dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
| Data We compile a data set of mayoral elections using reports published after the elections in 2008, 2014, and 2020 by the Bavarian State Agency for Statistics. The official reports include electoral results in the period 2003 to 2020 from all municipalities with more than 10,000 inhabitants at the time of the election. The reports also comprise rescheduled elections, that is, elections needed when a mayor dies or withdraws before the term of office ends. Overall, the data cover 682 mayoral elections in 233 distinct municipalities. 7 Missing data in the statistical reports of the first ballots in the rescheduled elections are retrieved from municipalities' webpages or newspaper articles. We gather data on the number of eligible persons, voters, valid votes, incumbents, candidates, their party affiliation, and election results.
From these data, we construct turnout, vote shares, or the candidate's gender based on first names. Data on the number of infections and fatalities due to Covid-19 at the county level are taken from the Bavarian Agency for Health and Food Safety. We rely on the data provided by the Bavarian State Agency for Statistics covering municipalities with more than 10,000 inhabitants for reasons of consistency. Results from mayoral elections in smaller municipalities are provided, if at all, either by the counties or the municipalities themselves. Data availability, structure, and level of detail vary considerably over counties/municipalities in former electoral cycles. Besides that, smaller municipalities rarely need second ballots, especially when incumbents run for reelection, as the number of candidates and the extent of electoral competition is usually low.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Reiner Eichenberger ,  Arye Hillman ,  Pierre-Guillaume Méon ,  Jan-Egbert Sturm ,  Heinrich Ursprung , and  Frederik Wild  for thoughtful comments and suggestions. We have also benefited from feedback at the Meeting of the  European Public Choice Society , the  Silvaplana Workshop on Political Economy , the  ZEW Public Finance Conference , and the  Annual Conference of the German Economic Association. An earlier version of the paper circulated under the title " Electoral Turnout During States of Emergency and Effects on Incumbent Vote Shares". Open Access  funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. 12 We profit from data on turnout in small municipalities in the 2020 elections collected by the  Ippen-Digital-Zentralredaktion  and provided by the newspaper Merkur (https://www.
Acknowledgements G. C. , and Y. C. contributed equally to this work. The authors wish to thank  L. Vendier  and  V. Collière  for PXRD and HR-TEM measurements, respectively. L. Dumas ,  T. Verdier ,  E. Amin-Chaloub ,  Z. Zavvou , and  C. Simonnet  were acknowledged for NP characterization in solution, assistance with the high-speed camera experiments and deposition of nanocomposite thin films. J. -C. Hierso  was gratefully acknowledged for his suggestions for the composition of this manuscript and  M. Jakoobi  and  D. Roubert  for their careful reading of this manuscript. Fermat Federation of Research  was acknowledged for providing a high-speed camera. This work was financially supported by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  and the  STAE-RTRA foundation (Toulouse, France) , the latter under the  RTRA-STAE/2014/P/VIMA/12  project grant.
In addition to NRAMP proteins, members of other transporter families are also involved in Mn transport and utilization in low Mn conditions. Iron Regulated Transporter 1 (IRT1), a member of the ZIP family, was initially identified as a high-affinity Fe transporter that also plays a role in Mn uptake in Arabidopsis in Fe deficient conditions  (Korshunova et al. , 1999; Vert et al. , 2002). In rice, the MTP/CDF family member OsMTP9 is involved in both Mn uptake and translocation  (Ueno et al. , 2015). AtZIP1 and AtZIP2, two other ZIP members, were reported to regulate Mn translocation from roots to shoots  (Milner et al. , 2013). The UPF0016 family members PHOTOSYNTHESIS AFFECTED MUTANT71 (PAM71) and Chloroplast Manganese Transporter 1 (CMT1), which are localized in the thylakoid membrane and the inner chloroplast envelope, respectively, were shown to mediate the uptake of Mn to the thylakoid lumen and to the chloroplast stroma  (Eisenhut et al.
, 2018; Schneider et al. , 2016; Zhang et al. , 2018). Recently, the Golgi-localized PML3 of the UPF0016 family was demonstrated to mediate Mn uptake into the Golgi apparatus, which is critical for Golgi glycosylation and cell wall biosynthesis through activating Golgi-localized mannosidases or glycosyltransferases  (Yang et al. , 2021). The Golgi-localized AtECA3, which belongs to the Ca 2+ -ATPase subfamily of the P-type ATPase superfamily, has also been reported to mediate Mn transport into the Golgi apparatus for Mn utilization and plant growth under Mn deficiency  (Mills et al. , 2008). In response to changing nutrient availability in soils, plants develop adaptive systemic responses and exhibit a high degree of plasticity of plant growth and development. Long-distance signaling between roots and shoots has been reported to be crucial for the adaptive responses of plants to the alterations in nutrient status  (Ko & Helariutta, 2017; Liu et al.
