dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
Acknowledgements This work was funded by a single interministerial fund (France) through a collaborative  R&D  project certified by Vitagora and Valorial competitiveness clusters. The authors would like to thank  Mélanie Ngo ,  Morgane Tertre  and  Congcong Jiang  for their contribution to the stirred milk gels and measurements. The authors also thank  Marie-Noëlle Maillard  for her expertise and the time she devoted to the presentation and measurement of fatty acid compositions (chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry) and  Gabrielle Moulin  for sharing her experience and spending time measuring microstructures (confocal laser scanning microscopy).
Cats receiving treatment for systemic hypertension with amlodipine besylate were included. Cats were included in the analysis if they had plasma FGF23 or SDMA concentration recorded and sufficient stored sample to measure required variables that had not been quantified previously. In cats that had been evaluated at the clinic multiple times during the study period, only the first recorded visit was included in the analysis. The following historical, physical examination findings and biochemical data were required and extracted from the records: plasma creatinine, urea, phosphate, tCa, total magnesium (tMg), TT4, SDMA, FGF23 and PTH concentrations, packed cell volume (PCV), urine specific gravity, age, weight, body condition score, muscle condition score,  13  breed, and sex.
| Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using commercial software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24, IBM, Corp, Armonk, New York; GraphPad Prism 7, GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California). Statistical significance was set at P <. 05. Normality of the numerical data distribution was assessed by visual inspection of histograms. The majority of data was not normally distributed and for consistency all numerical clinical data is presented as median (25th and 75th percentiles). Cats were grouped into those with SDMA concentration above reference range (>14 μg/dL) and those with SDMA within reference interval (≤14 μg/dL). 16 Comparisons were made between groups using Mann-Whitney U tests and relationships between numerical variables were evaluated using Spearman's correlation.
In vivo electrophysiological exploration of neuromuscular and sensory excitability The sensory and/or neuromuscular excitability was assessed in vivo on mice under isoflurane (AErrane®) anesthesia by minimally invasive electrophysiological methods using the Qtrac© software (Prof. H. Bostock, Institute of Neurology, London, England), as previously described  [16]. Briefly, an anaesthetized mouse (n = 10) was placed on a heating pad to maintain body temperature (from 36. 02 ± 0. 06 to 36. 13 ± 0. 04, n = 85) throughout the experiments to avoid non-specific modifications of excitability variables. For neuromuscular excitability exploration, electrical stimulation was delivered to the sciatic motor nerve by means of surface electrodes, and the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was recorded using needle electrodes inserted into the plantar muscle.
35, adjusted with NaOH), and then in the recording bath filled with the standard physiological medium. Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments were performed under current-clamp condition, by using a MultiClamp 700B integrating patch-clamp amplifier and the pClamp10. 6 software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), as previously described  [70]. The signals, acquired at a 4-kHz sample rate, were filtered at 2 kHz with a low-pass Bessel filter and digitized with the aid of a computer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (Digidata-1440A model; Molecular Devices). The patch-clamp pipettes were filled with a medium composed of (in mM): KCl 134, NaCl 10, MgCl 2 2, EGTA 2, ATP-Na 2 4, and HEPES 20 (pH 7. 32, adjusted with KOH), and had 2. 71 ± 0. 25 MΩ resistance (n = 18) in the standard physiological medium.
Ultrastructural analyses were performed in a JEOL JEM-1011 electron microscope and digitalized with DigitalMicrograph software. G-ratios and axon diameters mice (n = 2 to 3 mice in each group) were calculated with the ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health) and the plugin g-ratio version 3. 2 (Plug-in and source code available online at http:// gratio. efil. de) according to previously published material  [30]. Diameters were calculated from enclosed areas, considering first, the diameter of the axon without the myelin and dividing it by the diameter of the axon plus the myelin sheaths surrounding it. The plugin allows for semi-automated analysis of randomly selected fibers with both diameters being considered and automatically processed through the algorithm to calculate the g-ratio.
After film exposure, all membranes were washed and then incubated with a 1:50,000 dilution of mouse monoclonal anti-actin-peroxidase antibody (Sigma Aldrich; Saint Louis, Missouri, USA) as previously described  [52]. The images were captured using a CCD camera (LAS3000 from Fujifilm), and the bands were quantified using Multi-Gauge software from Fujifilm.
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 5. Artwork, was also created using GraphPad Prism 5, except for electrophysiological study artwork which was created using the Qtrac© software. Differences between values were tested using the unpaired Student's t-test, two-way ANOVA, or the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test, depending on the equality of variances estimated using Lilliefors test. They were considered significant when p < 0. 05, p values being denoted as follows: *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001; NS: non-significant.
