dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
We are currently analyzing more CAPOS GC data, as well as that for field stars, and look forward to the DR17 release (scheduled for December 2021) of additional very recent observations, all of which will further contribute to this legacy database. A second CAPOS paper graphically illustrates the potential of this project, in this case exploring the intriguing BGC FSR 1758  (Romero-Colmenares et al. 2021). Finally, we are enthusiastic that the CAPOS goals to further investigate BGCs will continue to be carried out as part of the SDSS-V Open Fiber program with the Milky Way Mapper using APOGEE.
Acknowledgements. This paper is dedicated to the memory of  George Wallerstein. George  was a true pioneer in the field of detailed abundance studies of globular clusters, as well as making many other stellar contributions. He was the founding father of the  Astronomy Department of the University of Washington , where he taught many generations of future astronomers, and was the thesis advisor of both the first author and V. S. We would like to warmly acknowledge SDSS-IV and especially all of those who have contributed to the outstanding success of both APOGEE North and South, including  M. Skrutskie  and  J. Wilson  for the original idea,  S. Majewski  and  K. Cunha  for the original science motivation,  Majewski, Skrutskie and Wilson  for putting together and carrying out the project,  V.
E. Barraza. SV gratefully acknowledges the support provided by  FONDECYT  Regular No. 1170518. J. G. F-T is supported by  FONDECYT  No. 3180210  and  Becas Iberoamérica Investigador 2019, Banco Santander Chile. D. M. is also supported by the  ANID -Millennium Science Initiative  Project  ICN12_009 , awarded to the  Millenium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS)  and by  Proyecto FONDECYT  No. 1170121. Support for M. C. , D. M. , M. Z. , J. A. -G, and F. M. is also provided by  MAS  and by  FONDECYT  projects # 1171273  and # 1191505. C. M. thanks the support provided by  ANID  through  Beca Postdoctorado  en el Extranjero convocatoria 2018 folio 74190045. C. M. thanks the support provided by  FONDECYT  Postdoctorado No. 3210144. Financial support for C. C. is provided by  Proyecto FONDECYT  Iniciación a la Investigación 11150768 and MAS.
B. T. gratefully acknowledges support from the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  under grant No. U1931102  and support from the  Hundred-Talent Project of Sun Yat-sen University. J. A. -G. acknowledges support by  Proyecto Fondecyt Regular 1201490. A. M. and C. M. acknowledge support by  FONDECYT Regular 1181797. C. E. F. L. acknowledges a postdoctoral fellowship from the  CNPq  and to  MCTIC/FINEP (CT-INFRA  grant  0112052700 ) and the  EmbraceSpace Weather Program  for the computing facilities at  INPE. DGD acknowledges support from call N. 785 of 2017 of the  Colombian Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, COLCIENCIAS. AA and ES gratefully acknowledge funding by the  Emmy Noether program  from the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). NFM gratefully acknowledges support from the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  funded project " Pristine"  ( ANR-18-CE31-0017 ) along with funding from  CNRS/INSU  through the  Programme National Galaxies et Cosmologie  and through the  CNRS grant   PICS07708.
AA, ES and NFM thank the  International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland  for providing financial support and meeting facilities Article number, page 24 of 27 Geisler et al. :  CAPOS I to the international team  " Pristine". SzM  has been supported by the  János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , by the  Hungarian NKFI  Grants  K-119517  of the  Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office , and by the  ÚNKP-20-4 New National Excellence Program  of the  Ministry for Innovation and Technology. Funding for LH was provided by the  Chilean National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) / CONICYT-PFCHA/DOCTORADO NACIONAL/2017-21171231  grant. T. C. B. acknowledges partial support from grant  PHY   14-30152 ,  Physics Frontier Center/JINA Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE ), awarded by the  U.
