dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
If the cartographer chooses to map gardens and parks using a same icon, he or she will have to consider nodes and closed ways tagged "leisure=garden" and "leisure=park". In order to homogenize the map design, nodes and closed ways, an automatic process can be useful to define the centre of the closed ways. Therefore, all of the gardens and parks will be displayed with a same standardized symbol. The last fundamental aspect of the OSM database for the user of the data is the licence. (https://opendatacommons. org/licenses/odbl/summary/). Anyone is free to share the database, to create a production from the database and to adapt the information of the database. This freedom comes with some conditions. In the case of public use, the "© OpenStreetMap contributors" attribution must appear in the publication.
From the large OSM Data Model to a Michelin Data Model The mapping process starts with the building of a cartographic database. In the Michelin context, a cartographic database includes mobility and tourist themes. The built database based on OSM, is a selection of a part of the whole OSM database. The aim was to build a large database which would be used for the creation of worldwide web maps and local paper maps. From March 2016 to November 2016 Michelin has launched research activities on mapping prototypes with the OSM database. It implies to explore the main database structure in order to define the right structure for the Michel-in uses. It relies on the analysis of semantic and geometric heterogeneities in OSM data. This observation is not a barrier. For cartographers, the issue would be to add the inherent complexity factor of free contribution in their cartographic process.
The OSM database structure is translated into a database structure fit-ted with Michelin graphic guidelines. As for any traditional map, an "efficient" map which is based on Volunteered Geographic Information relies on the cartographer choices. The cartographer has to group objects that are the same on the ground but are different in the database, due to diverging interpretations between contributors (Fig. 1. ). Selecting and prioritizing information are part of cartographic principles but in the case of OSM these techniques have to be practised more extensively.
Two media, paper and web: two cartographies The research activities, implemented within Michelin's cartographic framework aimed at producing maps for the Web and for the paper publications (Atlases, tourist maps, city plans). Mapping methods differ according to the me-dia. The basic principle is that the two production chains (one for each media) have similar editorial lines. Therefore, they share a common large cartographic database. However, two main differences distinguish the two media: the ex-tent of the map and its scale. Paper maps are drawn on a fixed geospatial extent and on a defined scale. Web maps can be drawn on a global extent and from a global to a local scale. On the one hand, automatic mapping for the web, as it is now used for ViaMichelin, is a way to publish a free set of maps from local scales (buildings, names and addresses) to a worldwide scale and a service of routing.
On the other hand, this amount of data cannot be represented as clearly as those on paper maps. The precision of the graphic guidelines are equal for both media. However the drawing editing process is a full part of the production process of a paper map and cannot be applied in the same way for Web maps. Nevertheless, the zoom functionality is the factor that allows different requirements between paper and web mapping. A paper map has to be enough, by itself, to convey the whole mapping message. Consider a Web map, if an information is not clear on a medium scale, the user can easily zoom in and obtain the information he is looking for. These research activities aimed at increasing knowledge about the OSM technical ecosystem. The purpose of this research activity consists in designing a production process which can be applied to the publication of up-todate and well-looking maps in term of adapted aesthetics to the Michelin context.
Cartography in practice Two mapping prototypes have led to the research for a cartographic data model adapted from the OpenStreetMap database structure. In my research activity I worked on a web mapping prototype. This project consists in a Proof of Concept (POC) study. The purpose of the second prototype is the publication of paper maps. This work led to the production of a map on a scale of 1/80,000 of the Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean.
First, the database structure has a key role in the respect of the editorial line. Furthermore, the rendering performance and the editorial guidelines had to be taken into account when weighing database design choices. As most of traditional cartographic processes, the definition of the database is based on an iterative and incremental way of working. Secondly, the definition of the design guidelines for vector tiled maps shares several common points with raster web mapping methods. It was possible to reuse ViaMichelin cartographic rules. For example cartographic objects such as road networks, point of interest or place name are displayed and ordered by varying the line thickness, the icon size or the size or weight of the text. Moreover, depending of the map zoom, the objects are selected and classified.
