dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Rows represent results of performance of each method determined using different parameters. BF% (R S ): correlation between vBCS method and body fat percentage using Spearman's rank correlation; BCS actual Kappa: agreement between vBCS method and the actual BCS (9-integer unit system  [5]  determined by consensus between scores of two observers); Correct BCS assigned: proportion and percentage of dogs correctly scored using each vBCS method and the actual BCS The columns represent data for the three methods for visual body condition scoring (BCS) using photographs. vBCS measured : BCS based upon abdominal width to thoracic width ratio measured from a dorsal photograph; vBCS subjective : BCS semi-quantitatively assessed from a non-standardised photograph using visual descriptors; vBCS adjusted : a refinement of vBCS measured , whereby the A:T ratio was first used to estimate BS, but the observer could then modify after examining standardised dorsal and lateral photographs and applying visual BCS descriptors.
Rows represent results of performance of each method determined using different parameters. BF% (R S ): correlation between vBCS method and body fat percentage using Spearman's rank correlation; BCS actual Kappa: agreement between vBCS method and the actual BCS (9-integer unit system  [5]  determined by a single observer); Correct BCS assigned: proportion and percentage of dogs correctly scored using each vBCS method and the actual BCS could be given positive feedback regarding their dog's status, and advice on what to do to maintain this. In contrast, owners of obese or overweight dogs could be advised to seek veterinary attention. Such a system would have other benefits, for instance, from a research perspective. In this respect, a remote online tool, which removes the subjectivity of an owner, could enable costeffective collection of large datasets in a simple manner.
The use of a database of retrospectively collected images might also have affected the performance of the system, and it is possible that a scoring system would perform differently (possibly better) were photographs to be taken specifically for the purpose. A second study limitation relates to the population used for the study, namely a small cohort of overweight or obese dogs, with photographs having been taken either before or after weight loss. Given the small study size, some of the statistical analyses might have been underpowered. Further, body shape of dogs after weight loss might not be representative of dogs in ideal condition that had never been overweight. Moreover, images were not included of underweight dogs, to determine whether or not the same system could be used to determine condition of dogs in suboptimal condition.
Acknowledgements The study was funded by a grant from  Royal Canin  ( JXR10540 ). A co-author employed by the funders was directly involved in the study (see above). Dr Yann Queau  and  Samuel Serisier  are acknowledged for their assistance. Finally, the authors thank the 9 people who participated in the multiobserver study. The study was performed at the  Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, UK.
Therefore, direct information about the molecular relationships between AH drugs and ABC transporters in nematodes is still crucially lacking. In this context, the determination of the crystal structure of Cel-Pgp-1 at a good atomic resolution (3. 4 Å, Protein Data Bank PDB structure 4F4C) realizes a clear breakthrough as it is a unique and accurate molecular description of a nematode Pgp  (Jin et al. , 2012). Plus, it presents an open inward-facing conformation, defining a large cavity (the "inner chamber"), which is expected to be competent for substrate uptake as the first step of its transport enzymatic cycle. Thus, it provides a reliable structural basis to undertake in silico investigations of drug binding by molecular docking approaches. In this work, we studied the capacity of ML and other AHs of therapeutic interest to interact with Cel-Pgp-1 using in silico docking techniques.
8 kcal mol À1 ). This good qualitative and quantitative agreement for the correlation between in vitro enzymological data and in silico calculations provided confidence for using our modelling strategy to investigate putative interactions with Cel-Pgp-1 of compounds belonging to several AH classes. For the first time, we determined the parameters of nematode Pgp-AH interaction, including binding energy and location of the binding sites in the protein, with a model nematode Pgp. In particular, we delineated their predictive binding sites by identifying amino acid residues that interact with different drug substituents of importance in the specific binding of each ML. We thus proposed a molecular view of the binding of several ML, which showed a unified handling by the transporter since they all share a common binding domain in the inner chamber.
