dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgments We thank all people from gabonese villages where we worked during last ten years, for their time and hospitality. The field work benefit logistical support from the  Omar Bongo University (UOB)  from  Libreville  and from  Luto D. C. laboratory. We also thank  Marie Fisler  and the  ANR program  « Anthropos » led by  Delphine Kolesnik  ( ENS de Lyon ). We gratefully thank  Raphaëlle Chaix ,  Pierre Darlu ,  Marc Delêtre ,  Jean-Emile Mbot ,  Lluis Quintana Murci ,  Bruno Toupance  and  Simha Arom  for their useful comments and advice. We thank  Sylvain Thery  for his technical help for drawing the map.
This research benefited from three research programs:  ACI Prosodie Histoire et diversité des Pygmées de l'Afrique Centrale et de leurs voisins, Research Ministry , directed by  E. Heyer  (Pr. MNHN). 2004-2007;  ANR-05-BLAN-0400-001 , La mobilité ancestrale face à la percée des routes forestières en Afrique centrale : le cas des chasseurs cueilleurs pygmées directed by  S. Bahuchet  (Pr. MNHN). 2006-2009; CORUS program 6144 ( MAE/ IRD) Patrimoines musicaux et Sociétés (Gabon -Sud Cameroun ) directed by  S. Le Bomin  (MNHN) and  J. E. Mbot  ( Omar Bongo university ). The funders had no role in analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Relative to the state, the study region has high proportions of low income families and low full-time secondary school participation rates  [17]. Despite this profile, the region covers a diverse spectrum of both high and low socioeconomic status and ethnic background residents, as well as, commercial, educational and industrial sites. The Australian study is part of the Place and Metabolic Syndrome (PAMS) project which links geospatial data with clinical data, by which to analyse environmental attributes hypothesised to affect cardiometabolic risk and disease. Clinical data are derived from a population-based biomedical cohort, the North West Adelaide Health Study (NWAHS). Spatially-referenced data on cohort participants' social and built environments are extracted from a comprehensive geographic information system (GIS).
The NWAHS is a collaboration between the Central Northern Area Health Service (CNAHS), South Australian Department for Health and Ageing, The University of Adelaide, University of South Australia and SA Pathology  [18]. The NWAHS is comprised of adults aged 18 years and over from the north-west region of Adelaide, randomly selected from the Electronic White Pages (EWP) telephone directory. To date, there have been three waves of data collection,  Wave 1 (2000 Wave 1 ( -2003)) ,  Wave 2 (2004 Wave 2 ( -2006) )  and  Wave 3 (2008 Wave 3 ( -2010)). At baseline recruitment there were 8213 eligible individuals, of which 5850 completed a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) including socio-demographic, behavioural and self-reported health questions. These participants were invited to undertake a clinical assessment, taking approximately 45 min and conducted by trained clinical staff.
Clinical measures included weight, height, waist and hip girths, blood pressure, and a fasting blood sample from which glycaemic and lipid variables were determined. These assessments conducted at either of two hospitals within the north-west region were completed by 4056 participants or 49. 4% of the eligible sample, and 69. 4% of those who completed the CATI. All participants provided informed consent. Relative to the study region population, cohort participants were more likely to be female, aged 45 years and over, and hold a university degree. NWAHS participants were assigned a geo-reference that represented their residential address at all stages of data collection. Of the original baseline sample, 4041 participants had a valid geo-reference. Missing geo-references reflect incomplete residential street addresses that were not traceable following a crosscheck of paper records or telephone contact.
Additional participants were recruited for a second wave of data collection (2011-2013). The study is a collaboration between UMR-S 707 (Inserm-Université Pierre et Marie Curie) and the Centre d'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques of Paris. Participants benefit from a free health check-up, offered every five years to all working and retired employees and their families by the French National Health Insurance System for Salaried Workers. Participants were recruited without a priori sampling during these two-hour long preventive health check-ups conducted by the Centre d'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques  [22, 23]  in four of its health centres, located in the Paris metropolitan area (Paris, Argenteuil, Trappes, and Mantes-la-Jolie). Eligibility criteria were age 30 to 79 years, ability to complete the study questionnaires in French, and residence within the study region.
