dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Limitations and strengths Several limitations, related to the data availability and sample size, should be considered while interpreting the findings. Regarding data quality, some variables required to estimate the individual direct health care cost of schizophrenia were missing or not fully recorded for 221 patients enrolled in the FACE-SZ cohort. As for 33% of those patients the prescribed medication doses were the only variables not recorded, we imputed missing values by the mean posology observed for a given medication in patients with complete data. Nonetheless, we assume that this did not significantly impact the results because medications only accounted for 9% of the total direct health care cost. Furthermore, the annual number of ambulatory consultations was missing for all patients and was therefore estimated based on the existing literature.
It may be assumed that GPs referred stabilized patients, who had fewer hospitalizations within the previous year, to get advice on the diagnosis and treatment options. Direct health care costs were therefore probably relatively low for these patients. However, psychiatrists, in particular those who work in psychiatric hospitals, were more likely to refer patients with resistant schizophrenia for whom long-term hospitalizations were more likely to occur within the past year, resulting in high direct health care costs. Thus, a higher proportion of patients referred by a psychiatrist in a given expert center might be associated with higher health care costs in that center than in a center in which a high proportion of patients were addressed by GPs. However, information related to referral pathways was not available in the database to test this second hypothesis.
Role of the funding source This research was undertaken with the support of the FondaMental Foundation, a foundation of scientific cooperation, the "Investissements d'Avenir" program managed by the ANR (ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 and ANR-10-COHO-10-01), as well as the "Laboratoire d'excellence BIO-PSY". ANR and Laboratoire d'excellence BIO-PSY had no further role in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to the teams of the expert centers and to the teams of the  FondaMental Foundation  for their collaboration and support for the implementation of the study. The authors also thank  Julien Thillard ,  Christel Dindorf  and  Valentin Waterloos  for their participation in the data management and data analysis,  Hakim Laouamri  and  Emmanuelle Abadie  as well as the patients who were included in the study.
21 There were also scientific collections in other institutions, such as the Académie de Médecine, which had been put in charge since 1776 of a general survey about the effects of the environment on health and epidemics: data about weather and diseases were collected from every province, including overseas colonies. 22 Similarly, the correspondence of missionary orders is still scattered in many libraries and archives. Nevertheless, a few places were identified at the time as official repositories dedicated to colonial matters: mainly the Bureau des archives de la Marine, and the Maps and Charts repository in Paris; the Colonial offices of the Marine in Versailles and Rochefort; and the East India trade company offices in Lorient and Paris. The growing centrality of Paris was part of the making of what some historians have termed "world-cities": Paris was about to become an imperial capital and a site for colonial knowledge thanks to its scientific as well as administrative institutions.
41 The development of lists-compiling went with a new ability to estimate the expected costs of colonial administrative staff and therefore to define financial priorities when information on individual wages was compiled to get the general expenditure for each colony. Lists of figures were a third kind of records, also produced by the Bureau des Colonies. In 1765-1769, 1777 and 1780-1781, annual estimates of colonial spending were produced that included all wages. 42 In times of colonial reform, they provided the central administration with a precise view of all the agents employed in the colonies. Data came from the colonial agents themselves, through the governor and intendants of each colony. They provided the Marine with a general overview of every colonial administration, through collections of figures, even if they were not very accurate.
45 Such a document implicitly demanded an explanation for Martinique's higher cost: were the higher expenses justified or were they a sign of bad management and corruption? In the process of translating data into figures and tables, the two islands had become abstract categories that were assumed to be similar in size. The table came with marginal notes justifying every single result, as an answer to the minister's questions. For example, missionaries' wages were estimated at 25,630 livres for Martinique and 11,576 in Guadeloupe. The difference of 14,054 livres had to be justified, and this was done by explaining that "these establishments are permanent. There are more parishes in Martinique and more Capuchins without an establishment. " The difference was explained as being proportional to the size of "the service," that is of the royal administration, and not to the actual surface of each island.
