dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Definitions CGVHD was diagnosed according to standard CIBMTR criteria  [9, 19]  which includes all patients with clinical criteria of CGVHD  [19]  with or without positive histology, irrespective of time of onset of symptoms. Data required to generate an National Institutes of Health (NIH) score  [20]  were not prospectively collected by the CIBMTR during the study period. We defined reduced intensity/nonmyeloablative regimens (RIC/ NMA) based on standard definitions  [21]. HLA-matching was defined based on algorithm described by Weisdorf et al  [22]. Disease stage at HCT was defined as early, intermediate or advanced based on predefined criteria  [18]. Overall survival was estimated from onset of CGVHD. Death from any cause was treated as the event. Surviving patients were censored at the date of last contact.
The disease groups selected in this study population reflect the training cohort selection criteria. Applicability of the risk score in non-malignant diseases, particularly in pediatric patients has not been tested. Though CGVHD classification using NIH consensus criteria is not available in the CIBMTR data base, the validation cohort includes patients with NIH chronic GVHD diagnosis, which may account for less frequent diagnosis of early CGVHD (persistent or late acute misclassified as CGVHD)  [16, 27, 28]. Despite this, we observed good discriminatory ability of the risk score in predicting survival and NRM. Moreover, as mentioned above, in the study by Inamoto, Kim et al  [26] , the application of the CIBMTR risk score performed well in predicting differences in OS also in contemporary patients treated for NIH defined CGVHD (Supplemental Figure  1 ).
Acknowledgements The CIBMTR is supported by  Public Health Service Grant/Cooperative Agreement   U24-CA076518  from the  National Cancer Institute (NCI) , the  National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)  and the  National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) ; a Grant/Cooperative Agreement  5U10HL069294  from  NHLBI  and  NCI ; a contract  HHSH250201200016C  with  Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA/DHHS ); two Grants  N00014-13-1-0039  and  N00014-14-1-0028  from the  Office of Naval Research ; and grants from * Actinium Pharmaceuticals; Allos Therapeutics, Inc. ;  *Amgen, Inc. ; Anonymous donation to the  Medical College of Wisconsin ; Ariad; Be the  Match Foundation ;  *Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association; *Celgene Corporation ;  Chimerix, Inc. ;  Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Fresenius-Biotech North America, Inc.
RESULTS Experiments are discussed regarding two datasets collected over Port-au-Prince (Haiti) including: (i) singlepolarization single-look CSK (© ASI; Fig. 3. (a)) with HH polarization, stripmap acquisition modality, with 2. 5-m pixel spacing; and (ii) a coregistered GeoEye RGB acquisition (© GeoEye; Fig. 3. (b) ). Multiscale features are extracted through 2D discrete wavelet transform. Five land cover classes have been considered: urban (red), water (blue), vegetation (green), soil (yellow) and containers (purple). We compare the proposed method with the classification results obtained using the following techniques: 1) Separate hierarchical classifications of the images provides by the two sensors (Fig. 3 (d) for optical and Fig. 3 (e) for SAR). In this case, the classification is obtained recursively over the scales where the use of quadtree structure in MPM schema yields "blockly" segmentations (details can be found in  [6] ).
3(e) (d) ). Indeed, experimental results obtained by using only SAR data accurately detect roads and containers, while the results generated by using only optical data better discriminate classes that are spatially homogenous. The proposed method effectively takes benefit from both SAR and optical imagery, and allows generating a classification result that visually well discriminates all classes in the considered HR data set. It is especially interesting to notice that the detection of the "containers" class, which is generally very overlapping with other urban or built-up classes in the feature space, improves significantly compared to the method in  [8] , in which the classification map is over smoothed (see highlighted region in fig. 3(f) ). Compared to the previous multisensor classification method in  [7]  (see fig.
