dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
g. , at 135°E and 195°E) with smaller downslope extent. Other evidence of hemispherical differences OLA acquires a peak-height measurement of the returned pulse that can be mapped over Bennu's surface  (6, 29). Because this measurement returns the peak pulse height and not the integrated energy, it is not strictly a measurement of albedo at the OLA wavelength of 1064 nm, considering that surface roughness over the size of a ≈ 7-cm laser spot can stretch the pulse and lower the peak height for the same energy. A similar effect can occur for large incidence angles, although the nominally nadir observation geometry in this dataset should largely confine such an effect to the sides of boulders. For our purposes here, we refer to the peak height measurements as albedo, recognizing that they may also be indicative of other effects.
This albedo dataset, superimposed on the shape model (Fig. 7 ), shows that Bennu has large regions with predominantly higher or lower surface albedo, consistent with image analysis  (26). The surface generally falls into the 2 to 6% range in our dataset with an average of 4. 5%. We also observe a small number of very high-albedo boulders identified in image data and posited to be exogenic by  (30). The spatial patterns of low-albedo areas differ between the two hemispheres. In the southern hemisphere, we observe large-scale, low-albedo-delineated surface features, some of which are correlated with latitudinal high-slope areas and boulders. These surface features S C I E N C E A D V A N C E S | R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E 7 of 11 generally occur in the transition region between the sloped southern cap and the flatter equatorial region.
Global DTM The GDTM of Bennu was created using a series of individual 5. 5-min continuous OLA scans taken at a measurement rate of 10 kHz between 1 July and 5 August 2019. Each of these scans (e. g. , fig. S1 ) overlapped the previous scan in a sequence that typically consisted of 15 to 20 scans (e. g. , fig. S2 ). OLA scans are referenced with unique scan identifiers (scan IDs), and this dataset consists of scan IDs 4000 through 4910, with scans 4711 through 4729 excluded due to an instrument power-up anomaly and subsequent operational execution using obsolete software. The scans were corrected for spacecraft position, spacecraft pointing, and Bennu's rotation using the SPICE framework  (36, 37). They were then assembled into a self-consistent global point cloud by iteratively minimizing the differences between matched features in overlapping scans as described in  (13, 14)  until the scan mismatches were balanced over all the scans.
Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the entire OSIRIS-REx team for making the encounter with Bennu possible. Funding: The OLA build and Canadian science support were provided by a contract with the  Canadian Space Agency. The United States team contributions were supported by the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration  under contract  NNM10AA11C  issued through the  New Frontiers Program. Y. Z. acknowledges funding from the  Université Côte d'Azur  "Individual grants for young researchers" programme of IDEX JEDI. P. M. acknowledges funding from the  French space agency CNES , from  Academies of Excellence: Complex Systems and Space, Environment, Risk , and  Resilience , part of the IDEX JEDI of the  Université Côte d'Azur , and from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement no.
, 2018) , to well beyond the DoC  (Valiente et al. , 2019). However, these morphological studies have relied on very scarce or no velocity measurements along the headland. Accordingly, little is known on the relation between incident wave conditions and headland rip activity and, more generally, on the wave-induced circulation activity occurring along geologically constrained beaches. The present study attempts to bridge this knowledge gap by analyzing dense and high-frequency wave and current data collected during a comprehensive 3-week field experiment carried out in one of Anglet beaches (SW France) in October 2018  (Mouragues et al. , 2020). After briefly presenting the field experiment in section 2, flow measurements are examined over the entire measurement period in section 3. 1. Next, in section 3.
Hydrodynamic Data Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) and surf-zone drifters were deployed in the vicinity of the reef and the headland for measuring Eulerian and Lagrangian velocities, respectively. Eulerian and Lagrangian velocities are analyzed in terms of cross-shore and longshore velocities (U C and U L , respectively). U C > 0 (U C < 0) indicates offshore (onshore)-directed flow, while U L > 0 (U L < 0) indicates a shore-parallel flow directed away from the headland (toward the headland; Figure  2a ). The shore-parallel direction corresponds to 30 • in nautical convention. Four ADCPs were installed at strategic locations across the field site (Figure  2a ) and were continuously recording pressure and velocity profile throughout the water column. SIG1 (Nortek Signature 500 kHz; 4 Hz; cell size: 0.
