dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The third group, controlled in a hospital institution, included adolescents with conduct disorders that were involved only in unorganized physical activities, because after school programs are not offered. In Romanian schools, adolescents with disabilities and conduct disorders were included in the compulsory teaching programs. Those with disabilities were taking part in exercise therapy to increase their motor adaptability toward different tasks or to prevent injury risks. Adolescents with conduct disorder, on the other hand, were practicing physical exercise to prevent antisocial interaction (Romanian Law Education, 1/2011, art. 48-50). Both groups participated in the school's general physical education program 100% of the time. In order to be included in data analysis, participants needed to have met the five criteria, as well as completed both the individual and group sessions.
Data Analysis A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to examine the main effects of adolescent groups (Ds, CDs, and control group) and physical activity groups (OPA, NOPA, NPA) on all the dependent variables (EPQ, SIQ, and SMK scores). With such a 3 × 3 MANOVA, we also explored the interaction effect of adolescent groups × physical activity groups. In the analyses, in case of significant multivariate effect (p < 0. 05) post-hoc comparisons (Tukey's HSD) were conducted. Partial eta squared (η 2 ) provided an index of effect size  (Ferguson, 2009). Finally, the MANOVA was complemented by discriminant function analyses  (Field, 2013).
Methods Data collection. Thanks to an access to the CrowdTangle API, granted by the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), we collected 500 posts from the Facebook page Santé + Mag, as well as their 2,673,972 reactions, 183,730 comments and 3,626,186 shares (CrowdTangle Team, 2019). These volumes represent all the posts published by Santé + Mag, and all the interactions they generated, over a period of 21 days from January 10 to January 31, 2019. Our access to the Facebook tool CrowdTangle enabled us to observe that over a year-from September 1, 2018 to August 31, 2019-Santé + Mag published on average 709 posts per month, containing 66. 2% of articles, 27. 9% of photos, 5. 7% of videos and 0. 2% of native videos. With 66. 6% of articles, 24. 0% of photos, and 9. 4% of videos, the sample we collected contains similar proportions-suggesting that it is a representative sample of the Facebook page's activity.
To measure the total interactions generated by each post, we aggregated their numbers of reactions, comments and shares. Overall, we obtained a total of 6,483,888 interactions. We manually transcribed the texts present on visual content and on videos. This approach allowed us to rely on real-world social media data, and on metrics which are more accurate than self-report survey to the true success of online health misinformation and to capture people's actual interest for different kinds of content  (Houidi et al. , 2019). Studies relying on real-life social media data are drastically lacking to understand (i) the spread and impact of health-related information  (Verelst et al. , 2016; Swire-Thompson and Lazer, 2019)  and (ii) "the way audiences access, share and appropriate information" on conversational spaces of communication such as Facebook  (Cardon et al.
Data availability The dataset analyzed during the present study is available in an Open Science Framework repository: https://mfr. osf. io/render? url=https://osf. io/8bz6n/?direct%26mode=render% 26action=download%26mode=render. It includes the list of URLs of the 500 posts we examined, our coding and the number of interactions they generated. We can't share however the messages published by Santé + Mag on Facebook with each of its post, neither the text we manually transcribed from visual content and from videos because these content are protected by copyrights. The dataset of our exploratory analysis of the 4737 comments from the five most commented health misinformation is not publicly available because it falls under a certain number of restrictions for sharing.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank  Hugo Mercier  for his extensive feedback and numerous corrections on previous versions of the manuscript. We are really grateful to  Dominique Cardon  and  Chantal Lacourarie  for proofreading our manuscript and for their precious feedbacks and corrections. We thank  Guillaume Plique ,  Audrey Baneyx ,  Benjamin Ooghe-Tabanou  and  Jean-Philippe Cointet  who helped us a lot with the management of our data, as well as  Sylvain Parasie  who gave us very useful recommendations. We are also thankful to  Camille Williams ,  Pleen Lejeune  and  Anne-Sophie Hacquin  for taking the time to code our sample. Edgar Dubourg also provided valuable assistance.
