dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
e. likely leading to successful long-distance introductions as a result of increased propagule pressure (number, frequency and range of propagules) or by facilitating escape. Conversely, a pathway was categorised as 'secondary' when it was less likely to lead to the successful establishment of a Introduction pathways of economically costly invasive alien species 1 3 Vol. : (0123456789) species, generally due to either low propagule pressure (i. e. low number of introduction events, low number of individuals per introduction event) or due to it mainly promoting short distance/local dispersal of the species. We classified pathways as 'secondary' only when the information provided in databases or publications enabled us to identify primary pathways. Otherwise, pathways were classified as primary.
It was thus possible for a species to have more than one primary pathway. See Supplementary Material 4 for an example of how species pathways were classified as 'direct' or 'indirect' and 'primary' or 'secondary'. There is a level of inherent uncertainty associated with the compilation of data collated in largescale databases. We minimized the level of uncertainty associated with pathway-related data input in two ways depending on the source of uncertainty. First, data collation and the merging of different data sources may be a source of potential confusion and errors. Therefore, we checked for and then systematically corrected obvious mistakes in pathway assignment resulting from the merging of datasets using our expert judgement. For example, if the pathway recorded in the database of an invertebrate was 'Forestry' but this was a known contaminant, then the new pathway description would be 'Contaminant of plants'.
Data processing We used the expandYearlyCosts() function from the 'invacost' package version 0. 3-4  (Leroy et al. 2020)  in R version 4. 0. 3 (R Core Team 2020) to ensure that each cost entry-which could correspond to either a single or a multi-year estimate-was consistently recorded on an annual basis for the amount of years that the cost was incurred. The expanded version of our filtered_subset contained 21,250 cost entries (hereafter called expanded_subset). Finally, we used the R package dplyr (version 1. 0. 2. )  (Wickham et al. 2020)  to merge the expanded_subset with the pathways dataset (Supplementary Material 3) and generate our final dataset, available in Supplementary Material 5. Our final dataset contained 77,826 entries covering over 108 countries. We organised this final dataset for further analyses (see below).
First, IAS were classified into 13 broad "organism types" based on information from the Kingdom, Phylum, and Class columns: amphibian, arthropods, bird, decapod, fish, fungi, insect, mammal, mollusc, plant, reptile, animalia diverse and other organisms. "Animalia diverse" include invertebrate species from the Kingdom Animalia that are not listed in the above animal categories, namely species of the phylum Nematoda, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes and class Ascidiacea. The category "other organisms" is made up of all organisms not included in the aforementioned categories (e. g. species with Kingdom column entries Bacteria, Virus, Chromista). Second, we included information from the Type_of_cost_merged column (Table  1 ) in our final dataset, which classifies the cost estimates as "damage" (i. e.
Data analyses To estimate the economic cost of invasive species for the period 1970-2020, we calculated the total cost per pathway observed over this period, by summing all cost estimates provided in the Cost_estimate_per_ year_2017_USD_exchange_rate column of our final dataset. We also calculated (i) the annual average cost per species, by averaging the total cost per year calculated for every species and (ii) the average annual average cost per species per pathway by averaging the annual average cost per species for each pathway. To assess the potential effects of unknown pathways on the cost distribution shown, we randomly assigned one of the 6 main pathways ('Release', 'Escape', 'Contaminant', 'Stowaway', 'Corridor', 'Unaided') to each species from the InvaCost database which lacked pathway information.
All these analyses were conducted for 'direct primary' pathways only. We used a linear regression and Spearman's rank correlation to assess the correlation between the cost of species and the year of first record of introduction. First records data are from the Global Alien Species First Record Database  (Seebens et al. 2017). To determine if the number of pathways influenced the cost of a species, the number of pathways per species was calculated for both pathway categories and subcategories by (i) summing the number of direct pathways (CBD_pathway column) and (ii) summing the number of direct pathways subcategory (CBD_ subcategory column) for each species. We used Spearman's rank correlation to assess the correlation between the total and annual average cost per species and the number of pathways subcategories.
