dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Climate evolution of the Mediterranean region during the Holocene exhibits strong spatial and temporal variability. The spatial differentiation and temporal variability, as evident from different climate proxy datasets, has remained notoriously difficult for models to reproduce. In light of this complexity, we examine the previously described evidence for (i) opposing northern and southern precipitation regimes during the Holocene across the Mediterranean basin, and (ii) an east-to-west precipitation gradient or dipole during the early Holocene, from a wet eastern Mediterranean to dry western Mediterranean. Using quantitative climate information from marine and terrestrial pollen archives, we focus on two key time intervals, the early to mid-Holocene (8000 to 6000 cal yrs BP) and the late Holocene (4000 to 2000 yrs BP), in order to test the above mentioned hypotheses on a Mediterranean-wide scale.
For each record we used the chronologies as reported in the original publications (see Table  1  for references). Climate reconstructions for summer and winter precipitation (Figs. 2, 3 ) inferred from the terrestrial sequences and marine pollen records were performed using the Modern Analogue Technique (MAT;  Guiot, 1990). The MAT compares fossil pollen assemblages to modern pollen assemblages with known climate parameters. The MAT is calibrated using an expanded surface pollen dataset with more than 3600 surface pollen samples from various European ecosystems  (Peyron et al. , 2013). In this dataset, 2200 samples are from the Mediterranean region, and the results shows that the analogues selected here are limited to the Mediterranean basin. Since the MAT use the distance structure of the data and essentially perform local fitting of the climate parameter (as the mean of n-closest sites) they may be less susceptible to increased noise in the data set, and less likely to report spurious values than others methods (for more details on the method, see  Peyron et al.
Acknowledgements This study is a part of the  LAMA ANR  Project ( MSHE Ledoux ,  USR 3124 , CNRS) financially supported by the  French CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research). Simon Goring  is currently supported by  NSF   Macrosystems grant   144-PRJ45LP. This is an ISEM contribution n°XXXX. Clim. Past Discuss. , doi:10. 5194/cp-2016-65,2016 Manuscript under review for journal Clim. Past Published: 28 June 2016 c Author(s)  2016. CC-BY 3. 0 License.
Microscopic analysis The shell was studied and photographed at the IVPP using a Wild M3C binocular equipped with a Coolpix 990 digital camera and a Zeiss MA EVO25 scanning electron microscope. Experimentally engraved and ground Corbicula fluminea were examined with a motorized Z6 APOA equipped with a DFC420 digital camera. Uploaded images were treated with Leica Application Suite (LAS) equipped with Multifocus module, and Leica Map DCM 3D software. The Multifocus module produces extended depth of field images. Once digital images are collected at different heights, adapted algorithms combine them into one single, sharp composite image that significantly extends the depth of field. Treatment of data by the Leica Map DCM 3D produces 3D reconstructions of areas of interest. Selected areas of experimentally ground and engraved shells were also scanned using a Sensofar Sneox scanning confocal microscope equipped with a 20x objective.
Acknowledgments We thank  Hucai Zhang ,  Key Laboratory of Plateau Lake Ecology and Global Change, Yunnan Normal University  for checking the shell identification and providing the photo used in fig 7,  Emma Le Vraux  for helping us collecting the shell reference collection,  Alain Queffelec  for assistance with the confocal microscope,  Shuangquan Zhang  for providing information on Chinese personal ornaments, and  Gauthier Devilder  for drawing Fig 1. Jeane Balme  and two anonymous reviewers provided constructive criticisms. We also thank all members of the  Shuidonggou  project, without whom this study would have not been possible.
The device uses a Rhodium target X-ray tube excitation source, a set of Palladium slits, 40 kV high voltage and 30 μA tube current. No vacuum was applied. A green filter composed of Cu, Ti and Al, was used for all analyses. Metered signals were collected from two to three separate unpainted sites from each sample (with the exception of BDX16316, BDX17166, BDX16340, BDX17164, BDX17165 and BDX16563 that had being analyzed just one time because of their complex geometries) over a period of 120s. For each sample raw intensity data (the number of counts) were normalized to 1 and exported from S1XRF (Table  2 ). Because the nature of this data is compositional, intensity data has been transformed using the centred log ratio (CLR) in order to project it in Euclidean space  [26] [27] [28]. The CLR transformation is described in Eq.
