dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Strengths and limitations We believe that this study has several strengths. First, we relied on a pre-registered and highly-powered study, which are considered good research practices  (Boisgontier, 2022). Second, we applied an analytical approach well-suited to examine data with cross-random factors (i. e. , participants and faces). Third, we have built a design allowing the randomization and repetition of different levels of effort across time, while previous literature mainly relied on incremental exercise. Therefore, contrary to previous literature, our method accounts for a potential confounding effect of fatigue. Fourth, we developed an innovative whole-body exercise task under virtual reality combined with a task that indirectly measures affective valence at various levels of effort.
By collecting and enriching a dataset of international organizations and congresses associated with social reform, TIC sought to map cooperation across national lines and across thematic categories. For social reform, it was intended as a comprehensive effort, both geographically and in terms of content. It was meant to counter a wide set of tensions and crises that became known as the 'social question', a catch-all term used by scholars as well as contemporaries  (Randeraad & Leonards, 2010). From hygiene and criminality to education and world peace, the social question encompassed a range of issues that needed to be diagnosed, studied and addressed if 'mankind' was to reach its pinnacle of civilization and harmony. Whereas most European governments still held onto the non-interventionism of classical liberalism, social reformers recognized that economic and technical innovations by themselves did not inevitably benefit collective well-being.
After a congress, the different contributions and the ensuing discussions were often published in the form of a congress report. As part of the TIC project, we assembled and made accessible a digital collection of over 1000 congress reports, with extensive metadata, that give an insight into the proceedings of these events. Local situations and numbers were compared, and the effectiveness and (international) suitability of different measures were discussed. This could lead to serious debates among the predominantly white male reformers who frequented the congresses (women only started attending by the late 19 th century). Nonetheless, the ideal of an international consensus -reached through open debate and rational dialogue -was the driving Verbruggen et al. Journal of Open Humanities Data DOI: 10.
2) SOURCES AND DATA ENRICHMENT A thorough assessment of these early sites of international sociability can not only help to reexamine the welfare arrangements before the welfare state from a transnational perspective, but can also shed light on the ascendancy of scientific internationalism and international organizations. Focussing on initiatives related to social reform, the goal of the TIC project was therefore to assemble a database containing systematic information on the phenomena of international congresses and organizations from the 1840s until the beginning of the First World War. We focussed on the attendance of reformers originating from the Low Countries as well as in-depth thematic sub-projects (see below), However, for the overall mapping of conferences related to social reform and the compilation of bibliographic metadata, the aim from the outset was to be as exhaustive as possible.
The foundational sources of our dataset were the publications of the Union of International Associations (UIA) and its 'complete' list of conferences from 1681 onwards  (UIA, 1960; UIA 1957; UIA, 1964). In 1907, Henri La Fontaine, Paul Otlet and Cyrille Van Overbergh set up the Office Central des Associations Internationales. Besides the development of a centre for collections about internationalism in Brussels (including what La Fontaine called a 'Documentary Repertory of Internationalism'), one of the main goals was the foundation of the Union of International Associations (UIA), an 'association of associations' that would coordinate the relations and interests between international organizations throughout the world. In a short period of time the UIA became a direct forerunner of the League of Nations' Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.
It issued a periodical, La Vie Internationale, and published, in collaboration with the pacifist  Alfred Fried, two yearbooks (1905; 1906; 1907; 1910 -1911) : the Annuaire de la Vie Internationale, which gave an overview of the various international associations. The yearbook and the UIA still exist today and many studies on international non-governmental  Data collections with a global or even universal scope will always remain incomplete or questionable  (Bloodgood & Schmitz, 2013). In the case of the UIA, this is partly caused by the fact that from its inception in 1907, most of the data was provided by the organizations themselves, as acknowledged by the UIA (UIA, 2015). Moreover, the categorization of 'genuinely' international organizations itself "has been, and remains, a political project that embodies and shapes worldviews"  (Saunier, 2019).
A well-known example, for instance, is the lack of religious organizations and fraternities engaged in transnational advocacy networks, health, education and many other fields related to social reform  (Bush, 2007). This being said, the data offers a representative data source for the study of various long-term developments (eg. Boli & Thomas, 1999; Grandjean & Van Leeuwen, 2019) , especially with regard to Europe and North America, which can be further enriched with original archival research and/or used as a starting point for further research. Additionally, because greater emphasis was placed on the listing of organizations rather than congresses, we had no choice but to set up a new database, powered by Nodegoat (see below). 3  Aware of both the potential and the caveats of UIA-related published sources and datasets, we consulted the original sources produced by the organizations (congress proceedings, reports of assemblies, charters of foundation, etc.
