dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
46 years for men. These four parameters reflect aging of cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of agerelated mortality so we assume that our method is good estimation not only of chronological but also of biological age. In addition, this method uses medical equipment which is widely represented in modern clinics. Peter Fedichev (Gero, Inc. ) in his report "Target and biomarker identification platform to design new drugs against aging and age-related diseases" studied fundamental aspects of aging to develop a mathematical model of gene regulatory network. We show that aging manifests itself as an inherent instability of gene network leading to exponential accumulation of regulatory errors with age. To validate our approach, we studied age-dependent omic data such as transcriptomes, metabolomes etc.
Genes of circadian rhythms change their expression during aging of different organisms. We analyzed available transcriptomic data from different on-line bases and compared circadian genes' expression profile changes in animals (Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Mus musculus, Homo sapiens, Heterocephalus glaber, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Balaena mysticetus) showing various aging rates. We investigated from the datasets that expression profiles of circadian genes in heads of old Drosophila melanogaster are almost identical with the profiles in young imagos after ingestion of prooxidant, with the exception of tim and pp2A-B' genes. In addition, such genes as clk, per, cry, pdp1, vrille, cwo decreased their expression levels in normally aging individuals, when cyc, tim, bdbt, sgg, pdf showed an increase.
Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 20 for Windows 7, Chicago, USA. The assumption of normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Paired t tests were performed to analyse the differences between the first and second half. Significance was set at p<0. 05. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Cohen's d (ES) was calculated to determine the magnitude of effect by standardizing the coefficients according to the appropriate betweensubjects standard deviation and was assessed using the following criteria: small > 0. 2, medium > 0. 5, large > 0. 8  [20].
Procedures Body fat estimation was determined using a skinfold-based method (skinfold calibre, Gima S. p. A. , MI, Italy). Body density was calculated using the Jackson and Pollock equation  [21]. We also recorded both body weight (BW), height by stadiometer (Seca, Italy) and BMI. The measures (skinfold, body weight and height) were obtained three times using the average value for the analysis. Each player's HRmax was determined by completion of a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (IR1). Heart rate was recorded during IR1 and during matches using Polar RS400D heart rate monitor watches (Polar, Oulu, Finland), and the data were analysed with ProTrainer 5 software at the end of each test  [5]. Before every session players performed a traditional warm-up for 12 minutes. In the first phase players did exercises without the ball and in the second part they performed specific exercises with the ball (players were supported by their coach during warm-up activation).
Training load parameters were recorded during two friendly matches (composed of two halves of 20 minutes) by means of the 10 Hz GPS system and 100-Hz triaxial accelerometer (STATSports, Ireland). Validity of these GPS units was previously reported  [22]. The GPS units were turned on about 10-15 min before the beginning of the test; meanwhile the subjects familiarised themselves with the equipment as well as the procedures and performed a warm up. During the experiments a GPS unit was placed on the back of the participants by means of a harness at the level of the chest. We used the same GPS unit for all participants to avoid inter-unit variability (a possible confounding factor). GPS data were analysed by STATSport Viper Software Version 1. 2. Teams played without the opportunity to perform substitutions (5 vs.
2737 m) and relative velocity (117 vs. 67 m•min -1 ) compared to females  [4]. These large differences are likely due to the differences in physical conditions between genders (male vs. female) and also league level (professional vs. semi-professional)  [14]. Previous analysis of activity profiles of outfield players showed that the TD covered by elite players was knowledge on this topic, as well as on female futsal players generally. In this study players performed matches on a synthetic outdoor field; this was necessary in order to record the data by GPS devices that cannot work indoors. Official futsal matches are played on indoor pitches. In this case, it may be suggested that the limitation is not associated with the pitch location (indoor or outdoor), but rather with the field surface.