Structure of Cel-Pgp-1 The Cel-Pgp-1 X-ray structure, determined at a resolution of 3. 4 Å (PDB code 4F4C)  (Jin et al. , 2012) , was used in all docking calculations. The whole chain A was taken into account, with the exception of two detergent molecules (undecyl 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside, PDB entry name 0SA), bound in the inner chamber, and that have been removed for grid maps calculations. The 4F4C structure includes the full glycosylated Cel-Pgp-1 sequence (1321 amino acids), but N-terminal (M1-R3) and C-terminal (G1307-K1321) segments are missing in the structure, as well as a short segment (A52-E54) located in an extended loop of the first TMD domain, and a 49-residues segment (K666-E715) belonging to the linker region. Interestingly, an additional helix-turn-helix motif (Q9-V32) is present in the N-terminal domain, a structural feature that has not been observed in other Pgp structures released in the PDB.
Orientations of proteins in membranes database (http://opm. phar. umich. edu/) allowed the determination of the position of the lipid bilayer relative to Cel-Pgp-1, which defined the grid box position. The atomic coordinates PDB file was then converted into a PDBQT file by AutoDock Tools 4  (Morris et al. , 2009)  for docking calculations. PyMOL (The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, Version 1. 3, Schr€ odinger, LLC) was used as visualization tools for various tasks (3D alignments, ligands and hotspots location, grid box positioning for AutoGrid 4) and for structure rendering in figures.
Docking calculations Molecular docking experiments were performed using Auto-Dock 4 (release 4. 2. 6) in the semi-flexible mode with the Cel-Pgp-1 4F4C PDB structure kept rigid, and prepared with AutoDock Tools  (Morris et al. , 2009). AutoDock, which is the most cited docking software  (Sousa et al. , 2006 (Sousa et al. , , 2013)) , has a free-energy scoring function based on AMBER force field and a large set of diverse protein-ligand complexes with known inhibition constants. Few residues of the protein could have been declared as flexible in the PDBQT file, but the program restrains the total number of torsional degrees of freedom to 32, shared between the ligand and the receptor. This is a drawback in the case of the Cel-Pgp-1 structure, since the inner chamber is large, and in the absence of consistent indications about the exact location of the binding sites of the various drugs, different cavities have to be taken into account in the calculation.
Thus, we privileged an approach based on better coverage of ligand flexibility and a grid box extended to the whole membrane part of the receptor protein. Indeed, for all ligands tested, the docking box, in which grid maps were computed using program AutoGrid 4, encompassed all the TM helices and the whole internal cavity, including lateral access channels and protein surface, to allow a large sampling of potential poses. The grid built by AutoGrid included 100, 124, and 126 points in x, y, and z directions, with a grid spacing of 0. 375 Å to allow a good compromise between resolution of the explored volume and the size of the binding area (box dimensions 37. 5 Â 46. 5 Â 47. 3 Å, centered in the inner cavity of Cel-Pgp-1, at the point x ¼ 22. 2 Å; y ¼ 77. 6 Å; z ¼ À1. 4 Å). For each ligand conformer, 100 independent calculations were performed using the Lamarckian genetic algorithm.
Determination of the residues constituting the "hotspots for drug binding" A number of experimental works have been conducted in order to determine the key residues responsible for multidrug recognition by mammalian Pgp (human and rodent isoforms). They initially included various directed-mutagenesis analyses that allowed identification of residues whose mutation led to alterations of the MDR profile, in contrast to numerous mutations that led to unspecific global decrease of Pgp function. The significance of these mutations was shown by cytotoxicity assays, which were a good indication of their involvement in the multi-specific drug recognition and binding. Furthermore, some additional data were collected with a chemical cross-linking approach, using a few drug derivatives bearing a moiety that could be activated, and ensuring specificity by testing protection by the native drug.
Acknowledgements We deeply acknowledge  Chantal Lebrun  and  Nicolas Loiseau  for valuable help with data analysis, presentation and comments on the manuscript. We also thank  Fabien Jourdan  and  Cl ement Frainay  for extensive technical support, and the  GenoToul Bioinformatics  hardware infrastructure that was used for computing. This work was supported by the  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada , the  FRQNT Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Quebec , and  EMIDA ERA-NET  project  CARES  n  11-EMID-003-02.
