dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Universidade de Vigo Since Charles Jones referred to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as the "Cinderellas of English historical linguistic study  " (1989: 279) , there has been a great deal of progress in research on this period, but, as  Beal (2012: 22)  points out, much of this has been in the fields of syntax, morphology, lexis, pragmatics, sociolinguistics and the normative tradition. Beal argues that the availability of corpora of Late Modern English texts has greatly facilitated research in these areas, but, since creating phonological corpora for periods antedating the invention of sound recording is a challenging proposition, the historical phonology of Late Modern English has benefitted much less from the corpus revolution. To redress this imbalance, the editors of this issue, with technical support from the Humanities Research Institute, University of Sheffield, created the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database (ECEP), which is freely available at https://www.
dhi. ac. uk/projects/ecep/. After completing the database in 2015, we wished to encourage other scholars working in the field of English historical phonology to make use of ECEP. When the call was put out for proposals for a special themed issue of English Language and Linguistics, we saw this as an ideal opportunity to invite some of these scholars to contribute papers giving accounts of research in which they used ECEP as a tool for investigating research questions of their choice. Inevitably, some scholars were too busy with other projects to contribute, 2 but Raymond Hickey, Warren Maguire and Nicolas Trapateau were able to accept. This issue also includes papers from the ECEP project team which showcase the potential of the database for both research and teaching. 2 All the papers in this issue were reviewed according to the usual practices of the English Language and Linguistics journal.
Some of these scholars have provided reviews of the papers in this issue, for which we are very grateful to all the reviewers for their time and their constructive and helpful critiques. The paper by Nuria Yáñez-Bouza which opens this special issue provides a full account of the background to the creation of ECEP and the principles behind its design, together with illustrations and examples of how scholars might use this resource. The paper by Beal, Sen, Yáñez-Bouza and Wallis, considers variation with regard to yoddropping and yod-coalescence in eighteenth-century English. It provides analyses of data compiled from ECEP supplemented with word-frequency information for the period 1700-1799 from the British component of ARCHER 3. 2. It sets out to determine the internal (stress, phoneme, word-position) and external (prescriptive, geographical, social) motivations for the presence or absence of yod-dropping and yod-coalescence in the eighteenth century, which underlies the variation still found today in the pronunciation of words such as mature, duke and tune.
Two papers in this issue use data from ECEP alongside other resources to investigate the history of the BATH-TRAP 3 split in English. Wells defines the lexical set BATH as 'comprising those words whose citation form contains the stressed vowel /ae/ in Gen[eral] Am[erican], but /稽:/ in RP  ' (1982: 133). Typically, northern and midland varieties of English in England have the long vowel only in Wells' BATH_c set (e. g. calf, half, can't, banana), whilst southern hemisphere varieties tend to have the long vowel, but with variation in words such as dance from Wells' BATH_b set. Evidence from ECEP shows considerable variation in the BATH set in the eighteenth century, along with metalinguistic 3 All the papers in this issue refer to Wells' (1982) lexical sets. commentary on the correctness or otherwise of particular pronunciations.
Maguire examines evidence from the ECEP database to demonstrate that owld type pronunciations were common in eighteenth-century Standard English. Given that data from the From Inglis to Scots (FITS) database  (Alcorn et al. forthcoming)  shows no evidence for owld spellings in Old Scots, Maguire concludes that these pronunciations are not the result of internal developments, but from contact with varieties of English from England and Ireland. Because the Standard Scottish English pronunciation of such words developed to [o檎ld], the owld pronunciation became interpreted as non-standard and therefore Scots. Maguire notes the importance of databases such as ECEP and FITS for investigating apparent anomalies like this. Christine Wallis presents an account of her use of ECEP as a teaching tool.
The appearance of a paper dedicated to pedagogical matters in English Language and Linguistics might surprise some readers but, as Wallis points out, there has been a pedagogical 'turn' in linguistics publishing recently. Wallis describes her use of ECEP alongside other resources such as archive collections, Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO), the Eighteenth-Century English Grammars (ECEG) database, the Old Bailey Proceedings Online and various letter collections, to carry out research-led teaching with advanced undergraduate and masters' students. She notes that combining ECEP with other resources such as ECCO enabled students not only to carry out their own research projects, but also to gain an insight into how resources such as ECEP are created from original sources.
