dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Aimed to determine the global response of the Earth to the tidal forcing, a number of Earth tide observations have been collected at many stations worldwide under the umbrella of the IGETS International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (http:// igets. u-strasbg. fr/). Accurate knowledge of Earth's body tides is crucial for correcting geodetic observations such as positioning measurements, satellite gravity surveys, and terrestrial, aerial, and submarine gravity observations with microGal or even better nanoGal precision as well as to investigate the structure and elastic properties of the Earth at global scale. Retrieving the three-dimensional elastic properties of the Earth from tidal observations is a challenging task, it requires very high sensitivity and accuracy of the instruments, local perturbation correction and data analysis.
Algorithms and Software Systems for Tidal Analyses Different programs for tidal analysis are available such as ANALYZE  (ETERNA 3. 40) program (Wenzel, 1996) , the VAV06 software  (Venedikov et al. , 2005) , BAYTAP-G  (Tamura et al. , 1991)  and more recently the ET34-ANA-X version of ETERNA  (Schu ¨ller, 2020). For this study, we used ET34-ANA-V80 (Schu ¨ller, 2020). This is a freely available program for Earth and ocean tide parameter estimation and signal prediction. Compared to former Eterna 3. 40, ET34-ANA-X reflects many important enhancements in order to more accurately analyse and retrieve related information about the Earth concealed in tidal observations. An exhaustive description of the new features, released as system variant ET34-x-v80gnusim, are provided in the webpage (http://ggp.
The Recording Gravity Stations and Datasets As part of the French-Egyptian Imhotep project, which started in 2015 and is still ongoing, two spring gravimeters were installed in the area of Lake Nasser (Egypt). The two permanent gravity stations are located at Aswan, on the northern edge of the lake, and at Abu Simbel in the south, respectively (Fig. 1  and Table  1 ). The Aswan station is equipped with the LaCoste & Romberg ET16 (LCR_ET16) terrestrial tidal gravimeter supplied by the University of Darmstadt (Germany). In the same site the LCR-D128 gravimeter, equipped with a maximum voltage retroaction (MVR) electrostatic feedback  (van Ruymbeke, 1991) , has operated along 2 years  (Hassan et al. , 2010a) , then it was moved to Abu Simbel in 2019. The station is set in the basement of the main building of the Seismological Centre of the High Dam Authority at Sahari (Aswan).
Then it was replaced with the LaCoste & Romberg model D terrestrial gravimeter (LCR_D-218) belonging to the National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG). In 2002 the LCR_D-218 has been calibrated on a calibration line by comparing the gravity difference between two gravity sites, 15 km apart, with known absolute Dg values (42 mGal), located close to the Aswan tidal station  (Hassan et al. , 2010a). However, the complete scaling factors (from arbitrary to gravity units) have never been published. At the two stations, in addition to gravity, barometric variations are also measured by means of the dedicated sensors (Schlumberger, DUX). In both stations the gravity and barometric output signals are digitally recorded using data acquisition boards USB-DUX Sigma, with 24-bits resolution over 16 channels, 24-bits digital I/O, 4 D/A outputs and electrical isolation of all analogic channels.
The data available for the purpose of this study cover the following time intervals   2, 3. To take full advantage of continuous gravity records for geophysical purposes, sampled at high rate (1 Hz), some tares (spikes, steps and gaps) have to be cleaned first from the signal. An automatic method, the so called ''Slew method'' has been proposed by  Crossley et al. (1993). The program TSOFT  (Van Camp & Vauterin, 2005)  provides very useful tools capable of performing the above steps of the data pre-processing including data interpolation, filtering, decimation and spectral analyses. The raw data are originally collected at 1 Hz sampling rate, then for the pre-processing samples are decimated from 1 to 60 s using a digital low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 0. 00833 Hz and window half-length 504 samples.
