dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Ohmura (2001)   We used a test set of cloud free episodes based on  Boers et al. (2010) , who studied different cloud-detection methods employed at Cabauw to estimate cloud fraction. They concluded that nubiscope observations were the best choice for low and mid-level clouds. By combining a nubiscope with a cloud radar, which is sensitive to cirrus clouds, a stringent test to determine clear-sky episodes can be made. We used their dataset to find approximately 2400 10-mm clear-sky periods in the period from 15 May 2008 to 14 May 2009. The modified Brunt relation was derived by trying several alternatives, among them using water vapour pressure at 2 m in the first or second term. The use of e 200 in both terms gave the highest explained variance. No improvement was found from allowing for curvature in the temperature profile by introducing an extra regression term involving the 80-m temperature.
Acknowledgments Ayrton Zadra of  GEM ,  Joshua Fasching  of  Wisconsin University, Frank Freedman of NCEP, Juergen Helmert of DWD and Florence Bocquet then at Stockholm University  are acknowledged for contributing to the simulations. Jocelyn Mailhot  of  GEM  is acknowledged for valuable comments on the paper. G. J. Steeneveld  acknowledges financial support from the  BSIK-ME2 research program  (Climate changes spatial planning) and from  NWO  contract  863. 10. 010.
Funding The authors' studies in this field are supported by the  Medical Research Council  ( G0701682 ), the  Novo Nordisk UK Research Foundation  and  Sanofi Excellence for Diabetes Research Awards. K. S. 's current position as a clinical research fellow is funded by the  Wellcome Trust  through the  Scottish Translational Medicine and Therapeutics Initiative (STMTI). J. T. G. 's current position is part-funded by the  University of Oxford Diabetes Trials Unit  and the  NIHR  through the  Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the  Wellcome Trust  through the  Scottish Translational Medicine and Therapeutics Initiative.
Observations The comparison between the WVMR ground-based lidar measurements and the IASI operational products took place in the framework of both HyMeX and ChArMEx Special Observation Periods during September-October 2012 and June-July 2013, respectively, on the Balearic island of Menorca. During HyMeX/IODA-MED (Innovative Observing and Data Assimilation systems for the MEDiterranean Weather), the water vapor and aerosol lidar (WALI) was located close to La Ciutadella (western part of the island, 39 • 60 00 N and 3 • 50 20 E), while during ChArMEx it was deployed close to Mahon (eastern part of the island, 39 • 53 12 N and 4 • 15 31 E). Hence, the WVMR vertical profiles derived from the IASI spaceborne spectrometer (Ether CNES/CNRS-INSU Ether web site http://www. pole-ether. fr) have been compared to the ones measured by WALI during nighttime for field experiment durations of 6 and 3 weeks for HyMeX and ChArMEx, respectively.
The MetOp/IASI satellite data MetOp (meteorological operational) consists of a series of three polar heliosynchronous orbiting satellites, to be flown successively for more than 14 years, starting from 2006. This series forms the space segment of the overall EPS. EPS is the European contribution to the Initial Joint Polar System agreement (IJPS), an agreement between EUMET-SAT and NOAA. MetOp flies in a low-Earth orbit at an altitude of 817 km corresponding to local "morning", while the US is responsible for "afternoon" coverage  (Klaes et al. , 2007). MetOp-A (launched on 19 October 2006) and MetOp-B (launched on 17 September 2012) provide detailed observations of the global atmosphere, oceans, and continents. MetOp-C is due to be launched in 2017. The series provides data for both operational meteorology and climate studies.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  via the HyMeX /IODA- MED  project, the  French space agency (CNES)  and the  Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA). We also thank  M. Sicard  and  F. Dulac  for their help for installing the lidar station on the  Menorca Island. ECMWF data used in this study have been obtained from the  ECMWF Data Server. The authors would additionally like to thank the  HyMeX and ChArMEx programs  for their support. The IASI Level-2  Water Vapor Mixing Ratio  profiles used in this paper are Courtesy Ether CNES/CNRS-INSU Ether website http://www. pole-ether. fr. Edited by:  W. Lahoz.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The samples were synthesized by solid-state reaction in air using stoichiometrically-weighed high purity oxides. Reactants were ground using an agate mortar and pestle under acetone, then initially heated at 700 • C in a high-form alumina crucible. Multiple heating cycles, with intermediate grinding, were conducted at 750 • C. Samples were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction using a Rigaku Ultima III X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. Equilibrium was assumed when no shift or change in intensity of the weakest peaks from the XRD pattern was observed. The structures of the single phase compounds were refined using the Rietveld technique and the FULLPROF software program. The same physical samples as the previous Raman study were used. 25  The SEM images were taken using a JEOL JSM5510.
