dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
fMRI data acquisition Images were collected using a Siemens Prisma 3 T MRI scanner with a 64-channel receiver head-neck coil (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) at the CERMEP Imagerie du vivant in Lyon, France. The blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was measured with a susceptibility-weighted single-shot echo planar imaging sequence. Imaging parameters were as follows: repetition time (TR) = 2,000 ms, echo time (TE) = 24 ms, flip angle = 80˚, field of view (FOV) = 220 × 206 mm 2 , resolution = 1. 72 × 1. 72 mm 2 , slice thickness = 3 mm (0. 48 mm gap), number of slices = 32. A high-resolution T1-weighted whole-brain anatomical volume was also collected for each participant. Parameters were as follows: TR = 2,400 ms, TE = 2. 81 ms, flip angle = 8˚, FOV = 224 × 256 mm 2 , resolution = 1.
fMRI data preprocessing Images were preprocessed with SPM12 (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK). The first four images of each run were discarded to allow for T1 equilibration effects. Functional images were corrected for slice acquisition delays and spatially realigned to the first image of the first run to correct head movements. Using ArtRepair (https://github. com/BBL-lab/BBL-batch-system/tree/main/dependencies/Artrepair))  [52] , functional volumes with a global mean intensity greater than 3 SDs from the average of the run or a volumeto-volume motion greater than 2 mm were identified as outliers and substituted by the interpolation of the two nearest nonrepaired volumes. Participants with outliers in more than 20% of volumes were excluded from the analyses (5-year-olds, n = 21; 8-year-olds, n = 2).
Second, the functional data were normalized to the MNI space by using the normalization parameters estimated during unified segmentation (normalized voxel size, 2 × 2 × 2 mm 3 ). Finally, low-frequency drift was removed using a median filter with a 120-second window. The response at each voxel was then standardized by subtracting the mean response and scaling it to the unit variance. In order to fully include brain signal changes associated with the adaptation effect, we used block averages as classification samples  [56]. In particular, we averaged five TRs for each block (duration = 9. 6 seconds), with a 6-second temporal delay associated with the BOLD signals. We thus obtained ten samples for both the adaptation and noadaptation blocks from each participant.
Searchlight decoding analysis Whole-brain searchlight decoding analysis was performed using in-house python scripts, Nilearn  [57] , and Scikit-learn libraries  [58]. For each cortical voxel (sphere center), average brain activity was extracted from all voxels located in the gray matter within a 5-voxel radius sphere. The gray matter mask was created using the WFU PickAtlas toolbox  [59]. For each searchlight sphere, a cross-participant classifier (distinguishing adaptation from non-adaptation blocks) was constructed using a support vector machine with a radial basis function kernel and a regularization parameter C = 1. We performed both within-and between-format searchlight decoding analyses. Withinformat decoding involved training cross-participant decoders in classifying between adaptation and no-adaptation blocks and testing the accuracy of decoders on different participants presented with stimuli in the same format.
We performed two within-format decoding analyses. First, we focused on participants within their age groups, assessing decoding accuracy using LOOCV. Specifically, within each age group, a classifier was trained using (N-1) participants' data from one of two formats (dots or digits) and tested with the left-out participant's data from the same format (N, total number of participants in the target age group). Second, we evaluated the stability of neural representations across age groups. This was done by  (1)  using all participants' data as training samples of one of the two age groups (5-or 8-year-olds) and (2) testing accuracy with each participant in the other age group. Between-format decoding was performed on participants within their age groups. Specifically, we tested whether decoders could accurately classify between adaptation and no-adaptation blocks of stimuli presented in a format that differed from the format they were trained on (e.
