dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In addition, existing services in some countries are demand led and therefore the profile of patients presenting to services may be different even between regions or neighbouring services. The inter-country differences may, however, reflect the fact that children with an equal level of impairment may be more or less disadvantaged, depending on their social and environmental context. Another potential reason for inter-country differences was inter-investigator variability. A previous study has demonstrated high reliability between investigators when assigning ICF codes to children with special health care needs from parental report using structured interview  [60]. However, in the current study, inter-rater reliability was not controlled, although all investigators participated together in a case-based ICF training session prior to data collection.
Perspectives The ICF-CY Checklist for Oral Health used here is one of the first ICF-CY based tools to be developed in any medical domain. The potential for practical application of the ICF in child populations has been regularly evoked  [19, [63] [64] [65] [66] [67]  but rarely put into action  [60, 68, 69]. The ICF-CY Checklist for Oral Health is the only questionnaire to date in the domain of oral health designed to give a holistic, biopsychosocial description of an individual, encompassing medical, functional, social and environmental context. This tool was used to collect data in different clinical contexts, in different countries and in different languages, demonstrating that the ICF is adapted for use internationally. In addition, the ICF-CY was applicable for children with a huge range of different types of impairments and ICD-10 diagnoses, confirming the robust, universal nature of the ICF items over a wide spectrum of human functioning.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank the  ICF Research Branch of the WHO Collaborating Centre for the Family of International Classifications in Germany (DIMDI)  for their input regarding methodology. The authors would like to thank  Professor Mats Granlund  for his invaluable advice during the writing of this manuscript ( CHILD, SIDR, School of Health Sciences, Jo ¨nko ¨ping University, Jo ¨nko ¨ping, Sweden ).
Ni and Co K-Edge XANES/EXAFS Measurements were undertaken on the B18 instrument at the Diamond Light Source, Harwell Research Campus. Finely ground samples were diluted in cellulose and pressed into pellets to give a satisfactory K-edge absorption step. The spectra were recorded at room temperature and in transmission mode. The incident beam intensity and the transmitted beam intensity were measured using ionization chambers. The Ifeffit soware analysis suite was used for the background corrections and normalisation (Athena). 33  The data analysis was undertaken using pyspline. 34  In brief, the data processing comprised calibrating the energy scale, normalizing the incident beam intensity and the spectra to provide an edge step of one. The data modelling was undertaken using EXCURV. 35.
Neutron diffraction The neutron data was collected at the D4 diffraction instrument at the Institut Laue-Langvin, Grenoble. 36  Calibration of the incident neutron wavelength was achieved using a polycrystalline nickel reference sample. The samples were ground into course lumps and contained in vanadium cans of internal diameter 6 mm and wall thickness 0. 25 mm; a vanadium rod of diameter 6 mm was used to provide quantitative normalisation to the data. Data were collected from the empty instrument, empty vanadium container and the vanadium rod in addition to each of the samples. Structural information can be obtained from the data by removing the background scattering (from the instrument itself and from the container) and correcting for absorption and multiple scattering to nd the differential crosssection using the program CORRECT.
Neutron diffraction with isomorphic substitution Applying the method of isomorphic substitution  46, 47  enables the local structural environment surrounding Co to be determined in a broadly analogous manner. The data allows three separate rst order difference isomorphic substitution functions to be created (Di(Q) 58Ni-Co , Di(Q) natNi-Co and Di(Q)  ) as shown in Fig. 5. The corresponding real-space, DT(r), functions are shown in Fig. 6. The difference in Ni/Co coherent scattering factors are 11. 81, 7. 81 and 10. 89 for the DT(r) 58Ni-Co , DT(r) natNi-Co and DT(r) Co-62Ni functions respectively. The optimum (weighted average) t parameters for the isomorphic difference function are given in Table  1. As shown in Table  1 , there is excellent agreement between the metal-oxygen, M-O, correlations obtained for Ni using the method of isotopic substitution and the Co/Ni datasets obtained using the method of isomorphic substitution.
