dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
However, epidemiological studies focusing specifically on AID risk have remained few and their power to detect any increase in rare events was limited. In France, nationwide healthcare databases covering over 65 million people, are a powerful and useful tool for conducting large epidemiological studies. Therefore to complement the existing knowledge, a pharmaco-epidemiological study using these databases, conducted jointly by the French national agency for medicines and health products safety (ANSM) and the national health insurance fund for salaried workers (CNAMTS), aimed to evaluate the risk of AID after exposure to HPV vaccines using routinely collected health data.
Study design We carried out a longitudinal observational study based on national healthcare administrative databases, comparing the incidence of selected AID between young girls exposed and not exposed to HPV vaccines, between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2013. Two French nationwide datasets linked by a unique individual identifier were used. The SNIIRAM, French national health insurance anonymised claim database, has been available since 2006 and contains demographic data, including age, gender, vital status and all reimbursements for patient health expenditure, including drugs and outpatient medical or nursing care  [8]. This system covers the entire French population, with different schemes based on employment situation. The status regarding coverage by the complementary Universal Health Insurance (CMU-c), free health care coverage for low-income residents, provides information on the individual's socioeconomic level.
As for the SNIIRAM, while it does not specify the medical indication for each outpatient reimbursement, it provides the patient's status with respect to full reimbursement of care related to a severe and costly long-term illness (LTI), defined using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10). The SNIIRAM database is fully available and accurate for individuals covered by the general scheme, which covers employees in the industry, business, and service sectors, and some categories of workers considered as employees, representing around 77% of the French general population. This database was linked to the national hospital discharge database (PMSI) which provides individual medical information for all hospital admissions in France, including discharge diagnoses coded in ICD-10 and medical procedures performed during hospital stay.
However, the few pharmacoepidemiological studies conducted to date, based on population-based registries in Northern-Europe  [5, 6] , health care network databases in California  [4] , or clinical settings in France  [7] , have failed to confirm these signals. Our results confirm these previous findings for 12 of the 14 studied AID. As regard to GBS, isolated cases have been reported following HPV vaccination and successive studies based on analysis of reporting rates to VAERS led to inconsistent results  [24] [25] [26]. Our study is the first population-based epidemiological study suggesting an increased risk of GBS after HPV vaccination. However, most previous epidemiological studies had limited power to study rare events like GBS. Considering these differences in statistical power, our results are not inconsistent with most previous findings, excluding those from a recent case-only study which did not show any increased risk of GBS in England, when analysing over one hundred incident GBS cases in girls aged 11-20 years old  [27].
More generally, studies focusing on the risk of GBS associated with all vaccinations  [28, 29]  or with specific vaccines other than HPV  [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]  have provided evidence of an increased risk of GBS following influenza vaccines, either seasonal or pandemic (H1N1), with relative risks of GBS ranging from 1. 5 to 4. 4  [31] [32] [33] [34]. No excess risk of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis has been reported in previous studies on HPV vaccines safety. Studies have also failed to show an association with tuberculosis or smallpox vaccines  [35] , or H1N1 influenza vaccines  [36]. However, an increased risk of IBD has been reported following poliomyelitis and pertussis vaccinations  [37, 38]. Lastly, a post-licensure study conducted at European authorities' request using CPRD database (UK) has recently reported an almost four-fold higher risk of thyroiditis associated with the bivalent vaccine (RR: 3.
75 [95% CI: 1. 25-11. 31]) [39]. Our results from sensitivity analyses, even if based on few exposed cases, are in line with this finding. Since it was not possible to refer back to patients' medical records due to the anonymous nature of the databases used, GBS cases validity cannot be ensured, but is deemed relatively reliable. First, we applied a more specific case definition for GBS, only retaining cases which required at least 6 days of inpatient stay or 2 different hospital stays, as usually necessary for such a morbid condition. Second, according to this definition, the observed GBS incidence rate among unvaccinated girls (0. 4/100,000 personyears) is consistent with previous epidemiological studies  [40] [41] [42] [43]. Third, the excess risk of GBS we found was stronger during the first months following vaccination consistently with the risk window generally considered as plausible for post-infectious or post-vaccination GBS occurrence  [28, 34, 44, 45].
