dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Here, SD 100% and SD 0% mean the standard deviation of signal intensity in negative control wells and positive control wells, and Av 100% and Av 0% mean the mean of signal intensity in negative control wells and positive control wells, respectively. DMSO wells were defined as negative control wells, and 1 µM DHA wells (for asexual blood-stage) or 1 µM or 270 nM epoxomicin wells (for gametocyte-stage) were defined as positive control wells. The IC 50 value of each test compound were determined in triplicate or quadruplicate, and calculated using GraphPad Prism 9. 0 software (GraphPad Software Inc. , San Diego, CA, USA). The detail of the replicates are described in the relevant Figure legends. Duplicates to eight replicates were used in this study. Reporting summary. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to  Catherin Marin-Mogollon  and  Chris J. Janse  at  Leiden University  for valuable discussions, and  Minako Yoshida ,  Megumi Tanaka ,  Takaya Sakura ,  Ryuta Ishii , and  Fuyuki Tokumasu  for technical assistance and helpful discussions. This paper is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague,  Dr. Shahid Khan , who passed away on the 4th of October, 2019. We would like to acknowledge the  Radboud Technology Center Microscopy of Radboud University Medical Center  for providing access to their facilities. We are very grateful to  Mallaury Bordessoulles  and  Nadia Amanzougaghene  from  CIMI-Paris  for their help with the culture of P. falciparum liver-stage in primary human hepatocytes. We also thank the  Nagasaki Red Cross Blood Center  for providing human RBC and plasma samples.
We would like to thank Editage (www. editage. com) for English language editing. SM was partially supported by the  European Union 's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program  under grant agreement No. 733273. This work was partially supported by  SHIONOGI & Co. Ltd. This research was partially supported by the  Platform Project for Supporting Drug Discovery and Life Science Research (Basis for Supporting Innovative Drug Discovery and Life Science Research (BINDS))  from  AMED  under grant number  JP21am0101001 (support number 3361). This work was supported in part by  JSPS KAKENHI  (Grant Numbers  20K22767 ,  21K06994  and  22K15452 ) and the  Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)  (grant numbers  22jk0210036h0002  and  22wm0325051h0001 ). This study was supported by the  Ohyama Health Foundation  for S.
Rationale & Objective: Conservative kidney management (CKM) is a viable treatment option for many patients with chronic kidney disease. However, CKM practices and resources in the United States are not well described. We undertook this study to gain a better understanding of factors influencing uptake of CKM by describing: (1) characteristics of patients who choose CKM, (2)  provider practice patterns relevant to CKM, and (3) CKM resources available to providers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting & Participants: This study is a crosssectional analysis of data from US nephrology clinics enrolled in the chronic kidney disease Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (CKDopps) collected between 2014 and 2020. Data for this study includes chart-abstracted characteristics of patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤30mL/min/1.
13, 14  This approach is not sustainable given the shortage of palliative care providers in the US and the lack of palliative care training for US nephrology fellows. 15, 16  In contrast, several non-US health systems have adapted to include structured care pathways for CKM  17, 18  that lower barriers to implementation. We analyzed data from the Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (CKDopps) to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence the choice of CKM from provider and patient perspectives and resources available to support CKM delivery. CKDopps is a large nationally representative dataset that includes metrics and clinical characteristics of a sample of CKD clinics, provider report of clinical practices, and a range of patient reported data. Our specific objectives were to describe: (1) patients with advanced CKD who plan on CKM at the time of kidney failure, (2) CKM resources available to clinics, including involvement of palliative care resources and providers, and (3) nephrology provider practices relevant to CKM.
METHODS Study Design and Setting To provide a brief overview, CKDopps is a prospective cohort study conducted across multiple centers, focusing on adult patients with CKD who are not on maintenance dialysis or have undergone kidney transplantation. Recruitment took place at 34 nephrology clinic sites throughout the US. The study began recruiting participants in 2013 and is currently ongoing. For our analysis, we utilized data from the US cohort collected between 2014 and 2020. The CKDopps study rationale and protocol design have been previously described. 19  The sampling scheme for participating CKDopps clinics was designed to ensure a nationally representative cohort in terms of geographical region, clinic size, and health system status (public vs private). Eligibility criteria included patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/ min/1.
73m. We enriched the enrollment for patients with advanced CKD, aiming for a target enrollment ratio of 2:1 between patients with eGFR <30 mL/min/1. 73m and those with eGFR between 30-59 mL/min/1. 73m. Baseline demographic information and comorbidity data were collected on enrollment by extracting relevant data from the medical records. Longitudinal data, including laboratory values and incidents of kidney failure or death, were obtained from nephrology follow-up visits conducted as part of routine care at each clinic site. The CKDopps study protocol received approval from an independent institutional review board, and all study participants provided written informed consent for their participation.
