dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Discussion Geographical origin of Rennes' humans and animals. Two of the three herbivores analyzed exhibit 87 Sr/ 86 Sr higher than the expected local range according to the IRHUM database  16  (Fig. 2 ), but such values exist in the surroundings of Rennes. In agreement with historical evidence, cattle and sheep were probably raised in the countryside, whereas dogs, cats and pigs were urban animals  15, 20  (Fig. 2 ). The local range defined by all domestic animal Sr isotope signatures therefore represents Rennes and the nearby countryside. The local 87 Sr/ 86 Sr range defined here is compatible with the one predicted for the whole Armorican Massif, which is also the case for the local S isotope signatures  11. Individuals exhibiting S and Sr isotope signatures compatible with the local ranges are therefore likely to be originating from Brittany.
Figure2. Sr isotope ratios in Brittany (according to IRHUM database) and in dental enamel of Rennes individuals. J: juveniles. F: female. I: Indeterminate. PM: probable male. M: male. C+O=carnivorous and omnivorous animals. H: herbivores. The error bars are smaller than the symbol size. The map of Brittany and associated Sr isotope ratios was created using Adobe Illustrator CS6 based on the information available on the IRHUM database website 16  (http://80. 69. 77. 150/, blank map fron Daniel Dalet, http://www. histgeo. ac-aixmarseille. fr).
The only essential requirement is that data should be collected from the same crystal, in such a way that large numbers of reflections are typically recorded through a tilt around an arbitrary axis. As a result, the 3D reciprocal volume of the selected crystal is reconstructed where diffraction tomography data contains nearly all reflections present in the covered wedge of reciprocal space. In practice recording of 40-60% of the reciprocal space volume is enough for unit cell and symmetry determination and allows crystal structure solution for most of high symmetry systems (cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal)  [4]. It is also possible for complete structure determination to combine datasets taken from various crystals of the same crystal phase, using same reflection intensities as scale factor. The ADT diffraction tomography can be performed in any TEM using a standard single tilt or tomography holder.
Green colour tesserae In this work we have analyzed FIB lamella sample from a green coloured glass tesserae. The TEM examination in the FIB lamella reveals the presence of small precipitates (200-400 nm) embedded in an amorphous glass matrix. We examined with ADT tomography two different crystallites in Fig. 3a  (1 and 2) by tilting TEM goniometer (around an arbitrary axis) about 78° every 1° to collect 78 PED (using 1° precession angle) patterns for every crystallite and reconstruct reciprocal space (Fig. 3b-d ). The symmetry and extinction rules analysis from the best dataset (having lowest R of symmetry related reflections Rint = 31. 1% including 458 reflections) leads to 46 unique independent reflections consistent with cubic cell with Fd-3m symmetry and cell parameter (a = 10. 4 Å, α = β = γ = 90°).
The STEM EDS mapping and EPMA analysis shows that crystallites contain Sb, Pb and O as major elements, but presence of Cu, Fe, Sn and Ca was also detected (Fig. 4  and Table  1 ). As the FIB sample holders are standardly made of Copper, to ensure that Cu is contained in the samples (in addition to EPMA experiments) we performed EDS-SEM (scanning electron microscope) measurements (Additional file 1: Fig. S2a-c ) and Additional file 1: Tables  S1, S2 ) where can be seen that copper is detected in small quantities (~ 3%) in both glass matrix and in the opacifiers/precipitates. A detailed search in the COD (Crystallography Open Database) of possible compounds having similar unit cell and cubic symmetry and containing (at least some) of the elements found by STEM-EDS mapping  [12] , led to the unique conclusion that the compound having a = 10.
White colour tesserae The TEM examination on FIB lamella from the white tesserae sample reveals the presence of 0. 5 micron precipitates embedded in an amorphous glass matrix (Fig. 7 ). Two different crystallites (crystallites 1 and 3 in Fig. 7a ) were studied by ADT-3D analysis by tilting TEM goniometer about 78° every 1° to collect 78 PED patterns (using 1° precession angle) from every crystallite and reconstruct its reciprocal network (Fig. 7b-d ). The symmetry and extinction rules analysis of two PED dataset intensities from the best data set (having lowest R of symmetry related reflections Rint = 40. 8% including 2585 unmerged reflections and 606 independent reflections) was consistent with P-31m trigonal symmetry and hexagonal description unit cell parameter (a = b = 5. 24 Å, c = 5. 02 Å, α = β = 90°, γ = 120°).