Acknowledgements. The authors want to thank Arend Bayer, Iustin Coandă, Hubert Flenner, Alain Genestier, Daniel Huybrechts, Alex Küronya, Adrian Langer, Jun Li, Sebastian Neumann, Julius Ross, Georg Schumacher, and Andrei Teleman for fruitful discussions. Funding and support. The first named author gratefully acknowledges support by the DFG-Forschergruppe 790 "Classification of algebraic surfaces and compact complex manifolds", as well as by the "Eliteprogramm für Postdoktorandinnen und Postdoktoranden" of the Baden-Württemberg-Stiftung. Moreover, he wants to thank the Institut Élie Cartan, Nancy, for support and hospitality during several visits. Large parts of the research presented here were done while the first named author was holding a position at the Institute of Mathematics of Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.
A. Experiment and influence of development Experiment: We used the eye movement data from a total of 101 subjects participated in the experiments, including 23 adults and 78 children. These subjects were divided into 4 groups: 2 year-old group (18 participants, M = 2. 16, SD = 0. 22), 4-6 year-old group (22 participants, M = 4. 2, SD = 0. 42), 6-10 year-old group (38 participants, M = 7. 5, SD = 0. 57) and adults group (22 participants, M = 28, SD = 4. 48). Participants were instructed to explore 30 color pictures taken from children's books for 10 seconds (see Fig. 1 ). They were instructed to perform a recognition test to determine whether an image segment presented at the center of the screen was part of the previous stimulus. Image resolution is 1024 × 768 pixels. The pictures were displayed on a CRT display at 1024 × 728 pixels viewed from a distance of 60 cm.
IV. CONCLUSION In this paper, we demonstrate that the age of observers can be inferred from simple statistical properties of their eye movements. The performance of this classification can be further improved by using richer gaze descriptors (e. g. based on HMM  [5] ) or more sophisticated methods, such as deep learning. However training a deep network would require a much larger sample size. We believe that the rise of low-cost eye-tracker (e. g. webcam-based  [19] ) will soon provide largescale eye-tracking datasets and bring the classification performance to the next level. Another issue raised by this study is the lack of computational saliency models for simulating the gaze behavior from childhood to adulthood. This echoes recent works on saccadic models, a range of saliency models able to capture the viewing patterns of a given population and use them to output the predicted scanpaths  [20] ,  [21] ,  [22].
SAKURA Trial Participants This study of visual function outcomes is based on the SAKURA Trial, which has been presented elsewhere. 25 The SAKURA Study 1, a phase 3, randomized, multicenter, double-masked, multinational trial (ClinicalTrials. gov number, NCT01358266) was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal (IVT) injections of three doses of sirolimus for the treatment of chronic NIU-PS of the eye. Participants were randomized 1:1:1 to receive IVT sirolimus 440 lg, 880 lg, or an active control dose of 44 lg every alternate month for 5 months. A total of 347 participants with active posterior, intermediate or panuveitis, and decreased BCVA attributable to uveitis were randomized at 103 centers in 15 countries. The SAKURA trial was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and informed consent was obtained for all randomized participants.
Statistical Analyses Clinical and VFQ-25 Database. All analyses were performed using the intent-to-treat principle (including all randomized participants). Missing data were imputed using the last observation carried forward (LOCF) method. The composite and subscale VFQ-25 scores were computed as per the VFQ-25 scoring algorithm of Mangione et al. 27  Identifying VFR Measures Through Principal Components. The VFQ-25 is a PRO measure comprising multiple items that assess various facets of ophthalmologic disease. 27 If all items of a PRO instrument are well correlated and can be summarized in a single composite score, the instrument is said to be unidimensional, meaning it measures a single latent trait or common underlying concept. 24, 32 A principal component analysis (PCA) is an established approach to empirically test the unidimensionality of a PRO and was applied to examine the unidimensionality of the VFQ-25 in the SAKURA NIU population.
A PCA works by reducing the multidimensionality of a large number of interrelated scores, while retaining as much as possible the variation present in the dataset. The outcome of a PCA is a new set of variables, the principal components (PCs), that are linear combinations of the original responses, constructed in such a way that the first PC captures as much variation as possible of the complete set of responses, whereas the second PC is independent of the first one and captures as much as possible of the remaining variation and so forth. 33 If the first PC captures over 60% of the variability, the PRO dataset is said to be unidimensional and well captured by the first PC. 34, 35 If the first PC captures a smaller proportion of the variability, more than one PC is required to represent the dataset.