For all analyses we use 'direct primary' pathways to minimise the duplication of cost across pathways, except when (i) investigating the relationship between the number of pathways and cost of species where both primary and secondary pathways are considered and (ii) identifying indirect pathways subcategories of species introduced unintentionally where we use 'indirect' pathways. We used ggplot2 (v. 3. 3. 2, Wickham 2011) R package and Adobe illustrator to generate and format all figures.
Discussion Using data from the global database of reported monetary costs of IAS-InvaCost-we set out to address five principal questions. First, we found that the total cost of species, as well as the annual average cost Vol. : (0123456789) per species introduced through 'Contaminants' and 'Stowaways' were more costly than species introduced primarily through 'Escape' and 'Release', with 'Unaided' and 'Corridor' being the least costly (Fig. 2 ; Supplementary Material 6). Second, the total cost of species and the average annual cost per species tends to be much higher for species introduced unintentionally than species introduced intentionally. This pattern is the same across different types of costs (i. e. damage, management and mixed costs) (Fig. 4 ). Third, patterns vary spatially and across taxonomic groups, which is an important consideration when formulating policies (Fig.
Although species introduced through 'Escape' and 'Release' are more numerous than species introduced as 'Contaminants' or 'Stowaways', their annual average and overall costs are significantly lower (see Fig. 1 ). While the patterns and trends depicted here are based on only a subset of known IAS-i. e. those recorded in the InvaCost database vs. 3352 species in GRIIS considered to have evidence of impacts  (Chamberlain and Bartomeus, 2021) , our results are aligned with previous findings in terms of proportion of IAS by pathways  (Saul et al. 2017 ) and proportion of introduction events by pathways  (McGrannachan et al. 2021). Hence, our study provides a sound basis for further improved pathway-based cost assessments for many more IAS. Observed patterns can be attributed to several factors including lack of records, possibly in turn affected by species' charisma, perceived utility, and ease of management.
In line with vertebrates being often characterized as deliberate 'Releases', plants as 'Escapes' and invertebrates as 'Contaminants'  (Hulme et al. 2008) , in our dataset mammals drive the total cost of intentional 'Release' (61%), plants account for the greatest proportion of 'Escape' costs (37%), whilst insects drive the total costs of unintentional introductions (68%) (Supplementary Material 9). Indeed, domesticated cats (Felis catus), wild boars (Sus scrofa) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) represent 57% of intentional 'Release' costs (Supplementary Material 6). Their close proximity and value to humans either as game animals or as pets is a likely cause for their uncontrolled range and population expansion, consequently leading to extensive damage costs. On the other hand, insects are inconspicuous, so their sheer numbers and predominant impacts on sectors such as agriculture, health and forestry probably contribute to their high costs.
2008; Nunes et al. 2015; Lockwood et al. 2019). Costs incurred as a result of unintentional introductions are the greatest globally and for most regions, except for Antarctic-Subantarctic, where costs from 'Release' species have accrued the most over the last 50 years, mostly in the earlier years. With low levels of human activity in the Antarctic region, it is not surprising that cost records mainly relate to management measures of intentionally introduced mammals, even though both deliberate and accidental introductions have been reported  (Frenot et al. 2005). Monetary quantification of damage from invasions may be more difficult when the impact is primarily environmental; especially since humans are perhaps more inclined to spend money to mitigate impacts that cause economic losses. It is worth noting that all costs in our dataset were standardised based on the classical exchange rates, meaning that the purchasing power of different currencies was not equalised between countries.
We did not consider costs standardised based on the Purchase Power Parity (PPP) in InvaCost  (Diagne et al. 2020b)  because (i) this information is still missing for a number of countries and years from the official sources (i. e. World Bank website; see  Diagne et al. 2020b  for details) and (ii) of limitations of PPP as an adequate conversion factor  (Avalos and Alley, 2014). Thus we should be cautious about the geographic patterns shown here. Our results should not be taken as leads to recommendation of lower investment in the management of pathways where the recorded costs were shown to be lower, at least for two main reasons. First, the trends and patterns drawn here only reflect a snapshot of a portion of the cost data available in the InvaCost database at the time of writing (i. e. only observed highly reliable costs).