The compilation of the ECEP database was supported by the British Academy / Leverhulme Trust [SG-132806] and the Santander Research Mobility Scheme (calls 2012/13 and 2014/15), and technical support was provided by the Humanities Research Institute at the University of Sheffield. Yáñez-Bouza would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and the European Regional Development Fund [FFI2016-77018-P] and the Autonomous Government of Galicia [ED431C 2017/50].
1 The compilation of the ECEP database was supported by the British Academy / Leverhulme Trust [SG-132806] and the Santander Research Mobility Scheme (calls 2012/13 and 2014/15), and technical support was provided by the Humanities Research Institute at the University of Sheffield. Yáñez-Bouza would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and the European Regional Development Fund [FFI2016-77018-P] and the Autonomous Government of Galicia [ED431C 2017/50].
There were 3 layers made of aluminum alloy-each layer had thickness of 0. 211 mm, and 2 layers of GFRP-each layer had a thickness of 0. 264 mm. As a result, specimens whose fatigue lifetime results were analyzed to assess the mean value had dimensions l = 200 mm, w = 25 mm, and h = 1. 16 mm. The effect of fiber configuration on the tensile behavior of similar material configurations was presented and widely discussed in the recent paper by Bazli et al. [16]. In the literature  [13]  that was used in the process of data acquisition for calculations, it may be found that the basic static strength parameters of such material are:  Strength in the axis parallel to the fibers X = 1144 MPa;  Strength in the axis perpendicular to the fibers Y = 261 MPa. As was introduced, in GLARE 2 materials, two layers of material are made of GFRP in which the epoxy resin is used as a matrix, while the continuous glass fiber is applied as reinforcement.
In the absence of published literature, the participants were asked to base recommendations on their personal professional or collective medical center experience. Sections were collected, incorporated into a full document, and then emailed to the entire group for further review. For the surveys, 10 questions with 50 subheadings were emailed to 13 experts (one author per center) (see Data S1). Survey results were discussed at the 2nd European Glut1DS meeting. Additional international experts for specific Glut1DS-associated topics were sought resulting in a total of 23 experts. Survey results were incorporated into the manuscript, providing percentage responses for individual topics. This process allowed for the sharing of expertise when the recommendation was controversial, and consensus was difficult to achieve.
79, 80 Despite promising initial reports,  55, 81  a phase 3 study of triheptanoin (UX007) for the treatment of Glut1DS (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT01993186) failed to meet its primary and secondary endpoints. A similar phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to assess the efficacy and safety of triheptanoin (UX007) in the treatment of movement disorders associated with Glut1DS (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT02960217) was halted prematurely due to lack of efficacy (https://clini caltr ials. gov/ct2/show/ NCT02960217). Peer-reviewed National Institutes of Health funded studies using standard clinical trial criteria also are currently underway (NCT03041363, NCT03181399, NCT03301532). Novel approaches are ongoing, targeting small molecules and other biologics to enhance Glut1 expression and function.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge that we have read the Journal's position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this report is consistent with those guidelines. We thank the representatives of international parent support groups, especially Massimiliano Barone (European Glut1DS Foundation), Emma Williams (Matthew's Friends, UK), and Glenna Steele (Glut1 Deficiency Foundation, USA), who helped establish and review this consensus guideline with both practical and expert input. JMP is supported by NIH grants NS077015, NS094257, and NS102588.
