dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Les documents iconographiques ont pour certains été numérisés et mis en ligne sur le site internet du musée, via une base de données de 149 items. Les archives du Nordfriisk Instituut comprennent près de 70000 articles de journaux, accumulés depuis les années 1970, et conservés par titre de presse et par ordre chrono logique. Les articles sont en langue frisonne ou concernent la région frisonne, la langue frisonne, la culture frisonne, etc. Ces archives possèdent aussi des documents de divers chercheurs originaires de la Frise, liés à l'Université de Flensburg et à son département de frisistique (fonds personnels et de recherche, bien inventoriés, mais ayant trait majoritaire ment à des questions de linguistique). Mais le plus intéressant est constitué d'archives variées et du recensement d'archives conservées ailleurs traitant de la Frise du Nord.
La descripción de las características de la muestra se realiza resumiendo las variables nominales con las frecuencias absolutas y relativas de sus categorías, y las de escala con media o mediana y percentiles (P5-P95), una vez comprobada su distribución normal de probabilidades con la exploración de sus histogramas y los resultados de la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Todas las pruebas estadísticas empleadas fueron bilaterales en términos de significación p<0,05, y los cálculos correspondientes se ejecutaron con ayuda del paquete de software estadístico para ordenador personal con entorno operativo IBM SPSS Statistics 19 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) para entorno de Windows.
Agradecimientos Queremos agradecer el apoyo de las Juntas Directivas de la Sociedad Madrile ña de Nefrología (SOMANE) 2012-2018, de los jefes de servicio de los hospitales implicados y de todo el personal que con su trabajo diario contribuye a la generación y conservación de los registros REMER y CMBDH en servicios centrales de la Consejería de Salud, así como los servicios clínicos y de admisión de los hospitales. b i b l i o g r a f í a.
Material y Métodos Con aprobación del comité de ética de nuestro hospital se diseñó un estudio comparativo de casos y controles, con las siguientes características: a) Tamaño muestral: se estableció un tamaño muestral mínimo necesario de 36 casos por grupo para detectar una diferencia mínima de 1mm entre 2 medias independientes. Para ese cálculo se utilizó el software de libre acceso en internet GRANMO v. 7. 12, considerando un riesgo alfa de 0,05, β de 0,2 y una desviación estándar común de 1,5mm en base a lo publicado por Richards y Burkhart. 47 ) Conformación de los Grupos: • Casos (Grupo SSC): De la base de datos imagenológicos de nuestro hospital (Impax 6. 4; Agfa, Greenville, SC, EE. UU. ), se rescataron durante un periodo de 6 meses un total de 46 RM de hombro que presentaron tendinopatía degenerativa avanzada y/o roturas del tendón del SSC, 8,48-50 independiente del grado de compromiso asociado del resto del manguito rotador.
Agradecimientos Un especial agradecimiento a todos los voluntarios que colaboraron desinteresadamente en este trabajo, así como también, al equipo de tecnólogos médicos de nuestro hospital, a Susana Baez, Claudio Cortes y Carla Manriquez, quienes facilitaron la adecuada obtención, recopilación y análisis de las imágenes necesarias para este estudio. Bibliografía 1 Goldthwait JE. An anatomic and mechanical study of the shoulder joint, explaining many of the cases of painful shoulder, many of the recurrent dislocations and many of the cases of brachial neuralgias or neuritis. J Bone Joint Surg 1909;2-6(04):579-606.
La base de données est constituée des champs suivants : Le nom de l'aire urbaine Sa population selon le recensement de l'INSEE au 1er janvier 2013 L'heure de départ du premier train de l'aire urbaine à destination de Paris L'heure d'arrivée du premier train à Paris Le temps de trajet aller L'heure de départ du dernier train de Paris à destination de l'aire urbaine L'heure d'arrivée du dernier train dans l'aire urbaine Le temps de trajet retour Le type de train (TGV, Intercités, TER) La distance à vol d'oiseau en km À partir de cette base de données, nous avons élaboré et calculé des indicateurs d'analyse spatiale dont plusieurs présentent un caractère original. Les résultats ont ensuite été cartographiés à l'échelle de la France métropolitaine.
