dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Due to the retrospective nature of the analysis, only data that were recorded previously were included, and it was not possible to acquire new information on patient medical history. For instance, viral infections and edema were included in medical history in general terms, and no details were reported with regard to specific viruses or the edema site. These results should therefore be interpreted with caution. Because the study included participants with suspected magnesium deficiency, the risk of selection bias was high, and the actual prevalence of hypomagnesemia in Russia may be lower than revealed in this study. However, similarly high prevalence of hypomagnesemia has been reported previously  [26, 27]. Additionally, pregnancy and hormone-related conditions could be considered as risk factors for magnesium deficiency in general.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the participants included in the studies, the investigators, coordinators and study teams. The authors thank  Atlant Clinical Ltd. Clinical Research Organization  for protocol co-development and conducting the analysis, and  Dr. Lionel Noah  and  Beatrice Bois de Fer  of  Consumer Healthcare, Sanofi, Paris, France , for critical review of the manuscript. Editorial support was provided by  Olga Ucar  and  Mark Davies  of inScience Communications, Springer Healthcare Ltd. , UK, and was funded by  Sanofi.
Patients in the placebo arm were asked to consume daily recipes based on vegetables poorly enriched in fructans including beans, cress, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, lamb's lettuce, mushroom, peas, pepper, spinach, Swiss chard and tomato. Participants prepared their own meals. All participants and research staff (excepted dietitians who provided dietary advices and recipes books) were blinded to the treatments. Fresh stool samples were available for 24 patients from the St Luc subcohort at baseline and after 3 months of dietary intervention and were stored immediately at -80 °C until analyses of SCFA, LCFA, BA, zonulin, calprotectin and gut microbiota. The measurement of fecal microbial-derived metabolites, markers related to gut 1 3 integrity and inflammation were not initially scheduled in the trial design (NCT03852069-FOOD4GUT study).
We evaluated those parameters a posteriori in the context of the FiberTAG project  [23] , after approval by the "Comité d'éthique Hospitalo-facultaire de Saint-Luc" and in accordance to the written informed consent provided by participants (leaving the possibility to use biological material for future research outside the context of the FOOD4GUT study). This study has been carried out in accordance with followed the ethical guidelines set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent in compliance with the European law 2001/20/CE guidelines, before inclusion. All authors had access to the study data and reviewed and approved the final manuscript. The trial protocol was published on protocols. io (dx. doi. org/10. 17504/protocols. io. baidica6) and the trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.
Fecal microbiome sequencing and analysis Bacterial DNA was extracted from fecal samples using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), as previously described  [29]. The V5-V6 regions of the 16S rRNA gene of all samples were sequenced in the same run via by the MiSeq platform. The sequences and alpha and beta diversity indexes were calculated using QIIME2  [30]. An even depth of 10,769 sequences per sample was used to conduct microbiome diversity. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plots of beta-diversity indexes were visualized using R software (ade4 package). Raw sequences are deposited into the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) of NCBI (http:// www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/sra) and can be assessed with the accession number PRJNA669275.
05)  [31]. Beta-diversity indices were evaluated on Qiime2 and visualized with a PcoA performed on R software, using ade4 package. A Monte Carlo rank test was assessed for beta-diversity based PcoA. Associations between the changes of bacteria significantly (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests) regulated by prebiotic intervention and the changes of gut-derived metabolites between month 3 and baseline were assessed by Spearman's correlation tests. A significance level of p < 0. 05 was adopted for all analyses. Heatmaps of correlation were visualized with the corrplot package on R software. Power estimations were calculated for the main outcome of the study (Bifidobacterium genus) and for the exploratory fecal parameters (including calprotectin) using the JMP Pro 14 software and taking into account the difference (change after 3 months from baseline value), standard deviation and sample size.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the study participants for their participation in the study. We thank  Coralie Frenay  for dietetic analysis. We thank  Véronique Allaeys  for the excellent technical assistance. We thank the  UCLouvain's platform "Support en méthodologie et calcul statistique " and more specifically  Céline Bugli  for their advice concerning statistical analyses. We thank  Céline Druart  and  Florence Mailleux  for their precious help and implication for the LCFA analysis. CRS is a beneficiary of a postdoctoral fellowship program from  Fundación Alfonso Martin Escudero. NMD  is a recipient of grants from the  Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS , convention PINT-MULTI R. 8013. 19 (NEURON, call 2019) and convention  PDR T. 0068. 19 ) and from  UCLouvain  ( Action de Recherche Concertée   ARC18-23/092 ).
