dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements Many thanks to the  Universities of Lille and Gent  for their support to transnational research by funding our PhD's (P. P. and S. R. ). This interest aims to open up new lines of investigation for the reconstruction of the ancient economy. Thanks to the members of the  French Millstone study group  (Groupe Meule: https://groupemeule. hypotheses. org)for the registration and drawing of the querns and millstones found in the  Champagne-Ardenne region and their presentation at the international conference held in Reims (France): Les meules à grain du Néolithique à l ' Epoque Médiévale , technique, culture, diffusion. Archaeology -History of technics, 15 -17 may 2014 (org. and eds:  O. Buchsenschutz ,  G. Fronteau ,  S. Lepareux-Couturier ). We greatly appreciated the constructive reviews of  Michiel Dusar ,  Michel Hennebert  and  Luc Jacottey , allowing clarification and improvement of our manuscript.
Acknowledging the essential harmony of all things, Proulx's re-imagining of an ancient ritual abides by American Indian philosophy: "The American Indian sees all creatures as relatives, [. ] as offsprings of the Great Mystery, as cocreators, as children of our mother, and as necessary parts of an ordered, balanced, and living whole" (Gunn Allen 59). In this story, Proulx recuperates mythical material, most visible in the totem-like, eponymous, hungry, and powerful, greasy bowl that will receive the blood and the fat of the bison as an offering. Going back to legendary times, humans in this story are represented as at one with nature. Thus, the interconnectedness between all living beings is for once shown in a positive light, rather than to be concluded from the tragic repercussions of one's foolish or selfish actions.
III. METHOD The entire corpus (voiced and voiceless plosives for apicals /, /, for velars /, /, for the uvular //, and voiced and voiceless fricatives for alveolars /, /, for postalveolars /, /) consisted of 54 sentences of 4 to 6 syllables, comprising 27 minimal pairs that were inserted in meaningful carrier sentences, pronounced 10 times by six native speakers of Tarifit, at normal and fast speaking rates. All X-ray data were extracted from the Phonetics Institute of Strasbourg database  [8]. In this X-ray experiment (25 frames /sec), these minimal pairs were produced once at a normal (self-selected) speaking rate by two speakers. The X-articulator software, developed at LORIA in Nancy within the DOCVACIM project  [8] , includes various tools devoted to processing cine-radiographic data.
These tools comprise semi-automatic algorithms to monitor speech articulators, a graphic interface which allows editing the contours, and also tools devoted to data analyses and elaboration of articulatory models. Temporal events were detected on the audio signal, and specific intersegmental and intrasegmental timing relations between these events allowed determining acoustic durations (ms) which correspond respectively to articulatory opening and closing gestures, and also to timing between supraglottal and glottal gestures. Thus, for intersegmental timing relations, vowel durations were specified as intervals between onset and offset of a clear formant structure, for V1 and V2. Corollary, consonantal closure duration was measured, between vowels, from offset to onset of clear vocalic formant structures.
IV. RESULTS All acoustic measurements, extracted automatically using the software PRAAT, were analysed using the GraphPad Prism ® software. The first question regarding the distribution of singleton and geminate consonants was to find out if both length categories behaved in a similar way with variation of speech rate. To do so, a pair-by-pair comparison (T-test) was conducted between singleton and geminate pairs, at each speech rate, and between singletons and geminates in the two speech rate conditions. The variance is given with the f and df factors, as well as the significance of the difference of compared data with the p value. We also analysed interactions between gemination and speech rate. Thus a two-factor ANOVA was conducted by considering the average of 10 repetitions of each speaker as an unpaired repetition and as two analysed factors: gemination and speech rate.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was financed by an  IDEX (Excellence Initiative)   Attractivity Grant "PULP" attributed  to the second author,  University of Strasbourg ,  2014 -2016. Support also came from a  Maison Interuniversitaire des Sciences de l'Homme Alsace -MISHA  Grant " Percevoir la parole… ",  2013 -2017  to the  Speech and Cognition Team of the Linguistics, Languages and Speech Research Unit -E. A. 1339 LiLPa, University of Strasbourg.
