dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Data synthesis and analysis Data will be analysed using Stata software V. 13 (Stata Corp V. 13, Texas, USA). A meta-analysis will be conducted for data obtained from studies in which CHD has the same aetiologies, and SEs for the study-specific estimates will first be determined from the point estimate and the appropriate denominators, assuming a binominal distribution. Then the study-specific estimates will be Africa" OR "South Sudan" OR "St Helena" OR Sudan OR Swaziland OR Tanzania OR Togo OR Tunisia OR Uganda OR "Western Sahara" OR Zaire OR Zambia OR Zimbabwe OR "Central Africa" OR "Central African" OR "West Africa" OR "West African" OR "Western Africa" OR "Western African" OR "East Africa" OR "East African" OR "Eastern Africa" OR "Eastern African" OR "North Africa" OR "North African" OR "Northern Africa" OR "Northern African" OR "South African" OR "Southern Africa" OR "Southern African" OR "sub Saharan Africa" OR "sub Saharan African" OR "subSaharan Africa" OR "subSaharan African") NOT ("guinea pig" OR "guinea pigs" OR "aspergillus niger") 3 #1 AND #2 4 # 3 Limits: : 1986/01/01 to 2016/12/31 pooled through a random-effects meta-analysis model to obtain an overall summary estimate of the prevalence across studies, after stabilising the variance of individual studies using the Freeman-Tukey double arc-sine transformation (to keep the effect of studies with extremely small or large estimates).
PRESENTATION AND REPORTING OF RESULTS The study selection process will be summarised using a flow diagram. Reasons for studies' exclusion will be described. The report will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for systematic review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) Guidelines. 15 Tables and forest plots will serve to summarise quantitative data where appropriate. We will examine prevalence and aetiologies by region, setting (hospital or community) and time period depending on the data available. We plan to report on quality scores and risk of bias for each eligible study. This may be tabulated and accompanied by narrative summaries. CONCLUSION CHD represent the second major cause of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality among young Africans. Their management is limited in Africa in an inadequate socioeconomic environment with an insufficient technical platform and human resources.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to the LABEX Lyon Institute of Origins (ANR-10-LABX-0066) of the Université de Lyon for its financial support within the program "Investissements d'Avenir" (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) of the French government operated by the National Research Agency (ANR). We also aknowledge funding from PALSE (Programme Avenir Lyon Saint-Etienne). The authors wish to thank Sarah Maddison for helpful discussions and the anonymous referees for their useful comments which made us investigate in more detail our assumptions and the timescales of dynamics and growth, which improved the manuscript. All simulation were performed at the Common Computing Facility of LABEX LIO. 5 , for ease of comparison. Larger/heavier grains are located in the inner disc midplane while smaller/lighter grains are distributed in a wider zone.
The function f ( x ) is described by its coefficients c k. Using the linearity and pseudo-shift-invariance of the X-ray transform  [41]  , we model the effect of the projection operator P by: P f (y; θ ) = g(y; θ ) = k∈ c k Pϕ(y 1 -k 1 cos θ -k 2 sin θ , y 2 -k 3 ; θ ). (4) This, in turn, translates into the matrix formulation of the STEM imaging model as g = H c , ( 5 ) with g ∈ R M whose i th entry is [ g ] i = g(y i , θ i ) , and c ∈ R N a vector representation of the coefficients (3) indexed by k with N = (2 N 1 + 1)(2 N 2 + 1)(2 N 3 + 1). The entries of the system matrix H ∈ R M×N are [ H ] i, k = Pϕ(y i, 1 -k 1 cos θ -k 2 sin θ , y i, 2 -k 3 ; θ i ) , where [ y] i = (y i, 1 , y i, 2 ). In standard STEM, for every tilt angle θ , the whole projection plane is scanned uniformly with y i = i y where i ∈ {-M,  We consider typical STEM samples and compute their Haar wavelet coefficients using the ImageJ software  [30].
