dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank and acknowledge the six case studies' authors:  David Venus ,  Karl Höfler ,  Julia Maydl  (AT)  Jirí Sedlák ,  Petr Jelínek ,  Karel Struhala  (CZ),  Ove Christen Mørck ,  Iben Østergaard ,  Kirsten Engelund Thomsen ,  Jørgen Rose ,  Søren Østergaard Jensen (DK) ,  Manuela Almeida ,  Marco Ferreira ,  Nelson Brito  (PT),  Ana Sánchez-Ostiz ,  Silvia Domingo-Irigoyen  (ES),  Åke Blomsterberg ,  Rikard Nilsson  (SE).
Acknowledgments: This work has been partially funded by  CONICET  under Grant No. PIP 449  (JPC), and the  National University of La Plata , Project No. X718  (JPC), and  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico -CNPq ,  305894/2009-9 (G. K. ), 501881/2014-0 (DK ) and  Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo -FAPESP ,  2013/01907-0  (G. K. ),  2016/01343-7 (JPC).
Study population We included all patients with a diagnosis of AF seen in the cardiology department in our institution between January 2000 and December 2010. Patients' characteristics were obtained from the records of our institution's computerized codification system for each patient  [9, 10]. Data on death and events during follow-up until December 2010 were obtained by searching in the medical database from consultation and hospitalization reports. The Regional University Hospital Centre (CHRU) of Tours serves approximately 400,000 inhabitants, is the only public institution in an area of about 4,000 km² and includes a total of 4 hospitals covering all medical and surgical specialties. We defined major bleeding using the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) definitions  [18]. Major BARC bleeding was defined as bleeding with a reduction in the A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T 5 5 hemoglobin level of at least 20 g per litre, or with transfusion of at least 1 unit of blood, or symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ (e.
Limitations This study was based on a registry and is subject to the limitations inherent to retrospective observational analyses. The study population was hospital-based and therefore may not be representative of all patients with AF. The study was not ethnically diverse and our findings may A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T 10 10 not be generalizable to other populations. Another caveat is that we did not have access to data on events occurring outside of our area. There were also numerous variables to be taken into account, and it is possible that we had overlooked confounding factors, which might affect the value of multivariable statistical analysis. Otherwise, as our study extends from 2000 to 2010, and patients were not yet taking NOACs. Without any such patients, we only made assumptive projections for NOACs whereas the others were based upon observation.
Expression pattern of GNIP/TRIM7 isoforms in human muscle tissues and cultured cells The relative abundance of GNIP/TRIM7 transcripts was assessed in samples of human muscle tissue and cultured cells using β2-microglobulin as a reference gene (Figure  1A ). In all tested SKM cultured cells, the GNIP1 mRNA level was always much higher than TRIM7. In contrast, in the cardiomyocyte AC16 cell line, GNIP1 mRNA was undetectable, whereas mRNA levels of TRIM7 were comparable to the ones measured in SKM. The mRNA levels of GNIP2 and GNIP3 were undetectable in all measured samples (data not shown). The GNIP/TRIM7 protein isoforms profile was analyzed in human muscle tissues by immunoblot, using an antibody generated against a peptide sequence that is present in all GNIP/TRIM7 isoforms. As shown in Figure  1B , the strongest signal corresponding to a protein band of the same size as GNIP1 overexpressed in LHCN-M2 cells (Figure  1C ) was observed for SKM tissue.
In contrast, the intensity of a protein band of the predicted molecular size for TRIM7 (23. 7 kDa) and the same size of TRIM7 overexpressed in LHCN-M2 cells (Figure  1D ) was higher in CM. However, these bands were not observed in smooth muscle tissue (Figure  1B ). Therefore, these data suggest that, among the different GNIP/TRIM7 variants, GNIP1 (isoform 1) is the most abundant form in human SKM, whereas TRIM7 (isoform 4) is predominant in CM, both at the mRNA and protein levels.
