dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
β Sel is the regression coefficient that corresponds to the slope of the annual linear selection differentials on the year for the study. Meta-analyses. To demonstrate general responses across species and locations, we require each of the three conditions necessary to infer adaptive responses to be met consistently across studies, for example, that, on average, temperature increased over time, warmer temperatures were associated with advancing phenology and advancing phenology corresponded to fitness benefits (i. e. negative selection on phenological traits given the two above-mentioned conditions are satisfied). To test for such general trends in adaptive responses across studies, we fitted three mixedeffects meta-analyses to the PRCS dataset, two for the first two conditions and the third to assess whether WMSD differed from zero.
Second, to assess whether climate change was associated with trait changes across studies, we used the slope of the z-transformed trait on the climatic factor (obtained from the mixed-effects models of condition 2 while accounting for the effect of year on the trait) as response and study identity and publication identity as qualitative variables defining random effects influencing the intercept. We fitted separate models for phenological and morphological traits, because our dataset contained fewer studies of the latter compared to the former. Since morphological traits included either measures of body mass or size (e. g. wing, tarsus and skull length), we tested whether the effect of temperature depended on the type of measure by including it as a fixed-effect covariate with three levels (body mass, size and body condition index; we distinguished body condition index from the two other levels as it has elements of both of them).
Generation length was extracted from the literature, mainly using the electronic database of BirdLife International. Similarly, to assess whether across studies there was a directional linear change in the annual linear selection differentials over time, we fitted a mixed-effects model using as response the slopes of the annual linear selection differentials on time (obtained with Eq. (  4 )). This model included study identity and publication identity as qualitative variables defining random effects influencing the intercept. Finally, to assess whether responses were on average adaptive, we also ran a mixed-effects meta-analytic model using as response the product of the WMSD with the sign of the climate-driven trait change over time. We included study identity and publication identity as qualitative variables defining the random effects in this model.
We fitted separate models for phenological and morphological traits to test whether both WMSD and the product of WMSD with the sign of the climatedriven trait change differed from zero. For each type of climatic variable (temperature and precipitation) in the PRC dataset, we fitted two mixed-effects meta-analyses, analogous to the mixed-effects meta-analytic models we ran on the PRCS dataset. With these meta-analyses we assessed whether across the studies (1) there was a directional change in the climatic values over time and (2) traits were affected by the climatic variable. As responses (i. e. effect sizes) in these models, we used the slopes extracted for each study from the respective mixed-effects models fitted analogously to those used for the PRCS dataset (see section above). For both morphological and phenological traits, we assessed whether the effect of climate on traits differed among taxa by including taxon as a fixed effect.
For morphological traits, we also assessed whether the responses to climate differed among endothermic and ectothermic animals, by including endothermy as a fixed effect in the model. All data analyses were conducted in R version 3. 5. 0  63 and implemented in the R package 'adRes', which is provided for the sake of transparency and reproducibility. Mixed-effects models for each study and mixed-effects meta-analytic models were fitted using restricted maximum likelihood (ML) with the spaMM package version 2. 4. 94  64   diagnostics by inspecting whether the standardized residuals deviated from a normal distribution and whether there were any patterns in standardized residuals when regressed on the predictor. Model diagnostics were satisfactory for all models. We assessed the significance of fixed effects and intercepts with asymptotic likelihood ratio χ 2 tests by comparing the model with a given effect vs.
For example, a value of 2 means that there is twice as much variation as would be expected if no betweenstudy variation were present (i. e. H 2 = 1). We found that the amount of heterogeneity differed among the two datasets and tested models, with moderate heterogeneity for models testing conditions 1 and 2 and considerable heterogeneity for models testing condition 3 (Supplementary Note 1, Supplementary Table  1 ). We also tested for the evidence of publication bias by (1) visual inspection of the funnel plots and (2) Egger's test  65. No evidence of small-study effect (that may be an indication of publication bias) was found for effect sizes used to test all three conditions in the PRCS dataset (Supplementary Figs. 16 17 , Supplementary Note 1). Sensitivity analyses. One study in the meta-analytical models testing conditions 2 and 3 for phenology in the PRCS dataset appeared to be an outlier (ref.
