dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Surveillance in the WHO European Region On 27 January 2020, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the WHO Regional Office for Europe asked countries to complete a WHO standard COVID-19 case report form for all confirmed and probable cases according to WHO criteria  [6] [7] [8]. The overall aim of surveillance at this time was to support the global strategy of containment of COVID-19 with rapid identification and follow-up of cases linked to affected countries in order to minimise onward transmission. The surveillance objectives were to: describe the key epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 cases detected in Europe; inform country preparedness; and improve further case detection and management. Data collected included demographics, history of recent travel to affected areas, close contact with a probable or confirmed COVID-19 case, underlying conditions, signs and symptoms of disease at onset, type of specimens from which the virus was detected, and clinical outcome.
Acknowledgements We are grateful for the essential work of a large number of public health experts, clinical microbiologists, practitioners and clinicians who have been involved in the investigations at national and regional level including all the professionals of the  Canarian Health Service  and the  Balearic Islands Health Service. We acknowledge the work of ECDC data manager, particularly  Zsolt Bartha , and country cooperation teams in rapidly establishing the online reporting system in TESSy by 26 January 2020. We thank also the efforts of  Catalin Albu ,  Adrian Prodan ,  Skaidra Kurapkiene ,  Per Rolfhamre  and  Anca Dragnea. ECDC also thanks the Epidemic Intelligence team that provides vital and timely data on global cases of COVID-19. WHO thanks  Ka Yeung  ( Calvin) Cheng ,  Silviu Ciobanu ,  Gudrun Freidl ,  Lauren MacDonald , and  Miriam Sneiderman  for assistance with data management.
The global update rule is intended to provide a greater amount of pheromone on the paths of the best solution. It is a kind of intensification of the search around the best found solution. We use heuristic information equals to one over the cost of the session. Here, we analyse the experimental results obtained using MMAS Algorithm. For this, we use real data from Malta and Seychelles GPS networks composed of 38 sessions and 71 sessions respectively denoted GSP1 and GSP2. We use also six larger test problems range from 100 to 443 sessions denoted GSP3, …, GSP8. The results are obtained by performing 30 independent runs, for every experiment. The details of our MMAS implementation are given in  [43]. So in our GSP example we consider eight GSP criteria   = GSP  ,  = 1, … , 8, and six average costs as results  1 , … ,   6  , where  1 is the cost average for the first 5 runs,  2 the cost average for the first 10 runs,  3 for the first 15 runs), … , and finally  6 for all the 30 runs.
0 VVT-i x; 10 = PEUGEOT 108 VTi 72ch S&S BVM5 Like. We consider the following seventy criteria related to price, dimensions, engine and consumption of the car for making the choice of the best car to buy: 1 is the price (€); 2 is the length (mm); 3 is the height (mm); 4 is the width without mirror (mm); 5 is the wheelbase (mm); 6 is the max loading volume (l); 7 is the tank capacity (l); 8 is the unloaded weight (kg); 9 is the cylinder volume(cm 3 ); 10 is the acceleration 0-100 km/h (s); 11 is the max speed (km/h); 12 is the power (kW); 13 is the horse power (HP); 14 is the mixed consumption (l per 100 km); Acknowledgements: This paper is partially supported by the  National Scientific Fund of Bulgaria  under Grant  DFNI DN12/5  and by Grant No  BG05M2OP001-1. 001-0003 ,financed by the  Science and Education for Smart Growth Operational Program  and co-financed by the  European Union  through the European structural and Investment funds.
