dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Atomic gravimetry The most sensitive experiments on Earth searching for Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) in the minimal SME gravity sector are gravimeter tests. As Earth rotates, the signal recorded in a gravimeter, i. e. the apparent local gravitational acceleration g of a laboratory test body, would be modulated in the presence of LIV in gravity. This was first noted by Nordtvedt and Will in 1972  [87]  and used soon after with gravimeter data to constrain preferred-frame effects in the PPN formalism  [88, 89]  at the level of 10 -3. This test used a superconducting gravimeter, based on a force comparison (the gravitational force is counter-balanced by an electromagnetic force maintaining the test mass at rest). While superconducting gravimeters nowadays reach the best sensitivity on Earth, force comparison gravimeters intrinsically suffer from drifts of their calibration factor (with e.
In order to look for tiny departures from the constant Earth-atom gravitational interaction, a tidal model for a ẑ variations due to celestial bodies is removed from the data before fitting to Eq. (  8 ). This tidal model consists of two parts. One part is based on a numerical calculation of the Newtonian tide-generating potential from the Moon and the Sun at Earth's surface based on ephemerides. It uses here the Tamura tidal catalog  [94]  which gives the frequency, amplitude and phase of 1200 harmonics of the tidal potential. These arguments are used by a software (ETGTAB) that calculates the time variation of the local acceleration in the lab and includes the elastic response of Earth's shape to the tides, called "solid Earth tides", also described analytically e. g. by the DDW model  [95].
Very Long Baseline Interferometry VLBI is a geometric technique measuring the time difference in the arrival of a radio wavefront, emitted by a distant quasar, between at least two Earth-based radio-telescopes. VLBI observations are done daily since 1979 and the database contains nowadays almost 6000 24hours sessions, corresponding to 10 millions group-delay observations, with a present precision of a few picoseconds. One of the principal goals of VLBI observations is the kinematical monitoring of Earth rotation with respect to a global inertial frame realized by a set of defining quasars, the International Celestial Reference Frame  [99] , as defined by the International Astronomical Union  [100]. The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) organizes sessions of observation, storage of data and distribution of products, in particular the Earth Orientation parameters.
Because of this precision, VLBI is also a very interesting tool to test gravitation in the Solar System. Indeed, the gravitational fields of the Sun and the planets are responsible of relativistic effects on the quasar light beam through the propagation of the signal to the observing station and VLBI is able to detect these effects very accurately. By using the complete VLBI observations database, it was possible to obtain a constraint on the γ PPN parameter at the level of 1. 2 × 10 -4  [101, 102]. In its minimal gravitational sector, SME can also be investigated with VLBI and obtaining a constrain on the sTT coefficient is possible. Indeed, the propagation time of a photon emitted at the event (cT e , X e ) and received at the position X r can be computed in the SME formalism using the time transfer function formalism  [103] [104] [105] [106] [107]  and is given by  [39, 80]  T (X e , T e , X r ) = T r -T e = R er c + 2 G N M c 3 1 - 2 3 sTT -sTJ N J er ln R e -N er.
( 12 ) Ten million VLBI delay observations between August 1979 and mid-2015 have been used to estimate the sTT coefficient. First, VLBI observations are corrected from delay due to the radio wave crossing of dispersive media by using 2 GHz and 8 GHz recordings. Then, we used only the 8 GHz delays and the Calc/Solve geodetic VLBI analysis software, developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and coherent with the latest standards of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service  [109]. We added the partial derivative of the VLBI delay with respect to sTT from Eq. (  11 ) to the software package using the USERPART module of Calc/Solve. We turned to a global solution in which we estimated sTT as a global parameter together with radio source coordinates. We obtained sTT = (-5 ± 8) × 10 -5 , ( with a postfit root mean square of 28 picoseconds and a χ 2 per degree of freedom of 1.
