dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Study Population and Data Collection The EPIC study is a large, multicenter cohort study that includes more than half a million European participants. The cohort consists of 23 centers in Denmark, France, Greece, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Most participants were recruited from the general population. In this study, only one of the two Swedish cohorts participating in EPIC is included (Umeå). At baseline (years 1993-1998), lifestyle questionnaires, FFQs, and anthropometric measurements were collected from the participants  (20). Biological samples, including plasma samples, were collected at baseline from 385 747 of the 519 978 EPIC cohort participants and stored in nitrogen vapor or liquid nitrogen at less than -150 °C for later use, with the exception of the Swedish samples, which were stored in -80 °C freezers  (20).
05). The model was conditioned on matching factors and adjusted for plasma total alkylresorcinol concentration. Correlations between plasma total alkylresorcinol concentrations (geometric mean) and intake of cereal fiber estimated from FFQs were investigated using Pearson correlations. All statistical tests were two-sided. A P value of less than. 05 was considered statistically significant. The statistical analyses were performed using SAS software version 9. 3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and using R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). In SAS, the univariate and freq procedures were used for the descriptive statistics, and the phreg procedure was used for the conditional logistic regression models.
Funding This work was funded by  Wereld Kanker Onderzoek Fonds (WCRF NL ; grant  2011/436 ), as part of the  WCRF International grant program , and by  NordForsk  ( Centre of Excellence programme HELGA ;  070015 ). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the  European Commission (DG-SANCO)  and the  International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by  Danish Cancer Society (Denmark) ;  Ligue Contre le Cancer ,  Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale ,  Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France) ;  German Cancer Aid ,  German Cancer Research Center, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) ; the  Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece) ;  Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Milan , and  National Research Council (Italy) ;  Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland ,  World Cancer Research Fund ,  Statistics Netherlands  (The Netherlands);  ERC-2009-AdG 232997 , the  Norwegian Research Council ,  Extrastiftelsen Helse  og Rehabiliering med Extra-midler (Norway);  Health Research Fund, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias ,  Basque Country ,  Murcia  (no.
RESULTS Identification of the candidate for H. polymorpha telomerase RNA Genome sequence data from H. polymorpha strain DL-1 were obtained [the complete DNA sequence of H. polymorpha DL-1 is available from Genbank (AEOI01000001. 1-AEOI01000013. 1)]. A search for a putative ortholog of known yeast telomerase RNAs in the H. polymorpha genome did not yield any candidate, which is consistent with the fact that the RNA subunit is evolutionarily variable. We therefore used a biochemical approach to identify the gene of interest. The experiment was based on the strategy described previously for the identification of S. pombe telomerase RNA  (Leonardi et al. 2008; Webb and Zakian 2008). We used recombinant H. polymorpha TERT  (Smekalova et al. 2012 ) to obtain antibodies for the immunoprecipitation of the telomerase complex.
HpTER secondary structure model We predicted an HpTER secondary structure by combining several approaches. The Mfold web server  (Zuker 2003)  was used to determine overall HpTER architecture. The output was then adjusted according to existing data on particular functional elements of yeast telomerase RNAs with the help of the S2S program  (Jossinet and Westhof 2005). The results are shown in Figure  2. Mfold prediction yielded two alternative structures for the putative template boundary element (TBE) (Supplemental Fig. S5A, B ). To distinguish between them, we performed mutagenesis that confirmed TBE structure "A. " Two distinct mutations, 163 GCG/CGC 161 and 128 CGC/GCG 130 , were made to destroy stem element, whereas the combination of mutations restored the helix (Supplemental Fig. S5A ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank  M. Agaphonov  ( Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia ) who kindly provided strains, plasmids, and protocols for H. polymorpha genetics. We thank anonymous reviewers for the huge effort contributed to improving this publication. The study was supported by  The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation , project No. 8297 ;  Russian Foundation for Basic Research  (Grants  11-04-01310a ;  12-04-92429-EMBL_а; 13-00-40197-К );  Program Molecular  and  Cellular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences  (A. V. M. and N. V. R. );  PNR 5. 13 ; and the  International Associated Laboratory LIA-NUCPROT (CNRS-Russia ). Received January 31, 2013; accepted July 16, 2013.
