dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Berrebi et al. [29]  examined the consistency of APC data to analyze ridership trends. With the use of data from four transit agencies, they found that the APC data are consistent and complete. Martinez et al. [30]  combined APC data and GTFS feed from the transit agencies from two metropolitan areas in the USA to develop ridership models and identify social distancing violations. Egu and Bonel  [31]  used APC data to estimate the fare irregularity rate in Lyon. Kumar et al. [32]  examined the quantification of the increased possibility of disease spread from passenger interaction when traveling between different origin-destination pairs and the evaluation of an aggregate measure quantifying the relative risk of boarding at a particular stop of the transit route with the use of APC data in Minnesota.
Field and Dataset The Municipality of Athens covers an area of approximately 39 km 2 and has a population of 660,000 people, while the Greater Urban Area of Athens covers an area of approximately 412 km 2 and has a population of more than 3,000,000 people. The public transportation of Athens is governed by OASA S. A. and its subsidiaries OSY S. A. , which is in charge of the approximately 300 bus lines and STASY S. A. , which is responsible for the subway and tram transport. The dataset received by the Athens Urban Transport Organization (OASA S. A. ) includes spatiotemporal GPS data and archived data obtained by an APC system for the seven following bus lines: 154 (St. Elliniko-A. Glyfada-Pan/ma Voulas), 237 (Ano Ilioupoli-St. Dafnis), 242 (St. Katechaki-Polytechneioupoli), 732 (Ag. Fanourios-Akadimia-Z.
Methodology After a data cleaning procedure, boarding and alighting data per bus stop and bus service are extracted. Boarding/alighting data include the date, the departure and arrival time of the bus, and the boarding/alighting passenger volumes at each bus stop. We conducted three types of statistical analyses: (i) per bus stop, (ii) per time of the day, and (iii) per day. Over the years, researchers have suggested various ways to assess the Quality of Service of a transit system. Polzin et al. [33]  used service coverage, service span, frequency, and travel demand as performance measures. Hensher et al. [34]  introduced the Service Quality Index, which takes into account 13 attributes (Bus travel time, bus fare, ticket type, frequency, time of arrival at the bus stop, time walking to the bus stop, seat availability on the bus, information at the bus stop, access to the bus, bus stop facilities, temperature on the bus, the driver's attitude, and general cleanliness on board).
With the use of APC/AVL data, Pi et al. [19]  analyzed the system's performance with the use of passenger waiting time, stop-skipping frequency, bus bunching level, bus travel time, on-time performance, and bus fullness. The Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (TCQSM) introduces many indicators for the assessment of the Quality of Service  [35]. The Payload Quality of Service is measured in a scale from A to F, with A indicating the best Quality of Service and F the worst. Quality of Service A corresponds to up to 50% of seated load, B corresponds to up to 80% of seated load, C corresponds to up to 100%, D corresponds to up to 125%, E corresponds to up to 150%, and F corresponds to higher than 150%. In this study, we employ APC data from different bus lines that are part of Athens' public transportation system in order to assess the provided Quality of Service.
Based on the TCSQM, the first threshold corresponds to level C. The second one is at 20%, which demonstrates that half of the seats are occupied for social distancing. Based on the TCSQM, the first threshold corresponds to level A. Even though the dataset comes from a period before the pandemic of COVID-19, it is important to see how such a measure would influence the Quality of Service. The percentage that each stop appeared to be a Point of Maximum Occupancy (α imax ) is calculated in Equation (3). α imax = z imax M (3) Following the analysis per stop, we calculate the average distance covered by passengers per time period. The average distance covered by passengers per time period is presented in Table  2. The dataset is divided into a number of periods of time to better assess the passenger behavior.
Future research includes a more detailed analysis, which will employ archived data from an Automatic Vehicle Location tracking system. This would help us determine the headway and, as a result, identify the rate at which the buses must depart from the first stop for the Quality of Service to be kept high. We should not forget to mention that looking into the peak hours would give us a better understanding of the situation the passengers are dealing with daily and, if needed, we could consider an increase of the bus frequency at those time-zones only. In the near future we could be looking at a platform utilizing real time integrated data from both AVL and APC tracking systems, which would provide information and act as a guide to the public transport managers. Finally, AVL data can also be used in order to study the delays during the day of the bus lines.
Travel times and travel costs are determined using floating car data (FCD) recorded by BeMobile operator 2  from October 2017 to September 2018. This provides the travel cost, equal to the recorded travel time, for the proposed P&R system between the origin and the pick up  access,  and between the pick up and the drop off  route,. The travel cost between the drop off and the destination  walk  corresponds to the walking travel time and is computed through the road network using a walking speed of 1. 5 m∕s. The travel cost between the origin and the destination using the reserve mode    ,  corresponds to the travel time of the shortest path between the origin and the destination, recorded through the FCD. We do not consider the additional costs associated to the reserve transport mode (e. g.
