dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
EDITOR'S NOTE This White Paper was produced on the initiative of the Executive Committee of the ISTEX project (ANR-10-IDEX-0004-02). To make the White Paper a tool for sharing the observations and proposals it contains, we would be grateful if you could answer the following questions: https:// enquete. cnrs-dir. fr/index. php/217343/lang-en Your answers will be invaluable in creating the dialogue that Open Science in the digital era requires between all relevant partners (researchers and academics, publishers, service providers) and beneficiaries of science (society at large, industries, associations, government administrations, etc. ).
The signatories: In France: Elements for a national Open Science strategy The CNRS strategy "A better sharing of knowledge"  4  revealed the need to catch up in the area of digital practices of scientific publication on platforms. These themes were also addressed by the Scientific Board of the CNRS in its unanimous recommendation, as well as by the Ethics Committee. 10 Many voices have come out in favour of Open Science. The government itself has taken an ambitious stance, particularly in its "Government's Digital Strategy" of 18 June 2015, as well as in the explanatory statement for the Digital Republic Bill. The national consultation on the draft Bill set science apart as a priority theme of the national consensus on digital technologies and as a theme where the views of researchers and institutions coincide, on the basis of simple principles: science is a common good of humanity; legitimate interests of protecting secrecy and exploitation should be preserved; text and data mining is a natural right of digital observation necessary to researchers in their scientific process; clauses on exclusive transfer of copyright laid down in publishing contracts should be declared null and void; it should be possible to freely exploit knowledge industrially or commercially in a consolidated ethical framework.
The absence of legal antagonism The analysis of the legal framework revealed that current French and European laws are no hindrance to the introduction of positive rights. The rules of law applicable to digital practices need to be updated in order to secure access to and use of scientific and technical information via online platforms. In its current Articles 17 and 18 bis (new), as adopted at first reading by the French National Assembly on 26 January, the Digital Republic Bill proposes significant advances. The French legislation may go further in affirming the common values of the world of research and consolidating the right to conduct text and data mining.
4. The absence of a legal status for data exploration is a source of legal insecurity that the law must address. The absence of a legal status for data exploration and the unsuitability of the right of database creators to the dynamic processing of knowledge are sources of legal insecurity that the law must address. Publishing contracts signed by researchers for articles they wrote in the framework of publicly funded research largely provide for exclusive transfers of rights in favour of the publisher. These constitute one-sided standard form contracts. To carry out their work, researchers need open and free access to all scientific data in digital form, consisting of: • scientific results, including the results published by a scientific publisher; • research data in the sense of the data used to establish these results.
Commented plan Like many other types of data, scientific data are central to the changes in a system whose equilibrium has been upset by the advent of new digital tools and the affirmation of the values of openness, sharing and collaboration. These developments inevitably lead to questions, fears and concerns about shifts in power, and call for the legal provisions to be clarified and practices to be secured. Faced with the observation of "a profound change in the production and dissemination of science (characterised by rapid growth in the number of scientific publications and, at the same time, the ever-increasing cost of access to these resources in the framework of financial resources that, at best, remain constant)", the stated objective of the "Government's Digital Strategy", as presented by the Prime Minister on 18 June 2015, is to "foster Open Science by the free dissemination of research publications and data".
This White Paper proposes a two-part argument. The first part provides an overview of the current science situation in the digital environment, by noting: the practices of researchers and their teams. These were mainly identified from a survey on STI uses and needs in research units, conducted with CNRS unit directors; this survey was carried out by the CNRS Scientific and Technical Information Department in mid 2014 among 1 250 units publishing articles; the inhibiting legal embargo periods and the need for rights to be reformed; the risks of misappropriation. Understood as a genuine working tool of scientific communities, the scientific data or information made available on digital platforms is subjected to use, exchange, manipulation and multiple processing operations that radically alter the traditional concepts of material and intellectual property rights.
Snapshot of the uses of science Science is in transition towards a new system of rights and major changes in its practices. The new digital STI practices followed by researchers and laboratories are out of phase with the existing legal framework, which is lacking in some areas and has shortcomings in others. Science is also grappling "with the new risk of appropriation of its data, mainly by scientific publishers demanding licence transfers for the datasets integrated or associated with the research articles they publish"  1. The explanatory statement for the Digital Republic Bill affirms these findings, which were confirmed in particular by the national consultation, by the French Digital Council, as well as by the impact assessment for the Bill.
