dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ncdc. noaa. gov/paleo/study/ Members (2009) nual, winter, 12034 summer SST http://doi. pangaea. de/10. 1594/PANGAEA. 733406 Turney and Jones MAT, SST Maximum warmth Individual sites (100 http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/store/ (2010) during LIG terrestrial; 162 ma- 10. 1002/jqs. 1423/asset/supinfo/JQS_ rine) 1423_sm_suppInfo. pdf?v=1&s= 1726938c44b8762e15aaf17514fc076c855b8ed1 Capron et al. (2014, MAT, sum- 114-116, 119-121, 47 high-latitude sites https://doi. org/10. 1594/PANGAEA. 841672 2017) mer SST 124-126, 126-128, 129-131 ka Dowsett et al. (2012) SST 3. 264-3. 025 Ma Further information http://www. nature. com/nclimate/ available in Dowsett journal/v2/n5/full/nclimate1455. html# et al. (2016) supplementary-information Salzmann et MAT 3. 3-3. 0 Ma http://www. nature. com/nclimate/journal/v3/ al.
Correction techniques can easily be applied by scaling B 0 as the acquisition progresses, taking advantage of the long time constant associated with such thermal effects (40 min on the Aberdeen 0. 2 T system). Yet this requires access to the data acquired during the scan. Permanent magnets also present problems with field stability because of their temperature dependence. The dual FFC-MRI magnet at Aberdeen is based on ferrite and is thermally controlled but the resistive insert generates heat during field-cycled experiments. As a result, B 0 fluctuates over several kHz when acquiring fieldcycled T 1 maps but the characteristic time of the drift is very long compared with an acquisition so that one can make some corrections during the experiment, using one acquisition set to correct for the next one.
Depending on the application, qualitative R 1 / B 0weighted images (e. g. dreMR image contrast) can be acquired, as illustrated in Figure  7 (b), in such case the overall measurement time can be reduced by acquiring only two images needed for image subtraction. In the above example this would lead to a measurement time of 51 min, which is achievable for in vivo scans but not practical for clinical use. It is therefore crucial in FFC-MRI to speed up the measurement procedure under consideration of particular hardware restrictions and without significantly compromising the SNR. FFC-MRI offers two ways to do so, either by speedingup k-space acquisition strategies or by exploiting the data redundancy in the NMRD profile. For the latter, Broche et al. [21]  proposed a multi-field two-point method to estimate R 1 for different evolution fields, reducing the number of images to one image per evolution field and an additional reference image taken at the detection field.
Figure11. Data obtained from whole-body FFC-MRI scanners (from [43] ). (a) 1 cm-thick section of thighs of a healthy volunteer, obtained at 59 mT from the dual-magnet system presented in [18]. Relaxometry was performed using FC-PRESS over a volume of interest to provide dispersion curves (b). (c) Spin echo image from a healthy volunteer's head obtained at 0. 2 T from the resistive magnet presented in [19]  (32 ms echo time, polarisation at 0. 2 T for 0. 3 s, 6 mm slice thickness, 2. 3 mm in-plane resolution, 0. 3 s recycle delay at Earth field). The T 1 map at that field is shown in (d); it clearly shows the difference between grey matter, white matter, and fatty tissues.
Funding This article is based upon work from  COST Action   CA15209 , supported by  COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). M. Bödenler ,  C. Gösweiner  and  H. Scharfetter  acknowledge the financial support by the  European Commission  in the frame of the  H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies (FET-open)  under grant agreement  665172 , project ' CON-QUER '. L. de Rochefort  acknowledges the  France Life Imaging network  (Grant  ANR-11-INBS-0006 ) that partially funded the small animal FFC-MRI system. D. J. Lurie ,  L. M. Broche  and  P. J. Ross  acknowledge funding from the  European Union 's  H2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement No  668119 , project ' IDentIFY '.
