dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data collection methodology The corpus of this work comes from multiple sources: • 32 reports and LLB written by the Lille 3 students during the fi ve academic years considered in this work (from 2006 to 2012), corresponding to 263 TTB sessions; • 111 emails exchanged with the students during this same interval; • 47 notes taken from informal conversations with the students, about the project and the partnership, also during the fi ve years in question. The LLB focuses on the activities in Portuguese, or rather, the learning of Portuguese. However, as the students' participation was irregular, the number of sessions per student is also irregular, varying from 2 to 48. Then, with 32 students and 263 sessions, we have an average of 8. 2 sessions per student. Regarding our notes, it may be useful to know that, as we took them during discussions with the students, they allowed us to record everything that generally the students did not mention in their LLB and reports.
We then work from a double perspective. On the one hand, we wish to outline the more general tendencies and orientations that reveal the point of view of the French students participating in the TTB. On the other hand, we do not want to make excessive generalizationsbut, instead, our aim is to contribute to the refl ection on this foreign languages teaching-learning alternative approach. So, we proceeded to a data analysis that is quantitatively simple (based on the percentages of occurrence) and qualitative at the same time. Given that we work with a small corpus, this approach allows us to fi nd the predominant themes on the students' works. Our analysis unity is the comment: a set of utterances about the same theme and of variable extension. This defi nition is close to  Reinhart's (1982: 24)  discourse topic: "local entries corresponding to sentence topics can be further organized under more global entries, thus constructing the discourse topics".
Brazil as the prominent theme As we have indicated in earlier works (cf. Santos, 2009 Santos, , 2012)) , the comments about the themes treated by the TTB partners represent the majority (54%) of the data we have collected 5. And, as indicated above, among these, Brazil has a predominant presence, for the themes related to this country represent a little more than the third (32. 9%) of the total of students' comments on the themes they treated in teletandem sessions. Given that a large part of our corpus (98. 3% of the documents) only deals with the sessions in Portuguese, we can hypothesize that there is a narrow relationship between the language choice and the theme choice, as emphasized by the following comment: (1) During the sessions, I realized that when we started to speak in Portuguese, we automatically treated themes about Brazil.
Nor do we find that the duration of switching pauses decreases with age. On the contrary in our data they are longer among the older infants. Older infants do not perform proportionately more latched turns than younger infants. We did find that switching pauses were more frequent in younger infants' interactions. This finding should entail that younger infants partake in a greater number of alternating vocalizations but we did not find that the number of turns within TTSs increases with age. This inconsistency may be explained by the quantification method we used for turn-taking. Overlapping vocalizations and latched vocalizations were taken into account in the quantification of number of turns whereas the frequency of switching pauses was quantified on the basis of nonoverlapping vocalizations alone.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank all the families who participated in this study. We especially thank  Anne Bobin-Bègue  and  Giulietta Von Salis  for help with data collection, doctors Bourrelier and Guillemot for providing access to MI health care services and  Rose-Marie Guérinel  for help contacting families. We also gratefully acknowledge the help of  Ofer Tchernichovski  on the use of Sound Analysis Pro. This research was supported by the  Fondation de France  (reference #  00015165 ) and by a  CAPES grant  ( BEX-10506/12-8 ) from  Brazil.
Volumes were reconstructed using a filtered backprojection algorithm (PyHST2 software, ESRF). Original 32-bit stacks were converted into 16-bit tiff stacks. The subscans were then concatenated, ring artifact correction was applied on tiff slices when required, and the concatenated subscans were cropped so as to define the final size (bounding box) of the dataset. Finally, for general overviews, smaller volumes were generated using binning of 2 Ã 2 Ã 2, yielding datasets of about 10 μm pixel size, with improved signal to noise ratio. Depending on preservation quality and tooth size, either the full resolution data and/or the binning version were used for developmental analyses in 3D, but only the full resolution data were used for the virtual histological slices.
