dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
The Rare Cancer Network and growth of the internet Rare cancers are difficult to study due to their infrequency. Clinical trials, even in cooperative groups, are challenging due to the low accrual rates over time. Studies performed using population based data sources, such as the SEER-Medicare database, can provide statistical power, but have not in the past contained sufficient details to draw meaningful conclusions on individual treatment modalities and prognostic factors. 10 he Rare Cancer Network came into being at the time the internet was evolving from a specialist tool used in research into a modus for everyday communication. In the early 1990's, medical research took place in silos based on location, nationality, specialty, and language to a degree much greater than the current day.
However, given the rarity of the disease, neither the prognostic factors nor the optimal management strategy, especially regarding adjuvant treatment are well characterized. Within the RCN, we collected interesting data from an heterogeneous group of patients. We showed that, despite high rates of locoregional and distant recurrence, patients with early stage disease that are managed with combined modality treatment can achieve favorable outcomes. 11 factory neuroblastoma (B. Pehlivan) Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) or esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare malignant disease of the olfactory neuroepithelium. It constitutes only 3% of all intranasal neoplasms, and can be observed in both children and adults. Its incidence peaks between either 11 and 20 years or 51 and 60 years. In this multicenter retrospective RCN study including 13 European and North American centers, 77 patients were enrolled.
4 imary pineal tumors (S. Villa) Combined modality therapy (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) for primary pineal tumors have demonstrated good overall survival in the modern era. Age, dissemination at diagnosis and, probably, histological subtypes influenced survival in our series. The prevalence of chronic toxicity suggests that new strategies in radiotherapy and chemotherapy are advisable. Further studies are needed to really define different diseases of PPTs concerning histological subtypes and individualized therapeutic strategies. 17 ct cell carcinoma of the prostate (S. Igdem) Prostatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a rare variant of prostate cancer representing about 1% of all prostate cancer cases. We collected the clinical data of 31 patients from 6 member institutions of the RCN.
The general objective of the international MEDiterranean EXperiment (MEDEX) was the better understanding and forecasting of cyclones that produce high impact weather in the Mediterranean. This paper reviews the motivation and foundation of MEDEX, the gestation, history and organisation of the project, as well as the main products and scientific achievements obtained from it. MEDEX obtained the approval of World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and can be considered as framed within other WMO actions, such as the ALPine EXperiment (ALPEX), the Mediterranean Cyclones Study Project (MCP) and, to a certain extent, THe Observing System Research and Predictability EXperiment (THORPEX) and the HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX). Through two phases (2000-2005 and 2006-2010), MEDEX has produced a specific database, with information about cyclones and severe or high impact weather events, several main reports and a specific data targeting system field campaign (DTS-MEDEX-2009).
According to this MoU, UIB became the main executor of studies devoted to the identification of sensitive areas, defined as the geographical zones where an improved deployment of observational platforms would improve most significantly our forecasts of cyclones and severe and/or high impact weather in the Mediterranean. EUCOS provided funding to UIB for these specific studies. About the specific objective 4, a key activity was the organisation of the Workshop on Social Impact Research in MEDEX, held in Barcelona in 2004. The attendance of Roger Pielke Jr. (at that time a member of the SSC/WWRP) was very relevant. It is noteworthy that this workshop promoted the creation of a specific Group of Social Impact Research within MEDEX, led by M. C. Llasat, mainly focused on the creation of a database and the analysis of the societal impacts of heavy rainfalls, floods and windstorms.
Project results and products Apart from purely scientific results (see Sect. 4), MEDEX has produced a variety of tangible products. Regarding the MEDEX First Phase, the main output was the MEDEX database, as well as a comprehensive scientific summary  (Buzzi et al. , 2005)  and a report for EUCOS about sensitivity computations  (Jansa et al. , 2004) , besides a number of reports for the SSC/WWRP and for the MEDEX community. During the Second Phase, the main product was the performance of the MEDEX-2009-DTS campaign, as well as a second report for EUCOS  (Jansa and Homar, 2006)  about the results of sensitivity computations.
