dataesr/scientific-paragraphs-categorization huggingface dataset:
In 2014, the GOLIATH study confirmed non-inferiority of GL-XPS compared to TURP regarding IPSS-QoL, Qmax, and AEs  [6]. Since then, with growing global experience, the surgical technique and application of GL-XPS have certainly evolved. We have previously shown that growing experience with GL-XPS at a single high-volume center is associated with improved OT and LT over a 5-year period  [7]. However, there are currently no studies that have evaluated the global Maximilian Reimann and Hannes Cash have contributed equally to this work. progress of GL-XPS in respect to effectiveness, efficacy, and safety. As such, this study sought to evaluate the perioperative progress of GL-XPS secondary to growing global experience using data from the Global Greenlight Group (GGG) database which represents multiple, international high-volume centers.
Patients and study design This retrospective analysis of the GGG database included 3441 men who underwent GL-XPS (Boston Scientific, Minnetonka, MN, USA) for symptomatic BPH between 2011 and 2019 from one of eight experienced surgeons at seven international high-volume centers in Germany, Canada, France, Italy, Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina  [8]. Our study Fig. 1  Clinical research flowchart design was visualized in Fig. 1. High Data quality/density was ensured using objective variables and a close cooperation between the individual centers of the Global Greenlight Group.
Statistical analysis Non-normally distributed data are presented as a median (IQR) or as a percentage. Categorical variables were presented by relative frequencies. Linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted for the data set to visualize the trend of the years of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to detect influencing factors. Statistical significance was set at a twosided p < 0. 05. Data were analyzed with SPSS, version 27 (Chicago, Illinois, USA).
Discussion The present GGG database analysis sought to evaluate the intraoperative progress in photoselective vaporization of the prostate with the GreenLight-XPS 180-Watt system (GL-XPS) in the largest documented cohort (> 3400) treated at seven global high-volume tertiary referral centers. Observing 3441 patients operated by eight surgeons with similar experience in performing this procedure at the start of our study strengthens the observations of intraoperative progress. We demonstrated a temporal improvement in the effectiveness, efficacy, and safety of GL-XPS. One important aspect of progress with GL-XPS was the significant reduction in intraoperative and postoperative high-grade AEs while operative time and laser time showed a statistically significant increase but stayed highly efficient over the years of surgery and within the prostate PV groups.
Therefore, it was important to guarantee a high level of energy usage > 200 kJ and an energy density of 4 kJ/ml  [10, 13]. Our database showed that the most important prognostic influencing factor for the significantly increasing parameters such as OT, LT, LT/ml or energy density is the PV. Furthermore, it is the most important factor for decreasing parameters such as preoperative and postoperative complications. Valdivieso et al. were able to show that GreenLight-XPS was feasible in men with very large prostates  [13]. A more detailed analysis of the impact of the presence of a median lobe was recently published by the GGG showing that the presence of a median lobe has no clinically significant impact on procedural or postoperative outcomes for patients undergoing Greenlight PVP using the XPS-180 W system  [14].
These results are in line with Nguyen et al. 's GGG database study which suggested GL-XPS to be safe in larger glands especially those with a median lobe  [14]  Likewise, Stone et al. and Meskawi et al. further confirmed GL-XPS' safety for glands > 100 ml  [4, 16]. Intraoperative transfusions being one of the most severe low-grade AE significantly (p = 0. 004) dropped to 0% over time. This value is considered as a very low rate for glands > 100 ml  [10]. The postoperative baseline results are in line with multicenter studies. A length of hospital stay with a median of Fig. 3  Early postoperative complications (< 30 days) between 2011 and 2019 in correlation to prostate volume group 1-3 2 days, high symptom reduction in IPSS/QoL with median of 5/1, sufficient Qmax > 18 ml/s and a median catheterization time of 1 day stayed stable in our study between 2011 and 2019 and showed no difference within the different PV groups  [17, 18].
