dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The STEM-HAADF data were acquired with a convergence angle of 29. 9 mrad and a HAADF inner angle of 30 mrad. 2. 2 Method for X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis 2. 2. 1 Data collection. Conventional XANES and EXAFS spectra were recorded at the Co K-edge (7709 eV) on the SAMBA beamline (Spectroscopy Applied to Material Based on Absorption) at the French National Synchrotron Facility (SOLEIL), in Paris, France. The details of the beamline and its optical devices were described by Belin et al. 39  The beamline is equipped with a sagittally focusing Si(220) monochromator. The presence of two Pd-coated mirrors ensured the rejection of the harmonics to better than 0. 1%, i. e. , the intensity of the harmonics was less than 0. 1% of the intensity of the fundamental X-rays. The incident (I 0 ) and transmitted (I 1 ) intensities were measured by ionization chambers.
The reaction was stopped aer $10 h and the last 6 EXAFS spectra were merged to establish the nal state of the catalysts. 2. 2. 2 Data analysis. XAS data were analysed using the HORAE package, a graphical interface to the AUTOBK and IFEFFIT code. 41 The XANES and EXAFS spectra were obtained aer performing respective standard procedures for pre-edge subtraction, normalization, polynomial removal, and wave vector conversion. The extracted EXAFS signals were Fourier transformed using a Hanning apodization window (dk ¼ 1). The Co amplitude reduction factor (S 0 2 ) value was determined from the EXAFS spectrum recorded for Co foil, the unit cell being hexagonal (P 3 /mmc). A k-range of [2. 84; 14] ÅÀ1 and R-range of [1. 52; 4. 97] Å were selected and tted using single scatterings (Fig. S17  and Table  S4  †).
The above studies indicate that an optimal loading of Co is necessary to achieve high activity and stability. a The BET surface areas were calculated from the data in the relative pressure range of P/P 0 ¼ 0. 05-0. 25. b Micropore area and micropore volume were calculated by t-plot method. c Pore volume was estimated from the amounts absorbed at a relative pressure of P/P 0 ¼ 0. 98. d Pore size distributions were calculated from adsorption branch using the BJH method. As we have mentioned that the connement effect a great advantage in providing thermal stability against metal sintering, our next objective was to nd out the stability of Co catalysts on other silica-based supports with different pore structures. For this purpose, we chose SBA-15 and commercial SiO 2 as supports because they have a high overall surface area and both are neutral in nature.
2011; Carey et al. 2020 ). Here, we report macro-and micro-elemental, along with arsenic species, concentrations of market white rice, chosen to reflect direct dietary consumption of 1045 samples, collected across 18 countries from four major rice growing continents; Africa, South America, Asia and Europe. Rice was analysed by ICP-MS, ion chromatography (IC)-ICP-MS (to ascertain arsenic species concentrations) and XRF. Data were interpreted to examine commonalities in elemental and species patterns, and to identify specific deficiency/toxicity issues for given regions/countries.
Materials and Methods The sampling strategies are outlined in the publications  Carey et al. (2020)  and  Shi et al. (2020). In brief, polished (white) rice was obtained from 18 countries, and 4 continents, from retail outlets so as to best characterize consumer exposure. In total 1045 samples are reported here, a subset from the 1180 reported in  Carey et al. (2020)  on arsenic speciation, and 2270 from  Shi et al. (2020)  on cadmium. The current dataset only reports samples where additional XRF characterization has been conducted, leading to reduced sample coverage, in both number and in countries assessed. As noted in  Carey et al. (2020) , the type of market basket survey conducted here has its limitations due to the fact that multiple people conducted the survey, with multiple sampling objectives, with each country sampled having differing geographical size, and the surveyors having differing geographical reaches within a given country.
