dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
96 [1. 46, 6. 03] ), cycle  13 (2. 44 [1. 15, 5. 17] ), and cycle  16 (2. 77 [1. 27,6. 07] ). Discussion: Higher GHS/QoL scores were reported for patients in the KdD vs Kd arm, suggesting that this treatment can potentially offer both clinical benefit and improved QoL for RRMM patients with complex disease management needs. Conclusion: In addition to the superior clinical benefit observed with KdD vs Kd, HRQoL was maintained with the KdD triplet regimen. A higher number of patients treated with KdD vs Kd reported an improvement of &amp;ge;10 points in baseline GHS/QoL score. Clinicaltrials. gov: NCT03158688. https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. htct. 2020. 10. 436.
The latter "reflected radiation" approach instead illuminates a room temperature sample with infrared radiation and measures how much of the radiation is reflected, with SE then determined through use of Kirchhoff's Law  [24]. Key advantages of this approach are that no artificial heating of the samples is required, so all types of sample are analysable, and sample temperature inhomogeneity is not an issue. The approach has been widely applied to provide much of the SE data populating the most commonly used online spectral emissivity libraries, such as the ECOSTRESS (ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on a Space Station)-formerly ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer)-spectral library  [25]. SE data from the ECOSTRESS spectral library are used within the TES algorithm to provide the spectra required to derive some of the algorithm coefficients  [26].
KCL and UT-ITC made additional open port measurements and subtracted these from both the sample and reference measurements during the spectral reflectance calculation in Equation (  1 ) in order to remove background radiation, as detailed in  [27]. ONERA, KCL and NASA-JPL made additional adjustments to the measured data to compensate for the substitution error described in Section 1. Sample emissivity (ε s ) was inferred from measured reflectance using Kirchhoff's law  [24] : ε s (λ) = 1 -ρ s (λ) (2) The number of scans varied between the different methods, ranging from 60 scans for each sample at CSIRO using the Agilent 4300 Handheld FTIR to eight repeat measurements of 512 scans for each sample at UT-ITC. For most setups, a full measurement sequence (reference, sample and any additional measurements) took between 5 and 30 min.
Summary and Conclusions Surface spectral emissivity data collected with twelve different laboratory spectrometer measurement setups made at seven different laboratories were compared over the MWIR and LWIR spectral ranges in a Round-Robin intercomparison exercise. All measurements were based on the principle of illuminating the sample with an intense source of infrared radiation, measuring the reflected signal, and converting this to an emissivity spectrum using Kirchhoff's Law. Three different samples were used for the exercise. The first two were artificial samples constructed from gold and aluminium sheets each laminated in PE films that had Lambertian and specular characteristics respectively and with widely varying emissivity features across the 2. 5-14 µm spectral range. The third sample was distilled water, which has a relatively flat emissivity spectrum close to unity.
Section 4 provides an overview of the large collection of algorithms used to select events for physics measurements. Section 5 describes the design of the upgraded Level-1 trigger, including updates since Ref. [3]. The reconstruction algorithms, along with their performance, are described in detail for each subdetector: the muon trigger in Section 6, and the calorimeter trigger in Section 7; appendix A provides details on a calorimeter trigger issue that affected Run 2 data. Section 8 provides two examples of new multi-object global trigger algorithms, while Section 9 describes how the data quality of the Level-1 trigger is monitored in real time. Section 10 summarizes and draws conclusions regarding the achievements of the upgraded Level-1 trigger in Run 2.
The gas had become trapped in one area of the LHC during the year-end technical stop between 2016 and 2017  [6]. To mitigate this effect, the LHC moved to a special "8b4e" filling scheme in September 2017. In this scheme the standard 48 bunch trains are replaced by mini-trains of 8 filled bunches followed by 4 empty slots, suppressing the formation of electron clouds. Since the 8b4e filling scheme allows a maximum of 1916 filled bunches in the LHC, the peak instantaneous luminosity was leveled to ≈1. 55 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 , so the average pileup would not exceed 60. The LHC delivered 41. 0 and 49. 8 fb -1 of proton-proton collisions to CMS in 2016 and 2017, respectively, during which 35. 9 and 41. 5 fb -1 of good quality data were recorded. In 2018 the beam dump issues had largely been mitigated so that a return to the preferred nominal scheme was possible.
