dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Drs. Marcello Tonelli  and  Valerie Luyckx  for their contributions to the project and manuscript. We thank  Sandrine Damster , research project manager at the  International Society of Nephrology (ISN) , and  Alberta Kidney Disease Network (AKDN)  staff ( Ghennete Houston ,  Sue Szigety , and  Sophanny Tiv)  for their support with the organization and conduct of the survey and project management. We thank the  ISN  staff ( Louise Fox  and  Luca Segantini ) for their support. We thank the executive committee of the ISN, the  ISN regional leadership , and the leaders of the ISN affiliate societies at regional and country levels for their support toward the success of this initiative.
Millimeter observations BzK4892 and BzK8608 were observed with JVLA (10-12 January 2012), in the DnC configuration, as part of the VLA/11B-060 program (PI: Daddi E. ). Observations were carried out with receivers tuned to ∼ 32. 5 GHz, corresponding to the expected frequency of the redshifted CO(1-0) emission line, for a total time on source of 4. 4 hrs. An additional window at ∼ 28. 3 GHz was observed, in order to attempt a continuum detection in combination with line-free channels in the upper spectral window. Both spectral windows cover a bandwidth of 1 GHz each. We reduced the data with the CASA VLA Calibration pipeline. CDF153 was observed with PdBI in 2012, with the array set to the C configuration, as part of the program W041 (PI. Feruglio C. ), with receivers tuned to the frequency of 91.
1 GHz, expected for the CO(2-1) line. The spectral set-up covered a total bandwidth of 2 GHz. PdBI data were calibrated and imaged with the GILDAS CLIC and MAPPING 3 software. The on-source time was 4. 8 hours (6-antennae equivalent). The QSO J0329-2357 (for BzK sources) and 0338-214 (CDF153) have been used as phase calibration sources. We used 3C 48 (for BzK sources) and MWC349 (for CDF153) for absolute flux calibrations, which yield an absolute flux accuracy of ∼ 10%. The clean beam of the VLA and PdBI observations are reported in Table  2. Note that, due to the low declination of CDF153, the associated PdBI beam is highly elongated. After flagging of poor visibilities, the reduced data sets reached noise levels of 0. 04 mJy/beam per 40 MHz channel for BzK4892, 0. 03 mJy/beam per 40 MHz for BzK8608 and 0.
Literature samples In order to explore the conditions of molecular gas in high-z galaxies and to test the SB-QSO evolutionary scenario, we com-bined our new observations with data from the literature, considering different classes of objects at z > 1, from normal galaxies and SMGs to obscured and unobscured QSOs. In particular, we consider: a sample of 56 main sequence galaxies from the compilation of  Sargent et al. (2014)  In Appendix §C we tabulate the information collected separately for each individual class of sources and provide stellar mass and MS-offset (sSFR/sSFR MS ) distributions for all the sources for which stellar masses are available. These systems are associated with massive host galaxies, with M star ≈ 10 11 M (with a 1σ dispersion of 0. 4 dex). We note that the collected SMGs have been selected in the different papers as per their infrared luminosity > 10 12 L and that, for many of them, the M star is unknown; therefore, this sample can include an heterogeneous collection of SB and normal MS galaxies.
We also divided the sources into three redshift intervals, 1 < z < 2, 2 < z < 3 and z > 3, to test the presence of a possible redshift evolution in the properties of AGN targets. The cumulative distributions reported in Fig. 4  highlight the stark differences between star forming systems and unobscured AGN, with SFE > 200 values for the large majority (∼ 80%) of luminous AGN and only for a small fraction (∼ 20%) of star forming galaxies. Instead, the SFE distribution of the population of dusty AGN is similar to that of unobscured AGN. In order to quantitatively compare the three subsamples, we use the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS test;  Press et al. 1992 ). The non-parametric KS test measures the probability that two dataset are drawn from the same parent population ("null hypothesis"). The KS statistic for the three redshift intervals is D ≈ 0.
In particular, CO luminosities may be affected by excitation factor uncertainties ( §4. 1). Moreover, the infrared luminosities of our sample have been derived with a variety of approaches and in some cases are poorly constrained due to non-detection in the far-IR bands (see Notes in Table  C. 2). In this section, we will test the impact of these biases on our results, considering the total samples of SFGs, dusty and unobscured AGN (i. e. without considering distinct redshift bins; see §4. 1. 1). In order to probe whether wrong IR luminosity measurements affect our dusty AGN SFE cumulative distribution, we consider only the subsample of dusty AGN which L IR has been measured through an SED-decomposition into AGN and galaxy emission. Moreover, we also discarded all AGN for which IR emission is not well constrained because of the lack of data above 24µm (see Notes in Table  C.
