dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Microbial heterogeneity between humans and across spatial and temporal gradients requires multidimensional datasets and a unifying set of theories and statistical tools to analyze the human microbiome and fully realize the potential for microbiome-based therapeutics  [193]. Overall, the importance of a healthy gut microbiome is also highlighted by the recently described gut-brain, gut-liver, and gut-lung axis, making the gut a central organ for human health  [194] [195] [196]. In analogy, the plant microbiome was identified as a key for the next green revolution (Science Breakthroughs by 2030  [197] ). A systems approach integrating plant breeding, precision farming, agricultural management, and microbiome research provides a powerful strategy for improving sustainable crop production in a changing world  [7, 148, 198].
Rain interception and water uptake by vegetation can also be disregarded because of the absence of vegetation in our lysimeter study. Furthermore, only drainage is considered at the base of the lysimeter, since water can only flow out of the lysimeter at its basis. The lysimeter and local meteorological data were used to calculate the water balance in each lysimeter on a daily basis from the 01/01/2014 to 09/04/2017. These data include the lysimeter weights, i. e. the water content variation (ΔS), and the volume of drained water measured directly at the lysimeter base (DR). Precipitation (P) and evaporation (EP) are also involved in the water balance. The local meteorological data measured onsite were completed with data from the Météo France weather stations of Chevillon (station 52123003, located 7 km from the lysimeters) for precipitation and temperature records and Houdelaincourt (station 55248001, located about 20 km away) for evaporation evolution, determined using the Monteith method.
Besides some minor differences during rain events between the Osne-le-Val and Chevillon weather stations, the cumulated amount of precipitation was similar between the two stations. Data from Chevillon weather station can therefore reasonably be used to cover the 6-month period before the installation of the weather station at the lysimeter site. By combining the different available data, various water balances were calculated, to assess the coherence of the data. The first one aimed at calculating the evaporation by water balance on the lysimeters, using the direct measurement of drainage and the variations in lysimeter weight as the variation in water content at the lysimeter scale. Another water balance in the lysimeters was made to calculate the basal drainage by considering the water content variation obtained from the lysimeter mass evolution, the precipitation series (Météo France station for the beginning of 2014 and then from Osne-le-Val weather station) and the evaporation calculated with the Penman-Monteith formula using Osne-le-Val weather station data.
Reactive model The reactivity considered in the model is based on the alteration mechanisms identified in the COx tailings ( § 3. 2). Major (Ca, Na, Mg, K, Fe, Al, S, C, Si, Cl) and trace elements (Pb, Co, Ni, Zn) measured in the lysimeter solutions and involved in the reactive processes were considered as solute in the model. O2 and CO2 were considered as gas species that can be dissolved in water. A selection of primary phases (pyrite, calcite and goethite, such as iron (oxy-)hydroxide) can dissolve or precipitate through a kinetic control, according to the kinetic parameters selected by  Marty et al. (2015). Thermochimie v. 9b0  (Giffaut et al. , 2014)  was used as the thermodynamic database for these calculations. The composition of the considered pyrite phase includes Pb, Ni, Co and Zn trace metals at proportions given by  Lerouge et al.
Water content and transport a) Water content Water content coupled with pressure head were used to determine hydraulic parameters through an inversion. A single set of parameters were determined for the four lysimeters considering their similar evolution with time. The inversion criteria, by visual assessment, were based on the ability of the model to describe the water content variations and delay at depth, depending on rainfall and evaporation at the top of the lysimeters and drainage at the bottom. The lower measuring depth (-200 cm) was usually saturated and so the reproduction of the data focused on the shallower depths (Figure  8 ). Overall, the modelled water content reproduced the most significant measurements especially the water content increase in July and August 2014 as well as the decrease in October 2016.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by the  French Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra)  and the  French Geological Survey (BRGM)  in the framework of their scientific partnership. LIEC ( Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux -UMR 7360 Université de Lorraine/CNRS ),  LSE  ( Laboratoire Sols et Environnement -UMR 1120 Université de Lorraine/INRA ),  Laboratoire GeoRessources  ( UMR 7359 Université de Lorraine/CNRS ),  LRGP (Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés -UMR 7274 Université de Lorraine/CNRS)  and  GISFI (Groupement d'Intérêt Scientifique sur les Friches Industrielles ) are acknowledged for providing data from the lysimeters. ERM (Etudes Recherches Matériaux) is aknowledged for their mineralogical analysis and observations on tailing samples.
