dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
7 (www. wolfram. com) following the approach described by  Collett ([50] , pp. 105-107). Second, using the data set pertaining to 12-hours exposure we fitted with the statistical software R v. 2. 13. 0 (www. r-project. org) [51]  several competing GLMs characterised by different combinations of link functions and scale of the explanatory variable (cf. Results below). As control mortality at this exposure interval was nil, this time it was not necessary to take into account and correct for the natural response. The minimal adequate models were identified by means of the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Standard errors for lethal concentrations were estimated with the function dose. p available in the MASS library. Third, we used probit analysis to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of individual tolerance thresholds to assess their shape, variance, and degree of overlap among the two forms.
Acknowledgements Our gratitude goes to the staff of the  OCEAC Malaria Research Laboratory , with particular reference to  Jean-Pierre Agbor ,  Roger Beyene ,  Serge Donfack ,  Sylvie Kemleu , and  Etienne Onana  for technical assistance, and  Colince Kamdem ,  Parfait Awono-Ambene , and  Isabelle Morlais  for their help during the course of this work. We acknowledge three anonymous reviewers whose comments contributed to improve the manuscript. Financial support was provided by  IRD ,  NIH  grant  N°R01 AI63508  to NJB, and  Wellcome Trust   Intermediate Fellowship  in Public Health and Topical Medicine  N°W T086423MA  to CAN. In memoriam of  Prof. Mario Coluzzi  ( 1938Coluzzi ( -2012 )).
Statistical Analysis Data collected during the experiment were analyzed based on 4 different periods that lasted 4 wk. Because too few hens were laying at 20 wk of age, the first period only included 3 wk (21 to 23). To evaluate the differences between diets, several contrasts were tested. The statistical analysis began by comparing the control diet with the sequential whole wheat diet. Second, the control diet and the sequential whole wheat were tested versus the other sequential diets grouped under corn-based ones (ground corn, ground corn + insoluble fibers, ground corn + whole wheat) and wheat-based ones (ground wheat, ground wheat + insoluble fibers, ground wheat + whole wheat). Finally, sequential diets were compared within the same base (corn or wheat). Averaged values from cages were analyzed using Stat-View (version 5, SAS Institute Inc.
, Cary, NC). Data were analyzed based on the 4 following periods: 21 to 23, 24 to 27, 28 to 31, and 32 to 35 wk of age. Feed and fractional (high energy and high proteinmineral diets) intakes, laying performances (egg weight, egg production, egg mass), FCR, BW, and body content were tested with a 1-way repeated measures ANOVA including the above proposed comparisons. A 1-way ANOVA was used to test treatment effect on egg component weight and digestive organ weight. Tested factors were considered highly significant if P < 0. 01, significant if P < 0. 05, could be discussed as a trend if P < 0. 1, and not significant if P > 0. 1. 2  and 3)  The average feed intake tended to be higher for the control than it was for the whole wheat diet (P < 0. 1). However, no difference was observed for the laying performance (egg weight, egg production, and egg mass), whereas FCR was significantly lower (P < 0.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to  Michel Couty  and  Philippe Didier  of  INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Nouzilly, France , for their technical assistance as well as their full commitment in the data collection and for the care they provided to birds. We thank our experimental unit ( Experimental Unit Pôle Expérimental Avicole de Tours ) for its help in the setup of the experiment.
Data on prior treatment of urinary retentive and obstructive symptoms, prostatitis, and co-morbidities that might impact tolerance of radiation therapy, such as diabetes (DM), hypertension (HTN), blood, cardiovascular (CD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) disease, smoking history, and the use of anticoagulants were extracted from patient records and histories and reported previously  [3] , but reviewed and confi rmed for this study. Median prostate volume estimated by transrectal ultrasound at the time of fi ducial-marker placement was 36. 6 cm 3 (range, 11. 3 -135. 0 cm 3 ). The prostate volume was less than 60 cm 3 in 144 of 170 patients (85%). CT measured prostate volumes were also calculated. With respect to urologic toxicity, 71 (42%) patients had required management of GU obstructive or prostatitis symptoms before PT with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP; n ϭ 10, 6%), alpha blockers (n ϭ 58, 34%), hormones and/ or avodart (n ϭ 26, 15%), and/or antibiotics (n ϭ 21, 12%).