Mapping tools The web mapping project is based on a PostgreSQL/PostGIS database. The tool Imposm3 (supported by Omniscale) is dedicated to the import of OSM data into a spatial database. Imposm3 reads OSM PBF files. It imports the data into PostgreSQL/PostGIS according to a parameter file (in YML) in which the user may define custom schema databases (figure  3 ). The schema has to be as simple and light as possible to generate small but adapted tiles. Imposm3 offers various features like the possibility to generalize geometries or to unify values like boolean values. In order to progress in the POC, a prototype of the final cartographic production process was required. Therefore two tools (Utilery and Tilelive) were used to produce tiles. Then the data structure and the cartographic choices we developed could be tested.
Utilery (developed by Yohan Boniface) is depicted in its documentation as a "micro vector tile manufacturing from PostGIS". The tool is built on the Mapbox framework and on the Mapbox vector tile specification. A file (in YML) contains the definition of the data structure: a selection of data and the scale range the layer must be dis-played by the rendering application on the client side (figure  4 ). Utilery can be used to serve PBF files 'on the fly' from a regional database. The data structure of the database (loaded with Imposm3) can be distinct from the data structure of vector tiles (created with Utilery for example). Moreover the data may be processed to help selections (column "road_level" in the figure  4 ). Then, the source database may be used for various uses like vector web map-ping and paper mapping.
Tilelive is a module based on Node. js. Tilelive fetchs vector tiles from Postgis. These vector tiles (in MVT) are stored in a SQLite database following the MBTiles specification. Utilery and Tilelive are two useful tools in this context. At a later stage the mapping department intends to render maps with Mapnik which has implemented the Mapbox vector tiles specification. On the client side, the mapbox-GL-JS library renders the map. Mapbox GL JS is a JavaScript library that combines vector tiles and styles (JSON) to render interactive maps. Mapbox GL JS uses the JavaScript API WebGL (Web Graphics Library).
Paper map prototypes I started to work on various paper map prototypes in June 2016. The aim is to produce detailed maps displaying mostly the road network, hiking pathes, tourist sites and beaches. The OpenStreetMap database has been chosen as the data source for three reasons. First, OpenStreetMap is continuously being enriched by contributors. When the mapping department choose the OSM database to produce the map, the analysis often highlights large and regular contributions related to tourist areas. Secondly, there is some background production to this issue: a paper plan of Clermont-Ferrand published in 2013 and the web map POC. It was then possible to build a new prototype on these experiences. Finally, updating the OSM database with data collected on the ground is a part of the research activity conducted in the Michelin mapping department.
Ground survey seems to be the most efficient method to produce an up-to-date and accurate cartographic database for our mapping project. The source of the database dedicated for a paper map based on OSM data is a part of the world database (OSM PBF) taken from the Geofabrik Website around the chosen areas. The data are loaded into a PostgreSQL/PostGIS database following the data model and the defined data processing. Most of the process consists in translating the OSM data into a Michelin GIS infrastructure in order to apply automatically Michelin design guidelines. Therefore, the data are processed by carrying out extensive automatic operations. This step is slightly different from the one we conceived for the web map prototype. The production time dedicated for the processing of the database can be longer for paper maps than for web maps.
In the case of web maps, the aim is to update the data in the vector tiles very frequently. Therefore the data processing has to be quick. In the case of paper maps, the use of data processing reduces the handmade working time. There is then a consistent gap in the temporality of production pro-cess of both models. On the start of the mapping production, each element of the map is drawn automatically by mapping software and part of this drawing is revised manually. For example, since the OSM database is drawn on very large scale, the road network displayed on a smaller scale has to be simplified and selected in order to produce a clear image. Merged roads are generated. Dual two-lane roads and motorways are mostly simplified with a single line (Fig. 5. ). The road hierarchy is depicted through the graphic guidelines.