Sampling and data collection Horses were examined and sampled either at rest or at least 2 h after any exercise. Venous blood samples were collected for haematological assessment, in order to rule out any systemic disease. Although being clinically healthy at the time of inclusion, some horses eventually became clinically affected throughout the study. Presence of respiratory clinical signs, including nasal discharge and coughing at the time of sampling time was then systematically noticed. Tracheal mucus was systematically scored (grade 1-5), according to the previously published scale  [15]. NS were taken from the nasopharynx using tailormade 40 cm long stems ended with a 3 cm long and 1 cm diameter cotton swab (Coveto, Montaigu, France), and immediately placed into 4 ml of transport medium.
All measurements of holotype, allotype, and paratypes are available at http://opensiuc. lib. siu. edu/zool_data/9/. Mammalian specimens used in the helminthological examinations are part of the holdings of the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève, Switzerland (MHNG), and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN). Genomic DNA was extracted, isolated, and purified from three vouchered nematodes following standard protocols  [12, 16]. These aliquots were used as a template to amplify a fragment of the mitochondrial gene coding for the large ribosomal subunit RNA (rrnL); the primers and thermal profile used to complete the reactions, as well as the postamplification processing of these fragments, are identical to those described elsewhere  [11, 16]. Published sequences of available herpetostrongyles, heligmosomoids, heligmonellids, and viannaids were downloaded from GenBank, aligned using Clustal Omega (http://www.
Molecular results The phylogenetic reconstruction based on the mitochondrial gene rrnL is shown in Figure  13. This tree is the consensus resulting from the estimation of the posterior probabilities of the branches. The analysis of the dataset using parsimony and Maximum Likelihood results in six and three trees, respectively. The trees obtained using Maximum Likelihood are essentially the same, since the only difference is the reciprocal position of the specimens identified as G. marginalis. The six trees generated with parsimony as optimality criterion have a length of 1,411 steps and a consistency index of 0. 43, resulting  Nevertheless, the monophyly of G. marginalis is supported in all three analyses (Fig. 12 ). This species appears to be clustered with the heligmonellid Hassalstrongylus sp.
Acknowledgements. Coralie Martin , from the  MNHN Paris , provided accession numbers for type specimens. Gabor Racz  and  Scott Gardner , HWML, provided collection numbers for some of the type specimens. Marcelo Knoff , CHIOC, kindly lent us paratypes of G. gomesea and G. zetta. Ian Beveridge ,  Ramon Carreno ,  Mike Kinsella , and  Nidia Sandoval  graciously provided crucial samples to complete this work. Ed Heist , director of the  Conservation Genetics Laboratory of SIU , allowed the use of crucial facilities. Fieldwork in French Guiana was funded by the  French National  Project  ANR 06-SEST-20 IAEL  attributed to the  MIVEGEC  ( UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290 ) laboratory of Montpellier, France.
CRE is for the organization where they concern about users; satisfaction. CBR fits with the organization where they have experiences about choosing software. On the other hand, these software selection processes have the phases in common. As a result researcher classifies the common task of each method into 3 tasks which are selection, analysis and assesment as shown in Fig. 1. The Eliminate, Combine Rearrange, and Simplify (ECRS) method is adapted to conclude the research methodology in this research  [22]. Selection is about searching or identifying what kind of software that we need. Analysis is the designing process that we could filter or manage the software from the previous process. Assessment is the process that validate the selected software.