Strontium concentrations. Small sample fractions (~1 to 3 mg) pre-treated as above were digested in precleaned Teflon beakers (Savillex) using subboiled 7 M HNO 3 at 120 °C for 24 h, evaporated to near-dryness and subsequently digested with a drop of concentrated HNO 3. Following dilution with 2% HNO 3 , Sr and Ca concentrations (ppm) in the sample digests were determined using a Thermo Scientific Element 2 sector field ICP mass spectrometer at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB, Belgium) in low ( 86 Sr and 88 Sr) and medium ( 43 Ca and 44 Ca) resolution using Indium (In) as an internal standard and external calibration versus a calibration curve. Accuracy was evaluated by the simultaneous analysis of limestone reference material SRM8544 (NBS19) and comparison to available published literature data  33, 34.
Map of the biologically available strontium. An updated version of the map of biosphere strontium isotope variation across Britain (Fig. 1b  in  14  ) was generated using British Geological Survey 1:625,000 bedrock geology digital mapping (DiGMapGB-625 -Figure  S1 ) and additional strontium data from key regions in southern Britain. The dataset from Evans et al. 2010 was supplemented with data for plants growing on key rock types in south-west Wales (Table  S2 ), the Gower peninsula (Schulting et al. n. d. ), Gloucester  19  and the Ridgeway  15. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for samples corresponding to each polygon in the DiGMapGB-625 dataset. Where possible, only values from plant samples were used to calculate the mean values and standard deviations for each polygon.
Where no plant data were available, mean values and standard deviations were calculated, in order of preference, as follows: (1) Other samples -using values from bone, dentine, soil and water samples; (2) Rock types -using values from other polygons of the same rock type; (3) Isotope packages -using values for other polygons of the same isotope package. Outliers, identified as those measurements lying more than 3 IQR (interquartile range) in their isotope package, were removed from the analysis (Figures  S2  and S3 ). The bedrock polygons were converted to a raster dataset with a cell size of 100 m (to ensure that small polygons were retained, and cell values corresponding to the mean value of the dominant rock type (the rock type with the largest combined area)). A baseline of biologically available strontium was created by calculating the focal mean of each cell in the raster dataset, i.
Acknowledgements This project was made possible thanks to the financial support of the  British Academy  ( British Academy  grant  SG130690 ) and the generous support of the  Philippe Wiener -Maurice Anspach Foundation  (http://fwa. ulb. ac. be) towards the DPhil of C. S. The VUB and the  VUB Strategic Research  fund are thanked for their financial support of C. S. postdoctoral fellowship; the  Research Foundation -Flanders (FWO)  is thanked for S. G. 's Postdoctoral Fellowship. We thank  H. Sebire  and  P. Marshall  on behalf of  English Heritage  for granting us access to samples. W. Debouge  and  J. de Jong  from the  Laboratoire G-Time  ( Geochemistry: Tracing by Isotope, Mineral & Element ) at the  Université Libre de Bruxelles (Belgium)  are acknowledged for their help with the strontium isotope analyses by MC-ICP-MS.
The TLA studies reported above with the exception of  Flynn et al. 's (2004)  learned an L2 after adolescence. Below we present some studies that tested the L3 transfer models by recruiting child bilinguals. (1)  Giancaspro, Halloran, and Iverson (2015). Giancaspro et al. (2015)  studied the acquisition of differential object marking (DOM) in the context of Brazilian Portuguese. They employed a mirror image methodology type of study: L1 Spanish/L2 English, L1 English/L2 Spanish and heritage Spanish/English bilinguals. They used a grammatically judgment task to elicit data from all three groups transferred from Spanish, regardless of whether it is an L1, L2, or bilingual first language (2L1). The results provide evidence to support the TPM, not only for the successive bilinguals but also for the heritage group.
35 years (range 12. 40). The textbook, "Learn French," is usually used in language institutes, and at the time of data collections, the participants had not studied French wh question yet. The data were collected when the participants were at initial French language acquisition. The third group (Group C) included 11 participants who had acquired their L1 English in England or America. They were mostly the children whose parents were doing their graduate academic studies there. They had been studying in English schools for about four years including their nursing school. When they were back home, Iran, they started acquiring Persian at school and communicating with their friends and classmates in Persian. Having acquired the Persian language for four years, they commenced acquiring French in a language institute.
