dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The phase 3 AUL open-label, extension study (Adult Upper Limb; NCT01313299) analysed the effect of single and repeated injections of abobotulinumtoxinA into muscles of the upper limb, which included shoulder extensors and internal rotator muscles. Improvements were observed in active movements, and perceived and active function  (19). The Phase 4 observational ULIS-II study (Upper Limb International Spasticity Study-II; NCT01020500) quantified and characterized patient-centred goal achievements following one abobotulinumtoxinA injection, and demonstrated that approximately 80% of patients reached their treatment goals  (20, 21). The ULIS-II and AUL studies provide large data sets, enabling the investigation of outcomes among the subset of patients who received shoulder injections. The aim of the present analyses was to investigate whether the outcomes of patients receiving abobotulinumt-oxinA in shoulder muscles differed from those who did not receive shoulder muscle injections.
No new or unexpected safety findings were identified in either the shoulder or non-shoulder groups here, as well as at the doses injected during the AUL open-label study  (19) , and no investigator-assessed, related AEs leading to withdrawal were reported in the ULIS-II observational study  (20). Although of clinical interest, the present analyses are limited by a lack of formal statistical testing, therefore treatment effects or associations cannot be quantified. These analyses were conducted post hoc and were not powered to explore treatment effects in subpopulations receiving shoulder injections in either trial. Of note, outcome measures in these studies were not selected specifically to assess shoulder function and/or pain. For example, the GAS and DAS measures of pain do not distinguish between pain at rest or during activity, and MFS data were not available for all patients in the AUL open-label study at week 4 of each cycle.
To compare patients with upper limb spasticity who did or did not receive abobotulinum-toxinA (Dysport®) in shoulder muscles during 2 international clinical studies. Design: Phase 4 Upper Limb International Spasticity Study-II (ULIS-II; NCT01020500) endpoints: primary goal selection and achievement. Phase 3 Adult Upper Limb (AUL) open-label study (NCT01313299) endpoints: Disability Assessment Scale principal target of treatment and mean (standard deviation) change from baseline to week 4 (last cycle involving shoulder muscles) for pain, Modified Frenchay Scale (active function), and Tardieu Scale parameters. Patients: Shoulder population: patients receiving abobotulinumtoxinA injections in shoulder muscles (n = 82 and n = 96 in ULIS-II and AUL open-label study, respectively); non-shoulder population: patients not injected in shoulder muscles (n = 239 and n = 158, respectively).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank all patients involved in the study, as well as their caregivers, care team, investigators and research staff in participating institutions. All authors of the current publication were investigators in the ULIS-II and/or AUL studies, and the principal investigators of these 2 studies are informed of and support the development of this publication. Medical writing support. The authors thank  Jacqueline Harte, BSc  (Hons) and  Germanicus Hansa-Wilkinson, MSc of Watermeadow Medical , an  Ashfield Company , for providing medical writing and editorial support, which was funded by  Ipsen  in accordance with Good Publication Practice guidelines. Funding. This study was sponsored by  Ipsen. The funding agency had no influence on the interpretation of data and the final conclusions drawn.
Objective: To compare patients with upper limb spasticity who did or did not receive abobotulinum-toxinA (Dysport®) in shoulder muscles during 2 international clinical studies. Design: Phase 4 Upper Limb International Spasticity Study-II (ULIS-II; NCT01020500) endpoints: primary goal selection and achievement. Phase 3 Adult Upper Limb (AUL) open-label study (NCT01313299) endpoints: Disability Assessment Scale principal target of treatment and mean (standard deviation) change from baseline to week 4 (last cycle involving shoulder muscles) for pain, Modified Frenchay Scale (active function), and Tardieu Scale parameters. Patients: Shoulder population: patients receiving abobotulinumtoxinA injections in shoulder muscles (n = 82 and n = 96 in ULIS-II and AUL open-label study, respectively); non-shoulder population: patients not injected in shoulder muscles (n = 239 and n = 158, respectively).
