dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
According to  Kääntä (2010) , in classroom situations, teachers typically allocate turns by using the selected student's name and by directing their gaze towards the student. Teachers may also use embodied turn allocations, such as head nods and pointing gestures that can occur either together with the student's name, with a discourse particle, or on their own. The embodied allocations derive their interactional meaning through their sequential position. However,  Kääntä's (2010)  results show that embodied allocations are successful only when the participants establish mutual gaze 5. This, in turn, assigns greater import to aspects of voicing as an interactional resource, because as we will see in the analyses of the extracts, mutual gazing is not always possible 6. The analysis of the CULT data shows that, in his management of next-speaker selection through the practice of addressing the participant by name, the host uses specifi c prosodic means.
The fi rst name "Mounir" [muni r ] carries a continuous rising contour, the range of which is 10. 2 semitones. A pitch rise of this size within two syllables is made possible by lengthening the stressed vowel [i], transcribed as [Mou?ni::↑r]. Graph 1 presents the waveform and the pitch curve obtained with the speech analysis program Praat 5. 3. 16 (Boersma & Weenink, 2012)  during the production of the fi rst name "Mounir". The fi nely dotted line indicates the mean pitch level of the speaker. Thus, as can be seen in the graph, the rise starts a bit below the mean pitch level of the speaker and moves towards the upper end of the speaker's range. According to Mertens' (  2008 ) "predictive theory" on French intonation, this type of major interval om down to up (LH) 7 invites the interlocutor to react.
A HISTORY OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND OCCUPATION OF STRUCTURE 5N2 In Structure 5N2, the state of the rooms and the examination of the wall junctions provided the first evidence for the building's sequence of construction. The stratigraphic test pits brought to light some important structural data and yielded ceramic finds that dated the floors, that is, the latest sherds included in the fill offered the base line for dating the latest operations in the construction of the rooms. The history of Structure 5N2 revealed by those diverse data sets includes thus two major episodes, with the second one subdivided into several stages.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Since 2002, the  Río Bec  project has received continuous support from the  Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia , and from several other Mexican and French institutions, among which we would like to thank particularly the  State of Campeche , the  INAH-Campeche Centre , the  French Ministère des Affaires Étrangères et Européennes , the  Centre d'Études Mexicaines et Centraméricaines (México) , the  Foundation Entreprises Françaises au Mexique (EFM)  and the  CIMESA company (Solétanche-Bachy ). We also thank the reviewers,  Alejandro Patiño  ( University of Calgary ) and  Michael Ilett  ( University of Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne ) who greatly helped improve this paper, as well as  Sylvie Éliès , who completed some of the figures.
Acknowledgments This work has been done in the frame of  FLAG (Femtosecond Laser Application in Glasses)  consortium project with the support of several organizations: the  Agence Nationale pour la Recherche  ( ANR-09-BLAN-0172-01 ), the  RTRA Triangle de la Physique  ( 2008-056T ), the  FP7-PEOPLE-IIF FemtoNano 908582 ,  Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project  (No. B502 ),  Shanghai Key Laboratory Project  ( 08DZ2230500 ), the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  ( NSFC51072052 ), the  Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai  ( 12ZR1407600 ), and the  Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities  ( WD1014035 ).
Acknowledgments -Supported by the  Brazilian Agencies: CNPq  ( Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) ;  PRONEX-FAPERJ (Programa de Apoio a Núcleos de Excelência e Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) , and  CAPES-CNPq  ( Ciência sem Fronteiras ).
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH Our method combines IL and a corpus-based approach (corpus processing). We adopted this dual approach in order to systematically annotate the phenomena in the corpus. We then drew up a list of occurrences of similar events in our dataset, i. e. , a collection of examples, as recommended in CA  (Mondada, 2013). However, unlike a CA-style transcription that exhibits all the relevant cues (prosodic, gestural, phonetic) on the same line (see  (Selting et al. , 1998)  for the GAT system, adapted from the Jefferson-style transcription system), the transcription used in this work is one of the levels of the annotation process elaborated within the framework of the OTIM project  (Blache et al. , 2009). Using Praat  (Boersma and Weenink, 2009) , rich and systematic annotations related to the different linguistic domains, from phonetic to gestural, are provided.