From the latter point of view, this su(  2 ) is an accidental symmetry in the IR. It would be interesting to understand if some of the subtleties regarding decoupled operators in these theories are clarified with the knowledge of this IR symmetry enhancement. We have also outlined a connection between the data of the holographic supergravity solutions and the input to the inflow anomaly polynomial, and we demonstrated the utility of this observation by computing the anomaly polynomial of the 4d field theories dual to the GMSW solutions (with result given in (5. 51)). Let us contrast our method to the standard application of the AdS/CFT dictionary. In the latter, anomalies are extracted by computing Chern-Simons coefficients in the bulk; subleading terms in N require computing higher derivative corrections to the supergravity action and loops in AdS.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Fabio Apruzzi ,  Nikolay Bobev ,  Simone Giacomelli ,  Ken Intriligator ,  Craig Lawrie ,  Raffaele Savelli ,  Sakura Schäfer-Nameki ,  Alessandro Tomasiello  for interesting conversations and correspondence. The work of IB and FB is supported in part by  NSF  grant  PHY-1820784. RM is supported in part by  ERC  Grant  787320  -QBH Structure. We gratefully acknowledge the  Aspen Center for Physics , supported by  NSF  grant  PHY-1607611 , for hospitality during part of this work.
The gray circles represent unfeasible points, that is those corresponding to plans that are not sustainable since at least one of the constraints is violated. The black circles represent Pareto points, that is sustainable plans non-dominated by any other sustainable plan. For example, the sustainable plan x 2 is dominated by the sustainable plan x 1 which, in turn, is dominated by the sustainable plan x ⋆. The latter cannot be dominated by any other sustainable plan and hence correspond to a Pareto point. All the sustainable plans dominated by x ⋆ fall within the gray area. catering companies (34) or by local authorities 6 (35) or retrieved from a sample of available menus (36). The data about the nutritional parameter values of every dish have been computed from its ingredient using the food composition databases of the national agencies for food and drug.
In particular, the Spanish database (  51  The economic impact parameter values of every dish have been computed from the market prices of its ingredients; these prices 6 In the Italian infant primary and secondary school, i. e. , children from 3 to 13 years old, schools with canteen service are in charge to prepare the meals according to a guide of health and nutritional practices established by municipalities. The guide provides requirements to ensure food safety and hygiene as well as proper nutritional intakes. In more detail, the municipality of Rome provides a set of possible recipes along with the weight of their ingredients and the cooking procedure (37). 7 This database was made in collaboration with the University of Tuscia at Viterbo (Italy), the Second University of Naples (Italy) and Mutti S.
p. A. , on the basis of the databases and research reports  (55, 56). As for the implementation and numerical solution of the BLP problem, several tools are available. In particular, LINGO© has been used in Ribal et al. (34) and AMPL© in Benvenuti et al. (35, 36). Both of them integrate a proprietary language for expressing optimization models and provide several built-in solvers for linear, non-linear, and integer programming.
Case 1: A 20-Days School Lunch Plan The case study (34) consists of finding optimal lunch plans for school children in Spain for a 20-days (5 days a week for 4 weeks) planning period. Hence, N M = 1, N D = 5 and N W = 4. A total set of N = 47 dishes is considered and they are chosen with slightly modification among the typical dishes served by a school catering company. Therefore, the number of binary variables is equal to N × N M × N D × N W = 940. The following parameters are associated to each dish: • 15 nutritional parameters: the caloric content together with 14 among macronutrients and micronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, fatty acids, cholesterol, fiber, sodium, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E) contents of the dish are calculated from its ingredients using the database of the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (51); • 1 environmental impact parameter: the carbon footprint of the dish is calculated from the ingredients on the basis of literature on life cycle assessment and carbon footprint studies on food products; • 1 economic parameter: the cost of the dish is calculated from the market prices of the raw foods.
Case 2: Another 20-Days School Lunch Plan The case study (35) consists of finding the optimal lunch plans for school children in Italy for a 20-days (5 days a week for 4 weeks) planning period. Hence, also in this case, N M = 1, N D = 5 and N W = 4. A total set of N = 106 dishes is considered and they are retrieved from a guide of health and nutritional practices for the primary school established by the municipality of Rome, Italy (37). This guide provides in fact a set of possible recipes along with the weight of their ingredients and the cooking procedure. Therefore, the number of binary variables is equal to N × N M × N D × N W = 2,120. The recipes considered refer to children 6-10 years old, regardless of gender. The following parameters are associated to each dish: • 7 nutritional parameters: the caloric content together with six among macronutrients and micronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, sugar, fiber and sodium) contents of the dish are calculated from the ingredients using the database of the Italian Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of the Agricultural Economy (52); • 2 environmental impact parameters: the carbon and water footprints of the dish are calculated from the ingredients using the World Wide Fund for Nature database  (54).