66 , Figs. 3  and 4 ). Therefore, we also re-ran the models without this study (Supplementary Tables  2  and 3 ). Additionally, the PRCS dataset contained mainly studies on bird species, and only one for a mammal species 67. To test how sensitive the results were to inclusion of this taxon, we re-ran the analyses after excluding the study for mammal species. The main findings were qualitatively unaffected by excluding either the only mammal study or an apparent outlier from the PRCS dataset, or both (Supplementary Tables  2  and 3 ). Measures of phenological responses are known to be sensitive to methodological biases  30  , in particular to temporal trends in abundance of the sampled species  32. Indeed, if species abundance increases over time, the probability of recording earlier events increases (especially if phenology is measured as the first occurrence date), meaning that species abundance can affect mean of the distribution of a phenological trait.
6a-f ). Therefore, in the second step, we computed the difference among the observed and critical lags for each study in our PRCS dataset (Fig. 6g ), by (1) using as β the absolute values of the estimates of WMSD for each study and (2) drawing 1000 random ω 2 per study. We drew these random values from the empirical distribution of ω 2 estimates provided in Fig. 7.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to many researchers who collected field data and kindly shared them. Without such contributions this study would have been impossible. In particular, we would like to thank the ' Wicken Fen ringing group ',  Mats Björklund ,  Richard du Feu ,  Philip W. Hedrick ,  Loeske Kruuk ,  Andrew G. McAdam ,  Josephine Pemberton ,  Lisa Schwanz ,  William Sydeman ,  Dakota McCoy ,  Rory Telemeco ,  Chris Thorne ,  Marco Rughetti ,  Wolf Blanckenhorn  and  Tim Sparks. This study was initiated by the workshop series of the  Leibniz Forschungsverbund (LVB) Biodiversität  'Species adaptations to global change-a comprehensive risk analysis' 2014 and 2015. This work was supported by funds from:  European Research Council  ( ERC-2013-StG-337365-SHE  to  A. Ch. , ERC-2013 -AdG-339092-E-Response to M.
Data availability The PRC dataset, containing metadata on each study as well as coefficients estimated for each step of the framework (Fig. 1 ) per each study, is available as Supplementary Data 4. We also make available the raw data for a subset of studies for which we received the consent of data owners (4819 out of 4835 studies). These data are available as part of the R package 'adRes' (www. github. com/radchukv/adRes), which implements the complete workflow of this study and provides functions to be used to conduct similar analyses on new data in the future. The source data underlying Figs. 1b, c , 1e, f, 2, 3, 4 and 5a-c are provided as a Source Data file.
Arrival date, 20 Birth date, 17 Egg laying date, 3 Date develop. stage, 12 Develop. time, 12 Egg laying date, 12 Egg laying date, 18 Egg laying date, 18 Egg laying date, 18 Egg laying date, 18 Egg laying date, 23 Incubation time, 12 Nest time, 12 Nest time, 12 Settlement date, 13 Egg laying date, 9 Egg laying date, 24 Egg laying date, 24 Egg laying date, 24 Arrival date, 16 Arrival date, 16 BCI, 5 BCI, 5 Egg laying date, 19 Arrival date, 15 Arrival date, 15 Egg laying date, 7 Egg laying date, 7 Egg laying date, 2 Egg laying date, 2 Egg laying date, 2 Nest time, 12 Nest time, 12 Incubation time, 12 Egg laying date, 12 Egg laying date, 10 Egg laying date, 6 Egg laying date, 1 Egg laying date, 1 Develop. time, 12 Date develop. stage, 12 Egg laying date, 4 Egg laying date, 25 IC interval, 14 Body mass, 22 Body mass, 22 Body mass, 11 Body mass, 11 Body mass, 11 Tarsus length, 11 Tarsus length, 11 Tarsus length, 11 Across studies, PRCS dataset Phenological Morphological Across studies, PRC dataset Phenological Aves Mammalia Reptilia Amphibia Arachnida Insecta Morphological Aves Mammalia Reptilia -2 -1 0 1 2 Effect of temperature on trait (SD per °C).