that the surgeon's level of experience with the GL-XPS 180-Watt laser system combined with a global experience transfer, together provides an efficient outcome for each high-volume center and a safe operation procedure for each patient  [14]. Our GGG analysis is limited by its retrospective design, the short follow-up period of 12 months and that not all parameters were collected for all 3441 patients. Further, detailed parameters such as anticoagulants are incomplete in the GGG data base and therefore could not be analysed. Unfortunately, long term follow-up beyond 12 months is not available on a global scale yet. Each surgeon is already considered to be a highly experienced surgeon in GL-XPS and past their learning curve, operating for years, and may not be representative of an average or minimally experienced GL-XPS surgeon.
Interview Design We used semi-structured interview methods to obtain data on local values and social representations, and perceptions of vulnerability. Interviews were conducted in two phases, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Between July and October 2020, 30 interviews were conducted in person, and in the second phase, interviews were conducted by phone or in person between November and December 2020 to clarify issues related to perceptions of vulnerability with 10 of the first phase interviewees. We used an inductive approach with a constructivist sampling method. The selection of respondents was conducted gradually. First, all neighbors interested in tree pruning in the "dehesa" were contacted. After interviews with these people, a very small group, they were asked to inform about other people interested in restoring this activity.
Data Analysis The analysis of the interviews was based on stakeholders' responses as transcribed and interpreted by the researchers in accordance with interpretive social science research methods  (Gomm et al. , 2000; Paillé 2011; Isaac 2015). We used traditional personal transcription of recording or writing interviews without any software or specific discourse analysis tool. All transcriptions have been sorted in two tables in Excel. One with the quantitative data (the answer with the Likert scale) and one with the qualitative data (the open ended question and the nuanced answers of interviewees to other questions). The analysis was made with the "transversal reading" technique. This technique consists of highlighting occurrences and dissonances in discourses, to frame main tendencies  (Frisch 1999; Denzin and Lincol 2005; Creswell 2012 ).
Analysis of Raw Data We interviewed 30 subjects. The respondent profile corresponds to people working in the primary sector in the region (52. 63%), who live in town (75%), aged between 26 and 44 years, and mostly with professional or university studies. It was possible to interview a prominent person in the town due to his age and good memory (94 years old). In most cases the interviewees are neo-rural member of the community meaning that they have only recently settled in the town (see details in Table  6 ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful for funding from the  European Union  which provided support for the postdoctoral position of  R. Sansilvestri , for the funding from the  Spanish's Sciences and Innovation Ministry  which provided support for the collaboration with  M. A. Zavala  and  F. Seijo , and for the funding from the  Spanish's Ecological Transition Ministry  which provided support to conduct all interviews and fieldworks. We would also like to thank all stakeholders who participated in the interviews and gave their time to this project. Finally, we would like to especially thank  Eva Martín ,  Julen Santiago ,  Alvaro Marín ,  Daniel Monserrate ,  Alicia Rivera  and  Cristina Eguía  for their helpful advices on trasmochos and  La Puebla  context and for his time during all visits of  La Puebla.
- B-C32 )  Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion-MICINN, Spain. The postdoctoral position of the main author,  Roxane Sansilvestri , was supported by funding from the  Marie Sklodowska-Curie  fellows in the  GOT Energy Talent Program  (GA number  754382 ) in the European Union's  Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program - H2020   MGA MSCA-COFUND-Mono. The content of this article does not reflect the official opinion of the  European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed herein lies entirely with the authors.
We use methodologically consistent water quality data of 1,015 lakes worldwide (8) to assess their trophic state based on lake TSI. From 2002 until the end of its mission in 2012, the MERIS sensor on board the Envisat satellite provided images of the Earth's surface at 300 m spatial resolution. The de-trended TSI time series allows us to compare lakes with different seasonal patterns (see Materials and Methods). Moreover, we obtain environmental and socioeconomic covariates to understand how climate  (20) , human activity in the catchments, and lake geological and geographical characteristics  (21)  affect global trends in lake stability, as well as the occurrence of regime shifts. Given that aquatic ecosystems are currently affected by environmental change across the globe  (20, (22) (23) (24) (25) , and that they are sensitive to extreme events  (26) , it is reasonable to expect that lakes are becoming less stable over time and have a higher chance of undergoing regime shifts-related or not to alternative stable states.