We found that high molecular weight TRIM7 and GNIP1 species were formed in the presence of UbcH5a, while we did not observe the high molecular weight GST-GNIP2 species (Figure  2B ). Membranes were stained with GNIP/TRIM7 antibody and an ubiquitin antibody. Both antibodies detect the same protein bands indicating that the specific bands are ubiquitinated species of GNIP1 or TRIM7 (Figure  2A  and 2B ). Together, these data indicate that TRIM7 and GNIP1 have autoubiquitination activity in vitro, whereas GNIP2 lacks this activity.
Effect of GNIP1 overexpression on glycogen metabolism in mouse SKM To analyze the possible impact of GNIP1 protein on glycogen metabolism, gastrocnemius mouse muscle was treated with the Ad-GNIP1 adenovirus to overexpress human GNIP1 or Ad-GFP adenovirus, as a transduction control. In an immunoblot analysis, the antibody against GNIP/TRIM7 proteins detected a band in Ad-GFP-treated muscle between 60-75 kDa (Figure  4A ), which was much more intense in mouse muscle treated with Ad-GNIP1 (1320±265 expressed as a percentage of the value obtained in gastrocnemius muscle of GFP-mice. p≤ 0. 001 (n=12)). Importantly, human GNIP1 and GFP protein levels were undetectable in the liver of GNIP1-or GFP-mice respectively (data not shown). Therefore, we concluded that no systemic distribution of GNIP1 or GFP had occurred.
08 ± 0. 13, p=0. 84 (n=9) ) gene expression were observed in GNIP1mice compared to GFP-mice. Thus, together these data suggest that GNIP1 overexpression in mouse muscle in vivo leads to decreased blood glucose levels, lactate levels and body weight, and activates the Akt-GSK-3-GS signaling pathway and glycogen accumulation without altering the inflammatory status of gastrocnemius muscle.
Funding This study was supported by grants from the  Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación  ( SAF2012-37480  to AMG,  SAF2015-64146-R  to MVC) and  CIBERDEM 20  ( CB07/08/0003  and  CB07/08/0012 ) in Spain, as well as the  DIATRAIN Mobility Program-CIBERDEM  and  FP7-People-2010-COFUND  ( European Commission ).
g. i enticate). is so ware is used by universities and journals for tracking people just like you. As the databases behind these services grow, plagiarism is becoming harder and harder. Even self-plagiarism is not allowed by a vast majority of scienti c journals. All of this means that you have to be really innovative in your plagiarism techniques  (Long, Errami, George, Sun, & Garner, 2009). We've reached the point where writing your own text might be an easier option.
Rule 7: Do not allow for replication outside your lab Here comes the tricky part: replication. It may surprise you, but some researchers may want to replicate your results using the methods explained in your article. (Open Science Collaboration, 2015) replicated 100 experi-ments reported in three high-ranking psychology journal. Or tried, at least; they concluded that some experiments were not replicable at all. ere are even scienti c journals that are now dedicated to replications (e. g. h p://rescience. github. io). If people try to replicate your work and do not get the same results, you have a problem. ey may insist on seeing your actual data and, if you refuse, you might be suspected of fraud or misconduct. You can try rule 6, but if there are several failed replications, it will be much harder to deny access to your data.
PoS(NEUTEL2017)078 The ERC granted ENUBET project aims at developing the technologies to reduce by a factor ∼10 the systematics in neutrino fluxes from conventional beams, allowing measuring the ν e (and ν e ) cross section with a 1% precision, in the region of interest for future oscillation experiments looking for CP violation. This goal is accomplished by monitoring in an instrumented decay tunnel the high angle positron produced in K e3 decays of charged kaons. The Monte Carlo simulation of the positron tagger in realistic conditions and a preliminary event reconstruction chain will be described, together with results on the expected signal selection efficiency.