Short versions of HBx transcripts are produced in HepG2-NTCP cells and PHHs To confirm their identity, the obtained amplicons were fully characterized by subcloning and Sanger sequencing (Fig. 1E  and PRJEB36101 ). Sequencing of the 5'RACE amplicons revealed an important diversity in transcript start sites (TSSs) for the HBx transcripts expressed in HepG2-NTCP cells and PHHs (red bars in Fig. 1E ). In contrast, all sequenced clones for the preS2 transcripts were identical and share the same 5' end in PHHs and HepG2-NTCP cells (TSS nucleotide (nt) 3159 with respect to reference sequence GenBank U95551. 1, blue bars in Fig. 1E ). The same was true for pgRNA (TSS nt1820) and preC (TSS nt1791). Surprisingly, we were not able to detect spliced pgRNA variants, most likely because of their low proportional copy numbers with respect to the other viral RNA species in HepG2-NTCP cells and PHHs.
Notably, for RNA alphaviruses it has been shown that viral particles that contain non-capped viral RNAs induce innate immune responses in host cells and therefore are less infectious than viral particles carrying capped RNAs  [77]. It is intriguing to speculate that HBV might have found a way to cap the different RNAs arising during the maturation of viral particles to hide them from the innate immune system of host cells. Importantly, it is very likely that other pgRNA-derived RNA species are generated during the reverse transcription process in addition to the different HBx RNAs characterized in this study. However, the HBV full-length 5'RACE method is specific to RNA molecules that are intact until nt1810 (Gsp1 annealing point) of the HBV genome (reference sequence GenBank U95551. 1). Our approach is blind to RNA species that do not include this distal 3' sequence, i.
Analysis overview This analysis is performed with data collected by the ATLAS detector from 2015 to 2018 using diphoton trigger. The analysis selection is optimized and unified for both spin-0 and spin-2 searches. Events with at least two photon candidates and > 150 GeV are selected. The photon candidates are required to fulfill the ℎ photon identification and isolation criteria  [3]. Kinematic cuts set on photon transverse energy relative to diphoton invariant mass are also applied to further reduce the background. Parametric models are used to describe the signals with different resonance mass and width. For signals with narrow decay width, their shape is dominated by the detector resolution and modeled by a double-sided Crystal Ball function. The true lineshape of large-width signals is obtained by convolving the resolution function and the lineshape at generator level.
The profiles of the lidar-derived atmospheric properties used in this paper are obtained for a vertical resolution of 3. 75 m and the time of 2 s. A lidar evaluation scheme applied for the data evaluation is compliant with the Quality Assurance recommendations of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) developed within the Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS), i. e. the full quality assure (QA) tests are applied (tele cover test, dark measurement, depolarization calibration, trigger delay  [42] ). The tools for the high quality lidar data evaluation are described in [e. g. 43, 44]. The Bistatic Radar System for Atmospheric Studies (BASTA) is a semi-operational 95 GHz Doppler cloud radar, which uses the frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) technique.
Current classification methodology An atmospheric constituent/target classification is, in general, a challenging task. It has been developed by several groups [e. g. 9,12,24,32], using different techniques and methods applied for the separation of different targets throughout the atmosphere. The majority of developments in this field were done in relation to satellite observations with Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations CALIPSO (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, USA, and National Centre for Space Studies, CNES, France) and CloudSat (NASA). A methodology for the classification of aerosol, rain, liquid, supercooled and ice clouds using datasets from the Cloud Profiling Radar onboard CloudSat and the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) onboard CALIPSO, collocated in time and space is extensively discussed in  [9].
Target classification of the microwave radiometer with new threshold types The microwave radiometer data proved to be useful in the target classification based on spaceborne [e. g. 12], airborne [e. g. 9] and ground-based measurements [e. g. 18]. The profiles of temperature (T) indicate warm (> 0°C) and cold areas (< 0°C) throughout the troposphere. Liquid, ice and mixed-phase clouds can be detected by the lidar. The liquid cloud layer can contain warm liquid water or supercooled water particles. The lidar alone is not able to discriminate   In the boundary layer, the precipitation particles/droplets and other very large-size scatter targets (airborne plankton in summer) can be separated using a combination of the cloud radar (rain/drizzle) and the microwave radiometer relative humidity (RH).
