dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The tag_elec and tag_mag arguments are the tags gathering the electric and magnetic channels, and their default values are 'E' and 'B'. The following code shows the computation of impedance for 5 frequencies using the RR method with the bounded influence estimator: The value returned by the impedance function contains three values: the estimated impedance tensor at each frequency, the estimated error and the times of the sliding windows excluded by the robust estimator. Using the impedance function is simple; it mainly requires the preparation of the SignalSet object (the data argument) as described in section 3. 1.
VALIDATION We perform data processing using single site (SS) and two-stage RR configurations with both the M-estimator (ME) operator O ME and bounded influence (BI) operator O BI. We compare the ME and BI results obtained with Razorback and the BIRRP code (bounded influence remote reference processing,  Chave and Thomson, 2004 ) using the same processing parameters. The dataset consists of two synchronous and permanent MT stations installed on the La Fournaise volcano (Réunion Island, France): the BAV station is located 8. 2 km northwest of the summit of the volcano, while the CSV station is on the western base of the caldera (see Figure  1 ). Both stations recorded the horizontal NS and EW components of the electromagnetic field with a 50 mHz sampling rate during the year 1997. A detailed description and analysis of the dataset can be found in  Wawrzyniak et al.
(2017). The CSV data are processed using SS configuration, and RR configuration with BAV magnetic data. Sixteen target frequencies (f k ) k are defined ranging from 1. 56 to 12. 5 mHz. K per is fixed to 128, and c overlap is 0. 71. This yields a number N stat of 10,000 data Fourier coefficients for the highest frequency and 1,000 for the lowest. The time bandwidth factor τ (parameter TBW in the code) is 4, and the lower thresholds Th BB r and Th EB are set to 0. The BI regression is controlled by the probability of rejection p rej , which is 0. 05, and the number of BI iterations N BI is set to 3. The ME and BI results in SS configuration are shown in Figures  2  and 3 , respectively. First, we observe SS apparent resistivity relative difference and phase difference between BIRRP and Razorback.
The xy and yy components involve the H y local and remote magnetic fields. The remote magnetic field component H y has been diagnosed as biased in  Wawrzyniak et al. (2017). Thus, the impact of introducing a noisy RR station in the twostage RR method leads to a moderate discrepancy between the BIRRP and Razorback estimates. The two-stage RR BI (Figure  5 ) shows the apparent resistivity relative difference reaching 10 % on the xy and yx component and reaching several tens of percent on xx and yy. Absolute phase difference is still below 3 • onxy and yx. Apart from the data loading [the load_data() function], the impedance estimates presented in Figures  5, 3  for Razorback are obtained with the following code: >>> data = load_data('path/to/data/file') >>> print(data) SignalSet: 6 channels, 1 run tags: {'B': (2, 3), 'Hremote': (4, 5), 'E': (0, 1)} -----------------------------------------------sampling start stop 0.
Testing All Possible Remote Reference Combinations In the following, we show how the Razorback library allows the user to run one processing method, such as classical M-estimator or bounded influence regression, on a given signal set for any combination of RR stations. We assess the efficiencies of both ME and BI methods on a noisy peri-urban dataset. Our experimental dataset is a synchronous array of MT stations from a CSEM/MT survey realized in the framework of the European FP7 project IMAGE. The survey area is a 10 by 10 km square located on the western side of the city of Strasbourg (Figure  6 ). The main geothermal targets in the Upper Rhine Graben are fractured zones within the basement or at the transition zone between the basement and the sedimentary cover. Unfortunately, in such a peri-urban context, the exploration of sedimentary basins using MT is challenging due to the presence of anthropogenic sources (DC factories, power lines and so forth), leading to biased MT soundings.
