dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Background: The US Food and Drug Administration has modified its regulations on nutrient content claims by considering healthy dietary ingredients as well as nutrients. Objective: To assess the relation between dairy and fruit as main ingredients in children's snacks and the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF8. 3) nutrient density score. Methods: Commonly consumed children's snacks in the United States, Canada, France, and the United Kingdom (n = 261) were assigned into USDA What We Eat in America (WWEI) categories. Nutrient composition data came from industry websites, open-source government databases (USDA Standard Reference SR28; CIQUAL), and back-of-pack food labels. Nutrient density was calculated using the Nutrient Rich Food Index NRF8. 3. Snacks with dairy or fruit as the first listed ingredient (n = 115) were compared to those that listed neither (n = 146).
Nutrient Composition of Snacks Popular children's snacks (n = 261) in the US (n = 65), Canada (n = 60), France (n = 65), and the UK (n = 71) were identified through marketing research data in respective countries. The data were informed by sales figures from consumer research conducted by Nielsen (France, Canada, US), Ipsos (France, Canada), BCG (US), and Kantar (UK) and made available to MOM Materne Mont Blanc Group. The nutrient composition of snacks and the lists of ingredients were obtained from two main sources: (1) Back-of-pack nutrition fact panels and lists of ingredients, available from product packaging or from company websites; (2) government agency nutrient composition databases, some of them with data for branded products. The databases included the branded US Department of Agriculture Standard reference database SR28, now supplemented with a list ingredients for each product and the French nutrient composition database CIQUAL maintained by the French agency for food, environmental, and occupational health safety (ANSES), the French equivalent of the FDA.
Nutrients missing from the nutrition facts panels or from company websites were imputed from nearest matches in the SR-28 for US and Canada and from the CIQUAL databases for France and the UK. Data for added sugar in US and Canada came from the USDA; data for added sugar in France came from a customized version of CIQUAL used in previous studies. The 261 snacks were categorized by major categories and subcategories used in analyses of the What We Eat in America (WWEIA) data by the US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2015-2020 (US DGAC)  (20). The major DGAC categories are dairy, protein foods, mixed dishes, grains, snacks and sweets, fruit, vegetables, beverages, and condiments  (20). Not surprisingly, the typical children's snacks did not include vegetables or legumes, meat, poultry or fish, or eggs, mixed dishes, or condiments.
The Back-of-Pack Ingredient List The USDA SR28 branded nutrient composition database, developed in collaboration with ILSI North America, includes both nutrients and ingredients  (24). Ingredients are also provided on the back-of-pack label alongside the nutrition facts panel and can be obtained from company websites. While no specific amounts are provided on the ingredients list, ingredients are typically listed in the order of importance. In the US, the section 101. 4, Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR)  (25)  specifies how ingredients must be designated. The current rule of the US Food and Drug Administration is that the ingredients on a product label must be listed in order of predominance, with the ingredients used in the greatest amount first, followed in descending order by those in smaller amounts.
DISCUSSION The present analyses were based on branded open-source nutrient composition databases for commonly consumed children's snacks in the United States, Canada, France and the United Kingdom, as identified by marketing research. Energy density and nutrient density measures were obtained. Energy density of children's snacks has been used in the past to distinguish between healthier and less healthy snacks  (28). The present snacks varied greatly by energy density per 100 g. Energydense snacks (>200 kcal/100 g) were chocolate, nuts, chips, cakes, cookies and brownies and other sweetened grains. Lower energy density snacks (with energy density <200 kcal/100 g) were fruits and juices, milks, and plain and flavored yogurts. Energy density per 100 g is a measure of policy interest. In January 2014, Mexico passed an 8% tax on non-essential foodsthat is snacks-with energy density ≥275 kcal/100 g.
By contrast, some low energy-density beverages were nutrient-poor (soda and fruit drinks). As shown above, the LIM score was distinct from energy density since it penalized added sugar in low energy density beverages. In the present dataset, about 60% of the snacks contained added sugar. Although the mean %DV for added sugar was 10%, sugar sweetened beverages and sugar candy were essentially all sugar, providing 100% of energy from added sugar. Examining the contribution of first-listed ingredients to NRF8. 3 scores is a novel component of this paper. This approach follows on the Code of Federal Regulations in the US and the more recent 2017 notice by the European Commission. In the US, the ingredients on a product label must be listed in the order of predominance, with the ingredients listed in the greatest amount listed first.