The brown tone of the skin was achieved by mixing pigments containing Fe and Pb. The darker brown tone of the central head was achieved with a similar pigment mixture that featured comparably less Pb. As no Raman spectra were recorded on these two heads, the pigments were not identified, and it is not possible to decide if the Pb is present as a minor component in a Fe pigment, or if it is a deliberate mixture of pigments. It would be tempting to suggest the use of lead white pigment, but as this pigment was not found anywhere else in the tombs, such speculations have to be avoided. Around the eye of the dog head in a semicircle, Cu signals are recorded. The collected data do not permit to FIGURE 9 Score and load plots of the first four principal components obtained from the fitted X-ray fluorescence point spectra and sum spectra of scans identify these as remainders of a Cu-based pigment or a piece of Cu used to fix an insert into the eye socket, as it was described for a roman statue, where the eye was modelled with a piece of white marble and a "green glass paste" for iris and pupil.
| Pigments investigated at other locations In total, 78 spots were investigated by XRF inside the tombs, including the Tomb of the Reliefs. The spots found were mostly red with few yellow and fewer white and black points. These spots were complemented with the sum spectra of the scans done and a few spectra of exposed tuff for comparison. Given the above discussed heterogeneity of the tuff support and the assumption that the white pigment is calcite, the red and yellow pigments are Fe based, and the black is carbon based, this makes it nearly impossible to identify tracers for pigments. In order to compare these spectra, they were fitted with PyMCA, and the integrated peak intensities were factorized by principal component analysis (from the Python software package sklearn). A table of elemental signals of all spots is given as Supporting Information.
All points that do so are from the Tomb of the Reliefs, with the spectra of other tombs featuring Br signals doing so due to diffraction peaks. The PCs 3 and 4 again show the grouping of the data in tombs with and without preparation layer. Further, it shows that the tomb in the Tumolo Policromo has in several points a higher abundance of Ba than the other tombs. The function of the Ba component could not be determined, but it is associated with an area of red paint on the wall. Only in the Tomb of Reliefs traces of Pb were found, in addition to the areas discussed above in yellow paint, mixed with goethite. Also here, the chemical species could not be identified by Raman measurements. Arsenic was found to be present in low abundance in all tombs but not correlated with any visible features.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the support from the  Ile-de-France region (DIM Analytics , project  IMAPAT ) to build new instruments for a mobile laboratory for art studies and the  French State  managed by the  National Research Agency  under the programme Future Investments bearing the reference  ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02  (programme  POLYRE of Sorbonne Universités ). We thank the staff of the  Necropolis of Cerveteri  for their assistance, patience, and hospitality during the investigation of the tombs. In particular,  Dr. Rita Cosentino  the Director of Cerveteri site, the conservators  Daniela Matticoli  and  Francesca Romana Mizzoni , and the assistant to the excavation  Monica Arduini. Finally , we thank  Helen Glanville  of  LAMS  for proofreading the language of the manuscript and  Dr. Maud Mulliez  (formerly  LAMS ) for discussing the distribution of Tyrian purple.
Participants Speakers of Basque took Experiment 1 and speakers of Spanish took Experiment 2. Prior to enrollment, all participants were screened to ensure that they each had a command of the language in which they were going to perform the experiment that was equivalent to at least a European Framework level C. Moreover, all participants were asked to answer a brief sociolinguistic questionnaire at the end of the experiment in which they were asked about their gender, age, place of birth and living area, and their daily percentage of use of their native language. (See the table of demographic information in Appendix 2. ) Experiment 1 was completed by 50 native speakers of Basque, 5  all students at the University of the Basque Country. For our subsequent statistical analysis, however, we accepted data only from those participants whose percentage of daily use of Basque was 75% or above, which excluded 15 of the initial participants.
5, SD = 5. 9). The second group consisted of 48 speakers of BC-Spanish, all of them Basque-Spanish bilinguals and students at the University of the Basque Country. In this case, data from participants who reported using Spanish less than 50% of the time were excluded, with the result that our final statistical analysis was performed on the responses of only 38 participants (20 women and 18 men, Mage = 20. 39, SD = 0. 9).