Simulation conditions The synthetic volume used as the ground truth in the simulations is a 512 × 512 × 256 visualization of the flagellar pocket of a trypanosome ( Fig. 4  ), acquired as presented in  [48]. All simulations were implemented in Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). To simulate the acquisition processes, two variants of the projection operator were coded: one using Kaiser-Bessel window functions (KBWF) as discretizing functions and one using B-splines  [49]. To reduce the risk of committing an "inverse crime", the projection operator producing the synthetic measurements always differed from the one used for reconstruction. The tilt-downsampling condition was achieved by uniformly increasing the angular increment between two simulated tilt-series ( i. e. , uniform T-DS). To mimic the "missing wedge of information" effect, we considered an angular coverage of (-70 • ; +70 • ) , with a 1 °increment ( i.
Simulations and reconstructions To mimic the RB-STEM process, we randomly downsampled the real projection measurements by applying a uniformly randomized subsampled binary mask. The reconstruction is performed as described in Section 6. 1. 1. Fig. 7  compares the 512 × 512 × 256 reconstruction from a complete STEM dataset ( i. e. , no I-DS) with the same-sized reconstruction obtained when only 30% of the projection measurements are scanned following a random I-DS scheme. The results show that even when only a third of the real projection measurements is retained, the reconstruction still achieves to preserve key information about the main structures of the imaged biological sample. In particular, all the annotated structures in Fig. 7  can still be located and distinguished from one another in the RB-STEM reconstruction ( Fig.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the  PICT-IBiSA  for providing access to their chemical imaging equipment. The work of  L. Donati  and  M. Nilchian  was supported by an  ERC grant  (  ERC-692726-GlobalBioIm  ). The work of S. Trépout was funded by an  ANR  grant (  ANR-11-BSV8-016  ).
A 2D model to evaluate the effect on the heat wall load of a large number of first wall profile and plasma shapes is presented. • A model to take into account some of the 3D feature and the misalignment tolerances of a 3D engineering wall is employed. • An automatic procedure to design a 2D first wall poloidal profile which fulfils heat flux density constraints on the wall is presented. • The calculation is verified with the 3D field line tracing code PFCflux, enhanced to satisfy the power balance.
A series of optimizations on the plasma and first wall 2D shape is presented in the Section 2, starting from the DEMO single null baseline scenario. A 2D field-mapping tool is employed together with a simple model which takes into account some of the 3D features. A sensitivity studies is performed on some realistic 3D features of an engineering wall and a possible set of misalignments. The results of a number of nonlinear electromagnetic simulations, performed using the CREATE-NL code, are presented in the Section 3, to evaluate the plasma shape variations under a list of perturbations. A subset of the resulting configurations is analyzed using the 3D field line tracing code PFCflux, improved to verify the power balance, to verify the heat flux onto a 3D engineering model of the first wall, and is presented in the Section 4.
7 MW/m 2 for a clockwise movement, and to 2. 8 MW/m 2 for an even further clockwise movement, see Fig. 3. Also a perturbation analysis was performed using a preliminary list of disturbances, such as ELMs, minor disruptions, unforeseen H-L transitions. This was obtained running a fully nonlinear con- trol simulation with the CREATE-L code  [13] , including the passive conductive structures, and modelling the disturbances as variations of the plasma internal parameters ␤ pol and li, and applying the control action, which counteracts the movement immediately after the disturbances. A simple control action was used, named best achievable performance controller, which consist in applying immediately after the perturbation a constant voltage equal to two times the voltage that would stop the plasma vertical instability growth rate at infinity.
3D field-line tracing with PFCflux The PFCflux code  [16]  has been employed to calculate the heat flux density to the wall for a subset of the wall geometry, plasma perturbations and assumptions on the P far-SOL and q. For the DEMO FW calculation an important new feature was developed in the code, which is the fulfilment of the power balance within ±10%, as for the 2D tool, including the tile shadowing calculation. The code was employed on the initial DEMO engineering wall proposals, where preliminary simple assumptions were made, such as first wall modules with flat faces extended for ∼1 m in the toroidal direction, and different poloidal segmentation strategies  [11]  (e. g. with 14 and 18 poloidally distributed modules, Fig. 4 ). A limited number of initial calculations were performed using the nominal plasma shape and some perturbed equilibria, as described in the previous paragraph.