The present approach was to quantify the contribution of dairy or fruit listed as first ingredients to the previously established NRF8. 3 score. On average, snacks with dairy or fruit as first ingredients scored 30 points higher. Arguably, the inclusion of dairy is more relevant to the rating of children's snacks than are vegetables, which were barely represented in the present market-driven database. As the dietary guidance is shifting from nutrients to whole foods and food ingredients, NP models need to follow suit. The 2015-2020 DGA defined healthy dietary patterns as composed of a variety of vegetables from all of the subgroups; fruits; grains, at least half of which are whole grains; fat-free or low-fat dairy; a variety of protein foods; and oils  (1). Hybrid NP models that combine both nutrients and selected dietary ingredients are more closely aligned with dietary guidance that is increasingly targeted at foods and food groups, rather than isolated nutrients.
The company has been widely lauded for social and ecological initiatives that, although key to its business success, have not benefitted Natura alone or even first; in this way Natura deviates from the first approach just described. This firm has also been recognized for forming cross-sector partnerships (CSPs) (with public and nonprofit actors and with local communities) to implement many of these initiatives. In that "bridging" role, Natura does not-contrary to the second approach-rely on public or nonprofit organizations to establish such initiatives. To gain a better grasp of Natura's approach to addressing voids in market-based institutions in a way that bucks the two extant approaches mentioned earlier, we collected in-depth qualitative data from archives and interviews, which we then analyzed using a pattern-matching technique  (Greenwood, Hinings, & Brown, 1994; Lapointe & Rivard, 2007; Shane, 2000).
The objective of pattern-matching is to help researchers reexamine implicit mental models and shared assumptions by rendering them explicit and contrasting them with the data  (Sinkovics, 2018). This technique led us to contrast the first two extant approaches to addressing voids in market-based institutions with Natura's, along eight dimensions that correspond to Elinor Ostrom's design principles for managing commonly held resources such as institutional infrastructure  (Ostrom, 2005). These dimensions help us uncover different patterns across the three approaches, in terms of who gets access to what resources, how the rules governing those resources are formed and the means through which those rules are enforced. The features of Natura's approach that emerged as highly distinctive from the other two led us to characterize this path as building an open institutional infrastructure (OII)-a pool of resources that can be accessed by a broad range of actors beyond the firm's commercial partners, the development of which the firm enables by empowering cross-sector actors to jointly take the lead within multilateral partnerships, whose rules for governing OII are then reinforced through relational norms promoting the alignment of public and private value creation rather than through formal sanctions.
More specifically, prior research has shown that voids in market-based institutions have strong repercussions on supply chain activities in emerging markets, especially with regard to distribution and the procurement of raw materials  (Barrientos, Gereffi, & Rossi, 2011; McDermott et al. , 2009; McKague, Zietsma, & Oliver, 2015; Parmigiani & Rivera-Santos, 2015). In Natura's case, analyst reports and other archival coverage-as well as the interview data described in the next section-confirmed that voids in market-based institutions were a critical challenge when developing its supply chain. This challenge arose from the firm's decision to work with population groups (direct sales consultants for product distribution and suppliers from traditional communities within Brazil's biomes) that had long been marginalized by formal labor and capital markets; as a consequence, transacting with these groups entailed practical and also legal impediments.
| Data Our data collection and analyses were designed to help us gain a deep understanding of how Natura overcame voids in market-based institutions that undermined its commercial development, and then to contrast this with the patterns we derived from extant theory. 4 Over the 1990-2010 period we studied, Natura consistently received high ratings in multiple industry rankings and was frequently recognized for its governance, brand, human resources, and innovation excellence. With 60% of Brazil's households owning Natura products (2011 annual report), by the end of our study period its market share had reached 14. 8% (Euromonitor International, 2014)-in a country that had become the third-largest cosmetics market worldwide. 5 http://directsellingnews. com/index. php/view/dsn_global_100_the_top_selling_companies_in_the_world#.