3D topo-densitometric rendering of the dental surfaces Segmentation and 3D rendering were performed with VGStudio MAX 2. 2 software (Volume Graphics Gmbh, Heidelberg, Germany, www. volumegraphics. com), and final image processing for light source combinations (detailed below) was made with Adobe Photoshop CS4 (v. 11. 0. 2) using automated script systems. The OES of each tooth was segmented by capturing the white fringe at the interface between air and enamel with region growing tools, yielding models of physical surfaces. The EDJ was typically captured by segmenting the black phase contrast fringe at the interface level, and then by adding the dentine itself into the segmentation mask. The Phong 3D rendering available in VG Studio MAX 2. 2 was chosen to optimize illumination of the 3D model.
Given the curved nature of tooth crown surfaces, this approach permits one to select a light orientation that best reveals features such as perikymata or hypoplasias (S1 Movie). Comparable light settings are also available in other 3D visualization software programs such as Avizo (XMeshPack). The same protocol was applied for visualizing the EDJ surface by segmenting the black fringe at the interface between enamel and dentine, and then by 3D Phong rendering using LS1 and LS2. As shown in Fig  2 , two distinct types of information can be revealed on the EDJ: subtle variations of density and topographical relief. The OES density pattern is generally less informative than topography, hence the OES pictures are generated with the "normalize gradients" option in VGStudio MAX 2. 2, which reveals topography only.
Since this research deals both with 2D and 3D images of dental microstructure, we would like to underline that, although classical histology most commonly uses the term "accentuated lines" (  [10] , see  [15, 45]  for a discussion about this issue), we will deliberately simplify by using "developmental defects" and "stress pattern", which suits better for the description of both 2D and 3D data. High resolution of the images produced and used for this paper will be made freely available online on the ESRF open-access database website at http://paleo. esrf. eu/. To validate the accuracy and objectivity of this new approach for counting perikymata, we performed an inter-/intra-observer study as well as a comparison between stereomicroscope, SEM and our 3D renderings. All of these protocols and validation results are presented in S1 Supporting Information (Section I).
The perikymata counts used for the crown formation times of MLD2 and StW151 are the average of the three observers' means (S3 Table and S2 Supporting Information). The long-period line periodicity is 8 days for StW151 and 7 days for MLD2, determined by high resolution synchrotron virtual histology  [61]. The cuspal enamel thickness was measured on virtual 2D sections oriented in the developmental plane (passing through the dentine horn tip and the pulp chamber roof in the middle of the labial aspect). We attempted to directly measure the cuspal daily secretion rates (further abbreviated as CuDSR) on three hominin canines. Unfortunately, since high resolution data for cuspal enamel were not available, we based these measures on cuspal Retzius lines, observed on two orthogonal cut planes (S11 Fig and  S1  Supporting Information, section III).
Acknowledgments We are grateful to  Bernard Zipfel ,  Stephanie Potze ,  Lazarus Kgasi ,  Colin Menter ,  Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi ,  Emma Mbua ,  Fredrick Manthi , and  Carol Ward  for assisting with access to the fossils. We are also much obliged to the curating institutions involved: the  University of Witwatersrand , the  DITSONG Museums of South Africa , and the  National Museums of Kenya. We are most grateful to  Chris Dean  for critical comments on an earlier version of this manuscript and for fruitful discussions. We acknowledge  Fred Grine ,  Simon Hillson ,  Rodrigo Lacruz ,  Don Reid  and  Fernando Ramirez-Rozzi  for their advice. We thank the ID 19 staff (ESRF) especially  José Baruchel ,  Alessandro Mirone ,  Alexander Rack  and  Anne Bonnin  (who also provided helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript), for constructive discussions.
Apart from the planning and budgeting advantages of this method of organizing service, this approach leads to enhanced likelihood of providing continuity of care. However, it also implies that each sector healthcare team have the knowledge and the means required to adequately manage all mental disorders, limiting thus the development of services specialized in the care of specific disorders and in geriatric psychiatry  (Verdoux and Tignol, 2003). In this report, we sought to give an overview on the global provision of psychiatric care for older adults in France and examine the proportion of older patients with schizophrenia among psychiatric patients followed up in France between 2008 and 2009. Data were collected in 118 public-sector psychiatric departments between 2008 and 2009. Each department was questioned about the total number of patients aged over 18 years old they had followed up during this period, their age, and the number of patients with an International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (F20-F25).