4. 1 Matching Prioritized Services with the Selected Cloud Provider Fig. 3. The Diagram for the Learning Support Services Fig. 3. is showing the relation between the services and software as a service of the provider. There are 14 learning cloud services as follows: translation, search, synchronization, file storage and sharing, wiki, discussion board, social network, blogging, internet telephony, e-mail, sms, chat, video on demand, and code. However, only 11 Google apps that matched with the selected cloud learning services which are Google translate, Google search, Google Syn, Google drive, Google site, Google group, Google+, Blogger, Gmail, Youtube for education, Google code. Google+ could match both social network and internet telephony. Gmail could provide services for e-mail, sms and chat.
fMRI Data Acquisition and Preprocessing Binaural auditory stimuli were presented by a digital playback system and included a high-frequency shielded transducer system. The acoustic transmission system included a piezoelectric loudspeaker enabling the transmission of strong sound pressure levels (105 dB) with excellent attenuation characteristics  (Jäncke et al. , 2002). The approximate delivered intensity level in the scanner was about 90 dB. These loudspeakers were embedded in tightly occlusive headphones, allowing unimpeded conduction of the stimulus with good suppression of ambient scanner noise by about 20 dB. The headphones we used for the experiment had a frequency response ranging from 100 to 16 KHz. Additionally, noise-protection ear plugs within the loudspeakers provided an additional noise attenuation of about 15-20 dB, resulting in a total noise attenuation of 35-40 dB.
The acoustic transmission system allowed stimulation of acoustic stimuli with relatively few distortions. A Philips Intera 3-T whole-body MR unit (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) equipped with an 8-channel Philips SENSE head coil was used to acquire fMRIs at the University Hospital, Zurich. Functional data were obtained from 320 wholehead scans per run using a Sensitivity Encoded (SENSE) singleshot echo-planar imaging (EPI) technique (TA/TR = 2000 ms, time echo = 35 ms, flip angle = 78 • , field of view = 220 mm, acquisition matrix = 80 × 80, 30 transverse slices, voxel size = 1. 72 × 1. 72 × 4. 00 mm). MRI data analysis was performed by using MATLAB 2013b (Mathworks Inc. , Natick, Massachusetts) and the SPM12 software package (Institute of Neurology, London, UK). All images were realigned to the first image of each run, spatially normalized into standard stereotactic MNI space (EPI template provided by the Montreal Neurological Institute), interpolated to a voxel size of 2.
To study the effect of exclusion of cases possibly affected by awareness of a putative association, in one of the settings we excluded the cases with onset dates and diagnosis dates after 15 August 2010. Each of these sensitivity analyses was conducted in the absence of a hypothesis. For each set of simulation parameters, 500 replications were analyzed, each producing an estimate and 95% confidence interval. Reported results are the exponentiated median of these 500 estimates calculated on the log scale and medians of the lower and upper confidence limits. All analyses were conducted using SAS 9 • 2.
02°. Bulk chemical composition of the materials (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur) was determined with a ThermoFlash 1112 apparatus. Surface chemical composition was analysed through XͲray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) by using an ESCAPlus OMICRON system equipped with a hemispherical electron energy analyser. The spectrometer was operated at 10 kV and 15 mA, using a nonͲmonochromatised MgͲKD XͲRay Source (hQ = 1253. 6 eV) and under vacuum (< 5 u 10 Ͳ9 Torr). Analyser pass energy of 50 eV was used for survey scans and 20 eV for detailed scans. The C1s peak at 284. 5 eV was used for binding energy correction. A survey scan (1 sweep / 200 ms dwell) was acquired between 1100 and 0 eV. Current region sweeps for N1s, O1s and C1s were obtained. CASA data processing software allowed smoothing, Shirley type background subtraction, peak fitting and quantification.
Acknowledgements The IJL research team gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the  CPER 2007Ͳ2013 "Structuration du Pôle de Compétitivité Fibres Grand'Est" (Competitiveness Fibre Cluster ), through local ( Conseil Général des Vosges ), regional ( Région Lorraine ), national (DRRT and FNADT) and  European (FEDER)  funds. Part of this work was supported by  CHEERS  project (FEDER funds). Dr. A. SanchezͲSanchez  acknowledges the  University of Lorraine  and the  Region Lorraine  for financing her postͲDoctoral contract.
