dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Result for exposure to MeHg found in this study was comparable with mercury in hair from French data (data not shown). For the EFSA, the principal highest contribution food categories for IHg were fruit and vegetable juices (34%), fish and seafood (29%), milk and dairy products (29%), and infant food (18%) (EFSA, 2012a). In our study, food contribution was the following: fish (for LB assumption; 37%), milk and ultra-fresh dairies (for UB assumption; 28%), infant food (20-28%) and breast-milk or infant milk-based formula (7-14%). All-life exposure was calculated from results of the second TDS carried out by ANSES. This life-long WED was calculated by the sum of WED of each age class (0-2, 3-17 and 18-79 years) weighed by the duration of exposure on total exposure (3/80, 15/80 and 62/80 for each age class, respectively) (Table  8 ).
01-0. 13 μg/g)  (Ottesen et al. , 2013)  were very close to the concentrations in a French non-polluted area (between 0. 02 and 0. 10 μg/g)  (Baize, 2000). In the same way, data used for dust contamination came from foreign data and were used without any adjustment due to the absence of sufficient data. Considering Ottawa as a place with a few industrial sources, like most of the French territory, we considered that these mercury levels were representative of French house-dust contamination. They measured also the total mercury in garden soil (P50: 0. 048 ng/g). These results were close to the median of European contamination in soil (P50: 0. 035 ng/g). So, we could suppose that dust contamination was in the same order of magnitude as in Canadian houses. A previous Canadian study reported exposure via soil and dust in small children  (Richardson et al.
Statistical analysis The statistical significance was set at p value less than 0. 05 and a mean difference equal to or greater than 2-fold change in expression levels. Normal distribution of the variables was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Differences between colony-OECs, mature-OECs and hCMEC/D3 groups were determined using the One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests for normal and non-normal distributions, respectively. Data were expressed as mean fold change ± SD for normal distributed variables or median (interquartile range) for non-normal distributed variables. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 15. 0 software. To account for multiple statistical testing, false discovery rate (FDR) q-values were calculated.
None of the analyzed genes showed any correlation between their expression level and the clinical outcome. White blood cell counts of the stroke patients included in the study were not statistically different (p=0. 65). The Human Angiogenesis RT 2 Profiler PCR Array profiles the expression of 84 key genes involved in the biological processes of angiogenesis. Over 90% of the transcripts (n= 75) were detected whereas the expression of ANGPT1, CXCL9, IL8, COL18A1, COL4A3, CCL11, HAND2, IFN-G and TIMP-3 was undetected by this technique. Quality control parameters included in the Human Angiogenesis RT2 Profiler PCR Array (positive PCR controls and reverse transcription controls) showed a good reproducibility and efficiency based on the web based program of RT2 profiler PCR Array Data Analysis. Overall, the analysis of the heat maps showed that mature-OECs gene-expression pattern partially matched hCMEC/D3 (Figure  1B ).
05) and a significant overexpression in mature-OECs compared to hCMEC/D3 (p=0. 025); see Figure  2B. Moreover, VEGF-C, THBS1 and NRP-2 gene expression was also significantly increased (p=0. 034) in mature-OECs compared to hCMEC/D3 as shown in Figure  2. This data confirms the results obtained in the RT2 profiler PCR Array and validates the analysis.
Acknowledgements AR is supported by the  Miguel Servet programme  ( CP09/00265 ) from the  Spanish Ministry of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III). This work has been funded by  Instituto de Salud Carlos III , grant  PI10/00694  and the  Spanish stroke research network RENEVAS  ( RD06/0026/0010 ) co-financed by the  European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). This work has been supported also by the  European Union 's  Seventh Framework Programme  ( FP7/2007-2013 ) under grant agreements  n°201024  and  n°202213  ( European Stroke Network ).
OPEN ACCESS Mar. Drugs 2013, 11 3351 PnTX-G was not a potent cytotoxic compound as no reduction of the cell viability was observed on the different cell lines. Moreover, no effects on the cell cycle or DNA damage were observed following treatment of undifferentiated Caco-2 cells with PnTX-G. The crude extract of V. rugosum was thus partially purified using liquid-liquid partitioning and SPE clean-up. In vitro assays revealed strong activity of some fractions containing no PnTX-G. The crude extract and the most potent fraction were evaluated using full scan and tandem high resolution mass spectrometry. The dereplication revealed the presence of a major compound that could be putatively annotated as nakijiquinone A, N-carboxy-methyl-smenospongine or stachybotrin A, using the MarinLit™ database.
