dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments This work was jointly supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (  52076008  ,  51706200  ),  Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , the  Royal Society  and the  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council ( EPSRC )  of the UK. Special thanks are due to  Prof. Peter Glarborg  of  DTU , who provided us the detailed mechanism of alkali metal species. Computing resources were provided by CRIANN ( http://www. criann. fr).
Acknowledgements We wish to thank  Lucite International  for a studentship (P. L. ) and EaStCHEM for support and access to the  EaStCHEM Research Computing Facility. We also thank  Dr. H. Früchtl  for technical support. N. S. thanks the  Univ. Grenoble Alpes , the  CNRS  and the  ICMG FR 2607  for financial support. The  Pcecic and Froggy platforms of the CIMENT infrastructure  ( ICMG FR 2607 ) are also acknowledged (project "liqsim"). The research data underpinning this publication can be accessed at https://doi. org/10. 17630/f5878980-a407-4b92-b4db-f14dbe3e9afc.
Powder X-ray diffraction X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data were collected at room temperature (T = 293 AE 5 K 2 ) using a PANalytical X'Pert PRO Xray diffractometer and a Cu anode (0. 4 mm x 12 mm line focus, 45 kV, 40 mA) by step scanning at a rate of 0. 0104 Ás À1 in the range 10°< 2h<120°in a Bragg-Brentano configuration. The X-ray scattered intensities were measured with a real time multi strip (RTMS) detector (X'Celerator). Structural analysis was performed with the Rietveld and LeBail methods using the FullProf suite  [11].
Enthalpy of mixing measurements Enthalpies of mixing measurements were made in the same DSC calorimeter as the aforementioned equilibrium data, using a technique described in detail in  [16]. The starting end-members KF and ThF 4 materials were pressed into pellets. The KF pellet (compound with the lowest melting point) was placed under the ThF 4 pellet, with a Ni liner separating them to avoid eutectic melting upon heating. Upon melting of KF, the Ni liner sank to the bottom and solid ThF 4 came into contact with molten KF, and melted too. The enthalpy of mixing is then calculated as the difference between the measured heat and the melting enthalpies of the end-members: D mix H o T fus;KF À Á ¼ D meas H o T fus;KF À Á À x 1ÀThF 4 ð Þ D fus H o KF; T fus;KF À Á À x ThF 4 D fus H o ThF 4 ; T fus;KF À Á ð1Þ The values used for the enthalpies of fusion of KF and ThF 4 were taken from the SGTE database  [17]  and the work by Capelli et al.
9 to 10. 0) K. The electronic contribution of the conduction electrons at the Fermi surface are represented with a linear term cT  [41]. In this case, K 2 ThF 6 being a poor conductor, the electronic specific heat is nearly zero. In the region 10. 0 < T < 297. 0 K the main contribution comes from the lattice term, modelled here with a combination of Debye C p;m ¼ n D D h D ð Þþn E1 E h E1 ð Þþn E2 E h E2 ð Þ ð19Þ Two Einstein functions were needed in order to achieve an adequate fit of the data, which was carried out excluding the problematic 65-120 K region. The fitted coefficients are listed in Table  6. The sum over n atoms is equal to 8. 4, quite close to 9 as should be expected. The Debye and Einstein functions have the following forms: D h D ð Þ ¼ 9R 1 x 3 Z x 0 exp x ð Þx 4 exp x ð Þ À 1 ½ 2 Á dx; x ¼ h D T ð20Þ E h E ð Þ ¼ 3Rx 2 exp x ð Þ exp x ð Þ À 1 ½ 2 ; x ¼ h E T ð21Þ where the universal gas constant is denoted by R and is equal to The determination of the mixing enthalpy of the liquid solution is very useful in the assessment of a complex system such as KF-ThF 4 as it provides another dataset, besides the phase diagram points, to optimize the excess Gibbs energy terms of the liquid phase.
This is most likely because the authors  [9, 8]  used onset temperatures rather than minimum temperatures on the heat flow events for liquidus determination (see Fig. A. 3 for an explanation of how these are determined in this work in a typical DSC measurement). In fact, the agreement with the previous studies  [8, 9]  becomes much better if the onset temperatures of the liquidus equilibria as measured in this work (O, red) are selected (see Fig. 11 ). 5. 6. CALPHAD assessment of the LiF-KF-ThF 4 system 5. 6. 1. LiF-KThF 5 pseudobinary section Some equilibrium data were collected along the LiF-KThF 5 pseudobinary section in order to optimize the liquidus surface of the LiF-KF-ThF 4 ternary system. The section is relatively simple, as shown in Fig. 12. LiF is the first compound to crystallize below 25 mol $ 25 mol % X(KThF 5 ), beyond that the liquid solution is in equilibrium with K 7 Th 6 F 31.