Tab. C. 2, for the sample of dusty AGN); the measurements reported in this paper for BzK4892 would be therefore of utility to establish the context for the next studies of highly obscured QSOs in the high-z Universe. Wang et al. (in prep. ) ; 3σ upper limits are reported for S 70µm , S 100µm and S 500µm of BzK8608. CDF153 SPIRE data are not reported, as the Wang et al. procedure was not able to recover reliable measurements. For BzK4892, we also reported in parentheses the photometric fluxes from the CANDELS Rainbow Cosmological Surveys database. No Rainbow measurements are reported for BzK8608 and CDF153. In the last row we also report the (8-1000)µm IR luminosities derived in this work and those from the Rainbow database. for SMGs and dusty AGN targets, and are used to derive the gas fractions shown in Fig.
Acknowledgments: We thank the anonymous referee for a useful and detailed report which helped improve the paper. MP thanks the  Marco Polo Project of the Bologna University  and the  University of Sussex  for the hospitality during his stay in Brighton, where part of this work was carried out. MP also thanks  S. Salvadori ,  S. Gallerani ,  A. Pallottini ,  M. C. Orofino  and  L. Graziani  for fruitful discussions. GC acknowledges the support by  INAF/Frontiera through the "Progetti Premiali" funding scheme of the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research , and the  INAF   PRIN-SKA 2017 program   1. 05. 01. 88. 04. This research was finalised at the  Munich Institute for Astro-and Particle Physics (MIAPP)  of the DFG cluster of excellence " Origin and Structure of the Universe ", during the program "In & Out: What rules the galaxy baryon cycle?" (July 2017).
MP, MB and GL acknowledge support from the  FP7 Career Integration Grant "eEASy " (" SMBH evolution through cosmic time: from current surveys to eROSITA-Euclid AGN Synergies ",  CIG 321913 ). MTS was supported by a  Royal Society   Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship  ( LT150041 ). EL is supported by a  European Union   COFUND/Durham Junior Research Fellowship (under EU  grant agreement no. 609412 ). This work is based on observations carried out under project number  W041  [PI:  C. Feruglio ], with the  IRAM PdBI Interferometer  [30m telescope], and under project number  VLA/11B-060  [PI:  E. Daddi ], with the JVLA telescope. IRAM is supported by  INSU/CNRS (France) ,  MPG (Germany)  and  IGN (Spain). The National Radio Astronomy Observatory  is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by  Associated Universities, Inc.
Rec114 contains a Pleckstrin homology domain To gain insights into the structure of mouse REC114 we produced the full length protein in bacteria. Then, using limited trypsin proteolysis we identified a stable fragment (residues 15-159) that was suitable for structural analysis. We determined the crystal structure of this REC114 N-terminal region at a resolution of 2. 5 Å by SAD using the selenomethionine (SeMet)-substituted protein. The final model, refined to an Rfree of 30% and R-factor of 25% included residues 15-150 (Table  1 ). Unexpectedly, the structure revealed that REC114 (15-150) forms a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, with two perpendicular antiparallel β-sheets followed by a C-terminal helix (Fig. 6 ). Several residues are disordered in loops between the β strands. In the SeMet protein dataset that we solved at 2.
7 Å, the crystallographic asymmetric unit contained two REC114 molecules, but the position of β2 that packs against β1 in one of the molecules was shifted by three residues. A Protein Data Bank search using the PDBeFold server at EBI revealed that REC114 (15-150) was highly similar to other PH domains and that the N-terminal domain of the CARM1 arginine methyltransferase (PDB code 2OQB) was the closest homolog (Supplemental Fig. S5 ). Mapping the conserved residues to the protein surface revealed that both β-sheets contained exposed conserved residues that could be involved in protein interactions with REC114 partners (Supplemental Fig. S6 ). In the crystal, the PH domain formed extensive crystallographic contacts with a symmetry-related molecule. Indeed, this interface, judged as significant using the PDBePisa server, buried a surface of 764 Å 2 and included several salt bridges and hydrogen bonds formed by the wellconserved Arg98 of β6 and Glu130 and Gln137 of α1 (Supplemental Fig.
