dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the  European Union Horizon-2020 Research and Innovation Programme  ( UCOM Project ), Grant Agreement No. 813766. Additional funding has been received by the  UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)  through grant  EP/K020846/1. The authors would like to thank  Prof. Stéphane Zaleski  for the fruitful discussions and comments on this research.
Introduction In 2005, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) published its twovolume Study of customary international humanitarian law (IHL). 1 The first volume contains a list of 161 succinct rules, each one followed by a commentary containing copious crossreferences to supporting practice contained in the (two-part) second volume. The Study was the result of an almost ten-year long process, mandated by the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, which required an imposing amount of work by ICRC lawyers and outside experts. 2  In the years since, the Study has migrated online, becoming a userfriendly database. 3 And the Study project has not actually ended, with a team of lawyers based in Cambridge continuously updating the practice section of the database (but not the rules) of the Study.
Indeed, had the rules part of the Study been published with the exact same content but without the practice part, the Study would inevitably have been greatly diminished in authority. This is true even if it turned out that few people today read the practice database and verify that the ICRC's conclusions are correct -its mere existence enhances the Study's authority. Finally, the Study's authority rests on its subsequent approval by the influential actors of the international system, principal amongst which are States. 43 How the Study is received can greatly affect its authority. It can enhance it or diminish it. The more the approval builds up, the more authoritative the Study becomes, and the more likely it becomes that others will see it as authoritative in turn. It is precisely these reactions to the Study that we wish to measure.
The reaction of States is of particular importance. They remain the most influential actor in the international system. We searched for governmental reactions to the Study, including formal statements invoking or disagreeing with the Study that governments have made for external audiences, such as other governments or international organisations. Relevant State reactions can be made in such diverse contexts that there is no feasible way of ensuring comprehensiveness of coverage. We have, however, attempted to make that coverage reasonably representative, including by conducting a keyword search of the ODS database of UN documents, as well as by examining military manuals that have been published since the finalization of the Study. 45 The easier such reactions are to be found, the more likely they are to influence the authority of the Study.
We are interested in these actors because their own status in the systems means that citations by them of the Study would gradually enhance the Study's authority. We have paid particular attention to judicial decisions. Although judicial decisions are only a small part of the practice of international law, they are particularly relevant owing to the centrality of authority in judicial reasoning, the fact that litigation is the most formal type of lawyering as an argumentative practice, and the fact that affirmative judicial decisions may convey further authority on the Study beyond the courtroom, as these decisions then get cited 44 Sandesh Sivakumaran, 'Making and Shaping the Law of Armed Conflict' (2018) 71 Current Legal Problems 119. 45 Our search parameters varied depending on the context; with databases we normally searched for terms such as 'customary international humanitarian law', Henckaerts, 'ICRC Study' and variations thereof, depending on the capabilities and coverage of each database.
For feasibility reasons we have decided to confine our search to judgments (including at trial and appeals levels in the criminal context) and arbitral awards, but to exclude various types of interlocutory decisions of which there are a great number but which tend to be lower in importance. 48 We have also examined any separate opinions in such cases. Data collection was conducted by using the various institutional databases (eg HUDOC) for some tribunals and searching through their cases manually for others, as appropriate. 49  for domestic courts, we searched a variety of databases of domestic jurisprudence (Westlaw, International Law in Domestic Courts, worldlii, and the ICRC's national implementation database) and also directly searched the case law of States in which matters of IHL are widely litigated (Colombia, Israel, the UK, and the US).