Many numerical estimates were produced to assess the share represented by colonial trade in the national economy, even earlier than colonial administration costs at large. From these documents, eventually epitomized in the 1789 synthesis, a growing sense of imperial unity emerged. 49 The handling of commercial data received by the Marine followed the principle of double-entry bookkeeping. Louis XIV had been the first French king to learn accountancy thanks to Colbert. Regular reports on state revenues and expenses, as well as the annual account summaries on the "golden notebooks," gave him a financial expertise that could be used to run the state effectively. 50 But commercial estimates coming from the colonies had been collected only since the early eighteenth century. In 1713 a statistics office was created that was in charge of delivering accounts of all international French trade to the finance minister (contrôleur général des finances).
Acknowledgments Key points of this paper were elaborated in discussions with  Olivier Darrigol ,  Tilman Sauer ,  June Barrow-Green , and  David Rowe ; their help is much appreciated. The paper benefits from the expert assistance of  Kathryn McKee  and  Fiona Colbert of St. John's College, whom I thank most kindly. Citations of the Joseph Larmor Correspondence are by permission of the Master and  Fellows of St. John's College, Cambridge. Permission to quote from the  Council Minutes of the London Mathematical Society  is gratefully acknowledged. I thank the  Niedersächsiche Staats-und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen  for authorizing publication of the diagram in Fig. 9. I am grateful for the support of the  Dibner Rare Book  and  Manuscript Library , and to its staff members  Lilla Vekerdy  and  Kirsten van der Veen  for their able assistance during my residence in 2013.
The geochemical computer program PHREEQC allowed precise calculation of the theoretical distribution between different possible coordinates (CuPhenOH + , Cu(Phen) 2 2+ , CuPhen(OH) 2 , Cu(Phen) 3 2+ , etc. ) depending on pH and initial concentrations. UV-vis spectroscopic measurements were correlated with the major species theoretically present in each condition. The UV absorbance of the system was mainly attributed to the Cu-Phen complex and the visible absorbance was only due to the dye. Cu-Phen appeared to reduce the color intensity of the DR81 dye aqueous solution under specific conditions (more effective at pH 10. 7 with Cu:Phen = 1:1), probably owing to the occurrence of a coordination phenomenon between DR81 and Cu-Phen. Hence, the ligand competition between phenanthroline and hydroxide ions would be disturbed by a third competitor, which is the dye molecule.
They have shown that the action of H 2 O 2 could be enhanced thanks to Cu-Phen complexes. Several works have also been conducted on the catalytic action of Cu-Phen for the alkaline oxidation of lignin by either oxygen  [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]  or hydrogen peroxide  [9, 17] , especially with lignin model compounds such as veratryl alcohol. In this context, the distribution of different copper-phenanthroline-hydroxyl complexes, depending on the pH and initial concentrations of copper sulfate and phenanthroline, was described by  Korpi [14]. This distribution was calculated thanks to the HySS program  [18] , using stability constants from the NIST Standard Reference Database 46. With a view to applying this activated or catalyzed hydrogen peroxide chemical stage to recycled fiber bleaching, some trials with deinked pulps and colored pulp were also conducted under alkaline conditions  [9, 19, 20].
In the present paper, the focus was only on the dye/copper-phenanthroline system without any oxidant, particularly as the results were already interesting in terms of color-stripping. The Direct Red 81 dye, a commercial dye solution used in the paper industry, was selected as a model compound for hardly alkaline H 2 O 2 -oxidizable paper dyes present in recovered fibers. The chemical action of copper-phenanthroline complexes on Direct Red 81 in aqueous solution, in the absence of fibers, was thus examined. Since most of the previous studies only focused on alkaline pH with the aim of catalyzing alkaline peroxide stages, the effect of pH was also investigated in the present study. Copper-phenanthroline speciation using the PHREEQC software was followed as a function of pH and Cu:Phen ratio.