Evaluation of root growth in response to Mn deficiency Seedlings were grown on a nutrient agar plate containing 0, 0. 5, 2, 5 or 10 lM MnSO 4. After growth for 7 days, the seedlings were photographed and compared. The root length was measured using ImageJ software. Root hairs in the mature zones of the roots were photographed by a stereo microscope (SZX12; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a DP20 camera (Olympus), and their lengths were measured by ImageJ.
, Ltd. , Nanjing, China). Onetwentieth of the cDNA products was used for RT-PCR and realtime RT-PCR analysis. For the real-time RT-PCR analysis, the SYBRâ Green Master Mix kit (Vazyme Biotech Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China) was used. UBQ10 was used as an internal control. The expression levels of NRAMP6 and NRAMP1 were first normalized to UBQ10 and then to the NRAMP6 expression level in roots under Mn sufficient conditions. Primers are listed in Table  S1. Real-time RT-PCR data were collected using a CFX96 Touch real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  Prof. Toshinori Kinoshita  from  Nagoya University  for kindly providing the anti-H + -ATPase antibody. This work was supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (Grant No. 31900217 ), by the  Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , and the  National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics , and by a  Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research  ( JSPS KAKENHI  Grant Number  16H06296  to JFM).
( 2020 ) , the range of polytropic models we consider here encompasses a large parameter space within which the mass-loss and angular momentum loss of an Alfv én wav e-driv en model would fall. The 3D structure of the corona could nevertheless be different from the one obtained with the polytropic approximation explored in this work (e. g. Hazra et al. 2021  ), and we leave its detailed study for future work. Before performing the 3D modelling with the PLUTO code, the global properties of the expected stellar wind can be estimated using the 1D open-source starAML code that computes a 1D Weber-Davis polytropic wind solution  (R éville et al. 2015a  ). 1 Based on the values of T c and n c , and on the magnetic map of 2013 August, starAML can carry out a prediction of the mass-loss rate of the wind model.
In this work, we assess the robustness of this interpretation based on a 3D modelling of the corona and wind of HD 189733. We have used a 3D MHD approach with the framework Wind-Predict  (R éville et al. 2016 )  based on the PLUTO code  (Mignone et al. 2007  ). This approach is similar to the approach that was followed in the MOVES -III paper  (Kavanagh et al. 2019  ) using the BATS-R-US code. We studied 12 models co v ering four different thermodynamic coronal properties and three different magnetic extrapolation methods. The latter are an original development of this work, and their details are fully given in Appendix A. Three of the 12 models correspond to the same modelling choices as those made in  Kavanagh et al. ( 2019 ). The set of models presented in this work co v ers a large range of possible coronal states, and is available in the Open Database Galactica.
The predicted SPMI signal varies on a time-scale of a few hours; therefore, its firm detection requires several spectroscopic data points per night. In addition, the SPMI signal prediction requires constraints on the magnetic topology of HD 189733. The dense spectroscopic observations should therefore be complemented by concomitant and spectropolarimetric observations. The estimated SPMI signal presented in this work takes into account the rotation of the star, the orbital phase of the planet, and the inclination of the exosystem. To obtain the ZDI map,  Fares et al. ( 2017 )  considered a differential rotation of d = 0. 11 ± 0. 05 rad d -1. We have not considered the effect of such a differential rotation on the SPMI connectivity o v er the time-scale of a bit more than one stellar rotation.
Coronal models taking into account the differential rotation (e. g. Pinto et al. 2021  ) should be considered in future modelling efforts to characterize SPMIs in HD 189733. The strong variability of the SPMI signal in HD 189733 may explain why it was detected only during one epoch by  Cauley et al. ( 2018 ). We have shown that a SPMI signal is modulated by the orbital period of the planet, the rotation period of the star, and the magnetic topology linking the stellar surface to the planetary orbit. This leads to a significant probability of non-detection of the SPMI signal when the observational data points are scarcely distributed. Modelling in detail the connectivity and SPMI signal at other epochs of observations of HD 189733 could help to assess whether a SPMI signal could be buried in the existing observations, or if it is unlikely that SPMI was acting at that time.
