dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Module on social life Social support will be assessed by Sarason's social support questionnaire (SSQ6) validated and adapted in French by Rascle et al. 50 This 6-item questionnaire measures the availability of social support and the satisfaction with the perceived support. Availability scores range from 0 to 54 and satisfaction scores range from 6 to 36. 51 A higher social support satisfaction score represents better perceived social support. Additional questions on social life including the following data will be collected: being in contact with a patient association or a social worker, having received psychological assistance following the diagnosis of BC and the role played by spiritual life or religion. Professional life module Professional reintegration will be evaluated using another study-specific questionnaire developed in conjunction with sociologists and psychologists.
The questionnaire gathers items from diverse French population-based surveys. It includes items from a large survey on cancer survivorship named VICAN. 26 40 52 These items were tested in an exploratory sample of 74 people with cancer in April 2004. It provided information on the impact of cancer on work, access to loans and professional reintegration. These items, not captured by any validated questionnaire, deal with factual elements about work. This study does not provide for any validation plan for the use of the professional life module. Data collected include problems relating to obtaining loans, income since diagnosis, ability to work (after treatment and at the time of the survey), impact of cancer and perceived discrimination in the patient's professional life. Other data collected in the questionnaire booklet sent to patients during the quantitative component.
COVID-19 data module This module aims to understand the organisation of care and medical monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the possible impact that the health crisis may have had on patients. The data to be collected are: organisation of medical appointments (oncologist, surgeon, radiotherapist …); organisation of appointments with other caregivers (nurse, psychologist, dietician …); organisation of examinations (CT scans, MRI …); COVID-19 screening test; impact of physical distancing measures against COVID-19 on patients' daily life. Open access compared with women not treated with chemotherapy, with statistical power of 99% and an α-risk of 2. 5%. Sexual function, which is our second main endpoint, will be evaluated by the FSFI questionnaire, which generates six dimensions (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain).
A graphical comparison making it possible to detect faults in the superposition of the observed and imputed distributions will be performed. This step is crucial to ensure both the validity of the MICE model used and the plausibility of Open access the MAR hypothesis. After MICE, the Wald test will be approximated by a Student test to test the regression coefficients. A Fisher test will also make it possible to jointly test a series of regression coefficients on all the imputed bases. In addition, sensitivity analysis will be performed to take into account any missing-not-at-random (MNAR data and to assess the impact of a MNAR mechanism on the results of multiple imputation. Statistical analysis will be performed with R and SAS software V. 9. 4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Qualitative component Interviews will be recorded and fully transcribed. Analysis will begin as soon as a few interviews will have been performed, and will be carried out in conjunction with further data collection to determine when theoretical data saturation is reached, that is, the point beyond which further interviews yield no new information. It is believed that theoretical data saturation will be reached after around 30 interviews, but it is possible that some additional interviews will be necessary. The analysis will follow the conventional principles of qualitative analysis. 36 The content analysis will be assisted by NVivo software, which enables the themes emerging from the interviews to be coded and related to the individual characteristics of women and to the speech context.
There may also be concerns about recall bias, especially given that the questions relate to events at diagnosis or during treatment. In the absence of a fertility questionnaire validated in French, fertility (one of the two main judgement criteria) will be assessed by a questionnaire constructed specifically for this study with oncologists, clinicians and surgeons. At this stage of the study, 15 Registries have provided the patient's referring physicians with information about the study and informed them that their patients will be approached for participation. All 15 Registries have sent the study information pack by post to patients for the first time. Ten Registries have also sent reminders to patients who have not responded following the first mailing. In March 2022, the 10 registries that have finished with reminders will begin collecting clinical and treatment data from patients who responded to the questionnaires sent out for the quantitative component.
Sample Project Changing Health for African American men with New and Great Experiences (CHANGE) is the parent study devoted to exploring the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of young Black men as it relates to stress and their likelihood of engaging in preventive health behaviors (e. g. , mental health, physical activity, or healthy eating). A convenience sample of 201 low-income Black males in Southern California completed the Project CHANGE survey. The Project CHANGE survey, capturing psychosocial and health status data regarding participants' dietary patterns, physical activity, and mental health, was administered to investigate the health behaviors, perceptions, and beliefs that affect Black men's preventive health behaviors. To be eligible to complete the survey, men had to self-identify as Black; be between the ages of 18 and 30 years old, which we considered as "young" for this sample; and self-report as low-income, which was defined as living below the poverty line.
