dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Most active satellite sensors that are less prone to this issue also lack continuity, which may lead to large uncertainties. Hence, an integrated assessment with different data products may help mitigate such uncertainties in future studies. This study provides important climate information with a regional overview for stakeholders involved in the planning of large-scale and long-term renewable energy projects in WA. It also provides a blueprint for carrying out future analysis, ideally with a higher resolution dataset, which is needed to address the feasibility of solar energy development in the region. An important extension of this work would be to consider the decadal fluctuations of solar irradiance, which was not considered in this study, since only 10 years of data were used. This may be important to assess the long-term feasibility of solar energy projects in the region, and it needs to be investigated.
Acknowledgments: We thank  ECMWF  for providing ERA5 reanalysis. We wish to express our gratitude to the  AMMA-CATCH DB  for providing surface observations used for data evaluation. We are also grateful to the  Institute of Environmental Geosciences (IGE; University of Grenoble-Alpes, France)  and to the  Laboratoire de Physique de l'Atmosphère et de Mécanique des Fluides (LAPA-MF; University Felix Houphouet Boigny, Côte d'Ivoire)  who hosted DKD during his stay in Grenoble and Abidjan in the framework of the  International joint laboratory NEXUS  on climate, water, land, energy and climate services (LMI NEXUS). Finally, we thank all the four anonymous reviewers whose comments and suggestions helped to improve this article.
Data and modelling approach We used stroke data published by  Douiri et al. (2017)  to evaluate the proposed hybrid regularization method as well other published methods mentioned above. Data collected include 495 patients from the population-based SLSR between the period August 2002 and October 2004. All patients with cerebral infractions (ICD-10 code 163), were included. The progression of functional recovery was evaluated using Barthel Index (BI) with total possible scores ranging from 0 to 20, with lower scores indicating increased disability. BI was measured at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 26 and 52 after stroke. A number of candidate predictors were considered in the model variable selection, including demographics (age, sex, ethnicity, premorbid disability, socioeconomic status), stroke characteristics (subtype based on the Oxford classification (lacunar infarct, LACI), total anterior circulation infarcts (TACI), partial anterior circulation infarcts (PACI), posterior circulation infarcts (POCI) and intra-cerebral haemorrhagic (ICH) stroke, presence of cerebellar symptoms, baseline impairments, case-mix variables (Glasgow coma score, GCS), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)).
Potential variables of recovery were screened for practicality based on their prevalence in academic literature, resulting in seven candidates prognostic factors. Details of these predictors can be found  (Douiri, Grace & Sarker, 2017). Please note that all methods discussed are robust for collinearity. In relation to missing data and based on the assumption that these were at random, we used a multiple imputation method known as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)  (Gilks, Richardson, & Spiegelhalter, 1995). The seven predictors (sex (sex), ethnic groups (ethgrp), Glasgow coma score (glas_cs), stroke subtype (subtype: TACI, PACI, LACI, POCI), Patient age (age), first week BI score (batotw1) and NIHSS Stroke Scale (nihtot) in order to predict outcomes of BI at 12, 26 and 52 weeks. Ridge, lasso, adaptive-lasso, elastic-net and huber methods were applied to the stroke data.
AD and CW would like to acknowledge the support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, as well as the support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. YH gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the International PhD Program for Modelling Complex Systems supported by both, Sorbonne University and IRD.
Software environments are specializing in the development of ITS called author systems. These author systems are also associated with a paradigm. In this sense, sharing and reuse are limited to systems of the same category  (Murray, 2007). In addition to authoring systems that aim to develop the entire system, some tools specialize in a component (TCHETAGNI J, NKAMBOU R. , 2006). Some simplified, high-level, paradigmspecific authoring tools have been developed to increase accessibility and reduce development costs(Razzaq, L. , Patvarczki, J. , Almeida, S. , Vartak, M. , Feng, M. , Heffernan, N. & Koedinger, 2009). In this paper, we propose an original approach to the development of tutoring in ITS. Our approach is made up of three modules ( ii) Intelligent tutoring module: responsible for providing existing LMSs with a module capable of offering personalized tutoring, individualized and independent of the learning subject.
Besides, this module offers articulation between "machine" and "human" tutoring. iii) Certification module: implementation of a certification module for acquired skills so that students can more easily promote their skills with companies and therefore achieve better employability. This module is based on BlockChain technology which can be considered as a "database" with the originality of being open, tamper-proof and distributed. A Blockchain interrogation tool will allow companies to verify the authenticity of certificates presented by job applicants and thus rule out suspicions of forgery. This module is entirely independent of the learning subject. However, this article focuses on the smart tutoring module.
