dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data management Data will be collected by research staff completing questionnaires and case report forms using REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) version 5. 20. 9 on password-protected tablets. REDCap is a web-based software that allows offline data collection and is hosted within Epicentre's cloud infrastructure in Paris, France. Tablets will be synchronised daily with the central database over an encrypted internet connection. This infrastructure will guarantee the performance and availability of data collection and reporting tools. A separate database will be created for each study country and adequate access control mechanisms employed to provide sufficient visualisation and processing permissions to staff members on the study databases according to their role(s) in the study. Hard copies of data collection forms and other study documentation (enrolment logs and sample collection/movement logs) will be available in case of issues with electronic data capture at the point of entry.
Standard descriptive analyses will be performed to compare the characteristics of the study participants across sites. In general, missing data will not be imputed and either discarded or explicitly accounted for in the analyses. However, if more than 10% of data is missing for one or more key variables, the impact of missing data on the analysis will be discussed and potentially addressed using imputation methods. Primary outcomes expressed as crude incidence rates will be calculated using standard person-time methods with person-time of follow-up as a denominator and 95% confidence intervals calculated using the Poisson distribution. For risk factors analyses, we will use Generalized Linear Mixed models, to account for potential confounders, with nested random effect on communities and households to account for clustering of participants.
Both univariate and multivariate models will be used to estimate adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR). Pre-defined interim analyses will be undertaken at the end of the first LF season, upon completion of the laboratory analyses of the samples. The main purpose of this interim analysis is to assess the need for continuation of the study through a second LF season of data collection, as well as to identify needs and inform plans for additional data collection or other activities beyond the original scope of the Enable programme. Final analyses will be carried out at the completion of the study. We refer to the SAP (see supplement) for a complete description of the sample size calculation as well as the methods for interim and final analyses.
Monitoring Site monitoring visits will be conducted by MMARCRO for assessment, training, activation, interim monitoring, and close out. Monitoring activities prior to study start will include site assessment for readiness and training of site teams, generation of activation checklists for the sites, ensuring sites have all the required SOPs and other source documents, and submission and receipt of Ethics Committee approvals. Monitoring activities during the study will include review of consent forms, adherence to the study protocol and good epidemiological practice, documentation of study deviations, assessment of site management procedures, and source data review.
Acknowledgments The Enable Protocol authorship group. We thank the following people for their roles in the setup of the Enable programme or contributions to content of this paper: Ndapewa Ithete (BNITM),  Paul Aloo ,  Gabrielle Breugelmans ,  Jakob Cramer ,  Roice Fulton ,  Gunnstein Norheim ,  Nicole Lurie ,  Beatriz Calvo Urbano ,  Solomon Yimer  (CEPI),  Boni Maxime Ale ,  Yves Amevoin ,  Patrick Barks ,  Paul Campbell ,  Marine Durthaler ,  Souna Garba ,  Mathilde Mousset ,  Mark Ndifon ,  Denis Opio ,  Eric Youm  (Epicentre),  Laleye Anatole ,  Dossou Ange ,  Rokiatou Babio ,  Ibrahim Mama Cisse, Moussa Djibril Mama Cisse ,  Gildas Hounkanrin ,  Adam Hounkpatin ,  Pelagie Mimonnou ,  Hountondji Michael ,  Gomina Moutakililou ,  Lydie De  ´reChabi Nah,  Jacob Namboni ,  Alassane Carine Tchibozo  (FORS),  Ibrahim Kapuwa  (KGH),  Amara Jambai ,  Sartie Kenneh ,  Thomas T Samba  ( Ministry of Health and Sanitation ),  Jacob Buanie  ( †),  Mohamed Harding ,  Tiangay Kallon ,  Alhaji Jalloh ,  Mohamed Saio Kamara , ( KGH Viral Haemorrhagic fever unit ),  Peter Smith  ( London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ),  Elisabeth Diallo ,  Margaret Williams  (MMARCRO),  Ana Goios ,  David Hendrickx ,  Archana Nagarajan ,  Jozica Skufca  ( P95 ),  Nell G Bond ,  Emily J Engel ,  Crystal Zheng  ( Tulane University School of Medicine ),  McKenzie Colt ,  Sandrena Fischer ,  Alfred Flomo ,  Amara Fofana ,  Evelyn Gayflowu ,  Emmanuel Kerkula ,  Stanley Kerkula ,  Sam Livingstone ,  Abigail Morrison ,  Catherine Nimley ,  Kebeh Pewee ,  Carwolo Pewu ,  Thomas Remont ,  Alexander Sampson ,  Patience Segbee ,  Lonmine Sonah ,  Hanan Shuayto ,  Lonmine Sonah ,  Catherine Sumo ,  Thomas Sumo ,  Susan Sunay ,  George Tamba ,  Sam Tozay ,  Eleanor Watts ,  Zayzay Wolobah  ( UNC Project-Liberia, Phebe Hospital ).