556, but not with other elements. When log DMA was removed as a predictor, the next highest correlating parameter was log molybdenum with an adjusted R 2 of 0. 029 (data not tabulated). Figure  4  shows the correlation matrix for the log transformed concentration dataset to enable further comparisons of all elements/species against each other. Besides the strong positive correlation between iAs and DMA, there was also a very strong relationship between potassium and phosphorus (Spearman's R of 0. 799). This strong association between potassium and phosphorus is also seen for the factor analysis (Fig. 3 ). Also notable from the Spearman's rank correlation is that chlorine is negatively correlated with a suite of elements/species including arsenic species, cadmium, copper, molybdenum, phosphorus and rubidium.
Study Population A cross-sectional analysis using data from the NutriNet-Santé web cohort was performed. Briefly, the NutriNet-Santé study is an ongoing web-based general population prospective cohort launched in France in 2009. It aims to elucidate the multifaceted association between nutrition and health, as well as the determinants of dietary behaviors and nutritional status. A detailed description of the NutriNet-Santé study has been published elsewhere  [21]. It is registered at clinicaltrial. gov as NCT03335644 and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM # 00000388FWA00005831) and by the National Commission on Informatics and Liberty (CNIL # 908,450 and # 909216). Eligible participants are adults aged ≥18 years with internet access; recruitment relies on recurrent large multimedia campaigns.
After providing electronic informed consent, the participants complete a set of five self-report questionnaires to assess sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, anthropometrics, dietary intake, physical activity, and health status (outlined below, and extensively described in prior publications  [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] ). The present analysis has been conducted with those participants who had data on caffeine intake and who had responded to the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI-T) (both described below).
Assessment of Caffeine and Dietary Intake At inclusion and every six months thereafter, participants are asked to complete three 24-h dietary records covering two weekdays and one weekend day. The tool used for collecting dietary data has been validated against dietitian interviews and nutritional status biomarkers  [22, 27]. Participants are asked to report all food and beverages consumed during the previous 24 h, considering the three main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) and any other eating occasions. For the present analysis, we aimed to capture usual dietary intake, thus participants who had completed ≥ 2 dietary records within 2. 5 years around the completion date of the STAI-T scale were eligible. All dietary data were weighted to account for weekday and weekend day consumption.
Portion sizes were estimated using previously validated photographs  [23]  or usual containers. To calculate mean daily energy and nutrient intake, the NutriNet-Santé food composition database which includes > 3500 different items was used  [28]. Participants with under-reported energy intake, identified via Black's method  [29]  considering the participant's age, sex, weight, height, physical activity level, and basal metabolic rate, were excluded from the analysis. In the present study, caffeine intake (mg/day) was the main exposure variable. Total dietary caffeine consumption was estimated from 24-h dietary records  [22]  taking into consideration the average amount of caffeine contained in caffeinated coffee drinks (including Viennese coffee, Americano, espresso, mocha, Liège, gourmet, instant coffee, etc.
Assessment of Covariates At inclusion and yearly thereafter, participants provide self-reported information by completing validated questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle  [25] , anthropometric measurements, and health status. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ) was calculated based on self-reported height and weight  [24]. Leisure-time physical activity was assessed through the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire  [26]. For each participant, we used covariate data obtained within a 2. 5-year window around the date of STAI-T completion. As there is evidence that stress can trigger anxiety  [6] , we assessed whether the association between caffeine intake and trait anxiety might vary according to stress level. The validated French version of Cohen's 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was administered at the same time as the STAI-T.
The PSS-10 is commonly used in epidemiological research; it assesses the degree to which situations in daily life were appraised as stressful during the previous month [35]; higher scores indicate higher perceived stress, without an established cut-off. In the total studied sample, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the PSS-10 and STAI-T was 0. 74 (n = 24,197, p < 0. 01), which served as further justification for the interaction tests and subgroup analyses (described below). Participants with missing data on covariables were excluded, except for covariables with >5% missing values, in which case a "Missing data/not reported" category was created. Regarding the "socio-professional category" variable, if the value was missing and age was <25 or >60 years, the respective status of "student" and "retired" was attributed.