MEDEX database The MEDEX database was established to support both climatological and physical process studies (specific objectives 1 and 2 of both MEDEX phases). It was constructed in a progressive way and, although it was never totally completed, most of it was ready for use shortly after the beginning of MEDEX. The MEDEX database (open access, available at http: //medex. aemet. uib. es) contains three blocks of information: a cyclone database, severe weather calendars and a list of selected cases.
A. Jansa et al. : MEDEX: a general overview In the cyclone database there are listings and basic information about any kind of cyclone or depression detected in the Mediterranean. There are three lists of cyclones, as obtained from three different series of objective analyses (see Table  2 ). The technique used for cyclone detection and tracking and for the three-dimensional description of the disturbances can be found in  Picornell et al. (2001)  and  Campins et al. (2006a). Note that in order to avoid excessive noise in the dynamical description of the cyclones, it was decided that the original fields would need to be smoothed; a Cressman filter  (Cressman, 1959)  with 200 km of radius was used for that purpose. Correspondingly, all the information that was incorporated into the cyclone database comes from filtered fields.
1 ). The national meteorological services of Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Italy and Spain and the Catalan Meteorological Service provided these data. Details about data included in the calendars can be seen in Table  3. A significant part of the events include documentation of analysed meteorological fields, direct and derived (from June 1998 to May 2003), and/or satellite pictures (since 2002). The third part of the MEDEX database is the list of selected cases. The selection of cases was made subjectively by a dozen of the contributing institutions based on a global assessment of the intensity of the phenomena (heavy rain and/or strong wind), the importance of the associated cyclone (if any), as well as the magnitude of the social impact of the event. The period initially considered was 1995-2002, although a few more recent cases were added later.
The initial list includes 52 events. Twelve of them were classified as high priority events, thirty as medium priority, and ten as low priority. For every event, information was compiled about the date, the priority level of the case, the affected countries, concise data about heavy rain or strong wind, social impacts, the existence of alerts or warnings, the quality of the model forecasts and formal or informal bibliographical references. In 2003 there were 42 references on the list of selected cases. An outstanding case of the list is the super-storm of 10-11 November 2001 that produced more than 700 casualties in Algeria and some casualties and great damages in the Balearics, where hundreds of thousands of trees were uprooted and where road cuts and telephone and electricity line interruptions occurred  (Hamadache et al.
, 2003; Genoves and Jansa, 2003 ; see Fig. 2 ). Following the example of MEDEX, various databases of high impact weather events were created later. Papagiannaki et al. (2013)  namely recently presented a database that covers all the high impact weather events that occurred over Greece during the period 2001-2011 (201 events in total), while it is updated continuously to provide systematic monitoring and the foundation for future long-term impact analysis.
MEDEX reports for EUCOS In connection with objective 3 of the First Phase of MEDEX, and in accomplishment of the EUCOS-MEDEX MoU, two reports were prepared by MEDEX for EUCOS. The first one  (Jansa et al. , 2004)  includes initial studies, made in France and Spain, regarding the sensitivity to the initial conditions (IC) of the prediction of some cases as derived from adjoint models or indirectly through potential vorticity inversion. Other MEDEX studies are also mentioned in this report. The second report  (Jansa and Homar, 2006 ) pursues a climatology of forecast sensitivities to IC for a subset of cyclones that produced severe and/or high impact weather in the Mediterranean. This subset is composed of the intense cyclones included within the MEDEX database. It was easier to centre the analysis on the population of intense cyclones than on the large variety of severe and/or high impact weather cases related to weak or moderate cyclones, even at the risk of losing many interesting events.