Copper-Phenanthroline Speciation The composition of a metal ion-ligand solution at thermodynamic equilibrium depends on the initial reagent concentrations, temperature and pH  [23]. With the copper(II)-1,10-phenanthroline system, various species can be formed, depending on the Cu:Phen stoichiometric ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3), typically free and hydroxylated copper, free phenanthroline (Phen) and hydroxylated or non-hydroxylated complexes such as CuPhen(OH) 2 , Cu(Phen) 3 2+ , CuPhenOH + , Cu(Phen) 2 2+ , etc. [24] [25] [26] [27]. Modeling using the PHREEQC software allowed the calculation of equilibrium concentration-pH profiles for each Cu-Phen species including free copper and free phenanthroline, with or without considering the occurrence of coordinate precipitation. The predicted results are shown in Figure  4.
This shows the advantage of using the PHREEQC software, which takes into account the occurrence of solid precipitates and their physiochemical equilibria with dissolved species in the medium. For further use in the investigation of Cu-Phen interaction with the dye at different pHs, three pH values were focused on: 6. 5 (unionized dye at near-neutral pH), 10. 7 (unionized dye at alkaline pH), and 12. 3 (ionized dye at strongly alkaline pH). The abundances of the species at these specific pHs are gathered in Table  1  (without precipitation) and Table  2  (with precipitation) as a function of the initial Cu:Phen molar ratio. According to Figure  4  and Tables  1  and 2 , two main features arise: (1) CuPhen(OH) 2 appears to be the major copper species at alkaline pH (81 to 98% of total Cu in the case "without precipitation") and (2), free phenanthroline is still present in the medium.
Acknowledgments: LGP2 is part of the  LabEx Tec 21 (Investissements d'Avenir- grant agreement No. ANR-11-LABX-0030 ) and of  PolyNat Carnot Institute  ( Investissements d'Avenir-grant  agreement  No. ANR-16-CARN-0025-01 ). This research was made possible thanks to the facilities of the  TekLiCell  platform funded by the  Région Rhône-Alpes  (ERDF: European regional development fund) and to the EPR facilities of  CNRS 's research infrastructure RENARD ( IR-RPE CNRS 3443 ). The authors thank  Patrice Nortier  for introducing E. W. and G. M. to the PhreeQC software. Carole Duboc  is also warmly thanked for proposing to use the EPR facilities of the  DCM laboratory  and for her advice as an EPR expert.
Fossil discoveries depend on different taphonomic filters and biases (circumstances and environment of death, damage and transport by animal agents, fluviatile damage and transport, damage during exposure and finally the context of the discovery itself and potential collector bias  (White, 1988) ). Several datasets provide information relating to hominin settlements: first, the hominin remains, which are often scarce; and second, indirect evidence such as cultural data or intentional cut marks. The link between the culture and tool maker is generally unequivocal if only one hominin species is present, but much less so for time periods during which several hominin species occur. Sites (Fig. 1 ) with early Homo specimens in Africa between 2. 8 and 1. 5 Ma are located in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and the Republic of South Africa, with fewer than 50 specimens (with a majority of dental remains) before 1.
Minimum of 5 individuals Oldowan In situ e. g. ,  Ferring et al. , 2011; Gabounia et al. , 2002; Gabunia et al. , 2000a,b,c; Gabunia and Vekua, 1995; Vekua and Lordkipanidze, 1998; Lordkipanidze et al. , 2006 Lordkipanidze et al. , , 2007 Lordkipanidze et al. , , 2013 ;  de Lumley et al. , 2002 de Lumley et al. , , 2005 de Lumley et al. , , 2006  We propose to review some hypotheses relating to the geographical and/or ecological barriers of this dispersal. In order to infer the first Out of Africa dispersal scenario, we have taken into consideration the published palaeoanthropological, archaeological and palaeoenvironmental data, as well the Palaeobiology Database (www. paleodb. org). We consider in this paper only the well-dated Eurasian sites (Majuangou, 'Ubeidiya, and Dmanisi sites), where the fauna, the hominin or the artefacts are in situ, with a reliable association with the stratigraphy (Table  2 ).