Our work should therefore be seen as the first state-of-the-art on the topic, given both qualitative and quantitative findings will be refined as knowledge on pathways and costs of IAS will continue to increase in the future. Precise knowledge on pathways is still lacking for a number of IAS-as illustrated by the costs associated with the category 'unknown' pathway (Fig. 2 ). Nonetheless, we can assume that our findings are not only driven or blurred by data availability. Indeed, if the magnitude of cost information available across pathways was likely to have directly driven the cost distribution evidenced here, one could expect that the higher the number of species or cost data recorded for a particular pathway, the higher the estimated costs. However, we found that 'stowaway'-the pathway associated with the costliest estimates-is among the pathways with the lowest number of cost information currently recorded in the database.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-14-CE02-0021 ) and the  BNP-Paribas Foundation Climate Initiative  for funding the  InvaCost  project that allowed the construction of the Inva-Cost database. The present work was conducted following a 1 3 Vol. : (0123456789) workshop funded by the  AXA Research Fund Chair of Invasion Biology  and is part of the  AlienScenario  project funded by  Bio-divERsA and Belmont-Forum  call 2018 on biodiversity scenarios. AJT contract comes from the  AXA Research Fund Chair of Invasion Biology of University Paris Saclay. CD is funded by the  BiodivERsA-Belmont Forum  Project " Alien Scenarios " ( BMBF/PT DLR 01LC1807C ). AN and DM acknowledge funding from  EXPRO  Grant No. 19-28807X  ( Czech Science Foundation ) and long-term research development project  RVO 67985939  (The  Czech Academy of Sciences ).
This sequential cataloguing data recording standard would become an international standard in 1973. In 1994, this standard would become the MARC21 format for North America, and then, UNIMARC for IFLA. Further, in 2002, the Library of Congress would develop MARC-XML for Internet transfers. The largest library enterprise network would be developed in Dublin (Ohio, USA) under the label OCLC (then Ohio College Library Center) from 1967. It would become an international network of more than 10,000 'online' libraries under the name Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)!.
Les promesses d'efficacité de notre projet tiennent donc tant au partage réfléchi des tâches, dans lequel chaque membre de la coopérative devra être partie prenante, à l'échange des compétences qu'aux performances proprement informatiques du système. Cependant, les bibliothèques ne renonceront pas pour autant à leur autonomie: les fonctions de gestion des acquisitions, des prêts, de gestion financière générale, et la possibilité de faire du "traitement de texte" seront laissées à la responsabilité de chaque membre et gérées de manière absolument indépendante. Pour le Centre Informatique et Bible , promouvoir un tel projet, c'est aussi introduire en bibliothèque un nouveau média. Les micro-ordinateurs proposés aux bibliothèques, outre leur fonction d'outils de travail pour le bibliothécaire, permettront la connexion à des bases de données textuelles, principalement de textes bibliques, dans les langues originales et les traductions modernes.
Simeon Daly states: "I only vaguely recall my dealings with Fr. Wiltgen on the computer project, mostly because I was working with Br. Ferdinand Poswick who had actually developed the beginnings of a database of theological libraries and was trying to expand it to Italy and more precisely to Rome. … He had been invited to address the librarians of the pontifical libraries of Rome. " … Br. Poswick asked Fr. Simeon to lead part of a workshop, discussing what was happening in America with OCLC and other automation projects. 7 The Seminar took place from 27 February to 2 March 1984, a five-day seminar with the following participants: Msgr. Joseph Benacek from the Congregation for Education; Fr. Juan J. Gallan from the 'Pontificia Università Gregoriana'; Fr. Henry Bertels from the 'Pontificio Istituto Biblico'; Fr.
This, with many 'firsts' , was made possible by the computerisation of data entry, proofreading and programmed creation of typographical results. In particular: the first Catholic Bible without insertion of subtitles (the Bible de Maredsous, called "de promotion" in pocket format, without presentation in 'columns' and with sans-serif characters,  Brepols, 1977) ; the first complete concordance of the Bible in French (Concordance de la Bible de Jérusalem, Le Cerf-Brepols, 1979); the first database of the Hebrew Massoretic text of the Bible with a search engine on a PC  (Mikrah's Compucord, 1985) ; the first analytical concordance of a Bible -references to the Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek equivalents of the French lemmas -in the field of Bibles of Romance languages, and the first Catholic realisation of this type (Concordance de la Bible.