Estimates on the SME coefficients are obtained by a standard chi-squared minimization: the LLR residuals are minimized by an iterative weighted least squares fit using partial derivatives previously computed from variational equations in ELPN. After an adjustment of 82 parameters including the SME coefficients a careful analysis of the covariance matrix shows that LLR data does not allow to estimate independently all the SME coefficients but that they are sensitive to the following three linear combinations: sXX -sYY , sTY + 0. 43s TZ , sXX + sYY -2s ZZ -4. 5s YZ. ( 18 ) The estimations on the 6 SME coefficients derived in  [46]  is summarized in Table  3. In particular, it is worth emphasizing that the quoted uncertainties are the sum of the statistical uncertainties obtained from the least-square fit with estimations of systematics uncertainties obtained with a Jackknife resampling method  [121, 122].
In April 2004, GPB, a satellite carrying 4 cryogenic gyroscopes was launched in order to measure these two precessions. GPB was orbiting Earth on a polar orbit such that the two relativistic drifts are orthogonal to each other  [153] : the geodetic effect is directed along the NS direction (North-South, i. e. parallel to the satellite motion) while the frame-dragging effect is directed on the WE direction (West-East, see  [52, 153]  for further details about the axes conventions in the GPB data reduction). A year of data gives the following measurements of the relativistic drift: (i) the geodetic drift R NS = -6601. 8 ± 18. 3 mas/yr (milliarcsecond per year) to be compared to the GR prediction of -6606. 1 mas/yr and (ii) the frame-dragging drift R WE = -37. 2 ± 7. 2 mas/yr to be compared with the GR prediction of -39.
3. Therefore, Gaia offers a unique opportunity to constrain Lorentz violation through the SME formalism. Finally, the Gaia mission is likely to be extended to 10 years, therefore doubling the measurements baseline which will also impact significantly the expected uncertainties. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the Gaia dataset can be combined with radar observations  [207]  that are complementary in the time frame and orthogonal to astrometric telescopic observations. In summary, the Gaia space mission offers two opportunities to test Lorentz symmetry in the Solar System by looking at the deflection of light and by considering the orbital dynamics of SSO. The second type of observations is extremely interesting in the sense that the high number and the variety of orbital parameters of the observed SSO leads to decorrelate the SME coefficients.
Similarly, the LAGEOS/LARES satellites can also be used to search for Lorentz violations. A sensitivity analysis has been done in  [49]  and it has been shown that the LAGEOS satellites are sensitive at the level of 10 -4 to the sTJ coefficients. Using LARES should improve significantly this value. Further numerical simulations are required in order to determine exactly the SME linear combinations to which the ranging to these satellites is sensitive to. A data analysis within the full SME framework (i. e. including the integration of the SME equation of motion and including the SME coefficients with the other global parameters in the fit) would also be highly interesting. In addition, similar tests of Lorentz symmetry can also be included within the scientific goals of the LAser RAnged Satellites Experiment (LARASE) project  [227]  or within the OPTIS project  [228].
Acknowledgments: A. H. is thankful to  P. Wolf ,  S. Lambert ,  B. Lamine ,  A. Rivoldini ,  F. Meynadier ,  S. Bouquillon ,  G. Francou ,  M. -C. Angonin ,  D. Hestroffer ,  P. David  and  A. Fienga  for interesting discussions about some part of this work. Q. G. B. was supported in part by the  National Science Foundation  under Grant No. PHY-1402890. A. B. and C. L. P. L. are grateful for the  CNRS/GRAM  and " Axe Gphys " of  Paris Observatory Scientific Council. C. G. and Q. G. B. acknowledge support from  Sorbonne Universités Emergence  grant.
Background: With the emerging interest in phytoplankton research, the need to establish genetic tools for the functional characterization of genes is indispensable. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is now well recognized as an efficient and accurate reverse genetic tool for genome editing. Several computational tools have been published allowing researchers to find candidate target sequences for the engineering of the CRISPR vectors, while searching possible off-targets for the predicted candidates. These tools provide built-in genome databases of common model organisms that are used for CRISPR target prediction. Although their predictions are highly sensitive, the applicability to non-model genomes, most notably protists, makes their design inadequate. This motivated us to design a new CRISPR target finding tool, PhytoCRISP-Ex.