Body size scenario Body size (as reflected in body mass and stature) is often considered a contributory factor to the earliest hominin dispersal into Eurasia (e. g. ,  Aiello and Key, 2002; Antón et al. , 2002; Holliday, 2012; Pontzer, 2012; Wells and Stock, 2007). However, the body size database for early Homo and other Early Pleistocene hominins (e. g. ,  Lordkipanidze et al. , 2007 Lordkipanidze et al. , , 2013;; Ruff and Burgess, 2015; Will and Stock, 2015) , shows that the Dmanisi hominins are within the range of variation estimated for early Homo and at the lower end of variation of African Homo erectus in terms of body size. The marked increase in body mass and stature took place after 1. 7 Ma in Africa (Figures 6 and 8 from  Will and Stock, 2015). This implies that the first dispersal Out of Africa could have occurred without significant change in body size  (Will and Stock, 2015).
Conclusions This review, completed by new models and data, allows some general conclusions. The archaeological and palaeanthropological datasets show an early hominin dispersal before 1. 8 Ma. This probably occurred before 2 Ma and even before 2. 2 Ma and 2. 6 Ma taking into account, on one hand, the date of the lithic assemblage of Longuppo at ∼2. 2 Ma  (Han et al. , 2016)  and cutmarks from Masol  (Coppens, 2016; Dambricourt-Malassé et al. , 2016) ; and on the other hand, the humid period corridor which occurred between 2. 6 and 2 Ma. This paper shows that the expression; "first Out of Africa settlement" should be preferred to terms such as "migration" or "Out of Africa 1" in order to distinguish this expansion to migration as traveling from one place to another at regular times of year and to under light that although some populations expanded Out of Africa, other populations stayed and evolved in Africa.
The "reasons" or "factors" often linked to the first Out of Africa settlement, highlighted in this paper, such as climatic changes, technological innovation (different from Oldowan), increase of body size and brain size (cranial capacity and encephalization quotient), do not seem to fit the hominin and archaeological datasets. As noted by  Palombo (2013) , we are still far from an exhaustive scenario depicting the relationships among human dispersal, body size and brain expansion, cultural innovation and ecosystem dynamics.
Conjoined comparatives Conjoined comparatives involve two independent clauses, one with the standard and the other with the comparee as subject. We use the term 'conjoined' to cover simple juxtaposition, coordinate clauses linked by coordinators and asyndetic conjoining. We identify four subtypes of conjoined comparative types in the Papuan and Austronesian languages of our database, listed here in order of most to least common: The conjoined subtypes are not mutually exclusive; various languages in our sample make use of more than one conjoined comparative type. A number of languages in the sample with conjoined comparatives have biclausal EXCEED comparatives as an additional option. For example, all three conjoined subtypes are found in Mauwake but Mauwake also allows biclausal EXCEED comparatives (  17 ).
', 'Very big pigs are better than big pigs. ' (lit. 'Big pigs are good, very big pigs are very good')  (Davies 1981: 93)  (19) Eipo (Mek, TNG) yalea teleb; ya are malye; fi teleb gum stell. axe good stone. adze ART bad very good NEG 'A steel-axe is good, a stone-adze is bad, it is not at all good. '  (Heeschen 1998: 212)  Not only can more than one subtype be found in one language, but in a few languages, we find comparative constructions that mix elements from the different subtypes. For instance, Ternate constructs conjoined comparatives using antonymous predicates, as in (20a), but can optionally mark the second parameter with the borrowed intensifier lebe (used as an index of comparison in Malay), as in (20b). (  20  In our database, the conjoined types are found in the languages given in Table  3.
Balanced temporal chains have two predicates of the same rank and morphological type  (Stassen 1985: 62  gives this example: After John had locked the door, he undressed). Deranking temporal chains have two predicates of unequal rank. The conjoined comparatives (types 16a-d) in our database are what  Stassen (1985: 22-23 ) calls derived-case comparatives where the case marking of the standard equals the case marking of the comparee. Stassen (1985: 138, universal 1A)  claims that "If a language has a derived-case comparative, it must be balancing. " However, in our database derived-case comparatives of the type (see 16a-c) occur frequently in clause chaining Papuan languages that are not balancing but deranking in the way in which they express temporal chains, with a medial clause that contains a non-finite sequence or simultaneity verb followed by a final clause with a fully finite verb of a different morphological type.
