dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Since the β-decay of 210 Pb cannot be measured by means of alpha spectroscopy, we conclude on the lead removal only indirectly by analyzing the time evolution of the 210 Po activity after each cleaning step. Due to the 210 Po half-life of 138 d, this analysis requires a monitoring of the sample's polonium activity over a time of several weeks. After ∼ 50 d we can expect activity changes of 10% at maximum, i. e. , in the extreme cases when either all or no 210 Pb has been removed. The required data is available for disc 1 and disc 2 for some of the cleaning procedures (see Fig. 3  for disc 2b). Our 210 Po evolution model is based on the assumption that at the beginning of this study 210 Pb was in a secular equilibrium with its daughter isotopes 210 Bi and 210 Po (see Section 2. 1). Thus, the measured 210 Po activity before the first cleaning step, referred to as A 0 , corresponds also to the activity of 210 Pb.
Data collection and laboratory procedures All adults aged 15 years and older, living in the selected households were eligible for the survey and invited to participate. Recruitment of participants occurred among residents of the survey area and visitors who had spent at least the previous night in the survey area. The survey team visited the selected dwellings for interviews making return visits when a household member was absent. Occupants not located on a third visit, or refusing to participate, were not replaced. The interview was based on the Demographic Health Survey program survey instruments  [9]  and was administered face to face to eligible participants (See S1-S3 Texts for the study questionnaires); information on socio-demographic characteristics, previous HIV testing, and HIV treatment were collected.
This qualitative assay had a limit of quantification of 0. 02 micrograms/mL for all three drugs. The median window from last drug intake to a negative detection depended on the drug and was from 12-28 days for efavirenz and 1. 5 days for tenofovir and lamivudine. As such, a positive result was expected if the most recent dose was taken as prescribed. Those assays were conducted in order to assess participants for recent ART exposure if they reported non-use of ART. All participants tested HIV-positive at the time of the survey were advised to report their HIV test results to the health facility of their choice that MSF was supported in the district. HIV serology and HIV-RNA VL results were made available in this health facility. Data were captured from paper-based questionnaires, laboratory database and registers.
Definitions HIV testing coverage was defined as the proportion of survey participants who had received at least one HIV test any time prior to the survey. Classification of participants along the cascade of care relied on self-reporting and laboratory data  [13]. We calculated the five stages of the cascade of care among all HIV-positive participants as follows: HIV-positive status awareness (first 90) (Stage one) was defined as a history of at least one positive HIV test prior to the survey. Linkage to care (Stage two) was defined as at least one HIV medical consultation prior to the survey after an HIV-positive test result. Being in care (Stage three) was defined as still receiving HIV medical consultation at the time of the survey. ART use (Stage four) was established from the individual patient health booklet for participants reporting to be on ART, and from a positive detection of ART in the blood for HIV-positive participants reporting not to be ART.
Acknowledgments We thank the survey participants and their communities for their participation. We also are thankful to the Nsanje survey team for their commitment to conducting the survey in a short time and under high-pressure conditions, as well as to the  MSF Malawi team  for their continuous support during the preparation and implementation of the survey. We would like also to thank the different laboratories who performed the laboratory tests, specifically our partners from  Johns Hopkins Research Project Laboratory in Blantyre (Malawi ) and from  Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town (South Africa ), as well as  Nambitha Tyatyaza  for her help with household selections. Finally, we would like to thank the Epicentre headquarter team, specifically  Serge Balandine ,  Francesco Grandesso  and  Jihane Ben-Farhat  for their technical support.
Bioinformatic analysis of Nanopore data Base calling of Nanopore data was performed using Guppy version 3. 6. 1. De novo assembly was performed aligning the on-target reads to the genome reference hg38 with minimap2,  25  adapting the splice preset for the alignment of small exons (-B3 -O3. 6). The average number of on-target reads used for further analysis was 611347 (min: 2315, max: 1197298). To gear up Nanopore sequencing for efficient microexon detection, we used a training set composed of cDNA from inducible GFP-SRRM4 HeLa cells as the ectopic expression of SRRM4 in HeLa allows the incorporation of microexon 34 0 into endogenous TAF1 mRNA  19  (Supplementary Fig. S2 ). Different splicing isoforms were detected, quantified and plotted using FLAIR. 26  Isoforms below 1% usage in at least one sample were not included in further analyses.
