dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Participants The original sample included 30 participants. Two of them had to be excluded from the analyses due to technical issues during GSR signal acquisition. Additionally, one participant had to be removed from further analyses owing to excessive hand movements during GSR data collection. This resulted in a final sample of 27 native speakers of Polish (16 women, 11 men; M age = 26. 10, SD = 3. 54), who were students of the Faculty of English at Adam Framework of Reference for Languages). Apart from English, participants had been learning other foreign languages as their L3 (M AgeofAcquisition = 17. 44, SD = 4. 36), such as German, French, Spanish, Russian, and Portuguese. All of the participants had normal or corrected to normal vision, they did not suffer from any language, neurological, and psychiatric disorder, and they did not take drugs that would affect their nervous system.
Galvanic Skin Response Recording To measure skin conductance in the experiment, an ADInstruments GSR Amp galvanic skin response amplifier was used. Two 8 mm re-usable diameter electrodes were attached to medial phalanx of both the index and middle finger of the non-dominant hand of each participant. Participants were asked to try not to move their hand during the experiment. GSR was measured for the whole duration of the experiment, that is, 4 experimental stimuli, 2 control texts, and the resting state. As participants processed visual stimuli at different speeds, we calculated a total response count per 1 min of each recording. Following recommended validity criteria for the software used, 0. 02 μS minimum limit for measured skin conductance was adopted  (PsychLab 2003). Skin conductance was recorded by means of the PsychLab Data Acquisition software.
Acquisition sample rate was set to 1000 Hz, and idle sample rate-500 Hz. The collected data were further analyzed using the PsychLab Analysis software. As required by the software, to calculate total response count, all the data were sectioned into blocks of 30 s each, and then processed to detect skin conductance responses in each moment of interest; namely, when the participants processed visual and auditory stimuli (4 experimental stimuli, 2 control texts, and the resting state), based on visual inspection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank members of the  Minc laboratory  for technical help and discussion and the  ImagoSeine core facility  of the  Institut Jacques Monod , also associated with  Infrastructures en Biologie Santé et Agronomie (IBiSA)  and  France BioImaging  infrastructures. We thank  S. Grinstein ,  T. Kuno ,  J. Silvius ,  S. Martin , and  K. Nakano  for providing us with plasmids and strains. This work is supported by the  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  and grants from the  Mairie de Paris emergence program  and the  Career Integration Grant  ( CIG) program  of the  European Community (EC)  and the  Initial Training Network (ITN) consortium FungiBrain.
02 nA) into the neurons. Current-clamp measurements of the resting membrane potential of CA3 pyramidal cells were performed in cell-attached configuration with null current injected after high-resistance seal formation (>1 GOm)  (Mason et al. , 2005; Perkins, 2006). The membrane potential (E m ) was defined as averaging data during 10-min recordings. The activity of single NMDA channels was recorded using pipettes filled with nominally Mg 2+ free ACSF containing NMDA (10 lM) and glycine (10 lM). In each experiment the activity of NMDA channels was recorded at different voltages from +20 to À50 mV in a stepwise manner, with steps of 10-20 mV. Detection of the opening of single NMDA channels and analysis of the single-channel current amplitudes was performed by means of Axon Software after additional filtration (RC single-pole filter with cut-off frequencies below 200 Hz) of the signals, as described earlier  (Tyzio et al.
, 2003; Yakovlev et al. , 2013). Na + currents were studied using a voltage clamp protocol with depolarizing test pulses of 250 ms at 10 mV increments from À70 to +20 mV from a holding potential of À75 mV using cesium methylsulfate-based pipette solution and TEA 2 mM in the external solutions for blocking K + conductance. Current-voltage (I-V) curves were obtained from measurements of peak inward currents. To obtain a steady-state inactivation of Na + currents neurons were kept at prepulses potentials from À80 to À10 mV for 100 ms in 5 mV steps followed by test pulses at À10 mV for 500 ms  (Kuksis and Ferguson, 2015). Using BoltzIV function (OriginLab Corporation, USA) the half-maximum activation (V half ), slope (k), maximal conductance (G max ), and reversal potentials (V rev ) for Na + currents were calculated (+58 mV) and the data of current-voltage curves for the peak Na + currents were fitted as follows: I = G max (V À V rev )/{1 + exp [(V À V half )/k]} , where I is the peak transient inward current.