New West Indian Guide 89 (2015) 89-230 not possible to survey all ridged fields of French Guiana, but Rostain overinterprets the data of his colleagues. The model of spatial organization of Arauquinoid sites of the Guianas is an interesting hypothesis that must be verified with more field work and open area excavations. The discovery of phytoliths of cultivated plants (maize in particular) by the archaeobotanists strikes me as the most interesting information in this book. These data can provide new hypotheses about food production in pre-Columbian societies. The book's discussion of social hierarchy based on archaeological data is interesting, but the archaeological data, in several cases, don't reveal as much as the ethnohistorical and ethnological data that provided the basis for the archeologist's hypothesis.
In order to render the meaning of a Khwe compound with Bantu lexemes in a Bantu structure, the speaker needs to know both Khwe and the Bantu language. For such calques to be maintained in the language that was the target of the shift, however, the resulting speech community needs to remain separate from other communities speaking the target language  (Ross 2013: 31). This implies that the speech communities that resulted from the shift of Khoisan groups to Bantu languages might well have had a distinct identity. Intriguingly, a number of the contact-induced changes in the SWB languages are typical not so much of language shift as of marking a separate identity. The most striking of these is the insertion of clicks in native vocabulary. In the Southeastern Bantu languages, the insertion of clicks in native vocabulary has been linked to the taboo practice of hlonipha  (Herbert 1990b ), but the practice of hlonipha does not exist among speakers of SWB languages.
A set of four topometrical signifiers, namely elevation, inclination, orientation and mean curvature, was then retrieved for each of the approximately 55k polygons respectively constituting the OES and EDJ 3D surfaces using routines and program developed in-lab  [35]. Orientation is used to compute the 3D Orientation Patch Count (OPC) as the number of patches each constituted by a set of contiguous triangles sharing a similar orientation range  [36]. The orientation intervals are set to 45°producing eight orientation groups. Furthermore, the 3Denamel thickness (3DET) was computed for each molar as the minimum normal Euclidean distance from each OES polygon to the first EDJ polygon intersected  [35]. The resulting list of OES/EDJ coupled-polygons was stored and used as a connectivity matrix to correlate OES and EDJ signifiers  [35].
Data analysis For each molar, the connectivity matrix was used to compute the OES/EDJ coupled-polygons topometrical signifier matrix corresponding to about 25k values per signifier for the OES, which translates to one elevation, orientation, inclination, mean curvature and area value for each OES occlusal polygon, and about 25k values for each corresponding EDJ polygon signifier. Also, the 3D-enamel thickness (3DET) value is attached to each OES/EDJ coupled-polygon yielding a matrix totalizing about 250k values per molar. For each elevation, orientation, inclination and mean curvature coupled-dataset, 100 random samplings of 250 coupled-values each were drawn. The correlation coefficient (r) and associated significance p value have been computed for each of these bootstrapped samples allowing the computation of average and minimum/maximum correlation levels for all comparisons within each topometrical signifier for each molar.
The interval of correlation levels better takes into account the respective contribution of topographically complex regions and featureless regions in the computation of the average coefficient of correlation. The 3D enamel thickness dataset computed for each molar has been normalized using a size-standardization procedure. Each couple of OES/EDJ surfaces has been resized with the isometric scale so that all the specimens present a similar OES 3D area. The computed scale factor was then applied to each 3DET dataset in order to obtain standardized 3D enamel thickness (3DET STD ). ). The level of correlation was lower for orientation and inclination, both parameters showing comparable r values. The lowest level of correlation was recorded for mean curvature, with no significance in four modern human individuals, from 7% to 47% of the total number of computed correlations depending on specimens, (see S2 Table ).
The level of correlation recorded in this analysis largely exceeded that computed using the Skinner et al. [17]  dataset. The correlation is r = 0. 70 using first and second lower molars of thirteen extinct and extant anthropoid taxa, mostly hominoids, in Skinner et al. [17]. This correlation level falls to r = 0. 44 when the Pongo outlier is removed from the sample. Such results may reflect methodological differences with a 2. 5D versus 3D OPC, but it is also due to sampling since only the OES and the EDJ from the same individual are compared in this study while the Skinner et al. [17]  sample includes multi-individual comparisons. Besides, one can consider that results may differ according to the tooth position under consideration. Hence, for instance, Smith et al. [41]  demonstrated a trend of increasing enamel thickness from anterior to posterior teeth in modern humans and chimpanzees.