Abstract-This paper presents the methodology and results of an exhaustive text-mining analysis performed on the subject "Dematerialization and Environment". Three main fields have been investigated: international academic publications (documents extracted from the Web of Science database during the period 1994-2013), French blog publications (pages crawled on the web for the years 2011-2012-2013) and French newspaper publications (articles published between 1993 and 2013). Lexical extraction, word specific selection by experts and cowording analysis were performed to produce thematic maps for each domain. Moreover, interviews were carried out with experts, researchers and practitioners to interpret the maps. The results presented in this article mainly show a semantic landscape focused on "telework, telecommuting and coworking" related activities.
A. Starting from the academic literature To make a choice among all academic literature, some keywords had to be selected. Then scientific monitoring and technology intelligence of "French Environment and Energy Management Agency" (ADEME) experts were analysed in an ethnographic way. The digital observation of an ADEME expert's daily work was carried out. Working documents' folders names, email classification schemes and web browser bookmarks were gathered. Then a textual and statistic analysis was used to reveal his most significant key terms. With these words, the search equation was formulated to extract documents from scientific databases. The SI Web of Knowledge is an online bibliographic academic database provided by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI); its broad coverage enables such collaborative and interdisciplinary methodology.
At first sight, other experts (i. e. maybe the reader of this paper) who did not participate in the search equation process may want to add some others words, thinking some areas are lacking. It is worth emphasizing that the reflexive process is mainly accompanying implied actors. Then at any time of the exploration this search equation can be modified. This paper only shows a snapshot view in the whole process. As a temporary result, nearly 2,000 references of scientific articles constituted our first corpus. The corpus has been extracted from the Web of Knowledge database in English on Monday 2nd of September, 2013. The corpus is made from 1,968 documents of which documents are already typed with databases own categories. Two main kind of categories can be used, the type of publication and the topics related:  • Telecommunications (143) Histograms produced with dates of publication show the growing interest for these subjects.
Acknowledgments JL thanks  Teresa Del Rio Gaztelurrutia  for initiating this reflexion through fruitful discussions. EEW and RBH are funded through  STFC  grant  ST/I001727/1. RBH is also funded by  NERC. AJC acknowledges support from  STFC  and the  UK space agency TDdW  received funding from the  European Community 's  Seventh Framework Programme   FP7-SPACE-2012-2  under the Grant Agreement  313188  ( SOLID  project, projects. pmodwrc. ch/solid/). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
The correction of sequences was done using Pregap and Gap softwares included in the Staden Package  [20]. We used three different data sets for phylogenetic analyses: the rDNAs D1-D2 and D8, and the mtDNA cytochrome b. Consensus sequences were aligned by the Clustal W algorithm  [21]  from the BioEdit 4. 8. 10 sequence editor  [22] , and corrected manually.
Sequences Analysis In the present study, the sequences have been analysed using Neighbor-Joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Phlebotomus papatasi has been used as outgroup  [19, [23] [24] [25]. Neighbor-Joining (NJ). The NJ method  [26]  has been analysed by MEGA software version 5  [27]. Genetic distances were corrected according to the transition/transversion rate (Kimura's two-parameter method). Bootstrap confidence values were calculated from 1,000 replications. Maximum parsimony. Maximum parsimony (MP) analysis were performed using the branch and bound option of MEGA when possible or the heuristic search. The node support was assessed by bootstrapping over 100 replications. Maximum likelihood. Sequence data were analysed by PhyML  [28]  based on maximum likelihood.