Signals were digitized using an AD-converter (Digidata 1440A, Axon Instruments, Molecular Devices, USA) at a frequency of 10 kHz. PClamp10. 3, Clampfit 10. 3 (Axon Instruments, USA), MiniAnalysis 6. 03 (Synaptosoft, Decatur, CA, USA) and Origin Pro 2015 (OriginLab Corp, USA) programs were used for data acquisition and analysis. Actions potentials from extracellular recordings were detected by amplitude threshold using MiniAnalysis 6. 03 program.
Amplification ended with 10 min at 72°C. PCR products were purified and sequenced in both directions at the Eurofins sequencing facility. Sequences were aligned and manually edited using CodonCode Aligner 6. 0. 2 (CodonCode Corporation, Dedham, MA, USA). Sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers KT923495-KT923560 and KT924295-KT924350 (Table  S1 ).
Default settings were used, and loci were considered outliers when their q-value was <0. 01 after applying a 1% false discovery rate correction. Loci under selection were removed from analysis. Analyses of genetic variability were carried out using an extended dataset consisting of one copy of each unique multilocus genotype (MLG) identified at each sampling site (n = 86) (Table  S1 ). Mean number of alleles per locus (A), allelic richness corrected for sample size (A R ), unbiased expected (H E ) heterozygosity  (Nei, 1978) , and Fstatistics  (Weir & Cockerham, 1984)  were computed using FSTAT 2. 9. 3. 2  (Goudet, 1995). Because Pachyrhizus populations were fixed for one allele at most loci, Jost's measure of estimated differentiation (D est ), which estimates genetic differentiation based on shared alleles rather than based on mean heterozygosity  (Jost, 2008) , was used to carry out population differentiation tests with the R package DEMEtics  (Gerlach, Jueterbock, Kraemer, Deppermann, & Harmand, 2010).
The structure of multilocus genetic diversity was explored using the Bayesian clustering method implemented in STRUCTURE 2. 3. 4  (Pritchard, Stephens, & Donnelly, 2000). STRUCTURE uses Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms to group individuals in K clusters, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage equilibrium within each cluster, to reconstruct hypothetical ancestral populations. A narrow dataset consisting of one copy of each unique MLG (n = 39) was used to avoid autocorrelation due to repeated MLGs. K was set to vary between 1 and 10. For each value of K, ten independent runs based on 100,000 Markov chain Monte Carlo iterations with a burn-in period length of 10,000 generations were performed, assuming admixture and uncorrelated allele frequencies. No group priors were defined. The optimal number of clusters was determined using the ΔK method proposed by  Evanno, Regnaut, and Goudet (2005).
CLUMPP 1. 1. 2 (Jakobsson & Rosenberg, 2007)  and DISTRUCT 1. 1  (Rosenberg, 2004)  were used to produce the final graphical outputs. Discriminant analyses of principal components (DAPC) were performed in R (R Development Core Team, 2016) using the package Adegenet  (Jombart, 2008). DAPC is a two-step multivariate method which associates principal component analysis with discriminant analysis to achieve maximal discrimination of individuals into predefined groups  (Jombart, Devillard, & Balloux, 2010). Unlike Bayesian approaches, which assumes that populations are at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and loci at linkage equilibrium, nonparametric methods make no assumptions and may be used to confirm results of Bayesian analyses when some conditions are not met (e. g. , panmixia); DAPC is also better suited to unravel underlying genetic structuring in complex groups  (Jombart et al.
Additional occurrence data were compiled using herbarium specimens for which geographic coordinates were available, bringing the total to 169 unique presence points representing the 16 subpopulations (Table  S1 ). Environmental data were extracted from the WorldClim database  (Hijmans, Cameron, Parra, Jones, & Jarvis, 2005)  at 30 arc-second resolution using DIVA-GIS 7. 5. 0 (Hijmans et al. , 2012). Populations were represented by mean values of the eight bioclimatic variables. Burn-in, thinning interval, sample size, and pilot runs were set to default values. The R package beanplot  (Kampstra, 2008)  was used to represent the observed distribution range of Pachyrhizus landrace populations along environmental gradients.