The definitions of VH used in this post hoc analysis were consistent with the primary endpoint of the SAKURA Trial (a VH score of 0 at month 5) and with the key secondary VH endpoints (i. e. , a VH score of 0 or 0. 5þ at month 5; a VH score of 0 or a decrease of at least 2 units from baseline in VH score at month 5). Analyses were carried out using statistical software (SAS version 6. 3; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and a significance level of 0. 05 was considered significant.
Clinical and VFQ-25 Database The characteristics of SAKURA participants have been published elsewhere. 25 Briefly, the participants were predominantly white (47. 3%) and female (59. 9%), with a mean age of 46. 5 years (614. 5). A majority (68%) of participants had intermediate or posterior uveitis while 66. 6% had bilateral uveitis, and 77. 8% had no systemic disease associated with their uveitis diagnosis. The median (range) time from initial uveitis diagnosis to enrollment was 26. 2 (0. 1-411. 7) months. The mean visual acuity in the study eye was 65. 3 (615. 9) ETDRS letters (20/50 Snellen equivalent). The mean VFQCS score at baseline was 65. 8 (619. 3) points, and mean subscale scores ranged from 54. 6 (vision-specific mental health) to 85. 2 (color vision; Fig. 1 ).
Identifying VFR Measures Through Principal Components The output of the PCA showed that the first PC (PC1) captured a substantial but insufficient proportion (50. 9%) of the variation to consider the VFQ-25 dataset unidimensional. Principal components 2 and 3 explained an additional 6. 8% and 5. 6% of the variation, respectively (Supplementary Fig. S1 ). The PC1 correlated highly with the VFQCS (q ¼ 0. 99), while its correlation with BCVA was low (q ¼ 0. 34; Supplementary Fig. S2 ). The items of VFQ-25 best describing the variation in PC2 and PC3, based on their loadings (i. e. , the weight given to each question in constructing the PC), were mainly those included in the mental health subscale (Supplementary Figs. S3A, S3B ). Hence, the key VFR measures retained from the PCA were the VFQCS, as a surrogate for PC1, the BCVA score providing information that is complementary to PC1, and the VFQ-25 mental health subscale score (VFQMHS).
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the association between VFR and VH response for NIU-PS. Principal component analysis is a data-driven procedure frequently used in exploratory data analysis, including PRO research. In ophthalmology, it is a recognized method to validate new questionnaires, or to endorse established questionnaires applied to new conditions. 24, 34, 46 The VFQ-25 generates a multidimensional dataset and like many PRO instruments with multiple domains, its multiple scores are combined to calculate a general score creating a composite endpoint, the VFQCS. 47 Composite endpoints have advantages such as reducing multiplicity problems; however, the use of an aggregate PRO score has limitations and its validity has been critiqued as it may not capture all clinically important variation in the set of multiple items of the instrument.
16, 47 If all items of a PRO instrument are well related and can be summarized in an aggregate score, the instrument is said to be unidimensional. Typically, it is expected that the first PC captures a minimum of 60% of the variation to label an instrument as unidimensional. 34, 35 Our PCA showed that the first PC captured 50. 9% of the relevant information suggesting that the VFQ-25 responses from the SAKURA Study 1 population cannot be considered as unidimensional. Hence, it is preferable to represent the VFQ-25 dataset through more than one single measure. Further exploration of the PCA suggested VFQMHS as an additional dimension of visual functioning. Our observations regarding multidimensionality are in line with those made by other researchers. Marella et al. 35  studied the psychometric validity of the VFQ-25 in a low vision population and concluded that the VFQ-25 is a better-performing instrument when split into a visual functioning and socioemotional scale.
Similarly, other researchers  34  found multidimensionality with near vision items loading onto the second PC. Nevertheless, the VFQCS demonstrated good internal consistency, a Cronbach's a of 0. 95, consistent with psychometric evaluation results in other NIU studies. 29 he thresholds of MCID for the VFQCS and VFQMHS were estimated using a distribution-based approach. In the absence of a strong correlation between BCVA and the VFQCS (q ¼ 0. 34), the use of a distribution-based over an anchor-based approach is justified. While the MCID assessed using SEM by Naik et al. 29    SAKURA Study 1 data identified a threshold of 4. 3 and 11. 7 units for VFQCS and VFQMHS similar to other studies. 48, 49 revious research demonstrated that the NEI VFQ-25 is a reliable, valid and responsive instrument to assess visionrelated functioning in NIU-PS.