The main aims of the analysis were to optimize the degree of cure and the total curing time-Equation  (40). Both parameters can be treated as the main effectiveness measures of the technological RIMP. Special attention was focused on the quality of the product in surroundings of the corners within molds. Non-optimal curing process (Figure  10a ) may result in defects appearing (macroscopic and microscopic voids) in the final product. Influences of different parameters were studied in the optimization process and finally the temperatures of the heat sources were selected as the design variables. The calculations were made using Fluent software and with the application of the genetic algorithms. In the numerical analysis of the non-isothermal RIM the following phenomena were studied: 1. The behavior of the resin (fluid) during the injection (Navier-Stokes relations), 2.
Following the strategy adopted by Free for broadband services, the mobile packages were cheap, simple and integrative bundles, with only two packages available  (La Tribune, 2013). The first package, which was €19. 99, included unlimited calls to 40 countries, unlimited SMS and MMS, and 3 GB of data. A second 'social' package was also announced, including 60 minutes of calls and 60 SMS for only €2 per month  (Iliad, 2012b; Freenews, 2012). Free Mobile also demonstrated its strategy of 'harvesting' its installed base of ADSL customers with special prices targeted towards them, that is, its existing broadband customers would pay €15. 99 for the first package (Iliad, 2013) and nothing for the second 'social' package  (La Tribune, 2013). The two packages were also 'SIM only' with the consequence that no handset subsidy occurred  (La Tribune, 2013).
The measurements data A large part of this study is focused on model-model comparisons. However, in order to evaluate the realism of the reference simulation, we compare the modelled outputs to AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS) measurements. The data of these stations were previously used in  Menut et al. (2018)  for the study of biomass burning plumes transport in the Gulf of Guinea and it has been shown that they are well adapted for this kind of studies with large modelled domains. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) level 2 measurements are used from the AERONET dataset,  (Holben et al. , 2001). Comparisons between measurements and model outputs are performed using hourly time series of AOD at a wavelength of λ=550 nm. The MIDAS meteorological surface stations data,  (MetOffice, 2012) , are used for precipitation rate, 2-m temperature and 10-m wind speed measurements.
Significance of differences To quantify the statistical significance of differences, the Mann-Whitney test is applied (also called Wilcoxon signed rank test),  (von Storch and Zwiers, 2001). This test is non parametric: there is less restrictive assumptions as, for example, the fact that the distribution has not to be normal. This test examines the two sets of data (in our case, two different simulations) by combining all data and by sorting them in ascending order. The first and second simulations, noted x 1,i and x 2,i , have here the same dimension, N. We first calculate the difference between the two datasets: d i = x 2,i -x 1,i , For i = 1,. , N (7) A reduced dataset with dimension N r is built by removing data where d i =0. The remaining data d i are sorting, in ascending order and their rank, R i , is stored.
-Computing for each pair W T s θ T , W C u θ C , the distance gap, X, and the velocity gap, v 2. The integration of the equations of motion must be performed using a numerical solver. This work relies on Runge-Kutta propagators, ODE45 (or even ODE113), implemented in Matlab. The solver implies that all components (time and state) have been discretized. As a consequence, the concept of exact intersection in the spatial sub-space is replaced by the minimization of the distance between the positions on both manifolds at the Poincaré map location. To select the best θ C i , θ T f , ϕ PM candidate, the following optimization process has been applied, so as to: -Find a compromise between cost (total V) and duration (time of flight, T). -Ensure feasibility (distance gap, X), that is to say, to define numerically the acceptable distance between the two manifolds at the intersection.
