dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Each row of the system of linear equations is weighted to reflect the uncertainties in the observations. Body wave arrivals are weighted by the inverse of the square of the associated time uncertainty. Surface wave phase delay times are similarly weighted by estimating an uncertainty based on the SNR of the EGF used in generating the dispersion curve, multiplied by a factor related to the period (longer periods generally have less well defined maxima). Uncertainty estimates thus obtained range from a few tenths of a second to several seconds but generally are about 3 per cent of the phase delay time. Outliers in the surface wave data set are identified and removed during the creation of phase velocity maps as part of the noise bias analysis. For body waves, data quality criteria are enforced at each iteration in order to eliminate potential outliers and to disqualify less well constrained hypocentres.
Reconstruction of the model While recovery of an isolated perturbation can be a fair representation of resolution of that variable, reconstruction of a prismatic pattern includes effects of coupling between perturbations that would be appropriate only if the Earth were indeed composed of alternatingly perturbed prisms. For example, such a representation requires 3-D ray paths to alternately focus and defocus around each perturbation. An alternative way to demonstrate the ability of a data set to recover interpretable features at the scale and amplitude as those that appear in the model is to reconstruct the same distribution of imaged anomalies (e. g. Prevot et al. 1991). Hence, we generated a synthetic dataset using the same source-receiver distribution as the actual dataset and followed the same iterative procedure as with real data to attempt to recover the preferred model from a 1-D starting model.
Note that while the rough BWO model manages to fit the body waves better than the joint model by about 2 per cent, the joint model does a slightly better job (by 3 per cent) than the equally smoothed BWO model. Of course, neither of the BWO models manages to fit the surface wave data nearly as well as the joint model (surface wave variance in the joint model is reduced by about 70 per cent compared to that in either of the BWO models). Creating a starting model for a joint inversion from the results of an SWO inversion requires a choice of V p /V s ratio. As discussed above, a V p /V s of 1. 76 is consistent with the arrival times in the body wave data set. At the same time, tests with a range of values from 1. 73 to 1. 78 shows that while the patterns and gradients in V p /V s are virtually invariant, the average value of V p /V s remains close to its starting value.
The fit to the entire data set is better with a V p /V s of Figure 12  (Continued. ) 1. 76 than with either 1. 73 or 1. 78 (by about 3 per cent), and is nearly the same as 1. 75. Moreover, there are about 1100 earthquakes (or roughly 10 per cent of the entire dataset) distributed throughout the study area, for which the fit to the data improves on an event by event basis with a V p /V s of 1. 76 (Fig. 18 ). Since events are relocated prior to each iteration, the minimization of residuals on an event by event basis is a valid metric for judging the significance of a given model, and on this basis, as well as the improvement in overall variance, we take the model generated with a starting value of 1. 76 as the preferred model.
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S The ambient noise processing was greatly facilitated by the availability of the CU Boulder software and we especially thank Mike Ritzwoller for helpful advice at various stages of the processing. We also acknowledge GFZ/IPOC (doi:10. 14470/PK615318) for use of their high quality data and as well the efforts of the many people who collected the data from the many other networks used in this study. We thank Frederik Tilmann and Ingo Grevemeyer for thoughtful reviews of this manuscript. This study was funded by FONDECYT Low V p and high V p /V s within the supraslab mantle at depths between about 40 and 80 km correspond to serpentinization of the mantle wedge. The gradient to high V p with high V p /V s between about 80 and 120 km transitions to partial melt that ascends (symbolized by the large arrow) to the volcanic arc in the Western Cordillera.
2000) , urea  (Remijan et al. 2014) , methyl acetate  (Tercero et al. 2013) , acetaldehyde  (Gottlieb et al. 1973; Fourikis et al. 1974; Gilmore et al. 1976) , and amino acetonitrile  (Belloche et al. 2008). Despite all these observations, the actual mechanisms leading to the formation of such molecules remains an open question. Astrophysical databases can be of help in determining some basic processes, but they rely on already known data and they do not provide any molecular information. Another possibe approach is to use quantum chemistry to rationalize the reactions leading to those molecules. Since molecules are very cold in the ISM, one idea is that the barrier should be very low, or better yet absent, to make the reaction possible. Although it is clear that the molecules are internally cold, it cannot be excluded that they have some translational energy.