Sensitivity analyses by degree of perceived stress (PSS-10 score ≥ sex-specific mean)  [36]  were conducted to evaluate whether the associations observed in the main analysis were varied by perceived stress level. Further, we performed another set of sensitivity analyses, fitting statistical models where intakes of total sugar (g/day), simple sugars (g/day), and added sugars (g/day) were added as covariates to take into account the plausible association of these nutrients with anxiety  [37]  as well as the frequently combined intake of sugar and caffeine. The data were analyzed using the Stata 14 software (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA), and statistical significance was set at a two-tailed p-value < 0. 05.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank  Françoise Radat  for her involvement in the assessment of anxiety in the NutriNet-Santé study. The authors also thank the following individuals for their technical contribution to the NutriNet-Santé cohort:  Thi Hong Van Duong ,  Régis Gatibelza ,  Jagatjit Mohinder , and  Aladi Timera  (computer scientists);  Fabien Szabo de Edelenyi , (data management supervisor);  Nathalie Arnault ,  Julien Allegre ,  Laurent Bourhis , and  Nicolas Dechamp  (data managers/statisticians);  Cédric Agaesse  (dietary data manager),  Alexandre De-Sa  and  Rebecca Lutchia  (dietitians);  Younes Esseddik  (IT supervisor);  Maria Gomes  (NutriNet-Santé participant support) and  Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo , (operational coordinator). Authors also thank the  Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBER), Spain.
Data Availability Statement: Researchers at public institutions can submit a project collaboration request that includes information about their institution and a brief description of the project to: collaboration@etude-nutrinet-sante. fr. All requests are reviewed by the steering committee of the NutriNet-Santé study. In case of approval, a signed data access agreement will be requested and additional authorizations from the competent administrative authorities may be needed regarding human subjects' data protection. In accordance with existing regulations, no personally identifiable data will be made available.
Nitrates and nitrites are used as food additives in processed meats. They are also commonly ingested from water and several foods. Evidence suggests a beneficial role of dietary nitrites and nitrates in lowering blood pressure. However, associations between exposure to nitrites and nitrates from natural sources and food additives, separately, and risks of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been investigated. We aimed to study these associations in the French population based prospective cohort NutriNet-Sante. Overall, 104,817 adults were included. Associations between exposure to nitrites and nitrates (evaluated using repeated dietary records, linked to a food composition database accounting for commercial brands of industrial products) and risks of hypertension and cardiovascular disease were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models.
8 s depressurization (needle/transfer line/GC inlet at 70/80/150 • C). Alcohols were introduced into a ZB-BAC2 chromatography column (30 m, 0. 32 mm ID, 1. 2 µm; Phenomenex, Le Pecq, France) maintained at 40 • C and separated using Helium as a carrier gas at 10 psi. Compounds were individually monitored by mass spectrometry with a selected ion recording (SIR) method: ethanol m/z 31 and isopropanol m/z 45. The MS inlet line and electron ionization source were set at 150 • C. All data were collected and processed using Turbomass 6. 1 (Perkin Elmer) software. Internal calibration was calculated using the peak areas from the associated SIR chromatograms.
Accurate and rapid culture and identification of fungal species were essential to characterize yeast species and antifungal susceptibility. Our center was the first to offer matrix-associated laser desorption ionization spectrometry-time-of-flight for routine microbial identification in the diagnostic laboratory  [13]. It is also a reference diagnostic laboratory for fungi for Southeastern France. Based on 6192 clinical yeast isolates, we have implemented fungal diagnostics using a comprehensive and updated MALDI-TOF MS database  [12]. We also developed an optimized medium (the 'FastFung' medium) for the culture of fastidious fungi  [11]. This allows us to rapidly, accurately, and confidently culture and identify the intestinal yeast species found in the present study. The link between NASH and endogenous ethanol and triglyceride production was not demonstrated in the present study.