ROS generation was measured using H2DCFDA fluorescent emission when converted to the highly fluorescent DCF in CT26 cells (e) and N2a cells (f). Data from at least 4 independent experiments have been pooled and were expressed as means ± SEM of triplicates. *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01 versus oxaliplatin which delays entry of Na + channels into an inactivated state and, to a lesser extent, to a reduced K+ channel activity, both of which can be prevented by benztropine. Electronic microscopy of the myelin sheaths of the sciatic nerves revealed a demyelination in oxaliplatintreated mice compared to animals injected with vehicle alone, oxaliplatin plus benztropine or benztropine alone. Confocal microscopy of mouse sciatic nerves confirms the alteration of the morphology of myelinated axons with a significant increase in the nodal diameter, length and volume, as functions of the internodal diameter, in oxaliplatin-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated animals.
2015; Mills 2007; Perera and Emmanuel 2018; Geletič and Lehnert 2016; Kotharkar and Bagade 2018 ). Yet, it should be noted that a LCZ temperature difference is not an urban-rural difference. Most of the methods to find an appropriate LCZ are based on a process. Firstly, the territory is divided in meshes, or regular grids, and the relevant 1 https://www. envi-met. com/ (Accessed February 2019). 2 data is collected. Secondly, the thermal source area of the station is estimated. Thirdly, the geometric and surface cover properties are calculated within each mesh from vector databases or satellite images if provided. Finally, each mesh is linked to a LCZ. These steps have been mostly done manually  (Leconte et al. 2015) , but some authors propose automatic solutions  (Bocher et al. 2018; Lelovics et al.
2014). Standardized and automatic methods to calculate urban indicators and to classify the urban fabric for any city in the world is nowadays a challenge. The World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) is a community-based project with the scientific aim to classify the urban fabric (on the city scale) by climate properties from available data at on a world scale, using free satellite images and free and open-source software such as the SAGA Geographic Information System (GIS). Most of the studies using the LCZ approach classify entire cities or megalopolises and use large grids 2  : WUDAPT community calculates LCZs with resolutions ranging from 300 m to 10 km. However, it is possible to study the LCZs at a finer scale  (Quanz et al. 2018). For example, we know that the building density, the sky view factor and surface cover are not uniform in any LCZ, and thus temperatures fluctuate across short distances (Iain D.
Some authors  (Plumejeaud-Perreau et al. 2015)  raised a problem linked to this zoning method: "the produced zoning is not a continuous one: the set of cells do not build a full partition of the urban space". A solution exists, based on the union of contiguous cadastral parcels: the frontiers of islets are built so as to share in two parts the space existing between each street-block. For that purpose, some researchers in urban planning and architecture  (Plumejeaud-Perreau et al. 2015; Sarradin et al. 2007 ) use the properties of skeleton tessellation for a balanced zoning between a set of points or 'virtual sensors'. Finally, the main contributions of this paper are: • First, a fine grain formalism of the LCZ classification by using 2D-GIS with standard (vector) datasets. Five indicators are implemented and the LCZ approach used.
A vector database is used to transpose results into computer-aided design tools. Among the implemented indicators, the aspect ratio is improved by implementing two equations for the squares and the streets, and the sky view factors is adapted from  (Bernard, Bocher, et al. 2018 ). • Second, a detailed street-level implementation of five indicators such as Sky View Factor, aspect ratio, Building Surface Fraction, Impervious Surface Fraction, and Height of Roughness Elements. These five indicators, coupled with the intervals provided by (I. D. Stewart and T. R. Oke 2012) , make it possible to estimate the LCZ of the immediate environment of any sensor. By aggregation, we can deduce the LCZ on the block -or district scales. • Third, a space meshing method to improve computation times while ensuring correlation to the LCZs found is studied.
4 At https://github. com/CityOfNewYork/nyc-geo-metadata/blob/master/Metadata/ Metadata_BuildingFootprints. md (Accessed February 2019). The second method, less frequently used, is called the isovist, a notion that has been theorized by  (Benedikt 1979). It corresponds to all the points of the plane directly "visible" from a given location, in all directions (it is a panoptic feature), integrating the notion of "mask", such as built masks for example (see Fig. 2b ). In outdoor spaces, the isovist is almost systematically associated with an artificial horizon, which prevents "the rays from starting infinitely" (see Fig. 2b , the western part of the isovist is truncated by the circular buffer of a 200 m radius assimilated to an artificial horizon). With a standard topographic dataset, this isovist is a polygonal surface in a horizontal plane.