46 We are treating the KSC and ECCC as international courts for these purposes. 47 See Meron, above note 35, at 833 (Study "will be a significant aid to international criminal tribunals"). 48 There are exceptions eg Prosecutor v Tadić, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995. 49 For the keyword searches used, see above note 45. 50 For the keyword searches used, see above note 45. The terms were translated as appropriate. 51 Available at [repository links to be inserted; available on request from the authors]. We were most interested in how the Study was cited, because this can tell us much about how the relevant actor (e. g. a court) perceived its authority. First, was the Study merely mentioned in some way, or was it used to support an assertion that a specific rule was or was not one of customary IHL? Second, did the actor agree or disagree with the Study, or in any other way express its approval or disapproval? Third, was the Study the sole or primary authority for the assertion that a rule was customary, or was it one among many? Fourth, did the actor cite to the rules part of the Study, or to the practice part/database, or both, and if the practice part was cited were any of the collected materials actually discussed? Fifth, was there any independent examination that a particular rule was, in fact, customary, or did the actor simply accept the customary status of the rule because the Study (or other authorities) said so? Key to all these questions is the nature of the Study's authority -does it persuade (or not) the relevant actor by the rigour of its reasoning and the density of the practice it assembled and analysed, or is rather the actor treating the Study as an epistemic authority, deferring to the expertise of the ICRC and its authors?.
Israeli Supreme Court judgments and one from the Military Court of Appeals. It has been cited in one Peruvian judgment, three Swedish judgments, three Dutch judgments, and six German judgments, including one from the Federal Court of Justice and two from the Federal Constitutional Court. It has been cited in at least 26 judgments of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina; and in 78 Colombian judgments, including eight judgments of the Colombian Constitutional Court and 69 judgments of the Jurisdiction for Peace of which 38 were in separate opinions of Sandra Gamboa Rubiano. The sample is far from comprehensive and is heavily skewed towards those decisions contained in the databases we consulted. A substantial number of other citations would almost certainly be uncovered by a sufficiently large research team with appropriate legal and linguistic expertise.
seven Israeli Supreme Court judgments and one from the Military Court of Appeals. It has been cited in one Peruvian judgment, three Swedish judgments, three Dutch judgments, and six German judgments, including one from the Federal Court of Justice and two from the Federal Constitutional Court. It has been cited in at least 26 judgments of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina; and in 78 Colombian judgments, including eight judgments of the Colombian Constitutional Court and 69 judgments of the Jurisdiction for Peace of which 38 were in separate opinions of Sandra Gamboa Rubiano. The sample is far from comprehensive and is heavily skewed towards those decisions contained in the databases we consulted. A substantial number of other citations would almost certainly be uncovered by a sufficiently large research team with appropriate legal and linguistic expertise.
Statistical analysis Regular statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 7 software (GraphPad Software, Inc. ). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used for testing the normality of data. Student's t test was applied when two groups were analyzed. According to normality of values distribution, analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparison or Krustal-Wallis followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test were performed if three or more groups were compared. Association between two variables was assessed by Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient for normally and nonnormally distributed data, respectively. Values of p < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant.
Funding information Agence Nationale de la Recherche , Grant/ Award Number:  ANR-21-CE18-0002-01 ;  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale , Grant/Award Number:  ARF20170938613 & EQU202003010517 ; Fundação para a Ciência e a  Tecnologia, Grant/Award Number :  PTDC/MED-FAR/29097/2017 -LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-029  and  SAICTPAC/0019/2015 -LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-016405 ;  H2020   Marie Skłodowska-CurieActions ,Grant/Award Number:  722619 ;  Mairie de Paris , Grant/ Award Number: Emergences -R18139DD;.
The two methods produce similar results, but the one used here does not require adapting the land-sea mask. The ocean-sea ice model is forced at its lateral boundaries by the PSY4V3R1 1/12 • global reanalysis as in  Huot et al. (2021b). Tides are applied at the lateral boundaries using the FES2012 dataset  (Carrère et al. 2012) , as in  Maraldi et al. (2013)  and  Jourdain et al. (2019).
extent by 15% in the winters of 2011 (considered as a spinup year hereafter) and 2012 while doing a better job in 2013. This negative bias may lead to an underestimation of the imprint of eddies on the sea ice pack as the eddy activity increases northwards. The eddy kinetic energy simulated in REF and estimated from the AVISO sea level anomaly dataset are illustrated in Fig. 2. The spatial and temporal resolutions of the modeled ( 1∕24 • and daily) and observed SLA (function of track density,  Ballarotta et al. (2019) ) are too different to permit direct comparison and some adaptation is needed to compare observations and model on an even ground (as was for instance done in Amores et al. (  2018 )). Here, we have reconstructed the SLA of AVISO from the along-track SLA and using the interpolation algorithm developed by  Garcia (2010)  and applied to geophysical datasets in  Wang et al.