(2011). Expression patterns in embryos of the same (sub)stage and genotype generally looked remarkably similar; each phenotype we describe was observed in multiple individual embryos (biological replicates) and was consistent across different stain combinations (experiments). Occasional obviously atypical embryos (e. g. , very small, or with abnormal patterns of mitotic division) were identified by visual inspection and discarded from the dataset. Any repeat scans of a given embryo were also discarded from the dataset to avoid pseudoreplication and artefacts from photo-bleaching. Embryos with the same stain combination were generally sourced from a single experiment; stainings were only repeated and/or combined when this was necessary to improve the coverage of stages. Embryos of all orientations were examined when characterising mutant phenotypes, but only laterally oriented embryos were selected for figure preparation and quantitative analysis.
✶✹✻✽ A list of source image files for all figure panels within the main text, appendices, and supplementary information is provided in Appendix 2-Figure  1 -source data 2. Unless otherwise stated, all images of embryos are maximum intensity projections of confocal 𝑧-stacks of the upper half of the embryo. Fiji was used to adjust image brightness and contrast, in accordance with guidelines presented by Schmied and Jambor (2020). Image gamma was adjusted to 0. 1 for all opa transcript stains, due to the extremely bright transcriptional foci. Embryos from the same round of staining and imaging are presented using the same brightness and contrast values; unless otherwise noted, this holds for any embryos within a given figure that share the same genotype and combination of stains. To correct for uneven illumination from the 405 laser, the DAPI (nuclei) signal from each blastoderm stage embryo was flattened by applying a Gaussian filter with 𝜎 = 6, and then dividing the original image by the new blurred image.
Funding statement ✾✶✷ EC was supported by a  BBSRC   Research Grant  ( BB/P009336/1 ), a  Junior Research Fellowship  from  ✾✶✸ Trinity College, Cambridge , and an  EMBO postdoctoral fellowship  ( EMBO ALTF 383-2018 ). MAB was ✾✶✹ supported by the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  ( DFG Research Fellowship   BE 6732/1-1 ), the  ✾✶✺ Isaac Newton Trust  ( Research Grant ) and the  University of Cambridge Department of Zoology. MB ✾✶✻ was supported by a PhD studentship from the  Wellcome Trust  ( 220019/Z/19/Z ). ✾✶✼ 𝑧-projection of the DAPI (nuclei) channel. E: a maximum z-projection of the DAPI (nuclei) channel after image rotation, cropping, masking, and manual flipping. F: height map of the embryo 𝑧-stack, as in B. Dashed line marks the location of the 𝑥𝑧 plane shown in G. G: an 𝑥𝑧 (frontal) section through the embryo, showing the embryo "shell mask" overlaid on the DAPI (nuclei) channel (top) or on a merge of all 5 imaging channels (bottom).
The anterior border of the cad tail domain correlates with the earlier position of the posterior border of the D trunk domain in wild-type, hkb -mutants, tll - mutants, and tll -opa -mutants (Figure 2; Figure 6; Figure 4-figure Supplement 5; extended imaging dataset). D D undetermined We were unable to assess possible autoregulatory effects, as D transcript levels were strongly reduced in the D -mutants we examined (Figure 4A), presumably due to nonsense-mediated decay. from D-positive territory in the trunk in wild-type (Figure 2; Figure 2figure Supplement 3; Figure 2-figure Supplement 4), and opa expression is largely normal in D - mutants (Figure 4A; Figure 4-figure Supplement 2), indicating that D neither represses nor activates opa. The opa posterior border is shifted slightly anteriorly in D -mutants (Figure 4-figure Supplement 2), but this is likely to be an indirect effect mediated by Tll, or possibly by Cad.
), suggesting that Opa represses cad. Repression of cad by Opa is also suggested by the late repression of the ectopic cad expression present in the trunk of D -mutants (Figure 4A; extended imaging dataset), and by the late repression of the cad posterior domain in tll -mutants, which overlaps with opa expression (Figure 6C,G; Figure 4-figure Supplement 5). Opa D repression In wild-type embryos, D expression in the trunk decreases as Opa levels increase (Figure 2; Figure 2-figure Supplement 4), and the anterior border of the D tail domain lines up with the Opa posterior border (Figure 3A). In opa -mutants, D expression in the trunk persists for longer and D expression in the tail is strengthened (Figure 4A,B; Figure 4-figure Supplement 5), indicating that Opa represses D. In addition, a D tail domain does not emerge in tll -mutants, which misexpress opa anterior to the Hkb domain (Figure 6C,D,G), but a tail-like D domain does emerge in tll -opa - double mutants (Figure 4-figure Supplement 5).