Crystal chemistry and chemical bonding More than 30 intermetallic cerium compounds CeTX crystallize with the hexagonal ZrNiAl type structure  [54, 80, 81] , space group P6 ̅ 2m, Pearson symbol hP9, and Wyckoff sequence gfda. The basic crystallographic data of these phases are listed in Table  1. The ZrNiAl structure itself can be considered as a ternary ordered version of the Fe 2 P type  [82]. The basic crystal chemistry of the ZrNiAl phases (the Pearson data base  [1]  lists more than 1700 entries for this structure type) is well documented  [2, 83, 84]. Herein we focus only on the peculiarities of the cerium containing materials. The CeTX phases show broad coloring on the T and X sites, i. e. , T = Ni, Cu, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, and Au and X = Mg, Zn, Cd, Hg, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, and Pb, leading to a large structural flexibility.
These bonding interactions are a direct consequence of the course of the electronegativities, rhodium being more electronegative than tin. Electronic structure calculations showed remarkable covalent Ce-Rh bonding. These bonds play an important role for the physical properties of CeRhSn (vide infra). The near-neighbor coordination of the Ce atoms in CeRhSn is presented in Fig. 4. Each Ce atom has a sandwich-like coordination by two slightly distorted but planar Rh 2 Sn 3 pentagons which are connected through a common Rh atom. Within the ab plane there are four cerium neighbors at 389 pm and two further cerium neighbors at 409 pm above and below (the c lattice parameter). The Ce-Ce and Ce-T distances are important parameters for the magnetic ground state of the CeTX compounds. For those compounds where structure refinements based on powder or single crystal X-ray diffraction data are available we list the corresponding Ce-Ce and Ce-T distances in Table  2.
For the whole series of CeTX intermetallics the Ce-Ce distances range from 359 to 433 pm. For comparison, the Ce-Ce distance in fcc cerium  [85]  is 365 pm. Furthermore, all Ce-Ce distances in the CeTX phases are longer than the Hill limit of 340 pm for 4f electron localization  [86]. This will be discussed further along with the magnetic data (vide infra). Also the Ce-T distances play an important role for the magnetic behavior. For the series of CeTX compounds the Ce-T distances range from 288 to 325 pm (Table  2 ). The course of these distances is primarily a consequence of the size of the transition metal atom. In all cases (for electrostatic reasons), the more electronegative transition metal is the nearest neighbor for the Ce atom. This is also the case for the three triel compounds CeMgX (X = Ga, In, Tl), which can be considered as a gallide, indide, and thallide.
These phases can be taken as p element analogs of CeMgT (T = Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) which carry a partial negative charge on the T atoms  [87, 88]. Experimental data on the electronic structures of CeTX intermetallics were obtained from XPS measurements. These experiments gave direct evidence for the location of the Ce(4f) and T(nd) levels with respect to the Fermi level. Detailed studies were performed for the indides CeTIn (T = Ni, Cu, Pd, Pt, Au)  [59, 62, 67, 71]. The XPS spectra clearly confirm the intermediate cerium valence in CeCuIn  [62]. For CeRhIn and CeRhSn high-resolution photoemission studies have revealed a strong Ce(4f 1 ) contribution near the Fermi level. Together with a weak Ce(4f 0 ) peak this indicates strong valence fluctuations in both compounds, but with a weaker hybridization strength in CeRhSn  [89].
Not all ZrNiAl type CeTX compounds are stable over the whole temperature range. The gallide CeNiGa  [90, 91]  and the zinc compound CePdZn  [50]  transform to TiNiSi type high-temperature modifications. In the case of CePdZn, electronic structure calculations along with magnetic data point to larger Ce(4f)-Pd(4d) hybridization for the ZrNiAl type phase.
Some correlation of the magnetic properties of the CeTX intermetallics with the interatomic distances and the cell volume has been observed. Besides these general parameters influencing the Ce(4f) states, the triangular arrangement of the Ce atoms (slightly distorted Kagomé network) in the ZrNiAl type can cause topological frustration of the Ce(4f) moments. This will be discussed in more detail along with the magnetic structures determined from neutron diffraction data (vide infra). In the following discussion we start with the materials of the first group which show magnetic ordering. As is evident from Table  1 , the Néel temperatures are low in all cases. All CeTX compounds with trivalent cerium show experimental effective magnetic moments close to the free ion value of 2. 54 μ B for Ce 3+.
