dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The stereomicroscope analysis of surfaces suggested that longer grinding sequences of some of the plants processed in the experiments are required in order to obtain clear use-wear signatures (i. e. , legumes, coarse grinding of cereals). The next steps in the project will connect the experimental data with the archaeological database, the analysis of plant micro-remains, and will also explore the blended use of querns with other tools types, such as mortars and pestles (made of wood and or stone) in the preparation of food recipes. All these experimental data will definitely have important implications for the interpretation of grinding stone tools in the context of transformation of culinary practices in ancient societies.
Acknowledgements This work has been funded by the  European Research Council  project " PLANTCULT: Identifying the food cultures of ancient Europe ", under the  European Union   Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  (Grant Agreement No  682529 , Consolidator Grant  2016-2021. We would like to thank the team grinders  Eleftheria Almasidou  and  Pavlos Lathiras. The microbotanical team  Sofia Laparidou ,  Calla McNamee  and  Georgia Tsarsidou. Members  of the Geology Dept. (AUTH) participating in the expeditions,  Dr. Lambrini Papadopoulou ,  Aris Stamatiadis ,  Nikos Kardakos ,  Thomas Dimitroudis ,  Giannis Galanis ,  Eleni Michailidou ,  Eutychia Petika  and  Anna Bourliva. Prof. Vergopoulos  and the technician  Mr. Dinos Pavlides  (3D analysis, Dep. of Architecture AUTH). We would also like to thank the suppliers of plant ingredients used in the experiments: grass pea from  Agrino Company (Greece) , the malt from  Vergina Beer (Greece) , the acorns from  Kosmati, Greneva (Greece , special thanks to  Ioanna Mimi  and her family), the  Grünkern from Germany  (special thanks to  Hans-Peter Stika  and  Marian Berihuete-Azorin ), and the millet from Lithuania (special thanks to  Giedre Motuzaite Matuzeviciute ).
Multilingual critical editions:-ekdosis can be used to typeset texts and various layers of critical notes 8 in any direction accepted by LuaT E X, which makes it adapted to rare or lesserknown languages. Texts can be arranged in running paragraphs or on facing pages, in any number of columns which in turn can be synchronized or not. It is also suitable for complex layouts, such as Arabic poetry or images where three-way alignment is required, 9 diagrams, etc. 2. Database-driven encoding under L A T E X, which allows extractions of texts entered segment by segment according to various criteria: main edited text, variant readings or translated texts and annotated borrowings between texts. From a given main text-whether it be critically edited or not-ekdosis can select, display and arrange in aligned columns other recensions or parallel texts.
Finally, the segments found in these separate domains are connected together by means of <linkGrp> and <link> elements. This technique naturally applies to alignment of parallel texts in multilingual corpora, but is also well suited for parallel redactions and borrowings which can be further annotated using the \note command which ekdosis translates into TEI <note> elements with associated type attributes. 22 V CONCLUDING REMARKS Fig. 4  shows Caesar's Gallic War, VI, 13. 1 critical edition in print as it is typeset by ekdosis from the L A T E X source file that has been commented on here. Arguably, this is how it should be read in a "non-actionable" form. Of course, displaying in like manner more texts or more translations would soon become impossible, not to say irrelevant. Yet ekdosis can select a handful of versions out of many and display them properly in print while building a database meant to stand for queries and extraction of data.
Participants One hundred and nineteen Rwandans participated in the study. Recruitment was done by Rwandan research assistants who verbally disseminated the information in different neighborhoods in Kigali (capital of Rwanda). Data collection took place over two three-week periods in July 2015 and August 2015. There were three inclusion criteria: (1) being at least 30 years of age, so that participants would have been old enough at the time of the genocide to remember the events; (2) having been present in Rwanda during the genocide; and (3) being able to speak and read Kinyarwanda. This last criterion was necessary because a large part of the study required reading questionnaires and task instructions on a computer screen. Seven participants had incomplete n-back measures (missing a data point in one of the four conditions), they were not included in the analyses.