Case 3: A 14-Days Full-Board Nursing Homes Meal Plan The case study (36) consists of finding the optimal menus for nursing homes in Italy for a 14-days (7 days a week for 2 weeks) planning period. In this case, N M = 3, N D = 7, and N W = 2. A total set of N = 143 possible dishes is retrieved from a national sample of Italian nursing home menus by extracting different recipes along with the weight of their ingredients. Therefore, the number of binary variables is equal to N × N M × N D × N W = 6,006. The menu is designed for an energy daily intake of 1,800 ± 10% kcal, which corresponds to the reference intake for females 60-74 years old with a low physical activity level. The following parameters are associated to each dish: • 5 nutritional parameters: the caloric content together with four among macronutrients and micronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, and sugar) contents of the dish are calculated from the ingredients using the database of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (53); • 1 environmental impact parameter: the carbon footprint of the dish is calculated from the ingredients using the Carbon Scope Data LCI database and the CleanMetrics food carbon emission calculator (57); • 1 economic parameter: the cost of the dish is determined collecting the prices of its ingredients from a sample of local stores considering the mean value price while ignoring prices on specials.
) was used in Ribal et al. (34), the Italian database (52) in Benvenuti et al. (35), and the French database (53) in Benvenuti et al. (36). The data about the environmental impact parameter values have been assessed either from the literature dealing with life cycle assessment and studies into food products (34), or from available databases [the World Wide Fund for Nature database (54) 7 for CF and WF was used in Benvenuti et al. (35), the Carbon Scope Data LCI database (57) was used in Benvenuti et al. (36)].
As respostas foram codificadas e digitadas. Utilizou-se o software SPSS para Windows® versão 19. Foram realizadas análises descritiva e de associação com o teste de qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher ou o teste t de Student (significância de 5%) para verificar a diferenças da estrutura disponível entre a sede da I Macrorregião de Saúde (Recife), denominada "capital", e as demais Macrorregiões (Caruaru, Serra Talhada e Petrolina), que constituíram um agrupamento denominado "interior". O presente estudo faz parte do projeto "RedeNut: Avaliação da inserção do Componente Alimentação e Nutrição na rede de atenção aos hipertensos e diabéticos em Pernambuco" e foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisas do Instituto de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães (IAM/Fiocruz) e pelo Comitê Nacional de Ética em Pesquisas (Conep/Conselho Nacional de Saúde/Ministério da Saúde) sob registro CAAE: 21989413.
AGRADECIMENTOS À Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (Facepe) e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pelo financiamento, às Secretarias Municipais de Saúde de Recife, Caruaru, Serra Talhada e Petrolina pelo apoio, aos profissionais das USF desses municípios pela presteza e colaboração na pesquisa.
Study design and participants We performed a longitudinal study of a cohort of adult patients (aged 18 and over) having undergone kidney transplantation at Amiens University Medical Center (Amiens, France) between 1 January 2012, and 13 February 2019, and with available data on BMD measured at several different anatomic sites (the lumbar spine, the hip, and femoral neck) 1 month (M1) and 12 months (M12) after transplantation. BMD was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Hologic Discovery System, Hologic Inc. , Waltham, MA, USA). Osteoporosis was defined journals. sagepub. com/home/tab 3 as a T-score ⩽ -2. 5 at one or more sites, and osteopenia was defined as a T-score between -1 and -2. 5.