, 2009). Recently Microg-LaCoste (2017) has patented and produced Odin, a servo-controlled precision leveling and stabilizing platform for spring gravimeters and other instrumentation. Tilting is precisely controlled with sub-arcsecond resolution by means of three temperature controlled hydraulic legs. The values derived from the averages of the moving window regressions were taken as scaling factors (Figs. 5, 7 ). The calibrated data were decimated to 3600 s, then tidal analyses were performed on the hourly gravity and atmospheric pressure variations acquired at the two stations using the software ET34-ANA-V80 (Schu ¨ller, 2020). Results for the main tidal waves are listed in Table  2 , while deltas of the 5 largest waves are plotted in the Figs. 8a  and 9a. The comparison of the results (Table  2 ) clearly shows that the quality of the inferred tidal parameters is much higher for the Aswan station, where longer data sets (572 days) were available and acquired with a gravimeter specifically designed for tidal recordings (LCR_ET16).
Acknowledgements We are sincerely grateful to  Walter Zu  ¨rn and an anonymous reviewer for their comments and suggestions, which spurred us to carry out new tests and analyses that certainly improved our awareness of the characteristics of the gravimeters used and the inherent limits of the analyses, and generally improved the article. We acknowledge funding from the  French-Egyptian PHC program  Imhotep  N°4 4062PF  ( 2020-2022 ) titled ' LAKE NASSER WATER LEVEL CHANGES, ELASTIC LOADING AND INDUCED SEISMICITY '. We even thank  M. Becker  for the loan of the LCR_ET16 gravimeter belonging to  Darmstadt University, Germany  and  T. Jahr  for the loan of theLCR_ET18 gravimeter belonging to  Jena University, Germany.
2. 1 and shown in Fig. 3a. TCO density from 1964 to 2005    was obtained from the NOAA ozonesonde dataset (https://www. esrl. noaa. gov/gmd/dv/data. html) and the austral spring (when the ozone hole occurs in a year) average TCO over this period are plotted in Fig. 3b. Satellite and/or ground-based ozone observations are not available prior to 1964, so in model calculations we just used the averaged 155TCO during 1964TCO during  -1975 (i. e. , when  (i. e. , when  there was no ozone hole) to represent TCO from 1944 to 1963. https://doi. org/10. 5194/acp-2022-417 Preprint. Discussion started: 28 June 2022 c Author(s) 2022. CC BY 4. 0 License. The e-folding depth of actinic flux in snow is mainly determined by snow density, grain size, and snow light absorbing impurities (LAIs, e. g. , dust and black carbon (BC)) (Zatko et al.
Acknowledgments L. G. acknowledges financial support from the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (Awards:  41822605 ,  41871051  and  41727901 ), the  Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities , the  Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences  ( XDB 41000000 ), and the  National Key R&D Program of China 485  ( 2019YFC1509100 ). B. A. acknowledges funding from the  US NSF   OPP 1446904  and  1542723. J. Cole-Dai  thanks the  US NSF  for funding (Awards 1443663 and 1904142). J. S. was supported by the  French National program LEFE (Les Enveloppes Fluides  et l'Environnement); the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)  via contract  ANR-16-CE01-0011-01  EAIIST ; the  Foundation BNP-Paribas  through its  Climate initiative program  and by the  French Polar Institute (IPEV)  through programs  1177  ( CAPOXI 35-75 ) and 1169 (EAIIST).
Acknowledgements Calculations were performed using HPC resources from  DNUM CCUB (Centre de Calcul de l'Université de Bourgogne ). This work was granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocations  2019-A0070107601  and  2020-A0090107601  made by  GENCI. This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  grant agreement No. 838373 , and the  Research Council of Norway (RCN) , through its  Centres of The Excellence funding scheme , project number  223272  (CEED). This is a contribution to  UNESCO  project  IGCP 735 "Rocks  and the  Rise of Ordovician Life" (Rocks n' ROL).
The similarity profile test (SIMPROF)  (Clarke & Warwick, 2001)  was applied to determine significant differences between the clusters. Here, 999 permutations were applied to calculate a mean similarity profile and the chosen significance level was 0. 05. These clusters where then interpreted to represent different biofacies. A second cluster analysis (R-mode) was then applied to show the groups of taxa that tend to co-occur. A cluster analysis was also done for trace fossil communities recognised from bedding planes. The cluster analysis and plots were done using the software PRIMER 7  (Clarke & Warwick, 2001). There were 118 samples covering sections 1 to 5 along the Hiraiso Coastline and all exposed facies were analysed for major, minor and trace element concentrations at the Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary.
