dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis Results were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) as indicated in figure legends. A p-value value of 0. 05 or below was considered statistically significant. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated using GraphPad Prism 4. 0 for windows. Other comparisons were performed using unpaired twosided Student's t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet's post test using SPSS for Windows version 11. Statistical analysis of the microarray data was performed using R and BioConductor packages. Quantile normalisation was performed using the lumi package. Comparisons between Kaplan-Meier curves were performed using the a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. Metaanalysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan), version 5. 3 (Review Manager, 2014).
Overview Sordariomycetes phylogeny -part 1 Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) of 115 202 trees resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the LSU sequence alignment (179 taxa including outgroup; 785 aligned positions; 340 unique site patterns) using MrBayes v. 3. 2. 6  (Ronquist et al. 2012). Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0. 84 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1. 00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Families and orders are indicated with coloured blocks to the right of the tree. GenBank accession and/or Fungal Planet numbers are indicated behind the species names. The tree was rooted to Saccharata proteae (GenBank EU552145. 1) and the taxonomic novelties described in this study for which LSU sequence data were available are indicated in bold face.
Stipitipellis a hymeniderm of basidiolae-like clavate cells, 19 -30 × 7-10 μm. Caulocystidia 68 -130 × 11-16 μm, lageniform, sometimes septate. Clamp connections absent. Habit, Habitat & Distribution -In groups on soil in evergreen tropical forests. Known from Vietnam. Typus. Vietnam, Dak Lak Province, Yok Don National Park, 40 km to the northwest of Buon Ma Thuot city, N12. 941306° E107. 788167°, h = 212 m, on soil in evergreen tropical forest on the top of the hill dominated by Fagaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, Ebenaceae and Meliaceae, 13 May 2014, A. Alexandrova (holotype LE311973, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH087059 and MH087058, MycoBank MB824736). Additional material examined. Vietnam, Binh Phuoc Province, Bu Gia Map District, Bu Gia Map National Park, N12. 204509° E107. 204415°, h = 346 m, on soil in foothill polydominant tropical forest dominated by Dipterocarpaceae, Lythraceae, Rubiaceae, Theaceae, Lauraceae and Arecaceae, 3 May 2013, A.
Alexandrova, LE311972, ITS sequence GenBank MH087060. Notes -The genus Afroboletus has been described based on material from equatorial Africa  (Pegler & Young 1981). It is characterised first of all by the dark brown ellipsoid spores with a complex eusporial ornamentation of 8-12 large, winged, longitudinal costae, intercostal ridging, and basal thickened rim. Afroboletus vietnamensis resembles A. malaysianus, which was invalidly described from the Peninsular Malaysia  (Chan 2010 ). However, A. vietnamensis differs from A. malaysianus by the paler colour of the pileus, by lageniform cheilocystidia with narrow neck, and by the pileipellis structure with characteristic dermatocystidia containing three types of pigment -diffuse brown intracellular, agglutinated dark-blue intracellular and incrusting.
Conidiogenous cells phialidic, cylindrical, elongate, hyaline to pale green, smooth-walled, 7-16 × 1. 5 -2. 5 μm. Conidia hyaline to pale green, aseptate, smooth-and thin-walled, guttulate, lanceolate, 8. 5-11. 5 × 2-2. 5 μm, with an obtuse apex and truncate at the base. Culture characteristics -Colonies on OA reaching 19 -21 mm diam after 7 d at 25 ± 1 °C, margin regular, flattened, with sparse aerial mycelium, surface white (M. 4A1); reverse white (M. 4A1). Colonies on MEA reaching 18 -20 mm diam after 7 d at 25 ± 1 °C, margin regular, flattened, covered by dense white felty aerial mycelia, surface white (M. 4A1) to pale yellow (M. 4A3); reverse white (M. 4A1) to yellowish orange (M. 4A6). NaOH test negative. Maximum likelihood tree obtained from the combined DNA sequences dataset from four loci (ITS, LSU, tef-1α and tub2) of our isolate and sequences retrieved from the GenBank database.