| Data sources Through four field visits to  Brazil (in 2011 Brazil (in , 2013 Brazil (in , 2014 Brazil (in -2015 Brazil (in , and 2018) )  and extensive desk research, we sought to gain an accurate and nuanced understanding of Natura's evolution by "triangulating" evidence from different types of data and sources. We consulted a rich set of archival documents from both local and international sources; see Table  2. Natura's annual reports in particular proved to be extremely useful, much as in previous work relying on such documents for valuable information about company strategy  (Arndt & Bigelow, 2000; Chatterjee & Hambrick, 2007). Furthermore, starting in 2000, we were able to exploit an innovation in corporate governance: Natura's adoption of the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines that it piloted.
| Data analysis We used the NVivo software, first to analyze our archival and interview data (in their original language) to facilitate iterating between theory and data as we refined our analyses via a pattern-matching approach. This involved reexamining our data to discern whether-and, if so, to what extent and how-they (dis)confirmed the design principles reflected in Patterns 1 and 2. As part of this task, we also sought to corroborate respondents' information about the nature of the company's partnerships at different times and to comprehend more fully the resulting network structure. We first coded each instance of a reported collaborative (or conflictual, although these were rare) interaction between Natura and another actor  (Henisz et al. , 2014). Next, we classified these instances as a function of the sector to which each actor belonged; in this step, we drew on  Salamon and Anheier's (1997)  typology of nonprofit organizations.
We then created a "relationship matrix" reflecting all of Natura's exchanges with external stakeholders as represented in those annual reports. Using these data as input, we employed the Gephi software to depict Natura's portfolio of stakeholders' ties for 2009 (details are given in the next section). This approach corresponds to prior studies that have used qualitative data to map out network ties toward the end of better explaining their pattern and structure  (Henisz et al. , 2014; McDermott et al. , 2009). Finally, we further refined our analysis by leading two confirmatory workshops-one each in 2013 and 2014-during which we presented our emergent findings to 68 senior executives and government representatives from Brazil. We started by examining how Natura overcame institutional challenges in direct sales and ecological sourcing through the lens of Ostrom's first two design principles: who gets access to the institutional infrastructure created and how are the benefits allocated among these participants? We found that the boundaries of that institutional infrastructure expanded considerably over time, that the set of actors who received access was highly inclusive, and that many benefitted disproportionately from Natura's investments without bearing equivalent costs.
| Elaboration of rules for governing institutional infrastructure: who makes the rules? Figure  1  depicts the full set of participants involved in elaborating collective rules for how to govern the institutional infrastructure that Natura created across direct sales and ecological sourcing. It reflects the network of collaborative relationships that Natura had formed, with 297 partners, in 2009 toward the end of our period of study (as described previously in the Methods and Data section). Table  5  complements Figure  1  by giving examples of those relationships. It is clear from Figure  1  that nonprofit organizations made up the largest share of Natura's ties (35. 7%, or 106 partners). These collaborations were dedicated to any of seven different issues, but education and the environment-key features of Natura's direct sales and ecological sourcing-garnered the most attention; there were links to 32 educational organizations and 44 environmental nonprofits.