A homogenised bulk 200 mesh powder was produced using an automated agate mortar and pestle. Splits from the homogenised powder where used for subsequent analyses. Elemental determinations were conducted on powdered samples digested in a 2:2:1:1 solution of H 2 O-HF-HClO 4 -HNO 3 , and subsequently analysed using a PerkinElmer Elan 9000 mass spectrometer, with AE2% The complete data set is available in Supplement S6.
The Hiraiso Formation is characterised by V/Cr ratios between 2. 71 and 4. 25 and Th/U ratios between 1. 94 and 3. 59, suggesting that deposition occurred in a consistently (dys-) oxic environment (Fig. 14 ). The Hg data only includes 12 samples that recorded Hg concentrations above the detection limit (>1 ppb) and no excursions in Hg concentrations were recorded. The significance of the ecological state of the faunal communities identified from the Hiraiso Formation are dependent upon the age of the strata, i. e. , if the Hiraiso Formation was deposited during the Smithian substage then the findings of an advanced ecological state will have implications for our understanding in the different pace of recovery between different regions, whereas if the strata are Spathian then that would suggest the recovery of marine ecosystems is ubiquitous between different locations and ocean basins.
, 2015). The newly sampled ammonoid specimens yield two proptychitid taxa among which Koninckitoides aff. posterius is identified (see Systematic Palaeontology). This genus is characteristic of the lower part of the early Spathian and for instance allows correlation with the early Spathian Tirolites-Amphistephanites Zone of the nearby basin of South Primorye  (Zakharov & Smyshlyaeva, 2016). This interpretation is thus in agreement with the Tirolites occurrence reported by  Shigeta & Nakajima (2017). In addition, positive excursions in Hg concentrations have been used as stratigraphical markers for the end-Permian mass extinction and "late Smithian thermal Maximum"  (Grasby et al. , 2016) , but positive excursions in Hg concentrations were not recognised in this study. Taken together, these data confirm an early Spathian age for the Hiraiso Formation.
hieroglyphica, Rhizocorallium irregulare), produce both regular branching and radiating spreitin (Chondrites intricatus), and both regular backfill and branching (Taenidium isp. 2). Early Triassic ichnofossil databases also suggest that Chondrites is an Early Triassic Lazarus ichnogenus and that the Thalassinoides burrow sizes are the largest recorded for the Early Triassic  (Luo et al. , 2020; Cribb & Bottjer, 2020). The overlying Osawa Formation also records the presence of marine reptiles  (Tokio & Masafumi, 1978) , which shows that marine predators that are often indicative of a fully functioning marine ecosystem  (Chen & Benton, 2012) , were also present on the South Kitakami terrane during the Spathian. Tiering above and below the sediment has also been suggested as a marker of ecological recovery  (Twitchett, 1999) , because tiering was reduced to within a few centimetres of the sediment-water interface after the mass extinction  (Bottjer & Ausich, 1986).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS William Foster  would like to thank:  Mao Kato ,  Hiroki Kawai ,  Yuki Wakasugi ,  Prof. Shin-Ichi Fujiwara , and  Prof. Sachiko Nishida  for their extremely generous hospitality whilst conducting this research in Japan; the  Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)  for their cultural integration programme and the opportunity to meet his majesty the  Emperor Akihito  and her majesty the  Empress Michiko of Japan ; the  Kobayashi Family  who volunteered to provide lodgings during the cultural integration programme. Amanda Godbold  would like to thank  Prof. Yukio Isozaki  for being an incredible host and mentor during her stay in Japan. She would also like to thank  Sena Kono , and  Dr. Hikaru Sawada  for their generous hospitality. Finally,  Amanda  would like to express her gratitude to the  JSPS  for creating an enriching experience and to the  Fujita  family for providing lodging during the cultural integration programme.
Statistical analysis Usearch (version 7. 0) and QIIME (version 1. 9. 1) were used for data analysis after sequencing  (Caporaso et al. , 2010; Edgar et al. , 2011). Paired-end reads from the original DNA fragments were merged using FLASH software (version 1. 2. 7). Initially, reads with a tail mass value of <20 bp and reads shorter than 50 bp were filtered. Moreover, reads base "N" were removed. Then, paired-end reads were spliced with a minimum overlap length of 10 bp according to the overlap relationship between paired-end reads. At the same time, the quality of the reads and the splicing effect were filtered. Nonconforming sequences were screened by allowing a maximum mis-mutated ratio of 0. 2 in the overlap region of the splicing sequence. The samples were distinguished according to the barcode and the quotation sequence at both ends of the sequence, and the sequence direction was corrected.