This project used the data targeting system (DTS) facilities, developed by ECMWF in partnership with the UK Met Office for the campaign  (Prates et al. , 2009). Several cases of particular Mediterranean interest were selected for targeted observations. The main action of MEDEX in this line was the specific DTS-MEDEX-2009 campaign (see  Jansa et al. , 2011). This campaign was sponsored by EUCOS, which also provided organisation and facilities. The ECMWF/UK DTS software developed formerly was used in this campaign. As in Eurorisk-PREVIEW, only operational radiosonde stations and commercial aircraft data (AMDAR) provided additional observations. In addition to AMDAR, DTS-MEDEX-2009 involved 50 radio sounding stations of 16 meteorological services, and 484 extra-soundings were performed. The campaign lasted from 30 September to 20 December 2009.
, 2006, and Ulbrich et al. , 2012 , for a review). The MEDEX database, in particular the databases of cyclones and the calendars of severe weather, have made possible or at least inspired most of the climatological work done in the framework of MEDEX. Apart from an initial effort devoted to the development of methods for the detection, tracking and description of cyclones, some work has dealt with the analysis of the frequency, distribution and characteristics of Mediterranean cyclones. A preliminary work in this sense is that of  Campins et al. (2000) , but  Picornell et al. (2001)  is allegedly the first climatological MEDEX paper in that line. Note that the tracking procedure is based on the  Alpert et al. (1990a)  method and that some of the ideas about the detection and description of the cyclones are inspired by  Radinovic (1997).
Targeted observation and impact of additional observations The targeted (or adaptive) observations (for cases of Mediterranean cyclones and/or severe and/or high impact weather in the region) were tested in the Eurorisk-PREVIEW campaign (2008) and in the DTS-MEDEX-2009 campaign, as already mentioned in Sect. 3. 4. By using the ECMWF/UK DTS software  (Prates et al. , 2009) , the most sensitive zones, where additional observations had to be deployed, were identified by means of several methods, mostly the ECMWF singular vector method, with the help of other methods and the subjective modulation (see  Jansa et al. , 2011). Concerning targeting observations, the main scientific objective was rather to verify the correctness and usefulness of the sensitivity computations and the additional deployed observations.
Social impact studies Although most of the papers about case studies usually introduce briefly the main impacts produced by the respective event, the Societal Impact Research (SIR) group of MEDEX focused its work (presented every year since its birth in the Plinius conferences) along three main research lines. The first one was the compilation of socio-economic data on impacts produced by the events included in the database already mentioned in Sect. 4. 1, and the completion of it for the period 1990-2006. As a result of this work and in collaboration with the European FLASH project,  Llasat et al. (2010)  published a preliminary cartography and temporal analysis of flood events that have affected the Mediterranean countries. The fruit of this initiative has been the FLOODHYMEX database  (Llasat et al.
, 2013) ; attending that, the SIR group was followed by the Working Group on Societal Impacts (WG5) of the HYMEX project. Based on the experience gained and following the pioneering initiatives of MEDEX, a database (that is continuously updated) containing all the major events with important socio-economic impacts that occurred since 2000 in Greece has been constructed recently  (Papagiannaki et al. , 2013). The second research line was centred on the analysis of requests received by meteorological services as a consequence of the impacts of heavy rains and windstorms, and was developed in collaboration with the regional centre of AEMET in the Balearic Islands and the Meteorological Service of Catalonia  (Amaro et al. , 2010). The idea, followed by other communications presented at different Plinius conferences, was to take advantage of the hard work developed regularly by meteorological services, as sources of data serve as indicators of societal impact.
In the third one,  Llasat et al. (2008)  introduced the influence of the changing vulnerability and the perception of population into the evaluation of the high impact weather risk as well as into the observed trends. This task was systematically improved with the creation of a database containing press news relating to floods, heavy rainfalls and severe weather that was published in a newspaper during the period 1982-2007  (Llasat et al. , 2009). MEDEX has been the birthplace of the current group of HyMeX dedicated to the analysis of the social impact caused by meteorological and hydrometeorological hazards. It was one of the first bets for interdisciplinary work between the social sciences and the natural sciences for assessing impacts. Finally, we can mention some MEDEX research on forecast verification, which is a horizontal topic, with connections to the social impact research and to the research on forecast methods and numerical modelling.