The STEM-EDS mapping and EPMA analysis shows that crystallites contain Sb, Ca and O as major elements, but also Na, Cu and Al presence was detected (Fig. 8 ). Here as previously, as the FIB sample holders are standardly made of Copper, to ensure that Cu is contained in the samples we performed EDS-SEM measurements (Additional file 1: Fig. S3a-c ) and Additional file 1: Tables  S3, S4 ) where can be seen that Copper is detected in small quantities (0. 4-0. 9%) in both glass matrix and in the opacifiers/precipitates. A detailed search in the COD Database of all possible compounds having similar hexagonal unit cell, trigonal symmetry and containing at least some of the elements found by EDS TEM mapping, led to the unique conclusion that the compound with hexagonal cell parameters (a = b = 5. 24 Å, c = 5.
Acknowledgements PJB thank the  Electron Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politècnica de València  for access of TEM equipment. FK, IM and  MK thank the interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (L. E. M. M. ) of University of Patras, Greece  for access to TEM equipment. NZ grateful to the Director of the Society for the  Messenian Archaeological studies ,  Prof. P. Themelis , for permitting the analyses of the material presented. RA gratefully acknowledges the support from the  Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad  ( MAT2016-79776-P ), from the  Government of Aragon  and the  European Social Fund  under the project " Construyendo Europa desde Aragon "  2014-2020  (Grant Number  E/26 ).
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  Réseau Francilien sur les oxydes fonctionnels (DIM Oxymore)  and the  Région Île-de-France. We would like to thank  D. Ratajczak  for her help at the  laboratory of Sèvres ,  L. Delbes  for the XRD measurements,  M. Guillaumet  for the UV-visible spectroscopy and  M. Godet  for the SEM measurements. We acknowledge SOLEIL for provision of synchrotron radiation facilities and we would like to thank  N. Trcera  for assistance in using beamline Lucia. We also thank  N. Menguy  for his help with the TEM analysis and  D. Troadec  for the FIB cross-section.
Additional important evidence comes from shared suppletive comparative-suppletive patterns. 23 he universal claim that superlatives always contain comparatives is even maintained when this relation is not morphologically transparent, i. e. seen on the surface  (Bobaljik 2012: 108). In contrast, Gorshenin emphasizes that, although superlatives can be assumed to be a semantic subtype of comparatives, not all superlative constructions are formally based on comparative constructions -see his prominent distinction between positive and comparative derivational bases  (2012: 78, 80). The information on the distribution of superlative types in Gorshenin's and Bobaljik's works has been assembled in a database and visualized on an interactive map by  Coppock (2016). The languages in this volume all lack morphological superlative marking on adjectives or other property words.
' (Vuillermet this volume) After a discussion of the primary types,  Haspelmath et al. (2017: 23f ) also mention some infrequently attested other types in their data (see also  Henkelmann 2006) , among these minor types are conjoined (biclausal) equatives ("Kim is tall, Pat is like that, too") 26 and equatives in which nominalized parameters are the primary arguments ("Kim's tallness is like Pat's tallness"). One of the Nivacle equative constructions could qualify as a biclausal equative (see construction To summarize, some equative constructions discussed in this special issue can easily be categorised into one of the types proposed by  Haspelmath et al. (2017) , but for many constructions it is difficult, if not impossible to decide to which type to associate them. The primary Muna equative construction (van den Berg) resembles one of the proposed minor types, Ese Ejja (Vuillermet) seems to be an example of an unattested type, the various Japhug constructions (Jacques) are only remotely similar to the established types.