Ex-type strains of the different species are indicated with T. The new species proposed in this study is indicated in bold. The RAxML v. 8. 2. 10 (Stamatakis 2014 ) bootstrap support values (≥ 70 %) are provided at the nodes. Alfariacladiella spartii CPC 24966 and MFLUCC 13-0799 were used as outgroup. Typus. Spain, Tarragona, from palm fruit of Phoenix dactylifera (Are caceae),  Feb. 2017, coll. I. A. IturrietaGonzález, isol. N. ValenzuelaLopez (holotype CBS H-23398 , cultures ex-type FMR 16398 = CBS 144249, ITS, LSU, tub2 and tef1α sequences GenBank LT984556, LT984557, LT984555 and LT984553, MycoBank MB824149). Notes -Alfaria dactylis is characterised by the production of large, lanceolate, pale green conidia and discrete, cupulate, stromatic conidiomata covered by abundant setae, being morphologically similar to A.
dandenongensis but differing in aspect of their conidia (cylindrical, granular and verruculose in A. dandenongensis) and setae (smooth-walled in A. dactylis vs verruculose in A. dandenongensis)  (Crous et al. 2017). Despite the fact of A. dactylis is phylogenetically closely related to A. ossiformis, it is morphologically distinct from the latter species by its setose conidiomata (lacking of setae in A. ossiformis)  (Lombard et al. 2016). Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hit using the LSU sequence is A. ossi formis CBS 324. 54 (GenBank KU845993; Identities = 810/810 (100 %), no gaps). Closest hits using the ITS sequence are A. putrefolia CBS 112037 (GenBank KU845985; Identities = 533/544 (98 %), 6 gaps (1 %)) and A. ossiformis CBS 324. 54 (GenBank NR_145068; Identities = 534/547 (98 %), 7 gaps (1 %)).
The closest hits using the tub2 sequence are C. ter restris CBS 477. 91 (GenBank KU846019; Identities = 288/308 (94 %), 4 gaps (1 %)) and C. putrefolia CBS 112038 (GenBank KU846017; Identities = 285/307 (93 %), 2 gaps (0 %)). The closest hits using the tef1α sequence are A. terrestris CBS 127305 (GenBank KU846012; Identities = 315/362 (87 %), 14 gaps (3 %)) and A. ossiformis CBS 324. 54 (GenBank KU846009; Identities = 313 /360 (87 %), 17 gaps (4 %)). On MEA. Conidiophores septate, 250 -400 μm long, stipe with basal part yellowish brown, smooth to finely rough, 3 μm wide, upper part colourless, smooth, 2. 5 μm wide, ramified, branches racemose. Conidiogenous cells borne on the ends of branches, hyaline. Conidia solitary, aseptate, 5(-7) μm diam, hyaline to pinkish coloured, subglobose, rough-walled to rugose, flattened from side view with distinct spiral (bands) and visible scars.
856372, W 105. 862719, isolated from soil using keratin bait technique, 2010, A. Nováková (holotype PRM 945788, culture ex-type CCF 5691, ITS, tub2, tef1-α and LSU sequences GenBank LT968153, LT971393, LT971395 and LT968143, MycoBank MB824081). Additional material examined. USa, Wyoming, Converse Country, Powder River Basin, Glenrock-Rolling Hills Wind Plant (former Dave Johnson Coal Mine), site without a reclamation and plant seedlings (natural plant succession -shortgrass sagebrush prairie), isolated in 2010 from soil using the cellulose bait technique, CCF 5688 = PRM 945789, ITS sequence GenBank LT968155, and CCF 5689, ITS sequence GenBank LT968157, and using the dilution plate method, CCF 5690, ITS sequence GenBank LT968159. Arxotrichum succineum (L. M. Ames), A. Nováková & M. Kolařik, comb.
On OA, colonies reaching 29 -31 mm diam, cottony at centre, powdery towards the periphery, mycelium white, margin slightly lobulate and with submerged mycelium; reverse white to dull green (28D4); sporulation moderately dense, with conidial masses deep green (29E8); soluble pigment absent; exudate absent. On CREA, colonies reaching 20 -22 mm diam, loosely cottony, dense at the centre, mycelium white, margin irregular; sporulation moderately dense, with conidial masses greyish green (28B4); acid production absent. On CYA after 7 days, the colonies reached 32 -34 mm diam at 30 °C; growth absent at 37 °C. Typus. Chile, Atacama desert, from soil, 2014, coll. A. M. Stchigel, isol. J. P. Z. Siqueira (holotype CBS H-23244, cultures ex-type FMR 15743 = CBS 143587, ITS, LSU, BenA, CaM and RPB2 sequences GenBank LT903691, LT992011, LT903682, LT903685 and LT903688, MycoBank MB823690).