The thermodynamic properties of CePdAl were evaluated along with orbital degeneracy and crystal field effects. Approval of the model was obtained through fits of the specific heat data  [111]. The heavy fermion character of CePdAl was evidenced from C P data which revealed an electronic specific heat coefficient of γ ≈ 610 mJ mol -1 K -2  [112]. Electronic structure calculations along with XPS core level and valence band spectra show strong hybridization of the Ce(4f) and Pd(4d) states, strongly influencing the magnetic ground state properties of CePdAl  [113]. The crystal electric field (CEF) levels of ≈ 240 K and > 400 K were determined from inelastic neutron scattering experiments. The energies of the CEF excitations are E 1 = 21. 09 and E 2 = 44. 7 meV  [114]. The geometrical magnetic frustration in CePdAl was thoroughly studied by neutron diffraction  [115] [116] [117].
The elastic modulus decreases with decreasing temperature (softening) and shows a pronounced minimum around 120 K which is close to the maximum in the magnetic contribution to the specific heat. This maximum is also reproduced in the temperature dependence of the thermopower  [141]. Experimental data for the location of the Ce(4f) states were obtained from high-resolution Rh(3d)-Ce(4f) resonance photoemission spectroscopy  [89]  in comparison with isotypic CeRhSn. The samples were grown as single crystals via the Czochralski technique. Both compounds show a strong Ce(4f 1 ) contribution near the Fermi energy and a weak Ce(4f 0 ) peak, in agreement with strong valence fluctuation behavior. In comparison, the Ce(4f) conduction electron hybridization strength in CeRhSn is weaker than that in CeRhIn.
Electrical properties Resistivity data for diverse CeTX intermetallic compounds were measured on polycrystalline as well as single crystalline specimens. The polycrystalline samples often show severe microcracks [e. g. ,  102  or 106] which irreversibly falsify the absolute values. For this reason often reduced resistivity data are plotted in order to reduce these inconsistencies. For many CeTX compounds only the magnetic contribution (magnetic scattering) is of interest. Therefore the isotypic lanthanum compounds were measured for comparison and the data substracted from the cerium data (see e. g. , Ref. [148] ). Usually the RKKY metals show resistivity behavior that can easily be described by a combined Bloch-Grüneisen term in the temperature regime above the magnetic ordering. This model accounts for the residual and spin disorder resistivity, the scattering of conduction electrons on phonons as well as interband scattering processes.
Hydrogenation behavior The coupling constant J cf between the Ce(4f) and the conduction electrons has been discussed on the basis of the Doniach diagram in Chapter 3. 2 as the important parameter which governs the magnetic ground state of a given CeTX phase. Hydrogenation of these intermetallics leads to an increase of the unit cell volume along with a decrease in the strength of the J cf parameter. Thus, especially the CeTX phases with intermediate valent cerium are interesting candidates for hydrogen induced changes of the magnetic behavior. The basic crystallographic data of the CeTXH x hydrides are listed in Table  3. In addition to these samples, several other CeTX phases have been treated under hydrogen atmosphere. Not all of these samples keep the ZrNiAl structure for the metal substructure of the hydride.
1 has been studied in detail by powder neutron diffraction  [156]  along with other rare earth representatives of that series. This study used a systematic symmetry analyses (including group-subgroup relations) for an exploration of all possible models with different hydrogen positions. The best fit of the diffraction data was obtained for an occupancy of three different Wyckoff sites with deuterium: 50 % on 4h, 35 % on 3g, and 8 % on 3f. Neutron powder diffraction patterns for the CePdInD 1. 1 sample were also collected at 0. 8 K. No superstructure reflections indicating long-range magnetic ordering have been detected. The structural investigations have been accompanied by detailed electronic structure calculations for a concise study of chemical bonding and an evaluation of the magnetic ground states, in comparison of the CeTX and CeTXH x phases  [157] [158] [159].
Two recent examples concern the solid solutions CeRh 1-x Ge x In (0. 1 ≤ x ≤ 0. 3)  [186]  and CePd 1-x Ge x In (0. 1 ≤ x ≤ 0. 4)  [187]. Single crystal diffraction data revealed Rh/Ge respectively Pd/Ge mixing only on the 2d sites, i. e. , within the trigonal prisms formed by the Ce atoms. For the CeRh 1-x Ge x In series, with increasing germanium content the intermediate cerium valence changes to a localized Ce(4f) state. A change of the magnetic ground state is also observed for the palladium based series. With increasing germanium content the coherent Kondo state of CePdIn vanishes gradually. The last two solid solutions concern substitutions on the X sites. Sn atoms of CeRhSn have gradually been replaced by indium  [188]. The course of the magnetic susceptibility data and the electric transport properties showed a transition from a non-Fermi liquid state to intermediate valence behavior.