Changes in seasonal rainfall amount and variability To assess whether the climate in the Ramotswa area has changed over time, daily rainfall data were combined from three weather stations in the broader area (Fig. 2 ): Ramotswa (24. 88°S × 25. 87°E, record begins in 1980), Gaborone (20 km north of Ramotswa; 24. 70°S × 25. 90°E, record begins in 1926), and Lobatse (40 km south of Ramotswa; 25. 25°S × 25. 65°E, record begins in 1922). These data were provided by the Botswana Dept. of Meteorological Services. Combining the Ramotswa data with the stations in Lobatse and Gaborone allows for analysis of a much longer period (95 versus 37 years) and covers a larger area that includes several reservoirs that supply water to Gaborone (Fig. 3 ). Due to the strong seasonal pattern in rainfall, wet season (October-March) and dry season (April-September) rainfall totals (referred to hereafter as Bseasonal^) were analyzed separately.
3 ). Therefore, it would be helpful to compile past and ongoing water abstraction volumes and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater across the water supply scheme in real time in one database to manage both supply and use locally and across the South East District. To understand how NO 3 -concentrations are responding to the complex factors involved in this CHANS and the efficacy of remediation efforts, systematic water quality and quantity monitoring and associated funding should be a priority. Further, the water quality of private BHs, which provide untreated water to many people during water restrictions, should be monitored.
Acknowledgements In-kind support was provided by the  Botswana Dept. of Water Affairs, Water Utilities Corporation , the  Botswana Geosciences Institute , the Dept. of Meteorological Services in Botswana; the  South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)  in Pretoria and B. Pongoma;  K. Kahmark ; and the  Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research program  at  Michigan State University. This project would not have been possible without the invaluable support of the following individuals:  M. Molefe ,  P. Makoba ,  P. Moleje ,  M. Staudt ,  K. Gunter ,  S. Ranamane ,  K. Gaoagelwe ,  B. Moodley ,  A. Naidoo ,  K. Puni Gaboutloeloe ,  B. Mpeo ,  D. Weed ,  N. Martin ,  S. Baqa , and  O. Modisha. A. Reimer ,  D. Stuart ,  R. J. Stevenson , and  G. P. Robertson  also provided helpful comments on an earlier draft.
Funding information This research was funded by the  US Agency for International Development (USAID)  through a  US Borlaug Fellowship in Global Food Security  (Award No. A1102. 2 ) to McGill, who was kindly hosted by the  International Water Management Institute Southern Africa. McGill was also supported by a  US National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship  ( DGE-1424871 ). This work was undertaken in the context of the project  BThe Potential Role of the Transboundary Ramotswa Aquifer^ , funded by  USAID  under the terms of Award No. AID-674-IO-17-00003  and the  CGIAR Strategic Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) , and implemented by the  International Water Management Institute (IWMI)  and the  International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC).
The paper aims to support regional policy-makers who seek to understand the determinants of regional innovation dynamics. The challenge is to penetrate the black box of the Regional Innovation System (RIS) by identifying the building blocks and interaction processes that stimulate innovation at the regional level. Thanks to a creative database, the main originality of this study is to analyse regional innovation as a process of competences building. To test this explanatory model, a knowledge production function is estimated at the regional level in France by using a simultaneous equations setting. Our results validate the systemic dimension of regional innovation and identify the most valuate input-output transmission mechanisms.
Moreover, in some cases (the wine industry in Tuscany for example) innovation is not the outcome of local knowledge networking  (Bell & Giuliani, 2007). By using an original but unique database on competences, we try to account for all external sources of innovation. • In this literature interactions have a direct effect on patenting activity, whereas we propose that innovation is a process in which interactions indirectly affect innovative output, enhancing the capacity of firms to absorb ideas, abilities, skills and competences in order to innovate. Indeed, we expect that by introducing this intermediary step we might overcome the "magic of knowledge spillovers" and propose a finer-grained explanation of the transmission mechanisms: from regional knowledge stock to regional innovation, via competences and skillsbuilding.
