dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
the initial research for which was conducted in 2011-12 at the  Needham Research Institute  with the support of the  Andrew W. Mellon Foundation , what evolved therefrom having been supported by the  University of Chicago's Center for East Asian Studies dissertation write-up fellowship  and funding from the  European Research Council  under the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013) / ERC Grant  agreement n. 269804. I would like to thank  Donald Harper ,  Christopher Cullen , and  Karine Chemla  for my intellectual mentorship over this period,  John Steele  for inviting to contribute to this valuable project, and  Alexander Jones , whose Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus (Philadelphia.
Acknowledgements This work, which is part of the research projects  CGL2013-42643P  and the research grant supporting M. Iniesto were funded by the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. The SEM facility at IMPMC was supported by  Region Ile de France  grant  SESAME 2006 I-07-593/R ,  INSU-CNRS ,  INP-CNRS , and  University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris. SEM analyses performed for this study were supported by a grant from the  Foundation Simone et Cino Del Duca  (PI:  K. Benzerara ). Some SEM observations were also conducted at  SIdI UAM (Madrid). Environmental SEM observations were performed at the  MNCN (Madrid). We would also like to thanks the  OAL-UAM  for the English review of the manuscript. Finally, the anonymous reviewers are thanked for their advices and comments, helping us to improve our original manuscript.
Data analysis Analyses were conducted using the lme4 package  (Bates et al. , 2014)  of R (R Core Team, 2013). In a mixed logit regression  (Jaeger, 2008) , we modeled the selection of a test item (coded as 0 or 1) independently for the extension test and the representation test. The extension test model included two categorical predictors with their interaction: Test Item (out, in, in-superordinate) and Sampling Condition (uniform vs. bimodal) as well as a random intercept and random slopes for both Test Item and Sampling Condition and their interaction for participants and trial pairs. The representation test model included as well two categorical predictors with their interaction: Test Item (out, in (1,2) , in (3,4) ) and Sampling Condition (uniform vs. bimodal) with a random intercept and random slopes for Sampling Condition for participants.
3 As can be seen in Figure  4 , participants were at ceiling in selecting in (1,2) in the bimodal condition. This impacted the log-estimation behind the logit model for the representation test, such that the estimates and the standard errors calculated by the model were implausibly big. To get rid of these ceiling effects in a highly conservative way we introduced random noise: we run the same analysis on a modified dataset where we changed randomly 10% of the responses given for in (1,2) in the bimodal condition (2 responses). Participants were sensitive to the distribution of the learning exemplars: they selected more in-superordinate items in the uniform condition than in the bimodal condition (M uni f orm = 0. 68, SE = 0. 04 ; M bimodal = 0. 45, SE = 0. 04; β = -3. 38, z = -2. 48, p <.
At the end of the video, the experimenter asked the child what happened and replayed the video if the child did not understand the video or did not remember the novel word. Children were then tested whether the corrected label could apply to 3 novel test pictures. Each of the test picture was displayed below the two learning exemplars and the child was asked by the experimenter "Est ce que tu penses que ca, ca s'appelle un torba?" Do you think that this is called a torba?. At the end of the experiment, there was a final video where the two puppets said good-bye to the child. The whole Experiment lasted about 15 min. All sessions were audiotaped. Conditions, Materials, Presentation and trial generation, Data analysis. Everything was similar to Experiment 1, except that the experiment was in French and hence the set of nonwords consisted of 9 phonotactically legal non-words of French: bamoule was always used in the training trial.
This work was funded by grants from the  European Research Council  (FP/2007-2013-ERC n • 313610), the  Région IIe-de-France , the  Fondation de France ,  LabEx IEC  ( ANR-10-LABX-0087 ),  IdEx PSL  ( ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 ), the  ANR  ' Apprentissages ' ( ANR-13-APPR-0012 ), and a PhD fellowship from  Direction Générale de l'Armement (DGA). We thank  Anne-Caroline Fievet  and the language group of the LSCP.
It is therefore important to understand and quantify relationships between early-life health and subsequent wages in developing countries  (Vogl, 2014). Our article documents a robust gradient between the health environment to which today's workers in India were exposed as infants in past decades, and the wages which they now earn. We match male workers in nationally representative survey data on wages in 2005 to districtlevel estimates of infant mortality in their year of birth, which we use as a measure of early-life health and disease, following Acemoglu and Johnson's investigation of mortality and GDP. We then use a double fixed effects (place and time) identification strategy to compare workers in the same district labour market today who were exposed to different mortality regimes when they were born.