The surgical alternative of radical prostatectomy carries a higher risk of urinary incontinence than radiation  [10, 11]. There are few data in the literature regarding patients with signifi cant pretreatment obstructive symptoms or post-treatment urinary function in patients treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or PT. Malik et al. [7]  from the University of Chicago reported a retrospective review of 368 patients treated with external-beam radiotherapy with a focus on GU outcomes in 80 men with a pretreatment IPSS Ն 15. The median follow-up was 44 months. The median radiation dose was 75. 6 Gy and IMRT was used in 311 men (85%). Toxicity was scored according to Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) criteria and CTCAE v3. 0. The use of alpha blockers and antispasmodics were reported, but not counted as Gr2 events.
C. Identification of the CFR model The identification task consists in estimating the coefficients of the matrices A and B according to equations  (11). To achieve this aim, it is necessary to have available measured data of the CFR. Thus, the CFR is firstly modeled using the Saint-Venant equations via the software SIC  [12]. A mean rectangular profile is considered with a bottom equal to S = 52 m, a length equal to L = 42300 m and a quasi-nul slope equal to 2. 4e -5 %. Then, the actuators of the CFR are modeled using the software Matlab/Simulink. A simulation architecture coupling SIC and Matlab/Simulink allows the resolution of the Saint-Venant equations according to scenarios defined on Matlab/Simulink. These scenarios consist in the simulation of the operation of the locks and gates of the CFR.
V. CONCLUSION Gray-box state-space modeling approach of an inland navigation reach is presented in this paper. It requires a good     estimation of the time-delays characterizing the dynamics of the open-channel system. This approach is used for the Cuinchy-Fontinettes reach located in the North of France. This reach is a large system equipped with locks and gates. It is impacted by wave phenomena due to the lock operations. The identification approach is performed according to data from a simulation architecture based on a software which allows the resolution of Saint-Venant equations. Then, the effectiveness of the identified model is evaluated by considering several scenarios. The future purposes consist in testing the proposed modeling approach by considering unknown inputs and outputs which are often present in the real case, and in adapting this approach, if necessary, to improve the accuracy of the model.
Data collected A case report form specifically created for this study was used to collect four categories of data. 1. Characteristics of demographics and the disease. Patients' demographic characteristics included: age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, marital status, socioeconomic status and highest level of education completed. Disease activity was assessed using the DAS28 (Disease Activity Score using 28 joints)-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)  24  and the C-reactive protein level. Disease severity was evaluated from the history of joint surgery to address structural damage caused by RA (eg, total joint arthroplasty, arthrodesis, metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint resections). Past and current medications used to treat RA were also recorded, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids and conventional and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
Data analysis The first step of the analysis was to describe the baseline characteristics of the enrolled patients, by country, including the prevalence of each comorbidity and associated disease risk factors (% and 95% CI). To estimate any disparity that might exist between published recommendations and daily clinical practice in the prevention, detection and management of these comorbidities, the percentage of patients monitored and managed according to national guidelines was calculated. The definition of 'optimal' management for the evaluated comorbidities was primarily based on recommendations made by international scientific societies  17 18  and/or national healthcare systems  25  and/or the recommendations of the French Society of Rheumatology to prevent, detect and control comorbidities in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
In order to maintain similar conditions, the common macroscopic model as in Figure  2(A)  was used for all the three approaches. Only the dynamics representation of the contractile element was replaced. A was the only parameter identified for each subject. A was obtained by minimizing the root mean square difference between the measured and the The estimated muscle force is multiplied by the moment arm in order to obtain the torque. The moment arm was estimated from the Hawkins data  [29]  from the joint angle in the measured condition. The moment arms for MG and SOL are 0. 0515 [m] and 0. 0464 [m], respectively. The contribution ratio was calculated using the values reported by Delp  [25]. This was obtained as the maximum force by the moment arm considering the pennation angle. The resulting ratio is MG 0.