(  2009 ) and consisted of a 110-cm long thin PVC mast, upon which a GPS antenna was mounted. The mast was attached to a 40-cm long submerged PVC tube, acting as ballast, with a damping plate and external fins to minimize surfing behavior. The drifter positions were telemetered in real time to a coastal ground station to aid deployment logistics in large surf and data logging in case of loss of drifters in such a high-energy environment. Drifter positions were monitored using QPS Qinsy hydrographic data acquisition software. Drifter position and velocity uncertainties are estimated to be less than 3 m and approximately 0. 1 m/s, respectively. Such drifter design has been previously used for measuring surface flows associated with rips (e. g. ,  MacMahan et al. , 2010; McCarroll et al. , 2014; Scott et al.
Video Data Images of the field site were collected in order to provide a visual insight of circulation patterns. A fixed camera was installed at the top of the lighthouse (located at the tip of the headland; Figure  2a ) approximately 70 m above the mean sea level and recorded high-frequency images (1 Hz) of circulation occurring on the reef and close to the most landward half of the headland (Figure  2b ). The collected images were rectified using spatially distributed ground control points (GCPs) and converted into cross-shore and longshore coordinates. A moving average (over 30 s) was applied to the rectified images in order to filter out waves and emphasize foam and streaks and further qualitatively depict surface currents. The resulting images were compiled into videos, hereafter referred to as timex videos, some of which are provided as supporting information (a text file [Supporting Information S1] is also provided to explain in detail the content of the supporting information).
Depending on data availability, instantaneous drifter trajectories (red dots), ADCP velocity magnitudes and directions (magenta arrows), and smoothed bathymetry contours (yellow lines) are overlaid on timex videos. Additional video monitoring was made using a camera-equipped UAV (e. g. , Figure  2c ). In the present paper, timex videos derived from the fixed camera are used to visualize circulation patterns. Detection algorithms for computing surface current velocities such as particle image velocimetry or optical flow were not implemented and are subject to future work. Here, a visual interpretation of timex videos is made to complement the quantitative analysis of hydrodynamic data collected by the ADCPs and the drifters. This analysis will be presented in section 3. 2. , where sign(P L ) corresponds to the sign of P L , (blue dots) and its 12 hr-averaged values (black line).
Shore-Normal Configuration In this section, we describe the circulation patterns depicted under near shore-normal incident waves discriminating moderate-energy (Event F1, H s = 1. 0 m, T p = 11 s) and high-energy (Event F2, H s = 1. 9 m, T p = 14 s) wave conditions. The left panels in Figure  5  show the time evolution of Eulerian currents at SIG2 and SIG3 during a whole tide cycle on 22 October 2018 (Event F1), with the corresponding mean Lagrangian flow near neap low tide level shown in Figure  6. Given that only SIG2 and SIG3 were collecting data at that time, Eulerian currents were only measured far offshore of the surf zone. Lagrangian measurements in the surf zone indicate the presence of an approximately 150-m wide circulation cell flowing anticlockwise against the headland. Mean offshore-and onshore-directed flows reached 0.
2 m/s (0. 2 m/s) and 0. 3 m/s (0. 3 m/s), respectively, which is consistent with Lagrangian surface velocities. Around high tide, the mean depth-averaged deflection rip intensity is well below 0. 1 m/s for each current profiler while the mean surface deflection rip intensity reaches 0. 13 and 0. 10 m/s at SIG2 and SIG3, respectively. Eulerian velocities also display strong VLF rip pulsations with characteristic periods around 30 and 50 min. Around the second low tide in Figure  12 , the deflection rip is much stronger due to increasing offshore wave obliquity (Figure  3c ). For very high-energy and highly oblique incident waves (Event D2), only the Eulerian data from SIG1 and AQ were available (Figure  14 ). The magenta dashed line in Figure  14b  represents the time evolution of wave breaking water depth h br defined as h br = H s,0 ∕0.