We describe a method for assembling a database of relevant, peer-reviewed research conducted in all agricultural landscapes in Europe and neighbouring countries with similar biogeography, addressing the primary question: what are the impacts of selected EFA features in agricultural land on two policy-relevant ecosystem service outcomes-global climate regulation and pollination? The method is streamlined to allow results in good time for the current, time-limited opportunity to influence reforms of the CAP greening measures at European and Member State level. Methods: We will search four bibliographic databases in English, using a predefined and tested search string that focuses on a subset of EFA options and ecosystem service outcomes. The options and outcomes are selected as those with particular policy relevance and traction.
Only articles in English will be included. We will screen search results at title, abstract and full text levels, recording the number of studies deemed non-relevant (with reasons at full text). A systematic map database that displays the meta-data (i. e. descriptive summary information about settings and methods) of relevant studies will be produced following full text assessment. The systematic map database will be published as a MS-Excel database. The nature and extent of the evidence base will be discussed, and the applicability of methods to convert the available evidence into EFA calculator scores will be assessed.
This is described as a general framework, but without a detailed protocol, so the reliability of the weightings and scores is somewhat difficult to assess. A systematic map has been commissioned by JRC to strengthen the evidence base and methodology underlying the EFA calculator, in order for an improved version to be applied in the forthcoming period, to help define and implement a policy based on reliable evidence. The opportunity to influence reforms of the CAP greening measures, and the EFAs, both at European and Member State level, is a short-lived policy window  [32]. At the end of 2018, it will close and not open again for several years. There is therefore considerable urgency for the outcomes of this systematic mapping exercise. This has influenced the protocol, by confining the number of EFA options, ecosystem services outcomes that could be included, and substantially constraining the number of databases that can be searched.
Bibliographic databases The following academic citation databases will be searched for studies: 1. Web of Science Core Collections (http://www. wok. mimas. ac. uk/). 2. Science Direct (http://www. sciencedirect. com/). 3. Scopus (http://www. scopus. com/). 4. CAB Direct (https://www. cabdirect. org/). We will not search the internet databases such as Google Scholar, or specified websites, for grey literature. This is because the European Commission, who requested and funded the project, has expressed a strong preference for the outcomes of this work, including the contents of the systematic map and the derived impact scores for an updated version of the EFA calculator, to be based on peer-reviewed, published scientific literature. We appreciate that this limited search strategy is likely to miss relevant evidence, including some peer-reviewed evidence in Ph.
g. hedge$ will pick up hedge and hedges. This wildcard will only be used to search the Web of Science Core Collection database, as searches in Science Direct and Scopus automatically retrieve plural forms. Search terms will be combined using the Boolean operators AND (both terms must appear somewhere in the search fields) and OR (at least one term must appear). The proximity operator NEAR/n (Web of Science Core Collection) or W/n (Science Direct and Scopus) will be used to find records where terms joined by this operator appear within a specified number of words (n) of each other. For example, "climate change" NEAR/1 mitigat* will pick up 'climate change mitigation' , 'mitigate climate change' , etc. The comprehensiveness of the tested search strings was assessed using a total of 37 relevant articles (test papers) identified through an explorative database search complemented by snowballing and personal knowledge.
Individual search strings were developed for each of the seven EFA feature-ecosystem service combinations, which returned all of these test papers for that combination, from two academic databases: Web of Science and ScienceDirect. The seven final search strings are shown in Table  3. The results of the scoping process through which they were developed, including the test papers, are reported in Additional file 1. Optimal cut off dates were determined using the 'Hedges or wooded strips-climate regulation' combination. Three different cut off dates were tested: 1980 (in line with Tzilivakis et al. [27] ), 1995 (justified by the rapid increase in ecosystem service and agri-environment scheme research after that date) and 2005 (publication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). The year 1995 was selected as the most appropriate cut-off date.