The formulation based on correlated observations therefore is closely related to that based on variance components, as the ICC can be seen as a measure of the relative sizes of the two variance components. The ICC reflects the extra variation caused by the natural differences among the individuals within each cluster; it indexes dependence among individuals within a given cluster. Models were estimated with SAS software (version 9. 1, SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA) using the Mixed procedure. The design effect can be calculated as the ratio of the variance of the estimate under the actual (clustered) design to the variance of the estimate obtained assuming the same data to have come from a simple random sample  [13]. It quantifies the analytic efficiency of clustered designs and is used in sample size and statistical power calculations, and to adjust statistics naively generated under the assumption of independence.
In this study, design effects were derived from ICC estimates by the following equation: Design Effect " 1 `pr n ´1q ˆICC where r n is the harmonic mean number of participants per unit for each administrative geographic unit. The harmonic mean was used due to sample sizes (participant numbers within unit) being unequal within geographic units of a given type. It provides an estimate of the equivalent sample size for each group under a balanced design that takes into account the loss of statistical power attributed to the unequal sample sizes. ICCs were pooled across outcomes and geographic units using meta-analytic methods for correlations using the MedCalc Statistical Software version 16. 2. 1 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium  [31] ).
in collaboration with the  South Australian Department of Health  and Ageing conducted this research under  National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)  projects (# 631917  and # 570150 ) investigating the relationships between place and metabolic syndrome (PAMS). Catherine Paquet was funded by a  National Health and Medical Research Council  ( NHMRC) Post-doctoral Training Research Fellowship  (# 570139 ). This manuscript has been reviewed for scientific content and consistency of data interpretation by Chief Investigators of the  North West Adelaide Health Study (NWAHS). We are grateful for the interest and commitment of cohort participants. We appreciate the contributions of research support staff involved in recruitment and clinical follow up. We would like to thank  Peter Lekkas  for his contribution to the introduction.
UnlimitID is a method for enhancing the privacy of commodity OAuth and applications such as OpenID Connect, using anonymous attribute-based credentials based on algebraic Message Authentication Codes (aMACs). OAuth is one of the most widely used protocols on the Web, but it exposes each of the requests of a user for data by each relying party (RP) to the identity provider (IdP). Our approach allows for the creation of multiple persistent and unlinkable pseudoidentities and requires no change in the deployed code of relying parties, only in identity providers and the client.
The RPs also link the user to their IdP, preventing pseudonymous or anonymous usage of their service. We present UnlimitID, which uses lightweight attributebased anonymous credentials based on algebraic MACs  [1]  to provide unlinkability between an IdP and the various RPs for a given user using unlinkable, but multi-use, pseudoidentities. It can be deployed easily today as it requires no changes to OAuth-compliant RPs, but only modest changes WPES'16 October 24 2016, Vienna, Austria to IdPs and the clients, and can enable unlinkable data flows even when the user is offline. Section 2 overviews the OAuth protocol and related literature, Section 3 describes Unlim-itID, Section 4 describes the implementation and performance considerations, and Section 5 evaluates the prospect of a large scale deployment.
It is not necessary to link capabilities to a single identity. Previous work has discovered a large number of security vulnerabilities in OAuth 2. 0, but a more fundamental problem that has not been addressed is that the identity provider in OAuth is assumed to be completely trusted and so may log all user transactions with RPs and possibly even impersonate a user on a RP (the "IdP Mix-Up" attack)  [4]. For example, if Google OpenID Connect is used to authenticate and authorize file access in an "ephemeral" instant messaging application like Wickr, Google would have metadata about information sent from Google to Wickr for a particular user even if Wickr deleted all metadata and information. A number of techniques have been proposed for mitigating the privacy risk inherent in the OpenID/OAuth model.