The  Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) , an innovative global partnership between public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organisations to develop vaccines to stop future epidemics (https://cepi. net/),funds the  Enable Lassa research programme. AAA  (grant number  PRJ-6086 ),  WAF  ( PRJ-6087 ),  RFG  ( PRJ-6088 ), MN ( PRJ-6093 ),  AO  ( PRJ-6089 ), and  DAW  ( PRJ-6087 ) are the named direct recipients of funding from  CEPI  to implement the  Enable Lassa research programme. The funders provide support in the form of salaries for AAB and HM. AAB and HM reviewed the study design and manuscript but have not had, and will not have, a role in data collection and analysis or the decision to publish.
We also analyzed Sun-as-a-star photometric data from VIRGO (Variability of Solar Irradiance and Gravity Oscillations). Sun-like stars were selected from a very narrow parameter space around the solar properties, according to the recent Gaia-Kepler stellar properties catalog and the latest Kepler rotation catalog. We also looked into KIC 8006161 (HD 173701), a very active metal-rich G dwarf, and we compared its magnetic activity to that of stars with similar stellar fundamental parameters. Results. We find that the amplitude of S ph variability is strongly correlated with its mean value, independent of spectral type. An equivalent relationship has previously been found for ground-based observations of chromospheric activity emission and magnetic field strength, but in this work we show that photometric Kepler data also present the same behavior.
The paper is organized as follows. We summarize the data and the target sample of this work in Sect. 2. Section 3 briefly describes the adopted magnetic AP, S ph. In Sect. 4 we show our results for the Sun and solar-like stars. Moreover, by selecting stars very similar to the Sun and to KIC 8006161, a metal-rich A56, page 2 of 22 solar analog with a known magnetic activity cycle, we investigate how the behavior of these stars matches that of the others. Section 5 presents a further discussion and our conclusions.
Data preparation In this work, we analyze the KEPSEISMIC 1 data products obtained from Kepler long-cadence data (∆t = 29. 42 min;  Borucki et al. 2010)  with the Kepler Asteroseismic Data Analysis and Calibration Software (KADACS;  García et al. 2011). KEPSEISMIC data were optimized for seismic studies and are also proper for the analysis of spot modulation in the light curves  (Santos et al. 2019b (Santos et al. , 2021a)). KEPSEISMIC data are obtained with customized apertures and corrected for outliers, jumps, drifts, and discontinuities at the Kepler Quarter edges. In addition, gaps smaller than 20 days were filled using in-painting techniques (see  García et al. 2014b; Pires et al. 2015). Finally, the light curves were high-pass filtered at 20, 55, and 80 days (i. e. , three KEPSEISMIC light curves were analyzed per star).
2021). To place the Sun in context of solar-like stars, we used more than 24 yr of data from the Variability of Solar Irradiance and Gravity Oscillations (VIRGO) sun photometer (SPM), which is on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO;  Domingo et al. 1995; Fröhlich et al. 1995 Fröhlich et al. , 1997;; Jiménez et al. 2002) , covering two full solar cycles: starting on 23 January 1996 and ending on 15 May 2021. For the final solar light curve, we only combined the green and red channels (hereafter VIRGO g+r), which best represent the Kepler bandwidth  (Basri et al. 2010). VIRGO/SPM collects observations with a cadence of 60 s, and thus we re-binned the data to 30 min to be consistent with Kepler long-cadence data and reduce computing time (note that a long cadence is sufficient to study the rotational modulation of Kepler solar-like stars, whose characteristic timescales are relatively long).