multicolor clade of section Nidulantes and selected Aspergillus sections Nidulantes, Usti and Aenei species. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support values ≥ 70 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0. 95 are displayed at the nodes. Thickened branches correspond to fully supported clades (100/1). The A. multicolor clade is indicated in the grey box and the novel species in bold face. Typus. Brazil, Pernambuco state, Serra Talhada, S7°57'21" W38°17'34", isolated from soil, Sept. 2015, L. F. Oliveira (holotype URM 91189, ex-type culture URM 7866, ITS, BenA, CmD and RPB2 sequences GenBank MH169127, LT993222, LT993223 and LT995971, MycoBank MB824978). Notes -ITS, CmD and BenA sequences are important identification markers for Aspergillus  (Fungaro et al. 2017 , Samson et al. 2014). Based on the current phylogenetic analysis, the new species Aspergillus serratalhadensis is a distinct lineage which belongs to Aspergillus section Nigri, clustering in the A.
aculeatus clade. The BLASTn analysis showed low similarity of BenA sequences: A. aculeatus (GenBank HE577806. 1; 93 %) and A. brunneoviolaceus (GenBank EF661105. 1; 92 %). For CmD low similarities were found to A. aculeatus (Gen-Bank FN594542. 1; 90 %) and A. brunneoviolaceus (GenBank EF661147. 1; 90 %). Aspergillus serratalhadensis and these two species are uniseriate. However, in A. brunneoviolaceus the conidia are globose to ellipsoidal, smooth, slightly roughened, 3. 5 -4. 5(-6) × 3. 5 -4. 5  (-5)  μm diam, with a spherical vesicle, (30 -)35 -70(-90) μm diam. In A. aculeatus conidia were spherical, smooth, slightly roughened, 4. 9 -5. 4 μm diam, with a spherical vesicle, 60 -63 μm diam  (Klich 2002 , Jurjević et al. 2012 ). The new species described also differs in growth rate on the various media tested.
5(-78) × (6-)6. 5-10(-13) μm. Caulohymenium a layer of sterile elements, cylindrical to inflated, often forming chains, 17. 5 -25 × 4 -11. 5 μm, hyaline to yellowish, with scattered basidia. Clamp connections absent. Habit, Habitat & Distribution -Solitary or in small groups, in deciduous forests with Quercus mongolica, undergrowth of Corylus heterophilla and Lespedeza bicolor. Rare, so far known only from a single station in Asiatic Russia. Q. cerris, N41°72'379" E12°32'175", 17 Nov. 2012, A. Vizzini, GS 10213, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MH043613 and MH036171; Liguria, Savona, Borgio Verezzi, under Q. ilex, 13 Nov. 2014, A. Vizzini  Notes -GS refers to the personal herbarium of G. Simonini. The phylogenetic hypotheses were constructed using the Maximum likelihood (ML) approach  (RAxML v.
7. 3. 2, Stamatakis 2006). Based on the ITS and LSU analyses, the two collections of Baorangia alexandri represent a new species. Baorangia alexandri clusters sister (bs = 57 %) to B. pseudocalopus (the type species of the genus) in the ITS analysis and, with low support, to a clade consisting of B. emileorum and B. pseudo calopus and two Baorangia sp. (GenBank KF112355 and KF112356) in the LSU analysis. Baorangia pseudocalopus, so far known from China, Japan  (Wu et al. 2016 ) and India, is the phylogenetically closest species to B. alexandri according to the ITS analysis. However, morphologically it is quite different, since its basidiome exhibits not so bright colours, pileus shows predominantly grey, pale reddish grey, light brown or pinkish brown colours, stipe is slightly paler, spores are slightly bigger (9-12.