New uses by researchers The CNRS survey and the hearings revealed the practices of researchers and institutes regarding the use of digital STI. Hearing at the University of Strasbourg: Paul-Antoine Hervieux, 10 July 2015 "Uses are changing and the paradigm for research data (BSN10 -research data  3  ) is undergoing a transformation. Researchers and academics are beginning to realise the value of their data. Once we start talking about value, we need to start thinking about rights. We are now in a world where private businesses predominate and are increasingly interested in data with a view to commercialising uses. " The following findings emerged regarding the way researchers use STI as part of their research activity: STI is a working tool that can be used, shared and exploited freely as part of research work; databases in the form of open archives are used in a heterogeneous manner by the different communities; scientific communities lack sufficient knowledge of copyright and the sui generis right for databases to effectively manage the use of STI.
Computing and mathematics Access to publications: "Databases relating to publications are very important for both individual and community work. A unique feature of this discipline is the importance of easy access to both recent and 'old' publications (dating from several years, decades or even centuries ago). Long-term access to these publications is therefore crucial for research. " Access to these categories of data is obtained by means of several technical tools: publisher portals; digitised archives; voluntary submission platforms; paper (question PAP 1-6 from the Shared Action Plan in the CNRS survey  4  notes "the historical attachment of mathematics and the HSS to paper documentation resulting from the needs for/uses of old documents").
Text and data mining with regard to the right of the database creator Principles of the sui generis right. Although, in principle, data cannot be individually protected (except in the event that the data are protected by a private right, intellectual property right, right of personal data, right to privacy), the aggregation of a significant amount of data can, where appropriate, be protected under the sui generis right of the database creator. Databases are defined in the French Intellectual Property Code as a "collection of independent works, data or other materials, arranged in a systematic or methodical way, and capable of being individually accessed by electronic or any other means". The legal framework for the protection of data is defined by the provisions of the Directive of 11 March 1996 on databases  4  (transposed in France by the Act on the Legal Protection of Databases 5 ), which create a "sui generis" right in favour of the database creator.
The database creator is defined as the person who takes the initiative and the risk of the investment. The creator may prohibit: the extraction of all or a substantial part of the content of the database; the reuse of all or a qualitatively or quantitatively substantial part of the content of the database; and/or the repeated and systematic extraction or reuse of qualitatively or quantitatively non-substantial parts of the content of the database when these operations clearly exceed the normal conditions of use of the base. 6 search database. Digital STI is accessible from the databases of scientific publishers that have, little by little, mainly replaced their print editions by online access to their journal via their platform. As such, the publisher is the database creator and can therefore prohibit any qualitatively or quantitatively substantial extraction of its base.
Sui generis "On the basis of a review of the legislation, the existing case law and the issues facing the actors in the data production, processing and analysis sector, proposed changes can be made to adapt the right of database creators to its new technological and commercial environment, transforming it into a right of data and database producers and operators. " 7 + The absence of a legal status for data exploration and the unsuitability of the right of database creators to the dynamic processing of knowledge are sources of legal insecurity that the law must address.
), publishers have developed value-added services that are available from their platforms. For example, Elsevier offers a TDM licence contract via its API: limiting the use of the API to non-commercial purposes; limiting the exploration of results from using the API on datasets, the "user-generated content", to: The ownership of the user-generated content is not clearly stated by the publisher, but by licensing rights over the "TDM output", the publisher assumes that it is the holder. This appropriation by private publishers of publicly funded science calls for legislation in favour of researchers' rights: on free access to the data and results of research; on free exploration of the data and results of research. In order to respond to the needs of researchers in light of the science macroenvironment, Part 2 offers an approach and legal solutions in favour of Open Science.
The proposal that received the most votes was the one by the CNRS Scientific and Technical Information Department entitled "A shorter embargo period, no hindrance to TDM (text and data mining) and no prohibition of commercial exploitation", 1 with 1 633 votes "for" out of 1 749. CNRS -DIST -Renaud Fabre 30 September 2015 10:39 A shorter embargo period, no hindrance to TDM (text and data mining) and no prohibition of commercial exploitation 1 749 votes 59 arguments Agree 1 633 (93. 4%) Roberto Di Cosmo, Professor in Computer Science at Paris-Diderot University, posted the modification receiving the second largest number of votes, with 1 511 votes for his proposal to "Protect copyright on scientific articles, to enable free access to scientific research", filed 10 days before the end of the consultation.