Antibacterial Activity Antibacterial activity was studied through time-killing curves and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the E20 fraction alone and loaded on alginate nanoparticles (Alg NPs/E20). As indicated in Figure  4A , the number of CFU/mL rapidly decreased below 100 CFU/mL, reaching nearly 0 CFU/mL after 1 h of incubation, when the target bacteria, E. coli ATCC 8739, was treated either with the E20 fraction or colistin. This bactericidal effect was well observed for E. coli 184, which is a colistin-resistant strain, but after 2 h of incubation (Figure  4B ). When these target bacterial strains were not treated with any of these antimicrobials, their growth occurred normally over time and reached 10 11 to 10 12 CFU/mL (Figure  4 ). The data gathered with Alg NPs/E20 prompted us to suggest this nano-antibiotic formulation as an innovative strategy to tackle infections caused by GNB, and more particularly E.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank  Sophia Hani ,  Minnesota University , for critical reading of the manuscript. We would like to thank  Loïc Brunet  and  Anne-Sophie Lacoste  of the  BICeL-University of Lille  for their technical assistance. We are also indebted to the  Research Federation FRABio (Univ. Lille, CNRS ,  FR 3688 ,  FRABio, Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle des Assemblages Biomoléculaires ) for providing the scientific and technical environment to achieve this work. The TEM observations were performed on a device of the BICeL-Campus CS core facility acquired through funding from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche ,  ANR  ( 10EQPX-04-01 ).
Method As stated by  Pulkkinen et al. (2012) ,  Ngwira et al. (2014) , and  Kelly et al. (2017) , the lack of digital magnetometer time series data for extreme events such as the Carrington event necessitates extrapolation of data recorded over recent decades. This study utilizes 1-min sampled geomagnetic field data from the previous three decades from observatory locations across Australia (indicated by the ▴ in Figure  1 ) for 62 storms identified to have a Dst index minimum value less than -150 nT. For each identified storm date, the day either side of the Dst minimum date was included to ensure that the complete storm was captured in the analysis. The 3-day storm periods for each of the 62 identified storms were checked for quality. As might be anticipated, data quality deteriorated extending further back into historical data.
As such the number of geomagnetic observatories available for the analysis of each storm typically decreases extending back in time. Missing data points within the 3-day storm periods were interpolated with a maximum interpolation window length of three data samples, that is, 3 min. Time series missing more than three contiguous data points or having anomalous spikes across the 3-day storm window were excluded. Storms were considered acceptable for this study when suitable data were available from two observatories or more, reducing the number of storms acceptable for analysis to 36 (see Table  1  for the list of acceptable storm events used in this study). Ideally, higher thresholds would have been used as selection criteria; however, there were only two storms with data from two stations, and typically, the number of observatories available was greater than three and Space Weather increased with time.
Omitting storms with data available from only three stations would have excluded one of the largest storms of the past three decades, and hence, the thresholds above were adopted for this study. For every 1-min sample of the 3-day storm analyzed, the geomagnetic time series was spatially interpolated using Kriging at 0. 5 × 0. 5°spacing (~50 km) over the Australian region spanning 110°to 155°longitude and -10°to -45°latitude, resulting in 90 × 70 grid points with each grid location having 4,320 point B x , B y time series. The B x , B y time series at each grid point were converted to H x , H y using the relationship B = μ o H, where H is the magnetic field intensity and μ o is the magnetic permeability of free space. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of each grid point H x , H y time series was multiplied with modeled MT impedance tensors for the same grid point location (time domain convolution) utilizing the tensor equation: E x ω ð Þ E y ω ð Þ ¼ Z xx ω ð Þ Z xy ω ð Þ Z yx ω ð Þ Z yy ω ð Þ H x ω ð Þ H y ω ð Þ (1) where the horizontal electric field (E x, , E y ), in V/m, and the horizontal magnetic field (H x , H y ), in A/m, have a frequency-dependent linear relationship through the impedance tensors (Z), in Ω.