7-)2. 8-3. 4(-3. 6) (according to Muñoz 2005), Q = 2. 65-3. 27 based on our observations on 132 spores from 4 collections; B. emileorum is until now only known from the Mediterranean area (France, Greece, Italy, Portugal (Madeira) and Spain)  (Muñoz 2005 and pers. obs. ). For supplementary information see GenBank. Classification -Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideo mycetes. Colonies sporulating on synthetic nutrient-poor agar. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, smooth, brown, 2 -3 µm wide hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, erect to slightly flexuous, 1-16-septate, branched or unbranched, pale to medium olivaceous brown, smooth, verruculose to tuberculate 24 -552 × 3-3. 5 µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, cylindrical, 14-20 × 2-3 µm, bearing 2-4 subdenticulate loci, 1 µm wide, thickened, darkened and refractive.
2007). Cladosporium michoacanense exhibits small conidia of varied shape (subglobose, ellipsoidal, obovoid, pyriform), but rarely fusiform. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database using LSU sequences, the closest species were C. sphaerospermum (GenBank DQ780351. 2; Identities = 840/844 (99 %), Gaps = 1/844 (0 %)), C. longissimum (Gen-Bank DQ780352. 2; Identities = 838/844 (99 %), Gaps = 1/844 (0 %)) and C. langeronii (GenBank DQ780380. 2; Identities = 836 /844 (99 %), Gaps = 1/844 (0 %)). The closest hits using ITS sequences were C. cladosporioides (GenBank JF911745. 1; Identities 499/500 (99 %), Gaps = 0/500 (0 %)), C. succulentum (GenBank LN834434. 1; Identities = 501/511 (98 %), Gaps = 5/511 (0 %)) and C. crousii (GenBank NR_148192. 1; Identities = 500/511 (98 %), Gaps = 3/511 (0 %)).
The closest hits using the actA sequences were C. fusiforme (GenBank KJ596640. 1; Identities = 205/216 (95 %), Gaps = 4/216 (1 %)), C. aciculare (GenBank KT600607. 1; Identities = 214/232 (92 %), Gaps = 0 /232 (0 %)) and C. velox (GenBank KT600654. 1; Identities = 202 /225 (90 %), Gaps = 2 /225 (0 %)). The closest hits with tef1 sequences were C. fusiforme (GenBank KJ596595. 1; Identities = 236 /252 (94 %), Gaps = 3/252 (1 %)), C. aciculare (GenBank KT600509. 1; Identities = 236 /263 (90 %), Gaps = 1/ 262 (0 %)) and C. velox (GenBank KT600556. 1; Identities = 216/258 (84 %), Gaps = 4/258 (1 %)). Colour illustrations. Villa Jiménez, Michoacán (Imagen Credit Marco A. Ambris), Mexico; colony sporulating on PDA after 2 wk at 25 °C; conidiophores and conidia on SNA after 7 d at 25 °C. Scale bars = 10 µm.
5 mm in 10 d). Conidia in mass rosy buff to pale salmon. Typus. Vietnam, Côn Đảo Islands, Côn Sơn, sea shore, from leaf spots on Ipomoea pescaprae (Convolvulaceae), 12 Dec. 2012, U. Damm (CBS H-21508 holotype, culture ex-holotype CBS 134299; ITS, gapdh, tub2, chs1, his3  and LSU sequences GenBank MH229914, MH229920, MH229923, MH229926, MH229927 and MH229917, MycoBank MB825023). Additional material examined. Vietnam, Côn Đảo Islands, Côn Sơn, sea shore, from leaf spots on Ipomoea pescaprae, 12 Dec. 2012, U. Damm, culture CBS 135823, ITS, gapdh, tub2 and LSU sequences GenBank MH229915, MH229921, MH229924 and MH229918; idem, culture CBS 135989, ITS, gapdh, tub2  and LSU sequences GenBank MH229916, MH229922, MH229925 and MH229919. Notes -Ipomoea pescaprae, called bayhops, beach morning glory or goat's foot, is a creeping vine that grows worldwide at tropical beaches; it is one of the most common and most widely distributed salt tolerant plants and one of the first colonisers of dunes (https://en.
wikipedia. org/). (Rao 1963 , Damm et al. 2009) , except for C. gloeosporioides  (Weir et al. 2012). All reports were from disease indexes/lists or from references prior to the molecular era, and therefore most of the identifications are not reliable. There is no sequence of a Colletotrichum species from I. pes caprae in GenBank, but six sequences of five strains from other Ipomoea spp. Three of them  (GenBank KT185055 and KT185056, Huang et al. , unpubl. data, and JN672591, Hipol 2012 ) could be assigned to the C. orchidearum and C. mag num species complexes, respectively  (Damm et al. 2019) , while the other two strains (GenBank JN672598, Hipol 2012, and DQ117967/DQ119125,  Steiner et al. 2006) , belong to the C. boninense species complex but are not conspecific with C. condaoense (95 % and 98 % sequence identity).