Open access In West Africa, most countries have mixed HIV epidemics, with a relatively low prevalence in the general population (compared with that in Eastern and Southern Africa) but severely affected key populations, particularly female sex workers (FSWs) and MSM. 11 In Côte d'Ivoire in 2012, the HIV prevalence was estimated to be 29% among FSWs 12 and 19% among MSM. 12 The National Program Against HIV/AIDS (Programme National de la Lutte contre le Sida, PNLS) requested operational research and data on the relevance of PrEP in order to better consider its future integration in the national algorithm of HIV prevention. A PrEP demonstration project (ANRS 12324-EF CohMSM) is currently being implemented among MSM. Our research team was invited to explore the sexual health needs of FSWs in this country as a potential target for a future PrEP programme, knowing that PrEP was not yet available.
Data collection was carried out by peer educators in dedicated health centres and prostitution sites. FSWs were also tested for HIV, and in case of a positive result dried blood spot sampling was performed to Open access determine the window of infection through a recent infection testing algorithm adapted to the Ivorian context and thus describe HIV incidence in this population. Individuals diagnosed with HIV during the study were referred to the community clinics by peer educators for HIV care and treatment. We described the sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behaviours and reproductive health of participants surveyed according to the study setting (Abidjan and San Pedro). Due to the fact that it is not a randomly taken sample but rather a convenience sample of women reached by the two NGOs, statistical tests such as Pearson's χ 2 test or Fisher's exact test could not be formally used to compare the two study settings.
Qualitative analysis of interviews In addition to the quantitative survey, a qualitative study was conducted from November 2016 to December 2016 among a convenience sample of 66 FSWs recruited during the outreach activities of peer educators and with the aim to reach a maximum of different profiles of women (in terms of age, number of years working as FSWs, type of prostitution site). On each prostitution site visited, we decided to perform indepth interviews or focus group discussions (FGDs), depending on the practicality of the site (ambient noise, opportunity for privacy) and the time allowed. Every time, according to the type of interviews to be performed, we conducted one to three individual interviews and/or one focus group with five to eight FSWs. Data were collected at prostitution sites in and around Abidjan and San Pedro by a female researcher in demography (first author), who carried out 22 indepth interviews (duration: 30-60 min) and 8 FGDs (duration: 60-150 min) using a semistructured interview guide.
Each of the indepth interviews and FGDs was recorded (except for two participants who refused as they were afraid to be recognised), transcribed and uploaded into NVivo software (QSR International, V. 11 Pro, 2016) by the qualitative interviewer. She also conducted the qualitative analysis following two principles. First, a cross-sectional review, based on questions derived from the discussion guide, allowed for a thematic analysis. Data collected provide great information on FSWs' sexual and health behaviours and needs, preferences and social trajectories. However, many themes are not included in this paper and will be addressed in a further paper. The main themes explored for this article were related to access to care (visit of community health centres, use of mobile clinics, referral by peer educators, barriers to access to care and stigmatisation) and to the potential interest, utility of PrEP and obstacles (unprotected sexual intercourse with clients and partners, risk perception and women's priorities, mobility and working periods, access to condoms, use of contraception, anticipation of high-risk sex and violent clients).
Patient and public involvement No patient was involved in the research design nor in the conduct of the study. Peer educators of six different community NGOs were involved in the development of the research questions during a workshop. The two selected NGOs in Abidjan and San Pedro participated in the design, recruitment and conduct of the study. Data from the quantitative survey and qualitative interviews were disseminated among the community through peer educators, who helped in the interpretation of results. *Most female sex workers meet their clients in more than one location: the total is not equal to 100%.