Study design and conduct SIMCER was a six-month prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label, study in de novo liver transplant patients undertaken at 15 transplant centers in France during 2012 to 2015 (clinicaltrials. gov NCT01625377). The study protocol was approved by the French Health Products Safety Agency (Afssaps/ANSM) and the relevant institutional review board. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Accepted Article results in the H2304 study  (8)  but proteinuria reported as an adverse event was rare (2. 2%). Use of lipid-lowering therapy was higher in the everolimus-treated cohort at month 6, as might be expected given the known lipogenic profile of mTOR inhibitors. The study benefitted from randomization with appropriate stratification, and a large number of participating centers. We recognize that the six-month duration of the study is a limitation. Since rejection episodes occur primarily in the first six months post-transplant, and switch to another regimen is also more frequent during the first months, data from the first six months are highly relevant but longer follow-up is desirable to confirm if the renal advantage for the CNI regimen is maintained. The study population is now being followed to five years posttransplant in the observational CERTITUDE study, during which patients are assessed annually on the anniversary of transplantation and immunosuppression is at the investigators' discretion.
20. World Health Organization. Diabetes. Available at: www. who. /int/ncd/dia/databases4. htm. Accessed 25 September 2015 21. Teperman L, Moonka D, Sebastian A, Sher L, Marotta P, Marsh C, et al. Calcineurinfree mycophenolate mofetil/sirolimus maintenance in liver transplantation: the randomized spare-the-nephron trial. Liver Transpl 2013;19:675-689. 22. Neuberger JM, Mamelok RD, Neuhaus P, Pirenne J, Samuel D, Isoniemi H, et al. Delayed introduction of reduced-dose tacrolimus, and renal function in liver transplantation: the 'ReSpECT' study. Am J Transplant 2009;9:327-336. Baseline characteristics (randomized patients).
Pathologic examination Only operative specimens and no biopsies were examined. All specimens were examined independently by two pathologists (DC + AC). Tumors less than 2 cm in diameter were fully embedded, while an average of 5 slides were taken from tumors measuring more than 2 cm. All data were reported on a standardized pathology report form and included the Rubbia-Brandt and MD Anderson classifications for all LM  [6, 7]. The pathologists were blinded from each other for the analysis but in the event of disagreement between the two pathologists, a consensus was reached.
Statistical analysis Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (range) or number (percentage). Logistic regression analysis was then performed to identify risk factors for homogeneous PRPC, with homogeneous PRPC as dependent variable. Only variables with a p-value < 0. 2 in univariate analysis were included as independent variables in a multivariate model. Variables with a p value ≤ 0. 1 in the multivariable model were considered to be risk factors. Statistical analyses were performed by a datamanager with SAS 9. 2 statistical analysis software (SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, nC, United States).
The atmospheric NO x concentration is determined by the relative magnitudes of the sources and sinks. The main sources of NO x in the Northern Hemisphere are anthropogenic emissions from fossil fuel use, power stations and transport  (Olivier and Berdowski et al. , 2001; Olivier et al. , 2001). Figure  5  shows how NO x emissions from North America, Europe, and Russia have varied between 1970 and 2008, taken from the bottom-up estimates of the EDGAR database (EDGAR v4. 2 (EC-JRC/PBL, 2011), http://edgar. jrc. ec. europa. eu). Emissions were fairly constant between 1970 and 1990 and then fell by about 25 % from 1990 to 2008. This is in good agreement with the NO x emission trends for OECD Europe presented in  Vestreng et al. (2009). Assuming that these bottom-up emissions estimates are correct in the timing of the NO x emissions changes, it seems unlikely that an increase in the alkyl nitrate production efficiency during the period 1970 to the late 1990s could have been driven primarily by changing NO x emissions.