Data collection and structure determination Crystals of REC114 (15-159) belong to the space group P6122 with the unit cell dimensions a, b = 107. 5 Å and c = 82. 8 Å. The asymmetric unit contains one molecule and has a solvent content of 71%. A complete native dataset was collected to a resolution of 2. 5 Å on the beamline ID30A-1/MASSIF-1 at the ESRF (Grenoble, France). The SeMet REC114 crystallized in the same conditions in the space group P42212 and contained two molecules per asymmetric unit. A complete SeMet dataset was collected to a resolution of 2. 7 Å at the peak wavelength of the Se K-edge on the ID23-1 beamline at the ESRF. Data were processed using XDS  (Kabsch 2010). The structure was solved using SeMet SAD data. Selenium sites were identified, refined and used for phasing in AUTOSHARP  (Bricogne et al.
2003). The model was partially built with BUCCANEER  (Cowtan 2006) , completed manually in COOT  (Emsley et al. 2010)  and refined with REFMAC5  (Murshudov et al. 1997). The model was used for molecular replacement to determine the structure using the native dataset and PHASER  (McCoy et al. 2007 ). The native structure was finalized in COOT and refined with REFMAC5 to a final R-factor of 25% and Rfree of 30% (Table  1 ) with all residues in allowed regions (96% in favored regions) of the Ramachandran plot, as analyzed using MOLPROBITY  (Chen et al. 2010).
Scientifique (CNRS) and the European Research Council (ERC) Executive Agency under the EuropeanCommunity's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013 Grant Agreement no. [322788]). C. O. was funded in part by a post-doctoral fellowship from LabexEpigenMed, program « Investissements d'avenir », ANR-10-LABX-12-01. B. d. M. was recipient of the Prize Coups d'Élan for French Research from the Fondation Bettencourt-Schueller. Authors' contribution RK initiated the project, analyzed mice and performed cytological analysis CO analyzed mice and protein interactions CB analyzed mice, performed cytological analysis and quantified the data YT prepared samples and antibodies A-B. J-M performed in vitro assays JK designed and performed in vitro assays and structural analysis.
Acknowledgments We thank  Yukiko Imai  for many advices on immunoprecipitation assays and  Frédéric Baudat  for help and advices on histology. We thank all laboratory members for insight and discussions. We thank  Amélie Sarazin  for image analysis. We thank  Attila Toth  for comments on the manuscript, and anti-IHO1 and anti-MEI4 antibodies. We thank  Morgane Auboiron  for help in immuno-cytochemistry. BdM thanks  Akira Shinohara  and  Osaka University  for providing support during the preparation of the manuscript. We thank the following  BioCampus Montpellier  facilities: the  Réseau des Animaleries de Montpellier (RAM)  for animal care, the  Réseau d'Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier (RHEM)  for histology, the  Montpellier Resources Imagerie (MRI)  for microscopy, and the  TAAM/CNRS  facility.
ABJ was supported by the  Labex GRAL  ( ANR-10-LABX-49-01 ). This work used the platforms of the Grenoble Instruct-ERIC Center (ISBG:  UMS 3518 CNRS-CEA-UGA-EMBL ) with support from  FRISBI  ( ANR-10-INSB-05-02 ) and  GRAL  ( ANR-10-LABX-49-01 ) within the  Grenoble Partnership for Structural Biology  (PSB). We thank  Caroline Mas  and  Marc Jamin , for assistance with MALLS and  Luca Signor  for mass spectrometry analysis. We thank the staff of the  ESRF-EMBL Joint Structural Biology Group , particularly.
NusA Interacts with the hisPEC through at Least Four Contact Points Low-resolution maps revealed extra density on the N and C terminus of NusA. On the C terminus, the NMR structure of a complex between NusA-AR2 and the CTD of an RNAP a subunit (a1-CTD) could be fit (PDB ID: 2JZB;  Schweimer et al. , 2011; Figures 3A and S5A; Movie S1). Additional density extended from the second RNAP a subunit (a2-CTD) toward NusA-NTD. We were able to fit a2-CTD (Figures 3A, S5A, and S5B), revealing an interaction with NusA-NTD not seen before (Figure  3B ; Movie S1). At low contour levels, the linker between the N-and CTDs of a2 A further interaction occurs between the C-terminal end of the RNAP u subunit and the interface between the two KH domains (Figures  3A  and S5C ). The C-terminal residues of u are often disordered in RNAP structures  (Kang et al.