Definition points The terms facility, observatory or even instrument can have different meanings according to the usages -e. g. Voyager 2 or HST are both observatories when querying the SPASE registry  [2]  whereas HST is a telescope in the WISeREP database  [3]. In this paper, we propose to define the following terms: -Facility: a global term to designate any installation containing a telescope, a satellite or an observatory. -Observatory: the ground-based buildings equipped with a telescope. -Telescope: any platform ground-based or spacecraft. -Instrument: a physical device that collects data.
Agencies Agencies describe their missions and facilities online with more or less details. Although most agencies provide the names and descriptions of their facilities, they do so in an uncoordinated manner. Besides, agencies have more specific services which use facility designations. For instance, the NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA) provides a master catalog to search for spacecraft. It also provides a search through the SPASE Registry  [2]  for NASA observatories and instruments. Furthermore, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) provides the Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF) integer ID codes  [4]  which are part of an observation geometry information system to help scientists to interpret scientific observations from space-based instruments aboard robotic spacecraft.
Astronomical services An interesting example of an online repository fed by the supernovae community worldwide is the Weizmann Interactive Supernova data REPository (WISeREP)  [6]  which gathers observational data on supernovae. This data repository provides a list of telescopes, instruments and gives the wavelength domains. Its purpose is to select appropriate datasets. It also provides filter names and operational status information, for example updates and decommissioning dates. Besides, comparing the spectral coverage of various filters helps to tag associated data correctly, select datasets and combine measurements together. For instance, this is done when a spectral energy distribution profile is built from catalog data. The SVO filter profile service  [7]  is a good example of an initiative to gather all the information concerning filters coming from diverse facilities.
Simple list For some usages, a list of all the unique, common and long-lasting identifiers of existing facilities would be enough. For example, in the case of the naming convention proposed by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)  [10]  to build dataset identifiers from facility names, the users only have the list of the unique identifiers -based on human-readable acronyms -of 258 facilities. However, even for a simple list, the problem of alternative names needs to be solved. Among the examples given in Table  1 , we can cite the NAIF codes  [4]  which give for one integer code, diverse synonyms of the same spacecraft. In the case of SPASE  [2] , you also have unique identifiers as we have already seen in section 2. 1. but here, the alternative names are given in a description sheet and they can be queried as well as their identifiers.
For the VizieR associated data service  [20]  which archives images and spectra associated to publications, a simple list of facilities would be a great help because this list, once integrated in the indexation tool, could help the documentalists and the authors to attach the correct telescope/instrument to the corresponding observations. Another level of usage is reached with the ESO Telbib service  [8]  which allows the retrieval of all the scientific papers in which the ESO facilities have been used for observations. This service is really beneficial for the agency, because all the metrics of this archive can help the decision makers. For instance, when an instrument is less cited in papers, the agency can think of improvements to make to this instrument  [21]. However, to provide such a service, the librarians need to parse the publications in order to find the citations of the ESO facilities and program identifiers, and this is a real time-consuming effort.
Even if curation will always be necessary, it would be easier to find the relevant papers if the publications have homogeneous facility tags. Another use-case example can be the VizieR Photometry Viewer tool  [22]  which offers to plot the fluxes for one source from the photometry gathered among all the VizieR catalogs (currently  16, 200). In order to do so, precise data on filters must be collected and attached to the VizieR datasets. Those metadata are carefully enriched by the whole team of astronomers, engineers and documentalists. Having unique identifiers for all facilities along with the links to instruments and filters descriptions provided by the agencies could be a good basis to enrich the metadata. Furthermore, by tagging publications, other usages could be implemented. For instance, in SIM-BAD, each data measurement is linked to its bibcode which displays the title of the corresponding scientific paper.
Feedback From all the existing initiatives and use cases, we can conclude that there is a need for a common nomenclature, with unique and long-lasting identifiers for facilities. Should this telescope/instruments list be as complete as possible, this would emphasize interoperability and would be very beneficial for the community. This conclusion has been enforced by the LISA VIII meeting at the end of which a working group started to discuss all these aspects, towards a definition of a nomenclature. This interest working group currently includes more than twenty people from more than ten institutes (including NED, ADS, ESO, Keck, NOAO, CfA, etc. ) The interest comes from librarians and data center service developers who need to tag the facilities in their descriptions or publications. Curation of facilities is especially hard because, on one hand all the alternative names, and on a second hand all the facilities which share the same names, but are different.