Study information Period of study, Study location name, Country/continent, Study design (from a set of standard terms defined below); EFA feature(s) addressed (Table  1 ); Ecosystem service addressed (Table  1 ); comparator-alternative land cover option (primary question) or EFA parameters or parameter classes (secondary question); outcome metric (Table  2 ). Table  4  defines terms that will be used to describe study design, largely following those used by the Conservation Evidence project to summarize studies  [39, 40]. For comparators (alternative land cover options and parameters) and outcome metrics, a set of standard terms will be developed to define the options available in each database field, as the systematic map progresses. These will follow the terms used in the EFA calculator  [27]  as far as possible, although new parameters and metrics can be introduced if they are present in the literature.
Study mapping and presentation All included studies and their meta-data will be recorded in a MS-Excel database that will be made available with the published systematic map report, as an additional supporting file. The accompanying report will describe the review process, the amount and nature of available evidence, knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research. Since the objective of this systematic map is to enable the commissioning organisation (JRC) to update and adjust the impact scores in the EFA calculator  [27]  and identify knowledge gaps with greater transparency and rigour, a final section of the systematic map report will consider and assess the available methods to convert elements of the systematic map into impact and weighting scores. This will include identifying EFA feature-impact combinations that are sufficiently covered by existing quantitative studies to allow full systematic review (including critical appraisal and meta-analysis); identifying EFA feature-impact combinations where the evidence includes quantitative models that could be used to generate scores directly; and describing a trial of the 'summary and expert assessment of evidence approach' demonstrated by Dicks et al.
Availability of data and materials This article will be published open access, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. 0 International License (http://creativecommons. org/ licenses/by/4. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons. org/publicdomain/zero/1. 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The references collected for the systematic map will be made available under similar conditions, as an MS-Excel file.
Data and Methods This work is focused on the Sahel region (20 • W-30 • E, 10 • N-20 • N) , where West African monsoon processes occur. We use rainfall ground based data at four sites in Senegal. In order to compare the results with mid-latitudes, we also analyze data from four sites in France. The daily cumulative precipitation is obtained from the rain gauges of the large rainfall database of the French Research Institute for Development (IRD) deployed in Senegal. Rainfall observations data at the four sites in France are produced by Meteo-France. In this work we use version 1. 1 of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) daily rainfall data for the period 1998-2008, which allows us to extend the characterization of rainfall durations and lengths between 0 and 40 • N to cover the equatorial zone, Sahel and mid-latitude.
The One-Degree Daily (1DD) product consists in the daily estimate of precipitation on a 1 • × 1 • latitude/longitude grid from available observational data. Where possible (40 • N-40 • S), the Threshold-Matched Precipitation Index (TMPI) provides precipitation estimates in which the 3-hourly infrared brightness temperatures (IR Tb) are compared with a threshold and all "cold" pixels are given a single precipitation rate. Starting in October 1996, the GPCP set the stage for higher resolution estimates by working with the geosynchronous-satellite operators around the world to collect histograms of geo-IR brightness temperature (Tb) on a 1 • × 1 • grid covering 40 • N-40 • S at 3-hourly intervals. To complete the coverage of the TMPI precipitation dataset obtained from the 3-hourly geo-IR histograms, a technique for estimating precipitation outside of the geo-IR coverage was developed using sounding data from low-earth polar-orbit satellites.
The Sahelian region has a rapid latitudinal transition of the characteristic lengths and durations of the rainfall episodes. For the distributions of lengths or spatial extensions of the rainfall episodes the probability distribution analysis highlights an exponential decrease over the whole study area from equator to mid-latitudes. In latitudes where an exponential law is detected for both duration and length, north of 12 • N, the measured duration and characteristic lengths (L 0 and T 0 ) must be coherent, allowing to define an advection "statistical speed" (V 0 = L 0 /T 0 ) characteristic of these rainy systems which depends only on temporal and spatial (horizontal) morphology of the rains. We propose a simple statistical treatment of the daily rain databases allowing a « characteristic time duration » (T 0 ) and a characteristic horizontal size (L 0 ) of rain systems to be measured on each site.