RESULTS Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software. A first series of analyses was carried out to validate that the groups were equivalent, in terms of sex, age, and level of education, as well as in level of stress, mood and degree of trauma exposure (see Table  2  for descriptive statistics). The mean trauma exposure score for all participants was 4. 42 (SD = 2. 10) on the scale ranging from 0 to 9. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed with group as a between-subject factor. There were no significant differences between groups, on age, perceived stress, mood and trauma exposure, F(4, 85) < 1. 28, and p > 0. 13. Gender and level of education also did not significantly differ between groups, X 2 < 12. 0, p > 0. 20.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the  National Ethics Committee of the Republic of Rwanda , the  National Commission for Unity and Reconciliation , the  National Commission  for the Fight against Genocide and the  Ethics Committee of the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières. We also thank our research assistants for their invaluable help,  Dancille Mukarubibi ,  Emmanuel Habumugisha  and  André Hakorimama. Finally , we are extremely grateful for each individual Rwandans who participated in our study and made it possible for this project to take place. This article is part of the first author's dissertation and will be made available on the university's website (www. uqtr. ca)upon acceptance.
123 Adding the exclusive adverb seul 'only' triggers the same effect: a non-response cannot agree. 15 In the question in (  22 ), the adverb seule is associated with the focussed DP Marie. The non-response may only reverse the nucleus and assert that other people (other than Marie) did not finish their plate. In this and similar cases, the only way to give an agreeing response is with oui (22 B2). I have tested several scope-bearing operators (in subject, object, and oblique positions (where applicable)). 16 I summarize the data in (23). 17 15. I show in Sect. 7. 2 that focussed DPs, in a contrastive context and in the absence of the (overt) adverb seul 'only', also trigger the obligatory use of reversal non. 16. See database available at https://jeremy-pasquereau. jimdo. com. 17. As mentioned earlier in Sect.
Acknowledgements Thanks are due in the first instance to  Rajesh Bhatt  for discussion and comments on several drafts of this paper, and to the speakers of French I consulted from the  Nantes area. Several colleagues provided valuable input on earlier drafts:  Vincent Homer ,  Seth Cable ,  Lyn Frazier ,  Alejandro Perez Carballo ,  Donka Farkas ,  Adrian Brasoveanu ,  Patricia Cabredo Hofherr , and  Matthew Baerman. I benefitted as well from the input of audiences at Ambigo 2018 and Sinn und Bedeutung 2019.
This is especially helpful when I was not adequately prepared for the shoot. Most often however, the photographs were taken for a very specific geographic project or they are taken for an ongoing project such as gentrification or migration. In all cases, they are combined with other types of data and references that include newspapers and other media. Although not nearly as striking as the work of Camilo Jose  Vergara (1995; 2013)   how you store -or archive -your photographs, how you organize them, in order to then select some of them and use them in your research and teaching? JK: Whenever I take such a walk I think of Michel de Certeau creating the city in the course of movement through it  (Certeau 129 ). I mention "movement" because there are other modes I have used to survey scenes, doing my shooting out of car windows, on bicycles, and on public transport.
The power of the laser was no higher than 80 µW to avoid thermal phase transition. Punctual spectra were performed with 50 s of acquisition; mapping was performed with 20 s of acquisition and 1 µm spacing. In order to select a representative area of the patina for Raman mapping, previous spectra were performed all along the cross section of the rust. Acquisition and phase assignment were done with WIRE (v. 3. 4, Renishaw plc) and Multicorr software, which was developed at the Laboratoire "Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l'Altération" (LAPA)  [23]. Mutlicorr software calculates principal component analysis (PCA), a commonly used algorithm for data mining. In our study, the data treatment is based on the calculation of spectral components supporting the maximum of information by the maximization of the covariance on a Raman map dataset.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) The same cross-sectional areas of the patinas that were mapped using Raman spectroscopy were analyzed using a Jeol JSM 7001F SEM instrument (JEOL Ltd. , Tokyo, Japan) equipped with secondary backscattered electron detectors. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was also performed with Oxford Aztec software (v. 2. 2 Oxford Instruments plc) attached to the SEM working at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and using a silicon drift detector.