We hypothesize that the level of managerial knowledge in a previous occupation affects nascent entrepreneurs' effort-performance expectancies, whereas occupational arduousness and selfaccomplishment influence instrumentality expectancies. We test these hypotheses with a dataset created by merging O*NET data on 974 US occupations with the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED), over the period 2005-2012, based on equivalent SOC codes. Our results show that arduousness in one's occupation stimulates entrepreneurial effort, whereas self-accomplishment discourages entrepreneurial endeavors through instrumentality beliefs. Additionally, our results show that managerial knowledge encourages entrepreneurial effort through both effortperformance and instrumentality beliefs. Hence, arduous working conditions act as a push factor that triggers entrepreneurial effort by influencing the belief that entrepreneurship is of value, whereas managerial knowledge acts as a pull factor by working on the belief that entrepreneurship will lead to success.
Hypothesis 5: Instrumentality beliefs positively affect nascent entrepreneurs' efforts to start a business. The model depicted in Figure  1  summarizes our hypotheses and theoretical developments so far. It provides an overview of our hypothesized relationships, showing how certain occupational characteristics affect the belief that one's skills will result in a good performance as an entrepreneur (effort-performance) and the belief that entrepreneurship provides a high marginal reward (instrumentality), which in turn influence the degree of effort devoted to start a business. O*NET data are derived from a questionnaire completed by workers and experts 7  , and designed to analyze the level and importance of tasks needed to perform a specific occupation. O*NET data provide a 5 Nascent entrepreneurs were identified by four criteria: (i) they consider themselves as involved in the creation process, (ii) they have engaged in some kind of start-up activity in the past 12 months, (iii) they expect to own all or part of the new firm, and (iv) the initiative has not progressed to the point that it may be considered an operating business  (Reynolds and Curtin, 2007).
Independent variables: Occupational characteristics We used an extensive set of indicators to capture the nature of occupations performed by nascent entrepreneurs. Information was taken from the O*NET files described in the Data section (see also Appendix A). We built three indexes with respect to occupational characteristics in terms of (i) managerial knowledge, (ii) self-accomplishment, and (iii) arduousness. Managerial knowledge. The index capturing the importance of managerial knowledge is obtained by using O*NET data related to areas of knowledge needed to address problems and issues routinely faced in a given occupation. Respondents had to assess the level of each knowledge area on a 7 point-scale. Given the focus of this paper, we considered areas of knowledge that have been shown to matter when starting a business.
These areas are (i) administration and management, (ii) economics and accounting, (iii) sales and marketing, (iv) customer and personal service, (v) personnel and human resources, (vi) production and processing, and (vii) communications and media. 8 Our managerial knowledge index was calculated as the average score across all indicators and was occupation-specific. The index was then normalized across occupations such that an occupation with a score of 1 requires the highest knowledge in each of the areas included. Self-accomplishment. The index capturing self-accomplishment was obtained by combining information available in the Work Value data and Occupational Interests data. Each file produced a score ranging from 1 to 7 revealing the extent to which some "values" are satisfied in a given occupation.
Each occupation has a score ranging from 1 to 7 in each of these categories. Our selfaccomplishment index is simply the average score across the four categories for each occupational code. We then normalized the index by adjusting the minimum and maximum value to have a score that varies in the range of 0 to 1. Arduousness. The index capturing the degree of arduousness in a given occupation was obtained by combining O*NET data for 24 indicators of occupational difficulty. The different items are the following: (1) frequency of dealing with conflict situations, (2) unpleasant or angry people, (3) physically aggressive people, (4) regularity of working indoors in non-controlled environmental conditions, (5) outdoors, exposed to all weather conditions, (  6  Each indicator has a score ranging from 1 to 5 reflecting the frequency of exposure (from never to daily) to that specific form of occupational difficulty.