One is to change the flow so that data is sent from the IdP to the user and then from the user to the RP, as done by Mozilla BrowserID and SPRESSO  [3] , achieving unlinkability but at the cost of requiring the client to be online for all transfer of attributes (unusable in practice) and moving the root of trust to the user's browser. Another technique is to use blind signatures for proving the possession of an identity at an IdP to a RP without revealing the precise identity, as done by PseudoID  [2]. However, PseudoID relies on a cookie for storing the RSA blinded access token so it can only be used for one-time proof-of-authentication rather than the transfer of attributes. Crypto-Book  [8]  proposes to enforce privacy by the use of threshold cryptography between multiple identity providers to establish a public key infrastructure (PKI) and then to preserve anonymity visa-vis a group using linkable ring signatures to prove group identity and partially blinded signatures for attribute transfer, but the use of threshold cryptography to both establish a PKI and consume credentials via RPs is incompatible with commodity OAuth implementations like OpenID Connect.
Protocol Flow We assume that the user has already been issued a credential for that epoch, as advised in 3. 3. 1. The flow is presented in Figure  1  and explained in detail in the following steps: 1. A user visits a RP that requires authorization or authentication. 2. The RP redirects the user to the IdP. 3. The user selects which attributes of their credential to reveal, locally blinds it and deposits it along with the aMAC to the IdP's authorization endpoint. 4. The IdP validates the certificate in accordance to the Show protocol in 3. 3. 2, checks the expiration date and, if still valid, creates a temporary pseudo-identity entry with the revealed attributes in a database. This entry will be stored by the IdP until the expiration of the presented credential. If a pseudo-identity with the same pseudonym already exists, the new attributes are appended and update the respective entry in the database.
5. The IdP redirects the user back to the RP, along with an authorization code for accessing the respective pseudoidentity database entry. In case the pseudonym attribute was revealed, the user appends a signature under the public key UidService = P K = Gid Sub Service on the authorization code, which is kept fresh by using a nonce as per the OAuth standard. Note that the IdP cannot forge the signature, since that would imply it knows Sub. 6. The user passes the authorization code to the RP. Optionally to defend against the "IdP Mix-Up" attack, when a pseudonym is disclosed the RP will check that the accompanying signature is fresh and that belongs to the owner of the long-term secret key used to derive the claimed pseudonym. Then the RP uses the authorization code to obtain an access token from the IdP's token endpoint.
PROTOTYPE PERFORMANCE We implemented the IdP issuing of credentials and pseudonym registration in Python to evaluate its performance 1. The implementation consists of 1874 lines of Python 3. 4 for the IdP credential server, divided into 495 lines for the IdP server, 601 lines of a generic zero-knowledge proof library and 778 lines for the core algebraic MAC protocols, including unit and timing tests. The underlying cryptographic and elliptic curve library used is petlib that wraps the OpenSSL ec and bn modules. The EC curves used throughout is NIST p192 which provides good performance on the x64 Intel architecture thank to the handcrafted constant-time assembler implementation  [7]. The server uses the standard library asyncio reactor loop framework, limiting computations to a single core.
All tests were performed on an Intel Core i7-4700MQ running at 2. 4Ghz with 16. 0GB of RAM. The numbers reported are an average of 10 runs. Timings were gathered using the standard library time. monotonic() clock and all times are reported in milliseconds (ms). We measured the timing of the full user & server computations for issuing and pseudonym registration, and also separated the user and server components. The issuing protocol takes a total of 38ms seconds per credential, of which 7ms are spend for user computations, and 31ms at the server. The showing protocol takes in total 29ms, of which 15ms are spent on the user and 16ms are spent on the server. The timings reflect what was expected: issuing involves the server performing a blind signature, while the user simply encrypts the secret attribute; 1 https://github.