We completed these two studies with a final one, the logico-cognitive analysis. This which allowed us to look for contextual clues, which were produced by the texts in the documentary environment. It was therefore possible to formalize information and communication operations thanks to the reference discourse's targeted environment in view of designing an automated information system. conveys information and communication operations. It consists in extracting information from a set of heterogeneous technical documents. Such heterogeneity stems from the composite nature of the data (framework, texts, acronyms, symbols, etc. ) which must be analyzed in order to offer recommendations to improve the structure (form, order, etc. ) of MDPH documents.
Characteristics of the corpus Our corpus consists of technical documents produced by the administration of social affairs (Rhône, Calvados, Isère) and intended for an audience of people with disabilities. The latter individuals have motor, physical, auditory, visual, and / or psychic impairments. In order to improve the users' social status and to expedite their requests, analyzing the content of the documents becomes necessary in an ef-fort to suggest a simpler process to access digital administrative information. We note that the MDPH technical documents are composed of linguistic data and graphic data (images, frames, initials, symbols, etc. ). Data is contingent on the producers of the documents in paper form and is intended for aid applicants. Mixed structuration is observed in textual and/ or iconographic blocks.
Method for describing the thematic base of block titles: An inventory of title themes In our corpus, a document links a producer (administrator, author), and an applicant (consumer, disabled) via two elements that are a discourse (an argumentative and iconographic content) and a medium (paper). For the formalization of the database architecture, we begin with the salient parts of the technical document that evoke referential objects. Titles are viewed as prominent traces that require prioritization. This extraction makes it possible to make the inventory of the themes (SN) in the communication of the information. i. The textual data in the technical documents take the form of a list of statements (1). ii. The study of these propositions allows us to observe block structures with frames for the titles and paragraphs with specialized content (2).
). With regard to engaged governance, a good cooperation between different types of actors was noted, as well as the participation of a wide and differentiated range of actors. Moreover, some institutions showed a good ability to cooperate in the general interest (Sponz Fest together with six municipalities). However, the poor propensity of some local administrations to engage in a more democratic approach and in vertical collaboration persisted (Translations workshop), as did the existence of conflictual situations between residents and non-residents, due to different interests (Cairano 7x) or to the reluctance of some inhabitants to an innovative approach. It is also necessary to underline data from the interviews that the indicators did not reveal. The administration of the Municipality of Calitri highlighted that following the SponzFest sales of properties for holiday homes of Italian and foreign visitors were recorded in the historic centre.
In addition, to support the survey, quantitative data were collected for some sample indicators. Analyzing the requests for building maintenance and rehabilitation in the municipalities examined, the data show a slight increase since 2015. Although in these municipalities of a few inhabitants, the numbers of requests are low, the data show a constant trend, particularly positive in the municipality of Calitri, which from 2015 shows an almost exponential growth. This data can be referred both to the indicator "development of actions for the care of cultural heritage" of the "people-place connection" attribute, as well as to the "development of interest in heritage-led actions" related to the "diverse and innovative economy" attribute. The latter was also verified by collecting data on the number of the employed population (between 15 and 64 years of age).
To avoid these risks, it is recommended to monitor data over a longer period of time and, as pointed out by  Evans (2005) , to evaluate the sustainability and distributive equity of cultural and creative practices "seeking better engagement/consultation with local communities to improve ownership of the (cultural) project and (local) benefits"  (DCMS 2003, p. 2). Starting from these findings, it is possible to identify some elements that could positively influence Heritage Community and Community Resilience, in a self-sustaining circuit. A plurality of actors and competences has proved to be a fertile element for all practices. The involvement of the local community, internal and external organizers, of external people who had never before visited those places, of both local and external heritage experts was observed in each practice.