At 95% confidence level, the first constraint is placed on chargino masses in the higgsino case, excluding below 750 (175) GeV for a lifetime of 3 (0. 05) ns. In the wino case, the results of this search are combined with a previous CMS search to produce a result representing the complete LHC data set recorded in 2015-2018, the most stringent constraints to date. At 95% confidence level, chargino masses in the wino case are excluded below 884 (474) GeV for a lifetime of 3 (0. 2) ns.
The CMS detector The central feature of the CMS apparatus is a superconducting solenoid of 6 m internal diameter. Within the solenoid volume are a silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), and a brass and scintillator hadron calorimeter (HCAL), each composed of a barrel and two endcap sections. Forward calorimeters extend the pseudorapidity coverage provided by the barrel and endcap detectors. Muons are measured in gas-ionization detectors embedded in the steel flux-return yoke outside the solenoid. The silicon tracker measures charged particles within the pseudorapidity range |η| < 2. 5. During the LHC running period when the data used in this analysis were recorded, the silicon tracker consisted of 1856 silicon pixel and 15 148 silicon strip detector modules.
P HEM The probability of satisfying the fourth condition, P HEM , is defined as the conditional probability that a single-lepton event survives the HEM veto, given that the lepton candidate is not explicitly identified as a lepton and the event passes both the offline and trigger requirements. This probability is calculated in the sample of events forming the numerator of P trig. Because the HEM veto is applied only in the 2018 B data set, P HEM is fixed to unity in the other datataking periods. The value of P HEM is approximately 0. 8 for all lepton flavors.
These changes are taken as systematic uncertainties. In the calculation of P off , P trig , and P HEM , the available data in the n lay = 4 and n lay = 5 categories do not separately provide robust measurements for the muon and τ h background estimates. Therefore we measure the values in the inclusive category n lay ≥ 4 instead. The effect of this averaging is estimated by comparing values obtained for these quantities in exclusive and inclusive n lay categories for the single-electron control sample, where there is adequate data to measure each. The differences in these values range between 1 and 11%. These values are applied as one-sided systematic uncertainties in the estimate of the background contribution from muon and τ h candidates for the n lay = 4 and n lay = 5 categories. The spurious track background estimate relies on several assumptions.
As with earlier strategies like the state-space and GMF 384 representations, PBB allows for a broader design space that can au-385 tomatically generate processes with novel combinations of chemi-386 cal and physical phenomena taking place within process units. A 387 major challenge with approaches that attempt to propose novel 388 equipment is the selection of an appropriate optimization objective 389 function. As a proxy, many methods use thermodynamic insights, 390 seeking to minimize either energy or exergy use in the process. 391 Kuhlmann and Skiborowski (2016) propose use of development 392 of an PBB equipment database as one solution to this challenge. 393 Other strategies avoid this problem entirely by proposing screening 394 rules that Ieave a tractable set of promising candidate flowsheets 395 to evaluate (Holtbruegge et al.
Renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia INSERM Source  INSERM. (1999). Orphanet: an online rare disease and orphan drug data base. Renalhepatic-pancreatic dysplasia. ORPHA:294415 Renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia is a rare, genetic, developmental defect during embryogenesis syndrome characterized by the triad of pancreatic fibrosis (and cysts, with a reduction of parenchymal tissue), renal dysplasia (with peripheral cortical cysts, primitive collecting ducts, glomerular cysts and metaplastic cartilage) and hepatic dysgenesis (enlarged portal areas containing numerous elongated binary profiles with a tendancy to perilobular fibrosis). Situs abnormalities, skeletal anomalies and anencephaly have also been associated. Patients that survive the neonatal period present renal insufficiency, chronic jaundice and insulin-dependent diabetes.
Floods are among the most destructive natural disasters, and robust knowledge about their past, present and future trends is therefore crucial for the sustainable development of societies worldwide. Paleoflood deposits in lacustrine sedimentary sequences enable the continuous reconstruction of flood variability at centennial to millennial scale beyond instrumental hydrological datasets. FLOODARC MSCA project (2019-2021) aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the long-term flood variability in the Iberian Peninsula by investigating flood archives in several Spanish lake records. Preliminary results show a see-saw pattern in flood frequency variability during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age transition with more (less) flood events occurring during cold (warm) phases in Atlantic and Mediterranean areas respectively.