1), we only select different days recorded during the holidays, during the weekend and during the working days. In the sensitivity analysis (Section 6. 1), the four scenarios have an equiprobability of happening. For the realistic analysis (Section 6. 2), the scenarios are recorded: (i) during a snowfall, (ii) with a public transport disruption where two subway lines were stopped, (iii) during a normal week day, and (iv) during a normal week end day. Each scenario presents a different speed profile representative of the disruption (Fig. 1 ). Regardless of the studied scenario, we weight the graph by using the travel times recorded at 7 ∶ 30 am when the impacts are the worst. The snowfall scenario (Fig. 1(a) ), based on data from Monday 18th 2017, hugely impacts the average speed during the morning peak hours compared to a typical Monday; the subway disruption scenario (Fig.
3(a) ), developed by the French Institute of Statistics. Iris sectors divide the conurbation of Lyon into small geographical areas, each grouping approximately 2 000 inhabitants. 3  These areas are thus used to uniformly distribute the sets of potential pick ups and drop offs nodes in the graph. We assume that there is a unique potential pick up (resp. drop off) per Iris sector, which is the closest node to the centroid of the area. Concerning origin and destination nodes, they correspond to a tenth of the road intersection nodes of the real road network of Lyon, and they are uniformly distributed over the Lyon's city network. The proposed formulations and algorithms are implemented in Python on a machine with 16 Gb of RAM and a CPU of 4. 20 GHz (Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7700K). All mixed-integer and/or linear programs are solved using CPLEX's Python API.
Questionnaire Design A structured questionnaire was developed for this study and administered as paper questionnaires or through the ODKs on mobile phones to obtain information from vaccine recipients. The choice of both paper and ODK questionnaire was based on the availability of android phones to some data collectors. Two independent reviewers were selected to validate the questionnaire to assess the content validity, clarity, ease of response, scope, and the face validity of the questions. Furthermore, the Cronbach alpha test was used to assess the reliability of the survey instrument (with a score of 0. 7). Finally, to check for technical glitches, the aptness of the survey tool, and typographical errors, a pre-test of the survey was administered to 10 vaccine recipients from each of the 27 selected vaccination centers.
Efficacy ð%Þ ¼ 100 Â ðMc -MtÞ=Mc; where: Mc = Proportion* of live, fed bedbugs in the control group at 48, 72 and 96 h, after the 15 min challenge phase; The groups were compared using an ANOVA (Proc GLM procedure in SAS) with a treatment effect on logarithmic transformed fed bedbug (count + 1) data. SAS Version 9. 4 was used for all the statistical analyses. The level of significance of the formal tests was set at 5%, all tests were two sided.
Acknowledging property dualism is necessary to fight the sources of nature degradation and, in particular, the fossil economy. Malm (2018)  between humans and nature, and discusses the place and role of human-nature relationships in methodological approaches. It explores some research fields that have proposed various types of integration between humans and nature and/or offered perspectives to address human-nature dualism that may inspire future directions. Interdisciplinary collaboration and exchanges between SES researchers and scholars from other fields interested in human-nature relationships provide a promising avenue to explore. 2 Integration, Dualism, and the Valuation of Nature SES research is based on the idea that human societies and natural organisms form interdependent and inseparable systems.
This article reviews five decades of English and French literature on transit safety in several major databases, with the focus on Scopus and ScienceDirect. The review explores the nature and frequency of transit crime and passengers' safety perceptions in transport nodes and along the trip using bibliometric analysis and a systematic review of the literature. The number of retrieved documents was 3137, and 245 were selected for in-depth analysis. Transit safety as a research area took off after the mid-1990s and peaked after the 2010s. The body of research is dominated by the English-language literature (mostly large cities), with a focus on the safety of rail-bound environments and examples of interventions to improve actual and perceived safety for public transportation (PT) users. Highlighting the importance of transit environments along the whole trip, the article also helps advocate for more inclusion of passengers' safety needs and the involvement of multiple stakeholders in implementing PT policies.
Research questions The study is based on materials from an open search from several databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google scholar) which were later split into two parts (a bibliometric analysis and an in-depth analysis of materials both in English and French from 1970). We used the software VOSviewer (https://www. vosviewer. com) to organize and visualize the vast material spanning five decades. This literature review aims to respond to the following questions: 1. When and where have most studies on transit safety been published? 2. Which are the main research domains in transit safety? 3. What are the most common characteristics of transit research in English and French? 4. What is the nature and extent of crime in transit environments? 5. How do temporal, environmental, and other contextual factors influence transit safety? 6.
