dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
(Muikku et al. 2018tures and capabilities are a necessary resource for state-of-the-art and excellence in radioecological research, as well as to support education and training activities in radioecology. Infrastructures and capabilities encompass the observatory sites, facilities, equipment, methods, databases and models, and also the expertise required to perform radioecological research. The Radioecological Observatory sites were created as a focus for co-ordinated, hypothesis driven research to help answer scientific questions of the three scientific challenges of the SRA(Muikku et al. 2018; see https://radioecology-exchange. org/content/radioecological-observatories). They are considered as field laboratories where experiments can be conducted that support greater understanding of radioecological processes, enable model development, validations and improvement and forecasting of future radioecological conditions.
Scientific Challenge One: To Predict Human and Wildlife Exposure in a Robust Way by Quantifying Key Processes that Influence Radionuclide Transfers and Exposure Implementation of the SRA, and the future of radioecology, relies upon adequate research infrastructures and capabilities (qualified personnel and financial support for the maintenance and development of observatory sites, facilities, equipment, methods, databases and models), and our ability to attract, recruit and retain new talents to the discipline. The two final challenges within the SRA, complementary to the research ones, present a strategic vision for Education & Training (E&T) and Infrastructures & Capabilities in radioecology. Implementation of the E&T aspects of our SRA will also ensure the qualification of a continued group of professionals who have the skills to meet the future needs of society, regulators, industry and other stakeholders.
Capabilities: To Maintain and Develop the Infrastructures Needed to Support Radioecology (Muikku et al. 2018tures and capabilities are a necessary resource for state-of-the-art and excellence in radioecological research, as well as to support education and training activities in radioecology. Infrastructures and capabilities encompass the observatory sites, facilities, equipment, methods, databases and models, and also the expertise required to perform radioecological research. The Radioecological Observatory sites were created as a focus for co-ordinated, hypothesis driven research to help answer scientific questions of the three scientific challenges of the SRA(Muikku et al. 2018; see https://radioecology-exchange. org/content/radioecological-observatories). They are considered as field laboratories where experiments can be conducted that support greater understanding of radioecological processes, enable model development, validations and improvement and forecasting of future radioecological conditions.
It describes the likelihood of a series to either regress back towards the mean or to move in a certain direction. 0. 5 < H < 1 denotes a profile with positive autocorrelation, or in other words, that a large value at point i is likely to be followed by another large value at point i + 1. Conversely, 0 < H < 0. 5 denotes the opposite: a profile with negative autocorrelation, which is constantly switching back and forth between large and small values, one after the other. H = 0. 5 denotes an uncorrelated profile (i. e. one with no autocorrelation): the magnitude of point i provides no information about the magnitude of point i + 1  [21]. In practice, the Hurst exponent for the measured roughness profiles was estimated here in MATLAB using  [22] , which was developed from  [23, 25, 26]. These values are used in the field of surface metrology to varying degrees to describe a given profiles surface roughness.
Acknowledgments This work was done as part of Acoutect: an innovative training network composed of 5 academic and 7 non-academic participants. This consortium comprises various disciplines and sectors within building acoustics and beyond, promoting intersectoral, interdisciplinary and innovative training and mobility of the researchers within the project. This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under grant agreement No  721536. This work was also performed within the framework of the  Labex CeLyA of Université de Lyon , operated by the  French National Research Agency  ( ANR-10-LABX-0060/ANR-11-IDEX-0007 ).
Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide  [1]. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 estimated approximately 174 million prevalent cases in the world. Over the last two decades, specialists in the field have noticed a significant increase in patient numbers mainly due to global population ageing and environmental factors  [2]. Several studies report a high prevalence rate ranging from 2. 1% to 26. 1% of the adult population depending on age, sex, smoking habits, world region and study inclusion criteria used  [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]. A higher prevalence is reported among men, but recent data indicate a progressive sex-ratio equilibration due to a rise in tobacco smoking in high-income countries and an increase in environmental exposures in low/middle-income countries  [4, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13].