) and other contemporary published  (Army Medical Library 1938; Baldwin 1907a, b; Bishop, 1958; Coorman 1968; Doré 1923; Eijkman, 1910; 1911; Faries, 1915; Gregory, 1939; Judge 1978; Lyons 1963; Matthews, 1940 and Wallace & Singer 1970). This enabled us to correct mistakes and to go beyond the lacunas and the contradictions between the reference books (e. g. event dates, alternative names, etc. ). An important added value of our list of congresses, compared to previously published datasets, is the systematic addition and verification of bibliographic data related to published congress reports. All of the publications are provided with detailed metadata, provenance and their WorldCat permalink. A second major added value is that the data has been enriched with thematic categories, allowing improved (faceted) search and other queries.
The first international sanitary conference (1851), can for instance be seen as a direct forerunner of the World Health Organization (WHO). In assembling our dataset, the qualification 'international organization' was used if there was a standing committee for the organization of the conference, a permanent secretary or a bureau for the exchange of information (for instance, the 'Commission internationale des congrès d'éducation familiale'). Again, international religious orders, fraternities and secular institutes have not been included in a systematic way as they are out of the research scope. It should also be noted that the distinction between governmental and non-governmental organizations is also difficult to make for events and organizations in the 19 th century. Unless explicitly stated in the names or mission statement of congresses, no systematic distinction has been made between the two.
3) IN SEARCH OF LONG-TERM PATTERNS AND DYNAMICS: FOLLOWING THE ACTORS The biographical data, memberships and congress attendance in our dataset are less comprehensive or complete as not every reform area has been studied to the same level of detail. The dataset consists of the result of several sub-studies and PhD research in which reasoned choices were made in each case. Three different thematic fields of reform were researched in the sub-projects of the PhD-students: (1) The first sub-project (Amandine Thiry) challenged the predominant narratives of the Belgian prison reform. (2) The second sub-project (Thomas D'haeninck) applied Social Network Analysis (SNA) techniques to a large sample of attendees (> 7200 people) who attended international congresses concerned with the moral improvement of society.
(3) A third project on colonial hygiene also resulted in a significant amount of information that has been added to the collective dataset (a discussion of the topic in:  Vandersmissen and Van Diem, 2021). In addition to this research, we integrated previous research on Belgian feminists and their 'coalition partners' among for instance pacifists and the temperance movement  (Carlier, 2010). Most importantly, we integrated the datasets of Nico Randeraad and Chris Leonards on a wide range of reform themes, such as penitentiary reform, public and private charity, and social and moral statistics  (Leonards 2015, Leonards and Randeraad 2015). By bringing together all this data from various sub-studies, new possibilities emerge. Clusters of co-memberships at congresses give us a lot of insight into the different 'causes' that actors were likely to share (for this approach and a 'genealogy of causes', see: Verbruggen, Blomme & D'haeninck, 2020).
We looked, for example, at educational internationalism at the intersection of the conferences related to moral reform, education, women's rights and prison reform (see TIC-Collaborative used Nodegoat as a data management system to collaborate and enrich datasets. Nodegoat (developed by Lab 1100) is a "web-based database management, analysis and visualization platform. " We experimented with harvesting meaningful information from (semi-)structured documents, but most of the data was collected via the traditional full-text search and manual labour intensive (meta)data creation. In the early data collection phase of the project, Nodegoat had no API or linked data ingestion module, so in collaboration with Lab1100, preparations were made to improve the capabilities to query SPARQL endpoints from Nodegoat.
This eventually resulted in a Linked Data Module. 5 Still, most of the disambiguation of persons and linking objects of persons to external identifiers had to be done manually. An interesting proof of concept of the added value of linking data was offered in a CLARIAH-NL pilot project (2TBI). 6 The main objective was to link a research database of persons who were internationally active in the 19 th and early 20 th centuries, with the person entity repository of currently online available biographical resources in the Netherlands. The result was a group of 1115 Dutch social reformers, whom we can now easily trace in various datasets and link to existing biographical resources  (Randeraad, 2018). In order to achieve this, we set up a ResourceSync connection between the Nodegoat software and Anansi, one of the data hubs of the Dutch CLARIAH infrastructure.
(4) FROM SOURCES TO DATA AND DATA ARCHIVING In addition to the sources that were already available via digital libraries and archives, the researchers have identified complementary sources in Belgian archives and libraries, notably proceedings preserved in KBR, Royal Library of Belgium, UC Louvain Library, Ghent University Library and the Mundaneum (Mons). Many of these sources were digitized by the project and its partners to produce high-quality OCR scans of the documents. Mass digitization as such was not the project's central aim, rather we wanted to create a virtual infrastructure which offers access to digitized versions of previously dispersed material via a central observatory. With this objective in mind, a detailed analysis was undertaken of the then available 'text platforms'. A range of existing platforms and technologies (including Islandora, Veridian, TextGrid, Text-Image Linking Environment (TILE), Transcribe Bentham, Shared Canvas, Annotated Books Online and Trove) were evaluated against a range of criteria, including organizational aspects, data aspects (e.
g. import, export formats and metadata capabilities), user management capabilities and annotation features (including OCR correction). As a result of this evaluation, Islandora, an open-source software framework for the collaborative management and discovery of digital assets, was selected for the TIC platform. Islandora is an open source digital repository system based on Fedora Commons, Drupal and a host of additional applications. However, during the development and implementation process, a number of issues began to arise, which became more pronounced when using the platform: shortcomings and bugs (e. g. import), the performance and scalability of the ingestion process (e. g. the OCR process and the uploading of text often took many hours, even days) and the management and customisation of the platform.
