dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis: The objectives of the statistical analyses were: 1. To identify the effect of variation factors [season and region] on the mineral status of the organs and blood; 2. To characterize the mineral patterns [profiles] for a given organ and blood; 3. To assess the relationships between minerals according to their concentration in all organs and blood; 4. To assess the relationships between the mineral patterns and the variation factors; 5. To assess the correlations between organs and blood for each region. For achieving those objectives, different statistical procedures were used  [24] : for objective  [1] , a variance analysis [ANOVA] was applied by using season and region as independent variables and normalized mineral values as dependent variables; for objective  [2] , we used a multivariate analysis [Principal Components Analysis-PCA] followed by an Ascending Hierarchical Classification [AHC], with each class identified corresponding to a specific mineral pattern; for objectives  [3 and 5] , the data were submitted to correlation analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient; and for objective  [4] , a table of contingency crossing the mineral patterns [classes issued from AHC] and the independent variables [region, season, and later organs] was implemented and a chi-square test was applied to characterize their relationships.
Positive and negative ions were monitored alternatively by switching the polarity approach with a static spray voltage at 3500 V and 2800 V in positive and negative mode, respectively. Mass spectra in full scan mode were obtained using the Orbitrap mass analyzer with the normal mass range and a target resolution of 240,000 (full width at half maximum (FWHM) at m/z 200), in a mass-to-charge ratio m/z ranging from 200 to 1600 using a Quadrupole isolation in a normal mass range. All mass spectrometry (MS) data were recorded using a maximum injection time of 100 ms, automatic gain control (AGC) target (%) at 112. 5, radio frequency lens (%) at 50 and one microscan. An intensity threshold filter of 1. 103 counts was applied. For tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses, the data-dependent mode was used for the characterization of phospholipid species.
Precursor isolation was performed in the Quadrupole analyzer with an isolation width of m/z 1. 6. Higher-energy collisional dissociation was employed for the fragmentation of phospholipid species with an optimized stepped collision energy of 27%. The linear ion trap was used to acquire spectra for fragment ions in data-dependent mode. The AGC target was set to 2. 104 with a maximum injection time of 50 ms. All MS and MS/MS data were acquired in the profile mode. The Orbitrap Fusion was controlled by Xcalibur TM 4. 1 software (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Data of high accuracy and the information collected from fragmentation spectra, with the help of the LipidSearch TM 2. 0 software (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and the LIPID MAPS ® database  [44] , were used for phospholipid species identification.
Overview of Plasmalogen Species In the cortex, PlsEtn are the most abundant Pls  [8, 45]. A total of 102 glycerophosp lipid species were identified in the cortex of control mice by liquid chromatographydem mass spectrometry method (HPLC-MS 2 ) analyses. Among them, five were al These data indicate that, despite its effects on Pl classes in the plasma, inulin had no impact on the total amount of Pls in the cortex.
Another cause of Pl degradation could be an attack on the vinyl-ether bond by oxidative stress-related molecules  [47, 48]. To test this hypothesis, the level of oxidative stress as well as the amount of oxidized derivatives of Pls should be evaluated. However, our results showed that dietary intake of inulin did not modify the expression level of a set of genes involved in oxidative stressrelated mechanisms (Cox-2, Cat, Gpx1, Sod1, Nos2 and Sqstm1) in the cortex. In addition, no lyso form of PlsEtn was detected in the cortex of mice fed a control diet or an inulinsupplemented diet and no modification of the ratio of LPEs/PEs was observed in the cortex of mice exposed to inulin. Taken together, these data suggest that the dietary intake of inulin does not enhance glycerophospholipid hydrolysis.
Actual sowing, production, extraction methods and application The global supply of fibres has grown yearly since the end of the 20th century; however, the demand for synthetic fibres, such as polyester fibres, has decisively attracted more importance than natural fibres. In 2020, approximately 120 million tons of natural and synthetic fibres were produced, and while cotton production was about 26 million tons, flax reached slightly over 1 million tons  (Engelhardt, 2020). The global supply at present demands a high quantity of production, which requires several hectares of fertile, cultivable soil and industries that can process flax and sell fabrics and semi-finished products. According to the FAOSTAT data (www. fao. org), flax production is mainly concentrated in Europe, which alone produced 97.
