dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Inclusion and exclusion criteria Participants aged 65 years and over were included in the analyses. Individuals with missing data on age, sex or BMI were excluded. Participants with self-reported height and/or weight were also excluded if this information was available while participants with measurement by qualified personnel such as nurses, care facility staff or physicians and those with height estimated from knee height or arm length were included. For the latter, the percentage of participants with estimated values was indicated. In studies with previous weight loss assessment, participants with missing weight loss data were excluded.
If other weight loss definitions were used, these data were reported instead (>5 kg in the past 6 months). Some studies (LASA, ErnSiPP and GDH) also assessed whether weight loss was intended. Here we restrict weight loss prevalence in these studies to participants with unintended weight loss and report number of participants with intended weight loss in the footnote of the respective tables. In order to gain insight into the prevalence of different combinations, low BMI defined as <20 kg/m 2 , weight loss (as described above) and severe (not moderate) decrease in food intake were combined and the prevalence of each of these combinations were calculated as follows: a) low BMI and weight loss, b) low BMI and weight loss and severe decrease in food intake, c) low BMI or weight loss, d) low BMI or weight loss or severe decrease in food intake.
Limitations and strengths As we included only cross-sectional data from longitudinal surveys in our analyses, weight loss was not measured but reported by the participants or institutional staff. We were unable to use the relative weight loss data as percentage which may have been more informative as weight loss was assessed via MNA categories in kg in most of the included studies. Also, decrease in food intake was not measured but taken from the MNA and was self-reported either by participants or proxies. The reported prevalences were gathered from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies with respective study aim, hence these estimations are limited by selection bias. For example, some studies excluded participants with severe cognitive impairment which is a known predictor for malnutrition  [40].
Funding The preparation of this paper was supported by the MalNutrition in the ELderly (MaNuEL) knowledge hub. This work is supported by the  Joint Programming Initiative 'A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life'. The funding agencies supporting this work are (in alphabetical order of participating Member State): France:  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) ; Germany:  German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)  through the  Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) , grant number  2815ERA09E ; Ireland:  Department of Agriculture, Food  and the  Marine (DAFM) , and the  Health Research Board (HRB) ; Spain:  Instituto de Salud Carlos III , and the SENATOR trial ( FP7-HEALTH-2012-305930 ); The Netherlands: The  Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw).
Body composition The body composition (fat mass and lean mass) was measured at the beginning, after 3 and 6 weeks, and at the end of the study by DEXA, using a Lunar PIXImus densitometer (DEXA-GE PIXImus; GE Lunar Corp. , Madison, WI, USA). The stability of the device was controlled by the measurement of a phantom before each session. The mice were anesthetized by isoflurane inhalation during the measurement. Analysis of the images was performed with the software provided with the device (Lunar PIXImus v2. 10; GE Lunar Corp. ), using autothresholding. After 12 weeks, the night before anesthesia, the mice were starved overnight; a meal of 1 g was given in the morning 90 min before anesthesia with isoflurane. Blood was drawn by cardiac puncture and the mice were immediately decapitated. Body composition was determined by dissection of the liver, uterus, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas.
Measurement of microarchitectural parameters Microarchitecture of the femurs was analyzed using a highresolution X-ray μCT device (Quantum FX Caliper; Life Sciences, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA), hosted by the PIPA Platform, EA2496; Montrouge, France. The X-ray source was set at 90 V and 160 μA. Samples up to 65 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length were imaged with a full 3D high-resolution, and raw data were obtained by rotating both the X-ray source and the flat panel detector 360 degrees around the sample, with a rotation step of 0. 1 degree (scanning time: 3 min). The corresponding 3600 image projections were then automatically reconstructed (RigakuSW software, Caliper, Newton, MA, USA) into a DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) stack of 512 files using standard back-projection techniques (reconstruction time: less than a minute).
Trabecular thickness (Tb. Th, μm) was calculated on 3D images using CtAn Skyscan software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) through a method described by Hildebrand and Ruegsegger. (28, 29) Cortical thickness and diameters (mm) were measured directly and manually on the image at the middiaphysis level. Cortical porosity (Ct. Po, %), cortical bone area (B. Ar, mm 2 ), and moment of inertia (mm 4 ) were measured at the middiaphysis level as previously described. (30) ll details of these measurements have been published by Lespessailles and colleagues. (31).
