dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Men Values: Courage, Strength, and Known-How Considered as male objects, tools or weapons provide information about activities at least for part of the male population. In the reliable dataset, 35 male burials totalise 57 adzes, which would have been used for various activities. The study of preserved wood from the Eythra well (Germany, Saxe) brought to light tool marks corresponding to adze blades  (Tegel, Elbur, Hakelber, Stäuble, & Büntgen, 2012) , and the use-wear analysis carried out on tools from the Vedrovice cemetery and others showed that the male polished tools were used in woodworking and possible butchering  (Masclans, Bickle, & Hamon, 2020; Masclans, Bickle, Hamon, Jeunesse, & Bickle, 2021). The study of bone marks on male skeletons from Stuttgart-Mühlhausen cemetery showed that men suffered from tendonitis of the right elbow, which can arise from repeated throwing movements from the handling of the adze  (Villotte & Knüsel, 2014).
Moreover, adzes were probably used as weapons in situations of conflict as observed on the human skulls from the Talheim massacre that bear cutting marks probably made by adze  (Wahl & König, 1987; Wahl & Strien, 2007). Seventeen male burials of the reliable dataset contain 57 arrowheads, probably deposited in a quiver. Arrows were probably used not only for hunting but also in warfare. Although examples of arrowheads embedded in animal bone are not common, LBK bone assemblages consistently contain a significant proportion of wild fauna, representing 5-40% in data from early to final LBK settlements located within an area that covers Central Europe to the Paris basin  (Arbogast, 2001; Bedault & Hachem, 2008; Hachem, 1999; Lüning, 2000; Tresset & Vigne, 2001). Large game such as wild boar, red deer, roe deer, and aurochs are the main species.
Male Power, Regeneration, and Virility? Although rare (eight objects in only eight burials belonging to the reliable dataset and 21 more from the entire sample), the significance of red deer antler deposits in male burials is also worth exploring. While faunal studies testify red deer hunting, only antlers are found in male graves, and it is not possible to determine whether these objects come from hunted animals or were shed antlers. Their pointed ends are often bevelled and the thicker ends can be perforated (Figure  5 ), being generally found near the hip as they were probably suspended from a belt. Unlike adzes and arrows, red deer antlers are only found with adult men and never with children or women. However, red deer is not totally absent from female graves, as female burials with very elaborate dress include ornaments made from deer teeth, for instance the headband decorated with 82 deer teeth, bore by a female at Berry-au-Bac (Dép.
Male Light and Heat? Several male burials (six individuals in the reliable dataset, both adults and young individuals) include percussion set lighters of ferrous nodules and flakes bearing traces of percussion. They are systematically associated with other male objects, such as adzes and arrows. Does this mean that male power is derived from the energy of heat and light? Answering this question is not easy. The ferrous nodules are poorly preserved, and many of them could have disappeared over time; the absence of lighter sets in other male burials and female and infant burials is therefore not a conclusive observation. Systematic research on flint flakes with percussion traces in tombs could provide some clues in this regard. Other techniques exist for producing fire such as the friction technique probably practiced by both LBK men and women.
Number of burials Figure  7 : Distribution and association of ornaments and male equipment among the burials of children in the reliable dataset. Three individuals have both male equipment and ornaments (two with a necklace and one with isolated beads); they are counted as burials with male equipment. analysis) and weapons (Talheim and Asparn and der Zaya massacres), but they also seem to symbolise manhood, territorial belonging, and status. Other objects found in a minority of adze owner burials suggest other ideological values, such as ability and courage in warfare and hunting with the presence of arrows, and perhaps virility, power, and regeneration through the red deer antlers. Indeed, we cannot consider deer antler as a "neutral" attribute as this imposing and territorial animal, with annual antler growth and a large "harem" of does holds an important place in the Neolithic wild bestiary.