These lipids are also found in breast milk  [13, 14]  and are thought to help maintain brown adipose tissue in breastfed infants, thereby reducing the development of obesity in young children  [15]. Endogenous alkyl glycerolipids were found in the liver oil of various chondrichthyans  [2] , and we recently reported the following distribution in shark and chimera liver oils by gas chromatography with C14:0 (20-24%), C16:0 (42-54%) and C18:1 (6-16%) and, to a lesser extent, (0. 2-2%) for each of the following: C16:1, C17:0, C18:0 and C20:0  [16]. A well-known problem in ether lipid analysis is the quantification and separation of alkyl and alkenyl lipids because of incorrect annotations of species, the restricted selection of ether lipid standards and incomplete databases used for mass spectrometry experiments.
linked acyl chain. Some ether lipids (alkenyl glycerolipids) have a cis double bond, vinyl ether adjacent to the ether linkage and are also named plasmenyl lipids or plasmalogens. For glycerophospholipids, the sn-3 position has a polar head group, generally choline for plasmanyl lipids and ethanolamine for plasmenyl lipids (except in the heart, which has a significant proportion of plasmenylcholine lipids). A well-known problem in ether lipid analysis is the quantification and separation of alkyl and alkenyl lipids because of incorrect annotations of species, the restricted selection of ether lipid standards and incomplete databases used for mass spectrometry experiments. Recently, Koch et al. used the newly discovered TMEM189/PEDS1 (Transmembrane Protein 189, also named plasmanylethanolamine desaturase 1) enzyme to develop a new mass spectrometry method that permits differentiation between alkenyl lipids and other ether lipids  [17, 18].
Statistical Analysis of the Validation Variance homogeneity between datasets was verified by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Cochran's C test, showing no significant difference of variance at a 95% confidence interval (Table  3 ). The fitted linear regression models were validated using Fisher's test. For both ether glycerol species, the slopes of the models were found to be significantly different from 0, with a p < 0. 05. Moreover, the coefficient of determination r 2 being close to 1 in both models suggests a good fit between the experimental data and the established models.
HPTLC Apparatus An automatic TLC sampler 4 (ATS4, Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland) equipped with a 25 µL syringe (ref 695. 0053, Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland) was used for sample application under a stream of nitrogen on 20 × 10 cm F 254 glass plates coated with a 200 µm layer of 60 Å silica gel (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Plates were developed in a twin-trough glass chamber (Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland) and carbonized on a hot plate (Plate Heater III, Camag, Muttenz Switzerland). Results were obtained with a TLC visualizer I (Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland) working under winCATS Planar Chromatography Manager software (version 1. 4. 610, Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland), and densitometry was performed with VideoScan TLC/HPTLC software (version 1. 02. 00, Camag, Muttenz, Switzerland).
Periprostatic Adipose Tissue Samples PPAT was sampled during a surgical procedure in 10 prostate cancer patients treated by radical prostatectomy at Tours University Hospital. During the surgical procedures, pieces of PPAT were sampled, sent to the biological resource center and immediately frozen at -80 • C. The patients included in the study signed an informed consent (after agreement of the Ethical Committee/IRB; clinical trials registration number NCT03214315).
Acknowledgments: We thank  Bodimant of Phosphotec  for the fish liver oils of chimera (Chimaera monstrosa) and shark (mixture of Centrophorus squamosus and Somniosus microcephalus), as well as  Nathalie Heuze-Vourc 'h ( INSERM U1100-Tours, France ) for the non-primate heart. We thank  Jerome Thibonnet  for help in performing NMR experiments. We also thank  Isabelle Domingo  and  Violetta Guérin  for technical assistance and  Catherine Leroy  and  Murielle Genty  for secretarial support.