Despite the geometric treatments, the large thickness of lines requests handmade checking and revision (Fig. 6. ). As part of a mapping production on the Reunion Island, using OSM, a ground survey was conducted in the island. The field-visit was prepared thanks to the OSM data source. A "field map" has been produced using mainly the automatic tools we have set for prototypes. Its complete realisation revealed some spatial and thematic heterogeneities. Therefore, this map was used as a basis of the data collection on the field. The creation of the field map, the definition of the road map and the data collection became a part of the mapping process. The data collection was done using three medium: GPS tracklogs (Illustration 1), digital photography and voice recording. The thousands of time stamped photography, the vocal records and the handwritten notes were our sources of information.
This information has been ordered, structured as OSM data and recorded in the database using the map editing application, JOSM. Thanks to the collected information and to the cartographers' field practice two themes were developed. First, the scenic trails were identified. It is a specific feature in Michelin maps. The ground survey is obviously the only source for such subjective choices. Secondly, it became clear during the survey that having picnics somewhere in the area is a local widespread practice. This theme has been added to the map, following the ground survey observations. After the automation of parts of the map making, the cartographers' expertise was needed to produce the desired map. Cartographers had to reshape parts of the geometries and to refit texts (Fig. 6 ). Moreover, cartographers de-signed routes, as usual for a Michelin map.
Conclusions This article presents a framework set in the Michelin production context to manage OSM data. The research activity is the opportunity to analyse the differences and the similarities between the production of a web map and the production of a paper map. The produced prototypes verify the hypothesis of the technological and graphical feasibility. Michelin tourist papers maps of regional areas can be created based on the OSM database. Moreover, the hiking and tourist web map prototypes are complete regarding to the thematic analysis. The remaining work is much more related to data pro-cessing than to data mining. The web map technical workflow is a preliminary formalization of a larger data management study. On continental and regional scales, the generalization process has to be improved to serve aesthetical tiles.
The aim of this study is therefore to develop a decision-analytic model to assess the cost-effectiveness of newborn screening and pre-symptomatic treatment of SMA as compared to postsymptomatic treatment. Newborn screening for SMA has started since Marsh 05th in Southern Belgium. We are developing a decision-analytic model in Excel with a lifetime horizon and a societal perspective. This model includes events (such as death, permanent ventilation, etc), transition, utilities, and costs. Data was retrieved from literature reviews, available non-published data from Nurture, and data collected from the European Natural History Study in SMA. We also collected data from the large post symptomatic treated cohort of Liege, Belgium. All such data was acquired in centers applying updated standards of care.
The quality of life of patients and parents was included in the analysis, as well as the productivity losses of parents. The model thus estimates the costs and effects (expressed in quality-adjusted life years) of newborn screening and to compare it with a situation where all patients are diagnosed post-symptomatically. Initial data suggests promising results and reveal key factors on the cost-effectiveness of NBS. The model requires adjustment to be fully validated. http://dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. nmd. 2018. 06. 125 LGMD AUTOSOMAL RESSESSIVE AND DOMINANT P. 98 AAV-mediated gene transfer of FKRP for therapy of LGMD2I E. Gicquel 1 , S. C. Brown 2 , I. Richard 1 1 Genethon, Evry, France; 2 Royal Veterinary College, London, UK Dystroglycanopathies constitute a group of genetic diseases caused by defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan α, a membrane glycoprotein involved in the cell/matrix anchoring of muscle fibers.
Functional evaluation also showed a reduced force of HSA-FKRPdel mice. AAV-FKRP was systemically administrated to this new mouse model at different doses. Depending of the dose, positive effects were observed at the molecular, histological and functional levels. Full animal characterization and therapeutic effects will be presented. Development of AAV production at the GMP level is now on going. These data will be included in an IND for AAV-mediated transfer of FKRP in patients. http://dx. doi. org/10. 1016/j. nmd. 2018. 06. 126.