1989 ) with the aug-cc-pVQZ basis set  (Dunning 1989; Woon & Dunning 1993)  for the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ geometries. The hydrogen abstraction reaction was performed by freezing the C-H distance (which was assumed as the reaction coordinate) and optimizing the other coordinates at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The electronic energy was then refined with CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ theory. The MP2 and CCSD(T) calculations were done with the Gaussian09 package  (Frisch et al. 2009) , while the MSINDO software was used for the MSINDO calculations  (Bredow et al. 2009 ).
A 15 K rotational energy of RT/2 was added to each principal axis of rotation. The vibrational and rotational energies of each molecule were transformed into Cartesian coordinates and momenta following the well-known algorithms implemented in VENUS  (Hase et al. 1996). Then, the A and B molecules were randomly rotated about their Euler angles to take into account the random orientations of the A + B collisions. The relative velocity was then added to A + B in accord with the center-ofmass collision energy (CE) and impact parameter. Different values of CE, from 0. 04 to 4. 3 eV, were considered. The impact parameter was chosen randomly between 0 and 0. 5 Å. Such small values were used to assure that a collision takes place. The trajectories were calculated using the general chemical dynamics computer program VENUS  (Hase et al.
We thank  Paolo G. Calisse  for useful discussions. We also thank  ANR DynBioReact  (grant No. ANR-14-CE06-0029-01 ) and the  National Science Foundation  under grant  CHE-1416428  for support. K. S. and A. L. thank  UEVE  for visiting fellowships and R. S. thanks  KNUE  for a visiting fellowship. K. S. also thanks to  National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF , grant No. 2015-0080 ) for financial support. W. L. H. also acknowledges support from the  Robert A. Welch Foundation  under grant No. D-0005. A. L. acknowledges financial support from  Junta de Castilla y Leon  (Grant  VA077U13 ).
Implementation The methods outlined so far were implemented in R v3. 1. 2 with packages: glmnet  (Friedman et al. , 2010; Friedman et al. , 2016)  for lasso and ridge penalties, grplasso  (Meier, 2015)  for group-lasso penalty, corpcor  (Schäfer et al. , 2015)  for principal components, plsRcox  (Bertrand et al. , 2014)  for PLS, and mboost  (Hothorn et al. , 2016)  for gradient boosting. Of note, the grplasso R-package can only be used for generalized linear models, thus, we implemented a Poisson model over two-month intervals, corresponding to a piecewise constant hazard model which approximates rather well the Breslow estimator in the Cox model  (Pawitan, 2005). We use fivefold cross-validation (CV,  Verweij and van Houwelingen, 1993, 1994)  to estimate the shrinkage parameters λ and λ 2 , the number of principal components K, and the number of iterations for the gradient boosting (with shrinkage factor (ν) fixed to 0.
Application We applied the methods compared so far to publicly available data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/geo, last accessed on June 1, 2016) to identify treatmenteffect modifiers in 614 breast cancer patients  (Desmedt et al. , 2011; Hatzis et al. , 2011)  receiving anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy with (n = 507) or without (n = 107) taxane. The threeyear distant-relapse free survival was 78% (95% CI: 74-82%) and 79% (95% CI: 71-87%), respectively. We preprocessed the expression data of 22,277 genes (Affymetrix array) via frozen robust multiarray  (McCall et al. , 2010)  and cross-platform normalization  (Shabalin et al. , 2008). We removed genes with interquartile range ࣘ1. We standardized the remaining p = 1689 genes. 4 ) show a large spread in the number of selected biomarkers between methods: 0-39.
Introduction. Epidural analgesia has been a cornerstone of any ERAS program for open colorectal surgery. With the improvements in anesthetic and analgesic techniques as well as the introduction of the laparoscopy for colorectal resection, the role of epidural analgesia has been questioned. The aim of the review was to assess through a meta-analysis the impact of epidural analgesia compared to other analgesic techniques for colorectal laparoscopic surgery within an ERAS program. Methods. Literature research was performed on PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. All randomised clinical trials that reported data on hospital stay, postoperative complications, and readmissions rates within an ERAS program with and without an epidural analgesia after a colorectal laparoscopic resection were included.
