dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Methods Chronic Urticaria Registry is an ongoing, prospective, international, multicentre, observational, voluntary registry of patients with CU. Participation in CURE is open to any physician treating CU patients, regardless of location, medical specialty or type of practice setting. CURE aims to collect data on all CU patients, with no intentional selection or exclusion criteria. It collects baseline and follow-up data on the patient's demographics, history, symptoms, trigger and risk factors, therapies and healthcare utilization. Results Chronic Urticaria Registry is a landmark achievement of the global urticaria medical community. As of 26 February 2020, 39 centres around the world have joined the registry and 35 have entered baseline data on a total of 2946 patients. Publications of this data will be forthcoming soon.
Rationale for the Registry A patient registry is 'an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical or policy purposes. '  22 atient registries have become increasingly common for a wide range of diseases during the past decade, because they are able to answer many kinds of important questions that cannot be addressed adequately by traditional clinical trials and other forms of research. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remain the best way to scientifically demonstrate how much treatment benefit can be attributed to a medication or other form of therapy. But for various reasons, the effectiveness of treatments in routine clinical settings is often quite different from the efficacy reported in RCTs, especially in types of patients that were not eligible to participate, such as children, the elderly and patients with substantial comorbidities.
RCTs are also of no use in determining which kinds of quality improvement changes need to be made in routine treatment to achieve better patient outcomes, and they rarely make any evaluation of the costs to the healthcare system. Most importantly, even large RCTs on urticaria rarely involve more than a few hundred patients. For this reason, they are incapable of providing sufficient proof of safety, despite often making such claims. Safety can only be proven by very large, comprehensive, long-term, Phase IV, registry-based research. 23, 24 atient registries are deliberately designed to gather large amounts of data from routine settingswithout attempting to alter the treatment in any wayin order to provide insights into what is really happening in the healthcare system with all the various kinds of patients.
6), allergic rhinitis (OR: 5. 4), vitiligo (OR: 5. 4), atopic dermatitis (4. 7) and lupus erythematosus (OR: 4. 7), among others. Although this very large study provided useful information, it was based on a general patient registry in Denmark. So it may not be generalizable to other regions of the world, and it seems unlikely that more publications about CU will be generated from it. A multinational Latin American CU registry (N = 300) recently reported that 60% of patients had moderate to unbearable pruritus, and 40% had moderate to unbearable CU-related anxiety, both according to the Chronic Urticaria Quality of Life Questionnaire (CU-Q 2 oL). 29 Disappointingly, they also reported that 71% of patients did not achieve sufficient control with antihistamines. 29 Although the Latin American CU registry has provided important information, it was available only in Latin American countries, retrospectively collected data on patients only at one time point per patient, excluded patients with CIndU only and is not yet much larger than most studies in the literature.
25, 29 The Latin American registry is still active, and we strongly encourage everyone in the region to participate in it, because registries need to reach large sample sizes or completely enrol all patients from the participating centres to fulfil their purposes. Chronic Urticaria Registry is well positioned to build on the important contributions of these previous registry publications. CURE was founded precisely to provide rigorous scientific data about the symptom patterns, comorbidities, trigger and risk factors, treatments used, responses to treatment and healthcare utilization of the full spectrum of CU patients seen in real clinical settings around the world. We plan to publish initial statistics soon about the baseline medical characteristics of the patients enrolled, especially the symptom patterns and risk factors.
Ethics This research initiative was initially approved in 2014 by the Ethics Committee of the Charit e University Hospital of Berlin Germany (reference number EA1/146/14), and all other contributing sites are required to obtain ethics approval from their own ethics committees prior to joining the registry. A patient's data may be entered into the registry only if he or she has provided written informed consent to participate in the registry. If a patient later withdraws that consent, no further data for that patient are entered into the registry, and if requested by the patient, all of his or her prior data are deleted from the registry. If the patient is not of legal age, then written informed consent must be obtained instead from his or her parent or legal.
Research design Chronic Urticaria Registry is a prospective, international, multicentre, observational, voluntary registry of patients with CU. CURE has no target date or sample size for closure; it is intended to continue indefinitely. Physician-reported and/or patient-reported data can be collected using paper forms supplied by CURE or through the physician's usual routine ways of collecting clinical information into his or her usual medical recordkeeping system. Either way, the data can then be entered later into CURE electronically by the medical team via the internet, as described in more detail below. Data collection is intended to take place at the patient's initial baseline visit and then to be updated about every 6 months on an ongoing basis.
Patient population Chronic Urticaria Registry aims to collect data on all CU patients. Implicitly, there is some unavoidable selection of patients: (i) data entry is performed by the medical staff of participating physicians, so the patient must be seeing a physician who has chosen to participate, obtained ethics approval and signed our collaboration agreement (as described below); (ii) the physician must diagnose the patient as having CU; (iii) patients (or their legal guardian) must provide written informed consent to participate in the registry (as explained above); and d) the staff of the treating physician must actually enter the patient's data into the registry (i. e. data entry is voluntary, not mandatory and comprehensive for participating physicians). But otherwise, there are no exclusion or selection criteria (e.