The total diffraction patterns The total diffraction patterns for the Ni and Co doped bioglasses were modelled using the NXFit program and the NDISderived t parameters are given in Table  2. The results of a Ni/ Co-free bioactive glass, prepared using an identical melt quench method, are also presented in Table  2  thus enabling a direct   comparison of the present results with the archetypal 45S5 BioglassÒ. 22  The 45S5 results were collected using the ISIS pulsed neutron source and full details of the data analysis are given by Martin et al. 22  To enable a direct comparison with the present data the reciprocal data was truncated at a Q max of 23. 7 Å (to match the present Ni (or Co) bioglass data) before Fourier transforming into real-space and tting using the NXFit analysis program. As expected, the short range order comprises $4 oxygen atoms around Si at 1.
The addition of the third total structure factor enables three separate rst order difference functions to be determined (Di(Q) 58-62 , Di(Q) 58-nat and Di(Q) nat-62 ) in order to check the reliability/mutual consistency of the derived datasets. Fig. 3 presents the three isotopic substitution difference functions in reciprocal space, whilst Fig. 4 shows the real space pairwise correlation data DT(r) obtained by Fourier transforming the Di(Q) functions given in Fig. Those correlations not containing Ni successfully cancel, as demonstrated by the absence of the P-O and Si-O peaks at $1. 6 Å. The main feature at $2 Å correspond to nearest neighbour Ni-O correlations. The broad feature at $3 < r ( Å) < 3. 5 corresponds to next nearest neighbours correlations such as Ni-(O)-Si, Ni-(O)-P, Ni-(O)-Na and Ni-(O)-Ca; it is not possible unambiguously to resolve these overlapping correlations.
NMR measurements: The characterization of the organic part of bone mineral was done using 13 C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The measurements were packed in zirconium rotors with a diameter of 2. 5 mm, and spun at the magic angle of 54. 7° with a spinning frequency of 15 KHz. Powdered samples of about 100 mg were necessary to fill up the rotor of the NMR probe. The deconvolution of the MAS-NMR spectra was performed on the dmfit 2010 software  [19].
Setting Patients will be included and treated in seven centers in France: the dental care departments of two hospitals (Hôpital Charles Foix, Ivry-sur-Seine and Hotel-Dieu Saint-Jacques, Toulouse) and five private practices (four in Paris and one in Lyon). Follow-up data will be collected in these seven centers. Any patient with the eligible criteria visiting one of the included centers will be asked to participate in the study. The consent form can be consulted at http://cecoia. fr: extra section.
Data collection Investigators will use a CRF (available at http://cecoia. fr) to record all items required for outcomes analysis. The CRF comprises two adverse events forms (one concerning general health and one concerning inlay/onlay-related events). Patient data will be anonymous because patients will be identified by their inclusion number (the first letter of their first and last name and date of birth only will be registered in the CRF). A clinical research assistant (RB) will visit each center every 20 inclusions to monitor the collection of data (by checking that no CRF field is incomplete) and assess the quality (by comparing the data in the medical record, entered through the online inclusion and randomization software RandoWeb (Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris; http:// randoweb.
Assessments: Baseline variables (inlay/onlay, premolar/molar, vital/non vital, operator, sex, date of birth, restoration volume etc. ) X X Outcome variables FDI criteria X X X Radiograph X X X X Impression X X X estimated sample size of 358 patients. We will include 400 patients to account for patients lost to follow-up, although we will try to avoid missing data on outcome measures (in particular, by compensating each patient with 100 euros (€100) after 2 years)  [50]. The enrolment capacity was estimated to be 75 patients per year for each hospital and 50 patients per year for each private practice. A 1-year period was planned for including these 400 patients.
Primary outcome analysis The main analysis will compare the final values of the FDI score (worst score over the three dimensions) between the ceramic and composite groups. The main analysis will be adjusted on the following pre-specified variables: inlay/ onlay, premolar/molar, vital/non-vital tooth and operator  [53, 55]. An ordinal logistic regression model will be used. The operator variable will be modeled as a random effect. The main analysis will take into account missing outcome data by multiple imputation, with the assumption that data are missing at random. We will report the unadjusted analysis as well; that is, the contingency table showing the distribution of FDI scores in the ceramic and composite groups. The distribution of FDI scores will be compared by Fisher's exact test. All P values will be two-tailed, with significance level 0.