g. to the presence of mutations affecting DNA repair pathways and other aspects of genetic background, as the presence of different polymorphisms. This view of the biological target as a system or network of interacting components calls for holistic instead of reductionist approaches to fully understand the mechanisms behind the biological response to radiation. Systems biology  (7)  studies, addressing all different levels in a cell, e. g. from the DNA (genome), RNA (transcriptome) to protein pool (proteome) and metabolite pool (metabolome), and how these are possibly affected by radiation, are increasingly gaining ground. Bioinformatics analysis of vast -omics datasets, together with the development of new methods to perform an integrated analysis of different radiobiological endpoints, are promising to gain further insight into these mechanisms.
Track-structure or microdosimetry approaches could provide results to be included in the integration: either quantities to be directly benchmarked with data (if the simulation of the experimental readout for the endpoint is possible) or quantities to be used for correlation analysis. Following a top-down approach, integrated-omics datasets might highlight radiation-perturbed molecular pathways and/or associated cellular substructures. The key players of these pathways need to be investigated through temporal and spatial dynamics. Track-structure or microdosimetry approaches can be used to characterize energy depositions in macromolecules found to be of relevance in the identified pathways. If the role of such macromolecules as initial target of radiation is easily ruled out, then the link between energy deposition and functioning/signaling must be further investigated.
Emodepside Emodepside, approved in combination with praziquantel for veterinary use, has efficacy in animal filarial models. The DNDi has initiated a phase 1 study of its safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers (NCT02661178). Studies in O. volvulus and Loa-infected individuals are planned for 2018. Emerging efficacy and safety profiles will determine whether emodepside development will continue and whether emodepside will be developed for CDT/MDA or TNT strategies.
Other drugs Other drugs are being evaluated for their antifilarial effects. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for a number of indications in humans, has activity against Brugia malayi males, females, microfilariae and infective larvae (L3). 75 The National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases is planning a trial in Loa-infected individuals (NCT02644525). Auranofin, approved for use in rheumatoid arthritis, killed both Brugia spp. and Onchocerca ochengi adult worms in vitro and inhibited molting of L3s of O. volvulus with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. 76, 77 Closantel, a veterinary drug, inhibited O. volvulus molting 78 but had no macrofilaricidal effect and induced severe ocular adverse effects. 79.
g. , proximity to larger river systems and the ice sheet itself) and prevailing wind directions. As a result, the temporal resolution and thickness of LPSs can vary locally as well as between different loess regions. Despite the growing focus on the impact of source areas and geomorphological position on loess deposits  (Lehmkuhl et al. , 2016) , there is still a search for (litho-) stratigraphic correlations (e. g. ,  Haesaerts et al. , 2016; Schirmer, 2016). More recently, research has been focusing on the impact of rapid climatic oscillations on European continental environments, by comparing biological, geochemical, and sedimentologic proxy data from LPSs with variations in Greenland ice core data (e. g. ,  Rousseau et al. , 2002 Rousseau et al. , , 2007 Rousseau et al. , , 2013 Rousseau et al.
, 1988; Kukla and An, 1989)  further employed low-field magnetic susceptibility (MS) as a stratigraphic tool, facilitating correlations between terrestrial deposits and the marine record; the latter is based on oxygenisotope data for oceanic foraminifera, which in turn is a proxy for global ice volume  (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005). This early work demonstrated that MS, combined with magnetic polarity stratigraphy, provides a critical temporal framework for LPSs. Later work confirmed that the MS record closely parallels the oxygen-isotope fluctuations in deep-sea sediments, suggesting a close interconnection between dust deposition on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), global ice volume, and global climate (compare Fig. 15A  and B ). Since then, MS, a nondestructive and inexpensive measurement, has become a widely applied paleoclimatic proxy and correlation tool in the study of LPSs worldwide (e.