In contrast, the ITS of the ex-type strain of C. condaoense is 100 % identical with 'C. hippeastri' strain TV-06 (GenBank KR704574) from a leaf of Croton bonplandianus (Euphorbiaceae) probably in India (U. Nagajyothi et al. , unpubl. data). It is possible that this is also C. condaoense; however, sequences of more loci are necessary to confirm this. The closest species in BLASTn searches with ITS, gapdh, tub2, chs1 and his3 sequences of the ex-holotype of C. condaoense, CBS 134299, in NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database restricted to ex-type strains, is C. parsonsiae (C. boninense species complex) with four (99 %), seven (97 %), six (99 %), one (99 %) and four (99 %) nucleotides different, respectively. There are several morphological differences between C. condaoense and C. parsonsiae. For example, conidia of C.
India (GenBank KR155115). Notes -Coprinopsis afrocinerea is morphologically very similar to C. cinerea. According to our study, the only constant morphological difference between them are the somewhat smaller basidiospores in the latter. Based on our measurement of 350 spores (from seven basidiomata, in four collections from different localities in Croatia) and data from  Uljé (2005) , C. cinerea has an average spore length less then 11 μm (9-10. 9 μm) and an average spore breadth less than 7. 5 μm (6. 1-7. 3 μm), while C. afrocinerea has an average spore length more than 11 μm (11. 3 -12 μm) and an average spore breadth larger than 7. 5 μm (7. 7-8. 1 μm). Another difference is in their ecology. While C. cinerea lives on heaps of herbivorous dung (mixed with straw, grass or wood chips), on rotten straw or grass, or on other herbaceous refuse, C.
g. ,  Citerin 1994 , Doveri 2004 , Enderle 2004 , Gierczyk et al. 2014 , Bender 2017 , Melzer 2017 ). However, they described it as annuliform bulge around a germ pore. None of them noticed that this structure was not hollow but shaped like a contact lens. A megablast search in GenBank using the ITS sequence from holotype of Coprinopsis afrocinerea showed that the closest three species were C. cinerea (e. g. , GenBank AY461825, Identities = 673/696 (97 %), 7 gaps (1 %)), C. calospora (Gen-Bank GQ249275, Identities = 616/638 (97 %), 7 gaps (1 %); GenBank JX118675 (holotype), Identities = 524 /534 (98 %), 3 gaps (0 %)) and C. annulopora (GenBank HQ847017, Identities = 624/653 (96 %), 7 gaps (1 %)). For full phylogenetic analysis, see MycoBank. Armin Mešić, Zdenko Tkalčec, Ivana Kušan, Neven Matočec & Margita Jadan, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; e-mail: amesic@irb.
Species of Dothiora produce a dothichiza-like asexual morph, as well as a hormonema-like synasexual morph  (Crous & Groenewald 2016 , 2017). Dothiora infuscans can be distinguished from other Dothiora spp. with a hormonema-like sexual morph by the production of 'muriform' thalloconidia. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hit using the ITS sequence is with the ex-type strain of Dothiora europeae CBS 739. 71 (GenBank NR_145339; Identities = 445/470 (95 %), Gaps 5/470 (1 %)); and using the LSU sequence it is with Dothiora oleaea (Gen-Bank KU728549; Identities = 834/842 (99 %), no gaps). Our ITS phylogenetic tree corroborated the placement of our isolate as a new species of the genus Dothiora, being phylogenetically close to Dothiora europeae. Maximum likelihood tree obtained from the ITS alignment of our isolate and sequences retrieved from GenBank.