Molecular Analysis The sequences analysed in the present study have been deposited in Genbank as indicated in table 1. Despite several attempts, the direct sequencing of the S. clydei was not successfully performed for D8 and D1-D2 from the Seychelles specimens, like the sequencing of several markers of the specimens 1, 30 and 33, due to the small quantity of DNA extracts. A high degree of homology is observed between the topologies obtained by ML and NJ analyses. Consequently, the NJ trees are not shown. The ML and MP trees related to the analysis of the sequences of D1-D2, D8 and cyt b are shown on figures 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All the markers and analyses isolate the Malagasy specimens exhibiting Sintonius morphological specimens from Anjohikinakina cave-Bemaraha (specimens 1, 98, 605, 606, 612, 618), from Anjohikely cave (specimens 576, 579, 586, 594), from Namoroka (specimens  30, 32, 33, 34)  and from Isalo (specimen 146) in a clade not linked with the African Sintonius.
The production of Υ(1S), Υ(2S), and Υ(3S) is investigated in pPb and pp collisions at centre-of-mass energies per nucleon pair of 5. 02 TeV and 2. 76 TeV, respectively. The datasets correspond to integrated luminosities of about 31 nb -1 (pPb) and 5. 4 pb -1 (pp), collected in 2013 by the CMS experiment at the LHC. Upsilons that decay into muons are reconstructed within the rapidity interval |y CM | < 1. 93 in the nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass frame. Their production is studied as a function of two measures of event activity, namely the charged-particle multiplicity measured in the pseudorapidity interval |η| < 2. 4, and the sum of transverse energy deposited at forward pseudorapidity, 4. 0 < |η| < 5. 2. The Υ cross sections normalized by their event activity integrated values, Υ(nS)/ Υ(nS) , are found to rise with both measures of the event activity in pp and pPb.
Experimental setup and event selection The results presented in this paper use pp data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5. 4 pb -1 , and pPb collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 31 nb -1. The pp data were collected at a centre-of-mass energy √ s = 2. 76 TeV. In pPb collisions the beam energies were 4 TeV for protons, and 1. 58 TeV per nucleon for lead nuclei, resulting in a centreof-mass energy per nucleon pair of √ s NN = 5. 02 TeV. The direction of the higher-energy proton beam was initially set up to be clockwise, and was reversed after an integrated luminosity of 18 nb -1 of data was recorded. As a result of the energy difference of the colliding beams, the nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass in the pPb collisions is not at rest with respect to the laboratory frame.
93. The resulting opposite-charge dimuon invariant-mass distributions are shown in Fig. 1  for the pPb (left) and pp (right) datasets, in the 7-14 GeV/c 2 range. The Υ(nS)/Υ(1S) yield ratios are extracted from an unbinned maximum likelihood fit to the invariant dimuon mass spectra, following the method described in Ref. [2]. The reconstructed mass lineshape of each Υ(nS) state is modeled by a Crystal Ball (CB) function  [31] , i. e. a Gaussian function with the low-side tail replaced by a power law function describing final-state radiation. The mass resolution, described by the width of the Gaussian component of the CB, is constrained to scale with the ratios of the resonance masses. The resolution of the Υ(1S) mass is a free parameter in the activity-integrated fits, and fixed to the value obtained in the inte-grated fits when fitting in bins of event activity.
The maximum observed variations are taken as a conservative estimate of the corresponding systematic uncertainties. The pp reference data are taken at a different nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy than the pPb data. In order to assess the √ s dependence of the single ratio in pp collisions, the single ratios measured at √ s = 7 TeV  [33]  and √ s = 1. 8 TeV  [34, 35] , tabulated in Table  1 , are compared to the √ s = 2. 76 TeV ratios of the present analysis. No significant difference is found within the systematic and statistical uncertainties in all samples. The 2. 76 TeV pp sample is used to compute the double ratios since it was recorded with the same trigger requirements and reconstructed with the same algorithms as the pPb data, and hence the related efficiencies cancel in the double ratio, down to a level which is negligible (<0.