The Relationship between Interpretation and Acceptability Figure  4  shows the mean ZAcceptability ratings for sentences interpreted as DN (dark gray) and SN (light gray) depending on the presence vs. absence of the negative marker in the languages under study. The star indicates that the difference between sentences interpreted as DN and sentences interpreted as SN in the without no condition in Castilian Spanish was found to be statistically significant. An additional Linear Mixed Model was performed on the data with ZAcceptability (Acceptability ratings converted to z-scores) set as the dependent variable, a random intercept defined both for subject and item, and the following fixed factors: Group (Basque, BC-Spa, Cast-Spa), NegMarker (without ez/no, with ez/no), Interpretation (DN, SN), and all their possible interactions.
One possible explanation for this may be that, being bilingual speakers of Basque and Spanish, BC-Spanish speakers are aware of both the Basque and the Spanish grammars and, as a result, when they need to interpret sentences without no, they manifest a more robust knowledge of the Spanish grammar compared to Castilian Spanish speakers out of a desire to maintain a clear distinction between their two languages. Another possible explanation of the better performance of BC-Spanish speakers is that it reflects normative pressures and is thus not a true grammatical effect. Finally, concerning question (vi), taking the data of the three language groups together, our results show that there is a relation between acceptability and interpretation. In Basque, BC-Spanish, and Castilian Spanish it is the case that sentences that are interpreted as SN are found to be more acceptable than those that are interpreted as DN.
This is especially so for sentences without no/ez. In Castilian Spanish this tendency reaches statistical significance. In the particular case of Basque, we conjecture that the decrease in the SN interpretation for sentences without ez that have been judged unacceptable may have served the purpose of a non-SN reading rather than a true compositional DN one. In these cases Basque speakers do not seem to be applying a repair strategy that guarantees a SN reading (i. e. , the licensing of the NDE), as they seem to be doing for the rest of the data (see section "Interpretation of Negative Sentences in Basque and Spanish"). The general conclusion is that grammatical sentences are uniformly assigned a SN reading in the three languages; however, ungrammatical sentences convey a clear SN interpretation in Basque, but are interpreted at chance in the two Spanish varieties, with a tendency toward DN in Castilian Spanish and toward SN in BC-Spanish that does not reach statistical significance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to  M. Duguine ,  M. Ezeizabarrena ,  M. Uribe-Etxebarria ,  F. García-Murga ,  V. Valmala ,  S. Gumiel ,  M. Leonetti ,  N. Moreno ,  I. Pérez ,  A. Blasco ,  O. Etxeberria ,  A. Gavarró ,  J. Llopis , and  M. Pons.
FUNDING This research was supported by the following grants:  IT769-13  ( Basque Government ),  EC FP7/SSH-2013-1 AThEME 613465  ( European Commission ),  FFI2014-51878-P  and  FFI2014-52015-P  ( Spanish MINECO ), 2014SGR1013 (Catalan Government), and an  ICREA   Academia award.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS J. -L. B. and C. L. acknowledge financial support from  ERC  grant  ADG20110209. K. M. acknowledges financial support of the  French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) , under grant  ANR-14-CE32-0005  ( FAPRES ) and of the  Centre franco-indien pour la Promotion de la Recherche avancée (CEFIPRA)  Grant No. 5604-1  ( AMORPHOUS-MULTISCALE ). Authors acknowledge support from the collaboration project  ECOS Sud-MINCyT A16E01.
Although the Montmaurin-LN mandible has been studied by others  [20, 26, 27] , the information has only been used for comparative purposes as part of large database research. Therefore, besides presenting a succinct description of the main morphological and metrical features, our aim here is to assess the position of the Montmaurin-LN mandible within the African and Eurasian specimen morphospace. Knowing where the Montmaurin-LN mandible stands taxonomically and phylogenetically in relation to other specimens, and given the present paradigm, can provide further insights to the current debate on the competing evolutionary scenarios proposed to explain hominin settlement and evolution in Europe  [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]. We are aware that the lack of radiometric dating is a limitation. The biochronological study carried out by Cregut-Bonoure et al.