Medial and final verbs are clearly of unequal rank. But such chaining linkage with medial and final clauses is never employed to encode comparatives in the clause chaining languages of our database. Instead, they encode comparison with juxtaposed or conjoined independent clauses with predicates of equal rank. 15  For example, Kombai uses clause chaining to encode temporal chains but these cannot be used to encode comparatives. In (79a-b) the medial verbs umora and umo are non-finite whereas the final verb xano is a finite verb, clearly a deranking strategy in the terms of  Stassen (1985). Yet, Kombai comparatives are always encoded by two juxtaposed independent clauses (79c). canoe this big that little-ADJ 'This canoe is bigger than that one. ' (lit. 'This canoe is big, that one is little') (de Vries 1993: 36)  Stassen's Universal 4 (1985: 138)  claims that "If a language has a Conjoined Comparative, it must have a balanced simultaneous construction.
" This claim does not seem to hold either since languages like Kombai (and many other Papuan languages of central and south New Guinea) that have conjoined comparatives seem to encode simultaneous temporal chains exclusively or primarily with deranking strategies with non-finite medial verbs followed by final clauses with fully finite verbs. 15 There is one possible exception in our database to the rule that Papuan languages with clause chaining constructions do not use such constructions for comparatives, Mauwake (example 35a). This is not a clear case since  Berghäll (2015: 192)  describes this example as a construction halfway between clause chaining and a serial verb construction. See the discussion in Section 4. 1. 4. This paper is part of the burgeoning study of Melanesia as a linguistic area and contributes to the typology of comparative constructions.
Acknowledgements: Schapper's research was supported by a  Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research VENI  project "The evolution of the lexicon. Explorations in lexical stability, semantic shift and borrowing in a Papuan language family", by the  Volkswagen Stiftung DoBeS  project " Aru languages documentation ", and by the  Australian Research Council  project (ARC,  DP180100893 ) " Waves of words". de Vries ' research was supported by grants of the  Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO ,  PR-08-38 ) and the  Australian Research Council  ( ARC ,  DP130101361 ). Sections 1, 3, 5 and 6 of this paper were written by both authors. First author Antoinette Schapper wrote Sections 2, 4. 2-4. 4 and second author Lourens de Vries wrote Section 4. 1. Alexandra Aikhenvald ,  Laura Arnold ,  René van den Berg ,  David Briley ,  Don Daniels ,  Aone van Engelenhoven ,  David Gil ,  Gilles Gravelle ,  Arthur Holmer ,  Kazuya Inagaki ,  Linda Jones ,  David Kamholz ,  Simon Musgrave ,  Sonja Riesberg ,  Jeff Siegel ,  Dineke Schokkin ,  Hilario de Sousa ,  Stacey Teng ,  Alexandre Veloso  and  Eline Visser  all shared data and comments with us in personal communication.
With the development of preventive archaeology in Western Europe during the last decades, archaeological excavations have exponentially multiplied, providing an increasingly documented dataset of stone tools (grindstones, whetstones, axes, millstones, mortars…). The latter objects, and particularly the grain millstones, have the great advantage of being most resistant to weathering, hence they have high preservation potential  (Delgado-Raack et al. , 2009; Picavet et al. , 2011; Gomart et al. 2015). Numerous fragments of small querns and larger millstones have been found on archaeological sites, providing new information on the history of domestic, craft and trade practices that were part of socioeconomic systems of the Ancient World. One way to reconstruct the latter systems is to analyse trade routes via the distribution of stone products  (Santi et al.
, 2004; Fieremans & De Paepe, 1982). Within the context of this paper, we want to stress that the setup of ad hoc databases (e. g. Groupe Meule in France), the development of reference collections of raw materials and thin sections and the cross-border exchange of data and rock specimens, are essential to fill the numerous gaps in our knowledge  (Dreesen et al. , 2014). Once the rock types have been characterized, a thorough literature review and several field surveys are necessary to identify potential extraction traces. In addition to the Fépin/Haybes type area (Fig. 2A ) and the Lahonry quarry lectostratotype (Fig. 2B ), another important area displaying old quarries in the same formation is located between Hirson (Aisne, France) and Macquenoise (Hainaut, Belgium) (Fig. 2C ). As described further (see 4.