dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
One participant in the time-pressure condition did not meet the age inclusion requirements, leaving 101 participants in each condition. Participants were paid a show-up fee of 50 CZK (or credits in case of students of classes taught at the Charles University in Prague and the University of Economics in Prague) and were tested in groups (group size ranged from 8 to 16 in multiples of 4). We used the provided Qualtrics scripts with the following changes: (a) Our study materials were translated into Czech, (b) participants made their contributions in Czech crowns (CZK) with a maximum contribution for each participant of 65 CZK, and (c) as all of the computers in our lab had a shared IP address, we added a question asking the computer's number (which was visible next to each computer) so that we could use these instead of IP addresses in paying the participants their rewards.
The question asking the ID of participants' computers had to be added because the Qualtrics script failed to detect the individual IP addresses of the computers used in the study. The computer IP addresses were necessary to determine the final payments for each participant. As the IP addresses could not be obtained, we were forced to replace them with an alternative identifier: the computer ID variable. Marco Piovesan, University of Copenhagen Felix S. Døssing, University of Copenhagen Erik Wengström, Lund University Karoline Ø. Thor, University of Copenhagen OSF page: https://osf. io/b4ra6/ A total of 227 participants (time pressure n = 113; forced delay n = 114) were recruited. Because we used a different currency (DKK), we changed the amount of possible answers in the two comprehension questions from nine to seven.
We did this because it made sense to have seven possible answers going from 0 to 3000 øre (Danish cent) with increments of 500 øre. This meant that the correct value in first question was "7" rather than "9," and this had to be corrected for in the data analysis scripts. Erika Salomon, University of Illinois Zachary Horne, University of Illinois OSF page: https://osf. io/6j4rb/ A total of 202 participants (time pressure n = 101; forced delay n = 101) were recruited from the paid subject pool at University of Illinois. Participants were paid a show-up fee of $4. 00 USD and were tested in groups (group size ranged from 8 to 20 in multiples of 4). The replication deviated from the protocol in the following ways. The University of Illinois Paid Subject Pool does not use study descriptions in its recruitment ads.
io/pfzkb/ A total of 204 students (time pressure n = 103; forced delay n = 101) were recruited from University of Allahabad and Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad. Participants were paid a show-up fee of 50 INR and were tested in groups 8, 12, or 16. We used the provided Qualtrics scripts with two changes: (a) Our study materials were translated into Hindi, and (b) participants made their contributions in Rupees with a maximum contribution for each participant of 80 INR. In all other respects, we followed the official protocol. Nine participants were excluded from the final analysis because they did not enter a monetary contribution, resulting in 195 participants (time pressure n = 98; forced delay n = 97). After removing participants based on age, the final sample consisted of 177 participants (time pressure n = 88, forced delay n = 89).
Gustav Tinghög, Linköping University Lina Koppel, Linköping University Magnus Johannesson, Stockholm School of Economics Daniel Västfjäll, Linköping University & Decision Research, Eugene, OR OSF page: https://osf. io/6qn3m/ A total of 168 students were recruited from the subject pool at Linköping University. After protocol-based exclusions, our sample for the analysis consisted of 164 students (time pressure n = 83; forced delay n = 81). Participants were paid a show-up fee of 50 SEK and were tested in groups (group size ranged from 12 to 16 in multiples of 4). We used the provided Qualtrics scripts with two changes: (a) Our study materials were translated into Swedish, and (b) participants made their contributions in SEK with a maximum contribution for each participant of 40 SEK. In all other respects, we followed the official protocol.
Our study did not deviate from the preregistered plan. Julian Wills, New York University Jay J. Van Bavel, New York University OSF page: https://osf. io/p9s2d/ A total of 148 students (time pressure n = 76; forced delay n = 72) were recruited from the Center of Experimental Social Science subject pool at New York University. Participants were paid a show-up fee of $5 USD and were tested in groups (group size ranged from 8 to 32 in multiples of 4). We used the provided Qualtrics scripts with two changes: (a) We added two questions that asked "What data collection session is this?" and "What computer station is this?"-these questions were answered by the experimenters before the participants arrived to the study, and (b) after completing all the measures in the protocol, participants then completed four additional questionnaires.
Finally, in one session, the experimenters erroneously tested 14 participants. The presence of a 14th participant could potentially undermine the instructions about payments, thereby affecting performance in the task. Consequently, we have excluded all data from that session (at the recommendation of the Editor who was blind to any results). Data from these additional participants are posted on our OSF page. Otherwise our procedure was exactly as stated in the protocol. Conny E. Wollbrant, University of Gothenburg, and NTNU Business School, Norway Kristian Ove R. Myrseth, Trinity College Dublin OSF page: https://osf. io/cynbz/ A total of 156 students (time pressure n = 79; forced delay n = 77) were recruited from the subject pool at the University of Gothenburg. Participants were paid a show-up fee of SEK 50 and were tested in groups of 8.