A prescale of N means that only one in every N events satisfying the condition is accepted. Prescale values can only be positive integer numbers. With a prescale of two, for example, only half of the events selected by the seed will propagate to the HLT. A "prescale column" is a set of prescale values applied to each of the seeds in a particular menu. During an LHC fill the beam intensity decreases with time, so multiple prescale columns with decreasing prescale values are used, to maximize signal efficiency while keeping the rate under 100 kHz. Figure  2 : Level-1 trigger rates as a function of pileup for some benchmark seeds targeting leptons (left) and hadrons (right). Rates are measured using data recorded during the 2018 LHC run. Definitions of the seed names are in Table  1. The curves represent fits to the data points that are quadratic and constrained to pass through the origin.
The prescale columns for luminosities of 1. 5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 and 1. 7 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 , represented by the black dots and red squares, respectively, were not used to collect data at the highest pileup, but were activated only when their corresponding Level-1 trigger rate was lower than 100 kHz. Although quadratic functions fit the data points well, the very small quadratic coefficient of these fits indicates a mostly linear dependence of the rate on pileup suggesting a negligible contamination from pileup events. The total number of algorithms in the CMS Level-1 menu used in proton-proton collisions is between 350 and 400; the system architecture is limited to 512, which is a factor 4 larger than the Run 1 system. There were about 150 unprescaled seeds in the menu at the end of 2018, of which approximately 100 were "contingency" seeds with stricter selection requirements.
Performance The data recorded since the start of Run 2 are used to study the performance of the upgraded muon trigger. The performance studies presented in this chapter use data collected during 2018. Data collected during 2016 and 2017 give similar results. Figure  7  shows the correlation between the inverse of the muon p T assigned at Level-1, proportional to the track curvature, and the inverse of the offline reconstructed muon p T for the three η regions of interest. The correlation is linear but slightly off-diagonal, because Level-1 muon p T values are scaled up to provide 90% efficiency for any given trigger p T threshold. The resolution in the barrel shows better resolution because the orientation of the magnetic field with respect to the muon track causes less bending in the forward regions.
The turn-on curves are obtained by matching geometrically the τ candidates reconstructed offline that pass all the identification and isolation requirements of the H → ττ analysis with its Level-1 counterpart. The stability of the efficiency with respect to pileup is illustrated in Fig. 22  (left). Figure  22  (right) shows the double-τ rate as function of the E T threshold applied to both of the Level-1 τ candidates. The rate is measured in an unbiased data sample. For typical thresholds of ≈30 GeV, a significant rate reduction is achieved by using the isolation requirement.
Data certification and validation The Level-1 trigger performance is monitored online by physicists working in shifts for nonstop data-taking operational support, who are trained to recognize and solve trigger problems. Trigger rates are continuously displayed for each algorithm, as well as occupancy plots and energy distributions for each physics object. Unexpected discrepancies compared with the reference distributions are investigated promptly by Level-1 object experts who determine the appropriate course of action. The Level-1 trigger system uses a two-step process to certify the collected data. "Express certification" is typically performed within 24 hours, and identifies any anomalous behavior of the trigger that may have passed unnoticed during data taking. In the "final certification", highquality data are selected for physics analyses.
An analysis of Run 2 data shows that the trigger rate reduction and efficiency gain benefited the physics program of the CMS Collaboration under conditions of increased LHC energy, luminosity, and pileup. An example includes the H → ττ analysis  [28] , which shows a significant improvement in trigger efficiency; other Higgs boson decay channel analyses maintained a similar trigger efficiency despite the harsher beam conditions. Moreover, all analyses looking for large transverse missing energy (E miss T ), including searches for dark matter, supersymmetry  [29] , and invisible Higgs boson decay  [26] , were only possible in Run 2 because of the improved resolution of the Level-1 E miss T and the pileup mitigation algorithm. Searches for low-mass dimuon resonances exploited the invariant mass requirement for reducing the rate and lowering the muon momentum requirement  [27].