Methods and data This study analyzes a recent survey conducted by the Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FECYT) that provides largescale evidence of the belief in conspiracy theories in Spain  (FECYT, 2022). The survey was conducted between 19 November and 7 December 2021 and collected interviews of a nationally representative sample of 2100 individuals who reside in Spain for five years or more and are 18 years of age or over. The survey collected information through computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI), using a structured and pre-coded questionnaire. To ensure representativeness of the data for the Spanish population, a stratified random sample was drawn. Strata were defined by an intersection of community size and the fifty provinces of Spain, to provide an even representation of participants across the country.
Acknowledgements Türkay Salim Nefes  wishes to express his profound gratitude to the esteemed  Ramon  y Cajal research grant ( RYC2018-023919-I ) for its instrumental role in facilitating the realization of this study. Patrick Präg 's work is supported by a grant of the  French National Research Agency ANR , ' Investissements d'Avenir'  ( LabEx Ecodec /ANR-11-LABX-.
Research data collection The research was conducted in 2020/2021, and data was collected through an online survey. The survey targeted managers in general management, commercial, and marketing departments of DMOs, professional associations, conference hotels, congress venues, and planners. The online survey instrument was chosen for its advantages in accessing distant and difficult-to-reach respondents  (Wright, 2005; Vehovar & Manfreda, 2008; Mair & Whitford, 2013). However, it also had a potential disadvantage of lower response rates than other methods. A telephone follow-up was conducted two weeks after the initial email to mitigate this. The survey questionnaire is structured and designed to gather qualitative data. It includes open-ended questions that allow respondents to provide detailed and nuanced responses about their experiences during the crisis and the measures taken.
Strengthening Destination Marketing: DMOs should focus on continuously updating websites and databases, incorporating big data analytics  (Stylos et al. , 2021) , and utilizing various sales channels. Strengthening the presence on social media and exploring partnerships with specialized influencers can also improve destination marketing efforts. 3. Collaboration and Cooperation: Emphasize the importance of cooperation and collaboration among stakeholders in the congress system. This includes fostering partnerships between DMOs, metropolitan governance, universities, event and tourism stakeholders, and congress tourists. A collaborative approach can facilitate knowledge sharing, skill development, and the introduction of new technologies  (Christofle, 2023). 4. Support for Smaller Organizations: Provide assistance and support for smaller organizations, such as small and medium-sized companies  (Nguyen et al.
Scoping, preliminary literature review and de ning the objectives The SDA tool was planned to be integrated into a multicomponent intervention that also involved motivational interviewing training for GPs in order to facilitate communication on the bene ts and risks of vaccination with patients. This tool aims to provide scienti c data on HPV in an impartial and objective manner regarding the HPV related pathologies, the risk of being infected, the natural evolution of the disease, the advantages of getting vaccinated as well as the adverse events linked to vaccination. These goals were established after a preliminary narrative literature review on the effectiveness, safety, and communication aboutthe HPV vaccination, carried out by two researchers (DPH, SB). The MEDLINE and COCHRANE library databases were scanned using the following key terms: ''human papillomavirus'', "vaccine", "effectiveness", "safety", "impact", "coverage" and "decision con ict" focusing on the 2015-2020 period.
The second FG focused on the expectations and experience with vaccination as well as information expectations (which type of data is more engaging, dedicated information for girls or boys) and the format of the SDA. The two focus groups took place online using Webex software and were entirely recorded, transcribed, and anonymized. The data analysis was carried out with MAXQDA Software version 20. 4. 0, following an inductive content analysis approach. After reading the verbatims, they were double coded independently by two researchers (DPH and MZ). The codes were grouped into categories using thematic analysis as described by Braun and Clarke  [41]. They were presented and discussed in the steering group meetings and used to form the bill of speci cations of the SDA.
Drafting the prototype The format of the SDA emerged as a website and was developed by one of the steering group members (DPH) using Wordpress web content mangement system. The graphical illustrations took into account the WHO recommendations on the effective communication of vaccination data  [42]. The data were presented in accordance with the international IPDAS recommendations concerning decision support tools  [23, 43]. Acording to IPDAS guidelines and qualifying criteria  [38]  an exploration of patients' values needs to be included in the prototype.