S. National Science Foundation. R. R. M. also acknowledges partial support from  FONDECYT  project  N • 1170364. C. M. also acknowledges the support provided by  FONDECYT  No. 1181797. F. G. acknowledge support by  CONICYT-PCHA Doctorado Nacional 2017-21171485. DAGH acknowledges support from the  State Research Agency (AEI)  of the  Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) and the  European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)  under grant  AYA2017-88254-P. We also thank the referee for useful comments that improved the paper. Funding for the  Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV  has been provided by the  Alfred P. Sloan Foundation , the  U. S. Department of Energy Office of Science , and the Participating Institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from the  Center for High-Performance Computing at the University of Utah.
Similarly, minimizing the Table 3: Comparing our discrete solver D to the continuous solver C for minimizing different functional map energies on nonisometric animal shapes from the SMAL dataset. We report the statistics over 50 shape pairs including the minimum, average, maximum, and standard deviation of the energy values E i , i = 1, 2, 3, 4. conformal energy on the shape pair (S 1 , S 3 ) that the two shapes are conformal leads to a better and smoother map than minimizing the area-preserving energy. Progressive upsampling In Fig. 11  we compare our discrete solver with fixed dimension k (dashed lines) to the setting with upsampling technique(red solid line) on minimizing the bijective energy. We can see that our discrete solver outperforms the continuous solver (blue solid line) with different choices of k.
Combined Functional Map Energy We also propose a new energy Enew C 12 ,C 21 that combines the orthogonality, Laplacian Commutativity, and bijectivity on functional maps from both directions of a shape pair. Enew C 12 ,C 21 =w 1 E bi C 12 ,C 21 + w 2 E ortho C 12 + w 2 E ortho C 21 +w 3 E lap C 12 + w 3 E lap C 21 (8) Applying our discrete solver to this combined energy, we obtain a new refinement method called Effective Functional Map refinement (EFMR). In the supplementary materials, we discuss the ad- vantages of the new energy and EFMR method with a thorough investigation on synthetic datasets. For example, we show that the new energy can better constrain a proper functional map with much less local minima over the complete proper functional map search space than other commonly used functional map energies.
Evaluation of Our Discrete Solver We compare our discrete solver to the standard continuous solver on some commonly used energies on 50 animal shape pairs from SMAL dataset. To remove the bias present due to identical mesh connectivity within the dataset, we use LRVD algorithm  [YBZW14]  to remesh the shapes independently and each remeshed shape contains approximately 5k vertices. We investigate four functional map based energies including orthogonality (area-preserving), Laplacian commutativity (isometric), modified conformality (angle-preserving), and bijectivity. We report different statistics of the corresponding objective values on the optimized proper functional map using the continuous solver (C) or our discrete solver (D) in Table  3  on 50 shape pairs where we highlight the best average value with bold text.
Implementation, Parameters & Runtime We implemented the discrete solver and EFMR method in MAT-LAB. We use the MATLAB build-in function "fminunc" as the continuous solver C to optimize different energies in our experiments. In most of our tests, we set k 1 = k 2 = 20 for both the continuous solver and our discrete solver. In  [RPWO19] , it was shown that with the same input descriptors, increasing the size of the functional map can degrade the quality of the optimized solution, since the number of variables increases. At the same time, it was shown in [MRR ⇤ 19] that a functional map of size at least 15-20 is necessary to resolve the main symmetries of most organic shapes (e. g. , humans and animals). These two reasons motivate our choice for k 1 and k 2. For the synthetic examples with the number of vertices n < 10, we mainly set k i = n i , i.
In the end, the coordination team receives a great diversity of file formats and had to develop a series of semi-automated solutions to convert laboratory files into the appropriate format to reduce the workload of data cleaning and harmonisation. In addition, most laboratories do not send their data every three months, leading to heavier workloads during some periods. This situation led to a sub-optimal score for data collection (Fig. 2 ) and timeliness (Fig. 3 ). However, all laboratories send their data at least once a year, enabling the analysis of the complete RESAPATH database each year. Another weakness is the existence of two RESAPATH databases in two different ANSES laboratories which are not integrated: one in Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort with data from swine, chickens, turkeys, rabbits and fish and another one in Lyon with data from other animal species, mainly ruminants, equids and companion animals.