Acknowledgements We are deeply grateful to the  CCXDP  for their financial support and their inspiring support to understand this complex and devastating disease. We would like to thank the  CCXDP biobank ,  Imke Wyers, MD ,  Norbert Bru ¨ggemann, MD , and  Charles Reyes, MS , for their assistance with brain preparation. Furthermore, we would like to thank  Dr Omid Fotouhi  for critical reading of the manuscript and all the members of the  Timmers group  for helpful discussions and suggestions. At last, we would like to thank the XDP patients and their families for their participation in the consortium activities and research.
Case selection Pathological records of all DLBCL-NOS cases consecutively diagnosed from routine and consultation in the Hematopathology Department of Lyon-Sud University Hospital from 2006 to 2019 were reviewed to select cases with an EBER in situ hybridization (ISH) performed. As a second step, a histological review and scoring of EBER ISH were performed on original slides for each case with an EBER positivity notified in the chart (A. T. -G. and E. B. ). 32 ases in which $80% of malignant CD20 1 cells were positive for EBER ISH were included as EBV 1 DLBCL-NOS  6  (Figure  1 ). Clinical and laboratory data were collected from each patient's medical chart, and staging was checked at the time of inclusion according to the latest recommendations. 6, 33 Patients with impairment of the immune system secondary to primary immunodeficiency, HIV infection, history of lymphoid malignancies, solid organ transplantation, allogenic stem cell transplantation, or immunosuppressive drugs were excluded.
Association between CD30 and EBV infection might be due to specific viral mechanisms, as it has been shown in vitro that lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from circulating B lymphocytes infected with EBV expressed high levels of CD30. 48 The expression of CD30 by malignant B cells is of therapeutic relevance, with promising results of the anti-CD30 antibody coupled to a microtubule inhibitor (brentuximab vedotin) in the treatment of CD30 1 lymphoma,  49, 50  and brentuximab vedotin is currently being evaluated in EBV 1 DLBCL-NOS (NCT01805037). PD-L1 expression was described in 95% of the patients within this cohort, in accordance with other studies finding PD-L1 positivity on EBV 1 malignant cells between 76% and 100%. 3, 51 In comparison, Xing et al reported PD-L1 positivity in only 16% among 86 cases of EBV -DLBCL.
| Data collection Complete data and references list are presented in the Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) 1. We first identified published articles in peer-reviewed journals that reported telomere length or rate of telomere erosion in birds. We (a) screened our own reference lists, (b) backward searched references sections of selected articles from the list, and (c) collected publications using Google Scholar with the following terms: "telomere" OR "telomere shortening" OR "telomere erosion" AND "birds" OR "avian. " For each retrieved paper, methods were individually appraised by one author (FC) to restrict the selection to studies using the telomere restriction fragment (TRF) method to assess telomere length or erosion. Our meta-analysis therefore only relies on published telomere length data expressed in absolute length  (kilobases, kb).
Using absolute values of telomere length (TL) allowed us to do interspecific comparisons of telomere length relationships with other life-history traits, based on the calculation for each species of a mean adult telomere length (hereafter Adult TL), mean chick telomere length (hereafter Chick TL), and mean telomere length rate of change over the lifecycle (hereafter TROC), allowing interspecific comparisons. We primarily used studies that sampled erythrocytes, with one exception of a study that used tissue attached to feathers. Data extraction is detailed in ESM 2. Data on life-history traits were compiled for species for which TRF measurements of Adult TL were available. ESM 1 references the principal sources used to collect TRF values and 12 life-history variables for each species. We included publications in peer-reviewed journals, online peer-reviewed databases, and books.