Conclusions This paper has reviewed the main results of the MEDEX international project. These results can be grouped into two categories: the tangible products and the scientific findings. The tangible products comprise (i) the MEDEX database, with a rich and useful content about cyclones and severe weather in the Mediterranean, (ii) three main written reports, on scientific achievements during the First Phase of MEDEX, on sensitivity computations and on sensitivity climatology, and (iii) the stored sensitivity computations and the additional observations obtained during the DTS-MEDEX-2009 campaign and in association with the Eurorisk-PREVIEW campaign  (2008). Additionally, the reports on the project submitted to WMO (SSC/WWRP or ICSC/THORPEX) can also be considered to be tangible MEDEX products.
Acknowledgements. Many institutions have contributed to the MEDEX accomplishment by giving support, funding activities or providing data and human resources. Some of the most significant institutions are in some way represented by the authors of this paper. Special mention has to be made of AEMET, which, together with the  University of the Balearic Islands , has constructed and maintained the MEDEX database. The work associated with this activity has mostly been undertaken by  Ana Genovés ,  Joan Campins  and  Maria Angeles Picornell  (AEMET), all of them authors or coauthors of scientific MEDEX literature and very active participants in the MEDEX campaigns. The organisational, technical and financial support given by  EUMETNET-EUCOS  to MEDEX has been very important, particularly for sensitivity studies and for running the MEDEX campaigns.
Data sources and definitions The dataset for the investment regressions is an unbalanced country-level panel, covering up to 129 economies over 5-year periods between 1980-2009. 1  Variables for the benchmark regressions were sourced from the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI) as well as Financial Development and Structure  (Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt & Levine 2000)  databases, the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), and  Chinn & Ito (2008). Additional variables included in the robustness tests were drawn from the World Bank's Global Economic Monitor (GEM) and Doing Business databases,  Beck, Clarke, Groff, Keefer & Walsh (2001) , and  Laeven & Valencia (2012). Full details of variable sources, definitions, and other summary statistics are given in Appendices  A. 1, A. 3, and A.
Profilometry For each tested sample, wear track width and depth have been measured using both tactile and optical profilometry. 3D surface profiles were recorded by an Altisurf 500 profilometer (Altimet, France) with CL3 sensor head (2 μm scan step). The Altimap Topography XT imaging and analysis software (Altimet, France) was used to achieve the topographic mapping. Fig. 2  shows the wear track profiles for test 5 (100 N 6 h) and 6 (100 N 12 h). It can be seen that during cycles, the contact area extends and the wear depth increases. In addition, some roughness appears within the profile due to the presence of porosity revealed by the wear process. Similar results are obtained for all the tests and are summarized in Table  2. All test results are consistent with each other except for test 3 which showed a lower wear.
Wear FE model Wear computations are conducted with the FE software suite Z-set  [23]  and consists in a remeshing operation applied after each loading cycle. The contact is modelled by an impactor/target technique and solved by the flexibility method  [24, 25]. Wear is modelled by the modified Archard equation using a local dissipated energy approach  [26]. Each node of the surface (in these calculations, only the plate geometry is modified) is moved according to h ! w i ¼ Àk w ðμp i s i Þ n ! ¼ Àk w e w i n ! ð1Þ where h w i is the distance between node i before the load cycle and its position after the cycle, μ is the coefficient of friction, p i is the pressure computed at node i and s i is the sliding distance of node i during the present cycle. The direction of the vector which defines wear n ! is assumed to be perpendicular to the local surface (as determined on three surface nodes).
Acknowledgements The work presented in this paper has been supported by the  EC, Sixth Framework program ,  Marie Curie Action  (WEMESURF research network entitled: "Characterization of wear mechanisms and surface functionalities with regard to life time prediction and quality criteria-from micro to nano range" under contract  MRTN CT 2006 035589 ). We would like to acknowledge with many thanks the help of  Mrs. Lynh-Thy Mingault  with WDS analysis.