This leads to a lack of efficiency in processes such as data cleaning, integration or analyses, which are carried out separately. Moreover, the database in Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort is not as secure as the one in Lyon. Thus, data management was assessed as the main area for improvement of RESAPATH and the main cause for not accepting additional laboratories in the network. At the time of evaluation, ANSES was planning to set up a more efficient electronic data interchange where laboratories would upload their data on a dedicated website that includes automated data quality controls. This project may solve some of these issues and has become a recommendation from this evaluation too (Table  4 ). Specific attention should nevertheless be paid not to exclude small laboratories with limited IT capacities from the network.
In the meantime, more frequent data submissions from laboratories should be encouraged (Table  4 ). Finally, it was recommended to merge both databases and keep the database management system of Lyon (Table  4 ). Despite these weaknesses, RESAPATH manages to perform well in terms of data analyses (Fig. 2 ), with good scores for sensitivity, specificity and reliability (Fig. 3 ). Its capacity to conduct multi-disciplinary analyses due to skills in bacteriology, epidemiology, biostatistics and IT within the coordination team was considered a strong asset. A particularity of RESAPATH, which drives its whole performance, is its capacity to develop a volunteer network of laboratories. Indeed, RESAPATH is not regulated by law, not supported.
However, the assessors also acknowledged the numerous and successful efforts of the coordination team to develop internal and external communication. It organises the annual RESAPATH meetings, frequently exchanges emails with laboratories, participates in the ONERBA and in numerous veterinary, epidemiology and microbiology events. It publishes scientific articles and the annual RESAPATH reports (available in French and English on its website) and develops a web application (using the Shiny package  [14]  of R software  [15] ) to make RESAPATH results more readily accessible to all, especially veterinary practitioners. In the end, we considered that RESAPATH succeeded in maintaining the momentum and motivation of all partners through its numerous communication and information distribution activities.
Therefore, we may foresee similar successes for any participative surveillance system provided that key factors are there, i. e. trust and mutual commitment. The OASIS tool proved successful with fruitful exchanges and a strong acceptability of its results and recommendations. Despite being a qualitative method, its detailed scoring guide limited the opportunity for subjective answers. At the time of writing, the implementation of some recommendations had already started with the organisation of fixed-date training sessions, the ongoing merging of the two databases and the development of the electronic data interchange between laboratories and ANSES. However, OASIS remains a generic tool and some debates have occurred on the relevance and interpretation of some of its evaluation criteria in the specific case of a passive laboratory-based AMR surveillance system.
Acknowledgements. We are very grateful to all the professionals interviewed for this evaluation and/or participating in the full-day review meeting on 17 July 2018. We are also thankful to  Pascal Hendrikx  for his technical support on the OASIS tool and to  Nicolas Keck ,  Michaël Treilles ,  Francesca Latronico  and  Béatrice Mouillé  for their inputs regarding the FAO-ATLASS tool. Financial support. The project  EU-JAMRAI  has received funding from the  Health Program of the EU  ( 2014-2020 ) under grant agreement No. 761296.
This suggests that avoidance reactions supported by psychophysiological responses reflect the optimal regulation of arousal and ensure an adequate self-protection barrier around us  1, 2, 26, 34, 38, 77, 85, 86. Furthermore, the behavioural data were in line with previous literature. Indeed, both comfort and reaching distances were larger when interacting with angry virtual confederates compared to happy and neutral ones (e. g. 43 ; see also  14  ). Our results about sex-related effects are in line with proxemics literature showing that people prefer a larger distance from male than female confederates  2, 3, 44, [87] [88] [89]. A comparison of the two tasks shows that the effect was particularly evident in the comfort task. In fact, the comfort distance to the male confederates was the widest of all, although the trend was similar in both tasks.
Setting and apparatus. The experimental setting and the virtual scenario were similar to those of previous studies  13, 43. The IVR equipment was installed in a 5 × 4 × 3 m room of the Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality (CS-IVR, Dept. Psychology). The equipment included the 3-D Vizard Virtual Reality Software Toolkit 4. 10 (Worldviz, LLC, USA) with the Oculus Rift DK 2 head-mounted display (HMD) having two OLED displays for stereoscopic depth (images = 1920 × 1080; refresh rate 75 Hz). The IVR system continuously tracked and recorded participant's position (sample rate = 18 Hz) through a marker on the HMD. Head orientation was tracked by a three-axis orientation sensor (Sensor Bus USB Control-Unit, USA). Visual information was updated in real time. Virtual scenario and virtual stimuli.