A wide simulation campaign was run based on an inclusive Matlab-based tool whose algorithm is presented on Figure  11. For each category of simulation, a first set was run so as to refine the range of variation of the parameters: amplitude of the chaser parking orbit A C z and angular location of the intermediate maneuver (ϕ PM ) at the Poincaré map. This first step was followed by two successive sets so as to further refine the results. The preliminary scenarios present a 5 • step in ϕ PM while the refined ones present a 1 • step. Figure  12  presents the best results obtained for three scenarios (Halo-to-Halo, Halo-to-Planar Lyapunov and Halo-to-Vertical Lyapunov) with interior and exterior directions, ϕ PM ǫ [0 : 1 : 5] in deg. , A T z fixed equal to 8,000 km, A C z ǫ [8, 000 : 500 : 9, 000] in km, θ C , θ T ǫ [0 : 1 : 5] × [0 : 1 : 5] in deg.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank all the students involved in the different research projects that permitted to write this paper as a synthesis:  Jean-Baptiste Bouvier ,  Adrien Brunel ,  Loic Cousin Raul Delgado Cuevas ,  Mani Vinayak Gopalan-Singamani ,  Rashika Jain ,  Bastien Le Bihan ,  Marc Morales ,  Nathanael Tepakbong-Tematio ,  Alejandro José Valverde ,  William Zanga. This research was entirely funded by  ISAE-SUPAERO.
g. , the 1973 Lunar Chart Series at 1:1,000,000 published by the Defense Mapping Agency) or maps published as part of the USGS Scientific Map Investigation Series  (Tanaka et al. 2014) ; 2. topical maps at larger scale accompanying research contributions published in conventional journals (e. g. ,  van Gasselt et al. 2007 , Jaumann et al. , 2010) ; 3. dynamic digital maps published on online platforms using web and geospatial data services, e. g. , USGS Mars Global GIS Mapping Application, (USGS, 2018a). In the planetary sciences, maps are often freely accessible at no costs due to the concept of the underlying publicly funded exploration framework. From time to time, efforts are made to digitize some of the older analog maps and to transfer them to the digital domain  (Hargitai et al. , 2006).
General Visualization Concept In order to arrive at a valid, self-consistent and usable map layout which is re-usable as basemap, we have developed a cartographic concept built on a number of key questions: 1. what kind of information do we want to communicate, i. e. which picture do we want to draw of Mars? 2. who are the recipient and target audience? 3. how can we maximize functionality and aesthetics with as few datasets as possible? The latter question usually highly depends on the tools that are available within a given mapping platform, however, the conceptual design is supposed to be valid, complete and independent of the actual implementation platform. In section 4 we will discuss how these concepts were physically implemented within an actual cartographic data model. Despite being used for several years now, one of the major challenges in modern web map design is that it still lacks targeted cartographic rules as well as representative experiences and best practices, and it would not be a healthy approach to transfer rulesets for analog cartographic design directly to the digital world.
Most of contemporary implementations will need to stand the test of time to see how people will work with them, and how people will perceive digital map implementations. However, conventional rules and best practices are certainly a healthy starting point to think about the design process of web maps. We here address the question of what is needed to represent a planetary surface by tools of cartographic visualization to make it accessible for a broad audience, i. e. the scientific as well as laymen community alike. Based on the primary aim the required contents and individual visualizations can be derived and further developed. The second key value for the cartographic concept deals with the datasets on which the map presentation will be based upon. Due to the lack of different global high-quality datasets to choose from, the selection was relatively straightforward.
However, the conceptual design has to cope with new datasets that might come up in the future. One implementation constraint was given and that did not allow us to use any raster image data as the CARTO platform as our choice of implementation and testing requires vector data. An easily accessible global picture of Mars might be represented by one or more of its three global characteristics: 1. the typical red Mars color (hue), 2. the characteristic distribution of variations of lightness values, also known as surface albedo features, i. e. , the (physical) reflectance of surface materials, and 3. the global topography with its characteristic dichotomy separating highlands from lowlands and rougher-surface areas from smoother ones. All of these features are discernible and distinguishable on larger as well as smaller map scales alike.