Besides the rich lithic and ochre samples, DRS has yielded a large and taxonomically diverse faunal assemblage, reflecting the various habitats present around the site  50, 51. Existing taphonomic data indicate that Verreaux's eagle (Aquila verreauxii) may be responsible for the accumulation of some of the small mammal, tortoise and bird remains  50, 51. A few coprolites found in one Early Howiesons Poort and two post-Howiesons Poort stratigraphic units suggest visits of the rock shelter by hyenids. While these carnivores might have brought in some of the remains, including the hyenid and canid bones, which are common in hyena-accumulated assemblages, Steele and Klein  50  identify people as the main accumulators of the faunal assemblage. The diversity of ungulates suggests the adoption of varied acquisition strategies by the inhabitants of the rock shelter, targeting medium to large gregarious individuals as well as smaller solitary ones.
Acknowledgements The support of the  DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences (CoE in Palaeosciences ) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the  CoE in Palaeosciences. We would like to thank  Louisa Hutten  and  Dolores Jacobs  from the  Department of Archaeology at the University of Cape Town  as well as  Shaw Badenhorst  and  Wynand van Zyl  from the  Ditsong Museum in Pretoria  for facilitating access to the archaeological sample and modern reference collections. AV would like to thank  Cuan Hahndiek  for the use of a picture of the site in Fig. 1 and  Jonathan Reeves  for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
-Spurious Correlations and non-sense in Big Data. Taking a step aside. This is the social pressure underlying and justifying the "everything is information" myth. The reduction of human activities and intelligence to "elaboration/transmission of information" by input-output devices continually compares human activities to machines, a fantastic tool when soundly used, but often overestimated in their performances and presented as threatening the human intellect. The worst example is perhaps the new fashion of un-scientific Data on Big Data, as immense reservoirs of information. Big Data and their sound statistical analysis are an opportunity without precedent if they are used to produce hypotheses, to (in-)validate theories and to propose new ones. But, to the contrary, and in a truly viral manner, some think today that we can optimize thought, by reducing it to zero: sufficiently powerful algorithms could in the end "replace scientific knowledge" (sic!).
This is supposed to predict all kinds of dynamics and to direct action, without the need of a hypothesis, a theory or knowledge. The bigger a database, yotta of yotta bites, the more, they claim, we can avoid thinking: "machines will discern regularities that the science does not see", but which are sufficient to predict and act  (Anderson, 2008). "We kill based on Data Mining on metadata" declared the former CIA director, M. Hayden, in a debate ( https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=UdQiz0Vavmc ). Luckily, mathematics allows to demonstrate the absurdity of these perspectives. In  (Calude & Longo, 2016a) , by a simple application of classical, not trivial results, we pointed out the "Deluge of Spurious Correlations in Big Data". In short, for any given "correlation between numbers", one can compute a number of elements, let's say m, such that any set of data (of numbers) having at least m elements satisfies the pre-given correlation.
It is therefore also the case for a set of numbers, a database, produced by a random process, by throwing of dice or quantum measurements: The correlation will appear there as well and will then be "spurious", because it occurs by chance. In other words, the presence of correlations may only depend on the size of the database and do not grant themselves in any case prediction nor taking action. In this way, in order not to think, these authors of algorithms who say they in principle ignore theories, including the ergodic theory, theories of algorithms and of finite combinatorics, that we applied for our result, are confronted with internal limits demonstrated by and within these theories: Spurious correlations inevitably infiltrates very large sets of numbers. This makes any kind of prediction risky when this one is not based on a thought that gives meaning and that enables us to choose what counts, beginning with the choice of what and how to measure and thus to associate it to a number.