Photometric magnetic activity of the Sun For consistency with the Kepler bandpass, we analyzed Sun-asa-star VIRGO g+r photometric data  (Basri et al. 2010). To compute the S ph over segments of length 5 × P rot , we used P rot = 26. 43 ± 1. 04 days. The rotational analysis and the individual S ph values for solar cycles 23 and 24 are shown in Appendix A. Next, we split the S ph data into segments of 4 yr, which is the maximum length of the Kepler observations. The segments are spaced by 1 yr in order to cover a wide range of phases of the activity cycle. We also consider one last segment with a length of about 3 yr, which is the minimum observational length considered in this work (Sect. 2. 2). In total, we have 22 S ph segments. For each segment we computed the average and the standard deviation of the individual S ph values (shown in Fig.
Discussion and conclusions With the advent of planet-hunting missions such as Kepler, highprecision photometric time series are available for an extraordinarily large number of solar-like stars. For time series with rotational modulation, the photometric magnetic activity can be constrained through the S ph  (Mathur et al. 2014). In this work we investigate the temporal variability of the S ph over the length of the Kepler observations. Our target sample includes more than 44 000 Kepler solar-like (FGKM) stars with known average surface rotation periods and average S ph (selected from  Santos et al. 2019b Santos et al. , 2021a)). Furthermore, we analyzed solar VIRGO/SPM data in order to compare the behavior of the solar S ph with that observed for other stars. We find that the photometric magnetic activity is more variable for stars that are on average more active in comparison to that of weakly active targets.
3). While the fast-rotating population is on average more active than the slow-rotating one, we find that the distributions of the σ(S ph ) residuals (computed using a multivariate regression) are similar for both populations. These results suggest that the relation between the mean value of S ph and its variability does not change. The Sun also follows the same σ(S ph ) versus S ph relationship as the other solar-like stars, both for the full 24 yr time series and for the multiple 4 yr segments. The measured values for the solar 4 yr segments illustrate, however, the limitations associated with the observation length. In particular, the 4 yr data points span a relatively wide range of values in both σ(S ph ) and S ph , depending on the phase of the cycle. Four years of Kepler continuum monitoring might still be too short in the context of fully characterizing magnetic activity.
These results are also in good agreement with the theoretical predictions by  Amard & Matt (2020) , who find a significant [Fe/H] impact on the stellar structure, consistent with metal-rich stars being more magnetically active and spinning down faster than metal-poor stars. In that way, it is important to consider chemical composition in gyrochronology studies  (Amard & Matt 2020; Claytor et al. 2020a). Finally, we note that the Kepler S ph data do not show a discontinuity or evidence for a gap in activity that would be consistent with the VP gap, which would be located in the slowrotating population. However, we consider that Kepler S ph data cannot reject the existence of the VP gap, still debated in the literature. Firstly, while photometric and chromospheric APs are well correlated  (Salabert et al.
Acknowledgements. The authors thank  Vardan Zh. Adibekyan  for the helpful discussions. This work was supported by  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)  through national funds and by  Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)  through  COMPETE2020 -Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização  by these grants:  UIDB/04434/2020 & UIDP/04434/2020. This work was also supported by the  National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)  under Grant No. NNX17AF27G  to the  Space Science Institute (Boulder, CO USA). This paper includes data collected by the Kepler mission and obtained from the MAST data archive at the  Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Funding for the Kepler mission is provided by the  NASA Science Mission Directorate. STScI  is operated by the  Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc.
Immunofluorescence MEFs were plated on glass coverslips before infection, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min and permeabilized with pure methanol for 10min at -20°C. Cells were incubated with blocking buffer (5% FBS 0. 3% triton in PBS) for 1 hour, with primary antibodies diluted in antibody incubation buffer (AIB: 1% BSA 0. 3% triton in PBS) overnight at 4°C and with secondary antibodies and Hoechst (dilution 1:1000) diluted in AIB for 1 hour. Coverslips were mounted on slides and imaged with a widefield microscope (Zeiss Axio Observer. Z1 with a Plan-Apochromat 20x/0. 8 M27 objective and a Hamamatsu sCMOS ORCA-Flash 4. 0 v3 camera). ZEN blue 2012 software (ZEISS) imaging software was used for image capture and Image J software (National Institutes of Health) to adjust brightness and contrast.
Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using R (41) version 4. 1. 0. Viral titers, gene expression and genome copies were Log10-transformed for graphs and statistical tests. One way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD were used for testing multiple comparisons. For in vivo studies, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis followed by Wilcoxon tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing were used to handle values below the limit of detection. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was conducted using the MASS package  (42). The LDA was trained on the phenotypes of the two parental CC001 and CC071 strains from each infection batch. LDA coefficients were applied to backcross mice for assignment to "CC071-like" or "CC001-like" groups.
Genetic analysis Raw genotypes were curated using the stuart package  (43). QTL mapping was performed using R/qtl  (44). LDA prediction was used as a binary trait. Statistical significance thresholds were computed by data permutation (n=1000). 95% confidence interval was estimated using the 438 Bayesian method. 439                MEFs derived from B6 (gray circles), CC001 (blue triangles) and CC071 (red squares) were infected with ZIKV at a MOI of 5. Ifna4 expression was determined by RT-qPCR on MEFs total RNA by normalizing to Tbp housekeeping gene. Data are mean +/-sem from 3 biological replicates. One CC001, one B6 and one CC071 replicates at 0 hpi and one CC071 replicate at 24 hpi were below the limit of detection. Blue asterisks and black hashes show statistical significance of CC071 compared to CC001 and to B6, respectively (ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey HSD, */# p < 0.
Acknowledgements We thank  Matthieu Prot ,  Maxime Chazal  and  Sandrine Vandormael-Pournin  for technical advice and for providing reagents. We are grateful to  Tommy Penel  and  Rachid Chennouf  of the  Institut Pasteur Central Animal Facility of the C2RA (Center for Animal Resources and Research ) for the careful breeding of CC strains and for the maintenance of mice in the BSL-3 animal facility, respectively. We thank  Etienne Simon-Loriere  and  Nolwenn Jouvenet  for scientific advice and continuous support along this project.
Funding This work was supported by grants from the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)   NeuroZika  ( ANR-20-CE16-0017 ) and from the  French Government 's  Investissement d'Avenir program ,  Laboratoire d'Excellence: IBEID (Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases ,  ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID ). C. M. and M. B. were supported by doctoral fellowships from grant  ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID.
In a previous study, a Twitter campaign focused on the hashtag #DHPSP was executed for five weeks, yielding a total of 151,984,378 impressions  (Kletecka-Pulker et al. , 2021). Benjamin and Royer in 2018, have performed analytics of a six months-interval to track the significance of the @AACAnatomy Twitter account. Total impressions gained by the posts from that account were calculated to be 60,510 from September 2016 to February 2017  (Benjamin and Royer, 2018). These comparative data illustrate that the #INPST networking event, with its 65,004,773 impressions (views) achieved very high visibility in just one week in comparison to other biomedical Twitter-based campaigns. Similar conclusions can be also reached by comparing to the Spanish pro-vaccine Twitter campaign focused on the hashtag #yomevacuno, which was monitored for two weeks (between 14 December and 28 December 2020) and yielded 915,736 impressions  (Herrera-Peco et al.
The article featured in this tweet was published in Current Research in Biotechnology (Elsevier) in 2020. As per the Google Scholar record dated January 18 2022, this article has been cited a total of 25 times. Although, the follow-up time was too short to investigate whether the visibility-boost achieved through Twitter during the #INPST networking event might translate into more widespread readership and increasing citation rate for this paper, it is interesting to mention that previous works have indicated that on average widely tweeted manuscripts receive more citations  (Luc et al. , 2021). The most frequently used words, which were found in the #INPST tweets shared during the networking event, were also analyzed. The top 10 words were "read", "twitter", "research", "paper", "natural", "event", "analysis", "review", "published", and "networking" (Fig.
METHODS/DESIGN A nationwide prospective phase IIB open-label singlearm clinical trial was conducted in patients with therapyresistant slow-flow vascular malformation. All patients were enrolled in a single tertiary referral center between September 2017 and February 2021. The protocol was approved by the Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects (CCMO) in the Netherlands. The clinical trial (NCT03987152; EudraCT 2016-002157-38) was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and/or their legal representatives.