Institutions and research organisations have also taken formal positions. These include the National Institute for Computer Science and Applied Mathematics (INRIA), the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), the Couperin Consortium with the Association of Directors of University Libraries (ADBU), the National Union of Higher Education (SNESUP), Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC), the Institut National Polytechnique (INP) Toulouse, the Association of French Archivists (AAF), Cairn. info, etc. Their proposals were predominantly the following: enable free access to the results of scientific research; reduce embargo periods to 6 or 12 months, or even remove them in some cases, and for others make no distinction between the scientific fields; enable articles to be deposited in open archives; authorise text-and data-mining operations or data searches; guarantee the possibility of exploiting the results generated by knowledge processing.
Official summary. An official summary of the public consultation prefaced by Ms Axelle Lemaire lists the contributions that led to the amendment of the draft bill, including the contribution of the DIST. The government's comment explains the scope of the amendments made in light of the proposal: An almost general consensus emerged from the consultation regarding a clear demand to strengthen the rights of researchers to disseminate their work freely, when the work has been financed by public funds. Seeking a new balance between the positions of the different stakeholders in the digital age and the knowledge society, the government has developed the measure in the following way: • the "embargo" periods, at the end of which authors of publications financed by public funds may, at the latest, make their texts freely available, have been reduced by half; • if articles are made available by the online publisher free of charge, authors will be able to exercise their right immediately; • the text also now states that the research data associated with these texts can be reused immediately, and that their circulation may not be impeded at the time the texts are published.
Authorise text and data mining Text and data mining refers to a series of computer-processing operations that consist in extracting knowledge according to a criterion of novelty or similarity in texts or databases. For example, it enables searches to be conducted for "weak signals" that are difficult to grasp from cursory reading, identification or analysis of reports of failed experiments. It has been regarded as highly promising for scientific discovery and the development of new knowledge. It should enable research to take advantage of progress in the analysis of Big Data, which is destined to become a major factor of international competitiveness. Ireland, the United Kingdom and also the United States and Japan allow it today.
Considering that: -the automated searching of texts and data, as an information reading and extraction activity, is a practice that is not fundamentally different from the manual reading of information, which has always been carried out by research; -copyright, which protects the form of expression and not the ideas, today makes it possible to read and reuse information or data included in a text for which a right of access has been obtained, the CNNum considers that there is no legitimate reason to restrict this right in the framework of automated processing. The major publishers that own the majority of scientific publications can today, by means of contracts, prohibit researchers from searching texts and data -in particular temporary copies, which are technically necessary in order to do this searching -even when the researchers have legal access to all of the scientific publications included in the databases searched.
The Bill adopted by the National Assembly The deputies have grasped the challenges for public research, not only by validating the principle of free access to scientific data but also by introducing a legal framework for text-and data-mining practices. A report on the impact of the principle of free access to scientific data on the scientific publishing market and on the circulation of ideas and scientific data will be submitted to Parliament by the government "no later than two years after the promulgation" of the Digital Republic Act. A new Article 18 bis has been introduced and creates an exception to copyright and an exception to the right of the database creator in favour of text and data mining. 3 table in the Annex offers a comparison of the different versions of the text of the Bill, from the public consultation to the adoption of the Bill by the National Assembly.
These proposals are made on the basis of: topics investigated by the key figures interviewed for this White Paper and the expression of the common and universal values of science that emerged from hearings with these figures; analysis of the rules emerging around the world; a study of the gap between the law as it stands and the practices and needs. France must comply with the values and rules emerging in supranational and foreign bodies and legislation, otherwise French science could become marginalised. The necessary emergence of this new legal framework for Open Science is based on existing key concepts and legitimate interests that must be preserved. The adoption of Article 17 of the Digital Republic Bill resulting from a consensual position that emerged during the Gouv'Camp initiative and the confirmation of Article 18 bis (new) in favour of text and data mining would enable the world of public research to secure its practices.