Acknowledgments We wish to thank all the members of iPHEP ( UMR CNRS INEE 7262 ,  P. Vignaud , Dir. ), particularly  G. Florent  and  G. Reynaud  for their administrative guidance and  S. Riffaut  for the cover image design. We greatly thank  A. Euriat  and  J. Surault  who achieved most of the 3D dental reconstruction and segmentation. The tridimensional data were obtained at the  Centre de Microtomographie of the University of Poitiers  with the kind help of  A. Mazurier  and  R. Boistel. We are thankful to  W. Wendelen ,  MRAF of Tervuren (Belgium)  and  J. Cuisin ,  MNHN of Paris (France)  for making the primate dental material accessible. We greatly thank  O. Chavasseau ,  G. Merceron ,  O. Otero  and  A. Ramdarshan  ( iPHEP, University of Poitiers ) for their helpful comments about our work.
Its dimensions were 250 mm long (streamwise), 80 mm wide (spanwise) and 420  10 m thick (wall-normal). A reservoir supplies suspension to the channel inlet; axial flow to the outlet is established by means of a syringe pump sucking the suspension out of the channel at constant flow rate. To avoid transient effects, data is acquired only after a lapse of time equivalent to that required for a particle to transverse the channel. , where d U s /   is the characteristic shear-rate,  is the density of the particles,  is the fluid viscosity, k is the Boltzmann's constant, d is the channel thickness, and T is the room temperature. The suspension was imaged using a CCD Camera located 2 cm above the channel with the optical axes normal to the parallel plates. The depth of field was such that it was possible to detect particles across the whole channel thickness.
Microelectrode intrinsic noise measurements To measure the intrinsic noise level of the electrodes, the electrical potential was recorded for 1 min in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) between each microelectrode and an Ag/AgCl ground electrode pellet. The aCSF was composed of NaCl (113 mM), KCl (4. 5 mM), CaCl 2 e2H 2 O (2 mM), MgCl 2 e6H 2 O (1 mM), NaHCO 3 (25 mM), NaH 2 PO 4 H 2 O (1 mM) and D-Glucose (11 mM). Signals were 1100 Â amplified and band-pass filtered between 1 Hz and 3 kHz using MCS MEA1060-Up-BC filter amplifiers from Multi Channel Systems GmbH (Reutlingen, Germany). Data were acquired at 10 kHz using two synchronized CED Power1401 AD converters and the Spike2 v7 software from Cambridge Electronic Design (Cambridge, England). The standard deviation of the signal s s was then calculated over the 1-min recording for each electrode of the array.
Embryos were decapitated and their whole spinal cord and hindbrain were dissected in aCSF gassed with carbogen (95% O 2 , 5% CO 2 ), meninges were removed, and the neural tube was opened along the rostroecaudal axis (open-book preparation). The embryonic hindbrain-spinal cord preparation was then placed over the MEA (Fig. 4A ) and superfused with physiological liquid, gassed with carbogen. A plastic net with small holes (70 Â 70 mm 2 ) was laid on the neural tissue, in order to achieve a tight and uniform contact with the microelectrodes. Signals were x1100 amplified and bandpass filtered between 1 Hz and 3 kHz using MCS MEA1060-Up-BC filter amplifiers from Multi Channel Systems (Reutlingen, Germany). Data were acquired at 10 kHz using two synchronized CED Power1401 AD converters and the Spike2 v6 software from Cambridge Electronic Design (Cambridge, England).
Rhythmic activity of this immature preparation was recorded for several hours at room temperature. LFP activity was obtained by smoothing the raw signals with a 200-ms time window. Spiking activity was extracted as follows: for each data sample, two moving averages of the signal computed over a 10-ms (DC removing) and a 1-ms (smoothing) time windows centered on this sample were subtracted from the raw data. The MEA was cleaned and used several times without any increase of the noise level, nor degradation of the performances of the BDD microelectrodes to be observed.