Results Each sample was analyzed macroscopically in order to categorize the type of fragment (shape, body, form) and identified their aesthetic painted motifs and iconographies through comparison of handbook literature. For the classification of sherds handbook guides were  (1)  clr (x) = ln x1/g(x) , ln x2/g(x) ,. , ln xD/g(x) employed-for Mochica ceramics, McClelland's information was primarily used  [5] -for Coastal Cajamarca Bernuy and Bernal's classification was employed  [30] and for Highland Cajamarca, data from Terada, Matsumoto and Watanabe allow classification of these materials  [31] [32] [33]. The results are presented in Table  1. The elements considered for HHpXRF analysis were: K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr and Y (Table  2 ). Primarily the study demonstrates Mochica fineline painted samples and Coastal Cajamarca samples have significantly higher FeKα 1 signals in contrast to the Highland Cajamarca samples that returned significantly higher YKα 1 signals.
Micro-CT dataset acquisition X-ray micro-tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that explores the internal structure of (bio)materials based on radiodensity properties. Samples were scanned using a highresolution X-ray micro-CT device (Quantum FX Caliper, Life Sciences, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, United States). Three-dimensional acquisitions were performed using an isotropic voxel size of 20x20x20 μm 3 (90 kV, 160 microA, 180 s).
This juxta-cortical area was cropped with a fixed ellipse of 12. 98 mm 2 (the radius of the minor axis = 1. 07 mm and the radius of the major axis = 3. 86 mm) in each 2D section of the stack with the dedicated shape tool in the "CT analyzer" software (Skyscan, release 1. 13. 5. 1, Kontich, Belgium). This elliptical ROI was consistently placed tangentially to the most external visible alveoli organised in a homogeneous network, so that the whole surface of the shape was uniformly filled with alveoli (Fig  4 ). The 3D interpolated ellipses defined the volume of interest (VOI, 12. 98 x 512 x 0. 02 = 132. 9 mm 3 -ROI surface x number of slices x thickness of slice), which included the trabecular bone close to the peripheral cortical bone. Segmentation. The same global binary threshold was applied to each data stack in order to isolate the mineralised and non-mineralised structures for subsequent quantitative analysis  (Fig 4).
25 mm, number: 13. 5/4 mm  [67] ) suggest that osteons could be promising taxonomic biomarkers within the compact tissue. In this regard, the recent explorative work of Blosseville  [48]  has produced convincing results. Table  4. Confusion matrix from the SVM classification (predictive statistics) obtained by cross-validation in which the training dataset was the modern corpus and the validation dataset was the archaeological corpus. The decision rule for modern material could not be transferred to the archaeological material (accuracy: 42%). A sampling bias: the question of modules? To explain the inability to apply the decision rule established from the modern samples to the archaeological ones (Table  4 ), antler modules of the two corpuses provide a useful indication. Antlers used in a Palaeolithic context mainly result from a selection of medium and large modules, particularly as regards the production of objects shaped from rod-type blanks  [2].
In contrast, the constitution of the modern reference database, for reasons of age equity and probably also the inclusion of semi-domesticated individuals, led us to include a wider variety of modules and especially much higher numbers of small and very small specimens (cf. , S1 Table ). This finding is consistent with the results obtained in Tables  1  and 2  wherein antler alveoli from both species appear larger (and thus fewer) in archaeological specimens than in modern antlers. Overall, given that the SVM classifiers tend to maximise the distance between the nearest individuals of each group  [61] , the better statistical results obtained for the archaeological corpus were probably due to its more homogeneous nature.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Catherine Schwab , curator at the  Palaeolithic Department of MAN , for her support. Many thanks also to the micro-CT IDV Platform ( EA2496 ,  Montrouge, France ) and particularly to  Jérémy Sadoine. We would also like to thank  Brad Gravina ,  Marie-Claire Dawson  and  Sarita Jannin  for helping with the translation. We are indebted to the anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the manuscript significantly. Finally we would like to thank the  MAGDATIS Project  ( ANR 2011 BSH3 0005 ),  Pacea  ( UMR 5199 ,  CNRS ) and the " Pathologie, Imagerie et Biothérapies orofaciales " ( EA2496 ) laboratories for supporting this study.