habilis/rudolfensis (HHR, sensu [71272]). For the Upper Pleistocene groups, we extracted the dental diameters from the Anthropological Database (anthropologicaldata. free. fr [73] ). Cusp base areas, shown to have significant taxonomic value in discriminating among Pleistocene hominin groups  [71, 74280]  as well as for specific and sub-specific level assessment in extant hominids [81283], were estimated for eight lower molars. Conversely, advanced wear obliterated the occlusal cusp outline of the first molars MI92. 1 and NG92. 2. Measurements of individual cusps on occlusal photographs followed the procedure established by Bailey  [79] , by orienting the plane of the cervical line of the molar perpendicularly to the camera objective. Interproximal wear was conservatively corrected, and accessory cusps (e.
g. , C6 or C7) were subdivided, with equal parts being added to the areas of the adjacent principal cusps  [74278]. For comparative purpose, we estimated the cusp base areas for the second and third molar positions of four lower molars of H. erectus from Java (Sangiran 1b LM2 & LM3, Sangiran 7264 LM2, Sangiran 7265 LM2) and of six H. heidelbergensis teeth from Tighenif (Tighenif 1, Tighenif 2, Tighenif 3). In addition to the data available for the second molar  [84] , we also assessed the cusp base areas of five modern human third molars. An adjusted Z-score analysis [85286] was performed on the cusp base areas proportions of the lower molars from the new material and on five fossil and extant comparative groups. This statistical method allows the comparison of unbalanced samples, which is often limitative for the fossil record, using the Student's t inverse distribution following the formula: ((x2m)/(s*sqrt(1+1/n))/ (Student.
We use this detailed and complete dataset to address the following issues. First, we seek to describe the genetic structure of Italy and compare it with the patterns obtained before, in order to distinguish between a clinal and a discontinuous pattern of genetic variation. Second, we want to investigate whether the structure observed is sex-biased and which factors could account for any differential contributes from paternal and maternal lineages. Third, we seek to identify which population movements mostly could be in the origin of the current genetic diversity of the Italian populations.
Within each sampling point, individuals were finally sampled according to the standard 'grandparents' criterion, thus considering as eligible for our study only those individuals whose four grandparents were born in the same sampling macro-area. It is important to underline that individuals within sampling points were not selected by surnames. That way 1) our data are consistent with those from other similar studies; 2) we avoid to introduce a bias between Y-chromosome and mtDNA results. DNA was extracted from fresh blood by a Salting Out modified protocol  [25].
All individuals were additionally typed for a set of 19 STRs: 17 using the Yfiler kit (Applied Biosystems) and two (DYS388, DYS426) included in the Multiplex2. As the Yfiler kit amplifies DYS385a/b simultaneously avoiding the determination of each of the two alleles (a or b), DYS385a/b were excluded from all the analyses performed. DYS389b was obtained by subtracting DYS389I from DYS389II  [29]. Mitochondrial DNA genotyping 865 samples were successfully sequenced for the whole control region as in  Behar et al. (2007)   [30] , and typed using a 22 coding region SNPs multiplex as described previously  [27] ,  [31]. Variable positions throughout the control region were determined between positions 16,001 and 573. Sequences were deposited in the GenBank nucleotide database under accession numbers KC806300-KC807164.
In addition, for haplogroup H, the most frequent in Western Europe  [2] ,  [6] , we used a specifically designed multiplex (named HPLEX17) in order to resolve 17 distinct sub-lineages  [27]. Based on combined HVS sequence and coding region SNP data, individuals were assigned to the major haplogroups of the mtDNA phylogeny with the software Haplogrep  [32]  that uses Phylotree version 13  [33]. Due to their phylogenetic uncertainty, indels at nucleotide positions 309, 315, and 16193 were not taken into account.
(2011)   [49]. Splitting time between the sPCA-identified regions (NWI and SEI, see Results) was estimated with BATWING  [50]  under a model of exponential growth and splitting from a constant size ancestral population. Two samples (Treviso, Foligno/PG) were excluded from the analysis according to a 5% quantile threshold of the sPC1 scores. Two chains with different starting points were run with a total of 3. 5610  [6]  samples with an initial burn in of 1. 5610  [6]  samples and a thinning interval of 10620. The outfiles were treated with the R package  [41]  to get the posterior distributions of the parameters of interest. We checked that results were equivalent for both runs and reported the mean values of both analyses for every parameter. We used a prior distribution for mutation rates as proposed by  Xue et al.