This may also allow us to better use this fantastic discrete state machine for the elaboration of information, and its networks, and to invent new machines. Human beings will certainly invent yet another machine, if we do not identify this one and its algorithms for elaborating information with the world, if we abandon the necessity to work in the same computational modalities, evaluated, or with our actions predicted, by normalizing techniques without thought, like in the science handled by Big Data and bibliometrics. Making the founding principle explicit, in order to re-think them critically, is at the core of the scientific approach and its ethics. Science is not "elaboration of information", even less the extrapolation from Big Data, but a historical construction of sense of the world, by a continual invention of new concepts and structures.
In  [3, 31] , an FE analysis is carried out using the computer code MIDAS-FEA and is based on a macroscopic nonlinear material model of masonry. The reinforcement is modelled using two layers of continuum isotropic materials, the textile and the matrix, perfectly bonded to the masonry substrate. In  [5, 34] , numerical simulations are conducted in Ansys. In  [5] , masonry and mortar jackets are modelled separately, using three-dimensional elements. The internal reinforcement grid is discretised through three-dimensional spar elements embedded in the mortar mesh. Nonlinear constitutive laws are adopted for masonry and mortar jackets. Moreover, full displacement compatibility between the mortar jacketing and the internal grid prevents bond slippage. The approach proposed in  [34]  is based on similar assumptions; however, the strengthening layer is modelled with two-dimensional shell elements.
In  [19, 32, 33, 35] , numerical analyses are performed using the commercial FE package DIANA. The masonry wall is modelled as an equivalent homogeneous material in which the mechanical characteristics of mortar joints and masonry units are smeared. A perfect bond is adopted between the reinforcement and masonry panel as well as at the matrix-fibre interface. Notably, in all the cited works, the masonry is treated as an equivalent homogeneous material and the masonry substrate is put in perfect contact with the external reinforcement. In this paper, we propose an original multiscale approach for simulating the failure of TRM-reinforced masonry. The main feature of our approach is the introduction of cohesive contact laws at a microscopic scale, i. e. , between masonry bricks and mortar joints and between reinforcement layers and wall substrate, through three-dimensional cohesive elements.
Mechanical Characterisation of Materials Experimental tests for the mechanical characterisation of materials were conducted after a curing period of 28 days and followed standard approaches, even though numerous testing methodologies are available in the masonry component literature  [38, 39]. The tests are described in Table  2  by type, specimens, tested materials and derived mechanical properties. The results of mean values and coefficients of variation (CV) are reported in Table  3. The grids' and anchors' mechanical properties were provided by the manufacturers (Table  4 ). As seen from Tables  2  and 3 , GM and BM elastic constants were not investigated during the materials' characterisation. However, these parameters were required for implementing our numerical model. For GM, the manufacturer's dataset only provided an upper limit of 8000 N/mm 2 for the compression modulus.
Acknowledgements Every research is the result of a collective effort. I would therefore like to thank my tutors,  Professor Arianna Arisi Rota  and  Professor Xavier Tabet , for their consistent support in helping me to carry on this study, and  Professor Silvana Patriarca  for her always punctual assistance. Heartfelt thanks go to  Professor Paolo Capuzzo , who was the first to believe in this research. Finally, thank you to  Jacopo Bonasera ,  Enrico Ciappi ,  Sarah Miclet , and  Luca Nigro  for having kindly read and corrected the various drafts of this work.
Virtual Representation of Fabrics The virtual representation of fabrics and clothes in 3D forms is a widely investigated area, where different topics are included. For example,  [33]  deals with real-time 3D clothes rendering while  [34]  or  [35]  investigate how to reproduce the physical movement of knitted clothes. In our study, historical silk fabrics are represented in 3D at yarn level and in real-time, so different aspects must be taken into account: the visual aspect of silk yarns, different weave techniques, performance of the visualization software, etc. It has to be noted that, in our case, the represented fabrics are static, so the physical simulation and its performance are not tackled. To get a better understanding of how historical silk fabrics are weaved, Virtual Loom creates a realistic 3D view at the yarn level.