Moreover, no cytotoxicity was observed on differentiated Caco-2 cells after 48 h of incubation (data not shown). The crude extract of V. rugosum induced a time-and concentration-dependent reduction of the cell viability of KB cells (Figure  2c ). The LD 50 s (with confidence interval at 95%) of V. rugosum crude extract on KB cells were 9 (7. 8-10. 2), 1 (1. 09-0. 91) and 0. 19 (0. 26-0. 12) µg mL -1 after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation, respectively. The extract was more potent on KB cells than on undifferentiated Caco-2 cells, and even more potent on Neuro2A cells. The cytotoxic activities were monitored along the partitioning steps of the crude extract of V. rugosum. Cytotoxicity was higher in both the DCM and the aqueous MeOH fractions than in the crude extract, both when using Neuro2A and KB cells (Table  2 ).
However, as with the crude extract, no IC 50 could be calculated for those two fractions on undifferentiated (Table  2 ) and differentiated (data not shown) Caco-2 cells, as only 40%-45% cytotoxicity was reached in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells for the highest concentrations tested (5 µg mL -1 ). Ki-67 was measured as a biomarker of cell proliferation, typically present at specific phases of the cell cycle. Although the crude extract of V. rugosum had little effect on Caco-2 viability, there was a significant, dose-dependent increase in Ki-67 positive cells. This effect was even more pronounced for the partially purified aqueous MeOH fraction, where a maximum effect was already observed at the lowest dose level. The distinct punctate pattern of Ki-67 immunofluorescence in cells treated with the crude extract is indicative of a cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase.
In Vitro Effects of Pinnatoxin G In order to determine whether PnTX-G could contribute to the cytotoxicity observed with the crude extract, the pure toxin was tested on the different cell lines. Surprisingly, no cytotoxicity was induced in either Neuro2A cells (24 h exposure) or in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells (48 h exposure) following exposure to PnTX-G up to 32 ng mL -1 (Figure  4a, b ). Similarly, cell viability of differentiated Caco-2 was not affected by PnTX-G up to 32 ng mL -1 (data not shown). In KB cells, higher concentrations up to 400 ng mL -1 were tested, however, only slight reductions in KB cell viability (27%) were observed following 72 h of treatment (Figure  4c ). In addition, PnTX-G had no effect on either cell cycle progression or DNA damage in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells (Figure  3a, b ).
Dereplication Study The chemical profile of the crude extract obtained from an axenic culture of V. rugosum was investigated using high resolution mass spectrometry in full scan mode. Analyses were carried out in triplicate, and the peaks obtained in the three experiments were dereplicated. PnTX-G could be confirmed on the basis of the retention time, fragmentation and the m/z using an in-house database of our laboratory. For dereplication of unknowns, Agilent Mass Hunter software was used to calculate scores which are based both on the closeness of the measured m/z-value to the theoretical value (∆ ppm) in a database and on the isotope distribution. Thus, compounds with identical molecular formulas (isobaric compounds) have the same scores. Using the MarinLit™  [21]  database, which does not contain retention time information, the most abundant compound (peak F) gave three hits for isobaric compounds: nakijiquinone A, N-carboxy-methyl-smenospongine or stachybotrin A, with a very good score of 99.
The chemical profile of fraction 2 suggested the presence of compounds with a mass-to-charge ratio of m/z 402. 2281 ([M + H] + ) and with a molecular formula putatively corresponding to three compounds in the MarinLit™ database: nakijiquinone A, stachybotrin A or N-carboxy-methyl-smenospongine. Nakijiquinone A and N-carboxy-methyl-smenospongine both are sesquiterpenoid amino-quinones  [23, 24] , whereas stachybotrin is an aromatic alkaloid  [25]. Interestingly, those three classes of compounds are known to exhibit biological activities, especially cytotoxicity, albeit at rather high concentration. Even if the cytotoxicity is not particularly high (µg mL -1 -range), the concentration of this compound appears rather high, since a 100-fold higher area was measured for peak F (Table  4 ) compared to PnTX-G (in the absence of calibration, standards peak areas are indicative of concentration of a compound).