Acknowledgments This work was supported by  Ajinomoto  as an industrial partner. We thank  Jean-Louis Le Floch  and  Alexia Couallet  for their technical assistance. Author's roles: Study design: AB, HM, and FB; Methodology: AB, GYR, and JC; Study conduct: AB, GYR, MM, XW, and JC; Data collection: AB, GYR, MM, XW, and JC. Data analysis: AB and GYR; Data interpretation: AB, GYR, and FB; Drafting manuscript: AB; Revising manuscript content: AB, GYR, and FB; Approving final version of manuscript: AB, GYR, MM, JC, XW, HM, and FB.
ACK N OWLED G M ENTS This research was undertaken as part of, and funded by, the  CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB)  and supported by  CGIAR  Trust Fund contributors https ://www. cgiar. org/funde rs/. Funding support for this work was provided by  CIRAD ,  French Ministry  ( Laure Prin ), and  FSA/UAC.
Objectives: Grocery purchases may serve as an objective measure of diet, but it is unclear whether the diet quality of grocery purchases reflect geographic and racial/ethnic disparities observed in existing nationally-representative individual-level data. This study evaluated whether geographic and racial/ethnic disparities exist in the dietary quality of grocery purchases in a nationally-representative sample of US households. Methods: Grocery purchasing data from 3961 households from the Food Acquisition and Purchase Study (FoodAPS) were used. Demographic data was self-reported, and 7-day dietary data was recorded with scanners; the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2015 was used to assess diet quality. Survey-weighted multivariable-adjusted regression with planned contrasts was used to examine whether HEI-15 scores differed according to geographic region (Northeast, West, South, Midwest) and whether there was effect modification by race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic).
Nano-XRF data acquisition and analysis X-ray fluorescence (XRF) experiments were carried out at the state-of-the-art hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline ID16B at the ESRF. 17 The incoming photon energy was set at 29. 6 keV and the beam was focused using Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors down to 50x50 nm 2. The fluorescence emission from the sample was recorded using two 3-element Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) arrays positioned at 13° from the sample. The photon flux on the sample was ~10 11 photons/s. High resolution maps were recorded at room temperature, raster scanning the sample in the X-ray focal plane with 100x100 nm 2 step size and 500 ms dwell time/pixel. Hyperspectral images were analyzed using the PyMCA software package (http://pymca. sourceforge. net/). 18 The detector response was calibrated over a thin film multilayer sample from AXO (RF8-200-S2453).
XRF data were energy calibrated, normalized by the incoming photon flux, and batch-fitted in order to extract spatially resolved elemental concentrations, assuming a biological matrix of light elements and density 1 g. cm -3 according to NIST standards (https://physics. nist. gov/cgi-bin/Star/compos. pl?matno=261). At least three different cells per exposure condition were analyzed, and their averages and standard deviations are reported in Fig. 3A.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data acquisition and analysis Ag K-edge X-ray absorption spectra were acquired on the bending-magnet beamline BM23 of the ESRF. 19 HepG2 cells were exposed to AgNPs for the indicated times, pelleted and resuspended in PBS containing 20% glycerol (20 µL). Drops of cell suspensions or reference solutions (50 µL) were deposited in the XAS sample holder equipped with Kapton windows and immediately frozen in liquid N2, then transferred into the He cryostat and measured at 10 K. The incoming photon energy was scanned around the Ag K edge (25. 514 keV) with a fixed exit double crystal Si(311) monochromator (Kohzu, Japan) cooled with liquid N2. Harmonic rejection was achieved with Pt coated mirrors. Slits were opened to provide a beam size at sample of ~3x1 mm 2 and minimize the photon density, in order to avoid radiation damage.
FIB-SEM acquisition and data analysis Focused Ion Beam (FIB) tomography was performed with a Zeiss NVision 40 dual-beam microscope. In a first step, the surface of the sample was protected by the deposition in the microscope of a 2 µm thick Pt or C layer, on a surface of typically 20x30 µm 2. The resin-embedded HepG2/C3a spheroids were then cut in cross-sections, slice by slice, with a Ga + ion beam (typically with a current of 300 or 700 pA at a beam acceleration of 30 kV). After a thin slice was removed with the ion beam, the newly exposed surface was imaged in SEM at 1. 5 kV using the in-column EsB backscatter detector. For each slice, a thickness of 8 nm was removed, and the SEM images were recorded with a pixel size of 4x4 nm 2. The image stack was then registered by cross-correlation using the StackReg plugin in the Fiji software.