These two systems exhibit two very different well-known complexation states from a weaker affinity constant due to electrostatic interaction between Pb(II) ions and the weak acids of PAA up to a high affinity constant resulting in a strong metal/ligand interaction between Hg(II) ions and pyridine functional groups of P4VP. Finally, TRPL measurements were carried out and compared to XPS data to verify uranyl oxidation state and sorbed species environment. Functionalised track-etched PVDF membrane fabrication. Irradiation. Swift heavy ions (SHI) irradiations were performed at GANIL, France. PVDF films were irradiated at room temperature with 136 Xe 48+ (7. 46 MeV ⋅ amu -1 ) under He atmosphere. The films of 4 × 30 cm 2 were anchored on movable sample holders and put inside the irradiation chamber.
Acknowledgements Authors acknowledge the  IDI Ph. D funding of the Université Paris Saclay  for financial support of this work. The authors like to thank the  USA Department of Energy-Nuclear Energy University Program (USA-DOENEUP)  for the financial support through grant number  DE-NE0000723. The authors would also like to thank  M. Castellino  ( Politecnico di Torino, Italy ) and  A. Masset  ( CEA/DEN/LASE, France ) for XPS and ICP-MS consultancy. The authors are grateful to the EMIR committee, SIRIUS team at the  LSI (Palaiseau, France ) and CIMAP team at  GANIL (Caen, France)  for their strong implication in irradiation experiments.
Characterization Techniques The structural analysis of the synthesized samples was conducted by XRD (X-ray diffraction) on an X'Pert Pro PANalytical instrument (Malvern PANalytical Ltd, Malvern, UK). X-ray diffractograms were recorded using Cu Kα radiation (40 mA, 45 kV) in the 10-90 • 2θ range, using step size and step time of 0. 05 • and 80 s, respectively. Diffraction patterns were analyzed using X'Pert HighScore Plus software (Version 4. 9, Malvern PANalytical Ltd, Malvern, UK). Textural properties of the prepared samples were determined by N 2 -physisorption at 77 K with a Micromeritics Tristar II instrument (Micromeritics GmbH, Munich, Germany). Previous degasification of the samples was carried out in vacuum at 250 • C for 4 h. The chemical composition of the prepared materials was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) using an AXIOS PANalytical spectrometer (Malvern PANalytical Ltd, Malvern, UK) with Rh source of radiation.
Acknowledgements The authors at  Politecnico di Milano  and  CNRS-Nancy  acknowledge the financial support of  IMPROOF  project ( H2020-IND-CE-2016-17/H2020-SPIRE-S016 ) European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  (grant agreement no. 723706 ). The authors from  NUI Galway  acknowledge funding from  Science Foundation Ireland (SFI)  via project numbers  15/IA/3177  and  16/SP/3829.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The structure and purity of the synthesized Li-salt and ILs were characterized using a Bruker Ascend Aeon WB 400 (Bruker BioSpin AG, Fallanden, Switzerland) NMR spectrometer. CDCl 3 was used as a solvent. The working frequencies were 400. 21 MHz for 1 H, 100. 64 MHz for 13 C, 162. 01 MHz for  31  P, and 155. 53 MHz for  7  Li. The 7 Li spectra of the neat electrolytes were recorded by placing the samples in a 5 mm standard NMR tube, which was further placed inside a 10 mm standard NMR tube containing CDCl 3. The 7 Li NMR spectra were indirectly referenced to 1. 0 M LiCl (aq). Data were processed using Bruker Topspin 3. 5 software. Pulsed Field Gradient Diffusometry. Pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR measurements were performed on a Bruker Avance III (Bruker BioSpin AG, Fallanden, Switzerland) NMR spectrometer.
The working frequencies for 1 H and 7 Li were 400. 27 and 155. 56 MHz, respectively. Data were processed using Bruker Topspin 3. 1 software. NMR selfdiffusion measurements were performed on 1 H and  7  Li with a PFG NMR probe Diff50 (Bruker) with a maximum amplitude of the magnetic field gradient pulse of 29. 73 T m -1. The sample was placed in a standard 5 mm glass sample tube and closed with a plastic stopper to avoid contact with air. Prior to measurements, each sample was equilibrated at a specific temperature for 30 min. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B The details of the PFG NMR technique for measuring molecular diffusion coefficients can be found elsewhere. 33 A primary source of information about the diffusivity of a molecule is the diffusion decay (DD) of amplitude A of the NMR spectral line, obtained by Fourier transformation of the descending half of stimulated echo (STE), as a function of the amplitude of the applied pulsed field gradient.