DNA Extraction, Sequencing, and Data Processing The total fecal DNA was extracted according to the International Human Microbiome Standards operating procedure  (Dore et al. , 2015) , as previously reported  (Rozé et al. , 2020). We included negative controls that went through the same process as samples, from DNA extraction to sequencing. Sequencing was performed on the GeT-PlaGe platform of Génopole (Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, France) using Illumina Miseq technology (V3, 2 × 250 bp) targeting the V3-V4 primers (V3fwd: ACGGRAGGCAGCAG, V4rev: AGGATTAGATACCCTGGTA) regions of the 16S bacterial rRNA gene. Raw sequences were analyzed using the pipeline "Find Rapidly OTU with Galaxy Solution" (FROGS) version 3. 2 (September 2021) from the Galaxy software framework  (Escudié et al. , 2018). Sequences were checked for quality using FastQC (threshold 20-38).
After trimming barcodes, the sequences were filtered (length of the reads ranged from 435 to 459 bp) and clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using the swarm clustering method implemented in the FROGS version 3. 2 pipeline. OTUs representing less than 0. 005% (788,210 reads) of all the sequences, the majority corresponding to singleton OTUs, were discarded  (Bokulich et al. , 2013). Taxonomic affiliation was assigned to the OTUs using the Silva 138. 1 pintail100 database (September 2021) yielding 99% of the sequences affiliated with ≥99% identity and 100% coverage. A total of 11,526,400 reads (median, 22,619 reads per sample) were obtained from 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To adjust for the influence of uneven sampling depth, each sample was rarefied to the minimum sampling depth of the dataset (5,201 reads, Supplementary Figure  2 ), and rarefied data were used for all downstream analyses unless stated otherwise.
Neonatal Characteristics and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Strategies In each NICU, data on children and mothers during the perinatal and neonatal periods were collected prospectively during hospitalization until discharge. Available clinical data included gestational age, birth mode, birth weight, sex, antibiotics, breastfeeding, skin-to-skin contact, and NICU strategies. The NICU strategies were previously characterized in the EPIPAGE2 study regarding early extubation or no intubation, use of sedation, direct breastfeeding, skin-to-skin practice, speed of progression of enteral feeding, and duration of primary and secondary antibiotic therapy  (Rozé et al. , 2020). All these practices concern the early period of hospitalization before the 1month stool sampling period. The methods to characterize these strategies were applied as previously described  (Rozé et al.
The association between enterotypes at both ages was tested using Fisher's exact test. To analyze the association between microbiota enterotypes found at 3. 5 years of age and both neonatal characteristics and NICU strategies (neonates hospitalized at day 7), we used the chi-squared tests for categorical variables and student tests for continuous variables in univariate analyses. Mixed-effects logistic regression with a random hospital intercept to consider the correlation between newborns in the same NICU was performed in multivariate analyses. All analyses were performed using the R software version 4. 0. 4 (R Foundation) and the packages phyloseq (v1. 34. 0), vegan (v2. 6-0), cluster (v2. 1. 2), clusterSim (v0. 49-2), fpc  (v 2. 2-9), ade4 (v1. 7-16), ggplot2 (v 3. 3. 5), and lme4 (v1. 1-27.
Preterm Gut Microbiota at 1 Month of Age Among the 159 stool samples analyzed at 1 month, 18 were non-amplifiable. The 141 neonates for whom sequencing data were obtained were partitioned into five bacterial enterotypes similar to those previously described by  Rozé et al. (2020). In the present study, enterotypes 1-5 were characterized by a dominance of Enterobacter (n = 69), Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (n = 18), Escherichia (n = 25), Enterococcus (n = 18), and Staphylococcus (n = 11), respectively (Figures  1A, B ). At the OTU level, enterotypes 1-5 were characterized by the dominance of OTU_1_E. hormaechei, OTU_13_C. neonatale, OTU_2_E. coli, OTU_4_E. faecalis, and OTU_19_S. caprae, respectively (Supplementary Figure  3 ). Enterotype 2 (dominance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1) and enterotype 3 (dominance of E.
FUNDING This work was supported by l' Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  under Grants (EPIFLORE:  ANR-12-BSV3-0025  and  ELFE :  ANR-11-EQPX-0038 ), the  Nestec Research Center  (Constitution of the collection of stool samples during  EPIPAGE2 ), and the  Biostime Institute for Nutrition and Care-Geneva  ( BINC-Geneva ) (16S rRNA gene sequencing at 3. 5 years).
