dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
21st. Century witnesses enormous technological development effecting Architecture also: New and improved building materials and construction techniques, highly innovative development of structural systems utilizing advanced computer software leads to significant novelties in built environment, worldwide. The 'Diagrid Structure', having a hyperboloid form, of which the first design and implementation was applied by V. Shukhov in, as early as, 1896. Both due to diagrid and to its doubly curved form, it proved to achieve greater lateral strength, rigidity and efficiency than rectangular frame system, decreasing the amount of the required material, besides offering the possibility of prefabrication and ease of assembly. Although the first diagrid structure was built in 1963-the IBM building in Pittsburgh-it did not utilize a doubly curved form.
Since the diagrid systems carry the cutting/shear through the axial movement of the diagonal elements, the traditional frame tubular systems can carry by bending the vertical columns  (Balcı,2013). (Moon, Connor, and Fernandez, 2007). Diagrid structure; the vertical cantilever is modelled as a beam/girder and is divided into longitudinal modules according to the repeated diagrid pattern. The diameters and angles of the steel modules used vary according to the number of floors and the condition of the floor. The diagonal elements of the diagrid structure, which are the node, intersection points, and horizontal support rings of the diagrid connection to the floor are shown in the figure  (Moon, Connor, and Fernandez, 2007). (Moon,2011).
5. Module and Module Selection Criteria in Diagrid Structure The design of the modules comes first among the items to be decided by the designers and engineers while planning the diagrid structure. The design of the modules used in the diagrid structure is decided according to the criteria such as the suitability of the gap angle, topographic conditions of the ground, its strength, height of the structure, load calculations/load designs, etc. How many floors there will be between node numbers of each modules, the angle and dimensions of the structural tubes vary according to various criteria. For example; there will be a module node on the 2-6-8-10-14-16 th floor. The angle of the diagonals allows natural and direct load flow through the structure and down to the foundation of the building.
Structural Performance The structural performance criteria of the diagrid system are different for each structure. Tall buildings are exposed to much more wind, pressure, seismic events and lateral loads than low-rise buildings. For this reason, the diagrid modules used for high rise are designed to act as a vertical cantilever and to be very durable. The diagrid system applied for a tall building resists the moment forces at the base and the cutting forces towards the top. There are modules in the system, which are one of the main elements that enable the transportation and transmission of loads. Angularly designed modules are designed to be four floors and larger floors according to certain design criteria. These angular modules intersect with multiple cross sections and nodes with connection points.
7. Load Transfer in Diagrid Structure The loads on floors in diagrid structured structures and the weight of the floor are transferred to the modules to which they are connected. Each of the modules ensures the loads reach the foundation by transferring it to another module it is connected with node. The thickness of the modules used and the distance between the start of both edges change the design of the node points. These steel modules are matched and screwed together by nodes. It is known that these plates are processed with tight tolerances to achieve a uniform load transfer. On the ground, the modules connected to the foundation with anchoring system successfully transfer their loads to the foundation.
Design of The Nodes Arup Company, that provided engineering services together with Foster in the design of Gherkin Tower, preferred the diagrid system as the structural system in the structure. It designed 360° steel nodes to simplify the construction process of the angularly rising and curved skyscraper and connect the diagrid frame. These nodes are used at the intersections of the structural elements and the load is transferred to other elements. The nodes contain 3 steel plates welded at different angles. The connections helped easy and cost-effective construction of the diagrid. These nodes are prepared as factory pre-produced like modules. The center of the node is made of solid steel block of 240x140mm. The diagrid itself contains tubular steel sections that provide vertical support to the floor by following the scrolls of the building and bring the superiority of the office space without columns.
Design of Module Size/Dimension A module of four floors from tip to tip of the diagrid is used on the Swiss Re Tower. In this instance, the relatively small module is required in order to allow for the use of straight diagrid members to achieve the appearance of a curved shape without necessitating the bending of the members. The tighter module also contributes to the intention to spiral the darker blue ventilation shafts up the volume of the building. The changing building shape results in an increasingly steeper grid angle toward the top of the building  (Boake,2014). The angle of the diagonals allows for a natural and direct flow of loads through the structure and down to the foundation of the building.
Less Steel Usage ''When considering the efficiency of a diagrid structure, it is important to take a very holistic view of the project. Diagrid buildings such as the Hearst Magazine Tower and the Gherkin Tower have been reported to use 20% less structural steel than a conventional moment-framed building. While this is important in terms of project and environmental costs, it must be recognized that diagrids increase the fabrication costs due to the use of specialized connections -the nodes -even though these are normally prefabricated. From the point of view of fabrication and cost, the module size and consistency has a direct impact on the design and fabrication of the nodes. Larger modules require fewer nodes. As the fabrication costs of the nodes are likely to greatly exceed the base cost of the steel, larger modules can offer fabrication and erection savings''  (Boake,2014).