Large lakes, like the ones studied here, tend to have larger catchments and are affected by larger human populations (the Spearman rank correlation between catchment area and lake area in the Hydrolakes database is 0. 47, P < 0. 001). Given the positive relationship, we found between a lake's probability of experiencing a candidate tipping point and population density in a catchment, as well as the wide geographical distribution of lakes experiencing negative trends in stability; we can conclude that lake instabilities might even become more common in the future as human population increases. However, the negative relationship between tipping point probability and GDP not only shows global and regional inequalities in the access to nature and the stability of the services it provides. On a positive note, this evidence suggests that as regional GDP rises, anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystems may decline.
At the catchment level, we obtained information about land use cover, precipitation, human population, and subnational gross domestic product. Time Series Analysis: Average TSI, Trend in TSI, and TSI Coefficient of Variation. For each lake's raw time series, we calculate average TSI, the trend in TSI measured as the Spearman rank correlation between TSI and time, and TSI coefficient of variation. Time Series Analysis: Trend in TSI Variance. In order to calculate the trend in TSI variance, we first dealt with data gaps and then de-trended the data to remove the annual cycle and long-term trends. Dealing with Data Gaps. Data gaps are a direct result of ice or cloud coverage. as is commonly the case for time series obtained via remote sensing. We fill in the data gaps in the time series using a bootstrapping approach inside a 1-y-long moving window centered around the date of interest (SI Appendix, Fig.
Can you add why you did this? Change-Point Detection: Regime Shifts and Tipping Points. A regime shift is defined as an abrupt change in a time series. To identify abrupt changes in the TSI time series, we first use a change-point detection algorithm  (33, 34) , implemented in Matlab R2019a under findchangepts, allowing for a maximum of three change points. The change-point detection is run over the de-trended gap-filled time series of TSI, as it requires an equally spaced time series free of gaps. The change-point algorithm tries to divide the time series into regions by minimizing the sum of the residual (squared) error of each region from its local mean. In the case of the TSI value, since we are interested in changes in the mean, the function to fit is an intercept representing the mean value (Fig.
However, in view of the rarity and unparalleled histological heterogeneity of sinonasal cancers, most scientific publications are based on small numbers and multi-histology retrospective series, with only 1% of registered trials on skull base tumours assessing sinonasal cancers  [22]. In addition, to overcome the limited numbers ensuing from the rarity of sinonasal cancers, the scientific strategy most frequently employed has been to perform population-based studies from national cancer databases, thereby increasing the number of patients studied but losing in data quality and uniformity of management. As a consequence, the authors of this paper initiated the 'multi-institutional collaborative study on endoscopically treated sinonasal cancers' (MUSES). This multi-institutional and international effort was inspired by the International Collaborative Study on anterior CFR  [23] , which in the early 2000s provided the scientific community with a number of seminal papers that have guided research and clinical practice in the field of sinonasal oncology.
MUSES is composed of the largest non-populationbased database on endoscopically treated sinonasal cancers, thereby enabling a relatively large number of cases to be analysed almost 2 decades after the first application of transnasal endoscopic oncological surgery. The aim of the present paper is to provide the clinical community with a benchmark to understand the prognostic factors of different sinonasal cancers that are eligible for endoscopic surgery. It is the authors' opinion that this evidence, although based on retrospective analysis, will help clinicians in the management of a spectrum of rare and challenging tumours, while also offering a background to researchers who are interested in performing translational studies and prospective trials on sinonasal malignancies.