A patent is assigned to a given region if its inventor has a private address in that region. We thus avoid the bias generated by an applicant's location, as stressed by  Mariani, (2000). In the case of coinventors (located in different regions), a fraction of a patent is attributed to each of the applicants' region, in proportion of the number of applicants located in each region. With this rule, we do not have count variables and avoid the problem of zero observations, which means that a linear model can be run. To assign a patent to an industrial sector we build a concordance matrix (cf. Appendix Table  A2 ) between the 14 industrial sectors available in the French database on competences and the four-digit international patent classification. We base our matrix on the MERIT concordance matrix, 5  coupled with OST 6  suggestions, INSEE 7  sectoral nomenclature and the concordance used by  Breschi, Lissoni, and Malerba, (2003).
| Regional firms' competences Since the main novelty of the paper is the introduction of an intermediary step in the KPF, we use an original database on competences for innovation to proxy firms' capacity to innovate. Capacities include the ability to acquire knowledge (either by internal innovative abilities, or by networking skills) and to use it in order to learn, solve problems and find new problems to solve  (Dosi & Marengo, 1994; Malerba & Orsenigo, 2000). To measure regional firms' competences, we use data from the SESSI, (2003) survey, which collected data in 1997 on 5,000 French manufacturing companies with more than 20 employees (see Appendix Table  A1 ). As the aim of the paper is to estimate an RIS, we aggregate firms' competences to a regional level. 9 Clearly, the production of patent should not be considered as purely due to the firm itself.
Unfortunately, we cannot overcome this restriction with our database. As a consequence the impact of the regional knowledge base on regional innovativeness is affected by firms' strategies, which can limit the scope of our results. Two types of internal capabilities are considered: technical competences (cte) and organizational competences (cor). The former is highlighted for example by  Hage and Alter, (1997) ,  Cohen and Levinthal, (1989)  as the major source of innovation. The latter is based on the idea that the structure of the organization and the flow of knowledge within firms might influence innovative output  (Nonaka, 1994; Nonaka, Toyama, & Konno, 2000). Five relational research capabilities are also created based on  Pavitt's, (1998)  view of the interactive model of innovation 11  and the analysis of  Freitas et al.
, (2011). It is worthwhile interacting with external partners to foster innovation. More precisely, five types of interactions are presented in the literature as being of interest: relational competence towards universities (cun); customers (ccl); providers (cpr); competitors (cco); and financial institutions (cfi). Consequently, we construct five relational competences, proxying the abilities developed by firms to handle these interfaces. The competence database provides useful micro-founded information's regarding the absorptive capacity and learning mechanisms upon which knowledge spillovers are based. The analytic foundation takes root on the concept of "potential absorptive capacity" (cf. footnote 2) because the database provides information on firm's interactive activities but not on the various partners of these activities.
Therefore, we cannot deduce any network structure of interactions from our database. Since the pioneering work by  Pavitt, (1984)  suggesting that technical change depends on sectorial patterns, we choose to turn the firm data on competences by sectors. Hereinafter, the sectorial decomposition allows to account for the industry characteristics. The database contains 94 regions and 14 industries which equals 1316  (= 94 × 14)  observations. Table  A1  in the Appendix summarizes the sources and the statistics of the database. 3. 4 | The regional knowledge-base.
The validity of the IV set is assessed by first performing the Hansen overidentification test  (Hansen, Heaton, & Yaron, 1996). The null hypothesis (the IV set is orthogonal to the errors) cannot be rejected. We also test the endogeneity of the regressors by means of  Hayashi's, (2000)  test. The joint null hypothesis of the exogeneity of the five competence variables: cte, cco, cpr, ccl, cfi cannot be rejected. Only organization competences: cor and competences in building relationships with universities: cun are the only statistically endogenous variables. It shows that five competence variables over seven are statistically exogeneous. This is not a surprise as the dataset competence stems from 1997 whereas innovation stems from 2007 to 2011. In a second step we only instrument cor and cun (specification (1)(b)).
