dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
To do so, we simulated 1) the removal of individuals with the highest betweenness and eigenvector centrality values (targeted condition), and 2) the removal of randomly chosen individuals (random condition), using the techniques described by Lusseau  [35]. Random removals were repeated ten times  [24, 26]. This method allowed us to evaluate the importance of central individuals on group cohesion. This was tested through the investigatation of changes in the network fragmentation and diameter (see Table  2  Table  3. Individual details of degree, eigenvector centrality and betweenness for the contact network. for definitions). We analyzed these changes between targeted and random conditions. All statistical tests were carried out with SPSS 17. 0 and R 2. 8. 1, with a = 0. 05.
The study was reviewed by the Ethics Committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes Nord Ouest 1 in France), which determined that a statement of Ethics Committee was not necessary. This study used a mixed-method approach to provide a descriptive impact evaluation from the perspective of participating VDP institutions, enabling the presentation of both quantitative measurements and qualitative insights. Qualitative data were systematically collected and analyzed from each participant in the form of online verbatim and transcripts. The impact of the VDP was assessed in the following areas: initiation and scale-up of PMTCT services, operational capacity, change in national PMTCT policies, initiatives and related Ministry of Health budgets, access to funding, national and international partnerships, health worker training, and health worker attitudes toward HIV-positive pregnant women.
Program mangers were also asked for their opinions on how the VDP was perceived by the medical community, patients, government authorities, and members of the local community with access to VDP sites. A 6-point Lickert scale (from very positive impact to very negative impact, including "don't know") was used to measure responses among the four stakeholder groups. The impact of the VDP was also assessed in the following areas: stigma reduction, level of social support for seropositive women, patient access to PMTCT services, drug supply issues, benefits and challenges of donation programs, and other aspects HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. To analyze the range of experiences and points of view reported, the quantitative and qualitative data were extracted and indexed to generate the following analytical categories: access to care, operational impact, impact on funding, and perception of VDP among key constituencies.
Hence, reasonable lane reservation in transportation network is critical to minimize the total impact on normal traffic. Such a transportation problem is commonly known as LRP. The core of the lane reservation problem is to choose and reserve some lanes on the existing transportation network for special deliveries of large sportive events with the objective of minimizing the total impact on normal traffic. To the best of our knowledge, there are very few studies on the lane reservation problem in the literature, Wu et al. [6]  proposed the first mixed integer programming model for the lane reservation problem and solved by commercial software LINGO with the transportation planning in Guangzhou Asian Games in 2010 as an example. But their proposed the mixed integer programming solved by LINGO can only solve smallsized problems.
And a simple heuristic is proposed to obtain near optimal solutions. It is worthwhile to point out that the mixed integer programming solved by LINGO can get optimal solutions but its computation time increases exponentially as the increase of problems' size, and the computation time of heuristic compared to optimization software LINGO decreases greatly, but the solutions' quality need be further improved. Wu et al. [7]  proposed an improved genetic algorithm for the lane reservation problem, which got better performance than the heuristic proposed by Wu et al. [6]. Fang et al. [8][9]  proposed some extended lane reservation problems that are proved to be NP-hard, and cut-and-solve based algorithms were proposed for them. For solving the transportation problems, several metaheuristics have been proposed, such as genetic algorithms  [10] , ant colony optimization  [11] , tabu search  [12] , and scatter search  [13].
IV. COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS In this section, the performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by randomly generated instances. Each set includes 5 random instances. And the algorithm will be compared with the integer programming approach using commercial optimization software CPLEX 11. 2 in default setting from two aspects, i. e. , solution quality and computation time (CPUs). The proposed algorithm was implemented using C language coded in Code Blocks 8. 02. All the computational experiments were done on a HP PC with 2. 99 GHz CPU and 2GB RAM in the Window XP environment. The parameters of QEA for all instances are given as follows. A relative small population size PS=50 is set here due to the quantum population's better diversity. Pc is set as 0. 7 which is a relative big one to further improve the diversity of population and search the most satisfactory solution quickly.
