dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Concluding Remarks and Recommendations World Meteorological Organization Integrated Global Observing System is a "system of systems", that provides a framework for all the WMO-sponsored and co-sponsored observing systems that encompasses in situ and remotely sensed observations, including those from GOOS. Integrating marine meteorological and oceanographic observations into the WIGOS is an essential activity that will lead to substantial benefits to the global meteorological community, as it will improve on the delivery of those data for use in a variety of application areas. Examples of these applications include the use of more sophisticated coupled ocean-atmosphere models for both shorter term weather forecasts and prediction of ocean hazards (tropical cyclones, storm surges, etc. ) as well as for longer-term seasonal to climate predictions, and the provision of climate services under the GFCS.
WIGOS will also be critical for climate monitoring; with the 2018 heat waves and other recent extremes, there is an enormous societal need to assess the current state of the climate against the climate of the recent past. The benefits from WIGOS should not be restricted to the operational meteorological community. Many scientific studies require a range of ancillary data (i. e. , in addition to that which is collected during research campaigns), and through the OSCAR tools, science users have the ability to interrogate the global data holdings across a wide range of domains to ensure that they can find and access the best available information. Hence, it is anticipated that WIGOS should benefit the entire global community that has a need for earth observation data. The "Vision for WIGOS in 2040" is presently being developed, envisaging how WMO members' user requirements for observational data may evolve over the coming decades.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TM, GN, and CG acknowledge all other members of the  GOOS Regional Alliance Council. At the initial responses to the OceanObs'19 call for CWP abstracts, the following people contributed to one or more abstracts that were eventually combined into the current CWP:  Viva Banzon ,  Gary Corlett ,  Meghan Cronin ,  Paul DiGiacomo , and  Boyin Huang.
We assemble vertebrate ohnolog pairs and families in an expanded OHNOLOGS v2 database. We find that teleost fish have retained more 2R-WGD ohnologs than mammals and sauropsids, and that these 2Rohnologs have retained significantly more ohnologs from the subsequent 3R-WGD than genes without 2R-ohnologs. Interestingly, species with fewer extant genes, such as sauropsids, have retained similar or higher proportions of ohnologs. OHNOLOGS v2 should allow deeper evolutionary genomic analysis of the impact of WGD on vertebrates and can be freely accessed at http://ohnologs. curie. fr.
Given the specific impact WGDs have had on the evolution of vertebrates, a comprehensive database of vertebrate ohnologs is highly desirable. While there are some useful resources available for comparison of synteny across species  (31) (32) (33) (34)  there is no database that reliably identifies ohnologs from both vertebrate 2R-WGDs and fish 3R-WGD. To start filling this gap, we developed in 2015, OHNOLOGS, a repository of ohnologs retained from the 2R-WGD in six amniote vertebrates (human, mouse rat, pig, dog and chicken)  (34). OHNOLOGS is based on a novel comparative macro-synteny approach that reliably identifies ohnologs, despite lineage specific genome rearrangement, gene loss and small scale duplication events, by combining macro-synteny information (gene content regardless of exact order) across multiple outgroups and vertebrate genomes  (34).
Here, we expand this multiple genome synteny comparison approach to 27 vertebrate species including four teleost fish species. We further improve the statistical confidence assessment of each ohnolog pair with a weighted quantitative confidence score (q-score) taking into account the phylogenetically biased sampling of available vertebrate species. In addition, we uncover ohnologs, including in non-protein coding RNA gene classes, from both 2R-WGD in early vertebrates (2R-ohnologs) and 3R-WGD in teleost fish (3Rohnologs). The expanded OHNOLOGS database is the most comprehensive repository of ohnologs in vertebrates. Using the new OHNOLOGS database we show that on average 25% of extant genes are 2R-ohnologs in vertebrates and that 18% of extant genes are 3R-ohnologs in teleost fish. Sauropsids show the highest lineage-specific loss of 2Rohnologs, and teleost fish show the highest lineage specific retention of 2R-ohnologs.