Y-chromosome lineages in Italy Haplogroup frequencies. A total of 884 unrelated individuals from 23 Italian locations (Figure  S1 ) were successfully genotyped for 19 STRs and 136 SNPs, and classified in 46 different haplogroups (including sub-lineages) whose phylogeny (  [28] ; ISOGG Y-DNA SNP Index -2009) and frequencies for the whole dataset are detailed in Table  S1 ; Y-STR haplotypes of each individual are provided in Table  S2. The haplotype and haplogroup diversity (h), STR diversity (p n ) and mean number of pairwise differences (p) of the population samples are listed in Table  S3. The lowest values for haplogroup diversity (h) are observed in Sardinia, while the Italian peninsula is characterized by a negative correlation between haplogroup diversity and latitude, resulting in a south-north decreasing pattern of variation (Spearman's rho = 20.
Anyway, such differentiation was not significant in the case of mtDNA (AMOVA difference between groups = 0. 10%, p = 0. 08). Analogously, DAPC clusters of mtDNA haplotypes do not show any geographic structure even when compared with other European samples, with clusters of similar haplotypes spanning from Iberia to the Balkans. However, not only uniparental differences in the genetic structure but also in time estimates are shown in the present dataset: our age estimates for the Y-chromosome and the mtDNA haplogroups (as well as the corresponding clusters of haplotypes) highlight significantly different time periods (Table  2 ), which could reflect multi-layered histories in Italy. Age estimates for mtDNA haplogroups -even if past demographic events affecting error rates cannot be excludedpoint almost unanimously to pre-Neolithic times, ranging approximately from ,13,000 (H1*) to ,31,600 (HV) YBP.
The emergence of more refined chronologies for climate change and archaeology in prehistoric Africa, and for the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), now make it feasible to test more sophisticated models of early modern human dispersals suggested by mtDNA distributions. Here we have generated 42 novel whole-mtDNA genomes belonging to haplogroup L0, the most divergent clade in the maternal line of descent, and analysed them alongside the growing database of African lineages belonging to L0's sister clade, L1'6. We propose that the last common ancestor of modern human mtDNAs (carried by "mitochondrial Eve") possibly arose in central Africa ~180 ka, at a time of low population size. By ~130 ka two distinct groups of anatomically modern humans co-existed in Africa: broadly, the ancestors of many modern-day Khoe and San populations in the south and a second central/ eastern African group that includes the ancestors of most extant worldwide populations.
Although it is found in a minority of people alive today (~11% of the African database), phylogenetically L0 represents half of modern human mtDNA diversity  [28]. Here, as well as new sequence data, we also apply the improved molecular clock of Soares et al. [53] , which allows for the effects of purifying selection, enabling us to draw direct parallels with the archaeological and freshly interpreted palaeoclimate evidence that were previously obscure. We show that the L0 phylogeography implies a number of very early dispersals between eastern, central and southern Africa -the earliest detectable migrations involving modern humans to date -with the deepest geographically restricted branching in all three regions occurring at ~130 ka. This was the time of onset of MIS 5 and the expansion of mode 3 technological industries throughout Africa, when the archaeological visibility of Homo sapiens in the African landscape dramatically increased  [6].
Materials and Methods We generated 42 new whole-mtDNA genomes belonging to haplogroup L0, as described previously  [54]. We performed the sequencing on a 3100 DNA Analyzer (AB Applied Biosystems) and analysed the resulting sequences with SeqScape (AB Applied Biosystems) and BioEdit version 7. 0. 4. 1  [55] , checked by two independent investigators. The samples included 14 from Mozambique, four from São Tomé e Princípe, eight from Somalia, two Nubians from Sudan, two Turkana from Kenya, two Sudanese Arabs, two Daza from Chad, one Fulani from Zinder area (Niger), one Kanembou from Chad, one Hide, one Bulahay and one Kotoco from Cameroon  [56]  and two Oromo and one further Ethiopian. Figure  S1  displays the geographic location of the new sample. The 42 new whole-mtDNA sequences have been deposited in GenBank (accession numbers KF672796-KF672837).