In all plots, the Opa channel has been linearly unmixed from the Hkb channel to remove bleedthrough signal from Hkb in the poles of the embryo. ✶✻✶✷. Figure 5-figure supplement 6. Examples of source imaging data for supplementary plots. A, B: examples of individual embryos from the imaging datasets used to extract the expression traces shown in Figure 5-figure Supplement 4 (A) and Figure 5-figure Supplement 5 (B). A: Tll antibody/tll HCR/eve HCR. B: Tll/Hkb/Opa antibody stain. Both embryos are anterior left, dorsal up, lateral view. Scale bar = 50 𝜇m; grey lines show embryo outlines. ✶✻✶✸. Figure 6-figure supplement 1. Timer gene expression traces from terminal system mutants, relative to wild-type. A, B: plots showing quantitative expression traces (75-100% AP axis) from multiple stage 5.
Alexa Fluor 488 for a round of HCR experiments carried out when the 488 laser was await-✽✶✶ ing repair. When necessary, a transmitted light channel was also collected, to allow for embryo assembled in Affinity Designer (Serif Europe). Embryo outlines were drawn manually ✽✷✶ in Affinity. Image look-up tables (LUTs) were either chosen from the "ChrisLUTs" LUT package for ✽✷✷ ImageJ (Christophe Leterrier and Scott Harden; github. com/cleterrier/ChrisLUTs; "NeuroCyto LUTs" ✽✷✸ update site in Fiji), or generated for custom colours using a macro provided by Nicolás De Francesco Aliquots of the new Opa antibody are available from EC on request. The new tll -opa -double mutant under accession number S-BIAD582. This 335 GB dataset contains multiplexed image stacks ✾✵✺ of more than 800 individual embryos, including 12 different genotypes and over 50 different geno-A list of the corresponding image file(s) within the dataset for all figure panels within Source Data files are provided for the expression traces in the main and supple-Schröder R, Averof M.
Alexa Fluor 514 (514 laser and 519-540 nm window) was used in ✽✶✵ place of ✽✶✷ staging based on the progress of cellularisation. ✽✶✸ Image analysis and figure preparation ✽✶✹ Embryo staging was based on Bownes stages (Bownes, 1975; Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, ✽✶✺ 1997), with subdivision of particular stages into substages where necessary (details in Appendix 1). ✽✶✻ Fiji (Schindelin et al. , 2012) was used for routine inspection of imaging data and certain image ✽✶✼ adjustments (details in Appendix 2). Image processing and analysis scripts were written in Python ✽✶✽ 3 (www. python. org), using the libraries NumPy (Harris et al. , 2020), SciPy (Virtanen et al. , 2020), ✽✶✾ scikit-image (van der Walt et al. , 2014), and matplotlib (Hunter, 2007); see Appendix 2 for details. ✽✷✵ Figures were ✽✷✹ (github.
✶✷✻✷ The BioStudies database-one stop shop for all data supporting a life sciences study. Nucleic acids research. ✶✷✻✹ Sato T, Denell RE. Segmental identity of caudal cuticular features of Drosophila melanogaster larvae and its ✶✷✻✺ control by the bithorax complex. Developmental Biology. 1986; 116(1):78-91. ✶✷✻✾ Schmidt-Ott U, ✶✷✼✶ 303. ✶✷✼✷ Schmied C, Jambor HK. Effective image visualization for publications-a workflow using open access tools and ✶✷✼✸ concepts. F1000Research. 2020; 9:1373. ✶✷✼✹ Schoppmeier M, Schröder R. Maternal Torso Signaling Controls Body Axis Elongation in a Short Germ Insect. ✶✷✼✺ Current Biology. 2005; 15(23):2131-2136. ✶✷✼✻ Schroder R, ✶✷✼✽ Schroeder MD, ✶✷✽✵ Schulz C, ✶✷✽✸ Schulz C, ✶✷✽✺ Selva EM, ✶✷✽✼ da Silva SM, ✶✷✽✾ Singer JB, ✶✷✾✶ Smits CM, Shvartsman SY. The design and logic of terminal patterning in Drosophila.
-figure Supplement 1; Weigel et al. , 1989; extended imaging dataset), therefore Fkh is not required to activate tll. Tll and Fkh are coexpressed throughout stage 5 (Figure7A,B; extended imaging dataset), indicating that Fkh does not repress tll. In addition, although we did not examine tll expression in fkh -mutants, tll-dependent patterning of D and opa appears normal in fkh -mutants (Figure7C,D), indicating that tll expression is unlikely to be perturbed. It would be useful to examine tll expression in fkh -mutants to confirm this. It would be useful to examine hkb expression in fkh -mutants to confirm it looks normal. It would be useful to examine fkh expression in fkh - mutants to assess whether autoactivation occurs. Input Target Interaction Evidence and discussion Fkh tll expression precedes Fkh expression in wild-type (Figure 5Fkh tll none hkb none hkb expression precedes Fkh expression in wild-type (Figure 5-figure Supplement 1; Weigel et al.
