dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
1 124. To further check the quality of the imputed genotypes, we compared Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and ADMIXTURE results between the imputed diploid and pseudohaploid calls across common variants (MAF > 5%). For both analyses we merged our ancient samples with the HGDP. In the PCA, we projected both the imputed and pseudohaploid calls on principal components calculated using modern samples (Figure  S12 ). For ADMIXTURE, we ran the merged dataset using different Ks, from 3 to 8 (Figure  S13 ). We find similar results between the pseudohaploid calls and the imputed calls, suggesting that the imputation performed is of relatively high quality. For rs5030868, we created a special imputation panel solely of Middle Eastern samples (9% frequency) as rs5030868 is very rare in the 1000G panel (0.
Relate To estimate the allele frequency trajectory and selection coefficient of rs5030868 we ran RELATE v1. 1. 7 128 to create a sequence of genealogies across 3Mb surrounding the variant as stated above using 59 female samples from the Almarri et al. , 2021 Middle East dataset setting -m 1. 11e-8 and -N 20,000. We subsequently extracted the EmiratiC individuals from the tree and estimated their population size history using EstimatePopulationSize. sh and then ran 100 samples using SampleBranchLengths. sh to sample branch lengths of rs5030868 from the posterior using a mutation rate of 1. 11e-8 and supplying the. coal file from the previous step. We then ran CLUES 129 (inference. py script) with the option -coal to account for population size history.
Acknowledgements R. M. was funded by  Wellcome  grant  207492  and  National Geographic Early Career  Grant  EC-61437R-19 ; R. D. by  Wellcome  grant  207492. The  Abu Saiba  excavation was funded by the  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. D. G. B was supported by  Science Foundation Ireland/Health Research Board/Wellcome Trust   Biomedical Research Partnership Investigator award  no. 205072 , '' Ancient Genomics  and the  Atlantic Burden ''. M. A. A. was supported by  Dubai Police GHQ. We thank the  Wellcome Sanger Institute DNA Pipelines core  for sequencing. We thank the  President of Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities ,  Shaikh Khalifa Bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa , for supporting the present research project and for providing access to archaeological samples for ancient DNA analysis.
Weather scenarios According to the Köppen-Geiger classification  [26] , Paris is located in the climate zone Cfb, with average temperatures between 15 • C and 25 • C. For the energy model analysis, data from Meteonorm tool  [27] , an extensive meteorological database encompassing global data, was utilized. In the initial analysis, a Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) for Paris was employed to evaluate current conditions. Subsequently, future climate change scenarios as defined by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were applied to assess their impact on the building and potential retrofitting strategies. Specifically, three IPCC scenarios derived from the Meteonorm tool  [27]  were chosen: Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2. 6, 4. 5, and 8. 5, in the period from 2050 to 2100.
Microclimate field study In this section, the data collected from field studies are reported. Table  6  provides an overview of the environmental parameters observed throughout the monitoring campaign. Notably, the mean radiant temperatures surpass the air temperatures. Regarding temperature conditions, the studio experiences the most critical conditions, while the other thermal zones exhibit relatively comparable conditions, slightly better in the bedroom. Moreover, the mean relative humidity consistently registers at a relatively low range, fluctuating between 33 % and 41 %. Likewise, the air velocity remains in the range of 0. 02 to 0. 05 m/s, aligning with values typically associated with poorly ventilated indoor environments. In particular, Fig. 4  shows the indoor operative temperatures recorded during the summer campaign and the adaptive relation  between T op and T rm.
Effect of retrofitting solutions To evaluate the retrofitting solutions, the warm and cold discomfort hours and heating demand per building area were determined. For clarity, data on discomfort has been reported for the studio, which is the most critical zone. The other thermal zones follow the same trend, so the considerations made are analogous and their analysis can be found in the Supplementary Material. Fig. 5  analyses discomfort hour and energy consumption variations (Fig. 6a  and 6b , respectively) relative to the current configuration. Negative values indicate reduced discomfort hours or energy consumption, while positive values imply increases. Winter and summer discomfort hours show a specular relationship; solutions improving winter conditions worsen summer conditions and    8.
Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to all participants in the FRESCO project, with special recognition for  Elisabeth Marie-Victoire ,  Myriam Bouichou  ( LRMH ),  Bénédicte Gandini  ( Fondation Le Corbusier ),  Marie Monfort  ( DRAC Île-de-France ),  Arnaud Lapertot  ( ESTP ), and  Pascal Failla  ( ESTP ) for his assistance with the acquisition system and campaign management. Additionally, they acknowledge  Professors Fabio Fantozzi ,  Francesco Leccese , and  Giacomo Salvadori  ( University of Pisa ) for their scientific support and collaboration promotion, along with  Davide Della Vista  ( University of Pisa ) for the valuable contribution to the analysis. org/10. 1016/j. enbuild. 2023. 113756.
). For the development of methodology in Section 5, the QGIS 3. 16. 7 software (qgis. org) and the mmqgis addon (michaelminn. com/linux/mmqgis/) were used. SRTM and WorldPop data were also useful to assess Yemeni context. A particular attention was paid to the quality of the data used and the metadata. The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 draws the context of the Yemeni conflict which led to the battle of Al Hudaydah; Section 3 is dedicated to a critical analysis of Yemeni ports dynamics according to UNCTAD data; creation of new spatialized data at the scale of the container terminal is treated in Section 4 and the analysis is proposed in Section 5; finally, Section 6 serves as an assessment.
Al Hudaydah in UNCTAD Database The dynamics of a port during a war, and even more so during a battle, can be assessed by the evolution of the number of ships using it as well as by the tonnage and quantities handled. However, statistics on the port's use are not easily available in this case, mainly because of the conflict. In addition, the production of data by the major international organizations (United Nations agencies, World Bank, etc. ) is often a compilation/aggregation of data produced by private operators (consultancy firms, intelligence contractors, etc. ) whose collection methods are based on data produced by port companies and operators as well as on more or less precise evaluations. At the same time, sites dedicated to collect AIS data (MarineTraffic, Vesselfinder, etc. ) produce an exceptional amount of information on port traffic and vessel typology, but the acquisition of these studies is most often unaffordable for preparatory work with limited resources.
Moreover, these data are declarative and methods exist to distort them  (Boudehenn et al. , 2021). Thus, assessing a trend at the global or regional scale is possible, but assessing the trajectory of infrastructure at the state, subnational, and local scales is challenging. This section focuses on maritime data provided by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), one of the most widely used and valuable database in the transportation geography and economics community. The statistics on maritime transport are broken down into 16 tables of temporal data, with annual to quarterly granularity, organized around groups of economies, national economies, at the port and flag levels, on the main types of traffic (dry bulk, liquid bulk, RoRo, containers, etc. ), their tonnage (DWT) and port performance.
The Container port throughput analysis, a compilation of data from port authorities and data providers (Lloydʹs List Intelligence in particular), is more critical because its limitations are more easily identifiable (Fig. 3 ). Subtracting the Aden Port Authority (APA) data from the Container port throughput, we see that over the period 2015-2018, the data for ports other than Aden are exactly 200,000 TEU annually. Most of the container traffic of these ports is handled by Al Hudaydah which, along with Aden, is the only one equipped with cranes and adequate equipment for the massification of container traffic. Thus, there are at least 4 years where the activity of the AHCT is a virtual estimation. In addition to the bias that this implies, the distribution between Al Hudaydah and other small ports (including Al Mukalla where the imagery shows a modest container activity) remains problematic: the main assumption is the arbitrary allocation for the period of 2015-2018 for figures in the continuity of the year 2014 (200,003 containers).
g. , time and money). There is no surprise mainly because of the interdisciplinary nature of ports studies as described by  Ng et al. (2014). The GIS methodology proposed in this paper, based on a grid cell occupation of stacks by containers, is an indirect space and time-related useful process. Obviously, it needs to be refined, reproduced and developed, but it offers, at least in this case, reliable trends, which show the terminal, if the port, dynamics. From totally open access data, this new database allows to complete the ones from public and private data providers. During a conflict or when data is lacking, assessing the dynamics of a terminal or a port is also a key factor in modern logistic operations, for instance to identify if it could manage the international aid and its ability and capacity to connect with its hinterland.