In addition, catastrophe operation was used to avoid premature convergence. The computational results showed the efficiency of the proposed algorithm using randomly generated instances compared with the commercial optimization software package CPLEX11. 2. In further works, a hybrid algorithm will be considered to solve larger size problems within reasonable time, an effective local search strategy will be added to the proposed algorithm that will improve the quality of solutions within less time. Moreover, some theoretic properties of the optimal solutions will be well studied to further improve the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Systematic Literature Review We systematically reviewed the empirical literature on each of these contextual and individual level social determinants (with the exception of health care) of IM/birth outcomes, within and across western developed nations i. e. , USA and WE states. To our knowledge, this represents the first comprehensive review of the social determinants of IM/birth outcomes. We searched PubMed, EmBase, and PsychInfo databases from 1966 to 31 December 2011, using combinations of keywords/subject headings to identify original articles and systematic review articles of birth outcomes and cross-country macroeconomic and macrosocial social determinants, within-country contextual social determinants, and within-country individual level social determinants: "birth outcomes", "infant mortality", "fetal mortality", "neonatal mortality", "preterm birth", "low birth weight", "social determinants", "gross domestic product", "income inequality", "social policies", "maternity leave", "neighbourhood deprivation", "neighbourhood socioeconomic status", "maternal socioeconomic status", "race/ethnicity", "residential segregation", "social cohesion/capital", "maternal health behaviour", "maternal smoking", "maternal stress/distress".
Secondly, it is well known that GIS can be used to analyze the spatial component of risk and it is clear that risk assessments have an important spatial component. For instance, to better respond to post-disaster activities, geographic information system (GIS) technology provides a logical tool for integrating the necessary information and contributing to preparedness, rescue, relief, recovery and reconstruction effort  (Gunes and Kovel, 2000; Lembo et al. , 2008). That is why a GIS has been designed in order to analyze the resilience of urban technical networks and to finally implement the overall methodology. This GIS is a Web-GIS because it is interesting to design a portable solution independent of proprietary software. Architecture of this Web-GIS is based on four main components: a database storing the data required for calculations (like the network, and major issues) and the results (Fig.
Acknowledgements: We thank our co-authors:  Jean-Luc Durand  and  Alexandra Scohier  at  Université Paris 13 ;  Alex Kacelnik  and  Marco Vasconcelos  at  Oxford University ; and, our student co-authors at Mount Holyoke College:  Lauren Guillette ,  Audrey Markarian ,  Heather Cogswell ,  Kenzie Snyder ,  Katie Taylor  and  Allison Visvader. For access to  Reserva Cientiífica de Doñana  and funding of the Spanish portion of the comparative study of ants project, we thank the  ICTS-RBD Program , especially  Xim Cerdá ,  Begoña Arrizabalaga  and  Rosa Rodríguez. Finally , support of our work was provided through a  Faculty Grant  from  Mount Holyoke College (KLH) , as well as from  Laboratoire d'Éthologie Expérimentale et Comparée, Université Paris 13  (EN and KLH). Received 31 August 2012; Revision submitted 02 December 2012; Accepted 02 December 2012.
MATERIALS Twenty-two bisyllabic words ending in /e/ (e. g. , café /kafe/ "coffee") and 22 bisyllabic words ending in /ε/ (e. g. , sachet /sa ε/ "bag") were selected from Vocolex, a lexical database of the French language  (Dufour et al. , 2002). These words were used in the pretest, test, and post-test. Because convergence effects toward the Standard French speaker could be minimized for words that the participant has already pronounced once in her/his own accent during the pre-test, 44 other bisyllabic words, half ending in /e/ and the other half ending in /ε/ in Standard French, were also selected, and were used only in the test and post-test. To divert the participants' attention from the /e/ and /ε/ vowels, 264 filler words that did not contain either of the two critical vowels were also selected.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Acoustic recordings were segmented using Praat  (Boersma, 2001). For each /e/ and /ε/ word, we located the acoustic onset and offset of the vowel. F 1 frequency was then automatically measured at the vowel's acoustic midpoint using the Burg algorithm as implemented in Praat. Two initial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) by participants, one on the test data and the other on the post-test data, including group (shadowing, imitation), vowel (/e/, /ε/), and type of word (baseline, new words) as variables showed a significant interaction between vowel and type of word in both the test [F(1, 18) = 4. 14, p = 0. 05] and post-test phases [F(1, 18) = 5. 38, p < 0. 05]. This interaction showed that the difference in F 1 frequency between the /e/ and the /ε/ vowels was slightly but significantly greater for the words not pronounced during the pretest (new words) than for those included in the pre-test (baseline words).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by grant  ANR-08-BLAN-0276-01  from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France). Thanks to  Aurélia Ottavj ,  Amandine Tenet , and  Thierry Legou  for their help in the running of the experiment and data analyses. We are also grateful to  Molly Babel  and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper.
Information Acquisition The correspondence (or completeness) is examined in width and breadth. The principle of formalization is inherent to design office work; the individual agency and the NPD organizational agency are congruent. The PLM functionalities (interfaced with CAD software) lead Smarteam to almost exclusively support technical information on product, such as CAD or DXF (Drawing eXchange Format) files, plans, test and accreditation reports; an intrinsic material agency supports the correspondence of this information with reality. With regards to the information depth, the expected level of product detail by major car manufacturers is greater than that expected by this enterprise for its product on own-brand. Major car manufacturers require their parts are fully defined. However, a part's product on own-brand is described in order to provide ease of assembly.