Dataset preparation The following criteria were applied to select patients to be included into the main dataset: Patients were affected by primary or recurrent resectable sinonasal cancer. Surgery included an endoscopic transnasal approach performed as part of curative treatment at one of the three European centres of the MUSES (i. e. 'ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia' e University of Brescia [Brescia, Italy], 'Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi' e University of Insubria [Varese, Italy], 'Hopital Lariboisiere' e University of Paris  [Paris, France] ). Period of inclusion: 1995e2018. Treatment was performed within a multidisciplinary framework (i. e. at least a head and neck surgeon with expertise in endoscopic skull base surgery, a radiation oncologist, a medical oncologist and a radiologist were involved) The following exclusion criteria were used: Patients affected by systemic lymphoproliferative disorders with sinonasal localisation.
Distant metastasis at presentation. Patients receiving any of the following surgical procedures: open maxillectomy, open CFR, rhinectomy, Riedel's operation, osteoplastic frontal approach, midfacial degloving approach, lateral rhinotomy approach and orbital exenteration/clearance. The same inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to patients treated at the University Health Network (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) between 2001 and 2018, and at Tata Memorial Hospital (Mumbai, India) between 2005 and 2021 to create a secondary dataset for external validation purposes. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study, which was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
1)  [24]  were preferably treated through definitive radiotherapy (RT) with concomitant ChT and were therefore excluded from the MUSES dataset unless they showed incomplete response to definitive treatment and were therefore salvaged with surgery. For a subset of patients (i. e. those included in the SINTART study e Clinicaltrials. gov identifier: NCT02099175), the threshold to send patients for definitive (ChT)-RT was based on 80%-orgreater reduction of initial tumour volume instead of RECIST criteria.
The main finding of the present study is that the prognostic impact of previous treatment history, patient-specific, tumour-related and treatment-related factors varies considerably from one sinonasal cancer to another (Table  4 ). This heterogeneity translated into a violation of the proportional hazard assumption of CPHM for several outcomes when merging histologies in a single series (Fig. 2 ; Table  S23 ), thus mandating a single-histology or similar-histologies analysis. This result was obtained from an unprecedently large nonpopulation-based dataset of patients affected by sinonasal cancers eligible for endoscopic surgery. The fact that the MUSES dataset was based on a direct chart review ensures higher information reliability and treatment uniformity compared to national cancer database studies, as researchers could directly access the primary source of data (e.
g. imaging, pathology, surgical report/video). The European 940-patient dataset involved subjects treated in 3 European academic institutions within a uniform treatment strategy, which has been ensured and periodically checked through long-standing collaboration over the last 2 decades. Moreover, every prognostic factor was tested through formal statistical analysis including a multivariable model with competing risk assessment, check for assumptions of the model, internal validation with optimism-correction and external validation. External validation was achieved on a dataset of 420 patients treated in world-renowned referral centres in North America and South Asia. These centres adopt similar but not identical principles in the treatment of sinonasal cancers and several differences in terms of histology distribution, pT category and therapeutic strategy were found between training and validation cohorts.
Covariate Gender affected the prognosis of ONB, MiSGCs and ACENCs, as already described by other authors  [37, 38]. Specifically, men affected by ONB and MiSGC showed a higher risk of nodal recurrence and death, respectively, whereas women had a higher chance of nodal recurrence from an ACENC. Similarly, Unsal et al. reported that the male gender was associated with an unfavourable prognosis in a large population-based study on 12,541 sinonasal cancers registered at the European Cancer Registry and the United States National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results databases  [39]. Treatment received prior to surgery also independently affected some outcomes, particularly LRFS. While recurrent SCC after (ChT)-RT showed a 2. 82-fold risk of further local recurrence  [40] , MeTs and ACENC were more likely to be locally controlled if previously treated with any treatment and (ChT)-RT, respectively.
The study was approved by local institutional review boards ('ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia' e University of Brescia: protocol NP3616; 'Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi' e Univer- sity of Insubria: Insubria Board of Ethics, approval number 0033025/2015; 'Hopital Lariboisiere' e Uni- versity of Paris: REFCOR database approval CNIL #91204 and CCTIR #11. 337; University Health Network: REB approval 19-5875; Tata Memorial Hos- pital: IRB Project No. 900540).