| ABC analyses We performed ABC analyses using the program DIYABC 2. 1. 0 (Cornuet et al. , 2014)  to compare different evolutionary scenarios for the origin of the Bolivian Ajipa (AC) and the Ecuadorian Jíquima (JI), and their relationship to wild (TW) and cultivated P. tuberosus (TC). Three sets of competing scenarios were compared (Fig. S2 ). In the first set, AC, JI, and TC diverged from distinct but closely related wild ancestors (partial genealogical link; scenarios S1-S5); in the second set, AC, JI, and TC were independently domesticated from the same wild ancestor (weak genealogical link; scenarios S6-S7); and in the third set, AC and JI diverged from TC (strong genealogical link; scenario S8). In all scenarios, dispersal events were assumed to be associated with strong genetic bottlenecks.
For each scenario, 1 × 10 6 datasets were simulated and eight pairwise summary statistics were computed (mean number of alleles across loci, mean gene diversity, mean allele size variance, pairwise F ST and classification index, and δμ 2 ). Confidence in scenario choice was assessed by evaluating type I and type II error rates over 100 pseudo-observed datasets (PODs) simulated using parameter values drawn from prior distributions and LDA-transformed summary statistics  (Cornuet et al. , 2010). Similarly, bias estimates were assessed by simulating 100 PODs under the best-supported demographic scenario and using medians of demographic parameters drawn from the corresponding posterior distributions.
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) SAXS experiments were performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France, on BM2-D2AM beamline. The hydrogels were placed in home-made sample holders of 2 mm thickness trapped between 2 Kapton® tapes. The incident photon energy was set to 17 keV. We used a 2D CCD X-ray detector from Ropper scientific. The sample-to-detector distance was about 1. 15 m and the chosen beam stop had a diameter of 3 mm. The q-calibration (q = 4π sin(θ)/λ ; 2θ being the scattering angle) was realized thanks to a silver behenate powder standard. The scattered contribution of the empty cell and of the solvent (home-made sample holder filled with deionized water) was subtracted from the scattered intensity of the samples. The image data treatments took into account the distortion of the camera tapper, the flat field response and the dark image.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the  Institute Laue-Langevin  for SANS experiments referenced as: -SUDRE Guillaume; DAVID Laurent; DELAIR Thierry; GRILLO Isabelle and LALEVEE Gautier. (2015). Structure and Orientation in Macrogels obtained by the  Desalting  and the  Neutralization of Solutions of Chitosan and Hyaluronic Acid. Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)  doi: 10. 5291/ILL-DATA. 9-11-1755. -SUDRE Guillaume; DAVID Laurent; DELAIR Thierry; GRILLO Isabelle and LALEVEE Gautier. (2014). Macrogels or Particules of Polyelectrolyte Complexes obtained by the  Desalting of Solutions of Chitosan and [Dextran or Hyaluronic Acid]. Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)  doi: 10. 5291/ILL-DATA. 9-11-1712. We also want to thank the  CRG group at ESRF (France) , in particular  Cyrille Rochas  for his expertise for SAXS experiments on BM2-D2AM beamline, as well as  Laurent Cavetier  for the electrical interface of the micro-tensile test device.
The concentration of depleted uranium (DU) in the environment is expected to increase due to anthropogenic activities, posing potential risks on ecosystems. The effects of chronic exposure to DU at concentration close to the environmental standards (0. 3-30 µg DU/L) are scarcely characterised. Genomic alterations caused by low doses of pollutants can potentially propagate over generations, but how these effects may affect the health of the progeny remain uncertain for the vast majority of toxicants. The present dataset describes the transcriptomic effects of a chronic exposure to 20 µg DU/L during 10 days on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) organs, the brain, the testis and the ovaries. The potential multigenerational effects of DU were assessed on the progeny of the adult exposed fish at the two-cells stage and after four days of development.
Experimental features Comparison of the transcriptomic response from adult zebrafish tissues (brain, ovaries and testis) exposed to depleted uranium and their progeny (at two times of development) to their respective controls. Triplicates were used for each condition. Directional libraries were sequenced on Illumina HiSeq. 15000 in paired-end reads Data source location Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance 13115, France. Data accessibility Data are available with this article, and via NCBI′s GEO accession number GEO: GSE96603 http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/geo/query/acc. cgi?acc ¼GSE96603.