Data collection and processing OHNOLOGS v2 includes 2R-ohnolog pairs and families in 27 vertebrates that have a chromosome level assembly with a majority of their genes anchored on chromosomes in Ensembl version 84  (36). This includes 18 mammals, 4 sauropsids (lizards and birds), 4 teleost fish and spotted gar. In addition, we also included 3R-ohnolog pairs and families in four teleost fish genomes. We used five non-vertebrate outgroups to identify 2R-ohnologs and seven vertebrate outgroups to identify fish specific 3R-ohnologs (Figure  1  and Supplementary Table  S1 ). We collected genes (protein coding, micro-RNA, miscellaneous RNA, rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA) for all these organisms from Ensembl v84 using biomaRt  (37, 38). These six classes of genes were chosen because they have information on orthologs and paralogs across many vertebrates.
Mammals Teleost Fish Figure  1. A schematic phylogeny (not scaled) of the organisms in the OHNOLOGS v2 database. Vertebrates analysed for 2R-WGD are in orange, and teleost fish species analysed for 3R-WGD are underlined. Outgroup species used to identify 2R-and 3R-ohnologs have been highlighted. of small-scale duplications (>30), which inflate the synteny calculations, were excluded from analysis. Genome data for Amphioxus was obtained from JGI and amphioxus orthologs with other organisms were identified using BLASTp  (8). We adapted the macro-synteny comparison approach, previously developed in  (34) , to identify ohnologs retained from both 2R-WGD (2R-ohnologs) and 3R-WGD (3Rohnologs). Briefly, for each pair of outgroup and paleopolyploid organisms, we first identified blocks of conserved macro-synteny using windows ranging from 100 to 500 genes (outgroup comparison).
Using multiple outgroups allowed us to identify ohnologs that may D726 Nucleic Acids Research, 2020, Vol. 48, Database issue have moved to non-syntenic locations in some of the outgroup genomes. Similarly we obtained a q-score for self comparison to assess the chance of spurious association. In addition, while we used a simple geometric average of qscores in  (34) , which cannot capture the gain of statistical power expected from the integration of multiple vertebrate genomes, here we developed a refined weighting scheme of species, which also takes into account the strong phylogenetically biased sampling of included species by using different weights for each vertebrate genome depending on its shared homology with other included genomes (see Supplementary Methods for details, Supplementary Tables  S2  and 3 ).
Navigating the OHNOLOGS database The home page lists all the organisms that are included in OHNOLOGS for 2R and 3R-WGD along with an introduction on ohnologs and WGDs. The search page allows a user to search for a gene symbol, Ensembl Id GO term or any keyword (Figure  2A ). The search page also allows one to generate ohnolog families for any user-defined qscore criteria for a given organism. Upon a keyword or GO term query, all matching genes will be displayed along with their ohnolog status (Figure  2B ). If a queried gene is an ohnolog, its ohnolog family will be displayed on the result page (for both 2R and 3R WGD for teleost fish) (Figure  2C  and D ). We show families for our strict q-score filter, and display the intermediate and relaxed families only if additional ohnologs are identified upon relaxing the q-score filter.
The result page also includes links to pair page that has all ohnolog pairs that went into constructing that family (Figure  2E ). The family result pages also links to the orthologous genes and ohnolog families in other vertebrates, to study the conservation of ohnolog families in other vertebrates. The ohnolog pairs and families for our three pre-defined q-score filters can be explored and downloaded from the Browse/Download pages (Figure  2F ). We link the genes on the browse pages to external databases including Ensembl, NCBI gene, GeneCards (for human), MGI (for mouse) and ZFIN (for zebrafish). The details of our approach, family descriptions and more details on q-score have also been included on the help page.
Summary of the contents of the OHNOLOGS database Using the expanded OHNOLOGS database we assessed the retention and loss of ohnologs across different vertebrates. We found that on average 25% of extant genes are 2R-ohnologs in vertebrates (intermediate criterion), which include two rounds of WGD, and that 18% of extant genes are 3R-ohnologs in teleost fish, which include an additional WGD (Figure  3A  and B; Supplementary Table  S4 ). Teleost fish have also retained more 2R-ohnologs in both absolute numbers (Figure  3A ) and relative proportion of extant genes (32% on average). Interestingly, while sauropsids have usually fewer extant genes and 2R-ohnologs than other vertebrates (Figure  3A ), they have retained similar or higher proportions of 2R-ohnologs in their genomes (28% on average).