Time-Lapse Magnetotellurics The library also allows performing continuous time-lapse processing. In  Wawrzyniak et al. (2017) , time-lapse MT estimates were computed using bounded influence robust processing in both single site and RR configurations in the framework of volcano monitoring. The time resolution between consecutive estimates is of 48 h. The dataset is the same as in section 4. Horizontal components of the electric and magnetic fields were sampled every 20 s. Continuous time series were available from 1996 to 1999 at CSV and from 1997 to  March 20, 1998 , at BAV. In March 1998, a  major eruption occurred and lasted for 6 months, during which 60 10 6 m 3 of lava was expelled. RR (not shown here) and single site processing at a period of 80 s show apparent resistivity determinant variations synchronous with the eruption (Figure  10 ).
CONCLUSIONS This paper shows the advantages of using a modular library for robust processing of MT array data. Razorback is designed to handle and process the large datasets commonly encountered in MT exploration surveys, with minimal memory footprint. After validation of TF estimates by comparison with existing codes, two kinds of study have been performed. First, we explored combinations of RRs for different robust procedures. This results in a large amount of estimates of one TF. The phase tensor analysis is used to compare the quality of the estimates. Moreover, the ability of the different robust methods to reduce the impact of noise on soundings has been investigated. This is of particular interest for geophysicists processing a full MT survey dataset in anthropogenic environment. In addition, continuous time-lapse MT processing has been performed and shows promising results for subsurface monitoring of volcanoes or geothermal reservoirs.
The MT processing workflow mainly consists of (i) data analysis and transformation, (ii) TF estimation, and (iii) quality check of estimated quantities. We propose the open source Razorback library as a collaborative tool to perform these different tasks. For the first step, the library offers elaborated time series manipulations, state of the art DFT computation, and coefficient of determination pre-filtering. Alternate types of prefiltering exists and can be included. Provided a detection method, the current features can eliminate the identified corrupted time segments. Concerning the second step, a category of standard robust procedures has been implemented. A welltested set of weighting function sequences is available and can be easily enriched. Alternative categories of TF estimation procedures (e.
g. , the RMEV approach proposed by Egbert, 1997) could be included and would benefit from the other library features. Regarding the third step, a range of quality check methods exists and could be integrated in the library. Using the modular Razorback library, the MT practitioner fully controls the above workflow. with instruments of the French national pool of portable magnetotelluric instruments EMMOB (INSU-CNRS) and within activities of the Labex G-Eau-Thermie profonde program. MT data from La Fournaise volcano were used courtesy of Jacques Zlotnicki.
FUNDING The Razorback library has been developed in the framework of the BRGM-funded projects EDGARR, OPTMT, and  Benchmark MT. The MT dataset from Alsace has been acquired and processed in the framework of the  IMAGE FP7  project, which has received funding from the  European Union 's  Seventh Program  for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No:  608553. Part of the dataset provided as test-data were acquired.
Setting and Patients Authors reviewed the database of patients treated for earlystage glottic SCC in the European Hospital Georges Pompidou (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France) from January 2007 to November 2014. Patients benefited from TLM or partial laryngectomy for Tis, T1a, T1b, or selected T2 glottic carcinoma. Patients previously treated for laryngeal SCC, those with a history of cervical radiotherapy or laryngeal surgery were carefully excluded.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed with Statview software (version 5. 0; SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC). The postoperative outcomes were analyzed through a comparison between 2 groups of patients: patients with Tis and T1a (group A) and those with T1b and T2 (group B) glottic SCC. Moreover, authors compared patients according to the margin status. Margins were classified as ''negative'' when greater than 0. 5 mm, ''positive'' when the tumor invaded the resection margin, and ''suspicious'' when the margins were clear but with a tumor located at 0. 5 mm. Patients with positive or suspicious surgical margins were compared to those with negative margins. With regard to the data distribution, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for the group comparison. Linear regression was used for exploring the potential associations between OS, DFS, DSS and the margin status of patients.