Property concepts in Nivacle are verbs, on which the standard maker is expressed as a verbal suffix and on which both comparee and standard can be personal affixes. This results in cross-linguistically uncommon "all-in-one" comparatives and equatives that are packaged into a single word. Equally noteworthy is the etymology of standard markers in Nivacle: The associated motion suffix -k ʔ oja, which indicates the anticipated coming of a non-   Dixon's (2008 Dixon's ( , 2012 ) Type A2, with parameters being expressed through adjectival neuter verbs and standard markers in (spatial/temporal) postpositions. Superlatives are not as well represented in lexical documentation as comparatives, which are themselves rare in texts. In order to supplement her database, the author resorts to the elicitation of expressions of comparison, assisted by non-verbal stimuli.
While Murui elders still make use of a variety of standard markers, younger speakers tend to restrict themselves to 'ahead' for a higher degree and 'inside' for a lower degree. Furthermore, new comparative constructions and comparative strategies are on the rise, by means of analogy with the Spanish preposition de 'of, from, about'. The last sections of Wojtylak's paper are dedicated to the expression of equality and similarity. In Murui mono-clausal equative constructions the standard of comparison is marked by an independent postposition 'similar'. In addition, Murui possesses an equal size morpheme -ze, which is suffixed to nouns to derive forms meaning 'as big/small as N'. Based on an extensive corpus of data from a variety of sources collected during long periods of fieldwork, Bettina Zeisler argues in her paper that West Tibetan differentiating property ascriptions (what other authors would call "comparative constructions") might be best understood as categorical relations of difference rather than comparisons imply a scale.
Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledges funding from the  federation Typologie et Universaux Linguistiques  ( FR2559 ) of the  French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)  for the project Expression des comparaisons d'égalité et de similitude (2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018). I am thankful to  Kasia Wojtylak  for her comments and discussions on the previous versions of this paper. Thanks also go to  Brigitta Flick  for proof-reading the entire volume.
Their database, consisting of tens of thousands of images, allowed projects working in the Harra and elsewhere to gain an unprecedented view of the regional contexts of their keyhole ground investigations, paving the way for the use of high-resolution satellite imagery from the 2010s onwards. When the WHS project began in early 2015, free very high-resolution remote sensing data was only available for individual pockets of this region, with the GoogleEarth platform releasing small sections of GeoEye imagery for the Harra in 2013, up to a resolution of ca. 0. 5 m/pixel  [1]. Therefore, a preliminary remote sensing analysis was first carried out using CORONA imagery. These have been used to great effect in parts of Syria and northern Iraq to identify sites, especially as they were mostly taken before the commencement of modern urban expansion and widespread mechanised agricultural practices  [25, 26].
Due to the relatively small nature of sites in the Harra, however, with most features comprising individual structures no more than 70 m in diameter (and often much smaller), this proved to be an insufficiently precise dataset, with many structures appearing unclearly or not at all. This however changed when full very high-resolution GoogleEarth coverage was released in 2017, with further GeoEye (Herndon, VA, USA) followed by CNES/Airbus (Paris, France) satellite imagery becoming available, as well as DigitalGlobe (Westminster, CO, USA) products appearing in Bing Maps, fundamentally altering the possibilities for remote sensing analyses and by extension, ground investigations in this region. With all but the smallest structures (see Section 3. 1. 2) clearly visible and definable on this imagery, it could be used to conduct a remote sensing survey.
The area in question was thus systematically analysed, latitudinal line by latitudinal line, at an "eye altitude" of 1 km in the GoogleEarth platform, and all likely features of archaeological interest were recorded in a GIS database. This process took 4 months, gradually compiling a KML-file that was then converted into an ArcGIS (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) shapefile before being integrated into a geodatabase for further analysis within the ArcMap program. This process allowed for the identification of nearly 3000 individual sites or features of all morphologies, assigned numbers in the order in which they were recorded; this then became their site number in the field also. Each feature was also given a preliminary site type definition (see Section 3. 1. 2) and a clarity rating of "definite" (almost certainly a site), "probable" (potential site with a greater than 50% chance of actually being one) and "tentative" (potential site with a lesser than 50% chance of actually being one).