The retention of 3R-ohnologs is even higher for 2R-ohnologs that have retained three or four family members, and for the 2R-ohnologs that have been retained in all the 27 vertebrates (Figure  3E ). For example zebrafish 2R-ohnologs from the intermediate criteria that have been also retained in all the analysed vertebrates are twice as likely to retain their 3R-ohnologs compared to genome-wide expectation (P = 5e-88, Chi-square test). This suggests that the evolutionary mechanism for the expansion of specific gene families through the retention of 2R-ohnologs (25,27-28) might also explain the biased retention of 3R-ohnologs. We next compared the new OHNOLOGS v2 database (this study) with the 2015 version (v1)  (34)  to quantify the changes due to the improved pipeline. We noticed that the majority of ohnologs are shared between the two versions for all the six species included in v1 (Figure  4A  and B ).
(24)  and Sacerdot et al. (41)  studies that used different methodological approaches. All these datasets share a significant overlap between them. For example, using the relaxed criterion, 75% of v2 ohnologs are common to the three ohnolog datasets (Figure  4C ). We noticed that out of 1089 ohnolog pairs identified by both Makino et al. and Sacerdot et al. studies but excluded by our analysis (Figure  4D ), 56% are filtered out due to poor q-scores and 44% due to changes in ortholog/paralog relationships or Ensembl version related differences. These comparisons suggest that in addition to synteny, identification of the correct timing of duplication and homology relationships are also critical for accurate identification of ohnologs. At last, the OHNOLOGS v2 database can be used to analyze the branch-specific loss and retention of ohnologs.
CONCLUSION The updated OHNOLOGS v2 database is a comprehensive resource for the genes retained from WGDs across 27 vertebrates. It includes ohnologs from both ancestral vertebrate 2R-WGDs and teleost fish specific 3R-WGD. It is based on a robust pipeline that downloads and processes datasets automatically using Ensembl, which makes it amenable to easy updates. We plan to expand and update OHNOLOGS periodically. Algorithmically, it is based on a quantitative comparative macro-synteny approach, which also takes into account the phylogenetically biased sampling of available vertebrate species. This approach assesses the confidence in each ohnolog pair and robustly identifies ohnologs, despite lineage specific genome rearrangement, gene loss and small-scale duplication events. Using the datasets in OHNOLOGS we show a greater lineage-specific ohnolog loss in sauropids compared to other vertebrate groups, and a high retention of 2R-ohnologs in subsequent 3R-WGD in teleost fish.
D728AFigure 3. 3 Figure 3. Description of the ohnolog genes, pairs and families in the database. (A) Number of retained individual 2R-ohnolog genes, pairs and families in all the 27 vertebrates. Bars represent the numbers from the intermediate criterion. Ohnologs from strict and relaxed criteria are indicated by dots. (B) Number of retained individual 3R-ohnolog genes, pairs and families in the four teleost fish species. Bars represent the numbers from the intermediate criterion. Ohnologs from strict and relaxed criteria are indicated by dots. (C) Size of the 2R-ohnolog families from the intermediate criterion in vertebrates. Note that a vast majority of the families are of size 2, 3 or 4. (D) Sizes of the 3R-ohnolog families from the intermediate criterion in the teleost fish hardly exceed size two.
Objectives: To provide a comprehensive overview of what is known about injury prevention in the 14-19 year-old competitive alpine skier following the 4-step injury prevention sequence from  van Mechelen et al. (1992). Method: A systematic review was conducted in November 2018 using two database ("Pub Med" and "Science Direct") and the following keywords: "Injury", "Sports injuries", "Young", "Teenager", "Epidemiology", "Risk factor", "Prevention", "Alpine skiing" and "Alpine skiing" to include articles dealing with epidemiology, identification of risk factors, implementation and/or injury prevention programs for alpine competitive skiers from14 to 19 years-old. Results: Five studies reported on the epidemiology of 14-19 year-old competitive alpine skier injuries : these injuries were mainly localized at the knee, involved ligaments, and the most common injury was Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury.
Limites Les limites de cette revue de la littérature étaient liées en partie aux limites et aux niveaux de preuve des articles inclus, et à des choix méthodologiques. Les articles sélectionnés devaient être en français ou en anglais et être publiées dans des revues scientifiques indexées sur les moteurs de recherche « Pub Med » et « Science Direct ». Par conséquent, certains articles référencés sur d'autres bases de données et/ou non publiés dans des revues scientifiques (tels que des comptes-rendus émis au cours d'évènements sportifs par les fédérations sportives ou par les commissions médicales présentes aux évènements sportifs) n'ont pu être inclus. Nous avons fait le choix de limiter notre recherche à des athlètes âgés de 14 à 19 ans pour répondre à notre question, mais des données supplémentaires sont disponibles pour les athlètes jeunes de 9 à 14 ans  [15, 16].