A number of other models at varying conceptual levels have been proposed to clarify the link between emotion and physiological responses (see for a comprehensive review  Kreibig, 2011). All of these models view emotions as the instigator of the physiological changes that in turn adapt the organism to (planned) action. When setting out to study physiological correlates of emotions, one needs to induce emotion in the experimental participant. A relatively straightforward way to affect emotional state is by showing emotion inducing pictures. The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) has been developed in 1988  (Lang et al. , 1988)  and since then used in numerous studies. Each picture in this database was rated by large groups of participants for arousal (ranging from calm to excited), valence (ranging from pleasant to unpleasant) and dominance (ranging from in control to being dominated).
Music differs from pictures in more than modality or modality-related aspects. One difference is that a clear inherent meaning as associated with pictures lacks for music. This may explain that emotion as intended by music in  Baumgartner et al. (2006a)  was less well recognized for music than for pictures. Analogue to the IAPS,  Bradley and Lang (2000)  developed the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS) database that contains acoustic stimuli rated for arousal, valence, and dominance. These stimuli are relatively short in duration and while some of them are (very short) musical excerpts, the large majority of these sounds are associated with inherent meaning (e. g. , a gun shot or the sound of a cheering crowd). Bradley and Lang (2000)  found that acoustic stimuli from the IADS produced qualitatively similar physiological reactions as those elicited by visual stimuli from the IAPS.
EFFECTS OF MODALITY, VALENCE, AND AROUSAL ON PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES Due to technical problems, ECG data were missing for one subject in two conditions and skin conductance data were completely missing for another subject. Data of these subjects are left out in respectively ECG and skin conductance analyses. Figure  1A  shows the average heart rate for each of the 15 conditions. Heart rate was lower for high arousal compared to low arousal stimuli [F (1, 9) = 25. 66, p < 0. 01], and higher for pleasant stimuli compared to unpleasant stimuli [F (1, 9) = 5. 59, p = 0. 04]. There was no effect of modality and no 2-or 3-way interactions between arousal, valence and modality. Heart rate variability as operationalized by normalized RMSSD was exclusively affected by arousal [F (1, 9) = 5. 94, p = 0.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank  Dennis Coetsier ,  Hans Veltman ,  Wouter Vos  (all at  TNO Human Factors, Netherlands ),  Ben Mulder  and  Dick de Waard  (both at the  University of Groningen, Netherlands ) as well as gratefully acknowledge the support of the  BrainGain Smart Mix Programme  of the  Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs and Netherlands Ministry of Education, Culture , and Science.
Acknowledgements This study was financially supported by the  National Natural Science Foundation of China  (Grant Nos. 41240024  and  50879058 ), the  Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China  (Grant No. 20110073120012 ), the  Shanghai Pujiang Talent Plan  (Grant No. 11PJ1405700 ), and the  ANR-NSFC  project  RISMOGEO  (Grant No. 51161130523 ).
To this end, the human three prime repair exonuclease (TREX2) was selected for further study. Trex2 is a non-processive 39 exonuclease  [36]  shown to degrade the 39 DNA overhangs generated by the I-SceI meganuclease  [37]. As Trex2 naturally functions as a homodimeric protein  [38] , we hypothesized that engineering a monomeric variant could enhance its exonucleolytic activity. Single-chain Trex2 (scTrex) was generated by fusing the C-terminus of one Trex2 monomer to the N-terminus of another via a flexible peptide linker (Data S2). The potential impact on TM by either wild-type Trex2 or the engineered scTrex variant was assayed using our GFP cellular model. In contrast to the 0. 6% GFP positive cells induced by the meganuclease alone, addition of Trex2 or scTrex increased the frequency of GFP positive cells to 2.