Value of the data Depleted uranium is a heavy metal posing potential environmental risks due to its increasing release from anthropogenic activities. This dataset presents the differentially expressed genes in adult brain and gonads (testis and ovaries) from zebrafish exposed to 20 µg/L depleted uranium for 10 days. It also provides the potential multigenerational effects of a parental exposure to depleted uranium in the progeny of exposed fish at both the two-cells stage and on four-days larvae. The analysis of the biological pathways impacted by a chronic depleted uranium exposure will help to understand the molecular mechanisms of toxicity of this toxicant or other heavy metals. The identification of the depleted uranium (DU) de-regulated genes could lead to the development of biomarkers of DU and other heavy metals.
Data This data consists of 35 high-throughput sequencing samples of adult brain, testis and ovaries obtained from adult zebrafish exposed to 20 µg/L of depleted uranium (DU) for 10 days, as well as their progeny both at the two-cells stage and four-days larvae (96 h post-fertilization, hpf)  [1, 2]. The data are deposited under the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) number GEO: GSE96603 at http:// www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/geo/query/acc. cgi?acc ¼ GSE96603. The list of samples collected in this study is provided in Table  1. The principal component analysis on the regularized log transformed (rlog) expression data shows at the global level that the biological replicates group by stage and tissue (Fig. 1 ). A selection of 22 samples with low biological variability was made for the differential expression analysis (Table  2 , Fig.
Data analysis Mapping of filtered reads was performed on the Zv10 indexed genome generated with the exonexon information from Ensembl (release 85) with RNA-STAR  [3]  using the options -alignIntronMax 1000000 -alignMatesGapMax 1000000 -alignIntronMin 20 -outFilterMultimapNmax 20 -out-WigStrand Stranded -quantMode TranscriptomeSAM GeneCounts. Quantification and normalization of the mapped reads at the level of gene model were performed with DESeq. 2  [4]. Adjusted p-values (False Discovery Rate, FDR) o 0. 01 and fold-change 4 ¼ 72 were used to detect significant differential gene expression. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed with the R package TopGO using the Danio rerio annotations from Ensembl (release 85).
assessment of the methods used in all identified studies. Twelve databases were searched from 1990 to January 2016, and studies included economic evaluations, asthma subjects and nonpharmacological interventions written in English. Sixty-four studies were included. Of these, 15 were found in addition to the earlier review; 53% were rated fair in quality and 47% high. Education and self-management interventions were the most cost-effective, in line with the earlier review. Self-reporting was the most common method used to gather resource-use data, accompanied by bottom-up approaches to estimate costs. Main outcome measures were asthmarelated hospitalizations (69%), quality of life (41%) and utility (38%), with AQLQ and the EQ-5D being the most common questionnaires measured prospectively at fixed time points.
| Search strategy A comprehensive database search was conducted (search terms; Appendix S1), including databases searched from Yong and Shafie  3  and additional databases to ensure all relevant databases were searched. The included databases searched are as follows: Science-Direct, Wiley Online Library, EbscoHost, Embase (via OvidSP), Medline (via OvidSP) and Scopus, and additional databases: CINAHL (via EbscoHost), Cochrane (CENTRAL), NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), ClinicalTrials. gov, ProQuest and Open Grey. The latter 3 databases were included to identify any unpublished literature. Truncation and phrase searching were used for an inclusive search and to retrieve papers that included the specific quoted phrases. All databases were restricted to the English language only with searches from 1990 until January 2016.
| Study selection All studies retrieved from the database search were transferred into EndNote software manager, with duplicates removed. All titles and abstracts were independently screened for eligibility by 1 reviewer (CJCB) and then second reviewers (AP, RFSK). Full texts of included articles were assessed for eligibility, and if any uncertainties arose, then discussions between 2 reviewers occurred (CJCB, AP or CJCB, RFSK) with a third reviewer required if there were any discrepancies (RFSK, AP).