Bibliographie 1-Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A, Gallagher ER, Admane S et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 19;363(8):733-42. 2-Haun MW, Estel S, Rücker G, Friederich HC, Villalobos M et al. Early palliative care for adults with advanced cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 12;6.
De plus, devant le risque de seconds cancers dus aux radiations ionisantes, la majorité des sociétés savantes a diminué le nombre de scanners recommandés. Certaines alternatives au scanner abdomino-pelvien existent, comme le scanner « low dose » (62) ou l'IRM pelvienne  (27). Cette dernière stratégie est actuellement étudiée dans l'essai TRISST, chez les patients présentant des TGS de stade I (NCT00589537). Bien que les patients à risque de rechute lors de leur surveillance soient de mieux en mieux identifiés  (63) , notamment par la définition de facteurs histologiques, la recherche de nouveaux biomarqueurs reste un enjeu. Ainsi, l'analyse des micro-ARN circulants semble être une voie de recherche aidant au diagnostic, au monitoring mais également à mieux stratifier ces patients selon leur pronostic  (64) , permettant d'adapter au mieux la stratégie thérapeutique et la surveillance.
Enfin, un des éléments limitant la surveillance reste la non compliance des patients. En effet, on observe une non compliance fréquente chez ces patients jeunes, altérant la qualité de la surveillance. Depuis quelques années, la e-santé́ prend de plus en plus d'importance dans le quotidien des patients et des professionnels de santé́. Le développement de nouvelles technologies au service des patients s'applique également en oncologie  (65). Elle pourrait ainsi être une aide à une meilleure relation patient-hôpital, notamment pour les jeunes patients, de plus en plus connectés. Elle serait alors en mesure d'être un nouvel outil améliorant l'adhésion à la surveillance de ces patients suivis pour des TGT. Ce dispositif est actuellement évalué dans le cadre de l'essai TEXTIS (NCT03868176), évaluant l'intérêt de l'envoi de short message service (SMS) de rappels de rendez-vous de consultation et d'examens complémentaires, sur la compliance de ces patients en cours de surveillance.
Enfin, dans l'essai DOPS, essai pragmatique tiré d'une cohorte prospective et utilisant les bases de données de santé pour le critère principal, 1006 femmes nouvellement ménopausées (7 mois en moyenne) ont été randomisées entre association 2 mg E2/ 1 mg norethistérone acétate et absence de traitement (essai en ouvert) et suivies pendant 10 ans ; les femmes traitées ont eu moins d'événements cardio-vasculaires (composite décès ou hospitalisation pour infarctus ou insuffisance cardiaque), sans réduction significative de la mortalité totale  (9). Les effets de la progestérone sur le vaisseau et la pression artérielle sont peu connus. La progestérone naturelle semble avoir un effet neutre sur la pression artérielle  (3)  Le rôle des androgènes sur la pression artérielle et le système cardio-vasculaire est assez peu connu chez l'homme.
Remerciements Les auteurs remercient tous les participants à l'étude. Ils expriment également leur reconnaissance à  Cheryl Barnabe ,  Stéphanie Boutroy  et au groupe SPECTRA pour leur aide scientifique, à  Kathryn Stok  et  Stéphanie Rouanet  pour leurs conseils en statistiques et à Évelyne Cordier pour son assistance technique.
Ce travail est soutenu par l'Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR-12-BSV3-0005-01 et ANR-16-CE15-0009-01 à J. -P. G. ). P. Schmitt est financée par des bourses du ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation, et de la Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC DOC20180507586).