Bibliometric analysis The bibliometric analysis included all English-language articles obtained through the user list and in the data collection process in *. ris (Scopus, Sciencedirect and the TCR network; the French publications were too few to produce meaningful visualization on their own). We used VOSviewer version 1. 6. 12 (https://www. vosviewer. com) to create bibliometric maps based on the terms cited in the titles of each article and to group the terms in clusters according to their linkages. With these  clusters, we were able to visualize several topics. The co-occurrence analysis was performed using the terms in titles adopting the full counting method. For VOSviewer mapping of most frequent terms in titles, a minimum occurrence of two was used as a cutoff point for inclusion of the terms in mapping analysis.
From a total of 675 terms, only 106 met the threshold of the minimum number of two occurrences/ repetitions. This criterion of a minimum of two repetitions was selected to avoid terms without links or with weak links to the topic and at the same time to ensure the coverage of the terms and representativeness of the articles. The final selection resulted in 62 items out of the 106 keywords. We did not apply any filter based on the software "score relevance. " Instead, we selected the relevant terms ourselves to fit our subject. The map of words was created using a minimum cluster size of 10 to maximize the readability of the map; the rest of the parameters were the default ones. Output files from the database were used to produce informative network maps by topic and a heat map showing the frequency of keywords indicating potential research domains.
Another important area for future research is the testing of rigorous longitudinal methodologies that can provide assessments over time and be applied in contexts other than those that were initially tested. In addition, a minority of studies dealt with acts of terrorism in transit environments-an area of research that deserves more attention in the future. In particular for the French literature, more research that would inform planners and transit operators about the importance of understanding the relationship between crime and transit environments is desirable. Data permitting, a more quantitative take on this subject by French researchers would allow a generalization of the results in other contexts. Second, safety conditions in transport nodes are not the same as the ones experienced or perceived on the way to them.
The impact is higher in bus stops and stations than in buses Database Example of keywords Results Scopus TITLE ((crim* 31 ScienceDirect Sexual Assault in Public Transit 323 Sexual Harassment in Public Transit 212 Pickpocket in Public Transit 38 Robberies in Public Transit 485 CCTV in Public Transit 387 "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" CPTED Transit 40 "Theft prevention" Public Transit 37 "Perceived Safety" in Public Transit 298 Lighting crime safety Public Transit 432 Offense fear Public Transit 374 Google "securitedans les transports en commun" 1 Scholar "peur dans les transports en commun" 12 "crime dans les transports en commun" 2 "violences dans les transports en commun" 19 "harcelement sexuel dans les transports en commun" 1 "vols dans les transports en commun" 3 "videosurveillance dans les transports en commun" 12 "prevention situationnelle" "transports en commun" 152 Total.
However, the methodologies and results of these studies are subject to several limitations, such as selecting target populations, the definition of follow-up periods, the use of different sense of coherence-questionnaires, and the fact that most of these studies have been conducted in Scandinavian countries. To get an idea about the popularity of salutogenesis in the literature on schools and HPS, we conducted a brief literature search in the Web of Science database (in October 2019), looking for studies that prominently focus on the sense of coherence and salutogenesis. For comparison, we selected four additional popular concepts from the salutogenic umbrella  (Lindström & Eriksson, 2010) : well-being, selfefficacy, quality of life, and health literacy. The search was conducted as a simple title search of all the terms mentioned above (and commonly known synonyms) combined with the following keywords: school, stu-dent, and education, which operationalised the relevant context for our purpose.
Antonovsky (1987 Antonovsky ( , 1996) )  defines generalised resistance resources as the biological, material, and psychosocial conditions of an individual in its inner and outer environment, for example, the health status, cognitive abilities, level of parental support, parents' education level, and parental socioeconomic status. Feldt et al. (2005)  investigated child-centred parenting, parental socioeconomic status, school success in adolescence, and career orientation in adulthood as determinants of adult SOC. They gathered data at ages 14, 27, 36, and 42. They found that only parental child-centredness and career orientation have a direct, as well as an indirect (via education and stability of career line), relationship with adult sense of coherence  (Feldt et al. , 2005, p. 305). As for the stability of sense of coherence in adulthood,  Hakanen, Feldt, and Leskinen (2007, p.
Matsen, Natvik, and Torvik (2016)  apply this model to the resource-rich countries and describe "petro-populism," where populists overspend resource rents at the expense of future generations (rather than sacrificing macroeconomic stability with fiscal deficits or slowing growth by imposing higher taxes). 14 Castanho Silva et al. (2019)  reveal various inconsistencies of cross-country proxies of populist attitudes. Wuttke, Schimpf, and Schoen (2020)  discuss conceptual challenges of measuring populism and propose operational ways to compare survey-based measures across countries. ulist parties using  Rodrik's (2018a)  classification; he defines populist as "loosely as those [parties], which pursue an electoral strategy of emphasizing cleavages between an in-group and an out-group. Parties are coded as populist in the dataset if they are labeled as such in the academic or journalistic literature at some point in their history and fit this definition.