Impervious surface fraction (ISF) To calculate the impervious surface fraction, we must first reconstruct the shape of the impervious cover as accurately as possible. This reconstruction is the result of a homothetic dilation of the road centerlines provided by input datasets. It also depends on the width of each road segment. Which is an attribute of the corresponding layer (namely "LARGEUR" within the BD TOPO®, and "st_width" within the New York Citywide Street Centerline database). Fig. 7  shows an application of this virtual reconstruction of the road surface in the case of New York terrain. sensor circular buffer roads buildings (crop) buildings impervious surf. (crop) impervious surf. Legend 0 30 60 m Fig. 7 : Systematic application of a buffer on road centerlines (the "st_width" buffering distance varies from 8 ft, to 30, and even 48 on the main road).
About calculation times We performed all the simulations on a Linux Ubuntu 14. and 00:00:19 (Triangulation). The pre-processing time for Skeletonization is always longer than for the triangulation as seen above, but it is for the processing times Table  3  that the Skeletonization becomes very interesting compared to the Delaunay triangulation. For example, for New York and with a ray length of 100 m the skeleton needs ≤ 13 min, whereas the triangulated network needs more than five hours to process.
2. 2 Data sources are published and available online 3. In order to test and validate our approach with a non-European dataset, we have identified an urban fragment on the North American territory. The planimetric dataset available for free for the NYC OpenData portal seemed to us to be the most immediately usable. This data is derived from the imaging products delivered with the New York State Overview in 2014. It includes a set of polygonal building footprints representing the perimeter contour of each building. These geometries are completed with attributes such as the height of the roof above the ground elevation. Correspond- ing data and technical specifications are published and available online 4. Concerning the geometry of the street network, we use polylines from the New York Citywide Street Centerline database, a single line representation of New York City streets.
Corresponding data and technical specifications are published and available online 5. To test this new approach, we have selected three case studies with very different morphologies, presenting various architectural styles. The aim was also to test different types of datasets, in order to have a more robust method. The first is a typical urban configuration of a North American city with contemporary architecture. It is an area of about 73. 7 ha located in Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York (40. 7128°N, 74. 0060°W). The second and third cases are located in Nantes (47. 2184°N, 1. 5536°W), a medium- sized city in the west of France. The second case (which we call the "Royale district") is an urban centre of about 11. 3 ha composed of a homogeneous set of buildings that reflect the classical architecture of the 18 th and 19 th centuries.
The third case (which we call "Méthode district") is a residential area of intermediate density. It is a mixed sector of about 12. 7 ha, composed of single-family homes, as well as large housing buildings. For reasons of replicability, we have decided to use standard topographic datasets and software. To guarantee this deliberate choice, we have iden- tified the European INSPIRE directive for the two sites we have selected in France. This Directive, which entered into force on 15 May 2007, aims to create a European Union spatial data infrastructure to facilitate and pro- mote EU policies and activities that may have an impact on the environ- ment. For the French case, the BD TOPO® database, which is a 3D vectorial description (structured in objects) of the elements of the territory and its infrastructures, of metric precision, usable on scales ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:50,000, complies with the recommendations of the INSPIRE directive.
Symptoms or signs compatible with UTI with no other identified source of infection along with ≥10 3 cfu/mL of ≥1 bacterial species in a single catheter urine specimen or in a midstream voided urine specimen from a patient whose urethral, suprapubic, or condom catheter has been removed within the previous 48 h b ISCoS Urinary Tract Infection Basic Dataset  [42]. (i) New onset of symptoms accompanied by laboratory findings (bacteriuria, leukocyturia and positive urine culture) of a UTI. (ii) Symptoms: fever, urinary incontinence/failure of control or leaking around the catheter, spasticity, malaise, lethargy or sense of unease, cloudy urine, malodorous urine, pyuria/leukocyturia, back pain, bladder pain, dysuria, autonomic dysrreflexia (AD). (iii) A clean-catch midstream technique from an immediately installed urine catheter.
Synthesis of data, including broad-based national population electronic health records (EHRs) and indepth research data from population and clinical cohorts, and modeling of the effect of early treatment on long-term clinical outcomes in real-world datasets, can provide effectiveness and cost evidence to help decision-makers assess the value of new disease-modifying treatments. This evidence and other evidence from real-world data can also be used to inform other aspects of AD research and clinical practice, such as public health (e. g. , primary and secondary prevention) and the evaluation of non-pharmacological interventions. Nevertheless, the utility of RWE approaches varies considerably, with most studies being underpowered due to limited data access, sample size and length and frequency of follow-up.