Data and Map Production Method GIS mapping involves the manipulation and production of digital data. The first stage of our GIS work consisted of collecting the materials needed. First of all, based on the years of reference for the different generations of planning documents and, depending on their availability, we chose old maps and aerial views from the National Geographic Institute (Figure  4 ). They are either georeferenced on GIS after digitalisation, or else loaded via National Geographic Institute's web map service flow. We then collected three types of GIS Shapefile and Raster data relating to the current situation: • The 2016 land registers containing information from the directorate general for finance. • The 2016 graphic parcel register (registre parcellaire graphique, RPG) produced by the service and payments agency listing the agricultural land parcels being farmed.
This work was useful in gaining an understanding of the process involved in transforming the territory, and also helped us to interpret the aerial views by referring to existing studies and to the collective memory of spatial transformations. The second stage consisted of producing new shapefile mapping data for the selected territorial elements, by giving them temporal information. For each of these elements, we identified the most pertinent sources to use, the idea being to achieve an equivalent level of accuracy for each period, with the objective of creating a 1/10. 000 map. We generally use BD Topo shapefiles, to which we add a time-dedicated field with QGIS. This gave us a working base that contained all of the territory's existing components (roads, railway lines, airports, electric lines, waterways, surface water, hedges and woods).
We then produced a final data type, relating to the ongoing projects. As the materials gathered so far were mainly JPEGs and PDFs that had then been georeferenced on GIS software, we created a shapefile layer in order to redraw the footprints of the projects (urbanisation perimeter, infrastructure layout and perimeter of action on the agri-natural spaces). The final stage consisted of using the resulting shapefile database to create two palimpsest mapping panes. These mappings echoed those in Geneva's historical atlas, highlighting on the one hand "the superimposition of the Napoleonic cadastral map onto the current overall map" and "the territorial formations-transformations of the 19th and 20th centuries" on the other  (Léveillé et al. , 1993, pp. 18-21). In our case and as the legend explains (Figure  5 ), they will explore: • The differential between 1960 and the present day and the forthcoming projects, underlining the continuances that are essentially shown in dark shades.
Acknowledgments I would like to thank local stakeholders in the Plaine Saint Exupéry in Lyon, and in particular the  SMABB, CAUE Isère and CEN Isère , for their collaboration during the fieldwork. I am also very grateful to  Frédéric Pousin  for his advice, to IPRAUS for their support, and to the  EPFL Habitat Research Center  for their contribution to the editing process. Finally, I would like to thank the  Urban Planning editorial team  and the anonymous referees for their precious advice.
14 We conservatively assumed economy travel only; premium economy, business, and first-class seating are associated with ∼1. 5-, ∼2-, and ∼3-fold higher emissions, respectively. 14 The 4,834 conference participants originated from 110 countries across six continents (Figure  1 ). Their combined return flights accounted for 27. 7 million miles or FIGURE 1. Travel to the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2019 conference. Data from participants and their country, state, or province of origin were used to estimate their travel distance and the travel-associated CO 2 e emissions. Each line connects a single airport in the country, state, or province of departure with the conference venue in Washington, DC. The thickness of the line reflects the number of participants; the travel route is stylized, although actual travel distance based on available flights (including flight legs) was used for calculations.
CO 2 e = carbon dioxide equivalent. FIGURE 2. Estimated impact of decentralized American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene conferences. Data from participants and their country, state, or province of origin were used to explore the impact on total travel distance and CO 2 e emissions if the conference was held at multiple venues in Washington, DC, Lima, Amsterdam, Nairobi, and Bangkok. The thickness of the line reflects the number of participants; the travel route is stylized, although actual travel distance based on available flights (including flight legs) was used for calculations. CO 2 e = carbon dioxide equivalent. 44. 6 million kilometers flown. This distance equals 58 return trips to the moon (assuming an average distance of 384,400 km or 238,855 miles  16  ). Total CO 2 e emissions from this air travel were estimated at 8,646 metric tons, equaling the total weekly carbon footprint of approximately 9,366 average American households (assuming an annual CO 2 emission of 48t CO 2 / household/year).