are cited in the supplementary materials Author Contributions: B. M. investigation, formal analysis, writing-original draft, visualization; P. B. investigation, formal analysis, writing-review & editing; R. M. W. investigation, formal analysis; M. T. A. writing-review & editing; N. A. formal analysis; G. M. investigation, formal analysis, writing-review & editing; L. M. methodology; S. R. investigation, supervision, validation; R. G. investigation, supervision writing-review & editing, project administration; M. M. conceptualization, supervision, formal analysis, writing-review & editing, project administration, visualization; D. R. conceptualization, supervision, writing-review & editing, project administration. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was funded by ANR-15-CE36-0004-01 and by ANR "Investissements d'avenir", Méditerranée infection 10-IAHU-03 and was also supported by the Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.
Nevertheless, the question of their carcinogenicity is debated. No study consistently highlights an increased risk of stomach cancer after ingestion of nitrate or nitrite ions  (Bryan et al. , 2012). However, ingested nitrite and nitrate ions may lead to the formation of N-nitrosocompounds with mutagenic, teratogenic, and diabetogenic properties,  (Habermeyer et al. , 2015). Even though they represent a potential risk for patients, preservatives are still widely used in medicinal and food products. Table  4  lists all the excipients with side effects found in medicinal products with a marketing authorization in France according to the Theriaque® database (Thériaque). For each preservative, the administration routes concerned by the precautions of use and the potential side effects inventoried by the EMA are specified.
It could be interesting to evaluate the distribution and quantity of additives with side effects in food. But no database enables to freely access the composition of the commercialized food products. The safety assessment of preservatives is still ongoing. Nowadays, an emphasis is given to the evaluation of long-term toxicity, role as a potential endocrine disruptor, reproductive toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenic potential  (ECHA et al. , 2018) , and environmental impact. Some of the available studies are questionable because they are limited to a few reported cases. The results are often obtained at concentrations, not related to the real intake of the population. For example, EDTA salt at a high concentration presents several side effects such as renal toxicity, fever, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, hypotension, arrhythmias, proteinuria, headache, anemia, and hypercalcemia  (George and Brady, 2022).
(EMA and CHMP, 2019;ide effects found in medicines with marketing authorization in France according to Theriaque® database extracted on October 2021(EMA and CHMP, 2019; Theriaque). May cause eyes irritation. Avoid contact with contact lenses (remove lenses before application and wait 15 min after the application to put them again). May discolor soft contact lenses. May cause a cutaneous reaction. May cause difficulty breathing especially for asthmatics. May cause nasal irritation and swelling inside the nose. May cause local irritation.
Acknowledgements F. da  Costa Souza ,  P. J. Lein , and  A. Taha  would like to acknowledge the  Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development  [grant number  R21-HD095391-01A1 ] and the  USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch/Taha  [project # 1008787 ] for supporting this work. The contents of this work do not necessarily represent the official views of the sponsors. The sponsors were not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the paper for publication. N. Chiang  and  C. N. Serhan  wish to thank  Mary H. Small  for expert assistance in manuscript preparation. They also thank our co-authors from the original studies reviewed here, as well as our colleagues for their original contributions.
C. N. Serhan's research is supported by  National Institutes of Health USA  (grant  R35GM139430  and  R01GM38765 ). J. Dalli 's research is supported by funding from the  European Research Council (ERC)  under the European Union's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  (grant no:  677542 ), the  Barts Charity  (grant no:  MGU0343 ) a  Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly  funded by the  Wellcome Trust  and the  Royal Society  (grant  107613/Z/15/Z ). The project of N. G. Bazan was supported by  National Eye Institute  grant  R01 EY005121 ,  National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke  grants  R01 NS109221  and  R01 NS104117 , and the  EENT Foundation of New Orleans.