All data were analyzed with the statistical SPSS (V 15. 9) software package. A tool for assessing reliability (Cronbach's Alpha > 0. 95) was used throughout the process. All the variables were described by inputting the percentage and the number of cases as categorical variables. The quantitative variables were described as an average and a standard deviation. The suitability study was done by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), also denominated the "internal correlation coefficient" or "reliability coefficient", with a confidence interval of 95%. The relationship between the variables was described with contingency tables for the study of two categorical variables. The inference was studied with the χ 2 test or Fisher's exact test, as required. The inference was carried out with the t test.
Data acquisition Magnetic resonance data were acquired on a 1. 5-T Siemens Magnetom scanner (Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany). Structural image were a 3-D anatomical T1-weighted sequence (repetition time: 1970 ms; echo time: 3. 93 ms; inversion time= 1100 ms; FOV: 256; matrix size: 256 voxel size: 1 × 1 × 1 mm3). Data were acquired in the sagittal plane. Functional images were collected using a T2*-weighted gradient-echo EPI sequence with TR=2. 5 s, TE= 50 ms, and flip angle=90°. The acquisition volume consisted of 29 interleaved axial (AC/PC) slices with slice thickness= 4 mm and interslice gap =0 mm. The matrix was 64 × 64 with a 220 cm field of view, yielding in an in-plane resolution of 3. 4 × 3. 4 mm.
Psychophysiological interaction analysis The PPI analysis is a seed-region-based measure that establishes predictive linkages of neural activity in one cortical area based on the activity in the chosen seed region within the experimental or psychological context  (Friston et al. , 1997). PPI can reveal the interactive effect between the experimental condition and the predictive activity from the seed region. Although PPI analysis cannot provide detailed information about mutual modulatory facilitations among multiple cortical regions, it nevertheless provides data on how the activities in one region influence those in other brain regions, which served to test the specific hypothesis of the present study. We conducted a PPI analysis to estimate dynamic coupling between ACC and the other ROIs previously defined during visual deviance detection.
Monte Carlo simulations and dose calculations The Monte Carlo code PENELOPE 2006  [42] [43]  was used for calculating the deposited dose. PENELOPE simulates the coupled transport of photons, electrons and positrons in the energy interval from 50 eV to 1 GeV, and in arbitrary material systems. PENELOPE has been widely used in the medical physics field  [43] [44] [45]  and in MRT dose assessment  [15, [46] [47]. The main advantage of this code is a careful implementation of accurate low energy electron cross sections, which are of particular importance in this work. The simulation algorithm is based on a scattering model that combines numerical databases with analytical cross section models for the different interaction mechanisms and is applicable to energies (kinetic energies in the case of electrons and Figure  6.
Acknowledgments Authors acknowledge the  ESRF  for provision of synchrotron radiation facilities and thank the  ID17  staff for their support and assistance during and after experiments. A particular thank you is addressed to  Dr. Michel Renier ,  Mr. Thierry Brochard  and  Mr. Dominique Dallery. Dr. Fabio Sebastiano  and  Mr. Francesco Lena  are warmly acknowledged for their precious support during the experimental sessions. Author kindly acknowledge Elsevier and  Academic Press, London  for the permission of reproduction of the pages issued from the '' Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates '' (Fig. 2).
Safety outcomes included uterine inversion, cord rupture, and pain. The detail of procedures used to manage the third stage, as well as all clinical outcomes identified during the immediate postpartum, were prospectively collected by the midwife or the obstetrician in charge of the delivery and recorded in the woman's electronic form in the labour room. Other data were collected by a research assistant, independent of the local medical team. An independent Data Monitoring Committee, which met monthly, was responsible for reviewing adherence to the trial procedures, the recruitment and safety data; the quality of collected outcome data was checked in each centre for 10% of the included women, randomly selected, and in all PPH cases.