Tissue Collection, Invasive Hemodynamics, and Pressure Myography Experiments At the end of 12 weeks of feeding, anesthetized rats were instrumented with catheters inserted in the carotid artery and the jugular vein for invasive hemodynamic assessment as described previously. 35 Briefly, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured through the carotid artery catheter connected to a Millar pressure transducer to measure. Data acquisition was performed by PowerLab (AD Instruments, Dunedin, New Zealand) and recorded using LabChart Pro 8 (AD Instruments) software. After a 45-minute stabilization period, baroreceptor sensitivity was assessed by the vasoactive method as previously described. 48 Increasing doses of phenylephrine (0. 25, 0. 5, 0. 75, 1, 2 µg) and sodium nitroprusside (0.
5, 1, 2, 4, 8 µg) were injected into the jugular vein at 5-minute intervals, which were enough for MAP and HR to return to baseline values. Peak changes in MAP (ΔMAP) and HR (ΔHR) were recorded. ΔHR was plotted as a function of ΔMAP in each treatment group, and the mean slope of the linear regression of ΔHR versus ΔMAP together with its confidence interval and SEM were calculated using GraphPad Prism software to represent baroreflex sensitivity and compared among groups. The maximal rate of the rise of ventricular pressure, indicative of left ventricular function, was extracted from the LabChart recording. After the experiment, anesthetized rats were euthanized by decapitation and exsanguination. The thoracic cavity was exposed for organ and tissue collection. Brainstem and PVAT (surrounding the thoracic aorta extending from the aortic arch to the diaphragm) were dissected, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 °C.
Control experiments were performed by omitting primary antibodies and using rabbit IgG (immunoglobulin G) controls. Images were taken using an Olympus CX41 light microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). In each representative slide, dihydroethidium fluorescence or trichrome staining was semiautomatically quantified in 20 fields and expressed as a percentage of staining of total surface area, and the results from all fields were averaged. Hematoxylin and eosin was used to assess adipocyte size and papillary edema measured by ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). At least 10 adipocytes were measured from 5 random areas in the slide in question, and total interfibrillar space was calculated from heart sections. Quantification was performed by a blinded assessor via isolation and quantification of the staining intensity using ImageJ software and normalization to the tissue area in each slide.
After 2 washes with 0. 02% Trisbuffered saline with 0. 1% Tween 20 (5 minutes) and 2 washes with Tris-buffered saline (5 minutes), the blots were exposed to Clarity Western enhanced chemiluminescence substrate (BioRad, Hercules, CA) for 5 minutes and then detected by the Chemidoc imaging system (BioRad). Densitometric analysis of the protein bands was performed using ImageJ software. Measurements were normalized to the density of GAPDH. All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) unless otherwise indicated.
Statistical Analysis Data were expressed as mean±SEM. Comparisons among groups were done using 1-way or 2-way ANOVA followed by the appropriate post hoc test as indicated in the corresponding section in the Results or the figure legends. Whenever repeated measurements were made from the same animal (at different dosing or pressure levels), a repeated measures analysis (in the dosing or pressure factor) was used (Figures  3, 6 , and 8). Linear regression was used to evaluate baroreflex sensitivity. GraphPad Prism version 7 software was used for statistical analysis. A P value <0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was done once comparing data from all groups. However, for ease of presentation of results, the figures were broken down to facilitate the depiction of the effect of different treatment groups.
PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE The study consisted of two parts: the first was a pointprevalence assessment of undernutrition and the second a longitudinal evaluation of consecutively recruited children aged <5 with clinical evidence of malnutrition, stunting and wasting. For this paper, only the data pertaining to children with stunting were used. Eligible participants for the study were children 0-5 years, living in LB who visited the outreach programme during the study period, whose parents verbally consented to participating. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Verbal informed consent was obtained from parents to analyse anonymised growth data of children recruited to the study.