Contribution of the CNRS Scientific Board "This requirement to make data available extends to added-value services (massive processing such as Big Data, data mining, relationship with metadata, interoperability), which must also be public and open access to avoid any misappropriation. " Hearing at Pierre and Marie Curie University: Jean Chambaz and Paul Indelicato, 9 June 2015 "Scientific data are constantly evolving, and although data science will never replace the scientific method, data and even more so the reuse of data are at the heart of this new approach. " Risks. While this right of observation seems theoretically to be an acquired right, it is currently being questioned: by scientific publishers who sell access; by the many questions and differences of opinion expressed on whether text-and datamining practices are compatible with copyright and the rights of whoever produces the database.
This Decision therefore grants Google, its competitors and also public institutions the right to digitise data and provide data-mining services. With this ruling, the United States gives its researchers a significant advantage by enabling them to digitise very large legally accessible datasets, to pool these corpora and to develop search and algorithmic data-processing systems. 2 United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is a leader in the development of open access. The Finch Group, an independent working group set up by the Department for Business Innovation and Skills, published a report in June 2012 on how the results of research could be made more accessible. In September 2013, the British Parliament published a report on open access and seemed to adopt a dual solution for "Green" and "Gold" access to scientific work.
Introducing an exception to copyright and to the rights of database creators In the framework of the revision of the InfoSoc Directive 2001/29/, the European Union is aware of the need to regulate the practice of TDM. This will undoubtedly lead to a proposal to insert in the revised InfoSoc Directive an exception to copyright and to the rights of database creators, to facilitate text and data mining. The official summary of the public consultation specifies that "European law does not currently make it possible to create new exceptions, and the Government hopes that this issue [TDM] can be addressed in the framework of the European work in progress". Indeed, a revised draft directive is expected for early 2016. However, at least two to three years will be required before this Directive is accepted and an additional two years for it to be transposed into French law.
A decree lays down the conditions under which the exploration of texts and data is implemented, as well as the terms for storage and communication of the files produced on conclusion of the research activities for which they were produced; these files constitute the research data;" 2° After 4° of Article L. 342-3, a 5° shall be inserted as follows: "5° Digital copies or reproductions of the base made by a person with lawful access, in view of text and data mining in a research framework, excluding any commercial purpose. The storage and communication of technical copies resulting from processing, on conclusion of the research activities for which they were produced, are carried out by organisations appointed by decree. Other copies or reproductions are destroyed. " The parliamentarians chose to establish a legal framework for text and data mining via an exception to copyright and to the right of database creators.
Every laboratory or research unit must now have a website or a digital portal opening a window onto the unit's scientific activities. This portal often goes no further than to provide a general overview, pointers and contacts, but there is a considerable thirst for information among the scientific community -and among society in general, particularly regarding those fields of science that attract most public interest -and there is likely to be growing impatience for something meatier. It has become imperative to better inform our research colleagues and our fellow citizens about our research activity and the results we produce (and above all our scientific publications, our instrumental achievements, our innovations, etc. ). It is also imperative that we organise wider access to the datasets produced by this activity.
Scientific and technical information (STI) "Scientific and technical information (STI) comprises the sum of information produced by research that is necessary for scientific and industrial activity. By its nature, STI covers all scientific and technical sectors and can exist in multiple forms: articles, reviews and scientific books, technical specifications describing synthesis processes, technical documentation that accompanies products, patent notices, bibliographic databases, grey literature, raw databases, open archives and data repositories that are accessible on the Internet, portals, etc. "  1.
Origin of the White Paper The plan to write this White Paper was conceived during discussions on securing the ISTEX platform project and the initial observation that the economic model of scientific publishing, a sector where prices have increased considerably, is no longer viable for education and research organisations as it stands. Moreover, the call for Open Science is fully in line with the international Open movement in favour of sharing scientific knowledge and with France's ambition, which has already been stated on several occasions. The ISTEX Investments for the Future project: The first platform for open access to science 7 ISTEX: A digital multi-use platform. ISTEX, the Excellence Initiative of Scientific and Technical Information, is a project for a digital multi-use platform (database of databases), designed to the highest international standards, accessible remotely by every scientific community and offering "all the means currently available of consultation and analysis in all scientific communities".
1 This database of databases aims to: give researchers open and free access to all scientific and technical information (STI) worldwide, contained in archives and current collections; provide researchers with high value-added services for the processing of scientific and technical knowledge and data. In the framework of the legal underpinning of the ISTEX Investments for the Future project (ANR-10-IDEX-0004-02 -www. istex. fr), certain legal gaps and vacuums have become apparent. "open access conditions" applicable to STI;.