Methods The meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA statement for reporting reviews and meta-analysis  [14]. The present review was not registered on the PROSPERO database for meta-analysis. 2. 1. Literature Research. Literature research was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library with the following term strategy: (((((((epidural) OR eras) OR enhanced recovery) OR fast track) OR rehabilitation)) AND ((((colon surgery) OR colorectal surgery)) AND laparoscop * )) AND ((randomized) OR randomised); and it was completed by hand search of the selected studies.
Eligibility Criteria. Studies published between January 2000 and January 2016 were included to promote the capture of all papers published since ERAS was most widely implemented in clinical practice. The title and the abstract were checked for a first selection of relevant studies; papers were selected for full reading and a second selection was performed through the review of the entire article. Papers were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis only if they reported a randomised controlled trial comparing epidural analgesia with other analgesic techniques within an ERAS program in laparoscopic colorectal surgery, and they reported the data related to at least one of the following: hospital stay, postoperative complications rate, and readmissions rate. Papers that compared epidural and spinal analgesia were not included.
Data Extraction and Methodological Quality. Data were extracted and crosschecked from the papers by two independent authors. Since patients are not usually discharged until full recovery, the postoperative hospital stay was chosen as the main efficacy outcome for the meta-analysis. For assessment of the effect of the analgesic method of the recovery program on safety, postoperative complications and readmission rates were also extracted for the pooled analysis. A sensitivity analysis was performed by analysing the estimated results with both the random and the fixed effect model, by dividing the studies according to the alternative analgesic technique, by eliminating discordant studies according to the design of the studies. The following data were collected for a secondary analysis: pain scores, functional outcomes such as time to first flatus, time to first bowel movement, time to resolution of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), or rate of patients with PONV and time to oral diet intake.
Results A PRISMA diagram of selected studies is summarised in Figure  1. The search strategy identified 125 abstracts, from which 3 duplicates were removed, leaving 122 papers. A further 115 were excluded by review of the title and/or abstract because they did not meet the eligibility criteria, leaving a total of 7 papers selected for a full paper reading. One study was eliminated because the ERAS programme was not described or even mentioned in the text, and another one was eliminated because it reported a post hoc analysis of another trial, leaving 5 randomised clinical trials included in this study for data extraction and meta-analysis. This included a total of 168 patients treated by epidural analgesia and 163 by another analgesic technique. The characteristics and details of the included studies are summarised in Table  1.
The advantages of an ERAS program including epidural analgesia in laparoscopic colorectal surgery have been reported, both by comparison to open surgery within an ERAS program  [28]  and by comparison of an ERAS program versus conventional care within laparoscopic colorectal surgery  [29, 30]. The question however remains on whether epidural analgesia offers any additional benefits, through neuroendocrine blockage, to laparoscopic surgery within an ERAS program. The role of other items in an ERAS program other than epidural analgesia should be investigated, since no high level of evidence-based studies on this issue has been found  [22, 23]. The effects of epidural analgesia on the length of hospital stay outside an ERAS program have been reported in two studies. A randomised study reported that epidural analgesia did not affect the length of hospital stay in laparoscopic colorectal surgery  [25]  and a retrospective study based on a trial database found that laparoscopy was an independent predictive factor of early recovery, but epidural analgesia was not  [31].
RESULTS To quantify cortical actin assembly kinetics, we used a combination of experiments and stochastic simulations. We first used fluorescence single-molecule (FSM) microscopy  (26, 27)  on formins and actin monomers. From the measured displacements and lifetimes, we inferred the values of molecular assembly and disassembly rates through fitting of analytical functions describing single-molecule kinetics and by comparison to stochastic simulations of single filaments. Finally, we used data from FRAP experiments in combination with stochastic simulations of a finite part of the cell cortex to determine relative protein abundances.