Data station operating software was MassHunter Workstation Software (versionB. 05). Metabolomic fingerprints were deconvoluted to allow the conversion of the three-dimensional raw data (m/z, retention time, ion current) to time-and mass-aligned chromatographic peaks with associated peak areas. Data were processed using MassHunter Qualitative Analysis software (Agilent Technologies) where compounds were extracted from the raw data using the Molecular Feature Extractor (MFE) algorithm. Molecular feature extractor. The MFE algorithm is a compound finding technique that locates individual sample components (molecular features), even when chromatograms are complex and compounds are not well resolved chromatographically. MFE locates ions that are covariant (rise and fall together in abundance) and the algorithm uses the accuracy of the mass measurements to group related ions-related by charge-state envelope, isotopic distribution, and/or the presence of adducts and dimers.
It assigns multiple species (ions) that are related to the same neutral molecule (for example, ions representing multiple charge states or adducts of the same neutral molecule) to a single compound that is referred to as a feature. Using this approach, the MFE algorithm can locate multiple compounds at any given retention time, i. e. , also in a single peak  [37]. The result is a compound table with associated chromatograms and pure spectra, ready for further analysis. Subsequently, samples were processed using MassProfiler software (Agilent Technologies) and compound identification was performed using an in-house database and the MarinLit TM database. To ensure reproducibility and precision, analyses were carried out in triplicate.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge the collaboration of  Paul McNabb  and  Andrew I. Selwood  (both  Cawthron Institute, New Zealand ) and  Michael A. Quilliam  and  Pearse McCarron  (both  Institute of Marine Biosciences, National Research Council Canada ) for the provision of a well characterized reference solution for PnTX-G. The authors thank  Thomas Glauner  and  Bernhard Wüst  (both  Agilent ) for their collaboration on high resolution mass spectrometry. We gratefully thank  Rachelle Lanceleur  and  Pierre-Jean Ferron  ( Anses, Fougè res ) for technical assistance. We also thank the technical staff of the  Laboratoire Phycotoxines (Ifremer, Nantes)  and the  Laboratoire Ressources Environnement-Languedoc-Roussillon  ( Ifremer, Sè te ) for help in the selection of samples and initial analysis of samples from  Ingril Lagoon.
Anti-MTP antibody was provided by Dr. Larry Swift  (29). Anti-mouse or anti-rabbit antibody was incubated with the dilution of 1:15,000 at room temperature for 1 h. Imaging and densitometry were performed using the Odyssey imaging system (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE) and ImageJ processing program. Statistical analysis. Data are presented as means 6 SD. Differences between groups were determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc tests or by Student t test as appropriate. Significance was considered as P , 0. 05.
2A ). Blood glucose was matched between groups (Fig. 2B ). The glucose infusion rate (GIR) required to maintain euglycemia is proportional to insulin sensitivity. We observed the lowest GIR in OVX mice and the highest GIR in OVX+E2 mice, and the GIR for sham mice was significantly higher than that for OVX (Fig. 2C ). We also defined an insulin sensitivity index between groups by normalizing GIR to the plasma insulin concentration during the clamp period. Plasma insulin levels during the clamp were as follows: sham 68 6 2 mU/mL, OVX 84 6 20 mU/mL, and OVX+E2 47 6 10 mU/mL. The insulin sensitivity index was significantly higher in OVX+E2 mice than in the other two groups (Fig. 2D ). These data demonstrate that estrogen treatment improves insulin sensitivity after OVX and HFD. We assessed whole-body and liver glucose metabolism during the clamp using a 3-3 H-glucose tracer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the  Department of Veterans Affairs , the  American Heart Association  ( 10GRNT3650024 ), the  Atlantic Philanthropies , the  American Diabetes Association  ( 1-09-IG-01 ), the  John A. Hartford Foundation , the  Association of Specialty Professors , the  Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center Pilot and   Feasibility Program  ( DK20593 ), and the  Vanderbilt Digestive Diseases Research Center Pilot and Feasibility Program  ( DK058404 ). L. Z. was supported by the  Canadian Institutes of Health Research Strategic Training Program.