The RNA Exit Channel Accommodates the Pause Hairpin The RNA exit channel, formed by the RNAP shelf, clamp, and b-flap modules, is wider in the hisPEC-NusA complex compared to an EC to accommodate the RNA hairpin. Structural superposition shows the hairpin stem would clash with protein elements in the channel of ECs (Figure  5A ; Movie S1). The FTH, which is usually highly flexible in ECs, has previously been shown to delay RNA duplex formation in the exit channel but the effect was relieved by NusA  (Hein et al. , 2014). Our structure shows NusA stabilizes the FTH in a position distal to the RNA hairpin, explaining how NusA relieves steric interference of duplex formation by the FTH (Figure  5B ). (C) Overlay of three models of NusA orientations (from reconstruction 2, 3, 4) and NusA in antitermination complex (PDB ID 5MS0)  (Said et al.
5, 0. 5% bromphenol blue, and 0. 5% xylene cyanol). Samples were chased by adding 1 mM GTP and analyzed by separating on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. For data analysis, gels were exposed to storage phosphor screens and quantified using a Typhoon PhosphorImager and ImageQuant software (GE Healthcare). The RNA species in each lane were quantified as a fraction of the total RNA in each lane and corrected for the non-reactive fraction remaining in the chase lane. To monitor the effect of NusA on hisPECs the rate of pause escape was determined by nonlinear regression of [U29] versus time (http://plasma-gate. weizmann. ac. il/Grace/) using a double exponential decay (Figures  4B, S1E,  and S1H ).
In a first step, $20,000 particles were picked with the semiautomated swarm method using EMAN2  (Tang et al. , 2007). Relion  (Scheres, 2012)  was used for the image processing workflow unless stated otherwise. Reference-free 2D classes were generated, five of which were used for template-based auto-picking after filtering them to 20 A ˚. After removing bad particles by 2D classification, 476,563 particles were used for 3D refinement. E. coli core RNAP derived from a crystal structure of E. coli holoenzyme (PDB ID 4YG2)  (Murakami, 2013)  was low pass filtered to 60 A ånd used as a reference to yield an initial reconstruction. The reference did not contain any nucleic acids, or any additional ligands, and a $100-residue large domain (a part of sequence insertion 3, SI3; also known as b'i6;  (Lane and Darst, 2010)  was missing.
Structural modeling of hisPEC-NusA To generate a model of hisPEC-NusA, we started by using models derived from the cryo-EM structure of E. coli RNAP core (PDB ID 6ALH), the crystal structure of E. coli NusA NTD, S1, KH1, KH2, and AR1 (PDB ID 5LM7), and an NMR structure of E. coli NusA AR2 domain in complex with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis RNAP a-subunit CTD (PDB ID 2JZB)  (Kang et al. , 2017; Said et al. , 2017; Schweimer et al. , 2011). The initial model was fit in COOT and refined using Phenix real-space-refine  (Adams et al. , 2010). Initially, RNAP and NusA domains were placed and refined as rigid bodies. Subsequently, after visual inspection and rebuilding, the model was further refined using secondary structure restraints. RNA-DNA hybrid and downstream DNA duplex were built de novo in COOT and real-space refined (Figures  1C-1E ).
DATA AND SOFTWARE AVAILABILITY The accession number for the five cryo-EM reconstructions (hisPEC-NusA, three different NusA orientations, and the low-resolution reconstruction that allowed us to place the AR2-a1-CTD interaction using PDB: 2JZB) reported in this paper is EMD: 4275. The accession number for the PEC-NusA reconstruction reported in this paper is EMD: 4274. The accession numbers for the fitted models reported in this paper are PDB: 6FLQ (all atom model for hisPEC-NusA except for NusA and the two a-CTDs, which are modeled as Poly-Alanine) and 6FLP (all atom model for PEC-NusA except NusA was not modeled).