Figure1: Main sites with human bone remains of the Western LBK culture in Europe. Circle: funerary sites (cemeteries, isolated burials, small groups of graves); star: other sites with human remains (massacre sites and others); in black: selected sites used for the reliable dataset (reliable determination of sex and age); site numbers with circle: samples used for strontium analysis (map: M. Ilett & F. Giligny, UMR 8215 Trajectoires, Université de Paris I). 1: Polgár-Ferenci-hát, Hungary (Raczky, 2004) ; 2: Mezökővesd-Mocsolyás, Hungary (Kalicz & Koós, 2001) ; 3: Füzesabony-Gubakút, Hungary (Domboróczki, 2001) ; 4: Balatonszárszó, Hungary (Oross, 2013; Zoffmann, 2012) ; 5: Nitra, Slovakia (Pavúk, 1972) ; 6: Vedrovice, Czech Republic (Dočkalová, 2008; Podborsky, 2002; Zvelebil & Pettitt, 2008) ; 7: Tĕšetice-Kyjovice, Czech Republic (Berkovec, 2004) ; 8: Brno-Starý-Liskovec, Czech Republic(Podborsky, 1999); 9: Asparn an der Zaya/Schletz, Austria (Teschler-Nicola, 2012; Windl, 1994) ; 10: Kleinhadersdorf, Austria (Neugebauer-Maresch & Lenneis, 2015) ; 11: Rutzig, Austria (Kloiber & Kneidinger, 1968) ; 12: Mittendorf, Austria (Blesl, Nönnig, & Spatzier, 2003; Blesl, Kalser, & Spatzier, 2004) ; 13: Aiterhofen, Germany (Nieszery, 1995) ; 14: Mangolding, Germany (Nieszery, 1995) ; 15: Sengkofen, Germany (Nieszery, 1995) ; 16: Dillingen, Germany (Nieszery, 1995) ; 17: Essenbach-Ammerbreite, Germany (Brink-Kloke, 1990); 18: Otzing, Germany (Schmotz, 2001; Schmotz & Weber, 2000) ; 19: Sondershausen, Germany (Kahlke, 2004) ; 20: Bruchstedt, Germany (Kahlke, 2004) ; 21: Wandersleben-Gotha, Germany (Hoffmann, 1989) ; 22: Flomborn, Germany (Richter, 1969) ; 23: Schwetzingen, Germany (Behrends, 1997; Gerling, 2012) ; 24: Herxheim, Germany (Zeeb-Lanz, 2016); 25: Stuttgart-Mühlhausen, Germany (Kurz, 1994) ; 26: Talheim, Germany (Wahl & König, 1987; Wahl & Strien, 2007) ; 27: Elsloo, Netherlands (Modderman, 1970) ; 28: Niedermerz, Germany (Döhrn-Ihmig, 1983); 29: Ensisheim, Les Octrois, France (Jeunesse, Lambach, Mathieu, & Mauvilly, 1993; Jeunesse, 1997) ; 30: Mulhouse-est (Rixheim), Ile Napoléon, France (Schweitzer & Schweitzer, 1977; Jeunesse, 2005) ; 31: Vendenheim, Le Haut du Coteau, France (Boës et al.
The short-lived radionuclides on the core Kou11-P1 were measured using well-type Ge detectors at the Modane Underground Laboratory (LSM;  Reyss et al. , 1995; Fig. SM5). The measurement intervals followed sedimentary unit boundaries and resulted in a non-regular sampling of approximately 1 cm. The isotope 137 Cs was accidently introduced into the environment at the end of the 1950s as a by-product of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests (peak at 1963 CE) and during the Chernobyl accident in 1986 CE  (Appleby et al. , 1991). 210 Pb excess was calculated as the difference between total 210 Pb and 226 Ra activities. The chronological for short-lived radionuclides was established with the serac R package  (Bruel and Sabatier, 2020).
, 1992; Debret et al. , 2011). Unfortunately, a few limited parts of the sequence do not have SP data because they were sub-sampled before spectrophotometric measurements were taken, hence the gaps in the Q7/4 and L*(D65) profiles in Fig. 3. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF; Figs. 2 and 3 and SM3) analysis was performed on the split core-sections' surface at a 1 cm stratigraphic interval in two distinct runs using a non-destructive Avaatech core scanner. The relative geochemical contents (intensities), expressed in counts per second, were obtained at two tube settings: 10 kV at 1. 5 mA for Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn and Fe, 30 kV at 1 mA for Br, Sr, Rb, Zr and Pb, and each run lasting 60 s. Because of the influences of variable water content and grain size on the sediment matrix, the XRF scanner only provides a relative estimation of geochemical variables, and the acquired counts are semi-quantitative  (Tjallingii et al.