No improvement was reported for patients treated with benralizumab 30 mg  [113]. Altogether, these results are more disappointing than those observed with mepolizumab treatment, even more so given there was no relationship found with the level of eosinophilia. A new phase III study (www. clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT01914757) will be relevant for the follow-up of the subset of patients who seemingly responded  [113]. However, it is highly likely that if outcomes are yet again not achieved, benralizumab treatment will be ruled out for the treatment of COPD and the overall concept of eosinophilic COPD will be challenged. To conclude, the European Medicines Agency declares that benralizumab is effective in patients with eosinophilic COPD, whereas the FDA claims there is not robust evidence supporting this.
Dupilumab Dupilumab is a human mAb targeting IL-4Rα leading to inhibition of IL-13 and IL-4 signalling  [129]. A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase IIb clinical trial showed a significant increase in FEV 1 parameter and a reduction in the rate of severe exacerbations in patients with uncontrolled asthma under dupilumab treatment. Improvements were consistent in two different treatment groups; dupilumab 200 or 300 mg every 2 weeks regardless of baseline eosinophil count  [130]. These encouraging data must be transposed to COPD patients. The BOREAS (A Pivotal Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Dupilumab in Patients With Moderate-to-severe COPD With Type 2 Inflammation) study is underway (NCT03930732) and will give some insights for patients with COPD.
Lebrikizumab Lebrikizumab is a humanised mAb that binds to soluble IL-13 and blocks activation of IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1 heterodimers. Two studies related to lebrikizumab are LUTE and VERSE; double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled studies enrolling 463 patients of 18-75 years old. HANANIA et al. [131]  found an improvement in asthma exacerbation rate and lung function in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma and a high periostin profile  [131]. A phase II, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial for lebrikizumab (NCT02546700) treatment has been recently carried out in patients with frequent COPD exacerbations despite ICS and at least one long-acting bronchodilator inhaler medication. Data are not yet available.
Activated DCs then induce conversion of CD4 + T-cells into Th2 cells able to produce the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13  [135]. Tezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody directed against TSLP, thus preventing its interaction with the TSLP receptor. CORREN et al. [136]  reported a significant 62%, 71% and 66% ( p<0. 001 for all comparisons with placebo group) diminution of annualised asthma exacerbation rates for tezepelumab treatment at 70 mg every 4 weeks, 210 mg every 4 weeks, or 280 mg every 2 weeks respectively. Pre-bronchodilator FEV 1 was also slightly higher in all tezepelumab-treated groups independently of blood eosinophil counts at the beginning of the study  [136]. Currently, COURSE (Tezepelumab COPD Exacerbation Study) is a phase IIa, multicenter, double-blind, randomised trial (NCT04039113) recruiting patients to assess the efficacy of tezepelumab on moderate or severe COPD exacerbation rate ratios.
This was despite patient triple therapy being associated to a significant reduction in exacerbations. Heterogeneous results along with no reduction in acute COPD exacerbations, contrary to results with mepolizumab treatment, were possibly due to small sample sizes. In addition, no attenuation of symptoms nor impact on quality of life was reported, but surprisingly a significant lung function improvement based on FEV 1 parameter was noted with long-lasting effects  [111]. The RESOLUTE (Efficacy and Safety of Benralizumab in Moderate to Very Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) With a History of Frequent Exacerbations) trial (NCT04053634) designed to assess the efficacy and safety of benralizumab in highly exacerbated patients with moderate-to-severe COPD will bring new insights on highly selected populations.