PREVALENCE ASSESSMENT For the prevalence assessment, all children aged <5 years who visited the outreach programme between April and June 2018 were included. Height, weight, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were recorded for 116 children, and data were entered on WHO Anthro software for assessing growth and development of children (WHO Anthro for personal computers, version 3. 2. 2, 2011. Geneva: WHO, 2010). MUAC was recorded for all children aged 6 months-5 years.
NUTRITIONAL STATUS The nutritional assessment consisted of weight and height. The measurements were performed by CR street medicine staff who received formal training and supervision throughout the programme from three medical doctors (MS, SK, and VR) with experience in child health volunteering for the organisation. Weight was measured using calibrated digital scales. Height was measured using a calibrated mobile stadiometer (seca® 213 portable stadiometer) for children of walking age and a portable infantometer (seca® 210 mobile measuring mat) for children aged <1 year. The data were entered in the WHO Anthro program to calculate Z-scores for height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) using WHO reference values. 21 evalence of undernutrition and effectiveness of a community-based nutritional support programme to reverse stunting.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were collected using a case record form purposefully designed for the nutritional programme. Paper case record forms were stored under lock and key in CR's street medicine offices. Each child was provided with a numerical identifier that ensured appropriate anonymization of identifiable data. Data were then transferred manually into a Microsoft Excel (2013) spreadsheet which was password protected. All data were subsequently transferred to and analysed in a password protected database in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26. 0 (IBM SPSS, Inc. , Chicago, IL).
Study Design and Population This study was a population-based observational, non-interventional, cohort study. This study was part of a health care quality improvement project that aims to improve neonatal health care of preterm infants in a regional perinatal network. Because this was a non-interventional study, signed parental consent was not required. Parents were informed of the study and could oppose the collection of data on their infants. The infants' records were anonymized for analysis. This study was declared to the Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL, number 1979318) and was approved by the scientific committee of the regional perinatal health network. We included all MP infants born between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017, with GA from 32 0/7 weeks to 34 6/7 weeks, and who were admitted to the neonatal units of the region PACA-Corse-Monaco in the southeast of France.
The region PACA-Corse-Monaco records nearly 61,000 births per year and includes three level 3 NICUs and eighteen level 2 neonatal units. All twenty-one neonatal units participated in this study. Infants who died before discharge from neonatal units, those with major congenital and genetic abnormalities, and those with a lack of data regarding growth parameters (at birth, day 7, and discharge) were excluded.
Nutrition and Growth Parameters Nutrition intake were collected and calculated at day of life 1 (DoL1) and 7 (DoL7) and at discharge (D/C). Volume, energy, protein, lipid, and glucose intakes were calculated from daily enteral feeding (including human milk (HM) and infant formulas) and parenteral nutrition. HM fortification quantities and the day of initiation were also noted. Donor mature HM was assumed to comprise 1. 2 g of protein, 3. 2 g of fat and 7. 8 g of carbohydrate per 100 mL, while moderately preterm HM was considered to contain 1. 9 g of protein, 4. 8 g of fat and 7. 5 g of carbohydrate per 100 mL  [25]. Parenteral nutrition length and support and use of a central venous line (including umbilical venous catheter) were also noted. We collected data on body weight (BW), height (H), and head circumference (HC) at DoL1, DoL7, and D/C.
Data Collection Obstetric and neonatal data were collected from the infants' medical records. Data on maternal age, multiple births, antenatal steroid therapy, obstetrical complications, and mode of delivery were also collected. GA was calculated according to the date of the last menstrual period and/or early obstetrical ultrasound. Neonatal morbidity included severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), defined as the need for endotracheal surfactant therapy; nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) use; necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) ≥ stage II according to Bell's definition; early-onset infection (in the first three days); severe cerebral injury (intraventricular hemorrhage ≥ stage III according to Papile's definition or periventricular leukomalacia diagnosed on head ultrasound or cerebral magnetic resonance imagery); bronchopulmonary dysplasia, defined as the need for oxygen or respiratory support at day 28; catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBIs), defined as at least one positive blood culture associated with clinical manifestations or antibiotic use for at least 5 days; and length of hospital stay.