Thus, in the rst part of the focus groups we explored adolescents' and parents' knowledge, representation and information need regarding HPV vaccination. In the second part we tested the acceptability of the graphics and data as well as the SDA ease of use. This allowed us to evaluate if our SDA meets their declared needs. For adolescents we chose to include not previously involved participants in order to rule out con rmation bias. One FG was planned with parents. The prototype was also presented to GPs through individual semi-structured interviews which explored their practice as well as their beliefs about HPV vaccination and afterwards assessed the acceptability of the tool and its ease of use. The interview guide was created by DPH, AT and SB. The construction of the guide took into account the results of a qualitative study carried out as part of the PrevHPV project which found three typologies of physicians according to declared HPV vaccination practices -convinced physicians who vaccinate a lot, convinced but unconvincing physicians, and reluctant physicians who defer their proposal  [44].
Preliminary literature review For the rst draft of the prototype, after the narrative literature review, 18 references were selected. This allowed us to target which information should be tested with adolescents and included in the prototype. Data from the French National Cancer Institute and the High Authority of Health  [46, 47]  were used to illustrate national epidemiological numbers. National guidelines  [11]  were used for vaccination schedule. Vaccination coverage numbers were selected from Nguyen-Huu et al. [12]  systematic review and from a national cross-sectional study  [13]. Vaccination effectiveness data were based on several meta-analysis and cohorts. For cervical cancer we included the nationwide Swedish cohort of  Lei et al. [48] , for CIN2 + lesions the Cochrane review by Arbyn et al.
Initial design: Focus groups involving adolescents Eight adolescents participated in the rst focus group, with ages raging from 10 to 15 years old (median age 13 years old), with a majority of female participants (5/8). In the second follow-up focus group, six adolescents participated with a majority of female participants (4/6) The adolescents wanted similar information for girls as for boys. They had little knowledge regarding HPV infection. They were interested in having gures concerning the impact, both at the national and international levels. They preferred to have graphs rather than text in order to clearly visualize the gures and they preferred to have a website type format with animated graphics if possible, rather than a written pamphlet. Thirty-three different graphs (available in the supplementary materials) covering several items such as VC at the international level, graphs on HPV infection epidemiology in France, different vaccination schedules, disease evolution, mode of transmission, data on vaccine effectiveness and side effects were presented.
Regarding the mode of transmission, some graphics were regarded as awkward, even if they presented coherent and appreciated information, "Uh. it's good because we can see how we can have it. how we get infected. uh. uh. that explains it well" (A1). Concerning the various websites presented, they liked the interactive ones which presented animated data. The adolescents prefered fact boxes to order understand HPV immunization data. They expressed a need for a mind map that summarizes the data into a fact sheet. Theirs preferences were used to form the bill of speci cations of the SDA.
Before the presentation of the SDA, their information needs revolved around the vaccination schedules and general data on side effects and effectiveness. The presentation of the SDA seemed to meet their expectations regarding their information needs. It was well perceived and seen as intuitive, didactic and visually appealing. The possibility to print the fact sheet was a well appreciated feature, being a possible solution for the fear of overtime. In this evaluation, the reluctant GP was reassured after the presentation of the SDA, allowing him to resume vaccine recommandations and emphasizing the need for peer-reviewed data in clinical practice "Thank you by the way. for having provided all these details in relation to HPV vaccination (. ), I think I am going to get back to vaccination and I will consult the sources to nish convincing myself.
Acknowledgments The  PrevHPV Study  group includes the following authors:  Gaëlle Vareilles ,  Julie Bros ,  Catherine Juneau ,  Marion Branchereau ,  Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers ,  Géraldine Jambon ,  Florian Jeanleboeuf ,  Julie Kalecinski ,  Christine Lasset ,  Laetitia Marie DitAsse ,  Jonathan Sicsic ,  Jocelyn Raude ,  Sandra Chyderiotis ,  Damien Oudin-Doglioni ,  Anne-Sophie Barret ,  Isabelle Bonmarin ,  Daniel Levy-Bruhl ,  Clémence Castagnet ,  Mélanie Simony ,  Aurélie Bocquier ,  Stéphanie Bonnay ,  Maïa Simon ,  Anne-Sophie Banaszuk.