However, it is necessary to optimizing the directory tree, the ontological structure of the database and the differentiated access to information by the individuals' digital profile. • The PLM organizational agency -the rules of PLM tool use -is important for enforcing shared use practices of the tool (singularity), especially for imposing the filling of attributes and naming files standards and standards of structuring of directory tree (storage and documentary retrieval). • The NPD organizational agency -the rules related to the NPD process -defines the degree of correspondence and the updating degree of parts (reflectivity). It regulates the information needing by structuring the project teams (singularity) and it defines the scope of project and related product information (storage and documentary retrieval).
The chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact test for small samples) was used for the comparisons of proportions. Logistic regression models were estimated, along with the odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), for the multivariate analysis of factors associated with depression and healthcare-seeking. Models were estimated separately for men and women, since sex was an interaction factor. The statistical analyses were performed using Stata v. 10 software (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA). Results: Of the 250 patients included (mean age: 45 years), 52. 0% were men and 52. 4% were immigrants. Close to 40% of them reported having no supplemental health insurance. The estimated prevalence of depression in this population was 56. 7%. Depression was more prevalent among the women, immigrants, and people from the poorer socioeconomic groups.
Methods Data were collected in two steps. First, a qualitative study using semistructured interviews was carried out to record the users' perceptions, attitudes and experiences regarding depression. The aim was to maximize the collecting of data from a diverse sample of these subjects. Data were collected from June to mid-August 2010 in the Paris metropolitan area from 30 people (17 women and 13 men) selected at random and approached at general medical consultations (n=13), at child and maternal centers (n=9), or on public transport (n=8), and they were interviewed face-to-face using an interview guide (see Additional file 1). The interviews were conducted until saturation. Notes were taken during the interview and were later analyzed in terms of general perceptions of depression, any personal history of depression, and healthcare-seeking during depressive episodes.
Survey population and outcome A total of 250 French-speaking patients who attended the clinic between September 15, 2010 and December 30, 2010 agreed to answer a questionnaire administered face-to-face before their consultation and were included in the study. A total of 5 patients were excluded (3 refused to participate, 1 had a psychiatric disorder and 1 required urgent care). This survey did not fall into the category of biomedical research (as defined by French law) and did not involve collecting any personal identification data. Therefore, it did not require ethical approval. The questionnaire contained 62 questions (most requiring closed-ended responses) designed to gather sociodemographic data and included the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M. I. N. I. )  [12] , which contains questions about major depressive episode the type of healthcare sought, and the reasons for not seeking healthcare during depressive episodes.
Statistical methods The chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact test for small samples) was used for the comparisons of proportions. Logistic regression models were estimated, along with the odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), for the multivariate analysis of factors associated with depression and healthcare-seeking. Models were estimated separately for men and women, since sex was an interaction factor. The statistical analyses were performed using Stata v. 10 software (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA).
Other studies analysed the effects of interventions to promote mental health and prevent suicide among adolescents  [12] [13] [14]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study compared the effectiveness of interventions based on different approaches with a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). The Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) project was designed with this in mind. SEYLE, supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7), (Grant agreement number HEALTH-F2-2009-22309), is an RCT to evaluate schoolbased preventive interventions of risk-taking and selfdestructive behaviours in eleven European countries, including: Austria, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, a Italy, Romania, Slovenia and Spain, with the National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP) at Karolinska Institutet (KI) in Sweden responsible for the scientific coordination of the project.
The Child Psychiatric Epidemiology Group at Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute served as methodological experts. SEYLE is registered in both the US National Institute of Health (NIH) clinical trial registry (NCT00906620) and the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00000214). The full protocol of the study has been previously published  [15]. The key objectives of the study were: (i) to collect assessment data on a cohort of European adolescents, including demographic information, psychopathology, lifestyles, values and risk-behaviours, in order to produce an epidemiological database on the general health status of European adolescents; (ii) to evaluate three types of school-based interventions in comparison to a minimal intervention control group. The three active interventions included  (1)  teacher training, (2) increasing adolescents' awareness about mental health, and (3) professional screening of adolescents for mental health problems and risk behaviours.
Quality control procedures As part of the SEYLE project, a method for quality control was developed and implemented. A series of questionnaires were sent to intervention coordinators in each country in order to ensure that all preparatory procedures were correctly conducted and that the interventions implemented at each site were faithful to the initial intervention models of SEYLE. Analysis of these data allowed for assessment of the degree of discrepancy between different sites and between implementation in each site compared with the SEYLE model, as well as the effect variations had on the projects overall results and conclusions. Three quality control assessment tools were used -I. A questionnaire administered during site visits to assess the preparedness for intervention implementation; II.