Statistical Analysis We first described the population and then compared groups with and without EUGR. We performed statistical analyses for such comparisons using the chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests for qualitative variables and Student's t-test or Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests (when conditions for Student's t-test were not satisfied) for quantitative variables. Variables with p-values < 0. 20 in bivariable analyses were included in a step-by-step backward multivariable analysis in order to identify the factors associated with EUGR. We performed a multivariable generalized logistic regression (PROC GLIMMIX in SAS ®, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA), with the place of hospitalization as a random effect to take into account correlation of data due to the center effect. Confounding factors were eliminated and total energy intake at DoL7 was retained to represent nutrient intake in a first model, and total protein intake at DoL7 in a second model.
Results During the study period, a total of 835 MP infants with GA 32 0/7 and 34 6/7 weeks born between 1 January 2017, and 31 December 2017, were admitted to the 21 participating neonatal units. Six infants died before discharge, two had major congenital abnormalities, and 92 had missing data regarding the primary outcome (EUGR). Finally, 735 MP infants were included. The mean (SD) GA and birth weight were 33. 2 (0. 8) weeks and 2005 (369) g, respectively, with nearly half of the infants born with GA at 34 weeks (Table  1 ). In this study, 85 infants (11. 6%) were born SGA, 57 (7. 7%) had RDS treated with surfactant, and 11 (1. 5%) had NEC stage ≥ 2. The rate of CRBI was low (less than 1%), and 72% of the population received antenatal steroids.
Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank  Ariel Viviant , coordinating child nurse in the Mediterranean network;  Nathalie Alcaraz , midwife manager,  Clinique Urbain V Avignon ;  Caroline Cardinale , midwife manager,  Clinique Bouchard Marseille ;  Shirley Cox , midwife manager, Centre Hospitalier Fréjus; and  Françoise Delchevalerie , midwife manager,  Centre Hospitalier Draguignan  for assistance with data collection. The authors also want to thank all of the medical doctors collaborating with the NUTRIPRETERM Study Group:  Frédérique Arnaud ,  Clinique L'Etoile Puyricard ;  Audrey Baudesson ,  Centre Hospitalier Aix-en-Provence ;  Véronique Brévaut ,  Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Marseille ;  Justine Derain-Court ,  Hôpital Saint Joseph Marseille ;  Blandine Desse ,  Centre Hospitalier Grasse ;  Clara Fortier ,  Centre Hospitalier Antibes ;  Eric Gillet ,  Centre Hospitalier Bastia ;  Anaïs Ledoyen ,  Centre Hospitalier Ajaccio ;  Anne-Marie Maillotte ,  Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nice ;  Christelle Parache ,  Centre Hospitalier Salon ;  Jean-Claude Picaud ,  Centre Hospitalier Cannes ;  Philippe Quetin ,  Centre Hospitalier Avignon ;  Bénédicte Richard ,  Centre Hospitalier Toulon ;  Anne-Marie Zoccarato ,  Centre Hospitalier Gap.
The peak and fraction numbers refer to those designated in (A). Peak 4 (fractions 14-16) contained mainly hTAS1R2 marked with a black asterisk. spectrum revealed that hTAS1R2 was approximately 66% α-helix and 18% β-sheet. This composition is consistent with the secondary structure content of other crystallized class C GPCRs, such as mGluR (PDB 6N52)  45  and GABAb (PDB 4MS4)  46  for which the protein circular dichroism data bank (PCDDB) calculated around 37% α-helix for both proteins, and 12% and 21% β-sheet, respectively  47. To confirm the oligomerization state of FLAG-tagged hTAS1R2, fractions 14 to 16 corresponding to peak 4 were pooled and analysed using an online size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled to MALS, RI and UV detectors. SEC-MALS allows determination of the direct molecular mass of protein detergent complexes and does not require calibration curves  48.
