dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The muon system covers the region |η| < 2. 4 and consists of up to four planes of gas ionization muon detectors installed outside the solenoid and sandwiched between the layers of the steel flux-return yoke. Events of interest are selected using a two-tiered trigger system. The first level, composed of custom hardware processors, uses information from the calorimeters and muon detectors to select events at a rate of around 100 kHz within a fixed latency of about 4 µs  [31]. The second level, known as the high-level trigger, consists of a farm of processors running a version of the full event reconstruction software optimized for fast processing, and reduces the event rate to around 1 kHz before data storage  [32]. A detailed description of the CMS detector can be found in Ref. [33].
Acknowledgments We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at  CERN  and at other  CMS institutes  for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the  CMS detector , and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies:  BMBWF  and  FWF (Austria) ;  FNRS  and  FWO (Belgium) ;  CNPq ,  CAPES ,  FAPERJ ,  FAPERGS , and  FAPESP (Brazil) ;  MES  and  BNSF (Bulgaria) ;  CERN ;  CAS, MoST , and  NSFC (China) ;  MINCIENCIAS (Colombia) ;  MSES  and  CSF (Croatia) ;  RIF (Cyprus) ;  SENESCYT (Ecuador) ;  MoER ,  ERC PUT  and  ERDF (Estonia) ;  Academy of Finland ,  MEC , and  HIP (Finland) ;  CEA  and  CNRS/IN2P3  (France);  BMBF ,  DFG , and  HGF (Germany) ;  GSRI (Greece) ;  NKFIH (Hungary) ;  DAE  and  DST (India) ;  IPM (Iran) ;  SFI (Ireland) ;  INFN (Italy) ;  MSIP  and  NRF (Republic of Korea) ;  MES (Latvia) ;  LAS (Lithuania) ;  MOE  and  UM (Malaysia) ;  BUAP ,  CINVESTAV ,  CONACYT ,  LNS ,  SEP , and  UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ;  MOS (Montenegro) ;  MBIE (New Zealand );  PAEC (Pakistan) ;  MES  and  NSC (Poland) ;  FCT (Portugal) ;  MESTD (Serbia) ;  MCIN/AEI  and  PCTI (Spain) ;  MOSTR (Sri Lanka) ;  Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland) ;  MST (Taipei) ;  MHESI  and  NSTDA (Thailand) ;  TUBITAK  and  TENMAK (Turkey) ;  NASU (Ukraine) ;  STFC  ( United Kingdom );  DOE  and  NSF (USA).
Optical sensors to observe vertical particle distributions in the plankton size range are useful tools for observing distribution patterns as a function of water column physical and biogeochemical characteristics  (Berline et al. , 2021; Espinasse et al. , 2014a; Schultes et al. , 2013). They provide high resolution profiles of plankton abundance and biomass with unaltered size structure within a specific size range. During the MERITE HIPPOCAMPE cruise a combination of in-situ optical data and net samples were collected along a North to South transect across the Mediterranean Sea, covering various environments. Using this dataset as a case study, we aim to (1) compare the size distribution obtained from net-derived vs in situ-derived optical measurements in the CML, (2) describe the vertical distribution of zooplankton size classes across the whole water column and thus to check the representativeness of samples collected in the CML, and (3) improve the interpretation of contaminant measurements obtained in zooplankton size classes in the CML in the context of contaminant transfer in the pelagic food web.
In-situ profilers Two optical sensors collected vertical profiles at each station: a Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissometry instrument (LISST-Holo, Sequoia Scientific, Inc. , WA, USA), and a Laser Optical Plankton Counter (LOPC, Brooke Ocean Technology Dartmouth, Canada). The functioning of both devices roughly follows a similar concept, as they count and measure the size of particles in-situ by hitting them with a laser beam  (Graham and Nimmo Smith, 2010; Herman et al. , 2004). Data from both instruments were vertically binned in 10 m thick layers. Higher vertical resolution is possible but the relatively small volume of water sampled by the sensors resulted in a low number of particles measured, especially in the larger size classes. Binning data in a 10 m thick layer was found to be a good compromise ensuring relevant vertical resolution and accurate biomass estimates for all size classes.
, 2014a). Estimation of the volume of water sampled can also be a source of divergence in biomass estimates but will not affect size distribution. The conversion of ESD or biovolume to biomass might also introduce small biases. Finally, because the size thresholds delimiting the size classes will apply differently depending on how the particles are split (physically with sieves vs digitally based on ESD), an offset might occur. Regarding the second and third points, a test was conducted on a separate dataset using vertical net tows done at each of the nine stations allowing to compare biomasses from nets and from full profiles of optical sensors (Fig. S2 ) Using sensor full profiles allows better estimation of particle density and removes potential effect of slight mismatch between sampling depths.