Background We study adult male workers in a representative survey of India. Children in India today are exposed to a considerable disease burden in early life, which was even greater at the time when today's adults were children. In 1970 -the year before our data begins, when 35 year old workers in 2005 were born -nearly 20 percent of children died before their fifth birthday, and 13 percent of infants died in their first year of life  (Unicef, 2012). Infant mortality in India has fallen to about 4. 1 percent today, but this still substantially exceeds infant mortality of 1. 1 percent in China and 3. 3 percent in Bangladesh, a poorer neighboring country. If early-life health and disease is an important constraint on development and income, it would be of considerable importance in India, where about one-fifth of all births occur.
Insofar as labour is substitutable across workers of different ages, those workers are offering to supply their labour to the same, shared demand side of the market. 3 econd, workers of different age cohorts in a crosssection implicitly form a synthetic panel: workers of different ages today represent the effects of early-life health at the different points in history when they were born. We exploit district-by-time variation to investigate the association between adult wages in 2005 and early-life health in districts throughout India in the 1970s and 1980s. In particular, we match historical, district-level census data on early-life mortality with cross-sectional survey data on adult wages. Fig. 1   essentially all Indian districts, older workers are paid more than younger workers, on average.
Sources of historical and contemporary data We match data from two different sources. For our present-day dependent variables and control variables, we use data on individual adult males from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS), a nationally representative 2005 cross-sectional survey of 40,000 households  (Desai et al. , 2007). We study men born between 1971 and 1989, who were therefore between 16 and 34 years of age in 2005, leaving us with 12,783 observations, as can be seen in Table  1. These observations are drawn from 277 districts across 17 states, including the 13 most-populated states as of the 2011 Census which comprise over 85% of the total population; the full list of states covered by our data can be found in Online Appendix B. 2. 4 Our primary dependent variable is the log of hourly wages in rupees, as computed by the IHDS.
6 f course, we do not literally estimate effects of infant mortality: we would not expect average wages in a district to rise as a result of an emergency medical intervention that barely prevented the deaths of the marginally last infants to die. Instead, we interpret the gradient that we document between mortality and subsequent wages to reflect the influences of the health and disease environment on both. In the 1970s and 1980s, infant mortality would have been importantly shaped by infectious disease and maternal nutrition, rather than by perinatal medical care; the first recorded data on the percent of births attended by any skilled medical staff in the World Bank World Development Indicators is 34. 2 percent in 1993. We match district-level historical IMR data from various rounds of the Census of India to the IHDS.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Diane Coffey ,  Habiba Djebbari ,  Aashish Gupta , and the participants of the  International Seminar on Food Security in India at the University of Allahabad , the  WASH 2014 Conference in Brisbane , the 2014 Water & Health Conference at  UNC , and a seminar at the  World Bank Water and Sanitation Program in Delhi. We would also like to thank the editor and two anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors.
Phase 1 We performed a literature review about misleading, biased, misconducted, or misinterpreted systematic reviews to identify potential types of spin that could overstate efficacy or understate harm. We searched (1) important methodological work on spin and extracted potential types of spin that could be apply to systematic reviews, (2) recommendations on how a systematic review should be reported and interpreted and determined how this could be spin (For this purpose, we searched the Cochrane Handbook, part 2: ''general methods for Cochrane review''  [29]  and the Methodological standards for the conduct of Cochrane Intervention Review version 2  [30] ), (3) letters, comments, or editorials about the interpretation of systematic review findings, which could be a potential strategy of spin, in two databases, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Methodology Register, and (4) main articles with recommendations about systematic reviews and meta-analysis interpretation [31e37].
Acknowledgments The authors thank  Laura Smales  ( BioMedEditing, Toronto, Canada ) for English language proofreading. The authors thank all participants of the survey who agreed to be named:  Roland Bachter ,  Ruth Brassington ,  Mohammed T. Ansari ,  Evan Mayo-Wilson ,  Yoon K. Loke ,  Wilco Jacobs ,  Mariska M. G. Leeflang ,  Lucy Turner ,.
Methodology Given that television is the media with the highest audience ratings in Colombia  (CNTV, 2011 (CNTV, , 2009 (CNTV, , 2005)) , this study analyses the news stories broadcasted by the four national evening news programs: Telepaís and CM& (broadcast by the public network Canal Uno), and Noticias Caracol and Noticias RCN (broadcast by the two private channels). These four news programs were recorded between June 2006 and June 2008. As the media archives of the media in Colombia are not available, the data for this study was collected over a particular period. This implies that the study of a longer period would make it possible to confirm whether the tendencies observed in this study are on-going or not. The following dates were chosen at random:  12 -15 June 2006; 11 -15 December 2006; 25 -29 June 2007; 10 -14 December 2007 and 16  to 20 June 2008.