Nevertheless, because the protein was obtained in LMNG detergent at a concentration in buffer above the critical micelle concentration, the quality of the chromatographic data was validated using two known molecular markers, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and β-amylase (Supplementary Fig. S4 ). Thus, the detergent complexes containing a BSA monomer or β-amylase were correctly resolved, with calculated molecular weights of 66 kDa and 200 kDa, respectively (theoretical molecular weights of 66 kDa and 200 kDa, respectively). The UV analysis at 280 nm-LS (90° angle)-RI overlay of the purified hTAS1R2 revealed the oligomeric states and the presence of the receptor in heterogeneous forms (Fig. 7 ). A predominant dimeric form with a measured mass of 204 kDa was detected after injection of concentrated fractions resulting from gel filtration.
The data were fitted with a standard nonlinear regression method using SigmaPlot software. Data represent mean ± sem from at least four independent experiments. The reported K d values are the average of triplicate measurements from at least three independently purified protein samples. value of 373 ± 110 µM (Fig. 8A, C, D ). As a negative control, we tested the sweetener cyclamate, which has been shown to bind hTAS1R3-TMD  21, 23. As expected, cyclamate addition had no effect on the intrinsic fluorescence of hTAS1R2 (Fig. 8E ). Altogether, these data demonstrated that purified hTAS1R2 protein is functional and able to specifically bind sweet tasting molecules with micromolar affinities. To confirm the ligand binding data obtained with the purified hTAS1R2, we performed cellular assays to determine the functional activity of the heterodimeric sweet taste receptor  49, 50.
Construction of a tetracycline inducible HEK293S stable cell line expressing hTAS1R2. The sequence encoding hTAS1R2 was obtained from the online UniProtKB Protein database (accession Q8TE23). The gene was synthesized commercially (DNA 2. 0, Menlo Park, CA, USA) and optimized for expression in mammalian cells. Protein expression and purification were facilitated by the addition of the Kozak sequence (GCC ACC ATGG) immediately before the start codon and by the addition of the FLAG epitope tag (DYK-DDDDK) to the N-terminus of the hTAS1R2 gene after the starting codon. The synthetic cDNA encoding hTAS1R2 was subcloned into the NdeI and EcoRI restriction sites of the pcDNA5/TO-inducible expression vector (Invitrogen). The resulting expression vector pcDNA5/TO-hTAS1R2 encodes a fusion protein comprising an N-terminal FLAG-tag followed by hTAS1R2.
SEC coupled with multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) analysis. The oligomeric state of the purified FLAG-tagged hTAS1R2 protein was determined using an SEC column coupled to a MALS detector. SEC was performed using a Superdex 200 Increase 3. 2/300 column (GE Healthcare) and eluted with PBS containing 0. 1% LMNG (pH 7. 3) at 0. 1 mL/min. The protein was detected with a triple-angle light scattering detector (Mini-DAWN TREOS, Wyatt Technology) connected to a UV detector (UV 100 SpectraSeries, Thermo Separation Products, Waltham, MA, USA) operating at a wavelength of 280 nm and a differential refractometer (RiD-10A, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). A 100 µL volume of each sample was injected onto the column. The molecular weights of the protein detergent complexes were determined with ASTRA VI software (Wyatt Technology Santa Barbara, CA, USA).
1% LMNG buffer. Successive aliquots of ligand solutions were added to 400 µL of the FLAG-tagged hTAS1R2 solution. A range of ligand concentrations adapted to each compound was tested (0. 1 µM to 630 µM for sucralose, 0. 1 nM to 100 µM for neotame, 0. 1 to 2400 µM for acesulfame-K, 0. 1 µM to 1 mM for perillartine and 0. 1 µM to 10 mM for cyclamate). The fluorescence measurements were corrected for bleaching and nonspecific buffer quenching. The dissociation constants (K d ) were calculated from a plot of the fluorescence intensity measured at the maximum emission wavelength (340 nm) versus the concentration of total ligand obtained with a standard nonlinear regression method using SigmaPlot software (Systat Software Inc. , San Jose, CA, USA). The reported K d values are the average of triplicate measurements performed on at least three independently purified protein samples.
After extensive washing, secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Italia, Cologno Monzese, Italy) were used. The immunoreactive proteins were detected with ClarityTM Western ECL substrate (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and images were captured with a ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Densitometry of the bands was performed with the software ImageLab (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The Western blots shown are representative and the densitometric analysis was performed on three independent experiments.