Aims and objectives ROADMAP aimed to evaluate the feasibility and utility of an integrated data environment for RWE in AD by evaluating disease progression and health economic models. ROADMAP developed, tested, and will advise on: consensus-based key disease and patient outcome measures endorsed by stakeholder groups for making informed funding and treatment decisions; data integration tools for dataset characterization and outcome classification, data sourcing, data standards, and a software application repository; guidelines on the handling and interpretation of RWE data; and ideal specifications for disease and cost-effectiveness models. In parallel, tools for stakeholder engagement were developed, the usability of RWE to demonstrate the economic value of new AD treatments was evaluated, and the critical ethical, legal, and social barriers to using RWE in AD were mapped.
Methods ROADMAP explored the integration of evidence from broad-based national population EHRs with indepth cohort data and tightly-focused RCT data. This approach allowed the triangulation of complementary evidence between data types, playing to the strengths of each in addressing research questions. For example, detailed etiologic inference from disease-specific cohorts was related to actual population benefit in EHRs. These data were used to generate and test disease progression and health economic models, and to generate research questions intended to inform the design of a new generation of cohorts and clinical trials. Diverse national databases and registries were available to ROADMAP (Supplementary Table  1 ). Data from approximately 200 million patients were drawn from several EU Member States (notably Denmark, France, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK) and included 75 national databases and clinical registries, >40 cohorts, several studies of patients using wearables and smart devices, five dementia-relevant trials, and four RCT placebo arms.
ROADMAP used established technologies that facilitate rapid and secure data acquisition, access, and analysis. These technologies were developed further to test the feasibility of using methods primarily developed for broader EHRs for the harmonization of cohort and RCT data. Technologies and methods developed in the IMI EMIF project  [11]  were used for data source fingerprinting/cataloging and for EHR data extraction and integration across diverse sources and countries. The intention was to map the current landscape of available data across data sources, including EHRs, and to identify data gaps, which should be closed to provide full coverage of relevant outcomes. Cross-cohort analysis was performed using the Dementias Platform UK (DPUK; https://www. dementiasplatform. uk) and the EMIF-AD project integrated informatics environment (https://emif-catalogue.
eu). DPUK uses the UK Secure e-Research Platform (UKSeRP) to provide access to dementia-dedicated data, and enables the analysis of cohort data alongside EHRs and other national database records. EMIF-AD uses Jerboa and TranSMART technologies to enable the analysis of EHR data alongside cohort data. The integration of data and analyses was tested by applying unified data extraction and integration technology simultaneously across platforms and remote data locations. Information was obtained on what constitutes a meaningful delay in disease progression, from clinical (including cognitive, functional, and behavioral changes), humanistic (QoL), and economic perspectives. A 'data cube' was used to identify outcomes/variables available from the different data sources and their relation to disease severity (Fig.
1 ). In addition, ROADMAP identified existing relevant disease models through literature review and contributions from academic and industry partners. These provided an initial framework of reference across the disease spectrum, and were tested and validated using outcomes and datasets also identified during the project. Specifications for a proof-of-concept costeffectiveness model to evaluate AD treatments were also developed, and data gaps identified and summarized for future research. These specifications were evaluated considering wider manufacturing, reimbursement, and health policy perspectives as well as best practice within the economic modeling community. A regulatory and HTA expert advisory group was established, comprising individuals with expertise in regulatory, HTA, and payer requirements across Europe.
CONCLUSIONS ROADMAP was a collaborative foundation project to identify, test, and evaluate the usability of multiple RWE data sources in the decision-making process for developing new treatments in AD. An unprecedented depth and breadth of RWE data were used to generate and test disease progression and health economic models, and to generate research questions intended to inform the design of a new generation of cohorts and clinical trials. The immediate impacts from the project are likely to be largely instrumental, fostering more streamlined decision-making to improve access to new therapies, and providing a greater understanding of the progression of AD across the disease spectrum.
Identify and pool AD-related RWE data and establish solutions for how to combine different RWE sources with RCT data supporting pharmacoeconomic evaluation (WP3) Disease modeling and simulation Develop and validate a core disease progression model combining diverse datasets, facilitating analysis of disease trajectories and the effect of interventions on disease trajectories (WP4) Economic modeling Identify the specific data and analytical methods required to develop a robust state-of-the-art cost-effectiveness model capable of evaluating AD interventions that meet the needs of regulators, payers, HTA agencies, service providers, caregivers, and industry (WP5) HTA and regulatory engagement Develop guiding principles and recommendations from regulators/payers/HTA agencies for the development and incorporation of RWE into clinical and market-access development plans for AD (WP6) Patient and clinical engagement Develop and implement a communication strategy focusing on the needs of patients and healthcare professionals (WP7) Ethical, legal, and social implications Map the critical ethical, legal, and social issues that arise from creating an RWE platform, reusing existing health data and pooling data from different data sources (WP8) AD, Alzheimer's disease; HTA, health technology assessment; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RWE, real-world evidence; WP, Work Package.