Recruitment of centres Participation in CURE is open to any physician treating CU patients, regardless of location, medical specialty or type of practice setting. The only prerequisites to participation are (i) obtaining approval from the local ethics committee, (ii) signing the CURE 'Collaboration Agreement' with the UNEV and (iii) appointing a Project Manager who is responsible for performing the documentation and data entry for that site. There is no cost to participate in CURE, nor is there any financial compensation for participation. So far, recruitment of centres to contribute to CURE has taken place mainly through the GA 2 LEN network of Urticaria Centers of Reference and Excellence [UCARE; including its meetings, quarterly newsletter and website (www. ga2lenucare. com)] and by presentations at major conferences of dermatology and allergology, as well as conferences on urticaria.
Data collection Chronic Urticaria Registry provides paper data collection forms (described in more detail below), for both the physician and the patient, for both baseline and follow-up. Participating physicians may freely choose to use these forms or not during the patient consultation. (Electronic data entry into the CURE registry is then performed later, as described in more detail below. ) The time point for follow-up data collection is not specified by CURE, but it is hoped that it would take place about every 6 months.
Questionnaires All the CURE questionnaires were developed using an expert consensus approach. They rely mainly on basic, ad hoc, multiple choice or short answer questions. They are meant to help the participating centres collect data, but they are not mandatory. Although data on the actual completion time are not available, the questionnaires were designed with the intention that they could be completed in 30 min for baseline and 20 min for follow-up. The physician and patient versions of the questionnaires are essentially the same, just worded differently for their respective users. Furthermore, the patient questionnaire starts with several pictures and descriptions of wheals and angioedema, to help ensure that the patient understands which is which. The CURE database only allows entry of one set of answers per patient, regardless of whether the data were collected with the physician questionnaire or the patient questionnaire.
The CURE website (http://www. urticaria-registry. com/for-par ticipants. html) contains copies of all the currently available data collection forms in several languages. The baseline questionnaire has about 60 items that collect data on the patient's demographics, history, symptoms, trigger and risk factors, comorbidities, past and present therapies, and healthcare utilization. The follow-up questionnaire has about 38 items that collect data about changes in the patient's symptoms, treatments and healthcare utilization since the last consultation. Both the baseline and follow-up patient questionnaires include the Urticaria Control Test (UCT), a validated questionnaire about the control of urticaria during the past 4 weeks, with four questions, each using a 5point Likert scale. 30, 31 n the data entry system (described below), it is also possible to enter further data for specific diagnostic tests, the familial history of urticaria, the Urticaria Activity Score of 7 days (UAS7),  [31] [32] [33] [34]  the Chronic Urticaria Quality of Life Questionnaire (CU-Q 2 oL)  5, 31, 35  and/or the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI),  [36] [37] [38]  but so far, CURE has not provided the paper questionnaires for these patient-reported outcomes as part of the standard expected data collection, because they are not applicable to all patients and all clinical situations.
Data entry So far, all data entry into the registry is performed by the medical staff of the treating physician, via a secure internet webpage, at a time point after the actual data collection on paper (as described above). The registry uses secuTrial software (in-terActive Systems; Berlin, Germany), a secure medical reporting software system that is compliant with the Good Clinical Practice quality standards and with the US Food and Drug Administration's Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 11. The databases are hosted and administered by the Coordination Center for Clinical Studies of the Charit e -Universit€ atsmedizin Berlin, Germany. Data entry is password protected and uses 128-bit SSL encryption. The secuTrial system has an audit trail system that can be used to track and analyse data entry and any subsequent changes to it.
Data access Participating physicians may analyse and publish their own data. To obtain a spreadsheet of their own raw data, the physician submits a 'Request for Analysis' to the UNEV, 3 months in advance of the date the data is needed. Participating physicians do retain the right to independently analyse, present and publish their own data without the approval of the CURE International Steering Committee (ISC), on the condition that they acknowledge the CURE project's role in the research design, data collection and project management. Specific statistical analyses of the entire CURE database may also be proposed by any physician who has contributed a minimum number of baseline datasets to CURE (currently 30). But these publications are then managed by the CURE ISC, with the proposing physician as a co-author.