participants, Hanna Ehrlich (Yale University), Desiree LaBeaud (Stanford University), and Katherine Taylor (Notre Dame's Eck Institute for Global Health). We acknowledge the support of Ivana Box and Ole Mulder with travel calculations and Michiel Akkerman in making the infographics. We thank Milan Kl öwer (University of Oxford, United Kingdom) for useful discussions. Financial support: This work was supported by the sustainability board of the Radboud University Medical Center in The Netherlands. T. B. is further supported by a fellowship from the European Research Council (ERC-2020-CoG 864180). K. W. is supported through project funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1159477). A. A. D. is supported through DELTAS Africa Initiative (DELGEME grant 107740/Z/15/Z).
Data collection We obtained information from CPDPA about requests/complaints related to personal data protection that were received specifically from academic/research institutions, and the number and type of all cases/requests in years 2015-2019. Based on the date of the GDPR enforcement, data were further subdivided into cases received from January 1, 2015 to May 24th 2018 (pre-GDPR period) and cases received from May 25th 2018 to May 24th 2019 (post-GDPR period). For cases/requests from academic/research institutions, the following data were analysed: number of cases, number of cases that were not further processed, number of legal actions raised based on those cases and their outcomes, number of cases for which additional explanations were requested by CPDPA in a query to the originator of the case, and number of responses to such requests.
Acknowledgements This study was conducted within the project Promoting integrity in the use of research results in evidence based policy: a focus on non-medical research ( PRO-RES ). This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 re-search and innovation programme  under grant agreement No. 788352. We are grateful to the  Croatian Agency  for personal data protection (CPDPA) for providing anonymous data about cases of data breach that had been submitted to the Agency.
The gamma dose rates fall between 0. 70 Gy ka -1 to 1. 39 Gy ka -1 and they contribute around 35 % of the total dose rate (Table  1 ). Finally, the cosmic-dose rate was calculated using the calc_CosmicDoseRate() function available in the R (R Core Team, 2019) package 'Luminescence'  (Kreutzer et al. , 2012; 2017)  applying the approach after  Prescott and Stephan (1982)  and  Prescott and Hutton (1994). For calculating the total dose rate (Dr), we used a self-written Excel sheet (results were compared against DRAC,  Durcan et al. , 2015). The final dose rates for quartz grains range from 2. 18 Gy ka -1 to 3. 69 Gy ka -1 ; correspondingly for K-feldspar grains it lies between 2. 51 Gy ka -1 to 4. 02 Gy ka -1 (Table  1 ).
Bayesian chronology using 'BayLum' The Bayesian modelling was carried out using the R (R Core Team, 2019) package 'BayLum'  (Philippe et al. , 2018; Christoph et al. , 2019). For the calculation process, we used a multi-core workstation where subfolders were created containing the required input information, i. e. BIN/BINX-files, the reader dose rate, the environmental dose rate, as well as the position of the selected aliquots. The function AgeS_Computation() was applied to provide the chronology for several samples, including information on the stratigraphic order. For our study, the dose-response curves were fitted with an exponential plus linear equation through the option LIN_fit = TRUE. Then the argument distribution = c("gaussian") was used to assume a Gaussian distribution for the palaeodose for each sample (based on the study by  Heydari and Guérin, 2018).
Unravelling the Bayesian chronology Bayesian modelling was investigated on samples from the east trench. The aim of this investigation was to apply different options available in the 'BayLum' package to our dataset and compare and discuss the obtained chronologies to highlight the effect of each of these options. We defined four modelling scenarios. In scenario I, we ran the Bayesian model without considering any stratigraphic constraints and without any input for the Theta matrix. Henceforth, we call this scenario the simplistic Bayesian model (Fig. 6a ). In scenario II, we add the correlation between samples, i. e. taking the Theta matrix into account (Fig. 6b ). Contrary, in scenario III the Bayesian model was applied to the samples considering the stratigraphic constraints, but without any inference on the statistical correlation between the samples (no Theta matrix; Fig.