dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The exponential regression was applied to each group dataset and not to each individual because there were too few data points available in this later case. Consequently, the T 2 values obtained for a given metabolite with the exponential fitting procedure were group values. The fitting algorithm was based on the least squares methods and the goodness of the fit was quantified by the coefficient of determination R 2. With this method based on group values  [42]  it was not possible to statistically compare the two values obtained after the exponential fitting procedure for each metabolite  [42].
Statistical analysis A non-parametric analysis was used. ADC values obtained from various ROIs of the left and right hemispheres were compared using the Wilcoxon test. The comparison of ADC values and metabolic ratios between both groups of subjects for each brain region was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. The non-parametric Spearman correlation test was used to analyze dependence between metabolite or macromolecule ratios and age. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 5. 00 (San Diego, CA) and JMP SAS version 9. 0. 0 (Cary, NC). Values are reported as means ± standard deviation (sd) or standard error of the mean (sem). P values < 0. 05 were considered significant.
05), temporal white matter (+7%, P<0. 05), and occipital white matter (+12%, P< 0. 005) (Table  1 ). Brain levels of creatine, Glx, and taurine are lower in preterm neonates at term-equivalent age Good quality spectra in terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and linewidth were obtained for 13 PN and 12 TN. The resonance signal linewidths reported by CSIAPO software for tCho signal from water-suppressed spectra were comprised between 2 and 5 Hz for spectra acquired with a TE of 30 ms, and between 3 and 7 Hz for those acquired with a TE of 135 ms. The SNR was superior to 14 for spectra acquired with a TE of 30 ms and to 10 for those acquired with a TE of 135 ms. Fig 2A  -2E  shows typical spectra obtained at short and long echo times and the corresponding fitted spectra. At a TE of 30 ms, Glx/H 2 O tended to be lower in PN (-20%), but the only significant difference between PN and TN was the higher taurine/H 2 O ratio in TN (+30%) (Fig  3A ).
Standard curve and sample values were calculated using Graph Pad Prism version 5. 0 (GraphPad Software, Inc La Jolla, CA, USA). TSP-1 serum level was assessed using the same procedure, and each sample was assayed using Human TSP-1 Quantikine ELISA Kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Controls were obtained from 20 healthy individuals (blood donors; 1:1 sex ratio).
Slides were counterstained with hematoxylin. A pathologist who was blinded to the clinical data scored the immunohistochemical staining intensity. Two different scores were used to assess OPN and TSP-1 tissue expression because of the type of staining. OPN staining on whole slides was heterogeneous within different areas in many tumors while TSP-1 staining was much more homogeneous. H-score including both intensity of staining and percentage of stained tumor cells was used as an exploratory evaluation for OPN IHC staining. Thus, the percentage of positive tumor cells was multiplied by the staining intensity of tumor cell to obtain a final semi quantitative H score (0-300). For TSP-1, a scoring based only on staining intensity (0 to 3) was used, similarly to intensity scoring in the H-score.
2); and exon 20 of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) gene (NM 004448. 2) were analyzed. Sanger direct sequencing was performed using Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) after polymerase chain reaction amplification of targeted exons. Sequencing reactions were analyzed on 48-capillary 3730 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Sequence reading and alignment were performed with Seq Scape software (Applied Biosystems, Forster City, CA, USA). Detected mutations were confirmed by an independent t test. ALK rearrangement status was determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization assay on tumor tissues using Dako Pre-treatment Kit (Dako) and Vysis ALK Break Apart Rearrangement Probe Kit (Abott Molecular Inc. , Des Plaines, IL, USA) according to protocols described previously  [30].
8 +8. 7  -10. 6 pb for a top quark mass of 173 GeV, where the uncertainty covers missing higher orders in the calculation as well as variations of the parton distribution functions (PDFs). Signal tt events are simulated with the leading-order (LO) MADGRAPH (v5. 1. 3. 30) generator  [18]  matched to LO PYTHIA (v6. 426)  [19]  for parton showering and fragmentation. The τ lepton decays are simulated with the TAUOLA package (v27. 121. 5) [20]. The LO CTEQ6L1 PDF set  [21]  and the Z2* underlying event tune  [22]  are used in the generation. The Z2* tune is derived from the Z1 tune  [23] , which uses the CTEQ5L PDF set, whereas Z2* adopts CTEQ6L. Matrix elements describing up to three partons in addition to the tt pair are included in the generator used to produce the simulated signal samples, and the MLM prescription  [24]  is used for matching of matrix-element jets to parton showers.