Population and study design Data were extracted from the multi-site prospective Three-City Study (3C) cohort study on 9294 community-dwelling persons aged 65 years and over recruited from the electoral rolls of three French cities between 1999 and 2001  [21]. The 3C protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University Hospital of Bicêtre (France) and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Sociodemographic characteristics, health status and lifestyle information were collected using standardized questionnaires during face-to-face interviews. Subjects were seen again at 2 years (S1), 4 years (S2), 5 years (S3), 7 years (S4), 10 years (S5) and 12 years (S6) after inclusion. Because the FCSRT was administered only to participants from the Montpellier and Bordeaux 3C centers at the S4 visit, the current study used data for 2558 subjects from these two cities who were nondemented and completed the cognitive tests at S4 (baseline of our analyses).
Regression coefficients were used to compute a risk score for each subject. To avoid over-fitting, the risk scores were evaluated using cross-validation methods by splitting the sample into two, according to the inclusion center  [27]. Thus, the risk score coefficients were estimated using only the Bordeaux data (training dataset) because of the larger number of patients with dementia in this center. The risk score predictive performances were evaluated using the Montpellier data (testing dataset). A sensibility analysis was conducted by inverting the cities for the training and testing dataset. The performance of the "crude scores", "residual scores" and "risk scores" for the prediction of dementia and AD at 3 and 5 years, and between 3 and 5 years, was assessed using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis  [28].
These models explained from R 2 = 4. 5% to R 2 = 10. 6% of the total variance of the different FCSRT scores. The "crude scores", the "residual scores" (differences between crude and estimated FCSRT scores) and the percentage of "refusal or abandon" (subjects who did not begin or complete the neuropsychological test at S4) relative to the occurrence of dementia and AD at 3 and 5 years are presented in Table  1. Comparisons of the AUC for the ROC curves of the crude and residual scores (Table  2  and Fig. 2a, b ) showed that, compared with the crude scores, the residual scores did not improve the prediction of dementia or AD occurrence at 3 or 5 years, and between 3 and 5 years, whichever FCSRT score was considered. The construction of the "risk scores" was based on the beta coefficients from logistic regression analyses performed using the Bordeaux center data (training dataset).
Each risk score included a given FCSRT score, age, sex, education level and the interaction between these three variables and the FCSRT score. Coefficients of logistic regression used for the construction of risk scores are shown in Additional file 2: Table  S2. The performances of the risk scores for the prediction of dementia or AD were evaluated using the Montpellier center data (testing dataset) (as recommended in  [27] ). Comparison of the AUC for the risk scores vs crude scores showed that the risk scores did not improve the prediction of dementia and AD at 3 and 5 years, and between 3 and 5 years (Table  3 ). The sensibility analysis conducted by inverting the cities for the training and testing dataset led to the same conclusion (data not shown).
Discussion Here, we show that the use of "risk scores" or "residual scores" that take into account sex, age and education level does not improve the FCSRT performance for the prediction of dementia and AD at 3 and 5 years compared with the crude FCSRT scores. Therefore, the FCSRT on its own, without the addition of sociodemographic data, is sufficient for the prediction of dementia and AD in the general population. Our study has several strengths. First, we conducted this analysis on data from the 3C trial, a large cohort of older subjects recruited from the general population in France. This enabled us to have sufficient numbers of patients who developed dementia or AD during the follow-up for a prediction study that included a crossvalidation of the risk scores. Second, we used the FCSRT  [8].
In our study, 7-8% of participants did not complete the FCSRT test. This should not be considered a limitation of the study. Indeed, the interruption or refusal during the execution of a test is a reality that cannot be avoided in clinical practice. Moreover, our data indicate that almost one-third of noncompleters developed AD in the next 3 years (Table  1 ). This behavior could therefore be considered a risk factor for AD. This result is consistent with a previous publication showing that refusing neuropsychological tests is associated with poorer cognitive functioning  [34]. For this study, we did not have access to postmortem data to confirm the diagnosis of AD or dementia. Nevertheless, all diagnoses were reviewed by a panel of independent experts who had access to all data, including the FCSRT scores.