From-scratch development of a new platform would be unnecessary, as there are many existing solutions that already partially fulfilled the requirements of the corpus management platform. We therefore looked for promising existing solutions and reached out to them with the TIC requirements as a guideline. In collaboration with the Ghent Centre for Digital Humanities and in the framework of DARIAH-BE and CLARIAH-VL, a survey was conducted at Ghent University to gain insight into the current data collection and digitisation processes of researchers involved in text analysis. After additional discussions with the involved stakeholders (the Ghent Centre for Digital Humanities and the Ghent University Library), it was decided to continue with the implementation of the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF), an open framework and standardised method to publish image-based resources, to be viewed, cited and annotated by any IIIF-compatible image-viewing application (overall architecture in Figure  4 ).
7 Notwithstanding some limitations (for example its -by definition -focus on images), it is the most advanced and widely supported framework that allows researchers to build corpora across institutional borders and collections. This valuable corpus is made accessible via IIIF and is preserved by the Ghent University Library. As a collection it is accessible on request, downloadable and full text searchable via Shared Canvas. 8 Shared Canvas is a IIIF-enabled service provided by Ghent University Library for heritage institutions, museums and libraries that want to make their images widely available in a controlled and standardized manner. It is powered by the institutional repository system Librecat. In addition to this, the TIC-collection has been used to test the new IIIF corpus Management Platform (CMP) that has been co- Notwithstanding the fact that part of the biographical data had already been successfully published in Anansi and linked to other datasets, we opted for a different LOD platform with more possibilities.
11 Druid is a scalable triplestore by Triply based on the HDT (header dictionary triples) technology (Meroño-Peñuela et al, 2020). The platform was also developed in the context of CLARIAH-NL and is currently maintained by the International Institute for Social History (IISH) and Triply, a CLARIAH spin off company. 12 In terms of content, the IISH is an obvious partner for making the TIC-dataset available for further use or integration with other datasets. To allow additional verification and processing of the data, the data was exported from Nodegoat as CSV files and converted to a Turtle file to be uploaded in Druid using a custom Python script using rdflib. 13 Congresses, congress series, organisations, publications and places were mapped to the classes Event, EventSeries, Organization, CreativeWork and City of the schema.
org vocabulary. Tags were mapped to SKOS Concept 14 and linked to entities using Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) Metadata Terms Subject property. 15   Last but not least and as an illustration of the potential of the data, we staged an online exhibition on social reformers powered by Omeka-S. The interactive exhibition on Couples for progress has been built around the maps, graphs and other visualisations made by the researchers connected to the project in collaboration with our Belgian partners Amsab Institute for Social History and Liberas. The exhibition makes use of the entire IIIF and Linked Open Data ecosystem, finally tying up all ends. Via iFrames, the exhibition also refers to visualizations in Tableau and a public interface including sample graphs in the project's Nodegoat installation that will remain open to new research in the coming years.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank  Pim Van Bree  and  Geert Kessels  (Lab1100) for their willingness to develop Nodegoat in accordance with the needs of the project. In addition, we thank  Frederick Lamsens  ( GhentCDH ) for the development of the Omeka-S site. Finally we thank  Dries Moreels ,  Hendrik Defoort  and  Nicolas Franck  ( University Library Ghent ) for their support.
9https://www. ghentcdh. ugent. be/projects/madoc-iiif-annotation-and-crowdsource-platform (last accessed 07/03/2022). 10 https://madoc. netlify. app (last accessed 07/03/2022). 11 https://druid. datalegend. net/CLARIAH-VL/TIC-Collaborative (last accessed 07/03/2022). 12 https://triply. cc (last accessed 07/03/2022). 13 https://github. com/RDFLib/rdflib (last accessed 07/03/2022). 14 http://www. w3. org/2004/02/skos/core#Concept (last accessed 07/03/2022). 15 http://purl. org/dc/terms/subject (last accessed 07/03/2022). 16 https://nodegoat. ugent. be/viewer. p/1/300/types/all/list/ (last accessed 07/03/2022). Data storytelling and Omeka S Tableau virtual exhibits Exhibition Data platform storytelling Nodegoat Collaborative Corpus building, annotation and data collection database, LOD ingestion and visualisation platform Islandora Text corpus management platform (discontinued, replaced by Madoc) Druid Shared Canvas Repositories and data Linked Open Data IIIF repository Ghent University + other IIIF archiving publishing compliant image repositories.