Procedures All participants who completed the Project CHANGE survey were recruited from barbershops, beaches, indoor and outdoor basketball courts, and other places frequented by young Black men in Southern California. Word of mouth and snowball techniques were used to recruit survey participants that fit the inclusion criteria. Each participant read and signed the consent form prior to completing the survey. After survey completion, each participant received a US$10 gift card to Subway, Wal-Mart, or Stater Bros. The survey was administered as a paper-and-pencil survey and could be self-administered or administered through a 1-hr interview with trained and IRB-certified research team members. The Project CHANGE research coordinator and team members manually entered completed survey data into the International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS; IBM Corporation, 2011, Armonk, NY, USA) database.
We conducted descriptive analyses to explore normality and distributions and then used a t test/one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; for health status) to examine the association between correlates and self-reported depressive symptoms. Logistic regression was conducted to estimate the independent effect of each significant correlate from the bivariate analyses on odds of self-reported depressive symptoms. Any p values <. 05 were considered statistically significant and all tests were two tailed. Survey data were analyzed with IBM SPSS version 20. 0 statistical software (IBM Corporation, 2011, Armonk, NY, USA).
Limitations There were several limitations to our study. The sample was cross-sectional and the data were self-reported. Therefore, we cannot determine causality and we acknowledge that self-reports may be biased. As this was a convenience sample of young Black men in Southern California, the generalizability of the results is limited. There may have also been selection bias using a convenience sample. Even with these limitations, the results of our study provide important insight about factors that may prevent or reduce depression in young Black men and ultimately into older adulthood. In addition, the results are an important addition to the literature because this population is underrepresented in research.
Funding The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the  National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities  (Grant No. 5P20MD001632-05 ). Dr. Thorpe was supported by grants from the  National Institute of Health   K02AG059140 ,  R01AG054363 , and  U54MD000214.
Search Strategy: A literature search was conducted of studies published from January 2010 to September 2021 in the following databases: Medline ALL (Medline and Medline Epub Ahead of print and In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations), Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, all from the OvidSP platform, and Web of Science from Clarivate Analytics. Where available, both controlled vocabulary terms and text words were used (Appendix 1). There were no language or study design restrictions. Published conference abstracts were included. The reference lists of included studies were scanned to identify additional relevant studies. The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) conference proceedings were searched to identify any relevant conference abstracts.
Additional publications and/or data identified by the authors outside of the search were added to the systematic review when applicable. The study protocol was prospectively uploaded to PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020218141) and followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and metaanalyses (PRISMA) guidelines  [30]. Abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers using Covidence software (www. covidence. org). Conflicts were resolved with internal discussion between the two reviewers and in the case of a lasting conflict, by a third reviewer. Response data and patient demographics were extracted by two independent reviewers. After data was extracted from all included publications, missing data was identified and requested from the original authors with up to two separate email prompts >7 days apart.
Statistical Analyses: We performed one-stage meta-analyses of pooled individual patient level data from all included studies. Hazard ratio was used as the parameter of interest for PFS, and odds ratios (OR) was used as the parameter of interest for response. A multi-level mixed effects logistic regression model, incorporating individual study as a random effect, was used to estimate the odds ratios of responses between groups and its associated 95% confidence interval. Multivariable logistic regression models, incorporating study type, cancer type and therapy type were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios. For multivariable analysis of treatment response, all study key variables that were available for all patients were incorporated into the initial multivariable model. These included: cancer type, BRAF mutation class, therapy type, geographic location, study type, and response criteria.
018) or lung cancer (P=0. 028; Figure  2C  and D, Supplemental Figure  S3 ). When restricting our analyses to patients with RECIST-defined responses, from prospective datasets, or who were treated with only BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors, the differential PFS between Class 2 and Class 3 BRAF mutants remain (P=0. 024, P=0. 011 and P=0. 002, respectively; Supplemental Figures  S4  and S5 ).
Depth of response of Class 2 and 3 BRAF mutant tumors to MAPK inhibition is associated with progression-free survival. To better characterize the degree of clinical benefit achieved by patients who responded to MAPKi, we assessed PFS according to response type. Patients who achieved a complete response experienced longer PFS (mPFS 12 months) than patients with partial response (mPFS 6 months), stable disease (mPFS 4. 2 months) or progressive disease as best response (mPFS 1. 8 months) (Supplemental Figure  S8A ; P<0. 0001). Patients who experienced PFS >12 months demonstrated a greater depth of tumor regression response than patients with responses lasting less than 12 months (Supplemental Figure  8B ; P=0. 0082). Amongst responders with available data (n=23), we observed a significant correlation between increased depth of response (% tumor regression of target lesions), and longer PFS (Supplemental Figure  S8C  and D; R 2 =0.