The association tended to decrease after that, but remained statistically significant up to 12 months. This could be due to unmeasurable gaps between the dispensation dates recorded in databases and actual vaccine administration. However, this hypothesis is not supported by other studies having assessed the gap between vaccines dispensation and administration dates  [5, 46]. Moreover, the very low number of cases in each risk-window require cautious interpretation. We could not measure exposure to A(H1N1) vaccination, which was administrated free of charge during 2009 mass campaign, thus not recorded in our reimbursement databases. Nevertheless, the association remained unchanged in a sensitivity analysis limited to the period prior pandemics, suggesting that A(H1N1) vaccination was not a confounder of the observed association ( a HR: 4.
Because our study is based on comprehensive databases covering the whole French population, among whom approximately 77% are covered by the general insurance scheme, our results are inherently representative and generalizable to the female population aged 13-16 years. Indeed, the associations studied are not expected to vary according to the health insurance scheme. In addition, data are prospectively and independently recorded, avoiding information bias for both exposure and outcomes. Our study has several limitations though, notably related to the administrative nature of the healthcare data. Firstly, cases validation was not possible among the irreversibly anonymised databases used. In this context, broader ICD-codes including nonautoimmune disorders, was used for the analysis of certain outcomes as thyroiditis or pancreatitis, in order to capture events possibly not properly coded.
Acknowledgments We thank the members of the scientific committee for their contribution to study protocol and results interpretation:  Mrs. Annick Alpérovitch  ( Université de Bordeaux ),  Mr. Alexis Elbaz  ( Université Paris Sud ),  Mr. Albert Faye  ( Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris ),  Mrs. Agnès Fournier  ( Université Paris Sud ),  Mr. Pierre Galanaud  ( Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris ),  Mrs. Isabelle Heard  ( Institut Pasteur, Paris ),  Mr. Alexis Mathian  ( Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris ),  Mrs. Brigitte Bader-Meunier  ( Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris ) and  Mr. Serge Mrejen  ( Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris ). We also thank  Mr. Yann Mikaeloff  ( Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris ) for the complementary expertise.
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Examples: Reference to a journal publication: [1] J. van der Geer, J. A. J. Hanraads, R. A. Lupton, The art of writing a scientific article, J. Sci. Commun. 163 (2010) 51-59. https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. Sc. 2010. 00372. Reference to a journal publication with an article number: [dataset] [6] M. Oguro, S. Imahiro, S. Saito, T. Nakashizuka, Mortality data for Japanese oak wilt disease and surrounding forest compositions, Mendeley Data, v1, 2015. https://doi. org/10. 17632/ xwj98nb39r. 1. Reference to software: [7] E. Coon, M. Berndt, A. Jan, D. Svyatsky, A. Atchley, E. Kikinzon, D. Harp, G. Manzini, E. Shelef, K. Lipnikov, R. Garimella, C. Xu, D. Moulton, S. Karra, S. Painter, E. Jafarov, S. Molins, Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS) v0. 88 (Version 0. 88), Zenodo, March 25, 2020. https://doi.
org/10. 5281/ [2] J. van der Geer, J. Reference to a dataset: zenodo. 3727209. A. J. Hanraads, R. A. Lupton, 2018. The art of writing a scientific article. Heliyon. 19, e00205. https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. heliyon. 2018. e00205. Reference to a book: [3] W. Strunk Jr. , E. B. White, The Elements of Style, fourth ed. , Longman, New York, 2000. Reference to a chapter in an edited book: [4] G. R.