CONCLUSIONS UnlimitID demonstrates that the OAuth protocol can be upgraded so as to not violate user privacy by creating unlinkable pseudo-identities based on multi-show attribute-based credentials. Unlike PseudoID  [2]  and Crypto-Book  [8] , Un-limitID is usable within current OAuth flows with modifications needed only by the relatively few IdPs, while the multitudes of already-deployed RPs can remain unchanged, except for the optional case where RPs want to protect their users from the "IdP Mix-Up" attack by checking that the authorization code is accompanied by a fresh signature under the long-term secret stored by the user that the IdP does not have access to. The anonymity provided by UnlimitID is proportional to the number of active users on the IdP that share the same values in their credentials, and so should increase for large IdPs.
Secondly, using a single projection to explore the future may give decision-makers the impression that the direction of change is unique. This is not the case: several other projections exist and full uncertainty analyses could be completed using appropriate data sets. Predicting and anticipating the consequences of climate change on the attractiveness of destinations now and in the future is a real challenge for the tourism economy. Some signs of a possible redistribution of tourism flows can be evaluated by the evolution of the tourism climate indices in future climate conditions. These future climate conditions are not fully known, due to various sources of uncertainty: internal variability due to the sensitivity of models to initial conditions, imperfect modelling of physical systems (convection, ocean-atmosphere, etc.
Mieczkowski's indice and computation formulae: France The objective here is to show that the evaluation of suitable tourism conditions is sensitive to slight changes in computation methods. As an example, we focus on the Mieczkowski's indice. The study is performed for France, using the high resolution SAFRAN database from Météo France (8 km gridded climatology). Since this database does not provide information on relative humidity, required for the Mieczkowski's indice, this variable was computed using sea level pressure from the E-OBS dataset and specific humidity and 2-metre temperature from SAFRAN. The Mieczkowski's indice was calculated using three different computation methods for the period 1980 to 2009. Method 1 used mean monthly values (as  (Amelung and Viner 2006)  and (Rutty and Scott 2010) do) for the period 1980 to 2009 (12 values only) for each variable included in the Mieczkowski's indice (temperature and relative humidity).
However, for the winter and summer seasons, which are of high importance for tourism, Fig. 2  shows that the "daily" method appears to produce far less spatially contrasted results than the "Mieczkowski" method. An assessment of long-term uncertainty in Mieczkowski's indice projections: using the ENSEMBLES database Tourism comfort indices can be projected into the future so as to assess the future conditions for tourism development. This involves running calculations with indices based on various socio-economic scenarios that correspond to different levels of GHG emissions and climate change (IPCC SRES scenarios, or IPCC AR5 RCP scenarios, for example). (Rutty and Scott 2010) use a single scenario (A1B) whereas  (Amelung and Viner 2006)  ultimately use two: A1F as a worst-case scenario and B1A to represent slower climactic change.
Description of participants/cohorts This project builds on two existing cohorts,the NuAge cohort in Canada, and the RECORD cohort in France-, and further launches a new cohort of older adults in Luxemburg. Canada: A sub-sample of 175 participants living in urban and suburban neighbourhoods of Montreal and Sherbrooke in Quebec Province will be recruited from The Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge) cohort, launched in 2003. NuAge is a prospective study that included 1793 cognitively intact and functionally independent elders aged 67-84 years upon recruitment  [66]. The cohort was drawn from an age-and sex-stratified random sample from the Quebec Medicare database (RAMQ -Régie de l'assurance-maladie du Québec) for the regions of Montreal, Laval, and Sherbrooke in the province of Québec, Canada.