The protocol for collecting life-history data is described in ESM 2. In particular, we examined (a) species body mass and size, (b) longevity (age at maturity and life span), (c) reproductive patterns (e. g. , using egg or clutch sizes), (d) growth patterns (pre-and posthatching growth rates), and (e) postfledging parental care. We adjusted statistical analyses for sample sizes using the standard procedure for meta-analyses  (Liberati et al. , 2009). We could not control for the mean age at which telomeres were measured in adult individuals of each species. However, age is likely to be related to life-history variables included in our analysis (e. g. , body size, longevity) and likely to scale with body mass. As such, risks of multicollinearity of variables were high. Thus, we used principal component analyses as a variable reduction method (see details below).
| Phylogenetic data The 53 species included in our study comprised 13 orders and 29 families (Figure  1 ). Maximal life span ranged from 6 to 60 years, female adult body mass ranged from 11 to 8,060 g, and telomere length ranged from 1. 7 to 49. 3 kb. Using BirdTree, we downloaded 100 trees from http://www. bird. tree. org (De Magalhaes & Costa, 2009; Jetz et al. , 2012) , focusing on the 53 species of our dataset (producing a. nex tree file). We checked the validity of this first phylogenetic representation by building an additional tree based on DNA sequences of cytochrome b (ESM3). Both alternatives produced congruent trees, but we based our subsequent analyses on the bird. tree. org based tree, because we lacked a reliable cytochrome b sequence for Larus andouinii, Larus crassirostris, Acrocephalus sechellensis, and Erythrura gouldiae.
A consensus tree was produced using the Ape package  (Paradis et al. , 2004)  and Phyltools  (Revell, 2012). Branch lengths were estimated using Grafen's method  (Grafen, 1989). Markov chain Monte Carlo generalized linear mixed model (MCMCglmm in R)  (Hadfield, 2010; Hadfield & Nakagawa, 2010)  packages were used to estimate the relative amount of variation in adult telomere length and lifehistory traits that could be explained by shared ancestry (viz. , the phylogenetic tree). These last packages were also used to estimate the phylogeny content of associations between telomere and lifehistory variables.
| Statistical analyses Full codes for statistical analyses are presented in ESM 4. Lifehistory variables exhibited a variety of correlations that suggested substantial collinearity, so variable reduction was necessary. We thus conducted a principal component analysis (PCA) using the R package FactoMineR  (Lê et al. , 2008)  to extract independent orthogonal eigenvectors (PC axes) for later phylogenetic and generalized linear mixed modeling analyses (ESM 4). We investigated the interspecific relationships between TL variables and life-history axes as represented by the first three PC axes. We evaluated how phylogeny accounted for overall variance of TL variables and the species scores on PC1, PC2, and PC3, using linear mixed models in a Markov chain Monte Carlo environment (MCMCglmm)  (Hadfield, 2010).
Phylogeny was entered as a random factor: TL variables = [PC1 or PC2 or PC3] + 1|phylogeny + 1|mesd [adjustment for standard errors of sample sizes, mesd = √ 1 N -3 ] + error. These models produced estimates of phylogenetic associations of Adult TL, Chick TL, TROC, and of each of the life-history axes in the univariate analyses. Also, we examined the magnitude and significance of correlations between the 3 telomere variables and all 3 life-history axes, in multivariate analyses. Posterior distributions of covariances were transformed into correlations (using the posterior. cor() function in package MCMCglmm). We were then able to evaluate the part of the correlation explained by the phylogenetic tree (i. e. , phylogenetic correlation) or not (i. e. , residual correlation) for each paired association of life-history PC axes and telomere variables.
| RE SULTS Our literature search produced 1,450 publications. Based on an initial TRF selection (n = 155), we extracted 36 references with TRF values not corrected for an associated variable such as body mass or age. We added two unpublished TRF data measurements obtained from colleagues (also from blood, see ESM 1 and 2). We ended with 53 species identified with mean adult TRF values (among 38 studies, some reported more than one species (e. g. ,  Haussmann et al. , 2003; Tricola et al. , 2018; Whittemore et al. , 2019) , 29 chick TRF values, and 35 TROC values (including 19 species from  Tricola et al. , 2018). F I G U R E 1 Phylogenetic tree of the 53 bird species for which adult and chick telomere length (TL) and telomere length rate of change (TROC) were collected from published papers on avian telomeres using the TRF methodology.
are grateful to Dr C. Saraux and Dr B. Warren for helpful comments on the phylogenetic and statistical analyses. The authors wish to thank Dr A. Pauliny, Dr D. Lank, Dr M. Enstipp, Dr P. Bize, and Dr D. Gremillet for providing us with personal information on their biological models. FSD thanks the Institute of Advanced Studies of the University of Strasbourg for their financial support through an USIAS fellowship, and the Région Grand Est and the Eurométropole de Strasbourg for the award of a Gutenberg Excellence Chair.