This survey of the satellite imagery allowed for both direct analyses of the archaeological landscape to be conducted and for the subsequent fieldwork to be efficiently planned. Methodologies similar to this have been used by numerous contemporary archaeological projects, as recently illustrated by Ansart et al. [27]. To locate and map features in the field, the database was loaded onto both a tablet computer and a handheld GPS device. The former was used to locate sites in the field using the tablet's built-in GPS function, with the points shapefile overlaid on pre-downloaded offline imagery from both GoogleEarth and Bing Maps. The latter was used to record the form of specific structures and parts of structures with more precise locational positioning.
Site Locations and their Relationships to Natural Features The satellite imagery survey allowed for numerous results to be obtained directly from the remote sensing analysis, independent of fieldwork data. Most simply, the relative locations of each archaeological feature allowed for their distributions, densities, areas of concentration and spatial relationships to natural features to be determined (Figure  6 ). In total, 2770 individual features were identified within the WHS area. This wealth of data already led to some interesting results that impacted upon later interpretations. Most visible archaeological features appear to be located by areas of relatively dense basalt. This is an expected correlation given the fact that it is anthropogenic basalt structures that are the easiest to identify in this region on satellite imagery, and that for any structures not located within or near basalt raw material, a less prominently visible material is likely to have been used.
Impacts on Regional Analyses The advantages of the satellite imagery upon regional analyses are even further reaching. Firstly, in an area such as the Harra, ground investigations are inevitably of a keyhole nature, with only a small percentage of the landscape being feasibly accessible. By incorporating these with the analysis of satellite imagery, however, they can be turned into holistic datasets, enabling regionwide studies that in turn can be correlated with other, more accessible areas with more intensive surface surveys such as the Greater Western Jazira, e. g. , Reference  [30] , and Shamiya, e. g. , Reference  [31] , regions of north-eastern and central Syria, respectively. This can be achieved by the analysis and extrapolation of data pertaining to both individual sites and inter-site features such as routes.
If a simultaneous use of both site types is assumed, this could indicate complementary site functions of settlement, processing or storage of tools and/or livestock. If this hypothesis were upheld by further investigation, it would allow the mapping of aspects of socio-economic organisation across the entire landscape by satellite survey. However, it is also quite possible that these different site types are the result of chronological variations, which ties into another important correlation that the WHS is attempting to determine: That between site form and occupation dates. In the 2017 fieldwork season, the collection of soil samples for dating by OSL, using a method detailed by Athanassas et al. [11] , was commenced. Though the results of this analysis are not yet available, and more sites need to be sampled to provide a comprehensive dataset, it is hoped that in time we will be able to rapidly map the spread of human occupation across the Harra over the longue durée.
Acknowledgments: The  Western Harra Survey  is a co-directed project by both authors. Thank you to all additional team members:  Anne Binder ,  Lanah Haddad ,  S. Nina Mann  (2015 season);  David Burke  (2017 season);  Imad Alhussain  (2017 & 2018 seasons). Thanks also go to the  Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , in particular HE  Monther Jamhawi ,  Aktham Oweidi ,  Ahmad Lash  and  Aisar Radaydeh. We are also grateful to IFPO and CBRL for facilitating our fieldwork and study season in numerous ways.
These technical groups were also given specific numbers (eg. MR-0028) and registered in a database (ACoR) through synthetic forms including detailed characteristics (morphology, materials, stone dimensions and arrangement…) and photographs. The ACoR base has been developed since 2014 as part of an atlas of the construction techniques in the Roman world (see http://www. transfers. ens. fr/atlas-des-techniques-de-construction-dans-le-monde-romain). This base currently includes techniques from several sites in Italy, Turkey and Morocco. Each technique number is composed of two letters that indicate the type of structure (MR for a wall, AR for an arch, CF for a buttress) and four digits related to its creation rank in the whole database. Finally, the stratigraphical units were grouped into several main building stages showing a technical and/or structural coherence.