Magnetic fabric in loess MS in loess deposits has one additional application. Directional measurements of MS on oriented samples are used for fabric analyses in LPSs. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) method is an established structural indicator even in unconsolidated geologic materials  (Parés, 2015). Magnetic fabric can be correctly approximated by a second-order symmetric tensor and fabric magnitude (i. e. , degree of anisotropy) and fabric shape (i. e. , prolate or oblate). Additionally, the orientation of principal axes of AMS ellipsoids (k max , k int , k min ) can be used for fabric characterization and quantification  (Tarling and Hrouda, 1993). AMS data have their largest applicability in estimating near-surface paleowind directions and even wind intensity  (Lagroix and Banerjee, 2004; Zhu et al.
Recent work by Schaetzl and colleagues  (Scull and Schaetzl, 2011; Stanley and Schaetzl, 2011; Luehmann et al. , 2013 Luehmann et al. , , 2016;; Schaetzl and Attig, 2013)  has expanded on this approach by obtaining loess samples across spatial grids, some of which may include several hundred samples. Typically, these samples are analyzed for grain size and thickness data; future work is likely to include mineralogy and elemental geochemistry data as well. A GPS or a GPS-ready laptop computer can be used to provide geospatial data for each sample site. Samples are routinely taken with a bucket auger, being careful to obtain some sediment from the entire length of the auger (i. e. , the full vertical thickness of the loess deposit must be incorporated into the sample). Finally, it is suggested that sampling loess within 10-20 cm of any underlying lithologic discontinuity be avoided, as there exists the potential for mixing and contamination  (Schaetzl and Luehmann, 2013).
The increased use of independent radiometric dating will also permit further investigation of the degree of (a)synchrony of the proxy records preserved across networks of loesspaleosol sequences, and cross correlations to other long sedimentary records such as marine and ice-core records. This work will, however, necessitate an increasingly dense sampling strategy for radiometric dating, in order to capture the detail required to address these questions. An increased density of independent numerical age determinations will also enable the application of Bayesian statistics to such data sets, giving rise to age-depth models that will further increase the accuracy and precision of loess-paleosol chronologies.
, 2003). Zircon U-Pb ages can be highly diagnostic of sediment source, because of the variety of distinct formation ages of their protosource terranes, and the often characteristic zircon U-Pb age distributions in different detrital sediments and rocks. As such, the technique is one of the most widely used provenance methods  (Fedo et al. , 2003) , and zircon U-Pb age data are abundant for many loess potential source areas. Provenance assignment is undertaken via comparisons of zircon U-Pb age assemblages in target loess sediments to zircon U-Pb data in potential source areas. This comparison is usually based on some graphical form of probability density estimation-for example, a probability density function or kernel density estimator diagram (Fig. 26 )-but also potentially via mixture modeling or other statistical approaches.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank the many people who helped to make the Eau Claire LoessFest a success, especially  Doug Faulkner ,  Garry Running , and  Kent Syverson  of the  University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire ;  John Attig  of the  Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey ; and  Kristine Gruley  and  Joseph Mason  of the  University of Wisconsin-Madison. Chase Kasmerchak of Michigan State University  was a key support person for field trip and conference planning. We thank  Michigan State University  and the  University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire  for financial and logistical support and acknowledge receipt of grants in support of the LoessFest from  INQUA  and the  National Science Foundation. This special issue.
Acknowledgements We thank all the participants of the meetings in Parupa and Brasilia, the communities of the  Jalapa ˜o Region (Mateiros, Tocantins State ),  IBAMA ,  ICMBio, Naturatins in Brazil, Pemon indigenous people from Kavanayen , Forest Fire-fighters of INPARQUES and  Parupa Scientific Station (CVG) in Venezuela  for welcoming us and taking part in the research. Thanks to the two reviewers for their insightful comments that greatly helped to improve the paper. In Brazil , this study was funded by  Gesellschaft fu ¨r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)  through the '' Cerrado Jalapa ˜o '' Project. LE received research Grant from the  CAPES  through the  ''Ciencias sem fronteiras Fronteiras'' Program  (Grant Number  88881. 068021/2014-01 ). JM and BB were supported by the  British Academy International Partnership and Mobility Scheme (Ref.