They indicated that the ink present on the manuscripts was composed of soot and protein binder, however they did not provide direct insight on the precise origin of the soot (e. g pine soot or lampblack) and the protein binder used in the fabrication of inks. The analysis of the inked manuscripts by pyrolysis-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GCxGC-MS) -for which only a small amount of sample (microgram quantities) is required -and the exploration of the obtained multivariate datasets combining Hierarchical Clustering and PCA provide invaluable information on Asian inks, their manufacture and use in different historical periods. Our research suggests that the majority of the inks were made with pine soot. Furthermore, our results reveal different chemical signatures that may be indicators of difference in the production of pine soot (use of various species of pine wood, combustion parameters, etc.
FTIR spectroscopy A preliminary investigation was conducted using FTIR spectroscopy on a selected number of manuscripts with the objective of gathering information about the presence of organic materials. The infrared spectra were recorded using a Bruker Alpha portable FTIR spectrometer with a reflectance sampling module for contactless analysis (at a working distance of 15 mm) coupled to a video camera in order to locate the analysed area. The analytical spots are about 5 mm in diameter. Spectra were acquired over the range of 7000-375 cm -1 with a spectral resolution of 4 cm -1 and 128 scans per spectrum. A gold  mirror was used to acquire a background spectrum. The Bruker's OPUS software was used to process the data.
The sample cup was introduced into the furnace at 500 • C, the chosen temperature for the analysis of the paper samples. Data processing of the Py-GCxGC/MS raw data was achieved using GC Image software, version 2. 4. In regard to PyGCxGC/ MS data processing, relative proportions of the compounds detected were used instead of using peak volumes representatives of compounds relative concentrations, rendering the data suitable for standard statistical tools and allowing us to compare the composition of samples of diverse natures and samples of inked manuscripts for which the quantity of ink analyzed cannot be known. Percentages of compounds detected in each analysis were calculated considering the ratios of each compound of interest to the sum of all the considered compounds. All statistical analyses and figure preparations were performed using RStudio, version 1.
4. 1106. For this work, we used two complementary methods: Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. The same (Euclidean) distance between individuals was used for each method. Hierarchical classification and PCA have a similar perspective, the exploratory analysis of a rectangular table but the mode of representation differs, and we achieve different information. Hence the idea of combining the approaches to obtain a rich methodology, and several points of view which can only reinforce the solidity of our conclusions. PCA provides principal components which are orthogonal synthetic variables (dimensions, presenting the important variables which have a big weight in explaining variations in a dataset). Since the PCA does not provide any information on the position of the points in the other dimensions, two points close in one set of dimensions can be in the same class in the hierarchical tree (and therefore not too far from each other along the other dimensions) or in two different classes (because they are far from each other along the other dimensions).
Whatever the method, this pairing process continues until all the elements are merged into a single cluster. There is no absolute rule saying one linkage is better than another (the "linkages" not presented in the texts can be found in  Supplementary material), however the cophenetic correlation is an indicator of the quality of a hierarchical cluster or dendrogram, helping us choose the clustering method which best preserves the pairwise distances between the original dataset. A value close to 1 indicates that the dendrogram reflects the original distances. Another important parameter to consider is the optimum number of clusters of the dendrogram (named k in this study). There are multiple methods used in order to determine k for each dataset, such as the elbow and silhouette methods  (Kassambara, 2017).
6 ). The principal component analysis gives us important information with the first principal component explaining 58 % of the data variance (Fig. 7 ). PK AS 3B is characterized by the high contribution of cyclopentadecane and a group of three DKPs as visualised in the first principal component. PK NS 95 can be distinguished by a high contribution of the DKP [1,3]diazepan-2,4-dione in the first principal component, while PS VERT 35 is characterised by a high contribution of picolinamide. In the second principal component, it is interesting to note that PK NS 95, PS VERT 35, PSS DS 3, PK NS 6 and PS VERT 16 all present a higher proportion of benzepropanenitrile (Fig. 7  and Fig. B24  in Supplementary material).