During the high-energy deflection event, only Eulerian data far offshore (SIG1) and above the reef in the surf zone (AQ) were available. Although offshore Eulerian measurements indicate that the rip was mostly active around low tide, with much weaker depth-averaged intensities around high tide (Figure  14a ), the spatial evolution of the deflection pattern with increasing P L is still unclear. Overall, the data analysis presented above suggests that the circulation pattern may substantially differ as the incident wave energy increases, which is in line with the conceptual embayment circulation model proposed by  Short and Masselink (1999). Such circulation pattern may be potentially locally affected by the degree of local morphological complexity. For each circulation pattern depicted in this study, wave-driven current intensities displayed VLF fluctuations.
Materials and methods The study was designed as a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. All study procedures and data collection took place in the Department of Surgical Oncology, at the Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand, France, during the period April 2012-December 2016. The study protocol was approved by a competent authority and the local ethics committee, and registered online at ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT01855529). The work is reported in compliance with the code of ethics of the World Medical Association the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines. To be eligible for enrollment patients were to be diagnosed with operable breast cancer treated by unilateral simple mastectomy, irrespective of the axillary procedure performed (axillary abstention, axillary sentinel lymph node procedure, or axillary lymph node dissection).
These data were collected by a nurse every 4 h in the first 48 h. Any abnormality at the site of administration (local inflammation, pain, or pruritus) including technical problems with wound catheter function (incorrect insertion, unintentional removal, blockage, or leakage) was recorded. Complications (hematoma, seroma, infection, and secondary interventions) were recorded. Patients were questioned at 1, 3, and 6 mo about residual and chronic pain and quality of life (standardized QLQ-C30 score).
Results Between June 2013 and June 2016, 150 patients were included and randomized in the study, 76 in the control group and 74 in the local ropivacaine infiltration group. Fifty-five patients were excluded, 27 in the control group and 28 in the ropivacaine infiltration group. We were not able to collect any data for these patients. The reasons for exclusion were various: screening failure or consent withdrawn just after randomization. Fifteen technical problems were also reasons for exclusion, particularly at the beginning of the study before the nursing staff had been trained in the administration technique (Table  1 ). Finally, data were obtained on the primary outcome for only 95 patients, 49 in the control group and 46 in the ropivacaine group (Fig. 2 ). There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups, in particular for surgery subtype (Table  2 ).
Acknowledgment This work was supported by the  French National Cancer League and the Clinical Research in Cancer in Auvergne, Rhone-Alpes Assistance Platform (PARCC-ARA ). Author contributions: M. B. contributed toward investigation and writing of the original draft. E. M. and P. G. contributed toward conceptualization, investigation, and writing (review and edit). F. K. contributed toward methodology, software, and formal analysis. A. G. contributed toward investigation and writing (review and edit). D. J. contributed toward conceptualization, investigation, and writing of the original draft. G. G. and G. L. B. contributed toward investigation and writing (review and edit).
Objectives: This analysis of pooled individual patient data (IPD) aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a bioresorbable polymer sirolimus eluting stent system (BP-SES; Orsiro) compared to a durable polymer everolimus eluting stent system (DP-EES; Xience) in the pooled population as well as in subgroups. Methods: IPD with up to 12 months follow-up of the randomized controlled trials BIOFLOW-II (NCT01356888), -IV (NCT01939249), and -V (NCT02389946) as well as the all comers registry BIOFLOW-III (NCT01553526) were pooled. A total of 3,717 subjects (2,923 in BP-SES and 794 in DP-EES) with 5,328 lesions (4,225 lesions in BP-SES and 1,103 in DP-EES) were included in the IPD. The primary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF) at 12 months follow-up. Subgroups analyzed included diabetes, age (≥65 years), gender, complex lesions (B2/C), small vessels (reference vessel diameter ≤2.