, 1989; extended imaging dataset), therefore Fkh is not required to activate hkb. Hkb and Fkh are coexpressed throughout stage 5 (Figure 7-figure Supplement 1B; extended imaging dataset), indi- cating that Fkh does not repress hkb. Fkh fkh none Sustained Fkh expression in wild-type embryos (Figure 7A; Weigel et al. , 1989; extended imaging dataset) suggests autorepression is unlikely. Continued on next page.
Objective: 18 F-Fluorocholine ( 18 FCH) PET/CT has high sensitivity for parathyroid adenoma detection and can reliably exclude malignancy in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. Data regarding 18 FCH uptake in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) are scarce. We aimed to assess thyroid 18 FCH uptake in CAT with biological and histological correlation. Methods: This is an ancillary study from the Chocolate trial (NCT02784223) that prospectively enrolled 107 patients planned for thyroid surgery. 18 FCH PET/CT acquisitions were performed 20 and 60 min after injection. 18 FCH uptake in the thyroid gland was assessed by measuring maximum (SUVmax) and mean (SUVmean) standardized uptake values. Thyrotropin, free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibodies were collected.
Patients This study was ancillary to the single-center Chocolate prospective trial (EUDRACT 2015-005017-71; ClinicalTrials. gov identifier: NCT02784223) that we conducted in 107 enrolled patients who gave their written informed consent  (3). Inclusion criteria were the following: patients with a thyroid nodule ≥15 mm with a cytology scored class III (atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance), IV (follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm or Hürthle-cell neoplasm), or V (suspicious for malignancy) according to the Bethesda classification in the 6 months before inclusion, and for whom thyroid surgery had been recommended. Exclusion criteria were the following: patients with a hot nodule on thyroid scintigraphy.
F-Fluorocholine PET/CT As previously described (3), 18 FCH PET/CT images were acquired on a Biograph 6 TrueV PET/CT system (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) with an extended field-of-view of 21. 6 cm. A PET acquisition of 10 min (one-bed position) covering the neck and upper chest was performed in 3D list-mode 20 and 60 min after intravenous injection of 1. 5 MBq/kg of 18 FCH. For each acquisition, a low-dose CT (CAREdose ref. mAs 100, 130 kV, slice 3 mm, pitch 1. 0) was performed. For clinical interpretation, PET raw data at 20 and 60 min were reconstructed with the point spread function (PSF) reconstruction algorithm (HD; TrueX, Siemens Medical Solutions; 3 iterations and 21 subsets) without filtering, with matrix size 256 × 256 and zoom 1. 0. Scatter and attenuation corrections were applied.
PET/CT image analysis All anonymized 18 FCH PET/CT data sets were reviewed by a board-certified nuclear medicine physician on a digital workstation (IntelliSpace, Philips Healthcare). PET/CT acquisitions were blindly reviewed in random order. For each acquisition, the reviewer had knowledge of the localization of the thyroid nodule studied in the Chocolate trial. On visual analysis, a diffusely increased 18 FCH uptake in the thyroid gland was sought. For quantitative analysis, a circular region of interest (ROI) with a fixed diameter of 15 mm was placed over the region of highest intensity in the contralateral thyroid lobe of the nodule studied in the Chocolate trial. CT scan and, if necessary, US data were used to ensure that the ROI did not contain nodules. 18 FCH uptake in the thyroid gland was assessed by measuring SUVmax, SUVmax EARL , and SUVmean.
FINDING SMP-3: The MSR Science Management Plan should be linked to, but not encompass, other required functionalities within the MSR Campaign. Input will be needed to produce formal plans for (at a minimum) curation, planetary protection, data management, and public engagement. A number of scientific functionalities must be successfully defined, established, and executed throughout the end-to-end sample return effort. To aid in preparing for the scientific elements of MSR, ESA, and NASA had jointly chartered the MSR Science Planning Group (MSPG) in 2018. This group produced a series of technical reports  (MSPG 2019a,b)  and a Framework for Returned Sample Science Management ("the Framework"; MSPG 2019c), delivered in late 2019. To build upon the findings of MSPG, the MSPG2 was jointly chartered by ESA and NASA in 2020.