Registration This trial is registered (ClinicalTrials. gov), number NCT01044082. The full trial protocol can be accessed at: http://www. u953. idf. inserm. fr/page. asp?page=5211 RESULTS Figure  1  shows the trial profile. The trial was carried out in all five hospitals between 1 January 2010 and 31 January 2011. In all, 4355 women in labour were enrolled and randomly assigned. After randomization and before delivery, 294 (6. 8%) women became ineligible because an intrapartum caesarean was performed, and 3 others declined to participate. Thus 4058 randomized participants delivered vaginally: 2034 assigned to CCT and 2024 to SPE. Baseline demographic and obstetric characteristics were similar in the two groups (Table1). The management of the third stage of labour is described in Table  2. Overall, the adherence to the protocol was high in both groups.
The reasons for deviating from the allocated intervention are detailed in Figure1. Primary outcome data were collected for 4013 (98. 9%) participants. The proportion of women with a measured postpartum blood loss of 500mL or more at bag removal did not differ between the 2 groups (196/2005, 9. 8% in the CCT group and 206/2008, 10. 3% in the SPE group, relative risk 0. 95, 95% CI (0. 79;1. 15))(Table  3 ). There was no significant heterogeneity between centres for this result (Table3). Similarly, the incidence of PPH ≥ 1000mL at bag removal did not differ between the 2 groups; nor did the mean measured blood loss at 15 minutes and at removal of the bag (Table3). Outcome data related to blood count indicators before and after delivery were available for 1963/2034(96. 5%) women in the CCT group and 1953/2024 (96.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors want to thank the independent data monitoring committee chaired by  Pr JM Treluyer  from the  Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Centre. The authors also thank the women who participated in the trial, the staff from the participating maternity units for including women, and the members of the  Tracor Study Group  (see list in appendix). Inserm Unit 953 has received a grant from the  Bettencourt Foundation (Coups d'élan pour la Recherche française)  in support of its research activities.
Plague Epidemics and Lice, Democratic Republic of the Congo To the Editor: Plague, a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, is transmitted to humans by the bites of infected fleas (such as Xenopsylla cheopis), scratches from infected animals, and inhalation of aerosols or consumption of food contaminated with Y. pestis  (1). Decades ago, Blanc and Baltazard proposed that human-tohuman transmission of Y. pestis could be mediated by human ectoparasites, such as the human body louse (2). This hypothesis was further supported by experimental data from animal models  (3). To further test this hypothesis among humans, we conducted a field assessment in April 2010, in which we collected body and head lice from persons living in a highly plagueendemic area near the Rethy Health District, Province Orientale, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
3 The Timelines and Other Visual Information Timelines are used to represent information gathered from the logs. Previous solutions  [1]  have provided rather static and limited representations of such timelines, we have thus designed new solutions to represent and manipulate them. The tool allows evaluators to access the list of available timelines from a given user test ordered by time of the corresponding log files. The first timeline is that generated by the evaluator to store an optimal performance of the given task (Figure  1  shows an example), and it is used as a comparison reference for assessing the performance of the various users, and identifying possible usability problems. Each timeline expands temporally from left to right. For each timeline some useful data are shown: an identifier, an incremental number associated with the corresponding task, when the corresponding log was detected, and the overall duration of the user session.
4 with CsOH). Holding potentials were -120 mV and current densities (pA/pF) were obtained by dividing the peak I Na by the cell capacitance obtained using the transient capacitive current caused by a +5 mV pulse from the holding potential. Peak currents were measured during a current voltage protocol. To quantify the voltage-dependence of steady-state activation and inactivation, data from individual cells were fitted with the Boltzmann relationship, y( V m ) = 1/1 + exp[(V m -V 1/2 )/k], in which y is the normalized current or conductance, V 1/2 is the voltage at which half of the available channels are inactivated, k is the slope factor, and V m is the membrane potential.