4 to 0. 15% westward. A higher slope is visible on the western border of the massif, where the aqueduct seems to follow the topography. At this point, a basin was built to drop the water pressure caused by this locally higher gradient. The central section of the aqueduct looks upthrown relatively to the sides. This vertical offset is higher near the fault compared to the centre of the underground section. From the two-way travel times of the GPR reflections, 2D plots of horizontal distance versus travel time were constructed with the Seismic Unix software  (Stockwell Jr. , 1999). Fig. 10  presents the GPR profiles where the underground channel is the most visible (the other profiles are displayed in Supplementary materials). This is especially the case in the southeast where a shallow terracotta construction is accessible by two successive holes in the ground (profiles 1 to 6 on Fig.
Acknowledgements This research was funded by the  MISTRALS-ENVIMED program  ( NAFIGEA  project), the  INSU ALEAS program (France)  and  LabEx OSUG@2020  (Investissements d'avenir - ANR10 LABX56 , France). We thank the  Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism  for allowing the field work. We are also grateful to  Mustafa Aktar ,  Pınar Büyükakpınar ,  Deniz Ertuncay ,  Figen Eskiköy  from  Boğaziçi University Department of Geophysics , and the students from  Bursa University Department of Archaeology  for their help during the field data acquisitions. We also thank  Agnès Tricoche  ( LabEx TransferS ) for her collaboration on the AcoR database, and  Yann Klinger  ( IPGP ) for fruitful remarks on the deformation of the aqueduct. We also thank three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the initial manuscript.
However, many patients with serious psychiatric illnesses in longterm treatment trajectories were not immediately affected by the reform. Out-of-pocket costs were not billed in 2012; in some cases, billing was delayed until 2014. On top of that, several city councils compensated out-of-pocket treatment costs through social benefits. More importantly, higher cost sharing did not involve assertive outreach teams, emergency psychiatry, or involuntary commitments. Because billing of outof-pocket expenses was delayed and health care programs for the most vulnerable populations were spared, the abrupt increase of acute mental health care records and involuntary admissions seems counterintuitive. The study by Ravesteijn and colleagues 1 is one of the first to evaluate health care reform in the Netherlands using the national database of treatment records and health care costs.
In both groups one quarter perceived it to be caused by a medical condition, particularly more older male sufferers. (BNC) (14) Harry hears Suzy to be saying that her flaws are genial ones. She carries on about a particular failed negotiation. (COCA)  This leads Duffley to conclude that in such constructions, there is a sense of afterness conveyed by TO: "this use of the infinitive involves a final interception of to"  (Duffley 36). It can therefore be argued that TO discursively serves to point out the gap between perception and conclusion or inference (see also  Cotte 1982)  because of its before/after dimension. With perception verbs, the gap comes to be interpreted as a temporal gap between perception and conclusion, as well as a gap between perceiving subject and cognitive subject. This gap is, in a way, bridged by the inferential process which takes place thanks to a perceptual-data basis and which leads to a cognitive, conceptual conclusion.
Conclusion The use of TO-infinitivals in such sentences can be explained by the fact that TO is iconic of a mental path leading from perception to cognition. In sentences in which an inferential reading prevails, the whole mental process from perceiving to inferring has been completed. In sentences such as (14-16), TO might be taken to indicate that the perception-cognition pathway exists, but that the perceiver is still at the perceptual input level; the perceptual data obtained in the perceiving act could lead to some inference, and thus to the conceptual level, but this is not what matters most in the sentence. This observation is in keeping with Duffley's "before/afterness" hypothesis (19-21) with respect to the use of TO-infinitive clauses. It should be added that a majority of such sentences are found in websites; see, for instance, example (16) taken from ABC News.
All raw data were reconstructed in CT Pro 3D software. We employed minor beam hardening correction (i. e. correction factor pre-set 2) to optimise image quality by removing X-ray related artefacts. Owing to the absolute length of the bone points, the spatial resolution required to view histological features of interest with sufficient clarity and our desire to sample the entirety of each point, we scanned each bone point in a series of overlapping acquisitions (e. g. 7-10 scans per point). The continuous series of scans representing each bone point were aligned and digitally stitched into a single 16-bit unsigned. TIF image stack using VG Studio Max 2. 3 software (Volume Graphics GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). Pre-and post-experimental bone point image data were registered in the same planes using the two-surface registration protocol in VG Studio Max 2.