TOB, Le Cerf -SBF, 1993); and the first concordance of an entire Bible in Spanish (Biblia de Jerusalén, Bilbao: DDB, 1998). In all these cases, the printed editions precede by a few months or years their distribution in the form of diskettes, CD-ROMs or databases accessible by  Minitel (1988 Minitel ( -1994) )  or through the Internet (from 1997-1998 onwards), as can still be seen in the Biblical databases on the website www. knowhowsphere. net: data accessible with a very powerful search engine (knowhowsphere) created by I&B and updated in 2011. These works -among which we should also mention an identical re-edition of the Bible à 42-lignes de Gutenberg according to the copy kept at the Mazarine Library in Paris, for the Paris publisher Les Incunables (1985) -were at the heart of an intense activity of editorial creations in the service of the Bible, with, in particular, the development of two collections: Bible et Vie  Chrétienne, nouvelle série (18 titles between 1978 and 2003 ) and Fils d' Abraham (35 titles between 1987 and 2005) , and the adaptation into French of a great number of works published in English or German.
From 1992-1994, however, I&B was asked by numerous religious congregations to make available, in electronic form, either the works of their founder or their archives. Some 30 computerisation studies were carried out and more than 15 databases were created for this type of 'clientele' , which had requested the skills acquired by the IT team working at Maredsous. These electronic publications, often completed by a reproduction on microfilm (with a view to safeguarding them for 300 to 500 years, barring any accidents in the evolution of the electronic tool), for the most part, have had, in parallel, a printed edition of some of the data: see, for example, the Complete Works of St. John Baptist de La Salle  (Rome: FEC, 1993 -1994)  or those of Pio Bruno Lanteri  (Cuneo: AGA, 2002). This intense editorial activity (impacting all 'librarians') was complemented by an important academic and critical reflection on the human and societal impacts of these new methods of working, storing and communicating information.
We report the discovery in TESS data and validation of HD 56414 b (a. k. a. TOI-1228 b), a Neptune-size (R p = 3. 71 ± 0. 20 R ⊕ ) planet with a 29 day orbital period transiting a young (age = 420 ± 140 Myr) A-type star in the TESS southern continuous-viewing zone. HD 56414 is one of the hottest stars (T eff = 8500 ± 150 K) to host a known sub-Jovian planet. HD 56414 b lies on the boundary of the hot Neptune desert in the planet radiusbolometric insolation flux space, suggesting that the planet may be experiencing mass loss. To explore this, we apply a photoevaporation model that incorporates the high near-ultraviolet continuum emission of A-type stars. We find that the planet can retain most of its atmosphere over the typical 1 Gyr main-sequence lifetime of an A-type star if its mass is 8 M ⊕.
TESS Photometry HD 56414 (a. k. a. TOI-1228 or TIC 300038935) was observed by TESS for a total of 24 sectors between 2018 July 18 and 2021 June 24. During sectors 1-13, the target was observed with a cadence of 2 minutes. During sectors 28-36 and 38-39, the target was observed with cadences of both 2 minutes and 20 s. A transiting planet candidate, denoted TOI-1228. 01, was identified in this data by the NASA Science Processing Operations Center (SPOC;  Jenkins et al. 2016)  pipeline on 2019 August 26. The data and related analyses are available for download on the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). The SPOC pipeline produces two light curves: a light curve produced using simple aperture photometry (SAP) and a light curve produced using simple aperture photometry plus a presearch data conditioning step (PDCSAP;  Stumpe et al.
We present the CO isotopologue Line Atlas within the Whirpool galaxy Survey (CLAWS), which is based on an IRAM 30 m large programme that provides a benchmark study of numerous faint CO isotopologues in the millimetre-wavelength regime across the full disc of the nearby grand-design spiral galaxy M 51 (NGC 5194). The survey's core goal is to use the low-J CO isotopologue lines to constrain CO excitation and chemistry, and therefrom the local physical conditions of the gas. In this survey paper, we describe the CLAWS observing and data reduction strategies. We map the J = 1 → 0 and 2 → 1 transitions of the CO isotopologues 12 CO, 13 CO, C 18 O, and C 17 O, as well as several supplementary lines within the 1 mm and 3 mm window (CN (1-0), CS (2-1), CH 3 OH (2-1), N 2 H + (1-0), and HC 3 N (10-9)) at ∼1 kpc resolution.