We plan to further validate these results using a more recent rain climatological data base, allowing longer time series and larger space resolution (GPCC data base, Schneider et al. [20]). We plan to extend the study to a larger set of stations of the AMMA and HYMEX datasets. The detection of a similar transition using the GCM rain results could also be a sensible test for the convection parameterization schemes used in these models (more sensible than the comparisons based on first order statistics). This statistical approach will provide a better understanding of the spatio-temporal distribution of rain events and facilitate their modeling and forecasting for the Sahel region. Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the  Centre d'Excellence Africain (CEA) Mathématiques, Informatique et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (MITIC)  for hosting this research.
Like diffusion, blood microcirculation results in a monoexponential decay of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, but 10 times faster, which results in a biexponential decay of diffusion signal. This model allows to calculate, apart from ADC, the pseudodiffusion (D*), the flowing fraction within blood vessels and tubuli (F) and the true water diffusion coefficient in the tissue (D). This intra-voxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model describes DWI data at best, in the presence of sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)  [8]  (Supplementary data, Section S3. 2). On the contrary, the monoexponential model is the most robust against low SNR but fits DWI data the least  [8] [9] [10]. Despite the number of studies showing its limitations, monoexponential model has still been used in the majority of renal DWI studies performed so far (68% in total, reducing to 50% of the studies performed since 2016), probably due to the wide availability and ease of use of ADC (but not IVIM parameter) computation tools.
Part of what is required for this is progress in data acquisition. There are a lot of challenges in data acquisition, particularly when you're looking across multiple scales, whether molecular networks or the amazing capacity we now have for quantitative dynamic imaging. And then you really need modeling to try and make sense of this huge amount of data: to test ideas and drive the research forward. One other thing I feel we're missing somehow at the moment is the capacity to clearly visualize what large data sets are already out there and how we can reuse them. Whilst of course having multiple independently generated datasets can be valuable and add to confidence of findings, there is a risk that time, effort, and money spent be used unnecessarily.
Introduction Many everyday calculations involve adding combinations of one-digit and two-digit numbers. This is so whether we are shopping, measuring for sewing or a building project or analysing data in a rainfall graph. This partly explains why adding oneand two-digit numbers is a key focus in primary school mathematics education. However, approaches to teaching this type of calculation vary within and between countries. The teaching approach in many countries today emphasises children learning a variety of arithmetic strategies so that they can successfully and efficiently perform calculations mentally. However, other approaches draw upon textbooks that focus on children learning standard written methods for performing these calculations. It is important for teachers to understand the affordances and limitations of various teaching approaches for children's arithmetic learning.
Langley divided the features selection methods in two groups according to the unsupervised or supervised aspect of the algorithm, respectively named "filter" methods and "wrapper" methods  (Langley 1994). "Filter" methods select from the dataset a subset of features which are independent of the classification algorithm and then can be used with different classifiers. Thus, their computational cost is low, which facilitates their application on huge datasets. This kind of methods takes into account the data structure and the information contained in their spatial distribution. (Ferreira and Figueiredo, 2012) ,  (Guyon and Elisseeff, 2003)  use the relationship between input features and output classes. (Liu and al. , 2014) ,  (Zhang and Sun, 2002)  and  (Zhao and al. , 2013 ) consider both, the inter and intra-classes distances in order to preserve the internal structure of data.
Another constraint is that the system must be able to work with small training datasets often not well-balanced (some singularity classes are rare). The respect of the real-time constraint of the industrial production system is another challenge. Consequently, the recognition model must remain relatively simple and the use of basic operators is required. In other words, the main problems rely both on the amount of data to be processed and on their quality. Moreover, only basic features are calculated (such as perimeters, or surface values) due to the real time constraint. So, it is important in such a context to provide a system, which can efficiently process a few data which can also be vague while keeping the most efficient parameters. So far, this kind of classification problems is relatively poorly investigated  (Abdulhady and al.