Results The data of 148 (19 women and 129 men) patients were extracted. The mean age of patients was 64 years (32-84 years). The same surgeon (S. H. ) performed 141 TLM and 7 ''open'' partial laryngectomies, including 2 vertical and 5 supracricoid partial laryngectomies. The tumor stage distribution was 34 dysplasia or cTis, 79 cT1a, 17 cT1b, and 11 cT2. Patients who benefited from open partial laryngectomies had cT1a (n ¼ 2), cT1b (n ¼ 2), and cT2 (n ¼ 3) glottic SCC. All patients had N0M0 SCC. The following types of cordectomy were performed: type I (n ¼ 33), type II (n ¼ 26), type III (n ¼ 35), type IV (n ¼ 5), type Va (n ¼ 32), type Vb (n ¼ 1), type Vc (n ¼ 2) , and type VI (n ¼ 7). The characteristics of the cohort according to the group analyses are described in Tables  1  and 2.
Methods We studied French Guiana's HIV cohort data between 1992 and 2008 to search for factors associated with death in a cohort 2323 patients. HIV-infected persons in French Guiana receive free care and treatment. Foreigners also receive free care and treatment and residence permits for treatment. All antiretrovirals, genotyping, viral load, all diagnostic tests are available in French Guiana. For histoplasmosis, diagnosis rests on direct examination, fungal culture and histopathology  [11] ; for tuberculosis, Pasteur institute performs examination and culture, and molecular diagnosis. Details about this cohort have been presented elsewhere  [12]. Trained research technicians routinely collect demographic, clinical and biological data from patient records in the 3 hospitals of French Guiana.
| MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study was conducted following the RECORD-PE guidelines  15  for conducting and reporting studies using routinely collected observational data (checklist in the Appendix) and a protocol approved by an Independent Scientific Advisory Committee (ISAC; protocol No. 19_149). Codes used to define the cohort, medical conditions, medications and outcomes are reported in the Appendix. S1 ). Patients with a diagnosis of type 1 or any other specific diabetes (e. g. gestational, secondary, steroid, mature onset diabetes of the young) were excluded.
| DISCUSSION 3] [4] [5]  Recent reports from database studies in the UK and Germany found that SUs and DPP-4 inhibitors are the most commonly prescribed second-line T2D treatments. 7 Although there is a wealth of studies comparing general classes of treatments such as SUs and DPP-4 inhibitors with other classes or individual medications,  12, [17] [18] [19]  the properties of individual medications in a class can vary,  8, 10, 14  and studies comparing the effectiveness of individual medications are needed to help inform clinical decision making.
Moreover, similar low rates of hypoglycaemic events with gliclazide MR treatment have been seen in other realworld studies. 30 ken together, these results showing low rates of hypoglycaemic As randomized trials comparing all combinations of individual T2D medications are not feasible, hd-PS matching is a cost-effective tool that can be used to examine comparative effectiveness in electronic health record databases. 16 cause of the non-interventional nature and similarly to other investigations using routinely collected electronic health records, this study has limitations. Data quality of outcomes and other covariates were not standardized across all centres contributing to the CPRD. Thus, there may be variation in data entry or methods used to record measurements for the baseline covariates used for hd-PS matching.
Patients Patient records from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD Gold) database, that were linked to the Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care (HES APC) and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Death Registration databases, were used to determine all patient characteristics and effectiveness outcome data in this study. Adult patients (≥18 years old), with a documented diagnosis of T2D, ≥1 year of 'up-to-standard' follow-up (i. e. ≥1 year from the date the practice data meet minimum quality criteria for research), at least one HbA1c measurement ≥7% (53 mmol/mol) in the 6 months before entry, initiating treatment with gliclazide MR or sitagliptin (first prescription) as an add-on to metformin treatment between 1 January 2010 and 21 October 2019 were included in this study (Table.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Valérie Lehner  for her contributions to the design of this study. FZ, SS, MJD, KK acknowledge the  National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaborations -East Midlands  ( NIHR ARC -EM ) and the  NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the  NHS , the  NIHR  or the Department of Health. This research was supported by  Servier  ( Suresnes, France). Medical writing support for this manuscript was provided by  Physicians World Europe GmbH (Mannheim, Germany) , funded by  Servier.