Double ratios: [Υ(nS)/Υ(1S)] pPb /[Υ(nS)/Υ(1S)] pp Using the raw yield ratios found by fitting separately the pPb and pp event activity integrated data samples, the double ratios are Υ(2S)/Υ(1S)| pPb Υ(2S)/Υ(1S)| pp = 0. 83 ± 0. 05 (stat. ) ± 0. 05 (syst. ) Υ(3S)/Υ(1S)| pPb Υ(3S)/Υ(1S)| pp = 0. 71 ± 0. 08 (stat. ) ± 0. 09 (syst. ). The systematic uncertainties include uncertainties from the signal extraction procedure described above (6% and 13% for the Υ(2S) and Υ(3S), respectively), and from a potentially imperfect cancelation of the acceptances for individual states between the two centre-of-mass energies (2% and 1%, respectively, estimated from MC). The above double ratios, in which the initial-state effects are likely to cancel, suggest the presence of final-state effects in the pPb collisions compared to pp collisions, that affect more strongly the excited states (Υ(2S) and Υ(3S)) compared to the ground state (Υ(1S)).
In Fig. 2  (left), the pPb double ratios are compared with the measurement in PbPb at √ s NN = 2. 76 TeV  [2]. The pPb ratios are larger than the corresponding PbPb ones. This observation may help in understanding the final-state mechanisms of suppression of excited Υ states in the absence of a deconfined medium, and their extrapolation to the PbPb system. It is noted here     2. (1S) ϒ (2S)/ ϒ (1S) ϒ (3S)/ ϒ pp (1S)] ϒ (nS)/ ϒ / [ xPb (1S)] ϒ ( that the PbPb double ratios reported in Ref. [2]  were normalized to the smaller pp dataset collected by CMS in 2011. Once all the corrections are applied, the ratio of the 2011 to the 2013 pp single cross section ratios is 1. 6 ± 0. 4 (stat. ), making them consistent within 1. 5 standard deviations. Normalizing by the 2013 reference data would bring the PbPb double ratio up by the same factor 1.
[23]. Based on studies in Refs. [37, 38] , the uncertainty in the total single-track correction is estimated to be 3. 9% for the 2013 pp and pPb data, and 10% for the PbPb data. The binned single ratios Υ(2S)/Υ(1S) and Υ(3S)/Υ(1S) are corrected for acceptance, and for trigger and reconstruction efficiencies. The bin-to-bin systematic uncertainties, represented by coloured boxes in Figs. 3  and 4 , come from the fitting procedure and are in the ranges 3-8% (Υ(2S)/Υ(1S)) and 4-30% (Υ(3S)/Υ(1S)) for pp, and 3-8% (Υ(2S)/Υ(1S)) and 7-17% (Υ(3S)/Υ(1S)) for pPb. The uncertainty common to all points in a given dataset, quoted in the captions, is estimated following the same procedure as for the activity-integrated results. In Fig. 3  In all bins, the abscissae are given by the bin-average value listed in Table  3.
Although the full HF acceptance is used for the centrality selection in PbPb, the plotted transverse energy is scaled to the same pseudorapidity coverage as the pp and pPb datasets (4. 0 < |η| < 5. 2) using the results in Ref. [39]. In Fig. 4 , the Υ(2S)/Υ(1S) ratios from the three collision systems are plotted versus E tracks in the right panel. A logarithmic x-axis scale is chosen to allow displaying the three systems together. The relatively wide most peripheral (50-100%) PbPb bin has little overlap with the highest-multiplicity pPb bin, preventing a direct comparison of the two systems at the same event activity. It should be noted that, within (large) uncertainties, the PbPb centrality dependence is not pronounced  [2]  and that all pp and pPb ratios are far above the PbPb activity-integrated ratio, shown in the right panel of Fig.
All fetal ultrasound anomalies identified throughout the region are presented to the CPDP for their opinion during a weekly staff meeting, with remote participation and teleradiology, in accordance with national guidelines  [27]. The CEMC-Auvergne registry is a regional, populationbased registry monitoring malformations in some 13 500 annual births. Terminations of pregnancy are included regardless of term. Stillbirths are registered at a gestational age of 22 weeks or more. Live born infants with malformations are identified up to the age of 1 year through voluntary reporting by the region's hospitals and searches of medical records of the maternity and paediatric units in the area. Regardless of the child's vital status, confirmation of the malformation (or malformations) is obtained after birth, by any means (including pathology examination of foetus or child, in case of death), before it is included in the CEMC-Auvergne database.