The secondary antibodies were: Alexa 647 -conjugated goat antirabbit, Alexa 488 -conjugated goat anti-rat (Life Technologies). TUNEL was performed as recommended by the manufacturer (Roche, Boulogne-Billancourt, France) as the last staining step. Slides were mounted in Prolong Gold with DAPI (Life Technologies) for nuclei counterstaining (except for perfusion assay). Slides were observed under an Axiovert 200M ApoTome ("pseudo-confocal") microscope, with Axiovision 4. 8 software (Carl Zeiss, Le Pecq, France). Mosaics of fields up to 4 mm 2 were recorded at the 63x oil objective, and four Z-steps of 1 mm were stacked into one image. Slices of 100 mm thickness were usually recorded in < 60 Z-steps of 1 mm, owing to tissue flattening after dehydration. Confocal microscopy was done with a A1R (Nikon Instruments, Champigny-sur-Marne, France) with Nis-Elements software, a numerical aperture of 1 and slice scanning averaging of 4.
Image analysis Analyses were done on uncompressed original 16-bit images of high resolution mosaics (pseudo-confocal), except for color distribution along vessel cross-sections (confocal; "histogram analysis", see later). Two types of values were recorded: values for surface-based analyses correspond to staining surfaces (mm 2 ) considered positive for the staining of interest (ex, CD31 area) divided by the surface of the region of interest (ROI; ex, total tissue); values for object-based analyses correspond to the absolute number of elements considered positive (ex, number of vessels) divided by the surface of the ROI (ex, total tissue). Surface-based analyses were performed using ImageJ 1. 46r software (National Institutes of Health, USA). Object-based analyses were done using Volocity 6.
Surveillance system National surveillance in DRC is based on the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response strategy with measles classified as an epidemic-prone disease requiring immediate notification  [6]. Early cases need to be laboratory confirmed at the National Biomedical Research Institute in Kinshasa by ELISA following WHO standards  [5]. All suspected measles cases and deaths are immediately reported at health zone level, and weekly to district, provincial and national levels. WHO definitions for measles case and death are used  [5]. The surveillance system was strengthened through reinforcement of the case definition and data collection, retrospective review of health registers and implementation of measles-specific registers. A dedicated team of medical staff was put in place to perform this activity.
Every week, data from health facilities was reported to the health zone central office for compilation. Data entry was performed in EpiData v3. 0 (Odense, Denmark). Attack rates (ARs) by age (number of measles cases of a specific age and in a specific area divided by population figures for this age and this area) were calculated for the 28 health zones where the surveillance system was reinforced as age of cases in years was available. Estimates of population figures by health zone for 2011 were obtained from health authorities and we used the 2007 Health and demographic survey of DRC  [7]  for information on the age pyramid of the population. In order to evaluate whether the age distribution of cases recorded at the very beginning of a measles outbreak ("early cases") reflected the age distribution of all the cases recorded during the overall outbreak which should guide the choice of age groups to be targeted through vaccination campaigns, we plotted age distribution of cases from Lubumbashi city at different timeperiods during the course of the epidemic.
An area was defined as urban if it included a statutory city (in DRC, all provincial capital plus 21 cities are considered as statutory). Subsequent compounds were selected by proximity (nearest compound to the left). Sample size ranged from 300 to 1368 compounds according to the design and expected vaccination coverage (from 45% to 90%). All eligible children living in selected compounds were included. Vaccination status was collected by trained surveyors from vaccination cards or through face-to-face interview with the main caregivers. Data were entered in EpiData v3. 0 (Odense, Denmark) and analyzed in Stata v11 (College Station, Texas, USA). Analyses were weighted to take into account the sampling design and the varying number of children in each cluster.
Expression profiling in Arabidopsis organs of the CER2-like genes The organ distribution of CER2, CER26 and CER26-like was determined by real-time PCR in seedlings, roots, stems, cauline and rosette leaves, flowers and siliques (Figure  1a ). The three genes showed a typical wax-associated expression pattern, as they were found expressed in aerial vegetative and reproductive organs, but not in roots. CER2 was expressed in all aerial organs, and it was notably the only gene of the cluster expressed in stems. Indeed, compared with CER2, CER26 was found highly expressed in leaves, but no transcripts were detected in stems. Furthermore, CER26 was weakly expressed in flowers and siliques. CER26-like was mainly expressed in flowers and expressed at very low levels in all other tissues. These results are in agreement with microarray data available in the Genevestigator gene expression database (http://www.