For example, extremely efficient generation of THz high harmonics has of explosive taggants have been proposed. Another successful application of THz waves is the continual study of the atmosphere (terrestrial, planetary or cometary) and the interstellar medium. THz astronomy is a hot topic for which a huge number of scientific groups over the world are engaged to obtain a large amount of information on "the cold Universe" and especially on organic molecules. Many observatory stations and/or satellite platforms, such as Hershel Space Observatory, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) and Atacama Large Milli-metre Array (ALMA), are currently operated. All those applications require very sensitive THz gas phase spectrometers to be competitive with classical chemical analysis techniques or to obtain very accurate data for an efficient astronomical observation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Didier Roult  is supported by the  French Government  under the  « Investissements d'avenir » (Investments for the Future) program  managed by the  Agence Nationale de la Recherche  ( ANR , fr:  National Agency for Research) , (reference: Méditerranée Infection  10-IAHU-03 ). Alimuddin Zumla  and  Giuseppe Ippolito  are co-principal investigators of the  Pan-African Network on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections (PANDORA-ID-NET ), funded by the  European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership , supported under Horizon  2020. Sir Zumla  is in receipt of a National Institutes of Health Research senior investigator award. Giuseppe Ippolito  is supported by the  Italian Ministry of Health  (Ricerca Corrente Linea 1. GK is supported by the  Ligue contre le Cancer  (équipe labellisée);  Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) -Projets blancs ;  ANR  under the frame of E-Rare-2, the  ERA-Net for Research on Rare Diseases ;  AMMICa US23/CNRS UMS3655 ;  Association pour la recherche sur le cancer (ARC) ;  Association "Le Cancer du Sein , Parlons-en!";  Cancéropôle Ile-de-France ;  Chancelerie des universités de Paris  ( Legs Poix ),  Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) ; a donation by Elior;  European Research Area Network on Cardiovascular Diseases (ERA-CVD, MINOTAUR) ;  Gustave Roussy Odyssea , the  European Union   Horizon 2020 Project Oncobiome ;  Fondation Carrefour ;  High-end Foreign Expert Program in China  ( GDW20171100085 ),  Institut National du Cancer (INCa) ;  Inserm (HTE) ;  Institut Universitaire de France ;  LeDucq Foundation ; the  LabEx Immuno-Oncology  ( ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ); the  RHU Torino Lumière ; the  Seerave Foundation ; the  SIRIC Stratified Oncology Cell DNA Repair and Tumor Immune Elimination (SOCRATE) ; and the  SIRIC Cancer Research and Personalized Medicine (CARPEM).
The difficult balance between scientific evidence and clinical practice: the 2016 ESSKA meniscus consensus on the surgical management of degenerative meniscus lesions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 25:333-334 24. Seil R, Mouton C, Coquay J, Hoffmann A, Nührenbörger C, Pape D, Theisen D (2018) Ramp lesions associated with ACL injuries are more likely to be present in contact injuries and complete ACL tears. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 26:1080-1085 25. Sonnery-Cottet B, Praz C, Rosenstiel N, Blakeney WG, Ouanezar H, Kandhari V, Vieira TD, Saithna A (2018) Epidemiological evaluation of meniscal ramp lesions in 3214 anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees from the santi study group database: a risk factor analysis and study of secondary meniscectomy rates following 769 ramp repairs.
Acknowledgements: The work of  R. I. Boţ  was supported by  FWF (Austrian Science Fund) , project  I2419-N32. The work of S. -M. Grad was supported by  FWF (Austrian Science Fund) , project M-2045, and by  DFG  ( German Research Foundation ), project  GR 3367/4-1. The work of  D. Meier  was supported by  FWF (Austrian Science Fund) , project  I2419-N32 , by the  Doctoral Programme Vienna Graduate School on Computational Optimization (VGSCO) , project  W1260-N35  and by  DFG  ( German Research Foundation ), project  GR3367/4-1. M. Staudigl  thanks the  COST Action CA16228 "European Network for Game Theory"  for nancial support. The authors thank  Phan Tu Vuong  for valuable discussions and an anonymous reviewer for suggestions that contributed to improving the quality of the presentation.