Background: Climate change has been recognized as both one of the biggest threats and the biggest opportunities for global health in the 21st century. This trend review seeks to assess and characterize the amount and type of scientific literature on the link between climate change and human health. Design: We tracked the use of climate-related terms and their co-occurrence with health terms during the 25 years since the first Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, from 1990 to 2014, in two scientific databases and in the IPCC reports. We investigated the trends in the number of publications about health and climate change through time, by nature of the health impact under study, and by geographic area. We compared the scientific production in the health field with that of other sectors on which climate change has an impact.
Results: The number of publications was extremely low in both databases from 1990 (325 and 1,004, respectively) until around 2006 (1,332 and 4,319, respectively), which has since then increased exponentially in recent years (6,079 and 17,395, respectively, in 2014). However, the number of climate change papers regarding health is still about half that of other sectors. Certain health impacts, particularly malnutrition and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), remain substantially understudied. Approximately two-thirds of all published studies were carried out in OECD countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), predominantly in Europe and North America. Conclusions: There is a clear need for further research on the links between climate change and health. This pertains particularly to research in and by those countries in which health will be mostly affected and capacity to adapt is least.
Methods We surveyed publications from 1990 to 2014, beginning in the year of the first IPCC report. The databases searched were PubMed and Science Direct and search terms were set and combined according to the database features (see Supplementary File). Science Direct was used because of its breadth and inclusion of topics outside of health, and PubMed was screened for its focus on medical and public health publications  (16). The number of publications appearing were counted and plotted over time or across relevant categories. All searches were performed in English. In order to be included for review, an article had to contain one climate term and one health term in either the title, abstract, or as a MeSH term (for PubMed searches). Climate change terms were selected following consultation of the literature and with experts to account for the differing terminology in use since 1990: climate change, global warming, climate variability, and greenhouse effect.
Overall, six different bibliometric searches were performed: 1 & 2) overall trend of publications on 'climate change' and 'climate change and health' (conducted in two separate databases); 3) number of publications on climate change and health in comparison with other sectors; 4) trends of publications according to health impact; 5) number of publications according to geographical region; and 6) number of mentions of 'health' in the IPCC reports (Table  1 ). Detailed search strategies are documented in Supplementary File. In order to assess the overall trend of publications over time (search 1, search 2), a cluster of health-related search terms were used to capture a wide range of publications concerned with health issues ('mortality', 'morbidity', and 'disease'). The number of publications including only a climate change key word ('climate change', 'global warming', 'climate variability', or 'greenhouse effect') was tracked in the same databases to show the proportion of climate change literature evoking health.
The number of publications mentioning both climate change and health was compared with the number of publications linking climate change to four other important sectors (transportation, industry, economy, and energy) to provide context for our results (search 3). For search 4, we measured the number of publications linking climate change to specific health outcomes. The health impacts were classified according to the categories of climate changeÁrelated diseases given in the 5th IPCC Report into effects of extreme events, infectious disease, respiratory disease, nutrition, and others  (7). Next, all captured publications were categorized according to the geographic region, using the United Nation lists of nations and regions as keywords in a database search (search 5)  (17). The names of countries in their corresponding region (i.
Results The number of publications between 1990 and 2014 on 'climate change' and 'climate change and health' are presented in Fig. 1a  and b. Publications on health in Science Direct remained in the three-digit range until 2003 (barring a peak in 1996). We observed an exponential trend since 2003, albeit with a flatter slope for health publications (Fig. 1a ). The search was also carried out in PubMed, where the same increasing trend was observed, with the number of publications on climate change and health crossing the three-digit mark in 2004, plateauing briefly in 2010, and continuing to increase through 2014 (Fig. 1b ). Figure  2  shows the number of publications per sector indexed in the database Science Direct  (44, 193). Among these sectors, the topic of health in association with climate change was less studied.
Funding agencies and academic and non-academic institutions could partner with the many excellent research Searches were performed using the UN list of nations and regions as key words  (17). This cartogram was generated with the QGIS-cartogram plugin developed by Carson Farmer and Morten Wulff  (18). The World Map Shapefile used to generate the cartogram was created by Bjorn Sandvik  (19). Data from PubMed searches were provided for each UN subregion. As the shapefile and cartogram software depended on unique weights per country, the data were normalized against area for each country within each UN subregion. Data for the United Kingdom, the United States, and China were specifically isolated from their respective UN subregion and were provided with their own weights. networks and centers in the global South in order to build research capacity where the problems are the greatest.