Mass spectrometry analysis Purine metabolites were identified by mass and retention time with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (TSQ Quantum Access Max, Thermo) with heated electrospray ionization (HESI). The HESI source was operated in negative-ion mode with the following settings: spray voltage 4000 V, vaporizer temperature 250°C, sheath gas pressure 50 arb, ion sweep gas pressure 0. 0 arb, auxillary gas pressure 10 arb, and capillary temperature 300°C. Compounds were identified by comparing the retention time and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) pairs (Table  3 ) during one scan event with a 20 msec scan time, as well as through the addition of purine standards. Data was processed using computer software (Xcalibur Quan Browser, Thermo).
Statistical analysis Statistical comparisons were performed using statistical software (SAS ® for Windows, version 9. 4, Cary, NC, 27513). The coefficient of variation for within and between days (n=4) was calculated for individual samples of Pacific herring and striped mullet. The ratios of TP4 to TP8 within species were assessed visually and were found to be normally distributed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The correlations between TP4 and TP8, and between the logarithms of TP4 and TP8, were compared between groups of species using a general linear model procedure (SAS proc glm). The ratio of TP8:TP4 and the ratio of inosine to hypoxanthine were compared among fish species' nested within species group using a general linear model (SAS glimmix) and post-hoc comparisons of least square means were performed with a Tukey-Kramer correction applied.
Acknowledgements The  University of Florida (UF) Aquatic Animal Health Program , the  US Navy Marine Mammal Program (MMP) ,  Sea World Parks and Entertainment, Inc. , and the  Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics  ( NIH  grant  U24DK097209 ) provided funding to support this research. The MMP and Sea World Orlando also provided the managed diet fish samples analyzed, and the  Chicago Zoological Society 's  Sarasota Dolphin Research Program  provided the opportunity to collect the free-ranging diet fish species. Karen Scott, PhD ,  Brian Vagt , and the  UF Meat Sciences Department  assisted with sample processing.
1 , while Table  1  presents the design characteristics, employed for the implementation of the LCA, for each of the designs; VPE water supply system (D1), steel water supply system (D2), copper water supply system (D3). To this end, DDS-CAD was employed to model the design of the water supply system, while GaBi software (Version 6) adopted the model to implement a 'cradle-to-gate' LCA based on the principles described in the ISO 14040  Standard (ISO, 2006)  for the investigation of its environmental performance and the definition of its level of sustainability throughout its life cycle. It is also worth mentioning that the environmental impacts during the installation, operational, and end-of-life phases for the water supply systems under examination were not considered in this LCA. Accordingly, any potential impacts during these life-cycle phases were found outside the defined system boundaries.
In particular, the dataset for the polyethylene water supply system includes all relevant process steps and technologies over the supply chain, mainly based on industry data, complemented by secondary data. The LCI of the VPE water supply system under investigation is given in Table  4. The LCI of the steel water supply system covers the raw materials extraction and processing for its manufacturing; the inputs of Table  5  relate to all raw material inputs, including steel scrap, energy, water, and transport, while the outputs include steel and other co-products, emissions to air, water and land. It is worth noting that the LCI does not include a credit for recycling of steel at end of life or a burden for steel scrap input during manufacturing. The dataset for the copper water supply system covers all relevant process steps and technologies over its supply chain, encompassing mining and processing (concentrate production), hydrometallurgy (leaching, solvent extraction, electro winning) and pyrometallurgy (smelting, converting, fire refining, electrolytic refining).
Purpose Manganese is a metal used extensively in everyday life, particularly in structural steel. Despite the importance of manganese as an essential alloying element in steel and stainless steel, the environmental profile of manganese alloys lacked globally representative, primary industry data. The International Manganese Institute (IMnI) and Hatch completed the first global life cycle assessment (LCA) of manganese alloy production, providing environmental benchmarks and a firm foundation of accurate data with which to inform other industry-led initiatives. Methods The study compiled primary data from 16 ore and alloy producers worldwide, covering 18 % of global ore production and 8 % of global alloy production for 2010. This peer-reviewed, ISO 14040 compliant LCA covers the cradleto-gate life cycles of silicomanganese, ferromanganese, and refined ferromanganese.