Almost half a century later, it continued with R. Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome, thin-shell structures of E. Torroja, P. L. Nervi, F. Candela, Otto Frei and S. Ban's grid shell, which help also minimize the visual mass of building besides proving utterly efficient structural qualities. Further researches continued to be undertaken about not only covering larger and larger spans but, also, for constructing taller and taller buildings, providing the required structural efficiency. One of the results of these researches and relevant implementations, along with the wide use of computer software's is the ''Diagrid System''. Diagrid structures provide many advantages such as use of much less material due to the double-curved geometry and the triangular tessellation, hence reducing the weight of the building, successfully transferring the loads in the structure to foundation through nodes and modules.
Figure21. The 14-story module used in The Leadenhall Building in London, England and the 8-story module used in the Aldar Headquarters, Abu Dhabi building(Boake,2014). 3. 6. Structural PerformanceThe structural performance criteria of the diagrid system are different for each structure. Tall buildings are exposed to much more wind, pressure, seismic events and lateral loads than low-rise buildings. For this reason, the diagrid modules used for high rise are designed to act as a vertical cantilever and to be very durable. The diagrid system applied for a tall building resists the moment forces at the base and the cutting forces towards the top. There are modules in the system, which are one of the main elements that enable the transportation and transmission of loads. Angularly designed modules are designed to be four floors and larger floors according to certain design criteria.
These angular modules intersect with multiple cross sections and nodes with connection points. With the nodes used at these intersections, the module's being too long to be supported and solid/one piece is prevented, it provides restriction and prevents buckling. In this way, the steel grid connected to each other displays a more robust and rigid behaviour. In the face of medium and large earthquake shocks, a typical seismic force resistance system provides adequate ductility and energy propagation properties. At the same time, they were more resistant due to their triangular arrangement(Boake,2014). 3. 7. Load Transfer in Diagrid StructureThe loads on floors in diagrid structured structures and the weight of the floor are transferred to the modules to which they are connected. Each of the modules ensures the loads reach the foundation by transferring it to another module it is connected with node.
Figure26. Node design (Munro, 2004). 4. 1. 2. Design of Module Size/DimensionA module of four floors from tip to tip of the diagrid is used on the Swiss Re Tower. In this instance, the relatively small module is required in order to allow for the use of straight diagrid members to achieve the appearance of a curved shape without necessitating the bending of the members. The tighter module also contributes to the intention to spiral the darker blue ventilation shafts up the volume of the building. The changing building shape results in an increasingly steeper grid angle toward the top of the building(Boake,2014). The angle of the diagonals allows for a natural and direct flow of loads through the structure and down to the foundation of the building.
Sputum collection and AFB staining The data collection and some of the laboratory procedures are schematically shown in Fig 1. Sputum samples were collected consecutively until the required number of samples is achieved from smear-positive presumptive PTB patients enrolled in the study. The patients were asked to produce a productive two sputum specimens in wide-mouthed screw-capped containers outside the room in the sputum collection stand on the spot for AFB staining  [3]. The collected sputum samples were smeared and Ziehl-Neelsen stained based on the National quality assurance of smear microscopy for TB diagnosis guideline  [14]. The stained smears were examined carefully under the oil immersion objective by the facility laboratory technologist and the reading was systematic and standardized to scan at least 100 high power fields before producing a negative result.
Data analysis The questionnaires were tested before the actual data collection procedure. Socio-demographic and clinical data obtained through questionnaires and the results of laboratory tests were entered into SPSS data record files. Statistical analysis was performed using version 25 SPSS software package. The Chi-square (X 2 ) test was used to detect statistically significant differences. The adjusted analysis of proportions was made by logistic regression. The odds ratio was used to measure the degree of association. A probability of < 0. 05 was considered significant.
In 2017, Bionano Genomics launched its Saphyr system which was able to generate optical maps of a genome, by using the distribution of enzymatic labelling sites. These maps were used to orient and order contigs into scaffolds but the real improvement came in 2018, when Bionano Genomics introduced their Direct Label and Stain (DLS) technology that was able to produce genome maps at the chromosome-level with a N50 several times higher than previously  (Belser et al. (2018); Formenti et al. (2018) ;  Hu et al. (2019) ). However, scaffolds generated with the tool provided by Bionano Genomics do not reach optimal contiguity. Indeed, when two contigs C 1 and C 2 are found to share labels, one could expect that the tool would merge the two sequences at the shared site. Instead, the software chooses a conservative approach and outputs the sequence of C 1 followed by a 13-Ns gap and then the C 2 sequence, thus duplicating the region that is shared by the two contigs (Figure  1  case 1 and 2) and in numerous cases, these duplicated regions could reach several kilobases.