13 e BP-SES has been repeatedly compared to other DES (e. g. , the durable polymer everolimus eluting stent [DP-EES], Xience, Abbott, the durable polymer zotarolimus eluting stent [DP-ZES] Resolute Onyx and Resolute Integrity, Medtronic) demonstrating comparable results and safety profiles. 4, 5, 8, 10 5] [16] [17]  In a meta-analysis by Cassese et al. including six RCTs comparing BP-SES against DP-EES, clinical outcomes were comparable between the groups at 12 months follow-up. 17 Similarly, Lipinski et al. assessed the data of eight RCTs comparing BP-SES against various DES. They showed a trend toward reduction of MI, TLF, and stent thrombosis (ST) for patients treated with BP-SES. 14 Zhu et al. considered six RCTs comparing BP-SES with two different durable polymer stents for the meta-analysis, in which a significantly reduced risk for MI in BP-SES treated subjects was found.
001). TLF at 12 months was 4. 2% in BP-SES versus 5. 4% in DP-EES. 6 OFLOW-V was a 2:1 RCT with 1,334 patients comparing BP-SES with DP-EES. TLF at 12 months rate was 6% in BP-SES versus 10% in DP-EES (p =. 0399). 5  In all trials, the endpoint related events used for this analysis were adjudicated by an independent clinical event committee. This IPD analysis was investigator initiated using the trial data on file hold on property by BIOTRONIK AG, Buelach, Switzerland. The principal investigators of the primary main trials agreed on conducting this analysis. All authors had full access to the data of this analysis and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication (Table  S1 ).
| Statistical methods The IPD analysis from the four studies was performed according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle including all randomized patients. Only complete cases were included with no imputation of missing data. SAS v9. 4 was used for analysis. Categorical baseline variables were summarized as absolute and relative frequencies and compared between the two device groups using Chi-square tests. Continuous baseline variables were listed as means and SDs and compared using the non-parametric Wilcoxon sum-rank test. The aim of the analysis was to estimate the device effect on the binary 1-year TLF rate, applying the Universal MI definition. Stratified subgroup analyses included diabetes, age (≥65 years), gender, complex lesions (B2/C), small vessels (reference vessel diameter [RVD] ≤ 2.
| RESULTS The overall data of 3,717 subjects (2,923 in BP-SES and 794 in DP-EES) with 5,328 lesions (4,225 lesions in BP-SES and 1,103 in DP-EES) were included in this IPD. The main characteristics of the patients are reported in Table  1. The mean age was 65. 5 ± 10. 5 years, 73. 5% were male. The main risk factors at baseline were hypertension (77. 4%), hypercholesterolemia (69. 4%), past or present smoking history (58. 5%), and 31. 5% diabetes mellitus. Previous MI was observed in 28. 2% of cases. There were significantly less patients presenting with hypercholesterolemia in BP-SES than in DP-EES (67. 7 vs. 78. 2%, p <. 0001) and more patients with renal disease (9. 7 vs. 7. 2%, p <. 05). With respect to ischemic status at baseline, more patients in the BP-SES group presented with stable angina while unstable angina was more frequent for DP-EES subjects (60.
75 mm (or stent size ≤3. 0 mm diameter); thus patients who underwent concomitant treatment of a target lesion with RVD > 2. 75 mm (or stent size >3. 0 mm diameter) were also counted in this group, which may have impacted the results. Last, even when the components of TLF were consistent over the four included trials, defined as a composite of CD, TV-MI, and clinically driven TLR, in BIOFLOW-V a modified version of the third universal MI definition was used for analysis of the primary endpoint. Because of a more sensitive MI definition more TV-MI were counted in BIOFLOW-V. However, when analyzing the BIOFLOW-V data using the third universal MI definition in a sensitivity analysis, numerically lower rates of TLF were observed as a result of lower rates of TV-MI at 12 months in both treatment groups, compared to the primary analysis.