Several EU research projects are presently underway, funded by the current European Research and Innovation Programme Horizon 2020  (EC, 2013; Karjalainen et al. , 2017)  or the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7;  EC, 2006). They aim at addressing research gaps, by e. g. generating and making available internal and external exposure data, developing models for exposure assessment, developing tools for in silico and in vitro effect assessment to be used in a tiered framework and for grouping of chemicals, as well as developing joint epidemiologicaltoxicological approaches for mixture risk assessment and for prioritising mixtures of concern. The research projects and several European Commission services and EU agencies have joined forces to link these projects, map the achievements and identify remaining gaps.
g. Tarazona et al. , 2015) , the body burden as well as the exposure history, rather than the daily intake, as a starting point for the RA, as the exposure patterns might change over time. Toxicological data stem mostly from published databases, including regulatory assessments. In case of missing data, methods like the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) or in silico methods are used. In fact, data gaps seem to be the major issue when it comes to RA of chemical mixtures. Those data gaps are numerous, both regarding hazard and exposure data, for compounds such as pharmaceuticals  (Backhaus and Karlsson, 2014) , pesticides  (Junghans et al. , 2006; Kennedy et al. , 2015; Nowell et al. , 2014) , cosmetics, etc. , and imply the use of extrapolations (e. g. acute to chronic), which increase the uncertainties of the MRA.
Other IPCHEM has been designed and implemented as a distributed infrastructure, providing remote access to existing chemical monitoring data and information systems. Moreover, it offers hosting facilities to data owners and providers who do not have the resources to publish their data online. It is structured into four modules, according to the chemical monitoring data categorisation: 'Environmental Monitoring', 'Human Biomonitoring', 'Food and Feed', 'Products and Indoor Air'. The primary objectives of IPCHEM are focused on: (1) Assisting policy makers and scientists to discover and access chemical monitoring data covering a range of matrices and media; (2) Offering safe and secure data storage for data currently not readily accessible; (3) Boosting data harmonisation and comparison, by integrating quality control rules and procedures into the platform; (4) Facilitating exposure and risk assessment practices in support of EU policies.
Further information can be found in the EFSA PPR Panel opinion on relevance of dissimilar mode of action in CRA of pesticides (EFSA PPR, 2013) and its guidance on probabilistic dietary exposure assessment  (EFSA PPR, 2012). This activity is further supported via the EFSA-RIVM (Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) partnership on CRA of pesticides. The main purpose of this Partnership Agreement is to further develop the suitability of the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) software so that it becomes fully accessible and usable by EFSA and EU Member States organisations competent for the implementation of plant protection products legislation to perform regulatory assessments (van der  Voet et al. , 2016; Kruisselbrink et al. , 2018).
In addition, the initiative also uses HBM data to investigate chemical mixtures and follows non-target approaches to identify emerging chemicals. The combined activities will give a better view on the actual aggregate exposures to multiple chemicals in the European population. Biomonitoring data for wildlife can equally help identifying co-exposure patterns for environmental organisms. Chemical monitoring of environmental media can often be directly used in estimating exposures, e. g. for aquatic organisms. The SOLUTIONS project has a particular focus on providing exposure information on emerging pollutants in European river basins. This involves extensive data sets from the SOLUTIONS case studies Danube, Rhine and some Spanish river basins Ebro and Llobregat that have been included in the NORMAN database EMPODAT, and will be made also via IPCHEM.
About 100 organic micropollutants have been analysed in large-volume solid phase extracts taken during the Joint Danube Survey 3 in 2014  (Schulze et al. , 2015)  and linked to in vitro effect data  (Neale et al. , 2015). Other ongoing and finalised SOLUTIONS studies look into targeted and non-targeted analysis of waste water treatment plant effluents for up to 405 chemicals, including their spatial and temporal dynamics  (König et al. , 2017; Neale et al. , 2017b; Beckers et al. , 2018). SOLUTIONS has also provided an interesting dataset on concentrations and risks of pesticide patterns (81 compounds) in sediments of seven major European rivers  (Massei et al. , 2018).