These results suggest that a valid approach for obtaining extreme geoelectric field time series to be applied to extreme GIC modeling is upscaling geoelectric field time series at each grid point location for observed storms by the scale factor Dst ext /Dst obs where Dst obs is the Dst index for observed storms for which digital data are available and Dst ext is the extreme storm magnitude estimate, for example, 1,600 nT. As mentioned in section 1,  Pulkkinen et al. (2012)  scaled normalized time series from the Halloween 2003 and March 1989 storms by scale factors obtained from extreme value statistics of geoelectric fields to provide geoelectric field time series for GIC modeling applications across two latitude regimes. Beggan et al. (2013)  similarly upscaled 2003 Halloween storm time series data by a scale factor derived from extreme event statistics for the United Kingdom to provide extreme storm scenario data.
Conclusion This paper provides the results of an analysis to estimate extreme induced geoelectric field values for the Australian region to facilitate evaluation of Australia's power system response to extreme geomagnetic storms. Grids of geoelectric field time series were calculated using a grid of modeled MT impedance tensors obtained from a 3-D conductivity model of the Australian region and geomagnetic field data from 36 storms. The grids of geoelectric field time series show that maximum values tend to be concentrated in regions of higher resistivity for any given storm. The statistical metrics derived from grids of geoelectric field time series show approximate linear relationships with Dst over different storm days. The linear relationships were used to extrapolate geoelectric field estimates to Carrington storm levels of 5.
The BC sum rule's validity depends on the convergence of the integral and assumes that g 2 is well-behaved as x → 0  [29]. We present here data on g 1 , g 2 and σ TT ≡ (σ1 /2 -σ3 /2 )/2 on 3  He, and of Γ 1 , Γ 2 and I TT for the neutron, for 0. 035 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 0. 24 GeV 2 from experiment E97-110  [30, 31]. Data were acquired in Hall A  [32]  at JLab. We measured the inclusive reaction 3 He( e, e ) with a longitudinally polarized electron beam scattered from longitudinally or transversely (in-plane) polarized 3 He  [32]. Eight beam energies E and two scattering angles θ were used to cover kinematics at constant Q 2 , see The 3 He target was polarized by spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP)  [33]. Two sets of Helmholtz coils providing a parallel or transverse 2. 5 mT uniform field allowed us to orient the electron beam passed through a lower chamber made of a 40 cm-long cylinder with a diameter of 2 cm and hemispherical glass windows at both ends.
Acknowledgments We acknowledge the outstanding support of the  Jefferson Lab Hall A technical  staff and the Physics and Accelerator Divisions that made this work possible. We thank  A. Deltuva ,  J. Golak ,  F. Hagelstein ,  H. Krebs ,  V. Lensky ,  U. -G. Meißner ,  V. Pascalutsa ,  G. Salmè ,  S. Scopetta  and  M. Vanderhaeghen  for useful discussions and for sharing their calculations. This material is based upon work supported by the  U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics  under contract  DE-AC05-06OR23177 , and by the  NSF  under grant  PHY-0099557.
However, muscle mRNA levels were altered in a similar manner in COPD patients and healthy controls in response to AET and TC. The authors concluded that skeletal muscle mRNA responsiveness to AET was not blunted and dissociated from the whole-body V′ O 2 peak. A survival advantage has been described before for COPD patients who completed PR. Extracting data from the Office for National Statistics concerning Wales and England from Jan 2015 to Jan 2017, EVANS et al. [6]  aimed to identify whether the case-mix severity differences or the effects of PR themselves explained this advantage. 7092 COPD patients were included. 58% of the patients completed PR and these patients differed from the non-completer group on age, dyspnoea, comorbidity occurrence, walking distance, home oxygen use, smoking status and hospital admission.