Abstract The current labor market context is characterized by a diversification of forms of employment, a transformation of work organizations and a singularization of career paths. This article aims to analyze and describe how young adults conceive their professional future and how they define a decent job. Data were obtained through semistructured interviews with ten young adults. The corpus of interviews was subjected to content analysis. The results show that work is a necessity for young people, without being a priori an end in itself. Some criteria of decent work (ILO) are more widespread than others, however, the links with the desire to maintain an activity and the social and fulfillment dimensions tend to show that models of a job integrating the dimension of personal development remain prevalent.
Data Analytic Technique Each interview was recorded and transcribed. Data were content analyzed using a thematic approach  (Bardin, 1977 (Bardin, /2013)). The central themes presented in this paper are (a) representations of work, (b) the characteristics of the job performed in relation to perceptions of decent work, and (c) career prospects. Sub-themes were derived from each theme based on corpus categorization. Indeed, the corpus was first read by the first two authors and then coded. Each step of data processing was performed separately and then compared for adjustment. Sub-themes were categorized based on frequency computation, and similar sub-themes were grouped together. A subtheme is more critical the more frequent it is  (Bardin, 1977 (Bardin, /2013)). Therefore, the subthemes were presented according to their frequency so that significant elements could be identified quickly.
All coefficients are positive and significant. Thus, nomological validity is demonstrated. To cross-validate the results obtained from the first sample, data are also used from the second sample of seafarers. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficients for the constructs (Table  A1  in Appendix) are satisfactory, showing thus adequate levels of reliability. The structure of the maritime social sustainability construct is further validated, and the good measurement properties are also confirmed (Table  4 , in the respective column for the second sample). The standardized regression weights of the measurement items on the factors are statistically significant and greater than 0. 5, verifying the convergent validity of the measurement models. The analysis produced a good fit with standardized residual covariances lower than 2.
59, p <. 001] and b) N2 amplitudes and self-reported liberalism [r(41) = 0. 41, p <. 01] in  Amodio et al. (2007). These effect sizes were chosen as they are associated with the most theoretically relevant results. The original effect sizes were divided by 2 as replication studies in general have reportedly half the magnitude of original effects  (Aarts et al. , 2015). The power analyses called for sample sizes of 119 and 256 respectively. We also accounted for the sample size requirement of the  Amodio et al. (2008)  replication, which requires a sample of N = 320. Based on this, each of the 8 replicating labs will provide data from 40 participants aged 18 years and above resulting in a collective sample size of 320 participants. In each replicating lab, participants will be recruited via local advertisements or online recruitment systems.
Procedure Our procedure will closely follow the process employed by  Amodio et al. (2007). Participants will be given an information sheet and be asked to provide informed consent upon their arrival to the laboratory. They will be seated individually in a private testing room approximately one metre away from a computer monitor. Participants will then complete an online questionnaire in the laboratory consisting of the scales described in the previous section. Experimenters will be blind to the participants' political attitudes. Next, replicating labs will record 8 minutes of resting-state EEG data and participants will be asked to fill in other brief questionnaires. These data will not be analysed for this study, and instead will be utilised for the separate  Amodio et al. (2008)  replication as well as for a #EEGManyLabs Resting State EEG spin-off project [https://osf.