Real-time PCR was performed on iCycler (Bio-Rad, http://www. bio-rad. com). Samples were amplified in a 25-ll reaction containing 1x SYBR Green Master Mix (Bio-Rad) and 300 nM of each primer. The thermal profile consisted of one cycle at 95°C for 3 min and 30 s, followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 30 s and at 58°C for 30 s. For each run, data acquisition and analysis was performed using ICYCLER IQ 3. 0 a (Bio-Rad). The transcript abundance in samples was determined using © 2012 The Authors The Plant Journal © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, The Plant Journal, (2013), 73, 733-746 a comparative cycle threshold (C t ) method. The relative abundance of ACT2, EF-1a, eIF-4A-1, UBQ10 and PP2A mRNAs  (Czechowski et al. , 2005)  in each sample was determined and used to normalize for differences of total RNA level according to the method described by  Vandesompele et al.
Fresh leaf and stem tissues and roots from 5-week-old plants were collected and immersed in hot isopropanol for 10 min at 80°C. After cooling, samples were extensively delipidated by extracting the soluble lipids, then dried and depolymerized as described by  Domergue et al. (2010). Extraction, derivatization and analysis were performed as described by  Domergue et al. (2010). Analysis of total fatty acid composition. Total fatty acid from stems and leaves were transesterified overnight and analyzed as described by  Mongrand et al. (1997). Analysis of seed triacylglycerol composition. Seed triacylglycerol composition analysis was performed as described by  Katavic et al. (1995). Accession numbers. Sequence data from this article can be found in the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative or GenBank/EMBL databases under the following accession numbers: CER2, At4g24510; CER26, At4g13840; CER26-like, At3g23840; CER1, At1g02205; Actin2, At1g49240; eIF4A-1, At3g13920; EF-1a, At5g60390; UBQ10, At4g05320; PP2A, At1g13320.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by the  Minist ere de l'Enseignement Sup erieur et de la Recherche  (doctoral fellowship for AB), by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique  and the  University Bordeaux Segalen , and by the  Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council  (grant support to Rothamsted Research). We thank the  Salk Institute for Genomic Analysis Laboratory  and the  Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center  for providing the sequence-indexed Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion lines. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy analyses were carried out at  Bordeaux Imaging Center  (http:// www. bic. u-bordeaux2. fr). Lipid analyses were carried out at  Metabolome facility of Bordeaux  (http://www. cgfb. u-bordeaux2. fr/en/metabolome).
The fecal specimen was preserved at -80°C after collection and sent to Marseille. Strain JC110 T (Table  1 ) was isolated in February 2011. Standards in Genomic Sciences The stool was preincubated for 5 days in a blood culture bottle, and then inoculated onto 5% sheep blood agar and incubated in anaerobic atmosphere at 37°C. The strain exhibited a nucleotide sequence similarity with members of the Coriobacteriaceae ranging from 85. 3% with Atopobium parvulum to 92. 4% with Enterorhabdus mucosicola (Figure  1 ). This value was lower than the 95% 16S rRNA gene sequence threshold recommended by Stackebrandt and Ebers to delineate a new genus  [33]. By comparison to the NR database, strain JC110 T also exhibited nucleotide sequence similarities greater than 99% with uncultured bacterial clones detected in metagenomic studies of the human gut flora.
76 µm (mean of 0. 70 µm) and a length ranging from 1. 36 to 1. 73 µm (mean of 1. 56 µm)(Figure  3 ). , not directly observed for the living, isolated sample, but based on a generally accepted property for the species, or anecdotal evidence). These evidence codes are from the Gene Ontology project  [33]. If the evidence is IDA, then the property was directly observed for a live isolate by one of the authors or an expert mentioned in the acknowledgements. Phylogenetic tree highlighting the phylogenetic position of Senegalemassilia anaerobia strain JC110 T relative to other type strains within the Coriobacteriaceae family. GenBank accession numbers are indicated in parentheses. Sequences were aligned using CLUSTALW, and phylogenetic inferences were made using the maximum-likelihood method within the MEGA software.