All spectra were recorded at room temperature (∼22 °C) using the double-side forward-backward acquisition mode. A total number of 256 scans were coadded and signalaveraged at an optical resolution of 4 cm -1. Thermal Analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using PerkinElmer 8000 TGA apparatus. The dynamic TGA experiments used a heating rate of 10 °C min, nitrogen gas as the inert carrier gas, and 2-4 mg of the sample. The onset of decomposition temperature, T onset , was calculated from the intersection of the baseline weight and the tangent of the weight versus temperature curve using Pyris software. 35, 36 ifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed using PerkinElmer DSC 6000 apparatus. About 2-5 mg of the sample was packed in an aluminum pan for each experiment.
DSC data were recorded during both cooling and heating traces from -100 to 100 °C at a scanning rate of 5 °C min -1. The glass transition temperature, T g , was determined as the onset of the transition. An inert nitrogen gas was supplied to the instrument at a constant flow of 20 mL min -1 in order to preserve a dry environment inside the sample chamber. Electrochemical Characterization. The ESWs and the ionic conductivities were measured using a Metrohm Autolab PGSTAT302N electrochemical workstation with an FRA32M module for impedance measurements, all controlled using Nova 2. 02 software. About 70 μL of the sample was placed in a sealed Microcell HC from RHD instruments. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) experiments were carried out at 20 °C temperature using a three electrode setup: 2 mm diameter glassy carbon (GC) and a platinum wire with a diameter of 0.
25 mm as working electrodes (WEs), Pt crucible as a sample container as well as a counter electrode (CE), and an Ag wire coated with AgCl was used as a pseudoreference electrode (RE). The cyclic voltammograms were recorded at 100 mV s -1 , while the linear sweeps used were 1 mV s -1. The electrochemical potentials were recorded with ferrocene as an internal reference and shifted using E Li/Li + ≈ E Fc/Fc + + 3. 2 V. 37  The ESW limits were determined using 0. 1 and 0. 2 mA cm -2 cutoff current densities. 38 he ionic conductivities were determined from impedance measurements performed in a frequency range of 1 Hz to 1 MHz with an AC voltage amplitude of 10 mV rms and from -20 to 100 ± 0. 1 °C; while the heating and cooling cycles match very well (Figure  S17 ), the data presented are taken from the heating cycles.
The values of T 0 estimated from the diffusion data are comparable to those calculated from the ionic conductivity data and do not change significantly with the addition of Li-salt. Similarly, the apparent activation energy for diffusion, E D , changes slightly with the addition of Li-salt, which reveals a minor contribution in the change of ionic diffusion as compared with D 0. The apparent transference numbers of the individual ions are determined from their diffusion coefficients in neat (P 4,4,4,4 )(MEEA) and the electrolytes using the following equation  56, 57 = Σ t x D x D i i i i i i (4) where t i is the apparent transference number, x i is the molar fraction of each individual ion, and D is the self-diffusion coefficient of an ion in m 2 s -1. The transference number as measured by PFG NMR is usually referred to as a transport number as the diffusion coefficients measured are averages of individual charged species, neutral species (ion pairs), and aggregates.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) X-ray absorption spectroscopic data were acquired at the Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines (SNBL, BM31) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) for the Co K-edge (7709 eV) and the Re L III -edge (10 535 eV). The data were recorded in hybrid mode. SNBL is located on a bending magnet producing the white beam for the beamline with a Si(111) double crystal monochromator for EXAFS data collection. The cobalt K-edge and rhenium L III -edge data were collected in transmission mode with the incident and transmitted intensities (I 0 , I t and I 2 ) being detected in ion chambers filled with, I 0 (30 cm) 50% N 2 + 50% He, and I t (30 cm) with 85% N 2 + 15% Ar at for the cobalt K-edge and for the rhenium L III -edge I 0 (30 cm) 100% N 2 , I t (30 cm) 50% N 2 + 50% Ar.
and NH 4 ReO 4 ) were collected ex situ and were mixed with boron nitride for optimum absorption and placed in aluminium sample holders. The cobalt XAS data were measured in step scan from 7600 eV to 8300 eV with a step size of 0. 5 eV and counting time 300 ms for the cobalt K-edge. The rhenium L III -edge data were collected between 10 350 eV and 11 800 eV, with a step size of 0. 5 eV and counting time 200 ms. The in situ samples were placed in 0. 9 mm in diameter quartz capillaries with quartz wool on either side. For all in situ measurements, capillary diameter, sample mass and gas flow were kept constant to ensure similar conditions at both edges. The capillaries were placed above a heater for temperature control of the reactor. A switching valve was used to ensure a quick change between pre-treatment gas and reaction gas.