Studies based on the IL-4R receptor targeting strategy with dupilumab have shown significant improvement in asthmatic patient lung function combined with a diminution of annualised exacerbation rate  [130, [147] [148] [149]. These encouraging results have led to the assessment of the use of dupilumab in COPD and a trial is ongoing (NCT03930732). Given the disappointing and disruptive results that have been reported from studies on the anti-IL-13 targeted strategy in uncontrolled and severe asthma, some authors have concluded a minor role of IL-13 in asthma  [133]. In COPD, there may be eosinophil-driven mechanisms that may involve non-IL-5T2 cytokines such as IL-13, and therefore anti-IL-5 biologics do not show impressive clinical results. Eosinophil-derived IL-13 was shown to promote alveolar macrophage MMP-12 production and lead to airspace enlargement, indicating IL-13 involvement in the emphysematous progression of COPD  [150].
Increased expression of CST1 and IL13 genes have been recently shown in eosinophilic COPD airways  [151]. These promising sub-studies deduce the hypothesis that a small proportion of patients with COPD may benefit from anti-IL-5 therapy. Indeed, at this point most clinical trial evidence does not support the use of anti-IL-5 treatment in COPD  [94, 112]. To our knowledge, no results on patients with COPD have been published for anti-IL-13 and anti-IL-4 treatment. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE treatment, has shown an improvement in health-related quality of life in individuals with severe allergic asthma and ACO. Anti-TSLP strategies are ongoing, with assessment in patients with COPD in a phase IIa, multicentre, double-blind randomised trial (NCT04039113) (COURSE study).
Wang et al. [13]  addressed the severity of complications in patients with malignancy. In the report by Dai et al. [16] , patients with cancer were significantly more likely to require ICU admission, have severe/critical symptoms or die, after adjustment for covariates. Deng et al. [17]  also found a significantly higher risk of death for patients with cancer than those without. In contrast,  Brar et al. [18]  observed that patients with COVID-19 and cancer had similar outcomes compared with matched patients without cancer in two NYC hospitals. Most of these studies are of small size, and their results are not fully applicable to the French population, due to differences in population structure, but also different genetic, behavioral and cultural factors. Using data from the French national hospital database, which includes the data collected for close to 100,000 hospitalized COVID-19 patients over a two-month period, our goal is to compare patients hospitalized for COVID-19 with cancer (with or without metastasis) to those without cancer, and to study the effect of cancer on the risk of hospital death and ICU admission.
Database A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the national Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information (PMSI) database, which is designed to include discharge summaries for all inpatient admissions to public and private hospitals in France. Inspired by the American DRG (diagnosis-related groups) model, the information in these abstracts is anonymous and covers both medical and administrative data. Diagnoses identified during the hospital stay are coded according to the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), and procedures performed during hospitalization are coded according to the French Common Classification of Medical Procedures. In France, Stage 1 of the COVID-19 epidemic was declared on 23 February, Stage 2 on 29 February, and Stage 3 on 14 March 2020.
The first peak of the epidemic occurred during the second week of April 2020. During stages 1 and 2, all patients with COVID-19 had to be hospitalized regardless of clinical presentation, while only those requiring hospital care for their clinical condition were admitted to hospital during Stage 3. A PMSI database was developed for COVID-19, and hospitals were asked to perform accelerated data transmission for COVID-19 patients from March 2020 onwards at the request of the government, according to the decree dated 21 April 2020.
One probable reason for which COVID-19 cancer patients under 40 years of age were dramatically more frequently admitted to the ICU than other COVID-19 patients is related to the age of patients with hematological cancer, who tend to be younger than patients with other types of cancer. Our study also shows that patients with solid nonmetastatic cancer were more often admitted to the ICU than patients in the same age group (<40 years) without cancer. A second explanation may be that these patients are more likely to have more severe forms of COVID-19 infection. However, even if the national database made it possible to refine the analysis in terms of age classes, due to the smaller group sizes, the confidence intervals of adjusted odds ratios are large for patients younger than 40 years. On the other hand, cancer patients in the oldest age group (>80 years) had a slightly lower percentage of ICU support, although non-significant, which contrasts with their high in-hospital mortality.