The main goal of this project is to use the large number of CO isotopologues to study the dependence of excitation on galactic environment and investigate isotopic abundance variations. In addition, we use the CO isotopologues to constrain the spatial variation in the CO-to-H 2 conversion factor. This paper is organised as follows: In Sect. 2, we present and describe the IRAM 30 m observations as well as the ancillary data that are used in this paper. Section 3 explains how we convert observational measurements to physical quantities. The main results of the paper, which include the different CO line ratios as well as their spatial variations, are presented in Sect. 4. Finally, Sect. 5 discusses our findings and provides an outlook on future projects that can be conducted with the data from this project.
Property Value Name NGC 5194 (M 51) RA (J2000) (a)  13 h 29 m 52. s 7 Dec (J2000) (a)  47 • 11 43 i (b) 22 • PA (c) 172 • r (d) 25 3. 9 D (e) 8. 6 Mpc V ( f ) hel 456. 2 km s -1 Metallicity (g) [12 + log(O/H)] 8. 55 Morphology (h) SAbc Σ SFR (i) 20 × 10 -3 M yr -1 kpc -2 log 10 (M /M ) ( j) 10. 5 Notes. ( a) Coordinates of the centre of the galaxy adopted from the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED) from  Shetty et al. (2007). ( b) Inclination of the galaxy with respect to the plane of the sky from  Colombo et al. (2014). ( c) Position angle of the galaxy. ( d) 25th magnitude isophote radius of the B-band taken from the Extragalactic Distance Database (EDD;  Tully et al. 2009). ( e) Distance to the galaxy from McQuinn et al. (  2016 ). ( f ) Heliocentric systemic velocity from  Walter et al.
Data reduction The data reduction was performed automatically using the scripts and pipeline used for the EMPIRE survey (see description in Jiménez-Donaire et al. 2019). Basic calibration was done using MRTCAL 1. The first step consists of converting the spectrum to the antenna temperature scale. For this, each science scan is combined with the last previous calibration scan. Next, we subtract from the calibrated spectrum the OFF measurement. These steps constitute the most basic calibration. The target lines are then extracted using the Continuum and Line Analysis Singledish Software (CLASS 2  ). A zeroth-order baseline is subtracted, omitting the range of 50-300 km s -1 around the centre of the line in the fit. The individual spectra are then re-gridded to have a 4 km s -1 channel width across the full bandpass.
The spectra are saved as FITS files for further processing. In order to monitor the stability of the flux calibration, the spectra of line-calibrator sources (e. g. IRC+10216) were further obtained. From these we find a maximum day-to-day variation in amplitude of ∼7. 5% over all observations. The 1σ variation is ∼2. 4% only. Subsequent data reduction is performed using a custom IDL routine based on the HERA CO-Line Extragalactic Survey (HERACLES) data reduction pipeline  (Leroy et al. 2009). This routine removes pathological data such as bad scans or spectra. Platforming correction at the edges of the FTS units is also corrected for in the EMPIRE pipeline. The baseline fitting is performed again excluding a generous line window using the 12 CO (1-0) line emission from PAWS as a prior: Around the mean 12 CO (1-0) velocity, a window is placed, the full width of which ranges between 50 and 300 km s -1 depending on the width of the line for each pixel.
In particular, the conversion is performed using the following equation: T mb = F eff B eff T a. (1) The F eff /B eff ratio adopted for our observing programme was 1. 2 for Setup 1 (3 mm regime) and 1. 6 for Setup 2 (1 mm regime). In this study, we exclusively use the main beam temperature T mb. The final data cube is generated by gridding the spectra onto a 2 arcsec spaced Cartesian grid. Consequently, the final resolution is coarser than the IRAM 30 m native resolution due to the gridding kernel by a factor of 1. 2. We do not correct for the contribution from the IRAM 30 m error beam to the observed main beam temperature. We discuss this effect in Appendix A. In short, emission can enter our detection via the telescope's error beam, thus increasing the observed flux. Regions with faint emission in the galaxy are most likely affected by this.