measured every 10 samples.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the scientific and technical teams of the  Dead Sea Deep Drilling Project  (DSDDP, www. icdp-online. org),and  A. Vinçon-Laugier ,  A. Vuillemin , and  M. Makou. Sponsorship  from the  International Continental Scientific Drilling Program  and funding by the  Swiss National Science foundation  (projects  200021-132529  and  200020-149221/1  to  Ariztegui ) and the  French National Research Agency  (grant  ANR-12-BSV7-0003  to Grossi) are acknowledged. We are grateful to  Yuki Weber  and an anonymous reviewer for their very constructive comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
Les lacs landais offrent aussi un terrain expérimental approprié pour étudier les échanges de masse d'eau, et les flux de nutriments associés, au niveau de la thermocline en lien avec les oscillations diurnes de température. 36 Les travaux présentés ici sont basés sur un échantillonnage réalisé au cours d'une année particulièrement sèche. Les flux issus du bassin versant pour des années plus humides permettraient de mieux cerner le cycle des nutriments dans différents contextes hydrologiques. La base de données que nous avons acquise en 2016/2017 contient des informations sur d'autres composés, tel que le carbone, la silice, le sulfate, le fer, le manganèse, qui n'ont pas été exploités ici. Il reste toutefois d'autres paramètres à étudier, en particulier certains processus du cycle de l'azote qui peuvent se produire dans la colonne d'eau ou les sédiments, tels que l'épuration du système en azote par la production de N 2 par différents processus, comme le couplage nitrification/dénitrification ou l'oxydation de l'ammonium par les nitrites (anammox).
Species were classified according to estuarine use functional groups (EUFG) as proposed by  Elliott et al. (2007) : marine straggler (MS), marine migrants (MM) and estuarine species (ES), and by the feeding mode functional groups (FMFG), based on information contained in the literature on food strategies, according to the categories proposed by  Elliott et al. (2007) : zooplanktivore (ZP), detritivore (DV), piscivorous (PV), zoobenthivore (ZB), herbivore (HV) and omnivore (OV). In addition, the conservation status of the species recorded in this study were based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria, accessed by classification at the regional level (ICMBio, 2018), which comprises 10 categories: extinct (EX), regionally extinct (RE), extinct in the wild (EW), critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN), vulnerable (VU), near threatened (NT), least concern (LC), data deficient (DD) and not evaluated (NE).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by the  National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) , which has funded samples, analyses and provided student scholarship to  Rafaela Passarone ,  Kátia Aparecido Cristina ,  Anne K. S. Justino ,  Leandro Nolé Eduardo ,  Cecília Craveiro , and  Alex Souza Lira. Also ,  CNPq  has provided a research grant for  Flávia Lucena Frédou. The present study could not have been done without the work of all participants from the  IFPB-Lucena and BIOIMPACT Laboratory. The author Leandro Nolé Eduardo is supported by  FUNBIO  and  HUMANIZE  under the grant " Programa Bolsas Funbio -Conservando o Futuro 2018  ( 011/2019 )". The author Lucas Vinícius Santos Silva is supported by  FACEPE - under the grant " Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica ".
<10 m); near-surface and deep water samples were obtained from the CTD rosettes as per the other stations. In each case, 1. 5-3. 0 l of sampled water was filtered onto 25 mm Whatman GF/F filters (as supplied), wrapped in aluminium foil and stored frozen (-80°C). Sample data are detailed in Supplementary Table  1. Megacoring was conducted using a Bowers and Connelly MegaCorer, with 12 10-cm diameter core tubes, for sampling an undisturbed sediment water interface. Surface water above the core tops and a layer of diatomaceous 'fluff' were pipetted off the top of the core tubes and stored frozen (-80°C). Sediment material from the cores was extruded at 0. 5 to 2 cm intervals, depending on the core depth. Three samples of phytoplankton cells (CB, AS607 and AS608) were collected in Commonwealth Bay (East Antarctica, 66°56S; 142°27E) during the IPEV-COCA2012 cruise in January 2012.
Acknowledgements The  FEDER OCEANOMED  ( N° 1166-39417 ) is acknowledged for the funding of the apparatus employed. Thanks are due to the scientific party and crew of cruise NBP1402; the project ( P. I. A. Leventer ) was funded by  NSF   ANT-1143836. We also thank  G. Massé  for the donation of the phytoplankton samples collected in the Commonwealth Bay during the IPEV-COCA2012 cruise funded by  IPEV  ( 1010-ICELIPIDS program ) and  ANR  ( CLIMICE program ). We thank two anonymous referees for their useful and constructive comments.
and fungus  (Gargominy et al. 2018). TAXREF registers all species recorded in metropolitan France and overseas territories, accounting for 260,000+ biological taxa (200,000+ species) along with 570,000+ scientific names. The TAXREF-Web application compares data available in TAXREF with corresponding data from third-party data sources, points out disagreements and allows biologists to add, remove or amend TAXREF accordingly. This requires that TAXREF-Web developers write a specific piece of code for each considered Web API to align TAXREF representation with the Web API counterpart. This task is timeconsuming and makes maintenance of the web application cumbersome. In this presentation, we report on a new implementation of TAXREF-Web that harnesses the Linked Data standards: Resource Description Framework (RDF), the Semantic Web format to represent knowledge graphs, and SPARQL, the W3C standard to query RDF graphs.
2015). This approach brings about two major advantages. First, the large adoption of Schema. org and Darwin Core ensures that the services can be immediately understood and reused by a large audience within the biodiversity community. Second, wrapping all these Web APIs in SPARQL micro-services "suddenly" makes them technically and semantically interoperable, since they all represent resources (taxa, habitats, traits, etc. ) in a common manner. Consequently, the integration task is simplified: confronting data from multiple sources essentially consists of writing the appropriate SPARQL queries, thus making easier web application development and maintenance. We present several concrete cases in which we use this approach to detect disagreements between TAXREF and the aforementioned data sources, with respect to taxonomic information (author, synonymy, vernacular names, classification, taxonomic rank), habitats, bibliographic references, species interactions and life traits.
We hence decided to keep the Echinogammarus groups in our study. In this context, the goal of our study is to complete the existing knowledge on the diversity and the distribution of epigean freshwater amphipods in Maghreb. To do this, we summarized all the published literature and made additional samplings in Algeria and Tunisia. The comparison of old/ recent information with our new dataset allows us to better understand the present biogeographical distribution of species in this part of the world.
Acknowledgements. This study was supported by the  University of Carthage (Tunisia)  and the  University d'Oum El Bouaghi (Algeria). We warmly thank our colleagues from  University of Lodz (Poland)  for our exciting discussions about the distribution of Mediterranean amphipods. We also thank  Pr Djemoi Merzoug  ( University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria ) who initiated the survey of freshwater amphipods in Algeria.