Acknowledgments Disclosure:  B. Lescrauwaet ,  Santen (C) ;  E. Miserocchi ,  Santen (C, R) ,  AbbVie  (C, R);  S. Thurau ,  Santen  (C, R);  B. Bodaghi ,  Santen (C, R) ,  AbbVie (C, R) ,  Allergan (C, R) ,  AMO (C) ,  Bayer (R) ,  Novartis (R) ;  L. Duchateau ,  Santen (C) ;  T. Verstraeten ,  Santen (C) ;  S. Srivastava ,  Santen (C, R).
WO2013083847A2)  (4, 5). The first group consisted of 196 participants recruited during February-March 2014 in 8 of the most inhabited islands of the 5 FP archipelagos (archipelagos listed in parentheses): Tahiti and Moorea (Society), Rangiroa and Makemo (Tuamotu), Nuku Hiva and Hiva Oa (Marquesas), Rurutu (Austral), and Rikitea (Gambier). The second group included 700 participants recruited during September-November 2015 on the 2 most inhabited islands of FP: Tahiti and Moorea. The third group consisted of 476 schoolchildren recruited during May-June 2014 on Tahiti. The Ethics Committee of French Polynesia approved recruitment of participants and processing of blood samples (approval no. 60/CEPF-06/27/2013). We analyzed seroprevalence data by using the Fisher exact test, and considered p values <0.
Acknowledgments We thank the staff from the  Ministries of Health and Education of French Polynesia , the municipalities selected for the study, and the  Institut Louis Malardé  for their contribution in this work. We also thank all of the participants. This study was partially funded by the  Contrat de Projet Etat-Pays  (convention no. 7331/MSS/DSP du 31/08/12  modifiée) and the  French Government 's  Investissement d'Avenir Programme (Labex Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, IBEID , grant no. ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID ). Dr Aubry  is a research scientist at the  Institut Louis Malardé, Tahiti, French Polynesia. Her research focuses on the epidemiology in the Pacific region and genetic evolution of various arboviruses including dengue, Zika, chikungunya and  Ross River  viruses.
Introduction: Trunk neuromuscular responses have been shown to adapt under the influence of muscle fatigue, as well as spinal tissue creep or even with the presence of low back pain (LBP). Despite a large number of studies exploring how these external perturbations affect the spinal stability, characteristics of such adaptations remains unclear. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the quality of evidence of studies investigating trunk neuromuscular responses to unexpected trunk perturbation. More specifically, the targeted neuromuscular responses were trunk muscle activity reflex and trunk kinematics under the influence of muscle fatigue, spinal creep, and musculoskeletal pain. Methods: A research of the literature was conducted in Pubmed, Embase, and Sport-Discus databases using terms related to trunk neuromuscular reflex responses, measured by electromyography (baseline activity, reflex latency, and reflex amplitude) and/or trunk kinematic, in context of unexpected external perturbation.
Objectives: To compare the risk of serious adverse events, serious infections and death caused by methotrexate and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) combination therapy versus a bDMARD prescribed as monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted until February 2016 in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases by selecting randomised controlled trials comparing methotrexate and bDMARD combination therapy to bDMARD monotherapy in RA. The meta-analysis compared the occurrence of (1) serious adverse events, (2) serious infections and (3) death among these groups by the Mantel-Haenszel method.