Subsequently, two-month old adult mice were scored for spontaneous behaviour in a novel home environment. Additionally, neurotoxic susceptibility to nicotine was tested by additional exposure of the adult animals to nicotine. Their data indicate that interactive effects between gamma irradiation and nicotine during prenatal brain development exist and can lead to enhanced behavioural aberrations and increased susceptibility to nicotine at adulthood. In addition, it was suggested that the cholinergic system is involved in the increased radiation susceptibility upon mixed gamma radiation and nicotine exposure during neonatal brain development. Together, these data provide evidence on the confounding effect of smoking in radiation-exposed epidemiological cohorts. As explained during her presentation, the objective of Ann-Karin Olsen's research (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, NIPH, Norway) is to investigate the genotoxic and reproductive effects of low-dose-rate gamma exposure in combination with a varying selenium (Se) level in mice.
A first step towards the above explained systemic approach is achieved within the EU FP7 project CEREBRAD (Cognitive and Cerebrovascular effects induced by low-dose ionising radiation) (Grant Agreement No 295552). Health risk assessments at low radiation doses can contribute to understand the related mechanisms, and thus reducing the uncertainty at low doses. Animal studies could help to understand such mechanisms and are being performed within CEREBRAD. The consortium investigates the behavioural effects as well as molecular, cellular and tissue changes at early (days) and late (months) time points. Molecular mechanistic studies are supported by the proteomic and genomic information collected in different brain regions. Advanced bioinformatics will allow integration of the data at different levels in order to understand the biology of the system.
In addition, CEREBRAD studies epidemiological data from several cohorts in order to increase the statistical power regarding radiation-induced cognitive and cerebrovascular effects, such as (1) cohorts of children having received RT to treat different types of cancer or haemangioma and having received low to moderate doses in the brain, and (2) a cohort of Ukrainian clean-up workers including in utero exposed individuals. Finally, in order to confirm part of the genetic and epigenetic changes identified in animal studies, appropriate epidemiology cohorts are required to launch real molecular epidemiology for biomarker testing and validation. A lot of effort should be devoted to increase the statistical power of epidemiological data for cognitive and cerebrovascular diseases and using appropriate mathematical modelling, is the only way to validate the LNT model for cognitive non-cancer effects.
In her presentation, Soile Tapio (HMGU, Germany) explained how her group investigated radiation-induced changes in the cardiac proteome  [30]. To this end, C57BL/6 mice were irradiated at the level of the heart with x-ray doses of 8 and 16 Gy at the age of 8 weeks and sacrificed 16 weeks later. Radiation-induced changes in the cardiac proteome were quantified using the isotope coded protein label (ICPL) method followed by mass spectrometry and suitable software packages for data mining, including STRING (string-db. org) and INGENUITY (www. ingenuity. com). Significant alterations were observed in proteins involved in lipid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Ionising radiation markedly changed the phosphorylation and ubiquitination status of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha), a transcriptional regulator of lipid metabolism in heart tissue, which has recently received great attention in the development of cardiovascular disease.
In addition, the effects in HUVEC cells after chronic low-dose-rate radiation (1. 4 and 4. 1 mGy h -1 ) during one, three or six weeks were investigated (FP7 DoReMi project). To gain more insight into the underlying signalling pathways of the biological effects of this exposure, gene expression changes were analysed using microarray technology  [32]. The obtained data were analysed in a dual approach, combining single gene expression analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. An early stress response was observed after one week of exposure to 4. 1 mGy h -1 , which was replaced by a more inflammation-related expression profile after three weeks and onwards. This early stress response may have triggered the radiation-induced premature senescence in HUVEC exposed to 4. 1 mGy h -1 , as was observed by the consortium by assessing proliferation rates, β-galactosidase levels, and performing proteomic studies  [33, 34].