Strengths and limitations of search methods Our search methods yield an overall picture of the trends in climate change and health research from 1990 to 2014 (searches 1 and 2). In relying on database search engines to capture relevant articles, we risk including publications that would be filtered out in a systematic or scoping review. These searches will elicit results on all types of biological health, not only human health. Articles dealing with various health effects or regions may also have been included more than once. However, the trends in publications over time, health impact studied, and geographic region studied are so significant that it seems they would persist even taking into account a certain amount of misclassification, which in any case would not have been systematic. Moreover, our findings on the number of publications on climate change and health between 2008 and 2010 correspond with the results of Hosking and CampbellÁLendrum, providing confirmation for this method  (13).
Both databases, PubMed and Science Direct, evidenced an increase in the number of publications on climate change and health, but to different degrees. In Science Direct, the number of publications on climate change and health increased in parallel with the publications on climate change alone. However, the number of publications on climate change and health articles in PubMed increased by a rate over 60% greater than publications on climate change alone. This is likely to be attributable to the difference in focus of the two databases. As Science Direct includes more articles on non-health-related topics, the relative proportion of climate change articles mentioning health would likely be less than in PubMed, which has a medical focus. Science Direct may therefore give a more accurate impression of the weight of the health argument among climate change scientists.
Summary This review noted an increase in publications on climate change and health between 1990 and 2014 in the literature from two scientific databases, PubMed and Science Direct, as well as in the IPCC reports. In addition, our results demonstrated a continuing underrepresentation of certain topics, health effects, and regions where climate change is projected to have important effects. In spite of the increasing focus on the public health implications of a changing climate on the part of civil society and governments and multilateral bodies, publications on health continue to constitute only a minority of the literature on climate change.
Acknowledgements This article was written in the scope of a research project entitled '4CHealth' focusing on communication of climate change and health. It is a research project initiated by the  Centre Virchow-Villerme for Public Health and the Institute for Public Health of the University of Heidelberg. The authors thank all project members for their input and ideas. The authors also thank  Jordan Schneider  for creating the cartogram representing global publications on climate change and health. His knowledge and expertise were invaluable.
In Moreover, 61 percent of sand drawings are mono-linear. These statistical data allowed Gerdes to conclude that the creators of these procedures preferred mono-linear drawings with a certain degree of symmetry. More precisely, the sources suggest that these creators have sometimes investigated sand drawing procedures dealing with both concepts of symmetry and mono-linearity simultaneously. Gerdes gives the example of two very similar sand drawings (which carry the same vernacular name), differing in one and only one crossing. These two drawings are most likely variation of one another (see Figure  10 ). The concepts of symmetry and mono-linearity are then omnipresent within the Tchokwe corpus, as well as in the Vanuatu corpus of sand drawings. However, besides this common feature, Gerdes' analysis of Tchokwe sand drawings suggests significant differences in the cognitive acts underlying the creation of these patterns in these two societies.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by the  University of Padova  (" Progetto Giovani " 2010, to R. R. , prot. :  GRIC101142  and " Progetto di Ateneo " 2012 to R. L. prot. CPDA127200) and by an  ERC   Advanced Grant  ( PREMESOR ERC-2011-ADG_20110406 ) to G. V. , and by  R15HD065629-01  from the  Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development  to K. M.
Data collection and analysis To answer research question one and research question two, the following research methods were employed: desk study, on-site interviews and gap analysis. To understand how decentralization is being implemented currently, secondary data in the form of academic, profes-sional and government publications were used in conducting the desk study. This study facilitated the mapping of the institutions involved in DRR in Indonesia, together with the legal and policy context. These mapping activities were fundamental to understanding the mechanics of governance and the extent and role of decentralization. A field investigation was undertaken to Indonesia to better understand how the DRR framework is being implemented currently and to deduce the barriers that are critical to implementation.
Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank the  UNESCO Jakarta office  for being the focal point of this study on the ground in Indonesia, and in particular to  Ardito Kodijat  for the sharing of his great experience and networks in DRR in the country. We are most grateful to all those who gave their time for interview and shared their insight into DRR in Indonesia and in developing states in general. We acknowledge the support within the  Memorandum of Understanding between UNESCO-IHE  and the  Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment (Assistance for Disaster Risk Management project ). Edited by:  M. Keiler Reviewed  by:  R. Djalante  and one anonymous referee References Agency for Research and Development, Ministry of Public Works, interview, 24 June 2013. Ardanaz, M. , Leiras M.