(2012). The reconstructed SLA compares well with the AVISO interpolated field, with an averaged root mean squared error of 0. 69 cm. The same methodology is applied to the modeled field: "along-track" SLA are obtained using the real tracks of the altimeter used in AVISO, and the SLA is interpolated. Before the interpolation, we have masked the locations with an observed sea ice concentration (in the OSI-450 dataset) higher than 0%. The model overestimates the ocean EKE in the northwestern part of the domain (where it can be four times higher than the one estimated from AVISO) but shows reasonable values of EKE in the eastern part. The simulated EKE is however similar to that simulated by  Stewart et al. (2018). To test the effects of the ocean eddies on the atmosphere-sea ice-ocean interactions, we perform a second experiment named SMOOTH.
Funding This research was conducted within the  F. R. S. -FNRS PDR T. 0002. 16 " Air-Ice-Ocean Interactions in Antarctica " and the  PAR-AMOUR  project, funded by the  FWO and F. R. S. -FNRS  under the  Excellence of Science (EOS) program  (Grant  EOS O0100718F ). N. Jourdain 's contribution was supported by the  CRiceS  project, which received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon H2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement No  101003826.
4 minutes at Q band and 21. 7 minutes at Ka band. The data were first pipeline calibrated and then manually edited and calibrated again using the Common Astronomy Software Applications (CASA) package version 4. 3. 1. Selfcalibration was attempted, but no improvement of the signal-tonoise ratio was obtained. Images were made with the task CLEAN of CASA version 4. 6. 0. The synthesized beams of the continuum images range from ∼0 20 (X band) to ∼0 06 (Q band) and the rms noise from 6 μJy beam -1 to 23 μJy beam -1 , respectively (see Figure  1 ). In the K-band cube, we detect strong H 2 O maser emission at a few Jy level in the proximity of SVS 13, indicating that the previously reported masers  (Rodríguez et al. 2002)  are still active; these results will be presented in a forthcoming paper.
2021;  given at epoch J2016. 0), corrected by the reported Gaia proper motions (see Table  4 ) to the epoch of the VLA observations (a small correction of not more than 0 014), and converted to equinox J2000 coordinates with the task ICRSToJ2000 of the CASA Extensions AnalysisUtils 16  Python package. As can be seen in the figure, the optical position falls closer to VLA 4B than to VLA 4A. This association is in disagreement with the initial identification of the optical star with VLA 4A made by  Anglada et al. (2000)  from the limited astrometric precision (∼0 3) optical data available at that time. The identification of VLA 4B with the optically visible star was already proposed by  Hodapp & Chini (2014) , who noted the positional agreement of the near-IR position measured by 2MASS (with an astrometric accuracy of 0 1, better than that of the previous optical data) and the radio source VLA 4B, assuming that the 2MASS source and the optical star were the same object.
0 (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2021) are also plotted (green) as a reference. The Gaia EDR3 proper motions (Table  4 ) have been plotted as green dashed lines. For consistency, the Gaia EDR3 coordinates, originally referred to ICRS, have been transformed to J2000 using the task ICRSToJ2000 of the AnalysisUtils (https://safe. nrao. edu/wiki/bin/view/Main/CasaExtensions) Python package. J2016. 0) and the 2MASS IR position (epoch J1999. 90) plotted as green points; the 2MASS position is consistent with the Gaia proper motions, but the 2MASS positional errors are large, and the agreement is not significant enough. We note that there is a significant difference between the radio proper motions of VLA 4B and the Gaia EDR3 proper motions of SVS 13 (Table  4 ). This difference is 1. 42 ± 0. 43 mas yr -1 in R.
This result can be substantially improved with sensitive new observations of higher angular resolution that can better resolve the PV diagrams and potentially reveal a Keplerian rotation profile. Obtaining molecular data of high angular resolution but at lower frequencies, where the dust contribution should be smaller, could help to minimize the difficulties in detecting molecular emission from the circumstellar disk of VLA 4B, which has been hindered in our observation by the very high opacity of the continuum. These observations will be easily performed with the next generation VLA, which will provide unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution in the 40 to 120 GHz regime. In Table  7 , we provide a characterization of this protobinary system in terms of its physical properties. In a forthcoming paper, we will compare these properties, and other parameters inferred from them with the predictions of existing numerical simulations.