Physical-chemical oceanographic parameters During the NBP cruise, temperature and salinity were measured with a SBE 25 CTD (Sea-Bird Scientific, Bellevue, WA, USA) from rosette casts or from the onboard running seawater system equipped with a SBE 45 conductivity sensor and a SBE 38 temperature sensor (both from Sea-Bird Scientific). During the 2011 cruise on the R/V Stella Maris II, an SBE 19 plus CTD was used (data courtesy of Beatriz Yannicelli). In other samplings, an SBE 18 plus CTD was used for water column measurements. On the 29 November 2012 cruise on the R/V Stella Maris II, surface samples were pumped continuously onboard in underway sampling and analyzed with a YSI Pro30 salinometer and thermometer (YSI, Yellow Springs, OH, USA). In October 2011 and November 2012, duplicate 500 mL samples of surface seawater were collected into borosilicate bottles, fixed with 50 µL of HgCl 2 saturated solution, and stored until measurements of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA).
The CO 2 gas was then quantitatively detected with an infrared LI-7000 CO 2 analyzer (LI-COR Environmental, Lincoln, Nebraska USA). During the expedition off Juan Fernández (November 2011) pH and TA were measured in fixed samples. The pH was measured on the total ion scale using spectrophotometric detection of m-cresol purple absorption in a 100 mm quartz cell thermally stabilized at 25. 0 • C  (Dickson et al. , 2007)  with a BioSpec 1600 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Kyoto, Japan), with pH among replicas varying less than 0. 01 units. During the NBP cruise, direct measurements of sea surface pCO 2 using nondispersive infrared detection were obtained from continuous measurements by the Research Vessel Data Acquisition System (RVDAS; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University) in addition to TA samples.
Saturation states of aragonite ( Ar ) as well as calcite ( Ca ) and other carbonate system parameters were estimated from the DIC-TA pairs (for samplings off the central Chilean and pCO 2 -TA pairs (for the NBP 1305 cruise during June-July 2013) using CO2SYS software  (Pierrot et al. , 2006)  set with Mehrbach solubility constants  (Mehrbach et al. , 1973)  refitted by  Dickson and Millero (Dickson and Millero, 1987). Environmental parameters are provided in Table  S1. Mean sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a (chl a) monthly climatologies  (2002) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2012) (2013) (2014)  were obtained from the MODIS-Aqua satellite (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, and Ocean Biology Processing Group, 2014) and plotted using SeaDAS  (Baith et al.
Statistical analysis To test for significant correlations of environmental parameters (including carbonate chemistry) on coccolithophore community composition or E. huxleyi morphotype composition in the natural samples, redundancy analysis (RDA) was performed (see Supplement). For most analyses, we selected only data from the surface when multiple depths were available (see Sect. S1 in the Supplement for comparison of surface to deeper samples). Data from experimental results were analyzed in Prism 6 (GraphPad software, Inc. , La Jolla, CA, USA) using two-P. von  Dassow et al. :  Over-calcified forms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi way ANOVA followed by Sidak post hoc pairwise analysis with correction for multiple comparison. Prior to testing, the PIC / POC ratio was log 2 -transformed while percentages (e.
Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the  Comisioìn Nacional de Investigacioìn Cientiìfica y Tecnoloìgica of the Chilean Ministry of Education  ( FONDECYT grants   1110575  and  1141106 , and grant  CONICYT USA 20120014  to  Peter von Dassow , a doctoral fellowship  CONICYT-PCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2013-21130158  to  Francisco Díaz-Rosas ,  FONDECYT  postdoc grant  312004  to  Daniella Mella-Flores , and  FONDEQUIP EQM130267  for the purchase of the Influx cell sorter), by the  Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio of the Chilean Ministry of Economy  through the  Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía de Chile  (grant IC  120019 ), by the  ASSEMBLE program  (grant  227799 ;  El Mahdi Bendif ), and by  International Research Network "Diversity, Evolution and Biotechnology of Marine Algae " (GDRI no.