02%-1% of vector genomes. 56, 63 More recently, we reported by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) analysis that the number of reads that aligned to the helper plasmid (including rep-cap and adenoviral genes) corresponds to 0. 01%-0. 11% of the total reads amplified from rAAV8 vectors  64  (Table  3 ). To compare our results with previous studies, we performed qPCR side by side with our SSV-seq (single-stranded virus sequencing) protocol. The percentage of helper plasmid sequences was calculated from the copy number obtained by a qPCR targeted to a sequence in the helper plasmid, normalized to each reference size and divided by gfp copy number. The qPCR data correlated with SSV-seq results with 0. 004%-0. 4% of helper sequences. Our results were consistent with the qPCR data obtained from rAAV-FIX clinical lots used for hemophilia B treatment.
Antibiotic Resistance Sequences. In 2005, a landmark study realized in our laboratory warned for the potential risk of transferring the prokaryotic sequences originated from the vector plasmid in patients. 69 This work showed that rAAV2 stocks produced by transfection with the pDG plasmid  14  and a pAAV-gfp plasmid and purified by CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation contained 1. 5 Â 10 9 copies/mL of kanamycin resistance for 3. 8 Â 10 10 copies of gfp/mL, which represents by extrapolation 3. 9% of the vector genomes. However, the percentage calculation based on qPCR data did not take into account the length of each DNA species and the encapsidation heterogeneity of each sequence along the vector plasmid and the rAAV genome. Contamination of rAAV lots with antibiotic-resistance sequences was then quite systematically investigated using real-time PCR.
1% of rAAV8 vector genomes content, with an increased proportion for the sequences adjacent to ITRs to be encapsidated, such as the gentamycin-resistance gene in the Bac-to-Bac backbone. 68 Thus, undesirable packaging of vector plasmid sequences is strongly thought to be ITR dependant. To date, there are no formal data aimed at determining specifically the percentage of viral or genomic DNA encapsidated in AAV vectors when using the HSV system. However, total residual HSV DNA detection in AAV stocks has been described in detail. Because the genome of HSV is very large ($150 kb), multiple primer sets must be selected across the genome to ensure proper detection of possible variants. They often include a primer set of ICP27 to detect ICP27 revertants (see section below, Residual HSV). 67 Values reported ranged between 72 and 124 ng/mL for pre-clinical stocks  [71] [72] [73] [74]  and 76 ng/mL for the AAV1-AAT product,  75  which would correspond to 6.
The purification methods, the matrices, and the accessibility of various HSV-1 epitopes all can affect the sensitivity and reliability of the assay, and render direct comparison between groups difficult. Typically, in-house-produced and chromatography-purified HSV-1 preparations have been used as protein standards  29, 89  (N. C. , unpublished data). Pre-clinical stocks tested showed values ranging from 17. 2 and 120 ng/mL of HSV proteins or less than 16 ng per dose. 2] [73] [74]  In the AAT clinical trial, the AAV1 vector lot contained 834 ng/mL and the highest human dose tested contained approximately 72 mg of HSV proteins. 75 Overall, published data showed that residual HSV proteins are detectable in final rAAV stocks, but extensive pre-clinical toxicology studies showed that these levels were tolerated in animals and no reactions in humans have been reported so far.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial support to E. A. 's laboratory was provided by  INSERM, University of Nantes ,  CHU of Nantes, Fondation d'Entreprises pour la Thérapie Génique en Pays de la Loire , and  Région Pays de la Loire  and  Pre-industrial gene therapy consortium  ( Agence Nationale de la Recherche -investissements d'avenir, grant number  10-DPBS-0001 ).
Acknowledgements We want to thank our colleagues from the SHERPA collaboration for animated discussions, technical and moral support. We are particularly grateful to  Stefan Höche  for his help in the implemention of the method and the running of the DIRE parton shower. This work has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  as part of the  Marie Skodowska-Curie Innovative Training Networks "MCnetITN3 " (grant agreement no. 722104 ) and " HiggsTools " (grant agreements  PITN-GA2012-316704 ) and by the  ERC Advanced  Grant  MC@NNLO (340983 ).