Acknowledgements The MERITE-HIPPOCAMPE cruise was organized and supported by the  French Oceanographic Fleet (FOF) ,  CNRS/INSU ,  IFREMER ,  IRD , the  Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Fisheries  and the  Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia. We are grateful to the captains and crew of the  R/V Antea  for their help and assistance during the cruise, as well as the scientific crew for the help in collecting and processing net samples on board. We thank  M. Tedetti  for leading the project and his help for improving the manuscript.
Data availability All data from the MERITE-HIPPOCAMPE cruise (https://doi. org/10. 17600/18000900; Tedetti and Tronczynski, 2019)  is stored in the MISTRALS-SEDOO database (https://mistrals. sedoo. fr/MERITE/) and will be made publicly accessible once all the articles related to the cruise are published in the present special issue. In the meantime, data can be obtained upon request from the corresponding author. In addition, navigation data and CTD profiles from the MERITE-HIPPOCAMPE cruise are available via the IFREMER/SISMER database (https://data. ifremer. fr/SISMER).
CONTRIBUTION The HMBD is a unique resource, providing and documenting the most complete possible annual series of data on multiple births for each country included. All materials (data, metadata, computer codes, interactive data explorers, and supplementary material) are freely available at https://www. twinbirths. org/. At the time of writing this paper the HMBD is a work in progress, as updates and other enhancements are introduced progressively: the series for each country included is updated with data for the most recent years, and further developments in the metadata and other materials are underway.
At delivery, complications include increased risks of haemorrhage (for the mother), labour dystocia, placental abruption, umbilical cord protrusion, and asphyxia (for the baby). Furthermore, multiple-child mothers have an increased risk of post-partum depression, and parents of multiple children have an increased risk of divorce  (Jena, Goldman, and Joyce 2011; Choi, Bishai, and Minkovitz 2009; Rauh-Hain et al. 2009; Bdolah et al. 2008). A better understanding of the variation and trends in twinning and other multiple rates is therefore urgently needed. The Human Multiple Births Database (HMBD) facilitates access to demographic data on twin and other multiple births. The database provides annual counts of deliveries by multiplicity -i. e. , single and multiple deliveries -specifying, whenever possible, the number of children among the latter (twin deliveries, triplet deliveries, etc.
). The twinning and multiple rates are also provided. These are defined as the annual number of twin or multiple deliveries divided by the total number of deliveries, per 1,000. The HMBD is the continuation of a database on twin births created by Gilles Pison with the collaboration of Agata D'Addato  (Pison and D'Addato 2006) , Christiaan Monden, and Jeroen Smits  (Monden, Pison, and Smits 2021; Pison, Monden, and Smits 2015). Formerly available upon request, this dataset has been updated, extended back in time, documented, and made freely available as the HMBD at https://www. twinbirths. org. The HMBD is a work in progress, as we introduce updates in the data series by adding data for the most recent years. Moreover, further developments in the metadata and other materials are under way at the time of writing this paper, as explained further below.
This paper describes the state of the HMBD as of January 2023 (HMBD -version 1). Despite being a work in progress, we decided to make the HMBD available to everyone, as it is constantly evolving and being updated as new data become available for the countries included. Twin deliveries are the most frequent multiple deliveries; only a small fraction are triplets, quadruplets or more. For example, in France in 2010-2015, 97. 9% of all multiple deliveries involved twins; the proportion of deliveries of triplets and quadruplets and more was respectively 2. 0% and 0. 1%. In the United States over the same period the corresponding proportions were 96. 5%, 3. 3%, and 0. 2%. Consequently, the HMBD focuses on twin deliveries, but statistics on triplets, quadruplets, etc. are also provided where available.
In countries with reliable registration of vital events, data on twin and other multiple births are usually available through official publications of national vital statistics. Nevertheless, the readily available data on the websites of national statistics offices usually cover only the most recent years. Historical data can often be found in statistical yearbooks, bulletins, or compendiums, which may be available online as scanned copies or as hard copies in national libraries and archives. The work of searching, digitizing, compiling, documenting, and verifying long data series on the deliveries of twins and other multiple children in numerous countries and in various languages has already been carried out in the HMBD thanks to contributors and collaborators over many years. The HMBD is designed for anyone interested in the topic of twin and other multiple births.