For Q-FISH, telomeres and centromeres were stained with a Cy3-labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA; an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA) probe specific for TTAGGG of telomeres and a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled PNA probe specific for centromere sequences (both from Panagene, Daejon, South Korea), as described in  Pottier et al. (2013). After washing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), the slides were counterstained with 4 0 ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, a nuclear and chromosome counterstain) and mounted with p-phenylenediamine, antifade solution (PPD). Image acquisition, analysis, and quantification were performed using Metacyte software (version 3. 9. 1, MetaSystems, Newton, MA, U. S. A. ). Quantification was performed by grayscale analysis (Q-FISH)  (Piqueret-Stephan et al.
82 kb (Figure  3(b) ). We quantified and confirmed the telomere lengths by Southern blot analysis (data not shown). One large batch of cytogenetic slides for every cell line was prepared for the entire duration of the project. In each experiment, we included and stained two slides per cell line in parallel. This allowed (A) comparison of the different experiments, and (B) translation of the relative telomere length based on fluorescent signal into telomere length in kb.
Chromosomal aberrations Following uniform staining, image acquisition, analysis, and quantification were performed using Isis software (MetaSystems, Newton, MA, U. S. A. ). Chromosomal aberrations were identified based on the detection of centromeric regions and telomeric sequences against the chromosomal morphology (M'  Kacher et al. 2014). The detection of dicentric chromosomes was performed semi-automatically using DCscore software (Metasystems). This software automatically identifies and counts dicentric chromosomes in a high throughput mode. At least 1000 metaphases of T-lymphocytes per donor were analyzed.
Of the 1040 contacted subjects, 462 gave their agreement to participate (Figure  1(b) ). The address of the current residence was not valid for 223 potential donors (21% of all contacted individuals), 332 (32%) did not answer the invitation, 19 (1. 89%) refused to participate, seven (0. 7%) were excluded from the study, and three (0. 3%) died since the previous update of the FHC. Of the 462 individuals who initially accepted to participate in the study, not all provided blood samples. The biobank consists of samples from 369 donors (Figure  1 (b)), 5 years after the start of the project. Among the 369 donors of the FHC biobank (Figure  1 (d)), a total of 19 new cancers were identified via questionnaires completed by each participating donor, by cytogenetic analysis performed in the present study, and the linkage with the database of the national health insurance information system (SNIIRAM).
These cancer cases, as well as donors with  cardiovascular diseases (nine in total, among them three with cancer, Figure  1(d) ) were excluded from further analysis of telomere length or cytogenetic anomalies and were not compared to other donors. The biobank was prepared on the site of Biomnis using a specific anonymization code to ensure the privacy of donors. A scheme of the biobank is shown as Supplementary data in Figure  6. Blood was collected into two ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes with a maximum volume of 4 ml, two Lithium-Heparin tubes of 4 ml, and one Lithium-Heparin tube of 2 ml for each donor. The value of the FHC biobank rests on the homogeneous preparation of high quality cytogenetic slides for B-and T-lymphocytes, essential for all types of hybridization techniques, such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and the availability of living cells for future cell culture experiments.
5 Gy  (Yoshida et al. 2016). The most critical step in our study has been the creation of the biobank of blood samples from donors belonging to the FHC. The combination of information obtained from the SNIIRAM database and the questionnaire accompanying the blood donation for the FHC biobank proved to be necessary for the identification of cancer cases, as some were not included in the SNIIRAM data, mostly due to their recent appearance (question of updating the system). In contrast, the SNIIRAM data indicated cancer cases that were not declared in the questionnaire (missing information in the declaration of donors). A crosscheck of the cytogenetic analyses should confirm the genotoxic treatment and permit the identification of cancer cases not declared in the questionnaire and not yet included in the SNIIRAM database.
The FHC represents a living and relatively young cohort, including many members between 45 and 60 years old. It would be possible to obtain additional biological samples. A new sampling campaign every 5-10 years may offer the opportunity of individual follow-up with very precise dosimetry. Radiation dose reconstruction is a considerable challenge  (Bouville et al. 2015). The FHC is unique for the accuracy of the dosimetry techniques applied. The data for the Swedish program covers only Ra 226 and P 32 , and does not include children below 6 months. In contrast, the ICTA software, developed at the IGR, can be used for all body sizes and ages and is applicable to other radio-nuclides (plates of Sr 90 and P 32 and Y 90 needles). It more accurately considers the morphology and anatomy of the patient and supports more penetrating radiation (gamma Ra 226 ).