X-ray absorption data treatment Using the Athena Software from the IFFEFITT package  40  the imported data were binned (Edge region À30 to 50 eV; Pre-edge grid 10 eV; XANES grid 0. 5 eV, EXAFS grid 0. 05 Å À1 ) and background extracted. w exp i (k) was extracted from the EXAFS part of the spectrum. The XANES spectra were normalised from 30-150 eV, multivariate curve resolution (MCR) data were normalised from 50 eV and to the end of the spectra and EXAFS spectra were normalised from 150 eV to the end of the spectra. The spectra were carefully deglitched and truncated when necessary. The threshold energy (E 0 ) for cobalt was set to 0. 5 of the normalised absorption edge step and it was chosen after any pre-edge or shoulder peaks. E 0 for the rhenium samples was set to the first inflection point in the first derivative spectra.
Positive constraints for both concentration and spectra profiles and closure constraints for the concentration (i. e. no mass transfer; constant concentration of the absorber, Co/Re, throughout the time resolved experiment) were utilised. Nowadays, MCR is commonly used as a blind source separation method (no reference spectra) to process large datasets generated in labs and synchrotron facilities all over the world. For a detailed description of the methods employed, software and usage, the reader is guided to Jaumot et al. ,  43, 44  Ruckbush et al. 45  and Voronov et al. 46  EXAFS least-squares refinements were carried out using DL-EXCURV. 47 DL-EXCURV fits the theoretical curve (w th (k)) to the experimentally obtained curve (w exp (k)) using the curved wave theory. The fit parameter reported for each refinement procedure is given by the statistical R-factor, defined as: R ¼ X N i 1 s i w exp i ðkÞ À w th i ðkÞ À Á ! Á 100% DL-EXCURV calculated ab initio phase shifts were used and verified by using reference compounds.
The reduced fraction (F red ) from the EXAFS data was evaluated by calculating the oxidised fraction (F ox ) between N Co-O (after PT)/N Co-O (annealed or as-synthesised) and subtracting this from 1. The N Co-O from both the as-synthesised and the annealed sample was used as reference points. The least squares linear combination feature in Athena was used to determine linear combinations (LC). 40.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge The  Norwegian University of Science and Technology  and the  Norwegian Resource Council  for grants supporting the  Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines (SNBL) , the  Anders Jahre fund for promotion of science and A/S M. H. Lundgreens Enkes Fond  for funding. The assistance of beamline scientist W. van Beek is very much appreciated. JSJH and SL wish to acknowledge financial support from the  EPSRC  through  EP/L02537X/1  and LTM wishes to acknowledge financial support from the  EPSRC  through  EP/L020423/2  and  EP/N013778/1.
Ammonia and H 2 A comprehensive database, ranging from the leanest air/fuel mixtures to the richest one as a function of H 2 content, is provided by  Mørch et al. (2011). Ammonia storage by a metal complex and the possibility of desorbing the complex by means of the heat available at the exhaust as a function of H 2 content and equivalence ratio was first considered. The indicated efficiency and the load decreased as a function of H 2 increase, due to higher wall heat losses as underlined in  Lhuillier et al. (2020). The highest efficiency was reached for a lean equivalence ratio, but the highest load was obtained for a stoichiometric, or even slightly rich, mixture, which was also confirmed for boosted conditions in a current engine  (Lhuillier et al. , 2020). It was found that 5%vol. H 2 was enough to guarantee engine stability with a higher efficiency than gasoline operation.
Acknowledgements This project received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under  Marie Skłodowska-Curie  grant agreement N° 641822 -MICACT and N° 857263 Twinnims. This work was partly supported by the  French Government  through the program  PIA EQUIPEX LEAF  ( ANR-11-EQPX-0025 ),  RENATECH MicroTIP  ( ANR-15-CE08-0032-0 ) and  ROBOCOP  ( ANR-19-CE19-0026 ) projects.