Source The maximal difference with respect to the nominal signal sample is quoted as the systematic uncertainty. • Top quark p T modeling: Measurements of the differential tt production cross section reveal an observed top quark p T spectrum that is softer than what is predicted from simulation  [69]. The difference between the unfolded data and the simulation based on MADGRAPH is parametrized and can be used to calculate event-by-event weights correcting the spectrum. This reweighting is not applied when calibrating the measurement, as it introduces a dependence on the true top quark mass. The impact of the full difference between the predicted spectrum used in the calibration (at m t =172. 5 GeV) and the data-corrected spectrum is estimated by comparing the result from reweighted pseudo-data to the nominal value.
The resulting lepton + b jet invariant mass distributions for cluster and Lund string fragmentation are found to be in very good agreement and do not warrant any additional uncertainty in the top quark mass measurement. • Underlying event and color reconnection: Effects from the modeling of the proton collision remnants and multiparton interactions (the underlying event) and from the color connection of the b quark fragmentation products to the rest of the event (color reconnection) are estimated using dedicated samples with variations of the Perugia 11 (P11) underlying event tunes  [72]. Two variations, one with altered multiparton interactions and one based on the Tevatron data are used to evaluate the effect of the underlying event modeling. A separate sample, in which color reconnection effects are not simulated, is used to gauge the impact from the modeling of this effect.
In both cases, the full difference of the results obtained on the modified samples and the case of using pseudo-data from the central P11 tune are quoted as the systematic uncertainty. • Matrix element generator: The default Born-level matrix element generator, MAD-GRAPH, is substituted by a POWHEG simulation based on the heavy-quark pair production (hvq) model  [73]  at NLO accuracy for tt production and at leading order for the top quark decays. In both cases, the matrix element generators are interfaced with PYTHIA for parton showering. The difference, propagated to the mass measurement, is reported as a systematic uncertainty. Furthermore, the effect of including NLO corrections in the modeling of the top quark decay is studied using the parton-level MCFM program  [35, 74]. Since no fragmentation or parton shower evolution is included in the simulation and therefore the actual impact on the mass measurement is uncertain, the result is only reported here but not included as a systematic uncertainty.
However, most of these are proprietary, pricy, centralized, or require software installation (see Section 2). Thus, the challenge is to develop a solution so that no additional software is required to display and fill forms. only open standards are used, so everyone can use the format and software. the user remains in control of their data. With this demo, we propose a free, secure, and lightweight framework for digital forms that fulfills these desiderata: -Our solution is based on HTML documents, and requires only a browser. -Our solution uses exclusively open standards, which makes the forms easy to parse, verify, produce, or modify. -Our solution does not require a centralized architecture. The user remains in complete control of their data. -Our forms can be digitally signed with the OpenPGP standard, which can be verified by open software.
Related Work Commercial Solutions. Adobe Acrobat, LibreOffice and others support the creation of Portable Document Format (PDF) forms. The full range of capabilities (such as electronic signature, digital signature, or importing from other forms) requires the installation of one or several proprietary software packages. Microsoft Word documents can also be used as forms, and can be digitally signed. The certificates are mostly not free 3. In addition, such forms require the installation of large software packages. The same goes for IBM Lotus. Online Services. Several cloud-based services (such as Google Forms) offer online polls or online collaboration on documents. However, they typically do not allow digital signing. Other services provide form creation and filling capabilities 4. The user creates forms and sends a link to the person, who fills out the form online.
Each section contains a list of attributes of that entity, such as the birth date and address of a client, the name of a library, or the type and the price of the licensed content. An HTML INPUT field for each attribute stores its value. Semantic Annotation. Our forms are semantically annotated, so that machines can read and analyze them. We use RDFa for this purpose, the W3C standard for semantical annotation of Web documents. This makes our forms compatible with the Semantic Web and Linked Data standards. By default, we use the vocabulary from schema. org, which is designed, supported, and maintained by Google, Bing, Yandex, and Yahoo 6. Each section of our document defines a new entity (by help of typeof), and each attribute in that section creates a new property of that entity (by help of property).
In the end, Alice can download the form as a self-contained HTML document, which she can store for later modification, send by email or, if need be, print. Signing the form. Finally, Bob can sign the document by attaching the image of a scanned physical signature to the document. This functionality is embedded in the document, and thus available offline. Bob can also add a digital signature with his private PGP key. This functionality is provided by JavaScript code that is loaded on demand. The private key never leaves the computer, and is used just to generate the signature. After this step, no modifications of the form are possible, and Bob can send around the signed document. Alice can check the validity of the signature in our tool, by providing the form and the public key of Bob. She can also verify the signature with any standard tool such as OpenPGP, Gpg4win, or GPGsuite.