Study Data We analyzed 3 different CKDopps US data sources: (1) patient demographic and clinical data, including treatment choice, as recorded by a study coordinator through chart abstraction, (2) data from a survey administered directly to patients, and (3) data from a survey administered to practicing clinicians at each enrolled CKD clinic, supplemented with data describing clinic demographics. Items S1 and S2 show all the questions that provided the data used for this study. A research coordinator used chart abstraction to obtain patient demographics and clinical information, including anticipated treatment choice at the time of kidney failure, from the first data record of enrolled patients with an eGFR ≤30 mL/min/1. 73m 2 (measured by the CKD-Epi equation). Patients were categorized by the answer to the following question of interest, "Has a decision been made for conservative management without dialysis or transplant, at the time when dialysis or transplant would otherwise be initiated for kidney failure?" Data that answered this question was abstracted from the charts only if research coordinators had identified an answer of no to the question, "Has the initial modality of renal replacement been planned?", therefore allowing us to exclude those who had decided on KRT or transplant.
Nevertheless, this question does clearly delineate the option of not commencing KRT. Second, assessment about choice of CKM were determined by study coordinators through review of clinical records rather than directly from patients. Third, our report focuses primarily on anticipated therapeutic options and plans. These anticipated treatment choices may not reflect the care the patients underwent at the time of kidney failure. Fourth, although the number of providers surveyed is small, each provider reports on unique health systems. Therefore, our study does report on 26 different health systems which we think is a strength. Fifth, our sample was majority White which limits the generalizability as CKD disproportionally affects racial and ethnic minorities. Finally, our data were collected between the years 2014 and 2020.
S2. We conduct finite element analysis (FEA) to verify the calculated spectral emissivity of the designed multilayered media, as shown in Fig. 2(b ). The FEA results perfectly agree with results predicted by Eq. (  5 ). The simulation is conducted with the Optics module of COMSOL Multiphysics. The unit cell in Fig. 2(a ) is modeled except for the silicon substrate, since the carbon layer here ensures that no light is transmitted in the substrate. For the simulation of the EM behavior, the excitation plane wave propagates along the z-axis. From the simulation results, we obtain the scattering parameters (S-parameters) and hence the reflectivity and the transmittivity. Absorptivity/emissivity is finally obtained considering energy balance and Kirchhoff's law. Using Eq. (  6 ), the radiated power is calculated as a function of ZnS thickness and temperature (see Fig.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank the anonymous reviewer for providing useful feedback toward improving this manuscript. J. I. , C. P. , J. A. H. , and A. S. M. gratefully acknowledge support from  NSF  grant  AST-1909897. D. H. W. and J. A. J. gratefully acknowledge support from  NSF  grant  AST-1909841. T. C. B. acknowledges partial support for this work from grant  PHY 14-30152 ;  Physics Frontier Center/JINA Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) , awarded by the  US National Science Foundation , and  OISE-1927130 : The  International Research Network for Nuclear Astrophysics  (IReNA), awarded by the  US National Science Foundation. J. G. F. -T. gratefully acknowledges the grant support provided by  Proyecto Fondecyt Iniciación  No. 11220340 , and also from  ANID Concurso de Fomento a la Vinculación Internacional para Instituciones de Investigación Regionales (Modalidad corta duración) Proyecto  No.
Method. Dataset In this dataset, 282 patients are included (mean age 69. 8 ± 9. 4; 250 males, 66 females) from July 2020 to September 2022, who had internal carotid artery stenosis of > 50% diagnosed by computed tomograph (CT) angiography or magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. Of all the patients, 151 have experienced ischemic stroke before they were diagnosed of carotid stenosis, the remaining 131 were asymptomatic with no neurological abnormalities. The common clinical symptoms of ischemic stroke include weakness or numbness of the face, arm or leg, trouble speaking and understanding, and monocular blindness. The study was approved by the ethics committee of our institution and informed consent was obtained from all patients. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1. Non-atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis, 2.
Feature extraction module In our dataset, the image format is digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM). After preprocessing, the image output size is 256 × 256 × 24. Then, after a 7 × 7 × 7 convolutional layer with 64 channels and two steps, a 3×3×3 maximum pooling layer with two steps is connected to the output. Next, four modules consisting of residual blocks are used, each using several residual blocks with the same number of output channels. The first module has the same number of channels as the number of input channels. Each subsequent module doubles the number of channels of the previous module in the first residual block and halves the height and width. For each module, two residual blocks are included, and the residual block structure is shown in Figure  2A. The residual block is to fuse the features of the (i) th layer with those of the (i + 2) th layer, which can maximize the retention of shallow features while the network level is deepening to avoid overfitting.