We constructed a phylogenetic tree using the reducedmedian algorithm  [57] , resolving reticulations by hand on the basis of the relative frequency of the mutations involved  [53]. We used the GeneSyn  [58]  software to first convert all available whole-mtDNA L0 genomes into variants and then convert the variants into a binary file for the Network 4. 6 software. Individual genomes are indicated in the reconstructed tree (File S1) and Table  S2. Sequences by Gonder et al. [59]  were provisionally included, but dropped from most subsequent analyses due to probable artefacts  [28]. These data indicated branches of interest in Tanzania amongst a few samples and we placed these on the tree with the diagnostic positions, but not the (potentially erroneous) private mutations included. These branches were excluded from age estimates.
The oldest direct evidence of AMH remains in southern Africa are from Klasies River Mouth, in deposits that date back to ~120 ka  [69]. Whatever the precise details, this earliest split amongst human mtDNAs signals the earliest dispersal detected using genetic data amongst early-modern humans. The combined whole-genome and HVS-I mtDNA database suggests that none of the remaining mtDNA diversity (in haplogroup L1'6) supports such an early presence for L0's sister clade in the south of the continent. In fact, there is no clear evidence of any lineages within L1'6 dating to earlier than the late Holocene in southern Africa (Figure  4 ) (cf. Behar et al  [28] ). Genome-wide analysis also indicates that admixture between Khoesan and non-Khoesan only began ~1. 2 ka  [36]. The presence of L1c, L2b, L3d and L3e from west-central Africa into the ancestors of some Khoe-speaking herding groups  [26, 86, 87]  most probably simply indicates high levels of intermarriage with Bantu immigrants.
11 To collect these communications, an official authorisation was needed beforehand as in France this type of data is not accessible to the general public. For reasons of anonymity, the names and locations of these three centres will not be revealed in this paper. They have been chosen for the concentration of English used on their frequencies as well as their interest for our research project. 12 Different types of air traffic control (aerodrome, approach and en route), different control stations, time slots and interlocutors have been taken into account to constitute UseC. 13 In a corpus, each different word is known as a "type" (or "word type"). For instance, "will" and "would" are two different word types. The number of time a given word type occurs in a corpus is known as "token" (or "word token").
Preliminary Methodology The first preliminary step in comparing the vocabulary of the two corpora was to draw up a list of the different word forms they contain. Yet, from a lexical point of view, comparing a corpus made up of written data -and thus including no feature of verbal communicationwith one made up of spoken data would not guarantee satisfactory results. Consequently, in order to obtain a well-balanced comparison of the lexicon found in the corpora, not all the different word types have been taken into account in our lexical analysis. The different categories of word types that have been excluded and the reasons for their removal are presented in the following table. By choosing not to take into account the word forms mentioned here, we aim at focusing on specific and recurrent air traffic control vocabulary as well as proceeding to a well-balanced comparison of the two corpora lexicon.
Finalization of the questions, their wording and the approach to analysis of the survey results took place during a series of steering committee meetings, funded by Janssen, and with input from an independent company with prior experience in conducting surveys of the perceptions of health care providers. In order to maximize the reach of the survey and to capture any potential geographical variations regarding the perceptions and opinions of functioning in patients with schizophrenia, psychiatrists were identified using a database held by Janssen. Surveys were delivered by mail (in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Serbia, Spain, France, UK and Switzerland) or by Janssen representatives (in other countries). Psychiatrists received a sealed pack containing the survey, a prepaid envelope and a signed letter from the steering committee explaining the aims of the survey.
Acknowledgment I am grateful to GEODE team members, especially  Florent Fremigacci ,  Yannick L'Horty  and  Pascale Petit  for their interesting remarks. I am also grateful to the participants of the 2012 TEPP conference in Caen, 2013 JMA and SMYE participants, especially  Stijn Baert. Responsible editor: Pierre Cahuc Received: 30 April 2013 Accepted: 3 August 2013 Published:.