More specifically, section 5 presents items that are (generally) present in a non-demented DS population, which may complicate the BPSD diagnosis, and should thus be cautiously considered with regard to a novel BPSD scale for AD in DS. Due to the relatively limited number of studies on BPSD in DS, we applied a broad, unrestricted search strategy to identify as many relevant papers as possible. PubMed and EBSCO Host Academic Search Premier databases were searched, as well as authors' own archives of articles. Initial selection of papers was based on the relevance of titles and abstracts. Non-English articles, case study reports and paediatric DS studies were not taken into consideration in this review.
Informant-interviews revealed that demented subjects presented an increased loss of interest, irritability, slowness, and sleep difficulties, whilst depressed mood and delayed sleep were less common, compared to those without dementia. Deduction of DS-specific results was impossible due to a low number of DS subjects and data pooling of all participants. Similarly,  Duggan et al. (1996)  evaluated twelve people with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and dementia, eight of which had DS. The behavioural history was assessed in relation to the duration of dementia, being the first paper to enlighten temporal relationships between BPSD and dementia. In contrast to the study of Moss and Patel, this study reported the behavioural history per subject, allowing an indicatory exploration of DS-specific behavioural changes in dementia.
, 2014; Sultzer et al. , 2008). For instance, risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic drug, has been previously demonstrated to significantly reduce agitation, aggression and psychosis-associated symptoms in AD patients in the general population, as well as reduce overall BEHAVE-AD scores, which is indicative of an improving BPSD profile  (De Deyn et al. , 1999 , 2005b; Rabinowitz et al. , 2007). In agreement, others reported that risperidone treatment of AD patients resulted in reduced NPI total scores, which, again, indicates beneficial symptomatic effects on the overall presence of BPSD  (Sultzer et al. , 2008). Currently, two phase II clinical trials on cognitive enhancement in DS are ongoing: one using the green tea flavonol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)  (De la Torre et al. , 2014; Parc de Salut Mar, 2012: NCT01699711)  and the CLEMATIS study using the GABAA α5 receptor inverse agonist RG1662  (Ballard et al.
, 2009; Hoffmann-La Roche, 2013: NCT02024789). Importantly, behaviour is included in the primary outcome measures in both trials. More specifically, the EGCG trial uses 'change in cognitive evaluation', which includes a neuropsychiatric evaluation based on, amongst others, DMR and NPI scores. The RG1662 study evaluates adaptive behaviour. Whereas both trials focus on cognitive enhancement with respect to the congenital intellectual disability, the EGCG trial also evaluates the effect of EGCG on the deceleration of AD progression in DS. Despite the fact that the DMR (not inclusive) and NPI (not adapted) sub-optimally assess BPSD in DS, these scales remain to be employed given the lack of more optimal measures. Therefore, a novel, comprehensive scale to assess BPSD in DS would be very valuable.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  Alzheimer Research Center of the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) , a subsidy from the  Gratama-Stichting/Stichting Groninger Universiteitsfonds  ( 2015-04 ), a research grant of the  Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO) , the  Interuniversity Poles of Attraction (IAP Network   P7/16 ) of the  Belgian Federal Science Policy Office , a  Methusalem excellence grant  of the  Flemish Government , agreement between  Institute Born-Bunge  and  University of Antwerp , the  Medical Research Foundation Antwerp , the  Thomas Riellaerts research fund and Neurosearch Antwerp  (A. D. D. , Y. V. , P. J. W. N. , D. V. D. and P. P. D. D. ). A. D. D. was granted a  PhD fellowship of the Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN)  of the  UMCG.