Our software offers CRIPSR target predictions using an extended list of phytoplankton genomes and also delivers a user-friendly standalone application that can be used for any genome. Results: The software attempts to integrate, for the first time, most available phytoplankton genomes information and provide a web-based platform for Cas9 target prediction within them with high sensitivity. By offering a standalone version, PhytoCRISP-Ex maintains an independence to be used with any organism and widens its applicability in high throughput pipelines. PhytoCRISP-Ex out pars all the existing tools by computing the availability of restriction sites over the most probable Cas9 cleavage sites, which can be ideal for mutant screens. Conclusions: PhytoCRISP-Ex is a simple, fast and accurate web interface with 13 pre-indexed and presently updating phytoplankton genomes.
This search is usually restricted for genomes of selected model organisms such as human, mice, fruit-fly, C. elegans, and yeast, making them irrelevant for researchers aiming to use CRISPR on other, less common, organisms. We designed PhytoCRISP-Ex, a user friendly web interface, as well as a stand-alone software, which predicts potential target sites for CRSIPR/CAS projects. The off-target analysis can be performed against indexed genomes from 13 algae (diatoms, green algae, haptophytes, etc. ), or any user defined genome or transcriptome, assembled or not, making it useful for designing CRISPR projects for many communities.
Embedding a restriction site in the target sequence will help screening for mutants using PCR after a digest with the appropriate restriction enzyme. Presence and absence of the restriction sites along with its position on the sgRNA are reported in the output file (Fig. 1b ). The list of restriction enzymes (Additional file 2: Table  S1 ) can be updated and used when using the standalone version of the software. The PhytoCRISP-Ex pipeline is mounted with the index of 13 genomes and is accessible via web-server. An off-line standalone software is also developed which gives liberty to its users to use it for any genome, assembled or un-assembled. The standalone package also includes a few example files and a README file to help users install and execute PhytoCRISP-Ex. The standalone version can be found under "Download" tab at http://www.
Therefore, choosing such targets might help in fast screening of the mutants. PhytoCRISP-Ex is a CRISPR/Cas9 target extraction web-package, built to extract targets using 13 model phytoplankton genomes. The algorithm has also been designed as a UNIX based standalone package which provides flexibility to its users to use it on other non-model genomes. The simple design of PhytoCRISP-Ex allows its use by end-users with moderate or no software programming background.
Conclusions With the persuasive interest of scientific community towards phytoplankton research, the need of establishing genetic transformation tools for plankton species is thriving. PhytoCRISP-Ex provides a reliable and first ever application for predicting CRISPR/Cas9 targets within various plankton genomes. PhytoCRISP-Ex is also equipped with an easy to -Ex ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Current study CRISPR MultiTargeter ✓ X X X [ 18] CasFinder X ✓ X X [ 1] CHOPCHOP ✓ X X X [ 15] CRISPRdirect ✓ X X X [ 16] E-CRISP ✓ X X X [ 8] sgRNAcas9 X ✓ X ✓ [27] CasOT X ✓ X ✓ [26] CRISPRseek X ✓ ✓ ✓ [28] Comparison between PhytoCRISP-Ex and several previously published CRISPR target analysis tools use, yet powerful, standalone version which gives its user the flexibility to use it on any genome. Many such and other unique features make the software more advance and appropriate for the use by a broad research community.
Butt et al. (2015)  addressed the proliferation of LCA tools to perform LCA of pavements, but also point out that very few have been adapted by the authorities. The road industry has developed simplified tools such as SEVE the software from the French Association of Road Contractors (USIRF) for the construction phase. ROAD-RES is another tool developed by  Birgisdottir (2005) , which covers the construction and the disposal stages. PaLATE, the Excel-based pavement LCA tool for environmental and economic effects was developed in 2003 by the University of California, Berkeley and covers the environmental and economic impacts of construction and maintenance of the pavement  (Horvath, 2004). The aim of these simplified tools is twofold: 1. Develop partial LCA's to assess the impacts for only one phase (i.