Influenza A Viruses Identified in African Swine Populations One published report of IAV detection in pigs in Africa was found, the isolation of an H1N1pdm09 in Cameroon  (Njabo KY, 2011). Sequence for an additional H1N1 pdm09 from Nigeria was also found in GenBank. Although there was a limited serologic survey in pigs from Nigeria suggesting high seroprevalance to human seasonal IAV  (Adeola OA, 2010) , this is in contrast to the extremely low seroprevalence reported in Cote d'Ivoire,  Benin and Togo (Couacy-Hymann E, 2012) , and the status of endemic IAV in swine in Africa remains unclear. The population of pigs is Africa is low compared with other continents, and the sparse population density may contribute to the relatively low incidence of IAV reported in swine from this region.
Implementing successful control programs for IAV depends on proper research and virological surveillance. To preserve resources, the focus of surveillance and research must be guided by well-structured analyses of risk factors to ensure meaningful results. In an effort to provide such guidance, we conducted a systematic review of published literature and ranked putative risk factors associated with emergence and dissemination of IAV in swine to determine high-priority countries for targeted surveillance. The analysis was targeted to the 27 countries with the highest pig populations using the software ArcGIS and the command 'sort on natural breaks'. Factors associated with pig, poultry and wild waterfowl density; IAV infection in pigs and birds; live-pig exports; husbandry; market practices in the swine and poultry industries; and international trade practices were considered.
For each experiment, corresponding to about two minutes of film after reaching steady state, four image sequences were extracted. The first sequence contains one image per second and was used to measure the quantity of powder contained in each lifter and its corresponding position (for each experiment, about 50 to 100 measurements of  vs  couples were made). The second sequence of images concerns the detachment of the lifters from the bed, while the third series represents the start of effective discharge. Finally, the fourth sequence shows the end of discharge. The second, third and fourth image sequences were used to measure the angles D, I and F (for each experiment, at least 10 images catching each of these three particular situations were analysed). Images from the first sequence were analysed semi-automatically using the Aphélion software, together with a specially developed measuring and processing algorithm.
The volume fraction (with respect to the total volume of the drum) occupied by the powder (k i ) contained in lifter number k located at position i (corresponding to an angle k i ) was obtained by dividing the area manually delineated by powder in contact with the glass face by the cross sectional area of the drum. The analysis performed on this image sequence is given in detail in the chart shown in Fig. 3. Typical images of the loading of lifters are shown on Fig. 4  for both types of kiln: powders being cohesive, the lifters are widely overloaded at small angular positions, even at relatively small kiln hold up. The second, third and fourth series of images were analysed using the software Vision Explorer MA. The angles at the end of discharge F, the detachment angles D and the angles at the start of effective discharge I were measured with respect to the horizontal on at least ten different images for each of the 22 experiments.
Characteristic angles The avalanche angle  was measured for each type of powder in drums #1 and #2, at various hold up and rotational speeds. The previous films were re-used -the first image sequence was again analysed using the Vision Explorer MA software. The avalanche angle was measured for various lifter positions. The static angles of repose for the four powders were measured using the crumbling cone method (NF T 20-221 standard), in which the powder is fed through a funnel, forming a cone whose angle is measured. The dynamic angles of repose for the four powders were measured by the rotating cylinder technique, using drums #1 and #2 without their lifting devices. 16 experiments were performed, with hold up ranging between 7. 5 and 16 % and rotational speed from 2 to 10 rpm. Each experiment was filmed for about two minutes after reaching steady state and one image every five seconds was extracted for analysis.
Results We identified 1431 sources; of the 124 included, 70 reported serotype data in children and adults with IPD from 15 countries. Before PCV introduction, PCV7 and PCV13 serotypes represented 53-77% and 91% of those found in children and 14-46% and 75% in adults, respectively. After PCV7 introduction this changed to 1-29% and 81-94% in children and 13-31% and 68-70% in adults. Before PCV introduction the most prevalent serotypes (≥5%) were  14, 19A, 1, 23F, 19F, 6B, 18C, 7F, 9V in children and 14, 3, 7F, 4, 5, 1, 9V, 19A, 23F, 6B in adults. After PCV7 introduction the most prevalent serotypes were 19A, 7F, 14, 3, 1, 6A, 18C, 5 in children and  7F, 19A, 1, 3, 15, 14, 4 , in adults. The distributions differed across the countries.