Machine learning architecture On the one hand, clinical data is indispensable for physicians' diagnosis. On the other hand, for the collected clinical features, we used a ML analysis method. The data were divided in exactly the same way as the deep learning approach. We measured four common ML methods to predict stroke recurrence. These methods are as follows: random forest  (Breiman, 2001) , logistic regression and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost): 1. Random forest is composed of many independent stand-alone decision trees that are individually trained on a random sample of data. The flexibility of random forest is one of its most attractive features. It can be used for recurrence detection and grouping tasks, and the overall weight of the overall weighted features on the information is obvious.
Implementation details As our data were collected from different hospitals and different machines, the voxels of the data were not the same. In order to reduce the influence of unrelated other organ regions on feature extraction in the lesion region, thus achieving the goal of weakening data noise and improving model stability, we resampled the original unique hedge and normalized the different sized voxels in the medical images to the same size. In addition, all data were normalized to adjust the feature values of different dimensions to a similar range, and then a uniform learning rate could be used to accelerate the model training. The two sets of sample images shown in Figure  3  were original image of (a) T1WI, (b) T2WI, (c) FLAIR, and (d) ADC, and their images after pre-processing. Patients in group (Figure  3A ) have a larger symptomatic area, indicated by the yellow dotted circle.
Conclusion In this paper, we first collected 282 cases of carotid artery stenosis, each of which contained four different modes of brain MRI images, namely: T1WI, T2WI, FLAIR, and ADC. In this way, a multi-modal data set is constituted for judging whether patients had symptoms or not. In addition, we propose a multimodal fusion learning classification network. Our method can fuse multi-modal image features, effectively enhance the model representation ability, and effectively improve the classification performance compared with single-modality MRI images. As they are widely used in clinical practice, our current study included only routine brain MRI sequences. In the future, the data of perfusion weighted imaging, also susceptibility weighted imaging and functional MRI could be added to a comprehensive model to provide more imaging information.
Some ion operations and experiments can accept small variations in voltage, as long as these can be compensated or trimmed using data collected with the ion. Applications requiring deterministic control of voltages may benefit from the addition of an in situ method for measuring DAC voltages to ensure linear behavior and calibrate any voltage offsets. Finally, when using a cryogenic system, the power dissipation of the DACs must not exceed the cooling power available from the cryostat, which is typically around 1 W at the coldest stage. Power dissipation may also be an important constraint in room temperature systems where heat sinking is difficult or in applications where total power consumption is critical.
The work at  Electronic Systems (ZEA-2) ,  Forschungszentrum Jülich , was supported by the  Helmholtz Association's Initiative and Networking Fund  " Scalable Solid State Quantum Computing. " The work at the  University of Toronto  was supported in part by the  National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada  and in part by the  EU   Horizon 2020 FET OPEN project "IQubits " under Grant  829005. The work at  Harvard University  was supported in part by the  Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy  under Grant  DE-AR0001063  and in part by the  Center for Integrated Quantum Materials, National Science Foundation (NSF)  under Grant  DMR-1231319. The work at the  Lincoln Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  was supported by the  Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Air Force  under Grant  FA8721-05-C-0002.
The work at  University College Dublin  was supported in part by the  Science Foundation Ireland  under Grant  14/RP/I2921  and in part by the  Enterprise Ireland  through  Disruptive Technologies Innovation Fund  under Grant  DT 2019 0090C. The work at the  Massachusetts Institute of Technology  was supported in part by the  NSF  through the  Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Transformational Advances in Quantum Systems  under Grant  1839159 , in part by the  Army Research Office Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative  on " Imaging and Control of Biological Transduction Using NV-Diamond ," and in part by the  Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the  United States Government.
The first hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) program in Latin America started in 1979 at the federal university hospital in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Over the years, the number of centers performing transplants in our country has increased significantly generating the need to know the results of this treatment modality. Understanding the HSCT scenario in Brazil is still challenging, since not all Brazilian centers report data to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Research (CIBMTR). Despite the improvement in the number of reporting centers over the past few years, infrastructure and trained data managers are still lacking. The partnership between the Brazilian Cellular Therapy and Bone Marrow Transplant Society (SBTMO) and the CIBMTR enabled the establishment of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Brazilian Registry (HSCTBR), using the CIBMTR Data Back to Center (DBtC) tool to retrieve Brazilian HSCT data in a standardized and organized way.
Since then, it has been possible to gather country-level data on HSCT demographics and transplant outcomes. Between 2012 and 2022, complete information on 9,868 transplants were reported to the CIBMTR from 40 Brazilian transplant centers. The consolidation of the HSCTBR using CIBMTR infrastructure allowed the development and regular update of the Brazilian Summary Slides. Despite the differences in the number of cases and follow-up time, the results in this study were similar to those presented in the United States (US) Summary Slides. In this paper we present the 2023 SBTMO-CIBMTR Summary Slides prepared by the SBTMO data managers (GD-SBTMO).