Acknowledgments We acknowledge  Bogdan Chojnicki , the PI of the PolWET site, for granting an access to the experimental site of the  Poznan University of Life Sciences (PULS). Patryk Poczta (PULS)  for conducting lidar measurement. Damian Józwiak  (PULS),  Rafal Fortuna  ( University of Warsaw, UW ),  George Georgoussis ,  Alex Louridas  and  Christos Evangelatos  ( Raymetrics, Greece ),  Bernhard Stein  and  Bernd Mielke  ( LiCEL GmbH, Germany ),  Matthias Resch  ( Innolas Laser GmbH, Germany ) and  Georgios Tzeremes  ( ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands ), for their technical support. The EMORAL lidar is a property of the  European Space Agency (ESA). It was developed by Raymetrics in a collaborative R&D effort with the  University of Warsaw (UW) , the  Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU) , the  National Observatory of Athens (NOA) , and the  European Space Agency (ESA).
| MATERIAL S AND ME THODS The selection of these European regions considered the availability of sufficient pollen data as well as symptom data via the PHD. The pollen types that were included in the analysis were birch (Betula) and grass (Poaceae) in the years of 2014, 2015, and 2016. We therefore considered one region per country: the Pannonian lowlands region of Austria, the southern region of Finland, and the Rhone-Alps region of France. We used data from a total of twenty-three pollen monitoring stations (Figure  1  and Table  S1 ). Data of daily AR related to symptom levels and concomitant medication use are reported on a voluntary, regional, and anonymized basis through a web-based Pollen App, which includes the PHD (https ://polle ndiary. com). The number of symptom reports was highly variable: The mean yearly number of PHD users (ie, a 12-month period statistic, rounded to the closest integer) reporting symptoms for the Austrian, Finnish, and the French region was 138, 37, and 17 for year 2014; 118, 21, and 18 for year 2015; and 106, 14, and 16 for year 2016.
For this study, we have considered the daily average pollen concentration (in pollen grains/m 3 ) from all monitoring stations for birch and grass. Hereafter, the PHD data were processed in order to calculate the Total Nasal Symptom and Medication Score (TNSMS). The details of score calculation have been reported before,  18  and the calculation is also based on prior studies. 19, 20 Reported symptoms are influenced by concomitant medication. 21, 22 However, different medication classes have different effects in improving allergic symptoms of patients. For this reason, we adopted a Weighted Nasal Medication use Score (WNMS) as reported in detail. 18, 20 l available data were averaged per day in order to represent the mean daily pollen as well as the mean TNSMS levels in all studied regions.
But they were several times lower than those in Finland during other years. This observation highlights the regional differences in population sensitivity to pollen concentrations: Tolerance to birch pollen concentrations in Finland is much higher than in Central Europe. The current season definition does not account for this variability. One limitation of our analysis is the limited number of experienced sites involved as well as the limited amount of datasets from patients who had to fulfill (pre-specified) inclusion criteria for reporting. However, the high correlation of symptom levels reported by PHD users with pollen concentration levels in our current analysis (as well as in our recent report  18  ) indeed indicates that the aforementioned symptom reporting is an adequate proxy of actual, clinically justified and valid measure of (clinically relevant) symptom severity.
| CON CLUS IONS The level of airborne pollen in the atmosphere is influenced by local for a variety of plant species. To confirm these definitions, we have analyzed reported symptom and used medication data from the patient's hay-fever diary (PHD) and birch and grass pollen concentrations in Germany in a previous research and have found a positive and significant correlation and therefore a confirmation of the EAACI criteria on the regional level. In the subsequent analysis reported here, we have further investigated three additional European regions (in Austria, in Finland, and in France) again for three subsequent years. In conclusion, we identified the pollen season characteristics and we also confirmed a sound correlation between TNSMS and birch and grass pollen season start, end, and peak pollen period in all three European regions.
| " TA XONOMY-BA S ED" S TR ATEGY: SCREENING K NOWN S PECIE S AND B IOINDIC ATOR S WITH ENVIRONMENTAL G ENOMIC S This strategy relies on the enumeration of known biodiversity from DNA obtained from an environmental sample (e. g. , sediment, soil, biofilm, water) or from bulk material prepared from an environmental sample by e. g. , elutriation, trapped individuals or biofilm scratching (Figure  1a ). This strategy closely fits the conventional, morphologybased monitoring approach, because it primarily aims at reaching a satisfactory level of congruence in terms of both qualitative and quantitative biodiversity inventories. The taxonomy-based strategy is de facto limited to the morphologically characterized fraction of biodiversity for which reference sequences are available in public databases.