When imaged with single-molecule techniques, individual formins bound to growing barbed ends can be tracked  (30). In contrast, proteins not bound to an actin filament diffuse so fast that they cannot be tracked and only contribute to background fluorescence  (26). We used high-numerical aperture (NA) spinning disc confocal imaging to follow single molecules in an equatorial focal plane midway through the cell, where the cortical actin network is approximately isotropic and perpendicular to the plane of focus (fig. S1, A  to C, and sections SI and SIIB). Alternative methods, such as total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, are limited to the basal plane, where cells form stress fibers and focal adhesion in addition to cortex, making data analysis very challenging (fig. S1C ). When we expressed Diaph1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) at low levels using truncated cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters  (26)  and imaged cells, we could observe individual fluorescent particles moving in the plane of the cortex over several hundreds of nanometers (Fig.
To collectively quantify the contributions from processes other than CA-Diaph1-GFP-induced polymerization, we incubated cells with the formin inhibitor SMIFH2 that prevents monomer addition to formin-capped filaments  (35). SMIFH2 almost completely suppressed CA-Diaph1-GFP motility (Fig. 1E , inset, gray line). In contrast, inhibition of myosin II motor proteins by treatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 showed no visible impact on Diaph1 motility compared to control cells (Fig. 1E , inset, blue line). If thermal noise contributed significantly to the observed movement of Diaph1 molecules, the superposition of the distributions obtained from the SMIFH2 and Y27632 data should contain the contribution of thermal noise to both distributions. This can be done by a convolution of the respective experimental distributions (section SIIC).
Fluorophores were excited at 488-nm wavelength for GFPtagged proteins and at 543-nm wavelength for RFP (red fluorescent protein)-tagged proteins. Laser intensities of 100% of a 20-mW laser were used to obtain a strong fluorescence signal. Images were acquired at 0. 35-to 5-s intervals, with a 350-ms integration time averaged over 2 frames for 30 frames in total. Images were analyzed using MATLAB (MathWorks Inc. ) and ImageJ (http://rsbweb. nih. gov/ij/). Atomic force microscopy AFM nanoindentation tests were performed with a JPK NanoWizard I (JPK Instruments) interfaced to an inverted optical microscope (IX81, Olympus). For our measurements, we used cantilevers with small pyramidal tips (MLCT, Bruker; nominal spring constants of 0. 07 N m -1 ). Analysis of force indentations was restricted to depths of 100 to 500 nm (leading to forces less than 200 pN) to maximize the contribution of cortex stiffness to cantilever deflection, enabling us to probe cell cortex elasticity while minimizing contributions from the cytoplasm  (50, 60).
by a Human Frontier Science Program Young Investigator grant to G. C. (RGY 66/2013). E. M. is grateful for the financial support through a Wellcome Trust-Massachusetts Institute of Technology fellowship (grant WT103883). G. C. was supported by a University Research Fellowship from the Royal Society. C. E. and K. K. were supported by the Graduate School GK1276 and the SFB1027 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Author contributions: M. F. , G. C. , and K. K. designed the research; M. F. performed experiments with help from G. C. and E. M. ; C. E. developed and performed stochastic simulations; M. F. , G. C. , and K. K. wrote the manuscript with input from all authors; and all authors analyzed data. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.
Ancillary 30-m data In three sources, CI Tau, CY Tau, and GO Tau, we obtained high sensitivity spectra of the C 2 H N=1-0 and N=2-1 transitions. Each source was observed with the IRAM 30-m telescope in Jul 2010 for about 6 hours. We used wobbler switching, and the stable weather conditions yielded flat baselines. System temperatures were around 90 -110 K at 3 mm, but ranged between 300 and 500 K at 174. 7 GHz The spectra were smoothed to 0. 26 km s -1 resolution, yielding a rms noise about 6 mK at 87 GHz for the 1-0 line, and 16 mK for the 2-1. Spectra are displayed in Fig. 2. Lines are clearly detected in GO Tau. Summing the spectra of CI Tau and CY Tau (after appropriate recentering for their respective velocities) also indicates a 5σ detection in those sources (although each source is only detected at the 3σ level).
g. Dartois et al. 2003 , their Fig. 4 )). A possible exception is the CS J=5-4 line which becomes sensitive to the temperature below 15-20 K. In this respect, the small (factor 2) difference between the column densities given for DM Tau by  Dutrey et al. (2011)  from the J=3-2 line and found here could be due to a somewhat larger (rotation) temperature than assumed. The single-dish spectra are then constrained by a single free parameter: the molecular column density at 300 au, Σ. When no CN interferometric data is available, the temperature is taken from CO interferometric data if possible (which may overestimate the actual rotation temperature of most molecules, because of vertical temperature gradients in disks), or simply assumed. For disks without CN interferometric data, R out is also adjusted to best fit the HCO + spectrum.