Stage 1: System modeling and features extraction • The modeling of the plant comes in the healthy operating mode as a first step of the analytical study. Thus, it is crucial to specify the sensors and the measurement devices precision and noise power for further applications. • The system characteristics are important to extract the environmental working conditions, the limitations of the parameters in order to establish a study about their physics of failure. • The AGE help building a database used for statistical analysis of the behaviour of the power electronic components. Thus, the degradation analysis is numerically calculated for the next step. The degradation data are available online from the data repository of the prognostics center of NASA. • The previous step leads to generalize degradation equations for each and every tested electronic components.
Acknowledgements Author of this article,  M. BA , would like to thank the  laboratory MODAL'X of Université Paris Nanterre  to support this work. He would like to thank the members of the  Laboratory MODAL'X  for discussions he has with them, suggestions, remarks and lectures made on this paper. He would like also to thank the many thoughtful individuals from the  Bitcoin & Ethereum Forum , whose ideas helped us to form the basis of this work, as well as the community of bitcoin for their encouragement and enthusiasm.
All items are rated using five-point response scales. Pre-and post-task measures of subjective stress for the three states were obtained by asking participants to complete the SSSQ before and immediately after they carried out the task. Trouillet et al. (2016)  report a three-factor solution that explains 49 % (pre-task version) and 54 % (post-task version) of the variance. They report that these three scales have good internal consistency (Cronbach's α ranges from. 70 to. 83) and we replicated these results using our own data as we reported Cronbach's α ranging from. 70 to. 86.
Insert Table 1 about here We used the rlmer function in the robustlmm package in R  (Koller, 2019)  to assess the fit of the data to mixed-effects models. This function was chosen because our preliminary analyses had revealed that residuals deviated significantly from the normal distribution, and rlmer has the advantage of providing robust estimates of linear mixed-effects models. Mixedeffects models were tested because measures for each participant are interdependent (i. e. , a repeated measures design was adopted). Consequently, we adjusted estimates of model parameters for 'subjects'  (van Montfort, Johan, & Ghidey, 2014)  by estimating betweensubject variance in the mean of the dependent variable (i. e. random intercepts). We computed the amount of variance between levels of the factor included in the random part of the model by adding the random effect to the intercept.
We then compared the first model that included Worry score as the dependent variable with a second model that incorporated metacognitive traits as covariates. Because of the intercorrelations between MCQ subscales  (Larøi et al. , 2009) , we used the leaps package in R  (Lumley & Miller, 2015)  to select which of the five metacognitive traits to add to our regression as explanatory variables. A stepwise forward selection was applied to search for models that provided the best fit to the data, and lay within the range of including none of the five metacognitive belief measures and including all of them. The quality of the model's fit was estimated using the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Given that a log likelihood is not defined for the robust estimates returned by rlmer, we used the lmer function to obtain the likelihood function for our models, and to calculate AIC values.
Evaluation of the Convergence of the Moment-Matching Estimator All the experiments in this section were performed using the Python package geomstats, see  [29] , available at http:geomstats. ai. Let g 1 ,. , g k be points in SE(n) with a unique bi-invariant mean ĝ and such that the empirical covariance Σ(g 1 ,. , g k ) = 1 k i log ĝ(g i ) log ĝ(g i ) t is contained in C ĝ and that the moments of f ĝ, Σµ G are (ĝ, Σ). The compatibilities with left multiplications, f g g,g Σ = g • f g,Σ and Σ(g • g 1 ,. , g • g k ) = g. Σ(g 1 ,. , g k ), and right multiplications, implies that the maximum likelihood and the moment-matching estimators are bi-invariant. On the one hand, finding the maximum likelihood estimation when g 1 ,. , g k are i. i. d. requires an optimization procedure. On the other hand, matching moments is straightforward, provided that the moments of f ḡ,Σ are (ḡ, Σ).
In this article, I put forward a linguistic analysis model for analyzing meaning which is based on a methodology that falls within the wider framework of the digital humanities and is equipped with digital tools that meet the theoretical requirements stated. First, I propose a conception of the digital humanities which favors a close relationship between digital technology and the humanities. This general framework will justify the use of a number of models embodied in a dynamic conception of language. This dynamism will then be reflected in the choice of metrics and textual analysis tools (developed in the field of textometry, especially the Iramuteq software). The semantic functioning of linguistic units will be described by using these tools within the identified methodological framework and will help to better understand the processes of variations, whether temporal or generic, within vast discursive corpora.