Acknowledgements The CECOIA trial is funded by a grant of  236 , 700  euros ( €236 , 700 ) from the  France Ministry of Health  through the national programme for clinical research in hospitals ( Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique (PHRC) ). The sponsor is the  AP-HP. The protocol was registered as number P1101129-CECOIA by the promoter ( AP-HP  and  Département de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement (DRCD) ). This report is based on the protocol version 1. 0 (issued 14 March 2012; version 3. 0 was issued 4 February 2013, with only minor changes concerning centers and their addresses). The CECOIA trial was authorized by the board for evaluating medical devices of the national agency for the security of drugs and health products in France ( Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicamentet des Produits de Santé (ANSM) ) and is registered as 2012-A00093-40 (IDRCB/Eudract).
water contact angle measurement The WCA of the dentin surfaces was measured by the sessile drop technique using a DGD-DX model analysis system (GBX Scientific Instruments, Valence, France). One drop (4 μL) of distilled water was deposited on each dentin surface with a micro-syringe (Figure  1 ). Images were captured immediately after the deposition using a microvideo system (GBX). The acquired images were analyzed by the Visiodrop software (GBX). The WCA values were analyzed by the Wilcoxon test; the statistical significance was set at p<0. 05.
ACKNOwLEDgEMENTS This work was supported by  PCP France-Mexico ,  PIFI 2011-12 ,  CONACYT 162651 ,  PROMeP/ UASLP/12/CA14 , and  C12-FAI-03-45. 45 grants. Cesar Gaitan  is a CONACYT fellow 290541. We would like to thank  American experts , for their assistance in editing this manuscript.
Background: Periodontal infections are hypothesized to increase the risk of adverse systemic outcomes through inflammatory mechanisms. The magnitude of effect, if any, of anti-infective periodontal treatment on systemic inflammation is unknown, as are the patient populations most likely to benefit. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to test the hypothesis that anti-infective periodontal treatment reduces systemic c-reactive protein (CRP). Methods and Findings: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and CINAHL databases were searched using sensitivityenhancing search terms. Eligible RCTs enrolled patients with periodontal infection, compared a clearly defined antiinfective periodontal intervention (experimental group) to an "inactive control" (no periodontal intervention) or to an "active control" (lower treatment intensity than the experimental group).
Data synthesis Measure of treatment effect and meta-analyses. For the primary outcome -CRP values at the earliest time point after treatment completion -we measured the treatment effect using mean difference (MD) in final values between the experimental and control groups. Negative values favor experimental group over control group. For the secondary outcomes -bleeding on probing (as a percentage) and probing depth in millimeters (mm) -the treatment effect was measured using mean differences in final values between the experimental and control groups. Trials with multiple experimental groups were included separately using a shared control group divided out approximately evenly among the comparisons. Because of the expected clinical diversity, meta-analyses were performed by using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models.
To assess heterogeneity across trials, we used forest plots as well as Cochran's heterogeneity statistics and Higgins I 2 coefficients. We produced funnel plots to assess small-study effects. Active-inactive trials and active-active trials were synthesized separately. We repeated all syntheses with the measurements at 3-month follow-up. The same methods were used to synthesize data regarding bleeding on probing and probing depth. Sensitivity analyses. To incorporate potential differences in baseline values within or between trials, we also analyzed change scores. For the analysis of change scores, the withingroup correlation coefficient (ρ) between baseline and final values is required but was never reported. We requested, and were provided with, the original CRP data from the largest trial included in this meta-analysis  [29].