2. 1 | 1 Patients Patient records from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD Gold) database, that were linked to the Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care (HES APC) and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Death Registration databases, were used to determine all patient characteristics and effectiveness outcome data in this study. Adult patients (≥18 years old), with a documented diagnosis of T2D, ≥1 year of 'up-to-standard' follow-up (i. e. ≥1 year from the date the practice data meet minimum quality criteria for research), at least one HbA1c measurement ≥7% (53 mmol/mol) in the 6 months before entry, initiating treatment with gliclazide MR or sitagliptin (first prescription) as an add-on to metformin treatment between 1 January 2010 and 21 October 2019 were included in this study (Table.
This paper evaluates whether snow-covered area and streamflow measurements can help assess altitudinal gradients of temperature and precipitation in data-scarce mountainous areas more efficiently than using the usual interpolation procedures. A dataset covering 20 Alpine catchments is used to investigate this issue. Elevation dependency in the meteorological fields is accounted for using two approaches: (i) by estimating the local and time-varying altitudinal gradients from the available gauge network based on deterministic and geostatistical interpolation methods with an external drift; and (ii) by calibrating the local gradients using an inverse snow-hydrological modelling framework. For the second approach, a simple two-parameter model is proposed to target the temperature/precipitation-elevation relationship and to regionalize air temperature and precipitation from the sparse meteorological network.
The coherence of the two approaches is evaluated by benchmarking several hydrological variables (snow-covered area, streamflow) computed with snow-hydrological models fed with the interpolated datasets and checked against available measurements. Results show that accounting for elevation dependency from scattered observations when interpolating air temperature and precipitation cannot provide sufficiently accurate inputs for models. The lack of high-elevation stations seriously limits correct estimation of lapse rates of temperature and precipitation, which, in turn, affects the performance of the snowhydrological simulations due to imprecise estimates of temperature and precipitation volumes. Instead, retrieving the local altitudinal gradients using an inverse approach enables increased accuracy in the simulation of snow cover and discharge dynamics while limiting problems of over-calibration and equifinality.
Gridded datasets obtained by interpolating measurements taken at meteorological stations are thus affected by inaccuracies, which are spatially and temporally variable and difficult to quantify  (Haylock et al. , 2008; Isotta et al. , 2014). Measurement errors depend on local conditions and increase with terrain elevation as the operational conditions become more extreme  (Frei and Schär, 1998). In the case of precipitation, a wellknown problem arises from the systematic errors associated with precipitation under-catch during snowfall  (Strasser et al. , 2008) , especially in windy conditions  (Sevruk, 2005). In addition, temperature and precipitation are under-sampled at high elevations, because meteorological stations are mainly located at low elevations for logistical reasons  (Hofstra et al.
Objectives Based on the above issues, this paper investigates whether altitudinal gradients should be inferred from available gauge information when interpolating air temperature and precipitation or from key parameters of snow-hydrological models in mountainous areas. To address this question, we use a large dataset of mountainous, snow-affected catchments in the French Alps, and we propose a framework to assess the hydrological coherence of gridded datasets and to infer orographic gradients based on snow-hydrological observations. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the study region, the data, and their preprocessing. Section 3 provides a brief description of the interpolation procedures tested. Section 4 presents the model assessment methodology. The results are presented and discussed in Sect.
Meteorological data The study was carried out in the French Alps, whose altitudes range from 79 to nearly 4800 m a. s. l. (Fig. 1 ). A dataset of 78 temperature gauges and 148 precipitation gauges was gathered from the RADOME (Réseau Automatisé d'Observations Météorologiques Etendues) database of Météo-France (https://publitheque. meteo. fr, last access: May 2020) for six administrative departments (Alpesde-Haute-Provence, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-Maritimes, Isère, Savoie, and Haute-Savoie). The extracted series are the mean daily air temperature and the daily liquid equivalent water depth of total precipitation for each station over an 18year period from 1 September 1998 to 31 August 2016. These gauges were selected because no gap was originally present in their time series from 1 September 2000 to 31 August 2016, thus allowing a coherent and stable signal to be represented over the 16-year period of analysis.