Identified and counted NPPs here are algal and fungal remains. They were identified using published descriptions and photographs  (Jankovsk a and Kom arek, 2000; van Geel, 2001; van Geel and Aptroot, 2006; Cugny et al. , 2010) , and counting followed recommendations in  Etienne and Jouffroy-Bapicot (2014). NPPs are expressed in accumulation rates (#/cm 2 /yr). The pollen, fungal and algal remains diagrams were constructed using Tilia Graph  (Grimm, 1991e2018). Pollen are expressed as percentages of the Total Land Pollen (TLP), fern spores, aquatic and hygrophilous taxa being excluded from the TLP sum. Zone boundaries were identified using CONISS, based on the square root transformation of the stratigraphically constrained data set, respectively, the TLP-, the total fungal remains-and the total algal remains sums.
For the microscopic charcoal analysis, 177 sub-samples were taken at mean intervals of 55 yrs and prepared following the method described in  Doyen et al. (2016) ; counting followed  Finsinger and Tinner (2005). Preparation of the 50 samples for diatom analysis followed standard methods adapted from  Battarbee et al. (2001) , with 300 diatom valves counted on each slide where possible. Full details are reported in  Field (2015). Species identification is based on  Krammer and Lange-Bertalot (1991a, 1991b; 1997a; 1997b; 2000) , hereafter KLB. Zone boundaries were identified using CONISS and transfer function training sets provided by the European Diatom Database (EDDI)  (Juggins, 2015). The combined salinity training set was used by weighted averaging with inverse deshrinking and carried out using C2 software  (Juggins, 2003e2006).
Chrono-stratigraphy and sediment accumulation rate To build the age-depth model, flood deposits and MWD (see 4. 1. 1. above) were removed from the chrono-stratigraphy because their instantaneous deposition is inconsistant with the long-term background sedimentation. Thanks to the serac R package  (Bruel and Sabatier, 2020)  we applied the CFCS (Constant Flux Constant Sedimentation) model to the 210 Pb ex activities, which estimate a mean sedimentation accumulation rate of 1. 621 ± 0. 102 mm/yr (r 2 ¼ 0. 9439, Fig. SM5 ). 137 Cs activity in the upper 25 cm of the core shows a well-defined peak at 70e75 mm depth (Fig. SM5 ), which is interpreted as the 1963 maximum atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in the Northern Hemisphere  (Appleby, 2001). The results from radiocarbon and short-lived radionuclides analyses were combined to produce an age-depth model showing that the upper 14.
At this time, annual crop indicators remain low, but grazing indicators are still present, possibly connected to increased pastoral activities and/or animal manure being brought onto the olive groves. Only a few thick flood deposits and MWD interrupt the background sedimentation which change slightly to more detrital and allochthonous sources (Figs. 3  and 7 , sedimentary units L5 and L6). Almost no fires are recorded, which attests to a change in agropastoral practices. For the first time, local archaeological data are available. An important settlement developed about 6 km southeast from Lake Kournas during the Hellenistic period: the city of Lappa. Numerous amphorae stamps from the wider Mediterranean attest to Lappa's position in the Hellenistic exchange network. Lappa also flourished during the Roman period as an important node in the Roman economy, linked to both its productive hinterland and the wider Roman world  (Bowsky and Gavrilaki, 2010, p.
Acknowledgements Many thanks to  Agn es Stock ,  Julien Didier ,  Maxime Mermet ,  Antoine Hache ,  Guillaume Meunier ,  Matthieu Le Bailly  and  Mathieu Ghilardi  for their help during fieldwork and lab analyses. Thanks to  Fabien Arnaud ,  Jerôme Poulenard  and  Anne-Lise Develle  for their discussion on sedimentological and geochemical data, and to  Jessie Woodbridge  and  Katie Head  for their help with diatom analysis. Thanks also to  Marion Lestienne  and  Simon Connor  for kindly providing R code and support. The authors warmly thank the PEA 2 t platform (Chrono-environment,  University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt e, UMR CNRS 6249, France ), which manages and maintains the analytical equipment used in this study. Kevin Walsh  would like to acknowledge the support of IM eRA,  Aix-Marseille University, France ,  Cofund EURIAS ,  Labex RFIEA þ and ANR-Investissements  d'avenir.
Funding This research was funded by  R egion Bourgogne-Franche-Comt e through Chrono-environnement laboratory , the  MSHE (Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement ) and the project  ENVILEG (H eritage environmental des grandes transitions socioecologiques en Europe) led by Boris Vanni ere. This study was also supported by the  CNRS   Pal eoMEx-MISTRALS (Mediterranean Integrated STudies at Regional And Local Scales) program. Coring and geological fieldwork has been authorized (Work permit N 354) by the  Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration  (I. G. M. E).