The bead chips were then subjected to a single-base extension reaction using the hybridized DNA as a template incorporating fluorescently labelled nucleotides of two different colors, each corresponding to the cytosine (methylated) or uracil (unmethylated) identity of the bisulfite-converted nucleotide. The fluorescently stained chip was imaged by the Illumina BeadArray Reader. Illumina's Genome Studio program was used to analyze BeadArray data to assign site-specific DNA methylation β-values to each CpG site. The β-value defined the proportion of methylation for each subject at each CpG site which was computed by first subtracting the background signal intensity of negative controls from both the methylated and unmethylated signals and then taking the ratio of the methylated signal intensity to the sum of both methylated and unmethylated signals.
Acknowledgments The authors express their thanks to the study participants, their parents, and their doctors ( Hervé Leblanc  and  Thierry Gabreau ,  Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France ;  Louise Morbois-Trabut  and  Camille Deybach ,  Montsouris Institute, Paris, France ). We also thank  Gilberto Velho  for his help in analyzing the DNA methylation specific PCR results.
, 2014) , see Fig. 1. In the future, an underwater recording device will complement the system. To assess the accuracy of such a mobile recording system, it is necessary to build a reference model of the whole tunnel (i. e. including its under and above-water parts). For the purpose of building an accurate reference model, we proceed to static acquisitions along the tunnel. For the above-water parts, a 3D Terrestrial LASER Scanner (TLS) was selected for its ability to get accurate and easily geo-referenced data  (Charbonnier et al. , 2014). For the underwater part, a 3D Mechanical Scanning SONAR (MSS) was chosen because the turbidity of the canal water excludes optical solutions. It enables scanning the environment from stations in the same manner as a TLS, see e. g. (Drap et al. , 2011 , Sohnlein et al.
, 2011). Both devices automatically provide point clouds through a mechanical scanning system. However, while processing and georeferencing TLS data to obtain a 3D model is rather straightforward, handling MSS data is more complicated. In particular, MSS data are very noisy, which requires robust reconstruction and registration methods to obtain a 3D model of the underwater part of the structure. Moreover, in practice, the absolute location and orientation of the SONAR is not available, so a direct geo-referencing of MSS data is impossible. Hence, we proceed in an indirect manner, by co-registering the above and underwater models, which provides a geo-referenced full 3D model of the canal tunnel. Another difficulty arises from the fact that the above and underwater point clouds do not overlap.
This makes the co-registration task more complex. Fortunately, we can exploit some geometric primitives (planes, lines) which are common to its above and underwater parts of the structure. Moreover, we immersed two wooden ladders, that we robustly fitted in both models to provide additional constraints to the registration algorithm. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. We first propose a brief overview of related works in Sect. 2. Then, in Sect. 3, we show how we use TLS and MSS for data recording. In Sect. 4, we focus on the meshing of MSS data to filter noise and obtain a 3D model of the underwater part of the tunnel. Sect. 5 is dedicated to the construction of the full 3D model by co-registering the above and underwater models. In Sect. 6, we comment the experimental results and propose future directions for this work.
A second one is to compute the nearest surface to points using robust estimators, at the risk of obtaining an over-smooth model. In fact, with both cases, there is a risk of loosing details. The choice of the method heavily relies on the properties of the point cloud. As noticed in the previous part, the above and underwater recorded data present many character- The meshing of both the MSS and TLS data has been made using 3DReshaper. Both previously mentioned meshing techniques are implemented in the software. The advantage of this program is to allow surface reconstruction by successive refinements using the point cloud. As previously mentioned, MSS data are very noisy, so the underwater model reconstruction was performed in a coarse-to-fine manner. A first large-scale mesh is made by selecting points in the mesh according to a distance criterion.
Underwater registration Registration and geo-referencing are more complicated for the BV5000 scans than for TLS data. Since, in our setup, the position and orientation of the underwater scanner cannot be directly determined, we have to resort to the indirect method. Cloud-tocloud registration seems to be the easiest technique to implement but it also raises several issues. Some are due to the nature of the technology itself: MSS data are very noisy and the resolution is rather coarse, so finding correspondences is difficult. A second issue is related to the elongated shape of the canal and to our experimental setup, that produce small grazing angles: the farther the point, the less the accuracy, which also influences the quality of registration. In these conditions, it is very difficult to resolve the longitudinal ambiguity, i.