We present the first Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) catalog of long-term γ-ray transient sources (1FLT). This comprises sources that were detected on monthly time intervals during the first decade of Fermi -LAT operations. The monthly time scale allows us to identify transient and variable sources that were not yet reported in other Fermi-LAT catalogs. The monthly datasets were analyzed using a wavelet-based source detection algorithm that provided the candidate new transient sources. The search was limited to the extragalactic regions of the sky to avoid the dominance of the Galactic diffuse emission at low Galactic latitudes. The transient candidates were then analyzed using the standard Fermi-LAT Maximum Likelihood analysis method. All sources detected with a statistical significance above 4σ in at least one monthly bin were listed in the final catalog.
To perform the analysis we used the Fermitools 1. 2. 1 package available from the Fermi Science Support Center (FSSC) 6  and the Fermipy 0. 18. 0 software package  (Wood et al. 2017). We use TS = 25 as the detection threshold, corresponding to a significance of ∼ 4σ assuming a χ 2 distribution with 4 degrees of freedom (position and spectral parameters of a power-law source, see  Mattox et al. 1996).
False positive estimation and source detection efficiency The evaluation of the false positive rate and efficiency are fundamental to assess the reliability of the adopted method in the detection of transient sources. In order to calculate the false positive rate we simulated 120 month-long data sets, including in the model only the Galactic and the extragalactic diffuse emissions. Over month-long time scales the false positives are dominated by statistical fluctuations of the background rather than systematic effects. For the simulations we adopted the analysis of the 1FLT. We identified the seeds as described in Sect. 2. 1 and performed the binned ML analysis assuming a power-law spectrum for each seed. The distributions of the statistical significance of the candidate sources found in the fake and true skies are shown in Figure  1.
In the 120 simulated skies we found 12 spurious detections with TS > 25 over ∼ 24000 seeds, and 2 and 1 detections with TS > 28 and TS > 30, respectively. To be conservative, in the estimation of the spurious detections in the real data these numbers should be multiplied by a factor of two to account also for the shifted months. Therefore we may expect 24 fake detections with TS > 25. Since our adopted threshold of TS > 25 still includes a non-negligible number of spurious sources, in the 1FLT catalog TS > 25 candidate sources are flagged as low-confidence when they are detected in only one TBIN and have a TS value between 25 and 30. 72 1FLT sources are flagged as low-confidence. Each individual low-confidence source has a probability of about 34% of being spurious. To assess the detection efficiency we used astrophysical γ-ray sources known to be steady in flux such as pulsars (PSRs) located at high latitude reported in the 4FGL catalog.
Class Designation In order to classify candidate γ-ray counterparts we used either the optical classifications published in the BZCAT list (a compilation of sources classified as blazars,  Massaro et al. 2015)  or the spectra available in the literature or from online databases. The main ones are: Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS;  Abolfathi et al. 2018 , Albareti et al. 2017   Alam et al. 2015)  and the 6dF Galaxy Survey  (Jones et al. 2009 ). The classes have been assigned with the following criteria: • flat-spectrum radio quasar, BL Lac-type object, compact steep spectrum radio source (CSS), steep spectrum radio quasar (SSRQ) and radio galaxy (RG): sources with a well-established classification in the literature and/or through a good-quality optical spectrum; • blazar candidate of uncertain type (BCU): an object in the listed BZCAT as blazar of uncertain/transitional type or a source with blazar multiwavelength characteristic -flat radio spectrum and double-humped, broad-band spectral energy distribution (SED); • non-blazar active galaxy: for these candidate counterparts the existing data do not allow an unambiguous determination of the AGN type; • unassociated: sources without an unequivocal counterpart or without any plausible candidate at other wavelengths The class designations for the 1FLT sources are listed in Table  1.