" The co-occurrence calculation and Fruchterman-Reingold algorithm 1 are conceived here as a means to take into account the 1 github. com/gephi/gephi/wiki/Fruchterman-Reingold: The Fruchterman-Reingold Algorithm is a force-directed layout algorithm. The idea of a force-directed layout algorithm is to consider a force between any two nodes. In this algorithm, the nodes are represented by steel rings and the edges are springs between them. The attractive force is analogous to the spring "profiles" since they reflect both the syntactic proximity and frequency of associations, and the force of the relationship between units. -With regard to descending hierarchical classifications, I have followed  Loubère (2016)  by choosing a Reinert-type classification proposed by the Iramuteq software: "this classification, implemented for the first time in the Alceste ® software  (Reinert 1983) , makes it possible to highlight lexical worlds.
The Computer Model "Finally, the computer model translates the algorithms created in the computational model into electronic-type mechanical forms. It provides a hardware architecture that allows the calculations or computation in the computational models to be actually performed. " (Meunier 2019b)  Here, we therefore have the technological realization of a theoretical model as we have formally envisaged it. This corresponds to the definition of the digital humanities given in the first section of the article: by approaching the object of study from a multidisciplinary perspective and its realization from a meta-disciplinary one, we can use functions, metrics, and tools consistent with the theoretical anchoring. In the present case, within my own practice, the Iramuteq software allows to bring together these different algorithms and functionalities.
The Lexico software (3 then 5) is also frequently used, particularly for the functions of repeated segments and FCA which can help reflect the temporal dynamics of a corpus. This choice is motivated by my dual conceptual interest in the links between forms and profiles on the one hand, and forms and themes on the other. It should be noted that these algorithms do not directly address the dynamic/topological models mentioned in relation to the formal model. The proposed articulation lies in the fact that the work I am doing on discourse analysis is based on variation and comparison/differentiality: thus, it is the variational application of Iramuteq (or Lexico) algorithms that can help reflect corpus dynamics (comparing states of discourse with "snapshots" of different stages, taken as a whole that varies at different discursive moments).
Material In order to illustrate these choices and the bringing into coherence of the different models, I will now offer an example-based illustration. I focus on manually corrected automatic transcripts of "morning" interviews: a dataset currently made up of 3166 interviews corresponding to 561 political figures interviewed between 10 June 2016 and 4 December 2017 (representing approximately 10 million words). Echoing other work done together with André Salem on the corpus of the French newspaper Père Duchène  (Longhi and Salem 2018) , the analysis here focused on the term "ennemi" ("enemy"). The Père Duchène corpus can be downloaded on the website of the Lexico software (http: //www. lexi-co. com/L3-5. Textes. html); the "morning interviews" corpus is not yet available online, but will be published during the TALAD ANR project r https://web.
u-cergy. fr/anr-talad/), on an infrastructure including a repository of language data (probably Ortolang: https://www. ortolang. fr/). These questions and methodological choices will here be applied, in an illustrative way, to the corpus of the TALAD ANR project. To provide some context for this choice, the TALAD project aims to show how Natural Language Procesing (NLP) (Traitement Automatique des Langues [TAL]) allows Discourse Analysis (Analyse du Discours [AD]) to go further in its explorations, test its theoretical apparatus, and reinforce its methodological tools. The aim is to adapt NLP techniques in order to provide DA with more complex sets of descriptors relative to different levels of discursive organization. In return, DA will provide a range of complex phenomena to be studied, which will represent just as many challenges to be addressed by the latest advances in NLP.
An increasing number of software programs which are sometimes quite intuitive and functional, well documented, and enriched with tutorials give access to an advanced numerical analysis practice. I hail, for example, the development of the Iramuteq software (which I use extensively)-an R interface which gives access to statistical calculations and classifications without having to go into the configuration of functions or algorithms. However, in order to have a clear view of the results produced and the quality of the data (depending on the research objectives), it is important to know the specificities of the various statistical, probabilistic functions and consider the impact of the data representation, visualization, and exploration systems. And conversely, the computer sciences approach certain tasks or objectives pertaining to the numerical humanities (NH) as research objects but only rarely do they play an integral part in NH projects except in the form of the "engineering" side of such projects.
Astronomy and science are fields in which specific groups remain under-represented despite multiple studies that investigate this issue and propose solutions. In this article, we analyze the demographics and social behavior of the exoplanet direct imaging community. Our focus is on identifying possible under-representation among this group, and quantifying inappropriate social behaviors. During the Spirit of Lyot conference 2019 (Tokyo, Japan), we conducted a survey that gathered a participation rate of 53%. We analyzed the data collected under the prisms of gender balance and seniority representation. The proportions of women and of non-binary persons reveal a more diverse community in comparison to the other scientific groups (e. g. the IAU members), but still far from a balanced representation of all genders.