The QIIME software package was used for further data analysis. The sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at a 97% identity threshold using UPARSE (version 7. 1) algorithms  (Frøslev et al. , 2017; Li et al. , 2020a,b). The richness, coverage, and diversity of species in the community were further assessed by α-diversity analysis using R software (version 3. 3. 1). Preliminary analysis with detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) indicated that it was appropriate to analyze the dataset using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) because the largest value of gradient length was >3. 0. The CCA was also performed using R software in the vegan package, which enabled the assessment of the correlation between environmental factors and microbial community compositions.
BEI = relative abundance of Cyanobacteria/relative abundance of Actinobacteria, and the respective relative abundances of Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria were derived from the results of MiSeq sequencing. Microbial community compositions among lakes with different trophic states and the correlation between BEI and the trophic state were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using vegan package in R.
Functional prediction based on kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways The functional profile of microbial community was predicted based on the KEGG database, and most of the functions were shared by all of the samples. Comparative analysis was performed on the abundance of level 2 KEGG metabolic pathways (Fig. 8 ). The abundance of 39 metabolic pathways widely varied because of the differences in the trophic states of the lakes. The results suggested that the overall function of the microbial community in overlying water increased with the aggravation of eutrophication. This result was consistent with that of  Wan et al. (2021) , who assessed the diversity of the bacterioplankton community before and after the dredging of Lake Nanhu. Of which the most significantly affected metabolic functions by eutrophication were membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and replication and repair.
Reanalysis fields are available at a 3-hourly time-step (starting every day at 03:00 UTC) and at a horizontal resolution of 0. 1°latitude × 0. 1°longitude in a rotated grid (∼ 10 km × 10 km at the Equator). The reanalysis has been obtained using the Multiscale Online Non-hydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model  (MONARCH; Pérez et al. , 2011; Klose et al. , 2021)  and satellite coarse-mode DOD at 550 nm derived from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, operating aboard NASA's Aqua satellite. More specifically the dataset assimilated in the MONARCH reanalysis consists of gridded coarse DOD retrievals over land surfaces, including desert areas, derived from the MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products (Collection 6, Level 2;  Hsu et al. , 2004)  according to the retrieval procedure described in  Ginoux et al.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank all the Principal Investigators and their staff for establishing and maintaining the  NASA  and PHO-TONS AERONET sites, and the MODIS and MISR mission scientists and associated  NASA  personnel for the production of the data used in this study. BSC co-authors acknowledge PRACE (eDUST, eFRAGMENT1 and eFRAGMENT2) and  RES  ( AECT-2019-3-0001 ,  AECT-2020-1-0007 ,  AECT-2020-3-0013 ) for awarding access to MareNostrum at the  BSC  and for providing technical support. Financial support. This research has been supported by the  DustClim  project which is part of  ERA4CS , an  ERA-NET  programme initiated by  JPI  Climate with co-funding by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (Grant no  690462 ). The authors acknowledge the  ACTRIS-IMP  ( Implementation  project), funded by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (Grant no  871115 ).
e. , the  WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System (SDS-WAS) Regional Center for Northern Africa , the  Middle East and Europe). The work of  Ralph Kahn  is support in part by the  NASA   Aerosol-Cloud Modeling and Analysis Program  under  Richard Eckman , and the  NASA Earth Observing System Terra  and MISR projects. Antonis Gkikas acknowledges support by the  Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H. F. R. I. )  under the "2 nd Call for H. F. R. I. Research Projects to support  Post-Doctoral Researchers " (Project Acronym: ATLANTAS, Project Number:  544 ). The MIDAS dataset has been developed in the framework of the  DUST-GLASS  project (grant no. 749461 ; European Union's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme  under the  Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions ).