" His sample includes 19 countries in Europe and Latin America. The rise of populism in Europe in the 21st century reflects the increasing popularity of right-wing nationalistic parties, such as UKIP, the National Front, Golden Dawn, Sweden Democrats, and Jobbik. The level of support for populism in Latin America is stable; there, populism mostly focuses on redistribution; far-right populism is virtually absent, though Jair Bolsonaro's recent rise may signal a change (Rodrik's data end before Bolsonaro's election). In Figure  5 , we consider four alternative classifications of populist parties and produce a population-weighted annual average populist vote share in Europe from 2000 to 2018 (using the latest election). 15 All classifications show steady growth of populist vote shares 15 The respective country samples are (i )  Algan et al.
Broz, Frieden, and Weymouth   17 The Team Populism's Global Populism Database was commissioned by the Guardian. The dataset includes the EU-28 minus Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, and Slovenia plus Norway, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Equador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela, the United States, India, Russia, and Turkey. See also  Gennaro, Lecce, and Morelli (2019)  for a similar speech-based measure of populism. 18 See also the Varieties of Democracy  (2020)  database that assesses party position across various policies (e. g. , liberalism, political pluralism, immigration, religion). The recently released dataset also includes classifications of populism and anti-elite rhetoric.
This result casts some doubt on the prevalent explanation that the impact of automation on the Trump vote share was driven by non-college-educated, non-Hispanic Whites. Europe Anelli,  Colantone, and Stanig (2019)  carry out a similar analysis across 192 subnational NUTS-2 regions in 14 European countries from 1993 to 2016. They calculate time-varying regional exposure to automation by interacting industrial specialization with from the EU-KLEMS database. The correlation between ICT investment and wages is sig-nificantly positive for college-educated workers but negative for their non-college-educated counterparts. Moreover, in industries with above-average ICT investment, workers with higher education are more likely to vote for incumbents (especially the Tories).
Because the UKIP vote, if anything, understates Leave support, the results suggest that without the austerity, the outcome of the referendum would have been for the U. K. to remain in the EU. While one should interpret these extrapolations with caution, the magnitudes are sizable and the implications are profound. Finally, the author analyzes individual-level data on 40, 000 households from the Understanding Society Study. He finds that Britons exposed to the welfare cuts moved to UKIP shortly after the implementation of austerity; subsequently, these households voted for Leave. Moreover, they were more likely to report that they "do not have a say in government policy," that their "vote is unlikely to make a difference," and that "public officials do not care. " Fetzer, Sen, and Souza (2019) quantify the political impact of another austerity measure of Cameron's government: the reduction of housing allowances for low-income renting families.
Congress, according to the trade score from the Political Institutions and Public Choice (PIPC) Roll-Call Database, and a 2. 1 percentage-point decrease in the probability that the district's representative casts a "free-trade" vote according to the Cato Score, which looks only at the most salient trade bills. Che et al. (2016) use 1992-2016 data to explore the role of granting Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) status to China in late 2000, both on U. S. congressional elections and on legislative activity of elected representatives. PNTR had differential sectoral effects.
Acknowledgements This special section was put together as part of the research project  'A Sea of Connections: Contextualizing Fisheries in the South Pacific Region ' (SOCPacific; https://socpacific. net/),cofunded by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  (Grant Number  ANR-17-FRAL-0001-01 ) and the  Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft  (Grant Number  389654580 ). This work contributes to Future Earth Coasts, a  Global Research Project of Future Earth.
Frequency was usually documented on a Likert scale, but questionnaires used scales of different lengths and with different labels (e. g. , quantifying adverbs, percentage-based points, a combination of frequency adverbs and percentages). Some questionnaires estimated frequencies through open-ended questions. Several questionnaires documented the time that the child spent with each interlocutor, so that the frequency of language exposure from that interlocutor could be adjusted for the proportion of the time spent with the child. This considerable variability between questionnaires constitutes one of the major hurdles in making the resulting datasets truly comparable. 1 In line with  Marian and Hayakawa (2020) , we argue in  Kašćelan et al. (2021)  that bilingualism research is in need of a consensus on what aspects of bilingual experience to document and how.
What is the consensus? In this section, we present the 98 statements that reached consensus following both rounds of the Delphi survey (i. e. , with an agreement rate ≥75%). We list them in sections grouped around specific topics, along with the level of agreement reached (expressed as the proportion of panellists who agreed or strongly agreed). We also indicate if the statement was the original round 1 statement, a reformulation, or a new statement added in round 2. For ease of reference, the statement numbers below are as per those in the online survey. A short commentary is provided at the end of some sections as a reflection on the consensus. The complete datasets from both rounds of the online survey can be found via the Open Science Framework: https://osf. io/ 2pd65/.