Power analysis Before starting the trial, a power analysis was performed, estimating the number of patients to be included. Based on the literature and verified in the first 12 patients (of the case series), we expect that pain can be reduced in at least 80% of patients. To estimate an 80% response rate in patients treated with sirolimus with a 10% accuracy and an alpha of 5%, 61 patients were needed. To be able to perform subgroup analysis (child/adult) and accounting for an estimated dropout rate of 10%-20%, the goal was to include 75 patients. Data were analyzed in SPSS. In case of missing data, patients were excluded from analysis. Means and standard deviations or 95% CI for continuous variables and proportions for nominal variables were given. In case of skewed data, medians with interquartile ranges or 95% CI for median for these variables were presented.
DISCUSSION For rare diseases, such as vascular malformations, repurposing of drugs that intervene on pathways involved provides new therapeutic options and a new perspective. For these new indications, target levels will have to be redetermined and may be different. The present clinical trial demonstrates that sirolimus treatment using low target levels in patients with  |  13  SIROLIMUS TREATMENT IN VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS slow-flow vascular malformations reduces pain, improves HRQOL, and is safe. The disease response (change in pain, HRQOL, symptoms, or size of the malformation) is similar to what is described in the literature for higher target levels (10-15 ng/mL). 7, 8 As vascular anomalies belong to the rare diseases, it is essential that clinical trials being performed include the same clinical outcome parameters to finally compare results and draw conclusions relevant for clinical practice (EudraCT: 2015-001703-32).
The advantage of a linear mixed model is the possibility to take dependencies between the observations into account. The observations of the same patient have been measured at several times. In this way, the observations are no longer independent, and therefore it is possible to take this into account in the statistical analysis. Moreover, a linear mixed model analyzes all data at once. It is not a problem when a measurement moment is missed, the rest will be included. With linear mixed models it is feasible to specify fixed and random effects. At baseline, higher pain scores were seen in adults compared with children. This may suggest that pain increases with age and is experienced differently compared with childhood. In respect to this, it might be possible that previous treatments, complications, or development of fibrous tissue in the vascular malformation may cause the difference.
119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy The 119 Sn Mössbauer spectroscopic measurements of the ScNiSn and ScNiSnH 0. 5 samples were conducted with a Ca 119 SnO 3 source in usual transmission geometry at 78 K in a commercial nitrogen bath cryostat. The source was kept at room temperature. To reduce the K X-rays emitted by the 119 Sn Mössbauer source, a thin palladium foil (thickness 0. 05 mm) was placed in front of the detector. The optimized absorber thickness was calculated according to the work of Long et al. [27]. Each sample was placed within a thin-walled PMMA container and was diluted with α-glucose. The WinNormos of Igor6 program package  [28]  was used to obtain suitable transmission integral fits for the 119 Sn spectra.
Theoretical calculations Total energies have been calculated by the projected-augmented plane-wave (PAW) implementation of the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP)  [29, 30]. All these calculations were made using the Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE)  [31]  exchange-correlation functional. Ground-state geometries were determined by minimizing both the stresses and the Hellman-Feynman forces using the conjugate-gradient algorithm with a force convergence threshold of 10 -3 eV⋅Å -1. Brillouin zone integration was performed with a Gaussian broadening of 0. 1 eV during all relaxations. From various sets of calculations, it was found that 2050 k points in the Brillouin zone for the structure with a 600 eV plane-wave cut-off are sufficient to ensure optimum accuracy in the computed results.
Neutron diffraction study of ScNiSnD 0. 5 Neutron diffraction has been performed using a separately prepared deuterated sample. Deuterium has been used instead of hydrogen to decrease the incoherent scattering of neutrons by the sample and to increase neutron scattering length. The sample contained 85 % of the major phase, ScNiSnD 0. 5 ZrNiAl-type deuteride (85%), which is just marginally smaller as compared to the data of the SR XRD study. The impurities, TiNiSi type orthorhombic ScNiSn and Cu 2 MnAl type ScNi 2- x Sn, were the same as for the hydride sample studied by SR XRD (Table  S5 ). Further to the metal substructure, the Rietveld refinements (Fig. 3b ) allowed to identify the positions of the deuterium atoms in the structure. The deuterium atoms D1 fill the centers of the trigonal bipyramidal sites Sc 3 Ni2 2 (Fig.