Consequently, the clinical diagnoses and FCSRT results were not independent, which could have overestimated FCSRT predictive performance. However, it is unlikely that this potential classification bias influenced the comparison of the crude, residual and risk scores. Moreover, for AD prediction, we grouped subjects with other dementia types in the non-AD group, together with nondemented subjects. This choice might have decreased FCSRT predictive performance, but should not have influenced the comparison between scores. Concerning the risk scores, their construction and assessment using the same dataset generally leads to overfitting the model and overestimating their performances. Therefore, we split our data into two datasets, based on the inclusion center (Bordeaux and Montpellier), for their construction and cross-validation, as recommended by Altman et al.
Data The Health and Occupational Trajectory survey "Santé et Itinéraire Professionnel" (SIP) was conducted in 2006 by the French statistical institute in metropolitan France. 2 A sample of households comprising at least one individual aged 19 to 74 years old was drawn from the population census files, and in each household one eligible member was randomly selected. Approximately 14,000 individuals were interviewed (76% of the initial individual sample). Weighting based on household and individual criteria provided representative statistics  (Bahu et al. , 2010). Our analytical sample consisted of 7537 men and women aged 45-74 years old who had worked for at least one year, which covers 98% of this age group (Appendix Table  A1 ). The questionnaire collected information on current and past health problems and current and past occupations.
, 1997; Blane et al. , 1999; Cambois, 2004; Karimi et al. , 2015). Only a small proportion of the population (3. 2%) had missing information for the first and/or last job; we constructed a separate category for this group. We expected upward trajectories to be favorably associated with later health and, due to their lower frequency in women, to contribute to the men's advantage. However, the overall contribution of upward trajectories to the gender health gap depends on how their health-relatedness differed in men and women. (3, 4, 5) Career episodes of inactivity, unemployment and part-time employment correspond to episodes of at least one year spent in these statuses as shown by the database; they were collected from the retrospective grid. We summed up the years in such episodes Box 1. The five career types based on first and current (or last) occupational class.
However, stratification of the sample increased the uncertainty of the estimates and may explain the fewer significant results. Another limitation was use of retrospective data for characterizing careers. As these data were based on respondents' memory, the information collected was subject to ex-post reconstruction, mistakes or incompleteness. However, this survey was based on a biographical grid where individuals simultaneously reported work, family and residential trajectories; this method tends to limit mistakes  (Berney & Blane, 1997). In contrast, the strength of population surveys with retrospective information for studying health and careers is their good representativeness. Prospective datasets, though generally more reliable to describe life course trajectories, often suffer from selective attrition at follow-up.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the  French Development Agency  (https://www. afd. fr/en), the (https://en. ird. fr/the-ird) for funding these researches and  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  (http://www. cnrs. fr/index. php)for supporting the writing of this article. We also thank the support of the Guest Editor of this Special Issue " Recycling In Emerging Economies: Practical Considerations for the Circular Economy in Fast-Growing Middle-income Cities and Countries ",  Anne Scheinberg.
Applications of secure multiparty computation such as certain electronic voting or auction protocols require Byzantine agreement on large sets of elements. Implementations proposed in the literature so far have relied on state machine replication and reach agreement on each individual set element in sequence. We introduce set-union consensus, a specialization of Byzantine consensus that reaches agreement over whole sets. This primitive admits an efficient and simple implementation by the composition of Eppstein's set reconciliation protocol with Ben-Or's ByzConsensus protocol. A free software implementation of this construction is available in GNUnet. Experimental results indicate that our approach results in an efficient protocol for very large sets, especially in the absence of Byzantine faults.
Background: Improved communication about childhood vaccination is fundamental to increasing vaccine uptake in low-income countries. Mozambique, with 64% of children fully vaccinated, uses a range of communication interventions to promote uptake of childhood immunisation. Objectives: Using a taxonomy developed by the 'Communicate to Vaccinate' (COMMVAC) project, the study aims to identify and classify the existing communication interventions for vaccination in Mozambique and to find the gaps. Methods: We used a qualitative research approach to identify the range of communication interventions used in Mozambique. In-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with key purposively selected personnel at national level and relevant documents were collected and analysed. These data were complemented with observations of communication during routine vaccination and campaigns in Nampula province.
Data collection The process of collecting data had several stages, beginning at the national level and continuing in the province of Nampula. Data were collected between February and July 2014. We carried out indepth and semi-structured interviews with purposively selected key personnel involved in making policy for vaccination and vaccination communication and involved in vaccination delivery at the national level and in Nampula Province (Table  1 ). In the MoH, we interviewed the EPI manager, EPI communications officer and the deputy head of the Traditional Medicine Department. Within multilateral organisations, we interviewed the United Nations Population Fund, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) communications officer and the World Health Organization (WHO) logistics officer. The interviews and group discussions were recorded and transcribed.