The degree of benefit, in terms of both outcomes and tolerability, conferred by the addition of BRAF inhibition to MEK inhibitors requires further study in prospective trials. Indeed, two on-going clinical trials are currently investigating the efficacy of binimetinib and encorafenib for the treatment of tumors with non-V600 BRAF mutations (NCT03839342, NCT03843775)  [40]. In Class 3 BRAF mutant tumors, EGFRi-containing regimens have already been demonstrated to elicit high response rates, particularly when combined with chemotherapy in the context of colorectal cancer  [35]. Given that Class 3 mutations may exhibit a degree of additional sensitivity with additional BRAF and / or MEK inhibition, it remains possible that triple therapy regimens, such as the cetuximab, encorafenib and binimetinib combination that proved effective in the BEACON trial for BRAF V600E mutant colorectal cancer may also be beneficial for patients with Class 3 BRAF mutations  [34].
Currently, the BIG BANG trial is investigating the efficacy of this combination in colorectal cancer patients with non-V600 BRAF mutations, results that will complement the existing BEACON data  [41, 42]. Despite this possibility, it is clear from this dataset that patients with Class 3 BRAF mutant tumors have only modest potential for clinical benefit when treated with currently available standard MAPK targeted therapies. Thus, more research and development of novel therapeutic approaches is urgently needed -particularly for Class 3 BRAF mutations. We observed a trend towards an association with decreased responsiveness to MAPK targeted therapy in tumors with co-occurring RAS mutations. This observation is perhaps not surprising; RAS mutations are well documented drivers of resistance to EGFR inhibitors in colorectal cancer, and the development of de novo RAS mutations has been reported to be a key mechanism of acquired resistance to BRAF +/-MEK inhibitors in BRAF V600 mutant melanoma  [43, 44].
Another important limitation of the study is that our analyses are largely based on patients receiving earlier generations of targeted therapies, such as vemurafenib. Emerging preclinical data suggests that alternative BRAF inhibitors such as dabrafenib and encorafenib -both of which can effectively inhibit BRAF dimers to a greater extent than vemurafenib  [20]  -as well as 'nextgeneration' BRAF dimer inhibitors and pan-RAF inhibitors -which inhibit both BRAF and CRAF -hold substantial promise for non-V600 BRAF mutant tumors  [24, [46] [47] [48]. In these preclinical studies, differences exist between the efficacy of various MAPK targeted therapies of the same class, but we are underpowered to comment on these differences within this clinical dataset  [24, 49]. Finally, our study is limited by the incompleteness of available data in the published literature.
MAD: supported by the  Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation , the  AIM at Melanoma Foundation , the  NIH/NCI  ( 1 P50 CA221703-02  and  1U54CA224070-03 ), the  American Cancer Society  and the  Melanoma Research Alliance, Cancer Fighters of Houston , the  Anne and John Mendelsohn Chair for Cancer Research , and philanthropic contributions to the  Melanoma Moon Shots Program of MD Anderson. MAD has been a consultant to  Roche/Genentech ,  Array ,  Pfizer ,  Novartis ,  BMS ,  GSK ,  Sanofi-Aventis, Vaccinex, Apexigen ,  Eisai , and  ABM Therapeutics , and he has been the PI of research grants to  MD Anderson by Roche/Genentech ,  GSK ,  Sanofi-Aventis ,  Merck ,  Myriad , and Oncothyreon. AG: Employed by  BioMed Valley Discoveries. RJS: Consulting or Advisory Role -alkermes;  Asana Biosciences; AstraZeneca; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Eisai; Iovance Biotherapeutics ; Merck; Novartis; OncoSec;  Pfizer ;  Replimune.
The detector is nearly hermetic, permitting accurate measurements of p miss T. Events of interest are selected using a two-tiered trigger system. The first level (L1), composed of custom hardware processors, uses information from the calorimeters and muon detectors to select events at a rate of around 100 kHz within a fixed latency of about 4 µs  [82]. The second level, known as the high-level trigger (HLT), consists of a farm of processors running a version of the full event reconstruction software optimized for fast processing, and reduces the event rate to around 1 kHz before data storage  [83]. In addition to the pp collision of interest selected by the trigger, the event record generally contains tracks and calorimeter energy deposits from a number of other collisions (pileup) occurring in the same bunch crossing, or in adjacent crossings within the time resolution of the data acquisition.
The W+jets and Z+jets events are generated with up to four additional partons. For the MADGRAPH LO samples, MLM parton matching is used  [86]. Single top quark events produced through the s channel, diboson events such as those originating from WW, ZZ, or ZH production, and rare events such as those from ttW, ttZ, and WWZ production, are generated with MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO at next-to-leading order (NLO), with FXFX matching  [87] , except that WW events in which both W bosons decay leptonically are generated using the POWHEG v2. 0  [88] [89] [90] [91] [92]  program at NLO. This same POWHEG generator is used to describe both tW production and t-channel production of single top quark events at NLO precision. Samples of simulated signal events are generated at LO using MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO 2. 4. 2, with up to two additional partons included in the matrix element calculations.