The dust emission suggests still higher temperatures of ∼400 K at very small radii of ∼10 au. 6. We detect line-of-sight velocity gradients in both the circumstellar and circumbinary disks. These gradients, together with the spiral arms and the stellar proper motions, all indicate a rotation in a counter-clockwise direction as observed from the Earth, with the northern half of the disk closer to the observer. The angular momentum vector therefore points toward the observer. 7. The orbital proper motions have been inferred from high resolution continuum data taken over 30 yr. From these data and the line-of-sight velocities, the 3D relative orbital velocity is obtained. From this, a total mass (dominated by the stellar component) of 1 M ☉ , an orbital period of 850 yr, and an inclination angle of the orbit with respect to the plane of the sky of 42°are derived.
We thank  Jim Moran , who tackled some years ago the "divide problem", for his helpful comments and inspiration. We also thank the referee for a constructive and helpful report. G. A. , G. B. -C. , I. dG. -M. , A. K. D. -R. , R. E. , G. A. F. , J. F. G. , M. O. , and J. M. T. acknowledge support from the  Spanish MINECO/AEI  through the  AYA2017-84390-C2  grant (cofunded by  FEDER)  and  MCIN/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033through  the  PID2020-114461GB-I00  and  PID2020-117710G-I00  grants. G. A. , G. B. -C. , A. K. D. -R. , G. A. F. , J. F. G. , and M. O. acknowledge financial support from the  State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa " award for the  Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía  ( SEV-2017-0709 ). G. B. -C. also acknowledges support from the  Spanish MICINN/AEI  through the  PRE2018-086111  ( SEV-2017-0709-18-1 ) grant (co-funded by  ESF).
G. A. F also acknowledges support from the  Collaborative Research Centre 956 , funded by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)  project  ID 184018867. L. A. Z. acknowledges financial support from  CONACyT-280775  and  UNAM-PAPIIT IN110618  grants, México. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO. ALMA# 2015. 1. 01229. S, ADS/JAO. ALMA# 2016. 1. 01305. S. ALMA is a partnership of  ESO  (representing its member states),  NSF (USA)  and  NINS (Japan) , together with  NRC (Canada)  and  NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan)  and  KASI (Republic of Korea) , in cooperation with the  Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by  ESO ,  AUI/NRAO , and  NAOJ. Based on analysis carried out with the CASSIS software (Vastel et al. 2015) and JPL, CDMS, and VASTEL databases. CASSIS has been developed by  IRAP-UPS/CNRS.
MAPPYACTS (NCT02613962 ) is an international prospective precision medicine trial aiming to define tumor molecular profiles in pediatric patients with recurrent/ refractory malignancies in order to suggest the most adapted salvage treatment. From February 2016 to July 2020, 787 patients were included in France, Italy, Ireland, and Spain. At least one genetic alteration leading to a targeted treatment suggestion was identified in 436 patients (69%) with successful sequencing; 10% of these alterations were considered "ready for routine use. " Of 356 patients with follow-up beyond 12 months, 107 (30%) received one or more matched targeted therapies-56% of them within early clinical trials-mainly in the AcSé-ESMART platform trial (NCT02813135). Overall, matched treatment resulted in a 17% objective response rate, and of those patients with ready for routine use alterations, it was 38%.
INTRODUCTION Cancer remains the primary cause of disease-related mortality in children and adolescents  (1). Comprehensive molecular profiling of tumors through high-throughput technologies identifies molecular targets and predictive biomarkers. Together with improved understanding of tumor biology and development of targeted anticancer agents, these approaches have facilitated therapeutic approaches adapted to cancer molecular profiles. This "cancer precision medicine" approach has now been implemented to guide treatment in patients with advanced malignancy  (2) (3) (4) (5) , including children. MAPPYACTS (MoleculAr Profiling for Pediatric and Young Adult Cancer Treatment Stratification; ClinicalTrials. gov identifier: NCT02613962) is a European international prospective precision medicine trial aiming to define the molecular profile of recurrent/refractory malignancies in pediatric and young adult patients in order to suggest the most adapted salvage treatment in the setting of further relapse/progression.