The sources which are well suited for this study are CY Tau, HV Tau C, IQ Tau, DL Tau, DM Tau, GG Tau, UZ Tau, CI Tau, DN Tau, LkCa 15, GO Tau, GM Aur, MWC 480, the Butterfly star, 04302+2247. Haro 6-13 and Haro 6-33 can be studied with less precision, because of the limited accuracy on their disk parameters from the CO data of  Schaefer et al. (2009). A similar caution should be applied to AB Aur because of the source complexity  (Piétu et al. 2005). The small disk sizes of CQ Tau and MWC 758 also result in limited accuracy. Despite a lack of accurate sizes from interferometric data, we also consider RY Tau, HK Tau, AA Tau, Haro 6-5b, and DO Tau because all have sufficiently well constrained inclinations to allow some estimate of disk sizes from the HCO + spectra. We assumed a stellar mass of 2.
Second, when interferometric data are available (DM Tau, LkCa 15 and MWC 480,  Piétu et al. (2007) , GM Aur,  Dutrey et al. (2011) ), the exponent of the surface density law, p, is often much steeper (p > 2 -3) than for CN or HCO +. This steep exponent probably reflects only the very outer parts of the disks, where the 13 CO lines are optically thin, but transitions from other molecules are no longer excited. Results for column densities are given in Tables 7 and ratios in Table  9.
C 2 H multi-transition analysis For C 2 H, three sources have been previously imaged with the IRAM PdBI array in the N=1-0 and 2-1 lines at ∼ 3 resolution: DM Tau, LkCa 15 and MWC 480 by  Henning et al. (2010). For DM Tau and LkCa 15 our column densities derived from the N=3-2 lines under the simple hypothesis above are a factor 2 larger than those of  Henning et al. (2010). This probably reflects a somewhat larger excitation temperature than assumed. The results, provided by DiskFit as described in Sect. 4. 5, using this data combined with the N=3-2 spectra are given in Table  8 , assuming q = 0. 4. The derived temperatures, 15 and 16 K, are A&A proofs: manuscript no. CID-30m-HCO+HCN 25. 5. 6 ± 0. 6 0. 73 ± 0. 05 5. 7 ± 0. 5 2. 6 ± 1. 2 6. 7 ± 0. 9 16. 0 ± 1. 0 6. 6 ± 0. 3 AA Tau 350. 13.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by  "Programme National de Physique Stellaire" (PNPS)  and  "Programme National de Physique Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire" (PCMI)  from  INSU/CNRS. WV's research is funded by an  ERC   starting grant  ( 3DICE , grant agreement  336474 ). DS acknowledges support by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  through  SPP 1385 : "The first ten million years of the solar system -a planetary materials approach" ( SE 1962/1-3 )" This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at  CDS, Strasbourg, France.
CRISPR-Cas9-mediated Zfp57 knockout The expression vector pX459 (Addgene) and pX461 (Addgene), pX462 (Addgene) were used to express Cas9 (Nuclease), Cas9n (Nickase) and sgRNAs. Targeting sequences of sgRNAs were designed using CRISPR Design Tool (http://tools. genome-engineering. org) available at the Feng Zhang Laboratory website  (19). sgRNAs of Zfp57 were synthesized, annealed, and ligated to pX459, pX461 and pX462 plasmids that were digested with BbsI (New England Biolabs) according to Ran et al. (19). 4 × 10 6 WT E14 and JB1 ESCs were transfected with 4 g of pX459 expressing both Cas9 and sgRNA targeting Zfp57 exon 4 (UCSC transcript ID uc012atb. 1) or plasmids pX461 and pX462 (2 g each) expressing Cas9n and sgRNAs targeting Zfp57 exon 5 using Nucleofector (Amaxa) according to the manufacturer's protocol.