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Personal data of children from the ELFE and EPIPAGE2 cohorts cannot be made publicly available for ethical reasons. They are available upon reasonable request from the authors under data-security conditions. The 16S rRNA gene reads are publicly available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (nih. gov) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under the Bioproject accession number: PRJNA798897, https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/bioproject/PRJNA798897.
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after they received explanations in their respective local languages and have read and understood the purpose and the objectives of this study. This study was registered at www. Clini calTr ials. gov (NCT01894893). Pregnant women were recruited before delivery, generally during the last trimester of pregnancy. The inclusion criteria for enrollment in this study were as follows: (1) age from 18 to 40 years; (2) BMI before pregnancy between 19 and 29, willing to predominantly breastfeed their newborn baby at least until 4 months of age. Administration of infant formula or donor milk complementing mother milk along study participation was accepted only if properly documented and justified and if occasional and not lasting more than 7 consecutive days; (3) permanently residing at a maximum distance of 50 km from the hospital/center of investigation for the duration of this study; and (4) agreeing to the study protocol and signing informed consent form.
The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) currently participating in another trial; (2) presenting any disease or medical condition which prevent breastfeeding or collection of human milk samples or for which breastfeeding is not indicated; (3) medical conditions (e. g. , gestational diabetes) or on medications for conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities; (4) dietary problems, such as anorexia or bulimia; and (5) subjects not able to comply to the study procedures. Dedicated, trained, and certified research nurses and assistants collected all data for this study. Maternal data on socio-demographic characteristics, age, body weight, height, mode of delivery, medical history, and history of dietary supplements were collected by means of an interview-administrated questionnaire and consulting medical records.
Assessment of maternal factors Self-reported maternal pre-pregnancy weight and height was used to calculate the pre-pregnancy BMI (ppBMI). The ppBMI was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared (kg/m 2 ). The ppBMI was categorized based on the WHO guidelines  [28]  into normal weight (NW: 18. 5-24. 9 kg/m 2 ) and overweight (OW: 25. 0-29. 9 kg/ m 2 ). No underweight women were identified in this study. For mode of delivery we categorized mothers as those giving birth via Cesarean section (C-section) versus vaginal delivery. Information on emergency or elective C-section was not collected. Figure  1  shows the flow chart of subject recruitment and data capture of sampling.
Statistics The data were not imputed and classified in the following manner when it comes to lactation stage: all observations at visit 1 were considered colostrum (≤ 5 days postpartum), observations at visit 2 (between 14 and 20 days postpartum) were considered transitional milk, and observations beyond 20 days were considered mature milk. All statistical analyses were performed with the statistical software R version 3. 2. 3 (R, 2019)  [33]. The levels of FAs in each time point were compared to the levels of the subsequent time point (e. g. , V1 vs V2, V2 vs V3, etc. ). Relative FAs levels were considered, i. e. , levels in g were divided into 100 g of total fatty acids. A linear mixed model was used considering the within subject variability and comparing the fixed effect of child's age (according to visit).
Study population The flow chart of subject recruitment and data capture of sampling is shown in Fig. 1. Of the 370 women originally enrolled, 223 mothers completed the study providing at least one HM sample. 39 dropped out at childbirth (V0) and 8 within 1-3 days after delivery (V1); thus, growth data were obtained from 323 mothers at V1. Colostrum FAs were obtained from 269 participants (V1) and human milk FAs from 292 (V2), 261 (V3), 241 (V4), 232 (V5), and 223 (V6) participants. Reasons and numbers for dropouts can be found elsewhere  [34]. The characteristics of the 293 mothers and their newborns are summarized in Table  1. The 293 participants were from Spain (4. 1%), France (29. 0%), Italy (3. 1%), Norway (3. 4%), Portugal (32. 8%), Romania (14. 3%), and Sweden (13. 3%). Mean age at recruitment was 31.