Nature of the Variables First, numerous variables can be collected both by the clinicians and the ML engineers. Regarding the first, these variables can be symptoms, risk factors, harms and values, external validators, or even biomarkers  (33). On their side, data scientists in charge of the database design also select one or multiple input data that can be measured, e. g. , voice, facial expressions, Internet of Things (IoT) data, biological, or genetic data  (34).
Finesse of the Variables The clinician adjusts the finesse of the collected variables through the clinical interview  (39). For instance, if the patient describes a "sleep disorder," she/he will seek to question the type of disorder, e. g. , insomnia, and more specifically early or late insomnia  (40). On the other side, the available finesse both in terms of time and concept for ML algorithms are restricted to (static) datasets, chosen by the dataset designer (41).
This consideration echoes the different trends existing in the machine learning field which is at the crossroad of multiple different approaches. One example is the recent advent of datadriven AI led by Andrew Ng, in opposition to the classical model-driven approach that is usually employed in ML  (48). In the latter, the focus is on the design of the machine learning model (e. g. , a classifier or regressor) that will model the best relationship between the features extracted from this data and the label on a given dataset, whereas data-driven AI focuses on data engineering processes to obtain higher performances with a given model.
Training of the Initial Model Educational training in psychiatry is largely based on case studies. This repetition of confrontations with clinical cases (fictitious or not) will allow clinicians to be trained. They will be rewarded or penalized according to their skills, which will allow their internal model to be trained in front of new cases (e. g. , the National Classifying Exam in France or the Psychiatry Certification examination in the US). Similarly, at the end of their schooling, the ML engineers models of problem solving with ML has been shaped by the examples they have dealt with in class, whether they are fictional examples or real data. Regarding the ML model, an initial version is trained with the whole dataset (i. e. , input variables annotated with some clinical label) when the best pipeline and configuration (or "hyperparameters") have been selected, before being deployed in real conditions and confronted to new data  (54).
ML engineers model of ML model (C) ML model of clinical judgment I) Collection of variables Information gathering a) Nature of the variable Medical records (symptoms, risk factors, harms, …) Uni-or Multimodal inputs : chosen by the designer Extracted features (except for end-to-end models) b) Labeling of the variables Naming Choosing computer variable names when coding c) Prioritization of the variables Choice of the most central variables in the diagnosis Algorithm/criteria that will prioritize the variables Feature selection or clustering algorithms d) Finesse of the variables Dynamic refinement of the clinical interview according to her/his expectations Multimodal, multitemporal and multidimensional datasets Multimodal, multitemporal and multidimensional models e) Relations between variables (causality) Understanding of symptoms in mutual interaction Still the domain of the engineer Not (yet) existing f) Categorization of the patient Projection on a profile or a group of typical profiles Categorization of the data / of the label Projection on representative dimensions (features) II) Theoretical background a) Models of psychiatry Medical, Biopsychosocial, neurobiological Trends in ML models -.
Data and methodology Demonstrating that sequence organization is observable among baboons, the paper focuses on the opening of encounters and greetings. Beyond a systematic detailed analysis of these openings, the paper discusses how sequential organization supposes and reflexively creates interactivity, intersubjectivity, and situated interpretations of others' conduct. The data analyzed have been video-recorded within a collaborative project between the authors, an interactionist and a primatologist, during 2013 and 2014 at the Rousset CNRS primatology station (South of France), where hundreds of baboons (Papio anubis et Papio papio) live in social groups distributed in several parks. The station is accessible only to researchers and follows strict protocols for the well-being of the animals.
The study is based on approximately 8 hours of data recorded with two video cameras (a focused mobile one and a static general one), out of which a sub-set of 100 openings were transcribed and analyzed. The qualitative analyses presented here show the systematic consequences of the way individuals approach and respond to each other. The cases presented in the paper were representative of the sub-set, and were selected because the embodied details unfolding moment-by-moment are particularly visible on the video (vs. in other cases which depend on the movements of the individuals and the positions of the cameras, not always making them continuously visible). The conversation analytic methodology relies on the building of 'collections' of cases taking into consideration the action done, its sequential environment, and the formats it might take  (Stivers & Sidnell 2012).
Acknowledgments We thank the personnel of the CNRS_UAR846 primatology station in Rousset for their support during video-recordings. The study has been supported by several grants (Multimodality, Acad. Finland-N°282931; f5w,  SNF-N°100012L_182296/1 ;  GESTIMAGE ,  ERC-2016-STG-N°716931 ;  LangPrimate ,  ANR-12-PDOC-0014-01 ;  ILCB ,  ANR-16-CONV-0002 ).