Simulated samples generated at LO (NLO) with the CUETP8M1 tune use the NNPDF3. 0LO (NNPDF3. 0NLO) [109]  parton distribution functions (PDFs), while those using the CP2 or CP5 tune use the NNPDF3. 1LO (NNPDF3. 1NNLO) [110]  PDFs. The detector response is modeled with GEANT4  [111]. Normalization of the simulated background samples is performed using the most accurate cross section calculations available  [85, 91, 92, [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] , which generally correspond to NLO or NNLO precision. Because scans over numerous mass points are required for the signal models, the detector response for such events (except for those of the T5HH model) is described using the CMS fast simulation program  [105, 121] , which yields results that are generally consistent with those from the simulation based on GEANT4.
Triggers and event reconstruction The data sample for the analysis region was obtained using triggers  [82, 83]  that require p miss T, trig to exceed a threshold that varied between 90 and 140 GeV, depending on the LHC instantaneous luminosity. Single-lepton control samples, defined below, are collected with single-electron, single-muon, and p miss T, trig triggers, while dilepton control samples are collected with single-electron and single-muon triggers. The value of p miss T, trig is computed with trigger-level quantities and therefore has somewhat poorer resolution than p miss T. The trigger efficiency for the analysis sample is measured as a function of p miss T , and of H T , the scalar sum of the transverse momentum (p T ) of jets, separately for each year of data taking. For the single-lepton control sample, it is measured as a function of p miss T , H T , and lepton p T , and for the dilepton control sample, as a function of lepton p T.
The physics objects for this purpose are the jets (reconstructed using the anti-k T jet finding algorithm  [123, 124]  with the charged particle tracks assigned to the vertex) and the associated missing transverse momentum (computed as the negative vector sum of the p T values of those jets). Charged particle tracks associated with vertices other than the primary vertex are removed from further consideration. The primary vertex is required to lie within 24 cm of the center of the detector in the direction along the beam axis and within 2 cm in the plane transverse to that axis. Jets from the primary pp interaction are formed from the charged PF candidates associated with the primary vertex, together with the neutral PF candidates, again using the anti-k T algorithm  [123] , as implemented in the FASTJET package  [124].
Jets are required to have |η| < 2. 4; AK4 and AK8 jets are required to have p T > 30 GeV and p T > 300 GeV, respectively. Finally, AK4 jets that have PF constituents matched to an isolated electron or muon are removed. To improve the consistency of the fast simulation description with respect to that based on GEANT4, we apply a small correction, about 1%, to account for differences in the efficiency of the jet quality requirements  [125, 126]. To improve the modeling of jets associated with initial-state radiation (ISR), the prediction of MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO is compared with data in a control sample enriched in tt events by the requirement of two light charged leptons (ee, µµ, or eµ) and two b-tagged jets. The number of all remaining jets in the event is denoted N ISR jet. A correction factor is applied to simulated tt and strong-production signal events so that the N ISR jet distribution agrees with that in data.
The detection efficiencies for true b quark jets, as well as the mistag rates for jets originating from up, down, or strange quarks or from gluons (light-parton jets), and for charm-quark jets, are measured with data samples enriched in, respectively, tt, QCD, and a combination of W +c and semileptonic tt events [131]. Typical b jet efficiencies for the three DEEPCSV working points are 85, 70, and 50%, with corresponding light-parton jet mistag rates of 10, 1, and 0. 1%, and charm jet mistag rates of 40, 12, and 2. 5%, for the L, M, and T working points, respectively. The numbers of observed b-tagged AK4 jets satisfying the L, M, and T requirements in an event are denoted N b,L , N b,M , and N b,T , respectively. The identification of AK8 jets containing two b quarks, used in the analysis of the boosted signature, is performed with a deep-learning-based double-b tagging algorithm (DEEPDOUBLEBVL, mass-decorrelated  [132] ) at its loose working point.
For both signatures, systematic contributions to the κ uncertainties are evaluated as discussed in Section 8. For the boosted signature, the data yields are too small to permit a separate ABCD background calculation in each p miss T bin. Instead we combine the p miss T -integrated estimate N pred SR, tot for each of the 1H and 2H SRs with the binned p miss T distribution f pTmiss obtained from a separate data control region. This control region is a subset (0H+b) of the 0H region, comprising both the CSR and CSB regions but satisfying the further requirement of one tight b-tagged AK4 jet in addition to the two AK8 jets. The b tagging requirement serves to enrich this control region in tt events, so as to approximate the SM content of the 1H and 2H regions. We thus have for the predicted yield, N pred SR,i , in p miss T bin i N pred SR,i = κ i f pTmiss,i N pred SR, tot , (3) where N pred SR, tot is the predicted background yield, as calculated from Eq.