Alternatively, the observed increase in the [RONO 2 ] / [RH] ratio between the 1970s and late 1990s could be explained by an increase in the amount of photochemical processing [OH]t of air masses reaching the Arctic by a factor of 2-3. This could be driven by an increase in concentrations of the hydroxyl radical (OH), or to the transport time (t) of air masses from source regions to the Arctic. If the observed trends are driven by changes to the chemical state of the atmosphere, then it is likely that they represent a combination of changes to the concentrations of both NO and OH. Data availability. The firn measurements and the firn model output are available as part of the Supplement as an Excel spreadsheet. The Supplement related to this article is available online at https://doi. org/10.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by funding from the  UK Natural Environment Research Council  ( NE/F021194/1 & NE/M003248/1 ). NEEM is directed and organized by the  Centre of Ice and Climate at the Niels Bohr Institute  and  US NSF, Office of Polar Programs. It is supported by funding agencies and institutions in Belgium (FNRS-CFB and FWO),  Canada (NRCan/GSC), China (CAS) ,  Denmark (FIST) ,  France (IPEV, CNRS/INSU, CEA and ANR), Germany (AWI), Iceland (RannIs), Japan (NIPR) ,  South Korea (KOPRI) , the  Netherlands (NWO/ALW), Sweden (VR) ,  Switzerland (SNF) , the  United Kingdom (NERC)  and the  USA (USNSF, Office of Polar Programs)  and the  EU Seventh Framework programs. We are indebted to  Jakob Schwander  of the  Physics Institute at the University of Bern, Switzerland  for collecting the firn air samples at NEEM, and  Thomas Blunier  of the  Centre for Ice and Climate at University of Copenhagen, Denmark  for leading the NEEM gas consortium.
Acknowledgements. We thank the glaciology group at  University of Washington  and  F. Gillet-Chaulet  at IGE for helpful discussions. Operational support was provided by the  Australian Antarctic Division , the  Institut polaire français Paul-Emile Victor (IPEV)  and the  Italian Antarctic Program (PNRA and ENEA ). We thank the staff of  Concordia Station  and the  Kenn Borek Air  flight crew. Additional support was provided by the  French ANR Dome   A  project ( ANR-07-BLAN-0125 ). Funding was provided by the  French AGIR project  " OldestIce ", the  National Science Foundation  grant  PLR-0733025  (ICECAP), the  Australian Antarctic Division  project  4346 , the  G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation  and  NERC  grant  NE/D003733/1. This work was supported by the  Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centres Programme  through the  Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC ).
This publication was generated in the frame of  Beyond EPICA-Oldest Ice (BE-OI). The project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme  under grant agreement no. 730258  ( BE-OI CSA ). It has received funding from the  Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI)  under contract number  16. 0144. It is furthermore supported by national partners and funding agencies in  Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland , the  Netherlands  and the  United Kingdom. Logistic support is mainly provided by  AWI ,  BAS ,  ENEA  and  IPEV. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the European Union funding agency, the Swiss Government or other national funding bodies.
Solution of the linear system of SGBEM equations Interpolating the boundary and the unknowns in the manner described in Section 3, a system of linear equations of the form [ B uu -B tu -B ut B tt ]{ U T } = { L u L t } (42) is eventually reached. It is important to note that the matrix is symmetric but not sign-definite (except for the special cases of pure Dirichlet and pure Neumann problems). Thus, Cholesky decomposition does not apply except for the special cases. However, direct linear solvers for indefinite symmetric matrices are expounded in  Golub and Van Loan (1989) , and codes are provided, for example, in software libraries like LAPACK  (Anderson et al. , 1995). Such direct solvers, as well as the Cholesky algorithm for sign-definite symmetric matrices, need O(N 3 )∕6 arithmetic operations.
This information tells us that the qPCR sensitivity could be somewhat optimized by decreasing C 0 I (arrow 5). As the [Os(bpy) 2 dppz] 2+ leads to the lowest C T values and largest signal amplitude decreases, including a well-defined exponential amplification phase, it has been next used to assess the analytical performances of our electrochemical qPCR system. Duplicate electrochemical qPCR amplifications were performed from 10-fold serial dilutions of a LITMUS 28i vector standard solution to obtain a range of initial target ds-DNA ranging from 10 8 to 10 copies per electrochemical microwell. Fig. 5  shows the resulting processed electrochemical qPCR kinetic curves (raw and baseline corrected data are  shown in Fig. S18 , ESI †) as well as the extracted calibration plot. The linear relationship observed between C T and the semi-log of initial DNA copies is in full agreement with the exponential reaction kinetics of PCR during its initial phase, finally leading to a PCR efficiency close to the theoretical value of 2.