NMR spectroscopy also presents the advantage of providing accurate quantitative results, making possible the quantitation of multiple analytes with a single internal or external reference. 24 Furthermore,  1  H NMR spectroscopy has the strong advantage of being a robust and reproducible technique, both through time and between laboratories. 25 ever, the main drawback of NMR spectroscopy is its relative lack of sensitivity, together with ubiquitous signal overlap in the 1 H NMR spectrum of biological samples, which limits the identification of metabolites and the discovery of significant biomolecular changes and biomarkers. Recent progress has been made to overcome such limitations. The overlap issue has been solved by including the acquisition of 2D NMR data sets in metabolomics workflows to reduce signal overlap while providing crucial information to elucidate the structure of metabolites.
One of the first examples of this continuous-flow mode was made by Shockcor and co-workers in 1996 to analyze a urine sample from an individual administrated with paracetamol, in order to identify with more confidence paracetamol metabolites and urinary endogenous compounds. 50 Phenylacetylglutamine, not previously detected by  1  H NMR spectroscopy alone due to spectral overlapping but usually detected by HPLC-MS and confirmed by the use of a standard, was well identified thanks to the good resolution obtained by this HPLC-NMR-MS system. 50 The NMR data set made it possible to clearly define which paracetamol-glucuronide isomer was observed, and this would not have been possible by the unique use of HPLC-MS or HPLC-MS/MS alone without comparison to an internal standard. However, this technique is limited by the time-evolving LC gradient composition which induces a bias in the NMR measurement.
52 This approach efficiently provides comprehensive structural confirmation of the fragmentation patterns of the selected feature, while simultaneously providing quantitative data based on the 1 H NMR spectroscopy part of the system. This hyphenated system has found successful applications in natural product research, especially when it comes to structural elucidation or to differentiate isomeric or isobaric compounds. 49 However, several drawbacks still limit its widespread use, such as the bulky and expensive equipment, associated with a limited sensitivity. The latter drawback has pushed toward the development of integrated microprobe technologies and capillary separation. 49, 53 Lin and co-workers reported an LC-MS-NMR platform with microscale instruments, namely, a nanoSplitter LC-MS and a microdroplet NMR, for increased sensitivity.
54 The use of a highly sensitive instrument such as a nanoelectrospray MS, requested only 2% of the LC column eluent, driving away the rest to a UV-guided collection for concentration prior to be stored waiting for an off-line NMR analysis. This setup limited the use of deuterated solvent as it was added just before the NMR analysis, which can thus be done retrospectively once the LC-MS analysis have been performed. However, it reintroduced an additional step of sample handling prior to NMR analysis. And although the sensitivity was further optimized in this application by using a microcoil NMR probe,  54  the robustness of such equipment is questionable,  53  which is a major bottleneck to create high-quality databases aiming to accelerate structural characterization of low concentration analytes in complex matrices.
It is important to note that even if the data matrix resulting from the fusion of these four data sets was extensive, high-level data fusion successfully discriminated the same samples according to their geographical origins in another study,  91  but not according to their extraction processes. Therefore, low-level data fusion can be a useful alternative when other modelling tools failed, at the condition to take particular care for the scaling of the different datasets. As illustrated in another study applying low-level data fusion, both of the 1 H NMR and direct infusion (DI)-ESI-MS data sets were scaled first to unit variance and second by the square root of the block variable count, in order to ensure fairness in the consideration of each block. 92 Other key elements were to note in this report, as a thorough optimization of the sample preparation in order to prevent important sample handling.
Postmetabolomics Analysis: Reaching the Aim and Going Beyond Identification While increasing the metabolic coverage is of the utmost importance in metabolomics, it might be even more crucial to identify the metabolites covered. Indeed, metabolite identification is clearly seen as a major bottleneck in the field of metabolomics, especially in MS-based techniques. Thanks to the robustness of 1 H NMR spectroscopic analysis, NMR databases are easier to produce and more trustworthy than MS databases. Generally, signals are compared and matched to experimental or theoretical spectra registered in in-house or online databases. If a compound of interest cannot be identified, it is an unknown compound annotated at a level 4 of confidence, the lowest according to the criteria used by the Metabolomics Standards Initiative (MSI).