Acknowledgments We would like to emphasize and acknowledge the strong initial contribution to this work of  Mathias Bonnauron , who deceased on February 5th, 2008 in a ski accident. We would like to thank  Lauriane Hamard  for her help in dissecting embryonic hippocampi. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this study by the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  through the project  MEDINAS  ( ANR07TECSAN014 ),  INSERM ,  UPMC (Paris VI) , the  Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild (Paris) , the  F ed eration des Aveugles de France, IRRP , the city of Paris, the  Regional Council of Ile-de-France. We also gratefully acknowledge the  NEUROCARE  project from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013)  under grant agreement n  280433.
Eq. (  2 ) translates into: A ny-1,nz + A ny+1,nz d 2 y + A ny,nz-1 + A ny,nz+1 d 2 z + k 2 - 2 d 2 y - 2 d 2 z A ny,nz = 0 ( 5 ) with k 2 = ω 2 m f /(2γ), and Eq. (  3 ) into αA| y1=0 = ∂ y1 A| y1=0 , which becomes: α - 3 2d y A 0,nz + 2 d y A 1,nz - 1 2d y A 2,nz = 0 (6) with α = µ ω 2 /(3γ). The parameter α comes directly from the first term of the left-hand part of Eq. (  3 ). It depends on the section of the PB and on the frequency: this term controls the inertia of the PB. Similarly, the parameter k 2 describes the inertia of the soap film. The results of the computation, conducted using free software GNU octave, are shown in Fig. 5  for two values of α. In the simulations, the forcing is a continuous oscillation. To minimize wave reflections at the edges of the film, we included an imaginary part k d of k as described in ref.
As expected, FF decreases with pitch due to the high sheet resistance of the induced emitter in between p + regions  [10] [11]. On the other hand, V oc is clearly impacted by the emitter pitch confirming that the recombination in the laser processed p + regions are prevailing in the device performance. As a consequence of the trade-off between V oc and FF, best efficiency is obtained for 250 μm pitch sample with 18. 1 %. Comparing DopLa-Emitter and RE-HIT devices we observe a better V oc value for the latter which is attributed to a lower recombination in the HIT emitter, as suggested from the lifetime data of cell precursors. As a further device characterization, we measured External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) and device reflectance (R). From these values we calculate Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) as IQE = EQE /(1-R).
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction Diffraction data were collected at the high-pressure diffraction beam line Psiché at the synchrotron Soleil (Saclay, France). The samples were loaded in a membrane diamond anvil cell. The pressure was monitored with a ruby and silicon oil was used as the pressure-transmitting medium. The diffraction data were obtained in two separate experiment runs with different wavelengths: 0. 4499 and 0. 4859 Å. The temperature was controlled with a liquid-nitrogen cryostat and an in-house constructed heater. Diffraction images were treated with the program fit2D. 30 Measurements have been carried out by varying the pressure at a set temperature (250 K, 294 K, 323K, and 337 K, and a few measurements at 303 K). The sample was allowed to equilibrate before each measurement for about 15 minutes, which was extended to 1 hour at 250 K.
Laboratory X-ray diffraction High-resolution X-ray powder diffraction patterns were obtained overnight for a sample of L-TEE form I at 100 K with a CPS120 diffractometer from INEL (France). It was equipped with a liquid nitrogen 700 series Cryostream Cooler from Oxford Cryosystems (Oxford, UK). Data were collected for about 1 hour per diffraction pattern to monitor a possible phase change.
Structure solution from powder diffraction The crystal structure of a new crystalline form has been determined with synchrotron Xray powder diffraction data obtained at 323 K and 580 MPa. For the structure solution, the program DASH  31  was employed and the powder pattern was truncated to 9. 4° in 2θ (synchrotron: λ = 0. 4499 Å), corresponding to a real-space resolution of 2. 75 Å. The background was subtracted with a Bayesian high-pass filter. 32 Peak positions for indexing were obtained by fitting with an asymmetry-corrected pseudo-Voigt function. 33, 34 Twenty peaks were indexed with the program DICVOL06. 35, 36 An orthorhombic unit cell was obtained. The figures of merit given by DICVOL were M(20) = 10. 3 and F(20) = 68. 5 (0. 0066, 44). Pawley refinement was used to extract integrated intensities and their correlations, from which the space group was determined using Bayesian statistical analysis.