According to the account of autonomy that we have presented, therefore, participants should be offered opportunities of direct engagement as a matter of respect for them as autonomous agents. Thus far, we have shown that the value of direct engagement and participation can also be recognized if we hold respect for autonomous agents as a guiding principle in the development of medical paradigms relying on extensive datasets. We would like to conclude by stressing, once again, that autonomy (properly understood) can actually serve to address the concerns that have animated public participation scholars for the last decade within the field of genetics, genomics and personalized medicine. A frequent worry with autonomy in this body of scholarship is that it manifests an individualistic understanding of moral life.
Acknowledgments The authors are indebted to  N. Benedikter ,  M. Porta  and  B. Schlein  for helpful discussions and sharing their results prior to publication. S. B. 's research is supported by the  Basque Government  through the  BERC 2014-2017 program  and by the  Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO: BCAM Severo Ochoa accreditation   SEV-2013-0323. S. P. 's research has received funding from the  People Programme  ( Marie Curie Actions ) of the European Union's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under  REA  grant agreement  n°291734. T. T. is supported by the  DFG Graduiertenkolleg 1838 , and for part of this work was supported by  DFG  Grant No. Ba-1477/5-1  and also by the  European Research Council  under the European Community's  Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7/2007-2013) / ERC  grant agreement  20285.
IV. NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION AND ILLUSTRATIONS Let us now numerically investigate the cloaking efficiency. In order to do this, we implement the 3 4 spatially varying entries of the transformed tensor in Cartesian coordinates in the finite element package COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS. We mesh the computational domain using 1105932 tetrahedral elements, 36492 triangular elements, 1128 edge elements and 25 vertex elements. This domain consists of an isotropic homogeneous elastic medium within a sphere of radius r 3 = 10 m, containing a small sphere (an isotropic homogeneous medium) of radius r 1 = 2 m surrounded by the cloak (a heterogeneous, anisotropic elastic metamaterial in a spherical shell of inner radius r 1 = 2 m and outer radius r 2 = 4 m ) and a point force oriented along the direction (1, 1, 1), which is located at (4 m, -7 m, 0 m), where (0, 0, 0) is the center of the cloak.
B. Finite element results One should keep in mind that any numerical implementation in a finite element package requires a Cartesian coordinate system. In our case, we used COMSOL where the transformed elastic tensors C for the cloak and C for the PML had up to 81 non-vanishing spatially varying entries. A good way to detect any flaw in the numerical implementation is to compare the solution to the problem for a time harmonic point source in an isotropic homogeneous medium (supplied with spherical elastic PML), see the center panel for η = 1 in Figure  6 , with the solution to the same problem when we have cloaks surrounding certain soft spheres, as shown in other panels in Figure  6 , where we vary the η parameter in the range 0. 001 (extremely soft sphere and cloak with nearly singular strongly anisotropic elasticity tensor with marked minor symmetry breaking) to 0.
Sampling Based on the budget, a season-stratified sample of 250 swabs was randomly selected in order to describe circulating viruses including outside flu season. Random sampling was performed with Excel 1 using the anonymized surveillance database of the Cire OI. The sampling frame contained identification number of swab assigned by Cire OI, laboratory identification number, sex, age, date of onset of symptoms, date of swab collection and result of influenza RT-PCR.
The measurement setup The measurement setup for testing a PMT in its insulating holder inside a light-tight dark box  [6]  is shown in figure  2. A board dubbed 'MiniOctopus' provides the command signals such as the high voltage settings/thresholds and delivers the output signal to an Oscilloscope (Lecroy Wavepro SDA 760Zi). Moreover, the MiniOctopus has the connectors needed to feed 3. 3 V to the PMT high voltage base and to the I 2 C bus. The NI USB-8451 I 2 C to USB device of National Instruments was used to connect a PC hosting the LabVIEW based software. The dark counts as a function of time are measured using the trigger hold-off feature of the oscilloscope. -2 -.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies:  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ,  Commission Européenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program) ,  Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ,  IdEx program  and  UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cité  ( ANR-10-LABX-0023  and  ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ), France; The  General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece ;  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), Italy ;  Agence de l'Oriental and CNRST, Morocco ;  Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) ,  Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) , the  Netherlands ;  National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS) ,  Romania ;  Plan Estatal de Investigación  (refs.