Inside the fiber, iron seems to concentrate along cracks and mainly correspond to Fe II as it is particularly noticeable on the map at 708 eV. On an enlarged region of the fiber I (Fig. 2b, c ), stack fits were performed using the Axis2000 software to get a RGB map (Fig. 2d ) showing the distribution of Fe II (in yellow) and Fe III (in blue) based on a comparison with the reference compounds spectra (Fig. 1a ). The surface of the fiber is coated relatively homogeneously with a thin Fe II rich layer that also follows cracks in the inner part of the fiber. Many of these cracks are oriented perpendicular to the walls, and were probably formed during paper milling. Bright Fe-rich spots (Fig. 2e , number 1), approx. 200 nm wide are also observed along the cracks and are predominantly composed of Fe II.
This opens up avenues of research in multimodal linguistics, in which studies on the integration of speech and gesture in the construction of meaning can include analyses of recurrent gestures and of multimodal constructions. This article discusses the issues at stake in preparing the videorecorded component of the DCPS for linguistic multimodal analysis, namely the exploitability of recordings, the segmentation and alignment of transcriptions, the annotation of gesture forms and functions in the software ELAN and the quantity of available gesture data.
INTRODUCTION Still under construction, the Diachronic Corpus of Political Speeches (henceforth DCPS) is a collection of 1,500 full-length political speeches in English. It includes speeches delivered worldwide by English-speaking male and female elected politicians in various settings (such as election speeches, parliamentary or party conference speeches, inaugural addresses) from 1800 up to the present time. Speech transcripts are being enriched with semi-automatic morphosyntactic annotations, in the form of lemmatisation and part-of-speech tagging with TreeTagger  (Schmid 1994). Transcripts are also supplemented with discourse-pragmatic manual annotations including audience responses  (Heritage and Greatbatch 1986) , speech openings and closures. The DCPS is designed to fulfil the following criteria: achieve maximum representativeness and balance for political English speeches from major national English varieties in time, preserve detailed metadata, as well as enable corpus-based studies of syntactic, semantic and discourse-pragmatic variation and change on political corpora.
ELAN, a tool for the study of multimodal data Several software tools can be used for the annotation and study of multimodal data. In this article, I choose to focus on ELAN 1   (Sloetjes and Wittenburg 2008) , a professional, open-source tool for the creation of complex annotations on video resources developed at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen (Netherlands), which is well-suited to the annotation and study of gesture. A detailed description of the software is available at the ELAN website, 2  which I reproduce below: With ELAN a user can add an unlimited number of annotations to audio and/or video streams. An annotation can be a sentence, word or gloss, a comment, translation or a description of any feature observed in the media. Annotations can be created on multiple layers, called 'tiers'.
Tiers can be hierarchically interconnected. An annotation can either be time-aligned to the media or it can refer to other existing annotations. The textual content of annotations is always in Unicode and the transcription is stored in an XML format. ELAN provides different views on the annotations, and each view is connected and synchronised to the media play head. Up to four video files can be associated with an annotation document. Each video can be integrated in the main document window or displayed in its own resizable window. ELAN delegates media playback to an existing media framework, like Windows Media Player, QuickTime or Java Media Framework (JMF). As a result, a wide variety of audio and video formats is supported, and highperformance media playback can be achieved. ELAN is written in the Java programming language and the sources are available under a GPL 3 license.
It runs on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. ELAN's main other features are: -Navigate through the media with different step sizes. -Easy navigation through existing annotations. -Waveform visualisation of. wav files. -Support for template documents. -Input methods for a variety of script systems. -Multi-tier regular expression search, within a single document or in a selection of annotation documents. -Support for user definable Controlled Vocabularies. -Import and export of Shoebox/Toolbox, CHAT, Transcriber (import only), Praat and. csv/tab-delimited text files. -Export to interlinear text, html, smil and subtitles text. -Printing of the annotations. -Multiple undo/redo.
What counts as "the data" One epistemological issue raised by the study of video-recordings of political speeches is the status of the recording with respect to what counts as the data. If the data is primarily considered to be the speech as it was delivered in its original setting, in the copresence of its addressees, then the videorecording can be seen as a mere tool for accessing the data itself. This view is, for instance, usually adopted in the field of Conversation Analysis to analyse talk-in-interaction  (Mondada 2009). And yet, with the advent of media culture (television, the Internet), some recordings are arguably also designed first and foremost as mediated broadcasts. In this sense, the videorecording itself can also be regarded as primarily constitutive of the data. In a diachronic corpus like the DCPS, this second view will probably be increasingly relevant with time and with the development of mass media communication.