This research is funded by a ministerial grant from the  Research National Agency  as a program of prospects investments (the  MAGDATIS  Project [ ANR 2011 BSH3 0005])  (project 'Des chasseurs-cueilleurs face aux changements environnementaux 18-14 kyr cal BP'; dir: JMP), " Pathologie, Imagerie et Biothérapies orofaciales " laboratories ( EA2496 ), and has also been performed thanks to the PhD research grant from the  Ministère cultural heritage or scientific value has previously made it impossible  (tools, ornaments, etc. ). de l' Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche for AL. The acquisition of the experimental material is supported by the laboratory PACEA in Bordeaux ( UMR 5199 , CNRS). All the experiments presented were performed at the IDV platform in the  Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité.
8 The lecture-performance was commissioned for the TILLIT 2016 festival, organized by Pr. Marco Pustianaz, Michaela Reinhardt and Umberto Capra (UPO). The script was written by Jean-Rémi Lapaire and the choreography designed by Jean Magnard. The visuals are either screenshots taken from the filmed performance at Teatro Barbieri (Vercelli, Italy) or "instant replays" shot outdoors shortly after the lecture-performance, in the beautiful historic district of Vercelli, near the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy (Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale). A note on the two protagonists and their fictive encounter 9 Oscar Wilde died some 20 years before Erving Goffman was born. Yet, the two share a humorous understanding of "the art of impression management"  (Goffman 1959 ). Say, display, replay: Erving Goffman meets Oscar Wilde Miranda, 13 | 2016 10 Erving  Goffman (1922 Goffman ( -1982)) , it will be recalled, was a Canadian-American sociologist and anthropologist.
Is Siri Paving the Way for Iris? The success of future autonomous vehicles depends on a key element: the human-machine interface. Around the turn of the century, cinema assessed linguistic communication between man and machine with some skepticism. Acoustic exchanges were portrayed as more prone to breaking down and more open for ambiguities than haptic contact. Disposing of the steering wheel continues to be a taboo. It may be the case, however, that SIRI, the speech recognition software introduced into smartphones in 2011, is paving the way for linguistic interfaces in cars. A recently published study  [49]  made it clear that autonomous vehicles are met with greater trust if they are given a name, voice and gender. The car was given the name IRIS and a female voice that told the user how the vehicle worked.
In the United States (Texas), the potential solution was the creation of the A ShoT At Recovery (A-STAR) program. In this organization, the aim of the integrated team is to enhance the use of LAI medication by providing data and education, both to prescribers and to patients  [27]. In France, the development and implementation of the Schizophrenia Expert Centers (Fondation FondaMental) is meant to have the same impact. Clinicians working in this organization develop a hyper-specialization in treating schizophrenia. The goal of this network is to promote an evidence-based but personalized medicinal approach, and to provide the best therapeutic strategies for each patient to obtain remission and reduce the risk of relapse  [28]. The main limitation of this study is the cross-sectional design that did not allow analysis of the causal relationships between the type of antipsychotic used and the practice characteristics of clinicians.
Statistical Analysis Means and standard deviation were calculated for continuous measures, and categorical data were presented as frequencies. Correlation analyses of the type of antipsychotic used in schizophrenic patients and practice characteristics of clinicians were performed using Spearman correlations. Inter-group comparisons, according to the sources of information influencing decision-making about treatment, were performed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9. 3 software (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA). All statistical tests were two-tailed, and the significance level was set at 5%.