The virtual room consisted of green walls, white ceiling and grey floor (3 × 2. 4 × 3 m). A total of twelve young confederates (six females) with neutral expression were selected among a colony of highly realistic virtual humans and were used for the present study (Vizard Complete Characters, WorldViz; USA). Virtual humans represented male and female adults aged about thirty years, wearing similar casual clothes and perceived as representation of Italian citizens (see again Fig. 1 ; on this point see  13, 44. Their height was 175 cm (males) and 165 cm (females). Their gaze was kept looking straight ahead throughout the trials  6. Facial emotional expressiveness was obtained by modelling the virtual faces with 3DS Max (Autodesk) following the KDEF free-database (Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces;  99  ).
Psychophysiological measures. Triode electrodes snapped on, placed on the participant's chest and abdomen. The sensor detects and amplifies the small electrical voltage that is generated by the heart muscle when it contracts. SC signals were acquired by 6-mm Ag/Ag-Cl electrodes placed on the palmar surface of the index and middle fingers' distal phalanges of the non-dominant hand. A tiny electrical voltage is applied through the electrodes in order to establish an electric circuit where the subject becomes a variable resistor. The real-time variation in conductance is calculated. The electrodes were cleaned with an alcohol wipe between participants. All psychophysiological data were digitalized and stored at 2018 samples per second.
Data treatment. Thanks to python language programming, we synchronised the IVR system with Procomp Infiniti and Biograph Infiniti software. This synchronization allowed us to acquire and extract behavioural and both psychophysiological measures. The ECG signals were band-pass filtered by ARTiiFACT 100 , a software tool for processing electrocardiogram data. IBIs were obtained with this software by extracting R-peaks from digitized ECG data and with a global threshold detection criterion. They were then corrected for physiologically impossible readings and artefacts. Afterwards, the average values of IBIs (ms) were calculated for each trial. SC signals were subsequently computed off-line by converting the digitized raw signals to skin conductance values by Ledalab, a Matlab-based software (MATLAB R2009b, The MathWorks Inc.
To overcome the problem, we applied a Continuous Decomposition Analysis (CDA) to better characterize the signal  105. The CDA allows to decompose the skin conductance signal into its tonic and phasic (driver) data. Within the decomposition process, the optimization stage improves the estimation of the parameters of the impulse response function (IRF; representing basic SCR shape). When SCRs are overlapped, the SC signal process is modeled as a convolution process between the SudoMotor Nerve Activity (SMNA) and IRF under the hypothesis that EDA is controlled by SMNA resulting in a sequence of distinct impulses which regulate the eccrine sweat glands dynamics  105. For each trial (10 sec), the trigger started as soon as the virtual stimulus appeared (time 0, onset). IBIs and SCRs data were extracted from the trigger to the end of the 8th sec.
After placing the sensors, participants were invited to wear the HMD and to freely explore the virtual room with the gaze. Then, they were provided with a key-press device held in their dominant hand. Once familiarized with the IVR devices, the experimenter set up the recording equipment for the adaptation phase (15 min). After the adaptation phase, a baseline for each participant was recorded: 5 min-resting phase (empty room) and 20 sec (stationary virtual confederate with neutral expression). During baseline IBIs and SCRs values were acquired  [106] [107] [108]. Next, a training session started: four virtual confederates (2 M/2F) exhibiting neutral facial expressions were exclusively used in the training phase. For each task (e. g. Comfort-distance), two virtual confederates (1 M and 1F) were randomly selected by the IVR software.