The density of contour lines along topographic dominant, i. e. , high-relief areas, will create a density contrast when compared to low-relief areas. The higher density of contour lines will make it easier to spot characteristic global features, such as the escarpment of the dichotomy boundary, the larger valley systems or the volcanic rises, which we consider a useful side effect helping to access the map of Mars. At the time of writing and developing, a number of global data sources are available which allow us to extract information and comparable scales. As no noteworthy ground data coverage is available except for a few rover locations, this map representation is based on orbital data only. Datasets and applied methods will describe in the following sections and the actual implementation will be summarized in section 4.
Data Processing and Selection We used laser altimeter topography data based on Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MGS-MOLA) due to its near-global coverage  (Albee et al. , 2001; Smith et al. , 2001; Zuber et al, 1992)   Despite its age and severe noise artefacts in the southern hemisphere due to a dust storm event, this dataset provides thus far the most complete and most homogeneous coverage of the planet in two color channels, red and blue. We are anticipating, however, that the results from the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) instrument will soon provide global data at higher spatial and spectral resolution for both, topography and imaging  (Neukum et al. , 2004; Jaumann et al. , 2006). For the albedo representation we decided to incorporate spectral information from the Mars Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) Bolometric Albedo Global Map provided by the USGS with a resolution of 7410 m/px  (Christensen et al.
Incorporation into Web Map Platforms New modern web-based mapping platform/SaaS, such as CARTO, Mapbox, or Maptiler, popularized map making on the web. Unlike commercial applications (e. g. Google Maps, ESRI, etc. ), these platforms all are, and rely on, open source software and standards (OSGeo); and use open geospatial database (OpenStreetMap). In the context of the OpenPlanetaryMap project, we have chosen CARTO as our underlying platform. We use it to manage, analyze and visualize our geospatial datasets; and to create maps using and styling these datasets, using the CartoCSS styling language/interface. A dedicated CARTO Map API can then be used to serve these maps as basemap raster-tiles (following standard XYZ tiling scheme) that can be easily used in web applications using mapping javascript library (Leaflet, OpenLayers,.
). All vector geospatial datasets (often in Shapefile format) are imported into CARTO. Although CARTO can handle different map projections by re-projecting datasets automatically and making them available in geodetic projection (EPSG:4326, WGS84); available basemaps and map creation are done in Web Mercator projection. Global raster datasets, such as hillshade, are re-projected into the Web Mercator projection (EPSG:3857) using GDAL, tiled following standard XYZ tiling scheme, and served from a AWS S3 server. The CARTO Map API allows us to configure our basemap end-product so that it can be made available in different combination of layers (styled vector datasets or rasters). For example, the nomenclature layer can be accessed separately and be overlapped on top of any raster layer.
Interpretation and Discussion We used MOLA data as basic topography dataset and to derive further products. Due to its popularity in the planetary sciences, we derived a hillshade dataset as qualitative basic relief representation with main illumination from the top-left (NW). As conventional hillshade derivatives lack a certain depth and suffer from an unbalanced representation of lit and unlit areas with too strong contrasts, we decided to develop a multilayer and multidirectional hillshade representation in combination with slope information which takes into account the severe data artefacts commonly seen on planetary surfaces. The resulting dataset was subsequently re-classified to reduce its complexity, exported as vector dataset and generalized in order to be usable at various dynamic map scales.
In addition, we exported a contours dataset based on a reduced resolution topography raster model to subdue any higher-level artefacts introduced by the measurement characteristics. Contour lines are extracted and processed to (a) reduce the number of vertices (generalization), and (b) smoothen their shape. This process is iterative and requires some investigations into the what we considered a visually acceptable representation. Also, the process needs to be performed automatically on a global scale without producing topological nonsense (e. g. , intersections). than 100 km were eliminated to reduce noise. At highrelief areas such as the Tharsis region, the Elysium volcanoes and parts of the Valles Marineris and Noctis Labyrinthus region contour lines were eliminated manually. For the first implementation we made use of a contour dataset processed and made available by the USGS.