Agradecimentos Os autores são gratos às três associações nacionais, Sociedade Portuguesa de Sexologia, Sociedade Portuguesa de Andrologia, Associação para o Planeamento da Família; e ao Mestrado Transdisciplinar de Sexologia da Universidade Lusófona na pessoa do Professor Nuno Monteiro Pereira, pela colaboração na implementação do estudo. Os autores agradecem à equipe de pesquisa, nomeadamente ao Professor Alberto Galvão-Teles, e Ana Beato, Joana Almeida e Madalena Cunha pela colaboração na coleta de dados. Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, 32(8):e00036215, ago, 2016.
To verify the meanings ascribed to the features of "nasal grunts", three native speakers of American English were recorded in short casual conversations and three perception tests were created using these recordings, with Praat software  (Boersma and Weenink 2009). The first two tests aim to check whether different acoustic features: 1) are perceived as different when presented in pairs; 2) can be identified by the participants (as falls or rises) in isolation. The last test aim to determine whether each feature bears the same meaning: 1) in isolation, 2) in a given context, or 3) in scripted conversations likely to trigger the meanings ascribed by  Chlébowski and Ballier (2015). Results suggest that acoustic components of "nasal grunts" in Geordie English do convey specific attitudinal meanings, and raise the possibility of a perceptual hierarchy of those components.
Then, she was recorded alone and asked to produce several times the targeted acoustic features summarised in Table  1. Out of those latter productions of "nasal grunts", the ones that fitted the most criteria for the acoustic features listed by  Chlébowski and Ballier (2015)  were controlled by an experimental acoustic analysis with Praat software  (Boersma and Weenink 2009). Only one sound was retained for each feature and was not modified. Finally, those sounds were inserted in the recordings of the conversations instead of the grunts produced spontaneously.
Setting up the tests Following the on-line documentation of the Praat software (Boersma and Weenink 2016) scripts were written for three perception tasks by running a Multiple Forced Choice listening experiment 6 (MFC 6) where the responses are sound: a discrimination task, an identification of the features, and an identification of the meanings conveyed by those features. For each test, the stimuli were replicated three times and were totally randomised. A blank screen was presented to the participants while the sound was playing, so that they could not choose an answer before the sound was played in its entirety.
Textural analyses Textures of all decompressed charges were analyzed by X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT), using a GE Sensing, phoenix|x-ray, Nanotom 180 from ISTO operated between 90 and 101 kV with variable filament currents (40-170 µA). Glass cylinders were mounted on carbon fiber rods with thermoplastic adhesive, and between 750 and 1100 two-dimensional projections were acquired as they rotated by 360° with a resolution of 2. 42-3. 91 µm. The reconstruction of the tomographic projections, using phoenix software, creates an image stack of the sample, which can be processed with ImageJ  (Abràmoff et al. , 2004)  to obtain a complete three-dimensional reconstruction. The total reconstructed volume V consists in void space (v2), a glass volume (v3) and a bubble volume (v4) (Fig. 1a ). The void space volume corresponds to the volume left when excluding the volume of the sample (v3 + v4) to the total volume investigated (e.
For the pure CO 2 supercritical fluid, density was obtained from a regression of the fCO 2 data of  Dixon et al. (1995)   concentrations. The diameter of the analyzed spot was 50 µm, 100 µm in a few cases. FTIR spectra were accumulated for 128 scans at a resolution of 4 cm -1 on doubly polished samples, with thicknesses ranging between 29 and 171 µm (Table  5 ). H 2 O and CO 2 concentrations were calculated from the Beer-Lambert law. For H 2 O, the absorbance of the 3530 cm -1 total H 2 O band (H 2 O mol + OH -) was measured with a straight base line between ~3850 and ~2500 cm -1. An extinction coefficient (ɛ 3530 ) of 64 L. mol -1. cm -  was used  (Dixon et al. , 1995). For CO 2 , the absorbance of the 1515 cm -1 carbonate ions band was determined on subtracted spectra. The spectrum used for the subtraction was obtained on a starting glass without dissolved volatiles.