METHODOLOGY The results presented in this report were obtained from a survey conducted in October 2019 at the Spirit of Lyot conference in Tokyo, Japan. The survey was initiated during an unofficial splinter meeting which included around 12 female and non binary participants interested in gender studies. Discussions during this meeting enabled to identify broad categories as well as specific points interesting to be probed. The complete list of questions asked in the survey is presented in appendix A. An improved version is available on open source on GitHub: https://github. com/lleboulleux/socio-demographiccommunity-survey-in-STEM. Four main topics were addressed: the general demographics in the field, the visibility and the ability of the participants to selfpromote during the SOL conference, their visibility and their recognition in the field in general, and the occurrence of unprofessional behaviors in this community.
2014) , but higher than the fraction of women in the IAU (18%, data from January 2018) and equivalent to the one attending the AGU Fall Meetings (28%,  Ford et al. 2018). The presence of non-binary people is also encouraging, but can hardly be compared to any reference percentage since the studies including them are unfortunately too rare and should be developed, which  Rasmussen et al. (2019)  and  Strauss et al. (2020)  propose recommendations for. Although encouraging, the representation of women and non binary people at the SOL conference shows that significant efforts need to be performed to reach an acceptable gender balance in this community. In terms of career level distribution, 24% of the participants were PhD students, 27% post-doctorate researchers, 47% faculty researchers, and 2 people did not answer this question.
8 , bottom left). In comparison, our data shows that this experience has happened to a negligible fraction of the male participants (13%). Such a gender-based difference in behavior is not welcomed in a professional environment because it affects the credibility, leadership, and confidence of a person and influences his•her•their professional abilities. Thus we call for a significant change of conduct within the Exoplanet Direct Imaging community. Knowing that such gender-based changes of behavior may be performed unintentionally, we encourage the community to become further aware of its own prejudices, unintentional biases and be attentive and observing about one's own actions. It is encouraging to note that 57% of the participants have already noticed such gender-based differences of behavior.
Visibility and recognition by peers per career level Figure  12  (left) shows the exposure given to each career category in international conferences. Figure  12  (right) presents the recognition level received by each career category within the community through invitations to join the SOC of an international conference. Our data shows that postdocs receive the most exposure and visibility at international conferences, with 89% of them who attended at least one conference in 2018. Counting the participation to the 2019 SOL conference, it shows that the large majority of postdocs attends an international conference at least once per year. This is a positive result, as the postdoctoral positions are based on short-term contracts, hence the postdocs are required to actively advertise their work and expand their network in search for a new position.
Furthermore, it would enable to increase the sample size and obtain more precise results. It would also provide awareness and more visibility to the experience of minorities including non-binary people. In particular, it was noted that many of the gender studies in science remain biased towards non-binary people and coming studies should follow the recommendations of  Rasmussen et al. (2019) and and Strauss et al. (2020). In order to help increasing the number of such studies, an improved version of the proposed survey is now available in open source on GitHub using this link: https://github. com/lleboulleux/sociodemographic-community-survey-in-STEM. We encourage different communities to use it as a template to homogenize socio-demographic studies and allow longterm monitoring. We also invite the users of this survey to provide comments and feedbacks to improve its completeness.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was co-authored by women and non-binary people having met at the  Spirit of Lyot 2019 conference in Tokyo, Japan. It received full help and support from the  LOC  and the SOC of the conference and the participation rate of 53% indicates an implication of the conference audience. We sincerely thank these three entities and particularly the SOC and  LOC , who supported this initiative and helped advertise it among the conference attendees. The authors are sincerely grateful to the referee for their constructive comments, which improved the quality of the paper and strengthened its conclusions. LL has received support of  IRIS Origines et Conditions d'Apparition de la Vie (OCAV)  of  PSL Idex under the program Investissements d'Avenir  with the reference  ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL.
Third, OIS-based outcomes can ensue along the entire scientific research process (e. g. proposals, datasets, protocols, code, publications, patents, teaching materials, science-based innovations). These outcomes may have scientific and societal impacts, such as an accelerated response to novel diseases. 2 Those impacts also include the identification of under-researched scientific and societal problems that are subsequently prioritised, thus feeding back to the starting point of scientific research. In what follows, we discuss each of these elements of the OIS Research Framework, moving from OIS practices (section 2. 1. ) and antecedents and boundary conditions (section 2. 2. ) to OIS-based outcomes and impacts (section 2. 3. ). In presenting a synthesis of available knowledge on open and collaborative research practices across different disciplines in the social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences, we do not claim exhaustiveness, but rather focus on the big picture, identifying interdependencies between elements, as well as tensions and incongruities that point to future research directions.