EXPLOITABILITY OF THE VIDEO-RECORDING FOR MULTIMODAL ANALYSIS For speeches given from 1950 onwards that will be included in the DCPS, videorecordings of the original delivery are retrievable online -often for free on videosharing platforms like YouTube. Original videos can usually be downloaded with free online tools that convert YouTube videos into. mp4 video clips that can be stored on a computer or hard drive. 5  To my knowledge, there are no ethics or copyright issues related to collecting and analysing data for research purposes that are already freely available on online platforms. Latest versions of ELAN are compatible with several video formats. Yet. mp4 is a sound choice, as a common widespread format, it can be played easily on either a Mac or a PC and, as a compressed format, it will allow for slightly lighter video files with enough quality of recording.
The interpausal unit (IPU) IPUs are defined, in the framework of Conversation Analysis, as blocks of speech separated by silent pauses of 0. 2 seconds  (Koiso et al. 1998). The length of the pause can vary according to the language used and to the speech situation. Since monological speech during public political address is fundamentally different from spontaneous conversation (Rossette-Crake 2019, inter alia), the length of separation pauses will probably need to be readjusted for some speakers in the DCPS. The automatic alignment and segmentation into IPUs of the transcript can be realised automatically, for instance, with the software SPeech Phonetization Alignment and Syllabification (SPPAS; Bigi 2012; Bigi and Hirst 2012). 6 SPPAS can also produce automatic annotations of word, syllable and phoneme segmentations from a recorded speech sound and its corresponding transcription.
Indeed, the exhibitors had to mention their performances and their awards obtained at the official Parisian Salon. For instance, at the 1907 UAT, Henri Biva mentioned that he had received an "honorable mention" at the 1892 Salon, a 3rd class medal at the 1895 Salon, a 2nd class medal at the 1896 Salon, that he had received a bronze medal at the 1900 Universal Exhibition in Paris and that he was now "hors concours", i. e. exempted from passing before the jury of the Parisian Salon (Fig 5 ). During three years, the two exhibitions overlapped, in March-April for the UAT, and in May-June for the SAM. It seems that the SAM were held in response to, or even against, the UATs: to test this hypothesis, the last three catalogs of the UAT  (1907, 1908 and 1909)  were thus transcribed and added to the dataset.
On the other hand, when restricting ourselves to the SAM, this margin ceased to be significant: exhibitors living in Haute-Garonne -i. e. Toulouse and its surroundings -gave significantly higher prices than their comrades, by 11 francs on average. More anecdotally, the selling price of the catalog was two to four times lower for the SAM: it cost 25 centimes of franc, even illustrated, whereas the catalogs -not illustrated -of the UATs cost 50 centimes without the price of the works, 1 franc with the price. The SAM thus seemed more open to a local audience, and in a sense more democratic. However, this claimed openness masked internal inequalities and fine-grained processes of exclusion, which the computational analysis of the data helps to shed light on.
A closed environment? It is difficult to assess whether the SAM constituted a closed environment: to do so, one would have to measure the participation of all exhibitors in all existing exhibitions during the same period, from 1907 to 1939. Nevertheless, it is possible to understand this openness/closure from the database. Figure  16:  The successive moves of the exhibitors at the SAM  Exhibitors' moves are a first way of understanding this aspect. The cartography of successive moves  (Fig 16)  shows the importance of the South-West: very few exhibitors at the SAM "went up to Paris". On the contrary, most of them stayed in a perimeter close to Toulouse, indicating a very strong attachment to this region. This local anchorage is all the more visible in the choice of the new exhibition place: from 1920 onwards, all the SAM took place in the "Palais des Arts", i.
Last but not least, this first step will be followed by the meticulous research of the works exhibited at the SAM. The analysis of the Toulouse art world is part of a larger research project -DatART -led by Léa Saint-Raymond and hosted at the ENS-PSL Observatoire des humanités numériques. By making available data from the SAM, the UAT and the AIB of Bordeaux, it will allow us to understand the regional logics at work in the art world and to reconnect this history with the local artistic and cultural heritage.