From AgNP endocytosis to Ag(I) nuclear entry, a rapid process Our data have clearly demonstrated the rapid uptake by nuclei of a significant amount of Ag(I) ions that accumulate in nucleoli and induce dose-dependent effects on nuclear functions (Fig. 1 2 3 ). A debate is still ongoing concerning the possible uptake of the nanoparticulate form of AgNPs in the nuclei, but the methods used to demonstrate this hypothesis cannot be considered as conclusive (for detailed explanations, see the recent review 1 ). In order to deepen our understanding of AgNP trafficking towards nuclei, we performed a combined confocal reflected light microscopy and 3D-EM analysis using FIB-SEM. The particle nature of AgNPs makes it possible to visualize their dynamics by reflectance confocal microscopy (Fig. 4  and Fig.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the  European Synchrotron Radiation Facility  for providing beam time (inhouse research on ID16B-NA and experiment LS-2639 on  BM23 ), and  O. Mathon  for the excellent support during XAS data acquisition. This work used the platforms of the Grenoble Instruct-ERIC Center (ISBG:  UMS 3518 CNRS-CEA-UGA-EMBL ) with support from the  French Infrastructure for Integrated Structural Biology (FRISBI ;  ANR-10-INSB-05-02 ) and GRAL, a project of the  University Grenoble Alpes graduate school (Ecoles Universitaires de Recherche) CBH-EUR-GS  ( ANR-17-EURE-0003 ) within the  Grenoble Partnership for Structural Biology  (PSB). The  IBS Electron Microscopy facility  is headed by  Guy Schoehn  and supported by the  Auvergne Rhône-Alpes Region , the  Fondation Recherche Medicale (FRM) , the fonds  FEDER  and the  GIS-Infrastrutures en Biologie Sante et Agronomie (IBISA).
This research is part of the  LabEx SERENADE  (grant  ANR-11-LABX-0064 ) and the  LabEx ARCANE and CBH-EUR-GS  (grant  ANR-17-EURE-0003 ). This work was supported by the  CEA Transversal Programs Toxicology and Nanoscience  through the  NanoTox-RX  grant and the  CEA DRF-Impulsion grant FIB-Bio. This work was also funded by the  Université Grenoble Alpes -AGIR  grant  NanoSilverSafe  and  IRS NanoBIS  grant and by the  RHU program   ANR-16-RHUS-0005. EK was supported by a CMIRA Accueil Sup 2016 fellowship.
Data Collection Procedure On the occasion of a home visit for the sibling of one year of age (the TOVI infant) between June 2011 and March 2013, a questionnaire on socioeconomic status, the Raven matrices  (Raven, 2000b)  and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for the mother  (Cox, Holden, & Sagovsky, 1987a) , and the Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory  (Caldwell BM, 2003)  were administered. Between January 2013 and April 2013, child development was assessed by research nurses trained specifically in the use of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and the Kaufman Assessment Battery in Children -2 nd edition (KABC-II) at local health centers in siblings of the TOVI child. These siblings were between three and six years of age. The MSEL and KABC-II instructions for parents were spoken in Fon, the local language.
Pearson correlations were computed between the HOME subscales, EPDS, Raven Progressive Matrices, and marital status and scores of Mullen (ECL) and KABC-II (MPI). Multiple linear regressions were used for multivariate analyses, in order to evaluate the significance of various home environment and maternal predictive variables for both the raw and standardized score outcomes. A P-value < 0. 05 was considered significant for these predictors in a multiple regression model, and for significant between age-group differences. All the analyses were performed with SAS version 9. 2 software. Human Subjects Protection-The study's protocol was approved by the University of Abomey-Calavi's institutional review board (IRB), New York University, Michigan State University IRBs, and the French Institut de Recherche pour le Développement's (IRD) Consultative Ethics Committee.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank the entire staff of the three health centers ( Allada, Attogon, Sékou ), and the study's participants. We gratefully thank our field team who collected the data and provided the medical care. We thank  Micheline Garel  and  Nour Tabbara  for translation of Mullen Scales of  Early Learning. We acknowledge the contributions of an anonymous reviewer in the interpretation and explanation of the principal study findings.