Collected data Data at study baseline. The variables recorded at baseline included sociodemographic characteristics, osteoporosis risk factors, the use of drugs potentially influencing BMD at the time of transplantation (steroids, calcium, cholecalciferol, alfacalcidiol, calcifediol, and bisphosphonates), any history of chronic kidney disease, the characteristics of the donor, and the characteristics of the transplantation. Serum levels of calcium, phosphate, 25(OH) vitamin D, PTH, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and creatinine at baseline and glomerular filtration rate were also recorded. Follow-up data. Data on prevalent osteoporotic fractures and intakes of calcium, cholecalciferol, alfacalcidiol, calcifediol, and bisphosphonate during the study period were collected, together with post-transplantation complications: acute graft rejection (defined according to the Banff classification after an pathologic assessment of a graft biopsy at M3), the appearance of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs), bacterial and viral infections, and cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular events.
60, 61 lternatively, and considering the broad age range in our population (77 of the patients were under the age of 40), a Z-score could have been used but these data were frequently missing. Given that the DXA data were collected mainly from consultation reports, the Z-score was (unlike the T-score) rarely reported -probably because it is not intended for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in adults. 62 Furthermore, several other risk factors for osteoporosis (such as the lack of physical activity or late puberty) could not be taken into account because of the study's retrospective design. Moreover, ESW and OSR patients had the same steroid induction therapy, that could explain a similar deleterious effects of this on BMD at M1 (BMD at M1 was similar between groups). Lastly, this was a single-center study, with all the inherent limitations; however, bone density was always evaluated with the same device, and thereby made our intergroup comparisons more robust.
All the low-cost methods for plant phenology research discussed here, whether they leverage herbarium specimens, transplant gardens, historical observations, or 21st-century citizen science records, must be supplemented with environmental data. Pairing phenology observations with local climate data allows researchers to answer questions about relationships between phenology and climate over time or across landscapes. Regional weather information can often be freely retrieved online through programs that collate local weather station data across regions or produce satellite-derived weather products, such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Centers for Environmental Information's Regional Climate Center Program (https://www. ncei. noaa. gov/) or global products from the Climatic Research Unit  (Harris et al.
For instance, responses to temperature can be linear below certain warming thresholds, beyond which they can change  (Iler et al. , 2013). There are statistical solutions for improving models of local-scale observations to better elucidate relationships with environmental predictors, such as detrending time series phenology data  (Iler et al. , 2017)  and using hierarchical approaches to separate climate from other site-level differences for better model transferability  (Diez et al. , 2014). The difficulty of scaling up and synthesizing local-scale phenology results can be also be due to data challenges. Meta-analyses and comparisons across studies may be thwarted by local idiosyncrasies, including monitoring schemes (e. g. , Are phenophases recorded for individuals or for a population? Is the intensity of a phenophase, such as peak flowering, recorded or just the date of onset?) and the quality and availability of historical data.
DIGITAL EXPANSION TO LARGER SPATIAL SCALES Researchers can leverage broad-scale, publicly available data to expand the spatial and temporal scale of localized phenology observations (Table  1 ). Increasing efforts to digitize herbarium specimens, weather data, and field notes have made historical ecological data more widely accessible  (Drew et al. , 2017) , while citizen science programs activate pools of "research assistants" to collect new phenology data via large online networks  (Cohn, 2008). Herbarium records, made up of preserved plant specimens that represent snapshots in time of phenological events, are increasingly used in phenology research, and have expanded researchers' taxonomic, temporal, and geographic coverage  (Willis et al. , 2017). Plant specimens with young leaves, visible reproductive structures, or senescing leaves capture the phenological stage of an individual and are kept with a record of the location and date of collection.
In 2018, the USA-NPN had more than 3000 active observers who submitted three million plant and animal phenophase records to their database, contributing to more than 60 peer-reviewed publications over the past 10 years (USA National Phenology Network, 2018). These large publicly available data sets have enabled researchers to ask questions about species and community phenological change over broad geographic scales  (Jeong and Medvigy, 2014; Crimmins et al. , 2017)  and time periods  (Yue et al. , 2015).