A registry representative participates routinely at these weekly CPDP expert meetings and was thus able to collect the names of all the children with a malformation suspected before birth, who were thus "pre-included" in nominative paper records ("pre-inclusion form"). Permanent inclusion in the registry's computerised database does not occur until after birth, following examinations intended to determine conclusively the presence or absence of the malformation or misclassification about the malformed organ. The source population of this study comprised children whose mother had a prenatal diagnosis of a malformation after an ultrasound during the second or third trimester of pregnancy and who were born in Auvergne between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2009. Our sample included all those children whose mother underwent a follow-up (second-look) ultrasound by a CPDP ultrasonographer and whose file was considered at a multidisciplinary CPDP meeting.
Live-born or stillborn children were included if they were delivered in a maternity unit in Auvergne after 22 completed weeks of gestation (≥ 22 weeks +0 d ). Both the register and our study database include in utero fetal deaths resulting from terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomalies, in accordance with French law. The exclusion criteria were the absence of pathology or other relevant examinations in cases of terminations of pregnancy or in utero fetal or early neonatal deaths, or the parents' refusal to have a work-up that would confirm the prenatal diagnosis during the baby's first year of life, or the impossibility of finding the results of work-ups that were in fact performed. Our final sample therefore included 526 children (Figure  1 ). After birth (or terminations of pregnancy), the children were divided into three groups: the group of true positives, that is, those for whom malformations detected prenatally were confirmed during the postnatal examination; the group of false positives, that is, the children with a total discordance (no malformation identified at birth); and the group of misclassification errors (not all of the malformations suspected prenatally were confirmed by postnatal examination or the malformation of the suspected organ was confirmed at birth but the type of anomaly turned out to be erroneous).
The rate of misclassification errors was calculated as the ratio of the number of children with a partial discordance, again to all children in the study. To calculate the rates by anatomical system, only the files involving at least one malformation of the system considered were included, regardless of the number of systems with anomalies. Thus the files involving several systems were counted several times. A Chi-2 test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate, was performed for the categorical variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the continuous variables. The level of statistical significance was set at 0. 05. SAS software (version 9. 1, SAS, Inc, Cary, NC, 2002-2003) was used to perform the analyses.
These rates are based on data from one regional prenatal diagnosis centre, where all pregnancies with suspected foetal malformations are assessed, contrary to published studies that compare several hospitals of different levels  [9, 22]. Somewhat surprisingly, the proportion of women with a BMI ≥ 25 was higher in the true-positive group than in the other two groups. This result is discordant with that of the FASTER trial, which showed an inverse relation between maternal BMI and the false-negative rate  [32]. This overrepresentation of overweight women in the group of true positives might be related to their overrepresentation in the group with malformed children, because of the teratogenic effect of some maternal diseases found more frequently in this population (especially diabetes). It is impossible to study the predictive factors for false positive or misclassified diagnoses because our database includes only the children with a prenatal diagnosis of malformation; the medical, social and demographic characteristics of the pregnancies studied might thus be different from those of pregnancies with no anomalies.
In our study of the 15 prenatal cases of isolated pyelectasis not observed after birth, 12 had a renal pelvis smaller than 10 mm. However, pyelectasis can disappear because of newborn dehydration at birth and be detected at a later check-up. Infants in our study were followed up to one year of age and thus received the maximum duration of postnatal renal monitoring. Data about diagnostic misclassifications are sparse; they are grouped most often in the literature with the false positives  [19, 21, 23]. Studies of the correlation between prenatal ultrasound scans and pathology examinations show  The specific cardiac anomaly most often misdiagnosed was ventricular septal defect (n = 5). 2 The specific cerebral anomalies most often misdiagnosed were anomaly of the corpus callosum (n = 5) and ventriculomegaly (n = 5).