Search strategy The search strategy consisted of a systematic review of the literature for randomised controlled trials comparing bDMARD and methotrexate combination therapy to bDMARD prescribed as monotherapy in adult patients with RA. We performed a search in January 2015 in the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL databases to collect all randomised controlled trials since inception. We updated the data in February 2016 for the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. The search terms used in PubMed were ('Arthritis, Rheumatoid'(Mesh)) AND 'Randomized Controlled Trial' (Publication Type) AND (ETANERCEPT(TEXT) OR INFLIXIMAB(TEXT) OR ADALIMUMAB(TEXT) OR CERTOLIZUMAB(TEXT) OR GOLIMUMAB (TEXT) OR TOCILIZUMAB(TEXT) OR RITUXIMAB (TEXT) OR ABATACEPT(TEXT) OR ANAKINRA (TEXT)). We searched the Embase database for articles using the following keywords: (TITLE-ABS-KEY (etanercept OR infliximab OR adalimumab OR certolizumab OR golimumab OR tocilizumab OR rituximab OR abatacept OR anakinra)) AND (TITLE-ABS KEY (arthritis rheumatoid)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, 'PHAR')).
Data collection Data collection for each article was made using a predefined reading grid. This grid was previously tested on three articles to verify the feasibility of the collection. The selection of trials for complete reading and data collection of the articles was performed independently by two individuals (AR-W and CB). Disputes were resolved by consensus. The following data were collected systematically: study characteristics (article title, journal and publication date, number of patients included, study duration, bDMARD studied, mean methotrexate dose prescribed), population characteristics studied: mean age, sex ratio, rheumatoid factor (RF) status, RA disease duration, number of previous biotherapies administered, corticosteroids ( percentage of patients treated with oral corticosteroids during the study and mean daily dose in prednisone equivalent), end points expressed (conversions made if necessary) as the number of events per 100 patient-years (100 PY): serious adverse events, serious infections (with specific collection of tuberculosis cases), death.
Statistical heterogeneity of the samples was evaluated using a Q test using a significance level of 0. 05 and reported with I 2 statistics that describe inconsistency across studies. I 2 was interpreted as follows: 0-40%: not important heterogeneity, 30-60%: moderate heterogeneity, 50-90%: substantial heterogeneity, 75-100%: considerable heterogeneity. All analyses were performed using the Revman 5. 3 software (Nordic Cochrane Center).
Article selection process We obtained a total of 1510 articles in the search: 504 articles via PubMed, 683 via Embase and 323 via the Cochrane Library. We excluded 1475 articles after reading the titles and abstracts (see flow chart figure  1 ) and thus retained 35 articles. After full-length article reading, 19 were eliminated as 14 were duplicates (intermediate results of the same studies), 3 studies expressed unusable tolerance data (unfeasible patient-year conversions) and 1 study provided no safety data and 1 was not a randomised trial. We contacted the authors of the four studies that did not provide enough safety data to be analysed by email, but have not been able so far to retrieve the data needed for the study. ] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]  All of these trials included 4975 patients, representing a total of 6764 patient-years followed up and including 3866 patient-years in the 'bDMARD and methotrexate' group and 2898 patient-years in the 'bDMARD alone' group.
The strengths of our study are that it is first of all a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis, taking into account randomised controlled trials. The selected studies had good methodological quality with a Jadad score=3/5 for 13 of them. Furthermore, a full reading of articles and data collection was performed independently by two individuals. Finally, the trials included in this meta-analysis were homogeneous, which reinforces even more the results obtained. The key words in our search strategy included 'randomized controlled trial' and trials not indexed as 'randomized clinical trials' in PubMed might have been missed. However, our search strategy search was also based on Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL and not restricted to randomised controlled trials in these databases. Another potential limitation of this work is that our review was based on only 16 trials and the results might be different with more studies.
A primary user (PU) is the user holding a license of a defined spectrum. He is allowed to use his bandwidth any time as far as he is respecting the cover area and the transmission power. As many primary users do not broadcast all the time, their protected bandwidths are not used optimally. Therefore, an opportunistic user (i. a. a secondary user (SU)) can use the best available bandwidth as far as his signal does not interfere with the signal of PU at any time. This process is discussed further in Section 3. 4. As CR should scan their environment and get adapted to it; they should have the capability to identify, classify and analyze signals in the context of non-data aided. In previous Communication Intelligence (COMINT) projects and research studies, several algorithms to estimate unknown parameters of intercepted signals were proposed.