Dog Model of Experimental OA 2. 1. 1. Specific Research Objectives. The evolution of the PVF measurement and its relationship with the progression of structural changes evaluated on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (i. e. , cartilage volume loss, focal changes of the articular cartilage, BMLs, osteophytes, joint effusion size, and meniscal lesions) was documented over a period of 26 weeks in CCL-deficient dogs. In addition, the relationship between PVF recording and the macroscopic measurements of cartilage thinning performed at eight weeks following CCLT was documented cross-sectionally. Such relationship served to determine the level of in vivo structural changes to be predicted based on a given PVF measurement. To this end, data were selected from previous studies involving PVF measurement and structural changes on MRI (internal data, 2005)  [21] [22] [23]  and macroscopic measurement of cartilage thinning (internal data 2005, 2007)  [11, 12]  (Figure  1(a) ).
Peak Vertical Force Measurement. Recognized as a reference method of functional outcome in dog  [24] [25] [26] , the PVF measurement was done at the trot (1. 9-2. 2 meter/second) using a floor mat-based plantar force measurement system (Walkway with four Matscan sensors 3150; Tekscan Inc. , Boston, MA, USA), as previously described  [11]. Data were acquired at four successive time points (Figure  1(a) ). For the CCL-deficient hind limb, the first stride PVF was acquired. Data from the first five valid trials were averaged and expressed as a percentage of body weight (% BW) and used to describe the change over time in PVF measurement.
Macroscopic Measurement of Cartilage Thinning. Cartilage thinning was quantified at eight weeks following CCLT (Figure  1 (a)) using a dissecting microscope (Stereozoom; Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) as previously described  [28]. Macroscopic measurement of cartilage thinning (mm 2 ) was for the medial and lateral femoral condyles and medial and lateral tibial plateaus. activity, which would represent a practical outcome of animal welfare determinant at home  [29]. To this end, data were selected from previous studies involving PVF measurement (40 placebo-treated dogs followed up over four weeks)  [17, 19, 30]  or PVF measurement coupled to daily locomotor activity recording over six weeks (33 dogs, from which 14 were placebo-treated) (internal data, 2007)  [17]  (Figure  1(b) ). All studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
Daily Locomotor Activity Recording. Accelerometerbased daily locomotor activity recording was done using Actical system (Bio-Lynx Scientific Equipment Inc. , Montreal, QC, Canada) as previously described  [17]. Collar-mounted accelerometers were worn by 33 dogs for six weeks, 24 hour/day (Figure  1 (b)). The duration of motion was continuously monitored as counts every two minutes, giving 720 counts per day. Daily duration of active period was referred to the time spent (expressed in minutes) when the count exceeded 30 in terms of intensity. This cut-off value was based on internal data (2004) in comparison to video-analysis and was previously used to discern movement in active (intensity > 30) from inactive (intensity < 30) period  [17]. Data used were the area under the curve (AUC) which represents the integral of the daily duration of active period over six weeks and the mean of the first three days, and of the last seven days, which defined Baseline and week six data, respectively  [31].
Outside this change, value does reflect a real alteration in the functional impairment toward improvement or worsening in privatelyowned dog with naturally occurring OA. To describe the relationship between the limb function (response variable) with daily locomotor activity recording (explanatory variable), data were analyzed with mixed linear model using study arms (placebo or tested agent) as fixed factor and studies as random factor. All analyses were performed with SPSS, version 20. 0 (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA). Values are presented as mean (standard deviation). Significant level was set at  < 0. 05. 2 (a)).
Acknowledgments Authors are grateful to  Dr. Jean-Pierre Raynauld ,  M. D. , for his valuable and insightful comments throughout the writing process of the paper. M. Maxim Moreau  received a doctoral scholarship from the  Canadian Institutes of Health Research-Strategic Training Program (MENTOR)  and a doctoral scholarship from the  Fonds de recherche du Québec-Santé. This work was supported in part by an  ongoing New Opportunities Fund Grant  (no. 9483 ) and a  Leader Opportunity Fund  Grant (no. 24601 ) from the  Canada Foundation for Innovation (Eric Troncy)  for the pain/function equipment, by the  Osteoarthritis Chair of the University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Université de Montréal , and a  Discovery Grant  (no. 327158-2008 ) from the  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Eric Troncy)  for the bioanalyses and salaries.