However, when compared to the ATS/ERS standards only 13% of readings met the full criteria. Furthermore, when clinician diagnoses were compared, there was little agreement between the pulmonologists (kappa=0. 38 (95% CI 0. 27-0. 50)), or between general practitioners and pulmonologists (versus pulmonologist 1 kappa=0. 39 (95% CI 0. 22-0. 44); versus pulmonologist 2; kappa=0. 44 (95% CI 0. 32-0. 55)). These data suggest that meeting the ATS/ERS criteria was not necessary for clinicians to feel confident in making a diagnosis, though agreement between pulmonologists and between pulmonologists and GPs was poor. Even if spirometry quality is sufficient, demonstrating expiratory airflow limitation in asthma can be difficult. Bronchial provocation can be useful in the diagnostic assessment of asthma  [11]  but is traditionally performed in hospitals  [12].
The induction of cytosolic calcium in plant-fungus interactions The rapid detection of specific external stimuli, as well as a timely and adequate response to them, is often instrumental to guarantee plant survival. Second messenger molecules, such as Fig. 3. Hierarchical clustering analysis of auxin-related genes differentially regulated during the first 2 weeks of co-cultivation with S. indica. The gene expression levels were extracted from publicly available data (GSE60736,  Lahrmann et al. , 2015)  deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository for high-throughput microarray and next-generation sequence functional genomic datasets  (Barrett et al. , 2013). A P-value of 0. 05 after adjustment for multiple testing and log 2 ratio >0. 75 were arbitrarily chosen to select 45 differentially expressed genes in Arabidopsis seedlings co-cultivated with S.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for financial assistance received from the collaborative IPSC research project realized in the framework of the  EIG CONCERT-Japan joint call on Food Crops and Biomass Production Technologies  and the related national funding agencies: grant  PCIN-2016-037  from the  Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), Spain , to SP and JVC; grants  01DR17007A  and  01DR17007B  from the  Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) ,  Germany , to JL-M and RO, respectively; grant  JPMJSC16C3  from the  Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)  to HS; and grant  EIG_JC1JAPAN-045  from the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France , to AK. CGG was supported by the  Severo Ochoa Program for Centers of Excellence in R&D  from the  Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spain , grant  SEV-2016SEV- -0672  ( 2017SEV- -2021 ) ) to the  Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas.
Dynamics of clot growth 2. 1 Thrombin generation curves Thrombin generation curves for healthy subjects and hemophilia patients  [11]    We will use below these values of parameters in order to study spatial clot growth in the healthy and hemophilia cases. The nonlinear PDE system is implemented in MatLab with the PDEPE solver. Time integration uses the ODE15s solver with variable time step and variable order  [16] [17] [18].
The same relative risks were assumed to apply for calculation of burden of deaths and of DALYs. High-income countries were defined as countries in the Australasia, high-income North America, Western Europe, and high-income Asia Pacific regions, and low and middle-income (LMI) countries as all other countries. Risk factor-outcome pairs were selected where there was judged to be reliable data on both the exposure and the associated risk measures, the level of evidence supporting a causal association was sufficiently strong and the resulting burden was likely to be more than trivial. PAFs were estimated for each age-sex-country group using the equation based on Levin 14 : PAF = n ∑ x=1 RR ( x ) P ( x ) -1 n ∑ x=1 RR ( x ) P ( x ) where P(x) is the proportion of persons exposed at level x in the relevant population and RR(x) is the relative risk corresponding to exposure level x.
employment data For carcinogens, PMGF, SHS and noise, the proportion of everexposed persons was based on the estimated proportion of each national population in the workforce, the proportion of the workforce in specific industries and the proportion of workers estimated to be exposed in that industry. For asthmagens and ergonomic risk factors, the proportion currently exposed was based on the proportion of the workforce in specific occupations rather than industries. Information on industry (nine categories), occupation (eight categories) and the proportion of the population which was working (the Economically Active Population (EAP)) for each country was obtained from the ILO Labour Force. 16 Employment data from the year being examined were used for all risk factors except carcinogens, for which information on employment in previous years was also included to take account of latency and persistent risk.