In 2022, 3,991 transplants were reported to the ABTO: 1,462 allogeneic and 2,529 autologous HSCTs  6. The overall survival (OS) of these patients is public and serves as a global benchmark for national HSCT outcomes. A total of 295,682 autologous and 287,972 related and unrelated allogeneic transplants performed around the world between 1970 and 2021 were reported to the CIBMTR  7. Despite the existence of our summary slides,  8, 9  understanding the HSCT scenario in Brazil is still challenging, since not all Brazilian centers report data to the CIBMTR, besides the fact that there is a lack of infrastructure and of trained data managers (DM). Therefore, over the years, thanks to a working group composed of physicians and DMs, coupled with the collaboration of the CIBMTR and the SBTMO, strategies such as continuing education in data management and direct communication channels were developed to support DM training and HSCT centers in the affiliation process to the CIBMTR.
These actions underly the increasing number of Brazilian centers currently reporting to the CI-BMTR. 10  The partnership between the SBTMO and the CIBM-TR has allowed access to the tools available in the registry, such as the DBtC, which enables the uniform retrieval of data sent by the Brazilian transplant centers to the CIBMTR. Part of the data inserted can thus return to the registered centers in a standardized, de-identified and codified manner, rendering analyses of the outcomes of transplants performed in the country more effective. The consolidation of the HSCTBR using CIBMTR infrastructure and the accessibility to these data is essential for our public health administration.
METHODS Data from 10,107 transplants performed across 40 Brazilian centers between 2012 and 2022 and reported to the CIBMTR were extracted from their portal using the DBtC tool. Of those, 9,868 transplant records had complete data for analysis (4,454 autologous and 5,414 allogeneic HSCTs). The raw data were imported into the Power BI Desktop (PBI). Functions were updated to count the number of transplants performed and the number of participating centers, to translate columns into Portuguese, to categorize and appropriately classify diseases, to group the variables, and to run the global survival analyses. Patients were classified as pediatric (0-17 years of age) and adults (≥ 18 years of age). Allogeneic transplants were categorized as matched related donor, mismatched related donor (including haploidentical and related donors with one mismatch), and unrelated donor.
DISCUSSION This was a cross-sectional, register-based study which aimed to understand the Brazilian HSCT demographics and outcomes across 40 Brazilian centers over the past 10 years using the DBtC tool to retrieve the data reported to the CIBMTR from 2012 to 2022. Data from 10,107 transplants, of which 9,868 HSCT records had complete data for analysis, were extracted from the CIBMTR portal using this tool. Our study, using the DBtC data, included more allogeneic than autologous transplants reported to the CIBMTR, but, according to the ABTO, there is a greater number of autologous HSCTs performed in the country. The reason for this difference is the larger number of affiliated centers in the CIBMTR performing allogeneic transplants. However, as more centers are increasingly affiliated over the years, more autologous rather than allogeneic transplants have already been reported since 2021.
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES The consolidation of the HSCTBR over the past few years has shown positive results, such as the increase in the number of Brazilian centers affiliated to the CIBMTR and the progressively higher qualification of DMs. However, there is still a lot to be done. A greater commitment of each HSCT center in the country ought to be made in order to improve transplant activity registry, including the regular reporting of long-term follow-up data, coupled with DM continuing education, thus fostering data quality improvement within our national registry. Government support (through resources, infrastructure, and qualification) is also essential to achieve these goals. Such tireless efforts will enable the consolidation of the HSCTBR, which, in the long run, will result in the provision of better care to our patients.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The accomplishment of this work was only possible thanks to the efforts of many invaluable professionals throughout Brazil's HSCT history: Dr. Ricardo Pasquini, one of the pioneers in HSCT in Latin America; SBTMO, for the support provided to Brazilian data managers, including several incentives, especially during the establishment of the Data Managers Working Group (GD-S-BTMO); Dr. Nelson Hamerschlak and Dr. Vergilio Antonio Rensi Colturato, both of whom have continuously encouraged these initiatives in the country since 2016; Dr. Marcelo Pasquini, who provides us with a direct contact with the CIBMTR and has brought and kept on bringing updates and teachings from the research records; Monique Ammi, who has always been active in the Brazilian centers' affiliation process and promptly answered hundreds of questions in Portuguese, directing them to the right person when she could not help, also contributing to DM education and support; HSCT multidisciplinary teams across the country, all of which directly or indirectly enable the continuing development of this work; All the patients who underwent this treatment modality and contribute to scientific research by making their data available.