Notes on Contributors Monika Frenzel completed her PhD in Physical Biochemistry, Radiation Biology followed by a post-doctoral position at the CEA (Fontenay aux Roses, France) in cytogenetics, and cohort studies in the laboratory of radiobiology and oncology (LRO). She manages and coordinates the contribution of the LRO in the EpiRadBio project. Michelle Ricoul, research engineer at the CEA, is head of the Platform of Radiobiology and Oncology Cytogenetic (PROCyTox). She is an expert in biological dosimetry and molecular cytogenetics. She performed all the quantifications of telomeres on interphase nuclei in the EpiRadBio cohort. Mohamed Amine Benadjaoud, PhD in Biostatistics and MSc in medical physics, researcher at the Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN). His main activities include the development of multiscale risk models through radiobiological data integration.
Acknowledgements We gratefully thank  Annie Vernique  for her valuable contribution to the biobanking. We are in debt to Radhia M'kacher and  Elena Giulotto  ( University of Pavia ) for the cell lines used for the calibration curves. We would also like to thank the hemangioma patients for allowing this study to be conducted. In addition, we are grateful to the professionals at  Biomnis  for the chromosome preparations and the biobanking of the blood samples. The creation of the FHC biobank with Biomnis as subcontractors was organized by the  LRO (CEA). All telomere measurements and cytogenetic analyses were performed at the LRO, whereas the preparation of authorizations associated with the establishment of the biobank and the statistical analysis and model calculations have been performed by the  Radiation Epidemiology Group ,  INSERM U1018 at INSERM.
Authorization to contact members of the FHC was obtained by INSERM in 2000. In 2014, a specific Council of State decree (D ecret en Conseil d'Etat) was obtained, that authorized linkage with the French National Hospital Database and the French National Medical Insurance (Decree no. 2014-96, 3 Feb 2014). In the frame of the FP7-Euratom project EpiRadBio, two new authorizations were obtained to collect biological samples (blood): CCTIRS (Agreement no. 11. 700, 11 Dec 2011) and CNIL (Agreement no. 912. 039, 10 Jan 2012).
Sequence data analysis Median joining networks  (Bandelt et al. , 1999)  were prepared by aligning the sequences that we obtained with GenBank accessions KR813340-KR813547 (Btr1/btr1) and KR813548-KR813810 (Btr2/btr2)  (Pourkheirandish et al. , 2015). Alignment gaps were treated as missing data and all polymorphic sites were used in network construction. In these networks, edge lengths are proportional to the number of substitutions, but the node sizes do not reflect haplotype frequencies. Protein Variation Effect Analyzer (PROVEAN) v. 1. 1  (Choi & Chan, 2015)  and the transmembrane orientation of the BTR1 protein predicted by SOSUI   Btr1 ), the previously reported nonbrittle allele (here called btr1A), and the novel nonbrittle allele that we report (btr1B). The Btr1 and btr1A sequences are from Hordeum spontaneum OUH602 and Hordeum vulgare cv KNG, respectively  (Pourkheirandish et al.
In this paper, we explore an alternative explanation for the diversification premium based on risk effects from diversification to argue that diversification may lead to higher fund returns (which we call the "Risk Hypothesis"). We explore the joint interaction among risk, diversification, and performance. Greater diversification reduces fund risk, enabling risk-averse managers to select riskier investments in the first place and, thus, investments with higher expected returns. In this framework, greater diversification represents more investments in riskier ventures. However, the increased risk of individual ventures is compensated in part by greater diversification at the fund level. Ultimately, given the higher risk of each venture, the average return should be higher. Our sample originates from the CEPRES database that includes detailed information of VC investments at the deal and fund levels, including cash flow data.