(2) In order to clarify the effect of sex on distance, a mixed design ANOVA with Participants' sex as 2-level between factor and two-within factors, Virtual Confederate's sex (M, F) and Task (Reaching, Comfort), was performed on mean distances (cm). To analyze all post-hoc effects, the Tukey HSD was used. The magnitude of significant effects was expressed by partial eta-squared (η 2 p). Data points outside M ± 2. 5 SD were discarded (tot. number = 22). (3) Furthermore, to assess the impact of the psychophysiological indexes on behavioural distances, we first evaluated the inter-item correlation between distances in relation to the three facial expressions within each task: Reaching task = 0. 96; Comfort task = 0. 89. Considering the strong inter-item correlation between distances, a mean Reaching distance and a mean Comfort distance were calculated and used as criteria for regression analyses.
In [26] , the authors consider a single-antenna NOMA system in both uplink and downlink. Given the set of NOMA clusters, they derive a PA policy that maximizes the sum-throughput per NOMA cluster under three constraints: (1) minimum data rate requirements, (2) transmission power and (3) efficient SIC constraints. The closed-form solutions for optimal PA are derived using KKT conditions for any cluster size. VOLUME ,.
2008). ESR age estimates are given with one sigma error range. Concerning the ESR/U-series results (Tables  4  and 5 ), when several teeth from a same archaeological level were analysed, the obtained age estimates are displayed both by age density probability plots and isochron plots (Figure  3 ) and are compared with the available 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and ESR dates (Figure  4 ). The age density plots build from the ESR/U-series age estimated with IsoPlot 3. 0 software  (Ludwig, 2003)  permit to observe the homogeneity of the obtained age results and to determine mean ages for each eventual age populations. In complement, the isochron approach  (Blackwell and Schwarcz, 1993)  allows the evaluation of the quality of the dose rate reconstruction by comparison of the respective weight of accumulated external and internal dose contributions, the last one evolving with time according with the U-uptake modelling in each dental tissue.
283 The equivalent doses DE were extrapolated from the obtained dose-response data sets using either The growth curves were built 284 for each sample using different fitting functions (single saturating exponential, SSE, according with  Apers et al. , 1981; double Figure 3 -Age density probability plots (left, built using Isoplot 3. 0 software,  Ludwig, 2003)  and isochron plots (right) obtained for the different studied Middle Pleistocene sites of Central and Southern Italy with indication of the corresponding 40 Ar/ 39 Ar chronology. The U-uptake accumulated dose corresponds to the sum of the internal (enamel) and beta dose (corresponding to dentine and eventually cement) reconstructed for the considered sample all along its geological history from the modelled uptake parameters. La Polledrara di Cecanibbio According with the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates, the age of the teeth from La Polledrara di Cecanibbio upper archaeological level should be close to 324 ± 4 ka, since the altered pumices extracted from this level are geologically contemporaneous of the animal death and associated archaeological remains.
A homogeneous population is considered relevant when the weighted mean of these crys-tals has the following statistical characteristics: MSWD < 1. 5, Probability fit ≥ 0. 1. The weighted average ages were calculated using IsoPlot 3. 0  (Ludwig, 2003)  and given at 95% (2σ) of confidence. Table  3  -ESR data and ages for sediments recovered from several Middle Pleistocene Italian sites. Equivalent doses (DE) were derived from the obtained intensity growth curves using an exponential + linear function for Al and Ti-Li centers  (Duval et al. , 2009; Voinchet et al. , 2013)  and by a single saturating exponential function for Ti-H from the six first points of the growth curves  (Voinchet et al. , 2020)  with Microcal OriginPro 8 software, both with 1/I² weighting (according with  Yokoyama et al.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) brought a groundbreaking idea to facilitate network system management by decoupling and abstracting the Control plane and Data plane of traditional networks. The centralised control offers network administrators many benefits such as a global view of the network, programmability, dynamic updating of forwarding rules, and software-based traffic analysis. The SDN architecture has been applied a lot in practice, and especially in Internet of Things (IoT) platforms. With the superiority of SDN, IoT devices can be managed and configured much more easily when combined. However, SDN also raises many challenges in terms of scalability, reliability, and security. Blockchain is another promising solution for secure information storage and transmission technology that operates without a centralised authority.