Hence, approaches using it have usually overlooked meiofaunal or microbial taxa, difficult to identify on the basis of morphological traits, and for most of which the autecology is poorly known (but see  Pawlowski, Esling, et al. , 2016). The reference databases routinely used by EG studies include for instance the universal but essentially noncurated GenBank nucleotide repository from the National Center for Biotechnology Information  (Benson et al. , 1999,  but see  Leray, Knowlton, Ho, Nguyen, & Machida, 2019) , or the curated databases BOLD for COI barcodes, primarily from animals  (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2007) , SILVA for universal ribosomal markers  (Quast et al. , 2013) , PR 2 for protists  (Guillou et al. , 2013) , Diat. barcode for diatoms  (Rimet et al. , 2016) , and Unite for fungi  (Nilsson, Sharma, Bhatnagar, Bertilsson, & Terenius, 2019).
Finally, EG studies suffer from a strong sampling effect because DNA extractions are typically performed from small amounts of material, making large-size organisms less well-represented in eDNA extracts  (Lanzén, Lekang, Jonassen, Thompson, & Troedsson, 2017). However, bulk samples  (Elbrecht et al. , 2017) , larger extraction volume  (Nascimento, Lallias, Bik, & Creer, 2018)  or more aggressive homogenization  (Lanzén et al. , unpublished data)  can partially alleviate this issue. Since the taxonomy-based strategy depends on reference sequences for organism identification, the incompleteness of reference databases can also have a major impact. Hence, completing databases, both by the "vertical" addition of more taxa and by the "horizontal" coverage of wider geographical areas, would certainly contribute to an improvement in identification  (McGee, Robinson, & Hajibabaei, 2019; Vasselon, Domaizon, et al.
, 2017). However, despite sustained efforts, reference databases will probably remain skewed towards some taxa, while suffering from important gaps across other taxonomic groups or biogeographical regions  (McGee et al. , 2019; Weigand et al. , 2019). All these issues directly impact both of the key parameters for applying BIs to assess impact, namely the qualitative and quantitative measures of biodiversity  (Pawlowski et al. , 2018). Nevertheless, multiple studies have shown that there is room for considerable improvements to better bridge the current gaps between taxonomy-dependent molecular and morphology-based approaches. Taxonomic breadth in HTS data could be broadened by carefully designing novel amplification primers  (Elbrecht et al. , 2019)  or using more than one primer pair  (Corse et al.
, 2019). Applying correction factors to read counts, based on established knowledge of the biovolume  (Vasselon et al. , 2018) , the number of copies of the targeted marker  (Větrovský & Baldrian 2013)  or by spiking samples with known internal standard for quantitative determinations  (Ji et al. , 2020; Tkacz, Hortala, & Poole, 2018) , are all promising methods for resolving these challenges. Finally, the integration of bioinformatic tools for the automated curation of databases from mislabeled sequences will improve their reliability  (Ashelford, Chuzhanova, Fry, Jones, & Weightman, 2005; Kozlov, Zhang, Yilmaz, Glöckner, & Stamatakis, 2016).
| Matching the right implementation strategy to the right monitoring programme Several monitoring programmes may benefit quickly and reliably from an EG implementation, while others may require further optimization of molecular protocols or adjustments of their assessment criteria (Table  1 ). For instance, monitoring programmes relying primarily on taxonomic inventories are still hindered by the lack of congruence between the recovered species list and their relative abundances, even though the biological and technical biases might be partially alleviated in the future. Furthermore, despite the sustained effort, reference sequence databases for barcoding remain skewed toward some groups and geographical locations  (McGee et al. , 2019; Weigand et al. , 2019) , limiting congruence between EG and morphotaxonomic inventories.