BiSCoT attempts to merge the inserted map with the one containing it if they share labels. variation studies. They originate from overlaps that are not fused in the input assembly and usually correspond to allelic duplications. In addition, contigs can sometimes be inserted into other contigs, these cases are not handled by the Bionano scaffolding tool that discards the inserted contigs (Figure  1  case 3). We developed BiSCoT, a python script that examinates data generated during a previous Bionano scaffolding and merges contigs separated by a 13-Ns gap if needed. BiSCoT also re-evaluates gap sizes and searches for an alignment between two contigs if the gap size is inferior to 1,000 nucleotides. BiSCoT is therefore not a traditional scaffolder since it can only be used to improve an existing scaffolding, based on an optical map.
), Brassica oleracea HDEM (PRJEB26621, Belser et al. (2018) ), Brassica rapa Z1 (PRJEB26620, Belser et al. (2018) ) and Musa schizocarpa (PRJEB26661, Belser et al. (2018) ) and Sorghum bicolor Tx430 (PRJNA472170, Deschamps et al. (2018) ).
Literature Selection The literature selection was prepared in the three-step screening process. First, the papers were searched by keywords on Industry 4. 0, 4 th Industrial revolution, sustainability, clean production, sustainable development, environment, green investment, smart factory, corporate sustainable responsibility on WOS database. In the second phase, only peer review papers were selected. The third step includes manual review and selection of peer review papers titles, abstracts, and conclusions. The research platform Web of Science was used for the search Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) to identify relevant papers. The Boolean keyword combination was used to search for the relevant papers (TS = (Industry 4.
0 * AND sustainability) AND LANGUAGE: (English) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (Article)Indexes = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI). The time frame was set from 1990 to 2020. The results of the search were limited to the articles published in the refereed journals only. The peer review was limited to scientific journals written in English and was therefore not intended to provide a comprehensive assessment of the totality of the state of the subject. In this paper is used the literature review for analyzing the current state of art of particular topic and to identify research gaps for preparing future researches  [21]. The literature review is preparing according the Prisma 2009 technique. The process is presented in figure 1  [22]. A search of the Web of Science yielded 210 articles published in 92 peer-reviewed journals, the authors' analysis utilized data from Clarivate Analytics, the Web of Science database.
Most of the papers come from the WOS categories of the environmental sciences  (61) , green sustainable science technology  (57)  and environmental studies  (43). These categories are followed by the engineering industrial  (32) , engineering manufacturing  (30) , engineering environmental (24), operations research management science  (19) , management  (12) , computer science interdisciplinary application  (10)  and energy fuels  (9). The newspapers and magazine articles were taken from the ProQuest recent newspapers database and global news stream. These two databases are considered to deliver complete news coverage  [23]. The ProQuest recent newspapers include 50+ current edition digitized newspapers, and global news stream contains indexed and entirely stored articles from more than 2,500 national, regional, national and international English newspapers  [23].
These terms are then used as categories to sort the research literature. The use of concepts for classifying text distinguishes this process from a simple number of word frequencies (e. g. word senses, wordnet) because it can take into account semantic and linguistic complexities such as synonyms, co-decision frequencies, and sentence structure  [30]. The software, Leximancer Text Analysis Tool 5. 0. , was used for implementing the automated content analysis. Leximancer 5. 0 automatically analyses text documents to provide key thematic and concepts from the text. It is described in the next subchapter.
Data Analysis In our work we use the text mining approach  [31] , utilizing automated content analysis. The data was analyzed using Leximancer 5. 0, a high-level natural language processing software. The Leximancer does not use the coding of expressions or word frequencies and phrases, but analyses the meanings in text extracts based on its algorithms following the extraction of the most important concepts and ideas. To conduct qualitative analyses, it uses the quantitative method with different algorithms for the phrases  [32]. The analysis was carried out in four steps. The first step involved the selection of the document, the second step involved the generation of concept seeds, the third step involved the creation of a thesaurus, and the fourth step enabled the generation of the results.
In the field of sustainable corporative reporting is expected that will initiatives such as the EUs taxonomy provide a better definition of sustainability and thus help companies to ensure the right data for reporting. It is also expected that the Global Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures will control the corporate sustainability reporting, which will reduce investment risks and stabilize the ESG market in the future  [70]. Awareness of the importance of sustainability and corporate social responsibility is also in line with customer expectations and attitudes. Research on consumer behavior shows that consumers do not reject products or services based on price and quality preferences. Modern consumers are increasingly aware of the importance of social and moral values, and the consequences of this awareness are visible in the extraordinary growth of the global market for organic and environmentally friendly products, which have well-known and socially responsible members of the supply chain  [71, 72].