Data sources and coverage The input data for the HMBD come from the vital statistics of each country included. The data cover total national populations unless otherwise indicated in the country-specific metadata files. A country's inclusion in the HMBD depends on two main criteria. First, birth registration should be complete, which means that all or nearly all births should be declared and included in the civil registry. The completeness of birth registration is assessed based on the documentation on birth statistics provided by each country's statistics office; occasionally we also use information found in other sources, such as research articles that discuss particular issues found in the vital registration of a given country. The second criterion is that the national statistics office should regularly publish statistics on the number of births by multiplicity, distinguishing singleton from multiple births and further specifying (if possible) multiple birth type (i.
e. , twins, triplets, quadruplets, etc. ). As of January 2023, the HMBD online comprises 25 national populations across Europe, America, Oceania, and Asia. The list of countries included in the database in January 2023 is shown in Figure  1 , where the historical depth of the database is also illustrated: for each population, the period covered runs from the earliest to the most recent year, using available annual vital statistics on births by multiplicity. For example, the oldest series are those for Sweden and Denmark, with uninterrupted data since 1815 and 1850, respectively. For some countries, interruptions are observed in certain years due to limitations in data availability. An effort is made to document those periods as much as possible in the country-specific metadata files. For any given country, the format of the original sources ranges from printed volumes of historical statistics to downloadable data files.
For example, historical data for the 19 th and most of the 20 th century come from printed tables in the statistical yearbooks published by each country's national statistics office. Much information from those sources was manually digitized, as the data available from the websites of the national statistics offices usually cover a recent period (e. g. , from the 1970s or even the 1990s onwards). The latter type of data is usually in a format already suitable for computational analysis, such as. csv or. xlsx files. For a few countries, data were obtained upon request from national statistics offices because their websites provide only limited https://www. demographic-research. org 93 information on multiple births. Complete references for each data source can be found in the country-specific metadata files.
Data processing and availability For each country included, the HMBD aims to offer documented, long annual data series of the indicators shown in Table  1. To this end, the input data available for each country and period are digitized, verified, corrected, and used to calculate the missing variables if necessary. This section describes the procedure to obtain HMBD's pooled data file (i. e. , the final database that includes all countries) as well as the documentation files. To obtain HMBD's pooled data file, the first data processing step consists in entering the available information on births by multiplicity from the official sources (e. g. , annual yearbooks or data files provided by national statistics offices) into a spreadsheet with a column for each variable shown in Table  1. This is the input data file, which is available for each country in the HMBD website.
Footnotes** Indicates the footnote number(s) for the year concerned in the country-metadata file. Note: * For some countries during specific periods, the column Triplet_deliveries also includes the number of quadruplets and more when it is impossible to distinguish the deliveries by number of children (among the deliveries involving at least three children) in the original data sources. These cases are indicated in the metadata files. ** At the time of writing this article, Footnotes is a recently added column, only available in the input data file of certain countries. Once this new feature is implemented for all countries in the database, it will be included in the pooled data file of the HMBD. Next, the consistency of the input data is verified. Basic data quality checks consist in verifying whether the sum of the number of births by multiplicity equals the total number of births reported in a given country and year.
Another typical verification involves calculating the number of children born in a given year based on data on deliveries by multiplicity (for example, two children are born from one twin delivery) and comparing the resulting number with the total number of children born, as reported by the national statistics office. The treatment of stillbirths in the statistics on births by multiplicity (i. e. , if and how they are counted) is taken into consideration for all verifications and calculations. Usually, the consistency of the input data is confirmed by these verifications. However, in the rare instances when substantial discrepancies are detected -i. e. , inconsistencies that are large enough to have a substantial impact on other calculated variables, especially the twinning rate and the multiple rate -data for the years involved are removed from HMBD's pooled data file, but they are still available in the country-specific input data file.
The calculations are carried out with separate R-codes by country; i. e. , computer codes in R programming language, which contain the steps and calculations that we performed to obtain the information for the variables provided in the database from the input data of each country. Finally, once all relevant input data are entered and verified and all necessary calculations are performed, a single, pooled data file is produced. This final data file and all country-specific metadata, input data files, and R-codes are available for downloading at the HMBD website. Furthermore, rapid visualization of the final data file is facilitated through interactive, user-friendly web applications, built with the R Shiny package  (Chang et al. 2021 ) and available on the HMBD website. One of the two web applications available at the time of writing this article can be used to explore all the data for a given country in the HMBD (see an example in Figure  2 ); the other one facilitates country comparisons of the twinning and the multiple rates.