| Methods used to estimate and value costs across all 64 papers Multiple methods were used to gather resource-use data across the included studies; however, not all studies reported the associated unit cost for the resource use (Appendix S4). The most commonly reported items of resource use were asthma-related hospitalizations (72%) and emergency department visits (70%), with physician visits (58%), other healthcare professional visits (28%), lost productivity (38%) and medication use (44%) also collected. Data were mostly gathered from medical or computerized records (19%) for hospital-related costs,  14, 21, [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]  wage rates by employers or case managers for productivity loss (22%)  11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 26, 29, 30, 33, [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]  and by patient or parent self-reported data (80%) for productivity loss and quality of life.
studies reimbursed participants for taking part in their research. 10, 11, 23, 35, 55 Likewise, with estimating the wider health resource use, some papers were more detailed with the microcosting of the intervention component (of which was summed) than others (Appendix S6 and Appendix S7). [57] [58] [59] [60] [61]  Methods used to estimate productivity loss also varied between the human capital approach (each hour lost at work per patient),  30, 40, 43  the friction cost method (each hour lost at work until the employer replaces the patient who is unable to work)  15, 33  or using the caregivers income multiplied by the mid-point of the family's income. 11 5 | Methods used to estimate and value outcomes (1990 to January 2012) The outcomes measured varied widely, across all included studies, with multiple data collection methods often used within each study (Appendix S5).
18, 30, 39, 47, 50, 58, 68, 69 A PEF meter was used to estimate the PEF, a spirometry was used to estimate the forced expiratory volume in one second and FVC, and histamine was used to estimate airway responsiveness. 3, 18, 25, 36, 44, 50, 53, 57, 60, 62, [69] [70] [71]  Other options of completing questionnaire data were by proxy, that is, parent-reported questionnaires,  12, 42, 55, 70  caregivers' questionnaires  40  or case managers' self-reported questionnaires. 16, 56  The disease-specific questionnaires-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ)  15, 21, 34, 43, 48, 58  and the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)  31, 37, [64] [65] [66]  -and the generic questionnaires-EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D)  15, 29, 33, 42  and 15 Dimensions (15D)  [64] [65] [66] [67]  -were the most commonly used.
| Strengths and limitations The strength of this review is that it provides a comprehensive synthesis of studies from an extensive database search with studies analysed from 12 databases. The included studies help to understand how asthma interventions and methodologies chosen have evolved over the years, with discussions leading to recommendations for future practice. Bias has been reduced during this review by including 2 independent reviewers during the systematic review process. However, a limitation of this review is that only English language studies were included, with restrictions of this placed during the database search. Therefore, we are unable to acknowledge how many non-English studies have been excluded from this review, but it is apparent that due to this selection bias, additional studies may have been relevant for inclusion in this review.
n = 2118) Duplicates removed (n = 287) IdenƟficaƟon ICER or Net ICER or Net benefit/Net benefit/Net Statistical analysis, Statistical analysis, Records idenƟfied through databases searching: ScienceDirect, EbscoHost, CINALH (via EbscoHost), Wiley Online Library, Scopus, Medline and Emabse (via OvidSP), Cochrane (CENTRAL), NHS EED, Clinicaltrials. gov, Open present value Net present value: Adjusted cost savings for year 1 = $111 588, year 2 = $16 365, year 3 = $83 863 present value Not stated Grey, Proquest (Records aŌer duplicates sensitivity analysis v 2 test; Paired & unpaired t tests; Multivariate regression analysis. Not stated sensitivity analysis v 2 or Fisher's test; ANOVA; paired t test. Not stated. Not applicable T tests and v 2 tests Mean cost: Wilcoxon's test; Int = $5726; logistic regression; Con = $12 188 log-rank test Mean change in Dominant Not stated Monte Carlo simulation.
Newt sampling Tissues (tail-tips) were sampled from 127 newt populations (i. e. breeding sites, Table  S1  and Fig. 1b ). Our sampling focused on capturing the genetic variation present in all morphologically defined taxa within the L. vulgaris group and all potential Pleistocene refugia  (Babik et al. , 2005; Nadachowska and Babik, 2009; Pabijan et al. , 2015)  and was therefore mostly limited to southeastern and central Europe. Because the results of the current study support the elevation of four taxa to the species level (see Discussion), we use this updated nomenclature throughout the text. One individual was sampled per locality. Altogether we analysed sequence data for 128 individuals (plus outgroup) which included 42 reported in  Zieliński et al. (2016)  and 87 sequenced for this study (Table  S1 ).