A second bias arises because of the impact on the ECAL selective readout logic. The TP inputs are used by the ECAL selective readout units to decide whether a certain region of the detector needs to be read out or not (zero-suppressed). Crystals associated with the early TP will be read out by the ECAL data acquisition system in zero-suppression mode, injecting a bias into the HLT/offline energy measurement. For high-p T jets this effect is expected to be small because the zero-suppression thresholds are low. This energy bias is mostly recovered by the residual jet energy corrections applied at the analysis level.
Acknowledgments We thank  Ron Peled  and  Yinon Spinka ,  Edward Witten  and  Bruno Nachtergaele  for stimulating discussions and relevant references. MA is supported in parts by the  NSF  grant  DMS-1613296 , and the  Weston Visiting Professorship at the Weizmann Institute of Science. HDC was supported by the  ERC CriBLaM , the  NCCR SwissMAP , the  Swiss NSF  and an IDEX Chair from  Paris-Saclay. SW is supported by the  DFG  under  EXC-2111 -390814868.
Nowadays, a broad range of assessment techniques for rodent models of peripheral and central nerve injuries exist, ranging from walking track analysis with ink and paper  12 , 13 , 14  over ankle and gait kinematics  15 , 16 , 17  to machine-learning enhanced methods, which allow for the complex estimation of gait, limb, and joint trajectories  18 , 19. Computerized Automated Gait Analysis (AGA) is used to evaluate locomotor function following peripheral and central nervous injuries and potential experimental treatment of such injuries. The device mainly consists of a glass walkway and a light source that illuminates the rodent's paw prints in correlation with the pressure exceeded by them. This data is then computerized to calculate a broad array of static and dynamic parameters. According to Deumens, these parameters can be further subdivided into the categories of general parameters, pain-related parameters as well as coordination-related parameters of gait 20 (Table  1 ).
The feasibility of AGA to detect changes in gait behavior has been proven in various animal models of peripheral nerve injury (PNI)  21  , such as the sciatic nerve 20 , femoral nerve  22  , and median nerve  23 , 24. It is also routinely used to assess locomotor function in rats with central nervous injuries, e. g. , stroke  25  or spinal cord contusion  26. The method's advances lie in the great amount of comparable data and its possibility to record a plethora of parameters related to gait  27. This paper aims to provide researchers interested in animal models of PNI and spinal cord injury (SCI) with a detailed and hands-on guideline to assess locomotor function in such models. and humidity (45%-65 %) for adequate animal housing.
In addition to nausea and myelosuppression, interstitial lung disease was observed in a subgroup of patients and requires attention to pulmonary symptoms and careful monitoring. (Funded by Daiichi Sankyo and AstraZeneca; DESTINY-Breast01 ClinicalTrials. gov number, NCT03248492. ) 2] [3]  The recommended first-line therapy for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer consists of the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab given with a taxane. In the CLEOPATRA (Clinical Evaluation of Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab) trial, the combination of trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and docetaxel resulted in a median duration of progression-free survival and overall survival of 18. 7 months and 56. 5 months, respectively. 4, 5 Standard second-line therapy is the antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab emtansine, which was associated with an objective response of 43.
16 In addition, the released payload has a short half-life, which is designed to minimize systemic exposure. 15  a phase 1 study of trastuzumab deruxtecan (called DS8201-A-J101; ClinicalTrials. gov number, NCT02564900), 111 patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer received trastuzumab deruxtecan at a dose of 5. 4 mg or 6. 4 mg per kilogram of body weight. The confirmed response rate was 59. 5% (95% CI, 49. 7 to 68. 7), and the median response duration was 20. 7 months on the basis of investigators' assessment. 17 Of the 43 patients with breast cancer who had a low expression of HER2 (a score of 1+ or 2+ [negative or borderline] on immunohistochemical analysis and no demonstrated amplification on in situ hybridization), 19 (44%) had a response to treatment. 18 These results show promise in patients who have metastatic breast cancer with varying levels of HER2 expression, which supports the conduct of additional studies to evaluate the therapeutic potential of trastuzumab deruxtecan.