Data entry and data quality control Data were collected on paper questionnaires, with the exception of the Austrian site, where data were collected electronically for direct data entry. In Germany, data collection forms were scanned for automatic data entry while in the other nine countries manual independent double data entry procedures were followed. In those countries information was entered twice using the Statistical Software Package SPSS 17. 0. The Estonian site, which was responsible for the data management procedures, provided continuous oversight to other centers and promptly responded to any queries arising during the data entry process. A two-stage data cleaning and quality control procedure was performed to guarantee clean and reliable data. The first stage of quality control was performed locally, based on the two data files generated through double data entry.
These files were compared and inconsistencies were resolved by checking the paper material. Based on this corrective action an accurate data file was generated. The second stage of quality control was performed centrally at the Estonian site, by double-checking each local dataset, attempting to detect other errors, such as incompleteness (missing values), inconsistencies (incorrectly followed skip-outs), irregularities (numbers inserted in text variables), and out of range data (i. e. very large number of siblings or sexual partners). The results of these control procedures generated a list of queries that was sent for resolution to the specific site. After finalizing quality control procedures, the Estonian site pooled the data into one database for all respondents for each wave (i. e. , baseline, 3-month and 12-month follow-up).
However, all emergency cases were allowed to participate in the active interventions and in the control arm. Therefore, these pupils are included in the total data set. Subsequent to conducting SEYLE, an interdisciplinary workshop b was held in the Psychiatric Clinics of the University Basel, to analyse ethical issues, especially confidentiality towards minors involved in SEYLE Study. Additionally, relevant codes and guidelines for guidance in mental health research with minors were analysed. While unresolved questions may remain, such as whether and when confidentiality might or should be overridden in cases of emergency  [25] , within the SEYLE study, all problems of confidentiality were determined to have been handled according to the indications of the local ethical committees and the local laws and regulations of the participating countries.
Sample characteristics Age and gender The age and gender distribution of the sample, stratified by country, is shown in Table  5. Gender distribution of the 12,395 participating pupils was 6,799 females and 5,529 males (67 with missing gender data); the mean age was 14. 91±0. 90 (83 with missing age data). The largest sample was recruited in Germany (n=1444). Austria (n=960) was the only country that did not reach the target of 1000 pupils at baseline. Eight study sites recruited more females than males (Table  5 ). A larger number of males were recruited only in Ireland (54. 7%), Israel (81. 4%) and Spain (51. 7%). In an analysis of representativeness, on the basis of Eurostat data  [22] , very small effect sizes were found concerning variations in the mean age between study sites and the respective country.
Conclusions The SEYLE RCT study was successful in recruiting a reasonably representative sample of over 12,000 European school-based adolescents. The study is unique in its' robust and uniform methodology applied across eleven sites, including a large number of sociodemographic, lifestyle and mental health outcomes, allowing for evaluation of the effects of three Intervention Arms compared to a Control Arm. Several important indicators, such as response and participation rates, differences between Arms and reliability of scales show very good validity of the collected data and ensure that the selected outcome measures are reliable and useful for carrying out school-based identification of at-risk adolescents. The SEYLE database contains up-to-date information about lifestyles and mental health problems of European adolescents and will be of great benefit for mental health professionals, policy makers and other stakeholders throughout the European Union.
Nemes D. Herta B. Nemes D. Cozman  ( Materials for Schools ) Slovenia V. Postuvan V. Postuvan U. Mars T. Podlogar/ V. Postuvan/ V. Postuvan -V. Košir J. Žiberna Spain J. Bobes P. Saiz E. Diaz-Mesa M. Garrido S. Al-Halabi P. Saiz P. Saiz  ( Cultural adaptation ) Acknowledgments The  SEYLE  project was supported through  Coordination Theme 1 (Health) of the European Union Seventh Framework Program  ( FP7) , Grant agreement number  HEALTH-F2-2009-223091. The authors were independent of the funders in all aspects of study design, data analysis, and writing of this manuscript. The Project Leader and Coordinator of the  SEYLE  project is Professor in Psychiatry and  Suicidology Danuta Wasserman ,  Karolinska Institutet  (KI),  Head of the National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health and Suicide (NASP) , at  KI, Stockholm, Sweden.
3 52. 2 101. 9 14,767 Principado de Asturias 1 Eurostat. Statistics database. European Union; 2010. Available from: http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/. 2Data from Israel is not included as the study site was the whole country. 3Not available for study sites in Estonia, Ireland and Slovenia.