Streamflow data In order to avoid case-specific results, a dataset of 20 catchments was gathered from the French hydrological database (http://www. hydro. eaufrance. fr/, last access: May 2020) over the study area (Fig. 1  and Table  1 ). The catchments were selected based on the following criteria: (i) their streamflow regime is considered to be natural since they are located upstream from any major hydraulic installations, such as dams and water transfers; (ii) their streamflow regime is moderately to strongly affected by snow; and (iii) their streamflow series present good quality measurements according to the hydrological reports, with less than 10 % daily missing values for the period 2000-2016. The catchments are located on high reliefs (the median range of altitude is around 2000 m a.
s. l. ) and are differently affected by snow (between 15 % and 66 % of their total precipitation falls in the solid form). During the catchment selection process, we tried avoiding glacierized catchments to minimize possible interactions with non-snow-related processes that could also influence streamflow. Therefore, most catchments have zero or limited glacierized areas. Catchment areal precipitation and temperature were estimated after inferring altitudinal gradients, as detailed in the current paper. The dataset covers a large range of hydrological conditions, with mean annual precipitation, temperature, and streamflow ranging from 811 to 2315 mm, -2. 3 to +8. 9 • C, and 344 to 1771 mm, respectively.
Snow-cover data MOD10A1 (Terra) and MYD10A1 (Aqua) snow products version 5 were downloaded from the National Snow and Ice Data Center for the period 24 February 2000-1 January 2017. This corresponds to 6157 dates, among which 98. 8 % are available for MOD10A1 and 85. 8 % for MYD10A1 since Aqua was launched in May 2002 and became operational in July 2002. These snow products are derived from a Normalised Difference Snow Index (NDSI) calculated from the near-infrared and green wavelengths and for which a threshold was defined for the detection of snow  (Hall et al. , 2006 (Hall et al. , , 2007)). Cloud cover represents a significant limit for these products, which are generated from instruments operating in the visible-near-infrared wavelengths. As a result, the grid cells were gap-filled to produce daily cloud-free snow cover maps of the study area.
The two configurations were repeated until there were no more gaps (Fig. 2a ). The resulting database consists of 5844 binary (snow/nosnow) maps at 500 m spatial resolution for the period 2000-2016 (16 hydrological years, from 1 September 2000 to 31 August 2016). As a synthesis of these maps, snow-cover durations over the study area are presented in Fig. 2c. In order to validate the gap-filling technique, a daily snow product with less than 10 % of no-data pixels was selected for each month of the studied period. These images were "blackened" (i. e. with 100 % no-data pixels) before applying the algorithm over the entire period to fill all gaps, including validation images. Filling accuracy was estimated for each image removed by computing confusion matrices which compared the pixels of the removed validation images and the filler reconstructions of these images.
Interpolation procedures This section briefly presents the different spatial estimators used in the present study. The interpolation methods analysed include inverse distance weighted (IDW), ordinary kriging (ORK), kriging with external drift (KED), and IDW with external drift (IED). Interest readers can refer to  Goovaerts (2000)  for a detailed presentation of the different kriging algorithms and to  Diggle and Ribeiro (2007)  for their implementation in the public domain in the GeoPackage in R.
Mean areal inputs (P and T mean ) are then extracted for each elevation zone from gridded temperature and precipitation datasets. In the present study, the number of elevation zones was set at five due to computational constraints and because preliminary tests showed no significant improvement in the snow-hydrological simulations when a higher spatial resolution (more elevation bands or full distribution) was used. In each elevation band, the functions of the SAR described in Fig. 3b  are applied with a unique set of parameters. Internal states (snowpack represented according to snow water equivalent (SWE) and its thermal state STS) vary independently in each elevation zone according to the differences in input values. When gridded temperature and precipitation datasets interpolated without elevation dependency are used, the SAR enables forcing data for each elevation zone to be modified based on two orographic gradients (TLR and PLR) used as key parameters: T i (t) = T IDW i (t) +   TLR + 1 2 TLR × Si × CSV 100 × y i -y IDW i (t) , (9) with: Si    sin 2π×(d-80.