Introduction: l'insuffisance cardiaque (IC) est un problème de santé en Espagne dont l'incidence croissante est en rapport avec le vieillissement de la population, et présente des taux de mortalité et de réadmissions hospitalières élevées. Evaluer les caractéristiques cliniques des patients souffrant d'IC qui entrent en médecine interne et les facteurs associés à la réadmission et la mortalité intrahospitalière. Méthodes: étude transversale, descriptive et rétrospective de révision des dossiers cliniques de patients ayant un diagnostic principal d'IC dans l'Ensemble Minimal de Base de Données (CMBD, Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos), qui abandonnèrent le Service de Médecine Interne de l'Hôpital Clinique San Carlos (HCSC) en 2014. Résultats: cent quatre-vingt-dix-neuf (199) patients y furent inclus, âge moyen 82,7 ans et 61,8% de femmes; 85% présentaient une FEVG (Fraction d'Ejection du Ventricule Gauche) > 40%, avec un pro-BNP moyen de 9.
How do local relationships explain health outcomes compared to global analysis? HIV data: HIV surveillance data used in this analysis is collected routinely by the HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Administration (HAHSTA) within the District of Columbia, Department of Health (DOH). Newly diagnosed HIV cases reported from providers and laboratories were collected and managed in the Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System (eHARS). The total number of newly diagnosed HIV infections from 2010 -2016 used for this analysis was 4237. The cases were geocoded using Maptitude and then aggregated by block groups. The incidence rates for HIV new diagnoses (HIVDVi) for each block group was calculated using Equation (1).
District of Columbia (DC) has an estimated 2016 population of 659,009 according to the American Community Survey (ACS) estimates. Administrative and statistical divisions of DC includes 8 wards, 179 census tracts, and 450 block groups. US Census Bureau Block Groups (BGs) are statistical divisions of census tracts, which are defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people, and are used to present data and control block numbering. The DC cartographic boundary shapefile of block groups was obtained from the Master Address File/Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER) database of DC Office of the Chief Technology Officer (DC OCTO) for analysis. (Figure 1 about here).
Data sources: District of Columbia (DC) has an estimated 2016 population of 659,009 according to the American Community Survey (ACS) estimates. Administrative and statistical divisions of DC includes 8 wards, 179 census tracts, and 450 block groups. US Census Bureau Block Groups (BGs) are statistical divisions of census tracts, which are defined to contain between 600 and 3,000 people, and are used to present data and control block numbering. The DC cartographic boundary shapefile of block groups was obtained from the Master Address File/Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER) database of DC Office of the Chief Technology Officer (DC OCTO) for analysis. (Figure 1 about here).
Revue de littérature Une revue de la littérature a été effectuée en utilisant la base de données PubMed. L'équation de recherche "Blood Transfusion"[Mesh] AND "Home Care Services"[Mesh] AND "France" a renvoyé sept résultats. L'équation "Blood Transfusion/economics"*Mesh+ AND "Home care services" a également renvoyé sept résultats. Une exploration de la littérature grise a également été menée.
Une étude multicentrique française : EARLYPUMP (ClinicalTrials NCT02864004) est actuellement en cours pour évaluer l'intérêt de la PA à un stade précoce des fluctuations de la MP, versus le traitement conventionnel. Au-delà de la justification physiopathologique, l'on peut également considérer qu'il est plus intéressant de proposer ces techniques à des patients encore bien insérés sur le plan social et professionnel, même si cela reste encore à démontrer. A quel type de patient proposer les traitements de seconde ligne ? Au final, en excluant de la discussion la SCP du VIM qui tient une place particulière, quel traitement proposer et à quel patient au stade avancé des fluctuations ? En l'état actuel des connaissances aucune donnée ne permet de répondre clairement à cette question et aucune donnée ne permet de démontrer la supériorité d'une technique par rapport à une autre.
Les données ont été recueillies de janvier à mars 2016 via questionnaire en ligne. Un mail de rappel avait été envoyé tous les 15 jours. Les réponses anonymes ont été recueillies par le logiciel Google Forms®, puis traitée à l'aide des logiciels Google Sheets® et Microsoft Excel® 2011 version 14. 3. 1. Les équations structurelles ont été réalisées avec les logiciels XLSTAT et SMART PLS. Les données ont été pondérées, permettant de réaliser un modèle comportemental avec multi-niveaux (Figure  1 ). Le niveau 1 contenait les facteurs situationnels et individuels que sont le statut hospitalier du médecin urgentiste, la formation reçue et les besoins perçus par le médecin. Le niveau 2 correspondait à l'usage (fréquence d'utilisation, temps de réalisation de l'échographie et utilisation d'algorithme).