However, throughout the text ('Results and Discussion') we nonetheless discuss the polarity of most of the selected features using the information available to us from the fossil record. We are conscious that our phenetic analysis does not allow for phylogenetic proposals to be put forward. However, the hypothetical polarity of the chosen features enables for inferences to be made on the relationship between specimens when they share assumed derived features. In order to explore the proximity of the specimens in terms of their morphological features, two complementary statistical analyses were performed using the R statistical software. Prior to the application of these procedures, the categorical database was transformed into a binary database. Two datasets were analyzed: the first one includes all the variables, so that only specimens preserving all morphological traits were analyzed (n = 45).
In order to maximize the sample size, we analyzed a second set where the morphological features on the ascending ramus (I, J and K) were removed (S1 Table ). Thus, the number of specimen samples included in the analysis increased up to n = 55. The selection and removal of these features was based on a maximization-inclusion approach, as they contained the largest sample of specimens lacking these traits. The new specimens included in the latter dataset were: Arago XIII, AT-300, AT-5051, AT-888, Bañolas, D2600, D2735, La Ferrassie 1, Spy 1 and Tighenif 2. First, we carried out a correspondence analysis using the 'ca' R package. The relationship between the specimens and the morphological traits was also represented. Hierarchical clustering analysis was applied subsequently by running the hclust function in the 'stats' package.
7%) African modern humans examined in this study. Above the medial pterygoid tubercle, there are two barely expressed ridges for the insertion of the pterygoid muscle. Medial face of the corpus. The main feature to describe in this region of the mandible is the mylohyoid line. This line is well-marked and slightly inclined on the Montmaurin-LN mandible. It is in a low position in terms of the more distal part of the M3: 9. 3 mm on the right side, and 8. 1 mm on the left side. These measurements are small in comparison to those from the Atapuerca-SH specimens, which are generally well above 10. 0 mm  [65]. However, in these specimens the M3 is displaced anteriorly and the mylohyoid line starts well behind the M3. The taxonomic signal of this feature seems to be low, according to the data compiled by Mounier et al.
Statistical analyses. S1 Fig shows the biplots for the correspondence analyses of dimensions 1 and 2. It also shows the inertia percentage for all of the dimensions in the dataset comprising all the variables or those with a reduced number. For the first dimension both datasets display inertias of 33. 2% and 30. 3%, respectively. The second dimension has inertias of 10. 8% and 12. 5%, respectively. Overall, the inertias for the first two dimensions are practically interchangeable (44. 0% and 42. 8%) showing that the removal of variables I, J, and K barely alters these percentages. Moreover, according to the average rule and in order to discuss the statistical results of the correspondence analysis, it would be necessary to take into account nine dimensions in both datasets (S2 Fig). An image with nine dimensions is visually unmanageable and we acknowledge the fact that the inertias of the first two dimensions are relatively low, as they do not even reach the 50% cutoff.
This latter group is where the Montmaurin-LN mandible is found. The Atapuerca-SH specimens can be found in both clusters. In terms of bootstrap probabilities, in the dendrogram with all the variables, both subclusters present relatively high bootstrap probabilities: 91% for Neandertals, and 91% for the Early and Middle Pleistocene hominins. These values are slightly smaller in the dataset comprising less variables (81% and 73%, respectively), which would imply that the variables that were removed are useful for establishing differences between Neandertals and more ancient populations and/or species. Taking into account that Montmaurin-LN clusters within the 'non-Neandertal' group with a probability of 91% it is clear that this mandible is more closely related to the Early and Middle Pleistocene populations than to Neandertals.
Acknowledgments We would like to thank  Dominique Grimaud-Herve ,  Liliana Huet , and  Stephanie Renault  from the  Musée de l'Homme , for granting us access to the Montmaurin-LN mandible. We are also grateful to JoseBraga and  Jean Dumoncel  for the micro-CT data they provided. Susana Sarmiento  prepared Figs 1 and2. We also thank the detailed revisions provided by two anonymous reviewers and the good judgement of the associated editor, all of which greatly contributed to improving the manuscript.