Complementary physiological and biological data was further obtained through a 2-h medical examination, providing objective measures of height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and lipid and glycemic profiles. The second wave, started in 2011, is ongoing, with additional participants recruited to compensate for loss to follow-up and to increase sample size. Early 2012, in collaboration with the Spherelab group, the GPS RECORD Study was launched. A sub-sample of 234 participants wore a GPS and accelerometer device for a one week period, and answered prompted recall questionnaires for further collection of qualitative information on the nature of activities, modal choice, and attachment to places, and for validation of automatic detection of activity places and trips  [72] , and modes of transportation.
In 2015, a novel project was funded by Agence Nationale de la Recherche to further extend data collection among a subsample of 400 older adults within RECORD, allowing collection of social network measures as partly done in the CURHA project. With this new project, comparability with the Canadian and Luxembourg cohorts set up in CURHA will increase. Also of interest for future collaboration is the MINDMAP project funded by the European Research Council, which aims to investigate the bidirectional processes linking built environments and mental health, i. e. , both how the depressive symptomatology influences the perception of, navigation in, and use of one's environment, and how features of visited built environments imply daily variations in depressive symptomatology. In this protocol, older REC-ORD participants, carrying GPS receivers and accelerometers, will answer short surveys prompted on a smartphone, and will undergo an assessment galvanic skin response (electrodermal activity as a potential marker of stress) using the SenseWear device.
Luxembourg: In Luxembourg, a new cohort is being developed for this project by the LISER Group. A target recruitment of 500 participants aged 65 and up is based on a sampling scheme using Social Security administrative files. These anonymized micro-data allow the selection of all elderly while accounting for some sociodemographic criteria (age and gender) and their place of residence characteristics. The final sample will include 100 participants within each of the five following types of urban environments: core city of Luxembourg, city of Esch-sur-Alzette, sub-center cities in the south of the Grand Duchy, primary suburban area with high level of amenities, and secondary suburban area with low level of amenities. The Luxembourg cohort will furthermore include social background, migration history, educational and employment history, social and professional status, class membership, housing and dwelling characteristics, respondent's autonomy and mobility limitations and individual strategies to overcome these limits.
VERITAS-social: collecting regular activity places and social networks We will administer VERITAS, an interactive map-based questionnaire designed to collect information on daily mobility, including identification of regular destinations and frequency of visit, perceptions of neighbourhood limits, and complementary data describing activity locations, routes, or transportation modes. The questionnaire presents questions about 'where' a number of activities are being conducted. Using map search capabilities, the destinations are found on the map and confirmed by the participant. Consequently, geographic coordinates, name of destination, and complementary information including frequency of visit or mode of transportation used to get there are saved in a spatial database. To this existing framework, we will add a social network module.
For this study, we will only use the GPS and accelerometer functions. For the RECORD GPS Study, an Actigraph GT3X and a QStarz BTX1000 GPS tracker were used. A number of data processing methods and algorithms have been developed in collaboration between Kestens' & Chaix' teams, specifically through work on the RECORD GPS Study, and will be applied in this study  [78, 79]. In order to validate the derived information on mobility and to collect detailed social contact information during the 7-day period, we will ask participants to fill in a travel diary where they will report information on mobility and social contacts (start and end times of a trip, location of activities, with whom they did the activity). In Paris, the RECORD GPS Study uses both a travel diary and a prompted recall survey at the end of the 7day period, to validate GPS-detected activity locations, trips and estimated transportation modes, and identify conducted activities.
These specific empirical objectives are firstly analysed within the Canadian and Luxembourg national fieldworks and secondly developed as national outputs for cross-comparison between countries. The qualitative section of the research will be closely linked to both GPS tracking and quantitative surveys. As part of a quantitative-qualitative mixed-approach, the qualitative section will be integrated and conducted concurrently with the objective evaluation of daily mobility. This will facilitate the linkage between qualitative databases and quantitative assessment of elders' mobility and their environments. This qualitative section will also evaluate the acceptability of the methods, tools, and technologies proposed here. Subsamples of roughly 20 participants in each research setting will be used for qualitative assessments.