Cut-off rules The percentage of materials not traced back to the cradle is in this case directly related to the cut-off rules applied in the Life Cycle Inventories of the different materials used for the construction and the maintenance of the road. For the production of HMA all inputs were fully considered. Based on the information gathered in the different databases used for this LCA study, the cut-off rules applied for each process unit are in general, the following: -Coverage of at least 95% of the mass and energy of the input and output flows. -The coverage of mass and energy for the input and output flows and the related environmental flows is at least 99% for the production of hydrated lime. The omission of some ancillary processes that consume small amounts of fuel compared to the overall energy consumptions (e.
Data quality and validation Sources of data that were used in this study were selected in order to be as much time, geographical and technological representative as possible. Thus whenever possible, the most recent and accurate data representing French conditions were used. The processes used for producing HMA, building and maintaining the surface layers was taken from reports and LCA's studies performed or validated by the French and German Trade Associations of road contractors  (Bilal et al. , 2008 (Bilal et al. , , 2009;; University of Biberach, 2009) , a PhD study by Sebben Paranhos (  2007 ) and LCI of bitumen  (BioIntelligence, 2011). The remaining data used in the LCA was extracted from well-known databases  (ELCD, 2008 (ELCD, -2009;; Ecoinvent; GaBi) , except for the LCI datasheet of hydrated lime commissioned by EuLA (EESAC, 2011), which was approved by an independent critical reviewer.
g. , CO 2 ,CH 4 ,N 2 O, and other GHGs to CO 2 eq). Various models, databases, and reports are available to assist in the characterisation process, including  IPCC (2007), and CML (2011). To this end, relevant impact categories must be identified. Based on the recommendations of the SETAC (1993) working group on impact assessment, the impact categories listed in Table  5  were selected. When preparing this LCA study, it appeared that water consumption and waste generation could not be evaluated accurately because the data on production of different materials or processes used for the construction of the wearing layer was lacking or unreliable. Therefore they are not included in the present study. Furthermore the impact category relating to land use/land competition was not included since no reliable data were available for the production of minerals and hydrated lime.
Sensitivity analysis Based on the ISO 14040-14044 requirements and in order to validate the outcome of the study the sensitivity analysis was conducted using four parameters from the main assumptions for the classical (base case). The selection of these parameters was made based on the major impact they play in the overall life cycle assessment and the availability of data. The critical review considered that the sensitivity analysis was sound and comprehensive. 1. Use another LCI dataset for bitumen in order to investigate the impact of lower energy consumption on the LCA results. Thus the Ecoinvent database (used for the classical HMA) was replaced by the Gabi 4. 4/PE International database. Results are shown in Table  6. Clearly, changing the bitumen dataset affected all indicators, especially primary energy consumption, but the comparisons between modified and classical HMA remained similarly favourable to the modified HMA.
2. Change energy consumption and type of fuels in the HMA plant as this process represents an important contributor in the global energy consumption, global warming and acidification potentials. As mentioned before detailed information about the consumptions and the emissions of HMA plants are extremely scarce and LCI datasets do not exist. Therefore for both parameters, the sensitivity analysis was limited to a qualitative analysis. The values for the HMA production were based on a specific energy consumption of the HMA plant of 345 MJ/t HMA. Following the bibliographical review  (Bilal et al. , 2008 (Bilal et al. , , 2009;; Natural resources Canada; Sebben Paranhos, 2007; Lünser, 1999; Carmeuse personal communication) , this consumption typically varies between 220 and 370 MJ/t HMA. From these lower and upper values, the new contribution of the HMA plant and the total energy consumption can be easily calculated for both solutions.
Häkkinen and Mäkelä (1996) ,  Stripple (2001) ,  Athena (2006) ,  Bilal et al. (2008) ,  EESAC (2011), and Celauro et al. (2015)  are examples of pavement LCAs that provide reasonably transparent methodologies and cover the majority of the life cycle steps. While the boundary decisions, functional units, and other study-specific decisions are subject to availability of data, a transparent methodology allows the various audiences (LCA practitioners, policy makers, technicians) to understand the rationale behind the selection of the assumptions, leading to more robust conclusions and allow the replication of the results for other studies. Generally, the data for LCAs come from a wide variety of sources, including government databases, industry reports, system models, and first-hand collection.