Explanatory variables were defined as follows: species as a factor, and feather d 15 N, d 13 C values, and the duration of the chick rearing period as covariates. The influence of the sampling year on Hg concentrations was not incorporated in model selection, since, as most species were sampled in only one year (Table  2 ), the year effect is confounded by the species effect. Noticeably however, two species (the Kerguelen petrel and subantarctic skua) that were sampled twice did not present significant inter-annual differences in feather Hg concentrations (data not shown). Biologically relevant models were constructed by incorporating the different variables and their interactions. Continuous variables that were significantly correlated were not included in the same models. The most parsimonious models were selected according to the bias-adjusted Akaı ¨ke's Information Criterion (AICc), which is a small-sample bias adjustment  [28, 29].
For loss of function experiments, the antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (Gene Tools, Philomath, OR) directed against X. laevis PTP4A3 (referred to as xlPTP4A3-MO, 40ng) was CAGGACGATTGATACGAGCCATGAT and its mismatching control (referred to as 5MM-MO, 40ng) was CAGcACcATTcATACcAcCCATGAT. The morpholino-induced phenotype was rescued by the co-injection of mmPTP4A3 mRNA (1ng). The antisense morpholino oligonucleotide efficiency was validated using in vitro TNT ® coupled reticulocyte lysate system (Promega) in the presence of radiolabeled S35 methionine (Perkinelmer) followed by SDS-PAGE. The lineage of the injected cell was monitored in each case by co-injection of either nuclear-targeted β-galactosidase mRNA (250 pg) or histone 2b-GFP mRNA (125 pg)  [18, 19]. Quantification of the loss of function phenotype was determined by measuring the height of the NC migratory streams using ImageJ software, while gain of function phenotype was quantified by measuring the area of the NC migratory streams using the same ImageJ software.
Isotopic and isochronic graft experiments Stage 17 cranial NC explants, taken from embryos previously injected with either nuclear histone2b-EGFP mRNA (250pg)  [19]  and xlPTP4A3-MO or histone2b-EGFP mRNA only, were dissected. The NC explant was orthotopically grafted into a stage-matched sibling host embryo after unilateral ablation of the host cephalic NC. Grafted NC migration was analyzed from stage 22 to stage 25. Pictures were taken using a Scion camera on a Leica MZFLIII stereoscope and imported using PhotoshopCS software.
Whole mount in situ hybridization and sectioning The 5'-UTR region of xlPTP4A3 mRNA (Accession #NM_001091784. 1) was isolated by PCR using a forward primer (5' GAGTAGATTGGATTGATTCAGCAGTCGC 3') and a reverse primer (5' GTCCTCCTTCCTTACATCAGGAC 3'), and then cloned using the TOPO TA Cloning kit (Invitrogen). The pCRII-TOPO-5'UTR-xlPTP4A3 template was used to synthesize digoxigenin-labeled cRNA and generate antisense RNA probes in vitro. Embryos and explants were processed following whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH)  [17, 20]. Sections (50-60 μm thick) were cut using a Leica VT1000 vibratome after gelatin-albumin embedding. Pictures were captured using a Scion camera on a Leica MZFLIII stereoscope and Olympus microscope and imported using ImageJ or Photoshop CS software. Scan levels were homogenized using level and brightness options in PhotoshopCS.
Time-lapse videomicroscopy Stage 17 cranial NC explants were dissected and cultured on fibronectin in a modified Danilchick medium containing 53mM NaCl, 5mM Sodium carbonate, 4. 5mM Potassium gluconate, 32mM Sodium gluconate, 1mM Magnesium sulfate, 1mM Calcium chloride, 0. 1% BSA, 5mM Bicine (pH 8. 3) and 50 µg/ml gentamicine sulfate  [23]. NCCs were treated with a specific inhibitor of PTP4A3 (PRL-3 Inhibitor I, Sigma) at a final concentration of 2 µM and the control NCCs were treated with vehicle (DMSO). Cranial NCC migration was monitored by time-lapse videomicroscopy at room temperature under bright light. This required an inverted phase contrast microscope (Leica DM IRB) with a charge coupled device (CCD) CoolSNAP camera (Roper Scientific Photometrics). Images were taken every 4min for 10h using Metamorph software.