Data analysis A team of two officials in the Health Promotion Department of the MoH worked with the Principal Investigator (AMM) to examine the information obtained from interviews at the national level and from documents, identify communication interventions and classify them according to the COMMVAC taxonomy, which acted as the framework for this analysis. Both officials were experts in communication, and they contributed actively to the classification of interventions. We then verified the resultant map of communication interventions for completeness through participant observation of routine vaccination in two urban and two rural health facilities in Nampula Province as well as through observation of a campaign. We also interviewed health workers in health facilities and held focus group discussions with District Community Health Managers and parents in communities to identify any further interventions (Table  1 ).
The specificity of this study is the focus on multi-partnership projects and not on start-ups, a path which is more closely associated with small numbers of individuals. We conducted multiple interviews for each project, in order to collect a cross-section of perspectives among the various actors of the project. Additional data were collected to assess the importance of the governance factor in the eco-innovative projects. In particular, we asked questions about the frequency of meetings between partners, and the issues discussed and modes of decision-making during these meetings. We also collected information about the general characteristics of the project (such as size, type of products, actors involved, legal status of the organization that supports the project). Comment citer ce document : Galliano, D.
These layers had clear topographic and stratigraphic correlations with radiocarbon-dated charcoals and OSL-dated sediments. The establishment of Pleistocene prehistory in South America is furthered substantially by work at Santa Elina and other sites that offer new perspectives on the early settlement of the New World. Isolated sites, such as Santa Elina, Monte Verde, the Piauí sites and Taima-Taima, are geographically removed from one another, and have accordingly independent chronological and cultural histories. Furthermore, it is clear that the variety of very ancient habitats found across this extensive geographic area renders it impossible to create a generalised impression of the earliest peopling of the subcontinent. The crucial significance of Santa Elina for understanding the earliest period of known prehistoric settlement in South America lies in the close articulation of archaeological, palaeontological, sedimentological and chronological datasets from the site.
Acknowledgements Our thanks go to the  Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (France)  for funding, and the  Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil)  and the  Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-CNRS (France)  for their constant logistical support. Our deepest gratitude is extended to the  Botelho Campos family , the owners of  Fazenda Santa Elina , for their permission and their constant and generous reception. We also thank all of the researchers who have contributed to the excavations and analysis. Kind thanks finally to  Vincent Vialou ,  Karin Shapazian ,  Jean-Jacques Bahain  and  Eric Robert  for their assistance in the preparation of this article.
Acknowledgement We thank Loukas Balafoutas, Antonio Nicolò, Fabio Galeotti, and Marie Claire Villeval for useful discussions and Claire Rimbaud, Alice Solda and Quentin Thévenet for their laboratory assistance. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation, Handelsbanken, Sweden, (Research Grant P2016-0126:)1 for funding the experiment and the French National Research Agency (ANR, FELIS Grant, ANR-14-CE28-0010-01) for support on the implementation of the research. Valeria Maggian's contribution was performed within the framework of the LABEX CORTEX (ANR-11-LABX-0042) of Université de Lyon, within the program Investissements d`Avenir (ANR-11-IDEX-007) operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR). Natalia Montinari's contribution was performed while she was a researcher at the Department of Economics of the Lund University, Sweden.
In this work, we aim to provide a detailed characterization of post-stroke impairments in the control of endpoint kinematics and hand grip forces through the usage of a decomposition algorithm, namely fPCA. For this purpose, we relied on endpoint velocity (kinematics) and grip force rate (kinetics) data from chronic poststroke individuals and age-matched healthy controls during a goal-directed technology-based assessment, the Virtual Peg Insertion Test (VPIT, Figs. 1, SM1)  12, 27, 28. These data were processed and temporally segmented into four task phases that focused either on the simultaneous control of arm movements and grip forces (transport, return), or more on isolated grip force control (force buildup, force release; details in Methods). To avoid a potential influence of different durations of these phases on the kinematic and kinetic behaviour, the time-series were temporally rescaled using dynamic time warping  15.
Subsequently, the aligned time-series were processed using fPCA to identify an optimal basis of fPCs encoding the original data. Then, the shape of the initial time-series and the fPCs, as well as the variance explained by each fPC were statistically compared between control and post-stroke conditions. Building upon previous research on the control of arm movements  17, 18  and the literature on grip force control  21, 22  , we hypothesized that (i) post-stroke impairments are visible in the control of arm movements and grip forces as described by kinematic and kinetic data, (ii) that these data can be accurately reconstructed in a Figure  1. Overview of the approach to capture the control of arm movements and grip forces. Kinematic and kinetic time-series were collected in a control and post-stroke population using a technology-based assessment with a goal-directed functional task, the Virtual Peg Insertion Test (representative raw data in left panel).