(Details regarding the eligibility criteria are provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM. org. ) Part 1 of the study was designed to consist of two sequential stages: pharmacokinetics and dose finding (Fig. S1  in the Supplementary Appendix). In the pharmacokinetics stage, patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive trastuzumab deruxtecan at a dose of 5. 4 mg, 6. 4 mg, or 7. 4 mg per kilogram administered by intravenous infusion every 3 weeks. On the basis of the pharmacokinetics analysis, two doses were identified for evaluation in the dose-finding stage, in which newly enrolled patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio. We identified the recommended dose using a predicted benefit-risk profile modeled from exposure-response, exposure-safety, and pharmacokinetic analyses as well as clinical data from this study and from the phase 1 DS8201-A-J101 study.
STUDY OVERSIGHT The study was funded by Daiichi Sankyo and AstraZeneca. The study was sponsored and designed by Daiichi Sankyo and was approved by the institutional review board at each participating site. After the collaboration was formed in March 2019, representatives from AstraZeneca were involved in study oversight and data interpretation. All the patients provided written informed consent. Data were analyzed and interpreted by the sponsor and the authors. All the authors reviewed the manuscript and vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the data and for the adherence of the study to the protocol, available at NEJM. org. Editorial assistance was financially supported by Daiichi Sankyo.
DESTINY-Breast01 was a single-group study with a median follow-up of only 11 months. Yet, it provides validation of the earlier phase 1 results,and randomized trials are under way (NCT03523585 and NCT03529110) to confirm these findings as well as a direct comparison with trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Trastuzumab deruxtecan is also being evaluated for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in patients with low HER2 expression (NCT03734029) and has shown early activity with a response rate of 44. 2% in a patient population for which currently available HER2-directed therapies are ineffective. 18  this global, phase 2 study, trastuzumab deruxtecan had a high level of clinical activity in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer who had undergone extensive previous therapies.
21 strain, developed in South Africa  (14, 15). HVTN 073 was the first trial to assess the safety and immunogenicity of this DNA/MVA prime-boost regimen. This regimen induced a high frequency of T-cell immune responses but low levels of binding responses to HIV antigens and no neutralizing responses  (15). This DNA/MVA regimen, when boosted with a gp140 protein (also tested in HVTN 086), induced binding and tier 1A virus-neutralizing responses but no broadly neutralizing antibody activity  (14). Although there has been a detailed characterization of the vaccine-induced immune responses among HIV-uninfected participants, there are few data available on the immune responses among participants who acquire HIV after vaccination. A study which assessed the effect of Env gp120 vaccination in the VAX004 trial on the subsequent neutralizing antibody responses to HIV-1 infection found no significant differences between HIV-infected vaccinated and placebo recipients (2).
In order to assess the contribution of the MPER-directed antibodies to broad neutralization activity, peptide depletion assays were performed using the MPR. 03 peptide. Depletions were done using sera collected at 3, 4, and 5 years postinfection from the 2 participants with MPER responses. Neutralizing activity against C1C as well as 4 heterologous viruses, ConC, Du151, Q23, and CAP45, was tested. A greater than 50% reduction in neutralization activity was observed only for C1C and not for any of the heterologous viruses tested (data not shown). This finding suggests that the MPER responses in these two participants from HVTN 204, one from the vaccine arm and one from the placebo arm, did not contribute to neutralization breadth. Tier 1A neutralization responses in vaccine and placebo recipients following HIV infection.