Statistical analyses Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed by Microsoft Excel or StatView software. Differences between embryos phenotype in the loss of function experiment were examined with the Chi-squared test using Microsoft Excel whereas differences in the migratory streams length or area between the different groups of embryos were analyzed with the Mann Whitney test using StatView software. Similarly, differences in migration velocity or pausing average between the different cells used were examined with the Mann Whitney test using StatView software.
Spatiotemporal expression pattern of PTP4A3 in X. laevis embryos The PTP4A3 protein is conserved in Xenopus laevis and shares 89% identity with human PTP4A3 including the PTP catalytic site and the prenylation motif. PTP4A3 expression pattern was analyzed during early development of Xenopus laevis to investigate the role of PTP4A3 in embryos. We analyzed the global expression of xlPTP4A3 throughout embryogenesis using real-time PCR. xlPTP4A3 is expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout early developmental stages with a slight increase from stage 20 (data not shown). Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) was performed at different embryonic stages to investigate the spatial expression pattern of xlPTP4A3. At late blastula stage (Stage 9, Figure  1 , A-B), xlPTP4A3 was specifically detected in the animal hemisphere but not in the vegetal hemisphere of the embryo; no signal was observed with the sense control probe (Fig.
The amount of injected xlPTP4A3-MO (40ng) was determined in a dose-response experiment. No difference in NCC migration was observed in the control 5MM-MO-injected embryos (Figure  2C, b-b' ), suggesting that the observed effect is specifically due to PTP4A3 down-regulation. We examined whether mmPTP4A3 gain of function could rescue the normal phenotype to further confirm that the lack of PTP4A3 activity was responsible for the reduction in NCC migration. NCC migration defects were efficiently rescued by co-injection of wild type mmPTP4A3 with xlPTP4A3-MO (Figure  2C, c-c' ). This was not observed upon co-injection of xlPTP4A3-MO with the mmPTP4A3(C104S) mutant which is devoid of promigrating activity  [5]  (data not shown). Reduced NC territory in the injected side could be due to an apoptotic process induced by the reduction of xlPTP4A3 level, as shown in lung cancer cells  [24].
Immunodetection of activated-caspase 3 in injected embryos with xlPTP4A3-directed morpholino was carried out to test this hypothesis. Weak apoptosis was observed at stage 22  similarly in the injected area and control embryos; the level of apoptosis observed is probably not sufficient for this to be the main cause of the reduction in NC area (n=16) (Figure  2F, a-a'  and b-b' ). Furthermore, immunodetection of activated-caspase 3 on sections of the same embryos was performed to assess apoptosis specifically in the NC domain. No significant differences on apoptosis between the injected side and the uninjected side are observed (data not shown).
Daily pasture allowance (PA) is defined as the product of pregrazing pasture mass and offered area, and is the major grazing management factor determining pasture utilization per unit area and daily performance of grazing dairy cows. The objective of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis reviewing the effect of PA on pasture intake, milk production, milk composition, and grazing behavior of dairy cows. Experiments studying the effect of PA on pasture intake or milk production, which eventually included milk composition or grazing behavior data, or both, were selected to create a database. Papers were selected only if at least 2 PA were compared under the same experimental conditions, particularly the same pasture mass (i. e. , where PA levels were only obtained through changes in daily offered area).
The final database included 97 PA comparisons reported in 56 papers. For analytical purposes, the database was subdivided into 3 subsets that varied according to the estimation height (EH) at which PA was determined; that is, PA above ground level (PA 0 subset), PA above 2. 5 to 3. 5 cm (PA 3 subset), and PA above 4 to 5 cm (PA 5 subset). Statistical analyses were conducted independently on the PA 0 , PA 3 , and PA 5 subsets and on the whole database (global analysis) by using linear and nonlinear mixed-model procedures. The curves, either exponential, quadratic, or linear, describing the effects of PA on pasture intake, milk production, or grazing behavior of dairy cows are conceptually similar, whatever the EH. The equations describing these curves are, however, specific for each EH. Accordingly, from typical low to high PA, the increase in pasture intake (0.