Among the three-arm trials, one compared SRP+antibiotics versus SRP versus no treatment, the other compared SRP at baseline and 3 months versus SRP at baseline only versus no treatment. Overall, there were 18 randomized comparisons between an active periodontal treatment and an "inactive" control group (no periodontal treatment, OHI or supragingival cleaning) and 6 randomized comparisons of an active periodontal treatment to an "active" control but with lower treatment intensity(Table  1  and Table  S3  in File S1). The 4 excluded studies  [52] [53] [54] [55]  (because CRP data could not be obtained) addressed comparisons of an active periodontal treatment to an active control with lower treatment intensity. Characteristics of patients. The 20 selected studies included 2,561 randomized patients.
0 mg/L or >3. 0 mg/L, respectively. Risk of bias of included trials. Overall, 10 trials had a low risk of selection bias as the sequence of generation and allocation concealment were adequate (Figure  2  and Figure  S1  in File S1); in the remaining 10 trials, the risk of bias was unclear because it was not explicitly described whether sequence generation and/or allocation concealment was adequately done. Of note, 3 trials used an unequal randomization ratio of 2:1  [34, 36, 47]. Protection against performance and detection biases was adequate as participants, personnel and outcome assessment (CRP level is objectively measured) were blinded. However, there was high risk of attrition bias in 4 trials because the proportion of patients with missing outcome data was substantial, ranging from 22% to 51%, with imbalances between the experimental and control group in 2 trials.
Acknowledgments We thank the OPT study team, and  Dr. Jim Hodges  in particular, for their collaborative spirit in providing the patientlevel data for the largest intervention study included in this meta-analysis. We also thank all authors who responded to our queries and provided data clarifications; specifically,  Drs. Jose Gonzales ,  Mark Ide ,  Sayaka Katagiri ,  Panagiotis Koromantzos ,  Hsein-Kun Lu ,  Joerg Meyle , and  Karl Schenck.
The release profile was determined at six time points over a period of 14 days. Negligible amounts of secreted BMP-2 for the Ti and AMS groups were determined at all time points. In contrast, BMP-2 was found in the supernatants of the Ti + BMP and AMS + BMP groups. These findings suggest a minor contribution of endogenously produced BMP-2 to the total amount recorded. A significantly higher release of BMP-2 was noted at day 7 for Ti + BMP compared to AMS + BMP (Figure  6a ). Cumulative release data representation confirms this difference in release profile between both groups (Figure  6b ). Considering the amount of BMP-2 initially adsorbed onto the surfaces versus the amount of protein released after 14 days, an ongoing BMP-2 release during the entire cell differentiation experiment (and thereafter) can be expected.
Surface Topography Quantitative 3D topographical analysis was performed using a scanning white light interferometer (Wyko NT 3300; Veeco Metrology Inc. , Tucson, AZ, USA), employing a vertical scanning interferometer technique. Three samples per group were analyzed. A total of four equidistant locations were evaluated per surface, resulting in 12 measurements per group. Three parameters were measured viz. average roughness (S a , an amplitude parameter), texture aspect ratio (S tr , a spatial parameter) and developed interfacial area ratio (S dr , a hybrid parameter). MountainsMap ® Premium software (Digital Surf sarl, Besanç on, France) was used for the measurement of the mentioned parameters. After topographical assessment of the surfaces, the same surfaces were qualitatively analyzed using a field-emission-gun scanning electron microscope (Feg-SEM, XL 30, Phillips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands).
Analysis of tooth specific transcriptional profiles We decided to compare gene expression profiles in developing murine lower incisor and molars, as well as between the lower and upper (mandibular and maxillary) first molars. The developing tooth buds were collected by microdissection from E14. 5 wild-type C57BL6 mice, and total RNA was extracted with the RNAeasy micro Kit (Qiagen, see Materials and Methods), after pooling 4 tooth germs per sample in order to obtain enough RNA for microarray hybridization. Altogether, 4 lower incisors samples, 4 maxillary molars samples, and 8 mandibular molars samples were hybridized on Affymetrix mouse gene 1. 0 ST microarrays. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the Partek Software to assess the consistency of the results. According to this analysis, the transcriptional profiles of three incisors samples (one sample of dubious quality was discarded) and eight mandibular molars samples showed that samples segregated in two distinct groups, showing relevant transcriptional differences between mandibular molars and lower incisors (Additional file 1).