Statistical Analysis All patients with serum magnesium data at baseline and at least 1 posttreatment time point who received pediatric 3CB PN for !5 days were included in the primary analysis set. All patients who received at least 1 dose of pediatric 3CB PN were included in the full analysis set. The target sample size of 100 patients was based on the feasibility of enrollment. No formal power calculation was performed as no hypothesis was being tested. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. The primary end point, serum magnesium levels, and the corresponding changes from baseline were summarized for each treatment day using the full analysis set and the primary analysis set. Secondary outcomes were summarized using the full analysis set. Outcomes were also presented by age group (0-1, >1-12, and >12-24 months).
Demographic and Baseline Clinical Characteristics A total of 104 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 2 were screen failures. All 102 eligible patients received pediatric 3CB PN and were included in the full analysis set. Of these, 87 patients (85. 3%) completed the study. Six patients were discontinued because of AEs (1 patient each for AEs of catheter site extravasation, phlebitis, hypermagnesemia, sepsis, vena cava thrombosis, and catheter site erythema), 1 patient was discontinued because of missing magnesium level measurements postinfusion, and 8 patients were lost to follow-up. Of the 102 treated patients, 83 patients had baseline and postbaseline serum magnesium data and had received pediatric 3CB PN for !5 days, thus meeting the criteria for inclusion in the primary analysis set; the remaining 19 patients did not meet these criteria and were excluded from the primary analysis.
The CPP Ouest III ethics committee approved the protocol  (7 September 2009). After having explained the study protocol to all participating mothers, a written consent was obtained. Participating mothers at 1 month postpartum and their infants were investigated in the department of INSERM 'CIC 1402' located in the university hospital center of Poitiers, CHU -La Mil etrie. Clinical examination and collection of the data presented in Data S1 were carried out as described previously  [12].
All steps were carried out at room temperature (18-20 °C), using a Micromix-5 platform shaker and a Biomek 3000 robot-pipetting workstation (Beckman-Coulter, Brea, CA, USA). The arrays were processed in a PCS 4000 ProteinChip Reader (Bio-Rad), which was programmed in a positive ion mode and at ion acceleration potential of 20 kV. For spectra processing, expression difference mapping (EDM) was carried out using PROTEINCHIP DATA MANAGER 3. 0. 7 software (Bio-Rad). After calibration and normalization of all spectra using the total ion current method, clusters of peaks with the same mass were defined at the following settings: signal-to-noise ratio (S/N; first pass), ≥ 5; minimum peak threshold, 20%; mass error, 0. 3%; S/N (second pass), ≥ 2.
Statistics Heat map hierarchical clustering, non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were applied for data analysis using the build-in PROTEINCHIP DATA MANAGER 3. 0. 7 package. In addition, paired t-test, ROC curve (PRISM version 5. 01; Graph-Pad Software Inc. , La Jolla, CA, USA) and principal component analysis (PCA; R-3. 2. 2; https://CRAN. R-project. org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ. html; K. Hornik, 2016) were applied.
Mass spectrometry analysis Protein-containing bands were excised from the SDS/ PAGE gel and treated with trypsin overnight at 37 °C. The peptide mixture was analyzed on a Dionex U-3000 Ultimate nano-LC system coupled to a nanospray LTQ-Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (Thermo-Finnigan, San Jose, CA, USA). Data were acquired in a data-dependent mode alternating an MS scan survey over the range m/z 300-1700 and six MS/MS scans in an exclusion dynamic mode. MS/ MS spectra were acquired using a 3 m/z units ion isolation window, a 35% relative collision energy, and a 30 s dynamic exclusion duration. Data were searched by SE- QUEST through a PROTEOME DISCOVERER 1. 3 interface (Thermo-Finnigan) against a subset of the 2012. 09 version of UniProt database restricted to Homo sapiens (67 949 entries). The search parameters were as follows: mass accuracy of the monoisotopic peptide precursor and peptide fragments was set to 10 p.
Results The present study relies on a careful selection of the studied subjects in the two groups by the following principal characteristics: close age and large BMI difference of the mothers; close values of the infants' weight at birth and great delay in the infants' weight gain after 1 month of breastfeeding. The difference between the means of infants' weight gain of the normal-weight and the obese groups was 430. 8 AE 97. 1 g (952. 5 AE 71. 3 g in the normal-weight group vs 521. 7 AE 65. 9 g in the obese group). This weight gain in favor of infants of normalweight mothers was significant when analyzed by paired t-test (P < 0. 0001), and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0. 82 (Table  1 ). The protein expression patterns of all samples (two groups of 26 each, normal weight and obese) were obtained on two types of ProteinChip arrays, CM10 and Q10, and the spectral data were submitted to several statistical analyses: univariate Mann-Whitney U test, ROC curve analysis, multivariate heat maps/hierarchical clustering, and PCA.