Since the entire life cycle is being analysed, the volume of necessary data is often large and overwhelming. LCA software packages, such as GaBi (PE International), ELCD (JRC), SimaPro (PRé Consultants), not only provide a modelling framework, but also include an abundance of life-cycle data on materials and industrial processes. These types of packages are generally proficient at quantifying upstream impacts for commodities by including large databases, but third-party information is often necessary to complement these data in appropriate ways and to evaluate niche products and processes that are not included in the databases. External models, such as those describing building energy consumption, vehicle dynamics, or electricity generation, are commonly used to complement the core LCA model and provide spatial, temporal, and system-specific data.
At ELCD/PE International AC electricity, low voltage used by industry and 3 consumer; <1 kV (RER) SME -energy mix EU-27 Natural gas Natural Gas; from onshore and offshore ELCD/PE International Natural gas that is used by power plants, 3 production including pipeline and LNG industries and end consumers transport; consumption mix, at consumer; desulphurised (RER) Diesel oil - Diesel; from crude oil; consumption mix, at ELCD/PE International Production of Diesel oil 3 production refinery; 200 ppm (RER) Diesel oil - Adapted ELCD : PE Combustion of Diesel oil with a sulphur 3 combustion International/ content of 10 ppm (instead of 200 ppm) for mobile Ecoinvent datasets for equipment diesel combustion Transportation Articulated lorry transport; Euro 4; 40 t total ELCD/PE International Transport by road 3 with truck weight; 27 t maximum payload (RER) 1.
N -body realizations of galaxy groups We have run a total of 48 O(5 × 10 6 )-particle simulations of galaxy groups containing initially N gal = 25 galaxies. With this initialization, the average number of independent galactic haloes that remain at the end of our runs is consistent with the statistics of sub-halo abundance in typical groupsized ΛCDM haloes  (Gao et al. 2011; Taranu et al. 2013) , while facilitating the generation of a sufficient number of large (M ≥ 0. 5 M * ) discy progenitors from the adopted galaxy MF. Our initial galaxy models have been built with the aid of a much-expanded version of the computationally efficient MaGaLie open-source code  (Boily, Kroupa & Peñarrubia-Garrido 2001)  included in the NEMO Stellar Dynamics Toolbox (http://bima. astro. umd. edu/nemo/). The backbone of MaGaLie is the program BUILDGAL  (Hernquist 1993) , which allows one to create either two-component (spheroid-halo) or three-component (disc-bulge-halo) galaxies in near equilibrium using different halo density profiles.
Our groups are evolved for about 11. 5 Gyr from zi = 3 to z f 0 -from ti = 0 to t f = 6 in the adopted simulation units -using the collisionless part of the public parallel code GADGET2  (Springel 2005) , which employs a hybrid TreePM method to compute gravitational forces. The runs require about 3, 800 hours of CPU each to complete. We use adaptive time stepping, which for our simulations leads to maximum time resolutions of the order of few × 10 -5 simulation units, and save snapshots each ∆t = 0. 05. In Fig. 2  we provide a composite of selected snapshots equally spaced in time showing the evolution of one of our galaxy groups. Table  1  lists the most important parameters that all of our runs have in common, while Fig. 3  shows the final snapshot of all our 48 simulated groups (unless stated otherwise depicted group images correspond to orthographic projections on to the Z = 0 plane).
We also considered four control samples of nearby ETGs built using different selection criteria. On one hand, we have chosen the catalogue of ETGs in clusters Norma and Coma by  Mutabazi et al. (2014). These authors report 2MASS K-band data derived from ESO New Technology Telescope Son of ISAAC images on effective radii and surface brightnesses, as well as velocity dispersions from Anglo-Australian Telescope 2dF spectroscopy for 31 early-type galaxies in the Norma cluster. For the Coma cluster, they use 2MASS images and SDSS velocity dispersion measurements for 121 objects. Since the reported velocity dispersions are corrected to the standardized physical aperture size of 1. 19 h -1 kpc, we transform them to 1Re following von der Linden et al. (2007)  to ensure consistency with the values measured from our simulations.