Quantitative RT-PCR analysis Twelve of these 99 genes were selected for validation of the microarray data by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). These were candidates from interesting signaling pathways: Ihh (from the hedgehog pathway), Dll1 (from the Notch pathway), Sfrp1 and Sfrp2 (from the Wnt pathway), Fgf12 (from the FGF pathway), Bmp5 (from the TGFβ pathway/superfamily), Cyp26c1 and Cyp1b1 (encoding two retinoic acid-metabolizing enzymes), Alx1 and Shox2 (members of the homeobox gene superfamily). We also decided to verify two genes known to be expressed in teeth and exhibiting a fold change higher than 2: Smoc2 because we recently detected by in situ hybridization a differential expression between molars and incisors  [41]  and Prkcq, which belongs to the NFκB pathway (Table  1B ). qRT-PCR was performed on RNA samples distinct from those used for microarray hybridization.
Gene network analysis Relevant networks when considering all genes with a fold change higher than 2 To gain insight into interactions that may occur between the differentially expressed genes and/or proteins, we constructed biologically relevant networks using the Ingenuity pathway analysis software. From the 231 differentially expressed genes with a fold change higher than 2, 143 genes were mapped in nine networks. The most relevant network (score=48) was centered on the NFκB complex and contained 24 differentially expressed genes (Figure  3A ). Barx1, Dlx1, Sox2, Cited1, Nr2f1, Nr2f2, Vsnl1, Cxcl6, Dusp6, Has2, Lpl, Tfap2b, Rgs5, Sfrp1 and Sfrp2 were more strongly expressed in mandibular molars than in incisors. Otx1, Isl1, Cyp2c19, Foxa3, Pappa, Rgs7, Rgs20, Cyp17a1 and Sfrp4 were more expressed in incisors.
Microarray analysis CEL files were further processed with the Partek software to obtain principal component analysis (PCA) and to select only genes with a signal value above 5 (20th percentile of all expression values) in at least one sample. The analysis was done only on three lower incisors samples as a technical problem during hybridization occurred for one of the 4 samples (high background). Genes were considered as differentially expressed if the false discovery rate from Benjamini and Hochberg test was under 0. 1.
Ingenuity pathways analysis Biologically relevant networks were created using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (http://www. Ingenuity. com). Based on the algorithmically generated connectivity between gene-gene, gene-protein, and protein-protein interactions, the program develops functional molecular networks that overlay genes in the dataset. This program calculated p-values for each network by comparing the number of genes that were mapped in a given network, relative to the total number of occurrences of those genes in all networks. The score for each network is given as the negative log of the p-value, which indicates the likelihood of finding a set of genes in the network by random chance. For instance, a score of 20 indicates that there is a 10 -20 chance that the genes in focus would be in a network because of random chance.
Acknowledgments We thank  V. Fraulob ,  B. Schuhbaur , and members of the  IGBMC microarray core facility , for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the  University of Strasbourg , the  Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (API ,  2009-2012 , "Development of the oral cavity: from gene to clinical phenotype in Human") by  IFRO  ( Institut Français pour la Recherche Odontologique ), from Offensive Sciences, a  Science Initiative in the Trinational Metropolitan Region of the Upper Rhine, FEDER (European fund for regional development) ,  Program INTERREG IV Upper Rhine , Project  A27   Oro-dental manifestations of rare diseases and by institutional funds  from the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  and  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM).
• X-ray Diffraction The structural characterization of the 45S5 powder is performed by X-ray diffraction with a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer using monochromatic copper radiation (CuKα) of wavelength λ = 1. 5406 A. The diffractograms were recorded in steps of 0. 04 • with 12 seconds of acquisition and recorded for each point in a range of 2θ angles between 5 and 60 •. The crystalline phases are identified by the JCPDS database of ICDD (International Centre for Diffraction Data).