On the right side of the image are the molecular masses detected on ProteinChip arrays of CM10 (red) and Q10 (blue) type. EDM conditions: first pass: peak S/N, ≥ 5; valley depth S/N, ≥ 2; minimal peak threshold, 20% of all spectra; second pass: peak S/N, ≥ 2; valley depth S/N, ≥ 2; third pass: adding estimated (missing) peaks to complete clusters; clustered mass window width, 0. 1%; m/z range of analysis (z = 1), 3000-30 000 Da. chromatography, reversed phase HPLC and Tricine SDS/PAGE. Throughout purification, all obtained fractions were systematically tested for the presence of the target p5225 protein by SELDI (the ion exchange chromatography fractions) and MALDI (the reversed phase HPLC fractions and those of passive elution from the Tricine SDS/PAGE gel slices). Eventually, the gel slice containing purified p5225 was trypsinized, submitted to LC-MS/MS, and the determined peptide masses were compared in silico to those in the proteome database of H.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by grants of the Ligue contre le Cancer-86 to CA (convention no. 2008/177 ) and  PHRC Interr egional Grand-Ouest  to RH (no. B91049-20 ). Special thanks to  Prof. Pierre Ingrand ,  Dr Marie-Agn es Gaud ,  Dr Marine Frasquet  from the  CHU of Poitiers ,  Mrs Patricia Christin  and  Mrs Florence Compain  from the  Maternity Department of the Hospital Center of Châtellerault ,  Mrs Sonia Leroux ,  Mrs Elodie Rogeon  and  Dr Pierre-Jean Saulnier  from  INSERM CIC 1402 , as well as to all involved families.
Acknowledgements: This research was funded in part by a  Ph. D. research fellowship in the context of Campus Euro-regional Bordeaux/Euskampus. The work was supported by the  ANR LabCom programme  ( Stilbene Innovation  project,  ANR-14-LAB5-0005-01 ), the  Bordeaux Metabolome Facility and MetaboHUB  ( ANR-11-INBS-0010  project), and the  University of the Basque Country -UPV/EHU  (to research groups, reference  GIU16/62 ).
[22]  found that of the 34 publications reporting fluid intake in children, less than half included any measure of plain water intake. In practice, the omission of water means that in the majority of studies investigating the associations between childhood nutrition and health outcomes, water is absent. Recently, fluid intake data that include drinking water have become available with the publication of the Liq. In 7 survey results. The harmonized Liq. In 7 crosssectional surveys, collected with 7-day fluid specific records, encompass data on the consumption of all types of beverages including plain water for 6,469 children (4-17 years) from 13 countries  [23]. A first analysis of the data highlighted large discrepancies in total fluid intake (TFI; sum of all beverages including plain water) both between countries and within countries  [24].
Conclusion Maintaining adequate fluid intake and optimal hydration is important for children for physiological reasons and for the adoption of healthy, sustainable drinking habits. Yet, data from the Liq. In 7 cross-sectional surveys suggest that the majority of children do not drink sufficiently, particularly at school. This is further supported by studies in which urinary biomarkers of hydration were collected, showing that many children have highly concentrated urine. This situation is worrisome since studies have demonstrated a relationship between low fluid intake or insufficient hydration and cognitive performance in children. Introducing water to children early and encouraging healthy drinking habits from the youngest age are therefore essential to support adequate fluid intake and optimal hydration in childhood and in later life.
Funding: This work was supported by  ANRS ,  INSERM ,  CNRS  and  ENS de Lyon  ' Emerging Project ' (LC). OMG was a recipient of a Master fellowship from  Labex Ecofect  ( ANR-11-LABX-0048 ) of the  Université de Lyon , within the  program Investissements d'Avenir  ( ANR-11-IDEX-0007 ) operated by the  French National Research Agency (ANR). OMG is a recipient of a Ph. D fellowship from the  Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1. CV is a recipient of a Post-doctoral fellowship from  ANRS.