Chronological data Among the questions raised at this site, is of course that of the age of human occupations. For Mesolithic times, given the archaeological remains at our disposal, radiocarbon appears to be the most precise dating method. Yet in addition, the timing of successive events at Beg-er-Vil is of interest: how much time elapsed between the latest human occupations and dune aggradation? Could the dune formation have occurred right after the last occupations of the site, potentially explaining the site abandonment and further preservation until today? At the scale of the southern Armorican Massif, this dune cover is very poorly dated, although it provides a decisive sedimentary record. To answer the two latter questions, we took OSL samples from the sand dune. However, the abandonment of the site and the creation of the dune are undated events.
Data scrutiny: measurement in the light of stratigraphic constraints Fig. 6  shows the OSL and radiocarbon ages obtained with the function Age_OSLC14 of the BayLum package for all Beg-er-Vil samples, sorted by stratigraphic units (Figs. 2  and 3 ) rather than depth, because all dated samples do not come from the same stratigraphic column and there is a slight slope of the deposits. It should be noted here that BayLum uses the convention generally used in OSL dating, i. e. the ages are given in thousands of years before the time of sampling (in our case, June 2017). Overall, ages follow the stratigraphic order and thus show good coherence. In particular, the OSL ages show no apparent age inversion; neither do OSL ages with respect to underlying radiocarbon ages. One may also note a good agreement between OSL ages calculated with the ADM and with BayLum (see table 4 for a comparison of the ages calculated for sample 4 using different models), although it appears that BayLum gives a slightly more precise age (for more general comparisons between ages J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f calculated with BayLum and ages calculated with frequentist models, the reader is referred to  Heydari et al.
Acknowledgements G. Guérin received funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  ( ERC Grant  agreement No. 851793 -QuinaWorld). This work is also part of the  French National Research Agency (ANR)  project entitled " GEOPRAS -GEOarchaeology and PRehistory of Atlantic Societies " ( ANR-21-CE27-0024 ) and awarded to  G. Marchand. We thank  Marine Laforge  for OSL sampling at Beg-er-Vil and an anonymous referee for positive and constructive, helpful feedback on a previous version of this article. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f.
Sample for the technological analysis We analysed all of the lithic material excavated from 2015 to 2018 and a sample from 2019 from Members 2 BS, 2 WA, 3 BS and 1 RGBS. Most of the material derives from the North profile left by Beaumont's 3A rear trench excavation (excavated 2015e2019), and a small portion corresponds to the South profile of his 4A trench excavation (excavated only in 2018 and 2019) (Fig. 2 ). In total, we analysed 6450 lithic artefacts/pieces (Table  2 ). The archaeological layers studied in the lithic analysis are presented in Data S1. Fig. 2  shows a general plan of the cave with the location of the areas considered in this analysis, and the distribution of point-plotted lithic artefacts from excavations conducted along the North and South profiles. To group the industries in the lithic analyses we followed the allostratigraphic units proposed by  Stratford and colleagues (this volume).
Raw materials From the counts of the classification of flake fragments and chips (2 cm, 2e4 cm and >4 cm) according to raw material, the category R/B (which included rhyolite and basalt) is dominant in all of the members (Fig. 3A  and B ). The main aspects to highlight are how chalcedonies and agates are relevant at the beginning and at the end of the series, that A-quartz appears in Member 2 BS. UP, and that X-quartz occurs in 3 BS and 1 RGBS. For the pieces that could offer more technological information, we analysed the raw materials in more depth. This classification paid attention to the macroscopic differences between rhyolites, looking at colour, texture, and crystal inclusions (see Data S2 and Fig. 3C  and D ). This assemblage also showed the predominance of the different varieties of igneous rocks (mainly rhyolites) and the presence of other raw materials such as hornfels, quartzite and chert (Fig.
Retouched pieces The percentage of retouched pieces in all of the members (except 1 RGBS) does not pass 1% of the sample analysed in the attribute analysis (cf. Data S8 with Table  1 ). Most of the retouched pieces were documented in unit 2 BS. LR. The main categories by order of representation are retouched points (see  Timbrell et al. in press) , retouched flakes (pieces with simple retouch somewhere on the dorsal or ventral face), backed pieces, notches and denticulates (Table  4  and the attribute analysis of all these blanks in Data S8). There are also pieces that present macroscopic scars, and these might be due to use, hafting amendments, or trampling. In-depth use-wear analysis will be necessary to assess the causes of these scars. The retouched points/triangular elements include 10 complete pieces and one fragment.