In the hisPEC-NusA, the lid loop moved upstream providing space for the À10 base pair. Switch 2, connected to the lid loop through the clamp helices, also moved upstream but maintained contacts to the downstream tDNA and upstream RNA bases it would contact in the pre-translocated state. The bridge helix is slightly kinked. (C) Active site comparison between the post-translocated EC structure (hisPEC sequence modeled based on PDB ID 6ALH; (Kang et al. , 2017) and the hisPEC-NusA. The substrate-binding site is highlighted (red). In contrast to a post-translocated state (EC, left), the next incoming tDNA base (C15) has not yet accommodated in the active site in the hisPEC-NusA because of the halftranslocated hybrid. See also Figures S6 and S7.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Jin Young Kang ,  Seth A. Darst , and  Robert Landick  for insightful discussions and sharing their results. The authors were supported by the  French Infrastructure for Integrated Structural Biology  ( FRISBI ANR-10-INBS-05 ,  Instruct-ERIC , and grant  ANR-10-LABX-0030-INRT , a  French State  fund managed by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  under the  program Investissements d'Avenir   ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02 ). The work was supported by a  LabEx PhD  fellowship to X. G. and the  ERC  starting grant TRANSREG ( 679734 ) to A. W. Molecular Cell 69,  816-827 , March 1, 2018 825.
Patients All consecutive tibial shaft fractures secondary to a direct impact or a high-energy traumatism were treated by monolateral external fixation after open reduction between 2008 and 2013. Inclusion criteria were: skeletally immature children with a displaced and unstable, closed and/ or open Gustilo I fracture. Children with history of lower extremities fractures, skeletal congenital diseases and systemic or metabolic diseases were excluded. Primary outcome was defined by the success of bone healing assessed by the lack of residual pain associated to radiological bone healing. Secondary outcome was defined by the presence of major complications: nonunion, bone infection and malunion > 10°. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All data was collected after approval by the local ethic committee.
Statistical analysis This was performed using Stata 14. 0 (Stata Corp. , College Station, Texas). Numerical data was expressed as means ± standard error of the mean (sem). A Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to assess data distribution. Group comparisons used a two-tailed Student's t-test for variables with normal distribution. A 2-sample Wilcoxon test was performed for the non-parametric data. Statistically significant results were accepted as valid with a significance of p < 0. 05.
End point and statistical analysis Surgical success was defined as an IOP less than or equal to 20 mm Hg, with no clinical signs of ocular pain at the last follow-up examination. All IOP data were http://www. openveterinaryjournal. com P. F. Isard et al. Open Veterinary Journal, (2018) , Vol. 8(3): 305-312 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 308 expressed as median and min, max values. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). Normality of data was assessed using Shapiro-Wilk normality tests. Considering the non-Gaussian distribution of the data and the small number of animals per group, treatment group and time effects were assessed using the nonparametric Friedman test.
UNDERWATER IMAGING SYSTEMS The image datasets used for this study were collected using two different systems (Figure  4 ): i) Nikon D750 24 Mpx full frame DSLR mounting a Nikkor 24 mm AF f/2. 8 D enclosed in NiMAR NI3D750ZM pressure housing with a NiMAR flat port specifically built for the experiments reported in this manuscript. ii) GoPro HERO4 Black fisheye lens action camera in its dedicated waterproof housing featuring a flat port For system (i) the distance of the entrance pupil from the internal surface of the flat port was measured using another camera mounted on a linear stage to act as a collimator (Figure  5 ) according to the procedure described in  Menna et al. (2016). The value Z0 (Figure  2 ) was found to be about 50 mm. For system (ii) the entrance pupil could not be collimated but a plausible value for Z0 can be estimated to be about 4-5 mm maximum.
Employed image datasets Experiments were carried out both at sea and in swimming pools. Seven different image datasets were chosen for this study:  5 image networks of the modular test object (Fig. 3a ) were performed with a flat port, 2 realized at sea and 2 in pools, thus providing different conditions in particular with respect to water transparency which was naturally worse at sea. The fifth dataset consisted in the calibration of the same Nikon camera with NiMAR housing but mounting a dome port. This system provided the most accurate results in different previous experiments carried out by the authors thus it is reported here for completeness. A typical camera network for self-calibration was used for all calibration datasets with multi-view convergent images and roll diversity  (Fraser, 1997).
In order to guarantee the highest accuracy, during calibrations, each image acquisition was carried out with fixed focus set for the first image of the sequence and left unchanged for the entire tests.  2 underwater networks of a submerged structure located in the Bay of Rogiolo near Livorno, Italy, today abandoned and under consideration for restoration  (Menna et al, 2018). The dataset consists of a singular open loop strip taken at about 2. 5 meters. 80% overlap was considered along the strip and some convergent and rolled images were acquired to improve the self-calibration (especially considering the geometric characteristics of the object that is flat within the field of view of the single images). One dataset was acquired with the flat, and one with the dome. As before, the results achieved with the dome port are reported for completeness.