98, 99 If the chemical class of the compound can be determined, the annotation level is 3. If a compound can be determined by comparison to a database, it is a level 2 of annotation. Finally, if the compound matches with at least two orthogonal parameters (e. g. , the m/z and the retention time) compared to an authentic standard which has been spiked into a sample, then the level of confidence is 1 and the term "identification" can be used (although care still needs to be taken in the case of isomeric compounds, but stereochemistry should soon be taken into consideration through a new and revised reporting standards which are being discussed in the community with the Metabolite Identification Task group of the Metabolomics Society leading on this initiative [Personal communication, Prof. Warwick Dunn, cochair Metabolite Identification task group]), in contrast to the term "annotation" for levels 2, 3, and 4.
99  Also sometimes, subconfidence groups in the level 2 annotation emerge, 2b being given if the annotation to a specific metabolite is based on one orthogonal parameter (e. g. , m/z or δ values matching to database) and 2a if the annotation is based on two orthogonal parameters (e. g. , m/z values and retention time or m/z and δ values matching to databases) without spiking the corresponding authentic standard. Hence, annotating a compound by using both NMR and MS analytical techniques provides more confidence in the annotation level and facilitates structural elucidation of unknowns. Identification of unknowns is particularly difficult in plant metabolomics due to the lack of chemical standards to confirm the identification of a new metabolite. Initial strategies developed were thus based on accurate mass measurements by HRMS, allowing to obtain chemical formula and matching them to possible chemical structures available in databases, before comparing their fragmentation pattern.
From those, all the possible scaffolds which can correspond to these formulas are predicted, and the list can be extensive. A 1D or 2D NMR spectra is then predicted for each of the predicted scaffolds. These predicted NMR spectra are then compared to experimental HSQC NMR spectra, previously deconvoluted into  13  C-1 H HSQC chemical shifts of each metabolite by combining information from 2D NMR experiments. The possible scaffold hits are finally ranked according the level of concordance between the predicted and the experimental spectra. 102 This method was initially developed to prevent time-demanding steps such as sample separation/purification or interrogating metabolic databases and was successfully applied to the identification of previously known compound from E. coli as a proof of principle.
102 However, subsequent publications showed that the approach could be further improved by the interrogation of databases, making the method more general and efficient. 103, 104 In the future, using the SUMMIT strategy could also help guiding retrospectively to a specific MS platform ad hoc or encourage the use of multiple MS platform to increase the chance to detect metabolites by both MS and NMR. Recently after the introduction of SUMMIT MS/NMR, another strategy called NMR/MS Translator was proposed by the same group, as a tool which could be used prior to SUMMIT MS/NMR. 105 Following the 1D or 2D NMR spectral acquisition, NMR/MS Translator questions NMR databases and from the obtained hits, it calculates isotopes, adducts, and fragments. From those, MS spectra are reconstructed and compared to the upstream acquired MS 1 experimental spectra.
105 Interrogating databases is limited by the fact that the hits will depends on how well a database is furnished, and yet there have always been a lot of disparities from one database to another. 58 Therefore, authors highlighted that the eye confirmation of the resulting annotations by an operator should always be applied to prevent false identification, as reported with NMR/MS Translator for 11 urinary metabolites. However once known metabolites are identified, unknown metabolites are easily distinguished and SUMMIT MS/NMR can come to help (Figure  6 ),  103  for which automation efforts have been pursued. 104 While these approaches are very elegant, they imply that metabolites need to be detected by both NMR and MS measurements. However, as already explained in Cross-Comparison of NMR and MS Data Sets to Increase Metabolic Coverage the metabolic coverage between NMR and MS measurements is limited by different parameters such as the low sensitivity of NMR or for MS techniques the ionization efficiency, the choice of the chromatographic phase, and the ionization mode.