Available occupation and industry information was available by sex but not age. The EAP was available separately for males and females and for each GBD age group. Where the ILO data did not provide sufficient information for a country, information was obtained from subnational data sources, supplemented where necessary by modelling on a preselected list of covariates (such as log lagged distributed income, education per capita and urbanicity). In particular, for China, subnational data were extracted at the province level using census and national population sample surveys. For India, there were no national labour force data, resulting in the estimates being based on models driven by country-level covariates.
Methodological considerations and limitations In any study of the type presented here there are uncertainties arising from shortcomings in the data that necessitate significant assumptions. Those made in this study were based on available data and, where necessary, expert opinion of GBD authors. The main uncertainties in the data, and the potential implications of these, are briefly considered below. Where they could be quantified to some extent, they were incorporated into the uncertainty intervals. More detailed consideration of some of these issues is provided in the companion papers. 12 13 rkforce data The workforce data came from the ILO database, supplemented, where necessary, by information from other sources such as regional surveys. For South Asia (which is predominantly India) and East Asia (which is predominantly China)-the two largest regions-there were limited available data.
Exclusion of exposures and outcomes There are many occupational exposures that are probably related to adverse health outcomes that were not included in the study reported here. These include International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 2A carcinogens ('probably carcinogenic to humans') associated with occupational exposures; infections arising from occupation; occupational exposures (apart from SHS) linked to ischaemic heart disease; pesticides; psychological and psychosocial Workplace stresses; work organisation factors; and occupational exposures leading to musculoskeletal disorders (other than those affecting the lower back). These were excluded because there did not appear to be reliable data on one or both of the exposures or the associated risk measures; and/or because the level of evidence supporting a causal association was not considered sufficient.
Recommendations for further work This analysis has identified several areas where further research could improve the accuracy and usefulness of the burden estimates. Several potentially important risk factor-outcome pairs were not included for various reasons, as mentioned earlier. Ongoing appraisal of the literature is being undertaken to address some of these, but better evidence regarding causal link will be required before decisions to include or exclude can be made confidently. There is also considerable scope for improvement in the assessment of the prevalence of exposure to those risk factors that were included in this study. Maximising the inclusion of the unofficial workforce is important to overcome a potentially important source of underestimation of the exposed population. Data to support these approaches will be sought for upcoming GBD iterations.
Acknowledgements BPaQ acknowledges the institutional support of  PrOnaBec  (national Program of scholarship and educational loan), provided by the  Peruvian government ; and the  Judith lumley centre of la Trobe University. Till Winfried Bärnighausen was supported by the alexander von humboldt Foundation through the alexander von humboldt Professor award, funded by the  Federal Ministry of education  and research, germany. Félix carvalho acknowledges UiD/ MUlTi/04378/2019 support with funding from  FcT/McTes  through national funds. eduarda Fernandes acknowledges UiD/QUi/50006/2019 support with funding from  FcT/McTes  through national funds. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges that the serbian part of this gBD contribution was cofinanced through grant  Oi 175 014  of the  Ministry of education, science and Technological Development of the republic of serbia.
Yun Jin Kim  was supported by the Office of research and innovation,  Xiamen University Malaysia. Walter Mendoza  is currently a program analyst for Population and Development at the  Peru country Office of the United nations Population Fund-UnFPa , an institution which does not necessarily endorse this study. MMolokhia was supported by the national institute for health research (nihr) Biomedical research centre at guy's and st Thomas' nhs Foundation Trust and King's college london. abdallah M samy received a fellowship from the  egyptian Fulbright Mission Program  (eFMP). sMsi is funded by a senior research Fellowship from the institute for Physical activity and nutrition (iPan),  Deakin University. rT-s was supported in part by grant number  PrOMeTeOii/2015/021  from generalitat  Valenciana  and the national grant  Pi17/00719  from isciii -FeDer.