Regressions were performed with Excel software. Very good fits were generally obtained yielding R 2 > 0. 99 for more than 50% charges. One charge (S+D36#1) yielded a relatively poor exponential fit (R 2 = 0. 86), consistent with its unimodal BSD  (Figs. 4d, 9a). A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T.
Acknowledgments This project has been financially supported by the  VUELCO  ( EC FP7 ) and  DEGAZMAG  ( ANR 2011 Blanc SIMI 5-6 003-02 ) projects. We are very grateful to  A. Burgisser  for help with the X-ray microtomography analysis technique and to  I. Di Carlo  for assistance with SEM analyses. We thank  M. J. Rutherford  for his editorial work, as well as  T. Shea  and D. R. Baker for their detailed and constructive reviews which helped to improve the manuscript. Previous comments from  D. Laporte  were also highly appreciated.
All the data were then imported into SPSS (http://www-01. ibm. com/software/fr/analytics/spss/), a computer-based statistical package for analysis, allowing statistical comparisons to be made between participants in the two conditions. Our results showed that, contrary to our predictions, there were fewer differences than we had anticipated between the videoconferencing and audioconferencing conditions on the dependent measures, with few comparisons reaching statistical significance. The main difference was the greater number of student silences in the audioconferencing condition. This first study was clearly time consuming in terms of data collection and analysis. It also involved many people: 40 students, a teacher, an assistant who helped organize the data collection sessions, four research assistants to transcribe and annotate the data (see Annotation below) and two researchers who analyzed the data and wrote up the research for publication.
However, we were using data collected for a study carried out in experimental conditions -the interaction duration was fixed; it was the first time that both the teacher and the learners had met and taken part in an online pedagogical interaction. So, the findings may have been attributable, to some degree at least, either to the novelty of the learning situation and/or the task learners were asked to carry out. In other words, the conditions of this second study, and indeed the first, lacked ecological validity. Thus in our third study, we tried to address this methodological shortcoming.
Study 3: Quantitative and qualitative approach on ecological data As shown in Table  1 , the corpus for the third study was collected in ecological conditions. The context was a telecollaborative project 1  in which 12 trainee teachers of French as a foreign language met for online sessions in French with undergraduate Business students at an Irish university. Each trainee teacher met with the same learner (or pair of learners) once a week for approximately 40 minutes over a six-week period. Over this period, the trainee teachers proposed a range of different interactional tasks to their learners. So, unlike Study 2, which was conducted in experimental conditions, i. e. , it was set up with the sole purpose of conducting an experiment to test our different hypotheses, Study 3 used data collected from an online course that was set up between two universities with learner training in mind: helping Irish learners to develop their interactional skills in French, and helping students training to be French teachers to develop their online teaching skills.
Furthermore, quantitative analyses revealed that these gestures were held for longer in front of the webcam. So such teaching gestures, which clearly had a communicative purpose, appeared to be produced by these trainee teachers quite intentionally, and consequently were aimed at the webcam and remained visible to the language learners for some time. The second question investigated in this study explored the communicative functions of gestures that were visible or invisible in the frame. For technical and practical reasons explained fully in the study, data were collected for just three participants for just one session each. The teacher trainees were filmed using DVC with their learners with two distinct recordings. One captured the on-screen activity, so what was visible and audible through the webcam, and an external camera was used to film what lay outside the webcam's view (the hors champ).
Multimodal data collection Several applications, for instance Camtasia (http://camtasia-for-mac. en. softonic. com) or Screen video recorder (http://www. dvdvideosoft. com/fr/products/dvd/Free-Screen-Video-Recorder. htm#. VHBk8Eve5g0) can be used to capture on-screen activity in an online interaction and this can be converted into a video (for more details, see Chapter 7 in this volume). The advantage of such applications is that they can be installed beforehand on each participant's computer and once switched on, they capture everything that is visible on the screen and audible around the screen, thus providing researchers with access to all the actions and utterances produced by the participants during the online interaction. Hence, whether the study is experimental or ecological (see above), traces of the mediated activity can be collected with little or no interference on the ecology of the learning situation.