EEG Recordings Each replicating lab will use different systems for recording EEG. Details of the different systems are outlined in Table  1. Labs that have the equipment available will collect vertical and horizontal electrooculogram (EOG) data to enable removal of blinks and other eye movement artifacts. 2. 6 EEG pre-processing based on original paper Our pre-processing procedure will also closely correspond to that of  Amodio et al. 's (2007). Offline, we will manually remove segments of data containing eye or muscle movement, and re-reference the data to the average earlobes or mastoids. A bandpass filter set between 1 Hz and 15 Hz will be applied. For the ERN, an 800 ms response-locked epoch of EEG signal will be selected for each artifact-free trial (from -400 ms to 400 ms). Data will be baseline corrected to -400 to -50 ms prior to response onset.
An advantage of this method is that it is thought to better distinguish error-related neural responses from other broad performance monitoring processes reflected in the CRN  (Simons, 2010). The original study did not specify any criterion for participant exclusion, and hence all participant data will be included for the direct replication. However, in the updated pre-processing pipeline, we will remove trials containing response times under 150ms  (Nieuwenhuis et al. , 2003). Moreover, participants with less than 6 trials for the 'No-Go' incorrect condition and 20 trials for the 'No-Go' correct condition remaining (after removing bad epochs) will be removed from the analysis, as the ERN and N2 requires a minimum of 6 and 20 error trials respectively to be accurately quantified  (Olvet & Hajcak, 2009; Rietdijk, Franken, & Thurik, 2014).
Direct Replication First, we aim to reproduce the analysis reported in  Amodio et al. (2007) , namely by conducting correlation analyses between: (1) political orientation (measured using the 1-item liberalism vs conservatism scale) and ERN amplitudes (ERN in this section will refer to both ERN and ΔERN); (2) political orientation and N2 amplitudes; and (3) political orientation and accuracy on No-Go trials. Peak and mean amplitudes from the original and updated pipelines will be subjected to the correlation analyses and others described in this section. We plan to conduct Pearson's correlations between measures. These tests will be conducted on data across all replicating labs and significance will be set at p <. 02 [as outlined in  Pavlov et al. (2021) ]. To address heterogeneity in EEG devices and samples between labs we will, first, compute effect sizes (correlation coefficients, r) for each individual site and then combine all datasets in a random-effects meta-analysis (with site as a random effect).
Funding: #EEGManyLabs is funded by the  DFG  ( PA 4005/1-1 ) awarded to  Yuri Pavlov ,  Faisal Mushtaq  is funded by the  BBSRC  ( BB/X008428/ ),  Patrícia Arriaga  and  Rita Jerónimo  are supported by the  Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science and Technology (FCT ,  UID/PSI/03125/2020 ). Data collection in the  University of Toronto  will be supported by a grant from the  National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada  awarded to Michael Inzlicht. Data collection in Hamilton College will be supported by an internal grant from  Hamilton College  awarded to  Alexandra List.
The question they focused on was whether the respondents were "in favor of decreasing the levels of social benefits". Since the dataset has a panel structure, an individual fixed-effects model was estimated, making it possible to focus on within-individual variation. The baseline sample includes 1,917 individuals who were observed in two consecutive waves of the survey. The main independent variable in the regressions was the change in the share of immigrants in an individual's municipality, which was instrumented with the change in the share of asylum seekers brought in by the program. They found that a one percent increase in the presence of immigrants in a municipality reduced support for redistribution by more than 30 percent of a standard deviation. The effect was stronger for individuals in the top third of the income distribution.
Political preferences Immigration as a proxy for ethnic diversity A rich literature has examined the effect of an inflow of immigrants, who often belong to an ethnic minority group, on political preferences. Although political preferences do not correlate one-to-one with redistribution preferences, this literature is nonetheless an important source of information on the effect of ethnic diversity on redistribution preferences if one is willing to accept the assumption that voters attach at least some importance to redistribution policies and are aware of the position of the political parties on the topic. Moriconi et al. (2019)  inferred redistribution preferences from individual (self-reported) information on voting in twelve European countries included in the European Social Survey (ESS), and used the data to investigate the effect of an increase in immigration on support for redistribution (N = 50, 304).