The limitation of this method is its current technical difficulty and the requirement of very advanced data analysis  (215) , including most likely the need of a significant pre-existing comparison database. However, this methodology could become easy, fast, and very reliable through automatization using artificial intelligence combined with deep learning algorithms. On the other side, genomics is the study of global gene expression patterns. It addresses all genes and their inter relationships in order to identify their combined influence on the organism  (224) , and relies on DNA or RNA sequencing. A recent study on AR-positive bobcats (Lynx rufus) used RNA sequencing on whole blood to investigate genes and cellular processes affected by sublethal exposure to AR. Differential expressions of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, epithelial integrity and immune function were identified  (145).
Statistical Analysis Statistical significance was analyzed by one-or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni or Dunnett's multiple comparison post hoc tests, as indicated in the respective figure legends, using GraphPad Prism software version 8 (GraphPad Software Inc. , San Diego, CA, USA). Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) or standard error of mean (SEM) of three independent biological replicates.
Conceptualization, M. M. , C. K. , and H. H. ; Data curation, M. M. ; Formal analysis, M. M. ; Funding acquisition, M. M. , H. H. ; Investigation, M. M. , S. S. and, C. R. -M. ; Methodology, M. M. , C. R. -M. ; Project administration, M. M. ; Resources, C. R. -M. , H. H. , and M. M. ; Supervision, M. M. , C. K. and H. H. ; Writing-original draft, M. M. ; Writing-review and editing, C. K. , C. R. -M. , and H. H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The work of M. M. is funded by the Postdoc Grant from the Berlin Institute of Technology. The work of H. H. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of essential trace elements in healthy and diseased elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, FOR 2558/1, HA 4318/4-1) and project HA 4318/6-1.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M. M. , C. K. , and H. H. ; Data curation, M. M. ; Formal analysis, M. M. ; Funding acquisition, M. M. , H. H. ; Investigation, M. M. , S. S. and, C. R. -M. ; Methodology, M. M. , C. R. -M. ; Project administration, M. M. ; Resources, C. R. -M. , H. H. , and M. M. ; Supervision, M. M. , C. K. and H. H. ; Writing-original draft, M. M. ; Writing-review and editing, C. K. , C. R. -M. , and H. H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The work of M. M. is funded by the Postdoc Grant from the Berlin Institute of Technology. The work of H. H. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of essential trace elements in healthy and diseased elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, FOR 2558/1, HA 4318/4-1) and project HA 4318/6-1.
For each dietary record, participants were asked to list all eating occasions (main mealsbreakfast, lunch, dinner -plus any "other" eating occasion), and subsequent foods and beverages ingested, from midnight to midnight. Then, participants were required to estimate portion sizes for all items previously listed using photographs taken from a validated picture booklet  [32] , or through standard measurements (home containers, grams indicated on the package, etc. ). Dietary intakes (energy, alcohol, macronutrients, micronutrients, etc. ) were inferred using the published NutriNet-Santé composition database  [33]  which is regularly updated, and comprises nutritional values for more than 3,300 references. Additional ad hoc literature search was used to infer DF intakes (TDF, SF, IF). More precisely, Finnish Fineli  [34]  and Turkish Türkomp  [35] , as well as reference books  [36] [37] [38]  were used.
TDF intakes were also calculated based on the dietary sources (fruits, vegetables, whole grain, legumes, potatoes and tubers). Dietary under-reporting was investigated using the method described by Black  [39] , which uses the basal metabolic rate (calculated based on Schofield's equations  [40] , as well as Goldberg's cut-offs  [41] ). In this prospective study, mean dietary intakes from all the 24-hour dietary records available during the first 2 years of each participant's follow-up (up to 15 records) were considered as baseline usual dietary intakes. Distributions of the consumption of TDF, IF, and SF in the sample are presented in Supplemental figure  1. In addition, biological and clinical data were collected for 19,772 participants of the cohort, including measures for fasting glycaemia.
Case ascertainment Participants were asked to declare major health events through the yearly health questionnaire, through a quarterly specific questionnaire, or at any time through a specific interface on the study website. Upon the declaration of a health event, participants were invited to send all medical records and anatomopathological reports corroborating the diagnosis. If necessary, the study physicians contacted the participants' physicians or relevant medical structures to collect additional information and validate declared cases. Besides, data collected within the NutriNet-Santé study is linked to the SNIIRAM database (medico-administrative database) from the Caisse Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie, which limits potential bias for participants who may not report their disease to the study investigators.