A rougher sectoral decomposition is built on the dummy HT, MT and LT (respectively high tech, medium tech and low tech). Following the OECD, (2003) classification, the Appendix Table  A3  classifies the sectoral decomposition used hereinafter. But, as the MT sector contains only two industries, we combine HT and MT. This gives two sub-samples of equal size (658 observations). Thus, we re-estimated the entire SEM on two distinct dataset, the sub-group including the HT-MT sectors, and the one based on the LT sectors. It is not possible however to specify a sectoral specific model due to the limited number of regions in France, the number of observations per regression would have been too low (94 observations for 13 parameters). Furthermore, heterogeneity increases consistency but at the cost of efficiency (statistical power).
, (1993) ,  Feldman and Audretsch, (1999) ,  Anselin, Varga, and Acs, (1997). The former result, that is, neither a negative effect for research conducted by federal agencies, nor a no effect on research into university patenting activity is consistent with previous studies  (Co, 2002; Ó hUallacháin & Leslie, 2007). There are some reasons for believing that universities' impact on patenting activity is underestimated in this study. First, it is worth noticing that the database does not allow distinguishing between a researcher in science or engineering and a researcher in the humanities (law or social sciences). Since the public domain is unattractive in terms of salary and laboratory provision, researchers in science are under-represented in French universities. In other words, researchers in humanities are over-represented whereas humanities are much less producing patents compared to the scientific field.
2 31 Number of sport facilities for 1000 French Government m 1. 2 28. 1 6. 5 3. 3 habitants 32 Number of sport club memberships/ French Government m 0. 2 2. 5 1. 1 0. 04 capita 34 The time needed in mn from home French Government e 4. 0 33. 1 13. 7 5. 36 to office 35 Number of crimes for 1000 French Government l 3. 5 18. 2 6. 5 2. 5 habitants with violence 36 Number of crimes for 1000 French Government l 2. 4 9. 6 4. 9 1. 4 habitants with no-violence 37 % population exposed to the noise French Government e 0 123. 2 13. 5 23. 3 (index) Notes: Ministry of environment, développement durable. Database: UE-SOeS, CORINE Land Cover, 2006. See: http://www. statistiques. developpement-durable. gouv. fr/indicateurs-indices/f/1831/1328/espaces-artificialises. html j https://fr. wikipedia. org/wiki/Liste_des_départements_français_classés_par_superficie_forestière k https://fr.
wikipedia. org/wiki/Musée_de_France a per capita in region (département) n and considered in logarithmic terms. bperGDP in region (département) n and considered in logarithmic terms. cProportion of regional budget devoted to Research & Development activities (logarithmic form). d the source of the number of patents by region and by sector is Eurostat, the breakdown within the sector to re-classify as presented in Table2stems from EPO. e Observatoire des Territoires. http://carto. observatoire-des-territoires. gouv. fr f region (département) n with mountains equals 1, the others 0. g Ministry of national education. Atlas régional des effectifs étudiants. See: https://publication. enseignementsup-recherche. gouv. fr/atlas/atlas_regional_des_effectifs_etudiants. php h Ministry of environment, direction de l'eau, Database: BDCarthage, 2013.
Traitements: SOeS, 2014. i l Ministry of interior. Database: Datawrapper. m Ministry of sport. RES (25/07/2012). See http://www. res. sports. gouv. fr. n https://donneespubliques. meteofrance. fr. o in thousands; https://www. societe. com/pages/entreprises-departement. html p Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. See: https://www. insee. fr/fr/statistiques/zones/14505599.
Agradecimientos de los autores Estamos agradecidos con Paul Bloom, Ruth Byrne, Peter Carruthers, Nick Chatter, Jon Haidt, Ira Noveck, Guy Politzer, Jean-Baptiste Van der Henst, Deirdre Wilson, y con los cuatro revisores anónimos por sus útiles sugerencias y críticas a las versiones previas de este artículo. Nuestro trabajo ha sido posible gracias al apoyo de la beca doctoral de la DGA (París) otorgada por la CSMN (Oslo) a Hugo Mercier.