Method Syllabic rates 3 of both DDK tasks were compared with those of a SP task in three groups of participants with MSD, each matched to a group of neurotypical controls. The data collected for the present paper is issued from a larger dataset in the framework of the MoSpeeDi research project (https://www. unige. ch/fapse/mospeedi/), where all patients underwent a basic screening for MSD using the MonPaGe 2. 0. s protocol  (Fougeron et al. , 2018; Laganaro et al. , 2021). Here, we used the data from two modules included in the protocol: production of oral DDK and SP. The experimental procedure included in this study was approved by the local ethics committee. In the present study, the similarity between speech and heterogeneous DDK tasks, and between speech and homogeneous DDK tasks is tested.
Patients with MSD Thirty patients with MSD, aged from 29 to 81 years old (mean age = 63. 4) were included. Fifteen out of the 30 patients were issued from the MonPaGe 2. 0. s validation database  (Laganaro et al. , 2021). The other 15 patients were recruited at the Geneva University Hospitals, following the same criteria and diagnostic procedure. For each speaker with MSD, the neurological diagnosis was established by at least two neurologists of the hospital from where patients were recruited. Inclusion criteria were: (1) agreement to sign the consent form approved by the Swiss ethical committee, (2) chronic or post-acute post-stroke AoS, or (3) mild-to-moderate dysarthria, noticed by the patient and a speech and language therapist (SLT), associated to PD and ALS (4) French mother tongue or early acquisition of French (before 6-8 years), (  5 ) no or very mild associated language impairments.
DDK task The DDK module was composed of both homogeneous and heterogeneous syllable repetition tasks of varying phonological and articulatory complexity. The former comprised the syllables /ba/, /de/ and /go/ and the latter included the sequence of the same three syllables /badego/. The three CV syllables were chosen to target alternating movements with different articulators: jaw/lips with /ba/, tongue tip with /de/, tongue body with /go/. Those syllables differ in terms of place of articulation (bilabial, alveolar and velar consonants, respectively) and in oral frequency: 1986. 31, 1078. 9, and 468. 52 occurrences per million syllables, respectively, according to the French database "LEXIQUE"  (New et al. , 2004. Only voiced phonemes were chosen in this protocol given that they are more adequate for performing semi-automatic acoustic analysis.
To further extend our work, we synthesized a new series of aplysinopsin analogs (Scheme 1) and studied their effect on various cancer cell lines. The NMR spectrum data of 1 H and 13 C NMR of the new series of aplysinopsin analogs were provided (experimental part and supplementary data). All the synthesized analogs induced high antitumor activity against prostate cancer, while five were the most promising analogs, showing the highest cytotoxic effect. In addition, we evaluated their pro-apoptotic activity and their ability to induce cell cycle arrest. These analogs showed that apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at S-phase are their main mechanisms of action responsible for their cytotoxic activity. This demonstrates that the synthesized aplysinopsin analogs establish a new therapeutic approach against prostate cancer.
Until recently, the mechanism of action of these compounds as anti-cancer cells was still unclear. Lately, we investigated the mechanism of action of aplysinopsin and some of its synthetic derivatives against leukemia  [26]. To further extend our work, we synthesized a new series of aplysinopsin analogs (Scheme 1) and studied their effect on various cancer cell lines. The NMR spectrum data of 1 H and 13 C NMR of the new series of aplysinopsin analogs were provided (experimental part and supplementary data). All the synthesized analogs induced high antitumor activity against prostate cancer, while five were the most promising analogs, showing the highest cytotoxic effect. In addition, we evaluated their pro-apoptotic activity and their ability to induce cell cycle arrest. These analogs showed that apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at S-phase are their main mechanisms of action responsible for their cytotoxic activity.