9%) but are comparable to those of the 4LAC BCUs as shown in Figure  8  (using a KS-test we found that the two data sets are not very similar but do not differ by enough that we could reject the null hypothesis: p=2. 14% and distance= 0. 16). This is because most of the 1FLT sources are BCUs. Figure  9  shows the redshift distributions for 4LAC FSRQs and 1FLT sources. The redshift is available for all FSRQs, for 1 BCU, 1 BLL, 3 RG and 1 non-blazar object. The 1FLT redshift distribution shows a peak at low redshift (<1). This peak is due to the contribution of 1FLT misaligned AGN. These sources show a larger jet inclination angle, where de-boosted radiation makes the relativistic jet radiation weaker and more difficult to detect in γ rays  (Abdo et al. 2010d). However ∼ 50% of FSRQs are detected at z > 1, suggesting a different distribution.
NGC 4278 1FLT J1219+2907 was detected in TBIN 7 (2009 March 5 to 2009 April 5) of our analysis and, using the positional association procedure, we found that NGC 4278 lies within its error ellipse. The SED of NGC 4278 is shown in Figure  14. NGC 4278 (z = 0. 0021) is a nearby galaxy identified as a likely radio compact symmetric object (CSO) with a FRI morphology. It shows a dominant, bright, flat-spectrum component identified as the core (see Figures  2M and 3M in Tremblay et al. 2016). From the north and south ends of the core, diffuse jets extend out to the west and east respectively, creating an 'S-shaped' symmetry as observed in other CSO radio sources. We calculated a CD of 0. 71 at 366 5 GHz using the data reported in  Schilizzi et al. (1983). This is a greater than average value of CD for a FRI although it is reasonable for a γ-ray emitter.
CONCLUSIONS In this work we have investigated the Fermi-LAT sky on monthly timescales to search for sources which are not detected when integrating on timescales of years and/or that are not already hosted in the Fermi-LAT xFGL general catalogs. We found that: • The 1FLT catalog is mainly populated by soft sources with an average spectral index of ∼ 2. 7 compared to ∼ 2. 3 for the 4FGL-DR2. This confirms that these soft sources are not distinguishable from the diffuse γ-ray background when considered over multi-year integration times. • This study found that there are more FSRQs found when using a monthly binning compared to catalogs using data averaged over longer intervals. This is due both to BL Lacs that are in general less variable around 1 GeV and to FSRQs whose strong gamma-ray activity is mainly seen only during flaring events.
Fermi-LAT Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from Space Science Data Center Tools 15 , Open Universe portal and VOU-Blazar Tool 9  (Giommi et al. 2020 , Giommi et al. 2019). Facilities: Fermi-LAT Software: PGWave tool  (Ciprini et al. 2007), Fermipy (v0. 18. 0; Wood et al. 2017)  The FITS format version of the 1FLT catalog has three binary table extensions. The extension SOURCES has all of the information about the sources. Its format is described in Table  A1. The extension FLARES contains the information about all the monthly detections, including multiple monthly flares of the same 1FLT source reported with the same assigned number. It includes also SED data points. Its format is described in Table  A2.
This was applied faster than during the actual flow experiment to speed up the whole process, while radiographs were acquired to monitor the arrival of the light water. Once the light water reached the bottom of the sample, the flow was slowed down and the high-speed tomographies started. Due to the complex control of the setup, light water reached the bottom of the sample before the first high-speed tomography was acquired. However, the loss of data was found to be minimal, as all the strain localisation bands were located in the upper portions of the samples. The flow rate for the three hydraulic tests was 4 mL/h. The flow in samples VO05ME, VO01ME and VO03ME was captured with, respectively, 336, 414 and 471 tomographies, which translates to 5, 7 and 8 h test durations. The acquisition of the images for sample VO05ME started once the light water was already in the sample, reducing the time needed for saturation.