Phenology observations gathered by organizations such as Nature's Notebook and iNaturalist are not collected with a specific research question in mind, which can limit the number and type of research questions citizen science data can help answer. However, recent research provides guidelines for employing crowd-sourced phenology monitoring data sets  (Crimmins et al. , 2017; Taylor, 2019) ; for example, geographic scale is an important factor in selecting volunteer-collected data to include in phenology studies. Smaller site-to landscape-scale studies of plant phenology benefit from more conservative data selection criteria that have less potential for error than do larger-scale projects  (Gerst et al. , 2016; Taylor et al. , 2019). Involving communities in data collection also often introduces biases into studies; for instance, citizen scientists favor charismatic locations and easy-to-identify species, excluding rare or hard-to-find species and study systems  (McDonough MacKenzie et al.
Conclusions This study demonstrated that data obtained from wearable IMU sensors attached to multiple parts of the body can be used to identify changes in biomechanical processes across running surfaces; in particular soft-hard sand and an international standard running track. Significant differences were highlighted in the swing time and gait symmetry across the different surfaces. While the 400 m run on soft sand should result in a higher work rate (as reflected by participants self-reflected RPE scores), this was not the case in the PL data (This was similar across all the surfaces). The results from this investigation can be used by coaches and athletes of sand-based sports such as surf lifesaving, triathlon and beach team sports (volleyball, soccer, etc. ) to make more informative decisions about their training programs.
There are no data about the possible impact of different eye disorders in the vision of the console surgeon during operation, if these disorders remain uncorrected (using the robotic console without glasses or lens correction). In our study, a subject's vision was tested using the DaVinci camera without proper correction and the outcomes are quite revealing. Myopia greater than 1. 75 diopter, presbyopia greater than 1. 25 diopter, and hypermetropia irrespective of grade were significantly correlated with higher DiffLogMAR, whereas no correlation was observed for astigmatism and at least one more eye disorder (pure astigmatism couldn't be assessed in this cohort due to low number of volunteers). These findings suggest that surgeons with these factors must always perform robotic surgeries with the proper correction (glasses or contact lenses).
Purpose: The present study analyzed the current status of the data sharing policies of journals published in Brazil, France, and Korea that were listed in the 2018 Scimago Journal and Country Ranking and Web of Science Core Collection. Methods: Web of Science journals were selected from the 2018 Scimago Journal and Country Ranking. The homepages of all target journals were searched for the presence of statements on data sharing policies, including clinical trial data sharing policies, the level of the policies, and actual statements of data availability in articles. Results: Out of 565 journals from these three countries, 118 (20. 9%) had an optional data sharing policy, and one had a mandatory data sharing policy. Harvard Dataverse was the repository of one journal. The number of journals that had adopted a data sharing policy was 11 (6.
Introduction Background/rationale: Data sharing, which is defined as the "practice of making data used for scholarly research available to other investigators"  [1] , has been introduced to increasingly many international journals to promote research integrity and reproducibility in scholarly journals. Several studies have been conducted on data sharing policies of journals. Rousi and Laakso reported that out of 120 highly cited journals in the fields of neuroscience, physics, and operations research, 92 (76. 6%) had adopted a research data sharing policy in their editorial processes, and 61 (50. 8%) had incorporated data availability statements  [2]. Out of 447 randomly sampled journals from the 2016 edition of Journal Citation Reports, only 12 (2. 7%) required data sharing as a condition of publication, and 35 (7.
However, there are no data on how many journals have adopted this policy and, if so, how they implement it. Objectives: This study compared the current status of the adoption of data sharing policies by international journals from Brazil, France, and Korea. Those three countries were selected arbitrarily as representatives of three continents (South America, Europe, and Asia). In 2019, their gross domestic products (GDPs) were estimated to be 1,847, 2,707, and 1,629 billion US dollars, respectively  [6]. Brazil has the highest overall GDP in South America, France is in third place in Europe, and Korea has the fourth highest GDP in Asia. The target international journals from these three countries were limited to those listed in both the 2018 Scimago Journal and Country Rank (SJR) and Web of Science Core Collection.