PURIST, the first international prospective study to characterize the underlying causes of CSU,  43  was a second big step in bringing the urticaria community together. The third big step was the founding and implementation of the UCARE network,  44  which now has more than 100 UCAREs around the globe and is currently in the process of preparing its first official full publications. Meanwhile, all this collaboration has also led to a substantial increase of efforts from the pharmaceutical industry to develop new and better treatments for CU. CURE has been developed over the past several years, with ethics approval in 2014 and the first patient entered in December 2015. The database has grown steadily over the years (Fig. 1 ). Its maturation now as a registry with sufficient data to start publishing major papers is the fourth big step in uniting urticaria specialists around the world to our common goal of reducing the burden of CU on our patients.
So far, 39 centres around the world have joined CURE and 35 entered baseline data on a total of 2946 patients, as of 26 February 2020 (Table  1 ). The CURE ISC has already planned several forthcoming papers from the data that have already been collected. Currently, we intend that the next publication will be an analysis of the baseline data for patients with CSU only vs. patients with CIndU only vs. patients with both CSU and CIndU. After that, the next paper will be a comparison of CSU patients with wheals only vs. CSU patients with wheals and angioedema vs. CSU patients with angioedema only. These two papers will help to better define the differences among CU patients, so treatment approaches can be better customized. Participating physicians may also initiate further papers using the data from their own patients, as explained above.
Conclusions The CURE project is a major research undertaking that has the potential to dramatically improve our knowledge of CU and our patients' medical outcomes. We are eager to have more physicians from around the world join CURE and to provide data on their patients to help improve the lives of urticaria patients. More information about joining and supporting CURE can be found on the website (http://www. urticaria-registry. com/). Registries are very cost-effective forms of research for the volume and value of their output, but nonetheless they do require substantial financial support. 23, 24, 26 The CURE registry will lead to major improvements in patient health by providing: (i) better scientific knowledge about this puzzling disease and therefore better treatment, (ii) a basis for quality improvement measures in real-world practice, (iii) monitoring of potential rare and long-term safety issues, (iv) insights into the healthcare costs of CU and (v) a basis for improved healthcare policy on CU.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank all partners who have joined CURE so far (as of 13 July 2020):  Faculty of Medicine of ABC Medical School, Department of Dermatology, Sao Paulo, Brazil ;  Tenon Hospital, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Paris, France ;  City Clinical Hospital  No. 52 ,  Moscow Ministry of Healthcare, Center of Allergy and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation; Tehran University, Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Teheran, Iran; Hospital Center of São João, Department of Immunoallergology, Porto, Portugal; Charit e -Universit€ atsmedinzin Berlin, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Berlin, Germany; Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Grenoble, France ;  Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Immunology and Allergy Clinic ,  Abu Dhabi ,  United Arab Emirates ;  Clinica San Carlo ,  Ambulatorio di Allergologia ,  Paderno Dugnano , Italy;  Dr.
Analyses of the general distribution of the studied fungi were based on the data from various bibliographic sources and publications, as well as databases available through the Internet: USDA Fungal Database  (Farr, Rossman, 2019)  and Mycology Collections Portal  (MyCoPortal, 2019). The specimens are deposited in the Mycological Collection of the M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (KW-M).
General geographical distribution. Asia: Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia (Ural, Western Siberia). Europe: Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK. North America: Canada, USA (Alaska, Iowa, New York, North Carolina, Texas, Wisconsin, Wyoming). Notes. Relatively rare in Ukraine. The monographers of the genus Ramularia regarded R. lysimachiarum as a synonym of R. lysimachiae  (Vasil'evsky, Karakulin, 1937; Braun, 1998). The author of the present publication agrees with that view and also regards R. lysimachiarum as a synonym, although the names R. lysimachiae and R. lysimachiarum are treated as different species in the SpeciesFungorum database (www.
Characterization of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Specific Immune Responses Following data acquisition, cells were gated to exclude beads, doublets, and non-specific background (Supplementary Figure  S1A ). A Spanning-tree Progression The antibodies used in this study are shown along with the metal isotope and clone for each. CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; CCR, C-C motif chemokine receptor; CXCR, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor. Analysis of Density-normalized Events (SPADE) was performed on the cytometric profiles of the entire dataset  (35). The SPADE analysis was parameterized to generate 100 cell clusters using a downsampling of 5%. SPADE clustering was based on the levels of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11c, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD32, CD64, CD66, CD123, HLA-DR, NKp80, and Perforin (Supplementary Figures  S1B, C ).
Cytometry Data Analysis and Statistics Cytometry data were normalized using Rachel Finck's MATLAB normalizer based on EQ Four-Element Calibration Beads  (36). FCS files were concatenated using the FCS file concatenation tool (Cytobank). SPADE analysis was performed on the Cytobank platform, whereas FlowJo software (TreeStar version 9. 9) was used to determine the median signal intensity (MSI) of cell surface receptors (for each cell population) and the percentage number of cells producing cytokines. Phenotypic heatmaps were obtained using Tableau software. Statistical comparisons of cell cluster abundances were performed using the Mann-Whitney test available in R software (R Core Team).