Acknowledgements For giving us access to the Pelliot Collection and the authorization to sample manuscripts, the authorization and support of  Dr. Isabelle Le Masne de Chermont ,  General Curator , Director of the  Manuscripts Department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF ) is gratefully acknowledged. We have also benefited from the efficient support of  Dr. Laurent Héricher ,  General Curator , Head of the  Oriental division of the Manuscripts Department of the BnF. We would like to express our gratitude to  Dr. Jérôme Petit , Curator of the  Indian Manuscripts at the BnF  for sharing invaluable information on the typology and history of the manuscripts of the Pelliot Collection. In addition, we are indebted to  Athanaric Huard  and  Emilie Arnaud-Nguyen , PhD students at the  EPHE, PSL , and team members working on the HisTochText project, for their precious help at various stages of our investigations on the original manuscripts.
Steranes and terpanes GC of total alkanes of Selenicë natural asphalts (Fig. 11 ) do show that these bitumens are biodegraded samples for their n-alkanes have been removed. Steranes and terpanes were used as biomarkers to characterize the source of bitumen. Mass fragmentograms of terpanes (m/z 191) and steranes (m/z 217) of two natural asphalts of Selenicë  (No. 3457 and No. 3479)  and two archaeological samples (No. 3448 from Maliq and No. 3450 from Kamnik) are reproduced in Figs. 12  and 13. Terpanes of natural asphalts show a low Ts/Tm ratio (0. 11), a moderate gammacerane / C30αβhopane ratio (0. 09), low concentration of tricyclopolyprenanes, and no 18α(H)-oleanane. This last characteristic contrasts with the data published by  Faraco et al. (2016) , who report an Oleanane Index (=Oleanane x100 /C30αβHopane) between 9.
4 and 87. 1. Steranes exhibit two different patterns: a well preserved fingerprint with C27-C29 regular steranes, low amount of C27R and S diasteranes, and abundant C21-C22 pregnanes in the No. 3457 Selenicë sample and a second different pattern similar to those of archaeological samples  (No. 3448 and No. 3450, Fig. 11 ) in the No. 3479 Selenicë Raw samples (Fig. 10 ). Terpanes of the Maliq (No. 3448) and Kamnik (No. 3450) samples still show a pattern of the complete hopane family. At first glance, the terpanes are not extensively degraded in the archaeological samples, but referring to quantitative data and especially the amount of C30αβhopane in ppm, biodegradation effects are detected. The C30αβhopane is indeed reduced from 7303 to 7050 ppm in Selenicë samples to 3316-2265 ppm in Maliq and Kamnik coatings on potsherds.
16b ). We have already underlined that they report the occurrence of oleanane in Selenicë asphalt. This molecule is definitely absent from all samples from Selenicë, Maliq, and Kamnik. MDBT increases in archaeological samples where they are clearly detectable. Changes may also be recorded in triaroamatic steranes where the C28R sterane increases in sampled coating potsherds. Changes are recorded in three aromatic families (triaromatic steroids, phenanthrenes, dibenzothiophenes) when referring to quantitative data (Table  A. 5) and compiling some characteristic ratios for phenanthrenes (F1, F2, Fig. 18 ), dibenzothiophenes (MDR, P/DBT, Figs. 18  and 19 ) and triaromatic steroids (TAS5, TAS4, Fig. 19 ). The changes registered in Figs. 18 and 19 are identical to those previously in the Dead Sea asphalt of Tell Yarmuth when lumps of pure bitumen were compared to bitumen coating potsherds  (Connan et al.
Acknowledgments We are indebted to  Patrick Pascal ,  General Manager  of  Selecice Bitumi  sh. a. Mine at Selenicë, who provided three references of natural asphalt from the present day mine. We are grateful to  Skënder Aliu ,  Ilir Gjipali , and the  Institute of Archaeology in Tirana  for providing the opportunity to study the ceramic assemblages from  Kamnik  and  Maliq  and sampling the potsherds with archaeological bitumen. Many thanks to  Sarah Morris  and  Lyssa Stapleton  for generously sharing gathered information about the history of bitumen in Albania. Thanks also to colleagues from Albania,  Ergys Hasa  and  Kriledjan Çipa , for their contribution to obtaining the fourth geological reference sample. Map and the image-based figure were created using QGIS 3. 10 and Affinity Designer, respectively.