Molecular dynamics study of DNA-probe complexes To evaluate the affinity between the probes and a doublestrand DNA, we relied on a computational protocol based on a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the DNA-probe complex that we have recently developed. 13 he MD simulations of the DNA-probe complexes were performed by using the GROMACS. v. 5. 0. 5 package. 19 The initial structure of the B-DNA dodecamer (Drew-Dickerson dodecamer)  20  with 12 base pairs (bp) d(CGCGAATTCGCG) 2 was obtained from the Nucleic Acid Database 21 with the PDB code 1BNA. The ff99 set of parameters with the PARMBSC0 modification was employed for the nucleic acid 1BNA. GAFF parameters  22  were used for the three probes as well as the parameters we recently developed for the Os(II) metallointercalators to describe Os-N bonds, Os-N-C and N-Os-N angles and all torsion angles involving Os(II).
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  LabEx MiChem  ( ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ) and a granted access to the HPC resources of CINES and IDRIS ( 2017-A0010810135 ) made by  GENCI  and  MesoPSL  ( Equip@Meso ,  ANR-10-EQPX-29-01 ). The authors thank  Prof. Kathryn B. Grant  from  Georgia State University  for providing us the PhP molecule.
We will search (from inception to January 2017) MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane library for randomised controlled trials and prospective observational studies. Two reviewers will conduct all screening and data collection independently. The primary outcome of the rate of recurrent VTE at the standardised time intervals will be calculated for each study from the total number of recurrent events and the corresponding number of patient-years of follow-up. We will use a random-effects model to pool study results and report a weighted estimate of the absolute rate of recurrent VTE (events per 100 patientyears) over standardised time intervals of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 years after discontinuing anticoagulants. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not applicable for this study. Findings from this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publication as well as relevant national and international conference presentations.
MEthOds The proposed project is called Meta-Analysis of the long-term Risk of recurrent Venous thromboEmbo-Lism after stopping anticOagulation for acute Unprovoked venous thromboemboliSm (MARVELOUS). This protocol has been registered in the PROSPERO international register of prospective systematic reviews database (CRD42017056309). Its contents have been drafted with contributions from all members of the authorship team.
Study design We will include RCTs and prospective cohort studies. Studies with other types of designs, including retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case series and case reports will be excluded. search strategy A comprehensive literature search will be conducted in the MEDLINE and Embase databases on the Ovid platform. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will also be searched for relevant literature. There will be no restrictions on language or time period. Search terms will be categorised into four major concept groups: disease terms, intervention terms, those related to secondary prevention and type of study design. Medical subject heading terms will be used and supplemented by keywords, with vocabulary and syntax adjusted across databases.
data collection A data extraction form will be developed to facilitate the process of data collection from the studies that have been included in the review. The form will be pilot-tested on Covidence to identify any data that may be irrelevant or missing from the form. Two reviewers will independently extract all data and a third person will verify a subset of the studies to ensure that information about the general characteristics and outcomes of the study are accurate. Discrepancies between reviewers will be resolved by consensus or by a third person if necessary. The following information will be attempted to be collected from all included studies (as/if available): ► Study information: reference ID, authors, year of publication, journal information, publication status. for subgroup analyses of gender, site of initial VTE, post-treatment D-dimer level, will be identified, and taken into account if possible.
Management of missing data If data are not directly reported, they will be requested from the primary investigator of the study. In the case where the total patient-years accumulated at each specified time interval are unavailable, they will be estimated from the number of patients at risk at each specified time interval (when available/provided) with the assumption that patients who did not complete a follow-up period (eg, died or were lost to follow-up) were observed for half of the interval. This assumption will be verified with the corresponding study investigator. Otherwise, analysis will be conducted on the final available data, and the potential impact of the missing data will be discussed as a limitation. data synthesis Meta-analysis Characteristics of eligible studies will be summarised and presented in a table in the final report.