Developing exposure models Environmental, food or other monitoring data alone are not sufficient to assess exposures for humans and the environment as, apart from biomonitoring data, they inform only about the concentrations in matrices an organism can be exposed to, but not directly about the uptake by the organism from those matrices. Therefore in most cases additional modelling based on occurrence data is needed and applied. In some cases, modelling based on use or sales information is also performed, if no further monitoring data are available. The organisms' external or internal exposure can be modelled, when relevant input data are available. Examples of projects developing such modelling tools are e. g. the FP7-funded project ACROPOLIS 9  and the EuroMix project. The ACROPOLIS project resulted in an optimized MCRA (Monte Carlo Risk Assessment) software embedded in a webbased environment in order to assess dietary exposure to pesticide residues (van der  Voet et al.
, 2016; Kruisselbrink et al. , 2018). The European Commission, EFSA, industry and regulators were trained to use the MCRA software and a manual on how to use the MCRA software for conducting CRA following the EFSA guidance (EFSA, 2012) was provided to the European Commission. EuroMix is further developing lower and higher tier exposure and risk models for multiple chemicals and will integrate these into an open web-based tool addressing chemicals spanning different regulatory sectors, related to dietary exposure and beyond. In addition, exposure tools addressing multiple exposure routes (aggregated exposure) will be embedded in the EuroMix tool. The modelling results will be compared and validated with the SHEDS software on combined exposure to multiple chemicals developed in the USA and results of a human study.
In the context of MRA, it is important to look not only at external coexposure, but also to investigate internal co-exposure, i. e. which chemicals will be found in the same organs at the same time, as external and internal co-exposure patterns can differ substantially. Recently, EFSA has engaged in a multi-agency-academia collaboration to develop generic toxicokinetic (TK) models and tools as user-friendly, opensource models, coded in R (R Core Team, 2014). The models range from simple TK tools, dynamic energy budget models to physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models calibrated with physiological data for humans, farm animals, pets and species of ecological relevance  (EFSA, 2014; Grech et al. , 2017; Baas et al. , 2018). Other EFSA open source tools include EFSA's hazard database, Openfoodtox, and a number of QSAR tools.
Combined effects assessments Effects of chemical mixtures can be either assessed by testing the mixture as a whole, or by predicting combined effects from the composition of a mixture in terms of its components and their concentrations. It is practically not feasible to test all possible mixtures experimentally and toxicity data for single chemicals on the relevant endpoints or organisms are not always available. Therefore, smart strategies need to be identified to assess the potential hazards using new tools that rely less on in vivo testing and incorporate alternative experimental and computational tools instead. EuroMix, EDC-MixRisk, EUToxRisk, HBM4EU, and JRC are working towards this goal of exploring new approach methodologies (NAMs) that contribute to deriving more mechanistic knowledge for underpinning MRA, making better use of alternative tools in an integrated way and reducing the need for animal testing.
The in vitro tests are in line with the goals to promote alternative testing strategies, which is also an aim of EUToxRisk and EDC-MixRisk. The test strategy will serve as showcase for how an AOPbased integrated test strategy can refine worst-case assumptions made e. g. in current CRA of pesticides developed by EFSA based on specific observations of phenomenological effects of toxicological relevance at organ or organ/system level and assuming additivity as default consideration. The EuroMix AOP-based test strategy might confirm or support refining the assumptions made in the EFSA approach and will be an efficient way to generate data aiming at filling data gaps. JRC is also currently running experimental case studies investigating mixtures of similar and dissimilar compounds in AOP-based testing strategies for developmental neurotoxicants.