The limitations of the current study include lack of availability of dietary data, the impossibility to make country wise comparisons due to limited sample size in few countries, availability of pregnancy weight gain due to enrollment time, and unavailability of longitudinal data on infant and maternal FA status. In addition, adipose tissue measurements were available only in a small sub-set of samples. The strength of this study is that milk was collected by complete breast emptying, ensuring more homogeneity in the milk quality, that FAs were measured in the same population in different maternal body compartments (plasma, erythrocytes and adipose tissue) and infants tissues (plasma, erythrocytes), allowing multiple comparisons and correlations between mothers-infants pairs. Finally, the enrollment of mothers from 7 European countries and the number of milk samplings across lactation allowed to provide a typical profile and composition of FAs in European human milk.
Conclusions Our findings showed that adipose tissue rather than erythrocytes may serve as reservoir of PUFAs and LCPUFAs for human milk. Plasma also supplies PUFAs and LC-PUFAs to the lactating mother. If both, adipose tissue and plasma PUFAs, are reflection of dietary intake, it is necessary to provide sufficient amount of LCPUFAs during pregnancy to ensure their provision to infant and mother. Finally, these data on mature milk FA composition measured on over 200 women in 7 European countries at 4 time points across lactation could be used to build a typical composition of mature milk in European women.
Search Strategies The systematic search was conducted from inception to 1 April 2019 using OvidMedline, Embase, Cochrane Library Central Registry of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. We also searched for eligible ongoing trials in Current Controlled Trials (www. controlled-trials. com, accessed on 30 January 2021), Clinical Trials (www. clinicaltrials. gov, accessed on 30 January 2021), the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (www. anzctr. org. au, accessed on 30 January 2021) and WHO ICTRP Search Portal (https://apps. who. int/trialsearch/, accessed on 30 January 2021) (Table  S9 ).
Data Synthesis and Statistical Analysis Trialists provided de-identified data which were recoded as required, verified and checked for consistency with published data. Each trial final dataset was verified by the original trialists before individual analysis using IPD-MA prespecified variables and outcomes and the results returned to the trialists for verification. The individual trial datasets were then combined for IPD meta-analysis. There was no imputation for missing data. We used a one-stage approach for the analysis of each outcome so that the IPD from all eligible trials were included in a single random effects model. Binary outcomes were analysed using log binomial regression models and data were reported as Relative Risk (RR) with 95% CIs and associated 2-sided p-values. We changed the algorithm to get the models to converge where specified.
Continuous data were analysed using linear regression models and data were reported as mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs and associated 2-sided p-value. All models included adjustment for prespecified confounders. The analyses of IPD were adjusted for sex, gestational age and birthweight z-scores. The overall probability of a type 1 error was maintained at 5% by splitting the p-value equally between the co-primary outcomes and testing each at p = 0. 025. No further adjustment was made for multiplicity in secondary and exploratory analyses. We explored the effects of infant sex by presenting data separately for each sex as prespecified subgroups, and by testing a treatment by sex interaction term within the model. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS (v. 9. 4, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Search Results After de-duplication, 7288 records were identified (Figure  1 ). After title and abstract screening, we completed full-text screening for 271 records, of which 62 did not meet our inclusion criteria. The remaining 99 potentially eligible trials (209 records) were included, among which 44 had published post-discharge data and 55 did not. We attempted to contact the authors of these 99 trials. Authors of 21 trials agreed to share IPD, for which 15  [5, [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32]  had post-discharge developmental or metabolic outcome data, while 10 trials [33-42] for which IPD data were not available had published developmental or metabolic outcomes (Table  1 ). In total, 4106 infants were included in this analysis. Among these, 2110 infants from 15 trials were included in analysis of IPD only and 1996 infants from 10 trials were included in the analysis of combined IPD and AD.
Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge  Alan Lucas  for assisting with individual trial data and interpreting the findings,  Julie Brown  for help with developing the search strategies and study selection,  Robyn May  for help with establishing contacts with the  ESSENCE IPD-MA collaborators ,  Mariana Muelbert  and  Laura Galante  for help with translating the  ESSENCE IPD-MA documents , and  Gordon Liu  for help with assessing the quality of the included studies.