Strengths Our work is unique for the large number of patients included and the comprehensiveness of the data. In France, the national hospital database includes information from all private and public French hospitals that treat COVID-19 and cancer patients. The fact that these national data are used for the allocation of hospital budgets encourages high levels of data coherence, accuracy and exhaustiveness. Consequently, this study includes nationwide data for nearly 90,000 hospitalized patients (89,530) with COVID-19, among whom we identified 6201 cancer patients. This study is one of the few providing data on all ages and with complete hospital follow-up, thus including all in-hospital deaths, whatever the length of stay. Moreover, we were able to obtain information on metastatic status for all solid tumours, patient co-morbidities, and a measure of social deprivation.
We had no information on the ongoing treatment at the time of the COVID-19 episode, which would have helped us to assess potentially induced immunosuppression. For instance, a patient undergoing chemotherapy may have decreased immunity with a higher risk of infection. On the contrary, it cannot be excluded that the drugs used in some conditions (e. g. , checkpoint inhibitors or tyrosine kinase inhibitors) might have a therapeutic activity against SARS-CoV2, as suggested by some preliminary in vitro or clinical data. More generally, we had no data regarding treatments, so the impact of other drugs that could influence the severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (e. g. , dexamethasone, IL6 inhibitors, or ARA2 inhibitors) was also not assessed. Overall, our study confirms that COVID-19 patients with cancer have a high risk of in-hospital death.
Institutional Review Board Statement: This study was approved by the National Committee for data protection (registration number 1576793) and therefore was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written consent was not needed for this study. The PMSI database was transmitted by the national agency for the management of hospitalization data (ATIH number 2015-111111-47-33). Informed Consent Statement: Written consent was not needed for this study as it was a retrospective study and the national data used were anonymous. Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable. Indeed, the PMSI database was transmitted by the national agency for the management of hospitalization data. and we are not allowed to transmit these data. PMSI data are available for researchers who meet the criteria for access to these French confidential data (this access is submitted to the approval of the National Committee for data protection) from the national agency for the management of hospitalization (ATIH-Agence technique de l'information sur l'hospitalisation).
Acknowledgements. This study benefited from human resources (CNRS staff) and technical resources allocated to the  ECOTRONS Research Infrastructure  and from the  French government-sponsored "Investissement d'Avenir" funding (AnaEE-France   ANR-11-INBS-0001 ). We thank the technical staff of  INRAE Herbipole and UREP  groups for extracting the intact soil monoliths; the Ecotron team,  Olivier Darsonville ,  Lionel Thiery  and  Marine Zwicke  for their technical help during this experiment;  Didier Macheboeuf  for his expertise in in vitro rumen fermentation; and  Pierre-Jean Haupais  for his contribution to soluble carbohydrate analysis. Angela Augusti  and  Marie-Lise Benot  received post-doctorate positions through an  INRAE  scientific package (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014). Angela Augusti  was also supported by the European  FP7 ExpeRT Transnational Access program.
Financial support. This research has been supported by the  FP7   in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries and Biotechnology (Animal Change  project; grant no. 266018 ). This study was supported by the  European Community FP7  funding ( Animal Change project , grant agreement number  266018 ,[2007][2008][2009][2010][2011][2012][2013] and an  ANR  project grant ( VALIDATE ). Review statement. This paper was edited by  Paul Stoy  and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
Methods This was a PPAS of patient-, clinical-and management characteristics of patients presenting with symptoms of an RTI in 18 European countries that differed with respect to health care organization, antibiotic use, and income level (high, upper-and lower-middle). Data on presentation and management, including confidence in their antibiotic prescribing decision were anonymously registered by GPs. Patients were not informed, nor asked to provide informed consent as no personally identifiable information was collected. This procedure was approved by Research Ethics Committees in all participating countries.