Natura rapidly increased the impact of its Crer para Ver program via several other partnerships in addition to Abrinq, reaching 450,000 individuals in 5,690 schools from 3,560 municipalities (2010 annual report). Building on that success, in 2004 Natura worked with Abrinq to create a database of 12,000 schools at which adult education classes were offered by the government (which had itself been unable to drum up a sufficient number of participants) and then to disseminate that information. This effort involved the mobilization of about 422,000 consultants, who were asked to identify and register participants. Natura ended up enrolling 162,000 participants by 2008. Yet, this success is surprising in light of Pattern 2, which would lead one to assume that no private sector firm, such as Natura, would have the legitimacy to bring these parties together.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the editorial team for this special issue as well as two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable support and guidance throughout the review process. We are also grateful for the feedback and suggestions we received from  Gautam Ahuja ,  Daniel Armanios ,  Julie Battilana ,  Jay Barney ,  Yves Doz ,  Kathleen Eisenhardt ,  Javier Gimeno ,  Mauro Guillén ,  Martine Haas ,  Witold Henisz ,  Michael Jacobides ,  Rahul Kapoor ,  Aseem Kaul ,  Sérgio Lazzarini ,  Johanna Mair ,  Gerald McDermott ,  Felipe Monteiro ,  Ram Mudambi ,  Quy Nguyen Huy ,  Joanne Oxley ,  Bertrand Quélin ,  Subramanian Rangan ,  José Santos ,  Wendy Smith ,  Bart Vanneste ,  Luk Van Wassenhove ,  Tyler Wry  and seminar attendees at the  INSEAD Network Evolution Conference , the  Wharton School  at the  University of Pennsylvania ,  London Business School , the  University of Bocconi , and  ESCP.
Source material by (grouped) topics and type of data Topic Data accessed by type [number of different sources] Boundary definition and allocation of benefits: who gets what? T A B L E 3 List of interview respondents 4 | PATTERN MATCHING AND THEORETICAL Natura respondents (former and DEVELOPMENT 7 Senior managers/corporate directors External factors (i) the evolution of Brazil's institutional Functional areas: Business and corporate development, regional • Analyst reports and longitudinal databases from local and international sources on Brazil (e. g. , World Bank, current) 3 Middle managers 4. 1 | International Monetary Fund, OECD reports [7] operations, relationships with consultants, ecological relationships, environment and its effect on business • Industry reports and statistics [14] • Pedagogical case studies [2] distribution and customer service, research & development, human (ii) trends in the Brazilian cosmetics resources industry • Material from presentations and exchanges with researchers at academic institutions, international Natura sales consultants 9 Consultants Natura suppliers 2 Directors organizations, and policy makers (e.
, 1996). These contrasting conclusions likely originate from the limited robustness of the analysis due to the shortness of the observation periods. Based on a longer dataset, the WR characterisation suggests a key role of the westerly waves in controlling the rivers of smoke, supporting the hypothesis of  Garstang et al. (1996) , although it remains inconclusive concerning the role of ENSO phases. This paper provides new insights into the understanding of the synoptic circulation in the South Atlantic and southern Africa, by characterising for the first time the dry season circulation and the associated rivers of smoke. The characterisation of the transport routes in the region is crucial to support the characterisation of the physical and chemical properties of the BBA and to model the associated impact on clouds and radiation.
In O-PTIR, spatial resolution enhancement is enabled through the use of a short wavelength, visible probe beam for detection, which defines the spatial resolution typically well below 1 μm, depending on the choice of the probe wavelength. The technique generates FTIR absorbance-like spectra, in easy-to-collect and prepare far-field and noncontact geometry, without any of the associated scatter artifacts (e. g. , Mie scattering) typically encountered in the mid infrared spectral region. O-PTIR measurements (spectra and images) were collected on the mIRage Infrared Microscope (Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp. , Santa Barbara, CA, USA). Spectra were collected in reflection mode, 2 cm -1 spectral data point spacing, through a 40×, 0. 78 NA, 8 mm working distance Schwarzschild objective. The pump IR source was a pulsed, tunable four-stage QCL device, scanning from 800 to 1900 cm -1.
The probe was a CW 532 nm visible variable power laser. Samples were placed on CaF 2 substrates. Spectra were "deglitched" to remove a laser chip transition effect, where required to remove intensity jumps arising around the transition wavelength between different QCL laser stages using the PTIR Studio software. To generate data of sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, spectra were averaged for 20-50 scans. Discrete frequency images were collected at 500 nm step size over the areas ranging in size from 2 to 50 μm. The mIRage instrument architecture can be described as a "pump-probe" optical spectroscopy microscope, with the pump source consisting of a broadly tunable and pulsed quantum cascade laser, the probe beam consisting of a continuous wave (CW) 532 nm laser. The optical layout is shown in Figure  1  and Figure  S1  (Supporting Information).