Cyp27b1 and α-Klotho protein in aortas was detected using rabbit anti-Cyp27b1 (1:500, LSBio, Seattle, USA) and rabbit anti-klotho (1:200, Abcam) antibodies, respectively. Antigen retrieval was performed by incubation for 20 min in 10 mM citrate buffer pH 6 in a steamer. Bound antibodies were visualized using the Dako Envision+ HRP rabbit kit (Agilent, Santa Clara, USA), nuclei were counterstained using Haematoxylin and mounted in Fluoromunt G. Tissue slides were scanned using a Scanscope® scanner (Aperio Technologies Incorporated, Vista, USA) or TissueFAXS Hard-and Software (TissueGnostics GmbH, Vienna, Austria). Quantitative evaluation of immunohistochemichal stainings was performed using ImageJ  22, 23  , where % positive cells / positive area was counted after manual thresholding. For the aorta sections, mean color value for endothelium and smooth muscle layer were measured by subtracting the values of the negative controls for each aorta (IgG control) from the positively stained sections.
Statistical Analysis All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). Statistical sample size is reported as N (number of separate experiments / biological repeats) over n (technical repeats per sample, where applicable). Data are generally presented as mean ± SD, except for RT-qPCR data, which are shown as median ± interquartile range. A difference of p<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. The employed statistical tests and significance levels are specified in the respective results sections or in the figure legends.
ANALYSIS The survey responses were downloaded in a CVS file to Microsoft Excel for descriptive analysis. No inferential data analysis was planned, and data are presented as percentages and categories only, consistent with the study aim. Surveys were included even if they had some incomplete items and because of this, for each question we report how many respondents omitted the questions (both as number and percentage). Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the French Group for Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition (30 November 2021, reference number 2021-036) and written consent was waived (Participation in the survey implied responders' consent that their responses could be used for research, as written in the invitation letter of the survey).
Our survey has several limitations that warrant mentioning. Firstly, by its self-report design the survey may reflect individual not unit practices and not real practice. Secondly, we had an overrepresentation of European units, unsurprisingly given our distribution method through the ESPNIC database and members, which means results overall may not reflect non-European centers. Thirdly, some clinical conditions or feeding practice, that may influence PICU health care professional decisions, were not assessed in the survey, such as feeding mode (continuous versus bolus) or constipation. Despite these, we had a large number of responses (122 PICUs) across many countries (50) and we achieved our aim to describe current practices, with this, the first survey to specifically explore the issue of periextubation in the PICUs.
Background: Congenital anomalies are a major cause of perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality. Objectives: The aim was to investigate temporal changes and geographical variation in survival of children with major congenital anomalies (CA) in different European areas. Methods: In this population-based linkage cohort study, 17 CA registries members of EUROCAT, the European network for the surveillance of CAs, successfully linked data on 115,219 live births with CAs to mortality records. Registries estimated Kaplan-Meier survival at 28 days and 5 years of age and fitted Cox's proportional hazards models comparing mortality at 1 year and 1-9 years of age for children born during 2005-2014 with those born during 1995-2004. The hazard ratios (HR) from each registry were combined centrally using a random-effects model.
16, 17 peland et al. suggested that the most accurate way to analyse the mortality risk amongst children with CAs is to link births reported in CA registries to mortality data. 16 sociations of survival with other factors, such as the occurrence of termination of pregnancy for foetal anomalies (TOPFA), should be investigated. In countries where termination of pregnancy is illegal (for example Malta), babies with lethal CAs may survive birth, succumbing soon after and inflating the mortality rates in the neonatal period. 18 However, when births with CAs are excluded, neonatal mortality in such countries is more in line with other countries. 19 e aim of this EUROlinkCAT multicentre study was to investigate temporal changes and geographical variations in survival of children with CAs in different European areas by linking births reported in CA registries to mortality data  20  and to describe some methodological issues in studying survival of children with CAs in Europe.