Specially developed concave holographic gratings provide unsurpassed sensitivity. A 785 nm OEM 300mW laser and the HE spectrometer are optical fibre coupled to a remote SuperHead ® optical head equipped with selected high quality Notch filters and a long working distance microscope objective for sample illumination and light scattering collection. The laser beam is injected into the optical head through the optical fiber. The spectral window ranges between 80 and 3300 cm -1 but the sensitivity-and the collected intensity-decreases above 2000 cm -1. Applied powers were 5 mW and 10 mW (as measured on the sample). A portable ALPHA Bruker Optics FT-IR spectrometer equipped with dedicated contact-less reflection optics was used (Figure  2b , on-site measurement). Data are examined in the form of a 'raw' reflection spectrum (360-4000 cm -1 range).
The program Chromas Pro software (Technelysium PTY, Australia) was used to analyze, assemble and correct the sequences. In addition to our newly obtained data, 18 samples belonging to the worldwide clade A  [8] , 19 samples belonging to clade B from USA, UK  [11]  and Honduras  [7]  and 28 samples belonging to clade C from Senegal [9] and Ethiopia  [12]  were used. The Phylogeny Reconstruction was performed from the DNA sequences using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) with 100 Bootstrap Replications within the MEGA 5 software with complete deletion, Tamura-Nei model (nucleotide) of substitution model was used automatically  [13].
Results The DNA of the two nits (848 mm and 912 mm long, respectively) was amplified and sequenced for the Cytb gene of 270 bp. After assembling the sequences and analyzing the phylogenetic tree, it was found that one nit belonged to the worldwide clade A (Genbank accession nuKF498963), whereas the second nit belonged to the clade B (Genbank accession nuKF498962) (figure  3 ). One base distinguished chilean mummy clade A head lice from other sequences found in GenBank: position 7 (G in mummy nit lice versus a gap in others) (Figure  4 ). There is no difference between the Chilean mummy clade B nit and other sequences present in GenBank (Figure  4 ).
Results The results of all the three experiments will be presented in percentages of N1-attachment for clarity's sake in all Figures and Tables. For the statistical analyses, however, high attachments were assigned a 1 and low attachments were assigned a 0 for a log-linear mixed-eff ects model analysis with position, length and name type as fi xed eff ects, participants and items as random eff ects (cf. Baayen et al. , 2008)  including slopes for position and length for subjects, and slopes for host, length, and name type for items. All data were analyzed using R (R Development Core Team, 2009) and the R packages lme4  (Bates & Maechler, 2009)  and languageR  (Baayen, 2008). Fixed eff ects showed a highly reliable eff ect on the intercept, refl ecting a strong preference for N2-attachment (86.
Each cranium was scanned using a medical comput-erized tomography (CT) scanner, with a pixel size and a slice thickness adjusted according to specimen cranial size. Pixel size ranged from 0. 30 mm (chimpanzees) to 0. 70 mm (gorillas, humans) and slice thickness from 0. 30 mm (chimpanzees) to 1. 0 mm (humans). CT images of each specimen were acquired by  two of us (F. G. and W. C. ). CT-scan data were computed using Avizo v6. 0 software (ßVisualization Sciences Group). Bone material was extracted from the virtual volume using automatic thresholding. For dry specimens, this step is relatively straightforward since they present either material information (bone) or empty space. A bone protocol, emphasizing hard versus soft tissues was applied during the scan session for the wet specimens allowing only minor manual corrections to the automatic segmentation for a complete extraction of the bone information.
Landmarks were placed on three-dimensional surfaces with the Landmark v3. 0 software  [34]. In order to avoid possible complications stemming from bilateral asymmetry, we chose to compute a symmetrical configuration from original landmarks coordinates  [35, 36]. The use of the symmetric shape component is useful to reduce dimensionality in datasets where variables exceed sample size  [37]. All the virtual crania are identically oriented, the original configuration was hence duplicated and the resulting configuration reflected (i. e. , all the left landmarks were transformed to become right landmarks and vice versa) using the R software  [38]. The reflected and the original configurations were averaged. Therefore, we obtained a perfectly symmetrical configuration that discounts fluctuations due to bilateral asymmetry.