Atomic Force Microscopy Samples for atomic force microscopy (AFM) were prepared by spotting 10 μL of 100 × 10 -9 m Aβ(1-42) solution on CaF 2 crystals. The contact time was 10 min; excess of liquid was removed by Whatman paper, and the surface gently dried under nitrogen flow. Morphological analysis was carried out with an AFM  microscope, Bruker in contact mode, in air, under the following conditions: scan rate 0. 1-1 Hz, NSG11 golden silicon probes (NT-MDT) with tip apex radius of 10 nm, resonant frequency range of AFM cantilever 165 Hz, and number of pixels 512 × 512. The representative image was obtained by scanning the sample at three randomly selected spots. The resulting data was processed with the Gwyddion 2. 53 software  [28]  by applying a flattening algorithm to remove the background slope.
Acknowledgements This project was supported by the  Association Française contre les Myopathies  grant nbr  14616 ) and by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( Laboratoire d'Excellence Revive ,  ANR-10-LABX-73 ). We thank  Anne Hulin  from the  Service de Pharmacie-Toxicologie of the Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France , and her whole team for cyclosporine assays, and the histology facility of UMR 1313 GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France. We thank  Romain François ,  Quentin Le Roux , and the whole team in MICEN-Vet for their technicity and availability,  Camille Hanot ,  Vincent Morin , and  James Ebongue  for technical assistance and investment in the project, and  Dr Samia Cohen  for fruitful discussions. We thank  Xavier Cauchois ,  Dr Pablo Aguilar , and the whole team of the BNMS Group 4 Lab animal facilities in the  Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d' Alfort , for their daily cares to the dogs.
, 2018). A 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding dataset was assembled for this site to investigate bacterial community coalescence from the top compartments into the connected aquifer waters but also the biofilm communities developing on inert surfaces. This investigation was also built on the hypothesis that a less significant microbial community coalescence is expected in aquifer waters than biofilms. This is supported by previous reports which suggested the occurrence of transient free-living bacteria among aquifers acting as a travelling seed bank  (Griebler et al. , 2014). For these monitoring approaches, water grab samples were previously found to give access to snapshots of the diversity found within an aquifer  (Voisin et al. , 2018) , whereas aquifer biofilms developing on artificial surfaces (clay beads) were shown to be more integrative and informative of the groundwater microbiological quality  (Mermillod-Blondin et al.
, 2019). Clay bead biofilms were found to capture the most abundant aquifer taxa and taxa that could not be detected from grab samples. However, some bacterial taxa were still not detectable by this approach because of a poor ability at colonizing clay beads over short time periods. A field-based investigation was thus per-formed to further explore the relative contributions of a set of sources such as runoffs and urban soils on the observed biofilm assemblages recovered from an aquifer. A Bayesian methodology, named SourceTracker  (Knights et al. , 2011) , was used to investigate community coalescence from 16S rRNA gene-based DNA metabarcoding datasets. Complementary datasets were then assembled from an additional DNA marker named tpm (encoding EC:2. 1. 1. 67, which catalyzes the methylation of thiopurine drugs)  (Favre-Bonté et al.
These assays were performed on a Bio-Rad CFX96 real-time (RT) PCR instrument with Bio-Rad CFX Manager software, version 3. 0 (Marnes-la-Coquette, France). The 16S rRNA gene primers 338F and 518R described by  Park and Crowley (2006)  were used, together with the Brilliant II qRT-PCR SYBR Green Low ROX Master Mix for SYBR Green qRT-PCR. The melting temperature was 60 • C. Linearized plasmid DNA containing a 16S rRNA gene was used as a standard and obtained from  Marti et al. (2017). Presence of inhibitors in the DNA extracts was checked by spiking a known amount of plasmids harbouring int2 (10 7 copies of plasmid per microlitre) in the PCR mix. A number of cycles needed to get a PCR signal was compared with wells where only plasmid DNA harbouring int2 was added to the qPCR mix. When a high number of cycles was needed to observe a signal, a 5-or 10-fold dilution of the DNA extract was done, and another round of tests was performed to confirm the absence of PCR inhibitions.