The process described above is repeated at each update, which occurs annually for each country included in the database (see Appendix 1). At each update we extend the series of each country by adding the data for the most recent year available and verify whether official data for previous years has been corrected by the corresponding national statistics office. Such revisions are included in our files, as we change the old information with the revised data. In addition to updated, long series of data, the HMBD aims to provide complete documentation for each country's data. In order to do so, we search for information about the input data on the websites of the national statistics offices -including searching through statistical yearbooks and annual reports, one by one -and we contact them directly whenever we have questions about the data (for example, for years with problematic data).
Challenges with data on multiple births Given possible differences in birth registration practices, data collection, and processing, comparing data on multiple births between countries and/or over time can be challenging. For example, the definitions used and the population covered may vary across sources. The HMBD provides researchers with metadata to assess when such comparisons are possible. The most critical of these challenges, as identified during the construction of the HMBD, are presented in this section. A fundamental aspect to consider, and a key potential difficulty, relates to the measurement units provided in the sources (i. e. , what is counted in the statistics on multiple births), as these may vary between countries and over time. In some sources the word 'birth' refers to children born, while in others it refers to deliveries, and certain statistics leave some doubt about the event recorded.
This may lead to confusion. The twinning rate can vary by a factor of two according to the definition used. The definition most commonly used, and the one adopted in the HMBD, is the proportion of all deliveries that are deliveries of twins. As shown in Table  1 , the HMBD focuses on the annual number of deliveries and provides their distribution by multiplicity. The total number of children born from multiple deliveries is also provided. To understand the key terms used in the database, the website provides a glossary of relevant concepts along with the data and metadata files. Data comparability may also be affected by the inclusion (or exclusion) of the stillbirths in the statistics. For example, for a given country, stillbirths may not be included in the historical data (e. g. , for the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries), but they may be for more recent years.
Unfortunately, the treatment of stillbirths in the statistics on multiple births remains unknown for certain countries and periods, as some sources do not provide sufficient information. In the database, the variable 'Stillbirths' indicates whether these are included in the data for a given country and year, including a specific code for cases where that treatment is unknown (see Table  1 ). Other events or historical processes that may compromise data comparability, such as territorial changes and population coverage, are also explained in each country's metadata file.
Database use: Example of analysis using HMBD data Using a precursor of the HMBD,  Pison, Monden, and Smits (2015)  show that in developed countries for which long series of statistical information are available the twinning rate remained at roughly the same level during the late 19 th century and the first half of the 20 th century. From the 1950s to the mid-1970s it decreased in nearly all countries, regardless of the previous level, reaching a historical low. Then, from the mid-1970s an unprecedented and rapid increase occurred, with figures doubling over the next 40 years in many countries. Figure  3  shows this pattern, using updated data from the HMBD.
Future prospects The HMBD website is hosted at the French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED) through its DataLab, an infrastructure for developing research databases. Since its creation in 2000 the development of the database has been supported by INED and the French Museum of Natural History. These two public French institutions intend to continue their support for the HMBD as part of their duty to maintain, enlarge, and update data collections useful for the research community and the public. As the HMBD gathers annual vital statistics data on multiple births, data series are updated every year for each country when its national statistics office publishes new data for the most recent year. Keeping these series updated and readily available through the HMBD will help to track and compare changes in the rate of twin and multiple births in different countries over the years ahead.
Study population Database searches identified 1478 articles following removal of duplicates. After screening of title and abstract, 90 potentially eligible articles were fully reviewed (Supplementary Fig. 1 ). Finally, 30 articles met our inclusion criteria, and all the authors of these articles agreed to share the IPD  13,. We ad itionally included IPD data from yet unpublished cohorts from South Africa (Spearman & Sonderup, 2021)  and Dakar, Senegal (Seydi & Wandeler, 2021), and from one cohort which has subsequently been published (Thiès, Senegal)  44. Overall, we obtained IPD of 3960 hepatitis B surface-antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients from 12 distinct cohorts in eight countries: Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, and Zambia (Fig. 1 ). We excluded 412 ineligible participants (Fig.
Individual patient data We contacted authors of all publications which met our study inclusion criteria, as well as researchers active in this area, to share IPD. For the current analysis, we excluded patients who had received anti-HBV treatment within the preceding 6 months, or who had started therapy for at least 7 days prior to the time of evaluation, patients with coinfection with hepatitis C (anti-HCV) or hepatitis D (anti-HDV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), pregnant women, patients with ALT or AST exceeding five times the ULN (in accordance with European Association for the Study of the Liver [EASL] reliability recommendations for TE)  9  , and those with suspected or confirmed HCC. Centre-specific definitions were used to categorise patients with hazardous alcohol consumption as described in Supplementary Table  1 ; the majority used the WHO AUDIT tool  56.