Data Data was entered directly during the consultation in an online data capture system, Research Online, or entered later using paper Case Report Forms (Supplementary CRF). Data registration covered: patient characteristics (age, comorbidity: cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory condition, diabetes, other chronic condition); clinical presentation (fever, illness duration, signs and symptoms); GPs' measurements (temperature, respiratory-, heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure); diagnostic testing (POC, lab/hospital-based, chest X-ray in the facility or hospital); prescribing (antibiotic, antiviral, inhaled medication, antihistamine); advice provided; referral to hospital. At the end of the consultation, being aware of the result of the POC test, but unaware of the result of lab/hospital-based testing, GPs rated their level of confidence in their decision whether or not to prescribe antibiotics using a 5-point Likert scale.
Strengths and Limitations The strength of this study is the uniform, prospective data capture, implemented in many contrasting European countries, including some that have not previously been included in prospective international studies of RTI in primary care. The PPAS provides insight in various management variables and enables between-country comparisons. The anonymous, audittype procedure of registering sequentially presenting patients avoided selection bias as to whom to register or not. We, therefore, consider the study population a representative sample of patients presenting with RTI symptoms in the participating countries, without enrichment for patients with certain characteristics or management variables. Filling out the CRF could easily be done during or immediately after the consultation without practical constraints of informing patients and taking informed consent.
Whether POC testing was at the discretion of the GP, or not, the PPAS did provide us with an extensive dataset of consultations with and without POC testing and antibiotic prescribing. This allowed for comparing consultations with and without POC testing. This group-wise comparison indicated that overall confidence was not higher when POC had been used. However, reasons for deciding whether or not to perform a test and confidence prior to testing were not captured. Such information could have added to the understanding of the influence of performing a POC test on antibiotic prescribing and on changing confidence within the consultation. A Swedish study, for instance, indicated the influence of CRP testing on GPs' degree of suspicion of pneumonia. 29 Finally, we did not follow up patients, so the clinical outcomes and hospital/lab-based test results were unknown.
Comparison with existing literature Several other studies have described the differences in numbers, types and appropriateness of prescribed antibiotics between European countries. 1, 3, 6, 7, 19, 30, 31 The prescribing proportion in our PPAS were not always congruent with the ranking in ECDC reports  6, 7  in which, for example, the Netherlands ranks lowest and Belgium considerably higher. However, overall antibiotic use is not only determined by the prescribing proportion, but also by the number of patients that yearly present to a GP, the denominator. In countries with a high threshold to consult the GP, fewer patients overall, but probably with relatively more severe illness will present, as opposed to for example a country where all patients with RTI consult their GP for a sick-note. The PPAS captured data from a pre-defined number of consultations per country and not on total numbers of consulting patients in the two months registration period.
Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to the 19 primary care research networks, their GPs and teams for collaborating and registering in the PPAS. Roxanne Schaakxs  is acknowledged for building the online data capture tool and for data management. We are grateful to  Pia Touboul ,  Réka Pauer ,  Bernadett Kovács ,  Karen Farrell ,  Anna Kowalczyk ,  Michelle van Willige ,  Tycho van der Linde ,  Carl Llor ,  Ana Moragas ,  Alex Prats ,  Paata Imnadze ,  Ketevan Sidamonidze ,  Ekaterine Khmaladze ,  Ryan Arner ,  Vladyslav Odrynskyi ,  Irini Vasilaki ,  Myron Galenianos ,  Attila Altiner ,  Barbara Pytel-Krolczuk ,  Tiphanie Bouchez ,  David Darmon ,  Lilit Ghazaryan ,  Kristina Gyurjyan ,  Marilena Anastasaki  and  Dragan Soldo  for their support in initiating, setting up and/or supervising the PPAS in their countries.
FUNDING This study was funded by the  COVID-19 Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique-Interregional (PHRC-I) Est , planned by the  Groupement Interrégional de Recherche Clinique et d'Innovation Est (GIRCI Est). The funding body did not have any role in the design of the study and in writing the manuscript. The study was coordinated by the  University Hospital of Strasbourg  ( PHRC-I-2020project  no. 7799 ).