We investigate potential collective effects in the spatial and temporal domains in ANTARES data sets. On the one hand, we apply a two-point correlation analysis to look for inhomogeneities in the arrival directions of the high energy muon neutrino candidates detected between 2007 and 2012. This enables us to provide constraints on models of a population of point sources too faint to be detected by a likelihood-based method. On the other hand, we perform a search for ANTARES neutrino events in temporal coincidence with IceCube High-Energy Starting Events located within 45 • from the Galactic Center. This study, also based on a two-point correlation function, is sensitive to transient emission and does not a prior on either the burst timing structure or on the electromagnetic emission. Therefore, it provides an effective way to acquire information on the possible origin of the IceCube astrophysical signal from transient sources.
The ANTARES data set and the reference autocorrelation distribution For the present analysis, a data set recorded by the ANTARES neutrino telescope between 2007 and 2012 has been used. The sample contains 5243 up-going neutrino candidates that satisfy selection criteria optimized in order to obtain the best average upper limit on the flux of neutrinos coming from point like sources and extends the data set of the previous analysis (see  [2] ) by about 50%. The reference autocorrelation distribution has been built as the average of the autocorrelation distributions derived from about 10 4 scrambled data sets. Each of them was obtained by keeping the local coordinates of one neutrino candidate, but assigning it a time randomly selected from another event. This process allows to build an isotropic sky map with the same coverage as the original data set, and in which the non uniformity in the data taking conditions is taken into account.
Time correlation with IceCube HESE events 4. 1 Data samples Among the three-year HESE data set, consisting of thirty-seven events (see  [1] ), nine of them are located within 45 • from the GC, of which eight occur between May 2010 and November 2012. Moreover, the ANTARES data set, between May 2010 and November 2012, has been optimized through Monte-Carlo simulations to reach a constant neutrino candidate rate over time. That was performed by taking into account variations of the mean counting rate of the optical modules due to the evolution of the data taking conditions in the sea. The final ANTARES data set consists of 4337 events.
Reference distribution To detect correlated structures in the data set, a reference cumulative correlation distribution has been built by averaging 10 4 pseudo-experiments. For each pseudo-experiment, the event times are generated following the time dependent background fluctuations while the event local coordinates are drawn from the local coordinates distribution of the data. A timing correlation between ANTARES events and IceCube HESE events is searched for by comparing, bin-by-bin, the cumulative two-point distribution of the data with the background distribution. Time correlation features will thus appear as differences between these two distributions. Left: Discovery potential at 3 with respect to the flare duration ( f lare ) and the total number of signal events. The effective number of signal events per IC HESE is also given in the upper part.
Study design A common database (Respirare) was established in France between several reference centers for the care of children with different rare respiratory disease in children, including CDH. Data about liveborn children with CDH are prospectively entered into the database via a secure Internet Protocol and web interface. The Respirare database is used as the electronic medical record for children routine visits, after initial hospital discharge. At each visit, to the rhythm set by the physician in charge of the child, the data are collected prospectively, according to predefined standardized items. Most authors of this study are physicians in charge of these children, and were those who collected the data. Retrospective analysis of data prospectively collected as part of routine visits is qualified as observational research by French law, as it does not involve any change in the management of patients, and no additional procedure for diagnostic or monitoring.
In agreement with the French law for this type of research, parents received written information on possible use for research purposes of data collected during routine visits of their child, and on their right to oppose to such use. In the absence of opposition, a written agreement is not required. When extracting data for a clinical study, anonymisation was performed by a data manager who did not participate to the analysis. The authors responsible for the analysis had at their disposal only the initial names and date of birth. The database and data collection methods were approved by the French national data protection authorities, the "Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés" and the "Comité Consultatif sur le Traitement de l'Information en matière de Recherche dans le domaine de la Santé".
Data quality is ensured by the users entering the data. A scientific committee meets twice a year to potentially improve the data management. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Society for Respiratory Medicine, who confirmed its observational nature (CEPRO 2015-008). Respirare was implemented gradually, with three centers (Paris-Necker, Clamart-Bicetre, and Lille) participating first. We identified patients born in these centers between January 2009 and March 2013 who were diagnosed with CDH either prenatally or immediately after birth, and alive at hospital discharge. All of the analyzed parameters were usually entered into the database during the initial hospitalization (prenatal and neonatal parameters, up to the initial discharge), and when the child comes to a routine clinic visit at the reference center for rare respiratory diseases in children.
The intervals between clinic visits varied for each child, but all the children have at least two annual visits. Informations referring to items present in Respirare, but that have not been collected during a routine visit, were completed by a parental recall within 12 months after the last visit of the child. The missing data requested to the parents concerned either the clinical events after the initial discharge, or the child's environment. We did not collect more data than originally planned in Respirare. These data were integrated into the database. Ninety-two patients were identified from these centers.