The results of the adjusted megablast search of the NCBI GenBank nucleotide database showed E. yana color was distinct from other species presently available for the genus with the closest species based on ITS sequence being an Entoloma sp. (GenBank KY706185; Identities = 569/624 (91 %), 22 gaps (4 %), adjusted for the 14-base gap insert). The ITS phylogenetic tree includes the top eight megablast hits for the E. yanacolor sequence. Exophiala nidicola Gené,  Madrid & Guarro, sp. nov. Etymology. The name refers to the habitat where this fungus was found, the nest of a bird. Classification -Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Euro tiomycetes. On oatmeal agar (OA): Mycelium consisting of septate, branched, subhyaline, smooth, thin-walled hyphae mostly up to 4 μm wide, with moniliform segments consisting of swollen, verruculose, thick-walled cells up to 8 μm wide; the swollen cells can show meristematic growth and form microsclerotia up to 40 μm wide.
On rich media such as Sabouraud dextrose agar and PDA, the fungus formed yeast-like colonies with an abundant cream-coloured mucilaginous exudate and a brownish diffusible pigment at room temperature. Growth positive in the range 6 -37 °C, optimum temperature 30 °C, no growth observed at 40 °C. Typus. Spain, Tarragona Province, L'Arbolí, isolated from the nest of an unidentified bird, Jan. 1990, J. Gené (holotype CBS H-21834, ex-type culture CBS 138589 = FMR 3889, ITS and LSU sequences GenBank MG701055 and MG701056, MycoBank MB823878). Notes -The genus Exophiala includes common agents of phaeohyphomycosis and occasional agents of chromoblastomycosis and mycetoma in humans  (Zeng et al. 2007 , Revankar & Sutton 2010) , as well as pathogens of various other warm-and cold-blooded animals  (De Hoog et al.
2011 , Seyedmousavi et al. 2013). It also includes numerous environmental, apparently non-pathogenic taxa occurring as saprophytes in soil and on plant material, and extremotolerant colonizers of nutrient-poor or polluted habitats  (De Hoog et al. 2006 , Isola et al. 2016 , Madrid et al. 2016). BLAST searches with the ITS sequence of isolate CBS 138589 revealed affinities with members of the 'Exophiala dermatitidis clade'  (De Hoog et al. 2003) , such as E. heteromorpha CBS 232. 33 ex-type (GenBank ITS: AY857524) and other strains 95 -96 % identical, E. phaeomuriformis CBS 131. 88 ex-type (GenBank ITS: AJ244259) 90 % identical, and E. dermatitidis CBS 207. 35 ex-type (GenBank ITS: KF928444) and other strains 90 % identical. Considering that Exophiala spp. are widely represented in GenBank and that the cut-off for ITSbased species identifications in this genus is 99 %  (Zeng et al.
5 × 3 -4 μm. Notes -According to our phylogenetic analyses (ITS+LSU), F. pertenuis clustered in a clade with high support with specimens of F. tenuissima from China (GenBank KC999901, KC999902, KC999903), but diverged significantly from the Chinese specimens and it is distantly related from other species of Fomitiporella. Both F. pertenuis and F. tenuissima have thin basidiomata and lack sterile elements, but F. pertenuis has smaller pores (6 -8 per mm vs 3 -4 per mm in F. tenuis sima) and monomitical hyphal system (both monomitic and dimitic hyphal system in F. tenuissima;  Yu et al. 2013). The clade of F. tenuissima and F. pertenuis shows relation to Phellinotus  (Dreschler-Santos et al. 2016) , which is placed in Fomitiporella in our analyses. Thus, synonymising Phellinotus under Fomitiporella is suggested; however, both species of Phellinotus (P.
The analysis was conducted with PAUP v. 4. 0b10 (Swofford 2003) with 10 000 bootstrap replicates. The new Geastrum species described here are marked with a coloured box. The accession numbers from EMBL/GenBank databases are indicated on the tree. Bootstrap support values greater than 50 % for Parsimony and Maximum-Likelihood (ML) are indicated on the branches. ML analysis was run with RAxML-HPC2 v. 8. 2. 10 (Stamatakis 2014) under a GTR model. Geastrum fornicatum was included as outgroup. CorelDRAW® X8 software was used to edit the final tree. Pileus cerebriform, moderately to strongly lobate, 1-4(-6) cm diam, 1-2. 5(-3) cm in height, finely tomentose and irregularly variegated, ranging from pale red-brown, olive-brown, purplebrown, purple-grey, or charcoal-grey, becoming black when fully mature or dry; margin deeply involuted but completely detached from the stipe, thick, white, gradually expanding outwards at maturity.