Patients' Treatment and Follow-up after CMTB Recommendations Following CMTB recommendations, patients with a minimum follow-up of 12 months (censored in September 2020) were analyzed. Three hundred fifty-six of the 432 patients with "potentially actionable" alterations had a minimum follow-up of 12 months and 107 (30%) of them had received 122 matched targeted therapies (range, 1-4/patient). Fourteen (11%) therapies were considered "ready for routine use," 97 (80%) were "investigational," and 11 (9%) "hypothetical. " Sixty-four (52%) treatments were administered as a single agent, 45 (37%) in combination with chemotherapy, and 13 (11%) combined with another targeted therapy. Sixty-eight (56%) of these treatments were performed within a phase I/II trial, 49 of them (72%) within AcSé-ESMART (NCT02813135).
Tumor Mutational Burden Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was recalculated retrospectively on harmonized raw data in the first 451 enrolled patients with solid malignancies and 452 successfully sequenced WES tumor samples. A median of 0. 6 mutations per megabase (mut/Mb; range, 0-195. 3 mut/Mb; Fig. 5 ) was found. Seven patients exhibited >10 mut/Mb [three highgrade glioma (one of them >100 mut/Mb), three neuroblastoma, one medulloblastoma], and three were in the context of a probable, previously unknown constitutional mismatch repair deficiency involving MSH2, MLH1, and MSH6 genes. Five tumors displayed microsatellite instability (Supplementary Fig. S1 ).
The high frequency of these often multiple alterations, absence of relevant clinical data, and lack of curative options in children and adolescents with relapsed/ refractory malignancies led us to run a parallel project to tumor profiling, which explores targeted molecules or combinations in molecularly enriched patient populations. The "Secured Access-European proof-of-concept therapeutic Stratification trial of Molecular Anomalies in Relapsed or refractory Tumors" (AcSé-ESMART) platform trial (NCT02813135) started recruitment in July 2016, is currently open in five countries, and has recruited more than 190 patients, 78% of them referred through the MAPPYACTS trial, in addition to other European profiling programs. The primary objective is to detect signals of activity and potential new biomarkers.
Treatment arms in AcSé-ESMART mainly address targeting of alterations in the cell cycle, the PI3K/mTOR pathway, homologous DNA repair, and immune checkpoint  (30) (31) (32). TP53 alterations were considered investigational in MAPPYACTS based on data in ovarian cancer, suggesting that TP53 deficiency possibly associated with response to WEE1 inhibitors  (33) , and which we explored in combination with chemotherapy in the trial. The medical need for such clinical trials is reflected by the fact that 56% of the matched treatments in MAPPYACTS patients could be administered within the context of phase I/II clinical trials and 72% of them had been included in AcSé-ESMART. Preliminary data for the ongoing INFORM registry reported 28% (11% in a clinical trial) and the NCI-COG Pediatric Molecular Analysis for Therapeutic Choice (MATCH) trial (NCT03155620) 35% of patients treated with a matching drug  (25, 34).
Mutational Tumor Load Sequencing library quality was estimated with fastqc and fastqscreen. Reads were mapped with BWA (v0. 7. 17 with parameters: -M -A 2 -E) onto the human reference genome assembly hg19/ GRCh37. SNVs and small indels were called using GATK3 (Indel Realigner, Base Recalibrator), samtools (fixmate, markdup, mpileup), and Varscan (v2. 3. 9) from paired normal/tumors bam files. Variant annotation was performed with ANNOVAR using the public database released on November 7, 2019, from the 1000 Genomes Project, Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC), NHLBI-ESP project, and Kaviar. Functional prediction of variants was performed using the data set dbnsfp30a. Questionable somatic variants observed in less than three reads, with an allele frequency lower than 0. 05, described in the 1000 Genomes and ExAC databases with a frequency higher than 0.