The aim of this paper is to study the elderly migration in France. First, it tests whether the migration decision relies upon individual characteristics. Second, it examines the spatial trends of this migration and the way the economic, social and environmental characteristics of the French territories determine the retirees' choices of localization. The paper builds upon a unique database of 12. 67 million French inhabitants, with information about their personal attributes and locational choices from 2003 to 2008. It also uses an original database with locational characteristics for the French territories at the 364 zones d'emploi level, enabled by the authors. This is the only study on regional migration in France building upon such a thin spatial level of analysis. The paper shows the existence of a spatial path-dependent process in the retirees' migration with the progressive appearance of some top elderly dominated territories, characterized by new opportunities for Silver Economy growth but also high risks of intergenerational conflicts.
The impacts of these migrations on real estate prices, economic activities and local public goods' provision are important both for the regions of departure and for the regions of arrival of the migrants. They often lead to the development of specific localized markets, known as Silver Economies 1  , which represent a set of local economic activities that aim to respond to the final demand from elderly households. Nevertheless, sometimes, the top retirement destinations may also experience problems in managing dramatic demographic, economic and cultural changes over a relatively short period of time  (Rice and Pepper, 1997; Walters, 2002). The aim of this paper is to study the dynamics of elderly migration in France by focusing on two different issues. First, it examines whether the migration decision relies upon personal attributes, by using an original dataset of 12.
67 million French inhabitants of more than 18 years old, provided by the French Institute of Statistics  (INSEE) , with information about age, gender, educational skills, family situation, professional situation, geographical origins and migration behavior between  2003 and 2008. Second, it focuses on the spatial trends of the elderly migration and on the way the economic, social and environmental characteristics of the French territories determine ingoing and/or outgoing elderly flows. Our data concerns migration flows within and between the French "zones d'emploi", which represent a quite significant spatial level of analysis from an economic point of view, contrary to the larger institutionally defined spatial levels (Department or Region) used in previous studies 2. As far as we know, there is no other study on regional migration in France using such a thin level of spatial analysis and such a large database.
The database on the locational characteristics of the zones d'emploi has been built by the authors. It contains original information about the economic development, the industrial specialization and the labor market conditions of each zone. It also features socioeconomic characteristics for each zone such as demographics, median imposable income level, income disparities (estimated by the index of Gini) and criminality rate. Finally, it gives information about the environmental characteristics of each zone, mainly concerning its climate. This paper delivers three series of results. First, when studying the way personal attributes affect the migration decision, it clearly shows that the wealthier and higheducated people who used to live, before retirement, in large agglomerations with high rates of economic activity are far more mobile after retiring than the low-educated ones.
Using a 1970-2000 database on US households' mobility,  Rappaport (2007)  gives empirical support for the relation between age, migration and climate. Glaeser and Gottlieb's (2009)  findings also confirm the assumption of an elderly migration model where retirees choose sunny, but not urban congested areas: they move to the Sunbelt States but prefer small locations, rather than big cities, where the rent levels remain low. In France, this model does not work so nicely because housing supply increases much more slowly than in the US, but also because retirement may go along with a lower income level. Using data from both the 1992 Trois Generations survey and the 1994-2001 French Europanel Survey,  Gobillon and Woff (2011)  deliver interesting results on the motives of migration and on the housing adjustments made by the retirees when relocating.
Holtz-Eakin and al (2003)  find dramatic age heterogeneity in preferences for education spending among migrants. Conway and Rork (2006)  use an important US county-level database to investigate intergenerational conflicts and, contrary to previous models, show that elderly migration is more likely to cause changes in a State's taxes and equipment policies, rather than be influenced by them. Finally, elderly migration changes the levels of rents and real estate prices. Elderly migration does not affect wages but disturbs the rent levels and the local real estate market, where all households, retired or not, compete. Chiuri and Jappelli (2010)  introduce the assumption that elderly households' arrivals may lead, in some areas, to an opposite movement for young households unable to handle the pressure and the rising prices in the real estate market.