The nature of the particles present in the red glasses was determined by synchrotron-based micro-XRD. The micro-XRD patterns were obtained from thin cross sections (about 200 m) cut from small fragments of the samples included in epoxy resin using a low speed diamond saw. Synchrotron micro-XRD patterns were collected in the Materials Science and Powder Diffraction beamline (MSPD BL04)  [20] , at the ALBA Synchrotron Light (Cerdanyola, Spain) in Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) diffuse absorption measurements were obtained in transmission mode using a double beam spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 2700) recorded between 200 nm and 800 nm, and NIR transmittance measurements using a double beam spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 3600) recorded between 800 nm and 3000 nm. Micro-XAS data of Fe, Cu at the K-edge and Sn at the L 3 -edge were acquired at the ID21 beamline, ESRF  [22].
X-rays were produced with an undulator, and their energy was adjusted using a Si (111) double crystal monochromator. For the analysis of glass samples, the beam was focused to 0. 3 m × 0. 9 m (v × h) using a Kirkpatrick Baez mirror system. The samples were mounted vertically, at an angle of 62 • with respect to the incident beam. X-rays was detected using a single energy-dispersive silicon drift detector (SGX, 80 mm 2 ) at 28 • of the sample surface. XRF maps were first acquired at 9. 5 keV, over 2D regions in order to locate elements (especially Cu, Fe and Sn) and identify regions of interest. The monochromator was calibrated using the first inflection point of the copper, iron and tin metal foils (maximum of the first derivative at 8979 eV for Cu foil, 7112 eV for Fe foil and 3929 eV for Sn foil) using Athena software  [23].
The pre-edge feature of the Fe K-edge absorption is particularly sensitive to the valence state and local geometry. The weighted peak position (centroid) is known to shift to higher energy as the ratio of ferric to ferrous iron increases  [24]  and the area gives an estimation of the coordination state. Based on the centroid, the oxidation state of iron in glasses can be calculated using the expression given in A. Fiege et al. [25]. The Fe K-edge XANES region has also been fitted using a Python code  [26]  developed following procedures described in literatures  [24, 27, 28]. Considering that the data had standard resolution ( E = 0. 5 eV), the fitting incorporated some restrictions, the peaks are set Gaussian, the width fixed to 2. 1 eV. Tin speciation was obtained from the analysis of the Sn L-edge spectra to avoid the rather high energy required to collect the K-edge information  (26,200 eV).
4B  and Table  3  show the fit of the first shell data of the EXAFS region. Within the spectral resolution of XAS, SDC red glass is mostly metal while CB7 contains half of the copper as Cu 0 and the other half as Cu +. Cu 2+ is not found in the red glasses. Fig. 5  and Table  4  show the Fe K-edge spectra and fitted data corresponding to the SDC and CB7 red glass layers and the substrate glasses. Iron is more reduced in the red glass  than in the substrate glass and in the red glass layers iron is also more oxidized in CB7 than in SDC. Finally, Sn L 3 -edge spectra from the substrate glass and red coloured layer were acquired from SDC and are shown in Fig. 6  together with the corresponding tin standards. The uncoloured substrate glasses contain only trace amounts of tin, 299 ppm for SDC, this is the reason why the corresponding data is very noisy.
The S0 and S1 QMD-FFs parameterizations were carried out exploiting the classical partition on the total energy of the system in an intra-molecular term, ruling the chromophore flexibility, and an intermolecular one, governing its interaction with the solvent. The former term, consisting in the standard sum of stretching, bending, dihedral torsions and intra-molecular non-bonded contributions, was parameterized using the JOYCE software,  [44, 45]  by minimizing the least squared differences between the corresponding QM and FF descriptors, namely the Hessian matrix elements and the relaxed torsional energy scans (see ESI for further details). The inter-molecular term is instead expressed by a sum of Lennard-Jones (LJ) contributions plus Coulomb chargecharge interactions, where the LJ parameters have been directly transferred from the OPLS database, whereas the point charges were specifically modeled on the QM electronic density of each state/chromophore, computed accounting for the different solvents at PCM level, by applying the Restrained Electrostatic Potential (RESP) scheme, using Gaussian16  [57]  and the Antechamber package.