0 and sustainability, and it would be worth exploring them in more depth. Policymakers can become aware of topics in the field of sustainability, which are most pressing and worth reading. Results can also serve managers in the private and public sector to integrate sustainable practices in business. For this reason, manufacturing organizations need to improve their sustainable business performance. Therefore, sustainability can ensure that I4. 0 delivers sustainability functions effectively. Based on the research carried out, we can assess the gaps in knowledge regarding the articles selection procedures, the characteristics of the analysis (see Section 2. 3) and the purpose of the results analyzed. The significant limitation of this research is the articles are processed in a certain period and a specific article database and because of that they probably do not contain all scientific research and expert opinions on the selected research content.
Biological Material To optimize the RiboMethSeq scores, we used previously published datasets obtained for wild-type yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human HeLa cell rRNA 2′-O-methylation analysis, as well as additional samples for hTERT immortalized human mammary epithelial cell line (HME)  (Marchand et al. , 2016; Erales et al. , 2017; Sharma et al. , 2017) ; accession numbers PRJEB43738, PRJEB34951 and PRJEB35565.
Comparing the Performance of 2′-O-Methylated Site Detection For the selected datasets, we first applied the RiboMethSeq pipeline under standard conditions, and the previously described scores (ScoreMAX6, ScoreA, B and C) were calculated  (Birkedal et al. , 2015; Marchand et al. , 2016). Score values were sorted in descending order, and the known modification status of every nucleotide (2′-O-methylated residue, pseudouridine, other modified residue or unmodified nucleotide) was attributed. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were plotted using these data, together with associated Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) values. Other associated parameters of the ROC curves were calculated for maximal MCC value, taking into account true positive/false positive/true negative/false negative (TP/FP/TN/FN) hits.
Selection of Representative Datasets for Optimization Initial screening and optimization of the RiboMethSeq bioinformatic pipeline was performed with >40 available human rRNA RiboMethSeq datasets obtained under standard, previously described  (Marchand et al. , 2016; Erales et al. , 2017; Sharma et al. , 2017) , conditions of RNA fragmentation, sequencing, trimming, alignment and score calculation. We used a cumulative list of human modified rRNA positions reported in a 3D rRNA modification database  (Piekna-Przybylska et al. , 2008)  and in the LBME snoRNA database  (Lestrade and Weber, 2006) , including two new positions that were recently reported  (Krogh et al. , 2016). Altogether, we considered 40 sites in 18S rRNA, 64 sites in 28S rRNA, and 2 positions in 5. 8S rRNA (see Supplementary Table  S1 ).
Some of these positions are probably variably modified, or even not modified at all in some human cell lines or tissues  (Krogh et al. , 2016; Erales et al. , 2017; Sharma et al. , 2017) ; therefore, these incomplete modifications necessarily affect the number of FN hits and the max MCC values in the RiboMethSeq analysis. For each dataset, calculations of the RiboMethSeq scores were performed, and the performance of each dataset was evaluated for the detection of known rRNA 2′-Omethylated positions. Based on the preanalysis of available RiboMethSeq human rRNA samples, we selected three representative human datasets corresponding to two different cell lines (HUVEC and HeLa), as well as cultured bone marrow stem cells for further, more extensive analysis and optimization of the whole treatment pipeline (respectively named Sample 1 -HUVEC, 2 -BMSC, and 3 -HeLa (Figure  1  and Supplementary Figure  S2 , Supplementary Table  S2 ).
Minimal Number of Reads Required for Analysis An optimized volume of sequencing reads required for complete RNA analysis is highly important, since it allows to obtain reliable results with a minimal sequencing cost per sample. From the analysis of the yeast rRNA samples  (Marchand et al. , 2016) , sufficient coverage was evaluated to be ~750-1,000 reads/ RNA position. For a more detailed analysis, we applied human rRNA datasets. Despite a similar number of raw sequencing reads (~20 mln), these datasets behaved differently regarding the precision of 2′-O-Me detection. Notably, the fraction of 5S rRNA reads varied substantially from one sample to another (Figure  1 ), probably also reflecting the different RNA extraction protocols used. However, there was no correlation between the total coverage and the prediction quality for 2′-O-Me.
Minimal Trimming Length The minimal trimming length used in the treatment pipeline may affect 2′-O-Me detection. Trimming parameters considerably influence the precision of 3′-end mapping for SR50 reads and the alignment quality. We thus tested variable minimal trimming lengths keeping alignment parameters constant. The calculated max MCC values for the tested human datasets showed no influence of these parameters on the final results, even if the number of ambiguously aligned short reads increased with a decreased minimal trimming length (Supplementary Figure  S3 ). Depending on the length and complexity of the target RNA sequence, we recommend adapting the minimal length and Bowtie2 seed length (see below); the optimal seems to be 10 or 12 for human or yeast rRNA, or even lower for shorter RNAs (e.