We next assessed neutralization activity against tier 1A isolates MN. 3, SF162, and MW965. 26 pre-and post-HIV infection. Low neutralizing antibody responses to MN. 3 (ID 50 ϭ 74) and MW965. 26 (ID 50 ϭ 109) were observed for one participant from the HVTN 086 trial prior to HIV infection. For the other participants, no neutralizing responses against tier 1A isolates MN. 3, MW965. 26, and SF162 were observed prior to infection, consistent with the postvaccination data (Fig. 4 ). Following HIV infection, neutralizing antibodies against subtype C isolate MW965. 26 followed by subtype B isolates MN. 3 and SF162 appeared within the first year and were maintained. There was no statistically significant difference in the titer distributions over time between the vaccine and the placebo recipients for each isolate post-HIV infection (all P values were Ͼ0.
05). Overall, our data suggest that prior vaccination with these env-containing regimens had little impact on the antibody response to HIV infection. Prior vaccination did not boost tier 2 neutralization responses to HIV infection in HVTN 204. Broadly neutralizing antibody responses against 34 tier 2 virus isolates from multiple subtypes were assessed using samples from the infected participants from the HVTN 204 trial (suitable samples were not available for the 3 vaccinees in the other 2 trials). No tier 2 responses were observed for any participant at the preinfection time point, regardless of the vaccine regimen (data not shown). There was sporadic and weak neutralization of the virus panel for some participants at 3 years post-HIV infec- tion, when neutralization breadth is likely to develop.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study population. Serum samples from 10 vaccine and 4 placebo recipients were collected annually following HIV infection as part of HVTN 404. Participants were recruited from phase 1/2 HIV vaccine trials, conducted in South Africa, in which the vaccine immunogens consisted of HIV-1 env inserts and/or Env proteins. These included the HVTN 073/SAAVI 102, HVTN 086/SAAVI 103, and HVTN 204 trials  (14, 15, 19). The participants recruited into the parent protocols were assessed as being at low risk of acquiring HIV infection, based on self-reported behavior prior to enrollment. HIV infection was determined by PCR using a Roche Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 qualitative test (version 2. 0; Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Mannheim Germany). Neutralization data from a historic longitudinal cohort of South African individuals enrolled during HIV seroconversion for pathogenesis studies (CAPRISA) were used as data for an unvaccinated control group  (17, 20, 22).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the  HVTN 073 ,  HVTN 086 ,  HVTN 204 , and HVTN 404 study staff and participants. We are grateful to  Mashudu Madzivhandila  for CAPRISA 004 neutralization data and  Barbara Metch  for assistance with data analysis. This work was funded by the  SHIP program  of the  South African Medical Research Council (MRC)  and  National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) U. S. Public Health Service  grants  UM1 AI068614 ,  UM1 AI068618 , and  UM1 AI068635  ( HIV Vaccine Trials Network ). P. L. M. is supported by the  South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and NRF  (grant no. 98341 ). Z. D.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the  National Science Center of Poland  under Project No. 2015/19/B/ST3/00543  and partially by the  AGH University of Science and Technology  statutory task No. 11. 11. 220. 01/6under  a subsidy from the  Ministry of Science and Higher Education. J. Korecki  thanks the statutory research funds of  ICSC PAS  for their support.
Acknowledgment This project has received funding from the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 research and innovation program  under the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  grant agreement No. 675441. The authors would like to acknowledge  Maxime Bilodeau  for his help in the installation and set-up of the 3D laser vibrometer. Patrick Levesque  is also acknowledged for the installation of the panels in the reverberant room.
The sample included 84 adults with DS (about as many women as men) aged 16 to 34 years. They were divided into two groups: one treated with EGCG and undergoing cognitive training; the other receiving a placebo and the same cognitive training as the first group. Long-term administration of the medication in the experimental group appeared to be well tolerated A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered at the end of the study. Participants treated with EGCG and exposed to cognitive training showed a statistically significant superiority (p < 0. 05) in two cognitive tasks (memory and visual recognition) and in several adaptive tasks (daily routines abilities). A retest 16 months later showed partial persistence of the effects measured at the end of the intervention. The above data suggest that EGCG may improve brain defects in TR21 mice, genetically modified or transgenic.