Then, the small-sized nucleus signal by Draq-5 was used to identify parasites within the area of the masked host cell (Supplementary Figure  S6A-F ). Infection ratio (IR) was determined with the value of the number of infected cells divided by the total number of cells, and the average number of parasites per macrophage (P/ϕ) was defined by the value of the number of parasites divided by the number of infected cells in the acquired image. The values produced by the algorithm were further analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) for graphical representations and half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) value determinations.
We implement a new algorithm to model acoustic wave propagation through and around a dolphin skull, using the k-Wave software package  [1]. The equation of motion is integrated numerically in a complex three-dimensional structure via a pseudospectral scheme which, importantly, accounts for lateral heterogeneities in the mechanical properties of bone. Modeling wave propagation in the skull of dolphins contributes to our understanding of how their sound localization and echolocation mechanisms work. Dolphins are known to be highly effective at localizing sound sources; in particular, they have been shown to be equally sensitive to changes in the elevation and azimuth of the sound source, while other studied species, e. g. humans, are much more sensitive to the latter than to the former. A laboratory experiment conducted by our team on a dry skull [2] has shown that sound reverberated in bones could possibly play an important role in enhancing localization accuracy, and it has been speculated that the dolphin sound localization system could somehow rely on the analysis of this information.
Model of dolphin's skull The flawless skull of a young adult short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) of ~50 cm length and ~20 cm width, was scanned at the AST-RX X-ray tomography platform at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, using a v|tome|x L 240-180 industrial micro CT scanner with voltage = 150 kV, current = 310 lA and exposure time of 333 ms. Data were reconstructed using the datos|x software and exported into 4106 slices of 16-bit TIFF images in coronal view. The resulting images are in grayscale which is representative of the mean attenuation of X-rays at each voxel. Their voxel size is 111 lm along x, y and z directions, which is large compared to the grid size envisaged for our simulations. We hence downsampled the images. Voxel size is an important parameter as it defines the spatial grid size in the simulations.
Downsampling blurs the images and hence some detailed information on the structure is lost. For example, the distinction between the trabecular and cortical bone becomes less obvious. These two main parts of the bone structure are shown for different slices with the original resolution in Figure  2. Also, the gray scale values vary from the original ones. It should be noted that the processed image here has been sharpened in order to magnify the contrast of the gray values in the downsampled image and all the image processing steps have been performed using ImageJ software. We next associate a value for the mass density and wave speed to each voxel. We convert the images from 16-bit to 8-bit, so that the gray scale values range from 0 to 255. We apply a self-calibration on CT values, so that the brighter regions are assigned higher values of mass density and wave speed compared to the darker regions with lower CT values.
We set mass density to vary from 1001 to 2000 kg/m 3 with 255 equal increments. Next, based on the density associated to each voxel, the voxel-wise values of a and b are calculated based on Equations (  4 ) and (  5 ), respectively. The value of 0. 3 was used for the Poisson ratio (m)  [20] : a ¼ À0:004q 2 þ 14:9q À 10664; ð4Þ b ¼ a ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi 1 À 2m 2ð1 À mÞ s : ð5Þ Equation (  4 ) was obtained by fitting to experimental data (compressional wave speed and mass density for human cortical bone samples). This data was obtained as described in  [21]. Based on the Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) method, anisotropic velocities are measured for cuboid specimens. As resonant frequencies are directly related to the dimension of the sample and the wave speed inside it, RUS provides values for anisotropic velocities independent of density measurements.
HBV infection was assessed by quantification of secreted HBV antigens in the cell culture supernatant of infected cells, indicating increased HBV infection versus controls for a majority of the candidates. Several had large effects on both secreted HBeAg and HBsAg, including the top scorers ESRP1, SPATA24, U2AF1, CDKN2C, and GPR27 (Fig. 3a , Supplementary Fig. 1 ). Importantly, the top candidate ESRP1 was not detected at the protein level in our systems (data not shown), suggesting a nonphysiological effect on HBV infection. However, this construct was used as a technical positive control in further experiments. To systematically identify genes that are differentially expressed in the studied cell lines, we performed transcriptomic analyses using microarrays for gene expression profiling in HepG2-NTCP and Huh-106 cells.