FUNDING The IDMIT infrastructure was supported by the  French Government  " Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir" (PIA)  under Grant  ANR-11-INBS-0008  and grant  ANR-10-EQPX-02-01  ( FlowCyTech facility ). NT was supported by fellowships from the  ANRS  ( France Recherche Nord & Sud Sida-hiv Hépatites ).
Secondary electrospray ionizationemass spectrometry and GC-MS have mainly been used  [32, 34]. These 'electronic nose' or 'in vitro sniffing tests' detect VOCs and produce pathogen-specific spectral patterns. Several important bacterial pathogensdE. coli, K. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. aureus and P. aeruginosadshow specific spectral patterns of VOCs that allow their differentiation in vitro  [34]. The publicly available mVOC 2. 0 database (http:// bioinformatics. charite. de/mvoc), based on an extensive literature search for microbial VOCs, is an outstanding and regularly updated data source  [35]. A recent proof-of-principle study showed the ability of TD-GC-MS to 'smell' and differentiate cephalexin-and ciprofloxacinresistant and -sensitive urinary tract infection-causing bacteria  [36].
Acknowledgements This work was presented in part at the 29th  European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID)  held in Amsterdam, the  Netherlands , from  13  to 17 April 2019 as the oral presentation Use of sniffing animals in diagnostic microbiology (presenter  Emmanuelle Cambau ) as part of ECCMID's 2-hour session '@mobilemicrobiologylaboratory'.
The Beyond Ultra-deep Frontier Fields and Legacy Observations (BUFFALO) is a 101 orbit + 101 parallel Cycle 25 Hubble Space Telescope Treasury program taking data from 2018-2020. BUFFALO will expand existing coverage of the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) in WFC3/IR F105W, F125W, and F160W and ACS/WFC F606W and F814W around each of the six HFF clusters and flanking fields. This additional area has not been observed by HST but is already covered by deep multi-wavelength datasets, including Spitzer and Chandra. As with the original HFF program, BUFFALO is designed to take advantage of gravitational lensing from massive clusters to simultaneously find high-redshift galaxies which would otherwise lie below HST detection limits and model foreground clusters to study properties of dark matter and galaxy assembly.
INTRODUCTION The Beyond Ultra-deep Frontier Fields and Legacy Observations (BUFFALO) program is a Hubble Treasury program expanding the Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy cluster to adjacent areas that already benefit from ultra-deep Spitzer and multi-wavelength coverage. The program consists of 96 orbits + 96 parallel orbits in the Frontier Fields and also includes five orbits of planned supernova followup, based upon expected rates. The Frontier Fields program  (Lotz et al. 2017 ) arose out of the realization that the same dataset could be used to attack two of the most important questions in astronomy, even though they were seemingly different topics. Gravitational lensing from massive, foreground clusters allows the Hubble Space Telescope (HST ) to detect galaxies which would otherwise be too faint.
Both of these studies benefit strongly from the presence of multi-wavelength data that has been added to HST by the Spitzer Space Telescope  (Werner et al. 2004 ), the Chandra X-ray Observatory  (Weisskopf et al. 2000) , the XMM-Newton X-ray Observatory  (Jansen et al. 2001) , and other ground-based observatories. BUFFALO is designed to take advantage of this by expanding Frontier Fields coverage to fields in which these other data already exist. The design benefits additionally from previous HST studies of high-redshift galaxies  (Oesch et al. 2010; McLure et al. 2010; Finkelstein et al. 2015; Bouwens et al. 2015 Bouwens et al. , 2016)). Their measurements of the highredshift luminosity function enable BUFFALO to choose a depth in five optical and near-infrared pass-bands with the Advanced Camera for Survey (ACS) and the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), that is optimized to select the most luminous galaxies at z > 6 and to study their physical properties such as stellar masses by fully exploiting the pre-existing, deep Spitzer /IRAC data around the Frontier Fields.
The corresponding ACS observations overlap each other by about half the field of view of ACS, with the resulting mosaic covering three times the area of the original ACS imaging, again for both the main cluster and the parallel field (Fig. 2 ). Once all 16 orbits are obtained for each cluster, the resulting observations comprise a 2×2 mosaic of WFC3/IR data in F105W, F125W and F160W, each at approximately 2/3 orbit depth, utilizing a 4-point dither to mitigate detector defects and also provide sub-pixel sampling. The corresponding ACS/WFC observations consist of F606W at 2/3 orbit depth, and F814W at 4/3 orbit depth, again utilizing a 4-point dither to mitigate detector defects, provide sub-pixel sampling and step across the gap between the two chips in ACS. For each of the six clusters, the final dataset therefore consists of 160 exposures in total, at 4 exposures per pointing, over 8 different pointings (4 on the main cluster and 4 on the parallel field), for each of the five ACS/WFC3 filters used in the program.